cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subband Structure of N-Channel Inversion Layers on Polar Semiconductors.

The subband structure of $n$-channel inversion layers on the surface of polar semiconductors has been investigated. The model used includes the effects of the Coulomb interaction and the polar, LO-phonon-mediated electron-electron interaction. The Coulomb interaction has been treated in the so-called diagonal random-phase approximation. This approximation ignores the effects of subband mixing, but is known to be valid for Coulomb forces. However, the phonon interaction is frequency dependent and may strongly mix states in different subbands, particularly when subband separation is near ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{LO}}$, the LO-phonon frequency. Therefore, the calculation includes the effects of subband mixing due to an unscreened electron\char22{}LO-phonon interaction. A simple two-subband model has been used to calculate the quasiparticle energies and subband separation as a function of wave vector and density. In addition, the effect of the electron-phonon interaction on the depolarization shift has been investigated. It is found that the frequency dependence of this interaction splits each absorption peak into two branches which can be interpreted as mixed intersubband\char22{}LO-phonon excitations. The magnitude of the splitting and the relative strength of each absorption peak has been calculated.
Maximal elements of weakly continuous relations

Abstract A weaker than usual continuity property is defined for binary relations. Relations that have this property, along with certain transitivity properties, are shown to have maximal elements on compact sets. The results cover “interval orders,” the kind of relations that often characterize choice situations in which similar alternatives are indistinguishable.
Dinuclear μ-fluoro cations of copper, silver and gold

Abstract Terminal fluoride complexes of the monovalent group 11 metals, supported by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, react with one-half equivalent of triphenylmethyl cation to form fluoride-bridged dinuclear cations. An improved preparation of the starting terminal fluorides is introduced. The crystal structures of the cations display bent M F M arrangements with large intermetallic separations. The bridging fluorides are highly labile, undergoing facile hydrolysis. The fluoride-bridged digold complex adds across an allene C C bond to form a diaurated allylic fluoride.
Effects of transdermal nicotine on lateralized identification and memory interference.

It has been proposed that nicotine may enhance performance on tasks requiring primarily left hemisphere (LH) resources while impairing right hemisphere (RH)-based performance. However, this hypothesis has not been directly tested using a lateralized cognitive task. The effects of transdermal nicotine administration on lateralized consonant identification and memory interference were examined in dependent smokers and never-smokers. In a double-blind placebo-controlled design, smokers (n = 24) and never-smokers (n = 24) were assigned to receive a nicotine or placebo patch. Subjects completed a lateralized letter identification task that required them to identify strings of three consonants presented in the left or right visual field while keeping a word in memory. A distinct right-visual-field (RVF) advantage was observed for consonant identification, but this effect was unaltered by nicotine or smoking status. However, nicotine decreased word memory errors on trials where consonants were presented in the RVF and increased errors on LVF trials. Nicotine may enhance LH-based cognitive performance by increasing LH cognitive resources or by reducing the influence of RVF distracting stimuli. These findings are consistent with a model of the lateralized effects of nicotine on cognitive performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An asynchronous distance-learning course in data communications and networks

This paper describes the concept of an asynchronous distance-learning course and its application to an elective course, Data Communications and Networks. Goals for the asynchronous course included providing facilities and opportunities for interaction and exchange of ideas among class members, analogous to the interactions which occur in a conventional class. Implemented as a Web-based course, a discussion board and email were heavily used to support class interactions. Some experiences with the initial Web-based offering of the course are described.
Data-driven elastic models for cloth: modeling and measurement

Cloth often has complicated nonlinear, anisotropic elastic behavior due to its woven pattern and fiber properties. However, most current cloth simulation techniques simply use linear and isotropic elastic models with manually selected stiffness parameters. Such simple simulations do not allow differentiating the behavior of distinct cloth materials such as silk or denim, and they cannot model most materials with fidelity to their real-world counterparts. In this paper, we present a data-driven technique to more realistically animate cloth. We propose a piecewise linear elastic model that is a good approximation to nonlinear, anisotropic stretching and bending behaviors of various materials. We develop new measurement techniques for studying the elastic deformations for both stretching and bending in real cloth samples. Our setup is easy and inexpensive to construct, and the parameters of our model can be fit to observed data with a well-posed optimization procedure. We have measured a database of ten different cloth materials, each of which exhibits distinctive elastic behaviors. These measurements can be used in most cloth simulation systems to create natural and realistic clothing wrinkles and shapes, for a range of different materials.
Variational formulation of the roller contact problem

Formulation du probleme de contact roulant en termes d'inegalite variationnelle avec certain operateur pseudodifferentiel. Discussion d'une technique d'elements finis pour sa resolution
Regulation of Na+ channels by luminal Na+ in rat cortical collecting tubule

