cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THETRIS: A MICRO-SCALE TEMPERATURE AND GAS RELEASE MODEL FOR TRISO FUEL

Abstract The dominating mechanism in the passive safety of gas-cooled, graphite-moderated, high-temperature reactors (HTRs) is the Doppler feedback effect. These reactor designs are fueled with submillimeter-sized kernels formed into tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) particles that are imbedded in a graphite matrix. The best spatial and temporal representation of the feedback effect is obtained from an accurate approximation of the fuel temperature. Micro-scale models of TRISO particles are necessary in order to obtain accurate predictions during fast transients or when parameters internal to the TRISO are needed. Most accident scenarios in HTRs are characterized by large time constants and slow changes in the fuel and moderator temperature fields. In these situations, a meso-scale, or pebble- and compact-scale, solution provides a good approximation of the fuel temperature as the fission thermal energy transports out of the kernel and into the surrounding matrix with a much shorter time constant. Therefore, in most cases, the matrix can be assumed to be in quasi-static equilibrium with the kernels. These models, however, fail to provide accurate information on the state of the various components of the TRISO during the early stages of transients. Since the coated particles constitute one of the fundamental design barriers for the release of fission products, it becomes important to understand the transient behavior inside this containment system. An explicit TRISO fuel temperature model named THETRIS has been developed and incorporated into the CYNOD–THERMIX-KONVEK suite of coupled codes. The code includes gas-release models that provide a simple predictive capability of the internal pressure during transients. The new model yields similar results to those obtained with other micro-scale fuel models of TRISO particles, but with the added capability to analyze gas release, internal pressure buildup, and effects of a gap in the TRISO. Analysis of bounding benchmark transients yield good agreement with other codes in which the TRISO particles are modeled explicitly. In addition, a sensitivity study of the potential effects on the transient behavior of high-temperature reactors due to the presence of an inter-layer gap is included. Although the formation of a gap occurs under special conditions, its consequences on the dynamic behavior of the reactor can yield responses during fast transients that depart significantly from those in which no gap is present in the model. The new model was applied to an extreme (beyond design basis) scenario in order to observe the behavior of the fuel during a large prompt critical reactivity insertion. Although a large amount of fission energy was deposited rapidly into the fuel, the kernel temperature is shown to stay well below the melting point and the silicon carbide layer remained well below the temperature above which failure is expected to occur. The explicit treatment of the TRISO particle geometry leads to much lower estimations of power peaking during the transient and a greater degree of negative Doppler feedback.
Mitigation of cascading failures on complex networks

To prevent or mitigate the cascading propagation on complex networks more efficiently, taking into account some existing protections and measures in real-life networks, we introduce a new mitigation strategy. Applying the global removal and two attacking strategies, we demonstrate the efficiency of the mitigation method on improving the robustness level against cascading failures in Barabasi–Albert (BA) scale-free networks and in the Internet, as well as in the power grid of the western United States. We show that only making simple adjustments to the overload edges can dramatically enhance the robustness of diverse networks subject to the global removal and targeted attacks. We further compare the mitigation strategy in two attacks and observe to what extent the improvement of the robustness in two attacks depends on the parameters in our cascading model. In addition, by the times that an edge overloads in the cascading propagation, we discuss how to protect the edges with the different load. Our results are useful not only for improving significantly the robustness of complex networks but also for further studying on the control and defense of cascading failures.
Deep dysphasia: analysis of a rare form of repetition disorder.

"Deep dysphasia" is the parallel in repetition to the reading impairment deep dyslexia. Our patient, S.M., showed part of speech, word/nonword, and concreteness effects in repetition, and he made semantic errors, but his oral reading was relatively spared. Further testing indicated that S.M. did not have difficulty perceiving spoken stimuli or deciding their lexical status, but he was deficient at semantically processing spoken words. Moreover, his phonemic memory was severely impaired. We argue that the routes for repetition (lexical and nonlexical) that function without semantic mediation were defective and that deficits in phonemic memory further diminished their effectiveness, since initial phonological encoding of spoken words was not available to guide the output stages of phonological processing. In addition, the semantically mediated route for repetition was unreliable because semantic processing was faulty and S.M. could not accurately label concepts.
From Jew to Nun: Abigail in Marlowe's The Jew of Malta

(2007). From Jew to Nun: Abigail in Marlowe's The Jew of Malta. The Explicator: Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 133-136.
A control approach to cross coupling compensation of piezotube scanners in tapping-mode imaging

