cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of laminar near wakes.

The near wake of a 0.05 nose bluntness ratio, 10° half-angle sphere cone has been investigated. Direct measurements of static temperatures and densities were obtained between the body base and four base diameters downstream using the electron beam excitation technique. The results indicate that the near wake static temperatures are sensitive functions of both Reynolds number and model surface temperature, but not of Mach number. Wake static temperatures decrease with increasing Reynolds number. The temperatures also decrease with decreasing wall temperature. Nose bluntness effects on wake temperatures have been studied experimentally. For 0.05, 0.23, and 0.3 nose bluntness ratio 9° and 10° half-angle sphere cones, the maximum temperatures in the wakes increased with increasing nose bluntness ratio. Measurements of base pressure and heat transfer also have been obtained. The base pressure ratio (P^/Poo) increased with increasing bluntness, increasing Mach number, and decreasing Reynolds number. The base heat transfer when correlated in terms of base flow parameters was found to be insensitive to variations in Mach number and wall temperature. Also, it was only weakly dependent on Reynolds number.
Subcutaneous erythropoietin therapy: Efficacy and economic implications

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that lower doses of erythropoietin (rHuEPO) may be required to achieve a target hematocrit when the hormone is administered subcutaneously compared with intravenously. In this article, previous studies are reviewed with a focus on the recently completed Department of Veterans Affairs multicenter trial comparing the two routes of administration. In this randomized, parallel group study of 208 patients, the average rHuEPO dose required to maintain a target hematocrit of 30% to 33% for 26 weeks was 95.1 +/- 75.0 U/kg/wk in the subcutaneous-therapy group and 140.3 +/- 88.5 U/kg/wk in the intravenous-therapy group (P
adj-Diazuliporphyrins, a new family of dicarbaporphyrinoids with unprecedented mesoionic characteristics.

A diazulenylmethane dialdehyde reacted with dipyrrylmethanes in the presence of HCl or HBr, followed by oxidation with FeCl3, to give aromatic adj-diazuliporphyrins. The free base structures must exist as mesoionic species, although these porphyrinoids were isolated as salts of the monoprotonated macrocycles. Reaction with Pd(OAc)2 gave an unprecedented zwitterionic palladium(II) complex that was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis

Periodontitis, or gum disease, affects millions of people each year. Although it is associated with a defined microbial composition found on the surface of the tooth and tooth root, the contribution of bacteria to disease progression is poorly understood. Commensal bacteria probably induce a protective response that prevents the host from developing disease. However, several bacterial species found in plaque (the 'red-complex' bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) use various mechanisms to interfere with host defence mechanisms. Furthermore, disease may result from 'community-based' attack on the host. Here, I describe the interaction of the host immune system with the oral bacteria in healthy states and in diseased states.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theories Help Explain Early Adolescence:

The early adolescent's psychosocial changes warrant serious consideration and influence both their present and future behavior. Middle school educators can design a learning environment for early d...
Facilitation of cancer metastases by an air pollutant

An experimental model was designed to test the possibility that inhalation of a noxious air pollutant may facilitate the blood-borne cancer cell metastasis to the lungs. Animals were exposed to inhalation of air containing 0.8 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 12 weeks. After this period, animals were infused intravenously with melanoma cells, and 3 weeks later lungs were examined for metastases. The results indicate that NO2exposed animals develop significantly higher number of lung metastases (P less than 0.0025) than the controls. Such results raise the possibility that the inhalation of NO2 from ambient air may facilitate the seeding and proliferation of blood-borne cancer cells in the human lung.
Comment on Cao W, Bowden BW, Davie T, Fenemor A. 2006. ‘Multi-variable and multi-site calibration and validation of SWAT in a large mountainous catchment with high spatial variability’. Hydrological Processes 20(5): 1057-1073

Recently, a manuscript was published with the objective to complete a multivariable and multisite calibration and validation for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model on the Motueka River basin by Cao et al. (2006). Physically based distributed parameter models, such as SWAT, have become a preferred tool to predict watershed response not only at the watershed outlet, but also at intermediate points within the watershed. Calibrating and validating such models before they can be applied to make watershed decisions is always a challenge. A methodology to perform multisite and multiparameter calibration should be of interest to a wide rage of stakeholders working in the area of watershed management. However, upon reviewing this paper, we felt two topics warranted additional discussion.
Considerations for early switch to nilotinib or dasatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia with inadequate response to first-line imatinib

Clinical evidence in chronic myeloid leukemia demonstrates a significant link between optimal response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy and favorable clinical outcome. For patients with suboptimal response to first-line TKI, clinical data show that a considerable proportion can be rescued by second-line TKI. Practice guidelines now recommend that clinicians consider a switch in TKI for patients with suboptimal response as early as 3 months after first-line TKI initiation, thus allowing clinicians to intervene in a timely manner and consider the potential benefit of a switch in TKI therapy.
Exploring Hydration Patterns of Aldehydes and Amides: Ab Initio Investigations

