cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-organized criticality and synchronization in a forest-fire model.

Depending on the rule for tree growth, the forest-fire model shows either self-organized criticality with rule-dependent exponents, synchronization, or an intermediate behavior. This is shown analytically for the one-dimensional system, and may hold also in higher dimensions.
Telomere Length and Recurrence Risk after Curative Resection in Patients with Early-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background We hypothesized that telomere length in peripheral blood would have significant predictive value for risk of recurrence after curative resection in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods This prospective study included 473 patients with histologically confirmed early stage NSCLC who underwent curative therapy at MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1995 and 2008. Relative telomere length (RTL) of peripheral leukocytes was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The risk of recurrence was estimated as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results Median duration of follow-up was 61 months, and 151 patients (32%) had developed recurrence at time of analysis. Patients who developed recurrence had significantly longer mean RTL compared with those without recurrence (1.13 versus 1.07, p = 0.046). A subgroup analysis indicates that women had longer RTL compared with men (1.12 versus 1.06, p = 0.025), and the patients with adenocarcinoma demonstrated longer RTL compared with those with other histologic types (1.11 versus 1.05, p = 0.042). To determine whether longer RTL in women and adenocarcinoma subgroup would predict risk of recurrence, multivariate Cox analysis adjusting for age, sex, stage, pack year and treatment regimens was performed. Longer telomeres were significantly associated with higher risk of developing recurrence in women (hazard ratio [HR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–4.96, p = 0.044) and adenocarcinoma subgroups (HR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.05–4.55, p = 0.036). The increased risk of recurrence due to long RTL was more apparent in women with adenocarcinoma (HR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.19–6.03, p = 0.018). Conclusions This is the first prospective study to suggest that long RTL is associated with recurrence in early stage NSCLC after curative resection. Women and adenocarcinoma seem to be special subgroups in which telomere biology may play an important role.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a newborn infant.

the feet was appreciated. Bilateral hydroceles were noted. Results of neurologic examination were normal. A chest x-ray film showed marked cardiomegaly and normal pulmonary vascularity. Sinus tachycardia was apparent from the electrocardiogram with a heart rate of 160/min, QRS axis 120°. The PR interval was shortened to 0.08 seconds; there was severe biventricular hypertrophy with ST-T wave changes. The echocardiogram revealed severe left and right ventricular hypertrophy with compressed ventricular cavities (Fig 1). The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was 18 mm (normal, 20 mm), and the end-systolic dimension was 6 mm (normal 13 mm). The left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness was 12 mm (normal, 3.5 mm). The left ventricular shortening fraction was increased to 50%. There was anterior motion of the mitral valve during systole, and Doppler study showed mild subaortic obstruction. There was no aortic valve stenosis or coarctation of the aorta. Results of a skeletal survey were normal. Initial laboratory evaluation revealed: creatine kinase, 17.10 microkatal (μkat)/L (normal, 0.50 to 3.67 μkat/L [1026 U/L; normal, 30 to 220 /U/L]); serum total carnitine, 11 nmol/mL (normal, 17 to 46 nmol/mL); free carnitine, 8 nmol/mL (normal, 10 to 29 nmol/mL); urine catecholamines, 8 μg/24 h (normal, <540 μg/24 h). Results of urine hexuronic acid analysis (26 mg/g) were normal. Leukocyte lysosomal enzyme panel (including α-glucosidase CASE PRESENTATION Dr Chen
Psychologic distress reduces preoperative self-assessment scores in femoroacetabular impingement patients.

Background In several areas of orthopaedics, including spine and upper extremity surgery, patients with greater levels of psychologic distress report worse self-assessments of pain and function than patients who are not distressed. This effect can lead to lower than expected baseline scores on common patient-reported outcome scales, even those not traditionally considered to have a psychologic component.
THE USE OF SMALL AREA INCOME ESTIMATES IN MUNICIPAL CREDIT ANALYSIS

STANDARD PRACTICE for years has been to place major emphasis on property taxes and property values in appraising the credit worthiness of municipal bonds. Changes in the tax structure of state and local governments during the last two decades cast doubt on the efficacy of this type of appraisal under today's conditions. Sources of state and local government revenue have shifted from "property oriented" taxes and continue to shift to "income oriented" taxes such as sales, license, and income taxes. Personal and real property taxes, at one time the major source of revenue, now constitute a considerably less important part of state and municipal income than they did prior to World War II. Evidence of the importance of this shift is provided in the conclusions of a study of the tax systems of local governments in Iowa and the six surrounding states which indicate that "revenues from property taxes account for a somewhat smaller share of total tax revenues."' Since this change appears to be permanent, and gives every indication of assuming even greater importance in the future, it should be recognized in the analysis of municipal bonds as investments. Measures of debt-payingability based on property taxes and assessed valuations do not seem to be adequate in the evaluation of municipal credit. Because of the shift from property taxes to taxes having as their source the income of the inhabitants of the area, municipal ability to service outstanding debt is often more a function of the individual income receipts than of property values.2 A technique of municipal credit appraisal should therefore place more emphasis on aggregate individual income of the local government area. Generally the statistical tools that are used in making an analysis
Longterm effects of neonatal treatment with cortisol and/or estrogen in the female balb/c mouse.

