cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dethroning King Enterprises

In King Enterprises, 189 Ct. Cl. 466 (1969), King Enterprises, Inc. and the other shareholders of Tenco, Inc. transferred all the stock of Tenco to Minute Maid Corporation in exchange for cash, promissory notes and Minute Maid stock. In form, a taxable stock sale had occurred. Seven months later, Tenco was merged upstream into Minute Maid. When Minute Maid acquired the Tenco stock, King Enterprises could not have known that this later merger would occur. Nevertheless, at King Enterprises' behest, the United States Court of Claims applied the step-transaction doctrine and treated King Enterprises as participating in a merger that qualified as a corporate reorganization, rather than a taxable stock sale. Thus, an action by the buyer (the merger of Tenco into Minute Maid) of which the seller (King Enterprises) was unaware when it sold its Tenco shares dramatically reduced the seller's tax liability. The King Enterprises decision is untenable. It is patently wrong to permit a buyer's post-acquisition action to affect the seller's tax consequences when, at the time of the sale, the seller could not have known that the buyer would take the specific action that changed the seller's tax consequences. The case stands as a dangerous and unpredictable precedent for both taxpayers and the government. Until recently, King Enterprises has remained dormant, never followed and rarely cited in more than three decades. In 2001, however, the Internal Revenue Service resurrected the case in two significant public pronouncements (Rev. Ruls. 2001-26 and 2001-46). The stage is now set for the case to wreak future havoc. It is our thesis that the tax consequences to one party to a transaction should not be changed by a subsequent unilateral act of another party when the first party neither knew, nor should have known, that the later act would occur. Part II examines the King Enterprises decision and reveals the lack of a connection between King Enterprises and the upstream merger of Tenco into Minute Maid. Part III critiques the case and demonstrates that it represents an unfortunate aberration in step-transaction doctrine jurisprudence. Part IV identifies how this dangerous precedent might victimize innocent taxpayers and whipsaw the government. Part V explores the body of law supporting the recent Internal Revenue Service rulings that potentially revitalize the case and demonstrates that King Enterprises is not a necessary foundation for these rulings. Finally, Part VI delineates the steps that should be taken to dethrone King Enterprises.
Grief-driven ethical decision-making.

Grief can retard or accelerate the moral decision-making process in a crisis. In either case, effective moral discourse is facilitated by the active expression of grief through conversation, story-telling, and ritual. This article presents a case study, model, and discussion showing how grief-driven moral decision-making can be appropriately facilitated. Specific steps, illustrated from the case, are suggested.
Associations among inbred lines of maize using electrophoretic, chromatographic, and pedigree data : 2. Multivariate and cluster analysis of data from Iowa stiff stalk synthetic derived lines.

Associations among 17 “Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic” derived inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) were determined using multivariate and cluster analysis. Objectives were to assess the level of unique characterization among lines afforded by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) of zeins and starch gel electrophoresis of isozymes and to compare associations among lines revealed by biochemical and pedigree data. Isozymic data for 33 loci provided unique discrimination among 88% of the lines; 2 closely related lines were indistinguishable. Seventy-one percent of the lines could be uniquely and unambiguously identified by RP-HPLC. Biochemical data showed associations between lines that would be expected on the basis of pedigree. Nevertheless, different associations were revealed by allozymic and chromatographic data. Although these data permitted a high degree of unique identification, additional markers, covering a larger proportion of the genome, are needed to more adequately monitor similarities among genes that respond to selection during plant breeding.
Controlling Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in Cow-Calf Herds with Insecticide-Impregnated Ear Tag Treatments of Nursing Calves

Ear tag treatment of young nursing calves may be more convenient and efficient than treatment of cows. Tagging nursing calves in either the right or left ear with fenvalerate-impregnated ear tags provided control of Haematobia irritans (L.), on cows and bulls comparable to that reported for tagging cows. Tagging bull calves provided control for ca. 18 weeks.
The Dialectics of Legitimation and Counternorms

This is part of a larger project, the goal of which is to develop a theory of how stratified social orders are legitimated. The approach is self-evaluation theory, which attempts to ground the process through which legitimating norms arise within the formation of the self. The purpose of this essay is to use self-evaluation theory to help account for the rise of another, countervailing set of norms that delegitimate stratification by supporting the principle of equality. I draw heavily upon Max Weber's sociology of religion to show how such norms, which originate within the self, gain institutional support, and by so doing, become socially powerful enough to compete effectively with legitimating norms.
Epidemiology of hand foot and mouth disease and geographic distribution of the cases in Yunnan,2008-2013

