cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Capacitor Placement on Three-Phase Primary Feeders: Load and Feeder Unbalance Effects

Generalized procedures are presented for optimizing the net dollar savings resulting from reduction of power losses through shunt capacitor placement on three-phase, four-wire, multi-grounded primary distribution feeders. These procedures are based on a voltage-dependent model which is developed from results of a three-phase a, b, c phase-frame of reference load flow. Power-invariant transformations are introduced to decouple the actual three separate phases and thereby yield three equivalent single phases with common definition of feeder length. The effects of ground-wire and earth-return paths for balanced and unbalanced system and load conditions are accommodated within the models presented.
Dislocation link-length statistics and elevated temperature deformation of crystals☆

Abstract A new theory of elevated temperature deformation, based on the statistics of the distribution of dislocation link lengths, is developed. The distribution consists of a sessile region ( L L c ) in which network growth, or recovery, occurs by a coarsening process, and a glissile region ( L > L c ) in which dislocation links are long enough to glide— L c is a critical link length determined by the applied stress. New partial differential equations governing the evolution of the distribution of link lengths are derived for a model that assumes gliding links collide only with network links and produce only new network links. New equations which constrain the behavior of the distribution are formulated; the theory is shown to be self-consistent with respect to these equations. A proper expression for the strain rate is developed, which, with no ad hoc assumptions, automatically includes the contributions of network growth and dislocation glide. Using simple expressions for the rates of link growth in the sessile and glissile regions, equations describing the dislocation kinetics and the strain rate are derived. It is shown that these equations are consistent with experimentally observed transient creep behavior. An equation for the steady state creep rate is also presented which includes a ‘microstructural parameter’ that depends upon constants derivable from the distribution of dislocation link lengths. It is argued that the conventional notions of recovery-controlled and glide-controlled creep are most meaningful during transient deformation. During steady state deformation, however, these concepts have significance only with respect to whether the fraction of mobile dislocation links in the distribution produces the majority of the strain.
The “rescue operation” for patients with cloacal exstrophy and its variants

Introduction A common error in the initial operative management of patients with cloacal exstrophy is to create an ileostomy leaving the colon defunctionalized and connected to the urinary tract. These patients benefit from a “rescue operation” to give them the best opportunity to be future pull-through candidates.
Flame spread across liquid pools with very low-speed opposed or concurrent airflow

The consequences of forced airflow on flame spread over liquids is to a large extentunexplored, especially for low air speeds on the order of that due to buoyant convection driven by the flame. Yet small gas flows can influence heat and mass transfer ahead of the flame and alter its spreading characteristics. In this paper we present results from normal and microgravity experiments on flame spread over 1-butanol with either an opposed or a co-current forced airflow ranging from 5 to 30 cm/s. A small flow duct was used to control the air flowing over a laboratory-scale fuel tray. Video flame imaging was used to determine the flame shapes and spread rates, and Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry (RSD) and infrared thermography of the liquid surface were employed to measure the liquid thermal fields during spread. Large differences in the liquid temperature field were noted depending on the flow direction, and for some concurrent flow rates, the initial flame spread rate was affected. Slow opposed airflows serve mainly to alter the flame pulsation frequency, while small concurrent flows eliminate the pulsations in agreement with numerical modeling that indicates a gas-phase recirculation cell is necessary for flame pulsations. In microgravity the flame spreads slowly and uniformly for higher opposed velocities, and a lower bound of between 10 and 20 cm/s is found below which the flame begins to spread and then extinguishes.
The use of melting point and refractive index determination to compare colourless polyester fibres

Abstract The incidence of polyesters encountered in forensic fibre examinations continues to increase. To meet different consumer needs such fibres can be subjected to many physical and chemical variations during production. Some of these variations are discussed. Accurate comparison of these fibres presents a particular problem to the forensic scientist. Melting point and refractive index determinations were made on various samples of colourless polyesters provided by different manufacturers to assess the comparative value of such information and to find out the possibility of relating it to modifications of the basic polymer. Melting points alone were found to be of little comparative value, but determination of both refractive indices n∥ and n⊥ does allow discrimination between samples. Consideration of both melting point and refractive index together may help to provide an insight into polymer variation, though this remains somewhat speculative.
Increasing use of endovascular therapy in acute arterial injuries: Analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank

Objective The application of endovascular technology for the emergency treatment of traumatic vascular injuries is a new frontier. This study examines recent nationwide use of endovascular therapy in acute arterial traumatic injuries. Methods This retrospective study used the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). Cases with a diagnosis of arterial vascular injury were identified according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, and procedure codes for endovascular therapy were selected. A descriptive analysis and multiple regressions were performed to identify variables predictive of outcomes. Results From 1994 to 2003, 12,732 arterial injuries were identified. Between 1997 (when the first endovascular repair was recorded in the NTDB) and 2003, 7286 open arterial repairs and 281 endovascular repairs were recorded for an overall utilization rate for endovascular procedures of 3.7%. The yearly number of endovascular procedures registered in the NTDB increased 27-fold, from four in 1997 to 107 in 2003. Use of stents substantially increased from 12 in 2000 to 30 in 2003; endograft use increased from one in 2000 to 37 in 2003. Nearly equal numbers of blunt (n = 134) and penetrating (n = 111) injuries were treated. The injury severity score (median, interquartile range [IRQ]) was significantly lower in patients who underwent an endovascular procedure at 13 (IRQ, 9 to 26) for trauma vs patients requiring an open procedure at 20 (IRQ, 10 to 34; P Conclusion The use of endovascular therapy in the setting of acute trauma is increasing in a dramatic fashion and is being used to treat a wide variety of vessels injured by blunt and penetrating mechanisms. Endovascular therapy appears to be particularly suitable for patients who present with less severe injuries and greater hemodynamic stability. These preliminary data suggest that the use of endovascular therapy for acute traumatic arterial injuries yields shorter lengths of stay and improved survival.
The Design of a General and Flexible System for Handling Nonresponse in Sample Surveys

The general approach to nonresponse (missingness) in sur veys that I will take here will be to impute values for missing data (really, several values for each missing datum). The ap proach that imputes one value for each missing datum is stan dard in practice, although often criticized by more mathematical statisticians who prefer to think about estimating parameters un der some model. I am very sympathetic with the imputation position. There do not exist parameters except under hypothetical models; there do, however, exist actual observed values and values that would have been observed. Focusing on the estimation of parameters is often not what we want to do since a hypothetical model is simply a structure that guides us to do sensible things with observed values. Of course (1) imputing one value for missing datum can't be correct in general, and (2) in order to insert sensible values for a missing datum we must rely more or less on some model relating unobserved values to observed values. Hence, I see the best approach to be one where we can (1) insert more than one value for a missing datum, and (2) the inserted values reflect a variety of models for the dataset. This position focusing on values to impute rather than param eters to be estimated is actually very Bayesian, and the Bayesian perspective guides us in our design of a general system for nonre sponse. What we really want to impute is the "predictive distribu tion" of the missing values given then observed values (having integrated?averaged?over all model parameters). The theo retical Bayesian position tells us that (1) the missing data has a distribution given the observed data (the predictive distribution) and (2) this distribution depends on assumptions that have been made about the model. Notice that the (l)'s and (2)'s in the above paragraphs are meant to refer to the same two points. The related practical questions are (1) how do we represent in a dataset a distribution of values to impute for each missing datum? And (2) what models should we use to tie observed and unobserved values to each other in order to produce the predictive distribution needed in (1). Section 2 addresses the first question and Section 3 addresses the second question.
Microprogrammed computer simulator tools

A versatile microassembler and assembler program is described that was developed to facilitate the preparation of symbolic microprograms and assembly language programs for use with the microprogrammable computer simulator ET (educational tool) previously reported by the authors (see ibid., vol.E-30, p.135, Aug. 1987). The microassembler program takes as input a microprogram source file written in symbolic form and produces files ready for loading into the simulator's control ROM and address ROM. In addition, a file containing the mnemonics and corresponding op-codes of each instruction in the instruction set of the machine being simulated by the microprogram is created. The assembler program uses this file together with a user-written symbolic assembly language source program and produces a file containing machine language object code ready for loading into the simulator's RAM. Both the microassembler and the assembler also produce list files that may be examined by the user. Students of computer architecture indicate that use of these tools, in conjunction with the ET simulator, greatly simplifies the task of learning how microprogrammed computers function. >
Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia.

ALTHOUGH hypercalcemia may occur in a wide variety of diseases, differential diagnosis in any given patient, although sometimes difficult, is usually limited to but a few possibilities. Foremost among these is hyperparathyroidism, the most easily curable of the entities listed in Table 1. Until an assay technic for parathyroid hormone becomes readily available and practical for clinical use indirect approaches to diagnosis must be utilized. This review will be concerned with an evaluation of these approaches, but it is quite clear that there can be no substitute for sound clinical judgment, It should be noted incidentally that, although this review is . . .
Reaffirming science in psychotherapy research

In this article, we respond to the three critiques of our earlier article about between-groups psychotherapy designs. In the original article, we argued that for between-groups psychotherapy designs, the specificity of the scientific information that we gain is determined by how much is held constant and how specific the factors are that are manipulated between comparative conditions. We recommended dismantling, additive, and parametric designs over comparative and no treatment/placebo designs for increasing specificity about causal mechanisms. In the critiques, the authors recommended idiographic approaches to psychotherapy outcomes focusing on therapists, patients, and settings. We disagree with this viewpoint and endorse the basic scientific method as a means of determining specific therapeutic mechanisms that can reliably alter specific psychopathologies.
Influence of the spacecraft end-of-life re-orbiting altitude on the long-term collision risk in the geostationary ring

