cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hybrid continuum/particle approach for modeling subsonic, rarefied gas flows

A hybrid approach that combines a continuum approach solving the Navier-Stokes equations and a particle method called the information preservation (IP) method is implemented to simulate subsonic, rarefied gas flows accurately and efficiently. The coupling between the continuum and particle approaches relies on a continuum/particle interface, which is investigated in detail. The IP method preserves information at the macroscopic level that allows the continuum approach to directly use the information from the particle region. In order to correctly generate particles from the continuum region, two strategies are proposed. One strategy adopts a Marshak-type condition, which requires many particles in a cell to control the flux fluctuation due to the microscopic motion of particles. In the second strategy, reservoir cells and buffer cells are used, and this is the approach adopted in our general hybrid scheme. The location of the interface is determined using a continuum breakdown parameter. Studies show that the continuum breakdown parameter suggested by Garcia et al. can be used to determine the location of the interface, but the implementation of the interface also affects the location of the interface. Simulation of a flow over a flat plate shows the performance of the hybrid approach and reveals the effects of the cutoff value to a continuum breakdown parameter. This approach is also applied to study the aerodynamics of a micro-scale airfoil, which is very difficult for a single method. The hybrid approach generally spends less computational time than the IP method for rarefied gas flows, and the numerical performance of the hybrid approach depends on the number ratio of continuum cells to particle cells.
Some clinical observations regarding the role of the fluid film in the retention of dentures

This paper briefly sets forth certain basic requirements and concepts for conduct­ ing sound research in connection with the testing of agents with potential thera­ peutic usefulness in dentistry. It is in­ tended to serve both as a guide to those who may contemplate active investiga­ tions in this field, and as an aid to the critical dentist in evaluating reports of such studies, whether published or pre­ sented orally.
Hierarchical reachability graph of bounded Petri nets for concurrent-software analysis

Petri nets have been proposed as a promising tool for modeling and analyzing concurrent-software systems such as Ada programs and communication protocol software. Among analysis techniques available for Petri nets, the most general approach is to generate all possible states (markings) of the system in a form of a so-called reachability graph. However, this conventional reachability graph approach is inefficient or intractable, even for a bounded Petri net, due to state explosion in many practical applications. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes a method for constructing a hierarchically organized state space called the hierarchical reachability graph (HRG). Using the HRG, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for reachability and deadlock, as well as algorithms to test whether a given state or marking is reachable from the initial state and whether there is a deadlock state (a state with no successor states). >
Induction of pseudohyphal growth by overexpression of PHD1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene related to transcriptional regulators of fungal development.

Abstract When starved for nitrogen, MATa/MAT alpha cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergo a dimorphic transition to pseudohyphal growth. A visual genetic screen, called PHD (pseudohyphal determinant), for S. cerevisiae pseudohyphal growth mutants was developed. The PHD screen was used to identify seven S. cerevisiae genes that when overexpressed in MATa/MAT alpha cells growing on nitrogen starvation medium cause precocious and unusually vigorous pseudohyphal growth. PHD1, a gene whose overexpression induced invasive pseudohyphal growth on a nutritionally rich medium, was characterized. PHD1 maps to chromosome XI and is predicted to encode a 366-amino-acid protein. PHD1 has a SWI4- and MBP1-like DNA binding motif that is 73% identical over 100 amino acids to a region of Aspergillus nidulans StuA. StuA regulates two pseudohyphal growth-like cell divisions during conidiophore morphogenesis. Epitope-tagged PHD1 was localized to the nucleus by indirect immunofluorescence. These facts suggest that PHD1 may function as a transcriptional regulatory protein. Overexpression of PHD1 in wild-type haploid strains does not induce pseudohyphal growth. Interestingly, PHD1 overexpression enhances pseudohyphal growth in a haploid strain that has the diploid polar budding pattern because of a mutation in the BUD4 gene. In addition, wild-type diploid strains lacking PHD1 undergo pseudohyphal growth when starved for nitrogen. The possible functions of PHD1 in pseudohyphal growth and the uses of the PHD screen to identify morphogenetic regulatory genes from heterologous organisms are discussed.
The Quarterly Case:Inguinal Lymphadenopathy in a 52-Year-Old Male

