cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Correlates of In Vitro Studies of Axonal Guidance: Retinal Transplantation in the Mammalian Retinotectal System

It is nearly 100 years since Ramon y Cajal first described the bulbous ends of immature axons (see Ramon y Cajal, 1937), and 80 years since Harrison (1910) provided convincing evidence that these structures were, indeed, growth cones. In the intervening time, a great deal of interest has been directed towards elucidating the mechanisms by which axons are first guided along their pathway of outgrowth to their target regions, and then are matched with appropriate sets of neurons to form functional synaptic circuits.
Versuche an Annelideneiern

Auch hier wollen wir die Resultate der neueren Versuche zuerst besprechen, aus demselben Grunde, der uns zu diesem Verfahren bei den Seesterneiern fuhrte, weil naturgemas die neueren Versuche nach besseren und wissenschaftlich klareren Methoden durchgefuhrt sind, als die alteren, Aber selbst mit diesen Vorzugen sind die Versuche an Anneliden noch nicht so vollkommen wie die an Echinodermen. Man erhalt bei den Anneliden zu oft eine Entwicklung, bei der zuerst die Furchung der Zellen ausbleibt, bei der zuerst also Kernteilungen ohne Zellteilungen stattfinden. Die Ursache hierzu mus in technischen Unvollkommenheiten der jetzigen Methoden gesuchtwerden. Aber die Methoden reichen aus, um zu zeigen, das die Agenzien fur die kunstliche Parthenogenese bei dem Annelidenei mit denen fur das Seeigelei im Prinzip identisch sind.
Energy metabolism of blood platelets: I. Isolation and properties of platelet mitochondria

A method for the isolation of a coupled mitochondrial preparation from pig platelets by disruption with a French pressure cell modified for use at pressures of approximately 800 psi is described. Electron micrographs showed this preparation to contain intact mitochondria and α-granules. This preparation was well-coupled; respiratory control ratios of 3–7 were obtained with α-ketoglutarate and 2–4 with succinate. The most rapidly oxidized substrate was α-glycerophosphate at rates as high as 140 natoms of oxygen/min/mg of protein. None of the citric acid cycle intermediates were oxidized at rates greater than 20 natoms/min/mg; rates of respiration with pyruvate plus malate were only 4–7 natoms/min/mg. The ADP:O ratios with various substrates and the response of the respiratory chain to site-specific inhibitors were the same as in other mammalian mitochondria. Room temperature difference spectra of dithionite-treated vs aerobic mitochondria showed the α-bands of the cytochromes of the electron transport chain to be at 603, 560, and 550 nm for (a + a3), b, and (c1 + c) at relative concentrations of 1 to 0.54 to 1.06, respectively.
On the existence of a solution of riccati equation and the mismatch threshold in practical stabilization of uncertain dynamical systems

This paper presents a sufficient condition for the existence of a symmetric positive definite solution of a Riccati equation that appears in the design of a practically stabilizing controller for mismatched uncertain dynamical systems. It is used to compare two existing methods for stabilizing mismatched systems; one that involves measure of mismatch and the other that uses the Riccati equation. The result indicates that, if the measure of mismatch is within the threshold of mismatch (which is a sufficient condition for the first method to be applicable), then a symmetric positive definite solution exists for the Riccati equation (which is a sufficient condition for the second method to be applicable). The type of Riccati equation under consideration also appears in Game Theory and H∞ Optimal Control.
Microscopic Models for Adsorption Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Solids

Abstract We describe a recently developed molecular model of adsorption in microporous heterogeneous solids such as silica gels. The solid is treated as a matrix of spheres in some predefined structural arrangement, which might be crystalline or randomly packed. A gas molecule inside the structure interacts with each of the matrix particles via a continuum distribution of interaction sites. This interaction may be simplified to yield an analytical gas-solid potential energy function. Using this potential function we have undertaken a statistical thermodynamic study of adsorption in heterogeneous materials.
Obesity Is Associated with Significant Morbidity after Multiligament Knee Surgery.

The objective was to report the effect of obesity, utilizing a body mass index (BMI) threshold of 35 kg/m2, on outcomes and complications of multiple ligament knee injury (MLKI). It was hypothesized that obese patients would have longer intraoperative times and hospital length of stay, greater estimated blood loss, and higher rates of wound infection requiring irrigation and debridement (ID p = 0.0001) and higher rates of concomitant lateral meniscus injury (48.0 vs. 25.3%; p = 0.04). Among patients undergoing single-staged surgery, obese patients had significantly longer duration of surgery (219.8 vs. 178.6 minutes; p = 0.02) and more wound infections requiring ID p = 0.03). In contrast, nonobese patients had higher rates of arthrofibrosis requiring manipulation under anesthesia and/or arthrolysis (25.3 vs. 0%; p = 0.003). Obese patients undergoing surgery of an MLKI have longer operative times, greater rates of wound infection requiring I&D, and lower rates of arthrofibrosis. Surgeons may consider these results when counseling patients on their postoperative course and risk for complications. Future research might focus on strategies to reduce complication rates in obese patients with MLKI. This is a Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Experimental investigation of the chemical degradation of lubricating grease from an energy point of view

