cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Attention-Related Driving Errors Scale (ARDES) in an English-Speaking Sample:

OBJECTIVE: The goal for this study was to develop an English translation of the Attention-Related Driving Errors Scale (ARDES-US) and to determine its potential relationship with driver history and other demographic variables. BACKGROUND: Individual differences in performance on vigilance and cognitive tasks are well documented, but less is known about susceptibility to attention-related errors while driving. The ARDES has been developed and administered in both Spanish and Chinese but to our knowledge has never been administered or examined in an English-speaking population. METHOD: Two hundred ninety-six English-speaking individuals completed a series of self-report measures, including the ARDES-US, Attention-Related Cognitive Errors Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Cognitive Failures Questionnaire. RESULTS: A confirmatory factor analysis using maximum-likelihood estimates with robust standard errors revealed results largely consistent with previous versions of the ARDES, namely, the ARDES-Spain and ARDES-Argentina. Additionally, a number of new results emerged. Specifically, women, drivers who received traffic tickets within the previous 2 years, and those with a lower level of education all had a greater propensity toward self-reported driver inattention as measured by the ARDES-US. Further analyses revealed that these findings were independent of age, years of driving experience, and driving frequency. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the ARDES-US is a valid and reliable measure of driver inattention with an English-speaking American sample. APPLICATION: Potential applications of the ARDES-US include identifying individuals who are at greater risk of attention-related errors while driving and suggesting individually tailored training and safety countermeasures.© 2016, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Language: en
Popular Science Writing: Problems and Potential

In studying science communication, especially popular science writing, I have found that two cultures exist on either side of a divide. I speak not of the two-cultures gap between science and literature that C. P. Snow lamented in 1959, but of a gap within the ranks of those who write about scientific issues for nonspecialist readers.
Essay on the Origins and Growth of Judicial Review

This essay traces the origins and growth of judicial review in all of the G-20 countries, which are constitutional democracies as well as in several other important judicial review systems. I find that judicial Review does not appear as Ran Hirschl predicts as the result of a fading elite trying to entrench itself in power as it loses its power to win elections. I also find that judicial review also does not appear as Tom Ginsburg predicts as the result of two co-equal political parties seeking "insurance and pre-commitment" for the protection of rights when they are out of power. I find instead that judicial review emerges: 1) when an umpire is needed for federalism or separation of powers purposes; or 2) as a result of what Alan Dershowitz has called the rights from wrongs hypothesis. Thus, judicial review emerges in Germany and South Africa as a result of the great historical wrongs of the Holocaust and of apartheid. Understanding what causes the origins and growth of judicial review is critically important for Comparative Constitutional Law, and this essay answers that question.
Oligonucleotide Therapeutics — A New Class of Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs

Another drug class may soon be added to cholesterol-lowering strategies: a chemically modified, small interfering RNA conjugated to the trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine. The siRNAs are oligonucleotide therapeutics, which destroy RNA before a protein is synthesized.
Sudden cardiac death in 2017: Spotlight on prediction and prevention

This commentary will provide a brief synopsis of the progress made in prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD), the challenges that remain, and the opportunities available to make a real impact in this field. The dawning of the new millennium saw the prophylactic implantable defibrillator (ICD) firmly established as the major primary prevention modality, poised to make a major impact on the burden of SCD. More than a decade and a half later, has this expectation been realized? The modest impact of the primary prevention ICD on SCD burden is largely due to the now well-recognized inadequate performance of the left ventricular ejection fraction as a risk stratification tool. Consequently, the field has transitioned from a focus on the "high-risk ejection fraction" to the broader concept of the "high-risk patient". There are currently no effective means of stratifying SCD risk in patients with preserved EF, who constitute the majority (at least 70%) of all patients who will suffer SCD. Can the field be disrupted and novel predictors of SCD identified? In addition to the ongoing quest for identification of the high-risk patient early in the nature history of SCD, a new paradigm for preventing SCD in the "near-term", within several weeks of the lethal event, has been proposed. While rapid advances in technology, data warehousing and analysis will accelerate the process of enhancing SCD prediction and prevention; regulatory, funding and clinical implementation strategies will need to keep pace if these expectations are to be realized.
A Margin for Robust Stability and Robust Performance

Abstract The standard critical-direction theory quantifies in an effective fashion the robust stability of uncertain systems by restricting the analysis to a single direction on the Nyquist plane. The paper proposes a modification to take into account plants in the uncertainty set that define the worst sensitivity. The Nyquist robust sensitivity margin is proposed as a new scalar indicator of robust stability, and this concept is applied to the analysis of linear systems with a parametric real affine uncertainty structure. The algorithm involved in the computation of the Nyquist robust sensitivity margin is described along with examples that illustrate the advantages of the new concept.
Nonprofit Organizations' Adoption of Good Governance Policies (WITHDRAWN)

