cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances of Molecular Adjuvant C3d

C3d is the least fragment of C3 and can not be hydrolysed any more by enzyme. Before the estamblishment of immune response of specific antigen C3d can recognize non-self antigen and link to covelantly. It significantly enhances the capability of presenting antigen of antigen-prestenting cells decreases the thresold of activating B cells increases the titer of specific antibodies and promotes the mature of antibodies. Recent studies have revealed that C3d also enhances cellular immnune response and changes the model of immune response. So C3d acts as the linkage between innate immune syetem and adaptive immune system via specific receptors. In this paper its characteristics of molecular biology biologic functions and molecular mechanisms as molecular adjuvant were summarized.
The Analysis of Electrical System Transient Stability by Combination of EEAC and Emulator Method

Based on the analysis of now electrical system transient stability method,analyzed the EEAC method and the emulate method,and compared their advantages and disadvantages,the two method combined to a new method,which uses the advantage of EEAC method to analyze quantitatively,and use the advantage of emulate method to calculate the complexion station,program the calculate program for transient stability.After comparing the result with other method,it is proved that the method is satisfactory.
How do we know

Home care personnel working with physicians meet with terms every day that may not be clear to them. In an effort to preclude misinterpretations, mistakes, or time expended trying to clarify instructions, this article covers some of the terminology that might occur in physician orders, on records, or in the medical literature.
A Record of Pennsylvania Deserters

A number of years ago Sally McMurry of the Pennsylvania State University came across an intriguing item while digging in the tax records in the basement of the Centre County Library and Historical Museum in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. Sitting on an open metal shelf was a sheaf of papers bound in deteriorating leather. The item was twenty-seven inches long and seventeen inches wide. Curious, McMurry opened it and discovered that it contained 274 pages of information on the men who had deserted from Pennsylvania infantry, artillery, and cavalry regiments during the Civil War. Why did such a document exist? What was its purpose? And how did such an extensive federal record come to Bellefonte?
Biomechanics of the Cornea and Sclera

The cornea and sclera are soft fibrous tissues that serve important structural and visual functions. The tissues protect the eye from external injury, provide mechanical support for critical internal ocular structures, and preserve an optimal shape for vision. The mechanical properties of the cornea and sclera supporting these functions are achieved through the collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans architecture of the extracellular matrix. This review discusses recent advances in experimental characterization of the structure and mechanical properties of the cornea and sclera, as well as theoretical and computational modeling studies of the relationship between the structure, mechanical properties, and physiologic function of the tissues.
Using Online Discussion Forums to Improve Formative Assessment: An Extended Abstract

Providing responses to peers’ posts can prove problematic for students participating in online discussion forums, just as assessing these responses can prove problematic for faculty. Typically seen are responses that provide emotional support (I like how you…) or some other forms of critique. These types of responses provide little opportunity for students to demonstrate their grasp of the material nor for faculty to easily assess whether students understand the material. This research details a method of managing online discussions such that peer responses can act as an easily assessed method for gauging student understanding of concepts.
Mercury in tunas and blue marlin in the North Pacific Ocean.

Models and data from the North Pacific Ocean indicate that mercury concentrations in water and biota are increasing in response to (global or hemispheric) anthropogenic mercury releases. In the present study, we provide an updated record of mercury in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught near Hawaii that confirms an earlier conclusion that mercury concentrations in these fish are increasing at a rate similar to that observed in waters shallower than 1000 m. We also compiled and reanalyzed data from bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) caught near Hawaii in the 1970s and 2000s. Increases in mercury concentrations in bigeye tuna are consistent with the trend found in yellowfin tuna, in both timing and magnitude. The data available for blue marlin do not allow for a fair comparison among years, because mercury concentrations differ between sexes for this species, and sex was identified (or reported) in only 3 of 7 studies. Also, mercury concentrations in blue marlin may be insensitive to modest changes in mercury exposure, because this species appears to have the ability to detoxify mercury. The North Pacific Ocean is a region of both relatively high rates of atmospheric mercury deposition and capture fisheries production. Other data sets that allow temporal comparisons in mercury concentrations, such as pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in Alaskan waters and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) off the US Pacific coast, should be explored further, to aid in understanding human health and ecological risks and to develop additional baseline knowledge for assessing changes in a region expected to respond strongly to reductions in anthropogenic mercury emissions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1365–1374. © 2017 SETAC
PROTESTANT LEGAL THEORY? APOLOGY AND OBJECTIONS

