cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunable Wetting of Nanoparticle-Decorated Polymer Films

In this paper, amine-modified silica nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters (d) from 15 to 230 nm are covalently linked to poly(styrene-random-acrylic acid) (P(S-ran-AA)) films, and wettability is studied as a function of diameter and NP surface coverage. During attachment, films swell and exhibit long and short scale roughness, consisting of a ridged, honeycomb structure, ∼1 μm wide and 45−50 nm deep, which encircles nanoscale features 10−15 nm high and ∼50 nm apart. A maximum NP coverage of ∼70% was achieved for d less than or nearly equal to the nanoscale roughness induced by surface swelling. For d several times greater than this nanoscale roughness, the maximum coverage was limited by interparticle repulsion and reached only ∼30%. For NPs with diameters of 15−106 nm, the water contact angle increased from 75° to 120° as NP coverage increased from 0 to 70%. At low and high NP coverage, the Wenzel and Cassie models, respectively, accurately describe the data. However, at intermediate NP coverage, neither m...
Alcohol Use and Perceived Social and Emotional Consequences Among Perpetrators of General and Sexual Aggression

This study examines the relation among alcohol use, alcohol-related aggression expectancies, and the perceived negative consequences of perpetrating general and sexual aggression. Participants (N = 2,941; 59% female) were incoming college freshmen who reported on the last 3 months of their senior year of high school. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses for general aggression reveal that heavy alcohol consumption at the time of the aggression and strong alcohol-related aggression expectancies were associated with more frequent social and emotional consequences. For sexual aggression, similar regression analyses found that any alcohol use at the time of the aggression, but not outcome expectancies, was associated with social and emotional consequences. Among individuals who perpetrated general and sexual aggression, consuming alcohol at the time of the aggression was positively associated with perceived negative social and emotional consequences. Results do not support the idea that alcohol is used as an excuse for aggressive behavior.
Does the decomposition of peroxydicarbonates and diacyl peroxides proceed in a stepwise or concerted pathway

Moller−Plesset perturbation theory and density functional theory calculations are used to study decomposition mechanisms of polymerization initiators, such as diethyl peroxydicarbonate, trifluoroac...
Secondary Change in the Substantia Nigra Induced by Incomplete Infarct and Minor Hemorrhage in the Basal Ganglia Due to Traumatic Middle Cerebral Arterial Dissection

To the Editor: Cerebral infarction caused by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (MCAO) can lead to secondary neuronal damage in discrete-remote brain areas, including the ipsilateral thalamus and substantia nigra.1 2 3 4 These neuronal changes have been considered to develop due to either anterograde or retrograde degeneration or transsynaptic injury after the initial ischemia.1 2 3 4 An early study of MRI showed that the lesion in the substantia nigra persisted for at least several months after the stroke.4 Transient changes in the substantia nigra on MRI have never been reported in patients after basal ganglionic ischemia. We have investigated basal ganglia injuries after various types of transient brain energy failures in humans and rats using repeated MRI.5 6 7 8 Recently, we showed that a specific change in the caudate putamen of humans and rats on serial MRI represented an incomplete ischemic injury of selective neuronal death and gliosis associated with biochemical changes which affect the magnetic field.7 8 We present the first MRI study of the temporary change in the ipsilateral substantia nigra in a patient with minor hemorrhage and incomplete infarct in the basal ganglia after traumatic MCA dissection (MCAD). An 18-year-old man received a head injury in a motorcycle accident on May 29, 1997 (day 0). His neurological state was normal on his …
The eye gnat Hippelates pusio as a vector of bacterial conjunctivitis using rabbits as an animal model.

Eye gnats ( Hippelates pusio Loew) have been considered possible vectors for the bacterium Haemophilus aegyptius , which causes conjunctivitis in children. After exposure to a culture of H. aegyptius , the eye gnat retained viable organisms for a maximum of 10 hr. A severe conjunctivitis was produced in rabbits which had been treated by irradiation with a cobalt-60 source and ultraviolet light, and then inoculated with H. aegyptius . This bacterium was then transmitted by the eye gnat from the eyes of the experimentally infected rabbits to irradiated rabbits, producing infection. Pathologic changes observed in the eyes of rabbits with conjunctivitis were attributed to infection with H. aegyptius . Results of these experiments indicate that eye gnats can act as mechanical vectors of H. aegyptius , with production of conjunctivitis. A conjunctivitis was also produced in irradiated rabbits by inoculation and gnat transmission of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp.
Interactive visualization of solar mass ejection imager (SMEI) volumetric data

