cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal explosion times of nitromethane, perdeuteronitromethane, and six dinitroalkanes as a function of temperature at static high pressures of 1–50 kbar☆

Abstract Thermal explosion times as a function of temperature have been measured for nitromethane, perdeuteronitromethane, and six dinitroalkanes at 1, 10, and 50 kbar. For a constant thermal explosion time of 30 sec, the thermal explosion temperatures were: nitromethane (1 kbar) 354°C, (10 kbar) 278°C, and (50 kbar) 184°C; perdeuteronitromethane (10 kbar) 256°C; 1,1-dinitroethane (1 kbar) 183°C and (10 kbar) 162°C; 1,1,1-fluorodinitroethane (1 kbar) 258°C and (10 kbar) 255°C; 1,1-dinitropropane (10 kbar) 162°C; 1,1,1-fluorodinitropropane (10 kbar) 257°C; 1,2-dinitropropane (1 kbar) 225°C, (10 kbar) 172°C, and (50 kbar) 143°C; and 2,2-dinitropropane (10 kbar) 257°C and (50 kbar) 298°C. At 10 kbar and 273°C, the thermal explosion time of perdeuteronitromethane was about 10 times more than that for nitromethane. Using thermal explosion theory, for nitromethane the following Arrhenius parameters were obtained: at 1 kbar, log As (As = A/sec−1) = 40, E = 127 kcal/mole; at 10 kbar, log As = 5.3, E = 22 kcal/sec mole; at 50 kbar, log As = 6, E = 20 kcal/mole. At 50 kbar and 225°C the first-order rate constant for nitromethane decomposition is more than seven powers of ten greater than for CN bond fission. The results for the dinitroalkanes show that the presence of an α-hydrogen atom decreases the explosion temperature at constant pressure and increases the sensitivity to pressure.
Trade Unions and the British Labor Party.

Almost all the recent work on the British Labor party has been concerned with analysis of the party's electoral performance or possibilities, interpretation and reinterpretation of party policy, or discussion of the ideological forces currently at work in the party. These studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the policy of the party. But there have been only one or two recent works on the organization and composition of the Labor party,' and hardly any on the organizational and policy-making importance of the affiliated trade unions which make up its electoral and financial strength.2 This is understandable in view of the fact that the trade union elements, unlike those in the party's political wing, have not generally provided the policy controversy upon which both publicists and academicians feed. But the strength and stability which the trade unions provide for the party are probably of more long-term importance than are the topical conflicts of the "political side."3 It is the purpose of this article to discuss the organization and functions of the British Labor party in terms of the formal and informal interrelations of the political and industrial elements, mainly during the years 1945-1953. Policy and policy conflicts are subordinated here to an institutional and statistical analysis of these interrelations.
Possible mechanisms for inotropic actions of vanadate in isolated guinea pig and rat heart preparations.

The mechanism of inotropic actions of vanadate was studied in isolated, electrically stimulated atrial and ventricular muscle preparations of rat or guinea-pig heart. Vanadate produced a negative inotropic effect in guinea-pig left atrial preparations associated with a marked shortening of the action potential plateau. In guinea-pig papillary muscle, or rat atrial or ventricular muscle preparations, vanadate produced a positive inotropic effect, which was not affected by either propranolol, phentolamine or metiamide. The positive inotropic effect was observed when action potential duration was either increased or decreased. Inotropic concentrations of vanadate failed to significantly alter the ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+-uptake, an estimate of sodium pump activity, or tissue concentration of cyclic AMP in electrically stimulated preparations. In partially depolarized rat atrial preparations in which fast sodium channels were inactivated in the presence of a high concentration of K+ (22 mmol/l), vanadate restored electrical activity (calcium-dependent action potentials) and the contraction, similar to isoproterenol. This action of vanadate was abolished by Mn2+, a slow channel inhibitor, but not by tetrodotoxin. The characteristic of vanadate- and isoproterenol-restored preparations, however, were substantially different. Moreover, vanadate failed to restore the contraction or action potential in partially depolarized guinea pig atrial preparations unlike isoproterenol. These results indicate that vanadate may either enhance or inhibit slow channels in cardiac muscle.
Gas flow dynamics in hollow-fiber membranes

This article describes experimental studies of the pressure-flow relationship for gas flow through hollow-fiber membranes, and through a prototype IMO (intravenous membrane oxygenator). The relevant theory for compressible Poiseuille flow is straightforward, but is surprisingly not easily found in compressible flow treatises. The principal result can be found in the classical treatise of Shapiro (1953) and as a component of a mathematical model of gas permeation through blind-ended glass membranes (Shelekin et al., 1992). A simple derivation of compressible Poiseuille flow theory is given below for completeness. Experiments were designed using air and helium gases to establish the applicability of the compressible Poiseuille flow paradigm to gas flow through hollow-fiber membranes, and to use the theory to evaluate the measured gas-flow dynamics in the IMO prototype. Although the application is to intracorporeal oxygenation, the results described may have significance to other separation processes involving gas flow through hollow-fiber membranes
HEMIFACIAL HYPOPLASIA, HYPOPIGMENTATION, AND DIGITAL ANOMALY SYNDROME