The academic interdisciplinary study of law and religion is in a unique place, brimming with hope and promise. This constellation of scholars, conferences, journals, academic centers, books and book series, and public interest law firms has matured considerably since the “path-breaking” commencement of the movement, the publication of Harold Berman's 1974 short book, The Interaction of Law and Religion. No longer can the study of law and religion be solely identified with the study of the First Amendment's religion clauses. Scholars have explored topics both large scale and fine grain in history, church law, the intersection of religious ethics and law, religion and international human rights law, and in other subareas of the field.
The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: The Application of ELISA in Clinical Research

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has evolved from other types of immunoassays in the early 1970s and is now one of the most widely used laboratory techniques in clinical, translational, and basic sciences as well as clinical medicine. In this chapter, the basic concepts of ELISA and its most commonly used forms, such as sandwich, indirect, and competitive assays, are discussed, as well as their applications and the considerations involved in designing a new ELISA assay. The focus of this chapter is on the use of ELISA in clinical and translational research, aiming to provide the reader with the necessary tools to apply ELISA in their own research context. An example of how ELISA can be employed in a translational research scenario is provided, as well as a detailed protocol describing how to do so in that example.
Molecular Simulation of Ionic Polyimides and Composites with Ionic Liquids as Gas-Separation Membranes

Polyimides are at the forefront of advanced membrane materials for CO2 capture and gas-purification processes. Recently, ionic polyimides (i-PIs) have been reported as a new class of condensation polymers that combine structural components of both ionic liquids (ILs) and polyimides through covalent linkages. In this study, we report CO2 and CH4 adsorption and structural analyses of an i-PI and an i-PI + IL composite containing [C4mim][Tf2N]. The combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations is used to compute the gas solubility and the adsorption performance with respect to the density, fractional free volume (FFV), and surface area of the materials. Our results highlight the polymer relaxation process and its correlation to the gas solubility. In particular, the surface area can provide meaningful guidance with respect to the gas solubility, and it tends to be a more sensitive indicator of the adsorption behavior versus only considering the system density and F...
Trends in contraceptive use according to HIV status among privately insured women in the United States.

Background There is limited information on the patterns and trends of contraceptive use among women living with HIV, compared with noninfected women in the United States. Further, little is known about whether antiretroviral therapy correlates with contraceptive use. Such information is needed to help identify potential gaps in care and to enhance unintended pregnancy prevention efforts. Objective We sought to compare contraceptive method use among HIV-infected and noninfected privately insured women in the United States, and to evaluate the association between antiretroviral therapy use and contraceptive method use. Study Design We used a large US nationwide health care claims database to identify girls and women ages 15-44 years with prescription drug coverage. We used diagnosis, procedure, and National Drug Codes to assess female sterilization and reversible prescription contraception use in 2008 and 2014 among women continuously enrolled in the database during 2003 through 2008 or 2009 through 2014, respectively. Women with no codes were classified as using no method; these may have included women using nonprescription methods, such as condoms. We calculated prevalence of contraceptive use by HIV infection status, and by use of antiretroviral therapy among those with HIV. We used multivariable polytomous logistic regression to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for female sterilization, long-acting reversible contraception, and short-acting hormonal contraception compared to no method. Results While contraceptive use increased among HIV-infected and noninfected women from 2008 through 2014, in both years, a lower proportion of HIV-infected women used prescription contraceptive methods (2008: 17.5%; 2014: 28.9%, compared with noninfected women (2008: 28.8%; 2014: 39.8%, P Conclusion Despite the safety of reversible contraceptives for women with HIV, use of prescription contraception continues to be lower among privately insured HIV-infected women compared to noninfected women, particularly among those receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Open lung biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary disease

Die operative Technik der offenen Lungenbiopsie wird beschrieben und uber unsere Erfahrungen mit 36 Eingriffen dieser Art berichtet. Bei diffusen pulmonalen Erkrankungen erhielten wir eine histologische Diagnose in allen Fallen und beobachteten nur drei unbedeutende Komplikationen. Eine Literaturubersicht bestatigt unsere Ergebnisse. Nach ihr bietet die offene Lungenbiopsie in weniger als 3 % keine diagnostische Hilfe, und die Operationsletalitat liegt unter 1%.
Emerging investigator series: the effect of wildfire on streamwater mercury and organic carbon in a forested watershed in the southeastern United States

