cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commonalities in social and non-social cognitive impairments in adults with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia are both conditions that are characterized by impairments in social and non-social cognition, yet commonalities in the magnitude and domains of cognitive deficits across these two conditions remain unclear. This study examined neurocognitive and social-cognitive functioning in 47 outpatients with schizophrenia, 43 verbal adults with ASD, and 24 healthy volunteers. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing processing speed, attention, memory, and problem-solving domains was administered along with a social-cognitive battery of emotion processing. Results demonstrated large and significant impairments in emotion processing and neurocognition relative to healthy individuals in participants with autism (d=-.97 and -1.71, respectively) and schizophrenia (d=-.65 and -1.48, respectively). No significant differences were observed between those with ASD and schizophrenia on any cognitive domain assessed, and the areas of greatest impairment were identical across both disorders and included slowness in speed of processing and an inability to understand emotions. These findings indicate a high degree of similarity in the cognitive challenges experienced by verbal adults with autism and schizophrenia, and the potential need for trans-diagnostic remediation approaches to enhance cognition in these conditions.
Is Economic Hardship on the Families of the Seriously Ill Associated with Patient and Surrogate Care Preferences

Background: Serious illness often causes economic hardship for patients' families. However, it is not known whether this hardship is associated with a preference for the goal of care to focus on maximizing comfort instead of maximizing life expectancy or whether economic hardship might give rise to disagreement between patients and surrogates over the goal of care. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 3158 seriously ill patients (median age, 63 years; 44% women) at 5 tertiary medical centers with 1 of 9 diagnoses associated with a high risk of mortality. Two months after their index hospitalization, patients and surrogates were surveyed about patients' preferences for the primary goal of care: either care focused on extending life or care focused on maximizing comfort. Patients and surrogates were also surveyed about the financial impact of the illness on the patient's family. Results: A report of economic hardship on the family as a result of the illness was associated with a preference for comfort care over life-extending care (odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.48) in an age-stratified bivariate analysis. Similarly, in a multi-variable analysis controlling for patient demographics, illness severity, functional dependency, depression, anxiety, and pain, economic hardship on the family remained associated with a preference for comfort care over life-extending care (odds ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.57). Economic hardship on the family did not affect either the frequency or direction of patient-surrogate disagreements about the goal of care. Conclusions: In patients with serious illness, economic hardship on the family is associated with preferences for comfort care over life-extending care. However, economic hardship on the family does not appear to be a factor in patient-surrogate disagreements about the goal of care. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1737-1741
Using speculation to simplify multiprocessor design

Summary form only given. Modern multiprocessors are complex systems that often require years to design and verify. A significant factor is that engineers must allocate a disproportionate share of their effort to ensure that rare corner-case events behave correctly. We propose using "speculation for simplicity " to enable designers to focus on common-case scenarios. Our approach is to speculate that rare events will not occur and rely on an efficient recovery mechanism to undo the effects of misspeculations. We illustrate the potential of speculation to simplify multiprocessor design with three examples. First, we simplify the design of a directory cache coherence protocol by speculatively relying on point-to-point ordering of messages in an adoptively routed interconnection network. Second, we simplify a snooping cache coherence protocol by treating a rare coherence state transition as a misspeculation. Third, we simplify interconnection network design by removing the virtual channels and then recovering from deadlocks when they occur. Experiments with full-system simulation and commercial workloads show that speculation is a viable approach for simplifying system design. Systems can incur as many as ten recoveries per second due to misspeculations without significantly degrading performance, and our speculatively simplified designs incur far fewer recoveries.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2008 Update A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

We thank Drs Robert Adams, Gary Friday, Philip Gorelick, and Sylvia Wasserthiel-Smoller, members of Stroke Statistics Subcommittee; Drs Joe Broderick, Brian Eigel, Kimberlee Gauveau, Jane Khoury, Jerry Potts, Jane Newburger, and Kathryn Taubert; and Sean Coady and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance. View this table: Writing Group Disclosures # Summary {#article-title-2} Each year the American Heart Association, in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media, the lay public, and many others who seek the …
Modeling spatially-correlated sensor network data

The physical phenomena monitored by sensor networks, e.g. forest temperature, water contamination, usually yield sensed data that are strongly correlated in space. With this in mind, researchers have designed a large number of sensor network protocols and algorithms that attempt to exploit such correlations. To carefully study the performance of these algorithms, there is an increasing need to synthetically generate large traces of spatially correlated data representing a wide range of conditions. Further, a mathematical model for generating synthetic traces would provide guidelines for designing more efficient algorithms. These reasons motivate us to obtain a simple and accurate model of spatially correlated sensor network data. The model can capture correlation in data irrespective of the node density, the number of source nodes or the topology. We describe a mathematical procedure to extract the model parameters from real traces and generate synthetic traces using these parameters. Then, we validate our model by statistically comparing synthetic data and experimental data, as well as by comparing the performance of various algorithms whose performance depends on the degree of spatial correlation. Finally, we create a tool that can be easily used by researchers to synthetically generate traces of any size and degree of correlation.
Mothers' and Daughters' Paternalism Beliefs and Caregiving Decision Making:

