cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purposes, problems, and proposals for progress in cancer staging.

Objective: To learn the opinions of selected members of the American Society for Head and Neck Surgery about the purpose of cancer staging and the problems with the current system, and to use these opinions to suggest improvements. Design: Questionnaire survey. Participants: One hundred one physicians, based on their prominence in the field of head and neck cancer, selected from the society membership directory. Outcome Measurement: Responses to the six questions and other comments provided by the responding physicians. Results: Sixty-six physicians returned the questionnaire. Of the six purposes of cancer staging, comparing end results was rated most important. Considerable variation existed among the respondents in the rank order of importance of the six purposes. The TNM strengths were its simplicity, low cost, relative accuracy, objectivity, universal acceptance, and lack of need for special technology. Weaknesses included inconsistencies, inaccuracies, observer variability, and problems with various T, N, and M classification criteria. Most believed that the TNM system should be expanded to include host factors, such as functional status, severity of comorbidity, immunocompetence, and symptom severity. Conclusions: These results suggest a wide range of opinion about the purpose of cancer staging. Several problems with the present TNM system, such as the exclusion of additional prognostic factors, limit the usefulness of the system. Progress in cancer staging will occur when the current system is augmented by these prognostic factors. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:145-149)
Multidomain operations science and technology

ABSTRACT It is said that information superiority is perhaps the greatest asset in war. In this era of both network and Coalition centric warfare, each aimed at establishing information dominance, technologies which support multi-domain operations are more critical than ever. This paper examines the components of multi-domain operations and presents two complementary methods, cross-domain information sharing and multi-domain windowing, to achieve its four major functions: dissemination, discovery & retrieval, collaboration, and resource management. Analysis of these method based solutions reveals the opportunity to devise a collection of services which align with DoD and industry migration towards service oriented architectures as well as more diversity in secure networking schemes. Keywords: multi-domain operations, multi-level security, cross-domain information exchange, information sharing, service oriented architectures, Coalition operations, collaboration, multi-domain windowing, session management
A Comprehensive Multidimensional-Embedded, One-Dimensional Reaction Coordinate for Protein Unfolding/Folding

The goal of the Dynameomics project is to perform, store, and analyze molecular dynamics simulations of representative proteins, of all known globular folds, in their native state and along their unfolding pathways. To analyze unfolding simulations, the location of the protein along the unfolding reaction coordinate (RXN) must be determined. Properties such as the fraction of native contacts and radius of gyration are often used; however, there is an issue regarding degeneracy with these properties, as native and nonnative species can overlap. Here, we used 15 physical properties of the protein to construct a multidimensional-embedded, one-dimensional RXN coordinate that faithfully captures the complex nature of unfolding. The unfolding RXN coordinates for 188 proteins (1534 simulations and 22.9 μs in explicit water) were calculated. Native, transition, intermediate, and denatured states were readily identified with the use of this RXN coordinate. A global native ensemble based on the native-state properties of the 188 proteins was created. This ensemble was shown to be effective for calculating RXN coordinates for folds outside the initial 188 targets. These RXN coordinates enable, high-throughput assignment of conformational states, which represents an important step in comparing protein properties across fold space as well as characterizing the unfolding of individual proteins.
Left mainstem intubation with digital intubation technique: An unrecognized risk

To determine whether digital endotracheal intubation predisposes to left mainstem intubation, a prospective, convenience sample of postarrest cadavers in the emergency departments of two university medical centers was used. Six postarrest cadavers were reintubated by the same right-handed intubator using accepted digital intubation technique. Endotracheal tubes (7.5 mm internal diameter) with stylets were configured into an open "J" shape and were inserted to a depth of 30 cm to ensure endobronchial intubation. A portable anteroposterior chest radiograph documented whether the left or right bronchus was intubated. In four of the six cadavers, the endotracheal tube was inserted into the left mainstem bronchus. This represents a greater than 150-fold increase in the rate of left mainstem intubations relative to right mainstem intubations when compared with data from the literature. Digital intubation technique predisposes to left mainstem intubation. Practitioners must have heightened awareness that decreased right-sided breath sounds after digital intubation may represent an easily corrected left mainstem intubation rather than other pathology.
Bisphosphonate Delivery to Tubular Bone Allografts

