cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Line-pair selections for remote sensing of atmospheric ammonia by use of a coherent CO 2 differential absorption lidar system

Research on wavelength selection of CO2 laser lines for range-resolved remote sensing of atmospheric ammonia by use of a coherent differential absorption lidar system is described. Four laser line pairs are suggested for different levels of ammonia concentrations from approximately a few parts per billion to 1 part per million in a polluted atmosphere. The most suitable line for measuring ambient ammonia concentrations is 9R(30), because it has the highest absorption coefficient. 10R(14) has the lowest absorption coefficient, making it suitable for strong source mapping. 10R(8) and 10P(32) are best for intermediate levels of ammonia concentration. Absorption coefficients of ammonia calculated from the HITRAN96 database are in good agreement (mostly within ±10%) with other experimental results. Sensitivity of measurement, interference from water-vapor lines with typical humidity in the summer, and sensitivity of ammonia absorption cross section to temperature and pressure are analyzed and calculated for the four wavelength pairs. The results show that the interference from water-vapor lines is easily correctable to a negligible amount, and errors caused by uncertainties in temperature and pressure are insignificant.
Learning and forgetting in generalized brain-state-in-a-box (BSB) neural associative memories

Abstract We propose learning and forgetting techniques for the generalized brain-state-in-a-box (BSB) based associative memories. A generalization of the BSB model allows each neuron to have its own bias and the synaptic weight matrix does not have to be symmetric. A pattern is learned by a memory if its noisy or an incomplete version presented to the memory is mapped back to this pattern. A pattern, previously stored, is forgotten or deleted from the memory if a stimulus that is a perturbed version of the pattern, when presented to the memory, is not mapped back to this pattern. In this paper we propose “on-line” memory storage and deletion methods using an iterative method of computing the pseudo-inverse of a given matrix. The proposed methods allow one to “add” or “delete” a memory pattern by updating, rather than recomputing from scratch, the current synaptic weight matrix in a single step. We first analyze the desired characteristics of neural network associative memories. After that, we review the existing methods for design of neural associative memories. Then we discuss the generalized BSB neural model and its possible function as an associative memory and proffer arguments in support of using such models for neural associative memories. In particular, the generalized BSB type models are easier to analyze, synthesize, and implement than other neural networks. The results obtained are illustrated by numerical examples . Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
An Amplitude Modulated Stereo System

An amplitude modulated stereophonic system, which is compatible with conventional monophonic AM systems, is presented in this paper. First, conditions on the envelope and phase function for the transmitted signal are derived. Then, a compatible quadrature AM(compatible QUAM) system is proposed for the transmission and reception of stereophonic program material. Some results of testing the proposed system are included.
Molecular mobility studies of dye-doped polymers below and above room temperature using second-harmonic generation

The first second-harmonic generation field-induced molecular reorientation experiments in a dye-doped polymer in the 100 K to 500 K temperature range is reported. The (alpha) transition, related to the mobility of the polymer backbone, is easily observed. We also see evidence of the (beta) transition (attributed to side-chain mobility). We demonstrate the low- temperature end of our data suggests that the polymer acts as a rigid elastic constraint to the chromophore. We also observe what appears to be a spontaneously ordered phase of the doped polymer that ma be associated with the polymer/substrate interface. We report on the temperature-dependent phase transition of the transparent indium tin oxide electrode. Suggestions are made on separating the ITO contribution from the polymer response.
A study of the attitude of college students toward Thomas E. Dewey before and after hearing him speak

(1949). A study of the attitude of college students toward Thomas E. Dewey before and after hearing him speak. Speech Monographs: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 125-134.
The Changing Dynamics of Urban Politics: Black and Hispanic Municipal Employment—Is There Competition?

