cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigating risk stratification systems for the management of patients with GIST.

The central drivers of the aberrant behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are constitutively activated forms of stem-cell receptor factor, and, to a lesser extent, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha. Standard treatment for primary, localized GIST is surgical resection. Risk stratification systems assist in determining the risk of disease recurrence in individual patients with GIST, so disease management can be personalized. In May 2010, a literature review of the PubMed database was conducted to identify articles pertaining to prognostic factors and risk stratification systems for GIST. Key results from these studies were analyzed. The first widely accepted risk stratification system for GIST, the National Institutes of Health consensus classification system, stratified patients into risk groups on the basis of tumor size and mitotic index. Tumor location (i.e., stomach or intestine) was subsequently shown to have independent prognostic value and was incorporated into the Miettinen-Lasota/Armed Forces Institute of Pathology risk stratification system. Tumor size, location, and mitotic index remain the main variables used in risk stratification systems. Other variables such as tumor rupture and GIST genotype have recently been shown to have prognostic value. As an alternative to stratification into discrete groups, nomograms present risk of recurrence as percentages on a continuous scale. Improved use of existing prognostic variables and routine incorporation of additional variables (e.g., GIST genotype) will further refine risk stratification systems. Refinement of risk stratification systems will increase the precision of these systems for predicting recurrence, which may facilitate improvements in individual disease management.
Acoustic and mechanical sensitivity of the distal lobe of the pilifer in choerocampine hawkmoths

Abstract A descending interneuron response is used to demonstrate that ultrasonic reception in choerocampine sphingids depends upon contact between the medial wall of the second palpal segment and the distal lobe of the pilifer. The medial wall serves as acoustic interface and the distal lobe contains the sensory transducer. When the palp is abducted so as to break this contact acoustic sensitivity drops about 100-fold but may be partially or almost completely restored when the palp contact is replaced by contact of a thin artificial membrane with the distal lobe. The external structure of the distal lobe and its physical relation with the second palpal segment are discussed in this context. If the distal lobe is displaced at frequencies of 5 to 100 kHz by means of a crystal-driven probe it is found to be sensitive to displacements of 0·02 to 0·1 nm at its optimal frequency of 30 to 70 kHz. Other structures on the cranium are 30 to 100 times less sensitive to vibration at these frequencies. Except for registering ultrasound of low intensity the neural response of this acoustic detector contains little or no information about frequency, direction of the source, or intensity differences. Its presence in this subfamily of hawkmoths is discussed in relation to members of other subfamilies.
Transaction security system

Components of previous security systems were designed independently from one another and were often difficult to integrate. Described is the recently available IBM Transaction Security System. It implements the Common Cryptographic Architecture and offers a comprehensive set of security products that allow users to implement end-to-end secure systems with IBM components. The system includes a mainframe host-attached Network Security Processor, high-performance encryption adapters for the IBM Personal Computer and Personal System/2® Micro Channel®, an RS-232 attached Security Interface Unit, and a credit-card size state-of-the-art Personal Security™ card containing a high-performance microprocessor. The application programming interface provides common programming in the host and the workstation and supports all of the Systems Application Architecture™ languages except REXX and RPG. Applications may be written to run on Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) and PC DOS operating systems.
Acoustic System to Slew Chemical/Biological Sensor Point of Interest

Integrating a sensor suite with ability to discriminate potential Chemical/Biological (CB) events from high-explosive (HE) events employing an acoustic sensor array with a Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) algorithm. Developing a cueing mechanism for more power intensive and range limited sensing CB techniques. Enabling the event detection algorithm to locate to a blast event using TDOA further information is provided of the event as either Launch/Impact and further as either CB/HE. The point of interest information is gathered to give a viewing window to a range limited chemical sensing system that exploits spectroscopy to determine the contents of the chemical event. The sensor suite is the system that will provide this information on the move while the chemical sensor will have adequate time to determine the contents of the event from a safe stand-off distance. The system exploits acoustic sensors to provide early detection and identification of CB attacks at ranges exceeding 2500m. The integration of these algorithms with the TDOA algorithm provides a complex suite of algorithms that can give early warning detection and highly reliable look direction from a great stand-off distance for a moving vehicle to determine if a candidate blast event is of potential CB type.
Femtosecond synchronism of x rays to visible light in an x-ray free-electron laser

A way is proposed to obtain intense infrared/visible light from an electron bunch in an x-ray free-electron laser in femtosecond synchronism with the x-rays themselves. It combines the recently proposed technique of emittance slicing in a free-electron laser with transition undulator radiation (TUR). The part of the electron bunch that is left unspoiled in the emittance slicing process is the source of both coherent x rays and of coherent TUR at near-infrared wavelengths. An extension of the concept also exploits the fact that the electrons that participate in the free-electron lasing process lose a significant part of their energy.
Sample preparation for routine high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of retinol palmitate in emulsified nutritional supplements by solid-phase extraction using monosodium L-glutamate as dissolving agent

