cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A categorical approach to thoracic imaging.

T his hand out summarizes most of the information in the issue. It is by no means a complete list of diseases but does contain the more commonly encountered disorders. The goal is to build upon the radiologist's current conceptual framework when he or she approaches common imaging manifestations of pulmonary diseases. These diseases are organized according to either their predominate morphological imaging characteristic or their anatomic distribution. Both the imaging appearance and distribution need to be evaluated on each thoracic imaging examination. The ancillary findings should help the radiologist to narrow the differential possibilities and to render a short differential or the diagnosis in many instances. It is hoped this outline will at least give a practical starting point for the radiologist and clinician when confronted with a diffuse lung disease pattern on imaging studies. However, it is important to remember that if the clinical and radiographic findings do not correlate, then further evaluation with follow-up studies or tissue sampling is often necessary. This helps to ensure that unusual etiologies or atypical presentations of common diseases are not missed. Pulmonary medicine and lung pathology are experiencing a rapid evolution in the understanding of numerous diffuse lung diseases. Consequently, the imaging manifestations of these diseases are concurrently evolving. As a result, the categorical approach listed here has also evolved frequently over the previous 5 years. As our understanding of pulmonary diseases changes, so will our approach to the imaging examinations. It is a fascinating area of radiology, and I encourage the radiologist to keep a watchful eye on the upcoming literature. I sincerely hope that you find this approach helpful with your current understanding of pulmonary diseases and in your daily work environment.
Fire and vegetation dynamics in a jack pine and black spruce forest reconstructed using fossil pollen and charcoal

Summary Fire and vegetation dynamics in a boreal Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana forest are reconstructed using a 580 year fossil pollen and charcoal record obtained from 128 contiguous samples, each representing c. 4.55 years of sediment. The general post-fire vegetation changes, as indicated by cross-correlation analyses, are an increase in ground layer taxa and shrubs, followed by an increase in coniferous trees and Betula papyrifera. The size and exact timing of the peak abundance in each taxon differs after individual fires. Sixteen fires are identified using pollen and charcoal records. The mean fire interval is 34 years, similar to fire cycle estimates of 38 and 39 years from dendrochronological studies. On two occasions, Picea mariana appears to replace Pinus banksiana as the local dominant, each time taking less than 70 years. An unusual decline in Pinus pollen between c. AD 1816 and 1861 corresponds with a similar decline in a pollen record from 50 km WSW of this site. This may have been caused by Little Ice Age cooling.
Generalization in articulation training

Abstract Articulation generalization has been studied with a variety of experimental designs and procedures. Variables explored have included the contexts of training and generalization items, and other settings and individuals. Experimental studies of articulation generalization were reviewed in this article with the intent of extracting training principles relevant to obtaining generalization during articulation training. Briefly, important variables appear to include feature similarity across error sounds, training the target sound imitatively in a simple linguistic context initially, perferably in nonsense syllables, and a gradual increase in the spontaneity and complexity of the verbal unit in which a target sound is produced. In planning a remediation program of articulation training, it is important to consider children's error patterns and their responses to various procedures in order to design individual programs for each child.
Engineered telomeres in transgenic Xenopus laevis

The expanding roles of telomeres in epigenetic gene regulation, nuclear organization, and human disease have necessitated the establishment of model organisms in which to study telomere function under normal developmental conditions. We present an efficient system for generating numerous vertebrate animals containing engineered telomeres using a Xenopus laevis transgenesis technique. Our results indicate Xenopus zygotes efficiently recognize telomeric repeats at chromosome break points and form telomeric complexes thus generating a new telomere. The resulting transgenic animals progress through normal development and successfully metamorphose into froglets despite the chromosome breakage. Overall, this presents an efficient mechanism for generating engineered telomeres in a vertebrate system and provides an opportunity to investigate epigenetic aspects of telomere function during normal vertebrate development.
Gating Effects of a Single-Residue Substitution in the Pore of NMDA Receptors

NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated ion-channels with high Ca2+-permeability, voltage-dependent block by extracellular Mg2+, and slow gating kinetics. These intrinsic attributes are critical to coincidence detection and synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses in brain. The GluN1/GluN2A isoform (N1/N2A) predominates in adult brain; it has strong voltage-dependent Mg2+ block and the fastest kinetics of all isoforms. In macroscopic measurements, Mg2+ block generates a region of steep negative slope in the current-voltage (I/V) relationship at membrane potentials negative to −50 mV. In single-channel current records, the binding of one Mg2+ ion precludes conduction by other cations and results in a discrete, resolvable gap. In the presence of strong metal chelators (EDTA) and for receptors that carry a single-residue substitution (N596G) in the N2A subunit (N1/N2AN+1G), the macroscopic I/V plot reverts to its normal linear shape and the Mg2+-dependent gap is absent from single-channel traces. To investigate whether the N+1G substitution in the pore impinges on the receptor's gating kinetics, we recorded single-channel current traces from cell-attached patches of HEK-cells containing only one N1/N2AN+1G receptor and compared these with those recorded from wild-type receptors under similar conditions. Measurements done in the absence of extracellular Mg2+ (1 mM EDTA in the recording pipette) revealed that the N+1G substitution caused a ∼2-fold decrease in activity (Po, 0.31 ± 0.04, n = 10 vs. 0.65 ± 0.04, n = 12 for wild-type, p < 0.001) due to ∼2-fold shorter openings and ∼3-fold longer closures. Our results indicate that a perturbation in the pore that was intended to render the channels less sensitive to block by extracellular divalent cations also has a significant effect on the gating of NMDA receptors.
Persistence of hydrologic variables and reactive stream solute concentrations in an east Tennessee watershed

