cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of DNA sequences in genetic recombination in the iso-1-cytochrome c gene of yeast. I. Discrepancies between physical distances and genetic distances determined by five mapping procedures.

ABSTRACT Recombination rates have been examined in two-point crosses of various defined cyc1 mutants using five mapping methods. Nucleotide sequences of mutant codons were identified in previous studies from alterations in functional iso-1-cytochromes c produced by intragenic revertants. Heteroallelic diploids were analyzed for rates of mitotic recombination that occurred spontaneously and that were induced with X-rays, ultraviolet light and the near-ultraviolet light emitted by sunlamps, as well as rates of meiotic recombination that occur after sporulation. Frequencies of both mitotic and meiotic recombination do not necessarily correspond with physical distances separating altered nucleotides. The most extreme discrepancy involved two adjacent intervals of thirteen base pairs which differed approximately thirtyfold in their spontaneous and X-ray-induced recombination rates. Marked disproportions between genetic and physical distances appear to be due to the interaction of the two nucleotide sequences in the heteroallelic combination and not to the sequences of the mutant codons alone. Recombination values that were obtained by all five methods could not be used to establish the correct order of mutant sites. Relationships of the recombination rates for the various pairwise crosses are different after mitosis from those after meiosis, suggesting that these two recombinational processes are to some extent different in their dependence on particular nucleotide configurations. On the other hand, the relationships of the rates induced by UV-, sunlamp- and X-irradiation were identical or very similar. In addition to the intrinsic properties of the alleles affecting frequencies of mitotic and meiotic recombination rates, two- to threefold variations in recombination rates could be attributed to genetic backgrounds.
A high-performance WDM photonic switch architecture for future super networks infrastructures

This research aims at developing a new photonic switch architecture that has several desired features, such as, small size, high scalability, and easy configuration and control. This architecture holds the promise to enabling the next-generation infrastructure for future high-performance computing architectures.
Post-irradiation approaches to treatment of radiation injuries in the context of radiological terrorism and radiation accidents: a review.

Purpose: Events of the recent past have focused attention on the possibility of radiological (nuclear) terrorism and on the implications of such terrorist threats for radiation accident preparedness. This review discusses recent advances in the knowledge about how radiation injuries from such events might be treated pharmacologically, and the practical barriers to clinical utilization of these approaches.Conclusions: A wide range of pharmacological approaches are being developed in the laboratory that could greatly expand the ability to treat acute and chronic radiation injuries. However, there are currently a variety of practical and legal barriers that would prevent the actual clinical use of most of the approaches. There are also the potential weaknesses in most of the current programmes for dealing with the consequences of radiation accidents or nuclear terrorism, including the absence of widespread radiation biodosimetry capabilities and the resulting inability to triage. If a major radiation acciden...
LACK OF RENAL DOPAMINE PRODUCTION DURING ACUTE VOLUME EXPANSION IN DAHL SALT-SENSITIVE RATS

Endogenous kidney dopamine (DA) is reported to contribute to the natriuretic response to acute volume expansion (VE). Several studies suggest that a defect in renal DA-ergic system may play a role in genetic hypertension in humans and rats. The present study was performed to determine the role of renal DA and tubular DA-1 receptors in the natriuretic response to VE in agemached inbred Dahl salt sensitive (SS/Jr) and salt resistant (SR/Jr) rats of 9–11 weeks of age. In pentobarbital anesthetized rats, VE was carried out by intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride (5% body weight) over a period of 60 min. This maneuver evoked marked increases in urine output and urinary sodium excretion in both SR/Jr and SS/Jr species. However, the natriuretic and diuretic response to VE was significantly reduced in SS/Jr as compared to SR/Jr rats. It was also observed that the urinary excretion of DA was significantly increased during VE only in SR/Jr, but not in SS/Jr rats. In separate group of animals, infusion o...
Constraints on dark matter from colliders

We show that colliders can impose strong constraints on models of dark matter, in particular, when the dark matter is light. We analyze models where the dark matter is a fermion or scalar interacting with quarks and/or gluons through an effective theory containing higher dimensional operators which represent heavier states that have been integrated out of the effective field theory. We determine bounds from existing Tevatron searches for monojets as well as expected LHC reaches for a discovery. We find that colliders can provide information which is complementary or in some cases even superior to experiments searching for direct detection of dark matter through its scattering with nuclei. In particular, both the Tevatron and the LHC can outperform spin-dependent searches by an order of magnitude or better over much of the parameter space, and if the dark matter couples mainly to gluons, the LHC can place bounds superior to any spin-independent search.
A highly efficient in vitro plant regeneration system and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Plumbago zeylanica

