cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight bias internalization, depression, and self‐reported health among overweight binge eating disorder patients

Objective This study aimed to examine the relationship between internalization of weight bias, which has been linked to specific negative mental health outcomes, and overall mental and physical health among overweight patients with binge eating disorder (BED). The role of depressive symptoms as a potential mediator in this relationship was also tested. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 255 individuals who were overweight and seeking treatment for BED completed the Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS), Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). Regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between the WBIS and the SF-36, and bootstrapping mediation analyses were conducted to test whether BDI scores mediated this relationship. Results Higher weight bias internalization was associated with poorer self-reported health on all scales of the SF-36, and BDI scores mediated the relationship. Additional analyses revealed that WBIS scores also mediated the relationship between BDI scores and three SF-36 scales. Conclusions Weight bias internalization is associated with poorer overall mental and physical health, and depressive symptoms may play a role in accounting for this relationship in treatment-seeking overweight patients with BED.
Open reading frame 176 in the photosynthesis gene cluster of Rhodobacter capsulatus encodes idi, a gene for isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase.

Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase catalyzes an essential activation step in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. A database search based on probes from the highly conserved regions in three eukaryotic IPP isomerases revealed substantial similarity with ORF176 in the photosynthesis gene cluster in Rhodobacter capsulatus. The open reading frame was cloned into an Escherichia coli expression vector. The encoded 20-kDa protein, which was purified in two steps by ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, catalyzed the interconversion of IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Thus, the photosynthesis gene cluster encodes all of the enzymes required to incorporate IPP into the ultimate carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll metabolites in R. capsulatus. More recent searches uncovered additional putative open reading frames for IPP isomerase in seed-bearing plants (Oryza sativa, Arabadopsis thaliana, and Clarkia breweri), a worm (Caenorhabiditis elegans), and another eubacterium (Escherichia coli). The R. capsulatus enzyme is the smallest of the IPP isomerases to be identified thus far and may consist mostly of a fundamental catalytic core for the enzyme.
Preoperative and operative blood volume status in gynecological surgery.

Abstract 1. 1. The preoperative and operative blood volume levels of 40 gynecological patients were studied. One-half were admitted for and subjected to abdominal hysterectomy, and one-half for vaginal plastic operations. Total blood volume was determined by the Evans blue technique, and operative blood loss was measured by the gravimetric technique. 2. 2. The following results were obtained and expressed in terms of ideal blood volume values: 2.1. A. Both vaginal plastic and abdominal hysterectomy patients had significant preoperative deficits in blood volume. 2.2. B. Large preoperative blood volume deficits of the abdominal hysterectomy patients were due primarily to a reduction in the red blood cell mass. The plasma compartment, though deficient in these patients, enlarged slightly to compensate for the deficit in total blood volume. 2.3. C. Preoperative blood volume deficits in the vaginal plastic patients were a combination of both deficient red blood cell mass and deficient plasma volume. 2.4. D. Preoperative blood volume deficit and operative blood loss together can reduce the blood volume to more than one-half of its ideal value. 2.5. E. Transfusion either before or during the operation was necessary if the blood volume deficit was greater than −20 per cent in the abdominal hysterectomy patients and −30 per cent in the vaginal plastic patients. 3. 3. Using the blood volume determined by the Evans blue technique as a base line, an operative blood loss in excess of 10 per cent of the determined blood volume of the hysterectomy patients, and 14 per cent of the vaginal plastic patients necessitated replacement transfusions. 4. 4. Twice as many abdominal hysterectomy patients required transfusions as did vaginal plastic patients. 5. 5. Preoperative hematocrits did not furnish a reliable index of the blood volume status of the gynecological surgical patient. However, the history of bleeding prior to operation usually heralded a diminished blood volume. 6. 6. It is believed that the patient who has bled excessively for several months should usually be transfused. Transfusion should be administered in these patients preoperatively if the hematocrit is below 35 per cent, or operatively before 400 c.c. is lost, if it is above 35 per cent. 7. 7. Blood loss in excess of 500 c.c. in any patient should be corrected by transfusion. 8. 8. Measurement of operative blood loss is an extremely valuable aid in management.
Dispersion division multiplexing technique for doubling the spectral efficiency of subcarrier multiplexed data transmission over fiber optical links

We demonstrate a novel all-optical multiplexing technique for doubling the data rate in subcarrier-multiplexed transmission over optical fiber by taking advantage of dispersion-induced power fading at the subcarrier frequency.
Evidence updating in a heterogeneous sensor environment

Nodes in a distributed sensor network (DSN) gather and fuse information generated by heterogeneous sources to arrive at local decisions targeted at achieving a given global mission objective. These sources typically possess very diverse scopes of 'expertise' or frames of discernment (FoDs) that renders updating a knowledge base from the evidence received a challenging task. In this paper, we present a Dempster-Shafer (DS) theory based evidence updating strategy that accommodates such non-identical FoDs. It is composed of a linear combination of the available evidence and incoming evidence conditioned to the source it is being generated from. The linear combination weights can be used to accommodate differences in source reliability and 'inertia' of the existing knowledge base. Strategies to choose these weights are also proposed.
Palbociclib for the Treatment of Estrogen Receptor–Positive, HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer

Palbociclib is a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 that acts by reducing phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor gene retinoblastoma. When added to the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in a randomized phase II trial for first-line therapy of estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer, palbociclib significantly increased progression-free survival compared with letrozole alone [palbociclib + letrozole: 20.2 months; 95% confidence interval (CI), 13.8-27.5; letrozole: 10.2 months; 95% CI, 5.7-12.6; HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.32-0.75; P = 0.0004]. On the basis of these results, the drug was recently granted accelerated approval by the FDA, and confirmatory studies are ongoing. Because this drug has a rational target in an oncologic pathway, concurrent biomarker development is of interest. In breast cancer, the most useful predictive biomarkers identified thus far are estrogen receptor and HER2 receptor status, although additional studies are ongoing. In this article, we review the development of palbociclib and its use in treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in the context of other FDA-approved agents in this setting.
Endometrial sampling diagnosis of FIGO grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma with a background of complex atypical hyperplasia and final hysterectomy pathology

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine posthysterectomy pathologic findings in patients with a preoperative endometrial sampling diagnosis of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma with a background of complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH). Study Design We reviewed 1423 consecutive cases of endometrial cancer to identify cases with a preoperative endometrial biopsy that demonstrated FIGO grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma. Final uterine pathologic findings were grouped into low- and high-risk based on FIGO and Gynecologic Oncology Group criteria. Results We identified 123 cases with a background of CAH and 367 cases without a background of CAH. FIGO grade in the hysterectomy specimen was more than FIGO grade 1 in 11 of 123 cases (8.9%) with a background of CAH, compared with 60 of 359 cases (16.7%) without a background of CAH ( P = .04). Conclusion An endometrial sampling diagnosis of FIGO grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma with a background of CAH is more likely to correlate with final posthysterectomy grade than a diagnosis not arising with a background of CAH.
Combining population-dynamic and ecophysiological models to predict climate-induced insect range shifts.

Abstract: Hundreds of species are shifting their ranges in response to recent climate warming. To predict how continued climate warming will affect the potential, or “bioclimatic range,” of a skipper butterfly, we present a population‐dynamic model of range shift in which population growth is a function of temperature. We estimate the parameters of this model using previously published data for Atalopedes campestris. Summer and winter temperatures affect population growth rate independently in this species and therefore interact as potential range‐limiting factors. Our model predicts a two‐phase response to climate change; one range‐limiting factor gradually becomes dominant, even if warming occurs steadily along a thermally linear landscape. Whether the range shift accelerates or decelerates and whether the number of generations per year at the range edge increases or decreases depend on whether summer or winter warms faster. To estimate the uncertainty in our predictions of range shift, we use a paramet...
Reversal of behavioral changes in rats subjected to portacaval shunt with oral neomycin therapy

The portacaval shunt rat is often used as a model of human portal-systemic encephalopathy, but its relevance to human portal-systemic encephalopathy remains uncertain. Specifically, it has not been demonstrated that the behavioral changes seen in this model respond to measures known to improve portal-systemic encephalopathy in human subjects. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to establish whether neomycin (an effective treatment for portal-systemic encephalopathy in human beings) added to the drinking water of rats subjected to portacaval shunt reversed or ameliorated the reduction in spontaneous motor activity, which represents a measure of encephalopathy in this animal model. A randomized, placebocontrolled crossover design was used, with each animal serving as its own control. After establishment of baseline activities, 12 rats with portacaval shunt and 12 sham-operated rats were divided into two equal groups: Group A animals received neomycin for 1 wk; this was followed by 1 wk off neomycin; in group B rats, the sequence was reversed. Spontaneous intake of neomycin for 7 days at doses comparable to human usage (0.1 to 0.2 gm/kg/day) was associated with a significant increase in spontaneous motor activity in rats subjected to portacaval shunt (26.4% in group A, 66.3% in group B; p<0.01 for each protocol) with no significant effect in sham-operated animals. Withdrawal of neomycin resulted in reversal of this effect in group A rats subjected to portacaval shunt. Similar significant improvements for exploratory activity as measured on the basis of nose-hole pokes was also seen in rats subjected to portacaval shunt and given neomycin. These neomycin-associated changes in the motor activity of rats subjected to portacaval shunt could not be attributed to any effect of neomycin on serum ammonia level. These findings support the concept that the rat subjected to portacaval shunt is a valid model of human portal-systemic encephalopathy that can be used to explore the pathophysiology of this syndrome. (HEPATOLOGY 1994;19:1245–1250.)
How rebreathing anaesthetic systems control PaCO2: studies with a mechanical and a mathematical model.

