cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
India's many Puritans: Connectivity and friction in the study of modern Hinduism

Taking note of the widespread usage of terms such as puritan, puritanical, and puritanism in the study of modern religious movements in South Asia, this essay builds upon the work of J. Barton Scott and Anna Tsing to open up reflection on the trans-colonial passage and critical operation of such terms. Learning that Max Weber's famous invocation of the Protestant ethic was preceded by colonial-era reflections on puritanism in South Asia, we are led to explore patterns of connectivity and friction associated with the global circulation of discourse surrounding the puritan. By coining (after Scott) the concept of a puritan assemblage and considering how it shapes scholarship on the Swaminarayan Sampraday and the Brahmo Samaj, we call attention to the way processes of redescription and translation work to create enabling and exclusionary frames for understanding modern Hinduism.
Pathologies of the shoulder and elbow affecting the overhead throwing athlete

The overhead-throwing athlete is susceptible to a variety of predictable disease entities affecting the shoulder and elbow. While the pathophysiology and nomenclature of these diseases are ubiquitous throughout the clinical literature, this information is sparse within the radiology domain. We provide a comprehensive review of these unique injuries with accompanying imaging features in an effort to enhance the role of the radiologist during the management of the overhead thrower. When appropriately recognized and described, the imaging features aid in establishing a diagnosis and ultimately the implementation of appropriate clinical management.
Theory of strain phase separation and strain spinodal: Applications to ferroelastic and ferroelectric systems

Abstract In the well-known phase decomposition process, a phase with a homogeneous composition separates into two phases with different local compositions that can be geometrically determined by the common tangent construction on the molar free energy versus composition curves. Here we consider an analogous phase destrain process in which a phase with a homogeneous strain separates into two phases with different local strains that can be geometrically determined by the common tangent construction on the volume free energy density versus strain curves. There is also a complete analogy between compositional and strain spinodals. Within the phase destrain model, we provide a general thermodynamic formulation for the phase rule, lever rule, equilibrium conditions of chemical potential, and coherent/incoherent strain spinodals. Using the cubic to tetragonal ferroelastic/ferroelectric transition as an example, we study the possible strain phase separation and spinodal phenomena, and calculate the strain-strain and strain-temperature phase diagrams for the first-order proper, first-order improper, and second-order improper ferroelastic transitions. The proposed phase destrain theory complements the existing compositional phase separation theory and can serve as guidance for the analysis and design of multi-domain/multi-phase structures during any phase transitions associated with structural changes.
Tiberius Down the Line

Throughout history, men have fought over the question of who would be the next one to rule over ancestral territory. History is filled with stories of people who wanted so badly to be "king" or "emperor" that they tried every ploy that they could think of to attain those positions of supreme power. Usually, the rewards associated with being the sole person in charge of an immense mass of people and land are considered to be so great that few who had either been born into it, or been thrust into by the whims of chance, ever refused it or tried to find some way to avoid the responsibility. However, this does not mean that there were not exceptions to this rule. But refusing to serve as the sole ruler of a given state is not always a practical option. Clearly, Tiberius (42 B.C.E.-37 C.E.), Rome's second emperor (r.14-37 C.E.), fought his appointment as his step-father Augustus' replacement as ruler of the Roman possessions as much as anyone in history has ever fought any forced assumption of responsibilities that entirely conflict with their basic natures and desires in life. But, due to the realities of the Roman political state immediately following the death of Augustus in 14 C.E., namely the fact that had Tiberius refused to serve as emperor, civil war would have broken out almost immediately, refusing the position was hardly an option. So, after only a short time dragging his heels and trying to will away the inevitable, Tiberius gave up protesting his selection for the position and allowed himself to be called emperor of Rome. But, if he had only known the way that the scholars and writers were going to continuously appraise and reappraise their assessments of every little detail of his day-to-day existence, often completely re-slanting a previous author's interpretation of a given event that occurred during his reign to justify their own personal ambitions and objectives, he might have been so disgusted by the whole mess that he would have been inspired to find some way to make the old Republic work again.
Wall street occupies the blockchain - Financial firms plan to move trillions in assets to blockchains in 2018

WHEN BLOCKCHAINS first appeared nearly a decade ago as the technical backbone of Bitcoin, the world's leading cryptocurrency, they seemed to offer the masses a way to cut out the financial middleman. But now the big banks and other industry players are finding ways to spin the new tool to their advantage. Their blockchains share a vision that is precisely the opposite of the one laid out in the Bitcoin white paper, published under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. Like Nakamoto himself (or herself), you can own bitcoins without even stating your real name; nobody is in charge; and anybody can check the history of any given transaction. The financial industry's blockchains, however, are closed or, in their jargon, permissioned; to join one you must reveal your identity to a system administrator, who must then approve you.
Comparing the cost-per-QALYs gained and cost-per-DALYs averted literatures.

