cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution simulations of turbidity currents

We employ direct numerical simulations of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, based on a continuum formulation for the sediment concentration, to investigate the physics of turbidity currents in complex situations, such as when they interact with seafloor topography, submarine engineering infrastructure and stratified ambients. In order to obtain a more accurate representation of the dynamics of erosion and resuspension, we have furthermore developed a grain-resolving simulation approach for representing the flow in the high-concentration region near and within the sediment bed. In these simulations, the Navier-Stokes flow around each particle and within the pore spaces of the sediment bed is resolved by means of an immersed boundary method, with the particle-particle interactions being taken into account via a detailed collision model.
Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms

Political psychology in international relations (IR) has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past two decades, mirroring the broader changes occurring in IR itself. This review examines the current state of the field.Webegin by offering a data-driven snapshot analyzing four years of manuscript classifications at a major IR journal to characterize the questions that IR scholars engaged in psychological research are and are not investigating. We then emphasize six developments in particular, both present-day growth areas (an increased interest in emotions and hot cognition, the rise of more psychologically informed work on public opinion, a nascent research tradition we call the first image reversed, and the rise of neurobiological and evolutionary approaches) and calls for additional scholarship (better integration of the study of mass and elite political behavior and more psychological work in international political economy). Together, these developments constitute some of the directions in which ...
Perceptions of L1 Glossed Feedback in Automated Writing Evaluation: A Case Study.

Learner perceptions toward and utilization of L1 glossed feedback in an automated writing evaluation (AWE) program were investigated in an Intensive English Program (IEP) class. This small case study focused on two Chinese students who responded to weekly surveys, semi-structured interviews, and screen capture videos of their revisions over a four-week period. In weeks 1 and 3, the students received English-only feedback (L2), and in weeks 2 and 4, the students also received feedback in their native language (L1). The data were recorded, transcribed, and coded. Because the L1 has been shown to be helpful in students’ learning, it was hoped that the L1 glossed feedback in AWE would prove helpful as well. The participants felt a need for the glosses but also expressed reservations about relying on the L1. While the participants’ revision behaviors sometimes differed, both showed a positive attitude toward the L1 glossed feedback, toward increased noticing of errors, and toward their autonomy while using AWE.
A predictive filtration model considering mudcake compressibility and non-uniform properties’ profiles

Abstract Mudcake buildup has a direct impact on expensive drilling and production problems, such as wellbore instability, pipe sticking, formation damage, and impairment of wellbore logging interpretation. Therefore, a better understanding of filtration and mudcake buildup is very valuable. This paper presents a predictive filtration model that accounts for the mudcake compressibility and captures non-uniform filtercake properties profiles. The model solves for the effective stresses acting across the mudcake thickness, based on which mudcake properties profiles are calculated. The mudcake is modeled as a stack of thin sub-layers, with each having its own properties. The porosity and permeability relations with effective stress are determined using the Odometer test, which is analyzed based on Terzaghi's theory for 1D consolidation. A detailed derivation of the model's equations is presented. Also, a computationally efficient pseudo-code solving the model's equations is suggested. Finally, the derived model is validated using experimental filtration results.
N Vortices in the Plane

In this chapter we consider the equations for N-point vortices in the unbounded plane. First we give the general Hamiltonian formulation showing all conserved quantities. A by product of this discussion is the simple proof that the system is integrable for three or fewer vortices of any strength. The equations are then written in terms of their intervortical distances. In Section 2.2 we specialize to the case N = 3, characterizing all relative equilibria and collapsing states. Using the trilinear coordinates of Synge (1949) and Aref (1979), we then describe the phase plane formulation for more general states. In Section 2.3 we focus on the 4-vortex case. First we use the coordinates introduced in Khanin (1982) to reduce the Hamiltonian to one with two degrees of freedom. An extra feature of the reduction method is that it prepares the system for an application of the KAM theorem which we describe. We then use the Melnikov method to prove nonintegra-bility for a special 4-vortex configuration, following ideas of Ziglin (1980), Koiller and Carvalho (1985, 1989) and, more recently, Castilla, Moauro, Ne-grini, and Oliva (1993). Section 2.4 offers a brief summary of some classical and recent work that is particularly interesting and worth reading. Thus, taken together, we show in this chapter that the typical N-vortex problem contains regions of phase space that support periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic orbits, all coexisting.
A Lot Sensitive Sampling Plan for Compliance Testing and Acceptance Inspection

