cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of FKBP5, a stress-related gene, with childhood trauma increases the risk for attempting suicide.

Childhood trauma is associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and is a known risk factor for suicidal behavior. In this study we sought to determine whether the impact of childhood trauma on suicide risk might be modified by FKBP5, an HPA-axis regulating gene. Sixteen FKBP5 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in a sample of African Americans: 398 treatment-seeking patients with substance dependence (90% men; 120 suicide attempters) and 432 nonsubstance-dependent individuals (40% men; 21 suicide attempters). In all, 474 participants (112 suicide attempters) also completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Primary haplotype analyses were conducted with the four SNPs implicated in earlier studies: rs3800373, rs9296158, rs1360780, and rs9470080. We found that childhood trauma was associated with suicide attempt (P<0.0001). Although there was no main effect of the two major yin yang haplotypes in the four SNP haplotype blocks, there was a haplotype influence on suicide risk (p=0.006) only in individuals exposed to high levels of childhood trauma. In this group, 51% with two copies of the risk haplotype, 36% with one copy, and 20% with no copies had attempted suicide. The total logistic regression model accounted for 13% of the variance in attempted suicide. Analyses of the 16 SNPs showed significant main effects on suicide attempt of rs3777747, rs4713902, and rs9470080 and interactive effects of rs3800373, rs9296158, and rs1360780 with CTQ score on suicide attempt. These data suggest that childhood trauma and variants of the FKBP5 gene may interact to increase the risk for attempting suicide.
A procedural approach to view independent three-dimensional object recognition and pose determination

The purpose of this research was to develop a robust paradigm for the model matching phase of a view independent object recognition system. The approach taken in this thesis represents both the image and the model conceptually as a graph structure. The model graph, however, is implemented as a procedure, and is therefore referred to as a Procedural Model. Binary relations between nodes in the object graph are implemented implicitly by the calling relations between procedures. A collection of such procedures and the calling relations between them provides a full depth-first search of the tree of possible model node to image node bindings. A complete image analysis system was developed and used to demonstrate the functionality and usefulness of the Procedural Model approach to object recognition. Although arbitrarily complex search trees can be implemented in this way, the syntax of the individual model procedures is shown to be so similar, for objects composed of analytic surfaces, that such models can be built automatically. An interactive program has been written which can be used to construct a Procedural Model by prompting only for object-specific information. A new more general definition of an aspect is presented and used to extend the concept of stable states. These two ideas together form a basis of the Procedural Model approach to view independent object recognition. The concept of the region adjacency graph was also extended by assigning a priority to the patches in the graph, and by including three-dimensional information. Once the presence of an object is detected and that object identified, its pose is computed.
Cooperative detection and protection against network attacks using decentralized information sharing

Network attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) and Internet worms, are highly distributed and well coordinated offensive assaults on services, hosts, and the infrastructure of the Internet, and can have disastrous effects including financial losses and disruption of essential services. Consequently, effective defensive countermeasures against these attacks must provide equally sophisticated and well coordinated mechanisms for monitoring, analysis, and response. In this paper, we investigate techniques for cooperative attack detection and countermeasures using decentralized information sharing. The key underlying idea is the use of epidemic algorithms to share attack information and achieve quasi-global knowledge about attack behaviors. This paper first presents a conceptual model that defines the relationships between the level of knowledge in the distributed system and the accuracy of attack detection. The design of a cooperative attack detection and defense framework is then presented, and its use for detecting and defending against DDoS attacks and Internet worms is described. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the framework against these attacks.
Controlled release of active DNA from uncrosslinked matrices

Gelatin is investigated as a matrix for temporarily encapsulating, then releasing active, short oligonucleotide stands. While most previous work has focused on using gelatin matrices with covalent crosslinks in which protease digestion triggers release of encapsulated agents, the current study involves uncrosslinked gelatin in order to preserve its relevant temperature sensitivity. First, 150 µL gelatin blocks loaded with fluorescently labeled DNA were investigated. Deposition of poly(allylamine)–poly(acrylic acid) bilayers on the gel typically hindered DNA release at room temperature, but promoted at least 5-fold greater release at 37 °C relative to the room temperature samples. Next, a polydisperse population of DNA-loaded gelatin microspheres was prepared and coated with the polyelectrolyte bilayer. The gelatin microsphere system exhibited a similar temperature dependence as the block system, however, the total amount of DNA encapsulated and released was greater due, mostly likely, to the higher surface area to volume ratio of the microspheres. In both systems, any active DNA released from the gelatin matrices was quantified through subsequent hybridization events with polystyrene particles functionalized with the complementary partner sequence. Overall, our studies indicate that these DNA-loaded, uncrosslinked gelatin carriers represent a promising system for triggered release of encapsulated oligonucleotides for a variety of bio-related applications.
Caught in the middle: multinational enterprise strategy in interstate warfare

