cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Analytics for Smart cities: Challenges and Promises.

The explosion of advancements in artificial intelligence, sensor technologies, and wireless communication activates ubiquitous sensing through distributed sensors. These sensors are various domains of networks that lead us to smart systems in healthcare, transportation, environment, and other relevant branches/networks. Having collaborative interaction among the smart systems connects end-user devices to each other which enables achieving a new integrated entity called Smart Cities. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive survey of data analytics in smart cities. In this paper, we aim to focus on one of the smart cities important branches, namely Smart Mobility, and its positive ample impact on the smart cities decision-making process. Intelligent decision-making systems in smart mobility offer many advantages such as saving energy, relaying city traffic, and more importantly, reducing air pollution by offering real-time useful information and imperative knowledge. Making a decision in smart cities in time is challenging due to various and high dimensional factors and parameters, which are not frequently collected. In this paper, we first address current challenges in smart cities and provide an overview of potential solutions to these challenges. Then, we offer a framework of these solutions, called universal smart cities decision making, with three main sections of data capturing, data analysis, and decision making to optimize the smart mobility within smart cities. With this framework, we elaborate on fundamental concepts of big data, machine learning, and deep leaning algorithms that have been applied to smart cities and discuss the role of these algorithms in decision making for smart mobility in smart cities.
Leverage Target and Firm Innovation

Studies on capital structure show that firms with below-target debt are more willing to raise debt (if needed) compared to firms with above-target debt. In this paper, I examine how capital structure decisions affect R&D investment policies and firm innovation. I show that firms with below-target debt (willing to raise debt) are more likely to innovate and have better quality innovations. Additionally, I show that when firms have below-target debt, they use a greater fraction of proceeds from net debt issuance to finance R&D expenses (directly or indirectly) and show higher level of R&D smoothing.
Theology, Hermeneutics, and Imagination: The Crisis of Interpretation at the End of Modernity

Preface 1. Theological hermeneutics in the twilight of modernity Part I. The Modern Roots of Suspicion 2. The scandal of positivity: the Kantian paradigm in modern theology 3. Against purism: Hamann's metacritique of Kant 4. Feuerbach: forgotten father of the hermeneutics of suspicion 5. Nietzschean suspicion and the Christian imagination Part II. Christian Imagination in a Postmodern World: 6. The hermeneutics of difference: suspicion in postmodern guise 7. The hermeneutic imperative: interpretation and the theological task 8. The faithful imagination: suspicion and trust in a postmodern world Appendix: Hamann's letter to Kraus Bibliography Index.
Physical Efficiency Tests as a Practical Method of Popularizing Physical Education at the University of California

(1918). Physical Efficiency Tests as a Practical Method of Popularizing Physical Education at the University of California. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 27-33.
Formation of volatile organic products in soils under anaerobiosis—II: Metabolism of amino acids

Abstract Volatile organic compounds generated microbiologically under anaerobic conditions from various soils amended with glucose and amino acids were identified by combined gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Volatile compounds were usually found up to 4 weeks and sometimes longer. Acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, diacetyl, ethanol, n- and iso-propanol, n-, 2- and iso-butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, butyl acetate, butyl butyrate, methane thiol, dimethysulfide, dimethyldisulfide and methyl thioacetate were detected at various time intervals. Volatile organic sulfur compounds were evolved from soils amended with glucose and methionine but not with glucose and cysteine. Volatile nitrogen containing organic compounds were not detected with any of the amended soils.
Solid acid catalyst in the alkylation of benzene

Acidic zeolite catalysts like mordenite have been used in the alkylation of benzene. Alkylation of benzene has been carried out with 1-dodecene over a range of as-synthesized acidic mordenites having varying particle size distribution in the nanometer range. Selectivity towards the 2-phenyl dodecane is of prime importance as it leads to the preparation of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates having better biodegradability compared to the other isomers. Metal cation exchanged acidic mordenites showed better selectivity towards the 2-phenyl isomer under similar reaction conditions. These as-synthesized acidic mordenites were found to be comparable to the performance of commercial mordenite. Unlike conventional methods, where HF, HNO3, or other mineral acids are used for generating acidic properties in mordenites or for their dealumination, no acids have been used in the entire process of either the synthesis of catalyst or for the reaction.
Sewerage Odors—How to Control

