cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex-domain mapping for evaluating troublesome integrals in fast full-wave integral equation solvers

Fast full-wave solvers for boundary element methods still require accurate and efficient evaluation of self and nearby interactions. Although there are many methods available, finding one that provides reliably high accuracy at reasonable computational cost is still elusive. In this paper, we describe a new integration scheme that combines Gauss’ theorem with a modified complex-domain mapping technique. This new method is tested against a variety of methods to show that the new approach is consistently reliable and converges to the exact results for self and nearby interactions much faster than other methods.
Gifted Students in the 21st Century: Using Vygotsky's Theory to Meet Their Literacy and Content Area Needs

Teachers who work with gifted children in content area reading face challenges because they teach bright children in a new millennium. Today's gifted students have grown up with digital literacies that expand their capabilities and contribute to their individual needs. Unfortunately, when it comes to instruction, these literacies are often disregarded. Tasks given are not relevant or at an appropriate level, what Vygotsky termed the zone of proximal development.In this paper, Vygotsky's theory is posed as the way to nurture the literacy and content area needs of gifted students. To begin, an overview of Vygotsky's theory is presented. Then, the reader is taken into the life of a teacher facing inclusion tensions. The final section reveals how these tensions are eased and teaching revitalized with Vygotsky's theory and 21st century literacy skills.
Direct enhancement of presynaptic calcium influx in presynaptic facilitation at Aplysia sensorimotor synapses

Regulation of synaptic transmission by modulation of the calcium influx that triggers transmitter release underlies different forms of synaptic plasticity, and thus could contribute to learning. In the mollusk Aplysia, the neuromodulator serotonin (5-HT) increases evoked transmitter release from sensory neurons and thereby contributes to dishabituation and sensitization of defensive reflexes. We combined electrophysiological recording with fluorescence measurements of intracellular calcium in sensory neuron synapses in culture to test whether direct up-modulation by 5-HT of calcium influx triggered by single action potentials contributes to facilitation of transmitter release. We observe increases in a previously undescribed calcium influx that are strongly correlated with increases in the amplitude of the evoked postsynaptic potentials and which cannot be accounted for by action potential prolongation. Our results suggest that direct modulation of a presynaptic calcium conductance that controls neurotransmitter release contributes to the presynaptic facilitation that underlies a simple form of learning.
Infiltration Processing of Tungsten-Reinforced Bulk-Amorphous Metal Matrix Composites

High-density tungsten (W)-reinforced bulk amorphous metal (BAM) matrix composites have been fabricated by a pressure infiltration methodology. A hafnium (Hf)-based BAM with a density of 11 g/cm 3 , glass transition temperature, T g , of 495 °C, and liquidus temperature, T liq , of 1,050 °C has been used to infiltrate open-porosity W-wire preforms to create W-Hf-BAM composites. Because of the considerably higher T liq of Hf-based BAM alloys than those based on Zr, the interaction of the BAM with the fixture components, reaction with the W perform, and the formation of undesirable intermetallic phases in the composite were of primary interest. The roles of infiltration pressure, soak temperature, and time at temperature on the composite structure were examined. The structure and quality of the composites were determined with simple fracture tests, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. The fabrication procedure steps and the characteristics of the composites are described.
Hands-free Evolution of 3D-printable Objects via Eye Tracking

Interactive evolution has shown the potential to create amazing and complex forms in both 2-D and 3-D settings. However, the algorithm is slow and users quickly become fatigued. We propose that the use of eye tracking for interactive evolution systems will both reduce user fatigue and improve evolutionary success. We describe a systematic method for testing the hypothesis that eye tracking driven interactive evolution will be a more successful and easierto-use design method than traditional interactive evolution methods driven by mouse clicks. We provide preliminary results that support the possibility of this proposal, and lay out future work to investigate these advantages in extensive clinical trials.
The novel C. elegans gene sop-3 modulates Wnt signaling to regulate Hox gene expression

We describe the properties of a new gene, sop-3, that is required for the regulated expression of a C. elegans Hox gene, egl-5, in a postembryonic neuroectodermal cell lineage. Regulated expression of egl-5 in this cell lineage is necessary for development of the sensory rays of the male tail. sop-3 encodes a predicted novel protein of 1475 amino acids without clear homologs in other organisms. However, the sequence contains motifs consisting of homopolymeric runs of amino acids found in several other transcriptional regulators, some of which also act in Hox gene regulatory pathways. The genetic properties of sop-3 are very similar to those of sop-1, which encodes a component of the transcriptional Mediator complex, and mutations in the two genes are synthetic lethal. This suggests that SOP-3 may act at the level of the Mediator complex in regulating transcription initiation. In a sop-3 loss-of-function background, egl-5 is expressed ectopically in lineage branches that normally do not express this gene. Such expression is dependent on the Hox gene mab-5, as it is in branches where egl-5 is normally expressed. Ectopic egl-5 expression is also dependent on the Wnt pathway. Thus, sop-3 contributes to the combinatorial control of egl-5 by blocking egl-5 activation by MAB-5 and the Wnt pathway in inappropriate lineage branches. SUMMARY
Immunohistochemical Localization of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 in the Sheep Ovary and its Effects on Pre-antral Follicle Apoptosis and Development In Vitro