In this article, an approach based on the recently-developed inversion-based iterative control (IIC) to cancel the cross-axis coupling effect of piezoelectric tube scanners (piezoscanners) in tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging is proposed. Cross-axis coupling effect generally exists in piezoscanners used for 3D (x-y-z axes) nanopositioning in applications such as AFM, where the vertical z-axis movement can be generated by the lateral x-y axes scanning. Such x/y-to-z cross-coupling becomes pronounced when the scanning is at large range and/or at high-speed. In AFM applications, the coupling-caused position errors, when is large, can generate various adverse effects, including large imaging and topography distortions, and damage of the cantilever probe and/or the sample. This paper utilizes the IIC technique to obtain the control input to precisely track the couplingcaused x/y-to-z displacement (with sign-flipped). Then the obtained input is augmented as a feedforward control to the existing feedback control in tapping-mode imaging, resulting in the cancellation of the coupling effect. The proposed approach is illustrated through the exemplary applications of the nanoasperity measurement on harddisk drive. Experimental results show that the x/y-to-z coupling effect in large-range (20 μm) tapping-mode imaging at high scan rates (12.2 Hz to 24.4 Hz) can be effectively removed.
The Emerging Importance of Professional Liability Insurance Coverage for Pharmacists

As the responsibilities for clinical pharmacists have increased in recent years, the pharmacy practitioner finds the need for professional liability insurance. This report describes the practice changes under way and describes the malpractice insurance options available to current pharmacy practitioners.
NAPL source zone characterization and remediation technology performance assessment: recent developments and applications of tracer techniques

Abstract Several innovative tracer techniques have been introduced during the past 5 years for enhanced characterization of the “source zones” at sites contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) wastes. These tracer techniques allow for an in situ estimation of domain-averaged values and spatial patterns for NAPL saturation ( S n ), NAPL–water interfacial area ( a nw ), and bio-geochemical reactivity ( k s ) within the target test zone. The tracer tests can be used to evaluate the spatial patterns in these parameters, both before and after implementing some in situ technique for site cleanup, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of remediation achieved and the possible impacts of the cleanup technology on hydrodynamic and bio-geochemical processes. Here, we review the theoretical and experimental basis for these tracer methods, present selected examples of recent field-scale applications, and examine their reliability.
Anisotropic motion and molecular dynamics of a dinitroxide spin label

Abstract The anisotropic motion of a model dinitroxide spin label, 1,4-didoxylcyclohexane, has been studied by trapping the spin label in two organic inclusion crystals, thiourea and perhydrotriphenylene. The equatorial-equatorial trans chair is the dominant conformer observed, and it is in equilibrium with a small amount of the axial-axial trans chair conformer. The two conformers rotate or undergo large-amplitude oscillations in the tubular cavities of the host crystal. A rapid rotation model is presented and describes very well the experimental motion averaged dipolar splittings.
Spacecraft to Spacecraft Coherent Laser Tracking as a Xylophone Interferometer Detector of Gravitational Radiation

Searches for gravitational radiation can be performed in space with two spacecraft tracking each other with coherent laser light. This experimental technique could be implemented with two spacecraft carrying an appropriate optical payload, or with the proposed broad-band, space-based laser interferometer detectors of gravitational waves operated in this non-interferometric mode.
Relative Effects of Meditation vs other Activities on Ratings of Relaxation and Enjoyment of Others

Subjects rated extent of relaxation and enjoyment of interpersonal relations for each day during a 4-wk. baseline period. The next week, subjects engaged in a different activity on each of 4 days for 20 min.: meditation, progressive relaxation, enjoyment of others as much as they could, and sitting down and trying to feel good. This sequence was repeated during the next 2 wk. At the end of each day, subjects rated their relaxation and the degree of enjoyment of other people. Analysis indicated that meditation produced significantly lower ratings of tension than did a baseline or control condition. Meditation, however, was not better than some alternative techniques, e.g., concentrating on trying to enjoy oneself or others, and subjects were more likely to engage in these alternative techniques than in meditation. Meditation had no effect on ratings of social relations.
Endoscopic demonstration that vasopressin but not propranolol produces gastric mucosal ischemia in dogs with portal hypertension.

Endoscopic reflectance spectrophotometry was used to compare the effect of vasopressin and propranolol on gastric mucosal hemodynamics in dogs with surgically induced esophageal varices and prehepatic portal hypertension. Reflectance spectrophotometry provides indices of mucosal hemoglobin concentration (IHB) and oxygen saturation (ISO 2 ;). Hyperemia (increased IHB, normal ISO 2 ), ischemia without congestion (decreased IHB, decreased ISO 2 ;.), and ischemia with congestion (increased IHB, decreased ISO 2 ) are accompanied by characteristic patterns of IHB and ISO 2 . Under anesthesia, measurements were obtained on separate days from the gastric corpus mucosa of eight dogs before and 2 to 10min after either 1 to 5 units of intravenous vasopressin or 1mg of propranolol. Results revealed that vasopressin (in doses that significantly reduced variceal and portal venous pressure in this animal model) produced a reduction in both IHB and ISO 2 , indicating gastric mucosal ischemia secondary to splanchnic vasoconstriction. On the other hand, propranolol in a dose that significantly reduced pulse rate by 27±2% had no effect on IHB or ISO 2 , suggesting that this dose of propranolol has no direct vasoactive effect on the gastric (splanchnic) circulation.
Improved protoplast culture and stability of cytoplasmic traits in plants regenerated from leaf protoplasts of cauliflower (Brassica oteracea ssp.botrytis)