Results from a proposed equation for rebreathing systems, $$Pa_{CO_2 } = \frac{{\dot V_{CO_2 } (P_B - P_{H_2 O} )}}{\begin{gathered} \dot V_E (1 - V_D /V_T ) \hfill \\ + \frac{{\dot V_{CO_2 } (P_B - P_{H_2 O} )}}{{\dot V_F }} \hfill \\ \times \frac{{\dot V_E - \dot V_F }}{{\dot V_E }} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} }$$ were compared with results from a mechanical model “lung” ventilated either with a Bain Breathing Circuit, or a circle system (Eger-Ethans type A) without soda lime. When values for carbon dioxide excretion (Vco2), dead space-tidal volume ratio (Vd/Vt), minute volume ventilation (Ve), and fresh gas flow (Vf) were varied over a wide range, the model and the equation yielded identical values of Paco 2. When Vco2 = 2.25 ml/kg, Vd/Vt = 0.5, and Ve = 140 ml/kg, then fresh gas flows (Vf) with both the equation and the model produced values of Paco 2 which were very close to those found by Bain and Spoerel in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated humans. It is concluded that the equation is an accurate mathematical representation of how rebreathing anaesthetic systems control Paco 2. It is expected that the equation will be useful in the clinical application of rebreathing anaesthetic systems, allowing the selection of minute volumes and fresh gas flows which will yield predictable Paco 2 values.
The Doppler Aerosol Wind (DAWN) Airborne, Wind-Profiling Coherent-Detection Lidar System: Overview and Preliminary Flight Results

AbstractThe first airborne wind measurements of a pulsed, 2-μm solid-state, high-energy, wind-profiling lidar system for airborne measurements are presented. The laser pulse energy is the highest to date in an eye-safe airborne wind lidar system. This energy, the 10-Hz laser pulse rate, the 15-cm receiver diameter, and dual-balanced coherent detection together have the potential to provide much-improved lidar sensitivity to low aerosol backscatter levels compared to earlier airborne-pulsed coherent lidar wind systems. Problems with a laser-burned telescope secondary mirror prevented a full demonstration of the lidar’s capability, but the hardware, algorithms, and software were nevertheless all validated. A lidar description, relevant theory, and preliminary results of flight measurements are presented.
New Literacies for New Learners: The Need for Digital Technologies in Primary Classrooms

All students must start learning new literacies skills early if they are to gain the skills they will need as adults. Integrating these skills into classroom instruction at a young age is especiall...
Lower bounds on locality sensitive hashing

Given a metric space (X,dX), c≥1, r>0, and p,q ≡ [0,1], a distribution over mappings H : X → N is called a (r,cr,p,q)-sensitive hash family if any two points in X at distance at most r are mapped by H to the same value with probability at least p, and any two points at distance greater than cr are mapped by H to the same value with probability at most q. This notion was introduced by Indyk and Motwani in 1998 as the basis for an efficient approximate nearest neighbor search algorithm, and has since been used extensively for this purpose. The performance of these algorithms is governed by the parameter ⊇=log(1/p)/log(1/q), and constructing hash families with small ⊇ automatically yields improved nearest neighbor algorithms. Here we show that for X=l1 it is impossible to achieve ⊇ ≤ 1/2c. This almost matches the construction of Indyk and Motwani which achieves ⊇ ≤ 1/c.
Optical Techniques For Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Generation

Techniques for generating microwave/millimeter-wave signal in a monolithic resonant ring circuit are described. The microwave signal can be generated by focusing modulated light into a photoconductive microstrip gap or by mixing two sideband locked lasers at the photodiode. Varactor and PIN diodes can be integrated inside the ring for frequency tuning and power switching.
Contrasting the maturation, growth, spatial distribution and vulnerability to environmental warming of Hippoglossoides robustus (Bering flounder) with H. elassodon (flathead sole) in the eastern Bering Sea

Abstract Two similar appearing congeners, Hippoglossoides robustus (Bering flounder) and H. elassodon (flathead sole), inhabit the Bering Sea and are harvested together during the commercial fishery. In order to establish more precise overfishing limits, the annual spawning biomass must be estimated. Spawning biomass is modelled using the best estimate of the age and length at which 50% of the stock is expected to reach maturity (A 50, L 50). The major objective of this study was to establish the first maturity estimates for Bering flounder. Females matured at a similar age for Bering flounder (A 50, 9 years) and flathead sole (A 50, 10 years). However, the body length at which females matured was significantly smaller for Bering flounder (L 50, 238 mm) compared to flathead sole (L 50, 320 mm). The difference in the length-at-maturity was probably caused by growth differences, which significantly differed between species. The distribution and spawning locations of both species in the eastern Bering Sea su...
Stripping transitions in 46Ti(3He, d)47V

