cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fish community features correlate with prop root epibionts in Caribbean mangroves

Abstract Using visual census, fish and sessile epifaunal communities were compared in Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) prop roots in Bocas Del Toro, Panama, and Utila, Honduras. A separate field experiment where epibionts were removed was also conducted at the Panama site. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between epibiont diversity and fish species diversity as well as between epibiont abundance and fish biomass. The trend was consistent in both sites, although there were differences in the details at each location. Depth also weakly correlated with fish diversity in Panama, but not in Honduras. Results of field experiments also support a correlation between epibiont communities and fish habitat, although primarily for smaller individuals.
Intermediates of fatty acid synthesis: Sites of binding to the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase

Abstract The pigeon-liver fatty acid synthetase complex contains three acetyl- and two malonyl-binding sites. One of these sites (B 1 ) appears to be a hydroxyl-containing compound. Acetyl and malonyl groups (transferred from their CoA esters) are bound to this site in increased amounts when the sulfhydryl sites that bind acyl groups to the enzyme are blocked with iodoacetamide. This result suggests that B 1 is a primary or loading site for acetyl and malonyl groups. Competitive inhibition studies have shown that acetyl and malonyl groups compete for this site, thereby suggesting that the fatty acid synthetase may have a single loading site (B 1 ) for these groups. Similarly, acetyl and malonyl groups bind competitively to the 4′-phosphopantetheine (A 2 ) prosthetic group of the enzyme. A third site (B 2 ) binds acetyl, but not malonyl, groups to the enzyme. The acetoacetyl moiety is bound to the 4′-phosphopantetheine (A 2 ) site of the enzyme. The formation of the acetoacetyl group on this site has been shown to be deendent on the availability of the B 2 site for the binding of the acetyl group. A reduction of acetyl binding to this site, by selective iodoacetamide inhibition resulted in a parallel reduction in the formation of acetoacetyl-enzyme. Incubation of the enzyme with malonyl-CoA and hexanoyl-CoA yields β-ketooctanoyl-enzyme. The β-ketooctanoyl moiety is bound to the enzyme as a thioester of 4′-phosphopantetheine. Reduction of β-ketooctanoyl-enzyme in the presence of NADPH yields octanoyl-enzyme as a product. The octanoyl group is bound to the enzyme through thioester bonding at both the A 2 (4′-phosphopantetheine) and B 2 sites. The location of intermediates on specific prosthetic groups of the enzyme is utilized to deduce both the order of the intermediate reactions and the role played by each prosthetic group during fatty acid synthesis.
„What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem.“ Die Figur des blinden Sehers von Ovids Metamorphosen bis zu Dürrenmatts Das Sterben der Pythia

With the different myths of Teiresias—in the versions of Ovid and Kallimachos—a figure entered the cultural stage of Western societies that to this day stands for two topoi: 1) the blind seer who speaks the truth and 2) truth-telling that is irrevocably connected to sexuality. These two topoi, however, are seldom brought together in either literary texts or literature studies. This article takes a closer look at the connection between sexuality and blind insights or truth-speaking in variations of this mythical figure in three chronological steps: antiquity, modernity, and postmodernity. Beginning with the myth as it was established by Kallimachos and Ovid and then analyzing Sophocles’ Oidipous Tyrannos as well as his Antigone , the article moves on to late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century versions with Michael Field’s LII [Tiresias: but that I know by experience] and T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land to end with Friedrich Durrenmatt’s Das Sterben der Pythia . (TN; in German)
Fungal penetration of the cyst wall of Heterodera glycines

Twelve fungal species were examined with the aid of light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy to determine their capability to penetrate the cyst wall of Heterodera glycines. Arthrobotrys dactyloides, Dictyochaeta heteroderae, Exophiala pisciphila, Fusarium oxysporum, Neocosmospora vasinfecta, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pyrenochaeta terrestris, Stagonospora heteroderae, Verticillium chlamydosporium, and a sterile fungus (black, yeastlike fungus) were observed to penetrate the cyst wall of Heterodera glycines. The light microscopy procedure reported herein was useful for determining the direction of fungal penetration of the cyst wall. Also, the procedure allowed for the examination of many specimens. Nine of these fungi penetrated the cyst wall from inside the cyst. At least three species, Exophiala pisciphila, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pyrenochaeta terrestris, also penetrated the cyst wall from the outside. Penetration by the black, yeastlike fungus was limited to the outer layers of the cyst wall. No fungal penetration was observed on cysts exposed to Gliocladium catenulatum or Hirsutella rhossiliensis for up to 1 month.
Brillouin scattering from superfluid 3 He- 4 He solutions

We have carried out Brillouin scattering experiments in superfluid 3He-4He solutions at six molar concentrations (x = 0.050, 0.100, 0.135, 0.250, 0.398, and 0.606) for temperatures as low as 0.4 K. We have measured the relative scattered intensities from the three normal modes: first sound, second sound, and concentration fluctuations. We have obtained the velocity of high-frequency first sound (~600 MHz), the velocity of high-frequency second sound (~20–80 MHz), and, at low concentrations, rough indications of the damping of the modes. An exact calculation of the scattered intensities is presented and used together with our measured intensities to obtain values for three thermodynamic quantities: ϱ n /ϱ, (∂δ/∂x) P,T , and (∂δ/∂T) P,x .
Modification of the superfluid 3He phase diagram by impurity scattering.

