cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of solar-wind induced potential sputtering to the lunar surface erosion rate and it’s exosphere

Abstract Sputtering of lunar regolith by solar-wind protons and heavy ions with kinetic energies of about 1 keV/amu is an important erosive process that affects the lunar surface and exosphere. It plays an important role in changing the chemical composition and thickness of the surface layer, and in introducing material into the exosphere. Kinetic sputtering is well modeled and understood, but understanding of mechanisms of potential sputtering has lagged behind. In this study we differentiate the contributions of potential sputtering from the standard (kinetic) sputtering in changing the chemical composition and erosion rate of the lunar surface. Also we study the contribution of potential sputtering in developing the lunar exosphere. Our results show that potential sputtering enhances the total characteristic sputtering erosion rate by about 44%, and reduces sputtering time scales by the same amount. Potential sputtering also introduces more material into the lunar exosphere.
Ethnic Variations in Psychosocial and Health Correlates of Eating Disorders

The aim of this study is to explore ethnic variations in psychosocial and health correlates of eating disorders in the United States, Specifically, we compared associations between gender, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), physical and mental self-rated health (SRH), and major depressive disorder (MDD) with eating disorders (EDs) across 10 different ethnic groups in the United States. Data was obtained from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), a national household probability sample collected in 2001–2003. Data for this study included a sample of 17,729 individuals with the following ethnic profile: 520 Vietnamese, 508 Filipino, 600 Chinese, 656 Other Asian, 577 Cuban, 495 Puerto Rican, 1442 Mexican, 1106 Other Hispanic, 4746 African American, and 7587 Non-Latino Whites. Gender, SES (education and income), BMI, SRH, MDD, and presence of EDs were measured across different ethnic groups. Logistic regression analysis was conducted for each ethnic group with lifetime EDs as the main outcome. Ethnic group varied in psychosocial and health correlates of EDs. In most ethnic groups, gender and SES were not associated with EDs. In almost all ethnic groups, EDs were associated with MDD and BMI. EDs were found to be associated with SRH in half of the ethnic groups studied. The associations between gender, SES, BMI, SRH, MDD, and EDs vary across different ethnic groups. These differences must be considered in further studies and in clinical practice in order to improve our approach towards diagnosis and treatment of EDs.
Virtual reality method to analyze visual recognition in mice

Behavioral tests have been extensively used to measure the visual function of mice. To determine how precisely mice perceive certain visual cues, it is necessary to have a quantifiable measurement of their behavioral responses. Recently, virtual reality tests have been utilized for a variety of purposes, from analyzing hippocampal cell functionality to identifying visual acuity. Despite the widespread use of these tests, the training requirement for the recognition of a variety of different visual targets, and the performance of the behavioral tests has not been thoroughly characterized. We have developed a virtual reality behavior testing approach that can essay a variety of different aspects of visual perception, including color/luminance and motion detection. When tested for the ability to detect a color/luminance target or a moving target, mice were able to discern the designated target after 9 days of continuous training. However, the quality of their performance is significantly affected by the complexity of the visual target, and their ability to navigate on a spherical treadmill. Importantly, mice retained memory of their visual recognition for at least three weeks after the end of their behavioral training.
Return Predictability and Efficient Market Hypothesis: Evidence from Iceland

The authors examine whether technical analysis has predictive power in the case of the OMX Iceland All-Share Index. If trading rules have predictive power, could a trader design a strategy to beat the profitability of the buy-and-hold strategy, considering transaction costs and risk? The authors use four trading rules and test their profitability in the case of the OMX Iceland All-Share Index for the period from April 30, 1999 through December 30, 2016. They first conclude that trading rules have predictive power. They then design four strategies for each trading rule and conclude that it is possible to exploit the predictive power of these rules. Finally, they consider both risk and transaction costs of various trading rules and find three rules—MA200, MA150, and MACD—that can beat the buy-and-hold strategy for the entire period and each subperiod, even considering risk and transaction costs.
Evaluating the Phonology of Nicaraguan Sign Language: Preprimer and Primer Dolch Words

