cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of [(CO)(HCCH)Tp'W=NCH(CH3)CH(CH3)N=WTp'(HCCH)(CO)][I3]2 by oxidation of Tp'W(CO)(HCCH)(NCHCH3) and radical dimerization

Abstract By treating Tp'W(CO)(HCCH)(NCHCH3) with iodine, a 1 e− oxidation of the metal complex occurs leading to radical coupling through the β-carbons of two 1-azavinylidene ligands. Formation of the diimido bridged dimer [(Tp'W(CO)(HCCH))2(μ-NCH(CH3)CH(CH3)N)][I3]2 occurs diastereoselectively; only the S,S,R,R diastereomer is isolated. An inversion center is located at the center of the bridge C-C bond, leading to identical spectroscopic signals for each end of the dimer. A second order splitting pattern, A3XA3′X′, characterizes the bridge protons in the 1H NMR spectrum. As a result of one electron oxidation of the monomer followed by ligand coupling, each metal center is oxidized from tungsten (II) to tungsten (IV), d4 to d2, leading to a high carbonyl stretching frequency of 2116 cm−1 in the IR spectrum of the dicationic product.
Comparative anatomy of the vestibular nuclear complex in submammalian vertebrates.

Publisher Summary An increased complexity is found in the general level of organization of the brain in amphibians over that observed in fishes. Intra-, and interspecific adaptations and changes that have evolved in the peripheral vestibular organs, however, appear to be reflected very slowly in the elaboration and differentiation of the central nuclei that constitute the Vestibular Nuclear Complex (VNC) in lower vertebrates. In the amphibian brain stem, for example, there appear to be only minor modifications in the primitive central vestibular nuclei and other parts of the acousticolateral region in comparison with a wide variety of morphological changes in the peripheral organs and the lateral-line system. The differentiation of auditory mechanisms in amphibians and reptiles overshadows morphological changes in the vestibular system but there is little actually known about the central connections of either system in these classes of animals. Except for a few early Marchi method investigations there have been few anatomical studies of the vestibular nerve utilizing newer experimental methods. Hillman and Gregory's studies with the Nauta method are the first that provide complete data on the areal distribution of the primary fibers of the vestibulo-acoustic nerve in the frog. Primary fiber connection data on other species are incomplete and the existence of cerebello-vestibular afferents has been confirmed only in a few amphibian and reptilian species. Vestibulospinal projections appear in the “lowest” vertebrates but it is unclear at what phyletic level vestibulo-oculomotor connections first appear. There is a strong thread of correspondence in the basic mode of distribution of primary vestibular fibers in vertebrates that suggests phylogenetic continuity and homology.
The Total Electron Content of the Martian Ionosphere From MRO/SHARAD Observations

The Shallow Radar (SHARAD) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), used to search for sub-surface water ice, requires corrections to range delays and image distortions caused by radiowave propagation through the martian ionosphere. These corrections yield a phase parameter that is linearly correlated with values of the total electron content (TEC), defined as the integral of the electron density profile Ne(h). This new database has been validated using previous observational patterns of TEC magnitudes and variability versus latitude, local time and season. The SHARAD TEC data span the years 2007 to 2014, providing the first opportunity to study solar cycle effects upon daytime TEC magnitudes. A parameterization of TEC versus solar zenith angle and solar flux, within the context of photo-chemical-equilibrium theory, provides a flexible TEC module for the Mars Initial Reference Ionosphere (MIRI) model. A high spatial resolution study of TEC variability in the southern hemisphere confirmed a previously tentative conclusion about daytime TEC morphology controlled by the local inclination angles of crustal magnetic fields.
Prevalence, Causes, and Predictors of 30-Day Readmissions Following Hospitalization With Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated By Cardiogenic Shock: Findings From the 2013-2014 National Readmissions Database.

BackgroundPrior studies have shown that survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock are likely to have increased risk of readmissions in the early post‐discharge...
On developing an FPGA based system for real time seizure prediction

For the purposes of designing a neurostimulator system meant to predict and suppress seizures in patients with epilepsy, we have developed a one-class support vector machine (SVM) learning algorithm that accurately predicts upcoming seizures. Trained on patient intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) data, our algorithm has a high seizure prediction sensitivity while maintaining an acceptably low number of false positives. In order to transition this algorithm to an implantable clinical device, the hardware solution must draw minimal power and conform to a small form factor. With the end goal of designing and fabricating an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), we have implemented our machine learning algorithmic pipeline on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). This FPGA implementation runs on real-time patient data and maintains all performance specifications.
Spectral Multiplexing of Optogenetic Switch by Stimulated Emission Depletion Quenching

