cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models

In processing raster digital elevation models (DEMs) it is often necessary to assign drainage directions over flats-that is, over regions with no local elevation gradient. This paper presents an approach to drainage direction assignment which is not restricted by a flat's shape, number of outlets, or surrounding topography. Flow is modeled by superimposing a gradient away from higher terrain with a gradient towards lower terrain resulting in a drainage field exhibiting flow convergence, an improvement over methods which produce regions of parallel flow. This approach builds on previous work by Garbrecht and Martz (1997), but presents several important improvements. The improved algorithm guarantees that flats are only resolved if they have outlets. The algorithm does not require iterative application; a single pass is sufficient to resolve all flats. The algorithm presents a clear strategy for identifying flats and their boundaries. The algorithm is not susceptible to loss of floating-point precision. Furthermore, the algorithm is efficient, operating in O(N) time whereas the older algorithm operates in O ( N 3 / 2 ) time. In testing, the improved algorithm ran 6.5 times faster than the old for a 100i?100 cell flat and 69 times faster for a 700i?700 cell flat. In tests on actual DEMs, the improved algorithm finished its processing 38-110 times sooner while running on a single processor than a parallel implementation of the old algorithm did while running on 16 processors. The improved algorithm is an optimal, accurate, easy-to-implement drop-in replacement for the original. Pseudocode is provided in the paper and working source code is provided in the Supplemental Materials. HighlightsWe present an improved algorithm to model ow directions in at regions of DEMs.The algorithm works regardless of the topography surrounding the at region.The algorithm produces convergent ows away from higher and towards lower terrain.The algorithm has a number of sanity checks which guarantee correct output.The algorithm works in O(N) time and supplants an older O(N3\2) time algorithm.
Orbits of points on certain K3 surfaces

In this paper we show that, for a K3 surface within a certain class of surfaces and over a number field, the orbit of a point under the group of automorphisms is either finite or its exponent of growth is exactly the Hausdorff dimension of a fractal associated to the ample cone. In particular, the exponent depends on the geometry of the surface and not its arithmetic. For surfaces in this class, the exponent is 0.6527±0.0012.
Inhibitors of photosynthetic phosphorylation in relation to electron and oxygen transport pathways of chloroplasts

Abstract Inhibition of the Hill reaction, and of photosynthetic phosphorylation with various cofactors, has been studied using calcium, p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), o-phenanthroline, and p-chlorophenyldimethylurea (CMU). Calcium and PCMB inhibit phosphorylation before the Hill reaction is affected. o-Phenanthroline and CMU appear to have the same site of action; they inhibit all reactions except phosphorylation with phenazine methosulfate. A scheme is postulated which can account for the inhibition pattern.
Potential environmental effects of corn (Zea mays L.) stover removal with emphasis on soil organic matter and erosion

Abstract Recent concerns about CO2 emissions and global warming have prompted renewed interest in using corn stover for energy production. Lack of markets, concerns about sustained soil productivity, and lack of commercial conversion technologies have precluded the widespread harvest of corn residues for this purpose. This paper reviews existing literature to evaluate the major environmental impacts potentially associated with stover harvest from reduced tillage corn production sites. Issues of greatest concern are erosion and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, the latter both for its role in soil quality and yield and for global carbon cycle implications. About half of the literature examined concerned research in the United States, many publications described research activities conducted for decades, and major soil types in corn producing regions were well represented. Regional differences were primarily temperature and rainfall effects on stand establishment and yield, with potential feedback effects on SOC. Several research papers discussing the effects of residue harvest were found, but few field studies were found that explicitly studied the effects of corn stover harvest and most discussions acknowledge potential tradeoffs among beneficial and adverse effects. It was concluded that more information is needed on several topics to determine potential long-term effects of residue harvest, including (1) erosion and water quality, especially pesticides and nitrate, (2) rates of transformation of different forms of SOC, (3) effects on soil biota, and (4) SOC dynamics in the subsoil.
Training Mediators to Listen: Deconstructing Dialogue and Constructing Understanding, Agendas and Agreements

This article examines the unique components of dialogue between disputing parties that mediators extract and reframe to move the discussion forward: interests, issues, proposals, feelings, principles, rules, values, visions, and BATNAs. These components provide the building blocks of the discussion agenda and the framework of the mediation agreement. The article suggests a number of teaching strategies for training mediators to listen effectively and proactively.
Response of solid-state ion-selective electrodes to quaternary ammonium ions