Odors result from the perception of chemicals by the olfactory system. The response to odorants present in the air depends on the odor concentration, intensity, persistence, and character. Most sewerage odors are formed under anaerobic conditions; typical odorants include hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, ammonia, amines, and volatile fatty acids. The concentration of organic materials and nutrients in the sewerage, sulfate concentrations, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and residence time in the sewer system affect odor emissions. Control methods may be designed to prevent odors or control them from exhausted air. Oxygen and other chemical additives have been employed to reduce odors from sewers and wastewater treatment facilities. The additives reduce hydrogen sulfide emissions by chemical oxidation, microbial inhibition of sulfate reduction, precipitation, and pH control. If odor prevention is not cost-effective, various odor control technologies are capable of removing odorous compounds exhausted from confined sources. The most common technologies for treating sewer-related odors are carbon adsorption, biofiltration, absorption, ozonation, and thermal oxidation. The cost associated with the control technologies, both capital and operational costs, must be considered. Research, experience, and comprehensive testing programs are important for determining the most cost-effective odor control methods. Keywords: odorants; hydrogen sulfide; sulfate concentrations; dissolved oxygen; microbial inhibition of sulfate reduction; odor control technologies; biofiltration; ozonation
Improvement of carrier injection symmetry and quantum efficiency in InGaN light-emitting diodes with Mg delta-doped barriers

The effect of δ-doping of In0.06Ga0.94N barriers with Mg on the quantum efficiency of blue light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) with active regions composed of 6 (hex) 3-nm In0.15Ga0.85N is investigated. Compared to the reference sample, δ-doping of the first barrier on the n-side of the LED structure improves the peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) by 20%, owing to the increased hole concentration in the wells adjacent to the n-side, as confirmed by numerical simulations of carrier distributions across the active region. Doping the second barrier, in addition to the first one, did not further enhance the EQE, which likely indicates compensation of improved hole injection by degradation of the active region quality due to Mg doping. Both LEDs with Mg δ-doped barriers effectively suppress the drop of efficiency at high injection when compared to the reference sample, and the onset of EQE peak roll-off shifts from ∼80 A/cm2 in the reference LED to ∼120 A/cm2 in the LEDs with Mg δ-doped barriers.
Fast 3D algorithm for reconstructing edges of a function from truncated spiral cone beam data

Proposed is an algorithm for computing a function f/sub 0/ which retains most of the sharp features of f knowing truncated cone-beam projections of f. It is shown that f/sub 0/=Bf, where the principal symbol of operator B is close to one. The symbol of B is singular, and this leads to artifacts: in general, singsupp(f/sub 0/)/spl nsub/singsupp(f). The algorithm for computing f/sub 0/ is efficient and of the filtered-backprojection type. Results of a numerical experiment are presented. They show that discontinuities of f are clearly visible in images of f/sub 0/. Coronal, sagittal, and transverse cross-sections of f/sub 0/ have nearly identical spatial resolution despite relatively large pitch. Artifacts, which are due to the nonsmoothness of the symbol of B, are hardly visible.
Ab initio optical rotatory dispersion and electronic circular dichroism spectra of (S)-2-chloropropionitrile.

Coupled-cluster and density-functional methods have been used to determine specific rotations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) rotational strengths for (S)-2-chloropropionitrile. Coupled-cluster specific rotations using both the length- and velocity-gauge representations of the electric-dipole operator, computed with basis sets of triple-ζ quality containing up to 326 functions, compare very well with recently reported gas-phase cavity-ring-down polarimetry data. ECD rotational strengths for the six lowest-lying excited states are found to vary in sign, and the second excited state, which has a larger rotational strength than the first by a factor of 4, was found to yield a much larger contribution (by a factor of 10) to the overall negative specific rotation observed both experimentally and theoretically. However, both valence and Rydberg states appear to make substantial contributions to the total rotation, often of opposite sign from the converged/linear-response result. Furthermore, the sum-ove...
Design, fabrication, and performance of an integrated optoelectronic cellular array

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An integrated optoelectronic chip has been designed and fabricated with a cellular architecture which providesoptical input and output, via LEDs and photoconducting detectors, from each cell in the array, and electricalinput and output to the array one row at a time. Each cell in the array can perform memory, thresholding and amplification functions.A fabrication process was developed for the integration of optoelectronic devices and GaAs enhancement-mode MESFET integrated circuits. The integrated process, which included the epitaxial deposition of layers for theLED, did not have any measurable effect on the performance of FETs and photodetectors fabricated on thesame substrate. LED efficiency and series resistance were degraded somewhat by the integrated process. Alloptical devices and electronic circuits functioned as designed when tested separately. However, a feedbackmechanism was observed between the LED and LED driver. The source of the problem was found to be
Relationship Between Susceptibility to Insecticides and Fecundity Across Populations of Cotton Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

We measured the relationship between susceptibility to 4 insecticides and fecundity across 15 populations of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, from Hawaii. Multiple regression showed that the relationship between the logarithm of LC 50 and mean daily progeny production in the absence of insecticide exposure was negative for esfenvalerate (a pyrethroid), positive for methomyl (a carbamate), and not significant for endosulfan (an organochlorine) or oxydemeton-methyl (an organophosphate). The association between methomyl susceptibility and fecundity was not evident in a simple regression analysis, which suggests that major fitness costs of resistance to one insecticide can obscure relationships between fitness anti resistance to other insecticides.
Hotel general managers' perceptions of business ethics education: implications for hospitality educators, professionals, and students.