Over the past 30-years linguists have been witnessing the birth and evolution of a language, Idioma de Senas de Nicaragua (ISN), in Nicaragua, and have initiated and documented the syntax and grammar of this new language. Research is only beginning to emerge on the implications of ISN on the education of deaf/hard of hearing children in Nicaragua. The purpose of this comparative exploratory field study was to evaluate preprimer and primer Dolch sight words and sign language frequency between English, American Sign Language (ASL), Spanish and Idioma de Senas de Nicaragua (ISN). The research focused on word and sign frequencies between the languages and used Stokoe’s parameters of location, hand shape, and movement to study the phonology of the signs. ISN has been closely evaluated over the first few decades of its existence. This study is meant to serve as a foundation for examining the use of ISN as a means toward achieving literacy for deaf/hard of hearing students in Nicaragua. The rate of deafness in Nicaragua is much higher than in the United States (Polich, 2005). Unsanitary hospitals in Nicaragua are a leading factor in babies contracting sepsis requiring a powerful dose of the antibiotic gentamicin. Additional risk factors in rural Nicaragua include maternal infection during pregnancy, poor perinatal health care, prematurity, and gentamicin exposure. Heightened blood levels of gentamicin are associated with increased incidences of severe/profound deafness, vision problems and/or balance difficulties and with unrestricted access to the drug, there are higher numbers of individuals with hearing loss in Nicaragua Polich, 2005). Despite the elevated rate of deafness in Nicaragua, Idioma de Senas de Nicaragua (ISN) is only now an evolving sign language that is less than 30-years old. To date, most research has focused on proving that ISN is indeed a language (Senghas & Coppola, 2001).
AI Intelligence for the Grid 16 Years Later: Progress, Challenges and Lessons for Other Sectors

How could the “new AI” based on neural networks and deep learning be applied to the electric power grid, so as to get maximum benefit from the new technology, and serve as a model for how to organize the new Internet of Things (IOT) in general? The first of these questions was already assessed in great detail in workshops organized jointly by NSF and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 2002 [1], drawing on new technologies which included today's deep learning but also more advanced technologies in the same family [2]. The NSTC (White House) Smart Grid policy of June 2011 cited [1] in stating: “NSF is currently supporting research to develop a '4th generation intelligent grid' that would use intelligent system-wide optimization to allow up to 80% of electricity to come from renewable sources and 80% of cars to be pluggable electric vehicles (PEV) without compromising reliability, and at minimum cost to the Nation.” This paper gives some highlights of the progress made, the open challenges, and important connections to the larger needs of humanity, in that order. The synergy between new intelligence, new technology for cybersecurity [3] and new physical hardware [4] is essential to maximum success, and even to the very survival of our endangered species. Lessons from the power grid are essential to better understanding of urgent challenges central to the IOT in general [5].
Antimutagenic, antitumor and estrogen receptor binding activity of the rare plant Shortia galacifolia: An ethnobotanical and chemosystematic approach.

Objective: Shortia and other members of the Diapensiaceae family have ethnomedicinal history in both Eastern and Western hemispheres. Based on ethnopharmacological and chemosystematic evidence, pharmacological and toxicological bioassays were conducted on the rare plant Oconee Bell, Shortia galacifolia. Materials and Methods: Extracts were examined in assays for antimutagenicity, antitumor and estrogen receptor (ER)-binding activity. Antitumor activity was assessed by the tumor induction assay (TiA), using Agrobacterium tumefaciens based on its ability to transform plant tissue. Antimutagenicity was examined using the Ames bacterial reverse mutation test. Recombinant human ERα and ERβ proteins were utilized to screen extracts for receptor selectivity. Results: All concentrations of extracts inhibited A. tumefaciens-induced tumor formation on potato discs, with the mature rhizome extracts having the most marked inhibition. All three plant extracts significantly inhibited the formation of histidine-independent revertant colonies after exposure to the mutagen 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay. In the ER binding assays, ERβ, but not ERα, displayed affinity for Shortia extracts. Conclusion: Antitumor, ER binding and antimutagenic activities of S. galacifolia extracts were identified using rapid bench-top assays and warrant further investigations.
Energy Finite Element Analysis for Computing the High Frequency Vibration of the Aluminum Testbed Cylinder and Correlating the Results to Test Data

The Energy Finite Element Analysis (EFEA) is a finite element based computational method for high frequency vibration and acoustic analysis. The EFEA solves with finite elements governing differential equations for energy variables. These equations are developed from wave equations. Recently, an EFEA method for computing high frequency vibration of structures either in vacuum or in contact with a dense fluid has been presented. The presence of fluid loading has been considered through added mass and radiation damping. The EFEA developments were validated by comparing EFEA results to solutions obtained by very dense conventional finite element models and solutions from classical techniques such as statistical energy analysis (SEA) and the modal decomposition method for bodies of revolution. EFEA results have also been compared favorably with test data for the vibration and the radiated noise generated by a large scale submersible vehicle. The primary variable in EFEA is defined as the time averaged over a period and space averaged over a wavelength energy density. A joint matrix computed from the power transmission coefficients is utilized for coupling the energy density variables across any discontinuities, such as change of plate thickness, plate/stiffener junctions etc. When considering the high frequency vibration of a periodically stiffened plate or cylinder, the flexural wavelength is smaller than the interval length between two periodic stiffeners, therefore the stiffener stiffness can not be smeared by computing an equivalent rigidity for the plate or cylinder. The periodic stiffeners must be regarded as coupling components between periodic units. In this paper, Periodic Structure (PS) theory is utilized for computing the coupling joint matrix and for accounting for the periodicity characteristics.
Unified fracture, stress and permeability studies

