cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antifungal Phenothiazines: Optimization, Characterization of Mechanism, and Modulation of Neuroreceptor Activity.

New classes of antifungal drugs are an urgent unmet clinical need. One approach to the challenge of developing new antifungal drugs is to optimize the antifungal properties of currently used drugs with favorable pharmacologic properties, so-called drug or scaffold repurposing. New therapies for cryptococcal meningitis are particularly important given its worldwide burden of disease and limited therapeutic options. We report the first systematic structure–activity study of the anticryptococcal properties of the phenothiazines. We also show that the antifungal activity of the phenothiazine scaffold correlates well with its calmodulin antagonism properties and, thereby, provides the first insights into the mechanism of its antifungal properties. Guided by this mechanism, we have generated improved trifluoperazine derivatives with increased anticryptococcal activity and, importantly, reduced affinity for receptors that modulate undesired neurological effects. Taken together, these data suggest that phenothiaz...
Parameter estimation for hierarchical channel profiling

This paper is a first step towards developing a channel model that will allow channel prediction in time and space. The wireless channel is described in time and space using a hierarchical model. At each point in time, a set of networked nodes measure their received signal strength (RSS), which is correlated in time and space according to a known statistical model. The channel state, a vector of channel characteristics, such as the path-loss exponent and shadowing power, is time varying and hidden from the network nodes. Based on this model structure, we propose an algorithm, which divides the recorded RSS into time segments, over which the channel state is constant, and also provides state estimates corresponding to each segment. The proposed model is subsequently fitted to indoor Wi-Fi measurements, obtaining meaningful segments, and providing insight on the time evolution of the channel parameters.
Condensate fraction in metallic superconductors and ultracold atomic vapors

We investigate the condensate density and the condensate fraction of conduction electrons in weak-coupling superconductors by using the BCS theory and the concept of off-diagonal-long-range-order. We discuss the analytical formula of the zero-temperature condensate density of Cooper pairs as a function of Debye frequency and energy gap, and calculate the condensate fraction for some metals. We study the density of Cooper pairs also at finite temperature showing its connection with the gap order parameter and the effects of the electron-phonon coupling. Finally, we analyze similarities and differences between superconductors and ultracold Fermi atoms in the determination of their condensate density by using the BCS theory.
How do the design of monitoring and control strategies affect the chance of detecting and containing transgenic weeds

Monitoring is a compromise response to environmental debates Environmentalists are concerned with the risks associated with transgenic crops, whereas many promoters of biotechnology can see only benefits [1]. As with many such debates, the solution is a compromise, which may satisfy neither side. One key to making both parties agree to such a compromise can be an effective monitoring program. From an environmentalist’s perspective monitoring can serve to alert the public that there is indeed an ecological problem, in spite of our best hopes. From a biotechnologist’s point of view, monitoring can substantiate that no ecological problems have been forthcoming, and that thus regulations should be relaxed. Monitoring needs to be sensitive enough that it triggers an alarm before it is too late. On the other hand, monitoring must not be so unrealistically sensitive to the point that it could never yield a verdict of safety. In this paper we explore the promise and limitations of monitoring for escaped transgenic plants that are on the verge of becoming serious weed problems. More specifically, the ecological risk at which our monitoring program is aimed is simply the establishment and spread of a novel plant. Although this is a simplistic “risk”, it might well be a practical target for transgenic monitoring, since without spread and proliferation transgenes are unlikely to produce substantial impacts.
Low-cycle Corrosion-fatigue of 2024-T4 Aluminum and 1045 Steel in Salt Water

ABSTRACT Low-cycle, corrosion fatigue tests were conducted on 1045 steel and 2024-T4 aluminum under strain control in 3.5% salt water. The fatigue lives were reduced by the corrosion, and were found to be time dependent, being lower for slower frequencies. No waveshape effects were observed. Tests under anodic potential control showed a shorter fatigue life than tests under free corrosion potential, whereas tests under cathodic potential control had the opposite effect. A model that modifies the total strain-range versus fatigue life equation by a frequency term was used to correlate the fatigue data with excellent results. This model was given an electrochemical interpretation by replacing the frequency term by the amount of corrosion occurring during a cycle.
When not to Offload? Analyzing Offload Feasibility in Mobile Cloud Computing

Cloud computing has become a global phenomenon over the last couple years. Its exponential rise in the technological world has become a major topic of discussion and one of the major topics is offloading. As cost and energy saving are important resources it is key to discuss whether to offload or not. Tabular and graphical data were analyzed to determine if initial hypothesis could be determined. The creation of testbeds for real users and cloud systems in a real setting were also used to carry out experiments to determine if offloading is convenient. After data collection and analysis of this data four major observations were made. Users tend to use Wi-Fi more than regular data coverage, Wi-Fi connection is lost at a minimal amount of time, Wi-Fi is quicker than normal data and syncing after the first instance is a lot easier and takes less time. In conclusion, it can be safely concluded that offloading is in fact feasible. The continuous updates take less time at a reasonable energy cost and bandwidth allocation. In the years to come, there will be more efficient ways to offloading, as mobile cloud computing's forecast is still positively rising.
Screening of microRNAs controlling body fat in Drosophila melanogaster and identification of miR-969 and its target, Gr47b