Abstract A novel approach was developed to assess the contribution of satellite explosions to the object density in the geostationary ring. A low intensity explosion of a typical operational spacecraft was simulated at eight different altitudes, in between 0 and 2000 km above the geostationary orbit (GEO). The fragments produced were propagated for 72 years, taking into account all the relevant perturbations, and their contribution to the average object density in the GEO ring, both short and long-term, was analyzed as a function of the end-of-life re-orbiting altitude. The explosions in geostationary orbit are the most detrimental for the GEO ring environment. However, the average fragment density in the ring is never higher than 1 5 of the current background, decreasing to less than 1 100 of the existent environment after 4 years, apart for the density rebound, about five decades later, due to the luni-solar perturbations. The spacecraft end-of-life re-orbiting is a possible mitigation solution, but the long-term situation improves quite slowly, as a function of the altitude above GEO, if the explosions continue to occur. A re-orbiting 300 km above the geostationary altitude seems adequate to guarantee, after 2 – 4 years, a long-term average density of fragments in the GEO ring at least two orders of magnitude below the present-day background, even during the density rebound observed after 54 years. However, at least 1000 km of re-orbiting are needed to stay below that 1 100 threshold also in the short-term.
Seasonal relationships between planktonic microorganisms and dissolved organic material in an alpine stream

The relationships between the abundance and activity of planktonic, heterotrophic microorganisms and the quantity and characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a Rocky Mountain stream were evaluated. Peak values of glucose uptake, 2.1 nmol L−1 hr−1, and glucose concentration, 333 nM, occurred during spring snowmelt when the water temperature was 4.0°C and the DOC concentration was greatest. The turnover time of thein situ glucose pool ranged seasonally from 40–1110 hours, with a mean of 272 hr. Seasonal uptake of3H-glucose, particulate ATP concentrations, and direct counts of microbial biomass were independent of temperature, but were positively correlated with DOC concentrations and negatively correlated with stream discharge. Heterotrophic activity in melted snow was generally low, but patchy. In the summer, planktonic heterotrophic activity and microbial biomass exhibited small-scale diel cycles which did not appear to be related to fluctuations in discharge or DOC, but could be related to the activity of benthic invertebrates. Leaf-packs placed under the snow progressively lost weight and leachable organic material during the winter, indicating that the annual litterfall in the watershed may be one source of the spring flush of DOC. These results indicate that the availability of labile DOC to the stream ecosystem is the primary control on seasonal variation in heterotrophic activity of planktonic microbial populations.
Experiences of Applicants for College and University Positions in Special Education.

The experiences of 62 individuals seeking their first higher education position in special education were assessed. Participants were asked to note how many positions they applied for, how those positions came to their attention, what application materials were submitted, and the length of time it took institutions to respond to their applications. Twelve persons were also asked to assess the interviews they had on campuses. Results revealed that each subject applied for about 6 positions, most of which were advertised in The Chronicle of Higher Education. The application materials submitted by respondents were quite similar. The majority of respondents expressed several dissatisfactions with the search process. Applicants invited to campuses for interviews also expressed many dissatisfactions with the interview process. Difficulties communicating with committee members and concerns related to financial arrangements were mentioned.
Clinical Trial Report: The Predictive Value of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography for Aortic Valve Repair

To appropriately refer patients for aortic valve repair, it is important to identify both the underlying etiology of aortic regurgitation and the patients who are at increased risk for repair failure. Aortic valve repair has potential advantages over valve replacement, but the durability and long-term success of aortic valve repair is yet to be determined. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows for the noninvasive evaluation of the underlying mechanism of aortic regurgitation (AR).
Growth and Reproduction of Leptomonas oncopelti in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

SYNOPSIS. A laboratory colony of Oncopeltus fasciatus was found to be infected with Leptomonas oncopelti. Inasmuch as the parasite is transmitted from parent to offspring an opportunity presented itself to study the biology and transmission of this parasite under controlled laboratory conditions. An apparatus for observing individual bugs was designed and the presence or absence of flagellates in the feces determined. Flagellates were not shed until the bugs became adults after which they appeared in every defecation. Dissection of infected bugs revealed that flagellates were not present in the rectum until adulthood. Further studies indicated that in the midgut of the insect there is a departure from binary fission to budding. The nucleus divides and one of the newly formed nuclei migrates toward a newly formed kinetoplast. Rarely there is still another kinetoplast/nucleus division. In the event the new axoneme grows within the cytoplasmic sheath of the parent flagellum, smaller organisms produced by unequal cytokinesis remain attached. If the axoneme grows free, the smaller daughter organisms become free-swimming. Passage into the rectum of the adult bugs causes a rounding up of all parasites although the leishmaniform organisms continue to divide. It is presumed that infection of clean bugs is accomplished by the ingestion of leishmaniform organisms through a common water source. The reason for the presence of flagellates in the rectum of the adult but not in the nymphal insect and the mechanism responsible for the change from binary to unequal fission are not known.
Short-term evaluation of carbon-coated and uncoated porous titanium implants

