cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditioned reinforcement in chain schedules when time to reinforcement is held constant

Two alternative approaches describe determinants of responding to a stimulus temporally distant from primary reinforcement. One emphasizes the temporal relation of each stimulus to the primary reinforcer, with relative proximity of the stimulus determining response rate. A contrasting view emphasizes immediate consequences of responding to the stimulus, the key factor being the conditioned reinforcement value of those immediate consequences. To contrast these approaches, 4 pigeons were exposed to a two-component multiple schedule with three-link chain schedules in each component. Only middle-link stimuli differed between chains. Baseline reinforcement probabilities were 0.50 for both chains; during discrimination phases it was 1.0 for one chain and 0.0 for the other. During discrimination phases pigeons responded more to the reinforcement-correlated middle link than to the extinction-correlated middle link, demonstrating that responding was affected by the probability change. Terminal link responding was also higher in the reinforced chain, even though the terminal link stimulus was identical in both chains. Of greatest interest is initial link responding, which was temporally most distant from reinforcement. Initial link responding, necessarily equal in the two chains, was significantly higher during the 1.0/0.0 discrimination phases, even though overall reinforcement probability remained constant. For 3 of 4 birds, in fact, initial-link response rates were higher than terminal-link response rates, an outcome that can be ascribed only to the potent conditioned reinforcement properties of the middle-link stimulus during the discrimination phases. Results are incompatible with any account of chain behavior based solely on relative time to reinforcement.
Principles of Employment Law

This book provides a comprehensive overview of employment law and is a useful supplement to any employment law casebook. The book is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 examines who is an employee and who is an employer. Chapter 2 analyzes the employment-at-will doctrine and job security claims. Chapter 3 focuses on privacy, autonomy and dignity. Chapter 4 analyzes claims that employers may have against employees. Chapter 5 discusses employment terms and benefits that are directly mandated by law, like minimum wage, or strongly encouraged or regulated by law, such as pensions. Finally, Chapter 6 examines workplace health and safety.
Writing Reform: A Guide to Drafting State & Local Campaign Finance Laws (2010 Revised Edition)

The Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law has designed this manual for people who want to draft campaign finance reform legislation that is both appropriate for their community and sensitive to constitutional concerns. Because different laws may be appropriate in different states and localities, the handbook will not tell you what provisions to include in legislation you draft. In our view, people with ties to communities interested in reform are in the best position to determine what legislation is needed and achievable. We therefore do not provide model laws here, but we do identify organizations that can provide such models. Rather than providing a blueprint for reform, we offer practical suggestions and legal analysis that will assist reformers in selecting and drafting appropriate campaign finance provisions. The handbook certainly should help drafters who wish to maximize the potential for avoiding a lawsuit or succeeding in court if their legislation is challenged, so that campaign finance reform can be implemented expeditiously. The manual also should be of use to activists who aim to push the envelope of permissible reform by drafting statutes or initiatives that can serve as the basis for test cases. Both groups of drafters must understand the state of current law to accomplish their purpose. We focus primarily on the drafting of statutes or initiatives that will govern state elections. Our recommendations and analysis also apply, however, to local campaign finance laws. Special issues that must be faced when attempting to regulate municipal campaign finance are addressed briefly in the Epilogue. Please note that this document was up to date as of December 2010. It has not been updated in light of the Supreme Court's 2011 decision about public financing triggers, Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC (a.k.a. McComish v. Bennett).
Behavioural Genetics in the Postgenomics Era

There is growing evidence that the complexity of higher organisms does not correlate with the ‘complexity’ of the genome (the human genome contains fewer protein coding genes than corn, and many genes are preserved across species). Rather, complexity is associated with the complexity of the pathways and processes whereby the cell utilises the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, and much else, in the process of phenotype formation. These processes include the activity of the epigenome, noncoding ribonucleic acids, alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. Not accidentally, all of these processes appear to be of particular importance for the human brain, the most complex organ in nature. Because these processes can be highly environmentally reactive, they are a key to understanding behavioural plasticity and highlight the importance of the developmental process in explaining behavioural outcomes. Key Concepts: Humans possess fewer protein-coding genes than maize (i.e. corn) and about the same number as a nematode. There is now strong evidence that the complexity of higher organisms correlates with the relative amount of noncoding RNA rather than the number of protein-coding genes. Epigenetic processes are key to every aspect of human development from cellular differentiation to learning and memory. Epigenetic mechanisms provide an explanation on the molecular level as to how the pre- and postnatal environments can impact offspring's behaviour. Alternative splicing is one mechanism that enables the human body to create over 100 000 proteins with a genome that contains only 20 000 protein coding genes. Each gene in the human genome is not ‘encoded’ for the production of a single protein. Isoforms can have very different and even antithetical physiological effects. Alternative splicing patterns are modulated in response to external stimuli, such as depolarisation of neurons, activation of signal transduction cascades and stress. Post-translational modification supplements alternative splicing as a means of creating protein diversity with a limited number of protein coding genes. DNA is not the sole biological agent of inheritance. Keywords: epigenetics; methylation; histone modification; micro RNAs; alternative splicing; post-translational modifications; maternal effects; phenotypic plasticity; perinatal environment; genomic imprinting
Absence of saturation in energy deposition in collisions at E = 15–115 AMeV

