cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unanswered questions in headache: so what is photophobia, anyway?

Photophobia is a subjective experience that alters sensory per-ception of light. Patients often describe photophobia in differentways. For example, some will say “light hurts my eyes” or “lightmakes my headache worse,” while others will not report associ-ated pain or pain aggravation, but unpleasantness, and state “Icannot stand even low levels of light.” However, regardless of thesubjective experience reported, they all manifest a very consistentbehavior; they retreat to a dark place or protect their eyes fromlight.This variability in the subjective experience of photophobicpatients is not surprising, considering that many different disor-ders can result in photophobia.We would like to put out the idea that photophobia involvesnot only pain pathways, but also limbic system pathways thatsuperimpose an emotional processing of discomfort leading tolight avoidance. The interaction of these pathways could providethe drive to seek out darkness. This is especially important in thecontext of migraine, where photophobia may reﬂect an allodynicresponse when even very low levels of light become painful.However, this avoidance can also be protective. Everyone expe-riences the need to avoid exposure of the eyes to high lightintensity. For example, looking directly at the sun is unpleasant,and most people will squint or look away to avoid retinaldamage. Likewise, the glare of skiing on a sunny day withoutsunglasses is unpleasant no matter how good the snow is. Wesuggest that these protective pathways are likely to be the sameones activated by low light in migraine and other pathologiesassociated with photophobia.So, how might the brain integrate light with pain and emo-tional circuits to yield the phenomena of photophobia? In thepast few years, we have begun to get glimpses of potential path-ways and the direction of needed future research. The cascadebegins with light activation of non-image-forming melanopsinretinal ganglion cells.
Transcultural psychiatry on an American psychiatric ward.

Transcultural psychiatry is generally thought to be an appropriate concern only in distant or unusual environments. But because many immigrant groups in the U.S. maintain their original customs and traditions, a transcultural approach may be necessary in many clinical situations, as illustrated by the case histories of three immigrant patients on a university hospital's psychiatric service. All had manifestations of severe psychiatric disturbance, but their clinical evaluation and management were complicated by difficulties in communication and by culturally linked behavior patterns and family responses at variance with American norms. Careful attention to transcultural factors is necessary for the optimal management of such cases.
A Conserved Mechanism for Sulfonucleotide Reduction

Sulfonucleotide reductases are a diverse family of enzymes that catalyze the first committed step of reductive sulfur assimilation. In this reaction, activated sulfate in the context of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) or 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is converted to sulfite with reducing equivalents from thioredoxin. The sulfite generated in this reaction is utilized in bacteria and plants for the eventual production of essential biomolecules such as cysteine and coenzyme A. Humans do not possess a homologous metabolic pathway, and thus, these enzymes represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we studied the mechanism of sulfonucleotide reduction by APS reductase from the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using a combination of mass spectrometry and biochemical approaches. The results support the hypothesis of a two-step mechanism in which the sulfonucleotide first undergoes rapid nucleophilic attack to form an enzyme-thiosulfonate (E-Cys-S-SO3−) intermediate. Sulfite is then released in a thioredoxin-dependent manner. Other sulfonucleotide reductases from structurally divergent subclasses appear to use the same mechanism, suggesting that this family of enzymes has evolved from a common ancestor.
An Analytic and Psychometric Evaluation of Dynamic Game Adaption for Increasing Session-Level Retention in Casual Games

This paper shows how game analytics can be used to dynamically adapt casual game environments in order to increase session-level retention. Our technique involves using game analytics to create an abstracted game analytic space to make the problem tractable. We then model player retention in this space and use these models to make guided changes to game analytics in order to bring about a targeted distribution of game states that will, in turn, influence player behavior. Experiments performed showed that the adaptive versions of two different casual games, Scrabblesque and Sidequest: The Game, were able to better fit a target distribution of game states while also significantly reducing the quitting rate compared to the nonadaptive version of the games. We showed that these gains were not coming at the cost of player experience by performing a psychometric evaluation in which we measured player intrinsic motivation and engagement with the game environments. In both cases, we showed that players playing the adaptive version of the games reported higher intrinsic motivation and engagement scores than players playing the nonadaptive version of the games.
ANTICYCLONIC EDDIES IN THE ALASKA GYRE (AND CAPE HORN CURRENT

