cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Token Routing: A Power Efficient Method for Securing AODV Routing Protocol

Despite the abundance of existing secure routing protocols in ad hoc and sensor networks, real world ad hoc and sensor network applications still usually opt for routing protocols without any security consideration, mostly because of the relatively high cost for enforcing security. In order to reduce the energy overhead when enhancing the security of routing protocols, we propose a Token Routing Protocol (TRP), which is a routing security enhancement of the widely accepted AODV routing protocol. TRP employs hash-chain algorithm to generate a token, which is appended to the data packets to identify the authenticity of the routing packets and to choose correct route for data packets. As compared to the well-known AODV security enhancements such as SAODV, TRP provides comparable security with a significant reduction in energy consumption and routing packet delay by using the hash algorithm instead of public key cryptographic algorithms. Therefore TRP provides a practical energy-efficient option for routing security enhancements in AODV routing protocol.
Induction of a Diverse T Cell Receptor γ/δ Repertoire by the Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins E2a and Heb in Nonlymphoid Cells

During specific stages of thymocyte development, the T cell receptor (TCR) locus is assembled from variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments. Proper TCR γ and δ V(D)J rearrangement during thymocyte development requires the presence of the E2A proteins. Here we show that E2A and a closely related protein, HEB, in the presence of recombination activating gene (RAG)1 and RAG2, each have the ability to activate TCR γ and δ rearrangement in human kidney cells. The coding joints are diverse, contain nucleotide deletions, and occasionally show the presence of P nucleotides. Interestingly, only a subset of V, D, and J segments are targeted by the E2A and HEB proteins. Thus, E2A and HEB permit localized accessibility of the TCR γ and δ loci to the recombination machinery. These data indicate that a distinct but diverse TCR repertoire can be induced in nonlymphoid cells by the mere presence of the V(D)J recombinase and the transcriptional regulators, E2A and HEB.
Micro-scale surface-patterning influences biofilm formation

The formation of biofilms on indwelling/implanted medical devices is a common problem. One of the approaches used to prevent biofilm formation on medical devices is to inhibit bacterial attachment by modification of the synthetic polymers used to fabricate the device. In this work, we assessed how micro-scale features (patterns) imprinted onto the surface of silicone elastomer similar to that used for medical applications influenced biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Patterns were transferred from a multi-patterned oxidized silicon-wafer master-template to silicone elastomer. Features consisted of bars, squares, and circles each extending 0.51 µm above the surface. Feature sizes ranged between 1.78 and 22.25 µm. Distances separating features ranged between 0.26 and 17.35 µm. Bacterial biofilm formation on discs cut from imprinted silicone elastomer was assessed by direct microscopic observation and quantified as the surface area covered by biofilm. Unpatterned silicone elastomer served as a control. Several of the micro-scale patterns imprinted into the silicone elastomer significantly reduced biofilm formation by each bacterium and interrupted biofilm continuity. Although there were differences in detail among strains, bacteria tended to attach in the area between features more than to the surface of the feature itself.
A method to extract the mechanical properties of particles in collision based on a new elasto-plastic normal force-displacement model

Abstract We present a general method to extract the elasto-plastic mechanical properties such as the coefficient of restitution, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and the yield stress of granular materials from simple experimental measurements. These mechanical properties are important in the simulation of granular flows, but are not readily available and/or cannot be measured through direct experiments. The method developed here is based on the new elasto-plastic normal force–displacement (NFD) model [presented in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 455 (1999b) 4013]. Using the Vu-Quoc and Zhang NFD model to simulate both the dropping test and the compression test of a particle, the mechanical properties of the particle can be extracted by minimizing, in the least-square sense, the difference between the experimental and simulated force–displacement relation. An application of the proposed method to soybeans is presented.
Constrained interactivity for relating multiple representations in science

Virtual models are increasingly used in science education, especially in spatially demanding domains. However, few studies have directly compared the effectiveness of virtual and concrete models, or systematically characterized differences between them. Here, we compared students' accuracy and efficiency using virtual and concrete models to align and produce different representations in the domain of organic chemistry. Naive undergraduate students learned the conventions of different molecular representations (diagrams and models) and then performed tasks that involved matching models to diagrams and using models to complete diagrams. The results indicated similar levels of accuracy for virtual and concrete models and greater efficiency for virtual models. Students preferred virtual models, but rated the usability of the two model types about equally. The efficiency benefit associated with using virtual models can be explained by their constrained interactivity, which prevented students from making task-irrelevant manipulations and increased the salience of the task-relevant information in the models. We compared virtual and concrete models during a spatial chemistry task.Both model types supported accurate performance.Task performance was more efficient with virtual models.Virtual models can constrain users to make task-relevant manipulations.
An integrated testbed for wireless multimedia computing

