cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beta-catenin localization during Xenopus embryogenesis: accumulation at tissue and somite boundaries.

beta-catenin is a cytoplasmic protein associated with cadherin adhesion molecules and has been implicated in axis formation in Xenopus (McCrea, P. D., Brieher, W. M. and Gumbiner, B. M. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 127, 477–484). We have studied its distribution in Xenopus embryos by immunofluorescence on frozen sections. Consistent with its function in cell-cell adhesion, beta-catenin is present in every cell. However, high levels are expressed in certain regions and different tissues of the embryo. No simple correlation appears to exist between the levels of beta-catenin with the expected strength of adhesion. High levels of beta-catenin were found in regions undergoing active morphogenetic movements, such as the marginal zone of blastulae and gastrulae. This suggests that high expression of beta-catenin could be involved in dynamic adhesion events. Surprisingly, beta-catenin also accumulates on plasma membranes that probably do not establish direct or strong contacts with other cells. In particular, high amounts of beta-catenin are found transiently at boundaries between tissue anlagen and at the intersomitic boundaries. This unexpected pattern of beta-catenin expression raises the possibility that this molecule participates in developmental processes, perhaps independently of its classical role in cell-cell adhesion.
Information sources for flash flood warnings in Denver, CO and Austin, TX

This research examines sources of information for flash floods in two large metropolitan areas, Denver, CO, and Austin, TX. Previous research has noted that information delivery systems for weather forecasts are geared toward the cultural majority and suggests that inadequate warnings are a primary contributor to deaths and injuries from hazards. This investigation used chi-square analysis to determine the prime warning source preferences and preferred time of day for receiving different media. Results indicate that successful warning messages need to be targeted toward specific sub-populations if the warning is to be received, understood, and responded to properly.
Broad-spectrum resistance to crown rust, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, in accessions of the tetraploid slender oat, Avena barbata.

Carson, M. L. 2009. Broad-spectrum resistance to crown rust, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, in accessions of the tetraploid slender oat, Avena barbata. Plant Dis. 93:363-366. The use of race-specific seedling genes for resistance has been the primary means of controlling crown rust of oat (Puccinia coronata). As resistance genes from hexaploid cultivated oat, Avena sativa and, later, the wild hexaploid animated oat, A. sterilis, were deployed in oat cultivars, corresponding virulence in the crown rust population increased rapidly, such that the effective lifespan of a resistant cultivar in the United States is now 5 years or less. Introgression of resistance genes from diploid and tetraploid Avena spp. into hexaploid oat has been difficult due to differences in ploidy levels and the lack of homology of chromosomes between the two species. The wild tetraploid slender oat, A. barbata, has been a source of powdery mildew and stem rust resistance in cultivated oat but has largely been unexploited for crown rust resistance. In total, 359 accessions of A. barbata from the National Small Grains Collection were evaluated in seedling greenhouse tests. Of these accessions, 39% were at least moderately resistant when inoculated with a crown rust race with low virulence (DBBC). When tested further with a highly diverse bulk inoculum from the 2006 and 2007 St. Paul buckthorn nursery, 48 accessions (approximately 13%) were resistant. Many of these accessions were heterogeneous in reaction, but two accessions (PI320588 from Israel and PI337893 from Italy) were highly resistant (immune) and two others (PI337886 from Italy and PI367293 from Spain) consistently produced resistant reactions (chlorotic flecks) in all tests. Resistant accessions were found from throughout much of the natural range of A. barbata. Crosses of some of the better accessions have been made to cultivated oat.
Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with a split-course high-dose chemotherapy regimen and autologous bone marrow transplantation.

PURPOSEWe investigated the role of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) as the initial systemic treatment in patients with hormone-unresponsive metastatic breast cancer. We studied a regimen involving a split-course schedule using sequential administration of two pairs of alkylating agents separated by 5 days of rest. The rest period was intended to provide time for recovery from the treatment-immediate adverse effects, thereby allowing further dose escalation.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe treatment consisted of thiotepa 225 to 300 mg/m2/d (days - 11 to -9), cisplatin 50 to 100 mg/m2/d (days - 11 and -3), and cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg/d (days - 3 and -2). Dose escalation was performed in the initial 15 patients before reaching dose-limiting toxicities. When feasible, responding patients received posttransplant irradiation to sites of residual or prior bulky disease. Patients with bone marrow or CNS involvement, prior pelvic irradiation, or age greater than 55 years were exclu...
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : X. TOXIC AND ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM IN RELATION TO THE RESPIRATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS.

