cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COGNITIVE RADIOS FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS - An Agile Radio for Wireless Innovation

We present the details of a portable, powerful, and flexible software-defined radio development platform called the Kansas University Agile Radio (KUAR). The primary purpose of the KUAR is to enable advanced research in the areas of wireless radio networks, dynamic spectrum access, and cognitive radios. We describe the KUAR hardware implementation and software architecture and present example application of the KUAR to modulation, spectrum measurement, channel estimation, and rapid configuration and adaptation. We outline research directions enabled by the KUAR
Synthesis and characterization of polyvinylpyrrolidine assisted tantalum pentoxide films

Abstract Micron thick tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) films have been proposed as thermal insulating layers in microchemical systems, but so far it has been difficult to deposit thick enough films over complex substrates. So far sol–gel films cracked upon heating whenever the film thicknesses were above 350 nm. A 350 nm thick film is too thin for effective insulation. Other techniques are not suitable for coating the complex structures associated with microchemical systems. In this paper we report sol–gel synthesis of 1.6 μm thick tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) films. The films are almost crack free, and adhere to silicon surfaces even upon flashing to 900 °C. The key to the synthesis is the addition of Polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) to the sol. Films grown in the absence of PVP all show cracks upon calcination to 900 °C while few cracks are seen with PVP. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infra red analysis show that orthorhombic Ta2O5 is formed in all cases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows the O:Ta ratio to be 2.8:1. This shows that sol–gel is a viable process for making the micron thick films of Ta2O5 needed as insulators for microchemical systems.
Quantum lifetime measurements of the two-dimensional electron gas at the inverted AlGaAs/GaAs interface

Abstract We report quantum lifetime measurements (τ q ) determined from the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in an inverted gated AlGaAs/GaAs (GaAs grown on AlGaAs) heterostructure. The principal resutls are that the classical lifetimes (τ c ) and τ q are of the same relative size indicating that surface roughness contributes strongly to 2DEG scattering processes. The data also shows an increase in τ q with increasingly more negative gate bias while the number density in only weakly varied.
Systemic transforming growth factor-beta1 gene therapy induces Foxp3+ regulatory cells, restores self-tolerance, and facilitates regeneration of beta cell function in overtly diabetic nonobese diabetic mice.

Background. Type 1 diabetes results from auto-aggressive T-cell-mediated destruction of beta cells of the pancreas. Recent data suggest that restoration of self-tolerance may facilitate islet-cell regeneration/recovery. In view of the immunoregulatory activity of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1 , we investigated whether systemic TGF-β 1 gene therapy blocks islet destructive autoimmunity and facilitates regeneration of beta-cell function in overtly diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Methods. We used site-directed mutagenesis to create cysteine to serine mutation at sites 224 and 226 and constructed a replication defident adenovirus (Ad) vector encoding active form of human TGF-β 1 (Ad-hTGF-β 1 ). Overtly diabetic NOD mice received intravenous injection ofAd-hTGF-β 1 . Seven to 14 days after the injection, the mice received transplants with 500 syngeneic islets under the kidney capsule. Islet-graft survival and regeneration of endogenous beta-cell function were examined. Results. Syngeneic islet grafts failed by day 17 in all untreated mice, whereas Ad-hTGF-β 1 therapy prolonged survival of islet grafts. Islet grafts from treated mice showed well-preserved islets with a peri-islet infiltrate primarily of CD4+ T cells and expression of CD25 and Foxp3. Systemic TGF-β 1 , gene therapy was associated with islet regeneration in the native pancreas. Native pancreas of treated mice revealed islets staining strongly for insulin. Similar to what was found in the syngeneic islet graft, there were well-demarcated peri-islet infiltrates that were positive for CD4, TGF-β 1 , and Foxp3. Conclusions. Our data demonstrate that systemic TGF-β 1 gene therapy blocks islet destructive autoimmunity, facilitates islet regeneration, and cures diabetes in diabetic NOD mice.
Possible mechanisms of morphine analgesia.

The body has an endogenous analgesic system that prevents excess pain from interfering with the normal body functions. Depression of pain sensations occurs within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where the primary pain fibers, which transmit pain sensations from the periphery, synapse with neurons that transmit pain to the higher centers. There appear to be two mechanisms by which the transmission of pain sensations are depressed; these include hyperpolarization of interneurons within the dorsal cord and depressing the release of the neurotransmitters associated with pain transmission. Activation of the analgesic mechanisms results from an interaction between specific neurotransmitters, such as enkephalin, serotonin, or norepinephrine, and specific receptors located on the neurons that transmit pain. The spinal analgesic mechanisms can be activated by either pain or nonpainful sensations arriving from the periphery or by supraspinal mechanisms. The supraspinal mechanisms originate in specific structures within the brainstem that include the periaqueductal gray matter, locus ceruleus, and nuclei in the medulla. These systems are activated either by ascending pain impulses or by higher centers such as the cortex or hypothalamus that, in turn, activate the spinal analgesic systems. There are three systems associated with activation of the supraspinal mechanisms. These include the opioid system associated with the release of the endorphins, the adrenergic system associated with the release of norepinephrine, and the serotonergic system associated with the release of serotonin. The interaction between these systems activates the spinal analgesic system. When the endogenous analgesic systems fail to control pain, analgesic drugs can be used to enhance the endogenous systems. Opiate drugs, such as morphine, interact with opioid receptors and produce analgesia by the same mechanisms as enkephalin, i.e., hyperpolarization of interneurons and depressing the release of transmitters associated with transmission of pain. In addition, morphine can interact with opioid receptors located in the supraspinal structures and activate the supraspinal system. Adrenergic drugs that interact with specific receptors also produce analgesia and it has been suggested that morphine interacts with the adrenergic system to produce analgesia.
Contaminants in oysters in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii

Despite past and present concerns about the toxicity and persistence of various environmental contaminants (heavy metals and pesticides), relatively few studies have documented their concentrations in tropical or sub-tropical marine ecosystems. In this investigation, a ‘mussel watch’ approach was applied in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, to assess the present levels of potential contaminants in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Geographical gradients of these contaminants were observed and related to what is known about past and present inputs. Concentrations of lead, copper, chromium and zinc were elevated in oyster tissues near stream mouths in the southern watersheds of Kaneohe Bay. Dieldrin and chlordane concentrations in oysters from one of these sites exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's screening levels to protect human health, and were much higher than in oysters from the east and Gulf coasts of the temperate mainland USA.
On the construction of k-connected m-dominating sets in wireless networks

Connected dominating sets (CDS) that serve as a virtual backbone are now widely used to facilitate routing in wireless networks. A k-connected m-dominating set (kmCDS) is necessary for fault tolerance and routing flexibility. In order to construct a kmCDS with the minimum size, some approximation algorithms have been proposed in literature. However, the proposed algorithms either only consider some special cases where k=1, 2 or k?m, or not easy to implement, or cannot provide performance ratio. In this paper, we propose a centralized heuristic algorithm, CSAA, which is easy to implement, and two distributed algorithms, DDA and DPA, which are deterministic and probabilistic methods respectively, to construct a kmCDS for general k and m. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that our algorithms are efficient and effective.
Control of band 3 lateral and rotational mobility by band 4.2 in intact erythrocytes: release of band 3 oligomers from low-affinity binding sites

Band 4.2 is a human erythrocyte membrane protein of incompletely characterized structure and function. Erythrocytes deficient in band 4.2 protein were used to examine the functional role of band 4.2 in intact erythrocyte membranes. Both the lateral and the rotational mobilities of band 3 were increased in band 4.2-deficient erythrocytes compared to control cells. In contrast, the lateral mobility of neither glycophorins nor a fluorescent phospholipid analog was altered in band 4.2-deficient cells. Compared to controls, band 4.2-deficient erythrocytes manifested a decreased ratio of band 3 to spectrin, and band 4.2-deficient membrane skeletons had decreased extractability of band 3 under low-salt conditions. Normal band 4.2 was found to bind to spectrin in solution and to promote the binding of spectrin to ankyrin-stripped inside-out vesicles. We conclude that band 4.2 provides low-affinity binding sites for both band 3 oligomers and spectrin dimers on the human erythrocyte membrane. Band 4.2 may serve as an accessory linking protein between the membrane skeleton and the overlying lipid bilayer.
Evaluation of growth and of endocrine systems in testosterone-corticosteroid-treated patients with aplastic anemia.

The long-term follow-up of three children with acquired aplastic anemia who received combined testosterone-corticosteroid therapy in large doses over a long period revealed no significant discrepancy between the linear growth and skeletal maturation. The lack of great acceleration of skeletal maturation is thought to be the result of corticosteroids which were given in conjunction with testosterone. The endocrine exploration in two of the patients who were in the adolescent age group showed no abnormality, suggesting that the endocrine disturbances which may have occurred during therapy have been restored to normal.
Selectivity properties of poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone in column chromatography of nucleotides, their derivatives, and related compounds: a preliminary report.

Abstract Insoluble poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) has been found to possess selectivity properties toward various nucleotide derivatives and can be used for column chromatography employing water as eluent. Compounds emerge from the columns in this order: nucleotides, pyrimidines, purines. Total elution volumes and times for the series of compounds investigated are 45 ml (5 h) with use of a 0.9 x 22.3 cm column and 20 ml (65 min) with use of a 0.9 x 10.8 cm column.
History and evaluation of national-scale geochemical data sets for the United States

