cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Step toward a Comprehensive Understanding of the Effect of Surfactant Additions on Altering the Impact Dynamics of Water Droplets.

The addition of surfactants to pure water for specific applications has made controlling the impact dynamics of surfactant-laden droplets a complex phenomenon. This work investigates the influence of the molecular weight (MW), concentration, and ionic nature of the surfactants as well as the substrate surface characteristics on the impact dynamics of surfactant-laden droplets using a high-speed camera at 10 000 frames per second. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and n-decanoyl-n-methylglucamine were used as anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We used hydrophilic glass slides, hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene, and superhydrophobic alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) as substrates. The results show that the efficiency of the surfactant addition in increasing the maximum spreading diameter is significantly influenced by the molecular weight and ionic nature of the solutions as well as the nonwettability of the substrate. Among all of the surfaces examined, the concentration and ionic nature of the solutions were found to be more dominant parameters in determining the energy dissipation in the retraction phase of the droplet impact on the superhydrophobic AKD surfaces. As the concentration decreases or positive charges are present in the solution, it is more likely to observe a similar retraction dynamic to pure water when the droplet hits the superhydrophobic AKD having negatively charged surface sites. Finally, in terms of the impact outcomes of the surfactant-laden droplets on the superhydrophobic AKD, it is shown that the influence of the surfactant addition is more noticeable at lower Weber numbers, where the droplet tries to rebound by overcoming the energy loss that occurred in the spreading.
Peer Rejection and Social Information-Processing Factors in the Development of Aggressive Behavior Problems in Children

The relation between social rejection and growth in antisocial behavior was investigated. In Study 1,259 boys and girls (34% African American) were followed from Grades 1 to 3 (ages 6-8 years) to Grades 5 to 7 (ages 10-12 years). Early peer rejection predicted growth in aggression. In Study 2,585 boys and girls (16% African American) were followed from kindergarten to Grade 3 (ages 5-8 years), and findings were replicated. Furthermore, early aggression moderated the effect of rejection, such that rejection exacerbated antisocial development only among children initially disposed toward aggression. In Study 3, social information-processing patterns measured in Study 1 were found to mediate partially the effect of early rejection on later aggression. In Study 4, processing patterns measured in Study 2 replicated the mediation effect. Findings are integrated into a recursive model of antisocial development.
Do Suppliers Benefit from Customer Concentration: Evidence from Real Earnings Management

This study investigates whether and how customer concentration in supply chains affects suppliers’ incentive to engage in real earnings management. Building on the recent debate over the collaboration hypothesis and the rent extraction hypothesis, we show that with concentrated major customers, suppliers are more likely to engage in real earnings management, resulting in higher current and future profitability. Further analysis reveals that capital markets may unravel the positive effect of real earnings management on supplier profitability: stock return is significantly negative for suppliers who take more real earnings management as a result of customer concentration. Our results are robust to alternative measures of customer concentration and real earnings management and to the instrumental variable approach. Collectively, our empirical evidence supports the rent extraction hypothesis, suggesting that the positive association between customer concentration and supplier profitability may partially be driven by real earnings management.
The windfall gain effect: Using a surprise discount to stimulate add-on purchases

Abstract How can the business maximize revenue while providing discounts? This research suggests that hospitality operators may stimulate add-on purchases with the adoption of surprise discounts. Two experiments investigated factors that influence hospitality consumers’ ancillary spending. Study 1 tested the discount and product type effects on additional spending intentions for a cruise booking. Study 2 identified how the depth of surprise discount and add-on product type influence consumers' add-on purchase decisions for an online hotel booking. The findings indicate that a surprise discount and hedonic items induce consumers' unplanned purchases. A hedonic add-on item is preferred over a utilitarian item when a low discount is offered. Impulse buying mediates the effect of surprise discount and product type on unplanned purchase intentions. This research extends the traditional discount role, by demonstrating that a discount promotion can induce consumers' additional purchases. The findings provide guidance for effective pricing strategies and add-on marketing mix.
An Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process for the Treatment of Urban Stormwater

ABSTRACT Recharge of urban stormwater has often been limited by the high cost of land and concerns about contamination of groundwater. To provide a possible solution, we developed an electrochemical advanced oxidation system (UV/H2O2) that is compatible with high-capacity stormwater recharge systems (e.g., drywells). The system employed an air-diffusion cathode to generate a H2O2 stock solution (i.e., typically around 600 mM) prior to the storm event. The H2O2 stock solution was then metered into stormwater and converted into hydroxyl radical (•OH) by an ultraviolet lamp. The energy consumption for H2O2 generation was optimized by adjusting the applied current density and adding an inert salt (e.g., Na2SO4) to stormwater. H2O2 in the stock solution was unstable. By mixing the basic H2O2 containing catholyte and the acidic anolyte, the stability increased, enabling generation of the H2O2 stock solution up to three days prior the storm event with loss of less than 20% of the H2O2. Lab-scale experiments and a kinetic model were used to assess the feasibility of the full-scale advanced oxidation system. System performance decreased at elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in stormwater, due to enhanced light reflection and backscattering at the water-air interface in the UV reactor, competition for UV light absorption with H2O2 and the tendency of organic matter to act as a •OH scavenger. The proposed system can be incorporated into drywells to remove greater than 90% of trace organic contaminants under typical operating conditions. The electrical energy per order of the system is estimated to range from 0.5 to 2 kWh/m3, depending on the dissolved organic carbon concentration.
How Cancer Cells Escape Death