Retinol palmitate (vitamin A, 73.3 microg/g) in an emulsified nutritional supplement was determined by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (excitation 350 nm, emission 480 nm) using monosodium L-glutamate as a dissolving agent to obtain higher recovery of vitamin A from the emulsified sample solution. A Bond Elut C2 cartridge (500 mg) was chosen for SPE after comparison with 16 other types. A sample solution was applied to a conditioned Bond Elut C2 cartridge and then vitamin A was eluted with ethanol followed by HPLC. The proposed method was simple, rapid (sample preparation time by SPE: ca. 8 min, retention time: ca. 8 min), sensitive [detection limit: ca. 0.1 pg/injection (100 microl) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1], highly selective and reproducible (relative standard deviation (RSD): ca. 2.9% (n = 5), between-day RSD ca. 3.7 (5 days). The recovery of vitamin A was over 90% by the standard addition method.
Verbs of judging, judged: A case study

Fillmore (1969) has offered a semantic “role” analysis for some verbs of judging. In the present case study, we subject Fillmore's own similarity judgments for a set of verbs of judging to structural analysis, employing nonmetric multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering techniques. We compare the results with those yielded by more ordinary subjects and seek to assess the revealingness of the hierarchical solution relative to the distinctions made by Fillmore in his theoretical analysis. A number of methodological issues are discussed, perhaps most important whether subjects can consistently employ the same similarity criterion throughout their judgments, or whether, at least for some semantic domains, they may rather use a series of different criteria, with particular pairs or subsets of terms selecting now one criterion, now another. The latter procedure, which was employed here by Fillmore, raises some serious problems with regard to the interpretation of the results of structural analyses of similarity data.
Mycobacterium fortuitum Infections Associated with Laparoscopic Gastric Banding

Mycobacterium fortuitum, a rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria, is commonly found in soil and water. This organism is most often known to cause skin, bone, and soft tissue infections associated with local trauma, surgical procedures, and in patients with immunodeficiency. Nosocomial infections associated with a variety of contaminated devices and equipment have also been widely documented. This report presents the first cases of M. fortuitum infection following laparoscopic gastric banding procedures. Both patients had complicated clinical courses necessitating removal of their banding devices and long-term antibiotic therapy.
A fast flow reactor sampled by a TOF mass spectrometer with a molecular beam inlet system

Abstract A differentially pumped, double cone molecular beam inlet system on a TOF mass spectrometer for sampling a typical, fast flow reaction vessel is described. By using the diffusion flame technique limitations arising from heterogeneous reactions, reactant mixing times, and viscous flow profiles are minimized. Calibrations have been made to determine the operating range and sensitivity of the apparatus.
Cultural variations in body esteem: how young adults in Iran and the United States view their own appearances.

(1998). Cultural Variations in Body Esteem: How Young Adults in Iran and the United States View Their Own Appearances. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 138, No. 4, pp. 539-540.
Development of dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention

In the continuing effort to develop effective HIV prevention methods for women, a vaginal ring containing the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor dapivirine is currently being tested in two safety and efficacy trials. This paper reviews dapivirine ring's pipeline development process, including efforts to determine safe and effective dosing levels as well as identify delivery platforms with the greatest likelihood of success for correct and consistent use. Dapivirine gel and other formulations were developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Multiple vaginal ring prototypes were also tested, resulting in the current ring design as well as additional designs under consideration for future testing. Efficacy results from clinical trials are expected in 2015. Through ongoing consultations with national regulatory authorities, licensure requirements for dapivirine vaginal ring approval have been defined. This article is based on a presentation at the "Product Development Workshop 2013: HIV and Multipurpose Prevention Technologies," held in Arlington, Virginia on February 21-22, 2013. It forms part of a special supplement to Antiviral Research.
Chronic ethanol consumption by C57BL/6 mice promotes tolerance to its interoceptive cues and increases extracellular dopamine, an effect blocked by naltrexone

