cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative effects of carboxylic ionophores on membrane potential and resistance of NG108-15 cells

Abstract Comparative analyses were conducted to determine the effects of Na + (monensin, MON), K + (nigericin, NIG) and Ca 2+ (A23187) selective carboxylic ionophores on differentiated NG108-15 (neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid) cells. Alterations in membrane potential (V m ), input resistance (Rin) and electrically induced action potential generation were measured using intracellular microelectrode techniques in cells treated with 0.1–30 μ m MON and NIG and 0.1–10 μ m A23187. Responses to the ionophores were similar in that membrane hyperpolarization and unchanged R in predominated with all three compounds. However, significant differences between the ionophores were also detected. MON- and A23187-induced hyperpolarization was generally maintained throughout the 24-min superfusion whereas that produced by NIG diminished with time or was replaced by depolarization. In addition, action potential generation was blocked by NIG, whereas MON had no effect and action potential alterations were evident only with the highest A23187 concentration (10 μ m ). This study represents the initial comprehensive analysis of the effects of carboxylic ionophores on membrane electrical characteristics of an intact cell system and forms the basis for subsequent work using NG108-15 cells as a model system to evaluate potential therapeutic treatments against the carboxylic ionophores.
Statistical clock tree routing for robustness to process variations

Advances in VLSI technology make clock skew more susceptible to process variations. Notwithstanding efficient zero skew routing algorithms, clock skew still limits post-manufacturing performance. Process-induced skew presents an ever-growing limitation for high speed, large area clock networks. To achieve multi-GHz operation for high-end designs, clock networks must be constructed to tolerate variations in various interconnect parameters. We propose statistical centering based clock routing algorithm built upon DME that greatly improves skew tolerance to interconnect variations. The algorithm achieves the improvement by: i) choosing the best center measure which is dynamically based on the first three moments of the skew distribution, and ii) designing for all sink pairs in the subtrees simultaneously. In addition, a variation aware abstract topology generation algorithm is proposed in this paper. Experiments on benchmark circuits demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method in reducing the number of skew violations by 12%-37%.
Observation and measurement of temperature rise and distribution on GaAs photo-cathode wafer with a 532 nm drive laser and a thermal imaging camera

Abstract Significant temperature rise and gradient are observed from a GaAs photo-cathode wafer irradiated at various power density levels with over 20 W laser power at 532 nm wavelength. The laser power absorption and dissipated thermal distribution are measured. The result shows a clear indication that proper removal of laser induced heat from the cathode needs to be considered seriously when designing a high average current or low quantum efficiency photo-cathode electron gun. The measurement method presented here provides a useful way to obtain information about both temperature and thermal profiles and also applies to cathode heating study with other heating devices such as electrical heaters.
Memorage: emerging persistent RAM based malleable main memory and storage architecture

This paper addresses new system design issues that will occur when a large quantity of emerging persistent RAM (PRAM) is put on the main memory bus of a platform. First, we anticipate that continued technology advances will enable us to integrate (portions of) the system storage within the PRAM modules on a system board. This change calls for comprehensive re-examination of the system design concepts that assume "slow" disk and the block I/O concept. Next, we propose Memorage, a system architecture that virtually manages all available physical resources for memory and storage in an integrated manner. Memorage leverages the existing OS virtual memory (VM) manager to improve the performance of memory-intensive workloads and achieve longer lifetime of the main memory.We design and implement a prototype system in the Linux OS to study the effectiveness of Memorage. Obtained results are promising; Memorage is shown to offer additional physical memory capacity to demanding workloads much more efficiently than a conventional VM manager. Under memory pressure, the performance of studied memory-intensive multiprogramming workloads was improved by up to 40.5% with an average of 16.7%. Moreover, Memorage is shown to extend the lifetime of the PRAM main memory by 3.9 or 6.9 times on a system with 8 GB PRAM main memory and a 240 GB or 480 GB PRAM storage.
Estimation of maximum currents in MOS IC logic circuits

The authors deal with estimating currents in nMOS/CMOS IC logic circuits at three levels of hierarchies: gate level, macro level, and power/ground distribution level. Models are developed for estimating currents in a macro-cell (macro) in response to input excitations. Algorithms are developed to estimate the maximum current requirement for a macro and to identify the input excitation at which the maximum current occurs. The macro currents are used to estimate the maximum currents in the segments of power (ground) distribution systems. Some of the algorithms provide tradeoff between runtime and quality of solutions. Experimental results are included. >
Tango between Ubiquitin Ligase and Deubiquitinase Keeps Cyclin A Tag Free

Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) and ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) dynamically oppose each other during ubiquitination. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Huang et al. (2011) provide a counterintuitive example of a USP residing in an E3 complex, and establish Usp37 as a gatekeeper of APC/C-mediated ubiquitination of cyclin A.
INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S.S.R. IN THE 1980s

