cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The CCA component model for high-performance scientific computing

The Common Component Architecture (CCA) is a component model for high-performance computing, developed by a grass-roots effort of computational scientists. Although the CCA is usable with CORBA-like distributed-object components, its main purpose is to set forth a component model for high-performance, parallel computing. Traditional component models are not well suited for performance and massive parallelism. We outline the design pattern for the CCA component model, discuss our strategy for language interoperability, describe the development tools we provide, and walk through an illustrative example using these tools. Performance and scalability, which are distinguishing features of CCA components, affect choices throughout design and implementation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does antimatter fall with the same acceleration as ordinary matter

Equivalence-principle experiments with ordinary matter probe the gravivector acceleration of antimatter in the same way as do direct measurements of antimatter in free fall and set stringent upper limits on the gravivector acceleration of antimatter predicted by certain quantum-gravity models.
On the notch sensitivity of the ductile intermetallic Ni3Al containing boron

Abstract Experiments and calculations have shown that the notch sensitivity of the ductile aluminide Ni3Al(B) is related to the suppression of plastic flow by the triaxial state of tensile stress produced by the notch. Cracks initiate at the tip of the notch, where stress and strain are concentrated, and then propagate intergranularly when the degree of triaxiality exceeds a critical level.
Evaluation of a Field Test Kit for Measuring selected Soil Quality Indicators

A field soil quality test kit was developed to permit rapid assessment of numerous soil characteristics recognized as basic indicators of soil quality. This study was conducted to determine the accuracy and precision of indicator measurements with the field soil quality test kit. Data collected with the test kit were compared with that from standard laboratory analyses using soils from grassland and cropland on two farms in Stutsman County, North Dakota. Results obtained with the test kit for electrical conductivity, soil pH, soil nitrate, and gravimetric water content compared well with those found by standard laboratory analyses. Significant differences in soil respiration between the field and laboratory methods were attributed to the inclusion of root respiration in the test kit measurement and to differences in sampling time, disturbance, and soil depth. Repeated test kit measurements were, for the most part, no more variable than standard laboratory analyses except when the water status of soils neared saturation. This preliminary evaluation demonstrated the field test kit to be an effective screening tool for point-scale assessment of soil quality by providing accurate and precise data over a range of soil conditions.
Klüver-Bucy syndrome in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Although Kluver-Bucy syndrome in adults is commonly associated with neurodegenerative conditions, Kluver-Bucy syndrome in children has been recognized almost exclusively in association with acute bitemporal injury or dysfunction. We report a child with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, who developed dementia, childhood-onset autistic disorder, and Kluver-Bucy syndrome. The behavioral features of this case are compared with those of previously reported cases of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and with previous reports of Kluver-Bucy syndrome in children and adults. (J Child Neurol 1994;9;67-69).
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC VARIATION CONCOMITANT WITH CONCEPT IDENTIFICATION PARAMETERS.

A significant positive correlation was found between learning rates and muscle action potentials of 27 chronic schizophrenics. Time per trial and number of trials to criterion were also related to muscle tension and to CI rate. S's motivation may help to understand the results.
Water Harvesting on the Papago Reservation: Experimental Agricultural Technology in the Guise of Development

Analyse des raisons de l'echec d'un projet d'implantation de systemes de collecte de l'eau de pluie dans la Reserve Papago d'Arizona (Etats-Unis)
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Acid rain: Controllable?’”]

Dr. McTaggart-Cowan's letter states as a fact that enough is now known to take appropriate action to alleviate the transboundary acid rain issue. Others have stated equally as a fact the diametric opposite. I agree that some pollution control measures have already been taken with no more certainty than exists for the acid rain issue. But the costs to society were far smaller than for sulfur dioxide controls. In effect, science only plays part of the role in decisions about environmental protection, and my own personal, proenvironmental views, which might be shared with you, may not be shared by others.
Locke, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Information Commons

