cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the relationship between virally induced bacterial mortality and frequency of infected cells

The relative contribution of viral lysis to overall mortality in aquatic bacterial populations is often estimated as twice the frequency of infected cells (FIC). The 'factor-of-two rule' upon which this estimate is based assumes ( l ) steady-state conditions, (2) that latent period is equivalent to generation time, and (3) that infected cells are not grazed. FIC values for this calculation are themselves derived from measurements of the frequency of vlsibly infected cells (FVIC) by the use of a slmple conversion factor. A steady-state model was developed to more ngorously define the relationships between FIC, FVIC, and the fraction of mortality from viral lysis (FMVL). This model shows that even under the restrictive assumptions listed above, the factor-of-two rule systematically overestimates FMVL for typically reported values of FVIC. The model also shows that although grazing on infected cells further reduces FMVL for a given estimate of FIC, at the same time such grazing increases FIC for a given measurement of FVIC. In combination, these 2 effects mnimize the influence of grazing on the calculation of FMVL from FVIC. Overall, the relationship between FMVL and FVIC is well approxin~ated as follows: FMVL S FVIC/[y ln(2) (1 E FVIC)], where y = the ratio between the latent period and generation time, and E = the fraction of the latent period during which viral particles are not yet visible. Using typically observed values of FVIC, and assuming that y = 1 (per assumption 2, above) and E = 0 186 (per literature estimates), the model suggests that, on average, viral lysis accounts for approximately 22% (range: 4.5 to 45'::) of total bacterial mortality in a range of aquatic environments, corresponding to a mean overestimate of 24 % (range: 4 to 44'%) by the factor-of-two rule. Perhaps most importantly, the model shows that calculations of FMVL from FIC or FVIC are very sensitive to changes in the relative length of the latent period (y) and in the assumed proportion of the latent period during which viral particles are not recognizable ( E ) . Constraining these 2 factors would greatly improve the reliability of FMVL calculations.
Clinical prognostic factors in patients with posterior uveal malignant melanoma

The authors evaluated the prognostic value of clinically assessed variables for predicting length of survival until death from metastatic disease in 237 patient with a primary choroidal or ciliary body melanoma. Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling, the authors identified the largest linear basal tumor diameter (mm), estimated by indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus drawing, the location of the anterior margin of the tumor relative to the ocular equator and ora serrata, and the age of the patient at the time of treatment as the best combination of the clinically assessed variables for predicting survival. For each patient in this group, the authors computed a prognostic index based on the best multivariate Cox model. They showed that patients with low, intermediate, and high values of prognostic index had low, intermediate, and high melanoma-related mortality rates, respectively, during the first 5 to 8 posttreatment years. These results suggest that: (1) clinically assessed variables evaluated according to a standardized protocol are useful for predicting the survival of treated patients with posterior uveal melanoma and (2) ophthalmologists who assess potential clinical prognostic variables consistently may identify subgroups of patients with comparable mortality risk on the basis of noninvasive testing.
An integrated computer-aided cognitive task analysis method for tracing cyber-attack analysis processes

As cyber-attacks become more sophisticated, cyber-attack analysts are required to process large amounts of network data and to reason under uncertainty with the aim of detecting cyber-attacks. Capturing and studying the fine-grained analysts' cognitive processes helps researchers gain deep understanding of how they conduct analytical reasoning and elicit their procedure knowledge and experience to further improve their performance. However, it's very challenging to conduct cognitive task analysis studies in cyber-attack analysis. To address the problem, we propose an integrated computer-aided data collection method for cognitive task analysis (CTA) which has three building blocks: a trace representation of the fine-grained cyber-attack analysis process, a computer tool supporting process tracing and a laboratory experiment for collecting traces of analysts' cognitive processes in conducting a cyber-attack analysis task. This CTA method integrates automatic capture and situated self-reports in a novel way to avoiding distracting analysts from their work and adding much extra work load. With IRB approval, we recruited thirteen full-time professional analysts and seventeen doctoral students specialized in cyber security in our experiment. We mainly employ the qualitative data analysis method to analyze the collected traces and analysts' comments. The results of the preliminary trace analysis turn out highly promising.
Weak Crystalization in Liquid Crystals: Experimental Evidence

Abstract The heat capacity in the isotropic phase and the latent heat on the IN transition line have been measured in binary liquid crystal mixtures by high-resolution adiabatic calorimetry. It shown that an anomalous behaviour of the entropy jump on the IN phase transition line in the vicinity of the INA triple point is defined only by an particular behaviour of the crystallization fluctuations in the isotropic phase. The contribution of the crystallization fluctuations to the heat capacity is comparable with the pretransitional heat capacity of the nematic fluctuations in the isotropic phase.
Globalization and the preparation of quality teachers: Rethinking knowledge domains for teaching

