cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cause of the strengthening in quenched beta brass

Abstract Quenched CuZn is strengthened by vacancies which are generated by the rapid disorder-to-order transformation. The quenching temperature which produces maximum strength is a function of quenching rate. The strength immediately after quenching depends on the number of trapped imperfections, where the number is proportional to the amount of ordering during the quench minus the amount of decay during the quench. The vacancies probably originate from the strong interaction between dislocations in the presence of long range order. Density change, effect of cooling rate, activation energy for decay, electrical resistivity and Clarebrough's work on internal friction support the idea that the strength of quenched beta brass is associated with vacancies rather than anti-phase domains.
Genetic Factors Associated with the Plumage Pattern of the Barred Fayoumi

Abstract Backcross and testcross data have revealed that the birchen (ER) primary pattern of the gold-barred Fayoumi is modified by the C0 and dark brown (Db) columbian-type restriction factors. Because of the complex phenotypic interactions of these factors, phenotypes were separated with the aid of a principal component analysis. The autosomal-barred secondary pattern is due to an incompletely-dominant autosomal mutation, Ab, which is linked to Db by approximately 17 crossover units. Ab appears to be related, at least phenotypically, to the penciling pattern.
Olfactory orientation in Bufo woodhousei fowleri, Pseudacris clarki and Pseudacris streckeri

Abstract Five species of anuran amphibians were tested in an olfactometer for their ability to discriminate and respond to odours from breeding ponds. Reproductively active male Bufo woodhousei fowleri and Pseudacris clarki as well as both male and female Pseudacris streckeri moved toward the odour of water from their home ponds in preference to that of water from foreign ponds, sometimes only a few metres away. These species failed to respond to a slight increase in humidity and were neither attracted to nor repulsed by foreign odours. Neither Hyla chrysoscelis nor Scaphiopus hurteri demonstrated olfactory orientation.
Overview of pediatric headache

There is a high prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents. Headache in pediatric population is substantially underdiagnosed and undertreated. The recently revised International Headache Society criteria are a step in the right direction to improve our diagnostic accuracy. The recent increases in evidence-based data in the pediatric headache population will help to outline appropriate management strategies for acute and preventive treatment. In this article, diagnostic and treatment issues related to the pediatric headache patient will be reviewed.
Recent advances in econometric estimation of materials substitution

Abstract Interest in substituting reproducible inputs such as capital and labour for non-renewable materials is principally motivated by two factors — the short-run concern about supply disruptions on the part of producing countries and the long-run concern about the exhaustion of depletable natural resources. In this paper, techniques for estimating elasticities of substitution between inputs (ie between different materials or between material aggregates and other input aggregates) from production and cost functions are discussed, and the recent literature that makes use of these techniques is reviewed.
Thermomechanical effects on adsorbed water in clays around a heat source

Numerical results of the simulations of the saturated clay response to a line heat source with a constant power output are presented and compared to the analytical solutions. Mixture theory of two interacting thermoelastic constituents is employed for the modelling. In this theory, mass transfer between the adsorbed water and bulk water is included to simulate the degeneration of adsorbed water into bulk water occurring at elevated temperatures. A finite difference method with non-uniform mesh is adopted to determine both the near- and far-field behaviour. The degeneration of adsorbed water into bulk water is more pronounced close to the heat source. This may produce a lower excess pore water pressure, a higher permeability increase, and accelerate the water flow in the vicinity of the heat source.
Common‐interest housing in the communities of tomorrow

Abstract This article offers a broad conceptual framework for understanding the rise of common‐interest housing developments (CIDs), including gated communities, townhouse and condominium projects, and other planned communities. The article begins by describing the CID as an institution and the essential characteristics and varieties of CIDs. Second, the rapid spread of CIDs is attributed to the incentives currently operating on real estate developers, municipal governments, and consumers. Third, this institution is placed in the context of definitions of public and private, and the categories of state, market, and civil society. The article then presents the eight different “big‐picture” interpretations of this overall phenomenon that could inform the public policy framework within which CIDs are situated. They can be seen as an imperfectly realized version of the “rational choice” or “public choice” model, and reform efforts should be aimed at making choice mechanisms more effective.
Tic disorders and their differential diagnosis in childhood

Abstract Tics occur in 1% or more of children and are characterised by brief sudden movements that involve the face and upper body. In addition to the tics, the children may suffer from attention deficit disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, behavioural problems and learning disabilities. Medications are available to mitigate these symptoms. Occasionally, other disorders may present like tics and result in some initial diagnostic confusion. Children are best managed by an approach that addresses each of these target symptoms.
Expression of fibronectin isoforms bearing the alternatively spliced EIIIA, EIIIB, and V segments in corneal alkali burn and keratectomy wound models in the rat.

