cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests: Human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS

A total of 34 dynamic matched frontal sled tests were performed, 17 low (2.5g, Δv=4.8kph) and 17 medium (5.0g, Δv=9.7kph), with five male human volunteers of approximately 50th percentile height and weight, a Hybrid III 50th percentile male ATD, and three male PMHS. Each volunteer was exposed to two impulses at each severity, one relaxed and one braced prior to the impulse. A total of four tests were performed at each severity with the ATD and one trial was performed at each severity with each PMHS. A Vicon motion analysis system, 12 MX-T20 2 megapixel cameras, was used to quantify subject 3D kinematics (±1mm) (1kHz). Excursions of select anatomical regions were normalized to their respective initial positions and compared by test condition and between subject types. The forward excursions of the select anatomical regions generally increased with increasing severity. The forward excursions of relaxed human volunteers were significantly larger than those of the ATD for nearly every region at both severities. The forward excursions of the upper body regions of the braced volunteers were generally significantly smaller than those of the ATD at both severities. Forward excursions of the relaxed human volunteers and PMHSs were fairly similar except the head CG response at both severities and the right knee and C7 at the medium severity. The forward excursions of the upper body of the PMHS were generally significantly larger than those of the braced volunteers at both severities. Forward excursions of the PMHSs exceeded those of the ATD for all regions at both severities with significant differences within the upper body regions. Overall human volunteers, ATD, and PMHSs do not have identical biomechanical responses in low-speed frontal sled tests but all contribute valuable data that can be used to refine and validate computational models and ATDs used to assess injury risk in automotive collisions.
ENHANCING COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION IN THE WESTERN CARIBBEAN

The principal goal of this article is to make specific suggestions regarding how to enhance community-based tourism development and conservation in tourist destinations with heterogeneous social and cultural contexts and fragile environments. The article uses the example of the Bay Islands, Honduras, to demonstrate the obstacles and opportunities for integrated community-based tourism and conservation. These recommendations stem directly from almost twenty years of research efforts in the region and are among the major conclusions of my recent book, The Other Side of Paradise: Tourism, Conservation, and Development in the Bay Islands (Stonich 2000).
Error rates of Belavkin weighted quantum measurements and a converse to Holevo's asymptotic optimality theorem

We compare several instances of pure-state Belavkin weighted square-root measurements from the standpoint of minimum-error discrimination of quantum states. The quadratically weighted measurement is proven superior to the so-called ``pretty good measurement'' (PGM) in a number of respects: (1) Holevo's quadratic weighting unconditionally outperforms the PGM in the case of two-state ensembles, with equality only in trivial cases. (2) A converse of a theorem of Holevo is proven, showing that a weighted measurement is asymptotically optimal only if it is quadratically weighted. Counterexamples for three states are constructed. The cube-weighted measurement of Ballester, Wehner, and Winter is also considered. Sufficient optimality conditions for various weights are compared.
Kilovar planning for Southern California edison

EFFECTIVE KILOVAR PLANNING, which is becoming capacitor planning for many electrical systems, requires detailed knowledge of system reactive power characteristics and operating requirements. Planning kilovar generating capacity then becomes analogous to planning kilowatt generating capacity. In both instances, load is forecast and generating capacity for the load plus appropriate reserve for system contingencies is planned.
Visual Observations on the Malter Effect

The thin film field emission (Malter effect) from ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ films on Al was investigated (1) by coating the film with a fine dust of willemite and observing the behavior of the primary beam; (2) by forming an electron image of the surface by means of the Malter current from it. The behavior of these films, while exhibiting the Malter effect, may be summarized as follows: 1. The potential of the front surface of the electrode is a saw-tooth function of time at any point, and nonuniform over the surface at any instant. 2. The current density of the primary beam at the surface varies, correspondingly, because of the varying electric field above the surface. 3. A time lag exists between the application of voltage across the film and the establishment of the Malter current. 4. The Malter current issues chiefly from a number of isolated points on the surface, and the current from any one of these points varies with time. 5. The emitting points are scattered over the entire surface of the electrode, with some preferential grouping in the region covered by the primary beam. 6. Some of the electrons constituting the Malter current have a kinetic energy corresponding in order of magnitude to the voltage drop across the film. 7. The Malter electrons leave the film with a wide range of speeds.
Renormalization of scalar quartic and Yukawa couplings in unified gauge theories based on E 6

Renormalization group equations for scalar and Yukawa couplings in gauge theories based on the exceptional groupE 6 are analyzed. Asymptotic freedom is possible only for a limited set of scalar fields, and then only if several fermion generations are present. The infrared behavior of the scalar quartic coupling constants is striking: they are necessarily driven out of the region of positivity of the classical potential. Some useful group theoretic relations inE 6 are given in an Appendix.
The role of laser Doppler flowmetry in assessing the viability of bone fragments in an open fracture