Wildfires alter forested ecosystems, which include large stores of mercury (Hg) and organic carbon, two compounds that are closely linked in vegetation, soils, and streamwater. Studies have shown that wildfires release elevated levels of mercury to the atmosphere which can be locally redeposited and leave charred organic material (vegetation and litter) on the soil surface. Both can contribute to the elevated mobilization of Hg into lakes and streams. However, no studies have conducted a detailed examination of hydrological transport of Hg following a wildfire. This study investigates the coupled transport of mercury and carbon at Twomile Run, a headwater stream located in the forested mountains of Shenandoah National Park, in the year following a low-severity wildfire. Weekly baseflow samples and bi-hourly high-flow storm samples were analyzed for dissolved and particulate mercury (HgD and HgP, respectively), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254, surrogate for DOC quantity and character), and total suspended solids (TSS), and were compared with identical measurements taken from a nearby unburned watershed. For all flow conditions sampled at the burned site (which did not include the 2 months following the fire), streamwater HgD and DOC concentrations, and corresponding UV254, were similar to the unburned system. TSS concentrations varied between sites but overall differences were relatively small in magnitude and likely attributable to site differences rather than fire effects. Notably, the HgP per unit of TSS at the burned site was an order of magnitude higher than the unburned site (2.66 and 0.13 ng HgP per mg TSS, respectively) for 8 months following the fire, resulting in elevated HgP concentrations for the range of flow conditions, after which there was a rapid return to non-disturbed conditions. Streamwater total Hg fluxes roughly doubled (0.55 to 1.04 μg m−2 yr−1) as a consequence of the fire, indicating that in addition to changing atmospheric and terrestrial Hg cycling, fires can rapidly and significantly alter the streamwater Hg which has implication for downstream ecosystems. These findings are particularly relevant as the occurrence and severity of wildfires are expected to increase in the mid-latitudes in response to climate change.
Shoulder arthroplasty in the US Medicare population: a 1-year evaluation of surgical complications, hospital admissions, and revision surgery.

Background The objective of this study was to describe patients receiving each shoulder arthroplasty procedure and to assess surgical complications, hospital admissions for surgical complications, and surgical revisions among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. Methods Medicare patients receiving shoulder arthroplasty in the United States in 2011 were identified from Medicare administrative data and classified by surgery type: shoulder hemiarthroplasty (HA), anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), or reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Surgical complications, hospital admissions, and revisions were identified during the year after the index arthroplasty procedure. Results There were 24,441 patients who met all inclusion criteria, and of those, 20.0% received HA, 42.5% received TSA, and 37.4% received RSA. Compared with RSA and TSA recipients, HA recipients tended to be older and sicker and were more likely to be Medicaid eligible. The rate of new surgical complications and related hospital admissions was greatest during the first 50 days after surgery but remained significant and stable throughout the remainder of the year. Rates of complications and related hospital admissions were greatest for HA recipients (17.4% and 6.6%, respectively), followed by RSA (14.2% and 5.1%) and TSA (9.4% and 4.0%). Conclusions The rate of adverse surgical outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty differed across populations that received HA, TSA, and RSA and across patients within each group by comorbidity burden. The finding that the rate of surgical complications and related hospital admissions remained meaningful during the entire year after surgery suggests that a postoperative follow-up period longer than the traditional 90 days may be warranted.
The last decade of bioacoustics at the Office of Naval Research

The goal of the ONR Marine Mammals and Biology (MMB) program is to enable Navy to and meet operational training and testing objectives in an environmentally responsible and legal manner. The ONR Marine Mammals and Biology program invests in Monitoring and Detection topic with the goal is to improve marine mammal monitoring capabilities over current methods. Develop new and existing technology such as passive acoustics, IR, and others. Recent research efforts on passive acoustics include the development and testing of new autonomous hardware platforms and signal processing algorithms for detection, classification, and localization of marine mammals. Ultimately, the ONR goal is to adapt those algorithms for use on a variety of fixed, towed, floating, and profiling platforms. For example, over the last several years ONR has adapted the use of autonomous ocean gliders for marine mammal monitoring to create the desired capability of persistent, autonomous, passive acoustic monitoring of an area for marine mamm...
Factors affecting smartphone dependency of media consumers

To examine the phenomenon of smartphone dependency in the context of media consumption, this study explores the roles of dependency on and usage of other media platforms, multiplatform media use, mobile ownership and perceptions, smartphone functions, and various consumer characteristics. The regression result suggests that dependency on computer and television, perceived smartphone fluidity, the smartphone as a primary platform during multiplatform media use, and smartphone's social and mobile-specific functions all play a significant role in the smartphone dependency of young adult media consumers.
Political Economy of the Financial Crisis: A World-Historical Perspective

The Great Depression crisis was resolved by labour shifting the burden onto capital. This time the likely shifting of the burden of the financial crisis from capital to labour and the middle classes will only deepen it. The two medium-term possibilities are corporate fascism and global Keynesianism. Will the United States President-elect Barack Obama be the representative of the latter? This, unfortunately, is not likely going by the president-elect's position on the crisis and a possible solution.
Isolated ventricular septal defects

