cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Ingredients of Heterogeneous Catalysis

The purpose of this paper is to present a review and status report to my colleagues in theoretical chemistry of the rapidly developing surface science of heterogeneous catalysis. The art of catalysis is developing into science. This profound change provides us with opportunities not only to understand the molecular ingredients of important catalytic systems but also to develop new and improved catalyst. The participation of theorists to find answers to important questions is sorely needed for the sound development of the field. It is my hope that some of the attendees of this conference may be persuaded to tackle some of the outstanding problems of heterogeneous catalysis that I attempt to identify in this paper.
SIGNIFICANCE TESTS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE ADVERSE IMPACT RATIO

The two most common methods for assessing adverse impact, the four-fifths rule and the z-test for independent proportions, often produce discrepant results. These discrepancies are due to the focus on practical versus statistical significance, and on differing operational definitions of adverse impact. In order to provide a more consistent framework for evaluating adverse impact, a new significance test is proposed, which is based on the same effect size as the four-fifths rule. Although this new test was found to have slightly better statistical power under some conditions, both tests have low power under the typical conditions where adverse impact is assessed. An alternative to significance testing would be to report an estimate of the adverse impact ratio along with a confidence interval indicating the degree of precision in the estimate.
Sympathetic nervous function in human heart as assessed by cardiac spillovers of dihydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine.

BACKGROUND Measurement of cardiac norepinephrine spillover may indicate the amount of transmitter at neuroeffector sites but does not distinguish neuronal release or reuptake in determining this amount or provide information about other aspects of sympathetic function. This report examines how cardiac spillover of the norepinephrine metabolite dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) provides additional distinct information about cardiac sympathetic function. METHODS AND RESULTS Arterial and coronary venous blood samples were taken during cardiac catheterization and intravenous infusion of [3H]norepinephrine in 57 subjects. Subjects were given intravenous yohimbine or underwent mental stress, handgrip exercise, and cycling exercise to activate sympathetic nerves or were given intravenous desipramine to block norepinephrine reuptake. Cardiac DHPG spillover (601 +/- 41 pmol/min) was eightfold greater than norepinephrine spillover (78 +/- 10 pmol/min) at rest and increased during sympathetic activation by 65% of the increase of norepinephrine. This and the desipramine-sensitive cardiac production of [3H]-labeled DHPG from [3H]norepinephrine indicated that 10.5 times more endogenous norepinephrine is recaptured than escapes into plasma; that more than 90% of recaptured norepinephrine is sequestered into storage vesicles; and that under resting conditions, most cardiac spillover of DHPG and turnover of norepinephrine are from metabolism of transmitter leaking from vesicles; the latter process is independent of exocytotic transmitter release with a rate at rest over 100-fold that of norepinephrine spillover and over 10-fold that of norepinephrine reuptake. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac spillover of DHPG provides information about processes close to or within sympathetic nerve endings that cannot be provided by measurements of norepinephrine spillover alone. This includes quantitative information about the role of neuronal uptake in terminating the actions of norepinephrine at neuroeffector sites and the importance of vesicular-axoplasmic exchange of norepinephrine as a dynamic process contributing to norepinephrine turnover.
Uncertainty about the correlation among temporal envelopes in two comodulation tasks

The threshold of a 1250‐Hz tonal signal was measured in the presence of five noise bands (each 50 Hz wide, centered at 850, 1050, 1250, 1450, and 1650 Hz) under five conditions of uncertainty about the waveform type (‘‘correlated’’ or ‘‘uncorrelated’’), and/or the specific waveform sample to be presented. The waveform type was correlated when the temporal envelopes of all of the noise bands were the same, and was uncorrelated when the temporal envelope of the band centered on the signal differed from the common envelope of the other bands. At the low‐uncertainty end of the continuum of conditions, the same waveform type was presented throughout an entire block of trials, and, in addition, the same waveform sample was presented on the two observation intervals of a single trial (but changed across trials). At the high‐uncertainty end of the continuum, both the waveform type and the waveform sample were chosen at random for every observation interval. Threshold estimates obtained from trials in which both observation intervals contained the same waveform type were not affected by uncertainty about the waveform sample within a trial, nor by uncertainty about the waveform type introduced across trials. Thus the comodulation masking release, or CMR (the difference in the thresholds obtained with the uncorrelated and correlated waveforms), calculated from these types of trials was robust across all of the uncertainty conditions. However, on those trials in which one correlated interval and one uncorrelated interval were paired, threshold estimates were influenced by a bias for listeners to choose the uncorrelated interval as the signal interval, whether or not it actually contained the signal. This bias reveals the importance of recognizing the contribution of the nonsignal interval in experiments involving masker uncertainty. Parallel results were obtained using the comodulation detection difference (CDD) task. In some conditions, marked individual differences were observed.
A radioautographic study of the proliferative activity of adrenocortical and hypophyseal cells of the rat at different periods of the estrous cycle

