cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic uterine ischemia and reversible experimental “toxemia of pregnancy”

Abstract This experimental study, using mature female dogs, demonstrated that chronic uterine ischemia during pregnancy could be produced by prepregnant placement of snugfitting, but nonconstrictive, hard Teflon bands around the uterine arteries. The mechanism of uterine ischemia was relative; it depended upon preventing the occurrence of physiologic dilatation of the uterine arteries in pregnancy. Observation of 15 experimental animals in pregnancy showed that progressive hypertension, proteinuria, and hypernatremia regularly occurred, and upon termination of pregnancy that these findings disappeared. It was postulated that in response to chronic uterine ischemia, hypertension was caused by an increased production of renin by the placenta or the fetal kidney. Preliminary studies on renin concentration tended to support this theory. In concept and design, this experimental model was simple and atraumatic; in efficiency and accomplishment, it was predictably successful.
New electrical overstress and energy loss mechanisms in GaN cascodes

Depletion-mode Gallium Nitride Field-Effect Transistors (d-mode GaN FETs) need to be cascoded with a low-voltage enhancement-mode (e-mode) Si FET in order to satisfy the safety requirements of the power electronics industry. We find that the standard GaN cascoded structure is susceptible to electrical overstress and additional energy loss mechanisms. This paper provides an understanding of these mechanisms and their effects on both electrical overstress and energy loss. It also provides a method to measure the loss, and presents a benchmarking figure-of-merit. The insights will also be relevant for other wide-bandgap depletion-mode cascoded solutions e.g. SiC JFET, and are important for the successful design of cascoded solutions.
Commenting on Student Writing

The Authors from Western New England College School of Law discuss perspectives on and approaches to responding to student writing.
MEDICAL RESPONSIBILITY AND DRUG ADDICTION

The dismaying extent of addiction among young people, the complexity of its causation, and the grossly unsatisfactory results from current methods of management are all sharply posed in the accompanying review by Freedman and Wilson. This thoughtful condensation of the available literature may disappoint those looking for neat and simple formulations as to cause or cure. Easy slogans and hoary nostrums abound; they lack only facts to support them. The correlations between low socioeconomic status, membership in ethnic groups shut out from full participation in American society, and the prevalence of addictive practices point to social class factors as important determinants of the behavior patterns that eventuate in addiction; yet addiction is not universal among the disadvantaged and is being discovered to an increasing extent among privileged youth.
TextTiling: segmenting text into multi-paragraph subtopic passages

TextTiling is a technique for subdividing texts into multi-paragraph units that represent passages, or subtopics. The discourse cues for identifying major subtopic shifts are patterns of lexical co-occurrence and distribution. The algorithm is fully implemented and is shown to produce segmentation that corresponds well to human judgments of the subtopic boundaries of 12 texts. Multi-paragraph subtopic segmentation should be useful for many text analysis tasks, including information retrieval and summarization.
Restoration of Penile Function and Patient Satisfaction with Intralesional Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum Injection for Peyronie’s Disease

Purpose: Collagenase clostridium histolyticum is approved for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease. To date, no post-release study to our knowledge has evaluated patient perceived outcomes and satisfaction. Therefore, we evaluated patient perceived experience with collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection for Peyronie’s disease in a clinical practice.Materials and Methods: From March 2014 to July 2015, 69 patients underwent 1 to 4 series of collagenase clostridium histolyticum injections for Peyronie’s disease at our institution. Objective changes in penile curvature as well as patient reported functional outcomes and patient perceived curvature improvements were evaluated.Results: By the time of analysis 31 patients (45%) had completed 4 trials, 47 (68%) completed 3 trials and 59 (86%) completed 2 trials. Patient reported improvements (percentage) in curvature increased with each series (trial 1—14%, trial 2—28%, trial 3—30% and trial 4—37%, p <0.05). Among those completing therapy 57% reported that ...
Modeling and system development for the FLAG L-band phased array feed for large-dish astronomical observations

Wide-field phased array feeds (PAFs) are part of the next generation of receivers for astronomical observatories. Groups around the world are developing array feeds for medium to large size dish antennas. The Brigham Young University (BYU) radio astronomy group is focusing its efforts on modeling and developing new high performance PAF systems for the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) with 100-meter reflector, which is the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world.
Molecular Mechanisms in the Brain Involved in the Anorexia of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Deficiency

