cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Prenatal Experience: Perspectives of Adolescent/Young Adult Couples

Purpose: Prenatal care programs for low-income pregnant adolescents/young adults that engage male partners may increase long-term male involvement as a parent and partner, leading to improved mental health and economic outcomes for mother and child. This study sought to understand, from the perspective of pregnant adolescents/young adults and male partners, the perceived benefits of participating in a group-based prenatal care program, and obtain input about possible modifications that could strengthen engagement in community-based programs. Methods: Focus groups included English-speaking adolescents/ young adults and their partners who participated in a previous group-based prenatal program. Groups were held at a communitybased reproductive health clinic serving primarily low income, minority adolescents/young adults. Written parental consent was obtained for those < 18 years of age. Focus groups lasted 1.5-2.0 hours, a meal was provided and participants received a gift card worth $40. Groups were conducted by two investigators (CW, RB) using a question guide and tape-recorded. Audiotapes were transcribed and verified. Five investigators independently reviewed/ coded all transcripts, using an interpretative phenomenological approach. This involved four connected and overlapping steps: familiarization with the text, identification of preliminary themes, grouping themes as clusters, and tabulating final themes in a summary table. Results: 29 adolescent/young adults participated in 4 focus groups: 12 African-Americans, 15 Latinos and 2 Caucasians; 13 males and 16 females, averaging 23.1 (range 17-36) and 20.6 (range 17-23) years, respectively. Several broad themes, with distinct male and female perspectives, emerged: male involvement; couple communication; opportunities to share experiences and learn from others; and the importance of finances. Males were more likely to attend if told to do so by a male facilitator (repeatedly, if necessary, to demonstrate “that they care”) and if they knew they would be around other males. Providing additional resources, such as help with job placement or school completion, allowed male partners to connect to the program and feel like they could take responsibility as a parent/provider. Group sessions on birth control options, pregnancy mood swings and couple relationships helped many couples mature and strengthen their ability to communicate, skills that ultimately helped them through the more difficult times and provided a basis for informed birth control decisions. It was
Transparency of water off Southern California

Secchi disk readings off Southern California show a close relationship of water transparency to supply of detrital and, to a lesser extent, organic sediment along the mainland and island shores and to organic production in a large area of upwelling near the continental slope.
Dietary supplement use among elderly, long-term cancer survivors

Introduction The purpose of the present study was to assess dietary supplement use and its association with micronutrient intakes and diet quality among older (≥65 years), long-term survivors (≥5 years post-diagnosis) of female breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer.
Gamma delta (γδ) T-cells are critical in the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase at the burn wound site

Background The high incidence of morbidity and mortality following major burn can in part be attributed to immune derangements and wound healing complications. Inflammation plays an important role in wound healing, of which inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) derived nitric oxide is a central mediator. T-cells of the γδ TCR lineage have also been shown to be important in healing of the burn wound site. Nonetheless, the role of γδ T-cells in the regulation of the burn wound iNOS expression is unknown.
DYRECT: a dynamic reconfiguration tool for multicomputer systems

In this paper we discuss the design and implementation of a tool to teach dynamic reconfiguration of multicomputer systems. DYRECT is a graphical tool used to visualize and analyze various topologies like stars, cubes, meshes, trees, and rings. Various existing reconfiguration algorithms have been incorporated as a part of DYRECT's reconfiguration library. This tool allows the user to interactively design new reconfiguration algorithms. DYRECT has been implemented on PC-DOS machines running Microsoft Windows.
Constructive characterizations of the value function of a mixed-integer program II

Abstract Recent work has provided explicit formulas for the value function of a pure integer program, and for indicator functions for the set of feasible right-hand sides. These formulas are based on linear functions, next-higher integer operations, sums, and maxima. In the present paper, we investigate possible extensions to mixed-integer programs.
ER membrane-bending proteins are necessary for de novo nuclear pore formation.

Nucleocytoplasmic transport occurs exclusively through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in pores formed by inner and outer nuclear membrane fusion. The mechanism for de novo pore and NPC biogenesis remains unclear. Reticulons (RTNs) and Yop1/DP1 are conserved membrane protein families required to form and maintain the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the postmitotic nuclear envelope. In this study, we report that members of the RTN and Yop1/DP1 families are required for nuclear pore formation. Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae prp20-G282S and nup133Δ NPC assembly mutants revealed perturbations in Rtn1–green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Yop1-GFP ER distribution and colocalization to NPC clusters. Combined deletion of RTN1 and YOP1 resulted in NPC clustering, nuclear import defects, and synthetic lethality with the additional absence of Pom34, Pom152, and Nup84 subcomplex members. We tested for a direct role in NPC biogenesis using Xenopus laevis in vitro assays and found that anti-Rtn4a antibodies specifically inhibited de novo nuclear pore formation. We hypothesize that these ER membrane–bending proteins mediate early NPC assembly steps.
Identification of nonvolatile components in lemon peel by high-performance liquid chromatography with confirmation by mass spectrometry and diode-array detection