Abstract The chemical degradation/oxidation of lubricating grease is investigated experimentally from an energy point of view. A Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimeter (PDSC) is used to measure the activation energies of two lithium-complex greases and to monitor their chemical degradation through induction time. For this purpose, an experimental setup consisting of a heating chamber, a temperature controller and an energy meter is designed, built, and calibrated to heat up grease samples and measure pure energy absorption during the chemical degradation at different test temperatures. A relationship between the energy absorption of the grease and its chemical degradation is established that is independent of the testing time and temperature. It is shown that the energy absorption of the grease approaches to an identical maximum value in a shorter time in high temperatures and a longer time in low temperatures. The maximum energy absorption depends on the grease type and experimental results reveal that it can be used to estimate the grease chemical life. A roller tester rig is used to measure and compare the lubrication ability of two chemically degraded grease samples and to validate the results of the research. To gain further insight, experimental results are presented to examine the flow characteristics of a chemically degraded grease in an elastohydrodynamic (EHL) line contact with a comparison to that of the fresh grease.
Associations of health and financial literacy with mortality in advanced age

Health and financial literacy are central to older adults’ well-being and financial standing, but the relation of literacy with mortality in advanced age remains unclear. To determine whether lower literacy, as reflected in measures of total literacy and subscales of health and financial literacy, was associated with an increased risk of mortality. Participants were 931 community-based older adults from the Rush Memory and Aging Project [age: mean (SD) = 80.9 (7.6), range 58.8–100.8], an ongoing, prospective observational cohort study of aging. Participants were without dementia at the time literacy was assessed. Proportional hazards models were used to determine whether literacy measures were associated with mortality. During up to 8 years of follow-up, 224 (24.1% of 931) participants died. In models that adjusted for age, sex, and education, lower total, health, and financial literacy were each associated with an increased risk of mortality (total literacy: HR = 1.020, 95% CI 1.010–1.031, p < 0.001; health literacy: HR = 1.015, 95% CI 1.008–1.023, p < 0.001; financial literacy: HR = 1.013, 95% CI 1.003–1.023, p = 0.014). These associations persisted after additionally adjusting for income and indices of health status; however, only the association of lower health literacy with mortality persisted after further adjusting for a robust measure of global cognition. We suspect that the current associations of lower literacy with mortality reflect the detrimental effect of early pathologic brain aging on literacy. Lower literacy, particularly lower health literacy, is associated with mortality in advanced age.
Miniature robust high-resolution spectrometers for future planetary missions

We describe the design, fabrication, and testing of compact spatial heterodyne spectrometers (SHS). The interferometer is part of the effort to develop miniature robust high- resolution spectrometers to observe low density, low temperature and angularly extended planetary targets such as cometary coma and lunar exosphere in near-ultraviolet OH fluorescence emission. The stability of the spectrometer coupled with the high optomechanical tolerances makes this new instrument very robust and suitable for applications in space missions. © 2003 Optical Society of America
Does Intramedullary Nail Fixation of the Tibia Pose the Same Risk of Pulmonary Complications as Intramedullary Nail Fixation of the Femur? A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

Objectives To compare duration of mechanical ventilation and pulmonary outcomes in patients treated with intramedullary nail (IMN) fixation of the tibia versus the femur. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Level I trauma center. Patients One thousand thirty patients were categorized based on treatment: those treated with IMN of the tibia (n = 515) and those treated with IMN of the femur (n = 515). Intervention IMN fixation of tibial and femoral fractures. Outcome measurements The primary outcome was duration of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes included length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and risk of tracheostomy, pulmonary embolism (PE), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and mortality. Results In an unadjusted analysis, femoral fractures were associated with increase in ventilator days (mean difference, 1.4; P 0.2). Propensity score-matched estimates showed no differences in any measured outcomes (P > 0.40). In patients with Injury Severity Scores >17, we found no difference in length of ventilator or ICU days or likelihood of tracheostomy, PE, ARDS, or mortality in the unadjusted (P > 0.2) or propensity score-matched estimates (P > 0.3). Conclusions These findings suggest that IMN fixation of the tibia is associated with duration of mechanical ventilation and risk of poor pulmonary outcomes similar to those of femoral nailing, after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Measurement Invariance by Age Group for the Aging Men’s Masculinity Ideologies Inventory:

To date, work on masculinity ideologies, or the culture-based standards and norms expected of boys and men, has focused almost exclusively on younger adulthood. Given the emphases in men’s lives du...
Fish and Chips: Converting Fishing Boats for Electric Mobility to Serve as Minigrid Anchor Loads

Though electricity access remains out of reach for roughly one billion primarily rural and low-income people, crucial strides have been made in developing new pathways for connecting households and businesses to electricity supplies. Among these, decentralized minigrids - typically comprised of generation, storage, and a medium- and low-voltage distribution network - have considerable technical promise for balancing recent advances in decentralized generation as well as grid sensing and communication systems with the overwhelming economies-of-scale enjoyed by electricity grids. However, low revenues and, in response, high tariffs necessary for cost recovery stifle the widespread development of this promising pathway for electrification. In this paper, we study techniques for addressing the principal challenge for sustainable minigrids: demand stimulation among rural customers. Specifically, we evaluate the potential for conversion of diesel-based fishing boats in Lake Victoria to electric motor and battery-based systems that can provide a crucial anchor load for a nascent 650 kWp hybrid solar-battery-diesel minigrid. We conduct a survey among fishing boat operators (n = 69) to characterize the target population and deploy a custom tracking system to measure fishing boat movement patterns. Using these primary data along with secondary data on customer consumption, we select a candidate electric mobility system, create synthetic loads of residential and business customers, and construct technical and financial models of the complete minigrid system. We then use these models to evaluate the excess capacity on the minigrid for electric boats, evaluate the tradeoffs among electric mobility and manufacturing on the minigrid, and assess the impacts of demand response capabilities for charging the boats. We find that electric boat charging contributes to at least 17% more consumption per day resulting in substantial technical as well as financial value to the minigrid system, though perhaps at the cost of additional use of the system's backup diesel generator. We find that adding shifting capabilities to electric boat charging can save up to 6% of diesel expenditures at little to no impact on the system Net Present Value. We combine these minigrid-scale evaluations with design considerations for a future boat tracking system, providing guidance for minigrid designers and operators to incorporate the potentially attractive load class of electric mobility systems.
GEODESICS IN THE SIERPINSKI CARPET AND MENGER SPONGE

In this paper, we study geodesics in the Sierpinski carpet and Menger sponge, as well as in a family of fractals that naturally generalize the carpet and sponge to higher dimensions. In all dimensi...
A Fully Integrated 20-500-GHz Coherent Detector with 2-Hz Frequency Resolution

This paper presents an oscillator-free frequency comb-based coherent detector with an on-chip antenna for sensing and imaging applications in millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies. This design detects arbitrary signals from 20 GHz up to 500 GHz with 2-Hz frequency resolution. A peak sensitivity of −100 dBm is measured with 1 KHz resolution bandwidth (RBW). The frequency spacing in the frequency comb is tunable and set to 4 GHz in this work. This frequency comb is used as an on-chip reference signal (LO frequency comb). This design also functions as a comb radiator. A chip-to-chip dual-frequency comb is successfully measured and characterized in the 20-220-GHz frequency range by using this chip as a transmitter and receiver. Compared with receivers presented in existing studies, this work has the widest bandwidth among coherent receivers.
Antigen identification for HLA class I– and HLA class II–restricted T cell receptors using cytokine-capturing antigen-presenting cells

A major limitation to understanding the associations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and CD8+ and CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) genes with disease pathophysiology is the technological barrier of identifying which HLA molecules, epitopes, and TCRs form functional complexes. Here, we present a high-throughput epitope identification system that combines capture of T cell-secreted cytokines by barcoded antigen-presenting cells (APCs), cell sorting, and next-generation sequencing to identify class I- and class II-restricted epitopes starting from highly complex peptide-encoding oligonucleotide pools. We engineered APCs to express anti-cytokine antibodies, a library of DNA-encoded peptides, and multiple HLA class I or II molecules. We demonstrate that these engineered APCs link T cell activation-dependent cytokines with the DNA that encodes the presented peptide. We validated this technology by showing that we could select known targets of viral epitope-, neoepitope-, and autoimmune epitope-specific TCRs, starting from mixtures of peptide-encoding oligonucleotides. Then, starting from 10 TCRβ sequences that are found commonly in humans but lack known targets, we identified seven CD8+ or CD4+ TCR-targeted epitopes encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) genome. These included known epitopes, as well as a class I and a class II CMV epitope that have not been previously described. Thus, our cytokine capture-based assay makes use of a signal secreted by both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and allows pooled screening of thousands of encoded peptides to enable epitope discovery for orphan TCRs. Our technology may enable identification of HLA-epitope-TCR complexes relevant to disease control, etiology, or treatment.
A comparative review on foam-based versus lightweight aggregate-based alkali-activated materials and geopolymer