Nearly 1000 plants have been regenerated from leaf protoplasts of two cauliflower (Brassica oleracea ssp.botrytis) alloplasmic inbred lines. One line (7642A) carried the Ogura (R1) cms cytoplasm derived from radish; the other line (7642B) carried a normalBrassica cytoplasm and was the fertile maintainer for the cms line. The majority of regenerated plants displayed normal vegetative morphology; they formed normal cauliflower heads and retained the floral characteristics of seed-grown plants from which they were derived. We found no change in either male sterility or in the low temperature-induced chlorosis associated with the 7642A line. Mitochondrial DNA analysis by hybridization with five cloned mtDNA probes revealed no apparent alteration in 75 regenerated plants of both lines. These results indicate that cytoplasmic traits inBrassica oleracea are stable after one cycle of in vitro culture and regeneration.
Electronic Refrigeration Defrost Control---Report of Performance

A recently developed system for the detection and subsequent removal of frost in forced air remote evaporator refrigerators is described. Unlike present timed methods, this system functions only when defrosting is necessary.
Psychopathic and Non-Psychopathic Alcoholic Offenders

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of psychopathy among an alcoholic offender population by utilizing the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), and to compare psychopathic and non-psychopathic alcoholics in relation to childhood history, demographic, alcohol dependence, violence, and suicide variables in order to determine how the groups differ, A sample of 128 alcoholic offenders (64 men and 64 women) incarcerated in the Massachusetts state prison system were interviewed and administered the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, the Alcohol Dependence Scale, and the PCL-R. Twenty percent of the alcoholic offenders could be classified as psychopaths according to PCL-R results. Psychopathic alcoholics were more alcohol dependent and engaged in more violent crimes. The PCL-R is thus a useful diagnostic tool to reduce the number of false positive ASPD diagnoses among acting out alcoholics. Psychopathic alcoholics require treatment aimed at reducing their severe alcohol depen...
Residual stresses and strains in molded plastics

Abstract In recapitulation, this paper has attempted to show that: (a) the flow of cellulosics can be described rather simply by a phenomenologically observable superposition principle; (b) ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate differ markedly in their response to molding temperature, ethyl cellulose tending to be more rubberlike; (c) their flow is influenced by internal chemical structure; and (d) when molded, they exhibit local frozen-in stresses that, on reheating, produce different degrees of relaxation in different parts of injection-molded objects. If we consider the above facts, it is obvious that we may make specimens that will have a given amount of total frozen-in strain and yet be different in over-all properties. To be specific, let us consider strips of ethyl cellulose that have been stretched 100% at 130°C. in one case and at 160°C. in another case. These strips will further be supposed to have been held extended at their stretching temperatures for a time and then quenched, the time of holding being so adjusted that the strips would recover half of the 100% elongation if they were reheated. Now it is clear that both these specimens have a total frozen-in strain of 50%. Yet since the one stretched at 130° required more work to deform it in the first place, it would tend to recover against a greater opposing force, and it would therefore recover at a lower temperature. In fact, it acts as if it has stronger springs tending to bring it to its equilibrium shape. It seems entirely logical to use the term “frozen-in stress” to describe the force per unit area required to hold the specimens extended the moment before they were quenched. This stress was there before quenching. It cannot be demonstrated at room temperature. It will be there again if the specimen is rapidly warmed while being held extended. Obviously, the magnitude of this frozen-in stress will be important in determining the tendency of a molded specimen to deform at moderate service temperatures.
Cognitive Set Influences on Witkin's Rod-and-Frame Test

Witkin's field-dependence theory is embroiled in conflict as research shows its primary assessment method, the Rod-and-frame Test, is influenced by situational events. This study explored the impact of an additional situational variable, locus of problem-solving data search, a cognitive set modified from Rotter's (1966) work. Two experimental groups of hospitalized alcoholics received standard Witkin instructions plus instructions emphasizing either an internal or external search for problem-solving cues. A control group received only Witkin's instructions. Aanlysis of variance showed the special instructions affected rod-and-frame scores in the predicted directions. The results were interpreted as indicating a need for a multi-factor approach to analyzing the complex relationships of the Rod-and-frame Test.
Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy☆