Previous associations between size and location of ventricular septal defects and hemo-dynamics have been based on antemortem physiologic and postmortem anatomic observations. The present study is based on pre-operative and operative observations in vivo in twenty-six patients. Size of defect is shown to be the major determinant of hemodynamic abnormality. The index of relative size (measured diameter of defect/maximum cardiac diameter) shows a good correlation with right ventricular systolic pressure; the regression of this correlation enables approximate prediction of defect size. Relative shunt flow (shunt fraction of pulmonary blood flow) distributes parabolically in relation to right ventricular systolic pressure. A plot of this distribution can be divided into five segments. These demonstrate correspondence of clinical and anatomic findings: 1. Segment 1 (shunt flow < 50 per cent; right ventricular systolic pressure < 60 mm. Hg): diameter of defect 1 cm. or less; corresponds to “maladie de Roger.” 2. Segment 2 (shunt flow > 50 per cent; right ventricular systolic pressure < 60 mm. Hg): defects 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter; increased pulmonary flow with left ventricular overload. 3. Segment 3 (shunt flow > 50 per cent; right ventricular systolic pressure 60 to 90 mm. Hg): defects 2 cm. or more in diameter; pulmonary congestion and combined ventricular overloading. 4. Segment 4 (shunt flow > 50 per cent; right ventricular systolic pressure > 90 mm. Hg): defects 2 cm. or more in diameter; clinically compensated but with right ventricular overloading. 5. Segment 5 (shunt flow 90 mm. Hg): defects 2 cm. or more in diameter; imminent cardiac failure with severe right ventricular hypertrophy. Surgical repair is indicated for patients in segments 2, 3 and 4. The data clarify suggested mechanisms in ventricular septal defects and provide a basis for predictions of defect size and operability.
Genetic Approaches to Understanding the Regulation of Tryptophan Biosynthesis

Little is known about how amino acid metabolism is regulated in higher plants despite our extensive knowledge of the same processes in prokaryotes and fungi (see reviews by Galili, 1995; Herrmann, 1995; Lam et al., 1995; Radwanski and Last, 1995). The physiological roles of different isozymes is not clear, regulatory elements in amino acid biosynthetic gene promoters have not been defined and, in contrast to microorganisms, nothing is known about factors interacting with these promoters to affect gene expression. However, genes have been cloned for all of the enzymes in the Arabidopsis tryptophan biosynthetic pathway, antibodies were produced against six out of the seven proteins, and mutants obtained or antisense plants constructed for six out of the seven proteins (Bender and Fink, 1995; Radwanski and Last, 1995; Li and Last, 1996). In addition, the induction of the tryptophan pathway in response to a variety of environmental conditions (as discussed below) provides an excellent opportunity to pursue genetic approaches to understanding the regulation of this important pathway.
The Iranian Reform Movement and the Iranian Women’s Movement: Feminism Interacted

Women have been one of the most important social groups in the Iranian reform movement. Iranian female university students, intellectuals, journalists and lawyers have raised the standards of political activism in Iran. Along with male university students, journalists, intellectuals and political activists, Iranian feminists, both religious and non-religious, are the core of this movement. After presenting a compendium of the structural and ideological gender inequalities in Iranian society, mostly in post-revolutionary era, the fifth chapter of the book provides basic information and analysis about Iranian feminists in the reform movement framework.
Atg5 Supports Rickettsia australis Infection in Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo.

Rickettsiae can cause life-threatening infections in humans. Macrophages are one of the initial targets for rickettsiae after inoculation by ticks. However, it remains poorly understood how rickettsiae remain free in macrophages prior to establishing their infection in microvascular endothelial cells. Here, we demonstrated that the concentration of Rickettsia australis was significantly greater in infected tissues of Atg5flox/flox mice than in the counterparts of Atg5flox/flox Lyz-Cre mice, in association with a reduced level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum. The greater concentration of R. australis in Atg5flox/flox bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) than in Atg5flox/flox Lyz-Cre BMMs in vitro was abolished by exogenous treatment with recombinant IL-1β. Rickettsia australis induced significantly increased levels of light chain 3 (LC3) form II (LC3-II) and LC3 puncta in Atg5-competent BMMs but not in Atg5-deficient BMMs, while no p62 turnover was observed. Further analysis found the colocalization of LC3 with a small portion of R. australis and Rickettsia-containing double-membrane-bound vacuoles in the BMMs of B6 mice. Moreover, treatment with rapamycin significantly increased the concentrations of R. australis in B6 BMMs compared to those in the untreated B6 BMM controls. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Atg5 favors R. australis infection in mouse macrophages in association with a suppressed level of IL-1β production but not active autophagy flux. These data highlight the contribution of Atg5 in macrophages to the pathogenesis of rickettsial diseases.
Anemia is Associated with Greater Morbidity and Resource Utilization in Pediatric Patients with Systolic Heart Failure - A Multi-Institutional Analysis