Time and frequency domain analyses were conducted on weekly time series of water chemistry (nitrate, sulfate and calcium concentrations) collected from November 1995 to December 2005 at the West Fork of Walker Branch in Oak Ridge, Tennessee to evaluate the extent of their persistence and the relationship of this persistence to discharge and rainfall. In this study, spectral and wavelet analyses provided a theoretical basis for insights into long-term water chemistry behavior. All water chemistry parameters showed some level of persistence that was influenced by rainfall and/or discharge. Short-term persistence (less than a year) was related to the persistence of rainfall and discharge, whereas long-term persistence (more than a year) was related to the persistence of discharge. The Walker Branch conceptual hydrology model is augmented by these results that relate characteristic periodicities with flowpaths through different zones: the vadose zone ( 50 week period) with implications for reactive chemistries within the watershed.
Effects of chemical state on quantitative AES of metal–sulfur compounds

A quantitative approach to AES is illustrated for various metal–sulfur compounds involving: (a) intensity measurements via integral areas of background subtracted N(E) spectra (including sample probe potential biasing to improve background subtraction); (b) low primary electron dose, pulse-count spectrum acquisition to minimize primary electron beam damage and charging artifacts; (c) corrections to spectral intensity for variations in electron backscattering and inelastic Auger electron mean free path for each metal–sulfur compound matrix; (d) XPS quantitative analysis to correct for differences in surface vs. bulk stoichiometries. Although the above approach results in improved analytical precisions, a residual difference of greater than a factor of 2 remains in the Auger elemental sensitivity factor for sulfur (LMM) in corresponding metal sulfate vs. sulfide compounds. This suggests a chemical state dependent Auger electron yield (core level ionization cross section times the Auger transition probability). Accurate AES quantification, therefore, may require chemical state specific sensitivity factors, particularly for valence shell transitions.
Do Professional Golf Tour Caddies Improve Player Scoring

In this article, we compare daily scoring from the 1980s in periods when professional golfers were required to use local caddies at the Western Open professional golf tournament at Butler National and at the Masters professional golf tournament at Augusta National with daily scoring in adjoining periods when golfers could use their tour caddies in these tournaments. We have found daily scoring to be approximately one stroke lower in the tour caddy periods after controlling for player quality, weather, tournament round, and course changes.
A Patient With Internal Carotid Artery Dissection

Background and Purpose The purpose of this case report is to raise physical therapist awareness of Horner syndrome as a “red flag” for immediate medical referral. Case Description A 45-year-old man sought physical therapy for examination and treatment of neck pain and headache symptoms 5 days after experiencing a whiplash-type injury while waterskiing. His complaints were similar to a prior condition diagnosed as occipital neuralgia that had successfully responded to education, cervical and thoracic joint mobilization, and exercise provided by a physical therapist. The initial examination findings also were similar to those of the previous episode. However, signs consistent with Horner syndrome were noted on the second visit. This finding raised immediate concern on the part of the treating clinician and resulted in prompt physician referral, medical diagnosis, and intervention. Outcomes A magnetic resonance imaging angiogram revealed an internal carotid artery dissection. A successful outcome was achieved over the course of 6 months through medical intervention, which consisted of anticoagulant therapy and modification of activity levels. Discussion In this case, the patient's sudden onset of signs of Horner syndrome was indicative of a medical emergency—internal carotid artery dissection.
Reading Under Cover of the Veil: Oral and Textual Literacies in Antebellum America

This article examines the relationship between oral- and textual-literacy systems that existed during the antebellum period of United States history. I argue that African-American intellectual processes are more accurately understood as existing on a literacy continuum that reflects equality between oral literacy and textual literacy. A literacy continuum deconstructs the notion of the textual supremacy and assumes a mutually dependent relationship between the oral and the textual. Ultimately, it enables a reevaluation of oral practices as intellectual processes and systems of knowledge production. Leaving…the world of the white man, I have stepped within the Veil, raising it that you may view faintly its deeper recesses,—the meaning of its religion, the passion of its human sorrow, and the struggle of its greater souls. —W. E. B. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk
A study of concentration boundary-layer formation over a bed of model bivalves

