cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests of the ability of two-cell mouse embryos to utilize selected precursors of phosphoenolpyruvic acid and pyruvic acid.

Phosphoenolpyruvic acid and pyruvic acid are among the few compounds that two-cell mouse embryos have been found capable of using as energy sources; most of the compounds in the glycolytic pathway and Krebs cycle that have been tested have been found unusable. Because 3-phosphoglyceric acid of the compound converted most directly to phosphoenolpyruvic acid in glycolysis, one objective of this study was to examine whether it could support development of two-cell embryos as phosphoenolpyruvic acid can. An additional objective was to examine whether alanine or serine, two amino acids that in later stages of development are converted to pyruvic acid for entry into the Krebs cycle, could support development of two-cell embryos as pyruvate does. Two-cell embryos were obtained from the oviducts of mice (C57BL × CBA) and were cultured in medium that contained 3-phosphoglyceric acid, alanine, or serine in lieu of the pyruvate, lactate, and glucose usually contained in the medium. The embryos failed to undergo cleavage but this was not attributable to only a single energy source having been provided; embryos developed in a medium that provided only pyruvate. The results suggest that mouse embryos at the two-cell stage of development are either unable to transport 3-phosphoglyceric acid, alanine, and/or serine or are unable to convert the compounds to chemically similar ones; phosphoenolpyruvic acid or pyruvic acid, which can be metabolized by two-cell mouse embryos. The results offer additional evidence that compounds more than one step removed from pyruvate in metabolic pathways are not used by two-cell mouse embryos and, furthermore, suggest that the embryos cannot use alanine even though it is but a single step removed from pyruvate. © 1993 wiley-Liss, Inc.
“But I'm Too Stressed to Learn About Groups!:” Using Stress-Management Groups to Teach Group Work Skills

Rural BSW students are facing additional stressors today than in previous years. At the same time, group work advocates are fighting for the group work method to remain an integral part of the social work curriculum. Group work educators have long known that a combination of classroom and experiential exercises is important to student learning. The findings of a preexperimental, mixed-methods research design showed that mutual aid–based stress-management groups for rural BSW students can reduce stress, teach self-care techniques, and simultaneously exhibit core group work skills.
EQUILIBRIUM SPIN CONFIGURATION AND RESONANCE BEHAVIOR OF RBMNF3

The equilibrium orientations of the magnetic sublattices of the cubic antiferromagnet RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ have been studied. By assuming spatially uniform magnetization and restricting the applied steady magnetic field to lie in a {110} plane, the problem is considerably simplified. The analysis enables the equilibrium spin configurations for the important cases of the magnetizing field applied along any of the three principal crystal axes to be predicted. Each case has more than one solution. The theory predicts that abrupt spin flopping from one equilibrium state to another should occur under certain conditions. An antiferromagnetic-resonance theory is presented which is applicable over a wide range of field and embraces the low- and high-field resonance theories previously reported as restricted examples. Observations of the resonance spectrum at $X$-band frequencies for the applied field range 0 to 12 kOe are presented. The measurements provide excellent verification of the resonance theory and confirm the validity of the equilibrium analysis. The best fit between theory and experiment was obtained by assuming values of the anisotropy field significantly different from the previously published value. Abrupt spin flopping was not observed. The resonance data indicate that the magnetization can switch between equilibrium directions gradually over a range of field and at much lower field strengths than the theoretical flopping field.
Measurement of high-energy γ-rays with Ge(Li) detectors

Abstract A method of measuring the energy of high-energy gamma-rays is described. It utilizes parallel capacitors as an effective energy multiplier of a pulser signal to compare unknown high-energy gamma-rays to well-known low-energy standards. This method has also provided an effective tool for measuring the linearity of the energy response of Ge(Li) detectors. This response was found to be linear to better than ±0.03% in the range 662 to 2614 keV and better than ±0.1% up to 6 MeV. As an example of this capacitor multiplying method the energy of the gamma ray from the 3 − excited level of 16 O has been measured to be 6127.8±1.2 keV.
Assessing the Distinguishability of Models and the Informativeness of Data.

A difficulty in the development and testing of psychological models is that they are typically evaluated solely on their ability to fit experimental data, with little consideration given to their ability to fit other possible data patterns. By examining how well model A fits data generated by model B, and vice versa (a technique that we call landscaping), much safer inferences can be made about the meaning of a model's fit to data. We demonstrate the landscaping technique using four models of retention and 77 historical data sets, and show how the method can be used to: (1) evaluate the distinguishability of models, (2) evaluate the informativeness of data in distinguishing between models, and (3) suggest new ways to distinguish between models. The generality of the method is demonstrated in two other research areas (information integration and categorization), and its relationship to the important notion of model complexity is discussed.
Comparative molecular microbial ecology of the spring haptophyte bloom in a greenland arctic oligosaline lake.

