cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Discussion of Philosophy and Psychotherapy: Part 3—Epistemology: The Darkness of Unknowing

This interview with an anonymous psychiatrist presents and illustrates the concept of “epistemological trauma,” an event felt as shattering a person's faith in the functioning of his or her own mind. Such shattering results in a sense that one no longer knows anything, that what was believed to be true and real is illusory and unreliable, and that one's very sanity cannot be trusted. Two clinical cases are extensively described, one involving a woman who discovered her marriage of two decades had been based on lies, and the other concerning a man who experienced the sudden loss of his mother when he was a boy. It is argued that all trauma is epistemological trauma.
Spontaneous segmentation in normal and in time-compressed speech

An experiment is reported in which subjects heard recorded speech passages at normal speaking rates and at various degrees of time compression, with instructions to interrupt the speech input for intermediate report by stopping the tape at points of their choosing. An analysis of subjects’ points of interruption as a function of speech rate eliminated temporal duration and number of words per segment as primary determiners of segmentation strategy. Formal linguistic constituents at all speech rates served as a good, but not perfect, predictor of segmentation boundaries. The results are interpreted in the light of on-line interactive and augmented transition network (ATN) models of speech perception.
Diffusion and Binding of Monoclonal Antibody TNT-1 in Multicellular Tumor Spheroids

Tumor spheroids of HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma and A375 melanoma were established to investigate the uptake and clearance kinetics of TNT-1, a monoclonal antibody that targets necrotic cells of tumors. Our data reveal that there was rapid uptake of TNT-1 and its F(ab')2 fragment in both spheroid models, whereas an antibody of irrelevant specificity, Lym-1, and its F(ab')2 fragment bound poorly to the spheroids. Unlike previously reported monoclonal antibodies to tumor cell-surface antigens, TNT-1 showed (1) a linear uptake that increased over time without saturation in tumor spheroids and (2) an unexpected uptake by a subpopulation of cells in the viable outer rim of the spheroids. These preclinical studies provide important information concerning the therapeutic potential of TNT monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer and micrometastases.
On the Input-to-State Stability Property

The ‘input to state stability’ (ISS) property provides a natural framework in which to formulate notions of stability with respect to input perturbations. In this expository paper, we review various equivalent definitions expressed in stability, Lyapunov-theoretic, and dissipation terms. We sketch some applications to the stabilisation of cascades of systems and of linear systems subject to control saturation.
Molecular basis of polycythemic disorders due to aberrant hypoxia sensing and its relevance to acute leukemia

The author of this lecture has been especially honored to be selected to deliver the Ernest Beutler Memorial Lecture at the Acute Leukemia Forum 2012 and to write this overview. Ernest Beutler was the pivotal influence in my introduction to academic life, and his contribution to hematology in the last 5 decades was unsurpassed. Taking a cue from Ernie's example, I have elected in the keynote speech and this brief treatise, to start with an unconventional introduction and to expand on some discoveries made in my laboratory. Then I will extend these findings to the focus of the Acute Leukemia Forum to address potentially new approaches to therapies of acute leukemias. Somatic and germline mutations of acute leukemias are unfortunately caused by arrays of somatic and germline mutations. Simultaneous targeting of so many mutations makes it not possible to efficiently target all for cure. Albeit we should be aware that we should not in the near future ignore targeted therapy of those functionally important genetic and epigenetic events that are either initiating or contributing to aggressivity of acute leukemia, as these may be ameliorated by targeted intervention against one, or even a few together, of these defined molecular lesions. Yet, leukemic cells, like other cancer cells, have the unique metabolic feature to generate energy, referred as the Warburg effect, which can potentially be targeted to suppress or even eradicate cancer.
Molecular variation among type IV pilin (bfpA) genes from diverse enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains.

Typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains produce bundle-forming pili (BFP), type IVB fimbriae that have been implicated in EPEC virulence, antigenicity, autoaggregation, and localized adherence to epithelial cells (LA). BFP are polymers of bundlin, a pilin protein that is encoded by the bfpA gene found on a large EPEC plasmid. Striking sequence variation has previously been observed among type IV pilin genes of other gram-negative bacterial pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas and Neisseria spp.). In contrast, the established sequences of bfpA genes from two distantly related prototype EPEC strains vary by only a single base pair. To determine whether bundlin sequences vary more extensively, we used PCR to amplify the bfpA genes from 19 EPEC strains chosen for their various serotypes and sites and years of isolation. Eight different bfpA alleles were identified by sequencing of the PCR products. These alleles can be classified into two major groups. The α group contains three alleles derived from strains carrying O55, O86, O111, O119, O127, or O128 somatic antigens. The β group contains five alleles derived from strains carrying O55, O110, O128ab, O142, or nontypeable antigens. Sequence comparisons show that bundlin has highly conserved and variable regions, with most of the variation occurring in the C-terminal two-thirds of the protein. The results of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis support the hypothesis that bfpA sequences have spread horizontally across distantly related clonal lineages. Strains with divergent bundlin sequences express bundlin protein, produce BFP, and carry out autoaggregation and LA. However, four strains lack most or all of these phenotypes despite having an intact bfpA gene. These results have important implications for our understanding of bundlin structure, transmission of the bfp gene cluster among EPEC strains, and the role of bundlin variation in the evasion of host immune system responses.
Thrombus-induced endothelial dysfunction: Hemoglobin and fibrin decrease nitric oxide bioactivity without altering eNOS