Abstract Fission fragment (FF), intermediate mass fragment (IMF), and light charged particle (LCP) production have been measured in 40 Ar + 232 Th collisions at E = 15–115 AMeV with the Michigan State University 4π Array. Trends in IMF and LCP production and in calculated excitation energy indicate there is no saturation in the deposited energy in central collisions of this system in the bombarding energy range studied.
A cryptic promoter in the O(R) region of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract A cryptic promoter, designated P alpha, initiates transcription within the O(R) region of bacteriophage lambda. Transcription from P alpha proceeds in the direction of the cI repressor gene from sites 46 and 48 bp preceding the PRM transcription start site. P alpha is likely to compete with both PR and PRM for formation of open complexes, since it is only active when PR is mutated and can be suppressed by mutations that increase PRM activity. In addition, transcription initiation at P alpha is blocked by lambda repressor. Kinetic analysis of relative abundance of the products of in vitro transcription indicated that P alpha was approximately 1/3 as strong as PRM. However, a P alpha mutation had little effect on KBkf (the association rate constant) for PRM. These observations can be explained by the finding that open complexes formed at P alpha are relatively unstable (half-life = 20 to 25 min). Dissociation of RNA polymerase from P alpha allows additional open complexes to form at PR or PRM, and thus the apparent strength of P alpha decreases with increasing preincubation times.
The Illiquidity Puzzle: Theory and Evidence from Private Equity

This paper presents a theory of liquidity where we explicitly model the liquidity of the security as a choice variable, which enables the manager raising the funds to screen for "deep pocket" investors, i.e. these that have a low likelihood of a liquidity shock. By choosing the degree of illiquidity of the security, the manager can influence the type of investors the firm will attract. The benefit of liquid investors is that they reduce the manager's cost of capital for future fund raising. If inside investors have fewer information asymmetries about the quality of the manager than the outside market, more liquid investors protect the manager from having to return to the outside market, where he would face higher cost of capital due to asymmetric information problems. We test the predictions of our model in the context of the private equity industry. Consistent with the theory, we find that transfer restrictions on investors are less common in later funds organized by the same private equity firm, where information problems are presumably less severe. Contracts involving the close-knit California venture capital community - where information on the relative performance of funds are more readily ascertained - are less likely to employ many of these provisions as well. Also, private equity partnerships whose investment focus is in industries with longer investment cycles display more transfer constraints. For example, funds focusing on the pharmaceutical industry have more constraints, while those specializing in computing and Internet investments have fewer constraints. Finally, we investigate whether the identity of the investors that invest in a private equity fund is related to the transferability of the stakes. We find that transferability constraints are less prevalent when private equity funds have limited partners that are known to have few liquidity shocks, for example endowments, foundations, and other investors with long-term commitments to private equity.
Relationship of Serum α-Fetoprotein to the Severity and Duration of Illness in Patients With Viral Hepatitis

Using a radioimmunoassay which detect concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein as low as 5 ng per ml, 38% of 176 patients with viral hepatitis compared with health volunteers and patients with chronic diseases not affecting the liver. When separated into two groups based on histological classification of liver biopsy specimens, differences in the degree and frequency of increased serum alpha-fetoprotein were related to the severity of the hepatic lesion. Of 75 patients with the lesion of viral subacute hepatic necrosis, in which zones of necrosis bridge adjacent portal triads or central veins, 52% had increased values, and 12% had levels ranging from 500 to 3300 ng per ml. In contrast, only 28% of the 101 patients without bridging necrosis had increased values, and none had levels that exceeded 500 ng per ml. In the patients with subacute hepatic necrosis, comparison of alpha-fetoprotein concentrations with the duration of illness indicated that the protein rose to peak levels in serum as the SGOT was declining. This was confirmed by serial observations in 10 patients. Thus, the increase of alpha-fetoprotein in the sera of patients with severe hepatitis occurs as liver necrosis is subsiding. Due to other known features of alpha-fetoprotein, it is intriguing to speculate that the increase in serum levels of this protein in viral hepatitis reflects hepatic regeneration after parenchymal damage.
Genetic and Environmental Factors Contributing to Cardiovascular Malformation: A Unified Approach to Risk

In the late 19th century, William Osler notoriously quipped that treating infants with cardiac defects was futile, thereby encouraging Maude Abbott to pursue her rigorous studies of pathologic heart specimens. Ultimately, this work resulted in The Atlas of Congenital Cardiac Disease , which is
Failure of bacteriophage phiX 174 to multiply in serum spheroplasts.