We report a unique syndrome of craniofacial anomalies, hypopigmentation and digital abnormalities in 2 unrelated children. Patient 1, a 5 y.o. male of normal intelligence, has right facial hypoplasia, coloboma, cupped ear, sensorineural heating loss, microdontia, hypodontia, and focal areas of scalp alopecia. There is linear hypopigmentat ion on the lower lip, chest, eight arm, hand and leg. The right 2nd metatarsal is short. Growth and development were normal. Patient 2 is a 7 y.o. female with facial features identical to patient 1 including right facial hypoplasia, eyelid coloboma, focal scalp alopecia and microdontia. Linear and swirled areas of hypopigmented skin are present on her left chest, shoulder and right right leg. The tight 2nd metatarsal is shott and there is postaxial polysyndactyly. This patient also has imperforate anus and a double collecting system. Intelligence is normal. Chromosome analysis of petiphetal blood and normally pigmented and depigmented skin from both patients was normal, ruling out mosaic ism. We propose that this new syndrome may involve a defect in neural crest cell prolifetation or migration causing both the facial hypoplasia and pigmentary abnormalities.
Intraoperative Epicardial Coronary Artery Imaging: Rationale, Methods, and Applications

Epicardial coronary imaging using high frequency (7-12 MHz) ultrasound probes could aid the surgeon performing coronary artery bypass procedures by localizing the coronary artery segments underneath epicardial fat, identifying the site of coronary stenosis to be bypassed, evaluating the integrity of distal coronary artery, assessing the efficacy of anastomosis, and detecting anastomotic complications. While an ideal coronary imaging probe is yet to be developed, early clinical experience with vascular imaging probes applied on the coronary vessels suggests that epicardial coronary artery imaging could enhance the optimum performance of coronary interventions. Fabrication of a flexible high frequency probe that could be applied not only on the arteries on the anterior surface of the heart but also on the lateral and posterior surfaces could facilitate development of newer surgical procedures as well.
Experimental Demonstration of Interaction-Free All-Optical Switching via the Quantum Zeno Effect

We experimentally demonstrate all-optical interaction-free switching using the quantum Zeno effect, achieving a high contrast of $35\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$. The experimental data match a zero-parameter theoretical model for several different regimes of operation, indicating a good understanding of the switch's characteristics. We also discuss extensions of this work that will allow for significantly improved performance, and the integration of this technology onto chip-scale devices, which can lead to ultra-low-power all-optical switching, a long-standing goal with applications to both classical and quantum information processing.
Analysis of the Shewanella oneidensis proteome by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions.

Proteomes are dynamic, i.e., the protein components of living cells change in response to various stimuli. Protein changes can involve shifts in the abundance of protein components, in the interactions of protein components, and in the activity of protein components. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with peptide mass spectrometry is useful for the analysis of relative protein abundance, but the denaturing conditions of classical 2-DE do not allow analysis of protein interactions or protein function. We have developed a nondenaturing 2-DE method that allows analysis of protein interactions and protein functions, as demonstrated in our analysis of the cytosol and crude membrane fractions of the facultative anaerobe Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Our experiments demonstrate that enzymatic activity is retained under the sample and protein separation methods described, as shown by positive malate dehydrogenase activity results. We have also found protein interactions within both the soluble and membrane fractions. The method described will be useful for the characterization of the functional proteomes of microbial systems.
Exercise Electrophysiology Testing: The Effect of Exercise on the Induction of Ventricular Arrhythmias by Programmed Ventricular Stimulation

In order to assess the effect of acute, reversible myocardial ischemia on (he outcome of programmed ventricular stimulation (PVSJ, ventricular stimulation was performed at rest, during exercise, and during recovery in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Of these ten patients, four were tested while off antiarrhythmic drugs and six were tested on antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Nine of the ten patients developed acute myocardial ischemia during exercise PVS. However, in only two of these ten patients ventricular arrhythmia could be induced by PVS, one during exercise and one during recovery.
Effect of material parameters on the initiation and growth of adiabatic shear bands

Abstract The thermomechanical problem involving simple shearing of a finite slab made of an isotropic and viscoplastic material is studied with the objective of finding the effect of the strain hardening parameter, strain-rate hardening parameters, thermal softening coefficient and thermal conductivity on the initiation and growth of adiabatic shear bands. The body is placed in a hard loading device, i.e. the velocity is prescribed at its top and bottom surfaces. A shear band is presumed to have formed if the addition of a perturbation in the temperature at the onset of plastic flow results in a localization of the shear strain. The critical strain at which the band begins to form is found and its dependence on various material parameters is investigated.
Efficient approximate solution of sparse linear systems

