cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of pure cell cultures by cloning

Due to the heterogeneous nature of animal organs, primary cell cultures potentially contain more than one type of cell. Interpretation of data arising from studies using these mixed cultures can lead to difficulties, because it may not be possible to ascertain which of the cell types present may have responded to a given treatment. While a number of procedures have been used to enrich the cell population of interest, many scientists have resorted to cloning of cells in order to insure the purity of cell cultures. Three major strategies have been used to produce clones, namely, the dilution technique, cloning ring technique, and robotic cell transfer. Successful cloning is dependent on optimization of attachment substrata, basal media composition, serum source, and growth factor/hormone additions to support proliferation of the cell type at clonal (low) density.
A Review of “Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early American West”: Hammond, John Craig, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 256 pp., $39.50, ISBN 978-0-8138-2669-8 Publication Date: December 2007

In the twenty-first-century culture wars in the United States, perhaps no issue has led to more spilled ink and invective than the debate over the founding fathers’ opinions regarding the instituti...
Effect of Zinc, Copper, and Iron on Ochratoxin A Production

The effect of zinc, copper, and iron levels on production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm in a synthetic medium in a shake culture was investigated. Optimal concentrations of ZnSO4, CuSO4, and FeCl3 for ochratoxin A production were 0.055 to 2.2 mg/liter, 0.004 to 0.04 mg/liter, and 1.2 to 24 mg/liter, respectively. Zinc and copper levels greater than optimum reduced the rate of ochratoxin accumulation without altering either glutamate or sucrose utilization. Ochratoxin A production was correlated with rapid utilization of sucrose by the fungus and decreasing pH of the medium. Most of the glutamic acid was removed from the medium prior to ochratoxin production. There was no correlation between mycelial dry weight and ochratoxin A production.
IGP link weight assignment for transient link failures

Intra-domain routing in IP backbone networks relies on link-state protocols such as IS-IS or OSPF. These protocols associate a weight (or cost) with each network link, and compute traffic routes based on these weight. However, proposed methods for selecting link weights largely ignore the issue of failures which arise as part of everyday network operations (maintenance, accidental, etc.). Changing link weights during a short-lived failure is impractical. However such failures are frequent enough to impact network performance. We propose a Tabu-search heuristic for choosing link weights which allow a network to function almost optimally during short link failures. The heuristic takes into account possible link failure scearios when choosing weights, thereby mitigating the effect of such failures. We find that the weights chosen by the heuristic can reduce link overload during transient link failures by as much as 40% at the cost of a small performance degradation in the absence of failures (10%).
Affect Regulation During Learning: The Enhancing Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal

Summary Affective experiences routinely occur during learning and need to be successfully regulated. In two experiments, we used an intervention that combined elements of utility value and cognitive reappraisal to gauge its effects on engagement and performance. We predicted that participants using the reappraisal strategy would experience more engagement and higher learning outcomes than controls. Ethnically diverse adult learners ranging from 18 to 58 years of age (Experiment 1, N = 93; Experiment 2: N = 138) used affect regulation strategies or no strategy (control) in an online learning environment. Engagement and learning outcomes were measured throughout the experiment. Participants who used reappraisal generally reported more engagement and achieved higher learning outcomes than controls. A mediation analysis revealed evidence of a partial mediation effect of affective engagement between reappraisal and learning outcomes in Study 2. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the role of affect regulation during learning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Korean Immigrants' Gender Role and Social Status, and Their Marital Conflicts

Based on survey and ethnographic research conducted in New York, this paper shows how the discrepancy between Korean immigrant women's increased economic role and persistence of their husbands' traditional patriarchal ideology causes marital conflicts and tensions. While only a small proportion of married women participate in the labor force in South Korea, the vast majority of Korean immigrant wives work outside the home, most working long hours. Parallel to the increase in Korean women's economic role, their husbands' provider role and social status have significantly weakened with immigration. Despite Korean women's increase in their economic role, most Korean husbands have not modified a rigid form of patriarchal ideology brought from Korea because they are socially segregated from the mainstream society. A big clash between Korean women's active economic role and their husbands' traditional patriarchal attitudes causes serious marital conflicts in many Korean immigrant families. In addition, Korean partners' (particularly husbands') frustrations over their downward social mobility, the long hours spent together in the family store, and their midlife crisis are additional causes of marital conflicts. Other contemporary immigrant groups, mostly from non-European, Third World countries, seem to encounter lower, but similar marital conflicts caused by sudden changes in women's gender role.
Statistics and Economic History