Coreholes can be used to determinein situ fracture (or joint) system, state of stress, and rock permeability by utilizing only one set of equipment. A “straddle packer”, consisting of two inflatable rubber sleeves, is lowered to specified depths in the core hole and permeability tests by either the “constant head” or “pulse” methods are conducted. The same set-up is then used for hydrofracturing stress measurements. An “impression packer” is subsequently lowered to obtain hydrofracture orientation and complete the stress measuremens. The same tool is also used to orient key natural fractures, which together with a “scribe fracture logging” of the core help define the joint sets in the rock mass. Case histories are cited.
To Verify or to Disengage: Coping with “Fake News” and Ambiguity

In the United States, media that is politically fragmented, distrusted, or labeled as “fake” has amplified an atmosphere of uncertainty surrounding the current moment of partisan division and demographic change. This study uses a communication ecology framework to examine how audiences grapple with pervasive ambiguity as they navigate their media and communication resources. Drawing from a series of 13 focus groups looking at news and social media habits in four U.S. regions, this study explores how residents are adapting their media and communication practices within their communication ecologies. It reveals how residents cycle between verifying information and disengaging from news to relieve stress, and it explores possible pathways to resolve ambiguity.
Bicuspid aortic valve repair: systematic review on long-term outcomes.

Background: Many patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) develop aortic regurgitation but are not considered for valve repair. This is partly due to limited long term data regarding repair durability. The purpose of the review is to summarize the long-term (1 year) outcomes of BAV repair. Methods: A systematic review was performed to evaluate durability and survival following BAV repair. OVID SP versions of MEDLINE and Embase were searched using ‘aortic valve’, ‘bicuspid’, ‘repair’, ‘David’ ‘Yacoub’, ‘reimplantation’ and ‘remodeling’. Results: Initial search produced 770 abstracts, reduced to 92 full papers for review after excluding duplications and abstract review for relevance. Twenty-six studies met full inclusion criteria. BAV repair revealed low operative mortality, with excellent 5-year survival, and low freedom from reoperation. Differences in surgical technique between reimplantation and remodeling do not appear to confer protection against reintervention. Systematic assessment of cusp height and annular stabilization in some form do appear to favor improved long term durability. Leaflet calcification is associated with higher rates of reintervention. Conclusions: BAV repair is associated with acceptable long term survival. Ongoing standardized outcome assessments will further refine surgical techniques associated with excellent repair durability.
Cognitive Components of Flow States and Applications to Video Game Design: A Brief Framework

The concept of flow is central to many fields including video game design, but the phenomenon is poorly understood scientifically, with no agreement on the cognitive components underlying it. In this paper, we present a cognitive science-based model of the flow experience that puts the processing of information at its core. For this, we identify key theories from the literature and propose two hypotheses about the cognitive processes?the "conditions"?underlying flow's phenomenology. We then describe the mechanisms that facilitate the fulfillment of these conditions and propose a small number of design heuristics for eliciting flow in video games. Finally, we consider some of our model's implications for the traditional interpretation of the phenomenon and discuss the need to test our framework with empirical studies.
Providing Broader Sixth Amendment Protections: We Can Afford to Give Indigent Defendants More

Though the Framers intended for the Sixth Amendment to secure criminal defendants’ right to a fair trial by providing them with the right to effective assistance of counsel, the full right to effective assistance of counsel is not currently guaranteed. A recent Sixth Circuit case, Turner v. United States, held that a defendant does not have the right to effective assistance of counsel until the right to counsel attaches. This is troubling given that in Turner, the defendant, John Turner, received a sentence ten years greater than the sentence he would have received but for his state counsel’s ineffectiveness. The Sixth Circuit rejected Turner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim because under current jurisprudence, the right to counsel has a bright-line rule: it does not attach until an indictment is brought or the defendant is brought before a judge. Turner’s attorney for his state case negotiated a plea deal with federal prosecutors before a federal indictment was brought, and therefore, the right to counsel did not attach in the federal case. Thus, Turner did not have the right to effective assistance of counsel. This tension between ineffective assistance of counsel and when the right to such counsel attaches is striking: it deprives criminal defendants of a Sixth Amendment right. Courts can resolve this tension, however, by recognizing that (1) effective assistance of counsel is an independent Sixth Amendment right; (2) the right to counsel raises different administrative and fairness concerns than effective assistance of counsel; and (3) courts apply the different strands of the Sixth Amendment independently, differently, and respective of the concerns the particular case raises. Furthermore, courts should promptly resolve this tension because the racial disparity in outcomes indicates that Turner situations will fall unevenly along poor and minority lines. The Sixth Amendment will not completely and effectively fulfill its purpose of guaranteeing criminal defendants the right to effective assistance of counsel unless it is properly interpreted to protect defendants like John Turner.
Tailoring intermolecular interactions to develop a low-temperature electrolyte system consisting of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and organic solvents