Preparing quality teachers has become a global concern as all nations strive for excellence at all levels. Yet, there is little consensus around what constitutes quality and how quality teachers might best be attained. This article takes up the issue of quality teacher preparation by exploring several pivotal questions: What might quality teaching mean in a global context? What should globally competent teachers know and be able to do? What are some of the issues, dilemmas, barriers, or structures that seem to interfere with teacher education reform and hinder movement towards internationalization in teacher preparation? The discussion is framed by five knowledge domains for teaching and articulates how these domains could support quality teaching in a global context.
An essay: limited growth, problems of full employment, and the viciousness of easy solutions

Abstract This paper reviews some of the possible effects that a slowdown in national rates of economic growth might have on levels of unemployment in an economically advanced nation. The consequences of three types of growth ceilings are considered; “zero population growth”, “limited growth” and “restricted growth”.
Mentors and tormentors on the road to informatics.

My career path to biomedical informatics, late at every stage, is peculiar if I compare myself to other psychologists. On the other hand, a peculiar path is the norm for my peers who are loath to call themselves “informaticians,” so tightly coupled is their identity to their former lives as librarians, clinicians, engineers, or computer and social scientists. In thinking about how I came to be on the faculty of a medical school doing informatics research, it occurred to me that my mentors had a powerful influence and not all in the same way. Alas, a few tormentors almost derailed me. I dithered over that last descriptor because I could have more charitably called a tormentor an obstructor, but consider this: The origin of the former word is from the Old French tormentum, an engine for hurling stones, which seems apt 1, and one of several synonyms is backscratcher—the irony of which makes me laugh. So for those of you wrestling with a midlife career change, consider this editorial a call to courage, as well as an abridged guide to mentors and tormentors. First, I give you a brief backstory.
Genetic analysis of the inter-relationship between plasmid replication and incompatibility.

The relationship between replication control and plasmid incompatibility has been investigated using a composite replicon, pPM1, which consists of the pSC101 plasmid ligated to another small multicopy plasmid, RSF1050. Since pPM1 can utilise the replication system of either of the two functionally distinct components, propagation of the composite plasmid can occur in the presence of a mutation of one of its moieties. Such mutants are detected by their inability to rescue the composite plasmid under conditions not permissive for replication of the other moiety. Mutations in incompatibility functions can be detected by the failure of the composite replicon to exclude co-existing plasmids carrying a replication system identical to the one on pPM1. The inability of the composite plasmid to replicate at 42° in a host synthesizing temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase I, which is required by the RSF1050 replication system, was used to isolate pPM1 mutants defective in replication of the pSC101 component. Mutants defective in the incompatibility functions of pSC101 were obtained by selecting derivatives that allow the stable coexistence of a second pSC101 replicon in the same cell. Analysis of these two classes of mutants indicates that plasmids selected for defective pSC101 replication ability nevertheless retain pSC101 incompatibility. In contrast, plasmid mutants that have lost incompatibility functions were found always to be defective in replication ability.
Design rules and operational optimization for rapid, contamination-free microfluidic transfer using monolithic membrane valves

Abstract Networks of monolithic membrane microvalves integrated into microdevices enable complete automation of liquid-based chemical analyses necessary for fully automated applications, such as spaceflight. Although individual pumping devices and operational routines have been characterized, to date there has been no rigorous evaluation of microvalve layout and its effect on fluidic transfer. Here, we evaluate two microdevices at opposite extremes of fluidic resistance and evaluate three pumping routines on each device. Delay times between operational steps are optimized for fastest fluidic transfer. A 3-valve double-chamber routine enables fastest pumping rates on both devices. On low fluidic resistance devices, a 2-valve (bivalve) pumping routine enables faster fluidic transfer than a 3-valve single-chamber pumping routine. Additionally, low fluidic resistance devices enable significantly faster fluidic transfer (4–6 fold) than their higher resistance counterparts. Back-contamination is qualitatively characterized for the optimized routines; higher fluidic resistance between the pumping architecture and the fluidic output reservoir is the most essential feature for preventing back-contamination. We use these results to suggest design rules to guide future pumping architectures to enable the rapid, contamination-free fluidic transfer that will be necessary in spaceflight applications.
An Optical Fiber Sensor for Measurement of Dynamic Structural Response

This paper reports the development of and an experimental study on an optical fiber sensor for monitoring civil infrastructure systems. This optical sensor employs a vibrating wire whose tension can be modulated by external force, strain, or vibration and transformed into the change of frequency of wire vibration. The frequency of wire is detected by light sent to and reflected from the wire through an optical fiber cable. Compared to other optical fiber sensors developed so far, the proposed sensor has two significant advantages: one is that the sensing head is a vibrating wire (rather than an optical fiber), which can sense a specific physical quantity without being inter fered by miscellaneous effects; the other is that the wire vibration is a well understood and reliable physical phenomenon and its frequency is optically measured and transmitted without attenuation or distortion through the optical fiber to recording and other devices. These advantages make the sensor extremely simple, reliable and ro...
A Universal Trend among Proteomes Indicates an Oily Last Common Ancestor

