cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐T‐153: Variable Prescription Dose Guided IMRT Planning

Purpose: To devise a technique to improve tumor(organ) dose distribution and reduce under and overdosing in IMRT planning by means of iterative adjustment of voxel‐specific prescription doses. Method and Materials: We use a spatially‐dependent penalty scheme based on how well a given voxel satisfies its ideal clinical prescriptions. In this situation both under‐dosed and overdosed voxels are penalized with a penalty weight proportional to the amount of the dose departure from the ideal prescription. Alternatively, the method can be interpreted as the iterative adjustment of individual voxel prescriptions in order to produce an improved dose distribution. If a voxel is over (under) dosed then its prescription dose is decreased (increased) and the plan is re‐optimized. The procedure is repeated until voxel's dose cannot be improved anymore. Remarkably, guided by a metric such as a dose‐volume histogram (DVH), our method is capable of producing significantly improved treatment plans iteratively without expert's intervention. Results: A clinical head and neck case was used to test this method. By adjusting voxel prescriptions to compensate for the inequalities between the actual calculated and desired doses, substantial improvements are obtained for the treatment plan as large dose reductions were achieved in almost all of the critical structures present. For instance, we demonstrate fivefold reduction in the maximum dose to the brainstem. Other organs at risk experience dose reduction ranging from 100 to 300 percents. Conclusions: Our method can readily be implemented with any treatment planning system and demonstrates fast convergence and significantly improved plans.
Influence of Dietary Calcium, Vitamin D3 and Fiber on the Availability of Phosphorus to Turkey Poults

Abstract THE biological availability of different phosphate compounds is known to vary widely. Early work on this subject has been reviewed by Motzok et al. (1956). Gillis et al. (1962) showed that the phosphorus in anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) is much less available to the turkey poult than that in the hydrated form (CaHPO4·2H2O). Scott et al. (1962) greatly improved the availability of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate to the poult by adding soybean meal to an isolated soybean protein-starch diet. This improvement could not be duplicated by adding amino acids or lecithin at levels equivalent to those supplied by soybean meal, nor could the availability of phosphorus be increased by adding high levels of vitamin D3 to the diet. Griffith et al. (1966) found that the phosphorus-improving ability of soybean meal was associated with the portion of soybean meal which was insoluble in acid or alkali solutions. Griffith and Young (1964) and …
96 Variation in Evoked Response Activity Among Negro, Caucasian and Oriental Neonates of Both Sexes

442 Negro and 108 Oriental neonates were tested in their electroencephalographic response to light and compared with observations on 1507 Caucasian neonates. The latency measured from the stimulus to the onset of the evoked potential is inversely proportional to conceptional age (r = 0.608). This is evident in both sexes and the three races tested, in single as well as multiple births. The males, however, reacted significantly slower than females of comparable conceptional ages. Negroes tend to have shorter latency periods and Oriental longer latencies than Caucasians in both sex groups. Twins and many prematurely born single neonates may show a delay of response activity by the time they reach the estimated date of confinement, but body weight is not the determining factor. In a group of 126 paired twins the first born did not show a significant difference from the behavior of the second twin. The heavier neonate tended to remain the heavier twin, but the mean photic latency followed the slope of the regression line according to conceptional age for both twins. Male and female twins and triplets show a similar sexual difference in latency measurements as found in single births. (APS)
On unit solutions of the equation xyz = x + y + z in totally imaginary quartic fields

Abstract It is determined when the equation u 1 u 2 u 3 = u 1 + u 2 + u 3 is solvable in the group of units of the ring of integers of a totally imaginary quartic field.
Fast detection of novel problematic patterns based on dictionary learning and prediction of their lithographic difficulty

Assessing pattern printability in new large layouts faces important challenges of runtime and false detection. Lithographic simulation tools and classification techniques do not scale well. We propose a fast pattern detection method by learning an overcomplete basis representing each reference pattern. A pattern from a new design is detected “novel” if its reconstruction error, when coded in the learned basis, is large. We show high speedup (1000x) compared to nearest neighbor search. A new boundary detection technique selects the minimal set of the novel patterns to predict problematic patterns; 14.93% of the novel patterns suffice to predict ORC hotspots, while 53.77% are needed using traditional methods.
Measuring leadership style: A review of leadership style instruments for classroom use

(1993). Measuring leadership style: A review of leadership style instruments for classroom use. Communication Education: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 70-78.
Growth studies of YVO4 crystals (II). Changes in YVO‐stoichiometry

