cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new era of genetic testing and its impact on research and clinical care.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been moving at an arguably unprecedented pace compared with any other molecular genetics technology to have previously hit the scene. In both the clinical and research settings, this technology demonstrates great appeal because of its tremendous potential to affect medicine via its capacity to more thoroughly interrogate the genome at a fraction of the cost of previous technologies. Two recent articles in the journal Nature highlight the new and changing face of clinical testing and human genetics research. The first, a News in Focus article, discusses the fast-moving pace of NGS technology and some of the benefits and challenges to providing this testing clinically (1). In the second, a commentary article, the author points out the many possibilities for error in human genetics research, and proposes that these testing processes be moved into clinical laboratories (2). A tie-in between these 2 articles is the broad application of NGS to benefit both research participants and clinical patients. Most current …
Unity and discord in opinion dynamics

Abstract We study opinion dynamics models where agents evolve via repeated pairwise interactions. In the compromise model, agents with sufficiently close real-valued opinions average their opinions. A steady state is reached with a finite number of isolated, noninteracting opinion clusters (“parties”). As the initial opinion range increases, the number of such parties undergoes a periodic bifurcation sequence, with alternating major and minor parties. In the constrained voter model, there are leftists, centrists, and rightists. A centrist and an extremist can both become centrists or extremists in an interaction, while leftists and rightists do not affect each other. The final state is either consensus or a frozen population of leftists and rightists. The evolution in one dimension is mapped onto a constrained spin-1 Ising chain with zero-temperature Glauber kinetics. The approach to the final state exhibits a nonuniversal long-time tail.
Electrostatic charge and field sensors based on micromechanical resonators

We have developed highly sensitive electrometers and electrostatic fieldmeters (EFMs) that make use of micromechanical variable capacitors. Modulation of the input capacitance, a technique used in macroscale instruments such as the vibrating-reed electrometer and the field-mill electrostatic voltmeter (ESV), moves the detection bandwidth away from the 1/f-noise-limited regime, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The variable capacitors are implemented by electrostatically driven resonators with differential actuation and sensing to reduce drive-signal feedthrough. The resonators in the electrometer utilize a balanced comb structure to implement harmonic sensing. Two fabrication methods were employed - a hybrid technology utilizing fluidically self-assembled JFETs and SOI microstructures, and an integrated process from Analog Devices combining 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS and 6-/spl mu/m-thick polysilicon microstructures. All devices operate in ambient air at room temperature. Measured data from one electrometer with an input capacitance of 0.7 pF indicates a charge resolution of 4.5 aC rms (28 electrons) in a 0.3 Hz bandwidth. The resolution of this electrometer is unequaled by any known ambient-air-operated instrument over a wide range of source capacitances. The EFM has a resolution of 630 V/m, the best reported figure for a MEMS device.
Mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Fifty-eight men and women (mean age = 21 years) completed 3 sessions. During the first session, participants were familiarized with the temporal summation of heat pain and pressure pain protocols. In the exercise sessions, following double-blind administration of either an opioid antagonist (50 mg naltrexone) or placebo, participants rated the intensity of heat pulses and indicated their pressure pain thresholds and pressure pain ratings before and after 3 minutes of submaximal isometric exercise. Blood was drawn before and after exercise. Results indicated that circulating concentrations of 2 endocannabinoids, N -arachidonylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, as well as related lipids oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, N -docosahexaenoylethanolamine, and 2-oleoylglycerol, increased significantly ( P P P P P > .05). A significant association was found between EIH and docosahexaenoylethanolamine. These results suggest involvement of a nonopioid mechanism in EIH following isometric exercise. Perspective Currently, the mechanisms responsible for EIH are unknown. This study provides support for a potential endocannabinoid mechanism of EIH following isometric exercise.
A 3-D Constrained Mixture Model for Vascular Growth and Remodeling

It is known that arteries adapt and remodel to changes in their loading conditions. Evolution of mechanical properties of blood vessels is associated with numerous chronic and acute conditions such as hypertension and coronary thrombosis. In addition, treatments such as bypass surgery create loading conditions not seen in normal arteries. Blood vessels used in coronary bypass grafts experience abnormal loading conditions in both circumferential and axial directions. Blood vessels remodel by altering structural components to restore homeostatic values of stress. Such changes may include smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and collagen synthesis, degradation, and remodeling. While biaxial mechanical tests and organ culture experiments provide values for global variables such as mean stresses and total thickness, mathematical models can help describe local mechanical properties at locations throughout the vessel wall. Experimental observations suggest that constituents of arteries turnover at different rates; thus, it is important that models are able to track individual constituents of the artery separately. Here, we present a 3D constrained mixture model for growth and remodeling of arteries exposed to large changes in flow, pressure, and axial stretch -induced.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Thermodynamic, Tribological and Chemical Interdiffusion Study of Ultra-Hard Ceramic AlMgB14 in the Machining of Aerospace Alloys