1. Concentrations of MgCl(2) up to 0.01 M have little effect upon the rate or respiration of Bacillus subtilis; at 0.03 M there is an increase in the rate, while in the higher concentrations there is a gradual decrease. 2. There is a well marked antagonism between MgCl(2) and NaCl, and a very slight antagonism between MgCl(2) and CaCl(2).
Adaptive feedback control of optical jitter using Q-parameterization

Vibration-induced jitter degrades the pointing and imaging performance of precision optical systems. Practical active jitter reduction is achieved by maintaining beam alignment with mirror-positioning control systems. In the presence of time-varying or uncertain disturbances, jitter control systems using fixed-gain feedback control loops cannot operate without significant limitations on their performance. A feedback control technique called Q-parameterization can adapt to time-varying disturbances by adjusting its parameters in real time to maintain optimal performance. Adaptive feedback jitter control using Q-parameterization is experimentally verified on an optical testbed, increasing jitter reduction compared to an H2-optimal fixed-gain controller.
Parallel logic simulation using Time Warp on shared-memory multiprocessors

The article presents an efficient parallel logic-circuit simulation scheme based on the Time Warp optimistic algorithm. The Time Warp algorithm is integrated with a new global virtual time (GVT) computation scheme for fossil collection. The new GVT computation is based on a token ring passing method, so that global synchronization is not required in a shared-memory multiprocessor system. This allows us to process large logic simulation problems, where the GVT computation is executed frequently for fossil collection due to limited memory space. We also present how to reduce the frequency of the GVT computation and the rollback radio by scheduling the process with the smallest timestamp first. We implement the parallel logic-circuit simulator using the Time Warp on BBN Butterfly machines, and the experimental results show that the algorithm provides a significant speedup in processing time, even for very large circuits. >
Bioassay of lower Narragansett Bay waters during the 1972‐1973 winter‐spring bloom using the diatom Skeletonema costatum1

Samples collected biweekly from lower Narragansett Bay from December 1972 through March 1973 were bioassayed with Skeletonema costatum at nine different enrichments with nutrients equivalent to f/25-Tris medium. In early Dccembcr growth rates were low in all treatments relative to complete enrichment; thereafter there was no evidence of nutrient limitation until late February. During this period of the winter-spring bloom growth was limited by the omission of NO,, SiOa, and PO&; deletion of vitamins and trace metals was less important. The addition of EDTA alone increasingly suppressed growth as the bloom developed; lysis was observed during late March. Hitchcock and Smayda (lQ77) evaluatcd the role of light intensity in causing the delayed winter-spring phytoplankton bloom during 1972-1973 in Narragansett Bay; here we examine the potential role of various nutrients in regulating growth during the course of this bloom. Pratt (1965) concluded on the basis of field data that Si and N regulate maximum diatom abundance and the termination of the winterspring bloom in this bay. Experimenting with natural populations incubated in situ during the 1971 bloom, Smayda (1973) observed that the addition of NO3 and SiO:i to natural samples stimulated growth of Skeletonema during the bloom’s .termination, supporting Pratt’s view. 904 enrichment had less of an effect, and trace metal additions during late March stimulated growth. The response of Sk&!o Pratt 1959, 1965). For these reasons, the potential role of nutrients during the course of the delayed 1972-1973 winter-spring bloom was examined in a series of bioassay experiments conducted with an axenic Narragansett Bay clone of S. costatum. We thank C. Tomas for carrying out ’ This study was supported by National Science Foundation grant GA 3.1319X. the urea and ammonia analyses, and G. Vargo for the NOs, P04, and SiOs analysts. B. Coyne typed the manuscript and drafted the figures.
Randomized Phase III Trial of Marimastat Versus Placebo in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer Who Have Responding or Stable Disease After First-Line Chemotherapy: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E2196

Purpose To determine whether a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor improves progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have responding or stable disease after first-line chemotherapy. Patients and Methods One hundred seventy-nine eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive oral marimastat (10 mg bid; n = 114) or a placebo (n = 65) within 3 to 6 weeks of completing six to eight cycles of first-line doxorubicin- and/or taxane-containing chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Patients were evaluated every 3 months until disease progression. Results When comparing placebo with marimastat, there was no significant difference in PFS (median, 3.1 months v 4.7 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.74; P = .16) or overall survival (median, 26.6 months v 24.7 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.46; P = .86). Patients treated with marimastat were more likely to develop grade 2 or 3 musculoskeletal toxicity (MST), a known complicati...
Cognition, Algebra, and Culture in the Tongan Kinship Terminology

We present an algebraic account of the Tongan kinship terminology (TKT) that provides an insightful journey into the fabric of Tongan culture. We begin with the ethnographic account of a social event. e account provides us with the activities of that day and the centrality of kin relations in the event, but it does not inform us of the conceptual system that the participants bring with them. Rather, it is a slice in time of an ongoing dynamic process that links behavior with a conceptual system of kin relations and vice versa. To understand this interplay, we need an account of the underlying conceptual system that is being activated during the event. Thus, we introduce a formal, algebraically based account of TKT. is account brings to the fore the underlying logic of TKT and allows us to distinguish between features of the kinship system that arise from the logic of TKT as a generative structure and features that must have arisen through cultural intervention.
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) study of high-k gate dielectrics

