cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of neuropeptide Y on ingestion of flavored solutions in nondeprived rats.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that in addition to altering energy balance, neuropeptide Y (NPY) may stimulate ingestive behavior by modifying the orosensory quality of ingested substances. The present experiments investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of NPY (5 μg/5 μl) on ingestion of various flavored solutions in nondeprived rats. Experiment 1 examined the effects of NPY on ingestion of a range of concentrations of saline, sucrose, and saccharin solutions in single-bottle tests. Results indicated that NPY stimulates ingestion of both sucrose and saccharin solutions that are normally palatable. In Experiment 2, palatable sucrose solutions flavored with either orange or black cherry Kool-Aid® for separate training groups were selectively associated with NPY injection during single-bottle training sessions. Subsequent two-bottle preference tests showed a significant shift in preference toward the flavor paired with NPY during training. The results of these experiments extend previous findings by showing that NPY can stimulate ingestion of sweet solutions regardless of caloric value and may potentiate sweet taste preference via an associative mechanism.
The human neutrophil oxygen armory

Abstract The human neutrophil respiratory burst, initiated by the activation of the flavoenzyme NADPH-oxidase, generates the one-electron reduction product of oxygen, O 2 − . Derivative free radicals and products of the myeloperoxidase-H 2 O 2 -halide system are toxic to micro-organisms and cytolytic to normal and malignant mammalian cells. Current interest has focused on the intra- and extra-cellular molecular targets of the respiratory burst products to define the complex pathways by which these metabolites participate in the inflammatory reaction.
Effects of Iron Purity and Groundwater Characteristics on Rates and Products in the Degradation of Carbon Tetrachloride by Iron Metal

Carbon tetrachloride (CT) batch degradation experiments by four commercial irons at neutral pH indicated that iron metal (Fe0) purity affected both rates and products of CT transformation in anaerobic systems. Surface-area-normalized rate constants and elemental composition analysis of the untreated metals indicate that the highest-purity, least-oxidized Fe0 was the most reactive on a surface-area-normalized basis in transforming CT. There was also a trend of increasing yield of the hydrogenolysis product chloroform (CF) with increasing Fe0 purity. Impurities such as graphite in the lower purity irons could favor the alternate CT reaction pathway, dichloroelimination, which leads to completely dechlorinated products. High pH values slowed the rates of CT disappearance by Peerless Fe0 and led to a pattern of decreasing CF yields as the pH increased from 7 to 12.9. The Fe/O atomic ratio vs depth for Peerless Fe0 filings equilibrated at pH 7 and 9.3, obtained by depth profiling analysis with X-ray photoelect...
Global, regional and local health impacts of civil aviation emissions

Aviation emissions impact surface air quality at multiple scales?from near-airport pollution peaks associated with airport landing and take off (LTO) emissions, to intercontinental pollution attributable to aircraft cruise emissions. Previous studies have quantified aviation?s air quality impacts around a specific airport, in a specific region, or at the global scale. However, no study has assessed the air quality and human health impacts of aviation, capturing effects on all aforementioned scales. This study uses a multi-scale modeling approach to quantify and monetize the air quality impact of civil aviation emissions, approximating effects of aircraft plume dynamics-related local dispersion (?1 km), near-airport dispersion (?10 km), regional (?1000 km) and global (?10 000 km) scale chemistry and transport. We use concentration-response functions to estimate premature deaths due to population exposure to aviation-attributable PM2.5 and ozone, finding that aviation emissions cause ?16 000 (90% CI: 8300?24 000) premature deaths per year. Of these, LTO emissions contribute a quarter. Our estimate shows that premature deaths due to long-term exposure to aviation-attributable PM2.5 and O3 lead to costs of ?$21 bn per year. We compare these costs to other societal costs of aviation and find that they are on the same order of magnitude as global aviation-attributable climate costs, and one order of magnitude larger than aviation-attributable accident and noise costs.
Active pepsin fraction, resting peptic activity, and percentage of pepsin inhibition in gastric juice.

Summary and ConclusionsSimple procedures have been described whereby the amount of active pepsin, the percentage of pepsin inhibition and the resting peptic power can be obtained when used in combination with the test for total pepsin. The test employs a nephelometric method to determine the diminution of an albumen substrate after digestion.
Family Relationships, Parenting Practices, the Availability of Male Family Members, and the Behavior of Inner‐City Boys in Single‐Mother and Two‐Parent Families

The primary goal of this study was to clarify if and how differences in the functioning of single-mother and two-parent families relate to the occurrence of behavioral problems among inner-city boys (ages 10-15). Data were collected on family relationships, parenting practices, the positive influence of male family members, and the severity of externalizing behavior problems. Results indicated that (1) multiple family risk factors contribute to the occurrence of behavior problems; (2) most family risk factors were generalizable to both single-mother and two-parent families; (3) although boys in single-mother families were at greater risk for developing behavior problems than boys in two-parent families, the risks associated with single motherhood were offset by a structured family environment, an effective disciplinary strategy that allowed for some degree of adolescent autonomy, and the positive involvement of a male family member; and (4) not all differences in the functioning of single-mother and two-parent families were associated with problem behavior, underscoring the importance of distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive aspects of single-mother family functioning.
Hypothesis testing for the common mean of two normal distributions in the presence of an indifference zone