We present a volume rendering system developed for the real time visualization and manipulation of 3D heliospheric volumetric solar wind density and velocity data obtained from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) and interplanetary scintillation (IPS) velocities over the same time period. Our system exploits the capabilities of the VolumePro 1000 board from TeraRecon, Inc., a low-cost 64-bit PCI board capable of rendering up to a 512-cubed array of volume data in real time at up to 30 frames per second on a standard PC. Many volume-rendering operations have been implemented with this system such as stereo/perspective views, animations of time-sequences, and determination of coronal mass ejection (CME) volumes and masses. In these visualizations we highlight one time period where a halo CMEs was observed by SMEI to engulf Earth on October 29, 2003. We demonstrate how this system is used to measure the distribution of structure and provide 3D mass for individual CME features, including the ejecta associated with the large prominence viewed moving to the south of Earth following the late October CME. Comparisons with the IPS velocity volumetric data give pixel by pixel and total kinetic energies for these events.
Preparation and properties of low-dimensional quaternary sulfides : ACuMnS2 (A = K, Rb, Cs)

Abstract Three quaternary sulfides ACuMnS2 (A = K, Rb, Cs) with the ThCr2Si2-type structure were prepared from alkali metal carbonate A2CO3, MnS, and CuO by CS2/N2 sulfurization. The samples are degenerate semiconductors (ρ(RT) ≈10−1 Ω · cm). In the temperature range 100–300 K, the susceptibility of all the samples shows a weak maximum consistent with localized antiferromagnetic exchange in isolated two-dimensional manganese cluster nets. The divergence of the FC and ZFC molar susceptibilities (χFC > χZFC) for all the samples suggests spin-glass-type behavior with a well-defined freezing temperature, Tf of≈35 K. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Exploring the syntactic skills of struggling adult readers

This study investigated the syntactic ability of 82 struggling adult readers who recognize words between the third and fifth grade levels. Analysis of the adults’ performance on the TOLD-I:3 indicated that they were deficient on the syntactic task. Correlations found the struggling adult readers’ oral language skills, written language skills, and reading comprehension skills to be related. A regression analyses indicated that the adults’ syntactic knowledge did not individually predict reading comprehension, however their other oral language skills did. The findings of this study suggest that the adults performed similar to children who are either learning to read or considered poor readers. This study also contributes to the adult literacy field by providing exploratory information on an area (syntax and struggling adult readers) that is lacking.
The Changing Geography of Violence in Russia's North Caucasus, 1999-2011: Regional Trends and Local Dynamics in Dagestan, Ingushetia, and Kabardino-Balkaria

Three U.S. geographers analyze the temporal and spatial trends of 17,438 violent events in Russia's North Caucasus region from August 1999 to July 2011, demonstrating that the diffusion of conflict away from Chechnya intensified during the period 2007-2011, as levels of violence rose in neighboring republics. An increasing number of casualties are civilians in Dagestan, Ingushetia, and Kabardino-Balkaria, the three republics that are the focus of the paper. Employing multiple methods of spatial pattern analysis and geographically sensitive regression models, the authors examine the spatial fragmentation of violence from the perspective of rebel groups operating in the three republics. The analysis documents how the incidence of violence varies dramatically over space (i.e., reflecting the influence of urbanization, strategic location, and physical geographic factors such as elevation and extent of forest cover). Although violence in the North Caucasus region as a whole has declined in absolute terms over ...
Trunk and hip muscle recruitment in response to external anterior lumbosacral shear and moment loads.

Abstract The response of select lumbar torso and pelvic muscles to loads applied at the lumbar spine and across the pelvis was investigated to help identify the sources of antagonistic lower torso muscle recruitment. Five subjects in the neutral upright posture were loaded with L 4–5 moment and anterior shear forces under constrained and free pelvic rotation conditions. The activity states of the erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, external oblique, rectus abdominis, gluteus maximus, and rectus femoris muscles were monitored using surface electromyography. Regression analysis was used to test if (1) lumbar shear loads influence the activity of the torso muscles, and (2) moments about the pelvis significantly influence the torso muscle activities. The pelvic muscles (gluteus maximus and rectus femoris) were monitored for their role in stabilizing pelvic rotation. The statistical analysis did not support the hypothesis that torso muscles are recruited in response to shear loading. Also, the data did not provide conclusive evidence that moments about the pelvis relative to the lumbar spine significantly influence torso muscle recruitment. For the subjects that exhibited elevated antagonistic muscle activity, no explanation of this recruitment strategy could be statistically related to lumbar shear or pelvic moments.
Separation of taxol from related taxanes in Taxus brevifolia extracts by isocratic elution reversed-phase microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Previous attempts to resolve the closely related taxanes cephalomannine and taxol by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on octadecyl silica columns have not been successful. In the present study, high-resolution HPLC on microcolumns packed with octadecyl silica was evaluated for the separation of the aforementioned taxanes. Due to the enhanced separation efficiency of this technique, baseline resolution between cephalomannine and taxol was readily achieved under isocratic elution conditions. Chromatographic profiles of Taxus brevifolia twig and needle foliage extracts are presented that illustrate this separation.
Problems with the Doctrine of Interchangeable Indices

