cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Condensation Process of Preparing an Ice Cream Mix

The general lack of uniformity in the use of materials and the methods of manufacture is responsible for the great variation in the standards and quality of ice cream found on the market. i n the present method of manufacture of commercial ice cream, whole milk, sweet cream, plain (superheated) condensed milk, sugar, gelatin, and the desired flavoring usually form the ingredients. Evaporated milk, sweetened skim condensed milk, or milk powder and butter may be substituted for the above lacteal materials. A balanced supply of the different ingredients must be kept on hand at all times, and mixed together as needed. The mix is standardized to conform to a state requirement or a de= sired composition. In some cases the cream or the entire mix is pasteurized; and in a few plants the mix is homogenized. This must be followed by aging to insure the desired yield. Within the last year the use of the condensation process of preparing an ice cream mix has greatly increased. This method consists essentially of combining sugar and the different lacteal substances in the proper proportions, evaporating to the desired composition, homogenizing, ~nd cooling. The main purpose is to utilize merely milk and butter as the basis of the milk solids and butterfat. In the present methods of manufacture, however, it is impossible to use only milk and butter because the content of milk-solids=not-fat would be insufficient. This paper is the report of a study which was made of the methods of preparation and standardization, and the bacterio-
Determination of functional interactions among signalling pathways in Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract Interaction among different signalling pathways has been noted repeatedly. However, no systematic method has been developed to identify and quantify such interactions. Here we reported that network component analysis (NCA) was able to determine interactions among various signalling pathways in Escherichia coli K-12 based on known transcription factor (TF)–promoter connectivity information and microarray data from genetic knockout strains. The TF activities determined from NCA allow the quantitation of functional interactions, barring gross errors in the connectivity and microarray data. By using a robust statistical test, 37 pairs of functional interactions were identified. Eighteen interaction pairs confirmed previous implications, while 19 others represent new predictions. These results demonstrate that the functional interactions among various signalling pathways may be rather significant. With reasonable TF–promoter connectivity, NCA coupled with genetic knockouts and microarray experiments provides a systematic way to elucidate interaction networks. As this approach cannot distinguish between cross-talks and unidentified direct regulation, the results should provide incentives for further experimental testing.
The Impact of Party and Region On Voting Decisions in the United States Courts of Appeals, 1955-1986:

nalysts of American political institutions have firmly established that party and region are important factors in voting behavior at both mass and elite levels of analysis. In this paper we examine the influence of party and region on the decisions of judges of the United States Courts of Appeals. Studies of voting patterns on the United States Supreme Court (Tate 1981), the federal district courts (Carp and Rowland 1983), and state appellate courts (see, for example, Ulmer 1962; Nagel 1961) have found both partisan and regional differences among judges. A number of studies of the United States Courts of Appeals have discovered significant differences in the voting patterns of Democratic and Republican judges on a wide spectrum of issues (Goldman 1966, 1975; Songer 1982; Gottschall 1983, 1986; Tomasi and Velona 1987). Such studies have found patterns that parallel the partisan differences in congressional voting: Democratic appellate judges are more likely than their Republican counterparts to support unions in labor management cases, defendants in criminal appeals, a liberal position in civil liberties cases, and the federal government in its attempts to regulate the economy. Carp and Rowland (1983) found modest regional differences between northern and southern judges on the federal district courts but they found no consistent differences between judges from the East and West. Both Democratic and Republican judges from the North were more liberal than their southern counterparts on criminal justice issues and on labor and economic management issues. The magnitude of regional differences increased substantially after 1968. For civil liberties issues, southern judges were slightly more liberal than northern judges from 1933 to 1968, but after 1968 northern judges in both parties became substantially more liberal than southern judges. More recently, Wenner and Dutter (1989) discovered significant differences for both the federal district and appeals courts among some of the circuits on environmental cases. However, the differences among circuits did not always follow regional lines consistently and they concluded that regional effects were more pronounced at the trial than at the appellate level.
Microwave synthesis of electrically conductive gold nanowires on DNA scaffolds.

