cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CONVERSION OF SYNTHESIS GAS TO HIGHER OXYGENATED FUEL ON Rh-BASED CATALYSTS: EFFECT OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES

ABSTRACT In light of environmental concerns and the global economy, higher oxygenated fuel, such as ethanol, is a viable and attractive alternative to conventional gasoline. Presently, the major process to produce ethanol, the fermentation of corn, is economically inefficient. A more direct route, the reaction of synthesis gas (CO/H2) to produce higher oxygenates (aldehydes and alcohols), appears to be a better method. Rhodium catalysts have been known to exhibit higher oxygenate activity and selectivity from synthesis gas. The mechanism involves CO dissociation followed by hydrogenation to form an adsorbed CHX species. The CHX intermediate can undergo either hydrogenation to form methane, chain propagation to form higher hydrocarbons, or CO insertion to form C2 oxygenates. Experiments were performed to study the effects on the synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas of S, P, Cu, and Ag as additives to Rhodium supported on a silica support (Rh/Si02). The additive S was found to suppress the CO dissociati...
Studies of High Coercivity Cobalt‐Phosphorous Electrodeposits

Electrodeposited Co–P films have been prepared having coercivities of 1000 to 1300 oe in the plane of the film. The material has been studied by means of x‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and the Craik technique. It is concluded that the material has a rod‐like structure and that shape anisotropy is at least partially responsible for the observed coercivity. The magnetic properties of this material are compared with those of previously reported platelet materials. An attempt is made to explain the properties of both rod and platelet materials on the basis of single domain particle theory.
Multifunctional hybrid graphene oxide for label-free detection of malignant melanoma from infected blood

This communication reports for the first time the development of multifunctional graphene oxide for the ultra-sensitive and label-free detection of malignant melanoma from an infected blood sample.
Navy Personnel Planning and the Optimal Partition

One could argue that the Navy's most important resource is its personnel, and as such, workforce planning is a crucial task. We investigate a new model and solution technique that is designed to aid in optimizing the process of assigning sailors to jobs. This procedure attempts to achieve an increased level of sailor satisfaction by providing a list of possible jobs from which a sailor may choose. We show that the optimal partition provided by an interior-point algorithm is particularly useful when designing the job lists. This follows because a strictly complementary solution to the linear programming relaxation observes all possible optimal solutions to the original binary problem. The techniques developed rely on a continuous parametric analysis, and we show that the parameterization provides meaningful information about the structure of the optimal assignments.
Exploring factors facilitating adults with spinal cord injury rejoining the workforce: a pilot study

AbstractBackground: Return-to-work (RTW) rates after spinal cord injury (SCI) in the USA are very low and are continuing to decline. Previous research has attempted to identify factors facilitating RTW; however, the phenomenon of RTW involves many personal factors and predicting RTW success remains difficult. Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the factors facilitating adults with SCI rejoining the workforce in an urban area in order to identify items that may be emphasized in the rehabilitation process. Methods: The study was completed using qualitative methods. Four adults who had acquired a traumatic SCI in adulthood and were currently employed participated. Their experiences in RTW after injury were collected via semi-structured interviews and photography of assistive devices. Results: The most common facilitating factor was motivation, with family and rehabilitation professionals serving as extrinsic motivators. Other facilitators were resources and perceived benefits. Conclusions...
Range assessment lessons learned

Over the past several years, a number of Army ranges have been studied for environmental impacts. Military training activities at these ranges have included the use of artillery, mortars, grenades, ground-to-ground and airtoground rockets, small arms, and pyrotechnics. Studies have focused on the buildup of energetic residues at the firing positions and impact range areas, as well as at explosive, ordnance, and demolition (EOD) and open burn/open detonation (OB/OD) sites. A comprehensive review of these studies suggests several key issues must be addressed for successful characterization of military ranges, such as development of a site conceptual model, understanding of the fate and transport of energetics, attention to soil and groundwater sampling methodologies, and modification of analytical methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A first-principles study of short range order in Cu-Zn

Recently, measurements of short-range order (SRO) diffuse neutron scattering intensity have been performed on quenched Cu-Zn alloys with 22.4 to 31.1 atomic percent (a/o) Zn, and pair interactions were obtained by Inverse Monte Carlo simulation [1]. These results are compared to SRO intensities and effective pair interactions obtained from first-principles electronic structure calculations. The theoretical SRO intensities were calculated with the Cluster Variation Method (CVM) in the tetrahedron-octahedron approximation with first-principles pair interactions as input. More generally, phase stability in the Cu-Zn alloy system is discussed, using ab-initio energetic properties.
Peritonitis associated with neonatal diarrhea