The management of open fractures requires excision of all devitalised tissues, both bony and soft tissue, and failure to do so is likely to increase the risk of infection. This study evaluated the applicability of laser Doppler flowmetry for the objective evaluation of fracture fragment viability in an experimental open ballistic fracture over a period of 12 h. The results indicate that this technique could not be used to distinguish between vascularised and non-vascularised fragments at any time, and did not aid the surgeon in their decision making at the time of wound excision. Subjective evaluation, based upon the degree of soft tissue attachment of fragments, was a far better indicator of fragment vascularity, although it had a relatively low specificity. There remains the need for education and training for trauma surgeons in the evaluation of fragment viability to ensure adequate wound excision as part of fracture management.
The use of a new relaxation method in a case of tension headache

A tension headache sufferer was treated with a newly developed procedure called behavioral relaxation training that assumes relaxed postures. The client was a 21 yr old female who had a 15-yr chronicity of headaches. During treatment, headache activity was reduced to a near zero level. After the first week of behavioral relaxation training, a second week of that training was administered combined with EMG biofeedback, followed by one more week of behavioral relaxation training alone. The combination phase was employed to determine if the addition of biofeedback would produce a more relaxed state. There were no significant differences in terms of EMG levels of muscular activity. Results are discussed regarding alternative explanations of the results and future research proposals.
Phospholipid composition in the mitochondria of the housefly, Musca domestica: a re-examination.

Abstract The phospholipid composition in the mitochondria of the housefly is similar to those of other aerobic organisms with respect to the content of cardiolipin. However, the housefly's mitochondria contains a large amount of phosphatidylethanolamine but relatively little phosphatidylcholine. Whereas approximately equal amounts of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are present in mitochondria of other organisms.
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEPTACHLOR AND HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE IN SOIL BY CUCURBITACEAE

Plants in the family of Cucurbitaceae family are known to up take organochlorines. This study was designed to screen seven cultivars of the Lagenaria siceraria species of the Cucurbitaceae family to determine their capacity to remediate heptachlor- and heptachlor epoxide-contaminated soil. The seven Lagenaria cultivars were grown in contaminated and uncontaminated Molokai soil for 13 weeks. The results showed that all the plants tolerated heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide at levels of 0.169 and 0.376 μg/g, respectively, in the soil and were able to bear a limited number of immature fruits during the short study period. All seven Lagenaria cultivars showed some ability to up take heptachlor epoxide into their vines with bioaccumulation factors varying from 1.0 to 5.2. The two contaminants were not detected in the fruits and heptachlor itself was not detected in the vines. The mean concentrations of heptachlor in the soil of all the pots including the no-plant control were not significantly different from t...
Industrial medicine and acute musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 5. Effective medical management of industrial injuries: from causality to case closure.

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights the physician's role in treating industrial injuries, from the initial causality determination to the eventual case closure. It is part of the chapter on industrial medicine and acute musculoskeletal rehabilitation in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. The article reviews important factors in determining whether an injury is work-related, particularly in the presence of preexisting, underlying conditions. The article addresses the roles of functional capacity examinations and work-hardening programs in facilitating successful return to work. Interactions are outlined between work return and nonwork activities of daily living, as well as financial and psychologic barriers that may impede work return. Legal issues regarding independent medical examinations and depositions are reviewed. Guidance is offered for identifying those relatively few injured workers who may require referral for surgical or other consultations. Overall Article Objectives: (a) To review the important medical, administrative, and legal challenges involved in treating injured workers and to describe strategies that physiatrists use to overcome effectively these challenges.
A non-nucleotide-bridged DNA decoy inhibits renal epithelial nitric oxide synthase expression.

A non-nucleotide–bridged DNA decoy inhibits renal epithelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Background The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is subject to strict tissue-specific transcriptional control. In mouse renal epithelium, an interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced signaling protein, IFN-γ regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), appears to mediate the induction of iNOS expression by cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods We used a novel technique, namely, blockade of cytosolic IRF-1 activity with a triethyleneglycol-bridged decoy DNA oligonucleotide (ODN) containing the IRF-1 consensus binding sequences present in the iNOS promoter to inhibit iNOS gene expression. Cultured mouse renal epithelial cells were treated with a combination of LPS (1 μg/mL) and IFN (100 U/mL) in the absence or presence of IRF-1 decoy ODN followed by determinations of NO production and iNOS protein and mRNA expression. Results Treatment with IRF-1 decoy ODN resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of NO production and a marked reduction in iNOS protein and mRNA levels. A scrambled ODN failed to affect LPS/IFN-stimulated NO production or iNOS protein and mRNA levels. Transcriptional assays showed that the IRF-1 decoy ODN inhibited transcriptional activity of an iNOS promoter-CAT gene construct. Conclusions Decoy ODN-based techniques effectively inhibit iNOS expression in renal epithelium and represent a potentially useful approach for selective blockade of this enzyme in pathologic conditions associated with excessive NO production.
Designing variation-tolerance in mixed-signal components of a system-on-chip

