cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The future of documents

The quantity of the world's information held in the form of documents is massive and growing. So, the need for a container of information that can be transported between service participants (people or computers), and that is decoupled from the operation of those services, is as important today as ever.The basic properties of documents have been understood for over 5,000 years. While the first electronic documents translated many of these properties to the new medium, they did this in highly application-specific manners, with document formats specific to a particular content type. They also lost some important paper (eg signing, annotations). PDF gave us the first universal document format. It supports various content types and extended the common propeties supported, but is limited to static, page-oriented content.In the years since PDF was first developed there have been many technological and social changes. We now have the opportunity to take the universal document to the next level. We are calling this new item an Intelligent Document.Intelligent Documents provide a rich, interactive experience to their users. While some of their content is static and embedded, increasingly the document is an interface to live information sources and web services providing personalized and contextually-aware content, caching the content as needed to enable on-line and off-line access. The documents can adapt their rendering and interaction to a broad range of devices and capabilities enabling users to truly control how they want to receive information. The applications that create the documents' data or content may come and go, but Intelligent Documents contain substantial amounts of metadata (increasingly semantic in nature) enabling their reuse and repurposing well beyond their initially conceived lifetime.This leads us to a document structure that is modularized, providing componetization of content, presentation, logic, and universal attributes for all document objects regardless of type. Intelligent Documents may more closely resemble applications in their behavior than traditional documents. The blurring distinction between documents and applications is a trend that will only increase over time.
Electrochemical treatment of human wastes in a packed bed reactor

There is an increasing interest in the use of electrochemical methods for dealing with pollution problems. This paper deals with the mass balance and the use of a packed bed reactor for the electrochemical incineration of human wastes. Parametric studies were carried out to determine the effect of: (i) anodic particle size, (ii) flow rate of faeces/urine mixture, (iii) height of packed bed, (iv) current density and (v) cathode to anode spacing arrangement, on the rate of oxidation of human waste. It is shown that particles of Ebonex™ (0.5–1.0 mm diam.) coated with a catalyst layer, comprising SnO2/Sb2O3, a solution flow rate of 0.9–1.4 cm s−1 through the packed bed based on the cross sectional area of the reactor, a bed height of 5–8 cm and a current density based on the geometric area of the particles of 5 mA cm−2 comprise an optimum set of parameters for the scale-up of a packed-bed electrochemical reactor system. A preliminary design for the further scale up of the process is also described.
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy of Cell Adhesion on Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold

We report the use of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) to study cell adhesion on patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces. Microcontact printing was used to pattern hydrophobic features to which the extracellular protein fibronectin was adsorbed, while dip-pen nanolithography was used to produce electroactive nanoarrays of hydroquinone-terminated alkanethiol on gold-coated quartz substrates. The hydroquinone was electrochemically oxidized to the corresponding quinone, and an oxyamine-tethered linear Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide was chemoselectively immobilized. A prism-based method of TIRFM was used to examine adhered cells on both the microscale and nanoscale features. We also demonstrate that, following imaging with TIRFM, the substrates can be visualized using conventional fluorescence microscopy.
The effect of size, crack depth and strain rate on fracture toughness—temperature curves of a low activation martensitic stainless steel

Abstract Fracture toughness K ( T ) curves for F82H were determined as a function of specimen size, crack size and strain rate. It was found that F82H shows a relatively abrupt transition from lower-shelf, quasi-cleavage fracture to upper-shelf ductile fracture. However, decreasing specimen size, crack size and strain rate resulted in a shift of the K ( T ) curve to lower temperatures. The differences in the lower shelf/knee regime were reconciled by combining a critical stressed area criteria for quasi-cleavage fracture with stress fields determined by finite element methods for the different specimen geometries. The results demonstrated that the large effective toughness for small specimens or specimens with shallow cracks are a consequence of having to deform the specimens to much higher J s before the stressed-area criteria are met ahead of the crack. Such large toughnesses and low transition temperatures support the contention that thin-walled ferritic structures should remain a viable option for advanced fusion reactors.
Small scale turbulent diffusion determined with underwater flow visualization

Dye plumes were generated at three depths in the seasonal thermocline between 7 and 11 m, 22 km south of Key West on 21 August 1980 and photographed at about 10 second intervals with an underwater camera system. Eleven pairs of consecutive pictures are analyzed to determine the mean current vertical shear and the width of the plumes by positioning reference points relative to the rod attached to the camera system. The relative distances of reference points are calibrated with the stereophotogrammetric method for one pair. The eddy diffusivity is calculated by use of a model of turbulent diffusion developed byTaylor (1921). Its values range from 5 to 25 cm2s−1 for the plume widths ranging from 33 to 132 cm. The Richardson number is calculated for each pair of pictures with the vertical density gradient estimated from temperature profiles. Its values are higher than the critical value of 0.25 except for one case. The diffusivity was higher by orders of magnitude than the molecular one and indicates the presence of turbulence together with billow like features of the plumes in spite of high Richardson numbers. This suggests that the billow turbulence might be caused by effects of surface gravity waves and not by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.
Sclerotial and low aflatoxigenic morphological variants from haploid and diploid Aspergillus parasiticus