Contents Studies with sheep are important to improve our knowledge about the factors that control folliculogenesis in mammals and to explore possible physiological differences among species. The aims of this study were to characterize FGF-2 protein expression in ovine ovaries and to verify the effect of FGF-2 on the morphology, apoptosis and growth of ovine pre-antral follicles cultured in vitro. After collection, one fragment of ovarian tissue was fixed for histological analysis and TUNEL analysis (fresh control). The remaining fragments were cultured for 7 days in control medium (α-MEM+) alone or supplemented with FGF-2 at different concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100 or 200 ng/ml). After culturing, ovarian tissue was destined to histology and TUNEL analysis, and oocyte and follicle diameters were measured. The immunostaining for FGF-2 was observed in oocytes from primordial, primary and secondary follicles, as well as in granulosa cells of secondary and antral follicles. The percentage of normal follicles was similar among control medium, 1 and 10 ng/ml FGF-2, and significantly higher than those observed in 50, 100 or 200 ng/ml FGF-2. A significant increase in follicle diameter was observed when tissues were cultured in 10, 50, 100 or 200 ng/ml FGF-2 compared with the fresh control and the other treatments. Similar results were observed for oocyte diameter in tissues cultured with 50, 100 or 200 ng/ml FGF-2 (p < 0.05). However, the percentage of apoptotic cells only decreased (p < 0.05) in ovarian tissues cultured in 1 or 10 ng/ml FGF-2 compared with the control medium and other FGF-2 treatments. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the presence of FGF-2 in ovine ovaries. Furthermore, 10 ng/ml FGF-2 inhibits apoptosis and promotes ovine follicle growth. As the sheep ovary is more similar to that of humans, the culture system demonstrated in this work seems to be an appropriate tool for studies towards human folliculogenesis.
Prediction of mass transfer coefficient in rotating bed contactor (Higee) using artificial neural network

The feasibility of drastically reducing the contactor size in mass transfer processes utilizing centrifugal field has generated a lot of interest in rotating packed bed (Higee). Various investigators have proposed correlations to predict mass transfer coefficients in Higee, but, none of the correlations was more than 20–30% accurate. In this work, artificial neural network (ANN) is employed for predicting mass transfer coefficient data. Results show that ANN provides better estimation of mass transfer coefficient with accuracy 5–15%.
Towards systematic detection and resolution of network control conflicts

The problem of detecting and resolving control conflicts has started to receive attention from the networking community. Corybantic is an example of recent work in this area. We argue that it is too coarse grain in that it does not model the combined operational objectives of multiple controller functions. This paper proposes a finer grain approach where a network control function is represented as a deterministic finite-state transducer. The machine runs on inputs provided by an SDN controller and outputs instructions that update the network as needed to meet objectives. Standard proof techniques and algorithms can be leveraged to analyze properties of these machines. Specifically, their intersection describes precisely the stable operating region of a network when the machines operate in parallel. The e region comprises conditions under which no control function is in the process of updating the network.
Human cytoplasmic actin proteins are encoded by a multigene family.

We characterized nine human actin genes that we isolated (Engel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:4674-4678, 1981) from a library of cloned human DNA. Measurements of the thermal stability of hybrids formed between each cloned actin gene and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-actin mRNA demonstrated that only one of the clones is most homologous to sarcomeric actin mRNA, whereas the remaining eight clones are most homologous to cytoplasmic actin mRNA. By the following criteria we show that these nine clones represent nine different actin gene loci rather than different alleles or different parts of a single gene: (i) the restriction enzyme maps of the coding regions are dissimilar; (ii) each clone contains sufficient coding region to encode all or most of an entire actin gene; and (iii) each clone contains sequences homologous to both the 5' and 3' ends of the coding region of a cloned chicken beta-actin cDNA. We conclude, therefore, that the human cytoplasmic actin proteins are encoded by a multigene family.
The Research of the Internet of Things Technology Applied in Electric Power Communication Equipment Life Cycle Management

With the expansion of the scale of power grid, the research of the application technology of the internet of things in power grid becomes more and more pressing. Based on the concept of " the internet of things ",this paper combined the internet of things technologies with resource management, taking on the research of the electric power communication network resources life cycle management system based on the internet of things. This paper introduced the functions of the system structure and design principles, presents system hardware and software architecture, and probed into the method and key technology of EPC reading and writing and database synchronous on the system platform. Based on the method, realizes the effective combination of the internet of things and electric power communication resources management, improving the automation and intelligent level of the electric power communication resources life cycle management. Finally, the specific application example of a power company shows the feasibility and practicability of the system platform.
Continuous Intragastric Infusion of Elemental Diet Experiences with 10 Infants Having Small-Intestinal Diseases