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection and thermospray mass spectrometry (LC-TSP-MS) were used to identify nonvolatile compounds in a lemon peel extract. In this way, the retention time characteristics, the UV-Vis spectra and the mass spectra provide structural information without the necessity of isolating the individual compounds. The lemon peel extract was separated into petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. The chloroform fraction was found to contain mainly the limonoids; the petroleum ether fraction contained coumarins, phenyl propanoid glycosides and flavones-C-glucosides; and the ethyl acetate fraction which had the best antioxidant activity, was found to contain flavonols, flavones-O-glycosides and flavonones.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been successfully carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) for the polymerization of fluorinated (meth)acrylates. In particular, well-controlled polymerizations have been obtained with the use of a fluoroalkyl-substituted 2,2‘-bipyridine ligand. Block copolymers comprised of fluorinated (meth)acrylates and poly(MMA) (MMA = methyl methacrylate) or poly(DMAEMA) (DMAEMA = 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) were produced in scCO2 by ATRP. In addition, the dispersion polymerization of MMA using ATRP in scCO2 in the presence of a fluorinated polymeric surfactant stabilizer was successfully carried out to yield poly(MMA) latex particles with controlled molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution.
The effect of low partial pressures of oxygen and shaking on the rate of division in tetrahymena

Abstract Gentle shaking of log phase cultures under a series of low oxygen concentrations depresses the rate of cell division, terminating in complete inhibition. A mathematical analysis of the data gives sorae insight as to possible mechanisms. The effect is observed only under low partial pressures of oxygen and is cell-density and oxygen-pressure dependent. The possible relation between mutual inhibition, as the phenomenon has been called, and contact inhibition is considered. Mutual inhibition may be basic to the success of intermitten hypoxia as a procedure to induce synchronous division.
Comparison study of genetic algorithms in feedback controller design

This paper discusses the use of genetic algorithms (GA) as a global search technique to solve a loading bridge regulator control problem. The theory, design and implementation of the algorithm is discussed in detail. An improved selection scheme and two advanced genetic operators are introduced. Three different GA-based feedback controllers are designed: Simple GA (SGA), Improved GA (IGA), and Advanced GA (AGA). Their results performance results are compared. Among the three GA approaches considered, AGA is the most robust one for the design of feedback controllers.
The Core Drivers of CitiStat: It's Not Just About the Meetings and the Maps

ABSTRACT CitiStat—Baltimore's performance-management strategy—has been described by many different observers using a variety of different labels and attributing its effectiveness to a variety of different features. Yet, an examination of the underlying mechanisms by which the mayor's leadership team keeps the managers and employees of city agencies focused on improving specific outcomes, suggests a set of different hypotheses based on six core drivers: the active engagement of the city's top executives; the breadth, depth, disaggregation, and “nowness” of the data plus the thorough-ness of the analyses of these data; the perseverence of the questioning, feedback, and follow-up (which is more persistent than relentless); the consequences for both good, poor, and improved performance; the focus on problem solving, continuous experimentation, and learning; and the institutional memory of the city's top executives. None of the drivers in any of these hypotheses is sufficient to make a CitiStat strategy effect...
Function of CD80 and CD86 on monocyte- and stem cell-derived dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) consist of a heterogeneous population of hematopoietic cells characterized by their unique dendritic morphology, their efficient antigen-presenting capability to activate naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as their lack of lineage-specific markers. Functional properties comparing umbilical cord blood monocyte-derived and umbilical cord blood stem cell-derived DCs have not yet been investigated. Human umbilical cord blood CD14+ monocytes and CD34+ stem cells were induced to differentiate into dendritic cells using 100 ng/mL granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 25 ng/mL interleukin (II)-4, 2.5 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and 100 ng/mL GM-CSF, 25 ng/mL stem cell factor, and 2.5 ng/mL TNF-alpha, respectively. Differentiated dendritic cells were CD80+, CD86+, CD83+, CD54+, CD1a+, CD11b+, CD11c+, HLA-DR+, CD34-, CD3-, CD19-, CD14-, and CD16-. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that differentiating monocytes initially expressed CD86 mRNA while CD80 mRNA appeared on Day 2. Differentiating stem cells expressed both CD80 and CD86 mRNA on Day 2 of culture. Mixed lymphocyte reaction was employed to evaluate the two types of lineage-derived DCs. Monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to CD80 and CD86 were employed to assess their costimulatory roles. CD14 and CD34 derived DCs prior to the functional assay were stimulated for 18 h with 0.1 and 1.0 mg/mL Escherichia coli lipopolyssacharide, respectively. A decrease in stimulation as depicted by decreased T-cell activation was significant with mabs to both CD80 and CD86 on monocyte-derived DCs while only mabs to CD86 induced decreased T-cell activation by stem cell-derived DCs. The varied functional role of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules is associated with DC differentiation from distinct cord blood-isolated hematopoietic lineages. These studies demonstrate that DC association with distinct hematopoietic lineages is of relevance in transplantation and vaccine therapies.
Controlled polymerization of α-methyl-β-pentyl-β-propiolactone by a discrete zinc alkoxide complex