Ethics is a growing concern in American society; consequently, business ethics is also becoming a concern in the hospitality industry. This article investigated the perceptions and preparations of hotel general managers toward teaching business ethics in their hotels and ethics education in college hospitality programs and within the hotel industry. For hotel professionals, business ethics is normally discussed or taught during employee training sessions. The target population of this study was hotel general managers in the United States. The research implied that most hotel companies have not incorporated and implemented ethics education into their training programs; however, hotel general managers did realize that business ethics is an essential part of business success. Therefore, general managers indicated that it is imperative for hospitality organizations and programs to offer ethics education and training for their hospitality employees and college students.
Pulmonary embolism caused by delayed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient who received prophylactic LMWH

BACKGROUND: Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious complication associated with heparin use. HIT usually develops between 5-14 days after starting heparin. Delayed-onset HIT can still occur 9-45 days after heparin had been discontinued. In patients with delayed HIT, the patient might be admitted to the hospital for new thrombosis and reexposure to heparin further worsens the patient's condition. CASE REPORT: Our patient is a 71-year old female readmitted for worsening dyspnea 2 weeks after she was discharged from the hospital. On her previous hospitalization, she was diagnosed with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). She had received prophylactic doses of LMWH. Dyspnea was initially thought to be secondary to CHF exacerbation secondary to atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. She was started on a heparin. However, the patient's clinical condition deteriorated and she needed to be intubated. Her platelet counts also decreased rapidly. After CT angiography of the chest showed pulmonary embolism, HIT was strongly considered. All forms of heparin were discontinued and argatroban was started. However, the patient did not improve and she subsequently expired on the 7(th) hospital day. Heparin-induced antibodies came back positive that same day. CONCLUSIONS: HIT is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by formation of antibodies against heparin-platelet factor 4 complex. The major clinical presentation of HIT is arterial and venous thrombosis. Once HIT is suspected, immediate cessation of any form of heparin is needed. Alternative anticoagulation must be started. Early treatment decreases the incidence of new thrombosis and stroke, and improves survival and cost savings.
"Sewing" civilization: Cuban female education in the context of Africanization, 1800-1860.

At the turn of the nineteenth century, the Spanish Crown issued a Real Cedula (Royal Decree) authorizing the administration of public education in Cuba to an elite Creole group of twenty-seven large landholders known as the Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais . The Real Cedula provided for the expansion and secularization of primary education in Cuba. The Sociedad embodied the elite planter Creole class whose influence had increased in Cuba steadily during the second half of the eighteenth century with the initial development of a slave-labor plantation economy. During the nineteenth century, their power and strength grew rapidly with the proliferation of sugar cultivation, culminating in the 1840s when Cuba became the world's primary producer. The Real Cedula entrusting the Sociedad with education recognized the emergence of the Creole planter class as a major influence in Cuban society. Just as the Creoles increasingly wielded more influence economically and politically in determining the future of the island, their control over the administration of public education allowed them to articulate their vision for the cultural and intellectual development of Cuba. The promotion of public education provided an essential medium to express the Sociedad's vision of Cubanidad (Cubanness), precisely at the time when the racial composition of the population was changing dramatically through the massive importation of African slave labor.
Biostatistical Applications in Epidemiology

Understanding the application of statistical methods is an essential component in the process of evaluating the medical literature. Statistical methods can differ when evaluating randomized controlled clinical trials (experimental design) compared with observational study designs such as cohort or case-control. A review of common statistical concepts includes variables, measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion. Other methods include sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. Observational study designs often include relative risk, odds ratios, relative risk reduction, attributable risk, number needed to treat, and forest plots. A critical component of drug literature evaluation is the understanding of the proper use of parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Common parametric tests and their nonparametric equivalents are discussed.
Novel Form of Intermediate Salla Disease: Clinical and Neuroimaging Features

The objective of this article is to describe the clinical, radiographic, and molecular genetic features of a new intermediate form of free sialic storage disease. Free sialic storage disease is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder that results from mutations in SLC17A5, a gene that codes for sialin, a lysosomal membrane sialic acid transporting protein. Infantile sialic acid storage disease has a severe phenotype, and Salla disease (Finnish variant) is generally milder in phenotype; intermediate forms have also been described. There have been few reports of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the sialic acid storage disorders; leukodystrophy has been the characteristic finding, along with hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. An 8-month-old non-Finnish child presented with hypotonia and global developmental delay. Serial MRIs with magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9 and 16 months revealed severe hypomyelination and hypogenesis of the corpus callosum. There was mild elevation of urinary sialic acid (4.5 times above normal). Electron microscopy of a skin biopsy showed lysosomal enlargement with oligosaccharide storage, and confirmatory molecular genetic testing revealed compound heterozygosity for two new SLC17A5 mutations. Free sialic storage disease of the intermediate type is an important part of the differential diagnosis of a hypotonic, delayed child with abnormal white matter on MRI. Intermediate types of free sialic acid overlap in phenotype with infantile sialic acid storage disease and the milder Salla disease and thus might be more difficult to identify clinically; the lack of Finnish ethnicity should not preclude testing for this probably under-recognized disorder. White-matter abnormalities appear to be characteristic of the entire phenotypic spectrum.
PSYCHIATRIST AS A VARIABLE IN THE PROCESS OF INTERVIEW AND TREATMENT.

