cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NUT Midline Carcinomas of the Sinonasal Tract

NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a highly lethal tumor defined by translocations involving the NUT gene on chromosome 15q14. NMC involves midline structures including the sinonasal tract, but its overall incidence at this midline site and its full morphologic profile are largely unknown because sinonasal tumors are not routinely tested for the NUT gene translocation. The recent availability of an immunohistochemical probe for the NUT protein now permits a more complete characterization of sinonasal NMCs. The archival files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Surgical Pathology were searched for all cases of primary sinonasal carcinomas diagnosed from 1995 to 2011. Tissue microarrays were constructed, and NUT immunohistochemical analysis was performed. All NUT-positive cases underwent a more detailed microscopic and immunohistochemical analysis. Among 151 primary sinonasal carcinomas, only 3 (2%) were NUT positive. NUT positivity was detected in 2 of 13 (15%) carcinomas diagnosed as sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and in 1 of 87 (1%) carcinomas diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. All occurred in men (26, 33, and 48 y of age). The NMCs grew as nests and sheets of cells with a high mitotic rate and extensive necrosis. Two were entirely undifferentiated, and 1 tumor showed abrupt areas of squamous differentiation. Each case had areas of cell spindling, and 2 were heavily infiltrated by neutrophils. Immunohistochemical staining was observed for cytokeratins (3 of 3), epithelial membrane antigen (3 of 3), p63 (2 of 3), CD34 (1 of 3), and synaptophysin (1 of 3). All patients died of the disease (survival time range, 8 to 16 mo; mean, 12 mo) despite combined surgery and chemoradiation. NMC represents a rare form of primary sinonasal carcinoma, but its incidence is significantly increased in those carcinomas that exhibit an undifferentiated component. Indiscriminant analysis for evidence of the NUT translocation is unwarranted. Instead, NUT analysis can be restricted to those carcinomas that demonstrate undifferentiated areas. The availability of an immunohistochemical probe has greatly facilitated this analysis and is helping to define the full demographic, morphologic, and immunohistochemical spectrum of sinonasal NMC.
Open channel noise. IV. Estimation of rapid kinetics of formamide block in gramicidin A channels.

Blocking events in currents through biological ion channels occur over a wide range of characteristic times. The interruptions in single-channel currents from blocking events may be characterized by the direct measurement of gap durations or by analyzing open-channel current histograms, provided that the events are not much shorter than the time resolution of single-channel recordings (approximately 10 microseconds). Here we present a method for the characterization of channel block on a much faster time scale by combining open-channel noise measurements with subsequent model fits according to a theoretical approach (Frehland, E. 1978. Biophysical Chemistry. 8:255–265). Although the bandwidth limitations in open-channel noise experiments are the same as in conventional single-channel experiments, from the dependence of the mean current and the spectral density of the noise on the concentration of the blocking agent, kinetics of very brief blocking events can be estimated. As an example we have analyzed the open-channel noise of K+ currents through the gramicidin A channel in the presence of various concentrations of formamide, a weak blocker, at neutral pH. We estimate the blocking and unblocking rates to be approximately 10(7)s-1 at 1 M formamide and discuss possible mechanisms for the blocking process.
THE RANSOM METEORITES

A number of stony meteorite specimens, presumably from a single fall, have been recovered from an area about 5–6 miles north of Ransom, Kansas. This paper presents a map of discovery locations, so far as known. Megascopic appearance, external and internal, of a typical (?) specimen is described. The Ransom meteorite has already been classified as an olivine-bronzite chondrite — chemical group H of Van Schmus and Wood. Features observed in thin section are characteristic of petrologic type 4
Quality improvement versus cost reduction: A broader perspective on evolutionary economic change

A new framework is explored for analyzing scientific and engineering advances by their economic, business and social effects. For this framework, scientific and engineering advances are categorized in two contexts: the function served by the good(s) or service(s) associated with the advance, and whether the advance is directed toward the goal of cost reduction or quality improvement. It is argued that this categorization can be used to identify important patterns of technological change, and allow for better understanding of industrial research and development, as well as improved national strategies for economic growth. Data are obtained on scientific and engineering advances that might be of interest to business investors and managers, based on 783 news stories in 1994 in the business journals Business Week, Forbes, Fortune and The Economist. The approach taken is compared with traditional economic approaches to technologcal change, which are of in constrained by archaic methods of categorizing data.
An introduction to proper-coupled-domination in graphs