The anterior piriform cortex (APC) of the rat is thought to be the site of indispensable amino acid (IAA) chemosensation in the brain. The branched-chain amino acids, including leucine, are among the IAA that are recognized in the APC. The behavioral outcome of IAA deficiency is an anorectic response. The specific transduction mechanisms by which IAA deficiency and repletion activate the APC are not fully understood, but clearly phosphorylation of proteins, increases in intracellular calcium, and expression of the immediate early gene c-fos, which are among the earliest events occurring after the initial drop in the concentration of the limiting IAA, cause stimulation in the APC. Subsequently, several neurotransmitter systems, including those for norepinephrine, GABA, serotonin, dopamine and nitric oxide, are activated in the APC of rats that have consumed an IAA-imbalanced diet. These systems appear to modulate the output cells from the APC, glutamatergic pyramidal cells that send neural signals to activate subsequent relays in the brain. Ultimately, the feeding circuits of the brain carry out the anorectic response. Continued consumption of a diet containing an IAA imbalance causes a conditioned taste aversion to the diet in all animals that have been studied. Such learning involves synaptic reorganization, requiring both degradation and synthesis of protein, along with alterations in genomic activity.
Testing a Primary and a Secondary Endpoint in a Group Sequential Design

We consider a clinical trial with a primary and a secondary endpoint where the secondary endpoint is tested only if the primary endpoint is significant. The trial uses a group sequential procedure with two stages. The familywise error rate (FWER) of falsely concluding significance on either endpoint is to be controlled at a nominal level α. The type I error rate for the primary endpoint is controlled by choosing any α-level stopping boundary, e.g., the standard O'Brien-Fleming or the Pocock boundary. Given any particular α-level boundary for the primary endpoint, we study the problem of determining the boundary for the secondary endpoint to control the FWER. We study this FWER analytically and numerically and find that it is maximized when the correlation coefficient ρ between the two endpoints equals 1. For the four combinations consisting of O'Brien-Fleming and Pocock boundaries for the primary and secondary endpoints, the critical constants required to control the FWER are computed for different values of ρ. An ad hoc boundary is proposed for the secondary endpoint to address a practical concern that may be at issue in some applications. Numerical studies indicate that the O'Brien-Fleming boundary for the primary endpoint and the Pocock boundary for the secondary endpoint generally gives the best primary as well as secondary power performance. The Pocock boundary may be replaced by the ad hoc boundary for the secondary endpoint with a very little loss of secondary power if the practical concern is at issue. A clinical trial example is given to illustrate the methods.
Psychological testing for Hispanic Americans

Abstract The need for culturally responsive mental health services for Hispanic Americans has never been greater. This population will soon become the largest of all U.S. ethnic minority groups, and recent epidemiologic studies suggest that Hispanics have rates of mental health need that are similar to those found in the general population. Developing culturally relevant mental health services, including diagnostic and assessment procedures, for this population is essential. A synthesis of extant literature pertaining to psychological testing for Hispanics is presented. It is limited to the adult literature and discusses issues related to personality, neuropsychological, and intellectual assessment. The importance of language as it influences the assessment process has also been discussed. Based on clinical and research experiences and the results of the literature review, a set of general guidelines is proposed for those working with this population.
Progressive ratio performance following challenge with antipsychotics, amphetamine, or NMDA antagonists in adult rats treated perinatally with phencyclidine.

Rationale Previous research has shown that rats exposed perinatally to phencyclidine (PCP) exhibited neuroanatomical abnormalities and altered cognition. In addition to cognitive deficits, schizophrenic patients may also exhibit negative symptoms such as lack of motivation.
Motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant superoxide dismutase-1 transgenic mice: mechanisms of mitochondriopathy and cell death.

The mechanisms of human mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (mSOD1) toxicity to motor neurons (MNs) are unresolved. We show that MNs in G93A-mSOD1 transgenic mice undergo slow degeneration lacking similarity to apoptosis structurally and biochemically. It is characterized by somal and mitochondrial swelling and formation of DNA single-strand breaks prior to double-strand breaks occurring in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. p53 and p73 are activated in degenerating MNs, but without nuclear import. The MN death is independent of activation of caspases-1, -3, and -8 or apoptosis-inducing factor within MNs, with a blockade of apoptosis possibly mediated by Aven up-regulation. MN swelling is associated with compromised Na,K-ATPase activity and aggregation. mSOD1 mouse MNs accumulate mitochondria from the axon terminals and generate higher levels of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite than MNs in control mice. Nitrated and aggregated cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I and α-synuclein as well as nitrated SOD2 accumulate in mSOD1 mouse spinal cord. Mitochondria in mSOD1 mouse MNs accumulate NADPH diaphorase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-like immunoreactivity, and iNOS gene deletion extends significantly the life span of G93A-mSOD1 mice. Prior to MN loss, spinal interneurons degenerate. These results identify novel mechanisms for mitochondriopathy and MN degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice involving blockade of apoptosis, accumulation of MN mitochondria with enhanced toxic potential from distal terminals, NOS localization in MN mitochondria and peroxynitrite damage, and early degeneration of α-synuclein+ interneurons. The data support roles for oxidative stress, protein nitration and aggregation, and excitotoxicity as participants in the process of MN degeneration caused by mSOD1. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:20–46, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Flow Field and Heat Transfer in a Cavity With Inlet and Outlet Ports Due to Incoming Flow Oscillation

