cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Chromosomes Evolved from Independent Ancestral Linkage Groups in Winged Insects

The evolution of a pair of chromosomes that differ in appearance between males and females (heteromorphic sex chromosomes) has occurred repeatedly across plants and animals. Recent work has shown that the male heterogametic (XY) and female heterogametic (ZW) sex chromosomes evolved independently from different pairs of homomorphic autosomes in the common ancestor of birds and mammals but also that X and Z chromosomes share many convergent molecular features. However, little is known about how often heteromorphic sex chromosomes have either evolved convergently from different autosomes or in parallel from the same pair of autosomes and how universal patterns of molecular evolution on sex chromosomes really are. Among winged insects with sequenced genomes, there are male heterogametic species in both the Diptera (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster) and the Coleoptera (Tribolium castaneum), female heterogametic species in the Lepidoptera (Bombyx mori), and haplodiploid species in the Hymenoptera (e.g., Nasonia vitripennis). By determining orthologous relationships among genes on the X and Z chromosomes of insects with sequenced genomes, we are able to show that these chromosomes are not homologous to one another but are homologous to autosomes in each of the other species. These results strongly imply that heteromorphic sex chromosomes have evolved independently from different pairs of ancestral chromosomes in each of the insect orders studied. We also find that the convergently evolved X chromosomes of Diptera and Coleoptera share genomic features with each other and with vertebrate X chromosomes, including excess gene movement from the X to the autosomes. However, other patterns of molecular evolution—such as increased codon bias, decreased gene density, and the paucity of male-biased genes on the X—differ among the insect X and Z chromosomes. Our results provide evidence for both differences and nearly universal similarities in patterns of evolution among independently derived sex chromosomes.
Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein Deficiency Stimulates PTEN and Stat3 mRNA Translation and Induces Hepatic Insulin Resistance

The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein CPEB1 (CPEB) regulates germ cell development, synaptic plasticity, and cellular senescence. A microarray analysis of mRNAs regulated by CPEB unexpectedly showed that several encoded proteins are involved in insulin signaling. An investigation of Cpeb1 knockout mice revealed that the expression of two particular negative regulators of insulin action, PTEN and Stat3, were aberrantly increased. Insulin signaling to Akt was attenuated in livers of CPEB–deficient mice, suggesting that they might be defective in regulating glucose homeostasis. Indeed, when the Cpeb1 knockout mice were fed a high-fat diet, their livers became insulin-resistant. Analysis of HepG2 cells, a human liver cell line, depleted of CPEB demonstrated that this protein directly regulates the translation of PTEN and Stat3 mRNAs. Our results show that CPEB regulated translation is a key process involved in insulin signaling.
Separation of Responses of Arteries and Veins to Sympathetic Stimulation

Lumbar sympathetic nerve stimulation produced an increase in arterial, small vessel and venous segmental resistances in the perfused hind paw of the dog. Repeating the stimulation, after having sectioned the somatic nerve bundles accompanying the main arterial supply of the paw, brought about an increase only in venous resistance which was equal to or greater than that obtained in the control period. This venous constrictor response was reduced greatly by the intravenous administration of adrenergic neuronal blocking drugs, by local infiltration of procaine around the paw, or by transection of the subcutaneous tissue around the paw and the nerves accompanying the veins. These results indicated that sympathetic postganglionic fibers supplying the arteries and small vessels were derived from nerve bundles accompanying the arteries (tibial and deep fibular nerves). The fibers supplying the veins are distributed more diffusely in that they are found in somatic nerve bundles accompanying the veins themselves, in the tibial nerve, and in the subcutaneous tissue of the paw.
Interaction between double stranded poly(dA-dT)·poly (dA-dT) and lucanthone

Abstract 270 MHz 1 H NMR and theoretical studies indicate that the drug lucanthone forms intercalated complexes with the synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT)·poly(dA-dT). In the intercalated complex the long axis of the drug is perpendicular to the helix axis and parallel to the base pair axis, i.e., the long axis is perpendicular to the dyad axis.
Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla)

The systematics and taxonomy of early Eocene equids are investigated. A paraphyletic sequence of equid taxa is recovered from a phylogenetic analysis of 40 taxa and 121 characters. This analysis supports the identification of Hyracotherium as a primitive equoid and its restriction to the genotype, Hyracotherium leporinum. Sifrhippus gen. nov. is erected for the sister taxon of all other equids, Hyracotherium sandrae Gingerich. Minippus gen. nov., the next more-derived equid clade, is erected for two small equids, M. index Cope and M. jicarillai nov. species. Arenahippus gen. nov. is erected for the next three sequentially more-derived equid taxa, A. grangeri Kitts, A. aemulor Gingerich, and A. pernix Marsh. The genus Xenicohippus, which is the next more-derived equid clade, is redefined to include X. craspedotum Cope. Eohippus Marsh, the next more-derived equid taxon, is resurrected for E. angustidens Cope. Pliolophus, the only early Eocene equid from Europe, is identified as the sister taxon to Protorohippus, a sequence of successively more-derived equid taxa consisting of P. montanum Wortman and P. venticolum Cope. Protorohippus venticolum is identified as the sister taxon of Orohippus. Systemodon Cope is resurrected for S. tapirinum Cope. This taxon has historically been placed within Hyracotherium yet this analysis allies it with Cymbalophus near the base of the perissodactyl radiation. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, 141–256.
Using parallel GPU architecture for simulation of planar I/F networks