Nanoscale system-on-chip (SoC) devices offer potential for higher performance and reduced power consumption at lower cost. However yield and reliability of mixed-signal components in such devices become serious issues due to process variability. In this paper, we discuss a novel variation-tolerant technique for non-linearity errors in self-correctable mixed-signal components. We propose a completely digital method of test and correction of digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters (DAC/ADC) using a digital signal processor (DSP) assumed to be available on the SoC. The added hardware includes a first-order sigma-delta ADC for measurement and a low-resolution dithering DAC for correction of output. The DSP handles test pattern generation (TPG) and output response analysis (ORA) and a third-order polynomial fitting algorithm is employed to characterize the nonlinearity error. Simulation results demonstrate a reduction in nonlinearity errors of converters from ±1.5LSB down to ±0.5LSB. Our technique can also be applied to other mixed-signal devices with digital control.
The encyclopedia of life

Abstract Comparative biology, crossing the digital divide, has begun a still largely unheralded revolution: the exploration and analysis of biodiversity at a vastly accelerated pace. Its momentum will return systematics from its long sojourn at the margin and back into the mainstream of science. Its principal achievement will be a single-portal electronic encyclopedia of life.
High-aspect ratio through silicon via (TSV) technology

The density of through-silicon-via (TSV) on CMOS chip is limited by TSV dimension and keep-out zone (KOZ). A high aspect ratio Cu TSV process, 2 µm × 30 µm, is demonstrated on 28nm CMOS baseline with good electrical performance and low cost. By implementing 2 µm × 30 µm TSV, the Si stress in the vicinity of TSV caused by thermal expansion is able to be relieved. It is, therefore, shown that the relaxation of TSV stress is correlated with minimized keep-out zone (KOZ). The achievement of excellent performance of 3D-IC yield and high aspect ratio TSV embedded device characteristics are key milestones in the promising manufacturability of 3D-IC by silicon foundry technology.
Structural and Antigenic Variation among Diverse Clade 2 H5N1 Viruses

Antigenic variation among circulating H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses mandates the continuous production of strain-specific pre-pandemic vaccine candidates and represents a significant challenge for pandemic preparedness. Here we assessed the structural, antigenic and receptor-binding properties of three H5N1 HPAI virus hemagglutinins, which were recently selected by the WHO as vaccine candidates [A/Egypt/N03072/2010 (Egypt10, clade 2.2.1), A/Hubei/1/2010 (Hubei10, clade 2.3.2.1) and A/Anhui/1/2005 (Anhui05, clade 2.3.4)]. These analyses revealed that antigenic diversity among these three isolates was restricted to changes in the size and charge of amino acid side chains at a handful of positions, spatially equivalent to the antigenic sites identified in H1 subtype viruses circulating among humans. All three of the H5N1 viruses analyzed in this study were responsible for fatal human infections, with the most recently-isolated strains, Hubei10 and Egypt10, containing multiple residues in the receptor-binding site of the HA, which were suspected to enhance mammalian transmission. However, glycan-binding analyses demonstrated a lack of binding to human α2-6-linked sialic acid receptor analogs for all three HAs, reinforcing the notion that receptor-binding specificity contributes only partially to transmissibility and pathogenesis of HPAI viruses and suggesting that changes in host specificity must be interpreted in the context of the host and environmental factors, as well as the virus as a whole. Together, our data reveal structural linkages with phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of recently emerged H5N1 virus clades and should assist in interpreting the significance of future changes in antigenic and receptor-binding properties.
Sexual and physical abuse history and medical practice

The article in this issue of Genera2 Hospital Psychiatry by Walker et al. fl] has joined a growing literature pointing to the association of sexual abuse with long-term medical sequelae [2,3], particularly gastrointestinal disorders [4-6]. Similarly, an increasing body of evidence indicates that physical abuse and battering is also associated with longterm psychological and physical disorders [4,7,8]. In fact, those with a history of sexual abuse tend also to have been physically abused [1,4,7]. Walker et al. found that among patients with irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease seen at a tertiary care center, the frequency of reported sexual abuse was high (about 50% including both severe and less severe trauma). Although these two gastrointestinal (GI) diagnoses do not represent all patients seen in a referral gas~oenteroiogy practice, they comprise the majority f9]. Their data also indicate that severe abuse history is associated with a higher frequency of certain lifetime psychiatric diagnoses (major depression, dysthymic disorder, somatization, generalized anxiety disorder, and alcohol abuse), more unexplained symptoms, higher dissociation scores, and impaired emotional role function. The finding of significant differences between those with and without abuse history is particularly striking because patients at gastroenterology referral centers have generally high baseline frequen-
Object label learning by middle- and working-class, black and white, younger and older preschool children

