cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medium energy ion scattering investigation of homoepitaxy on H terminated Si(111)

Abstract We have investigated homoepitaxy on H terminated unreconstructed Si(111) at low temperatures. Epitaxy on the (1 × 1) surface requires growth temperatures about 80°C higher than on the bare surface to achieve similar crystal quality. Even at higher temperatures (300°C to 400°C), where excellent growth is expected, we observe a degradation in the surface ordering on the H terminated surface, not observed for growth on the bare surface.
EZADS inputs which produce half-factorial block monoids

We study the factorization properties of block monoids $$\fancyscript{B}(\mathbb {Z}/q\mathbb {Z},S)$$ resulting from the EZADS construction given in Chapman and Smith (Period Math Hungar 64(2): 227–246, 2012). This construction, which is inspired by a paper of Erdos and Zaks (J Number Theory 36 (1): 89–94, 1990), takes a finite set of integers (called an EZADS input) and produces a weakly half-factorial set called an EZADS. We are primarily interested in determining which EZADS inputs will produce a half-factorial EZADS. In Sect. 3 we show that if an EZADS input produces a half-factorial EZADS, then so will any of its subsets. In Sect. 4 we derive a bound which significantly simplifies the problem of determining whether an EZADS is half-factorial. In Sect. 5, we show how this bound may be used to reformulate the problem in terms of continuous quantities, then in Sect. 6 we apply these ideas to study four-element EZADSs. We describe a finite algorithm which, for fixed $$m$$ , can be used to classify all half-factorial EZADSs in the form $$\{\overline{1},\overline{ab},\overline{mb},\overline{ma}\}\subseteq \mathbb {Z}/mab\mathbb {Z}$$ . Finally in Sect. 7 we show that a special sequence of EZADSs studied in Chapman and Smith (Period Math Hungar 64(2): 227–246, 2012) are always half-factorial. We close by describing possible extensions of our work and related conjectures.
Virus constructed iron phosphate lithium ion batteries in unmanned aircraft systems

FePO 4 lithium ion batteries that have cathodes constructed by viruses are scaled up in size to examine potential for use as an auxiliary battery in the Raven to power the payload equipment. These batteries are assembled at standard temperature and pressure, yet are consistently able to achieve 20nm FePO 4 particle size, creating higher energy density. Conductivity is increased in the scale up of the cathodes by integrating a stainless steel mesh to the design. A prototype auxiliary battery design is created, tested, and refined to determine how virally constructed FePO 4 batteries behave as they are scaled up.
Categories Count: Trans Fat Labeling as a Technique of Corporate Governance

This article explains how regulators use categorization, quantification, and labeling to change how corporations manufacture commercial products. The Food and Drug Administration wanted to create an incentive for manufacturers to replace trans fats by requiring food labels to disclose trans fat content. The Food and Drug Administration initially proposed categorizing trans fats as saturated fats and quantifying both substances with one number on labels, but industry actors largely favored quantifying trans fats separately from saturated fats. Industry actors argued that such an approach would show consumers which products had been reformulated to contain 0 g of trans fats, thus allowing manufacturers to market reformulated products as ‘healthier’ and rewarding investments in alternative technologies. The Food and Drug Administration ultimately decided to categorize and quantify the two fats separately, specifically designing the disclosure of quantitative information in order to encourage technological ch...
Cartilage proteoglycans inhibit fibronectin-mediated adhesion.

Normal tissues and organs show, on histological examination, a pattern of cellular and acellular zones that is characteristic and unique for each organ or tissue. This pattern is maintained in health but is sometimes destroyed by disease. For example, in mobile joints, the articular surfaces consist of relatively acellular hyaline cartilage, and the joint space is enclosed by a capsule of loose connective tissue with a lining of fibroblasts and macrophages. In the normal joint these cells are confined to the synovial lining and the articular surface remains acellular. In in vitro culture, macrophages and their precursor monocytes are very adhesive, and fibroblasts can migrate and overgrow surfaces such as collagen or plastic used for tissue culture. The fibroblasts adhere to collagen by means of fibronectin, which they synthesize and secrete1. Because the collagen of cartilage is capable of binding serum fibronectin2 and fibronectin is present in cartilage during its development3, these cells should, in theory, slowly migrate from the synovial lining to the articular surface. It is their absence from the articular cartilage in normal circumstances, and then presence in such pathological states as rheumatoid arthritis, that is striking. We therefore set out to determine whether a component of cartilage could prevent fibroblast adherence in a defined adhesion assay. As normal cartilage is composed of 50% proteoglycans and 50% collagen by dry weight4, we tested the possibility that the proteoglycans in cartilage inhibit fibroblast adhesion to collagen. We present here evidence that fibroblast spreading and adhesion to collagenous substrates is inhibited by cartilage proteoglycans.
An Overview of NASA's Contributions to Energy Technology