Sea surface height (SSH) fields, constructed from multiple altimeters, have revealed the annual generation of anticyclonic eddies around the Alaska Gyre. These eddies appear to develop annually along the eastern margin of the Gyre from instabilities in the poleward Alaska Current, after it reaches its seasonal maximum in transport in winter. After forming, the eddies propagate westward just offshore of the continental slope, where they draw shelf water containing nutrients and phytoplankton into the deep offshore waters, as seen by the SeaWiFS satellite ocean color sensor. In this manner, they enrich a region of the ocean that is dominated by downwelling-favorable wind forcing. Off Chile, the Cape Horn Current is the analog of the Alaska Current, flowing poleward and driven by cyclonic winds, associated with winter storms. In this presentation we will use satellite fields of SSH and Chlorophyll-a pigment concentrations to examine the relatively unstudied Cape Horn Current and compare its seasonal behavior to the Alaska Current. We will specifically look for anticyclonic eddies, similar to those in the Alaska Gyre
A SysML-based simulation model aggregation framework for seedling propagation system

This paper proposes a Systems Modeling Language (SysML)-based simulation model aggregation framework to develop aggregated simulation models with high accuracy. The framework consists of three major steps: 1) system conceptual modeling, 2) simulation modeling, and 3) additive regression model-based parameter estimation. SysML is first used to construct the system conceptual model for a generic seedling propagation system in terms of system structure and activities in a hierarchical manner (i.e. low, medium and high levels). Simulation models conforming to the conceptual model are then constructed in Arena. An additive regression model-based approach is proposed to estimate parameters for the aggregated simulation model. The proposed framework is demonstrated via one of the largest grafted seedling propagation systems in North America. The results reveal that 1) the proposed framework allows us to construct accurate but computationally affordable simulation models for seedling propagation system, and 2) model aggregation increases the randomness of simulation outputs.
Multiple previous detoxifications are associated with less responsive treatment and heavier drinking during an index outpatient detoxification

Investigators have found a relationship between the number of previous alcohol withdrawals (AWs) and severity of withdrawal. We evaluated patients with multiple previous AWs, as compared to those with 0-1 previous withdrawals, in an outpatient detoxification trial comparing lorazepam (LZ) to carbamazepine (CBZ). A mixed model analysis of covariance was used to analyze Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol-Revised (CIWA-Ar) scores as a function of detoxification history (0-1 vs. 2 or more), drug group (CBZ vs. LZ), assessment day, and hours since last drink. The mixed model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated a significant detoxification history by assessment day interaction (P< or =.03). Least square means associated with this interaction suggested that the CIWA-Ar scores for the multiple detox patients declined more slowly than those with 0-1 previous detoxifications. Patients with multiple detoxes were 150% more likely to experience a heavy drinking day during treatment (P< or =.03). The multiple detox group drank more each drinking day (P=.001) and a greater proportion of this group had early heavy drinking (P=.0002). In the present study, intensity of AW symptoms and early heavy drinking were independent of treatment medications and were more common in patients who had previously undergone multiple treatments for AW.
Functional brain activation during arithmetic processing in females with fragile X Syndrome is related to FMR1 protein expression.

Arithmetic processing deficits in persons with fragile X Syndrome (fraX), the most common heritable cause of mental retardation, are well known. In this study, we characterize the neural underpinnings of these performance deficits using functional MRI. Given that a single gene defect (FMR1) is known to be responsible for this disorder, we also assess whether brain activation in arithmetic processing areas is related to amount of FMR1 protein expression (FMRP). Subjects included 16 females with fraX, and 16 female age-matched controls. Subjects viewed arithmetic equations with two (1 + 3 = 4) or three (2 + 3 − 1 = 5) operands, and were asked to judge whether the results were correct or not. Subjects with fraX showed significant impairment in behavioral performance on the 3-operand but not the 2-operand arithmetic equations. Significant brain activation was observed bilaterally in the prefrontal and parietal cortices for unaffected subjects, and bilateral prefrontal and left angular gyrus for subjects with fraX, for both trial types. Subjects with fraX exhibited less overall activation than did unaffected subjects in both types of trials; and, unlike the unaffected group, did not show increased extent of activation in association with greater task difficulty. During the 3-operand trials, activation in bilateral prefrontal and motor/premotor, and left supramarginal and angular gyri were positively correlated with FMRP, suggesting that decreased FMR1 protein expression underlies deficits in math performance in persons with fraX. More broadly, this investigation demonstrates a unique bridging of cognitive and molecular neuroscience and represents a useful approach for the study of brain development and function. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:206–218, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vygotsky, Consciousness, and the German Psycholinguistic Tradition

This article argues that Vygotsky's choice of word meaning as the basic unit of analysis for cultural psychology connects him to a German psycholinguistic tradition—exemplified in the work of G. W. F. Hegel and J. G. Herder—distinct from the Marxist tradition. While later commentators criticize Vygotsky's reliance on word meaning, arguing that it cannot explain the formation of consciousness, this German psycholinguistic tradition provides intellectual resources for rethinking the relationship between language and consciousness. Consciousness, through this model, arises from linguistic interactions, and is therefore not separable from language. Thus, word meaning encapsulates consciousness itself, not just its mediation in the world.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy improves outcome prediction in perinatal CNS insults.

