cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Criteria in Environmental Regulation: Prospects for the 1980s

If A. C. Pigou were to reflect upon the sequence of events in the United States during this century, he probably would be stricken by a mixture of joy and pain. On the one hand, the pioneering work of Pigou and others on welfare economics and its application in government policy has initiated a debate that continues more than seventy years later. On the other hand, it is an open question whether or not there has been significant progress in furthering the understanding and acceptance of many of the tenets of welfare economics in government policy among the American public. The perspective in this paper is that the decade of the 1980s represents a critical testing period for the application of economic paradigms to actual policy making related to natural resources and the environment. The results of this test likely will set the tone for such policy for decades. The application of economic logic to the design of public remedies to environmental problems is viewed favorably by most econo-, mists, excluding perhaps those who do not accept the desirability of government intervention. Certainly the current discussion of deregulation and "privatization" represents this nonacceptance with regard to some environmental problems, particularly those involving public lands and the mining, timber, livestock, and even recreational uses associated with such lands. But over the broader spectrum of environmental issues, common property and other sources of market failure, such as externalities, irreversibilities, and intergenerational issues, frequently necessitate government activity of some kind to ensure efficient use and allocation of natural re-
Metal determines efficiency and substrate specificity of the nuclear NUDIX decapping proteins X29 and H29K (Nudt16).

The Xenopus X29 protein was identified by its high affinity binding to U8 small nucleolar RNA, a small nucleolar RNA required for ribosome biogenesis. X29 and its human homologue H29K (Nudt16) are nuclear nucleoside diphosphatase proteins localized within foci in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm. These proteins can remove m7G and m227G caps from RNAs, rendering them substrates for 5′-3′ exonucleases for degradation in vivo. Here, a more complete characterization of these metal-dependent decapping proteins demonstrates that the metal identity determines both the efficiency of decapping and the RNA substrate specificity. In Mg+2 the proteins hydrolyze the 5′ cap from only one RNA substrate: U8 small nucleolar RNA. However, in the presence of Mn+2 or Co+2 all RNAs are substrates and the decapping efficiency is higher. The x-ray crystal structure of X29 facilitated structure-based mutagenesis. Mutation of single amino acids coordinating metal in the active site yielded mutant proteins confirming essential residues. In vitro assays with purified components are consistent with a lack of protein turnover, apparently due to an inability of the protein to release the decapped RNA, implicating critical in vivo interacting factors. Collectively, these studies indicate that the metal that binds the X29/H29K proteins in vivo may determine whether these decapping proteins function solely as a negative regulator of ribosome biogenesis or can decap a wider variety of nuclear-limited RNAs. With the potential broader RNA substrate specificity, X29/H29K may be the nuclear counterparts of the cytoplasmic decapping machinery, localized in specialized bodies involved in RNA decay.
Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora grown in contaminated sediments.

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were measured in Spartina alterniflora plants grown in pots of contaminated sediment, plants grown in native sediment at a marsh contaminated with up to 900 μg/g total PAHs, and from plants grown in uncontaminated control sediment. The roots and leaves of the plants were separated, cleaned, and analyzed for PAHs. PAH compounds were detected at up to 43 μg/g dry weight in the root tissue of plants grown in pots of contaminated soil. PAH compounds were detected at up to 0.2 μg/g in the leaves of plants grown in pots of contaminated soil. Concentrations less than 0.004 μg/g were detected in the leaves of plants grown at a reference site. Root concentration factor (RCF) values ranged from 0.009 to 0.97 in the potted plants, and from 0.004 to 0.31 at the contaminated marsh site. Stem concentration factor (SCF) values ranged from 0.00004 to 0.03 in the potted plants and 0.0002 to 0.04 at the contaminated marsh. No correlation was found between the RCF value and PAH compound or chemical properties such as log KOW. SCF values were higher for the lighter PAHs in the potted plants, but not in the plants collected from the contaminated marsh. PAH concentrations in the roots of the potted plants are strongly correlated with soil concentrations, but there is less correlation for the roots grown in natural sediments. Additional plants were grown directly in PAH-contaminated water and analyzed for alkylated PAH homologs. No difference was found in leaf PAH concentrations between plants grown in contaminated water and control plants.
Electrochemical oxidation of xanthosine

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of xanthosine in aqueous solution at pH 2.0 at the pyrolytic graphite electrode has been studied. The primary electrochemical oxidation reaction is an irreversible 1 e−, 1 H+ reaction giving the C(8) free radical. In order to account for the ultimate products formed, the latter primary radical reacts with xanthosine to give at least one N free radical and with water to give an 8-hydroxylated free radical. The C(8) and N radicals couple to give a xanthosylxanthosine dimer which rapidly loses one ribosyl residue to give a xanthosylxanthine dimer. The 8-hydroxylated radical reacts with the C(8) and N radicals to give two isomeric hydroxylated xanthosylxanthosines. The 8-hydroxylated radical can also undergo further electrochemical oxidation (1 e−, 1 H+) to 9-β-D-ribofuranosyluric acid which is immediately oxidized (2 e−, 2 H+) to a very reactive quinonoid. Attack by water on the quinonoid gives two isomeric tertiary alcohol intermediates which have been isolated and characterized by their UV and mass spectra and by their reaction with water to give a diol. The latter diol decomposes to 5-hydroxyhydantoin-5-carboxamide-3-riboside.
Evidence that clusterin has discrete chaperone and ligand binding sites.