An acceptance sampling plan is presented that is applicable in general acceptance sampling and is particularly useful in compliance and safety-related testing. It provides for rejection of the lot if any defective items are found in the sample; a well-d..
Primary prevention of atherosclerosis and obesity in young adults using dietary and educational interventions

viii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION I Dissertation organization 2 References 3 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Part I. Primary prevention of atherosclerosis in young adults using dietary interventions 4 Prevalence of atherosclerosis and associated diseases in the United States 4 Importance of early prevention of atherosclerosis 4 Onset of atherosclerosis in adolescence 5 Atherosclerosis is difficult to reverse 6 Hypercholesterolemia a major risk factor of atherosclerosis 7 Role of hypercholesterolemia in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis 8 Dietary approaches to lower cholesterol in the general population 11 Phytosterols effective cholesterol-lowering agents 12 Evidence of phytosterol effectiveness in lowering serum cholesterol 12 Plant sterols and stanols: structure, dietary intakes, and absorption 13 Hypocholesterolemic mechanism of phytosterols 16 Potential adverse effects of phytosterol consumption 18 Research directions 19 References 19 Part n. Primary prevention of obesity in young adults using educational interventions 26 Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States 26 Weight change patterns in adulthood 28 Health and economic consequences of obesity 30 Obesity treatment: success and limitations 33 Dietary interventions 34 Pharmacotherapy 35 Obesity prevention: success and limitations 37 Evidence of the nutrition knowledge-behavior association 39 Nutrition education is a cornerstone of prevention interventions 40 Nutrition education: definition, goals, and research directions 41 Fundamentals of nutrition education 41 Determinants of the information quality 42 Selecting a target audience for primary prevention of obesity 43 Receiver input 43
Quality of life in breast cancer. Part II: Psychological and spiritual well-being.

With an increasing number of women surviving breast cancer beyond treatment, the focus of care has shifted from the acute treatment-related side effects to long-term effects associated with changes in quality of life (QOL). Part I of this article described the impact of breast cancer on the domains
The Turkish-Islamic Culture of Giving*

In order to understand the impetus and motivation behind the service commitment and financial support on the part of millions of Turkish people for the Gulen movement, it is necessary to understand certain cultural-religious practices related to philanthropy and charity in Turkish history. It is clear that the movement started in Turkey and that its activities are organized predominantly by Turkish citizens and by Turks in the diaspora around the world. Numerous scholars have concluded, for better or for worse, that the movement is inherently tied to Turkish culture and a specifically Turkish understanding of Islam.
Pathogens and Their Effect on Exosome Biogenesis and Composition.

Exosomes are nanosized membrane microvesicles (30–100 nm) that have the capability to communicate intercellularly and transport cell components (i.e., miRNA, mRNA, proteins and DNA). Exosomes are found in nearly every cell type (i.e., mast cells, dendritic, tumor, and macrophages). There have been many studies that have shown the importance of exosome function as well as their unique packaging and targeting abilities. These characteristics make exosomes ideal candidates to act as biomarkers and therapeutics for disease. We will discuss the biogenesis, composition, and relationship of exosomes with non-viral microbial infections including gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi.
Improving visualization and quantitative assessment of choriocapillaris with swept source OCTA through registration and averaging applicable to clinical systems

Choriocapillaris (CC) visualization and quantification remains challenging. We propose an innovative three-step registration and averaging approach using repeated swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) scans to conduct automatic quantitative assessment on CC. Six subjects were enrolled, each imaged at several locations with SS-OCTA from macular to equatorial regions using 3 mm × 3 mm scanning pattern. Five repeated volumes were collected for each subject. The complex optical microangiography (OMAG) algorithm was applied to identify blood flow in CC slab. An automatic three-step registration of translation, affine and B-Spline was applied to en face OCTA images of CC, followed with averaging. A fuzzy clustering approach was used to segment vasculature and flow deficits from the averaged images. The improvement in visualization of CC was evaluated and the average intercapillary distance was estimated by calculating the averaged capillary lumen spacing. A series of quantitative indices of flow deficit density, number, size, complexity index and aspect ratio index (FDD, FDN, FDS, FDCI and FDARI) were designed and validated with the increase of repeated scan numbers for averaging. Quantitative assessment was applied and compared on CC in macular and equatorial regions. The intercapillary distance was observed to be around 24 µm at macula and increased toward equatorial regions. All five quantitative indices (FDD, FDN, FDS, FDCI and FDARI) showed significant changes with multiple averaging and tend to become stable with repeated number of 4. Our proposed registration and averaging algorithm significantly improved the visualization of CC with SS-OCTA. The designed five indices for CC provide more options in the quantitative assessment of CC and are of great potentials in assisting the understanding of disease pathology, early diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse

Research on the inter-relationship between drug abuse and social stress has primarily focused on the role of stress exposure during adulthood and more recently, adolescence. Adolescence is a time of heightened reward sensitivity, but it is also a time when earlier life experiences are expressed. Exposure to stress early in postnatal life is associated with an accelerated age of onset for drug use. Lifelong addiction is significantly greater if drug use is initiated during early adolescence. Understanding how developmental changes following stress exposure interact with sensitive periods to unfold over the course of maturation is integral to reducing their later impact on substance use. Arousal levels, gender/sex, inflammation, and the timing of stress exposure play a role in the vulnerability of these circuits. The current review focuses on how early postnatal stress impacts brain development during a sensitive period to increase externalizing and internalizing behaviors in adolescence that include social interactions (aggression; sexual activity), working memory impairment, and depression. How stress effects the developmental trajectories of brain circuits that are associated with addiction are discussed for both clinical and preclinical studies.
Regionalization and Dynamic Parameterization of Quantum Yield of Photosynthesis to Improve the Ocean Primary Production Estimates From Remote Sensing

Quantum yield of photosynthesis (phi) expresses the efficiency of phytoplankton carbon fixation given certain amount of absorbed light. This photophysiological parameter is key to obtaining reliable estimates of primary production (PPsat) in the ocean based on remote sensing information. Several works have shown that phi changes temporally, vertically, and horizontally in the ocean. One of the primary factors ruling its variability is light intensity and thereby, it can be modeled as a function of Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR). We estimated phi utilizing long time-series collected in the North Subtropical Oligotrophic Gyres, at HOT and BATS stations (Pacific and Atlantic oceans, respectively). Subsequently the maximum quantum yield (phi_m) and K_phi (PAR value at half phi_m) were calculated. Median phi_m values were ~0.040 and 0.063 mol C mol photons-1 at HOT and BATS, respectively, with higher values in winter. K_phi values were ~8.0 and 10.8 mol photons m-2 d-1 for HOT and BATS, respectively. Seasonal variability in K_phi showed its peak in summer. Dynamical parameterizations for both regions are indicated by their temporal behaviors, where phi_m is related to temperature at BATS while K_phi to PAR, in both stations. At HOT, phi_m was weakly related to temperature and its median annual value was used for the whole data series. Differences in the study areas, even though both belong to Subtropical Gyres, reinforced the demand for regional parameterizations in PPsat models. Such parameterizations were finally included in a PPsat model based on phytoplankton absorption (PPsat-aphy-based), where results showed that the PPsat-aphy-based model coupled with dynamical parameterization improved PPsat estimates. Compared with PPsat estimates from the widely used VGPM, a model based on chlorophyll concentration (PPsat-chl-based), PPsat-aphy-based reduced model-measurements differences from ~62.8% to ~8.3% at HOT, along with well-matched seasonal cycle of PP (R2 = 0.76). There is not significant reduction in model-measurements differences between PPsat-chl-based and PPsat-aphy-based PP at BATS though (37.8% vs 36.4%), but much better agreement in seasonal cycles with PPsat-aphy-based (R2 increased from 0.34 to 0.71). Our results point to improved estimation of PP from satellite remote sensing by parameterized quantum yield along with phytoplankton absorption coefficient at the core.
Interpreting the NLSY79 empirical data on "IQ" and "achievement": A comment on Borghans et al.'s "Identification problems in personality psychology"

Abstract In an otherwise interesting and enlightening article, Borghans, Golsteyn, Heckman, and Humphries (2011) analyzed evidence from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to support their contention that “achievement” tests have greater power than “IQ” tests in predicting “a variety of life outcomes”. A key point in their argument is their contention that scores on the Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT) represent “achievement” scores and that the AFQT is qualitatively different from purported true “IQ” score data also available in the NLSY79. This contention is based on both conceptual argument and empirical analysis of NLSY79 data. This comment disputes their contention on both grounds. First, it argues that their conceptual distinction is contradicted in the educational testing literature and is based on erroneous assumptions about the nature of the purported true “IQ” test data in the NLSY79. Second, it presents evidence that their empirical findings flow from problems in true “IQ” score imputation and large gaps in calendar time between the purported true “IQ” tests and AFQT and personality test data in the NLSY79 data set.
Psychological adaptation to diagnostic genomic sequencing results: The role of hope fulfillment.

OBJECTIVE Psychological adaptation is an important but understudied outcome among patients who undergo DNA evaluation to identify a cause of an unexplained health condition. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between the degree to which participants' hopes for diagnostic genomic sequencing were fulfilled and their psychological adaptation to their sequencing results over time. METHOD Secondary analyses were conducted on data from a subset of adult participants from the North Carolina Clinical Genomic Evaluation by Next-Generation Exome Sequencing study with physical health conditions of suspected genetic etiology (such as neurological disorders or cancer; n = 192). Hope fulfillment and type of hope (hopes related to personal-family health implications vs. hoping to help others-advance science) were assessed as predictors of change in psychological adaptation (Psychological Adaptation Scale) and 4 subscales (coping efficacy, self-esteem, social integration, spiritual-existential well-being), from 2 weeks to 6 months after disclosure of genomic sequencing results. RESULTS Controlling for covariates, degree of hope fulfillment was associated with increased general psychological adaptation (β = .14, p = .02), social integration (β = .17, p = .01), and spiritual-existential well-being (β = .15, p = .02). Type of hope did not modify effects of degree of hope fulfillment on adaptation outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The degree to which patients' genomic sequencing-related hopes are fulfilled may be an important driver of long-term psychological adaptation after genomic sequencing. Evaluating the degree to which patients' hopes are fulfilled may allow clinicians to gain insight into the likely trajectory for patient adaptation after learning their results from genomic sequencing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Exploiting metabolic susceptibilities in glioblastoma via glycolytic inhibition and ketogenic therapy.