When gastrointestinal (Gl) bleeding occurs in patients receiving anticoagulation, an underlying pathologic lesion is usually suspected and a thorough diagnostic evaluation is undertaken. Over a 15-year period, 50 patients were identified as having Gl bleeding while receiving warfarin. Approximately half of all bleeding episodes occurred from the upper Gl tract, with a lesion identified 81 percent of the time, usually peptic ulcer disease. Lower Gl bleeding occurred in one-third of bleeding episodes, with a diagnosis made in only 52 percent. Only three neoplasms were found and all were diagnosed by barium studies. No diagnosis was established in 47 percent of all bleeding episodes despite appropriate evaluation; in these patients, a mean follow-up of 39.6 months disclosed no premalignant or malignant lesions. Mortality associated with bleeding was less than 2 percent. These data suggest that a diagnosis is usually established in patients receiving anticoagulation who experience upper Gl bleeding, whereas the cause of lower Gl bleeding may remain occult even after a thorough evaluation; however, the absence of a definitive diagnosis carries a good prognosis.
Synthesis of P-5 tethered inositol-1,2,6-trisphosphate, an affinity reagent for α-trinositol receptors

Abstract The synthesis of D- myo -P-5-( O -aminopropyl)-Ins(1,2,5,6)P 4 , a phosphodiester analog of Ins(1,2,6)P 3 tethered at the C-5 position, has been achieved and a photoaffinity label has been prepared.
Associations between white matter microstructure and amyloid burden in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A multimodal imaging investigation

Some cognitively healthy individuals develop brain amyloid accumulation, suggestive of incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the effect of amyloid on other potentially informative imaging modalities, such as Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), in characterizing brain changes in preclinical AD requires further exploration. In this study, a sample (N = 139, mean age 60.6, range 46 to 71) from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (WRAP), a cohort enriched for AD risk factors, was recruited for a multimodal imaging investigation that included DTI and [C-11]Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET). Participants were grouped as amyloid positive (Aβ+), amyloid indeterminate (Aβi), or amyloid negative (Aβ−) based on the amount and pattern of amyloid deposition. Regional voxel-wise analyses of four DTI metrics, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (Da), and radial diffusivity (Dr), were performed based on amyloid grouping. Three regions of interest (ROIs), the cingulum adjacent to the corpus callosum, hippocampal cingulum, and lateral fornix, were selected based on their involvement in the early stages of AD. Voxel-wise analysis revealed higher FA among Aβ+ compared to Aβ− in all three ROIs and in Aβi compared to Aβ− in the cingulum adjacent to the corpus callosum. Follow-up exploratory whole-brain analyses were consistent with the ROI findings, revealing multiple regions where higher FA was associated with greater amyloid. Lower fronto-lateral gray matter MD was associated with higher amyloid burden. Further investigation showed a negative correlation between MD and PiB signal, suggesting that Aβ accumulation impairs diffusion. Interestingly, these findings in a largely presymptomatic sample are in contradistinction to relationships reported in the literature in symptomatic disease stages of Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD, which usually show higher MD and lower FA. Together with analyses showing that cognitive function in these participants is not associated with any of the four DTI metrics, the present results suggest an early relationship between PiB and DTI, which may be a meaningful indicator of the initiating or compensatory mechanisms of AD prior to cognitive decline.
Computerized systems for on-line management of failures: a state-of-the-art discussion of alarm systems and diagnostic systems applied in the nuclear industry

Abstract It is now well perceived in the nuclear industry that improving plant information systems is vital for enhancing the operational safety of nuclear power plants. Considerable work is underway worldwide to support operators' decision-making, particularly in their difficult tasks of managing process anomalies on-line. The work includes development of (1) advanced alarm systems, such as various kinds of computer-based alarm processing systems, Critical Function Monitoring System, Success Path Monitoring System and Safety Assessment System II, and (2) real-timer diagnostic systems, such as Disturbance Analysis System, Maryland Operator Advisory System II, Model-Integrated Diagnostic Analysis System, Diagnosis System using Knowledge Engineering Technique, Detailed Diagnosis, and Operator Advisor System. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of plant information systems for on-line management of failures in nuclear power plants, focusing on the methodological features of computerized alarm systems and diagnostic systems.
Physical microscopic model of proteins under force

Nature has evolved proteins to counteract forces applied on living cells, and has designed proteins that can sense forces. One can appreciate Nature’s ingenuity in evolving these proteins to be highly sensitive to force and to have a high dynamic force range at which they operate. To achieve this level of sensitivity, many of these proteins are composed of multiple domains and linking peptides connecting these domains, each of them having their own force response regimes. Here, using a simple model of a protein, we address the question of how each individual domain responds to force. We also ask how multidomain proteins respond to forces. We find that the end-to-end distance of individual domains under force scales linearly with force. In multidomain proteins, we find that the force response has a rich range: at low force, extension is predominantly governed by “weaker” linking peptides or domain intermediates, while at higher force, the extension is governed by unfolding of individual domains. Overall, t...
Next-Generation Sequencing Studies: Optimal Design and Analysis, Missing Heritability and Rare Variants