Background Arterial thrombosis is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to determine which components of thrombus induce endothelial dysfunction and to determine their effect on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and expression. Materials and methods Human aortic endothelial cells were grown to confluence. Group 1 consisted of control cells exposed to media. Group 2 was exposed to cellular components of thrombus, including erythrocytes (RBCs) (1.5, 3, and 6 × 10 4 cells/ml) and platelets (0.5, 1, and 2 × 10 5 platelets/ml). Group 3 was exposed to extracellular thrombus components, including hemoglobin (1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 g/dl), thrombin (0.4, 4.0, and 10.0 units/ml), and fibrin. The exposure time was 20 h. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured following exposure. Global cellular integrity was evaluated by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) conversion. eNOS mRNA expression was measured using semiquantitative PCR and eNOS protein activity evaluated via a l -citrulline conversion assay. Studies were done in replicates of six and expressed as percentages of controls. Results NO levels decreased following exposure to hemoglobin (1.25 g/dl = 59 ± 5%, 2.5 g/dl = 38 ± 3%, 5 g/dl = 37 ± 6%, P P P P P > 0.05). Thrombin’s effect was concentration dependent, inhibiting nitric oxide production at low doses while stimulating it at high doses ( P P P > 0.05). Moreover, eNOS mRNA expression was unaffected ( P > 0.05). Conclusions Intact cellular components of thrombus do not cause endothelial dysfunction in vitro . However, free hemoglobin and fibrin diminish NO bioactivity, likely via scavenging. Thrombin affects NO levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Neither eNOS expression nor eNOS activity is diminished, indicating that thrombus does not cause permanent changes in NO generation capability.
Interactive digital-simulation laboratory gains special components

Using interactive simulation preserves the experimental nature of digital-logic and computer-design laboratories. Components providing special features and design challenges extend a simulator to enhance this mode of simulation. These special components provide powerful diagnostic tools, multi-element displays, and animated devices.The basic simulator uses three-level signals and is event driven. Over forty components form the standard complement of elements. These include primitive gates and functionally-implemented multiplexers, decoders, registers, counters, RAM's and ROM's.The normal simulation mode provides keyboard interaction for changing network excitations by switch toggling and pulser activation. Periodic clock of unlimited duration are also included. This combination provides a motivating setting for experimenting with and solving complex design problems.
Formation of high-frequency sequences and their bounding surfaces: case study of the Eocene Yegua Formation, Texas Gulf Coast, USA

Abstract Short-term variations in accommodation and sediment supply on the continental shelf cause imbalances within longer-term dynamic equilibrium conditions. These imbalances result in the deposition of high-frequency sequences. The Eocene Yegua Formation of the Texas Gulf Coast is made up of six such sequences, which have average durations of 0.8 million years or less. They formed in response to distinct variations in the rate and quantity of sediment supply, increases and decreases in the average grain size carried into the basin, relative sea-level position, and the capacity of basinal energy regimes to transport and rework sediments. Each sequence may be characterized by the mix of particular regime conditions which were dominant during its deposition. If the rate of sediment supply and the average grain size were more significant factors than the rate of relative sea-level change and the capacity for basinal transport, then the sequence was supply dominated and was characterized by fluvio-deltaic deposition, progradation of parasequences, and river mouth bypassing onto the shelf and slope. If, instead, relative sea-level rise and basinal transport were the dominant factors, the sequence was accommodation dominated and was characterized by estuarine and wave-dominated deposition, retrogradation of parasequences, and shoreface bypassing onto the shelf. When the accommodation and supply factors were in equilibrium, sequences containing both fluvial and estuarine deposits characterized by aggradational parasequence stacking were deposited. No two consecutive sequences in the Yegua were dominated by the same mix of regime conditions. Therefore, the sequence boundaries are important indicators of changes in regime conditions. All of the boundaries are highly correlatable, well-constrained regional marine flooding surfaces. Flooding of the shelf thus apparently either causes or occurs as a result of a readjustment between sediment supply and accommodation. Continuous readjustments between these factors result in long-term equilibrium conditions.
A one-phase, distribution-level phasor measurement unit for post-event analysis