Purpose:To better understand the healing process in the wounded cornea, fibronectin (FN) isoforms bearing the alternatively spliced EIIIA, EIIIB, and V segments (EIIIA+, EIIIB+, and V+ FNs) were evaluated in alkali burn and keratectomy wound models in the rat.Methods:Alkali burn or keratectomy wound
Stable Sex Ratio Distortion in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Associated with a Chromosomal Rearrangement

In this paper, we report on a stock of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), that has produced a significant excess of females for >3 yr of laboratory culture. Reciprocal crosses indicate that the basis of the female bias segregates with the males. In cerebral ganglion mitotic chromosomes, figures highly suggestive of a translocation involving three chromosomes were observed. Mitotic figures with chromosome bridges at anaphase suggest a model to explain the sex ratio distortion.
Catheter-directed thrombolysis of acute lower extremity arterial thrombosis in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an underdiagnosed problem, and the optimal treatment of arterial thrombosis in patients with HIT remains controversial. There are many angiographic procedures which require heparin as an adjunctive agent; however, some of the heparin-related complications and their management remains unclear. We are presenting a 77-year-old male patient with HIT, who developed acute lower extremity limb threatening ischemia due to arterial thrombosis. In our case, the patient has been successfully treated with percutaneous catheter-directed thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator and a direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New Antiproliferative Immunosuppressive Agents

Since the early 1980s, the combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone has been the mainstay tripledrug immunosuppressive regimen used in transplantation. However, advances in drug research, design, and development have allowed for the introduction of new agents that have greatly increased the number of immunosuppressive agents available for use in transplant recipients. Particularly, the newer antiproliferative immunosuppressive drugs (agents that directly inhibit the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes) have had an important impact on patient outcomes posttransplant. These agents are mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus.
Microbial Enzyme Activities in a Freshwater Marsh after Cessation of Nutrient Loading

Accurate assessment of perturbation and recovery from anthropogenic nutrient inputs in wetland ecosystems is important for resource management decisions. Nutrient availability affects detrital decomposition and sediment accumulation rates, contributing to and helping to maintain changes in plant community structure. In this paper we report patterns of microbial enzyme activities as indicators of change in areas of a subtropical wetland 8 yr after cessation of nutrient loading. Select enzyme (acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and dehydrogenase) activities were assayed on detrital material and surface soils collected from different vegetation communities within impacted and reference (unimpacted) areas. Acid phosphatase activity (APA) did not vary as dramatically as total P (TP) in soil, but was distinctly different in detritus of impacted and reference vegetation communities. The APA in soil and detritus was greatest in the reference sites, particularly in the Panicum area. Beta-glucosidase activity was highest in Typha areas and demonstrated significant temporal variation. Differences in the timing and length of inundation may play a role in observed trends, since the NW Panicum and Cladium reference sites flooded and reached anaerobiosis later in the growing season than did impacted areas. Data from this study indicate ongoing changes in biogeo-chemical cycling of nutrients in soils and detritus associated with vegetation communities in areas of historic nutrient loading.
Survival among injured geriatric patients during construction of a statewide trauma system.

Background: Patient outcomes are presumed to vary during early implementation of a trauma system because of fluctuations in processes of care. This study estimates risk-adjusted survival for injured geriatric patients during implementation of the Washington State trauma system. Methods: A presystem (1988-1992) versus early construction phase (1993-1995) retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalized geriatric injured patients in Washington State was conducted. Hospital data were cross-linked to death certificates, providing patient follow-up. A Cox proportional hazards model assessed survival to 60 days from hospital admission. Results: A total of 77,136 geriatric patients were assessed. No difference in survival was observed (before vs. after) for all geriatric injured patients. However, among severely injured patients (Injury Severity Score > 15), survival during the implementation phase increased by 5.1% compared with patients admitted during the presystem years (p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study demonstrates improved survival for seriously injured geriatric trauma patients during construction of the Washington State trauma system.
Improving the performance of cellular manufacturing by a dynamic part assignment approach

In this paper, a simple dynamic part assignment (DPA) procedure is introduced and its effects on the performance of cellular manufacturing systems is evaluated. In this procedure rerouting of parts among machine cells is allowed for better machine utilization. Three data sets are used to compare the performance of manufacturing systems under job shop and cellular manufacturing when DPA is employed. The results of simulation runs indicate that the proposed DPA method improves the performance of cellular manufacturing significantly by reducing the congestion in machine cells with long waiting lines.
194,198Pt(, ṕ) reaction and the interacting boson model