Abstract Six national-scale, or near national-scale, geochemical data sets for soils or stream sediments exist for the United States. The earliest of these, here termed the ‘Shacklette’ data set, was generated by a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project conducted from 1961 to 1975. This project used soil collected from a depth of about 20 cm as the sampling medium at 1323 sites throughout the conterminous U.S. The National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (NURE-HSSR) Program of the U.S. Department of Energy was conducted from 1975 to 1984 and collected either stream sediments, lake sediments, or soils at more than 378,000 sites in both the conterminous U.S. and Alaska. The sampled area represented about 65% of the nation. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), from 1978 to 1982, collected samples from multiple soil horizons at sites within the major crop-growing regions of the conterminous U.S. This data set contains analyses of more than 3000 samples. The National Geochemical Survey, a USGS project conducted from 1997 to 2009, used a subset of the NURE-HSSR archival samples as its starting point and then collected primarily stream sediments, with occasional soils, in the parts of the U.S. not covered by the NURE-HSSR Program. This data set contains chemical analyses for more than 70,000 samples. The USGS, in collaboration with the Mexican Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada, initiated soil sampling for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project in 2007. Sampling of three horizons or depths at more than 4800 sites in the U.S. was completed in 2010, and chemical analyses are currently ongoing. The NRCS initiated a project in the 1990s to analyze the various soil horizons from selected pedons throughout the U.S. This data set currently contains data from more than 1400 sites. This paper (1) discusses each data set in terms of its purpose, sample collection protocols, and analytical methods; and (2) evaluates each data set in terms of its appropriateness as a national-scale geochemical database and its usefulness for national-scale geochemical mapping.
Enhanced expression of Cyclooxygenase‐2 in glaucomatous dog eyes

Objective Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandins (PGs) are shown to play important pathophysiologic roles in various disease states. Recently, the effectiveness of topical PGs in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) has stimulated further interest in the physiologic function of COX-2 and PGs in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Therefore, we investigated the cell-type distribution and expression of COX-2 in normal and glaucomatous dog eyes. Procedures Using isoform-specific antibodies, we immunohistochemically evaluated COX-2 expression in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded normal (n = 5) and glaucomatous (n = 17) dog eyes. Results In the normal eyes, only minimal COX-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the ciliary epithelium. In the glaucomatous eyes, COX-2 expression was further observed in the cornea and corneoscleral limbus. In the cornea, moderate to strong COX-2 expression was observed in all corneal layers (epithelium, stromal cells and endothelium), with the greatest expression present in the epithelial layer. In the corneoscleral limbus area, COX-2 immunoreactivity was noted in the stromal cells of sclera, trabecular meshwork and endothelial cells of the angular aqueous plexus. Conclusions Increased expression of COX-2 in dog glaucomatous eyes suggests that COX-2-derived PGs may have a potential role in the pathogenesis of canine glaucoma.
Nutritional control of dimorphism inCeratocystis ulmi

Abstract The nutritional parameters controlling the yeast-mycelial dimorphism inCeratocystis ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease, have been established. The nitrogen source is critical. In a defined glucose-salts liquid medium the presence of proline induces the yeast morphology whereas ammonium, arginine, or asparagine induces the mycelial state. This phenomenon is not a secondary manifestation of pH changes in the respective media and it can be achieved with either a blastospore or a conidiospore inoculum. The dimorphism is, however, dependent on the inoculum size. Yeasts are only formed in the proline-containing medium with inocula giving cell concentrations of ≥106 blastospores/ml. Once the spores produce visible buds or germ tubes they are “committed” to that developmental pattern in the sense that if they are now resuspended in the opposite medium, at the same cell concentration, the alternate morphology can no longer be produced.
Social psychological dimensions of resistance to psychiatric innovations.

Summary.-A pilot study was conducted in a large northeastern state mental hospital which attempted to isolate factors affecting staff resistance to innovations. Four social psychological variables: conservatism, dogmatism, machiavellianism, and faith in people were investigated. It was found that resistors scored higher on conservatism, dogmatism, and rnachiavellianism, and lower on faith in people than did acceptors. Such findings indicate that social psychological factors, which have largely been neglected in the study of innovative behavior, may be of considerable importance in understanding the reactions of members of organizations, especially total institutions, ro organizational changes. Several students of innovative behavior have suggested that social psychological factors may significantly affect one's reactions to innovations (e.g., Rogers, 1962; Rokeach, 1960; Loy, 1969). For instance, Rokeach ( 1960) has dernonstrated that acceptance or rejection of innovations may be related to degree of closed-mindedness. Loy (1969) in examining a large number of social psychological variables found several significantly related to innovative behavior. A pilot study was conducted in a large northeastern state mental hospital in an attempt to isolate significant social psychological dimensions of staff resistance to changes in hospital organization and treatment practices. The innovations were couched under the rubric "unitization" and included: breaking down the large centralized hospital into smaller units based upon geographic area in an effort to provide continuity of care between hospital and community, adoption of the treatment team approach, eradicating traditional lines of authority, increasing channels of communication between patients and staff and among staff themselves, involving all staff in actual treatment practices, establishment of the open door concept whenever possible, and an attempt to develop a therapeutic milieu. On the basis of prior observation in conjunction with a survey of the relevant literature, four social psychological variables were selected for examination: conservatism, dogmatism, machiavellianism, and faith in people. Conservatism was measured by a 9-item scale (McClosky, 1968) designed co rap general attitudes toward change. The 20-item short-form dogmatism scale (Schulze, 1962) was employed to measure dogmatism which is thought to reflect che degree that one is closed-minded thereby affecting acceptance of novel ideas (Rokeach, 1960). Machiavellianism (Christie, 1969) refers to one's general approach
Electronic structures and charge transport properties of the organic semiconductor bis[1,2,5]thiadiazolo-p-quinobis(1,3-dithiole), BTQBT, and its derivatives.