A testbed has been constructed to evaluate node architectures that support multimedia applications and services across a wireless network. Using this testbed, a low bitrate subband video compression algorithm has been prototyped in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and evaluated for video networking across bandwidth-limited RF channels. A radio interface has been prototyped in an FPGA and a common applications programming interface (API) has been developed to allow experimentation with multiple radios. This testbed has been used to evaluate node performance under two different wireless applications: 1) simultaneous video and data networking (VTALK) and 2) TCP/IP utilities such as FTP and telnet. Based on this evaluation, the design of a battery-operated high throughput wireless multimedia node is presented.
The Relationship of Pleasure Reading and Second Language Writing Proficiency

Bowen, J.D. (1976). Current research on an integrative test of English grammar. RELC Journal, 7(2), 30-37. Gilbert, J.B. (1984). Clear speech: Pronunciation and listening comprehension in American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kingdon, R. (1950). Teaching the anomalous finites. English Language Teaching, 4, 183-187. Madsen, H.S., & Bowen, J.D. (1978). Adaptation in language teaching. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Morley, J. (1979). Improving spoken English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Odlin, T.M. (1978). Variable rules in the acquisition of English contractions. TESOL Quarterly, 12, 451-458. Trager, E.C. (1982). The PD's in depth. Culver City, CA: English Language Services.
Managementmythen als Ursache für Hierarchieabbau

Die durchschnittliche Anzahl von Vorstansressorts in amerikanischen Grosunternehmen schwankte stark im Laufe der 1970er, 80er und 90er. Wahrend diese Zahl in den 70er Jahren stetig stieg, stagnierte sie in den 80ern, und nahm dann Ende der 80er und in den 90ern stark ab. Auf dem Hochststand hatten Unternehmen im Durchschnitt fast doppelt so viele Vorstande wie in fruheren und spateren Jahren. Hat sich das wirtschaftliche Umfeld von Grosunternehmen uber diesen Zeitraum so sehr verandert, das solche Fluktuationen zu erwarten waren? Gingen Veranderungen im sozialen Umfeld mit diesen Fluktuationen einher? Ziel des Forschungsprojektes, uber das ich hier berichte ist es, solche Fragen zu beantworten.
Finding models in model-based development

Model-based development focuses on creating and manipulating domain models. We present the formula language and its tool environment for specifying, documenting, and analyzing models.
Validation of a serum screen for alzheimer's disease across assay platforms, species, and tissues

Background There is a significant need for rapid and cost-effective biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for advancement of clinical practice and therapeutic trials. Objective The aim of the current study was to cross-validate our previously published serum-based algorithm on an independent assay platform as well as validate across tissues and species. Preliminary analyses were conducted to examine the utility in distinguishing AD from non-AD neurological disease (Parkinson's disease, PD). Methods Serum proteins from our previously published algorithm were quantified from 150 AD cases and 150 controls on the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) platform. Serum samples were analyzed from 49 PD cases and compared to a random sample of 51 AD cases and 62 controls. Support vector machines (SVM) were used to discriminate PD versus AD versus controls. Human and AD mouse model microvessel images were quantified with HAMAMATSU imaging software. Mouse serum biomarkers were assayed via MSD. Results Analysis of 21 serum proteins from 150 AD cases and 150 controls yielded an algorithm with sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 for correctly classifying AD. This multi-marker approach was then validated across species and tissue. Assay of the top proteins in human and AD mouse model brain microvessels correctly classified 90-100% of the samples. SVM analyses were highly accurate at distinguishing PD versus AD versus controls. Conclusions This serum-based biomarker panel should be tested in a community-based setting to determine its utility as a first-line screen for AD and non-AD neurological diseases for primary care providers.
Rett Syndrome An Update and Review for the Primary Pediatrician

Rett syndrome is a common developmental-neurologic disorder that has been reported almost exclusively in females. Recent work has improved recognition of this condition and helped to clarify the management of this disorder for affected individuals. The primary-care physician can become a major source of support and advocacy for the family of a girl with Rett syndrome. Many other resources are available to the primary care giver and the families of children with Rett syndrome; these may help to provide early diagnosis, psychological support, and preventive medical care for these individuals. The current state of knowledge regarding Rett syndrome is reviewed and a framework is provided for medical and developmental interventions.
Lagrangian Drifter Dispersion in the Surf Zone: Directionally Spread, Normally Incident Waves