Abstract Angular distributions of d σ/ d Ω and Ay were measured for low-lying collective states, Jπ = 01+, 2+1, 2+2, 4+1, 4+2, 4+3 in 194,198pt using 135 MeV polarized protons. Coupled-channels analysis of the data indicates large E4 moments for the 4i (i = 1, 2, 3) states in both the isotopes. These data have been analyzed in the framework of the interacting boson model (IBM). Although the standard IBM-1 scheme with only s- and d-bosons can describe the E2 properties of both isotopes quite well, a more generalized version which also includes a g-boson is needed to correctly reproduce simultaneously both the E2 and E4 data. Another model using the “projected IBM-2” parameters gives similar results.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia and frequency of circuit changes☆☆☆★

Abstract Background: The purpose of this research was to determine whether changing tubing circuits for mechanical ventilation less often than every 48 hours would allow maintenance of acceptably low rates for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Methods: A computer search of the MEDLINE database from 1986 through 1996 was performed, and abstracts for 1992 through 1996 from the annual meetings of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America were examined. Results: Eight studies indicate that the interval between ventilator tubing circuit changes can be extended to 7 days without increasing the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Furthermore, the rate can be maintained at or below 10 pneumonias per 1000 ventilator-days, the approximate median of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. There is very little evidence to suggest that these circuits can safely be changed at longer intervals. Conclusions: The weight of the evidence indicates that breathing circuits should be changed every 7 days. This practice of routine changes should be abandoned only if additional studies demonstrate that prolonged use of the same breathing circuit is associated with low rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 1998;26:71-73)
HIV-1 infection of human peripheral blood, cord blood and tonsillar dendritic cells

The role of peripheral blood and tissue dendritic cells (DC) in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been studied by several groups of investigators. The ability of DC to support productive HIV infection in vitro remains controversial. As reported here, low-level replication of HIV occurs in cord blood DC (CBDC), while tonsillar DC (TDC) fail to support HIV replication. It is unclear whether peripheral blood dendritic cells (PBDC) are depleted or dysfunctional in HIV-infected individuals. While several previous reports and our own data indicate that T-cell proliferation to mitogens and antigens is reduced in the presence of HIV-exposed PBDC, the exact mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. DC appear to have the ability to transfer HIV to CD4 T-cells during an immune response. This transfer leads to productive infection and apoptotic cell death. The role of DC in the pathogenesis of HIV infection requires further definition. The availability of methods for generation of DC from cord or adult peripheral blood and for improved identification of PBDC should prove to be useful in this regard.
Association of polonium-210 with blood.

Summary1. When whole blood from polonium-injected rats or dogs was centrifugally fractionated, it was found that approximately 90% of the polonium was associated with the red blood cells. 2. Isolation of hemoglobin from similar blood indicated that the polonium was associated with this portion of the red blood cell. Fractionation of hemoglobin into globin and heme indicated that almost all of the polonium was associated with the globin. Measurement of the affinity of major red blood cell components for polonium demonstrated that globin had as much affinity as lysed whole red cells, while heme residue had practically none. 3. Chemical methods which rely on a change in hydrogen ion concentration for the isolation of polonium containing red blood cell components were not satisfactory.
Source-transport inversion: An application of geophysical inverse theory to sediment transport in Monterey Bay, California

Application of forward coastal sediment transport models in situations involving large temporal and spatial scales or topographically complex environments can be highly problematic since the distribution of hydrodynamic parameters is rarely adequately known. Where rocky topography is present, flow patterns may be altered and sediments trapped by topographic barriers. A frequently employed approach to these problems is the application of the statistical technique known as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. One limitation of EOF analysis of grain size and mineralogical data is that EOF is a purely geometric technique which does not allow incorporation of a priori knowledge we may have regarding the physical environment. In fact, there is no guarantee that a meaningful physical interpretation of the results of an EOF analysis actually exists. This is not true of geophysical inverse theory, which is capable of incorporating diverse forms of information and is not limited to purely geometric manipulations of data. We have formulated an inverse theoretical approach to study sediment transport which we call STI, short for source-transport inversion. STI relaxes the nonphysical assumption of orthogonal endmembers and can handle many forms of a priori information. STI has been developed initially in the context of modeling the sediment supply and dispersal system of Monterey Bay, California. Using the geographical distribution of heavy mineralogy data, significant sources are identified and sediments traced from those sources along transport pathways. Model results are encouraging both in terms of goodness of fit between model and data and in terms of the agreement of model results with the sediment sourcing and dispersal patterns inferred in previous studies. Model results indicate that beach sediments are primarily derived from the open coast north of the bay, that a littoral cell boundary exists in the center of the bay at Moss Landing, and that beach deposits produced by paleolittoral drift during a sea level low stand lie along the 100-m isobath.
BroadPeak: a novel algorithm for identifying broad peaks in diffuse ChIP-seq datasets.

