cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnesium Deficiency. Etiology and Clinical Spectrum

Magnesium deficiency may complicate many diseases. The causes include the following: inadequate intake during starvation or increased requirement during early childhood, pregnancy, or lactation; excessive losses of magnesium as a result of malabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract or from the kidneys during use of diuretics; and to a combination of the two, as in alcoholism. Most often the etiological factors have been operative for a month or more. Acute hypomagnesemia can occur without previous Mg deficiency after epinephrine, cold stress and stress of serious injury or extensive surgery. The clinical manifestations depend on the age of the patient and may begin insidiously or with dramatic suddenness, or there may be no overt symptoms or signs. The manifestations can be divided into the following categories: totally non-specific symptoms and signs ascribable to the primary disease; neuromuscular hyperactivity including tremor, myoclonic jerks, convulsions, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign (rarely), spontaneous carpopedal spasm (rarely), ataxia, nystagmus and dysphagia; psychiatric disturbances from apathy and coma to some of all facets of delirium; cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation and sudden death; hypocalcemia which is responsive only to Mg therapy; and hypokalemia which is not easily nor completely corrected without Mg therapy. The diversity of etiologies and the multiplicity of manifestations result in confusion and controversy. The documentation of normal renal function is absolutely necessary for maximum doses. The order of magnitude of dose is 1.0 meq Mg/kg on day 1, and 0.3 to 0.5 mEq/kg per day for 3 to 5 days. In emergencies such as convulsions or ventricular arrhythmias, a bolus injection of 1.0 gm (8.1 meq) of MgSO4 is indicated. Therapy of Mg deficiency in the presence of renal insufficiency requires smaller doses and frequent monitoring. Complete repletion occurs slowly.
Independent regulation of collagen types by chondrocytes during the loss of differentiated function in culture

Abstract Collagen phenotypes were determined for rabbit articular chondrocytes in cartilage slices and first through fifth monolayer cultures. During the first 24 hr of slice culture, chondrocytes exhibited the following collagen phenotype: 96% type II, 3% X 2 Y and 1% type III. In primary monolayer culture, no other types of collagen were added to this differentiated chondrocyte phenotype; however, the synthesis per cell of each of the expressed collagens was stimulated. By the fifth day of primary culture, X 2 Y synthesis increased 10 fold, and by the eighth day, a further 4 fold. In contrast, the synthesis of collagen types II and III showed no change by the fifth day, but increased 7 fold by the eighth day. These results suggest independent regulation of X 2 Y in this situation. In a separate experiment, first through fifth cultures were studied. The synthesis per cell of type II collagen declined steadily and essentially ceased by the fifth culture, indicating the loss of differentiated function by these chondrocyte progeny. The loss of type II synthesis was not quantitatively replaced by the synthesis of type I trimer and type I collagen which was first detected in the third culture. While these qualitative changes in phenotype occurred, the stimulated rate of type III collagen synthesis did not change and that of X 2 Y declined only slightly. Thus the termination of type II synthesis did not significantly alter the synthesis of the other collagens produced by differentiated chondrocytes. The final "de-differentiated" phenotype was 41% type I, 25% X 2 Y, 20% type I trimer, 13% type III and 1% type II.
Metallo-Carbohedrenes [M8C12+ (M = V, Zr, Hf, and Ti)]: A Class of Stable Molecular Cluster Ions.

Findings of magic peaks corresponding to M 8 C 12 + (M = V, Zr, and Hf) formed from reactions of the respective metals with various small hydrocarbons, in conjunction with recent findings for the titanium system, establish metallo-carbohedrenes as a stable general class of molecular cluster ions. A dodecahedral structure of T h point symmetry accounts for the stability of these ionic clusters.
Peripheral diabetic neuropathy or restless legs syndrome in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Differentiating diagnosis in practice

Purpose Restless legs syndrome (RLS) affects 8% of the population and is identified in 21% of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Symptoms of RLS manifest as discomfort in the legs (e.g., numbness, tingling, electrical stimulations), usually occurring at night or at rest (sitting or lying), resulting in the need to move the legs. Peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN), which has symptoms similar to RLS, is a common consequence of T2DM. The purpose of this article is to provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with (a) an overview of RLS, (b) the association of RLS with T2DM, (c) the defining characteristics that differentiate PDN from RLS, and (d) implications to improve health outcomes of persons with T2DM. Data sources The literature was reviewed for the most current data on RLS and the defining characteristics of PDN. Conclusions PDN is a common consequence of T2DM and is described as numbness, tingling, or discomfort in the lower extremities, symptoms that are similar to RLS. Differentiating the symptoms of PDN and RLS may be confusing and result in misdiagnoses, lack of treatment, and poor outcomes. Implications for practice It is essential that NPs are knowledgeable about the diagnostic and defining features of RLS as well as the characteristics of other conditions, specifically PDN, which mimics RLS.
Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Primary Enveloped Virions from the Perinuclear Space

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) nucleocapsids exit the nucleus by budding into the inner nuclear membrane, where they exist briefly as primary enveloped virions. These virus particles subsequently fuse their envelopes with the outer nuclear membrane, permitting nucleocapsids to then enter the cytoplasm and complete assembly. We have developed a method to isolate primary enveloped virions from HSV-1-infected cells and subjected the primary enveloped virion preparation to MALDI-MS/MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem mass spectrometry) analyses. We identified most capsid proteins, a tegument protein (VP22), a glycoprotein (gD), and a cellular protein (annexin A2) in the primary enveloped virion preparation. We determined that annexin A2 does not play an essential role in infection under our experimental conditions. Elucidating the structure and biochemical properties of this unique virus assembly intermediate will provide new insights into HSV-1 biology.
Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transaminase BioA by aryl hydrazines and hydrazides.

