cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Framework for 3D synthetic environment construction and rendering

The Naval Research Laboratory's Digital Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Analysis Program is investigating the extension of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency's Vector Product Format (VPF) to handle a wide range of non-manifold 3D objects for modeling and simulation. The extended VPF, referred to as VPF+, makes use of a non-manifold data structure for modeling 3D synthetic environments. The data structure uses a boundary representation method.
Simulating stiffness degradation and damping in soils via a simple visco-elastic-plastic model

Abstract Stiffness degradation and damping represent some of the most well-known aspects of cyclic soil behavior. While standard equivalent linear approaches reproduce these features by (separately) prescribing stiffness reduction and damping curves, in this paper a multiaxial, 3D, viscoelastic – plastic model is developed for the simultaneous simulation of both cyclic curves over a wide cyclic shear strain range. The proposed constitutive relationship is based on two parallel resisting/dissipative mechanisms, purely frictional (elastic–plastic) and viscous. The frictional mechanism is formulated as a bounding surface plasticity model with vanishing elastic domain, including pressure-sensitive failure locus and non-associative plastic flow – which are essential for effective stress analysis. At the same time, the use of the parallel viscous mechanism is shown to be especially beneficial to improve the simulation of the overall dissipative performance. In order to enable model calibration from stiffness degradation ( G / G max ) and damping curves, the constitutive equations are purposely kept as simple as possible with a low number of material parameters. Although the model performance is here explored with reference to pure shear cyclic tests, the 3D, multiaxial formulation is appropriate for general loading conditions.
Volume Receptors and Post-prandial Diuresis in the Seal (Phoca vitulina L.)

SummaryThe effect of continuous negative pressure breathing and of plasma volume expansion was studied in young harbor seals. Negative pressure breathing did not increase rate of urine flow. Expans...
Temperature and intensity dependence of photorefractive effect in GaAs

The photorefractive effect in semi‐insulating Cr‐doped GaAs as measured by the beam coupling technique was investigated as functions of temperature (295–386 K) and intensity (0.15–98 mW/cm2 of 1.15 μm light beams from a He‐Ne laser). Results show that the photorefractive effect deteriorates rapidly over a narrow range of temperature as temperature rises and that this characteristic temperature increases with the logarithm of beam intensity. The observed phenomenon is attributed to the competing effects of the dark‐ and light‐induced conductivities.
Dietary Fish Oil Exerts Hypolipidemic Effects in Lean and Insulin Sensitizing Effects in Obese LDLR−/− Mice

Obesity is often associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Together, these metabolic perturbations greatly increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Although fish oil is a well-established hypolipidemic agent, the mechanisms by which it mediates its lipid-lowering effects are not clear. In addition, it has not been established whether dietary fish oil has different effects in lean and obese mice. LDL receptor deficient (LDLR-/-) and leptin deficient mice on a LDLR-/- background (ob/ob;LDLR-/-) were fed a high fat diet (39% total fat) supplemented with 6% olive oil or fish oil for 6 wk. Fish oil supplementation resulted in lower concentrations of plasma total cholesterol (P < 0.01), triglycerides (P < 0.01), and free fatty acids (P < 0.001) in lean LDLR-/- mice, but not in ob/ob;LDLR-/- mice. In contrast, a fish oil diet did not modulate insulin sensitivity in lean LDLR-/- mice, but it improved insulin sensitivity in ob/ob;LDLR-/- mice (P < 0.05) compared with olive oil fed ob/ob;LDLR-/- mice. Interestingly, plasma adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher and hepatic steatosis was reduced in both mouse models upon fish oil feeding. Finally, fish oil fed LDLR-/- mice exhibited higher hepatic AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation (P < 0.05), whereas AMPK phosphorylation was not elevated by fish oil feeding in ob/ob;LDLR-/- mice. Taken together, our data suggest that fish oil reduces hepatic steatosis in both lean and obese mice, has potent plasma lipid lowering effects in lean mice, and exerts insulin sensitizing effects in obese mice.
The Logic of Warlord Politics

Abstract This article offers an initial framework for a future theory of warlord politics using a simple game theoretic approach. We address the topic abstractly rather than empirically to develop a set of testable propositions across the wide range of warlord regimes. We discuss the reciprocal military and economic foundations of warlord domination, the structural logic of warlord politics, the stability of warlord regimes, and the circumstances that can be expected to lead to the formation and dissolution of warlord coalitions. We offer a conceptual introduction to these topics and lay the groundwork for a more systematic treatment of these and related themes in subsequent work.
Placental pathology of congenital syphilis-immunohistochemical aspects

Summary The histopathologic features of syphilis are variable and nonspecific, and the pathologist must carefully correlate the placental findings with clinical history and serologic studies of the mother and infant. The umbilical cord appears to be the optimal location for identification of spirochetes in placental tissues. Immunohistochemistry is an important adjunct to routine histochemistry for the accurate evaluation of placentae with syphilis infection. Besides permitting the definitive identification of T. pallidum using immunofluorescence or immunogold methods, immunohistochemistry can be used as a tool to help answer many relevant questions regarding the response of the fetus and placenta to congenital syphilis.
The Psychiatric Family Nurse Practitioner: A Collaborator in Family Practice.

