cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Becoming Audible: Discussion of the Case of Colette

This commentary is a response to the case of Colette, a young woman whose self-esteem was severely wounded by sexual and verbal abuse. The commentary highlights the patient’s mourning for the better life she might have had. It asks who the clinician needed to be, in order to treat Colette. Fortunately, Colette’s therapist helped her find her voice, in a compassionate and ultimately healing treatment.
Advances in Managing Pest Resistance to Bt Crops: Pyramids and Seed Mixtures

Transgenic crops producing toxins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been widely used for the control of insect pests during the last 20 years. Although Bt crops have provided significant environmental and economic benefits, sustainable use of these crops is threatened by the rapid evolution of resistance. The primary strategy for delaying pest adaptation to Bt crops has been to ensure that sufficient refuges of non-Bt host plants occur near Bt crops. Two relatively new approaches used with refuges are “pyramids”, which are plants that produce two or more Bt toxins effective against the same pest, and planting random mixtures of Bt seeds and non-Bt seeds of the same crop within fields. Here we review theory and data about conditions favoring success of pyramids and seed mixtures for delaying evolution of pest resistance to Bt crops. Pyramids of structurally distinct toxins can be exceptionally effective under optimal conditions, particularly when pest populations are highly susceptible to all toxins in the pyramid. Seed mixtures eliminate the problem of farmers who fail to plant separate refuges of non-Bt plants, but may accelerate evolution of resistance when larval movement between plants or pollen-mediated gene flow between plants is extensive. In the many cases where pests are not highly susceptible to the toxins in Bt crops or other conditions are not optimal, we suggest that an effective refuge percentage of at least 20 % is required to substantially delay pest resistance, even when pyramids, seed mixtures, or both are used. We also recommend integrating Bt crops with other management tactics to delay resistance in pests with low susceptibility to Bt toxins.
Minitek Inoculum Broth for Testing Indole Production by Enterobacteriaceae.

With 73 members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, detection of indole production with Minitek inoculum broth (MIB) correlated more closely with the results of the conventional method than did detection with the Minitek H2S/indole disk.
Ground-based Detection of Deuterated Water in Comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) at IR Wavelengths

We conducted a deep search for deuterated water (HDO) in the Oort Cloud comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy), through infrared (IR) spectroscopy with NIRSPEC at the Keck Observatory. In this Letter, we present our detections of HDO and water (H2O) in comet Lovejoy on 2015 February 4 (post-perihelion) after 1 hr integration on source. The IR observations allowed simultaneous detection of H2O and HDO, yielding production rates of 5.9 +/- 0.13 × 10(exp 29) and 3.6 +/- 1.0 × 10(exp 26) molecules/sec, respectively. The simultaneous detection permitted accurate determination of the isotopic ratio (D/H) in water of 3.02 +/- 0.87 × 10(exp −4), i.e., larger than the value for water in terrestrial oceans (or Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, VSMOW) by a factor of 1.94 +/- 0.56. This D/H ratio in water exceeds the value obtained independently at millimeter wavelengths (0.89 +/- 0.25 VSMOW; pre-perihelion). We discuss these parameters in the context of origins and emphasize the need for contemporaneous measurements of HDO and H2O.
The Q-Cycle Mechanism of the bc1 Complex: A Biologist's Perspective on Atomistic Studies.

The Q-cycle mechanism of the bc1 complex is now well enough understood to allow application of advanced computational approaches to the study of atomistic processes. In addition to the main features of the mechanism, these include control and gating of the bifurcated reaction at the Qo-site, through which generation of damaging reactive oxygen species is minimized. We report a new molecular dynamics model of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides bc1 complex implemented in a native membrane, and constructed so as to eliminate blemishes apparent in earlier Rhodobacter models. Unconstrained MD simulations after equilibration with ubiquinol and ubiquinone respectively at Qo- and Qi-sites show that substrate binding configurations at both sites are different in important details from earlier models. We also demonstrate a new Qo-site intermediate, formed in the sub-ms time range, in which semiquinone remains complexed with the reduced iron sulfur protein. We discuss this, and a spring-loaded mechanism for modulating inte...
Compacted Clay: Engineering Behavior

This paper employs the principles of colloid chemistry and crystal chemistry to give a physical explanation of the engineering behavior of compacted clay. The relationships between clay structure a...
Hemolysis, Lipemia, and High Bilirubin: Effect on Laboratory Tests

The integrity of specimens submitted to the clinical laboratory for analysis is a major determinant of the accuracy with which the analyte can be measured and the subsequent clinical utility of the test result. A wide variety of pre-analytical factors can adversely impact the integrity of specimens that are submitted for analysis. Although all these factors are fairly common reasons for pre-analytical errors, they account for less than half of the reasons cited for rejection of specimens from measurements performed in the clinical laboratory. The most common pre-analytic factor affecting the acceptability of specimens for analysis is the presence of endogenous interfering substances. Endogenous interferences most commonly encountered in the clinical laboratory include the presence of high plasma hemoglobin concentrations, visible turbidity due to the presence of high concentrations of triglycerides, and spectral interference due to high concentrations of bilirubin. Hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus can present significant challenges to laboratorians, especially when specimens contain multiple different interfering substances simultaneously. In addition, endogenous interferences may occur only when the analyte that is being measured is at a certain concentration within the specimen. Laboratorians must be familiar with the limitations imposed by the endogenous interfering substances and understand their impact on the clinical utility of laboratory tests.
Metal-Organic Frameworks as Active Materials in Electronic Sensor Devices