Objective To understand epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease( HFM D) in Yunnan province during 2008-2013 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of HFM D in Yunnan. Methods The incidence data of HFM D in Yunnan from 2008 to 2013 w ere obtained from national disease reporting information system for the descriptive epidemiological analysis and Geographic Information System w as used to analyze the distribution of the HFM D cases. Results A total of 234 383 HFM D cases w ere reported in Yunnan during this period. The incidence varied w ith year,w hich w as 25. 26 / lakh in 2008,32. 84 / lakh in 2009,105. 68 / lakh in 2010,85. 54 / lakh in 2011,133. 28 /lakh in 2012 and 128. 06 / lakh in 2013. The annual incidence peak w as during April-July. Up to 86. 62% of the cases w ere children aged 5 years and the incidence in age group 2-3 years w as 1506. 18 / lakh. The clustering of HFM D cases w as observed,w hich w as mainly distributed in urban areas and scenic areas. The major pathogens w ere EV71 and Cox A16,but the predominance varied w ith area. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of HFM D in people living in urban areas and scenic areas and the surveillance for HFM D in rural areas and remote mountain areas in Yunnan,especially in children aged 5 years during April-July of a year.
Differential Association of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Genotypes With Onsets of Breast Tumors in African American Versus Caucasian Patients

Introduction Malignant breast tumors are often hormone-dependent, and to this end, both estrogen and progesterone receptors are good prognostic markers for evaluation of the outcomes after therapy. In addition, HER-2/neu, whose expression is increasingly being associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer, has predictive potential after immunotherapy. Cytochrome P450 3A4 is highly involved in the metabolism of steroids. Thus, we investigated the impact of CYP 3A4 gene variants in association with clinical outcomes in African American (AFAM) versus Caucasian (CAU) patients with breast cancer diagnosis. Methods Patients who had undergone biopsy procedures for diagnosis or for partial or radical mastectomy were recruited. The CYP 3A4 genotypes (A or G) were detected using polymerase chain reaction amplification and primers designed for a single nucleotide polymorphism. The messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts were screened by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Clinical data including tumor staging, pathology grades, and family history were evaluated. Results Frequency of the CYP 3A4-G (mutated variant) was significantly increased in AFAM patients as compared with controls (P Conclusions Genotype association was affected by race. Expression levels of total CYP 3A4 mRNA were inversely correlated with clinical diagnosis. This may suggest mRNA testing as an additional tool that accelerates improvement in the diagnosis of the onsets of breast cancer.
Cholesterol - bile acid interactions in gallstone pathogenesis

A technique for direct sampling of gallbladder and hepatic bile in humans provides strong support for the view that gallstones develop when bile becomes lithogenic—i.e., when the bile acid-phospholipid to cholesterol ratio exceeds 10: 1. Lithogenic bile may develop in normal persons through diurnal variation in bile lipid composition or result from excess secretion of biliary cholesterol and/or bile acid deficiency.
Some Realignments in the Angiospermae

The system of classification that I have developed since 1950 to indicate the phylogenetic relationships of the higher taxa of the flowering plants has for the most part been published only in synoptical form. Since some of my more iconoclastic alignments have not been fully explained in print, this paper attempts to explain my reasons for some of the more innovative of these positionings.
“‘The Waltons, Chicana-Style’: Queer Familia and Reclaimed Sisterhood in Terri de la Peña’s Faults”

“‘The Waltons, Chicana Style’: Queer Familia and Reclaimed Sisterhood in Terri de la Pena’s Faults,” Cristina Herrera, California State University, Fresno.
Aging and the Cerebral Microvasculature: Clinical Implications and Potential Therapeutic Interventions

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews age-related changes in the cerebral microvasculature, their clinical consequences, and potential preventive and therapeutic approaches that are under investigation. The consequences of large vessel atherosclerosis, such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and renal failure, have received the greatest attention over the past 50 years, it is now becoming clear that alterations in the microvasculature, particularly small vessels of the brain, can have equally important clinical consequences. Advanced imaging techniques are now identifying abnormalities in the brain that were initially thought to be “covert” strokes (not associated with acute stroke symptoms) or “incidental” hyperintensities, “consistent with age,” and of no major significance. However, these findings are rapidly gaining importance as significant clinical entities, with profound effects on cognition, mobility, affect, and continence. Aging and the accumulation of vascular risk factors are associated with cerebral endothelial dysfunction that may impair the ability of cerebral microvessels to meet the metabolic demands of various neuronal networks in the brain. The mismatch between blood supply and metabolic demand may lead to the accumulation of ischemic damage in the watershed regions of the brain. Watershed regions are areas of the brain that receive a dual blood supply from the most distal branches of two large cerebral arteries and are particularly vulnerable to ischemia during hypoperfusion. If pathogenic mechanism of cerebral microvascular disease is verified in longitudinal studies, future efforts to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and improve cerebral perfusion may help reduce the burden of falls and dementia in the elderly population. Promising approaches to improving cerebral perfusion include HIF-1 activation, flavonoids, and inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system.
Non-normative political extremism: Reclaiming a concept’s analytical utility