1 The idea that luminal Na+ can regulate epithelial Na+ channels was tested in the cortical collecting tubule of the rat using whole-cell and single-channel recordings. Here we report results consistent with the idea of Na+ self-inhibition. 2 Macroscopic amiloride-sensitive currents (INa) were measured by conventional whole-cell clamp. INa was a saturable function of external Na+ concentration ([Na+]o) with an apparent Km of 9 mm. Single channel currents (iNa) were measured in cell-attached patches. iNa increased with pipette Na+ concentration with an apparent Km of 48 mm. Since INa= (iNa)NPo, the different Km values imply that the channel density (N) and/or open probability (Po) increase as [Na+]o decreases. Reduction of [Na+]o after increasing intracellular Na+ concentration also increased the outward amiloride-sensitive conductance, consistent with activation of the Na+ channels. 3 The underlying mechanism was studied by changing pipette Na+ concentration while recording from cell-attached patches. No increase in NPo was observed, suggesting that the effect is not a direct interaction between [Na+]o and the channel. 4 [Na+]o was varied outside the patch-clamp pipette while recording from cell-attached patches. When amiloride was in the bath to prevent Na+ entry, no change in NPo was observed. 5 Activation of the channels by hyperpolarization was observed with 140 mm Na+o but not with 14 mm Na+o. 6 The results are consistent with the concept of self-inhibition of Na+ channels by luminal Na+. Activation of the channels by lowering [Na+]o is not additive with that achieved by hyperpolarization.
Measurements of pulmonary arterial pressure in anesthetized male broilers at two to seven weeks of age

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension (an elevated pulmonary arterial pressure) is the defining symptom of the pathophysiological progression leading to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in broilers. Previously, closed-thorax techniques had not been reported for measuring the pulmonary arterial pressure in young (
A linear theory of rotating, thermally stratified, hydromagnetic flow

The hydromagnetic flow of a thermally stratified fluid confined between two rotating parallel plates is studied. The flow is assumed to be linear, steady and axially symmetric. The flow is driven both mechanically and thermally and general thermal boundary conditions are applied. Attention is focused upon the mechanism controlling the interior fluid (diffusion, Ekman pumping or hydro-magnetic forces) and upon the conditions under which laminated flow (∂v/∂z ≠ 0) may occur. It is found that the occurrence of laminated flow is very sensitive to the thermal boundary conditions and is suppressed by hydromagnetic effects. For mixed boundary conditions, hydromagnetic forces control the interior and laminated flow is suppressed if α [ges ] O(1), where α2 represents the ratio of hydro-magnetic to Coriolis forces. For a constant heat flux, this occurs for a much weaker magnetic field: if α [ges ] O(E¼). For a restricted range of the parameters, a new boundary layer, called the thermomagnetic layer, in which Coriolis, thermal and hydromagnetic forces balance may occur.
Fermi resonance in aqueous methanol

Abstract The damped coupled oscillator model is used to study the Fermi resonance between the methyl stretching mode ( v s ) and the first overtone of the symmetric deformation (2δ s ) in methanol as a function of concentration in aqueous solution. After removal of other non-resonant bands from the spectrum, the isotropic lineshape is fitted by the model using four adjustable parameters. The calculated resonance shift is approximately two times greater than that reported earlier for methanoi in an inert matrix, reflecting the enhanced interactions in the liquid phase. The magnitude of the resonance interaction parameter remains unchanged upon dilution in water, indicating that the vibrational anharmonicity is relatively insensitive to variations in the hydrogen bonding. The uncoupled frequency of the methyl stretching mode, on the other hand, is observed to increase markedly in solution. This shift, together with a concomitant decrease in the C-O stretching frequency, demonstrates that there is a significant electronic charge redistribution as methanol-methanol hydrogen bonds are replaced by methanol-water bonding interactions.
Identification of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (annexins) from guinea pig alveolar type II cells.

A new group of calcium-regulating proteins, called annexins or Ca++-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (PLBP), have been detected in different species, organs and cell types. In the present study, we have identified and quantitated PLBP from guinea pig lung, lavage fluid and alveolar type II cells to elucidate the possible role of PLBP in lung surfactant biogenesis and secretion. Lungs were lavaged and type II cells from lavaged lung were isolated by elastase digestion and purified by centrifugal elutriation. For the quantitative identification of PLBP, we performed ELISA assays and Western blot analysis by using an antiserum raised in guinea pigs against a pure rabbit lung 36 kDa PLBP. The lavage fluid, cytosol from lung and type II cells contained 784,167 and 435 ng per mg protein, respectively, of PLBP. The SDS-PAGE electrophoretic pattern and Western blot confirmed that all lung samples have band corresponding to a 36 kDa protein. This indicates that both alveolar type II cells and lavage fluid have higher levels of PLBP than whole lung cytosol.
Failure to Produce Neuronal Injury and Necrosis with Poliomyelitis Virus in Rabbits During Insulin Hypoglycemia.

