cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directing Eye Gaze Enhances Auditory Spatial Cue Discrimination

The present study demonstrates, for the first time, a specific enhancement of auditory spatial cue discrimination due to eye gaze. Whereas the region of sharpest visual acuity, called the fovea, can be directed at will by moving one's eyes, auditory spatial information is derived primarily from head-related acoustic cues. Past auditory studies have found better discrimination in front of the head [1-3] but have not manipulated subjects' gaze, thus overlooking potential oculomotor influences. Electrophysiological studies have shown that the inferior colliculus, a critical auditory midbrain nucleus, shows visual and oculomotor responses [4-6] and modulations of auditory activity [7-9], and that auditory neurons in the superior colliculus show shifting receptive fields [10-13]. How the auditory system leverages this crossmodal information at the behavioral level remains unknown. Here we directed subjects' gaze (with an eccentric dot) or auditory attention (with lateralized noise) while they performed an auditory spatial cue discrimination task. We found that directing gaze toward a sound significantly enhances discrimination of both interaural level and time differences, whereas directing auditory spatial attention does not. These results show that oculomotor information variably enhances auditory spatial resolution even when the head remains stationary, revealing a distinct behavioral benefit possibly arising from auditory-oculomotor interactions at an earlier level of processing than previously demonstrated.
Einstein Observatory Images of Clusters of Galaxies

We present the X-ray characteristics of a sample of 368 clusters of galaxies with redshifts less than 0.2 observed with the Einstein Imaging Proportional Counter. For each cluster, we measure the 0.5-4.5 keV counting rate and compute the 0.5-4.5 keV source luminosity, as well as the bolometric luminosity within fixed metric radii. We detect 85% of Abell clusters with z<0.1, demonstrating that the large majority of these optically selected clusters are not the results of chance superpositions. For 163 clusters, we measure their X-ray surface brightness profiles and determine their core radii. For ~230 clusters, we then use either our measured core radii and β values, or mean values derived for this sample, to measure central gas densities and gas masses. We use estimated or measured cluster gas temperatures, along with the derived gas-density profiles, to estimate total cluster masses, under the assumptions that the gas is isothermal and in hydrostatic equilibrium. We also present contour plots of the X-ray emission, which we use to classify the cluster morphology. We find the percentage of clusters with substructure in their X-ray images is about 40%, with no significant change in this percentage as a function of X-ray luminosity. This implies that a large fraction of all present epoch clusters are still undergoing subcluster mergers. Based on our analysis of surface brightness profiles, we find that most clusters have core radii in the range from 0.1 to 0.3 Mpc (for H0=50 km s-1 Mpc-1), with more massive "single" clusters having larger core radii. The β values determined from the slope of the surface brightness profiles fall in the narrow range from 0.4 to 0.8, with β values increasing with cluster gas temperatures. No change in the value of β is found in the surface brightness profiles for individual clusters as a function of distance from the cluster center. We compare the β values derived from the surface brightness profiles with the corresponding β values calculated from the gas temperatures and cluster velocity dispersions. We argue that much of the discrepancy between the values of β derived from these two methods results from overestimates of the cluster velocity dispersion due to cluster substructure. Finally, we compare the gas mass to the cluster virial mass and find, for an isothermal gas, that, within a fixed metric radius of 1 Mpc, the gas mass fraction increases as a function of X-ray luminosity from 10% to 20% of the total cluster mass.
The physiologic mechanisms of cardiac and vascular physical signs.

Abstract Examination of the heart and circulation includes five items: 1) the patient9s physical appearance, 2) the arterial pulse, 3) the jugular venous pulse and peripheral veins, 4) the movements of the heart-observation, palpation and percussion of the precordium, and 5) auscultation. This report deals with specific examples that relate cardiac and vascular physical signs to their mechanisms, focusing on each of the five sources. It draws liberally on early accounts, emphasizing that modern investigative techniques often serve chiefly to verify hypotheses posed in the past.
Common injuries in runners. Diagnosis, rehabilitation and prevention

Most injuries to runners involve a critical interplay between an individual's biomechanical predisposition and some recent change in their training programme. This may involve a rapid increase in weekly distance, intensity, or frequency of hill or track workouts. This review emphasises that a through understanding of the anatomy, pathophysiology, and predisposing biomechanical factors is essential for adequate injury treatment and prevention. As a sports medicine spedialist, it is also important to be familiar with the wider differential diagnosis for each of the common running injuries seen in a sports medicine clinic. In addition, all female runners should be questioned regarding any history of menstrual or eating dysfunction that can contribute to lowered bone mineral density and higher risk of injury. Because these injuries are related to cumulative overload of the lower extremity, they often come on insidiously and a strong index of suspicion is necessary for prompt detection. The vast majority of injuries, when identified early on, can be treated effectively with minor modifications in the training programme, correction of underlying muscle and flexibility imbalances, and attention to appropriate footwear.
Resource allocation among agents with preferences induced by factored MDPs

