cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal cephalometric study of incisor supra-eruption in young and adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Supra-eruption was examined in 28 adult (N = 19 experimental and 9 control) and 12 juvenile monkeys (N = 7 experimental and 5 control). The experimental animals had a bite splint cemented to the posterior maxillary teeth which opened the bite inter-incisally by 15 mm and was worn continuously for 48 weeks. Lateral cephalograms were taken prior to the cementation and at 12-week intervals thereafter. Radio-opaque bone implants placed in the basal bone of the jaws served as fixed reference points from which to assess the vertical and horizontal components of central incisor movement. Significantly greater movement of both upper and lower incisors towards the occlusal plane occurred in the experimental animals of both age groups over the 48 weeks when compared to the same aged controls (p less than 0.01). Mean vertical movement ranged from 4 mm (about 40% of crown length) in the juvenile upper incisors to 1.5 mm (15%) in the adult lower incisors. The overall pattern of movement of upper and lower incisors in the experimental juveniles differed from that in the controls only in the vertical component (p less than 0.01), indicating that the supra-eruptive response was superimposed on the antero-occlusally directed tooth movement and alveolar growth that normally occurs in rhesus monkeys of this age. In contrast to the more evenly distributed response found in the juveniles, the majority of the supra-eruptive response occurred during the first 12 weeks in the experimental adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanism of and Products from the Oxidation of Phenols by Hypervalent Iodine Compounds

Abstract Iodobenzene dichloride or diacetate initiates the polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenolate anion to poly [oxy(2,5-dimethyl)-l, 4-phenylene]. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy was used to identify the polymeric radical that is the growing chain. Infrared and NMR spectroscopy identified the final polymer. The mechanism proposed is probably applicable also to other phenol oxidation processes yielding substituted poly(oxyphenylenes). The anomalous chemistry of those compounds of xenon, iodine, and tellurium in which the number of bonding electrons exceeds that given by Lewis valence theory has been considered in general terms by Musher [1] who coined the term “hypervalent” to describe these substances. The oxidizing properties of these compounds is in a general way similar to that of peroxides and other strong oxidizing agents, but has not been characterized in any exact fashion. We have observed [2] that the iodobenzene esters have polymeric analogs of the formula, [-I(R)OOCXCOO-], and these compo...
Solid Support Oligosaccharide Synthesis: Construction of β-Linked Oligosaccharides by Coupling of Glycal Derived Thioethyl Glycosyl Donors

A solution to the problem of a solid-phase synthesis of β-(1→4) linked glucosides is described. The method involves conversion of polymer bound glycal to polymer bound thioethyl glucosyl donor bearing an α-oriented pivaloxy group at C2. The latter directs couplings with solution-based glycal acceptors in the β-sense. The ready-reiteratability of the method was demonstrated.
LUNG CANCER AND MESOTHELIOMA DURING PROSPECTIVE SURVEILLANCE OF 1249 ASBESTOS INSULATION WORKERS, 1963–1974*

In 1963, it was found that a large group of asbestos insulation workers in the New York metropolitan area had experienced unusual mortality during 1943-1962. Six hundred and thirty-two men had been on the union's rolls on January 1, 1943. By December 31, 1962, 262 men had died, nine before reaching 20 years on the job. Of those who died after 20 years from first employment, lung cancer was found in marked excess; 6.02 such deaths had been expected, and 42 occurred. In addition, there were several deaths due to pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma and a modest increase in deaths due to, gastrointestinal cancer, where 9.71 were expected and 29 were observed. There were 12 deaths due to pulmonary asbestosis (TABLE 1).
Surface Modification of Fe3O4 and FePt Magnetic Nanoparticles with Organometallic Complexes

Hexane solutions of Fe3O4 and FePt nanoparticles (NPs) having both oleylamine and oleic acid as surfactants were surface modified by treatment with a DMSO solution of [(η6-hydroquinone)Mn(CO)3]BF4, which is readily deprotonated by the oleylamine to [(η5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3]. The latter complex binds to the NP by replacing the protonated oleylamine, which likely forms a bilayer with the alkyl chains of the oleic acid on the NP surface. The resulting surface-modified assembly is soluble in DMSO. With FePt nanoparticles, [(η5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3] coordinates to the Pt atoms and the IR frequency of the tricarbonyls differs from that obtained with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, in which coordination is to the iron.
Numerical Analysis of Supercritical Flow Instabilities in a Natural Circulation Loop