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-protein coding RNAs and post-transcriptionally regulate cellular gene expression. In animal development, miRNAs play essential roles such as stem cell maintenance, organogenesis, and apoptosis. Using gain-of-function (GOF) screening with 160 miRNA lines in Drosophila melanogaster, we identified a set of miRNAs which regulates body fat contents and named them microCATs (microRNAs Controlling Adipose Tissue). Further examination of egg-to-adult developmental kinetics of selected miRNA lines showed a negative correlation between fat content and developmental time. Comparison of microCATs with loss-of-function miRNA screening data uncovered miR-969 as an essential regulator of adiposity. Subsequently, we demonstrated adipose tissue-specific knock-down of gustatory receptor 47b (Gr47b), a miR-969 target, greatly reduced the amount of body fat, recapitulating the miR-969 GOF phenotype.
Sexual orientation correlates with baseline characteristics but shows no moderating effects of dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs for women

This study provided the first test of whether sexual orientation (categorized as heterosexual vs. sexual minority) is associated with baseline eating disorder risk factors and symptoms, moderated the intervention effects of variants of the dissonance-based Body Project, or moderated the relation of baseline risk factors to future change in eating disorder symptoms. A total of 680 women with body image concerns were randomized to clinician-or peer-led Body Project groups, the eBody Project, or educational video control and completed assessment of eating disorder risk factors and symptoms at pretest, posttest, and at six-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up. Results indicated that sexual minority women had significantly higher negative affect and impaired psychosocial functioning at baseline, but did not differ on other eating disorder risk factors or symptoms. We found no evidence that sexual orientation moderates the effects of the Body Project on risk factor or symptom change over follow-up or the relation of baseline risk factors to future change in eating disorder symptoms. Overall, sexual minority and heterosexual women differ on two, less specific eating disorder-related risk factors at baseline, but did not differ in response to different versions of the Body Project or the relations of risk factors to future symptom change.
Synergistic epistasis enhances cooperativity of mutualistic interspecies interactions

Frequent fluctuations in sulfate availability rendered syntrophic interactions between the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Dv) and the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis (Mm) unsustainable. By contrast, prolonged laboratory evolution in obligate syntrophy conditions improved the productivity of this community but at the expense of erosion of sulfate respiration (SR). Hence, we sought to understand the evolutionary trajectories that could both increase the productivity of syntrophic interactions and sustain SR. We combined a temporal and combinatorial survey of mutations accumulated over 1000 generations of 9 independently-evolved communities with analysis of the genotypic structure for one community down to the single-cell level. We discovered a high level of parallelism across communities despite considerable variance in their evolutionary trajectories and the perseverance of a rare SR+ Dv lineage within many evolution lines. An in-depth investigation revealed that synergistic epistasis across Dv and Mm genotypes had enhanced cooperativity within SR- and SR+ assemblages, allowing their co-existence as r- and K-strategists, respectively.
Identify the Influence of Risk Attitude, Work Experience, and Safety Training on Hazard Recognition in Mining.

Mineworkers face a challenging and dynamic work environment every workday. To maintain a safe workplace, mineworkers must be able to recognize worksite hazards while they perform their jobs. Though hazard recognition is a critical skill, recent research from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) indicates that mineworkers fail to identify a significant number of hazards. To further the understanding of mineworkers’ hazard recognition ability and to begin to address hazard recognition performance, NIOSH researchers analyzed data collected during a laboratory research study to determine the effect of individual mineworker factors including risk attitude, work experience, and safety training on hazard recognition accuracy. The results of this study show that mineworker risk attitude and safety-specific work experience affect hazard recognition performance while hazard-specific safety training does not. These results suggest that some of these individual factors can be overcome through experience and training. Potential strategies that can be used to address these factors are also discussed.
Chapter 2 - Transplantation in the future

Cellular transplantation to the brain and spinal cord remains a promising approach both for probing basic biological questions and as a potential therapy for neurological diseases. This chapter summarizes some of the main constraints that continue to limit general biological applications and, specifically, clinical applications. These constraints include the critical features of the successful donor cell as well as those of the receptive host tissue and organism. In addition, we explore future directions, with special emphasis on genetic engineering, combinations of novel cell types combined with trophic factors, and training of the host organism to improve the accurate integration of grafted cells. Some speculations are made regarding universal donor cells, but these advances will depend on additional basic work to bring this approach to the clinic. The convergence of advanced molecular and cellular methods together with improved methods of in vivo imaging adds to our optimism for significant advances in cellular transplantation in the near future.
Vertex Sparsification for Edge Connectivity in Polynomial Time.