Plumbago zeylanica is a unique model for studying flowering plant gametogenesis, heterospermy, and preferential fertilization, yet understanding the control of related molecular mechanisms is impossible without efficient and reproducible regeneration and stable genetic transformation. We found three key factors for enhancing successful regeneration: (1) tissue source of explants, (2) combination and concentration of growth regulators, and (3) culture conditions. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration was achieved using hypocotyl segments cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with BA 2.0 mg/l, NAA 0.75 mg/l, adenine 50 mg/l and 10% (v/v) coconut milk under subdued light at 25±2°C; under these conditions, each hypocotyl segment produced over 30 shoots, arising primarily through direct organogenesis after 3 weeks of culture. Regenerated shoots rooted easily on half-strength basal MS medium and were successfully established in the greenhouse. Using this tissue culture protocol, reporter gene GUS under the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter was introduced into P. zeylanica cells of petiole, cotyledon and hypocotyl with A. tumefaciens strains AGL1 and LBA4404. Transient expression was observed in all recipient tissues. Stable transgenic calli originating from petiole were obtained.
Utility assessment of a multispectral snapshot LWIR imager

The purpose of this study was to asses the utility of a Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) snapshot imager for remote sensing applications. The snapshot imager is made possible by the utilization of a color filter array that selectively allows different wavelengths of light to be collected on separate pixels of the focal plane in same fashion as a typical Bayer array in visible portion of the spectrum [1]. Recent technology developments have made this possible in the LWIR [2]. The primary focus of the study is to develop a band selection technique that is capable of identifying both the optimal number and width of the spectral channels. Once selected, the theoretical sensor performance is used to evaluate the usefulness in a typical remote sensing application.
Identifying Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa) Attacked by the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceae) Using Spectral Measurements of the Foliage

Balsam woolly adelgid is an invasive pest of firs in the United States. Aerial surveys are conducted for detection of adelgid infestations but other remotely sensed data may also be useful. Our objective was to determine if high spectral resolution, branch-level data can be used to distinguish infested from noninfested trees. Stepwise discriminant analysis yielded a three-variable model (the red-green index and two narrow-bands (one at 670 nm and the other at 1912 nm)) that classified infested versus non-infested trees with 94% accuracy compared with the 83% accuracy obtained with a single-variable model. The response of trees in narrow spectral bands was integrated across wavebands to simulate measurements from the multispectral SPOT5-HRVIR sensor. Stepwise discriminant analysis again yielded a three-variable model (simple ratio, the SPOT5-HRVIR band in the SWIR region and NDVI) with similar accuracy (93%) at discriminating infested from non-infested trees compared with the 83% accuracy obtained with a single-variable model.
Out-Of-Pocket Medical Spending For Care Of Chronic Conditions

We examined out-of-pocket medical spending by persons with and without chronic conditions using data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Our results show that mean out-of-pocket spending increased with the number of chronic conditions. The level of this spending also varied by age and insurance coverage, among other characteristics. Out-of-pocket spending for prescription drugs was substantial for both elderly and nonelderly persons with chronic conditions. As policymakers continue to use cost sharing and design of benefit packages to contain health spending, it is important to consider the impact of these policies on persons with chronic conditions and their families.
Varicella in newborn twins.

Summary Observations were reported on twinsborn with varicella of a mother who developed the disease the day previous to their birth.
Identification of Tay-Sachs Genotypes by Hexosaminidase Analysis of Urine and Tear Samples

The absence of N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase A (Hex A, EC 3.2.1.52) activity in the body fluids and tissues of patients with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) (1,2) results in the cerebral accumulation of the GM2-ganglioside [N-acetylgalactosaminyl -(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosyl-ceramide] (3) and is responsible for all the clinical symptoms and pathological findings in the disease (4,5). TSD is a prototype representative of many other hereditary disorders (6).
Partnering with patients and families to develop an innovative multifamily therapy group treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa

While clinical practice recognises and research findings reveal an association between social functioning and relationships with close others and recovery for adults with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), few treatment modalities comprehensively address the social conditions that contribute to and sustain AN. This post-treatment qualitative retrospective study engaged Multifamily Therapy Group (MFTG) alumni as co-investigators in the development and evaluation of a new and innovative Relational/Motivational model of MFTG (MFTG-RM) [Tantillo, M., Sanftner, J., & Hauenstein, E. (2013). Restoring connection in the face of disconnection: An integrative approach to understanding and treating anorexia nervosa. Advances in Eating Disorders: Theory, Research and Practice, 1(1), 21–38.] for adults with AN. Ten families (N = 17) comprising 5 adult patients (ages 20–34, M = 23.4, SD = 5.98), 9 mothers, and 3 fathers participated in one of 2 two-hour study focus groups. Qualitative content analysis was used to code text data an...
Detecting Content-Heavy Sentences: A Cross-Language Case Study

