cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Me Time, or We Time? Age Differences in Motivation for Exercise

Background and objectives Increasing exercise continues to be an important health issue for both older and younger adults. Researchers have suggested several methods for increasing exercise motivation. Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) posits that people's motivation shift from future-oriented instrumental goals to present-oriented emotionally meaningful goals as we age, which provides insight into how people's motivations for exercise may differ for older versus younger adults. The aim of our study was to examine how exercise motivation differs for older versus younger adults. Research design and methods Older (greater than 59 years old) and younger (aged 18-26 years) adults participated in focus groups. They discussed exercise motivation (or lack thereof), motivators and barriers to exercise, and preferences about when, where, and with whom they exercise. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using direct content analysis and iterative categorization. Results Consistent with SST, younger adults generally preferred to exercise alone to achieve instrumental fitness goals, whereas older adults preferred to exercise with others. Additionally, older adults tend to consider peripheral others (e.g., strangers, acquaintances), as a positive rather than a negative influence. Discussion and implications SST provides a framework for exploring age-related shifts in exercise motivation. Additionally, the positivity effect was reflected in how older adults evaluated the influence of peripheral others. Motivational messages could be tailored to increase health behavior changes by focusing on instrumental exercise goals for younger adults and exercise focused on meaningful relationships for older adults.
Persuasion als Beeinflussung von Handlungsentscheidungen

Haben Sie sich nicht schon immer mal gefragt, wie es eigentlich kommt, dass Sie eigentlich nur ein paar Socken oder einen Schal hatten kaufen wollten und dann mit einem neuen Anzug oder Kleid den Laden verliesen? dass Sie sich mit jemandem bei einem romantischen Abendessen in einem schicken Restaurant mit Kerzenlicht und Damast wiederfinden – und sich mit Entsetzen fragen, was um alles in der Welt es Sie ausgerechnet mit dieser Person hierhin verschlagen hat? dass Sie spatabends fluchend und allein im Buro eine Arbeit abschliesen mussen, die nicht zu Ihren Aufgaben gehort und von der Sie eigentlich keine Ahnung haben?
Application of Persistent Object Systems 2

The last session on Thursday dealt with heterogeneity issues in building large persistent object system applications. Two papers were presented, one by David Blakeman on the inter-application communication mechanism in the Feinman system, the other by Jean-Claude Franchitti on the Amalgalme interoperability toolkit.
Measurement of Mammalian Sphingosine‐1‐Phosphate Phosphohydrolase Activity In Vitro and In Vivo

Sphingolipid metabolites have emerged as key players in diverse processes including cell migration, growth, and apoptosis. Ceramide and sphingosine typically inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis, while sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) promotes cell growth, inhibits apoptosis, and induces cell migration. Thus, enzymes that regulate the levels of these sphingolipid metabolites are of critical importance to understanding cell fate. There are two known mammalian isoforms of S1P phosphohydrolases (SPP1 and SPP2) that reversibly degrade S1P to sphingosine. This chapter discusses the importance of SPPs and describes assays that can be used to measure the activity of these two specific S1P phosphohydrolases in cells and cell lysates.
Designing for Participation in Educational Video Games

Designing for Participation (DFP) is a design model for obtaining diverse learning outcomes in innovative learning environments. It fosters participation in social interaction that ensures individual understanding and overall achievement. DFP emerged from assessment-oriented design studies in several environments, including the Quest Atlantis 3D virtual environment. These refinements focused on an ecological science game called Taiga for grades 4–6. This chapter introduces the five general design principles that make up DFP, along with the more specific design principles that emerged across the Taiga refinement cycles. Specific game features are summarized, along with evidence of the impact of those features in the Taiga design studies.
Concurrent Goal Assignment and Collision-Free Trajectory Generation for Multiple Aerial Robots

Abstract We develop computationally tractable methods for concurrent goal assignment and planning of collision-free trajectories for multiple aerial robot systems. Our method first assigns robots to goals to minimize total time-in-motion, assuming straight-line maximum-speed trajectories. By coupling the assignment and trajectory generation, the initial motion plans tend to require only limited collision resolution. We then refine the plans by checking for potential collisions and resolving them using either start time delays or altitude assignment. Numerical experiments using both methods show significant reductions in the total time required for agents to arrive at goals with only modest additional computational effort in comparison to state-of-the-art prior work.
Effect of definitive concurrent therapy with or without surgery on resectable esophageal cancer survival: An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base.