Large structural allografts used for reconstruction of bone defects after revision arthroplasty and tumor resection fracture up to 27% of the time from osteolytic resorption around the fixation screw holes and tendon or ligament attachment sites. Treating structural allografts before implantation with bisphosphonates may inhibit local osteoclastic processes and prevent bone resorption and the development of stress risers, thereby reducing the long-term fracture rate. Taking advantage of allografts’ open-pore structure, we asked whether passive soaking or positive-pressure pumping was a more efficient technique for delivering bisphosphonates. We treated matched pairs of ovine tibial allografts with fluids containing Tc-99m pamidronate and toluidine blue stain to facilitate indicator distribution analysis via microSPECT-microCT imaging and light microscopy, respectively. Surfactants octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol or beractant were added to the treatment fluids to reduce flow resistance of solutions pumped through the allografts. Indicator distribution after 1 hour of soaking produced a thin ring around periosteal and endosteal surfaces, while pumping for 10 minutes produced a more even distribution throughout the allograft. Flow resistance was reduced with octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol but unaffected with beractant. Pumped allografts displayed a more homogeneous indicator distribution in less time than soaking while surfactants enhanced fluid movement.
Analysis of maternal α‐fetoprotein: A comparison of three radioimmunoassays

Increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum or amniotic fluid may be indicative of a fetal neural tube defect. The present investigation compares, prospectively and retrospectively, the analysis of serum or amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein from humans using three radioimmunoassays. A total of 46 sera and 137 prospective and 202 retrospective amniotic fluid samples collected at 12-26 weeks' gestation were assayed using our in-house Farr technique assay, a kit Farr technique assay, and a kit double-antibody assay. Analysis of quality control data in all three assays showed that within- and between-assay variations were less with the double-antibody technique. Additionally, the double-antibody assay offers the advantage of considerably lower nonspecific binding (1.7% vs 16-18% for the Farr technique assays). Of the 375 pregnancies sampled during this study, 340 (91%) resulted in normal singleton births, whereas three (1%) pregnancies were found to have elevated serum or amniotic fluid by all three assay methods and resulted in confirmed neural tube defects. Of the remaining, non-normal outcome without neural tube defect or elevated alpha-fetoprotein was determined in 27 (7%) pregnancies, and false-positive elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels were found for 5 (1%). Analysis of maternal alpha-fetoprotein by radioimmunoassay is a sensitive and accurate adjunct in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.
Effect of Dietary Protein Level and Length of Feeding on Performance and Abdominal Fat Content of Broiler Chickens

Dietary CP levels influence carcass fat content of chickens but the length of time necessary to feed higher levels in order to increase carcass fat is not known. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of length of feeding of different levels of dietary CP on broiler performance and abdominal fat deposition. All diets were calculated to be isocaloric at 3,200 kcal ME/kg. Broilers fed 23% CP for 0 to 21 days, 20% CP for 21 to 42 days, and 18% CP for 42 to 49 or 42 to 56 days served as the control group in each of two trials. In the first trial, broilers were fed constant levels of CP from day-old to market age with CP levels ranging from 15 to 27% (amino acids adjusted in proportion to CP level). Other broilers were fed 23% CP for 0 to 21 days and then fed either 15, 17, 19, or 21% CP to market age. In the second trial, broilers were fed constant levels of CP (18, 20, or 23%) from day-old to market age. Feeding CP levels lower than those fed the control group had a more pronounced effect on males than on females, with the primary effects being reduced body weight, poorer feed utilization, and increased carcass fat content. Feeding CP levels higher than those fed the control group generally did not increase final body weight but generally improved feed utilization and decreased carcass fat content. The economics of improved feed utilization and reduced carcass fat must be considered in determining dietary CP levels to use at different ages for growing broilers.
Integrating race and adult psychosocial development

The biographical interview method was used to study the lives of 10 black male entrepreneurs. The findings of this investigation supported Levinson's theory of developmental periods. The concept of evolving life structure was found to be vibrant and viable. Because of the impact of racial dynamics and racism, on the men's lives, two new developmental tasks of adult psychosocial development are proposed: (1) to form an individual racial identity that both acknowledges and frees the individual of their own racism and prejudices, and (2) to form an individual self-concept dedicated to the eradication of racial discrimination and racial prejudice from society.
Immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic islets of the rat.

Radioimmunoassayable ACTH is detectable in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic islets of the rat by using a midportion ACTH antiserum. Portions of the gastrointestinal tract and isolated pancreatic islets were extracted with 0.1 N HC1. Serial dilutions of the extracts resulted in inhibition curves parallel with human αACTH-(1–39). The highest concentrations were in the isolated pancreatic islets (20 pg/ml protein) and the gastric antrum-pylorus (17.9 ± 1.2 pg/ml protein). Chromatographic characterization of the stomach extract showed a main peak, with an elution constant identical to that of [125I]iodo-ACTH-(1–39) and an elution pattern identical to that of rat pituitary extracts and medium from incubated rat pituitaries.
Synthesis of carbocyclic analogs of 2',3'-dideoxysangivamycin, 2',3'-dideoxytoyocamycin, and 2',3'-dideoxytriciribine.