The hypophysis and adrenal glands of Long-Evans female rats about two months old were examined after receiving thymidine-H3 at different phases of the estrous cycle. Radioautographs showed labeled cells preparing for or in division. In the hypophysis, where labeled cells were uniformly distributed in the anterior lobe, greatest activity was at estrus about 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. An average of about 300 labeled cells per mm2 occurred but some individuals had over 700 per mm2. At other periods of the cycle the average was less than 40 labeled cells per mm2. The greatest proliferative activity in the adrenal cortex was found the first day of diestrus when an average of 92 labeled cells per section occurred compared with fewer than 50 per section at other stages. About 80% of the activity in early diestrus occurred in the outer zona fasciculata where it was four and eight times that at proestrus and estrus respectively. In the glomerulosa the number of labeled cells remained about the same on different days of the cycle and in the reticularis the average number was somewhat greater during diestrus when there were 3.4 labeled cells per section.
The bacteriology of skin cysts

SUMMARY Thirty-nine clinically uninflamed cysts of the three most common varieties, epidermoid cysts, tri-chilemmal cysts and steatocystoma multiplex were removed under sterile conditions and the contents cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Seventy-three percent of epidermoid cysts grew significant numbers of organisms whereas none of the trichilemmal cysts did so. The organisms found were the common skin commensals, Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype I, anaerobic Gram positive cocci of the Gaffya type and Corynebacterium acnes Type I. This indicates that cysts which clinically have a punctum, namely epidermoid cysts, may become colonized with surface bacteria under normal circumstances. If they become colonized with pathogenic bacteria they become inflamed, a not uncommon clinical picture. The results from patients with steatocystoma multiplex were difficult to interpret because of the small numbers of patients involved and the unusual clinical appearance they presented.
Synthetic peptides are not chemoattractants for bull sperm

Recent claims that bull sperm display chemotaxis to synthetic peptides known to be chemotactically active for neutrophils are not based on direct observation of sperm behavior. When these observations are made, no change in sperm motility or direction is seen. The supposed chemoattractant effect is probably based on disruption by the peptides of the sperm acrosome, resulting in increased sperm adhesion to the glass surface inside the pipette containing the supposed chemoattractive peptide.
Lawsuits against the police: Reasons for the proliferation of litigation in the past decade

More civil lawsuits have been filed against the police community in the past decade than at any other time in our history. This article traces the legal developments which have precipitated and even encouraged the increased amount of litigation in this area. Included is an examination of the deterioration of the sovereign immunity defense and the reasons for the vicarious liability of local uuits of government for the actions of individual police employees.
Massive parallel laser shock peening: Simulation, analysis, and validation

Abstract Laser shock peening (LSP) is a transient process with laser pulse duration time on the order of 10 ns, real time in situ measurement of laser/material interaction is very challenging. LSP is usually performed in a massively parallel mode to induce uniform compressive residual stress across the entire surface of the workpiece. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of parallel multiple laser/material interactions on the stress/strain distributions during LSP of AISI 52100 steel. FEA simulations of LSP in single and multiple passes were performed with the developed spatial and temporal shock pressure model via a subroutine. The simulated residual stresses agree with the measured data in nature and trend, while magnitude can be influenced by the interactions between neighboring peening zones and the locations of residual stress measurement. A design-of-experiment (DOE) based simulation of massive parallel LSP were also performed to determine the effects of laser intensity, laser spot size, and peening spacing on stresses and strains. Increasing the laser intensity increases both the stress magnitude and affected depth. The use of smaller laser spot sizes decreases the largest magnitude of residual stress and also decreases the depth affected by LSP. Larger spot sizes have less energy attenuation and cause more plastic deformation. Spacing between peening zones is critical for the uniformity of mechanical properties across the surface. The greatest uniformity and largest stress magnitudes are achieved by overlapping of the laser spots.
Laticiferous Plants of Economic Importance V. Resources of Gutta-Percha- Palaquium Species (Sapotaceae)

The term gutta-percha is usually applied to the product of the tree classified asPalaquium Gutta (Hook.) Baillon, of the Sapodilla family (Sapotaceae). The genusPalaquium is represented by more than 100 species of medium-sized to large trees, widely distributed from India and Ceylon to New Guinea and adjacent islands in southeast Pacific. Gutta-percha fromP. Gutta was the first gutta-gum to become known in international trade, and has been used industrially for more than 100 years. As the source of supply diminished certain other species ofPalaquium trees, furnishing an inferior grade of gutta, came into production. Originally the method of extracting the latex was by felling the trees and girdling the trunk and main branches. Later, tapping of standing trees was enforced. Nowadays, most of the output is by mechanical or chemical treatment of plantation-grown leaves, and the product is of superior quality. Gutta-percha has long been esteemed for its insulating property, as a non-conductor of heat and electricity, and for its imperviousness to water, although its present-day consumption is on a much smaller scale than in former years. Its greatest use has been to cover submarine cables. Other uses include the manufacture of transmission belts, golf balls, in dentures, and for acid-resistant receptacles.
Isolation and amino acid sequence of alpha2-corticotropin-releasing factor (alpha2-CRF) from hog pituitary glands.