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is well known for its many contributions to advancing technology for the aviation and space industries. It may be surprising to some that it has also made a major impact in advancing energy technologies. This paper presents a historic overview of some of the energy programs that NASA was involved in, as well as presenting some current energy-related work that is relevant to both aerospace and non-aerospace needs. In the past, NASA developed prototype electric cars, low-emission gas turbines, wind turbines, and solar-powered villages, to name a few of the major energy projects. The fundamental expertise in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, thermodynamics, mechanical and electrical engineering, and other related fields, found in NASA s workforce, can easily be applied to develop creative solutions to energy problems in space, aviation, or terrestrial systems.
An immunomarking method to determine the foraging patterns of Osmia cornifrons and resulting fruit set in a cherry orchard

The foraging patterns of Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski) (Megachilidae, Hymenoptera) were determined with an immunomarking method and correlated with fruit set in a commercial tart cherry orchard in Pennsylvania. Adults of O. cornifrons were self-marked with chicken egg-white protein powder from a dispenser nest box placed at the center of the study orchard at early bloom. Flower samples were collected from randomly selected trees (n = 30) located at different distances from the nest box. Flowers were analyzed for the presence of immunomarker protein with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Foraging patterns were determined by measuring the distance and direction of marked flowers from the nest box. While marked flowers were found out to 55 m (maximum distance sampled), most marked flowers were found within 35 m from the nest and the percentage of marked flowers declined rapidly beyond that distance. Fruit density per limb cross-sectional area (cm2) in the study orchard was significantly higher than in the orchard without O. cornifrons, indicating the value of O. cornifrons as pollinators in increasing fruit yield in tart cherries.
Glucocorticoid Influence on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Mouse Locus Coeruleus during Postnatal Development

Administration of corticosterone (10 mg/kg, ip, twice daily for 3 days) to mice during the second week of postnatal development led to an increase of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the locus coeruleus, but not in the substantia nigra. The corticosterone effect was observed only transiently during this developmental period. Tritiated corticosterone can bind to a cytosol fraction prepared from mouse locus coeruleus, with a specific binding capacity of 110 fmol/mg protein. There is a correlation between the ability of various steroids to increase TH activity and their binding to the cytosol glucocorticoid receptor. Cortexolone and progesterone, two antiglucocorticoids that can bind to the cytosol receptor, were found to abolish the effect of corticosterone in increasing TH activity. It appears that the noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus may be target cells for glucocorticoids, and that the glucocorticoid effect on TH may be a receptor-mediated mechanism.
Re-examining the proprietary software protection issue in the U.S.A. for the 1980s

Abstract Recent developments in statutory and case law in the USA now make it possible to protect by copyright, proprietary computer programs from unauthorized copying provided that the copyright-holding party attempts to display the copyright notice publicly. Considerable progress has been made toward patentable computer software, but the issue of whether a computer program itself may be patented still remains unresolved. The Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) and the Court of Customs and Appeals (CCPA) have agreed that the application of a computer program, containing a mathematical algorithm, in a process may constitute patentible subject matter. The cases pertaining to copyrightable and patentable software together with an explanation of the wording of the new Section 117 of the 1976 Copyright Act are shown in the Appendixes to the article. The paper presents the issues pertaining to copyright and patent protection of computer software and some relevant cases for each issue. It concludes with a discussion of unresolved questions in protecting proprietary software.
Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in pre-convective environments using VAS moisture channels

Infrared and visible imagery from VAS are used to delineate mid- and lower-tropospheric moisture fields for a variety of severe storm cases in the southern and central United States. The ability of sequences of images to isolate areas of large negative vertical moisture gradients and apparent convective instability prior to the onset of convective storms is assessed. A variety of image combination procedures are used to deduce the stability fields which are then compared with the available radiosonde data. The results for several severe storm cases indicate that VAS can detect mid- and low-level mesoscale water vapor fields as distinct radiometric signals. The VAS imagery shows a strong tendency for thunderstorms to develop along the edges of bands of midlevel dryness as they overtake either preexisting or developing low-level moisture maxima. Image sequences depict the speed with which deep moist and dry layers can develop and move.
Loading Rate Effect on the Domain Switching of Ferroelectric Materials

A method to characterize the strain electric field butterfly behavior based on the underlying domain switching mechanism is presented at first. The effect of loading rate on the different characteristics of the strain electric-field-butterfly behavior is then studied. By comparing the changes in these characteristics under different loading rates, it is established that the loading rate dependence of the strain electric field butterfly behavior is mainly due to two factors, 1) the dependence of the switching of individual domains on the magnitude and duration of the loading time and 2) the variation of the transition electric field with the loading rate. Several interesting attributes of the domain switching behavior that may shed light on understanding the underlying mechanism of domain switching further is illustrated in the present study. The present study also demonstrates that the method of characterizing the strain electric butterfly based on the underlying domain switching mechanism is very effective in studying ferroelectric behavior under different loading conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Pigeons shift their preference toward locations of food that take more effort to obtain.

