cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA-templated formation and luminescence of diphenylacetylene dimeric and trimeric complexes.

We report on spectral features for two and three diphenylacetylene chromophores aligned in close proximity in aqueous solution by self assembly of attached oligonucleotide arms. Two duplex systems were examined in detail. One was formed by hybridization (Watson–Crick base pairing) of two oligonucleotide 10-mers, each containing the diphenylacetylene insert. The other was generated by self-folding of a 36-mer oligonucleotide containing two diphenylacetylene inserts. The triplex system was obtained by hybridization (Hoogsteen base pairing) of a 16-mer oligonucleotide diphenylacetylene conjugate to the folded 36-mer hairpin. Formation of duplex and triplex entities from these conjugates was demonstrated experimentally by thermal dissociation and spectroscopic studies. The UV and CD spectra for the duplex systems exhibit bands in the 300–350 nm region attributable to exciton coupling between the two chromophores, and the emission spectra show a strong band centered at 410 nm assigned to excimer fluorescence. Addition of the third strand to the hairpin duplex has little effect on the CD spectrum in the 300–350 nm region, but leads to a negative band at short wavelengths characteristic of a triplex and to a strongly enhanced band at 410 nm in the fluorescence spectrum. The third strand alone shows a broad fluorescence band at ∼345–365 nm, but this band is virtually absent in the triplex system. A model for the triplex system is proposed in which two of the three aligned diphenylacetylenes function as a ground state dimer that on excitation gives rise to the exciton coupling observed in the UV and CD spectra and to the excimer emission observed in the fluorescence spectrum. Excitation of the third chromophore results in enhanced excimer fluorescence, as a consequence of energy transfer from the locally excited singlet of one chromophore to the ground state dimer formed by the other two chromophores.
Algorithm to correct for z-detector gain variations in multislice volumetric CT

This paper presents a calibration and correction method for detector cell gain variations. To provide variable slice thickness capability in multislice volumetric scanners, while minimizing costs, it is necessary to combine the signals from several detector cells. The process of combining the output of several detector cells with non-uniform gains can introduce numerical errors when the impinging x-ray signal varies over the range of the combined cells. These scan dependent numerical errors can lead to artifacts in the reconstructed images, particularly when the numerical errors vary from channel-to-channel. A projection data correction algorithm has been developed to subtract the associated numerical errors. For effectiveness and data flow reasons, the algorithm works on a slice-by-slice basis. An initial error vector is calculated by applying a high-pass filter to the projection data. The essence of the algorithm is to correlate that initial error vector, with a calibration vector obtained by applying the same high-pass filter to various z-combinations of the cell gains. The solution to the least-square problem gives the coefficients of a polynomial expansion of the signal z-slope and curvature. From this information, and given the cell gains, the final error vector is calculated and subtracted from the projection data.
An equivariant van Kampen spectral sequence

Abstract This paper constructs an equivariant homotopy spectral sequence for any finite group G, any finite dimensional representation V, and two suitably connected G-CW complexes X and Y. The spectral sequence converges to the collection of equivariant homotopy groups of the wedge of X and Y, while the E2 term depends only on the equivariant homotopy groups of X and of Y, along with primary homotopy operations. The edge homomorphism of the spectral sequence is actually an isomorphism in a range, which is the equivariant van Kampen theorem of L.G. Lewis Jr. When G is the trivial group, the spectral sequence reduces to that of C.R. Stover.
Effect of topical retinoic acid on the interleukin Iα and β immunoreactive pool in normal human epidermis

The topical application of 0.1% retinoic acid (RA) on human skin over a period of 4 days, whether or not under occlusion, did not increase either IL-1 alpha or beta immunoreactivity as determined by a sensitive enzymoimmunoassay. No down modulation was seen following the application of a potent topical corticosteroid. Occlusion increased the yield of IL-1 beta immunoreactivity. Immunoblot patterns of epidermal extracts revealed both the mature form of IL-1 (17 kDa) and the precursor (36 kDa) and were identical in amounts whether the specimens were from controls or from RA- or corticosteroid-treated skin. There was a slight modification in the pattern of high molecular weight proteins (52 kDa) probed by the anti-IL-1 alpha and beta sera. It appears that the IL-1 epidermal immunoreactive pools are barely amenable to modulation because they represent a storage form linked to end-stages of keratinocyte differentiation.
Fast optoelectronic neurocomputer for character recognition