e13558Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most lethal primary brain tumors in children and adults. Despite enormous efforts to elucidate the genetic and epigenetic drivers of this dis...
Clinical features of pseudocirrhosis in metastatic breast cancer

Pseudocirrhosis has been demonstrated to mimic cirrhosis radiographically, but studies evaluating the pathophysiology and clinical features are lacking. To better understand the incidence, risk factors, clinical course, and etiology of pseudocirrhosis, we performed a retrospective analysis of consecutively treated patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Of 374 patients treated for MBC from 2006 to 2012, 199 had imaging available for review. One radiologist evaluated computed tomography scans for evidence of pseudocirrhosis. Features of groups with and without pseudocirrhosis were compared by Kaplan–Meier product-limit survival estimates and log-rank tests. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum testing evaluated if patients more heavily treated were more likely to develop pseudocirrhosis. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models investigated factors associated with mortality. Pseudocirrhosis developed in 37 of 199 patients (19%). Of the patients with liver metastases, 55% developed pseudocirrhosis. Liver metastases were demonstrated in 100% of patients with pseudocirrhosis. Survival in the subset with liver metastases favored those without pseudocirrhosis, 189 versus 69 months (p = 0.01). The number of systemic regimens received were higher in patients with pseudocirrhosis (p = 0.01). Ascites was demonstrated in 68%, portal hypertension in 11%, and splenomegaly in 8% of patients with pseudocirrhosis. Pseudocirrhosis does not occur in the absence of liver metastases, can manifest as hepatic decompensation, and appears to be associated with poorer survival amongst patients with hepatic metastases. Higher cumulative exposure to systemic therapy may be causative, instead of the previously held belief of pseudocirrhosis as an adverse effect of a particular systemic agent/class.
Exploiting nonlinear invariants and path constraints to achieve tighter reachable set enclosures using differential inequalities

This article presents a new method for computing sharp bounds on the solutions of nonlinear dynamic systems subject to uncertain initial conditions, parameters, and time-varying inputs. Such bounds are widely used in algorithms for uncertainty propagation, robust state estimation, system verification, global dynamic optimization, and more. Recently, it has been shown that bounds computed via differential inequalities can often be made much less conservative by exploiting state constraints that are known to hold for all trajectories of interest (e.g., path constraints that describe feasible trajectories in the context of dynamic optimization, or constraints that explicitly describe invariant sets containing all system trajectories). However, effective bounding algorithms of this type are currently only available for problems with linear constraints. Moreover, the theoretical results underlying these algorithms do not apply to constraints that depend on time-varying inputs and rely on assumptions that prove to be very restrictive for nonlinear constraints. This article contributes a new differential inequalities theorem that permits the use of a very general class of nonlinear state constraints. Moreover, a new algorithm is presented for efficiently exploiting nonlinear constraints to achieve tighter bounds. The proposed approach is shown to produce very sharp bounds for two challenging case studies.
The moderating role of fatigue sensitivity in the relation between depression and alcohol and opioid misuse among adults with chronic low back pain

Objective: Chronic low back pain is the second leading cause of disability in the United States and is frequently related to increased risk of opioid and alcohol misuse. Depression is associated wi...
A coincidence null test for Poisson-distributed events

When transient events are observed with multiple sensors, it is often necessary to establish the significance of coincident events. We derive a universal null test for an arbitrary number of sensors motivated by the archetypal detection problem for independent Poisson-distributed events in gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO and Virgo. In these detectors, transient events may be witnessed by myriad channels that record interferometric signals and the surrounding physical environment. We apply our null test to a broad set of simulated gravitational-wave events as well as to a real gravitational-wave detection to determine which auxiliary channels do and do not witness real gravitational waves, and therefore which are safe to use when constructing vetoes. We also describe how our approach can be used to study detector artifacts and their origin, as well as to quantify the statistical independence of candidate gravitational-wave signals from noise artifacts observed in auxiliary channels.
Theory-Informed Clinical Practice: How Physical Therapists Can Use Fundamental Interventions to Address Social Determinants of Health.