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are devices which provide near real-time synchronized data (synchrophasor data) at widely separated points across the power grid and are mainly installed at the transmission level. The widespread installation of PMUs across the power grid is gradually becoming a reality - and promises new capabilities to significantly improve real time knowledge of the power grid's operating state. Archived synchrophasor data provides a wealth of high-fidelity data to aid power system model sustainability analyses and to reconstruct unusual power system events. While the PMU device concept is well known in the power industry, the challenges of designing and implementing a PMU which integrates field measurements to deliver Global Positioning System (GPS) synchronized phasor data to the power industries' networks are not as well known or understood. This paper describes the steps, challenges, and reasoning involved in building a single-phase, distribution-level PMU. Our efforts have provided a fundamental understanding of a PMU's inner workings and direction to future efforts to improve PMU performance.
Ultrafast heterogeneous electron transfer in nanohybrid systems: computational studies on perylene at TiO2 clusters

Ultrafast heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) between a molecule attached to a semiconductor nanocluster and the band states of the cluster is discussed theoretically with emphasis on the perylene TiO 2 system. The whole approach has been formulated in such a way to be ready to describe different optical excitation and detection processes. Therefore, a model is introduced which accounts for the specialty of the molecule i.e. its particular electronic level scheme together with its vibrational degrees of freedom as well as the band continuum of the semiconductor. Calculations of the steady state linear absorption spectra are used to adjust the parameters of perylene attached to nano-structured TiO 2 via different bridge-anchor groups. These data are used to compute the temporal evolution of the energetic distribution of the injected electron. Finally, it is demonstrated that a two-photon photon emission spectrum carries signatures of the molecular vibrations.
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Chain Motion in α-Synuclein Contact Dynamics

α-Synuclein (α-syn) is an intrinsically unstructured 140-residue neuronal protein of uncertain function that is implicated in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. Tertiary contact formation rate constants in α-syn, determined from diffusion-limited electron-transfer kinetics measurements, are poorly approximated by simple random polymer theory. One source of the discrepancy between theory and experiment may be that interior-loop formation rates are not well approximated by end-to-end contact dynamics models. We have addressed this issue with Monte Carlo simulations to model asynchronous and synchronous motion of contacting sites in a random polymer. These simulations suggest that a dynamical drag effect may slow interior-loop formation rates by about a factor of 2 in comparison to end-to-end loops of comparable size. The additional deviations from random coil behavior in α-syn likely arise from clustering of hydrophobic residues in the disordered polypeptide.
9cUAB30, an RXR specific retinoid, and/or tamoxifen in the prevention of methylnitrosourea-induced mammary cancers

Abstract Studies were performed in female Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the efficacy of a new RXR specific retinoid (9cUAB30) when combined with tamoxifen in the prevention of mammary cancers and to determine various pharmacokinetic parameters of the retinoid. When administered by gavage, 9cUAB30 was rapidly absorbed and had a serum t 1/2 of 13.5 h. Since the retinoid was administered in the diet for the chemoprevention study, a 28-day study in which 9cUAB30 was given at dose levels of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg diet revealed fairly constant serum levels regardless of dose or length of treatment; possibly accounting for the observed low toxicity of this compound. When suboptimal doses of 9cUAB30 were given in the methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary cancer model, the following average number of mammary cancers were observed: 9cUAB30 (150 mg/kg diet), 4.3; tamoxifen (0.4 mg/kg diet), 4.6; 9cUAB30 (150 mg/kg diet)+tamoxifen (0.4 mg/kg diet), 2.6; and controls, 6.0. Thus, the combination of the agents resulted in an increased effect in preventing mammary cancers; suggesting that cancer cell proliferation was inhibited by the compounds blocking different pathways.
Modeling Approach for Transmission Lines in the Presence of Non-Fundamental Frequencies

This paper presents a transmission-line modeling tool to obtain a desired level of accuracy at non-fundamental frequencies. Specifically, the approach compares finitely segmented models to the uniformly distributed model in order to determine the appropriate segmentation of the line model for a desired frequency range. The line model performance is characterized through waveform propagation, including attenuation and phase shift. The software-based modeling tool is validated through hardware tests of different segmentations.
How digital interventions on screening and BI might be applied to psychiatric ED settings

Background Unhealthy drinking and other drug use are common comorbid problems among individuals receiving treatment in psychiatric Emergency Departments (ED). Several studies have shown that systematic screening and motivational brief interventions (SBIRT) are promising approaches for reducing alcohol and drug use that can be implemented in psychiatric ED settings. Recent digital screening and brief intervention trials have shown reductions in alcohol and other drug use among general (non-psychiatric) ED patients. These electronic approaches have yet to be tested for those receiving care in psychiatric ED settings. This presentation will provide an overview and framework for considering how SBIRT might be delivered electronically among psychiatric ED patients and how digital devices might be used to extend the impact of SBIRT beyond the psychiatric ED.
An ECO Technique for Removing Crosstalk Violations in Clock Networks

