cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Provider Attitudes, Organizational Readiness for Change, and Uptake of Research Supported Treatment.

Purpose:As implementation and evaluation of research supported treatment (RST) expands across diverse mental health settings, it is essential to understand the facilitators and inhibitors of uptake...
Very-Low-Temperature Cooling Systems

Very low temperatures can take on a variety of different meanings, depending on one’s low-temperature experience. Those unfamiliar with cryogenics would usually refer to liquid nitrogen as being at very low temperatures. The adverb “very” is generally used for something out of the ordinary, and for those more familiar with cryogenics, the temperature range below 1 K might better fit this category. Such a choice merely reflects the present status of our refrigeration efforts and could therefore change with time. For this book, however, we arbitrarily define very low temperatures as those below about 1 K. Other terms, such as ultralow temperatures or millikelvin temperatures, have also been used in the past by others to describe the same region. The temperature of 1 K seems to be a good dividing line since the refrigeration techniques used below 1 K are usually quite different from those used above 1 K. The vapor pressure of He4 becomes too small below about 1 K to be of any use in a gas refrigerator. The isotope He3 retains a reasonable vapor pressure down to about 0.3 K, but for lower temperatures liquid-vapor equilibrium cannot be used for refrigeration. Not only are the refrigeration techniques below 1 K usually different from those above 1 K, but the temperatures are expressed in terms of millikelvin, microkelvin, or even nanokelvin.
Expectation-based vision for self-localization on a legged robot

This paper presents and empirically compares solutions to the problem of vision and self-localization on a legged robot. Specifically, given a series of visual images produced by a camera on-board the robot, how can the robot effectively use those images to determine its location over time? Legged robots, while generally more robust than wheeled robots to locomotion in various terrains (Wettergreen & Thorpe 1996), pose an additional challenge for vision, as the jagged motion caused by walking leads to unusually sharp motion in the camera image. This paper considers two main approaches to this vision and localization problem, which we refer to as the object detection approach and the expectationbased approach. In both cases, we assume that the robot has complete, a priori knowledge of the three-dimensional layout of its environment. These two approaches are described in the following section. They are implemented and compared on a popular legged robotic platform, the Sony Aibo ERS-7. Many researchers have addressed the problem of vision and localization on a legged robot, in part because of the four-legged league of the annual RoboCup robot soccer competitions (Stone, Balch, & Kraetszchmar 2001). Nevertheless, of all of the approaches to this problem on a legged robot, we are not aware of any that take the expectationbased vision approach. However, we show that this approach can yield a higher overall localization accuracy than a state-of-the-art implementation of the object detection approach. This paper’s contributions are an exposition of two competing approaches to vision and localization on a legged robot and an empirical comparison of the two methods.
Lobbyists, Parties and Power: The Wisconsin State Legislature 2005 - 2008

To understand the different effects of interest group lobbying across organizational sectors (business groups, trade associations, unions, and religious or charitable organizations), I utilize a database of lobbying contacts in the state of Wisconsin and match lobbying inputs with the progress of bills through the state legislature. Combining multiple data sources and conducting logistical regressions, I examine the strength of lobbying according to organizational type. My findings support the argument that lobbying by different sectors may have different effects on legislative outcomes, at least in certain legislative settings. More research is necessary to differentiate potential lobbying effects from the existing preferences of legislators.
Examining Health Behaviors, Health Literacy, and Self-efficacy in College Students With Chronic Conditions

ABSTRACTBackground: Every year, young adults with chronic conditions matriculate into college, which is a unique transitional period in that students may be managing a chronic condition on their own for the first time. Therefore, it is important to examine which factors may contribute to positive health behaviors and risky behaviors in college students with chronic conditions. Purpose: The current study examined associations between health literacy, self-efficacy, and health behaviors in a sample of college students with chronic conditions. Methods: Data were collected from 147 undergraduate students at a Mid-Atlantic U.S. university. Students completed an online consent and questionnaires assessing chronic conditions, health literacy, self-efficacy, and health behaviors (general behavior, wellness maintenance, substance use). Results: Asthma was the most prevalent self-reported chronic condition (26.1%). Higher levels of health literacy and self-efficacy were significantly associated with general health ...
Microfluidic technologies for local drug delivery

Abstract Conventional drug administration mostly relies on systemic introduction of drugs into the circulatory system. Before reaching the target site, the drugs must cross many biological barriers and go through different biophysicochemical environments. These factors affect the activity of the drugs and reduce their potency as they may be enzymatically degraded or hydrolyzed and rapidly removed from the body through the urinary system, resulting in a suboptimal concentration of drugs at the desired site. With the advent of the microfluidic technologies, new opportunities have emerged for better control of drug delivery. Miniaturized drug delivery systems integrated inside micro- and nanofluidic devices have been designed that provide prolonged drug release at constant rates and at times, in a pulsatile manner, as desired by the diseases that are to be treated. This chapter reviews different aspects of the microfluidic technologies in drug delivery applications and recent advances in controlled local drug delivery made possible by such technologies.
Child Sexual Abuse Perpetrators: What Forensic Nurses Need to Know