LetX1,...,Xm andYt,...,Y be independent, random samples from populations which are N(θ,σx2) and N(θ,σy2), respectively, with all parameters unknown. In testingH0:θ=0 againstH1:θ≠0, thet-test based upon either sample is known to be admissible in the two-sample setting. If, however, one testsH0 againstH1:|θ|≧e>0, with e arbitrary, our main results show: (i) the construction of a test which is better than the particulart-test chosen, (ii) eacht-test is admissible under the invariance principle with respect to the group of scale changes, and (iii) there does not exist a test which simultaneously is better than botht-tests.
Crystalline state extrusion of melt-crystallized and solution-grown crystals of nylons-6 and 6,6

Abstract Melt- and solution-grown crystals of nylons-6 and 6,6 have been solid-state extruded to examine the relationships among thermal behaviour, crystallinity, orientation and modulus. Unextruded and extruded samples were examined by thermal analysis, wide-angle X-ray scattering and tensile testing. An extrusion draw ratio ( EDR ) of 4.0 was attained for all samples. At this EDR , modulus and crystallinity are linearly related over a wide range up to 60% crystallinity. The highest tensile modulus of 6.7 GPa was attained for both polymers in the extrudates of solution-grown crystals, although crystals in extrudates from precipitates were less oriented. This suggests that the extent of both crystallinity and draw play an important role in the enhancement of modulus.
Uniform ultimate boundedness of the solutions of uncertain dynamic delay systems with state-dependent and memoryless feedback control†

A continuous feedback controller is developed for a class of non-linear, time-varying, uncertain systems governed by functional differential equations with retarded arguments. The form of the controller guarantees that under certain assumptions all solutions are uniformly bounded in norm for time t sufficiently largo in spite of the uncertainty in system parameters and input signals. Furthermore, given any ϵ > 0, the parameters in the description of the controller can be chosen such that the closed-loop solutions all satisfy ||x(t)|| ≤ ϵ for large t.
Chronic idiopathic ataxic neuropathy: neuropathology of a case

A case of chronic, sporadic, slowly progressive, purely sensory, ataxic neuropathy is reported. In previously published similar cases only muscle and nerve biopsies have been available for study. In the present case the patient died of an unrelated illness 39 years after onset of the neuropathy. A full neuropathological study was performed. The disease process was limited to the dorsal root ganglia and their central and peripheral processes. Large myelinated fibers were preferentially involved. Involvement of the dorsal root ganglia has also been reported in certain toxic ganglioneuropathies and in the sensory neuropathy associated with carcinoma. The long duration and insidious development set the present case apart from those conditions. An inflammatory component was lacking. Except for a microscopic focus of adenocarcinoma of the prostate no malignancy was present. The etiology of chronic idiopathic ataxic neuropathy is unknown, but it is likely that the dorsal root ganglion is the main target for the disease process in most if not all cases.
Temporal squama shape in fossil hominins: relationships to cranial shape and a determination of character polarity.

In 1943, Weidenreich described the squamosal suture of Homo erectus as long, low, and simian in character and suggested that this morphology was dependent upon the correlation between the size of the calvarium and the face. Many researchers now consider this character to be diagnostic of H. erectus. The relationship between cranial size and shape and temporal squama morphology, however, is unclear, and several authors have called for detailed measurements of squamosal variation to be collected before any conclusions are drawn regarding the nature of the morphology observed in H. erectus. Thirteen fossil and extant taxa were examined to address two questions: 1) Are size and shape of the temporal squama correlated with cranial vault morphology? and 2) Is the H. erectus condition plesiomorphic? To answer these questions, measurements were collected and indices were calculated for squamosal suture height, length, and area in relation to metric variables describing cranial size and shape. A two-dimensional morphometric study was also completed using High Resolution-Polynomial Curve Fitting (HR-PCF) to investigate correlations between curvature of the squamosal suture and curvature of the cranial vault. Results of both analyses indicate that squamosal suture form is related to cranial size and shape. Furthermore, the plesiomorphic condition of the squamosal suture for hominins was identified as high and moderately arched; this condition is retained in H. erectus and is distinct from the great ape condition. It is suggested that this similarity is the result of increased cranial length without a corresponding increase in cranial height. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SIMPLIFIED URETERAL STENT PLACEMENT WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF A URETERAL ACCESS SHEATH