We analyze the correlation between crystal and film structures and charge transport of an important organic semiconductor, bis[1,2,5]thiadiazolo-p-quinobis(1,3-dithiole) (BTQBT), and its derivatives 4,8-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-4H,8H-[1,2, 5]selenadiazolo[3,4-f]-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 4,8-bis(1,3-diselenol-2-ylidene)-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c‘]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole, and tetramethyl-BTQBT. We present first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations that agree well with earlier angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments on BTQBT films, strongly supporting that the BTQBT films adopt the same layered structure as in the single crystals. Qualitative charge transport properties based on presented DFT results agree with experiments regarding the sign of the charge carriers and the unusually small anisotropy of conductivity. These agreements indicate that accurate electronic structure calculations, when coupled with ARPES, help establish the correlation between intermolecular pack...
Computer simulation of a nitrogen ICP discharge

Abstract A theoretical model for calculating radial and axial temperature profiles in a nitrogen ICP discharge was improved to include the normal distribution of magnetic flux density and a three-gas flow pattern commonly used in spectrochemical applications. Calculated radial temperature and particle velocity distributions for nitrogen ICP discharges compare well with experimentally obtained data.
An immunotoxin targeting the gH glycoprotein of KSHV for selective killing of cells in the lytic phase of infection

Amongst the pathologies associated with infection by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), multicentric Castleman’s disease is distinctive for involvement of the lytic phase of the virus replication cycle. This B cell lymphoproliferative disorder has shown clinical responsiveness not only to generalized immunotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy, but also to inhibitors of herpesvirus DNA replication, consistent with the involvement of lytic phase of replication. These findings suggest that selective killing of virus-producing cells might represent a novel therapeutic strategy. We designed an immunotoxin, YC15-PE38, containing a single chain variable region fragment of a monoclonal antibody against KSHV glycoprotein H (gH) linked to the effector domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Purified YC15-PE38 displayed highly selective and potent killing of a gH-expressing transfectant cell line (subnanomolar IC50). The immunotoxin also strongly inhibited production of infectious KSHV virions from an induced chronically infected cell line, by virtue of selective killing of the virus-producing cells. Combination treatment studies indicated complementary activities between YC15-PE38 and the herpesviral DNA replication inhibitor ganciclovir. These results provide support for the development of anti-KSHV strategies based on targeted killing of infected cells expressing lytic phase genes.
Anatomical and physiological studies of water balance in the millipedes Pachydesmus crassicutis (polydesmida) and Orthoporus texicolens (spirobolida)

Abstract 1. 1. A spiracular closing mechanism is lacking in both Pachydesmus crassicutis and Orthoporus texicolens , but in the latter the spiracles can be closed by a combination of diplosegmental overlap and close appression of the coxae. 2. 2. Cuticular water loss accounts for about half the daily water loss in O. texicolens under desiccating conditions, but in P. crassicutis so much water is lost via the respiratory system that cuticular water loss (except for teneral forms) is minor in comparison. 3. 3. P. crassicutis has a greater desiccation tolerance (65 per cent weight loss at death) than O. texicolens (40 per cent weight loss at death), but O. texicolens has a greater tolerance to desiccating conditions (17 days until death) than P. crassicutis (1 day until death) at 24 mm S.D., 24°C. 4. 4. Both species are oxygen conformers, but P. crassicutis has a much higher rate of oxygen consumption (105 μl/g per hr, 24°C) than O. texicolens (65·5 μl/g per hr, 24°C). 5. 5. Both species are ammonotelic, but P. crassicutis feces contains 0·009% urea, and O. texicolens feces contains 0·007% uric acid.
Management Qua Communication in Rocket Research and Development.