Despite progresses in ancestral protein sequence reconstruction, much needs to be unraveled about the nature of the putative last common ancestral proteome that served as the prototype of all extant lifeforms. Here, we present data that indicate a steady decline (oil escape) in proteome hydrophobicity over species evolvedness (node number) evident in 272 diverse proteomes, which indicates a highly hydrophobic (oily) last common ancestor (LCA). This trend, obtained from simple considerations (free from sequence reconstruction methods), was corroborated by regression studies within homologous and orthologous protein clusters as well as phylogenetic estimates of the ancestral oil content. While indicating an inherent irreversibility in molecular evolution, oil escape also serves as a rare and universal reaction-coordinate for evolution (reinforcing Darwin's principle of Common Descent), and may prove important in matters such as (i) explaining the emergence of intrinsically disordered proteins, (ii) developing composition- and speciation-based “global” molecular clocks, and (iii) improving the statistical methods for ancestral sequence reconstruction.
The Hollywood shtetl: From ethnic enclave to religious destination

■ This article analyzes the relation between the development of religious institutions and neighborhood formation in the main Jewish Orthodox neighborhood of Los Angeles. The Melrose-La Brea neighborhood, an ethnically Jewish area since the 1930s, was transformed by religious place entrepreneurs from the East Coast in the 1970s. The emerging Orthodox community, however, was not principally populated by converting secular Jews. Instead, by developing prestigious institutions, religious place entrepreneurs made it into a viable destination for Orthodox Jews across the United States. Contrary to ‘supply side’ models developed in the sociology of religion, I then argue that institutional ‘supply’ may be successful without producing local ‘religious demand’. Moving from a market metaphor to examine the role of far reaching networks, I contend that the success of religious place entrepreneurs in this case emerged from the relation between institutional development, the production of neighborhood identity, and p...
Angiotensin II (AT1) Redeptor Antagonists, Diabetes, and Nephropathy

Do Differences Between the Renal and Systemic Circulations Explain the Outcomes Observed With ARBs and ACE Inhibitors?
Conditioning the Connotative Meanings of Color Names to Human Figures

Previous studies have demonstrated that color names have distinctive evaluative meanings and it has been hypothesized that the designation of racial groups by color names may serve to condition the meanings of the color names to the racial groups, thus contributing to the development and maintenance of racial attitudes. The results of two studies are reported. In Study I 99 Caucasian Ss' evaluative ratings of color names were shown to be highly consistent with the findings of earlier studies. Study II was designed to provide a direct test of the “color coding” hypothesis. Data are reported which indicate that the distinctive evaluative connotations of race-related color names systematically modified 96 Caucasian Ss' evaluative ratings of human figures with which the color names had been paired, so that, e.g., figures associated with “white” were rated significantly more positively than were the same figures when they were associated with “black.”
Continental crust formation at arcs, the arclogite “delamination” cycle, and one origin for fertile melting anomalies in the mantle

The total magmatic output in modern arcs, where continental crust is now being formed, is believed to derive from melting of the mantle wedge and is largely basaltic. Globally averaged continental crust, however, has an andesitic bulk composition and is hence too silicic to have been derived directly from the mantle. It is well known that one way this imbalance can be reconciled is if the parental basalt differentiates into a mafic garnet pyroxenitic residue/cumulate (“arclogite”) and a complementary silicic melt, the former foundering or delaminating into the mantle due to its high densities and the latter remaining as the crust. Using the Sierra Nevada batholith in California as a case study, the composition of mature continental arc crust is shown in part to be the product of a cyclic process beginning with the growth of an arclogite layer followed by delamination of this layer and post-delamination basaltic underplating/recharge into what remains of the continental crust. A model is presented, wherein continuous arc magmatism and production of arclogites in continental arcs are periodically punctuated by a delamination event and an associated magmatic pulse every ~10–30 My. The recycling flux of arclogites is estimated to be ~5 %–20 % that of oceanic crust recycling by subduction. Delaminated arclogites have the necessary trace-element compositions to yield time-integrated isotopic compositions similar to those inferred to exist as reservoirs in the mantle. Because of their low melting temperatures, such pyroxenites may be preferentially melted, possibly forming a component of some hotspot magmas.
Pharmacological control of opioid-induced pruritus: a quantitative systematic review of randomized trials