The Arctic is highly sensitive to increasing global temperatures and is projected to experience dramatic ecological shifts in the next few decades. Oligosaline lakes are common in arctic regions where evaporation surpasses precipitation, however these extreme microbial communities are poorly characterized. Many oligosaline lakes, in contrast to freshwater ones, experience annual blooms of haptophyte algae that generate valuable alkenone biomarker records that can be used for paleoclimate reconstruction. These haptophyte algae are globally important, and globally distributed, aquatic phototrophs yet their presence in microbial molecular surveys is scarce. To target haptophytes in a molecular survey, we compared microbial community structure during two haptophyte bloom events in an arctic oligosaline lake, Lake BrayaSo in southwestern Greenland, using high-throughput pyrotag sequencing. Our comparison of two annual bloom events yielded surprisingly low taxon overlap, only 13% for bacterial and 26% for eukaryotic communities, which indicates significant annual variation in the underlying microbial populations. Both the bacterial and eukaryotic communities strongly resembled high-altitude and high-latitude freshwater environments. In spite of high alkenone concentrations in the water column, and corresponding high haptophyte rRNA gene copy numbers, haptophyte pyrotag sequences were not the most abundant eukaryotic tag, suggesting that sequencing biases obscured relative abundance data. With over 170 haptophyte tag sequences, we observed only one haptophyte algal Operational Taxonomic Unit, a prerequisite for accurate paleoclimate reconstruction from the lake sediments. Our study is the first to examine microbial diversity in a Greenland lake using next generation sequencing and the first to target an extreme haptophyte bloom event. Our results provide a context for future explorations of aquatic ecology in the warming arctic.
Scimitar syndrome in childhood.

Abstract Scimitar syndrome is a rare but well-described constellation of cardiopulmonary anomalies: anomalous pulmonary venous connection of the right lung, hypoplasia of the right lung with dextroposition of the heart, hypoplasia and malformation of the right pulmonary artery (PA) and bronchial trees, and anomalous systemic arterial blood supply to the right lung, arising from the abdominal aorta or its branches. The partial or total anomalous venous connection of the right lung drains into the inferior vena cava or azygous system and is present in all cases. 1–5 Often, this anomalous vessel is visible on a chest radiograph as a curvilinear shadow just above the right diaphragm and resembles a Turkish sword or "scimitar." This report summarizes our experience with scimitar syndrome in 15 children.
Temperature dependence of the critical electron exposure for hydrocarbon monolayers

Abstract Effects of electron-beam-induced radiation damage in monolayers of several saturated fatty acids and related molecules have been measured by observation of the fading of electron diffraction patterns produced by the crystalline monolayers. Measurements were made with the specimens at temperatures in the range from about 6 to 310 K. Near room temperature, exposures of approximately 50 and 200 electrons/nm 2 are required to reduce the intensities of the diffraction patterns of stearic and behenic acids, respectively, to 1/e of their initial intensities. These critical exposures increase smoothly as the temperature decreases, to 1600 and 2200 e/nm 2 , respectively, at a specimen temperature of about 6 K. A strong correlation was observed between the critical exposures and melting temperatures of the various specimens examined. These results can be interpreted in terms of radiolysis pathways that are highly specific to hydrocarbons.
A review of the influence of aqueous humor on immunity

Regulation of immunity within the immune-privileged ocular microenvironment is a dynamic interaction of anatomical features, factors, and cells that work toward suppressing the induction inflammation. Immunosuppressive neuropeptides found in aqueous humor are central to this immunoregulation. These neuropeptides are alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and somatostatin. Along with transforming growth factor-beta2, the neuropeptides target specific cells and pathways in innate and adaptive immunity. These aqueous humor factors prevent pathogen-induced inflammation and activation of Th1 cells, while promoting induction of regulatory T cells. Therefore, the ocular microenvironment, through the constitutive production of immunosuppressive factors found in aqueous humor, maintains immune privilege by manipulating regional innate and adaptive immunity away from inflammatory responses.
Discussion: With Choices Come Consequences

The Growth Model Pilot Program (GMPP) was introduced as a response to criticism of the reliance of No Child Left Behind on status-based indicators. Although incorporating a growth component appears to be a step in the right direction, it adds a level of complexity that brings to the fore new concerns. Three of the four papers in this special issue address different manifestations of a common problem: how choices related to implementation of the GMPP, made on technical or practical grounds, can have substantial consequences for schools and teachers. The fourth paper explicates a different approach to growth modeling. Together these papers add considerably to our understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of growth-based indicators. In this discussion, I attempt to set these papers in a larger context before providing brief reviews. I conclude by arguing that the nation will be better served if policy makers appreciated the consequences of choices before they crafted legislation and the accompanying regulations.
Anagrelide as a new platelet-lowering agent in essential thrombocythemia : Mechanism of action, efficacy, toxicity, current indications