Alkali-activated materials and geopolymer are major sustainable alternative binding materials to ordinary Portland cement products with higher thermal resistance and often better durability properties. In lightweight form, they have an unmatched lowered thermal conductivity and insulating properties making them a perfect fit for optimized structural components with highest strength to density ratio and major energy savings in green buildings. For them to produce lightweight materials, generally either certain foaming agent or some types of lightweight aggregates in virgin, expanded, or recycled form are utilized that reduce the overall density through higher overall porosity. In accordance, this review provides an updated information on recent advances while stressing the sustainability of lightweight geopolymer materials over ordinary Portland cement products that are vastly in use. In the end, recent mechanical and durability properties developed and documented are reviewed and provided for future applications. Based on the result of this review, the most common lightweight aggregates used in literature are perlite, pumice, shale, ceramsite, and slate sand, in expanded and porous form, along with recycled thermosetting (e.g., rubber), or thermoplastic (e.g., polyethylene) materials. In foam form, chemical and mechanical foaming are the most commonly used foaming techniques to increase porosity of final materials. The pore mechanism of foam-based geopolymer is found to be different from that of lightweight aggregate-based geopolymer. This variation results in different physico-mechanical and durability properties such as better insulation properties (and lower thermal conductivity) for foam-based versus better mechanical properties for lightweight aggregate-based geopolymer.
Alternative polyadenylation characterizes epithelial and fibroblast phenotypic heterogeneity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Human tumors are characterized by extensive intratumoral transcriptional variability within the cancer cell and stromal compartments. This variation drives phenotypic heterogeneity, producing cell states with differential pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties. While bulk RNA sequencing cannot achieve cell type specific transcriptional granularity, single cell sequencing has permitted an unprecedented view of these cell states. Despite this knowledge, we lack an understanding of the mechanistic drivers of this transcriptional and phenotypic heterogeneity. 3′ untranslated region alternative polyadenylation (3′ UTR-APA) drives gene expression alterations through regulation of 3′ UTR length. These 3′ UTR alterations modulate mRNA stability, protein expression and protein localization, resulting in cellular phenotypes including differentiation, cell proliferation, and migration. Therefore, we sought to determine whether 3′ UTR-APA events could characterize phenotypic heterogeneity of tumor cell states. Here we analyze the largest single cell human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) dataset and resolve 3′ UTR-APA patterns across PDAC cell states. We find that increased proximal 3′ UTR-APA is associated with PDAC progression and characterizes a metastatic ductal epithelial subpopulation and an inflammatory fibroblast population. Furthermore, we find significant 3′ UTR shortening events in cell state-specific marker genes associated with increased expression. Therefore, we propose that 3′ UTR-APA drives phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer.
HLA-DPB1 E69 genotype and exposure in beryllium sensitisation and disease

Objectives Human leukocyte antigen-DP beta 1 (HLA-DPB1) with a glutamic acid at the 69th position of the s chain (E69) genotype and inhalational beryllium exposure individually contribute to risk of chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and beryllium sensitisation (BeS) in exposed individuals. This retrospective nested case–control study assessed the contribution of genetics and exposure in the development of BeS and CBD. Methods Workers with BeS (n=444), CBD (n=449) and beryllium-exposed controls (n=890) were enrolled from studies conducted at nuclear weapons and primary beryllium manufacturing facilities. Lifetime-average beryllium exposure estimates were based on workers’ job questionnaires and historical and industrial hygienist exposure estimates, blinded to genotype and case status. Genotyping was performed using sequence-specific primer-PCR. Logistic regression models were developed allowing for over-dispersion, adjusting for workforce, race, sex and ethnicity. Results Having no E69 alleles was associated with lower odds of both CBD and BeS; every additional E69 allele increased odds for CBD and BeS. Increasing exposure was associated with lower odds of BeS. CBD was not associated with exposure as compared to controls, yet the per cent of individuals with CBD versus BeS increased with increasing exposure. No evidence of a gene-by-exposure interaction was found for CBD or BeS. Conclusions Risk of CBD increases with E69 allele frequency and increasing exposure, although no gene by environment interaction was found. A decreased risk of BeS with increasing exposure and lack of exposure response in CBD cases may be due to the limitations of reconstructed exposure estimates. Although reducing exposure may not prevent BeS, it may reduce CBD and the associated health effects, especially in those carrying E69 alleles.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of tadalafil to inform pediatric dose selection in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, is being investigated as a treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in children aged 6 months to less than 18 years. Tadalafil pharmacokinetic (PK) data in children less than 2 years old are unavailable, therefore a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to enable estimation of tadalafil doses in children less than 2 years old. The model was verified in adults and extended for use in children by modifying CYP3A-mediated intrinsic clearance to include CYP3A7. To account for co-dosing of the commonly prescribed moderate CYP3A4 inducer bosentan, predicted exposures were increased by a factor of 1.54 based on changes in exposure in adults with PAH. This factor was predictable using a bosentan PBPK model. The tadalafil model was verified in children aged greater than or equal to 2 years by comparing predicted and observed exposures. Tadalafil doses for children less than 2 years old were calculated as target area under the concentration curve from zero to 24 h (AUC0-24 )/predicted AUC0-24 , with target AUC0-24 of 10,000 ng*h/ml based on adult 40 mg single dose exposures determined in patients without bosentan background treatment. These doses were 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, and 6 mg, respectively, for children aged birth to less than 1 month, 1 month to less than 6 months, 6 months to less than 1 year, and 1 to less than 2 years. Due to uncertainties in CYP maturation, a nonmechanistic steady-state volume scalar, and lack of PK data in children less than 2 years old, accumulation of tadalafil to steady-state in children less than 2 years was not verifiable. Safety of proposed doses is supported by postmarketing research and investigator-led trials.
Mythologizing Modernity Through Vernacular Discourses