This paper examines the question whether, and to what extent, John Locke's classic theory of property can be applied to the current debate involving intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the information commons. Organized into four main sections, Section 1 includes a brief exposition of Locke's arguments for the just appropriation of physical objects and tangible property. In Section 2, I consider some challenges involved in extending Locke's labor theory of property to the debate about IPRs and digital information. In Section 3, it is argued that even if the labor analogy breaks down, we should not necessarily infer that Locke's theory has no relevance for the contemporary debate involving IPRs and the information commons. Alternatively, I argue that much of what Locke has to say about the kinds of considerations that ought to be accorded to the physical commons when appropriating objects from it --- especially his proviso requiring that "enough and as good" be left for others --- can also be applied to appropriations involving the information commons. Based on my reading of Locke's proviso, I further argue that Locke would presume in favor of the information commons when competing interests (involving the rights of individual appropriators and the preservation of the commons) are at stake. In this sense, I believe that Locke offers us an adjudicative principle for evaluating the claims advanced by rival interests in the contemporary debate about IPRs and the information commons. In Section 4, I apply Locke's proviso in my analysis of two recent copyright laws: the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). I then argue that both laws violate the spirit of Locke's proviso because they unfairly restrict the access that ordinary individuals have previously had to resources that comprise the information commons. Noting that Locke would not altogether reject copyright protection for IPRs, I conclude that Locke's classic property theory provides a useful mechanism for adjudicating between claims about how best to ensure that individuals will be able to continue to access information in digitized form, while at the same time also allowing for that information to enjoy some form of legal protection.
Monoclonal antibodies as probes for processing of yolk protein in the mosquito; production and characterization

Abstract We have produced a library of monoclonal antibodies against yolk proteins of the mosquito Aedes aegypti . After the initial screening, 45 hybridoma cell lines were selected and cloned. Immunoblot analysis revealed three groups of monoclonal antibodies. One group recognized a 200-kDa polypeptide, the second a 68-kDa, and the third both of these polypeptides. While the affinity of binding by different antibodies varied widely, all monoclonal antibodies recognized these polypeptides only in extracts from vitellogenic fat bodies and ovaries. The antibodies were further characterized by video-enhanced immunofluorescence, which also showed that both yolk polypeptides originated in the fat body and accumulated in the oocytes. The immunolocalization in trophocytes of the fat body suggested that monoclonal antibodies may recognize different stages of the secretory pathway of yolk polypeptides. Similar analysis of oocytes indicated that our panel of antibodies recognizes different steps of processing of both 200-kDa and 68-kDa polypeptides, beginning with internalization by the oocyte and ending with the final crystalline form in mature yolk bodies.
QCD radiative corrections to the leptonic decay rate of the Bc meson.

The QCD radiative corrections to the leptonic decay rate of the ${\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{c}}$ meson are calculated using the formalism of nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) to separate short-distance and long-distance effects. The ${\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{c}}$ decay constant is factored into a sum of NRQCD matrix elements each multiplied by a short-distance coefficient. The short-distance coefficient for the leading matrix element is calculated to order ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$ by matching a perturbative calculation in full QCD with the corresponding perturbative calculation in NRQCD. This short-distance correction decreases the leptonic decay rate by approximately 15%.
The N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Fusion Protein and α-SNAP Induce a Conformational Change in Syntaxin

The N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) plays an essential role in intracellular membrane fusion events and has been implicated in the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. NSF binds through soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs) to a complex of neuronal membrane proteins comprised of synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and SNAP-25. Disassembly of this complex by NSF is thought to be a critical step in the molecular events which lead to vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Here we have studied the interaction of α-SNAP and NSF with individual components of this complex and have identified syntaxin as a primary substrate for NSF/α-SNAP. We find that α-SNAP binds directly to syntaxin 1A as well as weakly to SNAP-25, while it does not bind to synaptobrevin II. NSF binds to syntaxin through α-SNAP and in the presence of ATP catalyzes a conformational rearrangement which abolishes binding of itself and α-SNAP. This reaction leads to the previously described disassembly of the fusion complex, since synaptobrevin binding to syntaxin is also reduced. α-SNAP binds to a carboxyl-terminal syntaxin fragment (residues 194-288) that also binds synaptobrevin and SNAP-25. However, NSF action on this syntaxin fragment has no effect on the binding of α-SNAP or synaptobrevin. This suggests that the conformational change normally induced by NSF in syntaxin depends on an interaction between carboxyl- and amino-terminal domains of syntaxin.
Primer on Agar-Based Microbial Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) applied directly to microbes on agar-based medium captures global information about microbial molecules, allowing for direct correlation of chemotypes to phenotypes. This tool was developed to investigate metabolic exchange factors of intraspecies, interspecies, and polymicrobial interactions. Based on our experience of the thousands of images we have generated in the laboratory, we present five steps of microbial IMS: culturing, matrix application, dehydration of the sample, data acquisition, and data analysis/interpretation. We also address the common challenges encountered during sample preparation, matrix selection and application, and sample adherence to the MALDI target plate. With the practical guidelines described herein, microbial IMS use can be extended to bio-based agricultural, biofuel, diagnostic, and therapeutic discovery applications.
The Costs of Cooperation: Civilian Casualty Counts in Iraq