Distributing scarce resources among agents in a way that maximizes the social welfare of the group is a computationally hard problem when the value of a resource bundle is not linearly decomposable. Furthermore, the problem of determining the value of a resource bundle can be a significant computational challenge in itself, such as for an agent operating in a stochastic environment, where the value of a resource bundle is the expected payoff of the optimal policy realizable given these resources. Recent work has shown that the structure in agents' preferences induced by stochastic policy-optimization problems (modeled as MDPs) can be exploited to solve the resource-allocation and the policy-optimization problems simultaneously, leading to drastic (often exponential) improvements in computational efficiency. However, previous work used a flat MDP model that scales very poorly. In this work, we present and empirically evaluate a resource-allocation mechanism that achieves much better scaling by using factored MDP models, thus exploiting both the structure in agents' MDP-induced preferences, as well as the structure within agents' MDPs.
Synthesis and spectroscopic investigations of a crystalline humidity sensor : Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium 2,2'-bipyridyltetracyanoruthenate

We have prepared a new salt of the solvatochromic [Ru(bpy)(CN)4]2- anion bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium 2,2‘-bipyridyltetracyanoruthenate, ((PPN)2[Ru(bpy)(CN)4]), that reversibly sorbs water and changes color from purple to yellow when it is exposed to humid air. Solid samples of anhydrous (PPN)2[Ru(bpy)(CN)4] reversibly hydrate in humid air, first to (PPN)2[Ru(bpy)(CN)4]·H2O and then to (PPN)2[Ru(bpy)(CN)4]·15H2O. A single-crystal X-ray study of (PPN)2[Ru(bpy)(CN)4]·2CH3CN·2(CH3CH2)2O·2H2O shows that this novel humidity sensor has large channels in the structure that allows sorbed water molecules to reversibly interact with the cyanide ligands of the chromophore. The hydration changes that result from exposure of the solid in the 0 to 66% relative humidity range cause the MLCT visible absorption bands to shift dramatically to higher energy. These hydration changes also result in large shifts in the ν(CN) region of the infrared spectrum; these changes indicate significant H-bonding interactions between so...
Microvasculature of the anterior optic nerve

Abstract The traditional definition of glaucoma as a disorder of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) oversimplifies the clinical situation. Some glaucoma patients never have higher than normal IOP and others continue to develop optic nerve damage despite maximal lowering of IOP. Another possible factor in the etiology of glaucoma may be regulation of the regional microvasculature of the anterior optic nerve. One reason to believe that microvascular factors are important is that many microvascular diseases are associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In this study, endothelin-1 was used to produce vasoconstriction of the ocular vasculature following both intravitreal and perineural delivery. Intravitreal injections (1.25 and 2.50 micrograms) were given to six rabbits to assess the vascular response of the posterior segment. In addition, endothelin (0.0–4.2 micrograms) was delivered with an osmotically driven minipump system to the perineural region of six rabbits. Vasoconstriction of the anterior optic nerve vasculature was observed following both methods of endothelin delivery. A better understanding of the microvasculature of the anterior optic nerve is needed to evaluate its relationship to glaucomatous damage. Modulation of this vascular supply, with agents that mimic autoregulatory controls, may allow the sites of vasomotor control to be established and, in the fuuture, their status to be manipulated.
Postscript: The Nature of Connections

What commonalities appear among the richly diverse set of articles we present? What conclusions about the interface between personal life and social issues can be drawn from the theories and research findings contained in this issue? Some of the authors represented here (e.g., Elms; Stewart & Healy) have presented evidence for a social-personal link, while others (e.g., Crosby & Herek; Tyler & McGraw) have demonstrated a discontinuity between the social and the personal. How can the different types of finding be reconciled? Without obscuring the differences (or, indeed, the disagreements) among the various authors, we find some points of convergence, which we believe hold lessons for our understanding of the connections between personal life and social issues.
Activation of cell death mediated by apoptosis-inducing factor due to the absence of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.