Incongruent vanadium oxide vaporization of yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) melt generates changes in both oxygen and yttrium-vanadium (YV) stoichiometry. Slightly modified YVO4 or YVO4 + Y8V2O17 phases are formed from continuously changing melt systems depending on their starting compositions. The occurrence of Y8V2O17 in yttrium orthovanadate crystal fibers grown by laser heated pedestal growth (LHPC) technique can be simply eliminated by utilization of suitable V2O5-excess starting compositions. In contrast, the oxygen-deficient YVO4–x black phase is an inherently oxygen deficient phase with limited solid solution in the YVO4YVO3 subsystem of Y2O3V2O5V2O3 complex ternary phase diagram close to the congruent YVO4 composition (49.3 mol% V2O5–50.7 mol% Y2O3). The greater oxygen deficiency YVO4–x specimens have smaller lattice parameters as determined from detailed XRD data. Ceramic feed rod and fiber crystal grown from the feed rod with slight yttrium oxide excess starting composition were characterized by electron microprobe analysis. Changes in both YV and oxygen stoichiometry were observed along the fiber, due to double limited solid solution system of three dimensional ternary phase diagram. Consequently, both the presence of Y8V2O17 phase and change of YV stoichiometry over oxygen deficiency cause difficulties for YVO4 crystal growth from yttrium oxide excess melt.
ROBUST ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF STORE RELEASE EVENT FOR WINGS WITH EXTERNAL STORES

An adaptive control algorithm is numerically implemented to examine the effectiveness of an online estimation/ control scheme for stabilizing the store release of a military aircraft. The adaptive law is based on a gradient method used for parameter estimation and is modie ed with the algorithms of leakage and dynamic normalization to robustify the adaptation. Alinear quadratic control lawbased on a Luenberger observeris then used to closethe loop. An activemethod ofdecoupling thewing from storepitch inertia effects forthewing/store e uttersuppression problem is proposed. The proposed active decoupler pylon involves the use of a piezoceramic wafer strut as an actuator, which acts as a soft spring between the wing and the store. A two-degree-of-freedom typical section of an airfoil is used to represent the structural model of an F-16 aircraft wing, and the e utter problem is studied in incompressible e ow regime, where the circulatory component of the aeroloads is modeled using Jones’ approximation to the Theodorsen function. The aerodynamic effects on the store are, however, neglected to make the analysis simple. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control strategy in improving the performance and robustness to sudden variation in store mass, a realistic situation representing the dropping of underwing bombs.
Measurement Of Gaseous Pollutants Using A Mobile Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) System

The EPA Remote Optical Sensing of Emissions (ROSE) System, which consists of a commercial FT-IR system and associated components installed in a van, has now been in use for over three years. The system is used in either the absorption mode with a remotely located light source (long paths through the atmosphere or short paths across industrial stacks) or in the single-ended emission mode to quantify the gaseous pollutants emitted from various types of sources. Spectra are usually obtained at a resolution of 0.125 cm-1 over the range 700 to 6000 cm-1. On two recent measurement programs the ROSE system was used to characterize the emissions from an aluminum refinery potroom and from a cement plant. The major potroom emission specie was HF; varying amounts of CF4, COS, CO, and SO2 were also observed. In addition to H2O and CO2, the cement plant emissions included NO, CO, HC1, NH3, SO2, and H2C0; a comparison was made between species concentrations deter-mined by cross-stack absorption and by single-ended emission.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elastic and Inelastic Light Scattering from Distilling Microdroplets for Thermodynamic Studies

The evaporation rates of single-component droplets and the related thermodynamics of binary component droplets consisting of 1-iodododecane and 1-bromotetradecane have been explored using elastic and inelastic (Raman) light-scattering to determine the droplet size and chemical composition as diffusion-controlled evaporation proceeded. Single droplets were levitated electrodynamically in a chamber and exposed to a vapor-free nitrogen gas stream. Elastic scattering data for the single components, obtained at the same temperature, were used to determine the optical parameters and transport process parameters needed to interpret binary droplet Raman data for mixtures of the halogenated hydrocarbons. Evaporation rate theory coupled with a UNIFAC thermodynamic model for activity coefficients was shown to agree very well with experimental data collected from binary droplets. Results indicate that Raman intensity ratios associated with the C-I and C-Br bonds can be used to follow changes in composition quantitatively, but for greater accuracy more detailed analysis of the effects of morphology-dependent resonances on the Raman effect is needed.
Induction of separate catabolic pathways for L- and D-lysine in Pseudomonas putida

Abstract A strain of Pseudomonas putida was found to oxidize L-lysine by an inducible pathway through δ-aminovalerate, and D-lysine via Δ 1 -piperideine-2-carboxylate and pipecolic acid. Each pathway is selectively induced by L- or D-lysine and the appropriate intermediates. Lysine racemase is inadequate to permit growth on L-lysine after a block in the L-pathway, but is sufficient to permit cross induction of D-lysine-related enzymes.
Managing conservation reliant species: Hawai'i's endangered endemic waterbirds.