Syntheses and antiviral activity of new carbocyclic analogs of 2′, 3′-dideoxysangivamycin, 2′,3′-dideoxytoyocamycin and 2′,3′-dideoxytriciribine is described. The key intermediate, carbocyclic 4-chloro- 5-iodopyrrolopyrimidine, was synthesized in good yield via a novel iodination method using I2 and CF3COOAg. This carbocyclic 4-chloro-5-iodopyrrolopyrimidine then allowed for a concise synthesis of the desired 4,5-disubstituted carbocyclic nucleosides.
Automatic simulation model generation for simulation-based, real-time shop floor control

Abstract This paper presents a structure and architecture for automatic simulation model generation (for very detailed simulation models intended to be used for real-time simulation-based shop floor control). The simulation model code is generated from a shop floor resource model and a shop floor control model. The shop floor resource model provides much of the static information for the simulation model; while a shop level control model provides much of the dynamic information required by the simulation model. The simulation code generated can be used for traditional system analysis, but more importantly, it can also be used to control the manufacturing system by sending and receiving messages using an Ethernet communication link to a high-level task executing system. Six manufacturing systems are used to illustrate and test the validity of the simulation model generation methodology. Finally, factory level planning and scheduling activities using the generated simulation model are described.
The Silicone Conundrum

Silicones are ubiquitous materials used in a multitude of industries. They are, in fact, so common that designers often overlook their shortcomings. This paper discusses some of the common failure mechanisms of silicones, in particular with regards to the electronics industry that have been investigated by the Raytheon Failure Analysis Labs, McKinney, TX.
Planktonic Foraminiferan–Radiolarian Stratigraphy and the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary in the Northeast Pacific

Biostratigraphic studies of 17 piston cores from the continental slope off the coast of Washington indicate that the change in the foraminiferan-radiolarian ratio at the glacial-postglacial boundary separates geologic-climate units and is time-transgressive in the northeast Pacific. This change from foraminiferan-rich to radiolarian-rich sediment begins at 13,000 yrs B.P. west of the continental slope in Cascadia Basin, between 11,500 and 9,500 yrs B.P. on the lower continental slope, and at 8,000 yrs B.P. on the upper continental slope. The ratio, therefore, cannot be used to define the Pleistocene-Holocene time-stratigraphic boundary and should be used cautiously as an isochronous biostratigraphic indicator, especially where large depth variations exist.
Population structure analysis of Burkholderia cepacia genomovar III: Varying degrees of genetic recombination characterize major clonal complexes

Infection with bacterial species belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in persons with cystic fibrosis (CF). The majority of isolates recovered from CF patients belong to B. cepacia genomovar III and several distinct 'epidemic' strains have been described. This study examined the population structure of B. cepacia genomovar III by using multilocus restriction typing, indexing allelic variation at five chromosomal genes by restriction analysis of PCR-amplified genes. A collection of 375 isolates, recovered from CF and non-CF patients and natural environments in North America, Europe and Australia, was examined. Among these isolates 144 different restriction types were found. Overall, the population is at linkage disequilibrium, indicating that it has a clonal structure. The majority (86.7 %) of restriction types grouped into three major clonal complexes, comprising the epidemic ET12, PHDC and Midwest clonal lineages. The analysis indicates that these complexes are geographically widespread and demonstrate varying degrees of genetic recombination. These differences in population structure among major clonal complexes within the same species are likely related to differences in evolutionary history and ecology. The observation that genetic recombination is frequent within some B. cepacia genomovar III populations has important implications for the biotechnological use of B. cepacia complex species.
A knowledge-guided active model method of skull segmentation on T1-weighted MR images

Skull is the anatomic landmark for patient set up of head radiation therapy. Skull is generally segmented from CT images because CT provides better definition of skull than MR imaging. In the mean time, radiation therapy is planned on MR images for soft tissue information. This study utilized a knowledge-guided active model (KAM) method to segmented skull on MR images in order to enable radiation therapy planning with MR images as the primary planning dataset. KAM utilized age-specific skull mesh models that segmented from CT images using a conditional region growing algorithm. Skull models were transformed to given MR images using an affine registration algorithm based on normalized mutual information. The transformed mesh models actively located skull boundaries by minimizing their total energy. The preliminary validation was performed on MR and CT images from five patients. The KAM segmented skulls were compared with those segmented from CT images. The average image similarity (kappa index) was 0.57. The initial validation showed that it was promising to segment skulls directly on MR images using KAM.
Renormalization of the Drude conductivity by the electron-phonon interaction.