Abstract We previously demonstrated that the absence of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) led to increased cell death following DNA-damaging treatments. Here, we investigated cell death pathways following UV treatment. Decreased amounts of PARG-null embryonic trophoblast stem (TS) cells were observed following doses of 10-100 J/m2 as compared to wild-type cells. In wild-type cells, caspase-cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and activated caspase-3 were detected 12-24 h after UV treatment. Surprisingly, both were detected at decreased levels only after 24 h in PARG-null TS cells, indicating a decreased level and delayed presence of caspase-mediated events. Further, a time- and dose-dependent accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) levels after UV was observed in PARG-null TS cells and not in wild-type cells. Determination of the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the substrate for PAR synthesis and a coenzyme in cellular redox reactions, demonstrated a UV dose-dependent decrease in the level of NAD+ in wild-type cells, while NAD+ levels in PARG-null TS cells remained at higher levels. This indicates no depletion of NAD+ in PARG-null TS cells following increased levels of PAR. Lastly, cell death mediated by apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was analyzed because of its dependence on increased PAR levels. The results demonstrate nuclear AIF translocation only in PARG-null TS cells, which demonstrates the presence of AIF-mediated cell death. Herein, we provide compelling evidence that the absence of PARG leads to decreased caspase-3 activity and the specific activation of AIF-mediated cell death. Therefore, the absence of PARG may provide a strategy for specifically inducing an alternative apoptotic pathway.
A model of hormones and agonistic behavior

A model of the interaction between endocrine function and agonistic responding was developed that incorporates three specific hypotheses about the relactionship between hormones and agonistic behavior: (1) The baseline hormonal state of the organism contributes to the determination of whether, in what way, and how intensely the animal will react when it is exposed to appropriate environmental stimuli. (2) One function of the hormonal responses to environmental stimulation and behavioral experiences is to modify the continuing and future behavior of the individual in the same or similar situations. (3) Another function of these hormonal responses is to modify the individual's stimulus qualities so that other individuals' agonistic reactions to it will be modified. The data on hormones and agonistic behavior were reviewed in the context of this model, and some directions for future research were proposed.
Absorption and translocation of foliar-applied iron.

The absorption of 59Fe3+ by the leaves of various plant species was studied. Stomata were found to play a major role in foliar absorption when leaves were totally submerged in treatment solutions, and a correlation was found to exist between stomatal area and absorption. Day treated leaves absorbed much more than did night treated leaves. The use of a surfactant markedly increased absorption. Translocation from treated leaves was demonstrated and was found to vary with species.
Tiled Image Container for Web Compatible Compound Image Compression

Encoding images containing mixed content in web compatible formats like PNG, GIF and JPEG poses challenges in maintaining the quality along with good compression. In this paper, we describe a method for improving the compression of web compatible compound images while retaining high quality. The proposed method is based on the principle that the compression ratio of a given image depends upon both the image content and the compression algorithm used. Therefore, encoding various tiled regions in a given image with the algorithm appropriate to the content in the region improves the overall compression of the image. Further optimizations like sharing of indexed colors between the various tiles in the same image and removal of duplicate tiles improve the compression. This method would support both lossy and loss less compression. The resulting encoded data can be rendered by a web browser supporting CSS background-cropping or HTML5 canvas APIs.
Toward a Wireless World

The term "wireless world" has been used in the literature to describe a state where wireless mobile communication devices become a dominant part of our working and non-working lives. This article adopts the term "wireless world" to contain all the components of a society where electronic communication no longer depends on the availability of wired connections. To be sure, moving toward a wireless world certainly depends on what technology can give us. But more than technology, a combination of forces influence the direction and speed at which people adopt and use wireless modality. Current literature investigating this area is dominated by technology, and each entity that owns the technology actively pushes for its market adoption and invokes technological determinism to justify its merit. But moving toward a wireless world involves more than technology. It is driven by a confluence of forces and affected by a myriad of issues. What this article intends to do is to survey those driving forces and important issues. In doing so, the article reviews literature in both research- and practitioner-oriented journals and considers the motivation and major issues in studying and moving toward a wireless world. In addition, it explores and categorizes major dependent variables worthy of further study.
Malaria stage-specific vaccine candidates

Malaria causes 300-500 million clinical cases and 1-3 million deaths per year, the majority of which occur in African children less than five years of age. The failure of vector control methods to achieve adequate reductions in morbidity and mortality and the widespread resistance to conventional antimalarial drugs have made development of an effective malaria vaccine a global priority. An ideal malaria vaccine should recapitulate naturally acquired immunity in an endemic setting. However, progress toward an efficacious vaccine has been slow, due to the high polymorphism of prospective target antigens and the inability of most vaccines to elicit long-lived immunological memory in the host. This review discusses the efficacy of current pre-erythrocytic-stage, asexual blood-stage, and transmission-blocking vaccine candidates, as well as future prospects for malaria vaccine development.
Community college international education: Looking back to forecast the future

