cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The design rationale of the IFR

Abstract The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) concept has been developed over the last ten years to provide technical solutions to perceptual concerns associated with nuclear power. Beyond the traditional advanced reactor objectives of increased safety, improved economy and more efficient fuel utilization, the IFR is designed to simplify waste disposal and increase resistance to proliferation. Only a fast reactor with an efficient recycle technology can provide for total consumption of actinides. The basic physics governing reactor design dictates that, for efficient recycle, the fuel form should be limited in burnup only by radiation damage to fuel cladding. The recycle technology must recover essentially all actinides. In a fast reactor, not all fission products need to be removed from the recycled fuel, and there is no need to produce pure plutnium. Recovery, recycle, and ultimate consumption of all actinides resolves several waste-disposal concerns. The IFR can be configured to achieve safe passive response to any of the traditional postulated reactor accident initiators, and can be configured for a variety of power output levels. Passive heat removal is achieved by use of a large inventory sodium coolant and a physical configuration that emphasizes natural circulation. An IFR can be designed to consume excess fissile material, to produce a surplus, or to maintain inventory. It appears that commercial designs should be economically competitive with other available alternatives.
Retinoblastoma in a patient with an X;13 translocation and facial abnormalities consistent with 13q-syndrome ☆

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a patient with an X;13 translocation and facial features of 13q-syndrome who developed retinoblastoma. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: A 9-month-old girl known to have an X;13 chromosomal translocation with a break point at 13q12.1 and dysmorphic facial features characteristic of 13q-syndrome presented with leukocoria in her right eye. RESULTS: By clinical examination, retinoblastoma was diagnosed in the right eye. CONCLUSION: Chromosomal abnormalities on the long arm of chromosome 13 predispose to retinoblastoma formation and characteristic facial features.
The contribution of transient counterion imbalances to DNA bending fluctuations.

A two-sided model for DNA is employed to analyze fluctuations of the spatial distribution of condensed counterions and the effect of these fluctuations on transient bending. We analyze two classes of fluctuations. In the first, the number of condensed counterions on one side of the DNA remains at its average value, while on the other side, counterions are lost to bulk solution or gained from it. The second class of fluctuations is characterized by movement of some counterions from one side of the DNA to the other. The root-mean-square fluctuation for each class is calculated from counterion condensation theory. The amplitude of the root-mean-square fluctuation depends on the ionic strength as well as the length of the segment considered and is of the order 5–10%. Both classes of fluctuation result in transient bends toward the side of greater counterion density. The bending amplitudes are ∼15% of the total root-mean-square bends associated with the persistence length of DNA. We are thus led to suggest that asymmetric fluctuations of counterion density contribute modestly but significantly toward the aggregate of thermalized solvent fluctuations that cause bending deformations of DNA free in solution. The calculations support the idea that counterions may exert some modulating influence on the fine structure of DNA.
Characterising emulsion effects on aged asphalt concrete surfaces using Bending Beam Rheometer mixture beams

A function of asphalt emulsions is often to rejuvenate the surface of an aged asphalt concrete roadway. However, it is unclear as to the effectiveness of different types of asphalt emulsions, as most current testing is empirical and does not give an indication of field performance. Using asphalt concrete beams from the surface of a roadway in the Bending Beam Rheometer is a new approach that may give an indication of an asphalt emulsion's ability to decrease the stiffness. Seven emulsions at three application rates on two roadways were examined to identify the effect of emulsion on the stiffness and m-value of asphalt concrete. The addition of asphalt emulsion generally decreased the stiffness of the aged pavement samples; however, results were fairly erratic and inconsistent compared to change in m-value. The addition of emulsion consistently increased the m-value. Requiring an aged asphalt m-value increase of 0.05–0.06 was suggested as an initial value for consideration within specifications for project...
Ecophysiological differences between genetic lineages facilitate the invasion of non-native Phragmites australis in North American Atlantic coast wetlands