THE doctor–patient relationship is fundamental to the practice of medicine and psychotherapy. The psychiatrist's attitudes and feelings in the interview were examined in an experimental design at the Lafayette Clinic, a psychiatric training and research centre. A Likert-type questionnaire with 39 items which explored the conscious subjective reactions of the therapist to the patient was utilized with 16 resident physicians immediately following each doctor's initial psychiatric interview on 19 consecutive and random patients.
Spectroscopic parameters of nucleophilic and electrophilic reactivity

Abstract Reactions of a distinct charge transfer nature (exampled by those between N,N-dimethylaniline and N-methyl cations) are associated with charge transfer bands, in the visible, of energy hν = I − E + C where I is the ionisation energy of the nucleophile, E is the electron affinity of the electrophile and C is a correction term. As an example, the reaction between N,N-dimethylaniline and N-methylacridinium chloride is examined in detail. Tables of I are given for anions in adiponitrile solution and of hν for cations in dimethylaniline/alcohol solution; low values of I correspond with greater nucleophilic activity and low values of hν with greater electrophilic activity.
Regulation of noise in the expression of a single gene

Stochastic mechanisms are ubiquitous in biological systems. Biochemical reactions that involve small numbers of molecules are intrinsically noisy, being dominated by large concentration fluctuations 1‐3 . This intrinsic noise has been implicated in the random lysis/lysogeny decision of bacteriophage-λ 4 , in the loss of synchrony of circadian clocks 5,6 and in the decrease of precision of cell signals7. We sought to quantitatively investigate the extent to which the occurrence of molecular fluctuations within single cells (biochemical noise) could explain the variation of gene expression levels between cells in a genetically identical population (phenotypic noise). We have isolated the biochemical contribution to phenotypic noise from that of other noise sources by carrying out a series of differential measurements. We varied independently the rates of transcription and translation of a single fluorescent reporter gene in the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis, and we quantitatively measured the resulting changes in the phenotypic noise characteristics. We report that of these two parameters, increased translational efficiency is the predominant source of increased phenotypic noise. This effect is consistent with a stochastic model of gene expression in which proteins are produced in random and sharp bursts. Our results thus provide the first direct experimental evidence of the biochemical origin of phenotypic noise, demonstrating that the level of phenotypic variation in an isogenic population can be regulated by genetic parameters. We selected as our reporter system a single-copy chromosomal gene with an inducible promoter. As an estimated 50‐80% of bacterial genes are transcriptionally regulated 8 , this system typifies the majority of naturally occurring genes, allowing our results to be extended to natural systems. We incorporated a single copy of our reporter, the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp), into the chromosome of B. subtilis. We chose to integrate gfpinto the chromosome itself, rather than in the form of plasmids, as variation in plasmid copy number 9,10 can act as an additional and unwanted source of noise. Transcriptional efficiency was regulated by using an isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)‐inducible promoter, Pspac, upstream of gfp, and varying the concentration of IPTG in the growth medium. Translational
Subjects' Awareness of Response Alternatives in Cloze Tasks

In cloze tasks subjects are asked to supply words for deletions that occur in prose passages. In the present paper this task is related to more general word production tasks. Specifically, one aspect of decisions among several possible response alternatives was studied: the level of awareness of subjects producing competing responses. Two studies were done, differing only in the difficulty of the prose passages used as cloze tasks. In both studies, subjects (college students, n = 25) were asked to press a key hooked up to an event-graph for every option considered by them as a potential response. The main finding of the studies is that even in cases where the probability of a correct response is very low the distribution of responses considered deliberately is very small; on the average less than 1.5 words. The consequences of the finding for a theory of cloze in terms of a search and retrieval paradigm are discussed.
Effect of normalization temperature on the creep strength of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel

The effect of normalization temperature from 850 °C to 1050 °C on the structure and creep-rupture properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel was studied. Normalization at temperatures below 925 °C resulted in structures containing significant polygonized, recovered ferrite. The ferrite structures had poor creep-rupture strength: roughly two orders of magnitude increase in minimum creep rate or decrease in rupture life for 850 °C compared to 1050 °C normalization at test conditions of 600 °C and 145 MPa. Room-temperature strength and hardness were also reduced. The microstructure after normalization at the standard 1050 °C temperature consisted of tempered martensite with fine M23C6 carbide along prior austenite and lath boundaries and fine MX carbonitride precipitates within the laths. Normalization at temperatures between 925 °C and 1000 °C also resulted in reduced creep strength in comparison with 1050 °C normalization, even though tempered martensite microstructures were formed and little change in room-temperature strength was observed; the reduction was attributed to subtle differences in the MX precipitates. The effect of reduced normalization temperature was more pronounced for higher-temperature, lower-stress creep-rupture conditions.
Allusions in New York Times and Times Supplement news headlines