We conducted cxpcriments in a laboratory flume to study the interaction of bivalve siphonal currents with the turbulent boundary layer, using a bed of model Tapes japonica (625 animals m-2). Rcfiltration ofcxcurrent fluid, which represents a decrease in aggregate feeding efftciency, was measured for 225 siphon pairs oriented pcrpcndicular to the cross-flow (free stream flow) direction. Refiltration was as high as 18% and related to position in the bed, pumping rate, and siphon height of the animals, as well as the crossflow speed. Scaling analysis of refiltration data suggests that the velocity ratio, VR = u/u*, where Uj is the jet velocity and u, is the boundary shear velocity of the cross flow, is a good predictor of refiltration for VR > 20. Laser-induced fluorescence was used to visualize the flow. Analysis of the height of maximum phytoplankton depletion and spreading width of the plume obtained from quantitative concentration profiles show that changes in the vertical momentum of the cxcurrent jet become more important in determining the phytoplankton removal efficiency as VR decreases. The hydrodynamics of this complex interaction suggest that changes in pumping rate and siphon height will improve phytoplankton removal cfftciency only for animals feeding in a strong cross flow. Benthic communities in estuaries can influcnce processes in the overlying water column by acting as a sink for phytoplankton biomass. Some studies suggest that benthic suspension feeders may ingest a large fraction of phytoplankton biomass in shallow estuaries (Smaal et al. 1986; Frechette and Bourget 1985) and that, in several cases, benthic grazing may deplete phytoplankton biomass in the water column at a rate equal to that of production (Cloern 1982; Officer et al. 1982; Peterson and Black 1987). Generally, the phytoplankton models used to determine whether bivalves play a significant role in phytoplanktcn consumption USC average filtration rates for the predominant bivalve species to calculate the percentage of the total available volume of water that is pumped by bivalves. The rate of filtration is defined as the amount of biomass that can be depleted per animal per time (see
Evaluation of California’s Rangeland Water Quality Education Program

Abstract The University of California Cooperative Extension surveyed rangeland owners and managers who attended California’s Ranch Water Quality Planning (RWQP) Short Course in 1995–2002. The survey evaluated the effectiveness of this industry-supported voluntary program by evaluating indicators for short course impacts, including 1) rancher participation in the short courses, 2) completion of nonpoint source self-assessments, 3) completion of ranch water quality plans, and 4) implementation of best management practices (BMPs). This report describes the RWQP short course and ranch water quality plan content including the nonpoint source pollution self-assessment and monitoring. Questionnaires were mailed to 777 short course participants on 5 August 2002 (Round 1). A second survey (Round 2) was mailed to nonrespondents on 7 April 2003. Round 1 and 2 surveys resulted in a 52.9% total adjusted response rate. Citing privacy issues, 28 respondents refused to complete the survey. Round 1 respondents had a significantly higher rate of BMP implementation, but Round 2 respondents invested more personal funds in BMPs. There was a significant relationship ( P
Comparison of two injectable anesthetic regimes in feral cats at a large-volume spay clinic.

Same-day mass sterilization of feral cats requires rapid onset, short-duration anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare our current anesthetic protocol, Telazol–ketamine–xylazine (TKX) with medetomidine–ketamine–buprenorphine (MKB). Feral female cats received either IM TKX (n = 68; 0.25 mL cat−1; tiletamine 12.5 mg, zolazepam 12.5 mg, K 20 mg, and X 5 mg per 0.25 mL) or MKB (n = 17; M 40 µg kg−1, K 15 mg kg−1, and B 10 µg kg−1). Intervals measured included time from injection to recumbency, time to surgery, duration of surgery, and time from reversal of anesthesia (TKX: yohimbine 0.50 mg cat−1 IV; MKB: atipamezole 0.50 mg cat−1 IM) to sternal recumbency. Following instrumentation (Vet/Ox 4403 and Vet/BP Plus 6500), physiological measurements were recorded at 5-minute intervals, and included rectal temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), SpO2 (lingual or rectal probes), and indirect mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (oscillometric method). Nonparametric means were compared using Mann–Whitney U-tests. Parametric means were compared using a two-factorial anova with Bonferroni's t-tests. The alpha-priori significance level was p < 0.05. Values were mean ± SD. Body weight (TKX: 2.9 ± 0.5 kg, MKB: 2.7 ± 0.7 kg), time to recumbency (TKX: 4 ± 1 minutes, MKB: 3 ± 1 minutes), time to surgery (TKX: 28 ± 7 minutes, MKB: 28 ± 5 minutes), and duration of surgery (TKX: 11 ± 7 minutes, MKB: 8 ± 5 minutes) did not differ between groups. In contrast, MKB cats required less time from reversal to sternal recumbency (TKX: 68 ± 41 minutes, MKB: 7 ± 2 minutes) and were recumbent for shorter duration (TKX: 114 ± 39 minutes, MKB: 53 ± 6 minutes). Temperature decreased during the study in both groups, but overall temperature was higher in MKB cats (38.0 ± 0.95 °C) than in TKX cats (37.5 ± 0.95 °C). RR, HR, and SpO2 did not change during the study in either group. However, overall HR and RR were higher in TKX cats (RR: 18 ± 8 breaths minute−1, HR: 153 ± 30 beats minute−1) compared to MKB cats (RR: 15 ± 7 breaths minute−1, HR: 128 ± 19 beats minute−1). In contrast, overall SpO2 was lower in the TKX group (90 ± 6%) compared to the MKB group (94 ± 4%). MAP was also lower in the TKX group (112 ± 29 mm Hg) compared to that in the MKB group (122 ± 20 mm Hg). However, MAP increased in the TKX group during surgery compared to pre-surgical values, but did not change in the MKB group. The results of this study suggested that MKB might be more suitable as an anesthetic for the purpose of mass sterilization of feral female cats.
Analysis of One Step Majority Logic Decoders Constructed From Faulty Gates