Abstract We consider the problem of approximate solution x of of a linear system Ax = b over the reals, such that ∥A x − b∥ ≤ e ∥b∥ , for a given e, 0 π = log ( κ(A) e ) . The sparsity graph of A is a graph whose nodes are the indices and whose edges represent pairs of indices of A with nonzero entries. The following results hold for a DD matrix A with nonzero off-diagonal entries of bounded magnitude: 1. (1) if A has a sparsity graph which is a regular d-dimensional grid for constant d, then our work is O(nπ2), 2. (2) if A is a stochastic matrix with fixed s(n)-separable graph as its sparsity graph, then our work is O((n + s(n)2)π). The following results hold for a DD matrix A with entries of unbounded magnitude: 1. (3) if A is sparse (i.e., O(n) nonzeros), our work is less than O(n(π + log n))1.5, 2. (4) if A has a sparsity graph in a family of graphs with constant size forbidden graph minors (e.g., planar graphs), then our work is bounded by O(n(π + log n)1+o(1)) in the case log n = o(log π) and O(n(π + log n))1+o(1) in the case log π = o(log n). We use approximate preconditioned iterations to compute a sequence of iterative improvements to the preconditioned linear system. For class (1) of matrices (and class (2) with s(n) = O(√n)), we construct in n) work preconditioners, which reduce the condition number of the resulting preconditioned linear system condition number to O(1); and our resulting total work bounds to approximately solve the linear systems are O(n), if π = O(1). For class (4), we are within a small increasing factor of these bounds.
Photo-stabilisation and photo-degradation of organic coatings containing a hindered amine light stabiliser: Part III—Kinetics of stabilisation during free radical oxidation

Abstract The kinetics of nitroxide formation and decay and hindered amine light stabiliser consumption in organic coatings doped with bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (HALS I) have been interpreted using a scheme based on conventional free radical oxidation. Rate constants have been determined by fitting experimental nitroxide kinetic data from coatings doped variously with HALS I- or a HALS-based nitroxide. Three rate constants are important to the understanding of the stabilisation kinetics of HALS I: the rate constant for the conversion of HALS I to nitroxide, the rate constant for the scavenging of free radicals by nitroxide to form aminoethers and the rate constant for the regeneration of nitroxide from aminoethers. These rate constants have been determined for both an acrylic/urethane and an acrylic/melamine coating as a function of exposure conditions. The rate constant for radical scavenging by nitroxide is independent of coating type. It is found that aminoethers are more easily converted to nitroxide than is HALS I. It is also found that the rate constants for the generation of nitroxide from HALS I are independent of humidity for the acrylic urethane coating but increase with increasing humidity in the acrylic/melamine coating. It is suggested that this is due to the influence of formaldehyde, released during hydrolysis of the acrylic/melamine coating, on the free radical chemistry.
Tau decays involving η and τ → f1πντ from CLEO

We present a new measurement of the τ − → h − π 0 ην τ decay parameters which includes the most precise calculation of the B ( τ − → h − π 0 ην τ ) branching fraction and comparison with CVC predictions. We have found a new channel for tau decays with a neutrino, 3 charged hadrons and η in the final state. An observation is made in 3-prong tau decays where the η is reconstructed from its η → γγ and η → 3 π 0 decays. The measured branching fraction B ( τ − → h − h + h − ην τ ) = (4.3 ± 0.8 ± 0.8) · 10 −4 is about two orders of magnitude larger than the theoretical prediction. The hadronic final state exhibits a substructure with clear evidence of a significant f 1 (1285) production. The corresponding decay branching fraction is B ( τ − → f 1 π − ν τ ) = (6.8 ± 1.8 ± 2.4) · 10 −4 , measured from the f 1 → ηπ + π − and f 1 → ηπ 0 π 0 decay modes. A corroborating signal for f 1 (1285) production is found also in other tau decay modes. For the first time we have set upper limits for the branching fractions B ( τ → h 5 π 0 ν τ ), B ( τ → hη ′(958) ν τ ) and B ( τ → hπ 0 η ′(958) ν τ ).
Enhancement of the evanescent coupling between III-V/Si hybrid microring laser and bus waveguide by using a bending coupler

A bending directional coupler is presented to enhance the evanescent coupling between a compact deeply-etched III–V/Si hybrid microring laser and its small Si bus waveguide. With the present design, one could realize a sufficient evanescent coupling between the III–V/Si hybrid microring even when the gap between the microring and the bus waveguide is relatively large gap (∼ 400nm).This makes the fabrication easier.
A Synthesis of (+)-FR182877, Featuring Tandem Transannular Diels−Alder Reactions Inspired by a Postulated Biogenesis

An efficient biomimetic synthesis of the reported structure of the hexacyclic, cytotoxic secondary metabolite FR182877 is described. The successful route features the synthesis of a 19-membered ring carbocycle using two pi-allyl palladium(II)-mediated C-C bond-forming reactions. This polyunsaturated macrocycle undergoes tandem transannular Diels-Alder reactions that create five rings and seven stereogenic centers in one operation under mild conditions, representing the first double transannular Diels-Alder reaction. The absolute stereochemistry of the natural product is demonstrated to be opposite of that reported previously. Significant quantities of both enantiomers of this microtubule-stabilizing natural product and related structures are now available via this approach.
A capillary-based microfluidic instrument suitable for immunoaffinity chromatography.