The present study examined the ability of younger and older preschool children from different backgrounds (16 middle-class black, 16 middle-class white, 16 working-class black, and 16 working-class white) to map labels to objects and to establish inclusion relationships. The children were taught novel labels for perceptually related and unrelated unfamiliar objects. Although the groups were similar in their ability to comprehend the first label during the first session, white children produced the first label more. When additional labels were taught during subsequent sessions, the differences among the groups of children were augmented. Although children from all backgrounds applied labels to objects based on initial labelings, middle-class, white, and older children did this to a greater extent than working-class, black, and younger children. Evidence for the use of inclusion relations for perceptually related target objects was not found for the children; rather, the children used a mutually exclusive labeling strategy.
Commentary on the Makridakis Time Series Competition (M-Competition)

In 1982, the Journal of Forecasting published the results of a forecasting competition organized by Spyros Makridakis (Makridakis et al., 1982). In this, the ex ante forecast errors of 21 methods were compared for forecasts of a variety of economic time series, generally using 1001 time series. Only extrapolative methods were used, as no data were available on causal variables. The accuracies of methods were compared using a variety of accuracy measures for different types of data and for varying forecast horizons.The original paper did not contain much interpretation or discussion. Partly this was by design, to be unbiased in the presentation. A more important factor, however, was the difficulty in gaining consensus on interpretation and presentation among the diverse group of authors, many of whom have a vested interest in certain methods.In the belief that this study was of major importance, we decided to obtain a more complete discussion of the results. We do not believe that “the data speak for themselves.”
On approximate NN realization of an unknown dynamic system from its input-output history

This paper considers the problem of using input/output data to realize the dynamic equation for a continuous time nonlinear system. The issue is of paramount importance in control theory, particularly for adaptive output feedback control of unknown plants, when the measurement equation and its derivatives, due to uncertain dynamics, are unknown. Using the universal approximation property of Rumelhart-Hinton-Williams' neural networks, theorems are proved establishing the "memory window length" for input(s) and output(s) for both SISO and MIMO systems, needed for approximate realization. This result can be used to solve output feedback problems for a class of nonlinear systems without the need for a state observer.
Recent developments in the ablation of ventricular arrhythmias

Catheter ablation for the management of recurrent ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) is an emerging technology, with good efficacy in selected patients. It is an effective treatment for recurrent VA and can terminate VA during electrical storm. Recent innovations enhance the accuracy of ventricular mapping, allowing for substrate modification while the patient remains in sinus rhythm, thus facilitating the treatment of different types of VA. Epicardial ablation is now a feasible option for treating VA and increases the likelihood of success in certain types of VA. Percutaneous hemodynamic support facilitates successful ablation during poorly tolerated VA. This article reviews recent advances in catheter ablation techniques for VA and approaches to the management of specific types of VA, with a view toward future developments.
A Bayesian Nonparametric Model for Joint Relation Integration and Domain Clustering

Relational databases provide unprecedented opportunities for knowledge discovery. Various approaches have been proposed to infer structures over entity types and predict relationships among elements of these types. However, discovering structures beyond the entity type level, e.g. clustering over relation concepts, remains a challenging task. We present a Bayesian nonparametric model for joint relation and domain clustering. The model can automatically infer the number of relation clusters, which is particularly important in novel cases where little prior knowledge is known about the number of relation clusters. The approach is applied to clustering various relations in a gene database. Keywords-relational learning; clustering; Bayesian non- parametric
A Macroeconomics History of Supply-Side Fiscal Polices in the 1920s

The subsequent rolling back of the rates ushered in the economic expansion of the 'Roaring Twenties.' " [Wanniski, p. 99] President Reagan himself is enamored with the tax cuts of the twenties. "He [Coolidge] cut the taxes four times" and "we probably had the greatest growth in prosperity we've ever known." [Lichtman, p. 61] Thus Reagan, Wanniski, and other apologists justify supply-side tax cuts because they believe that tax cuts in the twenties promoted phenomenal economic growth. Critics of supply-side economics believe that statecraft in the 1920s provides a model for understanding Reaganomics. Allan Lichtman and Stephen Rousseas, for example, say that supply-side economics was thoroughly tested in the twenties and that these policies promoted prosperity for the few and macroeconomic instability. "The policymak ing of that era not only ended in the calamity of depression, but also failed to spread prosperity widely in the 'boom' years preceding the Great Crash." [Lichtman, p. 61] Thus critics have attacked Reagan's proposals because supply-side policies had adverse consequences on income distribution and macroeconomic stability in the 1920s. How? ever, they have not challenged a fundamental assertion of supply-side apologetics, namely that tax cuts caused the prosperity of the 1920s. This assertion is certainly disputable given that simple illustrations and casual correlations do not prove that tax cuts produced an economic miracle. Historical processes are typically complex, and credible lessons are not obtained from sloppy historical analysis.
The Mechanical Performance of Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites

This article evaluates the current understanding of relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties in ceramics reinforced with aligned fibers. Emphasis is placed on definition of the micromechanical properties of the interface that govern the composite toughness. Issues such as the debond and sliding resistance of the interface are discussed based on micromechanics calculations and experiments conducted on both model composites and actual composites.
Understanding approaches for web service composition and execution

Web services have received much interest due to their potential in facilitating seamless business-to-business or enterprise application integration. Of particular interest is the Web Service Composition and Execution (WSCE) process - the creation of a workflow that realizes the functionality of a new service and its subsequent deployment and execution on a runtime environment. A significant number of solutions have been proposed in the literature for composition and execution of web services. However, in order to choose a suitable technique for an application scenario, one needs to systematically analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each of these solutions. To this end, we present an analysis that includes formalization of the WSCE process, a classification of existing solutions into four distinct categories (approaches), and an in-depth evaluation of these approaches. Our evaluation is based on multiple metrics that we deem critical for a WSCE system, e.g. composition effort, composition control, and ability to handle failures. We also present an application of this analysis to three different scenarios.
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION WITH HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN EXTRACTS : I. STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF A CIRCULATING ANTIBODY IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE CONDITION IN DOGS

1. A severe demyelinating condition characterized by ataxia and paralysis, in some instances leading to death, was produced in thirty-five of a total of fifty-five dogs following immunization with homologous brain tissue combined with Freund's adjuvants. In more than 30 per cent of instances paralysis did not occur until immunization was continued for 6 or more months. Only eight dogs became paralyzed after a single injection of antigen. The condition appeared between 6 and 15 days after the last injection in all animals, irrespective of the total number of injections or the duration of immunization. 2. An antibody which reacted in complement fixation tests with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of homologous brain tissue was demonstrable in the majority of immunized dogs, whether or not the animals became paralyzed. It appeared during or after the 3rd week of immunization, and its occurrence or titer could not be correlated with the incidence of the encephalomyelitis. In general, there were fewer dogs with demonstrable antibody in the paralyzed group than in the non-paralyzed group. 3. A flocculation reaction with alcohol extracts of homologous brain was demonstrated in the serum of immunized dogs. The antigen and antibody involved were apparently identical with those responsible for the complement fixation reactions. 4. The brain tissue component which reacted as antigen in the complement fixation test was present in adult brain from several mammalian species, and peripheral nerve. It was not present in the brain of newborn dogs nor in other unrelated organs. It was demonstrable in brain tissue which had been allowed to autolyze, or treated with 10 per cent formalin. It was not impaired by boiling, or by acid hydrolysis, and was contained in the unsaponifiable fraction of brain lipids. It was separable from cholesterol by digitonin precipitation of the latter. 5. Immunization of dogs with the unsaponifiable fraction of homologous brain, in adjuvants, caused the appearance of antibrain antibody similar to that in animals injected with whole brain. Encephalomyelitis was not observed during a 2 month period of immunization with this fraction. 6. In guinea pigs, an injection of the unsaponifiable fraction of brain, in adjuvants, was followed by fatal meningoencephalitis, but the identity of the state with that caused by whole brain antigens was not established.
Proresolution Therapy for the Treatment of Delayed Healing of Diabetic Wounds

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are emerging global epidemics associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. A characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes is delayed wound healing, which increases the risk of recurrent infections, tissue necrosis, and limb amputation. In health, inflammation is actively resolved by endogenous mediators, such as the resolvins. D-series resolvins are generated from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and promote macrophage-mediated clearance of microbes and apoptotic cells. However, it is not clear how type 2 diabetes affects the resolution of inflammation. Here, we report that resolution of acute peritonitis is delayed in obese diabetic (db/db) mice. Altered resolution was associated with decreased apoptotic cell and Fc receptor–mediated macrophage clearance. Treatment with resolvin D1 (RvD1) enhanced resolution of peritonitis, decreased accumulation of apoptotic thymocytes in diabetic mice, and stimulated diabetic macrophage phagocytosis. Conversion of DHA to monohydroxydocosanoids, markers of resolvin biosynthesis, was attenuated in diabetic wounds, and local application of RvD1 accelerated wound closure and decreased accumulation of apoptotic cells and macrophages in the wounds. These findings support the notion that diabetes impairs resolution of wound healing and demonstrate that stimulating resolution with proresolving lipid mediators could be a novel approach to treating chronic, nonhealing wounds in patients with diabetes.
Elimination of Artificial Grid Distortion and Hourglass-Type Motions by Means of Lagrangian Subzonal Masses and Pressures