Abstract Lagrangian drifter statistics in a surf zone wave and circulation model are examined and compared to single- and two-particle dispersion statistics observed on an alongshore uniform natural beach with small, normally incident, directionally spread waves. Drifter trajectories are modeled with a time-dependent Boussinesq wave model that resolves individual waves and parameterizes wave breaking. The model reproduces the cross-shore variation in wave statistics observed at three cross-shore locations. In addition, observed and modeled Eulerian binned (means and standard deviations) drifter velocities agree. Modeled surf zone Lagrangian statistics are similar to those observed. The single-particle (absolute) dispersion statistics are well predicted, including nondimensionalized displacement probability density functions (PDFs) and the growth of displacement variance with time. The modeled relative dispersion and scale-dependent diffusivity is consistent with the observed and indicates the presence of ...
T-box Genes and the Development of Axial Tissues in Ciona intestinalis

The notochord-specific enhancer from the Ciona tropomyosin-like gene and the “axial sequence” from the Ciona forkhead/HNF-3s promoter both contain binding sites for T-domain transcription factors. Brachyury activates the Ci-trop enhancer, while recent studies suggest that a different T-domain factor activates Ci-fkh expression in the endoderm. It is possible that a newly identified maternal T-box gene, CiVegTR, regulates Ci-fkh. We discuss the basis for Tdomain specificity, whereby similar recognition sequences direct distinct patterns of gene expression.
What Makes Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurial

What are the characteristics, habits, and behaviors of the species entrepreneur? Is there such a thing as "entrepreneurial thinking"? Is there a learnable and teachable "core" to entrepreneurship? This case examines the problem-solving process of 30 entrepreneurs from a variety of industries whose companies range in value from $200 million to $6.5 billion. Careful analysis reveals a distinct thought process: "effectual reasoning." Using U-Haul as an example, the case delineates the way in which entrepreneurs factor in affordable loss, strategic partnerships, and leveraging contingencies. Thinking entrepreneurially, as opposed to managerially or strategically, means believing in a yet-to-be-made future that can be shaped by human action and realizing that, to the extent that such action can control the future, one need not expend energy trying to predict it. It is much more useful to understand and work with the people who are engaged in the decisions and actions that bring it into existence.
Comparison of scholastic performance in college between veterans with medical and with honorable discharges.

In a study of the scholastic progress of veterans with honorable and general discharges, Price and Lester (1980) noted that the two groups did not differ in grade point average but that the former attempted and completed more credits and graduated in greater numbers. Another major group in the veteran population, in addition to those with honorable and general discharges, are disabled. Such veterans hold medical discharges and receive somewhat different educational benefits from the Veterans Administration. This study compared the academic performance at a 4-yr. urban liberal arts college of veterans with honorable discharges with veterans with medical discharges. A search of the Registrar's files for veterans no longer enrolled at the college identified 30 with medical discharges. These veterans were compared with a random sample of 70 veterans with honorable discharges, also no longer enrolled. The disabled veterans were older (Ms = 37.0 and 26.6 yr.; SDs = 7.4 and 6.5 yr.; t = 6.71, df = 93, two-tailed p < .0001); had artained higher grade point averages (Ms = 1.56 and .98;'SDs = 9.7 and 9.5; t = 2.70, df = 95, p < .008); attempted more credits (Ms = 74.5 and 36.9; SDs = 5.3 and 3.5; t = 4.01, df = 95, p '< .0001); and accumulated more credits (Ms = 38.4 and 14.2; SDs = 3.3 and 2.0; t = 4.41, df = 95, p < .0001). The two groups did not differ in withdrawals from class with unsatisfactory grade (Ms = 2.2 and 4.0; SDs = 2.9 and 6.6; r = 1.39, df = 95). These data indicate that the veterans with medical discharges perform better academically than veterans with honorable discharges. This may be explained, in part, by their greater age and mamrirg. Another possible explanation for the difference is the mandated counseling and guidance that disabled veterans periodically receive from VA vocational rehabilitation personnel. This, along with the more liberal monetary and longer training ~eriod benefits available to disabled veterans, can be seen as supportive of greater commitment and effort.
Using Pimonidazole Delineated Penumbra To Improve Translational Research on Acute Stroke Neuroprotection (SC02.005)