Abstract The 46 Ti( 3 He, d) 47 V reaction has been studied at a bombarding energy of 12.0 MeV using the MIT multiple-gap spectrograph. A total of 18 transitions below 5.65 MeV of excitation was analysed in the distorted-wave approximation to yield l p values and spectroscopic strengths. Transitions to the analogues of the 1 f 7 2 state and the lowest lying 2 p 3 2 state in 47 Ti were observed . The level scheme is discussed.
Fabrication of Nanometer-Sized Protein Patterns Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Selective Immobilization

A new methodology is introduced to produce nanometer-sized protein patterns. The approach includes two main steps, nanopatterning of self-assembled monolayers using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanolithography and subsequent selective immobilization of proteins on the patterned monolayers. The resulting templates and protein patterns are characterized in situ using AFM. Compared with conventional protein fabrication methods, this approach is able to produce smaller patterns with higher spatial precision. In addition, fabrication and characterization are completed in near physiological conditions. The adsorption configuration and bioreactivity of the proteins within the nanopatterns are also studied in situ.
Dynamic optical coherence tomography measurements of elastic wave propagation in tissue-mimicking phantoms and mouse cornea in vivo

We demonstrate the use of phase-stabilized swept-source optical coherence tomography to assess the propagation of low-amplitude (micron-level) waves induced by a focused air-pulse system in tissue-mimicking phantoms, a contact lens, a silicone eye model, and the mouse cornea in vivo. The results show that the wave velocity can be quantified from the analysis of wave propagation, thereby enabling the estimation of the sample elasticity using the model of surface wave propagation for the tissue-mimicking phantoms. This noninvasive, noncontact measurement technique involves low-force methods of tissue excitation that can be potentially used to assess the biomechanical properties of ocular and other delicate tissues in vivo.
On the deactivation of supported platinum catalysts for selective oxidation of alcohols

Abstract The oxidation of a variety of terminal alcohols with O2 in liquid water at 343 K over Pt supported on C, BN, SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 was explored to determine the origin of catalyst deactivation. The sintering of Pt nanoparticles and dissolution of Pt did not contribute significantly to the observed deactivation. A decrease in TOF for 1,6-hexanediol oxidation after the exposure of Pt/C to dioxygen was easily reversed by reduction with the alcohol substrate, indicating that over-oxidation of Pt was not the mode of deactivation. Strongly adsorbed CO on Pt was observed by ATR-IR spectroscopy after contacting the catalysts with alcohols, but the CO was easily removed by oxidation with dissolved O2. Results from thermogravimetric analysis and regeneration studies indicate a strongly adsorbed species other than CO and product acid deactivated the catalysts.
Micromachined hydrocarbon-based gas sensors

We report the technology for the design and fabrication of bulk-micromachined hydrocarbon based gas sensors in standard two micron n-well CMOS process. The hydrocarbon based gas sensor is a palladium-oxide-polysilicon type MOS structure. The gas sensor is realized in three steps: the layout design in CMOS technology using VLSI CAD tools, post-processing on fabricated CMOS devices followed by the deposition of palladium. The design includes additional layer in CMOS called 'open' which enables the formation of a 'cavity' in the silicon substrate and results in a micromachined structure. After the fabrication of CMOS devices a single maskless etch in an aqueous solution of ethylenediamine-pyrocatechol or xenon difluoride is done to create a 'cavity' followed by gas in palladium changes the C-V characteristics of the MOS structure and is detected through an integrated readout CMOS electronics.
Experiential Learning for Nonbusiness Students: Student Engagement Using a Marketing Trade show Stacy

As educators, we have two missions. First, we must serve our students—they are both our customer and our product. Second, we aim to provide the market in general with graduates with relevant skills and knowledge for jobs that have not even been created yet. Given that most students graduating and moving into the workplace are not necessarily business majors, it is important that we consider the impact of business minors or any student who has gained experience in one of the business classes. As educators, we cannot afford to have our brand on students who are not a direct reflection of our academic institutions. Business schools have seen enrollment increases, and some schools have adopted admission standards that are used to pare down class size. This in turn has swelled the ranks of the minors. While some schools may ease the academic rigor for minors, it is still imperative that these students are afforded a comparable learning experience to that of the majors. Through the use of a marketing trade show...
Ethnic groups, political exclusion and domestic terrorism

This study examines whether the exclusion of ethnic groups from political power is an important contributing factor to domestic terrorism. To empirically test this question, we employ a negative binomial regression estimation on 130 countries during the period from 1981 to 2005. We find that countries in which certain ethnic populations are excluded from political power are significantly more likely to experience domestic terrorist attacks and to suffer from terrorist casualties; furthermore, ethnic group political exclusion is a more consistent and substantive predictor of domestic terrorist activity than general political repression or economic discrimination.
Separation of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone on unmodified silica with reverse-phase eluents

Aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone were chromatographed on an octyl-silica bonded-phase column and on an unmodified silica column using acetonitrile/water mobile phases. The elution order of the analytes from the silica column was different from that using the octyl-silica bonded phase and allowed confirmation of residues of aldicarb sulfoxide in citrus nectar. Isocratic elution of the unmodified silica column allowed rapid sample throughput.
A method for constructing solutions of homogeneous partial differential equations: localized waves