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate interstate warfare and its association with foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational enterprise (MNE) strategy by integrating insights from international business (IB) and international political economy (IPE) literature.Design/methodology/approach – This paper identifies economic and regulatory mediators for the relationship between war and FDI, laying the groundwork to evaluate strategies the MNE would undertake in the event of war in the host country.Findings – The effects of war on MNE strategy can be separated into short‐term and long‐term effects. Specifically, the MNE may be influenced by war in its: initial investment decision; factors of significant importance for running the company's local operations; and critical factors for future foreign investments.Research limitations/implications – Studies using actual firm‐level data can look at whether MNEs from non‐warring states conduct business as usual elsewhere or leverage war in the ho...
Ruminally undegradable protein content and digestibility for forages using the mobile bag in situ technique

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate RUP content and digestibility for smooth bromegrass, subirrigated meadow, upland native range, and warm-season grasses. Samples were collected from esophageally cannulated cows or ruminally cannulated steers. Forages were ruminally incubated in in situ bags for durations of time based on 75% of total mean retention time, which was based on IVDMD and rate of passage calculations. One-half of the bags were duodenally incubated and excreted in the feces, and NDIN was analyzed on all bags for RUP calculations. Crude protein was numerically greater early in the growing cycle for grasses compared with later as grasses matured (P ≤ 0.32). The RUP was 13.3%, 13.3%, and 19.7% of CP for smooth bromegrass, subirrigated meadow, and upland native range, respectively. These values tended to be lower early in the growth cycle and increased (linear P ≤ 0.13) as forages matured for warm-season grasses and subirrigated meadows. Because both CP and RUP content change throughout the growing season, expressing RUP as a percentage of DM gives more consistent averages compared with RUP as a percentage of CP. Coefficient of variation values for RUP as a percentage of DM averaged 0.21 over all 4 experiments compared with 0.26 for RUP as a percentage of CP. Average RUP as a percentage of DM was 2.03%, 1.53%, and 1.94% for smooth bromegrass, subirrigated meadow, and upland native range, respectively. Total tract indigestible protein (TTIDP) linearly increased with maturity for subirrigated meadow samples (P < 0.01). A quadratic response (P ≤ 0.06) for TTIDP was observed in smooth bromegrass and warm-season grass samples. Digestibility of RUP varied considerably, ranging from 25% to 60%. Subirrigated meadow, native range, and smooth bromegrass samples tended to have linear decreases (P ≤ 0.11) in RUP digestibility throughout the growing season. The amount of digested RUP was fairly consistent across experiments and averages for smooth bromegrass, subirrigated meadow, and upland native range were 0.92%, 0.64%, and 0.49% of DM, respectively. Warm-season grasses in Exp. 2 had greater RUP (4.31% of DM) and amount of RUP digested (2.26% of DM), possibly because of cattle selecting for leadplant that contains more CP than the grasses. Forages can vary in CP, RUP, TTIDP, and RUP digestibility depending on the forage type, year, and time within year, but RUP digestibility is likely less than what previous sources have reported.
Passive tracking of linac clinical flow using radiofrequency identification technology

Abstract Purpose To analyze the implementation of a passive radiofrequency identification (RFID) clinical system and to evaluate the clinical workflow on 2 linear accelerators using the RFID technology. Methods and Materials The clinical area of a typical radiation therapy center was equipped with RFID readers and antennae, which included linear accelerator (linac) treatment vaults. Both were dual energy linacs (6 and 15 MV). One linac was an iX with RapidArc (Varian Medical Systems, Inc, Palo Alto, CA) and the other was a TrueBeam (Varian Medical Systems, Inc, Palo Alto, CA). Patients were given an RFID transponder card on their first day of treatment. Location timestamps were collected when the patients entered and exited the linac vaults. Each fraction was categorized by treatment machine, treatment site (brain, head and neck, prostate, and other), and treatment type (static field intensity modulated radiation therapy [IMRT], RapidArc, and 3-dimensional [3D]). The Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used to determine statistical significance between median times in the linac vault. Results A total of 4302 fractions from 144 patients were analyzed over a 10-month period. With minimal staff training, an approximately 70% read reliability was achieved. The median treatment time for all treatment fractions on the TrueBeam linac was 11.0 minutes (n = 1425) while the median time was 11.9 minutes (n = 1576) on the iX linac ( P P P Conclusions Automatic remote reading of passive transponder cards is not without its challenges. However, with little or no clinical introduction, we experienced a read reliability that warrants further development. Our initial use of the system indicates that continual collection and analysis of workflow data may allow clinics to improve efficiency and safety.
UV light induced selective etching in borosilicate glasses for micropatterning