Abstract Numerical studies have been carried out to investigate flow instabilities in a natural circulation loop with supercritical CO2. For steady-state and dynamic analyses of the loop under supercritical conditions, a single-channel, one-dimensional model is developed. In this model, equations for the conservation of mass, momentum and energy are discretized using an implicit finite difference scheme. A computer code called flow instability analysis under supercritical operating conditions (FIASCO) is written in FORTRAN90 to simulate the dynamics of natural circulation loops with supercritical fluid. Stability boundaries are determined by simulating the loop's time evolution following a small perturbation under different operating conditions. Stability threshold results substantially deviate from the results reported by previous investigators, and contradict some of the reported findings. The disagreement in results is most likely due to the undesirable dissipative and dispersive effects produced from the large time steps used in previous studies, thereby leading to a larger stable region than those found using smaller time steps. Results presented in this paper suggest that the stability threshold of a natural circulation loop with supercritical fluid is not confined to the near-peak region of the (steady state) flow-power curve. Results obtained for the range of parameter values used in this investigation always predict the stability threshold to be in the positive slope region of the (steady state) flow-power curve. Parametric studies for different operating conditions reveal the similarity of stability characteristics of flow under supercritical conditions with those in two-phase flows.
Solitary invasive orchid bee outperforms co-occurring native bees to promote fruit set of an invasive Solanum.

Our understanding of the effects of introduced invasive pollinators on plants has been exclusively drawn from studies on introduced social bees. One might expect, however, that the impacts of introduced solitary bees, with much lower population densities and fewer foragers, would be small. Yet little is known about the potential effects of naturalized solitary bees on the environment. We took advantage of the recent naturalization of an orchid bee, Euglossa viridissima, in southern Florida to study the effects of this solitary bee on reproduction of Solanum torvum, an invasive shrub. Flowers of S. torvum require specialized buzz pollination. Through timed floral visitor watches and two pollination treatments (control and pollen supplementation) at three forest edge and three open area sites, we found that the fruit set of S. torvum was pollen limited at the open sites where the native bees dominate, but was not pollen limited at the forest sites where the invasive orchid bees dominate. The orchid bee’s pollination efficiency was nearly double that of the native halictid bees, and was also slightly higher than that of the native carpenter bee. Experiments using small and large mesh cages (to deny or allow E. viridissima access, respectively) at one forest site indicated that when the orchid bee was excluded, the flowers set one-quarter as many fruit as when the bee was allowed access. The orchid bee was the most important pollinator of the weed at the forest sites, which could pose additional challenges to the management of this weed in the fragmented, endangered tropical hardwood forests in the region. This specialized invasive mutualism may promote populations of both the orchid bee and this noxious weed. Invasive solitary bees, particularly species that are specialized pollinators, appear to have more importance than has previously been recognized.
Employment effects of international trade in the united states

This study examines the employment effects of international trade in the United States for the first half of the 1980s. Using data from 113 manufacturing sectors at the 3-digit SIC level and regression techniques, the study attempts to explain employment changes in U.S. manufacturing in terms of import penetration ratios, international competitiveness, labor productivity, investments in plant and equipment and the industry concentration ratios. The results suggest that, although rising imports in the manufacturing sector have an overall adverse effect on manufacturing employment, this broad generalization does not hold at a disaggregated level. It concludes that employment levels in high value-added industries appear to have registered significant gains from international trade, while low value-added industries seem to have experienced significant losses.
Folate- and deoxyuridine-sensitive chromatid breakage may result from DNA repair during G2

A substantial increase in chromosome breakage was seen in proliferating human lymphocytes treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (cytosine arabinoside, cytarabine, araC) during the last 2 h of culture. The increase was larger in low folate media than in high folate media and larger still in low folate media supplemented by deoxyuridine. Similar results were found when cells were exposed to aphidicolin for the last 2 h of culture. The results provide additional evidence that folate-sensitive chromosome breakage is a consequence of abnormal DNA synthesis (in particular incorporation of deoxyuridine) and subsequent attempts during G2 to repair the abnormal DNA.
Energetics of dislocation relaxation associated with cleavage in cadmium-doped zinc crystals as probed by synchrotron topography

Abstract An almost tenfold increase in the cleavage energy of zinc crystals doped with 0.1 at.% Cd has been previously reported in the literature and attributed to an increase in the intrinsic surface energy. The energetics of the cleavage process as a function of dopant concentration over the range 0.01, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.13 at.% Cd has been systematically measured and correlated with the observed dislocation microstructure induced by crack initiation and growth. The dislocation relaxation zones were determined by non-destructive observations using synchrotron radiation topography. Since the primary cleavage and slip systems are coplanar, previous workers have ignored plastic relaxation and assumed that fracture had to proceed in a purely brittle fashion. Synchrotron topography results indicated extensive plastic relaxation at the crack tip and also downstream during crack propagation. While plastic relaxation accompanied fracture for both pure zinc and cadmium-doped zinc crystals, the topographs indicated a conversion of the plastic relaxation mode from a low energy array akin to a Taylor lattice to a high energy dislocation microstructure which caused severe lattice distortion of the entire cleavage surface. On the basis of these observations a modified Griffith analysis could be used to determine the relative contributions to the cleavage energy due to the intrinsic surface and dislocation relaxation processes. It was concluded that the latter process is the dominant factor in controlling the fracture toughness of these alloys.
Sequential determination of the number of bootstrap samples