SummaryThe intracranial inoculation of rabbits with the MV strain of poliomyelitis virus during insulin hypoglycemia did not produce neurological or pathological signs of anterior horn damage. These findings lend no confirmation to the theory of Sandler that hypoglycemia decreases the cellular oxidation of the central nervous system tissues, thus lowering their susceptibility to neuronal damage by the poliomyelitis virus.
The Neurobiology of Semantic Memory

Semantic memory includes all acquired knowledge about the world and is the basis for nearly all human activity, yet its neurobiological foundation is only now becoming clear. Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrate two striking results: the participation of modality-specific sensory, motor, and emotion systems in language comprehension, and the existence of large brain regions that participate in comprehension tasks but are not modality-specific. These latter regions, which include the inferior parietal lobe and much of the temporal lobe, lie at convergences of multiple perceptual processing streams. These convergences enable increasingly abstract, supramodal representations of perceptual experience that support a variety of conceptual functions including object recognition, social cognition, language, and the remarkable human capacity to remember the past and imagine the future.
Retroactive Law and Proactive Justice: Debating Crimes against Humanity in Germany, 1945–1950

The Nuremberg Trial may well be the most famous trial of the twentieth century, which is as it should be. After all, the Nuremberg Trial, while perhaps not as unprecedented as is frequently assumed, did mark a decisive turning point in the history of international law. It marked the first broadly successful attempt to impose the rule of law not just on the conduct of war but also, in a limited way, on domestic atrocities as well. The fame of this single trial has had the unfortunate side-effect of overshadowing the literally thousands of other Nazi trials that took place after World War II, however. These additional trials can be divided into three categories: those that took place in the domestic courts of victim nations, those that took place in occupation courts, and, perhaps least well-known, those that took place in German courts.
Sarcodon in the Neotropics I: new species from Guyana, Puerto Rico and Belize

Four species of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) genus Sarcodon (Bankeraceae, Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) are described as new to science. Sarcodon pakaraimensis sp. nov. is described from forests dominated by the ECM trees Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea (Dipterocarpaceae) and Dicymbe jenmanii (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae) in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Sarcodon portoricensis sp. nov. is described from lower montane wet forest within the El Yunque National Forest of Puerto Rico. Sarcodon quercophilus sp. nov. and Sarcodon umbilicatus sp. nov. are described from Quercus (Fagaceae) cloud forests within the Maya Mountains of Belize. The discovery of these species is significant given that the majority of the approximately 87 described Sarcodon species are north temperate or boreal in distribution and frequently associate with coniferous host plants; these constitute the most recent records for Sarcodon from the greater Neotropics. Each of the new species is morphologically consistent with accepted diagnostic characters for Sarcodon: pileate-stipitate stature, a dentate hymenophore, determinate basidiomatal development, fleshy, non-zonate context and brown, tuberculate basidiospores. DNA (ITS) sequence analysis corroborated the generic placement of S. pakaraimensis, S. portoricensis, S. quercophilus and S. umbilicatus and, along with morphological differences, supported their recognition as distinct species. Macromorphological, micromorphological, habitat and DNA sequence data from the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) are provided for each of the new species. A key to Neotropical Sarcodon species and similar extralimital taxa is provided.
Overview of the development of superconducting synchronous generators

Superconducting synchronous generators are being developed world wide. Early results established the feasibility of these machines and showed that the best configuration is a rotating superconducting field inside a normally conducting armature in the stator. Extensive analytical development is providing a sound basis for the design of superconducting AC machines. Recent experimental results have demonstrated power density improvements over that of conventional generators. The designs developed by different groups are significantly different in the following areas: Rotor shielding and rotor structure; field coil support and construction; superconductor design; helium system design; and armature configuration. The development strategies of the groups have different emphases on basic engineering, development of components, and construction of prototypes. The major deficiencies of the programs are no full-load or full-fault testing.
Meditative Dialogue: Cultivating Sacred Space in Psychotherapy - An Intersubjective Fourth?

Meditative dialogue offers a simple way to cultivate sacred space in psychotherapy and in one's life. Through mindfulness and meditation practices, client and therapist together develop the capacity to enliven their embodied experience of living truths and to deeply invite life into their lives. This article offers a review of theoretical and conceptual literature on spirituality, intersubjectivity, relational practice, and meditation and mindfulness practices as applied to psychotherapy. It offers a discussion of meditative dialogue as a method through which sacred space can be accessed as therapist and client engage collaboratively in the quest for transformation through psychotherapy.
Dynamic reconfigurable computing architecture for aerospace applications

