cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P6.018 Participatory Action Research, Evidence-Based Public Health, and Cooperative Agreements: Adverse Effects

Background Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010 was an ambitious multi-sector, multilevel, multicenter, and multi-phased community demonstration project designed to reduce health disparities in the United States. Requirements for a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were enumerated in Program Announcement 99064. Applicants had to represent coalitions of predominantly minority community members that would propose community action plans (CAPs) to address one or more serious health problems affecting one or more minority populations. The Broward Coalition to Eliminate Disparities in HIV Disease was one of 32 (out of 206) eligible applicants to receive a competitive award in Fiscal Year 2000 to develop a CAP. The CAP was one of 24 to be approved by CDC for implementation in Fiscal Year 2001. The primary goal was to eliminate disparities in new HIV infections reported among Black and Hispanic residents of Broward County by 2010. Methods A case study to illustrate how competing models of disease prevention can inhibit successful outcomes in public health. Results The participatory action research (PAR) programme designed, developed, and implemented by the Broward Coalition contained four interventions chosen by members after systematically working through the PRECEDE Health Promotion Planning Model. From 1999 through 2006, rates of new HIV infections among non-Hispanic Black residents of Broward declined from 193/100,000 to 81/100,000. On April 5, 2005, CDC site visitors informed the Coalition that funding for Broward would be cut in half in Fiscal Year 2006. They urged that only interventions recommended by CDC experts as “high impact” be continued. Subsequently, educational outreach efforts considered essential by local community members were curtailed and rates of new HIV infections among Blacks in Broward began to rise. Conclusion Project shortcomings were linked to the decrement of resources and reinterpretation of PAR interventions by evidence-based criteria.
High Performance Computing - Power Application Programming Interface Specification Version 1.4

Measuring and controlling the power and energy consumption of high performance computing systems by various components in the software stack is an active research area [13, 3, 5, 10, 4, 21, 19, 16, 7, 17, 20, 18, 11, 1, 6, 14, 12]. Implementations in lower level software layers are beginning to emerge in some production systems, which is very welcome. To be most effective, a portable interface to measurement and control features would significantly facilitate participation by all levels of the software stack. We present a proposal for a standard power Application Programming Interface (API) that endeavors to cover the entire software space, from generic hardware interfaces to the input from the computer facility manager.
Incidence of meningeal enhancement on brain MRI secondary to lumbar puncture

Abstract Background: Concern for reactive meningeal enhancement after lumbar puncture (LP) is a common reason for performing brain MRI prior to LP. We sought to determine actual incidence of unexplained meningeal enhancement after LP. Methods: We collected results from all contrasted brain MRIs in patients admitted to adult neurology at a New York City hospital over a 3-year period. We used electronic medical records to determine whether an LP had been done within 30 days prior to brain MRI. The control group comprised those brain MRIs not preceded by an LP within 30 days prior to imaging. Number of cases of unexplained meningeal enhancement was compared between groups using a Fisher exact test. We recorded variables such as number of LP attempts, needle size, amount of fluid removed, and days from LP to brain MRI. Results: From 2011 to 2013, there were 77 cases of LP prior to brain MRI and 707 controls (n = 784). Of the cases, 3 had meningeal enhancement, 1 (1.2%) of which was unexplained. Of the 707 controls, 36 had enhancement, and none was unexplained. The p value comparing unexplained enhancement in the cases vs controls was 0.098. Conclusions: Iatrogenic meningeal enhancement from prior LP that is not attributable to traumatic LP or intracranial hypotension is rare and not more common than in cases without a prior LP. Results suggest that the practice of delaying LP until after brain MRI might not be supported in cases where LP is necessary.
A Smaller Window to the University: The Impact of Athletic De-Escalation on Status and Reputation

Given the changing landscape of Division I athletic competition, determining the most advantageous commitment to athletic programs is an important issue in sport and university policy. With the recent autonomy granted to select Division I Football Bowl Subdivision conferences and pending antitrust litigation vying for college athlete compensation, many universities are considering alternative courses of action in reducing their existing commitment to Division I athletics. Accordingly, this study sought to examine the impact of de-escalating Division I commitment—specifically discontinuing a Division I football program—on the status and reputation of the university and athletic department. In considering the entire population of universities which have discontinued their Division I football program from 1981 to 2010 (N = 21), the results revealed that football program discontinuation had little positive or negative impact on academic status and reputation, and a slight negative impact on athletic status. T...
Phosphors for LED-based Solid-State Lighting

The efficacy of solid-state lighting (SSL) based upon InGaN LEDs has improved by >10x over the past decade: the efficacy of cool white LEDs surpasses linear fluorescent lamp (LFLs) efficacies (>100 lm/W) and warm white 1W LEDs surpasses compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) efficacies (>60-70 lm/W).
Cystic resolution and task performance in beamforming