The primary purpose of this paper is that of developing a sequential Monte Carlo approximation to an ideal bootstrap estimate of the parameter of interest. Using the concept of fixed-precision approximation, we construct a sequential stopping rule for determining the number of bootstrap samples to be taken in order to achieve a specified precision of the Monte Carlo approximation. It is shown that the sequential Monte Carlo approximation is asymptotically efficient in the problems of estimation of the bias and standard error of a given statistic. Efficient bootstrap resampling is discussed and a numerical study is carried out for illustrating the obtained theoretical results.
Behavior of Test Ideals under Smooth and Étale Homomorphisms

We investigate the behavior of the test ideal of an excellent reduced ring of prime characteristic under base change. It is shown that if h: A → D is a smooth homomorphism, then τAD = τD, assuming that all residue fields of A at maximal ideals are perfect and that formation of the test ideal commutes with localization. It is also shown that if h: (A, m) → D is a finite flat homomorphism of Gorenstein normal rings, etale in codimension 1, then τAD = τD. More generally, this last result holds under the assumption that the closed fiber of h: (A, m) → D is Gorenstein, provided one knows that the tight closure of zero and the finitistic tight closure of zero in the injective hulls of the residue fields of A and S are equal.
Preferential transport of anions during electrodialysis

Abstract The transport of various anions from binary feed mixtures (where the common cation is Na + ) was investigated. A bench-scale electrodialysis unit with 8 cell pairs in series was used to obtain results directly comparable to actual desalination operations. Experiments were carried out with three sets of available commercial permselective membranes and their characteristics are compared. Results are expressed by defining a Preference Factor, PF B A , and plotting this against current. Preferential transport of monovalent anions from 75% SO 4 2− feeds are shown to be in the order of I − > Br − > Cl − > HCO 3 − for all three membranes. A case of membrane poisoning with [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− is reported.
Efficacy, Intent to Teach, and Implementation of Nutrition Education Increases After Training for Health Educators

Abstract Background: Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, outcome value and strong intentions to teach are linked to teaching competence, curricular implementation and student outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of nutrition in-service professional development to increase self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, outcome values and intentions to teach nutrition education as part of a broader health education curriculum. Methods: A quasi-experimental design examined teachers' self-efficacy, outcome expectations, outcome value and intentions to teach in teachers who participated in an in-service intervention (N = 30) and controls who did not (N = 29). Results: A significant interaction between groups over time was found for self-efficacy and outcome expectations. For outcome value and intention to teach, a significant main effect for time was observed. The intervention group scored significantly higher than the control group in both self-efficacy and outcome expecta...
Fair Trade and Justice: A Case Study of Fair Trade and its Effect on the Freedom of Bolivia's Indigenous Women

Amartya Sen has written that for justice to be realized, freedom needs to be expanded. Fair Trade, a model of global trade that puts into motion billions of dollars, purports to promote justice, and therefore expands freedom. Fair Trade is a four-pillar structure comprised of institutions, producers, consumers, and government/policy. An economic, ethnographic study of Bolivia’s indigenous women working within the Fair Trade model for the past 15 years reported mixed results. The women questioned the justice of the model based on negative experiences induced by irregular work, stress, and unsupportive communities. At the same time, women acknowledged enhanced capabilities and opportunities emanating from skills development, empowerment, and income. Although it increased women’s freedom, there are ways in which Fair Trade could be made fairer through transparency, reciprocity, and public reasoning. This work is significant in the sense that it creates a new understanding of justice and trade that enables women’s voices to be heard.
Time Horizons and Multilateral Enforcement in International Cooperation

This article examines the effects on international cooperation of the rivalness and excludability of international goods. Rivalness affects bargaining power when the negotiating states have different discount rates; with rival goods states with higher discount rates will be empowered, while with nonrival goods states with lower discount rates will be empowered. Excludability affects the enforceability of agreements once reached; multilateral agreements about nonexcludable goods cannot be enforced through retaliation-in-kind. As such, agreements concerning international toll goods are likely to reflect the interests of the state(s) with the lower discount rate(s), and be multilaterally enforceable. Agreements concerning international public goods should similarly reflect the interests of those with the lower discount rates, but be more weakly enforced. Finally, agreements concerning international common pool resources should both reflect the interests of those with higher discount rates, and be weakly enforced. The article concludes with some strategies to mitigate the negative effects on cooperation discussed.
Reduction of nitroimidazole derivatives by hydrogenosomal extracts of Trichomonas vaginalis.