We report the zinc(II) alkoxide-mediated ring opening polymerization of α-methyl-β-pentyl-β-propiolactone. The polymerization proceeds to high conversion and in the absence of significant transesterification to yield polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. Poly(α-methyl-β-pentyl-β-propiolactone), PMPP, is an amorphous, low glass transition material that forms immiscible blends with polylactide (PLA). PMPP-b-PLA diblock copolymers, for use as potential blend compatibilizers, were synthesized in a controlled manner by sequential monomer addition.
The Use of Laboratory Sections in the Teaching of Introductory Psychology

(1948). The Use of Laboratory Sections in the Teaching of Introductory Psychology. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 289-298.
Lycopene metabolism and its biological significance

The beneficial effects of a high intake of tomatoes and tomato products on the risk of certain chronic diseases have been presented in many epidemiologic studies, with the suggestion that lycopene (a major carotenoid in tomatoes) is a micronutrient with important health benefits. Within the past few years, we have gained greater knowledge of the metabolism of lycopene and the biological effects of lycopene derivatives. In particular, the characterization and study of β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase has shown that this enzyme can catalyze the excentric cleavage of both provitamin and non-provitamin A carotenoids to form apo-10'-carotenoids, including apo-10'-lycopenoids from lycopene. This raised an important question of whether the effect of lycopene on various cellular functions and signaling pathways is a result of the direct actions of intact lycopene or its derivatives. Several reports, including our own, support the notion that the biological activities of lycopene can be mediated by apo-10'-lycopenoids. More research is clearly needed to identify and characterize additional lycopene metabolites and their biological activities, which will potentially provide invaluable insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of lycopene in humans.
Inductively-coupled plasma axial viewing absorption technique with linear-flow coolant gas

In the present study, a «see-through» ICP torch which incorporates linear-flow argon coolant gas and a 3 mm inside diameter sample tube has been designed for use in atomic absorption measurements. This note describes the evaluation of the use of this see-through torch design for the determination of Ag, Cu, Au, Mg and Ca by atomic absorption in an ICP
Experimental intra-articular calcaneal fractures: anatomic basis for a new classification.

Experimental calcaneus fractures were produced by axially loading 18 specimens. Anatomic dissections were performed and documented. Two constant primary fracture lines were identified, dividing the...
The geographic, taxonomic and temporal distribution of determinate growth in marine gastropods

Many marine gastropods are characterized by determinate growth, as inferred from the presence of unique terminal elaborations of the shell's aperture. Although determinate growth has evolved repeatedly in most major gastropod clades, it is especially frequent among siphonate caenogastropods. Analyses of shallow-water assemblages show that the incidence of species with determinate growth is far higher in the tropics (especially the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans) than at higher latitudes. Compilations of fossil assemblages from warm-water environments indicate that, although determinate growth occurred in some Palaeozoic gastropods, it became widespread only in the Neogene. In some groups, terminal apertural elaborations arose in lineages whose growth was more or less continuous and indeterminate, but in others it was derived either from or was ancestral to episodic growth. The hypothesis that periodic or terminal apertural elaborations evolved as a means to dispose of calcium carbonate once growth in the spiral direction ceased is rejected in favour of functional interpretations. Among the latter, the roles of modified apertures in defence and in mate recognition are explored, but no firm conclusion regarding the latter possibility can be drawn owing to our ignorance of mate recognition in gastropods.
Computational analysis of effects of blade shapes on tip-vortices

The multigrid TLNS3DR CFD code is used to perform a tilt rotor tip-shape analysis under hovering motion to study tip-vortex formation and characteristics. Effects of tip shapes on tip-vortex strength and aerodynamic forces are computationally studied by replacing the blade baseline tip with three other advanced tip planforms. Solutions in terms of the tip vortex characteristics and aerodynamic forces are presented. It is found that the presence of double vortices on Ogee-type and sub-wing tips does reduce strength of vortices, and then hopefully to reduce BVI noise.
Chronic binge ethanol consumption accelerates progression of simian immunodeficiency virus disease.