Results of an extensive ab initio level investigation of the hydration patterns and energetics of some carbonyl compounds, viz., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formamide, and acetamide, are reported. This study employs restricted Hartree-Fock and density functional theory with the 6-31G(d,p) and 6-31++G(d,p) basis sets for exploring explicit hydration of these substrates with 8, 12, and 16 water molecules. Hydrated structures are seen to be dominated by four- and five-membered rings of water molecules as also exhibited by the (H 2 O) n clusters. Electrostatic guidelines are found to be useful for predicting the growth of the smaller hydrated clusters. Hydration of these molecules leads to the weakening of C=O and N-H bonds as revealed by the corresponding internuclear distances and vibrational frequencies.
Stepwise Discriminant Analysis of Gas Chromatographic Data as an Aid in Classifying the Flavor Quality of Foods

SUMMARY— Stepwise discriminant analysis for classifying food samples (known independently to differ in flavor) is illustrated by computer analysis of gas chromatograms from roasted coffee and potato chips. Four lots of coffee prepared so as to differ in flavor were scored organoleptically, steam distilled, and the distillate examined gas chromatographically. By calculating all possible ratios among peak heights and subjecting these ratios to discriminant analysis, the coffee could be classified into the four flavor categories from the gas chromatographic data. The discriminant analysis procedure was set to select the ratio most critical in differentiating among the chromatograms, then move on to the next most efficient ratio until the samples were classified. The same thing was done for potato chips except headspace volatiles were used for the gas chromatographic analysis. Not only does the procedure described enable flavor to be correlated with gas chromatographic data, but the efficiency values for each ratio are useful. A compound devoid of flavor can conceivably be highly correlated with flavor; however, there is a good chance that a compound highly correlated with flavor is a flavor substance itself.
Proton affinities of deoxyribonucleosides via the ONIOM-ccCA methodology

Utilizing the recently developed ONIOM-ccCA methodology, the proton affinities (PAs) of small biomolecules (∼15 nonhydrogen atoms) were determined. The ONIOM-ccCA method was used to predict the PAs of eight amine-containing molecules and these predictions were then compared with experiment. In these comparisons, a protocol for the determination of the model system size was established, and the low level method and basis set for the real system component of ONIOM-ccCA were considered. Several possible density functionals were investigated for description of the real system (low layer), including B3LYP, B97-1, B97-2, B98, BMK, M06, and M06-2X. The resulting proton affinities were compared both to experiment and to theoretical values that were calculated using the correlation consistent Composite Approach (ccCA). The impact of the choice of augmented correlation consistent basis sets in the ONIOM-ccCA low level calculation was also examined, and PAs calculated with augmented and non-augmented basis sets were compared to those extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. ONIOM(ccCA:B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ) was then applied to deoxyribonucleosides to determine the PAs at possible sites of protonation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
End-of-life research as a priority for pediatric oncology.

Approximately 2,200 children and adolescents die a cancer-related death each year in the United States; of these, almost 90% will die while experiencing 2 to 8 troubling symptoms. With improved symptom control and end-of-life care, these patients might suffer less before they die and their survivors might experience fewer or less intense adverse physical and mental conditions secondary to their bereavement. The focus of this article is on five key areas related to end of life where research is critically needed: (a) the characteristics of cancer-related death and the profiles of survivorship in bereaved family members and health care providers, (b) the trajectory of dying in children and adolescents and a comparison of care delivery preferred by the family and that actually delivered, (c) end-of-life decision making, (d) the financial costs of a child or adolescent dying a cancer-related death and associated policy making, and (e) outcomes of symptom-directed or bereavement interventions. Knowing the char...
Influence of Growth Hormone and Thyroxine on Endochondral Osteogenesis in the Mandibular Condyle and Proximal Tibial Epiphysis

Interrelationships of growth hormone and thyroxine effects on endochondral osteogenesis have been investigated. Evidence is offered that thyroxine augments the effect of growth hormone on the mandibular condyle just as at other osteogenetic centers, for example proximal tibial epiphysis in hypophysectomized rats. This contrasts with previous reports of a unique thyroxine antagonism to the effect of growth hormone on condylar development. In a further study on tibial epiphysis, special attention was given to assure absence of the endogenous thyroid hormone by adding thyroidectomy to hypophysectomy and reducing the possibility of thyroteopin residues in growth hormone. By histochemical tests, the responses of both calcified and noncalcified regions of the epiphyseal cartilage plate were measured. Graded growth hormone doses stimulated graded response in a noncalcified region. Thyroxine augmented this response eightfold. The width of the calcified region of the plate did not vary with treatment.
Mutagenesis by N-nitroso compounds: relationships to DNA adducts, DNA repair, and mutational efficiencies.