It is commonly believed that the Drude conductivity is not renormalized by many-body interactions. To the contrary, we show that for impure metals the Drude conductivity is decreased by a temperature-dependent factor proportional to the electron-phonon coupling {lambda}. We demonstrate this effect by both the linear response and the quantum transport approaches. This effect, while comparable to the bare Drude conductivity, will be masked by the large temperature dependence of electron-phonon scattering. We expect such many-body corrections to other transport coefficients. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Instabilities of a family of oblate stellar spheroids

We have examined the stability of a sequence of oblate elliptical galaxy models having the Stackel form suggested by Kuz'min & Kutuzov. We have employed the 2-integral DFs given by Dejonghe & de Zeeuw for which flattened non-rotating models are characterized by counter-streaming motion and are radially cool; we introduce net rotation in some models by changing the sign of the z-component of angular momentum for a fraction of the particles. We have found that all non-rotating and slowly rotating members of this sequence rounder than E7 are stable, and that even maximally rotating models rounder than E4 are stable. In the absence of strong rotation, the most disruptive instability, and the last to be stabilized by increasing thickness, is a lopsided (m=1) mode. This instability appears to be driven by counter-rotation in radially cool models. Its vigour is lessened as rotation is increased, but it remains strong even in models with net angular momentum 90% of that of a maximally rotating model before finally disappearing in maximally rotating models. Strongly rotating models are more unstable to bar-forming modes which afflict maximally rotating models with c/a >~ 0.5, but this mode is quickly stabilized by moderate fractions of counter-rotating particles. Bending instabilities appear not to be very important; they are detectable in the inner parts of the flatter models, but are less vigorous and more easily stabilized than the lop-sided or bar modes in every case. We briefly discuss the possible relevance of the lop-sided instability to the existence of many lop-sided disk galaxies.
X-ray filaments in cluster cooling flows

ROSAT HRI images were obtained for two clusters of galaxies which contain strong cooling flows, A2029 and 2A0335+096. These observations confirm that gas is cooling at rates of M˙c≈370M⊙yr−1 in A2029 and M˙c≈262M⊙yr−1 in 2A0335+096. In both clusters, the X-ray emission from the inner cooling flow regions (r ≳ 100 kpc) is very inhomogeneous, with the X-ray surface brightness being dominated by a number of X-ray emitting filaments. Using the crude spectral resolution of the HRI, we show that these filaments are the result of excess emission, rather than foreground X-ray absorption. Although there are uncertainties in the pointing, many of the X-ray features in the cooling flow region of 2A0335+096 correspond to features in Hα optical line emission. This indicates that the 104 K gas originates through the cooling of hot X-ray emitting gas. The gas is the filaments is too dense to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and it is likely that other forces such as rotation, turbulence, and magnetic fields influence the dynamical state of the gas. The filaments may be supported in part by magnetic fields and may be connected with the filaments of very strong Faraday rotation seen in several nearly cooling flows.
Fat metabolism in higher plants XLIX fatty acid biosynthesis by subcellular fractions of higher plants

A method is described for the rapid and comprehensive subcellular fraction-ation of plant tissue using a combination of differential and discontinuous Ficoll gradient centrifugation. The procedure has been used to study the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate-1-14C or malonyl CoA-1,3-14C, by fractions of germinating pea and lupin seeds and developing avocado fruit, castor bean and safflower seeds. Particle free supernatants of seeds synthesize fatty acids from14C-malonyl CoA in the presence of added cofactors. Since acetyl CoA carboxylase activity is absent the utilization of14C-acetate by these fractions is minimal. Other particulate fractions show different activities depending on seed types. Active fractions include the low speed particulate of pea and lupin, the pea microsomes, the avocado mesocarp chloroplasts, and the fat fractions of castor bean and safflower. Individual fractions produce characteristic patterns of acids; especially noteworthy is oleic acid biosynthesis by soluble enzymes of castor bean and safflower from14C-malonyl CoA. Some characteristics of the avocado supernatant, pea supernatant, and castor bean fat fraction synthesizing systems are compared. As a result of these studies, generalizations derived from work with mammalian or bacterial systems cannot be applied to higher plants.
Reimagining Democratic Theory For Social Individuals

. The Western conception of the individual as a rational, self-directing agent is a mythology that organizes and distorts religion, science, economics, and politics. It produces an abstracted and atomized form of engagement that is fatal to collective self-governance. And it turns democracy into the enemy of equality. Considering the meaning of democracy and autonomy from a perspective that takes the subject as truly social would refocus our attention on the constitutive contexts and practices necessary for the production of citizens who are capable of meaningful self-governance. Under modern conditions, it is in the development of sexual autonomy that we learn how to take initiative with respect to our well-being and do so in concert with others. Where the view of rational agency as the defining characteristic of humanity yields a deracinated view of autonomy, a more realistic, humanistic view that we are, necessarily, social beings yields a view of freedom and self-governance as social phenomena that require empathy, negotiation, compromise, cooperation, and mutual recognition and respect.
Origins of stress on elemental and chemisorbed semiconductor surfaces