Recently it was reported in this journal [1] that bromide and thiocyanate ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) do not respond in Nernstian fashion to bromide and thiocyanate ions in the presence of quaternary ammonium ions. We wish to draw attention to previous work [2] in which we found that the above-mentioned ISEs, as well as many others (including commercial chloride, iodide, cyanide, silver-sulphide, cadmium, cupric, and lead electrodes), can be used as sensors in the potentiometric titration of a variety of anions with quaternary ammonium halides. In addition, these ISEs can also be used as sensors in the reverse titration of quaternary ammonium ions versus anions such as dodecylsulphate. While the largest endpoint breaks were obtained with the iodide-cyanide ISEs, the thiocyanate and bromide electrodes yielded smaller, although sharp, endpoint breaks. It is also noteworthy that the same solid-state ISEs, as well as some liquid-membrane electrodes, respond in the potentiometric titration of TI(I) with sodium tetraphenylborate [3]. The mechanism of these responses may be that stated by Khan and Reuben [1]. The users of ISEs should be aware that 'ion-selective' electrodes may not be as selective as expected and may, indeed, respond to unexpected ions.
Widespread expression of Huntington's disease gene (IT15) protein product

Abstract Huntington's Disease (HD) is caused by expansion of a CAG repeat within a putative open reading frame of a recently identified gene, IT15. We have examined the expression of the gene's protein product using antibodies developed against the N-terminus and an internal epitope. Both antisera recognize a 350 kDa protein, the predicted size, indicating that the CAG repeat is translated into polyglutamine. The HD protein product is widely expressed, most highly in neurons in the brain. There is no enrichment in the striatum, the site of greatest pathology in HD. Within neurons, the protein is diminished in nuclei and mitochondria and is present in the soluble cytoplasmic compartment, as well as loosely associated with membranes or cytoskeleton, in cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. It is concentrated in nerve terminals, including terminals within the caudate and putamen. Thus, the normal HD gene product maybe involved in common intracellular functions, and possibly in regulation of nerve terminal function. The product of the expanded allele is expressed, consistent with a gain of function mechanism for HD at the protein level.
Mutants of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides useful in genetic analysis

Two kinds of mutants of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides that should be useful in extending genetic analysis of this organism have been isolated. One is deficient in recombination and has been used to isolate derivatives of the plasmid R 68.45 which incorporate chromosomal genes of R. sphaeroides. The other is apparently defective in a DNA restriction enzyme; transfer of plasmid borne chromosomal genes of R. sphaeroides from Escherichia coli back to R. sphaeroides is greatly enhanced in these mutants.
Preface to the Special Issue on Psychology and the Other

Scholars in the Western philosophical traditions have defined themselves as seekers and knowers of truth. The Jewish Lithuanian philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (1998) describes this as the “love of wisdom” that underlies Greek and Western philosophical lineages. In modern thought, this seeking and knowing has radicalized to the degree that privilege is given to “knowledge” as a primary means to the true and the good. Toulmin (1990) understood this to be a historic shift to a “quest for certainty.” Psychology, beginning with Freud, has largely followed a similar path. From a psychological perspective, the human person is understandable, graspable, measurable, conceivable, and predictable, able to be mapped onto specific, identifiable data points. We are empirically validated selves who relate to empirically validated others. This has often meant that researchers, scholars, and clinicians in the field of psychology have gravitated toward universal systems of ‘truth’ (Cushman 1995) that can identify correlates of mental anguish in the interior, intrapsychic, or biological processes of an individual. These models of distress create anemic depictions of human relations and contribute to a stifling of larger moral, political, and social truths that can extend into and are given expression through individual and intersubjective experiences (Cushman 1995; Fromm 1955; Laing 1969). In recent years, there has emerged an increasing number of scholars who call into question the imperialisms of the self and who have identified what Thomas Carl Wall (1999) described as “an extreme humility and an unprecedented ethics” that has ruined “the grand epoch of the Subject and its maniacal striving after itself” (p. 40; see also Brueggemann 1999). The knowing and centralized self—a creation of the modern era—is being called into question (Taylor 2007) within an articulate literature that revolves around the notion of the “Other.” The Other—taking many shapes and forms throughout contemporary scholarship—has emerged in critical theory, philosophy, psychology, theology, religious studies, and anthropology. It is a topic ripe for interdisciplinary conversation—a conversation to which this special issue is devoted. Pastoral Psychol (2013) 62:399–402 DOI 10.1007/s11089-012-0475-7
Electron Density Sharpening as a General Technique in Crystallographic Studies

Abstract Sharpening is a powerful method to restore the details from blurred electron density in crystals with high overall temperature factors ( B -factors). This valuable technique is currently not optimally used because of the uncertainty in the scope of its application and ambiguities in practice. We performed an analysis of ~ 2000 crystal data sets deposited in the Protein Data Bank and show that sharpening improves the electron density map in many cases across all resolution ranges, often with dramatic enhancement for mid- and low-resolution structures. It is effective when used with either experimental or model phases without introducing additional bias. Our tests also provide a practical guide for optimal sharpening. We further show that anisotropic diffraction correction improves electron density in many cases but should be used with caution. Our study demonstrates that a routine practice of electron density sharpening may have a broad impact on the outcomes of structural biology studies.
Hepatic tissue engineering for adjunct and temporary liver support: critical technologies.