Biological molecules, in particular DNA, have shown great potential to be used as interconnects of nanodevices and computational elements. In this research, we synthesized electrically conductive gold nanowires for the first time exploiting an electroless and microwave heating method for 120−180 s. Our results indicate that DNA serves as a reducing and nonspecific capping agent for the growth of nanowires. The current voltage (I−V) characteristics of the Au nanowires are continuous, exhibiting Ohmic behavior having low contact resistance with the gold electrodes. The nanowires have a diameter of 10−15 nm in solution and of 20−30 nm in immobilized DNA with resistivity comparable to pure metals. The method is highly selective with deposition confined to the DNA itself. The nanowires we fabricated can be used as building blocks for functional nanodevices, sensors, and optoelectronics.
Corruption as a determinant of transaction governance structure

Purpose – As companies move their businesses offshore to developing countries, how to estimate market costs and select transaction governance structures (TGS) accordingly has become a challenge. Based on transaction cost theory, the purpose of this paper is to propose that corruption is an influential factor, which can potentially increase market transaction costs and favor selections of hierarchy oriented TGSs.Design/methodology/approach – Data are collected from World Development Indicators database and the Corruption Perception Index 2006. In total, 154 countries are included in the study. A regression analysis is used to demonstrate the correlation between levels of corruption and selections of TGS.Findings – The results indicate a strong correlation between corruption and TGS.Practical implications – Low labor costs and other incentives should not be the only reasons for moving businesses into developing countries. Managers should take a closer look at levels of corruption and estimate transaction co...
FIELD STUDIES OF STRENGTHENED TIMBER RAILROAD BRIDGE

Comprehensive field testing had been done previously on a typical three-span, open-deck timber deck railroad bridge. The test program was done in cooperation with the Transportation Technology Center, Inc., of the Association of American Railroads. The bridge was subjected to static and moving train loads as well as controlled actuator ramp loading. The bridge was later stiffened by the addition of a stringer to each chord. The bridge was retested after the stiffening using moving train loads. Results of this field study are reported, and comparisons of the response of the bridge before and after the stiffening are made. The efficiency of the stiffening was between 82 and 97 percent.
High-resolution study of Ca 40 via inelastic proton scattering at 35 MeV

Spectra of inelastic proton scattering on $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ have been obtained with 4.5 keV resolution at a bombarding energy of 35 MeV. Cross sections for the excitation of several previously unresolved particle-hole states have been measured. Nearly all known energy levels plus nine new levels have been observed up to an excitation energy of 9.3 MeV, slightly above the proton separation energy, and accurate excitation energies have been determined for these states.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $E=35.2$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, {E}_{p})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, {E}_{p})$; deduced excitation energies; resolution 4.5 keV.
Effect of ethanol/propylene glycol on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of aspirin, biophysical changes and macroscopic barrier properties of the skin.

The effect of the solvent systems ethanol (EtOH), propylene glycol (PG) and combinations thereof was examined on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of the antithrombotic, aspirin, through porcine epidermis. Biophysical changes in the stratum corneum lipids were studied through the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Macroscopic barrier properties of the epidermis were examined through the use of in vitro transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The flux of aspirin increased with increasing concentrations of EtOH in the solvent systems. The maximum flux of aspirin was achieved by 80% EtOH in combination with 20% PG beyond which (i.e. 100% EtOH) there was no increase in the flux. FTIR spectroscopic study was enacted in order to determine the biophysical properties of the stratum corneum when the solvents were applied. The FTIR spectra of the stratum corneum treated with 80% EtOH/20% PG showed a maximum decrease in absorbance for the asymmetric and symmetric CzH peaks, which suggests a greater loss of the lipids in the stratum corneum layers. In vitro TEWL studies allowed an investigation into the macroscopic barrier integrity properties of the stratum corneum. The TEWL results indicated that each of the solvent systems significantly enhanced (P<0.05) in vitro TEWL in comparison to the control. In conclusion, 80% EtOH/20% PG enhanced the percutaneous absorption of aspirin by perturbing the macroscopic barrier integrity of the stratum corneum and through a loss of stratum corneum lipids.
Analysis and Prevention of Vortex Rope Formation in the Draft Tube Cone of a Hydraulic Turbine

Numerical simulations and analysis of the vortex rope formation in a draft tube cone of a Francis turbine operating at part-load conditions are carried out. Steady simulations are performed using a 2-D axisymmetric computational grid and unsteady simulations are carried out using a 3-D computational grid for a simplified axisymmetric draft tube. Two part-load operating conditions with same head and different flow rates are considered. The flow rates of these two operating points correspond to 91% of the flow rate at best efficiency point (case I) and 70% of the flow rate at best efficiency point (case II). Steady, axisymmetric simulations show the formation of a central stagnant region in the draft tube which becomes larger as flow rate decreases. This region results in flow blockage and reduction of the pressure recovery coefficient. It is shown that the pressure recovery coefficient is reduced by 46% by decreasing the flow rate from 91% of the best efficiency point (case I) to 70% of the best efficiency point (case II) while loss coefficient becomes 5 times larger. Present unsteady, three-dimensional simulations correctly predict the overall shape of the vortex rope and the calculated vortex rope frequency differs only 5% from experimental data. It is shown that the vortex rope is formed due to the roll-up of the shear layer at the interface between the low-velocity inner region (results from the crown cone wake) and highly swirling outer flow. Finally a flow control technique which uses a water jet injected from the runner crown tip along the axis is investigated. The jet accelerates the flow near the centerline (stagnant region) and decreases the relative velocity and thereby the shear between low-velocity inner region and high-velocity outer flow and hence prevents the vortex rope formation. The jet discharge is optimized for minimum overall losses. The optimized jet decreases total losses by 13% for case I and the vortex rope is eliminated. The fraction of water used for the optimized jet is less than 0.5% of the turbine discharge. As shown in the present study, this control technique can suppress severe pressure fluctuations resulting from the vortex rope formation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Enteric colonisation following natural exposure to Campylobacter in pigs.