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a cell-autonomous mechanism to restrict deviation from normal cellular function. Central to this mechanism are Bcl-2 proteins, which monitor normal cellular function to define apoptotic fate by surveying, integrating, and decoding multiple survival and proapoptotic signals from the intra and extra cellular environment. Escape from these restrictive mechanisms is essential to accommodate the cellular changes driving tumor establishment and development. To do so, many of the factors promoting tumorigenesis, such as genetic lesions, hypoxia, p53 mutations and oncogene activation, gain control over the main apoptotic pathway to promote cell survival. For this reason, the apoptotic pathway is the focus of remarkable interest for targeted cancer therapy development. However, as apoptosis evasion is a tumor promoting factor itself, the results of first therapeutic targeting attempts reveal that these targets pose drawbacks similar to the exhibited by classic oncogenic targets, including the rapid development of resistance through high mutation rate, intra and inter tumor heterogeneity and narrow effective range.
Subsonic Potential Aerodynamics for Complex Configurations: A General Theory

A general theory of subsonic potential aerodynamic flow around a lifting body having arbitrary shape and motion is presented. By using the Green function method, an integral representation for the velocity potential is obtained for both supersonic and subsonic flow. Under the small perturbation assumption, the potential at any point in the field depends only upon the values of the potential and its normal derivative on the surface of the body. On the surface of the body, this representation reduces to an integro-differential equation relating the potential and its normal derivative (which is known from the boundary conditions) on the surface. The theory is applied to finite-thickness wings in subsonic steady and oscillatory flows.
Investigating users' readiness to trade-off biometric fingerprint data

Biometric-based authentication is a growing trend. While this trend is enabled by the introduction of supporting technology, the use of biometrics introduces new privacy and ethical concerns about the direction of authentication. This paper explores willingness of users to share biometric information and therefore take advantage of these technological advances. Specifically, it examines, by means of an experiment, the factors that affect users’ decision making when considering providing their fingerprints for a financial incentive. The study surveyed 100 participants and found that most were not willing to share their fingerprints with an ecommerce for any feasible reward. It found that while the financial incentive was a factor, perception of risk (influenced by being exposed to previous cyber-attacks) as well as the participants’ self-efficacy had significant effect on the participants’ decision making. The study also found that participants make context-based decision about sharing different types of personal data with different entities. The results of the study indicate that many users have concerns sharing their fingerprints with commercial companies. As new systems are being deployed, a better understanding is needed about user perceptions regarding fingerprint data sharing, so they can be better addressed by system designers in the future.
Police Interrogation and Coercion in Domestic American History: Lessons for the War on Terror

The use of torture during interrogations conducted by U.S. special forces, military police, CIA agents, the FBI, and private contractors during the War on Terror has been widely documented. While many chroniclers of the use of torture have characterized its use as a dramatic break from the past, the use of torture by American interrogators and the tacit sanctioning by U.S. officials are not new. The routine use of torture by American domestic police during the early part of the twentieth century has been largely ignored by scholars who study contemporary uses of torture in the international context. This chapter discusses the history of the "third degree" to shed more light on the current torture debate. We note that there are numerous parallels between third degree techniques employed by American domestic interrogators in the early twentieth century and coercive techniques used by American military interrogators more recently. This domestic history of torture suggests important lessons for better understanding the dynamics and consequences of military torture and highlights possible pathways to reform. Abandoning abusive interrogation practices in favor of more professional approaches can strengthen institutional legitimacy, restore faith in our systems of justice, improve morale, and result in more reliable intelligence.
Chapter 2.3 – Behavioral consequences of altered corticotropin-releasing factor activation in brain: a functionalist view of affective neuroscience