Political communication is often depicted as an exchange of rational arguments between rational individuals. However, in political communication people not only communicate emotionally but also rely on nonrational understandings drawn from mythical representations of various symbols and images. The problem becomes especially acute in the realm of global communication as nations permanently appropriate the political ideas of modernity. This study investigates how a local newspaper in the USSR during perestroika interpreted the concepts of “democracy” and “market”—two essential components of the discourse of capitalistic modernity. Following Roland Barthes’ method of deconstructing mythologies, this study shows how the newspaper’s interpretations led to a mythologizing of modernity’s basic concepts.
Construction of Matrices with Prescribed Singular Values and Eigenvalues

Two issues concerning the construction of square matrices with prescribe singular values an eigenvalues are addressed. First, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an n × n complex matrix with n given nonnegative numbers as singular values an m (≤ n) given complex numbers to be m of the eigenvalues is determined. This extends the classical result of Weyl and Horn treating the case when m = n. Second, an algorithm is given to generate a triangular matrix with prescribe singular values an eigenvalues. Unlike earlier algorithms, the eigenvalues can be arranged in any prescribe order on the diagonal. A slight modification of this algorithm allows one to construct a real matrix with specified real an complex conjugate eigenvalues an specified singular values. The construction is done by multiplication by diagonal unitary matrices, permutation matrices and rotation matrices. It is numerically stable and may be useful in developing test software for numerical linear algebra packages.
High School Inspection by the University of Wisconsin, 1877-1931.

During the decades around the beginning of the twentieth century, public universities in the United States commonly employed a “certificate system” to establish eligibility for undergraduate admittance. “Certification” meant that between 1877 and 1931 representatives of the University of Wisconsin inspected high schools and had face-to-face interaction with pupils, teachers, and administrators. If they found a school's facilities, curriculum, and teaching to be satisfactory, graduates—with the endorsement of their principal—could enter the University as freshmen without further examination. This process of certification by inspection was part of a broader dialogue between Wisconsin high schools and the state university. The principal inspector during the 1920s, Thomas Lloyd-Jones, brought together strands of both administrative and pedagogical Progressivism, while insisting on the importance of academic subjects in the high school curriculum. By encouraging closer articulation between secondary schools and colleges, it was a central component of what educational historian Mark VanOverbeke has described as a more “stratified and standardized educational system” that developed in the United States between 1870 and 1910.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a new frontier in bladder cancer

Immunotherapy is rapidly changing the field of urologic oncology. In this review, we discuss the role of the immune system in general and place a particular emphasis on the biology of the immune checkpoint and its role in cancer. Bladder cancer, as one of the most immunogenic neoplasms, is an exciting target for immune checkpoint inhibition. Early preclinical data and human trial experience suggest that this new drug class may shape bladder cancer therapy for years to come.
Tumor Microvasculature: Endothelial Leakiness and Endothelial Pore Size Distribution in a Breast Cancer Model

Tumor endothelial leakiness is quantified in a rat mammary adenocarcinoma model using dynamic contrast enhancement MRI and contrast agents of widely varying sizes. The contrast agents were constructed to be of globular configuration and have their uptake rate into tumor interstitium be driven by the same diffusion process and limited only by the availability of endothelial pores of passable size. It was observed that the endothelial pore distribution has a steep power law dependence on size, r−β, with an exponent of −4.1. The model of large pore dominance in tumor leakiness as reported in some earlier investigation with fluorescent probes and optical chamber methods is rejected for this tumor model and a number of other tumor types including chemically induced tumors. This steep power law dependence on size is also consistent with observations on human breast cancer.
Dielectrophoresis in Lossy Dielectric Media

