cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on existence and construction of invariant loss functions

In a statistical decision problem, if the model is invariant under a transformation group, it is desirable or even compelling to apply equivariance for choosing a decision rule. However, formal equivariance also requires an invariant loss function. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of invariant loss functions, and characterize all invariant loss functions, when the condition is satisfied. Analogous results for the more general case, where the quantity of inferential interest depends also on the observed data, are presented. We also discuss connections among our results and the equivariance literature and present some illustrative examples.
Nanoimprint lithography based selective area growth of indium phosphide nanopillar arrays on non-single-crystal templates

Abstract Selective area growth (SAG) of single crystalline indium phosphide (InP) nanopillars was demonstrated on an array of template segments composed of a stack of gold and amorphous silicon. The template segments were patterned by UV nanoimprint lithography on a silicon substrate covered with a natural oxide, and the SAG was achieved by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Our SAG is different from conventional SAG in one critical aspect. In our SAG, growth of InP takes place selectively on a pre-defined array of template segments made of non-single crystal materials on a foreign substrate. The grown InP nanopillars were studied for their structural, chemical and optical properties. The new SAG process is not limited to the specific materials such as InP nanopillars and silicon substrate used in this demonstration; our approach enables flexible and scalable nanofabrication using industrially proven tools and a wide range of semiconductors on various non-semiconductor substrates.
Synapse Specificity of Calcium Release Probed by Chemical Two-photon Uncaging of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate

Biological messengers can be "caged" by adding a single photosensitive group that can be photolyzed by a light flash to achieve spatially and temporally precise biochemical control. Here we report that photolysis of a double-caged form of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) triggers focal calcium release in Purkinje cell somata, dendrites, and spines as measured by two-photon microscopy. In calbindin knock-out Purkinje cells, peak calcium increased with flash energy with higher cooperativity for double-caged IP3 than for conventional single-caged IP3, consistent with a chemical two-photon effect. Spine photolysis of double-caged IP3 led to local calcium release. Uncaging of glycerophosphoryl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (gPIP2), a poorly metabolizable IP3 analog, led to less well localized release. Thus, IP3 breakdown is necessary for spine-specificity. IP3- and gPIP2-evoked signals declined from peak with similar, slow time courses, indicating that release lasts hundreds of milliseconds and is terminated not by IP3 degradation but by intrinsic receptor dynamics. Based on measurements of spine-dendrite coupling, IP3-evoked calcium signals are expected to be at least 2.4-fold larger in their spine of origin than in nearby spines, allowing IP3 to act as a synapse-specific second messenger. Unexpectedly, single-caged IP3 led to less release in somata and was ineffective in dendrites and spines. Calcium release using caged gPIP2 was inhibited by the addition of single-caged IP3, suggesting that single-caged IP3 is an antagonist of calcium release. Caging at multiple sites may be an effective general approach to reducing residual receptor interaction.
A case of left main coronary artery embolus further embolising to the left anterior descending artery

Coronary embolism is an uncommon cause of myocardial infarction. The usual source of a coronary embolus is an intracardiac thrombus or vegetation. Embolisation to the left main coronary artery is an extremely rare event and is usually fatal. We present a case of a 38-year-old woman with embolisation to the left main coronary artery which further embolised distally to the left anterior descending artery leading to a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. The non-occlusive nature of the left main coronary artery embolus might have led to a favourable prognosis in our patient.
Isolation and sequencing of mouse angiogenin DNA

The mouse genomic DNA for angiogenin, a potent blood vessel inducing protein, has been isolated from a bacteriophage library using the human angiogenin gene as a probe. The 1129 bp fragment contains 499 bp in the 5' flanking region, 192 bp in the 3' flanking region, and 438 bp coding for the mature protein (121 amino acids) and signal peptide (24 amino acids). Potential TATA box and AATAAA polyadenylation sequences are present, and a consensus sequence for an intron 3' boundary occurs 16 bp upstream of the Met-(24) codon, suggesting the presence of an intron in the 5' region. The protein sequence inferred from the DNA is 76% identical to that of human angiogenin, and matches the sequences obtained previously from tryptic peptides of a serum-derived mouse angiogenin. The critical catalytic residues of human angiogenin are conserved in the mouse protein, as are the six cysteines necessary for disulfide bond formation.
Chelation therapy in β-thalassemia major. III. The role of splenectomy in achieving iron balance

