cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Levodopa-induced hyperactivity in mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

The present study examines the motor responses of 10- to 12-month-old, male C57 mice that were either given intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; 30 mg/kg per day) or vehicle for 10 consecutive days, followed by IP injections of levodopa (200 mg/kg) plus carbidopa (25 mg/kg). Five days of MPTP exposure resulted in the Straub tail phenomenon and pronounced hypokinesia. However, during the next 5 days, motor activity returned to baseline, even with continued MPTP treatment. After 10 to 14 days of rest, all mice were then treated with levodopa/carbidopa twice daily for multiple, consecutive days. However, only the previously MPTP-treated animals became hyperkinetic, as compared to levodopa-treated control animals that were not previously exposed to MPTP. Abnormal activity included scratching, running, gnawing, and jumping movements. Hyperactivity lasted for approximately 2 hours after each levodopa injection and then returned to baseline, but the amount of hyperkinesia increased with additional days of levodopa treatment, even though the daily levodopa dose was not changed. These results demonstrate that levodopa can cause reproducible hyperactivity in mice that were previously exposed to MPTP.
Risk factors for postoperative wound infections and prolonged hospitalization after ventral/incisional hernia repair

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify predictive factors for postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs), and increased length of hospital stay (LOS) after ventral/incisional hernia repair (VIHR) using multi-center, prospectively collected data.
3D human face identity transfer using deformation gradient

Modeling a 3D face toward a specific person is a tedious and painstaking task even for skilled artists. Crafting a 3D cartoon-style or a 3D fiction-creature face to reflect a specific person likeness is even more challenging. For example, creating an ogre that keeps the actor/actress likeness or constructing a 3D avatar that reflects the person identity is an intensive process that involves high artistic skills to convey the human identity on the monster geometries. This work presents an automatic 3D face modeling system that transfers a target 3D human face identity (likeness) to any 3D character faces. This system can be used for a broad variety of a 3D face modeling such as an early stage 3D character face design or a individualized 3D avatars creation.
Evaluation of interfacial fracture toughness using cohesive zone model

Abstract Interfaces play a critical role in determining the stiffness, strength and fracture properties of polymeric, metallic, and ceramic matrix composites. In this paper, while comparing the origin of interfaces in the three systems, attention is focused on the metal–(intermetal–) matrix composites. The roles of processing induced residual stresses, and the chemistry evolution during in service on the mechanical properties in general, and fracture properties in particular are delineated. Stress-based and energy-based failure criteria to model interfaces are described with examples drawn from Titanium matrix composites. Finally a detailed discussion on using cohesive zone models (CZMs) to describe fracture and failure of interfaces is presented. While it is contented that CZMs present the best alternative from physics and computational perspectives, it is emphasized that the choice of the specific form and parameters is very important.
Electronic structure of nitride surfaces

We report a systematic and comprehensive computational study of reconstructed GaN and InN surfaces in various orientations, including the polar c plane as well as the nonpolar a and m planes. Two distinct microscopic origins for Fermi-level pinning are identified, depending on surface stoichiometry and surface polarity. We also explain the source of the electron accumulation that has been universally observed at InN surfaces. We predict that such a charge accumulation will be absent on the nonpolar surfaces of InN, when prepared under specific conditions.
Biological fate of sulphur mustard, 1,1'-thiobis(2-chloroethane): identification of beta-lyase metabolites and hydrolysis products in human urine

1. Samples of urine from two human subjects accidentally exposed to sulphur mustard were analysed for metabolites derived from hydrolysis (thiodiglycol, thiodiglycol sulphoxide), conjugation with glutathione (1,1'-sulphonylbis [2-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl)ethane]) and from further metabolism of glutathione conjugates by the beta-lyase pathway (1,1-sulphonylbis[2-(methylsulphinyl)ethane], 1-methylsulphinyl-2-[2-(methylthio)ethylsulphonyl]ethane). 2. Thiodiglycol sulphoxide was excreted in much higher concentrations than thiodiglycol, as was observed previously in rat exposed to sulphur mustard. However, the use of thiodiglycol sulphoxide as a biological marker for sulphur mustard poisoning is limited by its presence at low concentrations in normal human urine. 3. beta-lyase metabolites were detected at concentrations comparable with those of thiodiglycol sulphoxide. No background levels of beta-lyase metabolites have been detected in normal human urine, and they are proposed as unequivocal diagnostic and forensic indicators of sulphur mustard poisoning in man.
Individual N-Glycans Added at Intervals along the Stalk of the Nipah Virus G Protein Prevent Fusion but Do Not Block the Interaction with the Homologous F Protein