Five infants with gastrointestinal disease requiring neonatal surgery and two infants with nonsurgical disorders were nourished successfully using a constant intragastric infusion of an elemental diet. Two additional patients who developed persistent distension and gastric retention on IED had mechanical obstruction requiring surgery and another died of NEC during treatment. Use of IED avoided the risks of TPN and was followed by successful introduction of standard feeding techniques. IED provides a valuable alternative to TPN in selected infants and newborns. Caution with any enteral feeding method is required in infants at risk for NEC.
Anomaly Detection in Nuclear Power Plants via Symbolic Dynamic Filtering

Tools of sensor-data-driven anomaly detection facilitate condition monitoring of dynamical systems especially if the physics-based models are either inadequate or unavailable. Along this line, symbolic dynamic filtering (SDF) has been reported in literature as a real-time data-driven tool of feature extraction for pattern identification from sensor time series. However, an inherent difficulty for a data-driven tool is that the quality of detection may drastically suffer in the event of sensor degradation. This paper proposes an anomaly detection algorithm for condition monitoring of nuclear power plants, where symbolic feature extraction and the associated pattern classification are optimized by appropriate partitioning of (possibly noise-contaminated) sensor time series. In this process, the system anomaly signatures are identified by masking the sensor degradation signatures. The proposed anomaly detection methodology is validated on the International Reactor Innovative & Secure (IRIS) simulator of nuclear power plants, and its performance is evaluated by comparison with that of principal component analysis (PCA).
Guideline-concordant therapy and outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia

Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) guidelines were first proposed in 2005 but have not yet been validated. The objective of this study was to compare 30-day mortality in HCAP patients treated with either guideline-concordant (GC)-HCAP therapy or GC community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapy. We performed a population-based cohort study of >150 hospitals in the US Veterans Health Administration. Patients were included if they had one or more HCAP risk factors and received antibiotic therapy within 48 h of admission. Critically ill patients were excluded. Independent risk factors for 30-day mortality were determined in a generalised linear mixed-effect model, with admitting hospital as a random effect. Propensity scores for the probability of receiving GC-HCAP therapy were calculated and incorporated into a second logistic regression model. A total of 15,071 patients met study criteria and received GC-HCAP therapy (8.0%), GC-CAP therapy (75.7%) or non-GC therapy (16.3%). The strongest predictors of 30-day mortality were recent hospital admission (OR 2.49, 95% CI 2.12-2.94) and GC-HCAP therapy (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.86-2.55). GC-HCAP therapy remained an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.82-2.48) in the propensity score analysis. In nonsevere HCAP patients, GC-HCAP therapy is not associated with improved survival compared with GC-CAP therapy.
Circumventing the blocked rotor test when evaluating model elements of three phase induction motors

The paper proposes a method that may be used in lieu of the traditional but awkward blocked rotor test to evaluate the AC resistances and the leakage reactances of a polyphase motor. The method provides the element values of the five-element-per-phase Steinmetz model and the six-element-per-phase model of IEEE Standard 112-84. The test procedure is conducted with a freely-rotating motor operated at rated voltage, normal power line frequency and at power levels that may be a fraction of rated load of the machine being tested. Model elements are evaluated from the circular impedance locus of the Steinmetz model or a variation thereof adapted for the six-element-model. Data points on the locus are obtained with the machine operating as a motor and as an asynchronous generator. >
An algebraic model for the turbulent flux of a passive scalar

Direct numerical simulations of the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have been performed in order to investigate the behavior of passive-scalar fields resulting from mean scalar gradients in each of three orthogonal directions in homogeneous turbulent shear flow. For all orientations of the mean scalar gradient, the sum of the pressure-scalar gradient and velocity gradient-scalar gradient terms in the turbulent scalar flux balance equation are found to be approximately aligned with the scalar flux vector itself. The simulation results are used to obtain dimensionless model coefficients as a function of the turbulence Reynolds and Peclet numbers.
Evaluation of the Storz CMAC®, Glidescope® GVL, AirTraq®, King LTS-D™, and direct laryngoscopy in a simulated difficult airway.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare first-attempt and overall success rates and success rates in relation to placement time among 5 different airway management devices: Storz CMAC, Glidescope GVL, AirTraq, King LTS-D, and direct laryngoscopy (DL). Methods Emergency medical technician basic (EMT-B), EMT-paramedics (EMT-P), and emergency medicine residents and staff physicians placed each of the 5 devices in a random order into an AirSim (TruCorp, Belfast, UK) part-task training manikin. The difficult airway scenario was created by fixing the manikin head to a stationary object and introducing simulated emesis into the hypopharynx. First-attempt and overall success and success in relation to placement time were compared. Provider feedback about device performance was also evaluated. Results Ninety-four providers (16 EMT-basics, 54 EMT-paramedics, and 24 emergency department doctors of medicine) consented to participation. First-attempt and overall success rates for DL, King LTS-D, GVL, and CMAC were not statistically different. Compared with DL, the AirTraq was 96% less likely to be placed successfully (odds ratio, 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.14). When time was factored into the model, the odds of successful placement of the King LTS-D were higher compared with DL (hazard ratio [HR], 1.80; 95% CI, 1.34-2.42) and lower for GVL (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44-0.80) and AirTraq (HR, 0.228; 95% CI, 0.16-0.325). Providers ranked the CMAC first in terms of performance and preference for use in their practice setting. Conclusion Overall success rates for DL, King-LTS-D, and both video laryngoscope systems were not different. When time was factored into the model, the King LTS-D was more likely to be placed successfully.
SKY'S THE LIMIT: Transnationality and Identity in Abre los Ojos and Vanilla Sky

