cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE, RAT COMPLEMENTARY DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND GENE ENCODING THE NEUROENDOCRINE PEPTIDE 7B2

A 7B2 cDNA clone was isolated from a rat insulinoma cDNA library. The 1.1-kilobase (kb) cDNA insert contained 1 open reading frame of 630 nucleotides which encoded a 210-amino acid sequence. The deduced rat 7B2 precursor peptide of approximately 24 kDa would yield an approximately 21-kDa peptide upon cleavage of the signal sequence. The rat 7B2 nucleotide and amino acid sequences were highly homologous to those of mouse, human, pig, toad, and salmon. Northern analysis revealed 7B2 expression in rat pituitary and brain and in the PC12 and RIN5F cell lines. A DNA clone containing the 5' end of the rat 7B2 gene was isolated from a rat genomic DNA library. A 3.5-kb fragment isolated from this clone contained 1.5 kb of 5' nontranscribed DNA and 2 kb of the transcriptional unit. Nucleotide sequence and primer extension analyses revealed a TATA-like sequence approximately 25 basepairs up-stream of the transcription start site. Sequence analysis also revealed three putative cis-acting elements in the 5' flanking region. The second exon encoded the first 73 amino acids of the 7B2 prepeptide. Plasmids containing the 7B2 promoter fused with a reporter gene were transiently transfected into LAN-5 cells. Expression was evident only when the first intron was included with the 5' flanking sequences in the construct and only when cells were treated with forskolin or a phorbol ester. The rat 7B2 gene and cDNA will be valuable tools for the identification of factors that regulate 7B2 gene expression.
Feasible learnability of formal grammars and the theory of natural language acquisition

We propose to apply a complexity theoretic notion of feasible learnability called "polynomial learnability" to the evaluation of grammatical formalisms for linguistic description. Polynomial learnability was originally defined by Valiant in the context of boolean concept learning and subsequently generalized by Blumer et al. to infinitary domains. We give a clear, intuitive exposition of this notion of learnability and what characteristics of a collection of languages may or many not help feasible learn ability under this paradigm. In particular, we present a novel, nontrivial constraint on the degree of "locality" of grammars which allows a rich class of mildly context sensitive languages to be feasibly learnable. We discuss possible implications of this observation to the theory of natural language acquisition.
A comparison of the bullard laryngoscope versus the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope during intubation in patients afforded inline stabilization

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the Bullard laryngoscope (BL) with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FFB) in a cervical spine injury model, using inline stabilization. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: Main operating room of a tertiary care hospital. Patients: 50 adult, ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing an elective general anesthetic. Interventions: Each patient's trachea was intubated with both techniques. Cricoid pressure was applied to half of the study patients. Measurements: The time for laryngoscopic view and the time to intubation were recorded for each technique. The effects of cricoid pressure on laryngoscopic view and intubation time were determined. Main results: The times for laryngoscopy and intubation were longer in the FFB group than in the BL group ( p 0.004). There was a significantly lower success rate of laryngoscopy view in the FFB group in the presence of cricoid pressure (15 of 25 patients, or 60%) than either of the BL groups or the FFB no-cricoid pressure group. Conclusions: The BL is more reliable, quicker, and more resistant to the effects of cricoid pressure than is the FFB.
Murine schistosomiasis mansoni: coordinate cytokine regulation and differences in cellular immune responses of granuloma cells and splenocytes to endogenous and exogenous schistosome egg antigens.

SUMMARY To better understand the cellular immune mechanisms that regulate granulomatous inflammation to Schistosoma mansoni ova, we examined the dynamics of lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine expression by granuloma cells and splenocytes to endogenous and exogenous schistosome egg antigen (SEA) 6‐19 weeks postinfection. Compared to splenocytes, granuloma cells (partially CD4 1 cells) which are at the site of antigen release were highly activated by endogenous SEA and terminally differentiated as indicated by the more than 10-fold greater frequency of ex vivo interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and interferon (IFN)-g -secreting cells, greater levels of constitutive cytokine production and failure to proliferate to either endogenous or exogenous SEA. Endogenous cytokine production by granuloma cells was coordinately regulated, enhanced little by exogenous SEA, and temporally correlated with granulomatous inflammation. By contrast, CD4 1 splenocytes produced comparatively little cytokine release by endogenous antigen, whereas exogenous SEA strongly induced IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-g production and lymphocyte proliferation that correlated poorly with the dynamics of granulomatous inflammation. These results show that cytokine responses to endogenous SEA correlated better with granulomatous inflammation than responses to exogenous SEA. Furthermore, granuloma cells and splenocytes demonstrated strikingly different proliferative responses and dynamics of cytokine expression, suggesting that how SEA reactive lymphocytes traffic between lymphoid tissues and the granuloma is critical to a better understanding of the mechanisms of granulomatous inflammation and its modulation.
The role of surface conformations in the deposition kinetics of humic matter-coated colloids in porous media