The author served as consultant in communication at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, largest of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's Field Centers, during the research and development of the Saturn V, or “Moon Rocket.” As a participant‐observer, the author conducted a diagnostic study of MSFC as a communication‐system. In‐depth interviews were conducted with the top fifty managers, including the Center Director, Wernher von Braun, of the organization. The results are considered as: (1) organizational‐communication innovations; (2) systemic problems; and (3) the consultant's recommendations. The results are then placed in a rhetoric‐communication context.
52 Examining the effects of 2′-OH substitutions on the structure and stability of the S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA pseudoknot and tertiary structure

Structural and functional characterization of the pseudoknot in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase RNA (TLC1) demonstrated that tertiary structural interactions occur between loop 1 uridines and stem 2 Watson–Crick A-U pairs, as previously observed for the K. lactis and human telomerase RNA pseudoknots. The contributions of backbone groups in the pseudoknot to telomerase catalysis were investigated using 2′-OH (ribose) to 2′-H (deoxyribose) substitutions and 2′-O methylation at specific nucleotides within the stem 2 pseudoknot region (Huang & Yu, 2010; Qiao & Cech, 2008). Based on investigations of the structural and thermodynamic properties of the TLC1 RNA pseudoknot region, which provided a more detailed description of the secondary structure of the pseudoknot stem 2 helical region (Liu et al., 2012), including an additional upstream stem 2 base-paired sequence, we examined the structural and thermodynamic perturbations of the 2′-O methyl and 2′-H substituted pseudoknots using UV-monitored thermal ...
Challenging the Production Code: The Man with the Golden Arm

The censorship battle over The Man with the Golden Arm (1955) involved more than a defiant director challenging Hollywood's conservative Production Code Administration. Instead, PCA director Geoffrey Shurlock worked with Otto Preminger and United Artists in an attempt to use the film to convince the Motion Picture Association's board of directors to remove the drug restriction from the Production Code. Shurlock's efforts failed largely because Preminger and United Artists rushed the picture toward release and in the process angered members of the board of directors, causing them to reject the film. The picture's success caused the board to order a major reassessment of the Code in 1956.
Pattern electroretinogram and optic nerve topography in ocular hypertension

It is known that changes in pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optic disk morphology may both precede the onset of visual field damage in glaucomatous disease. However, the relationship between PERG and optic disk morphometry in ocular hypertension (OHT) has not yet been evaluated in detail. This study of PERG amplitude in a group of OHT patients indicates its significant correlation with various optic disk morphometric parameters, in particular, those of optic disk sectors considered at risk for early glaucomatous damage. Analysis of individual data points to the possibility that, while functional abnormalities may often precede optic disk morphologic changes, in a much lower number of cases it seems to be the other way around.
Tumour antigen specificity of a DNA-binding protein from cells infected with adenovirus 2.

Two new polypeptides of molecular weights 75,000 and 45,000 are found in KB cells infected with human adenovirus type 2 (Ad 2), (ref 1). They represent the major labelled protein components of a nuclear membrane fraction (‘DNA replication complex’) that is capable of synthesising adenovirus DNA in vitro1–3. It has been proposed that these polypeptides are early viral gene products, for they are synthesised soon after infection in the presence of 1-β-D-arabinosylcytosine (Ara C), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis1. Their association with the DNA replication complex suggested that they may have an affinity for DNA and could play a role in the replication of adenovirus DNA. It was subsequently shown that these two polypeptides bind strongly to single-stranded DNA–cellulose columns and that large amounts of these ‘DNA-binding proteins’ can be isolated from the cytoplasm of the infected cells2. Two polypeptides of similar molecular weights (72,000 and 48,000) were independently isolated from cell extracts of monkey kidney cells, abortively infected with Ad 5, by their ability to bind to single-stranded DNA-cellulose4,24. The use of temperature-sensitive mutants of Ad 5 indicated that these polypeptides are viral-coded4,24. Comparison of tryptic maps suggested that the 48,000 component was a degradation product of the 72,000 polypeptide (A. J. Levine, unpublished). A polypeptide of molecular weight about 65,000–75,000 has also been detected by polyacrylamide gel analysis in KB cells soon after infection by Ad 2 and Ad 5 (refs 5–7) and in HeLa cells infected by Ad 2 (ref. 8).
Effects of Functional Analysis Information on Ratings of Intervention Effectiveness and Acceptability

Variables affecting ratings of intervention acceptability and effectiveness have been widely studied. In the literature, several variables have produced reliable results, such as type of intervention and severity of problem behavior. One variable that remains uninvestigated is the effect of providing functional analysis information on ratings of interventions. We analyzed the ratings of 55 teachers for both the effectiveness and acceptability of a range of interventions. We also evaluated the impact on those ratings of providing three levels of functional information about the targeted problem behavior: (a) structural (descriptive) information, (b) information describing an escape function (negative reinforcement), and (c) information describing an attention function (positive reinforcement). Sample demographics are reported, along with scores on an evaluation of knowledge of behavioral principles and causes of problem behavior. The teachers differentially rated brief interruption and differential reinfor...
Differences between chloro‐carbon and hydro‐carbon precursors in low‐temperature epitaxial growth of 4H‐SiC