The information conveyed by some sentences would be more easily understood by a reader if it were expressed in multiple sentences. We call such sentences content heavy: these are possibly grammatical but difficult to comprehend, cumbersome sentences. In this paper we introduce the task of detecting content-heavy sentences in cross-lingual context. Specifically we develop methods to identify sentences in Chinese for which English speakers would prefer translations consisting of more than one sentence. We base our analysis and definitions on evidence from multiple human translations and reader preferences on flow and understandability. We show that machine translation quality when translating content heavy sentences is markedly worse than overall quality and that this type of sentence are fairly common in Chinese news. We demonstrate that sentence length and punctuation usage in Chinese are not sufficient clues for accurately detecting heavy sentences and present a richer classification model that accurately identifies these sentences.
Committee Outliers and Mandate Divides in the Russian State Duma, 1994-2003

Studies of mixed-member systems have addressed whether the use of two sets of electoral rules creates a divergent patterns of legislative behavior. Few of these studies focus on committees, which is surprising given the fact that the debate in the U.S. Congress literature is framed around distributional theories. Distributional theories posit that due to the need to win election in local districts, members will self-select on to particular committees and will be preference outliers. If such pressures exist in mixed systems, they should only exist for those legislators elected in local districts, and not those elected in proportional representation elections. Through a statistical analysis of the budget committee of the Russian Duma, this article shows that evidence of a mandate divide was rather limited. The variation in evidence of the mandate divide appears to be caused by two factors: the percentage of single-member district legislators on the committee and the level of party cohesion.
Identification of Metabolic Pathway Systems

The estimation of parameters in even moderately large biological systems is a significant challenge. This challenge is greatly exacerbated if the mathematical formats of appropriate process descriptions are unknown. To address this challenge, the method of dynamic flux estimation (DFE) was proposed for the analysis of metabolic time series data. Under ideal conditions, the first phase of DFE yields numerical representations of all fluxes within a metabolic pathway system, either as values at each time point or as plots against their substrates and modulators. However, this numerical result does not reveal the mathematical format of each flux. Thus, the second phase of DFE selects functional formats that are consistent with the numerical trends obtained from the first phase. While greatly facilitating metabolic data analysis, DFE is only directly applicable if the pathway system contains as many dependent variables as fluxes. Because most actual systems contain more fluxes than metabolite pools, this requirement is seldom satisfied. Auxiliary methods have been proposed to alleviate this issue, but they are not general. Here we propose strategies that extend DFE toward general, slightly underdetermined pathway systems.
58-P: CORRELATION OF CIRCULATING COMPLEMENT-FIXING DONOR SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IDENTIFIED BT THE C1q ASSAY AND PRESENCE OF C4d in ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY: A SINGLE-CENTER RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Aim Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are associated with increased cardiac graft loss. Detection of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) relies on graft dysfunction, C4d immunofluorescence (IF) and DSA. We applied a C1q solid-phase assay in parallel with the standard IgG SAB assay to examine the correlation of circulating complement-fixing donor-specific antibodies and presence of C4d in endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). Methods We retrospectively studied the relationship of C1q+ DSA, and C4d IF in 40 EMB from 38 cases of heart transplant recipients (The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, Vol 32, No 4, April 2013). C4d evaluation was performed for cause, including (1) clinical evidence of graft dysfunction; (2) high PRA; and (3) ACR, ISHLT Grade 3R. We applied a C1q solid-phase assay in parallel with the standard IgG SAB assay to examine the DSA profiles in heart transplant patients post-transplant. The MFI cut off values of IgG DSA and C1q+ DSA are > 1,000 and >200 respectively. Results A better concordance is observed between C1q+ DSA with C4d IF+ as compared to IgG DSA with C4d IF+ (54% vs.24%, p = 0.09, paired samples T test). However, the correlation of C1q DSA with C4d IF is not statistically significant ( p = 0.12, Fisher Exact test). Importantly, C1q+ DSA is observed in 14/15 cases with C4d IF +; 17 cases had circulating C1q+ DSA without detectable C4d staining (Table), suggesting that that the presence of C1q+ DSA may precede the detection of C4d deposition in EMB and/or the development of AMR. [ Table 1 ] Conclusions In this cohort of 38 patients, no significant correlation is observed between circulating C1q DSA and C4d IF in EMB. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate the association of C1q DSA with EMB and IF C4d staining, and with long-term outcomes in heart transplant recipients.
Race matters for women leaders: Intersectional effects on agentic deficiencies and penalties