Clusterin is the first identified extracellular mammalian chaperone and binds to a wide variety of partly unfolded, stressed proteins.Clusterin also binds to many different unstressed ligands including the cell surface receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 (LRP-2). It is unknown whether clusterin binds to all of these many ligands via one or more binding sites. Furthermore, the region(s) of clusterin involved in these many binding interactions remain(s) to be identified. As part of an investigation of these issues, we expressed recombinant human clusterin in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The resultant protein had variable proteolytic truncations of the C-terminal region of the alpha-chain and the N-terminal region of the beta-chain. We compared the chaperone and ligand binding activities of this recombinant product with those of clusterin purified from human serum. We also tested whether the binding of clusterin to ligands could be inhibited by competitive binding with other clusterin ligands or by anti-clusterin monoclonal antibodies. Collectively, our results indicate that (i) clusterin has three independent classes of binding sites for LRP-2, stressed proteins, and unstressed ligands, respectively, and (ii) the binding sites for LRP-2 and stressed proteins are likely to be in parts of the molecule other than the C-terminal region of the alpha-chain or the N-terminal region of the beta-chain. It has been suggested that, in vivo, clusterin binds to toxic molecules in the extracellular environment and carries these to cells expressing LRP-2 for uptake and degradation. This hypothesis is supported by our demonstration that clusterin has discrete binding sites for LRP-2 and other (potentially toxic) molecules.
Utilizing Optical Measurements to Characterize Metal Oxide Thin Films for Gas Sensing in Advanced Coal-Based Power Systems

Results utilizing optical measurement techniques associated with hydrogen gas sensing of metal oxide-based films will be presented, and future work plans that fully leverage unique expertise and facilities available at NETL will be discussed.
10-Hydroxy-Δ2-Decenoic Acid, an Antibiotic Found in Royal Jelly

10-Hydroxy-Delta(2)-decenoic acid, the major component of the lipide fraction of royal jelly, exhibits antibiotic activity against many bacteria and fungi. This fatty acid is less than one-fourth as active as penicillin against Micrococcus pyogenes and less than one-fifth as active as chlortetracycline against Escherichia coli. It also slows the growth rate of Neurospora sitophila and some unidentified molds. The salt of this compound is considerably less active than the free acid.
A Unified Interpretation of the Binomial Coefficients, the Stirling Numbers, and the Gaussian Coefficients

(2000). A Unified Interpretation of the Binomial Coefficients, the Stirling Numbers, and the Gaussian Coefficients. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 10, pp. 901-910.
Cryoprotective capacity of end products of anaerobic metabolism

The cryoprotective capacity of end products of anaerobic metabolism was measured using resonance energy transfer studies and stabilization of freeze-labile enzymes during freeze-thaw. The most effective end products of anaerobic metabolism at preventing fusion of small unilamellar vesicles during freezing were alanopine, alanine, proprionate, acetate, and lactate. Octopine and strombine were less effective, and ethanol resulted in fusion. Lactate dehydrogenase or phosphofructokinase were protected during freeze-thaw by all of the end products tested. The possible mechanisms of protection of lipid bilayers and enzymes as well as the implications of these results for the survival of intertidal bivalve molluscs during winter are discussed.
Back to the basics of antipredatory vigilance: can nonvigilant animals detect attack?

Abstract Many birds and mammals respond to a heightened risk of predation, especially that associated with smaller group sizes, with an increase in vigilance. All interpretations of the way in which vigilance responds to changes in predation risk assume that animals feeding with their heads down (i.e. animals in a nonvigilant state) cannot detect approaching predators. We provide the first explicit test of this assumption by ‘flying’ a mounted hawk down a 15-m chute towards actively feeding, free-living, dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis. Juncos were targeted individually for simulated attack when they had either a ‘head-down’ view up the chute, or a completely unobstructed view; a junco with a head-down view could see up the chute only when it lowered its head to feed. Juncos with an unobstructed view almost always detected the hawk at the maximum distance of 15 m. Juncos with a head-down view usually detected the attack at a distance of 10–15 m against a grey background, but detection distances were shorter when attacks occurred against a camouflaged background. The results demonstrate that these birds have a considerable ability to detect approaching predators even when not overtly vigilant, although their detection ability is greater when they raise their heads. Vigilance sequences, therefore, probably consist of bouts of low-quality detection (active feeding) interspersed with bouts of higher-quality detection (overt vigilance) that can only be accomplished at the expense of feeding. This realization has major implications for current interpretations of the vigilance group size effect and antipredator vigilance in general.
Rehabilitation programs for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome: a review