Summary: Although some histone modification chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) signals show abrupt peaks across narrow and specific genomic locations, others have diffuse distributions along chromosomes, and their large contiguous enrichment landscapes are better modeled as broad peaks. Here, we present BroadPeak, an algorithm for the identification of such broad peaks from diffuse ChIP-seq datasets. We show that BroadPeak is a linear time algorithm that requires only two parameters, and we validate its performance on real and simulated histone modification ChIP-seq datasets. BroadPeak calls peaks that are highly coincident with both the underlying ChIP-seq tag count distributions and relevant biological features, such as the gene bodies of actively transcribed genes, and it shows superior overall recall and precision of known broad peaks from simulated datasets. Availability: The source code and documentations are available at
Factors Affecting Anxiety and Depression in Psychiatric Consultation Patients

Factors that contribute to dysphoric affects in patients seen on a consultation-liaison service were investigated. Eighty-five subjects were studied to assess the role of character style, locus of control and seriousness of medical illness upon the magnitude of depression and anxiety each patient experienced. Results indicated that the obsessoid individual as well as individuals in pain reported significantly more depression and anxiety than their hysteroid counterparts. The severity of illness did not correlate with greater dysphoria. Those individuals who were more externally located were found to be in greater subjective pain. Furthermore, psychiatric consultants significantly tended to ignore the issue of the pain more often than anxiety and depression. The implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to a patient's personality style and the experience of illness and hospitalization.
How Do Crises Spread? Evidence from Accessible and Inaccessible Stock Indices

We provide empirical evidence that stock market crises are spread globally through asset holdings of international investors. By separating emerging market stocks into two categories, namely, those that are eligible for purchase by foreigners (accessible) and those that are not (inaccessible), we estimate and compare the degree to which accessible and inaccessible stock index returns co-move with crisis country index returns. Our results show greater co-movement during high volatility periods, especially for accessible stock index returns, suggesting that crises spread through the asset holdings of international investors rather than through changes in fundamentals.
A Caching-Based Approach to Routing in Delay-Tolerant Networks

Delay-tolerant networks (DTNs), where no connected path generally exists between a source and a destination at any given time, present significant challenges from a routing perspective. A plethora of routing approaches have been previously introduced that make use of node mobility models or probabilistic models of network topology. In this paper, we offer a new perspective by making an analogy between routing table construction in DTNs and caching in program execution. In this approach, each node uses a simple caching heuristic to choose a subset of previously encountered nodes to be its routing neighbors. The approach is evaluated and shows good performance while keeping the implementation very simple.
Understanding magnetic force microscopy

Magnetic force microscopy is a new method for imaging ferromagnetic domains with a high lateral resolution (10 nm). In this paper we give the basic tip parameters that have to be taken into account to achieve a quantitative image interpretation. For the electrochemically otched polycrystalline iron, nickel and cobalt wires, the tip-apex domain is found to be oriented along the tip axis, because of shape anisotropy. The stray field emerging from the tip apex is comparable to the size of the tip saturation field. The effective domain lengthL determines the image formation: the force due to magnetization patterns of scales which are large compared toL follow the point-dipole approximation. In the opposite case, a single-pole model is more appropriate. While a cobalt tip can be treated as an isolated domain, for nickel and iron a net polarization in the tip wire induced by the front apex-domain has to be considered. A new analytical theory provides an overall understanding of the image formation and allows the determination of the magnetic field vector and the estimation of its magnitude from measurements.
Deplump for Streaming Data

We present a general-purpose, loss less compressor for streaming data. This compressor is based on the deplump probabilistic compressor for batch data. Approximations to the inference procedure used in the probabilistic model underpinning deplump are introduced that yield the computational asyptotics necessary for stream compression. We demonstrate the performance of this streaming deplump variant relative to the batch compressor on a benchmark corpus and find that it performs equivalently well despite these approximations. We also explore the performance of the streaming variant on corpora that are too large to be compressed by batch deplump and demonstrate excellent compression performance.
Forestry in the Anthropocene

Human activity has had enormous effects on the species composition of floras and faunas, creating new ecological biomes worldwide. A principal challenge in forestry research and conservation is how to deal with these novel ecosystems. Most attention to this phenomenon is centered on the negative effects of species introductions and the need to stem the tide of species invasion. However, we need to scientifically understand new ecosystems and learn to recognize adaptive species combinations that will function sustainably in changing environmental conditions.
What is evidence