SPHEROPLASTS are bacteria that are deficient in cell wall and can be prepared by a variety of methods from Gram-negative bacteria. One way to examine the degree of cell wall removal is to study the infection of Spheroplasts with bacteriophage, which attaches to receptors on the cell wall. Bacteriophage adsorption and multiplication in spheroplasts have been reported by a number of authors1–7. The ability of spheroplasts prepared by treatment with serum to multiply phage has not yet been investigated.
The Berkeley EUV/FUV shuttle telescope: Observations of dust reflection in the FUV

Observations by the Berkeley EUV/FUV Shuttle Telescope of the FUV reflection from dust clouds are reported. Spectra of the diffuse UV background from regions of low and high hydrogen column density have been taken. The intensity of the continuum correlates well with the column density of neutral hydrogen, and the slope of this correlation is interpreted with a simple model of optically thin scattering to obtain a measurement of a combination of the albedo and asymmetry parameter in the FUV.
Suppression of Experimental Tractional Retinal Detachment by Low-Dose Radiation Therapy

• We used a standardized model of traction retinal detachment (TRD) created by cellular membranes in the rabbit to test the effects of low-dose radiation therapy in suppressing TRD. The vitreous and lens were removed from pigmented rabbits, and homologous conjunctival fibroblasts were grown in cell culture. After resolution of postoperative inflammation, 50 000 fibroblasts in 0.1 mL of culture fluid were injected into the vitreous cavity. Ten eyes were maintained as controls. Nineteen eyes received 6 Gy (600 rad) of x-ray irradiation one to three hours after cellular injection. Eyes were monitored weekly for three weeks with indirect ophthalmoscopy. Seven (70%) of ten control eyes developed TRD at one week; no additional TRDs were noted at weeks 2 and 3. Significantly smaller numbers of irradiated eyes developed TRD: at week 1, two (11%) of 19; at week 2, five (28%) of 18; and at week 3, five (29%) of 17.
Micromachined tunable Fabry-Perot filters for wavelength division multiplexing

Micro-optical tunable Fabry-Perot filters, which utilize micro-electro-mechanical control of the cavity length and therefore the active wavelengths, are attractive components for wavelength division multiplexing applications. These vertical cavity devices are fabricated using selective etching to form an air gap between a free-standing top mirror and a bottom mirror fixed to the semiconductor substrate, and electrostatic force from applied voltage bias is used to control the vertical position of the top mirror and therefore the active wavelength of the filter. Using this approach, we have demonstrated GaAs-based devices with tuning ranges as large as 40 nm near a center wavelength of 960 nm, and maximum tuning voltages are typically 15 - 20 V. Furthermore, a wide variety of integrated components such as tunable light-emitters and lasers have been realized by incorporating a quantum well p-i-n diode into the device active region.
Influence of pH on the crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking behavior of 304 stainless steel

Crevice corrosion, weight loss, and stress corrosion tests were performed on 304 stainless steel. Crevices of various aperture sizes exposed to 45% magnesium chloride demonstrated the development of acidic conditions. As the aperture size was decreased, the pH of the solutions inside the crevices decreased. Weight loss tests showed that dissolution occurred in samples exposed to boiling 25% magnesium chloride acidified to various levels. As the pH of the 25% magnesium chloride was decreased, more dissolution occurred. No measureable weight loss occurred in samples exposed to unacidified magnesium chloride. Anodic dissolution was concluded to be the cause of the acidification observed in the crevicesStress corrosion tests performed on wedge-loaded compact tension specimens exposed to acidified (ph = 1.00) and unacidified (pH = 5.75) hot 45% magnesium chloride solutions showed similar crack initiation and propagation characteristics. These results suggest that acidic conditions developed at the initiation sites of the samples exposed to the unacidified solutions and were responsible for the observed dissolution sites. Both intergranular and transgranular fracture patterns were observed and were similar to those observed in the presence of hydrogen-assisted crack growth. Such observations suggest that hydrogen plays a role in the stress corrosion behavior of stainless steel exposed to magnesium chloride solutions.
Efficacy of a Computerized Abuse and Safety Assessment Intervention for Women with Disabilities: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a computerized disability-specific abuse assessment intervention on abuse awareness, safety self-efficacy, and safety promoting behaviors of women with diverse disabilities. RESEARCH DESIGN: A randomized control group design was used, with the intervention group completing the assessment intervention both at Time 1 (T1) and 3 months later at Time 2 (T2) and control participants completing it for the first time at T2. Analyses compared intervention and control groups at T2 and evaluated change over time in intervention group participants. The relationship between outcome variables (abuse awareness, safety self-efficacy, safety behaviors) was also explored. RESULTS: The intervention group had greater abuse awareness than the control group at T2, and abuse awareness increased from T1 to T2 among women in the intervention group, particularly among women who had experienced little or no abuse in the past year. Both abuse awareness and safety self-efficacy were significantly related to safety behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The computerized program offers promise as a nonthreatening method of conducting abuse assessments among women with disabilities while also serving as an intervention to enhance abuse awareness. Language: en
Lipogenesis impaired in periparturient rats exposed to altered gravity is independent of prolactin and glucocorticoid secretion