A finite-volume-based computational study of transient laminar flow and heat transfer (neglecting natural convection) within a square cavity with inlet and outlet ports due to an oscillating velocity at the inlet port is presented. The inlet port is placed at the top of the left wall and the outlet port is positioned at the bottom of the right wall of the cavity. The inlet velocity varies sinusoidally with time for a range of dimensionless frequencies (St = 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 10). The instantaneous Reynolds number also varies sinusoidally between 100 and 500 and Pr = 5. It takes more cycles for the temperature field to reach its periodic state in comparison to the corresponding flow field. For cases with greater Strouhal numbers, it takes more cycles to reach a periodic state. The throughflow stream undergoes cyclic growth and decay. The throughflow is in constant contact with the CW rotating primary vortex, which in turn interacts with two rotating vortices on the left wall. A CCW rotating vortex at the top right corner also experiences periodic growth and decay. Minimal heat transfer is consistently observed on the left wall. In contrast, certain segments of the other three walls and the boundary of the throughflow are zones of active heat exchange. For St = 0.1, the mean Nusselt numbers on the four walls clearly exhibit large amplitudes of oscillation and periodicity. With St = 10, the amplitudes of oscillation are degraded. These behaviors are directly linked to the relation between the period of oscillation and the convection time scale. Regardless of the Strouhal number, heat transfer enhancement in comparison to the steady state case is consistently observed. The best heat transfer rate is realized when the Strouhal number is close to unity. This is the case when the period of the incoming stream resonates with the convection time scale.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Revisiting recent etiological theories of functions

Arguably, the most widely endorsed account of normative functions in philosophy of biology is an etiological theory that holds that the function of current traits is fixed by the past selection history of other traits of that type. The earlier formulations of this “selected-effects” theory had trouble accommodating vestigial traits. In order to remedy these difficulties, the influential recent selection or modern history selected-effects theory was introduced. This paper expands upon and strengthens the argument that this theory has trouble stemming from recent “no variation” cases. In addition, several influential arguments for the necessity of including a selection requirement in a theory of normative biological functions are contested. It is suggested that accounting for biological functions in certain areas of biology (such as physiology and the neurosciences) does not require adverting to selection.
Body Mass Index and Birth Defects: Texas, 2005–2008

Texas ranks 12th nationally in the proportion of adult residents who are obese; approximately 67 % of Texans are overweight or obese. Studies indicate that obesity is related to an increased risk for birth defects; however, small sample sizes have limited the scope of birth defects investigated, and only four levels of body mass index (BMI) are typically explored. Using six BMI levels, we evaluated the association between maternal BMI and birth defects in a population-based registry covering ~1.6 million births. Texas birth defect cases were linked to 2005-2008 vital records. Maternal BMI was calculated using self-reported prepregnancy weight and height from the vital record and categorized as follows: underweight (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI 25-29.9), class I obese (BMI 30-34.9), class II obese (BMI 35-39.9) and class III obese (BMI ≥40). Prevalence ratios for specific birth defects for maternal BMI categories were estimated by using normal weight as the referent, adjusted for maternal age and race/ethnicity, and stratified by maternal diabetes status. Risk for certain birth defects increased with increasing BMI (i.e., atrial and ventricular septal defects, pulmonary valve atresia, patent ductus arteriosus, and clubfoot). Risk for birth defects was substantially increased among some obese mothers (BMI ≥30) (e.g., spina bifida, tetralogy of Fallot, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, hypospadias, and epispadias). Conversely, mothers with higher BMI had a lower risk for having an infant or fetus with gastroschisis (aPR = 0.35; 95 % CI = 0.12, 0.80). Given the increased risk for birth defects associated with obesity, preconception counseling should emphasize the importance of maintaining normal weight.
Fe2+ -F avoidance in silicates

Abstract Fe 2+ -F avoidance, reported in the literature in micas and amphiboles, can be accounted for by crystal field theory. The crystal field splitting parameter, Δ O , of Fe 2+ octahedrally coordinated to F − is significantly smaller than its value when (OH) − is the coordinating anion. Thus, the presence of Fe 2+ is not favored at sites where F − substitutes for (OH) − due to smaller crystal field stabilization energy.
The Synthesis of Two Novel Ring-Expanded Xanthine Nucleosides Containing the Imidazo[4,5-e][1,4]Diazepine Ring System

Abstract The synthesis of two regioisomeric nucleosides, 4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-6H-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-e][1,4]diazepin-5,8-dione (2) and its 1-glycosyl analogue (3) is reported. They were prepared by ribosydation of the heterocyclic aglycon 4 which in turn was synthesized in three steps from 4(5)-nitroimidazole-5(4)-carboxylic acid (5). Distinction between the two isomers was achieved by an unequivocal synthesis of 2.
Monolayer and atomic force microscopy studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor films