Abstract The reduction rate of nitroimidazole derivatives by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity in ferredoxin depleted hydrogenosomal extracts of Trichomonas vaginalis depended on the one-electron midpoint potential ( E 7 1 ) of 15 compounds out of the 16 tested. The results showed a linear correlation with a positive slope between the logarithm of the rate and the E 7 1 in the range from −564 to −260 mV. Addition of T. vaginalis ferredoxin stimulated the reduction. The additional rate (stimulated rate minus basal rate) was proportional to the concentration of ferredoxin and independent of the E 7 1 of the compounds. The compound with the most positive E 7 1 (−243 mV) was, however, reduced more slowly than expected. These findings indicate that reduction in the presence of ferredoxin is the sum of two processes, i.e. electron transfer directly from pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and from reduced ferredoxin generated by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity. The relative role of ferredoxin in reductive activation of nitroimidazole derivatives is greater for compounds with more negative E 7 1 values. This observation correlates with the high selectivity of the more negative 5-nitroimidazoles against anaerobic prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms in which ferredoxin plays an important metabolic role.
The effects of a divisionalised and decentralised organisational structure on a formal internal communication function in a South African organisation

Little research exists on the effects of organisational structure on the public relations function. This study focuses on the effects of structural changes on an internal communication function in a large South African organisation. In this organisation internal communication consultants were appointed at divisional level. They had to oversee the election of a communication champion in each cost centre in the division. Survey research conducted 18 months after the process implementation found the structural changes led to improved information flow and face‐to‐face communication. Employees made better use of organisational media and relied less on the grapevine. Although the process made employees less fearful to speak truthfully and improved employee‐supervisor communication, these effects were less pronounced. The research confirmed the important link between public relations strategy and organisational structure, particularly for communication managers and internal communication practitioners in large organisations.
Modeling shear behavior of the annulus fibrosus

Abstract Modeling the mechanical properties of the annulus fibrosus has two distinct challenges: the complex loading state experienced in vivo and the anisotropic, nonlinear nature of the tissue. Previous efforts to model the annulus fibrosus have not considered shear data in the analysis, yet the shear response may be critical to understanding tissue behavior and damage. In this study, we compared four hyperelastic constitutive models fitted to uniaxial and biaxial tension, confined compression, and shear experiments from the literature. Models were either directly based on Spencer’s formulation for a fiber-reinforced composite material with two equivalent fiber families or represented the annulus as two transversely isotropic materials. Each model was composed of additive strain energy terms that represent specific constituents of the annulus fibrosus (proteoglycan matrix, collagen fibers, and collagen crosslinks). Additionally, we investigated the effect of restricting the fibers such that they supported tensile loads only. Best fit coefficients for these models were calculated both including and excluding shear data from the regression. All of the models fit the data well when shear data was excluded from the regression; when shear data was included in the regression, two models that were based on Spencer’s formulation performed better than the others. None of the models could consistently predict data that was not included in the regression. Restricting the fibers to support only tensile loads had only a modest effect on the fit of the models, but did alter which constituent carried the majority of the strain energy in shear deformations. Our study suggests that a single hyperelastic model may capture the anisotropic behavior of the annulus fibrosus for multiple loading cases, including shear. However, care must be taken when extrapolating these models to additional deformations outside of the training dataset.
Police use of deadly force and experience: Rookie V. Veteran

Police use of deadly force is a frequent topic of discussion among police as well as civilians. The study of this phenomenon is difficult due to the scarcity of observed high‐risk encounters in the field. This article, which reports on research that employs simulated high‐risk scenarios of the Firearms Training System (FATS), explores one aspect of police shooting behavior: the relationship between length of service and officer shooting behavior. Results indicate that in some instances characteristics of the situation and the officer affect rookie and veteran shooting behavior differently. Specifically, in life‐threatening situations, suspect demographic factors, such as race, gender, and age, have different effects on officer shooting behavior depending on whether the officer is a veteran or a rookie. Additionally, situational factors such as multiple suspects involved in an encounter significantly influences officer shooting behavior for both rookie and veteran officers. In terms of non‐life‐threatening...
Social Media and Primary Commercial Service Airports