The severe donor liver shortage, high cost, and complexity of orthotopic liver transplantation have prompted the search for alternative treatment strategies for end-stage liver disease, which would require less donor material, be cheaper, and less invasive. Hepatic tissue engineering encompasses several approaches to develop adjunct internal liver support methods, such as hepatocyte transplantation and implantable hepatocyte-based devices, as well as temporary extracorporeal liver support techniques, such as bioartificial liver assist devices. Many tissue engineered liver support systems have passed the “proof of principle” test in preclinical and clinical studies; however, they have not yet been found sufficiently reliably effective for routine clinical use. In this review we describe, from an engineering perspective, the progress and remaining challenges that must be resolved in order to develop the next generation of implantable and extracorporeal devices for adjunct or temporary liver assist. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:1331–1342.)
On AlO Emission Spectroscopy as a Diagnostic in Energetic Materials Testing

The emission of AlO is commonly observed in tests involving aluminum combustion in propellants and explosives. Such emission has been used as a signature of combustion, as a tool for measuring ignition and reaction times, and as a thermometer. This paper provides a critical review of methodologies exploiting AlO emission spectroscopy as a quantitative tool in energetics testing. Controlled tests involving aluminized explosives, as well as those using added alumina, are conducted, in which AlO emission is quantified and compared to total oxidation in the final residue. Experimental parameters such as optical depth and fireball confinement are systematically varied to examine the effect on AlO emission. We find that thermometry using AlO remains valid, and a new approach to using low resolution spectra is proposed. However, AlO emission spectroscopy or photometry can be quantitatively correlated to ignition and burning time, or used to infer the presence or absence of aluminum combustion, only under a limited set of circumstances. Factors that limit the ability to use AlO emission quantitatively are discussed in depth.
Three-dimensional Simulations of Turbulent Compressible Convection

Three-dimensional simulations of turbulent and fully compressible thermal convection in deep atmospheres are presented and analyzed in terms of velocity power spectra, mixing-length theory, and production of vorticity. Density contrasts across these convective layers are typically around 11. The fluid model is that of an ideal gas with a constant thermal conductivity. The piecewise parabolic method (PPM), with thermal conductivity added in, is used to solve the fluid equations of motion. No explicit viscosity is included, and the low numerical viscosity of PPM leads to a very low effective Prandtl number and very high effective Rayleigh number. Mesh resolutions range as high as 512 × 512 × 256, and the corresponding effective large-scale Rayleigh numbers range as high as 3.3 × 1012. Compressional effects lead to intensely turbulent downflow lanes and relatively laminar updrafts, especially near the top boundary. The enstrophy contrast between downflows and upflows increases with mesh resolution (and hence with decreasing viscosity) and ranges as high as a factor of 30 in our highest resolution model. Vorticity is everywhere preferentially aligned with the principal direction of strain associated with the large-scale circulation. Near the top boundary, the strain field associated with the largest scale of convection dominates, which leads to a two-dimensional horizontal network of vortex tubes. For the same reason, both the upper portions of the downflow lanes and the lower portions of the updrafts contain many strong vertical vortex tubes with helicities of random sign. The horizontal vortex tubes near the very top of the downflow lanes tend to come in counterrotating pairs, with one on each side of the downflow lane. Therefore, as with observations of the Sun, there are upflows along each side of the prominent downflows in our simulations. Mach numbers in these convective layers are largest in the upper, more diffuse region. There they range as high as 0.8, which significantly modifies the pressure and gravitational force balance from that which would apply under static conditions. This effect is incorporated into our mixing-length analysis of the simulation data.
Influence of Defects in 4H-SiC Avalanche Photodiodes on Geiger-Mode Dark Count Probability

4H-SiC single photon avalanche diodes are reported. A separate absorption and multiplication non-reach through device structure was optimized for operation in Geiger mode. An estimated dark current at a gain of 1000 was ranging between 0.4 pA (0.75 nA/cm2) and 20nA (38 A/cm2) on devices with an effective mesa diameter of 260 m. The electron beam induced current technique was used to image defects in the active region of studied devices. Increased reverse bias leakage current and increased Geiger mode dark count probability were correlated with the presence of large number of defects. Single photon detection efficiencies of up to 11% were measured at a wavelength of 266 nm in Geiger mode.
On-line polynomial trajectories for robot manipulators

Robot motion is commonly specified as a Cartesian trajectory of its end-effector. For executing the end-effector trajectory on-line, a look-ahead of a few points on the trajectory is used to genera...
Procainamide-induced pure red cell aplasia