ABSTRACTPolitical extremism suffers from a definitional deficiency. This article proposes an analytical definition of the term, which avoids using extremism in a pejorative way. This definition also avoids exclusive focus on violence. This definition encourages the analyst to explicitly make the case for defining an action or an actor as extremist by comparing the action or actor to its political context. The article then explores several dimensions of an extremist political identity that can help observers understand extremist behavior and goals. It uses this conceptual framework to consider three examples of political extremism. Finally, the article concludes with some limitations and strengths of this definition of political extremism.
The GENI Desktop

The GENI Desktop supports users through the entire lifecycle of an experiment, including creating and setting up an experiment, running and interacting with the experiment, monitoring the experiment and collecting performance data, archiving the results and tearing down the experiment. It provides a single simple web-based graphical interface to access these functions. In addition, it also provides a command line interface for expert users to write scripts to control the whole process of their experiments. This chapter describes the design goals and features of the GENI Desktop. It also demonstrates usage examples showing how the GENI Desktop can help users with their experiments.
Modification of the epigenome by green tea polyphenols: Role in cancer prevention

D and lifestyle factors contribute to cancer development by inducing both epigenetic and genetic changes that, in combination with genetic make-up, result in the disruption of key cellular processes leading to neoplastic process. Dietary polyphenols have been reported to demonstrate many interesting biological activities, including induction of epigenetic changes and cancer prevention. We recently demonstrated that green tea polyphenols has ability to modify the epigenome resulting in upregulation of various tumor suppressor genes in breast and prostate cancers through epigenetic modification(s) at various levels. The presentation will discuss various epigenetic mechanisms elicited by green tea polyphenols resulting in its anticancer activity in breast and prostate cancers. Understanding the mechanism(s) of epigenetic regulation and its reversibility by dietary polyphenols will result in the identification of novel targets that may be useful in developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Internet Appendix to: 'The Financial Crisis and Corporate Credit Ratings'

This Internet Appendix includes supplementary analyses and robustness tests. The original paper "The Financial Crisis and Corporate Credit Ratings" is available at the following URL:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837376
Information, Varieties, Categories, Ordering, and Socio-natural Transmissions Over the Ontological and Epistemological Spaces

It may be recollected that the GID in both ontological and epistemological spaces is variety-based where the varieties are captured by the distribution of characteristic disposition and transmitted by the distribution of signal disposition.
Photorefractive Materials For Optical Storage And Display

Real-time data storage and processing using optical techniques have been considered in recent years. Of particular interest are photosensitive electro-optic crystals which permit volume storage in the form of phase holograms, by means of a charge transfer process. A survey of the state of the art of such holographic memories is presented. The physical mechanism responsible for the formation of phase holograms in such crystals is discussed. Attention is focused on various aspects of materials characterization, development and utilization. Experimental reversible holographic read-write memory systems with fast random access and high storage capacity employing this new class of photosensitive materials have already been demonstrated.
Has complementarity between employer-sponsored training and education in the U.S. changed during the 2000s?

ABSTRACTThe study reveals that the positive correlation between formal education and job training (complementarity) has weakened during the 2000s. Using U.S. Census Bureau data from the Survey of I...
Apolipoprotein C-II: New findings related to genetics, biochemistry, and role in triglyceride metabolism

Abstract Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a small exchangeable apolipoprotein found on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), such as chylomicrons (CM) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and on high-density lipoproteins (HDL), particularly during fasting. ApoC-II plays a critical role in TRL metabolism by acting as a cofactor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the main enzyme that hydrolyses plasma triglycerides (TG) on TRL. Here, we present an overview of the role of apoC-II in TG metabolism, emphasizing recent novel findings regarding its transcriptional regulation and biochemistry. We also review the 24 genetic mutations in the APOC2 gene reported to date that cause hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Finally, we describe the clinical presentation of apoC-II deficiency and assess the current therapeutic approaches, as well as potential novel emerging therapies.
A Thing to Tie on the Halter: An Addition to the Plains Rock Art Lexicon

A distinctive type of decorated halter has been identified in Historic period Northwestern Plains rock art. This “rake type” halter decoration appears to represent an artistic rendering of one form...
Tissue-Based Protein Biomarkers in Melanoma: Mass Spectrometry-Based Strategies

Melanoma is considered an epidemic cancer as its incidence has increased 697% between 1950 and 2000, and continues to increase, faster than any other cancer subtype. Each year, over 53,000 Americans will be diagnosed with melanoma and over 7,000 will die from their disease. While representing <7% of all skin malignancies, melanoma accounts for ∼75% of all deaths from skin tumors.
Three Recent Cases: Alvarez , 281 CARE , and SBAL