Purpose Data are limited about anemia and its association with outcomes in pediatric patients with systolic heart failure (HF). Methods Retrospective cohort study querying the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database (comprised of 50 children's hospitals) from 01/2008 to 12/2017. Admissions of patients aged Results 2494 admissions met inclusion criteria - median age 9yr (IQR 1-15yr), 54% (1,341) male. Anemia was present in 26% (648) of the patients. The anemic cohort was younger (median 6yr vs 9yr, p=0.003) and had female preponderance (50% vs 45%, p=0.016) compared to the non-anemic cohort. The anemic group were more likely to undergo mechanical ventilation (64% vs 51%, p Conclusion Anemia is associated with more comorbidities and resource utilization in pediatric patients admitted for systolic HF. This suggests a need for examining anemia management strategies to optimize pediatric HF outcomes.
Occurrence of other cancers in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mutations in protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) gene.

7529Background: Mutations in POT1 gene in CLL lead to uncapping of the telomeric ends, causing fusion events and chromosomal aberrations. POT1 is mutated in approximately 4% of pts with CLL. Recent...
How Low Can You Go

It could be said that much of the evolution of computers has been the quest to make use of the exponentially-growing amount of on-chip circuitry that Moore predicted in 1965 – a trend that many now claim is coming to an end [1]. Whether that rate slows or not, it is no longer the driver; there is already more circuitry than can be continuously powered. The immediate future of parallel language and compiler technology should be less about finding and using parallelism and more about maximizing the return on investment of power.
Impact of Donor Hemodynamics on Heart Transplant Outcomes: Using Machine Learning Techniques

Purpose Several studies have evaluated the role of recipient hemodynamics on heart transplant (HTx) outcomes. Data on the role of donor hemodynamics and donor-related characteristics on outcomes is scarce. Methods We studied adult (≥18 years) Htx patients from 1997 and 2016 using the UNOS database that had donor right heart catheterization information. Primary study endpoint was the composite of 1-year mortality or re-transplant. We utilized Machine Learning (ML) method and Logistic Regression (LR) to explore predictive variables associated with the primary outcome. We excluded post-transplant variables, donors with missing demographic data and improbable hemodynamics. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to investigate the discrimination ability of the model. Results We included 4,053 Htx recipients where donors had received right heart catheterization. Median recipient age was 55 years and 76.7% were male. Prominent donor characteristics included a median donor age of 36 years (IQR 25-45 years), 69.3% male sex, 69.5% Caucasian by race, 22.8% with smoking history, 15.1% with heavy alcohol use, and 17.3% had known cocaine use. The ML models reasonably predicted one-year mortality or retransplantation (XGBoost AUC 0.64, AutoML AUC 0.66). The LR model showed a poorer predictability of the primary study endpoint (AUC 0.60). Recipient characteristics such as total bilirubin, serum creatinine, ventilator use, and donor characteristics such as donor age and right ventricular mass were predictive of outcomes in both models. No additional donor characteristics including hemodynamics predicted the primary endpoint. Conclusion Donor age and donor right ventricular mass were predictive of outcomes in both ML and LR models. Other donor characteristics including hemodynamics did not improve model predictability. Recipient characteristics significantly outweigh those of donor in predicting one-year mortality or retransplantation following Htx.
Rapid repurposing of drugs for COVID-19.

The emergence of a new coronaviral respiratory disease calls for repurposing existing drugs
Investments in Community Building Among Nonprofit Hospital Organizations in the United States.

This cross-sectional analysis of a national sample of nonprofit, acute care hospital organizations assesses how these organizations distribute spending for community-building activities among the 9 domains allowed by the Internal Revenue Service.
An epidemiological analysis of revision aetiologies in total hip arthroplasty at a single high-volume centre.

AimsAdvances in surgical technique and implant design may influence the incidence and mechanism of failure resulting in revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA). The purpose of the current study was ...
“We just followed the lead of the sources”: An investigation of how teacher candidates developed critical curriculum through subject matter knowledge

Abstract Subject matter knowledge influences instructional decision-making, particularly for novice teachers. Moreover, teacher candidates’ abilities to create critical pedagogy is influenced by their subject matter knowledge and their opportunity to interact with critical curriculum. Using a researcher-designed task intended to develop teacher candidates’ subject matter knowledge, this qualitative action research study investigated the degree to which the task supported candidates’ critical consciousness and their selection and framing of content for an instructional unit. The findings illustrate inconsistencies in candidates’ abilities to use new subject matter knowledge in ways that conceptualize social studies curriculum in critical ways. These inconsistencies suggest that teacher educators should consider using a critical rationale-based pedagogy as a means to assist teacher candidates to move towards critical pedagogy in ways that subject matter knowledge alone cannot.
Tornado Hazard Assessment of Residential Structures Built Using Cross-Laminated Timber and Light-Frame Wood Construction in the US

AbstractResearch has continued to broaden understanding of tornadoes and their effect on civil infrastructure. Because a significant portion of the losses associated with tornado events impact resi...
Traumatic Pediatric Fatalities: Are They Preventable?

