cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Corplum is a core from a plum”: The advantage of bilingual children in the analysis of word meaning from verbal context*

The possible advantage of bilingual children over monolinguals in analyzing word meanings from verbal context was examined. The subjects were 40 third-grade children (20 bilingual and 20 monolingual) recruited from independent schools in the USA. The two groups of participants were compared on their performance on a standardized test of receptive vocabulary and an experimental measure of word meanings, the Word–Context Test. Results revealed that on average, the bilingual children had smaller vocabularies in English. The bilinguals deduced the meaning from context of more words than the monolingual children, although there were no differences between groups on the rate of reaching the target meanings for words on which they were successful, and on the quality of their definitions. Moreover, bilingual children approached the task differently and they showed greater flexibility when analyzing word meanings from verbal context, thus indicating that bilinguals may be more efficient vocabulary learners than monolinguals.
Neurofilament subunit NF-H modulates axonal diameter by selectively slowing neurofilament transport.

To examine the mechanism through which neurofilaments regulate the caliber of myelinated axons and to test how aberrant accumulations of neurofilaments cause motor neuron disease, mice have been constructed that express wild-type mouse NF-H up to 4.5 times the normal level. Small increases in NF-H expression lead to increased total neurofilament content and larger myelinated axons, whereas larger increases in NF-H decrease total neurofilament content and strongly inhibit radial growth. Increasing NF-H expression selectively slow neurofilament transport into and along axons, resulting in severe perikaryal accumulation of neurofilaments and proximal axonal swellings in motor neurons. Unlike the situation in transgenic mice expressing modest levels of human NF-H (Cote, F., J.F. Collard, and J.P. Julien. 1993. Cell. 73:35-46), even 4.5 times the normal level of wild-type mouse NF-H does not result in any overt phenotype or enhanced motor neuron degeneration or loss. Rather, motor neurons are extraordinarily tolerant of wild-type murine NF-H, whereas wild-type human NF-H, which differs from the mouse homolog at > 160 residue positions, mediates motor neuron disease in mice by acting as an aberrant, mutant subunit.
Nanoscience and Nanostructures for Photovoltaics and Solar Fuels

Quantum confinement of electronic particles (negative electrons and positive holes) in nanocrystals produces unique optical and electronic properties that have the potential to enhance the power conversion efficiency of solar cells for photovoltaic and solar fuels production at lower cost. These approaches and applications are labeled third generation solar photon conversion. Prominent among these unique properties is the efficient formation of more than one electron-hole pair (called excitons in nanocrystals) from a single absorbed photon. In isolated nanocrystals that have three-dimensional confinement of charge carriers (quantum dots) or two-dimensional confinement (quantum wires and rods) this process is termed multiple exciton generation. This Perspective presents a summary of our present understanding of the science of optoelectronic properties of nanocrystals and a prognosis for and review of the technological status of nanocrystals and nanostructures for third generation photovoltaic cells and solar fuels production.
Predicting Small Target Detection Performance of Low-SNR Airborne Lidar

Recent technological advances in the performance of small micro-lasers and multi-channel multi-event photo-detectors have enabled the development of experimental airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) systems based on a low-SNR (LSNR) paradigm. Due to dense point spacing (tens of points per square meter) and sub-decimeter range resolution, LSNR lidar can likely enable detection of meter-scale targets that would go unnoticed by traditional lidar technology. Small vehicle obstructions and other similar targets in the beach and littoral zones are of particular interest, because of LSNR lidar's applicability to the near-shore environment and the general desire to improve detection of antivehicle and antipersonnel obstacles in the coastal zone. A target detection procedure is presented that exploits the detailed information available from LSNR lidar data while diminishing the effect of spurious noise events. Consideration is given to detection in both topographic and bathymetric scenarios. Data sets for target detection analysis are supplied by a numerical sensor simulator developed at the University of Florida. Target detection performance is evaluated as a function of environmental characteristics, such as water clarity and depth, and system parameters, specifically transmitted pulse energy and laser pulse repetition frequency. Analysis of results with regards to consideration for future system design is discussed.
Primary Prevention of Skin Cancer in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Literature