This paper deals with the relation between statistical analysis as applied in economic inquiry and history as written or interpreted by economic historians. Although both these branches of economic study derive from the same body of raw materials of inquiry—the recordable past and present of economic society—each has developed in comparative isolation from the other. Statistical economists have failed to utilize adequately the contributions that economic historians have made to our knowledge of the past; and historians have rarely employed either the analytical tools or the basic theoretical hypotheses of statistical research. It is the thesis of this essay that such failure to effect a close interrelation between historical approach and statistical analysis needs to be corrected in the light of the final goal of economic study.
SAFETY OF GLUTAMINE-ENRICHED PARENTERAL NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS IN HUMANS

To determine the safety of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition, seven normal volunteers were admitted to the Clinical Research Center for three 5-d study periods. The subjects received infusions of parenteral nutrients containing increasing doses of glutamine (0, 0.285, and 0.570 g.kg body wt-1.d-1) substituted for alanine and glycine. Each study period was preceded by greater than or equal to 2 wk of normal food intake. The diets were isocaloric (1.2X estimated basal metabolic rate) and isonitrogenous (1.5 g protein.kg-1.d-1) with nonprotein calories given as dextrose (38%) and fat emulsion (62%). The diets were all well tolerated and there were no untoward effects. Plasma glutamine concentrations increased significantly with glutamine administration but plateaued at concentrations approximately 25% above control values. Ammonia and glutamate, potentially toxic metabolites of glutamine, did not change significantly with glutamine enrichment. Nitrogen balance and hormonal concentrations were unchanged during the three dietary periods. Results of mental-status examinations and continuous performance testing were normal and unchanged throughout the three periods. Glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrient solutions are well tolerated with no associated signs of toxicity in normal humans.
The Androgen Status of Aging Male Rats

In male Sprague-Dawley rats between 3–24 months of age, plasma concentrations of testosterone declined by more than 50% while concentrations of LH in plasma remained relatively constant. During the same interval, body weight rose almost 50%, suggesting that total circulating amounts of testosterone, assuming a proportional expansion of plasma volume, remained relatively constant with increasing age and that total LH in the circulation actually increased in older rats. This assumption was justified by demonstrating that blood plasma volume increased in proportion to body weight over the range of ages and weights represented by rats in this study. Plasma testosterone levels achieved after the injection of gonadotropin were significantly lower in the oldest rats, but when adjusted for increased plasma volume, total testosterone added to the circulation in response to injected gonadotropin did not diminish with age. Age-related change was not detected in testosterone secretion by decapsulated rat testes, eith...
Large particle transport of plutonium and other fallout radionuclides to the deep ocean

Artificial radionuclides introduced to the atmosphere as a consequence of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests have been detected in deep sediments of the Atlantic1 and Pacific2 Oceans and of the Mediterranean Sea3. The nuclides which have been found in these sediments have half lives long enough to be detectable 10 or more years after their introduction to the ocean and biogeochemistries which permit particle association and transport. They include such nuclides as 239,240Pu, 238Pu, 241Am, 55Fe and 137Cs (refs 1–5). For fallout nuclides to have been transported to the deep ocean in the two to three decades since they were delivered to the sea surface, relatively rapid transport through the water column is required. We describe here the results of radiochemical analyses of Pu and other fallout nuclides in three series of sediment trap samples collected as part of the PARFLUX program6–8. The data are used to consider the role that large particles have in processes which transfer particle reactive artificial radionuclides through oceanic water columns.
Reoperative Mandibular Reconstruction

Ideal reconstruction of the mandible is important for a multitude of reasons and has been and continues to be among the most common surgical challenges for reconstructive surgeons of the head and neck. Historically, pedicle flaps, such as the pectoralis major and deltopectoral myocutaneous flaps, were workhorse flaps for lower facial third head and neck reconstruction. This article outlines the relevant anatomy of the perimandibular region, reconstructive options including second free flaps, relevant workup, and complications pertaining to reoperative mandibular surgery.
Turbulent boundary layers with and without mass injection

Abstract For laminar flows, higher-order differential methods derived from polynomial spline interpolation and Hermitian collocation have significantly reduced the numbers of mesh points required to achieve accuracy equal to that of conventional second-order finite-difference methods. This study is intended to evaluate the applicability of two of these techniques for simulating the thicker, higher-shear turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, with and without mass transfer. Coupled velocity-stream function solutions are obtained with displacement thickness normalized and transformed boundary layer variables. The fourth-order Spline 4 and sixth-order Hermite 6 formulations are considered. Single layer and two-layer eddy viscosity models are used for closure. The results obtained here with relatively coarse meshes compare favorably with experimental data, and lead us to believe that, with appropriate closure modelling, more general turbulent shear flows can be simulated with comparable reductions in computer requirements.
MODELING THE TIME DISTRIBUTION OF RECIDIVISM: APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PLANNING