Hawai'I's coastal plain wetlands are inhabited by five endangered endemic waterbird species. These include the Hawaiian Coot ('alae ke'oke'o), Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli), Hawaiian Stilt (ae'o), Hawaiian Gallinule (Moorhen) ('alae 'ula), and Hawaiian Goose (nēnē). All five species are categorized as being “conservation reliant.” The current strategy to recover these endangered birds includes land protection and active management of wetlands. To assess the effectiveness of the current management paradigm, we compared species population trends across the state to those on six actively managed wetland national wildlife refuges (Refuges) thought to be critical for the survival of these endangered species. To perform the evaluation we relied on systematic semiannual population counts that have been conducted across most wetlands in the state and monthly population counts that have occurred on Refuges during the same time period. We found that statewide and Refuge populations of the Hawaiian Coot, Stilt and Gallinule have rebounded from historic lows and over the last 20 years have slowly increased or remained stable. We also documented that Refuges are important to each species year-round and that a disproportionately larger percentage of the population for each species is found on them. Understanding of why Refuges successfully house a disproportionate percentage of these “conservation reliant” species can inform current and future conservation efforts as well as ensure long-term population viability for these species.
Defect Relaxation in a-Si:H Studied by Defect Absorption and Luminescence

The experimental results about defect relaxation in a-Si:H have been reported recently on several transient measurements, such as forward-bias-transient-current,1 optical bias effect on electron drift,2 and photo-capacitance transient.3 In this paper we report the steady state results of the bias effect on sub-band-gap absorption and photon-emission spectra measurements in undoped samples. The optical bias effects the sub-band absorption. In additional to an enhancement of the sub-band gap absorption, the absorption threshold moved from 0.8 eV to 0.6 eV for undoped samples under optical bias at room temperature. The effects are larger in the light-soaked-state than in the annealed-state. We also report on the generation rate dependence on photoluminescence (PL) spectra line shape. We found that the energy position of the defect PL band shifted from 1.1 eV to 0.9 eV when the excitation level increased 4,000 times. While motion of the quasi-Fermi level as a explanation cannot be eliminated, defect relaxation seems more plausible.
A High Speed Gas Handling System for the Brookhaven National Laboratory Three Stage Tandem Van De Graaff Facility

This paper describes a gas handling system for model MP Van de Graaff accelerators, using components with high pumping capacities together with gas temperature controls and heat exchangers to limit the temperature changes that accompany rapid gas pumping.
Detecting Stellar Streams in the Halos of Galaxies with Voronoi Tessellations

Galaxy formation models oriented towards a ACDM cosmology envision galaxies as being built through the accretion of dwarf galaxies. Such galaxy accretion should appear as tidally-disrupted streams of stars in the halo of the host galaxy. Yet these stellar streams have very low surface brightnesses, making their detection difficult. We propose that surface luminosity maps, derived from Hubble space telescope advanced camera for surveys resolved star photometry, can be used to reveal stellar structures in the halos of galaxies. To create surface luminosity maps with high, yet consistent, signal to noise, the centroidal Voronoi tessellation is used. The Voronoi tessellation offers the advantage of optimal binning to preserve spatial resolution. As preliminary testing has shown, the technique reveals halo structures, such as the dwarf galaxy near NGC 4631, as bright, compact, Voronoi regions.
And the Crooked Places Made Straight: The Struggle for Social Change in the 1960s

David Chalmers' widely acclaimed overview of the 1960s describes how the civil rights movement touched off a widening challenge to traditional values and arrangements. Chalmers recounts the judicial revolution that set national standards for race, politics, policing, and privacy. He examines the long, losing war on poverty and the struggle between the media and the government over the war in Vietnam. He follows feminism's "second wave" and the emergence of the environmental, consumer, and citizen action movements. And he explores the worlds of rock, sex, and drugs, and the entwining of the youth culture, the counterculture, and the American marketplace. This newly revised edition carries the story into the angry 1990s, in which the shadow of Vietnam still hangs over national policy and the social ethic of the sixties is overshadowed by a conservative counterrevolution against taxes, social programs, and the powers of the national government.
Sensing Tension: Recognizing ENaC as a Stretch Sensor

Homeostasis demands the integration and processing of a myriad of different input signals from a variety of sources. Regulation of central blood pressure is one such homeostatic system that depends critically on both volumetric and hemodynamic information. A common element for cardiovascular data transfer is sensing mechanical alterations such as cellular volume changes, changes in shear stresses, or changes in membrane tension or curvature. Stretch activation of membrane proteins, specifically ion channels, transduces hydrostatic pressure differences in the major blood vessels (via aortic and carotid baroreceptors) and small arteries and arterioles (via vascular smooth muscle cells [VSMCs]). Electrical signals from the baroreceptors travel via afferent nerves to integrative centers in the brain for processing, and appropriate efferent signals are generated to alter heart rate and peripheral resistance in a classic negative feedback loop. In contrast, there are important local autoregulatory control mechanisms that exist to alter blood flow in the capillary beds of the kidney, musculature, intestine, heart, and brain. These local effectors are also under central control to adjust peripheral vascular resistance when necessary. Presumptive mechanosensitive ion channels in VSMCs lining the arterioles are thought to subserve this function. Until now, the identity of VSMC mechanosensitive channels was left to one’s musings. Wu and Davis1 reported a stretch-activated cation current …
Time dependent axisymmetric thermoelastic boundary element analysis