In this paper we introduce the proper-coupled-domination problem. Specifically, assume that we have (disjoint) subsets S1, S2, ..., St of the vertex set V(G) of graph G. One seeks to find the minimum cardinality of a dominating set D with the property that D ∩ Si ≠ φ implies that Si ⊆ D for 1 ≤ i ≤ t. We focus, in particular, on a coupled-domination parameter for which each Si has cardinality at most two.
The Impact of Program Context on Motivational System Activation and Subsequent Effects on Processing a Fear Appeal

This manuscript reports three experiments investigating the impact of television programming context on the processing of a fear-appeal message. This is done using a dual-motivation system theory conceptualizing emotion as arising from activation of the appetitive and/or aversive motivational systems. Results show that, as predicted, sad programming activates viewers' aversive motivational systems, whereas comedic programming activates their appetitive motivational systems. Furthermore, by activating these systems through programming context, we were able to predict both retrospective self-report and real-time physiological reactions to a persuasive message employing a fear-appeal strategy. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as are suggestions for future experiments using the dual-motivation approach.
Sesquiterpene lactones of diploid and tetraploid Ambrosia camphorata

Diploid and tetraploid specimens of Ambrosia camphorata have distinct sesquiterpene lactone patterns; however, no direct correlation between chemistry and morphological patterns is detectable.
Differentiated rate scheduling for gaussian broadcast channels

In this paper, we consider a fading broadcast channel where users have different rate demands. In particular, we assume users are divided into M groups, each group of which requires the same rate, and where the ratio of the rates of the groups are given. The transmitter would like to maximize the throughput (sum of the rates to all users) while maintaining the rational rate constraints. In general, this problem appears to be computationally intractable since the ergodic capacity region is described as the convex hull of (an infinite) set of rates. In this paper, we therefore, focus on the asymptotic regime of many users (large n) where explicit results can be found. In particular, we propose three scheduling schemes to provide the rational rate constraints namely, weighted opportunistic (WO), time division opportunistic (TO), and superposition coding (SC). The WO scheduling is a generalization of the opportunistic scheduling in which we transmit to only the user that has the maximum weighted signal to noise ratio (SNR). In TO, each group has its own time slot in which the transmitter chooses the user with the best SNR from the corresponding group. Superposition coding is the one that achieves the capacity region. For each scheduling we give explicit scheme to guarantee the rational rate constraints. We also analyze the throughput loss due to rate constraints for different schemes. In particular, we show that the throughput loss compared to the maximum throughput (i.e., the sum rate capacity without any rate constraints) tends to zero for large n, and finally, we analyze the convergence rate of all the schemes
Effects of l-dopa on dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in rat brain assessed by gas chromatography

Abstract A highly specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method has been developed which is capable of determining picogram amounts of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) simultaneously. The catecholamines are converted to the N-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl, O-trimethylsilyl derivatives, which are analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The method has been applied to the assay of catecholamines in rat brain extracts. One hour after an acute dose (150 mg/kg i.p.) of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, the rat brain concentration of DA increased by 130% while the concentration of NE was unchanged.
Generalized inversion of thermistor-chain data and a layer model of Lake Kinneret

Abstract We investigate the validity of a two layer model of Lake Kinneret by applying a weak constraint variational assimilation method to thermistor chain data and a two layer model selected from a suite of models of the lake. We chose an error model that reconciles the depth of the 19 °C isotherm and the dynamics of the layered model. With this simple model and meager data set, we were able to determine the spatially nonuniform wind pattern and distinguish it clearly from the effect of assuming a spatially uniform wind. We present statistical evidence for our finding that the two layer model contained sufficient detail to describe the physics of internal waves and residual circulation imbedded in the data. We were also able to determine the time and location of an outcropping event that resulted in a fish kill event.
Further Observations of Pulsating Radio Sources at 13 cm

Abstract : Four pulsars, CP0834, CP0950, CP1133 and CP1919 have been observed at 13 cm with the 210 ft antenna of the J.P.L. Goldstone tracking station. Comparison of the 13 cm intensities with those observed elsewhere at longer wavelengths shows that two have definite cutoffs near 30 cm while one, CP1133 has a power-law spectrum. Pulse shapes are similar to those observed at 74 cm, except that the second component in CP1133 is relatively less intense at 13 cm. Study of individual pulses shows intensity fluctuations with time scales as short as 50 microsec, although the average shape of the pulses is stable. Periods for three pulsars are given with accuracies of 10 to the -8th power to 10 to the -9th power sec, the uncertainties being entirely due to present uncertainties in the source positions. No evidence for any change in period as large as 10 to the -8th power sec has been seen. A position measurement for CP1133 is given.
Mixing of Stably Stratified Gases in Subsurface Reservoirs: A Comparison of Diffusion Models