We demonstrate that stimulated emission depletion quenching allows for higher fidelity control of optogenetic switching.
Quantifying the Effects of Hydrogen Bonding on Nitrile Frequencies in GFP: Beyond Solvent Exposure

Vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing the complex noncovalent interactions that arise in biological systems. The nitrile stretching frequency has proven to be a particularly convenient biological probe, but the interpretation of nitrile spectroscopy is complicated by its sensitivity to local hydrogen bonding interactions. This often inhibits the straightforward interpretation of nitrile spectra by requiring knowledge of the molecular-level details of the local environment surrounding the probe. While the effect of hydrogen bonds on nitrile frequencies has been well-documented for small molecules in solution, there have been relatively few studies of these effects in a complex protein system. To address this, we introduced a nitrile probe at nine locations throughout green fluorescent protein (GFP) and compared the mean vibrational frequency of each probe to the specific hydrogen bonding geometries observed in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We show that a continuum of hydroge...
Numerical analysis of InGaN dot-like structure and compositional fluctuation caused by phase separation:: comparison with experiment

Abstract We studied numerically the details of In compositional fluctuations and a spontaneous formation of a dot-like structure of InGaN alloy semiconductor due to phase separation by using the cell dynamical system (CDS) approach focusing on the details of the stage of time-evolution of phase separation. The numerical results in this work resemble the experimental results on inhomogeneouos alloying of InGaN reported so far and in addition predict the diffusion which previous experiments could not determine quantitatively. The In-rich regions with a dot-like structure appearing in InGaN-based multi-quantum-well (MQW) laser diodes (LDs) with their emission wavelength below 450 nm are composed of InGaN showing small spatial fluctuations of In composition formed at an early stage of phase separation. The large blueshift of the static electroluminescence (EL) peak observed in blue and green InGaN-based single-quantum-well (SQW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) above 450 nm also relates to the large spatial fluctuations of In composition grown at an early stage of phase separation. For the higher In composition corresponding to the emission wavelength longer than 450 nm, the time-evolution of phase separation proceeds rapidly, indicating the large In compositional fluctuation and thus the large blueshift. In order to obtain a spatially uniform In composition, we should realize a uniform distribution of In composition during the growth of InGaN layer before phase separation proceeds.
Nutraceuticals: An Alternative for Osteoarthritis Management

Dietary supplements, known as nutraceuticals, are commonly used to treat medical conditions in the United States. Despite widespread use, it is unnecessary for companies to seek FDA approval before marketing and manufacturing these supplements. Nutraceuticals are typically thought to have medicinal properties, but also may consist of nutrients extracted from commonly consumed foods. Osteoarthritis prevention and treatment is the most common reason for nutraceutical supplementation and use is expected to increase with the aging “baby boomer” population. Physician and pharmacist consultation is essential for patient safety, given the side effects and toxicity associated with some nutraceuticals. A basic understanding of currently available supplements and their side effects is crucial in patient care today. This chapter will discuss the currently available nutraceuticals for the treatment of osteoarthritis and the supporting literature for each supplement. Supplements discussed will include glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3 fatty acids, avocado-soybean unsaponifiables, vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E), minerals (boron, zinc, copper), and willow bark. None of these common nutraceuticals have substantial evidence of efficacy in prevention or progression of osteoarthritis.
Postprandial insulin response and clearance among black and white women: The Federal Women's Study.

Context Postprandial hyperinsulinemia might be an important cardiometabolic risk determinant in black compared with white women. However, the contributions of insulin clearance and β-cell function to racial differences in postprandial insulin response are unknown. Objective To compare, by race and menopause, early insulin response to oral and intravenous glucose and to measure postprandial intact glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations, insulin clearance, and β-cell function. Design and Participants 119 federally employed women without diabetes [87 premenopausal (52 black, 35 white) and 32 postmenopausal (19 black, 13 white)] underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose test (IM-FSIGT), and mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT). Outcome Measures Early insulin response was measured as follows: (i) insulinogenic index (oral glucose tolerance test); (ii) acute insulin response to glucose (IM-FSIGT); and (iii) ratio of incremental insulin/glucose area under the curve in the first 30 minutes of the MMTT. Insulin clearance was assessed during the IM-FSIGT and MMTT. During the MMTT, intact GLP-1 was measured and β-cell function assessed using the insulin secretion rate and β-cell responsivity indexes. Results Black pre-menopausal and postmenopausal women had a greater insulin response and lower insulin clearance and greater dynamic β-cell responsivity (P ≤ 0.05 for all). No differences were found in the total insulin secretion rates or intact GLP-1 concentrations. Conclusions Greater postprandial hyperinsulinemia in black pre-menopausal and postmenopausal women was associated with lower hepatic insulin clearance and heightened β-cell capacity to rapid changes in glucose, but not to higher insulin secretion. The relationship of increased β-cell secretory capacity, reduced insulin clearance, and ambient hyperinsulinemia to the development of cardiometabolic disease requires further investigation.
Label-free detection of conformational changes in switchable DNA nanostructures with microwave microfluidics.