We introduce a method for constructing solutions of homogeneous partial differential equations. This method can be used to construct the usual, well-known, separable solutions of the wave equation, but it also easily gives the non-separable localized wave solutions. These solutions exhibit a degree of focusing about the propagation axis that is dependent on a free parameter, and have many important potential applications. The method is based on constructing the space-time Fourier transform of a function so that it satisfies the transformed partial differential equation. We also apply the method to construct localized wave solutions of the wave equation in a lossy infinite medium, and of the Klein-Gordon equation. The localized wave solutions of these three equations differ somewhat, and we discuss these differences. A discussion of the properties of the localized waves, and of experiments to launch them, is included in the Appendix.
Evidence that there are two forms of fluoride in human serum.

IT has been assumed that there is only one form of fluoride in serum, the inorganic F ion. It would therefore seem that either the value for serum fluoride which I found (1 µM) (refs. 1 and 2) or that found by Singer and Armstrong (7.5 µM) (ref. 3) must be in error. While the diffusion method of Singer and Armstrong has been shown to produce erroneous values, the same cannot be said for their ashing and distillation procedure. The evidence that the serum fluoride is about 1 µM in a fluoridated community does not rule out the possibility that more fluoride could be made available from serum by ashing; it only indicates that the fluoride in serum able to exchange with added radioactive fluoride can be measured and is 1 µM.
Light torque nanocontrol, nanomotors and nanorockers

In a novel application of light torques, we manipulate and control the rotation of nanorods. We apply light torques to 250 nm diameter glass nanorods in a single-beam optical trap. Light-torque operated nanomotors whir at moderate speeds that depend on several factors, including the magnitude of the light torque, the viscosity of the surrounding medium, and the rotation rate of the electric field vector of the linearly polarized trapping light. Two new modes of behavior - rocking motion and saltatory motion -are also described and explained.
Band gap and interface engineering of wide gap Cu-containing chalcopyrite absorbers by dry (In,Ga)-S surface treatments

Device-grade CuGaSe2 (CGSe) and CuInS2 (CIS) thin films for photovoltaic applications have been subjected to dry surface treatments based on In-S and Ga-S by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), carried out in an open-tube system. Film properties have been monitored from time and temperature processing series. Improved PV performance has been demonstrated from devices based on treated CGSe compared to those based on reference samples. Numerical simulations have been performed, pointing out the conditions such surface treatments should fulfil in order to improve the performance of devices based on wide gap absorbers.
Critical conditions in ferroresonance

The list of references given at the end of the paper by P. H. Odessey and E. Weber on resonance with iron-cored inductances [EE, Trans. Sect., Aug. '38, p. 444] contains no articles in the English language earlier than 1931. However, this phenomenon was in dependently observed, and described by the writer and C. W. Baker in 1911 in the article “Double Voltages in Circuits having Capacity and Inductance,” in The Electric Journal, 1911, volume 8, page 1102. At that time, as in several later instances, the phenomenon was dangerous and harmful to apparatus on which it occurred. When a small transformer was connected between ground and the terminals of generators, for testing purposes, an unexpectedly high voltage appeared in an erratic manner, which punctured the generator insulation. Sometimes a high voltage and sometimes a low one was obtained, depending on the part of the cycle at which the switch was closed.
47-year-old man with fever and headache

RESIDENTS’ CLINIC*Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, MayoClinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn.†Adviser to resident and Consultant in Primary Care Internal Medicine, MayoClinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn.See end of article for correct answers to questions.Individual reprints of this article are not available. Address correspondence toKris G. Thomas, MD, Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicCollege of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 (e-mail: thomas.kris@mayo.edu).© 2005 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
SU-GG-T-447: Interplay between Prostate Intra-Fraction Motion and Proton Uniform Scanning Treatment: A Dosimetry Study

Purpose: To investigate dosimetric impact of prostate intra‐fraction motion to proton uniform scanning (US) treatment using Calypso prostate tracking data and a validated in‐house dosimetryanalysissoftware.Method and Materials: Uniform scanning (energy stacking) delivers energy layers from distal to proximal temporally, which interplays with prostate intra‐fraction motion. In‐house software was developed to simulate the interplay and evaluate its dosimetry impact. It imports patient contour structures and dose matrix from treatment planning system (TPS) and de‐convolved it into temporal‐spatial dose matrix that indexed by energy layers. CTV was rigidly moved through the temporal‐spatial dose matrix according to prostate motion traces. Validation of the software was performed against Eclipse Proton TPS. 17 patient prostate intra‐fraction motion traces were used to evaluate prostate CTV dosimetry. For comparison, double scattering (DS) treatment was also simulated using the same prostate motion traces. Furthermore, higher dose rate was simulated for both US and DS treatments to evaluate its effect. Results:Software validation indicated that its difference to TPS calculation is minimum. For patient treatment simulation, the results indicated that CTV dose degradation depends on magnitude and direction of prostate intra‐fraction motion and is patient specific. In fractions with significant motion, 100% dose coverage can reduce to 66% and 78% of CTV for US and DS treatments, respectively. DVH and isodose graphs revealed significant CTV cold/hot spots in US and only CTV underdose in DS treatment. Higher dose rate caused more dose degradation. Conclusion: Intra‐fraction prostate motion causes dose uncertainty in proton treatment. The interplays between temporal delivery of energy layers and prostate motion in US treatment further degrade planned dosimetry and cause hot and cold spots inside CTV compared to DS treatment. This study indicated that such significant CTV dose inhomogeneity may exist for some patients with severe prostate intra‐fraction motion during US treatments.
Nanostructure growth-induced defect formation and band bending at ZnO surfaces