Using commercially available borosilicate glasses with at least 10% by weight B2O3 and a conventional UV arc-lamp emitting at 255 nm, a rapid and easily implementable micropatterning capability is demonstrated.
Contributions of lattice oxygen to the overall oxygen balance during methane combustion over PdO-based catalysts

Abstract The methane combustion mechanism was investigated by means of pulsed reaction experiments using a reaction mixture labeled with 18 O 2 . The catalysts employed were pure PdO, zirconia and ceria–zirconia-supported PdO particles fully oxidized with 16 O . Complementary continuous flow temperature programmed reaction experiments were also used. Our results confirmed the redox combustion mechanism. Exchange of oxygen from the bulk and from the support with the surface can be faster than from gas phase. This implies steady-state bulk vacancies for conditions where exchange with the bulk is fast. An important observation is that surface hydroxyls resulting from methane oxidation impede surface reoxidation, leading to a certain degree of catalyst deprivation of oxygen and formation of bulk oxygen vacancies. This can be responsible for the lower temperature of thermal reduction for pure PdO as compared to supported PdO particles. For the supported catalyst, oxygen vacancies in the PdO phase are refilled with oxygen from the support, consistent with the larger amounts of 16 O observed in the reaction products resulting from PdO on zirconia. This oxygen transfer may be responsible for the lower thermal decomposition rate of PdO particles supported on ceria–zirconia.
Three Faces of Eva: Perpetuation of The Hot-Latina Stereotype in Desperate Housewives

One of most popular network television programs to come along in years is Desperate Housewives. The show presents the intimate lives of 5 women living in a middle-to-upper-middle-class neighborhood...
Polysome Isolation by Sepharose Column Chromatography

Abstract Polysomes from the mouse myeloma MOPC-21 were purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, 4B and 2B columns. All three columns eliminated nearly all intracellular material smaller than 40 S subunits. In addition, passage through 4B and 2B columns substantially reduced the amount of subunits and monosomes in the preparations. Purified polysomes retained structural integrity when stored at -85°C for at least nine weeks.
Mobilization of mucus by airway oscillations

The effects of high frequency asymmetric airway oscillations on mucus clearance were evaluated in excised tracheas of sheep, in an animal model of excessive mucus production, and in patients with bronchiectasis. Asymmetric high frequency ventilation (15 Hz) with expiratory biased flow profiles (expiratory peak-flow greater than inspiratory peak-flow) could move mucus droplets towards the pharynx in rigid and flexible tracheas by gas-liquid interaction. In rigid tracheas the mucus was transported towards the periphery of the model lung if the oscillations were inspiratory biased. In very collapsible tracheas, however, even inspiratory biased oscillations moved the mucus cephalad. Parameters influencing direction and speed of mucus are airflow profile, peak-flow, airway compliance and lung resistance. Gamma-camera studies showed that in anesthetized dogs radiolabeled artificial mucus followed the direction of the bias during high frequency ventilation. In five human volunteers with bronchiectasis and excessive secretions the asymmetric airway oscillations were superimposed during spontaneous breathing using a mouthpiece. Airway wall vibrations following the pressure swings of the oscillator could be observed. During forced expiration inward bulging of the posterior membranes of trachea and bronchi occurred at the negative pressure phase of the oscillations. This event was associated with increased appearance of sputum in the central airways. We conclude that high frequency ventilation with asymmetric flow profiles applied via tube or mouthpiece might be an effective future treatment of mucostasis.
Factors that contribute to social media influence within an Internal Medicine Twitter learning community