Objective: To improve the translation of animal model findings on stroke neuroprotection into clinical practice, we used pimonidazole (HypoxyProbe) to delineate the penumbra to study its associated biomarkers. In addition we focused on markers within 6 hours of stroke onset as this time period may represent the best window to protect the penumbra from evolving into irreversible damage of ischemic core. Background Translation of animal stroke research has not been successful. For most of the published reports, the outcome measures have been infarct volume or behavioral measures. Perhaps an outcome reflecting biomarkers of penumbra would be more relevant. In addition, there is increased use of penumbra assessment in clinical settings; we need a better understanding of penumbra. Design/Methods: We used twenty Sprague-Dawley rats ages 5 to 24 months for our study. All animal procedures were approved by the Purdue Animal Care and Use Committee. We used an intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model for stroke induction. Occlusion was maintained without reperfusion for 5 hours. Results: Immunostained formalin-fixed sections with antibodies against adducts of reduced pimonidazole demonstrated the location of penumbra with clear border in each animal. The location, morphology, and size of penumbra of each animal varied significantly even with identical MCAo procedures. This variability is similar to what we have observed in clinical stroke research. Pimonidazole stained mostly cytoplasm of neurons and glia with neuropil staining more towards the boundaries of the penumbra. Within the penumbra, we noted peri-nuclear condensation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and increase in methionine sulfoxide expression; with q-PCR, we noted a significant increase in heat-shock protein 70 gene expression but not that of methionine sulfoxide reductase. Conclusions: Pimonidazole delineation of penumbra offers a method to study molecular events within the penumbra precisely and to assess early response to putative therapeutic agents in a more clinically relevant fashion. Supported by: Lutheran Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hong-Goka has nothing to disclose.
Clinically Applicable Self-Healing Dental Resin Composites

Self-healing is one of the most desired material properties. Herein, we present the design and development of a new self-healing dental composite (SHDC) that can heal micro-cracks autonomously. The SHDC has two functional components in addition to contemporary dental composites: healing powder (HP) and healing liquid (HL) encapsulated in silica microcapsules. The autonomous healing is triggered by micro-cracks which fracture microcapsules in their propagation path and release the HL. As a consequence, the released HL dissolves and reacts with the HP, and then fill the micro-cracks with a cement-like new material. This 3-step crack-release-heal process prevents micro-cracks from causing restoration failure, thus improving the service life of dental restorative material. The mechanical performance of the SHDC prepared were evaluated in terms of elastic modulus and fracture toughness, which were in the upper level compared to commercial dental restorative materials, and the self-healing capability was confirmed through fracture toughness recovery test. In addition, the SHDCs were made with clinically-tested, biocompatible materials, which makes them readily applicable as medical devices.
On the Out-of-balance of Structure of China Bond Market and Corrected

The bond market of china has serious out-of-balance problem of structure,showing as the capital market and stock financing structure, bond variety structure,bond issue structure,trade market structure,issue price structure.This paper has analysis these out-of-balance consequences and reason of producing,and proposed being from adjusting the functional demand of capital market,reform issuing system,improve credit environment,strengthen supervision coordination and multi-level marketing system person who set up respect correct.
Protective Effects of Low-Molecule-Weight Soybean Polypeptides on Gastric Mucosa in Mice

In this study,we examined the protective effects of low-molecular-weight soybean polypeptides(LMWSPs) against gastric mucosal injury in mice induced by water-immersion restraint stress(WIRS) and anhydrous alcohol,respectively.A total of 60 clean male IRC mice were randomly assigned into 6 groups: normal group,model control group,positive drug control group(ranitidine + VE),and high-,medium-and low-dosage LMWSP groups(administered at the dosages of 7.5,5.0 g/(kg·d) and 2.5 g/(kg·d) once daily for 10 consecutive days,respectively).After the last administration,all the mice were killed to observe ulcer index and assay malondialdehyde(MDA) content in the liver,alanine transaminase(ALT) in the serum,and the levels of MDA and SOD in the gastric mucosa.The results showed that WIRS-induced and anhydrous alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury models were set up in mice successfully.UI was significantly decreased in the high-and medium-dosage LMWSP and positive drug control groups compared with the model control groups(P 0.01) and the UI-reducing effect of LMWSPs was better at the high dosage and consequently followed a dose-dependent pattern.Meanwhile,both dosages of LMWSPs markedly decreased ALT activity in the liver and serum of mice with WIRS-induced gastric mucosal injury,and increased SOD activity and reduced MDA level in mouse gastric mucosa with anhydrous alcohol-induced injury.Based on these findings,we conclude that LMWSPs can function to protect against gastric mucosal injury in mice.
Microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of 6061 aluminium alloy-based nanocomposite castings fabricated by ultrasonic processing

It has been revealed that microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium castings can be significantly improved by adding nanoparticles as reinforcement to fabricate aluminium-based metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs). One of the common problems in fabricating MMNCs is the agglomeration of reinforcement nanoparticles. In the present study, ultrasonic stirring technology (UST) is deployed to assist 6061 nanocomposite casting process by promoting the dispersion and deagglomeration. Al2O3/SiC nanoparticles are used as reinforcement materials. Nanoparticles are added into the molten alloy and dispersed by ultrasonic cavitation and acoustic streaming caused by UST. The microstructure, fracture behaviour and mechanical properties of 6061-based MMNC samples have been investigated. Tensile strength and yield strength of MMNC samples remain at the same level while the elongation increases significantly compared to reference samples.
Hip Arthroscopy for the Treatment of Osteochondral Defects and Loose Bodies