ABSTRACT This essay examines the production circumstances of intertextual relations, and discursive contexts of Abre los Ojos (1997) and its remake Vanilla Sky (2001). Seen in combination, these films demonstrate a struggle for cultural power in a transnational field and provide notably different representations of transnational identities.
Disinfection practices for endoscopes and other semicritical items

Objective:To determine the disinfection practices employed by North Carolina hospitals for endoscopes and other semicritical patient care items and to discuss minimally acceptable disinfection procedures for these items.Design:A survey questionnaire was mailed to all North Carolina hospitals to identity their disinfection practices, and a literature review was conducted to ascertain studies that evaluated disinfection techniques for certain semicritical items.Participants:Questionnaires were returned by 107 of 167 (64%) North Carolina acute-care hospitals.Results:Most hospitals (91%) used a glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant (59%, 2% glutaraldehyde; 29%, 0.13% glutaraldehyde-0.44% phenol-0.08% phenate; 3%, either); half (51%) of the hospitals immersed the endoscope into disinfectant for >20 minutes, but 44% immersed for <10 minutes; nearly all hospitals (97%) disinfected endoscopes at room temperature. Hospitals rinsed the endoscope with sterile water (16%), tap water (54%), tap water followed by alcohol rinse (27%), or other (2%); 58% of the hospitals treated endoscopes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or Mycobacterium tuberculosis differently (81%, ethylene oxide [ETO] sterilization; 10%, increased exposure time; 10%, other). Twenty percent of the hospitals used an automated washer for processing endoscopic instruments. Rigid endoscopes (e.g., arthroscopes, laparoscopes) were primarily high-level disinfected (57%), ET0 sterilized (17%), or either (13%). The disinfection strategies for other semicritical items (e.g., applanation tonometers, cryosurgical instruments, and diaphragm fitting rings) were highly variable for the responding hospitals.Conclusions:This survey indicated the presence of a wide variety of practices for handling semicritical patient care items, many of which are inconsistent with current recommendations. To help establish minimally acceptable disinfection procedures for some patient care instruments (e.g., arthroscopes, laparoscopes, tonometers), the scientific literature was reviewed and recommendations were made.
Insight versus analysis: Evidence for diverse methods in problem solving

Since the Gestalt psychologists made the distinction approximately 100 years ago, psychologists have differentiated between solving problems through analysis versus insight. The present paper presents evidence to support the idea that, rather than conceptualising insight versus analysis as distinct modes of solving problems, it is more useful to conceive of insight and analysis as two approaches within a set of possible solving methods. In the present research, 60 participants solved insight problems while thinking aloud, which provided evidence concerning the processes underlying problem solution. Comparison with performance of a nonverbalisation control group (n = 35) indicated no negative effects of thinking aloud on insight in problem solving. The results supported the idea that various methods are utilised in solving insight problems. The “classic” impasse–restructuring–insight sequence occurred in only a small minority of solutions. A number of other solution methods were found, ranging from relativ...
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung: Report of four cases and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the lung is a rare clinical entity. Only 23 reports of 49 cases have been reported in the literature. Surgery was the primary mode of therapy, with high rates of local and distant recurrence reported. The role of radiation therapy and chemotherapy has never been clearly defined. METHODS The records of the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale and Rochester from 1970 to 1990 were reviewed for cases of primary pulmonary MFH. A review of the literature was also undertaken. RESULTS Four cases from the Mayo records and 49 cases from a review of the literature were identified. Eight patients were alive at 5 years from diagnosis; all had been treated with surgery as the primary modality. No definite relationship between histologic subtype of MFH and survival could be identified and no definite role of radiation therapy or chemotherapy could be defined. CONCLUSIONS MFH of the lung should be treated by surgical resection if technically feasible. The role of adjuvant therapy remains undefined. Cancer 1996; 78:2492-7.
Development and Validation of the Five-by-Five Resilience Scale:

This article introduces a new measure of resilience and five related protective factors. The Five-by-Five Resilience Scale (5×5RS) is developed on the basis of theoretical and empirical considerations. Two samples ( N = 475 and N = 613) are used to assess the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and criterion-related validity of the 5×5RS. Confirmatory factor analysis supports a bifactor model. The 5×5RS demonstrates adequate internal consistency as evidenced by Cronbach's alpha and empirical reliability estimates. The 5×5RS correlates positively with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a commonly used measure of resilience. The 5×5RS exhibits similar criterion-related validity to the CD-RISC as evidenced by positive correlations with satisfaction with life, meaning in life, and secure attachment style as well as negative correlations with rumination and anxious or avoidant attachment styles. 5×5RS scores are positively correlated with healthy behaviors such as exercise and negatively correlated with sleep difficulty and symptomology of anxiety and depression. The 5×5RS incrementally explains variance in some criteria above and beyond the CD-RISC. Item responses are modeled using the graded response model. Information estimates demonstrate the ability of the 5×5RS to assess individuals within at least one standard deviation of the mean on relevant latent traits.
Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acid and Vitamin E Interactions in Rats: Effects on Vitamin E Status, Immune Cell Prostaglandin E Production and Primary Antibody Response

To examine the interaction between dietary fat and vitamin E at the level of the rat immune system, a 2 x 3 factorial study was designed. Weanling female Sprague Dawley rats were fed for 8-9 wk diets that contained either corn oil (CO diet) or fish oil (FO diet) and one of three levels (30, 300, 900 mg/kg) of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. At the lowest level of dietary vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol content of splenocytes from FO-fed rats was approximately 40% lower (P less than 0.05) than in those from CO-fed rats. Supplementation with all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate elevated alpha-tocopherol in splenocytes from FO-fed rats but not in those from CO-fed rats, and reduced the relative proportion of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the serum of CO-fed and FO-fed rats, respectively. Prostaglandin E production by isolated immune cells was not affected by all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. However, feeding the FO diet consistently reduced prostaglandin E synthesis by 70-80% as compared with the CO diet. Antibody production against sheep RBC was highest in rats fed the FO diet supplemented with 900 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg of diet. However, antibody response was not directly correlated to diet-induced changes in immune cell prostaglandin E production or alpha-tocopherol content. Our data suggest that there are significant interactions between vitamin E and (n-3) fatty acids that affect the immune system and that further research in this area is warranted.
Synthetic lysine vasopressin nasal spray in the treatment of diabetes insipidus

Thirteen patients with diabetes insipidus have been satisfactorily and conveniently treated with synthetic lysine vasopressin nasal spray, the material being administered 3 to 5 times per day in a total daily dosage ranging from 35 to 125 units. A transient decrease in effectiveness has been nated during periods of upper respiratory infection or allergic rhinitis. The only adverse effects of the nasal spray have consisted of minor nasal irritation in 3 patients and increased frequency of bowel movements in 1 child after he increased the dose in an effort to concentrate and restrict urine volume. In hydrated normal subjects, lysine vasopressin administered subcutaneously is 7.4 times as effective as the nasal spray preparation.
The Physicalist's Tight Squeeze: A Posteriori Physicalism vs. A Priori Physicalism

Both a priori physicalism and a posteriori physicalism combine a metaphysical and an epistemological thesis. They agree about the metaphysical thesis: our world is wholly physical. Most agree that this requires everything that there is must be necessitated by the sort of truths described by physics. If we call the conjunction of the basic truths of physics P, all physicalists agree that P entails for any truth Q. Where they disagree is whether or not this entailment can be known a priori. The a priori physicalist says it can, the a posteriori physicalist says it cannot. Though a posteriori physicalism is probably the dominant view, it is really a surprising and somewhat unlikely stance. In this article, the nature of the view is discussed, and two arguments are presented that should cause us to look again at the potential of a priori physicalism.
Teens and seat belt use: what makes them click?

Abstract Problem Motor vehicle crashes kill more adolescents in the United States than any other cause, and often the teen is not wearing a seat belt. Methods Using data from the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 38 states, we examined teens' self-reported seat belt use while riding as a passenger and identified individual characteristics and environmental factors associated with always wearing a seat belt. Results Only 51% of high school students living in 38 states reported always wearing a seat belt when riding as a passenger; prevalence varied from 32% in South Dakota to 65% in Delaware. Seat belt use was 11 percentage points lower in states with secondary enforcement seat belt laws compared to states with primary enforcement laws. Racial/ethnic minorities, teens living in states with secondary enforcement seat belt laws, and those engaged in substance use were least likely to always wear their seat belts. The likelihood of always being belted declined steadily as the number of substance use behaviors increased. Discussion Seat belt use among teens in the United States remains unacceptably low. Results suggest that environmental influences can compound individual risk factors, contributing to even lower seat belt use among some subgroups. Practical applications This study provides the most comprehensive state-level estimates to date of seat belt use among U.S. teens. This information can be useful when considering policy options to increase seat belt use and for targeting injury prevention interventions to high-risk teens. States can best increase teen seat belt use by making evidence-informed decisions about state policy options and prevention strategies.
Posttraumatic stress symptoms and cognitive-based smoking processes among trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking smokers: the role of dysphoria.