Crosstalk noise in the clock network of digital circuits is often detected late in the design cycle, sometimes as late as after first silicon. It is therefore necessary to fix crosstalk violations in the clock tree by making minimal design changes and maintaining skew bounds. We propose a novel approach for making engineering change order (ECO) changes in the clock network to remove crosstalk violations. A two-pronged approach based on wire-translocation and rerouting is presented. Wire translocation, i.e., changing the track for a net to another free track with less crosstalk, eliminates a large percentage of removable violations. A linear time procedure to check if a violation is removable by translocation is developed. Next, an efficient rerouting method based on an incremental loci-finding algorithm is combined with linear time dynamic programming approach to eliminate the remaining crosstalk violations. Simulation results for randomly-generated clock tree of different sizes and benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach
Writing Same-Sex Love: Sexology and Literary Representation in Yoshiya Nobuko's Early Fiction

X OSHIYA NOBUKO (1896-1973), novelist, poet, and essayist, was one of the most successful and prolific Japanese writers of the twentieth century. As a popular author, Yoshiya enjoyed a broad readership; by the mid 1920s, she was a celebrity whose face was easily recognized on the street, and by the late 1930s, she had become one of the wealthiest people in Japan, earning an income several times that of ministers of state (Tanabe 1999, vol. 2, p. 111). The recent growth of interest in popular culture has contributed to the rediscovery of Yoshiya as an author who developed the genre of girls' fiction (sh?jo sh?setsu) and brought a feminist perspective to the family romance in the genre of popular fiction (ts?zoku sh?setsu). She has received most attention, however, as writer of female same-sex love (d?seiai). Much of Yoshiya's fiction features girls and women who are strongly attached to each other, valuing above all else their love and sisterhood.1 Although Yoshiya herself was never "out" in the current sense, for 47 years she lived openly with her lifelong partner (and legal heir), Monma Chiyo. As a result, Yoshiya's stories of same-sex love are often simply considered an extension of her own life or just a non-Western example in the genre of lesbian literature. To fully appre ciate the depth and complexity of Yoshiya's texts, however, it is crucial to recognize that they are constructed through an intricate negotiation with contemporary ideas about female same-sex love. Of particular significance is the way Yoshiya engages with ideas found in sexology, a field of scientific inquiry into the "truth about sex" (Friihs
Query polyrepresentation for ranking retrieval systems without relevance judgments

Ranking information retrieval (IR) systems with respect to their effectiveness is a crucial operation during IR evaluation, as well as during data fusion. This article offers a novel method of approaching the system-ranking problem, based on the widely studied idea of polyrepresentation. The principle of polyrepresentation suggests that a single information need can be represented by many query articulations–what we call query aspects. By skimming the top k (where k is small) documents retrieved by a single system for multiple query aspects, we collect a set of documents that are likely to be relevant to a given test topic. Labeling these skimmed documents as putatively relevant lets us build pseudorelevance judgments without undue human intervention. We report experiments where using these pseudorelevance judgments delivers a rank ordering of IR systems that correlates highly with rankings based on human relevance judgments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves and Their Use in Radiology

Sensitivity and specificity are the basic measures of accuracy of a diagnostic test; however, they depend on the cut point used to define “positive” and “negative” test results. As the cut point shifts, sensitivity and specificity shift. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a plot of the sensitivity of a test versus its false-positive rate for all possible cut points. The advantages of the ROC curve as a means of defining the accuracy of a test, construction of the ROC, and identification of the optimal cut point on the ROC curve are discussed. Several summary measures of the accuracy of a test, including the commonly used percentage of correct diagnoses and area under the ROC curve, are described and compared. Two examples of ROC curve application in radiologic research are presented. © RSNA, 2003
Effects of carbon brush anode size and loading on microbial fuel cell performance in batch and continuous mode

Abstract Larger scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs) require compact architectures to efficiently treat wastewater. We examined how anode-brush diameter, number of anodes, and electrode spacing affected the performance of the MFCs operated in fed-batch and continuous flow mode. All anodes were initially tested with the brush core set at the same distance from the cathode. In fed-batch mode, the configuration with three larger brushes (25 mm diameter) produced 80% more power (1240 mW m−2) than reactors with eight smaller brushes (8 mm) (690 mW m−2). The higher power production by the larger brushes was due to more negative and stable anode potentials than the smaller brushes. The same general result was obtained in continuous flow operation, although power densities were reduced. However, by moving the center of the smaller brushes closer to the cathode (from 16.5 to 8 mm), power substantially increased from 690 to 1030 mW m−2 in fed batch mode. In continuous flow mode, power increased from 280 to 1020 mW m−2, resulting in more power production from the smaller brushes than the larger brushes (540 mW m−2). These results show that multi-electrode MFCs can be optimized by selecting smaller anodes, placed as close as possible to the cathode.
Capabilities of finite element analysis and magnetic equivalent circuits for electrical machine analysis and design