The American Physical Therapy Association's Vision Statement for the profession is guided by principles of innovation, access, equity, and advocacy, and calls on physical therapists to stretch their influence beyond the walls of the clinic and the individuals they treat. Access and equity are problems that span multiple health care professions and entities; yet, addressing social determinants of health is a paradigm shift that clinicians need continued support to achieve. This article has 2 objectives: (1) to define the Fundamental Cause Theory and the Socioecological Model within the context of physical therapy in order to promote best clinical practice, and (2) to apply the concept of "fundamental interventions" in clinical practice to mitigate the negative impact of downstream effects of social determinants of health across levels of the Socioecological Model-individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and societal. This theoretical lens provides the conceptual framework necessary for physical therapists to think creatively about ways to change their practice in their own contexts to impact the life of individual patients and transform the movement health of society. IMPACT As health care providers, physical therapists have a responsibility to make every effort to meet the needs of their patients and optimize movement health in society; yet significant structural and systemic barriers often prevent patients from reaching their fullest potential. Clinicians can no longer subscribe to a narrow scope of practice focused on individual attainment of therapy goals. This Perspective discusses Fundamental Cause Theory and the Socioecological Model theoretical frameworks that can help physical therapists develop, test, and implement functional interventions to address the needs of society as a whole.
Radiology-Pathology Correlations of Intracranial Clots: Current Theories, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions.

SUMMARY: In recent years, there has been substantial progression in the field of stroke clot/thrombus imaging. Thrombus imaging aims to deduce the histologic composition of the clot through evaluation of various imaging characteristics. If the histology of a thrombus can be reliably determined by noninvasive imaging methods, critical information may be extrapolated about its expected response to treatment and about the patient’s clinical outcome. Crucially, as we move into an era of stroke therapy individualization, determination of the histologic composition of a clot may be able to guide precise and targeted therapeutic effort. Most radiologists, however, remain largely unfamiliar with the topic of clot imaging. This article will review the current literature regarding clot imaging, including its histologic backdrop, the correlation of images with cellular components and treatment responsiveness, and future expectations.
Barriers to Entry, Vertical Integration and Price Floors: Economic Impacts of Fair Trade Coffee

The Fair Trade coffee market has emerged as a response to the adverse conditions faced by small-scale coffee producers. Though the market has grown steadily, it has received criticism from inside and outside the Fair Trade system. This paper examines three critical elements of Fair Trade certification to find theoretical and empirical support and rebut of the criticisms that the market is too limited, is inefficient and encourages over production. We find the Fair Trade coffee market has been successful at improving living conditions for a select group of coffee producers without causing significant market distortions to non-Fair Trade producers.
16 Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the interaction between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, defining the prevalence of the problem, the role of HIV infection in the natural course of HCV infection, and current treatment options available for coinfected individuals. HCV and HIV share similar modes of transmission and it is not surprising that certain groups have a high rate of HIV-HCV co-infection. These groups are injection drug users and recipients of blood or blood products made before the introduction of routine screening for HCV and HIV and the use of viralinactivation procedures. Hepatitis C appears to be somewhat more severe among HIV co-infected persons than in persons with hepatitis C alone and progression of disease to cirrhosis can occur more rapidly. Therapy of hepatitis C in HIV infected patients is difficult, because these patients frequently have other major medical problems and are taking other medications that make combination treatment of interferon-a and ribavirin difficult. Nevertheless, several small studies have suggested that patients with HIV infection and adequate CD4 counts respond to therapy of hepatitis C at a rate that is similar to that among patients without HIV infection. Studies of the combination of interferon-α and ribavirin in HIV infected patients are needed particularly focused upon management of the multiple antiviral agents during the period of therapy.
HiPER-P: An Efficient, High-Performance Router for Multicomputer Interconnection Networks

As high performance parallel computing architectures make their way into systems with tight size, weight, power, and energy budgets (e.g., portable computing and communications, autonomous vehicles, and space-borne computing), compact and efficient computing and communication mechanisms will be required. To provide such a communication mechanism, the Portable Image Computing Architectures (PICA) group at Georgia Tech is designing the High-Performance Efficient Router (HiPER), a multidimensional router with high-throughput serial channels (1-2 Gbps). Providing high performance for size, weight, power, and energy constrained systems requires careful attention to routing, switching, and error control mechanisms, and the HiPER Prototype (HiPER-P) is a proof-of-concept vehicle that will validate efficient implementations of these mechanisms. The HiPER-P combines mad postman (bit- pipelined) switching with dimension-order routing, producing a router with a very low-latency routing function. To maintain robust communication as link speeds increase and link power budgets decrease, the HiPER-P provides flit-level hop-by-hop retransmission of erroneous flits. This error control mechanism provides built-in error control at the network level. The design of the HiPER-P is presented in this paper as well as results of performance simulations which characterize mad postman switching combined with flit-level error control.
Ecology of Indigenous Soil Rhizobia: Response of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to Readily Available Substrates.