In this paper we propose an analytical method to evaluate the performance of one step majority logic decoders constructed from faulty gates. We analyze the decoder under the assumption that the gates fail independently. We calculate the average bit error probability of such a decoder and apply the method to the special case of projective geometry codes. The method, however, applies to any regular low-density parity-check code of girth at least six but the calculations are much simpler for the projective geometry codes. We present results for the bit error rate performance of four codes from projective planes.
Combined heart-kidney transplantation: the University of Wisconsin experience.

Background Combined heart–kidney transplantation (HKTx) is increasing in frequency, but long-term outcomes are unknown and appropriately comparative analysis is lacking. Methods This study was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data for 19 HKTx patients. Patient and graft survival, graft rejection and coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) were compared for HKTx vs recipients of a heart ( n = 515) or kidney alone ( n = 3,188) or both organs at separate time-points ( n = 8). Results Patient and graft survival did not differ for HKTx vs any group. HKTx time to first rejection episode was significantly prolonged for both organs vs single-organ recipients. The incidence of CAV was significantly lower for HKTx. Conclusions HKTx provides outcomes similar to those for solitary heart or kidney transplantation. There may be an immunologic advantage to receiving organs in a combined fashion. Such allocation of organs seems medically appropriate; however, more refined strategies are needed to identify optimal recipient populations.
Oncologic Safety of the Submental Flap for Reconstruction in Oral Cavity Malignancies

ObjectivesTo evaluate the oncologic safety of the submental flap regarding potential transposition of involved nodes to the reconstruction site and recognize the submental flap as an excellent option for oral cavity reconstruction.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary academic referral center.Subjects and MethodsAll patients undergoing reconstruction with submental flaps following the resection of primary and recurrent malignancies of the oral cavity between 2002 and 2012 were reviewed. Analysis included tumor location, staging, reconstructive details, postoperative course, and outcomes.ResultsFifty patients were identified having undergone submental flap reconstruction of defects following resection for oral cavity malignancies. No patient had identifiable clinical or radiographic level I nodal involvement preoperatively. Patients’ ages ranged from 35 to 88 years (mean, 70 years). American Joint Committee on Cancer staging of patients included stage II (n = 16, 32%), stage III (n = 10...
Network coverage using low duty-cycled sensors: random & coordinated sleep algorithms

This paper investigates the problem of providing network coverage using wireless sensors that operate on low duty cycles (measured by the percentage time a sensor is on or active), i.e., each sensor alternates between active and sleep states to conserve energy with an average sleep period (much) longer than the active period. The dynamic change in topology as a result of such duty-cycling has potentially disruptive effect on the operation and performance of the network. This is compensated by adding redundancy in the sensor deployment. In this paper we examine the fundamental relationship between the reduction in sensor duty cycle and the required level of redundancy for a fixed performance measure, and explore the design of good sensor sleep schedules. In particular, we consider two types of mechanisms, the random sleep type where each sensor keeps an active-sleep schedule independent of another, and the coordinated sleep type where sensors coordinate with each other in reaching an active-sleep schedule. Both types are studied within the context of providing network coverage. We present specific scheduling algorithms within each type, and illustrate their coverage and duty cycle properties via both analysis and simulation. We show with either type of sleep schedule the benefit of added redundancy saturates at some point in that the reduction in duty cycles starts to diminish beyond a certain threshold in deployment redundancy. We also show that at the expense of extra control overhead, a coordinated sleep schedule is more robust and can achieve higher duty cycle reduction with the same amount of redundancy compared to a random sleep schedule.
Modem Performance in VLF Atmospheric Noise

An atmospheric noise model for analyzing the performance of modulation/demodulation systems operating at VLF frequencies is presented. Performance analyses of various modems based on this noise model are compared with experimental measurements. Theoretical and experimental results are categorized by long integration time, short integration time, and nonlinear IF processing.
Kinetics of Thermal, Passive Oxidation of Nicalon Fibers