Abstract The relationships between DNA alkylation, DNA repair and mutagenesis by N-nitroso compounds in Salmonella were examined. DNA adducts formed by treatment of the bacteria with N-nitroso compounds were monitored. Critical to the study was establishing which adducts led to mutations. Two methods were employed. In one, correlations in the dose-responses for adducts and mutagenesis were sought. For instance O6-methyl- and -ethyl-guanine, in contrast to other adducts, exhibited thresholds in their accumulation in Salmonella DNA, and mutagenesis at GC base pairs also exhibited the same threshold, suggesting a dependence of mutagenesis on the O6-alkyguanines. In the second method, mutagenesis induced by different mutagens with overlapping adduct spectra was compared. For example, EMS and ENU generate similar ratios of adenine adducts, but only ENU produces thymine adducts, and only ENU induced AT-GC and AT-CG base changes. These observations suggested that ethylthymines led to these mutations. Furthermore, it was found that these mutations were largely dependent on the presence of the plasmid, pKM101, indicating that error-prone repair activity contributes importantly in their processing to mutations. When DNA adducts by N-nitrosopyrrolidine were examined it was found that only one major adduct was detected in an excision-repair-deficient strain, and that this adduct was not present in a repair-proficient strain. Mutagenesis was also greatly reduced in the proficient strain, suggesting that mutagenesis was dependent on this adduct. From the relationships between premutagenic adducts levels adducts. This calculation assumed an average distribution of adducts and mutations and required knowledge of the target size and the types of mutations that could lead to phenotypic changes. For the unrepaired O6-methyl- and -ethyl-guanines, and the O-ethylthymines the mutational efficiencies were high (ca. 30–70%), but for the N-nitrosopyrrolidine adduct it was low (ca. 1%). Initial studies were carried out on the mutational specificities of two higher homologue N-nitroso compounds (the N-nitroso-N-propyl- and N-butyl-nitroguanidines) in uvrB/pKM101 strains. This class of nitroso compounds is known to form similar DNA adducts as ENU. Their specificities were similar to that of N-nitroso-N-ethylurea at a high dose except the fraction of mutations at AT base pairs was reduced. The fraction of GC-CG transversions was although low, increased. The mutational specificities of N-nitroso-N-methylurea and N-nitrosopyrrolidine were significantly different from the specificity of ENU as would be expected from their different adduct distributions.
Fast and Exact Majority in Population Protocols

Population protocols, roughly defined as systems consisting of large numbers of simple identical agents, interacting at random and updating their state following simple rules, are an important research topic at the intersection of distributed computing and biology. One of the fundamental tasks that a population protocol may solve is majority: each node starts in one of two states; the goal is for all nodes to reach a correct consensus on which of the two states was initially the majority. Despite considerable research effort, known protocols for this problem are either exact but slow (taking linear parallel time to converge), or fast but approximate (with non-zero probability of error).In this paper, we show that this trade-off between precision and speed is not inherent. We present a new protocol called Average and Conquer (AVC) that solves majority exactly in expected parallel convergence time O(log n/(se) + log n log s), where n is the number of nodes, e n is the initial node advantage of the majority state, and s = Ω(log n log log n) is the number of states the protocol employs. This shows that the majority problem can be solved exactly in time poly-logarithmic in n, provided that the memory per node is s = Ω(1/e + log n log{1/e). On the negative side, we establish a lower bound of Ω(1/e) on the expected parallel convergence time for the case of four memory states per node, and a lower bound of Ω(log n) parallel time for protocols using any number of memory states per node.
Building layered structures from hydrogen bonded molecular units and 1D metal phosphonate chains: synthesis, characterization and crystal structures of N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-ethylenediamine-bis(methylenephosphonic acid), its Ni(II) and Pb(II) complexes

The diphosphonic acid, N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-ethylenediamine-bis(methylenephosphonic acid) (H4L) 1, along with its Ni(II) and Pb(II) complexes, have been synthesized and structurally determined. The structure of the diphosphonic acid features a 2D layer built from the molecular units interconnected by hydrogen bonds between phosphonate oxygen atoms and/or nitrogen atoms. Upon complexing with the Ni(II) ion, the diphosphonic acid acts as a tetradentate chelating ligand (2N, 2O), forming Ni(H2L)(H2O)22 molecular units, such units are also interconnected into a hydrogen bonded double layer via hydrogen bonds between uncoordinated phosphonate oxygen atoms. The ligand in Pb(H2L) 3 also chelates with a Pb(II) ion tetradentately, however, neighboring Pb(H2L) units are interconnected into a one-dimensional chain along the c-axis by a pair of μ2-chelating and bridging phosphonate oxygen atoms. Such chains are further interconnected into a 3D network via hydrogen bonds between uncoordinated phosphonate oxygen atoms. These structures demonstrate the important role of hydrogen bonds in the chemistry of divalent metal phosphonates.
Utilization of fluoroethene as a surrogate for aerobic vinyl chloride transformation.