An α-MSH-like peptide has been isolated from hog pituitary glands. This peptide, designated α2-CRF, has CRF activity, identical melanophoretic activity with α-MSH, but a lower inherent adrenocorticotropic activity than α-MSH. Natural or synthetic α-MSH is inactive CRF-wise at equivalent dry weight doses. α2-CRF has an identical amino acid sequence with that of α-MSH, but a discrete structural change at the N-terminus, as compared with α-MSH, may be responsible for the appearance of corticotropin-releasing activity.
In Loco Parentis: An Elaboration of the Parental Relationship Form

This statement demonstrates the applicability of the parental relationship form as specified by Carl J. Couch by applying the generic elements of this form to multiple content situations. I demonstrate that the survival of subordinates is enhanced when superordinates enact the parental relationship, while survival of subordinates is rendered problematic when superordinates fail to enact this relationship. I further argue that categorical identities of race, gender, and ethnicity are linked to the enactment, or lack of enactment, of this form, which contributes to inequality.
Single top quark production via $W$ - gluon fusion at next-to-leading order

Single-top-quark production via $W$-gluon fusion at hadron colliders provides an opportunity to directly probe the charged-current interaction of the top quark. We calculate the next-to-leading-order corrections to this process at the Fermilab Tevatron, the CERN Large Hadron Collider, and DESY HERA. Using a $b$-quark distribution function to sum collinear logarithms, we show that there are two independent corrections, of order $1/\mathrm{ln}{(m}_{t}^{2}{/m}_{b}^{2})$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}.$ This observation is generic to processes involving a perturbatively derived heavy-quark distribution function at an energy scale large compared with the heavy-quark mass.
Effect of molecular structure on the adsorption of protein on surfaces with grafted polymers

The adsorption of proteins on surfaces with grafted polymers is studied using a molecular mean-field theory. The effects of changing the protein-surface interactions, the polymer-surface interactions, the polymer segment volume, and the type of possible protein conformations adsorbed are studied. The main results of these studies are for the equilibrium amount of protein adsorbed; however, the theory also enables the study of the conditions that determine the kinetics in the initial stages of the adsorption process. The amount of protein adsorbed on the surfaces with grafted polymers depends on the surface density ofpolymer,the protein-surface interaction,the polymer-surface interaction, the size of the polymer segments, and the ability of the proteins to undergo conformational changes upon adsorption. The proper choice of polymers used can lead to the specific adsorption of a given type of protein conformer. One of the main conclusions from this study is that protein adsorption is very sensitive to the details of the surface modifiers. For example, contrary to intuition, increasing the size of the polymer segments may result in an increase of the amount of protein adsorbed at fixed polymer surface coverage. The dependence of the adsorption of proteins on grafted polymer molecular weight depends on the interactions between the polymer and the surface. It is found that for model polymers mimicking poly(ethylene oxide), in terms of the monomer size and the bare ethylene oxide hydrophobic surface interactions, the adsorption of proteins is usually found to be at the crossover between two different regimes. The results presented here suggest what kind of polymers may be optimal for prevention of protein adsorption depending upon the type of surface.
Antibody Response, Delayed Hypersensitivity, and Immunity in Guinea Pigs Induced by Smooth and Rough Strains of Brucella abortus

The abilities of attenuated smooth (strain 19) and rough (strain 45/20) Brucella abortus to immunize guinea pigs were tested 20 weeks after vaccination by respiratory challenge with virulent (strain 2308) B. abortus. The two vaccine strains were presented as living organisms in a small dose (106 organisms) or as killed organisms in a large dose (1010 organisms) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. All vaccines gave significant protection; the superiority of living strain 19 was demonstrable only at a low level of challenge. In parallel studies with different animals, vaccinated guinea pigs were tested for delayed hypersensitivity. Animals given all the vaccines had comparable skin reactions after intradermal injection of brucellergen. All of the vaccines primed animals for the production of IgG against smooth antigen following skin-test with brucellergen. Long-lasting immunity to infection was conferred only by vaccines that induced delayed hypersensitivity and primed for antibody production, but it was not possible to dissociate these effects.
Effects of Exogenous MSH on the Transformation from Phaeo- to Eumelanogenesis Within C57BL/6J-Ay/a Hairbulb Melanocytes

