cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(W)rapped Space: The Architecture of Hip Hop

Abstract My research work is broadly framed around the confluence of contemporary and historical-spatial-theoretical understandings, architecture, the progressive self-defining energy of African-American culture, and the historical legacy of urban spaces in current society. A preeminent principle of this confluence focuses on questions of identity. “(W)rapped Space: The Architecture of Hip Hop” theorizes the development of an African-American spatial paradigm that at once recalls, creates, and deploys a new space of diasporian origin that is predicated on a response to spaces that represent an erasure of identity and, concomitantly, the presence of repressive power.
Aerial imaging for FABs: productivity and yield aspects

The economy of wafer fabs is changing faster for 3x geometry requirements and below. Mask set and exposure tool costs are almost certain to increase the overall cost per die requiring manufacturers to develop productivity and yield improvements to defray the lithography cell economic burden. Lithography cell cost effectiveness can be significantly improved by increasing mask availability while reducing the amount of mask sets needed during a product life cycle. Further efficiency can be gained from reducing send-ahead wafers and qualification cycle time, and elimination of inefficient metrology. Yield is the overriding die cost modulator and is significantly more sensitive to lithography as a result of masking steps required to fabricate the integrated circuit. Thus, for productivity to increase with minimal yield risk, the sample space of reticle induced source of variations should be large, with shortest measurement acquisition time possible. This paper presents the latest introduction of mask aerial imaging technology for the fab, Aera2 TM for Lithography with IntenC TM , as an enabler for efficient lithography manufacturing. IntenCD is a high throughput, high density mask-based critical dimension (CD) mapping technology, with the potential for increasing productivity and yield in a wafer production environment. Connecting IntenCD to a feed forward advance process control (APC) reduces significantly the amount of traditional CD metrology required for robust wafer CD uniformity (CDU) correction and increases wafer CD uniformity. This in turn improves the lithography process window and yield and contributes to cost reduction and cycle time reduction of new reticles qualification. Advanced mask technology has introduced a new challenge. Exposure to 193nm wavelength stimulates haze growth on the mask and imposes a regular cleaning schedule. Cleaning eventually causes mask degradation. Haze growth impacts mask CD uniformity and induce global transmission fingerprint variations. Furthermore, aggressive cleaning may damage the delicate sub-resolution assist features. IntenCD based CDU fingerprint correction can optimize the regular mask cleaning schedule, extending clean intervals therefore extending the overall mask life span. This mask availability enhancement alone reduces the amount of mask sets required during the product life cycle and potentially leads to significant savings to the fab. This mask availability enhancement alone reduces the amount of mask sets required during the product life cycle and leads to significant savings to the fab. In this paper we present three case studies from a wafer production fab and a mask shop. The data presented demonstrates clear productivity and yield enhancements. The data presented is the outcome of a range of new applications which became possible by integrating the recently introduced Applied Materials Aera2 TM for Lithography aerial imaging inspection tool with the litho cluster.
Herbivory on a chemically defended plant as a predation deterrent in Hyalella azteca

SUMMARY 1. We investigated whether a population of the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca, which consumed plants with defensive secondary compounds, reduced predation as reported for terrestrial and marine systems. 2. Field observations in Montezuma Well, U.S.A., indicated a strong association between the emergent macrophyte, Berula erecta and H. azteca. We hypothesised that this geographically isolated population of sedentary amphipods was able to consume roots of the chemically defended B. erecta as a deterrent against predation. Berula erecta is in the family Apiaceae, which commonly produce coumarins that deter herbivory in terrestrial systems. 3. Hyalella azteca consumed roots of B. erecta at a significantly greater rate than alternative macrophyte substrata in Montezuma Well. Additionally, H. azteca moulted at a significantly higher rate when consuming B. erecta compared with a diet of periphyton. 4. Two insect predators (Telebasis salva and Belostoma bakeri) with different feeding strategies were used to assess the effects of a B. erecta diet on predation rates in the laboratory and in Montezuma Well. Hyalella azteca was preyed on at a significantly lower rate by both predators when given a strict diet of B. erecta roots compared with a diet of periphyton. 5. This is the first experimental evidence that predation on a freshwater herbivore, H. azteca, was reduced when it consumed a chemically defended plant.
THE MASSES OF THE HEAVY ISOTOPES

Radioactive decay data are used to calculate the atomic masses of the heavy isotopes, $Ag~202$. The data have been critically surveyed; in some cases they have been supplemented by construction of tentative energy level schemes or by estimates of decay energies. With the adoption of certain assumptions a connection between the different radioactive families is made possible. The masses thus obtained have been tabulated and plotted. Atomic weight 209 on the Weizsaecker-Fermi formula is found to be unsatisfactory for the calculation of the masses, results deviating by as much as 0.020 mass units from those obtained by experimental data if the latter be adjusted to the calculated ones in the region of lead.
Effective nitrogen preservation during urine collection from Holstein heifers fed diets with high or low protein content