Fluoroethene (FE) is a stable molecule in aqueous solution and its aerobic transformation potentially yields F-. This work evaluated if FE is a suitable surrogate for monitoring aerobic vinyl chloride (VC) utilization or cometabolic transformation. Experiments were carried out with three isolates, Mycobacterium strain EE13a, Mycobacterium strain JS60, and Nocardioides strain JS614 to evaluate if their affinities for FE and VC and their rates of transformation were comparable and whether the transformation of FE and F- accumulation could be correlated with VC utilization. JS614 grew on FE in addition to VC, making it the first organism reported to use FE as a sole carbon and energy source. EE13a cometabolized VC and FE, and JS60 catabolized VC and cometabolized FE. There was little difference among the three strains in the Ks or kmax values for VC or FE. Competitive inhibition modeled the temporal responses of FE and VC transformations and Cl- and F- release when both substrates were present. Both the rate...
Fatal and Widespread Skeletal Myopathy Confirmed Morphologically Years After Initiation of Simvastatin Therapy

A patient is described in whom fatal myopathy occurred, and its cause appears to be the consequence of simvastatin therapy.
The H-gradient method for magnetostatic field computations

A new method for approximating magnetostatic field problems is given in this paper. The new method approximates the scalar potential for the magnetic intensity and is based on a volume integral formulation. The corresponding algorithm is similar to that obtained from coupled differential and boundary integral approaches. Convergence results in computations are compared with results for the usual volume integral method used in GFUN3D.
Endogenous ADP-Ribosylation of a Gα iProtein in Bovine Ciliary Body Is Stimulated by Nitric Oxide

Five ciliary body membrane proteins were labeled when incubated with (adenylate-32P)NAD. Nitric oxide donors stimulated the labeling of 64, 40, and 29–30 kDa proteins and inhibited that of 58 and 56 kDa proteins. The greatest influence of nitric oxide was on the 40 kDa protein: a 17-fold stimulation. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies identified this protein as the α-subunit of Gi-1. Studies with inhibitors showed that the protein was mono-ADP-ribosylated. Treatment of (32P)NAD-labeled Gi-1with Hg and analysis of the released radioactive material showed that the protein was ADP-ribosylated on a cysteine residue.
Semiology of Temporal Lobe Seizures : Value in Lateralizing the Seizure Focus

Summary: Purpose: To determine the lateralizing value of the clinical manifestations of seizures in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we made a retrospective videotape analysis of complex partial seizures (CPS) in 55 patients who underwent temporal lobectomy and were seizure-free postopera-tively for >2 years. Methods: Blinded to clinical details, we reviewed videotapes from video-EEG telemetry monitoring with attention paid to seizure semiology. Results: Useful lateralizing features included unilateral clonic activity (with the seizure focus contralateral in all patients), unilateral dystonic or tonic posturing (with the seizure focus contralateral in 90 and 86%, respectively), unilateral automatisms (with the seizure focus ipsilateral in 80%), and ictal speech preservation (with the seizure focus contralateral to the language-dominant hemisphere in 80%). Versive head rotation occurring ≤10 s before seizures secondarily generalized consistently predicted a contralateral focus. Seizure manifestations less predictive but suggestive of lateralization included ictal speech arrest and postictal speech status, with predictive values of 67%. Seizure manifestations not providing reliable lateralizing information included eye deviation, type of aura, and versive head movements occurring at times other than immediately before seizures secondarily generalized. Conclusions: In TLE, several clinical seizure manifestations are useful in lateralizing the seizure focus, although some provide no reliable information. Therefore, ictal semiology can assist in the evaluation of patients for seizure surgery, providing additional information in the lateralization of TLE.
Chimera grids for water simulation

We introduce a new method for large scale water simulation using Chimera grid embedding, which discretizes space with overlapping Cartesian grids that translate and rotate in order to decompose the domain into different regions of interest with varying spatial resolutions. Grids can track both fluid features and solid objects, allowing for dynamic spatial adaptivity without remeshing or repartitioning the domain. We solve the inviscid incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with an arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian style semi-Lagrangian advection scheme and a monolithic SPD Poisson solver. We modify the particle level set method in order to adapt it to Chimera grids including particle treatment across grid boundaries with disparate cell sizes, and strategies to deal with locality in the implementation of the level set and fast marching algorithms. We use a local Voronoi mesh construction to solve for pressure and address a number of issues that arise with the treatment of the velocity near the interface. The resulting method is highly scalable on distributed parallel architectures with minimal communication costs.
High‐precision isotopic analysis of palmitoylcarnitine by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion‐trap tandem mass spectrometry