Abstract The effects of humic matter surface conformations on the deposition rates of polystyrene latex colloids in packed beds of quartz sand were investigated. Positively- and negatively-charged latex spheres were coated with two well-characterized humic substances and their attachment efficiencies to quartz collectors were determined for varying concentrations of NaCl between 0.02 and 0.8 M, at pH 7.4. The deposition behavior of colloids was highly dependent upon the surface conformations of the adsorbed humic matter. Latex colloids coated with the larger molecular size peat humic acid possessed smaller attachment efficiencies than the same colloids in the presence of a smaller molecular size but more acidic surface water fulvic acid. The negatively-charged sulfate latex particles were more stable than the positively-charged amidine latex particles when coated with the same humic matter at most solution conditions used here. The stability of peat humic acid-coated particles was highly susceptible to changes in salt concentrations up to about [NaCl] = 0.6 M, which may be attributed to the presence of electrosteric interactions, and/or the reduction in the solvency and the resulting collapse of the adsorbed layer of the humic matter. Our results suggest that the differences in the steric interaction forces brought about by the surface conformations are primarily responsible for the observed differences in the deposition behavior of the coated colloids for the ionic strength conditions used here.
Bladder Augmentation With Acellular Dermal Biomatrix in a Diseased Animal Model

Purpose: The use of bowel for bladder augmentation is associated with many complications. We have reported that acellular dermal biomatrix can be used successfully for directing the regeneration of each key bladder wall element in healthy domestic pigs. Before proposing that this material should be used in the human setting a final set of experiments using this scaffold to replace diseased bladder wall is necessary. We determined if acellular dermal biomatrix can be used to replace diseased bladder wall. We compared our findings to our previous results.Materials and Methods: Six domestic male pigs underwent urethral ligation and suprapubic tube placement. Five female pigs served as controls for bladder dynamics. Machined resistance valves of 5 and 10 cm H2O pressure were placed into the lumen of the cystostomy catheter for a mean of 3.3 weeks (range 3 to 4). Obstruction was then relieved and partial cystectomy was performed, followed by augmentation with a 4 × 4 cm segment of acellular dermal biomatrix of...
Progress towards Healthy Ageing in Europe: to promote active healthy lifestyles in 45-68 year olds through workplace, rather than traditional health-related settings

Purpose – Progress towards Healthy Ageing in Europe has been a two-year European funded project led by Suffolk County Council Public Health and involving five European Union (EU) member nations. The purpose of this paper is to share the learning from the project as it relates to early preventative activity to promote healthy active ageing. The population of interest are those people in the mid-life age group of 45-68 years accessed via the workplace. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative research applying an online Health Manager tool and focus group discussions. Transnational work to learn from other EU countries about approaches to promote healthy active ageing. Findings – A comprehensive account of all project findings is available via the following web site: www.progresshealthyageing.eu This paper outlines the findings from the UK regional activity of the application of an online Health Manager™ tool to employees from Suffolk in the 45-68 year age group. Research limitations/implications – The res...
Nonthermal inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in apple juice using pulsed electric fields

Abstract High intensity pulsed electric fields were utilized in a continuous system for inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in apple juice. The applied electric energy inactivated microorganisms in apple juice and, because the pulse duration was only 2.5μs, energy remaining to heat the apple juice was minimized. The microbial inactivation was defined in terms of applied field intensity and treatment time. Less than 10% of the electrical energy for HTST was needed for achieving 6 log reduction in inactivation of S. cerevisiae in apple juice. The PEF-treated apple juice, at both 4°C and 25°C storage, had a shelf-life of more than 3 weeks.
Identification of the Stimulatory Factors in Citrus Molasses for Carotenogenesis in Blakeslea trispora

CITRUS molasses and other citrus by-products stimulate carotenogenesis by mated cultures of Blakeslea trispora1. However, the substances in citrus by-products that stimulate carotene production in the fermentation process remain unknown. We attempted to determine the nature of the enhancing agent present in one of these by-products, citrus molasses.
Steepest Descent Day-to-Day Dynamic Toll

Day-to-day dynamic congestion pricing schemes have been recently proposed to force the traffic system to evolve from the status quo to a stationary state of system optimum instead of user equilibrium, considering drivers' day-to-day behavior adjustments. From the perspective of traffic management, it may be desirable to expedite the evolution process such that the total travel cost across the process can be reduced. A novel steepest descent dynamic toll scheme is proposed that minimizes the derivative of the total system cost with regard to day t or reduces the total system cost the most for each day. The problem of finding the steepest descent scheme is first formulated as a piecewise linear nonsmooth optimization problem and then transformed into a standard linear programming problem. Its mathematical properties are discussed further and a solution procedure is proposed for specifying the steepest descent pricing scheme. A numerical study of the well-known Braess network and the Sioux Falls, South Dakot...
An integrated approach for design and analysis of a fluid mixer