Anagrelide is an oral imidazoquinazoline agent with an anti-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity and inhibits platelet aggregation in both humans and animals. In addition, it has in humans a species-specific platelet-lowering activity observed at dose levels lower than those required to inhibit platelet aggregation. Because of this, the drug has been tested in patients with clonal thrombocytosis and has been shown to have potent platelet-reducing activity in essential thrombocythemia (ET) and related disorders. The mechanism of action may involve the drug's interference with megakaryocyte maturation. More than 90% of patients with ET respond to anagrelide regardless of the presence or absence of previous therapy. The responses are durable with a median maintenance dose of approximately 2 to 2.5 mg/day. Side effects are related mostly to the drug's direct vasodilating and positive inotropic effects and include headache, fluid retention, tachycardia, and arryhthmias. The place of anagrelide therapy in the current management of patients with ET is discussed.
Experimental outdoor studies with Ulva fasciata Delile. I. Interaction of light and nitrogen on nutrient uptake, growth, and biochemical composition

Abstract The effects of algal density, light adaptation, and interaction of light and nitrogen on nutrient uptake, growth, and biochemical composition of Ulva fasciata Delile were investigated in outdoor continuous cultures. With increasing plant densities, specific growth rates decreased exponentially from 0.36 to 0.02 doublings · day −1 . In contrast, yields increased to a maximum of 4.7 g C · m −2 · day −1 at the intermediate density and then decreased. Plants grown under low (62 ly · day −1 ) and high (324 ly · day −1 ) light conditions were subsequently exposed to medium light (282 ly · day −1 ). Initially, plants from low light conditions had twice the chlorophyll a content and yield than plants from high light conditions. Within 1 wk, all plants showed no difference with regard to chlorophyll a and yield. Growth of U. fasciata did not saturate up to the highest light intensities used (255 ly · day −1 ). Nitrogen (NO 3 − ) additions at low light did not affect growth but at high light there was increasing growth with increasing nitrogen. This interaction between light and nitrogen was apparent when growth was measured as specific growth rate (doublings · day −1 ), activity coefficient (mg C · g C −1 · day −1 ) and yield (g C · m −2 · day −1 ). These growth measures all significantly correlated with %C and ash content but not with %N, the C:N or C: Chl a ratios. Photosynthetic rate (g C · g Chl a −1 · day −1 ) showed no interaction between light and nitrogen because it corrected for increases in chlorophyll a content caused by nitrogen additions. This growth measure correlated with %N and the C: N and C: Chl a ratios as well as %C and ash content. Photosynthetic efficiency of U. fasciata was positively correlated with %N and chlorophyll a content and was affected by light intensity only at low nitrogen levels. Uptake of NO 3 − by U. fasciata depended mostly on the daily loadings of this nutrient, but was also inversely proportional to light intensity.
Influence of a Kondo-hole impurity band on magnetic instabilities in Kondo insulators.

Kondo insulators like ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Pt}}_{3}$ and CeNiSn are compounds with small-gap semiconductor properties. The Kondo insulator is described by the nondegenerate symmetric Anderson lattice with, on average, two electrons per site within Kotliar and Ruckenstein's mean-field approximation in terms of four slave bosons per site. A Kondo hole is the charge neutral substitution of a rare earth or actinide atom by a nonmagnetic analog. An isolated Kondo hole gives rise to a bound state in the gap, which pins the Fermi level and has magnetic properties. A finite concentration of Kondo holes generates an impurity band in the gap of the semiconductor. The low-temperature thermodynamic and transport properties are determined by the impurity band. The interplay of the f-electron correlations with the impurity band is studied in the paramagnetic phase. On a bipartite lattice the pure Kondo insulator is unstable to long-range antiferromagnetism for U\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and to ferromagnetism in sufficiently large magnetic fields. A small concentration of Kondo holes reduces the threshold for the antiferromagnetic transition, giving rise to reentrance, but does not substantially affect ferromagnetism. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Laser-induced desorption: state-resolved evidence for carrier-driven processes

Laser induced molecular desorption which is mediated by optically generated substrate carriers is considered. State-specific diagnostics are combined with desorption-laser wavelength dependence studies to clarify the excitation and desorption dynamics involved. Results from NO desorption from both metallic and semiconductor substrates are presented, along with theoretical models of the desorption processes.
Simulation study of the noise figure of nanometer-gate nMOS transistors near the scaling limit

Abstract We present a comprehensive simulation study of the noise figure of the nMOS transistors embedded in a common-source low noise amplifier (LNA) configuration using bulk 40- and 20-nm nMOSFETs, a 20-nm double-gate (DG) nMOSFET (a generic form of FinFET), and a 10-nm DG nMOSFET near the scaling limit. A physics-based two-dimensional (2-D) mixed-mode simulation approach is used to extract the noise parameters at 60 GHz. Minimum noise measure figure (NMF min ) is used to take both the amplifier gain and noise figure into account. The optimal gate bias for a nMOS transistor is found to be 0.2–0.3 V above the threshold voltage. The 40-nm nMOS amplifier has a minimum noise measure figure of 1.8 dB at 60 GHz under the optimized power using current silicide technology. It is shown that the noise performance of CMOS LNAs can be further enhanced by down scaling to 10 nm with sub-1 dB noise figure at 60 GHz.
Endotoxemia in febrile reactions during hemodialysis

