cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconsideration of the role of yeasts associated with Chrysoperla green lacewings

As larvae, lacewings in the genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae: Chrysopini) are predators of aphids and other soft-bodied insects. Adult Chrysoperla, however, are not predacious and feed on pollen, nectar, and honeydew. Earlier studies observed that Chrysoperla adults house yeasts in their crops, and based on the results of a sorbic acid yeast suppression experiment, concluded that the yeasts may supplement amino acids missing in the largely carbohydrate diet. In the current study, attempts to cure adult Chrysoperla comanche (Banks) and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) of yeasts using Hagen et al.’s [Bull. Lab. Entomol. Agric. Fil Silv. 28 (1970) 113] protocol, as well as several other fungicides and heat treatment, were unsuccessful, thus calling into question earlier conclusions about the yeasts. Based on our Wndings, we suggest possible methods for producing yeast-free lacewings so that future studies might determine how yeasts contribute to lacewing Wtness. The earlier research also suggested that lacewings eclose without their yeast symbionts and must obtain them from the environment. Our data suggest that yeast may be transmitted vertically, from mother to oVspring.
Imaging a full set of optical scattering properties of biological tissue by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography

We here develop a method to measure and image the full optical scattering properties by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (ISOCT). Tissue is modelled as a medium with continuous refractive index (RI) fluctuation and such a fluctuation is described by the RI correlation functions. Under the first-order Born approximation, the forward model is established for ISOCT. By measuring optical quantities of tissue including the scattering power of the OCT spectrum, the reflection albedo α defined as the ratio of scattering coefficient μ(s), and the backscattering coefficient μ(b), we are able to inversely deduce the RI correlation function and image the full set of optical scattering properties.
Interconnected multilevel microfluidic channels fabricated using low-temperature bonding of SU-8 and multilayer lithography

This paper describes a novel fabrication method for the manufacture of multi-level microfluidic structures using SU-8. The fabrication method is based on wafer bonding of SU-8 layers and multilayer lithography in SU-8 to form microchannels and other structures at different levels. In our method, non-UV-exposed SU-8 layers are transferred to SU-8 structured wafers at desirably low temperatures. This technique is particularly useful for building multi-level fluidic structures, because non-UV-exposed SU-8 can be used as cover for microchannels and the cover can then be lithographically structured, i.e., to form interconnects, after which subsequent transferring of non-UV-exposed SU-8 onto the wafer allows for the fabrication of interconnected multi-level channels and other structures. Examples of interconnected multi-level microchannels were realized using this newly developed method. Liquid has been introduced into the microchannels at different levels to reveal the desirable functionality of the interconnected multi-level channels. The method described here is easily implementable using standard photolithography and requires no expensive bonding equipment. More importantly, the fabrication procedure is CMOS compatible, offering the potential to integrate electronic devices and MEMS sensors into microfluidic systems.
Types of prayer and depressive symptoms among cancer patients: the mediating role of rumination and social support

We examined the association between different types of prayer and depressive symptoms—with rumination and social support as potential mediators—in a sample of predominantly White, Christian, and female ambulatory cancer patients. In a cross-sectional design, 179 adult cancer outpatients completed measures of prayer, rumination, social support, depressive symptoms, and demographic variables. Type and stage of cancer were collected from electronic medical charts. Depressive symptoms were negatively correlated with adoration prayer (r = −.15), reception prayer (r = −.17), thanksgiving prayer (r = −.29), and prayer for the well-being of others (r = −.26). In the path analysis, rumination fully mediated the link between thanksgiving prayer and depressive symptoms (β for indirect effect = −.05), whereas social support partially mediated the link between prayer for others and depressive symptoms (β for indirect effect = −.05). These findings suggest that unique mechanisms may link different prayer types to lower depressive symptoms among cancer patients.
Costs and distortion of U.S. regulation policy in intercoastal lumber shipping

Abstract This article quantitatively analyzes the various impacts of current U.S. coastal restrictions on the Northwest lumber industry. The history of U.S. maritime regulation is briefly reviewed and a simulation model is developed to measure its affect on lumber shipments and transport costs. The results of the model indicate that aggregate cost redutions obtained through deregulation are likely to be small. The pattern of intercoastal shipments could change a great deal, however, with U.S. producers picking up a large share of the Northeast market.
Validation of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnoses in Large Healthcare Systems with Electronic Medical Records.