7,8-Diaminopelargonic acid synthase (BioA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a recently validated target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Using biophysical fragment screening and structural characterization of compounds, we have identified a potent aryl hydrazine inhibitor of BioA that reversibly modifies the pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) cofactor, forming a stable quinonoid. Analogous hydrazides also form covalent adducts that can be observed crystallographically but are incapable of inactivating the enzyme. In the X-ray crystal structures, small molecules induce unexpected conformational remodeling in the substrate binding site. We compared these conformational changes to those induced upon binding of the substrate (7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid), and characterized the inhibition kinetics and the X-ray crystal structures of BioA with the hydrazine compound and analogues to unveil the mechanism of this reversible covalent modification.
Photoinduced atom-transfer reactions between transition-metal centres

,Abstq& In contrast to outer-sphere electron transfer, the intrinsic barriers to redox reactions accomplished by atom-transfer processes have received little attention. We have begun a study of the self-exchange atom transfer process for both two-equivalent and one-equivalent systems. In the former studies, NMR techniques ranging from line broadening to magnetization transfer were used for CSHS(CO)~M-/C~HS(CO)~M-X self-exchange reactions (M = Mo, W; X = C1, Br, I). For the one-equivalent processes, we have applied isotopically labeled materials and a photochemical method to the direct determination of the self-exchange rates for C5Hg(CO)3M*/CgH5(C0)3M-X couples. The metal radicals are produced by photocleavage of metal-metal bonded dimers by visible light.
Designing a pH data acquisition and logging device using an inexpensive microcontroller

Accurate measurement and analysis of pH data is required for a multitude of applications ranging from the agricultural sector to clinical laboratories. In many of these applications an inexpensive hand-held unit is needed. This paper describes a low cost and low power pH sensing and data logging system using a Renesas microcontroller and pH sensor. This paper describes the sensor data acquisition and data logging system including details of its construction, capabilities and applications.
A 4.5 GHz 130 nm 32 KB L0 cache with a self reverse bias scheme

This paper describes a 32 KB dual-ported L0 cache for 4.5 GHz operation in 1.2 V, 130 nm CMOS. The local bitline uses a Self Reverse Bias scheme to achieve -220 mV access transistor underdrive without external bias voltage or gate-oxide overstress. 11% faster read delay and 104% higher DC robustness (including 7x measured active leakage reduction) is achieved over optimized high-performance dual-Vt scheme.
Tomographic Imaging with Cosmic Ray Muons

Over 120 million vehicles enter the United States each year. Many are capable of transporting hidden nuclear weapons or nuclear material. Currently deployed X-ray radiography systems are limited because they cannot be used on occupied vehicles and the energy and dose are too low to penetrate many cargos. We present a new technique that overcomes these limitations by obtaining tomographic images using the multiple scattering of cosmic radiation as it transits each vehicle. When coupled with passive radiation detection, muon interrogation could contribute to safe and robust border protection against nuclear devices or material in occupied vehicles and containers.
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry studies of iodine diffusion in polyimide

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry with a 2.1-meV He2+ion beam is used to measure the diffusion of iodine into polyamic acid and polyimide films. The iodine diffusion coefficient D decreases from its initial value of about 2X10−13cm2/s in polyamic acid to approximately 1.4 × 10−15cm2/s in partially cured polyimide, but then increases to a value of nearly 1.5 × 10−14 cm2/s in fully cured polyimide. This dramatic increase in D cannot be attributed to the “in-plane” biaxial orientation of the polyimide molecules since indential D's were found with isotropic specimens. Microvoids less than 2 nm in size caused by water and carbon dioxide formation during imidization may, however, give rise to the observed behavior. The results demonstrate that Rutherford backscattering spectrometry with its excellent depth resolution (better than 30 nm) and good sensitivity (50 ppm iodine can be detected) is very useful for measuring the diffusion of slowly diffusing species in glassy polymers.
Will Early Detection for Breast Cancer Ever Work