A boundary element method is developed for problems of quasistatic axisymmetric thermoelasticity. Unlike previous approaches, this new time domain formulation is written exclusively in terms of surface quantities, thereby eliminating the need for volume discretization. Furthermore, since the exact three-dimensional infinite space fundamental solutions are employed, very accurate solutions are obtainable, including the determination of surface stresses. In the integral formulation, the fundamental solutions are separated into steady-state and transient components. The steady-state portion, which contains all of the singularities, is integrated analytically in the circumferential direction, yielding the familiar axisymmetric kernels. The remaining non-singular transient integrands are treated by a combination of analytical and numerical quadrature. The method is implemented in a general purpose boundary element code, which includes multiregion capability along with higher order conforming surface elements. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the validity of the formulation and the attractiveness of this approach for practical engineenring analysis.
Blocking Immunosuppressive Checkpoints for Glioma Therapy: The More the Merrier!

Immunosuppressive checkpoints mediated by IDO, CTLA4, and PD1/PDL1 play a critical role in glioma progression and the efficacy of immunotherapies. Combined blockade of these immunosuppressive checkpoints in a glioma model elicited long-term survival. This combined blockade adds to the armamentarium of anti-glioma therapies, which could be implemented in clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 20(20); 5147-9. ©2014 AACR.
Convolutional coding for direct sequence multicarrier CDMA

This paper presents a multicarrier asynchronous direct sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA) system which, through the use of linear convolutional codes, achieves frequency diversity of an order above and beyond that realized by path diversity in a conventional RAKE DS-CDMA system. A frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel is decomposed into M frequency non-selective channels, based on the channel coherence bandwidth. Then, a rate 1/M convolutional code is used to modulate the M DS-CDMA waveforms. Diversity gains on the order of the code free distance may now be achieved. This system exhibits robust performance in the presence of narrowband interference and jamming, yet preserves the natural multiple access interference rejection properties inherent in the standard DS-CDMA model. Significant capacity gains over the single carrier system are demonstrated, while holding overall system bandwidth and information rates constant.
2008 Zemlin Award in Speech Sciences Memorial Lecture: The Role of Auditory Feedback for the Control of Voice Fundamental Frequency and Amplitude

Abstract Previous research has failed to identify precise neural mechanisms involved in auditory feedback regulation of vocalization. The goal of this research project was to improve our understand...
From Biology to Clinical Practice: Aging and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Poor long-term outcomes for many hematologic conditions that are standard indications in younger adults have naturally pushed the potentially curative, albeit toxic, procedure of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for older adults. The feasibility of allogeneicHCT among older and less fit adults has been established over the past decade, and the number of transplants being performed has grown rapidly for adults 50 years and older. Still, the risks and benefits of HCT (particularly allogeneic) for older adults remain poorly defined as the transplant community has only begun to use crude tools such as comorbidity to better estimate transplant morbidity and mortality.
Regulation of the Glucose-6-phosphatase Gene by Glucose Occurs by Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Mechanisms DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF GLUCOSE AND XYLITOL

To understand how glucose regulates the expression of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene, the effect of glucose was studied in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA levels increased about 10-fold when hepatocytes were incubated with 20 mm glucose. The rate of transcription of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene increased about 3-fold in hepatocytes incubated with glucose. The half-life of glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA was estimated to be 90 min in the absence of glucose and 3 h in its presence. Inhibition of the oxidative and the nonoxidative branches of the pentose phosphate pathway blocked the stimulation of glucose-6-phosphatase expression by glucose but not by xylitol or carbohydrates that enter the glycolytic/gluconeogenic pathways at the level of the triose phosphates. These results indicate that (i) the glucose induction of the mRNA for the catalytic unit of glucose-6-phosphatase occurs by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms and that (ii) xylitol and glucose increase the expression of this gene through different signaling pathways.
A space–time coupled p‐version least‐squares finite element formulation for unsteady fluid dynamics problems