The extent to which α melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a true in vivo regulator of melanogenesis in mice is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if MSH-induced eurnelanogenesis in hairbulb melanocytes of yellow (AY/a) mice mimics the natural program of eumelanogenesis occurring in genetically black (a/a) hairbulb melanocytes. We conducted quantitative transmission electron microscopy on melanosome differentiation within MSH- treated regenerating 9-d hairbuibs of Ay/a and a/a mice. Results of exogenous a-MSH injections (5 dat 0.15 mM MSH) showed that the striking visual darkening of hair was accompanied by an incomplete transformation of phaco- to eumelanogenesis. Ontogenetic data on developmental stages I – IV of 3678 melanosomes based on geometric considerations (length, width, shape, and area) showed that MSH did not induce a complete transformation from spherical phaeomelanosomes to elliptical eumelanosomes. Also, observations on the number of vesiculoglobular bodies and matrix organization revealed that MSH-treated AY/a melanosomes retained distinct features of phaeomelanogenesis even after 5 d of MSH treatment. Thus, MSH induced a partial but incomplete pattern of eumelanogenesis in regenerating hairbulb. melanocytes of AY/a mice. The continued investigation of the dynamics of melanin synthesis in MSH-induced AY/a mice melanocytes possessing "mosaic" melanosomes could be productive in understanding fundamental relationships between tyrosinase activity, matrix function, matrix structure, and regulation of melanin (phaeo- and/or eumelanin) synthesis.
Modeling and simulation of the surface profile forming process for optimum control of the lithographically fabricated microlenses and lens arrays

Numerical tools have been widely used in the simulations of the exposure, the post-exposure bake, and the development processes in lithography of thick photoresist. Three-dimensional (3D) cellular automata (CA) model has also been successfully introduced for resist etching process simulation in recent years. In this paper, we report a 3D CA model to simulate the formation process of the surface profile of out-of-plane microlens fabricated using ultraviolet (UV) lithography of thick SU-8 resist. The simulation results were compared with experimental results. The comparison shows that the 3D CA model can be used to simulate the complicated surface formation process of the microlenses during the development process.
Regulatory and Ethical Issues for Phase I In Utero Gene Transfer Studies

Abstract Clinical gene transfer research has involved adult and child subjects, and it is expected that gene transfer in fetal subjects will occur in the future. Some genetic diseases have serious adverse effects on the fetus before birth, and there is hope that prenatal gene therapy could prevent such disease progression. Research in animal models of prenatal gene transfer is actively being pursued. The prospect of human phase I in utero gene transfer studies raises important regulatory and ethical issues. One issue not previously addressed arises in applying U.S. research regulations to such studies. Specifically, current regulations state that research involving greater than minimal risk to the fetus and no prospect of direct benefit to the fetus or pregnant woman is not permitted. Phase I studies will involve interventions such as needle insertions through the uterus, which carry risks to the fetus including spontaneous abortion and preterm birth. It is possible that these risks will be regarded as ex...
Colloidal Properties of Aqueous Suspensions of Acid-Treated, Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Grafting oxygen-containing functional groups onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by acid treatment improves their dispersion in aqueous solutions, but there is a lack of quantitative information on the colloidal properties of oxidized CNTs. We have studied the influence that pH and electrolytes have in determining the colloidal stability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNTs), prepared by refluxing pristine MWCNTs in nitric acid. The acid-treated MWCNTs contained oxygen predominantly in the form of carboxyl groups. Colloidal suspensions of O-MWCNTs were prepared by low-power sonication and contained negatively charged, individual MWCNTs with an average length of approximately 650 nm. Time-resolved dynamic light scattering revealed that the aggregation rate of O-MWCNTs exhibited both reaction and mass-transport limited regimes in the presence of different electrolytes and as a function of pH. Particle stability profiles constructed from aggregation rate data allowed for the determination of critical coagulation concentrations (CCC), a metric of colloidal stability. The CCC values of O-MWCNTs varied with counterion concentration and valence in a manner consistentwith DLVO theory. Potentiometric measurements of surface charge correlated well with the observed pH-dependent variations in the O-MWCNT's colloidal stability. Electrophoretic mobility was also a diagnostic of particle stability, but only in neutral and acidic conditions.
The question of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 2-flouroethanol

Several investigations have shown, by a variety of spectral techniques, that 2-fluoroethanol (1) exists both in the liquid and vapor state, predominantly (>95%) in the conformation. with hydroxyl and fluorine gauche to one another. Notable is the recent electron-diffraction study in which 1 was shown to be greater than 90% gauche in the vapor phase at 156°. In every instance, this marked conformational preference for the gauche form has been attributed to the formation of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond between the electronegative fluorine atom and the hydroxyl proton which are in close proximity in this configuration. That this is the case is presumably also supported by the observation that the CCF bond angle of 107.7° is compressed relative to fluoroethane.
Rechnergestütztes Krankenhauskommunikations- und Steuerungssystem: Verfügbarkeits- und Leistungsanforderungen