To identify factors associated with valid Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnoses from electronic sources in large healthcare systems. We examined 1,272 charts from ASD diagnosed youth 2 diagnoses in the medical record (OR 2.94; 95 % CI 2.03–4.25; p < 0.001) and being male (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.05–2.17; p = 0.03). In large integrated healthcare settings, at least two diagnoses can be used to identify ASD patients for population-based research.
Hope in the Face of Chronic Pain and Mortality

Human pain, especially when severe, chronic, and life-threatening, is a distinct challenge to hope. A review of recent research regarding human pain and its effects supports this idea. A pastoral theology that attends to the way of the cross and the hope of the resurrection can guide ministry with persons facing this challenge. The meditations and reflections of John Tully Carmody during his season of suffering with multiple myeloma are illustrative and instructive.
On The Role of a Non-Newtonian Fluid in Short Bearing Theory

The importance of rheological properties of lubricants has arisen from the realization that non-Newtonian fluid effects are manifested over a broad range of lubrication applications. In this paper a theoretical investigation of short journal bearings performance characteristics for non-Newtonian power-law lubricants is given. A modified form of the Reynolds’ equation for hydrodynamic lubrication is studied in the asymptotic limit of small slenderness ratio (i.e., bearing length to diameter, L/D = λ→0). Fluid film pressure distributions in short bearings of arbitrary azimuthal length are studied using matched asymptotic expansions in the slenderness ratio. The merit of the short bearing approach used in solving a modified Reynolds’ equation by the method of matched asymptotic expansions is emphasized. Fluid film pressure distributions are determined without recourse to numerical solutions to a modified Reynolds’ equation. Power-law rheological exponents less than and equal to one are considered; power-law fluids exhibit reduced load capacities relative to the Newtonian fluid. The cavitation boundary shape is determined from Reynolds’ free surface condition; and the boundary shape is shown to be independent of the bearing eccentricity ratio.
Methods for determining partial solubility parameters of potential film-coating polymers

Abstract The partial solubility parameters of a film-coating polymer can be useful in formulating a good film-coating solution. Three experimental methods were used to determine the partial solubility parameters for a commercially available silicone polymer, Silastic Q7–4735. Prior to the initiation of the curing process, solutions of the polymer were examined by viscometry and turbidimetry. The cured polymer was evaluated by swelling measurements. Results of viscosity and swelling were found to agree. The solubility parameters δd and δp were determined to be 7.44–7.56 (cal/ml) 1 2 and 0.23–1.69 (cal/ml) 1 2 , respectively. However, turbidity was shown to be a poor method for determining solubility parameters.
Inter-industry technology flows in the United States

Abstract This paper presents for the U.S. economy a technology flows matrix tracing 1974 industrial R&D expenditures from their industries of origin to industries in which the use of resulting products and processes was anticipated. The distinction between origin and using industries is crucial to understanding the links between R&D and productivity growth. A regression analysis reveals high social rates of return and substantial productivity impacts from R&D attributed to industries of use.
Psychiatric molecular genetics and the ethics of social promises

A recent literature review of commentaries and ‘state of the art’ articles from researchers in psychiatric genetics (PMG) offers a consensus about progress in the science of genetics, disappointments in the discovery of new and effective treatments, and a general optimism about the future of the field. I argue that optimism for the field of psychiatric molecular genetics (PMG) is overwrought, and consider progress in the field in reference to a sample estimate of US National Institute of Mental Health funding for this paradigm for the years 2008 and 2009. I conclude that the amounts of financial investment in PMG is questionable from an ethical perspective, given other research and clinical needs in the USA.
Heuristics for multiagent reinforcement learning in decentralized decision problems

Decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes (Dec-POMDPs) model cooperative multiagent scenarios, providing a powerful general framework for team-based artificial intelligence. While optimal algorithms exist for Dec-POMDPs, theoretical and empirical results demonstrate that they are impractical for many problems of real interest. We examine the use of reinforcement learning (RL) as a means to generate adequate, if not optimal, joint policies for Dec-POMDPs. It is easily demonstrated (and expected) that single-agent RL produces results of little joint utility. We therefore investigate heuristic methods, based upon the dynamics of the Dec-POMDP formulation, that bias the learning process to produce coordinated action. Empirical tests on a benchmark problem show that these heuristics significantly enhance learning performance, even out-performing a hand-crafted heuristic in cases where the learning process converges quickly.
ON THE SHAREHOLDER WEALTH EFFECTS OF DEPOSIT INSURANCE PREMIUM REVISIONS ON LARGE, PUBLICLY TRADED COMMERCIAL BANKS

Evidence is provided from changes in deposit insurance premiums in the early 1990s on the validity of the premium absorption hypothesis and the premium shifting hypothesis. Analysis of abnormal market returns associated with deposit insurance events using a market-model event-study methodology suggests that reductions in deposit insurance premiums are associated with increases in the market value of banking organizations; conversely, increases in deposit insurance premiums are associated with decreases in market wealth. The largest banks in the sample and banks with low equity capital (and low risk-based capital ratios) appear to be most affected. These results are generally consistent with the premium absorption hypothesis but inconsistent with the premium shifting hypothesis.
Perceptions of constraints to NHL spectatorship