The effect of impurity scattering on the phase diagram of pure superfluid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ has been investigated by acoustic techniques near the bulk polycritical pressure. Impurities were introduced with a $98%$ porous silica aerogel. In zero applied field, the equilibrium phase is a $B$ phase, consistent with predictions from isotropic scattering. The superfluid transition in a magnetic field at 25 bars is from normal to $A$ phase and is independent of the magnetic field up to 2.9 kG. A first-order phase transition between $A$ and $B$ superfluids is observed with surprisingly strong supercooling in both zero and nonzero applied field.
Asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease: A pharmacologic approach

Changing concepts are emerging that should improve our ability to adequately treat asthma. This volume of Disease-a-Month reviews the triggers and the role of inflammation in asthma, and outlines the treatment of acute asthma as well as the chronic management of reversible obstructive airways disease. There is general agreement that sympathomimetics are the treatment of choice for acute severe asthma. The role of theophylline for acute symptoms has been downplayed, and the role of corticosteroids continues to be debated. However, most authorities agree that patients with severe asthma will benefit from the addition of corticosteroids to the program. For the chronic management of asthma, appreciation that inflammation is a perpetuating feature suggests that treatment should generally be directed toward the inflammation. Corticosteroid aerosols have taken on greater prominence and have been advocated as the first line of approach. New concepts regarding the role of allergy in the perpetuation of asthma and the role of immunotherapy in its amelioration also have emerged. Medications not previously thought to be beneficial are being actively investigated. They include gold, methotrexate, and even intravenous gamma globulin.
Temporal frequency dependent adaptation at the level of the outer retina in humans

The focal electroretinogram (FERG) was used to examine temporal frequency tuning at the outer retinal level in humans by measuring temporal modulation thresholds. Changes in FERG thresholds as a function of ambient light level were compared to temporal modulation thresholds obtained psychophysically using the same stimuli. At lower temporal frequencies, both FERG and psychophysical thresholds changed sensitivity proportional to the mean illuminance level. At higher illuminance levels, both threshold measures were relatively independent of illuminance. The comparison of the FERG to the behavioral data suggest that most of the adaptation-dependent changes in temporal sensitivity in humans occur at the level of the photoreceptor complex.
HOW DO SPERM WHALES CATCH SQUIDS

Vision may play a central role in sperm whale predation. Two complementary hypotheses regarding the detection and capture of prey items are presented, based on a review of mesopelagic ecology. The first hypothesis postulates that sperm whales locate their prey visually, either silhouetted against the midwater “sky,” or by searching for bioluminescence produced by the movements of their prey. The second hypothesis postulates that sperm whales create a zone of stimulated bioluminescence around the mouth, which attracts squids and other visual predators. Studies of midwater fishes and invertebrates document the importance of vision in mesopelagic communities. If sperm whales search for silhouetted prey, they should be oriented upside-down to improve visual coverage and to facilitate the transition from search to prey capture. Prey capture events should be marked by excursions toward the surface. If they lure their prey, they should swim at a steady pace, with little rapid acceleration, and spend most of their time foraging at depths with the greatest potential for stimulated bioluminescence.
Bone repletion in calcium deficient rats fed a high calcium diet.

The changes in the tibial diaphysis as a result of feeding a high calcium diet to rats previously fed a calcium free diet were determined. The calcium free diet resulted in an increase in the medullary area, and the subsequent feeding of a high calcium diet caused a reduction in medullary area. However, the amount of endosteal bone lost during ten days of feeding a calcium free diet was not completely restored after 78 days of feeding a high calcium diet. The decrease in medullary area was brought about by decreased endosteal bone resorption and particularly by increased endosteal bone formation. Bone formation at the periosteum and at the epiphyses were unchanged, indicating that the high calcium diet did not cause a generalized increase in bone formation. The increase in endosteal bone formation was limited to those sites along endosteum where greatest loss of bone had occurred during the calcium depletion period. This indicates that a local factor is at least partially responsible for the stimulation of endosteal bone formation during calcium repletion. Mechanical stress, which stimulates bone formation, was increased in calcium deficient animals and returned to normal during calcium repletion. In addition, mechanical stress was probably greatest in those sites where the greatest amount of bone repletion occurred and may have been the factor which contributed to the increase in endosteal bone formation during calcium repletion.
LOW BLOOD VOLUME WITH NORMAL SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN INFANTS WITH HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

