cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Considerations for Recent American High‐Performance Manned Flight Vehicle Transparencies

The factors which should be considered when contemplating windshield design are outlined, and various levels of high performance vehicles are defined. The relationship between environment and design criteria is discussed and the author introduces some of the unique glasses in current use.
Diversity in the street trees of Syracuse, New York

Abstract The population of urban street trees may be increasingly simplified by removals of undesirable or nonviable species and replacement of these with a smaller number of desired species. This process of biological simplification produces a tree stock which may be highly vulnerable to uncertain future urban environments. To guard against catastrophic loss, the managers of urban street trees should monitor species diversity levels and select planting strategies to maintain or enhance these levels. Using the case of Syracuse, New York, a method for monitoring diversity levels and selecting appropriate strategies for future tree replacements is described.
In vivo and in vitro studies on the mechanism and clinical significance of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in patients with atrial dysrhythmias

The pathogenesis of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (SEC) is complex and multifactorial. Although originally described in low-flow state situations such as in the left atrium of patients with mitral stenosis or in the false lumen of patients with aortic dissection, its detection is highly dependent on technical factors such as the frequency of the transducer used. Multiple blood components have been implicated in SEC formation and erythrocyte aggregation currently appears to be the most likely mechanism. SEC is related to atrial fibrillation and is commonly found in patients with thrombus or prior history of thromboembolism. In addition, it may represent a prognostic marker for patients with atrial fibrillation because patients with SEC have a higher incidence of subsequent thromboembolic events. Therapeutic options include anticoagulation and, perhaps, antiplatelet therapy. Further prospective studies are necessary to better define SEC pathogenesis and treatment.
Automated optimization techniques for aircraft synthesis

Application of numerical optimization techniques to automated conceptual aircraft design is examined. These methods are shown to be a general and efficient way to obtain quantitative information for evaluating alternative new vehicle projects. Fully automated design is compared with traditional point design methods and time and resource requirements for automated design are given. The NASA Ames Research Center aircraft synthesis program (ACSYNT) is described with special attention to calculation of the weight of a vehicle to fly a specified mission. The ACSYNT procedures for automatically obtaining sensitivity of the design (aircraft weight, performance and cost) to various vehicle, mission, and material technology parameters are presented. Examples are used to demonstrate the efficient application of these techniques.
Interaction de films d'antigène avec des anticorps homologues et des enzymes

Des couches minces d'antigene de quelques Angstroms d'epaisseur sont capables d'adsorber specifiquement des anticorps homologues en epaisseur variant de 20 A a 600 A. Les plus grandes de ces valeurs depassent de beaucoup les dimensions d'une molecule d'anticorps de lapin. La trypsine peut inactiver completement, du point de vue immunolgiques, des couches antigeniques de proteine. Certains ecrans d'acides ou d'amines gras, ou de plastiques deposes sur les couches antigeniques n'empechent pas une adsorption specifique d'anticorps ou une inactivation par la trypsine.
A pilot study of venous photoplethysmography screening of patients with chronic venous disorders

In office and clinical practice settings, standard methods do not exist to objectively quantify lower extremity venous dysfunction. This pilot feasibility study examined venous refill time, an objective measure of skin microcirculation reflux, using photoplethysmography in 13 patients with known chronic venous disorders. The test was found to be feasible and easy to administer and provided objective data to corroborate clinical signs. Further research is needed to evaluate and validate the relationships among clinical signs, comorbid conditions, and objective findings with the severity of venous dysfunction in patients with suspected or known chronic venous disorders.
The characterization of chromosome breaks in Drosophila melanogaster. I: Mass isolation of deficiencies which have an end point in the 14A-15A region

Abstract A total of 2.7 × 10 6 chromosomes have been screened for deficiencies that extend into some portion of the 14A–15A segment of the X-chromosome. Mutants have been identified on the basis of their paralysis at high temperature (the para ts phenotype) in a stock which contains a para ts allele on the X-chromosome and a para + allele on the Dp (1;4) r + f + chromosome. Several hundred mutants have been genetically characterized and a large percentage are deficiencies. Cytological characterization of a sub-set suggests that breakpoints are distributed throughout the 14B–15A region, but in a non-random fashion.
The apparent diffusion constant measured by MRI correlates with pO2 in a RIF-1 tumor

As tissue oxygen tension (pO2) is an important variable in cancer therapy, it would be of major clinical benefit to be able to measure pO2 noninvasively. Current methods for determining pO2 in clinical settings are limited to superficial tumors. The authors measured the apparent diffusion constant (ADC) in an implanted murine fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) using magnetic resonance imaging and correlated the ADC with tissue pO2 measured by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. The ADC correlates significantly with tissue pO2 in this tumor (r = 0.89; n = 14) and so may provide a noninvasive index of pO2 in tumors.
Self-Objectification and Well-Being in Women's Daily Lives:

Laboratory experiments and surveys show that self-objectification increases body shame, disrupts attention, and negatively predicts well-being. Using experience sampling methodology, the authors investigated self-objectification in the daily lives of 49 female college students. Building on the predictions of objectification theory, they examined associations between internalizing an observer's perspective on the self and psychological well-being, and examined the moderating roles of trait self-esteem and appearance-contingent self-worth. Within-person increases in self-objectification predicted decreased well-being, but this association was moderated by trait self-esteem and trait appearance-contingent self-worth; high self-esteem, highly appearance-contingent participants reported increased well-being when they self-objectified. Furthermore, perceived unattractiveness partially mediated the main effect and the three-way interaction: high self-esteem, highly contingent participants experienced smaller dro...
Causative verbs in the grammar of Spanish heritage speakers

This study examines argument structure overgeneralizations among heritage speakers of Spanish who exhibit varying degrees of proficiency in the heritage language. Two questions motivated the design of the study: (1) Do heritage speakers differ from native speakers in their acceptance of causative errors? And if so, (2) which classes of verbs are most susceptible to this overgeneralization? A sentence acceptability task targeting two verb classes (unaccusatives and unergatives) was administered to 58 heritage speakers and a comparison group (n = 22) of monolingually-raised native speakers of Spanish. The results confirm that heritage speakers, in contrast to native speakers, accept causative errors with a variety of intransitive verbs. Unaccusative verbs are more readily accepted in transitive frames than unergatives for all groups. Acceptance rates for individual verbs are a function of the particular verb’s compatibility with external causation as well as the possibility of being transitive in English.
Mechanism of hsp70i Gene Bookmarking

In contrast to most genomic DNA in mitotic cells, the promoter regions of some genes, such as the stress-inducible hsp70i gene that codes for a heat shock protein, remain uncompacted, a phenomenon called bookmarking. Here we show that hsp70i bookmarking is mediated by a transcription factor called HSF2, which binds this promoter in mitotic cells, recruits protein phosphatase 2A, and interacts with the CAP-G subunit of the condensin enzyme to promote efficient dephosphorylation and inactivation of condensin complexes in the vicinity, thereby preventing compaction at this site. Blocking HSF2-mediated bookmarking by HSF2 RNA interference decreases hsp70i induction and survival of stressed cells in the G1 phase, which demonstrates the biological importance of gene bookmarking.
Down regulation of α2 adrenergic receptor numbers in platelets by insulin

Abstract Incubation of platelets from normal volunteers, who had not taken any medication at least for 2 weeks, with insulin (200 μunits/ml), resulted in the inhibition of the potentiation of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in the presence of (-)-epinephrine by 50–60% when compared with the control. The inhibitory effect of insulin as not related to the increased cyclic AMP level or decreased throm☐ane A 2 synthesis in these cells. It was found that the treatment of platelets with insulin decreased α 2 adrenergic receptors numbers of these cells from 413 ± 92/platelet to 206 ± 84/platelet as determined by Scatchard analysis of [ 3 H]yohimbine binding. The affinity of the receptors (1.05 ± 0.02 nM) remained essentially unchanged due to the treatment of platelets with the hormone (1.40 ± 0.06 nM).
Optimization of abdominal fat quantification on CT imaging through use of standardized anatomic space: A novel approach

Purpose: The quantification of body fat plays an important role in the study of numerous diseases. It is common current practice to use the fat area at a single abdominal computed tomography (CT) slice as a marker of the body fat content in studying various disease processes. This paper sets out to answer three questions related to this issue which have not been addressed in the literature. At what single anatomic slice location do the areas of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) estimated from the slice correlate maximally with the corresponding fat volume measures? How does one ensure that the slices used for correlation calculation from different subjects are at the same anatomic location? Are there combinations of multiple slices (not necessarily contiguous) whose area sum correlates better with volume than does single slice area with volume? Methods: The authors propose a novel strategy for mapping slice locations to a standardized anatomic space so that same anatomic slice locations are identified in different subjects. The authors then study the volume-to-area correlations and determine where they become maximal. To address the third issue, the authors carry out similar correlation studies by utilizing two and three slices for calculating area sum. Results: Based on 50 abdominal CT data sets, the proposed mapping achieves significantly improved consistency of anatomic localization compared to current practice. Maximum correlations are achieved at different anatomic locations for SAT and VAT which are both different from the L4-L5 junction commonly utilized currently for single slice area estimation as a marker. Conclusions: The maximum area-to-volume correlation achieved is quite high, suggesting that it may be reasonable to estimate body fat by measuring the area of fat from a single anatomic slice at the site of maximum correlation and use this as a marker. The site of maximum correlation is not at L4-L5 as commonly assumed, but is more superiorly located at T12-L1 for SAT and at L3-L4 for VAT. Furthermore, the optimal anatomic locations for SAT and VAT estimation are not the same, contrary to common assumption. The proposed standardized space mapping achieves high consistency of anatomic localization by accurately managing nonlinearities in the relationships among landmarks. Multiple slices achieve greater improvement in correlation for VAT than for SAT. The optimal locations in the case of multiple slices are not contiguous.
Stereo-electronic effects in polynucleotides and their double helices

