cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tax-Transfer Policy and Labor Market Outcomes

The Earned Income Tax Credit provides nearly $40 billion to low-income families with children. A potential unintended consequence of the credit is lower pretax wages, in which case only part of the subsidy would accrue to workers. We examine the extent to which EITC expansions lower the pretax wages of working parents. Our findings are inconclusive. The gross hourly wages of less-skilled single women are found not to vary by the number of children, as does the EITC. In addition, the wages of black single mothers track the minimum wage for nearly the entire time period.
Applications of graph-based codes in networks: analysis of capacity and design of improved algorithms

The conception of turbo codes by Berrou et al. has created a renewed interest in modern graph-based codes. Several encouraging results that have come to light since then have fortified the role these codes shall play as potential solutions for present and future communication problems. This work focuses on both practical and theoretical aspects of graph-based codes. The thesis can be broadly categorized into three parts. The first part of the thesis focuses on the design of practical graph-based codes of short lengths. While both low-density parity-check codes and rateless codes have been shown to be asymptotically optimal under the message-passing (MP) decoder, the performance of short-length codes from these families under MP decoding is starkly sub-optimal. This work first addresses the structural characterization of stopping sets to understand this sub-optimality. Using this characterization, a novel improved decoder that offers several orders of magnitude improvement in bit-error rates is introduced. Next, a novel scheme for the design of a good rate-compatible family of punctured codes is proposed. The second part of the thesis aims at establishing these codes as a good tool to develop reliable, energy-efficient and low-latency data dissemination schemes in networks. The problems of broadcasting in wireless multihop networks and that of unicast in delay-tolerant networks are investigated. In both cases, rateless coding is seen to offer an elegant means of achieving the goals of the chosen communication protocols. It was noticed that the ratelessness and the randomness in encoding process make this scheme specifically suited to such network applications. The final part of the thesis investigates an application of a specific class of codes called network codes to finite-buffer wired networks. This part of the work aims at establishing a framework for the theoretical study and understanding of finite-buffer networks. The proposed Markov chain-based method extends existing results to develop an iterative Markov chain-based technique for general acyclic wired networks. The framework not only estimates the capacity of such networks, but also provides a means to monitor network traffic and packet drop rates on various links of the network.
Frequency of Testing in Criterion-Based Learning

174 students completed a criterion-based General Psychology course identical to Cone's 1988 course except for the testing scheme used for each of the four sections. Infrequent (three-chapter) testing was so inferior to daily (one-half chapter) testing that it was abandoned. Daily tests served the dual purpose of formative or summative evaluations in which daily mastery produced free cuts while nonmastery could be redeemed by two- to four-chapter summative examinations. This led to an average performance by A students equal to that for senior psychology majors who score at the 42nd percentile on a nationally standardized senior exit examination in psychology.
A Comparison of Three Visual Representations of Complex Multidimensional Accounting Information

This study investigates the relationship between three visual representations (two‐dimensional, three‐dimensional fixed, and three‐dimensional rotatable) of multidimensional data, and the subjects' ability to make predictions based on the data. Output of a momentum accounting system was simulated and graphics were rendered based on that information. An interactive computer program was developed and used to administer the laboratory experiment and collect results. Subjects made prediction decisions based on the graphics produced for four companies. Each subject made predictions for one type of graphics representation for each of the four companies. Subjects using three‐dimensional data that could be rotated provided the most accurate predictions. This finding is significant in a systems environment where visualizations and graphics are steadily increasing. The results should be considered when developing systems to provide accounting system users with information for making decisions, especially when the i...
The effect of pressure on acidity in water solutions

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on those dissociation equilibria which give rise to the class of phenomena described by the terms acidity and basicity in aqueous solutions is of considerable interest in studies of phenomena in the depths of the oceans and of the action of Hater solutions at depths below the surface of the Earth. In this paper the general subject of acid-base equilibria was reviewed, and from theoretical considerations certain conclusions about the general effects of pressure on acid-base equilibria in aqueous solutions were drawn. It was pointed out that important effects of pressure are only to be expected when the solutions contain weak, very slightly dissociated, acids or bases, that the volume-changes due to the electrostriction of the solvent by the ions, which increase as the ionic charge increases and the ionic radius decreases, govern the magnitude of the pressure-effects and that these may be computed with useful approximation from electrostatic theory. It was also emphasized that changes in acidity or basicity of solutions produced by the application of hydrostatic pressure are not expected to have any significant effect on the solubility of sparingly soluble substances in Hater, in spite of the fact that addition of acids or bases to such systems has a large influence on these solubilities.
Determination of Fictive Temperature of Soda‐Lime Silicate Glass