The fundamental challenge for those who advocate for screening and early detection of breast cancer is that breast cancer is not a single disease. It is a collection of heterogeneous diseases, ranging from those that grow slowly and pose little risk, to diseases with the potential for metastatic spread, even at a very early stage. To understand how to refocus early-detection efforts in breast cancer, it is important to examine the trends in cancer incidence since the introduction of widespread screening mammography. Routine screening mammography in the US has produced an increase in the detection of early-stage disease, particularly in situ (stage 0) and early-stage (stage 1) cancers. Despite the considerable increase in the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), there has not been a proportional concomitant decline in the incidence of early-stage invasive cancers, which is what one would expect if DCIS were an obligate precursor to invasive breast cancer. Similarly, the overall incidence rates of stage 2 and 3 cancers have shown only a small decline over the last 20 years, despite the overall significant increase in the detection of in situ and early-stage cancer. This finding suggests a bias toward the detection of indolent rather than aggressive cancers (1, 2). This trend is particularly worrisome because the goal of screening is to prevent lethal, progressive disease by detecting cancer at an earlier, more treatable stage, or by detecting precursor lesions that can be removed before they develop into lethal invasive cancers. Yet epidemiologic data suggest that screening has substantially contributed to an increase in the detection of early-stage disease that may have little chance of progressing or becoming lethal over the course of a person's lifetime. The original notion behind screening, based on the excellent survival rate for stage 1 cancers, was that targeting removal …
Can University Success and First-Year Job Performance Be Predicted from Academic Achievement, Vocational Interest, Personality and Biographical Measures?:

Factors associated with university success and with first-year job performance were sought. All entering sophomore students (N = 970) over a 7-yr. period completed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inve...
Body mass index trends and role of obesity in predicting outcome after radical prostatectomy.

Objectives One in three American men is obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m 2 ); however, the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer is highly debated. We examined BMI trends in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) and evaluated the role of obesity in predicting biochemical failure (BCF) after RP. Methods From 1988 to 2006, 964 patients underwent RP and had BMI data available. The patients who had received neoadjuvant therapy or were followed up for Results The mean BMI ( P = .02) and proportion of patients undergoing RP who are obese ( P = .02) have increased, parallel to, but less than, national trends. Our obese patients had higher grade cancer and showed a trend toward having a more advanced pathologic stage. Obese patients also had a lower predicted free from BCF survival at 7 years (74.3% vs 80.1%). However, no difference was found in the obese and nonobese patients' actual observed BCF rates ( P = .48), nor was obesity an independent predictor of BCF in univariate or multivariate models ( P = .46). Conclusions The growing proportion of obesity at RP parallels, but is less than, national trends. Our data have shown that, despite the increased recurrence risk and advanced tumor parameters, obesity does not contribute to predicting BCF for a given tumor stage, grade, or prostate-specific antigen level on multivariate analysis.
Channel Coordination for a Supply Chain with a Risk‐Neutral Manufacturer and a Loss‐Averse Retailer*

This article considers a decentralized supply chain in which a single manufacturer is selling a perishable product to a single retailer facing uncertain demand. It differs from traditional supply chain contract models in two ways. First, while traditional supply chain models are based on risk neutrality, this article takes the viewpoint of behavioral principal‐agency theory and assumes the manufacturer is risk neutral and the retailer is loss averse. Second, while gain/loss (GL) sharing is common in practice, there is a lack of analysis of GL-sharing contracts in the supply chain contract literature. This article investigates the role of a GL-sharing provision for mitigating the loss-aversion effect, which drives down the retailer order quantity and total supply chain profit. We analyze contracts that include GL-sharing-and-buyback (GLB) credit provisions as well as the special cases of GL contracts and buyback contracts. Our analytical and numerical results lend insight into how a manufacturer can design a contract to improve total supply chain, manufacturer, and retailer performance. In particular, we show that there exists a special class of distribution-free GLB contracts that can coordinate the supply chain and arbitrarily allocate the expected supply chain profit between the manufacturer and retailer; in contrast with other contracts, the parameter values for contracts in this class do not depend on the probability distribution of market demand. This feature is meaningful in practice because (i) the probability distribution of demand faced by a retailer is typically unknown by the manufacturer and (ii) a manufacturer can offer the same contract to multiple noncompeting retailers that differ by demand distribution and still coordinate the supply chains.
Enhancement of ARM surface meteorological observations during the fall 1996 water vapor intensive observation period.

Abstract This work describes in situ moisture sensor comparisons that were performed in conjunction with the first Water Vapor Intensive Observation Period (IOP) conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site during September of 1996. Two Raman lidars, two Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers, (AERIs), and a suite of 13 microwave radiometers were assembled at the CART site during the IOP, and in situ measurements were used for calibration and verification. In addition, this work was meant to help assess the current observing strategy in an effort to make improvements to the routine continuous measurements. To accomplish these goals, verification of the in situ measurements was required. Therefore, a laboratory intercomparison of the in situ moisture sensors (nine capacitive chip relative humidity sensors and four chilled mirror sensors) was performed at the Oklahoma Mesonet temperature and relative humidity testi...
Documented leveling of the lower arch using metallic implants for reference.