Considerable attention has been focused on the DNA double helix, especially on the properties of its nucleotidic bases, but little attention has been paid to the role of the 2-deoxyribosyl moiety. The available computer-assisted theoretical methods have not been entirely helpful in enabling researchers to identify new stereo-electronic interactions within the polynucleotide strand, because of the way these programs are parameterized. An investigation, using the molecular modeling program STR3DI32.EXE, has identified several new interactions between the nucleotidic bases and the 2-deoxyribosyl moiety. These interactions are significant enough to enable us to recognize the unique role of the 2-deoxyribosyl moiety in the structure and stability of DNA.
Low dead volume integrated separation columns and Fabry-Pérot sensors for micro-gas chromatography

We developed a monolithic subsystem that integrates a micro-gas chromatography (μGC) separation column and on-column, non-destructive Fabry-Perot (FP) vapor sensors on a single silicon chip. The device was fabricated using deep reactive ion etching of silicon to create fluidic channels and polymers were deposited on the same silicon chip to act as a stationary phase or an FP sensor, thus avoiding dead volumes caused by the interconnects between the column and sensor traditionally used in μGC. Two integration designs were studied. In the first design, the μGC column was coated with a layer of polymer that served as both the stationary phase and the FP sensor, which has the greatest level of integration. In the second design, a FP sensor array spray-coated with different vapor sensing polymers was integrated with the μGC column, which significantly improves the system flexibility and detection sensitivity. With this design, we show that the FP sensors have a detection limit on the order of tens of picograms with a sub-second response time. Furthermore, FP sensor array are shown to respond to a mixture of analytes separated by the integrated separation channel, allowing for the construction of response patterns, which, along with retention time, can be used as a basis of analyte identification.
METROPOLITAN MIGRATION EFFICIENCY

The migration efficiency ratio of an area is defined as the net migration of the area (in-migrants minus out-migrants) divided by the total number of moves whose origin or destination is that area (in-migrants plus out-migrants) multiplied by 100. This paper investigates variations in migration efficiency from 1955 to 1960 among Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas with populations of 250,000 or more. Regional variation in migration efficiency was evident, ranging from an average of −9.7 in the Northeast to 19.6 for SMSA’s in the Western region. Nonwhites tended to have higher migration efficiency than whites. Rapidly growing metropolitan areas had higher migration efficiency ratios than areas growing at a lower rate or losing population. The educational level of a metropolitan area, as measured by the percent of the population 25 years old or over with at least a high school education, was positively related to migration efficiency. The composition of the migrant population, both in- and outmigrants for a given area, was related to the value of the migration efficiency ratio. If the migrant population contained a large proportion of persons aged 20–34, migration efficiency was low, regardless of the direction of the major migration stream. Region was found to have a major effect. Variables that had a strong and positive relationship with migration efficiency in one region were usually found to have no relation, or a negative relation, with it in other areas. Obviously, further research is needed for the identification of factors producing these strong regional effects.
PUMA: a puzzle piece in chloroquine's antimelanoma activity.

Chloroquine (CQ) can induce cell death in a subset of cancer cell lines, and some melanoma cell lines are quite susceptible. Although it is well known that CQ impairs lysosomal function and can serve as an autophagy inhibitor, the molecular target of CQ and the subsequent cascade of events that lead to cell death are not fully understood. Recent evidence indicates that in melanoma cell lines, CQ induces apoptosis by preventing degradation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis. This finding adds to the unfolding story of CQ’s mechanism of action as a cancer therapeutic agent.
Unusual temperature dependence of electron transfer rates in the hemoglobin reductase system

Abstract The rate of electron transfer between the proteins metHb (III) (human) and cytochrome b 5su(II) (rat) was studied as a function of temperature. An unusual sigmoidal temperature dependence was observed for the temperature range between 278 K and 323 K. This deviation from a linear Arrhenius dependence appears to be the result of a specific interaction between metHb and cyt b 5 rather than a result of the individual behavior of either protein. The implications of this observation are discussed within the framework of a conformational transition model.
Electron beam induced damage: An atom-by-atom investigation with TEAM0.5