Im Zentralklinikum Augsburg, einem neuerbauten Groskrankenhaus der Maximalversorgung, wird neben der EDV-gestutzten Abwicklung nahezu aller betrieblichen Grundfunktionen auch die Anforderung diagnostischer und therapeutischer Leistungen, die Planung ihrer Durchfuhrung sowie die Befund- und Leistungserfassung einschlieslich der Ergebnisubermittlung uber ein Terminalnetz von insgesamt 128 Datensichtgeraten und 65 Matrixdruckern durchgefuhrt. Dahinter stehenein fehlertolerierendes zentrales Mehrrechnersystem von sieben Prozessoren sowie eine ebenfalls redundant ausgelegte Patientendatenbank. Ferner besteht ein Rechnerverbund mit drei dedizierten Rechnersystemen in diagnostischen Spezialbereichen, von denen zwei ebenfalls als Doppelrechner inclusive doppelter Datenhaltung ausgelegt wurden.
Changes in intrarenal oxygenation as evaluated by BOLD MRI in a rat kidney model for radiocontrast nephropathy

The pathogenesis of radiocontrast nephropathy is poorly understood. In an animal model, inhibition of the synthesis of nitric oxide and prostaglandins appears to predispose rats to severe renal injury following the administration of radiocontrast. Here we have investigated whether administration of radiocontrast, as well as changes in renal medullary oxygenation following pharmacologic inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin synthesis, might be evaluated by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) MRI. Nineteen anesthetized (Inactin 100 mg/kg) rats were studied. BOLD MRI measurements were performed following administration of L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 10 mg/kg), Indomethacin (10 mg/kg), and a radiocontrast agent (sodium iothalamate 60%, 6 mL/kg). Marked sequential changes in medullary R(*)(2), presumably reflecting decline in medullary pO(2), were noted after each of the pharmacological interventions employed. These results, obtained by noninvasive MRI, are consistent with prior direct recordings of pO(2) and doppler flow in the rat renal medulla after administration of L-NAME, Indomethacin and iothalamate. Medullary oxygenation in rats was reduced by inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins and nitric oxide, as well as by intravenous injection of radiocontrast agents. BOLD MRI can noninvasively evaluate changes in medullary oxygenation in rats that appear to predispose acute renal failure. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:744-747.
Physical activity and depressive symptoms after stillbirth: informing future interventions

Background: In the United States, approximately one in 110 pregnancies end in stillbirth affecting more than 26,000 women annually. Women experiencing stillbirth have a threefold greater risk of developing depressive symptoms compared to women experiencing live birth. Depression contributes negatively to health outcomes for both mothers and babies subsequent to stillbirth. Physical activity may improve depression in these women, however, little is known about acceptable physical activity interventions for women after stillbirth. This is the purpose of this descriptive exploratory study. Methods: Eligible women were between ages 19 and 45, and experienced stillbirth within one year of the study. An online survey was used to ask questions related to 1) pregnancy and family information (i.e., time since stillbirth, weight gain during pregnancy, number of other children) 2) physical activity participation, 3) depressive symptomatology, and 4) demographics. Results: One hundred seventy-five women participated in the study (M age = 31.26 ± 5.52). Women reported participating in regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate activity weekly) before (60%) and during (47%) their pregnancy, as well as after their stillbirth (61%). Only 37% were currently meeting physical activity recommendations. Approximately 88% reported depression (i.e., score of >10 on depression scale). When asked how women cope with depression, anxiety, or grief,38% said physical activity. Of those that reported using physical activity to cope after stillbirth, they did so to help with depression (58%), weight loss (55%), and better overall physical health (52%). To cope with stillbirth, women used walking (67%), followed by jogging (35%), and yoga (23%). Women who participated in physical activity after stillbirth reported significantly lower depressive symptoms (M = 15.10, SD = 5.32) compared to women who did not participate in physical activity (M =1 8.06, SD = 5.57; t = -3.45, p = .001). Conclusions: Physical activity may serve as a unique opportunity to help women cope with the multiple mental sequelae after stillbirth. This study provides data to inform healthcare providers about the potential role of physical activity in bereavement and recovery for women who have experienced stillbirth. Additional research is necessary in this vulnerable population.
Anodic dissolution of galena concentrate in perchloric acid

A basic study has been made on the anodic dissolution of lead sulphide ore (galena) in perchloric acid. The electrodes used in the research were fabricated by melting and casting the ore in a suitable mould. The phases which were present in sufficient quantities to be detected by X-ray diffraction were PbS and ZnS. Coulombic efficiencies were determined at 40° C at various levels of pH and current density, and were in the range of 90% for most of the tests. Transient studies revealed a non-uniform surface attack and that the dissolution reaction was irreversible, as indicated by the absence of cathodic currents, in the vicinity of the rest potential. Steady-state studies showed the reaction to be activation controlled and that the rate-determining step was a chemical reaction following the first electron transfer.
Comparison of Cotton Gin Trash and Peanut Hulls as Low-Cost Roughage Sources for Growing Beef Cattle