The oxidation of Nicalon{trademark} fibers is a concern, because of its potential as a reinforcement of high-temperature composites, whose service conditions involve high-temperature, oxidizing environments. Two limiting types of oxidation mechanisms are often used to describe the kinetics: chemical-reaction-controlled oxidation, at small oxide thicknesses, and diffusion-controlled oxidation, at large oxide thicknesses. Neither mechanism can satisfactorily describe the intermediate region where the oxidation kinetics are controlled jointly by both the chemical reaction rate at the interface and the diffusion of oxygen through the oxide layer. To describe the entire oxidation process with a general relationship, one must consider all stages of the oxidation process, namely (i) adsorption of oxygen at the outer surface of the oxide, (ii) diffusion of oxygen from the outer surface toward the interface where oxidation occurs, and (iii) reaction at the interface to form a new layer of oxide. Previously, a very useful general relationship was derived for the oxidation kinetics for a flat plate, which could account for all three stages of oxidation. However, that equations is inadequate to describe the oxidation of cylindrical fibers, because the effective area for oxygen diffusion changes along the diffusion path and the oxidation interfacial area decreases as the oxidemore » thickness increases for cylindrical fibers. In this paper, the authors have derived a general kinetic relationship for the oxidation of cylindrical fibers, which can account for all stages of oxidation. Comparison of the theory with experimental data of Nicalon{trademark} fibers shows good agreement.« less
Competition between Larval Fishes in Reservoirs: The Role of Relative Timing of Appearance

Abstract In small, hypereutrophic reservoirs ( 100 μg total phosphorus/L), larval gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and threadfin shad D. petenense (henceforth, shad) reach high densities in the limnetic zone, virtually eliminate zooplankton, and perhaps compromise success of other planktivorous larvae, such as bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. Because relative timing of appearance of shad and bluegills probably influences their relative success, we quantified densities of fish larvae and zooplankton during spring through summer in three reservoirs across 8 years (1987–1994), and we conducted three hatchery experiments with varying larval appearance times and gizzard shad densities in plastic bags (1 m3). When shad were abundant in reservoirs, bluegill abundance often peaked either at the same time (36% of reservoirs and years combined) or after (40% of reservoirs and years combined) shad peaks. When gizzard shad were placed in bags 2 weeks before bluegills (N = 1 experiment), they depleted zooplankto...
Influence of the Alternate Complement Pathway on Opsonization of Several Bacterial Species

In normal human serum chelated with magnesium (10 mM) and ethylene glycotetraacetic acid (10 mM) (MgEGTA), the classical pathway of complement activation is blocked; however, the alternate pathway of complement activation is intact. Diplococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus faecalis, and Serratia marcescens were opsonized in normal human serum containing 10 mM MgEGTA. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were poorly opsonized in human serum chelated with 10 mM MgEDTA. Therefore certain bacterial species appear to require the classical pathway of complement activation to be opsonized and other bacterial species utilize the alternate pathway of complement activation.
EXPERIMENT DESIGN APPROACH TO NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PAVEMENTS

An analysis of the errors involved in both the nondestructive testing data collection and the modeling of a pavement structure is presented. The errors are separated into: (1) Random errors associated with the measuring devices; (2) random errors due to the intrinsic variability of the materials and pavement structures; and (3) systematic errors associated with the modeling of pavement structure, loading conditions, and material characterization. An analysis of the backcalculation process is conducted to investigate the effect of the errors on the backcalculated moduli. An experimental design approach is applied, using the first-order approximation for the expected values and variance of the layer moduli. It is shown that (1) Mean values can be backcalculated from an average deflection bowl in which all random errors are reduced to a negligible value; and (2) the intrinsic variability of the materials can be correctly estimated only if the random errors associated with the measuring devices are eliminated. In recognition of these two findings, two testing programs are proposed, denoted as programs I and II. A case study with measured deflection data illustrates and supports the findings of the analysis and of the experimental design approach: (1) The backcalculated modulus of the upper layer depends strongly on the accuracy of the sensor at the center of the loading plate; (2) the number of tests per location required for obtaining a set of reliable moduli is about 4; and (3) testing program i is superior to testing program II.
Multirate estimation and control under time-varying data sampling with applications to information storage devices

A method for increasing controller performance through improved state estimation for systems with position-limited measurements operating at low velocities is presented. Improvements include updating the estimates and control at each measurement instant (rather than after a fixed sampling time) and the use of a multirate scheme between measurement instants. Performance improvement is demonstrated for position control through simulation of track seeking in an optical disk drive and for velocity control through simulation and experiment for a motor/encoder system.
Vascular Flora of Powhatan County, Virginia