Although skin cancer is an easily preventable disease, self-directed prevention behaviors in children are difficult to achieve. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the status of primary prevention interventions and identify gaps in national and international research in order to make suggestions for further intervention design. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PSYCHinfo databases was conducted to collect published research used in this review. The most effective interventions used multicomponent curricula administered over an extended period of time. Younger children were more receptive to interventions than were older children, who had stronger attitudes against sun-protective behaviors. Interventions in Australia have been more successful than interventions in North America and Europe. Further research needs to be conducted to create primary prevention interventions that address informational gaps. Specifically testing the dose and effect of individual educational components and bundling of components with reliable and valid outcome measures would help health care researchers define and measure the most effective way to battle social norms and attitudes of children and sun exposure.
Adenosine-Sensitive Ventricular Tachycardia Right Ventricular Abnormalities Delineated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background Adenosine-sensitive ventricular tachycardia (VT) is thought to be due to cAMP-mediated triggered activity. It typically originates from the RVOT and occurs in patients with apparently normal hearts. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we tested the hypothesis that adenosine-sensitive VT occurs in patients without structural heart disease. Methods and Results Fourteen patients (9 women; age, 47±19 years) presented with sustained VT (n=3), repetitive monomorphic VT (n=7), or both (n=4). VT terminated with adenosine in each patient and was sensitive to vagal maneuvers in 9 of 11 and verapamil in 10 of 12. VT originated from the right ventricular outflow tract in 10 patients, the right ventricular apex in 1, and the left ventricular septum in 3. Conventional studies included normal signal-averaged ECGs in 9 of 9, normal right ventricular echocardiography in 10 of 10, and normal left ventriculography and coronary angiography in 6 of 7. In contrast, MRI scans were abnormal in 10 of 14 patients. T...
A LOG-MULTIPLICATIVE ASSOCIATION MODEL FOR ALLOCATING HOMICIDES WITH UNKNOWN VICTIM/OFFENDER RELATIONSHIPS

This research note critically evaluates conventional methods for allocating homicides with an unknown victim/offender relationship to meaningful categories, and it proposes an alternative approach. We argue that conventional methods are based on a problematic assumption, namely, that the missing data mechanism is “ignorable.” As an alternative to these methods, we propose an imputation algorithm derived from a log-multiplicative model that does not require this assumption. We apply this technique to estimate levels of homicides disaggregated by victim/offender relationship using the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) data for 1996 and 1997, and we compare the resulting estimates with those obtained from the application of conventional procedures. Our results yield a larger proportion of stranger homicides than are obtained from the conventional methods.
Efficient adaptive algorithms for ARX identification

Two efficient adaptive algorithmic families are developed for multichannel combiners characterized by unequal memory lengths for each input channel. The prewindowed, the covariance, and the sliding window case are addressed. The difference between the proposed methods lies in the way the Kalman gain vector is order-updated in each case. The first algorithm operates on both inputs simultaneously and thus utilizes block multichannel structured order recursions. The resulting scheme is called the diagonal-update algorithm. The second approach updates the Kalman gain in a two-step procedure by first reducing the size of one input and then the other input. The resulting method is called stairwise-update algorithm. Both algorithms are applicable to adaptive ARX (autoregressive exogenous) system identification, to adaptive control, and to the design of decision-feedback equalizers. Simulations are included. >
On lateral connections in feed-forward neural networks

Feed-forward neural networks trained with back-propagation, or a variation of it, constitute the most widely applied of all synthetic neural network paradigms. Several efforts have been directed towards faster training of such networks. Most of these efforts attempt to take as large steps as possible during the training process. However, another potential source of inefficiency arising from the independent evolution of the hidden layer neurons has received considerably less attention. Fahlman and Lebiere (1991) have called this the herd effect. The herd effect arises because all the hidden layer neurons receive similar information, and thus evolve to reduce the then largest source of error during the training process. In this paper we introduce local lateral connections in a feed-forward network towards reducing this effect. A new algorithm, based on gradient descent, is derived for the proposed architecture and its efficacy evaluated through simulations.
Medical Image Retrieval and Automatic Annotation: OHSU at ImageCLEF 2007

Oregon Health & Science University participated in the medical retrieval and medical annotation tasks of ImageCLEF 2007. In the medical retrieval task, we created a web-based retrieval system built on a full-text index of both image and case annotations. The text-based search engine was implemented in Ruby using Ferret, a port of Lucene and a custom query parser. In addition to this textual index of annotations, supervised machine learning techniques using visual features were used to classify the images based on image acquisition modality. All images were annotated with the purported modality. Purely textual runs as well as mixed runs using the purported modality were submitted, with the latter performing among the best of all participating research groups. In the automatic annotation task, we used the 'gist' technique to create the feature vectors. Using statistics derived from a set of multi-scale oriented filters, we created a 512-dimensional vector. PCA was then used to create a 100-dimensional vector. This feature vector was fed into a two layer neural network. Our error rate on the 1000 test images was 67.8 using the hierarchical error calculations.
Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use: Follow-up Study of Treatment Admissions to DARP during 1969-1971

The present study was based on follow-up data on 1409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The study focused on variations in alcohol consumption associated with post-DARP drug use and treatment status. The results indicated that use of alcohol and non-opioid drugs (particularly marijuana) tended to be correlated, but that this was not true of opioid drugs. For a small segment of the sample, evidence suggested that substitution of use may have occurred between alcohol and opioid drugs. Also, persons with post-DARP drug treatment tended to use less alcohol than persons without treatment. Interpretations and implications of these findings are discussed.
The Sense of Touch in 'Don Giovanni'