Throughout the past decade, the aviation industry in the United States has continually encountered significant socioeconomic burdens. Most notably, the tragic events of September 11, 2001, left the industry highly susceptible to economic turmoil, such as the global recession accentuated by record-high fuel prices, as well as sociological events like the world pandemic in the form of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The nation's airports, the infrastructure supporting this industry, are no exception. In conjunction with these onerous events, continuing cuts in intergovernmental funding sources, as well as weakened revenue streams, have forced airports to use contemporary tools, strategies, and techniques to reinforce traditional management functions. The use of social media platforms, such as blogs, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Foursquare, is a growing trend throughout various public and private industries to increase effectiveness, efficiency, and overall yield in relation to marketing and communicat...
Exploring the Effects of Dance-Based Therapy on Balance and Mobility in Older Adults:

Balance and mobility are a common concern among older adults. This pilot randomized controlled study examines the effect of dance-based therapy to increase balance and mobility in 27 participants with mean age 85 years (±7.5) from a single aging-in-place facility in the Midwest. Multidirectional reach, velocity, step length differential, and a Functional Ambulation Profile were measured before and after 18 sessions of low-impact dance-based therapy. Although a Wilcoxon rank sum test showed no significance, effect size analyses suggest that dance-based therapy was mildly or moderately effective in several components of balance and mobility. Additional research is needed with a full-scale trial.
Efficient high-fidelity quantum computation using matter qubits and linear optics

We propose a practical, scalable, and efficient scheme for quantum computation using spatially separated matter qubits and single-photon interference effects. The qubit systems can be nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, Pauli-blockade quantum dots with an excess electron, or trapped ions with optical transitions, which are each placed in a cavity and subsequently entangled using a double-heralded single-photon detection scheme. The fidelity of the resulting entanglement is extremely robust against the most important errors such as detector loss, spontaneous emission, and mismatch of cavity parameters. We demonstrate how this entangling operation can be used to efficiently generate cluster states of many qubits, which, together with single-qubit operations and readout, can be used to implement universal quantum computation. Existing experimental parameters indicate that high-fidelity clusters can be generated with a moderate constant overhead.
Swimming in Autism Mutations

Use of the word “spectrum” in the definition of autism—as in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)—implies a multiplicity of disease causes. As a consequence, the recent searches for disease mechanisms are analogous to casting a large fishing net over genomic and proteomic data sets and seeing what gets stuck in it. In the current study by Bernier et al ., the fishing approach was taken to the fish—literally. For quite some time, ASD researchers have been aware of a potential link between disruptive mutations in the CHD8 gene and ASD. The CHD8 protein belongs to a mechanistically mysterious family of chromatin remodelers. Furthermore, the precise nature of the genes whose expression is controlled by CHD8 remains unknown. Now, a tour de force sequencing approach has revealed the presence of 15 independent mutations in more than 6000 children with developmental delay or ASD. In addition to the high likelihood of an ASD diagnosis among patients bearing CHD8 mutations, distinct clinical characteristics enriched in this group included macrocephaly, distinct facial phenotypes, and gastrointestinal malfunction. Remarkably, most of these phenotypes can be reproduced in zebrafish that have reduced CHD8 expression or that carry 1 of the 15 CHD8 mutations found in children with ASD. In particular, deficiency in CHD8 resulted in the failure of neurons to properly innervate the zebrafish gut, thus pinpointing reduced enteric neuron colonization during gut development as a likely cause of the gastrointestinal syndrome in human ASD patients. Taking the ASD-related CHD8 mutation into the zebrafish and reproducing the ASD phenotype may spur a wave of fish-based genetic testing of other ASD mutations. Although subtleties of the behavioral ASD phenotype are likely to remain entirely human, the zebrafish approach may help to identify genes that play a crucial role in hardwiring of the neuronal network disrupted in ASD. R. Bernier et al. , Disruptive CHD8 mutations define a subtype of autism early in development. Cell , published online 17 July 2014 (10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.017). [[Abstract] ][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(14)00749-1
A representation of an efficiency equivalent polyhedron for the objective set of a multiple objective linear program

Abstract Associated with the objective set Y of a linear k-objective minimization problem is the efficiency equivalent polyhedron Y ≔ Y + R + k . Since Y has the same efficient structure as Y and since every extreme point of Y is efficient, this polyhedron provides a promising avenue for the analysis of the given multiple objective linear program (MOLP). However, in order to fully explore this avenue, a representation of Y as a system of linear inequalities is needed. In this paper an algorithm is given to construct a matrix H and a vector g such that Y has the representation Hy ≧ g , and it is shown that no inequality in this representation is redundant. The input data for the algorithm are a finite set of points of Y containing the efficient extreme points and a finite set of recession directions for Y containing the directions associated with unbounded efficient edges. These data, which can be obtained using standard MOLP software packages, are used to form a polar polyhedron whose extreme points are precisely what is needed to define H and g.
Parameter-scheduled trajectory planning for suppression of coupled horizontal and vertical vibrations in a flexible rod