Background: While alcohol consumption is known to increase the incidence and severity of infections, the impact of alcohol consumption on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression has been difficult to assess. Therefore, we examined the effect of ethanol on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) disease progression in a well-defined model utilizing rhesus macaques. Methods: Alcohol was administered for 5 hours via an indwelling intragastric catheter to achieve an alcohol concentration of 50 to 60 mM for 4 consecutive days per week for the duration of the study. Control animals received isocaloric sucrose. After 3 months, animals were inoculated intravenously with 10,000 times the ID50 of SIVDeltaB670 and followed to end-stage disease. Results: Plasma SIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) was higher in alcohol-consuming animals compared with sucrose-treated animals during the early asymptomatic stage of disease but not at later time points. This increase in viral set point was associated with more rapid progression to end-stage disease in macaques administered alcohol (median=374 days) compared with sucrose (median=900 days). The decline in blood CD4+ cells was similar in both groups of animals. Conclusions: This study indicates that frequent episodes of alcohol intoxication in SIV+ macaques increase viral set point in association with more rapid development of end-stage disease.
COMMUTING GAZES: SCHOOLGIRLS, SALARYMEN, AND ELECTRIC TRAINS IN TOKYO

In early 20th century Tokyo, female secondary school students and middle-class businessmen emerged from social, ideological, and economic changes and commuted from suburbia to inner-city schools and offices by electric train. Railways and trams became places for observing and being observed, and female passengers were often the objects of unwelcome attention. Increased use of urban transport extended the opportunities for men and women to work, study, and interact, but trains were, at times, the site of urban pathology or seduction, symbolic of the modernizing city itself. The historical concurrence and interrelationship of the proliferation of new gender roles in Tokyo, the expansion of transport networks, and the rise of the suburbs in the years after the war with Russia were depicted in the writings of the times. This article discusses Tayama Katai's 'The Girl Fetish' (1909), a story of a commuter's fatal obsession with schoolgirls that depicts and reacts to these historical changes.
Novel monoclonal antibodies to study tissue regeneration in planarians

Planarians are an attractive model organism for studying stem cell-based regeneration due to their ability to replace all of their tissues from a population of adult stem cells. The molecular toolkit for planarian studies currently includes the ability to study gene function using RNA interference (RNAi) and observe gene expression via in situ hybridizations. However, there are few antibodies available to visualize protein expression, which would greatly enhance analysis of RNAi experiments as well as allow further characterization of planarian cell populations using immunocytochemistry and other immunological techniques. Thus, additional, easy-to-use, and widely available monoclonal antibodies would be advantageous to study regeneration in planarians. We have created seven monoclonal antibodies by inoculating mice with formaldehyde-fixed cells isolated from dissociated 3-day regeneration blastemas. These monoclonal antibodies can be used to label muscle fibers, axonal projections in the central and peripheral nervous systems, two populations of intestinal cells, ciliated cells, a subset of neoblast progeny, and discrete cells within the central nervous system as well as the regeneration blastema. We have tested these antibodies using eight variations of a formaldehyde-based fixation protocol and determined reliable protocols for immunolabeling whole planarians with each antibody. We found that labeling efficiency for each antibody varies greatly depending on the addition or removal of tissue processing steps that are used for in situ hybridization or immunolabeling techniques. Our experiments show that a subset of the antibodies can be used alongside markers commonly used in planarian research, including anti-SYNAPSIN and anti-SMEDWI, or following whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments. The monoclonal antibodies described in this paper will be a valuable resource for planarian research. These antibodies have the potential to be used to better understand planarian biology and to characterize phenotypes following RNAi experiments. In addition, we present alterations to fixation protocols and demonstrate how these changes can increase the labeling efficiencies of antibodies used to stain whole planarians.
System-development matrix for adaptive management of coastal ecosystem restoration projects

Abstract Ecological performance of coastal habitat and ecosystem restoration projects is not yet predictable with great certainty. The simple method developed in this paper applies the principles of adaptive management to coastal ecosystem restoration to improve the ability to assess performance and make informed decisions on how to improve performance. The method uses a system-development matrix to assist in identifying the state of the system for which restorative actions were applied. The matrix defines development in terms of structure and function, but can accommodate other performance and development characteristics. Monitoring of the system provides input on the state of the system. Phrases in the matrix provide plausible explanations for the condition of the system and point toward possible actions to be taken. The matrix is applied using examples from community development on dredged material, a seagrass system and tidal marsh system. It is recommended that the matrix be developed by all interested parties during the planning phase. This group can then utilize the matrix for managing the project.
Stretching and welding indecomposable quadratic forms

Methods are presented for the construction of new indecomposable definite quadratic forms over ℤ from given ones. For example, the well-known positive definite even unimodular form of rank 8 is shown to belong to an infinite family of inequivalent indecomposable forms of rank 8. The arguments involve the use of nonorthogonal sums of forms, with special attention to the effect of these sums on irreducible vectors.
Effect of propylthiouracil on the ratio of the radioiodide concentrations in thyroid gland and serum in normal and hypophysectomized rats.