Optical implementations of neural networks utilize the inherent parallelism of optics to form the large number of interconnections required by neural networks. By carrying out computations in parallel, the processing speed of such systems can be substantial, despite the relatively slow response times of the optical devices. In this paper, a single-layer neural network is presented, which uses ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) spatial light modulators (SLM) to represent input patterns and weighted interconnections. The learning example for the network is handwritten character recognition. The experiment shows that this network successfully recognizes 58 of the handwritten patterns from the training set, when the synaptic weights have five grey levels and a dynamic range from -1 to +1. Computer simulations of networks indicate that by increasing the grey levels to eleven, and the dynamic range from -12.5 to +12.5, this net easily learns to recognize all the handwritten patterns in the training set. It also correctly recognizes 60 of the test patterns.
Pathology and familial incidence of thyroiditis in a closed beagle colony

Abstract Lymphocytic thyroiditis, resembling Hashimoto's disease of man, occurs spontaneously in a closed breeding colony of beagle dogs with an incidence approaching 20% among untreated animals over 1 year of age. This disease is genetically influenced as determined by an analysis of the ancestral composition of each animal. The incidence increases with increasing degrees of relatedness to three sibling progenitors of a partially inbred line which comprises a major portion of the colony. The pathologic changes in the thyroids cause neither clinical signs nor enlargement of the gland, and the severity of the lesions is independent of age. The lesions do not appear to be progressive in severity or result in atrophy or fibrosis of the gland. The histologic features and total incidence of thyroiditis in adult dogs given lethal or near-lethal doses of ionizing radiation is distinctly different from those of nonirradiated dogs, but the incidence is genetically influenced in the same manner as in nonirradiated adults. Lymphocytic lesions also occur in the thyroids of 55% of stillborn puppies but are dissimilar to those in all adult dogs. The incidence of these lesions, however, is not genetically influenced as are those in adult dogs. Therefore, the diseases in neonatal and adult dogs are different.
Grain-Surface Textures of Late Wisconsinan Sands from the Canadian Beaufort Shelf

ABSTRACT A semiquantitative analysis of quartz grain-surface textures is used to interpret the transport history of sands from Beaufort Sea drillcores. Within a sample, up to six types of grain are recognized. (a) highly angular grains with fresh, conchoidal fractures; (b) angular grains with conchoidal fractures modified by solution/precipitation and edge abrasion; (c) irregularly shaped, rounded grains with mechanical v-marks and linear grooves; (d) well-rounded grains with dish-shaped concavities and upturned plates; and (e) type C and D grains with large, fresh, fractured surfaces. Although most grams probably have glacial origins, only types A and B have surface features indicative of glacial processes. Other grains show modification by high-energy, subaqueous transport (type C), probably in a littoral environment, or by wind action (type D). Later fracturing of the grains (type E) may have occurred in the littoral zone or by frost action. The relative proportions of each grain type are used tentatively to distinguish sands deposited in fluvial or channel-mouth environments from sands of the littoral zone of a wave-dominated delta. The presence of aeolian grains in several assemblages provides evidence for a drier environment in the Yukon-Mackenzie Delta region during the late Wisconsinan.
cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II): hematopoietic effects in rats.

Abstract An investigation was made of the hematologic effects in rats of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]o), an agent which has been shown to have antitumor activity against several transplantable rodent neoplasms. In the first experiment, 4 groups of 10 rats were treated with 3 daily injections at 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg of the platinum compound, and 0.9% NaCl solution in equivalent volumes, respectively. In a second experiment, 3 groups of 8 animals were treated with a single injection at 7.5 and 15 mg/kg of the compound, and 0.9% NaCl, respectively. Animals in the first experiment were sacrificed 5 days, and those in the second experiment 3 days after the experiment began. Blood samples were obtained at sacrifice, and selected tissues were removed and fixed. In both experiments, hematologic studies revealed a decrease in circulating reticulocytes and lymphocytes as a consequence of administration of the compound. Histologic studies revealed striking changes in thymus and spleen. The general impression was that the thymic lymphocytes were more vulnerable to the effects of this compound than were lymphocytes of other lymphoid tissues. When adrenalectomized rats were treated with 10 mg/kg of the compound, the thymic weights also decreased, and histologic examination revealed the same types of changes as were observed in the intact rats. These data indicated that the effects of cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]o on the thymus were not merely secondary to a non-specific stress reaction.
Thermodynamics of a free q-fermion gas

We study the thermodynamics of a q-fermion gas for complex values of q on the unit circle. Special emphasis is given to the study of the virial coefficients and the specific heat of this gas. In particular, it is shown that if any state can accommodate up to p q-fermions, then the first p virial coefficients of such a gas are the same as that of a gas of free bosons. Explicit expressions for the deviation of higher virial coefficients from the corresponding values for a Bose gas are obtained. Further, as for ordinary fermions, it is shown that the specific heat of a q-fermion gas at low temperature is proportional to T. Numerical computations show that the derivative of the specific heat as a function of T has no discontinuity.
A Hopscotch-chromatin connection

Dysregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway is implicated in human cancer and leads to a hematopoietic tumor phenotype in flies. Now, an enhancer-suppressor screen of the fly tumor model connects the JAK kinase Hopscotch pathway with chromatin-modifying proteins and heterochromatic gene silencing.
Modification of Rab5 with a Photoactivatable Analog of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate

A photoprobe analog of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionyloxy-farnesyl diphosphate or DATFP-FPP) inhibits mevalonate-dependent prenylation of in vitro translated Rab5 in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, suggesting that it competes for lipid binding to the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase. Modification of Rab5 with DATFP-FPP, demonstrated by gel mobility shift and Triton X-114 phase separation experiments, confirms that the enzyme uses the analog as a substrate. The sedimentation of DATFP-modified Rab5 as a larger mass complex on sucrose density gradients indicates that it binds to other factors in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Most importantly, DATFP-Rab5 cross-links to these soluble factors upon exposure to UV light. Immunoprecipitation with antibodies raised against proteins known to interact with Rab5 reveals that the cross-linked complexes contain Rab escort protein and GDI-1. DATFP-Rab5 also associates with membranes in a guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)-stimulated manner. However, although prenylated Rab5 can be cross-linked to two unknown membrane-associated factors by the chemical cross-linker disuccinimidyl suberate, these proteins fail to be UV cross-linked to membrane-bound DATFP-Rab5. These results strongly suggest that membrane-associated factors bind Rab5 through protein-protein interactions rather than protein-prenyl interactions. The modification of Rab5 with DATFP-FPP establishes a novel photoaffinity technique for the characterization of prenyl-binding sites.
Aberrant splicing of rat steroid 17α-hydroxylase transcripts

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the cDNA encoding steroid 17α-hydroxylase (P450c17) demonstrated very low levels of this transcript and a shorter variant of still lower abundance in rat adrenals and brain. Sequence analysis of the two amplified products revealed that the shorter variant resulted from a deletion of the second exon which does not maintain the open reading frame, suggesting that faulty splicing gave rise to this minor species.
The effects of bunamidine HCl on Hymenolepis diminuta in vitro

Abstract The 24 h LC 50 for bunamidine HCl (2.7 μg/ml or 6.4 × 10 −6 M) was determined by incubating 10-day old Hymenolepis diminuta tapeworms in a diphasic culture media containing various concentrations of drug. Worms that were exposed to 2 and 4 μg/ml (4.8 and 9.5 × 10 −6 M, respectively) for 24 h resulted in dose dependent changes in the tegumental and nephridial epithelium as determined by electron microscopy. The effect of bunamidine on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32), pyruvate kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.40), malic enzyme (E.C. 1.1.1.39) and fumarate reductase (NADH: fumarate oxidoreductase) was determined by performing enzyme assays on H. diminuta cytosol and mitochondrial protein in the presence and absence of drug. At maximal drug solubility concentrations (7 × 10 −5 M), the velocities of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase and malic enzyme catalyzed reactions were unaltered, while the fumarate reductase reaction was completely inhibited. At the LC 50 concentration (6.4 × 10 −6 M) bunamidine exerted a non-competitive inhibition on fumarate reductase.
Better Left Unsaid? The Role of Agency in Queer Criminological Research

In this article, I review the scant literature on gay men’s involvement in violence, gangs, and crime, which characterizes gay men as having little opportunity for agency. In discussing the popular culture, academic, and political reasons why this population has been neglected from study, I identify existing stereotypes that have shaped representations of gay men. I challenge our societal and disciplinary assumptions by presenting examples from my interview-based and partially ethnographic study of 53 gay gang- and crime-involved men, who both respond to and actively resist stereotypes about them. I also critically reflect on whether a continued lack of attention to queer populations in the criminological and related literatures is desirable today, but conclude the article by providing suggestions for scholars looking to conduct research with LGBT populations, especially within criminology and criminal justice.
Adapting Bro into SCADA: building a specification-based intrusion detection system for the DNP3 protocol

When SCADA systems are exposed to public networks, attackers can more easily penetrate the control systems that operate electrical power grids, water plants, and other critical infrastructures. To detect such attacks, SCADA systems require an intrusion detection technique that can understand the information carried by their usually proprietary network protocols. To achieve that goal, we propose to attach to SCADA systems a specification-based intrusion detection framework based on Bro [7][8], a runtime network traffic analyzer. We have built a parser in Bro to support DNP3, a network protocol widely used in SCADA systems that operate electrical power grids. This built-in parser provides a clear view of all network events related to SCADA systems. Consequently, security policies to analyze SCADA-specific semantics related to the network events can be accurately defined. As a proof of concept, we specify a protocol validation policy to verify that the semantics of the data extracted from network packets conform to protocol definitions. We performed an experimental evaluation to study the processing capabilities of the proposed intrusion detection framework.
The Rambla highstand shoreline and the Holocene lake-level history of Tulare Lake, California, USA

