cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mothers' Adult Attachment Interview ratings predict preschool children's IQ following domestic violence exposure

This study examined links between mothers' Adult Attachment Interview ratings (AAI; Main, Goldwyn, & Hesse, 2003) and their preschool children's IQ among 70 families who had experienced domestic violence. As predicted, children displayed significantly stronger verbal and perceptual-organizational abilities when their mothers exhibited more secure, i.e. coherent, states of mind regarding attachment. Mothers' coherence of mind on the AAI explained 18% of the variance in children's Verbal IQ and 12% of the variance in children's Performance IQ, after controlling for maternal education. Mothers' attachment security also was related to children's total IQ score, but this association was accounted for by effects on children's Verbal IQ. Children whose mothers were rated as unclassifiable on the AAI and those whose mothers were unresolved/insecure had lower IQ scores. Although mothers who appeared more secure on the AAI were more sensitively responsive toward their children, mediational analyses suggested that t...
Personality Characteristics of Extreme Scorers on the Self-Monitoring Scale:

Extreme high and extreme low self-monitors rated themselves and were rated by four close acquaintances on Gough's Adjective Check List and Cattell's 16 PF Profile Sheet. The theory of Snyder implies that high self-monitors ought to use more adjectives in describing themselves and that their acquaintances ought to use more adjectives in describing them. The observed differences were in the right direction but were nonsignificant. Another implication is that there should be greater self-other and other-other agreement in ratings of low self-monitors; results did not support these predictions either. Snyder's theory implies a direct relationship between self-monitoring and social desirability. In this study, high and low self-monitors did not differ in reliance on likability of adjectives used in self-descriptions. Although the construct and the scale may be useful in some contexts, self-monitoring as measured by Snyder's Self-monitoring Scale seems to have little relationship to cross-situational consistency.
Practice into Theory: from Serious Work about Learning in Classroom Environments to Serious Questions about the Playful Nature of Control and Coordination in Computing

Summary form only given. The current talk reports on work that starts with a pressing social problem - the problem of maximizing equity and excellence in K-12 education - and one strategy for addressing this problem - the development of mobile, wirelessly connected tools to support classroom learning. It mentions the development and use in real classrooms of two suites of such tools (one for middle school math and one for 5-11 th grade science). The practice of using these wirelessly connected, mobile devices raised important theoretical issues about the nature of coordination and the computational support for coordination. We have been using tuple spaces (a framework for allocating work between parallel distributed actors) to build systems that explore the opportunistic control of the individual over their own actions, socially emergent negotiation of system goals and coordinative practices, and the relationship between content and coordination. These control structures and the contribution of the machine as compared to human participants are better described by analogy to playground games than to work situations. This analogy (along with the values it presupposes) is at variance with the object world of software engineers, which foregrounds the capabilities of the machine rather than the situation of use.
Customer, Client, Consumer, Recipient, or Patient

Since the arrival of managed care, there has been a trend toward changing the basic terminology used to address clinicians and patients. Instead of the term “patient”, third party payors frequently use terms such as “customer, client, consumer or recipient”. One study demonstrated that patients prefer to be called patients. To investigate the preferred term to refer to patients and to be referred to by patients, we mailed a questionnaire to 100 physicians in four medical specialties each and to 100 psychologists. The overall response rate was 61%. Physicians overwhelmingly preferred to refer to patients by the patient's last name, their second preference was the patient's first name. Psychologists preferred to refer to the patients by first name, their second preference was the patient's last name. No group favored using terms such as client, customer, consumer, or recipient. Most physicians and psychologists preferred being referred to as doctors and nobody favored the term provider.
Hydraulic permeation of liquids through swollen polymeric networks. II. Liquid mixtures

The hydraulic permeation of toluene–cyclohexanone and isooctane–CCl4 mixtures through a membrane, a rubber network, was studied. No separation of components occurred in this mode. The mixture flux data were successfully analyzed using a solution–diffusion theory by treating the mixture as if it were a single component with properties of the mixture. Diffusion coefficients determined in this way appear to be governed by frictional forces having a hydrodynamic origin. Slight separation of the components did occur when the pervaporation mode of operation was used. The significance of this is discussed.
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CYCLIC AMP-ELEVATING AGENTS ON NOREPINEPHRINE-INDUCED PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS AND CONTRACTION IN RAT AORTA

Abstract 1. Exposure of rat aorta to forskolin, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, rolipram or isobutylmethylxanthine partially prevented the increased inositol monophosphate accumulation due to norepinephrine, while the contractile responses to norepinephrine were almost completely inhibited. 2. Inhibition of the increased phosphatidylinositide synthesis due to norepinephrine could not account for the decreased inositol monophosphate accumulation. 3. Although the increased inositol monophosphate accumulation due to norepinephrine was partially inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, the inhibitory effects of the cyclic AMP-elevating agents were still observed in the presence of indomethacin. 4. Inhibition of agonist-induced phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis may contribute, at least in part, to the vasodilatory effects of the cyclic AMP-elevating agents.
The Multiple Benefits of Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery: Results Comparing Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Posterior Lumbar Fusion

Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) offers equivalent postoperative fusion rates compared to posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) and minimizes the amount of iatrogenic injury to the spinal muscles. The objective of this study was to examine the difference in pain perception, stress, mood disturbance, quality of life, and immunological indices throughout the perioperative course among patients undergoing TLIF and PLF. A prospective, nonrandomized descriptive design was used to evaluate these measures among patients undergoing TLIF (n = 17) or PLF (n = 18) at 1 week prior to surgery (T1), the day of surgery (T2), 24 hours postoperatively (T3), and 6 weeks postoperatively (T4). Among TLIF patients, pain, stress, fatigue, and mood disturbance were significantly decreased at the 6-week followup visit (T4) compared to patients who underwent PLF. The TLIF group also demonstrated significantly higher levels (near baseline) of CD8 cells at T4 than the PLF group. Interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in the TLIF group as well, which may be an indicator of ongoing nerve regeneration and healing. Knowledge concerning the effect of pain and the psychological experience on immunity among individuals undergoing spinal fusion can help nurses tailor interventions to improve outcomes, regardless of the approach used.
Effects of simulated ammonium sulphate and sulphuric acid rain on acidification, water quality and flora of small-scale soft water systems

Abstract In a greenhouse, seven identical small-scale ecosystems, simulating hydrologically isolated lentic soft waters, were exposed to different artificial rain solutions during a 2-year period. Two major types of rain were used, one being sulphuric acid rain (pH 5.6–3.5) containing nitrate, the other being rain (pH 5.6) containing ammonium sulphate. The treatments with ammonium sulphate, particularly, caused remarkable changes in water quality and flora. pH decreased down to 3.5, whereas both ammonium and sulphate accumulated. Nitrification of ammonium appeared to be the dominant acidifying process. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cd and Zn increased as a result of acidification. In the acidified systems exposed to a high deposition of ammonium sulphate, typical soft water plants, such as Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers., disappeared and a luxuriant growth of both Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. ex Hoffm. and Juncus bulbosus L. occurred. The microflora community also altered remarkablym with the filamentous green algae, Oedogonium spp. and Mougeotia spp., becoming dominant. Implications for the quantitative importance of airborne ammonium-induced acidification and eutrophication of surface waters in The Netherlands are given. It is suggested that for the survival of the biocoenoses of oligotrophic soft waters, total inputs of acid and ammonium-nitrogen should not exceed 250 and 1380 mol ha −1 year −1 , respectively. It is emphasized that internationally, more attention should be focused on the role of atmospheric ammonium deposition in the acidification problem.
Purification and characterization of hatching enzyme of the pike (Esox lucius).

Abstract 1. 1. A choriolytic enzyme was isolated from the hatching medium of the pike, Esox lucius . 2. 2. The enzyme is defined as hatching enzyme. 3. 3. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 24,000. 4. 4. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing 2% carbohydrate. 5. 5. Its isoelectric point is 6.5. 6. 6. The pH optimum is around pH 8. 7. 7. The enzyme molecule contains two disulfide bonds but no free cysteine. 8. 8. Inhibitor studies and metal analysis show that the enzyme is a zinc-metalloprotease.
NONDETERMINISTIC FLOWCHART PROGRAMS WITH RECURSIVE PROCEDURES: SEMANTICS AND CORRECTNESS II*

In the second part of this work, we formulate a new inductive assertion method applying to the class of nondeterministic flowchart programs with recursive procedures studied in part 1. Using results on unfolding proved in part 1, we prove that this method is sound and complete with a finite number of assertions. We study four notions of correctness: two notions of partial correctness (existential and universal) and the corresponding notions of total correctness. We also formalize two notions of extension and equivalence (existential and universal) in the second-order predicate calculus.
Partial agonist/antagonist properties of androstenedione and 4-androsten-3β,17β-diol