This paper reviews the literature concerned with capabilities and limitations of finite element analysis (FEA) and magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) analysis for electrical machine design. The most common known models are based on equivalent circuits and related analytical models, or on FEA. Analytical models use highly simplified magnetics, and have difficulty extending into saturation. FEA typically uses magnetic vector potential representations that model additional effects such as eddy currents, but requires detailed nonlinear models for saturation and hysteresis. MEC methods represent a third possibility for electrical machine analysis, based on permeance network models comprising reluctances and mmf sources. Advantages of the MEC method include reduced model complexity compared to FEA, enhanced accuracy compared to analytical approaches, ease of parameterization, methods for extension to 3-D capability, and fast computation time. One of the most significant concerns related to literature in this area is that very few papers report thorough comparisons between experimental measurements and simulation tools for electromechanical devices. Among those that do, even fewer compare electromechanical forces and torques. With less than 15 exceptions, the few papers providing such comparisons report ldquogood agreement, rdquo but in fact show errors of 10% or more between tests and simulations. Many papers with experimental results do not compare torque or force results or present error analysis. This is most unfortunate, as many authors deen to consider FEA results ldquodefinitiverdquo and use them as a basis for model comparisons. Saturation and iron losses appear to be the likely culprits. In a few papers, the reported analysis method takes full nonlinear magnetic effects into account. When magnetic saturation, eddy currents, hysteresis losses, and similar effects are modeled with care and in detail, differences between simulations and experiments typically are on the order of 5%.
Hierarchical correlates of bird assemblage structure on northeastern U.S.A. lakes.

We investigated the factorsstructuring lake shore bird assemblages of thenortheastern U.S.A. using data collected from 158 lakesbetween 1992 and 1994. The assemblage data wereaggregated and standardized to produce assemblagecompositions consisting of proportions of individualsemploying different foraging, dietary, and migratorystrategies. The assemblage data were then re-expressedusing compositional analysis techniques and subjectedto regression tree analysis to identify environmentalcorrelates over a range of scales. Regionally, humandensity in the watershed was the most importantpredictor for the foraging, dietary, and migratorycompositions. A combination of anthropogenic andnon-anthropogenic factors likely contributed to thesebroad-scale associations because land use was largelyconfounded with climate and geomorphology. Morelocally, associations with lake shoreresidential-urban development were identified as beingimportant for the foraging and dietary compositions,as were associations with lake shore wetlands, butonly contingent there being little human developmentpresent locally and regionally. Assemblages wereassociated with increasing local and regional humandevelopment such that: hawking, aerial foraging, andground gleaning individuals increased relative tohover-and-gleaners, foliage gleaners, and barkgleaners; omnivores increased relative toinsectivores; and residents increased relative toneotropical migrants. The observed changes in birdcommunity structure were consistent with declines inforest interior species relative to edge species inresponse to forest fragmentation and suggest thatanthropogenic factors have played a prominent role instructuring lake shore bird assemblages of this region.
Forensic investigation of the OneSwarm anonymous filesharing system

OneSwarm is a system for anonymous p2p file sharing in use by thousands of peers. It aims to provide Onion Routing-like privacy and BitTorrent-like performance. We demonstrate several flaws in OneSwarm's design and implementation through three different attacks available to forensic investigators. First, we prove that the current design is vulnerable to a novel timing attack that allows just two attackers attached to the same target to determine if it is the source of queried content. When attackers comprise 15% of OneSwarm peers, we expect over 90% of remaining peers will be attached to two attackers and therefore vulnerable. Thwarting the attack increases OneSwarm query response times, making them longer than the equivalent in Onion Routing. Second, we show that OneSwarm's vulnerability to traffic analysis by colluding attackers is much greater than was previously reported, and is much worse than Onion Routing. We show for this second attack that when investigators comprise 25% of peers, over 40% of the network can be investigated with 80% precision to find the sources of content. Our examination of the OneSwarm source code found differences with the technical paper that significantly reduce security. For the implementation in use by thousands of people, attackers that comprise 25% of the network can successfully use this second attack against 98% of remaining peers with 95% precision. Finally, we show that a novel application of a known TCP-based attack allows a single attacker to identify whether a neighbor is the source of data or a proxy for it. Users that turn off the default rate-limit setting are exposed. Each attack can be repeated as investigators leave and rejoin the network. All of our attacks are successful in a forensics context: Law enforcement can use them legally ahead of a warrant. Furthermore, private investigators, who have fewer restrictions on their behavior, can use them more easily in pursuit of evidence for such civil suits as copyright infringement.
Efficient keyboard layouts for sequential access in augmentative and alternative communication

The study evaluated the efficiency, measured in typing speed (duration/character) and communication rate (sentence completion time and words/minute), of eight different keyboard layouts using a sequential scanning access method. The two 12-key keyboards tested contained three characters on each key with the second and third characters accessed with a two-key combination. Simulated conversational utterances were used as input to the keyboards and a custom computer program calculated the time and keystroke requirements of each keyboard for each sentence. The 43-key letter-frequency-based arrangement was the most efficient among the keyboards tested, followed closely by 12-key letter-frequency, 43-key alphabetical, and 12- key alphabetical keyboards. The modified QWERTY keyboards were, in comparison, grossly less efficient. The results also show that row-column scanning is nearly twice as fast as linear scanning for all keyboards. Implications of these findings for clinicians and for augmentative and alterna...
Jointly Navigating the Reclamation of the ‘‘Woman I Used to Be’’: Negotiating Concerns About the Postpartum Body Within the Marital Dyad