Summary 1. Three cases of nonspecific ulceration of the small bowel with peritonitis complicating neonatal diarrhea have been reported. 2. The clinical picture when such a complication occurs is characterized by abdominal distention, rising temperature, regurgitation, and an increase in the degree of acidosis. 3. The known therapy did not appreciably alter the course of the disease in these cases. 4. The etiology of neonatal diarrhea has been discussed. 5. The pathologic picture in these cases was that of multiple ulceration of the small bowel with perforation and peritonitis. 6. Causes of ulceration and peritonitis in the newborn infant have been briefly reviewed.
A Bayesian approach to dynamic macroeconomics

Abstract We propose and implement a coherent statistical framework for combining theoretical and empirical models of macroeconomic activity. The framework is Bayesian, and enables the formal yet probabilistic incorporation of uncertainty regarding the parameterization of theoretical models. The approach is illustrated using a neoclassical business-cycle model that builds on the Greenwood et al. (1988, American Economic Review 78, 402–417) variable-utilization framework to study out-of-sample forecasting of output and investment. The forecasts so produced are comparable with those from a Bayesian vector autoregression.
Splinting and replantation after traumatic avulsion

Guidelines from a review of the literature offer current methods for stabilizing avulsed teeth.
Heat Stress Interaction with Shade and Cooling

Hot weather causes heat stress in dairy cattle. Although effects are more severe in hot climates, dairy cattle in areas with relatively moderate climates also are exposed to periods of heat stress. The resultant decrease in milk production and reproductive efficiency can be offset by implementation of a program consisting of cooling through shades, ventilation and spray, and fans. The economic benefit should be determined before installation of equipment to reduce heat stress.
Effect of switching from first- to second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on screening for human immunodeficiency virus antibody

Abstract When a commercial antiglobulin or competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for initial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody screening, switching from a first-generation test (antigen prepared from HIV-infected human cells) to a second-generation test (antigen prepared by recombinant DNA technology) reduced but did not abolish false-positive reactivity. This conclusion applied if specimens were obtained either from a low (attenders at a voluntary walk-in clinic) or very-low prevalence population (attenders at an in-vitro fertilisation unit). Even when the specimen was reactive in second-generation screening ELISAs of both antiglobulin or competitive format, confirmatory testing was still essential. Same-day reporting of HIV antibody test results should therefore only be done circumspectly.
Inside Front Cover: Buckled and Wavy Ribbons of GaAs for High‐Performance Electronics on Elastomeric Substrates (Adv. Mater. 21/2006)

Stretchable single-crystalline GaAs nanoribbons and stretchable electronic devices fabricated with these ribbons are reported on p. 2857 by Sun, Rogers, and co-workers. The inside cover shows an array of ‘wavy' GaAs nanoribbons (background) sitting on an elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) support. Wavy and buckled ribbons integrated with metal electrodes (foreground inset) enable high-performance, fully stretchable electronics, i.e., metal–semiconductor field-effect transistors.
Determination of GIC in Angle Ply Composites Using a Cantilever Beam Test Method

A double cantilever beam test is used to measure GIC values in angle ply composites. It is demonstrated that the GIC values determined with this method are independent of the compliance of the spec...
Consequence of the Crossing Symmetry for a Class of π-π Scattering Diagrams

An approximation in pi - pi interaction theory is considered, in which initial and final mesons are absorbed and created in pairs, all other processes being trivial. This approximanon is combined with the crossing symmetry equations, and scattering amplitudes for I = 0, 1, 2 are derived. The sand p- wave amplitudes are found, and it is concluded that a large positive pi - pi scattering length in the I = 0 state is inconsistent with experiment. (T.F.H.)
TRANSACTION COSTS, CORPORATE HIERARCHIES, AND THE THEORY OF FRANCHISING

Abstract This paper provides a managerial-based explanation for franchising that predicts the existence of dual distribution and many commonly observed characteristics of franchise organizations. In this model employee managers working under a promotion-based system are more efficient than franchisees. However, there is necessarily a limit to the number of lower level managers that can be effectively motivated under such a system. In some industries the economies of scale associated with brand names lead to a minimum efficient number of retail/production facilities that is larger than that can be supported by the promotion hierarchy. In these cases the firm's best alternative is to franchise.
A missed opportunity: tophaceous gout.

PRESENTATION The following case represents a missed opportunity to diagnosis chronic tophaceous gout. Several features of one patient’s case belied the original diagnosis. A 70-year-old Filipino man presented to the clinic, complaining of subacute worsening of chronic hand pain. Two weeks prior, he experienced increasing pain and swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joints and both wrists. Over the past several years, he had similar episodes, each lasting 2-3 weeks; shorter when he received oral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or prednisone. Between these periods, minimal joint swelling and stiffness remained. Nevertheless, over time, he noted progressive deformity of his metacarpophalangeal joints. In addition, he reported occasional pain during use of the left shoulder and both knees. He denied fever, chills, rash, or neurologic problems. He had a history of hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency, and remote heavy alcohol use. His only medications were naproxen and acetaminophen.
Organic Switches for Surfaces and Devices