In 1989 Soviet authorities released unprecedented new data on the size distribution of income in the U.S.S.R. in the 1980s, including the distributions by republics. With the goal of providing a benchmark for evaluating the effect of current and future economic reforms on income distribution in the former Soviet Union, this paper estimates inequality measures for the new data. The estimation uses a simple nonparametric technique based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to fit the Soviet data to a lognormal distribution. The results suggest that, for income from official sources, (1) inequality in the Soviet Union as a whole declined throughout the 1980s-both before and after Gorbachev's accession in 1985, and (2) income inequality was greater in the poorer, southern republics of the U.S.S.R. than in the north. While the inclusion of unofficial (unreported) private income would probably reinforce the second of these two trends, its effect on the first cannot be determined on the basis of available information.
Characterization and cloning of MwoI (GCN7GC), a new type-II restriction-modification system from Methanobacterium wolfei

R.MwoI, a type-II restriction enzyme with the new specificity 5'-GCN7GC-3', was found in extracts of the thermophilic archaebacterium, Methanobacterium wolfei. R.MwoI cleaves duplex DNA producing fragments with 3-nt, 3'-terminal extensions, thus: GCN5/N2GC. The genes coding for the MwoI restriction and modification enzymes were cloned into Escherichia coli on the plasmid vector pBR322. The clones synthesize a low level of R.MwoI endonuclease. The plasmids display incomplete MwoI-specific modification, suggesting that the clones synthesize a low level of the M.MwoI methyltransferase, too.
Exposure levels for ultrasonic cavitation in the mouse neonate

Abstract The levels for hind limb paralysis from 1 MHz, continuous wave, unfocused ultrasound in the neonatal mouse were determined at 1 and 16 bars hydrostatic pressure and at 10 and 37°C. Above a specific intensity level at each temperature, the exposure duration for paralysis of 50% of specimens exposed ( t 50 ) was found to be greater at 16 bars than at 1 bar suggesting a threshold for cavitational involvement. Using these results, the intensity thresholds for cavitation were found to be in the ranges of 120–150 W/cm 2 and 53–74 W/cm 2 at 10°C and 37°C, respectively. This temperature dependence is consistent with a cavitation mechanism. In addition, the t 50 at 289 W/cm 2 and 10°C was measured as a function of hydrostatic pressure and showed that cavitation was suppressed at hydrostatic pressures above approximately 10 bars. This result and the intensity threshold for cavitation at 1 bar and 10°C yielded similar values for the threshold negative total pressure for cavitation in the neonatal mouse.
A retrospective on Robert House's “1976 theory of charismatic leadership” and recent revisions

Abstract Charisma is a Greek word that means “divinely inspired gift,” such as the ability to perform miracles or predict future events. The sociologist Max Weber (1947) used the term to describe a form of influence based not on tradition or formal authority but rather on follower perceptions that a leader is endowed with exceptional qualities. For many years, charisma was mostly the province of researchers studying political leadership and the leadership of social movements or religious cults. Charisma was rarely considered within the literature on organizational leadership until Bob House proposed a theory of charismatic leadership for leaders in large private and public sector organizations.
The radiative transfer equation and environmental effects in the upper atmosphere.

A highly effective approach to the solution of the radiative transfer equation, including the effects of emission, absorption, and multiply scattered radiation, is described. The transfer equation is cast in its unsteady hyperbolic form which is amenable to several different numerical methods of solution. Comparisons of solutions with emission, absorption, and scattering of radiation, are presented to demonstrate the validity of the present approach.
BEHAVIOUR IN EGGS AND TISSUE CULTURE OF THE INCLUSION BLENNORRHOEA (LB4) STRAIN OF THE TRACHOMA-INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS VIRUS GROUP.

Behaviour in Eggs and Tissue Culture of the Inclusion BlennorrhŒea (LB4) Strain of the Trachoma–Inclusion Conjunctivitis Virus group
Effects of Cholesterol-Fat Diets on Pigeons Susceptible and Resistant to Atherosclerosis

Cholesterol-fat diets are markedly more atherogenic when fed to a strain of pigeons susceptible to spontaneous atherosclerosis, as compared to a strain resistant to the disease. A breed of pigeons intermediate in susceptibility was found to be intermediate in their response to a high cholesterol-high fat diet. Serum cholesterol levels were similar among the three breeds. The White Carneau pigeons developed lesions complicated by connective tissue proliferation while the Autosexing Kings and Racing Homers developed merely "pure atheroma" or "fatty streaks."
Travelers’ diarrhea: An update on susceptibility, prevention, and treatment

