cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Egocentric Sources of the Decision to Vote: The Voter's Illusion and the Belief in Personal Relevance

The decision to vote in a national election requires a choice between serving a social good and satisfying one's self-interest. Viewed as a cooperative response in a social dilemma, casting a vote seems irrational because it cannot have a discernible effect on the electoral outcome. The findings of two studies with undergraduate samples suggest that some people vote not because they set aside self-interest, but because they expect their own behaviors to matter. Two psychological processes contribute to this belief: the voter's illusion (the projection of one's own choice between voting and abstention to supporters of the same party or candidate), and the belief in personal relevance (the belief that one's own vote matters regardless of its predictive value for the behavior of others). The rationality of these two egocentric mechanisms depends on the normative framework invoked. Their relevance for actual voting behavior is indicated by their ability to account for four types of variation in turnout rates.
Mechanical damping with electrical regeneration for a powered transfemoral prosthesis

This paper presents the analytical model of a DC-motor actuated active-knee transfemoral prosthesis operating within the mechanically dissipative but electrically regenerative region of the knee actuator's performance space. A switching-based control scheme is developed that enables damping control within the limb's regenerative region of operation. This control approach allows the limb to realize bounded mechanical dissipation using a strictly passive means, while at the same time generating electrical power to augment the limb's power requirements in active modes of operation. Experimental characterizations of the performance and regenerative efficiency of the switching-based controller indicate that the passive switching controller can provide damping modulation, but at the expense of decreased efficiencies of regeneration as compared to the theoretical projections of the actuator model.
Automated data acquisition and analysis for evaluation of PET detector units

In order to quickly evaluate detector units prior to incorporation into a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, an automated method for measuring the critical characteristics of detector units was developed. The procedure uses annihilation radiation (/sup 68/Ge) to measure timing and energy resolution, count rate uniformity, and position encoding. Several detector units are connected to a multiplexor, allowing sequential data collection from the individual detector units. Data from a detector's photomultiplier tubes are collected using standard Nuclear Instrumentation Modules (NIMs) electronics, and computer automated measurement and control (CAMAC) analog-to-digital converters and scalers. Acquisition is controlled by a Macintosh computer running LabVIEW. Data are automatically transferred to a Sun workstation for analysis. This system has been used to evaluate several different detector units, including a six by six bismuth germanate (BGO) crystal array mounted on two Hamamatsu Photonics R1548 photomultiplier tubes. >
Comparison of chromosomal DNA composing timeless in Drosophila melanogaster and D.virilis suggests a new conserved structure for the TIMELESS protein

Two proteins, TIM and PER, physically interact to control circadian cycles of tim and per transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study the structure of TIM protein expressed by D. virilis was determined by isolation and sequence analysis of genomic DNA (gDNA) corresponding to the D. virilis tim locus (v tim ). Comparison of v tim and m tim gDNA revealed high conservation of the TIM protein. This contrasts with poor sequence conservation previously observed for the TIM partner protein PER in these species. Inspection of the v tim sequence suggests an alternative structure for most TIM proteins. Sequences forming an intron in a previously characterized D. melanogaster tim cDNA appear to be most often translated to produce a longer TIM protein in both species. The N-terminal sequence of vTIM and sequence analysis of genomic DNA from several strains of D. melanogaster suggest that only one of two possible translation initiation sites found in tim mRNA is sufficient to generate circadian rhythms in D. melanogaster. TIM translation may be affected by multiple AUG codons that appear to have been conserved in sequences composing the 5'-untranslated tim mRNA leader.
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) Characteristics of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Obtained Using a Sandmeier Field Goniometer

Abstract The bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) is a theoretical concept that describes the relationship between a target's irradiance geometry and the viewing angle of the remote sensing system relative to the target. The BRDF can significantly affect the radiometric characteristics of remotely sensed data, particularly when the data are collected off‐nadir. In addition to removing radiometric error, an understanding of BRDF can be used as a source of information for calibrating, validating, and increasing reflectance data accuracy. This research collected BRDF data of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in South Carolina to document changes in BRDF patterns. A Sandmeier Field Goniometer (SFG) was used to collect hourly canopy spectral reflectance at 76 hemispherical angles. The data were used to create graphic plots that provided a quantitative assessment of BRDF patterns.
Evaluation of the very low BER of FEC codes using dual adaptive importance sampling

We evaluate the error-correcting performance of a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code in an AWGN channel using a novel dual adaptive importance sampling (DAIS) technique based on multicanonical Monte Carlo (MMC) simulations, that allows us to calculate bit error rates as low as 10/sup -19/ for a (96,50) LDPC code without a priori knowledge of how to bias. Our results agree very well with standard MC simulations, as well as the union bound for the code.
Observed and GCM-Simulated Westward-Propagating, Planetary-Scale Fluctuations with Approximately Three-Week Periods

