cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropic estimation of optimal transport maps

We develop a computationally tractable method for estimating the optimal map between two distributions over $\mathbb{R}^d$ with rigorous finite-sample guarantees. Leveraging an entropic version of Brenier's theorem, we show that our estimator -- the barycentric projection of the optimal entropic plan -- is easy to compute using Sinkhorn's algorithm. As a result, unlike current approaches for map estimation, which are slow to evaluate when the dimension or number of samples is large, our approach is parallelizable and extremely efficient even for massive data sets. Under smoothness assumptions on the optimal map, we show that our estimator enjoys comparable statistical performance to other estimators in the literature, but with much lower computational cost. We showcase the efficacy of our proposed estimator through numerical examples. Our proofs are based on a modified duality principle for entropic optimal transport and on a method for approximating optimal entropic plans due to Pal (2019).
Japan’s Digital Divide

Japan is the world’s third largest economy and an ICT leading nation. The Japanese conceptual model posits that twelve independent factors influence ten technology utilization factors, with several unique variables for sub-national investigation including patents and prefectural openness score. Spatial analysis indicates hugely populous Tokyo prefecture as dominant in ICTs. Cluster analysis indicates high-ICT clusters surrounding and to the west of Tokyo, and low levels of ICTs in rural areas on the periphery of the main Honshu Island and in other major islands. The correlates of ICTs are patents, newspaper circulation, students/pupils, education expenditures, and urban/rural location. Japanese policies are recommended such as government and private partners in high-tech prefectures providing training to the lowest cluster regions, and subsidizing national universities to reach out to deprived societal elements. Cases are examined, in light of the model findings, of extending fiber-optic cable to a rural mountainous village in Hokkaido and a poultry council that created a safety system on the rural periphery of Kyoto city.
Looking Forward, Looking Backward: Undoing the Bush Years

The Obama administration has claimed that it wishes to “look forward, not backward,” especially, with regard to the contentious antiterrorism policies promulgated by the Bush administration and to the controversial theory of executive power (and the consequences of that theory, as to the president’s relationship with the other two branches of government) under which the former administration operated. Presidency scholars, as well as voters who endorsed “change” in the 2008 presidential election, are watching intently to see if and how the new administration will reverse the contested policies and processes that were the hallmark of the Bush administration. This paper lays the groundwork for such an examination. It begins by looking at two key administration players in the formulation of legal policy: White House Counsel Gregory Craig and Attorney General Eric Holder. It then compares the policy- making approaches of the two administrations, and follows with a preliminary look at the Obama administration’s relations with Congress and the courts. It concludes that President Obama has discarded the rhetoric of the Bush administration – its resorts to “the unitary presidency theory,” to claims of “inherent executive power,” and to the Commander-in-Chief clause as a source of policy authority – and instead, has articulated the goal of producing policies intended to endure for the long-term that are consistent with our constitutional values and legal traditions. It has emphasized its desire to work with Congress in policy formulation, in stark contrast with its predecessor. The one area where its efforts, to date, appear little changed, if at all, from its predecessor, is in its legal arguments in briefs in pending federal cases where it asserts a reduced role for the judiciary in national security cases.
Dentate gyrus and ca1 ensemble activity during spatial reference frame shifts in the presence and absence of visual input.

In rats shuttling between a variably placed landmark of origin and a fixed goal, place fields of hippocampal CA1 cells encode location in two spatial reference frames. On the initial part of the outbound journey, place fields encode location with respect to the origin while on the final segment, place fields are aligned with the goal (Gothard et al., 1996b). An abrupt switch of reference frame can be induced experimentally by shortening the distance between the origin and the goal. Two linked hypotheses concerning this effect were addressed: (1) that the persistent, landmark-referenced firing results from some internal dynamic process (e.g., path integration or "momentum") and is not a result of maintained sensory input from the landmark of origin; and (2) that this hypothetical process is generated by connections either within CA3 or between CA3 and CA1, in which case the effect might be absent from the dentate gyrus. Neuronal ensemble recordings were made simultaneously from CA1 and the dentate gyrus as rats shuttled on a linear track between a variably located box and a goal, under light or dark conditions. The box-referenced firing persisted significantly longer in the dark in both hippocampal subfields, suggesting a competitive interaction between an internal dynamic process and external sensory cues. The similarity between reference frame transitions in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 region suggests that this process probably occurs before CA3, possibly in the entorhinal cortex or subiculum.
A Review of “CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety”

(1997). A Review of “CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety”. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 157-157.
Biologically inspired vision systems