4045Background: Locally advanced resectable esophageal cancers (rEC) are managed either with concurrent chemo-radiation followed by surgery (CRSx) or concurrent chemo-radiation alone (cCR). There i...
The Power of Institutionalized Disciplinarity: Molefi Asante’s Visionary and Pioneering Contributions to African American Studies:

As Temple University’s Department of Africology celebrates the 30th anniversary of its doctoral program, the first of its kind, it is necessary to examine closely the vision and actions of the pers...
Advancing Advanced Process Control in Backend Factories

Frontend semiconductor manufacturing has a long history of using advanced process control (APC) techniques to control chip-manufacturing processes, detect abnormalities inline, and trigger OCAP response for containment and resolution. For example, run-to-run (R2R) process control methodologies have helped fabs improve process capability (Cpk) by an average of 30% per process and increase mature yield by 2% to 4%. Similarly, fault detection (FD) has helped fabs reduce wafer scrap by up to 95% and excursions by up to 80%. While backend semiconductor manufacturing has lagged its frontend counterpart in adopting APC technologies and its operations are different from frontend, the leading-edge problems faced in wafer level packaging processes are similar and can be solved using similar approaches, and the same benefits can be realized. For example, even though their equipment may already have hundreds even thousands of sensors, leading 300mm fabs are adding after-market sensors to their equipment to be able to detect problems that are unseen even with all the many sensors that are shipped with the equipment from the supplier. Whether it is a wafer level packaging facility or legacy technology facility, backend factories share similar challenges where some problems they are facing are not being measured or monitored. The challenge is identifying the problem to be solved, finding a sensor to detect the problem, then installing the sensor and integrating the sensor data collection with context information in a meaningful way. This paper outlines these challenges and describes methodologies to overcome them.
Guess Who’s Coming to the Oscars: Multicultural Breakthroughs in Black Panther and Other Recent Movies

The movie awards for 2018 were dominated by works by and about marginalized people who are underrepresented in contemporary movies. The movies use established forms of superficial, sensational, and...
Effect of strong coupling on photodegradation of the semiconducting polymer P3HT

Photonic structures are commonly designed to manipulate scattered or emitted light. However, in recent years, they were demonstrated to affect a variety of phenomena, including chemical reactions, which lie outside the traditional electrodynamics domain. In this work, we have studied the effect of a Fabry–Perot cavity on the chemical reaction of practical importance—photodegradation of the semiconducting polymer 2,5-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), which is the material of choice in organic photovoltaics. Experimentally, Fabry–Perot cavities, composed of two silver mirrors and filled with P3HT polymer, were photoexposed over tens of hours, and the concentration of the remaining thiophene rings (composing P3HT) was studied as a function of time. It has been found that in the regime of strong coupling with the cavity, characterized by one of the largest values of the Rabi splitting reported in the literature (1.0 eV), the normalized rate of photodegradation is reduced threefold, substantially larger than in the weak coupling regime reported in our recent study. This result adds to the toolbox of strong coupling phenomena and paves the road towards long-range control of chemical reactions and catalysis.
Enhancing Survey Quality: Continuous Data Processing Systems

Producers of large government-sponsored surveys regularly use Computer-Assisted Interviewing (CAI) software to design data collection instruments, monitor fieldwork operations, and evaluate data quality. When used in conjunction with responsive survey designs, last-minute modifications to problems in the field are quickly addressed. Complementing this strategy, but little discussed, is the need to implement similar changes in the post data collection stage of the survey data life cycle. We describe a continuous data processing system where completed interviews are carefully examined as soon as they are collected; editing, recode, and imputation programs are applied using CAI tools; and the results are reviewed to correct problematic cases. The goal: provide higher quality data and shorten the time between the conclusion of data collection and the appearance of public use data files.
Treatment of complex intracranial pathologies with transcirculation endovascular approaches.

Abstract Object The breadth and complexity of neurovascular pathologies treated with endovascular neurosurgery has expanded dramatically in recent years. Many aneurysms remain difficult to treat safely. Transcirculation (contralateral and/or retrograde) approaches through the circle of Willis are useful alternatives for treating challenging lesions endovascularly. Here, we present a series of patients treated with unconventional transcirculation techniques. Methods A total of six patients were treated: four patients with five aneurysms, one patient with an MCA stroke, and one patient with a meningioma requiring preoperative embolization were initially thought not to be amenable to endovascular treatment. The decision was made to treat these patients with transcirculation approaches. All patients were treated by one interventionist. One aneurysm was located in the cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA), one in the vertebral artery, two in the paraclinoid ICA, and one in a cerebellar AVM feeder vessel were treated. Results Five of six patients (83%) made a full neurologic recovery. Three aneurysms were treated to complete occlusion, one aneurysm was left with small residual neck filling, and one aneurysm was not able to be treated. One patient underwent mechanical thrombectomy of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) embolus and MCA filling was restored after treatment. One patient underwent complete embolization of the deep vascular supply of a meningioma. Conclusions Although many neurovascular pathologies remain unsuitable for endovascular treatment, transcirculation approaches can allow for safe, successful treatment of challenging lesions in select patients.
Continuous fluropyrimidine (FP) with platinum (P) based chemotherapy (CT) versus maintenance FP after induction therapy in advanced gastric (G) and gastroesophageal (GE) cancer.