Abstract Although animals typically prefer to exert less effort rather than more effort to obtain food, the present research shows that requiring greater effort to obtain food at a particular location appears to increase the value of that location. In Experiment 1, pigeons’ initial preference for one feeder was significantly reduced by requiring 1 peck to obtain food from that feeder and requiring 30 pecks to obtain food from the other feeder. In Experiment 2, a similar decrease in preference was not found when pigeons received reinforcement from both feeders independently of the amount of effort required. These results are consistent with the within-trial contrast effect proposed by Clement et al. (2000) in which the relative hedonic value of a reward depends on the state of the animal immediately prior to the reward. The greater the improvement from that prior state the greater the value of the reinforcer.
Structural and Functional Characterization of Human CXCR4 as a Chemokine Receptor and HIV-1 Co-receptor by Mutagenesis and Molecular Modeling Studies

The human CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a receptor for the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1α) and a co-receptor for the entry of specific strains of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). CXCR4 is also recognized by an antagonistic chemokine, the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (vMIP-II) encoded by human herpesvirus type VIII. SDF-1α or vMIP-II binding to CXCR4 can inhibit HIV-1 entry via this co-receptor. An approach combining protein structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis was used to probe the structure-function relationship of CXCR4, and interactions with its ligands SDF-1α and vMIP-II and HIV-1 envelope protein gp120. Hypothetical three-dimensional structures were proposed by molecular modeling studies of the CXCR4·SDF-1α complex, which rationalize extensive biological information on the role of CXCR4 in its interactions with HIV-1 envelope protein gp120. With site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified that the amino acid residues Asp (D20A) and Tyr (Y21A) in the N-terminal domain and the residue Glu (E268A) in extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) are involved in ligand binding, whereas the mutation Y190A in extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) impairs the signaling mediated by SDF-1α. As an HIV-1 co-receptor, we found that the N-terminal domain, ECL2, and ECL3 of CXCR4 are involved in HIV-1 entry. These structural and mutational studies provide valuable information regarding the structural basis for CXCR4 activity in chemokine binding and HIV-1 viral entry, and could guide the design of novel targeted inhibitors.
Polarographic measurement of H2 in aqueous solutions

An inexpensive circuit designed for polarographic measurement of dissolved H2 over a wide concentration range is described. Examples of its application to measurements of hydrogenase and nitrogenase activities are presented.
Immunoaffinity purification of membrane protein constituents of the IM-9 lymphoblast receptor for substance P.

Abstract Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide neuromediator that stimulates human T-lymphocyte function by binding to stereospecific membrane receptors. Human IM-9 cultured B-lymphoblasts express approximately 20,000 receptors per cell for [125I]SP with a Kd of 0.3 nM. [125I]SP was specifically crosslinked by disuccinimidyl suberate to IM-9 cell membrane proteins of 78, 58, and 33 kDa. An indirect immunoaffinity purification procedure has now been developed based on immunoabsorption of detergent-solubilized [125I]SP-labeled IM-9 cell membrane proteins to anti-SP antibody that was bound to an epoxide ultraffinity high-performance liquid chromatography column, followed by elution in acidic 8 m urea. The 58- and 33-kDa SP-receptor complexes were purified to apparent homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography and identified by autoradiography and silver staining of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.
Phenotypic characteristics shared by preeclamptic patients and an animal model of the syndrome: report of a pilot study.

Background Preeclampsia is a disorder that affects between 3% and 10% of all pregnancies. Progress in the understanding of the etiology (or etiologies) of this disorder has been impeded by the lack of suitable animal models of its early pathogenesis. Etiologic possibilities abound, and there are a number of considerations that suggest that preeclampsia is not one disease but rather a group of diseases with similar phenotypic characteristics. A rat model of this syndrome has been developed by inducing excessive volume expansion using desoxycorticosterone acetate and by replacing the drinking water with 0.9% saline. These animals develop hypertension, proteinuria, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). However, they do not develop glomerular endotheliosis or a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We therefore surveyed the charts of patients with a discharge diagnosis of preeclampsia. We addressed the question of whether there was a group of such patients with the characteristics of our rat model. These include hypertension, proteinuria, IUGR, and either normal or only mildly abnormal GFR. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of 630 consecutive patients discharged with a diagnosis of preeclampsia. Of the patients, 1290 had all data available to allow appropriate analysis. Results A total of 29 patients demonstrated hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg), proteinuria (>300 mg/ 24 h), and IUGR and did not have any confounding comorbid conditions. Of these 29 patients, 18 had GFR that were within the range expected for gestational age or only slightly reduced. Conclusions There is a group of patients that mirror the characteristics of our animal model. Accordingly, at least one etiology of preeclampsia is related to excessive expansion of the extracellular fluid volume.
Thermal regeneration of diesel-particulate monolithic filters