Our work describes the simulation of a planar network of spiking I/F neurons on graphics processing hardware. The described approach adds to the fast-growing field of general-purpose computation on GPUs (GPGPU). We provide an in-depth explanation of the steps involved in implementing the network using programmable shading hardware. We replicated simulation results by Hopfield et al. [1] and Maida et al. [2] and give qualitative and quantitative measures of our implementation.
Evaluation of Six Feeding Regimens for Survival and Growth of Shortnose Sturgeon Fry

Abstract The shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum is a federally listed endangered fish species cultured for recovery efforts. Since high mortality and labor costs are associated with first-feeding sturgeon culture, particularly during the period of dietary conversion from live to formulated feed, we investigated the effects of six feeding regimens on the survival and growth of cultured shortnose sturgeon fry. During the 30-d trial, five replicate groups (100 fish/replicate) of first-feeding shortnose sturgeon were fed according to six regimens: (1) live feed (live nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia spp.); (2) formulated (commercially formulated salmonid starter diet); (3) alternate (alternate feedings of the live and formulated feed); (4) transition (slow transition from the live to the formulated feed); (5) automatic (cofeeding the live and formulated feeds with the use of an automatic feeder); and (6) starvation (no feeding). Significantly greater survival rates were observed in the transition (97.4%...
Reading Development and Achievement of 4th-Grade Hmong Students.

ABSTRACTResearchers and practitioners alike have noted that Hmong students in the United States do not achieve as well as their monolingual peers and other bilingual students. The current mixed-methods study is designed to describe reading development and achievement of 4th-grade Hmong students in one large, urban school district. This study explores the reading achievement of 4th-grade Hmong students through a quantitative analysis of standardized reading assessment scores; additionally, the researchers utilize a case study method to describe reading achievement in a classroom setting by studying cases of grade-level (achieving readers) and below-grade-level (struggling) readers. A protocol including reading and oral language assessment, interviews, and classroom observations is used to describe students’ skills. The data were analyzed at the group level (collective case study) to describe patterns of achievement and at the individual level to create profiles of reading achievement.
Polygyny in a Colony of the Southern Fire Ant

Multiple mated queens were found in a nest of the southern fire ant, Solenopsis xyloni McCook. When these requeens were maintained in the laboratory, worker brood was produced by several queens. Spermathecal examinations also established insemination. This is the 1st report of polygyny in the southern fire ant.
The Case of African American Women and Politics

discounted by stereotyping Jews as well off. Ageism is the best example of our irrationality: we are all subject to aging but we reproduce this system of domination in countless ways. Finally, structural violence is rendered invisible by mainstream critiques that focus only on direct violence, leaving in place the degradations wrought by instrumental reason, economic injustice, masculinism, and exclusionary politics. Exploring patterns of power invariably raises the inter-related and definitively political questions of how to assign responsibility and identify transformational strategies. Blaming contemporary individuals for historical systems of domination invites defensive and unconstruc-
Separation of the Antibody Fractions in Hog-Cholera Serum

The study here reported was undertaken with a view to establishing the protective protein constituents in hog-cholera serum. It was not planned to work out the feature of concentration for practical therapy in hog-cholera at this time, much as it is desired. With the results given here, it is hoped that work will be done along the lines so well laid down by Gibson1 and Banzhaf,2 of the Department of Health of New York City, on the concentration of diphtheria antitoxin. They have demonstrated that artificial concentration is practicable. The procedure is based upon a fractionation of the constituent protein in order to determine the antibody fraction.
Copying of foraging locations in mixed-species flocks of temperate-deciduous woodland birds: An experimental study.