The potential of the psychiatric family nurse practitioner (Psych.F.N.P.) to contribute to family practice through physical care and mental health care exists in the here and now. This role is a synthesis of 2 advanced practice roles, the psychiatric clinical nurse specialist (Psych.C.N.S.) and family nurse practitioner (F.N.P.), both of which continue to have great utility independently. This synthesis is a practical application of concepts that have evolved to meet the changing patterns of health care delivery. At this time, dual certification as a Psych.C.N.S. and F.N.P. best reflects the broad practice expertise of the psychiatric family nurse practitioner. The experienced psychiatric family nurse practitioner provides direct care for both physical and psychological needs of patients in a family practice setting.
Review article: current antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 1145–1158 Summary Background The indications and endpoints for treatment of chronic hepatitis B continue to evolve. The aim of the therapy for chronic hepatitis B is to achieve a long-term continued suppression of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA to prevent disease progression leading to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Aim To summarise current literature on therapy of chronic hepatitis B, with a focus on indications for therapy, preferred treatment options, and management of resistance and partial responders. Methods A systematic review of the literature, with a focus on international guidelines, was performed. Results Seven drugs are licensed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in many countries. The selection of a drug with high potency and low rate of resistance is essential to achieve rapid and long-term viral suppression. The prevention of the sequelae of antiviral drug resistance and appropriate management of viral breakthrough are major goals of current management. The addition or change to an antiviral agent that is not cross-resistant is critical to restore suppression of viral replication for patients with breakthrough resistance. Patient adherence to medication is essential to achieve adequate HBV DNA suppression. Conclusions The current treatment strategy of chronic hepatitis B is now standard: initial selection of entecavir, tenofovir, or peginterferon alfa-2a. Future studies are required to determine if combination therapy using two oral agents or peginterferon with an oral agent with a high genetic barrier to resistance might be superior to standard current monotherapy.
Geophysics: slab sliding away.

Does material that is subducted into Earth's interior at plate boundaries penetrate very far down? A model that links subsurface dynamics with the motion of the plates above provides a fresh approach to the question.
Effect of iron additions on structure of Laves phases in NbCrFe alloys

Abstract The effect of iron additions on the stability of various Laves phases in the NbCr base system has been examined. In the binary NbCr system a hexagonal (C14) Laves phase exists at temperatures above approximately 1860 K, and undergoes] a shear-like martensitic transformation to a face centered cubic (C15) Laves phase on cooling to room temperature. Addition of iron promotes formation of an additional phase, the dihexagonal (C36) Laves phase. In alloys with a lower iron content (below approximately 5 wt.%), the C36 phase forms at higher temperatures. In addition, the C15 phase begins to form on cooling to room temperature. In sharp contrast, in alloys with a higher iron content, only the C14→C36 phase transformation takes place in the entire temperature range studied (RT 1473 K). These findings were rationalized on the basis of the effects of chemical energy change and elastic strain energy on magnitude of the activation energy for martensitic transformation.
The regulation of the synthesis of arginine catabolizing enzymes during the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Summary In ammonia grown cells of S. cerevisiae we observed that arginase and ornithine transaminase, two enzymes catabolizing arginine and susceptible to coordinate induction by arginine, are synthesized once per cell cycle. However, although these enzymes are members of a common metabolic pathway the synthesis of arginase occurs earlier in the cell cycle than ornithine transaminase. The internal concentration of the arginine pool does not show any significant fluctuation during the cell cycle whether S. cerevisiae is grown on arginine or ammonia. The synthesis of arginase and ornithine transaminase occurs at the same stages in the cell cycle in both media although a higher internal arginine concentration is found in cells growing in this amino acid. Therefore, although arginine regulates the amount of enzymes synthesized, the timing of arginase and ornithine transaminase synthesis appears to be independent of the internal concentration of arginine and the presence or absence of this amino acid in the medium. These results do not support the hypothesis that the regulation of enzyme synthesis during the cell cycle is controlled by oscillatory repression or induction.
Visible light photon counters for detecting very low level light

Visible Light Photon Counters (VLPCs), which were produced by Rockwell International Science Center for UCLA, can detect visible light down to the single photon level with a quantum efficiency approaching 80%. They were produced for the SSC Laboratory for a proposed scintillating fiber tracking detector. The VLPCs were tested and characterized at Rockwell and UCLA. They have better than 3 ns time resolution, and demonstrate count rate capabilities on the order of 3 X 107 mm-2s-1. Some test results, characteristics of the VLPCs, and applications will be discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Peroxidase-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Phenols in the Presence of Geosorbents: Rates of Non-extractable Product Formation