The study investigated whether both mothers' and daughters' paternalism beliefs influenced the daughters' paternalistic caregiving decision making. Fifty mother-daughter dyads (mothers' age was 82.6, daughters' age was 54.9), where daughters provided at least 10 hours of caregiving help weekly and mothers retained their cognitive functioning, were interviewed individually. Each was assessed on paternalism beliefs, instrumental activities of daily living, the number of paternalistic caregiving decisions made by the daughter, conflict over caregiving decisions, and satisfaction with the decisions. Both mother's and daughter's paternalism beliefs were related to the number of the daughter's paternalistic decisions, as was the degree of the mother's dependency (p < .05). Daughters'reports of conflict over decisions were related to differences in mothers' and daughters' paternalism beliefs, whereas mothers' reports of conflict were related only to the daughters' paternalism beliefs. Decision satisfaction was u...
Materials Issues for High-Temperature Components in Indirectly-Fired Cycles

Indirectly-fired cycles provide one means of using a fuel other than natural gas or distillates of various purities to generate power using a gas turbine. In a closed cycle, the fuel typically is used to heat a clean working fluid which is then expanded through a gas turbine, after which it is cooled and recompressed before being recirculated through the heating circuit. In an open cycle, the heated working fluid (usually air) is exhausted to the atmosphere after expansion in the turbine and passage through heat recovery devices. In both cases, the temperature of the working fluid may be boosted before entry to the turbine by supplementary firing of a premium fuel such as natural gas in a topping combustor. A major advantage of such indirectly-fired cycles is that the concerns arising from the use of a dirty fuel in other advanced cycles are confined to the fireside surfaces of the heat exchange equipment, whereas the gas turbine is exposed to a relatively benign environment. One limitation of such systems is that the emissions problems are the same as for a conventional coal-fired boiler although, on an power output-normalized basis, the emissions from an indirectly-fired cycle may be lower. The requirements of the potential candidate materials for the various components in the circuit are discussed, and the critical issues for each are identified.© 1997 ASME
Social Science and Social Action in Agriculture

cent lower than necessary merely to maintain their numbers and all whites showed a deficit almost as great, "other races" (allowing for their relatively unfavorable mortality record) were reproducing at a rate which would probably mean an eventual increase in their numbers by at least 8o percent per generation. As of I930, they had shown no evidence of general assimilation to the prevalent smallfamily pattern, and little evidence of the decline in fertility that is almost universally associated with residence in urban areas. The record of their demographic progress cannot, unfortunately, be carried beyond I930, for, in the I940 census, the major part of the "other races" group, namely, the Mexican, has, by decree of the State Department, ceased to be a racial minority and is now classified as "white." From the standpoint of improving race relations, this action may possibly have a good effect; from the standpoint of statistical analysis, it is deplorable. The white population in California has undergone revolutionary changes in composition since I930, due primarily to the influx of migrants from areas of high white fertility (Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, the Dakotas). However, the contribution of the new migrant groups to the heightened fertility of the California white population cannot be shown clearly because of this change in census classifications and, in interpreting subsequent fertility changes, it must be held firmly in mind that the "white" group itself has had important additions from the previously extraordinarily reproductive "nonwhite" group.
Grain and Sour Skimmilk as a Laying Ration

Abstract Since mill feeds and ground grains are not in common use among many Kentucky farmers, it was thot advisable to test the value of sour skimmilk with and without a dry mash, when fed in conjunction with the scratch grain. Three pens of 20 White Wyandotte pullets each, of the same age and housed under identical conditions, were used in the experiment. All pens were fed the same grain ration. Pen 1 was fed a dry mash consisting of 20 pounds each of corn meal, ground oats, bran, shorts and meat scraps in addition to the grain ration; the second pen was fed the same mash, with the exception of the meat scrap, in addition to the grain, and had sour skimmilk available at all times; while the third pen received nothing but sour skimmilk in addition to the grain. From November 1, 1920 to March 1, 1921, the grain . . .
Managing Laboratory Work through Skepticism: Processes of Evaluation and Control