Abstract A survey was conducted to establish the prevalence of Campylobacter in pigs from an integrated commercial hog farm. This study was carried out in four different groups of pigs: 1) adult gilts (50); 2) pregnant sows (9); 3) piglets at day-of-birth (73); 4) weaned piglets (20). Rectal and/or caecal samples were collected from each pig. Campylobacter was cultured and enumerated from such samples using Bolton enrichment broth and Campy-Cephex agar plates. Both biochemical and serological tests were used to determine Campylobacter species. Gilts had a 76 per cent incidence of Campylobacter with a mean of 76·3 per cent for C. jejuni , 21 per cent for C. coli and 2·6 per cent for C. lari . Pregnant sows had a 100 per cent incidence of Campylobacter with a mean of 87 per cent for C. jejuni and 13 per cent for C. coli . Newborn piglets had a 57·8 per cent incidence of Campylobacter , rising to 100 per cent by the time of weaning. Thus it appears that pigs, from the day of birth, are highly susceptible to colonisation by Campylobacter .
Stochastic Parameters in Compartmental Systems

Abstract Let r ij denote the probability that a particle in compartment j will reach (or enter) compartment i . We present several formulas for obtaining the r ij in terms of the fractional transfer coefficients. The parameters are interesting for their own sake, and they are also useful for obtaining qualitative properties of compartmental systems and for interpreting results already obtained. The reachability parameters also play a role in structural identification, since they give us a new method for expressing the transfer function.
Redox regulation and reaction mechanism of human cystathionine-β-synthase: a PLP-dependent hemesensor protein☆

Abstract Cystathionine β-synthase in mammals lies at a pivotal crossroad in methionine metabolism directing flux toward cysteine synthesis and catabolism. The enzyme exhibits a modular organization and complex regulation. It catalyzes the β-replacement of the hydroxyl group of serine with the thiolate of homocysteine and is unique in being the only known pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that also contains heme b as a cofactor. The heme functions as a sensor and modulates enzyme activity in response to redox change and to CO binding. Mutations in this enzyme are the single most common cause of hereditary hyperhomocysteinemia. Elucidation of the crystal structure of a truncated and highly active form of the human enzyme containing the heme- and pyridoxal phosphate binding domains has afforded a structural perspective on mechanistic and mutation analysis studies. The C-terminal regulatory domain containing two CBS motifs exerts intrasteric regulation and binds the allosteric activator, S-adenosylmethionine. Studies with mammalian cells in culture as well as with animal models have unraveled multiple layers of regulation of cystathionine β-synthase in response to redox perturbations and reveal the important role of this enzyme in glutathione-dependent redox homestasis. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of the structure, mechanism, and regulation of cystathionine β-synthase from the perspective of its physiological function, focusing on the clinically relevant human enzyme.
Growth and Characterization of InAsxP1−x/InP Strained Multiple Quantum Wells by Gas Source Molecular Beam Expitaxy

InAs x Pi. x /InP (10 period 50/100A with x=0.25–0.79) pseudomorphically strained multiple quantum wells (SMQWs) were grown by gas source molecular beam expitaxy (GSMBE) at 470°C and characterized by cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (XTEM), double crystal x-ray diffraction (DCXRD), and optical spectroscopy. The structural analysis demonstrates that excellent control of the sharp interface and limited As-P interdiffusion can be achieved by GSMBE growth. XTEM images of these SMQWs display no misfit dislocations, and DCXRD scans reveal high order superlattice satellite peaks. Photoluminescence (PL) and transmission measurements were performed for all SMQWs to evaluate crystal quality. Only slight degradation in luminescence was observed as the As composition increased. Based on the three-band Kane model which includes the lattice strain, the transition energies of SMQWs were calculated using the conduction-band offset (Q c =δE c /δE g ) as an adjustable parameter. The best fit of measured and calculated interband transition energies suggests that Q c is independent of As composition and is 0.70±0.05. Finally, a growth kinetics model based on the Langmuir equation was derived to realize the As/P incorporation ratio in the InAsP materials. Theoretical results show good agreement with experimental data.
Mode interaction analysis of stiffened shells using “locally buckled” elements