Child sexual abuse is a problem of epidemic proportions resulting in lifelong physical and mental health consequences for victims. Most child sexual abuse victims never disclose and do not receive needed treatment. Clearly, pediatric healthcare providers must understand the dynamics of child sexual abuse to better identify and protect potential victims. Forensic nurses are at the forefront of caring for victims of sexual abuse and are strong voices in the education of parents, community members, and other healthcare professionals regarding sexual abuse. Forensic nurses with a deeper understanding of child sexual abuse perpetrators will be better able to educate the public and advocate for children at risk for sexual abuse. In this article, specific types of child sexual abuse perpetration will be explored, and implications for forensic nursing will be discussed.
Exogenous GABA is quickly metabolized to succinic acid and fed into the plant TCA cycle

Exogenous application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could improve plant tolerance to environmental stresses such as hypoxia, heat, cold, drought, and salt stress. However, the mechanism by which GABA relieves stress is poorly understood. Here, we studied the uptake and metabolism of exogenous GABA in citrus leaves. Leaves were incubated in GABA solutions and the levels of endogenous GABA, succinic acid, and fumaric acid were investigated. Interestingly, the levels of endogenous GABA, succinic acid, and fumaric acid were quickly increased in GABA-treated leaves. This result indicated that GABA was taken up by the leaf, metabolized to succinic acid, and fed into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). This finding suggested that exogenous GABA could enhance plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses by generating more energy through the activation of the GABA shunt pathway and TCA cycle.
The Effects of Mindfulness Retreats on the Psychological Health of Non-clinical Adults: a Meta-analysis

Mindfulness retreats are typically marketed to healthy adult populations as a means for optimizing psychological health. We conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of mindfulness retreats on the psychological functioning of relatively healthy adults. A comprehensive literature search using PsychINFO, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar yielded 19 studies. Studies varied in design, sample characteristics, retreat intensity and duration, and psychological outcomes studied. Many of the reviewed studies lacked methodological rigor. Overall effect sizes (Hedges’ g) for mindfulness retreats relative to control conditions were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.38, 1.18) for mindfulness and 0.37 (95% CI, 0.19, 0.55) for well-being outcomes. In pre-post-retreat analyses, effect sizes were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.61, 0.94) for mindfulness; 0.47 (95% CI, 0.30, 0.63) for well-being; − 0.48 (95% CI, − 0.79, − 0.16) for depression; − 0.67 (95% CI, − 1.03, − 0.31) for anxiety; and − 0.94 (95% CI, − 1.28, − 0.61) for stress outcomes. In an analysis from pre-retreat to follow-up, an effect size of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.39, 0.77) was found for mindfulness outcomes. These results suggest that mindfulness retreats are associated with improvements in mental health. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Circuits That Mediate Expression of Signaled Active Avoidance Converge in the Pedunculopontine Tegmentum.

An innocuous sensory stimulus that reliably signals an upcoming aversive event can be conditioned to elicit locomotion to a safe location before the aversive outcome ensues. The neural circuits that mediate the expression of this signaled locomotor action, known as signaled active avoidance, have not been identified. While exploring sensorimotor midbrain circuits in mice of either sex, we found that excitation of GABAergic cells in the substantia nigra pars reticulata blocks signaled active avoidance by inhibiting cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), not by inhibiting cells in the superior colliculus or thalamus. Direct inhibition of putative-glutamatergic PPT cells, excitation of GABAergic PPT cells, or excitation of GABAergic afferents in PPT, abolish signaled active avoidance. Conversely, excitation of putative-glutamatergic PPT cells, or inhibition of GABAergic PPT cells, can be tuned to drive avoidance responses. The PPT is an essential junction for the expression of signaled active avoidance gated by nigral and other synaptic afferents. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT When a harmful situation is signaled by a sensory stimulus (e.g., street light), subjects typically learn to respond with active or passive avoidance responses that circumvent the threat. During signaled active avoidance behavior, subjects move away to avoid a threat signaled by a preceding innocuous stimulus. We identified a part of the midbrain essential to process the signal and avoid the threat. Inhibition of neurons in this area eliminates avoidance responses to the signal but preserves escape responses caused by presentation of the threat. The results highlight an essential part of the neural circuits that mediate signaled active avoidance behavior.
The effect of glassy and rubbery hyperbranched polymers as modifiers in epoxy aeronautical systems