In the past decade, advances in electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-based electronic devices have created new opportunities for the development of next-generation sensors. Here we review this rapidly-growing field, with a focus on the different types of device configurations that have allowed for the use of MOFs as active components of electronic sensor devices.
Structural Displacement Measurement Using an Unmanned Aerial System

Vibration-based Structural Health Monitoring SHM is one of the most popular solutions to assess the safety of civil infrastructure. SHM applications all begin with measuring the dynamic response of...
Abstract P165: Associations of Coronary Artery Calcium Volume and Density With Incident Heart Failure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) predicts incident heart failure (HF) independent of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. In MESA, Components of CAC, volume and density, have opposite associations with incident CVD, such that for a given volume of CAC, higher CAC density is inversely associated with events. The relationship between CAC volume and density with HF is unknown. Methods: We studied 6814 participants in a multi-ethnic, community-based cohort, free from clinical CVD at recruitment. CAC volume and density were measured by non-contrast cardiac CT at the baseline exam (2000-2002). Adjudicated HF events were assessed through 2014, and analysis limited to those with imaging confirmation and estimated ejection fraction (EF). Cox proportional hazard was used to estimate independent associations of baseline CAC volume and density with incident HF: HF with reduced ( Results: The mean age was 62+10 years, 47% were men, 38% identified as European-, 28% as African-, 22% as Hispanic-, and 12% as Chinese-ethnicity. Average time to 189 HF events (119 HFrEF & 70 HFpEF) was 6.6 years. In unadjusted models, higher CAC volume (HR 1.27 [1.02-1.59], p=0.03), but not CAC density (HR 0.87 [0.67-1.13], p=0.29) was significantly associated with incident HF, non-significant associations were observed with HFrEF, or HFpEF, and no significant associations were observed for all three outcomes after adjustments for demographics and CVD risk factors (Table). Also, in unadjusted analyses, stratified by sex (p-value for interaction = 0.13), higher CAC volume was associated with increased risk for HF (HR 1.37 [1.03-1.81], p=0.03) and HFpEF (HR 1.76 [0.99-3.16], p=0.06), in males only. No significant associations were observed after adjustments. Conclusion: In a multi-ethnic cohort, CAC volume and density were not independently associated with HF, the trend for volume was positive while density was inverse. Low frequency of incident HF in our cohort was an important limitation.
Suicide risk among cancer survivors: Head and neck versus other cancers.

146Background: While head and neck cancer (HNC) only accounts for 4% of new cancer cases in the United States, incidence of HNC-associated suicide may be significantly higher due to quality of life...
Evolution of the Sr and C Isotope Composition of Cambrian Oceans

The recent proliferation of chemostratigraphic studies has clearly documented that systematic fluctuations in the strontium and carbon isotope composition of seawater have occurred throughout Earth history across a range of temporal scales. In particular, significant isotopic variation during key intervals of geologic time has provided unprecedented quantitative constraints on crustal and surficial processes, and enhanced chronostratigraphic resolution for intrabasinal and interbasinal correlations. We present the first set of high-resolution, seawater Sr and C isotope curves for the late Early through early Late Cambrian. These curves are defined in continuous exposures of marine carbonates in the Great Basin and southern Canadian Rockies, and they are used to better constrain primary variations in ocean chemistry during this time period. The Sr curve documents a rapid rate of increase through this period that is comparable to that recorded by the late Cenozoic seawater Sr proxy record of uplift and attendant weathering of the HimalayaTibetan Plateau. The Cambrian rise in Sr values is interpreted to record PanAfrican‐Brasiliano orogenesis, and
Contextual Moderating Effects and the Relationship of Firm-Specific Resources, Strategy, Structure and Performance among Japanese Multinational Enterprises

This paper develops and tests a path analytic model of resource value-strategy-structure-performance relationships for multinational enterprises (MNEs) in which resource and strategic variables are interdependent.
Depletion of 13C in residual ethane and propane during thermal decomposition in sedimentary basins