AbstractOver the past two decades, a small but growing number of rehabilitation programs for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have been initiated. The aims of this paper were to review existing literature on these programs, to compare and contrast findings emerging from inpatient and outpatient programs, and to comment on the rigor and quality of methodologies used in outcomes research in this area. The studies reviewed herein varied widely in case selection criteria, program intensity, length of participation, program content, and outcome variables measured. Moreover, many were limited by selection bias, the absence of valid and reliable measures, and the absence of a control group. These limitations made it difficult to draw definitive conclusions regarding the effectiveness of any single approach to rehabilitation (whether inpatient or outpatient). However, there is some preliminary evidence that both inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation programs may lead to improvements in physical a...
Pancreatic and component transplantation for type I diabetes

Abstract In the last several years, pancreas transplantation has developed into a highly successful surgical modality of treating selected patients for type I diabetes. The bladder technique is a simple, safe, and reliable technical surgical procedure that is now available. Long-term follow-up studies are demonstrating the beneficial effects of pancreatic grafts on secondary complications. New advances in molecular genetics may one day allow the transplantation of islets or genetically engineered cells, thus supplanting the need for transplantation of the whole pancreas.
Phonon replicas associated with donor–bound–excitons in GaN

Abstract Phonon sidebands have been observed on the donor–bound–exciton transitions in two samples of GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The phonon energies of one of the sidebands were representative of transverse optical phonons. From this transition an A1 (TO) phonon energy of 533 cm−1 and an E1 (TO) phonon energy of 559 cm−1 was measured. Another sideband showed the coupling to occur through the longitudinal optical phonons. In this case an A1 (LO) phonon energy of 734 cm−1 was measured. Multiphonon coupling was also observed.
A social-emotional intervention for at-risk 4-year-olds

Abstract Implemented a social-emotional intervention for at-risk 4-year-olds in seven day-care classes. Teachers were trained to perform activities associated with relationship building, emotional understanding, and social problem solving, over a 32-week period. The children's social-emotional status was assessed via observation and teacher questionnaire at the beginning and end of the period, and compared to a group who did not experience the intervention. Children who had the intervention, compared to children who did not experience it, were observed showing decreases in negative emotion, greater involvement, and more initiative in positive peer activity, and were seen as improving socially by their teachers.
Inhibition of dihydrofolate synthetase by folate, homofolate, pteroate and homopteroate and their reduced forms

Abstract Dihydrofolate (H 2 -folate) synthetase (EC 6.3.2.12) was isolated from Escherichia coli B. A radiochemical assay was developed to determine the activity of H 2 -folate synthetase in order to study the effects of folate metabolites and antimetabolites which would interfere with the microbiological assay method previously used. The effects of folate and pteroate derivatives on the activity of this enzyme were investigated to determine if inhibition of this enzyme could constitute a site of action for these compounds as chemotherapeutic agents or a site of metabolic regulation. H 2 -folate synthetase was inhibited by its product, H 2 -folate, and by the antimetabolite dihydrohomopteroate, with apparent K i values of 23.4 and 9.2 μM, respectively.
Using complementary methods to test whether marriage limits men's antisocial behavior.

Married men engage in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men, but it is not clear whether this reflects a causal relationship. Instead, the relationship could reflect selection into marriage whereby the men who are most likely to marry (men in steady employment with high levels of education) are the least likely to engage in antisocial behavior. The relationship could also be the result of reverse causation, whereby high levels of antisocial behavior are a deterrent to marriage rather than the reverse. Both of these alternative processes are consistent with the possibility that some men have a genetically based proclivity to become married, known as an active genotype–environment correlation. Using four complementary methods, we tested the hypothesis that marriage limits men’s antisocial behavior. These approaches have different strengths and weaknesses and collectively help to rule out alternative explanations, including active genotype–environment correlations, for a causal association between marriage and men’s antisocial behavior. Data were drawn from the in-home interview sample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a large, longitudinal survey study of a nationally representative sampleof adolescents intheUnitedStates.Laggednegativebinomialandlogistic regressionand propensityscorematchingmodels(n ¼2,250), fixed-effects models of within-individual change (n ¼ 3,061), and random-effects models of sibling differences (n ¼ 618) all showed that married men engaged in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men. Our findings replicate results from other quasiexperimental studies of marriage and men’s antisocial behavior and extend the results to a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States.
Three-signal method for accurate measurements of depolarization ratio with lidar.