Computer vision researchers design intelligent machines capable of perceiving visual information. One of many approaches is to model the fascinating visual processing done by primates. The eyes, the brain, and their interconnections provide a rich set of visual perceptions without conscious effort. How primates “see” has long been an intriguing research question in neuroscience, biology, physiology, and psychology. Based on discoveries in these fields, computer scientists have attempted to apply biologically plausible models to the design of visual machines. While still inferior to primates, the performance of existing systems has been demonstrated to be quite promising. It appears that a machine based on biological principles can be simple yet achieve high accuracy and generalize well. This thesis takes a closer look at an artificial vision system based on biological principles, specifically with respect to object recognition and categorization. An existing system will be investigated, followed by various modifications leading to a new and improved system. The proposed model employs unsupervised feature learning, simulating a hypercolumn of the primary visual cortex, a hierarchical feed-forward framework, mimicking simple and complex cells, and finally neural network classification, based on a computational model of interconnected neurons. Compared to existing approaches, the proposed system is not only more biologically inclined, but also more effective. With significantly shorter running times it achieves good accuracies on several data sets compared to other state-of-the-art systems. Another key feature is good generalizability. The proposed approach does not rely on delicate domain specific segmentation procedures often employed by traditional vision systems. There are few parameters and a single set of parameters can be applied to images from different domains without significant loss of accuracy. In order to evaluate the system, experiments are conducted both on a commonly used collection of natural scenes as well as a challenging collection of realistic underwater marine images. The latter data is a rather uncommon data source in the computer vision community. Although automated labeling of various species of tiny planktonic organisms has recently attracted the attention of a number of researchers, biologically inspired vision systems had not previously been applied to this kind of data. Despite domain specific difficulties, such as low image quality, and high diversity of shapes and motions, the potential of the proposed system is shown to be quite promising. Given the demonstrated performance, there is a high likelihood that such a system could substantially facilitate research of the planet’s ocean ecosystems. As plankton plays an important role in the carbon cycle, high-volume automated labeling of planktonic specimens may lead to new insights concerning global climate changes. The encouraging experimental results in the marine domain bode well for future application of the proposed approach to other domains currently not considered by mainstream computer vision applications.
Refined Inequalities for Stable Marriage

We consider two approaches to the stable marriage problem: proposal algorithms and describing the stable matching polytope using linear inequalities. We illuminate the relationship between the two approaches. Beginning with a set of linear inequalities that describe the stable matching polytope, we describe a process of refining the set of linear inequalities by eliminating redundant constraints and pruning the preference lists to eliminate unattainable assignments. We show that it is trivial to use the pruned preference lists to find the firm-optimal and worker-optimal stable matchings. We then describe a new procedure that combines a proposal algorithm and our refining process to find a stable matching that does not favor one group over the other. Finally, we apply our refining process to problems in which couples submit preferences over pairs of positions.
Dalbavancin for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections

Introduction: Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) have increased in incidence and severity. The involvement of resistant organisms, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, presents additional challenges. The lipoglycopeptide dalbavancin has a prolonged half-life, high protein binding, and excellent tissue levels which led to its development as a once-weekly treatment for ABSSSI. In the pivotal DISCOVER 1 and DISCOVER 2 trials, dalbavancin proved non-inferior to vancomycin followed by linezolid when used sequentially for ABSSSI, forming the basis for its recent approval in the US and Europe for ABSSSI.Areas covered: A literature search of published pharmacologic and clinical data was conducted to review the chemistry, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin. We also discuss its development process, highlighting efficacy and safety data from pertinent clinical trials and the role it could play in the current clinical landscape.Expert opinion: DISCOVER ...
Neuroimmune regulation of alcohol consumption: behavioral validation of genes obtained from genomic studies.

Analysis of mouse brain gene expression, using strains that differ in alcohol consumption, provided a number of novel candidate genes that potentially regulate alcohol consumption. We selected six genes [beta-2-microglobulin (B2m), cathepsin S (Ctss), cathepsin F (Ctsf), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (Il1rn), CD14 molecule (Cd14) and interleukin 6 (Il6)] for behavioral validation using null mutant mice. These genes are known to be important for immune responses but were not specifically linked to alcohol consumption by previous research. Null mutant mice were tested for ethanol intake in three tests: 24 hr two-bottle choice, limited access two-bottle choice and limited access to one bottle of ethanol. Ethanol consumption and preference were reduced in all the null mutant mice in the 24 hr two-bottle choice test, the test that was the basis for selection of these genes. No major differences were observed in consumption of saccharin in the null mutant mice. Deletion of B2m, Ctss, Il1rn, Cd14 and Il6 also reduced ethanol consumption in the limited access two bottle choice test for ethanol intake; with the Il1rn and Ctss null mutants showing reduced intake in all three tests (with some variation between males and females). These results provide the most compelling evidence to date that global gene expression analysis can identify novel genetic determinants of complex behavioral traits. Specifically, they suggest a novel role for neuroimmune signaling in regulation of alcohol consumption.
Small-Company Initial Public Offerings: The Impact of SEC Registration Form S—18