Abstract Six Holstein heifers (body weight=535–625kg) fed a total mixed ration containing either high protein (13.4%) or low protein (9.0%) were used to evaluate the effect of 3 urine collection methods (chilled, acidified before collection, or acidified after 6h of collection) on urinary N preservation. In a 2-period crossover design, 16-d diet adjustment stages preceded five 24-h collections. Urinary catheters were inserted 1 d before the collection periods. Urine collection tubes were configured to split urine to 3 collection containers: 1 acidified with 6 N HCl before collection at a rate calculated to reduce pH to below 2, 1 acidified every 6h during collection to pH below 2, and 1 located in a large cooler of ice. Collection method did not affect urinary concentration of N or urine urea-N (9.2±0.9g/L and 6.58±0.9g/L, respectively) or urinary excretion of N or urea-N (82±3.8 g/d and 59.5±3.8 g/d, respectively). These 3 collection methods are equally effective in preserving N during urine collection, but the "chilled immediately" approach may be useful for studies focused on ammonia emission. Urinary and fecal N excretion were significantly different across collection days; fecal N was more highly variable than urinary N. Intake and apparent N digestibility decreased during the collection week, and excretion of urinary and fecal N increased, particularly on d 5. (Stable rectal temperatures suggested no urinary infections.) Improvements in total collection methodology will support continued progress in the understanding of livestock N utilization and post-excretion changes in manure N.
Optical single layer lift-off process

The lithography of the metal wiring layers is becoming the most confining technology in the era of VLSI (very large-scale integration), as more and more circuits have to be wired on the chip itself. The two competing technologies are subtractive etch (wet or dry), and additive metal lift-off. As lift-off needs no etching, it inherently offers cost and density advantages. It, however, requires an undercut photoresist profile. These undercuts can be achieved with an image-reversal process. The paper describes such a reversal process, especially tuned for lift-off applications. The result is a simple single-layer lift-off technology with excellent image quality.
The impact of scale on energy intensity in freight transportation

This paper analyzes energy intensities of ships, diesel–fuelled railways, trucks, and aircraft, using publicly available data. The analysis suggests that differences in operation, not technology, explain most of the variation in energy intensity within and across modes. Among the operational characteristics, most important is the amount of cargo weight transported per vehicle and therefore the scale of the respective transportation system. It is found that each mode has a characteristic envelope in an average energy intensity versus average cargo weight diagram, and estimates of the elasticities of energy intensity with respect to load size are made.
Hurricane risk variability along the Gulf of Mexico Coastline

Hurricane risk characteristics are examined across the U. S. Gulf of Mexico coastline using a hexagonal tessellation. Using an extreme value model, parameters are collected representing the rate or λ (frequency), the scale or σ (range), and the shape or ξ (intensity) of the extreme wind distribution. These latent parameters and the 30-year return level are visualized across the grid. The greatest 30-year return levels are located toward the center of the Gulf of Mexico, and for inland locations, along the borders of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Using a geographically weighted regression model, the relationship of these parameters to sea surface temperature (SST) is found to assess sensitivity to change. It is shown that as SSTs increase near the coast, the frequency of hurricanes in these grids decrease significantly. This reinforces the importance of SST in areas of likely tropical cyclogenesis in determining the number of hurricanes near the coast, along with SSTs along the lifespan of the storm, rather than simply local SST. The range of hurricane wind speeds experienced near Florida is shown to increase with increasing SSTs (insignificant), suggesting that increased temperatures may allow hurricanes to maintain their strength as they pass over the Florida peninsula. The modifiable areal unit problem is assessed using multiple grid sizes. Moran’s I and the local statistic G are calculated to examine spatial autocorrelation in the parameters. This research opens up future questions regarding rapid intensification and decay close to the coast and the relationship to changing SSTs.
Comparative Effectiveness Research

WhaT is cOmparaTiVe eFFecTiVeness research.... and WhY dO iT? Comparative effectiveness research (CER) aids clinicians faced with medical decision making by identifying the best strategies among a variety of available preventive, diagnostic, and treatment options. Differing from early-phase clinical trials—in which an intervention is compared with a placebo and assessed for efficacy—the goal of CER is to discriminate among clinical interventions on the basis of clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, adverse effects, or other distinguishing factors. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the US government allocated $1.1 billion for the funding of CER with two primary aims: “(1) to conduct, support, or synthesize research that compares the clinical outcomes, effectiveness, and appropriateness of items, services, and procedures that are used to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases, disorders, and other health conditions; and (2) encourage the development and use of clinical registries, clinical data networks, and other forms of electronic health data that can be used to generate or obtain outcomes data” (Department of Health and Human Services, http:// www.hhs.gov/recovery/programs/cer/index.html, accessed 15 September 2012). One motivation behind the funding of CER is stimulating the delivery of higher-quality health care in a more cost-effective manner. Through well-designed and executed studies, CER has the potential to greatly enhance the practice of evidence-based dermatology (Williams, 2011). Common methodological approaches to conducting CER include randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. This article will review recent examples of CER study designs in the dermatology literature as well as statistical analyses used to interpret such designs.
Some Numerical Experiments for Warm Fog Clearing by Seeding with Hygroscopic Nuclei

