cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unpackaging Manager Mistrust in Allowing Telework: Comparing and Integrating Theoretical Perspectives

We developed and tested an integrative model centering on the significance of trust as a basis for managers’ decisions about allowing versus prohibiting their employees to telework. We examined the importance of trust in relation to several other factors managers may consider in making telework decisions including coordination and communication, equity, and a desire to accommodate employees. Study 1 was a policy capturing investigation of 71 respondents intended to document the relative importance and interactions among trust and these other theoretically based factors. Study 2 was a test of the full theoretical model based on the responses of 85 managers who reported on these considerations for the 191 employees about whom they make telework decisions. Results from the two studies were largely consistent. Managers’ assessments of employees’ conscientiousness and trustworthiness were paramount in predicting telework allowance, with the other theoretically based considerations generally failing to attenuate the importance of those personal assessments. Organizations wishing to increase the use of telework (e.g., by implementing manager telework training) must directly address managers’ mistrust as a factor underlying this resistance. Job-related and technological changes may not dampen the effects of mistrust. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive and theoretically grounded assessment of the various considerations factoring into managers’ telework decisions.
The Empathetic Scientist

How would you describe a scientist? When asked this question, many of us envision wild-haired, brainy, and slightly awkward sorts of characters. In a survey of my Facebook friends, I found that people rarely give scientists descriptors like great orators or teachers. This problem points to a weakness in a key component of being a scientist and following the process of the scientific method – communication.In one of my graduate courses, we were asked to interview a faculty member about how they communicate science to various audiences. I chose to interview Dr. Joshua Weiner, the instructor of a Developmental Neurobiology course. This molecular neuroscience-heavy class covered how the developing brain orchestrates complex signaling cascades that eventually form the most intricate organ in the body (see Figure), yet Dr. Weiner made the class material clear and enjoyable. I had a hunch that he would have some good suggestions for science communication, so I drafted some interview questions, tested out my recorder for the first time, and set up an interview with him, featured in the audio clip above.I expected Dr. Weiner's advice to echo what I had heard previously; to tailor your information for the specific audience, to use visual aids, and to reiterate key messages. Although he did agree with all of these communication tools, Dr. Weiner's empathy and understanding towards his students struck me during the interview. This advocacy for compassion in a world of science that can be very detached from emotions and feelings served as a reminder for me to put myself in other people's shoes in science communication and in all aspects of my life.Audio Essay
Effect of privatized managed care on public insurance spending and generosity: Evidence from Medicaid.

States choose to provide Medicaid coverage via managed care or traditional fee-for-service. Managed care provided by private insurers poses higher contracting costs and information asymmetry than traditional fee-for-service but potentially improves efficiency and reduces spending. Evaluating the effect of managed care on Medicaid spending is challenging because adoption of managed care is nonrandom and may be driven by local economic shocks that simultaneously affect Medicaid spending. This study implements a dynamic panel framework to estimate the effect of managed care enrollment on spending levels and program design. Results show reductions in Medicaid spending larger than previously found in cross-state studies: A 10% increase of managed care enrollment reduces state Medicaid spending by 2.94%, or approximately $55 million. The study identifies which areas of spending are differentially affected by managed care enrollment and whether savings from managed care affect Medicaid design, specifically coverage generosity.
Trends in Rate of Seizure-Associated Hospitalizations Among Children <5 Years Old Before and After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in the United Sates, 2000-2013.

Background Rotavirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis and has also been associated with generalized tonic-clonic afebrile seizures. Since rotavirus vaccine introduction, hospitalizations for treatment of acute gastroenteritis have decreased. We assess whether there has been an associated decrease in seizure-associated hospitalizations. Methods We used discharge codes to abstract data on seizure hospitalizations among children <5 years old from the State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We compared seizure hospitalization rates before and after vaccine introduction, using Poisson regression, stratifying by age and by month and year of admission. We performed a time-series analysis with negative binomial models, constructed using prevaccine data from 2000 to 2006 and controlling for admission month and year. Results We examined 962899 seizure hospitalizations among children <5 years old during 2000-2013. Seizure rates after vaccine introduction were lower than those before vaccine introduction by 1%-8%, and rate ratios decreased over time. Time-series analyses demonstrated a decrease in the number of seizure-coded hospitalizations in 2012 and 2013, with notable decreases in children 12-17 months and 18-23 months. Conclusions Our analysis provides evidence for a decrease in seizure hospitalizations following rotavirus vaccine introduction in the United States, with the greatest impact in age groups with a high rotavirus-associated disease burden and during rotavirus infection season.
Factors influencing return-to-creel of hatchery catchable-sized Rainbow Trout stocked in Idaho lentic waters