Background: C57BL/6 (B6) mice voluntarily consume ethanol. Although preingestive factors might be accountable, the fact that B6 mice voluntarily consume sufficient ethanol to set the conditions for an ethanol-deprivation effect suggest that post-ingestive pharmacological induced changes also occur. In this study, we determined the amounts of ethanol voluntarily consumed by B6 mice and associated blood ethanol levels (BEL), the effects of this consumption on extracellular dopamine (DA) and how this was altered by naltrexone, as well as on its interoceptive discriminative cues. Methods: In experiment 1, the amounts of 12% ethanol consumed at 2, 4, and 6 hr into the active phase of the circadian cycle and associated BEL were determined. In experiment 2, dialysate samples were collected for 1 hr to establish basal DA levels. Mice were then injected with saline or naltrexone (6 mg/kg) and given access to water and 12% ethanol or to water only, and samples were collected at 20-min intervals for the next 2 hr. In experiment 3, mice were trained to discriminate ethanol's interoceptive cues via operant techniques, and half were given 3 weeks access to ethanol and water, the other half water only. Ethanol-consuming and water control mice were again tested for their ability to discriminate the drug's interoceptive cues. Results: Mice ingested nearly 6 g/kg of ethanol and attained BEL near 100 mg/100 mL by 6 hr into the active phase. Ethanol intake at 2-hr into the dark phase was approximately 2.5 g/kg, and increased DA to approximately 100% above basal levels. Naltrexone reduced ethanol consumption and blocked the DA increase. Ethanol consumption for 3 weeks attenuated its discriminative cues. Conclusions: B6 mice voluntarily consume sufficient ethanol (1) to produce intoxicating BEL; (2) to increase DA levels in nucleus accumbens, an effect blocked by naltrexone; and (3) to attenuate its discriminative cues.
The Recursive Multi-Frame Planar Parallax Algorithm

This paper presents a method for obtaining accurate dense elevation and appearance models of terrain using a single camera on-board an aerial platform. Applications of this method include geographical information systems, robot path planning, immersion and visualization, and surveying for scientific purposes such as watershed analysis. When given geo-registered images, the method can compute terrain maps on-line in real time. This algorithm, called the Recursive Multi-frame Planar Parallax algorithm, is a recursive extension of Irani et al.?s multi-frame planar parallax framework and in theory, with perfectly registered imagery, it will produce range data with error expected to increase between linearly and with the square root of the range, depending on image properties and whether other constants such as framerate and vehicle velocity are held constant. This is an improvement over stereo systems whose expected errors are proportional to the square of the range. We show experimental evidence on synthetic imagery and on a real video sequence taken in an experiment for autonomous helicopter landing.
Promotions in the Corporate World: Comparing the Perspectives of University Professors, MBA Students, and Corporate Managers

Critics charge that professors have views that differ from experienced managers and, therefore, that MBA students do not receive an accurate classroom depiction of organizational reality. This study investigated the extent to which 102 managers, 111 MBA students, and 43 professors have similar perspectives regarding the importance of fourfactors in attaining promotions. MANOVA indicated that managers and professors did not significantly differ in their views. However, MBA students did differ from both managers and professors in the level of importance they attached to several promotion factors. MANCOVA indicated that amount of corporate experience was unrelated to response patterns.
Approximate relativistic corrections to atomic radial wave functions

The mass-velocity and Darwin terms of the one-electron-atom Pauli equation have been added to the Hartree-Fock differential equations by using the HX formula to calculate a local central field potential for use in these terms. Introduction of the quantum number j is avoided by omitting the spin-orbit term of the Pauli equation. The major relativistic effects, both direct and indirect, are thereby incorporated into the wave functions, while allowing retention of the commonly used nonrelativistic formulation of energy level calculations. The improvement afforded in calculated total binding energies, excitation energies, spin-orbit parameters, and expectation values of rm is comparable with that provided by fully relativistic Dirac-Hartree-Fock calculations.
Harnessing vocal patterns for social communication

Work on vocal communication, influenced by a drive to understand the evolution of language, has focused on auditory processing and forebrain control of learned vocalizations. The actual hindbrain neural mechanisms used to create communication signals are understudied, in part because of the difficulty of experimental studies in species that rely on respiration for vocalization. In these experimental systems – including those that embody vocal learning – vocal behaviors have rhythmic qualities. Recent studies using molecular markers and “fictive” patterns produced by isolated brains are beginning to reveal how hindbrain circuits generate vocal patterns. Insights from central pattern generators for respiration and locomotion are illuminating common neural and developmental mechanisms. Choice of vocal patterns is responsive to socially salient input. Studies of the vertebrate social brain network suggest mechanisms used to integrate socially salient information and produce an appropriate vocal response.
Quantitation and morphological characterization of rapid axon and dendritic growth from single cerebral hemispheric neurons in hydrated collagen lattice culture