This paper presents the design and prototyping of a computing architecture which dynamically reconfigures itself depending on the environment in which it resides. The system switches among three modes of operation (parallel processing, low power, and radiation tolerant) depending on an external radiation sensor and application input from the user. The system was prototyped on a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA to verify its feasibility when controlling a series of peripherals under the three modes of operation. This type of system is ideal for robust, real-time applications such as spacecraft control systems.
Pilot-Plant Washing Procedure to Remove Fat and Color Components from Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat

Abstract A pilot-plant extraction procedure was evaluated for efficiency in removing fat and color from mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) produced from skinless broiler breast frames. Ninety-one-kilogram (200 lb) batches of MDCM were extracted with a .75% sodium bicarbonate solution (pH = 8.0) followed by a rinse with tap water. The pH of the water/meat slurry was adjusted to 6.8 with 1 N HCl to facilitate dewatering. The meat slurries were pumped through a continuous decanting centrifuge after the washing and rinsing steps. The raw washed (RW) MDCM was evaluated using the International Commission on Illumination (CIE, 1978) color values; it was found to be lighter in color (L* = 69) and less red (a* = 3) than the raw unwashed (RU) MDCM (L* = 51, a* = 15). Cooked washed meat (CW) was also lighter (L* = 67) and less red (a* = 4) than the cooked unwashed (CU) MDCM (L* = 58, a* = 9). The RU MDCM fat content (12.8%) was reduced by washing to 1.5% in the RW meat. The CU MDCM had a significantly higher fat content (13.0%) than the CW MDCM (2.5%). This pilot-plant washing procedure was effective in removal of fat and color from MDCM.
Simultaneous estimation of terrestrial eigenvibrations

Summary. Recently, time domain methods have been shown to be advantageous in determining the quality of observations of terrestrial eigenvibrations. Complex demodulation has been used in estimating amplitude, period, decay constant Q and phase. Non-linear regression in the frequency domain yields formal uncertainties in each estimate. A crucial problem arises in isolating neighbouring modes of nearly the same frequency and comparable amplitude. Complex demodulation displays can be used to identify interferences such as beating. In such cases, the assumption of stationarity is violated in the regression analysis yielding biased results. Improved resolution has now been obtained by formulating the regression scheme to estimate simultaneously small sets of neighbouring spectral peaks so that stationarity is not violated. Under the assumption of stationarity this procedure becomes optimal in a statistical sense. A general analysis of variance serves to indicate the amount of correlation that exists between estimated parameters of neighbouring modes as well as the relative information that is supplied by each Fourier transform point to the overall system of equations. The covariance matrix indicates that there is no linear correlation between spectral peaks when their frequencies are separated by 5 per cent. There are, however, significant correlations when two frequencies differ by 0.5 per cent. The result is that overtone modes very near in frequency to fundamental modes can, under certain conditions, be resolved with a non-linear regression technique, although parameter uncertainties are underestimated in general.
Climatic influences in some ancient mediterranean religions

(1925). Climatic influences in some ancient Mediterranean religions. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 214-221.
Expression of bcl-2 From a Defective Herpes Simplex Virus–1 Vector Limits Neuronal Death in Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose A process resembling programmed cell death appears to contribute to postischemic neuronal loss in several models of stroke. Because the expression of the bcl-2 gene has been shown to rescue neurons from programmed cell death due to other causes, we determined whether it would be similarly neuroprotective in stroke. Methods Replication defective herpes viral vectors that transduce bcl-2 (HSVbcl2) or Escherichia coli lacZ (HSVlac) were injected into two sites in the rat cerebral cortex 24 hours before induction of neocortical focal ischemia by tandem permanent occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery. Local ischemic damage was determined 24 hours after occlusion by staining with 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Results Expression of bcl-2 in cerebral cortex was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in animals injected with the HSVbcl2 expression vector. Viable tissue was significantly increased at the injection sites in HSVbcl2- but not HS...
Autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria contribute minimally to nitrification in a nitrogen-impacted forested ecosystem

Deposition rates of atmospheric nitrogenous pollutants to forests in the San Bernardino Mountains range east of Los Angeles, California, are the highest reported in North America. Acidic soils from the west end of the range are N-saturated and have elevated rates of N-mineralization, nitrification, and nitrate leaching. We assessed the impact of this heavy nitrogen load on autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing communities by investigating their composition, abundance, and activity. Analysis of 177 cloned beta-Proteobacteria ammonia oxidizer 16S rRNA genes from highly to moderately N-impacted soils revealed similar levels of species composition; all of the soils supported the previously characterized Nitrosospira clusters 2, 3, and 4. Ammonia oxidizer abundance measured by quantitative PCR was also similar among the soils. However, rates of potential nitrification activity were greater for N-saturated soils than for soils collected from a less impacted site, but autotrophic (i.e., acetylene-sensitive) activity was low in all soils examined. N-saturated soils incubated for 30 days with ammonium accumulated additional soluble ammonium, whereas less-N-impacted soils had a net loss of ammonium. Lastly, nitrite production by cultivated Nitrosospira multiformis, an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium adapted to relatively high ammonium concentrations, was significantly inhibited in pH-controlled slurries of sterilized soils amended with ammonium despite the maintenance of optimal ammonia-oxidizing conditions. Together, these results showed that factors other than autotrophic ammonia oxidizers contributed to high nitrification rates in these N-impacted forest soils and, unlike many other environments, differences in nitrogen content and soil pH did not favor particular autotrophic ammonia oxidizer groups.
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR QUADRATIC POLE PLACEMENT (LQPP) CONTROL DESIGN