Perturbed prolactin (PRL) secretion and concomitant downregulation of PRL receptor (PRLR) in periparturient dams exposed to altered gravity are linked to aberrant lipogenesis and reduced neonatal survival. PRL and glucocorticoids (GC) are known to modulate PRLR expression. We hypothesized that improving levels of PRLR would mitigate the increased gravity [hypergravity (HG)]-induced effects of impaired mammary lipogenesis and increase neonatal survival. The objective of this study was to determine if prepartum PRL or GC supplementation would override the HG-induced repression of PRLR along with lipogenic genes and increase tissue fatty acid synthesis. Pregnant rats were exposed to either 2g (HG) or kept at 1g (control) from day 11 of gestation (G11) through Postnatal day 1 (P1). HG exposed rats were supplemented with either PRL or corticosterone or a placebo from G13 to P1. On P1, mammary, liver and adipose tissues were collected to measure glucose incorporation into lipids and mRNA abundance of PRL long and short form receptors (Prlr-l, Prlr-s), glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1), Acetyl CoA carboxylase-α (Acaca), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1 (Srebp1) and protein kinase B (Akt1) genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). PRL and GC supplementation had a limited effect on lipogenesis in the three tissues of HG group likely due to their inability to increase abundance of key down-regulated genes, including Prlr-l and Nr3c1. There was no difference in the abundance of genes coding for milk proteins or those associated with milk fat globule formation and secretion. These data suggest that reduced lipogenesis in HG exposed dams is independent of PRL and GC secretion but may be associated with dysregulation of multiple metabolic regulators at the level of mRNA expression.
IDENTIFICATION OF A GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE GENE IN THALASSIOSIRA WEISSFLOGII: A PROBE FOR PHOTORESPIRATION IN DIATOMS

Diatoms are responsible for a large percentage of CO2 fixation in the world's oceans. The export of diatom-fixed carbon from the euphotic zone represents a major sink of CO2 in the global C cycle. Under conditions of high light and high O2/CO2, carbon fixation may be reduced due to photorespiration. The fixation of O2 in photorespiration produces low molecular weight metabolites that cannot be used in the Calvin cycle and are either excreted from the cell or inefficiently salvaged in the photorespiratory pathway. One of the key enzymes of photorespiration is glycine decarboxylase (GDC). We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA corresponding to the gene encoding the T-protein of GDC from the centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. This cDNA is 1100 bp and its predicted amino acid sequence shows a 45&‘ercnt; identity and a 62% homology with the T-protein from higher plants. The first 20 amino acids display characteristics of mitochondrial transit peptides, consistent with the localization of GDC in the mitochondria of higher plants. Using competitive RT-PCR we have demonstrated that transcription of this gene is light-dependent. Cells maintained at constant growth-saturating light conditions have much higher levels of T-protein message than cells kept in the dark for 25 hours. We are currently investigating the effect of other environmental parameters, such as O2 concentration, on T-protein gene transcription. Ultimately, the goal is to use this gene as a probe for diatom photorespiration in the field. To this end, we are developing degenerate primers and sequencing this gene from other diatom species.
Current applications, challenges, and perspectives of marker-assisted seedling selection in Rosaceae tree fruit breeding

Most rosaceous tree fruit have long juvenility and large plant sizes, which makes traditional seedling selection (TSS), relying on phenotypic evaluation alone, relatively time-consuming and expensive. Limited predictiveness of phenotypic information also restricts the accuracy of TSS for traits with low heritability. Marker-assisted seedling selection (MASS) uses DNA markers to provide an early DNA-based evaluation of genetic performance potential of seedlings, with the aim of improving cost and/or genetic efficiency of seedling selection. MASS is still not widely adopted in rosaceous tree fruit breeding despite some successful examples. This review assesses reported MASS successes and identifies key elements and remaining challenges. Suggested solutions to widespread MASS adoption in Rosaceae tree fruit breeding are to (1) provide more breeding-program-specific DNA tests for high-impact attributes, (2) develop approaches to readily identify efficient MASS schemes, (3) increase access to service providers specialized in DNA testing for rosaceous tree fruit breeding programs, (4) obtain funds to initially implement MASS, and (5) develop software tools and provide training to apply DNA information. Overcoming current challenges of implementing MASS is likely to facilitate its adoption in scenarios already proven to be effective: where DNA testing is conducted at an early seedling stage for single or multiple traits without significant interactions between them and where trait loci targeted by DNA tests have a major influence on trait levels.
Large radiative hyperon decays