Abstract: Organisms exposed to challenging stimuli that alter the status quo inside or outside of the body are required for survival purposes to generate appropriate coping responses which counteract the departure from homeostasis. Identification of an executive control mechanism within the brain capable of coordinating the multitude of endocrine, physiological and functional coping responses has high utility for discovery of efficacious pharmacological tools in stressor-exposed organisms under normal or pathological conditions. One such mechanism is the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)/urocortin family of neuropeptides and receptors which constitutes an affective regulatory system, so called due to the integral role this neuropeptide system plays in controlling core components of affect such as arousal, emotionality, and aversive processes. In particular, available evidence from pharmacological intervention in multiple species and phenotyping of mutant mice is that CRF/urocortin systems mediate negatively valenced activating, avoidant, and distressing components of affective responses. It is suggested that affective regulation is exerted by CRF/urocortin systems within the brain based upon the sensitivity of local brain sites to CRF/urocortin ligand administration and the necessary but insufficient nature of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical activation following stressor exposure. Moreover, these same stress neuropeptides may constitute a mechanism for learning to avoid noxious stimuli by forming so-called emotional memories. In additional to presentation of experimental evidence relevant for understanding the role of brain CRF/urocortin from a functional perspective, a conceptual framework is provided for extrapolation of animal model findings to humans and for viewing CRF/urocortin activation as a continuum measure which links normal and pathological states.
Progress towards quantum state transfer between microwave and optical light using an electro-optomechanical resonator

We have constructed a bidirectional and efficient converter between microwave and optical light using a mechanically compliant membrane coupled via the optomechanical interaction. Ongoing work towards quantum state transfer is discussed.
Abstract 1680: Modulation of MDM2 in context of DNA damage enhances cell death in a metastatic breast-to-lung xenograft model

Metastatic breast cancer is highly refractive to current treatment strategies, and new multi-targeted treatments need to be elucidated. In metastatic disease, inhibiting key protein-protein interactions with the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) could be beneficial for developing new treatment modalities since this signaling pathway is a critical regulatory point in cancer progression. Inhibition of protein binding to the hydrophobic pocket of MDM2 by Nutlin-3a can activate pro-apoptotic proteins such p73 and E2F1 as well as decrease pro-angiogenic Hif-1α. Since the DNA damaging agent carboplatin is currently being studied in clinical trials of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), our objective was to evaluate the effects of carboplatin and Nutlin-3a in combination in TNBC in a mutant p53 background. Using a TNBC cell line TMD231 derived from the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line, we performed combination studies using different ratios of carboplatin to Nutlin-3a in vitro to evaluate the range of carboplatin-mediated DNA damage required to obtain synergism with inhibition of MDM2 function. A fixed ratio of 1:1 carboplatin:Nutlin-3a was strongly synergistic with a combination index of Citation Format: Eva Tonsing-Carter, Harlan E. Shannon, Barbara J. Bailey, Anthony L. Sinn, Kacie M. Peterman, Lindsey D. Mayo, Karen E. Pollok. Modulation of MDM2 in context of DNA damage enhances cell death in a metastatic breast-to-lung xenograft model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1680. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1680
Consumer-Delivered Services as a Best Practice in Mental Health Care Delivery and The Development of Practice Guidelines

Abstract Consumer-delivered services are receiving increasing attention as an important addition to the continuum of services available to people with a mental illness. This article provides a review of the theoretical and empirical evidence in support of consumer-delivered services as a best practice in mental health service delivery. This is followed by the presentation of proposed guidelines for delivering these types of services that is based on the current literature and the consensus of program directors from the Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania, an agency that administers a number of consumer-delivered service programs. These guidelines are intended to assist in the adoption, development, and operation of consumer-delivered services and to aid policymakers and providers in their funding and referral decisions.
The rate of terminal nucleotide loss from a telomere of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Using a single copy pUChsneo transgene insertion at the Anopheles gambiae 2L telomere, this chromosome end was monitored by genomic Southern blots for forty-four mosquito generations. During this time, the chromosome end lost terminal nucleotides at an apparently constant rate of 55 bp/generation, which can be accounted for by incomplete DNA replication and does not imply exonuclease activity. No telomere elongation events were detected, suggesting that a previously described gene conversion event at this transgene does not occur very frequently. Moreover, no evidence for elongation by transposable elements was found, as described in Drosophila melanogaster. These results are consistent with the proposal that gene conversion between complex terminal satellite repeats that are present at natural telomeres, represents the major telomere elongation mechanism in A. gambiae. Such recombination events between repetitive sequences would occur more frequently than between the single copy pUChsneo transgene on the 2L homologues.
Polarization independent isolator using spatial walkoff polarizers

A novel type of polarization-independent optical isolator is described which utilizes the polarization walkoff provided by birefringent crystals. Isolation of 44 dB is measured at a wavelength of 1.3 mu m with single-mode fiber insertion loss of 1.5 dB. A temperature-independent scheme is also described that provides at least 39 dB of isolation over the temperature range of 25-75 degrees C. >
One-step site-directed mutagenesis of the Kex2 protease oxyanion hole