CASE HISTORYA 52-year-old Latin American male saw his physician becaucae of swelling of the right thigh, which he dated to an automobile accident that had occurred 3 years earlier. He also com-plained of skin eruptions following exposure to cold or emotionally stressful situations and of a 30-pound weight loss.
High-glucose levels and elastin degradation products accelerate osteogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease in which the body either does not use or produce the glucose metabolising hormone insulin efficiently. Calcification of elastin in the arteries of diabetics is a major predictor of cardiovascular diseases. It has been previously shown that elastin degradation products work synergistically with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) to induce osteogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that high concentration of glucose coupled with elastin degradation products and TGF-β1 (a cytokine commonly associated with diabetes) will cause a greater degree of osteogenesis compared to normal vascular cells. Thus, the goal of this study was to analyse the effects of high concentration of glucose, elastin peptides and TGF-β1 on bone-specific markers like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). We demonstrated using relative gene expression and specific protein assays that elastin degradation products in the presence of high glucose cause the increase in expression of the specific elastin-laminin receptor-1 (ELR-1) and activin receptor-like kinase-5 (ALK-5) present on the surface of the vascular cells, in turn leading to overexpression of typical osteogenic markers like ALP, OCN and RUNX2. Conversely, blocking of ELR-1 and ALK-5 strongly suppressed the expression of the osteogenic proteins. In conclusion, our results indicate that glucose plays an important role in amplifying the osteogenesis induced by elastin peptides and TGF-β1, possibly by activating the ELR-1 and ALK-5 signalling pathways.
Can prescribed fire be used to maintain fuel treatment effectiveness over time in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests

We determine the time frame after initial fuel treatment when prescribed fire will be likely to produce high enough mortality rates in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Dougl. ex Laws.) regeneration to be successful in maintaining treatment effectiveness in the Black Hills of South Dakota. We measured pine regeneration in disturbed stands and young pine growth rates to estimate the susceptibility of pine regeneration to prescribed fire with time since initial treatment. We also determined surface fuel accumulation rates for stands after prescribed fire to help estimate likely fire behavior in maintenance prescribed fire. Given our estimates of regeneration density and tree size, and likely fire behavior, we then used small pine tree mortality-fire effect relations to estimate the effects of prescribed fire on developing understory pine at specific times since initial treatments. Fuel treatments in ponderosa pine forests will lose their effectiveness within 10-20 years if regeneration densities are not controlled. The ability to successfully use prescribed fire to maintain low regeneration densities is dependent on seedling/sapling size and the frequency of burns. Current prescribed fire prescriptions and fuel loads are adequate to maintain low densities of ponderosa pine seedlings (<1 m tall) if burns occur every 10 years. If burn intervals exceed 15 years, regeneration can attain sizes that reduce susceptibility to prescribed fire under typical operational weather conditions. After 20-25 years, ponderosa pine can reach sizes that will require flame lengths that exceed 2 m to obtain significant mortality. Achieving these flame lengths will require burning under drier weather conditions to allow coarse woody debris (CWD) consumption to contribute to the fire intensity. Alternatively, managers can augment sites with activity fuels to increase fine fuel loadings to achieve flame lengths that will increase sapling susceptibility to fire, while burning when CWD fuel moistures are high to limit the potential for extreme fire behavior. While the flames might kill sapling-sized trees, mature overstory trees could still maintain resiliency to fire.
Importance of semantic representation: dataless classification

Traditionally, text categorization has been studied as the problem of training of a classifier using labeled data. However, people can categorize documents into named categories without any explicit training because we know the meaning of category names. In this paper, we introduce Dataless Classification, a learning protocol that uses world knowledge to induce classifiers without the need for any labeled data. Like humans, a dataless classifier interprets a string of words as a set of semantic concepts. We propose a model for dataless classification and show that the label name alone is often sufficient to induce classifiers. Using Wikipedia as our source of world knowledge, we get 85.29% accuracy on tasks from the 20 Newsgroup dataset and 88.62% accuracy on tasks from a Yahoo! Answers dataset without any labeled or unlabeled data from the data sets. With unlabeled data, we can further improve the results and show quite competitive performance to a supervised learning algorithm that uses 100 labeled examples.
Structure-Function Relationships in Rat Brainstem Subnucleus Interpolaris: XII. Neonatal Deafferentation Effects on Cell Morphology

In the developing whisker-barrel neuraxis, it is known that pattern formation, receptive fields, axon projections, and even cell survival are under the control of peripheral signals transmitted through the infraorbital nerve. However, afferent influences upon the development of single-cell morphologies have not received thorough study. Intracellular recording, antidromic activation, receptive field mapping, dye injection, and computerassisted cell reconstruction methods were used to assess the morphology of trigeminal (V) brainstem neurons in adult rats whose infraorbital nerves were transected at birth. Projection and local-circuit neurons in the spinal V subnucleus interpolaris (SpVi; n = 43) and local-circuit neurons in the adjacent subnucleus caudalis (SpVc; n = 11) were compared with similar cell types in normal control rats, as well as with spinal V neurons located outside of the deafferented region in experimental rats. SpVi cells displayed abnormally convergent and discontinuous receptive fields t...
HMM-based multiresolution image segmentation