SummaryNeonatal treatment of mice with cortisol (days 1-10) resulted in decreased body weights at 2 months of age and increased thymus weights at 6 months. The spleens, inguinal lymph nodes, and adrenals from cortisol-treated animals were normal histologically and their weights did not differ from controls at 6 months of age. The estrous cycles were normal, and the reproductive organs did not suffer any apparent abnormalities. Treatments with cortisol followed by estrogen or with estrogen alone (days 11-15) altered the estrous cycle by prolonging the period of estrus or by eliminating the cycles altogether (persistent diestrus). The ovaries of these animals lacked corpora lutea and had hypertrophied interstitial tissue. The spleen, thymus, inguinal lymph nodes, and adrenals had normal weights and histological appearance. The body weights of all treated mice were lower than controls at 2 months of age, but only the weights of those given cortisol followed by estrogen remained depressed at 6 months.
Management of foot injuries with free-muscle flaps

Transfer of a free-muscle graft with application of a split-thickness skin graft is one of many techniques available for reconstruction of the massive foot injury. The durability of such a reconstruction has been questioned. We have treated nine patients suffering from foot injuries with extensive soft-tissue loss. Each patient underwent reconstruction using a free-muscle transfer covered by a split-thickness skin graft. A mean follow-up of 33 months (range 17 to 48 months) is reported for these nine patients. Each patient is ambulatory. One patient developed an ulcer on the plantar surface, which was treated successfully by flap revision and skin grafting. We feel this technique provides a durable reconstruction for significant soft-tissue loss of the foot.
Forms of cannabis and cocaine: A twin study

Cannabis and cocaine are illicit psychoactive substances that have fallen under intense scrutiny by epidemiologists and behavioral geneticists. However, most analyses have used a composite variable to represent the use of these two drugs. For example, the composite variable of cannabis use often includes use of marijuana or hashish. Similarly, cocaine use involves different preparations (crack vs. cocaine hydrochloride) and varying routes of administration (intranasal insufflation vs. smoking). While there is some epidemiological evidence for the difference in addictive potentials between crack and intranasal cocaine, genetically informative studies have not examined the relationship between the forms of cannabis or cocaine. We used data from male and female same-sex twin pairs to examine the extent of genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental overlap between (i) marijuana and hashish for cannabis use and (ii) intranasal and crack cocaine for cocaine use. Bivariate Cholesky models were fit using the structural equation modeling software Mx. Our results indicate that for both drugs, the individual drug forms show a complete overlap of genetic factors and a substantial overlap of shared environmental influences. While marijuana and hashish share a moderate proportion of their unique environment, crack and intranasal cocaine only show a modest overlap of unique environmental factors, adding some evidence for form-specific environmental factors. In conclusion, there is substantial overlap of familial factors between forms of a single drug and preference is primarily determined by unique environmental influences. These findings also reinforce the validity of composite variables in epidemiological and genetic research.
Variability of the radiative index of dryness in an Appalachian watershed

Abstract The radiative index of dryness, β (i.e., the ratio of seasonal sums of net radiation to those of the latent heat of precipitation) was used to characterize spatial and temporal variability of moisture conditions in a central Appalachian watershed during 35 growing seasons (1948–1982). The mean seasonal value of the index for the watershed and the whole study period was 1.2: year-to-year seasonal values fluctuated from 0.72 for the wet growing season of 1956 to 1.80 for the dry growing season of 1959. The highest values of the index were observed on south-west facing upper slopes at the northern boundary of the watershed, and the lowest values at the bottom of the watershed. The seasonal coefficient of variation of the index in the watershed was 36%. The highest monthly values of the index, reaching up to 2.94, were observed on the upper south-west facing slopes in June 1966. The correlation between β and corresponding basal area increment was poor. However, the average basal area increment during years with seasonal β > 1.5 was up to 29% less than the 35-year average.
Comparison of diazotroph community structure in Lyngbya sp. and Microcoleus chthonoplastes dominated microbial mats from Guerrero Negro, Baja, Mexico

The nitrogenase activity and phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in several different cyanobacterial mat types from Guerrero Negro, Baja California, Mexico were investigated by acetylene reduction assay, and by amplification and sequencing of the nitrogenase nifH gene. Acetylene reduction assays performed on a Lyngbya sp. and two Microcoleus chthonoplastes dominated microbial mats showed a typical diel pattern of nitrogenase activity in these mats. The highest rates of activity were found at night, with 40 and 37 μmol C2H4 m−2 h−1 measured in the Microcoleus mats, and 9 μmol C2H4 m−2 h−1 in the Lyngbya mat. Nitrogenase sequences were obtained that clustered with sequences from cyanobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, and cluster 3 of nifH. In addition, novel and divergent sequences were also recovered. The composition of nifH sequence types recovered differed between the Lyngbya and Microcoleus mats. Interestingly, nifH sequences belonging to filamentous cyanobacteria were absent in most mat samples even though both mats were dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria. nifH sequences clustering with those of unicellular cyanobacteria were found, some of which were virtually identical to the nifH sequence from Halothece sp. MPI96P605, which had previously been isolated from the mat. In manipulation experiments, the Lyngbya and Microcoleus mats were allowed to re-colonize a cleared surface. In these developing mats, nifH sequences not previously observed in the mats were discovered. Our results showed that organisms capable of N2 fixation were present in N2 fixing mats, that the composition of the N2 fixing communities differs between mats, and that filamentous cyanobacterial diazotrophs may not have a large role in the early stages of mat development.
Sex Differences in the Construct Overlap of Frailty and Depression: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study

Objectives: To determine the degree of diagnostic overlap between frailty and depression and to investigate whether sex differences in symptom endorsement influence this overlap. Design: Cross-sectional latent class analysis. Setting: Data were from the 2008 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of health characteristics of older adults. Participants: Community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older completing a general health questionnaire and consenting to physical measurements (N = 3,665). Measurements: Frailty was measured using criteria developed in the Cardiovascular Health Study, and depressive symptoms were measured using the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Results: Frailty and depression were best modeled as two distinct but highly correlated constructs with three and four classes of symptom response, respectively. Measurement overlap was high in men and women. Approximately 73% of individuals with severe depressive symptoms and 86% with primarily somatic depressive symptoms were categorized as concurrently frail. The degree of construct overlap between depression and frailty did not significantly vary according to sex, but women were significantly more likely to endorse all frailty and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Measures of depression and frailty identify substantially overlapping populations of older men and women. More-frequent endorsement of depressive symptoms, but not differential endorsement of somatic symptoms, may contribute to the higher prevalence of frailty in women. The symptom of exhaustion is particularly important to the correlation between these two conditions. Findings will inform clinician and researcher efforts to refine the definition of geriatric syndromes such as frailty and to develop effective interventions.
Mechanism of protection against pneumotoxicity caused by O,S,S -trimethyl phosphorodithioate

O,S,S-Trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSS-TMP) is a pneumotoxic impurity present in various organophosphorus insecticides. It produces morphological alteration of bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells accompanied by an increase in relative wet weight of the lung and severe body weight loss in rats. The present investigation demonstrates that rats pretreated with small doses of OSS-TMP develop a tolerance against body weight loss caused by a large dose of the compound. Pretreatment for three to four days gave better protection than that of one to two days with a concomitant decrease in relative lung weight to control level, although the protective effect against morphological change in lung parenchyma was not as striking; all the pretreatment regimens (one to four days) gave similar and rather moderate protection. Microsomal enzyme activities were measured in order to examine a possible biochemical mechanism of tolerance, and it was found that the small multiple doses of OSS-TMP for three and four days decreased arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in liver and lung. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital or SKF 525-A protects against body weight loss and increase in relative lung wet weight induced by OSS-TMP. Light microsopic observation of lung tissue also indicates that these pretreatments abolish the abnormality of lung parenchyma. We postulate that pretreatment with phenobarbital or SKF 525-A induces the detoxification process(es) and inhibits the activation process(es) of OSS-TMP, respectively, resulting in a protective effect against OSS-TMP-induced toxicity. These findings further support the view that the lungs may be a target organ of delayed toxicity produced by OSS-TMP, and a metabolite(s) of OSS-TMP is involved in the manifestation of the toxicity.
WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITABLE WATER1

Abstract Mean values of precipitable water are determined for 182 stations throughout the world using a 3-yr. period and evaluation methods developed by Peterson and Showalter. The resulting distribution is presented on a series of monthly maps and a map of the annual mean value. A general latitudinal pattern is present, especially over the oceans, with Highs near the Equator and Lows at the Poles. The continents show the effects of elevation and distance from the sea. The highest yearly mean is found in the Bay of Bengal in the summer. Other areas of high precipitable water are the tropical lowlands. Lowest values are in the high latitudes, continental interiors, and at high elevations in winter. Annual ranges are greatest in the Bay of Bengal and interior Asia and lowest over the equatorial oceans.
Filtering characteristics of highly-spectrum efficient spectrum-sliced elastic optical path (SLICE) network

We investigate the performance of OFDM-modulated signals in spectrum-sliced elastic optical path network. We analyze the filtering characteristics and the guard band for multi-node transmission. The architecture increases spectral efficiency over the current WDM systems.
Career Assessment and the Cognitive Vocational Maturity Test

The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity of the Cognitive Vocational Maturity Test (CVMT; Westbrook, 1970; Westbrook & Parry-Hill, 1973a; Westbrook & Parry-Hill, 1973b). Eleventh-grade students and 12th-grade students were administered the CVMT-Duties subtest, the Self-Knowledge scale, and the Career Choice Questionnaire (CCQ). Teachers rated 11th-grade students' career choices in terms of appropriateness. Sample B students were retested in Grade 12 with the CVMT—Duties subtest and the Self- Knowledge scale. Scores on the CVMT correlated significantly with teacher evaluations of students' career choices, self-reported grade- point-averages, and education level planned, but not with self- report measures such as the Self-Knowledge scale and amount of thinking about one's career choice. The data provide support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the CVMT—Duties subtest.
Editorial Bias in Crowd-Sourced Political Information.

The Internet has dramatically expanded citizens’ access to and ability to engage with political information. On many websites, any user can contribute and edit “crowd-sourced” information about important political figures. One of the most prominent examples of crowd-sourced information on the Internet is Wikipedia, a free and open encyclopedia created and edited entirely by users, and one of the world’s most accessed websites. While previous studies of crowd-sourced information platforms have found them to be accurate, few have considered biases in what kinds of information are included. We report the results of four randomized field experiments that sought to explore what biases exist in the political articles of this collaborative website. By randomly assigning factually true but either positive or negative and cited or uncited information to the Wikipedia pages of U.S. senators, we uncover substantial evidence of an editorial bias toward positivity on Wikipedia: Negative facts are 36% more likely to be removed by Wikipedia editors than positive facts within 12 hours and 29% more likely within 3 days. Although citations substantially increase an edit’s survival time, the editorial bias toward positivity is not eliminated by inclusion of a citation. We replicate this study on the Wikipedia pages of deceased as well as recently retired but living senators and find no evidence of an editorial bias in either. Our results demonstrate that crowd-sourced information is subject to an editorial bias that favors the politically active.
Strategic Networked Information Technology Applications: Empirical Results of Competitive Behavior

Competitive responses to a firm's strategic use of networked information technology (IT) vary according to the characteristics of the firm's environment and the ways in which it uses the technology. Innovative service applications appear to have the greatest potential for sustaining a competitive advantage, due to the difficulty that competitors have in responding to these applications. Internal process innovations also appear to have the potential for sustaining a competitive advantage. Product innovations appearing in industries that are not traditionally information intensive are also able to sustain a competitive advantage, possibly due to the fact that competitors are less familiar with ways in which to use the technology. Finally, public telecommunications networks can be used successfully, and their use does not necessarily incite responses from competitors. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.
Inhibition of carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor growth and other estrogen-dependent responses by symmetrical dihalo-substituted analogs of diindolylmethane.

Abstract This study investigates the antiestrogenic/estrogenic and antitumorigenic activities of the following diindolylmethane (DIM) derivatives: 4,4′-dichloro-, 5,5′-dichloro-, 6,6′-dichloro-, 5,5′-dibromo-, 5,5′-difluoro- and 5,5′-dichloro-2,2′-dimethylDIM. E2-induced proliferation of T47D breast cancer cells was significantly inhibited (>90%) by the haloDIMs at concentrations of 5 or 10 μM, and only 4,4′-dichloroDIM alone increased cell proliferation. With the exception of 5,5′-difluoroDIM, the remaining compounds also inhibited E2-induced growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. DihaloDIMs (100 mg/kg/day×3) were not estrogenic in the immature female B6C3F1 mouse uterus; however, in animals co-treated with E2 (0.02 μg/mouse), 5,5′-dichloro- and 6,6′-dichloroDIM inhibited uterine progesterone receptor (PR) binding and uterine peroxidase activity, whereas 5,5′-dichloro- and 5,5′-dichloro-2,2′-dimethylDIM inhibited only the latter response. The antitumorigenic activities of the dihaloDIMs were determined by their inhibition of carcinogen-induced mammary tumor growth in female Sprague–Dawley rats. 4,4′-Dichloro-, 5,5′-dibromo- and 6,6′-dichloroDIM, significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth at doses of 1 mg/kg every second day, and no significant changes in organ weights or liver and kidney histopathology were observed. These three compounds were more active than DIM in the same in vivo assay.
Memory CD8+ T cells use cell intrinsic lipolysis to support the metabolic programming necessary for development

Summary Generation of CD8 + memory T cells requires metabolic reprogramming that is characterized by enhanced mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation (FAO). However, where the fatty acids (FA) that fuel this process come from remains unclear. While CD8 + memory T cells engage FAO to a greater extent, we found that they acquired substantially fewer long-chain FA from their external environment than CD8 + effector T (Teff) cells. Rather than using extracellular FA directly, memory T cells used extracellular glucose to support FAO and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), suggesting that lipids must be synthesized to generate the substrates needed for FAO. We have demonstrated that memory T cells rely on cell intrinsic expression of the lysosomal hydrolase LAL (lysosomal acid lipase) to mobilize FA for FAO and memory T cell development. Our observations link LAL to metabolic reprogramming in lymphocytes and show that cell intrinsic lipolysis is deterministic for memory T cell fate.
Comparison and optimization of enzymatic saccharification of soybean fibers recovered from aqueous extractions

Soybean insoluble fractions recovered from aqueous extraction processing (AEP) and enzyme-assisted AEP (EAEP) of full-fat soybean flakes (FFSF) and extruded FFSF were evaluated as a feedstock for the production of fermentable sugars using enzymes. Among the four insoluble fractions (AEP FFSF, EAEP FFSF, AEP extruded FFSF and EAEP extruded FFSF), the composition analysis revealed that the one recovered from EAEP of extruded FFSF had the highest glucan content, 16% [dry basis (db)], as compared to about 10% (db) for the other fractions. Thirty-three percent of the initial glucan of the insoluble recovered from AEP and EAEP of FFSF were converted into glucose using 33 FPU of Accellerase 1000/g-glucan. This saccharification yield was increased to 44% with extruded fibers. The higher saccharification yield of 49% was obtained at 45 °C, 1% glucan loading, and 101 FPU/g-glucan enzymes loading after 27 h of hydrolysis.
Philosophy in Mediis Rebus

Philosophy should begin in the middle of things. I distinguish two ways in which I think that philosophy should begin in the middle of things, and then I describe the two dominant approaches to analytic philosophy today: scien- tific pragmatism and conceptual analysis (or, more broadly, "a priorism"). After giving reasons for dissatisfaction with both of these dominant approaches, I set out my own view - Practical Realism - and argue for the merits of its methodological and metaphysical components.
Dynamic Paper Constructions for Easier Visualization of Molecular Symmetry

A system for construction of simple poster-board models is described. The models dynamically demonstrate the symmetry operations of proper rotation, improper rotation, reflection, and inversion for the chemically important point groups D3h, D4h, D5h, D6h, Td, and Oh. The models also clearly show where the applicable point, line, or plane lies in relation to the other symmetry elements. This method is presented for use as a one-period exercise in the laboratory course that traditionally accompanies the third- or fourth-year undergraduate-level (advanced) inorganic chemistry lecture course.
Supervised dimensionality reduction using mixture models

Given a classification problem, our goal is to find a low-dimensional linear transformation of the feature vectors which retains information needed to predict the class labels. We present a method based on maximum conditional likelihood estimation of mixture models. Use of mixture models allows us to approximate the distributions to any desired accuracy while use of conditional likelihood as the contrast function ensures that the selected subspace retains maximum possible mutual information between feature vectors and class labels. Classification experiments using Gaussian mixture components show that this method compares favorably to related dimension reduction techniques. Other distributions belonging to the exponential family can be used to reduce dimensions when data is of a special type, for example binary or integer valued data. We provide an EM-like algorithm for model estimation and present visualization experiments using Gaussian and Bernoulli mixture models.
Notes on determining the effective distance to a line of recharge

Increasing emphasis has been given in recent years to the installation of wells in sand and gravel deposits along perennial streams. Under favorable conditions water enters the aquifer from the adjacent stream so that the safe yield is not limited by recharge from local precipitation [see “References” at end of paper, Jeffords, 1946]. Some of the installations tested, however, have not been successful. At times the preliminary investigations have been inadequate, and often quantitative hydrologic techniques have been applied without adequate consideration of the existing local conditions.
Commentary: Understanding the pathophysiology of poverty

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The Nationalization of Slavery: A Counter-Factual Approach to the 1860’s

This article explores the “tendency” towards legalized slavery in all the states, as Lincoln stated in his “House Divided” speech. While it was unlikely that society, without national emancipation, would eventually accept slavery everywhere, the leanings of the court after Dred Scott illustrated that the nation could not remain divided on the issue from a legal and constitutional standpoint. This article offers five types of Constitutional cases that might have reached the Supreme Court had there not been a Civil War; these suggest the direction the Court might have taken in declaring that a state could not “exclude slavery from its limits.”
Apoptosis of Lung Cancer Cells Caused by Some Anti-cancer Agents (MMC, CPT-11, ADM) is Inhibited by BCL-2

To determine whether the apoptotic cell death induced by anti-cancer agents could be inhibited by bcl-2, we established a bcl-2-transfected human small cell lung cancer cell line, SBC-3/Bcl2. SBC-3/Bcl2 showed higher resistance to ADM, CPT-11 and MMC compared with the parental line SBC-3, with relative resistance values of 3.4, 7.6 and 5.7, respectively. However, there was no difference in sensitivity to CDDP, VP-16, ACNU, MTX and taxol between SBC-3 and SBC-3/Bcl2. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed typical DNA fragmentation of SBC-3 following treatment with CPT-11 or MMC, in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, the same concentration of the drugs did not induce DNA fragmentation in SBC-3/Bcl2. Treatment with CDDP resulted in the same degree of DNA fragmentation in SBC-3 and SBC-3/Bcl2. These studies indicate that bcl-2 can modulate the cytotoxicity of some anti-cancer agents by inhibiting the process of apoptosis.
Quantum Hall to Insulator Transition in the Bilayer Quantum Hall Ferromagnet

We describe a new phase transition of the bilayer quantum Hall ferromagnet at filling fraction ! = 1. In the presence of static disorder (modeled by a periodic potential), bosonic S =1 /2 spinons can undergo a superfluid-insulator transition while preserving the ferromagnetic order. The Mott insulating phase has an emergent U(1) photon, and the transition is between Higgs and Coulomb phases of this photon. Physical consequences for charge and counterflow conductivity, and for interlayer tunneling conductance in the presence of quenched disorder are discussed.
Ultralow timing jitter 40-Gb/s clock recovery using a self-starting optoelectronic oscillator

We demonstrate clock recovery with ultralow timing jitter by using a novel self-starting optoelectronic oscillator that is based on an electroabsorption modulator in a fiber extended cavity. The oscillator simultaneously generates a 10-GHz-rate microwave signal and a train of 15-ps optical pulses with /spl sim/40-fs timing jitter in the 100-Hz to 1-MHz range. Under direct optical-injection locking of the oscillator, we demonstrate simultaneous error-free extraction of both the electrical and the optical clocks of 10-GHz rate from either a single-channel 10-Gb/s return-to-zero data stream or a four-channel 40-Gb/s optical time-division-multiplexed data stream.
A Surprising Similarity Between a Closed n‐cell and βRn

. A compactification kRn of Rn is geometric if (a) the closure in kRn of every closed topological copy of Rn-1 separates kRn, and (b) any two points in kRn can be separated by the closure of such a topological hyperplane. The first condition trivially holds if kRn is a perfect compactification. Preliminary relationships between these two properties are discussed. The closed n-ball Bn with Sn-1 as remainder and kRn are geometric compactifications, as is any perfect metrizable compactification of R2 with nondegenerate remainder. The property of being geometric seems to be rare among compactifications of Rn, and it is surprising that it is shared by two as different as Bn and kRn
Embryo Survival and Fry Emergence from Two Methods of Planting Brown Trout Eggs

Abstract Survival of larval trout through the swim-up stage was determined for eyed eggs of brown trout (Salmo trutta) planted both in the streambed and in Whitlock Vibert boxes. Tests were made in first-, second-, and third-order streams and intragravel environmental factors were evaluated. Direct plants produced 2 times more sac fry than box plants and 3.5 times more swim-up fry. Sediment deposition was approximately 100% greater in first- and second-order streams than in third-order streams, and sediments accumulated disproportionately in box plants. This seemed to accoimt for survival differences between planting techniques and among stream orders.
The “TENS Issue”—What Can We Learn?

To the Editor: To say that the article by Deyo et al1 from New England Journal of Medicine concluding that treatment of chronic low back pain “with TENS [transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation] is no more effective than treatment with a placebo” has had an impact on the physical therapy community would be a gross understatement. As researchers currently engaged in efforts to determine efficacy of various forms of electrotherapy, we view with great interest the response of the physical therapy community to this article. One clinician recently characterized this response as a “stampede.”2 From our perspective, “panic” might be an apt descriptor. Our recent discussions with three companies that manufacture TENS units suggest that manufacturers are very much aware of the study by Deyo and colleagues1 and are seemingly persuaded that the study is fundamentally flawed.… Related Article: [Deyo RA, Walsh NE, Martin DC, Schoenfeld LS, Ramamurthy S.][1] A controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercise for chronic low back pain. N Engl J Med . 1990;322:1627–1634. [1]: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/322/23/1627
Woman's Identity and Rethinking the Hadith

Preface; Introduction: woman’s identity and the Hadith: rethinking the sunnah; Muslim woman’s autonomous authority in the Qur’an: khilafa and imama; Corroborating Hadith by the Qur'an: self-identity, testimony, and witnessing; Qaran and talaq in Qur’an, Hadith, Tafseer, and in personal status code; Belief and knowledge, sexuality and slavery, inheritance and custody; Rereading the making of Hadith and rewriting a new perspective on sunnah; Conclusions: will conscientious self-identified Muslim women become active agents?; References; Index.
Preliminary studies with L-asparaginase bound to implantable bovine collagen heterografts: a potential long-term, sustained dosage, antitumor enzyme therapy system.

In this study, L-Asparaginase has been bound to collagen heterografts derived from carotid bovine arteries. The immobilization procedure utilizes both non-covalent and covalent interactions to fix the enzyme. Binding of the enzyme to the graft material was shown to the pH dependent, with optimum binding occurring at pH 6.0 and pH 8.5. Amidohydrolysis by the bound enzyme exhibited zero-order kinetic behavior at substrate saturating conditions. Total apparent asparaginase activity expressed by the grafts as a function of the number of repeated in vitro assay trials demonstrated that over a span of 3 months of intermittent storage and use, the enzyme-grafts retained as much as 62% of their initial activities. Implantation of 4 asparaginase-collagen grafts in various locations of the thoracic and abdominal aorta resulting in prolonged reductions of plasma asparagine levels in 3 of the 4 implants. Presence of plasma asparaginase was checked in one of the four implants and determined to be less than 2 X 10(-4) I.U./ml. Removal of grafts from 3 of the 4 animal subjects showed reductions in the apparent asparaginase activity expressed by the grafts of 7 to 70 percent after in vivo contact times which varied from 6 to 15 days.
Fim da Notícia: o “Engraçadismo” no Campo do Jornalismo Esportivo de Televisão

Este artigo aborda o jornalismo esportivo de televisao aberta no Brasil. O objetivo geral e desvendar o fenomeno do “engracadismo”, ou seja, o aumento do espaco destinado ao infoentretenimento e a diminuicao do tempo de jornalismo propriamente dito nos programas de noticias esportivas. Este estudo parte da hipotese de que, ao privilegiar os fatos que Bourdieu (1997) chamou de omnibus, os noticiarios esportivos deixam de ser jornalismo. Adotado como objeto, o programa Globo Esporte, da Rede Globo e afiliadas, em suas versoes paulista e gaucha, integra o corpus deste estudo. A metodologia adotada foi a analise de conteudo sistematizada por Bardin (1977) e sustentada por conceitos de Wolton (1996), Gomes (2006), Traquina (2005), Alcoba (2005) e Barbeiro e Rangel (2006).
Oligopolies of Violence in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Nigeria’s post-colonial history has been marked by hostilities especially in the Niger Delta. The challenge of understanding this quagmire as a first step to sustainable conflict transformation has been of major concern to scholars. This paper analyzes the processes and challenges underpinning the struggle for petroleum resources control in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It argues that oligopolies of violence are akin to the Niger Delta crisis. Subsequently, the paper posits that the empirical foundation for hostilities in post-colonial Niger Delta is entrenched in the colonial construction of the state and the nationalization of oil. Notably, the paper argues that exploitation of the political and economic space by the Niger Delta elites is responsible for the emergence of militia groups in the 21st century Niger Delta region, while detailing attempts by stakeholders to ensure sustainable peace and development in the region.
Engendering a Queer Latin@ time and place in Helena María Viramontes’ Their dogs came with them

The novel Their Dogs Came with Them (2007), by Helena Maria Viramontes, situates a genderqueer character in a semi-historical East Los Angeles (LA) that was at once a heyday of el movimiento and the site of brutal urbanization. By centering a Chican@ or Latin@ who refuses to conform to gender expectations and who struggles to survive on the shifting LA streets, Viramontes constructs a queer dystopic vision of a Chican@ or Latin@ past. Drawing on the notion of queer time as a way to make sense of non-normatively structured lives, alongside a consideration of Latin@s as inassimilable into the US imaginary, I read Viramontes’ novel as queer Latin@ fiction that propels Latin@s into a queer time and place.
Tree Shelters Improve the Survival and Growth of Planted Engelmann Spruce Seedlings in Southwestern Colorado

Shade-tolerant Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) is a difficult species to reforest successfully in the high-elevation spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains. This study investigated the use of plastic tree shelters as a form of shade protection and a means to improve the growth and survival of planted Engelmann spruce seedlings in southwest Colorado. A total of 1500 seedlings were planted into a 48 ha clearcut site at an average elevation of 3273 m. Treatments included four different colors of tree shelters and a control where seedlings were planted using the traditional shading method. This consisted of shading the seedlings using logging slash, stumps, and vegetation within the site. After two growing seasons, survival was 58% for the control treatment and ranged from 95 to 99% in the lighter three shelter color treatments. The darkest shelter color resulted in 95% mortality after the first growing season. Both height and diameter growth of surviving seedlings were significantly greater in the lightest two shelter color treatments as compared to the control treatment. These results indicate that tree shelters may provide an effective method of improving high- elevation Engelmann spruce reforestation programs. West. J. Appl. For. 16(3):114-120.
Progesterone and Δ4 Pregnen-20β-ol-3-one in Bovine Reproductive Organs and Body Fluids.

SummaryMean endogenous progesterone concentrations of bovine luteal tissue increased from 29.2 μg/g at day 8 to 47.2 μg/g at day 16 of the estrous cycle. Δ4 Pregnen-20β-ol-3-one increased from 0.3 μg/g at day 8 to 2.0 μg/g at day 16. Mean progesterone concentration increased 46.2 μg/g in tissue at day 8 of the cycle and 53.4 μg/g in tissue from day 16 during 2 hr incubation in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium. Increases of 20β-ol concentration on incubation were 2.1 and 12.4 μg/g at days 8 and 16 respectively. Mean concentration of progesterone ranged from 4.0 to 18.2 μg/g and 20β-ol from 5.3 to 10.5 μg/g in luteal tissue at seven stages of pregnancy investigated. Blood plasma from pregnant animals contained 0 to 2.13 μg progesterone/100 ml plasma and no detectable 20β-ol. Neither progesterone nor 20β-ol was detected in placental fluids and only progesterone (4.4 μg/kg) was found in one of 6 placentae.
Analysis on epidemic characteristics of cases with hand- foot- mouth diseases of Tangshan in 2011

Objective We analyzed the epidemic characteristics and etiological classification of cases with hand- foot- mouth diseases( HFMD) in Tangshan in 2011 to control hand- foot- mouth disease effectively. Methods We analyzed the data of epidemic characteristics of cases with HFMD in Tangshan in 2011 offered by notifiable communicable disease reporting system,including cases and on- site investigation. Results Totally 9379 cases of HFMD were reported in 2011. The reported incidence was 123. 8 /100,000,increasing by 47. 8% compared with last year. Most cases were scattered inhabiting children,occupying 68. 10%. All districts and counties had reported HFMD cases; the incidence of urban area was almost equal to that of counties. Based on the epidemic report,there were 96 cases with severe HFMD,accounting for 1. 02% in the whole. Furthermore,86 cases with severe HFMD were diagnosed in laboratory,among which 54cases were EV71,13 cases were CoxA 16,19 cases were other enterovirus. Conclusions The incidence of HFMD showed upward tendency in general. The period from 4 ~ 8 months were the peak season when HFMD had more incidence. In addition,the cases with severe HFMD were most in the age of 0 ~ 5. Furthermore,the incidence of EV71 was obviously higher than that of other enterovirus in cases with severe HFMD. For this reason we must pay more attention to EV71 infection in future,so as to prevent and control the prevalence and outbreak of HFMD effectively.
Analysis of lead level in chrysanthemum morifolium ramat

Objective:To study the related factors of lead pollution in chrysanthemum morifolium ramat.Methods:Chrysanthemum from different planting regions with different processing technologies were tested and analyzed to compare lead levels.Results:The average lead concentrations in Chrysanthemum planted within the range of 5~50 meters from the highway and a few kilometers away from the highway were 2.12 mg/kg and 0.54 mg/kg;the average lead concentrations in Chrysanthemum with microwave drying and oven drying were 0.882 mg/kg and 0.901 mg/kg.Conclusion:Lead content in Chrysanthemum is related to vehicle exhaust emissions closely.
Enquiries into the Nature of Man

Disillusionment with politics in the late 1790s led Coleridge to conclude that the most important task for his generation was to investigate more deeply the nature of man: ‘What we are, and what we are capable of becoming’.1 His pronouncements on the subject often followed the traditional tripartite scheme of man’s being, as animal, as intellectual and as religious.2 As early as 1796 and continuing into his late work on the Logos, he planned ambitious schemes that would arrange human accomplishments under similar categories.3 For a long time he believed that Wordsworth’s great philosophical poem would be constructed according to a similar scheme, agreed, he claimed, during their earlier discussions.4
Evaluation of American Board of Orthodontics certification protocols in postgraduate orthodontic programs in the United States and Canada.

Introduction The objective of this study was to identify the board certification protocols that hospital and university-based postgraduate orthodontic programs have in place to prepare residents for the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) certification examination. Methods An electronic survey was sent to the program directors of each of the 72 postgraduate orthodontic programs in the United States and Canada. The survey consisted of 49 questions about demographics, resident case assignment protocols, and ABO examination preparation methods. Results The response rate was 81%. Most programs were 30 to 36 months in length (72.7%). Many residents had a case load of 51 to 75 during their first year (50.9%), with an average maximum case load of 70 to 109. There was a positive correlation with both the number of cases that first-year residents start and the length of the program (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.379; P Conclusions Most program directors (89.1%) believe that their program length is sufficient for board preparation. Subjects tested in the written examination are integrated into the didactic curriculum and strengthened with ongoing literature reviews, with a passing rate over 90%. Clinical examination preparation varies, with most programs requiring a mock board examination for graduation. Total participation in both the Initial Certification Examination and banking has increased since 2010; better follow-up protocols are needed to track residents after graduation.