Abstract In this article an integrated approach is discussed for design and analysis of a fluid mixer. In this approach, kinetic analysis is integrated with finite element analysis. The former is carried out to determine the shaking force and shaking moment, and structural instability, while the latter is performed to determine the vibration level of the supporting structure. It is shown that use of this integrated approach can help optimize design of a machine meeting multiple requirements.
Aspects of (2, 0) string compactifications

This paper is devoted to the study of compactifications of the heterotic string with (2, 0) world sheet supersymmetry. This leads to a theory with N = 1 supersymmetry in spacetime. It has been claimed on general grounds that (2, 0) compactifications should not be solutions to the string equations of motion when the effect of world sheet instantons is taken into account. We find that this is not necessarily correct. We formulate a precise condition for a (2, 0) compactification to be a solution and construct the first explicit example of a nontrivial (2, 0) compactification on a Calabi-Yau manifold. We discuss general techniques for analysing the structure of the four-dimensional effective theories that result from (2, 0) compactifications.
Is Usual Dietary Pattern Related to the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer

Dietary patterns capture total diet providing a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of diet on chronic disease risk. Dietary patterns have been associated with several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and selected cancers; however, the association with breast cancer remains unclear. The objective of this review was to examine critically the most recent literature on dietary patterns and breast cancer and report on current results, new developments, and future directions. Seven case–control and cohort studies from multiple countries have been published during the previous year (2011–2012). Many have analyzed a posteriori dietary patterns via factor and principal component analysis. Whereas results remain mixed, the majority of studies indicate healthier patterns decrease breast cancer risk, although patterns higher in meat and alcohol increase risk. Future studies that examine the associations between diet and tumor subtypes and collect dietary data at younger ages and, if possible, longitudinally would be beneficial.
One-Piece Modified Gasket Seal Technique

Objectives Review the effectiveness of a modified gasket seal technique utilizing a porous high-density polyethylene plate/rectus sheath fascia construct without fat grafting for primary closure of anterior defects following endoscopic skull base surgery. Design Retrospective review (2011–2012). Setting Single academic medical center. Methods A retrospective review of five patients who underwent expanded endoscopic endonasal surgery for various pathologies (two craniopharyngiomas, two tuberculum meningiomas, and one planum meningioma) was performed. Skull base closure was performed using a one-piece modified gasket seal technique. Primary outcome measures included postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and donor site morbidity. Results There were no postoperative CSF leaks. Two patients experienced aseptic meningitis treated with a 14-day course of steroids. Two patients experienced new postoperative chronic/recurrent sinusitis treated with oral antibiotics and topical nasal therapy. There was no donor site morbidity such as infection, hematoma, or hernias. Conclusions The one-piece modified gasket-seal closure is a safe and effective method for reconstruction of endonasal defects of the anterior skull base. Rectus sheath fascia is an appropriate dural substitute for free tissue grafting with low donor site morbidity. The construction of the one-piece graft significantly decreases operative time and lowers the learning curve for multilayered closure.
Penile fracture of the proximal corporeal body.

A 21-year-old man presented elsewhere with scrota1 and perineal pain 1 day in duration. An initial diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis was made and the patient was treated with a 5-day course of oral antibiotics. After 5 days, pain persisted and he was referred to us for further evaluation and treatment. The patient stated that the symptoms developed acutely 6 days earlier with unrelenting pain since that time. He denied any history of voiding complaints, penile discharge or prior sexually transmitted diseases. Initially, he denied any trauma or recent sexual activity. Medical history was otherwise unremarkable. On genitourinary examination a “butterfly pattern” of ecchymosis was noted over the perineum, which was tender but without induration or fluctuance. The penis, testes, epididymis, scrotum and inguinal regions were otherwise completely normal. On reinterview the patient admitted to engaging in vigorous sexual activity in the female on top position at the time of symptom onset. During intercourse he had acute
Life cycle inventories of roundwood production in northern Wisconsin: Inputs into an industrial forest carbon budget

Abstract Carbon budgets are developed to understand ecosystem dynamics and are increasingly being used to develop global change policy. Traditionally, forest carbon budgets have focused on the biological carbon cycle; however, it is important to include the industrial forest carbon cycle as well. The overall objective of this study was to quantify the major carbon fluxes associated with the production of Wisconsin's industrial roundwood, by using life cycle inventory (LCI) methodology to produce an industrial forest carbon budget. To achieve this objective we (1) developed carbon LCIs for the harvest process for three major forest ownerships (state, national, and private non-industrial), (2) developed carbon LCIs for a dimensional lumber and two oriented strand board (OSB) mills and (3) completed a scaled version of 1 and 2 to include more Wisconsin forestlands and to incorporate the other major processes within the industrial forest carbon cycle (e.g. primary mill, secondary mill, product use and product disposal processes of the industrial forest carbon cycle). The carbon budgets for the harvesting process of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest (CNNF), the Northern Highland American Legion State Forest (NHAL), and the non-industrial private forests that participated in the managed forest laws of Wisconsin (MFL-NIPF) were 0.10, 0.18 and 0.11 tonnes C ha−1 year−1), respectively. The dimensional lumber and OSB products were both net carbon sources, and released 0.05–0.09 tonnes C/tonnes C processed). More carbon is sequestered than released within the industrial forest carbon cycle of Wisconsin's national (6 g C m−2 year−1), state (12 g C m−2 year−1) and non-industrial private forests (7 g C m−2 year−1). Using published net ecosystem production data we estimate that the net forest carbon cycle budget (sum of the biological and industrial C cycle, [Gower, S.T., 2003. Patterns and mechanisms of the forest carbon cycle. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28, 169–204]) for the CNNF ranges between −897 and 348 g C m−2 year−1. Life cycle inventories of wood and paper products should be clear and explicitly state what processes are included, so that results can be used by policy makers and future researchers.
The Sixty-second William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