Pure red cell aplasia, characterized by severe anemia, reticulocytopenia, and almost complete absence of erythroid precursors but normal granulopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis, can be congenital (Diamond-Blackfan anemia) but more typically is acquired, occurring in association with lymphoproliferative disorders, thymomas, solid tumors, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections (parvovirus B19, Epstein–Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus) [1]. Medicament-associated pure red cell aplasia has been linked to selected drugs (phenytoin, azathioprine, and isoniazid) [2]. Procainamide has been considered to be ‘‘possibly’’ associated with acquired pure red cell aplasia. We report a case of pure red cell aplasia caused by procainamide, confirming its causal role in acquired pure red cell aplasia. A 63-year-old man with a metallic aortic valve prosthesis underwent coronary artery bypass and aortic root grafting. Medications included warfarin, lisinopril, prednisone, dipyridamole, diltiazem, and zolpidem tartrate. Cefazolin followed by vancomycin (for 6 weeks) was administered for a postoperative, coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection. Use of diltiazem was discontinued. Use of digoxin and procainamide (750 mg, 4 times daily) was initiated for atrial flutter; procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide levels were within or below the therapeutic range. Within 2 weeks of initiation of procainamide, the patient experienced fevers and ‘‘tea-colored’’ urine. On physical examination he demonstrated pallor, tachypnea, and mechan-
Stabilization of soluble, low-affinity HLA-DM/HLA-DR1 complexes by leucine zippers.

Abstract The ectodomains of interacting membrane-bound proteins, when expressed as recombinant soluble molecules, often have low affinities for each other, hampering studies of their interaction. We reasoned that stabilization of unstable protein–protein complexes should aid our understanding of the structural and functional consequences of complex formation. Here, we have used fusion with leucine zipper (LZ) domains to stabilize a complex formed between the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) protein, HLA-DR1 (which binds peptides for presentation to CD4 + T cells) and HLA-DM (which catalyzes peptide exchange of MHC-II molecules). To this end, the DM β chain ectodomains were fused to acidic LZ domains (AcidP1 or Fos); similarly, the DR1 β chain ectodomains were fused to basic LZ domains (BaseP1 or Jun). We expressed LZ-modified soluble DM or DR1 αβ dimers, or both, in insect cells and purified the secreted sDM-AcidP1 and sDR1-BaseP1 molecules as well as the complex. LZ modification greatly enhanced DM-catalyzed peptide binding to DR1 compared to unmodified soluble DM and DR1. We readily detected LZ-modified DM/DR complexes on native PAGE gels and by coimmunoprecipitation. Thus, fusion with artificial LZ domains can stabilize unstable protein–protein complexes for biochemical and structural studies of interactions within the complex.
SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON NITROGEN RELEASE FROM ORGANIC NITROGEN SOURCES

Nitrogen release from organic N sources is controlled by the soil environment. Soil incubation was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil moisture (50, 70, and 90% of water holding capacity) and temperature (15/10, 20/15, and 25/20°C [14/10 h]) on N release from four organic N sources. Differential N release kinetics of the N sources were determined by measuring ammonium- and nitrate-N contents periodically over 12 wk. Net N released, as a percentage of organic N, was greatest in the order: urea (91-96%) > blood meal (BM) (56-61%) > alfalfa pellets (AP) (41-52%) > partially composted chicken manure (CM) (37-45%). Increasing soil moisture increased net N released from AP and CM by 12 and 21%, respectively, but did not significantly affect net N released from urea and BM. Increasing temperature increased net N released from AP, BM, and CM by 25, 10, and 13%, respectively, but did not significantly affect net N released from urea. The results indicate that soil moisture and temperature influence N availability from organic N materials differently depending on source of N. In greenhouse production systems, where irrigation and temperature can be controlled, fertilizer management that considers both source of N and soil environment may improve the effectiveness of organic N materials.
Theoretical Analysis of Wave Propagation in Woven Fabric Composites

In a previous paper the authors studied transient elastic wave propagation in woven fabric composites under impact loading. A one-dimensional analysis was developed to predict the elastodynamic and elastostatic behavior. The initial and boundary value problem was formulated and then solved using Laplace transforms. In this paper we examine the same problem using an alternative approach based upon the combination of Laplace transforms and finite Fourier transforms. Using this approach, some of the difficulties caused by the inversion of Laplace transforms encountered in the previous work are overcome. Analytical solutions to dynamic displacements and stresses, including bond shearing stresses, can be obtained for any type of impact loading. The merits as well as the shortcomings of the alternative approach are discussed. It is found that for elastodynamic problems the solution given in this paper are better than those reported in the previous work, since there is no need to perform the numerical inversion ...
Expert interviews with science communicators: How perceptions of audience values influence science communication values and practices

Popular science communicators are a key link between scientists and publics, navigating the values of the scientific community and the perceived interests and values of readers. To do so, these professionals apply shared ideas about the role of science communication in society and about the factors that determine meaningful and newsworthy science stories. And yet we know little about the motivations and assumptions of audience values that underlie shared science communication values and criteria of story selection. Interviews with 14 popular science communicators writing in a variety of formats reveal that both their personal motivations and their perceptions of audience interests and values influence whether and how scientific research is translated into story.
Pain sensitivity in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A preliminary report