The promotion of membrane fusion by most paramyxoviruses requires an interaction between the viral attachment and fusion (F) proteins to enable receptor binding by the former to trigger the activation of the latter for fusion. Numerous studies demonstrate that the F-interactive sites on the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H) proteins reside entirely within the stalk regions of those proteins. Indeed, stalk residues of NDV HN and MV H that likely mediate the F interaction have been identified. However, despite extensive efforts, the F-interactive site(s) on the Nipah virus (NiV) G attachment glycoprotein has not been identified. In this study, we have introduced individual N-linked glycosylation sites at several positions spaced at intervals along the stalk of the NiV G protein. Five of the seven introduced sites are utilized as established by a retardation of electrophoretic mobility. Despite surface expression, ephrinB2 binding, and oligomerization comparable to those of the wild-type protein, four of the five added N-glycans completely eliminate the ability of the G protein to complement the homologous F protein in the promotion of fusion. The most membrane-proximal added N-glycan reduces fusion by 80%. However, unlike similar NDV HN and MV H mutants, the NiV G glycosylation stalk mutants retain the ability to bind F, indicating that the fusion deficiency of these mutants is not due to prevention of the G-F interaction. These findings suggest that the G-F interaction is not mediated entirely by the stalk domain of G and may be more complex than that of HN/H-F.
INHIBITION OF PREGNANT MARE'S SERUM-INDUCED OVULATION IN THE IMMATURE RAT.

Superovulation was obtained in immature female rats following a single injection of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMS). The induced ovulation was blocked by hypophysectomy and various pharmacological agents. A differential drug action was observed with atropine sulfate, chlorpromazine (CPZ), Nembutal and N-(9- fluorenyl) -N-ethyl-β-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (SKF-501) in the time of the blockade of the ovulatory response. The action of atropine was shown to precede that of SKF- 501, Nembutal, hypophysectomy and CPZ. CPZ suppressed LH release at a later period than any of the other agents used. The time of PMS injection, under controlled lighting conditions of 13 hr light and 11 hr dark, had no effect on the ovulatory or blocking response in the 24-day-old rat. PMS-induced ovulation in the immature rat appears to involve a neuroendocrine mechanism which can be inhibited by the action of certain drugs on the central nervous system. (Endocrinology 74: 309, 1964)
Kinetic studies of the infrared-induced reaction between atomic chlorine and solid parahydrogen

Abstract We present Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies of the IR-induced Cl + H2(v = 1) → HCl + H reaction in a parahydrogen (pH2) matrix aimed at distinguishing between two proposed reactions mechanisms; direct-IR and vibron-mediated. The Cl atom reactants are produced via 355 nm in situ photolysis of a Cl2 doped pH2 matrix. After photolysis is complete, a long-pass IR filter in the FTIR beam is removed and we measure the ensuing IR-induced reaction kinetics using rapid scan FTIR spectroscopy. We follow both the decay of the Cl atom reactant and growth of the HCl product using the Cl spin–orbit (SO) + Q1(0) and HCl R1(0) transitions, respectively. We show the IR-induced reaction mechanism depends on the spectral profile of the IR radiation; for IR spectral profiles that have significant IR intensities between 4000 and 5000 cm−1 we observe first-order kinetics that are assigned to a vibron-mediated mechanism and for spectral profiles that have significant IR intensities that include the Cl SO + Q1(0) transition near 5094 cm−1 we observe bi-exponential kinetics that are dominated by the direct-IR mechanism at early reaction times. We can distinguish between the two mechanisms using the observed kinetics. We investigate the reaction kinetics for different FTIR optical setups, for a range of sample conditions, and start and stop the IR-induced reaction to investigate the importance of secondary H atom reactions. We also study the IR-induced reaction in Br/Cl co-doped pH2 samples and show the presence of the Br atom quenches the vibron-mediated reaction kinetics presumably because the Br-atoms serve as efficient vibron traps. This paper indicates that in a highly enriched pH2 matrix the H atoms that are produced by the IR-induced Cl atom reaction likely do not play a significant role in the measured reaction kinetics which implies these secondary H atom reactions are highly selective.
Narrative review: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: the physiology of complement-related hemolytic anemia.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematopoietic stem-cell disorder caused by a mutation that leads to increased susceptibility to complement-induced hemolysis. An expensive but hi...
First-pollination primacy and pollen selection in the morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea

The relationship between pollination order and the transmission of male genes to seed was investigated by performing a large number of genetically marked, double and mixed artificial pollinations in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. Second pollinations were substantially less effective than first pollinations, even when applied immediately afterwards. When delayed 30 and 60 minutes, effectiveness was reduced further to about 14 and 7 per cent of fertilisations, respectively. After 120 minutes, effectiveness decreased to less than 2 per cent. Among a set of mixed pollinations, pollen from some individuals suffered a strong disadvantage in competitive ability. This disadvantage is partially genetic. The primacy of first pollinations, and the presence of strong pollen competition, have implications for studies of pollination biology and genetic transmission in natural populations of Ipomoea purpurea and other plant species. Specifically, sequential pollination ineffectiveness, and strong competition within pollen loads, should reduce the numbers of paternal parents and thus increase the numbers of full sibs among outcross seed within capsules. This represents a substantial violation of one of the critical assumptions in the mixed mating model and could influence the genetic structure of Ipomoea populations. In addition, these data indicate that gametophytic selection may be an important component of natural selection in Ipomoea. The mechanisms underlying the sequential and competitive effects probably include pollen-stigma interactions, differential pollen production, viability differences, or pollen tube growth rate differences, and possibly embryo abortion. These experiments also establish that outcrossing rates vary among individuals in natural populations, due to genetic variation in the distance between anthers and the stigmatic surface.
Chest Pain Characteristics and Gender in the Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Acute myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease mortality in both men and women. Chest pain, which is often described as chest pressure, tightness, or a squeezing sensation, is the most frequent symptom in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Although the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction is often based on typical changes on a surface electrocardiogram and on changes in cardiac biomarkers, there is a need to better recognize and understand the impact of sex on symptoms among patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome or acute myocardial infarction. We briefly review the pathophysiology of ischemic symptoms, discuss potential mechanisms for variation in ischemic symptoms by sex, and summarize recent publications that have addressed sex differences in ischemic symptoms.
Sphincter preservation of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum and anus with local excision and brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of patients with leiomyosarcoma of the rectum or anus treated with local excision and brachytherapy. METHODS: Eight patients with leiomyosarcoma of the rectum (7 patients) or anus (1 patient) were treated with a transanal excision followed by a temporary iridium-192 interstitial implant to 4,500 cGy. Median tumor size was 4.2 (range, 1.5–5) cm. Margins were positive in six patients, negative in one patient, and close in one patient. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 53 months, median survival time was 53 months and the three-year actuarial survival rate was 71 percent. The cumulative incidence of failure as a component of failure for local was 25 percent (2/8), for abdominal was 0 percent (0/8), and for distant was 25 percent (2/8). Four patients eligible for functional analysis all had excellent sphincter function (1–2 bowel movements per day, no soilage). CONCLUSION: In selected patients the use of conservative surgery followed by brachytherapy is a reasonable alternative to an abdominoperineal resection. However, more experience and longer follow-up are needed before this approach can be recommended routinely.
Using the Survey of Consumer Finances: Some Methodological Considerations and Issues

We identify and present original analyses of four methodological issues related to using Survey of Consumer Finances data sets and illustrate these issues with recent articles published in this journal. The issues are recognizing that the respondent is not necessarily the household head, reporting race and ethnicity in conformity with Survey of Consumer Finances and federal standards, using the repeated-imputation inference method to combine the five implicates in each survey year’s data set, and discussing the use of weighted or unweighted data in multivariate analysis. We found a considerable variation in how authors dealt with these issues, which could hinder replication or comparison of research results. Authors and reviewers should consider methodological issues related to the Survey of Consumer Finances more carefully.
The Russian military: Three years on

Abstract When they took over three years ago, the challenges facing the Kremlin's generals were formidable. How to create a first rate military force at a time when the Soviet Army was disintegrating. Despite considerable efforts, however, the fact is that the Russian Army is in far worse shape now than it was three years ago. In addition, a new danger is lurking on the political horizon, and it is not the oft mentioned fear of a military coup because the military is so deeply split that such an action is very unlikely. Rather, the major danger facing the political system is that one of a number of very conservative generals could be propelled by events into the political arena, an occurrence that would have the most serious consequences for the development of democracy in Russia.
All-glass broadband VIS-NIR linear polarizer for specialized applications

In this paper, the processes and results will be presented for all glass polarizer covering the wavelength range of visible (VIS) to the near Infra-Red (IR) band. Currently, Corning Incorporated manufactures and commercializes several polarizers for nominal wavelengths ranging from 633 nm to 2100 nm. For each of these polarizers, the polarization bandwidth is about 80 nm, except for Polarcor W I D E Band product, which has a polarization bandwidth of 370 nm. The all-glass absorptive polarizer discussed in this paper has a polarization bandwidth of at least 400 nm and high Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER) over the bandwidth 600 nm to 1100 nm. The polarizer is monolithic, hence free of epoxy or optical cement. The polarizer spectrum of PER and % transmission without anti-reflection coating will be presented and discussed. This new polarizer offers excellent optical properties, as well as high durability and consistency, which will offer several advantages and benefits when it is deployed in optical components, devices and systems. The applications for this polarizer may include: polarization dependent optical isolators, polarimetry systems, ellipsometers, electro-optics and liquid crystal modulators, and many other polarization based devices and systems. The new polarizer can be used in specialized governmental applications where Polarcor glass polarizers are presently used.
Oxygen consumption and water movement in Mercenaria mercenaria