The pursuit to achieve miniaturization has tantalized researchers across the fields of chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and engineering for over half a century because of its many alluring potential applications. As alternatives to traditional "top-down" manufacturing, "bottom-up" approaches, originating from the (supra)molecular level, have enabled researchers to develop switches which can be manipulated on surfaces at nanoscale dimensions with deft precision using simple external triggers. Once on surfaces, these organic switches have been shown to modulate both the physical and chemical surface properties. In this Progress Report, we shed light on recent advances made in our laboratories towards integrated systems using all-organic switches on a variety of substrates. Design concepts are revealed, as well as the overall impact of all-organic switches on the properties of their substrates, while emphasizing the considerable promise and formidable challenges these advanced composite materials pose when it comes to conferring function on them.
Chronic epicardial His bundle recordings in awake nonsedated dogs: a new method.

Abstract Recording cardiac electrical potentials from the region of the bundle of His in the awake, nonsedated animal would allow a more physiologic evaluation of impulse transmission through the specialized atrioventricular conduction system than anesthetized preparations. We present a new technique to localize and record chronic His bundle potentials using standard electronic equipment which obviates the need for intravascular catheters or an atriotomy. Six mature and four immature mongrel dogs underwent a midline thoracotomy. The bundle of His electrogram was recorded from the right atrial epicardium alongside the noncoronary aortic cusp. A flexible tripolar electrode probe with 3 mm interelectrode distance attached to a standard electronic recorder was used to localize the area of greatest His bundle impulse. Silver solder electrodes were sutured to the designated area and the wires were externalized to the back. Electrophysiologic measurements were made 1 to 20 weeks later to confirm the accuracy and stability of the His bundle electrogram. These recordings were comparable to the standard internal catheter measurements both before and during atrioventricular impulse interference caused by atrial pacing or pharmacologic intervention. Electrodes sutured to the designated area do not interfere with impulse conduction and allow stable His bundle recordings in all activity ranges in the chronic animal.
2092260 Long Duration Realtime Assessment of Doppler Signals in Upper and Lower Extremities

s S29 2072837 A Device to Monitor Blood Velocity in Shallow Peripheral Vessels David Vilkomerson, Tom Chilipka, John Turner DVX, Princeton, NJ, United States; Arterium Medical LLC, Princeton, NJ, United States Objectives: The ‘‘pulse’’ felt at the wrist (radial artery) has long been part of medical diagnosis – indeed, the basis of traditional Chinese medicine. However, it has been a qualitative measure, e.g. ‘‘thready’’, ‘‘bounding’’, rather than quantitative (other than rate). Using newly developed technology, we sought to design a device that could quantitatively monitor the blood velocity—the source of the pulse—in shallow peripheral vessels while being automatic, small, light, and inexpensive. By providing quantitative blood velocity to complement widelyused blood pressure monitoring, the state of a patient’s cardiovascular system can be better understood. Methods: The device is designed for use on shallow vessels for placement by palpation, eliminating the need for ultrasonic imaging or specialized training. A diffraction-gratingtransducer (DGT) produces a beam at an angle to its plane; placed flat above a vessel, its beam crosses the flow axis at an angle, enabling a Doppler velocity measurement. To define the region of measurement, without a sample-gate requiring image-guidance, a slab transducer directs a continuous wave ultrasound beam straight down: where the DGT beam crosses this beam is where the Doppler-signal is generated. As shallow arteries are parallel to the skin surface, and the DGT’s beam-angle to the skin is known, the velocity of the blood can be quantitatively determined. Results: The DGTwas photolithographically printed on a flexible piezoelectric polymer which allows low cost-ofmanufacture. Using 20 MHz ultrasound to increase the bloodscattering signal, and a small PZT slab as a transmitter for power-efficiency, the resulting device, about a square cm in size, weighed less than 3 grams and required less than a watt for operation. Accurate velocity measurement were made by non-specialists in shallow peripheral arteries in multiple volunteers. Stable reproducible velocity data was produced during a day-long simulated monitoring. Conclusions: A small, low-cost device that can monitor the blood velocity in shallow peripheral arteries has been developed. 2092260 Long Duration Realtime Assessment of Doppler Signals in Upper and Lower Extremities Inder Raj Singh Makin, Chandhana Pedapati, Deborah M. Heath School of Osteopathic Medicine, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United
Seeing Double: Visibility and Legibility in Photography of 3-11