There has been a growing concern about the reactivity at the tool/work-piece interface during machining, leading to lower tool life. The problem is more severe especially in the case of aerospace alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steels. Recently, a new ultra hard ceramic material, AlMgB14 , was reported with properties that show considerable promise as a cutting tool material for machining titanium alloys [1]. This paper investigates the chemical wear behavior of AlMgB14 , in the machining of aerospace alloys. The mechanical properties of AlMgB14 are compared with leading cutting tool materials (WC-Co, Al2 O3 SiCw -TiC and Al2 O3 -TiC), which are used extensively in machining titanium and ferrous alloys. Materials characterization of candidate tool materials shows that AlMgB14 exhibits superior hardness, fracture toughness and abrasive wear resistance as compared to the other cutting tool materials. We also report on a study of chemical reactivity of tool materials (AlMgB14 and WC-6%Co) in machining various alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V and Fe-18Ni-8Cr. The chemical reactivity was investigated using diffusion tests conducted in vacuum at 1000°C for 120 hrs. Transverse sections of couples were characterized using electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), to determine the extent of diffusion zones. The results show that AlMgB14 shows considerably less reactivity with titanium alloys when compared with cemented carbide cutting tools. It was also observed that the boride reacts significantly with the iron based Fe-18Ni-8Cr alloy. The paper also reports on the evaluation of the free energy of formation of AlMgB14 using the thermochemical software program FactSage™.© 2003 ASME
Peptides as Skin Penetration Enhancers for Low Molecular Weight Drugs and Macromolecules

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and constitutes a potential site for local and systemic drug delivery. However, the impermeable nature of the outermost layer of the skin called stratum corneum (SC) ensures a stringent barrier for transport of hydrophilic molecules and macromolecules into and across the skin. Hence, only small (<500 Da) and lipophilic (Log P = 1–3) molecules can be passively delivered through the skin. In particular, it is challenging to deliver hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, into and across the skin. To address these limitations, several physical and chemical skin penetration enhancement techniques have been proposed. Recently, peptides have emerged as successful skin penetration enhancers for both small molecular weight drugs and macromolecules. These peptides are called skin penetration enhancement peptides (SPEPs). Currently, majority of the SPEPs have been discovered from already-established cell-penetrating peptides, pore-forming antimicrobial peptides, or by screening random peptide displayed phage libraries. In this chapter, we have discussed the discovery of various classes of SPEPs and their mechanism of skin permeation enhancement.
Corticostriatal Paired-Pulse Potentiation Produced by Voltage-Dependent Activation of NMDA Receptors and L-Type Ca2+ Channels

AMPA and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic responses expressed differential paired-pulse plasticity when examined in the same cell using intracellular or whole cell voltage-cla...
Abstract 4578: Deep targeted sequencing of 12 breast cancer loci in 4,700 women across four different ethnicities.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple genetic loci associated with breast cancer risk. However, the underlying genetic structure in these regions is not fully understood and it is likely that the index GWAS signal originates from one or more yet unidentified causal variants within the region. We used next-generation sequencing to characterize 12 GWAS-discovered breast cancer loci in a total of 2,300 breast cancer cases and 2,300 controls across four ethnic populations. Study subjects were women from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Region intervals spanned between 46kb and 973kb and we hybrid-captured and sequenced a total of 5.5Mb. On average, we were able to capture 82% of the non-repetitive sequence in the targeted regions, and the average fraction of captured bases sequenced with a depth %gt20x was more than 95%. After single nucleotide variant (SNV) calling and quality control, a total of 138,898 SNVs remained for analysis. 87.4% of those had a minor allele frequency less than 0.5% and 50.2% were private mutations. Across all regions, a total of 81 SNVs showed evidence for association with breast cancer (Pl 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4578. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4578
Simulation of Passive Mode-Locked Lasers with DBR for High Rate Pulses

Rate equation based laser simulation was originally popularized by Marcuse [1] more than a decade ago. His original work developed a method of cell propagation in lieu of much less efficient forward-differences in time. The concept has been revitalized recently by Yang [2] through the use of filtering to induce a simulated gain spectrum, thereby decreasing problem sizes by O(m), where m is the discretization of the frequency spectrum. Subsequently, W. Freking [3] developed extensions for modulation response determination and noise modeling including a technique for the accurate generation of 1 f noise.
The α-Arrestin ARRDC3 Regulates the Endosomal Residence Time and Intracellular Signaling of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor

Arrestin domain-containing protein 3 (ARRDC3) is a member of the mammalian α-arrestin family, which is predicted to share similar tertiary structure with visual-/β-arrestins and also contains C-terminal PPXY motifs that mediate interaction with E3 ubiquitin ligases. Recently, ARRDC3 has been proposed to play a role in regulating the trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors, although mechanistic insight into this process is lacking. Here, we focused on characterizing the role of ARRDC3 in regulating the trafficking of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR). We find that ARRDC3 primarily localizes to EEA1-positive early endosomes and directly interacts with the β2AR in a ligand-independent manner. Although ARRDC3 has no effect on β2AR endocytosis or degradation, it negatively regulates β2AR entry into SNX27-occupied endosomal tubules. This results in delayed recycling of the receptor and a concomitant increase in β2AR-dependent endosomal signaling. Thus, ARRDC3 functions as a switch to modulate the endosomal residence time and subsequent intracellular signaling of the β2AR.
Observations on the Parorchis acanthus complex (Philophthalmidae: Parorchiinae) with the description of three new species of Parorchis Nicoll, 1907 and the replacement of the preoccupied junior homonym Paratrema Dronen & Badley, 1979 with Stenomesotrema nomen novum

A brief history of the genus Parorchis Nicoll, 1907 (Philophthalmidae: Parorchiinae) is provided along with the description of 3 new species: Parorchis catoptrophori n. sp., distinguished by a bipartite pharynx with a larger, anterior, muscular primary pharynx, followed by a smaller posterior nonmuscular secondary part composed of 2 smaller posterior extensions; Parorchis longivesiculus n. sp., distinguished by an external seminal vesicle that overreaches the acetabulum posteriorly, extending into the hindbody to about midway between the testes and the acetabulum; and Parorchis ralli n. sp., distinguished by an external seminal vesicle, the posterior third of which is tubular and coiled. The preoccupied junior homonym Paratrema Dronen & Badley, 1979 (Parorchiinae) is replaced by Stenomesotrema nomen novum, and a rediagnosis of the genus is given wherein Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. is assigned as the type species in the genus, and Stenomesotrema asiaticus n. comb. is proposed as a second species in the genus. Species of Parorchis are divided into 2 basic body types. The first type contains those species with a barbell-like or hourglass body shape, a rudimentary head collar, symmetrical to tandem testes, 2 rows of corner spines on the head collar, a preequatorial acetabulum, and a forebody that is wider than the hindbody. The second body type, called the “Parorchis body type”, contains those species with a pyriform body shape, a well-developed head collar, symmetrical testes, a single continuous row of circumoral spines on the head collar, and an equatorial acetabulum. There appears to be 2 subtypes of the Parorchis body type: subtype 1 containing those species possessing smooth to slightly irregular testes (not deeply lobed) and an esophagus lacking diverticuli; and subtype 2 containing those species having irregular and deeply lobed testes and an esophagus possessing lateral diverticuli. A comparative analysis of museum-deposited specimens of P. acanthus revealed as many as 9 possible additional species of Parorchis. This suggests potential problems in using measurements of structures alone without differences in additional corroborating specific features to separate species of Parorchis. Along with measurements, the number and size of spines on the circumoral collar, the presence or absence of a prepharynx, an intertesticular space, and esophageal diverticula as well as the extent of the posttesticular space, the length of the metraterm, egg size and the ratios of the width of the oral sucker to the width of the acetabulum and the width of the pharynx to the width of the oral sucker appear useful in distinguishing species of Parorchis.
Understanding How Teachers Listen in a Reading Enrichment Program.

Asking questions that invite students to access advanced thinking skills during classroom discourse is a key strategy for challenging and supporting high-ability middle school readers. This critica...
Adenosine triphosphatase in isolated bacterial cell membranes.

Among the recognized morphological features of cells, the esternal membrane is one of the most poorly understood in terms of both structure and function, especially with regard to its participation in transport processes. In recent years, the chemical and enzymatic composition of isolated cell membranes from a few species of bacterial organisms have received the attention of a number of investigators (1) after the demonstration by Weibull (2) that cell membranes could be prepared by osmotic lysis of bacterial protoplasts. The recent finding (3) in this laboratory that protoplasts could be prepared from Streptococcus jaecalis (ATCC ~9790) by treatment with lysozyme, has now made it possible to isolate the cell membrane from this organism and to initiate a study of its chemical and enzymatic constitution. Our first efforts were directed to the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase, because in previous studies with the intact cells and protoplasts, the presence of this enzyme in the cell membrane was proposed in order to account for the changes in permeability that occur during glycolysis and subsequent to cessation of glycolysis (3, 4). In the present paper, evidence will be presented that the isolated membranes of S. jaecalis contain adenosine triphosphatase, and some properties of this enzyme will be described. In addition, procedures for the preparation of the cell membranes from S. jaecalis will be described, inasmuch as these structures have not been previously isolated from this organism.
Cyclooxygenase-2: molecular biology, pharmacology, and neurobiology.