This paper reports on the impact of SEC registration Form S–18 on the new-issues securities market. Form S–18 was intended as an easier, faster, and less costly alternative for small companies to raise public capital. The findings indicate that Form S–18 offerings were slightly less costly and were processed faster than Form S–1 offerings. They also suggest that Form S–18 has helped smaller, start-up companies go public, that potential investors may face additional risk when purchasing Form S–18 offerings, and that underwriters were sensitive to the added risk.
Constructing adaptable and scalable synthetic benchmarks for microprocessor performance evaluation

Benchmarks set standards for innovation in computer architecture research and industry product development. Consequently, it is of paramount importance that the benchmarks used in computer architecture research and development are representative of real-world applications. However, composing such representative workloads poses practical challenges to application analysis teams and benchmark developers - (1) Benchmarks that are standardized are open-source whereas applications of interest are typically proprietary, (2) Benchmarks are rigid, measure single-point performance, and only represent a sample of the application behavior space, (3) Benchmark suites take several years to develop, but applications evolve at a faster rate, and (4) Benchmarks geared towards temperature and power characterization are difficult to develop and standardize. The objective of this dissertation is to develop an adaptive benchmark generation strategy to construct synthetic benchmarks to address these benchmarking challenges. We propose an approach for automatically distilling key hardware-independent performance attributes of a proprietary workload and capture them into a miniature synthetic benchmark clone. The advantage of the benchmark clone is that it hides the functional meaning of the code, but exhibits similar performance and power characteristics as the target application across a wide range of microarchitecture configurations. Moreover, the dynamic instruction count of the synthetic benchmark clone is substantially shorter than the proprietary application, greatly reducing overall simulation time—for the SPEC CPU 2000 suite, the simulation time reduction is over five orders of magnitude compared to the entire benchmark execution. We develop an adaptive benchmark generation strategy that trades off accuracy to provide the flexibility to easily alter program characteristics. The parameterization of workload metrics makes it possible to succinctly describe an application's behavior using a limited number of fundamental program characteristics. This provides the ability to alter workload characteristics and construct scalable benchmarks that allows researchers to explore a wider range of the application behavior space, conduct program behavior studies, and model emerging workloads. The parameterized workload model is the foundation for automatically constructing power and temperature oriented synthetic workloads. We show that machine learning algorithms can be effectively used to search the application behavior space to automatically construct benchmarks for evaluating the power and temperature characteristics of a computer architecture design. The need for a scientific approach to construct synthetic benchmarks, to complement application benchmarks, has long been recognized by the computer architecture research community, and this dissertation work is a significant step towards achieving that goal.
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist Rosiglitazone Ameliorates Murine Lupus by Induction of Adiponectin

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease for which current therapy is suboptimal. SLE is characterized by autoantibody production, with renal disease and premature atherosclerosis being common and severe manifestations causing appreciable morbidity and mortality. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists are widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus for their insulin-sensitizing properties, but also have immunomodulatory effects. In this report, we show that the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone reduces autoantibody production, renal disease, and atherosclerosis in mouse models of SLE. The beneficial effect of rosiglitazone on SLE manifestations depends on the induction of adiponectin, because rosiglitazone has no effect on autoantibody production or renal disease in lupus mice that lack adiponectin. In addition, lupus mice that lack adiponectin develop more severe disease than adiponectin-sufficient lupus mice, indicating that endogenous adiponectin is involved in regulating disease activity. Furthermore, administration of exogenous adiponectin ameliorates disease. These experiments suggest that PPARγ agonists may be useful agents for the treatment of SLE. They also demonstrate that induction of adiponectin is a major mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effects of PPARγ agonists.
Transfecting Protoplasts by Electroporation to Study Viroid Replication

Protoplasts have been extensively used to study replication of plant viruses at the cellular level. However, their use in studying viroid replication has been very limited because of various technical barriers. As a result, mechanisms of viroid replication remain poorly understood. The electroporation protocol presented in this unit offers a simple, fast and reproducible method to inoculate protoplasts derived from cultured cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and the related species Nicotiana benthamiana to study viroid replication. The protocol has proven to be useful in characterizing sequence/structural features of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) that are important for replication at the cellular level, and may be adapted to study the replication of other viroids. Keywords: viroid; RNA; replication; protoplast; electroporation
Fast total variation regularization for higher resolution in fluorescence tomography: A split Bregman iteration approach

We present an edge-preserving regularization for fluorescence tomography that improves its resolution and noise robustness through penalizing the total variation (TV) norm of the reconstructed fluorescent distribution. Results are validated by numerical and phantom-based studies.
Solidification processing of intermetallic Nb-Al alloys