Abstract Explanations for the thermal decomposition of ethane and propane in sedimentary basins have long been conceptual without quantitative evidence. This work bridges the gap between 13C depletion and the conversion of ethane and propane, and confirms their thermal decomposition during the late catagenesis stage. Isotopic fractionation was rigorously investigated in a partly reversible reaction scheme for ethane and propane decompositions. Analytical solutions under isothermal conditions were derived. Non-monotonic isotopic fractionation with respect to conversion is demonstrated, which may be ignored if a steady-state approximation is applied. The results imply that depletion of 13C in ethane and propane as their molar fractions decrease (isotopic inverse with respect to thermal maturity) results from the reversible conversion from alkane to alkyl groups. Kinetic parameters were obtained for ethane and propane decomposition in sedimentary basins, and the chemical kinetic method applies to different isotopic fractionation systems. The results help to better understand the chemical form of deep carbon and the thermal conversion of gaseous hydrocarbons in the geochemical carbon cycle.
Multiple Aromatic C-H Bond Activations by an Unsaturated Dirhenium Carbonyl Complex

Reactions of Re2(CO)8(μ-C6H5)(μ-H), 1, with naphthalene and anthracene have yielded the first multiply-CH activated arene products through the reductive elimination of benzene from 1 and multiple oxidative-additions of the dirhenium octacarbonyl grouping to these polycyclic aromatic compounds under very mild conditions. In addition, compound 1 was found to react with itself to yield the bis-Re2-metalated C6H4 bridged compound Re2(CO)8(μ-H)(μ-1,μ-3-C6H4)Re2(CO)8(μ-H), 3. Reaction of 1 with naphthalene yielded two doubly CH activated isomers, Re2(CO)8(μ-H)(μ–η2-1,2-μ–η2-3,4-C10H6)Re2(CO)8(μ-H), 4, 41% yield, and Re2(CO)8(μ-H)(μ–η2-1,2-μ–η2-5,6-C10H6)Re2(CO)8(μ-H), 5, via the mono CH activated intermediate Re2(CO)8(μ–η2-C10H7)(μ-H), 2. Compound 4 contains two Re2(CO)8(μ-H) groups on one C6 ring formed by CH activations at the 2- and 4-positions. Compound 5 contains two Re2(CO)8(μ-H) groups; one formed by CH activation at the 2-position on one C6 ring and the other formed by CH activation at the 6-position (o...
Abstract 131: Delayed Egress of CD8 T Cells Contributes to Long-Term Pathology After Ischemic Stroke in Mice

Introduction: T cells are recruited to the ischemic brain within hours after stroke onset and can exhibit either protective or detrimental effects on recovery. Recent studies, including our data, c...
Azadipyrromethene-based near-IR dyes with styryl substituents at the pyrrolic positions for organic photovoltaic applications

Abstract Azadipyrromethene dyes are attractive building blocks for the development of near-IR dyes, with applications ranging from biosensing, photodynamic therapy and solar energy conversion. In particular, Zn(II) bis(2,8-diphenylethynyl 1,3,7,9 tetraphenylazadipyrromethene) complexes are promising n-type non-fullerene electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics. Here, the triple bond in phenylethynyl pyrrolic substituents is replaced with a double bond. The UV–Vis absorption spectra were not significantly different, indicating that both the double and triple bond similarly extend the conjugation of ADP. Interestingly, the Zn(II) complex with styryl substituents (Zn(WS6)2) showed emission in the near IR, with a λmax of 773 nm. The BF2+ chelate also emitted in the near IR with a λmax of 815 nm, but the emission was very weak. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that double bond compounds were easier to oxidize than un-substituted ADP analogues, and unlike with triple bond, were not easier to reduce. In organic photovoltaics, the Zn(WS6)2 did not perform as well as the Zn(WS3)2 analogue, showing unfavorable film morphology when blended with P3HT and low blend electron mobility of 2 × 10−8 cm2V−1s−1 by SCLC, compared to 1 × 10−7 cm2V−1s−1 in neat film. The hole mobility of Zn(WS6)2 in neat films is 6 × 10−5 cm2V−1s−1, higher than its electron mobility, suggesting its potential as p-type material as well. Further work in finding an appropriate n-type polymer acceptor is required to confirm this hypothesis. Using a triple bond at the pyrrolic positions is therefore better than a double bond for the development of n-type materials based on ADP dyes.
Links between the gut microbiota, metabolism, and host behavior

The gut microbiota is known to regulate multiple aspects of host physiology, including metabolism and behavior. Locomotion, which is closely intertwined with metabolism, is an important component of complex behaviors, such as foraging, mating, and evading predators. Our recent work revealed that certain bacterial species and their products modulate motor behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster via metabolic and neuronal pathways. In the context of our previously published findings and recent work by others, I will discuss potential avenues for future research at the intersection of the microbiota, metabolism, and host behavior.
Comparison of Computational and Experimental Ice Accretions of Large Swept Wings

A comparison of computational and experimental ice accretions generated on three swept-wing models in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel is presented. The wind tunnel models span floor to ceiling...
The true penalty of the waiting room: the role of wait time in patient satisfaction in a busy spine practice.