Laboratory ethnographies are the shop-floor studies of the knowledge economy. Observational data from 11 months of fieldwork in a multidisciplinary neuroscience lab suggest that scientific skepticism, long understood as an evaluative mechanism, also serves social control and monitoring functions. The author applies insights from organization theory, social psychology, science studies, and the sociology of science to demonstrate that skepticism is socially organized at the microlevel of laboratory interactions. This organization makes skepticism a solution to the problems of control, coordination, and evaluation raised by uncertain scientific work conducted in a physically dispersed multidisciplinary setting. The diverse roles skepticism plays in laboratory interactions resonate with examinations of work in a number of occupational settings while providing direct insight into mechanisms that may account for the patterning of rewards and status across knowledge-intensive workplaces
Nonlinear diffraction from a straight edge

We experimentally demonstrate diffraction from a straight edge in a medium with self-focusing nonlinearity. Theoretically, we interpret the optical flow as a spatially-dispersive shock wave with negative pressure.
Mixed or dysphoric manic states: psychopathology and treatment.

Although the diagnostic criteria for the phenomenon of mixed states are not well defined, it is clear that this variant of bipolar disorder is prevalent, severe, and difficult to treat. The presence of complicating factors, such as substance abuse, neurologic insults or disorders, or developmental disorders, appears to increase the risk for developing mixed states. Several investigators have reported that patients with mixed episodes are less responsive to lithium therapy than are patients with pure mania. This review, however, reports that only limited data are available to support the efficacy of other antimanic agents. Divalproex appears to be more efficacious than lithium for patients in mixed states, but studies with larger patient populations are needed for confirmation. More than one agent may be required to bring about effective treatment, a factor that complicates simple comparator studies. When conventional pharmacotherapy fails, electroshock therapy often proves useful
Generation of langerhans cell-like dendritic cells from murine fetal skin.

The dendritic cell (DC) lineage is comprised of bone marrow-derived cells that are present in small numbers in nonlymphoid as well as lymphoid tissues (1). Nonlymphoid DC, such as epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), display an immature phenotype, i.e., they are capable of acquiring and processing antigen, but express only low levels of MHC antigen and costimulatory molecules and do not effectively initiate primary immune responses. In contrast, interdigitating DC in lymphoid tissue display a mature phenotype, i.e., they have limited phagocytic and antigen-processing capacity, but express high levels of MHC antigen and costimulatory molecules and are very effective stimulators of naive T cells (2). The conceptual link between nonlymphoid and lymphoid organ DC was provided by Schuler et al. several years ago when they demonstrated that epidermal LC cultured in GM-CSF-containing media for several days matured into cells with phenotypic and functional characteristics of interdigitating DC (3). The transformation of immature epidermal LC into mature DC in vitro mimics what occurs in vivo during the migration of epidermal LC to regional lymph nodes. This model has been widely used for studies of LC/DC function.
Children’s Rights

Particularly since the call by the Joint Commission on the Mental Health of Children (1970) for “child advocacy,” there has been a social movement on behalf of children. Child advocacy is indeed a social movement, an effort to enhance the status of children. It is more than simply the provision of direct services to children or doing “nice things for them.” Rather, child advocacy represents an attempt to increase the responsiveness and accountability of social institutions affecting children. Whether the intent is to increase children’s self-determination or to enhance the social, educational, and medical resources to which children are entitled, child advocates have as their mission social action on behalf of children. Like earlier “child-saving” movements, the current advocacy movement has had at least two basic assumptions. First, it is assumed that children are in a state of dependency that leaves them vulnerable to abuse by caretakers. By law, social custom, and in some cases the developmental incapacity of the child, children are subject to a “benign oppression” which renders them essentially powerless (Koocher, 1976b). Even if caretakers are not malevolent in their intentions, their actions may not be in children’s best interests through ignorance or simply as a result of complex competing pressures. Furthermore, even if the caretakers are both competent and primarily concerned with their children’s interests, the realities of “the system” may make it impossible for them to fulfill their children’s needs. Simply put, “mothers cannot do it all”: (Hobbs, 1975, p. 225). In such an instance, there is a need for an advocate to support the interests of the child.
Maser Dewar for System Operation

When in 1866 Sir James Dewar first invented the glass Vacuum container, little did he realize that some hundred years later stainless steel units would be used for system operation. The dewar shown in Fig. 1 was designed to be mounted in the Haystack Antenna located at Tyngsboro, Massachusetts and operated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory.* The cassegrainian antenna is a 120-ft diameter primary reflector and a 9.3-ft secondary reflector. This dewar provides the cryogenic environment required by a maser amplifier and superconducting magnet. The maser and dewar are mounted at +45° when the antenna is looking at the horizon and as the antenna moves to the zenith, they tilt through 90° to the -45° position. Minimum running time required is eight hours. To meet the requirements, a unique nitrogen shielded, high vacuum insulated helium dewar was designed.
Specificity rates for non-clinical, bilingual, Mexican Americans on three popular performance validity measures.