Abstract The stratigraphy associated with a highstand, wave-cut shoreline and with sites farther out into the lake plain constrain the Holocene lake-level history of Tulare Lake, California, USA as follows: Seven to eight major fluctuations in lake level occurred during the past 11,500 yr. Lake level was generally higher during the early Holocene (prior to ∼6000 cal yr BP) peaking in two highstands (65–70 masl) at 9500–8000 cal yr BP and 6900–5800 cal yr BP. Thereafter, it fluctuated at lower amplitude until reaching a major highstand during the most recent millennium between ∼750 and 150 cal yr BP. Two lake-level rises of lower amplitude were centered on 3300 and 1600 cal yr BP. At least three, probably brief, lowstands (
Complete heart-block in hyperthyroidism following acute infections: A report of six cases with necropsy findings in one case

Abstract Six cases of exophthalmic goiter in which complete auriculoventricular dissociation occurred were observed at The Mayo Clinic. Three of the patients had had acute tonsillitis shortly preceding the onset of the arrhythmia and one patient had had scarlet fever. In the one fatal case, necropsy revealed an inflammatory lesion involving the region of the bundle of His, in which we were able to demonstrate gram-positive bacteria which we believed to be either diplococci or streptococci in short chains. In the two cases of the series in which development of the heart-block was not associated with acute infection, there is reason to believe that the heart-block was precipitated by the effect of digitalis on a previously injured auriculoventricular bundle. In those cases in which acute infection was present, evidence is advanced to indicate that the hyperthyroidism predisposed the patient to the development of acute infection, and also to secondary myocardial involvement which resulted in the occurrence of heart-block.
Farmers' cultural practices and management of potato late blight in Kenya Highlands: implications for development of integrated disease management

A survey of 277 farmers in three major potato-growing areas in Kenya was conducted in 2000 and 2001 with the aims of assessing farmers' current perception and knowledge of late blight and practices for its management and identifying points of potential intervention in the development of integrated disease management (IDM) programmes. The problem of late blight was one of several constraints that growers faced such as lack of quality seed, markets, storage and prevalence of bacterial wilt. Most farmers (54%) regarded late blight as a serious biotic constraint upon production. Many farmers (79%) were able to recognise foliar symptoms of late blight but there was an evident lack of knowledge of tuber and stem infection, causes of leaf, stem and tuber infection, different inoculum sources, and accurate diagnosis of the disease. Most (81%) farmers associated the disease with cold weather. Farmers overwhelmingly (98%) relied on application of fungicides, mostly mancozeb (Dithane M45) and metalaxyl (Ridomil) as ...
Maximum likelihood methods for complex sample data: logistic regression and discrete proportional hazards models

To estimate model parameters from complex sample data. we apply maximum likelihood techniques to the complex sample data from the finite population, which is treated as a sample from an i nfinite superpopulation. General asymptotic distribution theory is developed and then applied to both logistic regression and discrete proportional hazards models. Data from the Lipid Research Clinics Program areused to illustrate each model, demonstrating the effects on inference of neglecting the sampling design during parameter estimation. These empirical results also shed light on the issue of model-based vs. design-based inferences.
Effects of adenosine agonists and an antagonist on excitatory transmitter release from the ischemic rabbit hippocampus.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of adenosine agonists and an antagonist on ischemia-induced extracellular glutamate concentrations in an animal model of transient cerebral ischemia using in vivo cerebral microdialysis. Fifty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to one of five groups (normothermia, hypothermia, cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), theophylline, or propentofylline). Microdialysis probes were stereotactically placed in the dorsal hippocampus. Twenty minutes before the onset of ischemia, either 1 mg/kg CPA, 5 mg/kg propentofylline, or 20 mg/kg theophylline were administered intravenously. Esophageal temperature was maintained at 38°C, except in the hypothermic animals, which were cooled to 30°C throughout the entire experiment. Two 12-min periods of cerebral ischemia, separated by a 105-min interval of reperfusion, were produced by inflating a neck tourniquet. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the glutamate concentration in the microdialysate. There were no significant increases in glutamate concentrations during the first ischemic period in any of the five groups. During the second ischemic episode, glutamate concentrations in the normothermic group peaked at levels approximately three times higher than the initial values. A similar pattern of changes in glutamate concentrations was observed in the CPA, propentofylline, and theophylline groups. In the hypothermic group, the concentrations of glutamate remained at baseline levels during the entire experiment. Contrary to expectations, neither the adenosine agonists (CPA, propentofylline) nor the antagonist (theophylline) had any effect on extracellular glutamate concentrations in the peri-ischemic period. Although adenosine and its analogs may be cerebroprotective agents, their mechanism of action is not fully understood. The data derived from this study indicates that the acute administration of such agents had no effect on ischemia-induced glutamate release within the hippocampus under these experimental conditions. Based on these results, further work is needed to compare in vivo versus in vitro experimental results in acute and long-term treatment studies with adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists.
β-endorphin modulates a mechanoreceptor channel in the protozoan Stentor