This interpretive study explored the marital dyad as a context for the negotiation of concerns relative to the postpartum body, and in particular, the reconfiguration of this body so as to more closely approximate the pre-pregnant body/self. The research was guided by symbolic interactionism and the work of Erving Goffman. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with 14 married couples expecting their first child. Analyses revealed that wives and husbands negotiated meanings relative to recapturing, redefining, and reclaiming wives’ bodies after childbirth in a way that suggested a repertoire of possible selves, including the Woman I/My Wife Used to Be (before pregnancy), the Woman I Fear I/My Wife Could Become (i.e., a woman who cannot get her old shape back), and the Women I/My Wife Hope(s) to Become (i.e., a woman who can get her old shape back) (cf. Guy & Banim, 2000). Within this general system of meanings, three overarching themes emerged: (a) aspirations for the postpartum body, (b) the navigat...
Tethering RITS to a Nascent Transcript Initiates RNAi- and Heterochromatin-Dependent Gene Silencing

In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the RNA-Induced Transcriptional Silencing (RITS) complex has been proposed to target the chromosome via siRNA-dependent base-pairing interactions to initiate heterochromatin formation. Here we show that tethering of the RITS subunit, Tas3, to the RNA transcript of the normally active ura4+ gene silences ura4+ expression. This silencing depends on a functional RNAi pathway, requires the heterochromatin proteins, Swi6/HP1, Clr4/Suv39h, and Sir2, and is accompanied by the generation of ura4+ siRNAs, histone H3-lysine 9 methylation, and Swi6 binding. Furthermore, the ability of the newly generated ura4+ siRNAs to silence a second ura4+ allele in trans is strongly inhibited by the conserved siRNA nuclease, Eri1. Surprisingly, silencing of tethered ura4+, or ura4+ inserted within centromeric heterochromatin, or some of the endogenous centromeric repeat promoters, is not associated with changes in RNA polymerase II occupancy. These findings support a model in which targeting of nascent transcripts by RITS mediates chromatin modifications and suggest that cotranscriptional processing events play a primary role in the silencing mechanism.
Translation-Rotation Paradox for Diffusion in Glass-Forming Polymers: The Role of the Temperature Dependence of the Relaxation Time Distribution

Comparisons are made of the translational and rotational diffusion of small-molecule probes in a polymer near its glass transition temperature, ${T}_{g}$. In the rubbery state, ${1.1T}_{g}gTg{T}_{g}$, translational diffusion is much less temperature dependent than rotational reorientation; in a ``quenched'' glass, translation and rotation have similar temperature dependencies. This is explained to be a consequence of the fact that in the rubbery state near ${T}_{g}$ the breadth of the polymer relaxation distribution is strongly temperature dependent, while in the quenched glass it is temperature invariant.
Optimal reduced-order models for discrete time systems

The authors present an approach to determine optimal reduced order models for time-invariant large-scale discrete-time systems. The reduced order models are obtained by minimizing a steady state error criterion. These reduced order models retain the modes that mostly affect a set of desired variables. Expressions for the reduced order models are obtained. >
Facile assignment of disulfide bonds in ovine lactogenic hormone and human growth hormone.

A procedure, recently developed in this laboratory, for the rapid determination of the positions of disulfide bonds in proteins of known amino acid sequence was applied to the assignment of the disulfide bonds of ovine lactogenic hormone and human growth hormone. Each protein was hydrolysed by pepsin under conditions where disulfide interchange does not occur. Peptide maps of the resulting hydrolysates were prepared. Sodium borohydride reduction and subsequent treatment with S,S'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DNTB) revealed the locations of cystine-containing peptides: four for ovine lactogenic hormone and three for human growth hormone. These cystine-containing peptides were eluted, hydrolysed, and their amino acid compositions determined. By comparison of the analytical data with the known amino acid sequences around each half-cystine residue and the known substrate specificity of pepsin, the positions of the disulfide bridges were unequivocally determined. The results confirm the disulfide linkages previously established by other methods. The scope and limitations of this procedure are discussed.
Insights into aging through measurements of the Drosophila proteome as a function of temperature.