Existing criminal justice system models give scant attention to the timing of recidivism, a key system phenomenon. Using statistical techniques, several aggregate exponential models for recidivism are developed that extend earlier work. Published empirical data permit calibration and comparison with the model's results. Discussion of the model's rationale and possible refinement is accompanied by suggested planning and policy uses.
Multi-mode localized surface plasmon resonance sensors for compensation of interfering effects

We demonstrate a novel localized surface plasmon resonance based sensor that can differentiate a target interaction from interfering interactions. This is accomplished by the simultaneous interrogation of the sensing medium with the multiple surface plasmon modes of the U-shaped gold nanostructure.
Bright Entangled Photon Source Optimized for Single Mode Emission and Minimum Spectral Entanglement

We describe an entangled photon source based on collinear down-conversion in periodically-poled KTP at 1552 nm. The pump bandwidth, crystal length, and pump spatial mode are chosen so as to minimize spectral and spatial entanglement.
Ice-shelf response to ice-stream discharge fluctuations. III: The effects of ice-stream imbalance on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

A numerical simulation of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, in which discharge from Ice Streams A-E is changed suddenly between extreme states, is used to investigate ice-shelf thickness and flow anomalies generated by ice-stream transience. At one extreme, ice-stream discharge rates specified as model boundary conditions are balanced individually with snow accumulation in the ice-stream catchment areas. At the other, discharge rates are fixed at current observed values which widely depart from mass balance. The simulated ice-shelf evolution between initial and final steady states suggests that ice-thickness and velocity fields adjust to new ice-stream conditions over a relatively short time span (approximately 500 years). In contrast, transitory geometrics of medial moraines and relict-crevasse bands persist over a longer time span (up to 2000 years). Contortions of medial moraines and relict-crevasse bands thus may provide a useful long-term history of past ice-stream activity. The past stoppage of Ice Stream C, for example, should be evident today in some medial moraine trajectories even if the stoppage occurred over 1000 years ago. Ice-shelf thickness fluctuations induced by ice-stream activity are generally restricted to the neighborhood of the grounding line. These fluctuations may constitute a trigger for ice-rise formation near ice-stream outlets.
Canonical quantization of fields with higher-derivative couplings

It is shown with the use of a model of scalar fields how canonical quantization can carried out when the free part of the Lagrangian density involves only the first derivatives, while the coupling terms involve higher derivatives. Cancellation of noncovariant terms in the scattering operator is found to occur for such couplings provided that $\ensuremath{\delta}(0)$ terms are eliminated with the use of dimensional regularization.
Detection and classification for unattended ground sensors

Describes the application of statistical estimation and multisensor fusion techniques to the detection, classification and localisation of targets with unattended ground sensors (UGS). Data have been collected for personnel and vehicles moving near a seismic sensor, and processed to allow two features to be obtained. An EM algorithm is used to estimate parameters of a Gaussian mixture model representing the signal data, resulting in improved detection and classification compared to the sensor's built-in algorithm. A design is given for multisensor fusion of a set of UGS sensors, in which multiple detections by a single sensor are used to estimate the closest distance of the target to the sensor, based on an assumption about the target speed, and these estimates are associated to a set of predefined trajectories which the target is assumed to follow. A multiple hypothesis scheme is used to update the probabilities of the trajectories as the target moves past the sensors through the region under surveillance.
Vitrectomy techniques for complex retinal detachments

Complex retinal detachment includes proliferative vitreoretinopathy, traction retinal detachment, giant retinal breaks, and a subset of retinal detachments associated with trauma. These situations present a particular challenge to retinal reattachment procedures. Specific intraoperative and postoperative vitreoretinal techniques may facilitate effective repair of complex cases. The author present a review of vitrectomy techniques, microsurgical instrumentation, and postoperative management with intravitreal tamponade agents. Many techniques and tools are required to repair complex retinal detachments; a vitreoretinal surgeon must master all the described techniques and utilize flexible decision-making. A 25-gauge, sutureless vitrectomy without scleral buckling is the best option for complex retinal detachments.
On the Choice of the Contact Frame in Railroad Vehicle Dynamics