Abstract Two trials evaluated cotton gin trash and peanut hulls as roughage sources for beef cattle. In the production trial, 40 steers (initial BW = 233 ± 17.5 kg) were allotted randomly to 1 of 4 feed mixtures: 1) 45% peanut hulls + 55% cracked corn (PH+CC), 2) 45% peanut hulls + 47% cracked corn + 8% cottonseed meal (PH+CC+CSM), 3) 45% gin trash + 55% cracked corn (GT+CC), and 4) 45% gin trash + 47% cracked corn + 8% cottonseed meal (GT+CC+CSM). There were 2 pens/diet and 5 steers/pen. In addition, Bermudagrass hay was offered free choice via hay rings in each pen. In this trial, steers fed gin trash gained faster than those fed peanut hulls (1.19 vs. 0.94 kg/d; P
Introduction: Unmet Medical Need

The increasing understanding of the vitreoretinal interface’s role in the pathogenesis of disease has been evolving over the past decades. As this understanding increased, it became clear that managing the interface with medical interventions would be of benefit. To date, most management strategies involve surgical intervention in the operating room, such as vitrectomy surgery for macular hole repair. However, there is enormous opportunity to avoid surgical intervention, or intervene earlier than is appropriate currently, by utilizing pharmacologic agents to reduce or eliminate vitreoretinal adhesion. If the pharmacologic agents that lyse the vitreoretinal interface prove efficacious and safe, there is a wide array of disease or disease stages for which there currently is no reasonable intervention that might benefit. Interrupting the pathogenic evolution by safely inducing posterior vitreous detachments has potential for managing stage one macular holes and vitreo-macular traction syndrome and has possible potential in the management of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and conceivably even as risk reduction before clear lens extraction with intraocular lens placement for management of myopia and presbyopia.
Ultra-stiff, low mass, electromagnetic gun design

High performance in an electromagnetic (EM) gun implies high velocity with minimal transition from a solid to plasma armature. Factors that affect gun performance include armature integrity, bore straightness, and bore stiffness. Experiences firing solid armature at the Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas at Austin since 1987 have shown that the lack of one or more of these three ingredients will result in less than desirable performance. This work presents a simple, ultra-stiff and low mass EM gun design that provides five to six times the rail-to-rail structural stiffness than a conventional bolted, composite sidewall-type EM gun construction. This translates into minimal bore deflection which lessens the amount the armature must distort to maintain a low voltage contact with the rails. The EM gun design incorporates a passive preloading mechanism that maintains a compressive stress state in the bore components without the use of hydraulics. Bore preload is provided that exceeds the maximum rail-to-rail EM loads and is reacted by a composite structure that also provides longitudinal barrel stiffness. Manufacturing techniques are presented that would allow the design to be built on a small or large scale using standard manufacturing tolerances and demonstrated assembly processes. Material selection and impact on the ability to actively cool a railgun is also presented.
Life cycles of spots on Jupiter from Cassini images

Using the sequence of 70-day continuum-band (751 nm) images from the Cassini Imaging Science System (ISS), we record over 500 compact oval spots and study their relation to the large-scale motions. The ∼100 spots whose vorticity could be measured—the large spots in most cases—were all anticyclonic. We exclude cyclonic features (chaotic regions) because they do not have a compact oval shape, but we do record their interactions with spots. We distinguish probable convective storms from other spots because they appear suddenly, grow rapidly, and are much brighter than their surroundings. The distribution of lifetimes for spots that appeared and disappeared during the 70-day period follows a decaying exponential with time constant (mean lifetime) of 3.5 days for probable convective storms and 16.8 days for all other spots. Extrapolating the exponential beyond 70 days seriously underestimates the number of spots that existed for the entire 70-day period. This and other evidences (size, shape, distribution in latitude) suggest that these long-lived spots with lifetime larger than 70 days are from a separate population. The zonal wind profile obtained manually by tracking individual features (this study) agrees with that obtained automatically by correlating brightness variations in narrow latitude bands (Porco et al., 2003). Some westward jets have developed more curvature and some have developed less curvature since Voyager times, but the number of westward jets that violate the barotropic stability criterion is about the same. In the northern hemisphere the number of spots is greatest at the latitudes of the westward jets, which are the most unstable regions according to the barotropic stability criterion. During the 70-day observation period the Great Red Spot (GRS) absorbed nine westward-moving spots that originated in the South Equatorial Belt (SEB), where most of the probable convective storms originate. Although the probable convective storms do not directly transform themselves into westward-moving spots, their common origin in the SEB suggests that moist convection and the westward jet compose a system that has maintained the GRS over its long lifetime.
Learning spatial navigation using chaotic neural network model