Populations of indigenous Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 and serogroups 110 and 138 were studied after various sugars were added to their soil habitat. Loam soil with approximately 104 cells of each group per g of soil were amended every 3 days with 0.1% glucose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose, or galactose. Enumerations of the populations were made every 12 days by immunofluorescence assay. Each B. japonicum population in the sugar-treated soils increased by about 1 log during the first 12 days, to a maximum of about 106 cells by day 36 or 48, irrespective of the sugar added. Maximum growth rates were similar for each group and occurred during the 12-day incubation period. The most rapid growth was in response to arabinose, with a mean generation time of about 3.0 days. Other mean doubling times were 4.0 days with glucose and galactose treatments, 4.5 days with xylose treatment, and 5.4 days with sucrose amendment. These data provide the first direct evidence that indigenous soil rhizobia can compete successfully with other soil bacteria for readily available substrates in soil in the absence of host legume roots or other rhizospheres. The growth rates in soil of the specific B. japonicum populations studied were nearly the same with a given sugar treatment but varied considerably with different sugars. The mean generation times of 3 to 5 days are among the first reported growth rates for heterotrophic bacteria in natural soil.
The Multiply Scattering Effect on the Energy Measurement of UHE Cosmic Rays using Atmospheric Fluorescence Technique

Point sources in the atmosphere are surrounded by aureole because of atmospheric scattering. The properties of the time-dependent aureole radiance are calculated by use of a Monte Carlo approach and an iterative method. Since the aureole is particularly important in the ultraviolet, which is the region the Ultra-High-Energy (UHE) cosmic ray experiment using the air fluorescence technique like Fly's Eye or High-Resolution-Fly's-Eye(HiRes) are set in. The effect of the multiply scatteing on the energy measurement is studied.
Anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody therapy fails to prevent lethality after cecal ligation and puncture or endotoxemia.

Cytokines have been studied intensively to delineate their role in the altered pathophysiology observed in septic shock. We studied the role of TNF in the lethality of two well characterized models of septic shock by inhibiting TNF's activity with a specific antibody. In the first model, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and in the second model sepsis was induced by either an i.p. or i.v. injection of LPS. After CLP, plasma endotoxin was detectable within 4 h and reached a peak at 8 h (136 +/- 109 ng/ml). TNF bioactivity peaked at 12 h (528 +/- 267 pg/ml) at a significantly higher level than sham-operated control mice (64 +/- 31 pg/ml). After i.p. LPS, TNF peaked much more quickly (90 min) compared with CLP and at a significantly higher level (107,900 +/- 25,000 pg/ml). Another cytokine studied in septic shock, IL-6, peaked at 12 h after CLP at 1011 +/- 431 pg/ml, and at 90 min after lethal LPS at 16,300 +/- 3,700 pg/ml. Mice were treated with an anti-TNF antibody that has been shown previously to inhibit in vivo TNF activity. Antibody treatment of mice subjected to CLP significantly reduced TNF bioactivity but did not reduce mortality or pulmonary neutrophilic infiltration. In the i.v. LPS model, anti-TNF antibody treatment concomitant with LPS injection reduced plasma TNF activity from 80,000 +/- 20,000 pg/ml to undetectable levels. However, anti-TNF treatment immediately before either i.v. or i.p. LPS did not reduce mortality. Additionally, when the antibody was administered 4 h before the lethal i.v. LPS, there was no reduction in lethality. These data show that in two separate models of septic shock blockade of TNF biologic activity will not prevent lethality.
The effects of starvation and refeeding on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in vivo and in the perfused rat liver. The relationship between fatty acid oxidation and esterification in the regulation of ketogenesis.

The time course of changes in a variety of physiological parameters concerned with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism has been studied both in vivo and in the isolated perfused liver during induction and reversal of starvation ketosis in the rat. The data obtained demonstrate that surprisingly brief periods of starvation and refeeding exert dramatic effects on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the intact animal and that generally synchronous changes occur in the ketogenic and gluconeogenic capacities of the perfused liver. In agreement with previous findings it was shown that the enhanced conversion of labeled oleate into ketone bodies by livers from fasted rats was associated with a concomitant depression in its incorporation into triglycerides, and that the antiketogenic effect of lactate was accompanied by a diversion of the fatty acid from the β oxidation sequence into the esterification pathway. The key observation, however, was that blockade of long chain fatty acid oxidation by (+)-decanoylcarnitine, an inhibitor of long chain acylcarnitinetransferase, stopped ketone body formation and acutely changed the pattern of metabolism of oleic acid in livers from fasted rats to that exhibited by livers from normal animals, i.e. the fatty acid was now virtually completely esterified. The data are consistent with the view that hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis are under strict dietary and hormonal control exerted primarily by regulation of an early step in the oxidative sequence, probably the acylcarnitinetransferase reaction. The possibility is also raised that the effects of lactate and other antiketogenic agents are related to interactions at this site.
Exercises in the birational geometry of algebraic varieties