The question of competition for political and socioeconomic resources between blacks and Hispanics in urban politics is one receiving increased attention. How does the significant presence of one minority group affect the other minority group? This research explores the issue of municipal employment competition between blacks and Hispanics in U.S. urban centers. Based on EEO-4 data from 41 U.S. cities of more than 25,000 population with at least 10% black and 10% Hispanic in 1980, findings indicate that black and Hispanic municipal employment outcomes covary negatively with white municipal employment but not with each other. Still, evidence also indicates that competition in municipal employment does appear as the size of the black work force increases. Additionally, in cities with black majorities or pluralities, Hispanics seem to fare less well in municipal employment outcomes, while in cities in which Hispanics are a majority or plurality, the consequences for blacks are more diffuse.
High Throughput Clonogenic Survival Screen Identifies Novel Radiation Sensitizers for K-ras Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose/Objective(s): Traditional clonogenic survival and high throughput colorimetric assays are inadequate for drug screens to identify novel radiation sensitizers. To bridge this gap in knowledge, we have developed a method which we coin the High Throughput Clonogenic Survival Screen (HCS) that will allow high volume screening of drug libraries to identify potent radiation sensitizers, particularly for K-ras mutant lung cancer, a current unmet need. Materials/Methods: Drugs at various concentrations or vehicle were added to cells seeded overnight in 96 well plates at low densities, and after 6 hours, plates were irradiated at various doses. Plates were kept in culture 4-6 days depending on the cell line. After incubation, colonies were stained with cresyl-violet, imaged on a high content screening system, and colony count determined using a proprietary image analysis software. Colonies achieving 50 or more cells were tallied. Traditional clonogenic survival assays (tCSA) were performed by seeding cells into 6-well plates overnight in triplicate and adding drugs or vehicle for 6 hours prior to irradiation. Media was changed after 3 days, and plates were kept in culture for 10-14 days. Drug screens were done using the K-ras mutant lung cancer cell line H460 and the Custom Clinical Collection (145 compounds). Results: We compared the HCS method to tCSA and found that HCS recapitulates a similar cell survival curve and survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) values for several cancer cell types. As a proof-of-principle, we tested a known sensitizer vorinostat (SAHA) in both the tCSA and HCS assays. As expected, 1 mM vorinostat caused a significant radiation sensitizing effect using tCSA, and was recapitulated, albeit at a lower concentration (100 nM), using the HCS assay. Drug screens (repeated 3 times) identified several compounds that were cytotoxic to the K-ras mutant H460 cells alone at 1 mM (inhibitors to Src/Abl, IGF1R, ROCK1, AKT, PI3K, c-MET) and at low nM concentrations (HSP90 and HDAC inhibitors). The entire class of HDAC inhibitors (5 drugs) had some sensitizing effect to radiation (a leftward shift in the IC50 curve by w10 fold). However, many drugs such as inhibitors to PARP, SRC, Chk1/2, DNA-PK, JNK, and MEK1/2, exhibited significant radiation sensitizing effect with minimal to no activity by themselves. We validated the sensitizing effect of the potent MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib using tCSA, and found the effect was specific for K-ras mutant and not K-ras wild type cells. Conclusions: High throughput drug screening for novel radiation sensitizers for K-ras mutant lung cancer is feasible using the HCS approach. This is an enabling technology that will allow synthetic lethal drug screens with radiation and accelerate the translation of drugs into clinical testing. Author Disclosure: S.H. Lin: None. J. Zhang: None. U. Giri: None. C. Stephan: None. M.M. Sobieski: None. N. Nguyen: None. P. Davies: None. R. Komaki: None. S.S. Yoo: None. J.V. Heymach: None.
The relation of students' needs to their perceptions of a college environment.

The College Characteristics Index and Stern Activities Index were given to 100 students in an introductory psychology class. Analysis of data showed no significant correlation between perception of college environment and personality needs. Items about behavior or conditions which the student was unlikely to have encountered produced much less agreement, and were much more influenced by need. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2KD25M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Education, Reconciliation and Nested Identities:

In divided societies reconciliation between groups is an important, though difficult, goal. Democratic states always favor some group identities over others, making the idea of full reconciliation ever elusive. I argue that education alone cannot do much for reconciliation in divided societies, but can do so in tandem with a parallel political process of reconciliation. One way to push reconciliation through both is to construct a society that accepts the idea of nested identities; a state with nested identities accepts the different identities within it, though an overarching state identity is overlaid on top of these other identities. I suggest ways in which the idea of nested identities can be implemented in schools.
Effects of climate and the cosmic-ray flux on the 10Be content of marine sediments

Abstract 10 Be from Blake Outer Ridge (BOR) marine sediments at Leg 72, site 1061 from 35 to 160 ka B.P. was measured in order to obtain a record of the cosmic-ray flux incident upon the Earth. The variations in the concentration of 10 Be per gram of sediment in BOR sediments and that of the oxygen isotope record of the North Atlantic are strikingly similar highlighting the effects of climate on the deposition of 10 Be in marine sediments. In addition, the long-term trends of 9 Be and 10 Be concentrations, both source dependent, are shown to be inversely correlated and thus the 10 Be/ 9 Be normalization is ambiguous at best. The effects of climate on 10 Be deposition were best removed by normalization of 10 Be to the mass of the authigenic fraction of the sediment in which it was contained. The 10 Be content of the sediments at site 1061 was correlated to another site on the Blake Outer Ridge, CH88-10P, and to a site in the Gulf of California Leg 64, site 480. 10 Be normalized to the authigenic mass at these sites show that the 10 Be concentrations within the sea fall within a range consistent with the expected secular variations of the Earth's dipole field.
A fallacy in potentiality

On repond souvent aux avocats de la recherche sur les cellules souches et a ceux du droit a l'avortement par une argumentation qui se resume a des affirmations comme: «vous provenez d'un embryon!» ou «vous avez deja ete un foetus!» -ce genre de reponse appartient a une riche lignee philosophique qui inclut les arguments de Hare, Marquis et d'autres encore. Selon ces arguments fondes sur la potentialite, l'organisme humain prenatal possede une valeur morale parce que l'histoire biologique de chaque personne depend de l'accomplissement des etats embryonnaire et foetal. Je presente ici les etapes du raisonnement qui se trouve au fondement de cette argumentation telle qu'elle est formulee dans la litterature philosophique. J'y decouvre une inference curieusement invalide.
Cold denaturation of encapsulated ubiquitin.

