cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landscape Ecology of Lyme Disease in a Residential Area of Westchester County, New York

The landscape ecology of Lyme disease was studied in 1989 on 67 residences in an endemic area of Armonk, Westchester County, a northern suburb of New York City. Four main habitat types were defined, and each property was surveyed for immature and adult lxodes dammini ticks; 98.6% of 1,790 ticks collected were I. dammini. Overall, 67.3% were collected from woods, 21.6% from ecotone (unmaintained edge), 9.1% from ornamental vegetation, and 2% from lawns. Larval ticks were concentrated in woods, but nymphs and adults were widely dispersed in all habitats. Tick abundance was positively correlated with property size. Larger properties (greater than or equal to 0.5 acre) were more likely to have woodlots and, hence, more ticks. Dark-field and direct fluorescent microscopic examination of tick midgut tissues revealed that 29.6% of nymphs and 49.7% of adults were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Infected nymphs and adults were found on 36% and 60% of properties, respectively. These data indicate that the abundance of ticks capable of transmitting Lyme disease spirochetes is related to landscape features of the suburban residential environment.
The mass spectra of (trimethylstannyl)x methanes: Occurrence of tin‐carbon double bonds

The mass spectra of (Me3Sn)nCH4−n, where n varies from 1 to 4, (Me3Sn)2CClX, where X equals H, Cl, Br or I, together with some tetraalkyltin compounds and Me3SnCCl3, are presented. Comparisons with mass spectra of the silicon analogs1 show a large number of similarities, including the appearance of allylic ions which require Group IV metal to carbon π-bonding. Multiple rearrangements are observed with the halogenated tin compounds which bring the α-halogen into direct bonding with the tin atom.
Constructing Solvers for Radiosity Equation Systems

In computer graphics, many approaches to determining the illumination in an environment of light emitters and Lambertian reflectors employ a piece wise constant approximation to the radiosity function, leading to a linear system with n 2 coefficients (the form factors) given n surface elements over which the function is assumed constant. Approaches of this type have collectively been called classical radiosity [Go1]. In the past ten years, several iterative techniques for solving such systems have been developed. While initially, Gauss-Seidel iteration was used to solve such systems[Gol], more recent work employs relaxation techniques which can improve the efficiency of each step in the iteration, so that only O(n) computations are needed per iteration rather than the O(n 2) required by Gauss-Seidel and similar techniques[Co1, Fe1, Go2, Sh1, Xu1]. This efficiency has made classical radiosity practical for moderately complex environments. In this paper, we provide a common mathematical treatment of these more efficient iterative solvers, which we henceforth call linear iteration (LI) solvers. Note that linear in this context refers to the complexity of a single iteration in the solution of a classical radiosity system with O(n 2) coefficients and not to any reduction in the overall number of interactions required to achieve a given error bound as is done in hierarchical[Ha1] and wavelet[Go1] methods.
Infrastructure Management for Pipelines

Extension aux reseaux enterrees des methodes de gestion des revetements de chaussees (conception, construction, maintenance)
Zero-set ultrafilters and Gδ-closures in uniform spaces

The paper examines the classes K1 and Γ1 of Hausdorff uniform spaces which are Gδ-closed in their Samuel compactifications, or completions. It is shown that the classes are epi-reflective, the reflections K1 and Γ are described, K1 and Γ1 are represented as epi-reflective hulls, membership in the classes is described by fixation of certain zero-set ultrafilters, and it is shown that k1 = Γ1 exactly on spaces without discrete sets of measurable power. The results include familiar facts about realcompact and topologically complete topological spaces and are closely connected with the theory of metric-fine uniform spaces.Subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc. (MOS) 1970): primary 54 C 50, 54 E 15, 18 A 40; secondary 54 B 05, 54 B 10, 54 C 10, 54 C 30.
Impact of VLSI on Artificial Intelligence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology on the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) and, consequently, on man's ability to apply AI techniques in the increasing number of information systems serving mankind. AI and/or knowledge-based systems play a very significant role in the increasingly information-oriented society. VLSI is the physical technology that will make the implementation of such systems possible. The impact of VLSI will be along two lines. First, the number of logical and memory components available to the information system designers and implementors will alter by orders of magnitude cost-performance considerations. AI systems of more or less conventional design and representative of today's state of the art will become affordable. They will be much more powerful and will find wide application. There will be a large number of significant small domain applications, including many in the field of education. This is the short- to medium-term perspective. Second, the long-term picture is less clear, particularly with respect to time scale. The ability to approach large domain problems with regard to hardware will be driven by VLSI technology.
Utilization of waste seashells and Camelina sativa oil for biodiesel synthesis