375Background: Combination FP with P CT have become the standard of care for advanced G/GEJ cancer. Clinical trials in conjunction with practice, have adopted induction FP and P CT for 3-4 months (...
Electrified Aviation: Are Motor Drives Ready to Spread Their Wings and Fly?

Aviation is in the early stages of a technological revolution that is leading to progressively increasing levels of electrification of the propulsion systems for aircraft of all types and sizes. This trend is being driven by the increasingly urgent need to dramatically reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of commercial aircraft that are currently responsible for 2.0 to 2.5% of total global annual $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ emissions. State-of-the-art commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 787 and Airbus A380 have taken important initial steps towards achieving significant efficiency improvements by installing much higher power electrical systems to displace conventional hydraulic and pneumatic secondary power systems and to electrify the climate control system (i.e., bleed air elimination).
Alleviation of notalgia paresthetica with duloxetine after several lines offailed treatment: A case report.

Abstract Chronic pruritus affects up to 20% of the population; about 8% of patients suffer from neurogenic pruritus, including notalgia paresthetica (NP). This is a syndrome of benign, chronic itch of the unilateral medial border of the scapula of unknown etiology and limited treatment efficacy. Here we report the background on NP, followed by a classic case presentation of a 63-year-old woman. We report on difficulty in her diagnosis and numerous failed lines of treatment, until initiation of treatment with duloxetine, which provided her with long-lasting benefit for the first time. Delay in diagnosis is common for NP, and though there are many options for treatment, evidence is lacking to support their efficacy. Finding an effective, well-tolerated regimen to alleviate long-term suffering brought on by this syndrome is heavily dependent on early identification. Our case provides anecdotal evidence for both treatment efficacy as well as the etiology of this poorly understood phenomenon.
Alterations of peripheral gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis as a model for inflammation in horses

Abstract While the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation has been well described in the horse, the object of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated intra-articular LPS injections and determine whether this method may be of use to assess changes in gene expression related to inflammation. Six mixed breed horses were utilized for this study, with three horses aged 10−17 years (older group) and three horses aged 3 years (younger group). One milliliter of phosphate-buffered saline containing 3 μg of LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4 was aseptically injected into either the radiocarpal or front fetlock joint a total of four times, with at least two weeks between each injection and a different joint injected each time. Serum for protein concentration quantification and whole blood for expression analysis of 20 different genes were collected before each injection, as well as at multiple times post-injection. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (one-way and two-way) (P
Travelers’ value of protective measures against bed bugs in hotels:

Bed bugs pose a nontrivial threat to the hospitality industry. Hotels often engage in reactive practices to protect their business from further economic loss due to bed bugs although proactive meas...
Segmental structural dynamics in Aβ42 globulomers

Aβ42 aggregation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to the insoluble fibrils that comprise the amyloid plaques, Aβ42 also forms soluble aggregates collectively called oligomers, which are more toxic and pathogenic than fibrils. Understanding the structure and dynamics of Aβ42 oligomers is critical for developing effective therapeutic interventions against these oligomers. Here we studied the structural dynamics of Aβ42 globulomers, a type of Aβ42 oligomers prepared in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, using site-directed spin labeling. Spin labels were introduced, one at a time, at all 42 residue positions of Aβ42 sequence. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of spin-labeled samples reveal four structural segments based on site-dependent spin label mobility pattern. Segment-1 consists of residues 1-6, which have the highest mobility that is consistent with complete disorder. Segment-3 is the most immobilized region, including residues 31-34. Segment-2 and -4 have intermediate mobility and are composed of residues 7-30 and 35-42, respectively. Considering the inverse relationship between protein dynamics and stability, our results suggest that residues 31-34 are the most stable segment in Aβ42 oligomers. At the same time, the EPR spectral lineshape suggests that Aβ42 globulomers lack a well-packed structural core akin to that of globular proteins.
Ultrasound Guided Interventions

The use of ultrasound for procedural guidance has been around for nearly as long as the imaging modality has existed. The benefits of real time imaging without ionizing radiation offers tremendous advantages over other modalities and evolution of ultrasound techniques and equipment has only further improved the scope and effectiveness of performing ultrasound guided interventions. This chapter will discuss an array of procedures that are currently in practice with ultrasound guidance as well as related practical tools and tips.
Ab-initio simulation studies of chromium solvation in molten fluoride salts