In this work, the KIV model is used for the description of the interaction between the sensory and cortical systems, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the septum. Neural activity patterns in KIV determine the emergence of global spatial encoding to implement the orientation function of a simulated animal. Our results embody the mechanisms, which we believe support the generation of cognitive maps in the hippocampus, based on the sensory input-based destabilization of cortical spatio-temporal patterns. We illustrate learning results using the example of simulated navigation in a 2D environment.
“Distorted into clarity”: A methodological case study illustrating the paradox of systematic review

Systematic review is typically viewed in the health sciences as the most objective—that is, rigorous, transparent, and reproducible—method for summarizing the results of research. Yet, recent scholarship has shown systematic review to involve feats of interpretation producing less certain, albeit valuable, results. We found this to be the case when we tried to overcome the resistance to synthesis of a set of qualitative and quantitative findings on stigma in HIV-positive women. These findings were difficult to combine largely because of fuzzy conceptualizations of stigma and the volume of unique quantitative findings. Our encounter with findings resistant to synthesis heightened our awareness of the extent to which all systematic reviews are accomplished by practices that paradoxically “distort [research findings] into clarity.” © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 31:454–465, 2008
The role of information technology and informatics research in the dentist-patient relationship.

A high-value doctor-patient relationship is based on a set of parameters which include the interpersonal relationship between the patient and the doctor. Based on the Primary Care Assessment Survey model, measures of the interpersonal relationship are associated with communication, interpersonal care, contextual knowledge of the patient, and trust. Despite the proven value of the doctor-patient relationship, current trends indicate that the quality of these relationships is on the decline. The advent of communication and information technologies has greatly affected the way in which health care is delivered and the relationship between doctors and patients. The convergence of communication and information technology with biomedical informatics offers an opportunity to affect the character of the doctor-patient relationship positively. This paper examines the intersection of the key features of the doctor-patient relationship and a variety of Internet-based, clinical, and administrative applications used i...
Geometric spanners for wireless ad hoc networks

We propose a new geometric spanner, for wireless ad hoc networks, which can be constructed efficiently in a distributed manner. It combines the connected dominating set and the local Delaunay graph to form the backbone of a wireless network. This new spanner has the following attractive properties: (1) the backbone is a planar graph; (2) the node degree of the backbone is bounded from above by a positive constant; (3) it is a spanner both for hops and length; moreover, we show that, given any two nodes u and /spl upsi/, there is a path connecting them in the backbone such that its length is no more than 6 times that of the shortest path and the number of links is no more than 3 times that of the shortest path; (4) it can be constructed locally and is easy to maintain when the nodes move around; and (5) we show that the computation cost of each node is at most O(d log d), where d is its l-hop neighbors in the original unit disk graph, and the communication cost of each node is bounded by a constant. Simulation results are also presented for studying its practical performance.
Exploring the WOW in online-auction feedback

The reputation system, or Feedback Forum as it is called on eBay, is considered the most critical element for success in online auctions. Previous studies have examined only baggregateQ reputation measures. This research extends the investigation into bdetailedQ reputationsystem information elements by classifying online-auction reputation information as a rating-and-review (RR) type of bword-of-webQ (WOW). We discovered, via a study of rating-and-review WOW from 86 websites, a characteristic that is unique to online auctions– bbidirectionalityQ–and, in a study of online-auction utilization, found that indeed several bdetailedQ reputation-system elements, such as feedback reviews, are processed during consumer/bidder decision making. D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
MARIN: Demonstration of a Flexible and Dynamic Metro-Access Integrated Architecture

This paper presents a novel integrated metro and access network based on centralized resource sharing. In its access segment, MARIN adopts a flexible and scalable architecture that employs centralized tunable transmitters and passive cyclic wavelength router in the central office. A tunable transmitter and fixed receiver scheme is proposed in the hybrid metro edge router - access central office to simultaneously achieve access resource sharing and dynamic bandwidth allocation in the integrated network. A wavelength reservation scheme and QoS aware scheduling scheme are proposed and discussed. Then, the proposed network is simulated and compared against legacy buffer insertion ring, such as resilient packet ring. The results demonstrate enhanced throughput performance through statistical multiplexing gain. An experiment testbed is constructed to demonstrate the physical feasibility of the proposed architecture.
Transtracheal Inoculation of Pneumocystis carinii in Immunocompetent Animals