Abstract Two different hyperbranched polymer (HBPs) fillers were synthesized and dispersed within an aeronautical graded epoxy matrix as toughening agents. The first typology, identified as HBPG (HBP Glassy) is a glassy polyester characterized by a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) then room temperature (∼90 °C) and obtained by means of bulk polycondensation reaction starting from a diphenolic acid as precursor. The second hyperbranched polymer, labelled HBPR (HBP Rubbery) was a polyamide ester with a Tg of about 20 °C and synthesized by bulk polycondensation of sebacic acid and diisopropanolamine. HBP/epoxy systems were prepared considering two concentration levels, respectively 0.1 and 5 wt%, and the effects on rheological, thermal stability, mechanical properties and fracture toughness were investigated and analyzed in respect to the corresponding neat epoxy. Rheological results revealed that the HBPG filler induces relevant effects on the viscosity of the epoxy matrix compared to HBPR limiting the potential usage of the system for composite manufacturing. Nevertheless, HBPG induces optimal results in term of thermal stability, mechanical and fracture performances, with a limited reduction of the Tg and a higher increase of degradation activation energy along with enhanced fracture behavior as indicated by an enhanced critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical strain energy value (GIC). The main result of this work suggests that the HBPG/RTM6 epoxy could be suitably used as polymer matrix for carbon-reinforced composites preserving the advantages of infusion process but at the same time enhancing the matrix-driven mechanical property.
United States: The Interpretation and Effect of Permissive Forum Selection Clauses

A forum selection clause is a form of contractual waiver. By this device, a contract party waives its rights to raise jurisdictional or venue objections if a lawsuit is initiated against it in the chosen court. (If the forum selection is exclusive, then that party also promises not to initiate litigation anywhere other than in the chosen forum.) The use of such a clause in a particular case may therefore raise a set of questions under contract law. Is the waiver valid? Was it procured by fraud, duress, or other unconscionable means? What is its scope? And so on.
A Pilot Study of the Effects of COMPLETE: A Communication Plan Early Through End of Life, on End-of-Life Outcomes in Children With Cancer.

Abstract Context Most children with cancer die in hospital settings, without hospice, and many suffer from high-intensity medical interventions and pain at end of life (EOL). Objectives To examine the effects of COMPLETE: a communication plan early through EOL to increase hospice enrollment in children with cancer at EOL. Methods This is a two-phase, single-arm, two-center, and prospective pilot study of hospice enrollment in children with cancer whose parents received COMPLETE. COMPLETE is a series of medical doctor (MD)/registered nurse (RN)-guided discussions of goals of care using visual aids that begin at diagnosis. COMPLETE training for MD/RNs in Phase II was revised to increase their use of empathy. Preintervention/postintervention measurements for child include: time of hospice enrollment, pain, high-intensity medical interventions at EOL, and location of death; and for parent the following: uncertainty and hope. Results Twenty-one parents of 18 children enrolled in the study, and 13 children were followed through EOL. At EOL, 11 (84.6%) died on home hospice or inpatient hospice, and only two (15%) received high-intensity medical interventions. Similar to published findings in the initial 13 parents enrolled in Phase I, parents in Phase II (n = 7) had improvement in hope and uncertainty, and child pain was decreased. Revised training resulted in significant improvement in MD/RN (N = 6) use of empathy (11% in Phase I vs. 100% in Phase II; P = 0.001). Conclusion COMPLETE resulted in increased hospice enrollment in children with cancer at EOL compared with historical controls. In preanalysis/postanalysis, COMPLETE decreased child pain while supporting hope and reducing uncertainty in their parents.
Management of Water and Sodium Disturbances after Transsphenoidal Resection of Pituitary Tumors

Patients with pituitary masses who undergo transsphenoidal resection are at risk for a number of medical complications postoperatively. Among these are disturbances in fluid and sodium homeostasis, including diabetes insipidus (DI) and syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). It is believed that these pathologic states are a result of damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis from surgery, as are the downstream consequences, such as the triple phase response. The triple-phase response describes the pattern of initial acute DI, subsequent rebound SIADH, and eventual chronic DI, the pathophysiology of which is described. Given the medical complexity of managing postoperative pituitary patients, it is essential to develop dedicated postoperative management protocols. Here, we describe the University of Utah's postoperative pituitary management protocol that includes immediate postoperative monitoring, treatment of DI, surveillance for the triple-phase response after discharge with outpatient serum sodium checks, and involvement of the endocrinology service for assistance with management of hypopituitarism. A complete understanding of the relevant anatomy, physiology, and development of standardized protocols for postoperative management can aid with minimizing medical complications after pituitary surgery.
Tissue specific muscle extracellular matrix hydrogel improves skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo over non-matched tissue source

Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels present a novel, clinical intervention for a myriad of regenerative medicine applications. The source of ECM is typically the same tissue to which the treatment is applied; however, the need for tissue specific ECM sources has not been rigorously studied. We hypothesized that tissue specific ECM would improve regeneration through preferentially stimulating physiologically relevant processes (e.g. progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation). One of two decellularized hydrogels (tissue specific skeletal muscle or non mesoderm-derived lung) or saline were injected intramuscularly two days after notexin injection in mice (n=7 per time point) and muscle was harvested at days 5 and 14 for histological and gene expression analysis. Both injectable hydrogels were decellularized using the same detergent and were controlled for donor characteristics (i.e. species, age). At day 5, the skeletal muscle ECM hydrogel significantly increased the density of Pax7+ satellite cells in the muscle. Gene expression analysis at day 5 showed that skeletal muscle ECM hydrogels increased expression of genes implicated in muscle contractility. By day 14, skeletal muscle ECM hydrogels improved muscle regeneration over saline and lung ECM hydrogels as shown through a shift in fiber cross sectional area distribution towards larger fibers. This data indicates a potential role for muscle-specific regenerative capacity of decellularized, injectable muscle hydrogels. Further transcriptomic analysis of whole muscle mRNA indicates the mechanism of tissue specific ECM-mediated tissue repair may be immune and metabolism pathway-driven. Taken together, this suggests there is benefit in using tissue specific ECM for regenerative medicine applications.
A Fast and Robust Artificial Intelligence Technique for Wood Knot Detection

This study reports the feasibility of using deep convolutional neural networks (CNN), for automatically detecting knots on the surface of wood with high speed and accuracy. A limited dataset of 921 images were photographed in different contexts and divided into 80:20 ratio for training and validation, respectively. The “You only look once” (YoloV3) CNN-based architecture was adopted for training the neural network. The Adam gradient descent optimizer algorithm was used to iteratively minimize the generalized intersection-over-union loss function. Knots on the surface of wood were manually annotated. Images and annotations were analyzed by a stack of convolutional and fully connected layers with skipped connections. After training, model checkpoint was created and inferences on the validation set were made. The quality of results was assessed by several metrics: precision, recall, F1-score, average precision, and precision x recall curve. Results indicated that YoloV3 provided knot detection time of approximately 0.0102 s per knot with a relatively low false positive and false negative ratios. Precision, recall, f1-score metrics reached 0.77, 0.79, and 0.78, respectively. The average precision was 80%. With an adequate number of images, it is possible to improve this tool for use within sawmills in the forms of both workstation and mobile device applications.
Pathologic Sampling Methods of the Cervix

Proper handling and processing of cervical specimens are essential prerequisites for accurate pathological evaluation, which, in turn, influences the subsequent management of patients. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive description of pathologic sampling methods for a wide spectrum of surgical pathology specimens procured in the setting of cervical disorders, including biopsies, conization, trachelectomy, hysterectomy, pelvic exenteration, and lymph node dissection. For each type of specimen, a discussion of corresponding clinical indications, a brief introduction of the procedure performed for specimen procurement, and an elaborate description of specimen handling and histopathological processing will be provided with schematic illustrations, followed by a checklist of the essential elements of histopathological reporting. Medical advances and the most up-to-date guidelines have been reviewed and incorporated in the chapter. Additionally, several real cases are presented as examples to illustrate these principles in practice.
When the majority says you may die: aid-in-dying initiatives.

ions and, like Roe, must apply to the whole nation and protect the furthest reach of everyone's claim to self-determination"). 34. Cf. infra notes 57-59 and accompanying text (describing resources available to the legislature in drafting bills). 1995] 544 NOTRE DAME JOURNAL OF LAW, ETHICS & PUBLIC POLICY [Vol. 9 on self-government by communities for the common good may preclude the courts from intervening to protect the self-determination of individuals. 3 5 II. DISADVANTAGES OF RELYING ON LEGISLATURES Advocates of direct democracy have long criticized the legislative process, citing many perceived shortcomings. They have claimed most fundamentally that initiatives represent the collective will of the people,36 while "special interests" capture the legislature and cause it often to reject bills furthering the interest of the majority of the people.37 These broad general claims have serious flaws, but more specific allegations of procedural failures prove more noteworthy, particularly when evaluated in the context of issues such as aid-in-dying. For instance, exclusive reliance on legislatures for the pas35. See, e.g., Terry Eastland, Shameless in Seattle, AM. SPECTATOR, July 1994, at 57. Responding to the analogy of aid-in-dying to abortion, Eastland wrote: It is axiomatic that once judges declare a constitutional right, the people are no longer free to decide the issue democratically. When that declared right cannot be found in the text or history of the Constitution, as occurred in Roe, the decision is likely to be less respected, and loss of the right to self-government even more sharply felt, especially when the issue involves deeply held moral beliefs.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