Numerical simulations of the mixing of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in a gravitationally stable configuration have been carried out using the multicomponent flow and transport simulator TOUGH2/EOS7C. The purpose of the simulations is to compare and test the appropriateness of the advective–diffusive model (ADM) relative to the more accurate dusty-gas model (DGM). The configuration is relevant to carbon sequestration in depleted natural gas reservoirs, where injected CO2 will migrate to low levels of the reservoir by buoyancy flow. Once a gravitationally stable configuration is attained, mixing will continue on a longer time scale by molecular diffusion. However, diffusive mixing of real gas components CO2 and CH4 can give rise to pressure gradients that can induce pressurization and flow that may affect the mixing process. Understanding this coupled response of diffusion and flow to concentration gradients is important for predicting mixing times in stratified gas reservoirs used for carbon sequestration. Motivated by prior studies that have shown that the ADM and DGM deviate from one another in low permeability systems, we have compared the ADM and DGM for the case of permeability equal to 10−15 m2 and 10−18 m2. At representative reservoir conditions of 40 bar and 40°C, gas transport by advection and diffusion using the ADM is slightly overpredicted for permeability equal to 10−15 m2, and substantially overpredicted for permeability equal to 10−18 m2 compared to DGM predictions. This result suggests that gas reservoirs with permeabilities larger than approximately 10−15 m2 can be adequately simulated using the ADM. For simulations of gas transport in the cap rock, or other very low permeability layers, the DGM is recommended.
Resettlement challenges in the “Land of Opportunity”: The experience of economically disadvantaged immigrant women

Abstract This quantitative research examines interrelationships among immigration stressors, resettlement challenges, and protective factors of resilience and spirituality of 56 economically disadvantaged young immigrant women in order to understand how these risk and protective factors influence their resettlement and roles as resources for family well‐being. The findings highlight resilience, cultural connectedness, spirituality, and hope for the future as mediating protective factors for economically disadvantaged immigrant women as they cope with the stressors and challenges inherent in immigration and resettlement.
Computer software patents: Some perspectives and misunderstandings

The importance that in-house software plays today in many organizations is without question. Perspectives of efficiencies, effectiveness, competitive advantage, and so on are but three areas where such applications exist. Many organizations have adopted measures to protect such software as a specific type of intellectual property. In the 1990s quite often the form of protection taken is software patents. The understanding and enthusiasm about software patents that is exhibited by organizations is not often shared by information systems researchers, however. For the most part, IS researchers dismiss software patents as an appropriate protective measure. This paper presents some background on patents and their applicability to software. Some US and international perspectives are also discussed to provide the reader with a somewhat broader perspective. We then discuss several IS research endeavors that either dismiss patents, or treat them incorrectly. We conclude with a research agenda for IS researchers.
Are adolescents less mature than adults?: minors' access to abortion, the juvenile death penalty, and the alleged APA "flip-flop"

The American Psychological Association's (APA's) stance on the psychological maturity of adolescents has been criticized as inconsistent. In its Supreme Court amicus brief in Roper v. Simmons (2005), which abolished the juvenile death penalty, APA described adolescents as developmentally immature. In its amicus brief in Hodgson v. Minnesota (1990), however, which upheld adolescents' right to seek an abortion without parental involvement, APA argued that adolescents are as mature as adults. The authors present evidence that adolescents demonstrate adult levels of cognitive capability earlier than they evince emotional and social maturity. On the basis of this research, the authors argue that it is entirely reasonable to assert that adolescents possess the necessary skills to make an informed choice about terminating a pregnancy but are nevertheless less mature than adults in ways that mitigate criminal responsibility. The notion that a single line can be drawn between adolescence and adulthood for different purposes under the law is at odds with developmental science. Drawing age boundaries on the basis of developmental research cannot be done sensibly without a careful and nuanced consideration of the particular demands placed on the individual for "adult-like" maturity in different domains of functioning.
The relationship between father residency and a child's ADHD symptoms

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed neuropsychological disorder among school-aged children. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between father residency status and children's symptoms of ADHD using a large, nationally representative and community-based sample. To achieve this purpose, structural equation modelling was used to examine the relationship between ADHD symptoms and father residency. The relationship was examined in the context of a sample of typically developing children and a sample of children diagnosed with ADHD. The association between father residency and symptoms of ADHD among typically developing children was significant, but the same relationship among children diagnosed with ADHD was not significant. Father residency appears to share some relationship with symptoms of ADHD, but when symptoms reach the level for a clinical diagnosis, father residency appears to share little relationship with severity of symptoms of ADHD.
Poly(neutral red) as a NAD+ reduction catalyst and a NADH oxidation catalyst: Towards the development of a rechargeable biobattery