The advantages of using the chlorinated carbon precursor chloromethane instead of the hydrocarbon precursor propane in low-temperature (1300 °C) epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC were investigated. Chloromethane was found to provide a much wider process window for variation of the C/Si ratio between the lower boundary corresponding to the formation of condensed silicon face and the upper boundary corresponding to polytype inclusions and polycrystalline degradation, which is critical for achieving high growth rates without epilayer quality degradation. Use of a high Cl/Si ratio provided by HCl addition in the propane-based epitaxial growth did not eliminate the critical differences between chloro-carbon and hydro-carbon precursors. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent Advances in Nonequilibrium Dissociating Gasdynamics

T PURPOSE of this paper is to review some recent advances in the study of gasdynamic problems including effects of chemical reactions. To provide a background for the study the general concepts shall be outlined briefly. The discussions of the recent developments are restricted to inviscid flow problems only, neglecting viscosity, heat conduction and diffusion. Particular attention is directed to recent advances in analyses of nonequilibrium dissociating gas flows. In the hypersonic flight regime, high stagnation enthalpies sufficient to cause dissociation are realized. When the time to reach equilibrium is comparable with the time it takes for a fluid particle to pass through the flow, then there exist regions of the flow field where nonequilibrium states are encountered. A brief survey of both the linear and the nonlinear methods of treatment of these nonequilibrium flows, including some new developments that have not appeared elsewhere, will be presented.
Reliability of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Hypopituitarism in Children with Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Purpose It is essential to identify hypopituitarism in children with optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) because they are at risk for developmental delay, seizures, or death. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of neurohypophyseal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of hypopituitarism in children with ONH. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants One hundred one children with clinical ONH who underwent MRI of the brain and orbits and a detailed pediatric endocrinologic evaluation. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed on 1.5-Tesla scanners. The imaging protocol included sagittal T1-weighted images, axial fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery/T2-weighted images, and diffusion-weighted images of the brain. Orbital imaging included fat-saturated axial and coronal images and high-resolution axial T2-weighted images. The MRI studies were reviewed by 2 pediatric neuroradiologists for optic nerve hypoplasia, absent or ectopic posterior pituitary, absent pituitary infundibulum, absent septum pellucidum, migration anomalies, and hemispheric injury. Medical records were reviewed for clinical examination findings and endocrinologic status. All patients underwent a clinical evaluation by a pediatric endocrinologist and a standardized panel of serologic testing that included serum insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, prolactin, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine levels. Radiologists were masked to patients' endocrinologic status and funduscopic findings. Main Outcome Measures Sensitivity and specificity of MRI findings for the detection of hypopituitarism. Results Neurohypophyseal abnormalities, including absent pituitary infundibulum, ectopic posterior pituitary bright spot, and absent posterior pituitary bright spot, occurred in 33 children. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed neurohypophyseal abnormalities in 27 of the 28 children with hypopituitarism (sensitivity, 96%). A normal neurohypophysis occurred in 67 of 73 children with normal endocrinologic function (specificity, 92%). Conclusions Neurohypophyseal abnormalities on MRI are sensitive and specific indicators of hypopituitarism in children with ONH.
The partition of cis-parinaric acid and trans-parinaric acid among aqueous, fluid lipid, and solid lipid phases.

In this article, I review the current information concerning the partition of the fluorescent probes, cis-parinaric acid (9, 11, 13, 15-cis, trans, trans, cis-octadecatetraenoic acid) and trans-parinaric acid (9, 11, 13, 15-all trans-octadecatetraenoic acid) among aqueous, solid lipid, and fluid lipid phases. The association of these probes with lipid is described by a mole fraction partition coefficient whose value is typically in the range of 1–5 × 106, a reasonable value in light of partition coefficients for other fatty acids between hydrophobic phases and water. The partition coefficient, in the absence of lipid phase changes, is relatively independent of temperature and only slightly dependent on the total aqueous probe concentration. In lipid samples which contain coexisting fluid and solid phases, trans-parinaric acid preferentially partitions into the solid phase, while cis-parinaric acid distributes nearly equally between fluid and solid phases. This partition behavior probably arises from the molecular shape of the cis and trans parinaric acid isomers. From measurements of the polarization of fluorescence of cis and trans parinaric acid in mixed lipid systems or membranes it is possible to evaluate the proportion of lipid components involved in phase changes or phase separation. From fluorescence energy transfer between protein typtophan residues and the parinaric acid isomers it is possible to gain information about the organization of lipids and proteins in membranes and model systems. I close the review by considering some of the membrane research areas where these probes and their various lipid derivatives may be particularly useful.
Relative importance of surface wettability and charged functional groups on NIH 3T3 fibroblast attachment, spreading, and cytoskeletal organization