ABSTRACT Powhatan County is a largely rural county of the Virginia piedmont currently experiencing exurban development pressure. Commercial pine forests occupy much of the land area; most natural vegetation occurs in various hardwood forests. Plant life is supported largely by soils derived from Proterozoic to Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, soils developed over Triassic basins, and riparian soils associated with the James and Appomattox Rivers. The annotated checklist is based on new collections gathered between September 2003 and August 2005, supplemented with records from regional herbaria and the Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Field work sampled at least 12 distinct community groups recognized in Virginia. The checklist contains 1020 taxa (1013 species, 515 genera, and 146 families). Twenty-one percent of the species are naturalized introductions. Twenty five species (2.5% of the total) are of conservation concern, and 118 collections (12% of the total) represent new records for Powhatan County.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Acaricides

Currently, acaricides are necessary for the management of phytophagous mite popula­tions that can devastate many horticultural, ornamental, and agronomic crops. Because mites have a high reproductive potential and often are protected from chemicals used for their control, frequent applications of acaricides are usually required, creating ideal conditions for the development of resistance. Many examples of acaricide resistance, cross-resistance, and multiple resistance have been documented. Resistance mechanisms elucidated in mites to date are similar to those found in insects and consist chiefly of reduced penetration, enhanced degradation, and insensitive target, either separately or together, It is noteworthy that the initial demonstration of an insensitive target as an acaricide/insecticide resistance mechanism involved a mite. A critical research need is the application of molecular biology techniques to mechanistic studies of acaricide resistance.
Impacts of traffic calming -- A peer-reviewed paper

This paper quantifies impacts of various types resulting from traffic calming measures. Descriptive statistics on speed, volume, and collisions before ann after traffic calming are derived front hundreds of studies. Using the same data sets, simple impact models ave estimated. While impacts are case-specific, traffic calming measures generally reduce speeds, volumes, and collisions, in keeping with program objectives.
Inactivation of Salmonella during drying and storage of Roma tomatoes exposed to predrying treatments including peeling, blanching, and dipping in organic acid solutions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of predrying treatments, i.e., peeling, blanching prior to inoculation, and dipping in organic acid solutions, on inactivation of Salmonella during drying (60°C for 14 h) and aerobic storage (25°C for 28 days) of inoculated (five-strain composite, 7.1 to 7.4 log CFU/g) Roma tomato halves. Four predrying treatments groups were established. One group received no treatment (C). In the other three groups, unpeeled-unblanched, unpeeled-blanched (steam blanched at 88°C for 3 min), peeled-unblanched, and peeled-blanched tomato halves were immersed for 10 min in water (W), ascorbic acid solution (AA; 3.40%, pH 2.48), or citric acid solution (CA; 0.21%, pH 2.51). Appropriate dilutions of homogenized tomato samples were spread plated on tryptic soy agar with 0.1% pyruvate and XLT4 agar for bacterial enumeration during drying and storage. Ten minutes of immersion in W, AA, or CA reduced bacterial populations by 0.7 to 1.6 log CFU/g. After 14 h of dehydration,...
Sexual-Orientation Differences in Positive Youth Development: The Mediational Role of Bullying Victimization

Objectives. To examine sexual-orientation differences in positive youth development, and how bullying victimization mediated these differences in a sample of adolescents.Methods. In 2007 to 2008, positive youth development was measured in 1870 adolescents from US schools and after-school programs in 45 states by using the validated Five Cs model of competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring/compassion. Sexual-minority youths (6.8%) reported having same- or both-gender sexual attractions. Nonattracted youths (4.2%) reported having no sexual attractions.Results. Compared with sexual-minority youths, heterosexual and nonattracted youths had lower odds of being a victim of bullying. Heterosexual and nonattracted youths also had higher average scores in competence, confidence, and connection, but these associations between sexual orientation and positive youth development scores were partly attributable to lack of bullying victimization.Conclusions. Designing, implementing, and evaluating interv...
Brain Capillary Endothelial Transport of Insulin

The most immediate short-term action of insulin on cells is the increase in plasma membrane glucose transporter activity in such tissues as fat, skeletal muscle, and heart.1 Although insulin does not cause a short-term increase in glucose transport into brain,2,3 it does have important long-term actions on brain at the physiologic concentrations occurring in plasma, i.e., 1–10 ng/ml (25–250 μU/ml). For example, physiologic concentrations of insulin increase the glutamate-induced firing rate of cholinergic retinal neurons in tissue culture,4 and increase the coupling across nascent synapses of superior cervical ganglion cells or sympathetic neurons in primary tissue culture.5,6 In vivo studies have shown that the hypothalamic injection of picomolar quantities of insulin increases the firing rate of rat sympathetic nerves innervating brown fat,7 and that the chronic intraventricular infusion of insulin in baboons enhances the suppressive effect of intravenous cholecystokinin-8 on meal size.8
Enhancing p-channel InGaSb QW-FETs via Process-Induced Compressive Uniaxial Strain