Traditional risk factors do not explain the individual differences in susceptibility to travelers’ diarrhea (TD) among the increasing number of travelers to the developing world. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes encoding for lactoferrin and interleukin 8 (IL-8) have been linked to susceptibility to TD. Subjects with mutations of the FUT2 gene are immune to norovirus infection. The recognition of individual variations in susceptibility to TD will aid in risk stratification of travelers to the developing world. Diagnosis is usually syndromic, but improved diagnostic methods are in development. Quinolones have been the mainstay of antibiotic treatment, but azithromycin (for resistant organisms) and rifaximin (for noninvasive organisms) may provide advantages. Transcutaneous vaccines for the major Escherichia coli enteropathogens are in development. In the future, travel advice, prophylactic medication regimens, and standby treatment for TD will be better tailored to each patient’s specific risk factors.
Using Concept Maps To Teach a Nanotechnology Survey Short Course

We describe the use of concept maps within a 4-week nanotechnology survey course, designed for first-year undergraduate students. Because of the extremely short time frame of the class, students would be inundated with an overwhelming number of new concepts and definitions. Hence, we employed concept mapping to increase student retention and ascertain the level of student conceptual understanding for each topic covered in the course. In contrast to most studies that introduce concept mapping via posthoc interviews, we report the use of student-generated concept maps. Examples of concept maps are provided from students who were confused by various subtopics, as well as those who demonstrated a more lucid conceptual understanding. In addition, we found a significant correlation between average concept map scores and the final exam grades for students.
Life Visits “Middletown” Trying to Repair America's Social Contract with Magaet Bourke-White's Photographs

This study analyzes Margaret Bourke-White's 1937 picture story on Muncie, Indiana, characterized in two sociological studies as the quintessential American small town—”Middletown, USA.” It argues LIFE's editors framed her photographs to repair the national consensus, which the Great Depression had ruptured, and to fit their emerging ideology of a homogenous society in ways seemingly at odds with her own political beliefs. It synthesizes her writings, contemporary newspaper accounts, primary documents in the TIME-LIFE archives and the Middletown Studies Center, and close readings of the photographs and text. It fills a void in the Bourke-White literature by analyzing a neglected story produced early in her tenure at LIFE.
Leiomyosarcoma of the mandible: A case report

Abstract Smooth muscle is the prevalent tissue in the gastrointestinal and the genitourinary systems, but it is present in limited amount in the oral cavity. This may account for the low occurrence of smooth muscle neoplasms in the latter region. This article reports a primary, central leiomyosarcoma in the mandible.
Observation of a kink soliton on the surface of a liquid.

When a long channel of shallow liquid is driven parametrically, there can occur a 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} kink in the phase of the fundamental cross mode of the surface. The kink is stable and localized, and is nonpropagating in the limit where the system is uniform. The weakly nonlinear theoretical description is a damped driven nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation supplemented with second harmonics. The kink is a robust state even at amplitudes where the perturbation expansion leading to this equation is unjustified.
Norepinephrine-dependent and independent mechanisms of persistent effects of amphetamine in rat cerebellum

Previous studies of the effects of chronic low-dose amphetamine (2 mg/kg per day X 21 days) on the spontaneous discharge rate of cerebellar Purkinje neurons have shown persistent depressant effects for up to 50 days after cessation of drug administration. The depression of spontaneous discharge observed was only partially reversible by various pharmacological agents which disrupt noradrenergic neurotransmission in cerebellum. In the present study, several additional approaches were used to investigate further this persistent effect. Rats were treated, either before or after chronic treatment with amphetamine, with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine at doses which destroy most noradrenergic fibers in cerebellum. In either case Purkinje neurons were still significantly slowed after cessation of amphetamine treatment, although the depression was not as great as previously observed. In another experiment, cerebellar cortical levels of 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy phenyl glycol (MHPG) were measured after cessation of amphetamine administration, to determine if there was biochemical evidence for increased noradrenergic neurotransmission. At ten days, MHPG levels were elevated by 36%, and they returned to control values by 30 days. The evidence obtained in these studies suggests that chronic amphetamine treatment causes a persistent increase in noradrenergic neurotransmission, but non-noradrenergic mechanisms may also be important mechanisms in the long-lasting depression of activity of cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
Competition by Command

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and its communist satellites, Jeffrey Sachs and Janos Kornai advised the new regimes in these societies to institute economic and political competition by command. Competition by command is competition that is intentionally created by legislative mandate. Critics of Sachs and Kornai have implicitly assumed that enduring competition can be created if a gradual approach is used in the right circumstances (e.g., the case of the United States) and therefore have focused their attacks on Sachs' and Kornai's “shock therapy.” In contrast, this article uses the history of the United States to argue that the most predictable result of even piecemeal adoption of formal rules aimed at mandating political or economic competition is the emergence of informal social, economic, and political processes that undermine the very attempt to create competition by command.
Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39): a new player in the translation of sensory input to prolactin release during lactation.