Abstract Androgens play important endocrine roles in development and physiology. Here, we characterize activities of two “Andro” prohormones, androstenedione (A-dione) and 4-androsten-3β,17β-diol (A-diol) in MDA-MB-453 (MDA) and LNCaP cells. A-dione and A-diol, like cyproterone acetate, were partial agonists of transfected mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and endogenous prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoters. Different from bicalutamide but similar to CPA, both are inducers of LNCaP cell proliferation with only mild suppression of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-enhanced cell growth. Like bicalutamide and cyproterone acetate, A-dione and A-diol significantly antagonized DHT/R1881-induced PSA expression by up to 30% in LNCaP cells. Meanwhile, in MDA cells, EC50s for the MMTV promoter were between 10 and 100 nM. Co-factor studies showed GRIP1 as most active for endogenous androgen receptor (AR), increasing MMTV transcription by up to five-fold, without substantially altering EC50s of DHT, A-dione or A-diol. Consistent with their transcriptional activities, A-dione and A-diol bound full-length endogenous AR from MDA or LNCaP cells with affinities of 30–70 nM, although binding to expressed ligand-binding domain (LBD) was > 20-fold weaker. In contrast, DHT, R1881, and bicalutamide bound similarly to LBD or aporeceptor. Together, these data suggest that A-dione and A-diol are ligands for AR with partial agonist/antagonist activities in cell-based transcription assays. Binding affinities for both are most accurately assessed by AR aporeceptor complex. In addition to being testosterone precursors in vivo, either may impart its own transcriptional regulation of AR.
Staging and Monitoring Response to Treatment in Primary Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Bone Marrow Using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography

Bone marrow involvement can be found in patients with low-, intermediate-, or high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A 40-year-old woman experienced onset of low back pain radiating into her entire right lower extremity. Plain x-rays of her right leg and computed tomography of chest, abdomen, and pelvis were unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvis and thighs revealed diffusely abnormal marrow signal (low T1 and high T2 weighted) in the pelvis and femora. The patient underwent (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan to evaluate the extent of her disease. The scan revealed diffuse scattered foci of abnormal FDG uptake in the bone/bone marrow, which was particularly intense in the axial bones. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed extensive involvement of the bone marrow with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This case report highlights the utility of FDG-PET in the detection of bone marrow involvement by aggressive lymphoma.
The relevance of postmodernism

Abstract My personal recollection of the ‘relevance revolution’ in the 1970s is that it was a reaction to a quantitative geography that was overly-focused on technique and under-concerned with real-world issues. The consequent search for relevance took the form of a commitment to liberal- and left-leaning ideologies and issues. This differed from concepts of relevance as pertinence/timeliness, or as applied geography. Postmodern thought is significant in current debates on relevance in all three of its manifestations: relevance as commitment, pertinence and application.
Precision Measurement of $${\mu G_{E}^{p}/G_{M}^p}$$ at Low Q2

Precision measurements are presented of the proton electric to magnetic form-factors ratios at Q 2 = 0.3 - 0.8 (GeV/c)2, obtained by polarization-transfer in Hall A of the Jefferson Laboratory. The measured ratios are significantly lower than published values. New global fits to the individual form factors indicate a lower electric form factor and a slightly higher magnetic form factor. The proton charge radius extracted from the new results is somewhat smaller but consistent with previous values obtained from electron–proton scattering, and is in significant disagreement with the recent value obtained from muonic hydrogen. The effects of the new results on other quantities are briefly discussed.
The Breadth of Peer Relationships among Preschoolers: An Application of the Q-Connectivity Method to Externalizing Behavior.

Preschoolers' (M(age) = 48.7 months) social breadth (the number of peer children interact with and the frequency of these interactions) and the relations between breadth and externalizing behaviors were examined using the Q-connectivity method. After considering age, sex, and classroom effects on social breadth, children's externalizing behaviors were studied in relation to levels of social breadth across variations in frequency of exposure to peers and to patterns of decline in social breadth. Externalizing preschoolers occasionally interacted with most of their classmates. However, their individual peer networks moderately to rapidly became selective, and they engaged in repeated interactions with a relatively small number of peers. Although there were no sex effects, significant age and classroom effects were obtained.
Protective group synthesis of poly-N-hydro-(3,6-carbazolyl)

Abstract Poly-N-trityl-(3,6-carbazolyl), PNTPMCZ, has been synthesized in pyridine solution using an activated nickel catalyst. 9-Trityl-3,6-diiodocarbazole was polymerized and the triphenylmethyl group subsequently removed by acid hydrolysis. The N-protected monomer was made by a phase-transfer reaction employing 3,6-diiodocarbazole, a benzotriethylammonium chloride catalyst, basic solution and triphenylmethyl chloride. A wide variety of N-substituents can be obtained in this way, allowing the molecular design of polycarbazolyls to be controlled. In addition, weakly-bound N-substituents can be employed for solubility enhancement during reaction and subsequently partially or fully cleaved from the polymer by acid hydrolysis. Poly-N-hydro-(3,6-carbazolyl), PNHCZ, obtained from PNTPMCZ, forms iodine complexes with conductivities of 10−1 ohm−1 cm−1 at room temperature. The visible-near-i.r. spectra suggest that the same radical cations responsible for conductivity in poly-N-methyl-(3,6-carbazolyl) are present. Direct comparisons of the structure and physical properties of PTPMCICZ (a predominantly poly-N-hydro-(3,6-carbazolyl) synthesized in liquid iodine) are made.
The herpes simplex virus type 1 regulatory protein ICP27 is required for the prevention of apoptosis in infected human cells.