Abstract A mechanical and histologic evaluation of porous-coated titanium implants was undertaken. Implants having porous coatings 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 mm in thickness were evaluated by placement in the femora of adult mongrel dogs. Both uncoated and ultra-low temperature isotropic carbon-coated implants were examined after 3 and 6 weeks in situ. Short-term mechanical push-out testing results indicate that there is no advantage to using a porous-coating layer greater than 1·0 mm in thickness. There were no significant differences in comparing the mechanical testing data from the uncoated and carbon-coated 0·5 mm implants. Histological sections showed incomplete ingrowth of bone in a number of implants with either 1·0 or 1·5 mm porous-layer coatings, confirming that there is no advantage to increasing the porous layer greater than 1·0 mm.
Segmented attenuation correction using /sup 137/Cs single photon transmission

Using a /sup 137/Cs single photon transmission source for transmission scanning allows a higher photon flux and thus, better transmission statistics compared to coincidence transmission scanning. However, /sup 137/Cs suffers from a high scatter fraction as well as emission contamination, both leading to an underestimation of the attenuation values. On our NaI- and GSO-systems this is currently compensated by subtracting emission contamination, scatter-scaling and re-mapping. Histogram based segmentation, widely used to shorten the scan time on /sup 68/Ge devices, inherently is capable to compensate for a potential bias in the attenuation values. We have investigated segmented attenuation correction for /sup 137/Cs transmission scans with NaI(Tl) PET scanners in previous work, and came to the conclusion that our current processing was superior to the formerly used segmentation routine. In this paper we re-investigate segmentation, however, using a more sophisticated algorithm. Our focus was mainly to improve the accuracy of our transmission scans rather than shorten the scan times. However, the potential to reduce the scan duration was investigated as well.
Development and Finite Element Implementation of a Nearly Incompressible Structural Constitutive Model for Artery Substitute Design

Compliance mismatch between a host artery and a vascular graft causes hemodynamic disturbance and stress concentration, which may lead to thrombus formation at an early stage and to neointimal hyperplasisa near the anastomosis at a later stage [1]. To optimal design artery substitutes, the requirements of geometric and compliance matching at mean blood pressure must be determined and used to guide the fabrication of the unloaded conduit with proper diameter and wall thickness. Given the range and complexity of structural behaviors that can be produced by independently varying structural properties of individual layers (fiber type, density, orientation and layer thickness), a sophisticated computational model is required to determine these conduit design parameters. In this paper, a novel nearly incompressible structural model was formulated and implemented into the commercial finite element code ABAQUS (Pawtucket, RI) for finite element artery inflation simulations. The profound artery compliance changes due to variations of fiber properties, the nearly incompressibility control parameter D, and different properties of intima-media and adventitia were investigated.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Association of PNPLA3 SNP rs738409 with liver density in African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly diagnosed in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and has been associated with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs738409 in the PNPLA3 gene. This association remains to be investigated in African Americans with T2DM, a group at lower risk for hepatic steatosis relative to European Americans with T2DM.
On the Origin of Nonvertical Triplet Excitation Transfer: The Relative Role of Double-Bond and Phenyl-Vinyl Torsions in the Stilbenes

The results of theoretical calculations at the B3LYP-DFT level using the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set on the ground and triplet states of the stilbenes (c-1, t-1) and of 2,3-diphenylnorbornene (2) are described. They are not consistent with the premise that structural constraints require that the stilbene moiety of 2 assume a planar geometry in its relaxed triplet state. Pronounced pyramidalization at the olefinic carbon atoms gives a PhCCPh dihedral angle of 51.0° in 32*. Furthermore, the dihedral angles of 32* that involve phenyl−vinyl torsions, 22.3 and 26.5°, do not attain the assumed value of 0°. Thus, it is likely that 2 was improperly used as a rigid model for c-1. The calculations predict that in 2 and in 1 torsional motion about the CC double bond affords the most stabilization in the triplet state. As suggested earlier, it is that motion and not phenyl−vinyl torsion that most facilitates nonvertical energy transfer to the stilbenes. A single energy minimum is found on the stilbene triplet energy surfac...
THE DIALECTICS OF MODERNISM AND ENGLISH ART