(1992). The Fifty-Second William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 99, No. 8, pp. 715-724.
Permanent Magnet Helicon Source for Ion Propulsion

Helicon sources have been proposed by at least two groups for generating ions for space propulsion: the Helicon Double Layer Thruster (HDLT) concept at the Australian National University and the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetohydrodynamic Rocket (VASIMR) concept at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. These sources normally require a large electromagnet and power supply to produce the magnetic field. At this stage of research, emphasis has been on the plasma density and ion current that can be produced, but not much on the weight, size, impulse, and gas efficiency of the thruster. This paper concerns the source itself and shows that great savings in size and weight can be obtained by using specially designed permanent magnets (PMs). This PM helicon design, originally developed for plasma processing of large substrates, is extended here for ion thrusters of both the HDLT and VASIMR types. Measured downstream densities are on the order of 1012 cm-3 , which should yield much higher ion currents than reported so far. The design principles have been checked experimentally, showing that the predictions of the theory and computations are reliable. The details of two new designs are given here to serve as examples to stimulate further research on the use of such sources as thrusters.
Problems and procedures in the construction of diachronic corpora: a case study of the passé composé and passé simple in Classical French

This paper describes a pilot study on constructing corpora to analyze grammatical change. The specific topic discussed in this study is the loss of the passe simple in French. This paper addresses the difficulties in using written data to discuss questions of language change, specifically when the forms in question are considered to be distributed differently in writing than in speech. The proposal of this paper is that comparisons between observed changes in different textual categories can illuminate the character of the change itself. Although the current paper is primarily concerned with how to ensure representativeness in diachronic corpora, the larger project addresses the character of the period of variation between the passe compose and the passe simple in French within the grammaticalization paradigm. The corpora described in this paper will ultimately be used to mount a multivariate analysis of the shift in past tense usage in French in order to determine if the passe compose was significantly favored in specific syntactic contexts. Additionally, the corpora will be used to determine if it is possible to quantify contexts in which the passe compose and the passe simple appear to be in variation with each other, i.e. to analyze the degree of semantic overlap between the two tenses as well as to identify whether or not both could be used to denote a series of discrete past events. In order to address these questions, it is first necessary to discuss possible methods for using written data to model language change. Thus the current paper specifically addresses the issues of text type sensitivity and stability in the construction of diachronic corpora, tackling the problems of data sampling and analysis, especially when there are restrictions on the availability of resources.
Emotion Perception in Schizophrenia: Context Matters:

Research on emotion perception in schizophrenia has focused primarily on the perception of static faces displaying different emotion signals or expressions. However, perception of emotion in daily life relies on much more than just the face. In this article, we review the role of context in emotion perception among people with and without schizophrenia. We argue that not only is context central to the perception of emotion, it in fact helps to construct the perception. Implications for future research on emotion perception are discussed.
Urinary symptom flare after brachytherapy for prostate cancer is associated with erectile dysfunction and more urinary symptoms before implantation.

dysfunction (ED). We used previously established criteria to estimate the risk of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure by dividing the men into three risk groups, i.e. low-risk, with a PSA level of ≤ 10 ng/mL, stage ≤ T2a, Gleason ≤ 6; medium-risk, with a PSA level of ≤ 15 ng/mL, Gleason 7 or stage T2b; and high-risk, with a PSA level of > 15 ng/mL, stage > T2b, or Gleason ≥ 8. RESULTS There was a significant association of flare with ED; men with flare reported significantly more ED than men without ( P = 0.020). Men with high-risk disease reported more ED because they received more intensive treatment (hormones and increased radiation dose) than men with medium- or low-risk disease. To correct for this confounding factor, multivariate linear regression was used; the regression was significant overall ( P < 0.001), and the effects of risk group ( P < 0.001) and flare ( P < 0.026) on SHIM score were significant and independent of each other. Flare was also significantly associated with a higher pre-implant IPSS; the probability of flare was 62% for a preimplant IPSS of zero, to 94% for an IPSS of 30. CONCLUSIONS Radiation reaction and radiation sensitivity contribute to ED and greater LUTS in men who have had brachytherapy for prostate cancer. This contribution is evident, e.g. in men with ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM) gene mutations. Sequence variants in the ATM gene, particularly those that encode for an aminoacid substitution, are associated with adverse radiotherapy responses among patients treated with 125
Trends in the Management of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in the United States Medicare Population, 2005-2011.