In 2004 The New York Times (NYT) launched a weekly Times Supplement (TS) with Taiwan’s United Daily News. This article aims to explore non-lexicalized allusion variation between TS headlines and NYT headlines as a discourse strategy. A textual survey was conducted on a corpus comprising 605 TS news articles and their corresponding NYT articles. Non-lexicalized allusions were identified and explored within a reader-oriented approach. And a stylistic analysis was performed to explore cognitive, pragmatic, and rhetorical roles of non-lexicalized allusions in the corpus. The results show that non-lexicalized allusions occur in far fewer TS than NYT headlines. The allusion downsizing increases the accessibility of TS headlines to general TS readers at the cost of cultural diverseness and stylistic expressiveness in the headline language, making the language of TS headlines stylistically more restricted and culturally less Western. NYT headline language exemplifies English as a native language (ENL), whereas TS...
Theoretical latent hardening in crystals—I. General equations for tension and compression with application to F.C.C. crystals in tension

Abstract E quations for latent strengths in single slip, based upon the simple theory of finite distortional crystal hardening introduced by K.S. Havner and A.H. Shalaby (1977), are derived for both tensile and compression tests without restriction as to crystal class. Detailed comparisons between theoretical results and the experiments of P.J. Jackson and Z.S. Basinski (1967) on copper crystals in tension are presented. There is good qualitative agreement between theory and experiment regarding the diversity of anisotropic hardening among slip systems. Moreover, there is satisfactory quantitative agreement between the theory and the extrapolated experimental data in the stage III, large-strain range. It is suggested that further experimental investigation of latent hardening at large prestrains would be desirable. The simple theory predicts anisotropic hardening and the perpetuation of single slip in axial loading of cubic crystals initially oriented for single slip, but predicts symmetric, isotropic hardening of specimens initially oriented in positions of 4, 6 or 8-fold multiple-slip. These predictions are in general accord with experimental observations from tests of f.c.c. and b.c.c. crystals.
Nevus cell aggregates in submandibular lymph nodes

Nevus cell aggregates are occasionally found in the capsules and trabeculae of lymph nodes. These aggregates are similar histologically to those in typical cutaneous nevi and should be differentiated from metastatic tumor.
Penile prosthesis in the organ transplant recipient.

Objectives. To determine whether pelvic organ transplant recipients are at a higher risk of developing complications after placement of a penile prosthesis relative to those receiving a penile prosthesis who did not undergo pelvic organ transplantation. Methods. Two hundred eleven men underwent placement of a penile prosthesis by a single urologist at our institution between July 1994 and March 2000. Of these, 46 patients had undergone pelvic organ transplantation before placement of the penile prosthesis. The average time from transplantation was 43 months. The average follow-up after prosthesis placement was 23 months. These patients were monitored for various complications, including infection, malfunction, autoinflation, and injury to the prosthesis. They were compared with a cohort of men who had had a prosthesis placed but had not received pelvic organ transplantation. Results. The overall complication rate was significantly higher in the transplant patients (22%) than in the nontransplant patients (7.9%) receiving prostheses (P <0.01). Infection was seen in 2 transplant patients (4.3%) and in 7 nontransplant patients (4.2%) (P <1). Malfunction occurred in 4 of the transplant patients (8.7%) and 6 of the nontransplant patients (3.6%) (P <0.2). In those patients with a prosthesis malfunction, 9 of 10 involved a three-piece prosthesis. All four malfunctions in the transplant group occurred in three-piece prostheses. The difference in the rate of malfunction was statistically significant (P <0.001) when comparing the three-piece prosthesis in the transplant and nontransplant patients (P <0.001). Surgical injury to the retroperitoneal reservoir occurred in 4 transplant patients (8.7%) (all with three-piece prostheses) and in none of the nontransplant patients (P <0.001). Conclusions. The risk of infection after insertion of penile prostheses in patients with pelvic organ transplantation was similar to that in nontransplant patients. The risk of malfunction and injury to the prosthesis (three-piece) was higher in transplant patients. The overall complication rate was significantly higher in patients after transplantation and can be attributed to the reservoir complications related to three-piece prostheses. In patients with a prosthesis that did not have a retroperitoneal reservoir, no significant difference in the overall complication rate was observed. Pelvic organ transplant recipients in whom traditional conservative therapy for erectile dysfunction fails should be considered candidates for penile prosthesis placement. However, three-piece prostheses should be avoided, as these patients are best served with prostheses that do not require a retroperitoneal reservoir.
Commerce in organs: a Kantian critique.

