cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of the Identities, Cultures, and Potential Outcomes of Legal Organizations Involved in Social Movements

Social movements rely on a number of strategies and tactics in order to have successful outcomes. Social action takes on a different identity when strategies are shifted from on-the-street acts of protest to institutional organizations that use legal tactics. Legal organizations that become involved in social movements use litigation to address social issues, creating institutional and political change for individuals and groups who experience various forms of injustice. The parallels within the strategies of organizations that use legal tactics to motivate social change produce varying outcomes.
Symbol Grounding Precedes Interpretation

Deacon speculates on the origin of interpretation of signs using autocatalytic origin of life models and Peircean terminology. I explain why interpretation evolved only later as a triadic intervention between symbols and actions. In all organisms the passive one-dimensional genetic informational symbol sequences are converted to active functional proteins or nucleic acids by three-dimensional folding. This symbol grounding is a direct symbol-to-action conversion. It is universal throughout all evolution. Folding is entirely a lawful physical process, leaving neither freedom nor necessity for interpretation. Similarly, the initial converse action-to-symbol conversion of sensory inputs also leaves no freedom for interpretation until after the action-to-symbol conversion.
Using Domain-Specific Languages, Patterns, Frameworks, and Tools to Assemble Applications

Increasingly complex and rapidly changing requirements and technologies are making application development increasingly difficult. This tutorial explores this phenomenon, and presents the Software Factory pattern for building languages, patterns, frameworks and tools for specific domains, such as user interface construction or database design. We then explore innovations, such as adaptive assembly, software product lines and model driven development, which reduce the cost of implementing the pattern, making it cost effective for narrower and more specialized domains, such as B2C application development and business process automation. We introduce the concept of the software schema, a network of viewpoints describing artifacts comprising the members of a family of software products, and we show how mappings between these viewpoints can be used to provide constraints supporting model transformation and self organizing processes. Finally, we discuss the formation of software supply chains and show how the Software Factory pattern distributes across organizational boundaries.
Ion permeation properties of the glutamate receptor channel in cultured embryonic Drosophila myotubes

Ion permeation properties of the glutamate receptor channel in cultured myotubes of Drosophila embryos were studied using the inside-out configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Lowering the NaCl concentration in the bath (intracellular solution), while maintaining that of the external solution constant, caused a shift of the reversal potential in the positive direction, thus indicating a higher permeability of the channel to Na+ than to Cl- (PCl/PNa < 0.04), and suggesting that the channel is cation selective. With 145 mM Na+ on both sides of the membrane, the single-channel current-voltage relation was almost linear in the voltage range between -80 and +80 mV, the conductance showing some variability in the range between 140 and 170 pS. All monovalent alkali cations tested, as well as NH4+, permeated the channel effectively. Using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for the reversal potential, the permeability ratios with respect to Na+ were estimated to be: 1.32 for K+, 1.18 for NH4+, 1.15 for Rb+, 1.09 for Cs+, and 0.57 for Li+. Divalent cations, i.e. Mg2+ and Ca2+, in the external solution depressed not only the inward but also the outward Na+ currents, although reversal potential measurements indicated that both ions have considerably higher permeabilities than Na+ (PMg/PNa = 2.31; PCa/PNa = 9.55). The conductance-activity relation for Na+ was described by a hyperbolic curve. The maximal conductance was about 195 pS and the half-saturating activity 45 mM. This result suggests that Na+ ions bind to sites in the channel. All data were fitted by a model based on the Eyring's reaction rate theory, in which the receptor channel is a one-ion pore with three energy barriers and two internal sites.
Evolution of Public Service Interpreter Training in the U.S.

Abstract : This article provides an analysis of the current state of public service interpreting (or community interpreting) in theU.S., beginning with a definition of the term and proceeding with a description of how the profession has evolved over the past few decades. Since the training of public service interpreters (PSIs) is inextricably linked to how the profession is viewed (or whether it is viewed as a profession at all), the discussion of the history of PSI will necessarily include the development of educational programs along with the expansion of employment opportunities as standards and expectations have changed over the years. After tracing the evolution of such programs to the present time, the essential elements of training that scholars in the field have identified are enumerated, using them as a benchmark to see how theU.S. measures up. The article concludes with a discussion of issues that complicate the delivery of interpreter training in this country and some recommendations for the future. Resumen : Este articulo proporcionara un analisis del estado actual de la interpretacion en los servicios publicos (o interpretacion social) en los Estados Unidos, empezando con una definicion del termino y continuando con una descripcion de como la profesion ha evolucionado en las ultimas decadas. Puesto que la formacion de los interpretes en los servicios publicos (ISP) esta inextricablemente relacionada con como se ve la profesion (o si se ve como profesion), la discusion de la historia de la ISP necesariamente incluira el desarrollo de programas educativos junto con la expansion de las oportunidades de empleo, ya que los estandares y las expectativas han cambiado con el paso de los anos. Tras mostrar la evolucion de tales programas hasta el momento actual, se hara una lista de los elementos esenciales de la formacion que los investigadores del campo han identificado, utilizandolos como punto de referencia para ver como funcionan los Estados Unidos. El articulo concluira con una discusion de las cuestiones que complican la oferta de formacion de interpretes en este pais y algunas recomendaciones para el future.
The effects of plantar fasciitis on multi-segment foot running gait kinematics