In some of the wheel/rail creep theories used in railroad vehicle simulations, the direction of the tangential creep forces is assumed to be the wheel rolling direction (RD). When Hertz theory is used, an assumption is made that the rolling direction is the direction of one of the axes of the contact ellipse. In principle, the rolling direction depends on the wheel motion, while the direction of the axes of the contact ellipse (CE) are determined using the principal directions which depend only on the geometry of the wheel and rail surfaces and do not depend on the motion of the wheel. The RD and CE directions can also be different from the direction of the rail longitudinal tangent (LT) at the contact point. In this investigation, the differences between the contact frames that are based on the RD, LT, and CE directions, that enter into the calculation of the wheel/rail creep forces and moments, are discussed. The choice of the frame, in which the contact forces are defined, can be determined using one longitudinal vector and the normal to the rail at the contact point. While the normal vector is uniquely defined, different choices can be made for the longitudinal vector including the RD, LT, and CE directions. In the case of pure rolling or when the slipping is small, the RD direction can be defined using the cross product of the angular velocity vector and the vector that defines the location of the contact point. Therefore, this direction does not depend explicitly on the geometry of the wheel and rail surfaces at the contact point. The LT direction is defined as the direction of the longitudinal tangent obtained by differentiation of the rail surface equation with respect to the rail longitudinal parameter (arc length). Such a tangent does not depend explicitly on the direction of the wheel angular velocity nor does it depend on the wheel geometry. The CE direction is defined using the direction of the axes of the contact ellipse used in Hertz theory. In the Hertzian contact theory, the contact ellipse axes are determined using the principal directions associated with the principal curvatures. Therefore, the CE direction differs from the RD and LT directions in the sense that it is function of the geometry of the wheel and rail surfaces. In order to better understand the role of geometry in the formulation of the creep forces, the relationship between the principal curvatures of the rail surface and the curvatures of the rail profile and the rail space curve is discussed in this investigation. Numerical examples are presented in order to examine the differences in the results obtained using the RD, LT and CE contact frames.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Structure of the protein core of the glypican Dally-like and localization of a region important for hedgehog signaling

Glypicans are heparan sulfate proteoglycans that modulate the signaling of multiple growth factors active during animal development, and loss of glypican function is associated with widespread developmental abnormalities. Glypicans consist of a conserved, approximately 45-kDa N-terminal protein core region followed by a stalk region that is tethered to the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor. The stalk regions are predicted to be random coil but contain a variable number of attachment sites for heparan sulfate chains. Both the N-terminal protein core and the heparan sulfate attachments are important for glypican function. We report here the 2.4-A crystal structure of the N-terminal protein core region of the Drosophila glypican Dally-like (Dlp). This structure reveals an elongated, α-helical fold for glypican core regions that does not appear homologous to any known structure. The Dlp core protein is required for normal responsiveness to Hedgehog (Hh) signals, and we identify a localized region on the Dlp surface important for mediating its function in Hh signaling. Purified Dlp protein core does not, however, interact appreciably with either Hh or an Hh:Ihog complex.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a five-decade journey.

Several decades after a comprehensive description of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), there is no uniformly accepted grading system. The most recent debate regarding the histologic grading of MECs, centers on the wide range of reported prevalence of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC1-MAML2) rearrangement in high-grade (HG) MECs. We hypothesize that difficulties in morphologic classification may partially explain problems in grading MECs. We believe that HG MECs, as diagnosed over the last several decades, represent a blend of true MECs with unrelated clinicopathologic entities. To examine the historic aspects of this problem, and to identify neoplasms that most commonly mimic “high-grade” MEC, we reviewed 46 cases of alleged MEC diagnosed in our department from 1956 to 1974. The diagnosis of MEC was confirmed in 22 cases and was changed in 24 cases. Compared to cases of confirmed MEC, cases with changed diagnoses had higher incidence of lymph node metastases, perineural invasion, and shorter overall survival. Adenosquamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary duct carcinoma emerged as the most common mimics of HG MEC. The single most common diagnostic issue in these cases is the level of keratinization acceptable for MEC. Twenty cases of confirmed MEC were tested for CRTC1-MAML2 rearrangement and 5 low-grade MECs, 7 intermediate grade MECs, and 2 cases of HG MEC were translocation-positive.
Implications for isoform-selective inhibitor design derived from the binding mode of bulky isothioureas to the heme domain of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase.

Nitric oxide produced by nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) is not only involved in a wide range of physiological functions but also in a variety of pathological conditions. Isoform-selective NOS inhibitors are highly desirable to regulate the NO production of one isoform beneficial to normal physiological functions from the uncontrolled NO production of another isoform that accompanies certain pathological states. Crystal structures of the heme domain of the three NOS isoforms have revealed a very high degree of similarity in the immediate vicinity of the heme active site illustrating the challenge of isoform-selective inhibitor design. Isothioureas are potent NOS inhibitors, and the structures of the endothelial NOS heme domain complexed with isothioureas bearing small S-alkyl substituents have been determined (Li, H., Raman, C.S., Martasek, P., Kral, V., Masters, B.S.S., and Poulos, T.L. (2000) J. Inorg. Biochem. 81, 133--139). In the present communication, the binding mode of larger bisisothioureas complexed to the endothelial NOS heme domain has been determined. These structures afford a structural rationale for the known inhibitory activities. In addition, these structures provide clues on how to exploit the longer inhibitor substituents that extend out of the active site pocket for isoform-selective inhibitor design.
Relations of electrical conductivity to physical conditions within the asthenosphere

