cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
President's Address: Knowledge, Compassion and Restless Spirit

Doris and I are the most fortunate people on the face of the Earth. We accept our good fortune with humility and a huge dose of gratitude. Would you imagine that 53 years ago, on June 30, 1955, I and my beautiful and young bride stepped on American soil for the first time at the train station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (Figure 1) We were married just 3 weeks earlier, 8000 miles east of Milwaukee, in the Greek Catholic church of Cairo, Egypt. I had just graduated from a medical school (Figure 2) of an ancient world (Figure 3) and was accepted through a serendipitous twist of fate to serve as a medical resident at Milwaukee County Hospital. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Limits of fiscal federalism: How narratives of local government inefficiency facilitate scalar dumping in New York State:

US local governments are responsible for a variety of services, based on the assumptions of fiscal federalism that local governments can deliver residents the services they want at the lowest cost. However, an austerity narrative that calls for shrinking public budgets emerged after the 2008 global financial crisis and higher levels of government are dumping fiscal stress down to the local level in a process of “scalar dumping.” How do local governments respond to these austerity pressures and why do we see weak pushback from local governments? Focus groups with local government officials across New York State show local responses are constrained by the combination of a state-level limit on local property taxes and a narrative of local government inefficiency. Although local governments have the legal authority to raise revenues, they are reluctant to use this authority due to political pressure from the state and voters. These pressures encourage local governments to maintain services without adequate re...
Indianapolis Provider’s Use Of Wraparound Services Associated With Reduced Hospitalizations And Emergency Department Visits

Recent changes to US reimbursement policies are increasingly holding providers financially accountable for patients’ health. Providing nonmedical services in conjunction with primary care—known as ...
A Query Processing Framework for Large-Scale Scientific Data Analysis

Current scientific applications must analyze enormous amounts of array data using complex mathematical data processing methods. This paper describes a distributed query processing framework for large-scale scientific data analysis that captures array-based computations using SQL-like queries and optimizes and evaluates these computations using state-of-the-art parallel processing algorithms. Instead of providing a library of concrete distributed algorithms that implement certain matrix operations efficiently, we generalize these algorithms by making them parametric in such a way that the same efficient implementations that apply to the concrete algorithms can also apply to their generic counterparts. By specifying matrix operations as generic algebraic operators, we are able to perform inter-operator optimizations, such as fusing matrix transpose with matrix multiplication, resulting to new instantiations of the generic algebraic operators, without having to introduce new efficient algorithms on the fly. We report on a prototype implementation of our framework on three Big Data platforms: Hadoop Map-Reduce, Apache Spark, and Apache Flink, using Apache MRQL, which is a query processing and optimization system for large-scale, distributed data analysis. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of our framework through experiments on three queries: a matrix multiplication query, a simple query that combines matrix multiplication with matrix transpose, and a complex iterative query for matrix factorization.
Development and Validation of a Scale Assessing Midlevel Band Performance: A Mixed Methods Study:

This study’s purposes were to develop a rating scale for midlevel band performance and validate a theoretical structure for the scale. Research questions were (a) What qualities describe excellent ...
Protective Factors Buffer Life Stress and Behavioral Health Outcomes among High-Risk Youth

This study investigated internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and polydrug use among African-American youth residing in high-poverty neighborhoods, and tested the potential protective effects of religiosity, parental monitoring, and neighborhood collective efficacy on life stress and behavioral health outcomes (N = 576; 307 females; Mage = 16 years, SD = 1.44 years). A cumulative risk index reflected the combined effects of past year exposure to stressful life events, racial discrimination, and exposure to violence along with poor neighborhood ecology. Structural equation modeling revealed that cumulative risk significantly predicted internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and polydrug use. Interaction tests showed that the association of cumulative risk with internalizing problems was buffered by adolescent religiosity and neighborhood collective efficacy. The association of cumulative risk with externalizing problems was buffered by parental monitoring and collective efficacy. Adolescent sex further moderated these effects. The findings of the present study collectively highlight potential for protective factors to buffer effects of cumulative risk on behavioral health outcomes among youth residing in high-risk neighborhoods.
Opportunities for and challenges to further reductions in the “specific power” rating of wind turbines installed in the United States:

A wind turbine’s “specific power” rating relates its capacity to the swept area of its rotor in terms of Watt per square meter. For a given generator capacity, specific power declines as rotor size...
Identifying the Sources of Continental Summertime Temperature Variance Using a Diagnostic Model of Land–Atmosphere Interactions

AbstractClimate models show that soil moisture and its subseasonal fluctuations have important impacts on the surface latent heat flux, thus regulating surface temperature variations. Using correla...
THE IMPACT OF AMERICAN-STYLE FOOTBALL PARTICIPATION ON VENTRICULAR-ARTERIAL COUPLING

American-style football (ASF) participation is associated with reduced diastolic function, arterial stiffening, and hypertension. While these maladaptive physiologic changes suggest the presence of ventricular-arterial (V-A) uncoupling, a validated measure of cardiovascular (CV) inefficiency, the
Revelio: ML-Generated Debugging Queries for Distributed Systems.