A method is presented that permits the determination of atmospheric depolarization-ratio profiles from three elastic-backscatter lidar signals with different sensitivity to the state of polarization of the backscattered light. The three-signal method is far less sensitive to experimental errors and does not require calibration of the measurement, as is the case of the two-signal lidar technique conventionally used for the observation of depolarization ratios. The three-signal method is applied to a polar stratospheric cloud observation. In the analysis we show that, depending on the statistical error of the measurement and on the lidar system parameters, the new method requires minimum cloud volume depolarization ratios to be applicable; in the case study presented, this threshold is ∼0.2. Depolarization ratios determined with the three-signal method can be used to accurately calibrate measurements with the conventional two-signal technique.
A New Method of Exercising Pandemic Preparedness Through an Interactive Simulation and Visualization

As seen in the spring 2009 A/H1N1 influenza outbreak, influenza pandemics can have profound social, legal and economic effects. This experience has also made the importance of public health preparedness exercises more evident. Universities face unique challenges with respect to pandemic preparedness due to their dense student populations, location within the larger community and frequent student/faculty international travel. Depending on the social structure of the community, different mitigation strategies should be applied for decreasing the severity and transmissibility of the disease. To this end, Arizona State University has developed a simulation model and tabletop exercise that facilitates decision-maker interactions around emergency-response scenarios. This simulation gives policy makers the ability to see the real-time impact of their decisions. Therefore, tabletop exercises with computer simulations are developed to practice these decisions, which can possibly give opportunities for practicing better policy implementations. This paper introduces a new method of designing and performing table-top exercises for pandemic influenza via state-of-the-art technologies including system visualization and group decision making with a supporting simulation model. The presented exercise methodology can increase readiness for a pandemic through the support of computer and information technologies and the survey results that we include in this paper certainly support this result. The video scenarios and the computer simulation model make the exercise appear very compelling and real, which makes this presented method of exercising different than the other table-top exercises in the literature. Finally, designing a pandemic preparedness exercise with supporting technologies can help identifying the communication gaps between responsible authorities and advance the table-top exercising methodology.
Effects of charge-density-wave depinning on the elastic properties of orthorhombic TaS 3

The results of various vibrating-reed experiments on orthorhombic ${\mathrm{TaS}}_{3}$ are presented. It is found that when electric fields greater than the threshold (${\mathrm{scrE}}_{T}$) for charge-density-wave (CDW) depinning are applied, Young's modulus (E) decreases slowly saturating at -\ensuremath{\Delta}E/E\ensuremath{\sim}1% for scrE\ensuremath{\sim}10${\mathrm{scrE}}_{T}$. This saturation is surprisingly abrupt. At much lower fields, the modulus varies as the square root of the CDW velocity, and it is suggested that velocity fluctuations may cause the anomalies. The internal friction increases very rapidly above threshold, reaching a maximum for scrE2${\mathrm{scrE}}_{T}$, and then slowly decreases. The results are discussed from the point of view of an anelastic relaxation model, and also compared to other models which have been suggested.
Public opinion on school choice: The Detroit metropolitan area

This paper analyzes public opinion on the issue of school choice using telephone survey data from the Detroit metropolitan area. Four choice plans are examined: within-district, cross-district, statewide, and tax-credit. There is substantial support for school choice, the level of support varying with the expansiveness of the choice plan, the geographical area, and the race of the respondent. Overall, the residents of the Detroit metropolitan area, as elsewhere in the United States, are receptive to the idea of school choice, despite the area's history of extreme racial segregation.
A family business: stem cell progeny join the niche to regulate homeostasis

Stem cell niches, the discrete microenvironments in which the stem cells reside, play a dominant part in regulating stem cell activity and behaviours. Recent studies suggest that committed stem cell progeny become indispensable components of the niche in a wide range of stem cell systems. These unexpected niche inhabitants provide versatile feedback signals to their stem cell parents. Together with other heterologous cell types that constitute the niche, they contribute to the dynamics of the microenvironment. As progeny are often located in close proximity to stem cell niches, similar feedback regulations may be the underlying principles shared by different stem cell systems.
Structure of an alkali-soluble polysaccharide from the hyphal wall of the basidiomycete coprinus macrorhizus var. microsporus

Abstract A unique, alkali-soluble polysaccharide has been isolated from the cell walls of the basidiomycete Coprinus macrorhizus microsporus . The polysaccharide, which is primarily a glucan, contains a large proportion of α-(1→4)-linked d -glucose residues and a smaller amount of β-(1→3) and (1→6) linkages, as suggested by methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, and enzymic studies. Hydrolysis of the methylated polysaccharide gave equimolar amounts of 2,4-di- and 2,3-di- O -methyl- d -glucose; no 2,6-di- O -methyl- d -glucose was identified, indicating the absence of branch points joined through O-1, O-3, and O-4. The isolation and identification of 2- O -α- glucopyranosylerythritol from the periodate-oxidized polysaccharide suggests that segments of the a-(1→4)-linked d -glucose residues are joined by single (1→3)-linkages. An extracellular enzyme-preparation from Sporotrichum dimorphosporum (QM 806) containing both β-(1→3)- and α-(1→4)- d -glucanohydrolase activity released 76% of the reducing groups from the polysaccharide. The polysaccharide also contains minor proportions of xylose, mannose, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, and amino acids.
Fluidized-bed coal combustion: in-bed sorbent sulfation model