Several Nb-Al alloys, including single-phase NbAl3 and the eutectic of Nb2Al and NbAl3, were prepared either by nonconsumable arc melting in Ar or by zone processing in He following initial induction melting and rod casting, and the effect of the solidification route on the microstructure and room-temperature mechanical properties of these alloys was investigated. Automated control procedures and melt conditions for directional solidification of NbAl3 and the Nb2Al/Nb3Al eutectic were developed; high purity and stoichiometry were obtained. The effects of ternary additions of Ti and Ni are described.
Approximate analysis of higher cumulants for multi-degree-of-freedom random vibration

Abstract A computationally efficient methodology is presented for calculating the higher-order cumulants of the response of a linear system subjected to stationary or non- stationary stochastic excitation. The technique of state space analysis is used to derive, from the original linear system, a new system of ordinary differential equations governing the evolution of cumulants of various response variables. Complex modal analysis is employed to uncouple the new system and obtain the approximate cumulants in a reduced space of modal coordinates. An approximate methodology is developed to obtain simplified analytical solutions for some of the contributing modes by neglecting secondary dynamical effects in the corresponding modal equations. Valuable insight into the important factors affecting the reliability of such approximations is provided. The derivation and storage of the large matrix describing the system of cumulants is avoided. Instead, one uses only the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix describing the system of cumulants and of its transpose, and in the approximate analysis only the first few of these eigensolutions are usually needed. These eigensolutions are efficiently obtained from the eigensolutions of two much smaller matrices. The approximate methodology reduces drastically the computer storage and the computational effort required to solve for the response cumulants of any order. The performance and accuracy of the methododology are illustrated by examples.
The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy

Clinical gains have been reported from the use of nonstandard fractionation schedules planned with a radiobiological basis. Hyperfractionation provides the leading example, as described below, with accelerated fractionation being developed more recently. Although examples of almost every kind of fractionated schedule can be found in the literature over the past 90 years, it is only within the last decade that the biological factors concerning overall time and delayed proliferation after irradiation, and the effect of dose per fraction, have been understood. Both these factors operate differently on late- and early-reacting tissues, because cell proliferation in late-reacting tissues is slow or absent, but early reacting tissues and tumours depend upon cells that proliferate rapidly. This basic knowledge is still diffusing through the radiotherapy community and I hope this review will help the diffusion process. The biological factors concerning fractionation seem to apply to the majority of tissues and tu...
Parallel gradient projection successive overrelaxation for symmetric linear complementary problems and linear programs

A gradient projection successive overrelaxation (GP-SOR) algorithm is proposed for the solution of symmetric linear complementary problems and linear programs. A key distinguishing feature of this algorithm is that when appropriately parallelized, the relaxation factor interval (0, 2) isnot reduced. In a previously proposed parallel SOR scheme, the substantially reduced relaxation interval mandated by the coupling terms of the problem often led to slow convergence. The proposed parallel algorithm solves a general linear program by finding its least 2-norm solution. Efficiency of the algorithm is in the 50 to 100 percent range as demonstrated by computational results on the CRYSTAL token-ring multicomputer and the Sequent Balance 21000 multiprocessor.
Analysis of selective gene activation in yeast by differential display.

TATA box binding protein-associated factors (TAFIIs) are dispensable for transcription of most genes in yeast. To further investigate thein vivofunctions of TAFIIs, differential display was used to identify a small subset of yeast genes whose transcription is dependent on yeast TAFII145, the core TAFIIcomponent that contacts TATA box-binding protein (TBP). Messenger RNA profiles derived from a wild-type TAFII145 strain and a temperature-sensitive tafII145 strain were analyzed. Those genes whose messenger RNA level was greatly reduced in the temperature-sensitive tafII145 strain were cloned and further characterized. The procedure for performing differential display described here is modified from protocols provided by the manufacturer (Display Systems) and optimized for the yeast system.
Conformational pathways of Adenylate Kinase characterized by computations, pressure and experiments

Why and how do enzymes undergo conformational changes in order to perform their function?The protein Adenylate Kinase (ADK) has two major conformations, the open and closed states. The conformational transition is important for the biological function of the protein in that, 1) the protein has to transform between the two conformations for catalytic function, and 2) the conformational transition is the rate limiting step during the catalytic cycle as shown by NMR experiments. The goal of our computational studies is to answer the questions about “why and how” these conformational transitions happen. We approach this problem indirectly by analyzing how different external pressure conditions affect the dynamics and functions of both P. profundum ADK (Padk), which lives at 700 atm pressure in the deep sea, and its homologue E. coli ADK (Eadk) living at ambient pressures.Using NMR, we showed the rate of opening/closing transition in Padk increases with increasing pressures indicating that the protein possesses smaller partial molar volume in the transition state compared to its open and closed conformational states. MD simulations under pressure and TMD simulations we used to evaluate pathways of transitions in atomistic detail. Volume and surface accessible solvent area calculations per residue basis revealed physical principles underlying the different adaptations under pressure. Solvent exposure of charged residues combined with formation of ionic bridges was found to be the mechanism of the transition. The predicted pathways were verified by testing how mutations of key residues affected the enzyme conformational dynamics. The initially found steep pressure dependence of Padk in contrast to Eadk was mimicked by both the experiments with mutations and high-pressure simulations, the latter extending the conformational energy landscape to the folding/unfolding region by obtaining atomic scale detail of core hydrophobic interactions.
Family stress and parental responses to children's negative emotions: tests of the spillover, crossover, and compensatory hypotheses.