Abstract In the nervous system, prostanoids are well recognized as mediators in a variety of processes, including fever generation, modulation of the stress response, sleep/wake cycle, control of cerebral blood flow, and hyperalgesia. Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids, are now recognized: a constitutively expressed COX-1 and a highly regulated COX-2. New molecular and pharmacologic tools have provided a better understanding of the roles of COX-generated prostanoids in the nervous system. Other studies reveal that COX may represent an important target for new therapeutic approaches to neurologic disorders. This review summarizes our current understanding of cyclooxygenase expression and prostanoid actions in the nervous system, with special reference to COX-2 and studies demonstrating its expression in different cell types responding to a variety of stimuli. A brief review of the molecular biology, pharmacology, and primary actions of COX-2 outside of the nervous system provides a context for understanding potential neurobiological roles for COX-2 and prostanoid production. Information about the role of COX in human neurological disorders, including cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer' s disease, and hyperalgesia, is covered in the last section.
Identity Development in the Ancestral Homeland: A Chinese Heritage Perspective.

This study examines the lived experiences of identity of 4 Chinese Heritage Language (CHL) students participating in a year-long study abroad program in China. In a narrative inquiry, we draw on 2 mutually complementary theoretical frameworks-the Theory of Communities of Practice (Wenger, 1998) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner et al., 1987)-to shed light on the individual trajectories of identity development, which cannot be fully unveiled by proficiency assessment. By exploring the behavioral, socio-psychological, and discursive dimensions of CHL identity in the ancestral homeland, which is largely overlooked in CHL research, this study contributes to a more comprehensive theory of CHL development. It also provides empirical grounding for meaningful intervention in study abroad programming and pre-departure preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Electrical Control of Effective Mass, Damping, and Stiffness of MEMS Devices

We propose the use of electrostatic force feedback to control the effective mass, damping, or stiffness of micro electro mechanical system (MEMS). Our analysis suggests that if feedback force is proportional to sensed displacement, velocity, or acceleration of a MEMS proof mass, then feedback can be used to increase or decrease the apparent stiffness, damping, or mass of the system. Such feedback might be used to compensate the process variations, packaging stress, thermal drift, and damping. Prior efforts by others include position or velocity-based feedback for modifying frequency, bandwidth, quality factor, or sensitivity of resonators. However, we present a comprehensive means of controlling the response of MEMS. We develop an analytical steady-state MEMS model that includes feedback forces and circuit delay, and we develop a stability model. Our analytical models are verified using numerical simulations that include circuit delay, electrical feedback delay, and noise. Our results support the realization toward performance-on-demand MEMS (PODMEMS).
A 100-MHz 256b-I/O 1-Mb planar nonvolatile STT-MRAM with novel memory cells

This paper presents a 1Mb STT-MRAM consisting of novel planar memory cells with built-in differential voltage output. Each memory cell contains four planar ferromagnets, one PMOS and one NMOS to enable read operation, one NMOS to enable write operation and four transmission gates to pass write current in opposite directions. The output differential voltage of two read contacts in each memory cell is 23.66 mV for logic '1' and only 0.46 mV for logic '0', which renders high signal-to-noise ratio. Estimated area of each memory cell in 65-nm CMOS technology is 1.5 um2 (355 F2). The proposed 1Mb STT-MRAM consumes dynamic write power of 12.8 mW, static leakage power of 4mW and dynamic read power of 11.10 mW to achieve 100MHz operation.
A compressive sensing-based pixel sharing algorithm for high-speed atomic force microscopy

Undersampling is a simple but efficient way to increase the imaging rate of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The undersampled AFM images typically can be faithfully reconstructed with signal recovery techniques such as inpainting or algorithms from compressive sensing. In this paper, we consider the case when the dynamic processes of the sample occur in a small proportion of the entire scanning area of AFM while the background is relatively static and only slowly changing. In this setting, two consecutive video frames, termed the reference frame and the target frame, share a significant amount of static regions in common. Based on the measurements, we use greedy algorithms to select measured pixels in the reference frame that are likely to be from the common static regions and share them to the target frame. The target frame can then be reconstructed from both the original and shared pixels, yielding a more accurate reconstruction. This algorithm is then extended to the more realistic problem of multiple frames. Through simulation, we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve better overall video reconstruction quality compared to the frame-to-frame based single image reconstruction.
6 – Hormonal Basis of Social Conflict and Communication