The surface pressure-area and surface potential-area isotherms for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and several lipid-protein monolayers are reported. It was shown that buffer composition and pH affect the film isotherm; the addition of unsaturated lipid and cholesterol to the native protein film contributes to the fluid phase of the monolayer. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of the lipid and lipid-protein monolayers transferred to silicon substrates were imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM images of lipid films show regular structure in the lipid layer and indicate protein aggregates in the AChR-lipid LB films, with feature sizes corresponding to the lipid and receptor molecular dimensions.
A Test of Stulz's Overinvestment Hypothesis

In a world with agency costs and asymmetric information, managers will have difficulty raising external funds since they have incentives to overinvest. Stulz argues that this leads to an optimal level of debt since this is one way to bond cash flows and reduce managerial discretion. However, unexpected cash flows cannot be so easily bonded. Thus, an implication of the Stulz hypothesis is that investment will be affected more by unexpected cash flows. Additionally, Stulz's hypothesis is most compelling for firms with low q ratios. Support is found for Stulz's hypothesis, and the support is strongest for low q firms.
Effect of a high-temperature cycle on the mechanical properties of silicon carbide/titanium metal matrix composites

The effects of fibre/matrix interface strength and thermal residual stresses on the mechanical properties of a silicon carbide/titanium composite were investigated. A 3-ply [0/90/0] composite was subjected to a simulated superplastic forming/diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) temperature cycle which changed fibre/matrix interfacial strength and thermal residual stresses in the composite. The [0/90/0] composite subjected to the SPF/DB process showed a 25% decrease in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and a 30% decrease in failure strain compared to the as-fabricated (ASF) material. The fatigue life for the SPF/DB specimens was approximately 50% lower than the ASF specimens. The fracture surface of the ASF specimens was very irregular accompanied by substantial fibre pull-out as compared to the planar fracture surface of the SPF/DB cycled specimens that showed negligible fibre pull-out. The large changes in the tensile strength and fatigue life due to the SPF/DB cycle are explained by a difference in the failure mechanisms occurring as a result of the SPF/DB-induced changes in the strength of the fibre/matrix interface and higher thermal residual stresses. Unreinforced titanium was also tested to study the effect of the SPF/DB cycle on the matrix static properties. Fibres were etched from the composite and then individually tested for modulus and strength. Finally, a microscopic examination of the fibre/matrix interface was performed to study the effects of the SPF/DB cycle on the interface.
Creating critical gameplay design

This paper discusses the critical gameplay design project and its newest developments. After being exhibited in five national and international venues in 2009--2010, the project has been reconstituted with 3 new games that critique specific aspects of standard gameplay. This short paper reflects on the experience of the exhibition and the design heuristics gathered from them. The paper discusses the three axes of creating Critical Gameplay Games, content, process and scale. It is provided as a resource for researchers making polemic games, including but not limited to persuasive games, advergames, and critical gameplay. It is also useful to people involved in game jams or other intensive, time restricted game-making activities.
The roles of factor VII's structural domains in tissue factor binding

Factor VIIa binds to tissue factor in one of the initial steps of blood clotting. In order to determine the role of the various domains of the factor VII molecule in this interaction, we made several chimeric factor VII proteins using recombinant DNA techniques. The molecules have factor IX domains substituted into factor VII and vice versa. The domains exchanged were the 4-carboxyglutamic acid plus aromatic stack domain (gla), the first epidermal growth factor-like domain (Egf-1), the second epidermal growth factor-like domain (Egf-2), and the catalytic domain. Using tissue factor-coated microtiter wells, competition binding studies with 125I-labeled factor VIIa indicated factor VIIa's Kd is 4.2 nM. Employing the same microtiter plate assay, koff and kon were determined and yielded a Kd of 1.5 nM. The results of competitive binding experiments and activation assays using chimeric proteins indicated the interaction between factor VIIa and tissue factor involves direct contact between tissue factor and factor VIIa's Egf-1 domain and catalytic domain. On the other hand, the gla and Egf-2 domains, while necessary for optimal binding, may merely impart structure to the rest of the molecule. However, either one or both of the latter domains might contribute a relatively small amount of energy to direct binding.
Some effects of attitudinal similarity and exposure on attraction and aggression

Abstract Previous research investigating the relationship of attraction and aggression has yielded somewhat equivocal results. The present study investigated the influence of two variables, attitudinal similarity and exposure, on interpersonal attraction and physical aggression. Fifty-four subjects received differential exposure to another individual and were later given information concerning this individual's attitudes. The subject's attraction toward the stimulus person was assessed followed by measures of aggression toward the stimulus person. Analysis of variance indicated that an attitudinally similar other was liked significantly more (p
Parallel model of the kinetic depth effect using local computations