Abstract Understanding molten salt chemistry is essential in ongoing research of the molten salt nuclear reactor (MSR). In this context, detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying selective oxidation of metal species, such as Cr, is required to guide the design of effective corrosion mitigation strategies in molten salts. An important starting point for such mechanistic understanding is knowledge of the solvation structure and its role in controlling metal speciation. In this work, we use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the short-range (on the scale of the nearest-neighbor bond lengths) and medium-range (over length scales of several neighbor spacings) structure in three different fluoride melts with and without Cr addition; namely, 2KF-NaF, 2LiF- BeF 2 , and 3 LiF - AlF 3 . We find that Cr 0 , Cr 2 + , Cr 3 + can each be coordinated by different numbers of F - , with the variance in coordination number decreasing as oxidation state increases, and that these coordination geometries are largely independent of solvent. The manner by which Cr changes the medium-range structure, however, is found to be solvent-dependent. While 2KF-NaF melts show short and medium range order that is highly dynamic, 2LiF- BeF 2 and 3 LiF - AlF 3 are characterized by molecular associates that are relatively long-lived that organize into oligomer structures on larger length scales. Rather than being solvated by F - ions alone, we find that Cr can incorporate into and be solvated within this oligomer structure. Fluoroacidity, alone, may therefore prove too simple a metric for assessing the corrosivity of molten fluorides. As our work suggests, the ability of Cr to solvate must be understood in the context of the short- and medium-range structure of the solvent.
The Cancer Prevention Study-3 FFQ Is a Reliable and Valid Measure of Nutrient Intakes among Racial/Ethnic Subgroups, Compared with 24-Hour Recalls and Biomarkers.

Background Valid assessment of dietary intake in diverse populations is important for studies of chronic disease risk in the United States. Objectives We evaluated the reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) modified for the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study-3 (CPS-3) prospective cohort, among a racially/ethnically diverse subgroup. Methods The Diet Assessment Substudy included 677 CPS-3 participants (64% women; 61% non-Hispanic white, 24% non-Hispanic black, 15% Hispanic), aged 31-70 y, who completed 2 FFQs 1 y apart (FFQ1, FFQ2), 4-6 telephone-administered 24-h dietary recalls (24HRs), and 2 fasting blood samples and 24-h urine collections ∼6 mo apart in the interim. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (ρ) were used to evaluate FFQ reproducibility and validity compared with 24HRs for 67 nutrient exposures. For 18 of these nutrients, we used the method of triads to calculate validity coefficients (VCs, ρ) from pairwise correlations of FFQ2, 24HRs, and biomarkers. Analyses were stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, education, and BMI. Results Mean (range) FFQ reproducibility correlations were ρ = 0.65 (0.50-0.91) for men and ρ = 0.63 (0.37-0.89) for women; mean (range) energy-adjusted, deattenuated correlations of FFQ2 with 24HRs were ρ = 0.60 (0.33-0.84) for men and ρ = 0.55 (0.21-0.79) for women. FFQ2 VCs (ρ) among men ranged from 0.42 for β-cryptoxanthin to 0.91 for omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and, among women, from 0.41 for sodium to 0.79 for total vitamin D. Mean FFQ reproducibility and validity were highest among whites (ρ = 0.68, ρ = 0.58, respectively) and slightly lower among blacks (ρ = 0.57, ρ = 0.49, respectively) and Hispanics (ρ = 0.59, 0.55, respectively). FFQ reproducibility and validity were slightly lower among those with less than a 4-y college degree, and those with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Conclusions Reproducibility and validity of the CPS-3 FFQ were comparable with similar studies for most nutrients, among all subgroups. These findings support future dietary analyses in the contemporary CPS-3 cohort and other similar cohorts.
Stiles, Walter Stanley 1901–1985

Walter Stanley Stiles, OBE, FRS, was a physicist and mathematician who made significant contributions to the field of colorimetry and visual science. He was born on June 15, 1901, in London to Elizabeth Catherine and Walter Stiles, and due to the abundance of this family forename, W. S. Stiles was known as “Stanley” throughout his life to family and friends. His mother died in 1919 from a ruptured appendix at the age of 42, and his father retired from the Metropolitan Police in 1920 as a Superintendent at the age of 54 [1]. Stanley Stiles died on December 15, 1985, at his home in Richmond, Surrey.
Isolated intracranial hemorrhage in elderly patients with pre-injury anticoagulation: is full trauma team activation necessary?