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Improves Outcome Prediction in Perinatal CNS Insults
Low-temperature epitaxial growth of the quaternary wide band gap semiconductor SiCAlN.

Two compounds SiC and AlN, normally insoluble in each other below $\ensuremath{\sim}2000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, are synthesized as a single-phase solid-solution thin film by molecular beam epitaxy at 750 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The growth of epitaxial SiCAlN films with hexagonal structure takes place on 6H-SiC(0001) substrates. Two structural models for the hexagonal SiCAlN films are constructed based on first-principles total-energy density functional theory calculations, each showing agreement with the experimental microstructures observed in cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images. The predicted fundamental band gap is 3.2 eV for the stoichiometric SiCAlN film.
The effect of three organophosphorus esters on brain and blood neurotoxic esterase and acetylcholinesterase

Abstract The effects of three organophosphorus esters (OPs) on brain and blood neuropathy target esterase (NTE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were evaluated in immature chicks. Enzyme inhibition by desbromoleptophos ( O -2,5-dichlorophenyl O - methyl phenylphosphonothionate), a known inducer of organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neuropathy, and by fenitrothion ( O,O -dimethyl O -3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothionate), without delayed neurotoxic effects, was compared to inhibition by fenthion ( O,O -dimethyl O -3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphorothionate). Chicks were treated orally or dermally with maximum tolerated doses of the 3 OPs. The inhibition of enzymes was measured from 24 to 72 hr after dosing. Desbromoleptophos inhibited NTE and AChE in both blood and brain. Fenitrothion and fenthion inhibited AChE both in blood and brain, but did not inhibit either brain or lymphocyte NTE. Blood NTE inhibition paralleled brain enzyme inhibition. Theses data provide additional evidence that fenthion-induced functional deficits are not caused by inhibition of NTE and are not the direct result of AChE inhibition.
Photodissociative ionization in the 21–41 eV region: O2, N2, CO, NO, CO2, H2O, NH3 and CH4☆

Abstract Branching ratios have been measured for the photodissociative ionization of O2, N2, CO, NO, CO2, H2O, NH3 and CH4 between 16.8 and 40.8 eV, using line sources. Inconsistencies in previous photoionization fragmentation patterns for NO and H2O at 21.2 eV, and for CH4 at 16.8 eV, have been clarified. The high energy state of CO+ has been found to decay predominantly to O+ + C, in contrast to a recent study. Partial cross sections for formation of high energy states in O2+ and CO2+ deduced from this study are substantially lower than those reported in a recent 304 A photoelectron spectroscopic investigation. The NO+ decomposition at higher energy favors N+ + O, although the lower energy channel is O+ + N. Ionization from the inner (2s-like) valence states of CO2 and H2O leads to C+ and O+ fragments, respectively, with probable shattering of the molecular ion into atomic and ionic fragments.
INDIVIDUATION OF SELF AND STEREOTYPING OF OTHERS

This study investigated whether people who present themselves as individuated tend not to see others in stereotyped ways. 106 undergraduates completed a measure of self-individuation and a measure ...
Phenomenological aspects of new gravitational forces. II. Static planetary potentials

Theories of quantum gravity generically predict that there are vector and scalar partners of the graviton. These bosons produce new gravitational effects which, in general, tend to cancel in matter because the vector boson produces a repulsive force, whereas a scalar boson produces an attractive force. In this paper we derive the effects which these new interactions will produce in planets. In particular, static Yukawa potential theory is elucidated for massive (nonpointlike) objects.
Integrity of Amyloplast Membranes in Stored Potato Tubers

Summary Two varieties of potato (early-maturing White Rose and late-maturing Russet Burbank) were stored at 4 and 20 °C and sampled at 15-day intervals up to 45 days after harvest. Some White Rose tubers were also stored for an extended period of over 9 months before examination. For cytological study, subsurface segments were fixed in either glutaraldehyde/ osmic acid, osmic acid alone, or KMnO 4 , then dehydrated, embedded in resin, sectioned, mounted on grids, and examined with the transmission electron microscope. A complete amyloplast membrane was present about the starch grains in all samples. The results show clearly that amyloplast membranes remain intact in cold storage.
Differential expression of alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex on unfertilized and fertilized mouse eggs