AbstractObjective: To measure specificity as failure rates for non-clinical, bilingual, Mexican Americans on three popular performance validity measures: (a) the language format Reliable Digit Span; (b) visual-perceptual format Test of Memory Malingering; and (c) visual-perceptual format Dot Counting, using optimal/suboptimal effort cut scores developed for monolingual, English-speakers. Methods: Participants were 61 consecutive referrals, aged between 18 and 65 years, with <16 years of education who were subjectively bilingual (confirmed via formal assessment) and chose the language of assessment, Spanish or English, for the performance validity tests. Results: Failure rates were 38% for Reliable Digit Span, 3% for the Test of Memory Malingering, and 7% for Dot Counting. For Reliable Digit Span, the failure rates for Spanish (46%) and English (31%) languages of administration did not differ significantly. Conclusions: Optimal/suboptimal effort cut scores derived for monolingual English-speakers can be us...
Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted subtraction maps for response assessment in recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab.

2055 Background: Antiangiogenic therapy in glioblastoma (GBM) results in decreased enhancement on post-contrast T1w images, which complicates standard response assessment and is likely the reason no studies have found predictive value in enhancing tumor size or change in size. The current study examined whether contrast-enhanced T1-weighted subtraction maps (CE-ΔT1w) calculated from subtracting pre-contrast (T1) from post-contrast T1w images (T1+C) can improve quantification and predict response in GBM patients treated with bevacizumab. Methods: Recurrent GBM patients (n=160) from the BRAIN trial (AVF3708g), a multicenter Phase II trial evaluating bevacvizumab, were used in the current study. CE-ΔT1w maps were calculated 2 weeks before and 6 weeks after the first dose of bevacizumab by: 1) performing registration between T1 and T1+C images, 2) image intensity normalization of T1 and T1+C images, and 3) subtraction of T1 from T1+C images. The volume of tumor regions with positive contrast enhancement after...
Genetic Screening and Early Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to identify current data and provide a clear treatment path specifically the role of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) for the evaluation and treatment of recurrent early pregnancy loss (RPL).
Habitat Selection, Movements and Survival of Dispersing Juvenile Beavers in Southwestern Montana

The natural activities of beavers (Castor canadensis) effectively create or expand, and maintain, healthy riparian and wetland areas. Therefore, interest has increased among land and wildlife managers in the reintroduction of beavers into degraded riparian habitats as a proactive management option for natural restoration of these areas. However, there is a need for information regarding habitat selection by beavers in novel habitats to increase the likelihood that reintroduced beavers will colonize the area targeted for restoration. We are using cable snares to capture and radio tag dispersal age beavers in headwater streams of the Madison and Gallatin River drainages. We will relocate tagged beavers via handheld telemetry to obtain movement data from the moment the beavers leave their natal colony in the spring until they settle in a new location in the late summer and fall. Habitat characteristics representing vegetation, hydrology and geomorphology will be assessed at settlement locations as well as locations encountered but not settled to make inference on habitat conditions most important to dispersing beavers in selecting settlement sites. Eighteen beavers were radio tagged in the fall of 2015 representing 6 different streams in the study area. The 18 tagged beavers will be tracked through the spring and summer of 2016 and habitat conditions will be assessed based on their movements before another season of beaver trapping in the fall of 2016. Our analysis of habitat selection by juvenile beavers will guide future beaver restoration projects in this region by identifying release sites with the highest probability of success.
Falling through the Coverage Cracks: How Documentation Status Minimizes Immigrants' Access to Health Care

Recent policy debates have centered on health reform and who should benefit from such policy. Most immigrants are excluded from the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) due to federal restrictions on public benefits for certain immigrants. But, some subnational jurisdictions have extended coverage options to federally ineligible immigrants. Yet, less is known about the effectiveness of such inclusive reforms for providing coverage and care to immigrants in those jurisdictions. This article examines the relationship between coverage and health care access for immigrants under comprehensive health reform in the Boston metropolitan area. The article uses data from interviews conducted with a total of 153 immigrants, health care professionals, and immigrant and health advocacy organization employees under the Massachusetts and ACA health reforms. Findings indicate that respondents across the various stakeholder groups perceive that immigrants' documentation status minimizes their ability to access health care even when they have health coverage. Specifically, respondents expressed that intersecting public policies, concerns that using health services would jeopardize future legalization proceedings, and immigrants' increased likelihood of deportation en route to medical appointments negatively influenced immigrants' health care access. Thus, restrictive federal policies and national-level anti-immigrant sentiment can undermine inclusive subnational policies in socially progressive places.
Predicting Cocrystallization Based on Heterodimer Energies: Part II