Drosophila melanogaster is used as a model system to investigate protein changes associated with the aging process under conditions that alter organism lifespan. Changes in the proteome are assessed at various ages in populations of Oregon-R adult males that have mean lifetimes of 47 and 111 days at 28 and 18 °C, respectively. Peptide hits detected from strong-cation-exchange and reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis are employed to examine patterns in relative protein expression. Thirty-three proteins were identified as having similar patterns of expression at both temperatures investigated when scaling the organism age to lifespan. In addition, the proteins ferritin 2 light chain homologue and larval serum protein 1β were identified in relatively high abundance and displayed distinctly different patterns of expression between the two temperatures. Overall, the results support the notion that aspects of the aging process may be preprogrammed at the protein level.
How (Not) to Talk on Twitter: Effects of Politicians' Tweets on Perceptions of the Twitter Environment

Abstract Politicians' Twitter habits can vary considerably. Those who choose to use may do so as part of a broad discussion community or as a one-to-many broadcaster. Because each user sees a different mix of tweets, a politician seen by one user as interacting with the public may be seen by another as engaging in one-way communication, potentially prompting different evaluations of the politician, the ongoing discussion, or even Twitter itself. This study uses an experiment to test the effects of different engagement and framing styles in politician tweets on evaluations of the politician, other discussants, and Twitter itself. Findings suggest that politicians who use Twitter to broadcast, rather than engage with other users, not only receive worse evaluations themselves but that the negative evaluation carries over to other users discussing the same topics, as well as to evaluations of the utility of Twitter as an information source. This effect is attributed to intramedium interaction, in which reacti...
Talk Louder So I Can See You

How does one sense influence the processing of another? In this issue of Neuron, Ibrahim et al. (2016) demonstrate that presence of sound sharpens neural tuning in the primary visual cortex via activation of direct inputs from the primary auditory cortex.
The 3-Year Medical School — Change or Shortchange?

Shortening medical school to 3 years, some observers argue, would increase the supply of physicians and reduce the cost of medical training. Data from many years of experiments in shortening medical education, however, suggest that doing so is unwise.
Integrated monolithic 3D MEMS scanner for switchable real time vertical/horizontal cross-sectional imaging

We present an integrated monolithic, electrostatic 3D MEMS scanner with a compact chip size of 3.2 × 2.9 mm(2). Use of parametric excitation near resonance frequencies produced large optical deflection angles up to ± 27° and ± 28.5° in the X- and Y-axes and displacements up to 510 μm in the Z-axis with low drive voltages at atmospheric pressure. When packaged in a dual axes confocal endomicroscope, horizontal and vertical cross-sectional images can be collected seamlessly in tissue with a large field-of-view of >1 × 1 mm(2) and 1 × 0.41 mm(2), respectively, at 5 frames/sec.
Geomydoecus bulleri Complex (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) from Buller's Pocket Gopher, Pappogeomys bulleri (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in Westcentral Mexico

Five species and subspecies of Geomydoecus from Pappogeomys bulleri pocket gophers are described and illustrated: G. bulleri bulleri Price and Emerson (type host: P. bulleri bulleri (Thomas)), G. b. melanuri Price and Hellenthal, n. ssp. (type host: P. b. melanurus Genoways and Jones); G. b. intermedius Price and Hellenthal, n. ssp. (type host: P. b. ssp.); G. burti Price and Hellenthal, n. sp. (type host: P. b. burti Goldman); and G. nadleri Price and Hellenthal, n. sp. (type host: P. b. nayaritensis Goldman). A key is provided for the identification of these five taxa.
Reportable Bacterial Infections among New York City-Born Infants, 2001-2009.

Objective To determine rates of reportable bacterial infections among infants in New York City and identify populations at risk and preventable causes of morbidity. Study design This retrospective cohort study matched live births in New York City from 2001-2009 to reported cases of bacterial infections among infants less than 1 year of age. Characteristics recorded on birth certificates were compared between infants with bacterial enteric infection, bacterial nonenteric infection, and no reportable bacterial infection. Multinomial logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify risk factors for infection. Results Bacterial infection was reported in 4.6 cases per 1000 live births. Of 4524 infants with a reportable infection, the majority (2880, 63%) had an enteric infection. Asian/Pacific Islanders in Brooklyn were the borough-level race/ethnic group with the highest enteric infection rate (8.5 per 1000 live births). Citywide, infants with enteric infections were disproportionately male, from higher poverty neighborhoods, born to foreign-born mothers, and enrolled in Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children or Medicaid. In contrast, infants with nonenteric infections were more likely to have low birthweight and mothers characterized by US birth and black race or white Hispanic race/ethnicity. Conclusions Distinct patterns of risk factors for enteric and nonenteric bacterial infections among infants were identified. The results suggest that infants born to Asian/Pacific Islander mothers residing in Brooklyn should be a focus of enteric disease prevention. More research is necessary to better understand what behaviors increase the risk of enteric disease in this population.
CALCULATION METHOD FOR SHEAR RESISTANT CAPACITY OF STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS

Steel reinforced concrete walls have been applied to many high-rise and super high-rise buildings because of their excellent seismic behavior. However,the study on the shear resistant capacity of steel reinforced concrete wall is deficient,and the experiment that can be used for analysis is also not adequate. Several parameters of SRC walls were considered,and 16 specimens were designed and tested. Combined with experimental results of other researchers,the calculation formula for shear resistant capacity of SRC wall is studied in this paper. The formula provided by this article can calculate not only traditional steel reinforced concrete wall,but also steel reinforced concrete wall with middle steel skeleton. According to the comparison between experimental results and calculations,it is found that the formula coincides with the experimental results well.
Clinical impact of strict criteria for selectivity and lateralization in adrenal vein sampling.