Summary Background and objective Numerous drugs have been used to prevent or to treat opioid-induced pruritus in the surgical setting. Their relative efficacy is not well understood. Methods The methods employed involved the systematic search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, bibliographies, without language restriction, up to June 2000) for full reports of randomized comparisons of any intervention which is thought to be anti-pruritic (active) compared with placebo or no treatment (control) in surgical (including labour) patients receiving opioids. The number of patients who had no pruritus were analysed using relative risk and number-neededto-treat with 95% confidence interval. Results Twenty-two trials (1477 patients) were analysed. Two trials (66 patients), both with low-dose propofol, were on treatment of established pruritus; propofol had no anti-pruritic effect compared with Intralipid. In prophylaxis trials, the average incidence of pruritus with control was 59% (range, 10% to 100%). Most mu-receptor antagonists were efficacious: intravenous naloxone 0.25‐2.4m gk g � 1 h � 1 , relative risk 2.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 3.54), number
An immunohistochemical method to study breast cancer cell subpopulations and their growth regulation by hormones in three-dimensional cultures.

The development of in vitro three dimensional (3D) cell culture matrices offers physiologically relevant alternatives to traditional culture on plastic surfaces. However methods to analyze cell subpopulations therein are poor. Here we present a simple and inexpensive method to analyze cell subpopulations in mixed cell colonies using standard immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. Briefly, MatrigelTM blocks are sandwiched between two layers of HistoGelTM, hardened by rapid cooling then processed for routine fixation, paraffin embedding and IHC. We demonstrate the assay using mono- and co-cultured normal human breast, human breast cancer, and transformed mouse stromal cells along with hormone treated breast cancer cells. Judicious selection of specific antibodies allows different cell types within heterotypic colonies to be identified. A brief pulse of bromodeoxyuridine in living colonies allows proliferation of cell subpopulations to be quantified. This simple assay is useful for multiple cell types, species and conditions.
Constant time fault tolerant algorithms for a linear array with a reconfigurable pipelined bus system

Recently, researchers have proposed many models using reconfigurable optically pipelined buses. Most algorithms developed for these models assume that a healthy system is available. The only previous work in this area considers faulty processors or hardware for an N-processor linear array with a reconfigurable pipelined bus system (LARPBS), resulting in fault tolerant algorithms that run in O(logN) time. We extend and improve upon previous results by considering new fault scenarios and slight modifications to the LARPBS model. By modifying the switches on the receiving segment of an LARPBS, a reasonable, low-cost extension to the model, we are able to achieve fault tolerant algorithms that execute in O(1) time rather than O(logN) time. The fault tolerant algorithms that we consider are key basic fundamental algorithms, such as compaction, binary prefix sums, and sorting, that all execute in constant time on a healthy LARPBS. As the algorithms improved are building blocks for more complex algorithms, the results presented in this paper will extend to those more complex algorithms as well.
Ablation of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel (SK2 channel) results in action potential prolongation in atrial myocytes and atrial fibrillation.

Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels) have been reported in excitable cells, where they aid in integrating changes in intracellular Ca2+(Ca2+i) with membrane potential. We have recently reported the functional existence of SK2 channels in human and mouse cardiac myocytes. Moreover, we have found that the channel is predominantly expressed in atria compared to the ventricular myocytes. We hypothesize that knockout of SK2 channels may be sufficient to disrupt the intricate balance of the inward and outward currents during repolarization in atrial myocytes. We further predict that knockout of SK2 channels may predispose the atria to tachy-arrhythmias due to the fact that the late phase of the cardiac action potential is highly susceptible to aberrant excitation. We take advantage of a mouse model with genetic knockout of the SK2 channel gene. In vivo and in vitro electrophysiological studies were performed to probe the functional roles of SK2 channels in the heart. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques show a significant prolongation of the action potential duration prominently in late cardiac repolarization in atrial myocytes from the heterozygous and homozygous null mutant animals. Morover, in vivo electrophysiological recordings show inducible atrial fibrillation in the null mutant mice but not wild-type animals. No ventricular arrhythmias are detected in the null mutant mice or wild-type animals. In summary, our data support the important functional roles of SK2 channels in cardiac repolarization in atrial myocytes. Genetic knockout of the SK2 channels results in the delay in cardiac repolarization and atrial arrhythmias.
Arginine and Nitric Oxide Pathways in Obesity-Associated Asthma

Obesity is a comorbidity that adversely affects asthma severity and control by mechanisms that are not fully understood. This review will discuss evidence supporting a role for nitric oxide (NO) as a potential mechanistic link between obesity and late-onset asthma (>12 years). Several studies have shown that there is an inverse association between increasing body mass index (BMI) and reduced exhaled NO. Newer evidence suggests that a potential explanation for this paradoxical relationship is related to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling, which occurs due to an imbalance between L-arginine (NOS substrate) and its endogenous inhibitor, asymmetric di-methyl arginine (ADMA). The review will propose a theoretical framework to understand the relevance of this pathway and how it may differ between early and late-onset obese asthmatics. Finally, the paper will discuss potential new therapeutic approaches, based on these paradigms, for improving the respiratory health of obese subjects with asthma.
Rumors of Our Demise Have Been Greatly Exaggerated: Archaeological Perspectives on Culture and Sustainability