The relations between 4 sources of family stress (marital dissatisfaction, home chaos, parental depressive symptoms, and job role dissatisfaction) and the emotion socialization practice of mothers’ and fathers’ responses to children’s negative emotions were examined. Participants included 101 couples with 7-year-old children. Dyadic analyses were conducted using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model and relations were tested in terms of the spillover, crossover, and compensatory hypotheses. Results suggest that measures of family stress relate to supportive and nonsupportive parental responses, though many of these relations differ by parent gender. The results are discussed in terms of the 3 theoretical hypotheses, all of which are supported to some degree depending on the family stressor examined.
An ultrastructural examination of the mode of UV-induced toxic action of fluoranthene in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas

Juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to fluoranthene (< 0.2, 6.1, and 12.5 μg l−1) in the presence of solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR) for 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. Ultrastructural pathology of the secondary gill lamellae was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Following 12 h of exposure to 12.5 μg l−1 fluoranthene and SUVR (UV-A = 49.5 μW cm−2, UV-B = 4.2 μW cm−2), the outer mucosal layer of epithelial cells exhibited cellular swelling and dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. At 48 h, additional morphological alterations in mucosal cells included hypertrophy, blebbing of the plasma membrane, and the presence of cytolysosomes, myelinoid bodies, and lipid droplets. The staining characteristics of these droplets were consistent with that of neutral unsaturated lipids, which suggested that their formation was the result of rapid lipid peroxidation reactions. In addition, a second physiologically distinct reaction occurred within the secondary lamellae following 24 h of exposure. This reaction was inflammatory in nature, and as the exposure progressed, was characterized by edema, leukocyte infiltration, and vasoconstriction. In those fish exposed to 6.1 μg l−1 fluoranthene and SUVR, a similar progression compared to 12.5 μg l−1 exposure of mucosal cell damage and inflammatory-type reaction was evident beginning at 24 h of exposure. The net result of mucosal cell hypertrophy and the inflammatory-type reaction was a significant increase in the water-blood diffusion distance of 294% and 285% for those fish exposed to SUVR and the 12.5 and 6.1 μg l−1 fluoranthene treatments, respectively, suggesting that lethality was a consequence of respiratory stress due to the decreased oxygen diffusion capacity of the gills. These observations demonstrate that the mode of action of photo-induced fluoranthene toxicity in fish is a disruption of mucosal cell membrane function and integrity.
JOINT HYPOTHESIS TESTS FOR A RANDOM WALK BASED ON INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ESTIMATORS

. In this paper we propose test statistics for the null hypothesis of a random walk or a random walk with drift for the case in which the innovations to the series are a moving-average process. The statistics are based on the instrumental variable estimators proposed by Hall and by Pantula and Hall and are shown to have the limiting distributions tabulated by Dickey and Fuller.
Effects of novel catechol ether imidazolidinones on calcium-independent phosphodiesterase activity, [3H]rolipram binding, and reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice

A series of new catechol ether imidazolidinones incorporating structural features of rolipram and Ro 20-1724 were synthesized as inhibitors of the calcium-independent phosphodiesterase (IPDE) from rat cerebral cortex. Several compounds were found to be more potent than rolipram as IPDE inhibitors; all of the compounds studied were more potent than Ro 20-1724. The new imidazolidinones also showed affinity for the [3H]rolipram binding site in mouse brain membranes and reversed reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice at relatively low doses. In vitro, the potency of these compounds as IPDE inhibitors did not correlate with their affinity for the [3H]rolipram binding site. Reversal of reserpine hypothermia by the imidazolidinones (“antidepressant effect”) could not be linked definitively to either in vitro activity.
ICAM-directed vascular immunotargeting of antithrombotic agents to the endothelial luminal surface.

Drug targeting to a highly expressed, noninternalizable determinant up-regulated on the perturbed endothelium may help to manage inflammation and thrombosis. We tested whether inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) targeting is suitable to deliver antithrombotic drugs to the pulmonary vascular lumen. ICAM-1 antibodies bind to the surface of endothelial cells in culture, in perfused lungs, and in vivo. Proinflammatory cytokines enhance anti-ICAM binding to the endothelium without inducing internalization. 125I-labeled anti-ICAM and a reporter enzyme (β-Gal) conjugated to anti-ICAM bind to endothelium and accumulate in the lungs after intravenous administration in rats and mice. Anti-ICAM is seen to localize predominantly on the luminal surface of the pulmonary endothelium by electron microscopy. We studied the pharmacological effect of ICAM-directed targeting of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Anti-ICAM/tPA, but not control IgG/tPA, conjugate accumulates in the rat lungs, where it exerts plasminogen activator activity and dissolves fibrin microemboli. Therefore, ICAM may serve as a target for drug delivery to endothelium, for example, for pulmonary thromboprophylaxis. Enhanced drug delivery to sites of inflammation and the potential anti-inflammatory effect of blocking ICAM-1 may enhance the benefit of this targeting strategy.
INTERACTION OF MERCURIC ION WITH HAEMOGLOBIN.