Non-state actors—including a wide variety of non-governmental organizations, international organizations, research institutions, and groups of concerned citizens—have offered estimates of the destruction of human life during the most recent war in Iraq. Since 2003, these groups have independently produced widely divergent estimates of the human cost of war, provoking a storm of political controversy and doubts about the validity of their work that undermine the stated objectives of many of the groups. Building upon theories of transnational issue advocacy, this study seeks to address the empirical and theoretical puzzle of the lack of active cooperation among this set of normatively-motivated transnational political actors. The nascent civilian casualties regime reveals that commonality of purpose among non-state actors within a regime cannot simply be assumed, demanding a more nuanced analysis of how “frames of meaning” must be actively constructed.
The application of ultrasound during brain surgery

The use of intraoperative, real-time ultrasound imaging during intracranial neurosurgical procedures is described. This technique has proven to be extremely useful for localization of a wide variety of deep and superficial brain lesions, and for needle biopsy or aspiration of selected lesions. The precise localization provided by ultrasonic imaging shortens the time of surgery and increases the safety for the patient. Every type of primary and metastatic tumor of the brain has imaged well, and low-grade gliomas are often better defined with ultrasound than by computed tomographic scanning. Abscesses can be imaged and aspirated, and hematomas are easily imaged. A variety of vascular lesions including aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations can be localized and characterized. Structural abnormalities such as hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation can be well delineated.
The use of cell surface antigens to characterize and select for fragments of human chromosomes retained by interspecies hybrids

We have used a mouse cell transformant generated by human chromosome-mediated gene transfer (CMGT) to explore the use of cell surface antigens in the identification of fragments of human chromosomes retained by somatic cell hybrids. The transformed line, 21-30b, contained an intact rear-ranged human chromosome, and could be shown by isozyme analysis to contain genetic material from chromosomes 9 and X. By using the transformant as an immunogen in mice, it was also possible to produce antiserum to human-specific surface antigens. Using genetically characterized human X rodent hybrid lines, the genes controlling expression of these antigens could be localized to 11per----11p13, segregating concordantly with surface antigen S3. These conclusions were possible despite the fact that the presence of chromosome 11 in the transformant was not detectable by the presence of chromosome specific isozyme LDH-A or surface antigens W6/34 and 4F2. Finally, the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) was used to fractionate the transformant cells into antigen positive and negative subpopulations. This resulted in the isolation and characterization of four additional chromosome rearrangements involving interspecies chromosome translocations. This work demonstrates the value of chromosome-specific surface antigens and the FACS in the evaluation of human chromosome fragments retained by interspecies hybrids.
Atherogenic Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Serum Lipid Levels: A Literature Review

This article reviews the current body of literature linking anabolic steroids to atherogenic alterations in serum lipid levels. Anabolic steroids cause marked high-density lipoprotein level depression (weighted average, 52%) and severe depression of high-density lipoproteinb levels (weighted average, 78%) while raising low-density lipoprotein levels an average of 36%. The mechanism of these lipid changes, their time course in relation to anabolic steroid use, and their dependency on route of anabolic steroid administration are discussed. Interpretation of the observed lipid level changes in light of the epidemiologic data linking lipids to coronary heart disease risk is used to estimate the lipid-based increase in coronary heart disease risk due to anabolic steroid use. (Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1925-1933)
SU(5) without SU(5): Conservation laws in unified models of quarks and leptons

Abstract The most general S -matrix for the 30 first generation quarks and leptons shows many features of SU(5) with no symmetry constraints imposed beyond global conservation of electric charge and weak isospin. All helicity-conserving four-point amplitudes conserve baryon number if there are no transitions from u R or u L quarks to other states and must violate B conservation if such transitions occur. B - L conservation is violated in four-point functions only in single-helicity-flip amplitudes.
The inhibitory effects of acetylsalicylic acid feeding on gluconeogenic enzymes in rat liver and kidney

Abstract Rats fed a diet containing 0.25% acetylsalicylic acid for a period of 5 weeks grew normally and did not exhibit symptoms characteristic of toxicity. Acetylsalicylic acid feeding decreased the concentration of glycogen in liver, the activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver, and the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in kidney. The activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in liver and pyruvate carboxylase in kidney were not affected. Intraperitoneal injection of acetylsalicylate (5 mg/100 g body wt.) to control rats and in vitro addition of acetylsalicylate (5mM) to the enzyme assays did not inhibit any of the tested enzymes. The findings suggest that chronic acetylsalicylic acid ingestion may inhibit gluconeogenesis by decreasing the activities of the regulatory enzymes.
Conceptual approach for the design of radiology reporting interfaces: the talking template.