Ionic liquids (ILs) exhibit remarkable properties and great tunability, which make them an attractive class of electrolyte materials for a variety of electrochemical applications. However, despite the promising progress for operating conditions at high temperatures, the development of their low-temperature viability as electrolytes is still limited due to the constrains from thermal and ion transport issues with a drastic decrease in temperature. In this study, we present a liquid electrolyte system based on a mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([BMIM][I]), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), propylene carbonate (PC), and lithium iodide (LiI) and utilize its molecular interactions to tailor its properties for extremely low-temperature sensing applications. In particular, the carbonyl group on both PC and GBL can form hydrogen bonds with the imidazolium cation, as indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the extent of these interactions between ions and molecules was also characterized and quantified via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. More importantly, at the optimal ratio, the organic solvents do not have excess content to form aggregates, which may cause undesired crystallization before the glass transition. The microscopic evolutions of the systems are correlated with their bulk behaviors, leading to improvements in their thermal and transport properties. The optimized formulation of [BMIM][I]/PC/GBL/LiI showed a low glass transition temperature (Tg) of −120 °C and an effectively reduced viscosity of 0.31 Pa s at −75 °C. The electrochemical stability of the electrolyte was also validated to support the targeted iodide/triiodide redox reactions without interference.
Pathogenesis of brain edema and hemorrhage: role of the brain capillary.

It has recently been shown that the endothelial cells in brain capillaries are the anatomic site of the blood-brain barrier, and that these endothelial cells act to maintain a constant composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid.1-3 Defects in brain capillary function appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of brain edema and hemorrhage in a wide variety of diseases. Conditions as diverse as intraventricular hemorrhage of the premature, asphyxia neonatorum, lead poisoning, head injury, Reye9s syndrome, osmolar coma, and the brain edema surrounding a tumor or abscess may all share the common feature of brain capillary failure. In this review, I will consider some recent advances in our understanding of the brain microvasculature that may explain their unusual susceptibility to injury. Brain capillaries have a number of important differences from capillaries in other organs. A schematic of a typical brain capillary is shown in the Figure. Unlike systemic capillaries, the endothelial cells in brain capillaries are joined together by tight junctions.3 These cellular junctions are present around the entire circumference of the capillary tube. The result is a continuous layer of endothelial cells that effectively separate the plasma from the interstitial fluid of the brain. The tight junctions are composed of a series of complex interdigitations that create a barrier so complete that water-soluble molecules and ions are unable to move into the brain between the endothelial cells. In other organs, the capillaries do not have tight junctions, and sugars, amino acids, ions, and drugs readily diffuse between endothelial cells into the interstitial fluid.
A farewell to glaciers: Ecosystem services loss in the Spanish Pyrenees

Glaciers are long-term freshwater reservoirs that contribute to the regulation of water availability throughout the year. In the Pyrenees mountain range, glaciers are predicted to disappear by the mid 21st century if current melting trends continue. The areas downstream from these glaciers have seen a gradual increase in water consumption since the 1980s, mainly due to the conversion of traditional crops to more water-demanding products, expansion of the irrigated agricultural area, and modernization of agricultural techniques that create incentives to spread water use. The steady increase of water consumption is not compatible with the predicted future scenario, where a reduced provision of water as an essential ecosystem service is expected, in particular during the dry summers. In this study, we present an up-to-date outlook on the evolution of the glaciers on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees. We then calculate the melting rate (in volume) of these glaciers in order to estimate their water contributions to their respective watersheds. These results are combined with existing data on water consumption for each watershed, and aiming to offer a more sustainable future for the local population, we propose a set of adaptive measures that have been implemented in other regions where water availability has gradually become an issue. These measures are focused on diversifying the most water-consuming activity in the region (agriculture) to enable a future compatible with the ecosystem services the region is able to provide.
Targeted Program in an Academic Rheumatology Practice to Improve Compliance With Opioid Prescribing Guidelines for the Treatment of Chronic Pain.

OBJECTIVE The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and many state governments have issued guidelines for opioid prescribing for the treatment of chronic noncancer-associated pain. We sought to decrease practice variation and increase compliance with these guidelines in a tertiary academic rheumatology practice by developing an interdisciplinary opioid working group and using electronic health record (EHR)-integrated data feedback. METHODS Division leadership and providers established shared goals at interdisciplinary meetings involving rheumatology, pain medicine, nursing, and pharmacy. Interventions included educational sessions on opioid prescribing guidelines and the sharing of individual de-identified prescribing patterns. An opioid dashboard page within the EHR allowed every provider to see individualized and division-wide data that tracked process measures based on CDC and state-specific guidelines. Baseline data from June to August 2017 were compared with monthly data through December 2018. RESULTS At baseline, 40% of patients had an active opioid agreement (a Pennsylvania guideline and a New Jersey law), 25% had a urine drug screen result within 12 months of their most recent opioid prescription, and 24% had a concurrent benzodiazepine prescription. After 16 months, these percentages improved to 88%, 66%, and 16%, respectively. The average number of opioid tablets prescribed per month decreased from 59,733 to 48,966 (-18%; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Shared goals developed through interdisciplinary input and readily accessible data feedback can markedly increase provider compliance with national and state-specific guidelines for opioid prescribing for the treatment of chronic noncancer-associated pain in rheumatology.
The role of the military in women’s lives