Transfusion requirements for 1978 were compiled for 79 patients with thalassemia major (ages 1 to 29 years) who were maintained at hemoglobin concentrations of >10 gm/dl. In 46 patients with intact spleens, the mean transfusion requirement was 258 ml/kg/year, and there was a clear increase with age. The transfusion history prior to 1978 had no influence on the increase of transfusion requirement with age. In contrast, in 33 splenectomized patients, the mean transfusion requirement was 203 ml/kg/year and it did not increase with age. Urinary iron excretion in response to deferoxamine increased with age, with no obvious difference between splenectomized and nonsplenectomized patients. The ability to achieve iron balance with a daily dose of 20 mg/kg of deferoxamine was a function of the transfusion requirement: splenectomized patients with lower blood requirements generally achieved negative iron balance, whereas nonsplenectomized patients did not. We conclude that the spleen should be removed when the transfusion requirement exceeds 250 ml/kg/year, which usually occurs between 6 and 8 years of age. In young patients with intact spleens, a higher dose of deferoxamine may be used in order to prevent hemosiderosis.
The nature of the biochemical lesion in avian renal riboflavinuria, IV. Comparison of the riboflavin-binding protein from homozygous (RdRd) and heterozygous (Rdrd) white leghorn albumen☆

1. 1. Homogeneous ribofiavin-binding proteins were isolated from the albumen of eggs from homozygous normal (RdRd) single-comb White Leghorn hens and from a strain of hens heterozygous (Rdrd) for the recessive riboflavin allele (rdrd) using identical DEAE adsorption, ammonium sulphate precipitation, and cellulose separation techniques. Protein recoveries were in the expected ratio of 2(RdRd): 1(Rdrd). The altered (rdrd) protein was not recovered by use of the methods applicable to eggs of the first two strains. 2. 2. The riboflavin-binding proteins recovered from RdRd and Rdrd eggs were identical in amino-acid composition, peptide finger-print from tryptic and chymotryptic digests, carbohydrate content, electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight and immunogenic specificity to RdRd rabbit antiserum. 3. 3. Evidence was obtained for the existence of a component in the rdrd egg albumen which is weakly antigenic to the RdRd specific antiserum.
Optical thickness of the transition layer between transparent media

Given the amplitude, phase, and polarized orientation of a beam of light incident upon the reflecting surface of a transparent body, what is the amplitude, phase, and orientation of the reflected beam ? Solution of this problem was first achieved by Fresnel (1821), based on the elastic solid theory of the ether. His particular assumption which most interests us here is that the surface of the reflecting body was taken as a mathematically sharp boundary at which there is an abrupt change of conditions.
BCR-induced superoxide negatively regulates B-cell proliferation and T-cell-independent type 2 Ab responses

Superoxide and its derivatives have been implicated as secondary messenger molecules that influence signaling cascades in non-phagocytes. B lymphocytes produce superoxide after BCR ligation. We found that these reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate B cell signaling and entry into the cell cycle. B cells from mice deficient in the gp91phox subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex are unable to generate ROS after BCR ligation. However, after BCR stimulation, more gp91phox KO B cells enter the G1 stage of the cell cycle and proliferate than WT B cells. BCR ligation leads to a more rapid decrease in p27Kip1 levels in gp91phox KO B cells. Gp91phox KO mice display enhanced TI-2, but normal T-dependent antibody responses. ROS-dependent regulation of BCR-induced proliferation may help modulate the size of the humoral response to T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) Ag immunization.
Accounting for wildlife life‐history strategies when modeling stochastic density‐dependent populations: A review

This article briefly reviews and provides discussion on the evidence for, and nature of, density-dependence patterns in r and K-selected species. In this review, I discuss how life-history strategies cause different nonlinear density-dependence patterns and I provide a simple modeling recommendation to incorporate nonlinear density dependence in population growth equations. Second, I discuss the importance of incorporation of environmental stochasticity and local extinction associated with nonlinear density dependence associated with life-history patterns through a novel modeling exercise. Last, I discuss the importance of considering how life-history nonlinear density dependence could affect optimal harvest yields. Though these topics are extensive, this review should spur wildlife biologists and managers to consider more inclusive population models that incorporate life-history strategies and stochasticity in their decision-making processes. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Stem cell transplantation: Current and prospective therapies to treat leukaemia

Stem cell therapies represent an important treatment option for leukemia patients, even with the expanding role of modern chemotherapies like tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Despite their strong curative potential, the use of hematopoietic stem cells carries a significant associated morbidity and mortality and is limited by the need to find an appropriately matched donor. While new stem cell sources like peripheral and umbilical cord blood (UCB) have increased the number of eligible patients, these therapies carry their own risks such as increased incidences of transplant related mortality with UCB. In this paper, we compare the effective outcomes of current stem cell therapies and their implications for use. Additionally, we also review the literature on emerging therapies like reduced intensity conditioning and donor lymphocyte infusion, and consider developing approaches like the use of mesenchymal stem cells and sex steroid ablation. Finally, we look at the potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells and spermatogonial stem cells combined with gene correction as a future source of autologous stem cells for leukemia therapy.
Studies of alveolar-mixed venous CO2 and O2 gradients in the rebreathing dog lung☆