Soulevant les problemes ethiques lies au commerce des organes destines a la transplantation, l'A. interroge la permissibilite de la vente d'un organe par une personne en vie (par exemple, la vente d'un rein). En reference a la morale kantienne, fondee sur la notion de respect de l'humanite pour soi et autrui, et sur le respect de l'integrite du corps, l'A. met en avant la pertinence de la position de Kant dans le debat sur l'exploitation des organes et sur l'insuffisance des theories consequentialistes qui revendiquent des contraintes adequates pour ce genre de pratiques
Ethanol acts via the ventral tegmental area to influence hippocampal physiology.

Ethanol selectively alters hippocampal dentate physiology, in part by increasing recurrent inhibition and suppressing long-term potentiation (LTP), a result of ethanol modulation of subcortical inputs. One of these inputs includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain, whose neurons have been shown to discharge faster following systemic ethanol. To further understand how subcortical inputs regulate hippocampal physiology and their modulation by ethanol, we studied the effects of acute intoxicating levels of ethanol on VTA facilitation of the perforant path to dentate (PPD) responses. Furthermore, to test the role of the VTA on known pharmacological effects of ethanol on hippocampal physiology, we studied the effects of disruption of the VTA-dentate inpute on ethanol actions on recurrent inhibition. Stimulation of the perforant path produced well-characterized evoked responses in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. Whereas VTA stimulation had no effect on PPD population EPSPs, VTA conditioning markedly increased perforant path-evoked PS amplitudes (140%). The maximum facilitation was observed at VTA conditioning intervals of 30-40 ms. PS amplitudes returned to baseline levels immediately following cessation of VTA conditioning. Intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1.2 g/kg) markedly decreased VTA facilitation of PPD PS amplitudes. Lesions of the VTA blocked the ethanol-mediated increase in PPD paired-pulse inhibition. These results demonstrate that, to a great extent, the effects of intoxicating doses of ethanol on hippocampal physiology are mediated by remote pharmacological effects on the ventral tegmental area, whose direct or indirect influences on dentate physiology are described. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Avulsion of the femoral attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament in a 3-year-old boy.

The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury is rare in children. Deficient or absent cruciate ligaments have previously been described as the cause for congenital dislocation of the knee in newborns. We report a case of a 3-year-old boy who presented with a swollen left knee, which did not resolve over a 10-day period. He would not bear weight or extend the knee beyond 45°, and had significant pain with passive extension. Arthroscopy revealed an anterior cruciate ligament that appeared to have been sheared off its attachment to the lateral femoral condyle. This is the youngest patient reported with traumatic disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament.
Fibromatosis Colli with Hypertrichosis: A Rare Case of Cutaneous Manifestation of a Muscular Disorder

We describe the clinicopathologic features of an unusual case of fibromatosis colli. The lesion was rock hard, lateral, tightly affixed to the clavicle, and with overlying hypertrichosis.
Unified description of the N=2 scalar multiplet☆

Abstract We present a new superspace formulation of the N =2 scalar multiplet. It is a first-order form for the two existing descriptions, the relaxed hypermultiplet and the tensor multiplet. It allows self-interactions (including a mass term), coupling to Yang-Mills, and has a global U(1) symmetry which can be coupled to a gauge field.
CATALYTIC BEHAVIOR OF GRAPHITE NANOFIBER SUPPORTED NICKEL PARTICLES. 3. THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL BLOCKING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM

Graphite nanofibers are a newly developed type of material produced by the catalytic decomposition of carbon containing gases at high temperatures. The individual components of these conformations, small-sized graphite crystallites, are arranged in such a manner that only the edge regions are exposed. The carbon atoms at these sites that are arranged in two conformations, “armchair” or “zigzag”, act as templates for the nucleation of metal crystallites. Treatment of graphite with certain phosphorus compounds is a process that is known to result in preferential blocking of the “armchair” faces, whereas boron oxide selectively substitutes into the “zigzag” faces. In the current investigation pretreatment in phosphorus oxide was found to exert little or no effect on the subsequent catalytic performance of graphite nanofiber supported nickel with respect to hydrogenation of ethylene and 1-butene. In contrast, incorporation of boron into the carbonaceous support, which resulted in blockage of the “zigzag” site...
Oral vaccination of animals with antigens encapsulated in alginate microspheres