The structural characteristics and vorticity dynamics of westward-traveling patterns (WTP) in the troposphere are examined using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP‐NCAR) reanalyses based on observations for the 1973‐95 period, as well as the output from a 100-yr integration of a general circulation model (GCM) with a rhomboidal truncation at 30 wavenumbers and 14 vertical levels. An identical set of diagnostic tools, including progressive/retrogressive variance analysis, crossspectra, and complex empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), are applied to the reanalysis and GCM datasets for 300-mb height. These diagnoses all indicate that the WTP are most prominent during the cold season in the high-latitude zone extending westward from northwestern Canada to northeastern Siberia, with a typical period of ;22 days. Outstanding episodes are identified on the basis of the temporal coefficients of the leading complex EOF. Composite charts of the anomalous 300-mb height, sea level pressure, and 850-mb temperature fields at various phases of these events are constructed. The typical circulation changes accompanying the passage of the WTP are similar to those associated with well-known regional weather phenomena such as amplified pressure ridges over Alaska, cold air outbreaks over western North America and east Asia, and heavy snowfall over the Pacific Northwest. The occurrence of the WTP over the North Pacific is also characterized by notable changes in the spatial distribution and intensity of synoptic scale activity. The contributions of relative vorticity advection, planetary vorticity advection (the ‘‘ b effect’’), and horizontal divergence to the vorticity tendency in various phases of the composite wave at 300, 500, and 850 mb are investigated. In the mid- and upper troposphere, the vorticity dynamics of the WTP is similar to that of free external Rossby waves, with the b effect (which leads to westward propagation) being the dominant term, whereas the eastward advection of relative vorticity is less important due to the weak mean zonal flow in the Alaska‐Siberia sector. Most of the essential characteristics of the observed WTP deduced from the NCEP‐NCAR reanalyses are well reproduced by the GCM. The realism with which this phenomenon can be simulated in a model environment offers considerable promise for using the GCM as a tool for studying the impact of WTP on intraseasonal atmospheric variability in extended model experiments, and for assessing the dependence of the locality and activity level of the WTP on various states of the ambient circulation.
In-vivo testing of polymers for thrombogenicity.

A brief review of the methods established for the thrombogenicity testing of materials to be used in cardiovascular devices is given. A modified version of the Gott canine inferior vena cava test is described along with test results for 10 polymeric and carbonaceous materials.
Are Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting Characteristics Associated With Emerging Adults’ Academic Engagement?

Although parenting is clearly linked to academic engagement in adolescence, less is known about links between parenting and academic engagement in emerging adulthood. A diverse sample of college students (N = 633; 53.1% female, 45.7% White/European American, 28.3% Asian American/Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 26.4% Hispanic/Latino American, 21.6% Black/African American, and 2.8% Native American/American Indian) answered surveys about mothers' and fathers' parenting style, parent-offspring relationship quality, academic attitudes, academic behaviors, and academic performance. Emerging adults with more permissive mothers viewed grades as less important than emerging adults with less permissive mothers. Mothers' authoritarian parenting, mothers' permissive parenting, and relationship quality with father were differentially related to academic engagement depending on emerging adults' gender. Both mothers' and fathers' parenting characteristics may impact the academic engagement of emerging adults via past parenting behaviors and current quality of the parent-offspring relationship, despite decreased physical proximity of emerging adults and their parents.
Effects of beta-carotene, vitamin A, and glucocorticoids on collagen synthesis in wounds.

SummaryBeta-Carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was as effective as vitamin A itself in reversing the retarding effects of glucocorticoids on the tensile strength of incised wounds and on the accumulation of collagen in sponge granulomas.
The Struggle for the Nation: The First Centralist-Federalist Conflict in Mexico

When Mexico achieved its independence in September 1821, few imagined that the country would soon become a republic, much less a federal republic. The autonomists, the members of the national elite who gained power at independence, opted for a constitutional monarchy. They initially favored establishing an empire with the Spanish king or a member of the royal family as sovereign. When Spain rejected their proposal, and faced with “popular” demands, the country's political leaders reluctantly accepted a native, Agustin de Iturbide, as Mexico's first emperor. The new monarch, a former royalist commander, had gained immense popularity when he turned against the Spanish colonial regime and proclaimed independence under the Plan of Iguala.
Future of Bacterial Therapy of Cancer

Bacterial therapy of cancer has a centuries-long history and was first-line therapy at the hospital in New York City that would become Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, under Dr. William B. Coley. However, after Coley's death in 1936, bacterial therapy of cancer ceased in the clinic until the present century. Clinical trials have been recently carried out for strains of the obligate anaerobe Clostridium novyi with the toxin gene deleted, and on an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), which is a facultative anaerobe that can grow in viable, as well as necrotic, areas of tumors, unlike Clostridium, which can only grow in the hypoxic areas. Our laboratory has developed the novel strain S. typhimurium A1-R that is effective against all tumor types in clinically-relevant mouse models, including patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. This chapter suggests future clinical applications for S. typhimurium A1-R.
Effects of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure on Olfaction: A Review.