Serial transfer of mycelial macerates of a wild type, haploid, aflatoxigenic strain ofAspergillus parasiticus in a defined liquid medium resulted in the production of three new morphological classes: a sclerotial form with high aflatoxin production, and two variant forms (fan andfluff) with lowered sporulation, no sclerotia, and attenuated levels of aflatoxin. A genetically marked diploid containing mutant markers for aflatoxin pathway intermediates yielded the same three morphological classes upon serial transfer of macerated mycelia. When these diploid variants were treated with a haploidization agent, and the phenotypes of the resultant segregants scored, a low frequency of colonies producing aflatoxin pathway intermediates was recovered. These genetic data indicate that the structural genes for the aflatoxin pathway are present but somehow attenuated in thefan andfluff strains.
Liquid structure factor measurements on3He

Results of measurements of the liquid structure factorS(k) of3He are presented. The data were taken at temperatures near0.4 K over the momentum transfer range0.15 A−1<k<2.1 A−1. The structure factor is compared with theoretical results and with the measurements of Achter and Meyer. We also compareS(k) for3He toS(k) for4He.
Electronic structure and photochemistry of the 2,5-distyrylpyrazine molecular crystal

Abstract The single crystal spectra of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine (DSP) were obtained in the frequency region of a demonstrated photochemical activity. Two observed transitions, n -π ∗ and π-ggp ∗ , are assigned at 23300 and 25400 cm −1 , respectively. The lower energy transition is shown to be responsible for the reported photoreactivity leading to oligomers while the higher energy one leads to formation of high polymer through an excitonic mechanism.
Small-animal studies of potential copper-containing injectables

Abstract Several copper compounds of amino acids and fatty acids were synthesized. Their irritant properties were tested by intradermal injection into the rabbit. Copper fatty acid salts produced less skin reaction than the copper amino acid compounds. The less toxic copper fatty acid soaps and copper amino acid salts were selected for sustained release studies. After subcutaneous injection into guinea pigs the selected copper arginate and copper stearate were compared with commercially available copper glycinate and with copper nitrate. Plasma copper and ceruloplasmin, liver, kidney and heart copper of the guinea pigs were measured periodically. In all treatment groups the plasma copper increased during the first week. Liver copper concentrations 19 days after treatment were significantly greater for copper stearate and copper arginate treated animals than for copper glycinate treated animals. The rate of decrease of liver copper following treatment with copper stearate or arginate was significantly less than following treatment with copper glycinate. This may indicate a slower release of these compounds from the site of injection. Nineteen days after injection, copper stearate was present at the site of injection in a significantly greater quantity than the other copper compounds tested.
Ena/VASP: towards resolving a pointed controversy at the barbed end

Ena/VASP proteins are conserved regulators of actin dynamics that have important roles in several physiological processes such as morphogenesis, axon guidance, endothelial barrier function, and cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Although considerable evidence points towards an anti-capping mechanism for Ena/VASP function, some controversy remains. Here, we evaluate the evidence for and against the anti-capping hypothesis, including results from some recent structural and biochemical studies that shed new light on this issue. In addition, we describe several alternate mechanisms that Ena/VASP proteins may utilize to regulate actin dynamics in vivo, including inhibition of branching, bundling and profilin-actin recruitment.
A prospective comparison of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in the extremely obese patient

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively compare the outcomes of transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy (TLN) and retroperitoneal LN (RLN) in extremely obese patients, as LN in such patients (body mass index, BMI >/= 40 kg/m(2)) is an accepted but technically challenging undertaking, and either approach to the kidney can be used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July 1998 and August 2005, 51 consecutive patients with extreme obesity had 53 LNs at our institution (13 TLN and 40 RLN). Peri-operative data were collected prospectively in a database approved by the Institutional Review Board. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two approaches for several variables, including baseline BMI (44 vs 45; P = 0.23), muscle-splitting extraction incision length (7.0 vs 7.7 cm; P = 0.53), and intraoperative complications (none vs 5%; P = 0.99). RLN tended to cause less estimated blood loss (EBL, 150 vs 100 mL; P = 0.31), a shorter operation (190 vs 180 min; P = 0.11), larger specimen weight (682 vs 938 g; P = 0.078), lower intraoperative open conversion rate (15% vs 0%; P = 0.06), and a shorter hospital stay (53.6 vs 37.5 h; P = 0.33), although none of these variables was statistically significant at P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: In the extremely obese patient, RLN tended to have advantages in EBL, operative duration, specimen weight, open conversion rate, and duration of hospital stay. RLN provides direct access to the renal hilum, and avoids the pannus and voluminous intra-abdominal fat encountered during TLN. These data and our experience support RLN as the technique of choice for LN in the extremely obese patient.
Convulsões não epilépticas psicogênicas em sala de recuperação pós-anestésica