Angularly accelerating a cantilevered rod which sags under gravity couples the out-of-lane dynamics of the flexible rod and causes oscillation in both the horizontal and vertical planes. A parameter-scheduled trajectory planner has been analytically developed and experimentally implemented on a commercial robot to suppress the first mode of these vibrations during a horizontal angular move. A load was attached to the tip of the rod and the resulting static, out-of-plane, hub torque was measured with a force-torque sensor. This torque was used to predict the period of the horizontal first mode of vibration of the payload (rod and attached load) from a nonlinear function in order to calculate (schedule) the appropriate control parameters for the angular move. This system has been implemented on a Cincinnati Milacron T3-786 robot, and vibration-suppressed trajectories (which reduce the coupled residual vibrations by over 90%) have been performed by the robot for various payloads. >
Increased susceptibility of secretor factor gene Fut2-null mice to experimental vaginal candidiasis.

Fut2-LacZ-null mice, which are a model of the human ABO and Lewis nonsecretor group, display increased susceptibility to experimental yeast vaginitis, indicating a role for α(1,2)fucosylated cervical glycans in mucosal defense. However, the lack of significant effect of competitive inhibition by exogenous neoglycoproteins in this study emphasizes the complexity of Candida-epithelial cell adhesion events.
Representation types and 2-primary homotopy groups of certain compact Lie groups

Bousfield has shown how the 2-primary v1-periodic homotopy groups of certain compact Lie groups can be obtained from their representation ring with its decomposition into types and its exterior power operations. He has formulated a Technical Condition which must be satisfied in order that he can prove that his description is valid. We prove that a simply-connected compact simple Lie group satisfies his Technical Condition if and only if it is not E6 or Spin(4k+2) with k not a 2-power. We then use his description to give an explicit determination of the 2-primary v1-periodic homotopy groups of E7 and E8. This completes a program, suggested to the author by Mimura in 1989, of computing the v1-periodic homotopy groups of all compact simple Lie groups at all primes.
Thymic output generates a new and diverse TCR repertoire after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis patients

Clinical trials have indicated that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can persistently suppress inflammatory disease activity in a subset of patients with severe multiple sclerosis (MS), but the mechanism has remained unclear. To understand whether the beneficial effects on the course of disease are mediated by lympho-depletive effects alone or are sustained by a regeneration of the immune repertoire, we examined the long-term immune reconstitution in patients with MS who received HSCT. After numeric recovery of leukocytes, at 2-yr follow-up there was on average a doubling of the frequency of naive CD4 � T cells at the expense of memory T cells. Phenotypic and T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) analysis confirmed a recent thymic origin of the expanded naive T cell subset. Analysis of the T cell receptor repertoire showed the reconstitution of an overall broader clonal diversity and an extensive renewal of clonal specificities compared with pretherapy. These data are the first to demonstrate that long-term suppression of inflammatory activity in MS patients who received HSCT does not depend on persisting lymphopenia and is associated with profound qualitative immunological changes that demonstrate a de novo regeneration of the T cell compartment.
The Effects of Water Depth and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation on the Selection of Foraging Habitat and Foraging Success of Wading Birds

Abstract. Successful foraging by avian predators is influenced largely by prey availability, which encompasses not only the density of prey but also its vulnerability to capture. For wading birds (Ciconiiformes), habitat features such as water depth and density of vegetation are thought to affect the vulnerability of their aquatic prey. In January and April 2007 we experimentally manipulated the depth of water and density of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in enclosures (10 × 10 m) with equal densities of fish to determine their effects on wading birds' selection of foraging habitat and foraging success. Analysis of the results with Manly's selection index showed that wading birds preferred habitat with shallow water and SAV. The two habitat components had little effect on the birds' foraging success, however, as capture rate did not vary with water depth or SAV density. Capture efficiency did not vary by SAV density and was actually lower in shallow water, contrary to our expectations. Our results sug...
Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills

In the long run, biodegradation is the eventual fate of oil spilled at sea that cannot be collected or burnt. Stimulating this biodegradation is thus an important option for maximizing the removal of oil from the environment, and minimizing the environmental impact of a spill. For handling oil while it is still floating on the sea surface, dispersants are advantageous because they maximize the surface area available for microbial attack, and stimulate biodegradation. If oil beaches on a shoreline, it is likely that biodegradation is limited by nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the careful application of fertilizers stimulates the biodegradation of residual beached oil. These approaches epitomize modern environmental technologies; working with natural phenomena to achieve a more rapid clean-up while minimizing undesirable environmental impacts of a spill. For handling oil while it is still floating on the sea surface, dispersants are advantageous because they maximize the surface area available for microbial attack, and stimulate biodegradation. If oil beaches on a shoreline, it is likely that biodegradation is limited by nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the careful application of fertilizers stimulates the biodegradation of residual beached oil. These approaches epitomize modern environmental technologies; working with natural phenomena to achieve a more rapid clean-up while minimizing undesirable environmental impacts.
Mutations in the IGF-II pathway that confer resistance to lytic reovirus infection