Within the coming decade, traditional dictation supported by human transcription for radiology reports will be replaced by one or more computerized methods. This paper discusses the cognitive and process efficiency problems arising from currently available technology including speech recognition and menu-driven interfaces. A specific concept for interaction with the reporting interface is proposed. This is called the „talking template” and departs from other designs by providing for all interactions to be mediated through audible prompts and microphone controls. The radiologist can recapture efficiency and cognitive focus by dictating while viewing images without the „look away” problem inherent in other interfaces.
Differential expression and function of three closely related phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 isozymes in untreated rat liver.

The levels of expression of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e (both inducible by phenobarbital (PB) and differing by only 14 of 491 amino acids) in liver microsomes from untreated male rats were separately quantitated by Western blotting with a polyclonal antibody raised against P-450b that is equally effective against P-450e (anti P-450be). A protein with mobility identical to P-450e was detected in all microsomal samples. Microsomes from uninduced livers of individual male rats from five different strains exhibited only minor interstrain and interindividual variability in the expression of P-450e (17 ± 5 pmol P-450e/mg microsomal protein) with the exception of the Brown Norway strain (8.5 ± 0.5 pmol P-450e/mg). Expression of P-450b varied widely from undetectable levels (<2 pmol/mg) in most Sprague-Dawley rats to about 50% of P-450e levels in Fischer and Brown Norway strains. Anti P-450be inhibited total metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) by uninduced microsomes, to an extent dependent on rat strain (15–30%), predominantly through inhibition of formation of 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methyl BA (12HOMMBA) (65–85%), the major metabolite of purified P-450e. A specific activity for P-450e-dependent DMBA metabolism was calculated from four sets of microsomes where the P-450b content was either undetectable or very low (0.7–1.0 nmol/nmol P-450e/min−1). Comparable calculated activities were, however, obtained from other untreated rat liver microsomes where P-450b levels were significant. Polymorphism in P-450b was detected but did not affect total P-450b expression or the sensitivity of DMBA metabolism to anti P-450be. A fourth band of greater mobility than P-450b (apparent Mr < 50,000), was also recognized by anti P-450be. The intensity of this band did not vary among individual rats or among the different strains and therefore did not correlate with the sensitivity of microsomal DMBA metabolism to anti P-450be. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against P-450b (2-66-3) recognized P-450's b, b2, and e on Western blots but did not react with this higher mobility band. MAb 2-66-3 and two other MAbs produced against P-450b inhibited 12-methylhydroxylation of DMBA by untreated rat liver microsomes to the same extent as anti P-450be. Following PB induction, P-450b was induced to about double the level of P-450e in most rat strains examined. This study demonstrates that cytochrome P-450e is selectively expressed in livers of untreated rats and plays a substantial role in the metabolism of DMBA, despite its relatively low level of expression (⩽3% of the total spectrally detectable P-450).
Three‐dimensional steady‐state MR angiography of the lower extremities

Volume steady-state black-blood magnetic resonance imaging was evaluated as a method for depicting lower extremity vasculature. In steady-state imaging, flow has low signal intensity because motion destroys the coherence of transverse magnetization. To optimize image contrast, computations and measurements were obtained for the three-dimensional (3D) GRASS (gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state) and 3D SSFP (steady-state free precession) sequences and a range of TRs and flip angles to determine optimal vessel-muscle contrast. The best results were achieved with a 3D GRASS sequence with a TR msec/TE msec of 25/5 and a flip angle of 30 degrees. Coronal images of the femoral and popliteal vessels were obtained in healthy volunteers with various fields of view and voxel sizes. Inflow of unsaturated spins from outside the image region, yielding high signal intensity, could be a potential drawback in steady-state black-blood imaging; however, problems can be avoided by using coronal acquisitions and large fields of view. Steady-state black-blood imaging depicts vessels with high accuracy and is faster and free of flow artifacts.
Listening to the City : Community Research With Newark’s Historic James Street Commons Neighborhood

People talk in generalities about Newark, New Jersey, as an immigrant city, a dangerous city, a city on the verge of a renaissance. People talk about Newark’s Historic James Street Commons Neighborhood as unique, diverse, and even privileged. The current mayor proclaims that Newark’s revival will shock the world. The authors ask what kind of revival and in whose interests? Drawing upon the legacy of theatre and social critique, the authors create a dramatic mosaic format to illuminate a community research project that explores, confronts, and challenges these generalities from the particular perspectives of 27 residents of the neighborhood. With the assistance of 12 Rutgers University doctoral students, the authors invite you to respectfully listen to this city.
Cemento-ossifying fibroma of the maxilla