ABSTRACT Objective: An impairment in endogenous opioid and/or serotonergic activity during the luteal phase may play a role in the etiology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD). This study test...
Global Review of the Physical and Biological Effectiveness of Stream Habitat Rehabilitation Techniques

Abstract The degradation of inland aquatic habitats caused by decades of human activities has led to worldwide efforts to rehabilitate freshwater habitats for fisheries and aquatic resources. We reviewed published evaluations of stream rehabilitation techniques from throughout the world, including studies on road improvement, riparian rehabilitation, floodplain connectivity and rehabilitation, instream habitat improvement, nutrient addition, and other, less-common techniques. We summarize current knowledge about the effectiveness of these techniques for improving physical habitat and water quality and increasing fish and biotic production. Despite locating 345 studies on effectiveness of stream rehabilitation, firm conclusions about many specific techniques were difficult to make because of the limited information provided on physical habitat, water quality, and biota and because of the short duration and limited scope of most published evaluations. Reconnection of isolated habitats, floodplain rehabilita...
The effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration and its withdrawal on gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor binding in rat brain.

1 The effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration, and withdrawal on the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was investigated in rat brain. 2 Acute ethanol (2 to 4 g/kg i.p. 30 min before removal of brain) produced an increase in the binding capacity of the low affinity GABA receptor binding site. 3 Following chronic ethanol administration (1 to 21 days), the GABA receptor binding characteristics were not altered. These results suggest a possible adaptation of GABA receptors to the continuous presence of ethanol at the GABA synapse. 4 During ethanol withdrawal, the affinity of the low affinity GABA receptor binding site was significantly lower than pair-fed controls at 8 and 16 h withdrawal. 5 These results suggest that GABA receptor sensitivity may play a role in some of the neuropharmacological effects of ethanol and in its withdrawal symptoms.
Can Couples Find a Silver Lining Amid the Dark Cloud of ME/CFS: A Pilot Study

Sustaining a long-term committed couple relationship is often challenging. When the dark cloud of chronic illness descends upon a couple, remaining together can become even more daunting—or so it is commonly assumed. Current literature is highlighting a silver lining phenomenon known as positive reframing or benefit finding as a reaction to the dark cloud of chronic illness. These studies focus upon the experience of the individual, yet little research has been conducted into the experience of couple relationships. A study was conducted to research whether some couples experience an unexpected positivity when one partner has myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). ME/CFS is a debilitating and mysterious disease of the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Positivity was measured by the Silver Lining Questionnaire for Couples and explored further in an interview. Understanding how some couples experience this phenomenon can build resilient relationships and reduce the severit...
Development of a supersaturable SEDDS (S-SEDDS) formulation of paclitaxel with improved oral bioavailability

A new, supersaturable self-emulsifying drug delivery system (S-SEDDS) of paclitaxel was developed employing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a precipitation inhibitor with a conventional SEDDS formulation. In vitro dilution of the S-SEDDS formulation results in formation of a microemulsion, followed by slow crystallization of paclitaxel on standing. This result indicates that the system is supersaturated with respect to crystalline paclitaxel, and the supersaturated state is prolonged by HPMC in the formulation. In the absence of HPMC the SEDDS formulation undergoes rapid precipitation, yielding a low paclitaxel solution concentration. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats to assess exposure after an oral paclitaxel dose of 10 mg/kg in the SEDDS formulations with (S-SEDDS) and without HPMC. The paclitaxel S-SEDDS formulation shows approximately 10-fold higher maximum concentration (C(max)) and five-fold higher oral bioavailability (F approximately 9.5%) compared with that of the orally dosed Taxol formulation (F approximately 2.0%) and the SEDDS formulation without HPMC (F approximately 1%). Coadministration of cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4 enzyme, at a dose of 5 mg/kg with the S-SEDDS formulation further increased the oral bioavailability (F approximately 22.6%). This assessment demonstrates that the systemic exposure of paclitaxel following oral administration can be substantially improved via the S-SEDDS approach.
Effects of Ovarian Hormones on Internal Circadian Organization in Rats