Endotoxemia in febrile reactions during hemodialysis. Endotoxin was detected in the plasma in 20 of 33 (63%) patients during at least one dialysis-related febrile episode not associated with positive blood cultures. It was always present in the dialysate. In two of six Kiil-type dialyzers perfused in vitro , endotoxin could be demonstrated to pass from the dialysate to the blood compartment. Alterations in pore size of the membrane could explain these observations. Endotoxinemie et reactions febriles au cours de l'hemodialyse. De l'endotoxine a ete trouvee dans le plasma de 20 malades sur 33 (63 %) au cours d'au moins un episode febrile en rapport avec l'hemodialyse, ceci en l'absence de positivite des hemocultures. Dans deux parmi les 6 dialyseurs du type Kiil qui ont ete perfuses in vitro il a ete demontre que l'endotoxine passe du dialysat au compartiment sanguin. Des modifications de la taille des pores de la membrane pourraient expliquer ces observations.
Oropharyngeal carcinoma presenting as an odontogenic infection with trismus.

Abstract Severe odontogenic infections involving muscles of mastication are often accompanied by trismus at the initial presentation. On rare occasions a nasopharyngeal tumor will have trismus as a presenting symptom. We report a case of odontogenic infection requiring emergency mangaement in which trismus did not resolve. On further investigation, a nasopharyngeal carcinoma was diagnosed.
Chemistry of geminal-dithiolates derived from cyano-substituted tetrathiafulvalenes

Tetracyanotetrathiafulvalene reacts with two equivalents of thiol salts (RS−) to give 1,2-dicyano-1,2-di RS ethene and a geminal dithiolate intermediate which reacts with a variety of reagents to provide novel tetrathioethene derivatives, such as reaction with 3-chloro-2-butanone and acid to give dimethyldicyanotetrathiafulvalene.
Adenocarcinoma of the breast associated with silicone injections

A 42-year-old woman developed inflammatory breast cancer in a breast with "silicone mastitis" 12 years after bilateral breast augmentation with liquid silicone injections. Despite aggressive local and systemic therapy, the patient died of her disease. Breast cancer arising in silicone-injected breasts is reported infrequently, and physicians caring for patients with silicone breast injection augmentation should be aware of this potentially fatal association with breast cancer.
How accurately does the VIVO Harvester reflect actual Clinical and Translational Sciences Award-affiliated faculty member publications?

OBJECTIVE The research tested the accuracy of the VIVO Harvester software in identifying publications authored by faculty members affiliated with a National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Sciences Award (CTSA) site. METHODS Health sciences librarians created "gold standard" lists of references for the years 2001 to 2011 from PubMed for twenty-five randomly selected investigators from one CTSA site. These gold standard lists were compared to the same twenty-five investigators' reference lists produced by VIVO Harvester. The authors subjected the discrepancies between the lists to sensitivity and specificity analyses. RESULTS The VIVO Harvester correctly identified only about 65% of the total eligible PubMed references for the years 2001-2011 for the CTSA-affiliated investigators. The identified references produced by VIVO Harvester were precise yet incomplete. The sensitivity rate was 0.65, and the specificity rate was 1.00. CONCLUSION While the references produced by VIVO Harvester could be confirmed in PubMed, the VIVO Harvester retrieved only two-thirds of the required references from PubMed. National Institutes of Health CTSA sites will need to supplement VIVO Harvester-produced references with the expert searching skills of health sciences librarians. IMPLICATIONS Health sciences librarians with searching skills need to alert their CTSA sites about these deficiencies and offer their skills to advance their sites' missions.
Structural analyses at pseudo atomic resolution of Chikungunya virus and antibodies show mechanisms of neutralization.

The Chikungunya virus is carried by mosquitos and can cause a number of diseases in humans including encephalitis, which can be fatal in some cases, and severe arthritis. A recent mutation in the E1 protein of the virus has allowed it to efficiently reproduce in a different species of mosquitos, leading to a Chikungunya epidemic in Reunion Island in 2005 and the subsequent infection of millions of individuals in Africa and Asia. The virus also has the potential to spread to many areas of Europe and the Americas. Chikungunya virus has a single-stranded RNA genome that codes for four non-structural proteins and five structural proteins. Based on this knowledge it has been possible to develop virus-like particles that can be used to immunise non-human primates against Chikungunya infection by inducing antibody production. However, the development of vaccines for Chikungunya in humans will require a deeper understanding of how these antibodies produced by the vaccine interact with the virus and more detailed information about the structures of the virus and antibodies. Sun et al. have used two techniques – X-ray crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy – to determine the structure of Chikungunya virus-like particles, and to obtain new insights into the interactions of these particles with four related antibodies. Electron cryo-microscopy was used to figure out the structure of the particles at near atomic resolution, and X-ray crystallography was used to determine the atomic resolution structures of two of the four Fab antibodies that neutralize the Chikungunya virus. Electron cryo-microscopy was also used to probe the complex formed by the interactions between the virus-like particles and the antibodies. Sun et al. were able to identify the likely viral receptor site that is blocked by three of the antibodies when they neutralize the virus; the fourth antibody is thought to act by immobilizing one of the domains of protein E2, thereby hiding the “fusion loop” that allows the virus to enter and infect human tissue. It is hoped that these findings will contribute to efforts to combat the spread of the Chikungunya virus worldwide.
Divalent cation conductivity in beta″ alumina