Tomohiko Kano’s photograph of the powerful wave that swept over the seawall in the town of Miyako, Japan, captures the consequences of overengineering and hyperindustrialization on Japan’s coasts (see figure 1). The photograph’s depiction of the ocean water, which overwhelmed Japan’s seawall-fortified shoreline and inundated 561 square kilometers of coastline, is from a relatively high angle, with the wave churning and frothing below the eye line. It inspires a sense of nature’s unparalleled immensity: the massive unfurling of water takes up half of the frame or more while the long shot makes objects normally considered large in our world—cars, fishing boats, roofs, train cars— appear as hapless bath toys buoyed about by overwhelming currents. The lighting is neutral and the color monochromatic—an effect of the charcoal gray of the sky and the brackish water, both heartlessly ashen. The furled fury of the water pummels the Japanese landscape of plywood, cement, and plastic. This is no pristine wave like that depicted in the famous woodblock print of a tsunami by Hokusai in “36 Views of Fuji.” Rather, it is a flattened monster, thick with oil and chemicals that are visible to the eye only in the murkiness of the water, whose sheen reveals a mere hint of the multitude of pollutants that have been carried in its pulsing
Etched topography in nuclear track detectors and effect on quantitation related to sample composition

Abstract When using the nuclear track technique for multi-element detection and spatial mapping, the presence of moderate to high concentrations of boron or lithium results in a large number of (n,α) reactions when using the high thermal neutron fluences required to map trace amounts of uranium. When chemically etched, tracks generated by a large number of alpha particles cannot be spatially resolved, and are manifested instead by large-scale depressions in the detector surface. High Li and B concentration samples have the most pronounced topographic development in both CR-39 and CN detectors. Samples with low concentrations of Li and B or high concentrations of Gd, Sm or Eu developed moderate depressions. These depressions can affect uranium quantitation, but simultaneously, they provide useful information about the sample. This paper is a preliminary study of observations of etched bulk depressions, variations in track revelation time, and the mapping of samples containing elements with high thermal neutron absorption cross sections such as gadolinium.
Matrix factorizations of determinants and permanents

Abstract We show how Jurkat and Ryser's matrix factorizations of the determinant and the permanent follow from an elementary proposition about graded partially ordered sets.
Crystal Structure of Menin Reveals Binding Site for Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) Protein

Menin is a tumor suppressor protein that is encoded by the MEN1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia 1) gene and controls cell growth in endocrine tissues. Importantly, menin also serves as a critical oncogenic cofactor of MLL (mixed lineage leukemia) fusion proteins in acute leukemias. Direct association of menin with MLL fusion proteins is required for MLL fusion protein-mediated leukemogenesis in vivo, and this interaction has been validated as a new potential therapeutic target for development of novel anti-leukemia agents. Here, we report the first crystal structure of menin homolog from Nematostella vectensis. Due to a very high sequence similarity, the Nematostella menin is a close homolog of human menin, and these two proteins likely have very similar structures. Menin is predominantly an α-helical protein with the protein core comprising three tetratricopeptide motifs that are flanked by two α-helical bundles and covered by a β-sheet motif. A very interesting feature of menin structure is the presence of a large central cavity that is highly conserved between Nematostella and human menin. By employing site-directed mutagenesis, we have demonstrated that this cavity constitutes the binding site for MLL. Our data provide a structural basis for understanding the role of menin as a tumor suppressor protein and as an oncogenic co-factor of MLL fusion proteins. It also provides essential structural information for development of inhibitors targeting the menin-MLL interaction as a novel therapeutic strategy in MLL-related leukemias.
Upper extremity symptoms in supermarket workers

Upper extremity symptoms in supermarket workers, particularly those who performed checking using laser scanners, were evaluated using a questionnaire administered by trained interviewers to 124 supermarket workers. Summary indices of exposure (short-term and long-term) as well as indices of past personal illnesses and personal activities were employed. Outcome data were summarized by four composite symptom indices. Chi square and logistic regression analyses demonstrated that hours of checking work in the preceding 2 weeks and cumulative weighted years of work were associated with adverse upper extremity symptoms. Symptoms involved both the proximal and distal parts of the upper extremities.
Interaction of DPPC monolayers with soluble surfactants: electrostatic effects of membrane perturbants.

We studied the effects of four soluble surfactants on DPPC monolayers to elucidate the action of these membrane perturbants. The presence of nonionic N-9 and amphoteric C31G strongly affected the pure DPPC isotherm, while anionic SDS and cationic DTAB had little effect. The impact of surfactant on DPPC domain shape in the liquid condensed-liquid expanded coexistence region showed the opposite result. Neutral surfactants had minimal effect on the shape of DPPC domains; charged surfactants, on the other hand, induced a new shape transition at high surface pressures previously unreported for DPPC domains. All of these results are discussed with particular attention given to electrostatic effects at the interface.
The Role of Church Assemblies in Building a Civil Society: The Case of the United Methodist General Conference's Debate on Homosexuality†

Cet article argumente sur la these selon laquelle les assemblees ecclesiales, en tant que legislatures privees, peuvent aider a construire une societe civile en modelant la citoyennete par leur discours sur les problemes de societe debattus en leur sein. Les enjeux de ces problemes y trouvent d'ailleurs souvent une solution. L'A. appuie son argumentation sur l'exemple des Methodistes qui ont organise une conference generale pour debattre de l'homosexualite
Systematic search for anomaly-free theories.