Theoretical considerations suggest that protein cold denaturation can potentially provide a means to explore the cooperative substructure of proteins. Protein cold denaturation is generally predicted to occur well-below the freezing point of water. Here NMR spectroscopy of ubiquitin encapsulated in reverse micelles dissolved in low viscosity alkanes is used to follow cold-induced unfolding to temperatures below −25 °C. Comparison of cold-induced structural transitions in a variety of reverse micelle-buffer systems indicate that protein-surfactant interactions are negligible and allow the direct observation of the multi-state cold-induced unfolding of the protein.
The functional role of ribosomal RNA in protein synthesis

L'ARN du ribosome (ARMr) a un role fonctionnel primordial dans la plupart sinon toutes les etapes de la synthese des proteines. La decouverte de l'activite catalytique de l'ARNr laisse a penser que l'ARNr est l'element fonctionnel de base du ribosome et que les proteines ribosomiales facilitent seulement le fonctionnement de l'ARNr, en jouant sur la conformation de ses sites fonctionnels. L'auteur passe en revue les roles fonctionnels de l'ARNr chez Escherichia coli 16S et 23S
Playground Designs and Preschool Children's Behaviors

What should playgrounds for young children be like? Do those design suggestions that have appeared in the contemporary literature make a difference? What design factors seem to influence preschool ...
Spousal Control and Intra-household Decision Making: An Experimental Study in the Philippines

I elicit causal effects of spousal observability and communication on financial choices of married individuals in the Philippines. When choices are private, men put money into their personal accounts. When choices are observable, men commit money to consumption for their own benefit. When required to communicate, men put money into their wives' account. These strong treatment effects on men, but not women, appear related more to control than to gender: men whose wives control household savings respond more strongly to the treat - ment and women whose husbands control savings exhibit the same response. Changes in information and communication interact with underlying control to produce mutable gender-specific outcomes. (
PTBP-dependent PSD-95 and CamKIIα alternative splicing in the lens.

Purpose Parallels described between neurons and lens fiber cells include detailed similarities in sub-cellular structures that increasingly show shared expression of genes involved in the construction and function of these structures in neurons. Intriguingly, associated modes of molecular regulation of these genes that had been thought to distinguish neurons have been identified in the lens as well. Both elongated cell types form membrane protrusions with similar size, shape, and spacing that exclude microtubules, contain F-actin, and are coated with the clathrin/AP-2 adaptor. Lenses express glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors with signaling and channel proteins shown to act together at neuronal membranes. Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKIIα) expression and functions illustrate the integration of aspects of neuronal molecular and cell biology and were investigated here in the lens. Methods Immunofluorescence, immunoblot, and RT-PCR methods were used to assess protein expression and alternative transcript splicing. Results We showed the essential dendritic spine scaffold protein PSD-95 is expressed in lenses and demonstrated lens PSD-95 transcripts undergo polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTBP)-dependent alternative splicing of its pivotal exon 18 required to avoid nonsense-mediated decay, and showed PTBP-dependent alternative splicing of CaMKIIα transcripts in the lens. The PSD-95 protein was observed at fiber cell membranes overlapping with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate and GABA receptor proteins, tyrosine phosphatase STEP, CaMKIIα, the Ca(V)1.3 calcium channel, and clathrin, which were previously identified at lens fiber cell membranes. During neurogenesis, miR-124 is expressed that suppresses PTBP1 and promotes these splicing events. miR-124 is also expressed in mammalian lenses and upregulated during lens regeneration in amphibians, consistent with previous demonstrations of PTBP1,2 and PTBP-dependent PTBP2 exon 10 splicing in rodent lenses. Conclusions Findings of this dendritic spine scaffold protein and conservation of its key mode of molecular regulation in the lens provides further evidence that key aspects of the neuron morphogenetic program are shared with the lens.
Child Welfare in the United States: Policy, Practice and Innovations in Service Delivery

Child welfare in the United States is characterized by numerous and complex problems. By reviewing child welfare policy and trends in the United States, this article aims to stimulate discussion about innovative approaches that could allow child welfare professionals, both in the US and internationally, to better meet the needs of children and families.
Digital-type RF MEMS switched capacitors