Summary 1. Over the last century, native Phragmites australis lineages have been almost completely replaced along the North American Atlantic coast by an aggressive lineage originating from Eurasia. Understanding the mechanisms that facilitate biological invasions is critical to better understand what makes an invasive species successful. 2. Our objective was to determine what makes the introduced lineage so successful in the study area by specifically investigating if morphological and ecophysiological differences exist between native and introduced genetic lineages of P. australis. We hypothesized a priori that due to phenotypic differences and differences in plant nitrogen (N) content between lineages, the introduced lineage would have a greater photosynthetic potential. 3. In situ ecophysiological and morphological data were collected for 2 years in a mid-Atlantic tidal marsh and in a glasshouse experiment. We measured photosynthetic parameters (Amax, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance) using infrared gas analysis, in conjunction with ecophysiological and morphological parameters [specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area, chlorophyll content, N content]. 4. Introduced P. australis maintained 51% greater rates of photosynthesis and up to 100% greater rates of stomatal conductance which are magnified by its 38–83% greater photosynthetic canopy compared to the native type. The introduced lineage also had a significantly greater SLA and N content. Glasshouse-grown plants and naturally occurring populations demonstrated similar trends in ecophysiological characteristics, verifying the heritability of these differences. These ecophysiological differences, when combined with an extended growing season, provide the mechanism to explain the success of introduced P. australis in North America. 5. Our findings suggest the native type is a low-nutrient specialist, with a more efficient photosynthetic mechanisms and lower N demand, whereas the introduced type requires nearly four times more N than the native type to be an effective competitor. 6. Synthesis. Our study is the first to combine field and laboratory data to explain a biological invasion attributed to ecophysiological differences between genetic lineages. Our data corroborates earlier work suggesting anthropogenic modification of wetland environments has provided the state change necessary for the success of introduced P. australis. Finally, our results suggest that genotypic differences within species merit further investigations, especially when related to biological invasions.
Ultrafast Diagnostics of Coherent Phonon Excitation and Energy Transfer

Time resolved reflectivity of bismuth thin film evaporated on a silicon substrate is measured by an 80 femtosecond (fs) laser at a center wavelength of 800 nm. The reflectivity data reveal that coherent optical phonons (A1g ) near 2.9 THz (1 THz = 1012 Hz) are excited by the 80 fs laser pulses. Analyses of the reflectivity data reveal key parameters related to electron and phonon dynamics, including phonon excitation and de-phasing and electron-phonon energy coupling. It is also found that the phonon frequency peaks are red-shifted and broadened at higher laser fluences.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Creating comprehensive, youth centered, culturally appropriate sex education: What do young gay, bisexual and questioning men want?

We examined young gay, bisexual, and questioning men's (YGBQM) experiences with school-based sex educa- tion as they sought to learn about sex and sexual health, and their suggestionsforimprovingsame-sexeducationresources. Thematic analysis of 30 in-depth interviews with YGBQM (ages 18-24) underscored the discrepancies between the existing school-based sex education curricula and YGBQM's perceived sex education needs. Our results show that many youths' sexuality and same-sex sexual behaviors are excluded in sex education lessons; however, YGBQM noted that they sought out other resources (e.g., websites) to answer their questions. We discuss YGBQM's ideas for the creation of a sex and sexual health website that would be tailored for youth like themselves, including topics and fea- tures that an ideal website would contain. In addition, we present recommended changes to existing school-based sexu- al education curricula.
Classical Yang-Mills potentials

Classical Coulomb-type configurations of Yang-Mills fields coupled to external sources (charges) are described and discussed. They are shown to be stable against small classical fluctuations in the fields if the Yang-Mills coupling is sufficiently small. In developing the stability analysis, massless charged scalar fields in the presence of a weak Coulomb potential are also shown to be stable to small field fluctuations. (AIP)
Competitive Lending with Partial Knowledge of Loan Repayment: Some Positive and Normative Analysis

We study a credit market where lenders with partial knowledge of repayment use one of several criteria to make lending decisions. Supposing that a public Authority wants to maximize the social return to borrowing, we study interventions that manipulate the return on the safe asset or guarantee a minimum loan return. Manipulating the return on the safe asset is effective if lender beliefs about the return to lending are not too pessimistic relative to those of the Authority. Guaranteeing a minimum return is effective if lender beliefs are not too optimistic relative to those of the Authority.
Alterations in VO2max and the VO2 plateau with manipulation of sampling interval

SummaryBackgroundThe most accepted criterion for confirming attainment of VO2max is a plateau in oxygen consumption (VO2) at VO2max, but its incidence varies.AimsTo compare VO2max and VO2 plateau incidence across various sampling intervals, and to examine predictors of the change in VO2 (ΔVO2) at VO
Discontinuation of rLH two days before hCG may increase the number of oocytes retrieved in IVF

Background: Administration of recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH) in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation may benefit a subpopulation of patients. However, late follicular phase administration of high doses of rLH may also reduce the size of the follicular cohort and promote monofollicular development. Methods: To determine if rLH in late follicular development had a negative impact on follicular growth and oocyte yield, IVF patients in our practice who received rFSH and rLH for the entire stimulation were retrospectively compared with those that had the rLH discontinued at least two days prior to hCG trigger. Results: The two groups had similar baseline characteristics before stimulation with respect to age, FSH level and antral follicle count. However, the group which had the rLH discontinued at least two days prior to their hCG shot, had a significantly higher number of oocytes retrieved, including a higher number of MII oocytes and number of 2PN embryos. Conclusions: When using rLH for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, administering it from the start of stimulation and stopping it in the late follicular phase, at least two days prior to hCG trigger, may increase oocyte and embryo yield.
A fluorocarbon-containing hydrophobically associating polymer

Mesure en fonction de la temperature et de concentration de la viscosite de solutions aqueuses des copolymeres obtenus par copolymerisation redox en emulsion de l'acrylamide avec des acrylates ou des acrylamides a chai←ne hydrophobe. Les copolymeres presentent un pouvoir viscosifiant de l'eau interessant
Comparing calvarial transport distraction with and without radiation and fat grafting.