Mouse oocytes at the dictyate and metaphase II stages as well as fertilized eggs have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence for the expression of H-2 histocompatibility antigens on surface membranes. Serologically specific reactivity to H-2 antibody was observed as patchy fluorescence distributed over the surface of the oocyte membrane. In contrast, one-cell zygotes exhibited variable reactivity, and early two-cell stages were negative. Absorption studies confirmed the serologic specificity of the reactivity on oocytes, which could be shown to be due to H-2 antibody. The results suggest that fertilization results in altered expression of major histocompatibility complex surface antigens, and confirms earlier studies that cleavage stage mouse embryos are not reactive with H-2 antibody.
Ethnic Revolt, State-Building and Patriotism in Republican China: The 1937 West Hunan Miao Abolish-Military-Land Resist-Japan Uprising

This paper examines how an ethnic Miao uprising in West Hunan in 1937 became the site for the interaction of a broad range of competing local, provincial, and national interests. The target of the uprising was a tuntian system formed from confiscated Miao lands in the early nineteenth century to support a military system defending against Miao disturbances. Surviving anachronistically into the twentieth century, the military land rents of this system formed a base for warlord power on Hunan's western frontier. The uprising arose opportunistically in the context of a struggle over the resources of this system between the warlord of West Hunan and a provincial governor whose provincial state-building project sought to end the region's long political autonomy. The uprising consequently drew the attention of Nationalist Party factions who saw it as an opportunity to use the uprising to undermine the provincial governor in the interest of their own centralizing state-building project. Finally, the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War allowed uprising leaders to recast the uprising as a patriotic movement, seeking equality for the Miao of West Hunan by the abolition of the tuntian system and offering the mobilization of uprising forces for service at the front once this goal was achieved. In the end, the uprising functioned as a palimpsest upon which the multiple motivations and desires of its participants, in their broad social, political and personal contexts, were written and overwritten.
Backscattering enhancement of electromagnetic waves from two-dimensional perfectly conducting random rough surfaces: a comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with experimental data

Predictions of an exact numerical model for scattering from a surface randomly rough in two directions are compared with experimental data. The numerical model is based on Monte Carlo simulation using an iterative version of the method of moments known as the sparse-matrix flat-surface iterative approach (SMFSIA). Experimental data is obtained from millimeter wave laboratory experiments in which the bistatic scattering patterns of fabricated surfaces with known statistical parameters were measured. The surfaces studied have both a Gaussian height distribution and correlation function, so that their statistics are characterized by an rms height and correlation length. An rms height of 1 wavelength and correlation lengths ranging from 1.41-3 wavelengths are investigated in this paper, and the phenomenon of backscattering enhancement is observed both in the numerical predictions and experimental data. A comparison of the absolute value of the bistatic scattering coefficient as normalized by the incident power shows the theory and experiment to be in good agreement.
Clinical decision making in pain management: Contributions of physician and patient characteristics to variations in practice

Differences in the quality of pain management may very well be due to physician characteristics and their treatment goals based on the type of pain or patient demographics. This study was done to (1) determine the role of physician characteristics in their goals and treatment of acute, cancer, and chronic pain and (2) provide an evaluation of the differences in physician pain management decision making due to patient characteristics and the type of pain being treated. A prospective cohort study of 368 Michigan physicians was done to determine their pain management knowledge, attitudes, and prescribing habits via study-specific multi-item mail survey. Nine clinical vignettes were used to examine potential differences in the physician's pain management based on the type of pain and patient demographic characteristics. The responses of the study group varied on the basis of the type of pain and gender of the patient. They were more likely to provide optimal treatment for men with acute postoperative or cancer pain. The physicians also reported lesser goals for relief of chronic pain when compared to acute and cancer pain. Lower goals for chronic pain relief may lead to the undertreatment of chronic pain. This study demonstrates that the provision of adequate pain management may be influenced by patient characteristics and physician variability.
Generation of Harmonics by Sea Breeze in Nontidal Water Bodies

Abstract The sea breeze introduces harmonics of its diurnal cycle into water bodies, which can be notable for strong sea breeze and microtidal and nontidal conditions. The harmonics can be of the same magnitude as those produced by bottom friction and dominate those produced by nonlinear terms in the equations of motion. A closed-form analytic solution of the linearized depth-averaged equations of motion including friction is discussed for the situation of a sea breeze blowing on an idealized one-dimensional basin of constant depth. The solution reveals the generation of odd harmonics introduced by the quadratic wind stress and role of (linearized) friction. Sea-breeze forcing on the idealized basin is numerically modeled, and agreement with the analytic solution is found. The numerical model is then run with quadratic bottom friction and nonlinear terms to compare relative contributions to the generation of harmonics. Harmonics of the water motion are distinguished as forced, or arising from the wind for...
Comparison of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade for the Prevention of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis

The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril prevents myosin-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Captopril inhibits production of angiotensin II and increases bradykinin signaling, among other actions. To test whether captopril inhibits disease through blockade of angiotensin signaling, we tested the ability of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, to prevent myosin-induced myocarditis. A/J mice immunized with the heavy chain of cardiac myosin in complete Freund's adjuvant develop acute myocarditis by day 21 post-immunization, consisting of severe focal inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis. Administration of losartan (250 mg/L in the drinking water) or captopril (75 mg/L in the drinking water) significantly reduced inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis in myosin-immunized mice. The heart weights and the heart weight-to-body weight ratios were also significantly reduced in both treatment groups. However, whereas captopril reduced myosin-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity, losartan did not. Both captopril-treated mice and losartan-treated mice showed a decrease in myosin-specific autoantibody production. Because losartan treatment significantly reduced myocarditis, fibrosis and autoantibody production in EAM, it is likely that prevention of angiotensin II receptor stimulation is a major mechanism underlying the inhibition of myosin-induced myocarditis by captopril.
Photoluminescence and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Defects in SiC Grown on Si

We report on a systematic investigation of defects generated during the epitaxial growth of cubic SiC on (001)Si substrates. The SiC films were grown exactly on the [100] axis of the Si and on vicinal surfaces with an off-axis tilt of two and four degrees. Low temperature photoluminescence and transmission electron microscopy data related to the defects generated during growth are obtained for the three substrate orientations.
Effect of age on lipid profiles in pediatric heart transplant recipients

This study's objectives were to determine if pediatric orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients over all ages develop hyperlipidemia and, secondarily, to identify the effects of immunosuppressive agents and statins on lipid profiles in these patients. Retrospective chart review was performed for pediatric patients transplanted between January 1987 and June 2002. Of the 100 OHTs performed, 50 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and were grouped by age at OHT as follows: group 1 (n = 16): 0-4 yr; group 2 (n = 10): 5-9 yr; group 3 (n = 15): 10-14 yr; group 4 (n = 9): 15-18 yr. There were 2789 lipid levels recorded, and each patient had an average of 14 post-OHT lipoprotein panels measured. Post-OHT total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly greater than those of the general population for the entire follow-up period in all age groups, except for LDL levels in group 2. Cyclosporin level and prednisone dose were positively associated with total cholesterol and LDL levels (p < 0.03). Statins significantly decreased total cholesterol and LDL levels (p < 0.001). Hyperlipidemia affects OHT patients of all ages. Even the youngest patients may benefit from immunosuppression using an alternative to cyclosporin, such as tacrolimus, and steroid-free regimens, which may improve lipid profiles. Once safety and efficacy data are available, all age groups may benefit from statins.
Mucin characteristics of human corneal-limbal epithelial cells that exclude the rose bengal anionic dye

Rose bengal, the 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro 2′,4′,5′,7′-tetraiodo derivative of fluorescein (see Fig. 1), is an organic anionic dye that has been clinically used for many decades to assess damage to the ocular surface epithelium in ocular surface disease.1 Application of rose bengal to the ocular surface of patients with dry eye results in patches of superficial punctate staining, the frequency and intensity of which has been used to characterize the disease, assess its severity, and monitor the clinical response to therapy.2 Figure 1 Molecular structure of rose bengal. Although initial reports speculated that rose bengal stains desquamated, degenerated, or dead cells,3–5 recent evidence has shown that it can stain healthy human and rabbit corneal epithelial cells grown in vitro.6,7 It has been hypothesized that rose bengal staining occurs when there is poor protection of the surface epithelium by the preocular tear film rather than by lack of cell viability. Tseng et al.8 have shown that rose bengal binds to several tear components: albumin, lactoferrin, transferrin, and lysozyme. However, the total maximum binding capacity of the nonmucin proteins in normal tears is too small to explain the lack of rose bengal staining on the normal ocular surface.8 These experiments also showed that precoating rabbit corneal epithelial cells with porcine stomach mucin blocks the entry of rose bengal, indicating that mucins are an effective barrier to rose bengal diffusion. Mucins are highly O-glycosylated, high-molecular-weight glycoproteins that constitute a major component of the protective biofilm on the surface of all epithelial cells.9 Based on structural characterization, two different types of mucins have been described: secreted mucins, which can be subclassified as small soluble and gel-forming, and membrane-associated mucins,10 which have a hydrophobic domain that anchors the mucin in the plasma membrane, contributing to the molecular composition of the cell surface and to the glycocalyx.11–14 At the human ocular surface, goblet cells in the conjunctiva produce the gel-forming mucin MUC5AC, whereas the stratified epithelia produce the membrane-associated mucins MUC1, −4, and −16.12–14 In this study, we evaluated rose bengal staining in the recently characterized human corneal-limbal epithelial (HCLE) cell line known to produce and glycosylate the membrane-associated mucins MUC1, −4, and −16 but not the goblet cell mucin MUC5AC.15 We hypothesize that it is the cell surface of differentiated cells that is the barrier to rose bengal penetrance and that membrane-associated mucins are a component of the barrier.
Data Entry through Chord, Parallel Entry Devices