The central circulating blood volume (CCBV) was evaluated in 17 neonates with respiratory distress, 6 of whom had HMD. The infants were evaluated clinically and by strict radiographic criteria before entering the study at 1-2 hours of age. No small-for-dates infants were included. Measurements using I125 albumin were made on each infant at 4 & 24 hours. Mean pressures were measured in the aorta continuously for 12 hours and at 24 hours. Hematocrit determinations were done at birth, 4 & 24 hours. The mean blood volume of infants with HMD and other forms of respiratory distress was 86.6 and 100 ml/kg respectively (P < 0.01). The difference was due to low red cell volume, mean 38.2 and 47.5 ml/kg (P < 0.02). The hematocrit values at birth and 4 hours were not statistically different indicating that low CCBV in the HMD group is not the result of an inadequate placental transfusion. It is curious that the CCBV at 4 & 24 hours was not statistically different despite whole blood or other fluid infusion. Mean pressures of each group during the first 12 hours and at 24 hours were not statistically different and correlated well with norms previously established for prematures. Our data show that 1) blood pressure and hematocrit measurements are poor parameters for estimating CCBV; 2) the low red cell volume in HMD appears to exist prior to delivery; 3) and implies that vasomotor activity adequately maintains mean aortic pressures in the HMD group.
171. PEG-b-PPA/DNA Micelles for Liver Targeted-Gene Delivery

Liver is a critically important target for gene medicine applications because of the access of the transgene product to systemic circulation, and because it is the site of many metabolic genetic disorders, viral infection and malignancies. At present, the full potential of liver- targeted gene transfer is hindered by a lack of safe and efficient gene carriers. Recently, we have developed a new class of polyphosphoramidates (PPAs) as non-viral gene carriers. These PPA carriers exhibit favorable biocompatibility, DNA compaction and protection capacity, high transfection efficiency in several cell types in culture1. However, PPA/DNA complexes, like many polycationic carriers, aggregate severely upon incubation in serum containing medium. This aggregation will lead to reduced cellular uptake by parenchymal cells and lead to sequestration by reticuloendothelial system following intravenous injection, rendering the complexes inefficient for liver-targeted gene delivery. To improve the in vivo stability of PPA/DNA complexes, we synthesized PEG-b-PPA copolymers by initiating the cyclic monomer, 4-methyl-2-oxo-2-hydro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane, with poly(ethylene glycol)- ate (PEGate) anion macroinitiators with Mws of 2,000 and 12,000, followed by side chain conjugation before deprotection of the sidechain amine groups1. The average diameters of PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelles and PEG12000-b-PPA/DNA micelles at N/P=10 were 80 nm and 150 nm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopic examination of PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelles confirmed the size measurement and revealed the spherical or rod-like morphology of the micelles. In HEK293 cells, the transfection efficiency of PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelles was similar to that of PPA/DNA complexes, and comparable to PEI; whereas the transfection efficiency of PEG12000-b-PPA/DNA micelles was about 4-fold lower than that of PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelles. For the in vivo study, PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelle was chosen and injected through tail vein of Balb/c mice at a DNA dose of 25 |[mu]|g in 250 |[mu]|l saline in 30 seconds. Following tail vein injection, PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelles mediated 5-, 8- and 150-fold higher luciferase expression than PPA/DNA complexes in the liver, spleen and lung. Although the highest transgene expression was found in the lung, this improved transfection efficiency, over PPA/DNA complexes, is likely the result of increased stability of PEG2000-b- PPA/DNA micelles in serum. Intrabiliary infusion in Wistar rats was performed at a DNA dose of 20 |[mu]|g in 4 ml of PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelle solution over 20 minutes using an infusion pump. After intrabiliary infusion, PEG2000-b-PPA/DNA micelles also mediated 4-fold higher average luciferase expression in the liver than PPA/DNA complexes on day 3. No expression was detected in other major organs (lung, kidney, heart, spleen). Moreover, luciferase expression was only found in one of the liver lobes for PPA/DNA complexes, in contrast to a relatively widespread expression among different lobes of the liver in the micelle group.
Cellular proteins that bind to the hepatitis B virus posttranscriptional regulatory element.

Abstract The hepatitis B virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (PRE), which resides in the 3′ region of the viral S transcripts, is important for the high-level expression of these mRNA species. We have previously shown that the PRE acts intranuclearlyin cisto allow efficient export of intronless transcripts into the cytoplasm, in a manner that is independent of viraltrans-acting factors. We here present data demonstrating that there are widely dispersed subelements in the PRE that are important for its function. All of these subelements bind, albeit with different affinities, to the same or similar host nuclear factor(s) containing two proteins, approximately 30 and 45 kDa in mass. The affinity of protein binding to a subelement is positively correlated with the ability of the subelement to activate intronless gene expression. Therefore, it appears that the PRE functions by having multiple binding sites for nuclear proteins that may be directly or indirectly involved in export of unspliced mRNA species.
All-optical S-R flip flop using 2-D photonic crystal

The photonic crystals (PhC) draw significant attention to build all optical logic devices and considered one of the solutions for the opto-electronic bottleneck via speed and size. The paper presents a novel all optical SR flip flop memory based on two optical NOR gates using 2D PhC. The design of optical Flip Flop is based on four nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator and T-type waveguide. The total size of the proposed optical memory flip flop is equal to 30 μm × 30 μm. The structure has lattice constant ‘a’ is equal to 630 nm and bandgap range from 0.32 to 044. The flip flop design has a switching time in few Picoseconds and low power input of 50 mW. The PhC structure has a square lattice of silicon rod with refractive index of 3.39 in air. The overall design and the results are discussed through the experimental implementation and the numerically simulation to confirm its operation and feasibility.
A comparison of discrimination and identification of vibrotactile patterns.