ABSTRACT Background Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly morbid injury, particularly among elderly patients on preinjury anticoagulants (AC). Many trauma centers initiate full trauma team activation (FTTA) for these high-risk patients. We sought to determine if FTTA was superior compared with those who were evaluated as a trauma consultation (CON). Methods Patients aged ≥55 on preinjury AC who presented from January 2015 to December 2019 with blunt isolated head injury (non-head AIS ≤2) and confirmed ICH were identified. CON patients and FTTA patients were matched by age and head AIS. Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess patient and injury characteristics with mortality and survivor discharge disposition. Reasults There were 45 CON patients and 45 FTTA patients. Mean age was 80 years in both groups. Fall was the most common mechanism (98% CON vs. 92% FTTA). Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was lower in FTTA (14 vs. 15, p Conclusion There was no difference in mortality or adverse discharge disposition between FTTA and CON, although FTTA was associated with a more rapid evaluation and diagnosis. Any alteration in GCS was strongly associated with mortality and should prompt evaluation by FTTA.
Semen characteristics and libido in boars treated repeatedly with PGF2alpha.

The objective was to determine the effects of repeated injections of PGF2alpha (Lutalyse; Pfizer) on semen and libido characteristics in terminal-line boars. Semen was collected once weekly from wk 0 to 15 and on four consecutive days during wk 16. Boars received an i.m. injection of 10 mg of PGF2alpha (n = 11) or 2 mL of vehicle (n = 11) immediately before entering the collection room. For the weekly collections, semen volume (220.3 +/- 3.2 mL; mean +/- SE), gel weight (38.7 +/- 0.7 g), total sperm cells (65.4 +/- 1.2 billion), motile sperm cells (67.4 +/- 0.6 %), and sperm velocity (125.9 +/- 1.2 microm/s), were affected by time (P 0.10). Sperm concentration (0.31 +/- 0.01 billion/mL) was not affected (P > 0.10) by time or treatment. The percentage of morphologically normal sperm cells, assessed at wk 16, did not differ (P = 0.39) between groups (80.8 +/- 1.0). Libido was evaluated from wk 0 to 16. There were no effects of treatment or time (P > 0.10) on the period from injection to the start of ejaculation (225.6 +/- 9.1 s). Duration of ejaculation was affected by treatment (P 0.10). The period from injection to the start of ejaculation tended to decrease (by 44%) during the intensive collection period in PGF2alpha-treated boars, but not in controls (treatment x time, P = 0.07). Regardless, the period from injection to the start of ejaculation did not differ (P = 0.63) between groups on d 4 of the intensive collection period. Duration of ejaculation was affected by treatment (P 0.10). Overall, there were no exceptional positive or negative effects of long-term treatment with PGF2alpha on semen characteristics and libido in boars.
Misconceptions in CIS education

Prior knowledge can interfere with new learning. This is due to different contextual uses for the same symbols. Some preconceptions that can lead to misconceptions are the equal symbol (assign value vs compare) and the addition symbol (addition vs concatenation). Computer mathematics has differences from Algebraic mathematics. A solution to these misconceptions is to develop mental models for these new conceptions. A stress on the new context and computer architecture will help show the differences between computer programming concepts and mathematical concepts.
MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Disease

MicroRNAs are recently discovered group of small noncoding RNAs (ribonucleic acids) which have been demonstrated to repress the expression of protein-coding genes in multiple biological processes. Rapid expansion of studies has begun to reveal roles for miRNAs in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis as well as in human diseases, such as cancer. miRNAs are expressed in the developing and adult heart, and dysregulated miRNA expression has been correlated with cardiovascular disorders. Genetic studies have identified distinct roles for specific miRNAs during cardiovascular development and cardiomyopathy. In addition, miRNAs have been shown to be necessary for normal development and physiological homeostasis. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of the molecular mechanisms and processes that miRNAs modulate within the multifaceted processes of cardiovascular development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Key Concepts: miRNAs are noncoding small RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. miRNAs are abundantly expressed in most organisms. A single miRNA may potentially repress hundreds of target genes. miRNA expression is altered in cardiovascular diseases. miRNAs modulate gene expression during normal cardiovascular development and in pathophysiological conditions. Gain- and lost-of-function studies indicate that miRNAs are key regulators of cardiovascular system homeostasis in responding to stress. Keywords: microRNA; gene expression; heart development; myocardium; cardiac remodelling; vascular smooth muscle cell; endothelium; vasculogenesis; angiogenesis; cardiovascular disease
Cant We All Use An Angel

Educational institutions are looking for ways to reach students in a better manner, in the face of increased competition, shifting demographics and tighter budgets. Offering online courses is one of the ways this problem has been approached. As the internet has become integral to our everyday lives, web-based educational course management systems have become more common and more sophisticated. Blackboard, Webct, and ANGEL are three popular ones. The focal point of them is to aid instructors develop important learning experiences and improve learning outcomes They help to promote communication among and between students, support curriculum, assessments and surveys, facilitate team learning and group effort and feedback . This paper will help instructors and instructional designers who are considering course management systems. Results of the study show how one system provides users with superior results.
Low-Cost Solar Array Progress and Plans