Detection of conformational changes in biomolecular assemblies provides critical information into biological and self-assembly processes. State-of-the-art in situ biomolecular conformation detection techniques rely on fluorescent labels or protein-specific binding agents to signal conformational changes. Here, we present an on-chip, label-free technique to detect conformational changes in a DNA nanomechanical tweezer structure with microwave microfluidics. We measure the electromagnetic properties of suspended DNA tweezer solutions from 50 kHz to 110 GHz and directly detect two distinct conformations of the structures. We develop a physical model to describe the electrical properties of the tweezers, and correlate model parameters to conformational changes. The strongest indicator for conformational changes in DNA tweezers are the ionic conductivity, while shifts in the magnitude of the cooperative water relaxation indicate the addition of fuel strands used to open the tweezer. Microwave microfluidic detection of conformational changes is a generalizable, non-destructive technique, making it attractive for high-throughput measurements. Methods to study conformational changes in biomolecules are limited in resolution and require labelling or other modifications of target analytes. Here the authors present a label-free, microwave microfluidic approach to detect conformational changes of DNA nanostructures based on ionic conductivity.
The ups and downs of reading across content areas: The association between instruction and fluctuations in reading motivation.

A major component of reading in subject areas is motivation to engage with text in different and specific ways. Yet, scant research captures fluctuations in adolescents’ daily reading motivation in subject areas or across diverse reading activities: important information for supporting discipline-specific reading performance. Thus, this study captures adolescents’ fluctuations in reading motivation within and across classroom environments and explores the ways in which teacher practices may bolster student motivation to read in content-area classrooms. This investigation followed 161 students in 6th through 8th grade in three underresourced middle schools in social studies, English language arts, science, and math classrooms (45 classes) with 14 content-area teachers, across multiple days of instruction. Multilevel modeling results show that capturing dynamic understandings of reading motivation—beyond commonly used context-neutral measures—provides unique insight about the flexibility of motivation to read and specifically how environmental factors can influence students’ ups and downs in their levels of reading motivation. Findings demonstrate that students’ fluctuations in reading motivation reflect the way in which students interact socially, personally, and materially with reading activities irrespective of the content area of classrooms. These findings provide guidance on how an interactive approach to reading motivation can be integrated into the motivation literature for improving instruction for adolescent readers and extends pedagogical and empirical research on supporting environmentally triggered reading motivations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
A systemic approach for disruption risk assessment in oil and gas supply chains

Twenty-first century systems are characterised by rapid changes and constantly evolving dynamics. Therefore, supply chains have become more globalised and complex than ever before. Global supply chains are often accompanied by serious threats and significant additional risks to industries that rely heavily on them. The oil and gas industry encounter significant supply chain risks throughout all stages. The objective of this paper is to provide a holistic complex system governance (CSG) perspective to investigate disruption risks in oil and gas supply chains. As a case study, the piracy problem in Africa is used to demonstrate the efficacy and extensibility of the CSG perspective to a wider array of potential supply chain disruptions. Unlike ready-made solutions or 'off-the-shelf' strategies that may actually undermine the establishment of a resilient global oil and gas supply chain, this paper examines associated risks as a complex system, or a system of systems problem.
Dose-response association of workplace facilities and policies with commuter bicycling among adults

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to examine the association between workplace facilities and policies with bicycle commuting, and to test interactions by gender, among a convenience sample of adult bicyclists from Austin, TX, and Birmingham, AL. Methods Adults aged 18-65 who rode a bicycle in the past year completed an internet-based survey designed to assess potential correlates of bicycling behavior. Participants who reported having ridden a bicycle for transportation in the past year for the purpose of commuting to/from work were categorized as a bicycle commuters. Workplace facilitators assessed included policies that supported biking to work, bicycle lockers, locked rooms/cage, clothes storage, bike racks, and showers. A summary score ordinal variable was derived by adding the total number of reported workplace facilitators per participant. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to identify the association between each of the workplace facility/policy variables and being a bicycle commuter. Results The final analytic sample was of 760 participants employed full- or part-time. All assessed facilitators were significantly directly associated with being categorized as a bicycle commuter in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for covariates (p
Sequential breakup cross section of 6Li

The differential cross section for the excitation of the unbound 3/sup +/ (2.18 MeV) state in /sup 6/Li was measured by scattering a 227 MeV /sup 40/Ca beam from a /sup 6/Li target. Additionally, the cross section for the 3/sup -/ (3.74 MeV) state in /sup 40/Ca was measured at the same center-of-mass energy by scattering a 34 MeV /sup 6/Li beam from /sup 40/Ca. The cross section for excitation of the 3/sup +/, 2.18 MeV state in /sup 6/Li is 3--5 times larger than that of the /sup 40/Ca 3/sup -/ state. The present data and previously measured elastic scattering data have been analyzed in the framework of both distorted-wave Born approximation and coupled channels calculations, using double folded real potentials, to determine the influence of the inelastic states on the elastic scattering cross section. We find that the elastic scattering is very sensitive to coupled channels effects arising from the 3/sup +/ state in /sup 6/Li.
The effect of retroactive memory interference on the P300-based Complex Trial Protocol (CTP).