Background:Olfactory dysfunction affects millions of people worldwide. This sensory impairment is associated with neurodegenerative disease and significantly decreased quality of life. Exposure to ...
Incorporating Disgust as Disease-Avoidant Behavior in an Agent-Based Epidemic Model

Kiesecker et al. demonstrated disgust behavior in nature in 1999, and further research has shown that humans also exhibit disgust as part of the “behavioral immune system” [5, 8]. We present preliminary results from an agent-based model incorporating disgust as disease-avoidant behavior, the SLIPR model (susceptible, latent, infectious, presenting, removed), a modification and extension of the traditional SEIR model (susceptible, exposed, infectious, removed). The SLIPR model restructures the compartments of the SEIR model to allow for a distinct period of infectiousness occurring prior to visible disease presentation and extends it by simulating disgust as disease-avoidant behavior. SLIPR suggests that, for specific values of parameters such as disgust magnitude and population density, this disease-avoidant behavior significantly affects the spread of disease.
Crossed-field noise in the low-velocity region

The unsolved problem of high crossed-field noise has long been of interest to investigators. Experiments have shown that noise currents very much in excess of full shot noise [1] and temperatures well above cathode temperature [2] can be found in crossed-field electron streams. There is evidence that the noise growth appears in the gun region of crossed-field devices, and is greater for space-charge-limited operat ion than for temperature-limited operation [1], the reverse of the situation found in ‘0’ -type beams.
The dynamics of deliberate and unintentional amnesia in narrative sensemaking and enaction of resilience: A case study of four Rwandan narratives of genocide survival

AbstractIn this case study, the author reports the findings of the narrative analyses of four Rwandan former refugees and genocide survivors from the USC-Shoah visual archive of holocaust and genocide survivors’ testimony. The analyses specifically identify and explicate some of the techniques of narrative sensemaking, both macro (thematic) and micro (via time and place, corporal/mental state recollection, and evaluation), and enaction of resilience. Overall, the results of the case study indicate that the dynamics of memory and amnesia—both deliberate and unintentional—can have an impact on narrative sensemaking and capacity for resilience of survivors of mass conflicts, genocides and displacement, both during and after mass-conflict.
Laboratory diagnosis of overt type 2 diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the use of hemoglobin A1C to oral glucose tolerance testing to diagnose overt type 2 diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy. The study used a nonexperimental descriptive design to compare the use of the hemoglobin A1C test results to oral glucose tolerance test results. Methods The study used a sample of 45 women at high risk for type 2 diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy. Participants were consented to draw a hemoglobin A1C with their ordered oral glucose tolerance testing for comparison of the two tests' ability to diagnose overt type 2 diabetes. Results Hemoglobin A1C tests were highly positively correlated with oral glucose tolerance testing for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion The research provides beginning evidence that the hemoglobin A1C should be considered as a first-tier diagnostic test for overt type 2 diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy.
The use and impact of Twitter at medical conferences: Best practices and Twitter etiquette

The use of social media, and in particular, Twitter, for professional use among healthcare providers is rapidly increasing across the world. One medical subspecialty that is leading the integration of this new platform for communication into daily practice and for information dissemination to the general public is the field of hematology/oncology. A growing amount of research in this area demonstrates that there is increasing interest among physicians to learn not only how to use social media for consumption of educational material, but also how to generate and contribute original content in one's interest/expert areas. One aspect in which this phenomenon has been highlighted is at the time of maximum new information presentation: at a major medical conference. Hematologists/oncologists are engaging regularly in one of the most common forms of social media, Twitter, during major medical conferences, for purposes of debate, discussion, and real-time evaluation of the data being presented. As interest has grown in this area, this article aims to review the new norms, practices, and impact of using Twitter at the time of medical conferences, and also explores some of the barriers and pitfalls that users are encountering in this emerging field.
Students’ Self-Determination as a Consequence of Instructor Misbehaviors

The study applied self-determination theory to examine detrimental effects of instructor misbehaviors in the college classroom. Participants were 223 undergraduate students who reported on their in...
Asian-American College Students' Parental Attachment and Their Relationship with God

This study examined to what extent college students' attachment to their parents affected their relationship with God by investigating 206 Korean-American and 95 Chinese-American college students i...
Hands-On Electronics: A Practical Introduction to Analog and Digital Circuits