Abstract Background : Members of the subtilisin family of serine proteases usually have a conserved asparagine residue that stabilizes the oxyanion transition state of peptide-bond hydrolysis. Yeast Kex2 protease is a member of the subtilisin family that differs from the degradative subtilisin proteases in its high substrate specificity, it processes pro-α-factor, the precursor of the α-factor mating pheromone of yeast, and also removes the pro-peptide from its own precursor by an intramolecular cleavage reaction. Curiously, the mammalian protease PC2, a Kex2 homolog that is likely to be required for pro-insulin processing, has an aspartate in place of asparagine at the ‘oxyanion hole'. Results : We have tested the effect of making substitutions of the conserved oxyanion-hole asparagine (Asn 314) of the Kex2 protease. To do this, we have developed a rapid method of site-directed mutagenesis, involving homologous recombination of a polymerase chain reaction product in yeast. Using this method, we have substituted alanine or aspartate for Asn 314 in a form of Kex2 engineered for secretion. Transformants expressing the two mutant enzymes could be identified by failure either to produce mature α-factor or to mate. The Ala 314 enzyme was unstable but the Asp 314 enzyme accumulated to a high level, so that it could be purified and its activity towards various substrates tested in vitro . We found that, with three peptides that are good substrates of wild-type Kex2, the k cal of the Asp 314 enzyme was reduced ∼ 4500-fold and its K M ∼4-fold, relative to the wild-type enzyme. For the peptide substrate corresponding to the cleavage site of pro-α-factor, however, k cat of the Asp 314 enzyme was reduced only 125-fold, while the K m was increased 3-fold. Despite its reduced catalytic activity, however, processing of the mutant enzyme in vivo — by the intramolecular cleavage that removes its amino-terminal pro-domain — occurs at an unchanged rate. Conclusions : The effects of the Asn 314-Asp substitution reveal contributions to the reaction specificity of the Kex2 protease of substrate residues amino-terminal to the pair of basic residues at the cleavage site. Aspartate at the oxyanion hole appears to confer k caf discrimination between substrates by raising the energy barrier for productive substrate binding: this may have implications for pro-insulin processing by the PC2 protease, which has an aspartate at the equivalent position. The rate of intramolecular cleavage of pro-Kex2 may be limited by a step other than catalysis, presumably protein folding.
Comparison of child and adult vibrotactile thresholds

Vibrotactile detection thresholds were measured in two groups of six subjects each: a child group having a mean age of 10 years, and an adult group having a mean age of 21 years. Measurements were made on the thenar eminence at frequencies between 25 and 700 Hz using four contactor sizes ranging from.005 to 2.9 cm2. Results show that children are more sensitive than adults to sinusoidal vibrations at most frequencies and that spatial summation is a functional characteristic of children’s skin. The results are consistent with a filter model of the Pacinian corpuscle.
Spin waves at a disordered interface between two ferromagnetic materials

Abstract The spectrum of magnetic excitations at a disordered interface between two ferromagnetic materials was studied by using the Bethe lattice model and the Green function method. The effect of the interface composition and chemical short-range order on the local density of states (LDOS) is examined.
Soil and plant calibration for cucumbers grown in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain.

Abstract Few soil test and plant tissue calibration data exist for cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.). Two years of a singly‐replicated cucumber fertility study were conducted to develop soil and plant data for calibration purposes employing the Boundary Line Approach. Fertility treatments consisting of 4 K levels (as KC1), 3 Mg levels (as MgCl2), 3 pH levels (as Calcitic limestone), and 4 N rates (as urea ammonium nitrate) were factorilly arranged and completely randomized to give 108 treatments in both 1987 and 1988. Analyses were performed upon leaf samples for N, P, K, Ca and Mg at early bloom and soil samples for Mehlich (M) 1‐ and 3‐ P, K, Ca and Mg, and pH. Cucumber yields were determined on early (two fruit pickings) and total (four fruit pickings) sampling periods. High‐yielding cucumbers were attained at soil K (Ml = 64 mg/kg) and Mg (Ml = 29 mg/kg) levels lower than currently recommended. No significant differences in correlation coefficients between either Mehlich (Ml, M3) extractant and cucumber ...
Particles and field lines outside the ATF plasma

Abstract A careful examination of particle orbits and field lines outside the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) torsatron plasma was part of the ATF design process. There is no evidence of a separatrix in the flux surface topology outside the last, nested closed flux surface. Plasma particles go far outside the bulk of the plasma but are mirrored off the helical field (HF) coils and return to the plasma. When the current density in the HF coils is increased, direct collisionless orbit losses to the wall are almost entirely eliminated. Most ions reach the wall via charge exchange. The resulting flux is spread uniformly over the wall. The base ATF configuration can probably operate without a material limiter, and a divertor or pumped limiter is also a possibility.
Frequency Interpretations in Probability