Single quadrupole gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been widely used for isotopic analysis in metabolic investigations using stable isotopes as tracers. However, its inherent shortcomings prohibit it from broader use, including low isotopic precision and the need for chemical derivatization of the analyte. In order to improve isotopic detection power, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-itMS2) has been evaluated for its isotopic precision and chemical sensitivity for the analysis of [13C]palmitoylcarnitine. Over the enrichment range of 0.4–10 MPE (molar % excess), the isotopic response of LC/ESI-itMS2 to [13C]palmitoylcarnitine was linear (r = 1.00) and the average isotopic precision (standard deviation, SD) was 0.11 MPE with an average coefficient of variation (CV) of 5.6%. At the lower end of isotopic enrichments (0.4–0.9 MPE), the isotopic precision was 0.05 MPE (CV = 8%). Routine analysis of rat skeletal muscle [13C4]palmitoylcarnitine demonstrated an isotopic precision of 0.03 MPE for gastrocnemius (n = 16) and of 0.02 MPE for tibialis anterior (n = 16). The high precision enabled the detection of a small (0.08 MPE) but significant (P = 0.01) difference in [13C4]palmitoylcarnitine enrichments between the two muscles, 0.51 MPE (CV = 5.8%) and 0.43 MPE (CV = 4.6%), respectively. Therefore, the system demonstrated an isotopic lower detection limit (LDL) of ≤0.1 MPE (2 × SD) that has been impossible previously with other organic mass spectrometry instruments. LC/ESI-itMS2 systems have the potential to advance metabolic investigations using stable isotopes to a new level by significantly increasing the isotopic solving power. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape analysis of simulated breast anatomical structures

Recent advances in high-resolution 3D breast imaging, namely, digital breast tomosynthesis and dedicated breast CT, have enabled detailed analysis of the shape and distribution of anatomical structures in the breast. Such analysis is critically important, since the projections of breast anatomical structures make up the parenchymal pattern in clinical images which can mask the existing abnormalities or introduce false alarms; the parenchymal pattern is also correlated with the risk of cancer. As a first step towards the shape analysis of anatomical structures in the breast, we have analyzed an anthropomorphic software breast phantom. The phantom generation is based upon the recursive splitting of the phantom volume using octrees, which produces irregularly shaped tissue compartments, qualitatively mimicking the breast anatomy. The shape analysis was performed by fitting ellipsoids to the simulated tissue compartments. The ellipsoidal semi-axes were calculated by matching the moments of inertia of each individual compartment and of an ellipsoid. The distribution of Dice coefficients, measuring volumetric overlap between the compartment and the corresponding ellipsoid, as well as the distribution of aspect ratios, measuring relative orientations of the ellipsoids, were used to characterize various classes of phantoms with qualitatively distinctive appearance. A comparison between input parameters for phantom generation and the properties of fitted ellipsoids indicated the high level of user control in the design of software breast phantoms. The proposed shape analysis could be extended to clinical breast images, and used to inform the selection of simulation parameters for improved realism.
HIV-1 neutralization coverage is improved by combining monoclonal antibodies that target independent epitopes

HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) define key targets for vaccine development and are being considered for passive prevention of infection. We analyzed the interaction of MAbs to two independent epitopes on the viral envelope glycoprotein. Potently neutralizing MAbs to the CD4 binding site and V1V2 region displayed no in vitro cross-competition and displayed additive, though not synergistic, neutralization activity. Predicted neutralization coverage of a combination of two MAbs reached 97% on a 208-isolate panel.
Conformational and Functional Effects of Pathogenic Mutations at the I-T Interface of Cardiac Troponin I

Transgenic mouse hearts expressing K118C (K117C in human) mutation in cardiac troponin I (TnI) at the I-T interface exhibited decreased diastolic function and blunted beta-adrenergic response (Wei et al., JBC 285:27806, 2010). An adjacent mutation, A116G, in human cardiac TnI was found in cardiomyopathy (Millat et al., Eur J Med Genet 54:e570, 2011), further indicating the pivotal role of the I-T interface of TnI in troponin regulation of muscle contraction and cardiac function. N-terminal truncation and PKA phosphorylation of cardiac TnI result in similar conformational change in the I-T helix region and similar effects on the interaction with troponin C (Akhter et al., AJP Heart Circ Physiol. 302:H923, 2012). To understand the function of the I-T interface of TnI, we constructed K118C and A117G mutations in intact as well as in N-terminal truncated mouse cardiac TnI. Using recombinant proteins purified from bacterial culture, conformational analysis and protein binding studies were carried out. K118C and A117G mutations both significantly altered the mobility of the TnI protein in SDS-PAGE, indicating major conformational modulations. Despite their adjacent locations, A117G mutation results in faster gel mobility of cardiac TnI whereas K118C mutation decreases the mobility of cardiac TnI in SDS-gel. The changes in protein conformation are accompanied with functional alterations. K118C mutant decreased the binding affinity for troponin C in a Ca2+-depdent manner, while A117G had a similar but less profound effect. Restrictive truncation to remove the cardiac specific N-terminal extension minimized the effect of both mutations, suggesting a posttranslational mechanism to compensate for the conformational and functional abnormality of the I-T interface mutations.
Reward schedule effects in extinction: Intertrial interval, memory, and memory retrieval