The assumption that comparative effectiveness research will provide timely, relevant evidence rests on changing the current framework for assembling evidence. In this commentary, we provide the background of how coverage decisions for new medical technologies are currently made in the United States. We focus on the statistical issues regarding how to use the ensemble of information for inferring comparative effectiveness. It is clear a paradigm shift in how clinical information is integrated in real-world settings to establish effectiveness is required.
Parenteral Fish Oil Improves Outcomes in Patients With Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Injury

Objective:The objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of a fish oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD).Summary and Background Data:PNALD can be a lethal complication in children with short bowel syndrome (SBS).
Hemin Binding Protein C Is Found in Outer Membrane Vesicles and Protects Bartonella henselae against Toxic Concentrations of Hemin

Bartonella species are gram-negative, emerging bacterial pathogens found in two distinct environments. In the gut of the obligately hematophagous arthropod vector, bartonellae are exposed to concentrations of heme that are toxic to other bacteria. In the bloodstream of the mammalian host, access to heme and iron is severely restricted. Bartonellae have unusually high requirements for heme, which is their only utilizable source of iron. Although heme is essential for Bartonella survival, little is known about genes involved in heme acquisition and detoxification. We developed a strategy for high-efficiency transposon mutagenesis to screen for genes in B. henselae heme binding and uptake pathways. We identified a B. henselae transposon mutant that constitutively expresses the hemin binding protein C (hbpC) gene. In the wild-type strain, transcription of B. henselae hbpC was upregulated at arthropod temperature (28°C), compared to mammalian temperature (37°C). In the mutant strain, temperature-dependent regulation was absent. We demonstrated that HbpC binds hemin and localizes to the B. henselae outer membrane and outer membrane vesicles. Overexpression of hbpC in B. henselae increased resistance to heme toxicity, implicating HbpC in protection of B. henselae from the toxic levels of heme present in the gut of the arthropod vector. Experimental inoculation of cats with B. henselae strains demonstrated that both constitutive expression and deletion of hbpC affect the ability of B. henselae to infect the cat host. Modulation of hbpC expression appears to be a strategy employed by B. henselae to survive in the arthropod vector and the mammalian host.
Acoustic observation of diel vertical migration and shoaling behaviour in Atlantic redfishes

Acoustic methods were used to study Atlantic redfishes Sebastes spp. vertical migration and shoaling behaviour in Newfoundland waters. Redfishes exhibited consistent patterns of vertical migration in winter, spring and summer, but pelagic shoals were not observed in winter. Pelagic daytime aggregations were generally in close proximity to dense patches of redfishes along the sea floor. Pelagic shoals exhibited high degrees of variability in size, shape and density. Attempts to explain variations in shoal density and area with features of shoal position and structure were unsuccessful. Nearest neighbour distance between fish in shoals had a lower limit near one body length. During the night, fishes were dispersed in the water column and distributions were more homogenous. Diel vertical migration appeared to be a foraging strategy, in which redfishes followed the migration of their euphausiid prey.
A tale of two Kaisers: Ballack and Beckenbauer, and the battle for legacy

While there are a number of ways a player can be remembered after his career ends, much attention is paid to two different areas: the player’s successes and failures and any scandals by which the player may have been tainted. Which of these ultimately matters more? Does scandal outweigh what happens on the pitch? Or does failure speak louder than scandal? When considering the legacy of Michael Ballack, we find ourselves asking: will he be remembered for never winning the biggest trophies or for the scandals that dogged his last few years as a player? By looking at the legacy of Franz Beckenbauer, another world-class German player and former captain of the (West) German National Team whose career was repeatedly touched by scandals but whose legacy is largely positive, due to the fact that he experienced tremendous success on the pitch, we will perhaps be able to imagine how Ballack will be remembered. After considering two major scandals, and a few minor ones, that came at the end of Ballack’s career and l...
Resistance of C3H/HeJ mice to the effects of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae.