The bane of Lagrangian hydrodynamics calculations is the premature breakdown of grid topology that results in severe degradation of accuracy and run termination often long before the assumption of a Lagrangian zonal mass has ceased to be valid. At short spatial grid scales this is usually referred to by the terms “hourglass” mode or “keystone” motion associated, in particular, with underconstrained grids such as quadrilaterals and hexahedrons in two and three dimensions, respectively. At longer spatial lengths relative to the grid spacing there is what is referred to ubiquitously as “spurious vorticity,” or the long-thin zone problem. In both cases the result is anomalous grid distortion and tangling that has nothing to do with the actual solution, as would be the case for turbulent flow. In this work we show how such motions can be eliminated by the proper use of subzonal Lagrangian masses, and associated densities and pressures. These subzonal pressures give rise to forces that resist these spurious motions. The pressure is no longer a constant in a zone; it now accurately reflects the density gradients that can occur within a zone due to its differential distortion. Subzonal Lagrangian masses can be choosen in more than one manner to obtain subzonal density and pressure variation. However, these masses arise in a natural way from the intersection of the Lagrangian contours, through which no mass flows, that are associated with both the Lagrangian zonal and nodal masses in a staggered spatial grid hydrodynamics formulation. This is an extension of the usual Lagrangian assumption that is often applied to only the zonal mass. We show that with a proper discretization of the subzonal forces resulting from subzonal pressures, hourglass motion and spurious vorticity can be eliminated for a very large range of problems.
Sensitivity of a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic β-channel to the vertical structure of the equilibrium meridional temperature gradient

A multi-layer, quasi-geostrophic, Boussinesq model on a β-channel is used to study the sensitivity of the mid-latitude storm-track to changes in the vertical structure of the zonal mean equilibrium meridional temperature gradient. Motivation for this study is taken from the observation that the doubled CO2 climatology of general-circulation models presents a weaker gradient in the lower troposphere and a stronger gradient in the upper troposphere than in a ‘control’ climatology. It is observed that the dynamics of the quasi-geostrophic model are generally more sensitive to the lower than to the upper tropospheric temperature gradient as a consequence of the importance of shallow eddies. In order to give a good representation of the eddy dynamics it is necessary to use a sufficiently high resolution, which, in the case chosen, proved to be between 10 and 20 tropospheric layers. If only three layers are used the general features of the response are still reproduced, but the model does not represent the sensitivities of the eddy meridional momentum-flux convergence adequately. It is argued that this is connected with the particular choice taken when parametrizing the surface Ekman friction. When a higher-resolution model is used, the eddy momentum-flux convergence proves to be more sensitive to changes in the upper than in the lower meridional equilibrium temperature gradient but is generally much less responsive to these changes than other quantities like the surface eddy potential-vorticity flux or eddy kinetic energy. For each variable the two sensitivities become close to each other as the baroclinicity of the equilibrium flow is increased because of the prevalence of deep eddies in the dynamics, sensitive only to the total radiative equilibrium wind vertical gradient. For very high values of the baroclinicity of the equilibrium flow the sensitivities approach a constant value in accordance with a simple scaling argument.
MANAGEMENT OF THE OPERATING ROOM: A New Practice Opportunity for Anesthesiologists

On the surface, the idea of a physician-as-manager seems to be logical and appropriate. By the time a person has navigated all the hurdles and rites of passage necessary to become a physician, he/she has successfully managed his/her education and training with skill and judgment. Through their professional lives, physicians manage the health of a multitude of patients, while also often managing clinics, offices, departments, and their staffs. The management of people and medical delivery systems seems to be, and in fact The growing corporate nature in the delivery of health care has brought new challenges to the physician-manager that require the integration of diverse and sometimes conflicting disciplines. The culture of physicians and managers are often at odds. This conflict occurs as a result of fundamental differences in the attributes and training of managers and clinicians (Table 1). However, inherent to every conflict exists opportunity. The opportunities and value to be gained by physicians, and especially anesthesiologists, in taking on the role of manager is greater today than ever before. Those hearty souls who venture to hybrid themselves into physician-managers will learn to overcome the scrutiny of both sides and offer significant value to their patients and health systems. The goals of this article are to review the history of the financing and delivery of health care in the United States, introduce important aspects of management of the operating room as a new practice opportunity, and provide a few analytical tools for the operating room (OR) manager. A basic tenet of this article, of health economics, and OR management is that costs can be controlled and even reduced while preserving optimum health care (good outcomes), as Figure 1 illustrates. Point B needs to be found and maintained.
Optical properties of deep ice at the South Pole: scattering.