Plantar fasciitis is a common lower extremity injury caused by mechanical overload that affects 10% of all runners. Despite its commonality, research results investigating the etiology of the condition and the most efficacious treatment have been equivocal [1]. A potential limitation of previous research assessing the mechanical changes associated with plantar fasciitis may be the modeling of the foot as a single segment. Previous studies on healthy adults have demonstrated the importance of using a multi-segment foot model during gait to identify midfoot and forefoot motion [2,3]. To date no study has investigated running kinematics in individuals with plantar fasciitis using a multi-segment foot model.
Photonic crystal heterostructure laser

High-Q photonic crystal heterostructure laser cavities were fabricated and characterized. Good agreement was obtained between the numerical predictions and the experimental lasing data.
Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar Year 2008-2009

A digital representation of ice surface velocity is essential for a variety of glaciological, geologic and geophysical analyses and modeling. Here, we present a new, reference, comprehensive, high-resolution, digital mosaic of ice motion in Greenland assembled from satellite radar interferometry data acquired during the International Polar Year 2008 to 2009 by the Envisat Advanced Synthetic-Aperture Radar (ASAR), the Advanced Land Observation System (ALOS)'s Phase-Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) and the RADARSAT-1 SAR that covers 99% of the ice sheet in area. The best mapping performance is obtained using ALOS PALSAR data due to higher levels of temporal coherence at the L-band frequency; but C-band frequency SAR data are less affected by the ionosphere. The ice motion map reveals various flow regimes, ranging from patterned enhanced flow into a few large glaciers in the cold, low precipitation areas of north Greenland; to diffuse, enhanced flow into numerous, narrow, fast-moving glaciers in the warmer, high precipitation sectors of northwest and southeast Greenland. We find that the 100 fastest glaciers (v > 800m/yr) drain 66% of the ice sheet in area, marine-terminating glaciers drain 88% of Greenland, and basal-sliding motion dominates internal deformation over more than 50% of the ice sheet. This view of ice sheet motion provides significant new constraints on ice flow modeling. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.
OMG! What Did MF Global Do?

This paper, written one week after MF Global, a large futures brokerage firm filed for bankruptcy, analyzes the bankruptcy, its impact on futures customers and the shortfall in customer funds that occurred on October 31, 2011. Subsequent to MF Global's bankruptcy, several customer protection rules were amended by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the National Futures Association.
Conundrums of Urban Planning in a Global Context: The Case of the Frankfurt Airport

The article reviews the complexity of urban policy formulation in Frankfurt, Germany, where officials are trying to enlarge the international airport to stay competitive in international air transportation and meet the challenges of global business operations. This case study analyzes an elaborate mediation process that helped the formal decision-makers avert the violence threatened by anti-globalization and environmentalist protesters. Although some legal challenges loom ahead, a majority of Frankfurt residents support the new airport expansion. The Frankfurt experience will help other communities minimize the confrontation between urban policy makers, corporate business elites, and citizen groups that are concerned with issues of public health and clean environment.
Charts of operational process specifications ("OPSpecs charts") for assessing the precision, accuracy, and quality control needed to satisfy proficiency testing performance criteria.

"Operational process specifications" have been derived from an analytical quality-planning model to assess the precision, accuracy, and quality control (QC) needed to satisfy Proficiency Testing (PT) criteria. These routine operating specifications are presented in the form of an "OPSpecs chart," which describes the operational limits for imprecision and inaccuracy when a desired level of quality assurance is provided by a specific QC procedure. OPSpecs charts can be used to compare the operational limits for different QC procedures and to select a QC procedure that is appropriate for the precision and accuracy of a specific measurement procedure. To select a QC procedure, one plots the inaccuracy and imprecision observed for a measurement procedure on the OPSpecs chart to define the current operating point, which is then compared with the operational limits of candidate QC procedures. Any QC procedure whose operational limits are greater than the measurement procedure's operating point will provide a known assurance, with the percent chance specified by the OPSpecs chart, that critical analytical errors will be detected. OPSpecs charts for a 10% PT criterion are presented to illustrate the selection of QC procedures for measurement procedures with different amounts of imprecision and inaccuracy. Normalized OPSpecs charts are presented to permit a more general assessment of the analytical performance required with commonly used QC procedures.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Effect of Crystal Orientation on Lithium‐Ion Diffusion at the V 2 O 5 / Li2SiO3 Interface