Survey researchers can choose (1) to maximize their accuracy in estimating the relations among a few abstract variables or (2) to maximize the number of variables covered. In the former case, many indicators per variable are required; in the latter case, few or one. Lazarsfeld's “doctrine of interchangeable indices” offers some support for the second approach, but this doctrine is shown to neglect or perpetuate three kinds of measurement problems: (1) attenuation of the relations between unmeasured abstract variables, (2) correlated measurement errors, and (3) low data quality and imprecision. An alternative form of the doctrine is presented which is more compatible with the implications of causal models.
Accessing rare activities from random RNA sequences: the importance of the length of molecules in the starting pool.

Results: The calculated advantage of longer sequences was highly dependent on the size and complexity of the desired motif. Small, simple motifs were not much more abundant in longer molecules. In contrast, larger motifs, particularly the most complex (highly modular) motifs, were much more likely to be present in longer molecules. The experimentally determined inhibition of activity by excess sequence was moderate, with bulk effects among four libraries ranging from no effect to 18-fold inhibition. The median effect among 60 clones was fivefold inhibition.
The Estabrook-Wahlquist method with examples of application.

Abstract The Estabrook-Wahlquist method can be used as a semidirect method for starting with a given nonlinear partial differential equation, and if it would happen to be exactly solvable, allowing one to find the required method of solution. How this may be done is illustrated with several examples, which demosntrate the power of the method, as well as its weaknesses.
WHEN CAN A CLONAL ORGANISM ESCAPE SENESCENCE

Abstract Some clonal organisms may live for thousands of years and show no signs of senescence, while others consistently die after finite life spans. Using two models, we examined how stage‐specific life‐history rates of a clone's modules determine whether a genetic individual escapes senescence by replacing old modules with new ones. When the rates of clonal or sexual reproduction and survival of individual modules decline with age, clones are more likely to experience senescence. In addition, the models predict that there is a greater tendency to find senescence in terms of a decline in the rate of sexual reproduction with clone age than in terms of an increase in the probability of clone mortality, unless rates of sexual reproduction increase dramatically with module stage. Using a matrix model modified to represent the clonal lifestyle, we show how a trade‐off between sexual and clonal reproduction could result in selection for or against clonal senescence. We also show that, in contrast to unitary o...
Vulnerable Plaque: Pathobiology and Clinical Implications

Purpose: To review the pathobiology and clinical implications of vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaques and to discuss the identification of vulnerable plaques and mechanisms of plaque stabili...
Particle simulation in contact mechanics of a bouncing elastic ball

An elastic ball is simulated by considering lumped mass molecular sets called particles. Particles are allowed to interact only locally in a fashion similar to that employed in molecular mechanics. Under local and gravity forces, an n-body problem results when initial data are prescribed. By scaling the forces, the resulting n-body problem is solved numerically using only a scientific personal computer. A variety of examples of bouncing balls are described and discussed.
Rabbit Oral Papillomavirus Complete Genome Sequence and Immunity Following Genital Infection

Rabbit oral papillomavirus (ROPV) infects mucosal tissues of domestic rabbits. The viral genomic sequence has been determined and the most related papillomavirus type was the cutaneous cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). Homologies between the open reading frames (ORFs) of ROPV and CRPV, however, ranged from 68% amino acid identity for L1 to only 23% identity for E4. Shared features unique to the two rabbit viruses included a large E6 ORF and a small E8 ORF that overlapped the E6 ORF. Serological responses to ROPV L1 viruslike particles (VLPs) were detected in rabbits infected at either the genital or oral mucosa with ROPV. The antibody response was specific to intact ROPV L1 VLP antigen, was first detected at the time of late regression, and persisted at high levels for several months after complete regression. Both oral and genital lesions regressed spontaneously, accompanied by a heavy infiltrate of lymphocytes. ROPV infection of rabbit genital mucosa is a useful model to study host immunological responses to genital papillomavirus infections.
An efficient approach to estimate critical value of friction coefficient and sensitivity analysis for brake squeal