Chondral and osteochondral injuries on the acetabulum or femoral head are increasingly recognized as important contributors to intra-articular hip pain and degeneration. Common etiologies include trauma, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), labral tears, loose bodies, osteochondritis dissecans, osteonecrosis, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and hip dysplasia. Often, the cartilage damage coexists with other pathology. Loose bodies are often the sequelae of cartilage damage but can also occur independently such as in the setting of osteoarthritis and synovial chondromatosis. Once formed, loose bodies can propagate the process cartilage destruction through third body wear.
Incidental radiographic findings of thyroglossal duct cysts: Prevalence and management

Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis To determine the epidemiology of incidental thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC) discovered on imaging studies obtained in the head and neck area in children and to discuss subsequent management. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed at Texas Children's Hospital of all computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies obtained in the head and neck region between July 2011 and July 2014. Images obtained for the purpose of evaluating a neck or lingual mass were excluded from the study, as were patients with previously known TGDCs. Data including age, sex, location of TGDC, size, presence of symptoms, referral to Otolaryngology, and intervention were recorded. Results A total of 60,663 CT and MR studies of the head, brain, sinus, neck, and C-spine during this time period were reviewed; of these 69 (0.1%) cases contained incidental discovery of probable TGDCs with more males (40) than females (29). Ages ranged from 3 days to 17 years old, with the mean age at 5 years. Locations varied, with majority at base of tongue (83%) followed by hyoid (13%) then infrahyoid straps (4%). Sizes ranged from 2 to 28 mm with average size at 8 mm. 11 of these patients were referred to an Otolaryngologist; 9 were asymptomatic and decision was made to observe, the other two subsequently underwent surgical excision secondary to mass effect and dysphagia with histologic confirmation of diagnosis. Conclusion TGDCs commonly present as an anterior neck mass, however the majority of incidentally discovered TGDCs on imaging are located at the base of tongue. Management of these findings should include referral to an Otolaryngologist for further evaluation with the decision to intervene surgically based on development of clinical symptoms.
Poverty, work, and freedom: Work and satisfaction

A commonly stated motivation for economic policy is to benefit people's welfare, happiness, or satisfaction. We want to promote particular policies because of their beneficial impact on people's lives. Yet central aspects of conventional economic method seem to prejudge what makes people's lives go well. In the neoclassical conception, individuals choose goods and services to maximize utility subject to an income constraint, where income derives primarily from the sale of labor. Thus the goal of economic activity is consumption, which leads to higher utility. Consumption is constrained by income, so income and utility or satisfaction should be clearly related. Labor, on the other hand, is avoided, since it enters negatively into the utility function. Labor and leisure relate as negative to positive, the amount of work depending on a tradeoff between labor and leisure that is affected by the wage. Thus it is assumed that what makes life go well is income and consumption; what is to be avoided is labor. The amount of work performed depends on the amount of disutility that must be endured to derive income from the sale of labor. To the extent we want to maximize welfare, we would want to reduce work and increase income and consumption. With this answer to the question of what makes life go well, we also have a solution to the problem of defining and alleviating poverty.
Vaccines and the cochlear implant patient

Patients with cochlear implants should receive all the recommended routine vaccinations appropriate for age according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) annual immunization schedule. These patients are at greater risk for the development of meningitis and other infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and influenza viruses and CDC guidelines stress the importance of vaccination against these agents in these patients. This is especially true for infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccination with pneumococcal vaccines, both conjugate and polysaccharide, is critically important in the prevention of pneumococcal disease in cochlear implant patients.
Role of JAK2V617F during In Vitro PV Erythroid Progenitor Differentiation.