A texture segmentation algorithm is developed, utilizing a wavelet-based multi-resolution analysis of general imagery. The wavelet analysis yields a set of quadtrees, each composed of high-high (HH), high-low (HL) and low-high (LH) wavelet coefficients. Hidden Markov trees (HMTs) are designed for the quadtrees. For a given texture we define a set of “hidden” states, and a hidden Markov model (HMM) is developed to characterize the statistics of a given quadtree with respect to the statistics of surrounding quadtrees. Each HMM state is characterized by a unique set of HMTs. An HMM-HMT model is developed for each texture of interest, with which image segmentation is achieved. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the model, with comparisons to alternative approaches.
Purification and Characterization of p68/70, Regeneration-Associated Proteins from Goldfish Brain

Two acidic proteins (p68/70) previously shown to be associated with regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve were purified 887-fold from brain homogenates of Carassius auratus. Purification to homogeneity was achieved by sequential chromatography of a 100,000 g brain supernatant fraction on DEAE-Sephacel, Cu(2+)-charged iminodiacetic acid agarose, and gel filtration. The Stokes radius of the doublet was determined to be 5.8 nm, and the sedimentation coefficient calculated to be 5.2. From these values a molecular mass of 128 kDa and a frictional coefficient ratio of 1.6 were calculated. Chromatofocusing on a high-resolution DEAE column resolved the protein doublet into three dimeric species of p68, p68/70, and p70. These results indicate that the proteins are highly elongated and associate as homodimers or as a heterodimer. Subcellular localization and membrane extraction experiments indicated p68/70 to be a component of the plasma membrane associated primarily through hydrophobic interactions. p68/70 demonstrated biphasic behavior in phase partition experiments using Triton X-114. Analysis of hydrolytic products indicated p68/70 to be a glycoprotein, containing 11% carbohydrate.
Problems in Examining the Validity of the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview

The primary problems in measuring speaking ability through an oral interview procedure are not those related to efficiency or reliability, but rather those associated with examining the validity of the interview ratings as measures of ability in speaking and of the uses that are made of such ratings. In order to examine all aspects of validity, the abilities measured must be clearly distinguished from the elicitation procedures, in both the design of the interview and in the interpretation of ratings.Research from applied linguistics and language testing is consistent with the position that language proficiency consists of several distinct but related abilities. Research from language testing also indicates that the methods used to measure language ability have an important effect on test performance. Two frameworks—one of communicative language ability and the other of test method facets—are proposed as a basis for distinguishing abilities from elicitation procedures and for informing a program of empirical research and development.The validity of the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) as it is currently designed and used cannot be adequately examined, much less demonstrated, because it confounds abilities with elicitation procedures in its design, and it provides only a single rating, which has no basis in either theory or research. As test developer, ACTFL has yet to fully discharge its responsibility for providing sufficient evidence of validity to support uses that are made of OPI ratings.
Neural Network Prediction of Reduced Ion Mobility of Chemical Compound Based on Molecular Structure

We present a user-friendly hardware learning algorithm called the cascade error projection (CEP) that was developed at JPL and was equipped with a new input feature mapping technique. This new technique is based on Riemannian metric tensor to enhance the learning capability for predicting the reduced ion mobility based on the molecular structure. Our simulation results are reported and compared with the current state-of-the-art ADAPT tools developed by Pennsylvania State University. In addition, our approach is superior in our novel hardware implementation approach enabling a low power, low cost and miniaturized system for remote applications e.g., NASA mission.
Reflection loss from a "Pierson-Moskowitz" sea surface using the nonlocal small slope approximation

The lowest-order nonlocal small slope approximation (NLSSA) reflection coefficient is derived, and numerical results are presented for one-dimensional (1D) surfaces, satisfying the Dirichlet boundary condition. Reduction to the perturbation expression occurs in the small height limit, and the first term of the reflection coefficient gives the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) result. Numerical results for the reflection loss at low grazing angles using a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum are compared with those of other approximate methods as well as with exact integral equation (IE) results. For those cases when exact results are available, the NLSSA is found to give accurate results, comparable to those of the small slope approximation (SSA) and superior to those of classical perturbation theory (PT) and the KA.
Feasibility of using an Alternative Larval Host and Host Plants to Establish Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Temperate Louisiana Sugarcane Ecosystem

ABSTRACT Attempts to establish Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Louisiana sugarcane fields to control the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) have been unsuccessful. Experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using an alternative larval host and host plants to overcome barriers preventing establishment. In addition, we evaluated C. flavipes' ability to search for D. saccharalis in sugarcane without above-ground internodes. Diatraea evanescens Dyar (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was investigated as an alternative host for C. flavipes. Cotesia flavipes was reared for five generations on D. evanescens without any indication of diminishing fitness as measured by days to parasite pupation and average cocoon mass weight. However, there was a significant reduction in percent parasitism, cocoon mass weight, and percent emergence when C. flavipes parasitized D. evanescens as compared with D. saccharalis, resulting in a 75% reduction in the gross repr...
Clinical relevance of target identity and biology: implications for drug discovery and development.