Abstract In this paper, we have established that poly(neutral red), PNR, functions as an electrocatalyst for the reduction and oxidation of NAD+/NADH in a rechargeable biobattery environment. The reversibility of this catalyst was possible only with the addition of Zn2+ for complexation to the redox polymer. The zinc ion complexation with the polymer facilitates electron and proton transfer to/from the substrate and the NAD+/NADH coenzyme without forming covalent bonds between the nicotinamide and the substrate surface. This research presents use of this reversible catalyst in a rechargeable biobattery. The rechargeable battery includes a Prussian blue cathode and a bioanode including NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and zinc complexed PNR. This bioanode was coupled to the cathode with Nafion® 212 acting as the ion exchange membrane separator between the two compartments. The biobattery has an open circuit potential of 0.545(±0.009) V when first assembled and 0.053(±0.005) V when fully discharged. However, when fully charged, the biobattery has an open circuit potential of 1.263(±0.051) V, a maximum power density of 16.3(±4.03) μW cm−3 and a maximum current density of 221(±13.2) μA cm−3. The efficiency and stability of the biobattery were studied by cycling continuously at a discharging rate of 1 C and the results obtained showed reasonable stability over 50 cycles.
A mechanistic analysis of the quantitation of α-hydroxy ketones by the bicinchoninic acid assay.

A new class of compounds amenable to quantification by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay was identified, allowing an expansion of compounds quantifiable within the assay’s capacity. In this article, we demonstrate that compounds containing the α-hydroxy ketone structure are easily measured under standard BCA assay conditions. A nonchromophore analyte containing the α-hydroxy ketone structure, 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-one (commonly known as dihydroxyacetone), and various structural derivatives were explored on an equimolar basis in the BCA assay. Combined with earlier studies exploring α-hydroxy ketones within copper oxidation systems, the data support the mechanism of this class of compound’s ability to enolize through an enediol intermediate to generate a strong signal in the BCA assay. This new quantification technique also highlights the potential for α-hydroxy ketones to interfere with other analytes quantified by the BCA assay.
The Contradictory Structure of Systems Development Methodologies: Deconstructing the IS-User Relationship in Information Engineering

In this paper we show that systems development methodologies may contain incompatible assumptions about the role of users and information systems IS personnel during systems development. Using deconstruction, we analyze and interpret a systems development methodology currently receiving considerable attention-Information Engineering. We find that this methodology's characterization of IS-user relations and, in particular, its recommended partitioning of responsibility between IS and users is inconsistent and contradictory. Despite a heavy emphasis on user involvement, users are given a relatively passive role to play during development. At the same time, users are expected to sign off on projects and take responsibility for project outcomes. We suggest that such prescriptions, when put into action during systems development, make the relationship between users and IS personnel problematic. Further, we argue that the contradictions we surface in the methodology reflect contradictions and ideologies in the context within which systems development occurs. Our analysis raises important questions about the relationship between the production and consumption of information technology in organizations.
Proton-Antiproton Annihilation into π + π - and K + K - from 700 to 1100 MeV/c

Total and differential cross sections are presented for proton-antiproton annihilation into ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at six laboratory momenta between 686 and 1098 MeV/c. The two-pion final state displays moderate energy dependence in its differential cross section, but shows no evidence of any direct-channel resonances. In contrast, the two-kaon final state exhibits some behavior in the total and differential cross section suggestive of a possible direct-channel effect between 800 and 1000 MeV/c.
Subtraction of edge-diffracted fields in antenna radiation patterns for simulation of infinite ground plane

A measurement technique is introduced to simulate the radiation pattern of an antenna mounted on an infinite sized ground plane. The edge diffracted fields from a finite ground plane are measured and then subtracted from the total field to yield only the direct radiation from the antenna that would be present if the antenna were mounted on an infinitely large ground plane. Comparisons with theory are also presented.
PS3-1: Marshalling Site-Specific Data in Multi-Site Studies: Lessons from the eMERGE Network

Background/Aims The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network is a national consortium of nine institutions supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) to study genetic correlates of disease by pooling data from local biorepositories and electronic data ecosystems. Three HMORN sites participate. Twenty-one of >40 planned genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been completed, including GWAS for chronic, cognitive, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, hemotologic, infectious and other phenotypes, without patient contact. Transportable algorithms rely entirely on structured data from the EMR and, optionally, clinical text using natural language processing (NLP). Salient themes include bioinformatics, genomic medicine, privacy, and community engagement.
The design of a source to simulate the gamma-ray spectrum emitted by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator

A simulated source was designed to duplicate the gamma spectrum of a uniform cylindrical 2200-watt Pu02 radioisotope thermoelectric generator containing 81% Pu-238 and 1.2 ppm Pu-236. Gamma rays from the decay of Pu-238, Am-241, Pu-239, and the 0-18(alpha,n)Ne-21 reaction were catalogued in broad energy groups. Two 46- and one 22-mc Th-228 sources provided simulation at various times in the life of the fuel capsule up to 18 years, which covers the time span of an outer planet mission. Emission from Th-228 represents the overwhelming contribution of the gamma spectrum after the first few years. The sources, in the form of 13-inch rods, were placed in a concentric hole in a cylinder of depleted uranium, which provided shielding equivalent to the self-shielding of the fuel capsule. The thickness of the U-238 cylinder (0.55cm) was determined by Monte Carlo calculations to insure that the spectrum emerging from the simulated source matched that of the fuel capsule.
Comparison of ADHD symptom subtypes as source-specific syndromes.

Background: This study examines differences between the three subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), inattentive (I), hyperactive-impulsive (H), and combined (C), in a heterogeneous sample of 248 boys (ages 6 to 10 years) with emotional and behavioral problems who were recruited for participation in a diagnostic study. Method: The boys and their mothers participated in an extensive evaluation that involved multiple assessments of cognitive, behavioral, academic, and family functioning. ADHD subtypes were defined on the basis of teacher alone, mother alone, and mother/teacher ratings of DSM-IV symptoms. Results: Results indicated ADHD symptom groups showed a differential pattern of impairment socially (H,C>I) and cognitively (I,C>H). The C and H groups were the most and least impaired overall, respectively, and all subtypes were differentiated from the nonADHD clinical control or NONE (N) group in a manner consistent with the primary findings. External validation of group differences was limited, and there were marked inconsistencies in the pattern of findings depending on how groups were defined. For the most part, although the mother/teacher grouping strategy (compared with either alone) captured a greater diversity of differences between subtypes, it also obscured some. Conclusions: Observed findings are consistent with the notion that mothers and teachers interpret symptom statements in terms of behaviors that are most relevant for their daily concerns.
Structure revision and cytotoxicity of the germacranolide, stizolicin, from Stizolophus balsamitus (Asteraceae).

The structure of the cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone, stizolicin, reisolated fromStizolophus balsamitus (Centaurea b.) was revised to atrans, trans germacranolide (1) on the basis of simultaneous application of lanthanide shift reagent and NOE in the NMR.
STELLAR EVOLUTION AND PULSARS

It has been found that pulsars are rotating magnetic neutron stars, which are created during catastrophic collapses of old stars whose nuclear fuel has long since been used up. The maximum size of pulsars, based on the fastest rotation period of 33 msec, cannot exceed 100 km. The densest star the theory predicts is the neutron star. Its diameter is only 10 km. The processes producing radiation from pulsars are discussed, giving attention to a process similar to that by which a klystron operates and to a process based on a maser mechanism.
Should corporate debt include a rating trigger

Abstract Recent corporate debt offerings have included a covenant specifying a pre-determined payment to debtholders when the debt is downgraded. We examine the incentive for equityholders to increase firm risk (and the associated costs) when debt includes a “rating trigger.” Equityholders of firms with a low-risk profile and operating flexibility choose debt with a trigger, while equityholders of firms with a high-risk profile and less flexibility choose regular debt. A trigger that requires an equity infusion better mitigates conflicts between equityholders and debtholders than a trigger paid by liquidating assets. A trigger that increases the coupon rate is not optimal.
Economic impact of single-wafer multiprocessors

Single wafer multiprocessors generally in the form of cluster tools are gaining increasing importance in commercial semiconductor product manufacture. This paper describes potential cost-related and timerelated advantages that could come from the multipmcessors. Next hypothetical conventional and clusterbased fabs are simulated. The simulations results are discussed in terms of their evidence for the cost and time advantages of the fabs. One general conclusion is that cluster tools can be used to achieve very short throughput times at a premium cost per wafer. Finally based on the potential advantages and the simulation results three areas of non-process issues are discussed which will determine the extent of the multiprocessors'' economic utility. These areas are cost time and fab management related. 1© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BioSPRINT: classification of intron and exon sequences using the SPRINT algorithm