Abstract Ba++, Sr++, Ca++, Cd++, and Pb++ replace the entire sodium ion content of sodium beta″ alumina when small single crystals of the electrolyte are immersed in appropriate molten salts at 500–700C. The resulting divalent beta″ aluminas have ionic conductivities as high as 10−3 (ohm cm)−1 at 300C.
Frequency of reporting of adverse events in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy vs. psychopharmacotherapy

Background Psychopharmacology and psychotherapy are the two main therapies in mental health. It is common practice to consider adverse events (AEs) of medications, but it’s not clear this occurs with psychotherapy.
Mechanical Ventilation with Lung Protective Strategies: What Works?

SUMMARY Becauseventilatormanagementisassociatedwithcausinglunginjury,preventingVILIshould be a major goal of mechanical ventilation in addition to maintaining gasexchange. Limiting tidal stretch and transpulmonary end-inspiratory pressure areimportant, as well as minimizing tidal recruitment and collapse. The major compo-nents of the ARDSnet low tidal volume strategy are currently the most evidence-based concepts for managing ALI/ARDS patients. Various tools are being consideredto help identify whether a patient has recruitable lungs, to help predict who mightbenefit from particular therapies and to aid in bedside management. Further researchis required to determine their place in routine management. REFERENCES 1. Carvalho CR, de Paula Pinto Schettino G, Maranhao B, et al. Hyperoxia and lungdisease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1998;4(5):300–4.2. Durbin CG, Wallace KK. Oxygen toxicity in the critically ill patient. Respir Care1993;93(7):739–50.3. Capellier G, Maupoil V, Boussat S, et al. Oxygen toxicity and tolerance. MinervaAnestesiol 1999;65(6):388–92.4. Parker JC, Hernandez LA, Peevy KJ. Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lunginjury. Crit Care Med 1993;21(1):131–43.5. Boussarsar M, Thierry G, Jaber S, et al. Relationship between ventilatory settingsand barotrauma in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med2002;28(4):406–13.6. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Pelosi P, et al. What has computed tomography taught usabout the acute respiratory distress syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164(9):1701–11.7. Webb HH, Tierney DF. Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent posi-tive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positiveend-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974;110(5):556–65.8. Dreyfuss D, Soler P, Basset G, et al. High inflation pressure pulmonary edema:respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137(5):1159–64.9. Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimentalstudies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(1):294–323.
Genetic analysis of the role of the drosophila fat facets gene in the ubiquitin pathway.

The Drosophila fat facets gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme required during eye development to limit the number of photoreceptors in each facet to eight. Ubiquitin is a small polypeptide that targets proteins for degradation by the proteasome. Deubiquitinating enzymes cleave ubiquitin-protein bonds. In order to investigate the role of FAT FACETS in the ubiquitin pathway, genetic interactions between fat facets and the Drosophila UbcD1 gene were assessed. In addition, three yeast deubiquitinating enzyme genes were tested for their ability to substitute for fat facets in the developing Drosophila eye and for their effects on eye morphology. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that FAT FACETS activity antagonizes that of the proteolytic machinery. The implications of these results for the specificity of FAF and yeast UBPs are discussed as well. Dev. Genet. 25:312–320, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acute community-acquired sinusitis.

Acute sinusitis can be classified into categories on the basis of several characteristics, including the immune status of the patient; infectious or noninfectious nature; occurrence in the community or hospital setting; and viral, bacterial, or fungal etiology (table 1). These categories are of both theoretical and practical importance for understanding the pathogenesis and clinical expression of the infection and for optimizing approaches to diagnosis and treatment. This review is confined to sinus infections of viral and bacterial etiology acquired in the community.
Pain Perception, Coping Strategies, and Stress Management among Periodontal Patients with Repeated Surgeries:

The relationships between coping strategies, stress response during periodontal surgery, and perceived pain after each of two surgical procedures were studied in 42 adult women between the ages of 28 and 67 years. The presurgical use of coping by indirect action was positively correlated with decreased stress behavior during each surgery. The use of attention-coping strategies was significantly correlated with pain measures after each surgery, while avoidance-coping strategies were not. Age and patients' rating of pain were the best predictors of the use of attention coping. These findings suggest that preoperative preparation which includes information on enhancing attention-coping may assist some patients with postsurgical pain and discomfort.
Sources and sequelae of bacterial contamination of hematopoietic stem cell components: implications for the safety of hematotherapy and graft engineering