Resumo Introducao As convulsoes nao epilepticas psicogenicas (CNEP ou “pseudoconvulsoes”) permanecem como tema obscuro no cenario perioperatorio. Trata‐se de disturbios motores e cognitivos subitos, mas por tempo limitado, que imitam as convulsoes epilepticas, mas que sao psicogenicamente mediados. Pseudoconvulsoes ocorrem com mais frequencia do que epilepsia em cenario perioperatorio. O diagnostico e o tratamento precoces podem evitar lesoes iatrogenicas. Caso Paciente do sexo feminino, 48 anos, com historia de depressao e “convulsoes”, apresentou‐se para cirurgia ginecologica. A paciente descreveu sua historia de convulsoes “controladas” sem o uso de terapia anticonvulsivante. Foi submetida a anestesia geral sem intercorrencias e recuperou‐se neurologicamente intacta. Durante as duas primeiras horas de pos‐operatorio, apresentou tres episodios semelhantes a convulsao, com tremores generalizados das extremidades e impulso pelvico; seus olhos estavam bem fechados. Nao observamos mordedura da lingua ou incontinencia. Os episodios duraram cerca de tres minutos cada; um dos episodios resolveu espontaneamente e os outros dois apos a administracao de lorazepam por via intravenosa. Durante os episodios, a condicao hemodinâmica da paciente era estavel e a ventilacao adequada, de modo que a intubacao traqueal foi considerada injustificavel. Apos a convulsao, a paciente estava neurologicamente intacta. Tomografia axial da cabeca, teste metabolico e eletroencefalograma nao mostraram alteracoes. O diagnostico de provavel CNEP foi feito. Discussao As convulsao nao epilepticas psicogenicas imitam o tremor e devem ser inicialmente consideradas no diagnostico diferencial de tremor pos‐operatorio, pois podem ser mais provaveis do que a epilepsia nesse cenario. Os padroes da pseudoconvulsao incluem episodios convulsivos assincronos que duram mais de 90 segundos, olhos forcadamente fechados com resistencia a abertura e respostas pupilares mantidas. Manifestacoes autonomicas, como taquicardia, cianose e incontinencia, normalmente estao ausentes. Uma historia psiquiatrica e comum. O conhecimento e o diagnostico correto de pseudoconvulsoes sao muito importantes para os anestesiologistas para a prevencao de morbidade e lesoes iatrogenicas, como a parada respiratoria causada por terapia anticonvulsivante, alem dos riscos associados a intubacao orotraqueal e internacao prolongada. O diagnostico de pseudoconvulsoes deve ser cuidadosamente documentado e retransmitido nas trocas de equipes medicas para evitar erros de diagnostico e complicacoes iatrogenicas. As recomendacoes de tratamento sao anedoticas; intervencoes psiquiatricas sao o pilar do tratamento. As recomendacoes anestesicas incluem tecnicas que envolvem o uso de agentes de acao curta, juntamente com altos niveis de apoio e amparo psicologico no periodo perioperatorio.
Effect of pulsed gastric lavage on apparent survival of a juvenile fish in a natural system

article i nfo Dietary studies are essential for studying trophic dynamics, and are often based on analysis of stomach con- tents. A popular method to collect stomach contents is the use of pulsed gastric lavage (PGL), wherein a stream of pressurized water forces an individual to regurgitate food items. Most past experimental studies have shown no effect of PGL on survival, but these studies are limited to laboratory or cage experiments, thereby controlling for natural effects such as predation or emigration. Using a mark-recapture/resighting approach, we determined the effect of PGL on apparent survival (! =1! mortality! emigration) in a natural system. In two study sites, we marked a total of 200 juvenile common snook, Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch 1792) (mean=251.7 mm standard length, sd=30.7, range=202-320 mm) with PIT tags, lavaged 89 of these snook, and resighted 90% of marked ! sh at least once with a telemetry array. Using the Barker survival model, we determined a signi! cant effect of PGL on apparent survival through QAICc model selection, 95% con! dence intervals of parameter estimates, and likelihood ratio testing (P=0.017). The PGL effect reduced QAICc model averaged maximum likelihood estimates of apparent survival by 12.0-17.4%. Since we estimat- ed apparent as opposed to true survival, we could not fully partition lethal and sublethal (emigration) effects; however, a lower incidence of emigration in lavaged individuals suggests that emigration did not drive the declines in apparent survival. Regardless of the mechanism, we found that PGL affected individuals, which is contrary to most previous controlled studies. Future researchers using PGL must consider the in" uence of potential lethal/sublethal effects in natural settings.
Computer Modeling and Parametric Study for a Pulsed H 2 + F 2 Laser