Purpose: When using a ureteral access sheath following a ureteroscopic procedure, placement of an internal ureteral stent can be simplified by inserting the stent through the sheath without the need to reinsert the cystoscope.Materials and Methods: An indwelling ureteral stent with the pull string attached is inserted over the guide wire into the access sheath followed by the pusher. The guide wire is partially withdrawn allowing the stent to form a coil in the renal pelvis, using the pull string to adjust the stent position. The fluoroscopy unit is then focused onto the bladder and the guide wire is slowly withdrawn until its tip is at the level of pubic symphysis. The pusher and guide wire are then removed and the pull string is cut at the urethral meatus.Results: Among 71 cases studied 60 required ureteral stent placement. In 43 of the 60 cases (72%) the ureteral access sheath greatly facilitated ureteroscopy, and a stent was placed through the access sheath in 34 (79%). Stent placement through the acc...
Writing Multiculturalism into Architecture Curricula

In the spring of 1991 I taught a new writing course with another African American faculty member, Ken Simmons, in the Department of Architecture at the University of California at Berkeley. The purpose of the course was to write about African American, Asian American, Latino, and Native American architects and artists and their works. We created this course at the urgent request of African American architecture students who were angered by the omission of architects of color in our curriculum. This paper discusses the academic benefits and difficulties of teaching a multicultural writing course in an architecture school.
Thermal conductivity of (Zr,W)N/ScN metal/semiconductor multilayers and superlattices

The cross-plane thermal conductivities of metal/semiconductor multilayers and epitaxial superlattices have been measured as a function of period by time-domain thermoreflectance at room temperature. (001)-oriented ZrN (metal)/ScN (semiconductor) multilayers and (Zr,W)N/ScN epitaxial superlattices with the rocksalt crystal structure were grown on (001)MgO substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering. A distinct minimum in thermal conductivity at a period of ∼6 nm is observed for ZrN/ScN multilayers. The minimum thermal conductivity of 5.25 W/m K is a factor of ∼2.7 smaller than the mean of the thermal conductivities (including only the lattice contributions) of the values measured for films of the constituent materials, and approximately equal to the lattice component of the thermal conductivity of a Zr0.65Sc0.35N alloy film (∼5 W/m K). Alloying the ZrN layers with WNx reduces the lattice mismatch, yielding epitaxial (Zr,W)N/ScN superlattices. The addition of WNx also reduces the thermal conductivity to ∼2 ...
Six-month trajectory of suicidal ideation in adolescents with borderline personality disorder.

Few studies have longitudinally examined suicidal ideation in those with adolescent-onset borderline personality disorder (BPD). The current study aimed to examine the trajectory of suicidal ideation in adolescents with BPD longitudinally over 6 months, with follow-ups at 2, 4, and 6 months posthospitalization for elevated suicide risk. Results indicated that the BPD group exhibited a greater decrease in suicidal ideation in the months following hospitalization than those without a BPD diagnosis. The findings of this study indicated that suicidal ideation in adolescents with BPD is not stable, and although ideation may decrease quickly after hospitalization, regular assessment of ideation is recommended.
CTACTS Charleston Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System

This paper presents an overview of the Ocean Engineering and Construction Project Office (FPO-1) of the Chesapeake Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command design and construction of eight ocean towers. These towers are for the Charleston Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System (CTACTS). The offshore portion of the CTACTS provides the necessary facilities to accurately monitor and control the training of Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force pilots, during aerial warfare training exercises. These offshore facilities are located 30 to 72 nautical miles east of northern Georgia in water depths ranging from 81 to 143 feet. In June, 1984, FPO-1 awarded the ocean tower design contract to Brown & Root Development, Inc. The final design was completed in August, 1985 and in January, 1986, FPO-1 awarded a contract to McDermott Marine Construction to fabricate and install the platforms. The installation is scheduled to be completed by mid-September, 1986.
TRIVIAL OR TERRIBLE? THE PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF PSORIASIS

Background. Psoriasis remains a chronic disease with lesions that are often extensive and disfiguring. While the potential for psychosocial morbidity and impairment are recognized, the literature remains equivocal with regard to the prevalence and degree of this impairment. Methods. The present study utilized a new questionnaire designed to assess the type and degree of psychosocial impairment present among psoriasis patients. The questionnaire was designed to assess major areas of psychosocial functioning and was completed by 64 patients undergoing outpatient treatment. Results. Approximately half the patients were found to have moderate to extreme levels of anxiety, depression, and anger. Patients reported experiencing these negative emotional sequelae both during their disease flares and during periods of remission. Patients were also found to have moderate to extreme levels of pruritus associated with their flares. Psychologic morbidity was positively associated with length of disease flare. Significant levels of social embarrassment, life disruption, and social withdrawal were found as well. Conclusions. Psoriasis does appear to cause significant psychosocial morbidity. Greater awareness by physicians and more comprehensive treatment addressing these psychosocial components may avert, or at least minimize, some of these negative sequelae.
A direct synthesis of neocryptolepine and isocryptolepine