Background : We examined the similarities and differences between studies using two common metrics used in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs): cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. Methods : We used the Tufts Medical Center CEA Registry, which contains English-language cost-per-QALY gained studies, and Global Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (GHCEA) Registry, which contains cost-per-DALY averted studies. We examined study characteristics including intervention type, sponsor, country, and primary disease, and also analysed the number of CEAs versus disease burden estimates for major diseases and conditions across three geographic regions. Results : We identified 6,438 cost-per-QALY and 543 cost-per-DALY studies published through 2016 and observed rapid growth in publication rates for both literatures. Cost-per-QALY studies were most likely to examine pharmaceuticals and interventions in high-income countries. Cost-per-DALY studies predominantly focused on infectious disease interventions and interventions in low and lower-middle income countries. We found discrepancies in the number of published CEAs for certain diseases and conditions in certain regions, suggesting “under-studied” areas (e.g., cardiovascular disease in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania and “overstudied” areas (e.g., HIV in Sub Saharan Africa) relative to disease burden in those regions. Conclusions : The number of cost-per QALY and cost-per-DALY analyses has grown rapidly with applications to diverse interventions and diseases. Discrepancies between the number of published studies and disease burden suggest funding opportunities for future cost-effectiveness research.
Water management strategies for salinity control

Irrigation in arid regions always has an impact on water quality. Such irrigation always requires drainage. The need for drainage may be satisfied with or without man’s intervention. The drainage water, whether recharged to a groundwater body or discharged to some other water body, always has a higher salt concentration than the irrigation water.
To Operate or Image? (Pulling the Trigger)

One of the common attributes of great trauma surgeons is that they seem (to us mere mortals) to have the ability to magically sort out who needs emergent intervention without all of that “new-fangled technology” that has replaced the physical examination and clinical judgment. I had the great opportunity to train under one such legendary figure and quickly realized that the strongest predictor that the patient needed to go emergently to the operating room was when he pulled his cloth scrub cap out of his back pocket and put it on. We all learned to watch closely for this tell-tale sign and how incredibly accurate it was for predicting life-threatening injuries just by simple observation and examination. However, with close observation I came to realize that he was able to do this in large part by applying a basic set of rules and principles governed by common sense and a deep understanding of trauma mechanisms and anatomy. Although no chapter or guidelines can hope to replicate that level of judgment built on decades of experience and hard-learned lessons, you can easily adopt the principles and algorithms outlined here to manage the most challenging group of patients you will ever encounter – combat trauma patients.
Privacy: Potential Violations of Human Dignity:

Privacy has been understood as a bioethical concept whose focus is on personal choosing or the right to control access to self. In nursing, privacy concerns abound where there is potential for the violation of human dignity as scientific advancements in genetic biotechnology potentially disclose personal information and genetic structures are made known to others without the consent of persons whose genetic material is being utilized for biological experimentation. In this article, the author offers new insights into the concept of privacy and human dignity as gene editing and its possible consequences unfurl within the scientific and healthcare arenas. A humanbecoming ethos perspective for nursing is illuminated.
Automated Seizures: Police Stops of Self-Driving Cars

When the police suspect a driver is breaking the law, the Fourth Amendment allows them to stop the car. This means compelling the driver to bring the car to a halt. Sometimes a car stop will lead to further investigation, searches, and even arrests. What will these stops look like when people no longer drive their cars and police officers no longer pursue them by driving their own? Autonomous cars are not yet commonplace, but soon they will be. Yet little attention has been paid to how autonomous cars will change policing. The issue matters enormously because today police spend a lot of time stopping cars. For instance, the most common contact most adults in the United States have with the police takes the form of a traffic stop. Vehicles equipped with artificial intelligence and connected both to the internet and one another may be subject to automated stops. The issue is already being discussed as a theoretical possibility and as a desirable policing tool. This essay considers the law and policy issues that will arise when car seizures become remote and automated.
Dynamics of Mobilization in Political Networks

In times of normalcy, common knowledge of affairs shapes a culture of predictability that is indispensable to political order. During volatile times, as the legitimacy and efficiency of public information disappear, political mobilization is often constrained by limitations of local interaction networks. Learning processes shape the dynamics of diffusion initiated by a radical minority. Social media, in particular, provide long bridges that traverse across the confines of spatial mobilization. The utility of such long ties for mobilization has been a matter of debate. To examine this question, we propose a dynamic stylization of mobilization in political networks, find the steady states of observational and communicative learning dynamics in several canonical network structures and show that sustainable action-cores and radius of diffusion both are highly dependent upon network structure. Most importantly, the existence of long local bridges, often provided via electronic media, can eradicate action-cores and decrease radius of diffusion.
Measurement and characterization of distinctive clinical phenotypes using the Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Module (FTLD-MOD).