Many of the most commonly used drugs precede techniques for target identification and drug specificity and were developed on the basis of efficacy and safety, an approach referred to as classical pharmacology and, more recently, phenotypic drug discovery. Although substantial gains have been made during the period of focus on target-based approaches, particularly in oncology, these approaches have suffered a high overall failure rate and lower productivity in terms of new drugs when compared with phenotypic approaches. This review considers the importance of target identity and biology in clinical practice from the prescriber’s viewpoint. In evaluating influences on prescribing behavior, studies suggest that target identity and mechanism of action are not significant factors in drug choice. Rather, patients and providers consistently value efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Similarly, the Food and Drug Administration requires evidence of safety and efficacy for new drugs but does not require knowledge of drug target identity or target biology. Prescribers do favor drugs with novel mechanisms, but this preference is limited to diseases for which treatments are either not available or suboptimal. Thus, while understanding of drug target and target biology is important from a scientific perspective, it is not particularly important to prescribers, who prioritize efficacy and safety.
Disappearing act: The representation of corporate crime research in criminological literature

Abstract Following the labeling, conflict, and radical movements of the 1960s and 1970s and the attention these perspectives directed toward crimes committed by the powerful, it became commonplace for most criminologists to assume that corporate and white-collar crime received adequate attention in criminological and criminal justice literature. At the same time, corporate and white-collar crime researchers continued to assert that the behaviors they studied remain underrepresented in criminological literature, especially relative to the level of harm these behaviors cause. This article examines these two competing assumptions concerning the prevalence of corporate and white-collar crime literature during the later 1990s by: (1) analyzing the contents of several major criminological and criminal justice journals over a five-year time period; and (2) analyzing the coverage, placement, and integration of white-collar and corporate crime discussions in criminology and criminal justice textbooks. In addition, twenty-one Ph.D. granting criminology departments were polled to determine whether they offered regular and required courses on corporate and white-collar crime. Representativeness was determined through comparisons of the number of journal articles and the number of textbook pages published on white-collar and corporate crime indicators relative to the number of articles and pages published on several other criminological issues. Indicators of and the determination of representativeness are related to indicators of the seriousness (financial costs and level of violence) and impact of corporate and white-collar crime on society compared to the seriousness and impact of street crimes.
Association of physical activity volume and hypercholesterolemia in US adults

Summary Background: Several studies illustrate the favorable association between physical activity (PA) and cholesterol levels. There is a paucity of data examining the PA patterns of individuals with and without hypercholesterolemia (HC). Aim: To examine self-reported moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA) patterns using the most recent PA guidelines among US adults with and without
Tavarua: video streaming with WWAN striping

Tavarua is a multimedia streaming system that leverages network-striping to deliver relatively high bit rate video over present-day cellular wireless wide-area networks. The Tavarua system achieves this by building on our previously developed flexible network-striping middleware. This paper describes a motivating mobile telemedicine application, and the design of the Tavarua system. It also describes experiments in which our initial Tavarua implementation was used to stripe video over multiple 3G cellular-phones from different providers.
Sacrificial Layer Microfluidic Device Fabrication Methods

Over the past 15 years, research in the field of microfluidics has experienced rapid growth due to significant potential advantages such as low cost, short analysis times, and elimination of sources of contamination. Although etched and thermally bonded glass substrates have seen widespread use and offer solid performance, device fabrication still remains cumbersome. Recent advances in sacrificial layer microfabrication methods for microfluidics have overcome many disadvantages of conventional fabrication approaches. Phase-changing sacrificial layers have been implemented in making inexpensive and high-performance polymer microchips for electrophoretic analysis, protein focusing, and sample preconcentration. In addition, novel channel fabrication methods based on standard thin-film processes, which are readily integratable with microfabrication techniques used for electrical components, are being applied increasingly for the creation of microfluidic devices. These new sacrificial layer fabrication approaches will be instrumental in making low-cost and high-quality polymer microchips, and in interfacing electrical and fluidic systems on glass or semiconductor substrates.
Analog Computer for the Solution of Simultaneous Equations Occuring in Analytical Chemistry