Peak positions of silica structural bands, both in infrared absorption and reflection modes, were used earlier to measure the fictive temperature of silica glass. In the present study, the method was applied to determine the fictive temperatures of a soda-lime silicate glass. For the silicate glass, the IR absorption spectra produced a broad structural band which made the precise determination of peak position difficult, and only the IR reflection band was used. Equilibrium peak positions of ∼1056 cm−1 IR band, due to Si-O stretching, were found to be directly correlated with the fictive temperature of the soda-lime silicate glass. The soda-lime glass exhibited an opposite dependence of the IR band position on the glass fictive temperature as compared to silica glass.
Detection of myocardial bridging induced ischaemia during cardiac catheterization by dobutamine-stress electrocardiographic body surface mapping

A 30-year-old female presented with chronic atypical chest pain. Exercise sestamibi showed mild anterior ischaemia. Coronary angiography did not reveal coronary artery disease, but there was a long segment of myocardial bridging (MB) ( Panel A ) in the distal left anterior descending artery. There was dynamic (30% diameter) stenosis during systole at rest ( Panel …
EDWARD ROGERS'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS*

An Essay on Some General Principles of Political Economy, on Taxes upon Raw Produce, and on Commutation of Tithes (1822) was the third publication to use mathematics in economic analysis in England. Identified only as "E. R.," its author was Edward Rogers (1794?-1824). This article investigates Rogers's inductive method; his treatment of exchange value; wage theory; the incidence of taxes on agricultural products; and the economic consequences, treated mathematically, of a commutation of the tithe. Finally, Rogers's influence and his role in the Whewell Group of Mathematical Economists is considered. Copyright 1991 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Enhancing near-infrared light absorption in PtSi thin films for Schottky barrier IR detectors using moth-eye surface structures.

Si-based Schottky barrier infrared detectors typically use thin (1–10 nm) PtSi or Pd2Si layers grown on Si substrates as an absorption medium. Herein, we demonstrate the use of sub-wavelength moth-eye (ME) structures on the Si substrate of such detectors to enhance absorption of near infrared (NIR) light in the active PtSi layer to increase detector efficiency. Absorbance enhancement of 70%–200% in the λ=1–2.5 μm range is demonstrated in crystalline PtSi films grown via electron beam evaporation of Pt and subsequent vacuum annealing. Low total reflectance (<10%) was measured for ME films, demonstrating the efficacy of the ME effect. Effective medium approximation calculations show that absorption enhancement at short wavelengths is partially due to forward scattering, which increases the effective optical path length in PtSi. Results also suggest that ME structuring of substrates is a general and low-cost method to enhance absorption in a variety of IR material platforms used for back-illuminated detectors.
Room-temperature organic ferromagnetism in the crystalline poly (3-hexylthiophene): Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester blend film

Abstract Pronounced ferromagnetism was observed in a crystalline blend film of conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) by using magnetic force microscopy measurements. A substantial room-temperature saturation magnetization of about 0.65 emu g −1 was measured by an alternating gradient field magnetometer. Multiple experimental evidences demonstrate the charge transfer from the P3HT to the PCBM and the formation of P3HT crystal domain are expected to be two critical factors for the originals of room-temperature organic ferromagnetism.
Marker (+) CNS germ cell tumors in remission: are surveillance MRI scans necessary?

Background Patients with marker (+) CNS germ cell tumors are usually followed with both surveillance MRI scans and serum tumor markers. We hypothesized that patients with elevated serum tumor markers at diagnosis who achieve a complete biochemical and radiological remission may not need surveillance MRI scans. Procedure We retrospectively identified 31 patients with CNS germ cell tumors who presented with an elevated serum tumor marker at the time of diagnosis. We reviewed the records of those patients who (1) achieved a complete biochemical and radiological remission and (2) later suffered tumor recurrence to determine whether the recurrence was detectable biochemically, radiologically, or via both modalities. Results Nine patients suffered tumor recurrence following initial remission. All 9 had elevated serum tumor markers at recurrence and 8 had MRI evidence of recurrence. The 1 patient with isolated biochemical evidence of recurrence developed MRI evidence of recurrence 15 months later without intervening treatment. One other patient (not one of the 9) had a secondary malignancy (anaplastic astrocytoma) identified by brain MRI scan. Conclusions Patients with CNS germ cell tumors who present with elevated serum tumor markers at diagnosis and achieve a complete biochemical and radiological remission may not need surveillance MRI scans to monitor for recurrence, but MRI scans may be considered to monitor for secondary malignancy. If other series replicate these findings, surveillance via monitoring of serum tumor markers only could be done and omission or reduction of the frequency of surveillance MRI scans could save a significant amount of money. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:853–854. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed disturbance action for stabilized control systems (necessary conditions)