A next generation electron microscopes is currently being developed by the Department of Energy as a collaborative effort to redesign the instruments around aberration corrected optics [1]. Within this project, the TEAM 0.5 prototype microscope is currently being commissioned. The instrument is equipped with a high brightness gun and a monochromator [2]. However, already in the past concerns were raised [3] and debated [4] that the high current density in field emission microscopes may alter the atomic structure of materials too fast to record undamaged images of compound semiconductors. Concerns about electron beam induced knock-on damage are indeed very relevant because the TEAM project aims at reconstructing the three dimensional structure of materials at atomic resolution, which requires maintaining structural integrity. On the other hand detailed knowledge about knock-on (and ionization) damage in such microscopes is absent and the TEAM0.5 microscope is ideally suited for such investigations since its unprecedented performance allows for the detection of single atoms of most elements of the periodic system.
Automatic Testing Of Infrared Components

This paper discusses the techniques utilized during automated testing of Z-technology modules for mosaic focal planes. The testing includes continuity and isolation resistance measurements on both layers and modules, and functional tests of the Signal Processing Chips as they are wirebonded to the modules. The criteria for layer selection, empirically derived, is presented. Test results are presented and their impact on product development are described.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transection of the innominate artery due to blunt chest trauma: successful immediate repair in 2 consecutive patients.

Abstract Successful immediate repair of transection of the innominate artery due to blunt chest trauma in 2 consecutive patients is presented. The indications for use of shunts during repair of the innominate artery are discussed.
Predictors of Individual Differences in Acute Response to Ozone Exposure

The purpose of this study was to identify personal characteristics that predict individual differences in acute FEV1 response to ozone exposure. Response and predictor data were collected on 290 white male volunteers 18 to 32 yr of age who were each exposed to one of six concentrations of ozone between 0.0 and 0.40 part per million. The sample was divided into an exploratory sample of 96 and a confirmatory sample of 194 subjects. Exploratory analysis indicated that ozone, age, and several other variables explained a significant proportion of the variance in response. In the confirmatory sample, only age and ozone concentration predicted FEV1 decrement. For the combined sample ozone explained 31% of the variance, with age accounting for an additional 4%. The model predicted a decreasing response with increasing age for all nonzero ozone concentrations. For exposure to 0.40 ppm, the model predicts decrements in FEV1 of 1.07 and 0.47 L for 18- and 30-yr-old subjects, respectively. We concluded that for white...
The imaging of paediatric thoracic trauma

Major chest trauma in a child is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is most frequently encountered within the context of multisystem injury following high-energy trauma such as a motor vehicle accident. The anatomic-physiologic make-up of children is such that the pattern of ensuing injuries differs from that in their adult counterparts. Pulmonary contusion, pneumothorax, haemothorax and rib fractures are most commonly encountered. Although clinically more serious and potentially life threatening, tracheobronchial tear, aortic rupture and cardiac injuries are seldom observed. The most appropriate imaging algorithm is one tailored to the individual child and is guided by the nature of the traumatic event as well as clinical parameters. Chest radiography remains the first and most important imaging tool in paediatric chest trauma and should be supplemented with US and CT as indicated. Multidetector CT allows for the accurate diagnosis of most traumatic injuries, but should be only used in selected cases as its routine use in all paediatric patients would result in an unacceptably high radiation exposure to a large number of patients without proven clinical benefit. When CT is used, appropriate modifications should be incorporated so as to minimize the radiation dose to the patient whilst preserving diagnostic integrity.
Synthesis and lanthanide coordination chemistry of 2-[(phosphinoyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazole and 2-[(phosphinoyl)methyl]benzoxazole ligands

Abstract Syntheses for [(diphenylphosphinoyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazole (2) and [(diarylphosphinoyl)methyl]benzoxazoles [aryl = phenyl (3), tolyl (4), 2-trifluoromethylphenyl (5) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (6)] have been developed. Each ligand has been characterized by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses have been completed for 2, 3, 4 and 5. The coordination chemistry of the ligands with Nd(NO3)3 and Yb(NO3)3 has been examined and structure determinations for [Nd(2)2(NO3)3(CH3OH)], [Nd(2)2(NO3)3], [Yb(3)2(NO3)3(H2O)]·0.5(CH3OH), [Nd(3)2(NO3)3]·3(CHCl3), [Nd(4)2(NO3)3(H2O)], [Yb(4)2(NO3)3(H2O)] and [Yb(5)2(NO3)3(H2O)]·0.5(CH3CN) are reported. Depending upon conditions, the ligands act as monodentate PO or bidentate, chelating PO,N donors.
92 LOW SERUM SOHAT0MEDIN-C (SM-C) IN INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES: EVIDENCE FOR A POST-RECEPTOR DEFECT

In poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes, serum Sm-C concentrations are low despite high levels of growth hormone (GH), suggesting GH resistance. Whether this resistance might be due to receptor or post-receptor defects remains however unclear. Therefore, the number and affinity constant of liver bovine GH binding sites and the serum Sm-C concentrations, 24 h after injection of graded doses of GH, were determined in hypophysectomized rats injected with saline (controls) or with 40 mg of streptozotocin/kg BW (diabetics). After one week of diabetes there were no significant changes in the affinity constants (diabetics : 0.68 ± 0.04 × 109 M−1 vs controls : 0.92 ± 0.07 × 109M−1 ; mean ± SE; n=8; P < 0.1) or the numbers of GH binding sites (diabetics : 1.10 ± 0.12 pmol/mg DNA vs controls : 1.26 ± 0.15 pmol/mg DNA; P < 0.5). Despite the absence of alterations in GH binding, the maximal serum Sm-C response was severely blunted in the diabetics (2.02 ± 0.32 U/ml) when compared to controls (17.41 ± 2.69 U/ml; P < 0.01). The sensitivity (ie ED50) however was the same for control and diabetics rats.
Comparative analysis of celiac versus mesenteric artery outcomes after angioplasty and stenting

Background Open bypass is the gold standard for treatment of mesenteric ischemia. With the refinement of endovascular therapy, visceral stenting is an attractive minimally invasive alternative, but the data are limited and which vessel responds best to stenting has not been addressed. This study compares the outcomes of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and celiac artery (CA) stenting. Methods All consecutive patients who underwent visceral stenting between January 2002 and May 2009 were reviewed. Standard statistical analyses, including Kaplan-Meier tests, were performed. Primary patency was defined as peak systolic velocities Results One hundred twenty-one patients received 140 visceral stents in the SMA (n = 92; 65.7%), the CA (n = 40; 28.6%), and the inferior mesenteric artery (n = 8; 5.7%). Twenty-nine stents were placed in men (20.7%) and 111 stents were placed in women (79.3%) with a mean age of 72.9 years (range, 20.5-93.9). The combined SMA/CA stent mean follow-up was 12.8 months. Technical success was 100% for all. Overall 30-day morbidity and mortality rates were 14% and 0.8%, respectively. One-year primary patency was significantly higher for SMA than for CA stents: 55% versus 18%, respectively ( P P P = .042) and age P = .038). These factors did not correlate with loss of primary patency for SMA. Overall freedom from bypass was 93% at 4 years. Conclusions Visceral stenting has an exceptionally high technical success rate with low procedural morbidity and mortality. Clinical primary patency and primary patency were significantly higher for the SMA group than for the CA group. Our data suggest that CA atherosclerotic lesions do not respond well to endovascular stenting, bringing into question its clinical utility.
Temperature dependence of current-voltage characteristics of polycrystalline diamond FETs: modelling and experiment

For the first time, a theoretical model for polycrystalline diamond (PCD) field effect transistors is proposed. The model is accompanied by an investigation of the single crystalline diamond (SCD) FET for the verification of material parameters employed in the simulation. The model runs on a device simulator, PISCES-IIB, and correctly accounts for the temperature-dependent shift of the I–V characteristics from pentode-like to triode-like behaviour as well as the temperature dependent pinch-off and saturation. Agreement between simulated and measured currents is obtained with a higher value of the activation energy for the dopant in PCD than in SCD, as has been reported for silicon.
Fairbanks receives 2001 Maurice Ewing Medal

Richard G. Fairbanks was awarded the Maurice Ewing Medal at the 2001 Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on 12 December, in San Francisco, California. The medal is given for significant original contributions to understanding physical, geophysical, and geological processes in the ocean; to scientific ocean engineering, technology, and instrumentation; and outstanding service to marine sciences.
Characterization of Tunable Radical Metal-Carbenes: Key Intermediates in Catalytic Cyclopropanation

A new class of radical metal-carbene complex has been characterized as having Fischer-like orbital interactions and adjacent π acceptor stabilization. Density Functional Theory (DFT) along with Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis and Charge Decomposition Analysis (CDA) has given insight into the electronics of this catalytic intermediate in an open-shell cobalt-porphyrin, [Co(Por)], system. The complex has a single bond from the metal to the carbene and has radical character with localized spin density on the carbene carbon. In addition, the carbene carbon is found to be nucleophilic and “tunable” through the introduction of different α-carbon substituents. Finally, based on these findings, rational design strategies are proposed which should lead to the enhancement of catalytic activity.
Defects in vestibular sensory epithelia and innervation in mice with loss of Chd7 function: Implications for human CHARGE syndrome

CHD7 is a chromodomain gene mutated in CHARGE syndrome, a multiple anomaly condition characterized by ocular coloboma, heart defects, atresia of the choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, and ear defects including deafness and semicircular canal dysgenesis. Mice with heterozygous Chd7 deficiency have circling behavior and semicircular canal defects and are an excellent animal model for exploring the pathogenesis of CHARGE features. Inner ear vestibular defects have been characterized in heterozygous Chd7-deficient embryos and early postnatal mice, but it is not known whether vestibular defects persist throughout adulthood in Chd7-deficient mice or whether the vestibular sensory epithelia and their associated innervation and function are intact. Here we describe a detailed analysis of inner ear vestibular structures in mature mice that are heterozygous for a Chd7-deficient, gene-trapped allele ( Chd7 Gt/ ). Chd7 Gt/ mice display variable asymmetric lateral and posterior semicircular canal malformations, as well as defects in vestibular sensory epithelial innervation despite the presence of intact hair cells in the target organs. These observations have important functional implications for understanding the clinical manifestations of CHD7 mutations in humans and for designing therapies to treat inner ear vestibular dysfunction. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:519 –532, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: mouse mutant; inner ear; innervation; sensory epithelia
Is universal antifungal prophylaxis mandatory in lung transplant patients