This paper presents a p-version least-squares finite element formulation for unsteady fluid dynamics problems where the effects of space and time are coupled. The dimensionless form of the differential equations describing the problem are first cast into a set of first-order differential equations by introducing auxiliary variables. This permits the use of C° element approximation. The element properties are derived by utilizing p-version approximation functions in both space and time and then minimizing the error functional given by the space–time integral of the sum of squares of the errors resulting from the set of first-order differential equations. This results in a true space–time coupled least-squares minimization procedure. A time marching procedure is developed in which the solution for the current time step provides the initial conditions for the next time step. The space–time coupled p-version approximation functions provide the ability to control truncation error which, in turn, permits very large time steps. What literally requires hundreds of time steps in uncoupled conventional time marching procedures can be accomplished in a single time step using the present space–time coupled approach. For non-linear problems the non-linear algebraic equations resulting from the least-squares process are solved using Newton's method with a line search. This procedure results in a symmetric Hessian matrix. Equilibrium iterations are carried out for each time step until the error functional and each component of the gradient of the error functional with respect to nodal degrees of freedom are below a certain prespecified tolerance. The generality, success and superiority of the present formulation procedure is demonstrated by presenting specific formulations and examples for the advection–diffusion and Burgers equations. The results are compared with the analytical solutions and those reported in the literature. The formulation presented here is ideally suited for space–time adaptive procedures. The element error functional values provide a mechanism for adaptive h, p or hp refinements. The work presented in this paper provides the basis for the extension of the space–time coupled least-squares minimization concept to two- and three-dimensional unsteady fluid flow.
Network Neutrality after Comcast: Toward a Case-by-Case Approach to Reasonable Network Management

The Federal Communications Commission’s recent Comcast decision has rejected categorical, ex ante restrictions on Internet providers’ ability to manage their networks in favor of a more flexible approach that examines each dispute on a case-by-case basis, as I have long advocated. This book chapter, written for a conference held in February 2009, discusses the considerations that a case-by-case approach should take into account. First, allowing the network to evolve will promote innovation by allowing the emergence of applications that depend on a fundamentally different network architecture. Indeed, as the universe of Internet users and applications becomes more heterogeneous, it is only natural for the services that networks provide to diversify in response. Allowing prioritized services would also benefit consumers by allowing them to purchase only the level of service that they need. More diverse business relationships would also allow the network to reflect the insights of two-sided markets, which suggest that the money flowing through the network will often vary in magnitude and direction over time. Any mandated access regime would also confront substantial implementation difficulties and would raise the capital costs of deploying new network facilities. Lastly, a case-by-case approach to network neutrality would provide better ex ante guidance if it incorporated the jurisprudence developed by the Supreme Court applying the rule of reason under the antitrust laws.
Chemical Shift Tensor Measurement in Solids

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Magnetic Interactions 3 Experimental Considerations 4 Samples: Powders versus Single Crystals 5 One-Dimensional Powder Techniques 6 Two-Dimensional Powder Techniques 7 Single Crystal Techniques 8 Dipolar Techniques 9 Summary 10 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Swell and sea in the emerging Arctic Ocean

Ocean surface waves (sea and swell) are generated by winds blowing over a distance (fetch) for a duration of time. In the Arctic Ocean, fetch varies seasonally from essentially zero in winter to hundreds of kilometers in recent summers. Using in situ observations of waves in the central Beaufort Sea, combined with a numerical wave model and satellite sea ice observations, we show that wave energy scales with fetch throughout the seasonal ice cycle. Furthermore, we show that the increased open water of 2012 allowed waves to develop beyond pure wind seas and evolve into swells. The swells remain tied to the available fetch, however, because fetch is a proxy for the basin size in which the wave evolution occurs. Thus, both sea and swell depend on the open water fetch in the Arctic, because the swell is regionally driven. This suggests that further reductions in seasonal ice cover in the future will result in larger waves, which in turn provide a mechanism to break up sea ice and accelerate ice retreat.
Persistent SR: Adding persistence to concurrency

The integration of concurrency and distribution into persistent programming languages has been long deferred and is proving sufficiently difficult to still constitute an open research issue. By contrast other lines of language development have ignored persistence and focused on concurrency and distribution. In this paper we look at the problem from the other side and investigate the feasibility of integrating persistence into a language with rich support for concurrency and distribution, namely SR. Such an investigation has two possible benefits: the reconciliation of well understood concurrency primitives with persistent programming, and the Provision of a testbed for the fast prototyping of distribution models. A third benefit is discovered: by adding persistence to SR it progresses from being a single program, single user language, to one which supports communication between multiple independent programs. >
Cell surface antigens of human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma defined by monoclonal antibodies