An important open question in the area of vertex sparsification is whether $(1+\epsilon)$-approximate cut-preserving vertex sparsifiers with size close to the number of terminals exist. The work Chalermsook et al. (SODA 2021) introduced a relaxation called connectivity-$c$ mimicking networks, which asks to construct a vertex sparsifier which preserves connectivity among $k$ terminals exactly up to the value of $c$, and showed applications to dynamic connectivity data structures and survivable network design. We show that connectivity-$c$ mimicking networks with $\widetilde{O}(kc^3)$ edges exist and can be constructed in polynomial time in $n$ and $c$, improving over the results of Chalermsook et al. (SODA 2021) for any $c \ge \log n$, whose runtimes depended exponentially on $c$.
Activation of V1a vasopressin receptors excite subicular pyramidal neurons by activating TRPV1 and depressing GIRK channels

Abstract Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide that serves as a neuromodulator in the brain and a hormone in the periphery that regulates water homeostasis and vasoconstriction. The subiculum is the major output region of the hippocampus and an integral component in the networks that processes sensory and motor cues to form a cognitive map encoding spatial, contextual, and emotional information. Whereas the subiculum expresses high densities of AVP-binding sites and AVP has been shown to increase the synaptic excitability of subicular pyramidal neurons, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been determined. We found that activation of V1a receptors increased the excitability of subicular pyramidal neurons via activation of TRPV1 channels and depression of the GIRK channels. V1a receptor-induced excitation of subicular pyramidal neurons required the function of phospholipase Cβ, but was independent of intracellular Ca2+ release. Protein kinase C was responsible for AVP-mediated depression of GIRK channels, whereas degradation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was involved in V1a receptor-elicited activation of TRPV1 channels. Our results may provide one of the cellular and molecular mechanisms to explain the physiological functions of AVP in the brain.
Changes in acidity, DOC, and water clarity of Adirondack lakes over a 30-year span

Lake surveys conducted in 1987–88 and 2018–19 show changes in the chemical and optical properties of Adirondack lakes recovering from acidification. Among chronically acidified lakes (1980s pH < 5.5, ANC < 0 µeq L−1), increases in pH and reductions in monomeric Al were accompanied by significant increases in light attenuation, DOC, and CDOM. DOC-specific dissolved color (CDOM:DOC) doubled over the 30-year span, and is the likely factor accounting for loss of water clarity in Adirondack lakes during recovery from acidification. Monitoring data (1994–2002) from a subset of these lakes show that reductions in light attenuation were accompanied by stronger thermal stratification and greater hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. Lakes most affected by acidification experienced greater loss of water clarity during recovery relative to moderately acidified lakes. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that lake acidification resulted in a reduction in light attenuation by CDOM resulting in greater water clarity in acidified lakes, and that this process has been reversed following regional declines in sulfate deposition.
Targeting Employees for Corporate Crime and Forbidding Their Indemnification

The literature on corporate crime has focused on crimes committed by employees who are not necessarily acting in the interest of the firm. In this setting it is clear employees should be sanctioned; the question is whether the firm should be as well. The recent wave of corporate scandals has a different character: in many of these cases, the crime serves firm owners' direct interest; employees commit crimes only in response to incentives provided by the firm. In this latter setting it is clear the firm should be sanctioned; the question is whether employees should be as well. We show sanctioning employees solves a number of enforcement problems---increasing deterrence in the presence of a judgment-proof firm; reducing the chance that type-I enforcement errors lead to the bankruptcy of innocent firms by provide the same level of deterrence with lower overall fines. We show that forbidding indemnification is usually inefficient. The one case we find it to be useful is to encourage the employee's cooperation with prosecutors to increase the probability of successful prosecution of the firm.
Black Men Can’t Shoot

addressing this type of selection bias. As applied by Attewell and La vin, the counterfactual model first involves assigning a propensity score, indicating a high school graduate's likelihood of entering college. The model then involves pairing two people who have nearly the same propensity score, with one having gone to college and the other who did not. In this study, the person who did not go to college serves as a control of sorts, providing "a 'counterfactual' estimate of what the outcome" would have been like for the college-goer if that person had not gone to college (p. 211). The use of both the counterfactual model of causal inference and regression analyses bolster the rigor of the authors' research design and lend additional strength to their contributions to this important public policy debate. Passing the Torch presents the unambiguous and important contributions of expanded access to higher education, and yet the book comes at a time of continuing college pipeline issues and, indeed, retrenchment from increased access to higher education. Clearly, more needs to be done to improve the quality of the academic preparation in our nation's high schools, and graduation rates from college, both overall, and in terms of time from entry to completion. Then there are also policies whose net effect translates into considerably less assistance for the economically disadvantaged and racial and ethnic minorities. These include a dramatic decrease in states' investment in
Level Zero G-Types