Many crystal engineering studies employ urea functionalities for their predictable association into one-dimensional hydrogen bonded chains. Previously, we showed (Cryst. Growth Des., 2015, 15 (10), 5068–5074) that the urea chain motif usually seen in structures of diphenylureas (PUs) with meta-substituents could be disrupted in several cases by cocrystallization with the strong hydrogen bond acceptor triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). Computed differences in the urea···urea and urea···TPPO dimer energies of ∼5.3–6 kcal/mol were a reasonably accurate indicator for cocrystallization success. The current study attempts to reassess the limits of this computational approach using a larger set of 16 ortho- and para-substituted PUs. Seven of the 10 PU systems predicted to cocrystallize on the basis of dimer energy calculations were experimentally realized, along with an eighth whose difference in homo/heterodimer energies fell below the threshold. The absence of cocrystallization in two of the predicted systems is...
PIK-ing New Malaria Chemotherapy

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinases (PIKs) regulate cell proliferation, survival, membrane trafficking, and other processes. PIK classes are distinguished by substrate preference and their distinct phosphorylated PI products. Recently two Plasmodium falciparum PIKs (PfPIKs) have been recognized as attractive new drug targets. Here we briefly summarize PIK biochemistry and recent progress with PfPIKs.
Renal Duplex Doppler Ultrasound: An Adjunct in the Evaluation of Hydronephrosis in the Child

AbstractWe used renal duplex Doppler ultrasound to evaluate 28 hydronephrotic pediatric kidneys. A total of 28 normal renal units was used as controls. Renal Doppler ultrasound findings were compared with drainage values obtained with renal scintigraphic diuretic renography, and demonstrated close correlation. In control units significantly different resistive index values were noted between patients 0 to 12 months old and those older than 1 year. The younger group had average resistive indexes of 66, while the older group had an average value of 0.57 (p <0.001). In hydronephrotic kidneys resistive index values were significantly higher (0.83) in renal units with obstructive T½ values on diuretic renography compared to those with indeterminate or nonobstructive T½ values (0.63) (p <0.001).Renal Doppler ultrasound correlates closely with diuretic renography in hydronephrotic systems in infants and in older children. Additionally, it provides an early, noninvasive modality of assessing the dilated upper tra...
Production of animal protein from nonprotein nitrogen chemicals.

Ruminants obtain amino acids (AA) from microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and from feed proteins that escape ruminal degradation. Synthesis of microbial protein provides a mechanism for obtaining AA from NPN. Effectiveness of NPN utilization depends upon production and utilization of ammonia by rumen microbes. Because ammonia is produced from protein and NPN, feeding proteins resistant to microbial degradation forces utilization of ammonia derived from NPN. The quantity of microbial cells formed in the anaerobic rumen fermentation system is primarily dependent upon energy supply but can be modulated by types and supplies of other nutrients (i.e. amino-N, minerals, growth factors) and by growth rate of rumen bacteria. Potential quantities of NPN that can be utilized with different feed ingredients can be estimated from amounts of feed protein degraded in the rumen, and requiring transformation into protein via growth of rumen microbes, and from amounts of energy provided by feed ingredients. High energy feed ingredients with low amounts of degradable protein are most favorable for NPN utilization, but NPN has also been used successfully with high-fibrous, low energy feed materials. Growth, lactation and reproduction have been obtained on diets containing more than 97% of the nitrogen from NPN, but microbial protein alone cannot provide quantities of AA needed for high levels of productivity. Regulating ruminal degradation of dietary protein and utilizing NPN for rumen protein production is a highly desirable strategy for producing human foods with ruminants.
All-Match Redundancy Removal

We present an all-match based complete redundancy removal algorithm. This is the first algorithm that attempts to solve first-match problems from an all-match perspective. We formally prove that the resulting packet classifiers have no redundant rules after running our redundancy removal algorithm.
Species Selection As a Causal Process

The idea that evolutionary trends may involve a process of sorting among species was recognized by Eldredge and Gould (1972; Gould and Eldredge, 1977) as an outgrowth of their model of punctuated equilibria. If, under punctuated equilibria, the morphological histories of lineages are basically static, with most morphological change occurring in association with events of branching speciation, then, they argue, evolutionary trends must be seen as a result of sorting among stable species. Stanley (1975, 1979) expanded upon this general theme in proposing his concept of species selection: Whereas, natural selection operates upon individuals within populations, a process that can be termed species selection operates upon species within higher taxa, determining statistical trends. In natural selection types of individuals are favored that tend to (A) survive to reproductive age and (B) exhibit high fecundity. The two comparable traits of species selection are (A) survival for long periods, which increases chances of speciation and (B) tendency to speciate at high rates. Extinction, of course, replaces death in the analogy. (Stanley, 1975, p. 648; emphasis in the original)
Combinations of Observables