A computer simulation of a pulsed HF laser pumped by the H2 + F2 chain reaction is presented. A chemical kinetic model encompassing sixty-eight reactions is used to approximate the reacting mixture contained within an optical cavity. For each vibrational level, a Boltzmann distribution for the rotational levels is assumed, with lasing on the vibrational band at line center of the transition having maximum gain. An analysis of cavity and chemical mechanisms yields a simple relationship between the pumping and depletion rates of the vibrational levels. This relationship is used to make a comprehensive study of the effects of cavity and chemical parameters on the laser pulse. The effect of changes in uncertain chemical reaction rate coefficients is assessed. A competition exists between vibration–translation deactivation reactions and stimulated emission. Laser performance is most sensitive to the relative rates of the vibrational–translational and pumping reactions. In addition, the effect of the photon flux on the chemical mechanisms is significant.
Nanomechanics of Multiple Units in the Erythrocyte Membrane Skeletal Network

Erythrocytes undergo deformations when they transport O2 and CO2 across the membrane, yet the 3D nanomechanics of the skeletal network remains poorly understood. Expanding from our previous single isolated unit, we now simulate networks consisting of 1–10 concentric rings of repeating units in equibiaxial deformation. The networks are organized with (1) a 3D model for a single unit, (2) a wrap-around mode between Sp and actin protofilament in the intra-unit interaction, and (3) a random inter-unit connectivity. These assumptions permit efficient five-degrees-of-freedom (5DOF) simulations when up to 30 pN of radial forces are applied to the boundary spectrin (Sp) and the center and other units are analyzed. As 6 Sp balance their tensions, hexagonal units become irregular. While actin protofilaments remain tangent to the network, their yaw (Φ) angles change drastically with addition of neighboring units or an Sp unfolding. It is anticipated that during deformation, transmembrane complexes associated with the network move laterally through the lipid bilayer and increase the diffusion of molecules across the membrane. When protofilament/Sp sweeps under the lipid bilayer, they mix up the submembrane concentration gradient. Thus, the nanomechanics of actin protofilaments and Sp may enhance the transport of molecules during erythrocyte deformation.
Letter by Patel et al Regarding Article, “Masking Inferior Infarction by Anterior Myocardial Injury”

To the Editor: The recent article by Deng and Das,1 “Masking Inferior Infarction by Anterior Myocardial Injury,” was interesting. In our opinion, …
Digital forensics on the cheap: teaching forensics using open source tools

Digital forensics capability is a critical function in any information security program but the cost of the necessary technology and tools can be a barrier to its presentation in the undergraduate curriculum. This paper discusses how Open Source tools can be used to provide students with a realistic introduction to and experience in the digital forensics process.
Memory span and short-term memory capacity: A developmental study

Abstract A memory span task involving series conditions comprised of several different types of material was administered to children from three grade levels (7–12 years of age). As expected, age differences were strongly affected by type of material, with two conditions (consonant letters, words) intended to restrict opportunities for chunking yielding age differences that were negligible, and one condition (consonant-vowel letters) constructed to maximize sequential probability yielding age differences that were large. This finding renders less plausible the popular notion that capacity increases with age, and suggests that age differences in memory span reflect chunking processes. Additional findings, which indicate that age differences in memory span are affected by method of presentation and stage of practice, suggest that these variables should be considered in studies aimed at estimating children's memory capacity.
The role of basic amino acids in the molecular recognition of hydroxyapatite by statherin using solid state NMR