Let G be a connected reductive group defined over a local non­Archimedean field \(\mathbb{F}_q ;\) let P be a parahoric Subscriptgroup with associated reductive quotient \(\mathbb{M}\). If σ is an irreducible cuspidal representation of \(\mathbb{M}(\mathbb{F}_q )\) it provides an irreducible representation of P by inflation. We show that the pair (P,σ) is an \(\mathfrak{S}\)-type as defined by Bushnell and Kutzko. The cardinality of \(\mathfrak{S}\) can be bigger than one; we show that if one replaces P by the full centraliser \({\hat P}\) of the associated facet in the enlarged affine building of G, and σ by any irreducible smooth representation \({\hat \sigma }\) of \({\hat P}\) which contains σ on restriction then (\((\hat P,\hat \sigma )\)) is an \(\mathfrak{s}\)-type for a singleton set \(\mathfrak{s}\). Our methods employ invertible elements in the associated Hecke algebra \(\mathcal{H}\) (σ) and they imply that the appropriate parabolic induction functor and its left adjoint can be realised algebraically via pullbacks from ring homomorphisms.
Tapered transmission gate chains for improved carry propagation [arithmetic logic circuits]

Carry propagation chains are commonly found along the critical paths of many digital VLSI systems and, in particular, arithmetic circuits. The carry propagation delay, therefore, has a significant effect on system performance. Innovative design approaches, such as carry-lookahead adders and redundant arithmetic, trade off area, delay, and power through shorter carry-propagation paths. The focus of this paper is an alternative and complementary solution for decreasing the carry-propagation delay, particularly for those cases where chains of transmission gates are used. The behavior of transmission gate chain tapering, supported by simulation results, is presented. With this proposed circuit technique, the area, delay, and power of the carry propagation chain may be significantly improved.
Effects of Cocaine Hydrochloride on Reproductive Function and Sexual Behavior of Male Rats and on the Behavior of Their Offspring

Cocaine hydrochloride (30, 15, or 0 mg/kg) was administered daily subcutaneously to male rats for a minimum of 72 days. Animals receiving the 15-mg/kg and 0-mg/kg doses were pair-fed with animals receiving the higher dose. A fourth group served as a nontreated ad libitum-fed control to assess the role of cocaine-associated decreases in food and water intake. Administration of cocaine resulted in dose-related decreases in body weights, increases in locomotor activity, and decreases in estradiol levels. The high dose of cocaine was also associated with an increase in the percentage of spermatozoa with heads separated from tails. Cocaine did not affect sexual behavior, relative weights of the testis or accessory organs, histology of the testis, number of implantations, resorptions, fetal or newborn weight of offspring, or offspring weight at 21 days of age but did result in hyperactivity and increased perseverance in a T maze.
ASDIN Clinical Case Focus: Retrieval of a Fractured Piece of Tessio Catheter with a Snare Using a Transcutaneous Transvenous Approach: RETRIEVAL OF A FRACTURED PIECE OF TESSIO CATHETER

Approximately 20% of end-stage renal disease patients requiring hemodialysis have central dialysis catheters as their vascular access. The major cause of central dialysis catheters removal or revision is infection or occlusion. Catheter occlusions may occur as a result of thrombosis or fibrin sheath formation. However, the presence of a fractured dialysis catheter tip requiring immediate extraction to prevent serious complications is rare. Herein we present the case of a central dialysis catheter referred to us for malfunction. An incidental finding was a piece of catheter that had broken off the venous port and was seen in the right atrium. The retrieval and subsequent placement of a new central dialysis catheter are outlined.
The Ethogenic Approach: Theory and Practice

Publisher Summary A central preoccupation of the ethogenic approach is to establish a fruitful connection between microsociology and social psychology and, in particular, to base social psychology on an adequate and explicit microsociology. It is vital to utilize the extremely good microsociology that has been developed by the symbolic interactionists and ethnomethodologists in the construction of a social psychology that takes its problems from that kind of microsociology and not from amateur or intuitive conceptions of the structure and meaning of social interactions. And as the main psychological technique in ethogenics is the analysis of the speech of participants in social life, the very detailed and often extremely subtle analyses of ordinary language made by the Oxford School of philosophers and others in the linguistic tradition can be employed in the course of which are revealed the theories implicit in ordinary speech. These two developments— the one in microsociology and the other in language analysis—contribute an enormous but previously untapped resource.
A cephalometric study of profile changes in orthodontically treated cases ten years out of retention.