Abstract A novel methodology for the analysis of local and overall instabilities in stiffened plates and shells is proposed. The method consists of embedding the local buckling deformation—the buckling mode together with the associated second order fields—in an appropriate shell element. The local buckling deformation is controlled by a relatively small number of degrees of freedom which also allow for amplitude modulation. Examples of stringer-stiffened plates and shells subjected to axial compression are presented. Excellent agreement is found to exist between the results given by the method and those obtained from full blown nonlinear analysis and experiments. It is shown that the proposed technique offers a simple and considerably less expensive approach to mode interaction problems than conventional nonlinear finite element analysis. Imperfection-sensitivity under coincident buckling of axially compressed stringer-stiffened cylindrical shells is explored and it is shown that there can be an erosion of 50% of the load carrying capacity under imperfections of the kind unavoidable in practice.
Investigation of Tip Clearance Modeling Techniques for a Transonic Compressor Rotor

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes are becoming an integral part of the design and analysis process involved with creating and improving upon new engine designs. This necessitates the investigation and development of accurate modeling techniques for flow simulations with a quick turn around time of typically 48 hours. The present paper is focused on increasing the fidelity of compressor rotor simulations by examining three rotor tip clearance modeling techniques. The first approach models the tip clearance region as a loss-less, periodic, un-gridded region as first proposed by Kirtley et al. The second approach is a modification of this technique to study the vena-contracta effects. The tip clearance region remains un-gridded, but, the physical radial depth of tip clearance is gradually reduced to the smallest constriction typically seen in the tip clearance because of flow phenomena such as the shroud and blade-tip boundary layers. The final approach is a completely gridded tip clearance region of full depth to verify the vena-contracta approach as well as to determine if any increase in fidelity is achieved through this computationally costly procedure. These three tip clearance modeling approaches are applied to the NASA transonic compressor rotor, Rotor-35, in a rotor only configuration and the predicted operational ranges are compared to available LDV data. Span-wise performance characteristics such as total pressure ratio and total temperature ratio are compared at a near peak efficiency and at a near-stall operating point. Tip-vortex resolution and predictions are also examined. The merits and demerits of the three approaches are discussed and recommendations are made for a viable approach in terms of accuracy and computational resources.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
River Temperature Forecasting: A Coupled-Modeling Framework for Management of River Habitat

Humans have substantially altered the thermal regimes of freshwater habitats worldwide, with significant environmental consequences. There is a critical need for a comprehensive modeling framework for forecasting the downstream impacts of two of the most common anthropogenic structures that alter river water temperatures: 1) dams that selectively release water from thermally stratified reservoirs, and 2) power generating stations and industrial plants that use river water for once-through cooling. These facilities change the thermal dynamics of the downstream waters through a complex interaction of water release volume and temperature and the subsequent exchange with the environment downstream. In order to stay within the downstream temperature limits imposed by regulatory agencies, managers must monitor not just release volumes and temperatures, but also need to be able to forecast the thermal impacts of their day-to-day operations on habitat which may be hundreds of kilometers downstream. Here we describe a coupled modeling framework that links mesoscale weather and ecological models to generate inputs for a physically-based water temperature model for monitoring and forecasting river temperatures downstream from these facilities at fine spatiotemporal scales. We provide an example of how this modeling framework is being applied to a water allocation decision support system (DSS) for the management of Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed salmon species in the Sacramento River in California.
59Co NMR study of NdCo2, GdCo2, TbCo2 and HoCo2

Abstract We have observed the 59 Co spectra of the Laves phase Co compounds with Nd, Gd, Tb and Ho. We observe a spectrum consisting of a pair of lines for Nd, Tb and Ho compounds, because the Co sites are magnetically inequivalent in the presence of dipolar or pseudodipolar fields. For the heavy rare earth compounds, the magnitude of this splitting is comparable to the dipolar splitting produced by the neighboring spins, but for Nd it is much larger. The Nd compound is also anomalous in that the average hyperfine field is only 37.2 kOe while for the 3 heavy rare earth compounds it is about 60 kOe. The magnitude of the hyperfine field is discussed in terms of a simple model relating it to the cobalt moment and the rare earth spin.
Early stages in a sensorimotor transformation