Abstract A simple, inexpensive computer was developed for the solution of two simultaneous equations in two unknowns which occur in differential chemical analysis. The circuit may also be used as a sensitive, high impedance voltmeter with accurate readout. The accuracy of the readout is approximately 0.3%. The nominal accuracy is ca. 1% with a precision of ca. 0.5% for typical applications.
Deep Packet Inspection: Shaping the Internet and the Implications on Privacy and Security

In recent debates on the issues of privacy and the Internet, Deep Packet Inspection DPI has been grossly oversimplified as a technology that is primarily harmful to consumers. Much of the commentary has been based on a poor understanding of what DPI is and how DPI works. All too often the debate over DPI is focused on unrelated issues such as free speech and censorship, which are largely political and not technological issues. DPI usage has been described as a violation of consumer privacy when the reality is far more complex and nuanced. What has been missing is a broader discussion on the full nature and application of DPI technology; DPI enables a wide range of applications, most of which are not only positive but also essential to the survival of the Internet. This paper will explain how DPI technology works and explore practical applications of its use. DPI will be an important tool to control economies of scale with the explosive growth of the Internet. While there will always be privacy concerns over the intrusive nature of DPI technology, this worry will be overshadowed by the security and control it allows.
On the role of data compression in new products

Summary form only given. Discusses the role of data compression in storage subsystems (including caches and controllers) and operating systems (code compression).
Computational Nanotribology: SAMs for MEMS

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) consisting of hydrocarbon chains attached to silica walls were evaluated computationally for their high temperature stability, life cycle and performance in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). A b initio calculations at sufficiently high level of theory were conducted on model compounds to predict the bond strengths holding the monolayer tethered to the MEMS device and relate them to its thermal stability. Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations under sliding periodic boundary conditions were employed to compute the frictional force as a function of applied load. The NEMD trajectories were analyzed for the structure and chain dynamics of the SAMs and compared with NEMD and equilibrium MD results for the fluid. The significance of monolayer penetration depth, monolayer gauche fraction, wall thermostat characteristics and the size of the simulation box on the computed results were investigated.
Mechanical characterization of plasma sprayed ceramic coatings on metal substrates by contact testing

Abstract Hertzian indentation testing is used to generate contact damage in plasma sprayed ceramic coatings on metal substrates. Two basic ceramic/metal coating/substrate systems are examined: alumina on steel and zirconia on superalloy. Macroscopic mechanical responses are measured via indentation stress-strain curves, which quantify the relative role of the coating and substrate in the net deformation and facilitate evaluations of elastic moduli and yield stresses. Micromechanical damage processes within the coating and substrate subsurface layers are studied using a “bonded-interface” specimen. Degradation occurs primarily by delamination and other cracking at the coating/substrate interface or in the coating, but plastic deformation of the metal substrate contributes importantly to the crack driving force.
Innovative GPR for pavement inspection

A new ground penetrating radar system was built using a controllable variable pulse-width transmitter and a new antenna design. The transmitter generates monocycle pulses with pulse widths that are continuously variable from 0.5 to 2 nanoseconds; thus, the center frequency of the pulse spectrum is variable from 500 to 2000 MHz. The antenna is relatively small and light weight and operates in both the air-coupled and ground-coupled mode. The complete prototype system, including radar control unit, antenna unit, lap-top computer, battery, and back-pack, weighs 65 pounds, is portable and easily usable by one person. The software developed for this new GPR includes a menu driven, user-friendly interface for selecting an operating frequency from 500 to 2000 MHz and an automatic data interpretation algorithm. Hardware and software development focused on a GPR system for evaluating pavement systems and to automatically measure pavement thickness. Other GPR applications are readily apparent. A Neural Network was trained to interpret the radar data in real-time and display pavement thickness as the operator is scanning the pavement. Field test results demonstrate that the prototype GPR can measure asphalt pavement thinner than 4 cm (at 2000 MHz) and can penetrate sandy soils to depths greater than 5 meters (at 500 MHz). This GPR system replaces other radar pavement-evaluation systems that require multiple antenna/transmitter units to accomplish the same range of measurements. The design concepts embodied here are scalable to other extended frequency ranges, e.g., 50 to 200 MHz for geologic surveys with a single antenna/transmitter unit.
Child Support and Remarriage Implications for the Economic Well-Being of Children

This article examines the relationship between two determinants of economic well-being for divorced mothers, child support and remarriage. Using a nationally representative sample of non-Black, ever-divorced mothers eligible for child support from the 1979, 1982, 1984, and 1986 March/April match file of the Current Population Survey, we predict the probability of remarriage using four measures of child support awarded and received while controlling for other variables related to remarriage. We find that, for mothers who remarry within 5 years of divorce, child support payments appear to have no adverse impact on remarriage. However, mothers receiving child support and those with above-average amounts of child support are less likely to remarry 5 or more years after divorce. These findings confirm previous evidence for a mild negative effect of child support on remarriage.
Role of virtual electrodes in arrhythmogenesis: pinwheel experiment revisited.