RECENT studies by Wollman and Scow (1953) on mice indicated that when binding of iodine was blocked by a single injection of propylthiouracil the ratio of the radioiodide concentrations in the thyroid gland and serum (T/S ratio) was greater than when binding was permitted. This paper reports similar data for normal and hypophysectomized rats. methods Experiments were performed on male Holtzman rats, 3 months of age. The rats were fed a lactating diet2 (Scow, 1953) since weaning. The iodine content of this diet was not measured. It was not low enough to cause thyroid enlargement (Table 1), but was low enough to yield rats with active thyroids as evidenced by high radioiodine uptakes and high T/S ratios. Rats were 30 days of age when they were hypophysectomized through the parapharyngeal approach. Completeness of hypophysectomy was ascertained by visual inspection of the region of the sella turcica for pituitary fragments using a binocular microscope at 9 × magnification.
Prenatal and lactational transmission of Toxocara cams and Ancylostoma caninum: Experimental infection of the bitch at midpregnancy and at parturition

Abstract The degree of prenatal transmission and both the degree and longevity of lactogenic transmission of Toxocara canis , and Ancylostoma caninum to pups were studied in Beagle bitches which were experimentally infected with both parasites at either mid-pregnancy or within 48 h following parturition. Pups born to infected bitches were removed at birth and raised by a surrogate parasite-free mother until 4 weeks of age when pups were necropsied to determine prenatal infections. At the beginning of each week of lactation, a new group of four parasite-free pups was placed with each infected bitch. After nursing an infected bitch for 1 week, each group was transferred to an uninfected bitch for at least 3 additional weeks of nursing after which the pups were necropsied to recover and tabulate parasites acquired lactationally from the infected bitch. When bitches were infected at mid-pregnancy, 95.5% of the ascarids were transmitted prenatally to their own off-spring and 4.5% of the asearids were transmitted lactationally to weekly rotated pups. Ascarids were transmitted via the milk during each of 5 weeks of lactation, with transmission of consistently higher numbers during weeks 1–3 than in weeks 4 and 5. Infection of bitches at parturition denied ascarids the prenatal route of transmission but resulted in greater numbers of ascarids being passed through the milk for each of 4 consecutive weeks of lactation. Transmission of hookworms was solely by the lactational route. With mid-pregnancy infections, a significantly higher number of hookworms (63.1 %) were transmitted during the first of 5 weeks of lactation; progressively fewer were passed in subsequent weeks. With infections at parturition, only 27.8% of hookworms were transmitted through the milk during the first week of nursing but large numbers were transferred in weeks 2 (36.9%) and 3 (26.7%). The quantity of parasites transmitted in the milk was not significantly different among weeks 1, 2 and 3.
Design and motion analysis of tetrahedral rolling robot

A novel robot mechanism-tetrahedral rolling robot is introduced in the paper. The robot comprises of six extension struts and four node flats. When the COG of tetrahedron exceeds the stability region, the robot will roll. The structure of the tetrahedral rolling robot is described. Designing method of the robot is given, and it is proved correct and feasible through experiment. Kinematic model in different motion phase is analyzed in the paper, and the rolling critical condition is formulated. The effectiveness of the method is testified through simulation. The study of the paper will provide important reference for the dynamic analysis, optimization design and control of the tetrahedral rolling robot.
The glucuronic acid pathway in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus rathbun: The enzymes of the udpglucose to glucuronic acid portion of the pathway

Abstract 1. 1. Several enzymes of the glucuronic acid pathway were studied in the 7200–12,800 g fraction isolated from the digestive gland of the blue crab. 2. 2. UDPglucose dehydrogenase was observed to reduce NAD when UDPG was the substrate. UDPglucuronic acid acted as substrate for both UDPGApyrophosphatase and UDPGAglucuronyltransferase. EDTA inhibited UDPGA-pyrophosphatase which resulted in increased glucuronide formation. Alkaline phosphatase activity was linear with respect to increased concentration of p- nitrophenyl -β- d - glucuronide . Saccharo-1,4-lactone was observed to have a g great inhibitory effect upon β-glucuronidase. 3. 3. More substrate appears to be utilized via the UDPGA→GA-1-P→GA than UDPGA→glucoronide→GA sequence of reactions because pyrophosphatase activity is greater than transferase activity. 4. 4. It appears, therefore, that the UDPglucose to glucuronic acid part of the glucuronic acid pathway in the blue crab is similar to that reported in mammals.
Meta-analysis of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes After Arthroscopic Single-Row Versus Double-Row Rotator Cuff Repair

Context: Double-row rotator cuff repair methods have improved biomechanical performance when compared with single-row repairs.
A miniature, directional surface-fence gage for three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer measurements

A new miniature (3.175 mm overall diameter) surface-fence gage was developed to measure simultaneously the magnitude and direction of wall shear stress under three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. Two fence elements were placed orthogonal to each other on the end surface of the gage. The gage was calibrated for its directional and magnitude sensitivities. It was then tested under an axisymmetric swirling boundary layer, subject to a sudden transverse strain. The advantage of the gage was demonstrated, and excellent agreement was obtained with the results from surface oil flow interferometry and velocity field measurements. The results also compared well with numerical computations.
Linking Chromosome Abnormality and Copy Number Variation