Automotive brake noise has been a major concern in automotive industry and structural modification is a practical and effective way to reduce it. Here, a new method to estimate the critical friction coefficient is summarised, and then a sensitivity analysis is developed. The key is a reduced-order characteristic equation for computing the elastically coupled system's eigenvalues and their derivatives. Based on this reduced-order equation, a sensitivity analysis of the steady-sliding stability with respect to lining stiffness and lining geometry is presented for a drum brake system. This analysis eliminates need for new system models or a full complex eigenvalue analysis.
In vitro enhancement of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection by the synergistic factor of a granulosis virus of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Summary The synergistic factor (SF) present in the matrix protein of the occlusion body of a granulosis virus of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta , enhances, in vivo and in vitro , the infection of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in armyworm larvae. In vitro enhancement of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Autographa californica (AcNPV) and Trichoplusia ni (TnNPV) by the SF was investigated in various cell lines susceptible to these viruses. When assayed by an endpoint dilution technique in a Spodoptera frugiperda cell line, the SF at a concentration of 50 μg/ml increased the infectivity titre of AcNPV 5-fold, and at 25 μg/ml it enhanced TnNPV 9–17 times. On the basis of the proportion of nuclear polyhedra-containing cells after a given period of incubation, the SF increased the infectivity of AcNPV in the cell lines of S. frugiperda, Mamestra brassicae and Leucania separata . There was no difference in the degree of enhancement when the AcNPV was produced in a Trichoplusia ni or a S. frugiperda cell line and tested in a S. frugiperda cell line.
Combined Macular Hole and Cataract Surgery

Purpose Cataract often develops after macular hole surgery, necessitating cataract surgery. We report a combination of macular hole surgery and cataract surgery on four eyes of four patients. Methods Four eyes of four patients had a full-thickness stage III or IV macular hole and some degree of cataract. Combined cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant and macular hole surgery was associated with intravitreal perfluoropropane at 15% concentration and with face-down positioning for 21 days. Results After combined cataract and macular hole surgery, the rim of subretinal fluid resolved successfully in four eyes of four patients. Twelve months after surgery, the macular hole reopened in one eye in association with the new onset of macular pucker. Best-corrected visual acuities ranged from 20/25 to 20/100 12 months after surgery, while preoperative visual acuities with best correction were 20/70 to 20/200. Conclusions In selected cases, a combination of cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant and macular hole surgery offers advantages. This combined approach warrants consideration.
A Comparison of the Safety, Efficacy, and Distribution of Ceforanide and Cephalothin in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Antibiotic prophylaxis in open-heart operations is a widely accepted practice. Introduction of new antibiotics with differences in tissue distribution, spectrum of activity and therapeutic index prompts their evaluation as possible effective prophylactic agents. We compared the distribution, clinical efficacy, and safety of ceforanide with cephalothin as a prophylactic agent in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures. The results indicated that the intravenous administration of ceforanide at the dose of 1 gm every 12 hours for 2.5 days was equivalent to cephalothin 1 gm every 6 hours for 2.5 days. Serum, muscle, and bone concentrations of ceforanide were significantly greater than those of cephalothin. These concentrations consistently exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus, the major pathogen implicated in wound infections. No toxicty was observed with either antibiotic. Ceforanide merits consideration as a prophylactic antibiotic in CABG operations.
Projected Increases in North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Intensity from CMIP5 Models

AbstractTropical cyclones—particularly intense ones—are a hazard to life and property, so an assessment of the changes in North Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity has important socioeconomic implications. In this study, the authors focus on the seasonally integrated power dissipation index (PDI) as a metric to project changes in tropical cyclone intensity. Based on a recently developed statistical model, this study examines projections in North Atlantic PDI using output from 17 state-of-the-art global climate models and three radiative forcing scenarios. Overall, the authors find that North Atlantic PDI is projected to increase with respect to the 1986–2005 period across all scenarios. The difference between the PDI projections and those of the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones, which are not projected to increase significantly, indicates an intensification of North Atlantic tropical cyclones in response to both greenhouse gas (GHG) increases and aerosol changes over the current century. At the ...
A graphical calculator for bioassays.

Abstract A new graphical calculator built as a two‐dimensional slide rule has been designed to expedite the plotting and reading of reference curves for bioassays. This device has been applied to the assay of penicillin using logarithmic scales for both the concentrations of pencillin and the diameters of the zones of inhibition.
Abstract B120: Capturing connection between aging and aging-associated diseases: The case of cancer