The purpose of this study was to better understand perceptions of constraints on National Hockey League (NHL) spectatorship. Additionally, this study sought to understand how constraints are perceived by spectators based on ticket holder type and test the negotiation thesis by comparing constraint variables across spectator motivation and team identification. The constraints scale was adopted from leisure literature and adapted to sport spectators. Two data collection methods (on-site and web-based) were used to recruit participants. A preliminary Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) found good fit for the leisure constraint scale. The results indicate that active spectators experience a variety of constraints with time and cost constraints cited as the most prevalent. Each of the constraint constructs were found to significantly lower spectator motivation and identification with the team across ticket holder types. The results of this study provide preliminary evidence of the importance of constraints in addressing NHL marketing efforts.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ON-ROAD DRIVING ASSESSMENT FOR NOVICE TEEN DRIVERS

Background A standardised measure of driving performance is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of driver training programmes for novice teen drivers. Aims/Objectives/Purpose Develop and assess the reliability of an on-road driving assessment for novice teens, as well as their driving performance at two times: (1) after initial experience in a limited number of driving environments (early route) and (2) after experience in a wide range of environments (late route). Methods We developed two routes with varying speed limits and a range of road characteristics to test driver competencies across six environments: parking lot, residential, intermediate roads, commercial, highway and rural roads. Nineteen teens drove one of the two routes accompanied by two certified driving evaluators. Performance errors at specified route segments were ascertained. Results/Outcome Inter-rater (front vs back seat) reliability of the drives was excellent (ICC=0.79). There was significant variation in the number of errors committed by the 13 teens who drove the early route (mean: 24.2 errors, range: 8–46) and the six who drove the late route (mean:18.5 (15–22)). For both routes, the most common sources of error were turns, parking, backing up and lane changes. Significance/Contribution to the Field We have developed an on-road driving assessment to evaluate novice teen driver performance that demonstrates excellent inter-rater reliability and an ability to identify a wide range of driving errors. Future assessments of discriminatory validity will be conducted. Refinement of the routes may enable adaptation to other geographic areas, providing an ability to evaluate a wide range of driver training programmes.
Thermal Shock Waves Induced by a Moving Crack

The near-tip behavior of the thermal field around a moving crack is investigated analytically in this work. The thermal field is characterized by a thermal Mach number defined as the ratio between the linear speed v of the moving crack and the heat propagation speed C in the solid. Mathematically, M = {upsilon}/C. In the subsonic range with M < 1, a detailed comparison with the thermal diffusion model is made. In the transonic and the supersonic ranges with M{ge}1, thermal shock waves, which separate the heat affected zone from the thermally undisturbed zone, are shown to exist in the physical domain. A swinging phenomenon for the transition from the subsonic to the supersonic ranges. Also, the r dependency of the near-tip temperature is found to be the same as that of the near-tip heat flux vector. It transits from r{sup 1/2}, r, to r{sup 2} as the thermal Mach number transits from the subsonic, transonic, to the supersonic ranges.
Immunology: Exposure of an executioner

The complement C3 protein binds to pathogens, singling them out for execution by the immune system. Structural studies show how the chemical group responsible for this binding is exposed on activation.
Femtosecond Two-Photon Induced Luminescence Spectroscopic Study of Carrier Thermalization and the Lifetime of Split-Off Holes in GaAs

Time-resolved two-photon induced luminescence spectroscopy is used to study the relaxation dynamics of holes in GaAs following valence-to-conduction band femtosecond pulse excitation in the near-infrared and heavy- and light-hole to split-off resonant transitions in the mid-infrared. It is shown that there is a rapid change in the electron and hole temperatures due to thermalization of the carrier distributions in the valence and conduction bands and that the collisions between the electrons and heavy holes are not elastic when scattering to the light hole band is possible. The lifetime of the split-off holes near the zone center is within the limits of 40 to 80 femtoseconds at room temperature.
Weight Variability of Pharmacist-Dispensed Split Tablets

Objective To determine the level of weight uniformity of fragments from tablets split into halves and dispensed by pharmacists. Design Pre-post comparison. Setting Laboratory analysis of split tablets returned unused from four long-term care facilities. Interventions Twenty-two dispensed prescriptions containing 560 split tablet halves were collected, and fragment weights (FWs) were determined. Theoretical weights (TWs) of split tablets of the same medications were determined mathematically. Main Outcome Measures Comparison of the mean FW with the mean TW of each dispensed prescription and determination of whether fragments met United States Pharmacopeia 24 (USP) criteria for weight variation of whole tablets. Results A significant difference ( P Conclusion Tablet splitting resulted in an unacceptably high incidence of weight variation. Standards should be developed to ensure uniformity of split tablets.
HLA in Egyptian children with biliary atresia.