This chapter focuses its attention on three important, recent cases dealing with deception and political speech. The chapter looks at three important arguments: (1) we should have some concern about how these decisions contribute to the caricature of free-speech absolutism, (2) we should think critically about the idea that a self-correcting marketplace of ideas will be able to effectively weed out misinformation, disinformation, and even purposeful and calculated lies, and (3) there is the idea that “everything worth saying shall be said” and the argument that acts of deception might not fall under that umbrella of protection. This chapter will discuss these arguments through an examination of three important, recent cases in political deception: U.S. v. Alvarez (2012), 281 CARE Committee v. Arneson (2013), and Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus (2016).
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified: A Review and Guidelines for Clinical Care

The PDD-NOS refers to the presence of a disorder characterized by early deviance and delay in social reciprocity and attachments that does not meet full criteria for autism. Although sharing certain fundamental features with autism, PDD-NOS seems to differ from it in important ways. The assessment and treatment of PDD-NOS should be highly individualized and requires a collaboration between parents and various professionals.
Predictive biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease using state-of-the-art brain imaging techniques.

Human life expectancy is increasing steadily as a result of the significant advances made in scientific and medical research, as well as technological and economic development. With the resulting substantial increase in the aging population, there has been a concurrent increase in age-related brain disorders. Of these, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common brain disorders, with an estimated thirty-five million people affected worldwide. AD has become a silent tsunami in the aging population and the resulting economic burden on the healthcare system runs into billions of dollars. The last decade has seen milestone developments in AD research that have been pivotal in furthering our understanding of the disease’s pathobiological-mechanism. However, AD diagnosis continues to primarily rely on various neuropsychological tests, which can detect the disease only after the manifestation of clinical symptoms [1]. There is an urgent need for the development of reliable diagnostic biomarkers that can detect AD pathology at an incipient stage. Such biomarkers will not only aid in the early detection of AD, but will also pave the way to effective clinical trials. The biomarkers presently used for AD are either genetic, such as apolipoprotein E4; cerebrospinal fluid-derived, such as amyloidand tau; or brain pathology-linked
Biochemical and Structural Changes in Uterine Endometrial Cell Types Following Natural or Artificial Deciduogenic Stimuli

Attachment of the mammalian embryo to the maternal uterus is a signal event in the highly regulated program of synchronized, apparently independent but interdependent events which define unique interactions between two organisms of different genetic derivation. The focus of this essay will be the role of the individual endometrial cell types, vis-a-vis the blastocyst, in these implantation related events. This paper will suggest that at the present time, only a very generalized understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying blastocyst attachment has been established. Present models are, therefore, of limited predictive use in resolving problems in human infertility. In an effort to recognize elements with which to formulate a more functional model particular emphasis will be placed on the responses to endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms which come into play following the attachment of trophoblast to the uterine epithelium, i.e., the adhesive and post-implantation phases of implantation.
Drinks during lunch.

Medical students need an infrastructure and culture that support self-regulation so they can personally and professionally enforce the professional values shared by the medical community. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Kompletter atrioventrikulärer Kanal

Rastelli und seine Mitarbeiter an der Mayo-Klinik setzten mit der anatomischen Klassifizierung des kompletten atrioventrikularen (AV) Kanals und der Erarbeitung eines reproduzierbaren Korrekturverfahrens einen Markstein in der operativen Behandlung dieses komplizierten Herzfehlers [23, 24]. Die weitere Verfeinerung ihres Qperationsprinzipes hat dazu gefuhrt, das wir heute uber eine nachvollziehbare und im Hinblick auf ihren Erfolg uberschaubare Operationsmethode verfugen [9].
COMPOSITION OF BONE XI. BINDING OF CALCIUM IONS BY SERUM

For the formation of bone, an adequate concentration of calcium ions in blood serum is required. Thus, Shipley, Kramer, and Howland (1) found that when the calcium was present as chloride, acetate, or lactate, calcification in vitro was readily obtained, but that when the same concentration of calcium was present as citrate, calcification was not obtained. Conductivity studies (2, 3) from this laboratory showed that the presence of citrate causes a marked diminution in the calcium ion concentration.’ It is thus seen that when citrate was present, although the total calcium concentration was normal, calcification was not obtained because the citrate had lowered the calcium ion concentration. There are still marked differences of opinion as to the forms in which calcium exists in serum, and as to the relative ooncentrations of these various forms. However, most investigators agree that in general only about half of the total serum calcium is present as calcium ion. The evidence for the existence of unionized calcium complexes in serum has been drawn largely from ultrafiltration and dialysis experiments. Recently, an entirely independent line of study has provided additional evidence in support of this theory. Equilibration experiments (5, 6) showed that CaHP04 is considerably more soluble in serum than in corresponding inorganic serum solutions. This indicates that a large part of the calcium of serum is in an unionized form.
Cyclic deformation, fatigue and fatigue crack propagation in Ni-base alloys