Background:Achilles tendon ruptures are one of the most commonly treated injuries by orthopaedic surgeons and general practitioners. Achilles tendon ruptures have classically been thought to affect...
Superoxide Stimulates NaCl Absorption in the Thick Ascending Limb Via Activation of Protein Kinase C

Abnormal production of superoxide (O(2)(-)) contributes to hypertension, in part because of its effects on the kidney. The thick ascending limb absorbs 20% to 30% of the filtered load of NaCl. O(2)(-) stimulates NaCl absorption by the thick ascending limb by enhancing Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter activity; however, the signaling mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that O(2)(-) stimulates NaCl absorption by activating protein kinase C (PKC). To test this, we measured the effect of O(2)(-) on: (1) Cl(-) absorption in the presence and absence of PKC inhibitors, (2) total PKC activity, and (3) activation of specific PKC isoforms. Isolated perfused medullary thick ascending limbs were exposed to O(2)(-) generated by xanthine oxidase (1 mU/mL) and hypoxanthine (0.5 mmol/L). O(2)(-) increased Cl(-) absorption by 42% (from 76.2+/-3.6 to 108.2+/-11.9 pmol/min per millimeter; n=5; P<0.05). After treatment with the general PKC inhibitor staurosporine (10 nmol/L), O(2)(-) did not stimulate Cl(-) absorption (Delta-5.7+/-8.6%; n=6). In thick ascending limb suspensions, O(2)(-) increased total PKC activity by 33% (from 66+/-11 to 88+/-12 mU/mg protein; n=5; P<0.05) and increased PKC-alpha and PKC-delta activity by 1.75- and 0.37-fold, respectively. The PKC-alpha/beta-selective inhibitor Go976 (100 nmol/L) blocked the ability of O(2)(-) to stimulate Cl(-) absorption by isolated perfused medullary thick ascending limbs (Delta4.5+/-15.0%; n=5). The role of PKC-delta could not be studied because of cell necrosis caused by the selective inhibitor rottlerin. We conclude that PKC-alpha is required for O(2)(-)-stimulated NaCl absorption in the thick ascending limb.
Comparison of three rapamycin dosing schedules in A/J Tsc2 +/- mice and improved survival with angiogenesis inhibitor or asparaginase treatment in mice with subcutaneous tuberous sclerosis related tumors

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor disorder characterized by the growth of hamartomas in various organs including the kidney, brain, skin, lungs, and heart. Rapamycin has been shown to reduce the size of kidney angiomyolipomas associated with TSC; however, tumor regression is incomplete and kidney angiomyolipomas regrow after cessation of treatment. Mouse models of TSC2 related tumors are useful for evaluating new approaches to drug therapy for TSC. In cohorts of Tsc2+/- mice, we compared kidney cystadenoma severity in A/J and C57BL/6 mouse strains at both 9 and 12 months of age. We also investigated age related kidney tumor progression and compared three different rapamycin treatment schedules in cohorts of A/J Tsc2+/- mice. In addition, we used nude mice bearing Tsc2-/- subcutaneous tumors to evaluate the therapeutic utility of sunitinib, bevacizumab, vincristine, and asparaginase. TSC related kidney disease severity is 5-10 fold higher in A/J Tsc2+/- mice compared with C57BL/6 Tsc2+/- mice. Similar to kidney angiomyolipomas associated with TSC, the severity of kidney cystadenomas increases with age in A/J Tsc2+/- mice. When rapamycin dosing schedules were compared in A/J Tsc2+/- cohorts, we observed a 66% reduction in kidney tumor burden in mice treated daily for 4 weeks, an 82% reduction in mice treated daily for 4 weeks followed by weekly for 8 weeks, and an 81% reduction in mice treated weekly for 12 weeks. In the Tsc2-/- subcutaneous tumor mouse model, vincristine is not effective, but angiogenesis inhibitors (sunitinib and bevacizumab) and asparaginase are effective as single agents. However, these drugs are not as effective as rapamycin in that they increased median survival only by 24-27%, while rapamycin increased median survival by 173%. Our results indicate that the A/J Tsc2+/- mouse model is an improved, higher through-put mouse model for future TSC preclinical studies. The rapamycin dosing comparison study indicates that the duration of rapamycin treatment is more important than dose intensity. We also found that angiogenesis inhibitors and asparaginase reduce tumor growth in a TSC2 tumor mouse model and although these drugs are not as effective as rapamycin, these drug classes may have some therapeutic potential in the treatment of TSC related tumors.
Effect of electric field on the mobility of carboxyl-terminated dendrimers