A series of opiate compounds was tested for their ability to depress the probability that the protozoan Stentor coeruleus would contract in response to mechanical stimulation. Of these β-endorphin proved to be the most effective. The depressive effect of β-endorphin is concentration-dependent with an approximate E.C.50 of 3.0 μM and time-dependent with the maximum depression occurring 15 min after drug exposure. The effect of β-endorphin is blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone and pertussis toxin suggesting that it is mediated by a G-protein coupled opiate receptor. β-endorphin does not alter responding to photic or electrical stimuli indicating its action is specific to the mechanical stimulus transduction mechanism. In agreement with this conclusion, electrophysiological studies reveal that β-endorphin decreases the amplitude of the mechanoreceptor potential without altering other membrane properties. Voltage clamp analysis shows that β-endorphin acts by decreasing inward currents through the mechanoreceptor channel at transmembrane potentials between -70 and + 20 mV without affecting the outward currents observed at more depolarized voltages. The fact that a mammalian neuromodulatory peptide is capable of producing a specific modulation of an ion channel in a unicellular eukaryote indicates that mechanisms of signal transduction and neuromodulation originated at an early stage in evolution.
Man's need or man's greed: The human rights ramifications of green ICTs

There is burgeoning enthusiasm for the benefits of ''green'' ICTs, but a common oversight among environmental activists and conscientious consumers, not to mention policymakers, is the assumption that usage of a product is the only segment of that item's lifecycle with environmental impacts. Pre-manufacture and post-disposal challenges tend to be forgotten in state or corporate boosterism about ''green'' technologies in telecommunications, with the costs being suffered by peoples and ecosystems far away from consumers. Furthermore, human rights are at stake, with a conflict brewing among modern conceptions of human rights concerning telecommunications, development, and environmental protection. This article argues that these unappreciated environmental and human rights factors must be considered by policymakers who promote the benefits of ''green'' ICTs. The article analyzes the conflicts between ''green'' ICT boosterism, by policymakers and manufacturers, and the human rights of the persons other than consumers who are affected by the ICT product lifecycle. The article combines a qualitative review of the environmental impacts of ICTs with a policy analysis of international human rights regulation. The article concludes with an argument that the nations of the world should acknowledge communications- and environment-oriented human rights when formulating technology policy and telecommunications policy, with a discussion of the political and social ramifications of failing to acknowledge these burgeoning human rights issues.
Selective use of diagnostic laparoscopy prior to planned hepatectomy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Background Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are frequently found to be inoperable at surgical exploration. Laparoscopy may reduce the rate of unnecessary laparotomy in these patients. However, there are no criteria for selective use of laparoscopy. Methods Sixty patients with potentially operable HCC underwent laparoscopy prior to planned partial hepatectomy. Intraoperative findings and postoperative course were analyzed, and factors for the selective use of laparoscopy were identified. Results Fourteen of 19 inoperable patients (74%) were identified by means of laparoscopy, which increased the resectability rate from 68% to 89%. Compared with patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy only, patients determined to be inoperable on laparoscopy had significantly less intraoperative blood loss, a shorter operating room time, and a briefer hospital stay. In a multivariate analysis, clinically apparent liver cirrhosis and radiologic evidence of major vascular invasion or bilobar tumors predicted the likelihood of finding inoperable disease at laparoscopy. The initial use of laparoscopy avoided unnecessary laparotomy in almost 30% of patients with—but only 5% of patients without—these features. Conclusions If high-risk patients with HCC are selectively targeted, the yield of laparoscopy is increased and unnecessary laparotomy may be avoided. In patients without cirrhosis, major vascular invasion, or bilobar tumors, the yield of laparoscopy is low and is therefore not generally recommended.
THE FAMILY THERAPIST'S GUIDE TO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: A GRADUATE LEVEL COURSE

Although medication has not traditionally been part of the family therapist's venue, family therapists have recently begun to consider medication as a treatment option. The increasing success of pharmacologic interventions and the widespread use of the biopsychosocial model have resulted in a new openness to the possibility of psychopharmacology although significant controversy still remains. A curriculum for a graduate level course in pharmacology for family therapists is outlines. The three components of the course are (a) specific pharmacology content; (b) the context of psychopharmacology, including how to access psychiatric resources; and (c) meta-isssues dealing primarily with political and economic concerns.
Adaptive finite element methods for a class of evolution problems in viscoplasticity