Abstract Quantitative and qualitative data are reported for single cerebral hemispheric neurons in a 3-dimensional hydrated collagen lattice (HCL) culture system. Individual neurons not in contact with other cells or cell processes, including synapses, rapidly displayed two morphologically distinct classes of processes that could be traced from origin to termination: long thin processes interpreted as being axons, and shorter tapering and sometimes branched processes interpreted as being dendrites. Axons and dendrites of single neurons that had at least one process longer than the cell body were measured on each of 3 days after plating using an image analysis system coupled to a phase-contrast microscope and a microcomputer. Mean lengths of axons and dendrites alone or combined as total new growth per neuron, increased 3- to 5-fold and were as high as 745, 694 and 1226 μm respectively after 3 days in HCL, although some individual axons measured over 1500 μm. Other indices of neuron growth and differentiation increased 1- to 5-fold including the number of primary processes, branch points, segments and growth cones. Phase-contrast microscopy, staining with Nissl and silver, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated many single multipolar and other neurons with axons, dendrites and well-differentiated properties. The data show that individual central nervous system neurons have an inherent capacity to quickly express characteristic differentiated features and also to grow rapidly in HCL.
Lipton on Compatible Contrasts

The why-question that the engineer tries to answer is contrastive; it mentions both an explanandum fact (the dam's bursting) and its foil (the dam's overflowing). Gulch Dam's having a damaged beam does indeed explain why it burst rather than overflowed, and a significant question is why this is so. Other important questions are nearby. For example, we might ask: Why doesn't its raining for three days explain why Gulch Dam burst rather than overflowed? (Presumably, it doesn't. The rain may explain certain other contrasts, like why the dam burst rather than remained in its normal unstressed state. But, it doesn't explain why the dam burst rather than overflowed.) There have been several attempts to address these very sorts of issues, and certain cases employed by Peter Lipton (1987, 1991, 1993) seem to present an insurmountable problem for some of these efforts. These cases involve compatible contrasts. They are examples in which the fact and its foil are compatible.
Bureaucracy and Democracy: A Theoretical Analysis

This article addresses the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy, bureaucratic politics and democratic politics. Bureaucratic theories and politics are discussed, democratic theories and politics are analyzed, and the argument in favor of reconciling bureaucracy and democracy is analyzed with implications for democratic theory and public administration. Persistence of bureaucracy is stressed, deficiencies in democratic theory and practice are noted, and the importance of a functionally balanced and professionally competent bureaucracy is reminded for administration of sound governance in both developed and developing societies. It is hypocrisy to speak of functioning democracy without a balanced professional bureaucracy.
Computer-aided trauma simulation system with haptic feedback is easy and fast for oral-maxillofacial surgeons to learn and use.

Purpose Computer-assisted surgical (CAS) planning tools have become widely available in craniomaxillofacial surgery, but are time consuming and often require professional technical assistance to simulate a case. An initial oral and maxillofacial (OM) surgical user experience was evaluated with a newly developed CAS system featuring a bimanual sense of touch (haptic). Materials and Methods Three volunteer OM surgeons received a 5-minute verbal introduction to the use of a newly developed haptic-enabled planning system. The surgeons were instructed to simulate mandibular fracture reductions of 3 clinical cases, within a 15-minute time limit and without a time limit, and complete a questionnaire to assess their subjective experience with the system. Standard landmarks and linear and angular measurements between the simulated results and the actual surgical outcome were compared. Results After the 5-minute instruction, all 3 surgeons were able to use the system independently. The analysis of standardized anatomic measurements showed that the simulation results within a 15-minute time limit were not significantly different from those without a time limit. Mean differences between measurements of surgical and simulated fracture reductions were within current resolution limitations in collision detection, segmentation of computed tomographic scans, and haptic devices. All 3 surgeons reported that the system was easy to learn and use and that they would be comfortable integrating it into their daily clinical practice for trauma cases. Conclusion A CAS system with a haptic interface that capitalizes on touch and force feedback experience similar to operative procedures is fast and easy for OM surgeons to learn and use.
Qualitative Description of Neonatal Expert Perspectives About Necrotizing Enterocolitis Risk

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to provide rich description of experts' perspectives about necrotizing enterocolitis risk. Comments from 35 NEC experts were coded by two reviewers, grouped into categories and organized into themes. From 93 category codes, 9 meta-categories, and two broad themes were derived. NEC risk was considered to arise from both individual factors of vulnerability and variation in neonatal care practices. Controversy arose about the role of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and its treatment, transfusions, risk differences based on gestational age, efficacy and safety of probiotics in prevention, and the role of antibiotic exposure and multiple infections. Experts indicated the need for a stronger evidence base about NEC risk yet experts cited a lack of a strong evidence base on occasion when good to high quality evidence was available.
An experimental investigation on high voltage GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch

In this paper, we present the design and the fabrication method for high DC bias voltage photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS). By employing a low temperature grown molecular beam epitaxial GaAs (LT-MBE GaAs) and a proper protection coating to prevent air breakdown, the DC bias electric field can be significantly increased. Such a PCSS structure can effectively achieve a low DC dark current in a high voltage pulse generation system with smaller PCSS sizes. DC bias capability also eliminates the need of complicated synchronization. The application of high DC bias field PCSS will also be discussed.
Syntactic effects of information availability in sentence production