Understanding the relationships between material surface properties, adsorbed proteins, and cellular responses is essential to designing optimal material surfaces for implantation and tissue engineering. In this study, we have prepared model surfaces with different functional groups to provide a range of surface wettability and charge. The cellular responses of attachment, spreading, and cytoskeletal organization have been studied following preadsorption of these surfaces with dilute serum, specific serum proteins, and individual components of the extracellular matrix. When preadsorbed with dilute serum, cell attachment, spreading, and cytoskeletal organization were significantly greater on hydrophilic surfaces relative to hydrophobic surfaces. Among the hydrophilic surfaces, differences in charge and wettability influenced cell attachment but not cell area, shape, or cytoskeletal organization. Moderately hydrophilic surfaces (20-40 degree water contact angle) promoted the highest levels of cell attachment. Preadsorption of the model surfaces with bovine serum albumin (BSA) resulted in a pattern of cell attachment very similar to that observed following preadsorption with dilute serum, suggesting an important role for BSA in regulating cell attachment to biomaterials exposed to complex biological media.
Sustainability improves student learning (SISL) in computing (abstract only)

Sustainability has been defined variously as the perpetual maintenance of diverse and productive environments upon which all life depends (Renewable Natural Resources Foundation); the responsible use of resources over an indefinite period of time (National Association of Biology Teachers); or "meet[ing] the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development)" A sustainable future depends on a workforce of professionals knowledgeable about creating practices, processes, and infrastructure to optimize resource management, and on a community informed about the ethics and influence of human activity on the integrated environmental, economic and social aspects of sustainability. For these reasons we believe that STEM education, which includes computing, is key to developing the knowledge, the technology, the skills, the motivation and the policies needed for a sustainable future. SIGCSE is one of eleven professional societies involved in the Sustainability Improves Student Learning (SISL) project, which seeks to engage those who teach computing in an effort to include sustainability ideas throughout the computing curriculum. This poster presents the current status and future plans of the SISL project, highlighting where and how computing plays a significant role (with special thanks to the ITiCSE sustainability-related working groups for the where and how information).
Information Requirements for Systems Understanding

Some significant ways are discussed for describing or identifying systems and systems concepts so that less information is needed to understand them and this information can be communicated more quickly. The three major categories, structure, names of distinguishing qualities, and magnitude, probability, and time, identify the similarities and differences between various systems. Emphasis is put on the possibility that parts of these various systems may be sufficiently similar for detailed and authentic work on one system to be of value for another system. With the advent of large multiprocessing computers, such characteristics may result in more efficient use of hardware and software.
Eclogite-Facies Mineral Inclusions in Clinozoisite from Paleozoic Blueschist, Central Chugoku Mountains, Southwest Japan: Evidence of Regional Eclogite-Facies Metamorphism

An eclogite-facies assemblage garnet + omphacite + rutile + glaucophane + quartz occurs as inclusions in clinozoisite porphyroblasts in a high-grade blueschist block in the Paleozoic Osayama serpentinite melange of the Chugoku Mountains, southwest Japan. Textual relations, and parageneses and compositions of minerals, indicate that the high-grade block experienced peak eclogite-facies metamorphism (M 1) and subsequent blueschist-facies overprinting (M 2). Moreover, low-P amphibolite-facies minerals (M 0) that may represent remnants of pre-subduction conditions are locally preserved in the protolith. Omphacite + adjacent garnet inclusion pairs in clinozoisite give a minimum P = 1.1-1.3 GPa at T = ~480-550°C. Many petrologic similarities between the Osayama eclogite and the Hida Mountains eclogite provide evidence for a regional eclogite-facies metamorphism in Paleozoic terranes of southwest Japan. Considering available petrotectonic information regarding eastern Asia, we suggest two alternative models: (1)...
The Thirteen Spheres: A New Proof

The “thirteen spheres problem,” also known as the “Gregory–Newton problem,” is to determine the maximum number of three-dimensional spheres that can simultaneously touch a given sphere, where all the spheres have the same radius. The history of the problem goes back to a disagreement between Isaac Newton and David Gregory in 1694. Using a combination of harmonic analysis and linear programming it can be shown that the maximum cannot exceed 13, but in fact 13 is impossible. The standard proof that the maximum is 12 uses an ad hoc construction that does not appear to extend to higher dimensions. In this paper we describe a new proof that uses linear programming bounds and properties of spherical Delaunay triangulations.
Fathers' Risk Factors in Fragile Families: Implications for “Healthy” Relationships and Father Involvement

We use longitudinal survey and qualitative information from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine how risk factors such as physical abuse, problematic substance use, and incarceration among unmarried fathers in the study are related to fathers' early involvement with their children. The survey results indicate that nearly half of fathers have at least one risk factor and that each risk is negatively associated with paternal involvement. The results also show that fathers with risk factors are less likely to have romantic relationships with mothers and that relationships between parents mediate associations between risk factors and fathers' involvement. Qualitative interviews with a sub-sample of mothers and fathers in the study illustrate the meaning of risks for parents and the processes through which early family outcomes occur. Parents' accounts suggest that mothers often select out of relationships they deem “unhealthy” and monitor fathers' access to children, particularly in cases of physical abuse. While some fathers with risks withdraw from children, others attempt to maintain their involvement independently or as part of a strategy with the mother to address these risks with varying success. We suggest that policies to promote marriage and responsible fatherhood be mindful that some fathers they are targeting have characteristics that may not be conducive to increased involvement while other fathers face personal and institutional barriers to involvement.
Shear Strength and Shear-Induced Volume Change Behavior of Unsaturated Soils from a Triaxial Test Program