An important problem for computer scientists as well as geneticists involves classifying particular items into common groups. This paper focuses on classifying sequences of DNA as either an intron or an exon. Insights from this classification can reduce the time needed for laboratory work to distinguish between introns and exons. Using a classification tree based on the SPRINT algorithm, sequences from the Drosophila melanogaster and the Caenorhabditis elegans genomes were used for training and testing. A large test sample error rate of 15% was shown for the Drosophila melanogaster, whereas the Caenorhabditis elegans was only 1.6%.
Bexarotene in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas encompass a spectrum of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that are characterised by clonal proliferation of skin-homing malignant T lymphocytes. Mycosis fungoides and the leukaemic variant Sezary syndrome, collectively referred to as cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, are the most common entities. No curative therapy exists and patients ultimately develop advanced or relapsed disease that is refractory to standard treatment options. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of novel emerging therapies. Bexarotene is the first synthetic nuclear retinoid X receptor-selective retinoid approved by the FDA for the treatment of refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in all stages, as both an oral capsule and a topical gel formulation. Bexarotene was found to induce apoptosis in a variety of preclinical in vitro and in vivo models including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells, and has shown efficacy in two multi-centre, open-label Phase II - III clinical trials for early and advanced stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in patients who have failed or were refractory to standard therapies. New insights into the immunomodulatory function of bexarotene have indicated opportunities for combined treatment with IFN-alpha, denileukin diftitox or phototherapy. This article reviews the biological properties, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety and role of bexarotene in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Discussion of Paper by J. H. Martin Entitled “Heredity and Avian Lymphomatosis”

Abstract IT SEEMS to me that the method of approach suggested by Dr. Martin is the only one available at the present time. It has been demonstrated that, under certain conditions, resistance to lymphomatosis can be increased by means of selection. From a purely practical point of view, it should be pointed out that the ultimate success of Dr. Martin’s program depends on the assumption that strains of birds selected for resistance to lymphomatosis under the conditions of one flock would also be resistant under entirely different conditions. This assumption needs testing before any extended program of selection is undertaken. There is some evidence that resistant strains from one flock were not resistant when placed in another. The development of useful strains under such conditions would be very difficult. There is another point that should be tested. It is possible that there may be several types of agents or circumstances capable . . .
THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE ON POLITICAL LIFE IN THE NORTH AMERICAN REGION

ummary The Impact of Changes in Agriculture on Political Life in the North American Region This paper follows a general approach to the above topic, although agricultural change in the English-speaking Carribean nations has not progressed in the same manner as in the United States and Canada. Three general areas of social change are reviewed. These include: 1. Changes in the relationship of people to the land, 2. Changes in the interpersonal relations of ruralites, 3. Changes in rural social institutions. The impact of change on political institutions is described at both the local and national level. At the local level, increasing demands for improvements in services, increasing use of technology, and an evergrowing demand for subsidy, credit, and welfare programs have served to modify the traditional autonomous, familistic patterns of government to more centralized and integrated operations. At the national level, the changing political scene is analyzed in terms of four sources of power which have been traditional with agricultural systems. First, the legislative power of agriculture is diminishing as the farm vote drops and rural-oriented legislators are retired. Second, agricultural political power derived from championing a ‘grassroots ideology’ is being lost in an emerging urban-industrial ideology. Third, agriculture is having to form coalitions and compromises with many new and diverse groups which could be ignored in past power struggles. Finally, the emerging source of political power of agricultural systems, is seen most clearly in its control of the ‘expertise’ in food and fiber production.
Contrast Detection in Infants with Fragile X Syndrome

Studies have reported that a selective deficit in visual motion processing is present in certain developmental disorders, including Williams syndrome and autism. More recent evidence suggests a visual motion impairment is also present in adults with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited mental retardation. The goal of the current study was to examine low-level cortical visual processing in infants diagnosed with FXS in order to explore the developmental origin of this putative deficit. We measured contrast detection of first-order (luminance-defined) and second-order (contrast-defined) gratings at two levels of temporal frequency, 0 Hz (static) and 4 Hz (moving). Results indicate that infants with FXS display significantly higher detection thresholds only for the second-order, moving stimuli compared to mental age-matched typically developing controls.
Activity-based habitable volume estimating for human spaceflight vehicles

Accurate estimation of required working volumes is a vital aspect of the design process for any vehicle involving humans. This is all the more important when such a vehicle must serve as the crew's sole habitable volume during a mission of any duration in the harsh environment of space.
Structural studies of NMR detected lipids in myocardial ischemia