Most infectious diseases begin at a mucosal surface. Prevention of infection must therefore consider ways to enhance local immunity to prevent the attachment and invasion of microbes. Despite this understanding, most vaccines depend on parenterally administered vaccines that induce a circulating immune response that often does not cross to mucosal sites. Administration of vaccines to mucosal sites induces local immunity. To be effective requires that antigen be administered often. This is not always practical depending on the site where protection is needed, nor comfortable to the patient. Not all mucosal sites have inductive lymphoid tissue present as well. Oral administration is easy to do, is well accepted by humans and animals and targets the largest inductive lymphoid tissue in the body in the intestine. Oral administration of antigen requires protection of antigen from the enzymes and pH of the stomach. Polymeric delivery systems are under investigation to deliver vaccines to the intestine while protecting them from adverse conditions that could adversely affect the antigens. They also can enhance delivery of antigen specifically to the inductive lymphoid tissue. Sodium alginate is a readily available, inexpensive polymer that can be used to encapsulate a wide variety of antigens under mild conditions. Orally administered alginate microspheres containing antigen have successfully induced immunity in mice to enteric (rotavirus) pathogens and in the respiratory tract in cattle with a model antigen (ovalbumin). This delivery system offers a safe, effective means of orally vaccinating large numbers of animals (and perhaps humans) to a variety of infectious agents.
Enrichment of putative stem cells from adipose tissue using dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation

We have applied the microfluidic cell separation method of dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) to the enrichment of a putative stem cell population from an enzyme-digested adipose tissue derived cell suspension. A DEP-FFF separator device was constructed using a novel microfluidic-microelectronic hybrid flex-circuit fabrication approach that is scaleable and anticipates future low-cost volume manufacturing. We report the separation of a nucleated cell fraction from cell debris and the bulk of the erythrocyte population, with the relatively rare (<2% starting concentration) NG2-positive cell population (pericytes and/or putative progenitor cells) being enriched up to 14-fold. This work demonstrates a potential clinical application for DEP-FFF and further establishes the utility of the method for achieving label-free fractionation of cell subpopulations.
[14C]Pyrene Bound Residue Evaluation Using MIBK Fractionation Method for Creosote-Contaminated Soil

The fate of [14C]pyrene was evaluated in creosote-contaminated soil undergoing remediation in a prepared bed system at the Champion International Superfund site in Libby, MT. 14C-bound residue formation was evaluated using the methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) humic fractionation procedure, and it increased through 294 days of incubation in biologically active microcosms for humic acid, fulvic acid, bound humic acid, and mineral-associated organic carbon fractions. The relative affinity of the added pyrene and transformation products was highest for the humic acid fraction. Bound residue formation in PAH-contaminated soil was observed to be an important fate mechanism in the prepared bed system and may be an acceptable end point in the remediation of contaminated soil.
Gypsum Effect on Nitrogen Mineralization and Ammonia Volatilization from Broiler Litter

Broiler litter is commonly surface applied to grasslands as fertilizer in the southeastern United States. Surface application may lead to losses of P in surface runoff and to losses of N through NH₃ volatilization. Adding gypsum to broiler litter can reduce water-soluble P and, therefore, the potential for surface water contamination, but no information is currently available on the effect of gypsum on NH₃ volatilization when broiler litter is applied to soil. We conducted three laboratory studies to evaluate the effect of adding flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum to broiler litter or soil on NH₃ volatilized and N mineralized. In two studies, soil with or without 0.01 g FGD gypsum g⁻¹ soil was packed into acrylic columns and broiler litter with or without 0.25 g FGD gypsum g⁻¹ litter was applied on the soil surface and incubated at 25°C for 15 d. In a third study, litter with or without 0.25 g FGD gypsum g⁻¹ litter was mixed with soil and incubated at 25°C for 63 d. Our results showed that the addition of FGD gypsum to broiler litter or soil did not affect net N mineralized or NH₃ volatilized when litter was surface applied. Similarly, the addition of FGD gypsum to broiler litter did not affect net N mineralized when broiler litter was incorporated into soil. Thus, the addition of FGD gypsum at these rates does not change NH₃ loss or N mineralized from broiler litter.
The Nucleophilic Reactivity of Fluoromethoxycarbene

Activation parameters are reported for the additions of fluoromethoxycarbene (FCOMe) to alpha-chloroacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile. The reactivity of FCOMe is compared to that of dichlorocarbene and chloromethoxycarbene.
Effect of preoperative exposure to salty food on food selection in adrenalectomized rats