Abstract The pole placement (PP) technique for design of a linear state feedback control system requires specification of all the closed-loop pole locations even though only a few poles dominate the system's transient response characteristics. The linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method, on the other hand, optimizes the system transient response and does not directly impose the location of the dominant poles. This paper presents a new optimal linear quadratic pole placement (LQPP) technique that simultaneously assigns some poles to exact desired dominant locations (partial pole placement) and adjusts the rest of the poles to optimize an LQ performance index (parametric optimization). As a result, a designer can fashion his control design to benefit from the PP and LQ techniques. The paper only addresses the LQPP technique for a single-input full-state feedback control system.
Effects of purified rabies vaccine on the expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in pregnant women

Objective To study effect of rabies vaccine (RV) on the expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in pregnant women. Methods Patients were intramuscularly inoculated with full 5 doses of RV. PBMCs from the blood sample were stimulated with RV at 0,14,45 days after inoculation. Neutralizing antibody was determined by ELISA and the proliferation of lymphocyte was performed by an in vitro method. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 in the culture supernatants were detected by cytometric bead array(CBA) method. Results 17 days after inoculation, all subjects were sero-positive for the neutralizing antibody. The lymphocyte transformation index was significantly increased at 45 days after stimulation with RV(P0.05). Similar results were seen with IL-2,IL-4,IL-5 by CBA(P0.05). Conclusion RV could induce protective homoral and antigen-specific cellular immune responses in pregnant women.
The Observation Methods of Categorizing and Comparison in Landscape Sketching

Shape,light,color,space,and their inter - relationship are all involved in landscape sketching and they create many difficulties in our observation and representation. The observer should first identify the main issue,analyze its elements,and then use the observation methods of categorizing and comparison to achieve an improved understanding of the view.
Pathophysiology of Insomnia

Primary insomnia has been previously viewed first as a symptom of mental disorders and more recently as a type of behavior disorder. However, increasing evidence has shown that objective primary insomnia is associated with activation or pathology in whole body and brain metabolic systems, the cardiovascular system, and the endocrine system. Data have shown the appearance of pathophysiology prior to and leading to the development of changes in cognitive and mood function. Pathophysiology has also been shown in an animal model that suggested specific brain arousal areas impacted and treatment by modification of those brain arousal sites. Primary objective insomnia is a significant risk for important medical pathology including hypertension, diabetes, depression, and mortality. Recognition of primary insomnia as a significant medical risk means that treatment of insomnia should be directed toward measurement and reduction of this risk. Current data suggest that reduction in risk is best accomplished by increasing total sleep time above 7 h. However, research showing the success of these changes in diagnosis, treatment goals, and treatment outcomes requires significant research emphasis.
The impact of an IUD and implant intervention on dual method use among young women: Results from a cluster randomized trial

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are highly effective at preventing pregnancy but do not protect against sexually transmitted infection (STI). Recent efforts to improve access to intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants have raised concerns about STI prevention and reduced condom use, particularly among teenagers and young women. We evaluated whether a provider-targeted intervention to increase LARC access negatively impacted dual method use and STI incidence among an at-risk patient population. We conducted a cluster randomized trial in 40 reproductive health centers across the United States from May 2011 to May 2013. After training providers at 20 intervention sites, we recruited 1500 sexually-active women aged 18-25years who did not desire pregnancy and followed them for one year. We assessed intervention effects on dual method use, condom use and STI incidence, modeling dual method use with generalized estimating equations and STI incidence with Cox proportional hazard regression models, accounting for clustering. We found no differences between intervention and control groups in dual method use (14.3% vs. 14.4%, aOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.74-1.44) or condom use (30% vs. 31%, aOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.79-1.35) at last sex at one year. STI incidence was 16.5 per 100 person-years and did not differ between intervention and control groups (aHR 1.20, 95% CI 0.88-1.64). A provider training intervention to increase LARC access neither compromised condom use nor increased STI incidence among young women. Dual method use was very low overall, highlighting the need to bolster STI prevention efforts among adolescents and young women.
Atomic-Scale Structural Evolution of Rh(110) during Catalysis