Abstract An effective lagrangian for baryons, pions, and photons is used to discuss the weak radiative decays of the hyperons. Predictions for the s-wave parts of the decay rates are obtained, in reasonable agreement with experiment. The p-waves are shown to be of the same order of magnitude as the s-waves, but no numerical predictions are obtained.
Lithostratigraphic-seismic evaluation of hydrocarbon potential: North Carolina coastal and continental margins

Abstract A review of available subsurface geological data in the Pamlico-Albemarle-Croatan Sound area of North Carolina indicates considerable variability in the sedimentary section partially controlled by the underlying crystalline basement. Studies of reconnaissance seismic profiles also indicate rifting in the basement complex, but the associated faults do not generally cut the overlying sediments. Basement faulting trends northeast, but variations in interval velocities, tied to the variable lithology of the stratigraphic section, trend northwest. Progradation of the Miocene deposits is recorded and supports an earlier hypothesis that Gulf Stream activity influenced sedimentation in the Tertiary. Hydrocarbon potential, although high risk, may exist along the persistent velocity anomalies in the Albian-Cenomanian portion of the stratigraphic section and in the deeper rift sediments. Velocity control indicates the extreme variability of the sedimentary section of the Cretaceous and permits more careful evaluation of the Cretaceous sedimentary processes.
The economics of wheat research in developing countries: The one hundred million dollar puzzle

Abstract Currently, 1,150 scientists are carrying out wheat improvement research in developing countries with an annual budget of around $100 million. Because of the recent reduction in agricultural research budgets, this study marshalls evidence from 71 wheat research programs in 35 developing countries to address the following puzzle: what is the optimal size, type and location of wheat research programs in the developing world? The analysis reveals that if research spillins are taken into consideration, almost half of the wheat improvement programs in developing countries are inefficient. The efficiency of wheat research in many National Agricultural Research Systems can be increased by reducing the size of research programs, consolidating state and federal research programs, and shifting from wheat-breeding research to capturing spillins from other countries and from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT).
An Inverse Finite Element Strategy to Recover Full-Field, Large Displacements From Strain Measurements

In active control of structures, it may be necessary to determine real-time displacements from measured deformations. Recently an inverse finite element method, iFEM, has been proposed to recover ‘small’ displacement fields for plate and shell structures from (small) strain measurements. A procedure to handle large displacements and nonlinear strains is presented in this paper. A similar least-squares error functional as in linear iFEM is used, but the linear strains are replaced with the Green-Lagrange strains, and a ‘total Lagrangian’ formulation is developed. As in the linear iFEM, the focus is again principally towards plate and shell structures. The functional is minimized with the finite element method. The nonlinear iFEM formulation is presented in detail and applied to a cantilever beam undergoing very large displacements. The relatively simple example is used to explore the formulation’s performance to recover large displacements. The results indicate that the approach is able to recover the large displacement field. Additional work is required to develop the method for practical application.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Two Distinct Triggers for Cycling of the Lagging Strand Polymerase at the Replication Fork

There are two modes of DNA synthesis at a replication fork. The leading strand is synthesized in a continuous fashion in lengths that in Escherichia coli can be in excess of 2 megabases. On the other hand, the lagging strand is synthesized in relatively short stretches of 2 kilobases. Nevertheless, identical assemblies of the DNA polymerase III core tethered to the β sliding clamp account for both modes of DNA synthesis. Yet the same lagging strand polymerase accounts for the synthesis of all Okazaki fragments at a replication fork, cycling repeatedly every 1 or 2 s from the 3′-end of the just-completed fragment to the 3′-end of the new primer. Several models have been invoked to account for the rapid cycling of a polymerase complex that can remain bound to the template for upward of 40 min. By using isolated replication protein-DNA template complexes, we have tested these models and show here that cycling of the lagging strand polymerase can be triggered by either the action of primase binding to the replisome and synthesizing a primer or by collision of the lagging strand polymerase with the 5′-end of the previous Okazaki fragment.
Dietary constraints on encephalization in primates