As we enter the “Post Genome-wide Association Study” era, there is a widespread desire to move towards sequencing study samples, often after an initial genome-wide association analysis that has found some loci associated with a phenotype of interest in a given population. The rationale is clear: the initial study is highly unlikely to have found all, or even most, associated loci. Indeed, in terms of heritable variation, for virtually every phenotype, much remains to be explained. The details of how such a sequence-based study should be designed are unclear. In this article we review the rationale for such a sequence-based approach, such as the desire to find new (likely rare) variants that are also associated with the phenotype, and the wish to explain the “missing heritability”. We go on to review simulation-based and data-based ways of developing guidelines for the design of such next-generation sequence-based studies. Finally, we discuss the desirability of using biological prior information to help lessen the problems caused by “the curse of dimensionality” in this context.
Kinetic decomposition for singularly perturbed higher order partial differential equations

Abstract In this paper, we consider singularly perturbed higher order partial differential equations. We establish the condition under which the approximate solutions converge in a strong topology to the entropy solution of a scalar conservation laws using methodology developed in Hwang and Tzavaras (Comm. Partial Differential Equations 27 (2002) 1229). First, we obtain the approximate transport equation for the given dispersive equations. Then using the averaging lemma, we obtain the convergence.
The dosage dependency on growth and maturity in growth hormone deficiency(GHD) treated with human growth hormone(hGH)

The dosage dependency on growth and maturity in growth hormone deficiency(GHD) treated with human growth hormone(hGH)
Youth health report card: asthma.

Asthma is a serious, chronic illness among U.S. children. Approximately 6% of all children under 18 years of age in the United States suffer from asthma--prevalence rates in our inner cities are even higher. The impact this disease has on children, their families, and society is profound and easily translatable into loss of time at work and school, a concomitant loss of productivity, and added stress to an already overburdened health care system. Recognizing the significance of asthma as a serious public health problem, Healthy People 2000 has targeted improvements in asthma care as one of its objectives and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has research and education programs to improve the health of our children with asthma.
Expansion of the medullary cavity at the expense of cortex in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Transilial biopsies from postmenopausal osteoporotic patients showed that static features and remodeling activity tended to form a pattern, with the area midway between the cortices having less bone and lower remodeling activity than the area closer to the inner boundary of the cortex. The appearance, enlargement, and coalescence of the resorption cavities within the subendosteal area of the cortex lead to negative bone balance and a progressive trabeculation of the cortex, resulting in the formation of a transitional zone. Therefore, in most cases we can distinguish two different zones, transitional and trabecular zones, within the area usually known as the trabecular bone area. The transitional zone undergoes more active remodeling than the trabecular zone and has an important role in evaluation of the traditional trabecular bone volume and remodeling dynamics depending on the field selection for this evaluation, i.e., the proportion between transitional and trabecular zones within the selected fields. We postulate that the appearance of resorption cavities in the subendosteal area of the cortex depends on excessive osteoclast work, and bone loss in the resulting transitional zone depends on a combination of excessive osteoclast work and defective osteoblast work, with the osteoclast excessive work predominating.
Discussion on “A Hybrid Selection and Testing Procedure with Curtailment” by Elena M. Buzaianu and Pinyuen Chen

Abstract Professors Elena Buzaianu and Pinyuen Chen have constructed a hybrid selection and testing procedure with curtailment for Bernoulli populations. Their work opens up numerous other possibilities for further refinements and generalizations. Some of those are briefly considered here, along with some issues related to the implementation of the proposed procedure.
Mathematical Dances with Wolves

In the movie Dances with Wolves , a lone wolf facilitates Lieutenant John Dunbar's immersion into the complex culture of the Sioux Indians. This immersion required overcoming multiple cultural barriers. Ecologists and evolutionary biologists face an equally daunting challenge of understanding how environmental change affects ecological and evolutionary dynamics ( 1 ). Historically, researchers examined these impacts in isolation. However, these dynamics can occur on similar time scales, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary-ecological feedback loop ( 2 ). Studying these feedbacks directly for longlived species is often thought to be impractical. On page 1275 of this issue, Coulson et al. ( 3 ) overcome this barrier using data from radio-collared gray wolves and state-of-theart mathematical models.
Allocation procedure in ethanol production system from corn grain i. system expansion