Objectives: Despite the co-occurrence and clinically significant relationship between trauma exposure and smoking, there is little understanding of the mechanisms underlying the posttraumatic stress symptoms-smoking relationship. This study examined whether dysphoria (ie, a psychopathologic symptom dimension that reflects depression's core affective, cognitive, and psychomotor features) accounted for the covariance between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and an array of smoking processes among trauma-exposed daily smokers. Methods: Participants (n = 189; 47.6% female; Mage = 41.15; SD = 12.47) were trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking daily cigarette smokers who completed measures of posttraumatic stress symptom severity, dysphoria, and 4 cognitive-based smoking processes that interfere with smoking cessation—avoidance/inflexibility to smoking, perceived barriers to smoking cessation, negative affect reduction motivation for smoking, and negative affect reduction/negative reinforcement expectancies from smoking. Results: Dysphoria indirectly and significantly accounted for the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and smoking outcomes. Conclusions: The present results provide initial empirical support that dysphoria accounts for the covariance between posttraumatic symptom severity and various clinically relevant smoking variables in trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking smokers. The findings suggest the potential importance of targeting dysphoria during smoking cessation among trauma-exposed individuals.
The variety of abnormal spermatozoa from patients with fertility problems, an ultrastructural study. I. Mature forms.

Among the abnormal varieties of mature spermatozoa, double or tetrad heads, monstrous heads of spheroid or ellipsoid forms with accompanying acrosomal lesions are noted. Tail deformaties of multiple or curved type are also occasionally encountered along with either complete or incomplete duplication of the core of the principal portion of the tail.
Formation of the PGE Reef Horizon in the Sonju Lake Layered Mafic Intrusion by Thermal Migration Zone Refining

Thin horizons of sulfide minerals enriched in platinum group elements (PGEs), known as PGE “reefs,” are a feature of many layered mafic intrusions, including the Sonju Lake intrusion (Midcontinent rift, Minnesota). In traditional petrologic models, PGE reefs are thought to form during upward accumulation of mineral deposits, either by downward settling of immiscible sulfides through a silicate melt (the orthomagmatic model) or by concentration during upward flow and deposition in a fluid (the hydromagmatic model). While each model explains some of the observations from reefs, neither provides a consistent explanation for both the overall PGE distribution and evidence for offsets in peak concentrations of PGEs and base metals. If, alternatively, layered intrusions form by a top-down process of sill injection and reaction (thermal migration zone refining) as postulated in Lundstrom et al. (2011a), then PGE reefs could form as a moving sulfide band passes downward through a mineral-melt mush at the particular temperature of sulfide saturation. A simple temperature gradient experiment in a sealed quartz tube illustrates how sulfide moves and aligns parallel to a temperature gradient. Thus, while silicates form in a mush zone and remain immobile, the immiscible sulfide liquid position is controlled by the temperature of sulfide saturation and thus moves down relative to the silicates as new sills underplate previous ones; effectively, all PGE derived from the upper portion of the intrusion (above the reef) partition into this layer resulting in the enriched reef layer, consistent with observed distribution and mass balance in the Sonju Lake intrusion. The higher sulfide-silicate mineral partition coefficients for the PGE relative to Cu as sulfides move relative to the silicates results in Cu being chromatographically separated from PGEs during the process. Thus, the mechanism can account for the two major observations, the overall distribution of PGEs in layered intrusions and the chromatographic separation of PGEs from Cu, perhaps better than existing models. The model provides a sharp alternative to current models, with its predictive aspects potentially improving future exploration for PGE deposits.
Failure of Pavulon to Consistently Provide Adequate EMG Attenuation for Recording Electrocerebral Inactivity

It is important for the electroencephalographer to consult regularly and closely with the clinician ordering EEGs. This is particularly true in the relatively specialized area of recording for confirmation or support of the clinical impression of brain death. In the instances when a record is being run primarily to confirm the absence of electrocortical activity, it is clearly possible that artifact may be so high in the recording that such a determination is difficult or impossible. A particular artifact of concern is that of persisting muscle potential. As demonstrated in the cases above, this can be promptly eliminated with the use of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine chloride (Anectine). Often the use of pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) at a level that causes an equal clinical relaxation, leaves residual electrical muscle potentials that continue to make interpretation of the EEG difficult, if not actually impossible with any degree of certainty.
373 EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE AND RIMEXOLONE ON MORPHOLOGY OF THE ROUND WINDOW MEMBRANE IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED OTITIS MEDIA.