Abstract Adaptive finite element procedures are presented for the analysis of broad classes of two-dimensional problems in viscoplasticity which involve internal state variables. Several a posteriori error estimates are developed and used as a basis for refinements of meshes of triangular and quadrilateral elements. Algorithms are presented which reduce the computational complexity of the adaptive process and provide for the use of arbitrary local estimates of the approximation error. The results of numerical experiments are given which illustrate the effectiveness of the adaptive algorithms and various error indicators.
The Discourse of Usury: Relations Between Christians and Jews in the German Countryside, 1880–1914

Most historians are aware that the charge of usury belongs to the standard arsenal of both traditional anti-Judaism and modern forms of anti-Semitism (if indeed one accepts the validity of this distinction). More recently, historians and scholars of literature have considered the way in which usury was a powerful simile—the usurer as Jew—and as such central to the cultural history of learned and popular forms of anti-Semitic prejudice. In the essay that follows, I do not intend to further document the history of this prejudice in the realm of print culture. Rather, I will explore the way in which its central assumption (namely that Jews and Christians possessed radically different and religiously specific conceptions of work and trade) configured, entered into, and also obfuscated rural relations between Christians and Jews.
Productive Lightweight Robotic Excavation for the Moon and Mars

AbstractExploration of the Moon and Mars calls for robots that are increasingly capable in regolith, or granular soil. Beyond traversing and avoiding entrapment, future robots will excavate and process regolith as a resource. This work distinguishes concerns governing the performance of regolith operations, based on load-haul-dump tasks motivated by in situ resource utilization and lunar outpost site work. Payload ratio (mass of regolith payload capacity normalized by robot mass) and driving speed are identified as key parameters governing the productivity of small site work robots. Other parameters, such as number of wheels, are not as important. Experiments with a small robotic excavator and task-level simulations (for which a modeling framework is described) determine the relative sensitivity of productivity to changes in these variables. These findings provide direction for the development of future lightweight robotic excavators.
Indentation fracture behavior of plasma-sprayed nanostructured Al2O3-13wt.%TiO2 coatings

Abstract Indentation crack growth resistance of nanostructured Al2O3–13wt.%TiO2 coatings plasma sprayed using nanosized powders was investigated. Comparisons were made between the nano-coatings and a commercial baseline coating of the same composition, Metco 130. In Metco 130 coatings that contain only the single-phase splat microstructure, long cracks initiate at the indent corners and propagate along splat boundaries. In contrast, the nano-coatings are composed of a bi-modal microstructure (a fully melted splat structure and a partially melted particulate structure), and the partially melted particulate region serves to trap and deflect the splat boundary cracks. The interface between the fully melted region and the partially melted region also provides additional crack arrest mechanisms. At optimized conditions, these toughening mechanisms can produce an approximately 100% improvement in the crack growth resistance. The optimized microstructure for the nano-coatings is the microstructure containing 15–20% of the partially melted particulate region, which can be systematically controlled by changing the plasma flame temperature.
Dialogue and Discovery: In Search of International Relations Theories Beyond the West:

Scholars of International Relations (IR) increasingly realise that their discipline, including its theories and methods, often neglects voices and experiences outside of the West. But how do we address this problem and move the discipline forward? While some question whether ‘Western’ and ‘non-Western’ (or ‘post-Western’) are useful labels, there are also other perspectives, including those who believe in the adequacy of existing theories and approaches, those who argue for particular national ‘schools’ of IR, and those who dismiss recent efforts to broaden IR theory as ‘mimicry’ in terms of their epistemological underpinnings. After reviewing these debates, this article identifies some avenues for further research with a view to bringing out the global heritage of IR. These include, among other things, paying greater attention to the genealogy of international systems, the diversity of regionalisms and regional worlds, the integration of area studies with IR, people-centric approaches to IR, security and...
Filled aperture telescopes in the next millennium

The adaptive optics techniques currently under development for telescopic mirrors of 8-m aperture class are presently projected to serve as the bases for mirrors of the order of 32-m diameter, in virtue of the rapid increase in the sensitivity advantage of diffraction-limited imaging with increasing aperture size. If the technology of atmospheric wavefront error sensing by means of artificial starlight is perfected, diffraction-limited imaging will be possible over the entire sky at even optical wavelengths. The corresponding resolution of 0.004 arcsec, in conjunction with the light-gathering power of a 32-m aperture, will constitute a milestone advancement for astronomical research prospects.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES: A SELF-RATING CLINICAL INSTRUMENT FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDER

A personality inventory was developed as an aid in securing history and beliefs relevant to the assessment of personality structure and the diagnosis of personality disorders. The inventory was developed by restating DSM diagnostic criteria in everyday language, rewording the resulting statements in the form of True/False questions, and placing these questions in a short, self-paced booklet which subjects could complete in about 15 minutes. The following assessments were made and discussed: construct validity, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, comparison with a standardized interview, and comparison with actual clinical assessments. The personality inventory is discussed as a useful accompaniment to the diagnostic interview in clinical settings and for research into personality structure and personality disorders.
Efficient and accurate multilayer solid-shell element : Non-linear materials at finite strain