Abstract A significant amount of the research on two types of biases against women leaders—agentic deficiency (perceptions that women have minimal leadership potential) and agentic penalty (backlash for counter-stereotypical behavior)—has generally presumed that the descriptive, prescriptive, and proscriptive stereotypes on which the biases are based are comparable for women across racial groups. We propose that the degree to which agentic deficiencies and penalties occur is contingent on the dimension of agency that is under consideration and its relation to the stereotypes associated with the target's gendered and racial group. The results of our literature review and analysis suggest that when considered in the context of gender and leadership research, at least two dimensions of agency, competence and dominance, closely align with perceptions of agentic deficiency and agentic penalty, respectively. Based on our analysis and the prevalent stereotypes of Black and Asian American women that are likely most relevant to the two types of biases against women leaders, we examined the interactive effects of racial stereotypes and the agentic biases. We suggest that when specific racial and gendered stereotypes are aligned with a specific dimension of agency, we can gain a more thorough understanding of how agentic biases may hinder women's progression to leadership positions.
Targeted Delivery of Anti-miR-712 by VCAM1-Binding Au Nanospheres for Atherosclerosis Therapy

Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the vascular wall, which preferentially develops in regions under disturbed flow (d-flow). Once inflamed, the endothelial cells initiate a signaling cascade that culminates in the expression of pro-atherogenic genes such as mRNAs and miRNAs. Here we demonstrate that vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), which is highly expressed on the surface of endothelial cells under d-flow, can serve as a marker for the targeted delivery of drug to the inflamed endothelium. We could selectively deliver anti-miR-712, an inhibitor of a key pro-atherogenic miRNA, to VCAM1-expressing immortalized mouse aortic endothelial cells (iMAECs) by hybridizing the inhibitor with a carrier DNA that has a complementary sequence and is conjugated to the surface of Au nanospheres. Our results suggest that the combination of VCAM1-binding peptide and Au nanosphere could provide an effective strategy for the selective delivery of anti-athero-miRNAs or other drugs into inflamed endothelium for the purpose of inhibiting the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
Activity and Apathy: the Extremes of Politics in the Komi Republic

Since this book concentrates on popular perceptions, the activities of political elites has been largely overlooked. By way of contrast with popular attitudes, this chapter examines elite politics in Komi during winter 1993–94. At that time, the political affairs of the republic were dominated by a struggle for power between the Chairman of the (now defunct) Komi Supreme Soviet, Yuri Spiridonov, and the then Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Viacheslav Khudiaev. The feverish political intrigue of ‘high’ politics in Komi provides an interesting contrast with the apathy of the Komi population and permits me to detail, at least in part, the contextual development of Russian society that confronts the indigenous political culture.
Surgical therapy of chronic peptic ulcer. Preoperative assessment, choice of operations, and consequences.

Gastric secretory testing remains an integral part of the surgical treatment of peptic ulcer which, taken in conjunction with the patient as a whole, will indicate a preference for a certain treatment plan. The authors prefer hemigastrectomy and vagotomy for most cases of duodenal ulcer.
Changes in ovarian function associated with circulating concentrations of estradiol before a GnRH-induced ovulation in beef cows

Abstract These studies were conducted to evaluate causes for differences in circulating concentrations of estradiol before a GnRH-induced ovulation. Beef cows were synchronized by an injection of GnRH on day −7 and an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF 2α ) on day 0. In experiment 1, blood samples were collected every 3 h from PGF 2α on day 0 to hour 33 after PGF 2α and at slaughter (hour 36 to 42; n=10). Cows were assigned to treatment group based on circulating concentrations of estradiol (E2): HighE2 vs LowE2. At slaughter, follicular fluid (FF) and granulosa cells were collected from the dominant follicle. In experiment 2, blood samples (n = 30) were collected every 8 h from PGF 2α until the dominant follicle was aspirated via ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration to collect FF and granulosa cells (hour 38 to 46). In experiment 1, HighE2 had increased abundance of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 aromatase, and LHR ( P ≤ 0.02), and greater concentrations of estradiol and androstenedione ( P ≤ 0.02) in the FF. In experiment 2, HighE2 had increased abundance of CYP11A1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 aromatase, and LHR ( P ≤ 0.03) vs either LowE2 or GnRHLowE2. There was a tendency ( P = 0.07) for LH pulse frequency to be increased in both the GnRHLowE2 and HighE2 compared with LowE2. HighE2 cows experienced increas in circulating concentrations of estradiol compared with LowE2. In conclusion, animals with greater concentrations of circulating estradiol before fixed-time AI experienced an upregulation of the steroidogenic pathway during the preovulatory period.
Severity of hypertension predicts the generalized neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia.