It is shown that the impulsive (generalized) systems can be combined with usual bang-bang disturbance systems to yield mixed disturbance action systems. The state response is governed by nonlinear differential equations with bounded disturbance action /spl omega/ and impulse disturbance action /spl upsi/. The impulse disturbance action has its structure given that is affine /spl upsi/=/spl Sigma//sub i=1//sup k/ c/sub i//spl delta/(t-t/sub i/), |c/sub i/|/spl les/1. In this case the differential equation solution is a discontinuous function. After changing the original task into k+1 auxiliary combined degrading severity tasks, we get the necessary conditions for the most stressful disturbance of mixed action for some stable systems. Examples are given to illustrate the theory.
"Successful Aging:": A Disability Perspective

This article examines the "successful aging" paradigm in gerontology and the problems it poses when applied to the growing population of people who are aging with substantial physical disabilities....
Laminar selectivity of the cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal region CA1: computational modeling and brain slice physiology

ACh may set the dynamics of cortical function to those appropriate for learning new information. In models of the putative associative memory function of piriform cortex, selective suppression of intrinsic but not afferent fiber synaptic transmission by ACh prevents recall of previous input from interfering with the learning of new input (Hasselmo, 1993). Selective cholinergic suppression may play a similar role in the hippocampal formation, where Schaffer collateral synapses in stratum radiatum (s. rad) may store associations between activity in region CA3 and the entorhinal cortex input to region CA1 terminating in stratum lacunosum-moleculare (s. l-m). A computational model of region CA1 predicts that for effective associative memory function of the Schaffer collaterals, cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission should be stronger in s. rad than in s. l-m. In the hippocampal slice preparation, we tested the effect of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (0.01-500 microM) on synaptic transmission in s. rad and s. l-m. Stimulating and recording electrodes were simultaneously placed in both layers, allowing analysis of the effect of carbachol on synaptic potentials in both layers during the same perfusion in each slice. Carbachol produced a significantly stronger suppression of stimulus-evoked EPSPs in s. rad than in s. l-m at all concentrations greater than 1 microM. At 100 microM, EPSP initial slopes were suppressed by 89.1 +/- 3.0% in s. rad, but only by 40.1 +/- 4.1% in s. l-m. The muscarinic antagonist atropine (1 microM) blocked cholinergic suppression in both layers. These data support the hypothesis that synaptic modification of the Schaffer collaterals may store associations between activity in region CA3 and the afferent input to region CA1 from the entorhinal cortex. In simulations, feedback regulation of cholinergic modulation based on activity in region CA1 sets the appropriate dynamics of learning for novel associations, and recall for familiar associations.
A learning-style theory for understanding autistic behaviors

Understanding autism’s ever-expanding array of behaviors, from sensation to cognition, is a major challenge. We posit that autistic and typically-developing brains implement different algorithms that are better suited to learn, represent, and process different tasks; consequently, they develop different interests and behaviors. Computationally, a continuum of algorithms exists, from lookup-table (LUT) learning, which aims to store experiences precisely, to interpolation (INT) learning, which focuses on extracting underlying statistical structure (regularities) from experiences. We hypothesize that autistic and typical brains, respectively, are biased toward LUT and INT learning, in low and high dimensional feature spaces, possibly because of their narrow and broad tuning functions. The LUT style is good at learning relationships that are local, precise, rigid, and contain little regularity for generalization (e.g., the name-number association in a phonebook). However, it is poor at learning relationships that are context dependent, noisy, flexible, and do contain regularities for generalization (e.g., associations between gaze direction and intention, language and meaning, sensory input and interpretation, motor-control signal and movement, and social situation and proper response). The LUT style poorly compresses information, resulting in inefficiency, sensory overload (overwhelm), restricted interests, and resistance to change. It also leads to poor prediction and anticipation, frequent surprises and over-reaction (hyper-sensitivity), impaired attentional selection and switching, concreteness, strong local focus, weak adaptation, and superior and inferior performances on simple and complex tasks. The spectrum nature of autism can be explained by different degrees of LUT learning among different individuals, and in different systems of the same individual. Our theory suggests that therapy should focus on training autistic LUT algorithm to learn regularities.
User Perceptions of an Enterprise Content Management System