Predictions of the imminent demise of Indigenous cultures have circulated among Western intellectuals for more than two hundred years. Capitalism, Christianity, and Western civilization were thought by 19th century scholars to be on the verge of eradicating global cultural variation. Contemporary scholars have revived these views, suggesting that not only were Indigenous cultures about to succumb to Western hegemony, these forces were poised to bring about the end of history itself. What unites these perspectives are an ideology stressing asymmetrical power relations between the West and Indigenous cultures, and the proposition that only Western intervention is capable of rescuing Indigeneity. This paper examines the current crisis of Indigenous cultural sustainability, arguing that the epistemology informing many of these perspectives remain largely unchanged from their 19th century precursors. Citing case studies in archaeology and cultural heritage management, I suggest a ground-up approach to cultural sustainability in which Western institutions and individuals serve only the expressed desires and at the invitation of Indigenous peoples. Such restraint represents both recognition of Indigenous sovereignty regarding all cultural preservation efforts, as well as the dynamic, ever-changing nature of culture itself.
Imaging single endocytic events reveals diversity in clathrin, dynamin, and vesicle dynamics

The dynamics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis can be assayed using fluorescently tagged proteins and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Many of these proteins, including clathrin and dynamin, are soluble and changes in fluorescence intensity can be attributed either to membrane/vesicle movement or to changes in the numbers of individual molecules. It is important for assays to discriminate between physical membrane events and the dynamics of molecules. Two physical events in endocytosis were investigated: vesicle scission from the plasma membrane and vesicle internalization. Single vesicle analysis allowed the characterization of dynamin and clathrin dynamics relative to scission and internalization. We show that vesicles remain proximal to the plasma membrane for variable amounts of time following scission, and that uncoating of clathrin can occur before or after vesicle internalization. The dynamics of dynamin also vary with respect to scission. Results from assays based on physical events suggest that disappearance of fluorescence from the evanescent field should be re-evaluated as an assay for endocytosis. These results illustrate the heterogeneity of behaviors of endocytic vesicles and the importance of establishing suitable evaluation criteria for biophysical processes.
The Bit Error Rate Performance Of Load Management Receivers Using AFSK Signaling

In the course of designing a radio-based load management system, it is necessary to define the coverage area of a given transmitter. One part of this exercise would of necessity involve predicting area coverage using s tandard propagation models; however, before this can be done one must establish a minimum field intensity for reliable switch operation. This p aper presents an analysis of the bit error r ate performance of a typical load management receiver configuration using non-coherent detection of audio frequency shift keying (AFSK) on a frequency-modula ted carrier. The solution presented relates the r eceiver's bit error rate to the ambient electric f ield intensity, the ambient noise environment (urban or suburban), the baud interval of the transmission, and the bandwidth of the mark/space channel filters.
Short-Fiber-Reinforced Elastomer Composites

Abstract The reinforcement of elastomers with short fibers results in composites with a wide variety of properties. The performance and properties are a function of fiber type, fiber content, fiber...
Ectomycorrhizae in oaks (Quercus alba, Q. rubra) in Northeastern Pennsylvania woodlands: Morphology, frequency and implied physiology and ecology

A comparative study of oak ectomycorrhizae in mull (neutral) and mor (acidic) forest soils of northeastern Pennsylvania revealed pinnate morphology in the mull soils while the beaded form predominated in the mor soils. More mycorrhizae were located in the uppermost humus layers than in the lower mineralized layers of both soils. Although mycorrhizal frequency (MF) increased during the growing season in both situations, MF was greater in mull than in mor soils by autumn. Apparent healthy white oaks have higher MFs than declining trees with canopy dieback and/or small canopy to bole relationships. Fine roots (MFs, biomass, starch reserves) seem better indicators of tree health than canopies. The X-ray microanalysis of fine roots showed greater levels of heavy metals in mor than mull mycorrhizal mantles (MM) corresponding to the soil analysis of each site. Heavy metals in mor soils may interfere with mycorrhizae. Calcium and phosphorus content of MMs corresponded to their availability in soils. Calcium levels in MMs from mull soils with excessive Ca content were high while Ca levels in MMs from mor soils with less Ca were low. Furthermore, both x-ray microanalysis and tissue analysis of fine roots indicated Ca exclusion from MMs in mull soils. In contrast, Ca inclusion into MMs of mor soils where Ca availability is low suggests different mechanisms for Ca transport and compartmentalization into the MMs of these different habitats. The data for phosphorus were consistent with phosphorus accumulation by mycorrhizae from soils with low availability.
Experimental phenylketonuria in rats.