Abstract In recent years, increases in hatchery rearing and transport costs coupled with stagnate or declining funding has often resulted in reduced numbers of hatchery fish stocked in public waters. This has intensified the need to better understand how to maximize return-to-creel rates of hatchery trout by identifying factors contributing to better post-stocking performance. From 2011 through 2014, we tagged 50,745 catchable-sized hatchery Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and stocked them into 54 different lentic waters in Idaho (mostly impoundments) across 226 individual stocking events. Angler tag returns (n = 5092) were used to generate water-specific estimates of angler return rates (i.e., the proportion of stocked fish caught by anglers) and average days-at-large of captured fish. We then modeled water-specific angler return rates and days-at-large against a suite of water- and stocking-specific characteristics to determine what factors most influenced both angler returns and fishery longevity. First-year angler return rates across all four study years averaged 23% and ranged from 0% to 76% for individual stocking events; the variation in angler returns was best explained by mean fish length at stocking, water size, rearing hatchery, and water elevation. Average days-at-large for angled fish in individual waters varied from a low of 10 d to a high of 297 d, and this variation was best explained by water size, stocking season, and the rearing hatchery. We found the highest angler returns for larger trout stocked into smaller waters at lower elevations. However, these smaller waters also had shorter fisheries, requiring more frequent stocking to prolong the fisheries through the entire angling season. When considering these findings, managers must also consider the balance between angler catch, effort, and satisfaction as they work towards maximizing the benefit to anglers from put-and-take fisheries.
Vulnerability and fragility risk indices for non-renewable resources

Protected areas are tasked with mitigating impacts to a wide range of invaluable resources. These resources are often subject to a variety of potential natural and anthropogenic impacts that require monitoring efforts and management actions to minimize the degradation of these resources. However, due to insufficient funding and staff, managers often have to prioritize efforts, leaving some resources at higher risk to impact. Attempts to address this issue have resulted in numerous qualitative and semi-quantitative frameworks for prioritization based on resource vulnerability. Here, we add to those methods by modifying an internationally standardized vulnerability framework, quantify both resource vulnerability, susceptibility to human disturbance, and fragility, susceptibility to natural disturbance. This modified framework quantifies impacts through a six-step process: identifying the resource and management objectives, identifying exposure and sensitivity indicators, define scoring criteria for each indicator, collect and compile data, calculate indices, and prioritize sites for mitigations. We applied this methodology to two resource types in Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA): caves and fossil sites. Three hundred sixty-five cave sites and 127 fossil sites in GRCA were used for this analysis. The majority of cave and fossil sites scored moderate to low vulnerability (0–6 out of 10 points) and moderate to low fragility for fossils. The percentage of sites that fell in the high-priority range was 5.5% for fossils and 21.9% for caves. These results are consistent with the known state of these resources and the results present a tool for managers to utilize to prioritize monitoring and management needs.
Leisure and Relationship to Quality-of-Life Satisfaction

The quality of a person’s life is often said to be influenced directly or indirectly by a number of actors. Among these, for example, include a person’s health, their employment, their friends and family, and their leisure. But what exactly is meant by the term leisure? This chapter focuses on understanding the relationship between the three most common meanings of leisure, as time, an activity, and as an experience, and life satisfaction. In the chapter, the author argues that each conceptualization of leisure plays a role in better understanding the relationship between leisure and life satisfaction.
Logos Differentiating Reason and Spirit in the Phenomenology of Anna-teresa Tymieniecka

Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka’s philosophy of life has been unfolding in a series of works, beginning with the her three volume work, Logos and Life. This article examines her latest work on the Sacred Quest and show how it develops out of vital life into sentient life into the Human Condition. Due to the organic nature of Tymieniecka’s work, the early stages along life’s way are described so that the reader can recognize how the Logos has been striving for the Sacral. In the recent work we see that the Human Condition is a platform for a qualitatively novel mode of being that turns out to have been the telos that has continually though surreptiously motivated the development of life. The Logos of Life is the engine that drives its advance, but this Logos is not to be confused with Reason. The Logos of Life serves as the reason for Reason in the bounty of Spirit.
2193 The influence of health insurance stability on racial/ethnic differences in diabetes control and management

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aim of this study is to examine if stable health insurance coverage is associated with improved type 2 diabetes (DM) control and with reduced racial/ethnic health disparities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We utilized EMR data (2005–2013) from 2 large, urban academic health centers with a racially/ethnically diverse patient population to longitudinally examine insurance coverage, and diabetes outcomes (A1C, LDL cholesterol, BP) and management measures (e.g., A1C and BP monitoring). We categorized insurance stability status during each 6-month interval as 6 separate categories based upon type (private, public, uninsured) and continuity of insurance (continuous, switches, or gaps in coverage). We will examine the association between insurance stability status and DM outcomes adjusting for time, age, sex, comorbidities, site of care, education, and income. Additional analysis will examine if insurance stability moderates the impact of race/ethnicity on DM outcomes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, we anticipate that stable health insurance coverage will improve measures for DM care, particularly for racially/ethnically diverse patients. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The finding of an interaction between insurance stability status and race/ethnicity in improved diabetes management and control would inform the national health care policy debate on the impact of stable health insurance.
RALPH HENSTOCK'S INFLUENCE ON THE INTEGRATION THEORY