The dominant gain-of-function mutation in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 (1849 G to T) has been detected in over 80% PV patients and in approximately half of ET or PMF patients. The mutation results in a non-synonymous amino acid substitution at position 617 (valine to phenylalanine) in the JH2 pseudo-kinase auto-inhibitory domain. Current models predict that expression of mutant JAK2 V617F in patient hematopoietic stem cells leads to activation of signaling pathways important for proliferation and survival. Furthermore, experimental evidence using murine models, in which JAK2 V617F is retrovirally over-expressed, display a phenotype that closely resembles PV, including progression to myelofibrosis. Previous reports have indicated that “in vitro” expansion of PV progenitors favors erythroid precursors with decreased JAK2 V617F mutational burden (Exp. Hematol. (2007) 35(4): 587–95). Investigators in these studies, however, did not report changes in JAK2 V617F frequency in sorted live erythroid progenitors after “in vitro” expansion. Furthermore, CD34 + cells from PV patients cultured in the presence of 20% serum indicated an inverse relationship between JAK2 V617F frequency and Epo dose (Blood (2006) 108(9):3128–34). However, these reports failed to correlate Epo dose, and JAK2 V617F frequency, with live “in vitro” expanded purified erythroid progenitor cells. Using our published procedure (Exp. Hematol. (2007) 35(4): 587–95), we expanded erythroid progenitors from healthy volunteers and JAK2 V617F positive PV patients (mutational burden ranging from 20–90%) in serum-free media supplemented with SCF, Tpo, and Flt3L (100 ng/mL each - week 1) followed by SCF (50 ng/mL), IGF1 (50 ng/mL), and Epo (0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3, and 3 Units/mL - week 2). Progression of progenitor expansion, erythroid lineage commitment, live/dead cells, and JAK2 mutation frequency was followed by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. At the end of week 2, cells were harvested, stained with anti-CD71 (transferrin receptor), anti-CD235A (glycophorin A), and the Aqua Live/Dead cell reagent. Stained cells were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde, analyzed, and sorted on a FACSAria flow cytometer. Live, expanded progenitor cells were sorted into CD235A positive and negative populations, and subsequently used for estimation of JAK2 frequency by quantitative real-time PCR (Exp. Hematol. (2007) 35(1): 32–38). Our results indicate expansion and erythroid commitment of PV progenitor cells in the absence of Epo correlates with the patients’ intrinsic JAK2 V617F burden. Furthermore, irrespective of JAK2 V617F frequency in purified peripheral blood granulocytes, an inverse correlation between Epo dose and mutation frequency in “in vitro” expanded purified erythroid progenitors was not observed in all patients examined.
Improving uniformity in brain death determination policies over time

Objective: To demonstrate that progress has been made in unifying brain death determination guidelines in the last decade by directly comparing the policies of the US News and World Report9s top 50 ranked neurologic institutions from 2006 and 2015. Methods: We solicited official hospital guidelines in 2015 from these top 50 institutions, generated summary statistics of their criteria as benchmarked against the American Academy of Neurology Practice Parameters (AANPP) and the comparison 2006 cohort in 5 key categories, and statistically compared the 2 cohorts9 compliance with the AANPP. Results: From 2008 to 2015, hospital policies exhibited significant improvement (p = 0.005) in compliance with official guidelines, particularly with respect to criteria related to apnea testing (p = 0.009) and appropriate ancillary testing (p = 0.0006). However, variability remains in other portions of the policies, both those with specific recommendation from the AANPP (e.g., specifics for ancillary tests) and those without firm guidance (e.g., the level of involvement of neurologists, neurosurgeons, or physicians with education/training specific to brain death in the determination process). Conclusions: While the 2010 AANPP update seems to be concordant with progress in achieving greater uniformity in guidelines at the top 50 neurologic institutions, more needs to be done. Whether further interventions come as grassroots initiatives that leverage technological advances in promoting adoption of new guidelines or as top-down regulatory rulings to mandate speedier approval processes, this study shows that solely relying on voluntary updates to professional society guidelines is not enough.
Genetic analysis of brown planthopper biotypes using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to estimate the relatedness of three biotypes of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), from the Philippines. Each individual brown planthopper had a unique set of RAPD bands, but no bands were diagnostic for any one biotype. Brown planthopper types 1, 2 and 3 were genetically homogeneous. This supports results of other studies which conclude that brown planthopper biotypes are not sub-specific categories, but merely represent individual variation for virulence to rice cultivars.
The Case for Deformity Correction in the Management of Radiculopathy with Concurrent Spinal Deformity

The management of adult deformity varies significantly. Options range from nonoperative care to limited decompression to decompression with limited or extensive fusion. The appropriate surgical management is the approach that optimizes the likelihood of improvement in health-related quality of life, while limiting risks of complications and costs. Decompression alone is unreliable in the setting of significant deformity contributing to radiculopathy. Decompression with limited fusion is most appropriate for patients with age-appropriate global alignment of the spine, and decompression with more extensive fusion is most appropriate for patients with progressive deformity or with global sagittal or coronal malalignment.
Degenerate Carbon Burning

Abstract In this chapter addresses the physics of degenerate carbon burning, a critical issue for understanding Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia). In models of accreting white dwarfs pertinent to the single-degenerate model for SN Ia, carbon burning begins under degenerate conditions when the rate of nuclear burning exceeds that of neutrino losses. A phase of convective burning eventually occurs at a dynamical rate, leading to explosion. The subsequent dynamics depend on whether the point of runaway is near the center or further away and whether there is a single ignition site leading to a buoyant bubble or multiple sites of runaway. The chapter gives a basic introduction to the physics of subsonic and supersonic nuclear burning and associated instabilities as well as their application in the context of SN Ia. Dynamical carbon burning could, in principle, lead to either supersonic detonation or subsonic deflagration, but observations preclude the prompt formation of a detonation in the environment of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf that accretes to near the Chandrasekhar mass limit. The chapter also presents a discussion of the critical issue of deflagration-to-detonation transition. Current work suggests that this transition occurs in the context of a turbulent flame-brush instability rather than in a distributed-flame environment.
Trifunctional High-Throughput Screen Identifies Promising Scaffold To Inhibit Grp94 and Treat Myocilin-Associated Glaucoma.