Abstract Measurements were made of PCO2 and PO2 in alveolar gas of dog lungs rebreathing in situ and in the pulmonary arterial blood. The PCO2 in alveolar gas was almost always found to be higher than that of the blood under a variety of experimental conditions. The Po2 was also usually higher in alveolar gas than in blood, but less consistently than in the case of CO2. The magnitude of the observed gradients showed no consistent relationship to duration of experiment or rate of blood flow through the lung. Respiratory acidosis increased the CO2 gradient, but reduced that for O2. Inhibition of blood carbonic anhydrase enhanced the CO2 gradient. When normalized with respect to plasma bicarbonate concentration, the CO2 gradient is inversely related to plasma pH. No definitive explanation is offered for these observations.
Modulation of bone marrow heme and protein synthesis by trace elements

Abstract We examined the effect of heavy metals and trace elements, such as Cu, Au, Cd, Zn, and Pb, on heme synthetic and degradatory enzymes in rat bone marrow suspensions. Cu, Cd, and Au, at a low concentration of 5 × 10−6 m , inhibited δ-aminolevulinic acid (δALA) dehydratase by 61, 47, and 47% respectively. A similar concentration of Zn did not inhibit the enzyme activity and, in fact, was able to protect against Au and Pb inhibition in the normal marrow. Cd was unable to recover any of the enzyme activity and, in fact, caused further inhibition. We determined the rate of cellular protein synthesis by measuring the rate of incorporation of radiolabeled precursor [14C]leucine. Cu and Au, at a concentration of 10−5 m , inhibited leucine incorporation into marrow globin and nonglobin protein by 26 and 34%, respectively. Substantially higher concentrations of Zn, as well as Fe, were required to inhibit leucine incorporation into protein. These studies led us to postulate that the inhibition of δALA dehydratase by heavy metals was directly related to the inhibition of heme and protein synthesis in the bone marrow cell suspensions. No evidence of a significant change in heme oxygenase activity in vitro was observed after treatment with any of the heavy metals or trace elements used. These results suggest that trace elements by themselves or in a combination reduce the capacity of the erythroid cell to synthesize heme, the prosthetic group of many hemoproteins. In addition, we have shown that in an iron-overloaded rat the bone marrow contains approximately 45% more heme oxygenase activity than that of the control. Administration of Au alone did not increase heme degradation, but the combination of Fe and Au resulted in a marked induction of heme oxygenase. Finally, for the first time we were able to demonstrate that excess iron and/or decreased Zn concentration may predispose δALA dehydratase to inhibition by an interaction with other metals, such as Pb, by an undefined mechanism(s).
Beta-Lactam Hypersensitivity and Cross-Reactivity:

Penicillin is the most frequently reported cause of drug allergy, and cross-reactivity of penicillins with other beta-lactam antibiotics is an area of debate. This review evaluates the available data on immunoglobulin E-mediated penicillin hypersensitivity and cross-reactivity with cephalosporin, carbapenem, and monobactam antibiotics. A MEDLINE search was conducted from 1950 to October 2013, and selected references from review articles were also evaluated. There is a wide variety in reported incidences of cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins or carbapenems, with early retrospective studies suggesting up to 41.7% and 47.4% cross-reactivity, respectively. Conversely, the use of monobactam antibiotics is frequently employed in the case of a penicillin allergy, as prescribers believe that there is no cross-reactivity between the 2 drug classes. More recent prospective studies suggest that the rates of cross-reactivity with cephalosporins and carbapenems are <5% and <1%, respectively. Similarities in penicillin and cephalosporin side chains may play a role in cross-reactivity between these classes. Cross-reactivity with monobactams is essentially negligible; however, there are some clinical data to support an interaction between ceftazidime and aztreonam, due to the similarity of their side chains. The data reviewed suggest that avoidance of other beta-lactams in patients with type 1 hypersensitivity to penicillins should be reconsidered.
Three-Dimensional Model of Lesion Geometry for Evaluation of MR-Guided Thermal Ablation Therapy

Abstract Rationale and Objectives High-radiofrequency energy is used clinically to ablate pathologic tissue with interventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. For many tissues, resulting lesions have a characteristic appearance on contrast-enhanced T1- and T2-weighted MR images, with two boundaries enclosing an inner hypointense region and an outer hyperintense margin. Geometric modeling of three-dimensional thermal lesions in animal experiments and patient treatments would improve analyses and visualization. Materials and Methods The authors created a model with two quadric surfaces and 12 parameters to describe both lesion surfaces. Parameters were estimated with iterative optimization to minimize the sum of the squared shortest distances from segmented points to the model surface. The authors validated the estimation process with digital lesion phantoms that simulated varying levels of segmentation error and missing surface information. They also applied their method to in vivo images of lesions in a rabbit model. Results For simulated phantom lesions, the lesion geometry was accurate despite manual segmentation error and incomplete surface data. Even when 50% of the surface was missing, the median error was less than 0.5 mm. For all in vivo lesions, the median distance from the model surface to data was no more than 0.58 mm for both inner and outer surfaces, less than a voxel width (0.7 mm). The interquartile range was 0.89 mm or less for all data. Conclusion The authors' model provides a good approximation of actual lesion geometry and is highly resistant to missing segmentation information. It should prove useful for three-dimensional lesion visualization, volume estimation, automated segmentation, and volume registration.
Evidence for the Detoxication of Diphenyl Through a Sulfur Mechanism