This chapter traces the historical foundations on which today's community college international programs are based and concludes with strategies for strengthening and expanding the internationalization of community colleges.
Synthese von Oligosaccharid-L-Asparagin-Verbindungen, VII Derivate des 2-Acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-2-desoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-N-(1-benzyloxy-L-aspartoyl)-2-desoxy-β-D-glucopyranosylamins1)

Die Koenigs-Knorr-Kondensation von 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-desoxy-α-D–glucopyranosylbromid (1) mit 2-Acetamido-4,6-0-benzyliden-2-desoxyβ-D-glucopyranosylazid (2) fuhrt nicht zum erwarteten (13)-verknupften Aminozuckerdisaccharid. Deshalb sind weitere Moglichkeiten zur Synthese dieser Substanz untersucht worden. Dabei erhaltene neue, kristalline Zwischenprodukte haben schlieslich die Herstellung des β-(l3)-verknupften Aminozuckerdisaccharid-asparagins 24 erlaubt. Synthesis of Oligosaccharide-L-Asparagine Compounds, VII. - Derivatives of 2-Acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-N-( 1 -benzyloxy–L-aspartoyl)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosylamine 1) The Koenigs-Knorr condensation of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-αglucopyranosyl bromide (1) with 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl azide (2)does not yield the expected (13) disaccharide. Therefore, other possible routes for the synthesis of this substance have been investigated. New intermediates thereby obtained in crystalline form allowed the preparation of the β-(13) amino sugar-disaccharide-asparagine 24.
Patient-centred management in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: similar themes in three communication models

The progressive and highly variable course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) can present patients and their families with various challenges at different points of the disease. Structured communication between the healthcare professional and the patient is vital to ensure the best possible support and treatment for the patient. While research in this area has been limited, an increasing number of studies are emerging that support the role of communication in patients with debilitating and fatal lung diseases. Communication models used in other conditions that share many challenges with IPF, such as cancer, provide important insights for developing specifically designed patient support and communications models in IPF. Three communication models will be described: 1) the patient-centred care model (for oncology); 2) the three pillars of care model (for IPF); and 3) the Brompton model of care (for interstitial lung disease). Themes common to all three models include comprehensive patient education, encouraged patient participation and an accessible healthcare system, all supported by a collaborative provider-patient relationship. The development of effective communication skills is an on-going process and it is recommended to examine communication models used in other chronic diseases.
Getting Acquainted: The Relationship of Self-Disclosure and Social Attraction to Positive Affect

This study examined the association between social relationship facilitation and affect. Young adults who did not know one another engaged in brief, get-acquainted conversations. Participants rated their positive affect and negative affect before and after conversations. After conversations, participants also rated their self-disclosure, social attraction to partners, and contribution to the conversation relative to their partners. In support of the hypotheses, positive affect increased from before to after conversations, and greater self-disclosure and social attraction predicted the increase in positive affect. A greater contribution, however, did not predict the increase in positive affect but did predict the significant decrease in negative affect. These results support Baumeister and Leary's (1995) proposed need for social relationships in which positive affect accompanies relationship facilitation.
Mullite Crystallization from SiO2‐Al2O3 Melts

SiO/sub 2/--Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ melts containing 42 and 60 wt% Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ were homogenized at 2090/sup 0/C(+-10/sup 0/) and crystallized by various heat treatment schedules in sealed molybdenum crucibles. Mullite containing approx. = 78 wt% Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ precipitated from the 60 wt% Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ melts at approx. = 1325/sup 0/ +- 20/sup 0/C, which is the boundary of a previously calculated liquid miscibility gap. When the homogenized melts were heat-treated within this gap, the Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in the mullite decreased with a corresponding increase in the Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ content of the glass. A similar decrease of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in mullite was observed when crystallized melts were reheated at 1725/sup 0/ +- 10/sup 0/C; the lowest Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ content (approx. =73.5 wt% was in melts that were reheated for 110 h. All melts indicated that the composition of the precipitating mullite was sensitive to the heat treatment of the melts.
Mycotrophic growth and mutualistic development of host plant and fungal endophyte in an endomycorrhizal symbiosis

Soybean plants colonized by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungusGlomus fasciculatum were grown in pot cultures utilizing a composite greenhouse rooting medium. Development of fungal mycelia inside and outside the host root and total fungal biomass were determined from assays of fungal chitin. Growth and phosphorus uptake by VAM plants and uncolonized controls were compared. Mycotrophic growth in VAM plants occurred during the final six weeks of the 19-week growth period, when the concentration of available soil P fell below 10 μg P/g soil. Growth enhancement was most pronounced in the reproductive organs. The data suggest a relationship between the initiation of the reproductive phase in the host and the cessation of growth in the endophyte. Source-sink relationships and P availability appear to be factors influencing interactions between the symbionts.
Reassessing Benefits and Risks of Hormone Therapy