Gain-of-function mutations within the olfactomedin (OLF) domain of myocilin result in its toxic intracellular accumulation and hasten the onset of open-angle glaucoma. The absence of myocilin does not cause disease; therefore, strategies aimed at eliminating myocilin could lead to a successful glaucoma treatment. The endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 paralog Grp94 accelerates OLF aggregation. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of Grp94 in cells facilitates clearance of mutant myocilin via a non-proteasomal pathway. Here, we expanded our support for targeting Grp94 over cytosolic paralogs Hsp90α and Hsp90β. We then developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify new chemical matter capable of disrupting the Grp94/OLF interaction. When applied to a blind, focused library of 17 Hsp90 inhibitors, our miniaturized single-read in vitro thioflavin T -based kinetics aggregation assay exclusively identified compounds that target the chaperone N-terminal nucleotide binding site. In follow up studies, one com...
Evidence for Multiple Steps in Enveloped Virus Binding

This paper reviews the data that indicate that the binding of viruses to cell is far more complex than simple binding of a ligand to a receptor and involves several steps. Viral surface glycoproteins have several domains, so these proteins have the potential of binding more than one component of the cell surface. Several studies have indicated viral binding is followed by rearrangements in the viral proteins or the viral surface.
Discrimination of isomeric carbohydrates as the electron transfer products of group II cation adducts by ion mobility spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

The rapid and unambiguous distinction of isomeric carbohydrate structures persists as a tremendous analytical challenge. This paper reports the first exploitation of carbohydrate/metal ion interactions in concert with gas-phase ion chemistry to improve discrimination of oligosaccharide isomers by both ion mobility spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. This is demonstrated for two isomeric pentasaccharides and two isomeric hexasaccharides, each studied in an underivatized form as their calcium ion adducts, barium ion adducts, and gas-phase electron transfer products thereof. With appropriate selection of the charge carrier, transfer of a single electron to the carbohydrate metal ion adducts resulted in isomer-distinguishing shifts in their ion/neutral collision cross sections and the appearance of unique features in their vibrational activation/dissociation spectra. These findings suggest novel and elegant gas-phase strategies for rapid differentiation of isomeric oligosaccharides.
Circadian and Sleep Circuits Ring Together.

Prolonged wakefulness stimulates the homeostatic need to sleep, but transition to sleep also depends on the circadian time of day. However, links between circadian and homeostatic influences are not well understood. Guo et al. (2018) identify a Drosophila circuit connecting circadian clock neurons to sleep-promoting ring neurons in the ellipsoid body.
Deep Learning based Reliable Early Epileptic Seizure Predictor

Seizure prediction has a great influence on epileptic patients' quality of life. In this paper, a novel deep learning based patient-specific epileptic seizure predictor using electroencephalogram (EEG) is proposed. The presented method is based on detecting the preictal state and differentiating it from the predominant interictal state. EEG features extraction and classification are achieved in a single automated system that is able to extract the most discriminative features from the raw EEG. The proposed approach gains the benefit of the convolutional neural network in extracting the spatial features from the multichannel EEG signals and the bidirectional recurrent neural network in predicting the occurrence of the incoming seizure earlier than the current methods. High accuracy of 99.6%, low false alarm rate of 0.004 h-1and early seizure prediction of one hour make the proposed method the most efficient among the state of the art. Robustness of the system is verified using an effective test method.
Mixed Model Association with Family-Biased Case-Control Ascertainment

Mixed models have become the tool of choice for genetic association studies; however, standard mixed model methods may be poorly calibrated or underpowered under family sampling bias and/or case-control ascertainment. Previously, we introduced a liability threshold-based mixed model association statistic (LTMLM) to address case-control ascertainment in unrelated samples. Here, we consider family-biased case-control ascertainment, where case and control subjects are ascertained non-randomly with respect to family relatedness. Previous work has shown that this type of ascertainment can severely bias heritability estimates; we show here that it also impacts mixed model association statistics. We introduce a family-based association statistic (LT-Fam) that is robust to this problem. Similar to LTMLM, LT-Fam is computed from posterior mean liabilities (PML) under a liability threshold model; however, LT-Fam uses published narrow-sense heritability estimates to avoid the problem of biased heritability estimation, enabling correct calibration. In simulations with family-biased case-control ascertainment, LT-Fam was correctly calibrated (average χ2 = 1.00–1.02 for null SNPs), whereas the Armitage trend test (ATT), standard mixed model association (MLM), and case-control retrospective association test (CARAT) were mis-calibrated (e.g., average χ2 = 0.50–1.22 for MLM, 0.89–2.65 for CARAT). LT-Fam also attained higher power than other methods in some settings. In 1,259 type 2 diabetes-affected case subjects and 5,765 control subjects from the CARe cohort, downsampled to induce family-biased ascertainment, LT-Fam was correctly calibrated whereas ATT, MLM, and CARAT were again mis-calibrated. Our results highlight the importance of modeling family sampling bias in case-control datasets with related samples.
A Comparative Analysis of One-Sided Violence and Civil War Peace Agreement Implementation