While Don Giovanni has fascinated posterity, the Commendatore perhaps resonated more deeply with Mozart's age. Living statues haunted the late Enlightenment imagination, expressing, among other values, the new primacy of touch. For post-Cartesian thinkers, touch supplanted reason as the bedrock of cognition and aesthetics. Touch plays the same veridical role in Giovanni, above all in the famous handshake of Giovanni and the Commendatore. Three scenes are analysed, illuminated by the psychological theory of Berkeley, Condillac, and Herder. Zerlina's 'Vedrai carino' traces an integrative path from sight to touch. Her discourse recedes from conventional poetic and musical rhetoric into more immediate bodily representations. In 'La' ci darem la mano', conversely, music and poetry grow increasingly stylized as the false taking of hands proceeds. The banquet scene enacts another integration of representation and reality, as the Commendatore forces Giovannni to engage an older linguistic paradigm. This reading, grounded in the senses and signs, can temper more allegorical readings.
Christian Nurture and the New Cosmology

Christian Religious Education recognizes the crisis in perception caused by eroding cosmologies and engages persons in the reformulating of Christian stories that negate a limiting materialism perpetuating consumerism destructive to life. A course is developed for theological students in which they may become aware of cosmology and its New Story, discern how it may be intentionally incorporated into the education of faith communities, use tools for creating curriculum, and generate methodologies for transformative learning. The course embodies the implications of current cosmology activating a partnership of learning through embodied knowing, conceptual imaging, visceral experience, and somatic learning.
Molecular Cytogenetics: A Symposium Summary

I have been instructed by our chairman to keep my comments uncomplicated, remembering we have a broad audience, some of whom have never been distracted by the beauty of a chromosome let alone a whole live salamander, and others who might think that ethidium bromide was something you took for a headache, and hydroxyapatite for acid indigestion. I have taken notes on 32 different talks, considering genome sizes 1.5µ to 10 meters in length, more than 6 orders of magnitude in size, from Polyoma to Triturus. We have gone from replicating mechanisms in T4 which, though highly complex, can now be discussed in great detail, to replication mechanisms in higher eukaryote cells, which will scarcely be unraveled, except in a much more superficial way, within our lifetime. Yet I feel that there has been a certain coherence to this meeting, which I will try my best to impart.
Questionnaires for eliciting evaluation data from users of interactive question answering systems

Evaluating interactive question answering (QA) systems with real users can be challenging because traditional evaluation measures based on the relevance of items returned are difficult to employ since relevance judgments can be unstable in multi-user evaluations. The work reported in this paper evaluates, in distinguishing among a set of interactive QA systems, the effectiveness of three questionnaires: a Cognitive Workload Questionnaire (NASA TLX), and Task and System Questionnaires customized to a specific interactive QA application. These Questionnaires were evaluated with four systems, seven analysts, and eight scenarios during a 2-week workshop. Overall, results demonstrate that all three Questionnaires are effective at distinguishing among systems, with the Task Questionnaire being the most sensitive. Results also provide initial support for the validity and reliability of the Questionnaires.
The Future of Children's Health in the Genomic Era

The effects of genomic medicine on child health promise to be profound. Medical applications will eventually include characterizing patients’ genomes to detect predictive mutations for pre-symptomatic counseling where treatment exists; to search for causes of diseases of unknown etiology, and to detect carriers for prenatal counseling; to define cancer and other disease-based genomes to design individualized therapy; and to understand our microbiomes to modify these in health and disease. Rapid advances in technology and bioinformatics have reduced the cost and the time and increased the accuracy necessary to sequence whole genomes or whole exomes. However, complete understanding of disease will also require correlation of genomic information with high-quality phenotypic data. In addition, several critical ethical, psycho-social, and public policy issues will require clarity in the coming years. Ultimately these advances will improve the effectiveness of health care for children and for society.
Targeted delivery of microRNA-29b by transferrin-conjugated anionic lipopolyplex nanoparticles: a novel therapeutic strategy in acute myeloid leukemia.

Purpose: miR-29b directly or indirectly targets genes involved in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), namely, DNMT s, CDK6, SP1, KIT , and FLT3 . Higher miR-29b pretreatment expression is associated with improved response to decitabine and better outcome in AML. Thus, designing a strategy to increase miR-29b levels in AML blasts may be of therapeutic value. However, free synthetic miRs are easily degraded in bio-fluids and have limited cellular uptake. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel transferrin-conjugated nanoparticle delivery system for synthetic miR-29b (Tf-NP- miR-29b ). Experimental Design: Delivery efficiency was investigated by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and quantitative PCR. The expression of miR-29b targets was measured by immunoblotting. The antileukemic activity of Tf-NP- miR-29b was evaluated by measuring cell proliferation and colony formation ability and in a leukemia mouse model. Results: Tf-NP- miR-29b treatment resulted in more than 200-fold increase of mature miR-29b compared with free miR-29b and was approximately twice as efficient as treatment with non-transferrin–conjugated NP- miR-29b. Tf-NP- miR-29b treatment significantly downregulated DNMTs , CDK6 , SP1 , KIT , and FLT3 and decreased AML cell growth by 30% to 50% and impaired colony formation by approximately 50%. Mice engrafted with AML cells and then treated with Tf-NP- miR-29b had significantly longer survival compared with Tf-NP-scramble ( P = 0.015) or free miR-29b ( P = 0.003). Furthermore, priming AML cell with Tf-NP- miR-29b before treatment with decitabine resulted in marked decrease in cell viability in vitro and showed improved antileukemic activity compared with decitabine alone ( P = 0.001) in vivo . Conclusions: Tf-NP effectively delivered functional miR-29b , resulting in target downregulation and antileukemic activity and warrants further investigation as a novel therapeutic approach in AML. Clin Cancer Res; 19(9); 2355–67. ©2013 AACR .
The New Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace

Parliamentary diplomacy in international organization has its roots in the movement toward “diplomacy by conference.” As early as 1928, Frederick S. Dunn could assert:The rapidity with which the conference method has come to the forefront in the conduct of international intercourse is one of the most striking developments in the present era of world affairs. Within the space of a very few years, this method has almost entirely supplanted bilateral diplomatic negotiation in matters of interest to more than two or three nations.
Allogeneic chimerism with low-dose irradiation, antigen presensitization, and costimulator blockade in H-2 mismatched mice.

We have previously shown that the keys to high-level nontoxic chimerism in syngeneic models are stem cell toxic, nonmyelotoxic host treatment as provided by 100-cGy whole-body irradiation and relatively high levels of marrow stem cells. This approach was unsuccessful in H-2 mismatched B6.SJL to BALB/c marrow transplants, but with tolerization, stable multilineage chimerism was obtained. Ten million B6.SJL spleen cells were infused intravenously into BALB/c hosts on day -10 and (MR-1) anti-CD40 ligand monoclonal antibody (mAb) injected intraperitoneally at varying levels on days -10, -7, -3, 0, and +3 and the BALB/c mice irradiated (100 cGy) and infused with 40 million B6.SJL/H-2 mismatched marrow cells on day 0. Stable multilineage chimerism at levels between 30% to 40% was achieved in the great majority of mice at 1.6 mg anti-CD40 ligand mAb per injection out to 64 weeks after transplantation, without graft-versus-host disease. The transplanted mice were also tolerant of donor B6.SJL, but not third-party CBA/J skin grafts at 8 to 9 and 39 to 43 weeks after marrow transplantation. These data provide a unique model for obtaining stable partial chimerism in H-2 mismatched mice, which can be applied to various clinical diseases of man such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and autoimmune disorders.
“…You think for me, so I don’t have to.” The Effect of a Technology-Enhanced, Inquiry Learning Environment on Student Learning in 11th grade United States History

In a study investigating the effects of student engagement in inquiry learning through the development of Web sites, nearly every student reported having enjoyed the project, and the majority scored an A or B for their project grade. However, neither enjoyment nor high achievement on this performance task necessarily translated into high scores on the unit test. Therefore, this paper explores why success in a technology rich inquiry environment did not translate to measurable changes in student learning. Results demonstrated that students were not accustomed to this type of pedagogy and that the assessment did not match the task.
The next 50 years

Expect new ways to understand computation, computational abstractions for our computing machinery, and connections between people and their information sources, as well as each other.
Mechanically assisted crevice corrosion of the head-neck taper in a large head metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty

Taper corrosion of the head-neck junction is a potentially significant and devastating problem facing orthopedic surgeons. We present a case of a 53 year old male who presented for routine follow up for a left, large head, metal on metal total hip arthroplasty five years out. The patient was asymptomatic at the visit. X-rays at the time demonstrated a large amount of medial calcar osteolysis. Serum ion levels revealed a mildly increased cobalt and normal chromium level and hip aspiration revealed brownish fluid. At the time of revision surgery, corrosion of the head-neck taper was found with a normal appearing bearing surface leading to the diagnosis of mechanically assisted crevice corrosion of the head-neck taper with medial calcar osteolysis.
Types and forms of knowledge (patterns): functional relations

Functional relations and their main varieties are presented. Their evaluation criteria are discussed, as well as applications, strengths, limitations, and relations to other forms of knowledge.
Trend Following System for Stock Index Trading

There have been wide applications of trend following based trading system in the real world. The traditional methods include 5 days moving average, 20 days moving average, 200 days moving average and so on. If the midterm market trend is the biggest concern, 20 days and 50 days moving averages can provide efficient forecast information about stock trend. However, the solo stock price moving average does not provide sentimental information of the market in a timely manner. This paper discusses a mathematical formulation of stock trend decision and the related prediction delay problem. An efficient method which utilizes the market sentiment Index has been proposed, aiming to forecast short term and long term market tops and bottoms. This new method leads to specific trading rules on two major indexes SPY and QQQQ. The experimental results show very accurate position estimation and support that our system implements much more reliable trading rules than the bench mark buy and hold strategy in terms of market exposure and account balance.
Inferring cognitive learning styles in an e-learning environment