Abstract Individuals with schizophrenia have been found to display neurocognitive deficits on the order of 1 standard deviation below the mean of healthy controls on a range of cognitive domains, with no clear pattern of deficits that characterizes the majority of individuals with schizophrenia. Such findings have led some to suggest that schizophrenia is characterized by a “generalized” neurocognitive deficit, implying that a common underlying etiology impacts all cognitive domains. Central nervous system accounts of the generalized deficit have been proposed (e.g., NMDA and GABA interneuron receptor dysfunction); however, there may also be more diffuse “general systems” abnormalities that affect brain function. The current study evaluated the role of one type of general systems abnormality, metabolic dysfunction, on global cognitive functioning in a sample of outpatients with schizophrenia ( n = 27) and demographically matched healthy controls ( n = 33). Participants completed a battery of neuropsychological tests, as well as metabolic measurements to assess blood glucose, blood pressure, and abdominal obesity. Results indicated that higher pulse pressure predicted the generalized neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia, but not healthy controls; however, blood glucose and abdominal obesity did not predict cognitive performance in either group. These findings provide support for the role of metabolic abnormalities in the generalized neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia, and suggest that treatment of hypertension may be a novel adjunctive treatment target for remediating cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Fixing Section 1201: Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for the Digital Millenium Copyright Act Anti-Circumvention Provisions

The Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) Section 1201 Anti-Circumvention provisions are unnecessarily prohibiting lawful speech by making circumvention for otherwise lawful uses of copyrighted content illegal under federal law. The current rulemaking process for creating exemptions is ineffective and cumbersome. The Copyright Office is currently conducting a comprehensive study of section 1201, providing an opportunity to identify reforms at the legislative and regulatory levels that can ensure 1201 avoids unnecessarily restricting lawful speech. This article is divided into two broad categories: Part 1 addresses key problems with section 1201 and examines key potential legislative reforms. Part 2, acknowledging that legislative reform may take time, focuses on ways in which the triennial rule-making process can be improved more quickly by regulatory change at the Copyright Office. Specifically, Part 1 (A) begins by providing an overview of the specific problems with section 1201’s Anti-Circumvention provisions and the triennial process, including 1) the high demands on time and resources for proving exemptions; 2) the unnecessarily high burden for proving exemptions; 3) examples of the ways in which exemptions routinely fail creators making lawful uses of content; and 4) lastly, the significance of excluding fair use from exempt status. Next, Part 1(B) proposes an amendment to section 1201 that accounts for fair uses of copyrighted works, addressing many of the problems listed above. To conclude, Part 1 (C) explains how such an amendment is compatible with U.S. international treaty obligations. Part 2 focuses on ways in which the triennial process should be reformed at the regulatory level while we await legislative reform. Part 2 (A) suggests changes to the interpretation of the burden of proof for proponents of exemptions; Part 2 (B) examines possible replacements for the current de novo standard for review; and Part 2 (C) provides suggestions for dealing with issues of confidentiality in the rulemaking process.
Fractional Integral Inequalities with Convexity

Here we present general integral inequalities involving convex and increasing functions applied to products of functions.
Epitaxial KTiOP x AS 1-x -O 4 optical waveguides with a step-like refractive-index profile

KTiOPO4 (KTP) has long been recognized as a promising material for many important optical and electro-optical applications. Recent experiments by Bierlein and Van der Poel and coworkers using segmented waveguides further demonstrated that KTP holds great promise as a practical waveguide frequency-doubler for the near-infrared and for coherent blue-light generation.1,2 We report fabrication of a new type of optical waveguides with an abrupt refractive- index profile.
Pat’s Voice: A Journey Towards Wisdom

In the last 30 or so years, I have developed the beliefs, principles, and passion that form my voice about educational technology. In this chapter I discuss a critical part of this voice and some of the women who have helped me to develop it. My voice continues to stretch and grow, even turn corners, as I continue to read and hear others speak about their experiences and beliefs.
The Future of Microwave Power in Industria! Applications*

ABSTRACTWhile microwave energy equipment may well involve substantial capital investment and running expense increases over more conventional heat transfer equipments, the advantages in resulting flatter temperature profiles in the work, in speed, in efficiency, in quenchability and focusability can overcome these disadvantages dramatically depending on the application. These tradeoffs are studied quantitatively to result in an optimistic prognosis for this business.
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF A FOOD SANITATION PROGRAM1

An attempt has been made to apply a model for evaluating program effectiveness and efficiency to an actual program on a retrospective basis. It was not possible to apply the model fully since there was a lack of specification and measurement of program sub-objectives. In the absence of a predetermined “extent of intended attainment,” program effectiveness was computed using a Utopian, perhaps unrealistic standard of total elimination of violations. Two different measures of program objectives were constructed from available data. The first is a rating scale similar to the conventional rating scales recommended by the Public Health Service for surveying food and milk control programs. It differs primarily in that a given category may have variable debits assigned, based on judged severity of the conditions as compared to the minimum acceptable standard. The second measure used was correction rate, that is, the proportion of violations recorded at a given inspection that were corrected (not in violation) at...
On Delay Tolerant Airborne Network Design