Introduction The Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Module (FTLD-MOD) was designed as a research neuropsychological battery to evaluate clinical symptoms associated with FTLD. This study investigated whether the FTLD-MOD could differentiate between primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), two distinct FTLD-related syndromes. Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted on data collected from the initial visit of 165 subjects with PPA, 268 with bvFTD, and 251 cognitively normal controls from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. Generalized linear models were used to compare group performance patterns on FTLD-MOD tasks of language, behavior, and memory. Results PPA participants showed significantly poorer performances on all language tasks whereas bvFTD participants demonstrated poorer performances on most behavioral measures. There were no differences in memory performances. Descriptive data on participant groups are provided for reference. Discussion Findings from this multi-center sample suggest that the FTLD-MOD can differentiate between distinctive clinical phenotypes commonly associated with FTLD.
Incessant Ventricular Tachycardia Causing Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy and Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus

A 75-year-old male patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy and incessant ventricular tachycardia was referred for catheter ablation. Intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated the presence of left atrial thrombus. In the appropriate clinical setting, ablation of ventricular tachycardia may be safely performed in the presence of intracardiac thrombus with a modified approach to minimize risk of embolization.
What Is the Value of Alternative Methods for Estimating Ramping Needs

Power system operators procure and deploy flexibility reserves or ramping products to address balancing needs caused by uncertainty and variability of load and generation. Existing methods estimate ramping needs using calendar information and historical forecast errors. Novel methods investigate if real-time weather information could inform ramping and other balancing requirements. This paper compares estimation methods for ramping requirements in theory and practice. The theoretical framework indicates when an alternative method could yield improved economic or reliability performance than existing methods by requiring lower or higher levels of ramping products. Preliminary simulations on a 118-bus test system for 4 days in May 2019 illustrate how system performance improves or deteriorates when ramping requirements are weather-informed (alternative) instead of calendar-based (baseline). Preliminary results suggest high variability in change of performance and underline the impact of additional factors, such as system conditions, on the realized performance change.
Prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts Sonic hedgehog pathway and primary cilia genes in the mouse neural tube.

Abstract Neurulation-stage alcohol exposure (NAE; embryonic day [E] 8–10) is associated with midline craniofacial and CNS defects that likely arise from disruption of morphogen pathways, such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Notably, midline anomalies are also a hallmark of genetic ciliopathies such as Joubert syndrome. We tested whether NAE alters Shh pathway signaling and the number and function of primary cilia, organelles critical for Shh pathway transduction. Female C57BL/6 J mice were administered two doses of alcohol (2.9 g/kg/dose) or vehicle on E9. Embryos were collected 6, 12, or 24 h later, and changes to Shh, cell cycle genes, and primary cilia were measured in the rostroventral neural tube (RVNT). Within the first 24 h post-NAE, reductions in Shh pathway and cell cycle gene expression and the ratio of Gli3 forms in the full-length activator state were observed. RVNT volume and cell layer width were reduced at 12 h. In addition, altered expression of multiple cilia-related genes was observed at 6 h post-NAE. As a further test of cilia gene-ethanol interaction, mice heterozygous for Kif3a exhibited perturbed behavior during adolescence following NAE compared to vehicle-treated mice, and Kif3a heterozygosity exacerbated the hyperactive effects of NAE on exploratory activity. These data demonstrate that NAE downregulates the Shh pathway in a region of the neural tube that gives rise to alcohol-sensitive brain structures and identifies disruption of primary cilia function, or a “transient ciliopathy”, as a possible cellular mechanism of prenatal alcohol pathogenesis.
How hotel responses to online reviews differ by hotel rating: an exploratory study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how hotels respond to online reviews on a third-party Web site (such as TripAdvisor) based on the hotel’s star rating. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis was used to compare responses to online hotel reviews at five different levels of hotel based on a star-rating system ranging from one star to five stars. Findings – Most hotel managers’ response rates were low, and they paid the most attention to positive comments. Managers at four- and five-star hotels more often responded to negative online reviews. Guest service manager was the most common job title of managers who responded to guests’ reviews. Research limitations/implications – This paper is limited to an analysis of ten hotels, two for each of the five-star ratings. More hotel cases with long-term data collection involving the use of the star-rating system may provide more insights on this discussion. Practical implications – The exploratory study sought to identify strategies for m...
Synthesis of isotopically labeled 1,3-dithiane