Oxidative coupling processes in subsurface systems comprise a form of natural contaminant attenuation in which hydroxylated aromatic compounds (HACs) are incorporated into soil/sediment organic matter matrices. Here we describe the oxidative coupling of phenol catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in systems containing two geosorbents having organic matter of different composition; specifically Chelsea soil, a near-surface geologically young soil having a predominantly humic-type soil/sediment organic matter (SOM) matrix, and Lachine shale, a diagenetically older natural material having a predominantly kerogen-type SOM matrix. It was found that each of these two different types of natural geosorbents increased the formation of non-extractable coupling products (NEPs) over that which occurred in solids-free systems. The extent of coupling was higher in the systems containing humic-type Chelsea SOM than in those containing kerogen-type Lachine SOM. It was observed that HRP inactivation by free radical attack was significantly reduced in the presence of each geosorbent. A rate model was developed to facilitate quantitative evaluation and mechanistic interpretation of such coupling processes. Experimental rate measurements revealed thatthe greater extent of reaction observed in the presence of Chelsea soil than in the presence of Lachine shale can be attributed to two factors: (i) more effective protection of HRP from inactivation by the Chelsea SOM and (ii) the greater reactivity of Chelsea SOM with respect to cross-coupling. Interrelationships among enzyme protection, cross-coupling reactivity, and SOM chemistry are discussed.
The Function of Two Rho Family GTPases Is Determined by Distinct Patterns of Cell Surface Localization

Rho family GTPases are critical regulators in determining and maintaining cell polarity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rho3 and Cdc42 play important but distinct roles in regulating polarized exocytosis and overall polarity. Cdc42 is highly polarized during bud emergence and is specifically required for exocytosis at this stage. In contrast, Rho3 appears to play an important role during the isotropic growth of larger buds. Using a novel monoclonal antibody against Rho3, we find that Rho3 localizes to the cell surface in a dispersed pattern which is clearly distinct from that of Cdc42. Using chimeric forms of these GTPases, we demonstrate that a small region at the N terminus is necessary and sufficient to confer Rho3 localization and function onto Cdc42. Analysis of this domain reveals two essential elements responsible for distinguishing function. First, palmitoylation of a cysteine residue by the Akr1 palmitoyltransferase is required both for the switch of function and the switch of localization properties of this domain. Second, two basic residues distal to the palmitoylation site are required for regulating binding affinity with the Exo70 and Sec3 effectors. This demonstrates the importance of localization and effector binding in determining how these GTPases evolved specific functions at distinct stages of polarized growth.
The use of infrared absorption techniques in the study of hypersensitivity diseases.

Preliminary investigations have been made of the possibility of correlating changes in infrared absorption spectra of dried films of human blood sera with the occurrence of diseases of the hypersensitive state. These diseases, which may include rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and many others, are thought to be due to an antigen-antibody reaction which might produce observable changes in the proteins of the circulatory system. Definite qualitative and quantitative changes have been observed comparing normal serum with various types of pathological serum. Absorption spectra of pure dried films of human albumin and gamma-globulin have also been determined and some of the changes in the blood spectra are possibly explainable on the basis of an altered A/G ratio, which is known to occur. However, all of the changes cannot be explained on this basis. The films of sera, albumin, and gamma-globulin were air-dried at room temperature on thin disks of KRS-5, and examined in the Perkin-Elmer spectrometer in the spectral range 850–1400 cm−1 (7 to 12 microns).
Unitary space-time modulation via Cayley transform

A prevoiusly proposed method for communicating with multiple antennas over block fading channels is unitary space-time modulation (USTM). In this method, the signals transmitted from the antennas, viewed as a matrix with spatial and temporal dimensions, form a unitary matrix, i.e., one with orthonormal columns. Since channel knowledge is not required at the receiver, USTM schemes are suitable for use on wireless links where channel tracking is undesirable or infeasible, either because of rapid changes in the channel characteristics or because of limited system resources. Previous results have shown that if suitably designed, USTM schemes can achieve full channel capacity at high SNR and, moreover, that all this can be done over a single coherence interval, provided the coherence interval and number of transmit antennas are sufficiently large, which is a phenomenon referred to as autocoding. While all this is well recognized, what is not clear is how to generate good performing constellations of (nonsquare) unitary matrices that lend themselves to efficient encoding/decoding. The schemes proposed so far either exhibit poor performance, especially at high rates, or have no efficient decoding algorithms. We propose to use the Cayley transform to design USTM constellations. This work can be viewed as a generalization, to the nonsquare case, of the Cayley codes that have been proposed for differential USTM. The codes are designed based on an information-theoretic criterion and lend themselves to polynomial-time (often cubic) near-maximum-likelihood decoding using a sphere decoding algorithm. Simulations suggest that the resulting codes allow for effective high-rate data transmission in multiantenna communication systems without knowing the channel. However, our preliminary results do not show a substantial advantage over training-based schemes.
Drift Residues of Air-Applied Carbaryl in an Orchard Environment