A major difficulty in debugging distributed systems lies in manually determining which of the many available debugging tools to use and how to query its logs. Our own study of a production debugging workflow confirms the magnitude of this burden. This paper explores whether a machine-learning model can assist developers in distributed systems debugging. We present Revelio, a debugging assistant which takes user reports and system logs as input, and outputs debugging queries that developers can use to find a bug's root cause. The key challenges lie in (1) combining inputs of different types (e.g., natural language reports and quantitative logs) and (2) generalizing to unseen faults. Revelio addresses these by employing deep neural networks to uniformly embed diverse input sources and potential queries into a high-dimensional vector space. In addition, it exploits observations from production systems to factorize query generation into two computationally and statistically simpler learning tasks. To evaluate Revelio, we built a testbed with multiple distributed applications and debugging tools. By injecting faults and training on logs and reports from 800 Mechanical Turkers, we show that Revelio includes the most helpful query in its predicted list of top-3 relevant queries 96% of the time. Our developer study confirms the utility of Revelio.
Cognition in Context: Pathways and Compound Risk in a Sample of US Non-Hispanic Whites

Abstract The population of individuals with cognitive impairment and dementia is growing rapidly, necessitating etiological investigation. It is clear that individual differences in cognition later in life have both genetic and multi-level environmental correlates. Despite significant recent progress in cellular and molecular research, the exact mechanisms linking genes, brains, and cognition remain elusive. In relation to cognition, it is unlikely that genetic and environmental risk factors function in a vacuum, but rather interact and cluster together. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether aspects of individual socioeconomic status (SES) explain the cognitive genotype-phenotype association, and whether neighborhood SES modifies the effects of genes and individual SES on cognitive ability. Using data from non-Hispanic White participants in the 2016 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a national sample of United States adults, we examined links between a polygenic score for general cognition and performance-based cognitive functioning. In a series of weighted linear regressions and formal tests of mediation, we observed a significant genotype-phenotype association that was partially attenuated after including individual education to the baseline model, although little reductions were observed for household wealth or census tract-level percent poverty. These findings suggest that genetic risk for poor cognition is partially explained by education, and this pathway is not modified by poverty-level of the neighborhood.
Comparison of MRI appendix biometrics in children with and without acute appendicitis

The goal of this study is to improve MRI-specific diagnostic criteria for pediatric appendicitis through comparison of normal and abnormal appendix–related imaging features. A retrospective multireader-multicase design was used, including non-contrast MRI performed for suspected pediatric appendicitis following non-diagnostic US from January 2014 to December 2017. Positive diagnosis was defined by surgical pathology or symptom resolution after antibiotics. Four pediatric radiologists independently graded study biometrics while blinded to clinical data. Balanced complete block design was used to determine performance characteristics. Global diagnosis of appendicitis (208 studies) had sensitivity 90.6% and specificity 97.7%. Median appendix diameter was 10.4 mm among positive cases and 5.8 mm among negative cases (p 7.5 mm, and distinguishable appendix luminal signal demonstrating the highest overall accuracy. • This retrospective multireader-multicase study characterized magnetic resonance imaging-specific diagnostic accuracy of quantitative and qualitative biometrics for pediatric appendicitis. • The optimal quantitative diagnostic thresholds for an abnormal pediatric appendix at MRI included diameter and wall thickness of 7.5 mm and 2.3 mm, respectively. • Qualitative imaging biometrics with high specificity for pediatric appendicitis on MRI included the presence of distinguishable appendix lumen signal from wall signal, appendicolith, intraluminal fluid-fluid layer, appendix wall hyperintensity, and peri-appendiceal fatty edema.
The combined effects of dietary fat, protein, and energy intake on azoxymethane-induced intestinal and renal carcinogenesis.

Two 3 × 3 factorial experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein (8, 16, and 32% of energy from casein) and dietary fat (12, 24, and 48% of energy from corn oil) on the initiation and promotion of azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis in rats. For the initiation study, 33 weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to each of nine diets fed ad libitum . Azoxymethane was administered s.c. between the fourth to sixth weeks of feeding, providing a total dose of 6 mg/100 g body weight. All rats were subsequently fed a common diet containing 16% energy from protein and 24% energy from fat for an additional 30 to 38 weeks. For the promotion study, all rats were fed a common diet containing 16% of energy from protein and 12% of energy from fat until the completion of azoxymethane administration, when 33 rats were randomized to each of nine diets varying in fat and protein content and fed these diets until sacrifice. Low-protein diets during the initiation phase were associated with increased risk of renal adenocarcinomas ( P < 0.001) and mesenchymal ( P = 0.005) malignancies. No other statistically significant relationships were found between the levels of dietary fat or protein and the prevalence of malignant lesions of the small intestine, colon, or kidney in either the initiation or promotion study (although polypoid adenocarcinoma of the colon increased suggestively from 13 to 19 to 26% of rats with increasing dietary protein during initiation). Results of a multiple logistic regression analysis, combining both studies, showed that ad libitum energy intake was significantly associated with intestinal carcinogenesis. The odds of finding an intestinal adenocarcinoma increased by 6.2 ± 2.6% (SE) for each additional kilo-calorie of mean daily ad libitum intake ( P = 0.014). The quintile of rats which consumed the least averaged 60 kcal/day, while the most voracious quintile averaged 74 kcal/day. This 14 kcal/day difference in mean ad libitum intake corresponded to more than a doubling (146% increase) of the odds of developing an intestinal adenocarcinoma. These studies suggest that ad libitum energy intake is a critical factor modulating experimental colon carcinogenesis.
Policy Research in the Review of Regional Studies