Ethical governance of nonprofit organizations is directly associated with their meaningfulness, contributing to the public trust as well as the trust of their immediate stakeholders. This study exa...
Posterior Atlantoaxial Fusion

Posterior atlantoaxial (C1-C2) fixation techniques have evolved significantly in recent years. Although older instrumentation methods have mostly fallen out of favor, the complex and variable anatomy of the C1 and C2 vertebrae requires surgeons to have multiple bailout methods for instrumentation and arthrodesis. The proximity of the atlantoaxial junction to the neurologic elements, and especially the vertebral artery, requires meticulous preoperative planning and understanding of the three-dimensional anatomy on advanced imaging, as these procedures are technically demanding. This point brings about controversies in terms of surgical intervention in asymptomatic patients. A wide variety of anterior and posterior approaches have been suggested to provide atlantoaxial fixation. This chapter describes the surgical indications, diagnostic methods, and the most common posterior fixation techniques in patients with C1-C2 pathology.
THE STATE OF MADISON'S VISION OF THE STATE: A PUBLIC CHOICE PERSPECTIVE

An enduring tradition in political theory depicts "the state" as the holder of a monopoly of legitimate force. Many of the most thoughtful early British writers sought to explain not only why there is (and ought to be) a government, but also why that government ought to be unitary and under the command of a single monarch. Hobbes named the state Leviathan.1 Locke likewise supported a unitary state.2 Although their reasons differed, Hobbes and Locke agreed on the model of "the state." Even modern thinkers in the liberal tradition, such as Rawls, conceive of government as a unitary institution, one that grows out of a social contract among all the people and that settles allocation of power for the long run.3 That current runs deep in contemporary society and among lawyers. To see how far this understanding extends one need not go beyond the papers presented at this conference, most of which treat "the state" as a single entity. Perhaps such a tendency is inevitable for scholars accustomed to the perspective of law, for the Supreme Court has often treated state and national governments alike when it has applied the Bill of Rights to state and local governments. Courts would thus treat as equally oppressive a national law that established a national religion (with an accompanying tax) and a state statute that permitted a congregation to object to the propinquity of a tavern4 -even though moving a short distance would take care of the latter problem, but only changing one's moral commitments or emigrating from the United States would overcome the former. When the portion of the Constitution to which contemporary scholars pay the greatest attention is understood to equate national and local measures, it is only natural for lawyers to assume that the government is unitary in fact. No surprise, then, that the monopoly-of-force idea is still in use, and that the concept of government-as-Colossus appears frequently in
Molecular influence of anterior cruciate ligament tear remnants on chondrocytes: a biologic connection between injury and osteoarthritis

Summary Objective Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury initiates a cascade of events often leading to osteoarthritis (OA). ACL reconstruction does not alter the course of OA, suggesting that heightened OA risk is likely due to factors in addition to the joint instability. We showed that torn ACL remnants express periostin ( POSTN ) in the acute phase of injury. Considering that ACL injury predisposes to OA and that POSTN is associated with cartilage metabolism, we hypothesize that ACL injury affects chondrocytes via POSTN . Design Cartilage was obtained from osteoarthritic patients and ACL remnants were collected from patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Crosstalk between ACL remnants and chondrocytes was studied in a transwell co-culture system. Expression of POSTN and other anabolic and catabolic genes was assessed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunostaining for periostin was performed in human and mouse cartilage. The impact of exogenous periostin and siRNA-mediated ablation of periostin on matrix metabolism and cell migration was examined. Furthermore, the effect of anabolic (transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGF-β1]) and catabolic (interleukin 1 beta [IL-1β]) factors on POSTN expression was investigated. Results ACL remnants induced expression of POSTN , MMP13 and ADAMTS4 . Periostin levels were significantly higher in osteoarthritic compared to normal cartilage. Exogenous periostin induced MMP13 expression and cell migration, and repressed COL1A1 expression while POSTN knockdown inhibited expression of both anabolic and catabolic genes and impeded cell migration. TGF-β1 and IL-1β treatment did not alter POSTN expression but influenced chondrocyte metabolism as determined by quantification of anabolic and catabolic genes via real-time PCR. Conclusions ACL remnants can exert paracrine effects on cartilage, altering cellular homeostasis. Over time, this metabolic imbalance could contribute to OA development.
What's New in Rezūm?

Abstract Management of benign prostatic hyperplasia focuses on relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs), improvement of quality of life, and prevention of symptom progression. Minimally invasive surgical treatments (MISTs) offer potential for rapid symptomatic relief, medication independence, and less perioperative risk. The Rezūm system is a novel MIST that uses water vapor thermal therapy to ablate obstructive prostate tissue. In this review, we summarize the data revealing that water vapor thermal therapy provides clinically meaningful, rapid, and durable relief of LUTSs in both storage and voiding functions while providing a minimal impact on sexual function. Patient summary The expanding body of literature examining Rezūm water vapor thermal therapy suggests that it is a safe, efficacious, and durable treatment modality for lower urinary tract symptoms that can be offered to a wide selection of patients.
Central echogenic areas in thyroid nodules: Diagnostic performance in prediction of papillary cancer.