This paper provides a review of the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS), a powerful technique for characterizing both the structural and electrical properties of ultra-thin gate dielectrics in MOS devices. The principle of operation of IETS will be described, and examples will be shown to illustrate the wealth of information that can be revealed by IETS, including phonons, bonding vibration modes, impurity bonds, and traps, which is difficult to accurately characterize on the same sample by other techniques.
A polymeric RNAi delivery system to induce differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells

A system to control the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using RNAi methods is being investigated. Through this delivery system, we aim to induce the differentiation of stem cells for a variety of regenerative medicine applications. In these preliminary studies, we have characterized both the cytotoxicity and uptake of our polymeric system relative to commercial siRNA delivery systems. These ongoing studies also indicate that this system has the ability to alter gene expression in hMSCs, and therefore may present a means to control differentiation for regenerative medicine purposes.
A Method for Historical Ext3 Inode to Filename Translation on Honeypots

In an environment where computer compromises are no longer anomalies, but are frequent occurrences, the field of computer forensics has increasingly gained importance. The development of this forensic field is matched by a growth in anti-forensic techniques. To overcome potential difficulties with external applications, operating systems should contain methods for storing and protecting meaningful information. The Linux Ext3 journal is one source of information that should be fully utilized for its intended purpose and forensics as well. However, due to its limited size and circular nature, this source of information has restrictions that can be addressed by the operating system. For example, when collecting and examining Ext3 journal data, it can be difficult to determine the filename that an inode number is associated with. In this paper, the design of a method for honeypots is presented which takes advantage of the Virtual File System Layer in Linux to address this difficulty. This technique allows the translation of inode numbers to filenames in a historical context thereby providing a forensic analyst with a better picture of what has transpired.
Robust flight control of aircraft in the presence of uncertainties

The main objective of the paper is to design the robust algorithms for advanced aircraft. To improve dynamic performance, increase manoeuvrability, and expand an operating envelope, the robust configurations for stabilization and robust tracking of flight vehicles are proposed. We formulate criteria for quadratic stabilizability of uncertain systems via a class of linear controllers using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory. Necessary and sufficient conditions for robustness are studied. The robust procedure is applied to the ninth-order model of the F-18 fighter aircraft. Modeling results are presented to demonstrate the dynamic performance of the resulting nonlinear closed-loop system.
On the changing international competitiveness of Japanese manufacturing since 1985

This paper considers the issue of international com petitiveness and the so-called 'hollowing out' of Japan' s manufacturing industries in the period since the Plaza Accord in 1985. It is often argued that hollowing out can be caused by two different eco nomic mechanisms. One is the strong yen, which reduces net exports, while the other is the move by Japanese manufacturing companies to overseas production, which substitutes for exports and en courages imports of products made by their affili ates abroad. This conventional view may be correct if either yen appreciation or increased overseas production are independent causes of hollowing out. However, if yen appreciation is the main reason behind increased overseas production, the latter would not be an additional factor in the hollowing out. In order to see whether overseas production leads to hollowing out independently of yen appre ciation, we need to investigate the motivation of Japanese manufacturing corporations which choose to shift their activities abroad. Furthermore, it is necessary to distinguish the hollowing out of Japa nese manufacturing from the dynamic evolution of the country' s trading structure, which should inevi tably lead to some industries losing their compara tive advantage.
Effects of broad-spectrum insecticides on epigeal arthropod biodiversity in Pacific Northwest apple orchards.

Analyses of pitfall traps in Washington and Oregon apple orchards revealed that highly mobile invertebrates were strongly susceptible to applications of broad-spectrum, neural-active insecticides. When compared with orchard blocks managed without broad-spectrum insecticides, orchard blocks under conventionally managed regimes had significantly lower populations of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), centipedes (Chilopoda), earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), harvestmen (Opiliones), and spiders (Aranae). The carabid species Pterostichus adstrictus Eschscholtz and P. melanarius Illiger constituted 89% of all ground beetles collected over 2 growing seasons. Three times as many free-hunting spiders were found in the no broad-spectrum blocks than in the conventional blocks. Less mobile invertebrates such as mites, slugs, and snails appeared to be less affected by the different management strategies. Ground beetles, spiders, harvestmen, earwigs, and centipedes are all probable predators of lepidopteran and homopteran pests of apple.
Review of the muricine subgenus Pterynotus (Pterochelus) in Australia

Four species of the muricine subgenus Pterochelus are distributed around the perimeter of the Australian continent in a simple geographic pattern: P. acanthopterus in the north; P. duffusi in the e...
Seeing as it happens: Real time 3D video event visualization