This article begins with a review of the framework of fuzzy probability theory.The basic structure is given by the σ-effect algebra of effects (fuzzy events) E(Ω,A) and the set of probability measures M+1 (Ω, A) on a measurable space (Ω,A). An observable X: B → E(Ω, A) is defined, where (Λ, B) is the value spaceof X. It is noted that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between states onE(Ω, A) and elements of M+ (Ω, A) and between observables X: B → E(Ω,A) and σ-morphisms from E(Λ, B) to E(Ω, A). Various combinations ofobservables are discussed. These include compositions, products, direct products,and mixtures. Fuzzy stochastic processes are introduced and an application toquantum dynamics is considered. Quantum effects are characterized from amonga more general class of effects. An alternative definition of a statistical map T:M+1 (Ω, A) → M+1 (Λ, B) is given.
The Use of Self-Focusing in the Prevention of Laser-Induced Damage

Laser-induced breakdown in thin foils and gasses have been used to limit transmission at high laser powers in order to prevent damage to sensitive optical components in complex laser systems. In this paper we report results of using self-focusing in liquids to produce laser-induced breakdown and phase aberrations which in turn limit the transmitted power. Optical self-action in CS 2 and other liquids was used to make a power limiting device with psec response time. This device has linear response near unity transmission for input power below P c , which is of the order of the critical power for self-focusing, and limits the transmitted power to a nearly constant value for input power greater than P C . The onset of nonlinear transmission was adjusted by mixing various liquids to adjust n 2 . Experimental results using linearly and circularly polarized, 40 psec (FWHM) pulses at 1.06 μm are presented.
Unstable Displacement of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids with Surfactant and Polymer

In this paper, we study two-phase multicomponent displacement of two immiscible fluids in both homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media. In many applications such as enhanced oil recovery, fluid mixing and spreading can be detrimental to the efficacy of the process. Here, we show that when an initially immobile phase is being displaced by a finite-size slug of solvents (surfactant and polymer), viscous fingering significantly enhances mixing and spreading of solvents. These effects are similar to those caused by medium heterogeneity and lead to poor displacement efficiency. We first quantify the displacement efficiency subject to different mobility ratios, Peclet numbers, and levels of medium heterogeneity. We observe a non-monotonic behavior in displacement efficiency as a function of mobility ratio, indicating that although stable frontal interface is desirable, miscible viscous fingering on the rear interface will eventually disintegrate the solvents slugs and reduce the displacement efficiency. Then, we show that miscible viscous fingering developing on the rear interface of the chemical slug could be greatly suppressed when viscosity contrast is gradually decreased using exponential or linear functions, leading to 10% increase in displacement efficiency while using the same amount of chemicals. To elucidate this low displacement efficiency, we study the evolution of mixing, spreading, and interfacial length and show that while higher viscosity ratios are quite effective in mobilizing the initially immobile phase in 1D displacements, they are in fact detrimental in 2D unstable displacements since they enhance mixing and spreading of solvents.
Yearning predicts subgenual anterior cingulate activity in bereaved individuals

Abstract Complicated grief, or persistent complex bereavement disorder, is a condition that affects approximately 10% of bereaved individuals and is marked by intense longing and yearning for the deceased. Little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms contributing to this syndrome, but previous research suggests that reward pathways in the brain may play a role. Twenty-five older adults were categorized based on grief severity into one of three groups: complicated grief (CG), non-complicated grief (NCG) and non-bereaved married controls (NB). Neural activation was examined using fMRI while participants viewed a countdown on the screen (anticipation) followed by a photo of their (living or deceased) spouse. There was no significantly differential activation between the three groups for the spouse v. stranger photo contrast, nor for anticipation period v. spouse photo. Post-hoc analyses were conducted using self-reported yearning scores as a regressor across all bereaved participants, which revealed that greater symptoms of yearning predicted greater activation in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Given the small sample size, the results should be considered preliminary and in need of replication, but may suggest a more nuanced, transdiagnostic role of the sgACC. This region of the brain has been previously linked to depression and suggests that symptoms of yearning may present an opportune place to intervene to improve outcomes in CG.
Atomic Scale Interfacial Transport at an Extended Evaporating Meniscus