This paper examines the constraint placed by electrical conductivity on physical conditions existing within the mantle. Determination of bulk electrical conductivities of multiphase materials from knowledge of individual phase conductivities and their relative fractions is discussed in the light of recent studies of the equilibrium phase geometries of partial melts. It is concluded that existing models which are based on assumed geometries offer little refinement over Hashin-Shtrikman variational bounds. The possible effects of the gravitational field on phase geometry in partial melts and the resulting conductivity anisotropy are considered. At this time it appears that minimum melt fractions can be safely estimated from a knowledge of Earth conductivity combined with laboratory data on melt and crystalline conductivities and the Hashin-Shtrikman upper bound. The question of whether or not the asthenosphere corresponds to a zone of partial melting is also addressed.
Conceptual design of an eight megabyte high performance charge-coupled storage device

The design approach suggested to satisfy the conceptual requirements was the use of self-contained, charge-coupled storage chips with on-chip decoding. In this approach, the information on the memory chip is stored in a group of closed-loop shift registers, and random access is provided to any one of the registers by an on-chip dynamic FET decoder. In this way, n-control lines can select one of 2n shift registers.
Ethnic Preferences and Ethnic Perceptions in Multi-Ethnic Settings

Racism is a still a central topic in current debates about multiculturalism, but there is increasing evidence that appeals to racism—as the explanation for urban behaviors and the current patterns of residential separation—are overly simplistic. In a multi-ethnic/racial context in which groups have different agendas, it is no longer useful to cast societal divisions as issues of Black versus White. This is especially true for the residential mosaic. Survey responses from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality about racial attitudes reveal strongly held own-race preferences across quite different mixes of ethnic and racial groups. The evidence from the analysis reported in this paper suggests that these strongly held ethnocentric positions will continue to have important influences on the patterns of residential separation in urban areas. To argue that White preferences and White discrimination alone are the major forces in creating behaviors and patterns of separation in the urban fabric ignores the for...
Darwinian medicine and mental disorders

Abstract Darwinian medicine applies the principles of evolutionary biology to the problems of medicine. It asks, for each disease, “Why has natural selection left the body vulnerable to this disease?” There are six possible kinds of answers: (1) novel environments, (2) co-evolution with pathogens, (3) constraints on what natural selection can do, (4) design trade-offs, (5) traits that increase reproduction at the expense of health and (6) defenses that are useful even though they are costly and aversive. These principles prove even more useful for understanding mental disorders than they do for understanding physical disorders. In particular, they offer psychiatry a diagnostic framework that distinguishes defenses from defects in the same way the rest of medicine does. It also calls attention to the utility of emotions, especially negative emotions. This knowledge will become increasingly essential as we gain new powers to use drugs to influence cognition and emotion. It can also help psychiatry to finally become recognized as a medical specialty just like any other.
Genetic variation in weight and survival of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Abstract Data were from brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) where four males were mated to four females in a diallel mating scheme, replicated eight times. Heritabilities computed from the sire component were 0.08 for 144 day weight and 0.60 for 243 day weight while those from the dam component were 0.34 and 0.37, respectively. Maternal variance decreased from 6% of total variance at 144 days to −6% at 243 days. Non-additive genetic variance was high at both ages. Heritabilities were estimated for cumulative survival at eight developmental stages. Heritabilities based on the sire component were low at early stages and decreased with time. Heritabilities based on the dam component were higher but followed the same pattern. Maternal variance accounted for approximately 11% of total variance at all stages except fertilization. Non-additive genetic variance was of considerable importance for all stages except fertilization. Heritabilities for survival between 144 days and 243 days were moderate (0.16 to 0.51). Low positive genetic correlations of 144 day weight with survival were obtained. Negative correlations between 243 day weight and survival suggest that selection for increased 243 day weight would indirectly select against survival. However, a moderate correlation between egg weight and 243 day survival, and a low, but positive correlation between egg weight and 243 day weight suggests that selecting heavier eggs would improve both weight and survival.
Possibilities for global governance of converging technologies