Abstract Comparisons were made in the mortality associated with an inhaled dose of viable Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae type 5, strain J45, between adult C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Mice of both strains were also challenged with Escherichia coli strains O111:B4 and J5. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of H. pleuropneumoniae in C3H/HeN mice was calculated to be 10(6.5) CFU. At a mean dose of 10(6.7) CFU a 46% mortality rate occurred in C3H/HeN mice, whereas only 10% of the C3H/HeJ mice died (P less than 0.01). Deaths occurred significantly earlier in C3H/HeN mice (P less than 0.01). No deaths occurred later than 12 h postinfection in either group. Pulmonary lesions in the mice that died were similar to those in pigs that die during the acute phase of H. pleuropneumoniae infection. In surviving mice of both strains, a mild resolving interstitial and bronchopneumonia was present which was not typical of subacute H. pleuropneumoniae infections in swine. Quantitative bacterial isolations from the lungs, liver, and spleen indicate that H. pleuropneumoniae did not multiply in the lungs, was rapidly cleared, and did not become systemic. No deaths occurred in the mice inoculated with E. coli J5 or O111:B4 at mean doses of 10(6.3), 10(7.2), and 10(8.5) CFU, and 10(6.4), 10(7.5), and 10(8.2) CFU, respectively. The difference in the mortality rate between the C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice suggests that endotoxin may be involved in acute deaths in pigs infected with H. pleuropneumonia. As indicated by the E. coli challenge, however, other factors are also likely to be involved. Because of the differences in the pathology and microbiology following H. pleuropneumoniae pulmonary infections in mice and pigs, mice do not appear to be an accurate model of the overall disease in swine.
Widespread contribution of transposable elements to the innovation of gene regulatory networks

Transposable elements (TEs) have been shown to contain functional binding sites for certain transcription factors (TFs). However, the extent to which TEs contribute to the evolution of TF binding sites is not well known. We comprehensively mapped binding sites for 26 pairs of orthologous TFs in two pairs of human and mouse cell lines (representing two cell lineages), along with epigenomic profiles, including DNA methylation and six histone modifications. Overall, we found that 20% of binding sites were embedded within TEs. This number varied across different TFs, ranging from 2% to 40%. We further identified 710 TF–TE relationships in which genomic copies of a TE subfamily contributed a significant number of binding peaks for a TF, and we found that LTR elements dominated these relationships in human. Importantly, TE-derived binding peaks were strongly associated with open and active chromatin signatures, including reduced DNA methylation and increased enhancer-associated histone marks. On average, 66% of TE-derived binding events were cell type-specific with a cell type-specific epigenetic landscape. Most of the binding sites contributed by TEs were species-specific, but we also identified binding sites conserved between human and mouse, the functional relevance of which was supported by a signature of purifying selection on DNA sequences of these TEs. Interestingly, several TFs had significantly expanded binding site landscapes only in one species, which were linked to species-specific gene functions, suggesting that TEs are an important driving force for regulatory innovation. Taken together, our data suggest that TEs have significantly and continuously shaped gene regulatory networks during mammalian evolution.
Effect of Pore Distribution on Microstructure Development: II, First‐ and Second‐Generation Pores

A sintering model has been developed to predict the consequences of independently varying the grain growth rate in alumina during final-stage sintering of a microstructure containing both small (first-generation) and large (inter-agglomerate second-generation) pores. The model shows that although it may be thermodynamically favorable to increase the grain growth rate, the kinetics of densification are such that it almost always pays to inhibit grain growth. This conclusion was verified by experiments on undoped, MgO-doped, and ZrO2-doped alumina impregnated with model spherical large pores produced by the burnt-out latex sphere method. A new type of ceramic processing map has also been developed to aid in the selection of the optimum processing conditions for the sintering of ceramics containing large pores.
Evaluating the status of "translating research into practice" at a major academic healthcare system.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the status of translating research findings into practice at a major academic healthcare system in Central Texas. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey addressing knowledge of and participation in translational research of physicians, residents, nurses and third- and fourth-year medical students in a major academic healthcare system in Central Texas. Results: Out of 508 respondents, 428 (84.3 percent) completed all questions. A total of 68.9 percent of faculty reported having sufficient education and training to conduct research versus 44.4 percent of residents and 35.6 percent of nurses. Fifty-eight percent of faculty, 53 percent of residents and 9 percent of nurses reported current involvement in research activity. A total of 55.6 percent of residents reported that their departments provide them with protected time for research versus 18.4 percent of faculty and 10.3 percent of nurses. In addition, 33.9 percent of nurses reported interest in participating in research but do not know how to start. There were 86.4 percent of faculty, 77.8 percent of residents, and 58 percent of nurses who indicated they were familiar with translational research. However, only 42.7 percent of faculty, 46.7 percent of residents and 35.6 percent of nurses indicated they were aware of any changes in the delivery of care that resulted from research projects. Conclusions: The study results suggested failure to leverage members of the healthcare team in a systematic process to ensure translation of research findings into practice. Results highlighted the need to merge culture of safety and quality improvement with research while dealing with the daily pressures of patient care.
An Examination of Differential Association and Social Control Theory: Family Systems and Delinquency

This study applies differential association and social control theories to juvenile delinquency. Using a path analysis model, relationships between family, self-image, and behavior are explored. Analyses suggest that positive self-image leads to decreased delinquency, and association with delinquent peers is the greatest predictor of delinquent behavior, regardless of race.
Bargaining Through Agents: An Experimental Study of Delegation and Commitment