Recent developments in fabrication techniques have enabled the production of nano- and Angstrom-scale conduits. While scientists are able to conduct experimental studies to demonstrate extreme evaporation rates from these capillaries, theoretical modeling of evaporation from a few nanometers or sub-nanometer meniscus interfaces, where the adsorbed film, the transition film, and the intrinsic region are intertwined, is absent in the literature. Using the computational setup constructed, we first identified the detailed profile of a nanoscale evaporating interface and then discovered the existence of lateral momentum transport within and associated net evaporation from adsorbed liquid layers, which are long believed to be at the equilibrium established between equal rates of evaporation and condensation. Contribution of evaporation from the adsorbed layer increases the effective evaporation area, reducing the excessively estimated evaporation flux values. This work takes the first step toward a comprehensiv...
Closing the gap: Improving access to trauma care in New Mexico (2007-2017).

Abstract Background Trauma is a major cause of death and disability in the United States, and significant disparities exist in access to care, especially in non-urban settings. From 2007 to 2017 New Mexico expanded its trauma system by focusing on building capacity at the hospital level. Methods We conducted a geospatial analysis at the census block level of access to a trauma center in New Mexico within 1 h by ground or air transportation for the years 2007 and 2017. We then examined the characteristics of the population with access to care. A multiple logistic regression model assessed for remaining disparities in access to trauma centers in 2017. Results The proportion of the population in New Mexico with access to a trauma center within 1 h increased from 73.8% in 2007 to 94.8% in 2017. The largest increases in access to trauma care within 1 h were found among American Indian/Alaska Native populations (AI/AN) (35.2%) and people living in suburban areas (62.9%). In 2017, the most rural communities (aOR 58.0), communities on an AI/AN reservation (aOR 25.6), communities with a high proportion of Hispanic/Latino persons (aOR 8.4), and a high proportion of elderly persons (aOR 3.2) were more likely to lack access to a trauma center within 1 h. Conclusion The New Mexico trauma system expansion significantly increased access to trauma care within 1 h for most of New Mexico, but some notable disparities remain. Barriers persist for very rural parts of the state and for its sizable American Indian community.
Novel Approach to Cell Surface Discrimination Between KIR2DL1 Subtypes and KIR2DS1 Identifies Hierarchies in NK Repertoire, Education, and Tolerance

Cumulative activating and inhibitory receptor signaling controls the functional output of individual natural killer (NK) cells. Investigation of how competing signals impact response, however, has been hampered by the lack of available antibodies capable of distinguishing inhibitory and activating receptors with highly homologous ectodomains. Utilizing a novel combination of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for discrete inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1 allotypes found among 230 healthy donors, we investigated allele-specific receptor expression and function driven by KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1 alleles. We found that co-expression of the HLA-C2 ligand diminishes KIR2DL1, but not KIR2DS1, cell surface staining, but does not impact the respective frequencies of KIR2DL1- and KIR2DS1-expressing cells within the NK repertoire. We can distinguish by flow cytometry NK cell populations expressing the most common KIR2DL1-C245 allotypes from those expressing the most common KIR2DL1-R245 allotypes, and we show that the informative differential binding anti-KIR2DL1/S1 clone 1127B is determined by amino acid residue T154. Although both KIR2DL1-C245 and KIR2DL1-R245 subtypes can be co-expressed in the same cell, NK cells preferentially express one or the other. Cells expressing KIR2DL1-C245 exhibited a lower KIR2DL1 cell surface density and lower missing-self reactivity in comparison to cells expressing KIR2DL1-R245. We found no difference, however, in sensitivity to inhibition or cell surface stability between the two KIR2DL1 isoforms, and both demonstrated similar expansion among NKG2C+ KIR2DL1+ NK cells in HCMV-seropositive healthy individuals. In addition to cell surface density of KIR2DL1, copy number of cognate HLA-C2 hierarchically impacted the effector capacity of both KIR2DL1+ cells and the tolerization of KIR2DS1+ NK cells. HLA-C2 tolerization of KIR2DS1+ NK cells could be overridden, however, by education via co-expressed self-specific inhibitory receptors, such as the heterodimer CD94/NKG2A. Our results demonstrate that effector function of NK cells expressing KIR2DL1 or KIR2DS1 is highly influenced by genetic variability and is calibrated by co-expression of additional NK receptors and cognate HLA-C2 ligands. These findings define the molecular conditions under which NK cells are activated or inhibited, potentially informing selection of donors for adoptive NK therapies.
Unequal Rates of Serious Perioperative Respiratory Adverse Events Between Black and White Children.