We examined "copying" of foraging locations among the members of mixedspecies foraging flocks of deciduous woodland birds. We used 10 captive flocks, each consisting of a male and a female Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), a male and a female White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), three Tufted Titmice (Parus bicolor), and two Carolina Chickadees (P. carolinensis). Low-ranking individuals were less likely than dominants to take even a single mealworm (Tenebrio sp.) from a cryptic food supply, but when they did take at least one mealworm they tended to do so more quickly than dominants. Subordinates were quicker to follow a conspecific than a dominant heterospecific in extracting a mealworm from the cryptic supply. We examined how two types of learning, local enhancement and social facilitation, might enhance food finding among these four species. Compared to higher-ranking individuals, subordinates were more likely to generalize to a similar foraging site (social facilitation) than to go to the exact site of a food find (local enhancement). Our results also suggest that the intraspecifically subordinate chickadees and titmice may be at an advantage in mixed-species rather than single-species flocks because dominant heterospecifics may interfere with their foraging less than may dominant conspecifics.
Abstract P2-06-04: Impact of genomic testing on chemotherapy utilization

Genomic testing for breast cancer has become a common practice. The two main tests at our institution are Oncotype DX ® and MammaPrint ® . Each test has unique features and criteria. We sought to compare the practice pattern between these tests and compare them to patients who did not undergo any genomic testing. Methods: This is a retrospective review of all breast cancer patients between May 2008 and August 2011. Data was primarily thorough our tumor registry database. In some cases individual charts were also reviewed. Results : We analyzed 1093 breast cancers in 1064 patients. The average age was 62. The stage at diagnosis was 19% DCIS, 41% stage I, 24% stage II, 11% stage III and 5% stage IV. Of the 1093 cancers, 70 (6%) had an Oncotype test performed, 180 (16%) had a MammaPrint test done, 4 (0.4%) had both test, and 839 (77%) had no genomic test performed. Patients with an Oncotype test were more likely to be stage I than those with a MammaPrint (66% vs 48%). Additionally, patients who had a MammaPrint test more often received chemotherapy when compared to either the Oncotype test or no genomic testing. With a mean follow-up of 1.5 years, there have been 28 recurrences (0 in the Oncotype group, 5 in the MammaPrint group, and 23 in the no genomic testing group). All five of the MammaPrint recurrences were high risk and received adjuvant chemotherapy. Of the 23 recurrences in the no genomic testing group, eight patients were node negative and could have been considered appropriate for genomic testing, 6 of these eight did not have adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions: There are distinct practice pattern differences between Oncotype DX ® and MammaPrint ® utilization. MammaPrint testing was ordered more often in higher staged patients and was associated with an increased use of chemotherapy. This may relate to MammaPrint9s previous requirement for fresh tissue that typically occurs before the final nodal status is known. This difference should diminish with the recent availability of MammaPrint on FFPE tissue. All patients who underwent genomic testing and developed a recurrence had been treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. In contrast, patients who did not have a genomic test and experienced a recurrence may have benefited from genomic testing. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-04.
New Anthophilic Drosophila1 of Colombia

Six new species of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with flowers in the region of Bogota, Colombia, are described and named here. D.freilejoni breeds in the composite flowers of Espeletia species, while D. desbaratabaile breeds in the uncommon spider flower, Cleome anomala. A common tree with composite flowers, Montanoa ovalifolia, is the host for D. arboloco; while D. margarita is associated with the daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. D. carablanca andD. bomarea breed together in flowers of bomarea vines. Five of the new species are characterized by wide ovipositor plates with many, short, stubby teeth, and are a new anthophilic group of Drosophila having some characteristics in common with the subgenus Phloridosa. D. bomarea probably belongs to this same group, although it differs in ovipositor structure, as well as in certain behavioral traits.
Surveillance of the Routine Immunization Rate in Weifang City in 2006

[Objective]To understand the surveillance situation of the routine immunization and improve the inoculation work in Weifang.[Methods] The surveillance data was collected in 2006;difference evaluation and ratio evaluation method was used for the comparison and analysis.[Results] The in-time report rate in 12 counties was 91.07%;the integrate rate and accurate rate were both 100%;the data integrate rate was 92.86%;the reported inoculation rate of the routine immunization like BCG vaccine,infantile paralysis vaccine,whooping cough,measles and hepatitis B vaccine were 97.51%～100%,which still had a gap with the reported inoculation rate;the D value showed that the data of 5 counties was reliable,that of 6 counties was suspicious and one unreliable.[Conclusion] The development of the planned immunization work is unbalanced among different counties,which is mainly related with the incomplete immunization management among the floating children and weak management in some cities.
Exploring Industrial & Organizational Psychology: Work & Organizational Behavior

Industrial and organizational psychology (also called Work and Organizational Psychology or just plain Organizational Psychology) is the fastest growing occupation in the United States according to a Labor Department report. This text surveys the research and theory in this exciting field as well as the applications of the science to the practical problems of managing people in organizations.
Empirical investigation into spatial integration without direct trade: Comparative analysis before and after the establishment of the Ethiopian commodity exchange