OBJECTIVE Most clinics collect routine data on performance metrics on physicians for outpatient visits. However, the relationship of these metrics with patient experience is unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Clinician and Group Survey (CG-CAHPS), the standard patient experience survey, and clinic performance metrics to understand the determinants of patient satisfaction and identify targets for improving patient experience. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective single-institution cohort review of spine surgeon metrics over 15 months including demographics, waiting-room times, in-room times, lead times, timely note closure, timely MyChart responses, and monthly patient volume. Kruskal-Wallis tests and mixed-model regression were used to determine the predictors of 3 domains of patient satisfaction-Global, Access, and Communication. RESULTS Over 15 months, 22 surgeons conducted 27,090 visits. The average clinic visit total time was 85.17 ± 25.75 minutes. Increased wait times were associated with poor Global (p = 0.008), Access (p < 0.001), and Communication scores (p = 0.003) in univariate analysis. Every 10-minute increase in waiting time was associated with a 3%, 9.8%, and 2.4% decrease in Global, Access, and Communication scores, respectively. Increased in-room time was also an independent predictor of poor Access scores (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, increased wait times were negative predictors of Global (p = 0.005), Access (p < 0.001), and Communication (p = 0.002) scores. CONCLUSIONS Excessive waiting-room time significantly impacts unexpected dimensions of the patient experience and impacts communication with patients. Understanding the complex relationship between the factors that inform the patient experience will help target effective interventions to improve clinic efficiency and patient satisfaction.
Analysis of the ray-based blind deconvolution algorithm for shipping sources

The ray-based blind deconvolution (RBD) technique for ocean waveguides estimates both the unknown waveform radiated by some source of opportunity and the channel impulse response (CIR) between the source and the receiving elements of an array of hydrophones using only measured signals, knowledge of the array geometry, and the local sound speed. Previous studies have investigated the applicability of this method for shipping sources in a shallow, nearly range-independent waveguide (∼200 m depth), but using a limited set of shipping vessels (typically only the research vessel itself) and operating within a small domain of RBD processing parameters (e.g., integration time and frequency band). This study systematically investigates the performance of the RBD method for estimating the CIR for a large set of shipping vessels recorded on short aperture, bottom-mounted, vertical arrays deployed in the Santa Barbara channel across different frequency bands and integration times, and also in comparison to CIR measured using active sources. Furthermore, the influence of the source motion on the RBD algorithm is quantified both numerically and experimentally.
Development of novel microenvironments for promoting enhanced wound healing.

Non-healing wounds are a significant issue facing the healthcare industry. Materials that modulate the wound microenvironment have the potential to improve healing outcomes. A variety of acellular and cellular scaffolds have been developed for regulating the wound microenvironment, including materials for controlled release of antimicrobials and growth factors, materials with inherent immunomodulative properties, and novel colloidal-based scaffolds. Scaffold construction methods include electrospinning, 3D printing, decellularization of the extracellular matrix, or a combination of techniques. Material application methods include layering or injecting at the wound site. Though these techniques show promise for repairing wounds, all material strategies thus far struggle to induce regeneration of features such as sweat glands and hair follicles. Nonetheless, innovative technologies currently in the research phase may facilitate future attainment of these features. Novel methods and materials are constantly arising for the development of microenvironments for enhanced wound healing.
Habitual coffee intake and risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Epidemiological studies support a protective role of habitual coffee and caffeine consumption against the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to investigate the causal relationship between coffee intake and the risk of NAFLD. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using SNPs associated with habitual coffee intake in a published genome-wide association study (GWAS) as genetic instruments and summary-level data from a published GWAS of NAFLD (1122 cases and 399,900 healthy controls) in the UK Biobank. The causal relationship was estimated with the inverse weighted method using a 4-SNP and 6-SNP instrument based on the single largest non-UK Biobank GWAS (n = 91,462) and meta-analysis (n = 121,524) of GWAS data on habitual coffee intake, respectively. To maximize power, we also used up to 77 SNPs associated with coffee intake at a liberal significance level (p ≤ 1e-4) as instruments. We observed a non-significant trend towards a causal protective effect of coffee intake on NAFLD based upon either the 4-SNP (OR: 0.76; 95% CI 0.51, 1.14, p = 0.19) or 6-SNP genetic instruments (OR: 0.77; 95% CI 0.48, 1.25, p = 0.29). The result also remains non-significant when using the more liberal 77-SNP instrument. Our findings do not support a causal relationship between coffee intake and NAFLD risk. However, despite the largest-to-date sample size, the power of this study may be limited by the non-specificity and moderate effect size of the genetic alleles on coffee intake.
Scientific Keyphrase Identification and Classification by Pre-Trained Language Models Intermediate Task Transfer Learning

Scientific keyphrase identification and classification is the task of detecting and classifying keyphrases from scholarly text with their types from a set of predefined classes. This task has a wide range of benefits, but it is still challenging in performance due to the lack of large amounts of labeled data required for training deep neural models. In order to overcome this challenge, we explore pre-trained language models BERT and SciBERT with intermediate task transfer learning, using 42 data-rich related intermediate-target task combinations. We reveal that intermediate task transfer learning on SciBERT induces a better starting point for target task fine-tuning compared with BERT and achieves competitive performance in scientific keyphrase identification and classification compared to both previous works and strong baselines. Interestingly, we observe that BERT with intermediate task transfer learning fails to improve the performance of scientific keyphrase identification and classification potentially due to significant catastrophic forgetting. This result highlights that scientific knowledge achieved during the pre-training of language models on large scientific collections plays an important role in the target tasks. We also observe that sequence tagging related intermediate tasks, especially syntactic structure learning tasks such as POS Tagging, tend to work best for scientific keyphrase identification and classification.
Neutron stars harboring a primordial black hole: Maximum survival time.