The purpose of this study is to: a) assess transport distraction to reconstruct cranial defects in radiated and non-radiated fields b) examine adipose grafting’s effect on the bony regenerate and overlying wound, and c) elucidate sources of bone formation during transport distraction osteogenesis. Twenty-three male New Zealand white rabbits (3 months; 3.5 kg) were used, 10 non-irradiated and 13 irradiated (17 treatment, 6 control) with a one-time fraction of 35 Gy. A 16 � 16 mm defect was abutted by a 10 � 16 mm transport disc 5 weeks after irradiation, and 11 animals were fat grafted at the distraction site. Latency (1 day), distraction (1.5 mm/day), and consolidation (4 weeks) followed. Fluorochromes were injected subcutaneously and microCT, fluorescence, and histology assessed. In distracted animals without fat grafting, bone density measured 701.87 mgHA/ccm and 2271.95 mgHA/ccm in irradiated and non-irradiated animals. In distracted animals with fat grafting, bone density measured 703.23 mgHA/ccm and 2254.27 mgHA/ccm in irradiated and non-irradiated animals. Fluorescence revealed ossification emanating from the dura, periosteum, and transport segment with decreased formation in irradiated animals. Transport distraction is possible for cranial reconstruction in irradiated fields but short-term osseous fill is significantly diminished. Adipose grafting enhances wound healing in previously irradiated fields but does not enhance ossification. 2014 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The endocannabinoid system and cancer: therapeutic implication

The endocannabinoid system is implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions (inflammation, immunomodulation, analgesia, cancer and others). The main active ingredient of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), produces its effects through activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are expressed at high levels in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas CB2 receptors are concentrated predominantly, although not exclusively, in cells of the immune system. Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid-signalling molecules that are generated in the cell membrane from phospholipid precursors. The two best characterized endocannabinoids identified to date are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Here we review the relationship between the endocannabinoid system and anti-tumour actions (inhibition of cell proliferation and migration, induction of apoptosis, reduction of tumour growth) of the cannabinoids in different types of cancer. This review will focus on examining how activation of the endocannabinoid system impacts breast, prostate and bone cancers in both in vitro and in vivo systems. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer, as identified in clinical trials, is also discussed. Identification of safe and effective treatments to manage and improve cancer therapy is critical to improve quality of life and reduce unnecessary suffering in cancer patients. In this regard, cannabis-like compounds offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of breast, prostate and bone cancer in patients. Further basic research on anti-cancer properties of cannabinoids as well as clinical trials of cannabinoid therapeutic efficacy in breast, prostate and bone cancer is therefore warranted. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7
Circadian variation in patient characteristics and outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

A morning peak in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been described. The authors explored the relationship between variation of symptom onset, patient characteristics, and outcomes in two worldwide fibrinolytic trials. A total of 35 492 patients with STEMI were grouped into 8-h intervals by time of symptom onset: early (06:00 to 13:59 h), late-day (14:00 to 21:59 h), overnight (22:00 to 05:59 h). The authors correlated timing with patient characteristics and outcomes (adjusted for thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] risk score) first in InTIME II-TIMI 17 trial (N = 15 031), and confirmed in the ExTRACT-TIMI 25 trial (N = 20 461). Timing was similar in the derivation (early 49%, late-day 30%, and overnight 21%; p < .001) and validation set (48%, 31%, and 21%, respectively; p < .001). Some patient characteristics consistently varied with time of symptom onset. Patients in the early cohort were older with poorer renal function. The late-day group had more smokers with higher init...
Local anesthetics worsen renal function after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

Local anesthetics are widely used during the perioperative period, even in patients with preexisting renal disease. However, local anesthestics have been shown to cause cell death in multiple cell ...
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Improve Coronary Flow Reserve in Dilated Cardiomyopathy by a Bradykinin-Mediated, Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanism

Background— ACE inhibitors have been used extensively in heart failure, where they induce systemic vasodilatation. ACE inhibitors have also been shown to reduce ischemic events after myocardial infarction, although their mechanisms of action on the coronary circulation are less well understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects and the mechanism of action of the ACE inhibitor enalaprilat and the AT1 antagonist losartan on regional myocardial perfusion and coronary flow and vasodilator reserve in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods and Results— Twenty-seven conscious, chronically instrumented dogs were studied during advanced stages of dilated cardiomyopathy, which was induced by rapid pacing. Enalaprilat (1.25 mg IV) improved transmural distribution (endocardial/epicardial ratio) at rest (baseline, 0.91±0.11; enalaprilat, 1.02±0.07 mL/min per g; P<0.05) and during atrial pacing (baseline, 0.82±0.11; enalaprilat, 0.98±0.07; P<0.05). Enalapril...
Personality, Motivational Systems, and Behavior of High and Low LPC Persons

Abstract : The paper presents a new interpretation of the least preferred coworker (LPC) score which suggests that the score reflects a hierarchy of goals. High LPC persons have as their primary goal the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relations and as a secondary goal the attainment of prominence and self-enhancement. The low LPC person is seen as having as his primary goal the achievement of tasks and material relations. The implications of this interpretation and the supporting data for the prediction of behavior, leadership training, and personality theory are discussed, as is the integration of the contingency model results with findings obtained in other leadership research programs.
Technology and the Prospective Teacher: Exploring the Use of the TI-83 Handheld Devices in Social Studies Education

Using technology to enhance student learning in social studies has become an important area for discussion and study within the field of social studies education. Handheld devices are one of the recently emerging technologies. This article describes an initial study of the TI-83 handheld device in the education of preservice social studies teachers. In particular, this study examined data collected from one group of preservice teachers to determine how they viewed the TI-83 handheld device and how they used the handheld technology in their social studies teaching. Data was collected from surveys, interviews, lesson ideas, and observations. Some findings suggested that the design of the tool and the programs for it played a strong role in the preservice teachers' views of and uses of the tool in lessons.
Accommodation Predictors of Grandparent–Grandchild Relational Solidarity in Taiwan

Grounded in communication accommodation theory, this research examined Taiwanese grandchildren’s (N= 100) and grandparents’ (N= 108) perceptions of communication behavior in grandparent–grandchild (GP–GC) interactions. This study investigated noncommunicative and communicative predictors of communication satisfaction, liking, and emotional closeness in the relationship. Regression analyses showed that communication accommodation behaviors accounted for significant variance in GP–GC relational solidarity. For grandchildren and grandparents, the best single predictor was their perception of their own accommodative involvement with their grandparents/grandchildren. The findings also indicated that contact frequency significantly predicted GP–GC relational solidarity. Demographic variables were not particularly effective predictors. The findings are discussed in terms of cultural differences in GP–GC relationships and communication accommodation theory.
Making Medical Spending Decisions: The Law, Ethics, and Economics of Rationing Mechanisms, by Mark A. Hall.

Making medical spending decisions: The law, ethics, and economics of rationing mechanisms. Mark A. Hall (Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 1997), 300 pages, $35.
Ellagic acid and quercetin interact synergistically with resveratrol in the induction of apoptosis and cause transient cell cycle arrest in human leukemia cells

Anticarcinogenic effects of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables are well established. Although polyphenols naturally occur as combinations, little information is available regarding possible synergistic or antagonistic biochemical interactions between compounds. Identifying potential interactions between polyphenols may provide information regarding the efficiency of polyphenol-containing foods in cancer prevention. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactions of ellagic acid and quercetin with resveratrol, polyphenols which occur in muscadine grapes, with the hypothesis that the selected polyphenols would interact synergistically in the induction of apoptosis and reduction of cell growth in human leukemia cells (MOLT-4). To test this hypothesis, alterations in cell cycle kinetics, proliferation, and apoptosis (caspase-3 activity) were examined after incubation with ellagic acid, quercetin, and resveratrol as single compounds and in combination. Results showed a more than additive interaction for the combination of ellagic acid with resveratrol and furthermore, significant alterations in cell cycle kinetics induced by single compounds and combinations were observed. An isobolographic analysis was performed to assess the apparent synergistic interaction for the combinations of ellagic acid with resveratrol and quercetin with resveratrol in the induction of caspase 3 activity, confirming a synergistic interaction with a combination index of 0.64 for the combination of ellagic acid and resveratrol and 0.68 for quercetin and resveratrol. Results indicate that the anticarcinogenic potential of foods containing polyphenols may not be based on the effects of individual compounds, but may involve a synergistic enhancement of the anticancer effects.
Laser in situ keratomileusis in patients with corneal guttata and family history of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy.