SummaryExperimental phenylketonuria has been produced in young rats by feeding excessive quantities of L-phenylalanine. Rats fed 7% L-phenylalanine diet showed consistently high phenylalanine values and increased excretion of urinary phenylketones. When fed in a light-dark room, rats fed 3.5%, 5%, or 7% L-phenylalanine showed reduction in liver phenylalanine hydroxylase as compared with rats fed a normal diet.
Dopamine and conditioned reinforcement. I. Differential effects of amphetamine microinjections into striatal subregions.

In the conditioned reinforcement paradigm, animals learn a new instrumental response reinforced solely by conditioned reward (a stimulus that has previously been associated with primary reward). It has been shown that psychostimulants potentiate responding for conditioned reward and there is evidence that the nucleus accumbens is involved in this effect. The present experiments extend this work and examine the roles of various striatal subregions in the enhancement of responding for conditioned reward. In the conditioning phase, hungry rats were trained to associate a light/click stimulus with food delivery, with no levers present in the operant chamber. In the test phase, two levers were present and responding on one provided conditioned reward (presentation of the compound stimulus but no food). During this phase, microinjections ofd-amphetamine (0, 0.2, 2.0, 20.0 µg/0.5 µl) were made into seven striatal subregions in separate groups of rats. Injection of amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens elicited a dose-dependent, selective increase in responding for CR. Injections into posterior regions of the striatum had no effect. Significant and selective increases in CR responding were noted after injections into two regions neighboring the nucleus accumbens, the anterior dorsal and the ventromedial striatum, although the magnitude of these effects was considerably less than that following accumbens injections. Injections into ventrolateral regions increased responding in some rats, but this effect was very variable and not selective for the CR lever. These results are interpreted as evidence for functional heterogeneity of the striatum with regard to enhancement of conditioned reinforcement. The findings are discussed in relation to the theory that increased dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens results in amplification of the response to a previously learned reward-related signal.
Geometric dose prediction model for hemithoracic intensity-modulated radiation therapy in mesothelioma patients with two intact lungs

The presence of two intact lungs makes it challenging to reach a tumoricidal dose with hemithoracic pleural intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) who underwent pleurectomy/decortications or have unresectable disease. We developed an anatomy-based model to predict attainable prescription dose before starting optimization. Fifty-six clinically delivered IMRT plans were analyzed regarding correlation of prescription dose and individual and total lung volumes, planning target volume (PTV), ipsilateral normal lung volume and ratios: contralateral/ipsilateral lung (CIVR); contralateral lung/PTV (CPVR); ipsilateral lung /PTV (IPVR); ipsilateral normal lung /total lung (INTLVR); ipsilateral normal lung/PTV (INLPVR). Spearman's rank correlation and Fisher's exact test were used. Correlation between mean ipsilateral lung dose (MILD) and these volume ratios and between prescription dose and single lung mean doses were studied. The prediction models were validated in 23 subsequent MPM patients. CIVR showed the strongest correlation with dose (R=0.603,p<0.001) and accurately predicted prescription dose in the validation cases. INLPVR and MILD as well as MILD and prescription dose were significantly correlated (R=-0.784,p<0.001 and R=0.554,p<0.001, respectively) in the training and validation cases. Parameters obtainable directly from planning scan anatomy predict achievable prescription doses for hemithoracic IMRT treatment of MPM patients with two intact lungs. PACS number(s): 87.55.de, 87.55.dk.
The methods and experiences to training nurses with nursing process

Neurosurgery nursing has the quality of highly specialization, which needs professional theories and professional technique directions. In order to reinforce the gradual construction of neurosurgery nursing staff, we adopted a scientific method of nursing program to train different grade staff respectively.The purpose is to improve their professional knowledge, techniques and nursing qualities. To achieve the goals,we should pay attention to the following points:setting down the training plans according to need,establishing clear training goals,fit for the need of development of clinical medicine and nursing,training scientifically.
The Significance of p16Protein Expression in Children Rhabdomyosarcoma

Objective:To investigate p16protein expression in children rhabdomyosarcoma(RMS)and the relationship of the expression and etiology,invasion,or metastasis.Methods:Thirty cases of RMS were studied for p16protein expression with immunohistochemical method.Results:The abnormal expression of p16protein occurred in26cases,and the normal expression of p16in4cases.The abnormal expression in RMS group was significantly higher than that in control group(P=0.0001).Metastasis occurred in5cases of21patients who had positive expression of p16,5,and in7cases of9patients with negative expression of p16,7(P=0.0125).Conclusion:(1)The abnormality of p16is highly related to the pathogenesis of RMS.(2)Loss of p16has relation to invasion or metastasis.(3)The abnormal expression of p16is not related to pathological type.
INCOHERENTLY GENERATED PHOTON ECHOES