Abstract The effectiveness of warm fog clearing by seeding with hygroscopic nuclei was studied numerically. A parcel of air with a known distribution of fog droplets was assumed to be seeded with hygroscopic nuclei. While new drops were formed upon the seeding nuclei due to condensation, the fog droplets became smaller due to evaporation. The new distribution of drops and the corresponding visibility are given for 60 and 100 sec after seeding. The results indicate that seeding may be effective if the type of fog to be cleared is known as to droplet distribution and the seeding nuclei are chosen accordingly.
Feedback control stabilization of the no-motion state of a fluid confined in a horizontal porous layer heated from below

We consider a horizontal three-dimensional saturated porous layer, confined in an upright cubic box, heated from below and cooled from above. In the absence of a controller, the fluid maintains a no-motion state for subcritical Rayleigh numbers R<R c , where R c depends on the box's aspect ratio. Once this critical number is exceeded, fluid motion ensues. We demonstrate that, with the use of feedback control strategies which suppress flow instabilities, one can maintain a stable no-motion state for Rayleigh numbers far exceeding the classical critical one for the onset of convection. To preserve the equilibrium no-motion state of the classical problem, the controller alters the system's dynamics so as to stabilize an otherwise non-stable state
Capacity region of two interfering MIMO Multiple Access channels with strong interference

We consider a communication network, where two mutually interfering 2-user MIMO Multiple Access Channels (MAC) operate simultaneously via the same time-frequency space, and characterize the capacity region of this network when the channel matrices satisfy a strong interference condition. This interfering MAC (IMAC) with aforementioned channel matrices is called strongly ordered IMAC in this paper. To characterize the capacity region we first use the genie aided approach to find out several constraints that must be satisfied by any achievable rate tuple. Then we show that independent Gaussian coding at each transmitter and joint decoding of the messages at the receivers can achieve all the rate pairs that satisfy all the aforementioned constraints. In an IMAC, there are two types of tradeoffs between rates of communication: 1) the tradeoff between the rates of users from different MACs; and 2) the tradeoff among rates of users belonging to the same MAC. The result of this paper reveals homogeneity between the two types of tradeoffs.
Total pressure of uranium-bearing species over oxygen-deficient urania☆

Abstract Measurements of the total pressure of uranium-bearing species over bivariant oxygen-deficient urania compositions, including the difficult region very close to stoichiometry, have been made in the temperature range 2080–2705 °K. The transpiration method was used with flowing H2–H2O mixtures in order to fix the oxygen potential of the carrier gases, and therefore, the composition of the condensed phase. The isotherms show a minimum in the total pressure of uranium-bearing species at a hypostoichiometric composition near the stoichiometric composition. The shapes of the curves are in accord with expectations based on mass spectrometric observations of the vapor species above urania. The logarithm of the total pressure of uranium-bearing species over stoichiometric urania was found to be linear with 1/T over the temperature range investigated. Equations for the temperature dependency of the total pressure of uranium-bearing species above urania in the composition range UO1.88–UO2.00 are presented.
Back-directional Gated Spectroscopic Imaging for Diffuse Light Suppression in High Anisotropic Media and Its Preclinical Applications for Microvascular Imaging

There is emerging evidence that microvascular alterations may occur early, even at early stages of carcinogenesis, as indispensable participants in tumor growth. However, the exact spatial extents of such alterations remain unclear, in part, because detailed microvascular alterations in relatively deep tissue over a relative large area are not easily visualized. Due to the heterogeneous nature of tissue microvasculature, microscopic evaluations with a small field of view often fail to provide a representative assessment. On the other hand, conventional whole-body small-animal optical imaging techniques suffer from unwanted diffuse light, which would otherwise deteriorate image contrast and resolution. To fill such a gap, we take advantage of the high anisotropic property of biological tissue by implementing back-directional gating into an imaging platform to suppress unwanted diffuse light. We further combine a spectral analysis of microvascular hemoglobin (Hb) absorption with back-directional gated imaging to improve image resolution, contrast, and penetration depth that are required for subcutaneous mouse xenograft models. In tissue phantom and pilot animal studies, we demonstrate that our diffuse-light-suppressed spectroscopic imaging platform can be a simple, yet effective, imaging setup to visualize subcutaneous microvascular Hb content over a relatively large area.
An Operational Circulation Modeling System for the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank Region—Part II: Applications