Cystic resolution (CR) may be considered to be the contrast resolution in the center of a small anechoic “cyst”. The goal of this work is to evaluate cystic resolution from the perspective of task performance in breast sonography. We demonstrate that CR is rigorously related to task performance for the particular task of detecting the presence of a cyst from a single sample at the center of the cyst. We compare this to other tasks relevant to breast imaging.
JetNet: A proposed protocol for reliable packet delivery in low-power IoT applications

The Internet of Things is envisioned to consist of many devices that are all interconnected. In order to achieve this goal, efficient networking techniques are needed that can connect low-power devices to the rest of the world. This paper presents a new protocol that enables sensor networks to efficiently communicate with a base station. The proposed JetNet protocol utilizes a combination of time division multiple access and frequency hopping techniques to enable low-power multi-hop communication. A bio-inspired routing protocol is adapted to operate with the pseudo-random TDMA algorithm. Using careful hardware design and sufficient energy harvesting it is possible to create net-zero sensor nodes that can operate indefinitely using only the energy that is available from their environment.
ACS with Bypass Surgery

Patient who require coronary artery bypass grafting while on oral anticoagulation need advanced care management. Considerations must occur regarding proper timing of session for surgery, need to bridge, and appropriate time to resume therapy safely.
Educational Methodologies: Implications for Faculty Teaching, Research, and Service

This chapter discusses the implications of the first three chapters with respect to faculty teaching, research, and service. For this purpose, this chapter brings major aspects of the first three chapters to the forefront, and elaborates on their connections and implications for the way educational methodologies are applied.
Significantly High Thermal Rectification in an Asymmetric Polymer Molecule Driven by Diffusive versus Ballistic Transport

Tapered bottlebrush polymers have novel nanoscale polymer architecture. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we showed that these polymers have the unique ability to generate thermal rectification in a single polymer molecule and offer an exceptional platform for unveiling different heat conduction regimes. In sharp contrast to all other reported asymmetric nanostructures, we observed that the heat current from the wide end to the narrow end (the forward direction) in tapered bottlebrush polymers is smaller than that in the opposite direction (the backward direction). We found that a more disordered to less disordered structural transition within tapered bottlebrush polymers is essential for generating nonlinearity in heat conduction for thermal rectification. Moreover, the thermal rectification ratio increased with device length, reaching as high as ∼70% with a device length of 28.5 nm. This large thermal rectification with strong length dependence uncovered an unprecedented phenomenon–di...
Elevated melt causes varied response of Crosson and Dotson IceShelves in West Antarctica

Crosson and Dotson Ice Shelves are two of the most rapidly changing outlets in West Antarctica, displaying both significant thinning and grounding-line retreat in recent decades. We used remotely sensed datasets to investigate the processes controlling their changes in speed and grounding-line position over the past 20 years. We combined these observations with inverse modeling of the viscosity of the ice shelves to understand how weakening of the shelves affected this speedup. These ice shelves have lost mass continuously since the 1990s, and we find that this loss is primarily a result of melt beneath Dotson. High melt rates persisted over the period covered by our observations (1996–2014), with the highest rates beneath areas that ungrounded during this time. Grounding line flux exceeded basinwide accumulation by about a factor of two throughout the study period, consistent with earlier studies, resulting in significant loss of grounded as well as floating ice. The near doubling of Crosson's speed in some areas during this time likely is the result of weakening of its margins and retreat of its grounding line. This speedup contrasts with Dotson, which has continued to move slowly despite high, increasing melt rates near its grounding line. Our results indicate that changes to melt rates began before 1996, and suggest that observed increases in melt in the 2000s compounded an ongoing retreat of this system. Advection of a channel along Dotson, as well as the grounding-line position of Kohler Glacier, suggest that Dotson experienced a change in flow around the 1970s, which may be the initial cause of its continuing retreat.
High Rate of Mismatch between Sanders and Risser Staging in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Are Some Guiding Treatment With the Wrong Classification?

Purpose: Risser staging has traditionally been used as the primary markers of skeletal maturity utilized in decision making for treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The authors believe Risser staging is an insensitive marker of growth compared to Sanders classification. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence and factors associated with mismatch …
The Biological Functions and Physiological Effects of Ingested Inhibitors of Digestive Reactions

In terms of everyday experience, we think of disease and illness as something visited upon a healthy body from the outside; analogous to an unfortunate accident. Microbes infect us, and plagues and epidemics come upon us. In this way, man has come to view illness as an event that is discontinuous with normal function. However, normal processes can go awry without particular help from outside agents and produce disease and illness. In this circumstance, the line between the normal and abnormal can often be hard to discern, and the old adage that there can be too much (or too little) of a good thing may apply. Thus, we have come to appreciate that disease is often continuous with, rather than a break and something different from, normal function.
Speculative Design in HCI: From Corporate Imaginations to Critical Orientations