We present in this paper an efficient and accurate low-order solid-shell element formulation for analyses of large deformable multilayer shell structures with non-linear materials. The element has only displacement degrees of freedom (dofs), and an optimal number of enhancing assumed strain (EAS) parameters to pass the patch tests (both membrane and out-of-plane bending) and to remedy volumetric locking. Based on the mixed Fraeijs de Veubeke-Hu-Washizu (FHW) variational principle, the in-plane and out-of-plane bending behaviours are improved and the locking associated with (nearly) incompressible materials is avoided via a new efficient enhancement of strain tensor. Shear locking and curvature thickness locking are resolved effectively by using the assumed natural strain (ANS) method. Two non-linear 3-D constitutive models (Mooney–Rivlin material and hyperelastoplastic material at finite strain) are applied directly without requiring the enforcement of the plane-stress assumption. In particular, we give a simple derivation for the hyperelastoplastic model using spectral representations. In addition, the present element has a well-defined lumped mass matrix, and provides double-side contact surfaces for shell contact problems. With the dynamics referred to a fixed inertial frame, the present element can be used to analyse multilayer shell structures undergoing large overall motion. Numerical examples involving static analyses and implicit/explicit dynamic analyses of multilayer shell structures with both material and geometric non-linearities are presented, and compared with existing results obtained from other shell elements and from a meshless method. It is shown that elements that did not pass the out-of-plane bending patch test could not provide accurate results, as compared to the present element formulation, which passed the out-of-plane bending patch test. The present element proves to be versatile and efficient in the modelling and analyses of general non-linear composite multilayer shell structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) with atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry for drug detection

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) was coupled to an ambient pressure drift tube ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometer (IM-TOFMS) for the direct analysis of active ingredients in pharmaceutical samples. The DESI source was also coupled with a standalone IMS demonstrating potential of portable and inexpensive drug-quality testing platforms. The DESI-IMS required no sample pretreatment as ions were generated directly from tablets and cream formulations. The analysis of a range of over-the-counter and prescription tablet formations was demonstrated for amphetamine (methylphenidate), antidepressant (venlafaxine), barbiturate (Barbituric acid), depressant (alprazolam), narcotic (3-methylmorphine) and sympatholytic (propranolol) drugs. Active ingredients from soft and liquid formulations, such as Icy Hot cream (methyl salicylate) and Nyquil cold medicine (acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, doxylamine) were also detected. Increased sensitivity for selective drug responses was demonstrated through the formation of sodiated adduct ions by introducing small quantities of NaCl into the DESI solvent. Of the drugs and pharmaceuticals tested in this study, 68% (22 total samples) provided a clear ion mobility response at characteristic mobilities either as (M + H)+, (M − H)−, or (M + Na)+ ions.
Role of the small subunit in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation in photosynthesis, but O2 competes with CO2 for substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, leading to the loss of fixed carbon. Interest in genetically engineering improvements in carboxylation catalytic efficiency and CO2/O2 specificity has focused on the chloroplast-encoded large subunit because it contains the active site. However, there is another type of subunit in the holoenzyme of plants, which, like the large subunit, is present in eight copies. The role of these nuclear-encoded small subunits in Rubisco structure and function is poorly understood. Small subunits may have originated during evolution to concentrate large-subunit active sites, but the extensive divergence of structures among prokaryotes, algae, and land plants seems to indicate that small subunits have more-specialized functions. Furthermore, plants and green algae contain families of differentially expressed small subunits, raising the possibility that these subunits may regulate the structure or function of Rubisco. Studies of interspecific hybrid enzymes have indicated that small subunits are required for maximal catalysis and, in several cases, contribute to CO2/O2 specificity. Although small-subunit genetic engineering remains difficult in land plants, directed mutagenesis of cyanobacterial and green-algal genes has identified specific structural regions that influence catalytic efficiency and CO2/O2 specificity. It is thus apparent that small subunits will need to be taken into account as strategies are developed for creating better Rubisco enzymes.
The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor-1, GPER-1, Promotes Fibrillogenesis via a Shc-Dependent Pathway Resulting in Anchorage-Independent Growth