ABSTRACTThe seafood industry produces over 100 million pounds of seashell waste every year. With landfill space diminishing quickly, ways to recycle waste materials are becoming more sought for. Herein, we utilized waste mussel, clam and oyster shells as heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of Camelina sativa oil as a feedstock into biodiesel. Camelina sativa oil provides a reliable solution for biodiesel production because it has high tolerance of cold weather, drought, low-fertility soils and contains approximately 40% oil content. The catalysts from waste seashells were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. High biodiesel yields were achieved at a 12:1 (alcohol:oil) molar ratio with 1 wt.% waste seashell catalysts in 2 h at 65°C. Biodiesel was analyzed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy and the fuel properties of the biodiesel produced from Camelina sativa oil and waste seashells were compared with American Society for Testing and Mate...
Ultrasensitive microfluidic analysis of circulating exosomes using a nanostructured graphene oxide/polydopamine coating

Exosomes are cell-derived nano-sized vesicles that have been recently recognized as new mediators for many cellular processes and potential biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnosis and the monitoring of treatment response. To better elucidate the biology and clinical value of exosomes, there is a pressing need for new analytical technologies capable of the efficient isolation and sensitive analysis of such small and molecularly diverse vesicles. Herein, we developed a microfluidic exosome analysis platform based on a new graphene oxide/polydopamine (GO/PDA) nano-interface. To the best of our best knowledge, we report for the first time, the GO-induced formation of a 3D nanoporous PDA surface coating enabled by the microfluidic layer-by-layer deposition of GO and PDA. It was demonstrated that this nanostructured GO/PDA interface greatly improves the efficiency of exosome immuno-capture, while at the same time effectively suppressing non-specific exosome adsorption. Based on this nano-interface, an ultrasensitive exosome ELISA assay was developed to afford a very low detection limit of 50 μL−1 with a 4 log dynamic range, which is substantially better than the existing methods. As a proof of concept for clinical applications, we adapted this platform to discriminate ovarian cancer patients from healthy controls by the quantitative detection of exosomes directly from 2 μL plasma without sample processing. Thus, this platform could provide a useful tool to facilitate basic and clinical investigations of exosomes for non-invasive disease diagnosis and to aid precision treatment.
Hospitalizations for chronic pancreatitis among adults and children in the United States: A silent epidemic?

s / Pancreatology 13 (2013) e1–e94 e35 NOF vs. OF, 0% vs. 11.7%; P<0.001) and compared to the combined SOF and MOF groups, NOF patients had a reduced incidence of any pancreatic necrosis (15 (45.5%) vs. 42 (71.2%); P1⁄40.015), infection (3 (9%) vs. 22 (37.3%); P1⁄40.004), need for ICU (0 (0%) vs. 16 (26.7%); P1⁄40.001) and hospital stay (15 5 vs. 27 11 days; P<0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that compared to the SOF group, MOF patients had a significantly higher mortality (1 (2.9%) vs. 6 (25.0%); P<0.001), need for ICU (3 (8.5%) vs. 14 (58.3%); P<0.001) and longer hospital stay (24 7 vs. 32 16; P1⁄40.012). Conclusions: Stratification of moderate and severe AP according to the proposed revised Atlanta is of clinical value in our patients. These data further validate the utility of OF in determining the severity of AP.
Differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus From Other Micrococcaceae: Comparison of Staphaurex and the Slide Coagulase Test With the Tube Coagulase Test

A total of 345 isolates of Micrococcaceae were tested by the Staphaurex Latex Agglutination Test and slide coagulase testing. Results were compared with the tube coagulase test. Staphaurex correctly identified 96.9% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains and the slide coagulase test correctly identified 95.9%. The agreement to the tube coagulase test results for various species of tube coagulase-negative staphylococci ranged from 94.1% to 100% for Staphaurex and 88.2% to 100% for the slide coagulase. Staphaurex testing resulted in the incorrect identification of Staphylococcus aureus for two strains of Micrococcus sp. Staphaurex could be used for autoagglutinating strains of staphylococci. Overall, the agreement of both Staphaurex and slide coagulase testing to tube coagulase testing was 97.7%
443 A PROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION

Background Studies on risk factors for community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are almost always done retrospectively and are therefore unable to assess important exposures that may have led to MRSA acquisition. Furthermore, there are no prospective studies that have evaluated CA-MRSA risk factors among a largely adult population of patients. Methods We approached 167 consecutive patients admitted to Harbor-UCLA Medical Center with S. aureus infections between Feb. and Aug. 2004. If the patients agreed, we consented and administered a questionnaire about their exposure, collected information from their medical chart. Results One hundred fifty seven patients (94%) were consented; 114 (73%) of these patients had CA infections. Among these, 71 (62%) had MRSA and 43 (38%) had methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Most patients (86%) had skin and/or soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Compared to patients with CA-MSSA infection, patients with CA-MRSA infection (p ≤ 0.05) were younger, more likely to have had close contact with someone with an SSTI in the past month, snort illegal drugs, be Caucasian or African American, and be incarcerated in the past year. A multivariate analysis of these risk factors shows only age to be an independent predictor of CA-MRSA infection. Conclusion Risk factors such as younger age, recent contact with a person with an SSTI, use of illicit nasal drugs and Caucasian or African American ethnic background were strongly suggestive of MRSA infection, although lack of these factors did not rule out MRSA infection. However, in settings where MRSA is endemic, treating infections for MRSA is recommended.
Using NMR to Study the Properties of Rare-Earth Materials Containing Hydrogen