Abstract Rats were trained in a runway such that partial reward occurred on Trial 1 of the day and consistent reward on subsequent massed trials (Group PRT1), or consistent reward occurred on Trial 1 of the day and partial reward on subsequent massed trials (Group PRTM). Under spaced (24-hr) extinction, Group PRT1 was more resistant to extinction than Group PRTM and under massed (1-min) extinction, Group PRTM was more resistant to extinction than Group PRT1. These findings suggest that (a) distinctive stimuli are associated with Trial 1 of the day and with subsequent massed trials, (b) these distinctive stimuli function as retrieval cues for memories, memory retrieval being independent of intertrial interval, and (c) behavior in extinction is controlled by a stimulus compound consisting of the memory of nonreward plus stimuli which accompany the memory of nonreward on rewarded acquisition trials.
The accelerating effect of narcotic analgesics on the hydrolysis of aromatic substrates by human plasma cholinesterase

Abstract The activating effect of twelve narcotic analgesics on the hydrolysis of two aromatic substrates (procaine and benzoylcholine) by plasma cholinesterase was investigated. Allyl substitution decreased the accelerating effect. Oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxyl to a ketone at C 6 of the morphine molecule markedly increased the accelerating effect on the enzymic hydrolysis of procaine. This was further enhanced by the simultaneous substitution of H by OH at C 14 . Some of the possible explanations of these accelerating mechanisms are discussed.
The effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin upon the frog, Rana pipiens.

SummaryStaphylococcal enterotoxins which gave positive results with the kitten test were capable of producing spasms when fed to frogs. It would appear from the results summarized in Table I, that the frog test was specific for no false positive reactions were noted. It is not possible to use a frog more than once when a positive reaction has been obtained and further study is in progress to determine the nature of the injury to the digestive mechanism.
The fixed charge maximal covering location problem

The maximal covering location problem is based on locatingp facilities in such a manner that coverage is maximized within set distance or time standards. This problem has been extended in a number of different ways where the main theme still involves locating a fixed number of facilities. In many applications site costs are not equal; this should cast doubt on the use of a constraint that fixes the number of facilities at a given number as compared to an approach that minimizes site costs and maximizes coverage. This paper addresses the use of site costs in a maximal covering location problem and presents several approaches to solutions, along with computational results. Theoretical linkages to other location models are also presented.
Using role components in implement collaboration-based designs

In this paper we present a method of code implementation that works in conjunction with collaboration and responsibility based analysis modeling techniques to achieve better code reuse and resilience to change. Our approach maintains a closer mapping from responsibilities in the analysis model to entities in the implementation. In so doing, it leverages the features of flexible design and design reuse found in collaboration-based design models to provide similar adaptability and reuse in the implementation. Our approach requires no special development tools and uses only standard features available in the C++ language. In an earlier paper we described the basic mechanisms used by our approach and discussed its advantages in comparison to the framework approach. In this paper we show how our approach combines code and design reuse, describing specific techniques that can be used in the development of larger applications.
Education: MRP/GT: A FRAMEWORK FOR PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL OF CELLULAR MANUFACTURING

American industry typically uses material requirements planning (MRP) for manufacturing control. This paper presents production planning and control procedures based on group technology (GT), which is used in British manufacturing. A translation between these ideas and the American approach is made, and it is suggested that a combination of MRP and GT is viable. The problems that arise, especially in the areas of lot-sizing and sequencing/scheduling, and their possible solutions are discussed. Since increased adoption of GT is expected within the next decade, an intensified research effort is warranted in these and other areas so that existing MRP systems can be modified or extended to handle cellular manufacturing control problems. Subject Areas: Material Requirements Planning and Production/Operations Management.
Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates by Targeting Individuals not Seeking Early Seasonal Vaccination