Abstract The military is a critical institutional influence on the life course. This chapter documents changes in American women’s ties to the military across cohorts, and explores how women’s direct and indirect connections to the military shape their lives, in general, and outcomes in later life, in particular. It documents historical trends in women’s military ties and involvement in war efforts, and considers how federal government benefits provided to military personnel and their family members contribute to women’s later-life well-being. These discussions reveal how women’s variable connections to the military, and the ways that military service directly and indirectly influences older women’s lives, are relatively neglected considerations in research on women’s aging.
Skeletal muscle fibers play a functional role in host defense during sepsis in mice.

Skeletal muscles secrete a wide variety of immunologically active cytokines, but the functional significance of this response to in vivo innate immunity is not understood. We addressed this by knocking out the toll receptor adapter protein, Myd88, only in skeletal muscle fibers (skmMyd88KO), and followed male and female mice at 6 and 12 h after peritoneal injection of cecal slurry (CS), a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Because of a previously identified increase in mortality to CS injection, males received ~ 30% lower dose. At 12 h, skmMyd88KO caused significant reductions in a wide variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines, e.g. TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10, compared to strain-matched controls in both males and females. Similar reductions were observed at 6 h in females. SkmMyd88KO led to ~ 40–50% elevations in peritoneal neutrophils at 6 and 12 h post CS in females. At 12 h post CS, skmMyd88KO increased peritoneal monocytes/macrophages and decreased %eosinophils and %basophils in females. SkmMyd88KO also led to significantly higher rates of mortality in female mice but not in males. In conclusion, the results suggest that skeletal muscle Myd88-dependent signal transduction can play functionally important role in normal whole body, innate immune inflammatory responses to peritoneal sepsis.
Finite Interface Dissipation Phase Field Modeling of Ni-Nb Under Additive Manufacturing Conditions

During the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process, the built part undergoes multiple rapid heating-cooling cycles, leading to complex micro structures with nonuniform properties. In the present work, a computational framework, which couples a finite element thermal model to a non-equilibrium phase field model was developed to investigate the rapid solidification micro structure of a Ni-Nb alloy during L-PBF. The framework is utilized to predict the spatial variation of the morphology and size of micro structure as well as the micro segregation in single-track melt pool micro structures obtained under different process conditions. A solidification map demonstrating the variation of micro structural features as a function of the temperature gradient and growth rate is presented. A planar to cellular transition is predicted in the majority of keyhole mode melt pools, while a planar interface is predominant in conduction mode melt pools. The predicted morphology and size of the solidification features agrees well with experimental measurements.
Untested Admissions: Examining Changes in Application Behaviors and Student Demographics Under Test-Optional Policies:

This study examines a diverse set of nearly 100 private institutions that adopted test-optional undergraduate admissions policies between 2005–2006 and 2015–2016. Using comparative interrupted time...
Left atrial strain and function in pediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Background Left atrial (LA) strain and dysfunction are early markers of diastolic dysfunction, associated with poor exercise capacity in adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Literature on assessment of LA mechanics in pediatric HCM is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess LA strain and LA function in pediatric patients who have HCM with (phenotype positive [P+]) and without (genotype positive, phenotype negative [G+P−]) ventricular hypertrophy and evaluate their correlation with exercise stress test parameters. Methods Seventy-eight children (3–25 years of age) with HCM (P+, n = 46; G+P−, n = 32) and 20 healthy control subjects were retrospectively studied. LA conduit function, reservoir function, and pump function were computed using phasic LA volumetric analysis. LA reservoir strain (LASr) and LA contractile strain were measured using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Exercise test findings within 12 months of echocardiography were recorded. Results LA conduit function (36% vs 48%, P Conclusions Children with P+HCM have reduced LA function, measurable by both volumetric and strain analysis. Altered LA mechanics are associated with poor exercise capacity. This study lays the foundation for the evaluation of novel LA parameters in pediatric HCM and warrants larger longitudinal studies to assess its clinical significance.
A Comparison of Nine Primocane Fruiting Raspberry Cultivars for Suitability to a High-Elevation, Arid Climate

A replicated trial, planted in 2011, compared nine primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars for suitability to commercial production in the U.S. Intermountain West. Factors evaluated included annual ...
Native State Fluctuations in a Peroxiredoxin Active Site Match Motions Needed for Catalysis

Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous enzymes that detoxify peroxides and regulate redox signaling. During catalysis, a ‘peroxidatic’ cysteine (CP) in the conserved active site reduces peroxide while being oxidized to a CP-sulfenate, prompting a local unfolding event which enables formation of a disulfide with a second, ‘resolving’ cysteine. Here, we use nuclear magnetic resonance studies to probe the dynamics of the CP-thiolate and disulfide forms of Xanthomonas campestris Peroxiredoxin Q. Chemical exchange saturation transfer behavior of the resting enzyme reveals 26 residues in and around the active site exchanging at a rate of 72 s-1 with a locally-unfolded, high-energy (2.5% of the population) state. This unequivocally establishes that a catalytically-relevant local-unfolding equilibrium exists in the enzyme’s CP-thiolate form. Furthermore, hydrogen exchange and relaxation measurements provide evidence for an intrinsic instability of the water-filled active site that promotes local unfolding, and that based on other work, is exacerbated by CP-sulfenate formation.
Long-term outcome of pancreatic function following oncological surgery in children: Institutional experience and review of the literature

Long-term outcome of pancreatic function following oncological surgery in children: Institutional experience and review of the literature
The effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the reactivity of phenoxyl radicals in model systems

Abstract The effects of hydrogen bonding and spin density at the oxygen atom on the gas-phase reactivity of phenoxyl radicals were investigated experimentally and theoretically in model systems and the dipeptide LysTyr. Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions were carried out between radical cations of several aromatic nitrogen bases with the neutrals nitric oxide and n -propyl thiol. Reactivity of radical cations 4–6 correlated with the spin density. The possibility of hydrogen bonding was explored in compounds which allowed four-, five-, and six-membered rings to be formed between the protonated nitrogen and the phenoxyl oxygen, while possessing similar spin density at the oxygen atom. The N + -H⋯O bond length was calculated to decrease in the series ( 1–3 ), consistent with the theoretical calculations finding weak hydrogen bonding in 2 and strong hydrogen bonding in 3 . This coincided with the decrease in reaction rates of 1–3 with both nitric oxide and n -propyl thiol. DFT calculations found that the lowest energy structure of the distonic radical cation of the dipeptide [LysTyr(O )] + has a short hydrogen bond between the protonated Lys side chain and the phenoxyl oxygen, 1.70 A, which is consistent with its low reactivity.
Special Education Curriculum in an Era of High Standards

The concept of curriculum is wide ranging, and this chapter narrows it to research-based efforts around the needs of students with learning disabilities. This research foundation has largely been a function of federal funding, and it is timely in light of the legislative requirements of No Child Left Behind, which call for the use of scientifically-based curriculum in our schools. Curriculum for secondary students is of particular interest given the role that state and national standards now play in defining student outcomes by the end of high school. Interventions are discussed along traditional lines: direct instruction, strategy instruction, and the more recent emergence of constructivism. The relationship between research and standards is also considered. Finally, the concept of adaptive expertise is presented as an alternative to the challenging standards that may not be obtainable for all students.
Ritualism in Communicating Risk Information

Much of the concern over methods of risk communication has been essentially defensive: how to transfer risk information to the public in ways that minimize overreaction, in the sense of irrational fear, unwarranted litigation, and unnecessary institutional embarrassment. The converse possibility—that risks can be communicated ritualistically, in ways that fail to deliver positive social outcomes—has received less attention. However, since rationales for risk notification are usually derived from arguments for public health and social justice, the possibility of underreaction to communicated risk represents a problem no less serious than the problem of overreaction. Risk notification programs need to do more than avoid hysteria. They need to be capable of affirmatively motivating and empowering citizens to make appropriate, constructive responses to risk information, in order to protect their health and pursue their justified legal remedies. This paper reviews a number of sociological considerations relevant for designing such programs.
Dynamics of chiral primaries in AdS 3 × S 3 × T 4

We study in more detail the dynamics of chiral primaries of the D1/D5 system. From the CFT given by the S{sub N} orbifold a study of correlators resulted in an interacting (collective) theory of chiral operators. In AdS{sub 3}xS{sup 3} SUGRA we concentrate on general 1/2 BPS configurations described in terms of a fundamental string. We first establish a correspondence with the linearized field fluctuations and then present the nonlinear analysis. We evaluate in detail the symplectic form of the general degrees of freedom in SUGRA and confirm the appearance of chiral bosons. We then discuss the appearance of interactions and the cubic vertex, in correspondence with the S{sub N} collective field theory representation.
Sweating in congenital heart disease.