Lactation is an important reproductive state for all mammalian species. Nourishment of the young is provided by maternal milk and thus competent lactation is necessary for the survival of most mammalian species. Although not now required for survival of human infants, breast milk is considered the most nutritionally complete foodfornewborns.Prolactinplaysessentialrolesinmammary gland development and the production of nutritional components of maternal milk, most notably milk proteins. The stimulus for prolactin release is the suckling of the young on sensory mechanoreceptors in the mammaryglandtogenerateaneuralsignal,whichistranslated into a hormonal signal with the suckling-induced release of prolactin and oxytocin. The neural signal is sent through sensory tracts in the spinal cord, brainstem, and thalamus and eventually elicits the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland through the involvement of hypothalamic neuronal groups (1–5). The control of prolactin secretion during this reproductive process is complex and at times seems to have redundancyingrainedinthesystem(6–8).Thus,allofthe playersinthisimportantreproductiveprocesshavenotyet been identified and placed in their proper sequence. The
Ag growth on N-modified Cu(111) surfaces: potential three-dimensional quantum confinement structures

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to study the growth of Ag on clean and N-modified Cu(111) surfaces. N forms elongated rectangular islands on Cu(111) surfaces. These islands can cordon off areas of the clean surface. Deposited Ag is found to grow in a layer-by-layer fashion in these confined areas. Using this method, we have created three-dimensional Ag islands with thicknesses for which one could expect quantum well behavior to occur.
M-Mode Ultrasonic Localization and Identification of Fluid-Containing Pulmonary Cysts

Successful ultrasonic localization of pleural fluid has been well documented in recent reports. The ability of ultrasound to detect and identify fluid within a parenchymal lesion has not been defined. We examined nine patients with cystic lesions and air-fluid levels noted on the chest roentgenogram. In all nine patients, an echo-free space that corresponded anatomically to the level of fluid noted on the x-ray film could be recorded in the M-mode presentation. The combined thickness of the wall of the chest and the overlying lung as judged by ultrasound ranged from 2 to 8 cm, with a mean of 4 cm. The following two characteristics appeared to distinguish parenchymal from pleural fluid: (1) similar characteristics of motion of the proximal and distal interfaces of the sonolucent space; or (2) the ultrasonographic pattern of overlying lung proximal to the loculation of fluid. Ultrasonograms in eight (89 percent) of nine patients demonstrated one or both of these characteristics. These findings indicate that ultrasound can detect fluid within a parenchymal structure and may be used to differentiate intraparenchymal loculations from those in the pleural space.
Programmed Algorithms to Compute Tests to Detect and Distinguish Between Failures in Logic Circuits

Two algorithms are presented: one, DALG-II, computes a test to detect a failure in acyclic logic circuits; the other, TEST-DETECT, ascertains all failures detected by a given test. Both are based upon the utilization of a ``calculus of D-cubes'' that provides the means for effectively performing the necessary computations for very large logic circuits. Strategies for combining the two algorithms into an efficient diagnostic test generation procedure are given. APL specifications of the algorithms are given in an Appendix.
A surface chemistry investigation of the low pressure nitridation of Si(100) using 1,1-dimethylhydrazine

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (DMHy) on Si(100) and the low pressure nitridation of Si(100) using DMHy were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). DMHy dissociatively adsorbs on Si(100) at 310 K with the cleavage of both N–N and N–H bonds. TPD and XPS show that dimethylamine desorption results in the complete removal of all the carbon on the surface by ∼600 K. Nitridation of the Si(100) surface between approximately 600 and 720 K using DMHy results in the adsorption of only NHx species with carbon contamination below XPS detection. In this temperature window, the nitrogen species and coverage are very similar to that found using ammonia (NH3) as the nitridant.
Time-Resolved Nonlinear Optical Studies of a Fabry-Perot Cavity Containing PTS-Polydiacetylene

Abstract We have made off-resonant nonlinear optical measurements of PTS polydiacetylene in a Fabry-Perot cavity. The measurement was made by a pump-probe technique using 90 ps pulses at 1.06 μm wavelength. The change in transmission at specific bias points on the F-P fringe, was measured as a function of time delay between the pump and probe. Large (-50%) changes in transmission with a pulse-with-limted response time, were observed at low optical intensities. The magnitude of n2 as measured (-10−5 cm2/MW) and the negative sign are consistent with our Z-scan measurement of PTS at this wavelength. The results of the measurement on the F-P cavity clearly demonstrate possibilities of applications of PTS in ultrafast (sub-picosecond) all-optical switching and logic operations using this device geometry. This is the first time that all-optical switching with time resolution has been demonstrated for an organic material.
Molecules in medicine mini review: the αβ T cell receptor

As an integral part of the mammalian immune system, a distributed network of tissues, cells, and extracellular factors, T lymphocytes perform and control a multitude of activities that collectively contribute to the effective establishment, maintenance, and restoration of tissue and organismal integrity. Development and function of T cells is controlled by the T cell receptor (TCR), a heterodimeric cell surface protein uniquely expressed on T cells. During T cell development, the TCR undergoes extensive somatic diversification that generates a diverse T cell repertoire capable of recognizing an extraordinary range of protein and nonprotein antigens presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). In this review, we provide an introduction to the TCR, describing underlying principles that position this molecule as a central regulator of the adaptive immune system involved in responses ranging from tissue protection and preservation to pathology and autoimmunity.
Strain-Dependent Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Spin-Valley Coupling of Shallow Triplet Sn Donors in GaP