Abstract We studied the human leukocytes antigens in 18 Egyptian children with biliary atresia (BA) without extrahepatic congenital malformations. There was a significant increased frequency of both B8 and DR3 (83.3% and 94.4% in patients with BA compared with 6.5% and 14.9% in the general population, respectively). Ten patients had the B8/DR3 haplotype. Our results support the hypothesis that genetic factors may play a role in susceptibility to BA. (J Pediatr 2002;141:432-4)
Cytokine Technology in Basic and Applied Research on the Hematopoietic System

Cytokines are polypeptide molecules important for the regulation and maintenance of immunity and hematopoiesis. Their central role in the control of a number of physiological mechanisms makes them an important area of both basic and applied biomedical research. This review presents an overview of basic and applied biology, and introduces the term cytokine technology to denote the use of cytokines as research tools for understanding the cellular and molecular regulation of hematopoiesis. A number of frontier technologies are reviewed, including fusion toxins, fusion proteins, and animal models of cytokine expression and regulation.
Dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome in obese and non-obese Framingham women.

Objectives: To examine the relationship between habitual dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in women and to identify foci for preventive nutrition interventions. Research Methods and Procedures: Dietary patterns, nutrient intake, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and MetS risk factors were characterized in 1615 Framingham Offspring-Spouse Study (FOS) women. Dietary pattern subgroups were compared for MetS prevalence and CVD risk factor status using logistic regression and analysis of covariance. Analyses were performed overall in women and stratified on obesity status; multivariate models controlled for age, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, and CVD risk factors. Results: Food and nutrient profiles and overall nutritional risk of five non-overlapping habitual dietary patterns of women were identified including Heart Healthier, Lighter Eating, Wine and Moderate Eating, Higher Fat, and Empty Calories. Rates of hypertension and low high-density lipoprotein levels were high in non-obese women, but individual MetS risk factor levels were substantially increased in obese women. Overall MetS risk varied by dietary pattern and obesity status, independently of APOE and CVD risk factors. Compared with obese or non-obese women and women overall with other dietary patterns, MetS was highest in those with the Empty Calorie pattern (contrast p value: p < 0.05). Discussion: This research shows the independent relationship between habitual dietary patterns and MetS risk in FOS women and the influence of obesity status. High overall MetS risk and the varying prevalence of individual MetS risk factors in female subgroups emphasize the importance of preventive nutrition interventions and suggest potential benefits of targeted behavior change in both obese and non-obese women by dietary pattern.
Effects of High School Course-Taking on Secondary and Postsecondary Success

Using panel data from a census of public school students in the state of Florida, the authors examine the associations between students’ high school course-taking in various subjects and their 10th-grade test scores, high school graduation, entry into postsecondary institutions, and postsecondary performance. The authors use propensity score matching (based on 8th-grade test scores, other student characteristics, and school effects) within groups of students matched on the composition of the students’ course-taking in other subjects to estimate the differences in outcomes for students who take rigorous courses in a variety of subjects. The authors find substantial significant differences in outcomes for those who take rigorous courses, and these estimated effects are often larger for disadvantaged youth and students attending disadvantaged schools.
Adenosine mono-, di- and triphosphate, pyruvic kinase, hexokinase and polynucleotide phosphorylase assay.

Abstract Fast, simple, reproducible and reasonably specific assays for 0.03 μmole or less, per ml for adenylic acid, adenosine di- and triphosphates, and for pyruvic kinase, hexokinase and polynucleotide phosphorylase are presented. Some of the limitations of the methods described are discussed.
Animal-to-Animal Variability in Motor Pattern Production in Adults and during Growth

Which features of network output are well preserved during growth of the nervous system and across different preparations of the same size? To address this issue, we characterized the pyloric rhythms generated by the stomatogastric nervous systems of 99 adult and 12 juvenile lobsters (Homarus americanus). Anatomical studies of single pyloric network neurons and of the whole stomatogastric ganglion (STG) showed that the STG and its neurons grow considerably from juvenile to adult. Despite these changes in size, intracellularly recorded membrane potential waveforms of pyloric network neurons and the phase relationships in the pyloric rhythm were very similar between juvenile and adult preparations. Across adult preparations, the cycle period and number of spikes per burst were not tightly maintained, but the mean phase relationships were independent of the period of the rhythm and relatively tightly maintained across preparations. We interpret this as evidence for homeostatic regulation of network activity.
Effect of condenser mirror surface roughness on partially coherent image formation in proximity x-ray lithography

In synchrotron radiation (SR) proximity x-ray lithography (XRL), the image is formed under a partially coherent illumination condition. Typically the illumination system consists of one or more condenser mirrors that collect the radiation from a synchrotron source and provide a uniform illumination of the x-ray mask. For a non-ideal mirror surface, height irregularity might not be negligible compared to the wavelength of x ray. Although scattering from rough surfaces has been studied extensively, little attention has been given to the effect of partial coherent illumination. For proximity XRL, the angular blur of illumination as large as 2 - 4 mrad (3 (sigma) ) has been proposed on the basis of modeling. The blur from the SR source alone is typically less than 1 mrad (3 (sigma) ). In partially coherent illumination, we found that the roughness can add an extra amount of blur which is desirable. Roughness tolerance for XRL beamline mirrors is determined from this study. Finally, the influence of scattering on lithography image formation is discussed.
Canonical solution of the two critical argument problem