IF he were consistent, de Moivre would not have accepted 5/12 as the probability in Dr. Jeffrey's problem. (Two boxes, one containing 1 white and 2 black balls, the other 1 white and 1 black. Choose a box; then draw a ball; what is the probability of drawing white ? NATURE, Feb. 11.) For, according to his definition, the statement that the probability is 5/12 must mean that there are 12n, different possible cases, of which 5n are favourable, n being an integer. That simply is not true.
Increased tumor establishment and growth after open vs laparoscopic surgery in mice may be related to differences in postoperative T-cell function

Background: Previous work has demonstrated that cell-mediated immune function in rats is better preserved after laparoscopic than open surgery. We have also shown that tumors are more easily established in mice and grow larger after sham laparotomy than after pneumoperitoneum. The purpose of this study is to determine if the functional status of the cell-mediated immune system influences postoperative tumor growth. Methods: Immunocompetent (study 1) and T-cell deficient athymic (study 2) mice were injected with mouse mammary carcinoma cells in the dorsal skin. Mice then underwent either no procedure, midline laparotomy, or carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Tumor masses on postoperative day 12 were compared. Results: In immunocompetent mice, laparotomy group tumors were nearly twice as large as laparoscopy group tumors (p 0.5). Tumors grew much larger in the athymic control mice than in the immunocompetent control mice (p < 0.01). Conclusion: We conclude that T-cell function plays a significant role in host containment of mouse mammary carcinoma and in the mechanism of differences in tumor growth observed after laparotomy and pneumoperitoneum.
Factors Affecting Preferential Flow of Water and Atrazine through Earthworm Burrows under Continuous No-Till Corn

Watershed studies have documented that summer storms produce less runoff from fields farmed with continuous no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) than from the same soils when corn is produced with conventional tillage practices. The lack of tillage favors a continuous surface cover of crop residue and the persistence of earthworm burrows, which have been shown to be preferential flow paths for water and chemicals, especially during intense summer storms. We investigated factors affecting preferential water and chemical transport in burrows formed by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (L.) in the field using individual burrow samplers and in the laboratory using blocks of undisturbed soil subjected to simulated rainfall [...]
Morphologic changes in coronary artery seen late after endarterectomy.

Abstract Coronary endarterectomy occasionally is performed in conjunction with coronary artery bypass grafting. While information is available regarding the morphologic changes occurring late in the carotid artery after endarterectomy, 1–7 there is no information on histologic changes in coronary arteries late following endarterectomy. Herein we describe morphologic findings in a man who died 4.5 years after coronary endarterectomy.
The effect of crystallinity on fracture and yielding of polyethylenes

Abstract The effect of the amount of crystallinity on fracture and yielding of polyethylenes as a function of temperature is reviewed. In particular, the effect of fracture toughness, K c , at low temperatures is investigated. Generally, K c increased linearly as density decreased. However, it was found that very low-density polyethylene shows a significant decrease in K c from this general behaviour.
A subsystem-independent generalization of entanglement

We present a generalization of entanglement based on the idea that entanglement is relative to a distinguished subspace of observables rather than a distinguished subsystem decomposition. A pure quantum state is entangled relative to such a subspace if its expectations are a proper mixture of those of other states. Many information-theoretic aspects of entanglement can be extended to this observable-based setting, suggesting new ways of measuring and classifying multipartite entanglement. By going beyond the distinguishable-subsystem framework, generalized entanglement also provides novel tools for probing quantum correlations in interacting many-body systems.
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF STRAIN RATE EFFECTS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INTERGRANULAR STRESS CORROSION CRACKING

ABSTRACT The available data on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) susceptibility in austenitic stainless steel/water systems, which are relevant to boiling water reactors, suggest that the severity of IGSCC in the sensitized material increases with a decrease in strain rate. In the present study, an analysis of the effects of strain rate in constant extension rate (CERT) tests has been carried out and used to derive correlations between the strain rate and quantifiable IGSCC susceptibility parameters (e.g., average crack growth rate and time to failure). Good agreement is obtained between the results of the analysis and CERT test results over a wide range of strain rates.
Proving primality in essentially quartic random time

This paper presents an algorithm that, given a prime n, finds and verifies a proof of the primality of n in random time (lg n) 4+o(1) . Several practical speedups are incorporated into the algorithm and discussed in detail.
First-principles molecular-dynamics study of surface disordering of the (0001) face of hexagonal ice

In order to study surface disordering of ice at temperatures below the bulk melting point as a function of depth into the bulk, Car–Parrinello molecular-dynamics simulations of a periodic model of the hexagonal ice (0001) surface were carried out. Partial disorder in the uppermost bilayer was observed at a simulation temperature of 190 K, which is ∼30 K below the estimated bulk melting point, qualitatively validating earlier classical molecular-dynamics studies of this phenomenon. Over 0.5 ps, the time scale of a simulation, there were three particularly useful (and complementary) measures of disorder: The pair distribution function g(r), the distance of the oxygen atoms from the bottommost bilayer, and the distribution of angles φ and θ formed by the molecular dipole vector and the Cartesian axes. Our results set the stage for future studies addressing the effect of the disordered ice surface on heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry.
Expression of interleukin-17B in mouse embryonic limb buds and regulation by BMP-7 and bFGF