Recently, absorption and scattering at depths 800–1000 m in South Pole ice have been studied with transit-time distributions of pulses from a variable-frequency laser sent between emitters and receivers embedded in the ice. At 800–1000 m, scattering is independent of wavelength and the scattering centers are air bubbles of size ≫ wavelength. At 1500–2000 m it is predicted that all bubbles will have transformed into air-hydrate clathrate crystals and that scattering occurs primarily at dust grains, at liquid acids concentrated along three-crystal boundaries, and at salt grains. Scattering on decorated dislocations, at ice–ice boundaries, and at hydrate-ice boundaries will be of minor importance. Scattering from liquid acids in veins at three-crystal boundaries goes as ∼λ-1 to ∼λ-2 and should show essentially no depth dependence. Scattering from dust grains goes as ∼λ-2 and should show peaks at depths of ∼1050, ∼1750, and ∼2200 m in South Pole ice. If marine salt grains remain undissolved, they will scatter like insoluble dust grains. Refraction at ice–ice boundaries and at hydrate-ice boundaries is manifested by a multitude of small-angle scatters, independent of wavelength. The largest contribution to Rayleigh-like scattering is likely due to dislocations decorated discontinuously with impurities. Freshly grown laboratory ice exhibits a large Rayleigh-like scattering that we attribute to the much higher density of decorated dislocations than in glacial ice.
Regulations, standards, andguidelines protecting PACU healthcare workers

Professional nurses working in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) are among the 4,000,000 health care workers in the United States. Of these, more than 200,000 employees and volunteers are potentially exposed to waste anesthetic gases and are at risk of occupational illness. Among the special concerns of PACU personnel is the issue of contamination of the air in the work environment. The US Department of Health and Human Services and the US Department of Labor are responsible for developing and implementing the regulations, standards, and guidelines in the health care industry including those that protect the health and safety of PACU personnel. Regulations are continuously being developed and refined to ensure that they adequately protect PACU health care workers. PACU health care workers must be sufficiently informed of their risks and take required actions to protect their own health.
Using Technology to Motivate Students to Learn Social Studies

Many teachers struggle with motivating students to learn. This is especially prevalent in social studies classrooms in which students perceive social studies as boring (Schug, Todd, & Berry, 1984; Shaughnessy & Haladyana, 1985). This article advocates the use of technology in social studies as a means to motivate students by engaging students in the learning process with the use of a familiar instructional tool that improves students’ selfefficacy and self-worth. The potential that technology has to motivate students is discussed as it relates to expectancy-value model of motivation which focuses three areas of motivational theory (Pintrich & Schunk, 1996): value (students’ beliefs about the importance or value of a task), expectancy (students’ beliefs about their ability or skill to perform the task), and affective (emotional reactio ns to the task and self-worth evaluation). Recently, during fieldwork, the author was observing in a high school government class. The social studies concepts discussed in the lesson were political parties, the role of campaigning, and the impact of media on citizens’ decisions. The teacher integrated a variety of traditional and constructivist instructional methods. She incorporated a brief lecture, questioning strategies to discuss readings, graphic organizers, and video clips of recent election campaign commercials. Despite her efforts to engage students, the class was chaotic. What follows is an excerpt from the author’s field notes describing the complexities of the classroom environment. Twenty -five students are seated in pods of four. One girl in the back is putting on eyeliner and eye shadow. She frequently chats with two boys seated at her table. She proceeds to mash zits. Two girls and one boy socialize in the back of the class. They are more concerned about the social complexities of the school rather than listening. However, periodically one will shout out a correct answer without interrupting the flow of the social conversation. One girl, sitting in the back of the class, totally isolates herself and has no verbal or nonverbal communication with her peers or the teacher. A quiet boy and two girls sit at a table located in the front of the class. They do not share comments and appear to be intimidated by their peers.
The road to fraud starts with a single step

The extensive academic fraud of Diederik Stapel has rocked science. Social psychologist Jennifer Crocker traces the destructive path that cheats follow.
Genetics of Aspergillus flavus: complementation and mapping of aflatoxin mutants.