Medical societies, faculty, and trainees use Twitter to learn from and educate other social media users. These social media communities bring together individuals with various levels of experience. It is not known if experienced individuals are also the most influential members. We hypothesize that participants with the greatest experience would be the most influential members of a Twitter community. We analyzed the 2013 Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine Twitter community. We measured the number of tweets authored by each participant and the number of amplified tweets (re-tweets). We developed a multivariate linear regression model to identify any relationship to social media influence, measured by the PageRank. Faculty (from academic institutions) comprised 19% of the 132 participants in the learning community (p < 0.0001). Faculty authored 49% of all 867 tweets (p < 0.0001). Their tweets were the most likely to be amplified (52%, p < 0.01). Faculty had the greatest influence amongst all participants (mean 1.99, p < 0.0001). Being a faculty member had no predictive effect on influence (β = 0.068, p = 0.6). The only factors that predicted influence (higher PageRank) were the number of tweets authored (p < 0.0001) and number of tweets amplified (p < 0.0001) The status of “faculty member” did not confer a greater influence. Any participant who was able to author the greatest number of tweets or have more of his/her tweets amplified could wield a greater influence on the participants, regardless of his/her authority.
XUV image of the sun from eclipse observations of the ionospheric E-region

Ionospheric E-region observations from Boulder (40.0 N, 105.3 W), Grand Bahama (26.6 N, 78.2 W), Mexico City (19.3 N, 99.2 W), Vandenberg (35.6 N, 120.6 W), and Wallops Island (37.9 N, 75.5 W) during the total solar eclipse of 7 March, 1970 are used for reconstructing the distribution of the ionizing XUV radiation over the solar disk. The derived solar image compares reasonably well with the EUV and X-ray pictures of the Sun obtained from rockets.
The production and evolution of atomic oxygen in the afterglow of streamer discharge in atmospheric pressure fuel/air mixtures

In this work two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence was used to measure oxygen atom (O) concentrations in streamer discharge afterglow in a variety of fuel/air mixtures in order to account for the O reaction pathways in transient plasma ignition. It is demonstrated that O atoms are generated in high concentration (∼5 × 1017 cm−3) directly below the high-voltage anode in a point-to-plane geometry. The corresponding lifetimes in air were on the order of hundreds of microseconds. Fuel chemistry provides consumption pathways via chain branching reactions even without sustained combustion, and the corresponding O-atom lifetimes were much shorter than in air and dependent on the fuel concentration. At the richest conditions, corresponding to a fuel–air equivalence ratio of 2.4, O lifetimes were on the order a few microseconds or less. These experimental results are compared to modelling estimates in order to better understand the role of atomic oxygen in the chemical processes leading to ignition.
Effect of surfactant mixtures on irritant contact dermatitis potential in man: sodium lauroyl glutamate and sodium lauryl sulphate

Our purpose was to ascertain the irritant contact dermatitis potential of sodium lauroyl glutamate (SLG) and to assess its possible anti-irritating potential in a surfactant mixture on human skin, using visual scores and measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). 15 healthy adult volunteers free of skin disease and with no history of atopic dermatitis were treated with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) solution (1%, 0.75%, 0.50%, 0.25%), 1% SLG solution, and 1% surfactant mixture solutions, M1 (75/25), M2 (50/50), M3 (25/50) (SLG/SLS). We applied 100 microliters of solution using a polypropylene chamber for 24 h. Application sites for each solution were randomized to minimize anatomical bias. We measured baseline TEWL before test solution application. After removal of the patches, each site was visually graded and TEWL recorded with an evaporimeter daily for 4 days. The visual scores and TEWL values of 1% SLG solutions were lower than those of the other test solutions, except the vehicle control (deionized water). 1% surfactant mixture solutions showed lower visual scores and TEWL values than 1% SLS solution. Increase of SLG concentration decreased the visual scores and TEWL values. Comparing the visual scores and TEWL values of M1 and 0.25% SLS solution, M2 and 0.50% SLS solution, and M3 and 0.75% SLS solution, M1, M2, and M3 showed lower values, although not statistically different. These findings suggest that SLG is a mild surfactant and its utilization can decrease irritation potential in SLS and possibly other mixtures. This model may offer a facile system for screening the surfactant and other mixtures for decreased irritancy potential.
A Systematic Review of Duloxetine for Osteoarthritic Pain: What is the Number Needed to Treat, Number Needed to Harm, and Likelihood to be Helped or Harmed?