Packed full of real circuits to build and test, Hands-On Electronics is a unique introduction to analog and digital electronics theory and practice. Ideal both as a college textbook and for self-study, the friendly style, clear illustrations and construction details included in the book encourage rapid and effective learning of analog and digital circuit design theory. All the major topics for a typical one semester course are covered including RC circuits, diodes, transistors, op-amps, oscillators, TTL logic, counters, D/A converters and more. There are also chapters explaining how to use the equipment needed for the examples (oscilloscope, multimeter and breadboard) together with pin-out diagrams and manufacturers' specifications for all the key components referred to in the book.
The Cat Methodology for Fault Tree Construction

This paper presents a methodology for the systematic construction of fault trees based on decision tables. The presentation is made through an example. The modeling capability of decision tables is demonstrated and the construction of a fault tree from the decision tables is shown in a step by step fashion.
The Ecological Water-Use Strategies of Succulent Plants

Abstract Plants with pronounced succulent tissues present considerable morphological and phylogenetic diversity. One way to make sense of this diversity is to recognise the common elements comprising ecological strategies shared by diverse taxa and forms. We review two broad plant ecological strategies often accompanied by pronounced tissue succulence, drought avoidance and salt tolerance, and identify common elements and variations within each. Drought-avoiding succulence typically involves high-capacitance water storage tissues, which buffer the transpiration stream and extend carbon uptake during drought. In contrast, water storage in salt-tolerant succulence is thought to be largely a by-product of massive ionic accumulation in vacuoles, and we show preliminary results indicating that succulence in halophytes is not closely linked to tissue capacitance. We review the relationship between crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis and succulence, identifying putative anatomical features that may explain the frequent association of these two traits. Furthermore, although a high adaptive value of CAM has been proposed for halophytes, it is infrequent in these plants, possibly because of conflict between malate and salt storage functions in vacuoles. This may explain the surprising rarity of evolutionary transitions between drought-avoiding and halophytic succulence. We also discuss the exceptional case of the Aizoaceae, a mostly drought-avoiding group that appears to have evolved a high degree of salt tolerance, possibly multiple times. Finally, we discuss the need for a widely applicable method of quantifying succulence as a continuous trait.
Multiple antenna array signal collecting and processing

This paper analyzes an optimal data collection and processing system for detecting a random signal field in a random noise field employing multiple antennas. The statistical model consists of a Gaussian random signal field and an independent Gaussian noise field. The time optimal data processing system to be analyzed is specified in terms of array deployment and signal/noise space time correlation structure. An exact expression for the characteristic function of the test statistic computed by the space-time signal processor is derived under the assumptions of stationarity and a long observation time. Analytical difficulties involved in evaluating and inverse transforming the characteristic function are considered through case studies. The test statistic is analytically shown to reduce to a Gaussian random variable in the threshold case for the array situation. The dependence of receiver performance on the space-time correlation structure of the signal and noise fields, the antenna deployment, and the optimal performance criteria (outage rate, predetection signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) is considered. Optimal antenna deployment is considered, for the threshold case, in terms of several physically realistic signal and noise field space-time correlation structure models.
Improved Clustering for Route-Based Eulerian Air Traffic Modeling

A new approach is developed for identifying and approximating well-traveled routes in a historical dataset of flight trajectories. The approximate routes are intended for use in a route-based Euler...
State-of-the-Practice for Liquidated Damages, Incentive/Disincentive, and Road User Cost Provisions on High-Value Transportation Projects

AbstractConstruction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of roads, highways, and bridges are necessary activities for social and economic growth in the United States. Highway construction often requir...
A single-cell reference map for human blood and tissue T cell activation reveals functional states in health and disease

Human T cells coordinate adaptive immunity by localization in diverse tissue sites, though blood T cells are the most readily studied. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq to define the functional responses of T cells isolated from human lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood to TCR-stimulation. We reveal how human T cells in tissues relate to those in blood, and define activation states for CD4+ and CD8+T cells across all sites, including an interferon-response state for CD4+T cells and distinct effector states for CD8+T cells. We further show how profiles of individual tumor-associated T cells can be projected onto this healthy reference map, revealing their functional state.
Rejoinder on: Perspectives on integer programming for time-dependent models

We are grateful to Sanjeep Dash, Giapaolo Ghiani, and Tom van Woensel for their valuable and insightful comments on our “perspectives” and for highlighting and/or identifying opportunities for further research in this timely and exciting research area. The additional references and pointers to other applications provided by them will also be beneficial to the readers.
Fasting glucose variability in young adulthood and incident diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality

The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term intra-individual variability in fasting glucose (FG) during young adulthood is associated with incident diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We included participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, ages 18–30 years at baseline (1985–1986) and followed with eight examinations for up to 30 years. Long-term glucose variability was assessed using the CV (CV-FG) and the absolute difference between successive FG measurements (average real variability; ARV-FG). For participants who developed any event (diabetes, CVD or mortality), FG variability measurement was censored at the examination prior to event ascertainment. We estimated HRs for incident diabetes, CVD and mortality with adjustment for demographics, baseline FG, change in FG (censor – baseline) and time-varying education, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical activity, systolic BP, BP medications, LDL-cholesterol and cholesterol medications (and incident diabetes and diabetes medications for CVD and mortality outcomes). Among 3769 black and white participants, there were 317 incident diabetes cases (102,677 person-years), 159 incident CVD events (110,314 person-years) and 174 deaths (111,390 person-years). After adjustment, HRs per 1 SD higher ARV-FG were 1.64 (95% CI 1.52, 1.78) for diabetes, 1.15 (95% CI 1.01, 1.31) for CVD and 1.25 (95% CI 1.11, 1.40) for mortality. The HRs per 1 SD higher CV-FG were 1.39 (95% CI 1.21, 1.58) for diabetes, 1.32 (95% CI 1.13, 1.54) for CVD and 1.08 (95% CI 0.92, 1.27) for mortality, after adjustment. The cause-specific HRs per 1 SD higher ARV-FG were 1.29 (95% CI 1.14, 1.47) for non-CVD death and 1.05 (95% CI 0.76, 1.45) for CVD death. We did not observe evidence for effect modification of any association by sex or race. Our results suggest that higher intra-individual FG variability during young adulthood before the onset of diabetes is associated with incident diabetes, CVD and mortality.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of resistance to the SDHI fungicide fluopyram in populations of Alternaria alternata from pistachio orchards in California

Abstract In this study, the sensitivity of 902 isolates of A. alternata collected before and after the commercial use of fluopyram were assessed using mycelial growth tests. Distribution of 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for 116 A. alternata isolates (population A), collected in 2011 from an experimental orchard that had been treated with fluopyram products or boscalid showed that 86% of the isolates displayed different levels of resistance to boscalid while 87 (76%) and 28 (24%) showed sensitivity and different levels of resistance to fluopyram, respectively. Among the last group of isolates, only 5 and 23 showed moderate (MR) and low (LR) resistance to fluopyram, respectively. The sensitivity to fluopyram was further evaluated in agar medium at the discriminatory dose of 5 μg/ml fluopyram for a total of 786 A. alternata isolates collected in 2012 from commercial pistachio orchards with (173 isolates, population B; 373 isolates, population C) or without a history of use of fluopyram products (240 isolates, population D). Among the 240 isolates from 31 boscalid-treated orchards, 93 and 7% showed sensitivity (S) and low resistance (LR) to fluopyram, respectively, while 65 and 33 were resistant (R) and LR to boscalid, respectively. Analyses of the sensitivities to boscalid and fluopyram of the 546 isolates from populations B and C collected from orchards exposed to fluopyram or other SDHIs showed fluopyram-resistant isolates did not occur at the same frequency as boscalid resistance. In both populations, the frequencies of boscalid resistance isolates in all plots, exposed or not to fluopyram products, were significantly higher than those observed for fluopyram. Sequence analyses of the A. alternata SDHB, C, and D proteins showed the presence of several amino acid substitutions (SDHB: H277Y/R/L, P230 A/R/I/F,D, N235D/T/E/G; SDHC: H134R, S135R; SDHD: D123E, H133P) in boscalid- and fluopyram-resistant phenotypes. Current data provided further evidences of the good performance of fluopyram and the various and interactive impacts of SDH mutations on the levels of resistance to SDHIs. Although their frequency is still very low, fluopyram-resistant phenotypes could quickly build up in Alternaria populations under continual selection pressure by SDHI-containing products and ultimately affect fluopyram efficacy. As fluopyram products become extensively used in pistachio orchards, continual monitoring of Alternaria sensitivities to fluopyram and other active ingredients in these mixtures (tebuconazole in particular) will be required to detect any shifts in sensitivity that could result in disease control failures.
Demographics, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries of 25,615 patients with talus fractures in the National Trauma Data Bank.