Abstract Purpose To determine the diagnostic performance of the “central echogenic area” sonographic finding in differentiating papillary carcinomas from benign nodules and to how this finding may be used to improve fine needle aspiration(FNA) technique/utilization. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed ultrasound guided FNAs of thyroid nodules between 1 and 3 cm for central echogenic areas. 92 patients (evenly distributed benign vs papillary carcinoma) were evaluated by a blinded reader for areas of non-shadowing homogenously echogenic centers within the nodules and correlated with FNA proven pathologic diagnosis. A selection of nodules with the central echogenic area finding were selected for further slide review to establish a pathologic basis for the finding. Results Diagnostic performance of the “central echogenic area” feature in papillary thyroid cancers was 52.2% sensitive and 91.3% specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma with a PPV of 85.7% and NPV of 65.6%. There was a significant correlation with a p Conclusion Despite its relatively low sensitivity, the central echogenic area finding is highly specific for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and can be a useful sonographic finding in decisions regarding FNA. Additionally, due to the paucity of cells and high density of conglomerate fibrosis, central echogenic areas should be avoided during FNA to decrease the chance of an inadequate sample collection.
Causation and Consequences of Cholestasis: An Overview

“Intrahepatic cholestasis” was coined in 1952 to describe the morphologic findings in the liver when clinical and laboratory features pointed to biliary obstruction and none was found (1). That the condition could be caused by drugs was recognized more than a decade earlier (2). It was originally called intrahepatic obstructive jaundice and many proposals have been made about the mechanism by which the phenomenon is produced.
Due Diligence: An Impertinent Inquiry into Microfinance

The idea that small loans can help poor families build businesses and exit poverty has blossomed into a global movement. The concept has captured the public imagination, drawn in billions of dollars, reached millions of customers, and garnered a Nobel Prize. Radical in its suggestion that the poor are creditworthy and conservative in its insistence on individual accountability, the idea has expanded beyond credit into savings, insurance, and money transfers, earning the name microfinance. But is it the boon so many think it is? Readers of David Roodman's openbook blog will immediately recognize his thorough, straightforward, and trenchant analysis. Due Diligence , written entirely in public with input from readers, probes the truth about microfinance to guide governments, foundations, investors, and private citizens who support financial services for poor people. In particular, it explains the need to deemphasize microcredit in favor of other financial services for the poor.
Inter-array coherence-based identification of static acoustic clutter sources

In multi-array acoustic detection and tracking applications, there often exist valid acoustic sources that are unwanted because of their position or nature, e.g., generators and air-handling equipment. During a tracking scenario where desired targets can be moving and/or piecewise static, the presence of these clutter sources can negatively impact the localization of a desired target by interrupting a track or generally increasing the noise floor local to an array. In directions away from the clutter source, beamforming methods onboard an array, e.g., minimum variance distortionless response, can be used to suppress the signature of the unwanted source. However, when a desired target passes through the azimuth of a clutter source, beamformers may fail to separate the desired source from the clutter. Here, inter-array coherence between beamformed solutions will be used to identify a static source by its properties in order to remove the clutter source as a potential target in a tracking application. Acoustic data on clutter sources measured by multiple microphone arrays separated by tens of meters will be discussed. In multi-array acoustic detection and tracking applications, there often exist valid acoustic sources that are unwanted because of their position or nature, e.g., generators and air-handling equipment. During a tracking scenario where desired targets can be moving and/or piecewise static, the presence of these clutter sources can negatively impact the localization of a desired target by interrupting a track or generally increasing the noise floor local to an array. In directions away from the clutter source, beamforming methods onboard an array, e.g., minimum variance distortionless response, can be used to suppress the signature of the unwanted source. However, when a desired target passes through the azimuth of a clutter source, beamformers may fail to separate the desired source from the clutter. Here, inter-array coherence between beamformed solutions will be used to identify a static source by its properties in order to remove the clutter source as a potential target in a tracking application. Acous...
Internationalization of the Response: The Example of the REDD Credits

One can read in Chap. 11 of the WGIII AR5 IPCC report that REDD credits (REDD is for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) “can represent a cost-effective option for mitigation with economic, social, and other environmental co-benefits, e.g., conservation of biodiversity and water resources” with the caveat that there is limited evidence for that and only medium agreement. In this chapter, using the ROA looking glass, we investigate some aspect of how to make REDD credits cost-effective and compare with what actually happens. Despite the apparent difference, there is more similarity between what the ROA approach would recommend and what takes place.
Subdural Hygroma: A Morbid Complication of Intrathecal Chemotherapy in a Patient with B-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