First-principles calculations of stress and energy have been performed on 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 substitutional and \ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 adatom-covered Si(111) and Ge(111) surfaces, using a variety of column-III, -IV, and -V adsorbates. Trends in surface stresses are understood in terms of three contributing factors: the relative atomic size of the adsorbate and substrate atoms, the chemical nature of the adsorbate species, and the bonding topology of the surface reconstruction.
Energetic trends of single-walled carbon nanotube ab initio calculations

Hartree–Fock (HF) calculations for a variety of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) systems indicate linear relationships between electronic energies and changes in length and circumference for both armchair and zigzag type nanotubes. A simple protocol to predict energies for large SWCNT (C atoms >500) is developed through a set of structural parameters and AM1 optimized geometries from small SWCNTs. The energetic trends shown by the calculations are used to support the theory of SWCNT nucleation from a preformed carbon, or graphene with six 5-member rings, cap.
The effect of spatial scale of resistive inhomogeneity on defibrillation of cardiac tissue.

Abstract Defibrillation of cardiac tissue can be viewed in the context of dynamical systems theory as the attempt to move a dynamical system from the basin of attraction of one attractor (fibrillation) to another (the uniform rest state) by applying a stimulus whose form is physically constrained. Here we give an introduction to the physical mechanism of cardiac defibrillation from this dynamical perspective and examine the role of resistive inhomogeneity on defibrillation efficacy. Using numerical simulations with rotating waves on a one-dimensional periodic ring, we study the role of the spatial scale of resistive inhomogeneity on defibrillation. For a rotating wave on a periodic ring there are three stable attractors, namely the uniform rest state, a wave traveling clockwise and a wave traveling counterclockwise. As a result, the application of a stimulus has the potential for three different outcomes, namely elimination of the wave, phase resetting of the wave, and reversal of the wave. The results presented here show that with resistive inhomogeneities of large spatial scale, all three of these transitions are possible with large amplitude shocks, so that the probability of defibrillation is bounded well below one, independent of stimulus amplitude. On the other hand, resistive inhomogeneities of small spatial scale produce a defibrillation threshold that is qualitatively consistent with that found experimentally, namely the probability of defibrillation success is an increasing function that approaches one for large enough stimulus amplitude. Extending these results to higher dimensions, we describe conditions for successful defibrillation of functional reentry with large scale spatial inhomogeneity, but find that elimination of anatomical reentry is quite difficult. With small spatial scale inhomogeneity, there are no similar restrictions.
Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP): a novel target for Taxol-induced apoptosis.

Abstract It is known that by binding to the FAS-associated death domain (FADD) protein and/or caspases-8 and -10 at the level of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) can prevent apoptosis triggered by death-inducing ligands. We investigated whether the c-FLIP splice variants, c-FLIP long [c-FLIP(L)] and c-FLIP short [c-FLIP(S)], play a role in Taxol-induced apoptosis. Our results showed that low Taxol concentrations triggered caspase-8- and caspase-10-dependent apoptosis in the CCRF-HSB-2 human lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, and induced the down-regulation of c-FLIP(S) and c-FLIP(L). Taxol decreased the expression of c-FLIP by a post-transcriptional and caspase-independent mechanism. To explore the distinct functions of the c-FLIP variants in Taxol-induced apoptosis, we transfected the cells with expression vectors carrying c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) in the sense orientation or c-FLIP(S) in the antisense orientation [c-FLIP(S)-AS]. Caspases-8 and -10 were more efficiently activated in the c-FLIP(S)-AS strain treated with 5–50 nM Taxol, which revealed that c-FLIP regulates Taxol-induced apoptosis by interacting with these caspases. Furthermore, our data showed that increased expression of c-FLIP(L) or c-FLIP(S) reduced apoptosis at 5–50 nM Taxol concentrations suggesting that both isoforms of c-FLIP prevent Taxol-induced apoptosis. These results revealed that Taxol induces apoptosis by down-regulating c-FLIP(S) and c-FLIP(L) expression.
Does Threshold Nighttime Electrical Stimulation Benefit Children With Spina Bifida?: A Pilot Study

Background Electrical stimulation is an established treatment for muscle weakness. However, traditional tectonic stimulation is poorly tolerated in children as a result of discomfort. Threshold electrical stimulation performed at night reportedly increases muscle strength in a variety of neuromuscular conditions and has been well tolerated in children.
PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF VICIA FABA AND NICOTIANA TABACUM GUARD‐CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE

A B S T R A CT The guard cells of Vicia faba and Nicotiana tabacum contain numerous mitochondria, elements of endoplasmic reticulum, spherosomes, and peroxisome-like microbodies. A full ribosomal complement appears in young but not in fully mature guard cells. Numerous small lipid droplets external to the plasmalemma were noted in mature Vicia guard cells. Chloroplasts were found in both epidermal and guard cells of both species. Full photosynthetic capacity was indicated by the grana fretwork of guard-cell chloroplasts. A specialized peripheral reticulum was observed in the guard-cell chloroplasts of Vicia. Plasmodesmata were observed in both walls between sister guard cells and between guard and epidermal cells. In the latter case plasmodesmata were found primarily in pit fields of transverse walls. It is postulated that the small volume of guard cells allows them an osmotic advantage over larger neighboring
Preliminary Note on a Glow in Hydrogen at High Pressure

DURING an experiment in which an attempt was being made to get atomic hydrogen by means of an incandescent tungsten filament in wet hydrogen, a quite unexpected glow was discovered. The apparatus consisted of a three-litre bulb in the bottom of which there was sealed a tungsten filament from a 300-watt electric-light bulb. The pressures varied from 2 cm. to 35 cm., the hydrogen being generated by the electrolysis of potassium hydroxide. No care was taken to dry the hydrogen or to purify it.
Disparities in mental health service use of racial and ethnic minority elderly adults.

Objectives: To apply the Institute of Medicine definition of healthcare disparities, to measure disparities in different aspects of episodes of mental health care and to identify disparities in types of mental health services used. Design: Four 2-year longitudinal datasets from Panels 9 to 13 (2004�2009) of the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys were combined. Setting: Large-scale surveys of families and individuals and their medical providers across the United States. Participants: One thousand six hundred fifty-eight participants (981 white, 303 black, and 374 Latino) aged 60 and older with probable mental healthcare needs. Measurements: Mental healthcare need was defined as a Kessler-6 Scale score >12 and a Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score >2. Five aspects of mental healthcare episodes were analyzed: treatment initiation, adequacy of care, duration of care, number of visits, and expenditures. Whether episodes of care included only prescription drug fills, only outpatient visits, or both was assessed. Results: Treatment initiation and adequacy were lower for blacks and Latinos than whites. Latinos experienced episodes of longer duration, more visits, and higher expenditures. Blacks and Latinos had significantly lower rates of episodes that consisted of only medication refills. Blacks had significantly greater rates of episodes with only outpatient care visits. Latinos had significantly higher rates of medication plus outpatient visits. Conclusion: Low mental health treatment initiation and poor adequacy suggest the need for culturally appropriate interventions to engage older blacks and Latinos in mental health care. The surprising findings in blacks (higher rates of outpatient care visits) and Latinos (higher rates of medication plus outpatient visits) highlight the complexities of the older adult population and suggest new avenues for disparities research.
Infrared Spectra of Supposed α and β Forms of Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate

THE existence of two forms of calcium sulphate hemihydrate, α and β, has not been firmly established. Slight differences in densities1, heats of formations2 and differential thermograms3 have been cited as evidence for the existence of the two forms. Morris4 observed a slight difference in the X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the supposed α and β forms, which has been attributed to stacking fault crystal imperfections4 and the intergrowth of a sub-structure of a lower symmetry5. The crystal structures of the two forms, however, have not been unequivocally determined6,7. This article reports infrared spectroscopic measurements, undertaken in the expectation that this would be a sensitive probe in ascertaining if two forms of calcium sulphate hemihydrate actually exist. In the few previously reported infrared studies of calcium sulphate hemihydrate8–10 no attempt was made to differentiate between the two supposed forms.
Comorbidity assessment using the Index of Coexistent Diseases in a multicenter clinical trial

Comorbidity assessment using the Index of Coexistent Diseases in a multicenter clinical trial. Background The Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study is a multicenter trial designed to determine whether hemodialysis dose and membrane flux affect survival. Comorbid conditions are also important determinants of survival, and thus, an accurate and reliable method to assess comorbidity was required. Comorbidity was being assessed at baseline and annually in the HEMO Study using the Index of Coexistent Disease (ICED). We describe the instrument, its implementation in the HEMO Study, and the results of comorbidity assessment in the first 1000 randomized patients in the trial. Methods The ICED aggregated the presence and severity of 19 medical conditions and 11 physical impairments within two scales: the Index of Disease Severity (IDS) and the Index of Physical Impairment (IPI). The final ICED score was determined by an algorithm combining the peak scores for the IDS and IPI. The range of the ICED was from 0 to 3, reflecting increasing severity. Results Study personnel at 15 clinical centers were trained to update and abstract data from the dialysis medical records. Availability of data, measures of construct validity, and measures of reliability were adequate; 99.8% and 60.6% of patients had comorbid conditions in at least one IDS or IPI category, respectively. The distribution of patients by ICED level was 0 (0.2%), 1 (34.9%), 2 (31.2%), and 3 (33.7%). In multivariable analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with more severe comorbidity: older age, diabetes and other causes of renal disease, a lower level of education, employment status (unemployed and retired), longer duration of dialysis, and lower serum creatinine. There was a significant variation in the severity of comorbidity among clinical centers after adjustment for other factors. The R 2 of the model was 25.3%, indicating that a substantial proportion of the variation in the ICED was not explained by these factors. Conclusions We conclude that comorbidity assessment using the ICED is feasible in multicenter clinical trials of dialysis patients. There is a large burden of comorbidity in dialysis patients, which is not well explained by the cause of renal disease, demographic, and socioeconomic factors and common clinical and laboratory measurements. These variables should not be considered substitutes for comorbid conditions in case-mix adjustment. Comorbidity assessment is useful to describe the sample population, to improve the precision of the treatment effect, and to use possibly as an outcome measurement.
“Evidence for Ground Water Circulation in the Brine‐Filled Aquitard, Oak Ridge, Tennessee” by Ronit Nativ, Amy Halleran, and Arnold Hunley