Virtual Electrodes in Arrhythmogenesis. Introduction: Recent experimental evidence demonstrates that a point stimulus generates a nonuniform distribution of transmembrane potential (virtual electrode pattern) consisting of large adjacent areas of depolarization and hyperpolarization. This simulation study focuses on the role of virtual electrodes in reentry induction. Methods and Results: We simulated the electrical behavior of a sheet of myocardium using a two-dimensional bidomain model with straight fibers. Membrane kinetics were represeuted by the Beeler-Reuter Drouhard-Roberge model. Simulations were conducted for equal and unequal anisotropy ratios. S1 wavefront was planar and propagated parallel or perpendicular to the fibers. S2 unipolar stimulus was catbodal or anodal. With regard to unequal anisotropy, for both cathodal and anodal stimuli, the S2 stimulus negatively polarizes some portion of membrane, deexciting it and opening an excitable pathway in a region of otherwise unexcitable tissue. Reentry is generated by break excitation of this tissue and subsequent propagation through deexcited and recovered areas of myocardium. Figure-of-eight and quatrefoil reentry are observed, with figure-of-eight most common. Figure-of-eight rotation is seen in the direction predicted by the critical point hypothesis. With regard to equal anisotropy, reentry was observed for cathodal stimuli only at strengths > -95 A/m. Conclusion: The key to reentry induction is the close proximity of S2-induced excited and deexcited areas, with adjacent nonexcited areas available for propagation.
Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease.

Background Lung disease in preterm infants is often complicated with lung edema. Objectives To assess the risks and benefits of administration of a diuretic acting on the loop of Henle (loop diuretic) in preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease (CLD). Search strategy Standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. Initial search included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003), MEDLINE (1966 to April 2003), EMBASE (1974 to 1998). In addition, several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies were hand searched. The MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central searches were updated in March 2007 and December 2010. The EMBASE search was completed in April 2007 and December 2010. Additional searches in CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov and controlled-trials.com was completed in December 2010. Selection criteria Trials in which preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease and at least five days of age were all randomly allocated to receive a loop diuretic either enterally or intravenously were included in this analysis. Data collection and analysis The standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook were used. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study. Parallel and cross-over trials were combined and, whenever possible, transformed baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale into change scores using Follmann's formula. Main results The only loop diuretic used in the six studies that met the selection criteria was furosemide. Most studies focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review, or the potential complications of diuretic therapy. In preterm infants 3 weeks of age with CLD, a single intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg of furosemide improves lung compliance and airway resistance for one hour. Chronic administration of furosemide improves both oxygenation and lung compliance. Authors' conclusions In view of the lack of data from randomized trials concerning effects on important clinical outcomes, routine or sustained use of systemic loop diuretics in infants with (or developing) CLD cannot be recommended based on current evidence. Randomized trials are needed to assess the effects of furosemide administration on survival, duration of ventilatory support and oxygen administration, length of hospital stay, potential complications and long-term outcome.
Component Depreciation: A Tax Planning Strategy for Small Businesses

Recent federal court and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) decisions have opened up an excellent opportunity for both small and large businesses to once again use component depreciation, thus accelerating depreciation deductions and reducing cost of buildings and improvements in present value terms. Minor changes in the design or in the procedures followed in purchasing a building make it possible to shorten the depreciable lives of portions of the "building". The savings can easily exceed the additional design, construction, and bidding costs especially if the changes are minor. Small business owners, who may not always retain a fulltime tax advisor, should be aware that it is necessary to involve a tax consultant at the beginning of the design process for construction projects or early in the search for a building purchase.
South River Elementary School

In October 2005, the Rockingham County Public Schools Web site announced exciting news: For the third consecutive year, all 20 of the districts schools were fully accredited by the Virginia Department of Education. This accomplishment was particularly impressive since it meant that South River Elementary, a school that struggled to consistently achieve during its first eight years of existence, once again had attained a high level of success. Though Principal Mark Keeler was reluctant to take credit for the schools performance, it was no secret that South Rivers improvement began when he was named principal a few years earlier. But what had he done to turn the school around? And how had he helped the school sustain success?
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for Children

Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a promising new technique, which offers cost-effective real-time imaging without ionizing radiation or the need for sedation. Contrast agents contain phospholipid microbubbles filled with gas seen as echogenic dots on the ultrasound screen. Besides in echocardiography, CEUS is widely established in adults for differentiation of focal liver lesions and monitoring of tumor response to chemotherapy through parenchymal perfusion and enhancement dynamics. Despite their favorable safety profile, no ultrasound contrast agent has been approved for use in children and has to be used off-label. In Europe, many pediatric centers have implemented contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography as their routine study for evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux. Despite promising initial results, other applications such as characterization of focal liver lesions, solid organ injuries in abdominal trauma, and abdominal or pelvic solid tumors have been limited to few pediatric centers. Pediatric experts and societies are calling for collaboration and accumulation of safety data in central registries as well as multicenter studies to minimize the delay of introduction of this promising technique into routine clinical practice.
"Don't tread on me": ethological perspectives on institutionalization.

The concept of dignity is developed from an etiological perspective. Special attention is given to innate, phylogenetically programmed behavior, the role of releasers, the importance of rituals, and the fact that “management problems” in institutions are often cries for dignity. Observations of geriatric patients admitted to a nursing home are given, but it is believed that the generalizations apply equally well to institutionalization in other settings such as residential centers for young people, correctional facilities, or mental hospitals.
The Serological Activity of Extra-embryonic Fluids of Chick Infected with Virus of Influenza A.

SummaryThe pooled extra-embryonic fluids of the chick infected with influenza A are very rich in virus. They can be used as an antigen for complement fixation when harvested at least 36 hours after inoculation of influenza A virus, the time for optimal yield depending on the dose of virus used as an inoculum. Furthermore, they show a flocculation phenomenon when mixed with convalescent or suitable immune sera. The allantoic fluid is a better antigen for the serological reactions than is the amniotic fluid.
Smoking Status and Substance Use Treatment Outcomes Among Spanish Speakers Enrolled in Substance Abuse Treatment.

Objective Smoking is highly prevalent among individuals with drug and alcohol disorders. Concurrent tobacco dependence treatment during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is supported, yet the association between SUD treatment outcomes and smoking status has been understudied in minorities, including Latinos. Method Participants were 322 Spanish-speaking Latinos enrolled in a SUD treatment study in 5 U.S. cities. Logistic regression examined associations between baseline smoking status and treatment outcomes for nontobacco substance use at follow-up. Covariates included age, gender, level of education, marital status, treatment group, and mandated treatment status. Results Results indicated smokers had a reduced likelihood of abstinence for all nontobacco substances (p = .001) and their primary drug of use (p = .007). Conclusions Findings contribute to the growing literature indicating a possible beneficial effect of smoking cessation services on SUD treatment, specifically among Latinos. Further research is needed to identify ideal smoking cessation treatments for Latinos.
Thoughts about judging dialysis treatment: mathematics and measurements, mirrors in the mind.

This article considers the contributions of the urea kinetic parameters, , Kt/V and nPCR, to beliefs about judging dialysis treatment. The values calculated from any set of data depend on the model (eg, 1 pool, 2 pool, or so forth) and the mathematics used to derive the values. Yet, the medical community debates the value of Kt/V at which patients should be treated even as they debate the mathematics by which Kt/V should be calculated. The resulting ambiguities about proper targets and methods may actually frustrate large-scale clinical quality enhancement initiatives. The casual use of mathematical models can mislead unwary clinicians and compromise quality enhancement. For example, the observation that a high Kt/V is associated with a high nPCR leads to the widespread belief that improving Kt/V must substantially improve nutritional status. The association, however, results mainly, if not solely, from mathematical coupling rather than biological cause and effect. The misguided belief could contribute to ineffective treatment of malnourished patients. Complicated mathematical models are useful tools for describing and evaluating evolving concepts about the physical properties of dialysis and for estimating the effects of new therapies. However, the changing nature of concepts, and therefore the mathematical models designed to support them, makes clinical care ideas that attempt to shoehorn old concepts into new equations. It is the result of the dialysis treatment, not the mathematical path by which it is achieved, that is associated with improved patient health. Consequently, clinical care should be guided by simple measurements that reflect the outcome of the treatment, not by mathematical parameters.
Building thesaurus lexicon using dictionary-based approach for sentiment classification