Abstract 1. 1. A method of relating oxygen consumption in Mercenaria mercenaria to pumping rates at 25°C and 22% is described. 2. 2. For specimens of Mercenaria from 5 to 285 g, the relationship between oxygen consumption and total wet weight was predicted by the regression equation: log Q O 2 = −0·344 log weight −1·023. 3. 3. The regression equation predicting the relationship between pumping rate and weight was: log pumping rate = 0·656 log weight−0·569. 4. 4. The efficiency of withdrawal of oxygen was constant for animals of all weights; this value was statistically 2·91 l. of water pumped for each 1·0 ml of oxygen removed.
BIOLOGIC DIVERSITY OF POLYOMAVIRUS BK GENOMIC SEQUENCES: IMPLICATIONS FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES

Data on polyomavirus genomic diversity has greatly expanded in the past few years. The implications of viral DNA sequence variation on the performance of molecular diagnostic assays have not been systematically examined. 716 BK, 1626 JC, and 73 SV40 virus sequences available in GenBank were aligned using Clustal-X. Five different published BKV PCR assays currently in use at major medical centers were evaluated for primer and probe mismatches with available GenBank sequences. Coverage of naturally occurring BKV strains varied amongst different assay methods. Targeted viral sequences showed major mismatch with primer or probe sequence in up to 30.7% of known BKV strains. BKV subtypes IVa, IVb, and IVc were more prone to this problem, reflecting common use of Type I Dun sequence for assay design. Despite the known polymorphism of this gene, 484 VP-1 sequences with conserved areas potentially suitable for PCR assay design are available. Assay targets in the Large T-antigen and agnogene are less subject to genetic variation, but sequence information corresponding to the latter two genes is available only for 164 and 174 published strains, respectively. Cross reactivity of appropriately selected BKV primers with JCV and SV40 sequences available in current databases was not a significant problem.
Statistical signal processing in neuroscience

When the three of us decided to coedit a special issue on Statistical Signal Processing in Neuroscience, we implicitly knew that the submitted papers would span a wide field, the field measured in coordinate system with disparate axes: engineering-oriented or scientific; analysis of single neuron, populations or aggregate activity recordings; and known signal processing techniques or novel ones “invented” for the neuroscience application. We were not disappointed. The six papers chosen for this special issue represent the best of the submitted papers. The papers span a wide variety of very challenging problems. Some focus on basic estimation theory for reconstructing sensory stimuli from spike trains, while others focus on the prediction of seizure activity from EEG signals in clinical applications. Two papers are inspired by recent striking advances in Brain Machine Interface technology that is aimed at improving our basic understanding of brain function, and possibly restoring, replacing, or augmenting it when it is damaged. The paper by Lazar and Pnevmatikakis, “Reconstruction of sensory stimuli encoded with integrate-and-fire neurons with random thresholds”, employs a fresh idea—time encoding machines—inspired by neural systems that holds promise for new signal processing applications. This paper explores how to optimally decode population responses created within the time-machine encoding framework. Darmanjian and Principe’s paper, “Spatial-temporal clustering of neural data using linked-mixtures of hidden Markov models”, looks at HMM decoding of new populations using unsupervised hierarchical clustering for brainmachine interface (BMI) applications, focusing on motor control. Next, the paper by Filho et al., “Magnitude squared of coherence to detect imaginarymovement”, analyzes ERP data using cross-spectral analysis on a large scale, again for a motor BMI application. In contrast, Krusienski’s paper “A Method for visualizing independent spatio-temporal patterns of brain activity” uses a new spatio-temporal analysis of EEG data to tease out the basic independent patterns from which the measurements were constructed. Continuing along the axis of using modern algorithms, Liu, Pang and Wang explore in their paper “Epileptic seizure prediction by a system of particle filter associated with a neural network” using statistical bayesian filters to analyze EEG data. Finally, Hu et al. propose using a realistic nonlinear model rather than a linearized version to analyze multivoxel behavior in fMRI images in their paper “Nonlinear analysis of the BOLD signal.” We hope you enjoy these articles as much as we did reviewing them.
Possibility of isotope separation by selective radiative scattering

It is demonstrated by means of a specific calculation that a velocity-changing radiative collision can lead to efficient isotope separation. Compared with photodissociative or photoionization techniques, selective scattering affords the advantage of a greater degree of control over the initial conditions, hence greater scope for optimization. This advantage is particularly important at the collision temperatures (\ensuremath{\sim}1 K), where radiative inelastic collisions are most efficient.
Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of Middle and Late Wisconsinan fossil coleopteran assemblages from western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA

Organic sediments exposed in a seacliff near Kalaloch, Washington, contain abundant, well-preserved beetle remains. Fossil assemblages dating from about 48 000 to 40 000 yr BP are dominated by species typical of the lowland and montane forests in the region today. A few species, Micropeplus laticollis, Olophrum consimile, Olophrum boreale, Arpedium cribratum, and Tachinus thruppi are presently not members of the Pacific Northwest fauna. Mean July temperature during this part of the Middle Wisconsinan is estimated to have been about 1°C lower than today. Later Wisconsinan assemblages are dominated by non-arboreal species, indicating a treeless, probably tundra environment. Mean July temperature based mostly on the occurrence of the alpine leaf-beetle species, Asiorestia pallida, is estimated to have been at least 3°C lower than the present day. Palaeoclimatic interpretations based on beetles are in good agreement with those based on pollen.
In vivo electrical impedance measurements during and after electroporation of rat liver.