Abstract The analysis of biological samples to produce clinical or research data often requires measurement of analytes from complex biological matrices and limited volumes. Miniaturized analytical systems capable of minimal sample consumption and reduced analysis times have been employed to meet this need. The small footprint of this technology offers the potential for portability and patient point-of-care testing. A prototype microfluidic system has been developed and is presented for potential rapid assessment of clinical samples. The system has been designed for immunoaffinity chromatography as a means of separating analytes of interest from biological matrices. The instrument is capable of sub-microliter sample injection and detection of labeled antigens by long wavelength laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The laboratory-constructed device is assembled from an array of components including two syringe pumps, a nano-gradient mixing chip, a micro-injector, a diode laser, and a separation capillary column made from a polymer/silica (PEEKsil) tube. An in-house program written with LabVIEW software controls the syringe pumps to perform step gradient elution and collects the LIF signal as a chromatogram. Initial columns were packed with silica beads to evaluate the system. Optimization of the device has been achieved by measuring flow accuracy with respect to column length and particle size. Syringe size and pressure effects have also been used to characterize the capability of the pumps. Based on test results, a 200-μm × 25-mm column packed with 1-μm silica beads was chosen for use with a 500-μL syringe. The system was tested for mixer proportioning by pumping different compositions of buffer and fluorescent dye solutions in a stepwise fashion. A linear response was achieved for increasing concentrations of fluorescent dye by online mixing (R2 = 0.9998). The effectiveness of an acidic gradient was confirmed by monitoring pH post-column and measuring premixed solutions offline. Finally, assessment of detectability was achieved by injecting fluorescent dye solutions and measuring the signal from the LIF detector. The limit of detection for the system with these solutions was 10.0 pM or 10.0 amol on-column. As proof-of-principle, immunoaffinity chromatography was demonstrated with immobilized rabbit anti-goat IgG and a fluorescent dye-goat IgG conjugate as a model antigen.
Of Paradigm, Transformation and Organisational Effectiveness

What happens when change agents intervene to change corporate structures? What is the well‐documented “resistance to change” phenomenon? How are bureaucracies created, maintained and changed? Why do people resist change? The paradigm concept is used to answer these questions and to provide some insights into the nature of future organisational forms.
Some studies of the chemical modification of antibodies.

Abstract Chemical modification of the free amino groups of antibodies to six different antigens has been carried out. The antigens included three proteins, and one negatively charged, one positively charged, and one neutral, hapten. Acetylation of more than 40% of the free amino groups of all antibodies resulted in a complete loss of capacity to precipitate their respective antigens, whereas guanidination of up to 75% of the groups did not alter this capacity. Our conclusion is that the effect of acetylation is non-specific, independent of the nature of the antigen, and is probably due to a contigurational change in the acetylated antibody molecules produced by intramolecular electrostatic repulsions. The dissociation of antigen-antibody bonds produced by alkaline pH may be attributable to a related mechanism.
Spatially localized in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of an intracerebral rat glioma.

Surface coil MRI combined with spatially localized spectroscopy was used to noninvasively detect 1H signals from metabolites within an intracerebral malignant glioma in rats. The MRS pulse sequence was based upon two-dimensional ISIS, which restricted 1H signals to a column-shaped volume, combined with one dimensional spectroscopic imaging, which further resolved the signals into 8 or 16 slices along the major axis of the column. All experiments were executed with adiabatic pulses which induced uniform spin excitation despite the inhomogeneous radiofrequency field distribution produced by the surface coil transmitter. Surface coil MRI and MRS experiments were performed on phantom samples, normal rat brains, and rat brains harboring malignant gliomas. Spatially resolved in vivo1H spectra of intracerebral gliomas revealed significantly decreased concentrations of Nacetyl-aspartate and creatine and increased lactic acid (or lipids) as compared to the contralateral hemisphere. These results demonstrate that metabolic abnormalities in intracerebral rat gliomas can be spatially resolved in a noninvasive manner using localized in vivo1H MRS. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
A natural example of the simultaneous operation of free-face dissolution and pressure solution

Abstract The dissolution of crinoid columnals during tectonic deformation of the Appalachian Plateau was enhanced by stress-induced changes of chemical potential of calcite in solution at the surface of the crinoid columnal. Pressure solution on the outside surface occurred within areas of highest normal stress developed at grain to grain contacts whereas free-face dissolution on the inside bore (the axial canal) of the columnal occurred where parts of the crystal lattice next to the surface were subject to the highest strain, as indicated by the presence of mechanical twins. For free-face dissolution, the chemical potential of the solute is affected more by the larger strain energy associated with mechanical twinning than strain energy from elastic strain prior to mechanical twinning of the crystal lattice. These observations suggest that free-face dissolution as well as pressure solution may contribute significantly to dissolution during rock deformation by diffusive mass transfer.
Design and analysis of small-area air trench bends and splitters