L'A. developpe une synthese materialiste et esthetique qui s'inscrit dans le cadre dialectique du debat sur le modernisme et le post-modernisme, afin de demontrer que le modernisme anglais resulte a la fois de valeurs sociales (ideologie des classes moyennes, ethique du travail) et de criteres internes a sa propre pratique artistique (formalisme esthetique, tradition)
Architecture and design of high volume web sites: (a brief history of IBM sport and event web sites)

Architecting and designing high volume Web sites has changed immensely over the last six years. These changes include the availability of inexpensive Pentium based servers, Linux, Java applications, commodity switches, connection management and caching engines, bandwidth price reductions, content distribution services, and many others. This paper describes the evolution of the best practices within IBM in architecting sites that handle millions of page views per day. Discussed is the transition to multi-tiered architectures, the use of publish/subscribe software to reduce Web site hits, the migration from static to dynamic content, and techniques for caching of dynamic and personalized content.
Think Leader, Think Male and Female: Sex vs. Seating Arrangement as Leadership Cues

This investigation challenged the long-accepted male-oriented ideology of “think male, think leader” by using social and gender identity theoretical frameworks to examine same-gender biases and the situational leadership cue of the end-of-the-table position. In an experiment consisting of 241 undergraduates enrolled in a large southwestern university in the U.S. (105 men, 135 women, and 1 sex unreported), participants viewed diagrams of male and female figures, in either same-sex or mixed-sex groups, and selected a leader. The end-of-the-table cue held, but the 120 participants (74 women, 46 men) shown mixed-sex groups with a man and a woman shown at both ends of a table chose same-gender leaders significantly more than opposite-gender leaders. Whereas the results suggest that the “think leader, think male” ideology still holds among young men, findings also demonstrated a shift away from this ideology among young women.
The Prevalence of Thyroid Cancer and Benign Thyroid Disease in Patients With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis May Be Higher Than Previously Recognized

Abstract Purpose Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are at increased risk for colorectal cancer and extracolonic neoplasms. The prevalence of thyroid cancer (TC) and benign thyroid disease in this patient population is unclear, and guidelines for screening for TC in these patients are not well established. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of TC and benign thyroid disease in patients with FAP. Methods The prospectively maintained Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Family Registry at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center was queried to identify patients with FAP and with TC and/or benign thyroid disease. Results Sixty-six patients with FAP were identified. There were 30 men and 36 women, with a median age of 38.6 years. Four (6.1%) patients had a history of TC. All were women, with a mean age at TC diagnosis of 36.5 years. Three of the 4 TCs were papillary thyroid cancer. Two patients with TC presented with palpable nodules. An additional 6 (9.1%) patients with FAP had a history of benign thyroid disease, including nodules (3), hypothyroidism (2), cysts (2), goiter (1), and thyroiditis (1). Three of 4 patients with TC and all 6 patients with benign thyroid disease had other extracolonic manifestations associated with FAP. Conclusions The prevalences of TC (6.1%) and benign thyroid disease (9.1%) are increased in our patients with FAP and are higher than noted in some previous reports. Periodic thyroid ultrasound screening should be considered in patients with FAP to further elucidate the prevalence and for possible early detection of TC and benign thyroid disease in this population.
The Early History of Neutron Stress Measurements

The early years of neutron stress measurements are recounted using published documents and input from workers in the field. The circumstances and motivations of the early workers in the field are discussed, and some general conclusions are drawn. The first known reference is from the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institutes for Science and Technology (NIST), in 1976. In Europe, in the 1970s, materials scientists and engineers were encouraged to use neutrons to study applied problems after the ILL was commissioned, and this outreach effort was productive. The idea was also discussed in Australia at this time. Actual depth-probing measurements of stress began in 1979 at Missouri and Karlsruhe, then Harwell in 1980. The 1980s saw dramatic growth in the number and kinds of measurements, including initial pulsed source studies at IPNS and commercial work at Harwell and Chalk River. Two meetings are particularly significant: the 28th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference on Residual Stress and Stress Relaxation, held in July, 1981, in Lake Placid, New York, and the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Measurement of Residual and Applied Stress Using Neutron Diffraction, held in March, 1991, in Oxford. At the Sagamore Conference, the first workers to make successful measurements met. At the NATO Workshop, the neutron stress measurement community essentially came into existence.
Introductory essay: Perseveration happens!