Enterprise Content Management (ECM) is an enterprise wide integrated approach to managing an organization's unstructured information such as documents, email, web pages, portals and other digital assets. ECM systems potentially leverage a knowledge repository to prevent information overload, as well as enable (1) better decision-making and increased efficiencies from enriched information sharing and collaboration; (2) compliance control; (3) lower web publishing costs; and (4) 're-usability' of the content for multiple media. However, these benefits rely on an appropriate corporate taxonomy and relevant metadata that will facilitate search in the repository. Users' perceptions of the ECM system are important since they will determine acceptance of the technology. This study assesses the factors that lead to user acceptance of an ECM system. Findings reveal the importance of cognitive engagement with the technology. The paper's main contribution is to show how a document perspective provides insights on the surprising results and highlight the importance of including the cognitive engagement construct in technology acceptance studies.
Determination of light fluence inside a pleural cavity

s / Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 12 (2015) 325–375 345 A qualitative study of in vivo protoporphyin IX fluorescence build up during occlusive treatment phase C. Louise Campbell1,2,3, Natalia Inada1,2,3, C. Tom1,2,3, A. Brown1,2,3, Kenneth Wood1,2,3, Ronan Valentine1,2,3, Ana Gabriela Salvio1,2,3, Harry Moseley1,2,3, Vanderlei Bagnato1,2,3 1 Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom 2 Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Scotland, United Kingdom 3 Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Photodynamic therapy comprises three main stages: firstly, a prodrug is topically applied; secondly, during the occlusive treatment phase, and thirdly, the treated region is exposed to illumination. During the occlusive treatment phase, the methyl aminolevulinate diffuses through the skin and is converted to the light sensitive molecule protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). To gain more knowledge about the build up of PpIX during this phase, we measured the PpIX fluorescence at a regular time intervals during a 3-h occlusive period. Measurements from 50 patients were recorded every 20min during the build up of PpIX, using an optical biopsy system (OBS), in an effort to monitor the build up of PpIX. Our measurements allow for comparison between different individual treatment parameters such as lesion type, location, age and skin phototype. The preliminary analysis indicates an overall linear increase of the fluorescence signal with time during the occlusion. The data suggest that there is a difference in the concentration of PpIX accumulated between patients of different skin types where phototype I presents the strongest fluorescence signal. The data also indicate that the strongest fluorescence signal is present for patients with lesions located in the face region. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.080 Determination of light fluence inside a pleural cavity Michele M. Kim, Rozhin Penjweini, Timothy C. Zhu Department of Radiation Oncology, University of
Bionomics of Aphis gossypii on Resistant and Susceptible Cantaloupe

Bionomics of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were studied on resistant and susceptible cantaloupe, Cucumis melo L., plants. In the field, there was no difference between the age distributions of populations on resistant and susceptible plants. However, late in the season, a significantly greater proportion of the population on susceptible plants consisted of alatoid nymphs. Alate adults confined to resistant plants in the greenhouse suffered significantly greater mortality and produced only ca. 25% as many progeny as their counterparts on susceptible plants. Apterous aphids on resistant plants were smaller, had a significantly longer prereproductive period, and significantly shorter reproductive and postreproductive periods than those on susceptible plants. Approximately equal percentages of aphids on resistant and susceptible plants produced offspring, but the x ¯ fecundity on the former was only ca. ⅓ that on the latter. This was attributable to both a lower reproductive rate among reproducing aphids and a higher mortality rate during the reproductive period on resistant than on susceptible plants. Populations of A. gossypii were maintained for up to 5 generations on resistant plants, with no danger of extinction.
Monitoring Right Ventricular Volumes A Paradigm Shift

The resuscitation of critically ill patients frequently requires the administration of fluids for the purpose of increasing cardiac output and oxygen delivery to the tissues. The assessment of the patient's preload status during this process is vital. Traditionally, preload assessment has been through the use of right atrial pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, which are often referred to as the "filling pressures." The use of these filling pressures is based upon the assumption that ventricular compliance does not change. In recent years studies have demonstrated a poor correlation between these pressures and cardiac output. More recently, the ability to measure right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) at the bedside using a modified pulmonary artery catheter became available. Initially the measurement was obtained using intermittent bolus measurements. Today, near continuous measurements of RVEDV are available. The shift from using pressure measurements for the purpose of assessing preload to the new paradigm of using right ventricular volumetric measurements is challenging. The purpose of this article is to review pertinent anatomy of the right ventricle and the interdependence of the ventricular chambers. The volumetric parameters are presented followed by a discussion of research supporting the use of the volumetric parameters in lieu of pressure measurements for preload assessment in a variety of patient populations. The technology providing continuous RVEDV measurements is presented followed by a discussion of a case study demonstrating the value of continuous measurements. Specific implications for the advanced practice nurse are addressed.
Immunobiological factors aggravating the fatty infiltration on tendons and muscles in rotator cuff lesions