In this chapter we analyze the rhetorical work of speculative design methods to advance third wave agendas in HCI. We contrast the history of speculative design that is often cited in HCI papers from the mid 2000s onward that frames speculative design as a critical methodological intervention in HCI linked to radical art practice and critical theory, with the history of how speculative design was introduced to HCI publications through corporate design research initiatives from the RED group at Xerox PARC. Our argument is that third wave, critically oriented, speculative design “works” in HCI because it is highly compatible with other forms of conventional corporate speculation (e.g. concept videos and scenario planning). This reading of speculative design re-centers the “criticality” from the method itself to its ability to advance agendas that challenge dominant practices in technology design. We will look at how practitioners trade on the rhetorical ambiguity of future oriented design practices to introduce these ideas in contexts where they may not otherwise have much purchase. Our chapter concludes with a call for critically oriented practitioners in this space to share their experiences navigating speculative design ambiguity and to document the disciplinary history of the method’s development.
Appreciative Coaching for Student Academic and Professional Development.

Negative self-talk and appraisals of self-efficacy can damage students’ abilities to do well in college and lead to self-fulfilling prophesies where students fail to meet their academic and profess...
The structure of (η6-C6H5Cl)Cr(CO)2PPh3

Abstract In a synthetic route that varies from the standard procedure requiring irradiation, the (η6-C6H5Cl)Cr(CO)2PPh3 complex is obtained upon reacting (η6-C6H5Cl)Cr(CO)3 with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), CuI, and trimethylsilylphenylacetylene in triethylamine. The X-ray crystal structure of the yellow–orange crystals of (η6-C6H5Cl)Cr(CO)2PPh3 allows structural comparisons to related (arene)Cr(CO)2PR3 complexes.
Learning-based Approaches for Controlling Neural Spiking

We consider the problem of controlling populations of interconnected neurons using extrinsic stimulation. Such a problem, which is relevant to applications in both basic neuroscience as well as brain medicine, is challenging due to the nonlinearity of neuronal dynamics and the highly unpredictable structure of underlying neuronal networks. Compounding this difficulty is the fact that most neurostimulation technologies offer a single degree of freedom to actuate tens to hundreds of interconnected neurons. To meet these challenges, here we consider an adaptive, learning-based approach to controlling neural spike trains. Rather than explicitly modeling neural dynamics and designing optimal controls, we instead synthesize a so-called control network (CONET) that interacts with the spiking network by maximizing the Shannon mutual information between it and the realized spiking outputs. Thus, the CONET learns a representation of the spiking network that subsequently allows it to learn suitable control signals through a reinforcement-type mechanism. We demonstrate feasibility of the approach by controlling networks of stochastic spiking neurons, wherein desired patterns are induced for neuron-to-actuator ratios in excess of 10 to 1.
Deferoxamine-Soaked Suture Improves Angiogenesis and Repair Potential After Acute Injury of the Chicken Achilles Tendon:

Background:A major obstacle to the treatment of soft tissue injuries is the hypovascular nature of the tissues. Deferoxamine (DFO) has been shown to stimulate angiogenesis by limiting the degradati...
Simultaneous patient presentation for endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke.

Background Increased demand for endovascular thrombectomy has increased the likelihood of simultaneous patient presentation leading to competing demand for time-critical treatment that could adversely impact patient outcomes. We aimed to quantify the occurrence of simultaneous patient presentation at different patient volumes. Methods Empirical distributions for time of patient presentation and case duration were used to probabilistically generate arrival time and case duration for a set annual patient volume, ranging from 1 to 500 cases per year, for 16 000 independent trials at each volume. Time series were generated for each trial to represent the number of cases being performed at each minute of the year. Time series were used to calculate daily thrombectomy demand, annual concurrent demand, and hourly excess demand. Results The patient volumes at which at least one annual occurrence of concurrent demand by two patients was 50% and 97.5% likely were 45 and 101, respectively. The volumes at which at least one annual occurrence of concurrent demand by three patients was 50% and 97.5% likely were 216 and 387, respectively. There was dramatic variation in the occurrence of excess demand by two or more patients throughout the day. Conclusions The occurrence of simultaneous presentation by multiple patients for endovascular thrombectomy varies with annual patient volume and time of day. Understanding these trends and the associated patient impact can inform intelligent strategies at regional and national levels for optimizing patient care within real-world financial and operational constraints.
A Simplified SDRE Technique for Regulation in Optimal Control Systems