We present a model for several early stages of the sensorimotor transformations involved in targeted arm movement. In psychophysical experiments, human subjects pointed to the remembered locations of randomly placed targets in three-dimensional space. They made consistent errors in distance, and from these errors stages in the sensorimotor transformation were deduced. When subjects attempted to move the right index finger to a virtual target they consistently undershot the distance of the more distal targets. Other experiments indicated that the error was in the sensorimotor transformation rather than in the perception of distance. The error was most consistent when evaluated using a spherical coordinate system based at the right shoulder, indicating that the neural representation of target parameters is transformed from a retinocentric representation to a shoulder-centered representation. According to the model, the error in distance results from the neural implementation of a linear approximation in the algorithm to transform shoulder-centered target parameters into a set of arm orientations appropriate for placing the finger on the target. The transformation to final arm orientations places visually derived information into a frame of reference where it can readily be combined with kinesthetically derived information about initial arm orientations. The combination of these representations of initial and final arm orientations could give rise to the representation of movement direction recorded in the motor cortex by Georgopoulos and his colleagues. Later stages, such as the transformation from kinematic (position) to dynamic (force) parameters, or to levels of muscle activation, are beyond the scope of the present model.
Porous polymer monolithic column with surface-bound gold nanoparticles for the capture and separation of cysteine-containing peptides

A new porous polymer monolithic capillary column modified with gold nanoparticles that enables the selective capture of cysteine-containing peptides has been developed to reduce the complexity of peptide mixtures generated in bottom-up proteomic analysis. The column is prepared from a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith through reaction of some of its epoxide moieties with cysteamine to afford a monolith rich in surface thiol groups. In situ reduction of chloroauric acid within the column is then used to form gold nanoparticles attached to the surface of the pores of the monolith. This process preserves the excellent hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic column while providing a means to selectively retain cysteine-containing peptides from an analyte due to their high affinity for gold. Release of the retained peptides is subsequently achieved with an excess of 2-mercaptoethanol. The loading capacity determined for l-cysteine using frontal elution is 2.58 μmol/m. Since the ...
A multiple slit burner for atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract A 3-slit burner is described which has definite advantages over the conventional single-slit burner for atomic absorption spectroscopy. The burner is of stainless steel and is for use with acetylene and air. The sensitivity obtained with this burner is somewhat better than that obtained with the single-slit burner. In addition, with the 3-slit burner, absorbance is much less dependent upon flame height, flame alignment, or monochromator slit width. Flame noise is also markedly reduced. For many common analyses including calcium, the plot of absorbance vs. concentration is a straight line over a wide concentration range. Burner flashback has never occurred.
Degradation of human cartilage by monocytes.

Abstract The effect of human peripheral blood monocytes on the degradation of human articular cartilage was studied in vitro using a radiometric assay to detect proteoglycan breakdown. The results showed that proteoglycan breakdown was increased by 60% after a 20 h exposure to monocytes ( p
Fine structural observations on hemopoiesis in the chorioallantoic placenta of the marmoset.

Hemopoietic sinuses in the chorionic trabeculae of marmoset placenta were examined electron microscopically at several stages of pregnancy. Tissues were prepared both by standard technique and following injection of exogenous peroxidase into the maternal circulation prior to autopsy, and subsequent cytochemical localization of its reaction product in the fetal placenta. Aside from their dilated size and cellular content, the sinuses resembled the allantoic capillaries of the peripheral umbilical circulation in this species; and, in early and midgestational placentas, sinusal endothelium, like that of capillaries, looked mesenchymal. Within the sinusal lumina, differentiating elements in the erythroid line were present in placentas at all stages. Such cells appeared to arise both by a process of proliferation of undifferentiated progenitors from the sinusal lining and by mitosis of pre-existing erythroid cells. Only the latter process was observed in the mature placenta near term. Granulopoiesis was not observed at any stage; on the other hand, cells in the thromboid line were identified in placentas believed to be near midgestation; and large intrasinusal phagocytes were present in both midgestational and late placentas. In the latter, they were seen to have endocytosed peroxidase, and, by tenuous, dendriform processes, to be related anatomically to large numbers of erythroid cells. Early in gestation, the developing erythroid elements were closely related by areas of contact, both to each other and to the delimiting endothelium of the sinuses.
Abstract 5150: FJX1 is an important mediator of tumor biology due, in part, to its effect ontumor vascularization