The Flat-Plate Solar Array Project (FSA), sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has achieved considerable technical progress since that reported at the Third European Communities Conference. The basic technological direction has also changed since then. Progress in the areas of silicon feedstock refinement; large-area sheet formation; flat-plate module process sequence development, and engineering and environmental testing are discussed here in the context of a revised thrust developed by DOE toward higher-risk, longer-term-payoff work that emphasizes the assumption of technological risks that industrial firms are not likely to finance in the effort to develop reliable, low-cost photovoltaic modules.
Work system factors influencing physicians’ screen sharing behaviors in primary care encounters

Abstract Objective While the use of electronic health records (EHRs) in primary care has increased dramatically, its potential benefits need to be considered in light of potential negative impacts on physician–patient interactions and the increase in physician cognitive workload. This study aims to understand work system factors contributing to physicians' use of the EHR as a communication tool during primary-care encounters. Methods We interviewed 14 primary care physicians on their use of EHRs as a communication tool in patient visits. A qualitative content analysis guided by the work system model identified factors influencing physicians' decisions to share or not share the computer screen with their patients. Results The analysis revealed 26 factors that influenced physicians' decisions to share the screen, most related to the "task" (reviewing lab records), "tools and technology" (using algorithm calculators for risk prediction), or "individual" (patient interest) elements of the work system. The analysis revealed 15 factors that influenced physicians' decisions not to share the screen, most related to the "individual" (patient's acute pain), "organization" (insufficient time), or "task" (documenting embarrassing information) elements of the work system. Conclusion Eleven physicians made individual decisions to share or not to share the screen in a particular visit based on work-system related factors. Three doctors always shared the screen, based on the idea that it is polite and builds trust. However, several physicians also reported that it was time consuming and caused unnecessary distractions. Understanding these factors is essential to effective EHR redesign and training for improving physician–patient communication.
Gap junctions in olfactory neurons modulate olfactory sensitivity

Background One of the fundamental questions in olfaction is whether olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) behave as independent entities within the olfactory epithelium. On the basis that mature ORNs express multiple connexins, I postulated that gap junctional communication modulates olfactory responses in the periphery and that disruption of gap junctions in ORNs reduces olfactory sensitivity. The data collected from characterizing connexin 43 (Cx43) dominant negative transgenic mice OlfDNCX, and from calcium imaging of wild type mice (WT) support my hypothesis.
A method for simultaneous nuclear immunofluorescence and DNA content quantitation using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry

A preparative technique for the two-parameter flow cytometric study of nuclear antigen expression is reported. This method employs a brief sequential treatment of cells at 4 degrees C first with 0.5% paraformaldehyde and second with 0.1% Triton X-100 in phosphate-buffered saline followed by cellular staining with indirect immunofluorescence and propidium iodide. Using this technique, cellular morphology is preserved, cell clumping is minimized, and high-quality indirect immunofluorescence and DNA staining are obtained with a minimum of nonspecific labeling. Utilizing nuclear antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with this technique, the cell-cycle phase-dependent expression of such antigens is examined. From these data, the utility of two-parameter flow cytometry in the identification and quantification of cell-cycle-dependent modulation of nuclear antigens is discussed.
Validation of CERES instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites

A comparison of unfiltered radiances measured by CERES instruments (FM1 and FM4) operating on two different platforms, Terra and Aqua satellites, is presented. Data for the comparison were collected at orbital crossings in July and August 2002. Using a special scanning mode, viewing geometries of the instruments were matched to provide a large data set for comparing all three channels. In addition, the data collected over Greenland were used for a more stringent test of the consistency of the shortwave radiances. Statistics include different scene types and α tests on compiled averages.
Acoustic-phonetic representations in word recognition.

This paper reviews what is currently known about the sensory and perceptual input that is made available to the word recognition system by processes typically assumed to be related to speech sound perception. In the first section, we discuss several of the major problems that speech researchers have tried to deal with over the last thirty years. In the second section, we consider one attempt to conceptualize the speech perception process within a theoretical framework that equates processing stages with levels of linguistic analysis. This framework assumes that speech is processed through a series of analytic stages ranging from peripheral auditory processing, acoustic-phonetic and phonological analysis, to word recognition and lexical access. Finally, in the last section, we consider several recent approaches to spoken word recognition and lexical access. We examine a number of claims surrounding the nature of the bottom-up input assumed by these models, postulated perceptual units, and the interaction of different knowledge sources in auditory word recognition. An additional goal of this paper was to establish the need to employ segmental representations in spoken word recognition.
Computers on the College Rodeo Circuit

Leaping from the saddle of a speeding horse onto a 500-pound steer and wrestling it to the ground may seem to have little to do with science or computers. Yet "bulldogging," as this event is known, as well as the sport of rodeo as a whole, depends increasingly on computer techniques. Today's rodeo athletes learn their skills in high school and college rodeos, and they perfect their abilities in private schools taught by specialists. Even the events in which these serious riders and ropers compete are likely to be scheduled, scored, and administered by computer.
N'-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene: the principal mutagen produced from N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by a mammalian supernatant enzyme preparation.