Optimal control of linear systems is a well-established area of research, whereas the closed-loop, optimal control of nonlinear systems has been a challenging research area and there has been recent work in this area using state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE). The SDRE technique for finite-horizon optimal regulator problem basically involves first representing any given dynamical system in the state-dependent coefficient (SDC) form and then solving the SDRE at small intervals of time during the given finite horizon period of initial time to final time. The process then is to assume that during the small intervals the Riccati coefficient is constant and hence use the algebraic Riccati equation (ARE) to obtain the steady-state Riccati coefficient resulting in an approximate and suboptimal control. In this paper, without the assumption of SDRE coefficient being constant during the small intervals of the finite-horizon period, a simplified SDRE technique is presented by employing the analytic solution for the matrix differential Riccati equation and the associated MATLAB program developed by the authors of this paper, thereby avoiding the approximate nature and eliminating the several steps associated with the existing SDRE technique. The validity of the proposed simplified SDRE technique is illustrated with finite time optimal regulation of a nonlinear, sixth order model of a variable speed, variable pitch (VSVP) wind energy conversion system.
Universal Gelation of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals via Depletion Attractions

Nanocrystal gelation provides a powerful framework to translate nanoscale properties into bulk materials and to engineer emergent properties through the assembled microstructure. However, many esta...
Change in binge drinking behavior after Hurricane Sandy among persons exposed to the 9/11 World Trade Center disaster.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine changes in drinking behavior after Hurricane Sandy among 3199 World Trade Center Health Registry (Registry) enrollees before (2011–12) and after Hurricane Sandy (2015–16). A composite Sandy exposure scale (none, low, medium and high) included Sandy traumatic experiences, financial and other factors. Probable Sandy-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was defined as scoring ≥44 on PTSD Checklist, and binge drinking as consuming ≥5 alcoholic drinks for men or ≥4 for women on one occasion in the past 30 days. Some of the enrollees reported binge drinking post Sandy as new binge drinkers (4.7%) or consistent binge drinkers pre- and post-Sandy (19%). Compared with non-binge drinkers pre- and post-Sandy (66.9%), the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for being new binge drinkers and consistent binge drinkers among high Sandy exposure enrollees were 2.1 (95%CI 1.1–4.1) and 2.5 (95%CI: 1.7–3.6), respectively. High Sandy traumatic experience alone was associated with consistent binge drinking (aOR: 1.9, 95%CI: 1.4–2.6). Among enrollees without 9/11 PTSD, those with Sandy PTSD were more likely to become new binge drinkers (aOR: 4.4, 95%CI: 1.4–13.9), while Sandy PTSD was not associated with any binge drinking behavior changes among those with 9/11 PTSD. Sandy exposure, Sandy traumatic experience, and Sandy PTSD were all associated with higher binge drinking intensity. Future natural disaster response should plan for treatment to address alcohol use and PTSD simultaneously.
The Use of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease

The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau proteins in the brain have been central characteristics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), making them the focus of most of the research exploring potential therapeutics for this neurodegenerative disease. With success in interventions aimed at depleting amyloid-β peptides being limited at best, a greater understanding of the physiological role of amyloid-β peptides is needed. The development of amyloid-β plaques has been determined to occur 10–20 years prior to AD symptom manifestation, hence earlier interventions might be necessary to address presymptomatic AD. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that amyloid-β peptides may play a role in innate immunity as an antimicrobial peptide. These findings, coupled with the evidence of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in AD brains, suggests that the buildup of amyloid-β plaques could be a response to the presence of viruses and bacteria. This has led to the foundation of the antimicrobial hypothesis for AD. The present review will highlight the current understanding of amyloid-β, and the role of bacteria and viruses in AD, and will also explore the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer’s disease.
Platform Utopianism after Democracy

Ceraso and Pruchnic examine digital platforms as microcosmic political economies, or environments that function to enact various human political models. First, they argue that competing platforms become sites to try out the various rhetorical potentials of their grounding political models. Second, they suggest that the vulnerability of platforms to destructive rhetorics functions in the gap between the human political models that they seek to emulate and the digital structures that enact those models. They close by discussing the historically foreclosed political model of isonomia, as described in Kojin Karatani’s Isonomia and the History of Philosophy, arguing that it provides a way to think through the vulnerabilities of “platform democracy.”
Effect of Growth Hormone Therapy in Patients with Noonan Syndrome: A Retrospective Study.

Background Noonan syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition with an incidence of 1:1000 to 1:2500. The disorder is associated with distinct dysmorphic features, cardiac anomalies, developmental delay and delayed puberty. Short stature is a recognised feature of Noonan syndrome. Objectives The aim of this study is to assess the effect of growth hormone treatment in patients with Noonan syndrome. Methods Retrospective data was collected from patients with Noonan syndrome treated with growth hormone. The results were analysed with variables expressed as mean values and standard deviation scores. Results Twelve Noonan syndrome patients (M: F = 10:2) treated with growth hormone were identified. The mean age of starting growth hormone was 8 years, with baseline height standard deviation score of -2.96 (range: -1.64 to -5.54). The height standard deviation score significantly improved to -2.50 (P = 0.0035) and then -2.22 (P = 0.0025), following one and two years of treatment, respectively. The average height velocity for the patients prior to starting treatment was 5.16cm/year (range: 2.4 - 8.2 cm/year), which significantly improved to 7.76cm/year (ranging from 4.1 to 12.8 cm/year) after one year of growth hormone treatment (P = 0.020) and to 6.51cm/year at the end of two years. Conclusions Our study has shown that growth hormone treatment significantly improves the height standard deviation score of patients with Noonan syndrome over a two-year course of growth hormone therapy without any side effects. Further research is required to analyse the long-term effect of growth hormone therapy in patients with Noonan syndrome, including the impact on final adult height.
What Makes a Great Preschool Teacher? Best Practices and Classroom Quality in an Urban Early Childhood Setting.