The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1, GPER-1, coordinates fibronectin (FN) matrix assembly and release of heparan-bound epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF). This mechanism of action results in the recruitment of FN-engaged integrin α5β1 to fibrillar adhesions and the formation of integrin α5β1-Shc adaptor protein complexes. Here, we show that GPER-1 stimulation of murine 4 T1 or human SKBR3 breast cancer cells with 17β-estradiol (E2β) promotes the formation of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers and results in increased cellular adhesion and haptotaxis on FN, but not collagen. These actions are also induced by the xenoestrogen, bisphenol A, and the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI 182, 780, but not the inactive stereoisomer, 17α-estradiol (E2α). In addition, we show that GPER-1 stimulation of breast cancer cells allows for FN-dependent, anchorage-independent growth and FN fibril formation in “hanging drop” assays, indicating that these GPER-1-mediated actions occur independently of adhesion to solid substrata. Stable expression of Shc mutant Y317F lacking its primary tyrosyl phosphorylation site disrupts E2β-induced focal adhesion and actin stress fiber formation and abolishes E2β-enhanced haptotaxis on FN and anchorage-dependent growth. Collectively, these data demonstrate that E2β action via GPER-1 enhances cellular adhesivity and FN matrix assembly and allows for anchorage-independent growth, cellular events that may allow for cellular survival, and tumor progression.
Screening for the early detection of cancer— III. Estimation of disease natural history☆

Abstract This paper concerns the statistical component of an overall investigation into screening. Its main focus is the estimation of a disease natural history described by a three-state model, with the following states: disease-free, preclinical, and clinical. Information to be used for estimation is that generated by an ongoing screening program. These data are used to provide maximum-likelihood estimates of the joint distribution of holding times in states, and this joint distribution is used to characterize a disease natural history. Classical descriptors of the natural history, such as age-specific preclinical prevalence, age-specific clinical incidence, and expected preclinical duration, can be computed from the joint distribution. Through a numerical example the estimates computed from the joint distribution are shown to be superior to those obtained by standard, epidemiologic methods. Also, the model-based approach enables estimation of important disease characteristics unattainable by the usual methods. A description of the likelihood maximization is included as is a demonstration of the inadequacy of age-specific prevalence and incidence information for estimating a disease natural history.
Fish Community Structure on a Deep Ocean Outfall, Barber's Point, Oahu, Hawaii

The Barber's Point, Oahu, Hawaii sewer outfall structure attracts large numbers of fish (500 — 1000 per 336 m2 bottom area) and fish species (23—29) not normally seen over flat, soft bottoms characteristic of the diffuser (66 m) isobath. Except for fish species strictly associated with corals, the adult fish community parameters (species richness, abundance, and composition) were similar to shallower natural Hawaiian reef environments. The adult fish species composition at the diffuser changed significantly during the discharge of heavy flocculated pre-treated sewage (15 mgd). High rates (15 mgd) of pre-treated sewage may cause decreases in total fish abundance and species richness when compared with the discharge of primary effluent with little or no flocculation between 0 and 19 mgd. Two fish species, which were generally abundant in Hawaiian waters during the years of observation, were absent at the outfall during discharge of heavy flocculated pre-treated effluent.
A Poetics of Second-Language Acquisition.

Today there are many approaches to the study of second-language acquisition (SLA), but the variety is superficial and misleading, for it disguises an underlying research ideal the controlled experiment. We can, in other words, scientifically “know” facts about SLA only after a controlled experiment replicates and cross validates, these facts. This ideal method is part of the nomothetic tradition of science, tradition which subordinates and ultimately excludes a hermeneutic mode of inquiry. But these two approaches to science need not conflict. For our SLA research I propose this change: that we alternate between two equal kinds of research. A poetics of SLA teaches us that the thing observed—language—is also the motive inferred—why we speak. Where a nomothetic experimental method gets at the language object, another equally good method of research, a hermeneutic diary study for example, reveals the biases of our work. We should promote in our SLA research this “bilingual attitude.”
Frequent moving has a negative affect on the school achievement of foster children makes the case for reform

Abstract This study will investigate how the frequent school and home mobility of foster children affects their overall academic achievement in school. It will attempt to answer the following questions: 1. How is School Achievement affected by the Mobility of Foster Children? 2. What can society, as well as state and federal governments do to establish long-term consistent care that will ensure long-term success and achievement of all foster care children? 3. What can school and welfare agencies do to help improve the academic achievement of foster care children? Foster children are subjected to many obstacles during their education in public schools. Most of these children move from school to school because they frequently change foster homes. Since improved academic achievement in school is important to all foster children, this study examines the dilemma of the foster care child in the classroom. Furthermore, this study examines the academic performance of children in foster care and describes what the research believes can be done to solve this problem and improve the chances for the foster child's academic success.
Some factors affecting inhibition and restoration of mobility after induction of an acute arthritis in the hamster.

Mobility is impaired during arthritis. In order to study the causes of the mobility impairment, we have examined hamsters with a LPS arthritis in which running is inhibited over a 4–5 day period. Parameters have been examined to determine which correlate with running impairment. Knee diameter, as well as cell infiltration into the surrounding synovial tissue and the accompanying edema, failed to resolve by the time normal mobility was reestablished. Other factors must be primary determinants of mobility.