Abstract In a P300-based concealed information test (CIT), an increased response to a crime-related “probe” item of interest suggests concealed knowledge. Because the CIT's detection ability is based on knowledgeable parties recognizing the key item, weakening the crime memory might decrease probe identifiability and reduce diagnostic power. Research on retroactive memory interference (RI) has shown that acquiring new information after encoding a memory can degrade the original memory, which suggests that RI might pose a threat to CITs. To test this, Gronau et al. (2015) had participants complete a mock-crime, followed by either a control task or a RI manipulation task, intended to impair the crime memory. Both the simple guilty control and RI groups were subdivided into three time delay conditions: 1/3 of participants immediately completed the task and CIT, another 1/3 completed the task and returned a week later for the CIT, and the remaining participants completed both the task and CIT a week later. Results showed that RI reduced memory of crime details and skin conductance responses, while respiration line length was unaffected. Here, we extend Gronau et al. (2015), using the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) version of the P300-based CIT, to investigate the influence of RI on recognition. The CIT effect was obvious in all six group × time delay subconditions, as evidenced by their significantly larger probe vs. irrelevant amplitudes, high percentage of bootstrapped iterations where probe > irrelevants, bootstrapped mean amplitude differences, and satisfactory hit rates. However, these indices of the CIT effect did not differ based on group or time delay, as was the case for target response error rates and P300 latencies. The only outcome of interest to vary by group or time delay was behavioral response times: both probe and combined irrelevant responses were delayed in the control (simple guilty) group. Thus, the evidence suggests that the RI manipulation used here does not threaten the P300-based CTP's accuracy. Results are considered as they compare to previous work, and limitations and possible explanations for our results are discussed.
The influence of linguistic and social attitudes on grammaticality judgments of singular ‘they’

Abstract The lack of consensus on a true gender-neutral singular personal pronoun for the third person in standard English has led to many continuing attempts to reform the language to be more gender-neutral and to accurately refer to nonbinary persons. Singular they has a long history of use, but continues to draw criticism from prescriptivist commentators. Recent research has found that those who endorse more binary gender ideology tend to reject singular they more often than those who hold more egalitarian gender views. The present study directly compared the contributions of linguistic prescriptivism and sexism to speakers' judgments in order to determine whether resistance to singular they is driven more by strict adherence to standard grammar or instead by attitudes about gender which are at odds with the language itself. American English speakers rated the grammaticality of sentences containing singular they and also responded to measures of linguistic prescriptivism and hostile and benevolent sexism. Results indicate that resistance to gender-neutral language is driven by sexist (but not necessarily hostile) attitudes about gender as much as by linguistic conservatism, though both contribute to grammatical judgments. Such resistance is particularly hostile to innovations that challenge the gender binary. These results carry implications for both theories of pronoun reference and language reform initiatives.
A PMU-based Fault Location Identification Using Principal Component Analysis

Accurate and rapid fault localization for transmission line faults is essential for power system protection and maintenance. In this paper, a PMU-based algorithm for locating transmission line faults is proposed. By employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method on line current time series data, fault region is firstly identified. The pre-fault and during-fault positive sequence voltage measurements are then utilized to estimate unknown bus voltages through least square method and therefore determine exact fault location within the fault region. Different fault resistances and four types of fault, namely, single line to ground fault, double line to ground fault, line to line fault and three-phase balanced faults are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the method on the IEEE 14-bus system as well as the IEEE 30-bus system. Additionally, the impact of noise on PMU measurements is investigated to assess the robustness of the proposed method.
Age Differences in Risk and Resilience Factors in COVID-19-Related Stress.