This paper outlines the areas which must be considered in weighing the advantages and disadvantages of chord keyboard devices with respect to one-key-at-a-time devices such as the standard typewriter. These areas include: information per stroke, stroke rate, motor difficulty of chord strokes, motor learning for chord keying, memorization of code, characteristics of use and users of the device in terms of skill level and trainability, schemes for encoding the material to be transcribed so as to achieve more information per stroke, and detremental effects of requiring unfamiliar sequences of keying responses. A particular compromise chord keying system called Rapid-Type is described. The results of a feasibility demonstration of it are reviewed and certain details of coding difficulties are discussed. Finally, some indirect evidence is presented for supporting the statement that the information per stroke has little, or no, effect on keying rate.
Optimizing user views for workflows

A technique called user views has recently been proposed to focus user attention on relevant information in response to provenance queries over workflow executions [1, 2]: Given user input on what modules in the workflow specification are relevant to the user, a user view is a concise representation that clusters together modules to create a small number of composite modules (or clusters) such that (1) each composite module in a user view contains at most one relevant (atomic) module, thus assuming the "meaning" of that module; and (2) no control or data dependencies (either direct or indirect) are introduced (soundness) or removed (completeness) between relevant modules. The goal is to find a user view with a smallest number of composite modules.We show that for workflow specifications that are general graphs, regardless of the number of distinct modules in the input workflow and the structure of interaction between them, there always exists a user view of size at most (2k--1 -- k)2 + k, where k is the number of relevant modules. Moreover, a good user view with at most (2k--1 -- k)2 + k clusters can be computed in polynomial time in the size of the graph. We also show that this upper bound is tight. Thus in general graphs, the number of composite modules can be exponentially large in k even in an optimum user view for the specification. We also give a characterization of a good user view in terms of structural properties of each cluster in the user view.However, for series-parallel workflow graphs, we show that there is always a user-view with at most 2k -- 3 composite modules; further, there exist series-parallel graphs where every user view requires at least 2k -- 3 composite modules. Such graphs capture the structure of many scientific and other workflows that we have encountered in practice. For this class of graphs, we give a simple, linear time algorithm for constructing an optimum user view for a given specification.
Francisella tularensis SchuS4 and SchuS4 Lipids Inhibit IL-12p40 in Primary Human Dendritic Cells by Inhibition of IRF1 and IRF8

Induction of innate immunity is essential for host survival of infection. Evasion and inhibition of innate immunity constitute a strategy used by pathogens, such as the highly virulent bacterium Francisella tularensis, to ensure their replication and transmission. The mechanism and bacterial components responsible for this suppression of innate immunity by F. tularensis are not defined. In this article, we demonstrate that lipids enriched from virulent F. tularensis strain SchuS4, but not attenuated live vaccine strain, inhibit inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Suppression of inflammatory responses is associated with IκBα-independent inhibition of NF-κBp65 activation and selective inhibition of activation of IFN regulatory factors. Interference with NF-κBp65 and IFN regulatory factors is also observed following infection with viable SchuS4. Together these data provide novel insight into how highly virulent bacteria selectively modulate the host to interfere with innate immune responses required for survival of infection.
Patterns of expression of sperm flagellar genes: early expression of genes encoding axonemal proteins during the spermatogenic cycle and shared features of promoters of genes encoding central apparatus proteins

Sperm are motile cells. Thus, a significant component of the spermatogenic cycle is devoted to the formation of flagellum, a process that must be coordinated to insure proper construction. To document the temporal pattern of flagellar gene expression, we employed real-time PCR to assess changes in accumulation of a cohort of genes encoding axoneme, outer dense fibre (ODF) and fibrous sheath (FS) proteins during the first wave of spermatogenesis in the mouse. Axoneme genes were expressed first at the pachytene spermatocyte stage, followed by expression of transcripts encoding ODF and FS components. However, there were differences among these families with respect to the time of initial expression and the rate of mRNA accumulation. To gain understanding of factors that determine these patterns of expression, we cloned the promoters of three axoneme central apparatus genes (Pf6, Spag6 and Pf20). These promoters shared common features including the absence of a TATA box, and putative binding sites for several factors implicated in spermatogenesis (CREB/CREM, SOX17 and SPZ1) as well as ciliogenesis (FOXJ1). Collectively, our findings demonstrate a sequential pattern of expression of flagellar component genes, differential times of expression or rates of transcript accumulation within each class and shared promoter features within a class.
Application of Conjugate Unscented Transform in source parameters estimation