Rotator cuff lesions (RCLs) are a common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction. The rotator cuff tendons can degenerate and/or tear from the greater tuberosity of the humerus, which is associated with several anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in tendon and muscle. In this article, these pathways are critically reviewed and discussed with various management strategies of RCLs. The article also highlights the immunobiological responses following the RCL and the inherent repair mechanisms elicited by the body. The greatest difficulty in treating this pathology is that the muscle can undergo irreversible fatty infiltration in the setting of chronic tears that is associated with poor surgical outcomes. The article also investigates the key molecular pathways of the muscle homeostasis (mTOR, Rho kinase, AMPK, and Ca(2+)) with the energy metabolism to propose a possible mechanism for fatty infiltration. Future research is warranted to target the key players of these pathways in the management of fatty infiltration and thus RCL.
Effects of Different Temperature,Light and GA_3 Concentration on Seed Germination of Rhododendron concinnum

The effects of temperature、light time and gibberellins( GA3) on Rhododendron concinnum seed germination were studied. The results showed that high temperature had negative effects on seed germination and the germination vigor at 20 ℃ were significantly higher than those at two other temperature treatments.There was also no significant effects of three light time treats on the start germination time,percentage of germination,However,it was observed that the germination vigor under 24 h lighting was much lower than those under two other light treatments. Compared with the controls,after the seeds were soaked for 24 h in different concentrations of GA3,percentage and vigor of germination were dramatically increased,and the start time of germination was 4-5 days earlier. Therefore,the finding from this study would help the germplasm conservation、development and utilization of Rhododendron concinnum.
Hydraulic generating vibration faults diagnosis by RBF neural network based on particle swarm optimization

【Objective】For the system of vibration faults diagnosis of hydraulic generating,the deficiency of generalization ability using single BP Network is analyzed and a Radial Basis Function(RBF) Neural Network algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) is presented.The system of vibration faults diagnosis of hydraulic generating is simulated.【Method】Being easy to realize,simple to operate with profound intelligence background,the parameters and connection weight are optimized by the algorithm and vibration faults diagnosis of hydraulic generating is simulated by the optimized RBF Neural Network.【Result】The diagnostic results of the instance show that it has better classifying results,higher precision,faster convergence than that of BP diagnosis model.【Conclusion】The optimized RBF Neural Network is suitable for fault diagnosis of hydraulic generating.The method has good diagnosis accuracy and popularization value.
Postoperative Epidural Pain Management

Postoperative pain can be effectively managed with epidurally administered opioids or local anesthetics. This article briefly reviews spinal cord anatomy. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of epidurally administered opioids and local anesthetics are outlined. The pharmacist's participation in a pharmaceutical care plan for the acute postoperative pain patient is also discussed.
Selective inhibition of the replication of herpes simplex virus by 5-halogenated analogues of deoxycytidine.

5-Bromodeoxycytidine and 5-iododeoxycytidine inhibited the replication of herpes simplex virus as effectively as did 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine. However, the 5-halogenated analogues of deoxycytidine were 10-100 times less toxic to uninfected cells than the 5-halogenated analogues of deoxyuridine. The selective action of the halogenated analogues of deoxycytidine appears to be the result of a virus-induced pyrimidine nucleoside kinase, which converts the halogenated analogues of deoxycytidine to halogenated analogues of deoxycytidylate. These results indicate that the 5-halogenated analogues of deoxycytidine are more selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus replication than the 5-halogenated analogues of deoxyuridine.
Normal Patterns and Artifacts

A selection of cases showing normal patterns of uptake on PET/CT and artifacts created by various causes including pacemaker, vertebroplasty etc.
An Integrated Ultrasonic and Eddy Current Imaging System

The perpetual demand for improved system capability and performance often dictates increased complexity in the areas of component design, material usage and fabrication processes. The failure of a single component could result in the failure of the system. Thus the concern over the integrity and reliability of the product also increases tremendously. Mission success can only be achieved by employing an advanced concurrent engineering approach which includes design for performance, design for manufacturing and design for testability, i.e., for process monitoring, quality assurance and in-service health monitoring of all critical components. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are essentially the evaluation engineering technology to meet structural reliability requirements and other quality assurance demandsl. Imaging methods which directly correlates measured NDE parameters with component coordinates are generally the preferred way of data acquisition and presentation.
Infectious Demyelinating Diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on three human CNS demyelinating diseases—namely, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), also known as postinfectious encephalomyelitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and multiple sclerosis (MS). These three diseases have very different clinical courses and distinctive pathological features, although all share the essential element of demyelination. ADEM and PML have antithetic modes of pathogenesis. ADEM is a predominantly extraneural infection resulting in a virus-induced host autoimmune response, whereas PML is a direct lytic infection of oligodendrocytes in an immunocompromised host. It is clear that a diverse array of viruses can infect the human central nervous system. The viral infections can result in a wide variety of clinical and pathological symptoms. While some viruses may cause widespread inflammation and neurodegeneration, other viruses may remain latent in the CNS and only produce pathological changes during reactivation. Viral induced demyelination can occur both from direct infection of the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, as in PML, or by indirect mechanisms that have yet to be determined. The outcome of a viral CNS infection depends not only on viral characteristics, but also on the interaction between virus and host cell.
Interactions Among Latitude, Nematode Parasitization, and Female Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Fitness