Many new anomaly-free configurations are found group theoretically for space-time dimensions of D = 6,10,14,18. They contain N = 1 supergravitylike constituents, Yang-Mills matter for a simple group, and many Yang-Mills singlets (shadow matter). We also discuss constraints for theories without supergravity, chiral four-dimensional theories, and the absence of global gauge anomalies.
Bioavailability assessment: Methods to estimate total area (AUC 0-∞) and total amount excreted (A e ∞ ) and importance of blood and urine sampling scheme with application to digoxin

Five methods are compared to estimate the total area under the digoxin plasma or serum concentrationtime curve (AUC0-∞) after a single dose of drug. To obtain accurate estimates of AUC0-∞, data required are concentrations at a sufficient number of sampling times to define adequately the concentration-time curve prior to the log-linear phase, and at least three, but preferably four or more equally spaced points in the terminal loglinear phase. One method (designated Method I) requires a digital computer; another (Method III) is the classical method (these two methods do not require equally spaced points in the loglinear phase). Method IIA is the accelerated convergence method of Amidon et al.; Methods IIB and IIC are modifications of this method, but incorporate usual and orthogonal least squares, respectively, which make them more accurate with real (noisy) data. Methods I and IICgave very comparable estimates of AUC0-∞. Results indicate that digoxin administered orally in aqueous solution was completely (100%) absorbed when bioavailability estimates were based on oral and intravenous AUC0-∞ estimates and the actual doses, whereas formerly only about 80% absorption was reported, based on areas, under plasma concentration curves which were truncated at 96 hr. It is shown that the sampling scheme of blood can produce biased apparent bioavailability estimates when areas under truncated curves are employed, but an appropriate sampling scheme and application of method IIyield accurate bioavailability estimates. This is important particularly in those bioavailability studies where one is attempting to determine the appropriate label dose for a new “fastrelease” digoxin preparation relative to the label dose and bioavailability of currently marketed tablets. It is shown that the magnitudes and variability of apparent elimination rate constants and halflives of digoxin, estimated from urinary excretion data by the σ− method, depend on which value of Ae∞ is used. The formerly reported greater interindividual variability of AUC data compared to At data for digoxin is explained in that the AUCs, but not the Ae,'s, involve the renal clearance, which exhibits considerable inter- and intraindividual variation.
Comparison of ultimate limits of interband cascade infrared photodetectors and single-absorber detectors

A comparison of the ultimate limits of multiple-stage interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) with standard single-absorber photovoltaic infrared detectors is presented. In particular, we focus on how the multiple-stage architecture can offer an improvement in sensitivity over single-absorber detectors in situations where the latter detector type is limited by a low photocarrier collection efficiency. A general overview of the ICIP architecture and its benefits in carrier collection improvement, and noise reduction is presented. The developed theory is then applied to compare single- and multiple-stage detectors operating in the strong signal regime. It is found that if ICIPs are designed with photocurrent-matched absorbers, the signal-to-noise ratio depends on the total particle conversion efficiency of the device. The potential benefits of the ICIP architecture are shown to be greatest when the quantum efficiency of singleabsorber detectors is limited by poor photo-carrier extraction.
Matrix correlation tests support a single origin for modern humans

The debate over human origins has focused on two competing theories. The single African origin model holds that anatomically modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa 100,000-200,000 years ago. Members of this population migrated out of Africa, replacing archaic human groups through Asia and Europe, with racial differentiation occurring within the past 100,000 years. The alternative regional continuity model proposes continuous evolution over the past million years, with racial variation developing early, and similar modern human traits developing in all regions as the result of worldwide gene flow. The persistence of specific morphological features within regions over the past million years supports regional continuity, whereas the identification of anatomically modern fossil specimens from Africa and the Levant 50-60,000 years before they are found elsewhere, provides support for a single origin. I give here the first quantitative test of the fossil evidence for each of these models. Results support a single African and/or Levantine origin for modern humans.
Readiness to perceive violence as a result of police training.

A group of men who had undergone a three-year course in law enforcement were tachistoscopically presented with a ‘violent’ picture to one eye, and a matched ‘neutral’ picture to the other. The results were compared with those obtained from novices in the training programme, and from psychology students. The trained subjects were found to see ‘violent’ scenes fully as often as they saw ‘neutral’ ones, whereas the control subjects reported comparatively few ‘violent’ pictures. It was concluded that specialized training may supplement past experience in areas in which the average person's experiences are inadequate. In this fashion, a person may become perceptually ‘sensitive’ in situations which ordinarily rarely occur.
Combined modality radioimmunotherapy for human prostate cancer xenografts with taxanes and 90yttrium-DOTA-peptide-ChL6.