Abstract Background Extensive research has been conducted concerning the epidemiology of fractures of the calcaneus and ankle. However, less work has characterized the population sustaining talus fractures, necessitating the analysis of a large, national sample to assess the presentation of this important injury. Methods The current study included adult patients from the 2011 through 2015 National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) who had talus fractures. Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), mechanism of injury (MOI), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and associated injuries were evaluated. Results Out of 25,615 talus fracture patients, 15,607 (61%) were males. The age distribution showed a general decline in frequency as age increased after a peak incidence at 21 years of age. As expected, CCI increased as age increased. The mechanism of injury analysis showed a decline in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and an increase in falls as age increased. ISS was generally higher for MVAs compared to falls and other injuries. Overall, 89% of patients with a talus fracture had an associated injury. Among associated bony injuries, non-talus lower extremity fractures were common, with ankle fractures (noted in 42.7%) and calcaneus fractures (noted in 27.8%) being the most notable. The most common associated internal organ injuries were lung (noted in 19.0%) and intracranial injuries (noted in 14.9%). Conclusion This large cohort of patients with talus fractures defined the demographics of those who sustain this injury and demonstrated ankle and calcaneus fractures to be the most commonly associated injuries. Other associated orthopaedic and non-orthopaedic injuries were also defined. In fact, the incidence of associated lumbar spine fracture was similar to that seen for calcaneus fractures (14%) and nearly 1 in 5 patients had a thoracic organ injury. Clinicians need to maintain a high suspicion for such associated injuries for those who present with talus fractures. Level of Evidence Level II, retrospective study
Relating High-Temperature, High-Shear-Rate Viscosity to Engine Operation

The argument over which values of oil viscosity best correlate with measures of engine operation has gone on for many years. Over a decade ago (1977), the membership of the Engine Oil Subcommittee of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Fuels and Lubricants Committee (now the Fuels and Lubricants Division) agreed that there were enough data to justify asking the appropriate ASTM subcommittee (D02.07) to develop methods for determining values of high-temperature, high-shear-rate (HTHS) oil viscosity and to relate them to engine operation. In 1984, an ASTM task force finished reviewing the available literature and composed a report that summarized the effects of viscosity on bearing oil film thickness, engine wear, engine friction, and fuel economy (ASTM DS-62). This paper reviews the findings of that report and updates them in light of recent studies. The case for incorporating HTHS viscosity specifications into the Engine Oil Viscosity Classification, SAE J300, is presently stronger than ever. Suggestions are offered on how this incorporation might be accomplished and on what future directions ASTM research on HTHS viscosity should take.
An Assessment of Geospatial Technology Integration in K-12 Education.

K–12 geography education is often grouped with other subjects, limiting student exposure to geospatial technology and geographic inquiry. We explored the implementation of geospatial technology in ...
The Babies of Mortgage Market Deregulation

This paper documents that mortgage market deregulation helps mitigate the risk of population aging by affecting a foundational family-level decision: the choice to have children. Using a U.S. federal regulator ruling, I show that young households fully exposed to mortgage market deregulation increase their probability of purchasing a home and having a child by 6 percentage points. Supplemental tests reject alternative hypotheses based on income or housing wealth growth and, instead, suggest that access to space is the relevant economic mechanism. Collectively, the evidence indicates that increased access to mortgage credit affects the total number of children in the economy.
Educating for ecclesia – educating for the nation: Theological perspectives in Nils Egede Hertzberg’s (1827–1911) understanding of schools

This article sheds light upon the Norwegian theologian, educator, and politician Nils Egede Hertzberg’s (1827–1911) understanding of school, and traces the theological background of this understand...
Acetylsalicylic acid and acetaminophen.

Aspirin is the most extensively prescribed analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent. It is effective against the mild-to-moderate pain of inflammation. The best single dose of aspirin is that which is adequate to relieve pain; the proper dosage interval is that which sustains relief without causing toxicity. It would be unfortunate to withhold aspirin from a patient who desperately requires the relief provided by this most useful analgesic because there have been some adverse effects when it is used improperly. Acetaminophen is a suitable substitute for aspirin for its analgesic or antipyretic uses in patients in whom aspirin is contraindicated (e.g., prepartum patients, children with febrile conditions, patients with asthma, peptic ulcer, gouty arthritis, hyperuricemia, hemophilia or other bleeding disorders, and those taking anticoagulants). However, the general substitution of acetaminophen for aspirin as an analgesic is not recommended.
Use of public Earth observation data for tracking progress in sustainable management of coastal forest ecosystems in Belize, Central America