The molecular dynamics computer simulation technique was used to determine the effect of the orientation of the V 2 O 5 crystal (cathode) on Li-ion transport across the electrolyte/cathode interface for solid-state thin-film batteries and electrochromic devices. Simulations of the intercalation of lithium ions from a lithium metasilicate glass into V 2 O 5 crystals oriented with the (001) and (010) planes parallel to the interface were performed. The simulations showed that lithium ions have better mobility into the (010) oriented interface than the (001) oriented interface. Energy barriers for Li motion in the and directions were determined to be 0.87 eV vs. 2.47 eV in V 2 O 5 and 0.81 eV vs. 1.79 eV in δ-LiV 2 O 5 , respectively. The higher energy barrier in the direction causes the accumulation of lithium ions between the crystal planes. For approximately the same amount of volume, the (010) V 2 O 5 /glass interface and an amorphous V 2 O 5 /glass interface contain 46 and 45% more lithium ions, respectively, than the (001) V 2 O 5 /glass interface.
Comparative harmonic study of a wind farm: Time vs frequency domain simulation

In this paper it will be presented a case study on the calculation of harmonic distortion generated by a wind farm through its simulation in the time and frequency domain. The simulated wind farm uses multipolar synchronous generators, and their connection to the power grid is made by frequency converters. The obtained results in the time domain will be compared with data obtained through simulation in the frequency domain. Thus, by the obtained results will be possible to compare the methods and determine the harmonic distortion of the analyzed wind farm.
Revolutionary Innovation in System Interconnection: A New Era for the IC

This paper describes novel microscale electrical, optical, and fluidic interconnect networks to address off-chip interconnect challenges in high-performance computing systems as well as to enable 3D heterogeneous integration of CMOS and MEMS/sensors.
Oxidative coupling of methane: II. Formation of active sites by lead and tin oxides on MgO

Abstract The oxidative coupling of methane has been studied over SnMgO catalysts with varying amounts of Sn. The addition of small amounts of tin oxide to MgO increased both the rate of methane conversion and the C 2 selectivity. A maximum C 2 selectivity of 40% was obtained over 0.4 at.% SnMgO at 780°C at a methane conversion of 20%. The maximum in Cz selectivity can be explained by considering an “isolated site” type mechanism in methane oxidation. According to this mechanism, an active and selective catalyst should have highly oxidizing sites isolated from each other by relatively inactive sites. Such an arrangement would allow a high methane conversion rate and the highest Cz selectivity by limiting the total oxidation of intermediates on the catalyst. A simple kinetic model based on the isolated site mechanism, which explains most of the catalytic features of the SnMgO catalytic system, has been developed. The model predicts an optimum selectivity for C 2 hydrocarbons as a function of Sn content.
Dissociation of Transcription, Translation, and Assembly of Collagen-tailed Acetylcholinesterase in Skeletal Muscle

The synaptic form of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in skeletal muscle ColQ-AChE derives from two separate genes encoding the catalytic and the non-catalytic collagenic tail (ColQ) subunits, respectively. ColQ-AChE expression is regulated by muscle activity; however, how this regulation takes place in skeletal muscle remains poorly understood. In this study, we overexpressed or knocked down ColQ expression in skeletal muscle and found that the level of this non-catalytic component by itself was sufficient to change the levels of total AChE activity by promoting assembly of higher order oligomeric forms including the collagen-tailed forms. These results initially suggested that ColQ could be limiting in the assembly of synaptic ColQ-AChE during development and differentiation. We then determined the levels of ColQ protein and ColQ mRNA during primary quail muscle cell development and differentiation in culture (QMCs) and as a function of muscle activity. Surprisingly, we found dissociation between transcription and translation of the non-catalytic subunit from its assembly into ColQ-AChE. Furthermore, we found that the vast majority of the steady state ColQ molecules in mature quail muscle cultures are not assembled into ColQ-AChE, suggesting that they are either rapidly degraded or have alternative function(s).
Observer Agreement for Marking Moments of Stuttering

Observers were asked to mark moments of stuttering on transcripts of tape-recorded speaking performances. Instructions to observers were varied in an attempt to maximize agreement. An index of agre...
Spin equilibration in hydrogen depleted amorphous silicon

Equilibration of the spin density in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) following thermal quenching was measured in as-deposited and hydrogen-depleted specimens. The behavior in the depleted specimens was comparable to that for as-deposited specimens: the thermal activation energy for the equilibration time is 1.6 eV, and equilibration times are approximately proportional to the spin density. A hydrogen-mediated model for equilibration is presented.
Efficiency of energy delivery systems: III. Assessing potential energy savings of a comprehensive insulation program

It is possible to “develop” large quantities of energy by installing a comprehensive regional insulation program. This paper develops a computer model for examining the quantity of energy that may be saved in a region if such a program is undertaken. The program requires data on: number of houses, type of houses and present degree of insulation. The results indicate that in the region under consideration it is possible to make available more energy, far cheaper, through insulation than by the alternative of constructing a large power plant.
X-ray Diffraction to 302 Gigapascals: High-Pressure Crystal Structure of Cesium Iodide