The 1,3-dithiane is a protected formaldehyde anion equivalent that could serve as a useful labeled synthon. We report a facile synthesis of 1,3-[2-13C]- and 1,3-[2-13C, 2-2H2]dithiane in two steps from [13C]- or [13C, 2H3]methyl phenyl sulfoxide. We have previously reported the high yield synthesis of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide from [13C]MEOH and the oxidation of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide to [13C]methyl phenyl sulfoxide. Here, we describe the facile exchange of deuterium from 2H2O into [13C]methyl phenyl sulfoxide to yield [13C, 2H3]methyl phenyl sulfoxide. Thus, from [13C]MEOH and 2H2O, all possible C2 stable isotopomers of 1,3-dithiane are available. Our synthetic route is also amenable to preparation of radiolabeled 1,3-dithianes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic and Financial Crises in Emerging Market Economies: Overview of Prevention and Management

This is the introductory chapter to an NBER conference volume that examined the lessons to be drawn from the financial and currency crises of the late 1990s. The paper does not attempt to summarize the specific content of that meeting but provides the author's personal conclusions about crisis prevention and management. The first part of the paper deals with policies of the emerging market economies that affect the likelihood of crises, including exchange rate regimes, capital account convertibility, foreign exchange liabilities and reserves, domestic credit structure, and financial supervision. The paper then considers policies of industrial countries that affect the risk of crises in emerging market economies, including exchange rate instability, interest rates, banking supervision, trade policy, and the provision of a lender of last resort facility. The second half of the paper deals with the way that the crises were managed by the IMF and attempts to answer the following questions: (1) Have the crises been resolved, permitting the crisis countries to return to solid economic growth and to achieve renewed access to international capital markets? (2) Did the IMF stabilization policies resolve the crisis with as little economic pain as possible? (3) Did the agreed structural reforms actually occur and, if so, were they successful? (4) How did the experience of the crisis countries affect the incentives of lenders, borrowers, and countries facing crises in the future? (5) Were the actions of the IMF politically legitimate for an international agency? (6) What were the political consequences of the crises and the policies that followed?
Separation of two molecular forms of human estrogen receptor by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Gradient optimization and tissue comparison.

Abstract High-performance hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HPHIC) was used to separate and characterize two molecular forms of estrogen receptor with a SynChropak propyl hydrophobic column (300 A pore size). The linear gradient utilized earlier with a polyether-bonded column (2 to 0 M) ammonium sulfate in 40 min, gave poor resolution with the propyl column. However, resolution was maximized with either an initial ammonium sulfate concentration of 1 M (40-min gradient) or with a two-phase gradient (2 to 0.5 M in 10 min, 0.5 to 0 M in 30 min). This indicated that the propyl column was more hydrophobic than the polyether column. Estrogen receptor separated into two isoforms, either in the presence [MI, retention time (tR) = 13–14 min; MII, tR = 20–21 min] or absence (I, tR = 21–23 min; II, tR = 31–33 min) of the estrogen receptor stabilizing reagent, sodium molybdate. Similar isoforms were observed in cytosols from human breast tumors, uterus, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Unlike others, MCF-7 estrogen receptor did not show MI. Since MCF-7 cells contain 90 000 dalton heat shock proteins (HSP-90), HSP-90 is probably not directly involved in MI formation. Sodium molybdate selectively interacted with isoform II and converted it to MI. All isoforms appeared to be high-molecular-weight proteins (60 A) when subsequently analyzed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. Interestingly, when estrogen receptor was immobilized on the stationary phase, no change was detected in either hydrophobicity or steroid-binding capacity. After 16–18 h, immobilized receptor was eluted with a slightly longer tR. During incubation on the column, component MI was converted into I and/or II. HPHIC appears to be a rapid, yet gentle procedure for isolating large receptor complexes in significant quantities with high recoveries. This allows one to discern the complicated structure-function relationships of estrogen receptor and associated non-receptor proteins and provides information about the on-column behavior of complex proteins.
Transport of S-Adenosylmethionine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The properties of a specific system for the transport of S-adenosylmethionine in yeast are described. The process was pH-, temperature-, and energy-dependent, and showed saturation kinetics. The K(m) for the system was 3.3 x 10(-6)m. Of the S-adenosylmethionine moieties tested, only S-adenosylhomocysteine competitively inhibited the uptake of the adenosylsulfonium compound. Adenine, adenosine, methionine, homocysteine, and the sulfonium compound S-methylmethionine were without effect. The analogue S-adenosylethionine showed competitive inhibition. Under conditions of inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide or methionine starvation, permease activity was stable. The mutant sam-p3 apparently was able to transport S-adenosylmethionine only by diffusion. Uptake by diploids containing this mutation was directly proportional to the gene dose.
A Review of “The Concise Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament”: Danker, Frederick W., with Kathryn Krug. (2009). Chicago: University of Chicago, xii +399 pp., $55.00