BACKGROUND Therapy for prostate cancer in the PC3 tumor-nude mouse model with 90yttrium-(90Y)-DOTA-peptide-ChL6 (5.55 MBq;150 μCi) has resulted in durable responses. To make radioimmunotherapy (RIT) more effective, the radiation-enhancing drugs Taxol (paclitaxel) and Taxotere (docetaxel) were tested for synergy with 90Y-DOTA-peptide-ChL6. METHODS Nude mice bearing human prostate cancer PC3 xenografts were treated with 90Y-DOTA-peptide-ChL6 (2.78 MBq; 75 μCi) and after 24 hr, paclitaxel (300 or 600 μg), or docetaxel (300 μg). Tumor size, survival, blood counts, and pharmacokinetics were monitored to assess efficacy and toxicity. RESULTS Docetaxel plus RIT had a 67% cure rate, whereas no mice were cured among the RIT alone, chemotherapy alone, or untreated controls. Paclitaxel (600 μg) plus RIT produced a 100% response rate with 20% cures. Average tumor volume was reduced to a greater degree in the combined modality radioimmunotherapy (CMRIT) groups compared to controls and the anti-tumor response was durable. Myelotoxicity in the combined modality groups (RIT plus paclitaxel or RIT plus docetaxel) were similar to groups receiving the same dose of RIT alone. CONCLUSION In the PC3-tumor nude mouse model, addition of paclitaxel or docetaxel to 90Y-DOTA-peptide-ChL6, in doses clinically achievable in humans, provided therapeutic synergy without increased or excessive toxicity. Prostate 50: 27–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inclusion of Placebos and Blinding for Ascending Dose First‐in‐Human Studies and Other Underpowered Phase 1 Studies has not been Justified and on Balance is Not Useful

Today, the majority of phase 1 dose-escalation first-in-human studies are designed as blinded, placebo-controlled protocols. First-in-human phase 1 studies are a critical component of the drug development process, but in our opinion, the additions of blinding and placebo control to these study protocols are a matter of faith without scientific support to show that the increased complexity, time, burdensome nature and expense of such additions, plus the increase in human subjects studied, are justified and useful in the drug development process. Here, we document the prevalence of such studies, review and respond to the rationalizations for such protocols and propose that the addition of blinding and placebo control to first-in-human and many other underpowered phase 1 studies is unnecessary because these additions provide little documented benefit to the drug development process.
Mental Model of the Drug Market Intervention

Recent years have witnessed the growth of the so-called "pulling-levers" approach to reducing gang and gun violence, and more recently, to eliminate overt drug markets. Research has indicated promising results, at least in terms of impact at a community level, yet much remains to be known about the theoretical foundation of these interventions. The current research utilizes an approach developed in the cognitive sciences to examine these theoretical foundations. Specifically, the "mental models" approach to developing graphical representations of how people know, perceive, make decisions, and construct behavior is applied to the drug market intervention strategy as originally developed in High Point, North Carolina. In-depth interviews were conducted with police officials, social service providers, and community partners to better understand how this strategy was developed and what these "experts" believe are the foundation of the strategy. The findings indicate a complex logic model undergirding the strategy with multiple theoretical components. Language: en
Seasonal acclimatization of Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta) from different biogeographic regions

We studied the photosynthetic acclimatization of two populations of Asparagopsis taxiformis from two biogeographic regions (Santa Catalina Island, California, and Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii) in two seasons. We compared thermal variability between locations and estimated the environmental optima and tolerance limits of photosynthesis to understand the relationship between phenotypic plasticity and thermal variability at each location. Photosynthetic performance was assessed using oxygen evolution and pulsed amplitude modulated fluorometry to quantify responses to thermal variation. A. taxiformis from both locations had similar high temperature tolerances for maximum net photosynthesis (Pnetmax) and maximum relative electron transport rate rETRmax (~30°C), but different cold temperature tolerances. Respiration rates from both locations (summer and winter) always increased above 25°C. Chlorophyll fluorescence yield from dark-adapted samples from both locations decreased at warmer temperatures in the winter and at colder temperatures during the summer. Populations exposed to greater thermal variability (across both short and long time scales) displayed greater capacity for photosynthetic acclimatization. A. taxiformis from California showed seasonal changes in photosynthetic performance within the environmental temperature range (14–21°C), whereas individuals from Hawaii did not. The narrower temperature tolerance (short-term response) of subtropical Asparagopsis may make it more susceptible than temperate populations to the predicted increases in global sea surface temperatures. Acclimatization of photosynthesis may play an important role in enabling A. taxiformis to respond to a variable environment and to persist in different biogeographic regions.
A Simplified Thermal Model For Calculating The Maximum Cw Output Power From Narrow Stripe Geometry InGaAsP/InP Lasers