DIELECTROPHORESIS is the unidirectional motion of neutral, polarizable material which results from the presence of a non-uniform d.c. or a.c. electric field. It is one of a variety of aligning, rotating and translating effects produced by the action of electrical fields on particles suspended in a fluid1. Dielectrophoresis has been discussed and tested for a variety of uses2–4, but only recently has it been applied to biological investigations5. Because of the universality and potential for research in the life sciences of the dielectrophoretic effect, it is desirable to have a quantitative theory for the dielectrophoretic force in lossy dielectric media.
Efficient data retrieval and manipulation using Boolean entity lattice

This paper proposes a technique to organize the database such that retrievals and manipulations will be operated on a subset instead of the whole entity set. The conceptual partitioning lattice and the Boolean partitioning lattice of an entity set are introduced as basic concepts. A technique is presented for determining all descendant atoms (subsets) of a given entity set. It is demonstrated that using the Boolean lattice to describe the structure between entity subsets is better than using an ordinary lattice. It is also demonstrated that using the Boolean lattice to organize a database can make data manipulation and retrieval operations more efficient.
Metal-organic hybrid resonant terahertz absorbers with SU-8 photoresist dielectric layer

We report on the characterization of metal-organic hybrid metamaterials for MEMS-based terahertz (THz) thermal sensors and on the characterization of refractive index of SU-8 in the THz band. This type of metamaterial, coupled with the applicability of SU-8 as a structural material, offers possibilities for quick, simple microfabrication of THz imagers. SU-8, a negative photoresist, is a low-cost material that can quickly be spun onto a substrate at a wide range of thicknesses, and then photolithographically patterned into a variety of structures. It is also transparent to THz radiation and thus a suitable choice for a dielectric spacer in metamaterials. We investigated metamaterials consisting of a 0.18 μm Al ground plane and 0.18-μm layer of patterned Al separated by a dielectric spacer of ∼0.5 μm of SU-8. Absorption close to 70% at around 6.1 THz was observed. A model was developed to simulate absorption spectra of several metamaterials, agreeing well with experiments. Matching simulation to measurements was used to determine the refractive index of SU-8 at THz frequencies, extending the known values from 0.1 to 1.6 THz to as far as 10 THz. Finally, Kirchoff’s law for these metamaterials was verified and their use as THz emitters demonstrated with about 0.8 mW/cm^2 output.
Comparisons of self‐efficacy and expectancy models of occupational preferences for college males and females

Expectancy models have related individual work values and the availability of desired rewards in different occupations to occupational preferences, while self-efficacy models have stressed personal perceptions of individual capacities to perform in different occupations to occupational preferences. This study demonstrates support for both models, and indicates that these models have separate and independent relationships to occupational preference. Further analysis supports the contention that the perceptions of self-efficacy may be an important factor in explaining sex differences in occupational preferences.
Cardiovascular responses to autonomic blockade in intact fetal and newborn lambs

Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity have been studied in exteriorized fetal lambs but not in intact fetuses in utero. We placed vinyl catheters in a systemic artery and hindlimb vein in 20 fetuses from 92 days of gestation to term and also in 3 newborn lambs. The animals were allowed to recover from surgery for 2–3 days and then studied daily for several weeks. Maternal and fetal pH, PCO2 and PO2 were normal in all experiments. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses to selective intravenous injection of propranolol (1 mg/kg), practolol (1–2 mg/kg), atropine (1.0 mg/kg), phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg), phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg) and tyramine (0.25 mg/kg) were recorded. The adequacy of autonomic blockade was confirmed by absence of response to acetylcholine (5–15 μg/kg), isoproterenol (0.1 μg/kg) or methoxamine (50 μg/kg). Change in HR from resting levels without significant BP change were observed as follows: propranolol 5–25% decrease, practolol 8–22% decrease and atropine 0–64% increase. Response to beta-adrenergic blockade did not vary significantly with gestational age. Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine decreased systolic BP 2-14 and diastolic BP 2-12 mm Hg in 19/21 animals and tyramine increased systolic BP 7-60 and diastolic BP 10-46 mm Hg in 7/7 animals. No significant difference in sympathetic responses were observed in fetal and newborn lambs, indicating HR and BP to be under similar autonomic control at all ages studied.
G proteins as regulators of ion channel function.

Abstract Virtually unknown just a decade ago, GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) have become a major focus of current research. This family of closely related proteins transduce extracellular signals (such as hormones, neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli) into effector responses 1,2 . It is now evident that ion channel permeability is one such effector response. In fact, the striking increase in the frequency of reports that demonstrate G protein-regulated ion channel function suggests that channels whose permeability mechanism can be altered by a G protein-mediated process may be more the rule than the exception. It is well-known that the cAMP-dependent modulation of ion channels is under the control of G proteins that regulate adenylate cyclase activity 3,4 . However recent studies demonstrate that G proteins also transduce agonist-induced changes in channel activity that do not involve adenylate cyclase. It is on this aspect of G protein signal transduction that this review will focus.
Variation in the isozymes of flax (Linum usitatissimum) genotrophs.