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the spatial price cointegration of coffee markets in Ethiopia in the pre and post Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) era using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration framework. The study takes into consideration a market condition in which government policy restricts arbitrage coffee trade between coffee producing areas. Using coffee price data from 1998–2013 and applying a bounds test approach and Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test, the study finds that the establishment of ECX has strengthened regional integration rather than a national harmony between producer markets. We also find evidence that, since the establishment of ECX, an opportunity was created for high quality coffee to dominate price formation while also allowing lower quality coffee producing areas to establish themselves. The study underlines the importance of market transparency and exchange of price information between producer markets.
Marketing Strategies of Solar Energy Firms: Some Policy Implications

The authors explore small business involvement in the solar energy industry and suggest hypotheses for future research.
Sound Velocity Measurements in Green-Body Ceramics as a Function of Sintering Temperatures

Sintering mechanisms in ceramic processing are not often well understood.Such knowledge, though, would promote the reliable processing of high-tech ceramics such as varistorZnO or high temperature superconductor ceramics. The present work investigates the use of ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation measurements at 5.0 MHz as an in-situ probe of the developing material properties of a ceramic during the sintering process. The observed changes in velocity and attenuation of the ultrasonic wave can be used as a tool to identify the microstructural evolution of the ceramic.
A Wettability Metric for Characterization of Capillary Flow on Textured Superhydrophilic Surfaces

Surface wettability is typically characterized by measuring the static contact angle of a sessile droplet placed on the surface. For extremely wetting surfaces on which liquid spontaneously spreads into a thin liquid film, the near-zero static contact angle is not amenable to measurement and does not fully describe the wetting behavior. There are unmet needs in microfluidics, boiling heat transfer enhancement, and antifogging applications for a metric to characterize highly wetting (i.e., superhydrophilic) textured surfaces based on their capillary-driven liquid pumping performance, as a supplement to the contact angle for this highly wetting regime. To describe the wetting behavior, the textured surface can be approximated as a thin porous layer through which the liquid spreads. An analytical model is developed for the volumetric flow in this layer, which reveals a single superhydrophilicity metric that captures the wetting behavior for a given liquid. A simple experimental approach is proposed to charac...
Survey of Current Research

In a way, simulation metamodels have been with us for a long time. An explicit metamodel was never necessary in order to analyze simulation output data with such statistical techniques as t-est, paired t-est, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), factorial designs, blocking designs, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, even though these designs all assume an underlying general linear model.
Duty cycle of an energy storage system in a renewable energy applications: Construction and analysis

Abstract Assessing the applicability of an energy storage system (ESS) based on its duty cycle, i.e., its charge/discharge profile, which represents the demands (associated with a specific application) on an ESS, has attracted great attention in the field of renewable energy. The duty cycle of an ESS is determined and analyzed in this paper. The process of obtaining the duty cycle includes extracting common factors from the ESS operation data using factor analysis, clustering the original fragments using a k-means clustering analysis of the common factors, and constructing typical duty-cycle curves using representative sections of each cluster dataset. The duty cycles of the ESS in schedule output, output smoothness, and schedule and smoothness combination applications, for example, were obtained and analyzed. In a schedule output application, the power ratio of the ESS is the primary characteristic parameter, and each band (high, mid, and low) of the power grade accounts for one third of the duty cycle. The changing rate of the power is the key to the assessment and evaluation of output smoothness. The duty cycle of the schedule and smoothness combination application can be treated as a linear superposition of independent duty cycles. The results showed that a combination of factor analysis and k-means clustering methods can effectively identify and quantify the characteristic parameters of the duty cycle to determine the applicability of the ESS.
“Words to live by:” Carson’s other Writing

Carson repeatedly said that writing about nature was her avocation as well as her vocation. Although her major writings are her three books about the ocean and Silent Spring, she wrote many shorter texts for the government agency at which she worked as a fisheries expert and editor, as well as for a variety of newspaper and magazine publications. Additionally, she delivered speeches as the recipient of numerous awards granted her by various environmental and professional organizations. For her all of these—government brochures and reports, essays, and speeches—just as for her books, Carson compiled meticulous research and revised carefully, usually reading her words aloud as she wrote and re-wrote in order to achieve the results she desired.
The Effects of Alcohol on the Fetus and Offspring

During the years following the identification and description of the morphological characteristics now known as the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), there has been growing recognition of the adverse effects on offspring of heavy drinking during pregnancy. Within a relatively brief period, a body of new research findings has developed that supports research and clinical observations dating back to the 18th century. The scientific attitude toward these data has shifted from skepticism and ridicule to the recognition of a major health problem that should be preventable.
Community-Based Strategies to Alter Energy Balance in Underserved Breast Cancer Survivors