We describe electron-paramagnetic-resonance studies of shallow tin donors in GaP under applied uniaxial stress. Because of the ${X}_{3}$ symmetry of the conduction-band minima relative to a Ga site, the Sn donor states are "orbital" triplets whose components correspond to the three valleys, with the sixfold degeneracy (including spin) split by a weak spin-valley coupling. The valleys are mixed also by the angular momentum operator of the Zeeman Hamiltonian with a small effective intervalley $g$ factor ${g}_{L}$. From the stress dependence of the resonance we have determined directly the one-valley $g$ factors ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=1.997\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=1.991\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ and the intervalley $g$ factor ${g}_{L}=0.010\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$. This is the first time that these parameters are determined for GaP. In addition, we deduce the value (4.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.7) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ for the rms value of random strain and 5.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4 eV for the deformation potential ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{u}^{*}$ of the bound state.
The Lewis acid-catalyzed synthesis of hyperbranched oligo(glycerol-diacid)s in aprotic polar media.

The Lewis acid, titanium (IV) butoxide [15% (w/w; catalyst/reactants)], was used to catalyze the condensation of 0.05 mol glycerol with 0.10 mol of succinic acid, glutaric acid, and azelaic acid to produce oligomers. The reactions were refluxed in dilute solutions of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) for 24 h. The oligomers were obtained, on average, in 84% yield and were soluble in polar organic solvents. Analysis by gel permeation chromatography determined that the oligomers had a number of average molecular weights (Mn) ranging from 2,118 to 3,245 g/mol, with degrees of polymerization (DOP) ranging from 12.2 to 13.4 repeat units. The oligomers had low polydispersities (Mw/Mn) that averaged ≈1.33. Degrees of branching were determined by one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR and 13C NMR and varied from 25 to 80%. Like Mn and the DOP values, the degrees of branching were dependent on the aliphatic chain length of the diacid. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to detect ionated species that were unique to branched molecules. It was also used to validate NMR studies that suggested that some diacids were terminated with dimethylamine, generated from the hydrolysis of DMF, by as much as 36%.
Microvesicles Are a Source of Contaminating Cellular Proteins Found in Purified HIV-1 Preparations

Identification and quantitation of cellular proteins associated with HIV-1 particles are complicated by the presence of nonvirion-associated cellular proteins that copurify with virions. Many cellular proteins are associated with nonviral particles that bud from the surface of cells called microvesicles. Microvesicles band in sucrose gradients in a range of densities that includes the same density as retroviruses. To characterize these microvesicles, HIV-1-infected and uninfected human T-cell lines were propagated and virus and microvesicles were purified from clarified cell culture supernatants by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or centrifugation through 20% sucrose pads. Microvesicles were found to contain various proteins, including HLA DR and beta 2-M, and a substantial amount of RNA and DNA. The concentrations of HIV-1 p24CA, HLA DR and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) were determined by radioimmunoassay. The ratios of HIV-1 p24CA to HLA DR and beta 2-M were found to vary with respect to the HIV-1 isolate, host cell, and other factors. Electron microscopic analysis of microvesicles revealed that they consisted of particles of various sizes and morphologies. Although HIV-1 particles are known to contain some cellular proteins, microvesicles from HIV-1 infected H9 cells appeared to contain little or no HIV-1 gp120SU.
The Choice of Technology and Export Commitment: The Peruvian Textile Industry

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the adoption of capital-intensive technologies and export commitment of Peruvian textile firms. The results suggested a positive relationship. One possible reason is that exporters must be more concerned with product quality perceptions and delivery reliability which may be higher through the use of labor-saving innovations. Another is that lower production costs may be more important in external markets which are more competitive. The study elaborates on the complex factors affecting technology choice, emphasizing that there are country, industry, product, and innovation specific variables which affect the use of so-called appropriate technology.
Irregular high frequency patterns decrease the effectiveness of deep brain stimulation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment of Parkinson's disease, but its mechanisms are still unclear. To test the hypothesis that DBS alleviates motor symptoms by regularizing neuronal firing, we applied regular frequency stimulation between 5-260 Hz as well as irregular high frequency stimulation with an average rate of 130Hz to rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. We found that high frequency regular stimulation above 130Hz was more effective than both low frequency stimulation and high frequency irregular stimulation at normalizing pathological circling behavior. Our results support the hypothesis that DBS is effective because it is able to mask pathological firing patterns within the basal ganglia, and highlight the importance of the temporal pattern in addition to the rate of stimulation.
Hydrologic and geomorphic processes in the Colville River delta, Alaska