Peroxidase, esterase, and acid phosphatase isozymes of environmentally induced L and S genotrophs, nuclear DNA reversion types, and the original plastic (Pl) type of the flax variety Stormont Cirrus have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differences were observed in particular genotrophs in terms of peroxidase and acid phosphatase isozymes but not in the esterase isozymes. The isozyme pattern of a particular line was not correlated with the nuclear DNA amount. The relationship between the isozyme pattern and the phenotypes of the lines in which they are expressed is discussed.
Turbulence and internal waves in side-heated convection

We present an experimental study of the convective motion of gas contained in a cubic cell heated from the side. The Rayleigh number (Ra) is varied from 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ to 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ by changing the pressure of the gas. Using local temperature probes and shadowgraph visualization, we observe two distinct types of motion coexistent in the cell: turbulent flow and waves. A turbulent large scale circulation around the periphery of the cell, with side eddies along each plate, is observed for Rag3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$. The turbulent fluctuations are confined to the regions near the hot and cold plates, while the bulk of the cell is stably stratified. We measure the thermal boundary layer thickness; its scaling with Ra has an exponent close to 2/7, as measured in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection. In the central part of the cell, we observe internal waves, with a frequency corresponding to the Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequency of the mean vertical temperature gradient. This system provides a laboratory environment for the study of fluctuation-generated gravitational waves in stratified gases.
Revascularization of the posterior wall of the heart by right internal mammary artery implantation: a quantitative flow study.

he anterior wall of the left ventricle has been successfully revascularized by implantation of the left internal mammary artery T [12]. Evidence of new collateral channel formation has been provided by angiography [ll], metabolic studies [6], and direct flow measurements [3]. Significant ischemia is frequently present in the posterior wall of the left ventricle [8], which is less readily revascularized. Several methods for increasing the blood supply to this part of the heart have been proposed, which include the implantation of splenic [2], gastroepiploic [l], or intercostal arteries [7] and arterial [lo] or venous grafts [5]. These procedures, however, have been inconclusive or technically troublesome. This report describes a method for revascularization of the diaphragmatic wall of the left ventricle by implantation of the right internal mammary artery. The surgically induced collateral channels were evaluated by direct blood flow measurements, angiographic mapping, and histological studies. Myocardial tissue perfusion by this blood was determined by arteriovenous differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide tension. METHODS Experimental Preparations. Twenty-six mongrel dogs weighing between 18 and 25 kg. were used in this study. Ten of the dogs served as normal controls without operation. In 8 dogs the right internal mammary artery was implanted into the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and myocardial ischemia was
Overland flow generation in chaparral ecosystems: temporal and spatial variability.

Fire is an important and natural process in the lifecycle of chaparral systems, removing old growth and recycling nutrients. Recent catastrophic wildfires in southern California chaparral have heightened concerns about increased runoff and nutrient export. The goal of this study was to improve understanding of how overland flow is generated in unburned and post-fire chaparral watersheds. Samples of overland flow were collected from burned and unburned watersheds after rainfall events and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the influence of individual storm characteristics and system moisture on overland flow volume. The results indicate that variation in overland flow generation in the unburned watershed is best explained by storm size, while overland flow in the burned watershed was positively related to storm size and time between storms. These findings suggest that the burned system had decreased infiltration rates and increased soil water repellency. In contrast, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between overland flow 1 year after a fire against different system and precipitation factors revealed a negative correlation with drying period and a positive relationship with rainfall intensity, a combination that suggests reduced repellency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical studies of motion of vortex filaments - Implementing the asymptotic analysis

A computational code is developed for the integro-differential equations governing the motion of the centerlines of vortex filaments submerged in a background potential flow. These equations, which are derived from the method of matched asymptotic analysis, include the effect of the decaying large-magnitude circumferential and axial velocity components in the vortical cores. Numerical examples are presented to assess the effect of a large axial velocity and that of nonsimilar initial profiles in the vortical cores. The initial configurations of the filaments are chosen so as to fulfill the basic assumption of the asymptotic analysis, which is that the effective vortical core size is much smaller than all the other length scales in the flowfield, e.g., the radius of curvature and the interfilament distance. The computations are continued until the basic assumption is no longer valid, that is when the merging or intersection of filaments has begun. A classification of the various types of local or global merging or intersection of filaments is made and demonstrated by numerical examples. It is then shown that the asymptotic solution not only provides the initial data but also can be used to formulate the appropriate boundary conditions for the numerical solution of a merged region.
Induction of endogenous tissue antioxidant enzyme activity attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury.