B120 Traditional epidemiological studies of cancer often approximate age patterns of the incidence and mortality rates by appropriate parametric functions. Although such formal description is certainly convenient from the demographic point of view it does not allow for biological interpretation of the respective parameters, and, therefore, has limited use beyond demographic applications. The idea to describe cancer hazard rates in terms of biologically interpretable parameters resulted in the development of the research area called the “mathematical modeling of cancer” or “cancer modeling.” These models, however, do not allow for studying either connection between health history events, or links between cancer and aging, detected in a number of recent molecular biological and experimental studies. To take such connections into account, the new models of cancer are needed. In this paper, we suggest a new approach to modeling health history events associated with cancer and aging. The events include the onset of cancer, death from causes different from cancer, and death of individuals with and without cancer. Besides, this approach allows for taking into account unobservable precancerous changes in tissues, as well as deterioration in individuals’ health associated with the aging related processes. An attractive feature of this model is that all functional forms for the population characteristics can be derived analytically. The model also allows for studying a possible trade-off between two lines of organisms’ defense against a disease. The first is responsible for its vulnerability (robustness) and affects the age of disease onset. The second deals with organism’s resilience, i.e., its ability of coping with disease when it strikes. It affects chances of recovery, as well as duration of staying in an unhealthy state. The model allows for testing hypotheses about possibility of trade-off between these two defense strategies. The derived model was tested by fitting it to the combined data set consisting of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) dataset on cancer incidence and case-fatality data in the U.S. for different types of cancer and the U.S. overall mortality data taken from the Human Mortality Database (HMD). The results of the analyses show that the approach captures non-monotonic age patterns of cancer incidence and case fatality rates. The developed approach is capable of explaining links among health history data and provides useful insights on mechanisms of cancer occurrence, disease progression, other aging related changes, and mortality. The results also indicate that parameters, characterizing individual aging rate, may depend on type of cancer developing in body. Further developments of this approach are discussed. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B120.
Achievement and identity in college-age vs. adult women students.

This study tested a developmental hypothesis with respect to Fear of Success (FOS), Identity Status, and the relationship between the two. Forty college students, equally divided between regular college-age women (18–23) and adult college women (over age 30), were given a multiple-choice and a projective measure of FOS; they were then interviewed regarding exploration and commitment in five content areas: vocation, family vs. career priority, politics, religion, and sex roles. The hypothesis that the adult students would exhibit less FOS than their college-age counterparts was confirmed with both measures of FOS. Chi-square analysis also revealed that a significantly higher proportion of the adult students was classified as identity-achieved and a lower proportion as identity-diffuse than the college-age students. The influence of life experience on the relationship between FOS and each identity status could not be tested due to an insufficient number of identity achievers in the college-age subsample; when the relationship of FOS to identity status was examined for the total sample, however, foreclosures and achievers manifested significantly less FOS than diffusions and moratoriums.
A critical review of nuclear power plant decommissioning planning studies

Abstract During the past decade there have been at least ten major efforts to perform comprehensive, analytical studies of the complex issues associated with decommissioning civilian nuclear power plants. These planning efforts are reviewed, using the standard framework of technology assessment. In particular, each study is analysed to determine the degree to which formal methods of decision analysis have been employed to evaluate options and make recommendations and the degree to which formal methods of consensus have been employed to engage citizen involvement and promote public acceptance. Not unexpectedly, we find that the greatest strides in decommissioning analyses have been made in forecasting the economic costs of decommissioning to licensees. Comparatively few improvements have been made in the processes used to compare the impacts of alternative technologies more broadly, or to address the legitimate concerns of interested parties more widely.
Working in a Global Village: Cultural Competency and Collaboration With Families Through Interpreters

Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar, created the term global village. In early 1960's, McLuhan explains that just as the human nervous system connects and communicates, there is a global communication network that extends and connects people despite geographic distance. Such network, he calls “electronic interdependence,” will replace visual, individualistic print culture to aural/oral culture through electronic media. He went on to predict the creation of the World Wide Web 30 years before it appeared. The connectivity of our world through the internet has been the leading force in globalization. Moreover, although the United States has been called the nation of immigrants, there continues to be increased numbers of foreign-born population in our country: 19.8 million or 7.9% in 1980 and 38.5 million or 12.5% of the total population in 2009. As more immigrants live and stay in the United States, health-related issues including the unforeseen consequences of having premature infants from many different cultures and backgrounds cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit became the reality. Although the immigrants come from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, nurses are there to provide care not only for the infants but also for the whole family, helping the family to one day be able to care for their own child. Cultural competencies are essential to excellent nursing care in today's diverse patient population.
Effects of activation method on the pore structure of activated carbons from apricot stones

Abstract Two series of activated carbons were prepared from apricot stones by using carbonization followed by steam activation and one-step pyrolysis/activation in steam. The pore structure of the activated carbons was characterized by CO 2 adsorption at 273 K and by N 2 adsorption at 77 K. The macro- and mesoporosity were determined by mercury porosimetry. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) were used to examine the microstructure of activated carbons. A considerable difference observed between the measured CO 2 and N 2 surface areas indicates a narrow microporosity in all the carbons. The two-step method produced better developed meso- and especially macroporosity. The SEM and optical micrographs show that one-step pyrolysis/steam activation preserves the original cell structure of the raw apricot stones. In general, the apparent surface areas of the two-step carbons are slightly higher than those of the one-step carbons. However, the one-step method would provide lower production costs because it would eliminate the separate carbonization stage.
Heterogeneous chemistry on liquid sulfate aerosols - A comparison of in situ measurements with zero-dimensional model calculations