Interleukin-17B (IL-17B) is a member of interleukin-17 family that displays a variety of proinflammatory and immune modulatory activities. In this study, we found that IL-17B mRNA was maximally expressed in the limb buds of 14.5 days post coitus (dpc) mouse embryo and declined to low level at 19.5 dpc. By immunohistochemical staining, the strongest IL-17B signals were observed in the cells of the bone collar in the primary ossification center. The chondrocytes in the resting and proliferative zones were stained moderately, while little staining was seen in the hypertrophic zone. Furthermore, in both C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 cells, the IL-17B mRNA was up-regulated by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7, but down-regulated by basic fibroblast growth factor via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. This study provides the first evidence that IL-17B is expressed in the mouse embryonic limb buds and may play a role in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
FGF1 and FGF2 Induced FGFR3 Dimerization in Plasma Membrane Derived Vesicles

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is a receptor tyrosine kinase which resides in the plasma membrane and regulates cell survival, differentiation and angiogenesis. Fibroblast growth factors (fgfs) are a family of secreted protein ligands which bind to FGFRs to potentiate signaling. FGFR3 functions via lateral dimerization in the cellular plasma membrane. It has been shown that FGFR3 forms dimers in the absence of fgf ligands, however it is not clear how fgfs affect FGFR3 dimerization. Previously we have developed a quantitative imaging FRET (QI-FRET) technique to study membrane protein interactions in a cell-derived model system. Here we have used this method to measure thermodynamics of FGFR3 interactions in the presence of fgf1 and fgf2 in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell derived vesicles. These measurements provide novel mechanistic insights into the role of ligand binding in receptor tyrosine kinase interactions.
Carrier profiling via scanning tunneling spectroscopy: Comparison with scanning capacitance microscopy

Tunneling measurements were taken on a hydrogen terminated, 2×1 reconstructed, Si(100) surface, formed by an in situ passivation technique. I–V characteristics on this surface are shown to be sensitive to the electronic structure at atomic length scales. Tunneling measurements across a pn junction clearly delineate a transition of width in close agreement with that predicted by process and device simulators. In contrast, a scanning capacitance microscopy profile on the same sample exhibits a significantly larger transition width.
Commentary on “beyond the efficacy ceiling”

Foa and Kozak (1997) appear to have been led by the irrelevant subtitle of this special issue into discussing a number of matters unworthy of their efforts, including the mundane observation that behavior therapy is not without failures, and the unsupported contention that behavior therapy is in search of a theory. However, the authors draw needed attention to the fact that the cognitive contribution to behavior therapy is not derived from experimentation and that experimental findings are not as much drawn upon as they should be in behavior therapy.
Failure of Posterior Pituitary Hormone Samples of Low Metal Content To Produce Mitochondrial Swelling1

8-Lysine-vasopressin and oxytocin samples of low metal content were tested for their ability to produce swelling of isolated rat liver mitochondria. The results indicate that,- contrary to previous claims, the posterior pituitary hormones are not potent mitochondrial swelling agents. (Endocrinology 83: 368, 1968)
Somatic Single Hits Inactivate the X-Linked Tumor Suppressor FOXP3 in the Prostate

Despite clear epidemiological and genetic evidence for X-linked prostate cancer risk, all prostate cancer genes identified are autosomal. Here, we report somatic inactivating mutations and deletion of the X-linked FOXP3 gene residing at Xp11.23 in human prostate cancer. Lineage-specific ablation of FoxP3 in the mouse prostate epithelial cells leads to prostate hyperplasia and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. In both normal and malignant prostate tissues, FOXP3 is both necessary and sufficient to transcriptionally repress cMYC, the most commonly overexpressed oncogene in prostate cancer as well as among the aggregates of other cancers. FOXP3 is an X-linked prostate tumor suppressor in the male. Because the male has only one X chromosome, our data represent a paradigm of "single genetic hit" inactivation-mediated carcinogenesis.
A Map of Simian Virus 40 Transcription Sites Expressed in Productively Infected Cells

The topographical location of “early” and “late” sequences on the physical map of the simian virus 40 genome was determined by reacting unlabeled RNA from monkey cells productively infected with simian virus 40 with the separated strands of each of the 11 DNA fragments formed by digesting supercoiled virus DNA with the restriction endonuclease of Hemophilus influenzae. Stable species of early RNA are complementary to the minus strands of the contiguous fragments A, H, I and B, while the late RNA is transcribed predominantly from the plus strands of fragments A, C, D, E, K, F, J, G and B, which also form a continuous set on the physical map. This result is in agreement with previous findings, which indicated that transcription before DNA synthesis is confined to the minus DNA strand, while late transcription includes sequences located predominantly on the plus strand.
Late Results of Operation for Acquired Aortic Valvular Disease