The solution by Sessin and Ferraz-Mello (Celes. Mech.32, 307–332) of the Hori auxiliary system for the motion of two planets with periods nearly commensurate in the ratio 2∶1 is considerably simplified by the introduction of canonical variables. An analogous canonical transformation simplifies the elliptic restricted problem.
GROWTH AND ORGANIZED DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURED CELLS. III. Interpretations of the Growth from Free Cell to Carrot Plan

THIE FIRST of this group of papers (Steward et al., 1958a) emphasized the great capacity for division possessed even by highly vacuolated cells under appropriate stimuli. Though recognized by Bailey (1920) for the cambium and by Sinnott and Bloch (1941) for differentiated tissues, this capacity is often underestimated. The unexpected variety of ways in which freely suspended cells inay grow has also been described. Even in the apices of shoot and root, however, by no means all of the divisions occur in the relatively unvacuolated cells of the more strictly meristematic regions, but vacuolating cells also divide as shown by Bailey (1920), Priestley (1929), and Sinnott and Bloch (1941). GROWTH OF FREE CELLS: RELATIONS TO CLASSICAL CONCEPTS OF CELL MULTIPLICATION. -When growth is initiated by single, free, "mother" cells, there is an opportunity to trace the sequence in the planes of division that lead to the resulting tissues and organs. The classical concepts that have been held to explain the way in which cells divide are those of Hofmeister, Sachs, and Errera. In the literature of growth, the treatment of D'Arcy Thompson (1952) is among the most elegant of those wvhich attempt interpretations in terms of the ability of cells, as semifluid and similar units, to partition space economically, efficiently and in equilibrium wvith each other. Thus the events that lead from single floating cells, to colonial aggregates, and thence to roots and shoots can now be examined from these points of view.
Technical Note-The Continuity of the Perturbation Function of a Convex Program

The perturbation function of a convex program is not necessarily continuous on its domain of finiteness. However, further restrictions on the constraints will guarantee a continuous perturbation function.
Symbolic representation in animals: Emergent stimulus relations in conditional discrimination learning

When two initially unrelated stimuli are associated with the same event (e.g., many-to-one conditional discriminations), an emergent relation can develop between those stimuli, allowing them to be interchangeable in other contexts. The source of the emergent relation appears to be a common representation of the two stimuli, and the nature of the representation may be retrospective, involving one of the initial stimuli (probably the stimulus that first enters into association). These emergent relations have been implicated in the establishment of stimulus equivalent relations. However, the failure to find strong evidence for other emergent relations thought to be involved in stimulus equivalence (Sidman, 1990; e.g., bidirectional associations, transitive relations, and functional equivalence associated with one-to-many conditional discriminations) suggests that the mechanisms underlying the emergent relations found using transfer designs following many-to-one training are different from those presumed to underlie stimulus equivalence. On the other hand, evidence for the common representation of stimuli associated with the same arbitrary event extends the nature of those representations beyond those well-established effects found when the common events are biologically important (e.g., the differential outcomes effect).
Crowdsourcing geographic information for disaster response: a research frontier

Abstract Geographic data and tools are essential in all aspects of emergency management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Geographic information created by amateur citizens, often known as volunteered geographic information, has recently provided an interesting alternative to traditional authoritative information from mapping agencies and corporations, and several recent papers have provided the beginnings of a literature on the more fundamental issues raised by this new source. Data quality is a major concern, since volunteered information is asserted and carries none of the assurances that lead to trust in officially created data. During emergencies time is the essence, and the risks associated with volunteered information are often outweighed by the benefits of its use. An example is discussed using the four wildfires that impacted the Santa Barbara area in 2007–2009, and lessons are drawn.
Secondary Traumatic Stress in Substance Abuse Treatment.