Breast cancer survival rates are significantly lower for African-American women compared to white women. Additionally, African-American women with breast cancer are more likely than other women to die from comorbid conditions including diabetes and hypertension. Such disparities are not easily explained and likely involve complex issues related to social injustices. However, obesity and behavioral factors may be additional contributors. Seventy-eight percent of African-American women are overweight or obese, and data suggest that many do not engage in regular physical activity and tend to have diets high in fat and low in vegetables and whole grains. The combined effects of obesity, unhealthy diet, and inactivity may contribute to the disparity in breast cancer survival between African-American and white women and may be the easiest modifiable factors to address in the near term. Although several weight loss interventions have reported beneficial results for breast cancer survivors, the inclusion of AA women has been extremely limited. This chapter presents a review of health behaviors among African-American breast cancer survivors, followed by a discussion of qualitative work exploring the beliefs, attitudes, barriers, and facilitators related to health behaviors and weight loss. A summary of interventions to date is provided as well as an in-depth look at one particular community-based intervention, Moving Forward.
Compound-model morphed potential for the hydrogen bond HCN⋯HF

A 5-D compound-model morphed potential has been generated for the prototype hydrogen-bonded dimer HCN⋯HF. The potential includes the intermolecular degree of freedom and the HF stretching vibration. Only five morphing parameters are optimised, correcting for inadequacies in the underlying ab initio potentials. Band origin fundamental vibrational frequencies are fitted to an average absolute error of 0.01 cm−1. The calculated value of the ground state dissociation energy, D0 = 1969 cm−1, is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 1970(10) cm−1 [Oudejans and Miller, Chem. Phys. 239 (1998) 345]. Additional vibrational frequencies are predicted with an average absolute error of 1.61 cm−1. Application of the morphing methodology to characterise hydrogen-bonded complexes is discussed.
Deval Patrick on the Power of Rhetoric

Deval Patrick’s campaign for Massachusetts Governor held widespread rhetorical appeal, yet this, partly what supporters found inspiring, was what primary election opponents critiqued. This article ...
Shaping Responses to Torture: What You Call It Matters.

Although torture is largely ineffective for gaining information from terrorism suspects, nearly half of Americans support its use. Building upon previous work examining predictors of responses to s...
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Levels in Young Men Are Associated With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Midlife.

INTRODUCTION:Cross-sectional data note lower levels of testosterone and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) levels in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether sex hormone levels in young men are predictive of later risk of NAFLD is not known.METHODS:Among men in the prospective pop
shiny-pred: a server for the prediction of protein disordered regions

Intrinsically disordered proteins or intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) are segments within a protein chain lacking a stable three-dimensional structure under normal physiological conditions. Accurate prediction of IDRs is challenging due to their genome wide occurrence and low ratio of disordered residues, making them a difficult target for traditional classification techniques. Existing computational methods mostly rely on sequence profiles to improve accuracy, which is time consuming and computationally expensive. The shiny-pred application is an ab initio sequence-only disorder predictor implemented in R/Shiny language. In order to make predictions, it uses convolutional neural network models, trained using PDB sequence data. It can be installed on any operating system on which R can be installed and run locally. A public version of the web application can be accessed at https://gmu-binf.shinyapps.io/shiny-pred
“The development of a through-plane reactive excitation technique for detection of pinholes in membrane-containing MEA sub-assemblies”

Abstract As markets for polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) expand, there continues to be a need for the development and implementation of in-line quality inspection techniques to enable high-volume manufacturing methods for membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs). These techniques mitigate the potential impact of poor quality on the cost of MEA components by real-time identification of process-induced irregularities, which can result from the manufacturing process or subsequent handling of the material during assembly into a full MEA. A particular type of irregularity known to impact MEA lifetime is loss of membrane integrity, e.g. via a pinhole. In this work, we focus on development of a technique to detect pinholes in membrane-containing MEA sub-assemblies – as opposed to in just the membrane – using a reactive excitation strategy coupled with infrared thermography for detection. A specialized device is introduced and, using various MEA sub-assemblies, is shown to enable detection of pinholes in stationary samples. Multi-physics modeling is utilized to understand and predict the impact of various design and operational parameters of this technique. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated through both modeling and in-situ results. For example, a detectable (≥1 °C) thermal response for a membrane pinhole of approximately 90 μm in diameter is measured in a fraction of a second. The observed detection time is considered to be appropriate for further exploration of the technique in an in-line configuration.
Pre- and postpuberal findings in premature adrenarche

The complications of hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance are becoming more common in pediatrics (including type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and polycystic ovary syndrome) because of the increased occurrence of obesity in children. We report the occurrence of insulin resistance and marked hyperandrogenism in prepubertal minority group girls (African-American and Caribbean Hispanic) with premature adrenarche. Approximately one-third of our prepubertal patients with premature adrenarche evaluated have been noted to have marked hyperandrogenism with ACTH stimulated levels of 17-hydroxypregnenolone and the ratio of 17-hydroxypregnenolone/17-hydroxyprogesterone more than two standard deviations above the mean of normal early pubertal girls (Tanner II-III). Furthermore, those girls with the more marked hyperandrogenism have been noted to have insulin resistance as assessed by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. A preliminary evaluation of adolescent girls previously evaluated for premature adrenarche has revealed that those girls with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance when evaluated in the prepubertal period continue to have obesity, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism and symptoms of hyperandrogenism (irregular menses, hirsutism and acne). Hence, the early identification of children at risk for insulin resistance should permit early intervention in order to avoid complications.
Quevedo, Reader of Erasmus