Abstract The clinical, surgical, and histologic features of a cemento-ossifying fibroma occurring in a young girl, attaining a very large size, and following an aggressive course have been presented. Under pathologic conditions, the periodontal membrane can give rise to a cementifying fibroma, an ossifying fibroma, or a cemento-ossifying fibroma. Most often, these are benign painless lesions which do not require surgical intervention except for diagnostic purposes. On rare occasions, these tumors can also attain a large size and behave in a very destructive manner.
Case Study: San Francisco’s Use Of Neighborhood Indicators To Encourage Healthy Urban Development

Neighborhood indicators are quantitative measures of neighborhood quality, including measures of attributes such as crime, noise, proximity to parks, transit services, social capital, and student performance. In 2007 the San Francisco Department of Public Health, with broad public input, developed a comprehensive system of neighborhood indicators to inform, influence, and monitor decisions made by the Department of City Planning and other community development institutions. Local public agencies, businesses, and citizens’ groups used the indicators to identify disparities in environmental and social conditions, inform and shape neighborhood land use plans, select appropriate sites for development projects, craft new environmental regulations, and justify demands on developers to make financial contributions to community infrastructure. Among other things, the use of indicators contributed to policies to prevent residential displacement, a city ordinance requiring stricter building ventilation standards in...
The Bumper Stitch for Drainage Tube Securement: Preliminary Study

Tube dislodgment is a common problem in drainage procedures. The present report compares a securement technique known as the bumper stitch, which aims to reduce tube motion and suture erosion, versus the traditional air knot. A total of 61 patients were enrolled, and 12 bumper stitches and 54 air knots were observed. Eighty-three percent of bumper tubes had no play (ie, in-and-out motion), versus 41% of the air knot tubes (P = .02); the mean amount of play with the bumper was 0.4 mm, versus 4.7 mm for the air knot (P = .007). The bumper stitch significantly reduces tube play and may therefore aid in reducing dislodgment.
Modeling glasses using the reverse Monte Carlo algorithm: addition of nuclear magnetic resonance and expanded coordination number constraints

Abstract In simple oxide glasses the coordination number and oxidation state of the glass-forming element can be predicted directly from the “8 − n” rule. Tellurite glasses, however, are unusual in that the coordination number of oxygen around tellurium varies without a corresponding change in the oxidation state of tellurium. To model sodium tellurite glasses successfully using the reverse Monte Carlo algorithm several new constraints have been added. Changes include extending the original coordination constraint to allow multiple coordination numbers, and the addition of a new coordination constraint to keep the oxidation state of tellurium constant by limiting the number of bridging and nonbridging oxygens bonded to each tellurium atom. In addition, the second moment of the distribution of dipolar couplings for sodium atoms obtained from a spin-echo NMR experiment was added as a new constraint. The resulting real-space models are presented and the effectiveness of the new constraints is discussed.
Nonlinear Observer-Based Control of Load Transitions in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines

This paper presents a model-based nonlinear feedback controller designed to regulate the crank angle at 50% fuel burned (thetasCA50) for a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition engine model during load transitions. The regulation of the combustion timing is based on manipulating the charge temperature through internal dilution, which is achieved by controlling the lift of a secondary opening of the exhaust valve, also known as the rebreathing lift. The nonlinear feedback controller developed is based on a positive semidefinite Lyapunov function using a simplified control model which contains only the cycle-to-cycle temperature dynamics. The nonlinear feedback controller depends on measurement of the combustion timing thetasCA50 and estimation of the temperature at intake valve closing. Closed-loop simulation of the full-order engine model shows that the nonlinear feedback controller, along with a nonlinear observer, is able to regulate the combustion timing thetasCA50 by stabilizing the temperature dynamics during load transitions. The closed-loop system with the observer-based feedback controller is shown to be robust to some classes of model uncertainty and measurement noise through simulation and an estimate of the region of attraction
Assessing the Long-Term Impacts of Water Quality Outreach and Education Efforts on Agricultural Landowners.

Abstract We assess the long-term effectiveness of outreach and education efforts associated with a water quality improvement project in a watershed located in northern Utah, USA. Conducted 15 years after the original project began, our research examines the lasting impacts of different extension activities on landowners’ motivations to participate and their awareness and understanding of the water quality problem. Data were gathered by reviewing annual project reports, interviewing project staff about outreach and education efforts, and conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a majority of the farmers and ranchers who participated in the project. The findings suggest that landowners were motivated to participate in the programme more by practical farm and household considerations and available cost-share opportunities than by particular environmental concerns. Previous relationships between farmers and government programme staff and one-on-one visits with landowners played an important role i...
Dynamics and Transport of the Z 2 Spin Liquid: Application to κ − ( ET ) 2 Cu 2 ( CN ) 3