The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the central pacemaker driving rhythms in endocrine physiology. Gonadal steroid hormones affect behavioral rhythms and clock gene expression. However, the impact of fluctuating ovarian steroid levels during the estrous cycle on internal circadian organization remains to be determined. Further, it is not known if steroid hormone depletion, as in menopause, affects the timing system. To determine the influence of estrous cycle stage and steroid depletion on circadian organization, we measured clock gene expression in the SCN and peripheral tissues from cycling and ovariectomized (OVX) period1-luciferase (per1-luc) transgenic rats. The estrous cycle had modest effects on mean phase and phase distribution of per1-luc expression in the SCN. Surprisingly, peak per1-luc expression in the SCN was widely distributed mainly at night, regardless of cycle stage, an effect eliminated by OVX. Treatment of SCN tissue explants with ovarian steroids did not significantly affect per1-luc expression, suggesting that brain regions outside the SCN mediate the phasic effects of steroids. Our data demonstrate that estrous cycle stage has tissue-dependent effects on the phase of per1-luc expression, phase synchrony among oscillators, and the phase relationship between some peripheral clocks and the light-dark cycle. They also reveal that steroid hormone depletion following OVX alters the timing system, suggesting that the decline in hormone levels, common during the transition to menopause, may be associated with irregular internal circadian organization. This effect on the timing system could contribute to the behavioral and physiological changes associated with this transition.
Prediction of vibration in permanent magnet synchronous machines

This paper introduces an alternative method for analysis of vibration in permanent magnet synchronous machines. An input-output model for prediction of vibration in the stator frame is developed. In addition, a proposed transfer function is derived using an experimental approach. Based on the transfer function, stator frame vibration in PMSM can be computed. Finally, experimental results are provided for verification.
Effects of feeding canola meal from high-protein or conventional varieties of canola seeds on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and cutability of pigs

The objectives of this experiment were to determine growth performance, visceral mass dif- ferences, carcass characteristics, fresh meat quality, and carcass cutability of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing high-protein canola meal (CM-HP) or conventional canola meal (CM-CV). Seven dietary treatments were fed to investigate effects of increasing inclusion rates of CM-HP or CM-CV in a corn-soy- bean meal diet containing no canola meal (control). Inclusion rates were 33, 66, or 100% replacement of soybean meal with either CM-HP or CM-CV. Pigs (140 barrows and 140 gilts; 2 barrows and 2 gilts per pen) were fed experimental diets in 3 phases with each phase lasting 35, 28, and 28 d, respectively. Within each phase, diets were formulated to be similar in concentrations of standardized ileal digestible indispensable AA and in standardized total tract digestible P, but NE concentra- tions were not equalized among diets. At the conclusion of the experiment, 1 pig per pen was harvested. Over the 91-d growing-finishing period, no effects of CM-HP on ADG, ADFI, or G:F were observed, but final BW tended (P = 0.06) to be reduced as increasing levels of CM-HP were included in the diets. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in ADFI and a linear reduction (P < 0.05) in G:F as CM-CV inclusion level increased. Pigs fed CM-CV also had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI than pigs fed diets containing CM-HP. There was a lin- ear increase (P < 0.01) in liver weights, as a percentage of live weight, as CM-CV inclusion increased, but that was not the case if CM-HP was included in the diets. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in kidney weights, as a percentage of live weight, as CM-HP or CM-CV inclusion increased. There were no differences among treatments for ending live weight, HCW, carcass yield, loin eye area, 10th rib backfat thickness, or estimated carcass lean. Shear force, cook loss, LM moisture, LM extractible lipid, and drip loss were also not different among treatment groups. There were no differences among treatments for any subjective LM quality evalu- ations (color, marbling, firmness). Pigs fed CM-HP had increased (P < 0.05) boneless lean cutting yields and boneless carcass cutting yields compared with pigs fed CM-CV. In conclusion, CM-HP and CM-CV may fully replace soybean meal as protein supplements in grow- ing-finishing pig diets without substantially impairing pig performance or carcass quality.
Mediating phosphorylation events in the vanadium-induced respiratory burst of alveolar macrophages.

Occupational exposure by inhalation to vanadium-containing particles such as residual oil fly ash results in respiratory tract inflammation. This inflammation, characterized by abundant neutrophilia, appears to be initiated by alveolar macrophages (AMs) encountering particles and the subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines. Intracellular signaling events in these cells in response to particles or their components are largely unknown. We investigated two immediate responses of AMs to vanadium exposurein vitro,the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) or respiratory burst (RB), and the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Macrophages exposedin vitroto 100 μM vanadyl chloride/1 μCi48V incorporated 8.3% of the metal after 30 min. Exposure of AMs to increasing concentrations of sodium metavanadate resulted in a dose-dependent increase in production of ROI as measured by dichlorofluorescin oxidation. The lowest dose yielding a significant response was 50 μM, whereas 1000 μM increased RB activity by 173%. NADPH oxidase inhibitors deoxy-d-glucose (100 mM) and diphenylene iodonium (25 μM) reduced the metavanadate-induced RB by 62 and 71%, respectively, implicating NADPH oxidase as the primary cellular source of ROI. Enhanced cerium chloride oxidation in response to metavanadate localized to the plasma membrane consistent with increased NADPH oxidase activity. Pretreatment of AMs with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, tryphostin B50 (10 μM), reduced the metavanadate-induced RB, but did not influence overall tyrosine phosphorylation. Metavanadate and H2O2exposure greatly increased overall tyrosine phosphorylation, yielding a similar but distinguishable pattern of phosphorylation in these cells. These observations demonstrate thatin vitrometavanadate exposure regulates two distinct, yet related intracellular signaling pathways important in initiating inflammatory responses in these cells: (1) activation of the NADPH oxidase complex with subsequent increased ROI synthesis, and (2) enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins.
Fidelity in visualizing large-scale simulations