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP27 protein is an immediate-early or α protein which is essential for the optimal expression of late genes as well as the synthesis of viral DNA in cultures of Vero cells. Our specific goal was to characterize the replication of a virus incapable of synthesizing ICP27 in cultured human cells. We found that infection with an HSV-1 ICP27 deletion virus of at least three separate strains of human cells did not produce immediate-early or late proteins at the levels observed following wild-type virus infections. Cell morphology, chromatin condensation, and genomic DNA fragmentation measurements demonstrated that the human cells died by apoptosis after infection with the ICP27 deletion virus. These features of the apoptosis were identical to those which occur during wild-type infections of human cells when total protein synthesis has been inhibited. Vero cells infected with the ICP27 deletion virus did not exhibit any of the features of apoptosis. Based on these results, we conclude that while HSV-1 infection likely induced apoptosis in all cells, viral evasion of the response differed among the cells tested in this study.
It's MORe exciting than mu: crosstalk between mu opioid receptors and glutamatergic transmission in the mesolimbic dopamine system.

Opioids selective for the G-protein coupled mu opioid receptor (MOR) produce potent analgesia and euphoria. Heroin, a synthetic opioid, is considered one of the most addictive substances, and the recent exponential rise in opioid addiction and overdose deaths has made treatment development a national public health priority. Existing medications (methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone), when combined with psychosocial therapies, have proven efficacy in reducing aspects of opioid addiction. Unfortunately, these medications have critical limitations including those associated with opioid agonist therapies (e.g., sustained physiological dependence and opioid withdrawal leading to high relapse rates upon discontinuation), nonadherence to daily dosing, and non-renewal of monthly injection with extended-release naltrexone. Furthermore, current medications fail to ameliorate key aspects of addiction such as powerful conditioned associations that trigger relapse (e.g., cues, stress, the drug itself). Thus, there is a need for developing novel treatments that target neural processes corrupted with chronic opioid use. This requires a basic understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying effects of opioids on synaptic transmission and plasticity within reward-related neural circuits. The focus of this review is to discuss how crosstalk between MOR-associated G-protein signaling and glutamatergic neurotransmission leads to immediate and long-term effects on emotional states (e.g., euphoria, depression) and motivated behavior (e.g., drug-seeking, relapse). Our goal is to integrate findings on how opioids modulate synaptic release of glutamate and postsynaptic transmission via AMPA and NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) with the clinical (neurobehavioral) progression of opioid dependence, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that can be addressed in future studies.
Analysis and Comparison of Partial Sequences of Clones from a Taste-bud-enriched cDNA Library:

Differential patterns of cellular development and function are determined, at least in part, by the specific gene expression of particular cells. Thus, determination of differential patterns of gene expression between tissues is likely to help elucidate molecular details of tissue-specific processes. Our hypothesis was that cells of the circumvallate papilla involved in taste perception would express genes that are not expressed in the surrounding epithelium and that determination of the nature of these genes could be helpful in our understanding of the molecular details of taste. Using partial sequencing of clones derived from rat circumvallate papillae, we have begun to characterize genes that could be important in taste. We prepared a cDNA library of whole circumvallate papillae and, by means of a novel subtraction procedure, enriched taste-specific clones. Characterization of the libraries showed that subtraction resulted in good enrichment of taste-specific clones. Here we report the partial sequencing and analysis of 410 cDNA clones from the taste-bud-enriched cDNA library. Approximately 25% of the genes were identified on the basis of their high homology to known transcripts. These included the developmentally important molecules Pax-1, esp1, Notch 1, and Notch 3 that may play roles in the continuous turnover of taste receptor cells. A further 20% of the genes had no significant homology to known DNA sequences and were identified as taste-specific by Southern blot analysis.
Multiple (inverse) binomial sums of arbitrary weight and depth and the all-order epsilon-expansion of generalized hypergeometric functions with one half-integer value of parameter

We continue the study of the construction of analytical coefficients of the epsilon-expansion of hypergeometric functions and their connection with Feynman diagrams. In this paper, we show the following results: Theorem A: The multiple (inverse) binomial sums of arbitrary weight and depth (see Eq. (1.1)) are expressible in terms of Remiddi-Vermaseren functions. Theorem B: The epsilon expansion of a hypergeometric function with one half-integer value of parameter (see Eq. (1.2)) is expressible in terms of the harmonic polylogarithms of Remiddi and Vermaseren with coefficients that are ratios of polynomials. Some extra materials are available via the www at this this http URL
Reliability and fault tolerance issues in intelligent computing systems