Purpose of review Lung transplantation remains the main therapy for patients with end-stage lung disease, yet survival remains limited by infection and chronic rejection. Invasive fungal infection, especially invasive aspergillosis, continues to cause a high rate of mortality after lung transplantation, and there is evidence that fungal colonization in itself may have a negative impact as well. This article reviews clinical trials in primary antifungal prophylaxis to determine whether antifungal prophylaxis after lung transplantation is indicated. Recent findings A variety of antifungal regimens have been tested after lung transplantation including itraconazole or voriconazole monotherapy, inhaled amphotericin B products, and combination therapy. Studies using a historical cohort that has not received antifungal prophylaxis show a decrease in the incidence of invasive fungal disease and/or invasive aspergillosis with antifungal prophylaxis, with relatively few safety concerns. Both systemic azoles and inhaled amphotericin B products appear to provide benefit. Summary Despite multiple reports of antifungal prophylaxis efficacy, a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial has yet to be performed. The optimal agent or agents for prophylaxis and length of therapy posttransplantation remain unknown. However, sufficient evidence exists for the utility of some type of antifungal prophylaxis posttransplantation for the majority of lung transplant recipients.
Performance requirements for electronic displays of color moving images using flat panel technology

The initial market for flat panel displays has been dominated by the laptop computer. This is a very attractive entry market for the newer technologies. The technical requirements for computer displays are much easier to satisfy then for high definition entertainment displays. While the resolutions are similar, the other requirements of contrast ratio, cost, light output, response time, uniformity, gray scale, size and color purity are all much less demanding than those for the display of real-time moving images for entertainment. However, if the panels being developed for computers could meet the requirements of entertainment television, they could be used as light valves in large screen projectors. In this way the investment in development and in manufacturing facilities can be amortized over a much larger market. This paper will review a comparison of the requirements for both applications.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling of convective subcooled boiling in microtubes for high heat fluxes

Cooling systems for very compact electronic components and computer chips are being miniaturized to meet the need for smaller overall packaging. One of the important present directions has been to use laminar flow in very small channels with hydraulic diameters in the sub-millimeter range to get high heat transfer coefficients with low pressure drops. It has been speculated that there might be some advantage to having convective subcooled boiling (SCB) occur in the micro-channels. As a first step in the evaluation of the utility of subcooled boiling in these micro-channels, a model has been developed for subcooled boiling in sub-millimeter diameter microtubes subject to uniform heat flux. This model builds on a previously well-validated computer code for convective subcooled boiling in tubes down to 1.57 mm inner diameter. The basic features of the new microtube model are described and some predictions using this model for 0.3 mm and 0.1 mm microtubes subject to a high heat flux of 10 MW/m2 are given.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Choosing a Mixture Ratio for the On-Farm Production of AM Fungus Inoculum In Mixtures of Compost and Vermiculite

Arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] fungi are potentially important tools in sustainable agriculture due to their roles in crop nutrient uptake, disease resistance, and water relations and in stabilizing soil aggregates. Inocula of these fungi can be effectively produced on-farm in mixtures of compost and vermiculite with a suitable plant host, such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Success of this method, however, depends upon utilizing the optimal compost and vermiculite mixture ratio. Experiments were conducted over two years utilizing a complete factorial design with three composts, four mixture ratios, and three AM fungi with the objective of producing regression equations to predict optimal mixture ratios using routine measures of compost nutrient analyses as independent variables. Growth of colonized P. notatum in yard clippings and dairy manure + leaf composts; which were high in N, low in P, with moderate K levels; produced more spores of AM fungi at mixture ratios of 1:2 to 1:4 [v/v compost: vermiculite] relative to higher dilutions. Dilution ratios of 1:19 and 1:49 were best for controlled microbial compost, which was high in P, low in N, and moderately high in K. Simple equations were developed which predict the optimal fraction of compost in the mixture for each of the three AM fungi studied (Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Gigaspora rosea). Percent N, P, and K and N:P ratio were the significant independent variables. These equations allow a farmer to choose a mixture ratio for the on-farm propagation of AM fungi knowing only the nutrient analysis of the compost to be used.
Proteolytic processing and physiological regulation