This a collection of about 100 exercises. It could be used as a supplement to the book Koll\'ar--Mori: Birational geometry of algebraic varieties.
Hard Gray Scale

The dry scrubbing and secondary alumina handling systems for pre-bake cell technologies are hampered by accumulations of hard gray scale, or HGS. HGS is an amorphous reaction product formed from collision-induced reactions of bath fines, alumina and water. HGS formation is greatest in high attrition areas owing to the high surface energy of new alumina surfaces created by the fracture of alumina particles. If not systematically addressed with cleaning and maintenance procedures HGS can: greatly reduce the removal efficiency of gaseous fluoride in dry scrubbers, reduce the capability to convey alumina in sufficient quantities, reduce filter life and alter the concentration of fluoride on secondary alumina.
Radiative–Dynamical Interactions in the Middle Atmosphere

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the radiative–dynamical interaction in the middle atmosphere. There are several ways of addressing the question of the degree of radiative imbalance that exists in an atmosphere, and the simplest is to compare the observed thermal structure with that, which would exist, were all dynamical heating and cooling processes suppressed. It is found that because radiative processes are essentially local horizontally, one may compute the radiatively determined temperature profile at specified latitude as a function of time and height. The observed temperatures in the summer stratosphere agree well with those calculated by the radiative model. It is suggested that the occurrence of warmings depends on the existence of a suitably preconditioned structure. In the model simulation, the strong radiative control of the polar-night jet means that the ability of the stratosphere to propagate waves should be tightly locked to the annual cycle. It is found that radiative damping is of secondary importance for most planetary waves, basically because of their very large vertical scale.
Voices Inside Schools

In this article, Carol Rodgers describes a four-phase reflective cycle that she uses in her professional development work with teachers. Drawing on the work of Dewey, Hawkins, Carini, and Seidel, Rodgers explores the roles of presence, description, analysis, and experimentation in helping groups of teachers slow down and attend to student learning in more rich and nuanced ways. She also encourages teachers to solicit structured feedback from their students so they can begin to distinguish between what they think they are teaching and what students are actually learning. Ultimately, Rodgers argues that supportive and disciplined reflective communities of teachers can help teachers understand that their students' learning is central, and that their own teaching is subordinate to and in service of that goal.
Trip Generation and Parking Requirements in Traditional Shopping Districts

The New Urbanists assume that if you build a village center or Main Street-style retail businesses in the middle of a residential neighborhood, it will, among other things, reduce the level of automobile usage. Based on the claim of reduced automobile travel, advocates suggest that parking requirements and transportation impact fees should similarly be reduced. Although it would be ideal to test these claims using New Urbanist development, current developments lack well-established retail businesses. Thus, this study considers these claims of the New Urbanists using six prototypical traditional shopping districts in the Oakland-Berkeley subarea of the San Francisco Bay Area. Each of these districts is surrounded by residential areas of moderately high density [between 5.3 and 8.5 persons per hectare (13-21 persons per gross acre)] and middle-class residents. These shopping areas vary in scale and mix of businesses covering the range of sizes and types espoused by the New Urbanists. The trip generation rates and parking needs for each of these prototypical shopping areas are calculated and compared with ITE-based rates for both an average hour and a daily rate. Based on these comparisons, a conclusion is reached that the claims of the New Urbanists for reduced parking and transportation fees cannot be wholeheartedly supported if the needs of the neighborhood are to be considered. Although many customers walk to these shopping areas, the trips by modes other than automobile are offset by a higher overall level of activity in the shopping area.
Experimental study of FRP confined concrete cylinders

Abstract In this study, two types of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete cylinders were prepared. One was FRP jacketed concrete cylinders; the other was FRP tube encased concrete cylinders. A total of 24 jacketed cylinders and 15 encased cylinders were prepared. For the jacketed cylinders, six fiber orientations and two FRP wall thicknesses were used; for the encased cylinders, four batches of concrete with normal to high strength were used and both bonded and unbonded interfacial conditions were considered. It is found that insufficiently confined cylinders behave similar to unconfined cylinders. FRP cannot confine the concrete core until the concrete is damaged (cracked or crushed) due to the larger transverse Poisson’s ratio and lower axial stiffness of FRP. The rate of increase in confinement effectiveness decreases nonlinearly as confinement ratio increases. A considerable deviation is found between the prediction by existing design-oriented confinement models and test results.
On Elastic Compliances of Interfacial Cracks