Abstract While face-to-face bargaining has proven itself to be extremely efficient in the laboratory, it appears to break down often in the real world. This discrepancy, we assert, is explained by the fact that in the real world face-to-face bargaining is usually conducted not between principals but between the agents of principals. We find a substantial increase in inefficiency when bargaining is conducted through agents rather than through principals and offer an explanation for this rise in inefficiency. As such, this paper helps to shed light on the growing literature on delegation, commitment, and preference distortion games. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C78, C92.
Medieval drought in the upper Colorado River Basin

[1] New tree-ring records of ring-width from remnant preserved wood are analyzed to extend the record of reconstructed annual flows of the Colorado River at Lee Ferry into the Medieval Climate Anomaly, when epic droughts are hypothesized from other paleoclimatic evidence to have affected various parts of western North America. The most extreme low-frequency feature of the new reconstruction, covering A.D. 762-2005, is a hydrologic drought in the mid-1100s. The drought is characterized by a decrease of more than 15% in mean annual flow averaged over 25 years, and by the absence of high annual flows over a longer period of about six decades. The drought is consistent in timing with dry conditions inferred from tree-ring data in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, but regional differences in intensity emphasize the importance of basin-specific paleoclimatic data in quantifying likely effects of drought on water supply.
A likelihood-based approach to joint target tracking and identification

The identification of aircraft using high range resolution radars requires a close interaction between the tracker and the identification algorithm. The tracker produces as output not only the estimates of target position and orientation, but also a measure of the quality of those estimates. The identification algorithm performs a likelihood-based search over both target types and target positions and orientations. This search compares the measured data to predicted data obtained from surface models of the possible targets. The search constitutes a simultaneous target tracking and identification system. >
Bridging macroscopic lubricant transport and surface tribochemical investigations in reciprocating engines

AbstractEngine design studies are often conducted with one of two distinct focuses on two different scales: overall engine analysis or localized surface analysis. However, recent engine research requires a more combined approach. Classical tribological experiments and models have been developed usually for general contacting surfaces under specific operating conditions. They attempt to simulate the actual engine environment, which varies significantly with component design and engine operating conditions. Macroscopic engine studies, on the other hand, yield information pertaining to the overall engine system, such as component dynamics, lubricant flow, pressures, and temperatures. These macroscopic operating parameters serve as boundary conditions to the localized surface or tribochemical problem. This paper discusses the macroscopic oil transport processes in the engine and presents several current engine performance problems, such as in friction reduction, modelling wear with antiwear tribofilms, and mi...
A Robust Chinese Remainder Theorem With Its Applications in Frequency Estimation From Undersampled Waveforms

The Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) allows to reconstruct a large integer from its remainders modulo several moduli. In this paper, we propose a robust reconstruction algorithm called robust CRT when the remainders have errors. We show that, using the proposed robust CRT, the reconstruction error is upper bounded by the maximal remainder error range named remainder error bound, if the remainder error bound is less than one quarter of the greatest common divisor (gcd) of all the moduli. We then apply the robust CRT to estimate frequencies when the signal waveforms are undersampled multiple times. It shows that with the robust CRT, the sampling frequencies can be significantly reduced.
Initial Therapeutic Results of Visual Feedback Manipulation in Robotic Rehabilitation

Visual feedback is provided to patients in most robotic rehabilitation applications, and this feedback has the potential to influence patient performance in therapy. We have explored the use of visual feedback manipulation (by distortion or progression) in rehabilitation with 3 subjects, each of whom participated in a 6-week rehabilitation protocol. Patients' performances during the initial assessment at each therapeutic session were found to be an underestimate of their actual abilities and were a poor metric for setting the difficulty level of therapeutic exercise. All three patients were willing and able to improve their performance by following distortion or progression, and all patients showed functional improvements after participation in the study. Visual feedback manipulation could provide a way to go beyond patients' self-assessment performances, improving the outcome of robotic rehabilitation
Introduction to the Fisheries and the Surveys