Nuclear magnetic resonance provides a variety of approaches to obtaining information about rare-earth materials containing hydrogen.1,2 Both steady-state and transient (pulsed) techniques may be applied to the NMR of all three hydrogen isotopes (1H, 2D, 3T) as well as to the nuclei of the non-magnetic rare earths (45Sc, 89Y, 139La, l75Lu) and of other metals occurring in compounds and alloys. Valuable information can be derived from measurements made on polycrystalline (powder) samples, a distinct advantage in the case of metallic hydrides which are difficult to obtain in single-crystal form.
Using Netnography to Explore the Culture of Online Language Teaching Communities.

Netnography (Kozinets, 2010) is an ethnographic approach to study communities that exist primarily online. Engaging in online participant observation, the netnographer connects to the online community through a computer screen, and the field takes place inside the screen. Although having been used in marketing research extensively, netnography is a relatively new methodology in educational research. In this paper, I overview netnography and its applicability in studying online language learning and teaching communities. Drawing upon a netnography of a globally-distributed online community of practice of English language teachers, Webheads in Action, I provide detailed accounts of my experiences as I made particular methodological considerations during data collection in netnography in order to shed light on the often untold aspects of an ethnographic design in online research that involves participant observation. I conclude with a discussion of possible benefits of participant observer approach in netnography in understanding the culture of online language learning and teaching communities, and invite CALL researchers of such online communities to consider netnography and online participant observation in their future studies.
Multidimensional Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Pain: Introduction to the ACTTION-American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy (AAPT).

Abstract A variety of approaches have been used to develop diagnostic criteria for chronic pain. The published evidence of the reliability and validity of existing diagnostic criteria is limited, and these criteria have typically not been used in clinical practice. The availability of a widely accepted, consistently applied, and evidence-based taxonomy of diagnostic criteria would improve the quality of clinical research on chronic pain and would be of great value in clinical practice. To address the need for evidence-based diagnostic criteria for the major chronic pain conditions, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks (ACTTION) public-private partnership with the US Food and Drug Administration and the American Pain Society (APS) have collaborated on the development of the ACTTION-APS Pain Taxonomy (AAPT). AAPT provides a multidimensional framework that is applied systematically in the development of diagnostic criteria. This article (1) describes the background and rationale for AAPT; (2) presents the AAPT taxonomy and the specific conditions for which diagnostic criteria have been developed (to be published separately); (3) briefly reviews the 5 dimensions that constitute the AAPT multidimensional framework and describes the 7 accompanying articles that discuss these dimensions and other important issues involving AAPT; and (4) provides an overview of next steps, specifically, the general processes by which the initial set of diagnostic criteria (for which the evidence base has been drawn from the literature, systematic reviews, and secondary analyses of existing databases) will undergo additional assessments of reliability and validity. Perspective To address the need for evidence-based diagnostic criteria for the major chronic pain conditions, the AAPT provides a multidimensional framework that is applied systematically in the development of diagnostic criteria. The long-term objective of AAPT is to advance the scientific understanding of chronic pain and its treatment.
Letter by Wu et al Regarding Article, "Safety of Computed Tomographic Angiography in the Evaluation of Patients With Acute Stroke: A Single-Center Experience".

We thank the authors Ehrlich et al for their study, which is a valuable effort to look at the safety of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) in acute stroke patients in terms of renal function.1 Multiple previous papers have also found the use of contrast to be safe in triage of acute stroke patients, some even concluding that contrast could be injected even before waiting for serum creatinine levels.2 However, we would like to raise a few concerns about this study. Of the 289 patients included in the …
TIMING AND ALGORITHM OF PERMANENT PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION AFTER TAVR

Background: Although the potential for pacemaker implantation (PPM) following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been well documented, there has been significant variance in the timing of post-TAVR PPM implantation. To obtain a better understanding of current real-world algorithms, we
Common Raven (Corvus corax) kleptoparasitism at a Golden Eagle (Aquila chyrsaetos) nest in southern Nevada

ABSTRACT.— The Common Raven (Corvus corax) is a ubiquitous species in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada and California. From 5 to 24 May 2014, using remote trail cameras, we observed ravens repeatedly kleptoparasitizing food resources from the nest of a pair of Golden Eagles (Aquila chyrsaetos) in the Spring Mountains of southern Nevada. The ravens fed on nine (30%) of the 30 prey items delivered to the nest during the chick rearing period. Kleptoparasitic behavior by the ravens decreased as the eagle nestling matured to seven weeks of age, suggesting a narrow temporal window in which ravens can successfully engage in kleptoparasitic behavior at eagle nests. The observation of kleptoparasitism by Common Ravens at the nest suggests potential risks to young Golden Eagles from Common Ravens.
Vicious Circle Behavior in Humans Through Secondary Punishment