Abstract A model is developed to account for sulfur capture within the sorbent bed of a fluidized-bed coal combustor. The model is expressed in an analytical form that contains two sorbent specific parameters. The sorbent parameters, which describe the kinetics of the sulfation reaction are obtained from thermogravimetric analysis data on the SO 2 -sorbent reaction. Various hydrodynamic and mass transfer properties in relation to the bubbling phenomena are taken into consideration in the model. The predictions of the model which are made without arbitrary parameters, compare favorably with the experimental data on sorbent performance from large scale experimental fluidized-bed coal combustors.
Expression of CD2 in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Correlates with Short Form of PML-RARα Transcripts and Poorer Prognosis

We studied the immunophenotype of 100 cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with cytogenetic evidence of t(15;17)(q22;q21), 72 hypergranular (M3) and 28 microgranular (M3v), and correlated the results with molecular and clinical features. Most neoplasms (75/100 [75%]) had a typical immunophenotype: CD13+CD33+CD34-HLA-DR-. CD64, CD2, CD34, and HLA-DR were expressed in 27% (24/88), 23% (22/94), 21% (21/100), and 9% (9/98), respectively. CD34 expression was restricted to M3v; HLA-DR and CD2 were expressed more often in M3v than in M3 (P < .001). PML-RARalpha fusion transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in all 70 patients assessed. The short form of PML-RARalpha transcripts was found more frequently in M3v (P < .002) and CD2+ APL (P < .0001) than in M3 and CD2- APL, respectively. The median follow-up was 128 weeks. CD2+ APL was associated significantly with leukocytosis (P = .004), shorter complete remission duration (P = .03), and a trend toward shorter overall survival (P = .07) than CD2- APL. Overall survival for M3v vs M3 (P = .68) and short vs long transcripts (P = .21) was not significantly different. Immunophenotyping is useful for predicting the biologic and clinical behavior of APL.
Practices for capturing short important thoughts

In this paper we describe a user study designed to understand current practices for recording and utilizing information in everyday life. We describe a subset of the results that suggest that improving on current practices will require physical and digital artifacts, flexibility, multi-modality, and ubiquity.
Antibody and Complement Mediated Injury in Transplants Following Sensitization by Allogeneic Blood Transfusion

Background.Many patients on the waiting list for transplants are sensitized from previous blood transfusions, pregnancy, or transplants. We investigated the role of complement in acute and chronic pathology in hearts transplanted to sensitized rats.Methods.Blood was transfused from allogeneic PVG.R8
Woody biomass production costs in the United States: An economic summary of commercial Populus plantation systems

Production costs for commercial-sized Populus plantations were developed from a series of research programs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Short Rotation Woody Crops Program. Populus hybrid planted on good quality agricultural sites at a density of 2100 cuttings ha−1 was projected to yield an average of 16 Mg (OD) ha−1 yr−1. Discounted cash flow analysis of multiple rotations showed preharvest production costs of $17 (U.S.) Mg−1 (OD).
A batch-fabricated laser-micromachined PDMS actuator with stamped carbon grease electrodes

In this note, we report on the development of a batch-fabricated laser-micromachined elastomeric cantilever actuator composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bilayer (active/inactive) and soft-lithographically patterned conductive carbon grease electrodes. The described unimorph structure has a low actuation voltage and large out-of-plane displacement. For a 4 mm long, 1 mm wide, and 80 µm thick actuator, an out-of-plane displacement of 1.2 mm and a maximum force of 25 µN were measured using 450 V actuation voltage.
What does gamma coherence tell us about inter-regional neural communication?

Neural oscillations have been measured and interpreted in multitudinous ways, with a variety of hypothesized functions in physiology, information processing and cognition. Much attention has been paid in recent years to gamma-band (30–100 Hz) oscillations and synchrony, with an increasing interest in ‘high gamma’ (>100 Hz) signals as mesoscopic measures of inter-regional communication. The biophysical origins of the measured variables are often difficult to precisely identify, however, making their interpretation fraught with pitfalls. Here we discuss how measurements of inter-regional gamma coherence can be prone to misinterpretation and suggest strategies for deciphering the roles that synchronized oscillations across brain networks may play in neural function.
Residency Training Oversight(s) in Surgery: The History and Legacy of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Reforms

Despite a quarter century of discourse since a sentinel event in New York City raised the question of appropriate oversight for graduate medical education, many questions remain unanswered. Even with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education rules in place, some opportunity remains to examine handoff methodology, the relationship of duty hours to education, and the impact of fatigue on resident performance. Neurophysiologic adjuncts applied concomitantly to evaluation of didactic performance offer promise for data-driven definition of the optimal shift. Concurrently, the merits of specialty-specific oversight of graduate medical education remain under active consideration.
Choosing a programming method