Proteolytic processing is a common and effective mechanism of physiological regulation. The basic principle is a conformational change induced in the protein precursor by the post-translational proteolytic cleavage of a specific peptide bond. The extension of earlier studies of model zymogens to more complex systems of physiological regulation, using methods of both protein chemistry and molecular biology, has enormously extended knowledge of the repertoire of proteolytic processing reactions and has contributed significantly to current studies of the structure, domain organization and evolution of proteins.
Heat Capacities from 1 to 30 K of Zn, Cd, Sn, Bi, and Y

The specific heats of the anisotropic metals zinc, cadmium, tin, bismuth, and yttrium have been measured from 1 to 30 K with an accuracy in most instances of 0.5%. Each of these materials showed a relatively rapid decrease in equivalent ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}$ with increasing temperature, a characteristic of anisotropic solids. The present results are in agreement with other similar quality data where overlaps exist. The results for the yttrium sample are somewhat ambiguous because of the existence of an anomaly which becomes important below 4 K and which is believed to be due to magnetic ordering of the rare-earth and transition-metal impurities in the sample. Low-temperature parameters, tabulated smoothed results, and reduced ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}(T)$ plots are given for each of these metals.
The cosmic-ray path length (age) distribution in the Galaxy - Experimental limits on the deviation from an exponential

A systematic examination is presented of the observational effects that can provide information on the departure of the cosmic-ray path length distribution (PLD) for propagation in the Galaxy from a simple exponential distribution. The possible physical causes for this departure are examined in order to set realistic limits on how well a simple exponential PLD actually describes the distribution of sources and propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy. From the findings, it is argued that the cosmic ray source distribution must be quite uniform, probably on a scale of about 50 pc or less near the sun. Extending this uniformity to the Galaxy as a whole would imply more than 100,000 active sources. The cosmic-ray propagation can be described quite well by a leaky box model which is equivalent to observing the particles through a dense fog.
Correlation confinement resonances in photoionization of endohedral atoms : Xe@C60

A new type of confinement resonance, termed a correlation confinement resonance, occurring in the photoionization of an atom A encapsulated inside the hollow cage of C60, A@C60, is found and interpreted in this paper. It is multielectron in nature and is induced in the photoionization of an outer shell of the confined atom by 'ordinary' confinement resonances in photoionization amplitudes from deeper subshells as a result of interchannel coupling. The effect is illustrated by calculations of the 5s photoionization cross section of endohedral Xe, Xe@C60, in the region of the 4d giant resonance exhibiting ordinary confinement resonances.
The effect of pressure on the electronic states of organic solids

ABSTRACT The basic effect of pressure is to decrease intermolecular distance and to increase overlap between adjacent electronic orbitals. As a consequence, there is a relative shift in energy of one type of orbital with respect to another. These shifts are particularly large for π-π* transitions in organic molecules and for excitations in electron donor-acceptor complexes. On many occasions there are unoccupied states of sufficiently low energy such that one may obtain a new ground state at high pressure or greatly modify the characteristics of the ground state by configuration interaction. It has been shown that one can relate this thermal process to the shift of energy levels as observed by optical absorption. A number of consequences of these electronic transitions are discussed, including pressure-induced reactivity of aromatic hydrocarbons and their complexes and piezochromism in photochromic materials. Finally, it is demonstrated that one can use the shift in energy of optical absorption and emission peaks and the change in half-width of those peaks to characterize in some detail electronic excitations in a wide variety of organic molecules in the solid state and in solution.
Limitations of Statistical Design of Experiments Approaches in Engineering Testing

A hypothetical experiment and Monte Carlo simulations were used to examine the effectiveness of statistical design of experiments methods in identifying from the experimental data the correct terms in postulated regression models for a variety of experimental conditions. Two analysis of variance techniques (components of variance and pooled mean square error) combined with F-test statistics were investigated with first-order and second-order regression models. It was concluded that there are experimental conditions for which one or the other of the procedures results in model identification with high confidence, but there are also other conditions in which neither procedure is successful. The ability of the statistical approaches to identify the correct models varies so drastically, depending on experimental conditions, that it seems unlikely that arbitrarily choosing a method and applying it will lead to identification of the effects that are significant with a reasonable degree of confidence
Optimal Environmental Management Strategy and Implementation for Groundwater Contamination Prevention and Restoration

An innovative management strategy is proposed for optimized and integrated environmental management for regional or national groundwater contamination prevention and restoration allied with consideration of sustainable development. This management strategy accounts for availability of limited resources, human health and ecological risks from groundwater contamination, costs for groundwater protection measures, beneficial uses and values from groundwater protection, and sustainable development. Six different categories of costs are identified with regard to groundwater prevention and restoration. In addition, different environmental impacts from groundwater contamination including human health and ecological risks are individually taken into account. System optimization principles are implemented to accomplish decision-makings on the optimal resources allocations of the available resources or budgets to different existing contaminated sites and projected contamination sites for a maximal risk reduction. Established management constraints such as budget limitations under different categories of costs are satisfied at the optimal solution. A stepwise optimization process is proposed in which the first step is to select optimally a limited number of sites where remediation or prevention measures will be taken, from all the existing contaminated and projected contamination sites, based on a total regionally or nationally available budget in a certain time frame such as 10 years. Then, several optimization steps determined year-by-year optimal distributions of the available yearly budgets for those selected sites. A hypothetical case study is presented to demonstrate a practical implementation of the management strategy. Several issues pertaining to groundwater contamination exposure and risk assessments and remediation cost evaluations are briefly discussed for adequately understanding implementations of the management strategy.
Decomposition schemes and acceleration techniques in application to production-assembly-distribution system design