A mathematical model is developed to describe the process of thermal regeneration in diesel-particulate monolithic filters. The model shows that a typical regeneration cycle consists of four stages: preheating, ignition, transport-controlled combustion, and cooling. The total regeneration time and the peak temperature are the important regeneration characteristics and can be controlled by initial particulate loading, total filtration area, and channel wall thickness.
A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions

A simple parameterization has been developed to simulate global lightning distributions. Convective cloud top height is used as the variable in the parameterization, with different formulations for continental and marine thunderstorms. The parameterization has been validated using two lightning data sets: one global and one regional. In both cases the simulated lightning distributions and frequencies are in very good agreement with the observed lightning data. This parameterization could be used for global studies of lightning climatology; the earth's electric circuit; in general circulation models for modeling global lightning activity, atmospheric NO(x) concentrations, and perhaps forest fire distributions for both the present and future climate; and, possibly, even as a short-term forecasting aid.
Early Effects of Neutering on Energy Expenditure in Adult Male Cats

The initial cause of post-neutering weight gain in male cats is not entirely known. There is evidence that energy intake (EI) increases rapidly post-neutering, but it is not clear if neutering also decreases energy expenditure (EE) prior to weight gain. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if a decrease in EE contributes to the initial shift toward positive energy balance in neutered male cats. To determine the influence of neutering on EE independent of changes in EI and body weight (BW), male cats were fed at their pre-neutering maintenance EI and EE was measured at 4 days pre-neutering, 3–4 days post-neutering, and 9 days post- neutering. Ad libitum food access was then provided for 6 months. Body composition was measured and blood samples collected for serum chemistry at pre-neutering and 7 days, 13 days and 6 months post-neutering. Total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for lean body mass (LBM) did not change in cats from pre-neutering to 9 days post-neutering. However, TEE adjusted for BW and resting energy expenditure adjusted for either LBM or BW showed a small, but significant (P<0.05) increase from pre-neutering to 9 days post-neutering. When allowed free choice food access, cats showed significant increases of food intake (FI) and BW. Circulating concentrations of ghrelin increased, while adiponectin levels decreased following neutering. The results of this study indicate that initial post-neutering weight gain in male cats results from increased FI and not decreased EE. Long-term control of FI should be initiated after neutering to prevent hyperphagia and weight gain in male cats.
XML-based message services for Internet-based intelligent shop floors

Previously, we reported some preliminary results of our long-term research work on iShopFloor (Intelligent Shop Floor). This paper reports some of our recent work on the implementation of XML-based message services for Internet-based intelligent shop floors. The objective is to investigate XML for message exchange among Internet-based shop floor devices that are represented by intelligent agents. The paper discusses the advantages of using XML for message services and presents our initial implementation. From this implementation, we have seen some advantages, including: (1) simplification and standardization of message services in Internet-based intelligent shop floors; (2) facilitation of the integration of an agent-based scheduling system with other intelligent shop floor systems, including Web-based shop floor monitoring and control systems, etc.
Responses to noxious stimuli in sedated mechanically ventilated adults.

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of sedation on physiologic responses and comfort before, during and after a noxious stimulus (endotracheal tube suctioning). Methods The sample was a subset of a larger, longitudinal descriptive study, blood for endorphins and saliva for alpha-amylase were obtained before and after suctioning. Heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SPO2), and arm and leg actigraphy were continuously recorded. Results 67 subjects from medical and surgical ICUs were primarily deeply (37%) or mildly sedated (54%) prior to suctioning. Alpha-amylase increased post suctioning (p = 0.04); endorphins did not change (p = 0.58). Neither were modified by sedation. There were no changes in HR, RR or SPO2 post suctioning. Arm (p = 0.007) and leg actigraphy (p = 0.057) changed from baseline and depended on sedation level (p = 0.0005). Conclusions While a stress marker did increase during suctioning, only the measure of patient arm movement was significantly affected by sedation level.
Oscillating radial flow between parallel plates

An analysis is presented for laminar radial flow due to an oscillating source between parallel plates. The source strength varies according to Q=Q 0 cos ωt, and the solution is in the form of an infinite series in terms of a reduced Reynolds number, R a * =Q 0/4πνa/(r/a)2. (Q 0 = amplitude of source strength, ω = frequency, a = half distance between plates, r = radial coordinate, t = time, and ν = kinematic viscosity.) The results are valid for small values of R a * and all values of the frequency Reynolds number, α=ωa 2/ν. The effects of the parameters R a * and α are discussed.
Correlation of prevalence and severity of mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis determined by Doppler echocardiography with physical signs of mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis in 100 patients aged 62 to 100 years with mitral anular calcium