A series of unsaturated soil triaxial tests were performed on four soils including sand, silt, and a low plasticity clay. Attempts were made to correlate unsaturated soil properties from these tests and data from the literature with soil-water characteristics curve (SWCC), soil gradation, and saturated soil properties. The feasibility of estimating unsaturated soil property functions from saturated soil properties, SWCCs and gradation data, is demonstrated. A hyperbolic model for estimation of the unsaturated soil parameter, Φ b , versus matric suction is presented. Shear induced volume change behavior was also studied, and results are included in this paper. Although not correlated with soil index properties, these shear-induced volume change data are important to complete stress-deformation analyses, and represent a significant addition to the existing data base of unsaturated soil properties.
The Moberg deltoid-triceps replacement and key-pinch operations in quadriplegia: Preliminary experiences

Summary The use of the tendons of the lateral four extensors of the toes in order to transfer the pull of the posterior deltoid to extend the elbow is successful in the OCu:2 quadriplegic patient. The Moberg operation for key pinch in its various modifications also improves the function of these patients and is well received by them. The necessity for prolonged protection (three months) and for simplicity in surgical procedures in these patients is illustrated in seven patients.
The calibration problem and closeness

In two earlier papers (Krutchkoff, 1967 and 1968)the Inverse Method of calibration was compared with the Classical Method of calibration. It was shown by extensive Monte Carlo simulation that the Inverse Method had a uniformly smaller mean squared error in the range of calibration and , for a large number of calibration observations, had a larger mean squared error in extrapolation. In a recent paper Halperin (1970)concluded that, using the Pitman closeness criterion, the Classical Method was superior even well inside the range of calibration. This paper, using simulation, fills in some of the missing but relevant numbers. The conclusion obtained is the opposite of the one presented in that paper.
GNL3L Depletion Destabilizes MDM2 and Induces p53-Dependent G2/M Arrest

Guanine nucleotide binding protein-like 3-like (GNL3L) is a nucleolar protein and the vertebrate paralogue of nucleostemin (NS). We previously reported that nucleoplasmic mobilization of NS stabilizes MDM2 (mouse double minute 2). Here, we investigated the role of GNL3L as a novel MDM2 regulator. We found that GNL3L binds MDM2 in vivo and displays the same function as NS in stabilizing MDM2 protein and preventing its ubiquitylation. The interaction between GNL3L and MDM2 also takes place in the nucleoplasm. However, the MDM2 regulatory activity of GNL3L occurs constitutively and does not so much depend on the nucleolar release mechanism as NS does. GNL3L depletion triggers G2/M arrest in the p53-wild-type HCT116 cells more than in the p53-null cells, and upregulates specific p53 targets (that is, Bax, 14-3-3σ and p21) without affecting the ubiquitylation or stability of p53 proteins. The inhibitory activity of GNL3L on p53-mediated transcription correlates with the increased expression of GNL3L and reduced expression of 14-3-3σ and p21 in human gastrointestinal tumors. This work shows that in contrast to most nucleolar proteins that negatively control MDM2, GNL3L and NS are the only two that are designed to stabilize MDM2 protein under basal or induced condition, respectively, and may act as tumor-promoting genes.
Inhibition of lectin stimulation of murine lymphocytes by mescaline.

Abstract Evidence is presented that the T-cell specific stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by concanavalin A is inhibitable by mescaline. The degree of lectin inhibition is directly proportional to the amount of mescaline added to the in vitro cell incubation. Results also suggest that, during in vitro incubation, mescaline becomes covalently conjugated to a cellular protein which has a minimum nonreduced molecular weight of approx 55,000 daltons. The dynamics of mescaline incorporation is relatively rapid and the kinetics do not correlate directly with active de novo protein synthesis. Selected inhibitors of oxidation, and metabolic antagonists show no effect on the incorporation of mescaline into protein.
Semiclassical description of radiative decay in a colored vacuum

Abstract : Recently, there has been considerable interest in atoms confined to optical cavities or embedded within photonic band-gap materials, where the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations is modified. As a first step in extending traditional semiclassical methods into this regime, the present paper describes a semiclassical, density-matrix methodology for treating radiative processes in a low-Q cavity. This semiclassical approach is tested by comparing its predictions to the optical cavity experiments of Heinzen and Feld Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2623 (1987) and by calculating transient-nutation decay in free space induced by a broadband laser. The methodology is then used to examine transient nutation in a low-Q optical cavity, where it is found that the detuning between the atomic and cavity resonances has a significant effect on the transient nutation's decay rate.
Optimal design of a post office

Abstract A mathematical model which describes the postal operations is discussed in this paper. This paper is confined to the problems which arise within a post office in mail sorting and classifying operations.