The discourse of the pharmakon, or ambiguous antidote, permeates the early modern Spanish dramatic corpus and appears also in prose works by Francisco de Quevedo. One possible intertext for these references might be Erasmus’ Enchiridion. This would be surprising, because Erasmus’ text had been banned by the time Quevedo was writing; but we know he was aware of Erasmus’ work because he used Erasmus’ edition of Seneca, among other connections which have been demonstrated between these two writers. This essay examines patterns of intertextual borrowing, especially Quevedo’s probable (but unacknowledged) debt to Erasmus in several of his works. Even if Quevedo did not absorb Erasmian influence directly, he still could have had access to some of the same ideas through Saint Ignatius and the Jesuits as intermediaries. The last part of the essay looks at the Erasmian legacy in Ignatius’ Spiritual Exercises and discusses New Historical self-fashioning as practiced by Quevedo.
An Empirical Analysis of Insurer Participation in the U.S. Cyber Insurance Market

The U.S. property-casualty insurance industry has witnessed substantial growth in the cyber insurance market over the past decade, largely attributable to the proliferation of technology in the bus...
Bacterial Resistance in Surgical Infections in Low-Resource Settings.

Background: There is an alarming increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally, complicating management of surgical infections, especially in low-resource settings. Of particular concern for ...
Priority Union and Feature Logic in Phonology

Phonological rules built from a single operation, priority union, can model both feature-filling and feature-changing processes. The distinction is handled by specifying which argument of priority ...
Is treatment of hypogonadism safe for men after a solid organ transplant? Results from a retrospective controlled cohort study.

Male solid organ transplant patients are at increased risk of hypogonadism and the safety of treating these patients for hypogonadism is unknown. We sought to evaluate the safety of treating hypogonadism in the solid organ transplant recipient. To accomplish this, we performed a retrospective review between 2009 and 2017 of patients treated at a single academic urology clinic. Men who underwent a solid organ transplant with a diagnosis of hypogonadism (Testosterone <350 ng/dl) were included. In total, 87 hypogonadal transplant recipients were included (29 no treatment; 58 treated). Treatment modalities included non-testosterone therapies (human chorionic gonadotropin, clomiphene), topical, injectable, and subcutaneous T preparations. There was no difference between groups for baseline characteristics including age, length of follow-up since transplant, baseline testosterone, and transplant type. There was no difference in prostate cancer diagnoses, erythrocytosis, rejection, infections, number of unplanned admissions per patient. While there was no difference in the proportion of deaths in untreated (21%; n = 6) and treated transplant recipients (7%; n = 4; p = 0.08), the median survival was longer in men treated with T (p = 0.03). Treatment of hypogonadism in solid organ recipients did not increase the risk for adverse effects related to treatment of hypogonadism or solid organ transplant.
Broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler

Abstract The broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler is an instrument that determines velocity based on the Doppler principle by reflecting acoustic signals off sediment particles in the water. The instrument is capable of measuring velocity magnitude and direction throughout a water column and of measuring water depth. It is also capable of bottom tracking and can, therefore, keep track of its own relative position as it is moved across a channel. Discharge measurements can be made quickly and, based on limited tests, accurately with this instrument.
Photogeneration and reactivity of flavin anionic semiquinone in a bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein.

Abstract Electron transfer bifurcation allows production of a strongly reducing carrier at the expense of a weaker one, by redistributing energy among a pair of electrons. Thus, two weakly-reducing electrons from NADH are consumed to produce a strongly reducing ferredoxin or flavodoxin, paid for by reduction of an oxidizing acceptor. The prevailing mechanism calls for participation of a strongly reducing flavin semiquinone which has been difficult to observe with site-certainly in multi-flavin systems. Using blue light (450 nm) to photoexcite the flavins of bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF), we demonstrate accumulation of anionic flavin semiquinone in excess of what is observed in equilibrium titrations, and establish its ability to reduce the low-potential electron acceptor benzyl viologen. This must occur at the bifurcating flavin because the midpoint potentials of the electron transfer (ET) flavin are not sufficiently negative. We show that bis-tris propane buffer is an effective electron donor to the flavin photoreduction, but that if the system is prepared with the ET flavin chemically reduced, so that only the bifurcating flavin is oxidized and photochemically active, flavin anionic semiquinone is formed more rapidly. Thus, excited bifurcating flavin is able to draw on an electron stored at the ET flavin. Flavin semiquinone photogenerated at the bifurcation site must therefore be accompanied by additional semiquinone formation by oxidation of the ET flavin. Consistent with the expected instability of bifurcating flavin semiquinone, it subsides immediately upon cessation of illumination. However comparison with yields of semiquinone in equilibrium titrations suggest that during continuous illumination at pH 9 a steady state population of 0.3 equivalents of bifurcating flavin semiquinone accumulates, and then undergoes further photoreduction to the hydroquinone. Although transient, the population of bifurcating flavin semiquinone explains the system's ability to conduct light-driven electron transfer from bis-tris propane to benzyl viologen, in effect trapping energy from light.
A Survey of poisonings commonly observed by the bovine practitioner