Although this lexicon may appear to be an abridgement of Danker, Bauer and Arndt's well-known A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third Edition (BDAG)...
Cytogenetic findings in patients with congenital absence of the vagina

Abstract We were unable to find any reports in the literature on cytogenetic findings in patients with congenital absence of the vagina. The cytogenetic findings in the above 12 cases were within normal limits for females. All our patients were phenotypic females with 44 autosomes and 2 X sex chromosomes.
Cell-Cycle Control of Bivalent Epigenetic Domains Regulates the Exit from Pluripotency

Here we show that bivalent domains and chromosome architecture for bivalent genes are dynamically regulated during the cell cycle in human pluripotent cells. Central to this is the transient increase in H3K4-trimethylation at developmental genes during G1, thereby creating a “window of opportunity” for cell-fate specification. This mechanism is controlled by CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of the MLL2 (KMT2B) histone methyl-transferase, which facilitates its recruitment to developmental genes in G1. MLL2 binding is required for changes in chromosome architecture around developmental genes and establishes promoter-enhancer looping interactions in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. These cell-cycle-regulated loops are shown to be essential for activation of bivalent genes and pluripotency exit. These findings demonstrate that bivalent domains are established to control the cell-cycle-dependent activation of developmental genes so that differentiation initiates from the G1 phase.
On Convergence Approach Spaces

The extension of two axioms due to Cook and Fischer to the category CAP of convergence approach spaces leads to the study of non-Archimedean approach spaces as well as two versions of regularity appropriate to CAP and related categories.
The relationship between planning and information source/media used by small firms

The objective of this study was to examine information sources/media used by small business managers and their relationships to the planning process, entrepreneurial intensity and firm performance. A significant positive relationship between information source/media used and planning process sophistication was found among 165 small business managers by means of semi-structured , in-depth interviews. In addition, high-performing companies revealed different information sources/media than low-performing companies. Finally, no relationship was found between entrepreneurial intensity and information sources/media used. Implications for future research and small business managers are presented.
A global modeling approach using artificial neural network

We propose a first order global modeling approach of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) by modeling the active device with a neural network based on a full hydrodynamic model. This neural network can be implemented in an extended FDTD mesh and predict large signal behavior of the circuits. We successfully represented the drain current with a one hidden layer neural network whose inputs are the gate voltage V/sub gs/ and the drain voltage V/sub ds/. The trained neural network shows excellent accuracy and dramatically reduces the computational time in comparison with the hydrodynamic model.
Ways Mathematics Teachers Help Students Organize Knowledge.

One of the concerns of teachers is to help their students organize in a meaningful way the concepts, facts, and principles that they learn. A question of interest to educators, and mathematics educators in particular, is how to find methods of instruction which prove effective in helping students structure their knowledge. An obvious but frequently bypassed approach to answering such a question is to begin by providing a description of the various instructional strategies that teachers employ in the classroom. One study (Bellack, Kliebard, Hyman, & Smith, 1966) dealt with such quantitative measurements of teacher-student interactions as the ratio of teacher talk to student talk, the percentage of the language in the classroom concerned with empirical meanings, and other phases of classroom dialogue. Flanders' (1960) studies have been concerned with the utilization of social skills by the teacher and how this relates to student achievement. In another study (Smith, Meux, Coombs, Eierdam, & Szoke, 1962) twelve logical categories, e.g., defining, describing, and explaining were identified which characterize teachers' activities. As an outgrowth of this study various logical strategies that teachers employ in the classroom were explicated (Smith, Meux, Coombs, Nuthall, & Precians, 1967). These strategies involved seven different classroom ventures, e.g., concept venture, causal venture, and rule venture. Henderson (1967, 1969) has provided models dealing specifically with the teaching of mathematical concepts and principles. While these studies have provided a great deal of information about teaching, they have not dealt specifically with the issue of describing in-
The effects of organic carbon, ammoniacal-nitrogen, and oxygen partial pressure on the stratification of membrane-aerated biofilms