Purpose To report 1-year results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in 7 eyes with corneal endothelial guttata and a family history of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. Setting John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of 4 patients (7 eyes) who had trace to 1+endothelial guttata and a family history of Fuchs dystrophy and then had uneventful LASIK for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Preoperative and postoperative measurements included uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), corneal pachymetry, endothelial cell density (ECD), manifest refraction, and spherical equivalent. The changes in ECD, pachymetry, and spherical equivalent after LASIK were subjected to statistical analysis using a paired Student t test to determine significance. Results Transient corneal edema was noted in the early postoperative period in 3 eyes of 2 patients. At 1 year, 6 of the 7 (86%) eyes had lost ≥2 lines of BSCVA. A statistically significant decrease in ECD of 12.4% ± 2.7% was observed at 1 year compared with baseline ( P P = .006) and a statistically significant myopic shift in spherical equivalent ( P = .017) was also noted at 1 year compared with 3 months. Conclusions Patients with mild corneal guttata and a family history of Fuchs' dystrophy are prone to transient corneal edema, loss of BSCVA, endothelial cell loss, and myopic regression after uneventful LASIK for correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism.
Quantification of the mitochondrial DNA common deletion in presbycusis.

Objectives/Hypothesis: This study was conducted to evaluate the association between the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) common deletion (CD) level in cochlear tissue and the severity of hearing loss in individuals with presbycusis. Study Design: Nineteen individuals with presbycusis, ranging from 60 to 87 years of age, who met strict audiometric criteria were compared with four age frequency-matched normal hearing controls ranging from 51 to 76 years of age. Five additional normal hearing individuals, ranging from 9 to 50 years of age, were also studied. Methods: A duplex real time polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantify the mtDNA in archival cochlear tissue samples. Linear regression models were used for comparison of the CD level between groups. Results: The presbycusis group had a mean CD level of 32% with a standard deviation of 14%, and the normal hearing age matched control group had a mean CD level of 12% with a standard deviation of 2%. This difference in CD levels reached statistical significance (P = .011) and remained significant after adjusting for any differences in age between the two groups (age-adjusted P = .007). Furthermore, there was evidence for a significant association between the CD level and the severity of hearing loss based on audiometric thresholds at 8 kHz (r = 0.44, P = .034; age-adjusted partial correlation = 0.55, P = .007). Conclusions: For the first time, to our knowledge, these results demonstrate a relationship between quantitatively measured levels of the CD in human cochlear tissue and the severity of hearing loss in individuals with presbycusis. Laryngoscope, 2009
Older Adults At High Risk of Falling Need More Time for Anticipatory Postural Adjustment in the Precrossing Phase of Obstacle Negotiation

Background. Obstacles are a common cause of falls among older adults. Anticipatory motor planning for obstacle negotiation must be completed during the precrossing phase in order to step over the obstacle safely. This cognitive load may affect anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in older adults at high risk of falling. This study explored the effect of obstacle negotiation on APA during gait initiation in older adults at high risk of falling. Methods. Seventy-six elderly volunteers (mean age: 80.5 [7.6 years]) from the community participated in this study. Participants performed gait initiation tasks from a starting position on a force platform under the following two conditions: (1) unobstructed (smooth walkway) and (2) obstructed (walkway with an obstacle placed at 1 m from the initial position). The reaction and APA phases were measured from the data of center of pressure. Each participant was categorized as a high-risk or a low-risk individual according to the presence or absence of a fall experience within the past year. Results. High-risk participants had significantly longer APA phases than low-risk participants under the obstructed condition even though there was no significant difference between groups under the unobstructed condition. Reaction phase was not significantly different between groups in either the unobstructed or the obstructed condition. Conclusion. Motor performance deterioration occurred in high-risk participants in the beginning of the precrossing phase of obstacle negotiation. A slow and inefficient APA at the precrossing phase of obstacle negotiation might be one of the causes of accidental falls.
Spontaneous Drainage of Neonatal Cephalohematoma: A Delayed Complication of Scalp Abscess

Neonatal cephalohematomas are known complications of traumatic deliveries, and the majority of cases resolve without intervention. Scalp abscesses are rare and often described as benign complications of fetal scalp monitoring. Spontaneous drainage of a neonatal cephalohematoma, with or without associated scalp abscess, has not yet been described. We present a case of a neonate with recurrent Escherichia coli bacteremia and spontaneous drainage of a large cephalohematoma through an overlying scalp abscess.
Apparatus for the Measurement of Vacuum Ultraviolet Optical Properties of Freshly Evaporated Films before Exposure to Air