X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out on cesium iodide (CsI) to 302 gigapascals with a platinum pressure standard. The results indicate that above 200 gigapascals CsI at 300 K has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure with the ideal c / a ratio of 1.63 ± 0.01. The crystal structure and pressure-volume relations converge at high pressure with those of solid xenon, which is isoelectronic with CsI. The results indicate a significant loss of ionic bonding in the hexagonal close-packed metallic phase of CsI at ultrahigh pressure.
Academic library performance measures and undergraduates' library use and educational outcomes ☆

This study investigated the relationship between an institution's academic library performance measures and undergraduates' library use and educational outcomes. The sample consisted of 7,958 undergraduates attending 36 colleges and universities representing four institutional types. Regression analyses determined the relationship between academic library performance measures and library use and self-reported gains in critical thinking while controlling for undergraduates' background characteristics and college experiences. Greater utilization of academic library services had a negative relationship with undergraduate library use at two institutional types. However, undergraduates attending research universities with greater academic library resources had higher self-reported gains in critical thinking. Regressions for the four institutional types explained 25% to 32% of the variance for library use and 22% to 27% of the variance for self-reported gains in critical thinking. The results provide a better understanding of how academic library resources and services affect both library usage and educational outcomes.
REVERSIBLE LIGHT-TNDUCED SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS BETWEEN CHLOROPHYLL AND HYDROQUINONE IN SOLUTION*

— EPR and optical studies demonstrate the occurrence of reversible temperature-independent light-induced single electron transfer reactions between chlorophyll (and pheophytin) and hydroquinone in degassed ethanol solutions. Oxygen is shown to quench this process, presumably by interacting with chlorophyll excited states. Pyridine and isoquino-line increase the effectiveness of the hydroquinone as an electron donor to chlorophyll, probably by acting as bases to form hydroquinone anions (or perhaps ion-pairs) which are more easily oxidized. Hydroquinone is found to be more effective in electron transfer than is benzoquinone, suggesting that the chlorophyll excited state is a better oxidizing agent than it is a reducing agent.
The role of visual short-term memory in empty cell localization

Three experiments examined the visual memory representation supporting performance at long interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in an empty cell localization task. Two arrays of dots within a 4×4 grid were displayed briefly in succession. One grid cell did not contain a dot in either array, and the task was to localize the empty cell. In Experiment 1, we replicated previous findings of recovery to high levels of performance at long ISIs. In Experiment 2, we tested whether figural grouping in visual short-term memory (VSTM) supports long-ISI performance by manipulating the complexity of the array pattern. Pattern complexity had no effect on empty cell localization at 0-msec ISI, suggesting dependence on high-capacity visible persistence, but there was a large simple pattern advantage at long ISIs, suggesting dependence on figural grouping in VSTM. Experiment 3 demonstrated that participants typically remember the empty cells of the first array, and not the dots, for comparison with Array 2.
MILSTAR Traffic Analysis and Modeling

MILSTAR is a complex demand assignment multiple access communication system. Assessment of the payload's traffic handling capacity is analyzed using some simple queuing models to evaluate the performance advantages of sharing large blocks of channel resources among uses to achieve higher total throughput. Some numerical examples are given using both blocking probability and delay criteria as the performance metric. Evaluation of the resource control protocols is also investigated. Comparisons of fixed and adaptive compound protocols are discussed and compared.
Inductive Voltage Dividers with Calculable Relative Corrections

Inductive voltage dividers are now used in measurement laboratories for the production of audio-frequency voltage ratios with errors (deviations from turns ratio) of a few parts in ten million of input. A major component of error arises from the interaction between distributed shunt impedances and leakage impedances in the windings. Correction for this systematic error in dividers of special design can result in an order-of-magnitude improvement in accuracy. A solution using network equations has been obtained for the corrections to the relative errors of inductive voltage dividers of specific design. Earlier theoretical considerations, confirmed by measurements of limited accuracy, indicated an S-shaped curve of ratio error vs nominal ratio, and quadrature component vs nominal ratio. The results from recent calculations are in agreement with the earlier measurements and provide much better definition of the true shape of the S-curve. An algebraic equation has been derived for the limiting form of this S-shaped characteristic curve. A resistance analog of an inductive voltage divider was constructed to represent the lumped circuit parameters equivalent to the distributed shunt admittances and the winding impedances. Measurements of the gross errors in the analog have yielded experimental results in excellent agreement with those calculated from the network equations.
Ontological Conceptualization Based on the SKOS