An overview of important technical issues associated with the reliability and fault tolerance of intelligent computing systems is presented. Four specific topics are covered, including : (1) fundamental concepts in fault-tolerant computing, (2) dependability measures, (3) fault tolerance in real-time systems, and (4) fault tolerance in neural networks. Basic concepts in fault-tolerant computing and dependability analysis are discussed, with a specific focus on fault tolerance and analysis of real-time systems and neural networks. >
Family Structure History and Adolescent Adjustment

As patterns of union formation and dissolution in adult lives become complex, the living arrangements of American children are becoming increasingly fluid. With a sample (N = 12,843) drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study attempted to capture this complexity by mapping out children's family structure histories across their early life course, investigating the implications of these arrangements for their general adjustment, and finally, identifying family processes that explained these associations. The findings suggest that a sizable minority of young people experience dynamic family structure arrangements. Moreover, family structure at adolescence best predicted later emotional distress, and family structure at adolescence plus an indicator of cumulative family instability across childhood best predicted current marijuana use. More so than indicators tapping social control, levels of family connectedness and parent—adolescent relationship quality were key conduits for...
Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code

This paper reports data from a study that seeks to characterize the differences in design structure between complex software products. We use design structure matrices (DSMs) to map dependencies between the elements of a design and define metrics that allow us to compare the structures of different designs. We use these metrics to compare the architectures of two software products---the Linux operating system and the Mozilla Web browser---that were developed via contrasting modes of organization: specifically, open source versus proprietary development. We then track the evolution of Mozilla, paying attention to a purposeful “redesign” effort undertaken with the intention of making the product more “modular.” We find significant differences in structure between Linux and the first version of Mozilla, suggesting that Linux had a more modular architecture. Yet we also find that the redesign of Mozilla resulted in an architecture that was significantly more modular than that of its predecessor and, indeed, than that of Linux. Our results, while exploratory, are consistent with a view that different modes of organization are associated with designs that possess different structures. However, they also suggest that purposeful managerial actions can have a significant impact in adapting a design's structure. This latter result is important given recent moves to release proprietary software into the public domain. These moves are likely to fail unless the product possesses an “architecture for participation.”
Solution of global optimization problem using mutation operator with hybrid PSO algorithm

While searching for a local optimum with Classical Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, all the particles in the swarm come towards the local optimal point and gather around it. So it becomes very difficult to escape from this state. To avoid such premature convergence we present a new algorithm called MPSO (Mutated Particle Swarm Optimization) that uses a new way of generating the mutated swarm particles. The proposed algorithm is validated on three standard benchmark functions.
Reconfiguring CMOS as Pseudo N/PMOS for Defect Tolerance in Nano-Scale CMOS

End-of-the-roadmap nanoscale CMOS is expected to suffer from significant defectivity due to manufacturing defects, random process variations, and wear-out during normal operational. To ensure acceptable yield and reliable operation of the circuit during its life-time, future circuits must be equipped with significant defect-tolerance capabilities. Traditional defect-tolerance approaches are too expensive to be applied to general purpose circuits. In this paper, we propose a defect-tolerant CMOS logic gate architecture that exploits the inherent functional redundancy in static CMOS. This is accomplished by reconfiguring the CMOS logic gate to a pseudo-NMOS-like gate in the presence of a defect. The resulting defect-tolerant logic architecture incurs only a modest area overhead. The proposed gate design can tolerate defects in either the pull-up or pull-down network of the gate. The architecture can tolerate multiple defects across the logic gates of a CMOS logic circuit. The effectiveness of the proposed defect tolerance technique and its impact on circuit delay and power is studied. It is shown that the technique imposes little delay overhead (less than 6%) but incurs power dissipation overhead (less than 20%) in the presence of defects.
Performance analysis of Adaptive Probabilistic Multi-hypothesis Tracking with the Metron data sets

The Probabilistic Multi-hypothesis Tracking (PMHT) algorithm [1] is a batch type multi-target tracking algorithm based on the Expectation-Maximization (EM) method [2]. Unlike other popular batch methods (e.g., Multi-Hypothesis Tracking, MHT) the computational burden of PMHT grows linearly in the size of the batch, the number of clutter detections, and the number of targets tracked. this is achieved by employing the independent assignment model for assigning measurements to tracks which gives rise to a different likelihood function that that used by the other methods. In practice, however, the PMHT often exhibits slow convergence to a non-global local peak of the relevant likelihood function [3]. The authors have modified the E-M based optimization method and significantly improved the convergence behavior. This study investigates the ability of Adaptive PMHT to hold track on contacts in a field of active receivers. Metron Inc. has constructed a collection of simulated multi-static active sonar data sets designed to approximate the performance of a buoy field. Each scenario contains multiple maneuvering targets that exhibit frequent dropouts and aspect dependent SNR and these situations are of particular interest.
Personality influences trust differently in virtual and face-to-face teams