Computer-aided instruction has been playing a crucial role in supporting learning. Early computer-aided instruction delivered a single style of content to all learners without any consideration of their learning styles. Recently, systems have been developed to adapt content based on the learners’ learning styles. These systems use instruments, such as questionnaires and interview, to infer the learning styles. Using such instruments costs learners extra time, and they have to be done explicitly. In addition, these systems do not adapt the learning styles of learners over time. These drawbacks are the problem addressed in this study. The purpose of this research was to infer the learning styles of students while they are browsing online instruction. This indicates that the inferred process can be done implicitly, in less time, and repeated over time. The focus of this study was on the three cognitive learning styles: holist, serialist, and versatile. In order to achieve this goal, a classification system was developed, which contains three online lessons and uses two mechanisms (Tracking and Questions) to extract useful information about the users’ behaviors. The extracted features were used by a collection of classifiers to infer the users’ learning styles. These results were compared with those of the Study Preference Questionnaire by calculating the Pearson correlation between them. The major implication of this study is that the classification system developed for this study accurately infered the learning styles.
Design of controllers for the F-14 aircraft lateral-directional axis during powered approach

This paper presents the design of linear controEers for the F-14 lateral-directional axis during powered approach using the structured singular value (fi) framework. Controllers are designed for a = 10.5 degrees angle-of-attack and implemented in a Simulink nonlinear simulation of the F-14 aircraft, the full order Fortran nonlinear and tested with a pilot-in-the-loop at the Naval Air Warfare Center in Patuxent River, Maryland. This fi controllers out perform the current digital flight control system Ln pilot-in-the-loop simulations.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide increases mesenteric blood flow.

SummaryGastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) induces dose-dependent increases in superior mesenteric blood flow in the anesthetized cat. There was no concommitant change in systemic arterial pressure or in femoral blood flow indicating a specific decrease in mesenteric vascular resistance.
Abstract 1632: Novel naproxen, resveratrol and sulforaphane (NRS) combinations demonstrate synergistic decrease in cell viability of human colon and pancreatic cancer cell lines

Gastrointestinal cancers, in particular colon and pancreatic cancer, account for almost 100,000 deaths each year in the United States, ranking third and fourth respectively, in the most common cause of cancer related deaths. Our lab has been focused on developing strategies for chemoprevention rather than treatment after diagnosis. For pancreatic cancer, the prognosis is usually poor with high mortality rates after diagnosis. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the effects of chemopreventive combination regimens of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) naproxen (N), in combination with resveratrol (R, an antioxidant) and sulforaphane (S, a broccoli extract) on human colon (HT-29 and HCT-116) and pancreatic (MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1) cancer cell lines. MTS cell proliferation assay was conducted on all cell lines. For the MTS assay, upon 75 % confluence, 100µL of 2.5X103 cells each of HT-29, HCT116 and MIA PaCa-2 and 4X10 3 cells Panc-1 cells were transferred into each well of 96-well plates. The NRS chemopreventive agents alone, or in combination, were added to the cells and incubated for 72 h. The plates were then incubated for 1-4 h at 37°C in a humidified, 5% CO2 atmosphere. Absorbance was recorded at 490 nm using an ELISA plate reader. For HT-29 and HCT 116 colon cancer cell lines, the combinations of naproxen (500µM/L) with resveratrol (50µM/L) and sulforaphane (5µM/L) showed reduction in cell viability of 56.74% and 52.9%, respectively. The IC50 values for NRS were 1.46 mM/L,104.54µM/L and 17.81µM/L respectively on HT-29 cell line. Similarly, for MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines, combinations of naproxen (500µM/L) with resveratrol (6µM/L) and sulforaphane (5µM/L) showed reduction in cell viability of 66.67% and 58.8% respectively. The IC50 values for NRS were 778µM/L, 74.8µM/L and 11.82µM/L respectively, on MIA Paca-2 cell line. When used individually, none of the chemopreventive agents at the above concentrations demonstrated any decrease in cell viability, however when combined together, a synergistic effect was observed. Our results demonstrate that NRS drug combinations at low concentrations exhibit significant decrease in cell proliferation in both human colon and pancreatic cancer cell lines. This data provides compelling evidence of the potential of these combination regimens for the chemoprevention of colon and pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1632. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1632
Complement-Fixing Murine Typhus Antibodies in Vitamin Deficiency States∗ IV. B12 Deficiency:

SummaryThis study indicates that a vit. B12 deficiency impaired the production of circulating complement-fixing antibody. The sera of the inanition control and the ad libitum control animals possessed antibody concentrations of approximately the same titers. This was evident when either 0.0073 mg N or 0.0365 mg N was employed as the antigen. Therefore, the specific vitamin deficiency and not inanition appears to be the significant factor affecting the production of circulating complement-fixing antibody under these experimental conditions.
Investigation of Shock-Induced Chemical Decomposition of Sensitized Nitromethane Through Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy

Molecular processes associated with shock induced chemical decomposition of a mixture of nitromethane with ethylenediamine (0.1 wt%)are examined using time-resolved, Raman scattering. When shocked by stepwise loading to 14.2 GPa pressure, changes in the nitromethane vibrational modes and the spectral background characterize the onset of reaction. The CN stretch mode softens and disappears even as the NO 2 and CH 3 stretch modes, though modified, retain their identities. The shape and intensity of the spectral background also shows changes characteristic of reaction. Changes in the background, which are observed even at lower peak pressures of 11.4 GPa, are assigned to luminescence from reaction intermediates. The implications of these results to various molecular models of sensitization are discussed.
Experimental Study of Low Speed Turning Flight in Cockatoos and Cockatiels

An experimental study measuring the kinematics and neuromuscular activation patterns of turning flight in two bird species, cockatiels and rose-breasted cockatoos, was conducted to investigate the aerodynamic and neuromuscular asymmetries underlying avian maneuvering flight. Several individuals from both species were trained to perform turns while flying at low speed, ~3 m/s, through a netting corridor containing a 90 deg turn. During the turn the birds’ wing and body motions were measured with multi-camera highspeed videography. Analysis of these measurements showed that: 1) changes in heading occur exclusively in the downstroke phase of the wingbeat cycle, 2) changes in heading were accomplished by redirection of net aerodynamic force via body roll angles of up to 75 deg, 3) roll torque was generated during downstroke, and 4) the torque was the result of bilateral asymmetries in feathering angle and flapping amplitude. Despite large differences in body mass, ~300 g versus ~75 g, the cockatoos and cockatiels performed similarly with respect to turning rate and radius of turn. The cockatiels made more consistent use of flapping amplitude asymmetries.
Monte Carlo simulations of high-pressure phase equilibria of CO2-H2O mixtures.

Histogram-reweighting grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations were used to obtain the phase behavior of CO2–H2O mixtures over a broad temperature and pressure range (50 °C ≤ T ≤ 350 °C, 0 ≤ P ≤ 1000 bar). We performed a comprehensive test of several existing water (SPC, TIP4P, TIP4P2005, and exponential-6) and carbon dioxide (EPM2, TraPPE, and exponential-6) models using conventional Lorentz–Berthelot combining rules for the unlike-pair parameters. None of the models we studied reproduce adequately experimental data over the entire temperature and pressure range, but critical assessments were made on the range of T and P where particular model pairs perform better. Away from the critical region (T ≤ 250 °C), the exponential-6 model combination yields the best predictions for the CO2-rich phase, whereas the TraPPE/TIP4P2005 model combination provides the most accurate coexistence composition and pressure for the H2O-rich phase. Near the critical region (250 °C < T ≤ 350 °C), the critical points are not acc...
Diffeomorphism Groups: A First Glance

By a smooth manifold, we will mean a finite dimensional differentiable manifold of class C∞. We will assume that all manifolds are Hausdorff and second countable, and hence paracompact. Unless it is said explicitly otherwise, the manifolds will be supposed to be connected and without boundary.
Improved stability of blueberry juice anthocyanins by acidification and refrigeration

BACKGROUND: Blueberry anthocyanins are susceptible to degradation during juice processing and storage of juice at ambient temperature. Methods are needed to stabilize the health-promoting anthocyanins in blueberry and other anthocyaninrich berry juices. OBJECTIVE: In this study we determined the effect of acidification (pH 2.1, 2.5 and 2.9) of blueberry juice on changes in anthocyanins and percent polymeric color in response to juice processing and during eight months of storage at ambient and refrigerated temperatures. METHODS: Three subsamples of non-pasteurized blueberry juice were adjusted to three pH levels: 2.9 (control, no pH adjustment), 2.5, and 2.1. After pH adjustment, juices were pasteurized and placed in storage at 4 and 25◦C. Samples were analyzed before (non-pasteurized) and after pasteurization, and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of storage at each temperature (4 and 25◦C) for anthocyanin composition by HPLC and percent polymeric color. RESULTS: Blueberry juice acidified to pH 2.1 retained higher levels of total anthocyanins and had lower percent polymeric color values than juice acidified to pH 2.5 and control juice (pH 2.9) following pasteurization. Anthocyanin arabinosides were more susceptible to thermal degradation than glucosides, galactosides and acetylated derivatives. Levels of total anthocyanins declined markedly over 8 months of storage, but juices stored at 4◦C had on average 56% higher levels of total anthocyanins than juices stored at 25◦C. Juice acidified to pH 2.1 had on average 12% and 26% higher levels of total anthocyanins than pH 2.5 and control juices, respectively. After 8 months of storage, juice acidified to pH 2.1 had 11 and 22% higher levels of total anthocyanins than pH 2.5 and control juices stored at 4◦C, and 26% and 59% higher levels of total anthocyanins than pH 2.5 and control juices stored at 25◦C. Acetylated derivatives were more prone to losses during storage than glycosides, especially in acidified juices. CONCLUSIONS: Acidification of blueberry juice coupled with refrigerated storage are effective treatments to retain healthpromoting anthocyanins.
Temporal and Spatial Structures in Chemical Systems Far from Equilibrium