Researchers in regional science generally describe their work as policy oriented. This paper examines articles in the Review for 1990-2002 to determine the extent to which they address policy, at three levels. A context for examining policy orientation is developed, and articles are judged within this context. Less than half of the articles focused on or mentioned policy. Of those that did, questions are raised about the usefulness of the policy recommendations or conclusions.
On degrees-of-freedom of multi-user MIMO full-duplex network

When a multi-antenna (MIMO) base-station operates in full-duplex mode, multiple uplink and downlink streams can be supported simultaneously in the same frequency band. However, the inter-mobile interference from uplink streams to the downlink streams can limit the system performance. In this paper, we first characterize the degrees-of-freedom of a multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) full-duplex network with half-duplex mobile clients, and derive the regimes where the inter-mobile interference can be mitigated to yield significant gains over the half-duplex counterpart. The achievability is based on interference alignment and requires full channel-state information at the transmitter (CSIT). Next, we study the case with partial CSIT where only the base-station acquires downlink channel values to avoid collecting network-wide CSIT at all transmitters in the system. We show that the key to achieving the sum degrees-of-freedom upper bound with only partial CSIT is the ability of the base-station to switch antenna modes that can be realized via reconfigurable antennas.
An Unworthy Social Movement? An Evaluation of the Media Dependence Model and the News Media Performance of the New York Times on Vieques

This case study analyzes news coverage by The New York Times of an “unworthy” social movement, which opposed official U.S. Navy policy to continue its presence and training on the Puerto Rican island of Vieques. Vieques represents an opportunity to elucidate and assess expectations of the media dependence model in relation to a case that involves changing policy positions effected by an unworthy social movement. The case study also evaluates the extent that the propaganda model by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, as well as the indexing model by W. Lance Bennett, are instructive in terms of news coverage of the efforts of the people of Vieques to evict the over 4-decade long presence of a major U.S. naval base.
Volar Barton's fractures with concomitant dorsal fracture in older patients.

Abstract Purpose To describe a variant of Barton's volar articular shearing fracture of the distal radial articular surface with a subtle concomitant fracture of the dorsal metaphyseal cortex. Methods This fracture pattern was observed in 6 women and 2 men with an average age of 67 years (range, 58–76 years). All 8 patients were treated with a volar plate and screws. The dorsal metaphyseal fracture was not recognized in 5 patients and a volar buttress plating technique using an intentionally undercontoured volar plate was used. In 3 patients the dorsal fracture line was identified before surgery and the plate was contoured to fit the volar surface of the distal radius. Results All 5 patients treated with an undercontoured plate had loss of the normal palmar tilt of the distal radius (average,–9.4°; range, 0° to–22°) and dorsal translation of the distal radial articular fragments. For the entire group the palmar tilt averaged–5.9° (range, 0.0° to–22.0°), the ulnar inclination 19° (range, 10°–23°), and the ulnar variance–0.9 mm (range, 0.0 to–3.0 mm). All patients attained forearm supination of 80° and the average pronation was 75° (range, 45°–80°). According to Sarmiento's modification of the system of Gartland and Werley there were 1 excellent, 6 good, and 1 fair results. The average Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation score was 16 (range, 0–35). Conclusions Some fractures with an oblique volar marginal articular fracture of the distal radius and volar radiocarpal subluxation (known as Barton's fracture) may also have a fracture through the dorsal metaphyseal cortex. Failure to identify this fracture line can lead to dorsal translation and angulation of the distal radius articular surface, particularly when an undercontoured volar plate is used for internal fixation.
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic influences on life history expression: metabolism and parentally induced temperature influences on embryo development rate

Intrinsic processes are assumed to underlie life history expression and trade-offs, but extrinsic inputs are theorised to shift trait expression and mask trade-offs within species. Here, we explore application of this theory across species. We do this based on parentally induced embryo temperature as an extrinsic input, and mass-specific embryo metabolism as an intrinsic process, underlying embryonic development rate. We found that embryonic metabolism followed intrinsic allometry rules among 49 songbird species from temperate and tropical sites. Extrinsic inputs via parentally induced temperatures explained the majority of variation in development rates and masked a relationship with metabolism; metabolism explained a minor proportion of the variation in development rates among species, and only after accounting for temperature effects. We discuss evidence that temperature further obscures the expected interspecific trade-off between development rate and offspring quality. These results demonstrate the importance of considering extrinsic inputs to trait expression and trade-offs across species.
The role of cytokine receptor signaling in lymphocyte development