This paper describes the implementation of a prototype operational system for providing near-real-time information on the ocean water property and circulation environment in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM)/Georges Bank (GB) region. This application of the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS) model to the Advanced Fisheries Management Information System (AFMIS) was developed and tested during a 52-week sequence of weekly nowcast/forecasts. The initial assimilation format for a single sea surface temperature (SST) image was expanded to accommodate the assimilation of a trio of SST images, which produced a more realistic thermocline. The model system was applied to the winter-like conditions of March 2002 and the summer-like conditions of August 2002, when the model temperature and velocity fields could be compared with moored time-series measurements at several locations. This data assimilation model system produced qualitatively correct ocean temperature and flow patterns. During late winter, the wind dominated the variability of the model ocean surface Ekman transport, GB north flank jet, and Maine Coastal Current. During late summer, the assimilation of very warm SST dominated the variability of the model coastal upwelling, a stronger and more stable GB north flank jet, and Maine Coastal Current. The model did reveal a persistent anticyclone in the western central GOM that has not been well documented. Quantitatively, the surface temperatures from the model converged with those measured by the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS) within 4-6 d from the beginning of the model run. Further, while the variability of the model and observed temperatures generally tracked each other, there were cases in which differences between contemporary and climatological temperatures led to systematic offsets. The model/observation velocity comparisons, while in general not as good as those for temperature, did improve after 6-8 d and the assimilation of two SST images. Thus, future work is needed to better understand the quantitative model/observation differences revealed by intercomparisons and to improve the initialization and assimilation protocols.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of polyhydric alcohol‐poly(ricinoleic acid) ester star polymers

) acid from the oil of castor (Ricinus comminus)] are bifunctional molecules that are potentially useful building blocks for chemical synthesis. Oligomers of hydroxy acids, also referred to as estolides, and their derivatives, may be useful materials for cosmetics, coatings, food-related applications, and, due to their low melting point, high viscosity and viscosity index, and biodegradability, lubricants. 1,2 The esterification of the free -COOH terminus of poly(hydroxy acids) by nalkyl alcohol lowers viscosity and increases viscosity index without loss of low melting point characteristics. 2 Similar physical properties are expected to be possessed for star polymers, except for desired higher viscosity, suggesting their potential value as lubricants. For instance, non-hydroxy fatty acid esters of polyol yield high viscosity indices and low pour point temperatures 3 . Diol diesters of poly(hydroxy acids) are reported to share the low melting point temperatures of the hydroxy acid starting materials but possess a higher viscosity and viscosity index. 4 Lipophilic star polymers may also have applications as drug delivery vehicles. It has been suggested that poly(ricinoleic acid) and its derivatives be prepared enzymatically (using lipases) to avoid problems of discoloration, odor, and high energy costs that occur in high-temperature chemical processes. 5 Reviewed elsewhere 6 , biocatalyst-directed synthesis of polymers has received increased interest due to its low energy usage, environmentallyfriendliness, and the ability of enzymes to limit the product distribution through their inherent substrate, regio- and stereo-selectivity. Lipasecatalyzed synthesis of polyesters between diacid and diol or of ω-lactone via a ring-opening reaction has yielded product with molecular weight (MW) in the 10,000-100,000 range, controlled by water content, liquid phase polarity, and temperature. 6 Polyol-poly(hydroxy acid) polyesters similar in structure to that depicted in Figure 1 have been prepared via bulk polymerization at 70 o C using immobilized lipase in our laboratory. Poly(ricinoleic acid) served as the acyl donor and pentaerythritol (PE), trimethylolpropane (TMP), and dimer diol (DD) as acyl acceptors. In this paper, discussion focuses upon the preparation, characterization, and physical properties of the products.
The KGD Motif of Epstein-Barr Virus gH/gL Is Bifunctional, Orchestrating Infection of B Cells and Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family, is the causative agent of common human infections and specific malignancies. EBV entry into target cells, including B cells and epithelial cells, requires the interaction of multiple virus-encoded glycoproteins. Glycoproteins H and L (gH/gL) cooperate with glycoprotein B (gB) to mediate fusion of the viral envelope with target cell membranes. Both the gH/gL complex and gB are required for fusion, whereas glycoprotein 42 (gp42) acts as a tropism switch and is required for B cell infection and inhibits epithelial cell infection. Our previous studies identified a prominent KGD motif located on the surface of gH/gL. In the current study, we found that this motif serves as a bifunctional domain on the surface of gH/gL that directs EBV fusion of B cells and epithelial cells. Mutation of the KGD motif to AAA decreased fusion with both epithelial and B cells and reduced the binding of gH/gL to epithelial cells and to gp42. We also demonstrate that deletion of amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42 selectively reduces binding to wild-type gH/gL, but not the KGD mutant, suggesting that the KGD motif of gH/gL interacts with the N-terminal amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42. IMPORTANCE Epithelial and B cells are the major targets of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the human host. EBV utilizes different glycoprotein complexes to enter these cell types. For B cell fusion, EBV uses complexes containing gp42, gH/gL, and gB, whereas just gH/gL and gB are required for epithelial cell fusion. In the current study, a bifunctional domain consisting of a prominent KGD motif on the surface of the gH/gL structure was identified; this domain affects interactions with gp42 or epithelial receptors, ultimately dictating with which cell type virus-induced fusion can occur. These studies will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of EBV-induced membrane fusion and herpesvirus-induced membrane fusion in general.
Organization of the mitochondrial genomes of whiteflies, aphids, and psyllids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)