Abstract 1. 1. In each case in which second molars were banded, the second molar was depressed while the first molar was either elevated or did not move. But if the second molars were not banded, then the first molars were depressed. 2. 2. In each case all the remaining premolars were elevated. 3. 3. Canines were either slightly depressed or did not move at all. 4. 4. The lower incisors were depressed in every case. The flaring of the lower incisor seemed to be a contributing factor to its being depressed, for in each case they were flared.
Angiotensin-II-induced apoptosis requires regulation of nucleolin and Bcl-xL by SHP-2 in primary lung endothelial cells

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a key proapoptotic factor in fibrotic tissue diseases. However, the mechanism of Ang-II-induced cell death in endothelial cells has not been previously elucidated. Using the neutral comet assay and specific receptor antagonists and agonists, we found that Ang-II-mediated apoptosis in primary pulmonary endothelial cells required the AT2 receptor. Ang II caused cytochrome c release from the mitochondria concurrent with caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis was suppressed by an inhibitor of Bax-protein channel formation, implicating mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. There was no evidence that the extrinsic apoptotic pathway was involved, because caspase-9, but not caspase-8, was activated by Ang-II treatment. Apoptosis required phosphoprotein phosphatase activation, and inhibition of the SHP-2 phosphatase (encoded by Ptpn11) blocked cell death. Reduced levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-family members can initiate intrinsic apoptosis, and we found that Ang-II treatment lowered cytosolic Bcl-xL protein levels. Because the protein nucleolin has been demonstrated to bind Bcl-xL mRNA and prevent its degradation, we investigated the role of nucleolin in Ang-II-induced loss of Bcl-xL. RNA-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Ang II reduced the binding of nucleolin to Bcl-xL mRNA in an AU-rich region implicated in instability of Bcl-xL mRNA. Inhibition of SHP-2 prevented Ang-II-induced degradation of Bcl-xL mRNA. Taken together, our findings suggest that nucleolin is a primary target of Ang-II signaling, and that Ang-II-activated SHP-2 inhibits nucleolin binding to Bcl-xL mRNA, thus affecting the equilibrium between pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family.
METABOLISM OF THE STEROID HORMONES: THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE IN A NORMAL WOMAN

CALLOW AND CALLOW (1938, 1939) have isolated androsterone etiocholanol-3(α)-one-17, and dehydroisoandrosterone in yields of 1.3 mg., 1.3 mg. and 0.2 mg. per liter, respectively, from the urine of normal women, Isoandrosterone has also been isolated in small amounts from the urine of normal women (Pearlman, 1940). Following the administration of testosterone to castrate or postmenopausal women, increased titers of urinary 17-ketosteroids have been found (Hamblen, et al., 1939; Nathansonand Towne, 1939). Taylor, Mecke and Twombly (1943) recovered 11.9 and 29.2% of injected testosterone in the form of urinary 17-ketosteroids. These calculations are based on the assumption that the pre-treatment level of 17-ketosteroids was not influenced by the administered testosterone. The nature of the testosterone metabolites has not been investigated in these studies. The conversion of testosterone to 17-ketosteroids has been demonstrated in men (Callow, 1939; Cook, Hamilton and Dorfman, 1939; Dorfman, Cook and Hamilton...
Gastric electrical stimulation has an immediate antiemetic effect in patients with gastroparesis

Electrical stimulation has been successfully employed to treat diseases involving electro-pathology in the heart, skeletal muscles, and the brain, but not in the GI tract. Aim: This study examined the clinical feasibility and efficacy of GES in treating patients with severe gastroparesis. Nausea, vomiting, GEA, and liquid and solid gastric emptying were monitored in eleven patients with refractory gastroparesis at baseline and after one week of continuous electrical stimulation administered at 12 cycles/min. Eight patients were subsequently implanted with permanent stimulation devices. Follow-up studies were conducted after 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo. of stimulation. After one week of stimulation, patients' quantified symptoms of nausea and vomiting decreased significantly, and liquid emptying and GEA improved. This improvement was maintained over time in the patients who continued to receive stimulation. Emptying of solids showed progressive improvement that became significant after 3 mo. The three patients who did not receive stimulation after the trial period showed significantly higher symptoms at 12 mo. This paper demonstrates that GES at a frequency of 12 cycles/min has an immediate antiemetic effect, followed by an improvement in disordered gastric emptying.
OR/MS and the Management of Cities

Bearing the various shortcomings in mind, we are better prepared to ponder the impact of OR/MS on cities. What we see at once is a coincidence or correlation between widespread utilization of the techniques and spreading fiscal disorder and disarray. While I do not presume to ascribe causality, I might venture the observation that preoccupation with, and unrealistic expectations about, the “powerful tools of technology” may have diverted effort from other activities that could have proved more valuable. Contrary to the conventional cliches about resistance to innovations in the public sector, I find that there has been enormous hospitality toward OR/MS. We have been persuaded that we can somehow “manage” our way out of the morass of fiscal messes. Perhaps this is because the notions have an aura, however spurious, of being “scientific” and “rational” and thus are accorded high credibility as part of our dominant paradigm.
Density estimation on multivariate censored data with optional Pólya tree