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and rely upon the host cell for different steps in their life cycles. The characterization of cellular genes required for virus infection and/or cell killing will be essential for understanding viral life cycles, and may provide cellular targets for new antiviral therapies. A gene entrapment approach was used to identify candidate cellular genes that affect reovirus infection or virus induced cell lysis. Four of the 111 genes disrupted in clones selected for resistance to infection by reovirus type 1 involved the insulin growth factor-2 (IGF-II) pathway, including: the mannose-6-phosphate/IGF2 receptor (Igf2r), a protease associated with insulin growth factor binding protein 5 (Prss11), and the CTCF transcriptional regulator (Ctcf). The disruption of Ctcf, which encodes a repressor of Igf2, was associated with enhanced Igf2 gene expression. Plasmids expressing either the IGF-II pro-hormone or IGF-II without the carboxy terminal extension (E)-peptide sequence independently conferred high levels of cellular resistance to reovirus infection. Forced IGF-II expression results in a block in virus disassembly. In addition, Ctcf disruption and forced Igf2 expression both enabled cells to proliferate in soft agar, a phenotype associated with malignant growth in vivo. These results indicate that IGF-II, and by inference other components of the IGF-II signalling pathway, can confer resistance to lytic reovirus infection. This report represents the first use of gene entrapment to identify host factors affecting virus infection. Concomitant transformation observed in some virus resistant cells illustrates a potential mechanism of carcinogenesis associated with chronic virus infection.
Misexpression of wingless-related MMTV integration site 5A in mouse mammary gland inhibits the milk ejection response and regulates connexin43 phosphorylation.

Wingless-related MMTV integration site 5A (Wnt5a )i s a noncanonical signaling WNT that is expressed in every stage of mouse mammary gland development except lactation. Using slow release pellets containing WNT5A as well as Wnt5a-null tissue, we previously showed that WNT5A acts to limit mammary development. Here, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress WNT5A in the mammary epithelium using the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter (M5a mice). Lactation was impaired in two high WNT5A-expressing lines. Lactation defects could not be explained by differences in apoptosis, lineage differentiation, milk synthesis, or secretion. Instead, misexpression of WNT5A led to a failure in oxytocin response and milk ejection. Noting the similarity between the M5a phenotype and that of mice with a mutation in connexin43 (Cx43; official gene symbol Gja1), we examined Cx43 phosphorylation and localization in M5a mice. In wild-type mice, Cx43 switched from a phosphorylated to a more hypophosphorylated form after parturition. In contrast, the phosphorylated form of Cx43 was maintained after parturition in M5a mice. Using a nontumorigenic breast cell line, MCF10A, we showed that, in addition to increasing the levels of phosphorylation of Cx43 on serine-368, ectopic expression of WNT5A reduced or blocked the amount of dye transferred between cells. In summary, we propose that WNT5A inhibits the response to oxytocin and prevents milk ejection through regulation of Cx43 function. connexin, lactation, mammary glands, oxytocin, transgenic/ knockout model, Wnt
Looking at Negotiation and Dispute Resolution through a CA/DA Lens

Negotiation analysts have increasingly focused on the internal decision-making dynamics in the minds of the parties. They ought to give more attention to the ways in which meaning is jointly constituted through sequences of verbal and nonverbal exchanges. The tools of conversation analysis (CA) and discourse analysis (DA) can be helpful in this regard.
The Leader–Member Exchange Relationship A Multisource, Cross-Level Investigation

Drawing on shared reality theory and social exchange processes in leader–member exchange (LMX), we posit that variability in LMX ratings at both the dyadic and group levels act as cross-level moderators of the routinely studied individual-level LMX–performance ratings association. Specifically, we introduce dyadic dispersion LMX as a key dyad-level variable that attenuates the positive individual LMX–performance association. Furthermore, we conceptualize that LMX differentiation, a group-level construct, is dysfunctional for individual outcomes as it violates norms of equality, and we suggest that the positive individual-level LMX–performance ratings association is plausible only in low differentiation workgroups and not high differentiation workgroups. Our analyses invoke new cross-classified and traditional nested models with multisource ratings of performance, and the findings largely support the study hypotheses. Implications for LMX at different levels of analyses as well as future theory and researc...
Multi-organ automatic segmentation in 4D contrast-enhanced abdominal CT