The possibility that stratospheric chlorine is converted from reservoir to reactive forms by heterogeneous reactions on background sulfate aerosols is examined. Tightly constrained photochemical models have been used to calculate ClO abundances for the morning and the afternoon conditions observed on January 24, 1989 outside the Arctic polar vortex by instruments on the NASA ER-2 aircraft. Calculations involving gas-phase chemistry only and calculations with heterogeneous chemistry including HCl evaporation from the aerosol both produce ClO abundances that agree with observations; calculations in which HCl removal from the aerosol is controlled by heterogeneous reactions produce ClO abundances that are 3 to 3.5 times larger than observations. These results suggest that HCl evaporation must be included in a model of the chemistry of background aerosols.
Three habits of highly effective signaling pathways: principles of transcriptional control by developmental cell signaling

Seven major cell–cell signaling pathways—Wnt, TGF, Hedgehog (Hh), receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), nuclear receptor, Jak/STAT, and Notch—control the vast majority of cell fate decisions during the development of bilaterian animals (Gerhart 1999). Each pathway is used repeatedly during the development of a given organism, activating different subsets of target genes in different developmental contexts. These seven pathways are strikingly diverse in both their complexity and the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction, ranging from direct transcriptional regulation by the nuclear receptor proteins to the extended protein phosphorylation cascades characteristic of RTK pathways. Nevertheless, the primary consequence of signaling is the same: activation of specific target genes by signal-regulated transcription factors. Recent work has revealed several surprising and fundamental commonalities in the transcriptional mechanisms by which these pathways control the expression of their target genes. In this review, we discuss transcriptional regulation by developmental cell signaling pathways, and suggest that three functional properties—activator insufficiency, cooperative activation, and default repression—are shared among the major pathways. Together, these three “habits” allow signaling pathways to strongly activate target genes in their proper context, while preventing their expression in all other cells. Such strict control over target gene expression explains an extraordinary feature of developmental cell signaling: the capacity of a single pathway to elicit a large variety of gene expression patterns, and hence to control the specification of a large variety of cell fates.
On the Sum-Capacity of Degraded Gaussian Multiple-Access Relay Channels

The sum-capacity is studied for a K-user physically degraded Gaussian multiple-access relay channel (MARC). Decode-and-forward (DF) is shown to achieve the sum-capacity and capacity region for a subclass of degraded Gaussian MARCs in which the multiple-access link from the sources to the relay is the bottleneck link. For the remaining subclass, DF is shown to achieve the K-user sum-capacity when the sources are symmetric, i.e., they transmit with the same transmit power. The optimality of DF is conjectured for the case of asymmetric sources.
A highly integrated GPS front-end for cellular applications in 90nm CMOS

A GPS receiver front-end consisting of an LNA and a mixer implemented in a 90 nm CMOS process is presented. The measured performance satisfies the linearity requirement set by cellular blockers, without requiring an external LNA or SAW filter that are typically used in GPS receivers for cellular applications. A highly linear RF mixer is designed for this purpose that exploits the short channel effect of deep sub-micron CMOS. The LNA has a single-ended input and provides a differential output. The front-end achieves 38 dB of voltage gain and a noise figure of 1.8 dB. The IIP3 performance is a function of the offset between the GPS signal and the two-tone interferers and varies from -6 dBm to 15 dBm. The NF degradation in the presence of a -30 dBm DCS band blocker is less than 0.5 dB.
Foundations of United States International Financial Power: Gold Standard Diplomacy, 1900–1905

From 1900 to 1905 the United States government, working with a small group within the emerging profession of economics, developed—for the first time—a financial policy toward foreign dependent areas. The policy devised and carried out by this first generation of experts in foreign currency reform—who included Charles Conant, Jeremiah Jenks, and Edwin Kemmerer—sought to bring nations onto a gold-exchange standard, with their gold funds deposited in New York and their coinage denominated on American money. In this article, Professor Rosenberg describes this gold standard diplomacy, suggesting that it reflected the nation's growing economic power; its increasing stake in maintaining an integrated, stable, and accessible international order; the emergence of a new profession of foreign financial advising; and the government's new desire to play a leading role in international currency matters. She concludes that policymakers and economists would build on this foundation in developing the gold-exchange standard and currency stabilization programs of the 1920s.
Identification of rainfall triggering damaging hydrogeological events: a methodological approach applied to Calabria (Italy)