Nine out of 10 people has a chromosome copy number variation (CNV) of >1,000 bp of DNA. In some cases they are inconsequential, in other cases the variations cause disease or disability, and in most cases the relevance has not been elucidated. Several studies describe CNVs as ‘‘normal’’ biological variants while other studies suggest that CNVs may be associated with developmental disability. A concerted effort is needed to classify genes according to their dosage sensitivity, or to their lack of sensitivity. Over time, this effort will lead to the establishment of principles that permit the prediction of the consequence of any one genomic copy number change. 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tropical Montane Forest Restoration in Costa Rica: Overcoming Barriers to Dispersal and Establishment

Tropical forests are being cleared at an alarming rate although our understanding of their ecology is limited. It is therefore essential to design restoration experiments that both further our basic knowledge of tropical ecology and inform management strategies to facilitate recovery of these ecosystems. Here we synthesize the results of research on tropical montane forest recovery in abandoned pasture in Costa Rica to address the following questions: (1) What factors limit tropical forest recovery in abandoned pasture? and (2) How can we use this information to design strategies to facilitate ecosystem recovery? Our results indicate that a number of factors impede tropical forest recovery in abandoned pasture land. The most important barriers are lack of dispersal of forest seeds and seedling competition with pasture grasses. High seed predation, low seed germination, lack of nutrients, high light intensity, and rabbit herbivory also affect recovery. Successful strategies to facilitate recovery in abandoned pastures must simultaneously overcome numerous obstacles. Our research shows that establishment of woody species, either native tree seedlings or early-successional shrubs, can be successful in facilitating recovery, by enhancing seed dispersal and shading out pasture grasses. On the contrary, bird perching structures alone are not an effective strategy, because they only serve to enhance seed dispersal but do not reduce grass cover. Remnant pasture trees can serve as foci of natural recovery and may enhance growth of planted seedlings. Our results highlight the importance of: (1) understanding the basic biology of an ecosystem to design effective restoration strategies; (2) comparing results across a range of sites to determine which restoration strategies are most generally useful; and (3) considering where best to allocate efforts in large-scale restoration projects.
Resolving Semantic Interference During Word Production Requires Central Attention

The semantic picture-word interference task has been used to diagnose how speakers resolve competition while selecting words for production. The attentional demands of this resolution process were assessed in two dual-task experiments (tone classification followed by picture naming). In Experiment 1, when pictures and distractor words were presented simultaneously, semantic interference was not observed when tasks maximally overlapped. This replicates a key finding from the literature that suggested that semantic picture-word interference does not require capacity-limited central attentional resources and occurs prior to lexical selection, an interpretation that runs counter to the claims of all major theories of word production. In another Experiment 1 condition, when distractors were presented 250 ms after pictures, interference emerged when tasks maximally overlapped. Together, these findings support an account in which interference resolution and lexical selection both require central resources, but the activation of lexical representations from written words does not. Subsequent analysis revealed that discrepant results obtained in previous replication attempts may be attributable to differences in phonological (ir)regularity between languages. In Experiment 2, degree of semantic interference was manipulated using the cumulative semantic interference paradigm. Interference was observed regardless of task overlap, confirming that lexical selection requires central resources. Together, these findings indicate that a lexical selection locus of semantic picture-word interference – and models of word production that assume such a locus – may be retained.
GM1-Gangliosidosis: Ocular and Pathological Manifestations

THE PURPOSE of this paper is to present, for the first time, the ocular pathological manifestations of infantile or type 1 GM1-gangliosidosis (also known as generalized gangliosidosis). In addition, the clinical aspects of this disease will be discussed, since it has important ocular manifestations, but has received only one brief mention in the ophthalmic literature.1 GM1-gangliosidosis is one of the inborn errors of metabolism, associated with the abnormal storage of two substances, one a ganglioside, and the other a mucopolysaccharide. More than 20 established cases now appear in the literature.2-15In none of these were the eyes examined histopathologically. The earliest well-documented reports of GM1-gangliosidosis appeared in 1959,2,3followed by seven cases in 1964.5However, it was not until 1965 that a storage substance was identified as a ganglioside by O'Brien et al.6An abnormally high accumulation of the ganglioside was
Interaction of Microwaves and a Temporally Incoherent Magnetic Field on Single and Double DNA Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells

The effect of a temporally incoherent magnetic field noise on microwave-induced DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain cells was investigated. Four treatment groups of rats were studied: microwave-exposure (continuous-wave 2450-MHz microwaves, power density 1 mW/cm2, average whole-body specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg), noise-exposure (45 mG), microwave + noise-exposure, and sham-exposure. Animals were exposed to these conditions for 2h. DNA single- and double-strand breaks in brain cells of these animals were assayed 4h later using a microgel electrophoresis assay. Results show that brain cells of microwave-exposed rats had significantly higher levels of DNA single- and double-strand breaks when compared with sham-exposed animals. Exposure to noise alone did not significantly affect the levels (i.e., they were similar to those of the sham-exposed rats). However, simultaneous noise exposure blocked microwave-induced increases in DNA strand breaks. These data indicate that simultaneous exposu...
The Influences of Performance Cues and Observational Focus on Performance Rating Accuracy1