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different nutrient (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) concentrations on the microbial activity and community structure in membrane-aerated biofilms (MABs). MABs were grown under well-defined conditions of fluid flow, substrate concentration, and membrane oxygen partial pressure. Biofilms were then removed and thin-sliced using a cryostat/microtome parallel to the membrane. Individual slices were analyzed for changes with depth in biomass density, respiratory activity, and the population densities of ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria populations. Oxygen-sensing microelectrodes were used to determine the depth of oxygen penetration into each biofilm. Our results demonstrated that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria grow near the membrane, while denitrifying bacteria grow a substantial distance from the membrane. However, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria did not grow simultaneously when organic concentrations became too high or ammonia concentrations became too low. In conclusion, membrane-aerated biofilms exhibit substantial stratification with respect to community structure and activity. A fundamental understanding of the factors that control this stratification will help optimize the performance of full-scale membrane-aerated biofilm reactors for wastewater treatment.
RING DENSITY OF SUGAR BEETS AS A CHARACTER FOR SELECTION

The early investigations of Raspail, Decaisne, and Wiesner with the later investigations of Kraus, Peklo, Nikolskij, and many others have established the fact that the maximum percentage of sugar of the sugar beet is translocated and stored in the vascular-ring tissues. Proskowetz and Schindler placed the average number of rings in the Vilmorin Blanche Amelior6e, Vilmorin Rose, and Klein Wanzleben sugar beets of I890 as 9-IO, 7-9, and 9-IO, respectively. Briem in 1903 noted that the vascular rings in the sugar beet are of greater number and decrease much more slowly towards the exterior than the vascular rings of the feed beet. About this time Kraus made similar observations and counted the vascular rings and measured the diameters of sugar and feed beets. In 1920 Vivien stated that the richest beets are those with the largest number of rings and the most narrow parenchymatous zones. One year earlier Fruwirth recorded the fact that greater ring density in beets means higher sugar content. Seeliger (5) in 1920 defined ring density as the quotient obtained by dividing the number of vascular rings by the radius of a beet measured in centimeters. He gave the ring density for beets of different ages and sizes and also noted that the ring density did not change after the beet reaches a radius of 2.8 cm. Seeliger realized the irregularity of beets as to their ring density and suggested that this trait be used as a method of selection to supplement the polariscope with the idea of increasing the absolute mean and the uniformity of ring density. He concluded that the storage tissues of the feed beet are at a disadvantage because of its poorly developed conductive tissues. Along with this point it should be kept in mind that Roemer stated that a one-sided development of the ring density might harm the beet because of decreasing too greatly the water-storage cells of the parenchyma. As a result of furfher investigation of this problem the writer here presents the following data.
Stopped-flow studies of the reaction of D-tartronate semialdehyde-2-phosphate with human neuronal enolase and yeast enolase 1.

abstract We determined the kinetics of the reaction of human neuronal enolase and yeast enolase 1 with theslowly-reacting chromophoric substrate D -tartronate semialdehyde phosphate (TSP), each in tris(tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane) and another buffer at several Mg 2+ concentrations, 50 or100 l M, 1 mM and 30 mM. All data were biphasic, and could be satisfactorily ﬁt, assuming eithertwo successive ﬁrst-order reactions or two independent ﬁrst-order reactions. Higher Mg 2+ concen-trations reduce the relative magnitude of the slower reaction. The results are interpreted in terms ofa catalytically signiﬁcant interaction between the two subunits of these enzymes. 2010 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. IntroductionEnolase (E.C.4.2.1.11; 2-phospho- D -glycerate hydrolyase) cata-lyzes and hence controls the ninth reaction of glycolysis, so is ubiq-uitous in living organisms. The enzyme requires two moles of Mg 2+ (the physiological cofactor) per active site [1]: ‘‘conformational”Mg
The Institutionalization of Author Production and the Performance Imperative as an Ontological Fiction

On 16 May 1967 Alexander Solzhenitsyn signed his name to an open letter to the Fourth Writers’ Congress in the Soviet Union. The letter — addressed to the Congress, members of the Soviet Writers’ Union, and editors of literary newspapers and magazines — called for the abolition of all censorship and “defence of Union members subjected to slander and unjust persecution.”1 Solzhenitsyn typed 250 copies of the letter and, to avoid spreading the risk of being associated with its contents, addressed the envelopes in his own hand.2 In the letter, Solzhenitsyn challenged the Union’s use of “censorious labels” such as “ideologically harmful” and “depraved.”3 In support of his claims, Solzhenitsyn detailed his own experience, listing eight specific instances of the persecution to which he was subjected, including the confiscation and sequestering of his writing with the effect of his work being “smothered, gagged, and slandered.”4
Self-Administered Ethanol Enema Causing Accidental Death