We report direct observation at the atomic scale of the pressure- and temperature-dependent evolution of a model Rh(110) catalyst surface during transient and steady-state CO oxidation, using high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (HP-STM) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) correlated against density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Rh(110) is susceptible to the well-known missing row (MR) reconstruction. O2 dosing produces a MR structure and an O coverage of 1/2 monolayer (ML), the latter limited by the kinetics of O2 dissociation. In contrast, CO dosing retains the (1 × 1) structure and a CO coverage of 1 ML. We show that CO dosing titrates O from the (2 × 1) structure and that the final surface state is a strong function of temperature. Adsorbed CO accelerates and O inhibits the (2 × 1) to (1 × 1) transition, an effect that can be traced to the influence of the adsorbates on the energy landscape for moving metal atoms from filled to empty rows. During simultaneous ...
First Steps Toward Incorporating Image Based Diagnostics Into Particle Accelerator Control Systems Using Convolutional Neural Networks

At present, a variety of image-based diagnostics are used in particle accelerator systems. Often times, these are viewed by a human operator who then makes appropriate adjustments to the machine. Given recent advances in using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image processing, it should be possible to use image diagnostics directly in control routines (NN-based or otherwise). This is especially appealing for non-intercepting diagnostics that could run continuously during beam operation. Here, we show results of a first step toward implementing such a controller: our trained CNN can predict multiple simulated downstream beam parameters at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility's low energy beamline using simulated virtual cathode laser images, gun phases, and solenoid strengths.
High order local absorbing boundary conditions for acoustic waves in terms of farfield expansions

We devise a new high order local absorbing boundary condition (ABC) for radiating problems and scattering of time-harmonic acoustic waves from obstacles of arbitrary shape. By introducing an artificial boundary S enclosing the scatterer, the original unbounded domain is decomposed into a bounded computational domain and an exterior unbounded domain +. Then, we define interface conditions at the artificial boundary S, from truncated versions of the well-known Wilcox and Karp farfield expansion representations of the exact solution in the exterior region +. As a result, we obtain a new local absorbing boundary condition (ABC) for a bounded problem on , which effectively accounts for the outgoing behavior of the scattered field. Contrary to the low order absorbing conditions previously defined, the error at the artificial boundary induced by this novel ABC can be easily reduced to reach any accuracy within the limits of the computational resources. We accomplish this by simply adding as many terms as needed to the truncated farfield expansions of Wilcox or Karp. The convergence of these expansions guarantees that the order of approximation of the new ABC can be increased arbitrarily without having to enlarge the radius of the artificial boundary. We include numerical results in two and three dimensions which demonstrate the improved accuracy and simplicity of this new formulation when compared to other absorbing boundary conditions.
Nanotechnology, the Brain, and the Future: Ethical Considerations

The task of this chapter is to present and briefly discuss the main ethical implications of current and prospective neural applications of nanotechnology. While the task seems simple, undertaking it is by no means so. In part, this is because there is very little literature specifically focused on the intersection of nano- and neurotechnology. At the time of this chapter’s completion, there appear to be approximately a dozen articles that provide substantial ethical consideration specific to nanotechnology and the brain. While this provides a substantial base from which to evaluate the ethical considerations, the dearth of original research material on nanotechnology and neuroscience makes difficult an original thoroughgoing analysis of the ethical implications of nano and neuro. I have drawn from the larger literatures on ‘neuroethics’ and ‘nanoethics’ to supplement the extant articles on the ethics of nanotechnology and neuroscience.
A microfluidic culture model of the human reproductive tract and 28-day menstrual cycle

The endocrine system dynamically controls tissue differentiation and homeostasis, but has not been studied using dynamic tissue culture paradigms. Here we show that a microfluidic system supports murine ovarian follicles to produce the human 28-day menstrual cycle hormone profile, which controls human female reproductive tract and peripheral tissue dynamics in single, dual and multiple unit microfluidic platforms (Solo-MFP, Duet-MFP and Quintet-MPF, respectively). These systems simulate the in vivo female reproductive tract and the endocrine loops between organ modules for the ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and liver, with a sustained circulating flow between all tissues. The reproductive tract tissues and peripheral organs integrated into a microfluidic platform, termed EVATAR, represents a powerful new in vitro tool that allows organ-organ integration of hormonal signalling as a phenocopy of menstrual cycle and pregnancy-like endocrine loops and has great potential to be used in drug discovery and toxicology studies.
Storing Join Relationships for Fast Join Query Processing

We propose to store equi-join relationships of tuples on inexpensive and space abundant devices, such as disks, to facilitate query processing. The equi-join relationships are captured, grouped, and stored as various tables, which are collectively called the Join Core. Queries involving arbitrary legitimate sequences of equi-joins, semi-joins, outer-joins, anti-joins, unions, differences, and intersections can all be answered quickly by merely merging these tables. The Join Core can also be updated dynamically. Experimental results showed that all test queries began to generate results instantly, and many completed instantly too. The proposed methodology can be very useful for queries with complex joins of large relations as there are fewer or even no relations or intermediate results needed to be retrieved and generated.
Exploring Intercultural Sensitivity in Early Adolescence: A Mixed Methods Study.