AbstractObjective: To describe the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of duloxetine for the treatment of osteoarthritic pain. Data sources: Systematic review of all published double–blind randomized controlled trials of duloxetine for osteoarthritic pain, supplemented by information in clinical trial registries, product labeling, and regulatory documents. Study selection: All available reports of studies were identified. Data extraction: Descriptions of the principal results and calculation of number needed to treat (NNT) for pain relief and other efficacy outcomes and number needed to harm (NNH) for relevant dichotomous adverse outcomes were extracted. Likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH) was subsequently calculated. Data synthesis: US Food and Drug Administration approval for duloxetine for chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) was based on 2 randomized, double–blind, placebo–controlled clinical trials of 13 weeks' duration testing duloxetine 60 to 120 mg/d versus placebo. When study resul...
ResLog plots as an empirical metric of the quality of cryo-EM reconstructions.

Compared to the field of X-ray crystallography, the field of single particle three-dimensional electron microscopy has few reliable metrics for assessing the quality of 3D reconstructions. New metrics are needed that can determine whether a given 3D reconstruction accurately reflects the structure of the particles from which it was derived or instead depicts a plausible though incorrect structure due to coarse misalignment of particles. Here an empirical procedure is presented for differentiating between a reconstruction with well-aligned particles and a reconstruction with grossly misclassified particles. For a given dataset, 3D reconstructions are computed from subsets of particles with decreasing numbers of particles contributing to the reconstruction. A plot of inverse resolution vs. the logarithm of the number of particles (a “ResLog” plot) provides metrics for the reliability of the reconstruction and the overall quality of the dataset and processing. Specifically, the y-intercept of a regression line provides a measure of the relative accuracy of the particle alignment and classification, and the slope is an indicator of the overall data quality including the imaging conditions and processing steps. ResLog plots can also be used to optimize conditions for data collection and reconstruction parameters. Although resolution estimates can vary by method of calculation, ResLog-derived parameters are consistent whether calculated by Fourier shell correlation or Fourier neighbor correlation, or a new coordinate-based metric that serves as a yardstick for structures where atomic coordinates are available. ResLog plots could become part of a standard set of parameters to be included in 3D reconstruction reports.
Epoxidation catalysts derived from introduction of titanium centers onto the surface of mesoporous aluminophosphate: Comparisons with analogous catalysts based on mesoporous silica

Abstract Titanium/AlPO materials were prepared by grafting a titanium alkoxide (titanium isopropoxide) onto a mesoporous aluminophosphate. The structures of the surface-bound titanium species were investigated by UV–vis, FTIR, MAS NMR, and XANES/EXAFS spectroscopies. The titanium anchoring occurs by reaction between the alkoxide precursor and surface Al–OH and P–OH groups of the AlPO support. The titanium species exist in isolated tetrahedral coordination environments, and as oligomerized species. The catalysts prepared are selective and active for the liquid-phase epoxidation of cyclohexene in the presence of TBHP. The observed activities and selectivities were comparable with those obtained for similarly prepared titanium/SBA-15 samples of similar Ti content (but higher BET surface area).
The Role of Novel T Cell Costimulatory Pathways in Autoimmunity and Transplantation

The CD28-B7 and CD154-CD40 pathways have been described as the critical costimulatory pathways for T cell activation. Blockade of these pathways has been reported to regulate both autoimmune and alloimmune responses in experimental models and in human disease. However, studies have indicated that
Individual recognition through olfactory–auditory matching in lemurs

Individual recognition can be facilitated by creating representations of familiar individuals, whereby information from signals in multiple sensory modalities become linked. Many vertebrate species use auditory-visual matching to recognize familiar conspecifics and heterospecifics, but we currently do not know whether representations of familiar individuals incorporate information from other modalities. Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are highly visual, but also communicate via scents and vocalizations. To investigate the role of olfactory signals in multisensory recognition, we tested whether lemurs can recognize familiar individuals through matching scents and vocalizations. We presented lemurs with female scents that were paired with the contact call either of the female whose scent was presented or of another familiar female from the same social group. When the scent and the vocalization came from the same individual versus from different individuals, females showed greater interest in the scents, and males showed greater interest in both the scents and the vocalizations, suggesting that lemurs can recognize familiar females via olfactory-auditory matching. Because identity signals in lemur scents and vocalizations are produced by different effectors and often encountered at different times (uncoupled in space and time), this matching suggests lemurs form multisensory representations through a newly recognized sensory integration underlying individual recognition.
Avoiding ethical temptations

This article offers a self-control framework for understanding when people resist ethical temptations. We propose that two factors contribute to a person's ability to overcome the temptation to engage in unethical behavior: first, the identification of an ethical dilemma and second, the exercise of self-control to overcome temptation. We review factors involved in identifying ethical dilemmas — broad decision frame (bracket), psychological connectedness, and high self-diagnosticity — and factors that facilitate responding with self-control — advanced warning of temptation and the employment of self-control strategies. We discuss implications for increasing ethical decisions.
Hierarchically porous organic polymers: highly enhanced gas uptake and transport through templated synthesis