In this lecture we present an overview of some recent results on temporal and spatial structures in chemical systems far from equilibrium. We discuss experiments on multiple stationary states (bi- and tristabilities), hysteresis of unstable stationary states, limit cycles, generation of limit cycles by periodic external perturbations, regular and Hopf bifurcations, chemical fronts, time-independent spatial structures and periodic precipitation processes.
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

With recent revisions, the evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Test of Gross Motor Development—3rd edition (TGMD-3) is necessary. The TGMD-3 was administered to 807 children (M age = 6.33 ± 2.09 years; 52.5% male). Reliability assessments found that correlations with age were moderate to large; ball skills had a higher correlation (r = .47) compared with locomotor skills (r = .39). Internal consistency was very high in each age group and remained excellent for all racial/ethnic groups and both sexes. Test-retest reliability had high ICC agreements for the locomotor (ICC = 0.97), ball skills (ICC = 0.95), and total TGMD-3 (ICC = 0.97). For validity measures, the TGMD-3 had above acceptable item difficulty (range = 0.43–0.91) and item discrimination values (range = 0.34–0.67). EFA supported a one-factor structure of gross motor skill competence for the TGMD-3 with 73.82% variance explained. CFA supported the one-factor model (χ2(65) = 327.61, p < .001, CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .10), showi...
High field MRI characterization of tumor growth kinetics, vascularity and cellularity in a PDGF-driven RCAS/tv-a mouse model of glioma

5115 Introduction: RCAS/tv-a technology provides a promising new platform for development of tissue-, and oncogenic pathway-specific mouse tumor models, for elucidation of mechanisms of neoplatistic transformation, and for development of targeted treatments. The technology relies on somatic gene transfer through infection by RCAS viral vectors derived from the avian retrovirus (ALV-A) in mice expressing the gene for the RCAS receptor (tv-a). We characterized tumor appearance, growth and heterogeneity using high field MRI in a mouse that expresses tv-a under the control of the nestin promoter expressed in glial-progenitors (Ntv-a mouse). Methods: 19 Ntv-a mice that had developed tumors following intracranial injection with RCAS virus encoding PDGF at 3 weeks of age (as determined by MRI) underwent weekly brain MRI to characterize tumor growth and development, until they reached a moribund state and were sacrificed. T2-weighted fast spin-echo MRI was used (3 minute images). At multiple time points, tumors were also evaluated using T1-weighted spin-echo MRI (3 minute images), pre- and post-contrast agent injection, to delineate regions of dense and/or ‘leaky’ microvasculature. Tumor cellularity was also evaluated during the course of the study by diffusion-MRI measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). When signs of illness were apparent, animals were sacrificed, and the brains harvested for histology. Resuts and Discussion: The mean time for tumor appearance was 3.3 ± 0.4 weeks. After appearance, the tumors grew rapidly (2 week doubling time) and invasively, invading one or both ventricles. Tumor cellularity was higher at the outer margins, with ADC similar to that which has been measured in implanted glioma xenografts (∼100-120 cm2/s). Early stage tumors showed little enhancing after contrast injection, but localized enhancing regions were evident in late stage tumors. Histologic sections correlated well with T2-weighted contrast and ADC, confirming localized regions of high cellularity. Conclusion: We have characterized tumor growth, heterogeneity, vasculature and cellularity using high field, high-throughput MRI for the first time in the PDGF-driven Ntv-a mouse model. The MRI-measured tumor characteristics were very similar to those measured clinically in oligodendroglioma, with late stage tumors showing contrast-enhancing regions typical of malignant tissue. This study demonstrates the unique capabilities of MRI in the Ntv-a model, for following tumor appearance and development, showing its potential for pre-clinical efficacy studies in this model. Future use of high field MRI in other RCAS/tv-a models will further highlight this potential.
XRD AND TEM STUDIES ON NANOPHASE MANGANESE OXIDES IN FRESHWATER FERROMANGANESE NODULES FROM GREEN BAY, LAKE MICHIGAN

Freshwater ferromanganese nodules (FFN) from Green Bay, Lake Michigan have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), micro X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The samples can be divided into three types: Mn-rich nodules, Fe-Mn nodules, and Fe-rich nodules. The manganese-bearing phases are todorokite, birnessite, and buserite. The iron-bearing phases are feroxyhyte, goethite, 2-line ferrihydrite, and proto-goethite (intermediate phase between feroxyhyte and goethite). The XRD patterns from nodule cross sections suggest the transformation of birnessite to todorokite. The TEM-EDS spectra show that todorokite is associated with Ba, Co, Ni, and Zn; birnessite is associated with Ca and Na; and buserite is associated with Ca. The todorokite has an average chemical formula of Ba 0.28 p2+ (Zn 0.14 p+2 Co 0.05 p3+ Ni 0.02 p2+ ) (Mn 4.99 p4+ Mn 0.82 p3+ Fe 0.12 p3+ Co 0.05 p3+ Ni 0.02 p2+ ) O12·nH2O. Barium is the main cation in the structural tunnels of the todorokite. The average chemical formula of birnessite and Ca-buserite are: Na 0.14 p+ Ca 0.19 p2+ (Mn 1.48 p4+ Mn 0.52 p3+ 0.52) O4·nH2O and Ca 0.27 p2+ (Mn 1.46 p4+ Mn 0.54 p3+ )O4·nH2O, respectively. Most nodules have a concretionary structure of alternating Fe/Mn layers, commonly with a core of reddish feldspar containing phyllosilicates and hematite micro-crystals. Other cores consist of goethite, cristobalite, tridymite, hercynite, hematite-bearing quartz, coal, and chlorite-bearing rock fragments. The hexagonal or hexagonal-like structures of hematite micro-crystals and clay minerals in the cores may serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the Mn-oxides and Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides. The alternating Fe/Mn layers in FFNs might be caused by oscillatory redox condition fluctuations at the sediment-water interface due to changes in water level.
Statistical modeling of geopressured geothermal reservoirs