Choosing a programming method necessitates that the company examines its own policies and composition. The reports of other firms' programming efforts are helpful only where the same or similar problems exist and where the two companies are enough alike to make valid generalizations. Before inquiring into the specific differences of the programming methods, many firms have found it helpful to review their positions on three matters; (1) the topics they intend to program, (2) the priority among these topics, and (3) the available financial support for programming. Some firms approach deciding what topics to program by asking, ‘What are the activities within this company in which programming would produce the greatest result?’ For example, many retail stores have chosen their basic sales systems as the lead‐off topics because they feel that the crucial sell or no sell decisions are most affected by the sales person's approach and knowledge of selling. On the other hand, in a chemical company where safety is a key problem and one mistake could kill many people, programming safety techniques will have top priority. Closely related to this profit or necessity approach to programming is the question of how much the company has to invest and over what time period. Purchasing 500 programs which cost $20 each means a direct outlay of $10 000 plus the indirect costs of training wages and support personnel once the programs are put into use.
Chemistry at Ultracold Temperatures

Abstract The reaction F+H 2 →FH+H is studied quantum mechanically at ultralow temperatures. The low temperature limit of its rate coefficient is controlled by the attractive van der Waals interaction and quantum mechanical threshold effects. When the fine-structure splitting of the fluorine atom is neglected, the rate coefficient passes through a minimum near 10 K and then increases to a constant value of 1.25×10 −12 cm 3 s −1 at temperatures below 0.2 K. When it is included the ultralow temperature limit is reduced to 2.5×10 −13 cm 3 s −1 . The long duration of the collision allows tunneling through the repulsive barrier even in the limit of zero temperature.
A valence-fluctuation mechanism with highly anisotropic s-wave pairing

The author has developed a fairly ab initio theory of cuprate superconductivity, based on the concept that the above-T{sub c} state is a normal Fermi liquid with strong electronic correlations of the type found in valence-fluctuation (VF) and heavy-fermion materials. The ground-state-correlation aspect is found to provide a satisfactory source or mechanism for the pairing. In addition to the high T{sub c}`s this explains many of the unusual features of cuprate superconductivity.
Ductile Fracture of Pipes and Cylindrical Containers With a Circumferential Flaw

The problem of ductile fracture of a pipe or cylindrical container having a relatively long and deep circumferential part-through crack or through a crack and subjected to a uniform axial membrane load in the crack region is discussed. After describing the evolution of the ductile fracture process, first the results of the elasticity solution for the circumferentially cracked cylindrical shell based on the Reissner's Transverse Shear Theory are presented. The elastic-plastic part-through crack problem then is considered. In the analysis the plastic deformations are approximated by a perfectly plastic layer similar to the conventional Dugdale model. The load carrying capacity of the cylinder is estimated in various ways by using the crack opening stretch along the leading edge of the crack as the critical load factor. 20 references.
Genetic control of Candida albicans biofilm development.

The formation ofCandida albicans biofilms on implanted medical devices is a major source of infection. Here, Finkel and Mitchell review the latest insights into the mechanisms and regulatory pathways that govern C. albicansbiofilm formation and biofilm-based drug resistance. Candida species cause frequent infections owing to their ability to form biofilms — surface-associated microbial communities — primarily on implanted medical devices. Increasingly, mechanistic studies have identified the gene products that participate directly in the development of Candida albicans biofilms, as well as the regulatory circuitry and networks that control their expression and activity. These studies have uncovered new mechanisms and signals that govern C. albicans biofilm development and associated drug resistance, thus providing biological insight and therapeutic foresight.
Autoimmune disease and cochlear pathology in the C3H/lpr strain mouse.

The C3H/lpr autoimmune strain mouse is a model for spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus. Inner ear structure and function were examined during systemic autoimmune disease progression to identify correlated auditory system pathology. Onset of the systemic disease occurred at 2–3 months of age and was characterized by elevated serum immune complexes, cryoglobulins, and antinuclear antibodies. Coincident with the onset of autoimmune disease was degeneration of the stria vascularis. Early edema of the stria occurred in the apex and progressed basalward with duration of the disease. By 10 months of age, stria vascularis area was smaller and auditory brainstem response thresholds were elevated. No degeneration of hair cells was seen at any age, suggesting that the stria vascularis may be the primary anatomic site of autoimmune auditory damage in this mouse model.
Image guidance in spinal surgery for trauma: Iso-C 3D