Ni-base superalloys' cumulative glide behavior, damage accumulation, low-cycle fatigue, and crack propagation characteristics are directly dependent on deformation behavior which is in turn a strong function of microstructural characteristics. Microstructural instabilities and environmental interactions become additional factors at elevated temperatures. An account is presently given of microstructural, chemical, and processing techniques that may be used to obtain the properties that appear most critical or desirable in specific applications.
Magnetic Vortex Lattices in Finite Isospin Chiral Perturbation Theory

Abstract We study finite isospin chiral perturbation theory ( χ PT) in a uniform external magnetic field and find the condensation energy of magnetic vortex lattices using the method of successive approximations (originally used by Abrikosov) near the upper critical point beyond which the system is in the normal vacuum phase. The difference between standard Ginzburg–Landau (GL) theory (or equivalently the Abelian Higgs model) and χ PT arises due to the presence of additional momentum-dependent (derivative) interactions in χ PT and the presence of electromagnetically neutral pions that interact with the charged pions via strong interactions but do not couple directly to the external magnetic field. We find that while the vortex lattice structure is hexagonal similar to vortices in GL theory, the condensation energy (relative to the normal vacuum state in a uniform, external magnetic field) is smaller (larger in magnitude) due to the presence of derivative interactions. Furthermore, we establish that neutral pions do not condense in the vortex lattice near the upper critical field.
Islamophobia: A Jungian Analytical Perspective

A phobia is an irrational response to stimuli based on unconscious determinants. This is in contrast to a rational fear of a certain object, person, or a group based on conscious discernment. We live in troubled times, in which individuals and societies may have legitimate fear of those who may want to do them harm. This calls for a prudent and proportional response in terms of rational national policies and practices to contain these threats within our constitutional mandates and internationally agreed upon human rights. This essay will deal with the analysis and the management of the phobia of individuals with Muslim faith in our daily discourse and more specifically in the therapeutic relationship from a Jungian analytical perspective. The Jungian concept of the shadow or repressed parts of our psyche is explored. The collective shadow of our society is projected onto vulnerable sectors of society manifest as xenophobia in general and Islamophobia in particular at the present time. The archetype of the Hindu trinity – long-term ancestral memory templates in our limbic system – is activated to deal with tides and ebb of these societal epicycles. The psychological impact of Islamophobia on the victims and perpetrators, including microaggression and its clinical management, is explored. The need to maintain self-care for those who treat Islamophobia in the victim/perpetrator is emphasized.
Compatibility conditions for discrete planar structures

Abstract Compatibility conditions are investigated for planar network structures consisting of nodes and connecting bars. These conditions restrict the elongations of bars and are analogous to the compatibility conditions of deformation in continuum mechanics. Two problems are considered: the discrete problem for structures with prescribed lengths and its linearization, the discrete problem of prescribed elongations. These problems approximate two continuum problems, the nonlinear continuum problem of given Cauchy Green tensor and its linearization, the continuum problem of prescribed strain. The requirement that the deformations remain planar imposes solvability conditions of all four problems. For triangulated structures, compatibility conditions for the nonlinear problem are expressed as a polynomial equation in the lengths of edges of the star domain surrounding each interior node. In the linearized discrete problem, the compatibility conditions become linear relations for the elongations of edges on the same domains. The continuum limits of the compatibility conditions for both discrete problems are proved to be the compatibility conditions for the continuum problems. The compatibility equations may be summed along a closed curve to give conditions supported on a strip along the curve. Similarly, for continuous materials, the compatibility equation for the prescribed strain problem may be integrated along a closed curve to provide an integral condition, analogous to how the prescribed Green tensor problem may be integrated to give the Gauss-Bonnet integral formula. Compatibility conditions are investigated for general trusses such as plates connected by girders or triangulated domains with holes or missing edges. Compatibility conditions on general trusses may be non-local. There may be rigid trusses without compatibility conditions in contrast to continuous materials. The number of compatibility conditions is the number of bars that may be removed from a structure and still keep it rigid. This number measures the resilience of the structure. The compatibility equations around a hole involve the edges in the neighborhood surrounding the hole. An asymptotic density of compatibility conditions for periodically damaged triangular structures is found to be sensitive to the number and location of the removed edges.
The Integrin Co-Activator Kindlin-2 Plays a Critical Role In Angiogenesis and Blood Vessel Integrity