Both discrimination and identification tasks have been used to assess subjects’ abilities to perceive vibratory spatial patterns presented to the skin. The present study examined discrimination and identification performance under comparable conditions. In Experiment 1, subjects attempted to discriminate a pair of patterns on some blocks of trials and to identify both members of a pair on other blocks. For both tasks, the time between the members of the pair was varied. Discrimination performance could be predicted accurately from identification data. Analysis of performance on identification trials indicated that subjects used discriminability information to identify pairs. In Experiment 2, discrimination and identification were compared when the temporal separation between patterns was fixed and a masking stimulus followed each pattern after a variable delay. Results suggest that temporal masking, rather than the time available for processing pattern information, is the major limitation in both discrimination and identification of sequences of tactile patterns.
Adjuvant Systemic Therapies in Breast Cancer

Although some women with early breast cancer (BC) may be cured with loco-regional treatment alone, up to 20% of patients with early-stage BC will ultimately experience treatment failure and recurrence. A substantial portion of the success in improving clinical outcomes of patients with BC is related to the standardized use of adjuvant therapies. The identification of tumor subtypes with prognostic value has contributed to the idea of tailoring treatments using biologic predictive factors to identify the patients who will most likely respond to therapy and minimize the exposure of "nonresponders" to the side effects of the treatment.
Interpersonal Trust and Trustworthiness in Preadolescents

Summary Three groups of fifth grade children (N # 60 boys and girls) of varying levels of trustingness, as assessed by an additive verbal measure, were observed in four different experimental tasks where cheating, presumably with a low risk of detection, could improve their performance. Highly trusting children transgressed less-were more trustworthy–-than either moderatey or low trusting children on all tasks, although differences were statistically significant in only two of the four tasks.
Carers providing end-of-life care at home have limited formal support in managing medications.

Commentary on: Joyce BT, Berman R, Lau DT. Formal and informal support of family caregivers managing medications for patients who receive end-of-life care at home: a cross-sectional survey of caregivers. Palliat Med 2014; 28: 1146– 55.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Families caring for patients at end-of-life are often expected to provide numerous and complex care tasks while simultaneously coping with their grief and the hospice patient's suffering. Managing hospice patient medications is a critical and complex task, one in which caregivers have been shown to feel ill-prepared.1 This study was designed to characterise caregivers’ use … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPalliat%2BMed%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1177%252F0269216314535963%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24854033%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1177/0269216314535963&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24854033&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F18%2F4%2F115.atom
Mediastinal Granuloma and Fibrosing Mediastinitis

Thirty-one patients with mediastinal granuloma and fibrosing mediastinitis were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1975 through 1977. Review of this series reveals that surgery is necessary to establish a diagnosis if the lesions are noncalcified and indeterminate. Fibrosing mediastinitis most likely develops after rupture of the fibrocaseous material from mediastinal lymph nodes into the mediastinum. Thoracotomy, with evacuation of the granulomas, is recommended, especially when the lesions are large, in order to prevent subsequent fibrosing mediastinitis with involvement of the contiguous structures, such as the superior vena cava, azygos vein, trachea, esophagus, and left atrium. In most patients, obstruction of the superior vena cava develops slowly, and efficient collateral venous circulation occurs, allowing long-term survival and minimal disability.
Novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus induces impaired interferon responses in human dendritic cells.

In March 2013 a new avian influenza A(H7N9) virus emerged in China and infected humans with a case fatality rate of over 30%. Like the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus, H7N9 virus is causing severe respiratory distress syndrome in most patients. Based on genetic analysis this avian influenza A virus shows to some extent adaptation to mammalian host. In the present study, we analyzed the activation of innate immune responses by this novel H7N9 influenza A virus and compared these responses to those induced by the avian H5N1 and seasonal H3N2 viruses in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs). We observed that in H7N9 virus-infected cells, interferon (IFN) responses were weak although the virus replicated as well as the H5N1 and H3N2 viruses in moDCs. H7N9 virus-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines remained at a significantly lower level as compared to H5N1 virus-induced “cytokine storm” seen in human moDCs. However, the H7N9 virus was extremely sensitive to the antiviral effects of IFN-α and IFN-β in pretreated cells. Our data indicates that different highly pathogenic avian viruses may show considerable differences in their ability to induce host antiviral responses in human primary cell models such as moDCs. The unexpected appearance of the novel H7N9 virus clearly emphasizes the importance of the global influenza surveillance system. It is, however, equally important to systematically characterize in normal human cells the replication capacity of the new viruses and their ability to induce and respond to natural antiviral substances such as IFNs.
Leadership in Children's Literature: Qualitative Analysis from a Study Based on the Kouzes and Posner Leadership Framework:

Executive Summary This article presents the qualitative results of a study based on the Kouzes and Posner Leadership Framework. Selected works were subjected to a content analysis procedure that yielded frequency data in six categories, Challenging the Process, Inspiring a Shared Vision, Enabling Others to Act, Modeling the Way, Encouraging the Heart, and None. The works most frequently selected in each category were further examined. A summary of this additional analysis is presented in this article that is based on the dissertation, "A Content Analysis of Children's Literature Using Kouzes and Posner's Leadership Themes in Caldecott Medal Winners and Selected Honor Books".
Sensitivity of a molecular marker based positive matrix factorization model to the number of receptor observations

Abstract To investigate the impact of the number of observations on molecular marker-based positive matrix factorization (MM-PMF) source apportionment models, daily PM 2.5 samples were collected in East St. Louis, IL, from April 2002 through May 2003. The samples were analyzed for daily 24-h average concentrations of elemental and organic carbon, trace elements, and speciated particle-phase organic compounds. A total of 273 sets of observations were used in the model and consisted of all valid sets of observations from the year long data set minus one sixth of the measurements, which were collected every 6th day and were analyzed by different chemical analysis techniques. In addition to the base case of 273 samples, systematic subsets of the data set were analyzed by PMF. These subsets of data included 50% of the observations (135–138 days), 33% of the observations (90–92 days) and 20% of the observations (52–56 days). In addition, model runs were also examined that used 48-h, 72-h, 6-day, and weekly average concentrations as model inputs. All MM-PMF model runs were processed following the same procedures to explore the stability of the source attribution results. Consistent with previous MM-PMF results for East St. Louis, the main sources of organic aerosol were found to be mobile sources, secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), resuspended soil and biomass combustions, as well as an n -alkane dominated point source and other combustion sources. The MM-PMF model was reasonably stable when the number of observations in the input was reduced to ninety, or approximately 33% of observations present in the base case. In these cases, the key factors including resuspended soil, mobile and secondary factors, which accounted for more than 70% of the measured OC concentrations, were stable as defined by a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 30%. Similar results were obtained from the smaller data subsets, but resulted in larger uncertainties, with several of these factors yielding RSD of greater than 30%. The three factors with the largest OC contributions were more stable than the other minor factors, even when the number of observations was nominally 50 days. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was the most stable factor observed in the model runs. Since it is unclear if these results can be broadly applied to all MM-PMF models, additional studies of this nature are needed to assess the broader applicability of these conclusions. Until such studies are implemented, this paper provides a foundation to design future studies in sampling strategies for source apportionment using MM-PMF.
Electromagnetic implosion of spherical liner.

We have magnetically driven a tapered-thickness spherical aluminum shell implosion with a 12.5 MA axial discharge. The initially 4 cm radius, 0.1 to 0.2 cm thick, [plus minus]45[sup [degree]] latitude shell was imploded along conical electrodes. The implosion time was approximately 15 [mu]sec. Radiography indicated substantial agreement with 2D-MHD calculations. Such [ital calculations] for this experiment [ital predict] final inner-surface implosion velocity of 2.5 to 3 cm/[mu]sec, peak pressure of 56 Mbar, and peak density of 16.8 g/cm[sup 3] ([gt]6 times solid density). The principal experimental result is a demonstration of the feasibility of electromagnetic-driven spherical liner implosions in the cm/[mu]sec regime.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND THE UROLOGIST

AbstractPurpose: We provide an updated reference detailing the neurological and urological state of the art approach to multiple sclerosis (MS) with special emphasis on the pathology and physiology...
Low-dimensional ferroelectrics under different electrical and mechanical boundary conditions: Atomistic simulations

Ferroelectric nanodots and infinite wires of $\mathit{Pb}({\mathit{Zr}}_{0.4}{\mathit{Ti}}_{0.6}){\mathit{O}}_{3}$ alloy under different boundary conditions are investigated via Monte Carlo simulations using an atomistic first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian. These nanosystems all exhibit a spontaneous polarization that points along a nonperiodic direction, for situations close to short-circuit electrical boundary conditions and independently of the epitaxial strain. On the other hand, unusual dipole patterns arise in these systems when they are under open-like circuit conditions. The dependency of these patterns on the nanostructure's dimensionality and strain is further revealed and explained.
Using Student Journals to Stimulate Authentic Learning: Balancing Bloom's Cognitive and Affective Domains