This paper defines a new model for the kinetic depth effect for multidot stimuli. The calculation is performed in a cooperative-competitive network, described as a relaxation labeling process. The process involves a local iterative computation to meet best the constraints indicated by image cues to depth. Given a constraint that prefers interdot distances in three dimensions to remain constant (local rigidity), the model becomes a local parallel computation of the Ullman incremental-rigidity scheme. Several simulations of the model are described, including some in which additional cues are combined with the changing-dot-position cue.
Nasal Secretion of the Ozone Scavenger Uric Acid

Uric acid, an important scavenger of ozone, has been identified as the major low molecular weight antioxidant in baseline and cholinergically induced nasal secretions. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific tissue source of uric acid in airway secretions. The secretion of uric acid is increased by cholinergic stimulation and correlates closely with the secretion of lactoferrin (a nasal glandular protein), suggesting that submucosal glands are involved. Indeed, nasal turbinate tissue was found to contain uric acid. However, careful analysis of nasal turbinate tissue failed to reveal the presence of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for uric acid synthesis. These data suggest that uric acid might be taken up secondarily by glands from plasma. This possibility was strengthened by the observation that lowering the plasma urate level with probenecid concomitantly lowered urate secretion. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses that the principal source of uric acid in nasal secretions is plasma and that uric acid is taken up, concentrated, and secreted by nasal glands.
Uranium bioremediation in continuously fed upflow sand columns inoculated with anaerobic granules

Reductive precipitation of soluble hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) to insoluble tetravalent uranium (U(IV)) containing minerals is one of the more promising approaches to uranium remediation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of methanogenic granules for the continuous treatment of U(VI). For this purpose, three sand-packed columns inoculated with anaerobic biofilm were operated with or without ethanol and one column was exposed to nitrate co-contamination. The columns were operated for 373 days and efficiently removed U (24 mg L−1) in excess of 99.8%. No long-term benefit of ethanol addition was observed, suggesting that endogenous substrates in the biofilm were sufficient to drive the reduction reactions. Nitrate addition was found to inhibit U(VI) reduction and cause re-oxidation of some U(IV) deposited in the column. Taken as a whole, the results indicate that methanogenic biofilms can be reliably applied in bioreactor technology for sustained U removal from groundwater. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2583–2591. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adjunct Faculty and the Library: A Challenge for Change

As the number of adjunct faculty in academia grows, libraries must be increasingly cognizant of their important role. Adjuncts often teach a large number of first-year students, and, as a result, they can have a significant impact on whether or not students persist in their education. Working with adjunct faculty presents unique challenges to libraries. Discovering who adjunct faculty are and understanding their working conditions are a first step in building awareness of this population. This article examines the wide spectrum of adjunct faculty and provides suggestions to encourage libraries to broaden their services to meet the needs of all faculty.
Impaired anticipatory control of grasp during obstacle crossing in Parkinson's disease

During self-paced walking, people with Parkinson's disease maintain anticipatory control during object grasping. However, common functional tasks often include carrying an object while changing step patterns mid-path and maneuvering over obstacles, increasing task complexity and attentional demands. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of Parkinson's disease on the modulation of grasping force changes as a function of gait-related inertial forces. Subjects with Parkinson's disease maintained the ability to scale and to couple over time their grip and inertial forces while walking at irregular step lengths, but were unable to maintain the temporal coupling of grasping forces compared to controls during obstacle crossing. We suggest that this deterioration in anticipatory control is associated with the increased demands of task complexity and attention during obstacle crossing.
Actin Dynamics: Growth from Dendritic Branches

The dendritic nucleation model was devised to explain the cycle of actin dynamics resulting in actin filament network assembly and disassembly in two contexts — at the leading edge of motile cells and in the actin comet tails of intracellular pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Due to the detailed nature of its biochemical predictions, the model has provided an excellent focus for subsequent experimentation. This review summarizes recent work on actin dynamics in the context of the dendritic nucleation model. One outcome of this research is the possibility that additional proteins, as well as the six proteins included in the original model, might increase the efficiency of dendritic nucleation or modify the resulting actin network. In addition, actin dynamics at the leading edge might be influenced by a second actin filament network, independent of dendritic nucleation.
Management of Rubella Outbreaks in Hospitals

To the Editor.— We suggest an additional control measure to those outlined by Greaves et al in a recent article inThe Journal(1982;248:861). Their recommendations for control of a hospital rubella outbreak included the following: (1) vaccination of nonpregnant personnel who neither have proof of serological immunity nor prior rubella vaccination, (2) exclusion of exposed susceptible personnel from work during their potentially communicable period, and (3) exclusion of susceptible pregnant personnel from work until the outbreak is controlled. The protection provided by this approach is incomplete in one crucial respect. Susceptible employees with unrecognized exposures may be incubating rubella, and their infectivity would not be altered by immunization. There is no provision to protect pregnant patients from such employees under the presented recommendation. There are two additional problems with relying completely on an emergent hospital-wide rubella immunization program. First, large-scale immunization programs take at least several days to institute.
Optimal cylindrical-block designs for correlated observations