A total of 27 volunteer college student subjects were trained in a “vicious circle” paradigm. A buzzer previously paired with an electric shock was used as a secondary punishing stimulus for one group during the extinction. A second group also received presentations of the buzzer contingent upon the learned responses during extinction, but had not had the pairings of the buzzer and the shock. A third group was a regular extinction control. The punished extinction group showed significantly greater resistance to extinction than either of the control groups. Possible clinical significance of human vicious circle response to a secondary punishing stimulus is discussed.
The Evolution of Financial Markets: 1870-2010 - Legal Origin and the Great Reversal

Why did some countries develop larger capital markets than others? To shed light on this perennial question, I present a new macro-historical dataset on stock market capitalization, bank deposits and the output of the financial sector for eighteen advanced economies between 1870 and 2010. Based on historical data from more than a hundred sources, I study the evolution of financial systems in common and civil law countries. In line with legal origins theory (La Porta et al. 1997), I show that civil law countries have significantly smaller capital markets, smaller financial sectors and more bank-reliant financial systems than common law countries since at least 1870. The gap between common law and civil law countries varies substantially over time: In 1885, capital markets in common law countries were twice as large as in civil law countries. This ratio fell substantially until World War I, but increased strongly during the Interwar and Postwar Period. I argue that high levels of financial integration and free capital movement led to convergence between common and civil law countries prior to World War I. Financial fragmentation, as well as shocks to the capital stock and political uncertainty during and after the war help explain the strong divergence immediately after World War I.
The LGBT Disconnect: Politics and Perils of Legal Movement Formation

The LGBT movement is facing a crucial dilemma. Although the movement presents itself as a coalition of gays, lesbians, and transgender individuals, many Americans accept and approve of the former (LG), but not the latter (T). Opponents of LGBT rights have capitalized on this social and political disconnect in local ballot measure campaigns, convincing voters to repeal sexual orientation anti-discrimination laws by highlighting that the statutes also contain gender identity protections. There is thus a sufficiently large gap between the identity categories that lesbian and gay legal victories have not built support for transgender rights, and yet they are integrated enough that one can be deployed against the other. Drawing on extensive original primary source research — including archival materials, newspaper articles, television advertisements, legislative histories, and court filings — this Article uncovers the debates, conflicts, and decisions that shaped the place of transgender rights within the coalition, and argues that national LGBT rights organizations’ legal strategies inadvertently contributed to this contemporary disconnect. This Article demonstrates why it is so important for LGBT rights groups to address this problem by chronicling anti-transgender rhetoric in local ballot measures, where citizens are increasingly voting to repeal LGBT rights. It concludes by identifying several options for how LGBT rights groups can eliminate the gap between lesbian/gay and transgender, which it uses to develop a taxonomy of social movement mobilization.
Personalization of prostate cancer therapy through phosphoproteomics

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains incurable despite the approval of several new treatments. Identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to enable personalization of CRPC therapy, with the aim of maximizing therapeutic responses and minimizing toxicity in patients, is urgently needed. Prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance are frequently driven by aberrantly activated kinase signalling pathways that are amenable to pharmacological inhibition. Personalized phosphoproteomics, which enables the analysis of signalling networks in individual tumours, is a promising approach to advance personalized therapy by discovering biomarkers of pathway activity and clinically actionable targets. Several technologies for global and targeted phosphoproteomic analysis exist, each with its own strengths and shortcomings. Global discovery phosphoproteomics is predominantly conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with data-dependent or data-independent acquisition technologies. Multiplexed targeted phosphoproteomics can be divided into platforms based on mass spectrometry or antibodies, including selected or parallel reaction monitoring and triggered by offset, multiplexed, accurate mass, high-resolution, absolute quantification (known as TOMAHAQ) or forward-phase or reverse-phase protein arrays, respectively. Several obstacles still need to be overcome before the full potential of phosphoproteomics can be realized in routine clinical practice, but a future phosphoproteomics-centric trans-omic profiling approach should enable optimized personalized CRPC management through improved biomarkers and targeted treatments.
Component: The Structural Form

Chapter 3 defines the second component of landscape, the structural form . The chapter begins with a discussion of strike and dip and then discusses the various landscape-forming structures. There are three types of fold . The first includes anticlines, synclines, domes, and basins. The second are monoclines. The third are nearly flat-lying layers. Other landscape-forming structures include fractures (joints), faults, and crystalline terrains. There are four categories of fault : normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip. Two types of crystalline landscapes are introduced: those dominated by metamorphic rocks and those dominated by batholiths. The influence of structures on landscape is discussed, as are various landforms that include cuesta, hogbacks, and bench and slope landscapes. A distinction is made between the shape of the land and the shape of a rock structure.
Is IRAS F10214+4724 Gravitationally Lensed?