Pneumocystis carinii produces a pneumonia infection in rats similar to Pneumocystis jirovecii in humans [9]. Pneumocystis organisms are difficult to propagate in vitro; common culture techniques use helper cell monolayers and yield very low organism numbers [7]. Therefore, rodent models of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) are more commonly used to study the organism and the disease. Various rat and mouse species have been used for activation of latent infection and organisminoculated models [2,4,8]. When immunocompetent animals are used, steroids or other agents are used to immunosuppress the animals prior to initiation of the infection. Normal controls are important to detect defects in host response against P. carinii infection, and to identify changes in host response resulting from immunosuppression. Previous attempts in this laboratory to transtracheally inoculate normal animals withP. carinii loads similar to those used in immunosuppressed animals have resulted in high rates of death immediately after surgery. This report describes the development of a method that consistently allows successful instillation of large boluses of Pneumocystis organisms in immunocompetent rats and mice.
Long-term echocardiographic changes in left ventricular size and function following surgery for severe mitral regurgitation

BACKGROUND Chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) results in a state of chronic left ventricular (LV) volume overload, resulting in compensatory dilatation. Mitral valve (MV) surgery for regurgitation reduces LV preload but increases LV afterload. Few data are available documenting subsequent changes in LV size and function over time following MV surgery for severe regurgitation in unselected populations. MATERIAL/METHODS Pre- and postoperative echocardiograms (n=454) acquired from 108 consecutive patients with chronic MR who underwent MV surgery were analyzed. RESULTS LV diastolic diameter was 4 mm smaller on postoperative compared to preoperative exams, whereas LV fractional shortening (FS) was unchanged. Linear regression analysis showed no change in LV diastolic diameter over time postoperatively, whereas LV FS increased over time following surgery. Improvement in LV FS occurred at an average rate of 1.6% per year (95% CI, 0.2-2.9). Subgroups were small, but the same secular trends were generally noted in groups with or without coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABGS) and in those with or without mitral leaflet disease. CONCLUSIONS Following MV surgery for MR, LV diastolic diameter reduces by 2 mm at the time of surgery, but then remains stable over time. Improvement in LV function over time postoperatively was only seen in those without concomitant CABGS, possibly related to less baseline myocardial scarring in this group.
Placental transfer of palmitic acid-1-C14 in rabbits

Abstract The concentration of triglyceride fatty acids in the blood plasma of the fetal rabbit at term is about twice that of the mother. Plasma FFA concentrations are similar (about 0.5 μM per milliliter). After the intravenous injection of palmitic acid-1-C 14 into pregnant rabbits, radioactivity appears in the FFA in fetal plasma within 1 minute and specific activity is maximal in 5 minutes. When compared with previous results obtained in sheep, the data suggest that much more palmitic acid-1-C 14 is transferred across the hemoendothelial placenta of the rabbit than across the syndesmochorial placenta of the sheep. Results of measuring radioactivity in lipids of fetal tissues suggest that the metabolic pathways followed by palmitic acid-1-C 14 in the fetus are similar to those in the adult rabbit. Preliminary data indicate that palmitic acid-1-C 14 is transferred across the human placenta. The possible contribution of placental transfer of FFA to the lipids present in the fetus is discussed.
Community, family, and subjective socioeconomic status: Relative status and adolescent health.

Objective Relative socioeconomic status (SES) may be an important social determinant of health. The current study aimed to examine how relative SES, as measured by subjective SES, income inequality, and individual SES relative to others in the community, is associated with a wide range of adolescent health outcomes, after controlling for objective family SES. Method Adolescents (13-16 years; N = 2,199) from the Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey were included. Socioeconomic measures included adolescents' subjective SES; parental education and household income; community education/employment, income, and poverty rate; and community income inequality. Health outcomes included self-rated health, mental health problems, dietary and exercise health behaviors, substance-related health behaviors, reported physical health, and biomarkers of health. Best-fitting multilevel regression models (participants nested within schools) were used to test associations. Results Findings indicated that lower subjective SES was associated with poorer health outcomes. After accounting for family SES, lower community education/employment had an additional negative effect on health, while lower community income had a protective effect for certain health outcomes. There was less evidence for an independent effect of income inequality. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of measures of relative SES that span across a number of levels and contexts, and provide further understanding into the socioeconomic gradient in adolescence.
LABOR-FORCE REENTRY AMONG U.S. HOMEMAKERS IN MIDLIFE: A Life-Course Analysis

Guided by a life-course perspective, this article uses data from 11 waves of the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the influence of human capital, family structure, and local labor-market demand variables on the reentry into the labor force of midlife homemakers in the United States in the 1970s. By looking at two contiguous time periods, the first and last halves of the 1970s, it investigates how the influence of these factors varied with social changes in the job-opportunity structure for women in the United States during the 1970s, a time when the service sector expanded and public approval of married women's employment rose. We found that the likelihood of reentry varied with education, age, and marital status, as well as time period. These findings suggest the need for a model of the labor-force reentry of homemakers in midlife that takes account of historical period as well as the distinctive realities of women's lives in middle adulthood.