Naphthalene1, 2 and anthracene3 as well as monohalogenated benzenes4, 5 fed to animals are converted in part to mercapturic acids. Increased neutral sulfur excretion following the administration of benzene6, 7 and phenanthrene7 seems to indicate that these hydrocarbons are similarly detoxicated. Growth of rats fed a casein-low ration is inhibited by incorporation in the diet of bromobenzene,5 naphthalene,8 phenanthrene,9 certain complex hydrocarbons—both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic,10 or other substances.11, 12 This deficiency may be relieved by simultaneous administration of dl-methionine or of I-cystine and certain of its derivatives. Presumably hydrocarbons produce a deficiency in the sulfur-containing amino acids available to the organism, because of the preferential utilization of these acids for detoxication reactions. Thus added evidence is available for mercapturic acid formation by phenanthrene and certain of the more complex hydrocarbons.The chemical relationship of diphenyl to bromobenzen...
Aggregation in continuous space coverage modeling

Uncertainties and errors associated with aggregation have long been recognized in the study of spatial problems. In facility location modeling, while much has been done to examine the aggregation of large datasets of discrete points, errors and uncertainties involved in aggregating continuous spatial units are not well understood. This study focuses on the effects of aggregating continuous spatial units into discrete points within the context of the location set covering problem. We propose new measures to understand and quantify errors associated with a continuous aggregation scheme. In a real-world application, the proposed methods can be used to suggest an appropriate aggregation scheme before the application of the location model. We demonstrate the concepts developed here with an empirical study of siting emergency warning sirens in the city of Dublin, OH.
Jobs, strikes, and wars: Probability models for duration

Abstract A class of stochastic models with behaviorally meaningful parameters and manpower planning implications is presented. These models are used to reanalyze some previously published data on the durations of wars, strikes, and jobs. Job durations are found to be qualitatively different from strike durations. The concepts developed in this paper also allow researchers to “eyeball” and plot their data better even if a formal statistical analysis is not performed.
Strain differences in rat brain and liver σ binding : lack of cytochrome P450-2D1 involvement

Abstract Substrates for cytochrome P450-2D1 exhibit a high affinity for σ binding sites suggesting that σ sites may be associated with the cytochrome P450-2D1 isozyme. In contrast to Sprague-Dawley, Dark Agouti rat liver does not express the P450-2D1 gene product. Therefore, if a subpopulation of σ sites is associated with the P450-2D1 enzyme, then the number (B max ) of σ sites is predicted to be decreased in Dark Agouti brain and liver compared to Sprague-Dawley tissues. In the present study, binding of [ 3 H](+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ([ 3 H](+)3-PPP) in brain and liver from Dark Agouti, Sprague-Dawley, Long Evans and Wistar rat strains was examined. Results demonstrate marked variation in B max among the strains, with a consistently lower value for Dark Agouti tissues. However, the absolute difference in σ binding between brain and liver for each strain was not consistent with reported differences in the activity or levels of P450-2D1. Additionally, the percentage decrease in B max for Dark Agouti liver was found to be similar to that for Dark Agouti brain. Taken together these results suggest that P450-2D1 does not account for the strain-related difference in σ binding; but rather, other genetic factor(s) may be responsible for the decrease in the number of σ sites in the Dark Agouti strain compared to the other rat strains examined.
Language recovery in aphasia: A right hemisphere perspective

Abstract Recovery of language function following brain injury has been attributed to various phenomena including spontaneous recovery of function, reduction of physiological symptoms (for example, reduced oedema), and to the transfer of function to surrounding cerebral structures. These explanations have been based on the concept of the left hemisphere as the sole processor of language. The present article reviews the research findings which provide evidence to support a hypothesis of right hemispheric compensation as one of the major mechanisms for language recovery/compensation in many aphasic patients.
A note on time-ordered classification