Analyzing the failure times of multiple events is of interest in many fields. Estimating the joint distribution of the failure times in a non-parametric way is not straightforward because some failure times are often right-censored and only known to be greater than observed follow-up times. Although it has been studied, there is no universally optimal solution for this problem. It is still challenging and important to provide alternatives that may be more suitable than existing ones in specific settings. Related problems of the existing methods are not only limited to infeasible computations, but also include the lack of optimality and possible non-monotonicity of the estimated survival function. In this paper, we proposed a non-parametric Bayesian approach for directly estimating the density function of multivariate survival times, where the prior is constructed based on the optional Polya tree. We investigated several theoretical aspects of the procedure and derived an efficient iterative algorithm for implementing the Bayesian procedure. The empirical performance of the method was examined via extensive simulation studies. Finally, we presented a detailed analysis using the proposed method on the relationship among organ recovery times in severely injured patients. From the analysis, we suggested interesting medical information that can be further pursued in clinics.
Improved Osteochondral Allograft Preservation Using Serum-Free Media at Body Temperature

Background:Osteochondral allografts (OCAs) are currently preserved at 4°C and used within 28 days of donor harvest. The window of opportunity for implantation is limited to 14 days due to a 2-week disease testing protocol.Hypothesis:Osteochondral allograft tissues stored at 37°C will have significantly higher chondrocyte viability, as well as superior biochemical and biomechanical properties, than those stored at 4°C.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Osteochondral allografts from 15 adult canine cadavers were aseptically harvested within 4 hours of death. Medial and lateral femoral condyles were stored in Media 1, similar to the current standard, or Media 2, an anti-inflammatory and chondrogenic media containing dexamethasone and transforming growth factor−β3, at 4°C or 37°C for up to 56 days. Chondrocyte viability, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (hydroxyproline [HP]) content, biomechanical properties, and collagen II and aggrecan content were assessed at days 28 and 56. Five femoral ...
Frequency-domain-coupled microstrip-line normal-mode parameter extraction from S-parameters

We describe a frequency-domain normal-mode parameter (NMP) extraction method for asymmetric, uniform coupled microstrip lines. The method applies when loss is reasonably low or the lines are reasonably short, as is the case in many practical applications. The only requirement is the complete scattering parameter (S-parameter) description for a specified physical length of the coupled section. Extraction yields the frequency-dependent characteristic impedance matrix, the mode propagation constants, and the mode configurations; also the concomitant per-unit-length parameters. We develop quasi-TEM analytic expressions for the S-parameters in terms of the NMPs, and then validate the method for three lines by recovering the NMPs from this data and from simulated S-parameters.
Genomic Profiling of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Receptor and Interleukin-1 Receptor Knockout Mice Reveals a Link between TNF-α Signaling and Increased Severity of 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus Infection

The influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919 was one of the worst global pandemics in recent history. The highly pathogenic nature of the 1918 virus is thought to be mediated in part by a dysregulation of the host response, including an exacerbated proinflammatory cytokine response. In the present study, we compared the host transcriptional response to infection with the reconstructed 1918 virus in wild-type, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 knockout (TNFRKO), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-1 knockout (IL1RKO) mice as a means of further understanding the role of proinflammatory cytokine signaling during the acute response to infection. Despite reported redundancy in the functions of IL-1β and TNF-α, we observed that reducing the signaling capacity of each of these molecules by genetic disruption of their key receptor genes had very different effects on the host response to infection. In TNFRKO mice, we found delayed or decreased expression of genes associated with antiviral and innate immune signaling, complement, coagulation, and negative acute-phase response. In contrast, in IL1RKO mice numerous genes were differentially expressed at 1 day postinoculation, including an increase in the expression of genes that contribute to dendritic and natural killer cell processes and cellular movement, and gene expression profiles remained relatively constant at later time points. We also observed a compensatory increase in TNF-α expression in virus-infected IL1RKO mice. Our data suggest that signaling through the IL-1 receptor is protective, whereas signaling through the TNF-α receptor increases the severity of 1918 virus infection. These findings suggest that manipulation of these pathways may have therapeutic benefit.
Conformation of chemisorbed oleate at a calcite surface

The surface chemistry of the calcite/oleate flotation system was examined by in situ FT-NIRlIRS. Spectra of combination and overtone bands of aliphatic stretching vibrations revealed gauche/trans conformational changes that occurred solely as afunction of temperature. The conformational changes were attrihuted to the simple "melting" behavior associated with phase transitions. It was concluded that chemisorhed oleate at calcite surfaces is gel-like at temperatures helow 22°e, resembles a coagel hetween 22°e and 3I o e, and hecomes micelle-like at temperatures above 3I°e. By comparison, chemisorbed oleate at fluorite surfaces a.lso undergoes these phase transitio~s but is ~dditi~nally dep~ndent on adsorption density. The c~nforma­ tlOnal changes were observed at hlgh chemisorptIOn denslttes (> 2.0xIO-1O mollcm 2 ) and attrzbuted to molecular forces, primarily van der Waal's interactive forces, among neighboring chemisorbed oleate molecules. Similar analysis of in situ FT-NIRlIRS spectra of surface-precipitated calcium dioleate at calcite su~faces did not exhibit this behavior thereby confirming that surface-precipitated calcium dioleate remains in an all-trans conformation. The results help explain why surface polymerization is not ohserved at calcite swfaces hut is observed at fluorite suifaces.
Forest Vegetation and Soil Patterns Across Glade-forest Ecotones in the Knobs Region of Northeastern Kentucky, USA