Background: It is important to compare the incidence of bacterial contamination of components collected from the peripheral blood or bone marrow (BM), as well as of components processed with or without cell selection or depletion, and to evaluate the sequelae of such contamination. Study Design and Methods: Bacterial contamination rates were compared in 1380 untreated autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs), 291 untreated autologous BM samples, 916 monoclonal antibody (MoAb)-treated autologous and allogeneic BM samples, and in 45 autologous PBPC components from which the CD34+ cells were selected. Bacterial cultures were performed at sequential time points during the processing of MoAb-treated BM. Results: Bacterial contamination was documented in 44 of 2632 components from 1593 patients (1.67% of components, 2.76% of patients) before cryopreservation. Although only 0.65% of untreated PBPCs were contaminated before cryopreservation, each patient was more likely to have given a contaminated PBPC component than a contaminated BM component (2.41% vs. 0%, p < 0.01). Bacterial contamination of MoAb-treated BM was greater during or after manipulation than it was before (2.33% vs. 0.77%, p < 0.05). At thawing, contamination was documented in 42 (1.97%) of 2136 components cultured. Ten (13.7%) of 73 patients who received hematopoietic progenitor cells that were contaminated before cryopreservation or at thawing developed fever or positive blood cultures within 48 hours of transfusion. Fever was associated with bacteremia in two cases, but no irreversible clinical sequelae were noted. Conclusion: These studies suggest that, despite careful attention to sterile procedures, low-level contamination of hematopoietic stem cell components can be introduced before or during manipulation as well as at thawing, and that standards for monitoring of the procedures for collection, processing, cryopreservation, thawing, and transfusion of hematopoietic progenitor cells are necessary.
LASER FLASH SPECTROMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS OF BIRADICALS AND CAGED RADICAL PAIRS

Abstract The use of laser flash spectroscopic tecniques allows the detection, identification dynamic analysis of biradicals and caged pairs in fluid solution at ambient temperatures. The conventional flash spectroscopic device has been advanced with the advent of the Excimer Laser, as an excitation source of the optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) as a detector system and of the transient digitizer (TD) as a data collector and analyzer. The Excimer Laser, in addition to serving as an excitation source, may also induce novel photophysical and/or photochemical events as a result of the unusually high intensities produced by such devices. Examples are given of the use of Excimer Laser-OMA and Excimer Laser-TD systems to study the dynamics of radical pairs that are caged in micelle aggregates and to study novel emissions produced by photoexcitation of benzophenone and substituted benzophenones.
Sunburnt cities: the great recession, depopulation, and urban planning in the American Sunbelt

Sunburnt cities: the great recession, depopulation, and urban planning in the American Sunbelt, by Justin Hollander, Abingdon, Routledge, 2011, 192 pp., US$44.95 (paperback) In recent years, exhibi...
Piezospectroscopic Analysis of Interface Debonding in Thermal Barrier Coatings

One of the principal modes by which electron-beam-evaporated thermal barrier coatings fail is via the nucleation of local regions of debonding, which grow and link together until reaching a critically sized flaw for spontaneous buckling and spalling. This progressive-failure mode is used as a basis for analyzing the changes that can occur in photostimulated luminescence spectra that have been recorded from the thermally grown oxide. This process also provides a basis for the quantitative determination of the extent of local damage prior to spalling from an analysis of the shape of the luminescence spectra.
Rank-associated differences in metabolic rates and locomotor activity of dominant and subordinate Peromyscus maniculatus

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated male deer mice and males housed in a freely breeding colony were evaluated for rhythmic activities by monitoring oxygen consumption, locomotor activity, and feeding activity continuously over 5-day periods. 2. 2. Comparisons of levels and timing of metabolism and activity of animals with different social ranks and social histories reveals the following: 3. 3. All groups displayed bimodal circadian rhythmicity in oxygen consumption which was highly synchronized with the light-dark cycle. 4. 4. Both isolation and habitat-reared dominant males have higher metabolic rates than do their subordinate cohorts. 5. 5. Metabolic rate differences resulted from higher oxygen consumption rates during the resting (light) period by isolation-reared dominants and a higher active (dark) period rate by habitat dominants.
Serological studies on naturally occurring strains and chemically induced mutants of tobacco mosaic virus

Abstract The following tobacco mosaic virus strains: type, J14D1, YA, 01, Y-TAMV, G-TAMV, U2, HR, CV4, and 02, as well as sixteen nitrous acid mutants having known primary structural differences from type TMV have been studied by immune-diffusion tests. By means of intragel absorption experiments, antibodies specific for each of several groups of TMV strains were demonstrated. Using protein subunits of different strains, the quaternary structure of the protein was shown to influence the serological properties. A limited number of residue exchanges in the TMV protein coat altered the serological specificity, but only when they occurred at certain critical locations in the peptide chain. A single exchange in a mutant could lead to its differentiation from TMV by the formation of a spur, although in other cases as many as three exchanges left the serological properties unaffected. Serious limitations to the use of qualitative and quantitative serological criteria for purposes of virus classification were found to exist and are discussed.
Effect of Diet on Foot Pad Dermatitis in Poults