with probability 1 as ? oo, which was described to be from the 'consistency assumptions'. Here #i,#2> f\i fi> logf\(Xj; Q\) and log/2(^G;#2*) are usec* to replace respectively 6,\?/,f, g, lfi(6) and Igity*) m Hinkley (1972). Condition (1) fails whenever the distribution corresponding to the density /2(-;#2) *s m me closure of the set of distributions corresponding to densities of the form /i( ;#i), in a certain sense. One such case occurs if /i, f? have the same parametric form with parameters 0*, #2*> respectively, satisfying * #2*. Another such case occurs when the distribution with density /2O; #2*)can be viewed as a limit of the distributions with densities /!( ; \). For instance, an exponential distribution can be viewed as a limit of a Weibull distribution. Thus, the 'consistency conditions' in Hinkley (1972) may not be satisfied by otherwise well-behaved models. Here we give consistency assumptions to remedy this. Let us define (?,?;?;) = Olog/7-(*;0y) log f(x-Of)} fix'^dx for ij = 1,2. Assumption 1. We have f\(x; 0*) fi(x\ %) on a set of nonzero measure. Assumption 2. We have Oj and * are in Qq., where is compact 0 = 1, 2). Assumption 3. 1. For any 7, / satisfying j = 1, 2, 0 0 such that
Sentinel node localization in oral cavity and oropharynx squamous cell cancer.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and predictive ability of the sentinel node localization technique for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx and clinically negative necks. Design Prospective, efficacy study comparing the histopathologic status of the sentinel node with that of the remaining neck dissection specimen. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Patients with T1 or T2 disease and clinically negative necks were eligible for the study. Nine previously untreated patients with oral cavity or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled in the study. Interventions Ulfiltered technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid injections of the primary tumor and lymphoscintigraphy were performed on the day before surgery. Intraoperatively, the sentinel node(s) was localized with a gamma probe and removed after tumor resection and before neck dissection. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was the negative predictive value of the histopathologic status of the sentinel node for predicting cervical metastases. Results Sentinel nodes were identified in 9 previously untreated patients. In 5 patients, there were no positive nodes. In 4 patients, the sentinel nodes were the only histopathologically positive nodes. In previously untreated patients, the sentinel node technique had a negative predictive value of 100% for cervical metastasis. Conclusions Our preliminary investigation shows that sentinel node localization is technically feasible in head and neck surgery and is predictive of cervical metastasis. The sentinel node technique has the potential to decrease the number of neck dissections performed in clinically negative necks, thus reducing the associated morbidity for patients in this group.
Ionization of Acetylacetone in Me2SO—Water Mixtures. Reactivity—Selectivity Principle or Principle of Imperfect Synchronization?

Rate constants for the reversible deprotonation of acetylacetone were measured in carboxylate and amine buffers in water and in 50%, 90% and 95% Me2SO at 20°C. The Bronsted plot for the carboxylate ions is curved in the Me2SO—water mixtures, but straight in water. The curvature is in the direction predicted by the Reactivity—Selectivity Principle (RSP). However, the Bronsted plot for the reaction with primary amines is straight in all solvents. This suggests that the curvature observerd with the carboxylate ions is caused by loss of solvation of the base; this loss of solvation is ahead of bond formation in the transition state rather than being a manifestation of the RSP. (Note that all Bronsted plots are based on pKa values measured in the respective solvents.) The intrinsic rate constant (k0) for proton transfer increases with the addition of Me2SO, and more so with the carboxylate buffers than with the amines. This increase in k0 is attributed to delayed solvation of the developing enolate ion in the transition state; with the carboxylate buffers, an additional factor is the early loss of solvation of the base. The various solvation effects observed in this study can all be understood in the context of the Principle of Imperfect Synchronization (PIS).
Sex differences in the expression of emotion in a structured social encounter

The stereotypic portrayal of women as more emotional than men was evaluated in the present study. Equal numbers of female and male subjects were administered an interview consisting of questions designed to elicit two different levels of affect. Measures of subjects' facial expressions, speech, and visual behavior were analyzed for indications of emotionality, the affective state elicited in the interview, and emotional expression, a trait which is independent of question content. As hypothesized, it was found that women were more expressive of emotion in their higher level of facial activity. However, measures of speech and visual behavior, which reflected the expected difference in the affective states elicited by the different types of interview questions, did not differentiate between men and women. Finally, ratings of the quality of the subjects' facial expressions provided some evidence of sex differences in reactions to the questions. It was concluded that a reconsideration of the question of sex differences in emotionality is needed. Previous generalizations based on indirect experimental data and on potentially unreliable subjective reports must be challenged by more direct and dependable investigations.
Empirical estimation of the monthly-mean daily temperature range

¶This is a sequel to a study of the empirical estimation of the annual mean temperature and its range, at any location on land, based on the historical surface climate record. Here the spatial patterns of the daily temperature range (DTR) and its seasonal variation are examined. The DTR is highest in the subtropical deserts and is less at high latitudes, as well as within 30–150 km from an ocean. It is generally higher in winter (summer) at low (high) latitudes. The coastal DTR reduction is explained by sea breezes, onshore advection, and low-level cloud cover. Even large bodies of water, such as Lake Michigan, affect the near-shore DTR. Elevation does not directly affect the DTR, but valleys tend to have a DTR that is 2–6 K larger than adjacent hills or ridges. The main factor affecting the DTR is the afternoon relative humidity, which is dynamically linked to low-level cloud cover. An empirical relationship between DTR and afternoon relative humidity has an uncertainty of about 1.4 K for monthly-mean values.
Electrophoresis of spherical polymer-coated colloidal particles