The Colville basin drains the North Slope of Alaska and is one of several large Arctic river systems located within permafrost. The timing and style of fluvial processes in the earth's permafrost regions differ from those occurring in midlatitude settings. Moreover, in comparison to temperate-zone systems, rivers located entirely within permafrost perform most of their work during relatively short periods of time. This paper examines river ice hydrology and the resulting geomorphic processes that occur within the Colville delta, Alaska. Fluvial processes and landform development within the Colville delta occur after the flood-pulse is initiated by the breakup of river ice. During this 4-month period, the geomorphic processes are largely influenced by the movement of ice. The flood-pulse and accompanying river ice influences erosional and depositional processes and results in unique styles of sediment transport, deposition, and riverbank erosion.
Modeling Differences In Cranial Form, with Examples from Primates

The cranium of living primates fascinates scientists of many different persuasions. As an experimental system, it serves as test-bed for craniofacial medical procedures; as an evolutionary sketchbook, it aids in solving certain questions of comparative functional anatomy and posing others.
Strength-based design of flexible diaphragms in low-rise structures subjected to earthquake loading

Abstract Analyses motivated by damage and collapse of parking structures in the 1994 Northridge earthquake have shown that flexible diaphragms can experience larger horizontal accelerations and interstory drifts than are considered in current codes of practice. This leads to lateral displacements that can be in excess of code estimates and the drift capacity of the gravity load resisting system, and also may result in damage to the diaphragms. In the present study, the amplification of forces and displacements in flexible diaphragms was investigated for low-rise structures having relatively stiff perimeter shear walls. Various degrees of diaphragm flexibility, shear wall flexural overstrength, and numbers of stories were considered in the inelastic dynamic analyses. The results confirmed recent findings that current code provisions (e.g. contained in UBC 97, IBC 2000 and IBC 2003) consistently underestimate diaphragm forces at the upper and lower floors under common conditions. Proposed herein are methods for the design of diaphragms for both elastic and inelastic response. A companion paper presents the results of an investigation of diaphragm displacement and interstory drift responses by principal components analysis (PCA) of the seismic response data. Based on these results, the companion paper introduces a method to estimate interstory drift in preliminary design for determining the required diaphragm stiffness.
Capillary-Channeled Polymer (C-CP) Fibers as a Stationary Phase for Sample Clean-Up of Protein Solutions for Matrix-Assisted Laser/Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers are employed in a micropipette tip format to affect a stationary phase for the solid phase extraction (SPE) of proteins from buffer solutions prior to MALDI-MS analysis. Proteins readily adsorb to the polypropylene (PP) C-CP fibers while buffer species are easily washed off the tips using DI-H2O. Elution of the solutes is achieved with an aliquot of 50:50 ACN:H2O, which is compatible with the subsequent spotting on the MALDI target with the matrix solution. Lysozyme and cytochrome c are used as test species, with a primary buffer composition of 100 mM Tris–HCl. In this case, direct MALDI-MS produces no discernible protein signals. SPE on the C-CP fibers yields high fidelity mass spectra for 1 μL sample volumes. Limits of detection for cytochrome c in 100 mM Tris–HCl are on the order of 40 nM. Extraction of cytochrome c from buffer concentrations of up to 1 M Tris–HCl, provides signal recoveries that are suppressed by only ~50 % versus neat protein solutions. Finally, extraction of 3.1 μM cytochrome c from a synthetic urine matrix exhibits excellent recovery.
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor silencing suppresses the tumorigenesis and metastatic potential of neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma accounts for nearly 15% of all pediatric cancer-related deaths. We have previously shown that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates neuroblastoma growth, and that its cell surface receptor, GRP-R, is overexpressed in advanced-stage human neuroblastomas; however, the effects of GRP/GRP-R on tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo are not clearly elucidated. In the present study, we found that GRP-R knockdown in the aggressive cell line BE(2)-C induced cell morphology changes, reduced cell size, decreased cell proliferation, and inhibited DNA synthesis, corresponding to cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Activated Akt, a crucial regulator of cell survival and metastasis, was down-regulated by GRP-R silencing. In addition, expression of p-p70S6K and its downstream target molecule S6, key regulators of protein synthesis and cell metabolism, were also significantly decreased by GRP-R silencing. GRP-R knockdown also up-regulated the expression of tumor suppressor PTEN, the inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, silencing GRP-R as well as GRP in BE(2)-C cells suppressed anchorage-independent growth in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of GRP-R in less aggressive SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells resulted in soft agar colony formation, which was inhibited by a GRP-blocking antibody. Moreover, GRP-R deficiency significantly delayed tumor growth and diminished liver metastases in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that GRP and GRP-R have important oncogenic properties beyond their established mitogenic functions. Therefore, GRP-R may be an ideal therapeutic target for the treatment of aggressive neuroblastomas.
The effect of charge emission from electrified liquid cones