This qualitative study explored preschool teacher beliefs and practices in relationship to observed classroom quality and student outcomes. A phenomenological approach framed the design of the research collected from seven preschool teachers in a large urban school district in Western NY. Teachers were asked two questions about student learning and excellence in teaching. Findings suggest that high performing preschool teachers believe it is important to establish nurturing relationships with their students, foster positive relationships with the families of the children they work with in the classroom, and nurture the social-emotional development of their children in the classroom. Pedagogically, differentiated instruction emerged as a theme in which teachers’ described their teaching practice to meet the needs of all their students. Future research should be focused on the impact professional development has on the quality of instruction provided in preschool classrooms.
Uncertainty in the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Art of Medicine.

* Abbreviation: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 Medicine is often described as a dynamic balance between art and science. Some argue that the increased emphasis on science has moved us away from the art of medicine because evidence-based medicine and scientific advances push us toward more standardized and cost-effective care.1 As clinicians, we are taught to integrate data into our patients’ care plans. Evidence allows us to speak with certainty as we guide patients through therapeutic options and partner with them to make informed decisions about their medical care. But what happens when evidence and data are scarce or when new discoveries seem contrary to previous understanding? The current pandemic has shaken the ground beneath us, laying bare our disorientation and vulnerability without scientific doctrine to guide us. Perhaps it is time to lean into the art of medicine: treating and healing patients with empathy, concern, and shared solidarity during these challenging times. During our educational journey as medical providers, we gain new vocabulary and syntax, learning a new language that succinctly and accurately describes clinical history, symptoms, and differential diagnosis to fluidly and efficiently communicate with each other. As scientific practitioners of medicine, we dive deep into the literature, trusting … Address correspondence to Yuan He, MD, MPH, National Clinician Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Dr, Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19147. E-mail: yuan.he{at}pennmedicine.upenn.edu
Impact of Social Networks on Healthy Behaviors:An Example of Breastfeeding in Western China

Although the positive effects of social networks on people's health have been confirmed in research,studies on the mechanisms for such effects are rare.Some researchers argue that social networks promote health by encouraging people to indorse healthy behaviors.However,the proposed mechanism needs further empirical tests.Based on the data from a large-scale questionnaire survey of more than 44 000sampled households in 11provinces in Western China,this study attempted to test the mechanism by which social networks influenced health.In contrast to the existing studies,this study didn't examine the direct relationship between personal networks and his/her health.Rather,it targeted the mothers of newborns to investigate how their social networks influenced their decision of a healthy behavior of breastfeeding.Regardless of the fact that breastfeeding had generally been recognized as important to the health of both the infant and the mother,the result revealed that,among the mothers of newborns younger than 6months in the Western provinces of China in 2004,only 22percent provided exclusive breastfeeding to their children.Further analysis showed that social networks correlated significantly with an enhanced probability for mothers to breastfeed.If a new mother's network had more strong ties,it was more likely to provide actual assistance and social support to the mother when the newborn was in early development stages;thus,the mother became more likely to breastfeed the infant.If mothers' networks had health professionals,relevant knowledge and information would be effectively disseminated and the likelihood of breastfeeding would be raised.The current study tells us that social networks help improve people's health primarily via their provision of social support and information for healthy behaviors.
Fetal neuromaturation in late gestation is affected by maternal sleep disordered breathing and sleep disruption in pregnant women with obesity.

OBJECTIVE Maternal sleep disordered breathing and sleep disruption have adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes through multiple potential pathophysiologic pathways. We hypothesize that disordered maternal sleep also adversely impacts the neuromaturation of the fetus. METHODS Participants in this prospective observational study included 102 obese pregnant women (pre-pregnancy body mass index [BMI] of 30 or higher) at 36 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal neuromaturation, defined through measures of fetal heart rate variability, motor activity, and motor-cardiac coupling, was quantified through digitized fetal actocardiography during an afternoon recording. Maternal sleep measures were collected overnight through polysomnography. Data analysis focused on multiple regression, controlling for maternal BMI, blood pressure, and diabetes. RESULTS Indicators of higher sleep disordered breathing were associated with delayed fetal neuromaturation and greater fetal motor activity. Less maternal sleep disruption (shorter rapid eye movement [REM] latency, more REM sleep, and/or fewer transitions) was associated with higher fetal heart rate variability and coupling-based neuromaturation. CONCLUSION Characteristics of disordered maternal sleep affect the developing fetal nervous system. It is unknown whether these results extend to populations that are not characterized by obesity. The influence of maternal sleep on the developing fetal nervous system has been understudied and may yield effects that persist beyond pregnancy.
Dissolved Oxygen Improvement by Hydroelectric Turbine Aspiration