Encephalization, and its relationship to potential selective forces, have been a focus of many stud- ies of primate adaptation. It has been argued that gut size may constrain brain mass because these two types of "expensive tissue" (among others) compete in their meta- bolic requirements (Aiello and Wheeler (1995) Curr. An- thropol. 36:199-221). Following from the inverse correla- tion of gut size with diet quality, the expensive tissue hypothesis predicts that differences in diet quality are positively correlated with differences in brain mass, once the correlation of each variable with body mass is taken into account. We tested this prediction using both nonphy- logenetic and phylogenetic methods. The results of both methods are consistent with predictions made by the ex- pensive tissue hypothesis. We also discuss several exam- ples of independent contrasts that are consistent with the hypothesis (e.g., Colobinae vs. Cercopithecinae), as well as some that are not (e.g., Tarsius vs. anthropoidea). Overall, the results indicate that improved diet quality, by allow- ing reduction in relative gut mass, is one mechanism involved in increased encephalization. Am J Phys An- thropol 120:171-181, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Relatively large brains, along with enhanced vi- sual and grasping capabilities, are adaptive features characteristic of all primates. Together, these three features are critical to primate foraging behavior and have provided a productive area of inquiry within the fields of primatology and paleoanthropol- ogy. Variation in relative brain mass among pri- mates foraging strategies within the order Primates has provided the opportunity to test not only why primates as a whole have relatively large brains, but also why primates vary in encephalization. Explanations for the evolution of relatively large brains in primates have predominantly cited selec- tion for behaviors in response to either social (e.g., Byrne and Whiten, 1988; Cheney and Seyfarth, 1985; Barton, 1996; Barton and Dunbar, 1997) or ecological (e.g., Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1980; Harvey and Clutton-Brock, 1985; Foley and Lee, 1992; Milton, 1981, 1988, 1993) challenges. To a lesser extent, the role of biological constraints in limiting brain size has been debated (e.g., McNab and Eisenberg, 1989; Deacon, 1990; Allman et al., 1993; Aiello and Wheeler, 1995; Martin, 1996). In this paper, we focus on the latter subject and test predictions that follow from negative correlations between gut size and brain mass, specifically, the predictions of the expensive tissue hypothesis (Ai- ello and Wheeler, 1995). We investigate whether diet explains significant variance in brain size inde- pendent of that explained by body size.
Correlates of coal mine accidents and injuries: A literature review

Coal mining is the most dangerous occupation in the United States, with injury frequency and severity rates several times the average for all industries. Although mine safety improved slightly during the early 1970's, recent trends indicate small decreases in accidents and injuries and, in some cases, increases in accident severity. Experienced miners have lower risks of fatal injuries than inexperienced miners. Workers in small mines are more likely to receive fatal injuries than those in large mines. The various engineering methods of extracting coal from its natural deposit do not produce different fatality rates. The thickness of the coal seam mined is not related to the incidence of fatalities. Although conflicting evidence appears in the literature, recent studies find younger miners with much higher disabling injury rates than older miners. Whether a collective bargaining agreement is in effect is unrelated to accident and injury occurrence at a mine site. Studies of the relationships of accident and injuries to the effectiveness of safety training, the number of shifts each day at a mine site, and the time elapsed during a shift until an accident occurs have produced ambiguous results, often as a result of analysis of inadequate data.
Multicomponent seismology—The next wave

Multicomponent seismology requires recording of seismic data with three‐ and sometimes four‐component receivers. The three components measure displacement of the ground, usually in two horizontal and one vertical directions. The fourth component is a measurement of pressure, which is used in sea‐bottom surveys. Measuring three components of ground displacement enables the recording of compressional (P) and shear (S) waves which represent the full complement of “body” waves in seismology. Earthquake seismologists have been using the full complement for years to interpret the structure of our living planet; however, exploration seismologists have been slow to bring multicomponent seismology to the forefront of their measurement system. This is finally changing. Thanks to new seismic acquisition recording systems, it is now feasible to economically record multicomponent seismic data in both land and marine (sea‐bottom) settings. In the future, all land or sea‐bottom seismic data will be recorded by multicomp...
Integrating clinical pharmacology concepts in individualized therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Tyrosine kinases have emerged as important tumor targets for the design of potent and selective inhibitors. Eighteen of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have already been approved for the treatment of diseases that were previously essentially resistant to standard chemotherapy. Major efforts are ongoing that focus on the development of companion diagnostics for investigational and approved TKIs, as well as on integrating clinical pharmacology principles in clinical practice to decrease toxicity and improve efficacy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 93 3, 215–219. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.247
Demographic consequences of incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker.

The avoidance of breeding with close relatives is an adaptation to inbreeding depression. Unfortunately, inbreeding depression has proved difficult to document or measure in the wild, despite being frequently observed among animals in captivity. We address this problem indirectly by determining the demographic cost of incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding, polygynandrous acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus , following the death or disappearance of all breeders of one sex within a group (a reproductive vacancy). Groups undergoing female vacancies that also contained female nonbreeding helpers experienced significantly lower reproductive success in each of the subsequent 3 years than those in which either no nonbreeding helpers or only male nonbreeding helpers were present, a decrease attributable to incest avoidance between the helper females and the related breeder males in the group. Using a computer simulation combined with a life-table analysis, we estimated that incest avoidance costs the population 9.2–12.1% in overall reproductive potential (measured in fledglings/female) and decreases the population rate of increase by 1.78–2.33%/year. These results suggest the presence, on average, of at least 1.2–1.8 lethal equivalents per individual, a value of the same magnitude as estimated for several other taxa, including humans. Incest avoidance may compound random demographic and environmental events and significantly facilitate the decline of threatened populations even prior to any detrimental effects of inbreeding depression per se.
Transient absorption phenomena and related structural transformations in femtosecond laser-excited Si