Excessive ethanol consumption is a leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Much of the harm from ethanol comes from those who engage in excessive or hazardous drinking. Rectal absorption of ethanol bypasses the first pass metabolic effect, allowing for a higher concentration of blood ethanol to occur for a given volume of solution and, consequently, greater potential for central nervous system depression. However, accidental death is extremely rare with rectal administration. This case report describes an individual with klismaphilia whose death resulted from acute ethanol intoxication by rectal absorption of a wine enema.
Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Florida with Emphasis on Fishes: A Review and Recommendations

Abstract Many exotic organisms, particularly fishes and plants, have become a part of Florida's aquatic ecosystems. The majority of these organisms was introduced accidentally as a result of activities of professional aquarists, particularly through carelessness by tropical aquarium fish farm operations. One exotic fish species was established from the release of stocks imported for experimental purposes. Amateur aquarists and tourist attractions also have the potential for introducing exotic aquatic organisms. Future introductions can be reduced through better safeguards in respect to prevention of escape and more public education. Purposeful introductions for sport or food, aquarium resources, or for biological control of pests are more extensive than accidental introductions. Some have the potential for long-term ecological devastation. They are often undertaken without adequate information on the possible consequences. Fish diseases and parasites and their impact on public health have not heretofore b...
Mechanism-based targeting of NMDA receptor functions

NMDA receptors (NRs) are key signaling proteins in the central nervous system and represent important targets for drug development in several neurologic disorders. They are critically involved with fundamental brain processes, and thus indiscriminate pharmacological suppression of NR currents has seen only modest therapeutic success so far. Targeting harmful NR receptor activities while sparing the receptor's vital functions requires a better understanding of the complexity of NR activation reaction; of the range of mechanisms that modulate discrete receptor activities; and of the consequences of this modulation on specific receptor functions. A quantitative account of the NR activation pathway was recently proposed and validated. It describes the gating reaction as a sequential, multi-step process rather than a binary, on-off switch. Alongside isoform-specific modulators, state-specific modulators may represent sophisticated interventions with high potential for narrow, functional specificity. Here I review physiologic mechanisms that control NR responses; the salient features of the NR activation reaction; and discuss the model's validity and its implications for drug development and characterization.
Exploration of Natural Biomass Utilization Systems (NBUS) for advanced biofuel--from systems biology to synthetic design.

Efficient degradation and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass remains a challenge for sustainable and affordable biofuels. Various natural biomass utilization systems (NBUS) evolved the capacity to combat the recalcitrance of plant cell walls. The study of these NBUS could enable the development of efficient and cost-effective biocatalysts, microorganisms, and bioprocesses for biofuels and bioproducts. Here, we reviewed the recent research progresses for several NBUS, ranging from single cell microorganisms to consortiums such as cattle rumen and insect guts. These studies aided the discovery of biomass-degrading enzymes and the elucidation of the evolutionary and functional relevance in these systems. In particular, advances in the next generation ‘omics’ technologies offered new opportunities to explore NBUS in a high-throughput manner. Systems biology helped to facilitate the rapid biocatalyst discovery and detailed mechanism analysis, which could in turn guide the reverse design of engineered microorganisms and bioprocesses for cost-effective and efficient biomass conversion.
The estimation of the correlation coefficient of bivariate data under dependence: Convergence analysis

Abstract Let { X i , Y i } be jointly distributed second-order random variables with correlation coefficient r . The estimation of r from the observations { X i , Y i } i = 1 n is a classical problem which has been examined under the assumption of an i.i.d. setting. In this paper we examine the statistical properties of the correlation coefficient estimate when the process { X i , Y i } is dependent, constituting either a strongly mixing process or asymptotically uncorrelated. We establish convergence in probability (with rates) as well as asymptotic normality for the estimation error and present an explicit expression for the asymptotic variance.
Tests of numerical simulation algorithms for the Kubo oscillator

Numerical simulation algorithms for multiplicative noise (white or colored) are tested for accuracy against closed-form expressions for the Kubo oscillator. Direct white noise simulations lead to spurious decay of the modulus of the oscillator amplitude. A straightforward colored noise algorithm greatly reduces this decay and also provides highly accurate results in the white noise limit.
Energy efficiency of hybrid-ARQ systems under QoS constraints

In this paper, energy efficiency of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) schemes under QoS constraints is studied in the low power regime by characterizing the minimum energy per bit and wideband slope. The energy efficiency is investigated when either an outage constraint is imposed and (the transmission rate is selected accordingly) or the transmission rate is optimized to maximize the throughput. In both cases, it is also assumed that there is a limitation on the number of retransmissions due to deadline constraints. Under these assumptions, closed-form expressions are obtained for the minimum energy per bit and wideband slope for HARQ with chase combining (CC). Through numerical results, the performances of HARQ-CC and HARQ with incremental redundancy (IR) are compared. Moreover, the impact of deadline constraints, outage probability, QoS constraints on the energy efficiency is analyzed.
Metabolic Disorders Following Kidney Transplantation