Summary A Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 culture system was used to monitor the production of mutagen from N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by soluble liver enzymes. When benzene was used to extract the mutagen, no mutagenic activity remained in the liver enzyme preparation. The benzene extract contained approximately two-thirds of the total mutagenic activity produced by the liver enzyme preparation. Using thin layer and column chromatography to analyze the benzene extract, we deduced that N -hydroxy-2-aminofluorene accounted for the mutagenic activity which resulted from the incubation of N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with soluble liver enzymes.
The comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the tentorium cerebelli.

The morphology of the tentorium cerebelli was investigated in representatives of the chordata. A tentorium cerebelli characterized birds and mammals but was regularly absent in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. The data suggest that the tentorium cerebelli emerged relatively late in phylogeny as bilateral folds of dura mater on either side of the brainstem in the cerebro-cerebellar fissure. Subsequent evolution was characterized by the union of these septa behind the brainstem and by a progressive lengthening of the straight sinus. Tentorial ossification distinguished a further evolutionary step in some mammalian lines. The inferred evolutionary pattern of the tentorium cerebelli resembles the successive stages which the human tentorium undergoes during ontogeny.
Pitfalls associated with commonly used methods for pharmacoeconomic analyses

Demonstrating the economic value of treatment has become an important objective of many clinical trials. Awareness of the limitations of the methods used in pharmacoeconomic studies of infectious diseases will help in understanding why improved methods are needed to adequately describe the costs associated with infectious episodes. Current analyses generally consider three levels of cost and use three methods to determine costs associated with an infectious episode. However, these costs and the methods for obtaining them may not be appropriate in all studies. Future pharmacoeconomic research needs to adhere to established principles but embrace new methodologies to improve the validity and usefulness of these studies.
Cost-effectiveness of infertility treatments: a cohort study

Abstract Objective : To determine the cost-effectiveness of infertility treatments. Design : Retrospective cohort study. Setting : Academic medical center infertility practice. Patient(s) : All patients treated for infertility in a 1-year time span. Intervention(s) : Intrauterine inseminations, clomiphene citrate and IUI (CC-IUI), hMG and IUI (hMG-IUI), assisted reproductive techniques (ART), and neosalpingostomy by laparotomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) : All medical charges and pregnancy outcomes associated with the treatments were obtained. Cost-effectiveness ratios defined as cost per delivery were determined for each procedure. The effects of a woman's age and the number of spermatozoa inseminated on cost-effectiveness of the procedures was also determined. Result(s) : Intrauterine inseminations, CC-IUI, and hMG-IUI have a similar cost per delivery of between $7,800 and $10,300. All of these were more cost-effective than ART, which had a cost per delivery of $37,000. Assisted reproductive techniques in women with blocked fallopian tubes was more cost-effective than tubal surgery performed by laparotomy, which had a cost per delivery of $76,000. Increasing age in women and lower numbers of spermatozoa inseminated were factors leading to higher costs per delivery for IUI, CC-IUI, hMG-IUI, and ART. Use of donor oocytes reduced the cost per delivery of older women to the range seen in younger women with ART. Conclusion(s) : Our analysis supports, in general, the use of IUI, CC-IUI, and hMG-IUI before ART in women with open fallopian tubes. For women with blocked fallopian tubes, IVFET appears to be the best treatment from a cost-effectiveness standpoint.
Lithographically Patterned Gold/Manganese Dioxide Core/Shell Nanowires for High Capacity, High Rate, and High Cyclability Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage

We describe the fabrication of arrays of nanowires on glass in which a gold core nanowire is encapsulated within a hemicylindrical shell of manganese dioxide. Arrays of linear gold (Au) nanowires are first prepared on glass using the lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) method. These Au nanowires have a rectangular cross-section with a width and height of ≈200 and 40 nm, respectively, and lengths in the 1 mm to 1 cm range. Au nanowires are then used to deposit MnO2 by potentiostatic electrooxidation from Mn2+ solution, forming a conformal, hemicylindrical shell with a controllable diameter ranging from 50 to 300 nm surrounding each Au nanowire. This MnO2 shell is δ-phase and mesoporous, as revealed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals that the MnO2 shell is mesoporous (mp-MnO2), consisting of a network of ≈2 nm fibrils. The specific capacitance, Csp, of arrays of gold:mp-MnO2 nanowires is measured using cyclic voltamme...
Weight loss and morphology changes of electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) yarns during in vitro degradation