Abstract The terms secondary traumatic stress (STS), vicarious traumatization (VT), and compassion fatigue (CF) have all been used, sometimes interchangeably, to refer to the observation that those who provide clinical services to trauma survivors may themselves experience considerable emotional disruption, becoming indirect victims of the trauma. Consequently, such reactions are becoming viewed as an occupational hazard of providing clinical services to traumatized populations. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the conceptual and empirical literature on secondary traumatic stress, as well as recommendations for its prevention. It is hoped that this article will serve to increase the awareness of this potential occupational hazard of counseling traumatized substance abusers among substance abuse treatment counselors, administrators, and educators.
Variation in the Vitamin and Mineral Content of Raw and Cooked Commercial Phaseolus Vulgaris Classes

Raw and cooked samples of nine different commercial classes of the Phaseolus vulgaris L. species were analyzed for their contents of five water-soluble vitamins and nine minerals. On a 100g dry weight basis, the mean vitamin and mineral values of the raw bean samples amounted to the following: thiamin 0.99 mg, riboflavin 0.20 mg, niacin 1.99 mg, vitamin B6 0.49 mg, folic acid 0.30 mg, phosphorus 0.46g, sodium 10.3 mg, potassium 1.54g, calcium 0.15g, magnesium 0.20g, zinc 3.2 mg, manganese 1.4 mg, copper 0.91 mg, and iron 5.84 mg. With a few exceptions variabilities of these nutrients between bean classes exceeded those within classes. Nutrient variabilities in cooked samples, again with a few exceptions, were higher than in the corresponding uncooked material. Retention values of water-soluble vitamins during cooking between bean classes averaged between 70 and 75%. Retention of minerals during cooking ranged from a low of 38.5% for sodium to total retention for calcium, with the majority of the minerals falling into the 80–90% level.
A Mathematical Framework for the Key Characteristic Process

To maximize product quality, a product design team selects concepts and dimensions to minimize a product’s sensitivity to variation. However, even for the most robust products, it is rarely possible to transition a product into production without encountering any variation-related problems. In a complex product, it is not economically or logistically feasible to control and/or monitor the thousands of tolerances specified in a product’s drawing set. To address this problem, many organizations are using Key Characteristic (KCs) methods to identify where excess variation will most significantly affect product quality, and what product features and tolerances require special attention from manufacturing. As simple as this principle seems, most companies struggle to effectively implement KC methods because no quantitative methods to prioritize KCs exist. This paper develops a mathematical definition of a KC based on a variation propagation model. In addition, it develops a quantitative effectiveness measure used to prioritize where verification, variation reduction, and on-going monitoring should be applied. The effectiveness measure incorporates the cost of control, the benefit of control, and the expected change in process capability. The methods are illustrated using an automotive door assembly.
Environmental Teratogenesis, Statistics for

Teratology is the study of adverse effects of environmental agents on the developing system. The major source of information for studying potential teratogenic (developmental) effects of chemicals on humans is generally the animal dose–response experiments. Quantitative risk assessment involves an assessment of the relationship between exposure and adverse health effects to derive an allowable exposure level. Acceptable levels of human exposure are derived by dividing the lower confidence limit benchmark dose by the product of several uncertainty factors. This article describes the statistical models and benchmark approach for quantitative risk assessment of developmental effects. The benchmark dose method involves selection of a dose–response function to fit animal experimental data. The benchmark dose and its lower confidence limit are then estimated from the fitted dose–response model. The dose–response function for continuous response data is modeled using the litter-based analysis. The dose–response function for dichotomous response data is modeled using beta binomial. Keywords: developmental and reproductive study; benchmark dose; beta-binomial model; continuous response data; dichotomous response data; dose–response model; point-of-departure
Interhybrid competition affects sunflower character expression

Field researchers are confronted with selection of the proper plot design to assure agreement of small-scale experimental plot results with large-scale commercial field production. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of plot design on expression of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) characters. Field studies were conducted in North Dakota at three dryland sites: Carrington, Fargo, and Prosper. Interhybrid and intrahybrid competitive situations were attained by using one-row or two-row hybrid arrangements with three hybrids as possible borders. Competitive effects were determined on achene yield, achene oil concentration, achene weight, test weight, days to anthesis, head diameter, plant height, and leaf number. Plot achene yield was 20% greater when the border hybrid was a semidwarf than when border hybrids were of more conventional height. Border hybrid competitive influences on achene yield were approximately twice as great for one-row as for two-row arrangements. Other characters influenced by interhybrid competition were test weight, head diameter, and plant height. Characters not influenced by interhybrid competition included achene weight, achene oil concentration, days to anthesis, and leaf number. Plot border rows are recommended when evaluating characters subject to interhybrid competitive influences. An alternative approach is using one-row or two-row arrangements and grouping hybrids similar in plant height and maturity in the same field proximity.
Invited Paper The Formation Of Shallow P+N Junctions Using RTA Of BF2+ And B+ Implanted Si