Publisher Summary There is a substantial body of data on the interactions among hormones, reproductive behavior, and communicative behavior. However, significantly less is known about how hormones regulate social conflict and the communicative behaviors that are involved in influencing social relationships This chapter focuses on the hormonal regulation of social conflict and communication in Syrian (sometimes called golden) hamsters. Social behavior and its hormonal regulation have been studied in Syrian hamsters since the 1950s. Unlike many other species, both male and female hamsters are highly aggressive, and the behaviors engaged in during social conflict are readily observable and easily quantified. The severity of these encounters (in terms of bites or tissue damage) is usually quite low, and dominance relationships are often formed with relatively little overt aggression. These relationships are usually established very rapidly and remain stable over time. Hamsters also exhibit a variety of communicative behaviors that are easily quantified and that have been investigated extensively. As such, hamsters represent a comparatively simple animal model for the study of social conflict and communication.
Abstract 18300: Cardiac Arrest in the Pediatric Post-Operative Cardiac Population: An Opportunity to Further Enhance PALS Guidelines

Introduction: Despite cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) occurring 10 times more frequently in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units with cardiac disease than other diagnoses, there is a pa...
An Evaluation of Semiempirical Models for Partitioning Photosynthetically Active Radiation Into Diffuse and Direct Beam Components

Berkeley Water Center; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Microsoft Research eScience; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of California‐Berkeley; University of Virginia; U.S. National Science Foundation's Geographical and Spatial Sciences Program. Grant Number: 19002200; U.S. National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology. Grant Number: 1552976; U.S. Department of Agriculture Hatch Project. Grant Number: 228396
Linear parabolic-hyperbolic fluid-structure interaction models. The case of static interface

The present exposition is focused on a well-established linear fluid-structure interaction model in the physical dimensions d = 2, 3. In [19] one finds a historical description of the fluid-structure problems, an extensive list of references up to 2003, and on enlightening physical discussion regarding the use of the static fluid-solid interface. In particular, it is argued in [19] that this case is a good mathematical model for small rapid oscillations of the structure. Moreover, such case provides important mathematical insight and thus serves as an enlightening first step toward two subsequent more general settings: (i) the model with the full (non-linear) Navier-Stokes fluid component and still static interface [13], [14], [30], [31], [32], [45] and (ii) the case of moving structure within the fluid.
Gaseous fuels variation effects on first and second law analyses of a small direct injection engine for micro-CHP systems

Abstract This paper examines the detailed energy and exergy distribution of a 34 cc (cc) air-cooled, two-stroke engine configured to operate on different natural gas (NG) compositions, pure methane, and propane. The engine was developed for application in a small, decentralized combined heat and power (CHP) system. It included optimized intake and exhaust resonators designed from Helmholtz resonance theory to promote effective scavenging. Operation occurred at wide-open-throttle (WOT) at an engine speed of 5400 revolutions per minute (RPM) with low-pressure direct injection (LPDI). Electronic ignition timing was adjusted for maximum brake torque (MBT) while the air-fuel ratio (AFR) was adjusted by injection duration, such that both rich and lean combustion were examined. In addition, start of injection (SOI) was adjusted to balance maximum fuel trapping and combustion stability. Full energy and exergy distribution analyses were completed, as engine operating regimes changed. Exergy was divided into work (available), lost (recoverable), and destructed availabilities. It was found that fuel loss and heat transfer contributed the most to exergy losses, accounting for around 15% and 9% of fuel exergy, respectively. Propane with the highest density, showed the highest in-cylinder trapped energy, heat transfer and, peak utilization factor (UF) of 85.3%. Due to fuel presence in the exhaust, lower 1st law efficiency did not necessarily result into a lower 2nd law efficiency. Higher mixture stratification with propane operation increased carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and hydrogen (H2) content due to rich operation. CO oxidation could recover up to around 5% and 4% of injected fuel energy as heat for CHP system with propane and NG, respectively. Peak 2nd law efficiencies were around 60.5% while peak 1st law indicated efficiency was around 29%. This discrepancy was due to both exhaust hydrocarbon (HC from fuel slip and incomplete combustion) content, exhaust CO content, and heat loss availabilities.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Professional Identity, Wellness, Imposter Phenomenon, and Calling to Medicine Among Medical Students.

This study assessed changes in professional identity, wellness, imposter phenomenon, and calling to medicine over time in medical school. Medical students from the first through third years anonymously completed four validated measures: Perceived Wellness Survey (PWS), Brief Calling Scale (BCS), Physician In-group Identification Scale (PID), and Clance’s Imposter Phenomenon Scale (CIP). Survey completion implied informed consent. The study was exempted by the university IRB. All class of 2018 students (n = 110) returned surveys at the beginning of year 1; 58 completed surveys at the end of the preclinical years (post year 2, n = 44) and/or end of the third-year clerkship (post year 3, n = 35) and were analyzed. From pre to post preclinical years, there was a significant decrease in the PID. There were no statistically significant changes in the PWS, BCS, and CIP. From pre year 1 to post third-year clerkships, the PWS and PID decreased, the CIP increased, and the BCS did not change. Only 19% of students participated in all three survey administrations and this group was excluded from the analysis due to the low response rate. Student wellness and sense of professional identity (in-group identity) dropped over 3 years of medical education, while imposter phenomenon increased. The BCS did not change over time. The decrease in identity as part of the physician community is concerning; future curriculum initiatives should focus on integration of professional identity into students’ individual identities and on initiatives to improve student well-being.
Locating All Homogeneous Azeotropes