Abstract. The paper deals with Damaging Hydrogeological Events (DHEs), defined as periods of severe weather affecting wide regions for several days, and during which landslides and floods cause economic damage and there are victims. The great variability of DHEs in both space and time is the cause of one of the main problems to solve in performing analyses of these events. Dealing with events affecting wide areas for several days, it is problematic to isolate the rainy days that can be considered as factors triggering the observed damaging phenomena. We develop a methodological approach aiming to select and analyse rainfall events that triggered damage. The analysis allows the highlighting of some seasonal characteristics of Calabrian DHEs. The approach can be used for an in-depth analysis leading to the identification of both rainfall thresholds for DHE triggering and rain/damage relationships.
Time-varying Finite Dimensional Basis for Tracking Contour Deformations

We consider the problem of tracking the boundary contour of a moving and deforming object from a sequence of images. If the motion of the "object" or region of interest is constrained (e.g. rigid or approximately rigid), the contour motion can be efficiently represented by a small number of parameters, e.g. the affine group. But if the "object" is arbitrarily deforming, each contour point can move independently. Contour deformation then forms an infinite (in practice, very large), dimensional space. Direct application of particle filters for large dimensional problems is impractical, due to the reduction in effective particle size as dimension increases. But in most real problems, at any given time, "most of the contour deformation" occurs in a small number of dimensions ("effective basis") while the residual deformation in the rest of the state space ("residual space") is "small". The effective basis may be fixed or time varying. Based on this assumption, we modify the particle filtering method to perform sequential importance sampling only on the effective basis dimensions, while replacing it with deterministic mode tracking in residual space (PF-MT). We develop the PF-MT idea for contour tracking. Techniques for detecting effective basis dimension change and estimating the new effective basis are presented. Tracking results on simulated and real sequences are shown and compared with past work.
Internal‐external locus of control, perceived occupational stress, and cardiovascular health

This paper reports an exploratory investigation of relationships between internal-external locus of control (Rotter, 1966), perceived occupational stress, and indicators of cardiovascular health. Previous research findings indicate that various stressors encountered on the job are associated with cardiovascular ill health and that certain individual difference factors (e.g. type A behaviour, several traits measured by the MMPI) differentiate between individuals who remain healthy versus those who fall prey to coronary heart disease (CHD), including myocardial infarction (see reviews by Copper and Marshall, 1976; Rosenman and Friedman, 1974; House, 1974; Jenkins, 1971; Kahn and Quinn, 1970). Recent evidence increasingly points to locus of control as an important influence on individuals' psychological and physiological reactions to potentially stressful events. In a review of the literature, Joe (1971) reports that 'internals' (those who believe rewards to be contingent upon their own actions) generally experience less anxiety than 'externals' (those who believe rewards to be contingent on factors beyond their personal control). In a study of small business owners/managers, Anderson, Hellriegel, and Slocum (1977) report that internals perceived a flood which threatened their businesses to be less stressful than externals. On the physiological side, Kobasa (1979) reports that locus of control significantly discriminated between a high stress/high illness group of managers versus a high stress/low illness group. Managers who had recently experienced highly stressful events, yet remained healthy, were significantly more likely to express internal beliefs about locus of control than were those who had fallen ill. These findings indicate that internals experience less stress as a result of encounters with potentially threatening situations than do their external counterparts. Although, it could be argued that externals fare better than internals when faced with difficult circumstances by 'resigning themselves to the
On the hippocratic facies.

Oncologists have many tools at their disposal to predict the prognosis of patients with cancer: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and various cytogenetic and molecular tests. Despite these, predicting when death will occur in an individual patient is often fraught with difficulty. Nonetheless, as patients with terminal malignancy approach death, various physical derangements may occur, such as hypopnea, apnea, an erratic pulse, cyanosis, cool extremities, and delirium. We as physicians are often approached by patient’s family members asking us to render an opinion as to when we think their loved one will die. As an example, we recently cared for a hospitalized young man with end-stage metastatic colon cancer who died while in the hospital. One morning while making rounds in the serene quiet, I studied his sunken eyes, bitemporal muscle wasting, livid skin color, and a decreased level of consciousness. This facial expression, which all oncologists frequently encounter, serves as a useful prognostic sign as described by Hippocrates centuries ago.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Validity Study and Comparison to Borderline Personality Disorder

Seventeen former inpatients with NPD were retrospectively compared to 19 patients with schizophrenia, 26 with MAD and 33 patients with BPD in terms of longitudinal course and outcome, exploring the validity of the NPD diagnosis. Two illustrative cases were presented. Results suggest that NPD is a valid diagnostic entity, more distinct from schizophrenia than MAD. NPD probably differs from BPD in terms of equal sex distribution in NPD; poor social functioning, especially in the low level of satisfaction with heterosexual relationships in NPD at follow-up; more rehospitalization in NPD; probably poorer global functioning in NPD at admission; and probably poorer overall follow-up functioning in NPD.
MAGIC, RELIGION, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ETHICS IN THE POSTMODERN WORLD