OBJECTIVES: Older adults are at higher risk for death and infirmity from COVID-19 than younger and middle-age adults. The current study examines COVID-19-specific anxiety and proactive coping as potential risk and resilience factors that may be differentially important for younger and older adults in understanding stress experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Five hundred and fifteen adults aged 20-79 in the U.S. reported on their anxiety about developing COVID-19, proactive coping, and stress related to COVID-19 in an online survey. RESULTS: Although there were no age differences in stress levels, anxiety about developing COVID-19 was associated with more COVID-19 stress for older adults relative to younger adults, but proactive coping was associated with less COVID-19 stress for older adults relative to younger adults. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that anxiety might function as a risk factor whereas proactive coping may function as a resilience factor for older adults' COVID-19 stress. We encourage future context-dependent investigations into mental health among older adults during this pandemic and beyond.
General Stress Response in Bacillus subtilis and Related Gram-Positive Bacteria

This chapter focuses on the partner-switching mechanism, showing how signaling versatility is achieved and outlining the questions about network function that remain to be answered. A short section at the end of the chapter summarizes the roles of general stress regulons in the physiology of gram-positive organisms that possess sB, or σB-like factors. In Bacillus subtilis, RsbW has two activities in unstressed cells: (i) as an anti-sigma factor it binds σB and prevents its association with RNA polymerase; and (ii) as a serine kinase it specifically phosphorylates and inactivates its own antagonist, the RsbV anti- anti-sigma. Three single-domain anti-anti- sigma factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have atypical N-terminal extensions rich in serine and threonine residues, allowing their interactions to be controlled by a unique mechanism that may affect σF activity. In many gram-positive bacteria σB is a master regulator of a general stress modulon that closely interacts with other global systems. Investigation of the roles of genes in the modulon can provide a unique perspective regarding the physiological changes that promote stress resistance. How σB signaling networks sense activating stresses remains an open question. Given the wide distribution of the recognized sensing modules and their association with different output domains, this question is relevant to many signaling pathways.
Stick–slip behavior during electrowetting-on-dielectric: polarization and substrate effects

A novel triple-line stick–slip behavior, manifested by “sawtooth oscillations” of the contact angle (CA), was observed during sessile droplet advance by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) for DC voltages and during droplet retreat for AC voltages. The onset of stick–slip occurred on polished substrate surfaces when the applied potential approached the EWOD saturation voltage and at lower voltages on rougher surfaces. Stick–slip was reduced at higher AC frequencies (> 1 kHz), not significantly influenced by pH or voltage polarity and did not occur with AC polarization on substrates with a Parylene coating but no hydrophobic top-layer. The different triple-line pinning behaviors under DC and AC polarization are shown to be consistent with heterogeneous wetting associated with immobilization of charged species—referred to as charge trapping—near the triple-line at saturation. These experiments and insights offer a new approach for understanding and addressing EWOD device limitations related to CA saturation and charged species trapping leading to improved performance in micro-/nanofluidic pumps, digital microfluidic chips, and electret devices.
Prognostic impact of CDKN2A/B deletion, TERT mutation, and EGFR amplification on histological and molecular IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.

Background We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of molecular glioblastoma (mGBM) as compared to histological GBM (hGBM) and to determine the prognostic impact of TERT mutation, EGFR amplification, and CDKN2A/B deletion on isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype GBM. Methods IDH-wildtype GBM patients treated with radiation therapy (RT) between 2012 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. mGBM was defined as grade II-III IDH-wildtype astrocytoma without histological features of GBM but with one of the following molecular alterations: TERT mutation, EGFR amplification, or combination of whole chromosome 7 gain and whole chromosome 10 loss. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated from RT and analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable analysis (MVA) was performed using Cox regression to identify independent predictors of OS and PFS. Results Of the 367 eligible patients, the median follow-up was 11.7 months. mGBM and hGBM did not have significantly different OS (median: 16.6 vs 13.5 months, respectively, P = .16), nor PFS (median: 11.7 vs 7.3 months, respectively, P = .08). However, mGBM was associated with better OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.50, 95% CI 0.29-0.88) and PFS (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.26-0.72) than hGBM after adjusting for known prognostic factors on MVA. CDKN2A/B deletion was associated with worse OS (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.003-2.46) and PFS (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.04-2.36) on MVA, but TERT mutation and EGFR amplification were not. Conclusion Criteria for mGBM may require further refinement and validation. CDKN2A/B deletion, but not TERT mutation or EGFR amplification, may be an independent prognostic biomarker for IDH-wildtype GBM patients.
Unclassified Chromosome Abnormalities and Genome Behavior in Interphase