A formal synthesis of indolequinoline alkaloid neocryptolepine and isocryptolepine is described which employed a common intermediate and used an intramolecular Wittig reaction followed by regioselective methylation in excellent yield.
Normal coagulation findings, thrombocytopenia, and peripheral hemoconcentration in neonatal polycythemia

The criteria used for partial plasma exchange transfusion in 32 of 42 polycythemic newborn infants with capillary hematocrits greater than or equal to 70% were a venous hematocrit greater than 65% and two or more clinical "symptoms," or a venous hematocrit greater than or equal to 70%. Coagulation tests performed on 20 infants before and after the partial plasma exchange transfusion were normal for age. Low platelet counts found in six of the 32 patients were associated with venous hematocrits of greater than or equal to 70%. In three patients the platelet counts (less than 100,000/microliters) increased to greater than or equal to 130,000/microliters after three days. In 20 of 32 infants in whom partial plasma exchange transfusions were performed, peripheral venous hematocrits prior to the exchange were 8.5% higher than umbilical venous hematocrits. Following treatment the venous hematocrits (umbilical and peripheral) did not show a statistically significant difference. Thus, the study revealed coagulation findings normal for age, thrombocytopenia in 20% of polycythemic infants, hemoconcentration, and a sluggish peripheral venous circulation.
Plasticity of Neurons and Glia Following Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats

Periventricular white matter injury in premature infants is linked to chronic neurological dysfunction. Periventricular white matter injury is caused by many mechanisms including hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Animal models of HI in the neonatal rodent brain can replicate some important features of periventricular white matter injury. Most rodent studies have focused upon early cellular and tissue events following unilateral neonatal HI that is elicited by unilateral carotid artery ligation and followed by timed exposure to moderate hypoxia. Milder hypoxic-ischemic insults elicit preferential white matter injury. Little information is available about long-term cellular effects of unilateral HI. One month after unilateral neonatal hypoxia ischemia, we show that all the components for structural reorganization of the brain are present in moderately injured rats. These components in the injured side include extensive influx of neurites, axonal and dendritic growth cones, abundant immature synapses, and myelination of many small axons. Surprisingly, this neural recovery is often found in and adjacent to cysts that have the ultrastructural features of bone extracellular matrix. In contrast, brains with severe hypoxia ischemia one month after injury still undergo massive neuronal degeneration. While massive destruction of neurons and glia are striking events shortly after brain HI, neural cells re-express their intrinsic properties and attempt an anatomical recovery long after injury.
Water temperature dynamics and heat transfer beneath the ice cover of a lake

Water temperature profiles were measured every 2 min in a small and shallow urban Minnesota lake from 8 February 1989 until ice-out on 11 April. The temperature record showed two distinct segments. Before 24 March, the temperature profile remained relatively constant, but later (when air temperatures were mostly above freezing) temperatures were dynamic and rose. During the quiescent period, the upper 3 m of the water column cooled slowly while the lower water remained virtually isothermal. The calculated thermal diffusion coefficient approached molecular thermal diffusivity near the ice cover and was roughly 3 times molecular diffusivity through much of the region of the thermocline (the upper 2 m). The average computed heat flux through the ice (50–55 cm thick) and snow (10– 30 cm deep) cover during this period was 2.8 W m−2. With the onset of above-freezing air temperatures, temperatures began to change rapidly. Observed intrusions of warm water were most likely the results of advected inflows of warm water from the periphery of the lake.
Falls-prevention programs for older ambulatory community dwellers: from public health research to health promotion policy

Objectives:Falls result in significant morbidity and mortality among the elderly. The purpose was to review the public health research literature on falls prevention among community-dwelling older adults and derive evidence-based implications for health promotion policy.
Integrating Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy: A Couples Skills Group for Emotion Dysregulation

Abstract Given the reciprocal influences of emotion dysregulation and relationship functioning, it is important to target such emotional difficulties within an interpersonal context. Treating emotion dysregulation within intimate relationships can offer valuable opportunities for both emotional and relationship difficulties to be addressed. This paper reports the development and implementation of one such intervention, which helped couples to address both emotion dysregulation and relationship dynamics. Integrating dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, this 16-week group intervention taught couples emotion regulation, communication, and problem-solving skills, and led them through an exploration of how strong feelings affect and are affected by their relationship. This paper provides a clinical description of this treatment, along with a case study and empirical data for this case.
Therapeutic Techniques: Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Neonates