Two experiments investigated sentence production processes underlying the tendency for given information to precede new information in a sentence. The factors hypothesized to contribute to this effect were referential availability and lexical availability. Experiment 1 found that information coreferential with an antecedent referring expression tended to occur earlier in produced sentences than new information. This effect was more pronounced when the information was lexically identical to its antecedent. Experiment 2 found lexical availability effects when referential functions were minimized. These results may be accounted for by assuming that both referential availability and lexical availability contribute to the speed of lexicalization processes in sentence production, and that the order in which constituents become available after lexicalization influences surface syntactic organization processes.
Locally Lipschitz solutions of a single conservation law in several space variables

Abstract We consider the Cauchy problem for a single conservation law in several space variables. Letting u ( x , t ) denote the solution with initial data u 0 , we state necessary and sufficient conditions on u 0 so that u ( x , t ) is locally Lipschitz continuous in the half space { t > 0}. These conditions allow for the preservation of smoothness of u 0 as well as for the smooth resolution of discontinuities in u 0 . One consequence of our result is that u ( x , t ) cannot be locally Lipschitz unless u 0 has locally bounded variation. Another is that solutions which are bounded and locally Lipschitz continuous in { t > 0} automatically have boundary values u 0 at t = 0 in the sense that u (·, t ) → u 0 in L loc 1 . Finally, we give an elementary proof that locally Lipschitz solutions satisfy Kruzkov's uniqueness condition.
A novel, direct spatio-temporal approach for analyzing fMRI experiments

We introduce a novel approach to couple temporal similarity with spatial neighborhood information. This is achieved by concatenating the K nearest, spatially contiguous neighbors of a pixel time-course (TC) of T time-instances. This produces a new TC of (K+1)T time instances. Depending on how ''nearest'' is defined, we have various options. Strictly spatial nearness means augmenting a given TC by its K nearest neighbors in some canonical spatial order. A more powerful and flexible option is to order the TCs to be concatenated according to their temporal similarity to the central voxel TC. For this study, we have chosen Pearson's cross-correlation coefficient as the measure of similarity. For more than a single neighbor, two concatenation options are possible. The direct ordering option requires that the TCs to be concatenated be spatially contiguous to the central pixel. The more flexible indirect option merely demands that one of a chain of temporally similar TCs be spatially connected to the central pixel. We also apply the temporal similarity criterion to the more conventional spatial (median) filtering, and show that it gives superior result to a strict spatial filtering. The method is tested and verified on a null fMRI dataset onto which we superposed two types of ''activations'' with known temporal behavior and spatial location. It is also applied to a real dataset containing visual activation. We also propose a strategy, based on the flexibility of the method, to determine a consensus, ''core'' set of activations.
In Search of Predictors of Hypnotic Sequelae

The present one-group correlational study was an attempt to examine questionnaire data that included medical and psychosocial histories and an inventory of fears, social problems, and previous stressful situations in an effort to determine if any predictors of negative sequelae to hypnosis would emerge. After completing questionnaires, undergraduates (n = 432) were administered a group hypnotic susceptibility scale, then were given sequelae questionnaires to complete within two hours, and another two days later. Significant correlations were obtained between occurrence of aftereffects and susceptibility score, number of somatic complaints, and number of previous stressful situations. Results are discussed in the context of the overall ability of these data to predict hypnotic sequelae.
The Claudin Superfamily Protein NSY-4 Biases Lateral Signaling to Generate Left-Right Asymmetry in C. elegans Olfactory Neurons

Early in C. elegans development, signaling between bilaterally symmetric AWC olfactory neurons causes them to express different odorant receptor genes. AWC left-right asymmetry is stochastic: in each animal, either the left or the right neuron randomly becomes AWC(ON), and the other neuron becomes AWC(OFF). Here we show that the nsy-4 gene coordinates the lateral signaling that diversifies AWC(ON) and AWC(OFF) neurons. nsy-4 mutants generate 2 AWC(OFF) neurons, as expected if communication between the AWC neurons is lost, whereas overexpression of nsy-4 results in 2 AWC(ON) neurons. nsy-4 encodes a transmembrane protein related to the gamma subunits of voltage-activated calcium channels and the claudin superfamily; it interacts genetically with calcium channels and antagonizes a calcium-to-MAP kinase cascade in the neuron that becomes AWC(ON). Genetic mosaic analysis indicates that nsy-4 functions both cell-autonomously and nonautonomously in signaling between AWC neurons, providing evidence for lateral signaling and feedback that coordinate asymmetric receptor choice.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy Coupled with Filtration and Immunomagnetic Separation for the Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef

The majority of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks are associated with ground beef. To detect this pathogen, separation techniques were tested with E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef followed by FT-IR analyses. Ground beef samples were inoculated with various levels of live and heat treated E. coli O157:H7 cells and the bacteria were extracted by filtration or immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Spectra were collected and detection limits were established by discriminant analysis of the 1800-800 cm-1 region and comparison to standard plate counts. The detection limit for the Filtration-FT-IR and IMS-FT-IR assays was 105 CFU/g. Partial least squares model established significant linear relationships between plate counts and spectra [R ≥ 0.99]. Discriminant analysis and canonical variate analysis of the spectra differentiated live and heat treated cells of E. coli O157:H7. Validation experiments using ground beef inoculated with fewer cells (101- 102 CFU/g) reached the detection limit within a six hour incubation. A portable IR sensor was also used to detect E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef, and the detection limit was 107 CFU/g. The total time to detection for Filtration-FT-IR and IMS-FT-IR were one hour and 3.75 h, respectively which is faster than conventional plate count methods (48h) and conventional IMS methods (48h). The FT-IR methods developed are potentially rapid and simple protocols that could be further developed for the detection of different species of pathogenic bacteria in complex food systems.
Continuous Cooling Transformation in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels CD3MN and CD3MWCuN

The kinetics of brittle phase transformation in cast duplex stainless steels CD3MN and CD3MWCuN was investigated under continuous cooling conditions. Cooling rates slower than 5 °C/min. were obtained using a conventional tube furnace with a programable controller. In order to obtain controlled high cooling rates, a furnace equipped to grow crystals by means of the Bridgman method was used. Samples were soaked at 1100 °C for 30 min and cooled at different rates by changing the furnace position at various velocities. The velocity of the furnace movement was correlated to a continuous-cooling-temperature profile for the samples. Continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams were constructed based on experimental observations through metallographic sample preparations and optical microscopy. These are compared to calculated diagrams derived from previously determined isothermal transformation diagrams. The theoretical calculations employed a modified Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation (or Avrami equation) under assumption of the additivity rule. Rockwell hardness tests were made to present the correlation between hardness change and the amount of brittle phases (determined by tint-etching to most likely be a combination of sigma + chi) after cooling.
Mapping sediment-dispersal patterns and associated systems tracts in fourth- and fifth-order sequences using seismic sedimentology: Example from Corpus Christi Bay, Texas

A seismic-sedimentologic study was performed to map fourth- and fifth-order systems tracts in Oligocene (Frio) strata in Corpus Christi Bay, south Texas. Guided by third-order sequence-stratigraphic correlations from seismic and wire-line-log data, we prepared stratal slices from a three-dimensional seismic volume to reveal high-resolution (10-m [33-ft] levels) sediment dispersal patterns and associated systems tracts in a relative geologic-time domain. On average, 1200 m (3940 ft) of sediments were deposited in the third-order lowstand expansion cycle, and at least 16 higher order sequences (fourth- and fifth-order sequences) were recognized. Three types of depositional systems were identified in the Frio stratigraphic section: (1) offshelf lowstand slope fans that are best characterized by submarine channel and levee systems inside and outside incised submarine channels and by fan-shaped sand body geometry; (2) lowstand prograding deltaic systems that are composed of strike-oriented and lobate deltaic sand bodies; and (3) highstand systems that are represented by onshelf barrier, lagoon, and deltaic systems. Higher order sequence development was controlled by the interaction of relative sea level change, sediment supply, and gravity tectonics. The top of sediment ridges was eroded or decapitated during many of the higher order sequences. Sand dispersal patterns are primarily controlled by accommodation resulting from rollover topography associated with growth faulting. Between the boundary fault and the hinge line atop rollover structures, strike-oriented sandstone bodies dominate; within submarine channels and incised valleys and beyond the hinge line to the distal basin, dip-oriented sandstone bodies prevail. Sandstone thickness and dispersal patterns can be predicted by integrating wire-line-log measurements and seismic amplitude patterns.
Dysregulation of TGF-β activation contributes to pathogenesis in Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue caused by mutations in fibrillin-1 (encoded by FBN1 in humans and Fbn1 in mice), a matrix component of extracellular microfibrils. A distinct subgroup of individuals with Marfan syndrome have distal airspace enlargement, historically described as emphysema, which frequently results in spontaneous lung rupture (pneumothorax; refs. 1‐3). To investigate the pathogenesis of genetically imposed emphysema, we analyzed the lung phenotype of mice deficient in fibrillin-1, an accepted model of Marfan syndrome 4 . Lung abnormalities are evident in the immediate postnatal period and manifest as a developmental impairment of distal alveolar septation. Aged mice deficient in fibrillin-1 develop destructive emphysema consistent with the view that early developmental perturbations can predispose to late-onset, seemingly acquired phenotypes. We show that mice deficient in fibrillin-1 have marked dysregulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation and signaling, resulting in apoptosis in the developing lung. Perinatal antagonism of TGF-β attenuates apoptosis and rescues alveolar septation in vivo. These data indicate that matrix sequestration of cytokines is crucial to their regulated activation and signaling and that perturbation of this function can contribute to the pathogenesis of disease.
The Marginal Productivity Versus the Impatience Theory of Interest