Sirex nigricornis F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an innocuous pine-inhabiting woodwasp native to eastern North America, utilizing dead or dying pine trees as hosts. Although S. nigricornis F. does not cause economic damage, a closely related species, Sirex noctilio , was discovered in New York in 2004 and has continually spread throughout the northeastern United States and southern Canada, threatening the multi-billion-dollar pine timber industry of the southeastern United States and raising interest about potential interactions with native woodwasps and associated mortality agents. A non-sterilizing strain of the biological control agent, Deladenus siricidicola Bedding (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae), was introduced along with S. noctilio but is not inhibiting the spread or establishment of S. noctilio . A North American congener, Deladenus proximus Bedding, has been recently isolated from S. noctilio and shows promise as a biological control agent. To better understand the potential of D. proximus as a control agent for S. noctilio , we measured and dissected nearly 1,200 S. nigricornis females from Arkansas and Mississippi and evaluated differences among collection location with regard to nematode virulence, woodwasp body size, and egg load. Body size and egg load were related to collection location, and nematode infestation resulted in significantly smaller females who produced significantly fewer eggs. Female woodwasps, especially those collected in Arkansas, were often fully sterilized by nematodes, and a higher percent sterilization was inversely related to body size and fewer eggs. We propose field studies to test the nematode’s ability to sterilize S. noctilio in the northeastern United States.
Hemorrhagic Stroke in Infants and Children

Medical and autopsy records, and brain imaging studies of 178 children with possible stroke within the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area child population of almost 300,000 during 1988 and 1989 were reviewed in the Departments of Neurology and Neuroradiology, University of Cincinnati and Children’s Hospital Medical Centers.
Selecting and coordinating local and regional climate change interventions

Local and regional organizations are designing and implementing interventions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through various programs and projects. These efforts have been less effective than...
The Biomechanics of Zygomatic Arch Shape

Mammalian zygomatic arch shape is remarkably variable, ranging from nearly cylindrical to blade-like in cross section. Based on geometry, the arch can be hypothesized to be a sub-structural beam whose ability to resist deformation is related to cross sectional shape. We expect zygomatic arches with different cross sectional shapes to vary in the degree to which they resist local bending and torsion due to the contraction of the masseter muscle. A stiffer arch may lead to an increase in the relative proportion of applied muscle load being transmitted through the arch to other cranial regions, resulting in elevated cranial stress (and thus, strain). Here, we examine the mechanics of the zygomatic arch using a series of finite element modeling experiments in which the cross section of the arch of Pan troglodytes has been modified to conform to idealized shapes (cylindrical, elliptical, blade-like). We find that the shape of the zygomatic arch has local effects on stain that do not conform to beam theory. One exception is that possessing a blade-like arch leads to elevated strains at the postorbital zygomatic junction and just below the orbits. Furthermore, although modeling the arch as solid cortical bone did not have the effect of elevating strains in other parts of the face, as had been expected, it does have a small effect on stress associated with masseter contraction. These results are counterintuitive. Even though the arch has simple beam-like geometry, we fail to find a simple mechanical explanation for the diversity of arch shape. Anat Rec, 299:1734–1752, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High Defect Tolerance in Lead Halide Perovskite CsPbBr3

The formation energies and charge-transition levels of intrinsic point defects in lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 are studied from first-principles calculations. It is shown that the formation energy of dominant defect under Br-rich growth condition is much lower than that under moderate or Br-poor conditions. Thus avoiding the Br-rich condition can help to reduce the defect concentration. Interestingly, CsPbBr3 is found to be highly defect-tolerant in terms of its electronic structure. Most of the intrinsic defects induce shallow transition levels. Only a few defects with high formation energies can create deep transition levels. Therefore, CsPbBr3 can maintain its good electronic quality despite the presence of defects. Such defect tolerance feature can be attributed to the lacking of bonding–antibonding interaction between the conduction bands and valence bands.
An adjoint-based hp-adaptive stabilized finite-element method with shock capturing for turbulent flows