An apparatus for the measurement of reflectance and transmittance is described which, with a specially constructed vacuum evaporator and a monochromator, enables the study of the optical properties of thin films in the wavelength region 500 A to 2000 A. The optical measurements can be made immediately after the samples are prepared without exposing them to air. The apparatus allows the measurement of sample transmittance, and sample reflectance can be determined as a function of incidence angle. The light source is differentially chopped to sort the grating orders, eliminate dc drift and improve the signal-to-scatter ratio by a factor of 10 to 20. Some of the results obtained with this instrument are presented. It is shown that the reflectance of aluminum at λ1216 A decays substantially in vacuum (5 × 10−6 mm Hg) even in the first minutes after deposition, and decreases by a factor of 2 after one day in air. A value of over 70% is indicated for the initial normal incidence reflectance of aluminum at λ1216 A, which is considerably higher than previously reported. It is shown that the reflectance of platinum remains essentially constant after deposition. Other data on the reflectance of aluminum, platinum, and rhodium are presented.
Comments on the Relationships of Fissidens philonotulus and F. pascuanus

Abstract Fissidens philonotulus Besch., known from the Society Islands and Fiji, is considered to be the same as the widespread and variable F. ceylonensis Dozy & Molk. Fissidens pascuanus Broth., an endemic on Easter Island, is considered to be closely related to F. linearis var. obscurirete (Broth. & Paris) Stone. A lectotoype of F. pascuanus is designated.
Florida, Horseshoe Crabs: Populations, Genetics and the Marine-Life Harvest

American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) breed in every coastal county of Florida, U.S.A., and yet the data available on the status of this species in Florida are limited. The east and west coasts of Florida have genetically distinct populations of horseshoe crabs, but it is not known if there is further genetic structuring. To fill these gaps, we compile data from a number of sources: genetic analysis of tissue samples from 13 sites, breeding activity from an on-line public database, population estimates from multi-year trawl and seine surveys, and spawning activity from a long-term study. Neighbor-joining and STRUCTURE analyses support at least five genetically distinct management units within both the Atlantic and Gulf coast populations of Florida horseshoe crabs. We find that in some parts of Florida, horseshoe crabs breed throughout the year, but in other parts there are distinct breeding seasons. Florida populations are generally smaller than those in more northern states, particularly along the east coast, but there are few indications of decline except in the Indian River area. Finally, we compile data on the harvest of horseshoe crabs in Florida and discuss the effect of the marine-life fishery, which has not been tracked in other states.
Integration of Dynamic Equation of a Rotating Timoshenko Beam Via Chebyshev Polynomials

AbstractThis study presents a numerical scheme for the determination of the response of rotating Timoshenko beam based on Chebyshev polynomials. The governing differential equation is formed using finite element method. The state vector is expanded in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. This reduces the original differential equations to a set of linear algebraic equations whose unknowns are the coefficient of Chebyshev polynomials. A formal procedure to generate this coefficient matrix and right-hand side vector is discussed. The numerical efficiency of the proposed method is compared with that of the Newmark method. The scheme presented in this study is shown to be accurate and is computationally efficient.
Hepatic circulation in hemorrhagic shock in the rat.

Summary1. The average portal venous pressure of rats was 15 cm H2O in the control period, 9 cm H2O after bleeding to an arterial pressure of 45 mm Hg, and 14.5 cm H2O immediatly after blood replacement. 2. Direct microscopy disclosed reduction in blood flow and narrowing of sinusoids, central venules and sublobular venules after bleeding from 0.7 to 1.0 cc/100 cm2 of body surface. These changes became extreme after a hemorrhage of 2.1-2.4 cc/100 cm-2. Replacement transfusion after 3 hours of shock restored normal vessel caliber and blood flow, whether recovery followed or not.
Seasonal Distribution of the Lesser Peach Tree Borer in Southern Indiana13

The seasonal distribution of Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson) was determined for 1965–67 by studying adult emergence from caged, borer-infested peach wood, and by recording the number of males captured in field traps baited with caged virgin females. The pattern of springtime emergence from wood was comparable to the pattern of spring capture of males in the field. However, by the last week in July, 95% of the moths had emerged from the wood, but large numbers of males continued to come to the traps. This late catch, together with evidence that populations in the field peaked in late August or early September, clearly showed that 2 generations of moths emerge annually in southern Indiana. Higher than normal temperatures in the winter and spring accelerated adult eclosion; lower than normal temperatures and precipitation during the spring and early summer months may have lowered the summer populations.
Uneven starts and just deserts

This complication need not be a general one in Parfit's world. He points out that one can promise to help someone 'and all their future selves', and such a clause could easily be included in the marriage promise. But he is equally clear in showing that there is no way of getting around a change of the promisor's self by changing the wording or conditions attaching to promises. Any promise is made by a particular self and as a matter of principle that self cannot bind others by its promise, no matter how the promise is worded.
Recycling Bleach Technologies