Abstract Electroporation is used for in vivo gene therapy, drug therapy and minimally invasive tissue ablation. Applying electrical pulses across cells can have a variety of outcomes; from no effect to reversible electroporation to irreversible electroporation. Recently, it has been proposed that measuring the passive electrical properties of electroporated tissues could provide real time feedback on the outcome of the treatment. Here we describe the results from the impedance characterization (single dispersion Cole model) for up to 30 min of the electroporation process in in vivo rat livers ( n = 8). The electroporation sequence consisted of 8 pulses of 100 μs with a period of 100 ms. Half of the animals were subjected to field magnitudes considered to have reversible effects (R group, E = 450 V/cm) whereas for the other half irreversible field amplitudes were applied (I group, E = 1500 V/cm). As expected, there was an immediate increase of conductivity (R group Δ σ / σ t =0 = 9 ± 3%; I group Δ σ / σ t =0 = 43 ± 1%). However, the overall long term pattern of change in conductivity after electroporation is complex and different between reversible and irreversible groups. This suggests the superposition of different phenomena which together affect the electrical properties.
International Organizations, Health Services, and Nation Building in Nicaragua

Recent studies have noted a new conservatism among international health organizations as they shift from policies of comprehensive primary health care to more vertical programs of disease control in the Third World. Health care efforts in Nicaragua since 1979 offer an arena in which to analyze the role of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in the elaboration of Nicaragua's health development policy and practice over time. I conclude that international health organizations can play an important role in the consolidation of popular democracy in developing nations, especially when this is part of the political agenda of the host country.
Effects of d-amphetamine on the incorporation of carbon atoms of d-glucose into the brains of differentially-housed mice.

Mice were housed either individually (“isolated”) or in groups of 20–25 (“aggregated”) for 5–9 weeks or for 22 weeks. A decreased incorporation of radioactivity into brain from subcutaneously-administered U-14C-d-glucose occurred in “isolated” mice as compared to grouped animals. Amphetamine, administered before labelled glucose, produced a dose-dependent decrease of radioactivity which was selective to the brains of the “isolated” mice. The data support the correlation between isolation-induced changes in behavior and central metabolic pathways and indicate further that these changes may be altered by administration of psycho-active agents.
Risk of Extreme Events Under Nonstationary Conditions

The concept of the return period is widely used in the analysis of the risk of extreme events and in engineering design. For example, a levee can be designed to protect against the 100-year flood, the flood which on average occurs once in 100 years. Use of the return period typically assumes that the probability of occurrence of an extreme event in the current or any future year is the same. However, there is evidence that potential climate change may affect the probabilities of some extreme events such as floods and droughts. In turn, this would affect the level of protection provided by the current infrastructure. For an engineering project, the risk of an extreme event in a future year could greatly exceed the average annual risk over the design life of the project. An equivalent definition of the return period under stationary conditions is the expected waiting time before failure. This paper examines how this definition can be adapted to nonstationary conditions. Designers of flood control projects should be aware that alternative definitions of the return period imply different risk under nonstationary conditions. The statistics of extremes and extreme value distributions are useful to examine extreme event risk. This paper uses a Gumbel Type I distribution to model the probability of failure under nonstationary conditions. The probability of an extreme event under nonstationary conditions depends on the rate of change of the parameters of the underlying distribution.
Pseudo-Coulomb potential in singlet superconductivity.

Reduction of the screened Coulomb potential parameter \ensuremath{\mu} to ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\mathrm{*}}$=\ensuremath{\mu}/[1+\ensuremath{\mu} ln(${E}_{F}$/\ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}$)] is related to the pair correlation function at r=0. This correlation function is calculated for both the simple Cooper-pair problem and standard Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory by use of a two-square-well model (with \ensuremath{\lambda} and \ensuremath{\mu} describing the attraction and repulsion). Results are compared with values obtained for a one-square-well model (having the suitable net attraction, e.g., \ensuremath{\lambda}-${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ in the BCS case). For the BCS case, the ``true'' pair correlation at r=0 is reduced by a factor (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\mathrm{*}}$/\ensuremath{\mu}${)}^{2}$ relative to the fictitious (one-square-well) value (even though \ensuremath{\Delta} is the same for both models). The reduction factor is typically \ensuremath{\approxeq}(1/25. It follows that any short-range attractive contribution to superconducting pairing will suffer a reduction similar to that for the Coulomb repulsion.
Acylation reactions mediated by purified acetylcholine esterase II