We investigated the system expansion approach to net energy analysis for ethanol production from domestic corn grain. Production systems included in this study are ethanol production from corn dry milling and corn wet milling, corn grain production (the agricultural system), soybean products from soybean milling (i.e. soybean oil and soybean meal) and urea production to determine the net energy associated with ethanol derived from corn grain. These five product systems are mutually interdependent. That is, all these systems generate products which compete with or displace all other comparable products in the market place. The displacement ratios between products compare the equivalence of their marketplace functions. The net energy, including transportation to consumers, is 0.56 MJnet/MJ of ethanol from corn grain regardless of the ethanol production technology employed. Using ethanol as a liquid transportation fuel could reduce domestic use of fossil fuels, particularly petroleum. Sensitivity analyses show that the choice of allocation procedures has the greatest impact on fuel ethanol net energy. Process energy associated with wet milling, dry milling and the corn agricultural process also significantly influences the net energy due to the wide ranges of available process energy values. The system expansion approach can completely eliminate allocation procedures in the foreground system of ethanol production from corn grain.
The Postsecondary Resource Trinity Model: Exploring the Interaction Between Socioeconomic, Academic, and Institutional Resources

The purpose of this study is to revisit the widely held assumption that the impact of socioeconomic background declines steadily across educational transitions, particularly at the postsecondary level. Sequential logit modeling, a staple methodological approach for estimating the relative impact of SES across educational stages, is applied to a nationally representative cohort of high school sophomores drawn from the National Center for Education Statistics’ Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. However, the study extends the traditional sequential logit approach by examining how socioeconomic background interacts with students’ academic ability and postsecondary institutional selectivity and how the nature of these interactions varies across postsecondary stages. Analyzing the interactions between these three resources (socioeconomic, academic, and institutional) reveals the need for a more nuanced understanding of how SES influences students’ postsecondary outcomes. This new approach is termed the Postsecondary Resource Trinity Model. The empirical results and conceptual model have important implications for the way in which policymakers and higher education practitioners promote the postsecondary success of disadvantaged students, as well as for how scholars of higher education and social mobility study the relationship between socioeconomic background and postsecondary outcomes.
A rapid HPLC determination of narasin in fermentation broth

A rapid HPLC assay with post-column derivatization has been developed for the determination of narasin in fermentation broth. The reaction of narasin with substituted benzaldehydes was investigated under first order conditions and the rate constants were determined for a variety of substituted benzaldehydes. Vanillin reacted most rapidly to produce a red color. The reaction conditions were optimized to acheive a maximum response with a minimum analysis time.
Mechanisms and Precipitation Rate of Rhodochrosite at 25°C as Affected by PCO2 and Organic Ligands

Rhodochrosite is the main Mn mineral phase in neutral to alkaline anoxic environments and is likely the initial precipitation phase when Mn 2+ is added to irrigation water. Solutions supersaturated with respect to rhodochrosite that was detected in various natural environments suggest that equilibrium assumptions may not be satisfactory and kinetic processes may be dominant. This study was conducted to evaluate the precipitation mechanisms of rhodochrosite in natural environments where DOC is present and there are variations in partial pressure of CO 2 (P CO2 ). Precipitation rates were measured in supersaturated solutions of rhodochrosite in the presence of seeds of the mineral and P CO2 0.035 kPa, 5 kPa, and 10 kPa and in a concentration range of DOC of 0.02 to 3.2 mM of Suwannee River fulvic acid. Precipitation rates were measured in the absence and presence of 1 mM leonardite humic acid. Precipitation rates increased when the P CO2 increased and decreased when the concentration of the fulvic acid increased at constant levels of supersaturation. However, higher concentrations of DOC were needed to produce the same reduction in precipitation rates when P CO2 was increased. The most likely causes of the increase in the precipitation rate when P CO2 increases are an increase in the negative surface charge and an increase in the activity of MnHCO + 3 . No significant change in the precipitation rate of rhodochrosite was measured when the leonardite humic acid was added to the reaction vessels. The lack of inhibition of leonardite humic acid on rhodochrosite precipitation is explained by its molecular configuration in solution.
In vitro autoradiographic localization of guanine nucleotide binding sites in sections of rat brain labeled with [3H]guanylyl-5′-imidodiphosphate

In vitro labeling of guanine nucleotide binding proteins has been accomplished for the microscopic localization and quantitation of these sites in individual brain regions. Cryostat sections of rat brain were labeled with [3H]guanylyl-5′-imidodiphosphate ([3H]Gpp(NH)p) using parameters which resulted in a high specific to non-specific (signal to noise) binding ratio. Gpp(NH)p binding sites were identified to some extent in all brain regions examined. The highest densities existed in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, caudate-putamen, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra and cerebellum. Thus, GTP binding proteins can be labeled and localized using a novel application of an autoradiographic technique developed for microscopic detection of receptors.
The amino acid composition of chick erythrocyte nucleohistone.