The poisons discussed include heavy metals, agricultural chemicals, dietary chemicals, environmental chemicals, naturally occurring toxins, petroleum products, and drugs and other therapeutic agents. This paper previously appeared in the March and April 1974 issues of DVM Newsmagazine (Volume 6) and is reprinted with the publisher’s permission
Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation and sensitization of cancer cells to NOX inhibitor

4343 Many cancer cells exhibit mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction due to multiple factors including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, hypoxia in tumor tissues, and oncogenic signals. An important consequence of mitochondrial respiration defect in cancer cells is a decrease of ATP generation in the mitochondria and an increase of aerobic glycolysis in the cytosol (the Warburg effect). However, the precise relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer cell survival remain elusive, and the potential therapeutic implications remain to be investigated. To study underlying mechanisms and test new therapeutic approaches, a novel model system harboring a dominant negative form of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLGdn) was expressed in the T-ReX293 tetracycline inducible cell system (tet/on system). Mitochondrial dysfunctions, including a significant decrease in mtDNA content, mtDNA-encoded RNA/protein expression, and oxygen consumption, were observed upon POLGdn expression (tet/on). Increased glycolysis was also observed, as evidenced by elevated glucose uptake, lactate production, and HKII protein expression. Importantly, NOX activation was observed in this model system two days after POLGdn expression. Detail analysis revealed an increased expression of NOXA1 and p47, associated with an increase in NOX activity and increased ROS generation compared with the non-induced (tet/off) cells. Upon treatment of the cells with DPI, a NOX inhibitor, tet/on cells exhibited a decrease in glucose uptake and ATP level, but showed a slight increase in lactate production. In contrast, the tet/off cells showed no change in glucose uptake and ATP level but had a significant increase in lactate production. Tet/on cells showed resistance to gemcitabine and taxol treatment, but sensitive to DPI treatment. Further analysis by comparing immortalized ovarian epithelial T72 cells with the Ras transformed tumorigenic T72-Ras cells showed that the transformed cells had increased NOX activity, increased gene expression of NOX1, NOX2 and p47, and more sensitive to DPI treatment especially under hypoxic condition while mitochondrial respiration was suppressed. These data together suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction leads to NOX activation, and that NOX inhibition might have potential implications in cancer therapeutics.
IDH Mutated AML: Beyond Enasidenib and Ivosidenib Monotherapy

Introduction Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes, IDH1 or IDH2, occur in approximately 20% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and promote leukemogenesis through a block in normal myeloid differentiation and through the production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG).1 Selective oral inhibitors of mutant IDH1 and IDH2, leading to restoration of normal myeloid differentiation and reduction of 2HG have been developed, and are now approved as single-agent therapy, based on clinical efficacy observed within the original first-in-human trials.
Chlorophyll a estimation in lakes using multi-parameter sonde data.