A subdural hygroma is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the subdural space that may occur secondary to trauma and surgery, or for iatrogenic reasons, such as a lumbar puncture. Lumbar puncture is a procedure used commonly for intrathecal chemotherapy for patients with B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) though subdural hygroma is a very rare complication. We present a case of a fatal, refractory subdural hygroma in a patient with B-ALL.
In vitro studies on the morphogenesis and differentiation of the mesoderm subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge of the embryonic chick limb-bud

It has been suggested that one of the major functions of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the embryonic chick limb-bud is to maintain mesenchymal cells directly subjacent to it (i.e. cells extending 0.4-- 0.5 mm from the AER) in a labile, undifferentiated condition. We have attempted to directly test this hypothesis by subjecting the undiffertiated subridge mesoderm of stage-25 embryonic chick wing-buds to organ culture in the presence and absence of the AER and the ectoderm that normally surrounds the mesoderm dorsally and ventrally. During the period of culture, control explants comprised of the subridge mesoderm capped by the AER and surrounded by the dorsal/ventral ectoderm undergo progressive morphogenesis characterized by polarized proximal to distal outgrowth and changes in the contour of the developing explant, and ultimately form a structure grossly resembling a normal distal wing-bud tip. In contrast, explants from which the AER and dorsal/ventral ectoderm have been removed (minus ectoderm explants) or from which just the AER has been removed (minus AER explants) form compact, rounded masses exhibiting no signs of morphogenesis. During the polarized proximal to distal outgrowth control explants undergo during the first 3 days of culture, as cells of the explant become located greater than 0.4--0.5 mm from the AER, they concomitantly undergo a sequence of changes indicative of their differentiation into cartilage. However, those cells which remain 0.4--0.5 mm from the AER during this period retain the characteristics of non-specialized mesenchymal cells. In marked contrast to control explants, virtually all of the cells of minus ectoderm explants initiate chondrogenic differentiation during the first day of culture. Cells comprising the central core of minus AER explants also initiate chondrogenic differentiation during the first day of culture, but in contrast to minus ecotderm explants, non-chondrogenic tissue types form along the periphery of the explants subjacent to the dorsal/ventral ectoderm. These results indicate that the AER maintains cells directly subjacent to it in a labile, undifferentiated condition, and that when mesenchymal cells are freed from the AER's influence either artificially or as a result of normal polarized outgrowth, they are freed to commence cytodifferentiation. The results further suggest that the dorsal/ventral ectoderm may have an influence on the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells directly subjacent to it, once the cells have been removed from the influence of the AER.
Most Parsimonious Likelihood Exhibits Multiple Optima for Compatible Characters

Maximum likelihood estimators are a popular method for scoring phylogenetic trees to best explain the evolutionary histories of biomolecular sequences. In 1994, Steel showed that, given an incompatible set of binary characters and a fixed tree topology, there exist multiple sets of branch lengths that are optima of the maximum average likelihood estimator. Since parsimony techniques—another popular method of scoring evolutionary trees—tend to exhibit favorable behavior on data compatible with the tree, Steel asked if the same is true for likelihood estimators, or if multiple optima can occur for compatible sequences. We show that, despite exhibiting behavior similar to parsimony, multiple local optima can occur for compatible characters for the most parsimonious likelihood estimator. We caution that thorough understanding of likelihood criteria is necessary before they are used to analyze biological data.
Neurocritical Care Ultrasound

Ultrasound has revolutionized the practice of medicine and critical care. The use of bedside ultrasound and transcranial Doppler has multiple important applications in decision-making in neurocritical care, some of which are still being discovered. The basic principles, however, must be well-understood; in addition, sound operator training is needed. Optimal use of these modalities requires understanding dynamic changes in systemic and cerebrovascular blood flow physiology and interpreting them in the context of the patient’s clinical condition and ongoing therapies. This chapter provides a broad framework for novices and also addresses the latest research pertaining to critical care ultrasound in subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, brain death, and bedside procedures. Original clinical cases with illustrations and images are used to highlight key concepts.
Multiple dye interactions in plastic scintillators: Effects on pulse shape discrimination

Abstract The scintillation process in plastic scintillators has been studied with mixed systems containing high concentrations of multiple fluorescence dyes. It has been shown that the triplet–triplet interaction phenomena leading to the production of delayed light and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) can vary depending on the triplet energies of the interacting dyes. At small differences between the first excited triplet state energies, found to be below 0.1 eV, a pair of interacting dyes of different molecular species can be involved in heterogeneous excitation migration and triplet–triplet annihilation that result in the enhancement of delayed light and PSD, due to the engagement of both dyes in the process. At differences above ∼ 0.27 eV, excitation trapping on the lower energy triplet molecules leads to conditions when triplet–triplet migration and annihilation can proceed only homogeneously between molecules of the same species. The results explain the different effects produced by the selection of fluorescent dyes in previously reported PSD systems containing one primary and one secondary dyes. They also demonstrate a non-traditional approach to the design of new plastic scintillators with multiple dyes that, at improved scintillation and PSD performance, may simplify the production process.
Xenorhabdus nematophila bacteria shift from mutualistic to virulent Lrp-dependent phenotypes within the receptacles of Steinernema carpocapsae insect-infective stage nematodes.