Abstract Computer simulations are powerful tools frequently used today in many important applications, for example to build safer buildings, to crash-test an automobile before it is built, to stabilize the Pisa tower, to design artificial joints that are comfortable and durable, or to investigate what-if scenarios to avoid and best recover from natural or man-made disasters. The simulation codes have reached a very high-level of sophistication and, by running on powerful computing machinery, can accurately track with infinitesimal time steps dozens of physical properties of millions of interacting elements under extreme conditions. In order to take fully advantage of the bounty of information concealed in the data produced, visualization is a uniquely powerful tool since it caters to the sense that provides our highest bandwidth connection to the surrounding world. Unfortunately, simulation results are usually examined with graphics and visualization tools that are one or several steps behind the state-of-the-art. We describe our efforts of producing high-fidelity visualizations of the results of large-scale simulations using the latest commercial rendering and animation systems. To this effect we built a scalable and reusable link between the software worlds of animation and simulation. Our system also offers a set of tools that allow integrating the results of the simulation in the surrounding scene, of great importance when the intended audience extends beyond the researchers that designed the simulation. We built our system as part of the efforts of a larger, interdisciplinary team to produce a high-quality, physically accurate visualization of the September 11 attack on the Pentagon.
Reprogramming of genetic networks during initiation of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are birth defects that result from maternal alcohol use. We used a non a priori approach to prioritize candidate pathways during alcohol-induced teratogenicity in early mouse embryos. Two C57BL/6 substrains (B6J, B6N) served as the basis for study. Dosing pregnant dams with alcohol (2× 2.9 g/kg ethanol spaced 4 hr on day 8) induced FASD in B6J at a higher incidence than B6N embryos. Counter-exposure to PK11195 (4 mg/kg) significantly protected B6J embryos but slightly promoted FASD in B6N embryos. Microarray transcript profiling was performed on the embryonic headfold 3 hr after the first maternal alcohol injection (GEO data series accession GSE1074). This analysis revealed metabolic and cellular reprogramming that was substrain-specific and/or PK11195-dependent. Mapping ethanol-responsive KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways revealed down-regulation of ribosomal proteins and proteasome, and up-regulation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in B6N embryos; and significant up-regulation of tight junction, focal adhesion, adherens junction, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton (and near-significant up-regulation of Wnt signaling and apoptosis) pathways in both substrains. Expression networks constructed computationally from these altered genes identified entry points for EtOH at several hubs (MAPK1, ALDH3A2, CD14, PFKM, TNFRSF1A, RPS6, IGF1, EGFR, PTEN) and for PK11195 at AKT1. Our findings are consistent with the growing view that developmental exposure to alcohol alters common signaling pathways linking receptor activation to cytoskeletal reorganization. The programmatic shift in cell motility and metabolic capacity further implies cell signals and responses that are integrated by the mitochondrial recognition site for PK11195. Developmental Dynamics 236:613–631, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamics of curved boundary layers

A thermodynamic treatment of curved boundary layers is given which closely parallels the conventional theory of curved interfacial layers. The boundary analogs to the Gibbs adsorption isotherm and the Gibbs-Tolman-Koenig-Buff equation are derived.
An abstract formulation of variational refinement

In this paper, the theory of abstract splines is applied to the variational refinement of (periodic) curves that meet data to within convex sets in R^d. The analysis is relevant to each level of refinement (the limit curves are not considered here). The curves are characterized by an application of a separation theorem for multiple convex sets, and represented as the solution of an equation involving the dual of certain maps on an inner product space. Namely, T^*Tf+@L@?^*w@C(@Lf)=0.Existence and uniqueness are established under certain conditions. The problem here is a generalization of that studied in (Kersey, Near-interpolatory subdivided curves, author's home page, 2003) to include arbitrary quadratic minimizing functionals, placed in the setting of abstract spline theory. The theory is specialized to the discretized thin beam and interval tension problems.
Quantum dot based compact solid-state swept light source for hyperspectral cellular imaging

We developed a compact solid-state swept light source for hyperspectral microscopic imaging. The light emitting materials are 9 colors of CdSe/ZnS and CdTe/ZnS colloidal quantum dots with the peak emission wavelengths ranging from 520 nm to 800 nm. Multicolor emission from the light source is simply managed by digital on-off control of excitation UVLEDs, enabling a standard microscope with a monochromatic CCD to capture multispectral absorption images of samples. We have demonstrated microscopic imaging of silica coated gold nanorods and cultured cancer cells, showing the efficacy of our swept light source.
Adsorption of gas mixtures on adsorbents with heterogeneous surfaces