Ontological conceptualization refers to the process of creating an abstract view of the domain of interest through a set of interconnected concepts. In this paper, a thesaurus-based methodology is proposed for systematic ontological conceptualization in the manufacturing domain. The methodology has three main phases, namely, thesaurus development, thesaurus evaluation, and thesaurus conversion and it uses simple knowledge organization system (SKOS) as the thesaurus representation formalism. The concept-based nature of a SKOS thesaurus makes it suitable for identifying important concepts in the domain. To that end, novel thesaurus evaluation and thesaurus conversion metrics that exploit this characteristic are presented. The ontology conceptualization methodology is demonstrated through the development of a manufacturing thesaurus, referred to as ManuTerms. The concepts in ManuTerms can be converted into ontological classes. The whole conceptualization process is the stepping stone to developing more axiomatic ontologies. Although the proposed methodology is developed in the context of manufacturing ontology development, the underlying methods, tools, and metrics can be applied to development of any domain ontology. The developed thesaurus can serve as a standalone lightweight ontology and its concepts can be reused by other ontologies or thesauri.
Convergence of clinically derived diagnoses and parent checklists among inpatient children.

The extent to which parent rating scales differentiated children according to DSM III diagnoses was examined. A total of 113 psychiatric inpatient boys (ages 6–11) were rated by their mothers or maternal figures on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC). Children with DSM III diagnoses of conduct disorder or depression were compared to children without these diagnoses. Externalizing and internalizing scales of the parent checklists and additional measures of child aggression and depression differentiated children according to major diagnoses. The use of parent checklists to classify children indicated a high level of sensitivity for both CBCL and BPC scales for diagnosing conduct disorder and depression. However, specificity of the subscales, particularly for the CBCL, was relatively low, indicating a high rate of false positives. The need for further work that extends the range of diagnosis, that examines subtypes of disorders, and that increases the specificity of the measures for diagnostic purposes is discussed.
Human recombinant interferon-βSER and tamoxifen : growth suppressive effects for the human breast carcinoma MCF-7 grown in the athymic mouse

Tamoxifen is the endocrine treatment of choice for breast cancer. However, resistance to therapy and patient relapse inevitably occurs. In future treatment schedules, interferons could be administered with tamoxifen, in an attempt to prevent disease recurrence. Human recombinant interferon-βSER (rIFN-βSER) inhibited the growthin vitro of the estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and the ER negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. This inhibitory effect was achieved at doses of 50U/ml and above. The growth of MCF-7 tumors in estradiol-stimulated athymic mice was greatly inhibited by high dose rIFN-βSER treatment (106U/day). In spite of the impressive antitumor effects upon MCF-7 tumors, rIFN-βSER had no effect upon ER levels within the tumors at either the RNA or protein level, as measured by Northern blotting and ER-EIA respectively. High dose rIFN-βSER (106U/day) did result in some inhibition in the growthin vivo of the tamoxifen-stimulated MCF-7 variant MCF-7 TAM, although not to the same extent as was observed with the estradiol-stimulated MCF-7 tumors. rIFN-βSER was also administered to animals bearing MCF-7 tumors and treated with estradiol and tamoxifen. In the animals undergoing high dose therapy (106U/day), tumor growth was completely suppressed. Furthermore, tumor growth continued to be suppressed in those animals in which the rIFN-βSER therapy was halted and the tamoxifen capsule removed. No tumors were observed in spite of the environment of estradiol stimulation. Thus, the combination of interferon and tamoxifen was totally growth suppressive for MCF-7 xenografts in nude mice.
N-Terminally Deleted Forms of the Prion Protein Activate Both Bax-Dependent and Bax-Independent Neurotoxic Pathways

Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing prion protein (PrP) with a deletion of the flexible, N-terminal tail encompassing residues 32–134 spontaneously develop ataxia, degeneration of cerebellar granule cells, and vacuolation of white matter in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in death by 3 months of age. These abnormalities are completely abrogated by coexpression of wild-type PrP from a single copy of the endogenous Prn-p gene. A similar but much more severe phenotype is seen in transgenic mice expressing PrP deleted for a conserved block of 21 amino acids (residues 105–125) within the N-terminal tail. The latter animals die within 1 week of birth in the absence of endogenous PrP, and fivefold overexpression of wild-type PrP is required to delay death beyond 1 year. To define the cellular pathways mediating the neurotoxicity of PrPΔ32–134 and PrPΔ105–125, we analyzed the effect of genetically deleting the proapoptotic protein Bax in mice expressing these neurotoxic forms of PrP. We find that Bax deletion in Tg(PrPΔ32–134) mice delays the development of clinical illness and slows apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells but has no effect on white matter degeneration. In contrast, Bax deletion has no effect on the clinical or neuropathological phenotype of Tg(Δ105–125) mice. Our results indicate that Bax-related pathways mediate the initial neurotoxic actions of PrPΔ32–134 but that neurodegeneration induced by this protein as well as by PrPΔ105–125 also involves Bax-independent pathways.
El Templete and Cuban Neoclassicism: A Multivalent Signifier as Site of Memory