ABSTRACT Introduction Trauma related injury remains the leading cause of mortality in pediatric patients, many of which are preventable. The goal of our study was to identify the mechanism of injury (MOI) in pediatric trauma-related fatalities and determine if these injuries were preventable to direct future injury prevention efforts within trauma programs. Methods After IRB approval, a retrospective, single-institution review of pediatric (age ≤18) trauma fatalities from 2010 to 2019 was performed. MOI, use of protective devices, demographics, and whether the injury was preventable were collected. Patients were divided into five age cohorts, and frequencies and proportions were used to summarize data. Bivariate testing was done using Fisher's exact and Monte Carlo estimates for the exact test. Results MOI was found to vary by age with non-accidental trauma found to be the most common cause of trauma related deaths in children 5 y, with 68.4% in the 5-9, 34.4% in the 10-14, and 45.8% in the 15-18 age group. The majority of fatalities resulted from a preventable injury (P 10. Conclusions This study demonstrates many pediatric fatalities are the result of a preventable traumatic injury. This data can guide focused traumatic injury prevention efforts.
Commentary by Peter Delp

“Strategies of Development: A Survey” provdes an interesting and entertaining survey of the theories of development economics using a metaphor of the three-ring circus. The image of economists competing for the limelight of center stage in the tasks of development planning, providing advice to both governments and donors and in scholarly pursuits does seem to be a fitting depiction, if not the clearest to follow. Here briefly is a summary. Adjacent to the center ring of the circus--the arena of policies and tactics -- the authors describe two side rings which represent competing schools of economic thought: a mainstream ring shared by both interventionists and noninterventionists, and a third ring populated by political economists (e.g., Marxists and dependency theorists). The survey concludes by describing three sideshows to the main rings, which they believe could eventually set the agenda for future development strategies.
Are third-party green–brown ratings believed?: The role of prior brand loyalty and environmental concern

Abstract This study shows the role of consumers' prior brand loyalty and environmental concern in their responses to third-party green–brown ratings of a brand. The online quasi-experiment with a national sample of U.S. consumers revealed that the validity of third-party green–brown ratings is believed equally between consumers with high and low environmental concern, but the impact of the ratings on brand greenness perception was greater among consumers with high (vs. low) environmental concern. This study also shows that consumers who are loyal to a brand are more likely to accept the validity of the brand's green rating than that of its brown rating. Further, loyal consumers deny the relevance of the brown rating to the brand's greenness. These findings suggest biased assimilation of third-party green–brown rating information as a function of the consumer's prior brand loyalty and environmental concern. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings.
Toxicity Endpoint Selections for a Simazine Risk Assessment

BACKGROUND: California uses simazine at one of the highest levels for states in the United States (approximately 2.5 million lbs 2006‐2010). Simazine causes neuroendocrine disruption and mammary cancer in test animals. A risk assessment was prioritized by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation because of the nondietary concern for simazine exposure to occupational/nonoccupational simazine users, resident nonusers, and bystanders (especially children and children exhibiting pica) at greatest risk. METHODS: No observed effect levels (NOELs) from animal studies as well as human exposure data were used to determine nondietary values for the above populations. Registrantsubmitted and open literature studies focusing on oral (major human route) effects for simazine and the major metabolites desisopropyl-s-atrazine and diaminochlorotriazine were reviewed as part of the hazard identification process. RESULTS: Developmental, reproduction, and chronic studies provided the lowest NOELs for the acute (5 mg/kg/day), subchronic (0.56 mg/kg/day), and chronic (0.52 mg/kg/day) exposure durations, respectively. A benchmark dose (95th percentile) was calculated for mammary tumorigenesis, assuming a threshold mechanism in rats (benchmark dose lower limit [95th percentile; BMDL05]: 2.9 mg/kg/day). Margins of exposure and uncertainty factors (100‐300×, depending on exposure scenario) were used to characterize risk for designated population subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal developmental delays, endocrine disruption, and mammary tumors resulted from simazine treatment. Systemic and maternal/fetal effects determined the critical NOELs used in risk assessment. Margins of exposures for most scenarios were below acceptable levels, especially for children who may be bystanders where simazine is applied and children who exhibit pica. This risk characterization raises a concern for long-term effects in humans. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 101:308‐324, 2014. C � 2014 Wiley
Metabolic map and bioactivation of the anti‐tumour drug noscapine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Noscapine is a promising anti-tumour agent. The purpose of the present study was to describe the metabolic map and investigate the bioactivation of noscapine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was used to analyse the in vitro incubation mixtures, urine and faeces samples from mice treated with noscapine. Recombinant drug-metabolizing enzymes were employed to identify those involved in noscapine metabolism. Hepatic GSH levels and serum biochemistry were also carried out to determine reactive metabolites of noscapine. KEY RESULTS Several novel phase I metabolites of noscapine were detected after oral gavage of mice, including an N-demethylated metabolite, two hydroxylated metabolites, one metabolite undergoing both demethylation and cleavage of the methylenedioxy group and a bis-demethylated metabolite. Additionally, several novel glucuronides were detected, and their structures were elucidated through MS/MS fragmentology. Recombinant enzymes screening showed the involvement of several cytochromes P450, flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 1 and the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, in noscapine metabolism. In vitro glutathione trapping revealed the existence of an ortho-quinone reactive intermediate formed through further oxidation of a catechol metabolite. However, this bioactivation process of noscapine does not occur in vivo. Similar to this result, altered glutathione levels in liver and serum biochemistry revealed no evidence of hepatic damage, thus indicating that, at least in mice, noscapine does not induce hepatotoxicity through bioactivation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A comprehensive metabolic map and bioactivation evaluation provides important information for the development of noscapine as an anti-tumour drug.
The Future of Manifest Disregard