In this chapter, we study the enclosure of all homogeneous azeotropes in multicomponent mixtures. Section 24.1 introduces the reader to the importance of locating all azeotropes problem and outlines the previous work. Section 24.2 defines the problem. Section 24.3 introduces the general mathematical formulation. Section 24.4 focuses on the activity coefficient models of the Wilson equation, the NRTL equation, the UNIQUAC equation, and the UNIFAC equation, presents the resulting mathematical models and develops the underestimating functions for these models. Finally, section 24.5 presents selective computational studies for all aforementioned activity coefficient models. The material presented in this chapter is based on the work of Harding et al. (1997).
Revision of the Mexican Genus Mitys Champion (Tenebrionidae: Stenochiinae: Cnodalonini)

The flightless Cnodalonini genus MitysChampion, 1885 is revised. Lectotypes are designated for Mitys laevisChampion, 1885 and Mitys inflatusChampion, 1885, and the holotype of Mitys opacusChampion, 1885 is imaged. Mitys opacusChampion, 1885 is synonymized with Mitys politus (Breme, 1842). Three additional species are described herein: M. durangoensissp. nov., M. rileyi, sp. nov., and M. sprouseisp. nov. The genus is currently known only from Mexico, and appears to occur primarily in montane habitats based on existing locality records. Generic affinities between Mitys and other Neotropical Cnodalonini genera are discussed, particularly the relationship between Mitys and OxidatesChampion, 1886. A key to the known Mitys species and distribution maps are provided.
Some Consequences of Stochasticizing an Ecological System Model

Differential equations have been used for several decades to analyze the behavior of aquatic ecological systems (Patten 1968). In general, deterministic formulations serve as the basis for simulation models, although Fox (1971) has constructed a stochastic variant of the generalized fish production model and used simulation output for parameter estimation. Inclusion of random elements seems to stem from the realization that natural systems usually exhibit more variability than their mathematical counterparts.
There’s a new kid in town: lionfish invasion of the plankton

Invasion of the western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico by the Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans/miles (Scopaenidae), has caused well-documented critical changes to coral reef ecosystems throughout the region. Most efforts to quantify these changes have focused on the charismatic adult stage; much less is known about the pelagic larval stage. While dispersal by the larval stage has likely been the main contributor to the rapid population expansion throughout the region, there are very few documented cases of larvae being collected anywhere in the invaded region where adult lionfish are abundant. We compared ichthyoplankton collected using identical sampling gear from the Straits of Florida in 2007–2008 (pre-lionfish population expansion to the Florida Keys) to those collected in 2014–2015 (during the ongoing expansion), providing the opportunity to test for a temporal change in the ichthyoplankton. Despite a substantially greater sampling effort in 2007–2008 [total of 938,126 m3 of water sampled compared to approximately 144,013 m3 (~ 15%) sampled in 2014–2015], we collected no lionfish larvae in 2007–2008, whereas in 2014–2015, 76 larvae were collected. The overall mean density in 2014–2015 of 0.4–0.7 lionfish larvae 1000 m−3 is comparable to a number of common reef fish families and is likely beginning to have an ecological impact on plankton constituents. As the invasion continues, additional studies of the ecological role of lionfish larvae in the plankton are warranted.
The view from the top: social acceptance and ideological conservatism among sexual minorities

Politically, LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) people are recognized as distinctively liberal. However, a small yet persistent proportion of the LGBT population identifies as ideologic...
Iterative Subtractive Binning of Freshwater Chronoseries Metagenomes Identifies of over Four Hundred Novel Species and their Ecologic Preferences

Recent advances in sequencing technology and accompanying bioinformatic pipelines have allowed unprecedented access to the genomes of yet-uncultivated microorganisms from a wide array of natural and engineered environments. However, the catalogue of available genomes from uncultivated freshwater microbial populations remains limited, and most genome recovery attempts in freshwater ecosystems have only targeted few specific taxa. Here, we present a novel genome recovery pipeline, which incorporates iterative subtractive binning and apply it to a time series of metagenomic datasets from seven connected locations along the Chattahoochee River (Southeastern USA). Our set of Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) represents over four hundred genomospecies yet to be named, which substantially increase the number of high-quality MAGs from freshwater lakes and represent about half of the total microbial community sampled. We propose names for two novel species that were represented by high-quality MAGs: "Candidatus Elulimicrobium humile" ("Ca. Elulimicrobiota" in the "Patescibacteria" group) and "Candidatus Aquidulcis frankliniae" ("Chloroflexi"). To evaluate the prevalence of these species in the chronoseries, we introduce novel approaches to estimate relative abundance and a habitat-preference score that control for uneven quality of the genomes and sample representation. Using these metrics, we demonstrate a high degree of habitat-specialization and endemicity for most genomospecies observed in the Chattahoochee lacustrine ecosystem, as well as wider species ecological ranges associated with smaller genomes and higher coding densities, indicating an overall advantage of smaller, more compact genomes for cosmopolitan distributions.
Vascular Grafts: Clinical and Hemodynamic Applications