A one-dimensional thermal model has been extensively modified for calculating the maximum output power from InGaAsP/InP (X = 1.3 μm) semiconductor lasers, whose output power is limited by thermal considerations. The effect of Auger recombination which plays a significant role'in these lasers at high temperatures is included. We have also incorporated the temperature dependence of efficiency from first prin-ciples using experimentally available data for Auger and radiative recombination coefficients. Calculations made on InGaAsP/InP lasers show that a maximum CW power of 57 mW/facet (Diamond Heat Sink) and a maximum operating temperature of up to 132° C for a geometry similar to the Double-Channel Buried Heterostructure (DC-PBH) laser can be achieved. In addition, the model has been used to determine the maximum achiev-able power as a function of device geometry (active layer thickness, width and length of the device). We find that by increasing the length of the laser from 300 microns to 700 microns we can increase the output power of the laser by 79%. The results obtained agree reasonably well with experiment.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some theoretical and methodological objections to Stephan-Deming adjustments to religious mobility tables

Abstract Whitt, Crockett, and Badchuk's (1988) model of religious switching calls for an adjustment of the marginal values of denomination of destination to the values of the denomination of origin using the Stephan-Deming algorithm. The theoretical and methodological shortcomings of their alternative model are examined in this paper. Theoretically, the alternative model fails to account for differences in investments and social networks which should make us expect an effect of denominational size on expected cell values. Methodologically, Whitt et al. (1988) misuse the algorithm to adjust marginal values to theoretical values, causing systematic bias in the adjusted tables.
Southern Ocean Sea-Ice Distributions and Extents

Southern Ocean sea-ice coverage undergoes a large seasonal cycle, with a nearly fivefold increase in areal ice extents from the minimum in February to the maximum in September, and significant interannual variations. Results presented here show in a variety of forms some of the variability that occurred in Southern Ocean sea-ice distributions and extents over the 1970s and 1980s. Interannual variability is examined by identifying changes in three measures: sea-ice extents, sea-ice distributions, and the length of the sea-ice season. Regarding these three: (i) Maximum ice extents varied by approximately 12%, decreasing during the mid-1970s, followed by increases over the next few years and a levelling off for much of the 1980s. (ii) The area of interannual variability in monthly average sea-ice distributions in summer far exceeds the summertime area of consistent ice coverage, in sharp contrast to the wintertime situation, when the area of consistent ice coverage is considerably larger. In winter, the ice-distribution variability is largely confined to two regions: a relatively narrow outer band (generally 2-5 degrees of latitude) surrounding the region of consistent ice coverage, and, for the mid-1970s, the region of an occasional large open water area within the ice pack of the Weddell Sea, termed the Weddell polynya. The Weddell and other polynyas within the ice cover allow intensified heat, mass, and momentum exchanges between ocean and atmosphere, thereby affecting regional oceanic and atmospheric circulations. (iii) The length of the sea-ice season, calculated for the years 1979-1986, with satellite passive-microwave data coverage through all months of the year, showed increases over that period in the Ross Sea but decreases in the Weddell and Bellingshausen seas. In both cases it appears, through comparisons with data from 1973-1976, that the 1979-1986 changes more likely reflect a fluctuating behaviour of the ice cover than a long-term trend. The changes in the ice cover have influences not only on the ocean and the atmosphere but on aquatic plant and animal life as well.
Transport of electrons in compressed Li, Na, and K: Thermoelectric powers, resistivities, and Hall coefficients

The diffusion-thermoelectric power coefficients, resistivities, and Hall coefficients of Li, Na, and K are computed for high temperatures as functions of pressure using a relaxation-time approximation solution to the Boltzmann equation. The electron-phonon interaction is treated in a rigid-ion model, the electrons are assumed free, and the ion structure factor is constructed from pressure-dependent elastic-constant data. Account is taken of anisotropic scattering, nonlocal-pseudopotential effects, and the "kinetic-anisotropy" effect, all of which are important. The agreement between theory and experiment is generally very good, the small discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values of the transport coefficients being directly ascribable to uncertainties in the pseudopotentials and structure factors employed. Surprisingly, the thermoelectric powers and their pressure dependences are less sensitive to details of the pseudopotentials than the resistivities. These calculations suggest that large thermoelectric-power coefficients are associated with anisotropic (as well as energy-dependent) scattering, and with pseudopotentials $V(q)$ such that the product of $|V(q)|$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}|V|}{\ensuremath{\partial}q}$ is large for $q$ near $2{k}_{F}$.
Amphiphilic interactions of ionic liquids with lipid biomembranes: a molecular simulation study.