With some exceptions, mitochondria within the class Insecta have the same gene content, and generally, a similar gene order allowing the proposal of an ancestral gene order. The principal exceptions are several orders within the Hemipteroid assemblage including the order Thysanoptera, a sister group of the order Hemiptera. Within the Hemiptera, there are available a number of completely sequenced mitochondrial genomes that have a gene order similar to that of the proposed ancestor. None, however, are available from the suborder Sternorryncha that includes whiteflies, psyllids and aphids. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genomes of six species of whiteflies, one psyllid and one aphid. Two species of whiteflies, one psyllid and one aphid have mitochondrial genomes with a gene order very similar to that of the proposed insect ancestor. The remaining four species of whiteflies had variations in the gene order. In all cases, there was the excision of a DNA fragment encoding for cytochrome oxidase subunit III(COIII)-tRNAgly-NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3(ND3)-tRNAala-tRNAarg-tRNAasn from the ancestral position between genes for ATP synthase subunit 6 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5. Based on the position in which all or part of this fragment was inserted, the mitochondria could be subdivided into four different gene arrangement types. PCR amplification spanning from COIII to genes outside the inserted region and sequence determination of the resulting fragments, indicated that different whitefly species could be placed into one of these arrangement types. A phylogenetic analysis of 19 whitefly species based on genes for mitochondrial cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, and 16S ribosomal DNA as well as cospeciating endosymbiont 16S and 23S ribosomal DNA indicated a clustering of species that corresponded to the gene arrangement types. In whiteflies, the region of the mitochondrial genome consisting of genes encoding for COIII-tRNA gly -ND3-tRNA ala -tRNA arg -tRNA asn can be transposed from its ancestral position to four different locations on the mitochondrial genome. Related species within clusters established by phylogenetic analysis of host and endosymbiont genes have the same mitochondrial gene arrangement indicating a transposition in the ancestor of these clusters.
A mobile antenna study of radiation efficiency in human head and hand environment

Modern wireless devices such as mobile phones have been made more compact and low profile, which drives usage of internal antennas. But radiation performance of an internal antenna often degrades a lot when the human body, such as a head and a hand are positioned against the device. In this paper, internal antenna topologies for mobile phones are discussed. Specifically, a candy bar (PDA) type of phone model is used to carry out the study. The bands to be covered are CELL band (824 MHz - 894 MHz) and PCS band (1850 MHz - 1990 MHz). In this study, the radiation performance of a single dual band antenna approach and a combination of two separate single band antennas are compared. The separate antenna topology has demonstrated better antenna efficiency in human head and hand environment. In addition, a parasitic resonator is added to improve the hand grip performance of the PCS band PIFA. Discussion has been made in the end on when this topology can be used and the tradeoff of using this resonator in an active phone.
Resistance and discursive practice: Promoting advocacy in teacher undergraduate and graduate programmes

Building on previous work in the areas of resistance and discursive practice, we explore their interrelations, interactions, and possibilities for advocacy of/by and for diverse disabled students within the context of two teacher-preparation programs in the United States: Teachers College, and Michigan State University. Using these two approaches as examples, we propose a model of advocacy for teachers who have students with disabilities, as well as other diverse children and youth in their classrooms and schools. We conclude with some key recommendations for teachers to transform their practice and advocate for these students.
Parenteral feeding depletes pulmonary lymphocyte populations.