Cytokine receptor signaling plays an essential role in the early stages of lymphocyte development. Sials through various cytokine receptors — such as c-kit, flt3/flk2, CXCR4, the IL-7 receptor and the IL-15 receptor — are known to promote the expansion and survival of uncommitted progenitor cells as well as their migration to the appropriate microenvironment and subsequent differentiation into B, T or natural killer cells. The recent generation of mice deficient in one or more of these signaling pathways has revealed which cytokines play unique and/or redundant roles in each of these lymphocyte lineages during this developmental process.
Centriole migration during regeneration and normal development of olfactory epithelium.

The incidence of centriole migration at preselected levels in developing rabbit olfactory epithelium was determined. Observations of tissue from variously aged specimens and regenerating tissue from adults have shown centriole migration to be a developmental phenomenon which also persists in fully developed tissue. These observations and a comparison of sensory cell densities at two tissue levels support a hypothesis that olfactory cell development persists well into the adult life of the animal.
Molecular mechanics calculations of the noncovalent interaction of aflatoxin B1 and its ultimate carcinogen with various dna sequences

Molecular mechanics calculations have been used to study the external noncovalent complexes formed between DNA and the strong carcinogen, aflatoxin B1. Three different sequences of hexameric duplexes were used for the DNA. Both the aflatoxin B1 parent molecule and its ultimate carcinogenic form, a carbocation, were modeled. The results are compared with recent experimental data on sequence specificity of the covalent attachment of aflatoxin to sites on the nucleotide bases. The comparison is discussed in light of a recently proposed hypothesis suggesting that the locus of carbocation formation is in acidic domains near the surface of the macroion and this determines the site of covalent adduct formation.
Jejunal Mucosal Injury and Restitution: Role of Hydrolytic Products of Food Digestion P. R. KVIETYS, R. D. SPECIAN, M. B. GRISHAM, AND P. TSO American Journal of Physiology 24:G384-G391, 1991

The authors examined the effects of hydrolytic products of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion on jejunal injury and restitution in anesthetized rats. Mucosal epithelial integrity was assessed by measuring blood-to-lumen clearance of 51Cr-labeled EDTA administered as a bolus into the femoral vein. When the intestinal lumen was perfused with 3% hydrolyzed casein or 150 mmol/L glucose there was no effect on 51Cr-EDTA clearance when compared with saline controls. However, perfusion with emulsified lipids (20 mmol/L sodium taurocholate and 10 to 40 mmol/L oleic acid) resulted in a statistically significant (p < .05) increase in 51Cr-EDTA clearance in a dose-dependent fashion. When lipid infusion was terminated and saline perfusion resumed, 51Cr-EDTA clearance returned to control levels.Histologic examination of the jejunal mucosa revealed damage of the epithelial lining of the villous tips in animals treated with lipid infusion. The injury was characterized by gaps in the epithelial lining of the villo...
Oviduct dolichyl phosphate phosphatase: estrogen effects and a possible biosynthetic role.

Estrogen-induced chick oviduct differentiation is accompanied by an increased capacity for protein glycosylation. A portion of this increase has been attributed to increased levels of dolichyl phosphate (Dol-P). Hormone withdrawal leads to an apparent decrease in Dol-P. Dol-P metabolism in the oviduct has been studied, and one of the enzymes having a direct effect on Dol-P, Dol-P phosphatase is herein described. Dol-P phosphatase has a pH optimum of 6.0, does not require a metal ion, and is inhibited by Mn2+ at concentrations greater than 5 mm. Inhibitor studies indicate that Dol-P hydrolysis is inhibited by polyprenyl phosphates having both saturated and unsaturated α-isoprene residues, but not by the corresponding alcohols. The enzyme is also inhibited by phosphatidic acid unless 2 mm Mn2+ is included in the incubations. Under these conditions Dol-P hydrolysis is only slightly inhibited (<10%), but phosphatidate inhibition is totally eliminated. Oviduct membranes also possess phosphatidate phosphatase, but this enzyme is distinct from Dol-P phosphatase based on thermolability, metal ion sensitivity, and sulfhydryl reagent sensitivity. Studies of enzyme activity in response to estrogen treatment reveal that both Dol-P phosphatase and phosphatidate phosphatase have maximal specific activity early in the differentiation process (peaking after 3 days of treatment), and low specific activity in fully differentiated oviducts, including laying hen oviduct. Hormone withdrawal elicits a small increase in specific activity of both phosphatases. The hormone effects suggest that Dol-P phosphatase may be a biosynthetic enzyme,
Linear feedback systems and the groups of Galois and Lie