INTRODUCTION: Selectivity index (SI) and lateralization index (LI) thresholds determine the adequacy of adrenal vein sampling (AVS) and the degree of lateralization. The purpose of this study was investigate the clinical outcome of patients whose adrenal vein sampling was interpreted using “strict criteria” (SC) (SIpre-stimuli≥3, SIpost-stimuli≥5 and LIpre-stimuli≥4, LIpost-stimuli≥4). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 73 consecutive AVS procedures was performed and 67 were technically successful. Forty-three patients showed lateralization and underwent surgery, while 24 did not lateralize and were managed conservatively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), kalemia (K+), and the change in number of blood pressure (BP) medications were recorded for each patient before and after AVS and potential surgery were performed. RESULTS: In the surgery group, BP and K+ changed respectively from 160±5.3/100±2.0 mmHg to 127±3.3/80±1.9 (p <0.001) and from 3.00±0.10 to 4.4±0.09 (p <0.001). In the medically managed group, BP and K+ changed respectively from 148±7.3/93±4.3 to 135±3.3/86±1.9 (p <0.001) and from 2.68±0.10 to 4.3±0.09. After surgery or AVS, the patients who took ≥3 blood pressure medications were six (14.0%) in the lateralized group and 22 (91.7%) in the non-lateralized group (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AVS interpretation with SC leads to significant clinical improvement in both patients who underwent surgery and those managed conservatively.
Bounds on cost effective domination numbers

AbstractA vertex υ in a set S is said to be cost effective if it is adjacent to at least as many vertices in V\S as it is in S and is very cost effective if it is adjacent to more vertices in V\S than to vertices in S. A dominating set S is (very) cost effective if every vertex in S is (very) cost effective. The minimum cardinality of a (very) cost effective dominating set of G is the (very) cost effective domination number of G. Our main results include a quadratic upper bound on the very cost effective domination number of a graph in terms of its domination number. The proof of this result gives a linear upper bound for hereditarily sparse graphs which include trees. We show that no such linear bound exists for graphs in general, even when restricted to bipartite graphs. Further, we characterize the extremal trees attaining the bound. Noting that the very cost effective domination number is bounded below by the domination number, we show that every value of the very cost effective domination number betw...
Grief's Rationality, Backward and Forward

Grief is our emotional response to the deaths of intimates, and so like many other emotional conditions, it can be appraised in terms of its rationality. A philosophical account of grief's rationality should satisfy a contingency constraint, wherein grief is neither intrinsically rational nor intrinsically irrational. Here I provide an account of grief and its rationality that satisfies this constraint, while also being faithful to the phenomenology of grief experience. I begin by arguing against the best known account of grief's rationality, Gustafson's strategic or forward-looking account, according to which the practical rationality of grief depends on the internal coherence of the component attitudes that explain the behaviors caused by grief, and more exactly, on how these attitudes enable the individual to realize states of affairs that she desires. While I do not deny that episodes of grief can be appraised in terms of their strategic rationality, I deny that strategic rationality is the essential or fundamental basis on which grief's rationality should be appraised. In contrast, the heart of grief's rationality is backward-looking. That is, what primarily makes an episode of grief rational qua grief is the fittingness of the attitudes individuals take toward the experience of a lost relationship, attitudes which in turn generate the desires and behaviors that constitute bereavement. Grief thus derives its essential rationality from the objects it responds to, not from the attitudes causally downstream from that response, and is necessarily irrational when the behaviors that constitute an individual's grieving are inappropriate to the object of that grief. So while the strategic rationality of an episode of grief contributes to whether it is on the whole rational, no episode of grief can be rational unless the actions that constitute grieving accurately gauge the change in a person's normative situation wrought by the loss of her relationship with the deceased.
Sucralose activates an ERK1/2–ribosomal protein S6 signaling axis

The sweetener sucralose can signal through its GPCR receptor to induce insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, but the downstream signaling pathways involved are not well-understood. Here we measure responses to sucralose, glucagon-like peptide 1, and amino acids in MIN6 β cells. Our data suggest a signaling axis, whereby sucralose induces calcium and cAMP, activation of ERK1/2, and site-specific phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. Interestingly, sucralose acted independently of mTORC1 or ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). These results suggest that sweeteners like sucralose can influence β-cell responses to secretagogues like glucose through metabolic as well as GPCR-mediated pathways. Future investigation of novel sweet taste receptor signaling pathways in β cells will have implications for diabetes and other emergent fields involving these receptors.