Abstract No Abstract Available. Taken in part from a thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Dentistry, University of Washington, School of Dentistry. This study was supported in part by the University of Washington Orthodontic Memorial Fund.
Boucher de Perthes and the Discovery of Human Antiquity

Why did Boucher de Perthes’ discoveries of handaxes in the Somme River’s gravels need to be verified by English geologist Joseph Prestwich, and antiquarian John Evans, before members of the French Academy of Sciences changed their minds about evidence for the antiquity of humanity? The problem was not with the evidence itself, but with the way Boucher de Perthes interpreted and published it. Teetotal, but an over-imaginative Romantic, a provincial bureaucrat and an antiquarian scholar, an autodidact, and a generous provider of charity to local workers and early advocate for women’s education, Boucher de Perthes was not only eccentric and remarkable, but also his own worst enemy. He was easily dismissed by the scientific elite of Paris until more handaxes were found at other sites and in different countries, and were recognised as being similar to those found at Abbeville.
Two-Photon Lifetime Imaging of Voltage Indicating Proteins as a Probe of Absolute Membrane Voltage

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) can report cellular electrophysiology with high resolution in space and time. Two-photon (2P) fluorescence has been explored as a means to image voltage in tissue. Here, we used the 2P electronic excited-state lifetime to probe absolute membrane voltage in a manner that is insensitive to the protein expression level, illumination intensity, or photon detection efficiency. First, we tested several GEVIs for 2P brightness, response speed, and voltage sensitivity. ASAP1 and a previously described citrine-Arch electrochromic Forster resonance energy transfer sensor (dubbed CAESR) showed the best characteristics. We then characterized the voltage-dependent lifetime of ASAP1, CAESR, and ArcLight under voltage-clamp conditions. ASAP1 and CAESR showed voltage-dependent lifetimes, whereas ArcLight did not. These results establish 2P fluorescence lifetime imaging as a viable means of measuring absolute membrane voltage. We discuss the prospects and improvements necessary for applications in tissue.
Applications of fuzzy sets in personalization for e-commerce

Personalization is central to business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. In this paper, we formulate the main problems of B2C e-commerce. We suggest a modular architecture for a personalized e-commerce system, and describe some ways in which fuzzy sets can play a role.
Development and aging of the eye in mice with inherited optic nerve aplasia: Histopathological studies

Abstract We have examined the morphological development of optic nerve aplasia in a subpopulation (10–20%) of anophthalmic mice (Strain ZRDCT-AN) that develop microphthalmia. During embryonic stages the optic fissure in microphthalmic mutants did not involute into the optic stalk. Even in the absence of a proper fissure, early differentiation of the various retinal elements was not disturbed. Subsequently, however, the optic nerve fibers failed to exit from the eye in their appropriate position. Secondary changes in the retina, probably resulting from a failure of optic axons to reach their central targets, were near total loss of ganglion cells and variable attenuation of the other nuclear and plexiform layers. Retinal rosettes were also commonly present.
Acute vascular trauma. A fifteen year study.

Summary Three hundred seventy-nine acute vascular injuries occurring over a fifteen year period are reviewed. During the past five years the incidence of vascular trauma has doubled in comparison with that of the previous ten years and has been associated with more severe injuries and an increasing frequency of wounds due to missiles and blunt trauma. We are disappointed that our mortality has increased 6.8 per cent during the past five years. The majority of patients who died had extensive injuries involving multiple organ systems. Nevertheless, five patients who died from hemorrhage were in the hospital more than two hours and were not operated upon. Improvement in survival can result only from prompt recognition of vascular injury, rapid institution of resuscitative measures, and operative control of hemorrhage. Despite a marked decrease in ligation of wounded arteries and concomitant increase in attempts at surgical repair, we have not significantly altered our amputation rate. Most of the poor results have been due to the severity of the local injury with irreversible damage to the limb. Some limbs, however, may be saved from amputation by use of the Fogarty embolectomy catheter to remove distal clot and operative arteriography to insure patency of the arterial runoff. Prompt reoperation, if the initial repair fails, may be the most important measure in salvaging an extremity. In conclusion, we think the aggressive surgical approach undertaken during the past five years has been justified and must be extended if the results from acute vascular trauma are to be improved.
Physiological Consequences of Repeated Exposures to Conditioned Fear

Activation of the stress response evokes a cascade of physiological reactions that may be detrimental when repeated or chronic, and when triggered after exposure to psychological/emotional stressors. Investigation of the physiological mechanisms responsible for the health damaging effects requires animal paradigms that repeatedly evoke a response to psychological/emotional stressors. To this end, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were repeatedly exposed (2X per day for 20 days) to a context that they were conditioned to fear (conditioned fear test, CFT). Repeated exposure to CFT produced body weight loss, adrenal hypertrophy, thymic involution, and basal corticosterone elevation. In vivo biotelemetry measures revealed that CFT evokes sympathetic nervous system driven increases in heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and core body temperature. Extinction of behavioral (freezing) and physiological responses to CFT was prevented using minimal reinstatement footshock. MAP responses to the CFT did not diminish across 20 days of exposure. In contrast, HR and cardiac contractility responses declined by day 15, suggesting a shift toward vascular-dominated MAP (a pre-clinical marker of CV dysfunction). Flattened diurnal rhythms, common to stress-related mood/anxiety disorders, were found for most physiological measures. Thus, repeated CFT produces adaptations indicative of the health damaging effects of psychological/emotional stress.
Mica: a wireless platform for deeply embedded networks