Trust is important in teams because the transaction costs in teams are lower when trust is high. The individuals who trust each other feel less compelled to monitor or double-check the work completed by others. In this study, we examine the impact of individual personality dimensions on trust for individuals working in virtual and face-to-face teams. We randomly assigned participants to either a virtual or face-to-face team to complete a project. As expected, higher levels of trust were associated with higher levels of satisfaction. In addition, personality traits predicted trust levels. The effect of personality on trust and of trust on satisfaction is stronger in virtual teams. In order to maximise the trust levels, virtual teams should be comprised of members who are high in agreeableness, conscientiousness and extraversion, while in face-to-face teams, extraverted individuals seem to report higher levels of trust.
Airfoil Design Using a Coupled Euler and Integral Boundary Layer Method with Adjoint Based Sensitivities

The objective of this paper is to present a control theory approach for the design of airfoils in the presence of viscous compressible flows. A coupled system of the integral boundary layer and the Euler equations is solved to provide rapid flow simulations. An adjoint approach consistent with the complete coupled state equations is employed to obtain the sensitivities needed to drive a numerical optimization algorithm. Design to a target pressure distribution is demonstrated on an RAE 2822 airfoil at transonic speeds.
Combined effects of water, nutrient, and UV-B stress on female fitness in Brassica (Brassicaceae).

Our knowledge of the effects of increased levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) on plant fitness is limited mainly to yield studies in a few crop species. Previous greenhouse and garden studies of Brassica have found greater detrimental effects of UV-B on fitness in gardens than in the greenhouse, suggesting the possibility that additional stresses in the field decrease the ability of Brassica to cope with UV-B. Possible interactions between UV-B and water/nutrient stress in determining plant fitness have rarely, if ever, been studied experimentally. Here we report measurements of female fitness in two species of Brassica in an experiment in which both UV-B and levels of water and nutrients were varied in a 2 3 2 factorial design. Water and nutrient stress reduced female fitness in both species, while UV-B caused fitness reductions in only one of the species. There was evidence for interactions between UV-B and water/nutrient stress for only a few of the traits measured; most traits, including those closely related to fitness, showed no evidence of an interaction.
Community Violence Exposure of Southeast Asian American Adolescents

Southeast Asian adolescents in the United States face the daily challenge of adjusting to the American culture and their culture of origin. However, little is known about how the patterns of their bicultural adjustment influence psychological symptoms, especially when faced with other challenges such as community violence and negative life events. Additionally, the overrepresentation of Southeast Asian youth in the mental health and juvenile justice systems also necessitates a deeper understanding of the adjustment of this group of adolescents. Data from a sample of 80 Vietnamese and Cambodian adolescents who were between 13 and 18 years old revealed high rates of community violence witnessing and victimization, and a moderate level of negative life events. All of these stressors were related to higher externalizing and trauma-related symptoms, but only violence victimization and negative life events were related to higher internalizing symptoms. There was an additive effect of higher bicultural orientation related to lower externalizing and traumatic-stress symptoms in the face of stress and violence exposure, but no moderation effects were found.
Effect of Competing Cations (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ca) in Fixed-Bed Column Biosorption and Desorption from Citrus Peels

Citrus peels were utilized for dynamic biosorption of Pb, Cd, and Zn from mono- and bi-component solutions in fixed-bed columns at feed concentrations of 0.1 meq/L. Uptake at breakthrough and saturation followed the order Zn < Cd < Pb in single-metal biosorption. An overshoot of the Zn or Cd effluent concentration was observed in Pb-Zn and Pb-Cd bimetal systems, where Pb displaced initially bound Zn and Cd. The desorption efficiency of the saturated column using 0.1 N nitric acid was 74 to 100 %, achieving a concentration factor (CF) of 34 to 129, based on the average desorbed metal concentration. The common practice of defining the concentration factor based on the peak concentration overestimates the CF value. Increasing Ca concentrations in Pb-Ca and Cd-Ca systems reduced target metal uptake, especially for Cd which had a lower affinity than Pb. Actual mining effluent was treated successfully. A sigmoid function was applied to describe experimental breakthrough data. A novel simple two-parameter model was introduced to simulate overshoot and desorption curves.
Imagining Democracy, Building Unsustainable Institutions: The UN Peacekeeping Operation in Haiti:

This article employs theoretical tools devised by Michel Foucault to explore the political rationale, technologies of government, and unintended consequences of UN efforts at statebuilding and democratization in the context of the peacekeeping operation in Haiti. It aims to offer an empirically oriented contribution to the study of the modalities of international intervention in the post-Cold War period and the effects of transplanting institutional models. The article shows that the UN's political imaginary can be traced back to the texts that guided the reform of punishment institutions in Classical Europe. The United Nations saw its effort at statebuilding as centered upon making local institutions disciplined, visible, and centralized. The failure of the UN to achieve its stated goals is appraised in the contingent modalities of the encounter between an ethnocentric political imaginary that takes for granted that modalities of government can be transplanted with benign effects and local conditions of ...
The design and implementation of driving mode control for vibrational gyroscopes