Abstract Our purpose in this paper is to delineate precisely the extent to which one can make explicit calculations involving the most basic linear feedback systems. Our results center around the Galois theory of the “root-locus” equation p(s) + kq(s) = 0 and the Lie symmetries associated with the related differential equation p(D)x + k(t)q(D)x = 0, D = d/dt. We show that the Galois theory leads to a more refined classification, but that these theories are related in a substantial way. Considerable insight into this is obtained through the study of the monodromy group associated with algebraic curve defined by p(s) + kq(s) = 0.
Subthreshold pion production within a transport description of central Au + Au collisions

Mapping out the equation of state of nuclear matter is a long-standing problem in nuclear physics. Recent emphasis is on the density dependence of the symmetry energy, with experiments needing dedicated symmetry-energy observables. Towards the latter goal, we employ the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (pBUU) transport model to simulate pion production in a heavy ion collision. We find that the net pion yield tests the momentum dependence of the nuclear mean field. In exploring the sensitivity of pion observables to the symmetry energy at higher than normal densities, we find that our calculations of pion ratios contradict, at some level, predictions from both the isospin-dependent BUU (IBUU) and improved isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics models. We propose to employ the pion ratio in the high-energy tail of spectra in future experiments to distinguish between different variants of high-density symmetry energy.
Lip synchronization within an adaptive VOD system

Many current distributed multimedia applications such as video on demand (VOD) are designed, implemented and used on top of general purpose OS and network platforms. Within this 'best-effort' environment, applications must use adaptive synchronization protocols and balance non-deterministic behavior of the underlying OS/network subsystem to achieve user acceptance for lip synchronization of the audio-visual information. We have designed, implemented and validated an adaptive synchronization scheme integrating adaptive services and synchronization protocols to provide lip synchronization within a VOD system. Our results indicate that most of the synchronization skew values are in the user desirable range of ms and that the remaining skew values are in the user acceptable range of ms.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SU-FF-T-614: A Clinical Study of the Accuracy of Maximum Intensity Projection for Lung Tumor Volume

Purpose: To evaluate tumor motion and accuracy of the Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) reconstruction volume as it pertains to Internal Target Volume (ITV) targeting for treatment planning in radiation oncology.Method and Materials: Eight respiratory gating 4DCT lung cases were examined in this study. Gated scans were acquired on a Phillips Brilliance Big Bore 16 slice CT scanner with Varian RPM gating equipment using helical 3mm contiguous slices with a maximum pitch based on the minimum breath rate of the patient. The 4D protocol divided the breathing cycle into ten reconstructed phases followed by a MIP volume reconstruction. Tumor Loc was used to select a treatment isocenter and contour an ITV based on the MIP volume. The difference between the MIP reconstruction and maximum phase in each direction was measured to validate reconstruction. Additionally, the difference was measured between the MIP volume and a “non‐gated” volume. Breath statistics were evaluated for average full inhalation and exhalation phase, amplitude range, and amplitude standard deviation. Maximum tumor movement was measured in the anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, and right/left directions between the average full inhalation and average full exhalation phases at the isocenter. Finally, a water filled ping‐pong ball was scanned with motion provided by a Varian RPM phantom to evaluate motion artifacts and to evaluate discrepancy between the actual volume and gating reconstructed volumes. Results: Measurements between the MIP and the maximum phase reconstructions revealed discrepancy within expected measurement error. Conclusion: This study showed that the MIP reconstruction is quite accurate and reliable for ITV targeting. Additionally the 4DCT protocol is appropriate for central disease and particularly valuable for peripheral disease. Breath statistics is a useful tool for selecting gated treatment to ensure the patient's breathing pattern is predictable and reproducible so as to benefit from gating.
Implementing Structured Software Methodologies: A Case of Innovation in Process Technology

Managers in charge of introducing new production technologies need to approach implementation as an internal marketing campaign. Potential users of the innovation are subject to various influences. By building on positive influences and countering negative ones, implementation managers can speed the diffusion of the innovation within the organization. For instance, in the case presented here, programmers and analysts were more likely to use new structured software development methods if their supervisors, influential peers, and especially their clients supported use. Users were more likely than nonusers to have received training close to the time they were asked to use the new methods and to see very specific, rather than just general, potential benefits.
Sequence, Genomic Structure, and Chromosomal Assignment of Human DOC-2

Abstract DOC-2 is a human gene originally identified as a 767-bp cDNA fragment isolated from normal ovarian epithelial cells by differential display against ovarian carcinoma cells. We have now determined the complete cDNA sequence of the 3.2-kb DOC-2 transcript and localized the gene to chromosome 5. A 12.5-kb genomic fragment at the 5′-end of DOC-2 has also been sequenced, revealing the intron–exon structure of the first eight exons (788 bases) of the DOC-2 gene. Translation of the DOC-2 cDNA predicts a hydrophobic protein of 770 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 82.5 kDa. Comparison of the DNA and amino acid sequences of DOC-2 to publicly accessible sequence databases revealed 83% identity to p96, a murine protein of similar size, thought to be a mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein. In addition, about 45% identity was observed between the first 140 N-terminal residues of DOC-2 and the Caenorhabditas elegans M110.5 and Drosophila melanogaster Dab genes.
Effects of hypophysectomy and beef growth hormone replacement therapy on morphometric and biochemical indicators of growth in the fed versus starved black bullhead (Ictalurus melas).