In this article I explore the production and reception of El Templete, anineteenth-century memorial erected to commemorate the founding ofHavana. This symbolically rich monument participates in the aesthetictraditions of architecture, sculpture and painting, and is a paradigmaticexample of the multivalence of public, monumental art in the latecolonial classicism of Latin America and the Caribbean. Rather thanrepresenting strictly an aesthetic discourse of Spanish colonial power,El Templete underwent a process of local assimilation, whereby classicalforms and academic aesthetics were adapted to the self-representation ofaheterogeneouscolonialcity.Keywords: art, Bourbon Spain, colonialism, Cuba, neoclassicism, visualculture.
760-2 Angiographic Outcome After “Cutting” Balloon Angioplasty

To assess the angiographic outcome after “cutting” balloon (C-Ball) angioplasty, a technique which uses 3–4 longitudinal microtomes to incise atheroma reducing vascular barotrauma, we reviewed the cineangiograms of 86 patients (89 lesions) undergoing this procedure in Phase I and II clinical studies. On-line quantitative angiography (QCA) was used by investigators to approximate a 1:1 balloon artery ratios (BAR). In the Phase II Pilot study, adjunct balloon PTCA was not performed unless a g40% residual diameter stenosis remained after C-Ball. Off-line qualitative morphologic and quantitative angiographic (ImageComm) analyses were performed by independent Core Laboratory review. Phase I % (N = 22) Pilot Phase II % (N = 67) Vessel (%): RCA/LAD/LCx 41/36/23 37/36/27 Location (%): Ostial/Proximal/Mid-Distal 0/59/41 5/25/70 Eccentricity (%)/Bend ≤ 45 ≥ (%) 73/18 54/19 Length ≥ 10 mm (%)/Calcified (%) 9/36 24/25 Irregular (%)/Bifurcation (%) 14/0 8/6 ACC/AHA Class (%): A/B1/82/C 9/50/41/0 17/40/40/3 Reference Diameter, mm/C-Ball:Artery Ratio 2.83/0.96 2.97/1.00 MLD, mm: Pre/Post C-Ball/Final 0.87/1.59/2.01 1.11/1.63/2.12 % Stenosis: Pre/Post C-Ball/Final 69/45/29 63/48/29 %Adjunct PTCA/% Post-PTCA haziness 64/9.1 30/15 Final NHLBI Dissection (%): Grade B/C/D 0/14/0 16/0/0 Two patients in Phase II required intracoronary stents for dissections after C-Ball and adjunct PTCA. There were no deaths and no patient required emergency CABG. We conclude that “cutting” balloon PTCA: (1) can be performed safely without an untoward increase in dissections or other angiographic complications; and (2) results in a residual diameter stenosis (29%) comparable to standard balloon angioplasty. Its effect on reducing late lumen loss (angiographic restenosis) compared with balloon angioplasty is under-going evaluation in a randomized, Phase II clinical trial.
Loss of the Atp2c1 Secretory Pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA1) in mice causes Golgi stress, apoptosis, and midgestational death in homozygous embryos and squamous cell tumors in adult heterozygotes

Loss of one copy of the human ATP2C1 gene, encoding SPCA1 (secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase isoform 1), causes Hailey-Hailey disease, a skin disorder. We performed targeted mutagenesis of the Atp2c1 gene in mice to analyze the functions of this Golgi membrane Ca2+ pump. Breeding of heterozygous mutants yielded a normal Mendelian ratio among embryos on gestation day 9.5; however, null mutant (Spca1-/-) embryos exhibited growth retardation and did not survive beyond gestation day 10.5. Spca1-/- embryos had an open rostral neural tube, but hematopoiesis and cardiovascular development were ostensibly normal. Golgi membranes of Spca1-/- embryos were dilated, had fewer stacked leaflets, and were expanded in amount, consistent with increased Golgi biogenesis. The number of Golgi-associated vesicles was also increased, and rough endoplasmic reticulum had fewer ribosomes. Coated pits, junctional complexes, desmosomes, and basement membranes appeared normal in mutant embryos, indicating that processing and trafficking of proteins in the secretory pathway was not massively impaired. However, apoptosis was increased, possibly the result of secretory pathway stress, and a large increase in cytoplasmic lipid was observed in mutant embryos, consistent with impaired handling of lipid by the Golgi. Adult heterozygous mice appeared normal and exhibited no evidence of Hailey-Hailey disease; however, aged heterozygotes had an increased incidence of squamous cell tumors of keratinized epithelial cells of the skin and esophagus. These data show that loss of the Golgi Ca2+ pump causes Golgi stress, expansion of the Golgi, increased apoptosis, and embryonic lethality and demonstrates that SPCA1 haploinsufficiency causes a genetic predisposition to cancer.
HIV-Positive and in Jail: Race, Risk Factors, and Prior Access to Care