Abstract The motion of a spherical polymer-coated colloidal particle in a steady electric field is studied via “exact” numerical solutions of the electrokinetic equations. The hydrodynamic influence of the polymer is represented by a distribution of Stokes resistance centers. With neutral polymer, charge resides on the underlying bare particle, whereas for polyelectrolytes, the charge is distributed throughout the coating. The coatings may be brush-like or have long tails. As expected, neutral coatings lower the mobility because of increased drag and a decrease in the effective charge behind the shear surface. For polyelectrolyte coatings, the behavior is more complex. For example, the mobility becomes independent of the ionic strength and particle size when Donnan equilibrium prevails inside the coating and the coating is thick relative to the Brinkman screening length (square root of the coating permeability). In this limit, the mobility follows from a simple balance of forces within the coating and, therefore, becomes proportional to the fixed charge density and the coating permeability. If the permeability is sufficiently high, the mobility of a polyelectrolyte-coated particle may exceed that of its bare counterpart with the same net charge. In general, the effects of polarization and relaxation are as important for coated particles as they are for bare particles.
Sediments and geomorphology of the continental shelf off southern New England

Abstract The sediments and geomorphology of a portion of the northeastern continental shelf of the United States between Hudson Canyon and Georges Bank have been investigated. Wave-cut terraces at 13, 45, 65, and 80 fathoms indicate four former low sea levels, while concentrations of beach ridges around 35 fathoms reveal a fifth. The pre-Holocene drainage pattern, still exposed over part of the area, shows that Block Channel was the main stream of a system which drained most of southern New England. A large delta at the mouth of this channel near the edge of the shelf attests to the volume of sediments transported by the stream. The surface sediments on the western part of the shelf are Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits which were reworked by the Holocene transgression. Overlying these coarse deposits in the central part of the outer shelf is a sandy silt facies which is also relict. The youngest facies, and the only area of present deposition, is in the northeastern part of the shelf where sand which is eroded from Nantucket Shoals is being deposited on the shelf. An eastward directed coastal drift is indicated during certain lower sea level stages.
Interactions between polymerized human albumin, hepatitis B surface antigen, and complement: II. involvement of Clq in or near the hepatitis B surface antigen receptor for polyalbumin

A species-specific receptor for polymerized human albumin (PHALB) has been reported on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-carrying particles. Our previous observations that human Clq also binds PHALB in a species-restricted manner led us to investigate the possibility that HBsAg-associated Clq is involved in the PHALB receptor on HBsAg particles. The temperature, ionic strength, and pH requirements necessary for binding of PHALB to both Clq and HBsAg were compared and found to be similar. Normal human serum and purified Clq inhibited the PHABL-HBsAg interaction; the inhibition was markedly reduced in heat-inactivated and Clq-depleted serum. Heat-denatured or reduced and alky-lated Clq failed to inhibit the PHALB-HBsAg binding. Moreover, human Clq was found to be present in purified preparations of HBsAg and the quantity detected paralleled the degree of PHALB-HBsAg binding. While anti-Clq inhibited the PHALB-HBsAg interaction, anti-Clr, -Cls, -C3, and -Ig were not inhibitory. Collagenase treatment of purified HBsAg reduced both PHALB-binding activity and the degree of HBsAg-associated Clq. These observations provide evidence that HBsAg-associated Clq is involved in or near the HBsAg-binding site for PHALB.
Cortical parvalbumin GABAergic deficits with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor deletion: Implications for schizophrenia

Dysfunction of cortical parvalbumin (PV)-containing GABAergic interneurons has been implicated in cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. In humans microdeletion of the CHRNA7 (α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChR) gene is associated with cortical dysfunction in a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia while in mice similar deletion causes analogous abnormalities including impaired attention, working-memory and learning. However, the pathophysiological roles of α7 nAChRs in cortical PV GABAergic development remain largely uncharacterized. In both in vivo and in vitro models, we identify here that deletion of the α7 nAChR gene in mice impairs cortical PV GABAergic development and recapitulates many of the characteristic neurochemical deficits in PV-positive GABAergic interneurons found in schizophrenia. α7 nAChR null mice had decreased cortical levels of GABAergic markers including PV, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67) and the α1 subunit of GABAA receptors, particularly reductions of PV and GAD67 levels in cortical PV-positive interneurons during late postnatal life and adulthood. Cortical GABAergic synaptic deficits were identified in the prefrontal cortex of α7 nAChR null mice and α7 nAChR null cortical cultures. Similar disruptions in development of PV-positive GABAergic interneurons and perisomatic synapses were found in cortical cultures lacking α7 nAChRs. Moreover, NMDA receptor expression was reduced in GABAergic interneurons, implicating NMDA receptor hypofunction in GABAergic deficits in α7 nAChR null mice. Our findings thus demonstrate impaired cortical PV GABAergic development and multiple characteristic neurochemical deficits reminiscent of schizophrenia in cortical PV-positive interneurons in α7 nAChR gene deletion models. This implicates crucial roles of α7 nAChRs in cortical PV GABAergic development and dysfunction in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Silylierte Polyphenyläther; ihre Darstellung und einige physikalische Eigenschaften

Chemical modification of aromatic polyphenyl ethers by silylation (trimethylsilyl, dimethylphenylsilyl, methyldiphenylsilyl and siloxanyl groups), has been investigated and shown to give products with improved low-temperature fluidity without change of thermal stability.
Modification of the loop current warm core eddy by Hurricane Gilbert (1988)