We study the effect of process-induced uniaxial stress on the performance of biaxially strained InGaSb p-channel quantum-well field-effect transistors (QW-FETs). Uniaxial stress is incorporated using a self-aligned nitride stressor. Compared with unstressed control devices, fabricated stressed devices with a gate length of L g =0.30 μm showed an increase of more than 40% in the drain current at V GS -V T =-0.5 V and V DS = -2.0\) V, an enhancement of more than 40% in the peak extrinsic transconductance at V DS = -2.0\) V, and a reduction in the source and drain resistance of 25%. These figures suggest an enhancement of the intrinsic transconductance by as much as 60%. The improvement in device characteristics was also found to scale favorably with gate length. The results indicate that process-induced compressive uniaxial strain holds great promise for developing high-performance antimonide-based p-FETs.
Topic modeling for evaluating students' reflective writing: a case study of pre-service teachers' journals

Journal writing is an important and common reflective practice in education. Students' reflection journals also offer a rich source of data for formative assessment. However, the analysis of the textual reflections in class of large size presents challenges. Automatic analysis of students' reflective writing holds great promise for providing adaptive real time support for students. This paper proposes a method based on topic modeling techniques for the task of themes exploration and reflection grade prediction. We evaluated this method on a sample of journal writings from pre-service teachers. The topic modeling method was able to discover the important themes and patterns emerged in students' reflection journals. Weekly topic relevance and word count were identified as important indicators of their journal grades. Based on the patterns discovered by topic modeling, prediction models were developed to automate the assessing and grading of reflection journals. The findings indicate the potential of topic modeling in serving as an analytic tool for teachers to explore and assess students' reflective thoughts in written journals.
Diaphorase Coupling Protocols for Red-Shifting Dehydrogenase Assays.

Abstract Dehydrogenases are an important target for the development of cancer therapeutics. Dehydrogenases either produce or consume NAD(P)H, which is fluorescent but at a wavelength where many compounds found in chemical libraries are also fluorescent. By coupling dehydrogenases to diaphorase, which utilizes NAD(P)H to produce the fluorescent molecule resorufin from resazurin, the assay can be red-shifted into a spectral region that reduces interference from compound libraries. Dehydrogenases that produce NAD(P)H, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), can be read in kinetic mode. Dehydrogenases that consume NAD(P)H, such as mutant IDH1 R132H, can be read in endpoint mode. Here, we report protocols for robust and miniaturized 1,536-well assays for WT IDH1 and IDH1 R132H coupled to diaphorase, and the counterassays used to further detect compound interference with the coupling reagents. This coupling technique is applicable to dehydrogenases that either produce or consume NAD(P)H, and the examples pro...
Switching codes and registers: An analysis of heritage Arabic speakers’ sociolinguistic competence

Aims:This study focuses on heritage speakers’ ability to use their Arabic varieties and English in the construction of narratives of personal experience. This is critical because English, Colloquial Arabic (CA), and Standard Arabic (SA) are part of the sociolinguistic reality of the families and communities in which many heritage Arabic speakers live.Design:The study compares and contrastes heritage speakers’ Arabic and English narratives with respect to codes, registers, and functions in the narratives.Data and analysis:Fifteen Arabic and 15 English narratives from five participants, fluent in Arabic and English, were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.Findings:The results reveal that, despite their fluency in their heritage language, respondents lack the sociolinguistic competence to socially and pragmatically deploy CA and SA appropriately in their narratives. In the Arabic narratives, respondents alternated frequently between CA and SA, but they were not always able to maintain the asymmetrical...
Epidemiological Analysis on Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases From Other Places in Chaoyang District,Beijing,2007

Objective To analyze the epidemiological feature of the acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) cases in floating population in Chaoyang District,and provide reference for the AFP surveillance and management in floating population.Methods The descriptive analysis was conducted on AFP case surveillance in Chaoyang District in 2007.Results The AFP cases in floating population mainly came from other provinces near to Beijing,and the cases from Hebei Province accounted for the largest proportion(17%).The majority of cases were children under 5 years old(60.00%).More cases occurred in February and August(40.00%).The collecting rate of adequate stool samples within 14 days after paralysis onset in floating population was 40.00%.In Beijing 53.33% of these AFP cases went to see doctor more than 14 days after paralysis onset.Conclusion Low collecting rate of 2 adequate stool samples and late medical care seeking are the major challenges to the AFP case surveillance in floating population.
Papilloma of the bladder.

The pedunculated papillary tumors of the bladder f papilloma) should be separated from other bladder tumors in selection of treatment and prognosis. They behave more like benign tumors. Biopsy examination may be useful, but careful cystoscopic evaluation supplemented by intravenous urography is of greater importance in proper recognition and selection of treatment. Complete local excision and destruction by transurethral resection or through suprapubic cystotomy afford excellent results. Careful follow-up is essential to long-term success.
Potential for bias in severity adjusted hospital outcomes data: analysis of patients with rheumatic disease.