Abstract A foot pad dermatitis has been noted in White turkey poults fed a methionine deficient diet containing soybean meal. It was not related to a deficiency of biotin. Supplementing this diet with cystine aggravates the condition while methionine prevents it. Metabolic precursors of methionine such as homocystine and betaine or methionine hydroxyanalogue appear to be only partially as effective as dl -methionine. This indicates that dietary methionine is more effective in preventing the foot pad dermatitis than that which becomes available after biosynthesis. Bronze poults did not exhibit the syndrome except when cystine was added to the diet.
Toluidine blue staining of coccidia in cultured animal cells.

Cultured animal cells infected with various species of Eimeria (coccidia) from chickens are washed in Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) and fixed in 5% formalin in HBSS. The fixed cultures are washed briefly in distilled water to remove HBSS salts and then dehydrated in a series of mixtures of 40 to 50% ethanol with increasing concentrations of tertiary butanol (TB) and decreasing concentrations of distilled water. Cultures are placed for 1 min in a mixture of 2 parts ethanol :TB (25:75) and 1 part 0.05% toluidine blue O in McIlvaine buffer (pH 6.0), followed by 1 min in 0.05% toluidine blue O in McIlvaine buffer (pH 6.0). The stained cultures are dipped for 1–2 sec in TB, allowed to dry and mounted permanently on slides. Cover-slip cultures fixed and stained by this procedure 8 years ago have not faded or discolored. The alcohol mixtures, formalin in HBSS, stain and buffer can be prepared in large volumes and stored indefinitely. The staining procedure has proven to be rapid and dependable with a varie...
The Evolution of Animal Breeding Practices—Commercial and Experimental

(1966). The Evolution of Animal Breeding Practices—Commercial and Experimental. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 207-216.
Molecular Modeling of Adsorption in Activated Carbon: Comparison of Monte Carlo Simulations with Experiment

We present Mont Carlo computer simulation results for a molecular model of fluids adsorbed in porous carbon materials. The model carbon used is based on the platelet model for carbon of Segarra and Glandt (1994). The model we use has a single basal plane per platelet and the structure is isotropic, disordered, with weak short-range correlations between the platelets. We have performed grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of the adsorption isotherms for methane, ethane, and their mixtures in this model carbon. We find generally good agreement with experimental and the mixture results are quite accurately described by the ideal adsorbed solution theory. An exception to this is the behavior for the mixture at the highest pressures. In this case the experimental data show significant deviations from ideal adsorbed solution theory and the simulation results.
Quality of life for ventilator-dependent ALS patients and their caregivers

Seven ventilator-dependent ALS patients and eleven caregivers were interviewed in order to assess the impact of ventilator-dependence on patients and their families. The ALS Care Database questionnaires were administered with special attention to components derived from the Health Status Survey (SF-12) and ALS Quality-of-Life Index (ALSQLI) as well as the ALS Patient Caregiver Form. Six patients had difficulty communicating and one patient was totally unable to communicate. Patients had maximal limitation of daily activities as measured by The ALS QLI, yet a self-reported satisfactory quality-of-life. Caregivers were heavily burdened and their outside activities were severely limited.
Biolevitation of pebbles on desert surfaces

Certain desert surfaces called desert pavements are characterized by a nearly stone-free layer of fine granular material, mostly silt (diameter of hundredths of mm) and sand (tenths of mm) capped by a monolayer of pebble-sized (few cm) stones. The fine granular material is deposited as dust from the air, so the stones must be levitated to accommodate emplacement of this material. In so-called “normal grading” of stratigraphic deposits of geologic material, as in many stream deposits, finer grained material tends to settle on top of coarser grains which have faster settling velocities. Anecdotal observations in the field suggested that the observed “reverse grading” of pavement surfaces is a consequence of the activity of small animals that provide through their activities sufficient input of energy to the surface to cause large particles to “float” on the accumulating fine sediment. To test this idea a laboratory experiment with a test organism, the large desert beetle Eleodes, was carried out to observe possible sorting process. Essentially random foraging motions of the beetles in an environment in which fine sediment was periodically added from above led to sorting of stones that were moveable by the organisms, burial of immovable stones, as well as burial and diffusion of marked grains that were comparable in size to the fine sediment. These results help explain the existence of a geologic deposit with an unusual layering of grain sizes.
DIVORCED PARENTS' FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THEIR CHILDREN'S COLLEGE EXPENSES