We show that the z = 2.3 IRAS source F10214+4724 is gravitationally lensed by an intervening galaxy, as suggested by the observed near-IR structures. Its many anomalous properties can be explained if the source is an ordinary Seyfert 2 nucleus whose central regions are much more highly magnified than the surrounding host galaxy. Confirming expectations, we find a counterimage to the near-IR arc, and find spectral evidence for the lensing galaxy at z ∼ 1. We present new optical images which show that the optical source is compact and highly magnified. F10214+4724 may represent a population of lensed AGNs whose central engines are obscured.
Blue Swarm Sentinel and Blue Swarm 2.

This paper describes the Utah State University (USU) entry in the 2002 robotic Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) competition, hosted by the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). More importantly, it also describes the problems the team encountered in preparing for this year’s competition, the lessons learned, and plans for the 2003 USAR competition. Description of the 2002 Entry The USU entry for this year’s USAR competition combined last year’s entry (the Blue Swarm 2) with a coordinator robot (the Blue Swarm Sentinel). The concept was to have the Sentinel coordinate with the six robots making up the Blue Swarm 2 and relay pertinent information (especially the location of victims) back to a human rescuer viewing a PCbased graphical user interface (GUI) via a radio frequency (RF) transceiver. The team ran into some problems implementing this concept, as will be described in the problems encountered section of this paper. This section will describe the USU entry as it was intended to operate.
Resonance Enhanced Electric Field Induced Raman Scattering by Lo Phonons in InSb

We have observed large q≈ 0 TO and LO phonon scattering intensities in the backward scattering Raman spectra obtained from n-type and p-type InSb surfaces with 6328 A (1. 96 ev) excitation. These are attributed to resonance enhancement near the E1 energy gap at 1.89 ev. Further, the q≈0 LO phonon peak is observed for scattering geometries in which, according to the polarization selection rules for the Raman scattering tensor, it should be forbidden. The occurrence of the LO phonon band is explained by an electric field induced Raman scattering originating in the electric field which is present in the surface depletion layers of n-type and p-type InSb. The effects of temperature changes indicate that excitons take part in the resonance enhancement mechanism of the scattering by LO phonons. The effects of externally applied electric fields support our interpretation of the data.
(307) The Role of Fluctuations in Pain Acceptance, Coping, and Catastrophizing in the Daily Lives of People with Chronic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury

The experience of chronic pain can be influenced by choice of coping skills, the presence of catastrophizing, and the degree of acceptance of chronic pain. Neither the independent contributions of coping, catastrophizing, and acceptance of the pain experience nor the relative variability of these factors on a day-to-day basis are well understood. Thus, this study aimed to examine the role of daily changes in pain acceptance, coping, and catastrophizing in the daily lives of people with chronic pain and spinal cord injury (SCI). We collected seven days of end-of-day diary assessments of pain acceptance, pain coping, and pain catastrophizing, and five additional criterion variables of interest – pain interference, social participation, depressive symptoms, and positive affect and well-being in 124 individuals. In multilevel random effects modeling (controlling for age, gender, mobility, and pain intensity), pain acceptance, coping, and catastrophizing were each independently associated with some, but not all, of the daily criterion variables. Both acceptance and catastrophizing demonstrated similarly robust and consistent associations with outcomes, whereas pain coping demonstrated weaker and less consistent relationships with outcomes. Days of higher than usual catastrophizing were related to same-day lower positive affect and well-being and higher pain interference and depressed mood. Days of high pain acceptance were associated with higher same-day social participation and lower pain interference and depressed mood. Interestingly, when people reported higher than usual pain coping, they also reported higher same-day depressed mood. The findings suggest that psychosocial interventions targeting both pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance may be beneficial in terms of pain, mood, and social outcomes for those with chronic pain. Individuals may engage in more behavioral coping strategies to manage pain when experiencing negative mood. Further research examining the complex dynamics of adaptive and maladaptive responses to pain in daily life is warranted.
Carcinogenicity of 1-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine (N-nitroso-N-propyl-proprionamide) in Syrian hamsters.

The effect of 1-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine (1-OPPN) was examined in Syrian hamsters. The subcutaneous (s.c.) LD50 was 308 mg/kg b.w. Animals treated s.c. once with a high dose of 1-OPPN had subcutaneous sarcomas and vaginal papillomas. Weekly s.c. injections for life led to high incidences of sarcomas at the injection site. In addition, 1-OPPN had a systemic effect. Neoplasms developed in the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, forestomach, and vagina. The results are discussed in connection with those found with other DPN derivatives substituted in the α-position.
A 1–10MHz Frequency-Aware CMOS Active Rectifier with Dual-Loop Adaptive Delay Compensation and >230 mW Output Power for Capacitively Powered Biomedical Implants