Abstract Surgery for spine trauma is well suited for the use of image guidance. The Iso-C 3D allows real-time, computed tomographic-quality data acquisition, with or without neuronavigation. The acquired data can be transferred automatically to a neuronavigational system. The surgeon is able to assess decompression of the spinal canal, spinal alignment, and hardware placement.
Toward design of a practical methodology for stereocontrolled synthesis of χ-constrained pyroglutamic acids and related compounds. Virtually complete control of simple diastereoselectivity in the Michael addition reactions of glycine Ni(II) complexes with N-(enoyl)oxazolidinones

Abstract A Ni(II) complex of the Schiff base of glycine with o-[N-α-picolylamino]benzophenone or -acetophenone as a nucleophilic glycine equivalent, and N-trans-enoyloxazolidinones, as a derivative of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, were found to be the substrates of choice in the corresponding Michael addition reactions. The reactions proceed at room temperature in the presence of catalytic amounts of DBU to afford quantitatively a virtually diastereocomplete formation of the corresponding addition products with (2R*,3R*) or (2R*,3S*) relative configuration, depending on the nature of the starting N-enoyloxazolidinones. Acidic decomposition of the products followed by treatment of the reaction mixture with NH4OH gives rise to the corresponding diastereomerically pure 3-substituted pyroglutamic acids.
Interrelationships between dietary restriction, the IGF-I axis, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by prostate adenocarcinoma in rats.

Human studies suggest that excessive energy intake and obesity may influence prostate cancer progression. Rodent experiments demonstrate that diet restriction attenuates tumor growth in parallel with reduced vascular density. The present study examines changes in the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis caused by dietary restriction and their association with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in prostate cancer. Weanling male Copenhagen rats were randomized into control or 40% dietary restricted groups (n = 5). After 8 wk, rats were implanted with rat AT6.3 prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Two weeks later, the animals were sacrificed and serum, normal prostate, liver, and prostate tumor samples were collected for analyses. Dietary restriction reduced serum concentrations of IGF-I by 35% (P < 0.05) and increased IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) by sevenfold (P < 0.0001). Lower circulating IGF-I concentrations were correlated with reduced IGF-I mRNA expression in the liver, the primary source of circulating IGF-I. Dietary restriction also lowered mRNA expression of IGF-I (45%, P = 0.0242) and its receptor IGFIR (40%, P = 0.0083) in prostate tumors. Similarly, reduced VEGF mRNA (30%, P = 0.0176) and secreted VEGF protein (33%, P = 0.0003) were observed in prostate cancer of restricted rats. An in vitro study employing AT6.3 prostate cancer cells demonstrated dose- and time-dependent stimulation of VEGF expression by IGF-I. These results suggest that dietary restriction reduces endocrine and prostate tumor autocrine/paracrine IGF-I expression, which contributes to reduced VEGF expression and signaling, to inhibit tumor angiogenesis associated with prostate tumorigenesis. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Docosahexaenoic Acid-Functional Food During Pregnancy Benefits Infant Visual Acuity at Four but not Six Months of Age

Within the visual system, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) is an important structural component for retinal photoreceptors and cortical gray matter. There is a marked decrease in neural DHA accumulation in the face of DHA deficiency. DHA is accumulated at an accelerated rate during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester. However, pregnant women in the US and Canada have dietary DHA intakes that are significantly below the optimal level. The main objective of this study was to determine whether a DHA-functional food during pregnancy would benefit infant visual acuity at four and six months of age measured behaviorally using the acuity card procedure (ACP). In a randomized, longitudinal, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial, 30 pregnant women received either the DHA-functional food (n = 16) or the placebo (n = 14). There were significant main effects for visual acuity at four months of age (P = 0.018). The mean acuity scores were 3.8 ± 1.1 cycles/degree in the DHA group versus 3.2 ± 0.7 cycles/degree in the placebo group. At six months there were no group differences. Based on our results, we conclude that DHA supplemented during pregnancy plays a role in the maturation of the visual system.
Formation of High-Aspect-Ratio Helical Nanorods via Chiral Self- Assembly of Fullerodendrimers

Two novel, asymmetric methanofullerenes are presented, which self-assemble in cyclohexane upon thermal cycling to 80 °C. We show that, through the introduction of a dipeptide sequence to one terminus of the dendritic methanofullerene, it is possible to transform the assembly behavior of these molecules from poorly formed aggregates to high-aspect-ratio nanorods. These nanorods have diameters of 3.76 ± 0.52 nm and appear to be composed of interwoven helices of dendritic fullerenes. As evidenced by circular dichroism, the helicity is characterized by a preferential handedness of assembly, which is imparted by the dipeptide moiety.
Ferrite Loaded Antennas for Aerospace Applications

The effects of ferrite loading on the characteristics of the rectangular cavity slot antenna, the equiangular spiral antenna, and the log conical spiral antenna are studied. The object is size and weight reduction and this is accomplished at the expense of bandwidth and/or efficiency. The characteristics of the rectangular cavity slot antenna are analyzed and compared with experimental data. The operating frequency may be shifted by magnetic bias. Loading the spiral and log conical antennas lowers the low frequency limit by a factor of two or three. Data are presented on the temperature sensitivity of ferrite materials for aerospace antennas.
Australia antigen serology in the Holy Cross football team hepatitis outbreak.