Abstract 1. 1. Three samples of histone isolated from chick erythrocyte nuclei by a method originally described for the isolation of chromosomes have been analyzed for their content of 18 amino acids by microbiological methods. 2. 2. Approximately 96% of the total nitrogen of the protein was accounted for by 16 amino acids. 3. 3. The amino acid content of erythrocyte nucleohistones exhibited some variations when the three preparations of protein from the same tissue were compared. 4. 4. Tryptophan was not found in any of the hydrolyzates of the erythrocyte nucleohistones. 5. 5. Small amounts of methionine were consistently recovered in the hydrolyzates from the red cell histones. Cystine was not detected; if present, its content in the protein is less than 0.1%. 6. 6. The alanine content of the histone samples studied was found to be much higher than that reported by other workers. With the exception of lysine, this amino acid accounted for more of the amino acid residues of the protein than any other. 7. 7. A higher ratio of lysine to arginine was found in the red cell nucleo-histones contrary to the reports of previous workers who found the opposite to be true.
Treatment of spasmodic dysphonia (laryngeal dystonia) with local injections of Botulinum toxin

Summary In 1984 the authors performed the first laryngeal injection of Botulinum toxin for laryngeal dystonia via percutaneous, electromyographically guided technique. Since that time we have treated 450 patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia, abductor spasmodic dysphonia, and adductor breathing dystonia. In general, the adductor patients received bilateral injections of 1.25 U to 3.75 U, obtaining greater than 90% of normal voice. The abductor patients received unilateral or staged bilateral injections of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles with 0.6 to 3.75 U, obtaining 70% of normal function. We have found laryngeal injections of Botulinum toxin to be safe and effective therapy for the symptoms of laryngeal dystonia (spasmodic dysphonia).
Image blurring of the test section boundary in a laser specklegram technique measuring temperature gradients of the compressible medium.

Image blurring of the solid boundary of a test section has been investigated for a specklegram technique that nonintrusively measures temperature gradients in transparent media.
Anthocyanins of the Sterculiaceae: Flavonoid scores and Hennigian phylogenetic systematics

Abstract Published results of the distribution of anthocyanins in the Sterculiaceae have been re-interpreted on the basis of the phylogenetic status of the compounds present. A flavonoid score system was less useful than a cladistic interpretation based on Hennigian arguments.
Undifferentiated small cell hepatoblastoma with a unique chromosomal translocation: a case report.

Cytogenetic studies of pediatric tumors have revealed a number of reproducible karyotypic abnormalities, including del(p 13) found in aniridia-Wilms' tumor association, t(8;14) in Burkitt's lymphoma, and t(11;22) in Ewing's sarcoma. To date, no consistent cytogenetic abnormality has been reported in association with hepatoblastoma. We report the case of a 7-month-old male infant with the undifferentiated small cell variant of hepatoblastoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed reactivity with antibodies to cytokeratin and vimentin throughout the tumor. Alpha-fetoprotein, neuron-specific enolase, and S100 stains were negative. Chromosomal analysis of metaphase cells from a culture of tumor tissue revealed a translocation of most of the long arm of chromosome 22 to the distal long arm of chromosome 10.
Walt Wolfram & Natalie Schilling-Estes, American English: Dialects and variation

Walt Wolfram & Natalie Schilling-Estes, American English: Dialects and variation. (Language in Society, 25). 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. Pp. xv, 452. Pb $36.95.American English, an introductory textbook about dialect variation, is a revised version of the textbook that first appeared in 1998 and represents another addition to the array of educational materials about American dialects that the first author has been producing for over three decades. It is a versatile textbook with an intended audience of any student who takes a “course on dialects” (p. x). Its lack of linguistic formalism and statistics makes it accessible to students with no linguistics background, and its continued emphasis on the relevance of dialect awareness to American society will help non-linguists apply the material effectively. Owing to its wide scope, it cannot delve too deeply into any of the theoretical issues; however, its succinct overviews of the debates, annotated bibliographies at the end of each chapter, and copious examples from a range of dialects make it a useful reference for experienced linguists.
A Comparison of Buccal Midazolam and Rectal Diazepam for the Acute Treatment of Seizures

In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate buccal midazolam as a practical and safe alternative medication for children who suffer from seizures in the emergency setting and in home practice or anywhere. The effects and side effects of buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam were compared in the treatment of acute convulsions in 43 children, ranging in age from 2 months to 12 years who were seen at the emergency service of the children hospital. Midazolam was given on the even days of the month and diazepam was given on the odd days. In the midazolam group, the seizures of 18/23 (78%) patients terminated in 10 minutes; however 5/23 (22%) patients did not respond. In the diazepam group 17/20 (85%) patients responded in 10 minutes, but 3/20 (15%) did not respond. Midazolam was found to be as effective as diazepam and the difference was not statistically significant (p 0.05). The need for a second drug for seizures that did not stop with the first drug was equal, and the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). They did not observe any serious complications. In conclusion, buccal midazolam is safe and as effective as rectal diazepam for the treatment of seizures.
Predictors of Improvement in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors With Weight Loss in Women