Professor Ralph Henstock, a distinguished analyst who devoted most of his research to integration theory, died on January 7, 2007. It was my good fortune to know Ralph for almost 30 years, and to derive much inspiration from his pioneering work. Rather than commenting briefly on a variety of Ralph’s achievements, I will elaborate on that which has been the most influential: a Riemann type definition of the Denjoy-Perron integral . An early recognition that the powerful Lebesgue integral does not integrate the derivatives of all differentiable functions led to the development of the Denjoy-Perron integral. Three equivalent definitions of the Denjoy-Perron integral were available at the beginning of the last century: descriptive and constructive definitions presented by Denjoy [16, Chapter 8], and a definition based on approximations by majorants and minorants due to Perron [16, Chapter 6, Section 6]. These definitions differ widely, and establishing their equivalence is not easy — for a comprehensive treatment see [4, Chapter 11]. Neither definition is simple, and attempts to generalize any of them to higher dimensions were not successful. Indeed, none of the multidimensional integrals based on these definitions integrates partial derivatives of all differentiable functions. It was a major independent accomplishment of Henstock [5] and Kurzweil [10] to observe that a minor but ingenious change in the classical definition of the Riemann integral produces the Denjoy-Perron integral. The striking simplicity of their definition revitalized the efforts toward finding a multidimensional analog of the Denjoy-Perron integral. The initial impetus was further promoted by Henstock’s diligent work on the general properties of Riemann type integrals, summarized in monographs [6, 7, 8]. After introducing the Henstock-Kurzweil result without proof, I will discuss two separate but related topics:
Single-cell lymphocyte heterogeneity in advanced Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma skin tumors

Purpose: The heterogeneity of tumor cells presents a major challenge to cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a group of T lymphocyte malignancies that primarily affect skin. Lack of highly specific markers for malignant lymphocytes prevents early diagnosis, while only limited treatment options are available for patients with advanced stage CTCL. Droplet-based single-cell transcriptome analysis of CTCL skin biopsies opens avenues for dissecting patient-specific T lymphocyte heterogeneity, providing a basis for identifying specific markers for diagnosis and cure of CTCL. Experimental Design: Single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed by Droplet-based sequencing (10X Genomics), focusing on 14,056 CD3+ lymphocytes (448 cells from normal and 13,608 cells from CTCL skin samples) from skin biopsies of 5 patients with advanced-stage CTCL and 4 healthy donors. Protein expression of identified genes was validated in advanced stage CTCL skin tumors by immunohistochemistry and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Results: Our analysis revealed a large inter- and intratumor gene expression heterogeneity in the T lymphocyte subset, as well as a common gene expression signature in highly proliferating lymphocytes that was validated in multiple advanced-stage skin tumors. In addition, we established the immunologic state of reactive lymphocytes and found heterogeneity in effector and exhaustion programs across patient samples. Conclusions: Single-cell analysis of CTCL skin tumor samples reveals patient-specific landscapes of malignant and reactive lymphocytes within the local microenvironment of each tumor, giving an unprecedented view of lymphocyte heterogeneity and identifying tumor-specific molecular signatures, with important implications for diagnosis and personalized disease treatment.
Physiological motion of the optic chiasm and its impact on stereotactic radiosurgery dose.

Objective: Avoidance of radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) from stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) requires precise anatomical localization; however, no prior studies have characterized the phy...
Characterization of Leachates from Landfills Containing MSW-I Residues

AbstractThe objective of this study was to characterize the leachate collected from landfills containing municipal solid waste incineration (MSW-I) ashes in the range of 20%–100% by weight. Results...
Effects of Estrogen Replacement on Bone Geometry and Microarchitecture in Adolescent and Young Adult Oligoamenorrheic Athletes: A Randomized Trial.