The formation of shallow junctions by rapid thermal annealing of BF2+ or B+ ion-implanted Si wafers was studied. Substantial differences in the dopant activation and junction depths were observed between the different samples for high-dose implantation. Dual implantation of B+ and F+ into Si was done so that the influence of flourine on dopant behavior could be studied. Flourine was found to have a marked effect and a model is proposed to account for the observations. Also, comparison between rapid thermal and conventional furnace annealing of the various implanted samples is discussed.
Material parameter estimation with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Imaging systems based on terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy offer a range of unique modalities owing to the broad bandwidth, subpicosecond duration, and phase-sensitive detection of the THz pulses. Furthermore, the possibility exists for combining spectroscopic characterization or identification with imaging because the radiation is broadband in nature. To achieve this, we require novel methods for real-time analysis of THz waveforms. This paper describes a robust algorithm for extracting material parameters from measured THz waveforms. Our algorithm simultaneously obtains both the thickness and the complex refractive index of an unknown sample under certain conditions. In contrast, most spectroscopic transmission measurements require knowledge of the sample's thickness for an accurate determination of its optical parameters. Our approach relies on a model-based estimation, a gradient descent search, and the total variation measure. We explore the limits of this technique and compare the results with literature data for optical parameters of several different materials.
D-instanton generated Dirac neutrino masses

We present a stringy mechanism to generate Dirac neutrino masses by $D$-instantons in an experimentally relevant mass scale without fine-tuning. Within type IIA string theory with intersecting $D6$-branes, we spell out specific conditions for the emergence of such couplings and provide a class of supersymmetric local SU(5) grand unified models, based on the ${Z}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ orientifold compactification, where perturbatively absent Dirac neutrino masses can be generated by $D2$-brane instantons in the experimentally observed mass regime, while Majorana masses remain absent, thus providing an intriguing mechanism for the origin of small neutrino masses due to nonperturbative stringy effects.
Identifying sources of snowmelt acidification with a watershed mixing model

We used ionic tracers to estimate the volume of old (soil and ground) water interacting with snowmelt in eleven Adirondack, NY watersheds. The contribution of old water varied from 66 to 90%, with no general relationship between old water % and soil depth to till. This approach also discriminated between watershed retention and release of particular ions to lake outlet water during snowmelt. Most watersheds released NO3 − during snowmelt, in addition to the snowpack NO3 −. Nitrification of snowpack NH4 + explained part of the additional NO3 − in lake out outlet water, but some NO3 − was likely mineralized nitrogen from soil organic matter. All watersheds retained NH4 + as well. Nitrogen release was greatest in the acidic watersheds in the southwestern Adirondacks, a region thought to be impacted by anthropogenic deposition. During snowmelt, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions (presumably from soil exchange sites) were also released from most watersheds. In watersheds with acidic (minimum pH<4.6) lake outlet water, Al was also released during snowmelt. Thus, lake outlet water acidification during snowmelt was both buffered by cation release, and intensified by NO3 − release. If the soil exchangeable cation pools were not replenished prior to snowmelt, or NO3 − mobilization were increased, acidification during snowmelt would intensify.
Ethical Education in Our Public Schools: Crisis and Opportunity

(1991). Ethical Education in Our Public Schools: Crisis and Opportunity. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 315-315.
Monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with anti-a specificity recognize a synthetic peptide analogue (S135–155) with unmodified lysine (141)

Abstract A synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 135–155 (S135–155) of the major protein component of HBsAg was conjugated to β-galactosidase. This conjugate reacted with monoclonal anti-HBs antibodies having anti- a group specificity. The reaction was inhibited by: HBsAg of either subtype ad or ay ; by unconjugated S135–155 or a shorter peptide S140–155, but not by unrelated peptides. Modification of lysine residues of either HBsAg or S135–155 reduced this inhibitory effect. These results indicate (1) that Lys 141 is essential for maintaining the antigenicity of one of the epitopes responsible for the common a specificity of HBsAg and (2) that studies involving the use of synthetic peptides and modifications of distinct amino acid residues in the native protein or in the peptide may help in characterizing epitopes of viral antigens in general.
How Interactions Control Molecular Transport in Channels

The motion of molecules across channels and pores is critically important for understanding mechanisms of many cellular processes. Here we investigate the mechanism of interactions in the molecular transport through nanopores by analyzing exactly solvable discrete stochastic models. According to this approach the channel transport is viewed as a set of chemical transitions between discrete states. It is shown that the strength and spatial distribution of molecule/channel interactions can strongly modify the particle current. Our analysis indicates that the most optimal transport is achieved when the binding sites are near the entrance or exit of the pore depending on the sign of interaction potential. In addition, the role of intermolecular interactions during the channel transport is studied, and it is argued that an increase in the flux can be observed for some optimal interaction strength. The mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.
Gate current injection initiated by electron band-to-band tunneling in MOS devices

A substrate hot-electron injection across the gate oxide initiated by electron band-to-band tunneling in p-type silicon is discussed. The injection electrons are generated by the energetic holes which are originally left behind by the band-to-band tunneling electrons. The injection can be easily controlled by an appropriate bias to a nearby n/sup +/ diffusion, and the injection efficiency can be as high as 10/sup -2/. Due to the small oxide field during injection, the electron fluence through the oxide before failure is much higher than under a Fowler-Nordheim tunneling stressing. These advantages make this band-to-band tunneling induced substrate hot-electron injection a possible programming mechanism for nonvolatile memories. >
Studying dipole moment modification in a single fluorescent dye beside metallic Nano-Particle based on the Green's function theory