Abstract The relationship between food availability and the somatotropic function of the pituitary gland was studied in the bullhead ( Ictalurus melas ) at 24° by comparing the effects of hypophysectomy and beef growth hormone (bGH) replacement therapy in fed versus starved fish. In an experiment lasting 14 days, hypophysectomy arrested the length and weight growth of fed bullheads by greatly depressing food consumption and lowering the efficiency of food conversion. Hypophysectomized fish injected with bGH (1.0 μ/g body wt, every second day) consumed about the same amount of food as sham-operated animals, but the former gained 27 and 89% more length and weight, respectively, owing to a 106% increase in the efficiency of food conversion. In starved bullheads, bGH replacement therapy offset the loss of length, weight, and ponderal condition by 60% or more compared to hypophysectomized controls; size losses in sham-operated, saline-injected animals were similar to those in hypophysectomized fish. Regardless of endocrine manipulation, the degree to which starvation altered the relative weights of various body parts was as follows: liver > intestine ⪢ stomach > eviscerated carcass. In both fed and starved bullheads, bGH replacement therapy stimulated an increase in the size of the eviscerated carcass relative to body length, but a decrease in size relative to total body weight. There was a highly positive correlation between total RNA concentration in muscle and changes observed in body size. Compared to RNA, the concentration of DNA in muscle remained relatively constant. Arguments are made that the bullhead pituitary gland plays, at best, a minor role in conserving body size and protein reserves during prolonged periods of food deprivation; that growth in young bullheads is primarily a function of cell replication; and that GH and variations in feeding level influence overall protein metabolism, in part, by altering the RNA content, and thus the protein synthetic capacity, of muscle tissue.
Prefrontal myo-inositol concentration and visuospatial functioning among diabetic depressed patients

Patients with diabetes mellitus are reported to be at higher risk for developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as dementia and depression. Myo-inositol (mI), a neuronal/glial metabolite associated with multiple functions in the brain, has been shown to be increased in cognitive disorders, depression and diabetes. This study examined whether elevations in dorsolateral (DL) mI of diabetic patients with depression were associated with visuospatial deficits. Diabetic and depressed patients (n=18) were matched with patients with diabetes but without depression (n=20) and control subjects (n=19). Subjects were scored on both the recall and recognition tasks of the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure (ROCF). Proton magnetic spectroscopy spectra from bilateral prefrontal white matter voxels were used to obtain concentrations of mI. Controls showed negative correlations between mI in right DL white matter and recall and recognition subtests. No correlation was observed for depressed diabetic patients. Correlations for diabetic controls fell midway between the comparison and depressed diabetic groups. The expected pattern of association between mI and visuospatial impairment in the right DL prefrontal region was seen among healthy controls. Progressive weakening of this association across both diabetic groups might be related to progressive changes in neural activity that underlies visuospatial function.
Characterizing Covalently Sidewall-Functionalized SWNTs†

Pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (p-SWNTs) were converted to 4-chlorophenyl-SWNTs 1 via treatment with 4-chlorophenylamine and isoamylnitrite, and subsequently to 4-mercaptophenyl-SWNTs 2 by using sodium ethanethiolate. Products 1 and 2 were characterized by Raman, UV/vis/NIR, TGA, IR, and 1H NMR. We report a COSY 1H NMR of 1, which appears to be the first such spectrum reported for a covalently sidewall-functionalized SWNT.
The pH of Enceladus’ ocean

Abstract Saturn’s moon, Enceladus, is a geologically active waterworld. The prevailing paradigm is that there is a subsurface ocean that erupts to the surface, which leads to the formation of a plume of vapor and ice above the south polar region. The chemistry of the ocean is just beginning to be understood, but is of profound geochemical and astrobiological interest. Here, we determine the pH of the ocean using a thermodynamic model of carbonate speciation. Observational data from the Cassini spacecraft are used to make a chemical model of ocean water on Enceladus. The model suggests that Enceladus’ ocean is a Na–Cl–CO3 solution with an alkaline pH of ∼11–12. The dominance of aqueous NaCl is a feature that Enceladus’ ocean shares with terrestrial seawater, but the ubiquity of dissolved Na2CO3 suggests that soda lakes are more analogous to the Enceladus ocean. The high pH implies that the hydroxide ion should be relatively abundant, while divalent metals should be present at low concentrations owing to buffering by carbonates and phyllosilicates on the ocean floor. Carboxyl groups in dissolved organic species would be negatively charged, while amino groups would exist predominately in the neutral form. Knowledge of the pH improves our understanding of geochemical processes in Enceladus’ ocean. The high pH is interpreted to be a key consequence of serpentinization of chondritic rock, as predicted by prior geochemical reaction path models; although degassing of CO2 from the ocean may also play a role depending on the efficiency of mixing processes in the ocean. Serpentinization leads to the generation of H2, a geochemical fuel that can support both abiotic and biological synthesis of organic molecules such as those that have been detected in Enceladus’ plume. Serpentinization and H2 generation should have occurred on Enceladus, like on the parent bodies of aqueously altered meteorites; but it is unknown whether these critical processes are still taking place, or if Enceladus’ rocky core has been completely altered by past hydrothermal activity. The presence of native H2 in the plume would provide strong evidence for contemporary aqueous alteration that replenishes this source of energy for possible life. The high pH also suggests that the delivery of strong oxidants from the surface to the ocean has not been significant (otherwise, sulfuric acid would be produced), which would be consistent with geophysical models of episodic resurfacing activity on Enceladus. This paper represents an expansion of chemical oceanography to an “ocean planet” beyond Earth.
Influence of seagrass habitat patch size on growth and survival of juvenile bay scallops, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say)