AbstractThe purpose of this mixed methods study was to explore levels of intercultural sensitivity in a sample of fourth to eighth grade students in the United States (n = 162). Intercultural sensi...
Juggling Priorities: Staying Sober in College as a Nontraditional Student

Nontraditional students are defined as those who (1) are >24 years old, (2) are financially independent from their parents, (3) are working full time, (4) are attending classes part time, (5) have dependents, (6) are single parents, and (7) have a GED or high school equivalent. Nontraditional students are prone to higher levels of stress and anxiety and are more likely to leave school before earning a degree. This chapter describes the case of a nontraditional college student, who decides to return to college after a failed transition from high school to community college several years earlier. The student is also 5 years sober from alcohol and struggles to find substance-free activities on campus. Discussion focuses on understanding the ways that nontraditional students feel pulled between family and academic responsibilities, suggests ways to help nontraditional college students feel connected to their peers, and reviews ways that universities can promote a substance-free culture on campus.
Genetic engineering of influenza and other negative-strand RNA viruses containing segmented genomes.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the systems that allow the genetic manipulation of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses and summarizes how the use of reverse genetics has improved the understanding of the molecular processes of viral infection and the pathogenesis of these viruses. It discusses future perspectives of the genetic engineering of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Reverse genetics has had a significant impact on the understanding of replication–transcription processes and on the knowledge of the structure–function relationships of viral gene products and their biological roles. Despite their impact on influenza virus research, reverse genetics systems can be improved further. So far, systems to generate transfectant influenza viruses have been described for only six of the eight viral segments. The chapter establishes a system for the rescue of any influenza virus segment without the need for selection. Helper virus-free systems may need to be established for generating infectious virus entirely from cloned complementary DNA (cDNA), as has been done for bunyavirus; however, this may be difficult for influenza virus because of its additional gene segments. These technical limitations, however, may soon be overcome. The chapter discusses various systems used to modify influenza virus, such as influenza virus replication and reconstitution of replication-competent ribonucleo proteins. The chapter concludes with the genetic engineering of thogotoviruses and bunyaviruses.
American Muslims or Muslim Americans?: Impact of Perceived Discrimination on Confidence in Security Institutions

In the years following the events of September 11th, Muslim Americans have faced heightened scrutiny and have been questioned in their ability and willingness to integrate into American society. How do Muslim Americans perceive how they are treated in America, and what effects do these perceptions have on their confidence in American institutions charged with protecting their rights and liberties? This study argues that perceived animosity towards Muslim Americans not only erodes confidence in U.S. institutions, but also affects how much identify with the United States. We explore these propositions using survey data on Muslim Americans (N=475) collected in 2010 by the Gallup Organization. While we will examine some comparisons across religious denomination, our main focus is the variation among Muslim Americans. The findings of the study have important psychological and political implications for the Muslim American community, as well as critical security implications for the U.S. Muslim Americans have accounted for the single largest information source for assisting the FBI in disrupting terrorism plots. Maintaining the community's confidence will be critical for continued cooperation and assistance.
Workup and management of patients with syncope

Syncope accounts for approximately 1% to 6% of hospital admissions and 3% of emergency room visits. Syncope is defined as a sudden transient loss of consciousness associated with a loss of postural tone with spontaneous recovery. Patients should not require electrical or chemical cardioversion to regain consciousness. Syncope must be clinically differentiated from other states of altered consciousness, such as dizziness, vertigo, seizures, coma, and nacrolepsy.
Our Debt to the French Tradition: “Catastrophes” and Our Search for Structure Today (1978, 1981)

The connection of my subject with the theory of catastrophes is obvious: Who but a Frenchman could have decided that a catastrophe—кαταστρоoή, overturn, ruin—is a civilized, regular denizen of that best of all possible worlds, mathematics, demesne of reason and order? Of course, without some assumed or required smoothness of motion, catastrophes become so common as to be altogether stochastic—dull, random events that make up no more than a statistic—but who will deny in a Frenchman innate sense of the right degree of smoothness at the right moment?
Quantum changes in self-efficacy and condom-use intention among youth: A chained cusp catastrophe model