Summary form only given. Enhancement of dipolar scattering can be achieved by locating the emitting dipole near a resonant nanosphere. In this study the dipole represents a fluorescent dye or an emitting quantum dot, and the nanosphere exhibits a plasmonic resonance at optical frequencies. It has been shown several times that a dipole excitation and emission can be greatly affected by the presence of a nanosphere at nanomener distance. This was considered for example in (J. Gersten, A. Nitzan, J. Chem. Phys. 73(7), 1980) in the case of Raman scattering, and in many other experimental works. In this paper, we investigate the emission of a fluorescent dye analytically, using the electric dyadic Green's function in a semiclassical electrodynamic model accounting for the nanosphere scattering, which is evaluated according to Mie theory. The dye is modeled as a dipole, illuminated by an incident wave and the one from the nearby nanosphere. We compare our results with previous ones, based on different approximations. More specifically, assuming the dipolar dye is located beside the NP, we analyze when the latter, in turn, modifies the dye dipole moment since the dye has a certain polarizability and hence responds to the local electric field. We report when this contribution is important for the determination of the dye emission rate and scattering. We use the Lorentzian oscillator model for calculating the polarizability of the dye and investigate excitation rate enhancements in various cases. As results show when the polarizability of the dye becomes comparable to that of the plasmonic nanosphere we have to consider the change in the dipole moment of the dye, as in our electrocynamic model.
Radar probing of planetary regoliths: An example from the northern rim of Imbrium basin

Imaging radar measurements at long wavelengths (e.g., >30 cm) allow deep (up to tens of meters) probing of the physical structure and dielectric properties of planetary regoliths. We illustrate a potential application for a Mars orbital synthetic aperture radar (SAR) using new Earth-based 70-cm wavelength radar data for the Moon. The terrae on the northern margin of Mare Imbrium, the Montes Jura region, have diffuse radar backscatter echoes that are 2-4 times weaker at 3.8-cm, 70-cm, and 7.5-m wavelengths than most other lunar nearside terrae. Possible geologic explanations are (1) a pyroclastic deposit associated with sinuous rilles in this region, (2) buried mare basalt or a zone of mixed highland/basaltic debris (cryptomaria), or (3) layers of ejecta associated with the Iridum and Plato impacts that have fewer meter-sized rocks than typical highlands regolith. While radar data at 3.8-cm to 7.5-m wavelengths suggest significant differences between the Montes Jura region and typical highlands, the surface geochemistry and rock abundance inferred from Clementine UV-VIS data and eclipse thermal images are consistent with other lunar terrae. There is no evidence for enhanced iron abundance, expected for basaltic pyroclastic deposits, near the source vents of the sinuous rilles radial to Plato. The regions of low 70-cm radar return are consistent with overlapping concentric ''haloes'' about Iridum and Plato and do not occur referentially in topographically low areas, as is observed for radar-mapped cryptomaria. Thus we suggest that the extensive radar-dark area associated with the Montes Jura region is due to overlapping, rock-poor ejecta deposits from Iridum and Plato craters. Comparison of the radial extent of low-radar-return crater haloes with a model for ejecta thickness shows that these rock-poor layers are detected by 70-cm radar where they are on the order of 10 m and thicker. A SAR in orbit about Mars could use similar deep probing to reveal the nature of crater - and basin-related deposits.
Using Steady Flow Force for Unstable Valve Design: Modeling and Experiments

In single stage electrohydraulic valves, solenoid actuators are usually used to stroke the main spools directly. They are cheaper and more reliable than multistage valves. Their use, however, is restricted to low bandwidth and low flow rate applications due to the limitation of the solenoid actuators. Our research focuses on alleviating the need for large and expensive solenoids in single stage valves by advantageously using fluid flow forces. For example, in a previous paper, we proposed to improve spool agility by inducing unstable transient flow forces by the use of negative damping lengths. In the present paper, how steady flow forces can be manipulated to improve spool agility is examined through fundamental momentum analysis, CFD analysis, and experimental studies. Particularly, it is found that two often ignored components-viscosity effect and non-metering momentum flux, have strong influence on steady flow forces. For positive damping lengths, viscosity increases the steady flow force, whereas for negative damping lengths, viscosity has the tendency to reduce steady flow forces. Also, by slightly modifying the non-metering port geometry, the non-metering flux can also be manipulated to reduce steady flow force. Therefore, both transient and steady flow forces can be used to improve the agility of single stage electrohydraulic valves. Experimental results confirm the contributions of both transient and steady flow force in improving spool agility.