Numerical investigation of Hurricane Gilbert (1988) effect on the Loop Current warm core eddy (WCE) in the Gulf of Mexico is performed using the Modular Ocean Model version 2 (MOM2). Results show that the storm-induced maximum sea surface temperature (SST) decrease in Gilbert’s wake is over 2.5°C, as compared with the 3.5°C cooling in the absence of the WCE. The near-inertial oscillation in the wake reduces significantly in an along-track direction with the presence of the WCE. This effect is also reflected between the mixed layer and the thermocline, where the current directions are reversed with the upper layer. After two inertial periods (IP), the current reversal is much less obvious. In addition, it is demonstrated that Hurricane Gilbert wind stress increases the current speed of the WCE by approximate 133%. With the forcing of Gilbert, the simulated translation direction and speed of the WCE towards the Mexican coast are closer to the observed (42% more accurate in distance and 78% more accurate in direction) compared with the simulation without the Gilbert forcing. The simulated ocean response to Gilbert generally agrees with the recent observations in Hurricane Fabian.
Myeloid-cell differentiation redefined in cancer.

The differentiation of monocytes is altered in cancer, which results in the unexpected conversion of a large proportion of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells into polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
A new method for MC-ICPMS measurement of titanium isotopic composition: Identification of correlated isotope anomalies in meteorites

A new protocol is presented for precise measurements of titanium isotopes in natural samples. Titanium was separated via ion-exchange and extraction chromatography in two stages. Tests on Ti standard solutions show that isobaric interferences from Ca, V, and Cr can be adequately corrected, as long as these elements are present at atomic ratios of Ca/Ti < 20, V/Ti < 2, and Cr/Ti < 0.1. Furthermore, Zr2+ and Mo2+ have no influences on Ti+ signals when atomic ratios of Zr/Ti < 0.002 and Mo/Ti < 0.04. Compared with these correction limits, the purified solutions have corresponding ratios several orders of magnitude lower, indicating that the chemical separation technique is effective. This newly developed method has been successfully applied to geostandards and a wide variety of bulk meteorites. Our results are in good agreement with the data from Trinquier et al. (Science, 2009, 324, 374–376)1 and reveal a linear correlation between isotope anomalies of two Ti nuclides in bulk meteorites. The correlation reflects incomplete mixing of the carrier phases for Ti isotope anomalies before bulk meteorite formation.
A low power differential bus utilizing novel split level bus technique

A low-power differential bus utilizing a novel split level bus (SLB) technique is described. There are several inherent advantages with the SLB. The bus operates at full differential mode at all times so the receiver never detects an indeterminate state. There are no reference levels on the bus, allowing full common mode range. Making D and DB both passive or active at the same time can make the SLB appear similar to single-ended operation. This makes any present single-ended bus technique, such as future-bus arbitration, directly applicable to the SLB. The reduced power dissipated by the internal circuitry, and reduction in power supply pins, allow wider parts in the same package. The losses on the bus are reduced and the bus power remains constant for any number of drivers. >
Helical electromagnetic launchers for acceleration calibration

The design, construction, and testing of 300 mm barrel length × 40 mm diameter bore solid-projectile helical electromagnetic launcher (HEML) which is subsequently used to calibrate an accelerometer via the absolute calibration method is presented and discussed. The HEML barrel is constructed of G-10 epoxy-fiberglass and is able to accelerate a 600 gram projectile (consisting of projectile and accelerometer payload) to 10 meters per second. Other components of the experimental arrangement include a 19.25 kJ capacitive pulse forming network (PFN) to power the HEML, a command module (CM) to control charging and firing of the PFN, and a calibration table (CT). The HEML is evaluated in terms of peak acceleration, acceleration repeatability, and launcher lifetime. The HEML has been successfully fired over 250 times with only minimal periodic cleaning. From the 250 successful firings, a 75-shot test sequence is used to evaluate the HEML's performance, lifetime, and repeatability in this application. The mean acceleration was 500 gee with a sigma of 15 gee (3%) with standard process statistical variables remaining above 2 at ±100 gee (20%). Experimental data is compared to conventional accelerometer data. The results show that the HEML is capable of meeting the performance requirements and standards of a conventional accelerometer tester. Methods to improve this technology is also presented and discussed.
Some Variability Factors in the Cytomorphological Analysis of Frozen Bull Semen/Einige Variabilitäts‐Faktoren der cytomorphologischen Untersuchung von tiefgefrorenem Bullensperma