Optical coherent transient experiments have traditionally used laser generated coherent excitation pulses. While this may be necessary for the observation of, say self induced transparency, it is not a universal requirement.
Isavuconazonium Sulfate: A Triazole Prodrug for Invasive Fungal Infections

Objective To review the place in therapy of isavuconazole, the active metabolite of isavuconazonium sulfate, via a review of the available literature on drug chemistry, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile and trials assessing clinical efficacy and safety. Methods Relevant data, original research articles and reviews, were gathered primarily through the use of a PubMed database search. The search was conducted without date restrictions in order to collect both historical and recent data regarding isavuconazole. Key findings Isavuconazole is a triazole currently approved not only for use in invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis but also has demonstrable activity against Candida species and other common fungal pathogens. This drug has features which make it more clinically appealing compared to other azoles with similar indications. In specific, isavuconazole does not require a cyclodextrin vehicle due to its water solubility, and at present, does not require therapeutic drug monitoring. Moreover, isavuconazole has displayed improved safety and tolerability compared to voriconazole. Available data from Phase III clinical trials shows isavuconazole to be a possible therapeutic option to currently available therapies for which it is approved; however, clinical conclusions should be reserved until results have been published and more data from clinical use is reported. Conclusions Isavuconazole is a new triazole with broad-spectrum antifungal activity including invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis.
The Roles of Organized Radiology in Career Development for Trainees and Junior Attending Radiologists: A Road Map

OBJECTIVE. The full spectrum of organized radiology consists of numerous organizations with varied missions targeting their respective members. CONCLUSION. This article highlights many of these organizations, discusses the benefits they can provide to radiology trainees and junior faculty, and provides a road map for progressive participation among trainees to junior faculty as they advance through training.
Driving Broad Adaptation of Open On Line Educational Resources

The world is full of educational materials created by faculty but there has been insufficient progress in disseminating even the best of these and without broad dissemination there is little penetration of open materials into higher education. Dissemination of open educational materials cannot be limited to textbooks but systems must be created to support students and faculty as are provided by commercial publishers. LibreTexts addresses this across a broad range of science and technology fields with a new reach into social science and liberal arts. LibreTexts design makes it simple for instructors to build their own courseware, either by mapping components created by others or writing their own. LibreTexts is working towards implementing a complete learning management system including testing software, homework systems guided by artificial intelligence, classroom response software and more to provide an open, online educational system suited to the students and faculty of today.
Gender Identity in Disorders of Sex Development

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare conditions that often create challenging circumstances for patients, their families, and health care providers. Our understanding of the management of DSD has significantly evolved over the last century as new studies have shed light on the topics of psychosexual development and gender identity. The new knowledge has further changed our approaches toward the care of patients with DSD. The aim of this chapter is to review the history of DSD, our current understanding of psychosexual development, and the management of gender identity, gender assignment, and surgical interventions in patients with DSD as well as other congenital anomalies that commonly present with ambiguous genitalia. Through a review of the literature and discussion of more common forms of DSD, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen insensitivity syndrome, we intend to further explore the controversies behind gender identity in this unique population.
Doctors offline, activists online: an analysis of Chinese celebrity physicians’ politically oriented social media activities

This study explores the social media activities of politically oriented Chinese celebrity physicians. The results of the semi-structured in-depth interviews indicated that the celebrity physicians were dissatisfied because the government treated them as the scapegoats of the failed health care reform. They thus turned to social media to challenge the dominant narratives about the public health system and repair their professional reputations. To achieve these goals, the celebrity physicians produced media content that challenged the dominant governmental discourse about the public health system, and they collaborated to correct conventional media narratives about the medical profession when crises occurred. The findings of this study indicate the formation of a new type of online civil activism that was initiated by a group of professionals and intellectuals.
Arc flash analysis: Investigation, simulation and sensitive parameter exploration

This paper conducts an investigation on the sensitivity of incident energy to critical arc flash parameters. In order to perform such task, the authors explore the causes of arc flash by presenting the underlying concepts associated with short-circuit fault analysis, and use these concepts to model and simulate arc flash scenarios by employing IEEE 1584 standard. An electrical system representative of a small industrial plant is modeled and simulated using ETAP software. Then, arc flash analyses are performed on the system and the effect of incident energy on various parameters is presented and discussed. The results of this work could inform field personnel of the concepts and sensitive parameters associated with arc flash analyses with the intention of allowing them to quickly and safely recognize methods for incident energy mitigation.
Perceived Social Support Mediates the Longitudinal Relations between Ambivalence over Emotional Expression and Quality of Life among Chinese American Breast Cancer Survivors.