Six distinct cell surface antigens of human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma were defined with MAbs. The distribution of the antigens was determined by MHA assays on 150 tumor cell lines and normal cell cultures and by immunofluorescence tests with a wide range of normal adult and fetal tissues and a tumor panel. Antigen LK26 is expressed on all cultured choriocarcinoma, teratocarcinoma and renal cancer lines but is absent from most cell lines derived from other tumor types and from cultures of normal kidney epithelium and fibroblasts. LK26 expression in normal tissues is restricted to the trophoblast. No other adult or fetal tissue was found to express the antigen, but choriocarcinoma and teratocarcinoma tissues were LK26+. SV19 is expressed on cultured choriocarcinomas and teratocarcinomas and on subsets of breast and colon cancer lines, but not on 120 additional cultures tested. In tissues, SV19 is detected in normal placenta, mammary gland and colon epithelium as well as in tumors of breast, colon and lung. Two antibodies, AbSV63 and AbK8, react with PLAP and AbSV63 also reacts with the intestinal form of the enzyme. AbLK24 defines a heat-stable determinant present on choriocarcinoma and breast cancer cell lines but absent from most other cultured cells. It is expressed on a small range of normal and malignant epithelial tissues, including normal trophoblast, normal breast epithelium and urothelium and tumors derived from these tissues. One antigen, K66, showed a wide distribution on cultured epithelial cells but was not found in any normal or malignant tissue. Finally, S4, a previously described marker of normal and malignant kidney epithelial cells, was also expressed on the choriocarcinoma cell lines. Four of the antigens are glycoproteins that could be immunoprecipitated from radiolabelled extracts of choriocarcinoma cells: LK26 (Mr 35,000), SV19 (Mr 40,000), PLAP (Mr 68,000) and S4 (Mr 160,000). The highly restricted distribution of LK26, SV19, S4, and PLAP in normal tissues and their expression in tumors make these antigens potential diagnostic markers of gestational choriocarcinoma and germ-cell tumors and, possibly, targets for immunotherapy.
Constraints on Asparagus Production: The Association of Ophiomyia simplex (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Fusarium spp.

Production of asparagus (Asparagus offi cinalis L.) is globally constrained by the "early decline" syndrome. The primary causal agents of early decline include Fusarium proliferatum (Matsu- shima) Nirenberg, F. oxysporum Wollenw. f. sp. asparagi S.I. Cohen, and F. subglutinans Wol- lenw. & Reinking. These pathogens together contribute to Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR). Damage to asparagus stems, especially by the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae)), has been associ- ated with and shown to exacerbate FCRR. This review synthesizes the current information on this tripartite interaction, describes manage- ment strategies and their ef! cacy, and high- lights needed research. Opportunities for future control of the asparagus miner and associated FCRR are presented. Research areas of interest include investigating the role of semiochemicals in the asparagus miner-Fusarium spp. interac- tion, identifying effective biological controls for the asparagus miner, and determining source populations of asparagus miner in new aspara- gus plantings.
Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatory and Ethical Failure

A review is presented of the book “Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatory and Ethical Failure,” by Frank Clarke, Graeme Dean and Kyle Oliver.
An Experimental Study of the Cavity Flow for Closed-Loop Flow Control

We present the results of an experimental investigation conducted as part of a multidisciplinary effort intended to address systematically the problem of closed-loop flow control by assembling expertise from numerical and experimental flow analysis, flow modeling, and control design disciplines. Experiments were conducted using a shallow-cavity flow in a small-scale wind tunnel that can operate continuously in the subsonic regime. We restricted our attention to cavity flow in the Mach number range 0.25-0.5. The flow exhibits the characteristic staging behavior predicted by the semi-empirical Rossiter formula with multiple modes in the Mach number range 0.32-0.38 and a single strong mode in the other flow conditions. A preliminary survey of the velocity at the exit of the compression-driver actuator used for control reveals that this actuator has a non-linear behavior and was little influenced by the local effect of Mach 0.3 main flow. Forcing the Mach 0.3 flow with the actuator indicates that this has good authority over a large range of frequencies, with elimination of the resonant peak observed at some frequencies. We took advantage of this phenomenon to develop a preliminary, logic-based controller that searches the frequency space and maintains the optimal forcing frequency for peak reduction at each Mach number. Optimal frequencies and the corresponding reduced resonance have been obtained for all the flow conditions explored.
Bioinnovation Enterprise: An engine driving breakthrough therapies

Biological advances have radically expanded our insights into the underpinnings of health and disease. New knowledge has formed the substrate for translation-expedited in turn by the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry into novel therapeutic solutions impacting the management of patients and populations. Indeed, this Bioinnovation Enterprise has become the dominant growth sector in drug development and the engine driving the translation of breakthrough therapies worldwide. This annual Therapeutic Innovations issue highlights recent exceptional advances by the Bioinnovation Enterprise in translating molecular insights in pathobiology into transformative therapies.
“So Much Research, So Little Change”: Teaching Standard English in African American Classrooms

Since the 1950s, in analyzing the reasons US schools fail African American learners, sociolinguists have located dialectal difference as central to the educational theater of operations. Recognizing that African American Vernacular English (AAVE) was not itself an obstacle to learning, linguists instead identified “ignorance of nonstandard English rules on the part of teachers and text writers” as the culprit (Labov 1969, p. 29). This article reviews the history of academic responses to the vernacular “language problem,” identifying key issues, moments, controversies, and positions relevant to teaching Standard English in African American classrooms. It argues that while linguistic scholars and critical language theorists have developed intricate analyses, knowledge, and responses to vernacular dialects, these advances have not taken root in the schools of America. This article concludes that until standardized assessments require teachers to distinguish pattern in vernacular dialect from error in Standar...
Detoxification esterases new to California, USA, in organophosphate-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Electrophoretic analysis of some Californian populations of Culex quinquefasciatus sampled in 1984 and 1985 revealed 2 highly active esterases (A2 and B2) not previously observed in California. These esterases are involved in organophosphate resistance but are less efficient than the previously described esterase B1 coded by the Est-2ˆ gene. The possible origin of these new esterases is discussed.
A GENERAL MODEL TO ACCOUNT FOR ENZYME VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS. III. MULTIPLE ALLELES.