Xenorhabdus nematophila bacteria are mutualists of Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes and pathogens of insects. Xenorhabdus nematophila exhibits phenotypic variation between insect virulence (V) and the mutualistic (M) support of nematode reproduction and colonization initiation in the infective juvenile (IJ) stage nematode that carries X. nematophila between insect hosts. The V and M phenotypes occur reciprocally depending on levels of the transcription factor Lrp: high‐Lrp expressors are M+V− while low‐Lrp expressors are V+M−. We report here that variable (wild type) or fixed high‐Lrp expressors also are optimized, relative to low‐ or no‐Lrp expressors, for colonization of additional nematode stages: juvenile, adult and pre‐transmission infective juvenile (IJ). In contrast, we found that after the bacterial population had undergone outgrowth in mature IJs, the advantage for colonization shifted to low‐Lrp expressors: fixed low‐Lrp expressors (M−V+) and wild type (M+V+) exhibited higher average bacterial CFU per IJ than did high‐Lrp (M+V−) or no‐Lrp (M−V−) strains. Further, the bacterial population becomes increasingly low‐Lrp expressing, based on expression of an Lrp‐dependent fluorescent reporter, as IJs age. These data support a model that virulent X. nematophila have a selective advantage and accumulate in aging IJs in advance of exposure to insect hosts in which this phenotype is necessary.
Microstructural Study of Devitrified Amorphous Alloys

Several amorphous alloys were subjected to thermal processing subsequent to their rapid solidification. These alloys have been characterized utilizing metallographic (optical, TEM, and SEM) and x-ray methods. Also, mechanical property evaluations have been made. The alloys exhibit extremely fine grain size; some have a high degree of preferred orientation and second-phase precipitates in the sub-micron size range. Most have good modulus, high yield and ultimate strength, high reduction in area but limited percent elongation.
Similarly different: Finding the nuances in first year students' library perceptions

Abstract Information literacy efforts in academic libraries commonly target first-year students as a way to ensure that students learn foundational research skills at the beginning of their college experience. However, little has been written about different populations within the category of first-year students. First-year students may come to college with a variety of different experiences, concerns, and backgrounds. In this study, the researchers explored how students from several different first-year learning communities described their previous experience with libraries, research, and their perceived preparation for college-level research. The researchers found that different groups of first-year students did express varying perceptions about their level of preparedness for college research, research anxiety, and perception of librarians at the beginning of their college experience. An end of year survey after a library intervention showed a reduction in research anxiety and increased confidence for some groups of students. These findings support library efforts to tailor instruction to the needs of a particular student group.
Amphiphilic phospholipid-iodinated polymer conjugates for bioimaging.

Amphiphilic phospholipid–iodinated polymer conjugates were designed and synthesized as new macromolecular probes for a highly radiopaque and biocompatible imaging technology. Bioconjugation of PEG 2000-phospholipids and iodinated polyesters by click chemistry created amphiphilic moieties with hydrophobic polyesters and hydrophilic PEG units, which allowed their self-assemblies into vesicles or spiked vesicles. More importantly, the conjugates exhibited high radiopacity and biocompatibility in in vitro X-ray and cell viability measurements. This new type of bioimaging contrast agent with a Mn value of 11 289 g mol−1 was found to have a significant X-ray signal at 3.13 mg mL−1 of iodine equivalent than baseline and no cytotoxicity after 48 hours incubation of with HEK and 3T3 cells at 20 μM (20 picomoles) concentration of conjugates per well. The potential of adopting the described macromolecular probes for bioimaging was demonstrated, which could further promote the development of a field-friendly and highly sensitive bioimaging contrast agent for point-of-care diagnostic applications.
Learning to Love the Warm Glow: Endogenous Preferences and Intrinsic Motivation