Of the 614 open-heart operations performed at the Mayo Clinic for acquired aortic valvular disease, 130 were performed on patients who also required repair of other valves. Review of the remaining 484 operations resulted in the following observations. Operation for acquired aortic valvular disease may now be accomplished with a hospital mortality rate of 4%. The incidence of late death and failure of patients to improve has averaged 44% for previously employed techniques of valvular repair. Failure of the valve or prosthesis to function properly was the most common cause of late failure after operations in which these earlier methods were used. In the 138 more recent cases, in which operations employing the aortic ball valve (Starr-Edwards prosthesis) were used, the incidence of late failure has been reduced to 14%, and failure of the prosthesis to function properly has not yet occurred in the absence of infection. Late bacterial endocarditis and thromboembolism were the most serious problems associated with use of the ball-valve prosthesis. In contrast with the late results of the former techniques, use of the ball valve has resulted in improvement for 79% of the patients; in the great majority of these there has been a dramatic return to normal living. Despite the highly satisfactory results of current methods, the fact that 14% of patients have already died after an initially successful operative result, and that another 12% have suffered complications causing their late result to be less than totally satisfactory, indicates that the policy of recommending for operation only those patients who have significant and progressive cardiac disability should be continued.
The Religious Crises of the 1960s

Hugh McLeod, The Religious Crises of the 1960s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 302 pp., £64, ISBN 978-0-19-929825-9 The 1960s was a time both beloved and despised. It was a complicated and ...
Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. IV. Preparative Sample Purification and Partition Coefficient Determination

Abstract Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) uses a liquid as a stationary phase. This liquid is held in channels by a centrifugal field. The ability of CPC to purify a sample was tested using a mixture of 2,2 pchlorophenyl-1,1,1-trichlorethane (DDT) and the corresponding dichlorethane (DDD). It is shown that, in one run, up to 675 mg of DDT can be purified at 100%, with a recovery ratio of 100% (baseline restoration between peaks) using the liquid system methanol (mobile phase)-hexane (stationary phase). The factors limiting the mass load are (i) the selectivity or partition coefficient difference between the solutes, (ii) the efficiency and (iii) the solute solubility in either of the phases. The mass load must be measured first by increasing the sample concentration of the injected solution, then by increasing the injection volume up to the point where peak overlap occurs. It is theoretically demonstrated that CPC can be used to determine partition coefficients over a five order of magnitude ran...
Genetic Differentiation, Structure, and a Transition Zone among Populations of the Pitcher Plant Moth Exyra semicrocea : Implications for Conservation

Pitcher plant bogs, or carnivorous plant wetlands, have experienced extensive habitat loss and fragmentation throughout the southeastern United States Coastal Plain, resulting in an estimated reduction to <3% of their former range. This situation has lead to increased management attention of these habitats and their carnivorous plant species. However, conservation priorities focus primarily on the plants since little information currently exists on other community members, such as their endemic arthropod biota. Here, we investigated the population structure of one of these, the obligate pitcher plant moth Exyra semicrocea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. Examination of 221 individuals from 11 populations across eight southeastern US states identified 51 unique haplotypes. These haplotypes belonged to one of two divergent (~1.9–3.0%) lineages separated by the Mississippi alluvial plain. Populations of the West Gulf Coastal Plain exhibited significant genetic structure, contrasting with similarly distanced populations east of the Mississippi alluvial plain. In the eastern portion of the Coastal Plain, an apparent transition zone exists between two regionally distinct population groups, with a well-established genetic discontinuity for other organisms coinciding with this zone. The structure of E. semicrocea appears to have been influenced by patchy pitcher plant bog habitats in the West Gulf Coastal Plain as well as impacts of Pleistocene interglacials on the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin. These findings, along with potential extirpation of E. semicrocea at four visited, but isolated, sites highlight the need to consider other endemic or associated community members when managing and restoring pitcher plant bog habitats.
Structure of liquid polymers

Results of measuring the static magnetic susceptibilities in liquid sulfur are interpreted with the help of a general polymerisation theory. Evidence is found that at high temperatures threefold bonded atoms become important. In S doped with Se and Te the independent bond model is applicable above 550 °C. We also give magnetic susceptibility data for theS-Tl system.
Herd Breeding Problems and Their Consequences