Manifest disregard of the law is a "non-statutory" or "judicially-created" ground for vacating arbitration awards. It does not appear in the Federal Arbitration Act, but instead has been developed by courts - which typically derive the doctrine from dictum in the overruled Supreme Court case of Wilko v. Swan. The usual test for manifest disregard - that the arbitrator knows the applicable law but intentionally refuses to apply it - is based on a literal reading of the Wilko dictum and is directly contrary to the common law authorities cited by the Wilko Court. Indeed, in seeking to ensure that arbitrators correctly apply mandatory rules of law in their awards, lower courts have distorted the doctrine further, in ways that undercut the arbitration process itself. In short, manifest disregard of the law, as currently applied, leaves much to be desired.Nonetheless, in “Rethinking the Federal Arbitration Act,” manifest disregard of the law should be codified as a ground for vacatur. The justification for codifying manifest disregard is not to ensure that arbitrators follow mandatory rules of law in their awards. Instead, the justification is to protect the integrity of the judicial process - by enabling courts to avoid putting their power and authority behind arbitral awards that openly flaunt the law. As codified, challenges to arbitration awards for manifest disregard of the law will rarely, if ever, succeed. But the need to protect the integrity of the court system justifies codifying manifest disregard, even if the doctrine only rarely is applied.
The regulation of purine utilization in bacteria. III. The involvement of purine phosphoribosyltransferases in the uptake of adenine and other nucleic acid precursors by intact resting cells.

Abstract Initial rates of adenine uptake by Escherichia coli resting cells were found to correlate closely with adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity of cell homogenates when measured under optimal conditions. Cultural conditions, inhibitors, and subjecting the cells to osmotic shock altered both uptake and phosphoribosyltransferase activities pari passu. At appropriate concentrations virtually all of the adenine in the medium was taken up into the cells even under conditions in which no growth occurred and macromolecular synthesis was negligible. In energy-depleted cells glucose, ribose, or P-ribose-PP markedly stimulated uptake of adenine while several other sugar phosphates gave much less or no stimulation. P-ribose-PP also stimulated uptake of several additional purines and pyrimidines. For P-ribose-PP-stimulated adenine uptake the kinetics with respect to both P-ribose-PP and adenine concentrations was similar to those observed for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Iodo-acetamide (0.4 mm) caused virtually complete inhibition of the glucose- or ribose-stimulated uptake of adenine but did not affect the P-ribose-PP-stimulated uptake. Labeled adenine taken up was found intracellularly predominantly as AMP, IMP, and GMP while free adenine accounted for 0 to 2% of the total radioactivity taken up. Nucleotide inhibitors of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity were also found to be inhibitors of adenine uptake; free purines (which do not inhibit adenine phosphoribosyltransferase) also inhibited uptake, most probably acting after conversion to nucleotides. Several phosphoribosyltransferases are apparently located in the pericytoplasmic space since variable amounts (up to 70%) are released into the "shock fluid" when cells are subjected to osmotic shock by the method of Nossal and Heppel (J. Biol. Chem., 241, 3055 (1966)). This release is accompanied by a parallel loss in purine uptake capacity. Although all purine and pyrimidine uptake systems can be stimulated to a greater or lesser extent by P-ribose-PP, they are distinct and may be governed by completely different mechanisms.
Optimal frequency domain design of two-dimensional digital IIR filters