The discovery and characterization of abnormal chromosomes have been an important tradition for cytogenetics. In the past 70 years, extensive efforts have been made to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of various chromosomal abnormalities and to apply them for clinical diagnosis and monitoring treatment responses. As a result, clinical cytogenetic analyses represent an essential component of laboratory medicine. However, efforts in both basic research and clinical implications have been focused on recurrent or clonal types of abnormalities, and the majority of non-clonal chromosome/nuclear aberrations remain unclassified and lack their deserved attention. In recent years, these stochastic genome-level alterations have become an important topic due to the emergence of the genome theory, in which chromosomal/nuclear variations play the ultimately important role both in somatic and organismal evolution. In this chapter, following a brief review of these studies on unclassified chromosomal/nuclear abnormalities, both the rationale and significance of studying these structures will be presented. Specifically, the dynamic relationship between normal and “abnormal” chromosomal structures, and among diverse types of “abnormal variations,” will be discussed through the lens of genome-mediated somatic evolution. This discussion will not only enforce the importance of new genomic concepts, such as system inheritance, fuzzy inheritance, and emergent cellular behavior based on interaction among lower-level agents, but can also shine light on many current puzzling issues, such as missing heritability and the challenge of clinical prediction based on gene mutation profiles. Together, genome-based genomic information will play an important role in future cytogenetics and cytogenomics.
Environmental Governance at the Edge of Democracy

Private environmental governance describes the affirmative efforts of private organizations to deliver public environmental goals, such as climate change mitigation, without government leadership or control. The scholarship on private environmental governance has grown quickly over its short life, but has largely described, catalogued, and quantified private environmental governance. This article begins the project of more fully theorizing private environmental governance. It is the first to explore and critique its political and democratic roles and responsibilities. This article argues that despite the promise that private environmental governance is private and therefore “beyond politics,” it in fact calls loudly for democratic consideration. Private environmental governance is an effective instrument for advancing environmental protection, but the reason it is instrumental is because it wields substantial coercive power over the global environment and human relationships with the environment. Unlike public governance, private governance makes fast and dramatic strides because it wields this coercive power without the procedural burdens of the state. But procedural burdens are not just inefficiencies, they are often important parts of the practice of democracy. Many factors can recommend democratic consideration in place of private fiat. In the case of private environmental governance, democratic practice is necessary for at least three reasons. First, the endeavor is political in the way it uses power and displaces public law. Second, private environmental governance assumes significant conclusions about whether and how to protect the environment. These conclusions should result from public choice, not private will. Third, substantial power imbalances allow private governance to interfere with and dominate individual interests. The power of private firms to encroach on individual liberty is the reason their environmental governance strategies work. Democracy is the forum to authorize, redistribute, or revoke that power. After making the case that private environmental governance should not escape democratic reflection simply because of its private designation, this article concludes that further careful study is necessary to determine whether private environmental governance institutions provide sufficient dimensions of democracy. Private environmental governance not only risks governing without democracy, it risks lulling people into a sense that the messy politics of public governance are no longer necessary. Closer attention to private environmental governance’s democratic credentials can therefore improve private governance and help maintain a functioning state.
Solvent Effects on Heterogeneous Rate Constants for Indium Mediated Allylations.

Indium mediated allylation is a highly selective tool for synthetic chemists to create carbon–carbon bonds, but the first step, heterogeneous reaction of allyl halides at solid indium surfaces, is ...
The influence of COVID-19-related stress on food motivation.

The COVID-19 pandemic and public health measures to reduce its transmission have increased stress. Stress is associated with alterations in eating behavior which may be partly driven by effects on food-related motivation. To investigate effects of COVID-related stress on food motivation, we recruited adults (N = 429; 272 F, 157 M) to complete an online survey via Amazon MTurk in May 2020. Current COVID-related stress, retrospective pre-COVID stress, and motivation in relation to individualized preferred foods from five categories (sweet snacks, fruit, savory snacks, vegetables, and fast food) were assessed. Food motivation measures included willingness to wait, willingness to expend low effort [finger taps], willingness to expend high effort [jumping jacks], and willingness to pay for hypothetical delivery of the food item. Food motivation for each food type was assessed using a novel instrument designed for brief assessment of multiple aspects of food motivation across multiple food types. Participants were willing to pay the most for fast food followed by sweet snacks, and willing to wait longer for sweet snacks relative to other food types. While fast food and sweets also generated the most willingness to expend high and low effort, willingness to expend low effort for fruit was similar to that for fast food and sweets, and willingness to expend high effort for fruit was comparable to that for fast food. Participants were least willing to pay or expend low effort for vegetables. Higher COVID-related stress levels were associated with willingness to expend more effort and pay more for food items. These data collected during the pandemic demonstrate that highly processed and sweet foods have high motivating value across multiple measures of motivation, and COVID-related stress increases food motivation across food categories. Interventions to mitigate stress and target the link between stress and overeating may help to limit the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on obesity.
Roger Leenhardt’s world, viewed: rethinking colonial film and realist film theory in 1930s France

Of his mentor Roger Leenhardt, Andre Bazin once stated, ‘There is in all phenomena a primary level, that of basic understanding. There is a second level, where the subtleties lay. And the third lev...
The Pay-What-You-Like Business Model: Warm Glow Revenues and Endogenous Price Discrimination