Airborne and deposition levels of carbaryl were measured after air application of the pesticide to an apple orchard. Air sampling techniques showed detectable carbaryl as far as 3.5 km away in a moderate wind (8 to 12 km/h). On a calm day with a temperature inversion, drift was less at this distance. However, general climatic conditions could not explain all drift and fallout data. Topography and micro climate also play an important role in the dispersal of the insecticide.
1107 RIBAVIRIN(RIB) THERAPY OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTION IN INFANTS WITH CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASE

Aerosolized Rib has appeared beneficial in the treatment of RSV pneumonia in selected normal infants in a previous study. We have since evaluated Rib therapy of RSV lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease to determine its efficacy and safety in such high risk infants. 22 infants with RSV LRI were studied in '83–84 in a randomized double-blind manner to receive aerosolized Rib (12) or placebo (10) (water) An additional 20 infants with life-threatening illness were not randomized, but treated with Rib. 26 infants (10 randomized, 16 non-randomized) had bronchopulmonary dysplasia or congenital heart disease. The 22 randomized infants received Rib or placebo for 21 hrs/d for 3–8days(mean=5d) and were matched in age (15wks), sex, underlying disease, duration of illness before therapy and severity of illness on admission. At start of therapy Rib infants had greater illness severity scores by double blind exam than placebo pts (p.06). But Rib pts showed faster and greater improvement by d.3 (p 1 month later. In all 42 infants Rib as an aerosol was administered safely & without signs of toxicity. Administration of Rib through a respirator required careful monitoring but was without adverse effect. These findings suggest Rib is beneficial and may be safely administered to infants with cardiopulmonary disease at high risk for severe RSV Infection.
An interactive code for solving differential equations, using phase integral methods

Abstract The solution of ordinary differential equations by the means of Phase Integral Methods is eminently suited for an interactive computational system with real time graphics: We describe a code devised for this purpose and illustrate its use.
The Influence of Restricted Feed Intake on the Response of Chickens to Marek’s Disease

Abstract Restriction of total feed intake accompanied by retardation of body growth rate significantly delayed the time of development as well as reduced the overall incidence of Marek’s disease in 8-week old chickens following inoculation with JM virus at day of age. When feed intake was restricted to three levels of the ad libitum intake, 80, 70 and 60 percent, the incidences of leukotic lesions in most tissues were in general proportionally reduced with the degree of feed restriction. In addition, the mortality due to Marek’s disease was significantly delayed. In the full-fed group, the mortality was seen as early as the twenty-seventh day while in the groups restricted to a 70 or 60 percent intake, no mortality was observed prior to the seventh week. These observations indicate that the amount of feed ingested influences the development of Marek’s disease neoplasia.
A local theory of heating in cross‐ply carbon fiber thermoplastic composites by magnetic induction

For joining and repair of continuous fiber thermoplastic composites, induction heating has been viewed a strong candidate. Induction heating employs an applied alternating magnetic field, which induces a rotational emf in a grid of conductive carbon fibers, which are then used to carry resulting currents. In continuous carbon fiber crossply composites the available paths for “eddy current” loops are along the network of conductive carbon fibers. For this to occur, an electrical transfer must take place between crossing fibers in adjacent plies. Tests involving variable thicknesses of interply neat film layers have been performed to provide insight into the mechanisms taking place. These tests indicate that the primary mechanism for heating in such laminates is dielectric losses in the polymeric region between fibers in adjacent planes that form the conductive loop. Therefore, heating is not uniform in such composites despite a uniform magnetic flux. Heating patterns were viewed using liquid crystal materials and E-type thermocouples. Several factors leading to nonhomogeneous thermal distributions have been considered, including current density effects, internal emf cancellation, and rotational field effects. Global and local considerations are addressed, a localized model is proposed, and the corresponding theory is developed qualifying the early results. Additional testing has supported the theory.
Self-Concept and Behavioral Characteristics in Hispanic Children and Adolescents with Acanthosis Nigricans 402

Self-Concept and Behavioral Characteristics in Hispanic Children and Adolescents with Acanthosis Nigricans 402
Modulation of blood cell gene expression by DHA supplementation in hypertriglyceridemic men

Our previous study with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation to hypertriglyceridemic men showed that DHA reduced several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including the plasma concentration of inflammatory markers. To determine the effect of DHA supplementation on the global gene expression pattern, we performed Affymetrix GeneChip microarray analysis of blood cells [treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle] drawn before and after the supplementation of DHA from the hypertriglyceridemic men who participated in that study. Genes that were significantly differentially regulated by the LPS treatment and DHA supplementation were identified. Differential regulation of 18 genes was then verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Both microarray and qRT-PCR data showed that DHA supplementation significantly suppressed the expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and cathepsin L1, both of which were also up-regulated by LPS. DHA supplementation also suppressed oxidized LDL (lectin-like) receptor 1 (OLR1). However, LPS did not induce OLR1 mRNA expression. Enrichment with Gene Ontology categories demonstrated that the genes related to transcription factor activity, immunity, host defense and inflammatory responses were inversely regulated by LPS and DHA. These results provide supporting evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of DHA supplementation, and reveal previously unrecognized genes that are regulated by DHA and are associated with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.
Increased fasting plasma insulin concentrations are associated with the severity of angiographic coronary artery disease.