Medical imaging and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) traditionally focus on organ- or disease-based applications. To shift from organ-based to organism-based approaches, CAD needs to replicate the work of radiologists and analyze consecutively multiple organs. A fully automatic method is presented for the simultaneous segmentation of four abdominal organs from 4D CT data. Abdominal contrast- enhanced CT scans from sixteen patients were obtained at three phases: non-contrast, arterial and portal. Intra- patient data is registered non-rigidly using the demons algorithm and smoothed with anisotropic diffusion. Mutual information accounts for intensity variability within the same organ during subsequent acquisitions and data are interpolated with cubic B-splines. Then heterogeneous erosion is applied to multi-phase data using the intensity characteristics of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The erosion filter is a 4D convolution that preserves only image regions that satisfy the above intensity criteria. Finally, a geodesic level set completes the segmentation of the four abdominal organs. This 3D evaluation of abdominal data shows great promise as a computer-aided radiology tool for multi-organ and multi-disease analysis.
Mutual Interests, Different Lenses: Current Neuroscience and Symbolic Interaction

As reflective thinkers, symbolic interactionists may well be curious about the organ with which we think. Leading neuroscientists are quite aware that a working brain depends on other brains. This article considers selected neuroscience approaches to topics traditionally addressed by symbolic interactionists including some confirmations, refinements, and challenges from current neuroscience. Confirmations support features of Mead’s “objective reality of perspectives” and a relational epistemology, the inevitability of ad hoc “accounts,” self-consciousness as behavioral control, and “self unity” as constantly re-created illusion. Divergence between neuroscience and symbolic interaction mainly involves new evidence for the importance of unconscious cognition, emotion, and memory in shaping human behavior. The rooting of cognitive and perceptual processes in motor activity challenges the extremes of the “linguistic turn.” Refinement involves reasons for attending to the embodied salience of thoughts produced by “somatic markers” rather than mere content. Symbolic interactionism has long struggled with an apparent contradiction. It focuses on the extrasensory symbol, yet it is a secular field devoted to demystifying its subject matter. Thus intangible mentality must arise out of tangible, bodily processes. Mead placed the precondition for symbolic communication in the physical gesture, but on and off for forty years we have heard calls for a more satisfactory embodiment for our “airy” subject matter. One candidate, biosociology, was so inadequate that it only served to discourage the further search for a theoretical grounding in our “preobjective” corporeal existence. This article presents contributions of the more socially oriented writers in neuroscience to the material grounding of our “illusive,” interpretive field. A socially informed neuroscience is also relevant to symbolic interaction because the latter has always reflected an interest in the process of knowing per se. How we know everyday things is essentially what social constructionism, so intertwined with
Mutation of a Conserved Tryptophan in the Chitin-Binding Cleft of Serratia marcescens Chitinase A Enhances Transglycosylation

Family 18 chitinases have the signature peptide DGXDXDXE forming the fourth β-strand in the (β⁄α)8-barrel of their catalytic domain. The carboxyl-end glutamic acid, E315 in Serratia marcescens chitinase A, serves as the acid/base during chitin hydrolysis, and the side-chain of the preceding aspartic acid, D313, helps to position correctly the N-acetyl moiety of the glycosyl sugar undergoing hydrolysis. Chitin substrates are bound within a long cleft across the top of the barrel, whose floor consists of aromatic residues that hydrophobically stack with every other GlcNAc. Alanine substitution of the conserved Trp167 at the −3 subsite in Serratia marcescens chitinase A enhanced transglycosylation. Higher oligosaccharides were formed from both chitin tetra- and pentasaccharide, and the only hydrolytic product from chitin trisaccharide was the disaccharide. Greater retention of the glycosyl fragment at the active site of the −3 mutant of Serratia marcescens chitinase A might favor transglycosylation due to a ...
When Supervision Is Conflated with Evaluation: Teacher Candidates’ Perceptions of Their Novice Supervisor

Preparing teachers in clinically rich contexts requires teacher educators who are skilled and knowledgeable about university coursework as well as the complexities of classrooms. Retired teachers or principals have often assumed the role of field supervisor, bringing to their work extensive practitioner knowledge but often lacking theoretical knowledge of supervision. This qualitative case study examined the first-year experience of a reassigned teacher in the formal role of supervisor in a professional development school (PDS) context by analyzing the multiple perspectives of those affected by her supervisory practices. The purpose of this article is to discuss her interns’ perspectives and the impact of her supervision on them. The findings show that this supervisor conflated the functions of supervision and evaluation, and as a result, her interns felt distress, disconnection, and disempowerment. The findings suggest that supervisors need a combination of practical and theoretical knowledge about super...