Recent randomized clinical trials of postmenopausal hormone therapy have informed clinical decision making and provided insights that help identify appropriate candidates for treatment. A decline in the use of hormone therapy began precipitously in 2002 with publication of data from the Women's Health Initiative. This review examines the scientific literature surrounding this major change in practice and comments on the equilibrating process now taking place. Notably, the incidence of most of the medical conditions adversely affected by hormone therapy increases with age. As a result, recently menopausal women—those most interested in using hormone therapy—are at lower absolute risk of adverse events than older women. A critical mass of data now suggests that age and time since menopause may also modify relative risks of selected outcomes with use of hormone therapy, but this warrants further study. Duration of hormone therapy use also appears to influence risk, with the occurrence of certain outcomes (su...
Indentation experiments and simulation of ovine bone using a viscoelastic-plastic damage model

Indentation methods have been widely used to study bone at the micro- and nanoscales. It has been shown that bone exhibits viscoelastic behavior with permanent deformation during indentation. At the same time, damage due to microcracks is induced due to the stresses beneath the indenter tip. In this work, a simplified viscoelastic-plastic damage model was developed to more closely simulate indentation creep data, and the effect of the model parameters on the indentation curve was investigated. Experimentally, baseline and 2-year postovariectomized (OVX-2) ovine (sheep) bone samples were prepared and indented. The damage model was then applied via finite element analysis to simulate the bone indentation data. The mechanical properties of yielding, viscosity, and damage parameter were obtained from the simulations. The results suggest that damage develops more quickly for OVX-2 samples under the same indentation load conditions as the baseline data.
Climbing Jacob's ladder: John Calvin and the early church on our eucharistic ascent to heaven

In debate with Roman Catholics and Lutherans about the physical presence of Christ in the eucharistic elements, Calvin argued that, since Christ had ascended into heaven (i.e. the spiritual realm or kingdom of God), we must not look for him on the table but ‘lift up our hearts’ to heaven and seek him there. The idea is well known to Calvin scholars, but it still raises many questions. Can Calvin mean that our souls are literally raised up to heaven? Are we supposed to experience some sort of heavenly elevation? And, if this notion is so strange to us, even those of us in Calvinist circles, how was it so readily available to Calvin and his readers? To answer these questions, we shall examine the texts more closely and inquire into their patristic background.
Building life-like 'conscious' software agents

Here we will briefly describe action selection and language generation mechanisms in two 'life-like' software agents, CMattie and IDA, and discuss issues that bear on the topics of architectures for behavior control, interdependencies between emotions and goaldbased behaviors, and coordination of scripted and improvised behaviors. These agents are life-like in the sense of interacting with humans via email in natural language. They are 'conscious' only in the sense of implementing a psychological theory of consciousness [3,4]. At this writing we are exploring the transition from scripted language production to more improvised speech generation. We are also investigating deliberative behavior selection mechanisms whereby alternative scenarios are produced and evaluated, and one of them chosen and acted upon. (Supported in part by ONR grant N00014-98-1-0332. This research was done with essential contributions from the Conscious Software Research Group including Art Graesser, Satish Ambati, Ashraf Anwar, Myles Bogner, Arpad Kelemen, Irina Makkaveeva, Lee McCauley, Aregahegn Negatu, Uma Ramamurthy, Zhaohua Zhang)
Science-The Experimental Test

The feature that distinguishes science from other ways of understanding and explaining the world is an ultimate reliance on the authority of the experimental test. There must be some agreed-on way of determining which facts are relevant to the credibility of our theories, and a willingness to place our theories at hazard in the process.
FORAGING AREA FIDELITY OF INDIVIDUAL SEABIRDS IN RELATION TO TIDAL CYCLES AND FLOCK FEEDING

I studied the foraging behavior of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) using radio transmitters, remote receiving stations, and a boat to track individuals. I tested the hypothesis that individual birds exhibit foraging area fidelity. I also investigated evidence for information transfer among birds and the role of tidal cycles in foraging behavior. Flight speed, feeding methods, chick growth rates, and fledging success were similar for radio-tagged birds and birds without radio-tags, suggesting that radio-tags had no significant effect. Birds made an average of two foraging trips per day for 13 d, during a spring and a neap tide series. Twenty-four of 26 birds returned repeatedly (X = 19.2 trips) to particular areas to feed; these birds were considered faithful to a foraging area. During spring and neap tides, 17 and 14 birds, respectively, timed their foraging trips to coincide with daily tidal cycles. Foraging area fidelity indicates that kittiwakes learn and remember when and where to forage an...
Arkanas Beef Improvement Program—An Integrated Resource Management Program for Cattle Producers1