This chapter focuses on the cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). CVT is an uncommon but potentially devastating neurological injury. CVT is a term that encompasses thrombosis of cortical and deep cerebral veins, the straight and sagittal sinuses, as well as the transverse, sigmoid, and cavernous sinuses. Headache is the most common symptom, described by nearly 80% of patients, and is often the earliest sign of CVT. Electroencephalography is abnormal in nearly two-thirds of cases of CVT, revealing generalized and focal slowing, focal spikes, sharp wave complexes, and periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges. Lumbar puncture is often attempted in patients with CVT, especially those presenting with fever and signs of meningismus. Complications arising from CVT are numerous and often difficult to predict. The thrombus alters venous hemodynamics and may lead to either hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic venous infarcts, either of which may lead to focal neurological deficits and seizures. Cavernous sinus CVT complications include cranial nerve palsies, blindness, and pituitary insufficiency. Direct fibrinolysis and surgical thrombectomy are reserved for selected cases where standard treatment modalities have failed.
Collisional polarizabilities of the inert gases

We extend our previous work on collisional pair polarizabilities by including overlap effects through second order and by explicitly computing the contributions from exchange and correlation in the region of small orbital overlap. We apply the theory to the calculation of pair polarizabilities (both the anisotropy and the trace) of inert gas diatoms. The agreement with coupled Hartree-Fock calculations and experimental optical properties is good, and suggests that this simple method should provide a feasible approach for similar descriptions of molecular gases.
A Reduced Order Controller: Canonical Correlation Analysis of Deterministic/Stochastic Systems

First a brief overview of current model reduction methods is presented. Next the CCA approach is used to obtain a reduced-order LQR design as well as a reduced-order Kalman filter. Exploiting duality, a parallel presentation for both the problems is given. Finally reduced-order LQG controllers are discussed using the CCA approach.
Building capacity to prevent and control chronic disease in underserved communities: expanding the wisdom of WISEWOMAN in intervening at the environmental level.

THE WELL-INTEGRATED SCREENING AND EVALUATION for Women Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) health promotion projects are groundbreaking in that they expand on an existing cancer control infrastructure to address additional chronic diseases and disease disparities. The WISEWOMAN approach is exciting because it begins to dismantle the territorial, disease-circumscribed silos that have long prevented optimal utilization of scarce public health resources in the face of an ever-increasing disease burden and service demand. Given the lack of long-term success experienced by most large populationbased cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention projects,1,2 the WISEWOMAN program’s focus on higher-risk subgroups, such as minority and low literacy populations, is indicated. The program represents a substantive effort by federal agencies to eliminate ethnic disparities in health status and disease outcomes. The WISEWOMAN initiative reflects the high standards for study inclusiveness (representation of understudied ethnic and socioeconomic groups) and intervention exportability3 required to effectively address health disparities. To realize the full potential of this initiative to improve health status in underserved communities, however, expansion of efforts to intervene at the environmental level will be critical. There is a paucity of high-quality data regarding the effectiveness of CVD risk reduction interventions targeting or including substantive numbers of people of color or people from lowincome backgrounds. Interventions may be targeted at the individual level (the focus of the overwhelming majority of chronic disease prevention and health promotion studies to date, including WISEWOMAN) or at environmental change. The sparse literature on either individually or environmentally directed interventions in underserved communities represents a major obstacle in developing effective chronic disease control policies and programs, particularly in the face of the increasing disease burden associated with the growing ethnic and cultural diversification of the United States and the aging of the American population. The WISEWOMAN studies published in this Supplement help to address this evidentiary gap. The projects described here represent great breadth in regional setting and cultural diversity and in the array of intervention approaches and evaluation methodologies used.4 An earlier review of 32 individually targeted nutrition and physical activity interventions to reduce CVD risk in healthcare settings5 found only 1 non-WISEWOMAN study6 that included a substantial proportion of people of color. Two additional reviews of the literature on ethnically inclusive, individually targeted, weight-related lifestyle interventions7,8 identified just 20 studies, most characterized by small sample size, high study attrition, and few long-term ( 6 months) follow-up data. Considering the escalating epidemics of obe-
Fructooligosaccharide supplementation in the yearling horse: Effects on fecal pH, microbial content, and volatile fatty acid concentrations,