Does one-sided violence create a negative cascading effect on the success of peace agreement implementation? If violence influences peace accord implementation negatively, how can such violence be contained to safeguard the implementation process? While post-conflict one-sided violence can be viewed as residual, the use of such violence can significantly influence peacebuilding outcomes. Implementing the agreement is a contentious process as both sides expect to maximize their benefits and minimize their losses from intended reforms negotiated in the agreement. Implementation success is achieved by minimizing the difference in policy reforms through mutual trust, reciprocity, and sequential policy moves. In such a contentious implementation setting, the use of one-sided violence by any actor undermines trust and reciprocity between signatories and subsequently forestalls implementation success. Empirical analyses of a global sample of comprehensive peace agreements since 1989 show a significant and negative relationship between the use of one-sided violence and the peace agreement implementation rate. Rebel one-sided violence has a larger negative effect on implementation compared to state and other non-state one-sided violence.
Promoting self-reflection over re-teaching: Addressing studentsâ€™ misconceptions with â€˜my favorite noâ€™

Misconceptions are an important aspect of learning and teaching mathematics. What are effective ways for teachers to confront misconceptions and prevent their reoccurrence? Â This mixed-methods study examined instrumental and conceptual understandings of studentsâ€™ errors, mistakes, and misconceptions in a 7 th grade mathematics classroom utilizing the â€˜My Favorite Noâ€™ strategy. Fifty-five students from a Midwest middle school were divided into two groups with similar abilities, with one group confronting misconceptions using the â€˜My Favorite Noâ€ strategy while the other group received information about a potential error directly from a teacher.Â A brief survey of questions followed for students in the â€œMy Favorite Noâ€™ class. One group was concerned with conceptual understanding and making connections, and able to solve similar problems.Â In the second group, students improved from pretests, yet did not improve as much as students using â€˜My Favorite No.â€™ Thus, teachers are encouraged to consider using â€œMy Favorite Noâ€ a strategy where students are in an environment in which they discover their errors and believe in the value of making a mistake.Â
Firms’ Environmental Performance and the COVID-19 Crisis

The shutdown in economic activity due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis has resulted in a short-term decline in global carbon emissions, but the long-term impact of the pandemic on the transition to a low-carbon economy is uncertain. Looking at previous episodes of financial and economic stress to draw implications for the current crisis, we find that tighter financial constraints and adverse economic conditions are generally detrimental to firms’ environmental performance, reducing green investments. The COVID-19 crisis could thus potentially slow down the transition to a low-carbon economy. In light of the urgent need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, these findings underline the importance of climate policies and green recovery packages to boost green investment and support the energy transition. Policies that support the sustainable finance sector, such as improved transparency and standardization, could further help mobilize green investments.
Cultural Adaptation of Group Parenting Programs: Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Best Practices.

Group parenting programs based on cognitive-behavioral and social learning principles are effective in improving child behavior problems and positive parenting. However, most programs target non-Hispanic, White, English-speaking families and are largely inaccessible to a growing Hispanic and non-White population in the United States. We sought to examine the extent to which researchers have culturally adapted group parenting programs by conducting a systematic review of the literature. We identified 41 articles on 23 distinct culturally adapted programs. Most cultural adaptations focused on language translation and staffing, with less focus on modification of concepts and methods, and on optimizing the fit between the target cultural group and the program goals. Only one of the adapted programs engaged a framework to systematically record and publish the adaptation process. Fewer than half of the culturally adapted programs were rigorously evaluated. Additional investment in cultural adaptation and subsequent evaluation of parenting programs is critical to meet the needs of all US families.
Flooding and the Value of Agricultural Land

This article examines the effect of flooding on agricultural land prices in the Fargo-Moorhead area in two ways: (1) hydraulic modeling data and sales data are used to estimate the effects of flooding and flood severity; and (2) the data are combined with 100-year floodplain information to examine how effects vary across flood-risk categories. Results indicate inundation negatively affects all property; however, effects differ based on floodplain status. Property outside floodplains is affected by coverage, while property within floodplains is affected by depth. All effects are temporary, as they disappear within two years after a flood event.