Abstract In this study, an adjoint-based hp-adaptation algorithm has been developed within a Petrov–Galerkin finite-element method. The developed mesh adaptation algorithm is able to perform non-conformal mesh adaptations. To account for hanging nodes in a consistent manner, the constrained approximation method has been utilized. Hierarchical basis functions have been employed to facilitate the implementation of the constrained approximation. The methodology has been demonstrated on numerous cases using the Euler and Reynolds Average Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, equipped with negative variant of Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Also, a PDE-based artificial viscosity has been added to the governing equations, to stabilize the solution in the vicinity of shock waves. For accurate representation of the geometric surfaces, high-order curved boundary meshes have been generated and the interior meshes have been deformed through the solution of a modified linear elasticity equation. Fully implicit linearization has been used to advance the solution toward a steady-state. Dirichlet boundary conditions have been imposed weakly and the functional outputs have been modified according to the weak boundary conditions in order to provide a smooth adjoint solution near the boundaries. To accelerate the error reduction in presence of singularity points, an enhanced h-refinement, based on solution’s smoothness, has been used. Numerical results illustrate consistent accuracy improvement of the functional outputs for both h- and hp-adaptation, and also capability enhancement in capturing complex viscous effects such as shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction.
Using playful drawing to support affective expressions and sharing in distributed teams

Socio-emotional content is vital for building trusting, productive relationships that go beyond task-oriented communication in teams. But for distributed collaborators, it is challenging to communicate emotional status because of working over a distance. We propose to use non-work-related, non-competitive, and playful drawing online to encourage nonverbal expressions of emotions and interactions. We describe our research and preliminary results from a recent study where we demonstrated that it was effective to use freeform drawing to help distributed teams to enhance individual positive emotions. We also outline future research that could shed light on design opportunities for supporting affective expressions and sharing in distributed software engineering teams.
The Differential Effects of Prison Contact on Parent-Child Relationship Quality and Child Behavioral Changes

ABSTRACTThe children of prisoners can suffer from behavioral issues, poor school performance, and heightened risk of crime and delinquency. Separation is part of what makes incarceration a punishment, but what can be done to ensure that it has the least harmful effect on children? Using data from the Arizona Prison Visitation Project, the current study seeks to examine the influence of different types of prison contact (inperson, mail, and phone) and frequency of contact on parent-child relationship quality and how those changes in relationship quality may influence child behavior. Examining results from the parent (n = 127) and child (n = 293) level, the study finds that in-person visitation can increase relationship quality, with mail and frequent phone contact also beneficial.
Epstein-Barr virus induced differentiation of early B-lineage cells.

During their differentiation, members of a clone of B-lineage cells undergo a series of irreversible gene rearrangements involving the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene loci. The rearrangement process, though itself error-prone, proceeds in a programmed, normally well-regulated fashion (reviewed in Tonegawa 1983; Alt et al. 1984). It occurs first at the heavy chain locus, then at a light chain locus and, if successful, ultimately generates an antigen-specific IgM molecule. Subsequently some members of the clone can switch heavy chain isotypes, again by a process involving DNA deletion and Ig gene rearrangement (reviewed in Honjo 1983; Burrows and Cooper 1984). Much of the information concerning these events came initially from studies in the mouse of transformed cell lines thought to represent the various stages of differentiation along the B-lineage. We have been using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to examine the genetic events occurring in the early precursors of human B cells. This technique has allowed us to rescue cells with unusual Ig gene and Ig protein phenotypes, and has provided new data concerning the expression of J chain as a function of B cell maturation.
Differentiation of human blood from animal blood using Raman spectroscopy: A survey of forensically relevant species

The identification of blood samples is a crucial facet of forensic investigations, particularly for violent crimes. One step in forensic serology (i.e., the analysis of bodily fluids) that is often skipped or overlooked is the determination that a bloodstain is of human or nonhuman origin. Typically, subsequent to identifying a stain as blood using a presumptive blood test, which have the propensity of providing false positive results, the stain is submitted for extraction of a DNA profile to compare with those in a database. It is extremely uncommon that evidentiary bloodstains are confirmed as being of human origin throughout the serological analysis. Therefore, time, money, and other resources can be wasted on obtaining a DNA profile from a bloodstain that may not be of human origin; if the intent was to obtain a human DNA profile and not that of an animal. This work demonstrates an important advancement of a previous study for nondestructive differentiation of human and animal blood using Raman spectroscopy coupled with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA). Raman spectra of blood from six species of animals, not previously accounted for, including chimpanzee, deer, elk, ferret, fish, and macaque were used to test a PLSDA classification method. These animal species are forensically relevant since they are (i) involved in wildlife crimes, (ii) consumed by humans, or (iii) known to produce a false positive result when their blood is tested with certain presumptive human blood tests. An external validation sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.93 for human class predictions was obtained from the PLSDA model constructed for this study. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of external human class predictions, the PLSDA model demonstrated 99% accuracy in being able to correctly classify any random blood sample as human or nonhuman. This is a significant advancement over the previous work and a very important finding as it demonstrates the superb selectivity of the developed method with high accuracy in being able to correctly predict the nonhuman origin of bloodstains from unknown animal species.
The South African Constitution as a Role Model for the United States