Methods and Results-—In 417 overweight/obese women (mean [SD] age, 44 [10] years) participating in a weight loss trial, we sought to identify predictors of weight loss–associated cardiometabolic risk factors after 12 and 24 months of intervention. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol, non-HDLcholesterol, triglycerides (TG), insulin, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cardiopulmonary fitness were measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 months. After 24 months, significant reductions in body weight, waist circumference, CRP, TC, HDL-cholesterol, and non-HDL-cholesterol were observed (P<0.01). After 24 months, mean TC and non-HDL-cholesterol were reduced regardless of the amount of weight lost, whereas reductions in LDL–cholesterol, CRP, insulin, and TG were observed only in those who lost ≥10% body weight. Step-test performance improved only in those who lost ≥10% body weight after 24 months. Change in weight demonstrated a positive predictive value for change in cholesterol, insulin, glucose, and triglycerides. Baseline level of the biomarker showed the greatest predictive value for follow-up measures for insulin, cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides. Conclusions-—Our data extend the results from short-term weight loss trials and suggest that the magnitude of weight loss and baseline values for risk factors are associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors even after 24 months. Clinical Trials Registration Information-—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier: NCT00640900. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000152 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000152)
The emergence of consequential thought: evidence from neuroscience

The ability to think counterfactually about the consequence of one's actions represents one of the hallmarks of the development of complex reasoning skills. The legal system places a great emphasis on this type of reasoning ability as it directly relates to the degree to which individuals may be judged liable for their actions. In the present paper, we review both behavioural and neuroscientific data exploring the role that counterfactual thinking plays in reasoning about the consequences of one's actions, especially as it pertains to the developing mind of the adolescent. On the basis of assimilation of both behavioural and neuroscientific data, we propose a brain-based model that provides a theoretical framework for understanding the emergence of counterfactual reasoning ability in the developing mind.
Spatial coherence properties of planar antennas

Lateral spatial coherence of an antenna is modeled by random phase front tilts. An effective source coherence length is introduced, and a generalized Fresnel coefficient which takes into account the coherence of the source is abstracted. Generalized reciprocity relationships for beamwidth and source coherence as well as for observed coherence and source power distribution valid in the near and far field are developed. >
COMT Val108/158 Met Genotype Affects Neural but not Cognitive Processing in Healthy Individuals

The relationship between cognition and a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methlytransferase (COMT) gene, val108/158met, is one of debate in the literature. Furthermore, based on the dopaminergic differences associated with the COMT val108/158met genotype, neural differences during cognition may be present, regardless of genotypic differences in cognitive performance. To investigate these issues the current study aimed to 1) examine the effects of COMT genotype using a large sample of healthy individuals (n = 496–1218) and multiple cognitive measures, and using a subset of the sample (n = 22), 2) examine whether COMT genotype effects medial temporal lobe (MTL) and frontal activity during successful relational memory processing, and 3) investigate group differences in functional connectivity associated with successful relational memory processing. Results revealed no significant group difference in cognitive performance between COMT genotypes in any of the 19 cognitive measures. However, in the subset sample, COMT val homozygotes exhibited significantly decreased MTL and increased prefrontal activity during both successful relational encoding and retrieval, and reduced connectivity between these regions compared with met homozygotes. Taken together, the results suggest that although the COMT val108/158met genotype has no effect on cognitive behavioral measures in healthy individuals, it is associated with differences in neural process underlying cognitive output.
ANODE TEMPERATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DC ARC IN NOBLE GASES

The construction of a gas-tight arcing chamber and continuously recording optical pyrometer is described. The system is reproducible. The current and voltage of the dc carbon arc in noble gases show a sensitive and systematic dependence on the atmospheres employed. A small admixture of a foreign gas, such as air, markedly alters the characteristics of the arc. The arc voltage for fixed current decreases in the order He, Ne, A, and Kr. Thus, the power input decreases in the same order. The anode temperature is linearly related to the power input. The behavior of the cross sections of the gases to electrons in the energy range of the Ramsauer-Townsend effect is suggested as a major contributor to the observed behavior of the dc arc in noble gases.
The effect of pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on histamine intoxication and anaphylaxis in the guinea pig.

Abstract 1.1. Observations were made on the effect of pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on histamine intoxication and anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. 2.2. The time required for guinea pigs to develop bronchospasm when exposed to aerosolized histamine was approximately the same before or after the administration of a single dose of ACTH. 3.3. Guinea pigs actively sensitized to horse serum 14 to 18 days previously, and who were given ACTH 4 hours before the second dose of horse serum, developed anaphylactic reactions comparable to those displayed by sensitized controls who had received no prior treatment with ACTH.
Glucose challenge test screening for prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes

Aims/hypothesis Diabetes prevention and care are limited by lack of screening. We hypothesised that screening could be done with a strategy similar to that used near-universally for gestational diabetes, i.e. a 50 g oral glucose challenge test (GCT) performed at any time of day, regardless of meal status, with one 1 h sample.