Short-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were supplemented to the diets of nine quarter horses ranging in age from 489 to 539 d with initial BW averaging 400.6 +/- 21.2 kg. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary FOS on the fecal responses in terms of pH, the microbial population, and VFA concentrations. The horses were used in a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square design, fed according to NRC requirements, and their individual diets were supplemented with no FOS (CON), 8 g of FOS/d (LOW), or 24 g of FOS/d (HIGH) over three 10-d feeding periods. On the last 3 d of each 10-d feeding period, a single fecal sample was collected between 0730 and 0930. Fecal pH decreased linearly (P = 0.01) from 6.48 with the CON diet to 6.38 with the HIGH diet, but there was no change (P = 0.19 for linear effect) in fecal consistency among treatments. A quadratic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for fecal Escherichia coli population, but no difference (P = 0.88 for linear effect) was found in fecal Lactobacilli enumeration among treatments. The presence of fecal Bifidobacteria was unable to be confirmed and was therefore not reported. Fecal acetate concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.03), with means of 2.13, 2.18, and 2.52 mg/g of wet feces for CON, LOW, and HIGH treatments, respectively. Similarly, fecal propionate concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.01), with means of 0.58, 0.64, and 0.73 mg/g for CON, LOW, and HIGH treatments, respectively. Fecal butyrate concentrations also increased linearly (P = 0.02), with means of 0.40, 0.46, and 0.54 mg/g for CON, LOW, and HIGH treatments, respectively. Total VFA (P = 0.01) and lactate (P = 0.02) concentrations increased linearly, with total VFA means of 3.47, 3.69, and 4.25 mg/g for CON, LOW, and HIGH treatments, respectively, and lactate means of 0.36, 0.41, and 0.47 mg/g for CON, LOW, and HIGH treatments, respectively. Supplementing FOS in diets fed to yearling horses altered fecal microbial populations, fecal VFA concentrations, and pH.
Kentucky v. King: The Scope of the Exigent Circumstances Exception

This article analyzes Kentucky v. King case, currently pending decision in the Supreme Court. The issue is whether police created exigent circumstances will justify a warrantless entry and search of a home.
Near Earth asteroid rendezvous spacecraft overview

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory is under contract from NASA to design and launch a spacecraft that will rendezvous and orbit the near Earth asteroid, 433 Eros. The spacecraft is the first under NASA's Discovery Program, which is a new series of low cost solar system missions. The mission plan is to launch in February 1996, fly by the main belt asteroid 253 Mathilde in June 1997, and arrive at 433 Eros in February 1999. While in orbit around Eros the spacecraft will measure the bulk, surface, and internal properties of the asteroid for a period of 12 months. This paper describes the near Earth asteroid rendezvous mission with a focus on the spacecraft design. The system level spacecraft architecture employs a design approach that takes advantage of mission geometry to enable exciting, first-rate science return with low cost, quick turnaround, and low technical risk.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the SH2- and SH3-coding domains of c-src produces varied phenotypes, including oncogenic activation of p60c-src.

Abstract The products of the viral and cellular src genes, p60v-src and p60c-src, appear to be composed of multiple functional domains. Highly conserved regions called src homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3), comprising amino acid residues 88 to 250, are believed to modulate the protein-tyrosine kinase activity present in the carboxy-terminal halves of the src proteins. To explore the functions of these regions more fully, we have made 34 site-directed mutations in a transformation-competent c-src gene encoding phenylalanine in place of tyrosine 527 (Y527F c-src). Twenty of the new mutations change only one or two amino acids, and the remainder delete small or large portions of the SH2-SH3 region. These mutant alleles have been incorporated into a replication-competent Rous sarcoma virus vector to examine the biochemical and biological properties of the mutant proteins after infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Four classes of mutant proteins were observed: class 1, mutants with only slight differences from the parental gene products; class 2, mutant proteins with diminished transforming and specific kinase activities; class 3, mutant proteins with normal or enhanced specific kinase activity but impaired biological activity, often as a consequence of instability; and class 4, mutant proteins with augmented biological and catalytic activities. In general, there was a strong correlation between total kinase activity (or amounts of intracellular phosphotyrosine-containing proteins) and transforming activity. Deletion mutations and some point mutations affecting residues 109 to 156 inhibited kinase and transforming functions, whereas deletions affecting residues 187 to 226 generally had positive effects on one or both of those functions, confirming that SH2-SH3 has complex regulatory properties. Five mutations that augmented the transforming and kinase activities of Y527F c-src [F172P, R175L, delta(198-205), delta(206-226), and delta(176-226)] conferred transformation competence on an otherwise normal c-src gene, indicating that mutations in SH2 (like previously described lesions in SH3, the kinase domain, and a carboxy-terminal inhibitory domain) can activate c-src.
Horizontal Ladder Task-Specific Re-training in Adult Rats with Contusive Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury

Purpose Using the horizontal ladder task, we examined some issues that need to be resolved before task-specific rehabilitative training can be employed clinically for the frequent contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that improving recovery in task performance after contusive thoracic SCI requires frequent re-training and initiating the re-training early during spontaneous recovery. Methods Contusive SCI was produced at the adult female Sprague Dawley rat T10 vertebra. Task re-training was initiated one week later when occasional weight-supported plantar steps were taken overground (n = 8). It consisted of 2 repetitions each day, 5 days each week, for 3 weeks. Task performance and overground locomotion were assessed weekly. Neurotransmission through the SCI ventrolateral funiculus was examined. SCI morphometry was determined. Results Re-training did not improve task performance recovery compared to untrained Controls (n = 7). Untrained overground locomotion and neurotransmission through the SCI did not change. Lesion area at the injury epicenter as a percentage of the total spinal cord area as well as total tissue, lesion, and spared tissue, white matter, or gray matter volumes did not differ. Conclusions For the horizontal ladder task after contusive thoracic SCI, earlier re-training sessions with more repetitions and critical neural circuitry may be necessary to engender a rehabilitation effect.
What complex systems research can teach us about collaborative design

Collaborative design is challenging because strong interdependencies between design issues make it difficult to converge on a single design that satisfies these dependencies and is acceptable to all participants. Complex systems research has much to offer to the understanding of these dynamics. This paper describes some insights from the complex systems perspective.
Management of Hypertension in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) affects about 16 million adults in the USA. Many more individuals likely harbor subclinical coronary disease. Hypertension (HTN) continues to be a potent and widespread risk factor for IHD. Among other Framingham risk factors of tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and left ventricular hypertrophy, HTN plays an independent role in augmenting IHD risk, as well as a multiplicative role with respect to adverse outcomes when HTN is present concurrently with the other major IHD risk factors listed above. Over the past two decades, numerous studies and guideline reports have been presented with the aims of (a) elucidating the pathophysiology of IHD, (b) delineating an ideal blood pressure (BP) threshold at which to institute pharmacotherapy, and (c) defining the optimal pharmacologic elements of a therapeutic regimen. While there are active debates surrounding the existence and relevance of the J curve in IHD patients who have HTN, as well as the numerical level of the BP cutoff justifying drug therapy in the general population, there is a general consensus that the BP target in IHD patients should be lower than 140/90 mmHg. The most appropriate class (or classes) of medication recommended will depend on the comorbid conditions associated with each individual patient. Overall, however, there is no major evidence underscoring a significant difference between drug classes, provided the target BP is achieved, although it should be pointed out that the most recent (2015) American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Society of Hypertension (ASH) guideline statement now elevates beta-blockers (BB) to the same level of recommendation as other classes of hypertension drugs in the treatment of patients who have hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Although most agents that reduce blood pressure will correspondingly lower myocardial workload, BB may exhibit a special advantage in IHD patients because BB (as well as verapamil and diltiazem subclasses of calcium channel blockers or CCB) act to lower HR as well as cardiac inotropy. Moreover, BB will remain an integral if not indispensable part of the management of IHD, especially in those with history of angina pectoris or MI, based on decades of favorable clinical as well as trial experience. This extensive salutary historical background has served as a foundation for the 2015 committee's decision to bring BB into the front rank of BP agents for those hypertensive individuals suffering simultaneously from IHD.
Apparent response incompatibility effects on P3 latency depend on the task.

Abstract Ten young women were tested with an ERP paradigm that used the words ‘left,’ ‘right,’ ‘LEFT,’ ‘RIGHT’ as stimuli. The stimulus sequence was presented as several separate runs with varying response instructions. Subjects were instructed to respond according (1) to the meaning of the stimulus in the (WORD task), (2) to the case in which the stimulus was written (CASE task), or (3) to both the case and meaning of the stimulus (CASE/WORD) task. In each task, half the trials called for a response that was incompatible with the stimulus. For the WORD task, compatible and incompatible trials were presented as separate blocks of trials. For all 3 tasks an additional stimulus sequence was presented in which the words were degraded with superimposed visual random noise. Reaction time (RT) in the CASE/WORD task was more than 100 msec later than in the other tasks. In the WORD and CASE/WORD tasks, RT was delayed more than 100 msec when the response was incompatible with the stimulus. Degrading the stimulus additionally delayed RT by about 100 msec. In the WORD and CASE tasks, error RTs were earlier than correct RTs. P3 latency was measured with a single-trial latency adjustment algorithm. P3 latency was delayed in the CASE/WORD task compared to the other 2 tasks. P3 was delayed by degrading the stimuli. Contrary to some previous reports, P3 was delayed by about 70 msec when incompatible reponses were required, but only in the WORD task. Taken together with error and RT data, these P3 latency data are consistent with the notion that the task causes subjects to adopt different strategies and hence different types of processing (i.e., serial vs. parallel). Depending on the type of processing, P3 may appear to be affected by response incompatibility.
Assessment of binge eating disorder in morbidly obese patients evaluated for gastric bypass: SCID versus QEWP-R.