The paper presents a novel oscillation controller for controlling the driving mode (or drive axis) of a vibrational gyroscope to oscillate at a desired trajectory. The controller consists of a PD controller and an online extended state observer (ESO). The ESO is used to estimate the system states and the discrepancy between the real system and the mathematical model of the gyroscope. The PD controller drives the estimated discrepancy and the tracking error of the output of the driving mode to zero. Since the controller design does not require exact information of system parameters, it is very robust against structural uncertainties of the gyroscope. The convergence of the estimation error of the ESO and the stability of the control system are theoretically proven. The controller is validated by software and analog hardware implementations on a vibrational piezoelectric beam gyroscope.
Software architecture exploration for high-performance security processing on a multiprocessor mobile SoC

We present a systematic methodology for exploring the security processing software architecture for a commercial heterogeneous multiprocessor system-on-chip (SoC) for mobile devices. The SoC contains multiple host processors executing applications and a dedicated programmable security processing engine. We developed an exploration methodology to map the code and data of security software libraries onto the platform, with the objective of maximizing the overall application-visible performance. The salient features of the methodology include (i) the use of real performance measurements from a prototyping board that contains the target platform to drive the exploration, (ii) a new data structure access profiling framework that allows us to accurately model the communication overheads involved in offloading a given set; of functions to the security processor, and (iii) an exact branch-and-bound based design space exploration algorithm that determines the best mapping of security library functions and data structures to the host and security processors. We used the proposed framework to map a commercial security library to the target mobile application SoC. The resulting optimized software architecture outperformed several manually-designed software architectures, resulting in up to 12.5/spl times/ speedup for individual cryptographic operations (encryption, hashing) and 2.2/spl times/-6.2/spl times/ speedup for applications such as a digital rights management (DRM) agent and secure sockets layer (SSL) client. We also demonstrate the applicability of our framework to software architecture exploration in other multiprocessor scenarios.
Accounting for prediction uncertainty when inferring subsurface fault slip

This study lays the groundwork for a new generation of earthquake source models based on a general formalism that rigorously quantifies and incorporates the impact of uncertainties in fault slip inverse problems. We distinguish two sources of uncertainty when considering the discrepancy between data and forward model predictions. The first class of error is induced by imperfect measurements and is often referred to as observational error. The second source of uncertainty is generally neglected and corresponds to the prediction error, that is the uncertainty due to imperfect forward modelling. Yet the prediction error can be shown to scale approximately with the size of earthquakes and thus can dwarf the observational error, particularly for large events. Both sources of uncertainty can be formulated using the misfit covariance matrix, C_χ, which combines a covariance matrix for observation errors, C_d and a covariance matrix for prediction errors, C_p, associated with inaccurate model predictions. We develop a physically based stochastic forward model to treat the model prediction uncertainty and show how C_p can be constructed to explicitly account for some of the inaccuracies in the earth model. Based on a first-order perturbation approach, our formalism relates C_p to uncertainties on the elastic parameters of different regions (e.g. crust, mantle, etc.). We demonstrate the importance of including C_p using a simple example of an infinite strike-slip fault in the quasi-static approximation. In this toy model, we treat only uncertainties in the 1-D depth distribution of the shear modulus. We discuss how this can be extended to general 3-D cases and applied to other parameters (e.g. fault geometry) using our formalism for C_p. The improved modelling of C_p is expected to lead to more reliable images of the earthquake rupture, that are more resistant to overfitting of data and include more realistic estimates of uncertainty on inferred model parameters.
Controlling the orientation of micron-sized rod-shaped SiC particles with nematic liquid crystal solvents

The orientational behavior of micron-sized rod-shaped SiC particles in the liquid crystal (LC) solvents E7, N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-butylaniline (MBBA), and 4-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) has been studied. Particles were observed to predominately orient either parallel or perpendicular to the nematic director, with an equilibrium orientation depending on their surface chemistry and choice of LC solvent. In two cases, a bimodal distribution of particle orientations was found, with a minority population of particles adopting an orientation orthogonal to the majority one. Longer particles were slightly better oriented than shorter ones. No temperature dependence on particle orientation was observed up to the clearing point. Successive deposition of particles onto a solid substrate with different equilibrium orientations controlled through choice of the LC was shown to be effective for producing films with alternating particle arrangement between layers. Taken together these findings demonstrate that liquid crystals can provide a versatile means for solution-phase assembly of ordered films comprised of micron- and submicron-sized rod-shaped building blocks.
Regulation of Renovascular Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