We describe neutron scattering, NMR relaxation, and thermal transport properties of ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquids in two dimensions. Comparison to recent experiments on the spin $S=1/2$ triangular lattice antiferromagnet in $\ensuremath{\kappa}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}(\mathrm{ET}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}(\mathrm{CN}{)}_{3}$ shows that this compound may realize a ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquid. We argue that the topological ``vison'' excitations dominate thermal transport, and that recent thermal conductivity experiments by M. Yamashita et al. have observed the vison gap.
Explanation and the theory of questions

In The Scientific Image B. C. van Fraassen argues that a theory of explanation ought to take the form of a theory of why-questions, and a theory of this form is what he provides. Van Fraassen's account of explanation is good, as far as it goes. In particular, van Fraassen's theory of why-questions adds considerable illumination to the problem of alternative explanations in psychodynamics. But van Fraassen's theory is incomplete because it ignores those classes of explanations that are answers not to why-questions but to how-questions. In this article I provide a unified theory of explanatory questions that comprehends both how-questions and why-questions, and I show that a question-theoretic approach to explanation can be defended independently of van Fraassen's programme of Constructive Empiricism.
Conformational changes in liver alcohol dehydrogenase upon nucleotide binding: Detection by circular dichroism of dye complexes☆

Abstract Michler's ketone, the ketone analog of auramine O, binds to liver alcohol dehydrogenase with an affinity comparable to that of auramine O, yields similar induced circular dichroism bands, and its binding is enhanced in the same way by binding of coenzyme fragments. These observations suggest that (a) Michler's ketone binds to liver alcohol dehydrogenase in a similar manner and at the same site as does auramine O and (b) the enhancement of auramine O and Michler's ketone binding by coenzyme fragments is not due to electrostatic interactions since both the positively charged auramine O and the neutral Michler's ketone show similar effects. Observation of similar enhancement of auramine O binding by GMP and ϵ-AMP as well as the activesite topology suggested by fluorescence and X-ray studies argue against any direct interaction of the dye with the purine ring. We, therefore, ascribe the enhanced binding of dye in ternary complexes to a conformational change in liver alcohol dehydogenase induced by the binding of coenzyme fragments. Studies of the circular dichroism of liver alcohol dehydrogenase complexes with 2,2′-bipyridyl are also reported.
A multicompartment model for the spread of fire, smoke and toxic gases☆

Description de ce modele qui permet de prevoir l'evolution d'un incendie dans une piece et le transport qui s'en suit de la fumee et des gaz toxiques
Investigation of biogeochemical functional proxies in headwater streams across a range of channel and catchment alterations.

Historically, headwater streams received limited protection and were subjected to extensive alteration from logging, farming, mining, and development activities. Despite these alterations, headwater streams provide essential ecological functions. This study examines proxy measures of biogeochemical function across a range of catchment alterations by tracking nutrient cycling (i.e., inputs, processing, and stream loading) with leaf litter fall, leaf litter decomposition, and water quality parameters. Nutrient input and processing remained highest in second growth forests (the least altered areas within the region), while recently altered locations transported higher loads of nutrients, sediments, and conductivity. Biogeochemical functional proxies of C and N input and processing significantly, positively correlated with rapid assessment results (Pearson coefficient = 0.67–0.81; P = 0.002–0.016). Additionally, stream loading equations demonstrate that N and P transport, sediment, and specific conductivity negatively correlated with rapid assessment scores (Pearson coefficient = 0.56–0.81; P = 0.002–0.048). The observed increase in stream loading with lower rapid assessment scores indicates that catchment alterations impact stream chemistry and that rapid assessments provide useful proxy measures of function in headwater ecosystems. Significant differences in nutrient processing, stream loading, water quality, and rapid assessment results were also observed between recently altered (e.g., mined) headwater streams and older forested catchments (Mann–Whitney U = 24; P = 0.01–0.024). Findings demonstrate that biogeochemical function is reduced in altered catchments, and rapid assessment scores respond to a combination of alteration type and recovery time. An analysis examining time and economic requirements of proxy measurements highlights the benefits of rapid assessment methods in evaluating biogeochemical functions.
Sociology and the Effects of Affirmative Action: A Case of Neglect

A literature review reveals that sociology has largely neglected to study the social effects of affirmative action, even though the policy’s assumptions and concepts are sociological. Non-sociological treatments of the policy’s consequences are examined and found wanting: polemics, legal commentaries, philosophical commentaries, economic analyses, psychological studies and organizational analyses. Sociological treatments—including opinion surveys and studies of overall societal effects—are examined and found to be mostly outdated and meager. Ten specific avenues of future research are described whereby our profession can fill this gap in our knowledge.
Esterification of the propionate groups promotes α/β hemoglobin chain homogeneity of CN-hemin binding