Oligoamenorrheic athletes (OAs) have lower bone mineral density (BMD) and greater impairment of bone microarchitecture, and therefore higher fracture rates compared to eumenorrheic athletes. Although improvements in areal BMD (aBMD; measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in OAs have been demonstrated with transdermal estrogen treatment, effects of such treatment on bone microarchitecture are unknown. Here we explore effects of transdermal versus oral estrogen versus no estrogen on bone microarchitecture in OA. Seventy-five OAs (ages 14 to 25 years) were randomized to (i) a 100-μg 17β-estradiol transdermal patch (PATCH) administered continuously with 200 mg cyclic oral micronized progesterone; (ii) a combined 30 μg ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg desogestrel pill (PILL); or (iii) no estrogen/progesterone (NONE) and were followed for 12 months. Calcium (≥1200 mg) and vitamin D (800 IU) supplements were provided to all. Bone microarchitecture was assessed using high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT at the distal tibia and radius at baseline and 1 year. At baseline, randomization groups did not differ by age, body mass index, percent body fat, duration of amenorrhea, vitamin D levels, BMD, or bone microarchitecture measurements. After 1 year of treatment, at the distal tibia there were significantly greater increases in total and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical area and thickness, and trabecular number in the PATCH versus PILL groups. Trabecular area decreased significantly in the PATCH group versus the PILL and NONE groups. Less robust differences between groups were seen at the distal radius, where percent change in cortical area and thickness was significantly greater in the PATCH versus PILL and NONE groups, and changes in cortical vBMD were significantly greater in the PATCH versus PILL groups. In conclusion, in young OAs, bone structural parameters show greater improvement after 1 year of treatment with transdermal 17β-estradiol versus ethinyl estradiol-containing pills, particularly at the tibia. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Obstetric Deliveries in US Women With ESKD: 2002-2015.

Rationale & Objective Women with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have decreased fertility and are at increased risk for pregnancy complications. This study examined secular trends and outcomes of obstetric deliveries in a US cohort of women with ESKD. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Women aged 18 to 44 years with ESKD and registered in the US Renal Data System from 2002 to 2015. Exposure ESKD modality (hemodialysis [HD], peritoneal dialysis, transplantation). Outcomes Infant delivery, preterm delivery, cesarean delivery. Analytical Approach Unadjusted delivery rates were expressed as number of delivering women per 1,000 patient-years among women aged 18 to 44 years within each year during the study period, stratified by ESKD modality. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of delivery, preterm delivery, and cesarean delivery with patient characteristics. Results The delivery rate in women undergoing HD and women with a kidney transplant increased from 2.1 to 3.6 and 3.1 to 4.6 per 1,000 patient-years, respectively (P Limitations Ascertainment of outcomes and comorbid conditions using administrative claims data. Conclusions The delivery rate in women of reproductive age with ESKD increased from 2002 to 2015 among those treated with transplantation or HD. Women with a functioning transplant were less likely to deliver preterm, but more likely to have a cesarean delivery. Prescriptions for outpatient intensified HD for pregnant women with ESKD were infrequent in 2012 to 2015.
A lightweight, portable, and low-cost near infrared spectroscopy headband for in-field neuro-monitoring (Conference Presentation)

The development of portable functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) systems has been widely investigated for neurology (TBI/Epilepsy/Stroke) and psychiatry (ADD/Dementia) research and holds great opportunity for neurological injury prevention and rehabilitation in athletes and military personnel. However, widespread adoption of fNIRS has been precluded by systems’ weight, complexity, and cost. With focus on affordability, portability (weighs <150g), and comfort, our group has developed a 16-channel fNIRS headband with an accompanying phone application. Our wear-and-go design would help athletes and military personnel to easily provide fNIRS data during routine activities and facilitate big-data research to identify novel biomarkers related to neurological injury.
The Role of Parents and Children in Meal Selection and Consumption in Quick Service Restaurants

Children regularly consume foods from quick service restaurants (QSRs) in the United States, but little is known about how ordering decisions are made and the impact on selection and consumption. A total of n = 218 parents dining with a child (ages 4-16 years) inside a participating QSR completed interviews and demographic surveys and provided their child's leftover foods at the end of the meal. Children's meal consumption was measured using plate-waste methodology. The majority of children selected their meal without parental involvement (80%) and decided what to order prior to entering the QSR (63%). Using mixed-model analysis of variance, children selected and consumed significantly fewer calories and less total fat and sodium when a parent ordered the meal compared with when the child ordered the meal alone. There were no significant differences in selection or consumption when a parent and child ordered the meal together. Approximately one-third of the children consumed foods that were shared. In conclusion, because children primarily select foods without parental involvement and prior to entering QSRs, innovative strategies are needed to influence ordering decisions inside QSRs toward healthier options. Additionally, because food is frequently shared, policies that only focus on children's menus may not be as effective in impacting children's dietary intake.
Classification with Stochastic Learning Methods and Convolutional Neural Networks

The present study illustrates a convolution neural network designed to classify skin lesion images to benign and malignant melanoma. The convolutional neural network consists of 4 convolution layers, rectified linear activation function and a softmax classifier. The new architecture is experimented to extract features with the following learning methods: Adaptive Moment Estimation and Stochastic Gradient Descent which optimize the weight changing functions for quicker convergence to minimal error between the ground truth and the real output. To further strengthen the accuracy and accelerate the convergence of classification, random noise is added to the neural network learning methods. To validate the theoretical concepts, experiments are conducted with 3800 skin lesion images from the ISIC2018 dataset. At the end of the paper, the results obtained by the convolutional neural network with noisy Stochastic Gradient Descent and noisy Adaptive Moment Estimation are compared with other contemporary classifiers including convolution neural network. Table 3 reports the accuracy of 95.23%, obtained by the new classifier. This value establishes the supremacy of the newly proposed neural network over the other contemporary neural network classifiers.
Prenatal Serotonin Fluctuation Affects Serotoninergic Development and Related Neural Circuits in Chicken Embryos.