Atmospheric oxygen introduced into the draft tube of a modern low head hydroelectric turbine by a draft tube aspiration system is shown by experimental data to be absorbed with efficiencies higher than previously reported. An analytical model of the turbine aeration system has been developed which yields aeration flow rates that are in good agreement with experimental data. A unique feature of the turbine aeration system is the application of wedge shaped deflector plates in the draft tube. The low pressure region created in the wake of the deflector plate is used to induce an aspirated air flow into the draft tube. By this procedure, appreciable air flow rates may be obtained at most efficient gate openings even for machines where the turbine is set at or below tail water elevation. The increase in dissolved oxygen levels and oxygen absorption efficiencies has been experimentally measured. The loss in turbine efficiency has been obtained from direct measurement of the output and turbine flow rate.
Projective geometry and homological algebra

We provide an introduction to many of the homological commands in Macaulay 2 (modules, free resolutions, Ext and Tor. ..) by means of examples showing how to use homological tools to study projective varieties.
Atomic gold–enabled three-dimensional lithography for silicon mesostructures

Three-dimensional (3D) mesostructured semiconductors show promising properties and applications; however, to date, few methods exist to synthesize or fabricate such materials. Metal can diffuse along semiconductor surfaces, and even trace amounts can change the surface behavior. We exploited the phenomena for 3D mesoscale lithography, by showing one example where iterated deposition-diffusion-incorporation of gold over silicon nanowires forms etchant-resistant patterns. This process is facet-selective, producing mesostructured silicon spicules with skeletonlike morphology, 3D tectonic motifs, and reduced symmetries. Atom-probe tomography, coupled with other quantitative measurements, indicates the existence and the role of individual gold atoms in forming 3D lithographic resists. Compared to other more uniform silicon structures, the anisotropic spicule requires greater force for detachment from collagen hydrogels, suggesting enhanced interfacial interactions at the mesoscale.
From Personal to Impersonal Exchange in Ideas

Technology – human ideas on using the laws of nature – has always been at the heart of economic development. With the patent system, first introduced in Venice in 1474, technical ideas became tradable in their own rights. Such exchange promises gains in impersonal markets based on the patents, changing the economic organization, and shifting the risk-bearing and risk-sharing between specialized firms for invention, trading/investment, innovation, and customers resulting in a potentially more efficient sharing of risk in the economic system. Previous discussion has mainly treated technological inventions and innovation as being coordinated within a hierarchy. This study is a dual study of mechanisms and contract for coordination between such hierarchies. This is a political economic problem, where government subsidies and secrecy are replaced by markets (using excluding and transferrable rights for economic gains) and openness (publication of the ideas for social gains) as policy to achieve a higher growth and access to technical knowledge in the economic system.
The Content and Purposes of Talk that Accompanies Oral Reading Events: Insights from a Mother-Daughter Case Study

This article investigates the substance and possible purposes of talk that accompanies oral reading events within a mother-daughter case study. The findings presented in this paper are from a case study that was part of a larger Family Retrospective Miscue Analysis study that assisted parents in becoming strategic partners who build on the strengths of their children when reading with them. This article presents the functions of talk that accompany oral readings, the insights gained about reading as a meaning-construction process, and how parents can benefit from listening to their children’s talk during oral reading sessions.
On the attracting set for Duffing's equation: II. A geometrical model for moderate force and damping

Abstract After a brief review of some earlier work on Duffing's equation in the small force and damping regions, we use the results of numerical integrations to construct a geometrically defined Poincare map which captures the qualitative features of the attracting set of larger force and damping levels. This map has a (small) constant Jacobian determinant and can be regarded as a perturbation of a non-invertible one-dimensional map. We give a partial analysis of the map and pose some important open questions regarding perturbations of one-dimensional maps and the creation of “strange attractors” during bifurcation to horseshoes.
Cultural considerations in the development of children with disabilities: implications for future work potential

This article discusses the role of culture in the development of individuals with disabilities and how culture might affect one's self-esteem. Implications for future work potential are presented relative to self-esteem. The World Health Organization definitions of impairment, disability and handicap are presented as a reminder that someone with a disability is considered 'handicapped' by the society or culture in which one lives and works. Thus it is culture which helps to mold how one thinks about oneself and about what one is capable of doing in one's life. Next, culture is defined and parents' cultural beliefs about disability are examined. Cross-cultural studies are presented to illustrate differences between cultures relative to disabilities with implications for participation in an adult society. Cooperation and competition are mentioned. Several educational experiences are described in the context of culture. All who work with children with disabilities are urged to be aware of the culture(s) of each child and of the potential effects on self-esteem and on one's ability to be a contributing member of society.
Routing in stochastic networks