The convergence of nanotechnology, modern biology, the digital revolution and cognitive sciences will bring about tremendous improvements in transformative tools, generate new products and services, enable opportunities to meet and enhance human potential and social achievements, and in time reshape societal relationships. This paper focuses on the progress made in governance of such converging, emerging technologies and suggests possibilities for a global approach. Specifically, this paper suggests creating a multidisciplinary forum or a consultative coordinating group with members from various countries to address globally governance of converging, emerging technologies. The proposed framework for governance of converging technologies calls for four key functions: supporting the transformative impact of the new technologies; advancing responsible development that includes health, safety and ethical concerns; encouraging national and global partnerships; and establishing commitments to long-term planning and investments centered on human development. Principles of good governance guiding these functions include participation of all those who are forging or affected by the new technologies, transparency of governance strategies, responsibility of each participating stakeholder, and effective strategic planning. Introduction and management of converging technologies must be done with respect for immediate concerns, such as privacy, access to medical advancements, and potential human health effects. At the same time, introduction and management should also be done with respect for longer-term concerns, such as preserving human integrity, dignity and welfare. The suggested governance functions apply to four levels of governance: (a) adapting existing regulations and organizations; (b) establishing new programs, regulations and organizations specifically to handle converging technologies; (c) building capacity for addressing these issues into national policies and institutions; and (d) making international agreements and partnerships. Several possibilities for improving the governance of converging technologies in the global self-regulating ecosystem are recommended: using open-source and incentive-based models, establishing corresponding science and engineering platforms, empowering the stakeholders and promoting partnerships among them, implementing long-term planning that includes international perspectives, and institute voluntary and science-based measures for risk management.
Laparoscopy through the open ipsilateral sac to evaluate presence of contralateral hernia

Abstract Purpose: Laparoscopic evaluation of the contralateral side (LECS) in children with unilateral inguinal hernia (UIH) has been criticized because of the abdominal trocar risk and costs. LECS was modified to avoid abdominal trocar insertion by using the open hernia sac for instrumentation (OHLECS). This study was performed to determine the utility, safety, and effectiveness of this technique. Methods: During a 15-month period, 80 children with unilateral hernia underwent attempted OHLECS. All ordinarily would have undergone open contralateral exploration. The indications were UIH in boys ≤2 years of age and girls ≤4 years of age (n = 53) or high clinical suspicion (but not certainty) of contralateral hernia in older children with UIH (n = 27). Endotracheal intubation was not used unless otherwise indicated. Reusable 3-mm blunt trocars and 3-mm 30° or 70° laparoscopes were employed, with and 6 to 8 mm of insufflation pressure. No urethral catheter was used. The ipsilateral hernia sac was dissected, opened, and instrumented, and the contralateral side was evaluated for patency. Concurrent external palpation of the contralateral inguinal canal is an important diagnostic adjunct. Positive results were visible patency of processus vaginalis or bubbles or fluid and/or gas expressed from the processus by palpation. Only if the evaluation was positive was contralateral incision and repair performed. OHLECS added no more than 2 minutes of operating time. The operating room cost is similar to that of opening the contralateral side. Only reusable laparoscopic instruments are used, and less operating time, anesthetic time, suture material, and dressings are required if the contralateral side is not opened. Results: In 10 patients (all Conclusion: Laparoscopic evaluation of the contralateral side via the open ipsilateral hernia sac is feasible, quick, safe, cost effective, and requires no additional incisions. The rate of positive findings is comparable with that of open exploration. Long-term follow-up is required to determine the ultimate effectiveness of the technique.
Microinjection of morphine into nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis of the rat suppresses spontaneous activity of nucleus raphe magnus neurons.

Abstract Microinjection of morphine into nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis of anesthetized rats had differential effects on spontaneous firing of neurons in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) depending upon the dose of morphine administered. Microinjection of 1 μg of morphine, a dose which has reliable antinociceptive effects in awake animals, had predominantly suppressive effects on NRM spontaneous firing. Microinjection of 0.35 μg of morphine, a dose which has small and unreliable antinociceptive effects in awake animals, had little effect on the activity of NRM cells.
Strategies Toward Syntheses of Triazolyl- or Triazolium-Functionalized Unsymmetrical Energetic Salts

Triazolyl-functionalized monocationic energetic salts (2a−m) were prepared through reactions of 1-(chloromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole with 1-methylimidazole, 1-methyl-1,2,4-triazole, or 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole in the presence of NaI, followed by metathetical reactions with equivalent silver salts. Subsequent protonation with corresponding acids gave rise to triazolium-functionalized diquaternary salts (3a−c). Direct treatment of neutral 1-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)methylene-1H-1,2,4-triazole, which was prepared by reaction of 1-(chloromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole with imidazole in the presence of a base, with acids in methanol or metathesis with silver salts after quaternization with methyl iodide gave rise to the corresponding diquaternary energetic salts 5a−c and 7a−d, respectively. All of the energetic salts were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and density determinations. The majority of them exhibit good thermal stability and relatively high density. ...
Using mass media in the presidential primaries: Effects on candidate issue knowledge and confidence in judging candidate viability