Abstract. In this essay I argue that magic, religion, science, technology, and ethics are components of cultures that coexist at every stage of the evolution of societies and cultures and are interconnected and intertwined with each other within the web of relationships with other components of social life and culture. They undergo changes under the influence of each other and of social and cultural factors that coevolve with them throughout the history of humanity in the direction of democratization. The religion-and-science discussion is embedded within the framework of the postmodern social scientific discourse to illustrate that the apparent contradictions or substitutions disappear and that in actual human experience there is cooperation and complementarity between these elements of culture.
The Uses and Abuses of Moral Theory in Bioethics

Moral theory is an important guide to bioethical decision-making, but it can confuse and mislead those who offer ethical advice to clinicians and researchers, delaying decisions that must be made in a timely fashion. In this paper I examine the ways moral theory can lead bioethicists astray. Absent a sensitivity to the empirical realities of ethical problems, moral theory 1) contributes to the disappearance of the persons caught in an ethical quandary, 2) focuses on the puzzle-solving rather than examining the conditions that generate moral problems, and 3) universalizes ethical dilemmas, overlooking local processes for resolving moral questions. Taken together, empirically informed moral theory and theoretically informed empirical research can help bioethicists transcend the is/ought problem in ethical work.
Adaptive network management for countering selective capture in wireless sensor networks

We propose and analyze adaptive network management for countering selective capture which aims to compromise critical sensor nodes close to the base station in a wireless sensor network (WSN) to block data delivery. We consider 3 countermeasures in the protocol design: (1) dynamic radio range adjustment; (2) multisource multipath routing for intrusion tolerance; and (3) voting-based intrusion detection. We identify the best protocol settings in terms of the best redundancy level used for multisource multipath routing, and the best number of voters and the intrusion invocation interval used for intrusion detection under which the lifetime of a WSN is maximized in the presence of selective capture which turns nodes into malicious nodes capable of performing packet dropping attacks and bad-mouthing attacks.
fMRI reveals alteration of spatial working memory networks across adolescence

Recent studies have described neuromaturation and cognitive development across the lifespan, yet few neuroimaging studies have investigated task-related alterations in brain activity during adolescence. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain response to a spatial working memory (SWM) task in 49 typically developing adolescents (25 females and 24 males; ages 12−17). No gender or age differences were found for task performance during SWM. However, age was positively associated with SWM brain response in left prefrontal and bilateral inferior posterior parietal regions. Age was negatively associated with SWM activation in bilateral superior parietal cortex. Gender was significantly associated with SWM response; females demonstrated diminished anterior cingulate activation and males demonstrated greater response in frontopolar cortex than females. Our findings indicate that the frontal and parietal neural networks involved in spatial working memory change over the adolescent age range and are further influenced by gender. These changes may represent evolving mnemonic strategies subserved by ongoing adolescent brain development.
Ca2+ transients in cardiac myocytes measured with high and low affinity Ca2+ indicators

Intracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) transients were measured in voltage-clamped rat cardiac myocytes with fura-2 or furaptra to quantitate rapid changes in [Ca2+]i. Patch electrode solutions contained the K+ salt of fura-2 (50 microM) or furaptra (300 microM). With identical experimental conditions, peak amplitude of stimulated [Ca2+]i transients in furaptra-loaded myocytes was 4- to 6-fold greater than that in fura-2-loaded cells. To determine the reason for this discrepancy, intracellular fura-2 Ca2+ buffering, kinetics of Ca2+ binding, and optical properties were examined. Decreasing cellular fura-2 concentration by lowering electrode fura-2 concentration 5-fold, decreased the difference between the amplitudes of [Ca2+]i transients in fura-2 and furaptra-loaded myocytes by twofold. Thus, fura-2 buffers [Ca2+]i under these conditions; however, Ca2+ buffering is not the only factor that explains the different amplitudes of the [Ca2+]i transients measured with these indicators. From the temporal comparison of the [Ca2+]i transients measured with fura-2 and furaptra, the apparent reverse rate constant for Ca2+ binding of fura-2 was at least 65s-1, much faster than previously reported in skeletal muscle fibers. These binding kinetics do not explain the difference in the size of the [Ca2+]i transients reported by fura-2 and furaptra. Parameters for fura-2 calibration, Rmin, Rmax, and beta, were obtained in salt solutions (in vitro) and in myocytes exposed to the Ca2+ ionophore, 4-Br A23187, in EGTA-buffered solutions (in situ). Calibration of fura-2 fluorescence signals with these in situ parameters yielded [Ca2+]i transients whose peak amplitude was 50–100% larger than those calculated with in vitro parameters. Thus, in vitro calibration of fura-2 fluorescence significantly underestimates the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i transient. These data suggest that the difference in amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients in fura-2 and furaptra-loaded myocytes is due, in part, to Ca2+ buffering by fura-2 and use of in vitro calibration parameters.