We explore the potential benefits of an up-and-coming business model called "pay-what-you-like" in an environment where consumers experience a warm glow by patronizing a particular firm. We show that, given a social norm regarding minimum contributions, a pay-what-you-like firm should announce a minimum suggested contribution, which is positive – but smaller than the profit-maximizing single price – so as to benefit from "endogenous price discrimination," whereby consumers differentially contribute more than the suggested minimum. Furthermore, a pay-what-you-like scheme can improve market efficiency by drastically reducing deadweight loss relative to a single price scheme. These results are robust to alternate motivations for generosity, including gift-exchange.
Optical properties of thin film Sb2Se3 and identification of its electronic losses in photovoltaic devices

Abstract Sb2Se3 has become a promising absorber layer material for photovoltaic applications because of its attractive optical properties and rapid improvement in Sb2Se3 solar cell efficiency in recent years. The indirect bandgap and Urbach energy of Sb2Se3 have been determined to be 1.12 eV and 21.1 meV, respectively, using photothermal deflection spectroscopy. Above bandgap critical points at 1.48, 2.00, 2.35, 2.87, and 3.86 eV are identified from the complex dielectric function (e = e1 + ie2) spectra of thin film Sb2Se3 obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry. Spectra in e serve as input for external quantum efficiency (EQE) simulations of substrate type Sb2Se3 solar cells. Comparison of experimental and simulated EQE quantifies carrier collection losses and identifies a carrier collection length in the absorber layer of 439 ± 4 nm and a 96.4 ± 0.2 % carrier collection probability near the heterojunction.
Conditions for transmission path analysis in energy distribution models

Abstract In this work, we explore under which conditions transmission path analysis (TPA) developed for statistical energy analysis (SEA) can be applied to the less restrictive energy distribution (ED) models. It is shown that TPA can be extended without problems to proper-SEA systems whereas the situation is not so clear for quasi-SEA systems. In the general case, it has been found that a TPA can always be performed on an ED model if its inverse influence energy coefficient (EIC) matrix turns to have negative off-diagonal entries. If this condition is satisfied, it can be shown that the inverse EIC matrix automatically becomes an M -matrix. An ED graph can then be defined for it and use can be made of graph theory ranking path algorithms, previously developed for SEA systems, to classify dominant paths in ED models. A small mechanical system consisting of connected plates has been used to illustrate some of the exposed theoretical results.
Implicitly Unjust: How Defenders Can Affect Systemic Racist Assumptions

This paper discusses the power of implicit racial bias (IRB) in driving unjust, racially disparate outcomes in our criminal justice system and examines the role of the defender committed to racial equality. The paper examines how IRB influences the decision making of every player in the system, including the defense lawyer, and offers strategies for how defense counsel can address IRB while simultaneously living up to his or her obligations to each client. The paper suggests a three prong approach for the defender: 1) working to overcome his or her own biases, 2) developing strategies to educate others in the system about their biases at every stage of the process, and 3) finding ways to sustain him/herself in the face of intolerable injustice in order to help build a more just system.
Stimulation of Metabolism of Rat Brown Adipose Tissue by Addition of Lipolytic Hormones in Vitro

Abstract 1. The dose-response curves for the stimulation of the metabolism of slices of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue by addition of each of five lipolytic hormones in vitro are determined and compared with the corresponding curves determined with rat epididymal white adipose tissue under the same conditions. 2. Each of the five hormones studied is capable of stimulating both oxygen consumption and release of free fatty acids in brown adipose tissue. The dose-response curves for the action of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and glucagon on these two metabolic activities of brown adipose tissue are in concentration ranges which are very close to the corresponding curves determined with white adipose tissue. The dose-response curves for the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyrotropin on brown adipose tissue are shifted to considerably higher concentrations than are the corresponding curves for white adipose tissue. 3. The ratio of oxygen consumption to free fatty acid release is several times higher in brown than in white adipose tissue, when the two tissues are compared while under maximal stimulation by any of the five hormones. 4. When brown adipose tissue is stimulated by catecholamines or glucagon, both the percentage of stimulation and the absolute rate of oxygen consumption are found to be unusually high for a mammalian tissue. 5. Further evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings within brown adipose tissue is a physiologically important means of activation of the high metabolic capabilities of this tissue. 6. Certain apparent advantages are enumerated which seem to make attractive the use of brown adipose tissue for further study of the primary chemical mechanisms of action of the five hormones investigated.
Projecting the distribution of forests in New England in response to climate change