Mobility pattern of nodes in a mobile network has significant impact on the connectivity properties of the network. Due to its importance in civil and military environments, and due to the several complex issues present in this domain, one such mobile network that has drawn attention of researchers in the past few years is Airborne Networks (AN). Since the nodes in an airborne network (AN) are heterogeneous and mobile, the design of a reliable and robust AN is highly complex and challenging. This paper considers a persistent backbone based architecture for an AN where a set of Airborne Networking Platforms (ANPs) such as aircrafts, UAVs and satellites, form the backbone of the AN. As ANPs may be unable to have end-to-end paths at all times due to the limited transmission ranges of the ANPs, the AN should be delay tolerant and be able to transmit data among ANPs within a bounded time. In this paper we propose techniques to compute the minimum transmission range required by the ANPs in such delay tolerant airborne networks.
Where do community-dwelling older adults with disabilities live? Distribution of disability in the United States of America by household composition and housing type

There is limited research on the living arrangements of older adults with disabilities, especially research that combines household composition and housing characteristics. This paper addresses that gap with two complementary sets of logistic regression models: first, estimating the odds of disability by household composition and housing type and, second, estimating the odds of disability by living arrangement within gender and age sub-groups. Data come from the 2012 American Community Survey (N = 504,371 respondents aged 65 and older), which includes six measures of disability: cognitive, ambulatory, independent living, self-care, vision and hearing. Living alone, with children or with others was associated with higher odds of any disability, compared with living with a spouse only. Compared to those living in a single-family home, living in a mobile home or other temporary structure, or large apartment building was associated with higher odds of disability. Having a disability was associated with lower rates of living with a spouse only, alone, in a single-family home or in a small or mid-sized apartment building and higher rates of all other living arrangements. Sub-group analyses revealed differences in the relationship between living arrangements and disability by gender and age group. This information provides a baseline from which to observe trends in living arrangements and disability for older adults in the United States of America.
Mouse Models of Chronic Intestinal Inflammation: Characterization and Use in Pharmacological Intervention Studies

Mouse models of disease have been used extensively by the research community for the past three decades to better understand the pathogenesis of different diseases as well as to assess the efficacy and toxicity of different therapeutic agents. Retrospective analyses of numerous preclinical intervention studies using mouse models of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases reveal a generalized failure to translate promising interventions or therapeutics into clinically effective treatments in patients. This is especially true for preclinical investigations using mouse models of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis). One potential strategy for improving our ability to discover new therapeutics that may have a reasonable chance of success in clinical trials is to identify the most immunologically-relevant mouse models of human IBD. However, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that the mouse immune system differs substantially from that of humans, and thus, may not express the same pathogenetic mechanisms that are thought to occur in human IBD. This chapter presents a critical evaluation of selected mouse models of IBD and discusses their utility in preclinical studies. In addition, we describe recent advances in generating and utilizing “humanized” mice to study the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic gut inflammation.
Lie Algebras and Lie Groups

The first part of this chapter treats Lie algebras, beginning with definitions and many examples. The notions of solvable, nilpotent, radical, semisimple, and simple are introduced, and these notions are followed by a discussion of the effect of a change of the underlying field.
Orienting Schools toward Equity: Subgroup Accountability Pressure and School-Level Responses.

This article examines school-level responses to subgroup accountability pressure through an ethnographic case study of a school cited for failing to make adequate yearly progress for student subgro...
Hybrid physics based-data driven approach for reliability allocation of early stage products

This paper presents a novel approach for reliability demonstration of a product operating in dynamic environment. The device is subjected to mechanical loads, humidity and temperature swings. The form and magnitude of mission loads is uncertain a-priori and best estimates from simulations are used to develop an initial reliability test plan. The focus of this paper is to design reliability tests that accurately represent field conditions and develop a framework to iteratively update the test plan based on field data. The paper uses design failure mode and effects analysis to evaluate risk and prioritize tests. System reliability model is used to flow down requirements and statistical techniques are used to develop empirical life models from field data. Finally, a Bayesian method is used to update models and test plans iteratively as new data becomes available. This framework is used to analyze the failure of a MOSFET based switching circuit used in AC Motors by correlating field failures to reliability test data.
Exploring Postsecondary Biology Educators’ Planning for Teaching to Advance Meaningful Education Improvement Initiatives

This paper attends to challenges for postsecondary science education improvement initiatives, notably understanding and responding to the realities guiding educators' teaching practices. We explored 16 postsecondary biology educators' instructional planning, providing novel insights into why educators select certain strategies over others, including lecturing. Our findings point to an array of factors that educators consider, factors that we believe push against the lecture versus active-learning dichotomy that we hear in some improvement rhetoric. We recommend professional development experiences (including peer evaluations of teaching) wherein educators and other proponents for teaching improvements explicitly explore rationales for teaching, including educators' considerations of the nature of the discipline (content and concepts and skills and processes) and students' needs. Educators with less experience with content were more likely to seek out additional instructional resources during planning, including other educators. Given this, teaching improvement proponents may want to offer professional development activities that sync with periodic and planned teaching assignments that take educators out of their disciplinary knowledge comfort zone. Disciplinary colleagues might serve as exemplars of planning and implementing teaching strategies that both convey foundational content and processes and engage students via evidence-based practices.
Interactive Large-Scale Crowd Simulation