Low-power integration of sensing, communication, and computation requires a new approach to wireless design. Flexible interfaces and primitive accelerators enable aggressive system-level optimizations. Mica's flexible design serves as a building block for creating efficient application-specific protocols. Instead of defining narrow, standardized application interfaces, Mica provides a set of richly interconnected primitives (such as data serializers and timing extractors) to facilitate cross-layer optimizations. To explore novel systems approaches, researchers can develop customized protocols tailored to their application; Mica does not require use of predefined protocols.
Investigation of the acoustic boundary layer in porous-walled ducts with flow

On presente une formulation bidimensionnelle, valable pour des nombres de Mach d'injection faible, qui inclut les effets de viscosite, de conductivite thermique et de vitesse
A rare multi-coordinate tellurite, NH4ATe4O9·2H2O (ARb or Cs): The occurrence of TeO3, TeO4, and TeO5 Polyhedra in the same material

Abstract Two new tellurites, NH 4 RbTe 4 O 9 ·2H 2 O and NH 4 CsTe 4 O 9 ·2H 2 O have been synthesized and characterized. The compounds were synthesized hydrothermally, in near quantitative yields, using the alkali metal halide, TeO 2 , and NH 4 OH as reagents. The iso-structural materials exhibit layered, two-dimensional structural topologies consisting of TeO x ( x =3, 4, or 5) polyhedra separated by NH 4 + , H 2 O, Rb + or Cs + cations. Unique to these materials is the presence of TeO 3 , TeO 4 , and TeO 5 polyhedra. Thermogravimetric and infrared spectroscopic data are also presented. Crystal data: NH 4 RbTe 4 O 9 ·2H 2 O: Monoclinic I 2/ a (no. 15), a =18.917(3) A, b =6.7002(11) A, c =21.106(5) A, β =101.813(2)°, V =2618.5(9) A 3 , Z =8; NH 4 CsTe 4 O 9 ·2H 2 O: Monoclinic I 2/ a (no. 15), a =18.9880(12) A, b =6.7633(4) A, c =21.476(2) A, β =102.3460(10)°, V =2694.2(3) A 3 , Z =8.
A Kūfan Jurist in Yemen: Contextualizing Muḥammad b. Sulaymān al-Kūfī’s Kitāb al-Muntaḫab

Abstract This study explores the intellectual legacy of the Kūfan jurist Muḥammad b. Sulaymān al-Kūfī (d. early 4th/10th century) who eventually settled in Yemen and was part of the intellectual circle surrounding al-Hādī ilā l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥusayn (d. 298/911). It offers an analysis of his most important work, Kitāb al-–Muntaḫab, through a singular ritual law case study that focuses on the use of the basmala in the daily prayer. The conclusion points towards the Muntaḫab’s value as a possible conduit for accessing a stream of Kūfan jurisprudence which has not survived into the modern period.
Corporate ethics: Who cares?

This article will focus on the ethical problems faced by America's multinational enterprises, especially on the issues created by the recent discovery and publication of the extent to which bribes and payoffs, “facilitating payments,” are part of doing business abroad. The author examines the ethical aspect of corporate corruption. A brief review of some of the more modern concepts of ethics will note the increasing rift between religion and the moral base of society in present thinking. The article points out some of the reasons for payoffs, cites specific examples of multinational graft, looks at the question of whether or not it is fair to impose U.S. business standards and ethics on other nations and states the other side of the issue: maybe there is nothing wrong with “facilitating payments” when they are part of a socially, legally, and politically accepted way of getting things done.
The Potassium Content of Gonyaulax polyedra and Phase Changes in the Circadian Rhythm of Stimulated Bioluminescence by Short Exposures to Ethanol and Valinomycin

A circadian rhythm in the intracellular level of K+ in Gonyaulax polyedra is reported. When axenic cultures of Gonyaulax in continuous light (60-75 fot candles) are exposed for 4 hours to 0.1 or 0.2% ethanol, the subsequent free-running rhythm in stimulated bioluminescence is phase-shifted, the amount and direction of the shift being dependent on the time in the circadian cycle when cells are treated. The phase-response curve for ethanol closely resembles that for light in similarly maintained cells. When valinomycin (0.1 or 0.2 μg ml−1) is present in addition to ethanol, the phase of the bioluminescence rhythm is returned to that of an untreated cell suspension. Valinomycin thus negates the effect of ethanol on phase. The intracellular K+ level immediately after treatment of a cell suspension for 4 hours with ethanol (0.1%) is about half that of untreated cells. If valinomycin (0.1 μg ml−1) is also present during the 4-hour treatment, the intracellular K+ is only slightly lower than in untreated cells. Increasing the external concentration of K+ or Na+ for 4 hours has no effect on the rhythm of stimulated bioluminescence. These results are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the mechanism by which circadian oscillations are generated involves changes in membrane properties.
Mediterranean sub-bottom giant Messinian salt as a precipitite