A polynomial chaos based minimum variance method is introduced to solve inverse problems. Two different set of quadrature points, Conjugate Unscented Transform and Gauss Legendre quadrature points, are being used to perform the estimation process. The main concentration of this paper is to show the efficiency of Conjugate Unscented Transform points versus Gauss Legendre quadrature scheme. For validation purposes, an advection - diffusion simulation code, SCIPUFF (Second-order Closure Integrated PUFF) is being used as a modeling testbed to study the effect of both these quadrature schemes on solution of an inverse problem. Simulation results show efficiency of Conjugate Unscented Transform versus Gauss-Legendre quadratures.
Truck Body Configuration Volume and Weight Distribution: Estimation by Using Weigh-in-Motion Data

Weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems measure truck volumes, assist in pavement design and management, and enforce truck size and weight regulations. Although WIM systems provide truck classification based on the FHWA axle configuration classification scheme, more specific vehicle characteristics such as body configuration are necessary for freight planning and pollution monitoring. A modified decision tree model was developed to estimate truck volumes and gross vehicle weight (GVW) distributions by body configuration for five-axle semitractor trailers (3S2) with the use of existing WIM system measurements such as axle spacing and vehicle length. This method allows more information to be extracted from axle-based measurement data to leverage the significant investments in existing WIM systems better. Data for model development were collected at three WIM sites spanning rural and urban locations in California and described more than 7,500 3S2 trucks stratified into five trailer body categories: vans, tanks, platfo...
The Hanseatic League in Historical Interpretation

(1970). The Hanseatic League in Historical Interpretation. The Historian: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 385-397.
Wideband cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna fed-in using anti-probes providing directional patterns with low cross-polarization

The paper presents the investigation results on the cylindrical DRA excited using single probe and anti-probe feeds, both on a finite ground plane. For the single probe case, an impedance bandwidth of 82% is achieved with the monopole like radiation patterns in the beginning of the bandwidth and the directional radiation patterns later on. Compared to this, there is reduction in the bandwidth to 68% with the anti-probe method of feeding the DRA, however there is significant improvement in terms of the radiation pattern gain and low cross polarization, right from the start to the end of the frequency band.
Season-specific and guild-specific effects of anthropogenic landscape modification on metacommunity structure of tropical bats.

Summary 1. Fragmentation per se due to human land conversion is a landscape-scale phenomenon. Accordingly, assessment of distributional patterns across a suite of potentially connected communities (i.e. metacommunity structure) is an appropriate approach for understanding the effects of landscape modification and complements the plethora of fragmentation studies that have focused on local community structure. To date, metacommunity structure within human-modified landscapes has been assessed with regard to nestedness along species richness gradients. This is problematic because there is little support that species richness gradients are associated with the factors moulding species distributions. More importantly, many alternative patterns are possible, and different patterns may manifest during different seasons and for different guilds because of variation in resource availability and resource requirements of taxa. 2. We determined the best-fit metacommunity structure of a phyllostomid bat assemblage, frugivore ensemble, and gleaning animalivore ensemble within a human-modified landscape in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica during the dry and wet seasons to elucidate important structuring mechanisms. Furthermore, we identified the landscape characteristics associated with the latent gradient underlying metacommunity structure. 3. We discriminated among multiple metacommunity structures by assessing coherence, range turnover, and boundary clumping of an ordinated site-by-species matrix. We identified the landscape characteristics associated with the latent gradient underlying metacommunity structure via hierarchical partitioning. 4. Metacommunity structure was never nested nor structured along a richness gradient. 5. The phyllostomid assemblage and frugivore ensemble exhibited Gleasonian structure (range turnover along a common gradient) during the dry season and Clementsian structure (range turnover and shared boundaries along a common gradient) during the wet season. Distance between forest patches and forest edge density structured the phyllostomid metacommunity during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Proportion of pasture and forest patch density structured the frugivore metacommunity during the dry season. 6. Gleaning animalivores exhibited chequerboard structure (mutually exclusive species pairs) during the dry season and random structure during the wet season. 7. Metacommunity structure was likely mediated by differential resource use or interspecific relationships. Furthermore, the interaction between landscape characteristics and seasonal variation in resources resulted in season-specific and guild-specific distributional patterns.
WATER REUSE FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENT BY IRRIGATION: A PERSPECTIVE FOR HAWAII1