Abstract Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) no. 15 addresses the protection of terrestrial ecosystems and sustainable forest management, and Target 15.2 encourages countries to sustainably manage forests, and halt deforestation by 2020. SDG indicator 15.1.1 proposes tracking forest area as an indicator for achieving that SDG. Though mangrove forests represent only about 5% of Belize's overall forest cover, the critical ecosystem services they provide are recognized in the country's Forests Act, which regulates the modification of mangrove ecosystems. Preceding the SDGs, from 2008 to 2009, the Government of Belize piloted a complete moratorium on mangrove removal, building on the Forests Act. As Earth Observation (EO) systems provide a means to track effectiveness of Belize's management of its mangrove forests, this paper examines historic and recent changes in mangrove cover across all of Belize, applying statistical adjustments to rates of change derived from Landsat satellite data. Particular attention was paid to the country's only World Heritage Site, the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (BBRRS), where mangrove clearing was prohibited since the site's designation in December 1996. The data indicate that within the BBRRS, approximately 89 ha of mangroves were lost from 1996 to 2017, compared to the estimated loss of 2703 ha outside the BBRRS during the same period, and nationwide loss of almost 4100 ha from 1980 to 2017. Thus, compared to the mangroves outside of the BBRRS, the annual rate of mangrove loss within the BBRRS over the period 1996–2017 was merely 4.24 ha per year, versus 129.11 ha per year outside the BBRRS. Furthermore, almost 75% of the 1996–2017 mangrove loss outside the BBRRS were concentrated in three particular geographic zones associated with tourism infrastructure. It was also estimated that Belize's overall mangrove cover declined 5.4% over 36 years, from 76,250 ha in 1980 to 72,169 ha in 2017. In terms of its implications, in addition to contributing to SDG 15, this work also addresses SDG Target 14.2 regarding sustainable management of marine and coastal ecosystems. This study serves as a use case of how EO data can contribute to monitoring changes in baseline data and thus tracking of progress toward SDG Targets.
Interlimb Responses to Perturbations of Bilateral Movements are Asymmetric.

Previous research has revealed rapid feedback mediated responses in one arm to mechanical perturbations applied to the other arm during shared bimanual tasks. We now ask whether these interlimb res...
Switching to an alternative ALK-inhibitor after alectinib-induced pneumonitis resulted in resolution of this adverse event

Abstract The management of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has largely shifted over the past several decades from cytotoxic chemotherapy towards targeted therapy for patients with particular genetic driver mutations, such as epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the abnormal fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Interstitial lung disease (ILD)/pneumonitis remains one of the rare, yet serious, adverse events reported with each of the small molecule inhibitors that target ALK. The optimal management strategy for patients who develop this adverse effect is not known and little information is available regarding the efficacy of switching to an alternate ALK-inhibitor in the setting of drug-induced ILD/pneumonitis. This report describes the clinical course a patient who developed ILD/pneumonitis while receiving alectinib for treatment of ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Alectinib was subsequently discontinued and ceritinib was initiated, which resulted in resolution of ILD/pneumonitis and continued response to therapy. This report adds to the available literature and demonstrates that utilizing an alternative ALK-inhibitor may be a potential management strategy for drug-induced ILD/pneumonitis that allows patients to continue to receive these effective therapies.
Antithrombotic Therapy in Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy

Patients with heart failure and cardiomyopathy often present with risk factors that may warrant anti-thrombotic therapy, such as atrial fibrillation, left ventricular thrombus, and the presence of a hypercoagulable state. Decades of clinical studies have provided a wealth of information and speculations, but the current role of prophylactic antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies remained controversial. Post hoc analyses from large heart failure trials provided evidence that warfarin use was associated with improved clinical outcomes despite the lack of a significant reduction in thromboembolic risks. However, prospective randomized trials have identified an unexpected benefit of reduced heart failure hospitalizations in those treated with warfarin, which may also be interpreted as potential risk with routine administration of aspirin therapy. Ongoing clinical trials may provide the necessary clinical evidence to guide future recommendations.
Crises Collide: Examining the Intersection of Sex Trafficking and Opioid Use

This paper examines the opioid epidemic from a public health perspective. Trafficking victims can be identified through drug addiction, but that identification brings a real societal stigma. Once identified, victims need to be treated with specialized trauma-informed responses, which are described here. The paper further discusses the mandates of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. It provides two examples of recent federal trafficking prosecutions involving opioids. The legal profession is poised to facilitate change in how trafficking victims are treated if properly educated about the exploitation and chronic trauma historically suffered by victims. The creation of specialty courts specifically addressing the needs of victims is also assessed in this section.
Shifting the eating disorder into the background—Friluftsliv as facilitating supportive strategies in everyday life recovery

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore subjective experiences of howfriluftsliv can support processes of recovery for persons living with eating disorders. Eight participants with experie...
Long-term outcome of patients with asymptomatic restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Although restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is usually associated with the return of symptoms, 5 to 20% of patients are asymptomatic despite angiographic evidence of restenosis.1–3 The occurrence of asymptomatic restenosis 3 to 6 months after PTCA has been observed in several large studies; however, the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with asymptomatic restenosis have not been well defined.2,3 This report describes the long-term follow-up of 11 patients with asymptomatic restenosis after PTCA.
Lower functional connectivity of white matter during rest and working memory tasks is associated with cognitive impairments in schizophrenia