Early experiments in the development of vascular grafts began with simple tubes of impervious nonbiologic material placed into the arterial circulation of animals. These experiments were largely unsuccessful, however, with high rates of thromboembolism and hemorrhage related to lack of coverage of the graft lumen by a biologic surface and failure of incorporation of the synthetic materials into the perivascular tissues. In 1906, Carrel reported experiments with homologous and heterologous artery and vein grafts placed in the canine arterial circulation(1). In that same year, Goyanes replaced a segment of human artery with autologous vein(2). Despite this early work with vascular grafts, treatment of most arterial injuries as late as World War II was by ligation(3). In 1952, however, Dubost made a landmark contribution by repair of an aortic aneurysm with an arterial homograft(4). The subsequent introduction of Vinyon-N as a synthetic graft materials(5) ushered in a new era of elective arterial reconstruction. Repair of arterial injuries, also, soon became commonplace.
Deutschland und die Sowjetunion 1933–1941. Dokumente aus russischen und deutschen Archiven

This second installment in the publication of a series of key documents regarding the relationship between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union is as massive as its first volume (also in two parts), w...
High electron density β -(Al 0.17 Ga 0.83 ) 2 O 3 /Ga 2 O 3 modulation doping using an ultra-thin (1 nm) spacer layer

This report discusses the design and demonstration of β-(Al0.17Ga0.83)2O3/Ga2O3 modulation doped heterostructures to achieve high sheet charge density. The use of a thin spacer layer between the Si delta-doping and the heterojunction interface was investigated in a β-(AlGa)2O3/Ga2O3 modulation doped structure. It is shown that this strategy enables a higher two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) sheet charge density up to 4.7 × 1012 cm−2 with an effective mobility of 150 cm2/V s. The presence of a degenerate 2DEG channel was confirmed by the measurement of a low temperature effective mobility of 375 cm2/V s and the lack of carrier freeze out from low temperature capacitance voltage measurements. The electron density of 4.7 × 1012 cm−2 is the highest reported 2DEG density obtained without parallel conducting channels in a β-(AlxGa(1−x))2O3/Ga2O3 heterostructure system.
Accelerating MPI Collectives with FPGAs in the Network and Novel Communicator Support

MPI collective operations can often be performance killers in HPC applications; we seek to solve this bottleneck by offloading them to reconfigurable hardware within the switch itself, rather than, e.g., the NIC. We have designed a hardware accelerator MPI-FPGA to implement six MPI collectives in the network. Preliminary results show that MPI-FPGA achieves $10 \times $ speedup in the most likely scenarios over conventional clusters. We introduce a novel mechanism that enables the hardware to support a large number of communicators of arbitrary shape, and that is scalable to very large systems. MPI-FPGA is fully integrated into MPICH and so transparent to MPI applications.
MDR Cluster-Debias: A Nonlinear WordEmbedding Debiasing Pipeline

Existing methods for debiasing word embeddings often do so only superficially, in that words that are stereotypically associated with, e.g., a particular gender in the original embedding space can still be clustered together in the debiased space. However, there has yet to be a study that explores why this residual clustering exists, and how it might be addressed. The present work fills this gap. We identify two potential reasons for which residual bias exists and develop a new pipeline, MDR Cluster-Debias, to mitigate this bias. We explore the strengths and weaknesses of our method, finding that it significantly outperforms other existing debiasing approaches on a variety of upstream bias tests but achieves limited improvement on decreasing gender bias in a downstream task. This indicates that word embeddings encode gender bias in still other ways, not necessarily captured by upstream tests.
Incidence and predictors of respiratory adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation with intramuscular ketamine in a paediatric emergency department.