The formation of stable cones in electrified liquid interfaces was explained by Taylor as a balance between electrical and capillary tensions, where the electrostatic potential varies as ϕ ∼ r½ with the distance r from the cone tip. Although Taylor's predictions for the dependence of the onset voltage for cone formation on the liquid surface tension γ and the cone dimensions agree with observed trends, his conclusion that the cone semiangle α can only take the value α = αT = 49.3° does not. A more general theory free from this paradox is constructed for highly conducting fluids by accounting for the space charge of the droplets emanating from the cone apex, whose potential has the remarkable property of also obeying Taylor's r½ law. In this formulation, where the apex of a conical meniscus of semiangle α emits an angularly uniform opposed coaxial conical spray of semiangle π—β, both β and the spray current I turn out to be fixed as functions of α; namely, β = β(α), and I = 2πγKqG(α), where Kq and q are the droplet's electrical mobility and total charge, respectively. In experiments with 5% H2SO4 in 1-octanol, the observed sprays are approximately conical with an apex nearly touching the meniscus tip. The measured and predicted β(α) relations are in reasonable agreement in the range 46° > α > 32°, where the liquid cone is stable and the spray is visible, though the data fall clearly below the theoretical curve. The predicted spray current I is also in rough agreement with preliminary experiments. The analysis applies neither to sprays of large droplets with significant inertia, nor to liquid cones in vacuo.
The Lasting Effects Of Social Media Trends On Advertising

Americans are exposed to an astounding number of advertising messages every day. The result of this bombardment of advertising on society is that consumers have become increasingly resistant to traditional forms of advertising. After spending millions of dollars on mass advertising that consumers tend to block out and ignore, marketers have re-evaluated their advertising methods and are following holistic marketing concepts that focus on customer relationship marketing and more creative, understated ads instead of in-your-face billboards and loud television segments. This paper explores social media trends, including social media opportunities and mobile marketing, and the potentially lasting effects that these trends have on advertising .
Systems Theory Model for Information Security

Architecting security solutions for today's diverse computer systems is a challenge. The modern business environment is comprised of many different applications, e-mail, databases, e-commerce, and more. Each of these has its own threat profile and associated business risk. The complexity of the computing environment extends to the design of security solutions. Current methodologies for designing security systems include piecemeal designs and patchwork systems comprised of multiple point solutions. As the complexity of the business driven systems increase, these methods are being strained to keep up with security requirements. Systems science provides information on how complex systems interact with their environment, and this guidance can be applied to designing security architectures. Analysis and design of security systems using systems theory provides a new path to reduce the complexity.
Characterization of Human Polyamine Oxidase

Polyamine Oxidase (PAO) is a flavoprotein that is necessary for the catabolism of polyamines. PAO oxidizes the endo carbon nitrogen bonds of N1-acetylspermine and N1-acetylspermidine when oxidized ...
Partnerships with Academic Departments.

This chapter describes how professional and continuing higher education units can develop and sustain successful partnerships with academic departments in order to deliver educational programs effectively to students.
Unsteady Air Flow between Two Discs at Low Velocity

Velocities of air flowing between two discs were measured with a hot-wire anemometer where flow was induced with a steam ejector. Inward and outward flow were found to be unsteady, but outward flow unsteadiness was greater. This is due to the diffusion nature of the flow.A solution to the cylindrical wave equation was obtained and showed that, within the assumptions of the equation, a steady radial flow field becomes unstable upon passage of a wave due to a step function change of velocity at the boundaries of the flow.Comparison of a power spectrum of recorded data with one of turbulent air flow in a pipe showed the oscillations to be dissimilar. Unsteady motions seen in other studies of radial flow are also discussed.
Direct Translation of a Protracted Irinotecan Schedule From a Xenograft Model to a Phase I Trial in Children

PURPOSE: In a preclinical model of neuroblastoma, administration of irinotecan daily 5 days per week for 2 consecutive weeks ([qd × 5] × 2) resulted in greater antitumor activity than did a single 5-day course with the same total dose. We evaluated this protracted schedule in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three children with refractory solid tumors were enrolled onto a phase I study. Cohorts received irinotecan by 1-hour intravenous infusion at 20, 24, or 29 mg/m2 (qd × 5) × 2 every 21 days. RESULTS: The 23 children (median age, 14.1 years; median prior regimens, two) received 84 courses. Predominant diagnoses were neuroblastoma (n = 5), osteosarcoma (n = 5), and rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 4). The dose-limiting toxicity was grade 3/4 diarrhea and/or abdominal cramps in six of 12 patients treated at 24 mg/m2, despite aggressive use of loperamide. The maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) on this schedule was 20 mg/m2/d. Five patients had partial responses and 16 had disease stabilization. On day 1, the median s...
Primacy of performance: superman not superathlete.

(1999). Primacy of performance: superman not superathlete. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 16, Shaping The Superman, pp. 69-85.
8-Hydroxyquinolines: In Vitro Inhibition of Plaque Formation and Partition Coefficients.