When faced with bleaching recycled fibers, the technologist must consider the usual factors associated with the bleaching of virgin fibers plus additional factors introduced by recycling. The lignin content of the furnish and the products to be made determine whether delignifying or lignin-preserving agents are to be used. Factors introduced by recycling include mixed lignin contents, dyes, residual ink particles and carrier chemicals, contaminants, color reversion, and hornification (which affects accessibility of chromophores to bleaching reagents). In addition, the technologist must be concerned with the environmental impact of the bleaching operation. p]Dithionite and formamidine sulfinic acid are effective lignin-preserving reductive bleaching agents for recycled fibers. Hydrogen peroxide is an effective lignin-preserving oxidative agent, but heavy metals and enzymes catalyze its decomposition. Chelating agents have an important role in decreasing metal content. For some delignification and effective removal of organic chromophores, oxygen and ozone show promise. Research on the use of oxygen-based oxidative bleaching agents is intense because of their favorable environmental attributes.
Laparoscopy for Localization of Nonpalpable Testes

AbstractLaparoscopy was performed on 33 consecutive boys with 36 nonpalpable testes whenever 1 or both testes were not palpable, a patient with bilateral nonpalpable testes was known to have responded to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation and orchiopexy or orchiectomy was planned. Anatomic localization of nonpalpable testes facilitated accurate planning of operative repair, thereby potentially improving the ultimate result. Additionally, the technique rendered exploration unnecessary in patients with the intra-abdominal vanishing testis syndrome. No complications were noted as a result of laparoscopy in these patients.
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders Have Equal Success Rate But Require Longer Periods of Systematic Desensitization than Control Patients to Complete Ambulatory Polysomnography

Study Objectives:Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for the assessment of sleep, yet the extensive apparatus required for monitoring with PSG can be difficult to tolerate, particularly in c...
Decision Theory in Redundant Systems

It has been known that redundant parts could be used to construct an arbitrarily reliable binary system from unreliable parts. This chapter presents the optimum way to use the redundant information that is generated in reliability-improving schemes. The optimum way to use redundant information from independent, redundant sources is quite simple and can be accomplished by the linear threshold circuit. As the optimum use of redundant information is so functionally simple, it may soon be evaluated in actual circuit designs or even implemented physically. The chapter explains the features of using redundant information near-optimally at the analytical depth necessary for intelligent design. The techniques that are used to find, implement, and analyze the optimum use of redundant information are quite general. They have been and will continue to be applied to a wide variety of problems other than reliability improvement.
What's Wrong with ERP in China?

ERP was introduced to Chinese organizations for about 30 years. However, the successful ERP implementation rate are always kept low, sometime even lower than 10i¾?%. By adopting Hofstede 2001 national culture dimensions, this study provides substantive explanations and conclusions about the effects of national culture dimensions on organizations' ERP implementation successful rate.
Effect of Arsenic Trioxide on E14 Murine Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro.

The ability of pluripotent murine embryonic stem (muES) cells to differentiate into all cell types makes them a very promising tool for cell therapy. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth and differentiation of the ES cells is a pre-requisite for selecting adequately the cell conditions which will be accessible for future use of ES cells in treating hematological malignancies. Pharmacological agents such as arsenic trioxide (As 2 O 3 ) have shown to be an effective anticancer agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia but its effect on murine embryonic stem cells prior to differentiation and subsequent target organ toxicity is yet to be determined. This study was done to gain insight into the biological effects of As 2 O 3 on muES cell line, E14, with respect to differentiation, proliferation, cytotoxicity and cell cycle status in vitro. MuEs cells were cultured in complete DMEM in the presence of LIF on gelatin coated plates for 24 hours prior to the addition of varying concentrations of As 2 O 3 (0, 0.5,1, 5, and 10 μmol/L, respectively), and the cells were incubated for an additional 48 hours. The differentiation potential of As 2 O 3 was determined by measuring Oct-4 levels by flow cytometry. Proliferation was measured by trypan blue exclusion. Cytotoxicity of As 2 O 3 was determined by MTT assay. Cell cycle status was measured by Propidium Iodide using flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated that As 2 O 3 at different concentrations did not induce differentiation. However, the proliferation of muES cells treated with As 2 O 3 was inhibited in a concentration and time dependent manner. The cell-killing rate of As 2 O 3 on muES cells was both dose and time dependent with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ~ 5±0.2 μM and ~3.75±0.7 μM at 24 and 48 hours respectively. Propidium iodide DNA staining revealed that after 48 hour incubation with arsenic, cells in S phase remained relatively constant (~62–67%) at low doses of As 2 O 3 but this decreased by half (33%) at a high dose of 10uM As 2 O 3 . The percent of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle increased to 41±9% in 10μM treated cells compared to 6±3% in control. In conclusion, As 2 O 3 does not induce the differentiation of muES cells into different lineages, but does inhibit growth and alter the cell cycle kinetics of these cells in a dose dependent manner.
Bilateral ovarian micrometastatic adenocarcinoma upon prophylactic oophorectomy concurrent with low anterior resection for rectal cancer

