cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
J M Keynes’s Very Severe criticism ( '…your argument…is most certainly nonsense.') of J. Robinson in Keynes’s Letter of November 9th,1936 was due to Robinson’s Use of the Incorrect M=L(r) Instead of the Correct M=L(Y,r)

Keynes’s very negative reaction to J. Robinson’s misuse of Keynes’s initial, beginning, introductory, preliminary exposition of liquidity preference in chapter 13 of the General Theory is explained by the fact that J. Robinson was repeating the same identical error made by R. Hawtrey, D. Robertson, and H. Henderson, which was to simply ignore Keynes’s M=L(r,Y) analyzed by Keynes on p.199-209 of the General Theory and incorporated on page 298 as part of his formal IS-LM(LP) model presented on pp. 298-299 in chapter 21 in Part IV of the General Theory. Instead, she used M=L( r) and/or M=L2(r). It is impossible to present an analysis of Keynes’s theory of liquidity preference unless (Y,r) space is used. Nowhere in Robinson’s 1935 comments on the final draft of the General Theory, sent to her by Keynes for review and comment, is there the slightest criticism/mention/discussion/query of a conflict between the two functions M=L( r ) and M=L( r,Y). Keynes had made it clear in his exposition in chapter 15 of the General Theory that the exposition in chapter 13 was the alpha, while the exposition in chapter 15 was the omega, with Keynes’s analysis on pp. 179-182 being the equivalent material he used in his tutoring of R. Harrod in the July -September, 1935 time period, after which Harrod acknowledged to Keynes in his letter of August 30th,1935, that the I=S equilibrium was simply a single, downwardly sloping line in (r,Y) space that intersected NOTHING, so that Keynes’s LM curve, M=L(r,Y), was absolutely required for an equilibrium to exist in (r,Y) space. Harrod was very clear. In this letter Harrod credited Keynes with making a fundamental, 'radical reconstitution’ of the theory of the rate of interest. Keynes now realized that Robinson had NEVER EVER understood what he had done in the General Theory, since the M=L(r ) curve could, at best, only be “interpreted “as a single, upward sloping line in (r,Y) space. Robinson’s misinterpretation is repeated in all heterodox, Post Keynesian and Institutionalist discussions such as Tily, who is a good example of the faithful continuing to put forth Robinson’s erroneous claims about Keynes’s theory of the rate of interest being a purely monetary one and as being what Keynes meant in the General Theory.
Continuum Multiple Scattering Xα Calculations of Elastic Cross Sections in Electron-Molecule Scattering

In recent years several research groups have initiated experimental programs using electron transmission spectroscopy (ETS) to grobe the existence of low lying negative ion states in polyatomic molecules.1–8 Since in many cases more than one negative ion state is revealed by the observation of multiple resonances in the ETS experiment7,8, any acceptable theoretical model for the interpretation of these results must be free of any parameterization which is dependent on a prior knowledge of the nature of the resonances. Techniques, which depend on parameter adjustment until the first calculated resonance is in agreement with the experimentally observed one, are of little predictive value for molecules such as the chloroethylenes which contain multiple resonances.? At the present time two models which avoid this dilemma are available.9–14 The first one, which is primarily a one center model, is the method recently developed by Jain and Thompson (JT).9,10 It has proved successful in providing a detailed interpretation of electron scattering results for methane, water, and ammonia and is discussed elsewhere in this volume. The second model is the continuum multiple scattering Χα (MSXα) method originally proposed by Dehmer and Dill11,but which we have modified so that it is a practical non-empirical method capable of producing total elastic cross sections and differential cross sections for polyatomic molecules containing up to twenty atoms and for electron impact energies from 0 to 100 eV.12–14
Magnetism and Superconductivity in Iron Pnictides

The discovery of high temperature superconductivity in iron pnictides and chalcogenides has resulted in surprising new insights into high temperature superconductivity and its relationship with magnetism. Here we provide an overview of some of what is known about these materials and in particular about the interplay of magnetism and superconductivity in them. Similarities and contrasts with cuprate superconductors are emphasized and the superconducting pairing is discussed within the framework of spin fluctuation induced pairing.
Exploring the possibility of placing traditional marine vessels under oscillating foil propulsion

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1997, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1997.
Addressing Clients' Experiences of Racism: A Model for Clinical Practice

This article synthesizes the literature relevant to coping with racism to provide a 4-stage model for addressing clients' discriminatory experiences. Major suggestions drawn from the literature include applying frameworks with a contextual lens, using broaching and eliciting skills to promote client exploration of racism and the effects of racism on persons of color, enhancing client racial and ethnic identities, and tailoring interventions to the clients' culture and preferred coping strategies.
Reconfigurable processor arrays with two-track switches

To improve fabrication-time yield for processor arrays, spare processors and switching lattices are often incorporated, especially when each array contains a large number of processors. A routing algorithm for arrays with two horizontal routing tracks and two vertical routing tracks is proposed. Although the array has a smaller number of tracks than that used by other researchers, it is shown that the routing algorithm is able to explore the reconfigurability of the array, and the result is quite promising. Preliminary results show that two-track arrays can provide quite sufficient routing capability. >
Risen Apes and Fallen Angels: The New Museology of Human Origins

There has been a little explosion of “origin” exhibitions in the past few years. The recent bicentennial of Darwin’s birth, in 2009, ushered in a bevy of traveling exhibitions and events. Grand-scale permanent exhibitions have recently opened at the American Museum of Natural History (the Spitzer Hall of Human Origins) in New York, and the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (the David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins) in Washington, D.C. A new museology is afoot, and some of the recent changes are worth tracking. And let’s not forget the recently opened Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky. Even in creationist thinking, where views seem eternally and stubbornly intransigent, there are new fads and museological fashions.
Global Collective Action: The Final Frontier

On 1 February 2003, the fiery end of space shuttle Columbia , a mere 16 minutes prior to its scheduled landing, underscored the perils of space travel and exploration. This tragedy came just over 17 years after the explosion of space shuttle Challenger , which disintegrated some 73 seconds after lift off on 28 January 1986. In many ways, outer space represents the final frontier for globalization and commercial activities. As the earth's carrying capacity is surpassed with greater population pressures, outer space offers alternative resource supply sources and even habitats for a stressed planet. The main constraint is getting there – it is costly to escape the earth's atmosphere and dangerous to reenter it. Launch cost remains a prime determinant of the economic feasibility for the utilization of outer space and its associated resources. Global collective action issues abound in outer space. Myriad satellites that ring the globe present various externalities from signal interference to collisions if insufficiently spaced. As large satellites or space laboratories fall back to earth as their orbits deteriorate, these objects pose a hazard to people or property in their debris path. Observation from outer space offers public goods in many forms: monitoring the health of the planet, surveying the earth's resources, warning earth of collision with asteroids and comets, tracking the path of hurricanes, and discovering the origins of the universe. Space observations also allow for a better understanding of the risks and damage to satellites from solar flares. Cooperative research aboard the International Space Station (ISS) can further our understanding of global warming, the dispersion of pollutants, the laws of quantum mechanics, the role of gravity on human physiology, and the physics of combustion.
Incidence of Leukoencephalopathies With Restricted Diffusion On Magnetic Resonance Imaging

INCIDENCE OF LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHIES WITH RESTRICTED DIFFUSION ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Michael W. DeStefano, Joachim M. Baehring, and Robert K. Fulbright. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence, causes, and reversibility of leukoencephalopathies demonstrating confluent areas of restricted diffusion on magnetic resonant imaging (DWI+LE). We hypothesized DWI+LE would have a low incidence, and be primarily caused by toxic exposures. We performed a logic sentence based search of the Yale-New Haven MRI database to select for reports indicating restricted diffusion within the cerebral white matter. We examined patients’ neuroimaging studies and medical record. We identified a total of 35 cases of DWI+LE, which resulted in an overall incidence of 0.2% over the five-year period queried. The medical conditions associated with DWI+LE were as follows: toxic exposure (7), hypoxia with concurrent trauma (7), hypoxia with concurrent toxic exposure (4), hypoxia with concurrent metabolic derangements (4), seizure with concurrent metabolic derangements (2), metabolic derangements (2), antiepileptic therapy (2), hypoxia (1), trauma (1), and unknown (5). The most favorable outcomes were seen in patients with intrathecal methotrexate toxicity, while patients with hypoxia without a lucid interval fared worst. We concluded that DWI+ LE are rare, their etiology diverse, and its reversibility dependant upon the type and severity of the insult.
Vitamin D supplementation decreases Aspergillus fumigatus specific Th2 responses in CF patients with aspergillus sensitization: a phase one open-label study

Background Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) complicated by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) are vitamin D deficient and in vitro treatment with 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 of CD4+ cells from CF patients with ABPA decreases Aspergillus fumigatus(Af)-induced Th2 responses. This Phase I clinical trial investigated the safety and effectiveness of daily vitamin D3 supplementation in CF patients with ABPA to reduce allergic responses and ABPA symptoms, and increase serum vitamin D levels.
Unusual olefinic fatty acids in seed oils from two genera in the ranunculaceae

Oil from one of the two species ofAnemone investigated contained 20% of γ-linolenic acid but the other had none. Linoleic acid was the major component in both oils. Four of the five species ofRanunculus produced oil containing 2% to 4% of a component identified in one sample ascis-7,cis-10-hexadecadienoic acid. Major components were linoleic and linolenic acids.
Efficiency of electron-hole pair production in scintillators

Abstract Phenomenological models for electron-hole pair production in scintillators are reviewed. All models provide similar results when compared on the basis of consistent definitions. The assumption of constant loss parameter K is untenable. The loss parameter K ( E ) was calculated from first principles by employing a dielectric response function derived from the Callaway model. The rapid variation of K ( E ) suggests replacement of K by an effective threshold displacement, ΔE , which is appreciable for semiconductors but negligible for insulators. The prediction of high conversion efficiency, β ≅ 1.0, implies low transfer efficiency, S
Ambient- and high-temperature mechanical properties of isochronally aged Al-0.06Sc, Al-0.06Zr and Al-0.06Sc-0.06Zr (at.%) alloys

Abstract Ambient- and high-temperature precipitation strengthening are investigated in Al–0.06Sc, Al–0.06Zr and Al–0.06Sc–0.06Zr (at.%) alloys. Following solidification, Sc is concentrated at the dendrite peripheries while Zr is segregated at the dendrite cores. During isochronal aging, precipitation of Al 3 Sc (L1 2 ) commences between 250 and 300 °C for Al–0.06Sc, and reaches a 429 MPa peak microhardness at 325 °C. For Al–0.06Zr, precipitation of Al 3 Zr (L1 2 ) first occurs between 400 and 425 °C and reaches a 295 MPa peak microhardness at 475 °C. A pronounced synergistic effect is observed when both Sc and Zr are present. Above 325 °C, Zr additions provide a secondary strength increase that is attributed to precipitation of Zr-enriched outer shells onto the Al 3 Sc precipitates, leading to a peak microhardness of 618 MPa at 400 °C for Al–0.06Sc–0.06Zr. Upon compressive creep deformation at 300–400 °C, Al–0.06Sc–0.06Zr exhibits threshold stresses of 7–12 MPa; these values may be further improved by optimal heat-treatments.
A magneto-gravitational trap for absolute measurement of the ultra-cold neutron lifetime

Abstract We present a conceptual design for an experiment to measure the neutron lifetime with a relative accuracy of 10 − 4 . The measurement will be performed by observing the decay rate of a sample of ultra-cold neutrons (UCN) confined in vacuum in a magneto-gravitational trap. The UCN sources under development are expected to produce stored UCN densities of the order of 10 cm − 3 . Such densities make possible determination of the neutron lifetime with an improved level of accuracy using novel neutron traps. The measurement involves no fundamentally new technologies beyond the UCN source. We discuss the trap design and methodology for the measurement. The slow loss of neutrons in the trap volume that have stable orbits, but are not energetically trapped, would produce a systematic uncertainty in the measurement. This is a potential systematic source of error in lifetime measurements with earlier magnetic and magneto-gravitational traps. We discuss our approach to eliminating this problem by a combination of trap asymmetry and field ripple to induce chaotic behavior in the orbits of neutrons with enough energy to escape the trap.
A Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst with a Four-Membered N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand

The first ruthenium olefin metathesis catalyst bearing a four-membered N-heterocyclic carbene (5) was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The synthesis of a (carbene)carbonylrhodium complex (6) was also reported, allowing the study of the electronic properties of this new carbene ligand. The complex 5 was screened toward different olefin metathesis reactions, and it showed a slow reactivity.
Lipids and topological rules of membrane protein assembly: balance between long- and short-range lipid-protein interactions

The N-terminal six-transmembrane domain (TM) bundle of lactose permease of Escherichia coli is uniformly inverted when assembled in membranes lacking phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Inversion is dependent on the net charge of cytoplasmically exposed protein domains containing positive and negative residues, net charge of the membrane surface, and low hydrophobicity of TM VII acting as a molecular hinge between the two halves of lactose permease (Bogdanov, M., Xie, J., Heacock, P., and Dowhan, W. (2008) J. Cell Biol. 182, 925–935). Net neutral lipids suppress the membrane translocation potential of negatively charged amino acids, thus increasing the cytoplasmic retention potential of positively charged amino acids. Herein, TM organization of sucrose permease (CscB) and phenylalanine permease (PheP) as a function of membrane lipid composition was investigated to extend these principles to other proteins. For CscB, topological dependence on PE only becomes evident after a significant increase in the net negative charge of the cytoplasmic surface of the N-terminal TM bundle. High negative charge is required to overcome the thermodynamic block to inversion due to the high hydrophobicity of TM VII. Increasing the positive charge of the cytoplasmic surface of the N-terminal TM hairpin of PheP, which is misoriented in PE-lacking cells, favors native orientation in the absence of PE. PheP and CscB also display co-existing dual topologies dependent on changes in the charge balance between protein domains and the membrane lipids. Therefore, the topology of both permeases is dependent on PE. However, CscB topology is governed by thermodynamic balance between opposing lipid-dependent electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.
Association of the Quadruply Phosphorylated β-Casein from Human Milk with the Nonphosphorylated Form

Abstract Human β-casein (β-CN) is phosphorylated at levels from zero (β-CN-0P) to five (β-CN-5P). The major constituent is the 4P form (∼35%), whereas the 0P form (∼5%) has been implicated in the formation of a framework upon which the forms with higher levels of phosphorylation may aggregate. At 4°C in 0.01 M imidazole and 0.02 M NaCl, pH 7, with a 1:1 (wt:wt) 0P:4P ratio and a total protein concentration of 3 mg/ml, the s 20,w was 1.4 S (monomer). Laser light scattering gave a radius of ∼4.5nm. As the temperature, T, increased, s 20,w increased to 2 S. At 25°C, peaks of 9.5 S and 2 S were observed. This transition T was different from that of either form. At 37°C, a single peak was again observed with s 20,w of 17.5 S, compared with 42 S for the 0P and 14 S for the 4P form. Laser light scattering at 37°C revealed a polymer of ∼16nm radius and D 20,w of 1.55cm 2 /s. A combination of D 20,w and s 20,w gave a relative molecular mass suggesting about 45 monomers per polymer. An incubation of 3h or more at 37°C caused further aggregation, characteristic of the 0P form, and supported the concept of framework formation. At pH 6.6, s 20,w was 38 S compared with 1.4 S at pH 10.4. Hydrostatic pressure did not have a large effect but supported a soap micelle-like structure for the polymer. The turbidity of the mixture increased with the amount of CaCl 2 and T until the protein precipitated. The properties of the 1:1 mixture of these human β-CN are intermediate but probably more biased toward those for the 4P form.
Dynamics of Radiation Damage in a Body-Centered Cubic Lattice

Radiation damage has been studied by numerically integrating the equations of motion of a large set of atoms on a high-speed computer. In this paper the method is applied to a model of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron. Low energy events have been extensively investigated. The primary knock-on atom is found to initiate an extended sequence of correlated replacements, producing an interstitial at some distance and a vacancy on its original site. The interstitial is found to have a split configuration, as was found earlier in copper, but its axis lies along $〈110〉$. Collision chains are found to be prominent in $〈111〉$ and $〈100〉$, and attenuation rates and focusing parameters for these chains are determined. The threshold energy for displacing an atom is found to be highly dependent on the direction of the knock-on. The lowest threshold is found to be 17 eV, for knock-ons directed near $〈100〉$, and to be about 34 eV and 38 eV for those directed near $〈110〉$ and $〈111〉$, respectively. The probability of displacement for a randomly directed knock-on of energy $E$ is determined for $E$ between 0 and 60 eV. The results are in approximate agreement with experiments of Lucasson and Walker, although more structure is found in the calculated curve than could be tested by the experiments. Pronounced directional effects in low energy electron bombardments of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron single crystals are predicted.
The effect of instanton-anti-instanton interactions on current correlation functions in massless QCD

The leading order effects, away from the Dilute Gas Approximation, of instanton-antiinstanton interactions are studied in massless QCD. Propagation and current correlation functions are computed in the interacting dilute gas. While no mass is generated, power law corrections are achieved for the correlation function entering intoe+e− annihilation.
Bayesian Networks for the Assessment of the Effect of Urbanization on Stream Macroinvertebrates

It is generally acknowledged that macroinvertebrates are good indicators of water quality in streams, as a number of taxa are sensitive to pollution and integrate their response to pollution over time. This fact has led some states (e.g., Maine) to incorporate macroinvertebrates in their water quality standards. To quantify the relationship between macroinvertebrates and urban land use, this study used data from the US Geological Survey "Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems" (EUSE) program. Bayesian networks were developed to characterize the relationship between urban land use metrics and selected macroinvertebrate taxa. It is shown that impervious surfaces and percent urban land have a strong effect on sensitive species of macroinvertebrates, demonstrating the adverse effect of urbanization and thus the value of these macroinvertebrate taxa as indicators of pollution. The resultant models are probabilistic and graphical, making them easily interpretable techniques for urban planning to achieve downstream water quality goals and sustain aquatic ecosystems.
The Intellectual and Political Exchange Among Jihadists: The Case of Mustafa Setmarian Nasar (Abu Musab al-Suri)

The Internet provides the opportunity for jihadists to interact with each other. The purpose of the interactions is many fold. First, it provides jihadists with the emotional support and increases their resolve. Secondly it provides the justification for engaging in indiscriminate terror. Third, it makes it possible for them to share their experiences. One could see these active interactions among jihadists in publication of Russian jihadists sites. One of them translated or actually created a compendium of the works of Abu Musab al-Suri, one of the most well known jihadists theorist of jihad and who was recently released from a Syrian jail. In the Russian work, the major aspect of the struggle elaborates the importance of small isolated groups of terrorists. At the same time considerable attention is paid to justify the indiscriminate nature of the terror. It shall strike not just infidels but also the majority of those who call themselves Muslims, plainly because most of them are degenerated and became ...
On the creep activation energies of alloys

Abstract It is demonstrated that the creep activation energies predicted from the model recently developed by the present author are not incompatible with those reported for alloys. This model tells us that the creep activation energies may be dependent on the temperature intervals used for the measurement of activation energies; it predicts normal activation energies which are equal to those for self-diffusion in the so-called class I creep region and predicts very high activation energies in the region of high stress exponent as in particle-hardened alloys if temperature changes much larger than 10 K (20–100 K) are used. However, the predicted activation energies, when temperature changes smaller than 10 K are used, contrast shrply with the established activation energies.
Dynamic behavior of an unheated meniscus subjected to transient acceleration field

This study experimentally and analytically investigates the effects of acceleration transients on the dynamic response of an unheated meniscus in a capillary tube. A capillary tube partially filled with either water or ethyl alcohol was mounted on a centrifuge to observe the dynamic response of the meniscus subject to an acceleration transient. It was found that for a transverse acceleration component of less than 2 g, experimental data of the meniscus advance or recession agreed well with a one-dimensiona l formulation of the equation of motion that assumed a spherical-shap ed meniscus. However, for a transverse acceleration greater than 2 g, there was an increase in the observed meniscus velocity, both upon recession and advancement, resulting in a lower meniscus position when compared to the analytically predicted position. Water exhibited a significant amount of "sticking" and hysteresis that appeared to intensify with increasing transverse acceleration.
Effects of a physician communication intervention on patient care outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an intervention designed to improve patient-physician communication increases the frequency with which physicians elicit patients’ concerns, changes other communication behaviors, and improves health care outcomes. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest design with random assignment of physicians to intervention or control groups. SETTING: General medicine clinics of a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Hospital. PATZEWTS/PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two physicians and 348 continuity care patients taking prescription medications for chronic medical conditions. INTERVENTIONS: Intervention group physicians received 4.5 hours of training on eliciting and responding to patients’ concerns and requests, and their patients filled out the Patient Requests for Services Questionnaire prior to a subsequent clinic visit. Control group physicians received 4.5 hours of training in medical decision-making. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The frequency with which physicians elicited all of a patient’s concerns increased in the intervention group as compared with the control group (p=.032). Patients perceptions of the amount of information received from the physician did increase significantly (p<.05), but the actual magnitude of change was small. A measure of patient satisfaction with the physicians was high at baseline and also showed no significant change after the intervention. Likewise, the intervention was not associated with changes in patient compliance with medications or appointments, nor were there any effects on outpatient utilization. CONCLUSIONS: A low-intensity intervention changed physician behavior but had no effect on patient outcomes such as satisfaction, compliance, or utilization. Interventions may need to focus on physicians and patients to have the greatest effect.
Geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis: An update with special reference to Europe and the Mediterranean region

The geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) was last reassessed in 1975 with data from 180 surveys from about the world. Since then there have been an additional 54 for which prevalence rates have been measured or estimated. In broad terms the world-wide distribution of MS still seems best described as comprising three bands or zones of high, medium, and low frequency or risk. For the entire 35 years since World War II, prevalence rates of 30 or more per 100,000 population have defined high frequency, those of 5–29 medium frequency, and those of less than 5 per 100,000 low frequency. High frequency areas are northern and central Europe into the USSR; southern Canada and northern United States; and New Zealand and southern Australia. These regions are bounded by medium frequency areas, which include southern US; southwestern Norway and northern Scandinavia; probably the USSR from the Ural Mountains into Siberia as well as the Ukraine; and the entire Mediterranean basin from Spain around to Israel – possibly including Tunisia. Enna in Sicily with a high rate is an exception. Also of medium frequency are most of Australia and perhaps the mid-portion of South America. One white group of South Africa too has a medium prevalence rate. Low frequency areas include all known parts of Asia and Africa (save as noted above); the Caribbean region to include Mexico, and probably northern South America; and Alaska and Greenland. The high to medium division in southern Europe extends eastward in an irregularly curved line from about 43° north latitude in the west to some 49°–50° north latitude within the USSR west of the Urals. From a large nationwide case-control series, the division between high and medium in the US is at 37° north latitude across most of the country but extending to some 39° in the east.
Using genetic means to dissect homologous and heterologous protein-protein interactions of PKR, the interferon-induced protein kinase.

Abstract The interferon-induced protein kinase, PKR, is a pivotal component of interferon (IFN)-induced cellular antiviral and antiproliferative response. The identification and characterization of proteins, of both viral and cellular origins, that interact with PKR have proven to be a valuable probe for unraveling the cellular regulation and function of PKR. Several studies have demonstrated that PKR forms dimers and that dimerization is likely to be required for activation and/or catalytic function. It is therefore important to elucidate the mechanism of PKR dimer formation and the role of PKR effectors in modulating kinase dimerization. Herein we describe the use of the two genetic approaches, the λ repressor fusion and the yeast two-hybrid systems, to detect and analyze homo- and heterotypic interactions with PKR. We also describe several biochemical methodologies commonly used in our laboratory to validate the genetic results. Although the examples in this article focus on PKR, the techniques can easily be adapted to investigate protein–protein associations in a variety of experimental systems. Finally, given the important role of PKR as a mediator of IFN-induced antiviral and antiproliferative effects, these studies may provide clues to the development of reagents that target PKR to enhance the therapeutic use of IFN in the treatment of disease.
Subcooled flow boiling in a microchannel with a pin fin and a liquid jet in crossflow

Abstract This experimental study presents subcooled flow boiling of an engineering fluid — HFE-7000 — downstream a single pin fin in a microchannel. A liquid secondary jet was introduced into the flow to examine its merits pertinent to heat transfer enhancement. It was found that for HFE-7000 high wall superheats ( Δ T ( sat , ONB ) ∼ 40 °C) were required for the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB). Once boiling started, nucleate boiling dominated. Heat transfer coefficient increased monotonically with heat flux, independent of mass flux and jet injections. Secondary flow injection, which was previously found to be an affective single phase heat transfer enhancement technique, showed limited potential for fully developed nucleate boiling.
Willis Whitney — John Fritz medalist

IF you should pick up a turtle five miles or so from Schenectady, N. Y., and find markings on his shell — a date and the letter W — you would note the time and place of your discovery and notify Doctor Whitney; you and the turtle then would be participating in scientific research. Down on the island of Nassau there are conch shells that show markings and pictures through their opalescent linings. They have been in Doctor Whitney's hands and he has made these markings to study the mechanism of shell growth.
Thermal correction values for analysis of lineshape microstructure arrays

Abstract Thermal modeling of microelectromechanical systems is a major area of research with many different approaches and complexities. In this paper a simplified, reduced order model for thermal analysis of lineshape microstructure arrays, such as those used in thermal actuators, is explained. Finite element modeling of these arrays was performed to determine thermal correction ( K t ) values for the simplified thermal model. An equation is developed to describe a general MEMS design space of the independent parameters for implementation of the simplified model. Error in the equation fit is quantified and the fit is validated. Application of the model is also shown for single microstructures. Implementation of the simplified model using a finite difference model is presented and validated, with errors in predicted temperature rise of less than 5.4%.
Decision‐making for Others under Reciprocal and Non‐reciprocal Conditions

Subjects made decisions on a gambling task where the outcome would affect their own payoff or the pay-off of another person. For the latter, decisions were made reciprocally or non-reciprocally, and for a friend or a stranger. Decisions for others were significantly more cautious when the subject believed that the other person was making reciprocal choices which would affect the subject's pay-off than where no reciprocity was involved. Degree of friendship with the other person had no effect on the level of caution chosen for him. Subjects deciding for self more closely resembled subjects in the non-reciprocal than in the reciprocal condition in terms of chosen risk levels, but overall differences were relatively small. The enhanced caution in the reciprocal relative to non-reciprocal condition was attributed to a desire to ensure at least a modest pay-off for another who might benefit the self. It is conjectured that caution in such circumstances serves the function of guilt avoidance.
Pulmonary hypertension and acidemia: activation of pressor substances from whole blood fractions.

SummaryThese data show that the pulmonary vasopressor response to perfusates of acidified plasma or whole blood fractions suspended in LMD is directly related to the platelet concentration of the perfusate. The pressor response is not directly related to local vascular effects of lowered perfusate pH within the range 7.40-6.35. This response appears to be mediated by the release of vasoactive substances from platelets at the site of acid infusion. It is suggested that the effect of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration on platelets causes direct physi-cochemical alterations which activate and release pulmonary vasopressor materials.
The Stability of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents

Context: Some studies suggest the presence of metabolic syndrome before adulthood may identify those at high risk for later cardiovascular morbidity, but there are few data examining the reliability of pediatric metabolic syndrome. Objective: To examine the short- and long-term stability of pediatric metabolic syndrome. Design: Metabolic syndrome was defined as having at least three of the following: waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting serum triglycerides in the 90th or higher percentile for age/sex; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 10th or lower percentile for age/sex; and fasting serum glucose of at least 100 mg/dl. Short-term metabolic syndrome stability (repeated measurements within 60 d) was assessed in obese youth ages 6–17 yr. Long-term metabolic syndrome stability (repeated measurements more than 1.5 yr apart) was studied in 146 obese and nonobese children age 6–12 yr at baseline. Patients and Setting: Convenience samples of obese and nonobese youth ages 6–17 yr participating in research studies were collected at a clinical research hospital. Results: Short-term metabolic syndrome stability (repeat measurements performed 19.7 ± 13.1 d apart) was assessed in 220 children. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was unstable in 31.6% of cases. At their short-term follow-up visit, incidence of metabolic syndrome among participants who did not have metabolic syndrome at baseline was 24%. In the long term (repeat measurements performed 5.6 ± 1.9 yr apart), the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was unstable in 45.5% of cases. Conclusions: Cutoff-point-based definitions for pediatric metabolic syndrome have substantial instability in the short and long term. The value of making a cutoff-point-based diagnosis of metabolic syndrome during childhood or adolescence remains in question.
Alveolar macrophage cytotoxicity for normal lung fibroblasts is mediated by nitric oxide release.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) released by activated alveolar macrophages (AM) can mediate effects on target cells and can also react with superoxide anion (O2-) to form peroxynitrite (PN), a highly cytotoxic product. The role of NO and PN in AM cytotoxicity for normal lung cells was investigated using co-cultures of rat lung fibroblasts (FB) and rat AM treated with lipopolysaccharide+interferon-γ (LI). AM and FB, alone and in co-culture, were treated with LI for 5 days and cell viability measured. The culture media was analyzed for NO, TNF-α, O2-, and IL-1β. A decreased FB viability was correlated with increased NO release by LI-activated AM. Pretreatment of co-cultures with the inducible NOS inhibitor l -NAME caused dose-related decreases in NO release by AM and increases in FB viability. Although TNF-α release was increased in co-cultures treated with LI, the viability of FB was not affected when cultures were treated with similar concentrations of TNF-α in the absence of AM. O2- could not be detected in the media and addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not protect FB. These data suggest that neither O2- nor PN contributed to the loss of cell viability. Activated AM may kill normal rat lung FB through a NO-mediated pathway that does not involve PN.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Inositol Phosphodiesters Using Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C

Abstract Transesterication of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate with primary alcohols in the presence of phospholipase C produces alkyl inositol phosphates.
Differential expression of sarcolipin protein during muscle development and cardiac pathophysiology.

Abstract Sarcolipin (SLN) is a small molecular weight sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane protein expressed both in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. Recent studies using transgenic mouse models have demonstrated that SLN is an important regulator of cardiac SR Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a). However, there is a paucity of information regarding the SLN protein expression in small versus larger mammals and its regulation during development and cardiac pathophysiology. Therefore, the major goal of this study was to generate an SLN specific antibody and perform detailed analyses of SLN protein expression during muscle development and in the diseased myocardium. The important findings of the present study are: (i) in small mammals, SLN expression is predominant in the atria but low in the ventricle and in skeletal muscle tissues, whereas in large mammals, SLN is quite abundant in skeletal muscle tissues than the atria, (ii) SLN and SERCA2a are co-expressed in all striated muscle tissues studied except ventricle and co-ordinately regulated during muscle development and (iii) SLN protein levels are ∼ 3 fold upregulated in the atria of heart failure dogs and ∼ 30% decreased in the atria of hearts prone to myocardial ischemia. In addition we found that in the phospholamban null atria, SLN protein levels are upregulated.
Correlated many-body treatment of the Breit interaction with application to cesium atomic properties and parity violation

Corrections from the Breit interaction to basic properties of atomic ${}^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ are determined in the framework of third-order relativistic many-body perturbation theory. The corrections to energies, hyperfine-structure constants, off-diagonal hyperfine $6S\ensuremath{-}7S$ amplitude, and electric-dipole matrix elements are tabulated. It is demonstrated that the Breit corrections to correlations are comparable to the Breit corrections at the Hartree-Fock level. Modification of the parity-nonconserving (PNC) $6S\ensuremath{-}7S$ amplitude due to Breit interaction is also evaluated; the resulting weak charge of ${}^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ shows no significant deviation from the prediction of the standard model of elementary particles. The neutron skin correction to the PNC amplitude is also estimated to be -0.2% with an error bound of 30% based on the analysis of recent experiments with antiprotonic atoms. The present work supplements publication [A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1618 (2000)] with a discussion of the formalism and provides additional numerical results and updated discussion of parity violation.
Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein-mediated Complexation of Lipopolysaccharide with Soluble CD14

Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) activates a wide variety of host defense mechanisms. In mammals LPS binding protein (LBP) and CD14 interact with LPS to mediate cellular activation. Using sucrose density gradients and a fluorescent endotoxin derivative we have investigated the mechanism of LPS binding to LBP and the soluble form of CD14 (sCD14). LPS binds to LBP to form two types of complex; at low ratios of LPS to LBP complexes with one molecule of LBP and 1-2 molecules of LPS predominate, while at high ratios of LPS to LBP a large aggregate of LBP and LPS predominates. Complexes of LPS with sCD14 do not form large aggregates, consisting of only 1-2 LPS bound to a single sCD14 even at high multiples of LPS to sCD14. LBP catalyzes LPS binding to sCD14. Catalysis by LBP apparently occurs because LBP provides a pathway for LPS to bind to sCD14 which avoids the necessity for LPS monomers in aqueous solution. The dissociation constants for LPS.LBP and LPS.sCD14 complexes were determined to be 3.5 x 10(-9) and 29 x 10(-9) M, respectively. These numbers suggest that when LBP and sCD14 are present at roughly equal concentrations as they are in normal human plasma and compete for limited LPS, the LPS will predominantly associate with LBP.
Reduced transcript expression of genes affected by inherited and de novo CNVs in autism.

Individuals with autism are more likely to carry rare inherited and de novo copy number variants (CNVs). However, further research is needed to establish which CNVs are causal and the mechanisms by which these CNVs influence autism. We examined genomic DNA of children with autism (N=41) and healthy controls (N=367) for rare CNVs using a high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization platform. We show that individuals with autism are more likely to harbor rare CNVs as small as ∼10 kb, a threshold not previously detectable, and that CNVs in cases disproportionately affect genes involved in transcription, nervous system development, and receptor activity. We also show that a subset of genes that have known or suspected allele-specific or imprinting effects and are within rare-case CNVs may undergo loss of transcript expression. In particular, expression of CNTNAP2 and ZNF214 are decreased in probands compared with their unaffected transmitting parents. Furthermore, expression of PRODH and ARID1B, two genes affected by de novo CNVs, are decreased in probands compared with controls. These results suggest that for some genes affected by CNVs in autism, reduced transcript expression may be a mechanism of pathogenesis during neurodevelopment.
The impact of re-excision and residual disease on local recurrence after breast conservation treatment for patients with early stage breast cancer.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of re-excision and the presence of residual disease on local recurrence for patients who underwent breast conservation treatment (BCT) with negative final resection margins. Methods The records of 902 patients with stage I or II unilateral invasive breast cancer who had BCT were reviewed. The study cohort consisted of patients with negative final resection margins and was divided into 3 subgroups: (a) single excision (n = 332 [37%]), (b) re-excision with no residual disease in the re-excision specimen (n = 440 [49%]), and (c) re-excision with residual disease in the re-excision specimen (n = 130 [14%]). The median follow-up was 6.75 years. Results At 15 years, the rates of local failure were 10% for patients with a single excision, 10% for patients with a re-excision without residual disease, and 16% for patients with a re-excision with residual disease ( P = .033). There were no significant differences between the 3 groups for overall survival, cause-specific survival, relapse-free survival, or freedom from distant metastases (all P ≥ .082). Multivariate analysis demonstrated an increased risk of local failure for patients with residual disease in the re-excision specimen that was borderline statistically significant (hazard ratio, 2.16; P = .061). Conclusions Despite achieving negative final resection margins, the patients with residual disease in the re-excision specimen had a higher rate of local recurrence than patients who underwent single excision or patients without residual disease on re-excision. However, local recurrence was reasonably low in all 3 subgroups, and, therefore, neither re-excision nor residual disease represent contraindications for BCT.
When Leg Pain Is Not Just a Pain in the Leg

This is a case of a 12-year-old boy who complained of unilateral leg pain for 1 month with associated low-grade fevers, weight loss, and joint pain. He was noted on examination to be small for age and had a significant heart murmur. He was subsequently diagnosed as having acute infective endocarditis with septic emboli to the leg causing microabscesses in the calf muscles and leg pain. This case also illustrates the important role of translation in the presence of a language barrier.
An evaluation of nitinol and stainless steel files used by dental students during a laboratory proficiency exam

Eighty-one dental students instrumented two curved canals in acrylic blocks with the use of stainless steel files in one block and nitinol files in the other. Overlay tracings were made of photographs taken before and after instrumentation of the acrylic blocks and differences between the tracings were measured along the canal walls. The canals instrumented with nitinol files were shaped better than those instrumented with stainless steel files; working length was maintained more often without ledging the canal walls and with less zipping of the apical foramen.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Five Marine Mammal Species

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are protozoan parasites that are often associated with severe diarrheal disease in a variety of mammals. Although these parasites have been extensively studied in terrestrial ecosystems, little is known about either parasite in the marine environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of both Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in 5 marine mammal species. Fecal samples were collected from 39 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), 49 North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), 31 ringed seals (Phoca hispida), 22 bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), and 18 beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) between 1998 and 2003. Using an immunofluorescent assay, parasites were detected in the feces of bowhead whales, right whales, and ringed seals, while neither parasite was detected in samples from bearded seals or beluga whales. Overall, prevalences were highest in ringed seals (Cryptosporidium spp., 22.6%; Giardia spp., 64.5%) and right whales (Cryptosporidium spp., 24.5%; Giardia spp., 71.4%) and lowest in bowhead whales (Cryptosporidium spp., 5.1%; Giardia spp., 33.3%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in either whale species and of Cryptosporidium spp. in the ringed seal.