The Crooked Creek Barrens Preserve in the northeastern Knobs region of Kentucky contains an aggregation of species-rich grass and forb-dominated glade openings surrounded by secondary forest. Encroachment of woody species and invasion by non-native species threaten the rare forbs and sedges of the glades. The locations of these plant assemblages are commonly known to correspond to the unique properties of their underlying soils, yet few studies consider how soil factors may influence habitat conservation or restoration. This study describes vegetation and soil properties across the glade-edge-forest transition of three individual glade openings. Juniperus virginiana was the most abundant woody species within the glade openings. Juniperus virginana, Quercus stellata, Fraxinus americana and Cercis canadensis co-dominated the edge-forest boundary. Glade surface soils had dramatically higher pH (2 units) and lower extractable soil P (50% less) than forest soils. Also, total soil N content and net mineralization rates were significantly lower in glades than in forest or edge soils. The highly erodable nature of alkaline shale sediments appears to have contributed to the current location and extent of the glade openings. These findings suggest that management efforts to enhance rare plant habitat by expanding the glade openings should be accompanied by monitoring of soil changes following clearing. Further study should assess whether glade species of conservation concern are restricted to the nutrient-poor alkaline soils within extant glade openings or if they readily colonize the more nutrient-rich habitat of the cleared edge.
Genes from Double-Stranded RNA Viruses in the Nuclear Genomes of Fungi

The sequencing of large numbers of eukaryotic genomes has demonstrated the widespread occurrence of viral genes in nuclear (and mitochondrial) genomes. Essentially all the families of RNA viruses are represented, and we have coined the term NIRV (non-retroviral integrated RNA virus) for these sequences. Some 3% of sequenced eukaryotic genomes have NIRVs and the fungi are well represented with both complete and partial copies of RNA viral genes. The fungal NIRVs are the best characterized and demonstrate that, with the most widespread fungal viruses, the dsRNA totiviruses and partitiviruses, which generally exist as stable persistent infections in their hosts, gene transfers between host and virus have taken place in both directions. Selection has preserved those events with adaptive value: hosts with NIRVs have become immune to infection with the cognate virus and viruses with cellular toxin genes provide an advantage to their hosts by killing cells without the virus.
Digital Knowledge Maps: The Foundation for Learning Analytics Through Instructional Games

The CyGaMEs (Cyberlearning through Game-based, Metaphor Enhanced Learning Objects) approach to instructional game design and embedded assessment provides a formalism to translate domain knowledge into procedural gameplay. As such, CyGaMEs learning environments are transactional digital knowledge maps that make abstract concepts concrete and actionable: translating what experts know into procedures learners do (discover and apply). CyGaMEs produces games designed to provide viable prior knowledge as preparation for future learning. After knowledge specification through a task analysis, the method applies cognitive science analogical reasoning theory to translate targeted learning goals into game goals and translate targeted knowledge as the game world (e.g., rules and core mechanics). The CyGaMEs approach designs gameplay parameters as the Timed Report measure of player performance to quantify and trace trajectories of learning and achievement. The approach is one way to address design for alignment and shortcomings and limitations documented in the literature that plague current learning game design, embedded assessment, and research. Chapter discussion introduces the national initiative for cyberlearning and embedded assessment and insights from evidence-centered design and cognitive tutor development practices, especially regarding task analysis and cognitive task analysis. Then CyGaMEs’ Selene: A Lunar Construction GaME design artifacts, screen captures, gameplay data, and analyses illustrate this approach to design and embedded assessment. A case is made that instructional game design with embedded assessment is an enterprise requiring complex expertise among teams of professionals—topped by talent and creativity.
Traits, Environments, and Adaptation

Individuals with chronic handicapping defects exist in societies of people and of animals. Estimates of the prevalence of handicapping conditions among humans vary broadly around 10%. Prevalence rates among animals have not been estimated but are significant at least in some populations. Conventional wisdom, derived from the theory of evolution, holds that defects are selected against. However, under certain circumstances, selection against defects is minimal and individuals with defects function normally in society. This is most true in human societies but also occurs in animal populations (Berkson, 1977).
Defining the expression pattern and role of paralemmin in breast cancer