This paper presents digital-type RF MEMS switched capacitors built in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) configuration. In this design, a MEMS shunt bridge is fabricated over an MIM capacitor. When the bridge is in the upstate position, the CPW line is loaded mainly by the up-state MEMS bridge capacitance. When the MEMS bridge is pulled down, the line is loaded by the MIM capacitor. As a result we obtain a digital-type switched capacitor suitable for 0.5-6 GHz operation. Switched capacitors of different values (300 fF, 600 fF, 750 fF, 1.5 pF, 2.25 pF) were fabricated and resulted in high-Q (>100) designs at 1 GHz. Also a 2-bit capacitor array was demonstrated. The values of Q are limited by metal-to-metal contact resistance (0.8 /spl Omega/) and the calibration accuracy of the method used.
Benefits and risks of biotic exchange between Eucalyptus plantations and native Australian forests

Australia is unique in having two highly diverse plant genera, Eucalyptus and Acacia, that dominate the vegetation on a continent-wide scale. The recent shift in plantation forestry away from exotic Pinus radiata to native Eucalyptus species has resulted in much more extensive exchange of biota between native forest and plantation ecosystems than exchange in the past with plantations of exotic species. Growing numbers of hectares are being planted to Eucalyptus globulus across Australia, and plantations are providing resources and corridors for native biota. The present paper focuses on both the benefits and risks of having large-scale forestry plantations of native species that are closely related to dominant native taxa in local forests. At least 85 species of insects have been recorded as pests of Eucalyptus plantations around Australia; the vast majority of these have been insects using the same host species, or closely related taxa, in native forests. Plantations of native species may also benefit from closely related local forests through the presence of: (i) the diverse array of ectomycorrhizal fungi favourable for tree growth; (ii) natural enemies harboured in native habitats; and (iii) recruitment of other important mutualists, such as pollinators. Exchanges work in two directions: plantations are also likely to influence native forests through the large amount of insect biomass production that occurs in outbreak situations, or through the introduction or facilitation of movements for insects that are not native to all parts of Australia. Finally, older plantations in which trees flower may exchange genes with surrounding forest species, given the high degree of hybridization exhibited by many Eucalyptus species. This is an aspect of exchange for which few data have been recorded. In summary, because of Australia's unique biogeography, plantation forestry using eucalypt species entails exchanges with natural habitats that are unparalleled in scale and diversity in any other part of the world. More exchanges are likely as plantations occupy greater area, and as the time under cultivation increases.
Discordance between the binding affinity of mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily members for MAP kinase phosphatase-2 and their ability to activate the phosphatase catalytically.

MKP-2 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase family which has been suggested to play an important role in the feedback control of MAP kinase-mediated gene expression. Although MKP-2 preferentially inactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) MAP kinase subfamilies, the mechanisms underlying its own regulation remain unclear. In this report, we have examined the MKP-2 interaction with and catalytic activation by distinct MAP kinase subfamilies. We found that the catalytic activity of MKP-2 was enhanced dramatically by ERK and JNK but was affected only minimally by p38. By contrast, p38 and ERK bound MKP-2 with comparably strong affinities, whereas JNK and MKP-2 interacted very weakly. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we defined the ERK/p38-binding site as a cluster of arginine residues in the NH2-terminal domain of MKP-2. Mutation of the basic motif abrogated its interaction with both ERK and p38 and severely compromised the catalytic activation of MKP-2 by these kinases. Unexpectedly, such mutations had little effect on JNK-triggered catalytic activation. Both in vitro and in vivo, wild type MKP-2 effectively inactivated ERK2 whereas MKP-2 mutants incapable of binding to ERK/p38 did not. Finally, in addition to its role as a docking site for ERK and p38, the MKP-2 basic motif plays a role in regulating its nuclear localization. Our studies provided a mechanistic explanation for the substrate preference of MKP-2 and suggest that catalytic activation of MKP-2 upon binding to its substrates is crucial for its function.
Financing Old Age Dependency

Baby boomers are now retiring in large numbers, and most do not have enough assets of their own to finance retirement. Social insurance programs help baby boomers afford retirement, but these programs are substantially underfunded. Reforming these institutions earlier will produce fewer distortions than continued delays. Several options also exist for helping households prepare for their own retirement: improving financial literacy, more opt-out defaults, better guidance about the value of delaying retirement, better guidance about delaying the claiming of social security benefits, improved estimation of out-of-pocket medical costs, and understanding the incentives facing their financial advisors. Some of these options are likely to be more effective than others.
Asymmetric expression of the gyrase B gene from the replication-competent chromosome in the Caulobacter crescentus predivisional cell.