Abstract A method is presented for estimating the adsorption equilibrium of gas mixtures. This method is based on the hypothesis of energetic heterogeneity of adsorbents and assumes that the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory is valid for describing gas mixture adsorption locally. An empirical procedure based on adsorption data of binary gas mixtures is developed for matching the energetic states of a given adsorbate with those of the other adsorbates. Predictions derived from this method were found to agree closely with the experimental data on systems which are known to be highly nonideal and cannot be dealt with adequately with existing theories.
Explaining NATO Enlargement

Summary America's current status as the world's only remaining superpower and its dominant position in NATO are key to understanding why the alliance is expanding. NATO's unique organizational attributes and good track record also help explain why NATO became the preferred vehicle for advancing American interests. The failure of the OSCE and other organizations to manage problems in former Yugoslavia made it clear that NATO still remained America's best option in Europe. In addition, by expanding the alliance, the US was able to extend its influence further into eastern Europe while simultaneously reducing Russia's influence in the region. A number of domestic factors also help explain why NATO is enlarging. America's superpower status and more than half a century of internationalism have created a domestic consensus that the US must continue to play a leadership role in international politics. This view is shared by the public and elites alike, and by both Republicans and Democrats. The Clinton administr...
UNSTEADY FLOW COMPUTATIONS OF A FINNED BODY IN SUPERSONIC FLIGHT

*This paper describes a multidisciplinary computational study undertaken to compute the flight trajectories and simultaneously predict the unsteady free flight aerodynamics of a finned projectile at supersonic speeds using an advanced unstructured time-accurate NavierStokes computational technique. Actual flight trajectories are computed using an advanced coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/rigid body dynamics (RBD) technique. In addition, our goal is to be able to extract the aerodynamic coefficients from these fully coupled time-accurate CFD/RBD computations. Computed positions and orientations of the projectile have been compared with actual data measured from free flight tests and are found to be generally in good agreement. Unsteady numerical results obtained from the coupled method and unstructured grids show the flow field, the extracted aerodynamic forces and moments, and the flight trajectories of the projectile. Aerodynamic coefficients such as the dynamic derivatives have been obtained using a separate unsteady time-accurate CFD approach and have been compared with the extracted aerodynamic coefficients from the fully coupled dynamic simulations. I. Introduction he prediction of aerodynamics for projectile configurations is essential in assessing the performance of new designs. Understanding the aerodynamics of projectiles, rockets, and missiles is critical to the design of stable configurations and contributes significantly to the overall performance of weapon systems. 1-3 The prediction of aerodynamic coefficients for these weapon systems is essential in assessing the performance of new designs. Numerical simulations have the potential of greatly reducing design costs while providing a detailed understanding of the complex aerodynamics associated with each change. Recently, we have made progress in coupling computational fluid dynamics and flight dynamics to perform required multidisciplinary simulations for moving body problems. This involves real-time multidisciplinary-coupled computational fluid dynamics/rigid body aerodynamics computations for the entire flight trajectory of a complex guided projectile system. It can lead to accurate determination of aerodynamics, critical to the low-cost development of new advanced guided projectiles, rockets, missiles, and smart munitions. Improved computer technology and state-of-the-art numerical procedures now enable solutions to complex, 3-D problems associated with projectile and missile aerodynamics. In particular our recent focus has been directed at the development and application of advanced predictive capabilities to compute unsteady projectile aerodynamics, especially during and after control maneuvers. During these maneuvers
Study of the matrix effects of tetrodotoxin and its content in cooked seafood by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Tetrodotoxin is a marine biotoxin with high acute toxicity. The levels in cooked seafood will help us to assess its intake in humans and may help assess the risk of toxicity. However, heavy matrices hinder the direct quantitation of tetrodotoxin. A quantitative method of measuring tetrodotoxin in cooked seafood using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was established in this study. Tetrodotoxin was extracted from the sample matrix using 2% formic acid in methanol and cleaned using a cation exchange cartridge. The cleanup conditions were optimized. The matrix effects were determined using the postextraction spiking method and by comparing the slope of the linear regression equation in sample matrix to that in solvent. The limit of detection in the sample matrix was 5 μg/kg and the limit of quantification was 10 μg/kg. The mean recoveries at three spiking levels were 66.9-89.2% with relative standard deviations of 5.0-10.8% (n = 6) in five different matrices. Tetrodotoxin was found at concentrations of 26.1-2462 μg/kg in nine of 83 cooked seafoods tested in this study. Eight analogs of Tetrodotoxin were detected in the samples studied.