Identifying attractive candidate reservoirs for producing geothermal energy requires predictive models. In this work, inspectional analysis and statistical modeling are used to create simple predictive models for a line drive design. Inspectional analysis on the partial differential equations governing this design yields a minimum number of fifteen dimensionless groups required to describe the physics of the system. These dimensionless groups are explained and confirmed using models with similar dimensionless groups but different dimensional parameters. This study models dimensionless production temperature and thermal recovery factor as the responses of a numerical model. These responses are obtained by a Box-Behnken experimental design. An uncertainty plot is used to segment the dimensionless time and develop a model for each segment. The important dimensionless numbers for each segment of the dimensionless time are identified using the Boosting method. These selected numbers are used in the regression models. The developed models are reduced to have a minimum number of predictors and interactions. The reduced final models are then presented and assessed using testing runs. Finally, applications of these models are offered. The presented workflow is generic and can be used to translate the output of a numerical simulator into simple predictive models in other research areas involving numerical simulation. HighlightsScreening models for identifying attractive geothermal reservoirs are presented.The scaling analysis of the model produced fifteen dimensionless numbers.Important dimensionless numbers are found using statistical algorithms.Uncertainty violin plots are used to introduce dimensionless time into the models.The presented workflow is useful for translating simulation results into models.
Imagining Women Readers, 1789–1820: Well-Regulated Minds / Publishing, Editing, and Reception: Essays in Honor of Donald H. Reiman

Richard De Ritter’s Imagining Women Readers, 1789–1820: Well-Regulated Minds and the collected essays in Michael Edson’s Publishing, Editing and Reception: Essays in Honor of Donald H. Reiman repre...
Black phosphorus flexible thin film transistors and GHz circuit applications

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have attracted significant interest in the last decade for applications in high speed and low power consumption nano electronics. Their intrinsic thickness scalability down to atomic layer and superior mechanical stiffness enabled novel applications in flexible nanosystems[1]. Black phosphorus (BP) captured immediate attention in electronics community owing to its superior electrical performance including high carrier mobility >1000 cm2/Vs, highly tunable energy band gap ranging from 0.3 eV (bulk) to 2 eV (monolayer), and its unique anisotropy in electrical, thermal and mechanical properties[2, 3]. In this work, we demonstrate few layer BP based flexible nano electronics for robust RF applications with intrinsic cut-off frequency of 20 GHz[4]. Ambipolar inverter based on BP transistors was demonstrated with high inverter gain of 66. Flexible dual-finger configurated top-gated (TG) BP RF transistors (Fig. 1(a)) were fabricated on top of highly bendable polyimide substrate. The DC transfer and output characteristics for a typical transistor with channel length L=0.5 μm were shown in Fig. 1(b) and (c), with carrier mobility ∼233 cm2/Vs obtained. The intrinsic RF response was obtained after standard open-short de-embedding. As shown in Fig. 1(d) intrinsic cutoff frequency f T =20 GHz was obtained, which was the highest value obtained for the flexible BP transistors. Superior mechanical robustness of the reported flexible BP RF transistors was verified via bending test under tensile strain up to 1.5%, with less than 25% of degradation observed for extrinsic cutoff frequency f t (Fig. 1(e))[4]. Compare with graphene, MoS 2 and inorganic metal oxide thin films, few layer BP based RF transistors successfully extended the application scenario such as wireless transceiver and smart gadgets where the operation frequency lies in tens of GHz (Fig. 1(f))[4]. Based on the ambipolar transport characteristics of few layer BP transistors, ambipolar inverter was successfully realized as the schematic shown in Fig. 2(a). Two ambipolar BP bottom gated transistor were configurated into a complementary C-MOS structure, where the charge neutral point of the two series transistors split by the applied power supply voltage. The inverter functionality with sharp inversion of the output voltage signal with respect to input signal as shown in Fig. 2(b). The peak inverter gain was reaching ∼66 under V dd =5V (Fig. 2(c)). This value is much higher than the previously reported BP invertors[5] and makes this material promising for high speed logic applications.