We question the widely held view that the sub-Mediterranean giant salt is anevaporite deposited in a dessicated deep basin (Hsu model). Instead we suggest it to be aprecipitite (new word, as the termevaporite tends to beg the question) precipitated within a deep water saturated brine (Schmalz model). We question the validity of supposed dessication indicators (mud cracks, stromatolites, etc.). One is reminded of the 1950’s when submarine canyons and deep sea sand were falsely interpreted to mean ocean basins had dried up. Remarkable hypothesis require extraordinary proof! Precipitation better accounts for the usual draping (rather than ponding) of the salt strata, their apparent deposition on young oceanic crust, general lack of erosional redepositional unconformities and interposed beds with deep water fauna. The repeated (ca. 12 times) absolute blocking at the Gibraltar portal by tectonism of a flow equivalent to several Amazons defies the geomorphic principle that river cutting overpowers tectonic uplift. In isolated large arid basins, (e.g. Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake) complete dessication, which requires zero precipitation and zero inflow, is an asymptotic end point never achievable in reality. Ground water hydrologic regimes and a paleo-Nile which flowed in from tropical rain forest are additional problems. Recent deposition (1983–85) of 4 cm of halite in the Dead Sea provides an actualistic example of precipitation. Undirectional inflow through a coral reef barrier dam at the Gibraltar portal is offered as possibly causing brine saturation in the Mediterranean 5 Ma.
Bringing natural behaviors into the laboratory: a tribute to Paul MacLean

Paul MacLean's work has exemplified and encouraged an approach in which natural behaviors are elicited and investigated in laboratory settings. Our own experiences with bringing natural behaviors into the laboratory indicate that this is best achieved by providing the social and environmental stimuli necessary to support these behaviors and by an initial process of ethological/observational analysis of them. Examples discussed in support of these suggestions include the development of more natural habitats, including visible burrow systems (VBS), for fossorial rodents such as rats and mice; analysis of aggressive and defensive behaviors among social groups in such habitats and to introduced predators; and the development of defense test batteries in which individual defensive behaviors may be elicited through manipulations of threat and environmental stimuli. These situations have proved useful in analysis of the effects of drugs active against anxiety-related psychopathologies. However, an equally important use for them is in the analysis of normal defensive and aggressive behaviors. Detailed analysis of natural behaviors in socially and environmentally adequate situations provides an important link between molecular findings and both normal and pathological behavior patterns. Investigation of natural behaviors in adequate stimulus contexts does not represent an antiexperimental stance but one that supplements and enhances the generalizability of more conventional experimental laboratory approaches.
Role of microvessel density in predicting recurrence in pathologic Stage T3 prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Objectives. Extraprostatic extension of prostatic adenocarcinoma (pathologic Stage T3) increases the risk of recurrence after radical prostatectomy compared with organ-confined prostate cancer. Use of microvessel density in predicting cancer recurrence in Stage pT3 cancer is poorly understood. We evaluated known predictors of recurrence, including Gleason grade, preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), DNA ploidy, seminal vesicle involvement, and surgical margin status in comparison with optimized microvessel density (OMVD) and area-weighted microvessel density (AWMVD) in patients with Stage pT3 prostate cancer. Methods. Between 1987 and 1989, 290 previously untreated patients underwent radical prostatectomy and were found to have pathologic Stage T3 adenocarcinoma. No patient received adjuvant therapy. Embedded prostatectomy specimens from 211 patients with sufficient tissue for immunohistochemical staining with factor VIII-related antigen were studied by computer-assisted digital image analysis for OMVD and AWMVD. The correlation of Gleason grade, preoperative PSA, DNA ploidy, seminal vesicle involvement, surgical margin positivity, OMVD, and AWMVD with clinical or biochemical failure was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Biochemical failure was defined as a postoperative increase in PSA greater than 0.2 ng/mL, and clinical failure was defined as a positive biopsy or metastasis on bone scan. Results. The mean follow-up ± SD for all patients was 7.1 ± 1.8 years, with 43 deaths (9 due to prostate cancer) and 124 cases of clinical and/or biochemical recurrence. The mean OMVD was 65.0 ± 17.3, and the mean AWMVD was 8.2 ± 5.3. OMVD and AWMVD were not predictors of cancer recurrence or significantly associated with DNA ploidy or preoperative PSA. AWMVD was associated with Gleason grade (P = 0.003). The estimated relative risk (adjusted for other cancer variables) of clinical and biochemical recurrence associated with a change in OMVD from the 25th percentile (53.5) to the 75th percentile (75.4) was 1.14 (95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.42). The estimated relative risk (adjusted) of clinical and biochemical recurrence associated with a change in AWMVD from the 25th percentile (4.8) to the 75th percentile (10.4) was 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.42). Gleason grade, preoperative PSA, DNA ploidy, and seminal vesicle involvement were predictors of clinical and/or biochemical recurrence in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions. Microvessel density, assessed by OMVD and AWMVD, did not predict recurrence in patients with pathologic Stage T3 adenocarcinoma of the prostate (TNM Stage T3N0M0). DNA ploidy, Gleason grade, preoperative PSA, and seminal vesicle involvement remained the best predictors of clinical and/or biochemical recurrence in this group of patients.
Anharmonic Contributions to the Heat Capacities of Silicon and Germanium