We explore in general relativity the survival time of neutron stars that host an endoparasitic, possibly primordial, black hole at their center. Corresponding to the minimum steady-state Bondi accretion rate for adiabatic flow that we found earlier for stiff nuclear equations of state (EOSs), we derive analytically the maximum survival time after which the entire star will be consumed by the black hole. We also show that this maximum survival time depends only weakly on the stiffness for polytropic EOSs with $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\ensuremath{\ge}5/3$, so that this survival time assumes a nearly universal value that depends on the initial black-hole mass alone. Establishing such a value is important for constraining the contribution of primordial black holes in the mass range ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}M\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ to the dark-matter content of the Universe.
A Double Whammy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature on Pneumococcal Coinfection in COVID-19 Patients

Bacterial coinfections which are infections present early in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections before hospitalizations during the 2020 pandemic are rare. A 66-year-old male presented to the ED with a two-week history of subjective fever, dyspnea, and productive cough. He was diagnosed with coinfection of severe COVID-19 pneumonia and pneumococcal infection. He recovered from both infections and was discharged home. This report presents the features of this case and reviews the literature of similar cases of coinfection of COVID-19 pneumonia and pneumococcal infection.
The gradient descent method for the convexification to solve boundary value problems of quasi-linear PDEs and a coefficient inverse problem.

We study the global convergence of the gradient descent method of the minimization of strictly convex functionals on an open and bounded set of a Hilbert space. Such results are unknown for this type of sets, unlike the case of the entire Hilbert space. The proof of this convergence is based on the classical contraction principle. Then, we use our result to establish a general framework to numerically solve boundary value problems for quasi-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) with noisy Cauchy data. The procedure involves the use of Carleman weight functions to convexify a cost functional arising from the given boundary value problem and thus to ensure the convergence of the gradient descent method above. We prove the global convergence of the method as the noise tends to 0. The convergence rate is Lipschitz. Next, we apply this method to solve a highly nonlinear and severely ill-posed coefficient inverse problem, which is the so-called back scattering inverse problem. This problem has many real-world applications. Numerical examples are presented.
End of the line? Obsidian at Umm Qseir, a Halafian farmstead in the Syrian steppe

Abstract Obsidian sourcing in the Near East was principally developed to investigate the Neolithic Revolution, but limitations of these early studies were soon recognized. Critics noted that sites included in the models span millennia and vary in size and function. Greater insight is offered by a more contextualized examination of the nature and timing of sites. Within the Neolithic sequence, one phase of considerable interest is the Halaf period (c. 6000–4500 BCE) in Northern Mesopotamia. The spread of Halaf “tradition,” arguably the earliest example of a widely shared material culture in the region, has been tied to varied hypotheses of movement (of people, objects, and/or ideas) that remain largely untested. The use of obsidian sourcing to investigate Halafian phenomena (e.g., the spread of Halaf ceramics, the practice of dryland farming) would ideally involve high temporal resolution and consider settlement function and scale (e.g., an early urban center, a small farming village). Umm Qseir, the smallest known Halaf site, fulfills both. Occupied for less than two centuries, Umm Qseir was an environmentally marginal farmstead managed year-round by just two or three families at a time. The closest contemporary settlement was more than 30 km to the north, within the conventional limits of dryland farming (annual rainfall > 250 mm). Here we reconstruct and refine obsidian sourcing data for Umm Qseir artifacts from 1990s and 2000s studies, and we present new data for a small assemblage. We also highlight techno-typological clues that elucidate production, use, and maintenance of such artifacts. Ultimately, such findings offer insights into the exchange strategy of Syrian steppe farmsteaders and reflect an important means of risk management.
Fast and efficient germanium quantum dot photodetector with an ultrathin active layer

An ultrathin layer (13 nm) of germanium (Ge) quantum dots embedded in a SiO2 matrix was deposited on a Ge substrate for photodetection in both the visible and near-infrared (IR). Operated at T = 150 K, the device exhibits higher than 105% internal quantum efficiency (IQE) at a reverse bias of −1.3 V under low light conditions (<30 nW) at both λ= 640 and 1550 nm. The transient response of 640 nm pulses stays below 15 ns for both rise and fall times; the IR response is only slightly slower. Our work demonstrates a high-performance broadband photodetector with high IQE and fast response in a simple silicon technology-compatible device structure.
Communication Studies and Deliberative Democracy: Current Contributions and Future Possibilities