Recent biochemical explorations into electrophoretic classes of enzyme variants have revealed a wealth of previously suspected but undetected variation (Bernstein et al., 1973; Singh et al., 1975). The existence of this variation poses new problems for the hypothesis that natural selection is maintaining the variation by heterotic selection since the conditions for polymorphism under heterosis become incredibly restrictive as the number of alleles increases (Dr. Ken-ichi Kojima, pers. comm.). One way to quantify this idea would be to ask: Of the total set of all possible fitnesses for the n(n + 1)72 genotypes at a locus with n alleles, what fraction leads to a stable polymorphism with all alleles segregating? This fraction can be easily calculated by a Monte-Carlo simulation on the computer by assigning each of the n(n + 1)72 genotypes a fitness value uniformly and independently distributed on the unit interval and applying the usual criterion for the existence and stability of an internal equilibrium in a population with n alleles (see, e.g. Mandel, 1959). When this experiment is repeated a large number of times, an estimate of the proportion of the fitness space which yields stable internal equilibria results. Figure 1 gives the results of such a simulation and illustrates well the truth of Kojima's statement about the restrictive nature of the heterosis assumption. There is, however, a very unrealistic aspect of this argument. In biological sysstems, certain laws govern the relationships of fitnesses in related genotypes. This aspect is amply born out in the work on the quantitative genetics of fitness components (e.g., Mukai et al., 1972) which gives estimates of the correlation of the heterozygote fitness to the mean of the two parental homozygotes. Although the laws governing the relationships of fitnesses of related genotypes are not known, it is clear they can radically change the impression given by Figure 1. For example, if heterozygotes were always intermediate in fitness between the parental homozygotes, and if the environment were constant, no stable polymorphism would be possible and the subset of stable fitnesses would be empty. On the other hand, if some biological principle dictated that heterozygotes are invariably more fit than their parental homozygotes, the fraction of the space of fitnesses yielding stable points would be much larger than given in Figure 1. Finding constraints on the assignment of fitnesses which are biologically meaningful and which will allow the maintenance of large numbers of alleles should be a major area of investigation now that new genetic variation is being uncovered in natural populations. In this paper, the constraints suggested in the previous papers in this series (Gillespie and Langley, 1974; Gillespie, 1976), will be examined and shown to allow readily the stable existence of large numbers of alleles by balancing selection in a fluctuating environment.
Parallel hybrid bispectrum-multi-frame blind deconvolution image reconstruction technique

This paper presents B-MFBD, a parallel hybrid of bispectrum speckle imaging (SI) and multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD) image reconstruction techniques for anisoplanatic, long horizontal path imaging. Our aim is to recover an enhanced version of a turbulence-corrupted image by massive parallelization of an SI and MFBD algorithms. The bispectrum SI technique is used in place of the multi-frame ensemble averaging to initialize the iterative parallel MFBD algorithm. B-MFBD technique, through massive parallelization, provides significantly large improvement in execution speed to both the bispectrum SI and MFBD parts of the hybrid algorithm. We report \(85\,\%\) improvement in processing time with respect to the sequential implementation of the same algorithm for a \(256 \times 256\), gray-scale image, with comparable improvement in image quality.
Modeling Preeclampsia: An Emerging Role for Stem Cells

Preeclampsia is specific to human pregnancy and is cured by delivery of the gestation. The disease is particularly difficult to study because its underpinnings likely occur very early in pregnancy, but its detection is delayed until the second or third trimester. In vivo study of disease pathogenesis is limited by ethical prohibitions and logistical limitations to our access to the earliest events in human gestation, some of which occur before the first missed menses and clinical detection of the pregnancy. Because the disease does not appear to spontaneously occur in any readily available animal model, study of the disorder in animals is limited by models that mimic some, but not all, of the disease manifestations. The disease may be largely the result of abnormalities in placentation, so human trophoblast cells have been used to allow in vitro study of the disorder. Unfortunately, primary cell lines are typically short-lived while immortalized, or cancer-derived cell lines may carry genetic or epigenetic changes that alter cellular function or morphologic features in ways that may confound result interpretation. Recent advances in stem cell technologies provide a new way to study preeclampsia via accessing the earliest events in placental development. These advances include protocols that promote the conversion of totipotent human embryonic stem cells into trophoblast cells that can differentiate into typical trophoblast cell subpopulations in vitro and the use of induced pluripotent stem cells. The latter can be derived from the gestational tissues of affected and unaffected pregnancies. They may also retain etiologic genetic and epigenetic changes.
PU.1/Pip and basic helix loop helix zipper transcription factors interact with binding sites in the CD20 promoter to help confer lineage- and stage-specific expression of CD20 in B lymphocytes