This paper presents a frequency-aware CMOS active rectifier with dual-loop adaptive delay compensation for capacitively powered biomedical implants with high power budgets. To support operation under a wide range of input frequencies, output power levels, and load values, dual-loop adaptive delay compensation is used to concurrently provide high resolution and high dynamic range in switched-offset currents of comparators that can be automatically reconfigured for low- and high-speed operation modes for adaptation to the input frequency. Fabricated in $0.18 \mu \mathrm { m }$ 1P/6M CMOS, the rectifier features power conversion efficiency (PCE) of $\gt84.4$% (peak of 91.5%) and voltage conversion ratio (VCR) of $\gt88.6$% (peak of 95.1%), when operating in 1–10MHz and driving a load of $300 \Omega$. Moreover, for a load range of $20 \Omega-1 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ at 5MHz, PCE of 81– 91.8% and VCR of 78.4–95.4% are achieved, with maximum output power of $\sim$232 mW at 50$\omega$ with PCE of 90.1%.
User Empathy in Smart Energy Management

This paper investigates interaction among residential electricity users and utility company in a distribution network with the capability of two-way communication provided by smart grid. The energy consumption scheduling of electricity users is formulated as a game- theoretic problem within a group where all players are not totally selfish. Considering empathetic behavior of human decision-making, empathetic player action to other players actions can be influenced by recognizing the well being of others. The proposed model captures the empathy of electricity users in energy scheduling and demonstrates how this behavior can decrease energy consumption and electricity prices. Furthermore, it is shown that selfish users cannot make full use of energy saving by empathetic users.
Denial of Service Detection & Mitigation Scheme using Responsive Autonomic Virtual Networks (RAvN)

In this paper we propose a responsive autonomic and data-driven adaptive virtual networking framework (RAvN) that integrates the adaptive reconfigurable features of a popular SDN platform called open networking operating system (ONOS), the network performance statistics provided by traffic monitoring tools such as T-shark or sflow-RT and analytics and decision making skills provided from new and current machine learning techniques to detect and mitigate anomalous behavior. For this paper we focus on the development of novel detection schemes using a developed Centroid-based clustering technique and the Intragroup variance of data features within network traffic (C. Intra), with a multivariate gaussian distribution model fitted to the constant changes in the IP addresses of the network to accurately assist in the detection of low rate and high rate denial of service (DoS) attacks. We briefly discuss our ideas on the development of the decision-making and execution component using the concept of generating adaptive policy updates (i.e. anomalous mitigation solutions) on-the-fly to the ONOS SDN controller for updating network configurations and flows. In addition we provide the analysis on anomaly detection schemes used for detecting low rate and high rate DoS attacks versus a commonly used unsupervised machine learning technique Kmeans. The proposed schemes outperformed Kmeans significantly. The multivariate clustering method and the intragroup variance recorded 80.54% and 96.13% accuracy respectively while Kmeans recorded 72.38% accuracy.
Origin of high carrier concentration in amorphous wide-bandgap oxides: Role of disorder in defect formation and electron localization in In2O3−x

Structural disorder has been known to suppress carrier concentration and carrier mobility in common covalent semiconductors, such as silicon, by orders of magnitude. This is expected from a reduced overlap of the electron clouds on neighboring orbitals and the formation of localized tail states near the band edges caused by local distortions and lack of periodicity in the amorphous phase. In striking contrast to the covalent semiconductors, wide-bandgap oxides of post-transition metals with ionic bonding not only allow for crystalline-like electron mobility upon amorphization, but also exhibit two orders of magnitude higher carrier concentration in the disordered phase as compared to the crystalline oxide. Here, the results of computationally intensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, comprehensive structural analysis, and accurate density-functional calculations reveal complex interplay between local distortions, coordination, and long-range bond morphology and help establish the microscopic origin of carrier generation and transport across the crystalline–amorphous transition in In 2 O 3 − x. Departing from traditional oxygen vacancy in crystalline oxides, the derived structural descriptors help categorize “defects” in disordered ionic oxides, quantify the degree of the associated electron localization and binding energy, and determine their role in the resulting electronic and optical properties. The results will be instrumental in the development of next-generation transparent amorphous semiconductors with a combination of properties not achievable in Si-based architectures.
Image inpainting using sparse multiscale representations: Image recovery performance guarantees

Abstract Several strategies have been applied for the recovery of the missing parts in an image, with recovery performance depending significantly on the image type and the geometry of missing data. To provide a deeper understanding of such image restoration problem, King et al. recently introduced a rigorous multiscale analysis framework and proved that a shearlet based inpainting approach outperforms methods based on more conventional multiscale representations when missing data are line singularities. In this paper, we extend and improve the analysis of the inpainting problem to the more realistic and more challenging setting of images containing curvilinear singularities. We derive inpainting performance guarantees showing that exact image recovery is achieved if the size of the missing singularity is smaller than the size of the structure elements of appropriate functional representations of the image. Our proof relies critically on the microlocal and sparsity properties of the shearlet representation.
Quantifying the effect of market information on demand for genetically modified salmon