The present study examined perceived social support as a mediator of the longitudinal link between ambivalence over emotional expression (AEE) and quality of life among a sample of Chinese breast cancer survivors. Ninety-six Chinese breast cancer survivors recruited from Southern California completed four surveys in total: (1) a baseline survey (T1), 1-month follow-up (T2), 3-month follow-up (T3), and 6-month follow-up (T4). Participants filled out a paper-pen questionnaire containing the Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire (AEQ), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), and the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale (MOS-SSS). Higher T1 AEE was associated with lower T1 social support (B = −0.01, SE = 0.004, p < 0.01) which in turn was associated with lower quality of life at T2 (B = 2.98, SE = 0.64, p < 0.01), T3 (B = 2.14, SE = 0.54, p < 0.01), and T4 (B = 2.08, SE = 0.68, p < 0.01). These results suggest that the harmful effect of AEE on quality of life is explained by reduced social support. Given the detrimental effects of AEE on social support and quality of life, future research on interventions that facilitate emotional disclosure is needed. Implications for the effects of Chinese culture on AEE are discussed.
Ibuprofen Plus Acetaminophen Equals Opioid Plus Acetaminophen for Acute Severe Extremity Pain.

In adults presenting to the emergency department with acute extremity pain severe enough to warrant radiologic investigation, ibuprofen plus acetaminophen was equally effective in reducing pain intensity at two hours compared with three different opioid and acetaminophen combination analgesics.
Recognition, Antiracism & Indigenous Futures: A View from Connecticut

This essay is offered as a tribute to Golden Hill Paugussett Chief Big Eagle and his defiance of the entrenched racism to which his tribal community has been subjected. I situate this analysis in C...
Modeling the Effects of Stimulus Frequency and Intensity on Hair Cell Potentials

Many investigators, in attempting to describe observed properties of sensory hair cell potentials, have used the variable conductance model proposed by Davis (1965). Recent studies of hair cell potentials have shown the need to include capacitive elements in these models to match experimental results (Weiss, Mulroy, and Altman 1974). Nonlinearities in hair cell transduction have also been proposed to explain experimental findings, especially the origins of distortion components in the potentials. Nonlinear input-output functions have recently been measured in hair cells (Hudspeth and Corey 1977, Russell and Sellick 1978, Eatock, Corey, and Hudspeth 1979).
Sustaining or abandoning ‘social peace’? Strike development and trends in Europe since the 1990s

Providing a simple quantitative overview and a short macro-comparative analysis of strike activity in Europe since the 1990s, this working paper assesses whether three strike trends observed in the 1990s continued in the next decade. First of all, there was a continued drop in strike activity measured by days not worked due to strikes. Relative ‘labour quiescence’ was thus also the underlying feature of the 2000s in Europe. Secondly, the rank order in the European ‘strike league table’ shows remarkable stability over a 20-year period. Albeit with a tendency towards convergence, possible future dynamics of workers’ collective action and its meaning will thus almost certainly continue to vary across Europe. Finally, politically motivated mass strikes and demonstrations, especially in the public sector, directed against (planned) government action and legislation to alter employment law were on the increase in the 2000s, with noteworthy effects due to the current socioeconomic crisis. However, it remains to be seen whether an increase in public sector strikes, commonly defensive in nature and seeking to maintain existing employment regulations, will change the continued proliferation of neoliberal policies or stimulate trade union revitalisation.
Plant Production Responses to Precipitation Differ Along an Elevation Gradient and Are Enhanced Under Extremes

The sensitivity of plant production to precipitation underlies the functioning of ecosystems. Studies that relate long-term mean annual precipitation and production across multiple sites (spatial relationship) or examine interannual linkages within a site (temporal relationship) can reveal biophysical controls over ecosystem function but have limited ability to infer responses to extreme changes in precipitation that may become more common under climate change. To overcome limitations of using a single approach, we integrated satellite- and ground-based estimates of production with a standardized, multi-site precipitation manipulation experiment across a grassland elevation gradient in the southwestern USA. The responsiveness of production to changes in precipitation followed the order: temporal (0.06–0.13 g m−2 mm−1) < spatial (0.21 g m−2 mm−1) < experimental relationship (0.25–0.42 g m−2 mm−1), suggesting that spatial and temporal relationships determined with satellite- and ground-based estimates cannot be extrapolated to determine the effect of extreme events. A strong production response to differences in mean annual precipitation across sites reinforces a regional control of water availability. Interannual sensitivity to precipitation was strongest at the low elevation grasslands, and the high elevation mixed conifer meadow had a large reduction in production in a drought year. Extreme experimental drought strongly reduced production in low elevation grasslands, but water addition had mixed effects. High elevation meadows were insensitive to both extreme drought and water addition. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for extreme climate regimes and site-level factors when scaling climate change effects up to regional and global scales.
Partition Weighted Approach for Estimating the Marginal Posterior Density with Applications.

The computation of marginal posterior density in Bayesian analysis is essential in that it can provide complete information about parameters of interest. Furthermore, the marginal posterior density...