Abstract Algae blooms are of considerable concern in freshwater lakes and reservoirs worldwide. In-situ Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) fluorometers are widely used for rapid assessments of algae biomass. However, accurately converting Chl-a fluorescence to an equivalent concentration is challenging due to natural variations in the relationship as well as nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) which occurs commonly in surface waters during daytime. This study is based on water quality data from a freshwater lake from October 2018 to December 2020. Initial analysis of sonde Chl-a fluorescence and laboratory extracted Chl-a concentrations shows that the two data sets exhibit a nonlinear relationship with positive correlation and significant errors. A bias correction method was next developed based on (1) concurrent sonde measurements of other water quality parameters (to account for nonlinearities) and (2) a bias correction approach for nonphotochemical quenching effects in surface waters. The new Chl-a model exhibits much improved accuracy, with a root mean square error (RMSE) less than 0.95 µg/L. The new method facilitates accurate Chl-a characterization in freshwater lakes and reservoirs based on readily obtainable in-situ fluorescence sonde measurements.
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Welcome to the CHI 2007 proceedings. We believe the technical papers and notes herein present some of the best current work in the diverse and dynamic field of human-computer interaction (HCI). CHI is the leading HCI conference. Creating the technical program requires a huge investment of time and effort from members of the research community. 840 submissions were processed (571 papers, 269 notes), requiring over 3000 reviews. We thank all the reviewers for the dedication with which they undertook this task. We are particularly indebted to the papers and notes program committee members, also known as the Associate Chairs (ACs). Balancing areas of expertise, ACs were selected from the field's leading researchers. The AC role included recruiting all reviewers, moderating and supervising the review process to ensure a high-quality set of reviews was obtained, initiating and organizing author rebuttal and reviewer discussions and approving final submissions. The estimated time expenditure to serve as an AC was 11 days of full-time work; many committee members spent more time than that. Papers ACs came to San Jose in December 2006 from around the world for two intense days of review, debates, and deliberation; Notes ACs who could not attend the parallel notes meeting in San Jose engaged in a virtual conference. The committee was extremely serious and careful in making CHI paper and note decisions, with many submissions receiving multiple discussions, before and during the program committee meetings. No review process can guarantee perfect decisions, but we are confident that every possible effort was made to ensure fair process and high quality decision-making. This year's program committee certainly has our respect and gratitude, and deserves the sincere appreciation of the entire HCI community. We would also like to thank the ACs and their organizations for underwriting the travel expenses for meeting. CHI is both a journal-quality archival forum and a community-building conference. To encourage quality in the written presentation of accepted work, all of the 142 full paper and 40 note acceptances were provisional. As a result, authors actively responded and incorporated feedback from the reviews into the final versions of the papers that appear here. Twenty-eight accepted papers and four accepted notes (5% of submissions) deemed to make an especially noteworthy contribution to human-computer interaction research were nominated by the program committee for Best Paper and Best Note Awards; these nominated papers and notes are identified in the Final Program. At the conference, up to six of these will be announced as winners of a CHI Best Paper Award (1% of submissions), and one note will be selected as an exemplary note. While all papers accepted into the CHI technical papers program have passed a rigorous examination of their quality, the Best Paper and Best Notes Awards signal and reward particularly outstanding contributions in each year.
Excitation of the Q11Σg+ doubly excited state of H2 by electron impact

400 eV electrons were used to excite the autoionizing state Q11Σg+ of H2. The relative cross section was measured as a function of: (1) the angle between the internuclear axis and the momentum transfer vector of the collision; and (2) energy loss for a fixed orientation of the molecular axis in the laboratory frame. In the first set of measurements electrons scattered at 18° with an energy loss of 29 eV were detected in coincidence with a 2 eV H+ ion resulting from dissociation following autoionization. The angular distribution of the 2 eV ions was recorded and fitted to calculated values. A maximum was found when the internuclear axis was aligned with the momentum transfer vector. Secondly, the relative yield of 2 eV H+ ions was measured as a function of energy loss in the electron-H2 collisions. Energy loss ranged from 23 to 35 eV. The lowest lying Q11Σg+, 1Σu+ and 1Πg were included in the calculated fit to the data.
Controlling Listeria monocytogenes in Cold Smoked Salmon with the Antimicrobial Peptide Salmine.

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a major safety concern for smoked salmon producers, as it can survive both the brining and smoking process in cold smoked salmon production. Salmine is a cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from the milt of salmon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of LM in vitro. Commercialization of this peptide would add value to a waste product produced when raising salmon. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-listeria activity of salmine in smoked salmon by measuring the viable counts of LM over time. Cold smoked salmon was treated with a salmine solution or coated with agar or k-carrageenan films incorporating salmine to maintain a high surface concentration of the antimicrobial. Samples were then inoculated with approximately 1.0 × 103 cells of LM. The viable counts were then enumerated throughout 4 wk at 4 °C storage. It was found that 5 mg/g salmine delayed the growth of LM on smoked salmon. These samples had significantly (P 0.05) improve the antimicrobial efficacy of salmine. The peptide combined with biopolymers also had lower antimicrobial activity in vitro when compared to salmine alone. These results suggest there is potential for salmine to be used as a natural hurdle to inhibit growth of LM due to post process contamination; however, future investigations for extending this effect throughout the shelf life of smoked salmon products are warranted. Practical Application This research indicates that the antimicrobial peptide salmine can potentially be used as a natural antimicrobial compound to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes in cold smoked salmon. Commercialization of this peptide could improve the safety of this product, maintain a clean label, and add value to a waste product from salmon aquaculture.
Review Essay — Stopping Sprawl

This article reviews the books "Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development" by Robert W. Burchell, Anthony Downs, and Barbara McCann, "Twentieth-Century Sprawl: Highways and the Reshaping of the American Landscape" by Owen D. Gutfreund, and "Zoned Out: Regulations, Markets, and Choices in Transportation and Metropolitan Land-Use" by Jonathan Levine.