We present a video event visualization system that can render steerable 3D views of tracked targets onto a reconstructed 3D site representation. The framework takes object tracking meta-data generated from a multi-camera event tracking system as input and produces an immersive 3D playback as a representation of the observation. This 3D representation can provide users seeing as it happens of the events for surveillance applications. Our system can further “animate” the virtual viewing camera and generate a first-person immersive playback of the event, either from the trajectory of a specified real-world target or from a virtual avatar. Such synthetic view can provide additional insights for event recognition for on-line monitoring, investigation, and forensic applications.
Fracture characterization of short glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyester by theJ-integral

Fracture initiation of short glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyester was characterized by theJ-integral measurement based on the energy release rate interpretation ofJ. The criticalJ value (Jc) is shown to be a fracture characterizing parameter for the onset of the crack initiation in the injection moulded short glass fibre reinforced composite material. TheJc value of the composite is estimated by be 6.0kJ m−2. This value is in good agreement with the linear elastic strain energy release rate (Gc), since the composite exhibited a fairly linear stress-strain relationship. The estimated ratios ofJc to the total energy absorbed per unit uncracked area are in good agreement with the analytically obtained values after the remote energy dissipation due to fibre and matrix interaction away from the crack tip has been subtracted from the total energy.
Resolving confusion: the new realities of mantle cell lymphoma.

In their Areas of Confusion article, “Management of Relapsed Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Still a Treatment Challenge,” Ruan et al attempt to make the case that the relative merits of different upfront approaches for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) are difficult to appreciate due to the differences in eligible patient populations and limited randomized data.
Seismic hazard estimate from background seismicity in southern California

Abstract We analyzed the historical seismicity in southern California to develop a rational approach for calculating the seismic hazard from background seismicity of magnitude 6.5 or smaller. The basic assumption for the approach is that future earthquakes will be clustered spatially near locations of historical mainshocks of magnitudes equal to or greater than 4. We analyzed the declustered California seismicity catalog to compute the rate of earthquakes on a grid and then smoothed these rates to account for the spatial distribution of future earthquakes. To find a suitable spatial smoothing function, we studied the distance ( r ) correlation for southern California earthquakes and found that they follow a 1/ r µ power-law relation, where µ increases with magnitude. This result suggests that larger events are more clustered in space than smaller earthquakes. Assuming the seismicity follows the Gutenberg-Richter distribution, we calculated peak ground accelerations (PGA) for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 yr. PGA estimates range between 0.25 and 0.35 g across much of southern California. These ground-motion levels are generally less than half the levels of hazard that are obtained using the entire seismic source model that also includes geologic and geodetic data. We also calculated the overall uncertainty for the hazard map using a Monte Carlo method and found that the coefficient of variation is about 0.24 ± 0.01 for much of the region.
Dyadic Attribution: A Theoretical Model for Interpreting Online Words and Actions

This paper presents a theoretical model for interpreting the underlying meaning in virtual dialogue from computer-mediated communication (CMC). The objective is to develop a model for processing dialogues and understanding the meaning of online users’ social interactions based on available information behavior. The methodology proposed in this paper is built on a demonstrated observation that humans – in analogy to “sensors” in social networks – can detect unusual or unexpected changes in humans’ trustworthiness based on observed virtual behaviors. Even with limited resources such as email, blogs, online conversations, etc., humans “sensors” can infer meaning based on observed behaviors, and assign attributes to certain words or actions. The idiosyncratic nature of human observations can be arbitrated by an attribution mechanism that provides the basis for a systematic approach to measuring trustworthiness. In this paper, we discuss a particular trust scenario called the Leader’s Dilemma with the objective of identifying how anomalous online behavior can be interpreted as untrustworthy. We adopt the dyadic attribution model to analyze how a human disposition can be systematically uncovered based on words and actions, as evidenced by information behavior. This model is better suited for computational analysis of attribution engines. The novel goal of this research is to design a sensor system with the ability to attribute meaning to virtual interactions as supported by computer-mediated technologies.
Electrorheology leads to healthier and tastier chocolate

Abstract Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world. Unfortunately, at present, chocolate products contain too much fat, leading to obesity. Although this issue was called into attention decades ago, no actual solution was found. To bypass this critical outstanding problem, two manufacturers introduced some low-calorie fats to substitute for cocoa butter. Somehow, their products are not allowed in most countries. Here we show that this issue is deeply related to the basic science of soft matter, especially to the viscosity of liquid suspension and maximally random jammed (MRJ) density. When the concentration of cocoa solid is high, close to the MRJ density, removing a small amount of fat will jam the chocolate flow. Applying unconventional electrorheology to liquid chocolate with applied field in the flow direction, we aggregate the cocoa particles into prolate spheroids in micrometers. This microstructure change breaks the rotational symmetry, reduces liquid chocolate’s viscosity along the flow direction, and increases its MRJ density significantly. Hence the fat level in chocolate can be effectively reduced. We are expecting a new class of healthier and tastier chocolate soon.
Noncontent Speech Convergence and Divergence in Adult-Child Interactions