Abstract Apical systolic murmurs of mitral regurgitation (MR) were heard in 129 of our 293 unselected elderly patients (44%) with mitral anular calcium (MAC). 1 Apical diastolic murmurs of mitral stenosis (MS) were heard in 28 of our 293 elderly patients (10%) with MAC. 1 We performed a blinded prospective study to determine the prevalence and severity of MR and MS determined by technically adequate pulsed and continuous-wave Doppler recordings in elderly persons with MAC correlated with physical signs of MR and MS.
Effects of inhibitors of monoamine oxidase activity in goldfish (Carassius auratus) brain in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. Goldfish brain homogenates were incubated in vitro and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity determined fluorometrically. 2. 2. Harmaline, clorgyline, deprenyl and pargyline inhibited MAO activity in a concentration-related manner with single-sigmoid inhibition curves. MAO was more sensitive to inhibition by type A MAO inhibitors than by a type B MAO inhibitor. 3. 3. Goldfish brain apparently contains only a single form of MAO, similar to mammalian type A MAO. 4. 4. The irreversible MAO inhibitor pargyline showed a fast-onsetting inhibition, similar to that of reversible inhibitors and a slow-onseting inhibition, time- and concentration-dependent, apparently related to the inactivation of the enzyme.
Electrical pumping of color center lasers

This paper presents an assessment of the feasibility of using electrical pumping to achieve laser action in color centers in the alkali halides. We discuss mainly the self-trapped exciton in the alkali halides, which is a prime candidate for such a pumping scheme because it is known to produce strong electroluminescence. The theory of electrical contacts to insulating crystals is reviewed, as is the theory of space-charge-limited currents in insulators. It is shown that sufficient energy can be delivered to an alkali halide crystal by a space-charge-limited current to reach the threshold for laser action. We present experimental evidence which demonstrates that when ohmic contact is made to a KI single crystal, large space-charge-limited currents can flow. Finally, from the measured value of the electroluminescent intensity we infer the value of the population inversion achieved through electrical pumping of KI with blocking contacts.
Nitrogen dynamics in a small arctic watershed: retention and downhill movement of 15N

We examined short- and long-term nitrogen (N) dynamics and availability along an arctic hillslope in Alaska, USA, using a stable isotope of nitrogen ( 15 N), as a tracer. Tracer levels of 15 NH4 þ were sprayed once onto the tundra at six sites in four tundra types: heath (crest), tussock with high and low water flux (mid- and footslope), and wet sedge (riparian). 15 N in vegetation and soil was monitored to estimate retention and loss over a 3- year period. Nearly all 15 NH4 þ was immediately retained in the surface moss-detritus-plant layer, and .57% of the 15 N added remained in this layer at the end of the second year. Organic soil was the second largest 15 N sink. By the end of the third growing season, the moss-detritus-plant layer and organic soil combined retained � 87% of the 15 N added except at the Midslope site with high water flux, where recovery declined to 68%. At all sites, non-extractable and non- labile-N pools were the principal sinks for added 15 N in the organic soil. Hydrology played an important role in downslope movement of dissolved 15 N. Crest and Midslope with high-water-flux sites were most susceptible to 15 N losses via leaching, perhaps because of deep permeable mineral soil (crest) and high water flow (Midslope with high water flux). Late spring melt season also resulted in downslope dissolved- 15 N losses, perhaps because of an asynchrony between N release into melt water and soil immobilization capacity. We conclude that separation of the rooting zone from the strong sink for incoming N in the moss- detritus-plant layer, rapid incorporation of new N into relatively recalcitrant-soil-N pools within the rooting zone, and leaching loss from the upper hillslope would all contribute to the strong N-limitation of this ecosystem. An extended snow-free season and deeper depth of thaw under warmer climate may significantly alter current N dynamics in this arctic ecosystem.
Nonnegative Compressed Sensing with Minimal Perturbed Expanders

This paper studies compressed sensing for tbe recovery of non-negative sparse vectors from a smaller number of measurements than the ambient dimension of the unknown vector. We construct sparse measurement matrices for the recovery of non-negative vectors, using perturbations of adjacency matrices of expander graphs with much smaller expansion coefficients than previously suggested schemes. These constructions are crucial in applications, such as DNA microarrays and sensor networks, where dense measurements are not practically feasible. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for l 1 optimization to successfully recover the unknown vector and obtain closed form expressions for the recovery threshold. We finally present a novel recovery algorithm that exploits expansion and is faster than l 1 optimization.
Perceived Task Difficulty, Causal Attributions, and Preferences for Structural Change in Resource Dilemmas:

This study investigated the effects of causal attributions for group performance on Preferences for structural change in resource dilemmas. Six-person groups performed a resource management task in which members harvested resource units from a common, replenishable pool. All subjects. received preprogrammed feedback that their group had failed to maintain the common resource. After 10 harvest trials, subjects voted whether to elect a group leader to manage the common pool in a second session. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, two variables were manipulated: perceived cause of group performance (task difficulty, personal greed) and attribution questionnaire (present, absent). As expected, a higher proportion of task difficulty subjects voted for a group leader than did personal greed subjects. This finding suggests that causal attributions for group performance moderate the perceived effectiveness of the structural change, thereby influencing numbers'choices in a manner consistent with structural goal/expectati...
Structure‐Property Relationships in Liquid Crystalline Thermosets

Liquid crystalline thermosets are low molar mass liquid crystals to which crosslinking endgroups have been attached. Thus, these materials may combine the behavior of typical liquid crystalline polymers and thermosets, resulting in properties not attainable in other materials. Here we review work in our laboratory conducted over the last several years at investigating how the molecular structure and liquid crystalline phases impact the properties, with emphasis on those properties that are relevant to applications as structural materials. Topics discussed include the mutual influence of the cure reaction and the liquid crystalline phase, moisture diffusion, and fracture toughness. We also discuss areas of research that are still needed to demonstrate their use for practical application.
Role of the Na+/H+ Exchanger 3 in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension

The renal mechanisms responsible for angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension remain incompletely understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) is requi...
Oxidation and Diffusion in Selected Pitch‐Bonded Magnesia Refractories

A conventional and an improved (Mg-containing) BOF refractory, of commercial pitch-bonded magnesia type, were evaluated to determine their Mg diffusion and carbon oxidation characteristics. MgO dense-zone formation was characterized experimentally for various firing times at 1650°C, from which Mg diffusion coefficients in the range 1.4x10-9 to 8.13x10-10cm2/s were determined. The data indicate that the Mg diffusion in the system is of the extrinsic type, controlled by the impurities in the MgO, such as Al3+, Fe3+, and Cr3+. The effects of Mg vaporization and MgO condensation, preceding dense-zone formation, were observed to initiate at 1200°C. The dense-zone thickness and the amount of unoxidized carbon were greatest for the Mg-containing refractory.
Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in adolescents: a longitudinal analysis from the REACH project.

Flow cytometry analysis of lymphocyte subset markers was performed for a group of sexually active, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative adolescents over a 2-year period to establish normative data. Data were collected in the REACH Project (Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health), a multicenter, longitudinal study of HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative adolescents. Two- and three-color flow cytometry data were collected every 6 months for these subjects. We determined the effects of gender, race, and age on the following lymphocyte subset markers: total CD4+ cells, CD4+ naive cells, CD4+ memory cells, all CD8+ cells, CD8+ naive cells, CD8+ memory cells, CD16+ natural killer cells, and CD19+ B cells. Gender was the demographic characteristic most frequently associated with differences in lymphocyte subset measures. Females had higher total CD4+ cell and CD4+ memory cells counts and lower CD16+ cell counts than males. Age was associated with higher CD4+ memory cell counts as well as higher CD8+ memory cell counts. For CD19+ cells, there was an interaction between age and gender, with males having significantly lower CD19+ cell counts with increasing age, whereas there was no age effect for females. Race and/or ethnicity was associated with differences in total CD8+ cell counts and CD8+ memory cell counts, although both of these associations involved an interaction with gender.
Pattern of maternal circulating CRH in laboratory‐housed squirrel and owl monkeys

The anthropoid primate placenta appears to be unique in producing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Placental CRH is involved in an endocrine circuit key to the production of estrogens during pregnancy. CRH induces cortisol production by the maternal and fetal adrenal glands, leading to further placental CRH production. CRH also stimulates the fetal adrenal glands to produce dehydroepiandrostendione sulfate (DHEAS), which the placenta converts into estrogens. There are at least two patterns of maternal circulating CRH across gestation among anthropoids. Monkeys examined to date (Papio and Callithrix) have an early-to-mid gestational peak of circulating CRH, followed by a steady decline to a plateau level, with a possible rise near parturition. In contrast, humans and great apes have an exponential rise in circulating CRH peaking at parturition. To further document and compare patterns of maternal circulating CRH in anthropoid primates, we collected monthly blood samples from 14 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and ten owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) during pregnancy. CRH immunoreactivity was measured from extracted plasma by using solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Both squirrel and owl monkeys displayed a mid-gestational peak in circulating CRH: days 45–65 of the 152-day gestation for squirrel monkeys (mean±SEM CRH=2,694±276 pg/ml) and days 60–80 of the 133-day gestation for owl monkeys (9,871±974 pg/ml). In squirrel monkeys, circulating CRH declined to 36% of mean peak value by 2 weeks before parturition and then appeared to increase; the best model for circulating CRH over gestation in squirrel monkeys was a cubic function, similar to previous results for baboons and marmosets. In owl monkeys, circulating CRH appeared to reach plateau with no subsequent significant decline approaching parturition, although a cubic function was the best fit. This study provides additional evidence for a mid-gestational peak of maternal circulating CRH in ancestral anthropoids that has been lost in the hominoid lineage. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1004–1012, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anticipatory robot navigation by simultaneously localizing and building a cognitive map