This paper addresses the problem of characterizations and constructions of optimal and efficient two-dimensional designs for generalized least-squares estimation of treatment contrasts when the errors are correlated. Universally optimal designs are obtained when the plots of each block are on a cylinder and the errors follow the three parameter autonormal process on the cylinder. Efficiencies of planar versions of some of the proposed designs are calculated and found to be very satisfactory.
Large-Scale Enterprise in the Light of Income Tax Returns

Purposes of the investigation, 414. — Description of the data, 416. — Importance of the consolidated returns, 419. — Profit ratios: divisions, 433. — Profit ratios: manufacture groups, 439. — Rate of profit on gross sales, 443. — General conclusion, 445.
Interleukin-2 receptor blockade in cardiac transplantation: influence of HLA-DR locus incompatibility on treatment efficacy.

Background. Because allograft rejection results from specific T-cell activation by donor human leukocyte antigens (HLA), new immunomodulatory therapies for organ-transplant recipients are used to selectively block T-cell activity without global immunosuppression. We investigated whether blockade of the high-affinity interleukin (IL)-2 receptor effectively prevented T-cell alloreactivity in cardiac transplantation. Methods and Results. A study of a humanized monoclonal antibody against the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (daclizumab) was performed in 70 adult, cardiac-transplant recipients. Patients were stratified based on the degree of donor-recipient HLA-DR matches. Primary and secondary endpoints were incidence and frequency of high-grade allograft rejections, IL-2-dependent, T-cell outgrowth from biopsy sites as measured by lymphocyte growth assay, and production of anti-HLA antibodies. Treatment with daclizumab significantly prevented development of high-grade acute rejection in recipients with at least one donor HLA-DR locus match during the first 3 months posttransplantation; in this group 0 of 13 (0%) treated with daclizumab experienced at least one high-grade rejection versus 3 of 13 (23%) controls (P=0.05). In addition, 1 of 12 (9%) daclizumab-treated patients experienced one or more episodes of IL-2-dependent, T-cell outgrowth versus 5 of 12 (42%) patients in the untreated group (P=0.05). In contrast, daclizumab used at the same dose and schedule was not as effective in fully HLA-DR-mismatched recipients. After cessation of daclizumab, allograft rejection increased to levels seen in controls. Conclusions. IL-2-receptor blockade is effective for preventing alloreactivity and high-grade rejection in cardiac transplantation; however, its efficacy seemed to be influenced by the degree of donor-recipient, HLA-DR locus mismatching.
Invited paper: On the implications of computer viruses and methods of defense

In this paper, we describe much of the previous and present work on computer viruses. We begin with a short history and bibliographic summary and then describe some of the major issues that arise in the study of computer viruses and in protecting against them. We discuss most of the lines of current research and some of their features and failings. We then introduce a method by which certain classes of systems may be used to provide limited protection from computer viruses and by which general purpose experiments in new protection mechanisms may be explored. Finally, we point out some of the social issues implied by viruses and the ramifications of our present social policies on the integrity of information residing in information systems.
KINETIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN IONS IN AN ELECTRON CYCLOTRON RESONANCE PLASMA

In this article, the kinetic energy distribution of atomic and molecular nitrogen ions is reported for two electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) sources. Methods to reproducibly tune the kinetic energy of ionic species from 3 eV to 35 eV have been developed in order to produce monoenergetic ion beams for the demanding requirements of selective energy epitaxy. This article also describes methods to avoid the discontinuous hysteretic transitions between stable ECR modes. The changes in the ion energy distribution resulting from these abrupt transitions are characterized.
Projection method for the solution of integro-differential equations with restrictions and control

We consider an application of the projection method to a boundary-value problem for integro-differential equations with restrictions and control and propose a calculation scheme for the method.
On energy aware routing in wireless networks

Online energy aware routing in wireless networks is the problem of finding energy efficient routes that maximize the network lifetime without the knowledge of future message flows. To maximize network lifetime, the paths for message flows are chosen in such a way that the total energy consumed along the path is minimized while avoiding energy depleted nodes. Finding paths which consume minimum energy and finding paths which do not use energy depleted nodes lead to conflicting objectives. In this paper, we propose a two-phased energy-aware routing strategy that balances these two conflicting objectives by transforming the routing problem into a multi-metric widest path problem. We find that the proposed approach outperforms the best known algorithm in literature. We also demonstrate a simple but insightful relationship between the total energy required along a path and the minimum remaining energy of a node along the path.
New Method for Assessing Epidermal Wound Healing: The Effects of Triamcinolone Acetonide and Polyethelene Film Occlusion