Abstract The placenta is the primary source of serotonin (5-HT) for fetal development, programming fetal neural wiring in humans and other mammals. The fluctuation in maternal 5-HT affects fetal neurogenesis with life-long consequences, however, its mechanisms have not been well known. The chicken embryo, independent of maternal neurohormonal influence, may offer an ideal model for studying the mechanisms of prenatal 5-HT exposure altering postnatal physiological homeostasis and behavioral exhibition. To investigate the fine-tuning of 5-HT to the early embryonic neurodevelopment, 10 µg and 20 µg 5-HT were secretively injected to chicken embryos before incubation. 5-HT exposure mainly affected the neural development in the pons and midbrain, altered the serotoninergic and dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal morphology, nucleus distribution, and their metabolisms and related gene expressions. The comprehensive effect of 5-HT exposure was not dosage-dependent but the working pathways differed, 10 µg 5-HT exposure reduced 5-HT turnover rate, increased 5-HT 1a receptor expression, and facilitated the ventral tegmental area neuronal development; while 20 µg 5-HT exposure increased the serotoninergic and DAergic neurotransmission and enhanced serotoninergic regulation to the hypothalamus. These findings indicate that the 5-HT exposure effect can be achieved via different paths by modifying the embryonic serotonergic (5-HTergic) and DAergic systems and altering fetal 5-HTergic influence on the thalamocortical circuit and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These results may offer a novel sight for understanding the function of 5-HT during neurodevelopment and raise the possibility for using selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors to regulate emotional and mental wellness during early pregnancy and possible risks of complications for babies.
Assessment of One Health Knowledge, Animal Welfare Implications, and Emergency Preparedness Considerations for Effective Public Health Response.

Objectives Information on knowledge of public health professionals about health aspects of the human-animal interface, referred to as One Health, is limited. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with animal welfare attitudes, practices, and One Health awareness among US Public Health Service (USPHS) officers to assess preparedness for public health response. Methods USPHS officers participated in an online, self-administered survey from February 15 through March 2, 2018. A total of 1133 of 6474 (17.5%) USPHS officers responded. We collected information on officers' demographic characteristics, animal welfare attitudes and practices, volunteer and work exposure to animals, and One Health knowledge. We compared (1) One Health knowledge and animal work exposure (deployment, regular assignment, or none) and (2) animal welfare importance and animal work exposure. To adjust for demographic characteristics associated with One Health knowledge, we used multivariable logistic regression. Results One-third of nonveterinary officers reported encountering animals during deployment, and 65% reported that animal welfare was very or extremely important. We found no difference in One Health knowledge between nonveterinary officers who participated in deployments involving animals and nonveterinary officers who had no work exposure to animals (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.11; 95% CI, 0.71-1.75). Nonveterinary officers who participated in animal-related public health activities during regular assignment were more likely to have One Health knowledge than nonveterinary officers who had no work exposure to animals (aOR = 7.88; 95% CI, 5.36-11.59). Conclusions One Health knowledge and awareness should be further explored in the current US public health workforce to identify training needs for emergency preparedness and other collaborative opportunities.
Coordinatization of Generalized Geometries

We mentioned previously (cf. Chapter II) that the fundamental problem of geometry is to set up an isomorphism of an abstractly given geometry with the geometry of subspaces of a vector space. In this chapter we shall examine this problem. The classical result in this direction asserts that for a geometry of dimension ≥ 4 there exists always an isomorphism with the projective geometry of a vector space, and that such an isomorphism can be constructed even when the dimension is 3, provided the geometry is what is known as Desarguesian. These are of course well known results.
Addendum to the Special Issue Entitled Genetic Influences on Peer and Family Relationships Across Development.