Lipid-induced abnormalities in myocardial function have been implicated in a number of ischemic events including the accumulation of lipids in human myocardium following myocardial infarction. Although animal models have shown the source of these lipids to be triglycerides, the specific species involved has not been identified. In order to better understand the mechanism(s) defining this lipid accumulation, it follows that the identification of the lipids involved may be important in achieving this aim. Therefore, this study examined the use of NMR probes for delineating the biochemical makeup of the increased 1H NMR observed lipid signal following myocardial infarction. Specifically, the present study demonstrated the utility of the spin-echo pulse sequence for the study of alterations in myocardial lipids following ischemic injury. Spin-echo spectra allowed the analysis of subsets of lipids within the large lipid pool inherent in most myocardium. The analyses of the chemical shifts of the lipid resonances provided a simple yet powerful means for deducing lipid class associated with the ischemic injury and suggested the species arises predominantly from saturated lipids. The examination of the CH2/CH3 NMR ratio provided additional information regarding the species involved, however, because the spin-echo technique was utilized, which may distort certain signal intensities, caution must be exercised in interpreting the specific species involved. With this in mind, a tentative assignment has been given to octanoic acid. Finally, a temperature dependence of the lipid signals was noted and determined to be unique for spin-echo lipid. Although this dependence did not provide the necessary information regarding the gel-to-liquid crystal phase transition temperature which might aid in understanding the origin of the lipid species, it did determine that the species involved was only the spin-echo observed lipid and that the dependence was reversible. Finally, the increase in signal intensity associated with the spin-echo lipid signal at physiologic temperature may provide the necessary means to observe such species utilizing chemical shift imaging methods.
The management of vascular injuries associated with total hip arthroplasty

Approximately 100,000 total hip reconstructions are done annually in the United States. The nature of the surgical technique in a field close to the iliac and femoral vessels makes the occurrence of vascular injury an occasional but serious complications. We have reviewed retrospectively our experience of five cases of vascular injuries with total hip replacement and an additional 63 cases in the literature to identify those patients at risk and to define the management of these injuries. For the entire group of 68 patients, most injuries were sustained on the left side (66%), and 39% were seen in revisions. Complications were related to cement incorporation of the iliac vessels (44%), aggressive medial retraction (17%), excessive traction on atherosclerotic vessels (10%), and improper technique in preparation of the acetabulum. The most commonly injured vessels were the external iliac artery (36), common femoral artery (17), and external iliac vein (6). Twenty-seven of these injuries required emergent surgery, most for hemorrhage (66%). Injuries consisted of thromboembolic complications leading to distal ischemia (46%), vessel lacerations (26%), pseudoaneurysms (25%), and arteriovenous fistulas (3%). Vascular repair was individualized and included suture repair, thrombectomy and patch angioplasty, embolectomy, and arterial and venous bypass procedures. There was an overall 7% mortality and a 15% incidence of limb loss. Risk factors include (1) revision procedures, (2) left-sided procedures, and (3) intrapelvic migration of the acetabular component of the hip prosthesis. Elective vascular workup and preliminary retroperitoneal exposure of the iliac vessels at time of hip arthroplasty is recommended for patients at risk.
SLC ARC Transport System - Magnet Design and Construction

This paper describes design and construction details of alternate gradient bending magnets, 950 of which are used in a single pass transport system to bring high energy positrons and electrons into head-on collision. The overall ''arc'' system is 8000 ft long, has an aperture of 1/2'' and a circumference factor of 96%. 9 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
A novel method for determining the phase of T-wave alternans: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Background— T-wave alternans (TWA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, to estimate and suppress TWA effectively, the phase of TWA must be accurately determined. Methods and Results— We developed a method that computes the beat-by-beat integral of the T-wave morphology, over time points within the T-wave with positive alternans. Then, we estimated the signed derivative of the T-wave integral sequence, which allows the classification of each beat to a binary phase index. In animal studies, we found that this method was able to accurately identify the T-wave phase in artificially induced alternans ( P <0.0001). The coherence of the phase increased consistently after acute ischemia induction in all body-surface and intracardiac leads ( P <0.0001). Also, we developed a phase-resetting detection algorithm that enhances the diagnostic utility of TWA. We further established an algorithm that uses the phase of TWA to deliver appropriate polarity-pacing pulses (all interventions compared with baseline, P <0.0001 for alternans voltage; P <0.0001 for Kscore), to suppress TWA. Finally, we demonstrated that using the phase of TWA we can suppress spontaneous TWA during acute ischemia; 77.6% for alternans voltage ( P <0.0001) and 92.5% for Kscore ( P <0.0001). Conclusions— We developed a method to quantify the temporal variability of the TWA phase. This method is expected to enhance the utility of TWA in predicting ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death and raises the possibility of using upstream therapies to abort a ventricular tachyarrhythmia before its onset.
A Spur-Frequency-Boosting PLL With a −74 dBc Reference-Spur Suppression in 90 nm Digital CMOS