Rats that have been adrenalectomized will seek NaCl in food or in a solution, but they show a marked preference to regulate salt balance by drinking rather than eating. The hypothesis that rats do not regulate NaCl by eating because of limited exposure to diets rich in NaCl was tested in the present experiment. Twenty weanling rats were divided into two major groups: (1) experienced animals who were fed lab chow with extra NaCl added for 40 preoperative days, and (2) inexperienced animals that ate plain lab chow preoperatively. Half of each of these groups were adrenalectomized and half were sham operated. All animals had access to both plain and NaCl-enriched food postoperatively. The results showed that the adrenalectomized rats consumed considerably more NaCl-enriched food than did the sham animals, but that preoperative salt experience had no significant effect on intake. Sodium-deficient rats will seek out NaCl in food and regulate their salt need; this behavior occurs with or without preoperative experience with NaCl-enriched foods.
Youth Volunteer Service as Positive Youth Development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Abstract Youth volunteer service is prevalent worldwide, though little systematic information exists on its forms and features in the Global South. Anecdotal evidence suggests that programs may embrace principles of positive youth development. The youth may be engaged in substantial, meaningful roles that impact their development while they positively impact others. This descriptive study assessed the forms and institutional features of youth volunteer service in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). A cross-sectional electronic survey was implemented with 374 sponsoring organizations throughout 12 countries in LAC; the organizations sponsored a total of 533 youth volunteer service programs. The programs functionally resemble a positive youth development approach, though the characteristics of the volunteers suggest that they may be more socio-economically advantaged. Implications are drawn for inclusive practices and further research.
Improved sample geometries for fast neutron irradiations

Abstract A Monte Carlo calculation provided a comparison of radiolytic yield efficiencies in a series of cyliindrical sample geometries for irradiation by neutrons from the 3H(d, n)4He reaction. Improvements of better than an order of magnitude were found over geometries used in previous work. The results permit optimizing either the product concentration or the total amount of product. Use of the sample fluid to cool the tritium target of the neutron generator offers advantages in some cases. A by-product of the Monte Carlo procedure gave estimates of the linear energy transfer (LET) for 14 MeV neutron irradiation of hydrocarbons. Not surprisingly, the average initial LET depends sensitively on the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of the hydrocarbon.
The use of paraphrase in summary writing: A comparison of L1 and L2 writers

Abstract Paraphrasing is considered by many to be an important skill for academic writing, and some have argued that the teaching of paraphrasing might help students avoid copying from source texts. Few studies, however, have investigated the ways in which both L1 and L2 academic writers already use paraphrasing as a textual borrowing strategy when completing their academic assignments. To expand our understanding of university students’ paraphrasing strategies, the present study analyzed L1 (n = 79) and L2 (n = 74) writers’ use of paraphrase within a summary task and developed a method for classifying these paraphrases into four major Paraphrase Types: Near Copy, Minimal Revision, Moderate Revision, and Substantial Revision. The study then compared the L1 and L2 writers’ use of these Paraphrase Types within their summaries. It was found that, while both groups used about five paraphrases per summary, L2 writers used significantly more Near Copies than L1 writers. Conversely, the summaries of L1 writers contained significantly more Moderate and Substantial Revisions than those of the L2 writers. Implications of these findings for future studies of students’ textual borrowing strategies are discussed with a particular focus on issues related to plagiarism and the teaching of paraphrasing in university writing classrooms.
Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones

Two distinctly different forms of tropical Pacific Ocean warming are shown to have substantially different impacts on the frequency and tracks of North Atlantic tropical cyclones. The eastern Pacific warming (EPW) is identical to that of the conventional El Nino, whereas the central Pacific warming (CPW) has maximum temperature anomalies located near the dateline. In contrast to EPW events, CPW episodes are associated with a greater-than-average frequency and increasing landfall potential along the Gulf of Mexico coast and Central America. Differences are shown to be associated with the modulation of vertical wind shear in the main development region forced by differential teleconnection patterns emanating from the Pacific. The CPW is more predictable than the EPW, potentially increasing the predictability of cyclones on seasonal time scales.
DNA Structure and Supercoiling: Ribbons and a Yo-Yo Model

The double-helical structure of DNA is a pop cultural icon. Images of the DNA molecule appear in newspapers, popular journals, and advertisements. In addition to scientific instrument sales, the aura surrounding the central molecule of life has been used to sell everything from perfume to beverages and is the inspiration of items ranging from jewelry to staircases and from paintings to sculpture. The 50th anniversary of the discovery of the structure of DNA (1953–2003) highlighted the dramatic change in both the scientific and public perception of this central biological molecule. The helical structure and physical features of DNA are the topic of classroom instruction from the high school level through post-graduate training. The major structural features of the DNA molecule are presented in a new “model for everyone” based on a printed ribbon. Tertiary and quaternary nucleic acid structure, including supercoiling, are demonstrated using a yo-yo model; the replication fork required for nucleic acid repli...
Compressed sensing kernel design for radar range profiling

Compressive sensing (CS) is a technique for accurate signal reconstruction using lower sampling rates than prescribed by Nyquist/Shannon sampling theory under conditions where the signal has a sparse representation in some basis. However, the random projections usually adopted by CS do not exploit priori knowledge of the sensing task or signal structure (other than sparsity). In this paper, we use a task-specific information-based approach to optimizing sensing kernels for radar range profiling of man-made targets. We assume a MoG prior model for the targets and a Taylor series expansion that enables a closed-form gradient of information with respect to the matrix representation of the sensing kernel. We compare the performance of this optimized sensing matrix to random measurements and to optimum Nyquist performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique for sensing kernel design outperforms random projections.