High efficiency small-area waveguide bends and splitters for perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) copolymer materials have been designed with air trench structures (ATSs). An air trench at the intersection of one input and two output waveguides can function as a high efficiency splitter. High efficiency small-area waveguide bends are achieved by placing ATSs at the waveguide bend corners and operate through total internal reflection (TIR). In this paper we discuss bends and splitters that are designed specifically for constructing a ring resonator and a Mach-Zender interferometer. Two dimensional (2-D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis has been used for design. In order to further examine the performance of realistic small-area air trench bend structures, we have also employed three dimensional (3-D) FDTD. From 3-D FDTD simulation results, we find that the 2-D designs are representative of actual devices. By combining small-area air trench bends and splitters, we show how a compact ring resonator can be realized. Simulation results show attractive properties for the proposed ring resonator design. Preliminary ATS etch results of PFCB with CO and O 2 shows the possibility of fabricating the proposed devices.
Particle-contamination analysis for reticles in carrier inner pods.

Particle contamination is analyzed for a reticle in the inner pod of a carrier with particular emphasis on the effect of raising the cover of the inner pod before removing the reticle from the carrier at atmospheric pressure (not low pressure). Two mechanisms for particle transport into the gap between the base plate and the reticle are considered: injection and advection-diffusion. It is shown that injection is not an important mechanism but that advection-diffusion transport can carry particles deeply into the gap, where they can deposit on the reticle surface. Closed-form expressions are presented for the transmission probability that particles at the reticle edge are transported inward past the exclusion zone around the reticle perimeter. The gas flow in the gap that occurs during cover-raising is found by numerical simulation, and the closed-form expressions are applied to determine the probability of contamination for different cover-raising scenarios.
Prolife Perinatologist — Paradox or Possibility?

Is it possible to specialize in maternalfetal medicine without being willing to perform abortions? Or, to put it another way, is there such a thing as a prolife perinatologist? There are essentiall...
Novel dimeric configurations from bacteriophage G4 replicative form DNA

The oligomeric fraction of the replicative form of phage G4 was prepared by sedimentation on three successive CsCl velocity gradients followed by resolution on CsCl-propidium diiodide equilibrium gradients and subfractions through the equilibrium gradients were examined by electron microscopy. The most frequent dimer species were the circular dimer, the singly linked catenane and the figure 8; these occurred in a ratio of 10:3:1. The high enrichment for dimers and other oligomers made possible the observation and the determination of the frequency of occurrence of a number of minor species, some of them of novel configuration. These are (a) dimers similar to figure 8s except containing long, apparently four-stranded junctions common to the two halves (theta forms); (2) dimers similar to those in (1) except that the long junctions separate the two halves (dumbbell forms); (3) multiply catenated dimers with apparent right-handed intertwines; and (4) dimers containing a knot. Theta forms cleaved by EcoRI were shown to be stable under conditions in which EcoRI-treated figure 8s were resolved by branch migration.
Nitrite Effects on Formation of Volatile Oxidation Products from Triolein

Oxidation of triolein resulted in the formation of 5 major aldehydes (heptanal, octanal, nonanal, 2-decenal and 2-undecenal). Pre-treatment of the triolein with a twofold molar excess of N 2 O 3 did not qualitatively affect the compounds formed but reduced the amount formed by 63 to 74%. Treatment with tenfold excess of N 2 O 3 resulted in formation of several unknown compounds. However, the ratio of N 2 O 3 to olefinic groups in lipids in cured meats was less than 1 :750. These data indicate that nitrite reduced the formation of aldehydes from lipid oxidation and contributed to anti-oxidant activity. However, the amount of nitrite added to meats is probably insufficient for this to be a major anti-oxidant mechanism.
State reforms threaten remote community life

This paper reports on an ethnographic study of administrators, faculty, parents and community members in one remote Michigan school district. The purpose of the study is to describe and explain how Michigan's educational reform perspective – arguably similar to the education reform perspectives of many states – encountered the educational perspective of members of one of the state's most remote communities. I described education's reform perspective, noted its conceptual coherence and conformity with calls for an improved – that is, more demanding, progressive, coordinated and centralised – system. The goal was to understand how that perspective encounters the educational perspective of a remote community. Put simply, the results suggested that Michigan's educational reform perspective poses a direct threat to that community.
Temperature-modulated scanning tunneling spectroscopy of gold nanoparticle dropcast films

The electronic conductivity of a gold nanoparticle dropcast film was examined by temperature-modulated scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The low-conductance Coulomb blockade was found to shrink with increasing temperature, which at ambient temperature (ca. 290 K) diminished completely. Concomitantly, the potential spacing between adjacent peaks observed in the Coulomb staircase features exhibited a marked increase at approximately the same temperature. Both observations suggest an enhancement of the particle film electronic conductivity with increasing temperature. Such a transition was ascribed to the combined consequence of thermal activation of interparticle charge transfer and particle coherent thermal motions.
Phenolic acid and condensed tannin concentrations of six cotton genotypes