Results for elastic compliances of interfacial cracks — quantities that determine change in the overall elastic compliances of a material due to interfacial cracks — are obtained. Such cracks may develop in composite materials as a result of debonding at inclusion/matrix interfaces or at boundaries between layers in layered materials, for example, at film/substrate interfaces. Our method is based on the thermodynamic formalism developed by Rice (1975) and utilization of the available results for the stress intensity factors (SIFs). Compliance contribution tensors of the rectilinear, circular and penny-shaped interfacial cracks are derived in closed form.
ZUMA: A platform for smart-home environments the case for infrastructure

A wide range of disconnected communication networks is emerging in the home. Each has different functions and implementation architectures. The user experience as well as the overall functionality would be vastly enhanced if these networks could collaborate in a seamless fashion. Collaboration is challenging because it requires disparate devices and components to interoper- ate in a user friendly, scalable and upgradeable fashion. We conjecture that such cooperation might be most effi- ciently assured using a supporting infrastructure. The Universal Contents Router (UCR) is introduced as an infrastructural component. The UCR moves the burden of connectivity away from the end devices to the system core. The paper spells out ZUMA, or functions that a UCR should support, discusses UCR architecture and presents a first-order prototype.
Concentration changes of suspensions of rigid spheres flowing through tubes

Abstract The reductions in volume concentration that occur when a neutrally buoyant suspension of rigid spherical particles flows from a large reservoir through a narrow tube have been investigated. Experiments were conducted in which the rate of flow and the ratio of tube-to-particle diameter were varied. Experiments were also conducted with different volume concentrations in the reservoir supplying the tube. It was found that the reduced concentration in the tube decreased with increasing flow rate and decreasing tube-to-particle diameter ratio. The relative reduction was found to be independent of reservoir concentration in the range 5% to 25%. The possible influence of the geometry of the tube entrance was also investigated, and no measurable effects on the concentration reduction were found.
Identification of metabolites of carcinogens by 13C NMR spectroscopy.

(1994). Identification of Metabolites of Carcinogens by 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 26, No. 1-2, pp. 469-481.
Picosecond polarization spectroscopy as a probe of intramolecular dynamics: rovibronic relaxation in the S1 state of trans-stilbene

The first application of picosecond polarization spectroscopy to probe gas phase intramolecular relaxation under collision free conditions is reported. This technique is a sensitive probe of molecular rotation and when applied to trans-stilbene vapor at 200°C an exponential decay in the anisotropy with a lifetime of 48 ± 8 ps is observed. The results are discussed in the context of recent work on IVR and rovibrational intramolecular processes.
Using the Case Method to Develop Critical Thinking Skills for the Care of High-Risk Families

The complexity of the high-risk family coupled with the intricacies of the changing health care system force educators to examine how nursing students are prepared to care for these families. The Nursing and the High Risk Family course employs the case method teaching and learning strategy to help nursing students develop the critical thinking skills needed to assist high-risk childbearing and child-rearing families to meet their needs. Using the case method teaching and learning strategy, groups of students experience real-life situations in a nonthreatening classroom environment. The case method approach supports flexibility, creativity, change, risk taking, and consequently, encourages critical thinking. The Critical Thinking Model for Nursing Judgment, which defines the basic, complex, and commitment level of critical thinking, provides a framework for integrating increasingly more complex case studies into the course. Different case formats and levels of questioning promote students’ progression towa...
Undergraduate Student Perceptions Regarding Cheating: Tier 1 Versus Tier 2 AACSB Accredited Business Schools

Cheating is fairly commonplace at both Tiers 1 and 2 AACSB accredited business schools. Distinct differences exist between Tiers 1 and 2 students with regard to cheating. Tier 1 students are more likely to cheat on written assignments, they believe sanctions impact cheating, and that a stigma is attached to cheating. Tier 2 students are more likely to cheat on exams, and nearly as likely to cheat on written assignments. Tier 2 students accept the notion that moral and ethical people cheat. Tier 2 students who are Business Administration majors, those who are employed 40 h or more per week, married students, and married students with children are more likely to cheat. At both Tiers 1 and 2 schools Asian students are less likely to cheat, but resident members of fraternities and sororities and those who drink frequently are more likely to cheat.
IMPACT PROPERTIES OF STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE IN BENDING

Abstract The effects of strain rate of loading including impact on the bending properties of steel fibre reinforced mortar are studied using an instrumented drop-weight impact machine. Particular emphasis is put on clarifying the influence of the fibre reinforcing parameters and matrix strength. The parameters investigated in the experimental programme include three volume fractions of fibres (1%, 2% and 3%), three fibre aspect ratios (47, 62 and 100, two mortar mixes and four strain rates of loading ranging from 0.5 × 10 −5 to 1.2 strains per second. It is found that depending on the fibre reinforcing parameters the energy absorbed by the composite at static loading rates can be one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of the unreinforced matrix. Moreover, up to a three-fold increase is observed in the modulus of rupture and the energy absorbed by the composite when the strain rate increases from 0.5 × 10 −5 to 1.2 strain per second.