Abstract Organisms use proteins such as statherin to control the growth of hydroxyapatite (HAP), which is the principal component of teeth and bones. Though much emphasis has been placed on the acidic character of these proteins, the role of their basic amino acids is not well understood. In this work, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance was used to probe the interaction of the basic arginine side chains with the HAP surface. Statherin samples were individually labeled at each arginine site, and the distance to the surface was measured using the Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR) technique. The results indicate a strong coupling between the R9 and R10 residues and the phosphorus atoms on the surface, with internuclear distances of 4.62 ± 0.29 A and 4.53 ± 0.16 A, respectively. Conversely, results also indicate weak coupling between R13 and the surface, suggesting this residue is more removed from the surface than R9 and R10. Combining these results with previous data, a new model for the molecular recognition of HAP by statherin is constructed.
Placental defects in ARNT-knockout conceptus correlate with localized decreases in VEGF-R2, Ang-1, and Tie-2.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) is a transcriptional regulator that heterodimerizes with Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) proteins. ARNT also dimerizes with hypoxia inducible factor1α (HIF1α), inducing expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) to promote angiogenesis. The angiogenesis/vasculogenesis pathway is required for embryonic survival and includes several receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, Tie2) and ligands (VEGF, Ang1, Ang2, neuropillin). Transgenic knockout of ARNT in mice is lethal due to abnormal placentation. This study examines the VEGF pathway in GD9.5 embryos of wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), or knockout (-/-) ARNT genotype. All genotypes expressed abundant VEGF in trophoblastic giant cells. However, -/- conceptuses had less VEGFR2 in placental labyrinth and trophoblastic giant cells. Ang1 and Tie2 decreased in trophoblastic giant cells and Ang2 was decreased in placental endothelial cells. Abnormal development of the labyrinth correlated with decreased binding of VEGF and decreased expression of VEGFR2. In addition, VEGFR2 seemed to be the primary VEGF binding receptor in the labyrinth and blood lacunae of the placenta, as binding could be eliminated by masking the VEGFR2 receptor with inactive antibody complex. VEGFR1 may be primarily responsible for binding of VEGF to yolk sac and embryonic tissues, as masking VEGFR2 did not reduce VEGF binding in those areas, and it is interesting that major structural defects were also not found in those regions. In summary, in the ARNT knockout conceptus, the impact of ARNT deficiency on placental expression of VEGFR2 seems to provide an explanation for the failure of the placental labyrinth to progress, whereas the vascularization of the yolk sac and embryo appear relatively unaffected on GD9.5. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A rapid method for quantifying heavy atom derivatives for multiple isomorphous replacement in protein crystallography

A rapid and simple X-ray fluorescence-based method is reported for characterizing heavy atom derivatives of proteins for protein crystallography using multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR). MIR is a widely used technique for solving protein crystallographic structures which requires that a `heavy atom' be incorporated into the protein to provide a strong signal in the diffraction pattern. Current methods for determining the effectiveness of these protein–heavy atom reactions are not always successful. In contrast, X-ray fluorescence quickly determines the presence of heavy atom modifications of proteins and the stoichiometry of these modifications.
Citizenship and culture: the role of disabled people in Navajo society

ABSTRACT Cultural constructs of disabilities can vary from one culture to another and significantly affect how the individual with disabilities is perceived, accepted, and accorded citizenship rights and responsibilities. This anthropological study of Navajo individuals with disabilities investigates these cultural constructs in a non-Western society from the perspective of the Navajo community members. Factors analyzed include child-rearing practices, the Navajo concept of childhood, and Navajo notions of health and unwellness. Historical attitudes toward disabled people are also explored, as well as changing attitudes due to the influence of Western biomedical explanations and interventions.
Erratum to “The GoodNEWS (Genes, Nutrition, Exercise, Wellness, and Spiritual Growth) Trial: A community based participatory research (CBPR) trial with African-American church congregations for reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors: recruitment, measurement and randomization” [Contemp. Clin. Trials 32 (5) (2011) 630–640]

Erratum to “The GoodNEWS (Genes, Nutrition, Exercise, Wellness, and Spiritual Growth) Trial: A community based participatory research (CBPR) trial with African-American church congregations for reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors: recruitment, measurement and randomization” [Contemp. Clin. Trials 32 (5) (2011) 630–640] Mark J. DeHaven⁎, Maria A. Ramos-Roman, Nora Gimpel, JoAnn Carson, James DeLemos, Sue Pickens, Chris Simmons, Tiffany Powell-Wiley, Kamakki Banks-Richard, Kerem Shuval, Julie DeVahl, Liyue Tong, Natalie Hsieh, Jenny J. Lee
Potential of Dual Time Point FDG-PET Imaging in Differentiating Malignant from Benign Pleural Disease

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the utility of dual time point 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) imaging in differentiating benign from malignant pleural disease.
Algorithms for optimal sequencing of dynamic multileaf collimators

Dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is used to deliver intensity modulated beams using a multileaf collimator (MLC), with the leaves in motion. DMLC-IMRT requires the conversion of a radiation intensity map into a leaf sequence file that controls the movement of the MLC while the beam is on. It is imperative that the intensity map delivered using the leaf sequence file be as close as possible to the intensity map generated by the dose optimization algorithm, while satisfying hardware constraints of the delivery system. Optimization of the leaf-sequencing algorithm has been the subject of several recent investigations. In this work, we present a systematic study of the optimization of leaf-sequencing algorithms for dynamic multileaf collimator beam delivery and provide rigorous mathematical proofs of optimized leaf sequence settings in terms of monitor unit (MU) efficiency under the most common leaf movement constraints that include leaf interdigitation constraint. Our analytical analysis shows that leaf sequencing based on unidirectional movement of the MLC leaves is as MU efficient as bi-directional movement of the MLC leaves.
Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene: inhalation pharmacokinetics and tissue dosimetry of butadiene epoxides in rats and mice