Fisheries oceanography of the California Current System is intimately linked to the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI). The current 75-station CalCOFI surveys cover the waters off southern California quarterly, and the full suite of CalCOFI measurements are made in this core area. NOAA Fisheries Service extends the sampling in the 113-station pattern to San Francisco in spring with more emphasis on trawl sampling. Since 2006, contingent on funding, NOAA fisheries conducts west coast-wide surveys from the Mexican to the Canadian borders with much more limited CalCOFI-type sampling and an evolving focus on acoustic-trawl survey. The rationale for CalCOFI has changed in its more than 60 year existence from a focus on understanding reasons for the collapse of the Pacific sardine fishery. The goal of the modern CalCOFI program can be broadly expressed as the understanding of long-term changes in the California Current System. The 66-station CalCOFI provides a consistent, accurate, multi-decadal oceanographic survey that now operates in an extraordinarily data rich environment. It has become a more broadly focused effort enhanced by relationships with ancillary programs. These include the NSF-funded Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, NOAA Fisheries stock assessment surveys for Pacific sardine, Pacific hake, rockfish, and salmon, the west coast-wide triennial NOAA protected resources survey, the Mexican IMECOCAL program covering Baja California, the Columbia River plume Pacific sardine survey, the Northeast Pacific line P transect, and individual transects sampled off Newport, Oregon, Trinidad Head and Monterey, California. Additional relevant data come from the Ocean Observing network, including glider transects, instrumented moorings, drifters, HF-radar, pier sampling, tide gauges and satellite remote sensing. The length of time series collected by these diverse sampling efforts ranges from 60+ years (since 1950) for the core 66-station CalCOFI pattern, to as few as 6 years (since 2008) for the new Trinidad Head line. The net result is an almost unparalleled wealth of data, perhaps surpassed only by efforts in the northeast and northwest Atlantic. CalCOFI data have been used in many hundreds of peer-reviewed publications, not including voluminous numbers of reports, in physical, biological, and fisheries oceanography, as well as in climatology, modeling, fisheries biology, and stock assessment. It is difficult to accurately quantify the value of CalCOFI simply because the program touches so many aspects of the understanding of the California Current System and how the system is changing with climatic and anthropogenic pressures.
Analysis of Calcium/Calmodulin Regulation of a Plant Kinesin Using Co-Sedimentation and ATPase Assays

Summary Kinesins, a superfamily of microtubule motor proteins, are implicated in regulating a number of fundamental cellular and developmental processes including intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles, mitotic and meiotic spindle formation and elongation, chromosome segregation, germplasm aggregation, microtubule (MT) organization and dynamics, and intrafl agellar transport. Analysis of all the completed genomes of eukaryotes has revealed that Arabidopsis, a fl owering plant, has more kinesins than any other organism. Although a complete inventory of kinesins in a number of organisms has been reported, the function and regulation of kinesins in general and plant kinesins in particular are poorly understood. In our screen of an expression library with a labeled calmodulin, we isolated a novel plant kinesin (kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein, KCBP) from plants, which interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner. This chapter describes the methods used in elucidating the regulation of this motor protein by calcium/calmodulin.
Methods Based on Fuzzy Set Theory

In this chapter, we apply another method developed by Yen (1992). This method involves various measures of subsethood and extends Dempster-Shafer theory by including a measure of subsethood S(A, B), the degree to which the fuzzy subset A is included in the fuzzy subset B.
High Field Torque Magnetometry Measurements on Y1.8Er0.2Fe14B

The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy has been determined for single crystal Y1.8 Er0.2Fe14B in the (001) and (100) planes between 5 K and 300 K using torque magnetometry techniques. The results are compared with a model based on crystal field theory. Excellent agreement was obtained between the model and experiment. Both experiment and model showed a first order spin reorientation between the [001] and an angle 70 degrees from the [001] in the (100) plane.
Mechanisms of Calcium Absorption: A Reappraisal

Calcium (Ca2+) is the most abundant cation and the fifth most common inorganic element of the human body. It not only serves as the principal component of the skeleton, imparting to it the structural integrity essential to support the increasing body size of the individual during growth, but also plays a vital role in a variety of essential physiological and biochemical pro-cesses. The effects of Ca2+ ion include its influence on blood coagulation, neuromuscular ex-citability, cellular adhesiveness, transmission of nerve impulses, maintenance and function of cell membranes, and activation of enzyme reactions and hormone secretion.
Herpes-Like Simian Viruses: Retrospective and Prospective Considerations

The three papers published below were presented at a Special Symposium on Viruses of South American Monkeys organized by the Pan American Health Organization in cooperation with the New England Regional Primate Research Center of Harvard Medical School. A full selection of papers presented at the meetings is contained in the book International Movement of Animals published by the Pan American Health Organization.
Stability characteristics of a nonlinear direct current servo with proportional, integral, derivative controller

The stability characteristics of a rotational position feedback system consisting of a digital proportional, integral, derivative controller, direct current motor and inertia load are presented. The system model incorporates digital-to-analog converter saturation and motor friction deadzone nonlinearities. The feedback system is analyzed for stability using both state-space Lyapunov techniques and frequency domain describing functions. Experimental and simulation results indicate the possibility of both stable and unstable limit cycles, depending on system parameters. The choice of state variables leads to a way of explaining the observed sticking action of the servo due to deadzone friction.