Objective: Binge eating disorder (BED) has been hypothesized to be associated with poor outcome in gastric bypass surgery (GBP). However, past studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding BED and surgical outcome, which may be due to the variety of measures used to assess BED. The present study examines the utility of two commonly used BED diagnostic tools: the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) and the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised (QEWP-R). Method: Subjects were 168 adult patients evaluated for GBP. BED was assessed using the SCID and the QEWP-R. Results: 27% of the sample received a diagnosis of BED using the QEWP-R, compared with 14% using the SCID. Agreement using Cohen’s kappa was 0.37. Compared to subjects with non-concordant diagnoses of BED, subjects with concordant diagnoses scored lower on a measure of self-esteem. Discussion: Although both diagnostic tools use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, each yielded different results. Further studies are needed to determine the most accurate method of assessing BED in this population.
Lively Streets: Determining Environmental Characteristics to Support Social Behavior

Increasingly, scholars suggest thinking of the street as a social space, rather than just a channel for movement. Studies that address the relationships between social behavior and environmental quality of the street tend to separate the study of physical features from land uses and hence do not address the interrelationships between behavioral patterns and physical features of the street and its sociability. This article is an empirical examination of behavioral responses of people to the environmental quality of neighborhood commercial streets. Structured and semistructured observations are used to study stationary, lingering, and social activities on three neighborhood commercial streets. Eleven land use and physical characteristics of buildings and the street are identified based on the literature review and extensive observations. These are measured and tested to understand which characteristics support stationary, lingering, and social activities. The findings reveal that people are equally concerne...
Synthesis of a Sinter-Resistant, Mixed-Oxide Support for Au Nanoclusters†

Following the discovery that small gold clusters highly dispersed on metal oxide supports are active catalysts at low temperature for a variety of reactions, a number of studies have been carried out to determine the structure of the clusters and the mechanism leading to their activity. A major deterrent to the use of these catalysts, however, is that under reaction temperatures and pressures, the clusters tend to sinter, or agglomerate, leading to a dramatic decrease in activity. In an attempt to make these highly active Au catalysts more stable, mixed-oxide supports have been developed by substituting Ti atoms for Si in a silica thin film network. Depending on the amount of Ti deposited, the TiO2−SiO2 surface consists of substituted Ti atoms and/or TiOx islands. With deposition of Au onto these TiO2−SiO2 surfaces (at low and high Ti coverages), the substituted Ti and/or TiOx islands act as Au cluster nucleation sites, leading to a marked increase in the cluster number density compared to the Ti-free SiO...
Newly synthesised lipids incorporated into influenza virus membranes.

USING sequential labelling techniques, I have found that newly synthesised as well as preformed lipids are incorporated into the membrane of the maturing influenza virus, thus contradicting suggestions that only pre-existing phospholipids1–3 are utilised for the synthesis of enveloped viruses. This is not surprising in the light of reports that a selection mechanism exists for fatty acyl chains4,5 (in ortho- and para-myxoviruses) and that many phospholipids6 and neutral lipids7 turn over rapidly in cultured animal cells.
Detection of native and recombinant Bacillus macerans cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase using microtiter elisa techniques

Abstract Direct, sandwich, and competitive ELISA methods were developed to quantify Bacillus macerans cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) and its thioredoxin fusion molecule using rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The direct ELISA method was used to demonstrate equivalent molar response of both native CGTase and the thioredoxin-CGTase fusion protein to antibody binding. Sandwich ELISA showed the most sensitive detection range (0.2 ∼ 50 μg ml−1) against CGTase. We improved a competitive ELISA method by coating the microtiter plate with denatured CGTase in 6 m guanidine-HCI solution, resulting in enhanced, rapid response. This competitive ELISA method was specific, precise, and rapid when the method was used to quantify CGTase and monitor production of CGTase and its thioredoxin fusion protein in the recombinant E. coli. These methods are specifically useful when detecting and quantifying recombinant CGTase proteins in which mutations may have reduced or eliminated enzymatic activity.
Electroosmotic pumps and their applications in microfluidic systems

Electroosmotic pumping is receiving increasing attention in recent years owing to the rapid development in micro total analytical systems. Compared with other micropumps, electroosmotic pumps (EOPs) offer a number of advantages such as creation of constant pulse-free flows and elimination of moving parts. The flow rates and pumping pressures of EOPs matches well with micro analysis systems. The common materials and fabrication technologies make it readily integrateable with lab-on-a-chip devices. This paper reviews the recent progress on EOP fabrications and applications in order to promote the awareness of EOPs to researchers interested in using micro- and nano-fluidic devices. The pros and cons of EOPs are also discussed, which helps these researchers in designing and constructing their micro platforms.