Abstract Abstract 4 Kindlin-2, a widely distributed cytoskeletal protein, has been implicated in integrin activation, and its absence is embryonically lethal in mice and causes severe developmental defects in zebrafish. Our previous study demonstrated that reduction of kindlin-2 levels in human endothelial cells results in defective adhesive and migratory responses, suggesting that kindlin-2 may be implicated in angiogenesis. We tested this hypothesis in the kindlin-2+/− mice utilizing murine RM1 prostate tumor and Matrigel implant models. Staining of tumor sections for EC with CD31 showed shorter and thinner blood vessels and reduced vascular area by 3.5-fold in tumors grown in kindlin-2+/− mice compared to WT mice (P=0.0186, n=6). The vessels that did form in the kindlin-2+/− mice were immature as they lacked smooth muscle cells and pericytes, had thinner basement membrane, and were leaky as evidenced by increased by 2-fold area for plasma-derived fibrin in tumor sections (P=0.0006, n=5). Consistent with the blunted angiogenic response and vascular leakiness in the kindlin-2+/− mice, the tumors grown in kindlin-2+/− animals had 2-fold larger necrotic core and were 2.5-fold smaller than those derived in WT mice (P=0.042, n=7). Also, the permeability of preexisting blood vessels in ear and dorsal skin of WT and kindlin-2+/− mice was compared after injection of Evans blue dye. Baseline permeability of vasculature in ear and dorsal skin was enhanced by ∼70–100 % in kindlin-2+/− mice as compared WT mice (P Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Sequential combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma : Carboplatin and gemcitabine followed by paclitaxel

BACKGROUND The objective of this Phase II study was to evaluate the concept of sequential chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) by the administration of carboplatin plus gemcitabine followed by of paclitaxel. METHODS Patients with Stage IIIB (pleural effusion) or Stage IV NSCLC and a Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) performance status (PS) of 0–2 were eligible. Therapy consisted of three cycles of carboplatin (area under the concentration-time curve = 5.5 mg/mL per minute) on Day 1 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 8 every 21 days followed by three cycles of paclitaxel 225 mg/m2 every 21 days. RESULTS Of the 37 eligible patients, 81% had Stage IV disease, and 27% had a PS of 2; all were assessable for survival and toxicity; 32 patients were assessable for response. After treatment with carboplatin plus gemcitabine, there were no complete responses (CRs) and eight partial responses (PRs) (response rate [RR], 25%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 11–43%). The best overall response was two CRs and eight PRs (RR, 31%; 95% CI, 16–50%). The median survival time was 9.5 months, the 1-year survival rate was 36% (95% CI, 26–44%), the 2-year survival rate was 11% (95% CI, 3–25%), and the median time to disease progression was 4.9 months. The median survivals were 11.2 months for patients with a PS of 0–1 and 6.4 months for patients with a PS of 2. Noncumulative, reversible thrombocytopenia was the principal toxicity with carboplatin/gemcitabine therapy. Paclitaxel therapy was well tolerated, and moderate (Grade 3) neutropenia was the primary toxic effect. One cardiac death occurred, possibly related to paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to evaluate planned sequential chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC. Carboplatin plus gemcitabine followed by paclitaxel was well tolerated and resulted in promising survival in this patient population. This pilot experience forms the basis for an ongoing SWOG trial. Cancer 2001;92:146–52. Published 2001 American Cancer Society.
All the Muslims Fit to Print: Racial Frames as Mechanisms of Muslim Ethnoracial Formation in the New York Times from 1992 to 2010:

A generative turn in scholarship examines the institutional and political dimensions of Islamophobia, conceptualizing Muslim representations as a mechanism of ethnoracial formation in which the med...
Invasive plant Arundo donax alters habitat use by carnivores

Invasive plants can have significant negative interactions with native flora and fauna, often decreasing the abundance and diversity of native plants and invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. Less is known, however, about how invasive plants influence higher-order consumers, such as carnivores. Arundo donax is a globally distributed invasive grass that forms dense monotypic stands in the habitats where it successfully establishes. This study investigated the influence of Arundo invasion on mammal assemblages in California’s Santa Clara River Valley. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether Arundo alters habitat use for carnivores, and if so, assess the possible mechanisms driving these differences. We used remote cameras to evaluate carnivore habitat use and model occupancy, and live traps and remote cameras to assay abundance of small mammals, common prey of these larger predators. We found that detections of all carnivores were significantly lower in Arundo-dominated habitat patches, suggesting decreased preference for Arundo habitat. This was reflected in the occupancy model, which found the highest probability of coyote and bobcat habitat use in native patches and lowest in Arundo; however, habitat did not seem to be as important of a predictor as in the pooled species results. Small mammal abundance was similar if not higher in Arundo, suggesting the possibility of Arundo acting as a refuge for prey species and altered predator–prey dynamics in Arundo-dominated patches. This study improves our knowledge of the often-complex ways that invasive plants, like Arundo, influence the ecology and behavior of faunal communities in invaded ecosystems.
Review of Validity and Reliability of Garmin Activity Trackers.