This study examines the post-translational role of peripheral propionate groups in the incorporation of the Fe-protoporphryin IX heme into nascent alpha- and beta-globin chains. Human apohemoglobin (a heme-free alpha/beta dimer) in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7, at 20 degrees C was titrated with either CN-protohemin (native heme with two peripheral propionate groups), or CN-dimethylester hemin (a modified heme with two methyl ester groups in place of the propionate groups). Soret spectrophotometric CN-hemin titrations confirmed that a spectral shift resulted upon binding of protohemin, but no spectral shift occurred upon binding the dimethylester derivative. Recent studies have correlated a Soret spectral shift with the preferential heme binding to the alpha subunit of apohemoglobin. The absence of a Soret wavelength shift (in conjunction with molecular modeling) presented here suggested that the modification of heme propionate groups prevented the formation of an alpha-heme/beta-globin intermediate, a requisite step in the normal assembly of functional hemoglobin.
Computed radiography dose data mining and surveillance as an ongoing quality assurance improvement process.

OBJECTIVE. A data-mining program extracts computed radiography (CR) sensitivity-number (S-number) information from the PACS at our institution on a monthly basis as an ongoing quality assurance (QA) improvement project. These data are compared with the previous month's data and departmental S-number goals. The results are presented at monthly QA meetings. The S-number trends are then used by technologists to modify radiographic technique charts to reach the departmental S-number target range goals.CONCLUSION. This cyclic QA improvement process shows that mining PACS data can be useful in reducing patient radiation dose and interexamination dose variance.
Use of inventory and option contracts to hedge financial risk in planning under uncertainty

The use of inventory and options in the management of financial risk in planning under uncertainty is analyzed. The intuitive notion that the addition of inventory can reduce risk is explored to reveal that it is only guaranteed if models managing risk are used and can otherwise lead to higher risk exposures. An example where risk is managed with options contracts is also presented, revealing that risk is also hedged only through an approach where risk is properly managed but not necessarily every time options are used. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 990–998, 2004
Marching in the army: common cutaneous disorders of the feet

To trample or to march is the characteristic walk of military personnel, whether they are assigned to ordinary training in the camp, in performing a maneuver, or heading for war. The feet and the legs are the most vulnerable parts of the soldier’s body. They are used, exhausted, and overstrained during marching. Army veterans are prepared to engage in combat with the enemy, but they are also subjected to many events. The soldier is exposed to a variety of environmental and climatic hazards, including sun, heat, humidity, rain, cold, dry weather, and sand storms, which could cause dermatologic problems. Military personnel during their career suffer from many cutaneous disorders of the feet and their legs, not to mention other parts of the body. They are also exposed to unfamiliar hazardous infective agents. In addition, there might be a higher incidence of several skin problems of the feet than civilians might experience. Environmental and climatic factors can also affect the feet badly. Exposure to cold and heat and marching through streams and rivers, into muddy land, over snow, through the desert, and up mountain trails and down into valleys all take their toll. The net result leads to hot, sweaty feet, which are easily macerated, ulcerated, and secondarily infected.
The Roles of the Police in the Offender Reentry Process

The increasing number of former inmates returning from prison to the community, coupled with the high level of reoffending among former inmates, raises public safety issues for society in general as well as for particular communities in which significant numbers of former inmates reside. From a problem‐solving perspective, crime generated by recently released inmates with persistent high rates of offending is one chronic crime problem calling for proactive, strategic problem solving. This paper includes a discussion of some of the ways that the police have become involved in reentry efforts in some communities, drawing upon descriptions of reentry programs that have been developed in the states through the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ's) offender reentry program as well as reentry programs that have been developed as part of the DOJ's Project Safe Neighborhoods, an initiative intended to reduce gun crime. Additionally, we consider the potential roles that the police might play in reentry programs. We...
Does the amount of participation matter? Public comments, agency responses and the time to finalize a regulation

The notice and comment rulemaking process is a fundamental part of how agencies write regulations. While this process is starting to receive more empirical attention, the question of how the number of comments that an agency receives affects its decision-making process has received little examination. This paper uses Boolean analysis to examine nine rules from two agencies at the Department of Health and Human Services and evaluates the impact of a high volume of comments on agency changes to proposed rules and the time an agency takes to finalize a proposed rule. These nine cases suggest that agencies are most likely to change their proposals when they receive a high volume of comments on highly complex rules that are not very politically salient. Highly complex rules are also likely to take a long time to finalize when there are many public comments however it is often other factors that cause a long delay between proposed and final rules.
Ten-Nanosecond Step-Scan FT-IR Absorption Difference Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: Applications to Excited States of Transition Metal Complexes