INTRODUCTION Although ketamine is one of the commonest medications used in procedural sedation of children, to our knowledge, there is currently no published report on predictors of respiratory adverse events during ketamine sedation in Asian children. We aimed to determine the incidence of and factors associated with respiratory adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation with intramuscular (IM) ketamine in a paediatric emergency department (ED) in Singapore. METHODS A retrospective analysis was done of all children who underwent procedural sedation with IM ketamine in the paediatric ED between 1 April 2013 and 31 October 2017. Demographics and epidemiological data, including any adverse events and interventions, were extracted electronically from the prospective paediatric sedation database. The site of procedure was determined through reviewing medical records. Descriptive statistics were used for incidence and baseline characteristics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine significant predictors. RESULTS Among 5,476 children, 102 (1.9%) developed respiratory adverse events. None required intubation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Only one required bag-valve-mask ventilation. The incidence rate was higher in children aged < 3 years, at 3.6% compared to 1.0% in older children (odds ratio [OR] 3.524, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.354-5.276; p < 0.001). Higher initial ketamine dose (adjusted OR 2.061, 95% CI 1.371-3.100; p = 0.001) and type of procedure (adjusted OR 0.190 (95% CI 0.038-0.953; p = 0.044) were significant independent predictors. CONCLUSION The overall incidence of respiratory adverse events was 1.9%. Age, initial dose of IM ketamine and type of procedure were significant predictors.
American Indian women cancer survivors’ experiences of community support in a context of historical oppression

This qualitative descriptive study examined the gap in knowledge on American Indian (AI) women cancer survivors’ perceptions of and experiences of AI community support. The sample included 43 AI wo...
Civic education and the education of refugees

This essay explores the civic education of refugees within the context of a radical global policy shift to include refugees in national education systems. I argue that this shift has promoted struc...
Jejunal Polyps out of Place: A Case of Gastric Heterotopia of the Jejunum

Heterotopia is the presence of normal physiologic tissue in an atypical location. Gastric heterotopia has been described in various locations throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine. Gastric heterotopia of the small intestine typically is asymptomatic but may present in several ways with symptoms of obstruction, bleeding, perforation, intussusception, or pain. However, gastric heterotopia is rare beyond the duodenum except for its frequent association with Meckel's diverticulum. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions presenting with symptoms of bleeding or obstruction especially in younger patients. We present a case of gastric heterotopia of the jejunum in a patient with a prior history of Meckel's diverticulectomy after he presented with obstructive symptoms. His symptoms improved following resection of two jejunal polyps via antegrade double-balloon assisted enteroscopy with fluoroscopy. On histopathlogical examination, findings were consistent with gastric heterotopia. This case highlights the importance of considering gastric heterotopia in the differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions located beyond the ligament of Treitz in younger patients presenting with obstructive symptoms.
Mental models and expectation violations in conversational AI interactions

Abstract Artificial Intelligence is increasingly becoming integrated in many aspects of human life. One particular AI comes in the form of conversational agents (CAs) such as Siri, Alexa, and chatbots used for customer service on websites and other information systems. It is widely accepted that humans treat systems as social actors. Leveraging this bias, companies sometimes attempt to masquerade a CA as a human customer service representative. In addition to the ethical and legal questions around this practice, the benefits and drawbacks of a CA pretending to be human are unclear due to a lack of study. While more human-like interactions can improve outcomes, when users find out that the CA is not human, they may have a negative reaction that may cause reputation harm in the company. In this research we use Expectation Violation Theory to explain what happens when users have high or low expectations of a conversation. We conducted an experiment with 175 participants where some participants were told they were interacting with a CA while others were told they were interacting with a human. We further divided the groups so that some participants interacted with a CA with low conversational capability while others interacted with a CA with high conversational capability. The results show that expectations formed by the user before the interaction change how the user evaluates the CA beyond the actual performance of the CA. These findings provide guidance to developers not just of conversational agents, but also for other technologies where users may be uncertain of a system's capabilities.
Southwestern-Style Culinary Ceramics On the Southern Plains: a Case Study of Technological Innovation and Cross-Cultural Interaction

AbstractThe following paper summarizes the analysis of Southwestern-style culinary ceramics from protohistoric sites on the Southern Plains. These ceramics, referred to by the type name Tierra Blanca Plain, closely resemble “striated utility wares” from the northern Rio Grande region of New Mexico. Sherds of Tierra Blanca Plain are often associated with other evidence of Southwestern contact, including obsidian, turquoise, and Rio Grande glaze-paint ceramics. The primary objectives of this research are to describe the geographical distribution of Tierra Blanca Plain ceramics, and to place them in their proper archaeological context; to develop a standard description for the type, while recording the range of variability present in production over a large geographical area; to analyze the stylistic, technical and compositional relationship between Tierra Blanca Plain ceramics and the culinary ware tradition of the Rio Grande; and to interpret the production, distribution and function of these ceramics with...
Adaptation of a neural/fuzzy fault detection system

Artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic have previously been used for systems decision- and adaptation. Neural networks have provided a robust means of making systems decisions for nonlinear applications, while fuzzy logic has proven capable of properly classifying "gray area" decisions. This paper introduces a hybrid neural/fuzzy system along with its adaptation algorithm which will have the advantages of both the aforementioned techniques. The neural/fuzzy system is applied to detecting bearing faults in single phase induction motors as an illustration. The system not only gives highly satisfactory fault detection results, but also provides valuable expert knowledge that may otherwise be unknown or incorrect. >