This article emphasizes the opportunity Americans have for considering whether the United States can push for constitutional amendments or statutory reform based upon lessons learned from South Africa. Adrien Wing was an adviser for several years to the African National Congress Constitutional Committee during the time period leading up to the adoption of the first democratic South African constitution. The 1996 permanent South African Constitution has provided equality on a much more sophisticated basis than the U.S. Constitution, overcoming a legacy of very recent de jure discrimination similar to, but also different from, the discrimination prevalent in the U.S. context.In this article Adrien Wing advocates for the U.S. to consider passing an amendment reinventing the U.S. Constitution equality clause along the lines of the South African equality clause. She also advocates, on a smaller scale, reestablishing a national dialogue on the defeated Equal Rights Amendment could successfully add gender into the U.S. Constitution. Additionally or in lieu of this approach, if the political process rejects it, this article calls for an intersectional approach to race and other identities in U.S. statutory law along the lines of South Africa
Bandwidth constrained coordinated HW/SW prefetching for multicores

Prefetching is a highly effective latency hiding technique that can greatly improve application performance. However, aggressive prefetching can potentially stress the off-chip bandwidth. The resulting bandwidth stalls can potentially negate the performance gain due to prefetching. In this paper, focusing on a multicore environment, we first study the comparative benefits of hardware and software prefetching and analyze if the two are complimentary or redundant. This analysis also evaluates different aggressiveness levels of hardware prefetching. Secondly, we weigh the positive performance benefits of prefetching against the negative performance effects of bandwidth stalls. Thirdly, we propose a hierarchical prefetch management scheme for multicores that controls the prefetch levels such that the overall performance gain is improved. Lastly, we show that our proposed off-chip bandwidth aware prefetch management scheme is very effective in practice, leading to performance gains of upto about 10% in system throughput over a bandwidth agnostic prefetching scheme.
Red cell filtration and the pathogenesis of certain hemolytic anemias.

Studies were made of the filterability of normal and abnormal red cells through an inert membrane-type (Millipore) filter having uniform non-branching capillary pores 5 µ in diameter. With this filter it was possible to remove selectively certain kinds of abnormal red cells from mixed suspensions of normal and abnormal red cells. The red cells of patients with sickle cell anemia were selectively trapped by the filter under low oxygen tensions. Such sickled red cells were unable to pass through the filter even under a pressure differential across the filter (perfusion pressure) of over 120 mm. Hg. Red cells agglutinated by anti-A were completely retained by the filter at perfusing pressures of 4 mm. Hg., but were partially disagglutinated and forced through the filter when the pressure was increased. Red cells coated with an incomplete (Rh) agglutinin and red cells from a patient with acquired hemolytic anemia were retained by the filter only in the presence of rouleaux-producing agents such as P.V.P. or fibrinogen and only at low perfusion pressures. A small fraction of the red cells of patients with hereditary spherocytosis were trapped by a single passage through the filter; the trapped cells were largely derived from the minor population of hyperspheroidal cells. The relevance of these findings to the mechanisms of red cell sequestration in vivo is discussed.
Pharmacology—The Biology of Lithium

Since lithium produces a dramatic antimanic response and a response which seems to some degree specific to a relatively narrow range of mental disorders as opposed to more nonspecific type tranquilizing agents (Cade, 1949), this degree of specificity may provide a tool for understanding the cause of mania.
Characterization and simulation of foreign object damage in curved and flat SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites

Abstract Foreign object damage (FOD) phenomenon of flat and curved Hi Nicalon MI SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was determined at ambient temperature subject to impact of 1.59 mm steel ball projectiles at a velocity of approximately 340 m/s. The differences in damage morphology between the flat and curved specimens was investigated through the use of electrical resistance (ER), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and optical microscopy. The experimental test data was then simulated with GENOA MS-PFA and LS-Dyna using rebound velocity/energy absorbed and damage size as a means to correlate experimental and simulation. The effect of curvature has a profound effect on the impact damage morphology, and must be accurately accounted for when designing full scale CMC components.