The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus undergoes an asymmetric cell division resulting in the formation of two different daughter cells, a motile swarmer cell and a nonmotile stalked cell. These two cell types differ in their program of gene expression, their ability to replicate DNA, and the physical properties of their nucleoids. We show here that two genes, gyrB (encoding the gyrase B subunit) and orf-1, are specifically transcribed from the chromosome in the portion of the predivisional cell destined for the progeny stalked cell. This is in contrast to a subset of flagellar genes which are transcribed from the chromosome in the incipient swarmer portion of the predivisional cell. gyrB and orf-1 are within a newly identified cluster of genes involved in DNA replication and recombination, including dnaN and recF. The transcription of gyrB and orf1 occurs from the replication-competent chromosome in stalked and predivisional cells and is silenced in swarmer cells. We hypothesize that selective silencing of groups of genes in the chromosomes at the swarmer and stalked poles of the predivisional cell results in the different developmental programs and the difference in replicative ability of the two progeny cells. Images
Laserspray Ionization, a New Method for Protein Analysis Directly from Tissue at Atmospheric Pressure with Ultrahigh Mass Resolution and Electron Transfer Dissociation

Laserspray ionization (LSI) mass spectrometry (MS) allows, for the first time, the analysis of proteins directly from tissue using high performance atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometers. Several abundant and numerous lower abundant protein ions with molecular masses up to ∼20,000 Da were detected as highly charged ions from delipified mouse brain tissue mounted on a common microscope slide and coated with 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone as matrix. The ability of LSI to produce multiply charged ions by laser ablation at atmospheric pressure allowed protein analysis at 100,000 mass resolution on an Orbitrap Exactive Fourier transform mass spectrometer. A single acquisition was sufficient to identify the myelin basic protein N-terminal fragment directly from tissue using electron transfer dissociation on a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) Velos. The high mass resolution and mass accuracy, also obtained with a single acquisition, are useful in determining protein molecular weights and from the electron transfer dissociation data in confirming database-generated sequences. Furthermore, microscopy images of the ablated areas show matrix ablation of ∼15 μm-diameter spots in this study. The results suggest that LSI-MS at atmospheric pressure potentially combines speed of analysis and imaging capability common to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and soft ionization, multiple charging, improved fragmentation, and cross-section analysis common to electrospray ionization.
The Dynamics of Dendritic Structure in Developing Hippocampal Slices

Time-lapse fluorescence confocal microscopy was used to directly visualize the formation and dynamics of postsynaptic target structures (i.e., dendritic branches and spines) on pyramidal neurons within developing hippocampal tissue slices. Within a 2 week period of time, pyramidal neurons in cultured slices derived from early postnatal rat (postnatal days 2‐7) developed complex dendritic arbors bearing numerous postsynaptic spines. At early stages (1‐2 d in vitro), many fine filopodial protrusions on dendrite shafts rapidly extended (maximum rate ;2.5 mm/min) and retracted (median filopodial lifetime, 10 min), but some filopodia transformed into growth cones and nascent dendrite branches. As dendritic arbors matured, the population of fleeting lateral filopodia was replaced by spine-like structures having a low rate of turnover. This developmental progression involved a transitional stage in which dendrites were dominated by persistent (up to 22 hr) but dynamic spiny protrusions (i.e., protospines) that showed substantial changes in length and shape on a timescale of minutes. These observations reveal a highly dynamic state of postsynaptic target structures that may actively contribute to the formation and plasticity of synaptic connections during CNS development.
Quantitative SERS-based DNA detection assisted by magnetic microspheres

We report a quantitative SERS measurement scheme based on the magnetic microsphere–Ag nanoparticles to detect target DNA. The quantitative SERS measurements can quantify the target DNA concentration down to 10 nM.
Rigor in the Philosophy of Chiropractic: Beyond the Dismissivism/Authoritarian Polemic

Background: Based upon writings on the philosophy of chiropractic, there is an analytical framework that dichotomizes thinking in the philosophy of chiropractic into two as yet unacknowledged methodological approaches. Objective: To illustrate the polemic and to provide an example of how critical inquiry has the potential to advance the understanding of the philosophy of chiropractic and to contribute in a meaningful way toward contemporary healthcare. Discussion: It is argued that neither group discussed has been successful in advancing understanding of the philosophy of chiropractic or health care. A third approach is presented, in which the notions of critical inquiry and rigorous analysis are used. Conclusion: The philosophy of chiropractic can become a discipline advancing the understanding of the nature of the philosophy, its ability for pragmatic application, and its potential to enhance society. (J Chiropr Humanit 2005;12:1632) Key Indexing Terms: Chiropractic; Philosophy
The salt- and drought-inducible poplar GRAS protein SCL7 confers salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

The plant-specific GRAS/SCL transcription factors play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. In this study, a poplar SCL gene, PeSCL7, was functionally characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana, especially with regard to its role in abiotic stress resistance. Expression analysis in poplar revealed that PeSCL7 was induced by drought and high salt stresses, but was repressed by gibberellic acid (GA) treatment in leaves. Transient expression of GFP-PeSCL7 in onion epidermal cells revealed that the PeSCL7 protein was localized in the nucleus. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PeSCL7 showed enhanced tolerance to drought and salt treatments. The activity of two stress-responsive enzymes was increased in transgenic seedlings. Taken together, these results suggest that PeSCL7 encodes a member of the stress-responsive GRAS/SCL transcription factors that is potentially useful for engineering drought- and salt-tolerant trees.
Marginalizing the battered male