OBJECTIVE To examine the predictive validity of MedisGroups, a widely used method of measuring severity of illness, among patients with rheumatic disease and identify determinants of hospital outcomes, after adjusting for severity of illness. METHODS Adult medical and surgical patients with rheumatic disease (5421) admitted to an academic medical center in 1988-90 were studied using a retrospective cohort design. Sociodemographic, clinical, and financial data were obtained from computerized hospital information systems. Severity of illness on admission was determined for each patient using MedisGroups, which classifies patients into groups of increasing severity. RESULTS MedisGroups admission severity groups were highly related (p < 0.001) to inhospital mortality rates, which were 0.4, 0.8, 5.1 and 16.1%, respectively among patients in 4 groups of increasing severity. Controlling for MedisGroups admission severity using logistic regression, age, admission from the emergency room, and transfer from an acute care hospital were found to be additional independent predictors of mortality. MedisGroups severity groups were also directly related (p < 0.001) to length of stay and total hospital charges. Controlling for admission severity using linear regression, length of stay, and charges were independently related to several other variables; for example, length of stay was greater for patients admitted from the emergency room or transferred from other hospitals and for nonwhites, women, and older patients. Finally, within common individual diagnoses, these factors substantially increased the amount of variance in length of stay and charges explained by MedisGroups alone. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that after adjusting for severity of illness using MedisGroups, several other easily measured variables were associated with hospital outcomes in patients with rheumatic disease. Thus, generic severity systems, such as MedisGroups, may not adequately adjust outcomes among patients with rheumatic disease. Comparative hospital data based on these systems may be subject to bias.
Impact of Labeling Herbicides by Site of Action: A University View'

One of the most consistent recommendations, from both the private and public sectors, for the prevention and management of herbicide-resistant weeds is to rotate herbicides with different sites of action. Therefore, it is imperative that those who make herbicide recommendations and those who apply herbicides know which herbicides have the same or different sites of action. An herbicide's site of action is not obvious from its trade, common, or chemical name, and it is not possible to determine from the label if it has the same site of action as another herbicide. A classification system has been developed that places herbicides with the same site of action in a Group with other herbicides with that same site of action (Retzinger and Mallory-Smith 1997). The classification contains a complete listing of herbicides registered in the United States and Canada as of 1996. The classification will require annual updating. The classification as published is not easy or quick to use. Therefore, a more user- friendly system must be developed. The Group classifi- cation along with the site of action should be placed on the herbicide label so that the information is readily available with each herbicide purchase. The inclusion of the Group classification on the label will make record keeping more efficient, especially as it relates to select- ing herbicides with different sites of action for resistance prevention and management. The purchaser or user will need to record only the Group number. As an educator, I feel adding the Group classification and site of action to the herbicide label is a simple and practical approach to deliver the information to growers, applicators, consultants, university personnel, and others in both the private and public sectors. Providing the Group classification on every label will make it easier to develop educational materials that are consistent and
WristSnoop: Smartphone PINs prediction using smartwatch motion sensors

Smartwatches, with motion sensors, are becoming a common utility for users. With the increasing popularity of practical wearable computers, and in particular smartwatches, the security risks linked with sensors on board these devices have yet to be fully explored. Recent research literature has demonstrated the capability of using a smartphone's own accelerometer and gyroscope to infer tap locations; this paper expands on this work to demonstrate a method for inferring smartphone PINs through the analysis of smartwatch motion sensors. This study determines the feasibility and accuracy of inferring user keystrokes on a smartphone through a smartwatch worn by the user. Specifically, we show that with malware accessing only the smartwatch's motion sensors, it is possible to recognize user activity and specific numeric keypad entries. In a controlled scenario, we achieve results no less than 41% and up to 92% accurate for PIN prediction within 5 guesses.
Passenger Training and Training Facilities

Ideally, spaceports supporting spaceflight participant flights should provide the full spectrum of facilities to support the training activities for those making their journey into space (Fig. 7.1). But what will these activities entail? While taking care of the initial reception of passengers, providing food service and maintaining the exclusivity the wealthy expect will be easy to achieve, but the issue of training may be more challenging. That’s because different categories of spaceflight participants will demand different types of training. For example, the payload specialist will require an emphasis on procedures and mission rehearsal, whereas the ‘space tourist’ may want to spend more time being taught how to take Facebook-worthy photos (Fig. 7.2). Further, over the horizon there is the difference between suborbital and orbital training. There is also the question of how much training spaceflight participants require? Most suborbital operators such as Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin have settled on a training duration of 2–3 days. Orbital training duration has yet to be defined: the recent crop of visitors to the International Space Station (ISS) trained for 6 months, but when orbital visits become more of a routine this training duration will almost certainly be reduced. In 2016, regular suborbital manned flights are closer to the horizon than orbital, so this chapter focuses on the type of training and training facilities required to cater to this business segment. We’ll begin with a generic training schedule as outlined below.
Poloidal Flux Requirement: Analysis and Application to the Ignitor Configuration

The definitions and correlations existing between different terms used by physicists and engineers are clarified in order to deal with the assessment of the poloidal flux requirement in a fusion ex...