The heat capacities of silicon and germanium have been analyzed, in terms of their equivalent Debye temperatures at fixed volume, to obtain the coefficients of the leading anharmonic contribution to the free energy. The analysis is based on a temperature-dependent frequency distribution in which the anharmonicity is treated in terms of frequency shifts in the appropriate quasiharmonic expression. At the highest temperatures (300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) the anharmonic heat capacities become proportional to the absolute temperature. Thus $\ensuremath{\Delta}{C}^{\mathrm{anh}}=3\mathfrak{N}kA({V}_{0})T$; where $3\mathfrak{N}$ is the number of modes: for Si we find $A({V}_{0})=6.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{deg}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and for Ge $A({V}_{0})=5.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{deg}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
First Wall and Divertor Performance and Lifetime Analysis for the U.S. ITER Design

The performance of the ITER first wall and divertor have been analyzed using the Fusion Lifetime Prediction (FLIP) code. The code is a one-dimensional finite difference code which calculates the changes in properties, stress, strain, and temperature overtime for plate structures. The results indicate that the first wall should be able to accommodate up to {approximately}0.6 MW/m{sup 2} heat flux for the reference operating conditions. At much higher levels, fatigue and cracking are predicted to lead to rapid failure. The loss of ductility in irradiated austenitic stainless steel at low temperatures is a concern which may limit operating life. The results of the divertor analysis show that a bare, 2 mm thick plate of Nb-1Zr or TZM can accommodate fluxes of 15--20 MW/m{sup 2} for the ITER conditions. Duplex structures composed of 2 mm of tungsten on 2 mm of Nb-1Zr or TZM are limited to 8--10 MW/m{sup 2}. 3 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.
Critical Field and Specific Heat of Strong Coupling Superconductors

Expressions for thermal quantities such as the critical field, entropy, and specific heat are derived for strong coupling superconductors without making a quasiparticle approximation for electron motions. The contributions from the ion motions are also taken into account semiphenomenologically. Nambu's Green's-function formalism at finite temperature is used as well as a relation, derived by Chester, between the differences of the thermal averages of the total Hamiltonian and the ion kinetic energy between the normal and the superconducting phases. Assuming the simple isotope effect, where the transition temperature is proportional to the inverse square root of the ionic mass, the phase transition is shown to be of the second order. The thermal quantities are given in terms of a single function of the temperature and its derivatives, which can be obtained from the energy-gap function and the renormalization factor of the electron Green's function. These expressions lead to the BCS results in the appropriate limit. A new expression for the jump in specific heat is also derived. For strong coupling superconductors it is likely to give better agreement with experiments than the BCS expression. Present theory does not apply to superconductors with isotope effect not simple as above. A possible reason is discussed.
Sequential concept formation, hypothesis testing, and the PRE effect

High school subjects received training on a sequential concept for monetary reward, were then exposed to partial reinforcement (PR), and finally were extinguished. Percent reward and number of N-R transitions were varied in the PR stage. The effects of PR on subject’s hypotheses about the correct pattern were examined. Results of this study indicate that a PRE effect does exist within the constraints of this task. Partial reinforcement was also found to affect the length, variability, and complexity of subject’s hypothesis. Contrary to expectations, these effects were independent of number of N-R transitions.
Usefulness of Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device as a Bridge to Recovery from Myocarditis

The TandemHeart percutaneous left ventricular assist device is a left atrial–to–femoral artery bypass system that can be implanted percutaneously within 30 minutes and provides active circulatory support. The TandemHeart has been used mainly for temporary hemodynamic assistance during high-risk coronary interventions and postcardiotomy heart failure. This report describes initial experience with this device as a successful bridge to cardiac recovery in 3 patients with acute myocarditis. All patients presented with severe cardiogenic shock (mean cardiac index 1.1 L/min/m 2 ), and end-organ perfusion could not be maintained despite intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and the maximal use of vasopressive agents. The patients were successfully bridged to myocardial recovery with the TandemHeart (mean duration of support 5 days, range 2 to 8). The only complication was a short episode of ventricular fibrillation during device placement in 1 patient, which did not result in any morbidity or mortality. All patients were discharged home (mean duration of stay 15 days). In conclusion, the TandemHeart proved to be a safe and effective bridge to myocardial recovery in these patients with acute myocarditis.