Abstract Low fertility is widely recognized as one of dairy management's major problems. The magnitude of this problem cannot be put into proper perspective until the consequences of low fertility are translated into economic terms. Unfortunately, sufficient information is not available to do this accurately. Nevertheless, an estimate that will adequately serve the purpose of this discussion can be made by combining a few reasonable estimates and assumptions with what statistics are available. Milk production losses. Speicher and Meadows (7) concluded that delay in conception beyond 86 and up to 116 days after freshening reduced milk and calf returns over feed cost an average of $.50 for each day beyond 86. When conception was delayed 117 days or longer, returns were decreased by $.78 for each day beyond 86 days. Louca and Legates (4) reported a more modest loss of $.50 in milk and calf loss for each excessive day open.
A note on point location in arrangements of hyperplanes

We give an algorithm for point location in an arrangement of n hyperplanes in Ed with running time poly(d, log n) and space O(nd). The space improves on the O(nd+e) bound of Meiser's algorithm [Inform. and Control 106 (1993) 286] that has a similar running time.
Investigation of crosslinks in collagen following an enzymic hydrolysis.

Abstract Several crosslinks in collagen have previously been isolated by others after hydrolysis by strong acid or base at elevated temperatures. This research was undertaken to determine whether or not the identified crosslinks could have arisen by the fragmentation of some more complex structure under the extreme conditions of hydrolysis. Various samples of collagen which had been reduced by NaB 3 H 4 were subjected to the enzymic hydrolysis developed in this laboratory. All of the reduced crosslinks which had been identified in acid-soluble skin collagen and the reconstituted fibers from acid-soluble skin collagen were located in the enzymic hydrolysates. In addition, the results confirm and supplement a previous observation that there is a steady decrease in the amount of reducible crosslinks in reconstituted fibers during an in vitro incubation. However, denaturation of the fibrils prior to reduction causes a partial reversal of this trend.
Contending Perspectives on the Nature of Soviet Economic Society

According to the traditional Soviet view, the Soviet economic society, based essentially on governmental and collective farm property and overall national planning, is “socialist”, and has been so since Stalin's proclamation to that effect in the 1930s. Most Western observers, Marxist and non‐Marxist, recognise these two socio‐institutional features of the Soviet politico‐economic system and ascribe substantial importance to them. Beyond this point, interpretations differ considerably. Five alternative views may be distinguished. These contending perspectives argue that Soviet economic society is:
Echocardiographic characterization of the improvement in right ventricular function in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension after single-lung transplantation

Objectives. This study was designed to characterize immediate, early and long-term changes in right ventricular structure and function, as defined by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, after single-lung transplantation in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Bacground. Single-lung transplantation has recently been shown to dramatically improve hemodynamics in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who had unsuccessful medical therapy. Method. Fourteen patients with severe pulmonary hypertension who underwent single-lung transplantation were studied with transthoracic and transesophageal two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Right ventricular dimensions were measured in the apical four-chamber view. Right ventricular ejection and acceleration times and peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation were measured by Doppler study. Results of right heart catheterization were available early (<3 months) after transplantation in 10 of 13 patients and late after transplantation (6 month to 2 years) in 11 patients. Results. In the early posttransplantation studies, right ventricular dimensions decreased and fractional area change and ejection fraction increased in all patients, but right ventricular wall thickness did not change significantly. Tricuspid regurgitation lessened markedly in all patients. Long-term decreases in right ventricular dimension and improvement in systolic function were sustained. Right ventricular wall thickness significantly decreased compared with the early postoperative value (0.76 ± 0.1 cm compared with 0.63 ± 0.14 cm, p < 0.02). Conclusions. Two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrates sustained improvement in right ventricular function after single-lung transplantation for severe pulmonary hypertension despite severe preoperative dysfunction.
An Exploratory Study of Marketers’ Perceptions of the Internet: Reciprocal Communication Forms as Marketing Communication Tools

The Internet has dramatically changed the way organizations communicate with consumers. This study examines South Korean marketers’ perceptions of reciprocal communication forms (e.g., e-mail, comment, chat with webmaster, bulletin board, and survey) in terms of the extent of use, marketing cost reduction, usefulness, informativeness, credibility, barriers, and prediction of future use. A sample of Korean marketers found that the content of consumer feedback is more important than the Internet form in which it is delivered. Even marketers using at least one of the reciprocal communication forms wonder about the credibility of the information they receive and the lack of response. These phenomena might reflect that those forms have not yet reached the stage where they are seen as useful in replicating traditional communication with consumers. Managerial implications are discussed.
Optimal forest harvest decisions: A stochastic dynamic programming approach

Abstract A method is presented for determining optimal economic strategies for density management in loblolly pine stands in the southern United States. A stochastic dynamic programming model employs a price state transition matrix constructed using time-series data for National Forest pine stumpage in the South. The model also incorporates WTHIN, a pine growth and yield simulator widely used in the South to support economic analyses of stand management alternatives. Results indicate that optimal net present values associated with management strategies determined for the stochastic model (relative to a deterministic equivalent) are higher due to differences in the thinning and final harvest decisions recommended by the two models.