Mutants of Aspergillus flavus impaired in aflatoxin production were induced with N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine and analysed by means of the parasexual cycle. The gene symbol afl was assigned to this type of mutation. Diploid complementation tests revealed that most of 14 afl mutants belonged to different complementation groups. One mutant (afl-1) failed to complement or only partially complemented all other mutants. Haploidization of one diploid revealed the independent segregation of two afl mutants. Heterozygous diploids were synthesized between two afl mutants and tester strains genetically labelled on eight linkage groups. Haploidization of the diploids led to the assignment of two aft mutants to linkage groups. Linkage of afl-4 to w+ and afl-1 to leu on linkage groups II and VII, respectively, was demonstrated.
Theory as a Factor and the Theorist as an Actor: The "Pragmatist Constructivist" Lessons of John Dewey and John Kenneth Galbraith'

In IR theory debates, there exists a recurring tendency to draw a distinction between problem-solving and critical theory. Whereas problem-solving theory ostensibly pertains to the short term, critical theory purportedly examines the evolution of more enduring social structures over the long term. In this essay, the argument is made that this distinction obscures the ongoing role—equally in the long and the short runs—of theory in the reconstitution of social structures. To highlight such possibilities, the essay calls for a “pragmatist constructivism,” which applies a critical approach to the analysis of not only long-term policy possibilities but also to ongoing policy matters. After reviewing the arguments of two essentially pragmatist-constructivist scholars—John Dewey and John Kenneth Galbraith—each of whom recognized the social bases of political life and designed their research with an eye to highlighting unappreciated policy possibilities, the piece concludes by stressing both the disciplinary constraints on IR theorists and the opportunity that the constructivist turn in IR theory offers for a more sustained engagement with public debates.
The Theologies of Commandment in Biblical Israel

Critical scholarship on the Hebrew Bible a hundred years ago held a much lower estimation of the role of law in the religion of ancient Israel and of the value of biblical law than do scholars today. Julius Wellhausen, for example, whose work was the most influential of the nineteeth century, maintained that in its creative period, Israel had no law, but only “usage and tradition” which “were looked on to a large extent as the institution of the Deity.” Thus, the prophets, whom Wellhausen stressed, did not preach out of any legal tradition in his view, but rather “out of the spirit which judges all things and itself is judged of no man.” In their canonical shape, however, the materials ancient Israel bequeathed us are so strongly nomistic that even Wellhausen could not deny that at a certain point law became central, displacing the spirit. That point marks the transition from Israelite religion to something new called “Judaism,” which is distinguished by the idea of a written Torah. Judaism, in Wellhausen's theory, represents the senility of Israel, for “a body of traditional practice should only be written down when it is threatening to die out, and … a book should be, as it were, the ghost of a life which is closed.” This transition from usage to codified law reflects a fundamental change in the nature of the relationship of God and Israel, a change from a purely natural relationship to one of covenant.
EARLY IRVINGTONIAN (LATEST PLIOCENE) RODENTS FROM INGLIS 1C, CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA

A new early Irvingtonian (latest Pliocene) rodent fauna is reported here from Inglis 1C, Citrus County, Florida. This sinkhole deposit near the west coast of the state contains 33 species of mammals, including 11 rodents, of which six are now extinct. A new species of Peromyscus, P. sarmocophinus , sp. nov., is described from this locality and the slightly older Inglis 1A. Inglis 1C contains the oldest records of three rodents ( Peromyscus polionotus, Reith- rodontomys humulis, and Atopomys texensis) and the youngest occurrences of two others (Reithrodontomys wetmorei and Ondatra idahoensis). Additionally, the paleogeographic range of two taxa, R. wetmorei and Baiomys sp., is extended east of the Mississippi River. Deposition at Inglis 1C was nearly contemporaneous with, the better-known, early Irvingtonian Inglis 1A fauna. The two localities share Sciurus sp., Glaucomys sp., Orthogeomys propinetis, Sigmodon curtisi, P. sarmocophinus, sp. nov., R. wetmorei and O. idahoensis. A slightly younger age at Inglis 1C is implied by the presence of P. polionotus, R. humulis, and Atopomys texensis. This fauna serves as an older complement to Florida's other well studied Irvingtonian localities, Leisey Shell Pits, Hillsborough County, and Coleman 2A, Sumter County.
Finding the k-best equivalence classes of Bayesian network structures for model averaging

In this paper we develop an algorithm to find the k- best equivalence classes of Bayesian networks. Our algorithm is capable of finding much more best DAGs than the previous algorithm that directly finds the k-best DAGs (Tian, He, and Ram 2010). We demonstrate our algorithm in the task of Bayesian model averaging. Empirical results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms the k-best DAG algorithm in both time and space to achieve the same quality of approximation. Our algorithm goes beyond the maximum-aposteriori (MAP) model by listing the most likely network structures and their relative likelihood and therefore has important applications in causal structure discovery.