Patchy seagrass meadows are common features on high energy sand shoals in temperate coastal waters. We tested the effect of seagrass patch size within patchy seagrass meadows on growth and survival of juvenile bay scallops, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say), during spring (two sites) and fall (one site) settlement periods in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA. Because plant characteristics such as density and species composition (proportion of Zostera marina L. and Halodule wrightii Aschers) may influence growth and predation rates, we also quantified these variables during each time period. Weekly growth rates of scallops in the spring were more than twice that of the fall (∼1.5 vs. 0.6 mm per week). Spring growth rates were statistically greater at Cape Lookout than at Oscar Shoal. The actual difference in growth, however, was 8 m across) patches over 5–7 week periods during both seasons. The difference in growth, however, was small (∼1 mm) and would probably have little biological significance. In the spring, scallop survivorship after 2 weeks did not differ between sites or among seagrass patches of varying size. After an additional 3 weeks however, scallop survivorship was approximately 30% greater at the site dominated by Zostera marina with lower shoot density, but there was no difference in survivorship among seagrass patch sizes. The same pattern was observed over the cumulative 5-week period. In the fall, predation rates on juvenile scallops were significantly higher in small patches than in large over very short time intervals (e.g., 24 h). Over 3-, 4- and 7-week time intervals, however, there was no effect of patch size on scallop survival, even though shoot densities were significantly greater in medium- and large-sized patches than in small. Lack of a long-term patch size and/or seagrass density effect on scallop survivorship may be due to differential responses to patch size by the many potential predators that prey on juvenile scallops.
Spatial evolution of a monochromatically forced flat-plate wake

Nonlinear disturbance development in a two-dimensional, incompressible, spatially developing wake behind a thin flat plate aligned parallel to a uniform freestream is investigated by direct numerical integration of the Navier-Stokes equations. For the numerical integration, finite difference methods together with an alternating direction implicit/Adams-Bashforth time integration scheme are employed. The wake is harmonically forced at the inflow boundary at the frequency of maximum amplification predicted by linear stability theory. The response to this monochromatic forcing includes a disturbance component at the forcing frequency that grows very rapidly before saturating a short distance downstream. This saturation can be predicted qualitatively from a linear stability analysis of the distorted mean flow. Farther downstream, the disturbance energy is concentrated in the fundamental disturbance, the second harmonic, and the mean-flow distortion component. At large amplitudes, a Karman vortex street forms. Variations in forcing strength do not alter the qualitative behavior of the forced wake.
Pseudo-isotropic and maximum-bandwidth points for axially excited chiral sculptured thin films

Chiral sculptured thin films (STFs) are periodically anisotropic, and exhibit the circular Bragg phenomenon over a certain wavelength regime on axial excitation. Among the key deposition parameters for the growth of a chiral STF is the so-called vapor incidence angle χv. Analysis based on data on the related columnar thin films (CTFs) shows that pseudo-isotropic values of χv can exist. Similarly, a maximum-bandwidth value of χv is also shown to be possible. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 367–371, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10464
Renal cell carcinoma extending into vena cava and right atrium

We report on a patient who underwent complete removal of a renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava and the right atrium. A review of the literature confirms the rarity of vena caval obstructive symptoms. Emphasis is on preoperative diagnosis, thoracoabdominal exposure, and team approach. Survival rates warrant aggressive surgical treatment in these patients.
On the photodissociation of water vapour in the mesosphere