Efforts to reduce reperfusion injury have focused on exogenous therapies; however, endogenous attenuation of reperfusion injury can be induced by a single sublethal dose of endotoxin (ETX) prior to ischemia. The purposes of this study were to investigate (i) the early neutrophilendothelial (PMN-EC) adherence, (ii) the associated myocardial oxidant stress, (iii) the relationship of oxidant stress to antioxidant enzyme activity, and (iv) the correlation of increased antioxidant enzyme activity to myocardial recovery following ischemia/reperfusion (I-R) injury at 36 hr. Rats were administered a sublethal dose (2% of LD50) of endotoxin (500 μg/kg, ip, Salmonella typhimurium). At 6 hr, myocardial neutrophil accumulation (histology), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and myocardial tissue glutathione (glutathione and oxidized glutathione) levels were determined. At 24 hr myocardial tissue glutathione levels and catalase (CAT) activity were assayed. At 36 hr, myocardial tissue superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) were assayed. At 36 hr, hearts were subjected to a standard (20 min, global, 37°C) ischemic insult followed by reperfusion. At 40 min of reperfusion, ventricular function was assessed (ventricular balloon; ventricular developed pressure +dP/dt, and t-dP/dt). Pretreatment with ETX resulted in (i) increased myocardial PMN accumulation at 6 hr (P < 0.05), (ii) increased tissue H2O2 levels at 6 hr (P < 0.05) and increased tissue glutathione oxidation at 24 hr (P < 0.05), (iii) increased myocardial CAT activity (U/mg protein) at 24 and 36 hr and increased G-6-PD activity (U/mg protein) at 36 hr (P < 0.05), and (iv) improved recovery of myocardial function following I-R injury at 36 hr (P < 0.05). We conclude that a single sublethal dose of endotoxin results in (i) early myocardial accumulation of neutrophils and associated increased H2O2 levels, (ii) a low-grade oxidant stress, (iii) subsequent increases in myocardial antioxidant enzyme activity, and (iv) enhanced myocardial functional recovery following ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Weighted least squares error approaches to abundance-constrained linear spectral mixture analysis

Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is a widely used technique for subpxiel detection and mixed pixel classification. Due to mathematical tractability it is generally implemented without constraints. However, it has been shown that the constrained LSMA can improve the unconstrained LSMA, specifically in quantification when accurate estimates of abundance fractions are required. When the constrained LSMA is considered, two constraints are generally imposed on abundance fractions, abundance sum-to-one constraint (ASC) and abundance nonnegativity constraint (ANC), referred to as abundance-constrained LSMA (AC-LSMA). A general and common approach to solving the AC-LSMA is to estimate abundance fractions in the sense of least-squares error (LSE) subject to the imposed constraints. Since the LSE is not weighted in accordance with significance of bands, the effect caused by the LSE is assumed to be uniform over all the bands, which is generally not necessarily true. This paper extends the commonly used LSE-based AC-LSMA to weighted LSE-based AC-LSMA with the weighting matrix that is derived from various approaches such as parameter estimation, pattern classification and orthogonal subspace projection (OSP). As demonstrated by experiments, the weighted LSE-based AC-LSMA generally performs better than the commonly used LSE-based AC-LSMA where the latter can be considered a special case of the former with the weighting matrix reduced to the identity matrix.
Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Methadone for Control of Burn Pain

Seventeen patients with acute, severe burns were treated with a two-stage continuous, intravenous infusion of methadone to control pain. An initial loading infusion was run for 2 hours at 0.1 mg/kg/hr of methadone; then a maintenance infusion was continued at 0.01 mg/kg/hr of methadone. Median visual analog scale scores were 70% pain relief after the 2-hour loading infusion and 80% after 24 hours. Cardiovascular parameters were stable. There was a significant decrease in the respiratory rate of the patients. It appears that continuous intravenous methadone is an effective analgesic agent for the patient with acute, severe burns. Administration of the drug should be on an individualized basis with conservative dosing in a well-monitored environment because somnolence and respiratory depression can occur.
Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in critically ill pediatric patients

Midazolam is frequently used to produce sedation in critically ill pediatric patients. We studied the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in 22 patients (age 8 days to 16 years). The intravenous infusion rate to produce sedation ranged from 49–385 mcg/kg/hr.
Support for XML markup of image-based electronic editions

Image-based electronic editions enable researchers to view and study in an electronic environment historical manuscript images intricately linked to edition, transcript, glossary and apparatus files. Building image-based electronic editions poses a two-fold challenge. For humanities scholars, it is important to be able to use image and text to successfully encode the desired features of the manuscripts. Computer Scientists must find mechanisms for representing markup in its association both with the images, text and other auxiliary files and for making the representation available for efficient querying. This paper addresses the architecture of one such solution, that uses efficient data structures to store image-based encodings in main memory and on disk.