1. The marginal productivity theory, 630. — Complete analysis required, 632.—The impatience theory, 633.— Position here taken, 634.— 2. Marginal productivity of waiting keeps interest rate up by acting on demand for present goods, 635. — Action is direct and not merely through effect on impatience, 636. — Comparison emphasized is not between present and future goods, but between greater and less amount of future, 637. — Fisher's criticism of Bohm-Bawerk criticized, 638. — 3. Marginal productivity of waiting keeps interest rate up by acting on the supply of present goods, 640. — Increased marginal productivity of waiting means higher interest, 642. — Basis of capital valuation, 644. — Distinction between land and made capital, 644. — Rate of interest and rate of impatience in part joint effects of rate of productivity of waiting, 645. — 4. Marginal productivity of waiting by acting both on demand for and supply of present goods, keeps the rate of interest from exceeding this rate of productivity, 646. — As rates of impatience and interest are both influenced by productivity of waiting, so rates of interest and marginal productivity are both influenced by impatience, 648. — 5. Recapitulation, 649.
Biopsychosocial correlates of dietary intent in middle school girls.

Abstract Adolescent girls commonly engage in weight management and dietary restriction with the hopes of changing their bodies to more closely approximate social body ideals. The purpose of this study was to examine biopsychosocial factors that predict dietary restraint. Participants ( n = 774, M age = 12.38) completed measures of dietary intent, pubertal status, sociocultural pressures, body comparison, internalization, body dissatisfaction, social support, and general self-esteem. Height, weight, and cardiorespiratory fitness were objectively measured. Pressures to lose weight and gain muscle mass, internalization of social body ideals, and friend support predicted higher levels of dietary intent; cardiorespiratory fitness predicted lower levels of dietary intent. Girls who experience pressure, adopt social body ideals as their own, and experience social support from friends may be at increased risk for disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors. Fitness may offer a protective effect against psychological and social risk factors. Additional research is needed to establish the causal nature of these relationships and determine effective methods for reducing disordered eating risk among adolescent girls.
An Evaluation of Abrasive Waterjet Peening With Elastic Prestress

Abrasive waterjet peening (AWJP) has been conceived as a new surface treatment process capable of achieving desired changes in surface texture, chemistry, and residual stress simultaneously. In the present investigation, the influence of elastic prestress on the residual stress resulting from AWJP was studied. Treatments were conducted on steel, as well as nickel and titanium alloy targets subjected to an elastic prestress ranging from 0% to 75% of the material’s yield strength. The results showed that a tensile elastic prestress increases the surface residual stress and the depth of the compressive stress zone. The surface residual stress in each metal increased nonuniformly with magnitude of prestress; the maximum surface residual stress was obtained at an applied prestress between 45% and 60% of the substrate yield strength. Overall, the increases in surface stress and depth that were obtained reached 100% and 50%, respectively. There were no changes to the surface texture caused by the prestress. According to results of this study, application of an elastic prestress can serve as an effective method for improving characteristics of the residual stress field in components treated using AWJP.
Applications using EO-1 hyperion AT-sensor and surface reflectance: comparisons and case studies

The NASA EO-1 Hyperion observations were utilized to derive at-sensor Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and ATREMcorrected surface reflectance over three study sites of different land use types. Direct comparisons between TOA and ATREM reflectance showed the most disagreement in the visible spectral region and regions that were affected by water absorption features. Nevertheless, as little as 3% overall differences were found for an arid dessert scene. Furthermore, example applications using Hyperion at-sensor TOA reflectance were investigated. Selected band ratio vegetation indices calculated from both TOA and surface reflectance were correlated (r∼0.6 to 0.94) but differed in magnitude. For instance, NDVI calculated from at-sensor TOA reflectance consistently showed lower values. A potential quick-look product using these indices to model relative vegetation stress was demonstrated in this study.
Seasonal growth of submersed macrophytes in lakes: The effects of biomass density and light competition