Fasting plasma insulin concentrations were obtained in 82 patients (51 men and 31 women), mean age 60 ±11 years, with a body mass index >25 kg/m2 who had coronary angiography because of suspected symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). Obstructive CAD was diagnosed if there was >50% obstruction of ≥1 vessel. Of 82 patients, 37 (45%) had left main or 3-vessel CAD, 22 (27%) had 2-vessel CAD, 9 (11%) had 1-vessel CAD, and 14 (17%) had no obstructive CAD. Among the 4 groups, there was no significant difference in gender, age, dyslipidemia, and smoking. Hypertension (p=0.0003), diabetes mellitus (p=0.035), and increased fasting plasma insulin concentration (p<0.0001) were significantly associated with the severity of CAD. Stepwise ordinal logistic regression analysis identified increased fasting plasma insulin concentrations in these obese subjects as a significant independent risk factor for the severity of angiographic CAD (p<0.0001).
Using benchmarking to influence tuition and fee decisions

This chapter examines how benchmarking can be used to assist in making decisions about tuition and fees. Emphasis is placed on generating sufficient tuition income to fund institutional operations.
Inhibition of blood digestion by α-amanitin and actinomycin D and its effect on ovarian development in Aedes aegypti

Abstract Injection of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase inhibitor α-amanitin 24 hr before blood feeding inhibited both dopa decarboxylase activity and yolk deposition in Aedes aegypti oocytes. The primary action of the toxin was to completely suppress the trypsin-like activity which is normally induced by the blood meal. It was concluded that the adverse effects of α-amanitin on ovarian development were indirect and resulted from the inability of the treated animals to hydrolyse blood proteins. Actinomycin D also inhibited proteolytic enzymatic activity when it is injected 30 min after the blood meal. We postulate that normal blood meal-mediated ovarian development in Aedes is regulated at an ecdysterone-independent transcriptional level as well as an ecdysterone-dependent post-transcriptional level.
Quantum information processing in a Penning ion trap

We discuss the potential of the Penning ion trap for quantum information processing. An ion plasma in a Penning trap rotates about the trap (or magnetic field) axis. We have demonstrated phase-locked control of this rotation by a rotating electric field perturbation (a “rotating wall”). This precise control enables the formation of planar arrays of ions that could potentially be used for quantum computation with the Cirac-Zoller scheme, mimicking a “hard disk” geometry. Current experiments with miniature rf traps observe significant heating and decoherence which is believed to be due to fluctuating patch fields on the trap electrodes. This heating should be several orders of magnitude less in the larger Penning trap.
Integrated Energy and Flux Balance Based Multiobjective Framework for Large-Scale Metabolic Networks

Flux balance analysis (FBA) provides a framework for the estimation of intracellular fluxes and energy balance analysis (EBA) ensures the thermodynamic feasibility of the computed optimal fluxes. Previously, these techniques have been used to obtain optimal fluxes that maximize a single objective. Because mammalian systems perform various functions, a multi-objective approach is needed when seeking optimal flux distributions in such systems. For example, hepatocytes perform several metabolic functions at various levels depending on environmental conditions; furthermore, there is a potential benefit to enhance some of these functions for applications such as bioartificial liver (BAL) support devices. Herein we developed a multi-objective optimization approach that couples the normalized Normal Constraint (NC) with both FBA and EBA to obtain multi-objective Pareto-optimal solutions. We investigated the Pareto frontiers in gluconeogenic and glycolytic hepatocytes for various combinations of liver-specific objectives (albumin synthesis, glutathione synthesis, NADPH synthesis, ATP generation, and urea secretion). Next, we evaluated the impact of experimental flux measurements on the Pareto frontiers. We found that measurements induce dramatic changes in Pareto frontiers and further constrain the network fluxes. This multi-objective optimality analysis may help explain certain features of the metabolic control of hepatocytes, which is relevant to the response to hepatocytes and liver to various physiological stimuli and disease states.
Large-volume production of HgCdTe by dipping liquid phase epitaxy