We investigate how production process labels and information about potential positive and/or negative aspects of GM technology affects demand for novel seafood products. We collected data during an...
Effects of Visual Feedback During Recumbent Stepping in Individuals With Chronic Stroke.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of intermittent visual feedback (using the Balanced Power program on the NuStep Transitt) during recumbent stepping on strength, balance, and functional mobility in individuals with chronic stroke. Design Quasi-experimental 1-group pretest-posttest study. Setting Human performance research laboratory. Participants Adults (N=11; 7 female; mean age, 58.7±13.6y), >6 months post stroke. Interventions Eight 45-minute training sessions on the NuStep Transitt (visits 2-9) twice a week (5-minute warm-up and cooldown with 35 minutes of training [5min with and then without visual feedback regarding left/right lower extremity percentage effort]). Visits 1 and 10: pre- and post assessment. Main Outcome Measures Self-selected and fast gait speeds; maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) of knee extension and flexion and ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion; and 5 times sit-to-stand (5TSTS). Results Significant improvements in 5TSTS (14.2s, P=.007) and fast gait (hemi: 4.9 cm [P=.024], nonhemi: 4.5cm (P=.019) stride length; nonhemi step length 2.3 cm (P=.024]). MVC and self-selected gait parameters showed no significant changes. Conclusions The NuStep Transitt is a valuable tool that provides real-time feedback about percentage of use of the hemiparetic leg. This intervention study has demonstrated that the addition of visual feedback about left/right percentage effort while exercising on the Transitt has significant and clinically relevant effects on the functional mobility of individuals with chronic stroke.
A Miniaturized Platform for Multiplexed Drug Response Imaging in Live Tumors.

By observing the activity of anti-cancer agents directly in tumors, there is potential to greatly expand our understanding of drug response and develop more personalized cancer treatments. Implantable microdevices (IMD) have been recently developed to deliver microdoses of chemotherapeutic agents locally into confined regions of live tumors; the tissue can be subsequently removed and analyzed to evaluate drug response. This method has the potential to rapidly screen multiple drugs, but requires surgical tissue removal and only evaluates drug response at a single timepoint when the tissue is excised. Here, we describe a “lab-in-a-tumor” implantable microdevice (LIT-IMD) platform to image cell-death drug response within a live tumor, without requiring surgical resection or tissue processing. The LIT-IMD is inserted into a live tumor and delivers multiple drug microdoses into spatially discrete locations. In parallel, it locally delivers microdose levels of a fluorescent cell-death assay, which diffuses into drug-exposed tissues and accumulates at sites of cell death. An integrated miniaturized fluorescence imaging probe images each region to evaluate drug-induced cell death. We demonstrate ability to evaluate multi-drug response over 8 h using murine tumor models and show correlation with gold-standard conventional fluorescence microscopy and histopathology. This is the first demonstration of a fully integrated platform for evaluating multiple chemotherapy responses in situ. This approach could enable a more complete understanding of drug activity in live tumors, and could expand the utility of drug-response measurements to a wide range of settings where surgery is not feasible.
Updating the Distribution of American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Texas Using Community Science, State Agencies, and Natural History Collections

The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is one of largest terrestrial mammals found in Texas. Despite the black bear's large size and charismatic nature, its distribution across the state has been difficult to determine due to outdated distribution maps. Although recent sighting reports indicate that the current distribution of black bears in Texas may be expanding in some areas, researching changes in black bear populations can be difficult and cost prohibitive. Data from community science initiatives and natural history collections can be useful to better understand species distributions and ecology. We used records from Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, iNaturalist, and VertNet to describe the distribution of U. americanus in Texas. Our results indicate that black bears may not be widely distributed across Texas and may be breeding in only a small number of counties. Our study highlights the usefulness of successful community science programs and the long-term historical importance of natural history collection records and natural resource agency data sets in better understanding geographic distributions of various species, including U. americanus. These initiatives paired with improved communication and collaboration between natural history collections, community scientists, and municipal, state, and federal natural resource and wildlife agencies can provide valuable information for a variety of species and facilitate future research.
Considerations for Measuring Compressor Aerodynamic Excitations Including Rotor Wakes and Tip Leakage Flows

The unsteady flow field generated by the rotor provides unsteady aerodynamic excitations to the downstream stator, which can result in vibrations such as forced response. In this paper, measurements of the rotor wake and rotor tip leakage flow from an embedded rotor in a multistage axial compressor are presented. A unique feature of this work is the pitchwise traverse of the flow field used to highlight the changes in the rotor exit flow field with respect to the position of the surrounding vane rows. Results acquired at mid-span focus on characterizing an average rotor wake, including the effects on the frequency spectrum, from a forced response perspective. While many analyses use an average rotor wake to characterize the aerodynamic forcing function to the downstream stator, this study explores the factors that influence changes in the rotor wake shape and the resulting impact on the spectrum. Additionally, this paper investigates the flow near the endwall where the tip leakage vortex is an important contributor to the aerodynamic excitations for the downstream vane. For the first time, experimental data are presented at the rotor exit, which show the modulation in size and radial penetration of the tip leakage vortex as the rotor passes through the upstream vane wake. As computational models become more advanced, the ability to incorporate these aerodynamic excitation effects should be considered to provide better predictions for vane vibratory response.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Prolyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase of Escherichia coli I. PURIFICATION AND EVIDENCE FOR SUBUNITS