Being marginalized in Western society involves denial of access to resources, inability to assume a dominant identity, and the perception by others as a deviant. For marginalized men in American society, their deviant status can result in others' questioning their masculinity. Fearing emasculation, many men attempt to hide or deny those aspects of their identities or lives that result in this, such as being abused, which is normally an ascribed role for women. This paper analyzes the narratives of 12 marginalized, that is, abused men. Through interviews and Internet postings, information was obtained on these men's experiences, beliefs, and reactions to their violent marriages and how their fear of being feminized impacted their relationships, often prolonging the violence.
Inertial Navigation Systems: Prelaunch Alignment

A conventional inertial navigation system navigates by sensing components of the acceleration vector along three mutually perpendicular axes held stable after some initial alignment. This paper discusses the need for initial alignment, followed by a review of the effects of alignment errors on navigation in order to establish the order of accuracies desired. Several alignment techniques are described and compared including synchro memory, optical autocollimation, self-leveling, gyrocompassing, and alignment from a moving vehicle. Transfer functions are developed for each alignment method, and trends in alignment techniques are discussed.
Myofibrillar myopathy: clinical, morphological and genetic studies in 63 patients

The term myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) was proposed in 1996 as a non‐committal term for a pathological pattern of myofibrillar dissolution associated with accumulation of myofibrillar degradation products and ectopic expression of multiple proteins that include desmin, αB‐crystallin (αBC), dystrophin and congophilic amyloid material. Subsequent studies revealed dominant mutations in desmin and αBC in some MFM patients, and clinical differences between kinships. We here review the clinical, structural and genetic features of 63 unrelated patients diagnosed as having MFM at the Mayo Clinic between 1977 and 2003. The age of onset was 54 ± 16 years (mean ± SD). Weakness was both proximal and distal in 77% and proximal only in 13%. Cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in 16%. Electro myography revealed a myopathic pattern associated with abnormal electrical irritability; 13 patients had abnormal nerve conduction studies but four of these had long‐standing diabetes. The abnormal muscle fibres are best identified in trichrome‐stained sections as harbouring amorphous, granular or pleomorphic hyaline structures, and vacuoles containing membranous material. The hyaline structures are strongly congophilic. Semiquantitative analysis in each case indicates that among the abnormal fibres, an average of 90, 75, 75, 70 and 70% abnormally express myotilin, desmin, αBC, dystrophin and β‐amyloid precursor protein, respectively. Therefore, immunostains for these proteins, and especially for myotilin, are useful adjuncts in the diagnosis of MFM. Electron microscopy shows progressive myofibrillar degeneration commencing at the Z‐disk, accumulation of degraded filamentous material and entrapment of dislocated membranous organelles in autophagic vacuoles. In all patients, we searched for mutations in desmin and αBC, as well as in telethonin, a Z‐disk‐associated protein, or in syncoilin, which together with plectin links desmin to the Z‐disk. Two of the 63 patients carry truncation mutations in the C‐terminal domain of αBC, four carry missense mutations in the head or tail region of desmin, and none carries a mutation in syncoilin or telethonin. Thus, MFM is morphologically distinct but genetically heterogeneous. Further advances in defining the molecular causes of MFM will probably come from linkage studies of informative kinships or from systematic search for mutations in proteins participating in the intricate network supporting the Z‐disk.
CU-Move: Advanced In-Vehicle Speech Systems for Route Navigation

In this chapter, we present our recent advances in the formulation and development of an in-vehicle hands-free route navigation system. The system is comprised of a multi-microphone array processing front-end, environmental sniffer (for noise analysis), robust speech recognition system, and dialog manager and information servers. We also present our recently completed speech corpus for in-vehicle interactive speech systems for route planning and navigation. The corpus consists of five domains which include: digit strings, route navigation expressions, street and location sentences, phonetically balanced sentences, and a route navigation dialog in a human Wizard-of-Oz like scenario. A total of 500 speakers were collected from across the United States of America during a six month period from April-Sept. 2001. While previous attempts at in-vehicle speech systems have generally focused on isolated command words to set radio frequencies, temperature control, etc., the CU-Move system is focused on natural conversational interaction between the user and in-vehicle system. After presenting our proposed in-vehicle speech system, we consider advances in multi-channel array processing, environmental noise sniffing and tracking, new and more robust acoustic front-end representations and built-in speaker normalization for robust ASR, and our back-end dialog navigation information retrieval sub-system connected to the WWW. Results are presented in each sub-section with a discussion at the end of the chapter.
Overview of U.S. department of energy research subprogram in CO2 capture, Re-use and disposal

Abstract To sum up where we are, I think we have insufficient funding today, but we are now in the best position for many years to get increased funding and we are pursuing that actively. As Paul Freund said, I think we will have increased emphasis on international collaborations. The support is building for more serious effort in the United States, as a result of the U.S. change of position in Geneva. We have had some favorable management changes in that, previously we were working by ourselves; now we are working much more closely with our center in Morgantown; also we are working with the power systems people, who realize that you are not going to introduce any advanced power cycles in the future unless they have some sort of option for CO 2 control.
Differences in Task Performance as a Function of Type of Feedback: Learning-Oriented Versus Performance-Oriented Feedback1