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have become an increasingly common mode of treatment for neonates who require central venous access for more than a few days. The initiation of adequate parenteral nutrition, long-term antibiotic treatment, continuation of locally toxic medications such as dopamine, difficulty with repeated peripheral access, or the desire to remove umbilical catheters but still retain central access are a few common indications for PICC placement. Relative contraindications to PICCs include ongoing bacteremia, severe coagulopathy, and placement near a known thrombus. Following the insertion of PICCs, proper placement of the line should be ascertained, the line should be monitored carefully for potential problems, and inherent complications with this form of central access should be recognized early and addressed. After the indication for PICC placement has been verified, the appropriate vein for catheter insertion should be selected. Superficial veins used commonly for catheterization include basilic or cephalic veins in the upper extremities, temporal or posterior auricular veins in the head, and saphenous veins in the lower extremities. Occasionally, deep veins such as the axillary, femoral, popliteal, or external jugular vein have been used for PICC placement. The appropriate size and type of catheter must be selected; catheters most commonly are made of silicone or polyurethane. The infant is positioned most easily with the arm abducted at a 90-degree angle and the head turned toward the arm of insertion. Often swaddling or pharmacologic analgesia/sedation is necessary. The catheter length is measured from an upper extremity insertion point to the midline of the sternum or if inserted from a lower extremity, to at least 2 cm above the umbilicus. Venipuncture is performed under sterile conditions, and the catheter is threaded slowly in 1-cm increments to reduce the risk of damaging the vessel, causing phlebitis, or positioning the catheter incorrectly. The introducer …
Neutron scattering characterization of hard coatings

Abstract Neutron scattering is an extremely versatile technique which is frequently complementary to X-ray diffraction, and which may be especially advantageous in the study of transition metal oxides, carbides, borides and nitrides. However, because the neutron is a weakly interacting probe, it is generally not used for characterization of surfaces or interfaces. Nevertheless, we believe that by careful experimental design, neutron scattering can be used to study coatings and to provide detailed information about their defect structures. The ability of neutrons to penetrate environmental chambers readily ( e.g. furnaces and cryostats) also adds the dimension of in situ characterization. We report here the results of preliminary annealing and texture studies of TiN coatings on austenitic stainless steel.
Modification of ion channels and calcium homeostasis of basal forebrain neurons during aging

Abstract In this paper we review the last several years of work from our lab with attention to changes in the properties of basal forebrain neurons during aging. These neurons play a central role in behavioral functions, such as: attention, arousal, cognition and autonomic activity, and these functions can be adversely affected during aging. Therefore, it is fundamental to define the cellular mechanisms of aging in order to understand the basal forebrain and to correct deficits associated with aging. We have examined changes in the physiological properties of basal forebrain neurons during aging with whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp, as well as, microfluorimetric measurements of intracellular calcium concentrations. These studies contribute to the understanding of integration within the basal forebrain and to the identification of age-related changes within central mammalian neurons. Although extensive functional/behavioral decline is often assumed to occur during aging, our data support an interpretation of compensatory increases in function for excitatory amino acid receptors, GABAA receptors, voltage-gated calcium currents and calcium homeostatic mechanisms. We believe that these changes occur to compensate for decrements accruing with age, such as decreased synaptic contacts, ion imbalances or neuronal loss. The basal forebrain must retain functionality into late aging if senescence is to be productive. Thus, it is critical to recognize the potential cellular and subcellular targets for therapeutic interventions intended to correct age-related behavioral deficits.
Sectoral Sources of the Massachusetts Miracle and Other Turning Points

Previous analyses of the Massachusetts Miracle and the subsequent evolution of employment in the area have centered in part on sectoral explanations. In this paper these explanations are evaluated with the use of a sectoral-based VAR model of the Boston economy, developed to identify local and national sectoral shocks. The relative importance of these shocks is estimated both for the overall sample and at several turning points in aggregate Boston employment, the latter using historical decompostions.
Spin and charge dynamics in a one-dimensional two-band Hubbard model.

A CuO chain with one or two holes doped is studied via the two-band Hubbard model in the large-U limit on a finite cluster. The quasiparticle band is E(k) is similar to 0.87J cos(2ka) with the bottom at ka = pi/2. The quasiparticles are kinks which have the character of three-spin polarons. The copper spin excitations are incommensurate spin waves. The two doped holes repel each other very slightly, in contrast to the slight attraction in the t-J model. Spin-charge separation also occurs.
Real-time display and development of an aerometric data base for a field experiment

Abstract An innovative data center responsible for collecting, displaying, and analyzing near real-time meteorological and air quality measurements from a variety of sources was operated in Camarillo, California, during September–October 1985. This data center was part of a multi-million dollar study conducted for the South Central Coast Cooperative Monitoring Program sponsored by the Western Oil and Gas Association, a consortium of petroleum and fuel-producing organizations, to gain a better understanding of air quality conditions in the southern California coastal areas, and to produce a comprehensive data base for which coastal air quality models could be developed and evaluated. Led by the Atmospheric Science Center of SRI International, the program included a large number of contractor organizations responsible for collecting air quality measurements from land, sea, and air instrumentation for future analysis and model development. The data center integrated near real-time air quality and meteorological data with weather services forecasts to develop day-to-day environmental predictions governing the data collection activities.
Two arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase genes mediate melatonin synthesis in fish.