Production of large quantities of HgCdTe on CdZnTe has been accomplished by using the dipping liquid phase epitaxy (DLPE) process from tellurium-rich solutions. The dipping LPE process has been used to grow n-type indium doped HgCdTe, extrinsically doped and vacancy dominated p-type thick films for photoconductors, and the vertically integrated photodiodes, respectively. The composition is controlled through the on-line utilization of the HgCdTe phase diagram by a constituent weight tracking technique. The composition is controlled to a CdTe mole fraction of 0.225 +/- 0.002 over long periods of time, approximately 2 years. The LPE reactors were designed for high throughput, flexibility, and low material waste.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rheological study of an aromatic polyamide‐hydrazide

Rheological and rheo-optical data are reported for the poly(terephthalamide of p-aminobenzhydrazide), X-500, in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions in the concentration range 0.2 to 6.0 g/100 ml. The objective of these measurements is to seek evidence of shear-induced isotropic → nematic phase transition. Three types of measurement, Couette, cone and plate, and capillary rheometer, all indicate that this system exhibits flow instabilities at high shear rates and concentrations. In this region both the viscosity and the primary normal stress difference decrease with time under shear. In the capillary rheometer the apparent viscosity is smaller for shorter capillaries and, for short capillaries, there is a range of shear rates in which plug flow and a coiled extrudate are observed. These instabilities may arise from the existence of a mixture of isotropic and nematic phases. At lower shear rates, where the flow behavior appears normal, the concentration dependence of the flow birefringence increases at a critical polymer concentration C This value is in reasonable accord with the concentration corresponding to the change of slope of logη (measured at low shear rate) vs. logCp. Both the latter measurements appear to be sensitive to the onset of the phenomenon, which may be due to a shear-induced transition or the rheological effect of chain entanglements.
Incrimination of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP-E1) as a Candidate Sensor of Physiological Folate Deficiency

The mechanism underlying the sensing of varying degrees of physiological folate deficiency, prior to adaptive optimization of cellular folate uptake through the translational up-regulation of folate receptors (FR) is unclear. Because homocysteine, which accumulates intracellularly during folate deficiency, stimulated interactions between heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP-E1) and an 18-base FR-α mRNA cis-element that led to increased FR biosynthesis and net up-regulation of FR at cell surfaces, hnRNP-E1 was a plausible candidate sensor of folate deficiency. Accordingly, using purified components, we evaluated the physiological basis whereby l-homocysteine triggered these RNA-protein interactions to stimulate FR biosynthesis. l-Homocysteine induced a concentration-dependent increase in RNA-protein binding affinity throughout the range of physiological folate deficiency, which correlated with a proportionate increase in translation of FR in vitro and in cultured human cells. Targeted reduction of newly synthesized hnRNP-E1 proteins by siRNA to hnRNP-E1 mRNA reduced both constitutive and l-homocysteine-induced rates of FR biosynthesis. Furthermore, l-homocysteine covalently bound hnRNP-E1 via multiple protein-cysteine-S-S-homocysteine mixed disulfide bonds within K-homology domains known to interact with mRNA. These data suggest that a concentration-dependent, sequential disruption of critical cysteine-S-S-cysteine bonds by covalently bound l-homocysteine progressively unmasks an underlying RNA-binding pocket in hnRNP-E1 to optimize interaction with FR-α mRNA cis-element preparatory to FR up-regulation. Collectively, such data incriminate hnRNP-E1 as a physiologically relevant, sensitive, cellular sensor of folate deficiency. Because diverse mammalian and viral mRNAs also interact with this RNA-binding domain with functional consequences to their protein expression, homocysteinylated hnRNP-E1 also appears well positioned to orchestrate a novel, nutrition-sensitive (homocysteine-responsive), posttranscriptional RNA operon in folate-deficient cells.
Dialyzer membrane type and reuse practice influence polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in hemodialysis patients.

Dialyzer membrane type and reuse practice influence polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in hemodialysis patients. Background Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been linked to hemodialysis (HD) associated morbidity. The effect of dialyzer membrane type and reuse on PMNL function has not been clearly defined. Methods The present report is a cross-sectional study undertaken in a cohort of patients undergoing regular HD, at enrollment into the Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study, to study the association between patient and dialysis-related factors and PMNL function. PMNL function was assessed by measuring PMA- and N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) -induced respiratory burst, and phagocytic activity toward Staphylococcus aureus. Results PMNL from patients dialyzed with polysulphone (PS) or cuprophane (CU) membranes showed higher PMA-induced respiratory burst activity compared with those exposed to substituted cellulose (cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, CA/CT) membranes, regardless of dialyzer reuse. The use of bleach as a cleansing agent during reuse was associated with higher PMA-induced PMNL superoxide production, as was the use of renalin when compared to aldehydes. In a subgroup of patients using PS dialyzers, reuse itself was associated with higher fMLP-induced superoxide production. The type of bleach-germicide combination during reuse showed that use of renalin as a germicide was also associated with higher PMNL phagocytosis index. The number of years on HD correlated inversely with PMA-induced PMNL superoxide response. Weaker PMNL response to fMLP was associated with greater comorbidity and poor functional status as quantified by Index of Coexisting Diseases (ICED) and Karnofsky scores, respectively. Conclusion Our results indicate that dialyzer membrane type and the reuse process influence the oxidative response of PMNL among HD patients. The implications of these observations on clinical morbidity need to be further evaluated in prospective studies.
Brief Paper: Robustness of Adaptive Nonlinear Control to Bounded Uncertainties