The present study examined the effects of observational focus and performance cues on rating accuracy. It was hypothesized that these two factors would affect ratings independently: a) subjects given a good performance cue would rate the target more positively than subjects given a poor performance cue and, b) subjects using an event focus would rate the target person more accurately than subjects using a person focus. One hundred twenty undergraduates viewed the same videotape and subsequently stated which of a set of 48 behaviors were exhibited by the target person. The results supported the hypothesized performance cue effect. Observational focus did not have the hypothesized main effect on rating accuracy but was involved in a four-way interaction. The interaction indicated that, as the focus of the subject's attention broadened to the entire event, the errors associated with the performance cue effect were lessened. The subjects using an event focus were likely to generate ratings characterized by a positivity bias, whereas those using a person focus were more likely to generate ratings biased by performance cues.
Self-Forgiveness in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

This study investigated whether low levels of self-forgiveness were associated with eating disorder symptomatology. Participating women (N = 51) had diagnoses of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or no eating disorder diagnosis. They completed 3 measures of self-forgiveness. Women with eating disorders had lower levels of self-forgiveness compared with control participants. Results suggest that incorporating self-forgiveness interventions into current eating disorder treatments should be evaluated in future research as they might enhance clinical outcomes.
Synthesis and characterization of Co7(OH)12(C2H4S2O6)(H2O)2—a single crystal structural study of a ferrimagnetic layered cobalt hydroxide

Abstract A novel layered hydrotalcite-like material, Co7(H2O)2(OH)12(C2H4S2O6), has been prepared hydrothermally and the structure determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction (a=6.2752(19) A, b=8.361(3) A, c=9.642(3) A, α=96.613(5)°, β=98.230(5)°, γ=100.673(5)°, R1=0.0551). The structure consists of brucite-like sheets where 1/6 of the octahedral sites are replaced by two tetrahedrally coordinated Co(II) above and below the plane of the layer. Ethanedisulfonate anions occupy the space between layers and provide charge balance for the positively charged layers. The compound is ferrimagnetic, with a Curie temperature of 33 K, Curie–Weiss θ of −31 K, and a coercive field of 881 Oe at 5 K.
Direct pore-to-core up-scaling of displacement processes: Dynamic pore network modeling and experimentation

Summary We present a new dynamic pore network model that is capable of up-scaling two-phase flow processes from pore to core. This dynamic model provides a platform to study various flow processes in porous media at the core scale using the pore-scale physics. The most critical features of this platform include (1) the incorporation of viscous, capillary, and gravity pressure drops in pore-scale displacement thresholds, (2) wetting-phase corner flow in capillary elements with angular cross-sections, (3) adjustments of corner interfaces between wetting and non-wetting phases based on changes in local capillary pressure, (4) simultaneous injection of wetting and non-wetting phases from the inlet of the medium at constant flow rates that makes the study of steady-state processes possible, (5) heavy parallelization using a three-dimensional domain decomposition scheme that enables the study of two-phase flow at the core scale, and (6) constant pressure boundary condition at the outlet. For the validation of the dynamic model, three two-phase miniature core-flooding experiments were performed in a state-of-the-art micro core-flooding system integrated with a high-resolution X-ray micro-CT scanner. The dynamic model was rigorously validated by comparing the predicted local saturation profiles, fractional flow curves, relative permeabilities, and residual oil saturations against their experimental counterparts. The validated dynamic model was then used to study low-IFT and high-viscosity two-phase flow processes and investigate the effect of high capillary number on relative permeabilities and residual oil saturation.
Extended Visual Fixation in Young Infants: Look Distributions, Heart Rate Changes, and Attention

Visual fixation in infants from 3 to 6 months of age was examined for its fit to the theory of "attentional inertia." This theory posits that during the progression of a look there is increasing attention toward the stimulus and an "inertia" to continue looking. An extended audiovisual stimulus was presented for 20 min to infants while fixation was videotaped and heart rate (HR) was recorded. Consistent with the attentional inertia theory, look duration toward the stimulus had a lognormal distribution. Hazard functions describing these distributions showed a decreasing conditional probability of looking away with increases in look duration. Look onset and stimulus changes that occurred within a look were accompanied by HR deceleration. The average HR level continued to decrease over the duration of a look and returned to prestimulus level immediately prior to the fixation offset. Infant fixation has characteristics similar to fixation in children and adults, and attention appears to increase over the course of a look in young infants.
Effects of Tissue Swelling on Macromolecular Transport in Nervous Tissue: A Simulation Analysis

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a promising drug delivery method for treating diseases of the brain and spinal cord. CED infuses therapeutic agents via a cannula directly into the intraparenchymal space, circumventing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and improving drug targeting [1]. CED enhances the transport of macromolecules by introducing convective transport to supplement diffusive transport.© 2007 ASME
Properties of Diazocarbene (CNN) and the Diazomethyl Radical (HCNN) via Ion Chemistry and Spectroscopy