Sentiment classification categorizes people's opinions from the data. Nowadays, people express their personal interests, feelings, and opinions on social media, and the posts on social media are frequently used as the data for sentiment classification. One of the sentiment classification approaches is a dictionary-based approach. A traditional dictionary-based sentiment classification approach uses word matching based on the lexicon. However, many posts cannot be analyzed by traditional dictionary-based sentiment classifier due to the absence of the sentiment words in the lexicon. For this reason, it is needed to expand the lexicon so that the lexicon can contain the words. In this paper, we propose a method to build thesaurus lexicon using dictionary-based approach for the sentiment classification. The proposed method uses three online dictionaries to collect thesauruses based on the seed words, and stores only co-occurrence words into the thesaurus lexicon in order to improve the reliability of the thesaurus lexicon. Also, this method recursively collects thesauruses which are a set of synonyms and antonyms to expand the thesaurus lexicon. This recursive thesaurus collection provides effective expansion of the lexicon from small set without the use of human resource, and the expanded thesaurus lexicon is used to increase availability of posts and used to increase accuracy of the sentiment classification.
Who's Who: In Mineral Names, Paul Brian Moore (1940-), Jun Ito (1926–1978)

(1988). Who's Who: In Mineral Names, Paul Brian Moore (1940-), Jun Ito (1926–1978) Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 228-231.
Genetic Color Morphs in the Eastern Mosquitofish Experience Different Social Environments in the Wild and Laboratory

The social environment of an animal is an especially interesting component of its environment because it can be shaped by both genetic and non-genetic variation among social partners. Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are those created when genetic variation in social partners contributes to variation in an individual's phenotype; a potentially common form of IGE occurs when the expression of a behavioral phenotype depends on the particular genotypic combination of interacting individuals. Although IGEs can profoundly affect individual- and group-level fitness, population dynamics, and even community structure, understanding their importance is complicated by two inherent challenges: (1) identifying individuals with genetic differences in social interactions that can contribute to IGEs and (2) characterizing natural social interactions that potentially involve IGEs. As a first step toward addressing both these challenges in the same system, we investigated social interactions involving genetically distinct male color morphs in the poeciliid fish Gambusia holbrooki under natural and laboratory conditions. Previous work indicates that melanic (M) and silver (S) males differ in social behavior and in how conspecifics respond to them, suggesting the potential for IGEs. We used a combination of live and video recording of social groups in two natural populations and in the laboratory to determine the potential for IGEs to contribute to behavioral variation in this species. We found that M males had more social partners, and especially more female social partners than did S males, in nature and in the laboratory. These results suggest that both direct and indirect genetic effects have the potential to play a role in the expression and evolution of social behavior in G. holbrooki.
Neural mechanisms driving hunger-induced changes in sensory perception and behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans

While much is known about how external cues affect neural circuits, less is known about how internal states modify their function. We acutely food-deprived C. elegans and analyzed its responses in integrating attractant and repellent signals. We show that food deprivation leads to a reversible decline in repellent sensitivity; with no effect on appetitive behavior allowing animals to engage in higher risk behavior. Multiple tissues including the intestine and body wall muscles use a conserved transcription factor, MondoA, to detect the lack of food and release AEX-5 convertase processed peptides from dense core vesicles. Subsequently, ASI chemosensory neurons use the DAF-2 insulin receptor and non-canonical signaling to integrate the tissue-released peptide signals modifying their stimulus-evoked adaptation rate. We suggest that altering ASI neuronal dynamics affects its function and modifies behavior. Together, these studies show how internal state signals modify sensory perception and risk assessment to generate flexible behaviors.
Security in embedded systems

This chapter is about security of embedded devices. Throughout this book, the effects of harsh environments in which we require many of our embedded devices to operate have been discussed in some detail. But even an embedded processor in a clean, warm, dry, stationary, and even physically safe situation is actually in an extremely harsh environment. That is because every processor everywhere can be subject to the harshness of cyber attacks. We know that even “air-gapped” systems can be attacked by the determined attacker as we saw happen with the famous Stuxnet attack. This chapter will discuss the nature of this type of harsh environment, what enables the cyber attacks we hear about every day, what are the principles we need to understand to work toward a much higher level of security, and we will present new developments that may change the game in our favor.
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Atrophy is thought to be a primary mode of muscle loss in neuromuscular injuries. The differential effects of central and peripheral injuries on atrophy and degeneration/regeneration in skeletal muscle tissue have not been well described. This study investigated skeletal muscle atrophy and degeneration/regeneration in an animal model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Eight 8-month-old wild-type C57BL6 mice underwent either a sham craniotomy or TBI targeting the motor cortex. Atrophy (fiber area; FA) and degeneration/regeneration (centralized nuclei proportions; CN) of the soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were measured 2 months post-injury. Injured soleus FAs were smaller than sham soleus (p = 0.02) and injured TA (p < 0.001). Mean CNs were higher in the TBI-injured TA than in other muscles. Differential TBI-induced atrophy and degeneration/regeneration in lower limb muscles suggests that muscle responses to cortical injury involve more complex changes than those observed with simple disus...