Bloom (1956) pioneered the measurement of learning outcomes with a taxonomy of educational objectives, but educators often ignore affective learning objectives and focus on attaining cognitive objectives. This study examined student journals as a way to correct the overemphasis on cognitive objectives. Results suggested that course expectations and affective journal outcomes were important correlates of student evaluations of course outcomes even after controlling for the instructor, student gender, and student achievement. These findings have important implications for the use of student journals and for interventions aimed at increasing student evaluations of course outcomes.
Surviving sin papeles in post-Katrina New Orleans: an exploration of the challenges facing undocumented Latino immigrants in new and re-emerging Latino destinations

The literature on Latino migration to new and re-emerging destinations has emphasised the advantages of settling outside gateway cities, especially with regard to employment and affordable housing, but less attention has been given to the challenges faced by Latinos in these areas of recent settlement, particularly by those who do not have legal permission to reside in the US. By examining the situation confronting undocumented Latino migrants in post-Katrina New Orleans, we provide insight into some of their difficulties. Using data from a quantitative/qualitative survey of post-Katrina Latino migrants conducted by the authors, this paper highlights the obstacles undocumented immigrants face in new and re-emerging Latino destinations because of their limited access to (a) US financial institutions, (b) a social and economic safety net, and (c) public transportation or a driver's license. It argues further that these issues pose challenges not only for recent undocumented Latinos arrivals themselves, but for the wider communities in which they are living as well. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hypermedia system for parasite identification

In this paper a hypermedia system for parasite identification is described. The knowledge base is relative to the class of the Trematoda parasites and reports agent, vector, disease, related category of the International Classification of Diseases and geographic area. A graphic user-friendly human-machine interface has been realized for this system.
Nanoscale lithium ion conducting polyethylene oxide with self-attached insulating layers

We report a new family of self-assembling nanostructured polymers for potential application as electrolytes in rechargeable lithium batteries. The ester groups of these amphiphilic methacrylate polymers are oligoethylene oxide segments terminated by a linear alkyl chain. The ethylene oxide segments are amorphous providing good lithium salt solubility and ionic conductivity, while the terminal alkyl segments crystallize and provide dimensional stability. The polymers self-assemble into nanometer-thick lamellar structures with alternating layers of conductive ethylene oxide and insulating alkyl layers.
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH A VALUABLE ADDITION to the UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM

The need for an enlightened health education of the public is now an established fact. The term health education might be mistaken to imply only health instruction. This stage, however, lies behind us and health education, recognized as an essential component of every social welfare programme, must become an education for living.
The relative hydrophobicity of oncornaviral structural proteins

Abstract The interaction of the major structural polypeptides from the murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) and Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) with alkyl-agarose derivatives containing hydrocarbon arms of various lengths was examined. Both R-MuLV and MuMTV polypeptides were selectively adsorbed to octylimino (C 8 )-agarose and decylimino (C 10 )-agarose columns. Elution of proteins was accomplished using buffers containing 8.5 M ethylene glycol. In certain cases, polypeptides could only be removed from the columns by the addition of detergent to ethylene glycol-containing buffers. By examining the chromatographic behavior of polypeptides using (C 8 )- and (C 10 )-agarose columns and the conditions required for the elution of adsorbed proteins, we were able to determine the relative potential for hydrophobic interaction (degree of hydrophobicity) for each viral protein. The most hydrophobic polypeptide of MuMTV was found to be the glycoprotein gp34, while p15(E) and the gag precursor prp67 appeared to be the most hydrophobic of the R-MuLV proteins. The least hydrophobic polypeptides of MuMTV were p23 and p16, while those of R-MuLV were the two major internal proteins, p10 and p12. Four degrees of apparent hydrophobicity, from least hydrophobic to strongly hydrophobic, could be discerned by this procedure. The major core proteins (MuMTV p28, R-MuLV p30) of both viruses were slightly hydrophobic, while their major glycoproteins were moderately hydrophobic. The degree of hydrophobicity of oncornaviral polypeptides, as determined by hydrophobic chromatography, appeared to bear some relation to the different subviral components with which the proteins were associated. Our results indicate that hydrophobic chromatography may provide a new parameter for the characterization of oncornaviral polypeptides. This procedure should also prove applicable to the study of polypeptides from other viral systems.
HIV+ caregivers and HIV+ non-caregivers: differences in sociodemographics, immune functioning, and quality-of-life

Abstract Objective: To examine a cohort of HIV+ study participants, who are caregivers (CGs) and non-caregivers (NCGs), to determine whether differences exist across their sociodemographic backgrounds, immune functioning, and quality-of-life (i.e., symptom distress, physical, and mental quality-of-life). Methods: A secondary analysis of the cross-sectional subset of the population-based Collaborations HIV Outcomes Research US Cohort (CHORUS). Sample consists of 5521 HIV+ adults; median age 43 years (SD 8.7); 88.6% male; 70.7% non-Hispanic White, 17.6% African-American, and 7.8% Hispanic. Measures include the HIV Symptom Distress Scale and the SF-12. Analytical models included t-tests and multivariate linear regression. Results: HIV+ CGs have lower educational attainment than HIV+ NCGs (p=0.02). Seropositive CGs also experience greater HIV symptom distress (adjusted p<0.006) and poorer physical quality-of-life (adjusted p<0.001) than their seropostive NCG counterparts. Conclusion: HIV+ CGs may require diff...
Problem perception, optimism, and related states as a function of time of day (diurnal rhythm) and moderate exercise: Two arousal systems in interaction.