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The underlying mechanisms responsible for tumor vascularization, often correlating with poor prognosis, are an important area of cancer research. We identified Four jointed box 1 (fjx1) as a candidate gene for regulating tumor vascularization in colorectal cancer (CRC) as it was inhibited in rectal cancers (n=16) after one week treatment with Celebrex. We hypothesized that FJX1 contributes to malignant cellular behavior by enhancing tumor vascularization. Using microarray data from 255 CRC patients we determined relative fjx1 mRNA expression levels across normal, adenoma, and stages I-IV CRC. Data were validated using quantitative RT-PCR on selected patient samples. Patients were segregated as having lower or higher than median fjx1 expression and Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were derived. Biological function was tested by overexpressing Myc-tagged human FJX1 protein in various cell lines (HEK293T, YAMC, SW480) and subjecting them to invasion and proliferation assays in vitro. SW480 derivatives were also used for flank injections to assess tumorigenesis in vivo. Tumors were analyzed via immunohistochemistry for markers of proliferation, apoptosis, and endothelial cells. Finally, conditioned media from SW480 derivatives was used in vitro to test the effects on endothelial cell (HMEC-1) invasion and tube formation. Microarray expression data from our 255 CRC patient data set showed that fjx1 mRNA is elevated in all stages of CRC as compared to normal/adenoma tissue. Higher expression of fjx1 relative to the median was associated with significantly worse overall patient survival (p=0.0125). Elevated mRNA expression from tumor samples as compared to normal was validated by qRT-PCR within a subset of patients. Over-expression of fjx1 in HEK293T, YAMC, and SW480 cells increased invasion in vitro without altering cell proliferation. Conditioned media from SW480FJX1 cells promoted endothelial tube formation and invasion in vitro as compared to conditioned media from SW480VEC. Using an angiogenesis array and ELISA we identified and confirmed that VEGF was upregulated in SW480FJX1 conditioned media as compared to SW480VEC. Finally SW480FJX1 cells were more tumorigenic than SW480VEC in vivo, in association with increased proliferation, vascularization, and decreased apoptosis. Taken together our results support our hypothesis that FJX1 is an important mediator of tumor biology due, in part, to its effect on tumor vascularization. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5150. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5150
Enhanced root system C-sink activity, water relations and aspects of nutrient acquisition in mycotrophic Bouteloua gracilis subjected to CO2 enrichment

In order to better elucidate fixed-C partitioning, nutrient acquisition and water relations of prairie grasses under elevated [CO2], we grew the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) lag ex Steud. from seed in soil-packed, column-lysimeters in two growth chambers maintained at current ambient [CO2] (350 μL L−1) and twice enriched [CO2] (700 μL L−1). Once established, plants were deficit irrigated; growth chamber conditions were maintained at day/night temperatures of 25/16°C, relative humidities of 35%/90% and a 14-hour photoperiod to simulate summer conditions on the shortgrass steppe in eastern Colorado. After 11 weeks of growth, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had produced 35% and 65% greater total and root biomass, respectively, and had twice the level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection (19.8% versus 10.8%) as plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The CO2-enriched plants also exhibited greater leaf water potentials and higher plant water use efficiencies. Plant N uptake was reduced by CO2 enrichment, while P uptake appeared little influenced by CO2 regime. Under the conditions of the experiment, CO2 enrichment increased root biomass and VAM infection via stimulated growth and adjustments in C partitioning below-ground.
Behavioral Responses of Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), to the Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Four Potato Varieties

Green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is a serious pest of potato and causes severe yield loss to potato production worldwide. The volatiles emitted from potato plants influence host selection by M. persicae. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study how these volatile emissions vary among four potato varieties (IdaRose, Desiree, Chipeta and Russet Burbank) having different genetic backgrounds, and to compare the aphid responses to the volatiles emitted by these varieties. Results indicated that headspace volatiles detected, and aphid responses, differed significantly among the varieties. Myzus persicae arrestment was greater in response to Desiree and Chipeta than on Russet Burbank and arrestment on IdaRose was intermediate and did not differ significantly from any of the other varieties, but the arrestment was not related to the total concentration of volatiles released by these varieties. This indicates that the blend of volatiles was important for eliciting arrestment. Eigenvector weightings of principal component 1 were predominantly sesquiterpenes (especially caryophyllene, sesquiphellandrene, α-farnesene and longifolene), whereas those for principal component 2 were predominantly aldehydes and green leaf volatiles (n-hexana1, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal and nonanal. The pedigrees of the varieties are not associated with the volatile blends or aphid responses.
Integrating Relational-Cultural Theory Concepts Into Supervision

The relational-cultural supervision model that integrates relational-cultural theory (Jordan, 2010) concepts within a supervisory context is presented. Essential practices (language, conceptualization, and therapeutic techniques) and processes (moving toward connection and authenticity, fostering mutual empathy, supporting vulnerability, working with relational images, building relational resilience, and acknowledging social context during training) are described and demonstrated using a case illustration. Conclusions associated with model development are provided.
Resistive-wall destabilization of diocotron waves

The growth of the negative-energy $l=1$ diocotron wave has been studied on a column of pure electron plasma. An external $\mathrm{RC}$ circuit connecting sectors of the bounding wall is used to induce growth of the wave, which is otherwise essentially neutrally stable. Such a circuit also causes small shifts in the real part of the wave frequency. The experimentally measured growth rates and frequency shifts are in close agreement with the predictions of theory over a wide range of experimental parameters.
Physical fitness of urban American children.