The role of mass media in the presidential primaries has not been examined in the same fashion as in the presidential general elections, congressional elections, and gubernatorial elections. This study is based on a survey (face‐to‐face interviews) of 392 adults randomly selected from a city with a population of 444,000 during the 1996 presidential primaries. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression analyses show that television news programs increase learning about candidate issue policies. People's confidence in judging which candidate has a better chance to win the party's nomination is influenced by reading of newspaper campaign stories, viewing of the campaign commercials, and their attention to the campaign news on TV. This study enriches our understanding of media effects in the presidential primaries.
Ends, Means, and Galumphing: Some Leitmotifs of Play1

Two main questions are asked here about play. (1) Is it really a coherent category of activity in spite of the diverse forms it takes in man and animals? (2) Does it make sense in terms of the evolution of behavior that play should have become so ubiquitous among our activities? These questions are approached by looking at play as a way of orchestrating the ends and means of action in which the means are the center of interest, in which the economics of survival are subordinated to combinatorial flexibility.
Real-time Microwave Imaging of Differential Temperature for Thermal Therapy Monitoring

A microwave imaging system for real-time 3-D imaging of differential temperature has been developed for the monitoring and feedback of thermal therapy systems. Design parameters are constrained by features of a prototype-focused microwave thermal therapy system for the breast, operating at 915 MHz. Real-time imaging is accomplished with a precomputed linear inverse scattering solution combined with continuous vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements of a 36-antenna, HFSS-modeled, cylindrical cavity. Volumetric images of differential change of dielectric constant due to temperature are formed with a refresh rate as fast as 1 frame/s and 1 $^\circ$ C resolution. Procedures for data segmentation and postprocessed S-parameter error-correction are developed. Antenna pair VNA calibration is accelerated by using the cavity as the unknown thru standard. The device is tested on water targets and a simple breast phantom. Differentially heated targets are successfully imaged in cluttered environments. The rate of change of scattering contrast magnitude correlates 1:1 with target temperature.
Formation of porcine hepatocyte spheroids for use in a bioartificial liver.

Abstract Xenogeneic hepatocytes have recently been used in a bioartificial liver device as a potential short-term extracorporeal support of acute liver failure. Scaling up the system requires large quantities of viable and highly active cells. Hepatocytes grown as spheroids manifest higher metabolic activities for longer time periods as compared to those in monolayer cultures. Use of hepatocyte spheroids for application in a bioartificial liver can possibly alleviate the need of scaling up. Porcine hepatocytes when cultured under stirred conditions, form multicellular spheroids in a defined culture medium. Spheroids were formed 24 h after cell inoculation with an efficiency of 80–90°7o and a mean diameter of about 135 μm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed numerous microvilli projecting from the entire surface of the spheroids. Transmission electron microscopy revealed differentiated hepatocytes which displayed well-developed cytoplasmic structures separated by bile canaliculus-like structures. The morphological studies show a resemblance between cells in the spheroids and in the liver in vivo. Ureagenesis by spheroids was twice as active and was sustained for a longer culture period than that by hepatocytes cultured as monolayers. Preparation of porcine hepatocyte spheroids in an agitated vessel is simple efficient and reproducible. It will allow for preparation of large quantities of spheroids to be employed in a bioartificial liver device as well as in liver metabolism studies.
Burial at sea: Separating and placing the dead during the age of sail

Burials at sea were common during the Age of Sail (the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries). While much is known about the history and structure of the burial at sea ritual, scholars have not ye...
Altering Light Availability to Restore Invaded Forest: The Predictive Role of Plant Traits

Many studies have demonstrated that reduced light availability, which can be manipulated at local scales by planting or seeding canopy species, can curtail the growth of invasive species and promote the growth of native species. Species differences in functional traits, such as light use and stress tolerance, may be used to determine how native and invasive species will respond to these resource manipulations. We altered light availability in a mesic Hawaiian forest understory and found that low light levels reduced the biomass and growth of two invasive grasses (Pennisetum clandestinum and Ehrharta stipoides) relative to two native shrubs (Pipturus albidus and Coprosma rhynchocarpa) and two native canopy species (Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa). Native species generally displayed traits associated with shade tolerance (high quantum yield, chlorophyll content, and leaf mass per area), whereas the two invasive grasses displayed traits associated with shade intolerance (high photosynthetic rate and growth rate). Several key traits pertaining to light acquisition and shade tolerance (quantum yield, chlorophyll content, and leaf mass per area) predicted seedling survival in low-light treatments. Our data suggest that differences in light use among native and invasive species can help to determine the utility of resource manipulation as a restoration tool and, more specifically, to predict which native species will be optimal for restoration efforts that manipulate light availability.
A Simple Technique for Coating Carbon Atomic Absorption Atomizer Components with Pyrolytic Carbon