2162 Paralemmin is a phosphoprotein first identified in brain tissue where it is thought to play a role in the control of cell shape, plasma membrane dynamics, and cell motility. Paralemmin is lipid-anchored to the cytoplasmic face of membranes through prenylation and di-palmitoylation of a COOH-terminal cluster of three cysteine residues. Phosphorylation and mRNA splicing of paralemmin is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. The differential splicing, lipidation, and phosphorylation of paralemmin contribute to electrophoretic heterogeneity resulting in an array of multiple bands on Western blots. Paralemmin is expected to interact and co-localize with specific partner molecules, such as certain integral membrane proteins and/or cytoskeletal proteins, possibly aiding as an adaptor or chaperone in their trafficking. Here we report for the first time that paralemmin is differentially expressed in breast cancer versus non-tumorigenic breast cell lines and that paralemmin is overexpressed in breast cancers. We propose that paralemmin plays a role controlling the membrane dynamics of cancer cells. A cDNA microarray comparison between the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and the tamoxifen-selected, TMX2-28 breast cancer cell line indicated that paralemmin was overexpressed in the ER-negative TMX2-28 cells. Using real time-RT PCR we confirmed that paralemmin mRNA is 8-fold higher in TMX2-28 cells as compared to MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, paralemmin mRNA is almost undetectable in the non-tumorigenic, breast cell lines, 184, 184A1, 184AA2 and MCF10A. A Western blot analysis of paralemmin in the breast cancer and non-tumorigenic breast cell lines revealed two major protein bands between 60 and 70 kDa for both MCF-7 and TMX2-28 (albeit darker bands for TMX2-28), and a lower and a higher molecular weight band for the non-tumorigenic breast cell lines suggesting differential splicing, lipidation, or phosphorylation between the cancer and non-tumorigenic breast cell lines. To examine the relevance of paralemmin expression in breast disease we isolated RNA from 30 frozen breast tumors and determined the levels of paralemmin mRNA using real time RT-PCR. Paralemmin was highly expressed in 9 of the 30 tumors. Next we examined paralemmin protein on tissue microarrays. Paralemmin was overexpressed in 15 out of the 33 tumors; in all cases paralemmin was significantly localized to the plasma membrane. Studies are underway to determine whether paralemmin is expressed in a specific subset of breast cancers and to investigate its role in the membrane dynamics of cancer cells.
A hybrid systems and optimization-based control approach to realizing multi-contact locomotion on transfemoral prostheses

This paper presents a systematic methodology utilizing multi-domain hybrid system models and optimization based controllers to achieve human-like multi-contact prosthetic walking experimentally on a custom-built prosthesis: AMPRO. Inspired by previous work that realized multi-contact locomotion on a bipedal robot AMBER2, a hybrid system based optimization problem is proposed leveraging the framework of multi-domain hybrid systems. Utilizing a reference human gait coupled with physical constraints, the end result of this optimization problem is stable multi-contact prosthetic gaits that can be implemented on the prostheses directly. Leveraging control methods that stabilize bipedal walking robots— control Lyapunov function based quadratic programs coupled with variable impedance control—an online optimization-based controller is formulated to realize the designed gait in both simulation and experimentally on AMPRO. Improved tracking and energy efficiency are seen when this methodology is implemented experimentally. Additionally, the resulting multi-contact prosthetic walking captures the essentials of natural human walking both kinematically and kinetically.
Failure of serosorting to protect African American men who have sex with men from HIV infection.

Background:Serosorting is the practice of choosing sex partners or selectively using condoms based on a sex partner's perceived HIV status. The extent to which serosorting protects African American (AA) and Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM) is unknown.Methods:We analyzed data collected from M
Wettability Alteration in a Tight Oil Reservoir

In fractured reservoirs, the efficiency of water flood is governed by spontaneous imbibition of water into oil-containing matrix blocks. When the matrix is oil-wet or mixed-wet, little oil can be recovered by imbibition. The objective of this work is to identify chemicals that can be added to the injection water that can induce imbibition into an originally mixed-wet, tight, fractured sandstone reservoir. Several surfactants were evaluated for their aqueous stability at the reservoir temperature and salinity. Contact angles were measured on a clay-rich sandstone. Spontaneous imbibition tests were conducted on the reservoir rocks. It is shown that the use of dilute (0.1 wt %) anionic surfactant solution with a large number of ethoxy groups can alter the wettability from oil-wet toward more water-wet conditions on the mineral plates. Incremental oil recovery as high as 68% original oil in place is obtained through spontaneous imbibition experiments performed on tight (∼10 μD) oil-wet/mixed-wet sandstone res...
Pendant Alkyl and Aryl Groups on Tin Control Complex Geometry and Reactivity with H2/D2 in Pt(SnR3)2(CNBut)2 (R = But, Pri, Ph, Mesityl)