The Bruce treadmill protocol was used to evaluate the exercise endurance in a pediatric urban population. The sample population consisted of 525 healthy children 4 to 18 years of age (303 males and 222 females). Endurance time increased with age in males and increased up to 10 to 12 years of age in females, thereafter leveling off. Results were compared with those of a widely used standard reference of normal for treadmill exercise testing in children. Mean endurance times were significantly shorter compared to those of the reference study (p <0.03). When the subjects were grouped in percentiles based on the reference study, 61% of males and 81% of females performed below the 25th percentile. There was a strong negative correlation between body mass index and endurance time (p <0.0001), suggesting that obesity is a major contributor to decreased physical fitness. Compared to subjects in the reference study, children from a large U.S. metropolitan area have markedly diminished exercise endurance times, suggesting poor physical fitness. Inactivity with consequent lack of fitness, if unchecked, are likely to lead to cardiovascular disorders in adulthood. Efforts should be made to encourage physical fitness in children.
Ritual and vulnerability.

Crises are viewed as direct challenges to one's communal patterns of living. The individual response to crisis(-es) is mediated by the “grand rituals of the culture.” Ritual behaviors are adaptive behaviors. For the religious community, ritual becomes liturgy. Rite-as-liturgy is a profound statement about the meeting of the human and the divine. Ritual behaviors are understood as liturgical and/or sacramental responses to those crises that bring one to the brink of chaos.
Development of Multifunctional Hyaluronan-Coated Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells

Currently, there is high interest in developing multifunctional theranostic platforms for cancer monitoring and chemotherapy. Herein, we report hyaluronan (HA)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (HA-SPION) as a promising system for targeted imaging and drug delivery. When incubated with cancer cells, HA-SPIONs were rapidly taken up and the internalization of HA-SPION by cancer cells was much higher than the NPs without HA coating. The high magnetic relaxivity of HA-SPION coupled with enhanced uptake enabled magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells. Furthermore, doxorubicin (DOX) was attached onto the nanoparticles through an acid responsive linker. While HA-SPION was not toxic to cells, DOX-HA-SPION was much more potent than free DOX to kill not only drug-sensitive but also multi-drug-resistant cancer cells. This was attributed to differential uptake mechanisms and cellular distributions of free DOX and DOX-HA-SPION in cancer cells.
Premature separation of centromeres in marrow chromosomes from an untreated patient with acute myelogenous leukemia

Abstract Cytogenetic studies in an untreated patient with acute myelogenous leukemia revealed that greater than 60% of his marrow metaphases had pronounced anomalies in the centromere region. In the least affected chromosomes, the centromere appeared as a nonstaining hole, whereas in the most affected chromosomes, it appeared that the centromere segment had prematurely migrated at right angles to the telomeric portions. The population of mitoses exhibiting premature separation of the centromeres was reduced to virtually none during periods of drug induced remission. Our findings suggest that cytogenetic changes in malignant myeloid cells may be characterized by defects in centromere separation, as well as by alterations in karyotype.
A Family Resilience Framework: Innovative Practice Applications

An overview of a research-informed family resilience framework, developed as a conceptual map to guide clinical intervention and prevention efforts with vulnerable families is presented. Building on studies of individual and family resilience and developments in strength-based approaches to family therapy, this practice approach is distinguished by its focus on strengthening family functioning in the context of adversity. Key processes that foster resilience are outlined, as are several innovative family systems training and service applications.
Doppler-defined pulmonary hypertension in medical intensive care unit patients: Retrospective investigation of risk factors and impact on mortality.

AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH) is poorly characterized in the critically ill. No prior studies describe the burden of or outcomes associated with PH in a general medical intensive care unit population. We hypothesize that PH is an important comorbidity prevalent in the modern medical intensive care unit. We undertook a preliminary investigation to define the consequences of Doppler-defined PH in the critically ill. A single-center retrospective case-control study of medical intensive care patients admitted over a 1-year period was conducted. Eligible patients had an echocardiogram within 4 days of admission. PH was defined to include both pulmonary arterial and venous hypertension and required a tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity ≥3 m/sec. Cases and controls were compared for comorbidities, illness severity, diagnoses, and mortality. Multivariable regression was performed to identify clinical features associated with PH and mortality. 299 (21% of admissions) patients had an eligible echocardiogram. P...
Processing bottlenecks in dual-task performance: structural limitation or strategic postponement?