Recent literature is replete with evidence that carbon nonflame atomizers used for atomic absorption or atomic fluorescence analysis are improved by the use of pyrolytically coated graphite or vitreous carbon in lieu of the more common (and cheaper) forms of carbon. The reasons lie in the permeability of the usual spectroscopic graphites to gases and solutions. This permeability allows actual loss of sample atoms through the walls of the atomization chamber and shortens the effective residence time of atoms within the optical path. Analyte material from solutions partially absorbed into the graphite substrate before drying enters the optical path more slowly upon application of the atomization current than will material on the surface. This causes a broadening and lowering of the peak absorption signal.
Improved complexity results on solving real-number linear feasibility problems

We present complexity results on solving real-number standard linear programs LP(A,b,c), where the constraint matrix ** the right-hand-side vector ** and the objective coefficient vector ** are real. In particular, we present a two-layered interior-point method and show that LP(A,b,0), i.e., the linear feasibility problem Ax = b and x ≥ 0, can be solved in in O(n2.5c(A)) interior-point method iterations. Here 0 is the vector of all zeros and c(A) is the condition measure of matrix A defined in [25]. This complexity iteration bound is reduced by a factor n from that for general LP(A, b, c) in [25]. We also prove that the iteration bound will be further reduced to O(n1.5c(A)) for LP(A, 0, 0), i.e., for the homogeneous linear feasibility problem. These results are surprising since the classical view has been that linear feasibility would be as hard as linear programming.
Tunable Terahertz 3D Metamaterials

We present novel optically tunable 3D metamaterials operating at terahertz frequencies with an approximate tuning range of 50%. Our device has potential applications as a terahertz modulator or switch that complements previous approaches.
Imaging Cortical Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis With Ultra–High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective To determine the sensitivity of T2*-weighted gradient-echo (T2*GRE) and inversion recovery turbo-field-echo (TFE) sequences for cortical multiple sclerosis lesions at 7 T. Design, Setting, and Participants Autopsied brain tissue from individuals with multiple sclerosis was scanned with 3-dimensional T2*GRE and 3-dimensional inversion recovery white matter–attenuated TFE sequences at 7 T. Cortical lesions visible with either sequence were scored for each anatomical lesion type. Imaged brain tissue was then processed for immunohistochemical analysis, and cortical lesions were identified by labeling with antibody against myelin basic protein and CD68 for microglia. Magnetic resonance images were matched with corresponding histological sections and scored retrospectively to determine the sensitivity for each cortical lesion type. Main Outcome Measure Cortical lesion detection by 3-dimensional T2*GRE and white matter–attenuated TFE sequences. Results The 3-dimensional T2*GRE and white matter–attenuated TFE sequences retrospectively detected 93% and 82% of all cortical lesions, respectively (with varying sensitivities for different lesion types). Lesion visibility was primarily determined by size as all undetected lesions were smaller than 1.1 mm at their smallest diameter. The T2*GRE images showed hypointense rings in some cortical lesions that corresponded with increased density of activated microglia. Conclusions Three-dimensional T2*GRE and white matter–attenuated TFE sequences at a 7-T field strength detect most cortical lesions in postmortem multiple sclerosis tissue. This study indicates the potential of T2*GRE and white matter–attenuated TFE sequences in ultra–high-field magnetic resonance imaging for cortical lesion detection in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in patients with secundum atrial septal defects: outcomes following transcatheter closure.

Background Successful transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) requires the accurate assessment of defect size and morphology. Assessment of ASD anatomy may be difficult by two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that real-time three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) may provide more accurate morphologic assessment of ASDs than multiplane 2D TEE. Methods Twenty-four patients with ASDs were imaged using 2D and real-time 3D TEE. ASD shape and size were assessed using 3D TEE retrospectively. Maximal ASD dimensions obtained by 3D TEE were compared with unstretched and balloon-stretched dimensions on 2D TEE. Planimetered defect area by 3D TEE was compared with area calculated using the ellipse formula from 2D imaging. Twenty of the 24 patients underwent transcatheter ASD closure. Closure device size was based on findings on 2D TEE. Follow-up was conducted by 2D transthoracic echocardiography. Results Of the 24 ASDs, 6 (25%) were circular, 10 (42%) were oval, and 8 (33%) were complex in shape. The mean maximal dimension was larger by 3D TEE compared with 2D TEE (1.8 ± 0.8 vs 1.5 ± 0.6 cm; P 2 ; P P = .0027). Conclusions Three-dimensional TEE can identify ASD shape. Maximal dimensions on 3D TEE were well correlated with balloon-stretched 2D dimensions. Two-dimensional TEE can underestimate the area of complex-shaped ASDs, which may result in residual right-to-left shunting.