Abstract 1. 1. Some general properties of ester hydrolysis and synthesis by the purified acetylcholine esterase of the electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus have been investigated with the aid of a simple colorimetric technique for the determination of an ester in the presence of its hydrolysis products. 2. 2. The hydrolysis of acetyl- and propionylcholine by the esterase have been shown to be reversible. The equilibrium of the reaction was found to be characterized by the ratio: [ acetylcholine] [water] / [choline] [ RCOOH ]= K where RCOOH represents the undissociated form of the carboxylic acid. 3. 3. The possibility that esterase plays a part in synthesis of acetylcholine at the neuronal membrane surface has been discussed. 4. 4. The condensation of fatty acids with hydroxylamine by the action of the esterase has been investigated in respect to its dependence on reactant concentration, enzyme concentration, carboxylic acid structure, and pH. 5. 5. Acethydroxamic acid was not hydrolysed by the esterase either in the presence or absence of choline. The reaction of hydroxamic acid formation, unlike ester hydrolsis by the enzyme, thus appear to be irreversible. 6. 6. Condensation of acetate with hydroxylamine in the presence of esterase acting at pH 6.3 and above was markedly inhibited by choline. 7. 7. A reaction mechanism which could explain some of the differences observed between the catalysis of choline ester hydrolysis and that of hydroxamic acid formation by the same esterase has been discussed.
Adult Age Differences in Deductive Reasoning Processes

To explore deductive inference processes on concept learning a problem was given to individuals from four groups: younger adults (mean age 20.0 years), middle-aged adults (41.4 years), and two groups of older adults (65.4 and 71.5 years). The first three groups were college students or college graduates; the last group was drawn from the local community. Likelihood of solution was lower in the older groups; the two older groups did not differ, not did the younger and middle-aged groups. Analyses of hypotheses generated during the task showed that those who failed to solve the problem, whatever their age, overlooked evidence that a dimension as relevant (but only when attention had not been drawn previously to that dimension) and failed to respond appropriately when a dimension was shown to be irrelevant.
Antifungal mechanism of polygodial

The primary antifungal action of polygodial comes in part from its ability to function as a nonionic surfactant, disrupting the lipid-protein interface of integral proteins and denaturing their conformation. As a result, the antifungal mechanism of this sesquiterpene dialdehyde is associated with the membrane functions or derangement of the membrane. For example, the glucose-induced medium acidification process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inhibited by polygodial, presumably caused by inhibition of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. However, the potent antifungal activity of polygodial results from its multiple functions.
Structural differences in the renin gene of Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats.

Genomic libraries in λEMBL4 phage were constructed from both inbred Dahl salt-hypertensionsensitive (S) and inbred Dahl salt-hypertension-resistant (R) rats. Overlapping clones containing the renin genes were isolated from these libraries by screening with a renin cDNA probe. Clones were characterized by a combination of restriction mapping and Southern blot analysis. The results showed that the S-rat renin gene is remarkably different from the R-rat renin gene. The major differences are 1) a 1.2-kilobase (kb) insertion in the first intron of the Sgene which accounts for most of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms found in the renin genes between S and R strains, such as those generated with Bg/ll [2.7 kb (S)/1.5 kb (R)], EcoRI [6.4 kb (S)/5.2 kb (R)], and Hindlll [9.6 kb (S)/8.4 kb (R)] 2) an additional Hindlll site located at the 3′ end of the R-gene which accounts for another Hindlll restriction fragment length polymorphisms [25 kb (S)/22 kb, 3.4 kb (R)] 3) two Smal sites at the 5′ flanking r...
Global phase coherence in two-dimensional granular superconductors.

Experimental evidence from studies of the onset of superconductivity in ultrathin Sn films is presented which implies that the sheet resistance is the only relevant variable in determining the onset of global phase coherence. This result is found by a theoretical argument involving both the phase-number and energy-time uncertainty relations.
Activation of bone remodeling after fatigue: differential response to linear microcracks and diffuse damage.