THE reactivity of the sulphydryl groups of human haemoglobin has been examined in many laboratories. Recently, Cecil and Snow1 have reported spectral changes in 6 M urea at pH 9 when 8 equivalents of HgCl2 are added to oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) and metHb at 37° C. In the course of investigations in this Laboratory on the effect of HgCl2, it was observed that the addition of more than 10 equivalents of mercury per haemoglobin produces marked changes in the absorption spectra and the rotatory dispersion curves of both HbO2 and metHb. The final product, in both instances, is similar to acid-denatured protein. Hardman and Gurd2 have made essentially the same observations when copper or zinc reacts with metmyoglobin.
The rate of reaction between cytochrome C peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide is not diffusion limited.

Abstract The apparent biomolecular rate constant for the cytochrome c peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.5)-hydrogen peroxide reaction has been measured as a function of temperature between 5 and 25°C at pH 4, 5.5, and 7 and as a function of viscosity over a fifteen-fold range. From the independence of the rate constant on the viscosity, it is concluded that the reaction is not diffusion limited.
Pre-RIP color management for soft proofing

In an ideal situation, a color managed soft proof is generated by the same Raster Image Processor (RIP) that produces the final raster data for printing. In real-world scenarios, this soft proofing capability is often absent. To overcome this limitation, we developed a workflow using the Adobe PDF library for producing color managed soft proofs before incoming jobs from the web are sent to the RIP. This paper discusses color management challenges that presented themselves and how they were addressed. It also highlights a few specific cases where the separation into subsequent color management and transparency blending processes caused unexpected results and how they were dealt with. Such a system can be implemented as a cloud-based solution to provide end-customers with a quick, inexpensive and reasonably accurate preview of print products before the job is submitted.
Phosphorus Nutrition and the Treatment of Osteoporosis

Bone mineral consists of calcium phosphate, and phosphorus is as important as calcium in supporting bone augmentation and maintenance. Although typical adult diets contain abundant phosphorus, 10% to 15% of older women have intakes of less than 70% of the recommended daily allowance. When these women take high-dose calcium supplements that consist of the carbonate or citrate salts, all their food phosphorus may be bound and hence unavailable for absorption. Current-generation anabolic agents for treating osteoporosis require positive phosphorus balances of up to 90 mg/d. Attention to the nutritional adequacy of the diets of such patients is essential if they are to realize the full potential of such therapies. A calcium phosphate supplement may be preferable to the usual carbonate or citrate salts because its phosphate serves to spare food phosphorus.
Physician recommendations regarding tamoxifen and patient utilization of tamoxifen after surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ

BACKGROUND To date, the impact of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-24 trial reported in 1999 on the use of tamoxifen after surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is unknown. The current study was designed to evaluate the impact of NSABP B-24 on current practices at a comprehensive cancer center. METHODS The records of 350 consecutive patients with DCIS who were treated at the authors' institution between July 1999 and June 2002 were obtained from a prospective database and analyzed. Whether patients were offered tamoxifen, whether patients accepted tamoxifen, and the associated reasons were recorded along with tamoxifen-related side effects and patient compliance with therapy. Clinical and pathologic factors were evaluated for their impact on recommendations regarding tamoxifen. Differences were assessed by chi-square analysis. RESULTS Of the 350 patients, 73 were excluded because of evidence of invasive carcinoma on final pathology review. Of the remaining 277 patients, 166 patients (60%) were offered tamoxifen, and 90 patients (54%) chose to take tamoxifen. Of 111 patients who were not offered tamoxifen, 39 patients (35%) had documented explanations, which included bilateral mastectomy (n = 25 patients), medical reasons (n = 10 patients), and already received tamoxifen for other reasons at the time of diagnosis (n = 4 patients). Of 94 patients who received tamoxifen, 20 patients (21%) discontinued use because of side effects or complications. Tamoxifen was more likely to be recommended for women who underwent segmental resection compared with women who underwent total mastectomy (P = 0.002) and for women with smaller pathologic DCIS tumors (P = 0.001). In addition, these two factors were interrelated. CONCLUSIONS Physicians and patients remain cautious regarding the use of tamoxifen after local treatment for DCIS. The current findings have implications for current trials evaluating aromatase inhibitors and other chemopreventive agents for this disease. Cancer 2004;100:942–9. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Development of a Biomedical Innovation Economy-Panama