In this study, the in vitro degradation of yarns made from PCL electrospun fibers containing various concentrations of ampicillin sodium salt was investigated. PCL fibers were electrospun and collected as well-aligned fiber bundles and then twisted into yarns. Yarn weight loss, morphology changes in the yarns, and morphology changes in the fiber microstructure with degradation were evaluated. Results showed that the electrospun PCL yarns degraded slowly with a weight loss less than 3 % in 12 weeks. The addition of various concentrations of ampicillin salt increased the degradation rate slightly. The morphological changes observed in fiber microstructure suggested that the degradation underwent bulk erosion and the degradation began with the amorphous regions. Revealed by the fiber morphological changes with degradation, the microstructure of electrospun PCL fibers followed the fringed fibril fiber model. The fiber arrangement in the yarn was impaired by the in vitro degradation environment as well.
The role of caldesmon in the regulation of endothelial cytoskeleton and migration

The actin- and myosin-binding protein, caldesmon (CaD) is an essential component of the cytoskeleton in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells and is involved in the regulation of cell contractility, division, and assembly of actin filaments. CaD is abundantly present in endothelial cells (EC); however, the contribution of CaD in endothelial cytoskeletal arrangement is unclear. To examine this contribution, we generated expression constructs of l-CaD cloned from bovine endothelium. Wild-type CaD (WT-CaD) and truncated mutants lacking either the N-terminal myosin-binding site or the C-terminal domain 4b (containing actin- and calmodulin-binding sites) were transfected into human pulmonary artery EC. Cell fractionation experiments and an actin overlay assay demonstrated that deleting domain 4b, but not the N-terminal myosin-binding site, resulted in decreased affinity to both the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton and soluble actin. Recombinant WT-CaD co-localized with acto-myosin filaments in vivo, but neither of CaD mutants did. Thus both domain 4b and the myosin-binding site are essential for proper localization of CaD in EC. Overexpression of WT-CaD led to cell rounding and formation of a thick peripheral subcortical actin rim in quiescent EC, which correlated with decreased cellular migration. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not ERK MAPK, caused disassembly of this peripheral actin rim in CaD-transfected cells and decreased CaD phosphorylation at Ser531 (Ser789 in human h-CaD). These results suggest that CaD is critically involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and migration in EC, and that p38 MAPK-mediated CaD phosphorylation may be involved in endothelial cytoskeletal remodeling. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metal Encapsulating Carbon Nanostructures from Oligoalkyne Metal Complexes

Carbon nanotubes, onions, and related closed-shell carbon particles have commanded extensive recent attention because of their potential applications as unique electronic, magnetic, and mechanically robust materials. When filled with metals, such nanocapsules have additional promise as magnetic particles, contrasting agents, protecting cloaks, and catalysts and in other applications. Among the various methods for their preparation, the transition metal (especially Fe, Co, and Ni) catalyzed pyrolysis of small organic molecules has shown promise for larger scale production and in structural control. While the use of organometallic complexes as solid catalyst precursors or copyrolytic gaseous ingredients has been reported, all of these studies have been limited to gas-phase experiments at relatively high temperatures. There is very little literature that deals with the organic solid-state generation of carbon nanotubes. The latter suffers from extreme conditions, poor yields, or not readily modifiable starting materials. Development of synthetic organic approaches to closed shell large carbon structures is desirable but in its infancy. Here the authors present a significant step in its progress.
High mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation (<90%) without typical features of Leigh's and NARP syndromes.

Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome and maternally inherited Leigh's syndrome have been associated with T8993G point mutations in the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase 6 gene. Typically, NARP syndrome is characterized by developmental delay, seizures, dementia, retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, sensory neuropathy, and proximal weakness. Usually, there is a correlation between the percentage of mutated mitochondrial DNA and clinical severity, and when mutated mitochondrial DNA is > 90%, it is often seen with Leigh's syndrome. We now report a family with mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation in eight living members, five with mutant mitochondrial DNA >90% and one with 20% mutant mitochondrial DNA. However, their clinical features include variable combinations of seizures, behavior problems, learning disability, mental retardation, sensorineural deafness, cerebellar ataxia, and proximal muscle weakness. No retinitis pigmentosa was found in all eight living members, including a 56-year-o...
Comprehensive Medical Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is highly prevalent and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The medical management of PAD involves a comprehensive approach to the patient with emphasis on cardiovascular risk factor modification in addition to therapies directed at treatment of limb symptoms. This manuscript will review the current status of medical therapy in management of patients with PAD.