This essay provides an overview of what is currently being done in the discipline of communication studies that can advance deliberative democracy, particularly in terms of student learning, and explores how those connections could be strengthened and extended. The essay is divided into three main sections. First, a brief history of the field of communication studies is provided. Next, four questions relevant to deliberative theory and practice are introduced and the teaching and research of communication scholars that provides significant responses are examined: (1) how do we improve how citizens process information and exercise judgment?, (2) how do we best deal the differences in our increasingly diverse communities?, (3) how can we better understand the processes and outcomes of deliberation?, and (4) what are the key future directions for deliberative theory and practice? Within this section, a number of the sub-fields within communication studies that connect directly or indirectly to deliberative work are introduced. The essay concludes with a review of the limitations to these connections and a “call to action” for increased public engagement.
Aviation Law Report

The first three provisions of Article 22 relate to the limitation on the amount of recovery, valued in French francs, in the case of injury to passengers, checked baggage and goods, and hand articles carried aboard.2 The fourth provision of Article 22 provides for a conversion standard: "(4) The sums mentioned shall be deemed to refer to the French franc consisting of 65% milligrams of gold at the standard of fineness of nine hundred thousandths. These sums may be converted into any national currency in round figures."3
Organometallic Aspects of Diboron Chemistry

Publisher Summary Formally subvalent compounds of boron (B) containing a B–B single bond are intermediate in structural complexity between simple monoboron derivatives and the polyhedral electron-efficient compounds of the element. Synthesis of specific diboron compounds may involve either reductive coupling reactions of monoboron derivatives to form materials containing the B–B bond or reactions of compounds possessing preformed B 2 fragments. An extensive metathetical chemistry of diboron compounds has been developed that provides the means for the synthesis of specific derivatives from more commonly available starting materials such as tetrachlorodiborane and tetrakis (dialkylamino) diboron derivatives. A little physical information is available concerning diboron compounds with organic groups bonded to B. Diboron derivatives differ markedly in thermal stability and the mode of decomposition. One of the most interesting and characteristic reactions of the diboron tetrahalides is their ready addition across carbon–carbon (C–C) double and triple bonds. The stereochemical course of the addition of B 2 Cl 4 to olefins and acetylenes has been studied by several groups. Relatively little is known of the reactions of diboron tetrahalides with aromatics apart from a study by Fox and Wartik of the interaction of B 2 C1 4 with benzene and naphthalene. There is no clear evidence for the formation of stable bis(boryl) derivatives from the interaction of diboron tetrahalides with molecules containing multiple bonds other than C=C or C–C. The addition of diboron tetrahalides to olefins provides a convenient route to vicinal bis(dihaloboryl) alkanes, which in general show most of the reactions to be expected of organoboron dihalides.
Arctic national wildlife refuge

Abstract The coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is generally regarded as the most promising region for onshore oil exploration in the USA. Congress is currently debating whether to allow the Department of Interior (DOI) to sell leases for oil exploration and development in this environmentally unique region. In 1987 DOI released a study of the oil potential and environmental vulnerability of the ANWR which recommended unlimited leasing. The Energy Information Agency (EIA) subsequently responded with its own, conflicting assessment of the potential of the region. The DOI and EIA estimates of oil potential differ by a factor of five. This paper presents an analysis and critique of these studies. A Monte Carlo simulation model is used to generate comparable projections of oil production using DOI and EIA data and assumptions. This model makes it possible to reconcile the previous results and to study the sensitivity of the projections to key assumptions. The paper concludes with some thoughts about the problem of determining a socially optimal development plan for the ANWR.
Nurses' informal argument: learning to justify the claim and reach agreement

Nurses convince their peers of the need for ongoing action and monitoring during change-of-shift discourse about patient health issues. Twenty pairs of critical-care nurses participated in a qualitative study of authentic everyday argument at the bedside. The process of providing and evaluating evidence for claims and justifying decisions during nursing shift report included pragmatic and structural aspects of persuasive argument in the context of a high-stress, high-stakes, time-pressured environment.
Government expenditure, real exchange rate and the ‘decline’ of the manufacturing sector: Some empirical evidence

Abstract I show that the increase in government expenditure in European countries during the 1970s raise the relative price of non-traded goods. This relative price movement may explain why the share of manufacturing in private sector value added declined in those countries.
Industrial view of computer applications in the life sciences.