The long-term growth and succession of aquatic plant species in lakes have been documented in many field studies, but there has been little insight to quantify the mechanisms which determine the outcome of competitive growth. In this paper, a process-based macrophyte growth model is formulated and used to investigate the light limited growth of individual macrophyte species and of two species in competition. Closed form solutions for integral biomass production over 1 day are derived, reducing the time and depth resolution required for seasonal growth calculations. For growth in monoculture, seasonal biomass production is found to be most sensitive to the base growth and respiration rate coefficients and the temperature dependence of growth, and relatively insensitive to biomass density, and the half-saturation constant for light. The sensitivity of seasonal biomass production to basic physiological, morphological, and physical lake parameters is found to be significantly higher for growth in competition compared to growth in monoculture. For published growth parameter values, invasive species are predicted to suppress the growth of native species over a well-defined range of water depths and turbidities, largely by reaching the water surface early in the season and subsequently forming a dense surface canopy.
Observation of intermediate-range order in a nominally amorphous molecular semiconductor film

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction from a nominally amorphous molecular semiconductor film reveals both the presence of intermediate-range order (IRO) corresponding to crystalline domains with an average size of a few nanometres, and the growth of these domains upon exposure of the film to moisture.
Interviewing Children Versus Tossing Coins: Accurately Assessing the Diagnosticity of Children's Disclosures of Abuse

We describe a Bayesian approach to evaluating children's abuse disclosures and review research demonstrating that children's disclosure of genital touch can be highly probative of sexual abuse, with the probative value depending on disclosure spontaneity and children's age. We discuss how some commentators understate the probative value of children's disclosures by: confusing the probability of abuse given disclosure with the probability of disclosure given abuse, assuming that children formally questioned about sexual abuse have a low prior probability of sexual abuse, misstating the probative value of abuse disclosure, and confusing the distinction between disclosure and nondisclosure with the distinction between true and false disclosures. We review interviewing methods that increase the probative value of disclosures, including interview instructions, narrative practice, noncontingent reinforcement, and questions about perpetrator/caregiver statements and children's reactions to the alleged abuse.
Metabolic Costs and Muscle Activity Patterns During Robotic- and Therapist-Assisted Treadmill Walking in Individuals With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Background and Purpose. Robotic devices that provide passive guidance and stabilization of the legs and trunk during treadmill stepping may increase the delivery of locomotor training to subjects with neurological injury. Lower-extremity guidance also may reduce voluntary muscle activity as compared with compliant assistance provided by therapists. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in metabolic costs and lower-limb muscle activity patterns during robotic- and therapist-assisted treadmill walking. Subjects. Twelve ambulatory subjects with motor incomplete spinal cord injury participated. Methods. In 2 separate protocols, metabolic and electromyographic (EMG) data were collected during standing and stepping on a treadmill with therapist and robotic assistance. During robotic-assisted walking, subjects were asked to match the kinematic trajectories of the device and maximize their effort. During therapist-assisted walking, subjects walked on the treadmill with manual assistance provided as necessary. Results. Metabolic costs and swing-phase hip flexor EMG activity were significantly lower when subjects were asked to match the robotic device trajectories than with therapist-assisted walking. These differences were reduced when subjects were asked to maximize their effort during robotic-assisted stepping, although swing-phase plantar-flexor EMG activity was increased. In addition, during standing prior to therapist- or robotic-assisted stepping, metabolic costs were higher without stabilization from the robotic device. Discussion and Conclusion. Differences in metabolic costs and muscle activity patterns between therapist- and robotic-assisted standing and stepping illustrate the importance of minimizing passive guidance and stabilization provided during step training protocols.
How buyers view industrial salespeople

Abstract Despite an increasing interest in “interactive” explanations of salesperson performance, few studies include the buyer's views of salespeople. This article reports the findings of a study of 249 buyers from the electric utility industry. Results suggest that buyers from three functional areas—purchasing, engineering, and operations—vary significantly in their preferences for salesperson behavior. The implications for salesperson role modification are discussed.
A grid-based approach for simulating stream temperature

[1] Applications of grid-based systems are widespread in many areas of environmental analysis. In this study, the concept is adapted to the modeling of water temperature by integrating a macroscale hydrologic model, variable infiltration capacity (VIC), with a computationally efficient and accurate water temperature model. The hydrologic model has been applied to many river basins at scales from 0.0625° to 1.0°. The water temperature model, which uses a semi-Lagrangian numerical scheme to solve the one-dimensional, time-dependent equations for thermal energy balance in advective river systems, has been applied and tested on segmented river systems in the Pacific Northwest. The state-space structure of the water temperature model described in previous work is extended to include propagation of uncertainty. Model results focus on proof of concept by comparing statistics from a study of a test basin with results from other studies that have used either process models or statistical models to estimate water temperature. The results from this study compared favorably with those of selected case studies using data-driven statistical models. The results for deterministic process models of water temperature were generally better than the grid-based method, particularly for those models developed from site-specific, data-intensive studies. Biases in the results from the grid-based system are attributed to heterogeneity in hydraulic characteristics and the method of estimating headwater temperatures.