We survey some recent work on interactive modeling, simulation, and control of large-scale crowds. Our primary focus is on interactive algorithms that can handle a large number of autonomous agents. This includes techniques for automatically computing collision-free trajectories for each agent as well as generating emergent crowd behaviors including lane formation, edge effects, vortices, congestion avoidance, swirling and modeling varying crowd density. Some of these methods map well to current multi-core and many-core processors and we highlight their performance in different urban scenarios.
Stochastic dynamic programming with localized cost-to-go approximators - Application to large scale supply chain management under demand uncertainty

A novel optimization algorithmic framework based on dynamic programming is proposed for solving multi-product supply chain management problems with manufacturing and distribution decisions under demand uncertainty. To generate reliable suboptimal policy for simulation and restricted state space identification, a deterministic mathematical programming (MILP) approach is utilized. The simulation data with fixed action profiles obtained from the MILPs with different demand patterns is directly utilized for real-time decision making with initial ‘profit-to-go’ values.
Generosity of Spirit

Etude de cette forme particuliere de la generosite qu'est la generosite d'esprit, definie dans le cadre d'une psychologie du don, par opposition a la generosite economique. Examinant les differentes caracteristiques de la generosite d'esprit que sont la disposition d'esprit et la generosite de coeur, l'A. montre que la valeur de l'acte genereux se mesure au-dela du plaisir, de la gratitude et de l'obligation du devoir, dans le partage meme des vertus et des caracteres qui participent a l'accomplissement de la personne et completent sa pensee
Preparation of Deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine Triphosphate and Its Monoglucosyl Derivative

The deoxyribonucleic acids of the Escherichia coli bacteriophage T2, T4, and T6 contain the pyrimidine nucleotide deoxy- 5-hydroxymethylcytidylic acid and derivatives with one or two glucosyl groups substituted on the 5-hydroxymethyl group (1-3). In order to study the possible role of the triphosphates of these nucleotides in the biosynthesis of the phage deoxyribonucleic acid, we have prepared the triphosphates of the two compounds which predominate in T2 deoxyribonucleic acid, deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine triphosphate and deoxy-5-monoglucosyl hydroxymethylcytidine triphosphate. These preparations required an expedient, large scale preparation of the deoxyribonucleic acid of T2 phage, isolation of the required nucleoside monophosphates, and synthesis of the di- and triphosphates by the procedure of Clark et al. (4). In the course of this investigation, a convenient method was discovered for the preparation of crystalline deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine monophosphate. This paper describes these procedures in detail.
New Screening Strategies for Dinitrogen Fixation in Soybean

Improvement of biological nitrogen fixation is a critical step to increase crop yield in soybean. This review presents different strategies, both conventional and molecular, that have been used for developing new improved lines using traits that are directly and indirectly related to nitrogen fixation activity during the plant growth cycle.
A National Cancer Database Analysis of Radiofrequency Ablation versus Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PURPOSE To compare overall survival (OS) after radiofrequency (RF) ablation and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) at high-volume centers in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Cases in the National Cancer Database of stage 1a and 1b NSCLC treated with primary RF ablation or SBRT from 2004 to 2014 were included. Patients treated at low-volume centers, defined as facilities below the 95th percentile in volume of cases performed, were excluded. Outcomes measured include OS and rate of 30-day readmission. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves. Propensity score matched cohort analysis was performed. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The final cohort comprised 4,454 cases of SBRT and 335 cases of RF ablation. Estimated median survival and follow-up were 38.8 months and 42.0 months, respectively. Patients treated with RF ablation had significantly more comorbidities (P < .001) and higher risk for an unplanned readmission within 30 days (hazard ratio = 11.536; P < .001). No difference in OS for the unmatched groups was found on multivariate Cox regression analysis (P = .285). No difference was found in the matched groups with 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS of 85.5%, 54.3%, and 31.9% in the SBRT group vs 89.3%, 52.7%, and 27.1% in the RF ablation group (P = .835). CONCLUSIONS No significant difference in OS was seen between patients with early-stage NSCLC treated with RF ablation and SBRT.
Do criminal associates impact psychiatric inpatients' social support and interpersonal needs?