Recent experiments point to two predominant forms of fatigue microdamage in bone: linear microcracks (tens to a few hundreds microns in length) and “diffuse damage” (patches of diffuse stain uptake in fatigued bone comprised of clusters of sublamellar-sized cracks). The physiological relevance of diffuse damage in activating bone remodeling is not known. In this study microdamage amount and type were varied to assess whether linear or diffuse microdamage have similar effects on the activation of intracortical resorption. Activation of resorption was correlated to the number of linear microcracks (Cr.Dn) in the bone (R2=0.60, p<0.01). In contrast, there was no activation of resorption in response to diffuse microdamage alone. Furthermore, there was no significant change in osteocyte viability in response to diffuse microdamage, suggesting that osteocyte apoptosis, which is know to activate remodeling at typical linear microcracks in bone, does not result from sublamellar damage. These findings indicate that inability of diffuse microdamage to activate resorption may be due to lack of a focal injury response. Finally, we found that duration of loading does not affect the remodeling response. In conclusion, our data indicate that osteocytes activate resorption in response to linear microcracks but not diffuse microdamage, perhaps due to lack of a focal injury-induced apoptotic response.
Wide-area damping control of power systems using clustering and FACTS-based redesigns

In this paper we present a FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)-based control design for electromechanical oscillation damping in large power systems, facilitated by aggregate models that can be constructed using Synchronized phasor measurements. Our approach consists of three steps, namely — 1. Model Reduction, where Synchrophasors are used to identify second-order models of the oscillation clusters of the power system retaining the inter-ties on which FACTS devices such as Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) are installed, 2. Aggregate Control, where feedback controllers are designed to achieve a desired closed-loop transient response between every pair of clusters, and finally 3. Control Inversion, where the aggregate control design is distributed and tuned to actual TCSC controllers in the full-order model until its inter-area responses match the respective inter-machine responses of the reduced-order system. It is shown that the inversion problem can be posed equivalently as decomposing the swing dynamics into fast and slow states, and designing the controllers such that the slow dynamics can optimally track a desired closed-loop signal designed for the aggregate model.
Loss of heterozygosity and genomic instability in synchronous endometrioid tumors of the ovary and endometrium.

Background. The unknown etiology of endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary and the relatively high frequency of a concomitant carcinoma of the endometrium in these patients warrants study of such tumors. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic alterations involved in endometrioid ovarian cancer development, and to determine whether primary tumors of the endometrium and synchronous primary endometrioid tumors of the ovary could be distinguished based on differing patterns of genetic alterations. The distinction of metastatic carcinoma of the ovary from other synchronous primary tumors is often difficult but has important therapeutic and prognostic implications. Methods. This study examined the genetic alterations at 28 polymorphic DNA markers in the DNA of tumors of 17 patients with endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary, including 5 nonmetastatic ovarian tumors, 5 ovarian tumors metastatic to the uterus, and 7 endometrioid ovarian tumors with a synchronous primary endometrial tumor. Results. Chromosomes 17 and 22 were found to be the most common sites of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the 17 patients studied. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17 was associated with advanced stage ovarian tumors. In 96% of LOH events in the metastatic tumors, LOH was observed in the primary tumor and in the metastatic site. Conversely, in four of seven synchronous tumors in which LOH was observed, LOH was confined to the ovarian tumor. Genomic instability was identified in two of seven patients with synchronously occurring tumors that did not demonstrate LOH. A positive family history was noted for these two patients. Conclusions. A lack of shared genetic alterations and in synchronously occurring endometrial and endometrioid ovarian tumors indicates independent developmental pathways for these tumors. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17 in endometroid ovarian carcinoma may indicate transition to a more aggressive tumor. Cancer 1995; 76:650–7.
Hemangioma of the urinary bladder

BACKGROUND Hemangioma of the urinary bladder is rare and the long term outcome of patients is unknown. METHODS The authors evaluated the clinical and pathologic findings in 19 patients with a vesical hemangioma. All patients were treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1932–1998 and had histologic confirmation of the diagnosis. Hemangioma was classified into cavernous, capillary, or arteriovenous types based on conventional criteria from other sites. Clinical information was obtained from chart review. The mean follow-up of the patients was 6.9 years (range, 0.3–25 years). RESULTS The mean patient age at the time of diagnosis was 58 years (range, 19–76 years) and the male-to-female ratio was 3.7:1. Patients typically presented with macroscopic hematuria and endoscopic findings usually were nonspecific. The diagnosis of hemangioma was suspected in 3 patients (16%) prior to biopsy. There was a predilection for the posterior and lateral walls and the tumor usually was small (range, 0.2–3 cm; median, 0.7 cm) and solitary. The histologic types of hemangioma were cavernous (15 cases), capillary (2 cases), and arteriovenous (2 cases). All patients were treated with biopsy with or without fulguration, except for one patient who was treated with a partial cystectomy. No patients developed a recurrence during a mean follow-up of 6.9 years. CONCLUSIONS Patients with hemangioma of the urinary bladder have a favorable outcome. Biopsy and fulguration are effective for hemangioma of the bladder when the lesion is small. Cancer 1999;86:498–504. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Studies of Standard Heat Treatment Effects on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Net Shape Manufactured INCONEL 718