Abstract Morphological, electrostatic, and optical techniques reveal spontaneous growth of nano-“mounds” on ZnO polar surfaces in air creating native point defects at and under the surface that increase work function locally by hundreds of meV. Nanoscale surface photovoltage spectroscopy reveals Zn vacancies with gap states whose density grows with nano-mound proximity over hundreds of nanometers. The low activation energy for ZnO nano-mound growth with oxygen indicates interstitial Zn diffusion that feeds nanostructure growth, generating deep level acceptors that increase n-type band bending and impact Schottky barrier formation.
Optimization of Cardiovascular Stent Design Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Coronary stent design affects the spatial distribution of wall shear stress (WSS), which can influence the progression of endothelialization, neointimal hyperplasia, and restenosis. Previous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have only examined a small number of possible geometries to identify stent designs that reduce alterations in near-wall hemodynamics. Based on a previously described framework for optimizing cardiovascular geometries, we developed a methodology that couples CFD and three-dimensional shape-optimization for use in stent design. The optimization procedure was fully-automated, such that solid model construction, anisotropic mesh generation, CFD simulation, and WSS quantification did not require user intervention. We applied the method to determine the optimal number of circumferentially repeating stent cells (N(C)) for slotted-tube stents with various diameters and intrastrut areas. Optimal stent designs were defined as those minimizing the area of low intrastrut time-averaged WSS. Interestingly, we determined that the optimal value of N(C) was dependent on the intrastrut angle with respect to the primary flow direction. Further investigation indicated that stent designs with an intrastrut angle of approximately 40 deg minimized the area of low time-averaged WSS regardless of vessel size or intrastrut area. Future application of this optimization method to commercially available stent designs may lead to stents with superior hemodynamic performance and the potential for improved clinical outcomes.
Labile barite contents and dissolved barium concentrations on Blake Ridge: New perspectives on barium cycling above gas hydrate systems

Blake Ridge hosts an extensive gas hydrate system where escaping CH4 is consumed through anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) at a sulfate–methane transition (SMT) in shallow sediment. Previous geochemical work on ridge crest sediment has documented Ba fronts above the SMT, and has suggested that these horizons can be used to constrain the evolution of the SMT and AOM over time. We expand on this concept and further test it by determining the labile Ba contents of sediment and the dissolved Ba2+ concentrations of pore waters at four ODP sites on Blake Ridge (on the crest at Sites 994, 995 and 997, and on the southern flank at Site 1059). Labile Ba contents are fairly low at all four sites (0.44 and 1.32 mmol/kg), except within 3 m above the SMT at Sites 994, 995 and 997, where they typically exceed 1.24 mmol/kg and can reach 11.3 mmol/kg. These Ba fronts have a diagenetic origin, and SEM analyses show them to be composed of microcrystalline barite. Site 1059 lacks a prominent Ba front. The lowest labile Ba contents generally underlie the Ba fronts and correlate to the base of the SMT. Dissolved Ba2+ concentrations are low ( 100 kyr. Thus, CH4 escaping through the AOM has likely been fairly constant over this time. It is possible that the SMT is currently rising toward the seafloor at Site 1059.
ANGIOSPERM PALEOBIOCHEMISTRY OF THE SUCCOR CREEK FLORA (MIOCENE) OREGON, USA'