Abstract Background Influenza morbidity and mortality remain high in the United States although vaccination clearly improves health outcomes and reduces health expenditures. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of mail and telephone reminder strategies on improving existing clinic influenza vaccination rates among those not seeking early seasonal vaccination. Methods In mid-November, we randomized 1371 patients at a hypertension clinic into 1 of 2 intervention groups, a mail reminder group (letter plus the Centers for Disease Control [CDC] Influenza Vaccine Information Statement) or a phone reminder group (same information via a personal phone call), or a control group. The following spring, records were reviewed for vaccination documentation. Patients without documentation were contacted by phone to identify whether vaccination for the current season had been obtained. Results The final analysis included 884 patients (62% women, mean age 57.2 years old): 325 in the mail reminder group, 246 in the phone reminder group, and 313 represented the control group. Overall, 388 of these patients (44%) were vaccinated. Vaccination rates were significantly higher in the intervention groups, 46% for the mail reminder group (age and sex adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.5; P =.001) and 56% for the phone reminder group (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.0; P Conclusion In contrast to earlier studies, this intervention occurred later in the influenza vaccination period excluding those who seek early vaccination and allowing interventions to target those less likely to receive vaccination. Compared to previous studies demonstrating only trivial or modest benefits, both mail and phone reminders effectively increased clinic vaccination rates in our group of patients.
Transient temperature distribution in the reactor vessel wall

Abstract Transient heat conduction in the reactor vessel wall is investigated by considering the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. The problem is described by a nonlinear partial differential equation, which is numerically simulated to show the transient temperature distribution in the reactor vessel wall due to failure of the reactor cooling system. The orthogonal collocation method is employed to tackle the nonlinear simulation and found to be quite accurate in predicting the transient temperature response. It is observed that the effect of variable thermal conductivity is very significant and, in many real circumstances, predictions of the transient temperature distributions will not be adequate without taking into account the variable thermal conductivity.
Electrical Properties of Xenon-Filled Thermionic Diodes in the Radiation Field of a Nuclear Reactor

The properties of xenon‐filled thermionic diodes exposed to nuclear radiation in the core of a 5.0 MW nuclear reactor are described. Characteristic curves of current vs voltage are obtained as a function of various parametric changes in the radiation‐induced plasma between electrodes. The parameters, which are separately varied, are electrode spacing, xenon pressure, nuclear radiation intensity, and electrode temperatures. Electrical discharge phenomena in the radiation‐induced plasma were extensively studied. Breakdown at voltages much lower than the first excitation potential are described and this breakdown effect was studied as a function of the pressure of gas and the distance between electrodes. Results are also reported showing that the electrical discharge in the nuclear irradiated xenon plasma can be sustained with applied voltages as low as 1 V.
Explosive chemistry: Simulating the chemistry of energetic materials at extreme conditions

In this article, we review recent atomistic computational techniques to study the electronic structure aspects and chemistry of energetic materials at high-pressure and/or high temperature. While several mechanisms have been proposed for the initial events of energetic materials at high-pressure, we explore the validity of a proposed shear-induced local metallization via molecular bond bending in the insensitive explosive TATB. We study the effect of high-stress (both uniform and uniaxial) on the electronic energy band-gap and the first chemical event of a prototypical energetic material, that of nitromethane. We also determine chemical reactions rate laws and decomposition mechanisms from a quantum-based molecular dynamics simulation of HMX, a widely used explosive material, at conditions of high density and temperature similar to that encounter under detonation. Finally, we review a new multi-scale computational tool recently developed to model the shock-induced chemistry of energetic materials at the atomistic level, and report its applicability to shocked solid nitromethane.
Effect of colorspace transformation, the illuminance component, and color modeling on skin detection

Skin detection is an important preliminary process in human motion analysis. It is commonly performed in three steps: transforming the pixel color to a non-RGB colorspace, dropping the illuminance component of skin color, and classifying by modeling the skin color distribution. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of these three steps on the skin detection performance. The importance of this study is a new comprehensive colorspace and color modeling testing methodology that would allow for making the best choices for skin detection. Combinations of nine colorspaces, the presence of the absence of the illuminance component, and the two color modeling approaches are compared. The performance is measured by using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve on a large dataset of 805 images with manual ground truth. The results reveal that (1) colorspace transformations can improve performance in certain instances, (2) the absence of the illuminance component decreases performance, and (3) skin color modeling has a greater impact than colorspace transformation. We found that the best performance was obtained by transforming the pixel color to the SCT or HSI colorspaces, keeping the illuminance component, and modeling the color with the histogram approach.
A Comparison of N-Polar () GaN Surface Preparations for the Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3

Nitrogen-polar gallium nitride offers several advantages over Ga-polar GaN for high frequency-high power electronic devices, but its processing has not been fully developed. Here we report on a systematic study of the effect of surface pretreatments on N-polar GaN for metal oxide semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). Bulk n-type GaN (0001) substrates were prepared with a variety of treatments including: HF; HCl; base-piranha; H2 plasma; and no pretreatment for comparison. Then 14nm thick Al2O3 layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Both the original surfaces of GaN and ALD films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). MOSCAPs were fabricated and characterized by capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current voltage (I-V) measurements. The surface morphology and electrical performance was greatly affected by the pretreatments due to the reactive nature of N-polar GaN. The MOSCAP fabricated on GaN as-received with no additional preparation had the best performance including the smallest hysteresis (0.03V), lowest leakage current density (2.09 × 10−8 A/cm2 at +4V) and total trap density (2.47 × 1010 cm−2eV−1). This was correlated to the smoothest surface morphology (0.23 nm). © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0201410jss] All rights reserved.
Clonal and morphological variation in a posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: Evolution from clonal T-cell to clonal B-cell predominance