Abstract Significant species differences exist in the susceptibility to butadiene (BD)-induced cancer in rats and mice, and metabolism is likely a critical determinant for species sensitivity. This study measured the in vivo concentrations of, (1) BD in blood; (2) epoxybutene (EB) and diepoxybutane (DEB) in blood, lung and liver; and (3) glutathione (GSH) in lung and liver of male B6C3F, mice and Sprague-Dawley rats during and after 6-h exposure to 62.5, 625, 1250, and 8000 (rat only) ppm BD. Mice had higher concentrations of EB and DEB in blood and tissues than did rats, DEB could not be detected in blood or tissues of rats, and the greatest depletion of GSH occurred in the lungs of mice. During exposure, the peak concentrations of EB in mice compared with rats were 4- to 8-fold higher in blood, 13- to 15-fold higher in lung, and 5- to 8-fold higher in liver. These data suggest that higher levels of BD epoxides in blood and tissues of mice compared with rats may explain, in part, the greater sensitivity of mice than rats to BD-induced c0arcinogenicity.
Developmental Differences in the Role of Detail in Picture Recognition Memory

Abstract Two experiments assess the effect of the amount of physical detail in pictures on picture recognition memory. Children and adults were presented simple and complex line drawings. A “same-different” recognition test followed in which the distractor items were original pictures from the presentation phase with the amount of physical detail altered. For second- and fourth-grade subjects, recognition sensitivity, measured in terms of d ′, was similar for pictures in the simple and complex presentation conditions. For adults, however, recognition sensitivity was greater for pictures in the simple than complex presentation condition. This finding with adults was replicated in Experiment 2. Interpretations of this age difference in picture memory processing are discussed, as well as the constraints imposed by various dependent measures used in picture memory studies.
Fraud Detection and Investigation: Microcomputer Consulting Services

This nonfictional case of inventory fraud in a university setting exposes students to fraud detection and investigation. These skills are becoming increasingly important for auditors, as evidenced by the alarming rate of fraud. The accounting profession has acknowledged the seriousness of this issue with the issuance of SAS No. 82, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, developed in part to improve detection of frauds by auditors. The case raises many of the fraud‐related issues faced by accountants: recognizing red flags indicative of fraud; the importance of a good system of internal controls; the profile of the typical fraud perpetrator; the fine line auditors walk when investigating a fraud; the need to develop an audit team with the appropriate level of expertise which may require members from a variety of disciplines (e.g., investigative, legal and forensic areas); and the difficulty of obtaining sufficient evidence to prosecute and convict perpetrators.
Combined Lesions of the Glenoid Labrum

Advances in shoulder arthroscopy and improved understanding of the pathoanatomy following shoulder instability have led to increased recognition of combined lesions of the glenoid labrum. Although the diagnosis of combined labral tears is often made with physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging, combined tears can be discovered intraoperatively. A high index of suspicion is necessary, especially in the setting of chronic recurrent shoulder instability or previous failed labral repair. Over a 6-year period at a military institution, combined labral repairs comprised 37% of all patients undergoing any labral repair. With accurate identification of all labral pathology and a systematic approach to labral repair, successful outcomes can be achieved.
Who goes there? Science, fiction, and belonging in Antarctica

Abstract The implications of the ATS regime on Antarctica have been profound, both structuring the possibilities for states to engage Antarctica, while limiting those very engagements to those directly related to science. State-run science has in many ways solved the problem of Antarctica's resistance to capital development and provided a safe course for national rivalry. Yet science has not always been seen as the sole convener of Antarctic activity. Tracing three versions of a story of resistance to an alien invasion of the pole – John Campbell's ‘Who Goes There?’ (1935), and its two filmic remakes, Christian Nyby's The Thing From Another World (1951) and John Carpenter's The Thing (1981), in relation to Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic exploration career, this essay considers US strategies for incorporating Antarctic territory into national and global imaginaries.
Central control of the lower extrinsic protractor muscle in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia

Abstract 1. 1. Anatomical and electrophysiological techniques were used to identify nerve cells in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia califomica which control the lower extrinsic protractor muscle in the buccal mass. 2. 2. Of the four cells which send axons to the muscle, one was inhibitory, two were excitatory and one had no discernible effect. 3. 3. Anatomical and physiological evidence is given that the identified cells interact, and thus, these cells comprise a useful simple system for the study of muscle control in molluscs.
Coupling effect between liquid sloshing and flexible fluid-filled systems