Abstract Phenolic acids and condensed tannins have been implicated in plant resistance to insects and diseases. The objective of this study was to determine phenolic acid and condensed tannin concentrations in six cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes that display varying degrees of spider mite [ Tetranychus urticae (Koch)] resistance. Since phenolic acids are precursors for condensed tannins in the shikimate pathway, the levels of these compounds should be positively correlated. Leaf blades from whole cotton plants grown in a controlled environment were analyzed using HPLC techniques at two growth stages (pinhead-square and first-bloom) for concentrations of 13 tentatively identified phenolic acids, while condensed tannin concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically from extracts of the topmost unfolded leaf and the fourth mainstem leaf from the terminal. Caffeic, p -coumaric and salicylic acids occurred at high concentrations relative to the other phenolic acids. Gallic, gentisic, protocatechuic, benzoic and ferulic acids occurred at intermediate concentrations; p -hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, sinapic and cinnamic acids occurred at low concentrations. Genotypes that exhibited higher levels of condensed tannins also had significantly higher levels of total phenolic acids, syringic acid and p -coumaric acid concentrations. Additionally caffeic, p -hydroxybenzoic, syringic, p -coumaric and benzoic acids and total phenolic acids were highly correlated with condensed tannin concentrations. Phenolic acid concentrations decreased, while condensed tannin concentrations increased, from pinhead-square to first-bloom growth stages in all genotypes. While genotypes displaying some degree of resistance to the spider mite may have been selected for elevated condensed tannin levels, these genotypes also may have been inadvertently selected for high phenolic acid levels. Therefore, the observed resistance in these genotypes may be attributed to high levels of not only condensed tannins, but also phenolic acids.
ADOLESCENTS AS A SOURCE OF SOCIAL CONTROL: THE UTILITY OF ADOLESCENT SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR REDUCING VIOLENT DELINQUENCY

Parental social capital has emerged as an important social control component of adolescent delinquency. However, for severe forms of delinquency, such as violence, adolescent social capital is as likely a source of social control as adult social capital. This study uses the first two waves of the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to show that parental social capital has little effect on violence once parental and family characteristics are controlled. However, both neighborhood and school adolescent social capital reduce adolescents' violent behavior in spite of strong controls of peer fighting, prior violent offending, and neighborhood-level variables.
Explaining the Social and Psychological Impacts of a Nuclear Power Plant Accident1

This research investigates the antecedents of psychosocial impacts of the TMI nuclear power plant accident. A model of factors that are hypothesized to affect impact levels is developed and configured to approximate a hypothetical causal sequence. Using data from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission telephone survey, the technique of path analysis is used to test relationships in the model. The results show that the antecedents explain 12% of the variance in individual stress, 45% of the variance in family disruption, and 16% of the variance in perceived community change. The analysis shows that the TMI specific attitudes and sensitivity to radiation risks are strong antecedents of impacts. Although general attitudes toward nuclear power have minor indirect effects, it appears that situational experiences with the accident are the major contributors toward explaining impact levels.
Activation of Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinases (ERK1/2) by Angiotensin II Is Dependent on c-Src in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract—Among the angiotensin II (Ang II)–mediated signal events likely to be important in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). The upstream mediators by which Ang II activates ERK1/2 remain poorly defined. Recently, we showed that Ang II activated c-Src, a nonreceptor kinase, which is a candidate to mediate Ang II signal events. To determine whether c-Src is required for ERK1/2 activation by Ang II, we studied the effects of Src family–selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors on ERK1/2 activation and also studied Ang II–mediated signal events in Src-deficient and Src-overexpressing VSMCs. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and CP-188,556, blocked Ang II–mediated ERK1/2 activation in rat VSMCs (rVSMCs). We derived Src-deficient VSMCs from the aortas of c-Src knockout mice (Src−/− mVSMCs). Basal ERK1/2 activity was lower, and activation of ERK1/2 by Ang II was significantly decreased in Src−/− mVSMCs compared with wild-type mVSMC...
A new broadband transmission line model for accurate simulation of dispersive interconnects

This paper presents a new method for the extraction of the frequency-dependent, per-unit-length resistance and inductance parameters of multi-conductor interconnects. The proposed extraction methodology is based on a new formulation of the magneto-quasi-static problem that allows lossy ground planes of finite thickness to be modeled rigorously. The formulation is such that the per-unit-length impedance matrix for the multi-conductor interconnect is extracted directly at a prescribed frequency. Once the matrix has been calculated over the bandwidth of interest, rational function representations of its elements are generated through a robust matrix curve-fitting process. Such a formulation enables subsequent transient analysis of interconnects through a variety of approaches, all of them compatible with general-purpose circuit simulators.
Redatuming CDP Data below Salt with VSP Green’s Function

Summary Common depth point (CDP) data can be naturally redatumed below salt with a vertical seismic profile (VSP) Green’s function. In this case only VSP and CDP data are required and no velocity model is needed. Here both the Kirchho single-arrival datuming and multi-arrival (asymptotic) datuming (KMAD) methodologies are applied to SEG/EAGE salt model data and acceptable redatuming results are achieved. It shows that both of these methods can be used to redatum CDP data beneath the salt without knowing the velocity model of the salt body or overburden. However, the multi-arrival datuming method provides a more accurate datuming result than the single-arrival datuming method. The benefit of this method is that redatumed CDP data can be used, in principle, to more clearly image reflectors beneath the salt.
An Overlap Virtual Networks Testbed for Future Real-Time Multimedia Transmission