The phenomenal growth of the use of digital computation in such fields as airline reservations, hotel-chain record keeping, banks and credit agencies overshadows its much slower growth in such areas as biomedical research, retail stores and architecture. To the researcher, to the government agencies that sponsor biomedical research and to the layman, it seems inequitable that the benefits of computation flow so easily to ease the pain of the air traveler but still contribute so little to the life sciences.
Fast least squares solution of Vandermonde systems of equations

The authors introduce a fast algorithm for computing the QR factors of a complex column Vandermonde matrix V. The complexity of the algorithm is 5 mn+7 n/sup 2//2+O(m), where m is the number of rows in V and n is the number of columns (they assume that m>n). The matrices Q and R can be computed independently if desired. Such an algorithm allows an important saving when solving such systems in the least-squares sense, as for example when estimating the magnitude and phase of damped exponentials in the least-squares version of the Prony method. >
Remote laboratories for control education

Describes progress in the development of an integrated network of Internet based control laboratories at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A key feature of our project is the use of real experiments in addition to simulation and animation. Our first set of experiments includes a DC motor, an inverted pendulum, an inertia wheel pendulum, and a two-link, direct drive robot arm. These experiments were first tested online in the summer of 2000 and we are class testing them in the fall of 2000 and spring of 2001.
Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity

The publication of the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) brought about major changes in the perception of a disorder which has been characterized as one of the most diagnosed, discussed, and researched of the childhood behavior disorders (Douglas, 1976), hyperactivity. The most immediately apparent of these changes involves new terminology reflecting a major shift in thinking about the key deficits involved in childhood hyperactivity. In a chapter summarizing the attentional deficits of hyperactive children, Douglas and Peters (1979) cite findings suggesting that measures of activity level are unreliable discriminators of hyperactive from normal children (Cromwell, Baumeister, & Hawkins, 1963; Werry, Sprague, Weiss, & Minde, 1970), whereas the inability of hyperactive children to organize attention and refrain from impulsive responding are qualities which consistently differentiate them from other groups (Douglas, 1972, 1974, 1976). Douglas and Peters (1979) go on to suggest that “hyperactivity” might more appropriately be called “attentional-impulsivity disorder” or “attentional-impulsivity-hyperactivity disorder” to deemphasize the importance of motor hyperactivity in the syndrome. Largely on the basis of the work of Douglas and her colleagues, DSM-III replaced the DSM-II category of hyperkinetic reaction with the term attention deficit disorder (ADD).
Does John Henry Newman Have a Theo‐Drama?

The essay surveys Newman's work in literary drama, from an early essay on Aristotle's Poetics to his adaptation of Roman comedies for production at the Oratory School, in order to approach his affinities with Hans Urs von Balthasar's theological dramatic theory. Newman does not find a Balthasarian theo-drama via literary drama - perhaps because he was not properly exposed to medieval religious drama - but scattered dramatic analogies in his history writing suggest that he undertakes a theo-drama in that genre. Von Balthasar and Newman employ dramatic analogies to reject chiliastic apocalyptic and foster 'keromatic' apocalyptic. © 2012 The Author. The Heythrop Journal © 2012 Trustees for Roman Catholic Purposes Registered.
Chelate ring sequence effects on thermodynamic, kinetic and electron-transfer properties of copper(II/I) systems involving macrocyclic ligands with S4 and NS3 donor sets

The kinetic behavior of electron-transfer reactions involving several copper(II/I) complexes has previously been attributed to a dual-pathway “square scheme” mechanism in which changes in the coordination geometry occur sequentially, rather than concertedly, with the electron-transfer step. In the case of 14-membered macrocyclic quadridentate ligand complexes studied to date, the major geometric change appears to be the inversion of two coordinated donor atoms during the overall electron-transfer process. However, the relative importance of these two inversions has been a matter of speculation. In the current investigation, a comparison is made of Cu(II/I) systems involving two pairs of ligands with S4 and NS3 donor sets: 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS4-a); 1,4,7,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS4-b); 1,4,8-trithia-11-azacyclotetradecane ([14]aneNS3-a); and 1,7,11-trithia-4-azacyclotetradecane ([14]aneNS3-b). In each pair of ligands, isomer a has the common chelate ring size sequence 5,6,5,6 while isomer b has the sequence 5,5,6,6. A crystal structure for [CuII([14]aneNS3-b)(H2O)](ClO4)2 demonstrates that, when coordinated to Cu(II), the b isomers stabilize the relatively rare ligand conformation designated as conformer II in which one donor atom is oriented opposite to the other three relative to the plane of the macrocycle. This eliminates one of the donor atom inversion steps which normally occurs during Cu(II/I) electron transfer. The copper complexes formed with these a and b isomers are examined in terms of (i) their CuIIL and CuIL stability constants, (ii) their CuIIL formation and dissociation rate constants, (iii) their CuII/IL redox potentials and (iv) their apparent electron self-exchange rate constants. Of the two donor atom inversions which occur in the case of the a-isomer complexes, the specific donor atom inversion which is common to the b-isomer complexes is judged to exhibit the larger energy barrier. Thus, it is presumed to represent the rate-limiting process responsible for the onset of “gated” electron transfer in previous studies on a-isomer complexes.
Toward an integration of behavioural and cognitive psychologies through instructional technology