Background: The effect of parenteral nutrition (PN) on lymphocyte mass in the lung is unknown, but reduced mucosal lymphocytes are hypothesized to play a role in the reduced immunoglobulin A―mediated immunity in both gut and lung. The ability to transfer and track cells between mice may allow study of diet-induced mucosal immune function. The objectives of this study are to characterize lung T-cell populations following parenteral feeding and to study distribution patterns of transferred donor lung T cells in recipient mice. Methods: In experiment 1, cannulated male Balb/c mice are randomized to receive chow or PN for 5 days. Lung lymphocytes are obtained via collagenase digestion, and flow cytometric analysis is used to identify total T (CD3+) and B (CD45/B220+) cells. In experiment 2, isolated lung T cells from chow-fed male Balb/c mice are pooled and labeled in vitro with a fluorescent dye (carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester [CFSE]), and 1.1 ×10 8 CFSE+ cells (3.1 × 10 6 T cells) are transferred to chow-fed Balb/c recipients. Cells recovered from recipient lungs and intestinal lamina propria (LP) are analyzed by flow cytometry to determine CFSE/ CD3+ T cells at 1, 2, and 7 days. In experiment 3, cells are transferred to PN-fed recipients. Results: In experiment 1, PN significantly decreases lung T- and B-cell populations compared with chow feeding. In experiment 2, CFSE+ T-cell retention is highest on day 1 in lung and LP, and decreases on day 2. Cells are gone by day 7; 98.1% of retained donor lung T cells migrate to recipient lungs and 1.9% to the intestine on day 1. Similar results are seen in experiment 3 after transfer of cells to PN-fed recipients. Conclusions: PN reduces pulmonary lymphocyte populations consistent with impaired respiratory immunity. Transferred lung T cells preferentially localize to recipient lungs rather than intestine with maximal accumulation at 24 hours. Limited cross-talk of transferred lung T cells to the intestine indicates that mucosal lymphocyte traffic might be programmed to localize to specific effector sites.
Book Review: Body Contouring

Michele A. Shermak, Body Contouring. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. ISBN: 978-0071604673 ![][1] Body Contouring , by Dr. Michele A. Shermak, is part of the “Plastic Surgery Atlas” series from McGraw-Hill Medical publishers. The book has a total of 50 chapters distributed among seven sections in a short 264 pages. Section 1 serves as the introduction and comprises six chapters that cover general topics such as safety, positioning, psychosocial issues, medications to avoid, massive weight loss, and complication management. The other 44 chapters are divided among the remaining six sections, which respectively cover body contouring in the upper extremities, female breast, gynecomastia, abdomen, back, and lower extremities. Sections 2 to 7, dealing with the operative procedures, follow the same pattern as Section 1 and are well organized. Each section begins with a chapter that discusses the usual patient presentation for body contouring in that particular anatomical area, and the author provides relevant examples. The second chapter in each section includes a color plate illustrating the pertinent anatomy. These drawings are highly detailed, anatomically accurate, and relevant to the procedures covered in that section. The rest of the chapters in each section discuss the different contouring procedure options. Each procedural chapter has concise text describing the procedure, accompanied by medical illustrations and followed by … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Phytoplankton nutrient limitation and food quality for Daphnia

The influence of nutrient limitation on the quality of Scenedesmus acutus as food for Daphnia obtusa is examined. The nature and degree of nutrient limitation greatly influences the rate at which Daphnia converts Scenedesmus biomass into herbivore biomass. From high to low quality, Scenedesmus food is ranked moderately N limited, severely N limited, and severely P limited. Even a very high concentration (3 mg DW.liter-I) of low quality food yields slow Daphnia growth, and it appears that no amount of low quality food would support rapid Daphnia growth. Food-limited animals display lowered intercepts of length-weight regressions (prereproductive females), reduced rates of biomass gain (both males and females), increased ages at first reproduction, lowered clutch sizes, increased mortality, and lowered reproductive rate. The N and P contents and the N : P ratio of Scenedesmus all vary considerably under N and P limitation, while the N content (and possibly P content) of Daphnia is less variable and the N: P ratio of Daphnia is essentially constant. Clearance and feeding rates are lower on severely P-limited cells than on severely N-limited cells. These results indicate that the mineral nutrition of their algal food may influence the demographics of zooplankton herbivores to a degree not before realized.
Role of Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Regions in Decision-Making Processes Shared by Memory and Nonmemory Tasks

In the episodic retrieval (ER) domain, activations in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are often attributed to postretrieval monitoring. Yet, right DLPFC activations are also frequently found during nonmemory tasks. To investigate the role of this region across different cognitive functions, we directly compared brain activity during ER and visual perception (VP) using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the ER task, participants decided whether words were old or new, whereas in the VP task, they decided which of the two colored screen areas was larger. In both tasks, each decision was followed by a confidence rating. The main finding was that right DLPFC (Brodmann area 46/10) activity was greater for low- than for high-confidence decisions in both tasks, demonstrating a general role in decision making. Even when reaction times (RTs) were included in the model, confidence remained the significant predictor of activity, suggesting that right DLPFC is involved in discontinuous evaluation rather than in continuous monitoring. In contrast, activity in anterior cingulate cortex was not only greater for low-confidence decisions but also increased with RT, reflecting a role in continuous conflict monitoring. Overall, the results demonstrate how direct crossfunction comparisons clarify the generality and specificity of the functions of various brain regions.
The Technology of Information Systems-Another Challenge for Engineering Education