In this paper, we argue that real-time multimedia streaming service can be deployed over multiple overlapped virtual networks in future Internet. Rather than carrying multimedia packets relying on a single network alone, our method provides network resources redundancy for reliability, avoiding service interrupted due to errors on some particular networks. In addition, it can balance traffic load as large amount of traffic congests a certain network, by which packet losses are reduced greatly. To verify this idea, a testbed based on local VINI is implemented imposing several open source components to realize our proposed idea. And then, by running a multimedia streaming service on this testbed introducing real video sequence source, we gladly find that many benefits are produced, and for the end user they have a better video quality performance.
Black-hole normal modes: A WKB approach. I. Foundations and application of a higher-order WKB analysis of potential-barrier scattering.

We present a semianalytic technique for determining the complex normal-mode frequencies of black holes. The method makes use of the WKB approximation, carried to third order beyond the eikonal approximation. Mathematically, the problem is similar to studying one-dimensional quantum-mechanical scattering near the peak of a potential barrier, and determining the scattering resonances. Under such conditions, a modification of the usual WKB approach must be used. We obtain the connection formulas that relate the amplitudes of incident, reflected, and transmitted waves, to the third WKB order. By imposing the normal-mode (resonance) boundary condition of a zero incident amplitude with nonzero transmitted and reflected amplitudes, we find a simple formula that determines the real and imaginary parts of the normal-mode frequency of perturbation (or of the quantum-mechanical energy of the resonance) in terms of the derivatives (up to and including sixth order) of the barrier function evaluated at the peak, and in terms of the quantity (n+(1/2)), where n is an integer and labels the fundamental mode (resonance), first overtone, and so on. This higher-order approach may find uses in barrier-tunneling problems in atomic and nuclear physics.
Survival of Children with Severe Chronic Uremia Results of Management by Dietary and Medical Therapy Alone

Observations suggest that for conventionally managed uremic children, the median progression from an initial serum creatinine level of 5 mg per 100 ml to the need for dialysis or transplantation is 36 months.
Rayleigh wave phase velocities in the Pacific with implications for azimuthal anisotropy and lateral heterogeneities

SUMMARY The lateral distribution of fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave phase velocities in the Pacific has been calculated in order to determine the variation in velocity as a function of the age of the oceanic plate, the importance of azimuthal anisotropy, and the presence of secondary lateral heterogeneities. The data set used in this study consists of phase velocity measurements in the period range 20-125 s for 178 paths traversing the Pacific. Both the pure-path and spherical harmonic inversion techniques are used in this investigation with an emphasis placed on determining the effectiveness and resolving power of these methods in calculating the velocity distribution in an oceanic regime. The first-order velocity-age relation which dominantly characterizes surface wave dispersion in an oceanic environment can be adequately modelled by either the pure-path or spherical harmonic techniques. Azimuthal anisotropy is the dominant second-order effect and is best developed in regions less than 80 Myr in age. In this age zone, the faster direction of wave propagation is either in the direction of fossil seafloor spreading or in the direction of present-day absolute plate motion. In the western Pacific, there is a correlation with paleo-relative motion (fossil seafloor spreading) for periods less than 50 s. Lateral velocity heterogeneities which are not related to the age of the oceanic plate are found by pure-path inversions and are correlated with regions associated with shallow residual depth anomalies. This effect (slow velocities with respect to the velocity-age model) monotonically decreases as a function of period and is indicative of a shallow origin. Age independent anomalies were also modelled by the application of the pure-path and spherical harmonic methods in a sequential inversion.
Gremlin 2 regulates distinct roles of BMP and Endothelin 1 signaling in dorsoventral patterning of the facial skeleton

Patterning of the upper versus lower face involves generating distinct pre-skeletal identities along the dorsoventral (DV) axes of the pharyngeal arches. Whereas previous studies have shown roles for BMPs, Endothelin 1 (Edn1) and Jagged1b-Notch2 in DV patterning of the facial skeleton, how these pathways are integrated to generate different skeletal fates has remained unclear. Here, we show that BMP and Edn1 signaling have distinct roles in development of the ventral and intermediate skeletons, respectively, of the zebrafish face. Using transgenic gain-of-function approaches and cell-autonomy experiments, we find that BMPs strongly promote hand2 and msxe expression in ventral skeletal precursors, while Edn1 promotes the expression of nkx3.2 and three Dlx genes (dlx3b, dlx5a and dlx6a) in intermediate precursors. Furthermore, Edn1 and Jagged1b pattern the intermediate and dorsal facial skeletons in part by inducing the BMP antagonist Gremlin 2 (Grem2), which restricts BMP activity to the ventral-most face. We therefore propose a model in which later cross-inhibitory interactions between BMP and Edn1 signaling, in part mediated by Grem2, separate an initially homogenous ventral region into distinct ventral and intermediate skeletal precursor domains.
Membrane protein biosensor with multi-channel CMOS impedance extractor and digitizer