The effect of an applied electric field on the mobilities of carboxyl-terminated dendrimers has been measured by capillary electrophoresis at applied voltages V ranging from 5 to 30 kV. The mobility increased with the field strength at moderate ionic strength, but varied inversely with V at low ionic strength. These results did not arise from Joule heating or from electroosmotic flow effects. It is suggested that the remarkably high velocities of these dendrimers enables them to outstrip their ion atmospheres at high V, in a manner related to the increase in conductance at high field strength first described by Wien in 1927. At low ionic strength, the increase in the size of the ion atmosphere leads to increased frictional drag with increasing field strength.
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF FORCES GENERATED BY AN UNSTRUCTURED FLOW SOLVER

A primary goal of computational fluid dynamics is the accurate prediction of the forces and moments on ships, aircraft, turbines and similar complicated geometries, especially when viscous effects are important. By using unstructured grids, much of the detail of these complicated geometries can be captured with the grid and hopefully with the solution generated by the flow solver. As unstructured flow solvers mature, the forces predicted by them should become more accurate. For unsteady maneuvering cases, the accuracy of the forces and moments is critical for accurate predictions of the location and orientation of the body in motion, because errors tend to accumulate and grow as the maneuver proceeds. Accurate simulations of maneuvers have been obtained with the structured flow solver UNCLE. However, its unstructured equivalent, U 2 NCLE, has produced anomalies that are not fully understood. In an effort to isolate and identify potential inaccuracies in the unstructured flow solver, the flow solver has undergone a thorough re-evaluation of each component and the interactions between the components. Particular attention has been paid to the effects of discretization error. The unstructured flow solver uses mixed element types to resolve the boundary, so the discretization error for the non-simplical element types was investigated. Several methods to discretize the viscous terms have been investigated, to determine whether they are linearity preserving. A new inviscid variable extrapolation method (Unstructured MUSCL) has been developed, which has a smaller discretization error than the previous method. Finally, effects of asymmetries in the grid and in the solution algorithm have been investigated.
Cerium(IV) Oxidation of Hydroquinones and Sulfides with a Dual Oxidant System

Abstract The versatility of cerium(IV) ion as an oxidant for organic compounds has been documented.1 Despite its enormous potential the practicality of cerium(IV) oxidation in preparative chemistry has been limited by the requirement of large quantities of reagents. This is due to the combined factor that cerium(IV) ion can accept only one electron at a time, and such oxidants have relatively high molecular weights.
Leadership and Public Service Motivation in U.S. Federal Agencies

ABSTRACT This analysis of over 6,900 federal employees’ responses to the Merit Principles Survey 2000 examines the influences of leadership and motivational variables, and especially public service motivation, on the “outcome” variables job satisfaction, perceived performance, quality of work, and turnover intentions. CFA confirms a factor structure for transformation-oriented leadership (TOL), public service-oriented motivation (PSOM), transaction-oriented leadership (TSOL), and extrinsically oriented motivation (EOM). Multivariate regression analysis shows that TOL and PSOM, as well as interaction effects of TOL-TSOL and TOL-PSOM, have strong relations to the outcome variables. SEM analysis examines direct and indirect effects of the main variables. Overall, the results indicate that TOL and PSOM have more positive relations to the outcome variables than do TSOL and EOM. The combination of high TOL and high PSOM has the strongest positive, and hence desirable, relation with organizational outcomes. Amon...
DEEP WEATHERING IN THE GREAT WHIN SILL, NORTHERN ENGLAND

Summary The occurrence of a number of sites of deeply weathered Whin Sill dolerite is reported. The most intensely altered section found to date is at Holwick Scars, Yorkshire, and consists of up to fifteen metres of an incoherent grus showing a zonation which reflects the original joint system of the rock. The alteration shows strong similarities to that produced by weathering of igneous rocks in tropical or sub-tropical climates. Weathering of this type occurred in Britain in late tertiary times.
On the stability of HKrOH: a theoretical study

To provide further insight into the issue of stability of HKrOH, reaction paths for decomposition processes HKrOH ! Kr + H2O and HKrOH ! H + Kr + OH are studied using ab initio electronic structure methods. The results show that HKrOH molecule is energetically unstable with respect to the Kr + H2O and H + Kr + OH dissociation products. However, it is separated by a significant energy barrier from Kr + H2 O( � 35 kcal/mol) and by a much lower barrier from H + Kr + OH (� 3 kcal/mol). Thus, theoretical studies show that HKrOH is kinetically stable with respect to the HKrOH ! Kr + H2O channel of decomposition, but its stability with respect to H + Kr + OH is marginal. The low barrier for the HKrOH ! H + Kr + OH process (which leads to a high probability of HKrOH dissociation to H + Kr + OH) and the relatively high barrier (� 25 kcal/mol) for the reverse reaction (H + Kr + OH ! HKrOH) seem to be responsible for the fact that HKrOH (unlike HKrF) has not been observed experimentally. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Emotion labeling and socio-emotional outcomes 18 months after early childhood traumatic brain injury.