Black individuals represent 13 % of the US population but 46 % of HIV positive persons and 40 % of incarcerated persons. The national EnhanceLink project evaluated characteristics of HIV-positive jail entrants at ten sites and explored associations between race and HIV disease state. Between 1/2008 and 10/2011, 1,270 study participants provided demographic and clinical data. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated for advanced HIV disease (CD4 400 copies/ml) for Black (n = 807) versus non-Black (n = 426) participants. Sixty-five percent of HIV-positive jail participants self-identified as Black. Among all participants, fewer than half had a high school diploma or GED, the median number of lifetime arrests was 15, and major mental illness and substance abuse were common. Black participants were more likely to be older than non-Black participants, and less likely to have health insurance (70 vs 83 %) or an HIV provider (73 vs 81 %) in the prior 30 days. Among all male study participants (n = 870), 20 % self-identified as homosexual or bisexual. Black male participants were more likely to be homosexual or bisexual (22 vs 16 %) and less likely to have a history of injection drug use (20 vs 50 %) than non-Black male participants. Advanced HIV disease was associated with self-identification as Black (aOR = 1.84, 95 % CI 1.16–2.93) and time since HIV diagnosis of more than two years (aOR = 3.55, 95 % CI 1.52–8.31); advanced disease was inversely associated with age of less than 38 years (aOR = 0.41, 95 % CI 0.24–0.70). Uncontrolled viremia was inversely associated with use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the prior 7 days (aOR = 0.25, 95 % CI 0.15–0.43) and insurance coverage in the prior 30 days (aOR = 0.46, 95 % CI 0.26–0.81). Conclusions: The racial disparities of HIV and incarceration among Black individuals in the US are underscored by the finding that 65 % of HIV-positive jail participants self-identified as Black in this ten-site study. Our study also found that 22 % of Black male participants self-identified as men who have sex with men (MSM). We believe these findings support jails as strategic venues to reach heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual HIV-positive Black men who may have been overlooked in the community. Among HIV-positive jail entrants, Black individuals had more advanced HIV disease. Self-identification as Black was associated with a lower likelihood of having health insurance or an HIV provider prior to incarceration. HIV care and linkage interventions are needed within jails to better treat HIV and to address these racial disparities.
Comparison of the effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on circulating eosinophils.

THE eosinopenia induced by epinephrine is well known, although the entire mechanism responsible for this effect is still not well understood. Factors other than a responsive adrenal cortex seem capable of evoking an eosinopenic response to epinephrine. The discovery of nor-epinephrine has been followed by several investigations of the ability of this compound to induce eosinopenia. Thorn et al. (1) have stated that nor-epinephrine is practically devoid of eosinolytic effect. The results of several investigations of the comparative eosinolytic effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in normal fasting human subjects and in the mouse indicate that the latter is approximately one-sixth as potent as the former in this respect (2–5). This study was undertaken to confirm and extend previous investigations of the relative eosinolytic properties of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine, with special reference to their effect upon patients with disorders not involving endocrine organs and in patients with impaired adre...
The righting response as an indication of stress in stichaster striatus (Echinodermata, asteroidea)

The righting times and activity coefficients of individuals maintained under constant conditions were statistically the same when measured over four days. The activity coefficients decreased significantly after a period of emersion and then increased with subsequent re‐immersion. Thus the righting times and the calculated activity coefficients of Stichaster striatus in this study were repeatable measures that responded to stress. Multiple trials for individuals are necessary to establish righting times, and the number necessary is dependent upon the predetermined or expected magnitude of differences between individuals and treatments (minimal detectable differences).
An evaporation estimation model using optimized fuzzy learning from example algorithm with an application to the riparian zone of the Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico, U.S.A.

The existing temperature difference method for estimating soil-water evaporation using infrared thermometry requires the use of simplifying assumptions that were generally found to be invalid. Attempts to develop an evaporation estimation method without these assumptions have produced methods that are expensive in labor and require substantial equipment to be applied at remote locations. In this study, a method is proposed that eliminates the necessity of using these assumptions, while retaining model simplicity and versatility. The proposed method uses an optimized fuzzy learning from example (OFLFE) algorithm to develop the model. The use of fuzzy methods enable the OFLFE to deal with modeling and experimental uncertainty, which are difficult to handle using the existing temperature difference method. The proposed method was used to estimate soil-water evaporation in the riparian zone of the Middle Rio Grande of New Mexico, U.S.A. The proposed method was capable of reducing the prediction error by 71% compared to the existing temperature difference method. The use of the proposed method in practical estimation of evaporation from field data is also discussed.
Perceived Importance of Service Elements in Client Satisfaction Measures

ABSTRACT Many evaluators or service providers develop their own client satisfaction measures using satisfaction rating items representing service elements specific to the service settings. Global satisfaction scores are then produced by summing these item scores while assuming an equal contribution of all items. One approach to overcome evidence against this assumption is importance weighting, which is achieved by considering both item satisfaction and item importance in measuring overall satisfaction. Unfortunately, the adequacy of importance weighting in client satisfaction measures is not well understood. This study assessed the adequacy of importance weighting. Analyzing data from a previous client satisfaction survey with 110 older adults, the current study found that the relationship between global client satisfaction and the sum of satisfaction scores across service elements was dependent upon the patterns of respondents’ perceived importance of service elements. These results provide support for i...
Performance outcomes of supply chain agility: When should you be agile?