Analysis of processes affecting transient optical absorption and photogeneration of electron-hole plasma in silicon pumped by an intense NIR or visible femtosecond laser pulse has been performed taking into account the most important electron-photon, electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions and, as a result, two main regimes of such laser-matter interaction have been revealed. The first regime is concerned with indirect interband optical absorption in Si, enhanced by a coherent shrinkage of its smallest indirect bandgap due to dynamic Franz-Keldysh effect (DFKE). The second regime takes place due to the critical renormalization of the Si direct bandgap along Λ-axis of its first Brillouin zone because of DFKE and the deformation potential electron-phonon interaction and occurs as intense direct single-photon excitation of electrons into one of the quadruplet of equivalent Λ-valleys in the lowest conduction band, which is split down due to the electron-phonon interaction.
Ischaemia and partial resection for control of splenic hyperfunction.

Patients with blood dyscrasia are particularly susceptible to fulminant sepsis after splenectomy. We therefore examined the therapeutic response to partial splenic amputation in 2 patients and transcatheter splenic artery occlusion or embolization in 3 patients with splenic hyperfunction. Partial splenectomy relieved associated symptoms and corrected peripheral cytopenias while preserving a substantial splenic remnant on radionuclide scintiscan and preventing appearance of Howell–Jolly bodies in the peripheral blood. Gelatin sponge embolization promoted selective splenic infarction and also corrected peripheral cytopenias, thereby facilitating immunosuppression to prevent renal allograft rejection. Steel coil occlusion of the main splenic artery in a patient with hepatic cirrhosis, however, although initially reducing splenic inflow, ‘decompressing’ the mesenteric portal system and ameliorating pancytopenia ultimately proved of only temporary benefit, confirming the results of prior attempts to curtail splenic hyperfunction by interruption of the extrasplenic arterial supply alone. Partial splenic preservation or hyposplenism is preferable to total splenectomy but, depending on the mass of splenic tissue left behind and the nature of the stimulus for hypersplenism, a fine line may exist between haematological recurrence and increased risk of overwhelming sepsis.
Who Shall Lead Us? How Cultural Values and Ethical Ideologies Guide Young Marketers’ Evaluations of the Transformational Manager–Leader

Today’s young marketers transition from schools and into the workforce with a variety of career options in sales, advertising, and general marketing after graduation. Beyond their discipline-specific knowledge of market research, consumer behavior, and marketing communications, these individuals bring along their own set of personal values and ideologies that may influence how they engage the people, personalities, and priorities of the business organization. As new generations of young professionals enter the publicly scrutinized fields of sales and marketing, they are expected to make morally grounded decisions that may be informed by these values and ideologies. This study frames this state of affairs by examining the inquiry “Who Shall Lead Us?” whereby young marketers evaluate the fitness of a leadership climate in which they would potentially work. Here, individual cultural values and ethical ideologies are posited to influence evaluations of transformational leadership.
Induction of Immunological Tolerance by Oral Anti-CD3

In recent years, our knowledge about immunoregulation and autoimmunity has significantly advanced, but nontoxic and more effective treatments for different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are still lacking. Oral tolerance is of unique immunologic importance because it is a continuous natural immunologic event driven by exogenous antigen and is an attractive approach for treatment of these conditions. Parenteral administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is an approved therapy for transplantation in humans and is effective in autoimmune diabetes. Orally administered anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is biologically active in the gut and suppresses experimental models of autoimmune diseases. Orally delivered antibody does not have side effects including cytokine release syndromes, thus oral anti-CD3 antibody is clinically applicable for chronic therapy. Here we review findings that identify a novel and powerful immunologic approach that is widely applicable for the treatment of human autoimmune conditions.
Mechanical tension alters semaphorin expression in the periodontium.