Reliable, quantitative, and current information is needed to inform the policy debate about whether parents, most commonly noncustodial parents, should be compelled to provide support for their children's higher education. We report data from a large study of the financial support college students reported receiving from their divorced mothers and fathers in a state where such payment is completely voluntary. Mothers' and fathers' financial resources did not differ greatly; when these were statistically controlled for, mothers and fathers contributed remarkably similar amounts of college support. Among other findings, fathers contributed more proportionately than mothers in families that had joint legal custody but less in sole maternal custody families. Our findings suggest policies that will likely encourage more voluntary support for higher education from divorced families.
S3F: the Scalable Simulation Framework revisited

Following ten years of experience using the Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF), we revisited its API, making changes to better reflect use and support maintainability. This paper gives a quick overview of SSF, and discusses changes made in the second-generation API, S3F. Of particular interest is S3F's treatment of advancing time (in epochs), its treatment of "processes", and the support it gives the modeler over precise ordering of events that happen to be scheduled at the same simulation time.
Allopurinol as Adjuvant Therapy in Poorly Responsive or Treatment Refractory Schizophrenia

Objective:To review the available literature evaluating the effectiveness of allopurinol for poorly responsive or treatment refractory schizophrenia.Data Sources:Searches of MEDLINE (1966–October 2006), the Cochrane Library, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–October 2006) were conducted using the terms allopurinol and schizophrenia. Limits were set to select studies conducted in humans.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated. All case reports or clinical trials located were included in the review.Data Synthesis:Dopamine has been implicated for many years in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and the typical antipsychotics, via blockade of dopaminergic neurotransmission, have provided relief for patients with positive symptoms. However, because dopamine blockade does not relieve all symptoms of schizophrenia, it is now evident that many neurotransmitters may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Therefore, atypical antip...
Evaluation of four highly cited energy and fatigue mood measures.

Abstract This paper evaluates four highly cited measures of energy and fatigue moods. Substantial experimental and correlational evidence supports the conclusion that scores from the vitality scale of the SF-36 Health Survey can provide a valid measure of the recalled frequency of month-long feelings of energy and fatigue. Substantial experimental and correlational evidence supports the conclusion that scores from the fatigue and vigor scales of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) can provide reliable and valid measures the intensity of both week-long and “right now” fatigue and energy mood states, respectively. A smaller body of evidence supports the conclusion that scores from the energy scale of the Activation–Deactivation Adjective Checklist (AD-ACL) can provide a valid measure of the “right now” mood of energy; however, the energy scale of the AD-ACL has several limitations compared to the POMS vigor scale. All the measures lacked integration within a compelling theory of the mood of energy–fatigue. It is concluded that progress in understanding of energy and fatigue mood states will be aided by advances in both the psychobiological conceptualization of fatigue and energy mood states and their measurement.
Expression profiling of solute carrier gene families at the blood-CSF barrier

The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized tissue in the brain ventricles and acts as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB). A main function of the CP is to secrete CSF, which is accomplished by active transport of small ions and water from the blood side to the CSF side. The CP also supplies the brain with certain nutrients, hormones, and metal ions, while removing metabolites and xenobiotics from the CSF. Numerous membrane transporters are expressed in the CP in order to facilitate the solute exchange between the blood and the CSF. The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily represents a major class of transporters in the CP that constitutes the molecular mechanisms for CP function. Recently, we systematically and quantitatively examined Slc gene expression in 20 anatomically comprehensive brain areas in the adult mouse brain using high-quality in situ hybridization data generated by the Allen Brain Atlas. Here we focus our analysis on Slc gene expression at the BCSFB using previously obtained data. Of the 252 Slc genes present in the mouse brain, 202 Slc genes were found at detectable levels in the CP. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the CP Slc gene expression pattern is substantially different from the other 19 analyzed brain regions. The majority of the Slc genes in the CP are expressed at low to moderate levels, whereas 28 Slc genes are present in the CP at the highest levels. These highly expressed Slc genes encode transporters involved in CSF secretion, energy production, and transport of nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, sulfate, and metal ions. In this review, the functional characteristics and potential importance of these Slc transporters in the CP are discussed, with particular emphasis on their localization and physiological functions at the BCSFB.
Effect of silica nanoparticles on clay swelling and aqueous stability of nanoparticle dispersions

The results of the effects of electrolyte type and concentration, nanoparticle concentration, pH, and temperature on the mobility and aqueous stability of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated silica nanoparticles are presented. Nanoparticle mobility was evaluated based on the ability to inhibit montmorillonite swelling in aqueous solutions through visual swelling tests, and the results were quantified in terms of the swelling index. The presence of PEG-coated silica nanoparticles was found to have a positive influence on the inhibition of clay swelling only in the presence of electrolytes. Quantification of nanoparticle stability in the presence of montmorillonite particles was achieved using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometry. At the highest concentration of montmorillonite dispersion studied, interaction between the dispersed montmorillonite particles and PEG-coated silica nanoparticles resulted in nanoparticle aggregation as indicated by increased turbidity and absorbance readings. Both nanoparticle concentration and montmorillonite dispersion concentration, in addition to the presence and concentration of NaCl, were found to strongly influence the stability of the mixture.