Abstract Current practice in seismic design of flexible liquid-filled systems is reviewed. A coupled fluid-structure finite element method which considers the sloshing effect is developed for the seismic analysis of liquid-filled systems of various geometries with and without internal components. An analysis of the dynamic interaction between the structural vibration and liquid sloshing is also presented. Both rigid and flexible fluid-tank systems of different configurations are considered. Results demonstrate that tank flexibility can affect the amplitude of the free surface wave and hence the sloshing pressure and structural response. This result is consistent with the perturbation analysis. The dynamic interaction depends on (1) the ratio of natural frequency between fluid sloshing and the fluid-tank system and (2) the ratio of the effective areas of the fluid-structure interface and free surface of the fluid. Hence it is expected that in analyzing tanks with flexible internal components, this coupling effect can be more pronounced.
Carving a Niche or Cutting a Broad Swath: Subsistence Fishing in the Western Pacific 1

Fish stocks in many parts of the western Pacific are increasingly being subjected to a variety of environmental and human pressures. Resource managers are responding to the situation by limiting and allocating catch across the various fisheries. There is a corresponding need to appropriately classify fishers and fishing fleets to ensure that all sectors are fairly considered when catch allocation decisions are undertaken in the region. But discrete classification of small-scale fishing sectors is challenging because commercial, recreational, and food-gathering motives often overlap. Moreover, despite the known importance of small-scale fishing in the western Pacific, the manner and extent of such activities are not well understood or thoroughly documented. This paper seeks to elucidate the nature of subsistence or consumption-oriented fishing and its relationship to other forms of small-scale fishing activities in the region. A conceptual framework of potential utility for assessing the degree to which small-scale operations are moving toward or away from subsistence fishing is developed with the intent of optimizing the resource allocation decision-making process. The discussion is based on review of pertinent literature and on findings from research recently conducted in Hawai‘i and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
A therapy is being ended: Reflections on brief psychoanalytic treatment

The following piece emerges out of experience coordinating a researchoriented, University-based psychotherapy clinic which has been designed to explore the use of brief psychoanalytic psychotherapy in a sprawling, economically decimated urban environment. The tasks of the clinic immediately bring one into disturbing relationship to a host of theoretical, clinical and ethical issues. The piece is self-consciously constructed of fragments. This form is intended to graphically illustrate that the issues posed by a project like ours cannot be addressed by theory-as-usual. The psychological, social, and epistemological questions converge in a clashing, discontinuous matrix. To attempt a continuous narrative argument in relation to this matrix would be premature; for now, the issues resist the taming effect of interpretation.
Social influence and sustainability in households

The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of social influence regarding sustainability in households. Several research studies show that individual and family recycling and e-consumption behaviours are more affected by people that the individual/family know than by outside influences such as government or advertising campaigns. Social influence theory, although prevalent in such diverse fields as communication, marketing, sociology including medical and rural sociology, management information science and education, has not been used as extensively in human sciences, home economics and human ecology, specifically in applications to household green behaviour. The origins of social influence are found in the ground-breaking work in opinion leadership by Lazarsfeld in sociology and in E.M. Rogers's diffusion of innovation theory. The present article makes a case for using social influence theory as a framework for future studies and academic work in environmentalism, and for those trying to increase or promote pro-environmental behaviour at the individual, family or household level.
Collinear invariant shapes for three-spacecraft Coulomb formations

Abstract This paper investigates invariant shape conditions for a three-craft collinear formation in deep space controlled solely by electrostatic Coulomb forces. Previous research shows that invariant shape solutions can exist under certain circumstances for a charged three-craft collinear configuration. This paper investigates the structure of the cluster shape solution space. The problem is examined from a mission design perspective, determining whether or not real charges can always be found that will yield a desired invariant collinear shape configuration. The paper proves that for any three-craft collinear invariant shape formations there always exists an infinite set of real open-loop charges that yield a shape equilibrium. Further, the null-space of the feasible charge solutions is analyzed, and a method for determining a charge-optimal solution is presented. The results are demonstrated through use of numerical simulations.
Why Are Conservatives Happier Than Liberals

In this research, we drew on system-justification theory and the notion that conservative ideology serves a palliative function to explain why conservatives are happier than liberals. Specifically, in three studies using nationally representative data from the United States and nine additional countries, we found that right-wing (vs. left-wing) orientation is indeed associated with greater subjective well-being and that the relation between political orientation and subjective well-being is mediated by the rationalization of inequality. In our third study, we found that increasing economic inequality (as measured by the Gini index) from 1974 to 2004 has exacerbated the happiness gap between liberals and conservatives, apparently because conservatives (more than liberals) possess an ideological buffer against the negative hedonic effects of economic inequality.
Temperature Dependent Fluorescence of Nanocrystalline Ce-doped Garnets For Use as Thermographic Phosphors