The organic chemical profiles of fossil Acer and Quercus leaf tissues are presented and correlated with those of previously described fossil Celtis, Ulmus and Zelkova and interpreted in conjunction with referable extant genera. Intrageneric comparisons among fossil and extant taxa indicate that relatively minor phytochemical differences exist suggesting that little flavonoid and steroid evolution since post-Miocene times has occurred. Biosystematic relationships between living North American and Asian genera indicate that in some cases (Quercus, Zelkova) a greater affinity exists between living Asiatic species and elements of the Succor Creek Flora. The chemical data are proposed as an independent parameter in assessing angiosperm biogeography and proposed migration patterns of the Fagaceae and Ulmaceae. The high chemical fidelity seen between some living and fossil genera preserved in ash-fall deposits is ascribed to the reaction of membrane bound lipids with various organic acids and to subsequent rapid dehydration. THE chemical profiles of plant and animal fossils and of organic-rich sediments are affected by various physical and chemical factors that collectively alter their original biochemistry (Jones and Vallentyne, 1960; Kvenvolden, 1966; Brooks, 1971). While chemical data may provide some basis for deducing a fossil's original biochemistry, and thereby provide broad taxonomic inferences (Niklas, 1976; Niklas and Gensel, 1977), diagenesis generally prevents direct comparisons between extant and fossil taxa thought to be related on the basis of morphology or anatomy. The degree of diagenesis may to some extent be determined by the presence of various organic constituents known to be labile, unstable, or thermometric. This is particularly true if the fossil taxon has a putative extant representative. In this paper we present the organic chemical profiles of five angiosperm genera representative of the Succor Creek Flora of Miocene age (Graham, 1963, 1965; Taggart and Cross, 1975). Previous reports have shown that leaf tissues isolated from volcanic ash-fall lenses show only
Defining the cellular precursors to human breast cancer.

Human breast cancers are broadly classified based on their gene-expression profiles into luminal- and basal-type tumors. These two major tumor subtypes express markers corresponding to the major differentiation states of epithelial cells in the breast: luminal (EpCAM+) and basal/myoepithelial (CD10+). However, there are also rare types of breast cancers, such as metaplastic carcinomas, where tumor cells exhibit features of alternate cell types that no longer resemble breast epithelium. Until now, it has been difficult to identify the cell type(s) in the human breast that gives rise to these various forms of breast cancer. Here we report that transformation of EpCAM+ epithelial cells results in the formation of common forms of human breast cancer, including estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative tumors with luminal and basal-like characteristics, respectively, whereas transformation of CD10+ cells results in the development of rare metaplastic tumors reminiscent of the claudin-low subtype. We also demonstrate the existence of CD10+ breast cells with metaplastic traits that can give rise to skin and epidermal tissues. Furthermore, we show that the development of metaplastic breast cancer is attributable, in part, to the transformation of these metaplastic breast epithelial cells. These findings identify normal cellular precursors to human breast cancers and reveal the existence of a population of cells with epidermal progenitor activity within adult human breast tissues.
An ergodic theory of venture capital solicitation

Abstract The temporal series of financial commitments elicited from venture capitalists (VCs) are assumed to have the characteristics of random variables. It is shown that the aggregate capital commitment secured by an entrepreneur in a finite time has stochastic properties corresponding to those of a renewal process. The paper derives the limiting conditions on the probability that a project will be aborted because of the entrepreneur's inability to secure adequate funding commitments in a finite time. The collective attitude towards risk of the entrepreneurial group will determine the tradeoff between the expected aggregate capital commitment and the risk of abortion of the project.
Tonotopy in Human Auditory Cortex Examined With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tonotopic organization within the human auditory cortex was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism. Single-frequency pulsed tones were alternated with no-tone conditions to elicit stimulus-specific functional activity. Differential frequency-specific activity was imaged within the auditory cortex Activations for high-frequency tones were located more posteriorly and medially than those for low-frequency tones. Such a pattern is consistent with descriptions of tonotopic organization suggested by other nonneuroimaging methodologies used with human and nonhuman primates. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that fMRI can be used to reliably investigate functional organization of the human auditory cortex. Hum. Brain Mapping 4:18-25, 1997. (c) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intracellular Proatherogenic Events and Cell Adhesion Modulated by Extracellular Thiol/Disulfide Redox State

Background— Oxidative stress, a contributing factor to atherosclerosis, causes oxidation of biological thiols, which can be quantified in terms of the thiol/disulfide redox. The major thiol/disulfi...
Development and Predictive Ability of a Behavior-Based Typology of Men Who Batter

This study explores the existence and predictive ability of a behavior-based typology of men who were adjudicated for a domestic violence crime in an urban criminal justice system. Data from 671 men who completed a 2-hour biopsychosocial assessment were analyzed using cluster analysis. Findings indicate a typology of low level criminality (25.6%), dysphoric volatile behavior (42.2%), and dysphoric general violence (32.2%) similar to previous typologies, but with some unique characteristics. The behavior-based typology predicted both program completion and subsequent rearrest. This study provides preliminary support for the development of typological assessment in criminal justice and BIP settings for early identification of men who may need additional interventions.
Sensory Stimulation and ADL Performance

This study examined the effect of sensory stimulation on ADL performance in an elderly individual with diabetes mellitus. A singlesubject study was conddcted, employing an A-B, multiple baseline, a...
The significance of occupations in work careers: An empirical and theoretical review