Background The round window membrane is the only soft tissue barrier separating the middle ear from the inner ear and appears to be the main portal for passage of toxic substances into labyrinth. Many human and animal studies have demonstrated that the architecture of the round window membrane alters in diseased conditions such as otitis media. The morphological changes in the round window membrane influence its permeability as a defense mechanism. Purpose To determine the effect of topical treatment of dexamethasone and rimexolone on the thickness of round window membrane (RWM) in LPS-induced experimental otitis media with effusion in chinchillas. Methods Experimental otitis media with effusion was induced in 20 chinchillas by inoculating with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the bullae at 0 hour. Three control and four treatment groups were studied: saline (control, n = 2), dexamethasone vehicle (control, n = 3), rimexolone vehicle (control, n = 3), 1% dexamethasone (treatment, n = 3), 0.1% dexamethasone (treatment, n = 3), 1% rimexolone (treatment, n = 3), 0.1% rimexolone (treatment, n = 3). Seven test substances (saline, dexamethasone vehicle, rimexolone vehicle, 1% dexamethasone, 0.1% dexamethasone, 1% rimexolone, 0.1% rimexolone) were inoculated at -2, 24, and 48 hours. After 96 hours the temporal bones were extracted, fixed, and sectioned for histological analysis. Light microscopy with calibrated ocular units was used to measure the thickness of the RWM. Left and right RWM thicknesses were measured at the midpoint in each histological section. Results Both the control (29.57 ± 6.45, 26.75 ± 4.46, 28.76 ± 6.13 μm) and treatment groups (18.07 ± 3.54, 21.27 ± 4.64, 19.96 ± 4.08, 20.12 ± 4.20 μm) showed a mean membrane thickness greater than normal (13.7 ± 2.9 μm). All treatment groups demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in thickness when compared to the saline control. A significant reduction in thickness was also noted in all treatment groups when compared to their respective vehicle groups. Conclusion Topical treatment of dexamethasone and rimexolone reduced inflammation and thickness of the RWM in LPS-induced experimental otitis media with effusion.
The Origin and Evolution of International Refugee Law

This chapter traces the genesis and evolution of international refugee law since its institutionalisation at the end of the First and Second World Wars through to its current paradigm till to date. It highlights the driving-force, legislative imperatives, and politics of cooperation behind various phases of development. Its evolution and application since inception has consistently been dominated by national interests of states and their politico-economic expediencies. International refugee law is grossly inadequate to deal with the complexities and diversities of modern refugees problems and cover wide-ranging refugee-producing circumstances, which underscores the need for further evolution. The protection framework of the current international legal regime for refugees emerged as a reaction to a particular set of events occurred at a discrete time and in a specific place. The history of the genesis and evolution of international refugee law has been a history of conflicts of interests between law and politics. Keywords:International refugee law; refugee convention; state of origin
Modeling of 1D Anomalous Diffusion in Fractured Nanoporous Media

Fractured nanoporous reservoirs include multi-scale and discontinuous fractures coupled with a complex nanoporous matrix. Such systems cannot be described by the conventional dual-porosity (or multi-porosity) idealizations due to the presence of different flow mechanisms at multiple scales. More detailed modeling approaches, such as Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models, similarly suffer from the extensive data requirements dictated by the intricacy of the flow scales, which eventually deter the utility of these models. This paper discusses the utility and construction of 1D analytical and numerical anomalous diffusion models for heterogeneous, nanoporous media, which is commonly encountered in oil and gas production from tight, unconventional reservoirs with fractured horizontal wells. A fractional form of Darcy’s law, which incorporates the non-local and hereditary nature of flow, is coupled with the classical mass conservation equation to derive a fractional diffusion equation in space and time. Results show excellent agreement with established solutions under asymptotic conditions and are consistent with the physical intuitions.
Consistency of dementia caregiver intervention classification: an evidence-based synthesis.

Background: There are many systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs) of interventions for family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia. A challenge when synthesizing the efficacy of dementia caregiver interventions is the potential discrepancy in how they are categorized. The objective of this study was to systematically examine inconsistencies in how dementia caregiver interventions are classified. Methods: We searched Ovid Medline ® , Ovid PsycINFO ® , Ovid Embase ® , and the Cochrane Library to identify previous SRs published and indexed in bibliographic databases through January 2015. Following a graphical network analysis, open-coding of classification definitions was conducted. A descriptive analysis was then completed to examine classification consistency of individual interventions across SR grouping labels. Results: Twenty-three SRs were identified. A graphical network analysis revealed a significant amount of overlap in individual studies included across SRs, but stark differences in how reviews labeled or categorized them. The qualitative content analysis identified seven themes; one of these, content of the intervention, was used to compare classification consistency. When subjecting the classification of interventions to descriptive empirical analysis, extensive inconsistency was apparent. Conclusions: The substantial inconsistency in how dementia caregiver interventions are classified across SRs has hindered the science and practice of dementia caregiver interventions. Specifically, accurate reporting of intervention components and SRs would allow for more precise assessments of efficacy as well as a fuller determination of how caregiver interventions can best yield benefits for caregivers and persons with dementia.
An Unusual Lacerated Tracheal Tube during Le Fort Surgery: Literature Review and Case Report