The Arkansas Beef Improvement Program (ABIP) uses an integrated resource management approach to enhance efficiency and profitability of cattle producers. An executive committee was created to determine the overall program direction and guidelines. Educational methods used to demonstrate cost-effective beef cattle and forage management practices and transfer knowledge included whole-farm programs, special projects, workshops, Extension agent training, field days, newsletters, and popular press articles. The whole-farm programs demonstrated the importance of managing resources in an integrated management philosophy. Herd break-even decreased 28.2% (P<0.03), average specified cost per animal unit (AU) tended to decrease (P<0.19), mature cow-calf crop percentage tended to increase (P<0.14), and return over specified cost per AU increased 121.7% (P<0.05) from yr 1 to yr 5. Special projects (breeding and calving seasons, replacement heifer development, hay quality, forage testing and supplemental feeding, stockpiled forages, pasture renovation, cow herd performance, and market cow management) addressed specific beef cattle and forage management concerns. Production and financial parameters were measured to evaluate the progress of the whole farm and special projects. A majority of cooperators and Extension agents thought their ABIP experience was most valuable (66 and 57%, respectively), and 100 and 97% of the cooperators and Extension agents, respectively, stated ABIP fulfilled their expectations. The ABIP accomplished its educational objectives and made an impact on cooperators and Extension agents. Surveys affirmed that ABIP should be a high priority Extension program.
The distribution of soil phosphorus for global biogeochemical modeling

Phosphorus (P) is a major element required for biological activity in terrestrial ecosystems. Although the total P content in most soils can be large, only a small fraction is available or in an organic form for biological utilization because it is bound either in incompletely weathered mineral particles, adsorbed on mineral surfaces, or, over the time of soil formation, made unavailable by secondary mineral formation (occluded). In order to adequately represent phosphorus availability in global biogeochemistry–climate models, a representation of the amount and form of P in soils globally is required. We develop an approach that builds on existing knowledge of soil P processes and databases of parent material and soil P measurements to provide spatially explicit estimates of different forms of naturally occurring soil P on the global scale. We assembled data on the various forms of phosphorus in soils globally, chronosequence information, and several global spatial databases to develop a map of total soil P and the distribution among mineral bound, labile, organic, occluded, and secondary P forms in soils globally. The amount of P, to 50cm soil depth, in soil labile, organic, occluded, and secondary pools is 3.6 ± 3, 8.6 ± 6, 12.2 ± 8, and 3.2 ± 2 Pg P (Petagrams of P, 1 Pg = 1 × 10 15 g) respectively. The amount in soil mineral particles to the same depth is estimated at 13.0 ± 8 Pg P for a global soil total of 40.6 ± 18 Pg P. The large uncertainty in our estimates reflects our limited understanding of the processes controlling soil P transformations during pedogenesis and a deficiency in the number of soil P measurements. In spite of the large uncertainty, the estimated global spatial variation and distribution of different soil P forms presented in this study will be useful for global biogeochemistry models that include P as a limiting element in biological production by providing initial estimates of the available soil P for plant uptake and microbial utilization.
Analysis of Horizontal Directional Drilling Construction Risks Using the Probability-Impact Model: A Contractor's Perspective

All projects are subject to risks that have both a direct and indirect effect on the project cost and time. The risks vary from project to project because of the unique nature of each project. It is important for the project management team to include risk management as an integral part of their project planning and execution. Risk management strategies should be incorporated in every phase of an HDD project to ensure that the project meets the required quality and safety standards, and that the project delivery is within cost and schedule. This paper takes a look at Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) construction risks (the risks that occur during the construction phase) from the contractor’s point of view. Through a literature survey and content analysis of previous works, various HDD construction risks were identified. An industry survey was administered and interviews with major HDD contractors in the state of Ohio were conducted and both the probability of occurrence and impact of these risks on project cost were determined. The paper employed the use of a probability-impact model to identify the critical construction risks and suggests risk management measures and strategies that can be utilized to effectively minimize the risks.
The subjective, experiential element in perception.