Purpose A systematic review to summarize the validity and reliability of steps, distance, energy expenditure, speed, elevation, heart rate, and sleep assessed by Garmin activity trackers. Methods Searches included studies published through December 31, 2018. Correlation coefficients (CC) were assessed as low ( =0.90). Mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) were assessed as acceptable at <5% in controlled conditions and <10% for free-living. Results Overall, 32 studies of adults documented validity. Four of these studies also documented reliability. The sample size ranged from 1 to 95 for validity and 4 to 31 for reliability testing. Step inter- and intra-reliability was good-to-excellent and speed intra-reliability was excellent. No other features were explored for reliability. Step validity, across 16 studies, generally indicated good-to-excellent CC and acceptable MAPE. Distance validity, tested in three studies, generally indicated poor CC and MAPE that exceeded acceptable limits, with both over and underestimation. Energy expenditure validity, across 12 studies, generally indicated wide variability in CC and MAPE that exceeded acceptable limits. Heart rate validity in five studies had low-to-excellent CC and all MAPE exceeded acceptable limits. Speed, elevation, and sleep validity were assessed in only one or two studies each; for sleep, the criterion relied on self-report rather than polysomnography. Conclusion This systematic review of Garmin activity trackers among adults indicated higher validity of steps; few studies on speed, elevation, and sleep; and lower validity for distance, energy expenditure, and heart rate. Intra- and inter-device feature reliability needs further testing.
The Internet Never Forgets: Image-Based Sexual Abuse and the Workplace

Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA), commonly known as revenge pornography, is a type of cyberharassment that often results in detrimental effects to an individual’s career and livelihood. Although there exists valuable research concerning cyberharassment in the workplace generally, there is little writtenabout specifically IBSA and the workplace. This chapter examines current academic research on IBSA,the issues with defining this type of abuse, victim blaming, workplace policy, and challenges to victimsurvivors’redress. The authors explore monetary motivation for websites that host revenge pornographyand unpack how the dark web presents new challenges to seeking justice. Additionally, this chapterpresents recommendations from the literature focusing on shifting cultural attitudes, effective legislation,and increased education and training.This chapter published as an Open Access Chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution,and production in any medium, provided the author of the original work and original publication source are properly credited.
A Physics Modeling Study of COVID-19 Transport in Air

Objectives : Health threat from COVID-19 airborne infection has become a public emergency of international concern. During the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, people have been advised by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to maintain social distancing of at least 2 m to limit the risk of exposure to the coronavirus. Experimental data, however, show that infected aerosols and droplets trapped inside a turbulent puff cloud can travel 7 to 8 m. We carry out a physics modeling study for COVID-19 transport in air. Methodology : We propose a nuclear physics analogy-based modeling of the complex gas cloud and its payload of pathogen-virions. We estimate the puff effective stopping range adapting the high-energy physics model that describes the slow down of α-particles (in matter) via interactions with the electron cloud. Analysis Findings : We show that the cloud stopping range is proportional to the diameter of the puff times its density. We use our puff model to determine the average density of the buoyant fluid in the turbulent cloud. A fit to the experimental data yields , where and are the average density of the puff and the air. We demonstrate that temperature variation could cause an O (≲ ±8%) effect in the puff stopping range for extreme ambient cold or warmth. We also demonstrate that aerosols and droplets can remain suspended for hours in the air. Therefore, once the puff slows down sufficiently, and its coherence is lost, the eventual spreading of the infected aerosols becomes dependent on the ambient air currents and turbulence.
It's Not All Smoke and Mirrors: The Role of Social Norms, Alcohol Use, and Pandemic Partying in e-Cigarette Use During COVID-19.

E-cigarette use among college students is increasing. In the era of COVID-19, such usage is especially dangerous given that the virus can be deadly for those with impaired respiratory systems. A sm...
Assessment of surveillance versus etiologic factors in the reciprocal association between papillary thyroid cancer and breast cancer.

Abstract Background Mutually increased risks for thyroid and breast cancer have been reported, but the contribution of etiologic factors versus increased medical surveillance to these associations is unknown. Methods Leveraging large-scale US population-based cancer registry data, we used standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) to investigate the reciprocal risks of thyroid and breast cancers among adult females diagnosed with a first primary invasive, non-metastatic breast cancer (N = 652,627) or papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) (N = 92,318) during 2000–2017 who survived ≥1-year. Results PTC risk was increased 1.3-fold [N = 1434; SIR = 1.32; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.25–1.39] after breast cancer compared to the general population. PTC risk declined significantly with time since breast cancer (Poisson regression = Ptrend Conclusion Although some of the patterns by latency, stage and size are consistent with heightened surveillance contributing to the breast-thyroid association, we cannot exclude a role of shared etiology or treatment effects.
Hospitalization burden and end-of-life (EOL) care in elderly patients with glioblastoma (GBM).