This August issue begins with a follow-up on July’s special issue. The July special issue, entitled ‘‘Genetic Influences on Peer and Family Relationships across Development,’’ was co-edited by Lisabeth F. DiLalla and Paula Y. Mullineaux. Both focus on the role of genetic influences on adolescent and child development. Their expertise is what led them to develop the outstanding special issue published in July. Regrettably, the lead co-editor’s own contribution to the special issue was inadvertently excluded. There are no good remedies for addressing publishing errors, even in the age of online publishing. The best that we could do was to publish her piece in the following issue. As a result, this issue begins with my sincere apologies for the error and with her article: ‘‘Peer Victimization and DRD4 Genotype Influence Problem Behaviors in Young Children’’ by Lisabeth Fisher DiLalla, Kyle Bersted and Sufna Gheyara John. While we were thinking through how to remedy the failure to include a manuscript in the hard copy version of the special issue, we realized another omission. Although it is not customary to do so, we found it incumbent on us to publically extend our appreciation to the reviewers who helped develop the special issue. As a look at the special issue reveals, the special issue editors and reviewers upheld the journal’s standards and furthered its mission of supporting cutting-edge multidisciplinary work. For that, we are very grateful to the following researchers: Kevin Beaver Sara Biebl Marieke Buil Alex Burt Kit Elam Sufna Gheyara John Tina Kretschmer Kelly Klump Alison Pike Michael Pogue-Geile Soo Rhee Erica Spotts Pol Van Lier Frank Vitaro
Ontology-Driven Data Semantics Discovery for Cyber-Security

We present an architecture for data semantics discovery capable of extracting semantically-rich content from human-readable files without prior specification of the file format. The architecture, based on work at the intersection of knowledge representation and machine learning, includes machine learning modules for automatic file format identification, tokenization, and entity identification. The process is driven by an ontology of domain-specific concepts. The ontology also provides an abstraction layer for querying the extracted data. We provide a general description of the architecture as well as details of the current implementation. Although the architecture can be applied in a variety of domains, we focus on cyber-forensics applications, aiming to allow one to parse data sources, such as log files, for which there are no readily-available parsing and analysis tools, and to aggregate and query data from multiple, diverse systems across large networks. The key contributions of our work are: the development of an architecture that constitutes a substantial step toward solving a highly-practical open problem; the creation of one of the first comprehensive ontologies of cyber assets; the development and demonstration of an innovative, non-trivial combination of declarative knowledge specification and machine learning.
On-line algorithms for complex number arithmetic

A class of on-line algorithms for complex number arithmetic is presented These algorithms adopt a redundant complex number system (RCNS) to represent complex numbers as a single number. Such a scheme simplifies the specification of the design, and has the additional effect that single precision complex arithmetic can be easily reconfigured for double-precision real arithmetic. We present cost/spl times/delay comparisons with the more conventional approach to show a significant improvement, demonstrating that the presented algorithms are attractive for VLSI systems demanding complex number operations.
A Vaporized Gasoline Metering System for Internal Combustion Engines

A prototype vaporized gasoline metering system is described which utilizes engine exhaust heat to vaporize liquid gasoline prior to being combined with inlet air. It is shown that the system (1) exhibits minimal time-fluctuations in air-fuel ratio, (2) essentially eliminates the transient variations in air-fuel ratio due to load changes, and (3) provides a very uniform cylinder-to-cylinder distribution of air-fuel ratio. The use of the vapor system at very lean air-fuel ratios is considered, and a CVS prediction of the lean-limit operation is presented.
Leadership and Lawyering: Learning New Ways to See Juvenile Justice

Launched in the Fall of 1996 at Boston College, the Juvenile Rights Advocacy Project’s Girls’ Initiative (JRAP) uses critical lawyering to serve traditional legal needs of delinquent girls, engage their needs across disciplines, and support their voices in policy and program development. This chapter begins by describing the historical context within which critical juvenile rights lawyering is developing. Next, it draws on the girls’ voices heard in discussion groups held in 1996 and 1998 to demonstrate the connection between individual client goals and system goals on behalf of clients. The chapter then follows one girl’s situation through a single issue approach to legal representation, a fully collaborative, cross-categorical approach to individual representation, and finally a political approach aimed at system reform. That case examination is followed by an initial discussion of the sort of thinking required of critical lawyers and the pedagogy appropriate in a law school clinic designed toward critical lawyering for delinquent youth.
Of Ambidexters and Daffidowndillies: Defamation of Lawyers, Legal Ethics, and Professional Reputation