Sweating was found to be increased in children with congenital heart disease who had a propensity to congestive heart failure, e.g., children with endocardial fibroelastosis or large or moderate sized left-to-right shunts. This was suggested in a review of cardiac clinic records of 220 patients and was supported by the results of pilocarpine sweat tests which were performed on 34 cardiac patients. By history and by measurement of the amount of sweat produced, children with a history of or tendency toward heart failure could be predicted though patients did not need to be in failure when tested. Contrary to previous opinion, the left-to-right shunt was not in itself sufficient to cause the child to sweat. The shunt had to be large enough to be associated with failure at some time. It is suggested that the pilocarpine sweat test might actually be useful as an aid in predicting a child9s potential for heart failure. Several theories regarding the mechanism of sweating in these situations are discussed.
Overloaded array processing with MMSE-SIC

This paper considers the application of minimum mean squared error linear space-time processing in tandem with successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) to the extraction of symbol-asynchronous /spl pi//4-DQPSK signals with RRCOS pulse shaping (35%-75% rolloff) in overloaded environments. The performance is analyzed through simulation in terms of the symbol error rate ranked by cancellation order. The effect of signal excess-bandwidth, adjacent channel interference, the number of users, SNR, and array type are considered. The channel statistics of all users are assumed known.
In-situ FT-IRAS study of the CO oxidation reaction over Ru(001): II. Coadsorption of carbon monoxide and oxygen

Abstract Utilizing time-resolved Fourier Transform Reflection Absorption-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IRAS), Thermal Desorption Mass Spectrometry (TDMS), and Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), we have investigated the coadsorption of CO and O on a Ru(001) surface under UHV conditions. Preadsorption of oxygen is found to weaken the adsorption energy of CO from 38 kcal mol (clean Ru) to kcal mol (θ o → 1) . CO adsorption on the O−(1 × 1) monolayer is suppressed completely even at 85 K. Vibrational data show in agreement with earlier work that this reduction in the adsorption energy results from a reduction of back-donation from the metal substrate into the 2π∗-orbital of CO. Vibrational and thermal desorption data show the existence of distinctly different CO adsorption states on the O−(2 × 2) and O−(2 × 1) surfaces, where CO is found to order in linear on-top sites with identical (2 × 2) structures, but with different numbers of oxygen neighbors surrounding each CO molecule. Infrared lineshapes reveal a high degree of CO ordering on the O−(2 × 2) surface in contrast to the O−(2 × 1) surface which appears to be less well ordered. At higher CO coverage in both cases a compressed CO layer is observed with drastically reduced adsorption energy and the additional occupation of bridging adsorption sites. At intermediate oxygen coverages mixed phases of clean Ru, O−(2 × 2) and O−(2 × 1) are observed. Vibrational coupling observed at higher CO coverage, however, suggests rather small domain sizes.
Convergent total synthesis of a tumour-associated mucin motif.

Synthetic glycoconjugates that mimic cell-surface tumour antigens (glycolipids or glycoproteins with unusual carbohydrate structural motifs) have been shown to trigger humoral responses in murine and human immune systems1,2,3. This raises the exciting possibility of inducing active immunity with fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines, particularly if vaccine compounds can be synthesized that resemble the surface environment of transformed cells even more closely. Glycopeptides seem particularly suitable for this purpose. In contrast to most glycolipids and thecarbohydrates themselves, glycopeptides bind to major histocompatibility complex molecules, and, in favourable cases, can stimulate T cells and lead to the expression of receptors that recognize the carbohydrate part of a glycopeptide with high specificity4,5,6,7,8. The preparation of glycopeptides and glycoproteins remains, however, a difficult challenge9,10,11,12: earlier synthesis methods have been inefficient, and established cloning approaches that allow engineering of global glycopatterns produce only heterogeneous glycoproteins13. Here we report an efficient strategy of the synthesis of tumour-associated mucin glycopeptides with clustered trisaccharide glycodomains corresponding to the (2,6)-sialyl T antigen. Our approach involves construction of the complete glycodomain in the first stage, followed by convergent coupling to amino acid residues and subsequent incorporation of the glycosyl amino acid units into a peptide chain. This general strategy allows the assembly of molecules in which selected glycoforms can be incorporated at any desired position of the peptide chain. The resultant fully synthetic O-linked glycopeptide clusters are the closest homogeneous mimics of cell-surface mucins at present available, and so are promising compounds for the development of anticancer vaccines.
Two-color assisted field enhancement for vacuum tunneling of a metallic-tip/substrate systems

We investigate the optical field enhancement for two-color ultrafast laser pulses incident on a nanoscopic tungsten probe tip suspended over a silver substrate. Experimental measurements of vacuum tip tunneling are paired with computations using full 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations. The measured spatial response of the tip current matches the calculated dependence.
Couple-based interventions for psychopathology

Relationship functioning and psychopathology are strongly associated with one another. In this article we provide a selective review of the literature on relationship discord and the presence, incidence and individual-based treatment of psychiatric disorders. We then present a model for conceptualizing couple-based interventions with couples in which one partner has a psychiatric disorder, distinguishing between partner-assisted interventions, disorder-specific interventions and couple therapy interventions. Finally, we provide examples of how to employ these interventions with several psychiatric disorders (obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa and depression) and selectively review the efficacy of couple-based interventions in the treatment of psychopathology.
Bioassay of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using microcantilevers.