Patients with recurrent perseveration as part of a fluent left temporal lobe aphasia often consciously intend to produce a requested target on confrontation testing in the clinic. However, suddenly and quite unexpectedly, they will have a perseveration happen to them. Being focused on the task at hand, and having no discernable attention deficit, the modular and automatic utterance of a whole‐word perseverate will startle patients, leaving them puzzled and at a loss to explain such a blunder. In this paper the claim is made that, in a sense, these patients have found themselves at the nexus of the conscious and the unconscious. This phenomenon is discussed based on data from a longitudinal study of a patient who has classical conduction aphasia with severe word‐finding deficits, but intact comprehension and attention. He perseverates only in the response modes that have been compromised by his brain damage.
Periodic points classify a family of Markov shifts

Abstract Ledrappier introduced the following type of space of doubly indexed sequences over a finite abelian group G , X G ≔ ( x s , t ) ∈ G Z 2 | x s , t + 1 = x s , t + x s + 1 , t for all s , t ∈ Z . The group Z 2 acts naturally on the space X G via left and upward shifts. We show that the periodic point data of X G determine the group G up to isomorphism. This is extending work of Ward, using a new way to calculate periodic point numbers based on the study of polynomials over Z / p n / Z and Teichmuller systems. Our approach unifies Ward's treatment of the two known Wieferich primes with that of all other primes and settles the cases of arbitrary Wieferich primes and the prime two.
A modified pulse-spectrum technique for solving inverse problems of two-dimensional elastic wave equation

Abstract The Pulse-Spectrum Technique (PST), an iterative numerical algorithm for solving multi-parameter inverse problems of partial differential equations, is modified by using the Garlerkin method to solve the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind in each iteration. In this way, the computation of the complicated Green's matrix in the integrand can be avoided. Details are presented for simultaneous determination of bulk and shear moduli and density variation of the two-dimensional elastic wave equation. Numerical simulation is carried out for an example in the geophysical prospecting to test the feasibility and to study the intrinsic characteristics of the modified PST (MPST) without the real measurement data. It is shown that MPST does give excellent results.
Effect of sample volume location on Doppler-derived transmitral inflow velocity values.

In 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 25 normal subjects, pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography was performed in the apical four-chamber view with the sample volume first between the mitral leaflet tips and then at the mitral anulus. The early filling wave (E) and late filling wave (A) peak velocities measured from Doppler strip charts were significantly ( p p p
A First Course in Atmospheric Thermodynamics

It is not uncommon to find textbooks that have been written with the intention of catering to a broad spectrum of readers. Often, though not always, the result is a book appropriate for neither advanced nor beginning students. However, Grant Petty had a very specific target audience in mind when he wrote A First Course in Atmospheric Thermodynamics. The book is clearly gauged for atmospheric science and meteorology students who have had introductory courses in physics and calculus but who have not necessarily established a firm foundation in analytic problem solving.
Laryngeal cystic hygroma

An unusual case of cervical cystic hygroma with laryngeal extension is reported. A patient with acute upper airway obstruction due to a laryngeal lesion was seen 18 years after the original cervical surgery. Maintenance of an adequate airway has required a partial laryngectomy in addition to repeated endoscopic procedures for removal of recurrent disease. The rationale for this therapy is discussed in light of the current literature.
Rethinking our basic concepts of health and disease.

Medical students' concerns that their education is not preparing them to be the doctors they could be can be traced in part to inadequacies in the basic concepts of health and disease they are taught, which prevent them from learning how to most effectively meet the challenges and exigencies of patient care. The author proposes an alternative theoretical perspective on the biological foundations of medicine by describing two divergent models of health and disease. The first, reductive isolation, represents the dominant theoretical approach to health and disease in contemporary medical education and practice. It emphasizes quantification and measurement and aims to peer beneath variability, subjectivity, and the infinite variety of patients' experiences to something universally definable, measurable, and objective. The second model, ascendant interrelation, takes as its starting point a special and prototypical property of the living organism, metabolism, in which the organism has an identity that transcends the material of which it is made, and in which such characteristics as form, wholeness, self-generation, and integration dominate. Medicine and the teaching of medicine must use both these models; the tools of reductive isolation are necessary but must be applied with a view to the larger and more complex reality of the patient as addressed by ascendant interrelation. Alone, reductive isolation does not offer an adequate perspective on the health of the whole human being, just as the well-functioning of the eye cannot be adequately explained without reference to seeing. In short, patients are more than their diseases; complex factors in their lives must not be overlooked as contributors to their illnesses or keys to healing. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effects of cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, aclacinomycin‐A, methotrexate, and scheduled methotrexate‐5‐fluorouracil combination chemotherapy on the transplantable R‐3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma in the F1 hybrid male rat