Background: Periodontal remodeling requires coordinated cell movement. Semaphorins are cell-surface signals that regulate cell migration and may be differentially regulated by periodontal cells. Mechanical tension can regulate periodontal ligament (PDL) remodeling. We predicted that mechanical tension alters the expression of the subset of semaphorins in the periodontium likely to be most involved with regulating the remodeling of this tissue.Methods: PDL and gingival cells were exposed to mechanical tension, and their attachment and movement on collagen matrices were evaluated. Alterations in extracellular matrix and semaphorin transcript expression were monitored by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Results: Mechanical tension induced osteoclast regulatory transcripts in the PDL cells to a greater extent than gingival fibroblasts, increasing the expression of osteoprotegerin and decreasing receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand. These mechanical forces reduced...
Zero Risk Tolerance Costs Lives: Loss of Transplantable Organs Due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleic Acid Testing of Potential Donors

Patients' deaths due to the organ donor shortage make it imperative that every suitable organ be transplanted. False-positive results of tests for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) result in lost organs. A survey of US organ procurement organizations collected the numbers of donors and ruled-out potential donors who had a positive result on an HIV test from January 1,2006, to October 31, 2008. Sixty-two percent of US organ procurement organizations participated. Of the 12397 donor/nondonor cases, 56 (0.45%) had an initial positive result on an HIV antibody or HIV nucleic acid test, and only 8 (14.3%) of those were confirmed positive. Of the false-positive results, 50% were from HIV antibody tests and 50% were from HIV nucleic acid tests. Organs are a scarce, finite, and perishable resource. Use of HIV antibody testing has produced a remarkably safe track record of avoiding HIV transmission, with 22 years of nonoccurrence between transmissions. Because false positives occur with any test, including the HIV Ab test, adding nucleic acid testing to the standard donor testing panel doubles the number of false-positive HIV test results and thus the number of medically suitable donors lost. The required HIV antibody test is 99.99% effective in preventing transmission of the HIV virus. Adding the HIV nucleic acid test to routine organ donor screening could result in as many as 761 to 1551 unnecessary deaths of patients between HIV transmission events because medically suitable organs are wasted.
Cigarette smoke condensate increases cathepsin-mediated invasiveness of oral carcinoma cells

Cigarette smoke, which contains several carcinogens known to initiate and promote tumorigenesis and metastasis, is the major cause of oral cancer. Lysosomal cathepsin proteases play important roles in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. In the present work we investigated the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on cathepsin (B, D and L) expression and protease-mediated invasiveness in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Our results show that treatment of OSCC cells (686Tu and 101A) with CSC activated cathepsins B, D and L in a dose-dependent manner. Both expression and activity of these cathepsins were up-regulated in CSC-exposed versus non-exposed cells. Although cathepsin L had the lowest basal level, it had the highest induction in exposed cells compared to cathepsins B and D. Suppression of CSC-induced cathepsin B and L activities by specific chemical inhibitors decreased the invasion process, suggesting that these proteases are involved in the invasion process. Overall, our results indicate that CSC activates cathepsin B and L proteolytic activity and enhances invasiveness in OSCC cells, a response that may play a role in CSC-mediated tumor progression and metastasis dissemination.
Prolymphocytic leukemia. Clinical, histopathological, and cytochemical observations

The clinical, histopathological, and cytochemical features of eight patients with prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, were reviewed. Six of the patients had clinical evidence of “massive” splenomegaly at the time of diagnosis, and in four of these this clinical impression was confirmed by splenic weights in excess of 2000 g. No patient had significant lymph node enlargement. The initial leukocyte count was elevated in seven patients and was greater than 100 × 109/1 in four of them. The absolute prolymphocyte count ranged from 16.3 to 378.1 × 109/1 and was greater than 100 × 109/1 in four patients. Splenectomy in four patients had no lasting effect on the peripheral leukocyte count. In the four patients in whom the disease was shown by surface marker or immunocytochemical studies to be of B-cell origin, the histopathologic features were distinctive and were characterized by a pattern of infiltration which was nodular and diffuse in both the splenic red pulp and the bone marrow, whereas involvement of the lymph nodes was pseudonodular. In one patient in whom the prolymphocytes had cytochemical characteristics suggestive of T-cells, the distribution of the abnormal cellular proliferation in the lymph nodes was paracortical and the infiltrations of the spleen and the bone marrow were diffuse. Cancer 42:2360–2372, 1978.
Right hepatic lobectomy using the staple technique in 101 patients.

Background Application of linear stapling devices for extrahepatic vascular control in liver surgery has been well-established. However, the technique for use of stapling devices in hepatic parenchymal transection is not well defined.
GFRalpha3 is expressed predominantly in nociceptive sensory neurons

Activation of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase by glial-derived neurotrophic factor family members is dependent on a family of coreceptors, GFRalpha1-4. GFRalpha3 preferentially binds the newest member of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands, artemin. The major site of GFRalpha3 expression is in the dorsal root ganglion; however, the class of sensory neurons that expresses GFRalpha3 has not been reported previously. Using immunohistochemical methods, we show that the majority of dorsal root ganglion cells that express GFRalpha3 also express vanilloid receptor type 1, peripherin, RET, trkA and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In addition, a significant subpopulation of GFRalpha3-expressing cells also binds the lectin IB4. We demonstrate that GFRalpha3 artemin neurons are immunopositive for markers expected of nociceptors and include a subset of neurons distinct from the GDNF-responsive population. Our results indicate artemin may exert selective effects on pain sensation.