The schism between operant behavioural and cognitive psychological views is examined with the aim of showing the potentials for their convergence when an instructional perspective is taken. As Lee (1988) points out, part of the problem lies in operant psychologists' use of stimulus-response language when they are really talking about condition-action sequences or means-to-ends. The inaccurate presentation of the operant position by cognitive psychologists is also part of the problem, and for the most part, neither reads the other's literature. With better communication, these problems could be overcome, although underlying philosophies of science might still differ. An overtised-operant view of instruction on cognitive processes provides a further basis for closing the schism. Building from the behavioural processes of discrimination learning, chaining, verbal learning, etc., more complex cognitive structures can be described in terms of the more elemental structures from which they are built. Engelmann and Carnine's (1982) theory of instruction provides a key (through overt teaching strategies) in bridging the gap between basic operant principles and higher cognitive structures. Operant psychology based interpretations of the changes that occur from being a novice to being an expert also are discussed to demonstrate additional commonalities between behavioural and cognitive positions.
Noninvasive control of the Penn State total artificial heart: a computer simulation

A mathematical model of the Penn State Total Artificial Heart (TAH) coupled to the circulation has been developed, and a computer simulation which control the model in a manner similar to the current TAH control methods has been implemented. This model has been used to evaluate the controller's response to abrupt physiological changes.
Reduction in Tracheal Lumen Due to Endotracheal Intubation and Its Calculated Clinical Significance

Background The flow in the human trachea is turbulent. Thus, the tracheal resistance (R) and the pressure gradient (ΔP) required to maintain a given flow across the trachea is inversely related to its radius raised to the fifth power. If the caliber reduction ratio (X) after endotracheal intubation is calculated as X = radius of the endotracheal tube (rETT)/radius of the trachea (rT), then ΔP and/or R will be increased by (1/X) 5 . Study objectives To measure the actual ratio between rETT and rT following endotracheal intubation of pediatric patients with respiratory failure and to calculate the resulting increase in the tracheal R and ΔP for a given inspiratory flow rate. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Pediatric ICU in a tertiary-care teaching children's medical center. Patient enrollment Twenty consecutive pediatric patients (mean [± SD] age, 6.4 ± 7.2 years) whose tracheas had been intubated for various causes of respiratory failure, and who had received a CT scan, were included in our study. All patients received an endotracheal tube the size of which was derived from the following formula: (age in years/4) + 4. Measurements and main results rT and rETT were measured from CT scan sections at and around the level of the thoracic inlet, and the average values were used to calculate X. These values ranged from 0.33 to 0.65 (mean, 0.55 ± 0.8). The factor (1/X) 5 was calculated for each patient and then was multiplied by the known normal value for tracheal R for adolescents and adults (0.07 cm H 2 O/L/s) to obtain the value of R resulting from the artificial airway, (1/X) 5 × 0.07. Our results showed that tracheal R increased due to caliber reduction of the trachea after endotracheal intubation by 33.9 ± 52.5-fold (range, 8.6- to 255.5-fold). In order to maintain an inspiratory flow of 1 L/s, the value of P for the intubated trachea would increase from 0.07 cm H 2 O to a mean of 2.4 ± 3.7 cm H 2 O (range, 0.6 to 18 cm H 2 O). In two of our patients, the rT/rETT ratios were 2 O, respectively. Conclusions The common value of X due to endotracheal intubation is between 0.5 and 0.6, which in and of itself results in an increase in R across the intubated trachea up to 32-fold. The calculated increase in P as a result of this is between 2 and 3 cm H 2 O for adolescents or young adults. The addition of pressure support of at least 3 cm H 2 O during spontaneous ventilation via an endotracheal tube, which is common practice in pediatric critical care, should alleviate any respiratory distress emanating from the increased R. However, a value for X
Inhibition of HGF/MET as therapy for malignancy.

Background: Inhibition of inappropriate tyrosine kinase activity by neoplasms is an attractive strategy for the treatment of malignancy. Objective: We aimed to produce a concise review of the potential role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) tyrosine kinase pathway inhibition in the treatment of cancer. Methods: The current literature, abstracts and internet resources related to HGF/MET structure, function and inhibition are summarized. The potential of inhibiting this pathway as a therapy for cancer and remaining hurdles prior to routine clinical use of MET inhibition are discussed. Results/conclusions: Current knowledge suggests that the inhibition of the HGF/MET pathway has significant potential for the treatment of cancer. A number of MET inhibitor molecules are nearing completion of their development for clinical use.
Linear response of hot gluons

Abstract We reexamine the various schemes for calculating the linear response (the retarded Green's function) of a hot gluon plasma. The problems related to gauge invariance are discussed in detail, and results in different gauges are compared. We also point out some issues related to the very definition of a thermal ensemble in the presence of unphysical degrees of freedom. By culculating the retarded Green's function directly in real time, we explicitly study the effects of unphysical degrees of freedom in different gauges. Although there appears to be no unique way to define the response function, we find that several schemes can be questioned on formal grounds and that use of the background-field gauge (BFG) is the most satisfactory in this respect. We discuss two proposals to fix the gauge parameter (α) dependence in the BFG response function, the Vilkovisky-DeWitt effective action corresponding to the choice α = 0 (background Landau gauge), and the “gauge-invariant propagator” of Cornwall et al. corresponding to α = 1 (background Feynman gauge).