This paper considers the problem of routing in a network where the travel times along the arcs are modeled as independent random variables. A standard approach to routing in such networks is to select a path with the least expected travel time. One of the problems with this approach is that it does not take into consideration, factors such as the travel time variance. Additionally, such an approach implicitly assumes each user in the network has the same routing objective. In this paper we develop an approach to routing in stochastic networks in which these problems are addressed. The fundamental concept in our approach is that, for a given user with a set of routing options at a given node, we approximate the distributions of travel time for these options. Using these approximate distributions, the options are compared according to a user-specified routing objective, and the best option is selected. The primary benefit of this approach is that one is not limited to a particular routing objective as the computed distributions of travel time allow us to efficiently determine an effective routing option for an arbitrary routing objective that depends on factors of random travel time other than the mean. The distribution of travel time adopted in this paper is the minimum travel time probability distribution, which is the distribution of travel time over all fastest paths. In a class of networks termed as series-parallel networks, the minimum travel time distribution can be calculated efficiently. For general, non-series-parallel networks, the approximation we adopt is the minimum travel time distribution obtained from a related series-parallel network. The performance and the benefits of this approach to routing are illustrated on an example network.
Food Availability in the Heartland: Exploring the Effects of Neighborhood Racial and Income Composition†

This article examines the relationships between neighborhood racial and income composition and healthy food availability. We explore the extent to which physical and social isolation affects healthy food availability for groups marginalized by race and class in a context largely missing from the literature. We use census tract data and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey to produce maps illustrating the patterns of race and income composition in Topeka, Kansas. Included in these maps are data points illustrating the distribution of stores offering healthy foods. We find that, as in the large metro areas analyzed thus far, the distribution of healthy food stores in Topeka is similarly patterned. Blacker (and poorer) neighborhoods tend to have the lowest levels of healthy food availability. We conclude with a discussion of the relevance of this work to the knowledge base regarding food environments and health in the United States.
The lowering of external pH in confined environments by thermo-acidophilic algae (class: Cyanidiophyceae)

Summary The unicellular, asexual thermo-acidophilic algae of the class Cyanidiophyceae, order Cyanidiales (the ‘cyanidia’) include only three genera, walled Cyanidium and Galdieria, and ‘naked’ Cyanidioschyzon, names based on morphological and cytological characters. Most species and strains of this class live in acid hot springs or acid soils or steam vents associated with these springs at pH 0.5 to ∼ 4.0 at temperatures of ∼ 38–56°C. No other phototrophs live in this combination of factors in these habitats, except for a small overlap with other acidophilic algae at the highest pH and the lowest temperature. The optimum pH for growth of the ‘cyanidia’ in this study was ∼ 2.3. Galdieria-like walled cells of Cyanidioschyzon and naked Cyanidioschyzon cells were exposed in culture to higher pH conditions of 6.0, 5.5 and 5.0 in confined, illuminated environments (cotton plugged flasks). The subsequent acidification of the medium towards or to 2.3 occurred as growth and biomass increased. There was a direct correlation with final biomass (Chl a) and lower pH. All eight strains isolated from Yellowstone acidic conditions were able to lower the supra-optimal pH of their medium, while only two from other continents and none of the three from Japan were competent. It is probable that the ability to lower pH to an optimal level has survival value in some niches in natural habitats.
Synthesis of ROMP Monomers Containing Metal–Metal Bonds

Methods for the synthesis of cyclic monomers that have both metal–metal bonds and carbon–carbon double bonds are reported. Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of these monomers would yield polymers that are photochemically degradable. The first method investigated involved substitution of Cp2Fe2(CO)4 by the bidentate phosphine ligand DPPEN (Ph2P $${-}$$ CH=CH–PPh2). Cp2Fe2(CO)2( $$\upmu$$ -DPPEN) was synthesized and the X-ray crystal structure is reported but the molecule could not be polymerized by a ROMP method using Grubbs’s catalyst. The inability of this monomer to polymerize (or copolymerize with cyclooctatetraene) was attributed to the bulky phenyl rings being in close proximity to the C=C in the DPPEN ligand, which prevents coordination of the monomer to the catalyst. To decrease the steric interactions, the DPPBN ligand was synthesized (DPPBN=Ph $$_{2}{-}$$ CH $$_{2}{-}$$ CH=CH $${-}$$ CH $$_{2}{-}$$ PPh2). However, the reaction of DPPBN with Cp2Fe2(CO)4 yielded the product Cp2Fe2(CO)2( $$\upmu$$ -1,2,4-triphos), where the 1,2,4-triphos ligand is a tridentate ligand formed by the formal additional of Ph2PH to DPPBN (1,2,4-triphos=Ph $$_{2}{-}$$ CH $$_{2}{-}$$ CH(PPh2) $${-}$$ CH $$_{2}{-}$$ CH $$_{2}{-}$$ PPh2). An X-ray structure of the Cp2Fe2(CO)2( $$\upmu$$ -1,2,4-triphos) complex revealed that the 1,2,4-triphos ligand chelates exclusively through the two phosphorus atoms that are bridged by two carbon atoms. It is suggested that this structural feature may simply reflect the increased stability of the 6-membered ring over the 7- and 8-membered rings. The reactions of the Cp2Mo2(CO)6 and Cp2Mo2(CO)4 dimers with DPPBN were investigated next. Reactions of Cp2Mo2(CO)6 and Cp2Mo2(CO)4 with the DPPEN and DPPBN ligands resulted in the disproportionation of the dimers. The X-ray crystal structure of [CpMo(CO)2(DPPEN)][CpMo(CO)3] was determined and is reported. The CpMo(CO)(DPPEN)Cl complex was formed when these same reactions were carried out in the presence of CH2Cl2. The X-ray crystal structure of this molecule is also reported.
Infrared Fabry-Perot and heterodyne spectrometers