The question addressed by Nativ et al. (1997), whether or not circulation exists between the deep ground water system and the shallow contaminated ground water underlying the waste disposal areas of the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), is indeed important. The answer to this question impacts not only the potential for transport of contaminants offsite via deep ground water pathways, but also the extent and associated cost of ground water monitoring. While Nativ et al. conclude that the saline water contained at depth is not isolated and that confined water (and dissolved solutes) move along open conduits at relatively high velocity into adjacent, more permeable units, the authors of this discussion would argue that when the entire body of evidence is examined, the results are inconclusive and the interpretation proposed is but one of several that could account for the apparently conflicting observations. Further, those data that suggest possible communication between the deep and shallow ground water systems also support the conclusion that the flux of ground water exchanged between systems is likely to be very small and transport times very large, thus mitigating the effects of any contamination introduced into the deep system by either natural or anthropogenic causes.
The human element in cyber security: a study on student motivation to act

The internet was originally designed as an open system for trustworthy users, yet with its rapid growth rate, it has become vulnerable to cyber crime. Much research exists on promoting cyber security awareness among employees of businesses, but less exists on cyber security awareness in the general population. This paper focuses on the general student population at Kennesaw State University (KSU), examining how they are motivated to protect themselves from the threat of cyber crime. The study's framework draws on Roger's Protection Motivation Theory, making use of the five motivational factors: risk severity, vulnerability, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and response cost. Research methods used include observation of on-campus classes, interviews with instructors, and surveys of a random sampling of students. The results showed that feelings of vulnerability were significant indicators of motivation to take precautions when using social networks. The response cost, measured in time and money required to respond to social networking threats as well as computer virus threats, was a significant negative indicator of motivation for action.
Inference using near-neighbour trimmed rank statistics for simple linear regression models

SUMMARY For the simple linear regression model, modified versions of statistics based on Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho are introduced. It is shown that tests based on these statistics can be as efflicient asymptotically as those based on statistics which require substantially more computation. In addition, a measure of finite sample efficiency is used to show that the asymptotic results agree quite closely with those for finite sample sizes. Similar results are obtained for estimation.
Adriamycin-induced compaction of isolated chromatin.

Abstract Adriamycin and certain other agents such as daunomycin, rubidazone and 1,4-dihydroxyl-5,8 bis [[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione (DHAQ) were capable of inducing a considerable increase in the sedimentation rate of isolated chromatin. In contrast, N -trinuoroacetyl-adriamycin-14-valerate (AD-32) was without effect in this system. Electron microscope studies of chromatin incubated with adriamycin, rubidazone and DHAQ showed that all of these drugs were capable of inducing the formation of highly condensed DNA structures. When chromatin was treated with 0.4 M NaCl, its ability to serve as a substrate for adriamycin-induced compaction was abolished. However, the salt-treated chromatin could still be condensed by DHAQ and rubidazone. The results of this study, therefore, show that a variety of closely related antitumor agents are capable of condensing isolated chromatin. However, certain of these compounds had distinct substrate requirements for the compaction reaction.
ROTOR MODELING AND DEVELOPMENT FOR BRUSHLESS DOUBLY-FED MACHINES

ABSTRACT The basic principles of brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM) synchronous operation are used to establish the essential components of the rotor configuration and alternative types of construction are examined. Certain forms, which appear to be physically realizable only with wound or fabricated rotors, are dismissed in favor of others which may be fabricated or die-cast in a manner similar to the cage rotors of conventional induction machines. A detailed simulation model is used to predict the performance of a proof-of-concept laboratory machine in a motoring mode which has been correlated with test data. Various developments and options of the rotor configuration are then examined for relative performance at two different speeds using the modeling techniques. The design features considered include (i) alternative interpretations of the nested-loop configuration requirement, (ii) number of rotor loops per nest, (iii) location (span) of rotor loops, and (iv) conductor section of specific rotor bars ...
Configurations for teaching labs