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effects of learning-oriented versus performance-oriented feedback of task performance. The research also examined the role of self-efficacy as a moderator. Subjects were college students participating for course credit. The task involved using a computerized simulation of the Space Shuttle's Remote Manipulation System (RMS). Results provided evidence of the beneficial effects of learning-oriented feedback on performance for the performance dimension addressed in the feedback. Results also provided evidence that self-efficacy moderates the effects of feedback type (learning-oriented versus performance-oriented) on the performance dimension addressed in the feedback. Results are discussed in terms of the cuing and directional functions of feedback and the processes through which feedback influences performance.
Outsiders inside Victim management in an era of participatory reforms

The article examines how court professionals interact with and manage victims in the wake of victim participatory reforms instituted within an adversarial legal model. Analysis is based on an exami...
The Symmetry of the Crystal Lattice

This chapter contains sections titled: Crystal Structures of Silicon and GaAs Elements of Group Theory Bragg Reflection This chapter contains sections titled: Problems Reference
Systems Approach to the Study of Muscle Spindles

This paper presents an outline of a systems analysis of the mammalian muscle spindle receptors. Such an analysis is a systematic and quantitative method of studying the behaviour of a device for which one can define an input and an output. The receptor organ is conceptually partitioned into three compartments: a mechanical filter, transducer and encoder. The contribution of each of these compartments to overall receptor behaviour is examined quantitatively. It is found that the mechanical filter of the intrafusal muscle properties can account for the slower transients and adaptations exhibited by spindles while the more rapid dynamics including the velocity and acceleration responses are probably due to properties of the mechanoelectrical transducer. The encoder is a non-linear oscillator whose operation depends on a time varying membrane leak, a quantity determined by membrane conductance and capacitance. The mean value of the leak is different for primary and secondary endings and results in a different behaviour of the respective encoders.
HYDRAULICS AND SEDIMENTARY STABILITY OF COASTAL INLETS

A method is presented for investigating the stability of coastal inlets against closure due to transport and deposition of sand in the inlet cross-section. The method utilizes earlier contributions by: (1) Keulegan representing the hydraulics of inlets, (2) O'Brien which describes an equilibrium relationship between the cross-sectional area of an inlet and the bay tidal prism, and (3) Escoffier which relates to the stability of an inlet under changes in conditions which tend to close or enlarge an inlet. A "stability index" is defined which incorporates the buffer storage area available in the inlet cross-section, prior to the onset of closure and also includes the capability of the inlet to transport excess sand from its cross-section. In order to apply the method, geometric and hydraulic data representing the inlet are necessary; the minimum data required include a survey of the inlet throat cross-section and the lag between high (or low) water in the ocean and the following slack water in the inlet. In addition, it is necessary to conduct measurements or make assumptions concerning the minor and gradual hydraulic loss coefficients. Based on assumed depositional patterns in the inlet, the method is applied to five real inlets and the stability indices are presented.
“We Will Shoot Back”: The Natchez Model and Paramilitary Organization in the Mississippi Freedom Movement

Between 1965 and 1979, economic boycotts were a principal form of insurgency for Black activists in Mississippi. After 1964, in several communities, the boycott of White-owned commerce became the primary tactic utilized by human rights forces to disrupt the system of segregation. These boycotts relied upon paramilitary organization to protect the activities and leadership of the Mississippi freedom movement and the Black community in general and to sanction anyone in the Black community who wished to violate the boycott. This paradigm of economic boycotts supported by paramilitary organization was first utilized in 1965 in Natchez. Natchez is a commercial center in southwest Mississippi. The combination of economic boycott with armed resistance posed an effective coercive campaign to pressure the local White power structure for concessions demanded by the movement. The insurgent model of Natchez was replicated throughout the state, particularly in Black communities of southwest Mississippi.
Oxide Liner, Barrier and Seed Layers, and Cu-Plating of Blind Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) on 300mm Wafers for 3D IC Integration

In this study, key enabling technologies such as the oxide liner by the PECVD, the barrier and seed layers by the PVD, and Cu-plating of blind TSVs on 300mm wafers for 3D integration are investigated. Emphases are placed on the determination and optimization of the important parameters for each of the key enabling technologies. Also, leakage currents of the fabricated Cu-filled TSVs are measured. Furthermore cross sections and SEM of the fabricated TSVs are provided and examined.
Variations in Tracking in Relation to Geographic Location.