The complex Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CNBu(t))2(H)2, 1, was obtained from the reaction of Pt(COD)2 and Bu(t)3SnH, followed by addition of CNBu(t). The two hydride ligands in 1 can be eliminated, both in solution and in the solid state, to yield Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CNBu(t))2, 2. Addition of hydrogen to 2 at room temperature in solution and in the solid state regenerates 1. Complex 2 catalyzes H2-D2 exchange in solution to give HD. The proposed mechanism of exchange involves reductive elimination of Bu(t)3SnH from 1 to afford vacant sites on the Pt center, thus facilitating the exchange process. This is supported by isolation and characterization of Pt(SnMes3)(SnBu(t)3)(CNBu(t))2, 3, when the addition of H2 to 2 was carried out in the presence of free ligand Mes3SnH (Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2). Complex Pt(SnMes3)2(CNBu(t))2, 5, can be prepared from the reaction of Pt(COD)2 with Mes3SnH and CNBu(t). The exchange reaction of 2 with Ph3SnH gave Pt(SnPh3)3(CNBu(t))2(H), 6, wherein both SnBu(t)3 ligands are replaced by SnPh3. Complex 6 decomposes in air to form square planar Pt(SnPh3)2(CNBu(t))2, 7. The complex Pt(SnPr(i)3)2(CNBu(t))2, 8, was also prepared. Out of the four analogous complexes Pt(SnR3)2(CNBu(t))2 (R = Bu(t), Mes, Ph, or Pr(i)), only the Bu(t) analogue does both H2 activation and H2-D2 exchange. This is due to steric effects imparted by the bulky Bu(t) groups that distort the geometry of the complex considerably from planarity. The reaction of Pt(COD)2 with Bu(t)3SnH and CO gas afforded trans-Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CO)2, 9. Compound 9 can be converted to 2 by replacement of the CO ligands with CNBu(t) via the intermediate Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CNBu(t))2(CO), 10.
Studies on the Gaseous Secretion of Tribolium Confusum Duval I. Abnormalities Produced in Tribolium Confusum Duval by Exposure to a Secretion given off by the Adults

Tribolium confusum Duval, the confused flour beetle, releases a gas with very interesting properties. Previous accounts of this secretion have dealt with its deleterious effect on food substances infested with the beetle (Payne 1925). In addition to data of economic interest, some recent observations (Chapman 1926) have raised the question of the effect of the gas on the various developmental stages of Tribolium. It has been suggested that the appreciable percentage of abnormal adults found in infested food stuffs might possibly be due to the exposure of the immature beetles to high concentration of the gas.
Analysis and summary of western blot band patterns of 1155 samples with HIV-1 antibody positive

Objective:To analyze the western blot(WB) band patterns in HIV-1 positive people and get the internal laws further to enhance the understanding of the experimental phenomena.Methods: All the samples with HIV-1 antibody positive from 2006 to 2009 in our laboratory were collected and the WB band patterns were analyzed.Results: The WB band patterns mainly were total or subtotal.The presence rate of gp160 and gp120 bands were all 100%,and p24 band was 99.91% (1154/1155),while p55(52.90%,611/1155) and p17(84.68%,978/1155) with relatively lower probability.Other bands were detected with high probability more than 95%.p66,p51 and p31 coded by pol gene were all detected with high probability(more than 95%),furthermore,they were detected simultaneously in general case.Conclusion: Certain laws related with the genetic central dogma and the protein characteristics impled in WB band patterns and appearance of the antibodies of viral proteins.The internal laws may be helpful to laboratory quality improvement,early infection implication,tracking sources of infection and transmission way and clinical discrimination and diagnosis ect.
Antibiotic Therapy of Obstetric and Gynecologic Infections

Recent bacteriologic studies of suppurative disease of the female pelvis have provided a firm foundation for rational antibiotic choices.
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome: Course and Outcome

The presentation, course and outcome of Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) were studied in 18 children (11 girls, 7 boys) followed for a mean of 67 months at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK.
Localization of nonstationary sources using a coherence test

In some applications, it is of interest to localize more sources than number of sensors. For a class of nonstationary wideband sources that exhibit onset-offset-like behavior, we develop a statistical test to choose desirable time-frequency bins where we apply the MUSIC or minimum variance estimators. Finally, we fuse the localization results across those time-frequency bins. Experimental results with a pair of real hearing-aid microphones indicate successful localization of four speech sources.
TALISMANIC PRACTICE AT LEFKANDI: TRINKETS, BURIALS AND BELIEF IN THE EARLY IRON AGE

Excavations at Lefkandi have dispelled much of the gloom enshrouding the Early Iron Age, revealing a community with significant disposable wealth and with connections throughout the Mediterranean. The eastern imports in particular have drawn scholarly attention, with discussion moving from questions of production and transportation to issues surrounding consumption. This article draws attention to some limitations in prevalent socio-political explanations of consumption at Lefkandi, arguing that models relying on gift-exchange, prestige-goods and elite display cannot adequately account for the distribution, chronology, find context and function of imports at Lefkandi. A study of trinkets – small but manifestly foreign imports of cheap material – offers a new perspective. An analysis of their form, context, use and meaning demonstrates that trinkets were meaningfully and deliberately deposited with children as talismans or amulets. Talismanic practice had Late Bronze Age precedents, and in the Early Iron Age was stimulated from personal contact with the Near East or Cyprus and nurtured by the unique mortuary landscape at Lefkandi. This article demonstrates the need for archaeologists to treat mortuary beliefs as a meaningful explanatory variable. Moreover, the ability of non-elite objects to convey powerful ideas has important implications for the nature and dynamics of artistic and cultural exchanges between Greece and the East in the Iron Age.