Ten-nanosecond time resolution has been achieved with step-scan FT-IR absorbance difference spectroscopy (S2FT-IR Delta A TRS) and demonstrated by measuring Delta A spectra of fac -[Re(bpy)(CO) Cl] 3and cis -[Os(bpy) (CO)(4,4 ' -bpy)]2+(bpy = 2,2 ' -bipyridine; 4,4 ' -bpy 2= 4,4 ' -bipyridine) in CH CN solution, following 355-nm laser exci3 tation. In both complexes, the large shifts in upsilon (CO) to higher energy are consistent with the assignment that the lowest-energy excited states are metal-to-ligand charge transfer in nature. For [Os(bpy) (CO)(4,4 ' -bpy)]2+, it is also possible to measure the excit2 ed-state decay kinetics, again with 10-ns resolution. In addition, Delta A bands are observed that are related to excited-state vibrations of the bipyridine ligands. Delta A spectra of good signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained for complexes with lifetimes as short as 10 ns.
The Application of Multiprocessors to Scientific Problems: The Potential and the Pitfalls

The objective of research on the MIDAS project is to demonstrate the viability of a multiprocessor approach to computing and to develop a general purpose, extensible architecture which can be used to address the growing computational requirements of the scientific community. To be successful in this endeavor, however, requires more than simply designing, or even constructing, new hardware structures. To achieve high performance on future systems will require software approaches which can exploit parallel architectures as fully as possible. A critical issue, therefore, is to understand the functional requirements of a large class of applications. The requirernents must be critically examined and, in many cases, new approaches to old algorithms investigated. For highly parallel systems to be effectively utilized, they must be flexible and adaptable to specific application requirements. In particular, they will probably need a variety of control and communication mechanisms to facilitate load balancing of a problem and to minimize bottlenecks in performance. The effective utilization of highly parallel architectures, however, raises many new questions. Traditional operating system structures must, for example, be re-examined. Fault-tolerant environments, with error recovery capability, become increasingly important as the number of components and processors increases. Language extensions to support parallel operations are obviously required, and ultimately new languages are needed to explicitly exploit parallel constructs. A new generation of development and debugging tools will be necessary in order to examine programn performance and operation in an asynchronous parallel environment.
Synchrotron Radiation Measurements near the Magnetic Equator

The radiation produced in the radio spectrum by relativistic electrons injected into trapped orbits in the earth’s magnetic field at the time of the Starfish nuclear explosion of July 9, 1962, has been monitored near Lima, Peru, for one year at 30 Mc/sec and almost three years at 50 Mc/s. After an initial brief transient increase of 4.5 x 104 °K, the excess antenna temperature at 50 Mc/s rapidly decreased to 1 x 104 °K. Later, the temperature I50 at a time t days after the explosion approximately followed the law, T50 = 4600e-(t/270), for t > 90 days. At 30 Mc/s, the initial transient increase was not observed, but the subsequent behavior was similar. The decay was more rapid and the early signal was of greater intensity, however. After the first three months, the temperature T30 approximately followed the law, T30 = 16000 e-(t/180).
Cultural Contributions to Explaining Institutional Form, Political Change, and Rational Decisions

Relying on culture as an important explanatory variable is regarded with skepticism by many contemporary political scientists. Yet, doubts about culture's usefulness rest in large part on false perceptions of various sorts. These misunderstandings relegate an important explanatory variable to the social science scrap heap. Accordingly, the author engages in three tasks. First, selected prominent arguments for culture's lack of explanatory usefulness are discussed. Second, it is demonstrated how at least one conceptualization of culture, Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky's grid-group theory, overcomes aspects of these difficulties and contributes to explaining institutional form and political change. Third, it is argued that grid-group theory contributes significantly to both institutional analysis and rational choice theory. Grid-group theory augments each of these latter two approaches and, more important, reveals complementary aspects, linking these modes of analysis together as mutually supportive eleme...
AMANDA observations constrain the ultrahigh energy neutrino flux.

A number of experimental techniques are currently being deployed in an effort to make the first detection of ultra-high energy cosmic neutrinos. To accomplish this goal, techniques using radio and acoustic detectors are being developed, which are optimally designed for studying neutrinos with energies in the PeV-EeV range and above. Data from the AMANDA experiment, in contrast, has been used to place limits on the cosmic neutrino flux at less extreme energies (up to {approx}10 PeV). In this letter, we show that by adopting a different analysis strategy, optimized for much higher energy neutrinos, the same AMANDA data can be used to place a limit competitive with radio techniques at EeV energies. We also discuss the sensitivity of the IceCube experiment, in various stages of deployment, to ultra-high energy neutrinos.