Environmental behavior changes over time, both within individuals and across cultures. Yet, economists, behavioral scientists, and environmentalists have a limited understanding of the drivers and dynamics of pro-social and pro-environmental behavior. This paper takes a model of endogenous preferences and uses a randomized control experiment to test one of its key predictions: increasing the intrinsic appreciation for pro-environmental behavior (i.e., warm glow) will increase the utility derived from making pro-environmental decisions and lead to an increase in pro-environmental behavior. This study uses a novel intervention that increases anticipated warm glow from performing pro-environmental behaviors via an intrinsically motivated effort-based task. We found that participants who worked at a task only to raise money for a non-profit increased their anticipated warm glow from carrying out future pro-environmental behaviors. When the opportunity to raise money for a non-profit was paired with an equal payment to the participant, the impact on anticipated warm glow disappeared. Those in the intrinsic motivation treatment group reported higher intentions to perform pro-environmental behaviors. The average treatment effect on reported pro-environmental behaviors, however, was not significant. A structural equation mediation model provides empirical support for the theoretical prediction that the intrinsic motivation intervention affects pro-environmental behaviors through the indirect mechanism of anticipated warm glow. This work adds to the growing evidence that anticipated warm glow is one of the strongest predictors of pro-environmental behavior. The responsiveness of anticipated warm glow to a simple intervention points to the importance of using endogenous preference modeling to fully capture the dynamic effects of environmental policies and to the potential to design policies and communications that activate intrinsic motivations for pro-environmental behavior.
Model Informed Drug Development Approaches to Assist New Drug Development in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Leveraging limited clinical and non-clinical data through modeling approaches facilitates new drug development and regulatory decision making amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) is an essential tool to integrate those data and generate evidence to: 1) provide support for effectiveness in repurposed or new compounds to combat COVID-19 and dose selection when clinical data are lacking, 2) assess efficacy under practical situations such as dose reduction to overcome supply issues or emergence of resistant variant strains, 3) demonstrate applicability of MIDD for full extrapolation to adolescents and sometimes to young pediatrics, and 4) evaluate the appropriateness for prolonging a dosing interval to reduce the frequency of hospital visits during the pandemic. Ongoing research activities of MIDD reflect our continuous effort and commitment in bridging knowledge gaps that leads to the availability of effective treatments through innovation. Case examples are presented to illustrate how MIDD has been used in various stages of drug development and has the potential to inform regulatory decision-making.
The Two-dimensional Burgers Equations

One way to simplify the oblique-shock-reflection problem is to assume that the wedge angle is small, or the incident shock is weak, or both of the above. For either small wedge angles or weak incident shocks, the problem is amenable to linear methods. Lighthill [Lh] shows that simple Mach reflection always occurs in the limit of vanishing wedge angles. Keller, Blank, and Hunter [KB][HK] show that regular reflection always occurs in the limit of vanishing shock strength. In a distinguished limit, in which the wedge angle is in the order of the square-root of the shock strength, the 2-D Burgers equations arise to describe the solution at the core of wave-wall interaction. It is a simpler system of equations than the full Euler system. It is expected to contain the transition of regular reflection to irregular reflection which contains mainly the various Mach reflections and some newly named waves, such as the von Neumann wave. We shall formulate the thin wedge and/or weak shock problems; i.e., derive their asymptotic equations including the 2-D Burgers equations, find their initial boundary values, and investigate their solutions. There are explicit solutions for the two linear cases. We present numerical results and various suggested structures for the solutions of the nonlinear 2-D Burgers equations.
Explicit phantom paired shell element approach for crack branching and impact damage prediction of aluminum structures

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to exploit an efficient and a simplified extended finite element shell formulation for prediction of ductile fracture and crack branching of thin-walled aluminum structures subjected to impact loading. In order to characterize an arbitrary crack initiation, propagation and brunching, a phantom paired shell element approach is further developed and implemented into Abaqus' explicit solver via its user defined element (VUEL). The energy dissipation due to failure is captured by a cohesive force along the crack interface when its accumulative plastic strain reaches a critical value. A numerical technique for modeling out-of-plane crack branching phenomena is also developed by activating the phantom nodes and re-grouping the element connectivity. Four numerical examples are used to demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of the extended shell element approach for ductile failure prediction of an indentation test, a multi-bay stiffened panel with crack branching, an explosively loaded plate, and a cylinder subjected to impulsive loading.
The Impact of EEG Technology on Health Manpower

ABSTRACT.The aim of this paper is to illuminate the process by which new technology in the field of electroencephalography has modified health manpower requirements. Specifically, the paper explores 1) the nature and the sequential phases of the process by which technological change creates shifts in the quantity and quality of health manpower employed, and 2) the resulting impacts on health manpower training institutions. A case study research design was developed by applying a process model, conceptualized for this study, which identifies, describes, and analyzes the key technological and manpower changes involved in the historic evolution of EEG technology, using qualitative data from sources in the literature. This study suggests that, as a result of technological change, labor intensiveness has increased over time due to higher levels of expertise requirements and specialization. Labor intensiveness increases are reflected by the larger number of occupations involved in EEG testing, higher investment...
Tight-binding inhibitors--III. A new approach for the determination of competition between tight-binding inhibitors and substrates--inhibition of adenosine deaminase by coformycin.

Abstract Equations have been developed which provide the basis for the elucidation of the inhibition mechanism of a tight-binding inhibitor by studying the manner in which the substrate interferes with the bincling of the inhibitor to the enzyme. The procedure involves the determination of the pseudo-firstorder rate constants at various concentrations of the substrate and the inhibitor. This method is applicable to very tightly binding inhibitors, including irreversible inhibitors. Methods for the graphical as well as statistical analyses of the data are presented. By the application of these methods, it is demonstrated that coformycin competes with adenosine for adenosine deaminase from calf intestinal mucosa. The kinetic parameters ( ± S. E.) for the bincling of coformycin with adenosine deaminase were determined at 22° and pH 7.4; the second-order rate constant, 1.01 ( ± 0.06) × 10 6 0MP −1 sec −1 ; the first-order rate constant, 2.2 ( ± 1.0) × 10 −4 sec −1 ; and the dissociation constant of the EI complex, 2.2 ( ± 0.76) × 10 −10 M.
Impact of laryngologist and speech pathologist coassessment on outcomes and billing revenue.