138.4 ( 0.7 kcal mol -1 . We recommend revised experimental values for ¢fH0(HCN) ) 30.9 ( 0.7 kcal mol -1 and ¢fH298(HCN) ) 30.8 ( 0.7 kcal mol -1 and find that the reaction CH ( 2 ƒ) + N2 f HCN + N( 4 S) to be slightly endothermic, ¢rxnH0 ) 1.6 ( 0.7 kcal mol -1 .
Mimetics of Hormetic Agents: Stress-Resistance Triggers:

Mimetics of hormetic agents offer a novel approach to adjust dose to minimize the risk of toxic response, and maximize the benefit of induction of at least partial physiological conditioning. Nature selected and preserved those organisms and triggers that promote tolerance to stress. The induced tolerance can serve to resist that challenge and can repair previous age, disease, and trauma damage as well to provide a more youthful response to other stresses. The associated physiological conditioning may include youthful restoration of DNA repair, resistance to oxidizing pollutants, protein structure and function repair, improved immunity, tissue remodeling, adjustments in central and peripheral nervous systems, and altered metabolism. By elucidating common pathways activated by hormetic agent’s mimetics, new strategies for intervention in aging, disease, and trauma emerge. Intervention potential in cancer, diabetes, age-related diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease are possible. Some hormetic mimetics exist in pathways in primitive organisms and are active or latent in humans. Peptides, oligonucleotides, and hormones are among the mimetics that activate latent resistance to radiation, physical endurance, strength, and immunity to physiological condition tolerance to stress. Co-activators may be required for expression of the desired physiological conditioning health and rejuvenation benefits.
Preliminary results from comparisons of redundant tiltmeters at three sites in central california

(Accepted for publication March 24, 1978) ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey has been operating a network of shallow-borehole tiltmeters in central California since June 1973. At six sites redundant instruments have been installed as a check on data coherency. These include the Sage Ranch, Tres Pinos, New Idria, Aromas, Bear Valley and San Juan Bautista tiltmeter sites. Preliminary results from the comparison of redundant data from the Aromas, Bear Valley and San Juan Bautista sites for periods of eight, three and seven months respectively, suggest that short-period tilt signals in the range 5 min T +8 to 10 +6 rad, but not including step offsets, show excellent agreement on closely spaced instruments. Agreement is not as good in this period range for instruments at San Juan Bautista with a separation of 200 m. Signals of interest observed in this period range include coseismic tilts, teleseisms and tilts associated with creep events. Tilt signals in the period range 3-5 h T +6 rad and wavelengths down to at least the instrument separation at the closely spaced sites (~several meters). Regarding longer-term coherency, the instruments at San Juan Bautista with 200-m spacing, agree within 0.5 μrad for the N—S component and 0.7 μrad for the E—W component for a period of two months. The closely spaced redundant instruments at Aromas agree within 2 μrad for the N—S component and 1 μrad for the E—W component for the eight-month period of operation. Data from the three sites have been checked for effects of temperature, atmospheric pressure and rainfall. The latter appears to be critically site dependent. The worst case tilts for 1 inch of rainfall can be more than 1 μrad with a duration of a few days to a week. Typical rain-induced tilts are less than 0.3 μrad for 1 inch of rain. The two instruments at the Sage Ranch site have been in operation for the longest period. However, they have shown local site or ground instability, high drift and lack of coherency since installation. Data are not yet available from the Tres Pinos or New Idria instruments. Deeper installation appears necessary for these instruments and two alternative methods of tiltmeter emplacement are currently being tested in an attempt to evaluate the depth, spatial and temporal dependency of surface tilt sources.
The range of attractant concentrations for bacterial chemotaxis and the threshold and size of response over this range. Weber law and related phenomena.

Attractant was added to a suspension of bacteria (the background concentration of attractant) and then these bacteria were exposed to a yet higher concentration of attractant in a capillary. Chemotaxis was measured by determining how many bacteria accumulated in the capillary. The response range for chemotaxis lies between the threshold concentration and the saturating concentration. The breadth of this range is different for attractants detected by different chemoreceptors. Attractants detected by the same chemoreceptor can have their response ranges in widely different places. Over the center of the response range (on a logarithmic scale), bacteria give similar sized responses to similar fractional increases of concentration, i.e. they respond to ratios of attractant concentration, but the response peaks at the center of the range. The size of the response is different for attractants detected by different chemoreceptors. For a detectable response, a smaller increase in attractant concentration is needed for attractants detected by some chemoreceptors than for attractants detected by others. Although the data are inadequate, it appears that the Weber law may be observed over a wide range of concentrations for some attractants but not for others. In the Appendix we aim to explain some of these results in terms of the interaction of an attractant with its chemoreceptor according to the law of mass action.