Summary: Frozen bull semen was analyzed after fixation with glutaraldehyde (0.2% sol. in PBS) by clear field microscopy (after staining with Rose Bengal and Victoria blue B), phase contrast microscopy and differential-interference-contrast microscopy performed by two observers who analysed sets of 100 and 200 spermatozoa. The results obtained with phase-contrast microscopy dit not differ significantly from those obtained using interference contrast microscopy, performed by two observers on sets on 100 and 200 spermatozoa, concerning the following sperm abnormalities: abnormal detached heads, acrosome ruptures, tail abnormalities and total abnormalities. In view of the importance of extending the evaluation of sperm cytomorphology among artificial insemination centres, and the fact the phase-contrast microscopy system is less expensive than a differential-interference-contrast system and easier to operate, the authors recommend the use of phase-contrast microscopy for the routine study of sperm cytomorphology. Zusammenfassung: Nach Fixierung mit Goutaraldehyd (0,2% in PBS) wurden lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen (Farbung mit Bengalrot und Victoriablau B) sowie phasenkontrastmikroskopische Untersuchungen (DH) und Differentialinterferenz-Kontrast-Mikroskopie-Untersuchungen (DIC) an Bullenspermatozoen vorgenommen, die tiefgerfroren waren. Die Studie wurde von zwei Untersuchern vorgenommen, die jeweils 100 und 200 Spermatozoen analysierten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten keine Differenzen bei DH und DIC im Hinblick auf abnormal losgeloste Kopfe, Akrosomrupturen, Schwanzabnormalitaten und Anomalien insgesamt. Unter Berucksichtigung der Bedeutung einer zunehmenden Notwendigkeit der Auswertung einer Spermatozoencyomorphologie gerade bei artifizieller Insemination verweisen die Autoren darauf, das wegen der hohen Kosten bei der DIC und der gleichwertigen PH eine Phasenkontrastmikroskopie absolut ausreichend sei fur die Routineuntersuchung in den genannten Fallen.
Frozen thin-sections of rapidly forming bone: Bone cell ultrastructure

Frozen thin-sections of fresh medullary bone, which had been calcifying for 2 to 4 days, were prepared and examined in the electron microscope. The bone was obtained from male Japanese quail treated with estradiol valerate. Large numbers of 200–800 A electron dense granules, which consisted of 50–75 A subparticles, were seen within mitochondria. A population of electron-dense particles slightly smaller than ribosomes was also observed. Most granules were not present after conventional fixation, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. Other structures which were visible, also on the basis of their intrinsic electron density, were nuclei with regions which resembled condensed chromatin, ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. By the use of osmium tetroxide vapor staining, inner and outer membranes and cristae of mitochondria were delineated. Other membranous components were not detected. Since very little loss or dislocation of cell components can occur during the preparation of frozen thin-sections, the micrographs obtained may be a more accurate representation of cell ultrastructure.
Epistemological messages conveyed by three high-school and college mathematics textbooks

Mathematics textbooks embody a particular set of assumptions about mathematics or the mathematics intended for students at a particular level. Thus, an epistemological analysis of textbooks can provide some context for understanding, for example, the difficulties many students encounter when moving from high-school to collegiate mathematics. In this study, we consider how typical pre-calculus, calculus, and analysis texts treat the topic of continuity. We find that these texts send conflicting messages regarding the status and purpose of mathematical definitions.
Antiproliferative Effect of Heparin on Human Smooth Muscle Cells Cultured from Intimal Hyperplastic Lesions of Vein Grafts

The antiproliferative effect of heparin on cultured smooth muscle cells in proliferating human smooth muscle cells derived from clinical lesions of intimal hyperplasia was tested. Smooth muscle cells were obtained from stenotic segments excised from falling in situ saphenous vein bypass grafts in three patients. The nonadventitial portion of the excised tissue was explanted into cell culture using standard techniques without the addition of exogenous growth factors. Under these conditions, rapid cell outgrowth was observed from these explants, in contrast to minimal growth of smooth muscle cells from normal veins from the same patients. Immuno-histochemical staining with antiactin antibody confirmed that the cells cultured from the stenotic lesions were smooth muscle cells. Incubation of these cells with porcine mucosal heparin revealed a significant (p
Category-based and attribute-based reactions to others: Some informational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes

Abstract This paper suggests that people can form impressions in a variety of ways that range from primarily category-based processes to primarily attribute-based processes, and that the process partially depends on the configuration of available information. Easily categorized configurations are hypothesized to elicit relatively category-based processes, while not easily categorized configurations are hypothesized to elicit relatively attribute-based processes. In Experiment 1, subjects first rated the likability of job-category labels and relevant trait attributes, in isolation from each other. At a later session, stimulus people were depicted by category labels (occupations) and relevant attributes (traits) in varying combinations. Typicality ratings confirmed the manipulated ease of categorizing the various information combinations. Correlations between subjects' evaluations of each stimulus person and their independent prior ratings of the components supported the idea of a continuum anchored respectively by relatively category-based and by relatively attribute-based impression formation processes. In the second study, think-aloud data further supported the current hypotheses: subjects spontaneously examined the fit between category and attributes, and they used the attributes more in the attribute-based conditions than in the category-based conditions. The protocol data also reveal some processes intermediate on the continuum between primarily category-based and primarily attribute-based processes; these include subcategorizing, generating new categories, and self-reference. Social perceivers apparently use flexible impression formation processes, depending on the configuration of available information.