Objectives/Hypothesis This study investigated financial and treatment implications of a speech-language pathologist (SLP) performing a voice evaluation at the initial laryngologic visit. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Medical records from 75 consecutive adult voice therapy patients during a 3-month period were categorized into two groups: group 1 (n = 37) represented patients who underwent a medical speech evaluation (MSE) at the initial voice assessment with the laryngologist (+SLP), and group 2 (n = 38) represented patients who did not receive an MSE (−SLP). Data collected included age, gender, voice diagnosis, number of therapy sessions attended and cancelled, reason for discharge, and pre– and post–voice therapy Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) scores. Results Patients in the +SLP group had fewer cancellations (P = 0.001), greater change in VHI-10 from pre- to post-therapy (P = .001), and were more likely to be discharged from therapy having met therapeutic goals (P = .007) than patients in the −SLP group. In addition, lost revenue over 3 months due to cancellations/no-shows was $2,260 in the +SLP group compared to $7,030 in the −SLP group (P < .001). Conclusions Concurrent voice evaluation by an SLP and laryngologist at initial diagnostic visit affects therapy attendance, voice therapy outcomes, and ultimately SLP and departmental billing revenue. Results may be due to more appropriate therapy referrals from SLP assessment of patients in conjunction with a laryngologist. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 125:2139–2142, 2015
The thorium (100) crystal face: A study of its cleaning, surface structure, and interaction with oxygen and carbon monoxide

Abstract The cleaned Th(100) crystal face was studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The various thorium Auger transitions have been identified and assigned. Chemisorption of oxygen and CO was monitored by LEED, AES, and work function change (WFC) measurements. The work function of thorium was found to decrease with the chemisorption of oxygen and CO. Continued oxygen adsorption leads to its dissolution in the bulk and subsequent oxide formation at the surface. The oxide may be ordered by heating up to 1000 K while heating to higher temperatures leads to dissolution of the oxide by oxygen diffusion into the bulk. The data suggest dissociative chemisorption of CO on the studied (100) surface.
HEMIARID BASIN RESPONSES TO ABRUPT CLIMATIC CHANGE: PALEOLAKES OF THE TRANS-PECOS CLOSED BASIN

Western North American hemiarid basins situated along a climate boundary zone, or threshold, that separates regions of different climate regimes exhibit greater variability to changes in hydroclimatic variables. The Trans-Pecos Closed Basin study examines how global paleoclimatic factors and intrinsic geographic controls act in determining the threshold between states of hydroclimatic equilibria. Geomorphic, radiocarbon, and limnetic evidence identifies four major highstands for late Pleistocene Lake King during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Patterns in the resulting model limnograph for Lake King suggest that runoff contributions from basin catchments to the inundated area were limited by precipitation rather than evaporation. Timing of the onset of lacustrine transgressive events corresponds with the later stages of cooling events recorded in the Greenland ice and North Atlantic deep-sea sedimentary record. Correlation of Trans-Pecos lacustrine environments with North Atlantic cooling implies that ful...
Some comments on MacKay's Lanchester mixed forces model

Edited by A SyntetosIn 2009, MacKay proposed a Lanchester model titled ‘Lanchester models for mixed forces with semi-dynamical target allocation’ (MacKay, 2009). He improved Kaup's (n, 1) mixed for...
The Deoxyribonucleic Acid Modification and Restriction Enzymes of Escherichia coli B III. STUDIES OF THE RESTRICTION ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE

Abstract The restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli B catalyzes a massive hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi. The ATPase requires S-adenosylmethionine and DNA containing unmodified restriction sites. The apparent Km for fd replicative form DNA is 20 µm DNA nucleotide, and ATP is halfsaturating at 100 µm. Like the nuclease, the ATPase is inhibited strongly by S-adenosylethionine and 5'-methylthioadenosine, but only weakly by S-adenosylhomocysteine. The hydrolysis of ATP continues long after DNA degradation has ceased. Whereas no ATPase is observed when restricted DNA but no unmodified DNA is present in a reaction mixture, restricted DNA is required for the maintenance of ATPase once initiated. A hypothetical scheme is presented which involves the conversion of the enzyme during DNA hydrolysis from a form capable of nuclease activity to one catalyzing the breakdown of ATP.
New Alumina-Based Stationary Phases for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Synthesis by Olefin Hydrosilation on a Silicon Hydride Modified Alumina Intermediate