For decades, computing educators have discussed structured laboratory exercises as part of coursework. Often called "closed labs", formal laboratory sessions promote active learning, engage students in the material at hand, provide practice in problem solving, refine technical skills, and allow instructors to work individually with students to answer questions and facilitate learning. These lab sessions also can encourage pair programming and other collaborative activities---at least from time to time. Altogether, the advantages of closed labs are well documented; at least eighty-nine articles, published between 2010 and 1994, are indexed under "closed labs" in the ACM Digital Library. Also, different institutions have varying goals and priorities for their labs; and over the years various schools have developed guidelines and plans for their laboratory facilities (e.g., [1, 3, 4]).
Growth of molybdenum-based alloy single crystals using electron beam zone melting

Abstract The effects of scan rate on both the solute segregation and the crystal growth characteristics in MoNb, MoHf and MoHfC alloys were examined in this study. Little difficulty was encountered when growing the MoNb alloys. The ease of crystal growth in the MoNb binary system was attributed to the small temperature difference between the solidus and the liquidus lines and the complete solid solution characteristics of the MoNb system. A scan rate of 55 mm/h was found to be suitable for producing satisfactory single crystals of MoNb with up to 11%Nb. However, for the MoHf alloys, the highest scan rates for single crystal formation were found to depend on Hf content in an inverse manner. Experimental results show that the critical maximum scan rates for the Mo-3.75%Hf, Mo-2.75%Hf and Mo-1%Hf alloys to be 11 and 22 and 55 mm/h, respectively. Optimum scan rates were determined based on the compromise between the ease of formation of single crystals and the extent of solute segregation.
Bladder-sparing multimodality treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A five-year follow-up

Abstract Objectives To determine the long-term results of a bladder-sparing approach in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Methods Ninety-four patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated by transurethral resection followed by 2 or 3 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Patients were then treated with 6480 cGy of radiation in 49 patients, segmental cystectomy in 8, or surveillance only in 7. Patients who failed to respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or who developed recurrent muscle-invasive disease in follow-up, underwent salvage cystectomy. Patients were then carefully followed for a median follow-up of more than 5 years. Results After initial therapy, 53 patients (56%) were alive with their bladder preserved. Thirty of those 53 (57%) developed a local recurrence in follow-up. After a median follow-up of more than 5 years, the ultimate relapse-free survival is 49% (Stage T2, 84%; T3, 53%; and T4, 11 %; P Conclusions Our long-term results with multimodality therapy with attempted bladder preservation showed no definitive improvement in survival compared with modem series of cystectomy alone, and a disappointingly low rate of disease-free bladder preservation. We found a high rate of locally recurrent disease in the preserved bladders. We also noted a decrease in survival in our patients with bladder preservation compared with those without preservation. Bladder preservation, although possible, should be limited to a very select group of patients.
Retention of conditioned autonomic and behavioral responses in preweanling rats: Forgetting and reinstatement

Preweanling rats, 16 days of age, responded to an olfactory conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a shock unconditioned stimulus (US) with increases in heart rate and behavioral activation. In two experiments this finding was replicated and, in addition, it was found that the form of these conditioned responses (CRs) changed after a retention interval. When tested 24 h after CS-US pairings, the subjects displayed a decrease in heart rate accompanied by CS-elicited freezing. Giving two unsignaled shocks prior to the delayed test effectively reinstated the tachycardia and behavioral arousal CRs. The results are discussed in terms of contextual influences on the form of the CR and how changes in the magnitude of context fear may alter responding to an olfactory CS.
Thermomechanical analysis of vehicles gray iron brake discs

Purpose – The main purpose of this study is to analyse the thermomechanical behavior of the dry contact between the brake disc and pads during the braking phase.Design/methodology/approach – The simulation strategy is based on computer code ANSYS11. The modeling of transient temperature in the disc is actually used to identify the factor of geometric design of the disc to install the ventilation system in vehicles. The thermal‐structural analysis is then used coupling to determine the deformation and the Von Mises stress established in the disc, the contact pressure distribution in pads.Findings – The analysis results showed that temperature field and stress field in the process of braking phase were fully coupled.Originality/value – The results are satisfactory when compared with those of the specialized literature.
Physiologic alterations in cranial blood flow demonstrated by magnetic resonance angiography.

Portman MA, Cooper TG, Potchen EJ. Physiologic alterations in cranial blood flow demonstrated by magnetic resonance angiography.Two-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was used to image alterations in cranial blood flow induced by changes in arterial PCO2 in an animal mod