The problem of sentience and how we are to understand it is addressed. It is argued inter alia that sentience can find its place in psychological theory only in relation to perception and other modes of awareness. Basic issues examined, therefore, pertain to the subjective, experiential element in perception, to the qualitative contents of perceptual and imaginai awarenesses. These issues are basic to the theory of the percept (and image) and have to do with where and how to locate the experiential element in a materialist world view. Subjective knowledge of qualitative contents is no less structural than knowledge by description; any advantage that exists is in respect to a mode of knowing rather than in what can be known about them. The subject ‘participates’ in what he comes to know, but such participation does not make for knowledge unique to him. Nor does what he knows by this route count against qualitative contents belonging to brain processes, except perhaps for the problematic property of ‘grain’. The discussion proceeds via review and evaluation of a variety of relevant views and arguments.
Optimization of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Primary Lithium/Air Batteries Operated in Ambient Environment

The selection and optimization of non-aqueous electrolytes for ambient operations of lithium/air batteries has been studied. Organic solvents with low volatility and low moisture absorption are necessary to minimize the change of electrolyte compositions and the reaction between lithium anode and water during discharge process. It is critical to make the electrolytes with high polarity so that it can reduce wetting and flooding of carbon based air electrode and lead to improved battery performance. For ambient operations, the viscosity, ionic conductivity, and oxygen solubility of the electrolyte are less important than the polarity of organic solvents once the electrolyte has reasonable viscosity, conductivity, and oxygen solubility. It has been found that PC/EC mixture is the best solvent system and LiTFSI is the most feasible salt for ambient operations of Li/air batteries. Battery performance is not very sensitive to PC/EC ratio or salt concentration.
Radical and molecular yields in the radiolysis of water with carbon ions

Abstract The radiation chemical yields of H2 and H2O2 molecules and OH radicals have been determined with carbon ions at energies of a few to 35 MeV. With increasing carbon ion energy, the yields of H2 and H2O2 decrease by 6 and 10% respectively whereas the yield of OH radicals almost doubles. The differential yields have been determined from the observed energy dependences and combined with previous studies on the production of H atoms and HO2 radicals to give a complete set of radiation chemical yields for the primary species produced in the carbon ion radiolysis of acidic aqueous solutions. The effects of track structure on radiolytic yields is discussed and simulated using a numeric diffusion-kinetic model.
Characteristics of a New Type Strain of Cl. Tetani

During an investigation of human carriers of CI. tetani in California, Bauer and Meyer 1 isolated from the stools of three individuals strains of this organism for which agglutinating serums were produced in rabbits. All were shown to belong to the same serologic group which we have tentatively considered as type 8. One of these new type strains which was agglutinated by all three serums, 1: 12,800, as well as two type 1 strains isolated during the same investigation were chosen for biochemical study. For purposes of comparison we have also included a type 1 strain received from the Cutter Laboratory, Berkeley, California, which they received from the U. S. Hygienic Laboratory. In view of the conflicting description of CI. tetani given by various authors we feel justified in recording our results even though the strains resemble one another in morphological and biochemical characters.
Internet Addiction – warum macht Onlinehalma nicht süchtig?

Calvin: »Themore you know, the harder it is to take decisive action... Once you become informed, you start seeing complexities and shades of gray ... You realize that nothing is as clear and simple as it first appears ... Ultimately, knowledge is paralyzing ... Being a man of action I can t afford to take that risk.« Hobbes: »You re ignorant ... But at least you act on it.« Bill Watterson, Calvin & Hobbes
Minimizing the Probability of Lifetime Ruin When Shocks Might Occur: Perturbation Analysis

We determine the optimal investment strategy to minimize the probability of an individual’s lifetime ruin when the underlying model parameters are subject to a shock. Specifically, we consider two possibilities: (1) changes in the individual’s net consumption and mortality rate and (2) changes in the parameters of the financial market. We assume that these rates might change once at a random time. Changes in an individual’s net consumption and mortality rate occur when the individual experiences an accident or other unexpected life event, while changes in the financial market occur due to shifts in the economy or in the political climate. We apply perturbation analysis to approximate the probability of lifetime ruin and the corresponding optimal investment strategy for small changes in the model parameters and observe numerically that these approximations are reasonable ones, even when the changes are not small.
Abstract B10: Side effects associated with aromatase inhibitor treatment among breast cancer patients