Maxillofacial surgeries can present unique anesthetic challenges due to potentially complex anatomy and the close proximity of the patient’s airway to the surgical field. Damage to the tracheal tube (TT) during maxillofacial surgery may lead to significant airway compromise. We report the management of a patient with a partially severed TT during Le Fort surgery for midfacial hypoplasia and management strategies based on peer-reviewed literature. This case illustrates the clinical clues associated with a damaged TT and explores the challenges of managing this potentially catastrophic issue.
Biomarker-Defined Subsets of Common Diseases: Policy and Economic Implications of Orphan Drug Act Coverage

Aaron Kesselheim and colleagues examine orphan-designated drugs approved between 2009 and 2015 in the United States.
Tunable Optical Properties and Increased Thermal Quenching in the Blue-Emitting Phosphor Series: Ba2(Y1–xLux)5B5O17:Ce3+ (x = 0–1)

The preparation of cerium-substituted barium lutetium borate, Ba2Lu5B5O17:Ce3+, is achieved using high temperature solid state synthesis. This compound crystallizes in the Ba2Y5B5O17-type structure and shows an efficient blue emission (λmax = 447 nm) when excited by UV-light (λex = 340 nm) with a photoluminescent quantum yield near 90%, a fast luminescence decay time (<40 ns), and a thermal quenching temperature of 452 K. Further, preparing a solid solution following Ba2(Y1–xLux)5B5O17:Ce3+ (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1) confirms that all compounds are isostructural and follow Vegard’s law. Substituting Y3+ for Lu3+ yields a nearly constant emission spectrum that blue-shifts by only 9 nm and has a consistent luminescence lifetime across the range prepared. The photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) and thermal quenching (T50) of the solid solution, however, are dramatically impacted by the composition, with the PLQY decreasing to ≈70% and the T50 dropping 49 K going from x = 1 to x = 0. These significant cha...
Impact of Simulation on Student Attitudes about Interprofessional Collaboration

Abstract Background As patients present with increasingly complex health issues, a team approach to primary care is essential. Method A single-group, pre–post research design was used. One hundred ten students were asked to complete two surveys that addressed attitudes toward teamwork and readiness for interprofessional learning pre–post engaging in a standardized patient interprofessional simulation. Students from three health disciplines (medicine, nursing, and social work) served as research participants. Results Attitudes toward working in health care teams improved for more than half of participants. Medical students showed greater likelihood of improvement on a measure of physician centrality than students from nursing ( p = .035) or social work ( p = .003). Conclusions Although research has documented that mandated reporter simulation training increases professionals' capacity to recognize, assess, and report child abuse (Sanders & Cobley, 2005), using this training in an interprofessional setting adds competencies related to team-based work.
Reconstruction of fatigue crack growth in aluminum lithium and aluminum copper fastened lap joints under marker band loading

Abstract A comparative study on the fatigue crack growth behavior in a typical third generation Al/Li alloy (AA2198-T8) and traditional aerospace aluminum alloy (AA2024-T3) was conducted. Fatigue crack growth history was reconstructed using marker band loading sequences (i.e., applying two different R-ratios). Effect of alloying and loading direction (relative to the rolling direction) was discerned from the fatigue fracture surface morphologies, which were markedly different in the two alloys. The marker band imprints aided in identifying suspected fatigue crack initiation region and estimating crack growth rate. A data reduction scheme was used to estimate crack initiation cycle.
Constitution of Non-Equilibrium Alloys after Rapid Quenching from the Melt

Following a brief description of current experimental techniques for the quenching of molten alloys at very high cooling rates, a comprehensive review of the effects of rapid quenching (especially by the splat cooling technique) on the alloy constitution is given. 133 binary and 28 ternary systems are treated; references available until December 1968 have been included.
Dis(R) and Qu(R)

In this chapter the set of isomorphism classes of separable quadratic algebras over a commutative ring R will be provided with the structure of an Abelian group. This is the “quadratic group” Qu(R) of R. It contains the free quadratic group Quf(R) as a subgroup and it is closely related to the group Dis(R) of Chapter 4C. The group Qu(R) will make it possible (in Chapter 13C) to extend the Arf invariant of Chapter 10D to nonsingular finitely generated projective quadratic modules over R. The connection between Qu(R) and Dis(R) will be used in Chapter 14E to measure the “difference” between quadratic forms and symmetric bilinear forms in arithmetic situations. In Sections A and B, R will be an arbitrary commutative ring. Thereafter it will be a domain which is integrally closed in its field of fractions F. In this case, see Section D, separable quadratic algebras can be characterized as the integral closures of R in quadratic Galois extensions of F in which all prime ideals of R are unramified.