Diagnosis and monitoring of complex diseases such as cancer require quantitative detection of multiple proteins. Recent work has shown that when specific biomolecular binding occurs on one surface of a microcantilever beam, intermolecular nanomechanics bend the cantilever, which can be optically detected. Although this label-free technique readily lends itself to formation of microcantilever arrays, what has remained unclear is the technologically critical issue of whether it is sufficiently specific and sensitive to detect disease-related proteins at clinically relevant conditions and concentrations. As an example, we report here that microcantilevers of different geometries have been used to detect two forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) over a wide range of concentrations from 0.2 ng/ml to 60 µg/ml in a background of human serum albumin (HSA) and human plasminogen (HP) at 1 mg/ml, making this a clinically relevant diagnostic technique for prostate cancer. Because cantilever motion originates from the free-energy change induced by specific biomolecular binding, this technique may offer a common platform for high-throughput label-free analysis of protein‐protein binding, DNA hybridization, and DNA‐protein interactions, as well as drug discovery. It is becoming increasingly evident that high-throughput identification and quantitation of a large number of biological molecules is important for generating a molecular profile that is critical in diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic evaluation of complex diseases such as cancer
Biomechanical response to ladder slipping events: Effects of hand placement

Ladder falling accidents are a significant, growing and severe occupational hazard. The factors that contribute to falls from ladders and specifically those that influence the motor response from ladder falls are not well understood. The aims of this research were to determine the effects of hand placement (rung versus rail) on muscle activation onset and peak activity timing in response to slipping on a ladder and to sequence the timing of events following slip initiation. Fifteen unexpected slips from 11 experienced ladder climbers were induced with a freely spinning rung under the foot, while subjects were randomly assigned to a rung versus rail hand grasping strategy. EMG onset time and peak activity time from five bilateral muscles (semitendinosis, vastus lateralis, triceps, biceps and anterior deltoid) were analyzed. Results indicated that significantly slower muscle activation onset and peak response times occurred during rail hand placement, suggesting that grasping ladder rungs may be preferable for improving the speed of the motor response. The triceps muscle activated and reached peak activity earlier in the slip indicating that subjects may initially extend their arms prior to generating hand forces. The study also revealed that slips tended to occur around the time that a foot and hand were in motion and there were just two points of contact (one hand and the slipping foot).
Constraints on Galactic Center Activity: A Search for Enhanced Galactic Center Lithium and Boron

The abundances of lithium and boron provide important information about big bang nucleosynthesis, Galactic chemical evolution, stellar evolution, and cosmic-ray spallation reactions. We conducted the -rst search for the ground-state hyper-ne-structure transitions of Li I F \ 2E1; 803 MHz) and B I (2S 1@2 ; F \ 2E1; 732 MHz). We used the 43 m NRAO radio telescope to search for enhanced Galactic (2P 1@2 ; center (GC) Li and B expected from models of Galactic activity. We did not detect Li I or B I and obtained upper limits of N(Li I) \ 1.9 ) 1016 cm~2, (Li/H) \ 3.9 ) 10~8, N(B I) \ 2.2 ) 1018 cm~2, and (B/H) \ 9.2 ) 10~6 for the dense 20 km s~1 Sgr A molecular cloud where our largest sources of uncer- tainties are Li I/Li, B I/B, and N(H). Our observations imply (Li/H) GC \ 22 (Li/H) disk , (Li/H) GC \ 39 For a simple (Li/H) diskvspallation , (B/H) GC \ 1.2 ) 104 (B/H) disk , (B/H) GC \ 1.5 ) 104 (B/H) diskvspallation . model combining mass loss from AGB stars (only for Li), spallation reactions, and SN l-nucleosynthesis, we estimate (13 times enhancement) and (10 times (Li/H) GC \ 1.3 ) 10~8 (B/H) GC \ 7.4 ) 10~9 enhancement). If Li is primarily produced via spallation reactions from a cosmic-ray proton Nux / p (t) with the same energy and trapping as in the disk, then (/ Comparing our / p (t)dt) GC \ 13(/ / p (t)dt) disk . results to AGN models, we conclude that the GC has not had an extended period of AGN activity containing a large cosmic-ray Nux ergs s~1 for 108 yr), a large low-energy cosmic-ray Nux (L CR " 1044 (less than 100 times the disk Nux), or a large c-ray Nux ergs s~1 for 109 yr). Furthermore, (L c \ 1042 since any Galactic deuterium production will signi-cantly enhance the abundances of Li and B, our results imply that there are no sources of D in the GC or Galaxy. Therefore, all the Galactic D orig- inated from the infall of primordial matter with the current D/H reduced by astration and mixing. Subject headings: Galaxy: center E Galaxy: evolution E ISM: abundances E radio lines: general E radio lines: ISM