The proper functioning of the world in which we live is becoming more and more dependent on information and how we use it. With methodologies and machines that are becoming available to information systems technology, we are, indeed, entering the Age of Information-an age of promise in business, in government, and in the military that can have as profound an effect on the world as the harnessing of the atom, the development of electric power, or the Industrial Revolution of the Nineteenth Century. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the broad technology of information systems in order to provide a basis for estimating the impact of this technology on future engineering education. Suggestions for modifying under-graduate engineering curriculums are made in order that future engineering graduates will be prepared to contribute to the continuing development of the technology and to utilize the technology in performing other engineering work. This paper discusses such topics as: What is an Information System?; Functions of a Generic Information System; Men in Information Systems; Machines in Information Systems; Methods in Information Systems; How Information Systems Are Created; Major Problems Facing Information Systems Technology; and The Challenge for Engineering Education.
Optimal integration time for UWB transmitted reference correlation receivers

This paper derives the bit error probability (BEP) of the conventional and average correlation receivers of the ultrawideband transmitted reference system by exploiting the concept of the orthogonal expansion and the central limit theorem is not needed in the derivation. The effects of using different lengths of the integration tune in the conventional correlation receiver in a single user multipath environment are also discussed. Three optimization criteria are evaluated and the average BEPs adopted the optimal integration time based on these criteria do not differ significantly from each other. In the interested BEP range, about 2 dB can be gained by using the optimal integration time instead of the channel delay spread in the correlator.
Clinical Implementation and Efficiency of Kilovoltage Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

This paper describes measurements of clinical efficiency and time requirements associated with image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). In June 2004, the authors' institution installed an integrated kilovoltage (kV) imaging system attached to a medical linear accelerator for radiographic target localization. Over the past year, 242 patients have been localized with the kV radiographic imaging system for a total of 2,700 fractions. Data were analyzed by reviewing the time required for each patient's IGRT session, broken into both image acquisition and image analysis time. Average IGRT procedure time was reviewed pertaining to months, treatment sessions, disease sites, and radiation therapists. Results showed that the average IGRT procedure time was reduced from 450 to 237 seconds from June 2004 to June 2005. Further analysis revealed that each therapist showed improvement in reducing the IGRT procedure time from the first month of use to the month of June 2005. The routine use of IGRT may ultimately be performed within 3 to 4 minutes, with minimal disruption to the clinical treatment process.
Similar Document Detection with Limited Information Disclosure

Similar document detection plays important roles in many applications, such as file management, copyright protection, and plagiarism prevention. Existing protocols assume that the contents of files stored on a server (or multiple servers) are directly accessible. This assumption limits more practical applications, e.g., detecting plagiarized documents between two conferences, where submissions are confidential. We propose novel protocols to detect similar documents between two entities where documents cannot be openly shared with each other. We also conduct experiments to show the practical value of the proposed protocols.
Semiparametric Bayes analysis of longitudinal data treatment models

This paper is concerned with the problem of determining the effect of a binary treatment variable on a continuous outcome given longitudinal observational data and non-randomly assigned treatments. A general semiparametric Bayesian model (based on Dirichlet process mixing) is developed which contains potential outcomes and subject level outcome-specific random effects. The model is subjected to a fully Bayesian analysis based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation methods. The methods are used to compute the posterior distribution of the parameters and potential outcomes. The sampled posterior output from the simulation is also used to construct treatment effect distributions at the unit level (and at other levels of aggregation), marginalized over all unknowns of the model, including the unknown distribution of responses and treatments, and treatment effects matched by treatment probability. A real data example, dealing with the wage premium associated with union membership, is considered in detail where quantities such as the average treatment effect, the treatment effect on the treated, and matched treatment effects are derived and illustrated.
Perspectives on the Status of Sensory Integration Theory

Sensory integration theory has generated many studies over the past decade, and individuals who are evaluating the theory and its ramifications for treatment have started to draw conclusions based upon those studies. However, the theory underlying treatment has not been fully explored through research, nor have the bulk of the treatment effectiveness studies demonstrated the methodological and statistical power necessary to adequately accept or reject effectiveness. The purpose of this article is to examine how research on sensory integration therapy relates to the underlying theory of therapy, how it is guided by the theory, and how it can be used to evaluate and develop the theory. The perspective taken in this discussion is that of a professional who does not have the experience of practicing sensory integration treatment but who is informed through the published research in the area. It is hoped that the resultant simplicity and objectivity of the discussion will provide a useful analysis of the complex issues surrounding research in this area. Suggestions are given for improving the knowledge of "outsiders" about the theory and practice of sensory integration treatment through research.
WHY WOMEN MUST GUARD AND RULE IN PLATO'S KALLIPOLIS