Male F1 hybrid rats bearing the R-3327 transplantable prostatic adenocarcinoma demonstrating similar growth patterns within the original sample of animals were carefully separated into control and treatment groups. This assured treatment of tumors with similar cell kinetics within each group. In the first study, two separate drug protocols were investigated by intraperitoneal injection, namely cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) once every 4 weeks for 8 weeks and scheduled methotrexate (7.5 mg/kg) followed in 90 minutes by 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg) once each week for 8 weeks. Excellent suppression of tumor growth was obtained with each treatment protocol. Both were significant at the 0.01 level. In the second study, methotrexate (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally once each week for 6 weeks, aclacinomycin-A intraperitoneally once each week for 4 weeks, and ketoconazole (60 mg/kg) via gavage 5 times a week for 6 weeks were administered to the animals in each respective group. Aclacinomycin-A and ketoconazole showed significant suppression of tumor growth at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively. Methotrexate suppressed tumor growth, but did not reach levels of significance over the duration of the study (0.2 less than P less than 0.3).
Tolerance to furfural-induced stress is associated with pentose phosphate pathway genes ZWF1 , GND1 , RPE1 , and TKL1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Engineering yeast to be more tolerant to fermentation inhibitors, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), will lead to more efficient lignocellulose to ethanol bioconversion. To identify target genes involved in furfural tolerance, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene disruption library was screened for mutants with growth deficiencies in the presence of furfural. It was hypothesized that overexpression of these genes would provide a growth benefit in the presence of furfural. Sixty two mutants were identified whose corresponding genes function in a wide spectrum of physiological pathways, suggesting that furfural tolerance is a complex process. We focused on four mutants, zwf1, gnd1, rpe1, and tkl1, which represent genes encoding pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes. At various concentrations of furfural and HMF, a clear association with higher sensitivity to these inhibitors was demonstrated in these mutants. PPP mutants were inefficient at reducing furfural to the less toxic furfuryl alcohol, which we propose is a result of an overall decreased abundance of reducing equivalents or to NADPH's role in stress tolerance. Overexpression of ZWF1 in S. cerevisiae allowed growth at furfural concentrations that are normally toxic. These results demonstrate a strong relationship between PPP genes and furfural tolerance and provide additional putative target genes involved in furfural tolerance.
Abstract 5019: Stem cell and neuroendocrine cell phenotypes of normal and malignant colonic cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC In the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), stem cell (SC) overpopulation underlies tumor initiation and progression, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that neuroendocrine cells (NE) cells play a key role in maintaining the SC population in the normal colon and, aberrant signaling from NE cells contributes to tumor initiation and increased stemness. Indeed, NE cells and SCs reside in close proximity to each other in the SC niche at the bottom of the normal human colonic crypt. Therefore, it seems feasible that the communication between NE cells and SCs is crucial to normal crypt homeostasis and that dysregulation of the interactions between the two cell types could lead to SC overpopulation during cancer progression. Our studies on human colonic tissues show that in normal crypts, most cells (>80%) expressing the colonic SC marker ALDH1 co-express NE markers such as chromogranin-A (CGA). Neither ALDH1+ nor CGA+ cells co-stained for markers for proliferating cells. Thus, in normal crypts, many ALDH1+ cells have NE characteristics (likely representing progenitor NE cells). In APC mutant crypts, the size of the undifferentiated SC population (ALDH+/CGA-) progressively increased relative to the size of the NEC population (both ALDH1+/CGA+ and ALDH1-/CGA+) during the stepwise progression to cancer. The distributions of these populations also extended father up the crypt (outside the normal SC niche). To evaluate how NE factors might regulate SCs, we did further studies to assess how NE factors might be regulating SCs. Because we found, by flow cytometric analysis, that various CRC cell lines (COL0320, DiFi, LoVo, SW480, HCT116 & HT29) each maintains a unique proportion of SCs and NE cells over time, we surmised these proportions are maintained constant through feedback mechanisms involving SC and NEC subpopulations. When these cell lines were induced to differentiate along the NE lineage upon retinoid treatment, they showed a decrease in the proportion of ALDEFLUOR+ cells and an increase in NE cell differentiation and enhanced collagen IV production. Retinoid treatment to induce NE differentiation also decreased the sphere-forming ability in terms of the number and sizes of spheres that were formed from each cell line. Taken together, our findings indicate that: (1) NE factors contribute to colonic SC regulation via an autocrine or paracrine mechanism in normal colon, and (2) dysregulation of these mechanisms contributes to colon cancer development. Citation Format: Shirin R. Modarai, Lynn M. Opdenaker, Bruce M. Boman. Stem cell and neuroendocrine cell phenotypes of normal and malignant colonic cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5019. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5019
Detecting Bordetella avium in tracheal sections of turkeys by monoclonal antibody-based indirect fluorescence microscopy.