Defamation has been a subject of considerable interest to legal historians. It did not become actionable in the royal courts until the early 16th century. As the secular cause of action for defamation developed, there were a number of actions instituted by lawyers. Defamation suits by lawyers accused of being ambidexters, the contemporary term for conflict of interest, constituted a large category of these lawyer defamation suits. Medieval discipline of lawyers for ambidexterity, a common form of lawyer misconduct, likely contributed to making these accusations actionable defamation. The purpose of this article is to study these defamation suits and their interrelationship with legal ethics, the public and professional images of lawyers, and professional reputation. The article is divided into three parts. The first part studies 45 early modern defamation cases involving accusations of lawyers of ambidexterity. The discussion analyzes the initial and evolving defamatory language and its judicial treatment. The cases show that accusing a lawyer of being an ambidexter was clearly and unequivocally actionable as defamation and that nothing was more defamatory than charging a lawyer with disloyalty to a client. Moreover, the word, ambidexter, signified substantial opprobrium. The second part studies public and professional images of lawyers to understand why such an accusation and the word, ambidexter, were so clearly defamatory and had such substantial stigma . This portion first discusses the concept of a disloyal lawyer by exploring the existence of a loyalty norm in the common learning and inherited wisdom of the contemporary legal profession and by studying late medieval and early modern religious ideas and discourse, contemporary literary images, and more general social and political norms. The analysis then turns to a study of the word, ambidexter. The discussion begins with a history of the word and its legal use and then explores its religious and literary uses. The second portion concludes that the concept of disloyalty and the word, ambidexter, appeared often with in the usages of legal system, in religious discourse, and to portray lawyers as characters in literary works. All these usages likely created in the social and political milieu a very perjorative image of the disloyal lawyer and the ambidexter. Thus, these images contribute to the association of accusations of ambidexterity with serious profession opprobrium and help explain why they were so clearly and significantly defamatory. The final portion of the article notes that cultural changes and legal developments in the 16th and 17th centuries made professional reputation especially vulnerable to attack. Attitudes toward honor, an increasing importance of reputation, and changes within the legal profession combined to create a climate conducive to defamation suits against lawyers and to explain the beneficial nature of these suits to those accused of ambidexterity.
THE WEAKNESSES OF STRONG INFERENCE

Platt's 1964 paper "Strong Inference" (SI), published in Science, has had considerable influence upon the conception of the nature of the scientific method held in both the social and physical sciences. Platt suggests that a four-step method of specifying hypotheses and conducting critical experiments that systematically eliminate alternatives has been responsible for progress in the history of the successful sciences and, if adopted, will allow the less successful sciences to make greater progress. This paper criticizes SI on a number of grounds including: 1) no demonstration of the central historical claim, that is, that the more successful sciences actually have utilized this method more frequently than the less successful sciences; 2) poor historiography, in that more faithful explications of some of the historical case studies Platt cites as canonical examples of SI fail to support that SI was actually used in any of these cases; 3) failure to identify other cases of important scientific progress that did not use SI and instead used distinct scientific methods; 4) neglect of the importance and implications of background knowledge used in problem formulation; 5) the impossibility of enumerating a complete set of alternative hypotheses; 6) no acknowledgement of the Quine-Duhem thesis indicating that "critical" experiments are actually logically inconclusive; 7) the assumption that there is one scientific method; and 8) significant ambiguity regarding exactly how each of the four steps of SI is to be faithfully implemented. Some recommendations regarding a normative scientific method are given.
STUDY OF HIGH LUMINOSITY X-RAY SOURCES IN EXTERNAL GALAXIES (M-31)

The study of individual galactic X-ray sources in external galaxies is clearly interesting on many counts. It allows the study of a homogenous source population whose distance is well determined, which is rarely the case in our own galaxy. This in turn permits the determination of luminosity and source distributions functions with known and correctable bias. The relationship between source location and features of the parent galaxy, such as nuclear bulge, spiral arms, dust lanes, etc. can be studied.
Improving Functional Outcomes for Vascular Amputees Through Use of Mirror Therapy and Elimination of the Effects of Electromagnetic Fields.

The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effectiveness of combining an amputee limb cover to eliminate the effects of electromagnetic fields (i.e., pain) and a Mirror Therapy exercise program to improve functional outcomes for vascular amputees. A cross-sectional repeated-measures design was used with 14 participants with either acute amputations or surgery at least 8 to 24 months previously. The 4-week intervention included the use of an amputee limb cover and mirror therapy exercises each day. The outcome measures were activities of daily living interference (e.g., self-care, walking, car transfer, low chair transfer, sleep), and well-being (e.g., satisfaction, mood, quality of life) at three times (pre- and posttreatment and maintenance). Participants with acute amputations made significant improvements in the areas of self-care, walking, car transfer, sleep, mood, and quality of life, while the subacute participants improved significantly in sleep and satisfaction. A reduction in the time required before prosthetic fitting decreased from 12 weeks to 8 weeks for acute amputees and an improvement in wearing tolerance from 0-2 to 8-12 hours for the subacute amputees were unexpected results suggesting the combined intervention may improves the extent to which amputees can increase participation in their activities of everyday living.
STING Activation by Translocation from the ER Is Associated with Infection and Autoinflammatory Disease