The purpose of this paper is to study several schemes for applying Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition (DWD) to the production-assembly-distribution system design problem (PADS). Each scheme exploits selected embedded structures. The research objective is to enhance the rate of DWD convergence in application to PADS through formulating a rationale for decomposition by analyzing potential schemes, adopting acceleration techniques, and assessing the impacts of schemes and techniques computationally. Test results provide insights that may be relevant to other applications of DWD.
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene induced DNA adduct formation in lung tissue in vivo.

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental carcinogens present in the atmosphere from combustion sources such as cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust, residential heating processes, and industrial coke production. To date, dibenzo[ a , l ]pyrene (DBP) has been found to be the strongest tumor-initiating PAH ever tested in rodent skin and mammary tumor models. Here we show for the first time that systemic exposure to DBP causes DNA damage in mouse lung tissue. C57BL/6 mice were gavaged with 1, 5 or 20 mg DBP/kg body weight, daily for 10 days. Toxicity of DBP was revealed by a decrease in body and organ weight of mice while no apparent cell death was observed on P815 mastocytoma cells (allograft model) in vitro. However, treatment of P815 cells in vitro with the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of DBP, the fjord region (−)- anti -11,12-diol 13,14-epoxide [(−)- anti -DBPDE], resulted in the total loss of cell viability. Lungs from the animals were removed and subjected to DBP-DNA adduct analysis. A dose dependent adduct formation was revealed by 33 P-postlabeling analysis of DNA from lung tissue. The majority of DNA adducts formed in lungs of mice after systemic exposure to DBP were contributed by (−)- anti -DBPDE. The data from this in vivo model are consistent with previous metabolic activation results obtained with DBP in human cells in culture.
Multiple pregnancies conceived with intrauterine insemination during superovulation: An evaluation of clinical characteristics and monitored parameters of conception cycles

The use of human menopausal gonadotropins to induce superovulation in conjunction with intrauterine insemination as treatment for infertility is associated with an increased incidence of multiple gestation. Identification of clinical characteristics and/or monitored parameters of the stimulation cycles highly associated with multiple gestation would enable cancellation of these cycles. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical profiles and conception cycle characteristics of 48 infertile women undergoing the induction of superovulation and intrauterine insemination. We compared 14 of these women who conceived multiple gestations (eight twins and six triplets) with 34 who conceived singleton gestations. We found no differences between the groups in age, parity, cause or duration of infertility, duration or amount of human menopausal gonadotropin administration, serum estradiol concentrations on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin injection, number of preovulatory-sized follicles, or number of motile sperm inseminated. We conclude that neither the patients' clinical characteristics nor the parameters evaluated in monitoring human menopausal gonadotropin cycles provide information helpful in predicting which superovulation cycles will result in multiple pregnancy.
Reactions of Zr(C5H5)(6,6-dmch)(PMe3)2 and Zr(6,6-dmch)2(PMe3)2 (dmch=dimethylcyclohexadienyl) with CO and alkynes

Abstract The reactions of Zr(C5H5)(6,6-dmch)(PMe3)2 and Zr(6,6-dmch)2(PMe3)2 (dmch=dimethylcyclohexadienyl) with CO lead to the selective replacement of one PMe3 ligand by CO. Both carbonyl complexes have been structurally characterized. Additionally, the reaction of the latter complex with PhC2SiMe3 leads to a similar replacement of one PMe3 ligand, involving simple coordination of the alkyne, rather than any coupling to the dmch ligand.
An overview of molecular abnormalities leading to thyroid carcinogenesis: A 1993 perspective

This discussion reviews molecular abnormalities in thyroid carcinoma and points out areas where these molecular defects might be applicable to thyroid carcinogenesis induced by radiation exposure. Both medullary and papillary follicular thyroid carcinoma are discussed. The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 gene on chromosome 10 is one of the genes responsible for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Genes thought to be involved in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma include the gsp, ret, trk, ras, met, and p53 oncogenes. Research is continuing to: A) find new genes whose regulation and/or expression may be responsible for these disorders; B) determine the mechanisms by which gene mutations can lead to thyroid carcinogenesis, and C) devise methods to prevent or counter the effects of these mutational events. Stem Cells 1997; 15 (suppl 2): 7–13