Different countries have different privacy regulatory models. These models impact the perspectives and laws surrounding internet privacy. However, little is known about how effective the regulatory models are when it comes to limiting online tracking and advertising activity. In this paper, we propose a method for investigating tracking behavior by analyzing cookies and HTTP requests from browsing sessions originating in different countries. We collect browsing data from visits to top websites in various countries that utilize different regulatory models. We found that there are significant differences in tracking activity between different countries using several metrics. We also suggest various ways to extend this study which may yield a more complete representation of tracking from a global perspective.
Texture Evolution During Grain Growth of Aluminum Films

Aluminum films 1pm in thickness are deposited by sputtering and by partially ionized beam (PIB) deposition. In the as-deposited condition, the sputtered film has a weak texture while the PIB film has a very strong {111} fiber texture. Annealing at temperature between 250°C and 400°C for 0.5 hr induces grain growth accompanied by texture evolution. These aluminum films are characterized by an {111} texture superimposed on a random grain distribution. When the {111} component dominates as in the PIB condition, little texture evolution accompanies grain growth at successively higher temperatures. When the {111} component is weak, the random component decreases at the expense of a strengthening {111}. Grain growth kinetics are similar for both cases.
Evaluation of Two Guidance Laws for Controlling the Impact Flight Path Angle of a Naval Gun Launched Spinning Projectile

Two guidance laws, the Generalized Explicit (GENEX) and the Forward Integration of Terminal States (FITS), are evaluated for controlling the impact flight path angle (IFPA) of a naval five-inch gun launched GPS guided rocket assisted spinning projectile. GENEX, which was developed using optimal control theory for missiles and projectiles, allows the guidance designer to control the extent of the trajectory shaping to achieve a specified IFPA while minimizing the miss distance at impact. FITS, a form of predictive guidance, was originally developed for ballistically fired projectiles to minimize the miss distance at impact and did not include a method to control the IFPA. To extend the applicability of FITS to achieve a specification on IFPA, a simple method using Gravity Bias Scaling (GBS) is proposed (FITS with GBS). GENEX and FITS with GBS are evaluated for robustness in the presence of selected system errors with and without GPS “break-lock”, using a high fidelity launch-to-impact six DOF simulation model, and shown to be effective in reducing miss distance and in controlling the IFPA.
Model-Free Prediction in Regression

In Chap. 3, the data {(Y t , x t ), t = 1, …, n} were assumed to have been generated by model (3.1). In this chapter, we address the subject of Model-Free regression.
Objective and Self-Reported Physical Activity Measures and Their Association With Depression and Satisfaction With Life in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Objective To identify associations between objective and self-reported measures of physical activity (PA) and relationships with depression and satisfaction with life (SWL) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Retrospective, cross-sectional study of objectively measured wheelchair propulsion (WCP) from 2 studies in which an odometer was attached to participants' wheelchairs to record daily speed and distance. Self-reported data were collected in a separate study examining dyspnea, PA, mood, and SWL. Setting Outpatient clinic in a rehabilitation center. Participants Individuals (N=86) with traumatic SCI who use a manual wheelchair. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Objective measures of PA included average daily distance and speed of WCP measured by an odometer. Self-report questionnaires included demographics, the 24-hour recall of transfers, Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with SCI, the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) to document depressive symptoms, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Results Both objective measures of WCP, average daily distance and speed, were predicted by the combination of self-reported daily time away from home/yard and lower frequency of car transfers ([ r =.367, P =.002] and [ r =.434, P r =−.309, P =.004). Time in leisure PA was the only significant predictor of SWLS scores ( r =.321, P =.003). Conclusions Short-term recall of hours away from home/yard not spent driving or riding in a vehicle is suggested as a self-report measure that is moderately related to overall WCP PA in this population. Results of this study suggest that depression is related to decreased PA and WCP activity, while SWL is related to leisure PA.
Analysis about Modeling Excitation System of Mitsubishi MEC5230

Introduce the method to model and calculate parameters of Mitsubishi MEC5230 Excitation System in Liaocheng power plant 600MW unit.Checking the model and parameters with PSASP.
Application of Testing Methods in Testing of Pipe Lack Penetration

Four nondestructive testing methods of X-rays,common ultrasonic A wave,TOFD and phased array were used in testing the welded joint of the same lack of penetration of a pipe.The mesaurement results were compared and analyzed according to quality,quantity and position.Each merits,drawbacks and complementation of the four methods in the application of testing the welded joint of the lack of penetration pipe,and the superiority of TOFD and phased array which were presented in resent years as hot nondestructive testing instruments were introduced.
Formal verification of arithmetic datapaths using algebraic geometry and symbolic computation

Algebraic geometry is the study of the geometry of solutions to a system of multivariate polynomial equations. Modern algebraic geometry does not explicitly solve the system of equations to enumerate the solutions, but rather reasons about the presence, absence, dimensions or intersection properties of the solution-sets, etc. Abstract and computational algebra is often used for this purpose - particularly the theory and technology of Grobner bases, which provides a very powerful set of tools to solve many polynomial decision problems. In this talk, I will present a tutorial on how some of these techniques from algebraic geometry and commutative algebra can be used for formal verification of RTL datapaths and arithmetic circuits.