Recent evidence indicates that a central bottleneck causes much of the slowing that occurs when two tasks are performed at the same time. This bottleneck might reflect a structural limitation inherent in the cognitive architecture. Alternatively, the bottleneck might reflect strategic (i.e., voluntary) postponement, induced by instructions to emphasize one task over the other. To distinguish structural limitations from strategic postponement, we examine a new paradigm in which subjects are told to place equal emphasis on both tasks and to emit both responses at about the same time. An experiment using this paradigm demonstrated patterns of interference that cannot easily be attributed to strategic postponement, preparation effects, or conflicts in response production. The data conform closely to the predictions of structural central bottleneck models.
To Heal and Restore Broken Bodies: A Retrospective, Descriptive Study of the Role and Impact of Pastoral Care in the Treatment of Patients With Burn Injury

Despite advances in resuscitation, resurfacing, and reconstruction, recovery in burn patients often depends upon emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual healing. We characterized the spiritual needs of burn patients to help identify resources necessary to optimize recovery. We performed a retrospective review of all patients admitted to a regional, accredited burn center, in 2011. We accessed multiple clinical, financial, and administrative databases, collected demographic data, including religious affiliation, and recorded the number and type of pastoral care visits. Outcome measures included length of stay (LOS), physician and facility charges, and mortality. We compared patients who had a pastoral care visit with those who did not, as well as patients with a religious affiliation with those who had no or an unknown affiliation. During the study period, our burn center admitted 1338 patients, 314 of whom were visited by chaplains, for a total of 1077 encounters (3.43 visits per patient seen). Most frequent interventions were prayer, social support, and spiritual counseling. Compared to patients who had no visit, patients who saw a chaplain had a larger total body surface area burn, longer LOS, higher charges, and higher mortality (10.2% vs. 0.78%, P < 0.001). Patients who had a religious affiliation had slightly lower mortality than patients with unknown or no religious affiliation (0.87% vs. 3.19%), but this did not reach statistical significance. In burn patients, utilization of pastoral care appears to be linked to size of burn, financial charges, and length of stay, with religious affiliation serving as a possible marker for improved survival. Plastic surgeons and burn providers should consider and address the spiritual needs of burn patients, as a component of recovery.
Gaps in addressing problem drinking: Overcoming primary care and alcohol treatment deficiencies

Despite the high prevalence of problem drinking among Americans, primary care physicians often fail to address this major health threat. In addition, once alcohol use disorders are identified, patients often fail to receive coordinated medical and substance abuse treatment. This article reviews four types of barriers as well as potential facilitators to improving the prevention and management of problem drinking. First, primary care physicians are poorly trained about the clinical relevance of addressing alcohol problems in their daily patient care. Second, primary care physicians are concerned about the stigma and health insurance problems encountered by patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorders. Third, primary care practices have limited organizational and financial support to identify and address alcohol problems. Fourth, primary care and alcohol treatment settings communicate and collaborate poorly in delivering patient care. Opportunities to overcome these challenges are discussed and must be initiated to reduce the myriad of adverse outcomes resulting from problem drinking.
Basal sympathoadrenal function in posttraumatic distress disorder

Research has consistently shown that patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifest greater changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma epinephrine than controls when exposed to trauma-related laboratory stressors. However, findings are equivocal as to whether PTSD subjects differ from controls on basal, or tonic, measures of autonomic activity. In this study, PTSD patients (n = 11) and asymptomatic controls (n = 11) were compared on measures of basal sympathoadrenal function, including plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine as well as heart rate and blood pressure. Results showed that PTSD patients were not significantly different from control subjects on any measure. Although phasic alterations in autonomic function in PTSD have been consistently found in previous research, this study suggests that tonic sympathetic nervous system activity in PTSD patients may not differ from that of healthy controls.
Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28°C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night cycle. For this procedure, you'll need mosquito cages, 10% sterile sucrose solution, paper towels, beaker, whatman filter paper, glass feeders, human blood and serum, water bath, parafilm, distilled water, clean plastic trays, mosquito food (described below), mosquito net to cover the trays, vacuum, and a collection chamber to collect adults.
A Statistics Curriculum for the Undergraduate Chemistry Major

Our ability to statistically analyze data has grown significantly with the maturing of computer hardware and software. However, the evolution of our statistics capabilities has taken place without a corresponding evolution in the curriculum for the undergraduate chemistry major. Most faculty understands the need for a statistical educational component, but there is little consensus as to the exact nature of what is to be taught and who should teach it. Because of the large number of courses required for the undergraduate chemistry major, it seems unlikely that requiring a course on statistics will be practical at most institutions. Additionally, it is unlikely that the typical high school education will address the needed statistics or the software training to prepare students for the chemistry courses. Therefore, the chemistry faculty must teach the statistics needed by the majors. The faculty needs to focus on statistics useful to the chemist and this is distinctly different than what is often encountered in biology, medicine, psychology, and business. A starting point is suggested for a discussion on a statistics curriculum that addresses the needs of the chemistry majors.