Abstract The central position of occupations in work careers has been a widely accepted position in the study of careers. Furthermore, it has also been commonly believed that most work careers follow the temporal sequence of occupational choice, occupational preparation and training, and occupational entry and retention. An analysis of research findings, however, shows that most individuals do not make stable occupational choices as the first step in their work careers, nor do they show a strong commitment to a particular occupation during their work careers. On the contrary, occupational mobility is far more characteristic of most work careers than occupational stability. One possible explanation of the high rates of occupational mobility is that individuals are responding to opportunities that develop during the course of their careers. As opportunities unfold during work careers, individuals use those opportunities to make future career and occupational choices. Thus, careers may be more accurately considered as a series of responses to a succession of opportunity situations than the effort to realize a predetermined occupational goal.
Comparative effectiveness of two popular weight loss programs in women II: metabolic markers

Background A number of commercial diet and exercise programs are promoted to help people lose weight and improve fitness. However, few studies have compared the effects of following different types of exercise and diet interventions on weight loss. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of a more structured meal plan based diet intervention and supervised exercise program that included resistance-exercise to a traditional point based diet program with weekly counseling and encouragement to exercise. Methods Fifty-one sedentary women (35±8 yrs, 163±7 cm; 90±14 kg; 47±7% body fat, 34±5 kg/m 2 ) were randomized to participate in the Curves (C) or Weight Watchers (W) weight loss programs for 16-weeks. Participants in the C program were instructed to follow a 1,200 kcal/d diet for 1-week, 1,500 kcal/d diet for 3-weeks, and 2,000 kcals/d diet for 2-weeks, consisting of 30% carbohydrate, 45% protein, and 30% fat. Subjects repeated this diet for the 16-week period. Subjects also participated in the Curves circuit style resistance training program 3-days/week and were encouraged to walk at a brisk pace for 30-minutes on non-training days. This program involved performing 30-60 seconds of bi-directional hydraulic-based resistance exercise on 13 machines interspersed with 30-60 seconds of low-impact callisthenic or Zumba dance exercise. Participants in the W group followed the W pointbased diet program, received weekly counseling at a local W facility, and were encouraged to increase physical activity. Fasting blood samples were obtained at 0, 4, 10, & 16 weeks and analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures for changes in triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (CHL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), the CHL:HDL-C ratio, and blood glucose. Data are presented as percent changes from baseline for the C and W groups, respectively, after 4, 10, and 16 weeks. Results
Eyes on the prize: reflections on the impact of the evolving digital ecology on the librarian as expert intermediary and knowledge coach, 1969–2009

Objective The 2009 Janet Doe Lecture reflects on the continuing value and increasing return on investment of librarian-mediated services in the constantly evolving digital ecology and complex knowledge environment of the health sciences. Setting The interrelationship of knowledge, decision making based on knowledge, technology used to access and retrieve knowledge, and the important linkage roles of expert librarian intermediaries is examined. Methodology Professional experiences from 1969 to 2009, occurring during a time of unprecedented changes in the digital ecology of librarianship, are the base on which the evolving role and value of librarians as knowledge coaches and expert intermediaries are examined. Conclusion Librarian-mediated services linking knowledge and critical decision making in health care have become more valuable than ever as technology continues to reshape an increasingly complex knowledge environment.
Risk limiting dispatch of wind power

Integrating wind and solar power into the grid requires dispatching various types of reserve generation to compensate for the randomness of renewable power. The dispatch is usually determined by a system operator (SO) or an aggregator who ‘firms’ variable energy by bundling it with conventional power. The optimal dispatch is formulated as the solution to a stochastic control problem and shown to have a closed form that can be quickly computed. Different objectives and risk constraints can be included in the formulation and trade-offs can be evaluated. In particular one can quantify the influence of sequential forecasts on the total integration cost and the choice of dispatched generation. When the forecast error is Gaussian, the optimal dispatch policy can be precomputed.
Algorithms for Mathematical Morphological Operations with Flat Top Structuring Elements

The mathematical morphological operations on grey scale images require the selections of the minimum or the maximum value within the windows set by structuring elements. This paper deals with the structuring elements which are three dimensional with flat top and infinite height. The flat top region can be various shapes of one or two dimensions such as line segment, hexagon, octagon or circle. This paper describes the optimal implementation of the morphological operations with such structuring elements, an iterative method which combines controlled image shiftings and comparisons between the original and shifted images. It is an effective image processing method without a cytocomputer architecture [1,2].
The Effect of Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola, Control on Growth and Survival of Bartlett Pear Trees on Two Rootstocks

The effect of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Forster, feeding on the growth and survival of Bartlett pear trees on Bartlett seedling and Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. seedling rootstocks, was studied in an orchard planting of 400 trees during the first 4 years after planting. Half the trees on each rootstock were exposed to uncontrolled populations while sprays were applied to the remaining trees to control this insect. Trees on Bartlett seedling rootstocks grew more than those on P. ussuriensis rootstocks in both the sprayed and unsprayed plots. Trees on both rootstocks grew more in plots sprayed to control psylla than comparable trees in unsprayed plots. The number of tree deaths owing to quick decline was greater for trees exposed to pear psylla than for those sprayed to control this insect.