AimTo project the distribution of three major forest types in the northeastern USA in response to expected climate change. LocationThe New England region of the United States. MethodsWe modelled the potential distribution of boreal conifer, northern deciduous hardwood and mixed oak‐hickory forests using the process-based BIOME4 vegetation model parameterized for regional forests under historic and projected future climate conditions. Projections of future climate were derived from three general circulation models forced by three global warming scenarios that span the range of likely anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. ResultsAnnual temperature in New England is projected to increase by 2.2‐ 3.3!C by 2041‐70 and by 3.0‐5.2!C by 2071‐99 with corresponding increases in precipitation of 4.7‐9.5% and 6.4‐11.4%, respectively. We project that regional warming will result in the loss of 71‐100% of boreal conifer forest in New England by the late 21st century. The range of mixed oak‐hickory forests will shift northward by 1.0‐2.1 latitudinal degrees (c. 100‐200 km) and will increase in area by 149‐431% by the end of the 21st century. Northern deciduous hardwoods are expected to decrease in area by 26% and move upslope by 76 m on average. The upslope movement of the northern deciduous hardwoods and the increase in oak‐hickory forests coincide with an approximate 556 m upslope retreat of the boreal conifer forest by 2071‐99. In our simulations, rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations reduce the losses of boreal conifer forest in New England from expected losses based on climatic change alone. Main conclusionProjected climate warming in the 21st century is likely to cause the extensive loss of boreal conifer forests, reduce the extent of northern hardwood deciduous forests, and result in large increases of mixed oak‐hickory forest in New England.
NF–YC3, NF–YC4 and NF–YC9 are required for CONSTANS-mediated, photoperiod-dependent flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana

NF-Y transcription factors represent a complex of three proteins called NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. Each protein is highly conserved in eukaryotes, and in the plant lineage has undergone numerous rounds of duplication. Individual NF-Y are emerging as important regulators of several essential plant processes, including embryogenesis, drought resistance, maintenance of meristems in nitrogen-fixing nodules and photoperiod-dependent flowering time. Building on the recent finding that NF-YB2 and NF-YB3 have overlapping functionality in Arabidopsis photoperiod-dependent flowering (Kumimoto et al., 2008), we have identified three NF-YC (NF-YC3, NF-YC4, and NF-YC9) that are also required for flowering, and physically interact in vivo with both NF-YB2 and NF-YB3. Furthermore, NF-YC3, NF-YC4 and NF-YC9 can physically interact with full-length CONSTANS (CO), and are genetically required for CO-mediated floral promotion. Collectively, the present data greatly strengthens and extends the argument that CO utilizes NF-Y transcription factor complexes for the activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) during photoperiod-dependent floral initiation.
Regulating Menstruation: Beliefs, Practices, Interpretations

Regulating Menstruation: Beliefs, Practices, Interpretations. Etienne van de Walle and Elisha P. Renne. eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. xxvii. 292 pp.
Chemical diffusivity and wave propagation in surface reactions

We consider the monomer-dimer surface reaction without surface diffusion for various dimer adsorption mechanisms, as now described. After dimer impinges "end-on" at an empty site, its bottom atom remains there while its top atom searches N>1 sites, either in a local neighborhood (Nlocal models), or randomly located on the surface (N-random models), to find a second empty site. If one is found, then the dimer can then adsorb dissociatively. The N-local models have a reactive window of finite width in the relative impingement rates bordered by poisoning transitions, whereas the N-random models exhibit true bistability. As N increases, the reactivity is either strictly or effectively confined to relative impingement rates close to the stoichiometric ratio. We precisely analyze the limiting behavior as
Contamination of injectable solutions with 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole leached from rubber closures

An impurity, discovered in a sample of digoxin injectable solution commercially packaged in a syringe for single-dose delivery, was found to originate from the rubber closure of the syringe and was identified as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, a common accelerator for rubber vulcanization. Several similarly packaged injectable solutions of a variety of drugs from various manufacturers were examined and over half contained 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. The compound was identified by UV spectrophotometry (including a pH-dependent shift in its absorbance maximum), by mass spectrometry, and by comparison with standard 2-mercaptobenzothiazole using silica gel and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence of this impurity in injectable solutions may have implications with regard to toxicity and may interfere with the assay of digoxin injectable solution by HPLC.
Adaptation of an algorithm by serra to astronomical images: smoothing and finding stars

An algorithm devised by Serra [1] for use with texture analysis has been adapted for use with astronomical images. The algorithm is used to smooth edges and intensities and find stars or other bright objects. The algorithm proceeds by recursively breaking down the image into subimages, smoothing both edges and intensities during each step of the process. The process stops when no further subimages can be extracted. The theoretical basis of the algorithm will be reviewed, its properties will be discussed, and questions related to its adaptation to use with astronomical images will be addressed. The effect of its operation on various types of astronomical images will be shown.