Two robust adaptive control methods are outlined for a class of nonlinear systems. The first method is based on the tuning function design of Krstic et al. (1992), and the second method is based on the modular design of Krstic and Kokotovic (1995). Both methods guarantee robustness with respect to bounded uncertainties and exogenous disturbances, and L"~/L"2 estimates are given on the effects of these uncertainties/disturbances on the tracking error.
Structural factor analyses for medically unexplained somatic symptoms of somatization disorder in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study

Background. Assess the latent structure of the DSM-III somatization symptoms and the stability of symptom patterns over time. Methods. Cross-sectional and longitudinal covariation of symptoms of somatization disorder were investigated using structural equation models in a population-based data set from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Results. Medically unexplained physical complaints were discovered to cluster into three separate factors, consistent with the DSM-IV definition of somatization disorder, but one dominant general factor was defined, consistent with the DSM-III conceptualization. Individual symptom prevalences and factor structures were different for men and women. The factor structures remained stable at 1 year follow-up. Variations in the threshold of number of somatization symptoms required for diagnosis affected prevalence, sex ratio and temporal stability of the diagnosis. Conclusions. These population-based results support dimensional models of somatization. Implications for changing the threshold of the categorical diagnosis of somatization disorder and providing better care for these patients are given.
Comparison of 4 Fluoroscopic Views for Dorsal Cortex Screw Penetration After Volar Plating of the Distal Radius

Purpose To determine whether use of the dorsal tangential view improves the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative fluoroscopy compared with conventional views in detecting dorsal screw penetrations during volar distal radius plating. Methods Dorsal cortices of 10 cadaveric distal radii were penetrated in each of the second, third, and fourth dorsal extensor compartments at 0, 1, 2, and 3 mm penetration. We obtained 4 standardized fluoroscopic images of the wrist: lateral, supination, pronation, and dorsal tangential views. Using high-definition digital images, 2 observers blinded to the experimental paradigm determined whether screws were penetrating the dorsal cortex. Results For screws that penetrated the floor of the second dorsal compartment, the 45° supination view was 92% sensitive for detecting screw penetration of 2 mm, and 98% for 3 mm. For screws that penetrated the third dorsal compartment, the lateral view was 68% and 80% sensitive in detecting screw penetrations of 1 and 2 mm, respectively. However, the dorsal tangential view showed 95% sensitivity for 1 mm and 98% for 2 mm penetrations. On the floor of the fourth dorsal compartment, pronation and dorsal tangential views were both 88% sensitive for 1 mm screw penetration and 90% and 93% for 2 mm, respectively. Conclusions The standard lateral view of the wrist failed to detect all screw penetrations. The dorsal tangential view increased the accuracy of detecting screw penetrations on the floor of the third dorsal compartment, whereas we needed oblique views to detect screw penetrations on the floors of second and fourth dorsal compartments. Clinical relevance Routine clinical use of the dorsal tangential view has the potential to increase accuracy in detecting dorsal screw penetration during volar plating of the distal radius.
Examining the Applicability of Lifestyle-Routine Activities Theory for Cybercrime Victimization