CD20 is a B-lineage–specific gene expressed at the pre–B-cell stage of B-cell development that disappears on differentiation to plasma cells. As such, it serves as an excellent paradigm for the study of lineage and developmental stage-specific gene expression. Using in vivo footprinting we identified two sites in the promoter at −45 and −160 that were occupied only in CD20 + B cells. The −45 site is an E box that binds basic helix-loop-helix-zipper proteins whereas the −160 site is a composite PU.1 and Pip binding site. Transfection studies with reporter constructs and various expression vectors verified the importance of these sites. The composite PU.1 and Pip site likely accounts for both lineage and stage-specific expression of CD20 whereas the CD20 E box binding proteins enhance overall promoter activity and may link the promoter to a distant enhancer.
Confidence Interval Estimation Following SPRT in a Normal Distribution with Equal Mean and Variance

AbstractConfidence interval estimation following a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is an important and difficult problem with applications in clinical trials. Difficulties arise because following termination of SPRT, a customary estimator of an unknown parameter of interest obtained from the randomly stopped data is often biased. As a result, coverage probability of a naive confidence interval based on the randomly stopped version of the customary estimator often falls below the target confidence level. We address this problem for a normal distribution having mean and variance unknown but equal and propose a methodology based on random central limit theorem that is remarkably easy to implement with bias-corrected estimators. We have also explored limited bootstrapped versions of our parametric resolutions. With the help of extensive sets of simulations, we have concluded that our data-driven bias-corrected parametric confidence intervals with a slight variance inflation perform remarkably well to...
Phytoplankton taxonomic compositional shifts across nutrient and light gradients in temperate lakes

Nutrient and light availability, and their balance, can modify community composition and structure in pelagic communities. Previous studies have demonstrated contradictory findings about whether total phosphorus (TP) concentrations alone or the ratio of total nitrogen (TN) to TP concentrations (TN:TP) drive Cyanobacteria dominance in freshwater ecosystems, and influences of light availability are often overlooked. Here, we analyzed a 12 year, 137 lake database to test paradigms of phytoplankton compositional patterns across nutrient (TN, TP, TN:TP) and light availability gradients in an agricultural region. We hypothesized that (1) TN:TP ratios would better predict phytoplankton compositional shifts than TP concentrations alone, (2) Cyanobacteria relative abundance would increase at low TN:TP ratios, and (3) Cyanobacteria biomass fluctuations would be the primary driver of light climate. We found that TN:TP ratios better described phytoplankton compositional patterns than TP concentrations, with Cyanobacteria proportions decreasing with increasing TN:TP while other taxa increased. Contrary to expectations, Cyanobacteria always dominated community composition (≥80% biomass), regardless of TP concentrations. Despite these patterns, N-fixing Cyanobacteria proportions were not correlated to TN:TP, suggesting that shifts toward N-fixation were not solely driving phytoplankton compositional patterns. Although Cyanobacteria biomass decreased with increasing light availability, inorganic particles explained more variance in light than total phytoplankton biomass, suggesting that buoyancy-regulating Cyanobacteria may gain an initial competitive advantage in light acquisition before bloom development in turbid systems. These findings suggest that Cyanobacteria strongly influence pelagic community dynamics in nutrient-enriched lakes, and their ability to manipulate light and nutrient environments enable their persistent dominance across large environmental gradients.
MeCP2 Binding Cooperativity Inhibits DNA Modification-Specific Recognition

Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a multifunctional protein that guides neuronal development through its binding to DNA, recognition of sites of methyl-CpG (mCpG) DNA modification, and interaction with other regulatory proteins. Our study explores the relationship between mCpG and hydroxymethyl-CpG (hmCpG) recognition mediated by its mCpG binding domain (MBD) and binding cooperativity mediated by its C-terminal polypeptide. Previous study of the isolated MBD of MeCP2 documented an unusual mechanism by which ion uptake is required for discrimination of mCpG and hmCpG from CpG. MeCP2 binding cooperativity suppresses discrimination of modified DNA and is highly sensitive to both the total ion concentration and the type of counterions. Higher than physiological total ion concentrations completely suppress MeCP2 binding cooperativity, indicating a dominant electrostatic component to the interaction. Substitution of SO42– for Cl– at physiological total ion concentrations also suppresses MeCP2 binding coop...