An architectural solution for designing a low-reference-spur PLL is proposed. A spur-frequency boosting block is inserted between the phase-frequency detector and the charge pump to boost the charge pump input frequency. Hence, the spur at the reference frequency is eliminated and is frequency-boosted to a higher frequency, fB, at which the PLL gain is much less resulting in greater suppression. Quantitative analysis of the charge pump spurs is presented to clarify the different tradeoffs affecting the output spurs level. The proposed technique breaks the classical trade off between the different PLL parameters. It adds a degree of freedom in PLL design to reduce the reference spur level without reducing neither the loop bandwidth nor the voltage-controlled oscillator's gain (KVCO). A 3.6 GHz PLL prototype is fabricated using UMC 90 nm digital CMOS technology. A -74 dBc reference-spur suppression is measured along with a (KVCO/ωref) ratio of 16.67 and a (ωGBW/ωref) ratio of 1/20. The proposed architecture provides additional spur suppression of 30 dB compared to a conventional PLL and, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this PLL provides the best normalized reference-spur rejection in literature. The prototype occupies 0.063 mm2.
Children With Obesity How Are They Different

One-sixth of US children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years are obese, and about the same proportion are overweight.1 Compared with their normal-weight peers, children with obesity are at higher risk for developing health conditions, such as asthma, orthopedic problems, and depression, as well as adult obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.2 Children and adolescents with obesity are also at higher risk for adverse psychosocial consequences, including teasing, bullying, and depression,3 as well as a lower socioeconomic position in adulthood.4 A responsibility of society, including medical care, is to reduce these excess burdens by treating children with obesity equitably as well as effectively. Here, treating means not only therapy for excess weight but also how we address other attributes that accompany obesity. Sometimes it is better to single out children with obesity for special treatment and sometimes it means treating them the same way as all children. In many circumstances, the answer is somewhere in between.
Correlates of self-rated health status in the context of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka owing to its high levels of achievements in arena of social indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality rate or school enrollment rate relative to its income levels poses a paradox in the developing world. There is however near non-existent research examining correlates of self-rated health status in Sri Lanka. Self-rated health status has been accepted as a valid predictor of physical well- being and mortality. Present study, by investigating relative roles of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health care utilization pattern and level of satisfaction with the health care services in predicting self-rated health status in Sri Lanka, contributes to the growing literature on assessing subjective health measures in the context of developing countries. The analyses employ World Health Survey (WHS) data collected and disseminated by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The WHS was conducted in 2002-2003 for 69 countries and the data for the various countries was made available at varying points after the year 2006. The dependent variable, self–rated health status is a three pronged categorical variable, ‘very good/good’, ‘moderate’, ‘bad/very bad’. The independent variables are measures of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health service utilization and level of satisfaction with health care services. The multivariate regression model employs the ordinal logistic technique and is estimated using maximum likelihood. Findings suggest that while ‘traditional’ factors like age, gender, education are important, access to modern types of cooking fuel and level of satisfaction with the health care system are significant. With respect to educational attainment, the greatest change in self-rated health status occurs when educational status changes from ‘primary school not completed’ to ‘primary school completed’. Also, individuals who utilized health services most recently are more likely to perceive their health as ‘moderate’ or ‘bad/very bad’ relative to ‘very good/good’ implying a correlation between objective and subjective health assessments. Further, estimates indicate that independent variables are more significantly associated with the change between self-rated health status categories of ‘moderate’ versus ‘good/very good’ status rather than between ‘very bad/bad’ versus ‘moderate’. Programs encouraging people to complete primary schooling, improve access to modern types of fuel and enhance quality of health care system will help in improving levels of self-rated health status.
Fractionation of goldfish brain aminoacyl-transfer RNA at the microgram level.

— The methylated albumin-kieselguhr column first employed by SUEOKA and YAMANE (1962) to fractionate tRNA was modified and scaled down by a factor of 100 to permit the separation of 1 y% of goldfish brain tRNA. Double labelling, co-chromatography of single aminoacylated tRNA species demonstrated that the column can characterize isoaccepting tRNAs without serious loss of resolution. The procedure is simple and reproducible and can be useful for the rapid scanning of tRNAs from limited amounts of biological material. Further scaling down of the procedure appears to be feasible.
Healthcare simulation: a case study at a local clinic

Today, researchers and analysts are beginning to uncover the potential for using simulation in the health care field; with a multitude of interactions between patients, physicians, nurses, and technical and support staff, simulation can be an invaluable tool. Inefficiencies can be eliminated or resource allocation changed to determine an optimal setup. Primarily, simulation has been used in the health care field in comparison studies of alternative systems for resource or scheduling requirements. When analyzing such alternatives, the standard performance measures are typically reported: throughput, time in system, and queue times and lengths. This paper is a systems analysis of a clinic using the above mentioned performance measures along with another proposed performance measure, total cash flow.