AbstractSuicide risk is elevated among psychiatric inpatients; however, research has not examined moderators of the associations between perceived social support and thwarted belongingness (TB) and...
Shaming Human Rights

A Review of Samuel Moyn, Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World (Harvard University Press, 2018).
In Situ Study of Particle Precipitation in Metal-Doped CeO2 during Thermal Treatment and Ion Irradiation for Emulation of Irradiating Fuels

Metallic particles formed in oxide fuels (e.g., UO2) during neutron irradiation have an adverse impact on fuel performance. A fundamental investigation of particle precipitation is needed to predict the fuel performance and potentially improve fuel designs and operations. This study reports on the precipitation of Mo-dominant β-phase particles in polycrystalline CeO2 (surrogate for UO2) films doped with Mo, Pd, Rh, Ru, and Re (surrogate for Tc). In situ heating scanning transmission electron microscopy indicates that particle precipitation starts at ∼1073 K with a limited particle growth to ∼10 nm. While particle concentration increases with increasing temperature, particle size remains largely unchanged up to 1273 K. There is a dramatic change in the microstructure following vacuum annealing at 1373 K, probably due to phase transition of reduced cerium oxide. At the high temperature, particles grow up to 75 nm or larger with distinctive facets. The particles are predominantly composed of Mo with a body-c...
Current Problems and Future Prospects for Polyatomic Van der Waals Molecules and Small Clusters: Theory

The beginnings of the theory of dynamics of Van der Waals molecules and small clusters go back many decades. Over forty years ago, Stepanovl made the suggestion that short vibrational predissociation lifetimes might account for the diffuse bands commonly observed in the infrared spectra of hydrogen bonding systems. In 1974 an estimate of this lifetime was provided by Klemperer2 who scaled the gas phase vibrational relaxation rate constant for HF + HF* collisions by the frequency of vibration against the hydrogen bond in the complex HF...HF*. Over the next several years three independent derivations of an identical analytical expression that provided vibrational predissociation lifetimes of Van der Waals molecules were published by Coulson and Robertson3, Beswick and Jortner4 and Ewing5. Within this same period, Child and Ashton6 performed the first numerical calculation of vibrational predissociation based on a realistic anisotropic intermolecular potential. The decade that has followed the development of these early theoretical approaches has seen a proliferation of models and calculations in response to the excellent experimental measurements that continue to call for explanation.
Focusing the Lens: Theoretical Perspectives of Body Normalization

This chapter discusses the purpose, process, and implications of body normalization in the United States. It traces the intricate link between tenets of conservative Christianity and homophobia/transphobia. Foucault’s theories present a means to analyze modes of internalized bodily normalization. There is a critique of forced conformity prior to being validated as moral citizens. Research partners’ recollections of gender performativity, segregation, normalization, and gender role conformity congeal to instantiate the deep-seeded pain and strife that they experienced as young children in school.
Use of Tree Cavities and Nest Boxes by Wood Ducks at Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge

We measured use rates, nest success, and inter- and intra- specific nest parasitism by ducks using tree cavities and nest boxes in an old-growth forested floodplain at Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge in Swanton, VT. Our study represents a previously under-explored opportunity to evaluate various breeding-season characteristics for ducks using both natural and artificial nest cavities in the same forested stand in the northeastern US. Overall use (72.5% vs. 14.5%) and nest-success rates (48.3% vs. 0.0%) were greater in artificial nest boxes but so was nest parasitism (62.1% vs. 0.0%). In addition, Aix sponsa (Wood Duck) were the only species using artificial nest boxes consistently even though this region represents a rare location in North America where they coexist with Lophodytes cucullatus (Hooded Merganser) and Bucephala clangula (Common Goldeneye), which are also cavity-nesting obligates. We found many (n = 35) unused available tree cavities over 2 years, and thus it is unlikely nest site availability is a limiting factor for population growth of cavity nesting ducks at Missisquoi NWR. Future research efforts should try to determine the factors affecting nest-cavity selection.
Food Cleaning by Japanese Macaques: Innate, Innovative or Cultural?

Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) display a number of cultural behaviours including food washing, stone handling and certain grooming techniques. These are deemed cultural behaviours because it is presumed that they are socially learned and, importantly, that social learning is essential for their emergence. Recently, however, research has revealed that culturally naive primates can re-innovate presumed cultural behaviours. These behaviours are said to fall within that species' "zone of latent solutions" (ZLS). A notable cultural behaviour of Japanese macaques is food washing, first reported by Japanese researchers studying wild Japanese macaques in the 1950s. To test whether culturally naive Japanese macaques would spontaneously wash food and also, therefore, whether food-washing behaviour is within their ZLS, we presented 12 zoo-housed macaques with sweet potato covered in sand near a pool in their exhibit. Over 11 days we recorded the macaques' behaviour. While 11 of the 12 macaques ate the potato pieces, none washed them. However, 4 macaques cleaned their food, brushing off the sand using their hand or rubbing the potato against their body or another food item, using three distinct techniques. We found no change over time in the rate at which monkeys cleaned or consumed potato, but there was a significant positive correlation between the number of potato pieces a monkey ate and the number of cleaning behaviours performed. We conclude that, minimally, food-cleaning behaviour is within macaques' ZLS.