Abstract Introduction The complex relationships among HIV knowledge, condom-use skills, self-efficacy, peer influence and intention to use condoms have been rigorously investigated. However, studies guided by a linear behavior change model often explain only a limited amount of variances. This study aims to advance our understanding of the relationships through a nonlinear quantum change paradigm. Methods Data (n = 1970, 40.61% male, mean age 16.94 ± 0.74) from a behavioral intervention program among high school students in the Bahamas were analyzed with a chained cusp catastrophe model in two steps. In the first step, self-efficacy was analyzed as the outcome with HIV knowledge/condom-use skills as asymmetry variables and peer influence as bifurcation variable. In the second step, condom-use intention was analyzed as the outcome while self-efficacy (outcome in the first step) was used as bifurcation variable allowing peer influence as bifurcation, and HIV knowledge/condom-use skills were included as asymmetry. Cusp modeling analysis was conducted along with equivalent linear models. Results The cusp model performed better than the linear and logistic models. Cusp modeling analyses revealed that peer influence significantly bifurcated the relationships between HIV knowledge/condom-use skills and self-efficacy; while both self-efficacy and peer influence significantly bifurcated the relationship between HIV knowledge/condom-use skills and condom-use intention. Conclusion Our findings support the central role of self-efficacy and peer influence as two chains in bridging the complex quantum relationships between HIV knowledge/condom-use skills and condom-use intention among adolescents. The nonlinear cusp catastrophe modeling provided a new method to advance HIV behavioral research.
Semiclassical Treatment of High-Lying Electronic States of H2+

We report quantum-mechanical and semiclassical WKB calculations for energies and wave functions of high-lying 2Σ states of H2+ in atomic units. The high-lying states we present lie in an unexplored regime, corresponding asymptotically to H (n ≤ 146) plus a proton, with R ≤ 120 000a0. We compare quantum-mechanical energies, spectroscopic constants, dipole matrix elements, and phases with semiclassical results and demonstrate a high level of agreement. Our quantum-mechanical phases were determined by using Milne’s phase-amplitude procedure. We compare our semiclassical energies for low-lying states with those of other researchers.
Accent Conversion Using Phonetic Posteriorgrams

Accent conversion (AC) aims to transform non-native speech to sound as if the speaker had a native accent. This can be achieved by mapping source spectra from a native speaker into the acoustic space of the non-native speaker. In prior work, we proposed an AC approach that matches frames between the two speakers based on their acoustic similarity after compensating for differences in vocal tract length. In this paper, we propose an approach that matches frames between the two speakers based on their phonetic (rather than acoustic) similarity. Namely, we map frames from the two speakers into a phonetic posteriorgram using speaker-independent acoustic models trained on native speech. We evaluate the proposed algorithm on a corpus containing multiple native and non-native speakers. Compared to the previous AC algorithm, the proposed algorithm improves the ratings of acoustic quality (20% increase in mean opinion score) and native accent (69% preference) while retaining the voice identity of the non-native speaker.
A Companion to Ricœur’s Freedom and Nature, Ed. Scott Davidson, New York, Lexington Press, 2018.

Review of A Companion to Ricœur’s Freedom and Nature, Ed. Scott Davidson, New York, Lexington Press, 2018.
Bounds on the Accuracy in Causal Filtering for Nonlinear Observations with Some Implications on Asymptotic Separation in Stochastic Control

Abstract A bound is derived on the accuracy in causally estimating a Gaussian process from nonlinear observations. Both additive Gaussian noise and Poisson observations are included. The bound is used to study the control of a stochastic linear dynamical system with nonlinear observations of either type and an average quadratic cost. An asymptotic Separation Theorem is established showing that a linear feedback control law, involving a state estimate, is asymptotically optimum as the accuracy of the state estimate approaches the bound.
Ozone pollution and asthma emergency department visits in Fresno, CA, USA, during the warm season (June–September) of the years 2005 to 2015: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis

Fresno, located at the central part of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), CA, USA, is one of the most air-polluted cities in North America. The present time-stratified case-crossover study investigates whether short-term exposure to ozone (O3) is associated with asthma emergency departments (ED) visits during the high O3 warm seasons (June–September) of 2005 to 2015 in Fresno, CA, USA. A total of 4463 ED visits from 2005 to 2015 in Fresno were identified. The potential effect modification by land use (commercial and residential), sex, race (White, Black, and Hispanic), and age (2–5, 6–18, 19–40, 41–64, and > = 65) was investigated. A 5 ppb increase in the concentration of O3 at the lag 0–14 was associated with 33.6% increase in the odds of having an asthma ED visit [OR 1.336 (95% confidence intervals 1.262, 1.414)]. People living in commercial areas (OR 1.470 (95% confidence intervals 1.353, 1.597) at lag 0–14) experienced higher odds of visiting the ED due to asthma when compared to those living in residential areas (OR 1.193 (95% confidence intervals 1.084, 1.313) at lag 0–14). Sex was not a modifier in this study. Blacks and Hispanics showed faster response to O3 exposure. The association between O3 exposure and asthma ED visits was positive among all age groups, but greater among 6 to 18 years. Ozone exposure is associated with asthma ED visits in Fresno during the warm seasons (June–September) of 2005 to 2015.