Epidermal healing of superficial, excised wounds in domestic white pigs was evaluated visually and histologically after separation of the epidermis and dermis. The visual determination of epidermal healing correlated well with the histologic studies of surface re-epithelialization. Wounds healed 40% faster when occluded with polyethelene film. Topical triamcinolone acetonide treatment delayed healing (62% slower than control).
Role of hydrology in development of a vernal clear water phase in an urban impoundment

SUMMARY 1. Grazer control of phytoplankton and water transparency was responsive to interannual variations in river discharge and corresponding water retention time in Ford Lake, Michigan, U.S.A. 2. A simple mathematical model was developed to separate the effects of washout from in situ zooplankton population dynamics. The threshold reservoir flushing time for development of a large Daphnia population and corresponding clear water phase during May was about 20 days. Predation by Leptodora was insufficient to cause the subsequent decline of the Daphnia population. 3. Recruitment success by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha appeared responsive to flushing time indirectly, through hydrological effects on the magnitude of the spring diatom crop.
Association Analysis Techniques for Discovering Functional Modules from Microarray Data

An application of great interest in microarray data analysis is the identification of a group of genes that show very similar patterns of expression in a data set, and are expected to represent groups of genes that perform common/similar functions, also known as functional modules. Although clustering offers a natural solution to this problem, it suffers from the limitation that it uses all the conditions to compare two genes, whereas only a subset of them may be relevant. Association analysis offers an alternative route for finding such groups of genes that may be co-expressed only over a subset of the experimental conditions used to prepare the data set. The techniques in this field attempt to find groups of data objects that contain coherent values across a set of attributes, in an exhaustive and efficient manner. In this paper, we illustrate how a generalization of the techniques in association analysis for real-valued data can be utilized to extract coherent functional modules from large microarray data sets.
Energetic constraints and steroid hormone correlates of male calling behaviour in the túngara frog

We investigated physiological constraints on calling behaviour in the tugara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus. First, we examined the hypothesis that energetic factors limit calling. Time spent in chorus activity is the best predictor of male mating success (Ryan, 1985). Manipulation of food availability demonstrated that males given supplemental food were more likely to call than males without supplemental food. Males without supplemental food were less likely to call even though their lipid reserves were only slightly less than males given the supplemental food, suggesting that part of the increased energy obtained from the supplemental food may have been channelled into calling to attract females. Secondly, we examined the role of steroid hormones in switching between reproductive and non-reproductive behaviours. Calling males had higher levels of plasma testosterone than silent males. Experimental elevation of corticosterone decreased testosterone levels and the likelihood of calling, thus linking both of these steroid hormones to calling behaviour. Males who responded to supplemental food by increasing calling had higher levels of testosterone than those without supplemental food, but there was no difference in plasma corticosterone levels. Overall, the results suggest that energetic factors affect calling behaviour and that one potential mechanism for this affect is through plasma testosterone levels. Corticosterone can decrease calling behaviour, however, corticosterone does not appear to mediate the effect of energetic factors on calling behaviour. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that energetic factors ultimately constrain sexual selection for calling behaviour.
Characterization of methemoglobin formation induced by 3,5-dichloroaniline, 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol and 3,5-dichlorophenylhydroxylamine

Abstract 3,5-Dichloroaniline is an intermediate in the production of certain fungicides. This study characterized the capacity of 3,5-dichloroaniline and two putative metabolites to induce methemoglobin formation. In vivo intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 0.8 mmol/kg 3,5-dichloroaniline resulted in elevated (P 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol ⪢ 3,5-dichloroaniline. The results of the in vitro studies further indicated that none of the compounds tested induced lipid peroxidation. Erythrocytes incubated with 5–100 μM 3,5-dichlorophenylhydroxylamine in vitro were associated with depletion of glutathione. These results indicated that: (a) 3,5-dichloroaniline and its metabolites can induce methemoglobin formation; (b) the N-hydroxy metabolite was the most potent inducer of hemoglobin oxidation and (c) glutathione depletion was associated with methemoglobin formation by 3,5-dichlorophenylhydroxylamine.
ROC curves show that the revelation effect is not a single phenomenon

The revelation effect describes the increased tendency to call itemsold when a recognition judgment is preceded by an incidental task. In theory, the effect could come about either from a more liberal response bias or from a change in underlying memory sensitivity. Using analyses of receiver-operating characteristic curves, we show that the revelation effect occurs for each of these reasons, but under different empirical conditions. A shift in response bias fully accounts for the revelation effect when revealed items are unrelated to the subsequent recognition probes. However, a change in memory sensitivity contributes to the effect when revealed items are identical to the recognition probes. Thus, the revelation effect encompasses at least two distinct phenomena.
Generalized Verma modules, the Cartan-Helgason theorem, and the Harish-Chandra homomorphism