This case report draws attention to the debated role of prophylactic oophorectomy in women undergoing definitive surgical resection of colon and rectal cancers. It can be challenging to discern the indications and appropriate patient population for this procedure based on the current literature. Potential benefits include treatment and prevention of metastatic disease, preventing development of primary ovarian cancer, and prolonging survival. Negative effects include an increase in operative time and potential morbidity, development of osteoporosis, the risk of cardiac events, and decreasing sexual function. Multiple patient factors such as age, menopausal status, patient preference, presence of hereditary conditions, exposure to radiation, site, and stage of disease should be considered. We present a case in which a premenopausal 49-year-old female underwent a prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy concurrently with a low anterior resection following neoadjuvant chemoradiation for clinical stage III rectal cancer. On pathologic examination, resection margins and all 14 lymph nodes harvested were negative for malignancy. Interestingly, she was found to have micrometastatic adenocarcinoma in the bilateral ovaries which had appeared grossly normal at the time of surgery. After consideration of the current literature, patient preference, and our clinical judgment, our patient ultimately had a therapeutic effect after undergoing prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy concurrently with a low anterior resection for rectal cancer. The addition of prophylactic oophorectomy in a select population, specifically women 50 years of age or younger and/or women who are in the premenopausal state, may carry a survival benefit in the setting of definitive surgical resection of colon and rectal cancers.
Abstract B45: Short-term EGFR blockade enhances immune-mediated cytotoxicity of EGFR mutant lung cancer cells: Rationale for combination therapies

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib has been approved for years as a first-line therapy for patients harboring EGFR sensitizing mutations. With the promising implementation of immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of lung cancer, there is a growing interest in developing combinatorial therapies that could utilize immune approaches in the context of conventional or targeted therapies. Tumor cells are known to evade immune attack by multiple strategies, including undergoing phenotypic plasticity via a process designated as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As signaling through EGFR is a major inducer of EMT in epithelial cells, we have investigated the effect of EGFR inhibition with erlotinib on tumor phenotype and susceptibility to immune attack. Utilizing a panel of lung carcinoma cell lines with mutated EGFR, we have evaluated the ability of erlotinib to modulate tumor phenotype and to modulate cytotoxic responses to effector NK cells and T cells specific for brachyury and MUC-1. The effect of erlotinib treatment was also evaluated with single cell clonal populations of lung cancer cells isolated based on their expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Our data shows that short-term exposure of tumor cells to low dose erlotinib leads to a remarkable enhancement of tumor lysis mediated by innate NK cells and antigen-specific T cells. This effect positively correlated with the ability of short-term EGFR blockade to modulate tumor phenotype towards a more epithelial one, as well as altered apoptotic signaling through enhanced caspase cleavage. The effect, however, was lost when erlotinib was utilized for long periods of time in vitro or in vivo, which resulted in gain of mesenchymal features and decreased (rather than increased) tumor lysis in response to immune effector mechanisms. Additionally, with the utilization of single cell clones, it was evident that there was a selection of mesenchymal populations during erlotinib treatment, which could explain the acquired resistance to immune attack seen at longer time points. Our data provides rationale for potential combinations of erlotinib and immunotherapies for the treatment of lung carcinomas in the early setting, prior to the establishment of tumor relapse with long-term EGFR inhibition. Citation Format: Charli Dominguez, Kwong-Yok Tsang, Claudia Palena. Short-term EGFR blockade enhances immune-mediated cytotoxicity of EGFR mutant lung cancer cells: Rationale for combination therapies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B45.
Space division multiplexing optical communication using few-mode fibers

Abstract To realize ultra-high capacity long-haul transmission, space-division multiplexing (SDM) has emerged as a promising solution, in which each data channel is modulated into an individual spatial/polarization modes in few-mode fibers (FMF) to increase the overall number of parallel channels. In this paper, we review the latest advances in SDM technology on the FMF, component, digital signal processing (DSP), as well as transmission demonstrations. First, we introduce the FMF characteristics, fabrication and manufacturing issues including modal dispersion, mode coupling, and nonlinearities. We next discuss in detail several key SDM components such as spatial multiplexers/demultiplexers (MUX/DeMUX), optical amplifiers, mode converters and SDM reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM). Accordingly, we explore the DSP algorithms for SDM systems, covering least mean squares (LMS), recursive least squares (RLS), hardware complexity analysis, and mode dependent effects. Besides, a number of recent experimental validations are evaluated enabling higher transmission capacity for short, medium and long distances.