In this study we consider the progress toward the development of innovation incubators within the Central American country of Panama. We attempt to identify the extent to which Panama, as a developing country with a small market size, has recognized the importance of technology and innovation in its efforts to build a sustainable economy. We examined the “Triple Helix” government-academia-industry model (Etzkowitz, 2008), and applied it to the bioscience sector, while also incorporating the role of foreign collaborators. By reinforcing and maintaining synergies among all stakeholders, while also concentrating resources in the areas of strengths and increasing R&D expenditures, Panama could become a key regional player in the bioscience sector. Examples of cooperative research innovation are highlighted, and suggestions are made to enhance their commercialization potential.
Gossip, Scandal and Popular Culture in Golden Age Brazil

This essay explores both the nature of popular culture and its relationship to the dominant culture in Minas Gerais, the gold mining center of Brazil, during the eighteenth century. The main thesis of the essay is that the popular culture was able to resist modification by the dominant culture (the Catholic Church, the Portuguese state and key sectors of the colonial elite) in critical areas of life and thereby forced the dominant culture to accommodate to its values. The vehicle for the expression of the popular culture was the voz popular or peoples' voice which was articulated by murmuracao, murmurings or gossip. The values, power and functioning of the voz popular is explored in various social and cultural contexts.
Parental interpersonal perceptual style, child adjustment, and parent—Child interactions

This research examined relationships between parental interpersonal perceptual style (IPS)—the extent to which they are biased in their perceptions of children's behaviors—and (a) the adjustment of their own children and (b) parent-child interactions. In two studies, groups of parents first viewed a videotape of a male or female “target” child interacting with an adult in a playroom and then completed a behavior checklist about the target child that measured their IPS. In Study 1, parents' (especially fathers') IPS was found to be related to interaction between them and their 5-to7-year-old child; for example, the less negatively biased the father was, the more likely the child was to openly display antagonistic behavior toward his or her parents. In Study 2, fathers' (but not mothers') IPS was found to be related to the teacher- and peer-assessed level of psychosocial adjustment of their own third-grade child; fathers of “problem” children tended to be more negatively biased in their perceptions than were fathers of either “adequate” or “highly adjusted” children. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the role that person perception processes play in family functioning and child development.
On the quantization of linear maps

Abstract The quantum mechanics of some maps have been studied as means to understand the implications of “chaos” in quantum systems. Maps exhibiting highly complex classical dynamics can also be quantized. Linear maps that are classically unstable are simple systems that can be exactly solved, and here we do the same for their quantum version, namely find the eigenfunctions of the unitary operator that propagates states in one discrete time step. Here we discuss maps in a two-dimensional (non-compact) phase space where the instability is a hyperbolic fixed point that is either ordinary or “reflecting.” The essential technique uses a basis that separates the time evolution of the dynamical variables. This also provides us a convenient basis to study the transition in the eigenfunctions when the classical map's fixed point changes from a stable elliptic case to a hyperbolic one.
VARIABLE CAM TIMING: CONSEQUENCES TO AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE CONTROL DESIGN

Abstract One objective of this paper is to illuminate fuel economy and emission improvement mechanisms of variable cam timing systems and analyze their effects on engine control system design. By retarding or advancing the cam phase one can vary the engine volumetric efficiency, as well as the amount of exhaust gas that dilutes the air charge. Combining these effects with intake manifold and engine speed dynamics leads to a complex behavior of engine air-charge and torque that requires special handling by the engine control system. This paper reviews control algorithms for VCT engines that have been reported in the literature.
A direct microassay for serum retinol (vitamin A alcohol) by using size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Abstract Serum retinol (bound to plasma retinol-binding protein, RBP) can be determined by direct injection of as little as 20 μl of serum or plasma by using size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Toyo Soda TSK G-3000SW columns (0.75 × 7.5-cm guard column plus 0.75 × 30-cm analytical column) were eluted with 0.2 m NaCl/0.01 m phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at 1 ml/min, with detection at 280 nm for protein elution. Fluorescence of the retinol-RBP complex was monitored with excitation at 334 nm (interference filter) and emission at 425 nm (long-pass filter). The retinol-RBP complex eluted as two peaks, the holo-RBP-transthyretin complex (apparent molecular weight 70,000) and holo-RBP (apparent molecular weight 9000). Identities of these peaks were established by immunodiffusion assay of the proteins and by extraction and analysis of retinol. Nonideal interactions with the column packing seem to be responsible for the low apparent molecular weight of holo-RBP. The first peak predominated when large volumes of serum (100 to 250 μl) were injected, and the second when small volumes (5 to 50 μl) were analyzed. The integrated area of the two fluorescence peaks due to retinol bound to RBP was proportional to the volume of a serum sample injected over the range 5 to 250 μl. Rat serum samples were analyzed for retinol by SE-HPLC and by conventional extraction and HPLC analysis; over the range 4 to 67 μg retinol/dl serum (0.14 to 2.34 μ m ), a linear relationship was observed between the results of the two assay techniques ( n = 25, r = 0.93). Reproducibility was ±4% within-day, ±6% between days. At a signal:noise ratio of 5:1, the minimum amount of retinol quantitable was 1 ng, corresponding to 5 μg retinol/dl (0.17 μ m ) for a 20-μl injection.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Three New N-Heterocyclic Silylenes