31Background: GBM is associated with a poor prognosis and early death in elderly patients. Prior studies have demonstrated a high burden of hospitalization in this population. We sought to evaluate...
Thromboembolic Rates Are Similar Between Intensive Care Unit and Nonintensive Care Unit Hospitalized Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Retrospective Cohort Study.

High rates of thromboembolic events have been described in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Data regarding thromboembolic events in all hospitalized patients has been less frequently reported, raising concerns that thromboembolic events in non-ICU may be underrecognized. In addition, optimal anticoagulation type and dose is still unsettled at this time. This is a retrospective cohort study of 159 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia during a 9-month period to determine an association between the frequency of thromboembolic rates and hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Secondary outcomes sought to investigate association of thromboembolic events with relation to place of admission, risk factors, anticoagulation, mortality, hospital length of stay, and discharge disposition. Among the cohort of 159 hospitalized patients who met criteria, 16 (10%) were diagnosed with a thromboembolic event. There were a total of 18 thromboembolic events with 12 venous and 6 arterial. Admission to the ICU was not associated with a higher frequency of thromboembolic events compared with non-ICU patients (37.5% vs 62.5%), p = .71. Patients with a thromboembolic event had a significantly higher mortality compared with those with no thromboembolic event (37.5% vs 13.3%), p = .012. Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 have increased rates of thromboembolic events, both venous and arterial, which contribute to a significant increase in mortality. However, the frequency of thromboembolism in patients admitted to the ICU was similar to events in non-ICU patients. We hope to increase awareness of the increased risk of hypercoagulability in all hospitalized patients with COVID-19 including non-ICU patients.
A fracture mechanics approach to the analysis of graphite/epoxy laminated precracked tension panels

A methodology for the prediction of fracture in fiber composite laminates under monotonically increasing load is presented. In the model, laminate behavior is based on damage growth in individual plies with a fracture mechanics approach being used to continually assess the damage in each ply. Within each ply, damage may occur by crack extension parallel to or perpendicular to the fiber orientation in the ply. Critical values of strain energy release rate for both modes of damage are inferred from experimental data on center-cracked, zero-degree unidirectional laminates. At present, interply interactions are neglected. Despite this severe oversimplification, a comparison of strength predictions from the laminate model shows reasonable agreement with experimental results, both quantitatively and qualitatively, for [0/90] 4 s , [′45] 4 s , and [0/′45/0] 2 s graphite/epoxy laminates. The features of the laminate model are contrasted with the models of a number of other researchers.
Household Production and Children

This paper adapts Mincer’s ideas about informal training, best exemplified by on-the-job training (OJT), to investments that families make in children before formal schooling begins. Like OJT, in-home training (IHT) occurs in informal settings, requires costly time inputs and is complementary with formal schooling. In addition to choosing among home production, leisure and market work, parents also choose which particular home activities to pursue. That working mothers dramatically reduce the time they devote to leisure, sleep, and other home activities in order to preserve their time in human capital-building activities with children, illustrates and validates the home production framework.
Catalytic hydrogenation—I

Abstract The treatment of Pt metal salt solutions with sodium borohydride results in the formation of finely divided black precipitates. Certain of these precipitates ar active catalysts for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride. SomePt, Pd and Rhare active catalysts for the hydrogenation of olefins. If the precipitation is carried out in the presence of high surface area supports such as activated carbon, these materials show even greater activity. The Pt catalyst is remarkably active as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of a large variety of olefins; Pd, on the other hand, shows a marked sensitivity toward olefin structure. Rates of reaction were followed in a novel way, using a standard solution of sodium borohydride added to acid to supply pure hydrogen as required to maintain the pressure.
A building block approach to modeling soldier performance in military combat platforms

The representation of Soldier performance is essential to the development of military capability. Representation through models, particularly task-network models, can give critical insight to issues such as crew manning, system interfaces, and the development of technology requirements so that Soldiers, enabled by technology, can win the battle. An extension to the current implementations of task-network models is proposed that can address platform-level issues (e.g., crew size, technology assessment, lethality) for both operations and sustainment. This "building block" approach capitalizes on the redundancies of military operations to provide the ability to address Soldier performance issues that were previously difficult to project for large programs on the scope of Future Combat Systems (FCS).
A high temperature corona above an active region complex

Abstract We present the results of SOHO /UVCS and Yohkoh /SXT observations above an active region complex (AR8194/8195/8198) at the southeast limb on April 6–7, 1998. The electron temperature analysis indicates a two-temperature structure, one with ∼1.5×10 6 K which is similar to that observed in quiet Sun streamers, the other with a high temperature ∼3.0×10 6 K. We compare the electron temperature and emission measure from the SOHO /UVCS data with those from the Yohkoh /SXT data. The absolute elemental abundances show a general first ionization potential effect (FIP effect) and decrease with height for all the elements. We discuss mechanisms that may explain the observed abundances.