T H E 8 -HYDROXYQUINOLINES have been used medicinally as antibacterial, antifungal, and amoebicidal agents for over 70 years. Extensive use has shown that human toxicity is low, 2 no doubt due in large part to the poor absorption of these agents from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. This combination of antibac­ terial activity and low toxicity, along wtih the knowledge that the 8-hydroxyquinolines are able to chelate with a variety of cations, prompted us to investigate a number of 8-hydroxyquinolines as potential antiplaque agents. We reasoned that appropriate 8-hydroxyquinolines should be able to chelate with calcium or trace ions on the surface of teeth and that the subsequent slow re­ lease of the 8-hydroxyquinoline from this complex would inhibit bacterial growth and subsequent plaque formation. We have tested this hypothesis with a num­ ber of 8-hydroxyquinolines and, in addition, we have investigated the feasibility of using lipid-water partition coefficient values as a means of predicting the antiplaque activity of substituted 8-hydroxyquinolines.
Applying the Transtheoretical Model of Change to the Sequencing of Ethics Instruction in Business Education

Although there is widespread agreement on the importance of ethics instruction in business education, there is not agreement on the best approach or timing of instruction. This article uses J. O. Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model of change as the basis for a developmental model of student readiness for learning about ethics. By focusing on student development, the model suggests how to best sequence educational activities in ethics instruction. After introducing the model, it is applied to this specific area. Extensive ideas for practical educational activities are offered connected to each of the four stages of student change.
Ocular injuries from violence treated at an inner-city hospital

A computerized data base identified 277 patients with violence-related ocular injuries seen during 16 months in an inner-city hospital. They constituted 35% of all patients with ocular injuries during the study period. Their demographics and ocular findings were analyzed. One hundred sixty-seven patients (60%) were black males, 60 (22%) were white males, and 50 (18%) were females (mean age, 29 years). The orbit was injured in 125, the retina/choroid and vitreous in 79, and the optic nerve in ten. Seventeen had penetrating ocular injuries. Nineteen eyes (7%) lost light perception. One hundred forty-six (53%) patients had associated non-ocular injuries, mostly facial fractures. Bludgeons and guns were the weapons most commonly used; theft was the most common motive; drugs and alcohol were prominent in 35 cases. One hundred thirty-three (48%) patients were hospitalized for a mean of 5.5 days and an approximate cost of $975,089. Conclusion: the human suffering and economic impact of violence-related ocular injuries are significant.
Development of a Metalinguistic Skill Judging the Grammaticality of Sentences

Seventy-seven 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children were presented with well-formed and ill-formed versions of 10 different sentence types. They were asked to judge the grammaticality of the sentences an...
System software for ubiquitous computing

The authors identify two key characteristics of ubiquitous computing systems: physical integration and spontaneous interoperation. They examine how these properties affect the design of ubiquitous computing software and discuss future directions.
Fish Friendly Farming

This case study focuses on Fish Friendly Farming, part of a nonprofit organization, the California Land Stewardship Institute. The FFF program is an example of an innovative model for cooperative public-private environmental collaboration and stewardship. The case provides a history of FFF and its ability to create networks and collaborations between parties that typically find it difficult to work together. This case focuses both on sustainability issues related to land and farming, and on challenges related to scaling up a successful nonprofit organization.
The course of the excitation wave in patients with electrocardiograms showing short P-R intervals and wide QRS complexes (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome).

Abstract In seven patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White electrocardiograms, the course of the excitation wave has been explored by means of intracardiac and esophageal leads. The findings strongly suggest that the excitation wave originates in the sinoatrial node and reaches the posterior aspect of the left ventricle and anterior aspect of the right ventricle simultaneously. The atrioventricular conduction is probably effected by means of accessory muscular pathways. The right ventricular myocardium is stimulated from the epicardial surface toward the cavity. The right ventricular segment of the interventricular septum is stimulated either at the end of the right ventricular excitation or, in some cases, it seems to receive its excitation wave predominantly from the direction of the left ventricle. Atrial flutter was the most frequently observed arrhythmia in these patients during paroxysms of tachycardia. The ventricular complexes remained abnormal or had an exaggerated abnormal appearance, resembling those encountered in ventricular tachycardia. In one instance, nodal tachycardia was recorded with normal ventricular complexes. This would suggest that the excitation wave passed down to the ventricles along the bundle of His in a normal fashion.
Determination of Reasonable Support Resistance When Mining Under Unconsolidated Highly-Pressured Confined Aquifer

As confined aquifer can transfer the load of the overlying structure,which brings the adjacent key strata become broken.So mining under the unconsolidated confined aquifer is prone to result in supports crushing and water inrushing.One of the main measures to avoid supports crushing and water inrushing is to increase the support resistance,however,research in this respect has not studied at home.According to the practical condition of 7_114 working face in Qidong coal mine,the reasonable support resistance is deeply studied with the methods of theoretical analysis.And the way how to calculate support resistance in preventing bond-beam from sliding is put forward.The results indicates that,as the support resistance increase to 10 MN,supports crushing and water inrushing for the 7_114 working face can be effectively avoided,and the conclusion has been proved successfully by numerical simulation.