This paper is a natural sequel to [6(a)]. H ere we complete the solution of [l, Problem 35, p. 3361, in the intended algebraic spirit. (See [6(c)] for another kind of solution of the same problem.) Specifically, let g = k @ p be a Cartan decomposition of a real semisimple Lie algebra, a a Cartan subspace of p, g = k @ a @ n a corresponding Iwasawa decomposition, G the universal enveloping algebra of g, Gk the centralizer of k in G, A the universal enveloping algebra of a, and p: Gk + A the HarishChandra homomorphism, defined to be the projection to A with respect to the decomposition G = A @ (kG + Gn). The problem is to prove “purely algebraically” Harish-Chandra’s theorem [2, Sect. 41 that the image of p equals the algebra Aw of translated (by half the sum of positive restricted roots) restricted Weyl group invariants in A. The proof should be valid for semisimple symmetric Lie algebras with splitting Cartan subspaces, over arbitrary fields of characteristic zero (see [l, Sect. I.131 and [6(a)]). In [6(a)], such a proof was given for the fact that p(Gk) C A, . (The subalgebra n will be denoted u in the body of this paper, since the symbol n has another natural use; see Section 2.) Now the assertion that ,p(Gk) is all of A, is equivalent to the assertion of Chevalley’s polynomial restriction theorem [3(a), p. 430, Theorem 6.10]-that the restriction map from p to a takes the algebra of k-invariant polynomial functions on p onto the algebra of polynomial functions on a invariant under the restricted Weyl group W. In the paper, we give two suitably general proofs of Chevalley’s theorem; see Theorem 5.1. Actually, one of these proofs is nothing more than a modification of Harish-Chandra’s classical proof presented in [3(a), pp. 4334341; see the Appendix. In the body of this paper, we present a proof similar in spirit to the Kostant-Steinberg-Varadarajan proof of Chevalley’s
Stimulant Use in Paediatric Acquired Brain Injury: Evaluation of a Protocol

Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) experience deficits in attentional skills such as, sustained attention, distractability and impulsivity, which have the potential to influence all aspects of their functioning. The use of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants is gaining increasing popularity in adult ABI literature. CNS stimulants have been successfully utilised in the management of attentional problems in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and are believed to have their therapeutic effect by modulating neurotransmitter function in the neocortex, an area of the brain implicated in the neurobehavioural sequelae of ABI. Research into the use of CNS stimulants in paediatric ABI reports contradictory findings. We present the case of LI a 7-year-old boy with a history of ABI who underwent a trial of stimulant medication for management of attentional deficits. The case is discussed with regard to the efficacy of the pharmacological intervention and the design of objective protocols for stimulant trials.
The H I distribution in clouds within galaxies

An interpretation is given for the relatively flat distribution of atomic hydrogen as a function of radius within the visible disks of spiral galaxies and the existence of a correlation between H I surface density and morphological class of spiral galaxy. The H I is mostly contained in constant column density envelopes of molecular clouds. The clouds have a two-dimensional filling factor of unity when a galaxy is viewed face on. The column density of the cloud envelopes depends on the ratio of flux of H2 dissociating radiation in the ambient medium to envelope gas density. The flat H I profiles imply the gas density and pressure follow the ultraviolet ambient flux on kiloparsec scales throughout a given galaxy. Later-type galaxies have larger ultraviolet surface brightnesses, as deduced from the H-alpha surface brightnesses. Therefore, thicker protective H I envelopes develop in late-type spirals.
Bursaphelenchus penai n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Aphelenchoididae), a phoretic associate of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) from avocado in Florida.

During an experimental host-plant survey for the invasive redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, in Homestead, Florida, it and three native species of ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus affinis, X. volvulus and Xyleborinus gracilis were found to be associated with a Bursaphelenchus species. This nematode species, isolated from ambrosia beetles from the tribe Xyleborini, was cultured on Monilinia fructicola or Botryotinia fuckeliana for further study and was determined to be new to science and a putative sister species to B. kiyoharai because of two apomorphic characters in males, viz., possession of a tail spike vs the typical bursal flap, and the apparent absence of the P1 ventral single papilla, both typically plesiomorphic characters for the genus. Additionally, B. kiyoharai is associated with X. serriatus suggesting that the host and microbiome associations that are shared between these two species, both of which are carried by ambrosia beetles, may have ecological and biological significance in their evolution and lineage radiation. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the near-full-length small subunit (SSU: 18S) and the D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU: 28S) confirmed that B. penai n. sp. is very closely related to B. kiyoharai which is a member of the B. fungivorus clade that includes B. thailandae and B. willibaldi. Bursaphelenchus penai n. sp. and B. kiyoharai both share very similar overall spicule morphology with the B. fungivorus clade. The new species is described and can be typologically differentiated from B. kiyoharai by the position of the hemizonid and excretory pore and its different geographical and host associations.