This paper presents a method for a mobile robot to construct and localize relative to a "cognitive map", where the cognitive map is assumed to be a representational structure that encodes both spatial and behavioral information. The localization is performed by applying a generic Bayes filter. The cognitive map was implemented within a behavior-based robotic system, providing a new behavior that allows the robot to anticipate future events using the cognitive map. One of the prominent advantages of this approach is elimination of the pose sensor usage (e.g., shaft encoder, compass, GPS, etc.), which is known for its limitations and proneness to various errors. A preliminary experiment was conducted in simulation and its promising results are discussed.
Brain barrier tissues: end organs for atriopeptins

Little is known about the pathophysiology of cerebral edema and other disturbances of water balance that involve the barrier tissues at the interface of blood and brain. The present experiments show that these barrier tissues contain receptors and second messenger systems for atriopeptins, recently identified cardiac peptides involved in peripheral water regulation. They also show that atriopeptins can alter the rate of cerebrospinal fluid production. Because the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers are involved in normal water movements in the central nervous system, these studies suggest that brain barrier tissues may be important end organs for the atriopeptins and that atriopeptins could have therapeutic application to disorders of water balance in the central nervous system. An isolated, purified population of atriopeptin receptor cells, obtained from choroid epithelium, was used in these experiments. This cell population may provide a valuable model system for investigating the intracellular biochemical mechanisms through which atriopeptins exert their actions.
Bayesian Methods for High Dimensional Linear Models

In this article, we present a selective overview of some recent developments in Bayesian model and variable selection methods for high dimensional linear models. While most of the reviews in literature are based on conventional methods, we focus on recently developed methods, which have proven to be successful in dealing with high dimensional variable selection. First, we give a brief overview of the traditional model selection methods (viz. Mallow’s Cp, AIC, BIC, DIC), followed by a discussion on some recently developed methods (viz. EBIC, regularization), which have occupied the minds of many statisticians. Then, we review high dimensional Bayesian methods with a particular emphasis on Bayesian regularization methods, which have been used extensively in recent years. We conclude by briefly addressing the asymptotic behaviors of Bayesian variable selection methods for high dimensional linear models under different regularity conditions.
Fractional symbol differential detection for DS-CDMA over Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper, a generic differential detection technique for DS-CDMA systems. Generalized fractional symbol differential detection (GFSD), is proposed and studied in Rayleigh fading channels. The symbol-level differential detection (SLD) and chip-level differential detection (CLD) are also discussed as special cases of GFSD. The decision variable of GFSD is derived as a function of processing gain and fractional factor. The average bit error rate (BER) performance is investigated in multipath time-varying channels via simulations with different parameters, such as signal to noise ratio (SNR), fading rate and number of paths. The results show that for any specific channel situation, there is an optimal fractional factor to obtain the best system performance.
Gill‐arch musculature of the quillback carpiodes cyprinus (cypriniformes: catostomidae) with a comparison to cyprinids

Although the gill-arch osteology of Cypriniformes has been well studied, comparable works on gill-arch musculature are scarce. The focus of previous studies has been on Cyprinidae while other families have received little or no attention. Consequently, generalizations for Cypriniformes have been made from the musculature of cyprinid gill-arches. This study describes the gill-arch musculature of a catostomid, the quillback Carpiodes cyprinus, and demonstrates that there are striking differences in the overall gill-arch musculature of catostomids in comparison to cyprinids, especially in the dorsal gill-arch region. Of the 23 muscles found in the dorsal gill-arch region of cyprinids, only 13 were present in C. cyprinus. Muscles that are absent include adductores 1–5, levator internus 4, levator ceratobranchialis 5 accessorius, retractor ceratobranchialis 5 externus, retractor ceratobranchialis 5 internus, and the retractor ceratobranchialis 5 transversus. In the ventral gill-arch region, the rectus communis is absent. The derived scrolling shape of the dorsal gill-arch skeleton associated with food processing is likely related to the change in musculature. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere

The current status of our understanding of the dynamics of Jupiter's magnetosphere is reviewed. First, a brief summary is presented of the concepts and processes which were identified as being of probable importance by pre-Pioneer 10 and 11 work (both theoretical and observational). The insights provided by the in situ Pioneer flights are then discussed. The Jovian magnetosphere consists of several relatively distinct regions: the inner magnetosphere, the intermediate magnetosphere, the outer magnetosphere, a transition region just inside the magnetopause, and the magnetosheath. The basic particle and magnetic field characteristics of these regions are summarized, and the dynamical processes which are currently thought to be significant in each of them are reviewed. Finally, some outstanding questions and problems are identified for future treatment based on Pioneer data or on data from the upcoming Voyager and Galileo missions.
Relationship of leaf lamellar‐based resistance to Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Heliothis zea in a wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, PI 134417

Segregating populations of hybrids of the insect-resistant wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, C.H. Mull, PI 134417, and the susceptible tomato cultivar of L. esculentum Mill, ‘Walter’, were screened by bioassays with the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and tomato fruitworm Heliothis zea (Boddie). Plant lines with a range of levels of resistance to H. zea were selected from one group of hybrids; plants with a range of resistance levels to L. decemlineata, from another group. The response of both insect species to both groups of plants was evaluated. Resistance to each of these species is under separate genetic control and apparently involves distinct mechanistic components, although it remains possible that at least some factors are important in conditioning resistance to both species. Resume Relation entre les lamelles foliaires de la tomate sauvage Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum et la resistance a Leptinotarsa decemlineata et Heliothis zea La tomate sauvage, L. hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, n° PI 134417, presente des lamelles foliaires qui lui conferent une resistance au doryphore, L. decemlineata Say et a H. zea Bodie. Cette etude a voulu preciser si ces resistances etaient heritees ensemble dans des populations d'hybrides entre PI 134417 et la tomate cultivee, L. esculentum Mill. Des lignees de plantes presentant une gamme de resistance a H. zea ont ete selectionnees a partir d'une population hyrbide. De meme, des lignees de plantes ayant une gamme de resistance a L. decemlineata ont ete selectionnees a partir d'un second groupe d'hybrides. Les reactions des 2 insectes aux 2 groupes de plantes ont ete estimees. Les resistances a H. zea et a L. decemlineata n'etaient pas correlees nettement. Certaines lignees sont resistantes aux 2 especes, mais d'autres ne sont resistantes qu'a une espece. Ainsi, les resistances a chacune de ces especes ont probablement des determinismes genetiques differents. Differentes composantes mecaniques sont vraisemblablement impliquees dans ces resistances, bien qu'il soit possible qu'au moins quelques facteurs aient un role important dans le conditionnement de la resistance. La creation de cultivars de tomates avec une resistance liee aux lamelles foliaires sera compliquee par le besoin d'une selection en fonction des reponses aux 2 especes.
Identification, Functional Studies, and Genomic Comparisons of New Members of the NnrR Regulon in Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Analysis of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.3 genome revealed four previously unidentified sequences similar to the binding site of the transcriptional regulator NnrR. Expression studies demonstrated that three of these sequences are within the promoters of genes, designated paz, norEF, and cdgA, in the NnrR regulon, while the status of the fourth sequence, within the tat operon promoter, remains uncertain. nnrV, under control of a previously identified NnrR site, was also identified. paz encodes a pseudoazurin that is a donor of electrons to nitrite reductase. paz inactivation did not decrease nitrite reductase activity, but loss of pseudoazurin and cytochrome c(2) together reduced nitrite reduction. Inactivation of norEF reduced nitrite and nitric oxide reductase activity and increased the sensitivity to nitrite in a taxis assay. This suggests that loss of norEF increases NO production as a result of decreased nitric oxide reductase activity. 2.4.3 is the only strain of R. sphaeroides with norEF, even though all four of the strains whose genomes have been sequenced have the norCBQD operon and nnrR. norEF was shown to provide resistance to nitrite when it was mobilized into R. sphaeroides strain 2.4.1 containing nirK. Inactivation of the other identified genes did not reveal any detectable denitrification-related phenotype. The distribution of members of the NnrR regulon in R. sphaeroides revealed patterns of coselection of structural genes with the ancillary genes identified here. The strong coselection of these genes indicates their functional importance under real-world conditions, even though inactivation of the majority of them does not impact denitrification under laboratory conditions.
Low-resistance spin injection into silicon using graphene tunnel barriers

Spin can be injected into silicon from a ferromagnetic contact and across a graphene barrier with resistance-area products up to one thousand times lower than with comparable oxide tunnel barriers.
Can Transfer of Civilians into Israel's Settlements Be Prosecuted as a War Crime in the International Criminal Court?

The International Criminal Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the act of transfer of civilians into settlements in territory under belligerent occupation. This essay considers whether, once the issue of territorial jurisdiction is resolved, the transfer of civilians into settlements in the West Bank sector of Palestine would prima facie be prosecutable. It considers as well a number of potential defenses that might be raised.