(1983). Noncontent Speech Convergence and Divergence in Adult-Child Interactions. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 7, Communication Yearbook 7, pp. 369-395.
Research on Psychological Characteristics of Undergraduates and Construction of Study Style for Electronic-Information-Type Specialties

In this paper, we analyze psychological and behavioral characteristics of the post-90s college students, and summarize the facing problems of the construction of study style. On this basis, some effective measures are adopted to boost study-style construction. Good teaching style and rigorous examination discipline play an important role in promoting study-style construction; then, we emphasize the outstanding roles of college counselors, extracurricular scientific innovation activities, and career guidance. By establishing the standardized management system of study style, optimizing the guidance mode of student scientific innovation activities, and reinforcing the guidance of postgraduate admission examination and employment, students have clear learning objectives in each stage, which lays a solid foundation for forming a good style of study.
Cyber security operations center characterization model and analysis

While cyberspace knows no borders, there are commercial, regional, national and international interests that seek to assure the trust, availability and dependability of cyberspace for their specific needs. Cyber Security Operations is the term used to describe activities that span (a) securing a portion of cyberspace, (b) monitoring and analyzing threats and incidents, and (c) responsively and proactively managing incidents. These operations centers stand a better chance at securing and defending their portion of cyberspace if they adopt a collaborative and coordinated operations approach. In order to establish a strong analytical foundation required for developing collaborative cyber security operations tradecraft, an operations center characterization model is necessary to provide the common underlying framework for collaboration discussions. We have developed an analytical model to capture common and significant aspects of cyber security operations centers. The model addresses seven foundational areas or dimensions: scope, activities, process management, facilities, organizational dynamics, external interactions, and environment. We developed a simple, yet effective, operations center questionnaire based on the model, and used it to collect actual operations center data from a dozen diverse cyber security operations centers. In this paper we describe the operations center characterization model and discuss information gleaned from four of the cyber security centers. We demonstrate that the operations center characterization model's rapid data collection and visual analysis lends itself to aiding the cyber security community to (a) identify areas of collaboration, (b) customize information sharing, and (c) improve efficiency and effectiveness of a center's operations by learning from similar centers in the community
A Malignant Case of Constrictive Pericarditis.

• Malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium presents with progressive constrictive pathophysiology.
Factors associated with success of telaprevir- and boceprevir-based triple therapy for hepatitis C virus infection

Factors associated with success of telaprevir- and boceprevir-based triple therapy for hepatitis C virus infection
A 74.33 dB SNDR 20 MSPS 2.74 mW pipelined ADC using a dynamic deadzone ring amplifier

Ring amplifiers have emerged as a scalable amplification technique. This work is a ring amplifier built with current-starved inverters in the intermediate stage. This structure allows for the implementation of a dynamic deadzone that allows a single amplifier to perform both coarse estimation and fine settling. A pipelined ADC with a sampling speed of 20 MSPS is implemented in 0.18um CMOS. The ADC consumes 2.74 mW and achieves a peak SNDR of 74.33 dB which provides a FoM of 32.2 fJ/c-step with no calibration required.
The Perils of Losing Control: Why Self-Control Is Not Just Another Value-Based Decision

A widely observed principle underlying behavior and cognition is that some processes are more automatic (e.g., those that are heavily trained) and others are less automatic (and therefore demand gr...
Astrocyte-Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) Is Induced by Hypoxia and Glucose Deprivation and Modulates the Glycolytic Phenotype in Glioblastoma (P02.160)

OBJECTIVE: Our hypothesis is that AEG-1 regulates oxygen and glucose metabolic pathways through cell signaling pathways and controls growth of glioblastoma cells under cell stress conditions. BACKGROUND: Despite treatment with the most rigorous surgical interventions along with the most optimal chemotherapeutic and radiation regimens, the median survival for glioblastoma is just 12-15 months after diagnosis for patients with glioblastoma. One feature of glioblastoma associated with poor prognosis is the degree of hypoxia and anaerobic glycolytic flux. AEG-1 is an oncogene that regulates cell growth and autophagy, two pathways that impact oxygen and glucose metabolism. Therefore, we examined the effect of this oncogene on tumor metabolism to develop targets that would modify glioblastoma growth by crippling metabolic signals, thus improving patient prognosis. DESIGN/METHODS: Cell culture, Nude mice xenografts, t-tests for statistical significance. RESULTS: We demonstrate an induced level of AEG-1 in high-grade astrocytomas. In vitro studies show that AEG-1 is induced by hypoxia in a HIF-1a-dependent manner and that PI3K inhibition abrogates AEG-1 induction during hypoxia. We show that AEG-1 is induced by glucose deprivation and that AEG-1 knockdown results in increased, whereas AEG-1 overexpression results in decreased, ROS production and glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that AEG-1 induction is necessary for cells to survive this type of cell stress. Moreover, AEG-1 modulates the expression of glycolytic enzymes in glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo and regulates the expression of these enzymes as well as glycolytic flux during metabolic stress, such as glucose deprivation. Studies in Nude mice demonstrate that AEG-1 knockdown reduces the growth of glioblastoma xenografts and also promotes chemosensitivity to glycolytic inhibition in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: These findings identify a novel role for AEG-1 in the regulation of glycolysis in glioblastoma and indicate that anti-glycolytic therapies may be useful in treating malignancies that demonstrate AEG-1-overexpression. Disclosure: Dr. Noch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pina-Oviedo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Perez-Liz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bookland has nothing to disclose. Dr. Del Valle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gordon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khalili has nothing to disclose.
Using Tools to Help Us Think: Actual but Also Believed Reliability Modulates Cognitive Offloading:

Objective:A distributed cognitive system is a system in which cognitive processes are distributed between brain-based internal and environment-based external resources. In the current experiment, w...
Extreme precision photometry from the ground with beam-shaping diffusers for K2, TESS, and beyond

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS, launched early 2018) is expected to find a multitude of new transiting planet candidates around the nearest and brightest stars. Timely high-precision follow-up observations from the ground are essential in confirming and further characterizing the planet candidates that TESS will find. However, achieving extreme photometric precisions from the ground is challenging, as ground-based telescopes are subject to numerous deleterious atmospheric effects. Beam-shaping diffusers are emerging as a low-cost technology to achieve hitherto unachievable differential photometric precisions from the ground. These diffusers mold the focal plane image of a star into a broad and stable top-hat shape, minimizing photometric errors due to non-uniform pixel response, atmospheric seeing effects, imperfect guiding, and telescope-induced variable aberrations seen in defocusing. In this paper, we expand on our previous work (Stefansson et al. 2017; Stefansson et al. 2018), providing a further detailed discussion of key guidelines when sizing a diffuser for use on a telescope. Furthermore, we present our open source Python package iDiffuse which can calculate the expected PSF size of a diffuser in a telescope system, along with its expected on-sky diffuser-assisted photometric precision for a host star of a given magnitude. We use iDiffuse to show that most (~80%) of the planet hosts that TESS will find will be scintillation limited in transit observations from the ground. Although iDiffuse has primarily been developed to plan challenging transit observations using the diffuser on the ARCTIC imager on the ARC 3.5m Telescope at Apache Point observatory, iDiffuse is modular and can be easily extended to calculate the expected diffuser-assisted photometric precisions on other telescopes.
E-cigarette devices used by high-school youth

Abstract Background E-cigarette use rates are high among youth, but there is limited information on the types of e-cigarette devices that are used by youth. Methods During Spring 2017, students from 4 high schools completed surveys on use of e-cigarette devices (cig-a-like, vape/hookah pen, modified devices or mods, and JUUL). Among youth who endorsed ever (lifetime) use of an e-cigarette and of at least one device (n = 875), we assessed 1) prevalence rates of ever and current (past-month) use of each device, 2) use of nicotine in each device, and 3) predictors [age, sex, race, socioeconomic status (SES), other tobacco use] of ever use of each device and of use of single versus multiple devices. Results Cig-a-likes were used least frequently (Ever use: cig-a-likes: 25.4%; vape/hookah pens: 60.6%; JUUL: 64.2%; mods: 71.2%; Current use: cig-a-likes: 7.3%; vape/hookah pens; 18.7%; mods: 33.1%; JUUL: 47.1%;). Nicotine use was highest for JUUL (JUUL: 80.3%; mods: 56.3%; cig-a-likes: 51.4%; vape/hookah pens: 46.8%). Among ever users of single devices, use of JUUL was highest (JUUL: 43%; mods: 32%; vape/hookah pens: 21%; cig-a-likes: 4%). Ever use of all devices, except JUUL, was associated with other tobacco product use. Ever use of JUUL was associated with higher SES. Ever use of multiple devices (two: 34.7%; three: 25.8%; four: 11.7%) compared with a single device (27.8%) was associated with other tobacco product use. Conclusions Targeted regulatory and prevention efforts that consider the use of multiple e-cigarette devices are needed to lower youth e-cigarette use rates.
Five-Year Follow-up of Nonfibrotic Scars in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials

Purpose To describe changes in visual acuity (VA) and macular morphologic features at 5 years in eyes with nonfibrotic scar (NFS) identified at 1 year in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). Design Prospective cohort study within a randomized clinical trial. Participants Participants in CATT. Methods Participants assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens were released from the clinical trial protocol after 2 years and recalled at 5 years. Nonfibrotic scar was identified on color images at year 1 as flat, small, well-circumscribed areas of pigmentation with varying degrees of central hypopigmentation without exposure of underlying choroidal vessels at the site of baseline choroidal neovascularization. Follow-up images were assessed for changes in and around NFS. Main Outcome Measures Pigmentation changes, VA, development of fibrotic scar (FS), nongeographic atrophy (NGA), geographic atrophy (GA), retinal fluid on OCT, and fluorescein leakage. Results Among 474 eyes with images obtained at 1, 2, and 5 years, 39 (8.2%) showed NFS at 1 year with a mean VA of 80 letters (Snellen equivalent, 20/25). Among these eyes, FS developed in 5% at 2 years and 28% at 5 years. Nongeographic atrophy was observed in 34%, 47%, and 65% of eyes at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Geographic atrophy developed in 5% of eyes at 2 years and 21% at 5 years. Among eyes with NFS, FS, or no scar at 1 year, mean VA at 5 years was 73 letters (20/32), 48 letters (20/100), and 62 letters (20/63), respectively. At 5 years, NFS eyes demonstrated less GA, less intraretinal fluid, more subretinal fluid, and less subretinal pigment epithelium fluid (all P 0.50). The proportion of eyes with fluid on OCT also did not change (P = 0.36). Subretinal hyperreflective material disappeared by 5 years in 40% of eyes with NFS. Conclusions These results indicate that, on average, eyes with NFS after anti-VEGF treatment have good VA not only at 1 and 2 years, but also through 5 years.
Comparison of 60V GaN and Si Devices for Class D Audio Applications

This work examines the application of GaN within Class D audio by providing a side-by-side comparison of enhancement-mode GaN devices with currently available silicon MOSFETs with 60 V drain-to-source voltage ratings. GaN in Class D audio will allow for lower heat radiation, smaller circuit footprints, and longer battery life as compared to Si MOSFETs with a negligible trade-off for quality of sound.
Thermodynamic modelling of fluids from surficial to mantle conditions

Carbon is subducted to depths where metamorphism liberates water-bearing fluids. The C-bearing fluids facilitate partial melting of the upper mantle, generating magmas that may erupt as arc volcanics. Degassing of the magmas releases CO2 and other volatile species to the atmosphere. Over geological time, this process contributes to the composition of the atmosphere and planetary habitability. Here I summarize the background needed to carry out theoretical geochemical modelling of fluids and fluid–rock interactions from surficial conditions into the upper mantle. A description of the general criteria for predicting equilibrium and non-equilibrium chemical reactions is followed by a summary of how the thermodynamic activities of species are related to measurable concentrations through standard states and activity coefficients. Specific examples at ambient conditions involving dilute water are detailed. The concept of aqueous speciation and how it can be calculated arises from this discussion. Next, I discuss how to calculate standard Gibbs free energies and aqueous activity coefficients at elevated temperatures and pressures. The revised Helgeson–Kirkham–Flowers equations of state are summarized and the revised predictive correlations for the estimation of equation of state coefficients in the Deep Earth Water (DEW) model are presented. Finally, the DEW model is applied to the solubility and speciation of aqueous aluminium.
Neurally constrained modeling of speed-accuracy tradeoff during visual search: gated accumulation of modulated evidence.

A gated accumulator model is used to elucidate neurocomputational mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff. Whereas canonical stochastic accumulators adjust strategy only through variation of an accum...
Hydrogen-Induced Degradation of NaMnO2

We show that the presence of hydrogen causes irreversible degradation of α-NaMnO2 when used as the cathode in Na-ion batteries. Using density functional theory, we investigate the removal of Mn fro...
Evaluating the Role of Infrastructure Components and Demographics on Social Capital in Refugee Camps

AbstractAn important asset for displaced people residing in refugee camps is social capital. Social capital, which represents the social networks built among displaced people, the host community, a...
Clinical and Social Risk Adjustment — Reconsidering Distinctions

Clinical and Social Risk Adjustment Adopting methods that account for all factors that influence patients’ risk, and those factors’ interdependence, could help create a more equitable health care p...
Chapter 4 – RFCOMM

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the SPP and RFCOMM connection. The SPP is the Bluetooth profile that realizes an RFCOMM connection between two devices. The SPP is defined as a building block profile. This means that other Bluetooth profiles are built on the SPP. The Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP) is shown inside the Serial Port Profile box, which indicates that the GOEP is built on top of the SPP. In basic terms, the SPP profile defines how two Bluetooth devices establish two-way, reliable communication with the RFCOMM protocol. The RFCOMM protocol is an emulation of an RS-232 serial port connection between two devices over a wireless link. Within JABWT, communicating with a remote device using RFCOMM is similar to communicating over a socket connection.
Vitamin D supplementation: a potential therapeutic agent for metastatic colorectal cancer

Preclinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D may have anti-cancer activities in patients with colorectal cancer. A recently completed, randomised Phase 2 trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer has shown promising results, and a Phase 3 trial is currently underway.
Synoptic Measurements of Electron Temperature and Speed in the Solar Corona with Next Generation White-Light Coronagraph

Current white-light coronagraphs measure polarized brightness (pB) of the solar corona using a single bandpass filter to measure the density of electrons. However, future coronagraphs can be modified to take pB images through four bandpass filters to measure density, temperature and speed of electrons. In this article, we use a spherical three dimensional coronal model of the Bastille Day coronal mass ejection to synthetically measure pB through four bandpass filters along lines of sight originating from two observers located diametrically in front (1 AU, 0, 0) and behind (-1 AU, 0, 0) the plane of the sky on the xy-ecliptic plane. The lines of sight pass through 81 positions on a straight line parallel to the solar north–south z-direction in the yz-plane and this line intersects the ecliptic at (0, $1.25~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ , 0) from Sun center. The 81 data points are separated in intervals of $0.05~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ and points extend from (0, $1.25~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ , - $2.0~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ ) to (0, $1.25~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ , $2.0~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ ). The measured pB ratios are used to measure temperature and speed, then we compare with true temperature and speed in the plane of the sky, and quantify the difference, which is a systematic error associated with using modeled pB ratios, based on a symmetric corona, to compare with measured pB ratios, on an asymmetric corona. This understanding is reached by allowing the coronal model to rotate a full circle in intervals of $1^{\circ}$ and illuminating the lines of sight with both symmetric and asymmetric coronal atmospheres about the plane of the sky.
Circuit Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis in a Mouse Model of Focal Cortical Malformation

Summary The way in which aberrant neural circuits contribute to epilepsy remains unclear. To elucidate this question, we dissected the circuit mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis using a mouse model of focal cortical malformation with spontaneous epileptiform discharges. We found that spontaneous spike-wave discharges and optogenetically induced hyperexcitable bursts in vivo were present in a cortical region distal to (>0.7 mm) freeze-lesion-induced microgyrus, instead of near the microgyrus. ChR2-assisted circuit mapping revealed ectopic inter-laminar excitatory input from infragranular layers to layers 2/3 pyramidal neurons as the key component of hyperexcitable circuitry. This hyperactivity disrupted the balance between excitation and inhibition and was more prominent in the cortical region distal to the microgyrus. Consistently, the inhibition from both parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV) and somatostatin-positive interneurons (SOM) to pyramidal neurons were altered in a layer- and site-specific fashion. Finally, closed-loop optogenetic stimulation of SOM, but not PV, terminated spontaneous spike-wave discharges. Together, these results demonstrate the occurrence of highly site- and cell-type-specific synaptic reorganization underlying epileptic cortical circuits and provide new insights into potential treatment strategies.
A measuring technique for intra-osseous pressure

Pulsatile intra-osseous pressures result in bone remodeling, and therefore may affect lesion growth and response to treatment. However, there is no known method used to measure intra-osseous pressures. The purpose of this study is to describe a novel image-guided technique for measuring intra-osseous pressures. This study was IRB-approved and HIPAA compliant. Written informed consent was obtained. Intra-osseous pressure measurements were performed during a CT-guided bone marrow biopsy in eight patients (6 male, 2 female) with mean age 66 ± 13 years (median 72, range 45–87) and suspected or known bone marrow disease. Bone marrow pressure measurements were obtained connecting the biopsy needle to a dedicated monitor using a standard arterial line setup. Monitor data was collected at 5-s intervals in order to record continuous pressure measurements for 2 min. Pressure measurements were successfully performed in all 8 patients. The mean bone marrow pressures were 36.8 ± 7.2 mmHg (median 37.7, range 24.7–47.4). The peak and trough pressures varied by 11%, and the standard deviation of mean pressure measurement varied by 18%. Our findings for marrow pressure measures most closely approximate the pressure profile of the venous system. We describe a novel and minimally invasive technique able to provide functional data of bone marrow. This technique has the potential to provide insights into normal and diseased bone marrow and may be helpful to evaluate features of cystic and vascular tumors that may be amenable to percutaneous treatments.
Stakeholder Value: A Convenient Excuse for Underperforming Managers?

Firms falling short of earnings expectations are more likely to cite stakeholder-focused objectives in their public communications around earnings announcements. This behavior suggests that managers push to be evaluated by subjective stakeholder-based performance criteria when falling short on objective shareholder-based measures. This relation between underperformance and stakeholder language becomes stronger after the 2019 Business Roundtable statement and appears unrelated to a firm’s actual ESG-related activity. Stakeholder language appears to influence the evaluation of CEOs; turnover-performance sensitivity is lower for managers citing stakeholder value. Collectively, our findings suggest that the push for stakeholder-focused objectives provides managers with a convenient excuse that reduces accountability for poor firm performance.