Abstract Prolyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase of Escherichia coli B exists in vitro as an active dimer or as an inactive monomer, separable by hydroxylapatite chromatography. The monomer neither charges E. coli transfer ribonucleic acid nor catalyzes the proline-dependent adenosine triphosphate-pyrophosphate exchange reaction. At temperatures below 37°, in the absence of glycerol or sucrose, the enzyme is in equilibrium between the active dimer and the inactive monomer. Incubation at temperatures between 37° and 40° or addition of sucrose or glycerol at 0° completely converts the enzyme into the dimer, whereas cooling in the absence of sucrose or glycerol converts the enzyme into the monomer. The dimerization follows second order kinetics. It requires neither divalent cations nor adenosine triphosphate and can occur in various buffers. The dimer is stabilized by adenosine triphosphate or transfer ribonucleic acid. The monomerization follows first order kinetics, the dimer having a half-life of 45 min at pH 6.9 at 0°. In sucrose and glycerol gradient centrifugations the sedimentation velocities of the monomer and dimer are consistent with molecular weights of 47,000 and 94,000, respectively. The enzyme has been purified 250-fold in the presence of 10 to 40% glycerol.
Factors Affecting the Secretion of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A

The biosynthesis of enterotoxin A by replicating and nonreplicating cells was investigated. Unlike enterotoxin B, a secondary metabolite, enterotoxin A secretion resembled that of a primary metabolite by being secreted during the exponential phase of growth. The amount of toxin produced per unit of growth was not influenced by NaCl, NaNO2, or NaNO3. Several surfactants increased toxin secretion. Toxin secretion by nonreplicating cells was inhibited by chloramphenicol and 2, 4-dinitrophenol but not by streptomycin or penicillin G. The optimal pH for enterotoxin A production was 6.5 to 7.0. The findings suggest a number of possible reasons for the higher incidence of food poisonings caused by enterotoxin A as compared to enterotoxin B.
Dictator, Loyal, and Opportunistic Agents: The Soviet Archives on Creating the Soviet Economic System

Studies of the mature Soviet economy focus on the structuralweaknesses of rent seeking and corruption. Such an economy ispresumed to perform better in its adolescent phase under astrong stationary-bandit dictator, dedicated to growth andable to control rent-seekers. We use the recently openedSoviet state and party archives to show the process that beganin the 1930s of transforming the inner circle of the Sovietstationary bandit into a rent-seeking bureaucracy lackinglong-term goals.
Simulation of power converter devices with nonlinear elements

One goal of future spacecraft power systems research is to be able to model and simulate converter circuits with nonlinear elements. A method is presented for solving systems with nonlinear elements using an approach based on a homogeneous state model. The state equations are solved using the state transition matrix approach. >
POSITIVE-CONTRAST ARTHROGRAPHY

Normal colony Beagle dogs were used to evaluate the effect of concentration, volume, and limb positioning on positive-contrast arthrography in the humeral joint. An 8.4% w/v (33.3 mg/ml ± volume) concentration of analytic grade metrizamide (33 mg/ml of iodine) was thought to provide arthrograms of the highest diagnostic quality. Optimal volume of contrast medium was 2–4 ml in dogs with weight of 7.0–15.6 kg (mean, 10.3 kg). Radiographs thought to be of greatest diagnostic value were those made with the dog in lateral recumbency and the limb positioned for neutral, traction, flexion, supination, and pronation views, plus a caudocranial radiograph made with the dog in dorsal recumbency and the limb in traction.
Studies on the adaptive formation of photosynthetic structures in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: I. Synthesis of macromolecules

Abstract 1. 1. Dark aerobically growing cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides in adapting to anaerobic-light conditions undergo a lag phase, during which bacteriochlorophyll is synthesized, followed by a resumption of growth. 2. 2. The cellular levels of RNA, protein and DNA are unaltered during this adaptive period. 3. 3. Considerable fluctuations occur during this period in rate of uptake of RNA, DNA and protein precursors. These fluctuations have been ascribed to the restricted energy available to the adapting cells. 4. 4. Fractionation of cell components demonstrates that a preferential synthesis of protein occurs at the membrane site during adaption although rapidly formed RNA is not associated with these membrane fractions. 5. 5. The proportion of rapidly formed RNA which forms ribonuclease-resistant hybrids with DNA increases when aerobically grown cells are transferred to anaerobic conditions.