: Plato's discussion of women in the Republic is problematic. For one, arguments in Book V which purport to establish that women should guard and rule alongside men do not deliver the advertised conclusion. In addition, Plato asserts that women are “weaker in all pursuits” than men. Given this assumption, having women guard and rule seems inimical to the health, security, and goodness of the kallipolis. I argue that we best understand the inclusion of women by seeing how women's inclusion contributes to the civic unity of the kallipolis. I further argue that Plato's Laws reveals that (a) women will become more virtuous by doing similar jobs to men; and (b) women will be given lesser responsibilities than men in any polis approximating justice.
Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Hamsters*

The purpose of this study was to analyze the cellular and noncellular components of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at varying times during the development of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Hamsters were killed and lavaged in situ following the administration of a single intratracheal injection of 1 unit of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of sterile isotonic saline. The results show that the total cell counts in the BALF of bleomycin-treated hamsters, as compared with controls, were increased 7.7, 4.4, 2.4, 1.6, and 1.9-fold at 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment, respectively. The predominant cell types in the BALF of control animals were macrophages which constituted 84% of the total cells, followed by lymphocytes, 11%. The predominant cell types in the BALF of bleomycin-treated animals were polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) which constituted 65% at two days and approximately 50% of the total at 4, 7, and 14 days; at 21 days macrophages were the predominant cell type constituting 50%, followed by lymphocytes at 30%. However, the total number of lymphocytes was not increased at 21 days compared to previous times. The noncellular protein content of BALF from bleomycin-treated hamsters, an index of pulmonary vascular permeability, was increased to 224, 559, 637, and 270% of control (2.7 mg/lung) at 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after treatment, respectively, and returned to control levels at 21 days. The acid phosphatase activity in the supernatant of BALF of bleomycin-treated animals was significantly increased to 181, 181, 199, 176, and 125% of control (258 units/lung) at 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A note on the application of simple linear regression methods for trend detection at multiple sites and visits

In comparing running median, tolerance, cusum, and regression methods for trend detection over a small number of visits, Yang et al. found that application of multiple Z-tests on the basis of a simple linear regression for each site separately was the most efficient for detection of trends at several sites simultaneously. Because the use of multiple Z-tests completely ignores the covariance among measurements taken from different sites, to improve the power we propose a global chi 2-test. Assuming the covariance matrix known, we have found that the proposed chi 2-test procedure is more powerful than multiple Z-tests for two-sided alternatives when both the correlation among measurements and the number of sites are small. We also have found that the former procedure can have power uniformly larger than the latter when ratios of slopes to standard deviations of measurements at different sites vary and the number of sites is large. In fact, in the latter situation, the proposed global chi 2-test procedure, usually used only for two-sided alternatives, can even have power larger than that of multiple Z-tests for one-sided alternatives. In the situation where the ratios of slopes to standard deviations of measurements are all equal, however, the proposed multivariate approach based on the chi 2-test distribution is the least efficient, especially when the number of sites and the correlation are moderate or large. Finally, to account for the effect of multiple tests over a series of visits on the overall alpha-level, on the basis of Monte Carlo simulations, we compute critical values for sequential use of the proposed multivariate test procedure.
Noninvasive Imaging of Serotonin Synthesis Rate Using PET and α-Methyltryptophan in Autistic Children

α-Methyl-[11C]tryptophan (AMT) was previously developed as a tracer for serotonin synthesis with positron emission tomography (PET). Because of the low uptake of AMT in the brain (about 2%) and the radiation dose restriction in children (0.5 rem/year), a combined two-dimensional (2D)/3D PET protocol was designed that allows noninvasive acquisition of the arterial input function and uses the Patlak-plot together with a nonstationary spatial filter to create parametric images of the serotonin synthesis rate. Seven autistic boys (ages 4.1–11.1 years) and four of their male siblings (ages 8.2–14.4 years) were studied with the EXACT HR PET scanner. A dynamic heart scan in 2D mode was acquired for the first 20 min following injection of 0.1 mCi/kg of AMT. This was followed by a dynamic brain scan in 3D mode 25–60 min after tracer injection. The complete arterial input function was obtained by combining the time-activity curve of a small region in the center of the left ventricle with four venous samples drawn between 30 and 60 min postinjection. The Patlak graphical analysis included a nonstationary spatial filter that averaged locally only those pixels that had a high probability to differ only by noise. Simulation studies were performed to optimize the filter parameter. This method resulted in noise reduction and contrast preservation in comparison to conventionally smoothed images, allowing better detection of focal abnormalities in the frontal cortex of autistic children.