Abstract Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT, EC 2.3.1.87) is the first enzyme in the conversion of serotonin to melatonin. Large changes in AANAT activity play an important role in the daily rhythms in melatonin production. Although a single AANAT gene has been found in mammals and the chicken, we have now identified two AANAT genes in fish. These genes are designated AANAT-1 andAANAT-2; all known AANATs belong to the AANAT-1subfamily. Pike AANAT-1 is nearly exclusively expressed in the retina and AANAT-2 in the pineal gland. The abundance of each mRNA changes on a circadian basis, with retinal AANAT-1 mRNA peaking in late afternoon and pineal AANAT-2 mRNA peaking 6 h later. The pikeAANAT-1 and AANAT-2 enzymes (66% identical amino acids) exhibit marked differences in their affinity for serotonin, relative affinity for indoleethylamines versusphenylethylamines and temperature-activity relationships. Two AANAT genes also exist in another fish, the trout. The evolution of two AANATs may represent a strategy to optimally meet tissue-related requirements for synthesis of melatonin: pineal melatonin serves an endocrine role and retinal melatonin plays a paracrine role.
A High-Efficiency Power Cycle in Which Hydrogen Is Compressed by Absorption in Metal Hydrides

A high-efficiency power cycle is proposed in which molecular hydrogen gas is used as a working fluid in a regenerative closed Brayton cycle. The hydrogen gas is compressed by an absorption-desorption cycle on metal hydride (FeTiHx) beds. Low-temperature solar or geothermal heat (temperature about 100°C) is used for the compression process, and high-temperature fossil fuel or nuclear heat (temperature about 700°C) supplies the expansion work in the turbine. Typically, about 90 percent of the high-temperature heat input is converted to electricity, while about 3 kilowatts of low-temperature heat is required per kilowatt of electrical output.
Correspondence to case report titled: use of pegaptanib in the treatment of vitreous haemorrhage in idiopathic retinal vasculitis.

Correspondence to case report titled: use of pegaptanib in the treatment of vitreous haemorrhage in idiopathic retinal vasculitis
The RNA backbone plays a crucial role in mediating the intrinsic stability of the GpU dinucleotide platform and the GpUpA/GpA miniduplex

The side-by-side interactions of nucleobases contribute to the organization of RNA, forming the planar building blocks of helices and mediating chain folding. Dinucleotide platforms, formed by side-by-side pairing of adjacent bases, frequently anchor helices against loops. Surprisingly, GpU steps account for over half of the dinucleotide platforms observed in RNA-containing structures. Why GpU should stand out from other dinucleotides in this respect is not clear from the single well-characterized H-bond found between the guanine N2 and the uracil O4 groups. Here, we describe how an RNA-specific H-bond between O2'(G) and O2P(U) adds to the stability of the GpU platform. Moreover, we show how this pair of oxygen atoms forms an out-of-plane backbone 'edge' that is specifically recognized by a non-adjacent guanine in over 90% of the cases, leading to the formation of an asymmetric miniduplex consisting of 'complementary' GpUpA and GpA subunits. Together, these five nucleotides constitute the conserved core of the well-known loop-E motif. The backbone-mediated intrinsic stabilities of the GpU dinucleotide platform and the GpUpA/GpA miniduplex plausibly underlie observed evolutionary constraints on base identity. We propose that they may also provide a reason for the extreme conservation of GpU observed at most 5'-splice sites.
New impressions and more discrimination: effects of individuation on gender-label stereotypes

Men and women undergraduate students at an urban public university were tested. Subjects were primarily white. These subjects' impressions (trait ascriptions) of stimulus persons labeled “woman” or “man” were markedly influenced by individuating information regarding roles and physical features. To varying degrees, traditional masculine characteristics masculinized, and feminine characteristics feminized, both the woman and man targets. However, the creation of such new impressions did not mean the absence of discrimination (favorability) where gender was concerned. As shown by a correlation analysis, subjects appeared to weigh relative masculinity and femininity when judging the individuated targets in a competitive job setting. A feminine woman was likely to be favored over a nonmasculine man, and a masculine man was likely to be favored over a nonfeminine woman. These findings highlight the need to treat impressions and discrimination separately in the individuation process.
The variability of human λ-chain constant regions and some relationships to V-region sequences☆

Abstract Further studies of human λ-chain proteins have been directed to the type of residue present at position 103 in Mcg-type proteins, their variable region subgroup and constant region variations other than hitherto encountered. None of eight such proteins was found to possess the usual glycine 103 residue, five being threonine, two serine and one alanine. Among these proteins amino terminal sequences were found representative of subgroups I, II, III and IV. In addition to the five constant region residues characteristics of Mcg-type λ-chains, one such protein was also found to contain a glutamic acid substitution for lysine at position 160.
Norleucine1-Angiotensin IV alleviates mecamylamine-induced spatial memory deficits.