Abstract All sera from a large-scale well-defined simultaneous point-source outbreak of short-incubation viral hepatitis were negative for Australia (Au) antigen both by agar-gel diffusion and by complement fixation. No Au antibody was detected by agar-gel diffusion. Most icteric patients had high titres of serum anticomplementary activity which declined in convalescence. Serum anticomplementary activity in infectious hepatitis seems related to the degree of illness but not to Au antigen.
Polaron effective mass, band distortion, and self-trapping in the Holstein molecular-crystal model

We present polaron effective masses and selected polaron band structures of the Holstein molecular crystal model in one dimension as computed by the Global-Local variational method over a wide range of parameters. These results are augmented and supported by leading orders of both weak- and strong-coupling perturbation theory. The description of the polaron effective mass and polaron band distortion that emerges from this work is comprehensive, spanning weak, intermediate, and strong electron-phonon coupling, and nonadiabatic, weakly adiabatic, and strongly adiabatic regimes. Using the effective mass as the primary criterion, the self-trapping transition is precisely defined and located. Using related band-shape criteria at the Brillouin-zone edge, the onset of band narrowing is also precisely defined and located. These two lines divide the polaron parameter space into three regimes of distinct polaron structure, essentially constituting a polaron phase diagram. Though the self-trapping transition is thus shown to be a broad and smooth phenomenon at finite parameter values, consistency with the notion of self-trapping as a critical phenomenon in the adiabatic limit is demonstrated. Generalizations to higher dimensions are considered, and resolutions of apparent conflicts with well-known expectations of adiabatic theory are suggested. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Analgesic profile of the sodium salt of pemedolac

Pemedolac Na, 1-ethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-4-(phenylmethyl)-pyrano [3,4-b] indole-1-acetic acid sodium salt, exhibited equipotent analgesic effects after oral, iv, and im administration, suggesting that it is well absorbed. In mouse writhing models, the ED50 values ranged from 0.3 mg (0.81 μmol)/kg (vs. acetylcholine) to 4.3 mg (11.6 μmol)/kg (vs. paraphenylbenzoquinone [PBQ]). In the rat Randall-Selitto model, the ED50 o the compound was approximately 0.001 mg (2.7 nmol)/kg, with a flat dose response curve. The peak effects lasted for 7–9 h, 10–18 h, and 5 h following oral, im, and iv injections, respectively. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of pemedolac Na inhibited the PBQ-induced writing in mice with an ED50 of 43.5 μg (0.12 μmol)/mouse, and this effect was not antagonized by naloxone. It was inactive in the hot plate and tail flick tests, demonstrating that pemedolac Na does not act via an opiate mechanism. These results indicate that pemedolac Na is a viable parenteral and oral analgesic, typified by high analgesic potency, a rapid onset and long duration of action, and an extremely wide safety index. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reinventing Public Administration

This award has a special meaning for me. When I was an undergraduate the University of Redlands and later a graduate student at the University of Chicago, I took courses on public administration. They had the same soporific effect on me as a speech by the vice-president. Any vice-president. I resolved early that I would be willing to teach or study almost any subject except public administration. I was reinforced in
Significance of aborted cardiac arrest and sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients referred for treatment therapy of advanced heart failure

Cardiac arrest in patients with heart failure may be the result of remediable factors such as pulmonary edema, drug toxicity, or electrolyte abnormalities, or it may be due to primary arrhythmias. The relation of prior aborted cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia to subsequent prognosis was assessed in 458 consecutive patients referred for management of advanced heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction 0.2 +/- 0.07). All patients received tailored vasodilator and diuretic therapy and were then followed as outpatients. Patients were divided into four groups: 388 patients (85%) with no prior cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia, 31 patients (7%) with a primary arrhythmia cardiac arrest, 22 patients (5%) with a secondary cardiac arrest, and 17 patients (4%) with sustained ventricular tachycardia without cardiac arrest. Patients with cardiac arrest resulting from a primary arrhythmia were usually treated with antiarrhythmic drugs (25 patients), and five patients received an implantable defibrillator. After hospital discharge actuarial 1-year sudden death risk (17%) and total mortality (24%) rates for the group with primary arrhythmia were similar to corresponding values in patients with no history of cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia (17% and 30%, respectively). In patients with a secondary cardiac arrest as a result of exacerbation of heart failure (11 patients), torsade de pointes (10 patients), or hypokalemia (one patient), therapy focused on removal of aggravating factors. Actuarial 1-year sudden death (39%) and total mortality (54%) rates for the group with secondary arrest were higher than for patients without a history of cardiac arrest (p = 0.003 and 0.005, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)