STING is an ER-associated membrane protein that is critical for innate immune sensing of pathogens. STING-mediated activation of the IFN-I pathway through the TBK1/IRF3 signaling axis involves both cyclic-dinucleotide binding and its translocation from the ER to vesicles. However, how these events are coordinated, and the exact mechanism of STING activation, remain poorly understood. Here, we found that the Shigella effector protein IpaJ potently inhibits STING signaling by blocking its translocation from the ER to ERGIC, even in the context of dinucleotide binding. Reconstitution using purified components revealed STING translocation as the rate-limiting event in maximal signal transduction. Furthermore, STING mutations associated with autoimmunity in humans were found to cause constitutive ER exit and to activate STING independent of cGAMP binding. Together, these data provide compelling evidence for an ER retention and ERGIC/Golgi-trafficking mechanism of STING regulation that is subverted by bacterial pathogens and is deregulated in human genetic disease.
Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain‐related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis

Background Current arthritis treatments often have side-effects attributable to active compounds as well as route of administration. Cannabidiol (CBD) attenuates inflammation and pain without side-effects, but CBD is hydrophobic and has poor oral bioavailability. Topical drug application avoids gastrointestinal administration, first pass metabolism, providing more constant plasma levels.
Mathematics Reform: Looking for Insights from Nineteenth Century Events

In the nineteenth century, Warren Colburn defended understanding as the avenue to learning arithmetic and questioned the memorization method in use since the seventeenth century. Colburn's work was appreciated by educators in the common school era, and his book is still considered an important one in the history of mathematics education. Many criticisms of Colburn's ideas, however, emerged during his time, and teaching for understanding never fully reached nineteenth century mathematics classrooms. This episode in the history ofmathematics education raises questions about the success of contemporary attempts to reform school mathematics.
PML-IRIS in a patient treated with brentuximab

A 38-year-old woman was diagnosed with cutaneous anaplastic T-cell lymphoma that proved refractory to methotrexate, bexarotene, denileukin diftitox, interferon γ-1b, interferon α-2b, vorinostat, and pralatrexate. She was therefore started on the newly approved monoclonal anti-CD30 antibody brentuximab vedotin. Treatment with brentuximab 1.8 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks quickly led to disappearance of her cutaneous tumors. The day after her second brentuximab infusion she developed word-finding difficulties and unsteady gait. Due to further neurologic deterioration, she was admitted to an outside hospital. Brain MRI revealed multifocal enhancing white matter lesions throughout bilateral cerebral hemispheres and posterior fossa (figure, A–C). Brain biopsy was performed 15 days after her last brentuximab dose to rule out metastases and she was diagnosed with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (figure, J). The patient was discharged home with hospice care. Upon discharge, she was started on prednisone 50 mg daily to help treat her eczema. Her family brought her to our clinic for a second opinion.
Loss of endogenous carbon by conidia of Cochliobolus sativus Exposed to soil and its effect on conidial germination and pathogenic aggressiveness

Cochliobolus sativus conidia progressively lost endogenous carbon when exposed to nonsterile or sterile soil at − 1 and − 10 kPa matric potential for 50 days. Loss of 14C was detected mainly as 14CO2 evolved from soil and conidia and as residual 14C in soil. Conidia lost more carbon on sterile soil (ca 25% of total label) than on nonsterile soil (ca 12% of total label), but there were no differences in residual 14C, evolved 14CO2 and total 14C loss between the two matric potentials in either nonsterile or sterile soil. On sterile soil evolved 14CO2 increased over time from 27.6% of the total 14C lost on day 1 to 76.6% on day 50, with conidial respiration accounting for 100% of the 14C evolved. On nonsterile soil evolved 14CO2 also increased over time, from 10.4% of the total 14C lost on day 1 to 64.1% on day 50; the estimated contribution of conidial respiration to 14C loss ranged from 6.2% on day 1 to 38.5% on day 50. Conidia germinated on sterile but not on nonsterile soil. Conidia did not lose nutrient independence on either sterile or nonsterile soil. Pathogenic aggressiveness of conidia exposed to sterile or nonsterile soil did not decline as compared to conidia not exposed to soil until 50 days of exposure.
The Role of Psychic Distance in Contagion: A Gravity Model for Contagious Financial Crises

We synthesize the financial crisis contagion literature through the gravity model from physics and test the hypothesis that the severity of contagion relates positively to trade and financial linkages but negatively to psychic distance between countries, when macroeconomic fundamentals and institutional factors are controlled. The psychic distance variable, a behavioral predictor constructed along four dimensions including geographic distance, common language, development level and common membership, is of key interest in this study. Using data of financial crises originated in Mexico, Asia, Russia, and Brazil in the 1990s, we find empirical support for the hypothesis, particularly for the importance of psychic distance in analyzing financial crisis contagion.
Erratum to “Induction of death receptor ligand-mediated apoptosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: The search for sensitizing agents” [Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (2009) 438–442]

Erratum to “Induction of death receptor ligand-mediated apoptosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: The search for sensitizing agents” [Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (2009) 438–442] Katherine Marie Moxley , Shylet Chengedza , Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook a,b,⁎ a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA