cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A versatile approach to explosion vent design that considers the influence of flame acceleration from congestion

Calculations for explosion venting in flammable vapor systems are often done using established methods documented in NFPA 68. It is understood that these equations may under predict vent area where enclosures are congested or the environment in the enclosure is initially turbulent. For new designs, it is helpful for design teams to have the flexibility to choose from a number of potential venting configurations. This article reviews a methodology that was developed and implemented for several projects where computational fluid dynamics was used to evaluate enclosure design parameters for a range of vent configurations. The results of the modeling simulations were then fitted to a lumped parameter model for deflagration venting developed by Molkov et al. The end result is an equation that can be used by the design team as needed to finalize the design minimizing the use of computer modeling resources. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Implicit and Explicit Memory for Haptically Experienced Two-Dimensional Patterns

Recent research with visual objects has delineated important representational differences between memory measures that tap identification (implicit tests) and measures that require episodic recognition (explicit tests) We investigated whether these differences reflect a fundamental architecture for the representation of object information in memory In the present experiment, we contrasted identification and episodic recognition for haptically presented two-dimensional patterns Haptic identification was not affected by elaborative processing at study, whereas haptic episodic recognition was enhanced by elaborative processing This finding suggests important similarities in the organization of object information in the visual and haptic modalities
Selected Contribution: Circadian rhythm of tumor necrosis factor-α uptake into mouse spinal cord

Circadian variations in the actions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been observed. Because a saturable transport system at the blood-brain barrier mediates most of the influx of TNF-α from blood to the central nervous system (CNS), the circadian variation of the CNS effects of TNF-α could be related to changes in this transport system. Accordingly, we measured the uptake of intravenously injected TNF-α into various CNS regions at different times and compared these measurements with the uptake into a peripheral control (muscle). We found that the spinal cord, but not the brain, showed a circadian rhythm in the uptake of TNF-α. This pattern is similar to that of leptin but different from that of interleukin-1. The circadian rhythm of the influx of TNF-α into this region of the CNS suggests a functional role for the spinal cord in the physiological actions of TNF-α.
Intuitive Theories of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission: Their Development and Implications

Explored the use of cluster analysis to characterize the development of intuitive theories of HIV transmission and examined relationships between children's theories and their attitudes regarding AIDS. In Study 1, analyses of interviews with 188 children and adolescents led to the identification of three relatively immature theories (undifferentiated thinking in which anything can cause AIDS, uncertainty about its causes, and a hybrid theory emphasizing germs as well as any form of drug use) and two relatively mature ones (both emphasizing true AIDS risk factors but differing in their understanding of blood exchange as a cause). Unwillingness to interact with persons with AIDS and worry about AIDS decreased with age and the former in particular was most closely associated with the belief that AIDS is spread through casual contact. In Study 2, analyses of data from a largely Mexican American sample of 306 third, fifth, and seventh graders yielded largely similar findings despite use of different risk factor subscales. Overall, the intuitive theories approach and the use of cluster analysis in its service appear to be promising ways of assessing children's knowledge of disease so that appropriate interventions for different subgroups of children can be designed.
EFFECT OF SITE OF INSEMINATION UPON THE FERTILITY OF GONADOTROPHIN-TREATED RABBITS OF DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STAGES

THAT the fertilizability of artificially ovulated eggs is dependent in part upon the stage of the reproductive cycle in which ovulation is induced has been demonstrated in cattle (Casida et al., 1940, 1943), sheep (Murphree et al., 1944), rabbits (Boyarsky et al., 1947; Murphree et al., 1947; Austin, 1949) and swine (Tanabe et al., 1949). Induction of ovulation in females by use of gonadotrophic hormones when their ovaries contain functional corpora lutea has yielded few or no fertilized eggs with either natural mating or artificial insemination, whereas treatment in the follicular phase has resulted in good fertility. An association has been found between the age of the corpora lutea in the rabbit and the degree of suppression of fertility (Boyarsky et al., 1947; Austin, 1949). The corpus luteum hormone, progesterone, has been demonstrated as one endocrine entity concerned in the suppression of fertility in the experimentally ovulated ova (Boyarsky et al., 1947).
Dorso- and Ventro-lateral Prefrontal Volume and Spatial Working Memory in Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) individuals and borderline personality disorder (BPD) individuals have been reported to show neuropsychological impairments and abnormalities in brain structure. However, relationships between neuropsychological function and brain structure in these groups are not well understood. This study compared visual-spatial working memory (SWM) and its associations with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) gray matter volume in 18 unmedicated SPD patients with no BPD traits, 18 unmedicated BPD patients with no SPD traits, and 16 healthy controls (HC). Results showed impaired SWM in SPD but not BPD, compared with HC. Moreover, among the HC group, but not SPD patients, better SWM performance was associated with larger VLPFC (BA44/45) gray matter volume (Fisher's Z p-values <0.05). Findings suggest spatial working memory impairments may be a core neuropsychological deficit specific to SPD patients and highlight the role of VLPFC subcomponents in normal and dysfunctional memory performance.
Digital calibration for monotonic pipelined A/D converters

The original digital calibration approach for 1 b/stage and 1.5 b/stage pipeline analog-digital converters produces missing or nonmonotonic digital codes with the device and circuit impairments typical of modern deep submicrometer CMOS technologies. Two digital calibration algorithms are introduced to improve pipeline performance when using low-voltage low-gain nonlinear operational amplifiers and high random dc offset voltage comparators. The first technique computes calibration coefficients for each stage at actual transition points of the residue characteristic to assure converter monotonicity in the presence of random comparator offset voltages. The second augments a conventional pipelined architecture with an input-dependent level-shifting stage and additional digital calibration circuitry to achieve high differential and integral linearity with low-gain nonlinear operational amplifiers.
A probabilistic theory of clustering

Abstract Data clustering is typically considered a subjective process, which makes it problematic. For instance, how does one make statistical inferences based on clustering? The matter is different with pattern classification, for which two fundamental characteristics can be stated: (1) the error of a classifier can be estimated using “test data,” and (2) a classifier can be learned using “training data.” This paper presents a probabilistic theory of clustering, including both learning (training) and error estimation (testing). The theory is based on operators on random labeled point processes. It includes an error criterion in the context of random point sets and representation of the Bayes (optimal) cluster operator for a given random labeled point process. Training is illustrated using a nearest-neighbor approach, and trained cluster operators are compared to several classical clustering algorithms.
Back problems among emergency medical services professionals: the LEADS health and wellness follow-up study.

Objective Describe work-life and demographic characteristics associated with reporting recent back pain, and estimate back pain severity among Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals. Methods A 58-item postal questionnaire was used to collect relevant health and wellness information from a national sample of EMS professionals. The outcome variables were self-reported pain in the back or legs, and severity of recent back pain as indicated by the Aberdeen Back Pain Scale (ABPS). Results There were 470/930 (50.5%) participants who reported one or more days of pain in the back or legs over a 2-week period. The variables most strongly associated with recent back pain and pain severity were prior back problems, self-reported health, and job satisfaction. Conclusion This study indicated that work-life, health, and demographic characteristics of EMS professionals were associated with reporting recent back pain. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:12–22, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Services for Graduate Students: A Review of Academic Library Web Sites

A library's Web site is well recognized as the gateway to the library for the vast majority of users. Choosing the most user-friendly Web architecture to reflect the many services libraries offer is a complex process, and librarians are still experimenting to find what works best for their users. As part of a redesign of the Oregon State University Libraries’ Web site, entry points for specific user groups were created. One of these user groups was graduate students. The purpose of this study was to explore the ways other academic libraries design their Web sites for particular user groups, specifically graduate students, in order to determine how the Oregon State University Libraries Web site compared to peer institutions. This study analyzed 112 Association of Research Libraries’ Web sites and 26 Oregon academic libraries’ Web sites to determine the availability of resources and services specifically promoted to graduate students. Since graduate students may view the library Web site through the lens of...
Human Cytomegalovirus Persistently Infects Aortic Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells (EC) have been implicated as constituting an important cell type in the pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Microvascular and macrovascular EC exhibit different biochemical and functional properties depending on the organ of origin. Phenotypic differences between microvascular and macrovascular EC may alter the ability of these cells to support HCMV replication. In this study, we compared the replication of HCMV in primary macrovascular aortic EC (AEC) with that in brain microvascular EC (BMVEC). An examination of IE72, pp65, and gB viral antigen expression in BMVEC and AEC by immunoflourescence revealed similar frequencies of infected cells. Intracellular production of virus was 3 log units greater in BMVEC than in AEC, while equal quantities of extracellular virus were produced in both cell types. HCMV infection of BMVEC resulted in rapid cellular lysis, while the virus was nonlytic and continuously released from HCMV-infected AEC for the life span of the culture. An examination of infected cells by electron microscopy revealed the formation of abundant nucleocapsids in both AEC and BMVEC. However, significant amounts of mature viral particles were only detected in the cytoplasm of BMVEC. These observations indicate that levels of HCMV replication in EC obtained from different organs are distinct and suggest that persistently infected AEC may serve as a reservoir of virus.
Large and composition-dependent band gap bowing in InxGa1-xN alloys

Abstract We present theoretical and experimental results for the band gap of In x Ga 1− x N alloys, showing significantly larger bowing than has been commonly assumed. We highlight the importance of properly including strain in the experimental analysis. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry the layers in our study were determined to be pseudomorphically strained. The In content determined by XRD depends strongly on the assumptions made about the strain in the InGaN layers. Strain also affects the band structure and hence the transition energies measured by optical-transmission spectroscopy. An analysis of the experimental results produces a bowing parameter b ≈3.8 eV at x =0.1. First-principles calculations, based on pseudopotential–density–functional theory, produce values of the bowing parameter in agreement with the experimental determination, and also indicate a strong dependence of the bowing parameter on composition.
Differences in Self-Reported Physical Activity and Body Mass Index Among Older Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Men and Women: Findings from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey

Older Hispanic Americans are a rapidly growing minority group who are disproportionately affected by diabetes mellitus and obesity. Given the importance of physical activity, particularly leisure-time activity, in the management of diabetes mellitus and obesity, the current study examined ethnic and sex differences in walking for transportation, leisure-time walking, moderate activity (not including walking), and vigorous activity between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) older adults (age 55 and older) using the 2009 California Health Interview Survey, a population-based survey representative of California's noninstitutionalized population. The total sample consisted of 21,702 participants (20,148 NHW (7,968 men, 12,180 women) and 1,554 Hispanic (609 men, 945 women)). Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. The findings revealed that Hispanic men and women were significantly less likely to engage in self-reported leisure-time walking and vigorous activity than NHW men (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51-0.99) and women (aOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.42-0.87). Regardless of ethnic group, men were more likely than women to engage in self-reported walking for transportation (aOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.58-0.87), moderate activity (aOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.57-0.81), and vigorous activity (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.50-0.68). All types of self-reported physical activity were associated with lower body mass index (BMI; P < .001), although significant interactions between sex and leisure time walking (P < .001), moderate activity (P < .001), and vigorous activity (P < .001) indicated that women who engaged in these activities reported the lowest BMIs. The findings highlight the importance of emphasizing walking in efforts to increase moderate and vigorous activity, particularly for older women.
Performance of engineered soil and trees in a parking lot bioswale

A bioswale integrating an engineered soil and trees was installed in a parking lot to evaluate its ability to reduce storm runoff, pollutant loading, and support tree growth. The adjacent control and treatment sites each received runoff from eight parking spaces and were identical except that there was no bioswale for the control site. A tree was planted at both sites. Storm runoff, pollutant loading, and tree growth were measured. There were 50 storm events with a total precipitation of 563.8 mm during February 2007 and October 2008. The bioswale reduced runoff by 88.8% and total pollutant loading by 95.4%. The engineered soil provided a better aeration and drainage for tree growth than did the control's compacted urban soil. The superior performance of the bioswale demonstrated its potential use for large-scale application in parking lots and roadsides to reduce runoff and support tree growth.
Elevated intracellular calcium concentration increases secretory processing of the amyloid precursor protein by a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent mechanism.

Secretory cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a process that releases soluble APP derivatives (APPs) into the extracellular space, is stimulated by the activation of muscarinic receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The signalling pathways involved in the release process exhibit both protein kinase C- and protein tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent components [Slack, Breu, Petryniak, Srivastava and Wurtman (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 8337‐8344]. The possibility that elevations in intracellular Ca#+ concentration initiate the tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent release of APPs was examined in human embryonic kidney cells expressing muscarinic m3 receptors. Inhibition of protein kinase C with the bisindolylmaleimide GF 109203X decreased the carbachol-evoked release of APPs by approx. 30%, as shown previously. The residual response was further decreased, in an additive manner, by the Ca#+ chelator
Interventions for children affected by war: An ecological perspective on psychosocial support and mental health care

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents exposed to armed conflict are at high risk of developing mental health problems. To date, a range of psychosocial approaches and clinical/psychiatric interventions has been used to address mental health needs in these groups. AIMS: To provide an overview of peer-reviewed psychosocial and mental health interventions designed to address mental health needs of conflict-affected children, and to highlight areas in which policy and research need strengthening. METHODS: We used standard review methodology to identify interventions aimed at improving or treating mental health problems in conflict-affected youth. An ecological lens was used to organize studies according to the individual, family, peer/school, and community factors targeted by each intervention. Interventions were also evaluated for their orientation toward prevention, treatment, or maintenance, and for the strength of the scientific evidence of reported effects. RESULTS: Of 2305 studies returned from online searches of the literature and 21 sources identified through bibliography mining, 58 qualified for full review, with 40 peer-reviewed studies included in the final narrative synthesis. Overall, the peer-reviewed literature focused largely on school-based interventions. Very few family and community-based interventions have been empirically evaluated. Only two studies assessed multilevel or stepped-care packages. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence base on effective and efficacious interventions for conflict-affected youth requires strengthening. Postconflict development agendas must be retooled to target the vulnerabilities characterizing conflict-affected youth, and these approaches must be collaborative across bodies responsible for the care of youth and families. Language: en
The Meconium of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

The presence of a meconium has been reported in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Christophers 1960) and in mosquitoes in general (Clements 1963). However, no observations of the circumstance of its release have been reported. Terzian et al. (1957) found that 82% of the total nitrogen excreted 24–74 hr following emergence was accounted for by uric acid, but they were not specifically looking at the meconium. The present note includes observations on the manner of release of the meconium in A. aegypti and data on the subsequent collection and uric acid analysis of the material.
Representing Dynamic Mouse Commands in Static Displays: Developing Graphical Symbols

Participants used either a Likert scale or a ratio scale to rate their preferences for graphical symbols illustrating the mouse motions of click, double-click, drag, click and drag, and left click. Through an iterative design process, symbols were selected and modified as they were rated. After several iterations, 54 participants evaluated the accumulated symbol set. In general, participants preferred symbols that were less abstract and more literal representations of the intended mouse actions; this is contrary to how these commands have been illustrated in printed computer documentation. Intermediate abstract symbols were rated almost as high as the literal symbols, and had the advantage of illustrating some mouse commands that could not be easily created with a literal symbol. Several design recommendations for symbols in computer instructions and symbols for other purposes are offered.
Histochemical Demonstration of 17-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase by Use of Tetrazolium Salt.∗

SummaryWe demonstrated for the first time the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase histochemically by using 2,2′-diphenyl-5,5′-di-(m-nitrophenyl)-3,3′-(4,4′-biphenylene) ditetrazolium chloride. Two 17β-hydroxysteroids were used as substrates, i.e., estradiol and testosterone. The optimum pH of the reaction was 8.8 and steroid concentration was determined. There was no apparent difference in activity between the 2 substrates. Controls with estrone in which the 17 group is incapable of dehydrogenation were entirely negative. The liver and small intestine were positive for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This differs from histochemical results recently reported for steroid 3-β-ol dehydrogenase in that here the organs showing a positive reaction were liver, testes, ovaries and adrenal.
Jordan M. Phillips, M.D.--postdoctoral educator at large.

Twenty years ago Jordan Phillips recognized the importance of laparoscopy and aroused the interest of gynecologists by founding the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL). Within five years he had expanded the teaching mission of the AAGL to microsurgery, which revolutionized infertility surgery. Through his insatiable personal drive, he catalyzed the movement of people and ideas on an international level by organizing numerous postgraduate courses in North America, Europe and Asia, and later Australia and South America. Through his untiring efforts as an educator, Jordan Phillips has played a major role in preparing gynecologists in many parts of the world for the commanding position of advanced laparoscopic surgery, hysteroscopy and microsurgery in gynecologic practice.
Democratization from Above

As the waves of democratic, Western-style transitions overcome the African continent, African alternatives to multiparty politics, or African democracies are few and far between. The National Resistance Movement (NRM) regime in Uganda purports to offer a more appropriate alternative to multi-party politics that is based on consensus rather than competition, on a vision rather than compromise. Since 1986, the NRM has attempted to implement its version of popular, grassroots democracy. Given the turmoil of the past, the NRM regime looks like a godsend for Uganda, but how much of its proposed reforms and pronouncements are mere rhetoric as opposed to reality? This chapter focuses on the NRM’s purported attempts to democratize from above via the Local Council/Committee system (LC). It specifically examines the NRM’s attempts to implement and consolidate its vision of democracy in Uganda, given historical and structural constraints on democratization and the development of a democratic civil society. Although the NRM regime pays lip-service to democratic reform, and claims to be implementing grassroots democratization, it is at best characterized as a pseudo-democracy incorporating elements of populism and quasi-corporatism.
Inside the Pacific Rim: Legal Systems of the South Sea Islands

International commerce has focused attention on the legal systems of the large trading nations that form the Pacific Rim. Less studied are the myriad Pacific island nations. What is the source of their law? What are their court systems like? The author set out by ship to explore three representative South Pacific legal systems: those of French Polynesia, the Kingdom of Tonga, and the Republic of Fiji. This presentation of his findings was sponsored by the Cooley Law School chapter of APALSA, the Asian Pacific American Law Student Association.
Minimally invasive treatments for venous compression syndromes

The management of venous compression syndromes has historically been reliant on surgical treatment when conservative measures fail. There are, however, several settings in which endovascular therapy can play a significant role as an adjunct or even a replacement to more invasive surgical methods. We explore the role of minimally invasive treatment options for three of the most well-studied venous compression syndromes. The clinical aspects and pathophysiology of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS), nutcracker syndrome, and May-Thurner syndrome are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on the role that interventionalists can play in minimally invasive treatment.
On the solution of elliptic partial differential equations on regions with corners II: Detailed analysis

Abstract In this paper we investigate the solution of boundary value problems on polygonal domains for elliptic partial differential equations. Previously, we observed that when the boundary value problems are formulated as boundary integral equations of classical potential theory, the solutions are representable by series of elementary functions, to arbitrary order, for all but finitely many values of the angles. Here, we extend this observation to all values of the angles. We show that the solutions near corners are representable, to arbitrary order, by linear combinations of certain non-integer powers and non-integer powers multiplied by logarithms.
TRPC channels: integrators of multiple cellular signals.

TRPC channels are ubiquitously expressed among cell types and mediate signals in response to phospholipase C (PLC)-coupled receptors. TRPC channels function as integrators of multiple signals resulting from receptor-induced PLC activation, which catalyzes the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). InsP3 depletes Ca2+ stores and TRPC3 channels can be activated by store-depletion. InsP3 also activates the InsP3 receptor, which may undergo direct interactions with the TRPC3 channel, perhaps mediating store-dependence. The other PLC product, DAG, has a direct non-PKC-dependent activating role on TRPC3 channels likely by direct binding. DAG also has profound effects on the TRPC3 channel through PKC. Thus PKC is a powerful inhibitor of most TRPC channels and DAG is a dual regulator of the TRPC3 channel. PLC-mediated DAG results in rapid channel opening followed later by a slower DAG-induced PKC-mediated deactivation of the channel. The decreased level of PIP2 from PLC activation also has an important modifying action on TRPC3 channels. Thus, the TRPC3 channel and PLCγ form an intermolecular PH domain that has high specificity for binding PIP2. This interaction allows the channel to be retained within the plasma membrane, a further operational control factor for TRPC3. As nonselective cation channels, TRPC channel opening results in the entry of both Na+ and Ca2+ ions. Thus, while they may mediate Ca2+ entry signals, TRPC channels are also powerful modifiers of membrane potential.
The influence of conversational context and the developing lexicon on the calculation of scalar implicatures

Although monolingual children do not generally calculate the upper-bounded scalar implicature (SI) associated with ‘some’ without additional support, monolingual Spanish-speaking children have been reported to do so with algunos (‘some’), and further distinguish algunos from unos . Given documented cross-linguistic influence in interface phenomena in bilinguals, we asked whether young Spanish-English bilinguals calculate SIs with algunos , or if there is an effect of acquiring languages with overlapping but diverging lexical entries. Two experiments reveal that not only do bilinguals inconsistently calculate SIs, Spanish monolinguals do not always either. In Experiment 1 , bilinguals did not calculate the SI associated with algunos . However, in Experiment 2 , which calls upon their awareness of speaker-hearer dynamics, they did. This research highlights the challenges arising from interpreting linguistic phenomena where lexical, semantic, and pragmatic information intersect, and is a call for further investigation with bilinguals in a rapidly growing area where bilingual research is lacking.
Retrospective Appraisals of Threat and Benefit Mediate the Effects of Combat Experiences on Mental Health Outcomes in Army Medics

ABSTRACTA life-threatening traumatic experience can cause physical and psychological distress, but it can also be remembered with pride from having demonstrated one's courage and abilities under severe circumstances. Characteristics of the event, as well as later personal reflection, together determine the individual's response to a traumatic event. This study investigates how traumatic combat experiences and retrospective appraisals of those experiences affect reports of posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms in 324 United States Army medics. Higher levels of combat experiences were associated with both appraisals of threat to life (r = .40) and appraisals of personal benefit of the deployment (r = .15). Threat appraisals were associated with increases in symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression (r = .33 and .29), whereas benefit appraisals were associated with decreases in those symptoms (r = −.28 and −.30, respectively). These opposing mediation pathways led to weaker or nonsignificant tot...
Cotton Plant and Insect Constituents That Control Boll Weevil Behavior and Development

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was introduced from Mexico into the United States (near Brownsville, Texas) about 189271. By 1922 the pest has spread into cottongrowing areas of the United States from the eastern two-thirds of Texas and Oklahoma to the Atlantic Ocean. Its recent extension into west Texas now threatens cotton in New Mexico, Mexico, Arizona and California. As early as 1895, recognition of the tremendous damage caused by this insect was noted, and Townsend (1895) suggested that cotton growing be terminated in the region then infested, and that the cotton free zone be maintained along the Rio Grande River bordering Mexico. Several other entomologists studied and suggested ways to control the boll weevil. Howard (1896) reported on the use of, and lack of response to, light traps. Malley (1901) studied the use of poisons for weevil control as well as the use of cotton as trap plants. An act was passed in 1903 offering $50,000 as a cash reward for a practical remedy for controlling the boll weevil. Sanderson (1904) reported that hand picking of infested squares had been tried and was meeting with little success.
The Parser and Code Generator for the QuickBasic Compiler

In Hollywood’s terms, this is the chapter where the widow in arrears is tied to the railroad track by the heinous landlord, young Jack overtakes the onrushing locomotive to rescue the distressed widow, gets the widow a second mortgage on the Web, sends the villainous landlord to rehab, and organizes a men’s retreat for the boys back at the ranch.
Adjoint-based error estimation and mesh adaptation for stabilized finite deformation elasticity

Abstract Adjoint-based error estimation provides the ability to approximate the discretization error for a functional quantity of interest, such as point-wise displacements or stresses. Mesh adaptation provides the ability to control the discretization error to obtain more accurate solutions while still remaining computationally feasible. In this paper, we develop an approach for adjoint-based error estimation and mesh adaptation for nonlinear finite deformation elasticity using a mixed stabilized finite element method. We apply our developed technique to a well known test case, the Cook’s membrane problem, to validate and demonstrate its effectiveness. We then demonstrate the utility of adjoint-based error estimation and mesh adaptation for a three-dimensional example motivated by the study of a cell embedded in a matrix.
Las "otras" geografías en América Latina: alternativas desde los paisajes del pueblo Chatino

This article focuses on "other" geographies, as understood through the spatial-temporal experiences of indigenous peoples. We argue that these experiences are equally valid subjective understandings of human-non-human relations and should be heard and valued within a framework of horizontal dialogue. This argument is based on research that was conducted in conjunction with the inhabitants of Chatina communities of San Juan Lachao in Oaxaca, Mexico. The research examined relations between humans, the landscape and other non-humans, that is, landscapes comprehended through the Chatino language, cosmological worldview, local knowledge and everyday life in Chatino territory. The theoretical and critical discussion we present is based on the study of the Chatino understanding of territory and landscape. Our critical and theoretical analysis draws on this understanding of landscape and points to the need to rethink and decolonize modernist constructions and make way for new epistemic and ontological understandings of human and other-than-human relations. We put forward alternatives that confront the dominant and unequal dynamics that persist in the production of knowledge in the field of critical geography.
Advanced Repairing of Composite Wind Turbine Blades and Advanced Manufacturing of Metal Gearbox Components

In recent years, size and capacity of wind turbines have increased significantly to meet the ambitious worldwide renewable energy targets. Extraordinarily high costs of manufacture and maintenance are one of the main issues to confine the expansion of the share of wind turbines in various renewables. To mitigate the high costs, advanced, and cost-effective repairing of wind turbine blades is critically needed to enable on-site repairing and restoration of damaged wind turbine blades. Moreover, advanced manufacturing technologies of hardened bearing steels are required to improve the functional performance of bearing and gearbox metal components. In this chapter, both conventional techniques and state-of-the-art repairing techniques for wind turbine blades (composites) are introduced firstly. Then, current machining process of hardened steels for bearing and gearbox components is summarized. Current achievements in novel machining process of hardened steel components are discussed for laser-assisted machining and cryogenic machining. The relationship between the desired surface integrity and manufacturing process conditions is explained through experimental results in literature. An overview is provided on the future applications of these advanced repairing technologies for wind turbine blades and advanced manufacturing technologies for wind turbine bearing and gearbox components.
Introduction: Theoretical Models of Brown Dwarfs — an Observer’s Perspective

The three papers presented in this section on model atmospheres of brown dwarfs raise several common themes. I discuss three of these from an observational viewpoint — the temperature scale for L dwarfs, the role of the alkali elements, and the liely “weather” in brown dwarf atmospheres.
Quantifiers, Beliefs, and Sellars

It is usually held that serious problems attend quantification across belief and other intentional operators. These problems, moreover, are said to remain even once we renounce proper names in favor of descriptions, and interpret descriptions a la Russell. Considering the risk in denying an existential, I will not dispute the claim that there are such problems. What I will dispute is the reasons usually given for thinking that there are.
Global Climate Finance

This chapter highlights potential sources of global climate finance mainly for the compensation mechanism in relation to loss and damage, and does not attempt full details of ongoing activities in climate finance generally. Some of the programs such as the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and several others sound big in name and provide meager resources to be able to contribute to tangible results, leave alone constitute even five percent of relief in terms of compensation for loss and damages due to climate change.
Opportunity Initiated Systems Design

This paper proposes a design theory of how opportunities might be used to facilitate change within a system, particularly an educational system. Opportunity Initiated Systems Design (OISD) is a system design model that retains the values and goals of Idealized Systems Design (ISD) yet incorporates other models of systemic change to form a simpler, more practical theory of systems design. Traditional barriers to ISD are discussed, used as the basis for describing suggest an alternative theory of systems design. The paper articulates the values and goals of OISD and outlines a theory of OISD. The six phases of OISD are presented, including specific guidelines for implementing OISD. Limitations of OISD and implications for further research are discussed.
Economics of Forest Carbon Sequestration as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy

Forest ecosystems remove carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere and convert it to organic carbon (C) stored in terrestrial pools of biomass, soil, and residues. This process lowers atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, thereby mitigating a contributor to future climate-change threats. This article explores the economics of incentive-based approaches to managing forests and changing land use to store more carbon, such as those that are part of ongoing policy efforts throughout the world. It shows how incentives for carbon sequestration change the optimal time to harvest a timber stand, thereby working the intensive supply margin, increasing the amount of carbon stored in forests over time. It also shows how carbon compensation can attract land into forests from less carbon-sequestering land uses such as crop agriculture, thereby increasing carbon storage on the extensive margin . The article provides examples from empirical studies of carbon sequestration from afforestation, forest management, and reduced emissions from deforestation. The article concludes with a discussion of key implementation issues for forest carbon policies.
TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUES AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF MINIMAX PROBLEMS OF OPTIMAL CONTROL: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a few preliminary results on transformation techniques and numerical solution of minimax problems of optimal control. Considerable research has been done on the problem of optimizing a trajectory from the standpoint of an integral performance index. This problem can be formulated in two forms that are called minimax problems. The objective is to minimize the maximum value achieved along the interval of integration by some function of the state, the control, and the parameter. These are nonclassical problems of the calculus of variations, in that they are not particular cases of the Bolza problem. They are called Chebyshev problems. Chebyshev-type problems have great importance in various branches of engineering. In aerospace engineering, Chebyshev problems are of interest for the reentry of a variable-geometry ballistic missile and the reentry of the space-shuttle vehicle. The chapter also describes a few transformation techniques, highlighting that by means of transformation techniques the Chebyshev problem can be converted into the Bolza problem.
Interactions Between Disseminated Tumor Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Regulate Tumor Dormancy

To succinctly summarize recent findings concerning dormancy regulating interactions between bone marrow stromal cells and disseminated tumor cells. Recent studies have highlighted roles of the bone marrow microenviroment, including osteoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and endothelial cells, in inducing or maintaining cancer cell dormancy. Key pathways of interest include: osteoblast-induced transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 signaling, transfer of MSC-derived exosomes containing dormancy inducing microRNA, cancer cell cannibalism of MSCs, and endothelial cell secretion of thrombospondin 1 (TSP1). The bone marrow is a common site of metastatic disease recurrence following a period of cancer cell dormancy. Understanding why disseminated tumor cells enter into dormancy and later resume cell proliferation and growth is vital to developing effective therapeutics against these cells. The bone marrow stroma and the various pathways through which it participates in crosstalk with cancer cells are essential to furthering understanding of how dormancy is regulated.
Effect of Highway Lane Management Policy of Heavy Vehicles on the Cost of Flexible Pavement

AbstractTruck lane restriction is one of the most common highway lane management strategies; it ensures that heavy vehicles mostly use the outer lanes of a multilane highway. A higher percentage of...
Making ‘yes’ stronger by saying ‘no’: Utterance-initial iya in statements of ‘yes’ in Japanese

Abstract The present study examined the recordings of naturally occurring conversations among native speakers of Japanese, and analyzed the cases of iya ‘no’ that are uttered in response to yes-no questions. The analysis has shown that iya can be uttered in response to a yes-no question even when the response to the question is ‘yes,’ as long as the propositional information that follows iya signals ‘yes’ to the question. When iya prefaces a response of ‘yes,’ the speaker can express a stronger message of ‘yes’ since it creates a pragmatic effect of expressing needless to ask… along with signaling ‘yes’ with the propositional information that follows iya.
Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Lymphomas are the third most common class of malignancies in children and represent more than a quarter of all new malignancies in older teenagers. Two-thirds of cases are Hodgkin’s disease and the remainder includes a diverse group of lymphoid malignancies, the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Most childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are aggressive, while indolent lymphomas are rare in children. In the past decade, 18F-FDG PET or 18F-FDG PET/CT has become the standard imaging procedure for pediatric and adult lymphomas, but whole-body gallium scans still may have a role when PET/CT is not available. Accurate interpretation of 18F-FDG PET/CT requires familiarity with the patterns of FDG biodistribution, understanding of the normal biology of Hodgkin’s disease and the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and awareness of other diseases whose 18F-FDG PET appearance may resemble lymphoma. The appropriate utilization of 18F-FDG PET for evaluating pediatric lymphomas is a rapidly evolving topic. Ongoing clinical studies are needed to determine the most appropriate use of 18F-FDG PET/CT for staging, assessing the response to therapy, and follow-up surveillance of both Hodgkin’s disease and the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
“I Should Probably Know More:” Reasons for and Roadblocks to the Use of Historic University Collections in Teaching

Collections of dress and textiles can make subjects such as history come to life. However previous studies have shown that many collections are underutilized within university settings. The purpose of this paper is to examine contributing and detracting factors for use. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with curators and collection managers (n = 15) at twelve institutions. Respondents were then asked to recommend faculty members who did (n = 9) or did not use the collection (n = 6). Through data analysis, four major themes were related by the collection managers including: 1) ambiguous roles and unknown collections, 2) continual need for collection management maintenance, 3) lack of process and access to the collections, and 4) misperceptions about the collections. Faculty that used the collection (n = 9) stated previous knowledge of the collection and the importance of material culture to student knowledge and understanding. Barriers as identified by those faculty that did not use the collection (n = 6) included lack of access and difficulty in scheduling time to use the collections.
THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROXYL RADICALS BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the production of hydroxy radicals by rat liver microscmes. In a study described in the chapter, isolated microsomes were incubated at 37°C with an NADPH-generating system. Sodium azide (0.5 mM) was added to inhibit catalase activity. Reaction products were measured by gas chromatography. Model ·OH generating systems consisted of Fe 2+ (1 mM)–EDTA(2 mM) with 0.1 M H 2 O 2 (Fenton Reagent) or Fe 2+ (0.1 mM)–EDTA(0.2 mM) with 1.7 mM ascorbate. Solutions were prepared with Millipore water, which was subsequently distilled in all-glass apparatus. The results obtained provide chemical evidence for ·OH production by rat liver microsomes during electron flow initiated by NADPH. It is found that production of ·OH is amplified by azide, which spares H 2 O 2 —the precursor of ·OH—from destruction. Production of OH is not dependent upon the addition of exogenous iron or iron-chelates. Hydroxyl radicals are not involved in the deamination of aminopyrine or the hydroxylation of aniline. Hydroxyl radicals are utilized for the microsomal metabolism of Me 2 SO, methional, KTBA, 1-butanol, and ethanol.
Quality and Potential of UNAMACE Products

The Universal Automatic Map Compilation Equipment (unamace) produces simul¬taneously an orthophoto and an altitude chart. The advantages of the instrument are its speed and its ability to use a var...
Balancing Scientific Progress With Pediatric Protections: No Direct Benefit Now, But Potential Novel Therapy in the Future

Pediatric research that provides no direct benefit to participants raises ethical questions regarding fundamental permissibility and acceptable risks. Because children with sickle cell disease (SCD...
Using case studies and build projects as authentic assessments in cornerstone courses

Final year, undergraduate engineering students should be exposed to authentic practices that resemble industry to prepare the students for the field. Given that engineering involves design and impl...
Low-dose Methotrexate Toxicity in the Setting of Vancomycin-induced Acute Kidney Injury.

Methotrexate is a disease-modifying anti rheumatic drug (DMARD) that is often used in low dosages as the first line drug for rheumatoid arthritis patients. The chemotherapeutic agent works by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, and the primary route of clearance of the drug is via the kidneys. Kidney injury may delay this clearance and lead to toxic level accumulation of the drug- toxicity presenting as diarrhea, vomiting, mucositis, rash, transaminitis and myelosuppression. Antibiotics such as vancomycin may induce acute kidney injury (AKI) through various mechanisms include damage to the renal tubular epithelial cells. In this report, we describe a case in which an elderly female suffered AKI secondary to vancomycin induced nephrotoxicity. The AKI subsequently led to methotrexate accumulation and toxicity presenting as bleeding mouth ulcers, transaminitis and pancytopenia. The condition was managed with leucovorin rescue therapy and sodium bicarbonate to enhance methotrexate excretion. Renally dosing methotrexate in patients on other nephrotoxic drugs, and monitoring creatinine clearance are methods for preventing such a toxicity.