Abstract Background Schizophrenia can be understood as a disturbance of functional connections within brain networks. However, functional alterations that involve white matter (WM) specifically, or their cognitive correlates, have seldomly been investigated, especially during tasks. Methods Resting state and task fMRI images were acquired on 84 patients and 67 controls. Functional connectivities (FC) between 46 WM bundles and 82 cortical regions were compared between the groups under two conditions (i.e., resting state and during working memory retention period). The FC density of each WM bundle was then compared between groups. Associations of FC with cognitive scores were evaluated. Results FC measures were lower in schizophrenia relative to controls for external capsule, cingulum (cingulate and hippocampus), uncinate fasciculus, as well as corpus callosum (genu and body) under the rest or the task condition, and were higher in the posterior corona radiata and posterior thalamic radiation during the task condition. FC for specific WM bundles was correlated with cognitive performance assessed by working memory and processing speed metrics. Conclusions The findings suggest that the functional abnormalities in patients' WM are heterogeneous, possibly reflecting several underlying mechanisms such as structural damage, functional compensation and excessive effort on task, and that WM FC disruption may contribute to the impairments of working memory and processing speed. This is the first report on WM FC abnormalities in schizophrenia relative to controls and their cognitive associates during both rest and task and highlights the need to consider WM functions as components of brain functional networks in schizophrenia.
Satire und satirische Medieninhalte: Definition und Verortung

Um mediale Satire in ihrer gesellschaftlichen wie individuellen Bedeutung erforschen zu konnen und zu analysieren, wie sich die zwischenmenschliche Kommunikation von Menschen rund um satirische Medieninhalte gestaltet, muss zunachst einmal bestimmt werden, was unter Satire uberhaupt zu verstehen ist. Den Begriff der Satire zu definieren, gestaltet sich jedoch in besonderem Mase herausfordernd. Denn trotz oder vielleicht auch wegen ihrer bis ins 3.
A Blueprint for an Integrated Point-of-Care Ultrasound Curriculum for Nephrology Trainees

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) is a limited ultrasound study performed by the clinician at the bedside as a component or an adjunct to physical examination. POCUS has multiple applications in nephrology practice, including evaluation of obstructive uropathy, objective assessment of volume status, arteriovenous access assessment, and procedural guidance. However, unlike specialties such as emergency medicine, POCUS training is not yet integrated into most nephrology fellowship curricula, and the sonographic applications taught vary widely among fellowship programs. In this article, we have used our institutional experience to provide a roadmap or blueprint for nephrology programs looking to create a POCUS program. We provide an overview of the curriculum, including the basic organization, applications taught, online resources, milestone development, and quality assessment. We also discuss the nuances of POCUS workflow and perspectives on billing for these limited studies. In addition, we share the evaluation forms and sample documentation we use in our program. Future support, in the form of endorsed nephrology society guidelines, is needed before POCUS training is universally incorporated across nephrology fellowship programs.
Modeling hydrologic responses using multi-site and single-site rainfall generators in a semi-arid watershed

Abstract Hydrologic response in a watershed is driven by precipitation. Multi-site rainfall generators can be used to model watersheds using spatially varied rainfall inputs to better analyze how the rainfall variability affects runoff generation. This study adopted both a single-site rainfall generator (CLIGEN) and a multi-site rainfall generator to generate two rainfall data sequences, which were then used to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for runoff simulation. The 148-km2 Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed and its two sub-watersheds were selected to evaluate the hydrologic response. Runoff calibration was done against measured runoff in the watershed. Statistics showed that the single-site and multi-site rainfall generators gave similar results regarding annual precipitation. However, the multi-site generator performed much better than the single-site generator in both mean summer flow and for the different return period flows. The runoff derived from the single-site generator was significantly over-estimated in all three watersheds. As for the multi-site generator, the derived runoff was satisfactorily predicted in the smaller watersheds but only overestimated in the largest watershed. This indicated that in small to medium sized watersheds, the spatial variability of rainfall could play an important role for hydrologic response because of the heterogeneity of convective rainfall in this semi-arid region, which makes the application of multi-site rainfall generator a better option than the single-site generator.
Pivoting to Virtual: Recommendations for a Successful and Engaging Digital Mentorship Experience

In the field of technical communication, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) global pandemic directly impacted how mentorships are conducted as mentors and mentees adapt to a virtual and socially distanced communication context. This Industry Insight report examines one formal mentorship relationship in the IBM Pathfinders Mentorship Program between a Red Hat / IBM employee and a North Carolina State University graduate student. This report provides perspectives from both the mentor and mentee regarding the benefits and challenges of virtual and socially distanced mentorship and outlines recommendations for a successful mentorship based on lessons learned. The global pandemic is sure to have lasting impacts on how global organizations conduct business, train employees, and conduct mentorships. The recommended best practices in this report offer important insights into how, moving forward, global corporations can successfully create and foster formalized mentoring partnerships with university programs in a virtual and socially distanced context. These recommendations are also relevant to less formal mentorship relationships in both corporate and academic settings.