Abstract The brain angiotensin AT 4 receptor subtype has been implicated in cognitive processing. We initially established that intracerebroventricular administration of the nAChR-antagonist mecamylamine (mec) interfered with spatial memory performance in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Next we demonstrated that mec-induced deficits in spatial memory were overcome by the AT 4 receptor-agonist Norleucine 1 -Angiotensin IV (Nle 1 -Ang IV). Nle 1 -Ang IV could not, however, compensate for spatial learning impairments precipitated by both mec and the mAChR-antagonist scopolamine. These findings support the importance of the AT 4 receptor in cognitive processing and suggest that the ability of Nle 1 -Ang IV to improve spatial memory deficiencies may be dependant upon the brain cholinergic system.
Effect of homologous and heterologous prime-boost on the immune response to recombinant plague antigens.

Abstract Among the pathogens that have been identified as potential agents of biological warfare or bioterrorism, Yersinia pestis is one of the main concerns due to the severity and potential transmissibility of the pneumonic form of the disease in humans. There are no approved vaccines for protection against pneumonic plague, but a Y. pestis -derived fusion protein (F1–V) has shown great promise as a protective antigen in murine studies. In the current study, we examine different prime–boost regimens, including parenteral, mucosal, and transcutaneous delivery, in order to explore the effect of changing the route of prime and boost on the ability of recombinant F1–V to promote the development of long-lasting, high-titer antibodies. The most significant findings of the study reported here are that (1) intranasal and subcutaneous immunizations are both effective and essentially equivalent for induction of serum and bronchioalveolar anti-F1–V IgG1 responses when a single booster dose is administered by the same (homologous) route, (2) heterologous boosting can be as or more effective than homologous boosting for induction of either serum or bronchioalveolar anti-F1–V IgG1 responses, and (3) anti-F1 and anti-V total IgG responses were highest in animals primed intranasally and boosted by any route when compared to animals primed transcutaneously or subcutaneously. As with previously published studies, there were still significant levels of circulating anti-F1–V antibodies 1 year post-primary immunization. These studies provide important insights into the development of new-generation biodefense vaccines.
A Cdc25A Antagonizing K Vitamin Inhibits Hepatocyte DNA Synthesis in Vitro and in Vivo

Thioalkyl containing K vitamin analogs have been shown to be potent inhibitors of hepatoma cell growth and antagonizers of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. We now show that they inhibit the activity of specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) in cell-free conditions in vitro, particularly the dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A. Using primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes that are in G0/G1 phase until stimulated into DNA synthesis by epidermal growth factor, we found that 2-(2-mercaptoethanol)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone or Compound 5 (Cpd 5) inhibited hepatocyte DNA synthesis and PTP activity in cell culture and in vivo after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy. We found a selective inhibition of Cdc25A activity in vitro, using both synthetic substrates and authentic cellular substrate, immunoprecipitated phospho-Cdk4. Intact Cpd 5-treated cells had decreased cellular Cdc25A activity and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk4, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb). Loss of Cdk4 activity was confirmed using Cdk4 immunoprecipitates from either Cpd 5-treated or untreated cells and measuring its kinase activity using GST-Rb as target. We found a similar order of activity for inhibition of growth and Cdc25A activity using several thiol-containing analogs. Cdc25A inhibitors may thus be useful for defining biochemical pathways involving protein tyrosine phosphorylation that mediate cell growth inhibition.
Acute Respiratory Illness and Gastroenteritis in Association with Adenovirus Type 7 Infections1

Summary During an epidemic in Stockholm in the autumn of 1959 adenovirus type 7 was isolated from 99 hospitalized children. There was serological evidence of acute gdenovirus infection in 75 cases. The virus strains could not be referred to types 7 or 7A according to the scheme of Rowe et al., since no definite differences between the prototypes for these strains could be demonstrated by cross-neutralization tests. In addition to the symptoms of acute respiratory illness observed previously in such infections, many of the patients exhibited symptoms of gastroenteritis, for which no other cause could be established.
Perturbation Theory for Plasmonic Modulation and Sensing

We develop a general perturbation theory to treat small parameter changes in dispersive plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials. We specifically apply it to dielectric refractive index and metallic plasma frequency modulation in metal-dielectric nanostructures. As a numerical demonstration, we verify the theory's accuracy against direct calculations for a system of plasmonic rods in air where the metal is defined by a three-pole fit of silver's dielectric function. We also discuss new optical behavior related to plasma frequency modulation in such systems. Our approach provides new physical insight for the design of plasmonic devices for biochemical sensing and optical modulation and future active metamaterial applications.
Collateralization in the spinothalamic tract: new methodology to support or deny phylogenetic theories.