This study tested the hypothesis that regulation of 3′,5′-cAMP levels in the kidney vasculature is abnormal in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In isolated, perfused kidneys from adult rats (16 weeks of age), isoproterenol similarly increased renal venous 3′,5′-cAMP secretion from kidneys of hypertensive versus normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. However, a broad-spectrum phosphodiesterase inhibitor (isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) augmented isoproterenol (3 μmol/L)-induced increases in renal venous 3′,5′-cAMP secretion more so in kidneys from adult hypertensive versus age-matched normotensive rats (31-fold and 5-fold, respectively; P
Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis in the Syrian Hamster

Syrian hamsters developed spontaneous renal lesions that resembled those of arteriolar nephrosclerosis in man, and differed from other spontaneously occurring or virus-induced renal diseases in other rodent species. Morphologic changes were mainly degenerative with little cellular exudation and were associated with histologic changes in the intrarenal vasculature. The renal lesions were progressive, often fatal and sometimes were complicated by glomerular amyloidosis with the nephrotic syndrome and uremia. Endstage kidneys often had fibrinoid necrosis of intrarenal arterioles and thus resembled lesions characteristic of the malignant phase of human essential hypertension. Fibrinoid necrosis of small arterioles was common in the uterus, ovaries or testes of affected animals; it was less frequent in mesenteric or coronary vessels. Cardiac thrombosis, often involving the left atrium or left atrioventricular valves, also was common. Changes occurred earlier and often were more severe in females than in males. This disease was a major cause of morbidity and mortality and hampered life-span studies.
Smart growth in two contrastive metropolitan areas: A comparison between Portland and Los Angeles

This study compares urban landscapes in the Portland and Los Angeles metropolitan areas at the neighbourhood level by operationalising six smart growth indices and mapping their spatial distribution patterns and time trends. Analysis results show that the two metropolitan areas have both strengths and weaknesses in different aspects of smart growth. Most neighbourhoods in both regions do not excel in all six smart growth measures: they are at the high ends of some smart growth indices but at the low ends of others. Some smart growth features such as mixed land use and mixed housing are already pervasive in suburban areas. Density in some mature suburban neighbourhoods is also relatively high. A large number of neighbourhoods in suburban and exurban areas exhibit high levels of socioeconomic diversity. Time trend analyses suggest that in both regions, older neighbourhoods tend to be �smarter� than newer ones, except for racial/ethnic diversity.
Pilot study examining the association between ambulatory activity and falls among hospitalized older adults.

Abstract Fisher SR, Galloway RV, Kuo Y-F, Graham JE, Ottenbacher KJ, Ostir GV, Goodwin JS. Pilot study examining the association between ambulatory activity and falls among hospitalized older adults. Objective To examine the ambulatory activity of older patients who had a documented fall during hospitalization for acute illness. Design A retrospective case-control design was used in a pilot study of patients (n=10; ≥65y) who had a documented fall during their hospital stay and matched controls (n=25) who did not fall. Setting Acute care medical/surgical unit. Participants Men and women 65 years and older who wore a step activity monitor while hospitalized. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Fall incidents during the hospital stay were documented by the nurse in a standardized patient safety event report in accordance with hospital policy. The number of steps per 24-hour interval, time spent walking, and total number of activity episodes were determined for patients and controls. Results On average ± SD, patients who fell took 480.3±432.2 steps per hospital day, spent 53.8±36.9 minutes walking, and engaged in 25.8±16.9 episodes of activity. Mean daily steps, time spent walking, and number of activity episodes for patients who did not fall were 680.1±876.0, 50.1±58.6, and 21.6±23.8, respectively. Logistic regression results indicated no association between the fall outcome and mean daily steps (odds ratio=.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.06). Conclusions Ambulatory activity among patients who fell varied widely. Mean daily steps, time spent walking, and number of episodes of activity were comparable with matched controls who did not fall. Patient falls were more likely to be associated with cognitive and hospital environmental factors than actual amount of walking.
A global sensitivity analysis tool for the parameters of multi-variable catchment models

Over-parameterisation is a well-known and often described problem in hydrological models, especially for distributed models. Therefore, methods to reduce the number of parameters via sensitivity analysis are important for the efficient use of these models. This paper describes a novel sampling strategy that is a combination of latin-hypercube and one-factor-at-a-time sampling that allows a global sensitivity analysis for a long list of parameters with only a limited number of model runs. The method is illustrated with an application of the water flow and water quality parameters of the distributed water quality program SWAT, considering flow, suspended sediment, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia outputs at several locations in the Upper North Bosque River catchment in Texas and the Sandusky River catchment in Ohio. The application indicates that the methodology works successfully. The results also show that hydrologic parameters are dominant in controlling water quality predictions. Finally, the sensitivity results are not transferable between basins and thus the analysis needs to be conducted separately for each study catchment. q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.