The majority of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated and of B-cell origin. A much smaller proportion of PTLD are of T-cell origin. We report the clinical, morphological, immunophenotypic, and genotypic results of a unique PTLD, initially diagnosed as immune mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), which at presentation was predominantly an anaplastic appearing EBV-associated T-cell PTLD and, after reduction in immunosuppression and the administration of antiviral agents, predominantly an EBV-associated plasma cell rich B-cell PTLD. Subsequent chemotherapy resulted in a complete remission. This case has both practical and biological implications. It highlights how PTLD may be misdiagnosed as other entities, how biclonal cases can have different morphological appearances and include both B- and T-cell clones, how PTLD can evolve over time possibly related to immune reconstitution, and why PTLD should be rebiopsied when the disease does not respond to decreased immunosuppression or recurs.
Processor-Based Strong Physical Unclonable Functions With Aging-Based Response Tuning

A strong physically unclonable function (PUF) is a circuit structure that extracts an exponential number of unique chip signatures from a bounded number of circuit components. The strong PUF unique signatures can enable a variety of low-overhead security and intellectual property protection protocols applicable to several computing platforms. This paper proposes a novel lightweight (low overhead) strong PUF based on the timings of a classic processor architecture. A small amount of circuitry is added to the processor for on-the-fly extraction of the unique timing signatures. To achieve desirable strong PUF properties, we develop an algorithm that leverages intentional post-silicon aging to tune the inter- and intra-chip signatures variation. Our evaluation results show that the new PUF meets the desirable inter- and intra-chip strong PUF characteristics, whereas its overhead is much lower than the existing strong PUFs. For the processors implemented in 45 nm technology, the average inter-chip Hamming distance for 32-bit responses is increased by 16.1% after applying our post-silicon tuning method; the aging algorithm also decreases the average intra-chip Hamming distance by 98.1% (for 32-bit responses).
An Anatomical Evaluation of the Myocardial Length-Tension Diagram

A method of examining a small (50 to 100 µ o.d.) strand of living cardiac muscle containing several fibers with a high power optical system is described. When the strand was stretched so that it was just taut, the muscle fibers within were found to be slack and severely buckled. An extension of 40 to 60% of this initial length was required before the fibers became straightened and aligned with the long axis of the strand. This finding can account for the fact that cardiac muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, must be subjected to considerable passive tension before its maximum active tension can develop. The resting sarcomere length (that observed when the fiber is just straightened) was 2.0 to 2.2µ. Overall strand length and sarcomere length were measured and had no accurately predictable relation. Rabbit papillary muscle fixed at a length at which the passive tension was just zero showed similar buckling of the muscle fibers. The collagen content (in the form of hydroxyproline analysis) of heart muscle was approximately 6 times that of skeletal muscle. The significance of these findings and their relation to some previously reported mechanical properties of cardiac muscle are discussed.
Optically Tuneable Photonic Crystal Waveguides for Photonic Integrated Circuits

Incorporation of DNA into nanoscale wells in a silicon substrate has been demonstrated to show fabrication feasibility for optically tunable photonic crystal waveguides. A change in propagation characteristics due to DNA incorporation has been observed for a silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal waveguide.
Metabolism of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene Hydrocarbons in Soil

Enrichment cultures obtained from soil exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) mineralized benzene and toluene but cometabolized only xylene isomers, forming polymeric residues. This observation prompted us to investigate the metabolism of 14C-labeled BTX hydrocarbons in soil, either individually or as mixtures. BTX-supplemented soil was incubated aerobically for up to 4 weeks in a sealed system that automatically replenished any O2 consumed. The decrease in solvent vapors and the production of 14CO2 were monitored. At the conclusion of each experiment, 14C distribution in solvent-extractable polymers, biomass, and humic material was determined, obtaining 14C mass balances of 85 to 98%. BTX compounds were extensively mineralized in soil, regardless of whether they were presented singly or in combinations. No evidence was obtained for the formation of solvent-extractable polymers from xylenes in soil, but 14C distribution in biomass (5 to 10%) and humus (12 to 32%) was unusual for all BTX compounds and especially for toluene and the xylenes. The results suggest that catechol intermediates of BTX degradation are preferentially polymerized into the soil humus and that the methyl substituents of the catechols derived from toluene and especially from xylenes enhance this incorporation. In contrast to inhibitory residues formed from xylene cometabolism in culture, the humus-incorporated xylene residues showed no significant toxicity in the Microtox assay.