Recent advances in the self-assembly of biomimetic interfaces permit the development of biosensor arrays that harness the unique sensitivity and selectivity of membrane proteins. Integrating these interfaces into microsystem platforms for point-of-care and high throughput screening applications requires compact, multi-channel readout circuitry to measure interface impedance over a broad frequency spectrum. This paper described the design and characterization of a biosensor array microsystem comprised of a new CMOS impedance extractor and digitizer (IED) circuit and tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLM) incorporated with gramicidin ion channel proteins. The extremely hardware efficient mixed-signal IED circuit measures the response of a tBLM interface, extracts its real and imaginary impedance components, and digitizes and stores the results. Occupying only 0.06 mm2, the IED circuit can be instantiated more than 100 times in a single 3 mm times 3 mm chip, making it well suited for simultaneous readout of a variety of monolithic sensor arrays.
An analysis of disjoint path properties in data manipulator networks

Properties of disjoint paths between a given source (S) and destination (D) in data manipulator networks are examined. The condition that must be present to have disjoint paths through the network for a given S and D pair is presented. It is proven that the maximum number of disjoint paths for any S/D pair is two, and a method for finding the routing tags that specify these paths is given. The effect of a fault in a given stage of the network on the number of S/D pairs that can be connected is also discussed. >
SYNTHESIS OF INOSITOL IN MICE

It has been shown that mice are able to synthesize inositol. This synthesis was not observed when pantothenic acid was absent from the diet. Cultures from the intestinal tract of animals which exhibited spontaneous cure of alopecia yielded microorganisms which synthesized much more inositol than did organisms isolated in the same fashion from the tracts of mice that had become hairless. Some observations on the distribution of free and combined inositol have been made and it has been shown that several biological materials contain combined inositol. It has been found that deficiency of inositol can develop even when inositol is present in the diet if pantothenic acid is omitted.
AN ACTION FOR SUPER-W3-GRAVITY

A superspace action for non-chiral super-W3-gravity is constructed. It generalizes the chiral result of Hull, and like him we assume a stronger condition on the dijk tensors than in W3-gravity. By introducing auxiliary superfields in rigid superspace, we are able to reduce the problem to the gauging in each chiral sector separately.
Low-energy wireless communication network design

Energy-efficient wireless communication network design is an important and challenging problem. Its difficulty lies in the fact that the overall performance depends, in a coupled way, on the following subsystems: antenna, power amplifier, modulation, error control coding, and network protocols. In addition, given an energy constraint, improved operation of one of the aforementioned subsystems may not yield better overall performance. Thus, to optimize performance one must account for the coupling among the above subsystems and simultaneously optimize their operation under an energy constraint. In this article we present a generic integrated design methodology that is suitable for many kinds of mobile systems and achieves global optimization under an energy constraint. By pointing out some important connections among different layers in the design procedure, we explain why our integrated design methodology is better than traditional design methodologies. We present numerical results of the application of our design methodology to a situational awareness scenario in a mobile wireless network with different mobility models. These results illustrate the improvement in performance that our integrated design methodology achieves over traditional design methodologies, and the tradeoff between energy consumption and performance.
Pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia evokes myocardial erythropoietin signaling in swine undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia protects myocardium and hastens postsurgical recovery of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Pyruvate reportedly suppresses degradation of the α-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), an activator of the gene encoding the cardioprotective cytokine erythropoietin (EPO). This study tested the hypothesis that pyruvate-enriched cardioplegia evoked EPO expression and mobilized EPO signaling mechanisms in myocardium. Hearts of pigs maintained on CPB were arrested for 60 min with 4:1 blood-crystalloid cardioplegia. The crystalloid component contained 188 mM glucose ± 24 mM pyruvate. After 30-min cardiac reperfusion with cardioplegia-free blood, the pigs were weaned from CPB. Left ventricular myocardium was sampled 4 h after CPB for immunoblot assessment of HIF-1α, EPO and its receptor, the signaling kinases Akt and ERK, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), an effector of EPO signaling. Pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia stabilized arterial pressure post-CPB, induced myocardial EPO mRNA expression, and increased HIF-1α, EPO, and EPO-R protein contents by 60, 58, and 123%, respectively, vs. control cardioplegia (P < 0.05). Pyruvate cardioplegia also increased ERK phosphorylation by 61 and 118%, respectively, vs. control cardioplegia-treated and non-CPB sham myocardium (P < 0.01), but did not alter Akt phosphorylation. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and eNOS content fell 32% following control CPB vs. sham, but pyruvate cardioplegia prevented these declines, yielding 49 and 80% greater NOS activity and eNOS content vs. respective control values (P < 0.01). Pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia induced myocardial EPO expression and mobilized the EPO-ERK-eNOS mechanism. By stabilizing HIF-1α, pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia may evoke sustained activation of EPO's cardioprotective signaling cascade in myocardium.