: Surrounded by an ocean, the Hawaiian Islands are limited in their natural fresh water resources. The major readily developable potable sources are the high quality ground water sources which serve both domestic uses and sugarcane irrigation although irrigation water does not require as high a quality as drinking water. The increasing overall fresh water requirements for the island of Oahu will outstrip the potential yield of fresh ground water sources, as developed by present technology, by the year 2000 according to Honolulu Board of Water Supply projections. There are water shortage regions on other islands. Water reuse from sewage effluent for irrigation will augment natural water resources, furnish supplemental or alternative fertilizer, and reduce ocean water pollution and the costs of engineering systems. In cooperative field testing from 1971 to 1975, it was demonstrated that effluent can be applied as supplemental water for furrow irrigation of sugarcane without detriment to ground water quality and sugar yield. Studies are in progress to test different dilutions of effluent and its use with chemical ripeners to improve crop yield. Sugarcane plantations on Oahu, Maui, and Kauai are in various stages of water reuse by effluent irrigation. Reuse is presently practiced for irrigation of golf courses and is being planned for forage crops in Hawaii.
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S INTEREST, SOCIAL–EMOTIONAL SKILLS, AND EMERGENT MATHEMATICS SKILLS

This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between interest, social–emotional skills, and early math skills in preschool children. Math-specific interest and global interest in learning were measured using teacher report and a play-based observation task. Math skills were assessed with a test of math achievement, and social–emotional skills were assessed using a teacher-report measure. Children with higher global interest in learning, math-specific interest, and observed goal-directed play demonstrated higher math skills. Furthermore, social-emotional skills were associated with global interest in learning and math skills, but not with math-specific interest. Overall, findings support the relevance of interest and social-emotional skills for school readiness in young children.
Multiple classifier systems for automatic sleep scoring in mice

Abstract Background Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings are often used in rodents to study sleep architecture and sleep-associated neural activity. These recordings must be scored to designate what sleep/wake state the animal is in at each time point. Manual sleep-scoring is very time-consuming, so machine-learning classifier algorithms have been used to automate scoring. New method Instead of using single classifiers, we implement a multiple classifier system. The multiple classifier is built from six base classifiers: decision tree, k-nearest neighbors, naive Bayes, support vector machine, neural net, and linear discriminant analysis. Decision tree and k-nearest neighbors were improved into ensemble classifiers by using bagging and random subspace. Confidence scores from each classifier were combined to determine the final classification. Ambiguous epochs can be rejected and left for a human to classify. Results Support vector machine was the most accurate base classifier, and had error rate of 0.054. The multiple classifier system reduced the error rate to 0.049, which was not significantly different from a second human scorer. When 10% of epochs were rejected, the remaining epochs’ error rate dropped to 0.018. Comparison with existing method(s) Compared with the most accurate single classifier (support vector machine), the multiple classifier reduced errors by 9.4%. The multiple classifier surpassed the accuracy of a second human scorer after rejecting only 2% of epochs. Conclusions Multiple classifier systems are an effective way to increase automated sleep scoring accuracy. Improvements in autoscoring will allow sleep researchers to increase sample sizes and recording lengths, opening new experimental possibilities.
Acoustic modeling with neural graph embeddings

Graph-based learning (GBL) is a form of semi-supervised learning that has been successfully exploited in acoustic modeling in the past. It utilizes manifold information in speech data that is represented as a joint similarity graph over training and test samples. Typically, GBL is used at the output level of an acoustic classifier; however, this setup is difficult to scale to large data sets, and the graph-based learner is not optimized jointly with other components of the speech recognition system. In this paper we explore a different approach where the similarity graph is first embedded into continuous space using a neural autoencoder. Features derived from this encoding are then used at the input level to a standard DNN-based speech recognizer. We demonstrate improved scalability and performance compared to the standard GBL approach as well as significant improvements in word error rate on a medium-vocabulary Switchboard task.
Antidepressant Medication Use and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Background: Mixed evidence suggests that second-generation antidepressants may increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Objective: To assess whether antidepressant use is associated with acute coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cardiovascular disease (CVD) death, and all-cause mortality. Methods: Secondary analyses of the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) longitudinal cohort study were conducted. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, bupropion, nefazodone, and trazodone was measured during the baseline (2003-2007) in-home visit. Outcomes of CHD, stroke, CVD death, and all-cause mortality were assessed every 6 months and adjudicated by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards time-to-event analysis followed patients until their first event on or before December 31, 2011, iteratively adjusting for covariates. Results: Among 29 616 participants, 3458 (11.7%) used an antidepressant of i...
4.8 – 20μm Imaging of Orion BN/KL: II. A New Look at Luminosity Sources and the Role of IRc2

We have reconsidered the energetics of the BN/KL infrared complex, using array images at nine wavelengths between 4.8 and 20μm, and find a much lower luminosity for IRc2 than the generally accepted value. The new observations resolve 1arcsec structure throughout the region, including several new compact sources within a few arcsec of IRc2 and significant details imaged in the 9.7μm silicate feature. Together with other recent work, the results suggest that luminous stars associated with three compact HII regions found within BN/KL, rather than IRc2, may be the more significant luminosity sources for the complex.