A growing body of literature has documented evidence for emotion labeling (EL) deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, long-term effects of TBI on EL abilities, particularly among young children, are unclear. We investigated EL abilities and socio-emotional outcomes in 32 children with moderate–severe TBI, 23 with complicated-mild TBI, and 82 children with orthopedic injuries (OI), shortly after injury and at 18 months post-injury. All children were between 3:0 and 6:11 years of age at the time of injury. Repeated measures analyses indicated that all groups showed improved EL performance between acute and 18-month assessments, but that the moderate–severe TBI group improved at a slower rate than the OI group, so that the two groups showed significantly different performance at 18 months. Emotion labeling ability did not significantly contribute to the prediction of socio-emotional outcomes after controlling for pre-injury functioning. These results provide preliminary evidence of emerging EL deficits after early childhood TBI that are related to injury severity but that do not predict social and behavioral outcomes. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1132–1142)
Maximizing Sensor Reuse Based on New Geometric Concepts

A wireless sensor network is composed of a distributed collection of nodes which corporate in performing sensing, computation and communication tasks. Since sensor nodes operate on battery power, their communication range will decline as time passes. When the energy of die sensor nodes has declined to a level that they cannot communicate with each other, die network cannot be sustained and might be replaced by a new sensor network. However, the old sensors may have a lot of valuable data, and it is wise to retrieve as much information as possible from the old sensors. The maximum sensor reuse problem concerns deploying the new sensor net work to maximize the number of old sensors that can communicate with the sensors in the newly deployed network. This paper proposes two new geometric concepts, network distance and network bisector, and uses them to solve die maximum sensor reuse problem. Specifically, the maximum sensor reuse problem can be solved in O(n^2 log n) time if n existing sensors are to be considered.
Concatenated multiple description coding of frame-rate scalable video

In this paper we present a method for concatenated multiple description (MD) coding of frame-rate scalable video. The proposed method combines domain-based MD coding and FEC-based MD coding. We find that the combined system benefits from both of its components and is significantly better than either of them at higher packet loss rates.
Reversed somatodendritic Ih gradient in a class of rat hippocampal neurons with pyramidal morphology

In CA1 and neocortical pyramidal neurons, Ih is present primarily in the dendrites. We asked if all neurons of a pyramidal morphology have a similar density of Ih. We characterized a novel class of hippocampal neurons with pyramidal morphology found in the stratum radiatum, which we termed the ‘pyramidal-like principal’ (PLP) neuron. Morphological similarities to pyramidal neurons were verified by filling the neurons with biocytin. PLPs did not stain for markers associated with interneurons, and projected to both the septum and olfactory bulb. By using cell-attached patch-clamp recordings, we found that these neurons expressed a high density of Ih in the soma that declined to a lower density in the dendrites, a pattern that is reversed compared to pyramidal neurons. The voltage-dependent activation and activation time constants of Ih in the PLPs were similar to pyramidal neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from the soma and dendrites of PLP neurons showed no significant differences in input resistance and local temporal summation between the two locations. Blockade of Ih by ZD7288 increased the input resistance and temporal summation of simulated EPSPs, as in pyramidal neurons. When NMDA receptors were blocked, temporal summation at the soma of distal synaptic potentials was similar to that seen with current injections at the soma, suggesting a ‘normalization’ of temporal summation similar to that observed in pyramidal neurons. Thus, we have characterized a principal neuronal subtype in the hippocampus with a similar morphology but reversed Ih somatodendritic gradient to that previously observed in CA1 hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons.
Project management and communication management — two growing disciplines with much to offer each other

This paper explores the areas in which the young disciplines of project management and communication management can learn from each other. In particular, communicators can help project professionals to identify, understand and manage their stakeholders — a vitally important activity given the impact which such audiences can have on the success of a new project. This paper proposes a model of ‘supportability’ to explain the factors which decide whether a stakeholder group accepts or rejects a project. This paper uses examples front major civil engineering projects, but the principles of good stakeholder management apply equally to internal projects, such as reorganisations or change management.
Surgeon Training and Use of Radioactive Iodine in Stage I Thyroid Cancer Patients

Background The majority of thyroid cancer diagnoses in the United States are stage I well-differentiated cancer. The use of radioactive iodine (RAI) in these low-risk patients has increased over time. The role of surgeon training in decision making regarding treatment with RAI is unknown.
HIV-1 LTR C/EBP binding site sequence configurations preferentially encountered in brain lead to enhanced C/EBP factor binding and increased LTR-specific activity.