Summary Formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tracheal sections from turkeys experimentally infected with Bordetella avium were subjected to indirect fluorescent staining using a mouse monoclonal antibody specific to B. avium. Tracheal sections from birds at 2, 3, 5 and 7 weeks after infection showed positive fluorescence. The results were compared with the bacterial numbers determined by a standard plate count method and suggested that the fluorescence test employing the monoclonal antibody was very sensitive in detecting the bacteria colonising the trachea. This technique was also found to be simple and specific for differentiating B. avium from closely related Bordetella bronchiseptica and B. avium‐like bacteria which might be present in the birds without causing apparent disease and from other agents that cause similar respiratory disease.
Sustainability and community resilience: the holy grail of hazards planning?

Recent hazard literature frequently refers to sustainability and resilience as the guiding principles behind effective hazard planning. Certainly, structurally organizing communities to minimize effects of disasters and to recover quickly by restoring socio-economic vitality are laudable goals. However, while anticipating such outcomes is relatively easy from a theoretical standpoint, practical implementation of comprehensive plans is much more elusive. Indeed, relationships between community sustainability/resilience and hazards are complex involving many social, economic, political and physical factors. A conceptual framework for analysis of sustainability and resilience, then, is described based on three theoretical models, a mitigation model, a recovery model, and a structural-cognitive model. This framework is examined using data from Florida, USA, where local context, social and political activities, and economic concerns present difficulties in application. The question remains, therefore, to what extent can communities truly develop sustainable and resilient characteristics?
Adaptation of tracheal stretch receptors.

The adapting properties of airways slowly adapting stretch receptors have been generally measured as their declining response to maintained inflation only within the first few seconds. We measured the adaptation of tracheal stretch receptors for periods of 30 min or more and related this property to the mechanics of the structure containing them, i.e. the trachealis muscle. We recorded action potentials from thin filaments of the right vagus originating from slowly adapting stretch receptors in the extra-thoracic trachea of spontaneously breathing dogs. A transversal elongation was applied at constant speed to the posterior region of the extra-thoracic trachea and maintained for at least 30 min. The receptor discharge declined rapidly at first and progressively more slowly afterwards reaching a steady value after approximately 3 min. A similar time course was measured for the decay in force developed by the trachealis muscle subjected to a comparable elongation. The rapid decay in receptor discharge was affected by the rate at which the elongation was introduced. The slower decrease in activity resembles the stress relaxation process of the trachealis muscle. Antidromic stimulation of the endings did not modify the time course of their adaption. From these results we infer that the adaptive processes of these tracheal receptors are essentially dependent on the visco-elastic properties of the trachealis muscle.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Glycolic Acid and Glycine as Substrates for Photorespiration

Considerable evidence exists that the carboxyl-carbon atom of glycolic acid is the primary source of the CO(2) produced during photorespiration by leaves of many species of plants, including tobacco. Experiments were conducted to determine whether glyoxylate or glycine, both products of glycolic acid metabolism, is the more immediate precursor of photorespiratory CO(2).Illuminated tobacco leaf disks were floated on 18 mm solutions of glycolate-1-(14)C or glycine-1-(14)C in CO(2)-free air. The (14)CO(2) released and the (14)C content of several postulated intermediates were determined when the substrate solutions were provided alone or with one of the following: 9 mm alpha-hydroxy-2-pyridine-methanesulfonic acid, an inhibitor of the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate; 9 mm isonicotinyl hydrazide, an inhibitor of the conversion of glycine to serine; or 18 mm nonradioactive glycine or glycolate with the other radioactive substrate.Both inhibitors decreased the rate of photorespiration in tobacco leaf disks by the (14)C-assay. The alpha-hydroxy-2-pyridine-methanesulfonic acid severely blocked (14)CO(2) production and labeling of the glycolate pathway from glycolate-1-(14)C. Isonicotinyl hydrazide had little effect on the (14)CO(2) released from glycine-1-(14)C although the glycine to serine conversion was severely inhibited.These results and other data in the literature indicate that the glycolate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism does not supply sufficient CO(2) during the synthesis of serine from glycine to account for the rates of photorespiration observed in many species. A direct decarboxylation of glyoxylate is more likely the main source of photorespiratory CO(2).
Rough set extension of Tcl for data mining

Rough set theory provides a collection of methods for extracting previously unknown data dependencies or rules from relational databases or decision tables. Various applications exist, and several different low-level libraries are available that provide different analysis algorithms. Unfortunately, in many real applications, it is not easy to incorporate these low-level libraries. To deal with this problem, in this paper we introduce an approach which adds a rough set extension to an existing scripting language, Tcl. The extended language, known as RSLTcl, provides an easy-to-use interface and has a great deal of flexibility. We use two newly developed Tcl commands to illustrate our approach. We also use an example to show how these commands can be used to induce rules from decision tables. Since Tcl commands can be easily accessed through web pages, our approach may have good potential for incremental and automated construction of knowledge-bases.