A least-squares technique is presented for designing quarter-plane separable-denominator 2-D IIR filters to best approximate prescribed frequency domain (FD) specification. It is shown that the FD error vector is linearly related to the 2-D numerator coefficients whereas the relationship with the 2-D denominators is quasi-linear. Furthermore, the numerator and denominator estimation problems are theoretically decoupled. The quasi-linear relationship is used to formulate an algorithm for iterative estimation of the denominator. The numerator is found in one step using the estimated denominator. Computer simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed method and its superior performance compared to several existing methods.
Biomedical Modeling in Tele-Immersion

The major goal of this research is to develop a networked collaborative surgical system for tele-immersive consultation, surgical pre-planning, implant design, post operative evaluation and education. Tele-immersion enables users in different locations to collaborate in a shared, virtual, or simulated environment as if they are in the same room. The process of implant design begins with CT data of the patient and the Personal Augmented Reality Immersive System (PARISTM). The implant is designed by medical professionals in tele-immersive collaboration. In the PARIS augmented reality system the user's hands and the virtual images appear superimposed in the same volume so the user can see what he is doing. A haptic device supplies the sense of touch by applying forces to a stylus that the medical modeler uses to form the implant. After the virtual model of the implant is designed, the data is sent via network to a stereolithography rapid prototyping system that creates the physical implant model. After implant surgery, the patient undergoes a postoperative CT scan and results are evaluated and reviewed over the tele-immersive consultation system.
Ethacrynic acid enhanced bromuresis: a comparison with peritoneal and hemodialysis.

Abstract In the dog loaded with sodium bromide, ethacrynic acid enhanced the bromuresis because of the chloride loading more than did mannitol. Bromide clearances were 16.0 and 4.0 ml. per minute with ethacrynic acid and mannitol, respectively. Ethacrynic acid also markedly increased bromide excretion in a patient with bromide intoxication, and clearances increased from 0.4 ml. per minute during the control period to 2.0 ml. per minute with saline loading. With the addition of ethacrynic acid the bromide clearance of 13.9 ml. per minute was about equal to peritoneal dialysis and one seventh that by hemodialysis. Immediately after ethacrynic acid administration, however at peak diuresis, bromide clearance was 21.6 ml. per minute. The plasma bromide half-life with chloride loading and ethacrynic acid therapy was slightly more than three times that with hemodialysis; that is, about 92 minutes and 310 minutes, respectively. Saline and ethacrynic acid diuresis is recommended for therapy of bromide intoxication.
Efficient single phase harmonics elimination method for microgrids operating in grid connected or standalone mode

A strategy to eliminate harmonics from the grid current as well as the voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) for microgrid applications is presented in this paper. The position of the harmonics reduction unit is selected so that it can reduce the harmonics level of the grid current and PCC voltage harmonics irrespective of the distribution of the renewable energy sources in microgrid. The proposed compensation system can be operated in both grid connected and islanded microgrid system without changing any configuration. In the proposed control algorithm, the required amount of attenuation for the harmonics is determined to meet the THD requirement specified by IEEE 519. Fast and efficient algorithm for phase detection irrespective of the presence of harmonics has been utilized for the system. The effectiveness of proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.
Potential energy distributions and normal coordinates of methyl, methyl-d3 and partially deuterated methyl chloride, bromide and iodide

Abstract The potential energy distributions and normal coordinates ( L −1 matrices) for twelve methyl halides, CH 3 X, CH 2 DX, CD 2 HX and CD 3 X (X = Cl, Br, I) have been calculated from known structural data. General harmonic force fields for methyl chloride, bromide and iodide previously determined from the most complete available isotopic frequency, Coriolis and centrifugal distortion data were used. The vibrational modes of these molecules are compared and discussed.
A polyhedral study of the generalized vertex packing problem

The traditional vertex packing problem defined on an undirected graph identifies the largest weighted independent set of nodes, that is, a set of nodes whose induced subgraph contains no edges. In this paper, we examine a generalized vertex packing problem (GVP-k) in which k ``violations'' to the independent set restriction are permitted, whereby k edges may exist within the subgraph induced by the chosen set of nodes. A particular context in which such problems arise is in the national airspace planning model of Sherali, Smith, and Trani (2000), where a set of flight-plans need to be composed for various flights subject to conflict, workload, and equity considerations. The GVP-k structure arises in modeling the air-traffic control sector workload restrictions, which stipulate that for each sector and during each discretized time-slot, the number of aircraft conflicts that would need to be resolved should not exceed k, for some k≥1. We derive several classes of facetial valid inequalities for GVP-k for certain specially structured subgraphs, identifying polynomial-sized convex hull representations for some of these cases. Related constraint generation routines are also developed, and some computational results are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of utilizing the proposed valid inequalities in solving GVP-k for different values of k.