Recent studies have shown that two CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) sites are critically important for efficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-l) replication within cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, a primary cell type infected by HIV-1 and a potentially important vehicle for transport of virus to the central nervous system (CNS). Given the relevance of HIV-1 LTR sequence variation with respect to HIV-1 replication within monocyte populations and the important role that monocyte tropism likely plays in HIV-1 infection of the brain, C/EBP site sequence variation was examined within peripheral blood- and brain-derived LTR populations. Brain-derived LTRs commonly possessed a C/EBP site I configuration (6G, comprised of a thymidine to guanosine substitution with respect to the clade B consensus sequence at position 6 of C/EBP site I) that leads to enhanced binding of C/EBP proteins over that observed with the HIV-1 clade B consensus sequence at this site. In contrast, the 6G C/EBP site I configuration appeared infrequently within sequenced peripheral blood-derived LTRs. In addition, C/EBP site II was even more highly conserved in brain-derived HIV-1 LTR populations than site I. This was not the case with peripheral blood-derived LTR C/EBP site II sequences. The high degree of C/EBP site II conservation in brain-derived LTRs was likely important in LTR regulation since the clade B consensus sequence conserved at C/EBP site II recruited high amounts of C/EBP family members. Transient transfection analyses indicated that conservation of the strong C/EBP site II in brain-derived LTRs was likely due to important interactions with Tat. Overall, brain-derived HIV-1 LTRs preferentially contained two highly reactive C/EBP binding sites, which may suggest that these sites play important roles in LTR-directed transcription during invasion and maintenance of HIV-1 in the central nervous system.
Modulation of SST Interannual Variability in the Agulhas Leakage Region Associated with ENSO

AbstractThe Agulhas leakage transports warm and saline water from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic Ocean, forming part of the upper returning arm of the meridional overturning circulation, which can influence climate. Ocean–atmosphere interactions and the strength of Agulhas leakage control sea surface temperature (SST) in the Agulhas leakage corridor, which may in turn affect regional climate variability. In a high-resolution run of the Community Climate System Model (version 3.5; CCSM3.5), it is found that the interannual variability of Agulhas leakage SST is linked to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Anomalous wind stress curl over the south Indian Ocean associated with ENSO excites westward-propagating oceanic Rossby waves that initiate southwestward-propagating anomalies along the coast of Africa. It takes approximately 2 years for this signal to reach the southern tip of South Africa and enter the South Atlantic, where it accounts for 20%–30% of the interannual SSH variability in the Agu...
Amylin influences insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism by two independent mechanisms

The effects of amylin on fiber type-specific muscle glucose metabolism under hyperglycemic (10 mmol/l) and hyperinsulinemic (2.1 nmol/l) conditions were investigated using a rat hindlimb perfusion ...
A co-designed wideband circularly polarized integrated filtering antenna

In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and experimental measurement of a compact co-designed circularly polarized (CP) filtering antenna with a wide operational bandwidth. In the filtering antenna module, the radiator serves simultaneously as the last resonator of the filter which was realized by coupled stripline open-loop resonators. A proof-of-concept design is presented with both its S 11 < −14 dB and axial ratio < 3 dB bandwidths covering 12.5%, ranging from 3.75 to 4.25 GHz. A prototype was fabricated and characterized, showing strong agreement between simulated and measured results. The gain response exhibits a profile similar to the transmission of a bandpass filter. The integrated filtering and radiating modules with a compact form factor and improved performance metric are expected to find potential applications in a variety of wireless communication systems.
Identifying pathways to continued maintenance of school sanitation in Belize

Despite an increasing focus on school-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in less-developed countries, we lack an understanding of what combinations of conditions are sufficient for their continued maintenance post-implementation. We use a novel method, qualitative comparative analysis, to determine what pathways lead to well-maintained school toilets, as an indicator of continued maintenance of WASH services. Results from 15 case schools in Belize reveal five pathways to well-maintained school sanitation, and three pathways to poorly maintained services. Common conditions in the pathways to well-maintained toilets include local involvement upfront, quality construction, and the presence of a local champion; while conditions common in the pathways to poorly maintained toilets include the absence of the aforementioned conditions, in addition to vandalism and a lack of community support for maintenance. The familiarity of the technology is as common in the pathways to well-maintained toilets as poorly maintained toilets, suggesting that though technology choice is important, quality construction and social conditions may have a stronger influence on maintenance. Qualitative information is presented to support further discussion of the six conditions, including factors linked to their presence that may support improvements in Belize and have implications for school WASH services in other low-income settings.
The Marginal Preference Model: Scope for Application:

PERATIONS research tries to find optimum ways of achieving human objectives. If the objectives of business or government are given in concrete terms of physical output or other visible results, the analyst can then proceed to relate the independent variables of the situation to the objectives sought by means of mathematical models which can be empirically tested. More difficult is the situation where
Navel Orange Water Spot Protection by Gibberellin

Breakdown of the rind tissue (water spot) of oil-sprayed navel oranges after rain is an important economic factor. Pest control treatments of 2 distinctly different commercial spray oils and a non-oil combination material were applied to navel orange trees in late summer. Application of 10 ppm acid equivalent gibberellic acid in water spray was made in early winter to half the trees in the oil-spray plots as soon as the change in rind color from green to orange was complete. Protection against water spot was obtained for the oil-sprayed navel oranges treated sub-sequently with gibberellin; percent oranges affected was about the same as that in the non-oil while that in the oil-sprayed without gibberellin was much higher.