Three new stable silylenes, rac-1,3,4-tri-tert-butyl-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopentane-2-ylide (5), 1,3-di-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopentane-2-ylide (6), and rac-1,3-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopentane-2-ylide (7), have been synthesized by the reaction of their corresponding dibromides with KC8. Unlike the analogous silylene 2, which lacks any backbone substitution and tetramerizes in concentrated solution or as a solid, silylenes 5, 6, and 7 show no tendency to oligomerize. The reactions of 5 with tert-butanol and chloroalkanes give only 1:1 O−H or C−Cl insertion products; with adamantyl azide 5 yields the spirosilatetrazoline 8, while with mesityl azide it gives the azadisilacyclopropane 9.
Tourism's contribution to the demand for London's lively arts

How much of the attendance at London's lively arts comes from tourism? This question steers the inquiry, which involves model that distinguishes resident demand from tourist demand. Data for the empirical work are time series on individual arts companies, and accordingly the estimation method allows for autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. Estimation indicates that, consonant with time-allocation logic, tourist demand depends importantly upon income whereas resident demand does not. It is shown that tourists, whose arts participation rate averages only 8%, account for 65% of attendance and that the elasticity measuring the attendance response to tourism equals 0.645. It must be concluded that if it were not for overseas visitors to London, it is doubtful whether West End theatres could remain open throughout the summer. Society of West End Theatre (1982, pp. 6–7)
DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE FROM METHOTREXATE-RFSISTANT HUMAN OSTEOSARCOMA CELLS

Dihydrofolate reuctase from human osteosarcoma cell lines resistant to Methotrexate (MTX) were examined. MTX resistance in TE85 osteosarcoma sublines was produced by exposing cells to gradually increasing concentrations of MTX. Cloned sublines of MTX-resistant cells are maintained in media containing 10−8 (TE85/F.8), 10−7 (TE85/R7), or 10−6M MTX (TE85/R6). Partial purification of human dihydrofolate reductase from both sensitive and resistant osteosarcoma cell lines was achieved using folate-sepharose affinity chromatography. Although the TE85/R6 cell line was 120-fold more resistant to MTX than the MTX-sensitive cells, the amplification of enzyme activity was only 3.3-fold. Monoclonal antibodies raised against dihydrofolate reductase from a MTX-resistant subline of L1210 murine leukemia cells (Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 26:229, 1985) cross-reacted with reductases from human cells. Immunostaining with these antibodies was used to rapidly visualize elevated amounts of dihydrofolate reductase in MTX-resistant osteosarcoma cells. Further delineation of the exact mechanisms(s) accounting for the MTX resistance in these human osteosarcoma cells is currently under investigation.
Prostaglandin synthesis and binding is increased in regressing NMU mammary carcinoma.

Abstract Mammary tumors induced in Buffalo rats by treatment with nitrosomethyl urea will regress after oophorectomy. Their ability to synthesize and bind prostaglandins E and F 2 α was studied in the growing and regressing states. Prostaglandins present in suspensions of 100,000 xg tumor membranes after 2 hr incubation at 37°C ± 5×10 −4 M indomethacin were partially purified by silica gel column chromatography before assay by specific PG RIA. The amounts of PGE and F 2 α synthesized rose from 0.13 and 10.5 ng/mg protein in the growing tumors to a maximum of 1.2 and 26.5 ng/mg protein 5 days after oophorectomy. Specific binding of 3 H-PGE 2 and 3 H-PGF 2 α to 15,000 xg tumor membranes was achieved during a 45 min incubation at 23°C ± excess unlabelled PG. Free and bound prostaglandins were separated by filtration. Binding reached equilibrium after 30 min, was saturable and reversible. Scatchard analysis revealed high affinity binding of PGF 2 α but only low affinity PGE 2 binding in membranes obtained from growing tumors. A 2–3-fold increase in specific binding of PGE 2 and PGF 2 α was noted at 4 days after oophorectomy which represented an increase in the number of PGF 2 α receptors. PGE 2 binding retained a low affinity character. The elevated PGF 2 α synthesis rates observed in the regressing tumors coupled with a regression-associated increase in receptor number suggests that PGF 2 α-plays a significant role in hormone-dependent mammary tumor regression.