A great deal of criminological research has attempted to understand and identify the causes of victimization using the lifestyle-routine activities theory. Recent researchers have argued that the lifestyle-routine activities theory may be able to explain the increasingly significant phenomenon of computer and cybercrime. This claim has been contested by Yar (2005), however, who argues that routine activities theory is limited in explaining cybercrime. Few empirical tests exist to address this important issue. Thus, this study attempts to explore this gap in the research literature by examining a specific form of cybercrime, on-line harassment. Using a sample of students at a southeastern university, this analysis found some support for elements of lifestyle-routine activities theory. Individual and peer involvement in computer crime and deviance also significantly increased the risk of victimization. The implications of these findings for theorists and researchers are also explored.
Comparative efficacy of pharmacologic interventions in preventing relapse of Crohn's disease after surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background & Aims There are several drugs that might decrease the risk of relapse of Crohn's disease (CD) after surgery, but it is unclear whether one is superior to others. We estimated the comparative efficacy of different pharmacologic interventions for postoperative prophylaxis of CD, through a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods We conducted a systematic search of the literature through March 2014. We identified randomized controlled trials that compared the abilities of mesalamine, antibiotics, budesonide, immunomodulators, anti–tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF) (started within 3 months of surgery), and/or placebo or no intervention to prevent clinical and/or endoscopic relapse of CD in adults after surgical resection. We used Bayesian network meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence and estimate the relative effects of treatment. Results We identified 21 trials comprising 2006 participants comparing 7 treatment strategies. In a network meta-analysis, compared with placebo, mesalamine (relative risk [RR], 0.60; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.37–0.88), antibiotics (RR, 0.26; 95% CrI, 0.08–0.61), immunomodulator monotherapy (RR, 0.36; 95% CrI, 0.17–0.63), immunomodulator with antibiotics (RR, 0.11; 95% CrI, 0.02–0.51), and anti-TNF monotherapy (RR, 0.04; 95% CrI, 0.00–0.14), but not budesonide (RR, 0.93; 95% CrI, 0.40–1.84), reduced the risk of clinical relapse. Likewise, compared with placebo, antibiotics (RR, 0.41; 95% CrI, 0.15–0.92), immunomodulator monotherapy (RR, 0.33; 95% CrI, 0.13–0.68), immunomodulator with antibiotics (RR, 0.16; 95% CrI, 0.04–0.48), and anti-TNF monotherapy (RR, 0.01; 95% CrI, 0.00–0.05), but neither mesalamine (RR, 0.67; 95% CrI, 0.39–1.08) nor budesonide (RR, 0.86; 95% CrI, 0.61–1.22), reduced the risk of endoscopic relapse. Anti-TNF monotherapy was the most effective pharmacologic intervention for postoperative prophylaxis, with large effect sizes relative to all other strategies (clinical relapse: RR, 0.02–0.20; endoscopic relapse: RR, 0.005–0.04). Conclusions Based on Bayesian network meta-analysis combining direct and indirect treatment comparisons, anti-TNF monotherapy appears to be the most effective strategy for postoperative prophylaxis for CD.
A combinatorial study of straightening bases

We derive a class of bases, called straightening bases, for the vector space of polynomials over a doubly indexed set xij . of noncommuting variables. The elements of these bases are shuffles of minors of (noncommuting) determinants of the matrix (xij ). This result is analogous to the straightening bases for the commuting case derived by Doubilet, Rota, and Stein. We develop a general approach that includes both the commuting and the noncommuting case. Spanning properties are derived in a manner analogous to the commuting case. The key lemma is a combinatorial extension of a classical determinantal identity due to Schweins. The proof of linear independence is based on a systematic application of a bijection of Knuth, rather than through the Capelli operators used in the commuting case.
The intramolecular reductive cyclization of cyclic enones

The reductive cyclization (electrohydrocyclization reaction) of tethered cyclic enones has been investigated under electrochemical, metal-mediated, and photochemical conditions. The tricyclic products are generally formed with excellent stereoselectivity, particularly if at least one of the enones is β,β-disubstituted.
The adaptiveness of worker demography in the attine ant Trachymyrmex septentrionalis

Caste theory states that worker size distributions in ant colonies have evolved for efficient division of labor and predicts that they should vary with habitat and have an effect on fitness. We tested these predictions in a comparative study of worker size variation and colony fitness in Florida and Long Island populations of Trachymyrmex septentrionalis. Colonies from the two populations were excavated shortly before the time of the mating flights, so that workers and reproductive forms could be censused. We measured worker head widths in each colony and analyzed the resulting size frequency distributions using the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, and also principal components derived from these parameters. Size frequency distributions were unimodal and close to normal, with a tendency to negative skewness. Colonies in the Long Island population had both larger workers and greater size variation than those in Florida. Florida colonies followed a growth trajectory in which the mean and standard deviation of worker head width both increased with colony size, whereas in Long Island there was an inverse rela- tionship between the mean and standard deviation that was independent of colony size. Analysis based on the principal components showed that worker size variation significantly affected fitness in both populations, and this was not a secondary effect of colony size. Population differences in colony life history strategies may account for the observed pat- terns: the Long Island population appears to be adapted for surviving the winter diapause, while the Florida population has experienced different selective pressures, possibly for rapid colony growth. Size variation that has evolved in the context of life history strategies may serve as a preadaptation for division of labor.
The Literary Circulation of Actors in Seventeenth-Century China

Actors were luxury goods traded among the elite in late Ming and early Qing China. Not only individual actors but entire troupes were sold, bestowed upon friends, and bequeathed upon relatives. Their circulation served to create and maintain networks of social exchange, in much the same manner as did gifts of fine ceramic ware, calligraphic scrolls, and ancient bronzes. The cultural prestige of the actor as a luxury good, in turn, was predicated on a highly refined discourse of connoisseurship. For example, the theater aficionado Pan Zhiheng's (1556–1622) disquisitions on the art of acting were collected in a volume entitled Chongding xinshang pian (Recompiled texts on connoisseurship), published between 1600 and 1640 (Clunas 1991, 36). In this essay, I discuss the social significance of the connoisseurship of the actor, examining the exchange of actors and poems among a rarefied stratum of the mid-seventeenth-century elite.