Introduction: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs), a first-line hormonal treatment for estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, have clear benefit in reducing recurrence risk and increasing survival. Musculoskeletal symptoms are a well-known side effect of treatment, but the spectrum of other side effects is less well characterized. Side effects of AIs may impact quality of life and potentially medical adherence. The purpose of this study was to examine whether AI treatment was associated with side effects other than musculoskeletal symptoms. Methods: A cohort study of 100 breast cancer patients initiating AI treatment (“cases”) and 200 women without a history of cancer (“controls”) was conducted. Questionnaire data on symptoms were collected prior to AI treatment for the cases and at the start of the study for the controls (baseline). All participants were followed for six months, with questionnaires being administered at three months and at the end of follow-up. Data on the frequency at which a number of symptoms were experienced was collected. The prevalence of each symptom at baseline among all cases and in the subgroup of cases who had not received chemotherapy was compared to controls. In addition, new onset of each specific symptom during the six month follow-up among cases compared to controls was examined. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression, and results are reported as age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) comparing cases to controls. Results: At baseline, cases were more likely than the controls to have experienced hot flashes, decreased appetite, fatigue, fever, breast sensitivity, swelling of hands and feet, difficulty concentrating, and tendency to take naps. These differences remained when limiting the sample of cases to those who had not received chemotherapy. The initiation of AI treatment was significantly associated the new onset of the following symptoms during the follow-up period: hot flashes (OR 5.13; p Conclusions: AI treatment results in an extreme estrogen-deficient state and is associated with the onset of a number of symptoms that occur much more frequently compared to postmenopausal women of similar age without a history of cancer. These symptoms may impact adherence. This study was funded by Susan G. Komen for the Cure, AstraZeneca, and the National Cancer Institute (CA132147). Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B10.
Simulation-based Medical Education on Orotracheal Intubation Training of Young Physicians in NICU

Simulation-based medical education was given in a planned way in training of orotracheal intubation to young physicians in neurocritical intensive care unit(NICU).It was helpful for young physicians to grasp the skill of orotracheal intubation quickly and accurately,and to improve the clinical aid capability.The training of orotracheal intubation based on simulation medical education is imperative.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of heat shock protein 72 in adult feline cardiac myocytes.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is elaborated in a myriad of cardiac disease states. Although the biological role for TNF-alpha in the adult heart is not ...
Professional Development in and beyond Graduate School

You probably already have some ideas from the last chapter about how to grow as a professional — by conducting and sharing research. In this chapter we delve into this in greater detail and make further suggestions for ways that you can begin developing as a teacher in and after graduate school. And, while searching for a job may at present seem far away, finding that ideal job will be much easier if you start preparing now. In addition, by participating in the activities described in this chapter you will become more familiar with your chosen field and find your transition from student to first-time teacher much less stressful.
How do emerging adults respond to exercise advice from parents? A test of advice response theory:

Advice response theory (ART) proposes advisor characteristics, advice politeness, and advice content impact recipient perceptions of advice quality, their intention to implement the advice, and their coping. However, ART has primarily been examined in friend-to-friend advising on academic, romantic, or social issues. To test ART in an understudied relational and topical context, emerging adults (N = 196, aged 18–28 years) were surveyed about physical activity or exercise advice they received from a parent. Current findings supported propositions about advisor characteristics and politeness, and parent–child relational elements were particularly salient. Emerging adults satisfied with their parent–child relationship rated all advice features and outcomes more favorably, and participants who reported their parents conveyed that the participant was approved of, competent, and likeable rated all outcomes more favorably. Counter to ART predictions, emerging adults displayed psychological reactance to certain m...
The academic achievement of Limited English Proficient (LEP) youth in new and established immigrant states: Lessons from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

The dramatic growth and dispersal of immigrant families has changed the face of public education at a time when states are experiencing increased school accountability pressures under the No Child Left Behind Act and its recent successor, the Every Student Succeeds Act. Of particular concern is how these demographic shifts affect the academic well-being of Limited English Proficient (LEP) youth, the protected sub-group that most directly targets children from immigrant families. Using individual-level data from the National Association of Educational Progress (NAEP), we examine how eighth grade test scores of LEP youth differ across new and established immigrant destination states. Results show that achievement for LEP youth is higher in new than in established immigrant states, but that this advantage is not consistent across ethnic/racial groups. LEP youth in new immigrant states benefit from more favorable demographic characteristics and family and school resources, but these differences only explain a small portion of the achievement gap.
Cellular Models for the Study of Prions

It is now established that numerous amyloid proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including tau and α-synuclein, have essential characteristics of prions, including the ability to create transmissible cellular pathology in vivo. We have developed cellular bioassays that report on the various features of prion activity using genetic engineering and quantitative fluorescence-based detection systems. We have exploited these biosensors to measure the binding and uptake of tau seeds into cells in culture and to quantify seeding activity in brain samples. These cell models have also been used to propagate tau prion strains indefinitely in culture. In this review, we illustrate the utility of cellular biosensors to gain mechanistic insight into prion transmission and to study neurodegenerative diseases in a reductionist fashion.
Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease and Quality of Life Among Older Individuals in the Community

BackgroundEvidence regarding the association of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease with quality of life (QOL) is mainly from selected clinical populations or relatively small clinical coho...