A silanization procedure is used to form a layer of silicon hydride on the surface of alumina. IR and NMR data confirm the presence of the hydride on the surface. Modification of the hydride intermediate is accomplished by reaction with a terminal olefin in the presence of a transition metal catalyst to form an alkyl-bonded material. Both IR and NMR confirm the bonding of the alkyl ligand to the hydride surface. Chromatographic tests indicate reversed-phase behavior. Exposure to high concentrations of phosphate solution for an extended period resulted in no significant deterioration of the bonded phase.
The photooxidation of hexabromorhenate(IV) in ethanol

Irradiation (λ > 285 nm) of [ReBr6]2 − in aerated or deoxygenated ethanol yields ReO4 −, in contrast to other coordinating solvents, in which the observed reaction is photosolvation. Spectral changes imply that photooxidation occurs by an initial photosolvation, followed by reduction of coordinated ethanol in a secondary photochemical reaction.
Device fabrication and transport measurements of FinFETs built with 28Si SOI wafers towards donor qubits in silicon

We report fabrication of transistors in a FinFET geometry using isotopically purified silicon-28 -on-insulator (28-SOI) substrates. Donor electron spin coherence in natural silicon is limited by spectral diffusion due to the residual 29Si nuclear spin bath, making isotopically enriched nuclear spin-free 28Si substrates a promising candidate for forming spin quantum bit devices. The FinFET architecture is fully compatible with single-ion implant detection for donor-based qubits, and the donor spin-state readout through electrical detection of spin resonance. We describe device processing steps and discuss results on electrical transport measurements at 0.3 K.
Micromachined negative thermal expansion thin films

Materials with low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are critically important in thin film design to create efficient bimorph actuators and to thermally stabilize structures of low stiffness. We report the first negative thermal expansion (NTE) material (zirconium tungstate) evaporated as a thin film and probe its CTE using a tunable curvature micromirror. The measured CTE of different films are a function of stoichiometry and annealing conditions and CTEs as low as -10/spl times/10/sup -6/ K/sup -1/ were measured. The measurements show no hysteresis after several annealing cycles. Additionally, data on optical constants, elastic modulus, film stoichiometry, and micromirror deflection have been obtained.
Prevention of Gallstone Formation in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Rapid Weight Loss: Results of a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Introduction. An increased risk of gallstone (GS) formation has been linked to obesity and to episodes of rapid and significant weight loss. Previous reports have suggested that bile salt therapy (ursodeoxycholic acid) or prostaglandin inhibition (ibuprofen) may prevent gallstone formation in this high-risk group. The purpose of this study was to investigate GS prevention following bariatric surgery. Design. Randomized double blind controlled trial. Methods. Sixty patients without gallstones preoperatively (gender, 9 male, 51 female; average preop wt, 349.6 lb; mean age, 38 years) were randomly assigned to receive urso (600 mg/day, n = 20), ibuprofen (600 mg/d, n = 20), or placebo (n = 20). At the time of standard open gastric bypass, intraoperative ultrasonography confirmed the absence of stones or microcalculi, and bile samples were collected via puncture of the gallbladder for bile lipid analysis. Following recovery and resumption of a bariatric diet, study medication was prescribed for the first 6 months postop. Gallbladder emptying and GS formation were assessed using ultrasonograms preop and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postop (gallbladder emptying following a high-fat liquid test meal was assessed preop, and at 3 and 6 months postop). Results. Forty-one (68.3%, 8 male, 33 female) of the original 60 patients completed all phases of the study (15 urso, 15 ibuprofen, 11 placebo). The average weight loss was 98.5 ± 7.2 lb over the 12-month period following bariatric surgery. Twenty-nine (71%) of 41 patients who completed the study developed GS. Of those who formed stones, 12 (41%) developed symptomatic GS and 8/12 (67%) underwent cholecystectomy (4 refused operation). Preoperative gallbladder emptying studies showed no differences in emptying between groups (urso 29%, ibuprofen 32%, and placebo 30%). There was no correlation found between the cholesterol saturation index (CSI mean 205.15, range 67–360) and the incidence of GS. There was a statistical difference (P < 0.01) between the ursodeoxycholic acid group and the ibuprofen group with respect to the incidence of stone formation. There was correlation between weight loss (mean 99 lb, range 21–278 lb) and GS formation, in that patients who lost more weight had a greater tendency to form gallstones. Complete medical compliance was achieved in only 17/60 (28%) of patients originally enrolled. Conclusions. This pilot study confirms the high incidence of gallstone formation (71% of assessed patients) associated with rapid weight loss in patients undergoing gastric bypass. Despite active enrollment in a supervised prevention trial, the two therapies investigated to reduce gallstone formation were not efficacious, likely because compliance with medical therapy was poor. These findings highlight the significant risk of gallstone formation in this patient cohort even when prevention strategies are utilized.
On the Generalized “Lanczos' Generalized Derivative”

(1999). On the Generalized “Lanczos' Generalized Derivative”. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 8, pp. 766-768.