Abstract The photodissociation of water vapour in the mesosphere depends on the absorption of solar radiation in the region (175–200 nm) of the O2 Schumann-Runge band system and also at H-Lyman alpha. The photodissociation products are OH + H, OH★ + H, O + 2H and H2 + O at Lyman alpha; the percentages for these four channels are 70, 8, 12 and 10%, respectively, but OH + H is the only channel between 175 and 200 nm. Such proportions lead to a production of H atoms corresponding to practically the total photodissociation of H2O, while the production of H2 molecules is only 10% of the H2O photodissociation by Lyman alpha. The photodissociation frequency (s−1) at Lyman alpha can be expressed by a simple formula J Ly α H 2 O=4.5 ×10 −6 1+0.2 F 10.7 −65 100 exp [−4.4 ×10 −19 N 0.917 ] where F10.7 cm is the solar radioflux at 10.7 cm and N the total number of O2 molecules (cm−2), and when the following conventional value is accepted for the Lyman alpha solar irradiance at the top of the Earth's atmosphere ( Δλ = 3.5 A ) qLyα,∞ = 3 × 1011 photons cm−2 s1. The photodissociation frequency for the Schumann-Runge band region is also given for mesospheric conditions by a simple formula J SRB ( H 2 O ) = J SRB ,∞ ( H 2 O ) exp [−10 −7 N 0.35 ] where JSRB,∞(H2O) = 1.2 × 10−6 and 1.4 × 10−6 s−1 for quiet and active sun conditions, respectively. The precision of both formulae is good, with an uncertainty less than 10%, but their accuracy depends on the accuracy of observational and experimental parameters such as the absolute solar irradiances, the variable transmittance of O2 and the H2O effective absorption cross sections. The various uncertainties are discussed. As an example, the absolute values deduced from the above formulae could be decreased by about 25-20% if the possible minimum values of the solar irradiances were used.
High-Activity, Durable Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst: Nanoscale Composite of Platinum Tantalum Oxyphosphate on Vulcan Carbon

A new oxygen reduction electrocatalyst for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is synthesized by dispersing nanoscale Pt on a nanoscale tantalum oxyphosphate phase on a Vulcan carbon support, designated as Pt/[TaOPO4/VC]. Electrocatalytic activity is measured by the thin-film rotating disk electrode methodology in 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte. The Pt/[TaOPO4/VC] electrocatalyst has a high mass-specific activity of 0.46 A mg−1Pt compared to 0.20 A mg−1Pt for a Pt/Vulcan carbon standard and has met the 2015 DOE goal of 0.44 A mg−1Pt. This tantalum-containing electrocatalyst is twice as durable as the standard Pt/carbon in terms of its loss of Pt electrochemical surface area after aggressive electrochemical cycling.
The formation of adventitious roots on root axes is a widespread occurrence in field-grown dicotyledonous plants

The formation of adventitious branch roots in the secondary tissues of parental root axes is a widespread and frequent occurrence under field conditions. Anatomical features diagnostic for the recognition of adventitious roots were utilized to confirm the occurrence of adventitious roots on roots of 22 species from 12 families in nine orders of dicotyledonous plants. Adventitious roots may play an important role in generating the population of fine roots as part of root turnover in the soil.
Not so innocent: Does seeing one's own capability for wrongdoing predict forgiveness?

People are more forgiving toward transgressors if they see themselves as capable of committing similar offenses, as demonstrated in 7 studies. Methods included hypothetical scenarios, actual recalled offenses, individual and group processes, and correlational and experimental designs. Three factors mediated the link between personal capability and forgiveness: seeing the other's offense as less severe, greater empathic understanding, and perceiving oneself as similar to the transgressor. In terms of predicting forgiveness, it was important that people's own offenses were similar to the target offense in terms of both severity and type. The personal capability effect was independent of other established predictors of forgiveness and was more pronounced among men than women.
Determining phosphorus needs for cabbage grown on calcareous soils

Abstract Cabbage (Brassica olearacea var. capitata L.) yield differences from added P were highly significant up to the predicted response level of 0.4 mg 1 . The increases in yield were basically due to larger head sizes. No statistical differences were found after the soil P levels were adjusted above 0.4 ppm, as determined by P isotherms constructed from initial soil samples. Slight differences occurred between years, but likely were due to cultivar growth differences. Data show that the isotherm predicted level fits rather closely the P requirements for cabbage as related to crop yields. Since extraction methods measure only the intensity factor of P, these methods could lead to incorrect P fertilization recommendations. The absorption of P is progressively reduced as the temperature goes down.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test performance in acute, chronic, and remitted schizophrenia patients

To assess visual memory disturbance in different forms of schizophrenia, we compared Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCF) performance in acutely psychotic, chronically psychotic, and outpatient schizophrenia patients and in a control group of acutely psychotic patients with disorders other than schizophrenia. There were no group differences on the copy condition of the RCF. The chronic schizophrenia group utilized more abnormal copying strategies, however, than the outpatient or nonschizophrenia groups. Moreover, the chronic schizophrenia group demonstrated significantly poorer recall than the outpatient or nonschizophrenia groups, and a trend toward poorer performance than the acute schizophrenia group. Both groups of inpatient schizophrenia patients were characterized by a lack of relationship between copying strategies and recall accuracy. These data suggest that (a) chronic schizophrenia patients are characterized by more severe memory impairment than are nonchronic schizophrenia patients, and (b) visual memory disturbance in chronic schizophrenia is not solely a function of encoding difficulties.