Two experiments are described in which perceptions of personal problems, optimism, and associated feelings were studied as a function of time of day and moderate exercise (walking). Over multiweek periods, participants completed self-ratings at fixed times of day representing high and low periods of energetic arousal. While ratings on individual days varied, means across all rating days indicated that problems were perceived as more serious at mid-to late afternoon, a period of low energetic arousal, than they were at late morning and after the walk, periods of high energetic arousal. Separate analyses of rated high energy and low tension states, compared to their opposites, indicated that problems were perceived as least serious in the former states. Ratings of optimism and associated feelings were consistent with the problem ratings. Also discussed are theoretical implications regarding moods as predispositional variables, state-dependent memory, and research involving naturalistic settings and aggregated measurements.
Reaction rate distortion in turbulent flow

Abstract When Tsuge's kinetic theory of turbulence is applied to flow with a simple nonequilibrium process, we find that the reaction rates for the turbulent and nonturbulent cases will be apparently different in direct proportion to the degree of chaos violation.
Epeirogenic and Climatic Controls of Early Pleistocene Fluvial Sediment Dispersal in Nebraska

The change from Pliocene to Pleistocene fluvial sedimentation in Nebraska is denoted by gravel with relative enrichment of mechanically weak rock species and a two-fold increase in largest clast size. These changes in fluvial sediments suggest modification in degradational energy affecting detritus apparently related to deterioration of climate in the early Pleistocene. Cooler Pleistocene climates with increased moisture resulted in greater discharge and carrying capacity for streams headed in the Rocky Mountains and flowing across Nebraska. These streams carried granitic detritus eastward toward the continental glacier margin in easternmost Nebraska. There, streams flowing off ice sheets carrying sedimentary and metamorphic detritus derived from the ice joined the east-flowing streams from the mountains. Detritus derived from continental glaciers in easternmost Nebraska, therefore, was not transported westward, but instead, was mixed with Rocky Mountain–derived detritus and transported southward along the ice-front margin. Even though the drainage basin of the Platte River system came into existence in the Tertiary, the present course of the Platte River dates only from mid-Pleistocene time. Widespread occurrence of lower Pleistocene braided channel deposits east of the Chadron–Cambridge Arch that contain Laramie Range–derived anorthosite indicates repeated channel switching and meandering during times of aggradation over surfaces of minimal relief. Relations of these gravels to the Chadron–Cambridge and Siouxana Arches suggest that uplift on these structures was sufficient to deflect and control the course of streams headed in the Laramie Range and flowing across the plains. Activity on the Chadron–Cambridge Arch also is suggested by the distribution of earthquake epicenters, modern drainage patterns, and the relation of the pre-Pleistocene bedrock surface to the arch and the profile of the Platte River. The presence of knickpoints on rivers crossing the arch suggests that these rivers are maintaining a course antecedent to a spasmodically rising arch. Rivers are entrenched now, but during the early Pleistocene when streams carried a heavy load of sand and gravel, similar activity along the Chadron–Cambridge Arch would have been adequate to spill the aggrading stream over its fan and divert it southward where it could follow a new course. Eastward-flowing streams heading in the Rocky Mountains were controlled by changes in discharge of streams and movement on epeirogenic structures during the early Pleistocene.
COPULATORY ACTIVITY IN ADULT MALE RATS FOLLOWING CASTRATION AND INJECTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE1

THIS STUDY is concerned with the loss of sexual aggressiveness in adult male rats following castration and the restoration of sexual activity by subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate. Steinach (1) in 1894 observed that the male rat may copulate as late as 1 year following total castration (1 case). Since that time, many investigators have verified the fact of copulatory ability in man and the lower vertebrates following castration (2). In 1927 Stone (3) studied the copulatory activity of 45 male rats that had been castrated at the age of 90 days. These males were given short tests for copulatory activity at intervals of from 4 to 6 days until they were sexually inactive for a period of approximately 30 days. Considering the group as a whole, 33 per cent had ceased to copulate before the end of the first month following castration; 45 per cent, before the end of the second month; 57 per cent, the third; 74 per cent, the fourth; 79 per cent, the fifth; and 91 per cent, the sixth.
Tunable Fabry-Perot Filters using Electro-Optic Hybrid Sol-Gel

We report on the development of a tunable Fabry-Perot filter using an electro-optic hybrid organic-inorganic incorporated in highly reflective distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors. Large tunability (≫0.7 nm/V) and high finesse (≫ 200) have been obtained.
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in malabsorption of pancreatic, hepatic, and gastric origin

Malabsorption on a basis of pancreatico-hepatic disease is more common than usually considered. The symptoms of this type of malabsorption are usually not diarrhea, but may be more those of general weakness, flatulence, anorexia, weight loss, and abdominal discomfort. A definitive diagnosis can now be established more readily with recently introduced tests. The clinician, particularly the gastroenterologist, must attempt to treat these patients on a practical but methodical basis derived from his understanding of fat digestion and absorption, with the aid of the more powerful pancreatic concentrates available to him. Among the pancreatic enzymes available the new one, Cotazym, seems to offer more efficient treatment of this type of malabsorption.
Visual evoked potential augmenting/reducing slopes in cats—1. Reliability as a function of flash intensity range

Abstract A cat model for the study of individual differences in augmenting/reducing of the visual evoked potential (VEP) is proposed. Multiple VEP sessions over an extended time period of 20 months permitted analysis of the stability of VEP amplitudes and augmenting/reducing slopes. The VEP was found to have a stable shape at a given intensity and served as a unique individual signature for each cat. Three intensity ranges (low, 0.2–15 lumens/m 2 /sterrad. sec; medium, 1–1501/m 2 /sr. s; and high, 20–1500 1/m 2 /sr.s), and four early components of the VEP (P1, N1, P2 and N2) were studied. A cortical inhibitory threshold was reached for most cats in the medium range of intensities. However, VEP amplitudes were variable, and only the N1 and P1 − N1 components at the medium range of intensities yielded reliable augmenting/reducing slopes. Averaging slopes of individual runs improved reliability, and the average N1 amplitude slopes for each of 3 sessions at the medium range of intensities correlated at r #62;0.9.
Blood oxygen transport in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus

Oxygen equilibrium curves (O2EC's) were generated for the adult house sparrowPasser domesticus at temperatures from 35 to 45 °C using a thin blood film technique (Fig. 1). At in vivo pH (7.47±0.02) and 41 °C, the half-saturationP O 2 was 43.4±0.5 Torr. Cooling the blood from normal body temperature to 35 °C had a greater, effect on O2 affinity (ΔH=−12.3 kcal/mol O2) than warming the blood to 45 °C (−6.2 kcal/mol O2). The CO2 Bohr coefficients (Δlog $$P_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ /Δ pH) atP 50 were similar at 35, 41, and 45 °C (range −0.48 to −0.49). Furthermore, the CO2 Bohr slopes were reasonably saturation independent between 10 and 90% S. Hill plots forPasser blood were nonlinear at each temperature; Hill coefficients (n H ) increased from the 2.5–2.7 range below 40% S to values of 3.3–3.6 above 60% S (Fig. 2). The sparrow equilibrium data at each temperature were accurately fitted by fourth order polynomial equations (Figs. 3, 4). The mean absolute errors in $$P_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ for these empiric expressions were 0.14, 0.09 and 0.33 Torr for O2EC's at 35,41 and 45 °C, respectively. These complex equilibrium curve shapes observed withPasser blood may reflect the presence of multiple hemoglobins; isoelectric focusing techniques revealed two structurally distinct isohemoglobins with a molar ratio of 3.7 (Table 2). The combined effects of the sparrow O2EC, shape (steep upper limb), (Fig. 5), the large ΔH, with blood cooling, and the influence of respiratory alkalosis on oxygen affinity may promote blood-O2 transport at altitude.
Can cross-country portfolio rebalancing give rise to forward bias in FX markets?

Abstract This paper develops a model of exchange rate dynamics that takes into account positions in foreign and domestic equities in addition to “standard” short-term riskless securities. The modeling of cross-country stock holdings is motivated by evidence that a large and ever-increasing proportion of currency flows has been directed toward national stock markets. To the extent that there is not perfect risk sharing, investors tend to hold currency risk and international equity risk as a bundle. This paper examines the impact of such cross-country covariance risk on the relationship between exchange rate returns and interest rate differentials. In particular, we show that the sign and magnitude of the coefficient on the lagged interest differential is governed by a type of time-varying beta risk that reflects the conditional covariance between exchange rate returns and the return differential between foreign and domestic equities. As this cross-country beta is predominantly negative, our results have direct implications on the empirical failure of the uncovered interest parity (UIP) hypothesis, suggesting that the traditional UIP regression equation is confounded (in a non-standard, nonlinear way) by the presence of cross-country equity flows. Simulation experiments show that accounting for such portfolio-rebalancing activities may, in part, help to explain the anomalous slope coefficient associated with the forward premium.
Numerical Integration of the Hereditary Integrals in a Viscoelastic Model for Glass

In this paper, numerical schemes are developed to evaluate the integrals produced by the temporal discretization of the hereditary constitutive equations for a viscoelastic model of glass. Such schemes can be implemented in a material module of a finite element code to provide a general capability for analyzing residual stresses in complicated glass components subjected to nonuniform cooling histories. The robustness of the integration strategy increases the accuracy of a finite element stress analysis, lessens the need for discriminating time step controls, and can reduce the number of time steps required to generate accurate transient solutions incrementally.