Components of the spinothalamic system that ascend in the anterolateral funiculus are reviewed. The presence of collateralization in this system in mammals is discussed with regard to theories of the phylogenetic development of pathways. The major theory investigated suggested that collateralization is an intermediate stage between a multisynaptic pathway and a direct non-collateralized lemniscus. The evidence and theories are reviewed. Methods for confirming or rejecting this theory are discussed. The literature reporting ascending spinal projections for non-mammalian vertebrates is reviewed. Certain reptiles have projections analogous to both the mammalian neospinothalamic and paleospinothalamic tracts. The presence of spinothalamic projections in elasmobranchs and amphibians is still controversial. Confirmation of earlier reports of projections in salamander and dogfish shark based on degeneration techniques have not been done. In addition, results from too few species of these classes have been reported. However, it is possible that paleospinothalamic connections are present in some species (e.g. salamander, nurse shark) and not in others (e.g. frog, dogfish shark) of the same class. Spinothalamic projections have not been reported for teleosts. A plea for new research in this area is made.
Principles of biological control of soil-borne plant diseases

Abstract Unexpected results derived from applications of chemicals to soils led to investigations of the soil biology, discovery of the rhizosphere and eventually to research on mechanisms of biological control. Decisively, chemicals have staved off major disasters in agriculture. In instances of successful monoculture, below ground pathogens appear to be suppressed by an injurious biology, in principle not unlike an injurious host-specific biology which increases with repeated cultivation of the same crop. Crop diversity, nevertheless, is basic to continued successful production agriculture. Decoy hosts which initiate germination of resisting structures may deplete pathogens of energy reserves, and serve to protect the major host. Endogone , which occupies root cortical tissue of most plants, in addition to the traditional mycorrhizal function, may afford protection against invasion by pathogens. Healthy Endogone may be essential to healthy crops.
No pain, no gains.

No pain, no gains. Pain and memory are two critical functions of animals and humans. Through painful experience humans and animals learn what is potentially harmful and then store this information in the brain in order to avoid future injury. It is the essential skill for animals and humans to survive through their lifespan. However, it is unclear if both processes may share common signal molecules or proteins in the brain. It is known that the NMDA receptor, a receptor for glutamate, in the higher structures of the brain is important for memory formation and storage. NMDA receptors in the spinal cord contribute to central sensitization of sensory information such as pain after injuries.
Schistosomal eggs identified on bone marrow biopsy.

![Figure][1] A 72-year-old man with a history of high-grade urothelial carcinoma presented for evaluation of suspected multiple myeloma. He had a remote history of schistosomal infection 20 years earlier while in Vietnam. Significant labs at presentation demonstrated a hemoglobin of 12.2 g/dL
Diffraction Gratings for “Smart Plasmon Sensor” Application

The concept of the “smart” sensor has been proposed. We investigated protein attachment to the diffraction grating surface area. The same diffraction grating was used for surface plasmon sensors both SPP and LRSSP structures.
Nature as a Complementary Therapy for Women

Evaluating the safety and effectiveness of complementary therapies is a challenge for nurses. Many people enjoy spending time in nature. The purpose of this article is to examine the theoretical and empirical evidence for using nature as a complementary therapy to rest and restore one's ability to concentrate. As women become active participants in their health care, a complementary therapy to restore and maintain concentration may help promote self-care.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation for thalassemia and sickle cell disease: past, present and future.

β-Thalassemia major and sickle cell disease (SCD) are among the most common hereditary disorders worldwide. The supportive treatment of β-thalassemia major requires chronic, life-long RBC transfusions, which cause progressive iron overload and the potential for impaired endocrine, cardiac and hepatic function. The phenotype of thalassemia major is reliably predicted by its genotype. In contrast, SCD is a variable genetic disease caused by a single amino acid substitution in the β chain of human hemoglobin. Manifestations of SCD are quite varied, but generally result from the tendency of Hb S to irreversibly polymerize under physiologic stressors such as hypoxemia and acidosis. The polymerization causes perturbations in the erythrocyte integrity that promote vaso-occlusion and which manifest as clinical events such as severe painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, splenic infarction, stroke and avascular necrosis of target joints. The only cure proved for these disorders is correction of the genetic defect by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We illustrate the pediatric experience of HCT for hemoglobinopathies and discuss how these results affect future therapeutic decisions in children who inherit these disorders.
The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on oral mucosal carcinoma

Hyperbaric oxygen is sometimes used in the course of treatment in head and neck cancer patient. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen on oral cavity carcinogenesis in an animal model. Dimethylbenzanthracene was applied three times weekly to induce oral squamous cell cancers. The group that received simultaneous hyperbaric oxygen had fewer tumors, but the tumors were larger than the dimethylbenzanthracene-only group. We concluded that hyperbaric oxygen has a tumor-suppressive effect during the induction phase of oral carcinoma and appears to have a stimulatory effect during the proliferative phase of carcinoma in this animal model.