Kidney transplantation in patients suffering from end-stage renal disease, although beneficial, may result in potential complications increasing cardiovascular risk of mortality. Common metabolic problems after surgery are weight gain, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Immunosuppressant therapy can enhance comorbidity progression. Early identification and treatment of these abnormalities can promote transplant function. Lifestyle modifications have shown to be promising in the reduction of the metabolic syndrome symptoms, but there remain limited trials focusing on this area. This article reflects a comprehensive review of the available research of each of the potential metabolic complications within the renal transplant population. Immunosuppressant medication effects, biochemical values, and medical nutrition therapy intervention are also included with regard to their influence with these metabolic disorders. Methods for review completion included a MEDLINE search for peer-reviewed research, using the following keywords: transplant, chronic kidney disease, nutrition, metabolic syndrome, and diet after transplantation.
The accumulation and disappearance of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in rat hair following prolonged administration of cocaine.

Abstract Hair samples were obtained at various time periods from male Sprague-Dawley rats following the injection of cocaine hydrochloride in doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, ip, for 28 days. Hair samples were also taken continually after the dosing was stopped until the presence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine were no longer detected in hair. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine in hair and plasma were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Both cocaine and benzoylecgonine were found in hair samples 4 days after the initiation of cocaine administration. When cocaine dosing was stopped after 28 days, approximately 25 to 30 days were required for cocaine and benzoylecgonine to disappear from rat hair in the group of animals that received the highest dose of cocaine. The disappearance of cocaine and benzoylecgonine followed first-order kinetics. The mean rate constant and mean half-life for cocaine disappearance from hair were 0.212 ± 0.005 day−1 and 3.31 ± 0.09 days, respectively, and the mean rate constant and mean half-life for benzoylecgonine disappearance from hair were 0.098 ± 0.006 day−1 and 6.90 ± 0.28 days, respectively. The mean plasma concentrations of cocaine on Day 25 for the 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg doses of cocaine were 508 ± 42, 852 ±95, and 207 ± 75 ng/mL, respectively, and the mean plasma benzoylecgonine levels for the 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg doses of cocaine were 49.9 ± 7.0, 103.3 ± 9.3, and 191.0 ± 16.0 ng/mL, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the doses of cocaine hydrochloride administered and the plasma levels of both cocaine and benzoylecgonine. This study showed that cocaine and benzoylecgonine can be measured in rat hair following the administration of cocaine and that it was possible to correlate the concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine found in hair with the doses of cocaine that were administered.
Differences between arm span and stature in white children

Arm span and stature were measured at 6-month intervals in 160 normal children from 8 to 15 years of age. The mean difference between arm span and stature is greater in boys than in girls at all ages. In boys, the mean arm span is always greater than mean stature. The difference in girls is always
Experiences with computer conferencing

Picture these: You've got a toothache and need someone to take over your consulting time on short notice so you can go to the dentist.You're a faculty member and want some advice on whether to purchase a used Kapro for $600.You're an instructor and suddenly you realize that you left something vital out of your instructions to your class about their assignment and you won't see them in class again until Monday.You're the chairman of a campus committee and need to arrange a meeting time and place that all 10 members can agree on.You're on sabbatical but you've got to finish that grant proposal you and your colleague back home have due next month.I could go on and on, but I'm sure you've got the drift. Some of these problems are potentially solvable by the use of telephone calls and mail, but we've all run up against the limitations of these traditional forms of communication. (Anyone for telephone tag?)For over a year now, the Academic and Research Computing group of the Office of University Computing has been experimenting with computer mail and conferencing to facilitate the instructional and research activities of the faculty, staff and students at the University of Oregon. We are convinced that every educational institution will find these new technologies extremely useful.
Darwinian selection and cultural incentives for resource use: Tikopia as a case study of sustainability

Operating within the framework of conventional welfare economics, the sustainability debate has become mired in sterile discussions about the "proper" discount rate and the "true" degree of substitutability between various forms of economic capital. This paper suggests abandoning the Neo-Walrasian framework that dominated economics in the second half of the twentieth century and returning to roots of economics as the study of the role of individual incentives within a system of particular cultural values. An alternative approach called generalised Darwinism is used to examine the South Pacific Island of Tikopia, a society that managed to achieve an environmentally sustainable culture.