Laser net shape manufacturing (LNSM) is a laser cladding/deposition based technology, which can fabricate and repair near-net-shape high-performance components directly from metal powders. Characterizing mechanical properties of the laser net shape manufactured components is prerequisite to the applications of LNSM in aircraft engine industrial productions. Nickel-based superalloys such as INCONEL 718 are the most commonly used metal materials in aircraft engine high-performance components. In this study, the laser deposition process is optimized through a set of designed experiments to reduce the porosity to less than 0.03 pct. It is found that the use of plasma rotating electrode processed (PREP) powder and a high energy input level greater than 80 J/mm are necessary conditions to minimize the porosity. Material microstructure and tensile properties of laser-deposited INCONEL 718 are studied and compared under heat treatment conditions of as deposited, direct aged, solution treatment and aging (STA), and full homogenization followed by STA. Tensile test results showed that the direct age heat treatment produces the highest tensile strength equivalent to the wrought material, which is followed by the STA-treated and the homogenization-treated tensile strengths, while the ductility exhibits the reverse trend. Finally, failure modes of the tensile specimens were analyzed with fractography.
Important role of raft aggregation in the signaling events of cold-induced platelet activation.

Abstract When human platelets are chilled below 20 °C, they undergo cold-induced activation. We have previously shown that cold activation correlates with the main phospholipid phase transition (10–20 °C) and induces the formation of large raft aggregates. In addition, we found that the glycoprotein CD36 is selectively enriched within detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) of cold-activated platelets and is extremely sensitive to treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). Here, we further studied the partitioning of downstream signaling molecules within the DRMs. We found that the phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and the protein tyrosine kinase Syk do not partition exclusively within the DRMs, but their distribution is perturbed by cholesterol extraction. In addition, PLCγ2 activity increases in cold-activated cells compared to resting platelets and is entirely inhibited after treatment with MβCD. The Src-family protein tyrosine kinases Src and Lyn preferentially partition within the DRMs and are profoundly affected by removal of cholesterol. These kinases are non-redundant in cold-activation. CD36, active Lyn, along with inactive Src and PLCγ2 co-localize in small raft complexes in resting platelets. Cold-activation induces raft aggregation, resulting in changes in the activity of these proteins. These data suggest a crucial role of raft aggregation in the early events of cold-induced platelet activation.
Service-Learning Projects: Meeting Community Needs:

The University of South Dakota’s (USD) nursing program is an associate degree (ADN) level program. In recent years, learning objectives for the students in the ADN level at USD have been updated to include the National League for Nursing’s position statement, which includes recommendations to design new methods to meet students’ learning needs. This article discusses the evolution of service-learning projects between USD’s nursing program and the community. It will discuss four specific projects in terms of (a) matching the academic needs of the students with community needs, (b) commitment by academia to the community, (c) the impact of service learning on faculty productivity, and (d) the quality of student learning. Finally, some of the challenges of participating in service-learning activities are outlined.
Local reactivity of fullerenes and nano-device applications

A conceptual framework to understand the chemical reactivity of fullerenes is developed as a design tool for nano-scale device applications. The internal and external chemical reactivity of fullerenes is found to depend strongly on the curvature and local atomic structure. As examples, we study C36, C60 and graphite, and use a hydrogen atom to probe chemical reactivity as a function of local atomic structure. The analysis shows that the balance of strain energy and chemical binding energy determines the local reactivity. This understanding provides an insight into the use of chemically doped endo-fullerenes as suitable target material for a recently proposed design of a solid-state quantum computer.
I.—On the Odontornithes, or Birds with Teeth

Remains of birds are among the rarest of fossils, and few have been described save from the more recent formations. With the exception of Archœopteryx from the Jurassic, and a single species from the Cretaceous, no birds are known in the old world below the Tertiary. In this country, numerous remains of birds have been found in the Cretaceous, but there is no satisfactory evidence of their existence in any older formation, the three-toed footprints of the Triassic being probably all made by Dinosaurian reptiles.
Infrared Frequency-Modulation Probing of Product Formation in Alkyl + O2 Reactions: III. The Reaction of Cyclopentyl Radical (c-C5H9) with O2 between 296 and 723 K

The production of HO2 from the reaction of c-C5H9 + O2 has been investigated as a function of temperature (296−723 K) by using laser photolysis/CW infrared frequency modulation spectroscopy. The HO2 yield is derived by comparison with the Cl2/CH3OH/O2 system and is corrected to account for HO2 signal loss due to competing reactions involving HO2 radical and the adduct c-C5H9O2. The time behavior of the HO2 signal following cyclopentyl radical formation displays two separate components. The first component is a prompt production of HO2, which increases with temperature and is the only component observed between 296 and 500 K. The yield from the prompt production rises from less than 1% at 296 K to ∼23% at 693 K. At temperatures above 500 K a second slower rise in the HO2 signal is also observed. The production of HO2 on a slower time scale is attributable to cyclopentylperoxy radical decomposition. The total HO2 yield, including the contribution from the slower rise, increases dramatically with temperature...