Current bottlenecks in the large-scale commercial use of many ionic liquids (ILs) include their high costs, low biodegradability, and often unknown toxicities. As a proactive effort to better understand the molecular mechanisms of ionic liquid toxicities, the work herein presents a comprehensive molecular simulation study on the interactions of 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ILs with a phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid bilayer. We explore the effects of increasing alkyl chain length (n = 4, 8, and 12) in the cation and anion hydrophobicity on the interactions with the lipid bilayer. Bulk atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations performed at millimolar (mM) IL concentrations show spontaneous insertion of cations into the lipid bilayer regardless of the alkyl chain length and a favorable orientational preference once a cation is inserted. Cations also exhibit the ability to “flip” inside the lipid bilayer (as is common for amphiphiles) if partially inserted with an unfavorable orientation. Moreover, structural analysis of the lipid bilayer show that cationic insertion induces roughening of the bilayer surface, which may be a precursor to bilayer disruption. To overcome the limitation in the timescale of our simulations, free energies for a single IL cation and anion insertion have been determined based on potential of mean force calculations. These results show a decrease in free energy in response to both short and long alkyl chain IL cation insertion, and likewise for a single hydrophobic anion insertion, but an increase in free energy for the insertion of a hydrophilic chloride anion. Both bulk MD simulations and free energy calculations suggest that toxicity mechanisms toward biological systems are likely caused by ILs behaving as ionic surfactants. [Yoo et al., Soft Matter, 2014].
Diisopropylfluorophosphate inhibits choline efflux from the perfused rat hemidiaphragm

Abstract Acethylcholine (ACh) synthesis by motor nerve terminals requires an adequate supply of its precursor, choline. The results reported here show that diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor commonly used in ACh release studies, reduces the rate of endogenous choline efflux from the perfused rat hemidiaphragm. Perfusion of the isolated hemidiaphragm with 10 μM or 100 μM DFP reduced choline efflux by 39% and 69% respectively. DFP administration to rats (6 mg/kg) also lowered the in vitro release of choline by 33%. The rate of ACh release from hemidiaphragm preparations perfused with DFP was significantly lower than the rate of release from preparations perfused with physostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which had no effect on choline efflux. The addition of choline (10–30 μm) to the perfusion medium restored the rate of ACh release from DFP-treated hemidiaphragms but did not further elevated ACh release from physostigmine-treated preparations. These results demonstrate that DFP inhibits choline efflux from the isolated hemidiaphragm and further suggest that, by limiting the availability of choline for ACh synthesis, DFP reduces the rate of ACh release.
JC virus DNA load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Objective: To determine the clinical value of JC virus (JCV) detection in various anatomic compartments for the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Methods: CSF, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), plasma, and urine samples were evaluated from HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. JCV DNA was detected by PCR and was quantified using a competitive PCR ELISA. Results: JCV DNA was detected in one-third of the urine samples, regardless of HIV serostatus or clinical evidence of PML. JCV DNA was detected in five of eight PBMC and three of seven plasma samples of HIV-positive PML patients, in 13 of 103 PBMC and 7 of 32 plasma samples of HIV-positive persons without PML, but in 0 of 18 PBMC and 0 of 13 plasma samples of HIV-negative control subjects. There was no correlation between the presence of JCV DNA in the PBMC and plasma, but the detection of JCV in either compartment was associated with low CD4 + lymphocyte counts. JCV DNA was not detected in the CSF of 27 of 27 HIV-negative persons and 64 of 65 HIV-positive persons without PML, but was found in the CSF of three of three HIV-negative immunosuppressed individuals and 10 of 11 HIV-positive individuals with clinical and radiologic evidence of PML, confirmed by biopsy in four of four tested patients. PBMC harbored 10 to 90 JCV copies/μg DNA, and the CSF of the PML patients contained 3.65 × 10 4 to 2.04 × 10 5 JCV copies/mL CSF. Conclusions: JCV viruria was found as frequently in HIV-positive individuals as in control subjects, suggesting that its detection has no clinical value. JCV detection in the blood correlates with immunosuppression and not with PML. The presence of JCV in the CSF is highly sensitive and specific for PML, and a high CSF JC viral load was associated with poor clinical outcome in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. JCV quantification in the CSF constitutes a potentially important tool for monitoring clinical PML treatment trials.
Lesions of the Urinary Tract Produced in Fischer 344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice After Chronic Administration of 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid

Abstract 11-Aminoundecanoic acid, the monomer of nylon 11, was toxic to the urinary tract of both male and female B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats, when administered in the diet at 7500 or 15 000 ppm for 103–104 weeks. Dose-related effects included a decrease in mean body weight gain and in survival for male rats and for mice of each sex; increased incidence of hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the kidney in rats of each sex; increased incidence of calcification of the kidney in the female rats; increased incidence of hyperplasia of the urinary bladder in male rats; and mineralization of the kidney in mice of each sex. Transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder of the male rat occurred with increased frequency in the high-dose group (control, 0/48; low-dose, 0/48; high-dose, 7/49). Additional evidence for carcinogenicity in the male rat was seen in the liver, where an increased frequency of neoplastic nodules was found in the treated animals (controls, 1/50; low-dose, 9/50; high-dose, 8/50). Therefore, under the conditions of these studies, 11-aminoundecanoic acid was carcinogenic for male Fischer 344 rats, inducing transitional cell carcinomas in the urinary bladder and neoplastic nodules in the liver. The test chemical was not demonstrated to be carcinogenic for female Fischer 344 rats or for B6C3F1 mice of either sex.