Traditionally, researchers have claimed agility as an attribute closely tied to the effectiveness of strategic supply chain management. Because of its association with customer effectiveness, some researchers have considered agility to be fundamentally different from lean, which has been linked to cost efficiency (Goldsby et al., 2006). Therefore, the relationship between agility and cost efficiency is not clear due to limited empirical scrutiny from researchers. Since elimination of waste is the cornerstone of lean, unraveling the relationship between agility and efficiency can also offer a better perspective on relationship between the fundamental paradigms of agility and lean. The manuscript makes a key contribution to the agility literature by examining the association between supply chain agility (FSCA), cost efficiency and customer effectiveness across various environmental situations. We use archival data to examine the moderating effects of environmental munificence, dynamism, and complexity. It has been argued that firms should embrace agile strategies when operating in highly uncertain environments, and embrace lean strategies when operating in more stable environments (Lee, 2002; Sebastiao and Golicic, 2008). We empirically question this premise to determine whether supply chain agility can also lead to superior performance for firms operating in stable environments. The study results also provide a better understanding of how FSCA contributes to firm financial performance. We evaluate the impact of FSCA on the firm's Return on Assets using archival data from the Compustat database. Thus, we provide evidence to managers that deploying resource to enhance FSCA can positively impact the firm's bottom line.
A novel method in enzyme immunoassay: maleimide derivative of hapten for enzyme coupling.

Meta-maleimidobenzoyl derivative of L-thyroxine methyl ester (MBTM) was synthesized and coupled to β-galactosidase at molar ratio of over 5 to 1. More than 97% of the enzyme was found to be labeled with MBTM. A thyroxine enzyme immunoassay was carried out with sensitivity in the 0–10 μg/100 ml range.
Field Trial Evaluation of Premilking Teat Disinfection

Abstract Efficacy of premilking teat disinfection (predipping) with good udder preparation was compared with good udder preparation alone on four well-managed, commercial dairy farms. Three teat dip formulations containing iodophor were used for predipping. Predipping reduced the rate of intramammary infection with major mastitis pathogens approximately 54%. Infection rate with esculin-positive streptococci and coliforms was reduced more than 51%. Udder infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci were not controlled by predipping.
Some characteristics of early stages of stress corrosion cracking

Environment-induced crack growth generally progresses through several stages prior to component failure. Crack initiation, short crack growth, and stage I growth are early stages in crack development that are summarized in this paper. The implications of these stages on component reliability derive from the extended time that the crack exists in the early stages because crack velocity is low. The duration of the early stages provides a greater opportunity for corrective action if the short cracks can be detected. Several important factors about the value of understanding short crack behavior include: (1) component life prediction requires a knowledge of the total life cycle of the crack including the early stages, (2) greater reliability is possible if the transition between short and long crack behavior is known since component life after this transition is short, and (3) remedial actions are often more effective for short than long cracks.
The Graduate Record Examination: Help or Hindrance in Nursing Graduate School Admissions?

Do graduate record examination (GRE) scores serve as strong predictors of student success in graduate school in nursing, and if so, is the extent to which they may indicate success outweighed by their perceived role as a barrier to application to graduate school in nursing? Academic ability, defined as cumulative grade point average (GPA), was used as the outcome indicator for success in graduate school and was compared with admission GRE scores for 217 students admitted to graduate programs at the University of Washington School of Nursing over a 1-year period. The GRE presented a large barrier to application that far outweighed the limited benefit of predicting 5% to 8% of explained variance in GPA.
Topographic organization of the peripheral projections of the trigeminal ganglion in the fetal rat.

Retrograde tracing with true blue (TB) and diamidino yellow (DY) was used to determine the topography of the peripheral projections of the trigeminal (V) ganglion in rats on embryonic day 16 (E-16; E-0 was the day of conception). On E-16, the earliest age at which we were able to accomplish retrograde tracing successfully, the topographic organization of the V ganglionic projection to the periphery was quite adult-like. Cells projecting to the vibrissa pad were restricted to the ophthalmic-maxillary portion of the ganglion, with those innervating dorsal row follicles located medially and those supplying ventral row follicles located laterally. Injections of tracer into ophthalmic skin and/or the cornea labeled cells that were tightly clustered in the most dorsal and anteromedial portion of the ophthalmic-maxillary region. Injections of tracer into the lower jaw or the skin just rostral to the ear labeled cells that were restricted to the lateral, mandibular part of the ganglion. None of the combinations o...