Abstract The status of infrared instrumentation for astronomical investigations at U.C. Berkeley is described with emphasis on the techniques of high spectral and spatial resolution. Present instrumentation includes three Fabry-Perot spectrometers for the 10, 20, and 100 μm wavelength regions, a submillimeter receiver using an optically pumped laser, a 10 μm heterodyne spectrometer for studies of planetary atmospheres, and a 2-element 10 μm stellar interferometer for measuring the angular diameters of infrared stars.
Methods for Controlling a Wind Turbine System With a Continuously Variable Transmission in Region 2

Variable speed operation enables wind turbine systems to increase their aerodynamic efficiency and reduce fatigue loads. An alternative to the current electrically based variable speed technologies is the continuously variable transmission (CVT). A CVT is a transmission whose gear ratio can be adjusted to take on an infinite number of settings within the range between its upper and lower limits. CVT research in wind turbine applications predicts an improvement in output power and torque loads compared with fixed-speed machines. Also, a reduction in the harmonic content of the currents is anticipated by eliminating the power electronics. This paper develops a model that combines a CVT model with the FAST wind turbine simulator for simulating the system's performance in MATLAB/SIMULINK. This model is useful for control development for a variable-speed wind turbine using a CVT. The wind turbine with CVT is simulated using two controllers: a proportional-integral controller and a nonlinear torque controller of the type commonly used in the wind industry.
Affective Processes in Human–Automation Interactions

Objective: This study contributes to the literature on automation reliance by illuminating the influences of user moods and emotions on reliance on automated systems.Background: Past work has focused predominantly on cognitive and attitudinal variables, such as perceived machine reliability and trust. However, recent work on human decision making suggests that affective variables (i.e., moods and emotions) are also important. Drawing from the affect infusion model, significant effects of affect are hypothesized. Furthermore, a new affectively laden attitude termed liking is introduced.Method: Participants watched video clips selected to induce positive or negative moods, then interacted with a fictitious automated system on an X-ray screening task. At five time points, important variables were assessed including trust, liking, perceived machine accuracy, user self-perceived accuracy, and reliance. These variables, along with propensity to trust machines and state affect, were integrated in a structural eq...
Acrylonitrile Insertion Reactions of Palladium Alkyl Complexes that Contain Neutral or Anionic Bidentate Phosphine Ligands

The reactions of acrylonitrile (AN) with palladium alkyl complexes that contain bisphosphine ligands, P∧P = Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2 (a, dppp), Me2P(CH2)2PMe2 (b, dmpe), [Ph2B(CH2PPh2)2]- (c, Ph2BP2), were studied. (P∧P)PdMeCl (1a,b) reacts with [Li(Et2O)2.8][B(C6F5)4] and AN to form N-bound AN adducts (P∧P)PdMe(NCCHCH2)+ (3a,b). 3b inserts AN to form [(dmpe)Pd(CHEtCN)]nn+ (4b). Sequential reaction of [ASN][(Ph2BP2)PdMe2] (1c, ASN = 5-azoniaspiro[4.4]nonane) with [HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4] and AN affords the N-bound adduct (Ph2BP2)PdMe(NCCHCH2) (3c), which reacts to form [(Ph2BP2)Pd(CHEtCN)]n (4c). IR data suggest that the Pd units of 4b,c are aggregated by PdCHEtCN- - -Pd bridges. 4b reacts with PPh3 to form (dmpe)Pd(CHEtCN)(PPh3)+ (5b). 4c reacts with PMe3 and with pyridine (py) to form (Ph2BP2)Pd(CHEtCN)(L) (L = PMe3 (6c), py (7c)). The characterization of 5b, 6c, and 7c confirms the 2,1 AN insertion of 3b,c. The rate constants for AN insertion (kobs,AN, 23 °C) vary in the order 3c (1.12(3) × 10-3 s-1) > 3b (3.33(5) × ...