Abstract Background Recent data among pediatric otolaryngology patients showed unexplained higher rates of serious perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAE) in black children compared to their white peers. We evaluated whether preoperative respiratory comorbidity (PRC) burden contributes to racial disparity in serious PRAE in children undergoing non-otolaryngologic procedures. Methods Rates of serious PRAE (laryngospasm and/or bronchospasm) were compared across racial groups in a retrospective cohort of black and white children (N = 18538; black 10%) who underwent various elective, non-otolaryngologic procedures between 2007 and 2014 at a US tertiary Children's hospital. Self-reported race was the primary exposure while age, gender, recent upper respiratory tract infection, use of endotracheal intubation, PRC burden and an interaction term between PRC and race were covariates. Results Serious PRAE occurred in 9.6% of black children and 6.6% of white children. Although there was no significant difference in age between the groups, being black (odds ratio (OR) 1.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–2.62) was independently associated with serious PRAE. Similarly, baseline PRC was independently linked (p Conclusion Race and PRC are important considerations in the risk of serious PRAE and black children are especially at risk compared to their white peers. Children, with PRC (particularly those with SDB and asthma) are also at risk suggesting that due consideration should be given to these factors in the perioperative care of children undergoing elective surgical procedures. Mechanisms underlying these associations deserve further evaluation.
Framework for Design Exploration of Secure Embedded System Development

As development and implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems technologies increase, there is the need for a design framework that allows for thorough exploration of potential designs while detecting any potential risks and security violations. Without verification and validation, assuring that system security requirements are properly enforced becomes as tedious as it is hazardous. Our work proposes the use of a novel security development framework for exploration of secure embedded system designs. In this manner we are able to ensure that security functional and architectural requirements are maintained without the introduction of additional risk factors.
Dark photons in the solar basin

Production of dark photons inside the Sun forms the basis for the most sensitive probes of such particles over a wide mass range. A small fraction of dark photons is emitted into gravitationally bound orbits, building up a ``solar basin'' population that survives for astrophysically long times. We show that this population could lead to signals in existing and proposed dark matter detection experiments, opening up significant new parameter space independent of whether dark photons make up the dark matter. Even with conservative assumptions, results from current dark matter experiments already constrain new parameter space; with fiducial assumptions, a solar basin population of dark photons could be responsible for excess events seen in XENON1T. Future low-threshold experiments could be sensitive to these Solar-System-bound dark photons down to sub-eV masses, at couplings orders of magnitude below current constraints.
Route of Hysterectomy for Benign Disease: Abdominal Hysterectomy

The role of abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease has decreased with time, given the broad application of minimally invasive hysterectomy. Abdominal hysterectomy is indicated when minimally inv...
Open Form and the Shape of Ideas: Literary Structures As Representations of Philosophical Concepts in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

This study examines some of the ways in which discontinuous literary forms of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries serve as representations of philosophical ideas. The author provides a critique of Joseph Frank's "Spatial Form" and Umberto Eco's "Open Work" and then offers his own account of the theory of discontinuous form.
Geometric Types of Flow

It is known from stratigraphic displacements measured in tens of kilometers in some areas that macroscopic structures like nappes and domes in mountain chains result from the transport and flow of large volumes of rock. Mesoscopic structures displaying the same style, symmetry, and orientation of principal fabric axes as the macroscopic structures in which they are found indicate that the large-scale flow was penetrative to the mesoscopic scale. It follows that these mesoscopic structures record on their scale the same flow that is recorded on the macroscopic scale by the nappes and domes. It would appear, therefore, that an immediate goal in analyzing mesoscopic strain features should be the flow that they record. Once the flow recorded by separate generations of structures within the outcrops of a given macroscopic structure is sufficiently understood, it should be possible to integrate over that volume to arrive at the flow that occurred during the various phases of development of the structure in its different parts. By this procedure it may be possible to learn some significant facts about the processes in which such large-scale structures develop.
College-Readiness Is Not One-Size-Fits-All

800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Garamond;} The purpose of this article is to provide a critical analysis of the one-size-fits-all college-readiness agenda that now guides curriculum and expectations in our nation’s secondary schools. Although President Obama, in 2010, emphasized the need for college- and career-readiness for all high school graduates, the emphasis is clearly on college-readiness, at the exclusion of other educational alternatives. College- and career-readiness may be the mantra for the 21st century, but politicians and educational leaders tend to lean heavily on college-readiness when curricular requirements are increased and accountability measures become more stringent, which tends to anchor academic-preparedness. In this article, educational policy reports, legislative acts, and scholarly journal articles were examined and discussed to illuminate the one-size-fits-all college-readiness agenda and explore the extent to which students should be college-ready. In the review of recent college- and career-readiness literature, the indication is that, in all likelihood, the one-size-fits-all college-readiness agenda is a dichotomous variable rather than a continuum, which would allow students to make more informed decisions about college goals and career aspirations.