Four samples of (Y1−xCex)3(Al1−y Gay)5O12 (where x=0.01, 0.02 and y=0, 0.5) were synthesized via the simple, efficient combustion synthesis method in order to determine the effect of substituting Ga3+ for Al3+ on the temperature-dependent fluorescent lifetime. X-ray diffraction shows that the Ga-doped samples have longer lattice constants and transmission electron microscopy data show that each sample consists of nanocrystallites which have agglomerated in micron-sized particles. Photoluminescence data reveal that the addition of gallium into the YAG:Ce matrix induces a red shift in the absorption spectra and a blue-shift in the emission spectra. The laser-induced fluorescent lifetime was determined as a function of temperature over the range of 0-125°C using two different emission filters. Increasing the amount of dopant ultimately results in a decrease of the fluorescent lifetime. The quenching temperatures for the Ga-doped samples were lower than the samples without gallium. The results of this work show that combustion synthesis is viable method for making highly luminescent, nanocrystalline TGPs. In addition, these results show that the quenching temperature of YAG:Ce can be altered by substituting ions which alter the location of the charge transfer state and by changing the morphology of the sample.
The Role of Values in Promoting Physical Activity

Despite the proliferation of theory-based behavior-change programs to promote physical activity, obesity and diabetes rates continue to rise. Given the notable ineffective interventions, it is important to examine why these efforts have been largely unsuccessful and to consider potential alternatives. The purpose of this article is to consider the role of values in understanding decisions about physical activity and to outline a more appropriate framework for investigating them. Aristotle originally proposed that human behavior may be better understood in terms of phronesis (practical reasoning), aimed at realizing valued goals rather than as the product of antecedent causal determinants. Instead of relying exclusively on scientific methodologies, a more comprehensive approach to study physical activity participation would also incorporate analytical processes used in the humanities, especially with respect to conceptualizing the role of values in guiding human behavior. Therefore, revising and expanding ...
On the selection of median structure for image filtering

Median filtering is a powerful tool for reducing noise in images, particular for long-tailed noise distributions. However, the choice of filter mask is critical. The proper choice depends on the image and noise statistics, which are often unknown. We propose cross-validation as a method for selecting a median filter structure directly from the corrupted image data. This method requires no knowledge of the statistics of the noise or image. We demonstrate the value of this method with several examples. >
Test generation for path-delay faults in one-dimensional iterative logic arrays

We propose a test generation method for path-delay faults in combinational iterative logic arrays (ILAs). The number of paths as well as the number of critical paths in ILAs can grow exponentially with the number of stages. Existing path-delay test generation techniques explicitly target each selected path and cannot generate tests for ILAs with reasonable numbers of stages, e.g., 16 and 32. The proposed method overcomes this difficulty by implicitly targeting all testable paths and can generate tests for ILAs of arbitrary size and guarantees coverage of all testable faults. The proposed method also drastically decreases the test data volume to be stored in the high-speed memories in the probe unit of the tester by generating tests in the form of a small number of expressions. This is of great benefit since the ability to store large volumes of test data is a significantly greater limiting factor than the time required to apply the tests. Finally, for most ILAs, this method produces a compact set of tests.
The worries adult children and their parents experience for one another.

This study examined the worries adults and their parents experience for one another. To date, relatively little research has considered the experience of worry in this relationship. A small number of studies, however, suggest worry is relatively common in this relationship (Boutain, 2001; Cicirelli, 1988; Parker, Call, Dunkle, & Vaitkus, 2002). Furthermore, worrying may be linked with mental and physical health (Beck et al., 2001; Hoyer, Becker, & Roth, 2001). A son or daughter (aged 22 to 49) and mother and father (aged 40 to 84) from 213 families participated. Adult children worried primarily about their parents’ health. Interestingly, adult children with older parents were not more likely than adult children with younger parents to worry about their parents’ health. In contrast, parents’ worries were more diverse than those of adult children and included worries about their adult children’s health, safety, relationships, and finances, among others. Furthermore, parents’ worries were associated with their perceptions of relationship quality. Notably, parents who worried about their adult children’s finances reported having poorer quality relationships with their adult children than parents who experienced other worries (e.g., about safety).
Enabling interoperability for autonomous digital libraries: an API to CiteSeer services

We introduce CiteSeer-API, a public API to CiteSeer-like services CiteSeer-API is SOAP/WSDL based and allows for easy programatical access to all the specific functionalities offered by CiteSeer services, including full text search of documents and citations and citation--based document discovery. CiteSeer-API is currently showcased on SMEALSearch [10]. a digital library search engine for business academic publications.
On head-on collisions between two solitary waves

We consider a head-on collision between two solitary waves on the surface of an inviscid homogeneous fluid. A perturbation method which in principle can generate an asymptotic series of all orders, is used to calculate the effects of the collision. We find that the waves emerging from (i.e. long after) the collision preserve their original identities to the third order of accuracy we have calculated. However a collision does leave imprints on the colliding waves with phase shifts and shedding of secondary waves. Each secondary wave group trails behind its primary, a solitary wave. The amplitude of the wave group diminishes in time because of dispersion. We have also calculated the maximum run-up amplitude of two colliding waves. The result checks with existing experiments.