Porous organic polymers (POPs) possessing meso- and micropores can be obtained by carrying out the polymerization inside a mesoporous silica aerogel template and then removing the template after polymerization. The total pore volume (tpv) and specific surface area (ssa) can be greatly enhanced by modifying the template (up to 210% increase for tpv and 73% for ssa) as well as by supercritical processing of the POPs (up to an additional 142% increase for tpv and an additional 32% for ssa) to include larger mesopores. The broad range of pores allows for faster transport of molecules through the hierarchically porous POPs, resulting in increased diffusion rates and faster gas uptake compared to POPs with only micropores.
Endogenous Formation of Free Trade Agreements: Evidence from the Zollverein 's Impact on Market Integration

The Zollverein was arguably the most important free trade agreement of the nineteenth century. Although 1834 is the official date of the Zollverein's establishment, member states joined in a non-random sequence over several decades because the benefits of becoming a member increased, both as the size of the union increased, and as membership in the union became increasingly important for accessing foreign markets. We incorporate the endogenous effects of accession into an estimate of the economic impact of the Zollverein customs union. Our estimated effects are several times larger than simple estimates that do not take these effects into account.
Precision dynamics, stochastic modeling, and multivariable control of planar magnetic levitator

We have developed a high-precision magnetically levitated (Maglev) stage with large planar motion (50 mm/spl times/50 mm) capability. The key element of this stage is a linear motor capable of providing forces in both suspension and translation without contact. To deal with the dynamic coupling in the platen, we designed and implemented a multivariable linear quadratic regulator, and performed time-optimal control. In this paper, we address issues related to the stochastic modeling of the stage including transfer function identification and noise/disturbance analysis and prediction. Provided are recent test results on precision dynamics, such as fine settling, effect of optical table oscillation, and position ripple. We demonstrate how the performance of the current Maglev stage can be improved with these analyses and test results. The Maglev stage operates with positioning noise of 5 nm RMS in x and y, acceleration capabilities in excess of 2 g (20 m/s/sup 2/), and closed-loop cross-over frequency of 100 Hz.
Wave-Length Identification Lists for the Extreme Ultraviolet*

Wave-length lists are presented to facilitate identification of lines in the extreme ultraviolet. These lists are based on published results from this and other laboratories and on some unpublished results from this laboratory. One table contains lines likely to be present in gas discharges, another gives the lines arising from the more common constituents of glass, and a third lists the principal line or group of lines of each of the first five spectra of a number of elements, where such line or group of lines is to be found in the extreme ultraviolet. While every effort has been made to select lines on a self-consistent scale of wavelengths, it is emphasized that these lines should not be used indiscriminately as standards of wave-length.
The effect of dorsal carpal ganglion excision on the scaphoid shift test.

A clinical and radiographic review was performed on 18 patients (19 wrists) with dorsal carpal ganglia and associated positive scaphoid shift test. All patients underwent excision of the ganglion followed by 2 weeks of postoperative immobilization with the wrist in 20° extension. All patients had wrist pain, a painful clunk on the Watson scaphoid shift test, localized tenderness on palpation of the scapholunate articulation and normal radiographs. Patients were assessed postoperatively by questionnaire and physical examination. Improved functional activity and decreased pain were noted in all patients. In 17 of 19 wrists, the positive preoperative Watson scaphoid shift test become negative. We believe that dorsal wrist ganglia are frequently associated with a positive scaphoid shift test and that excision of the ganglion followed by 2 weeks immobilization may lead to resolution of the signs and symptoms of instability, at least in the short term.
APE1 Incision Activity at Abasic Sites in Tandem Repeat Sequences

Repetitive DNA sequences, such as those present in microsatellites and minisatellites, telomeres, and trinucleotide repeats (linked to fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease, etc.), account for nearly 30% of the human genome. These domains exhibit enhanced susceptibility to oxidative attack to yield base modifications, strand breaks, and abasic sites; have a propensity to adopt non-canonical DNA forms modulated by the positions of the lesions; and, when not properly processed, can contribute to genome instability that underlies aging and disease development. Knowledge on the repair efficiencies of DNA damage within such repetitive sequences is therefore crucial for understanding the impact of such domains on genomic integrity. In the present study, using strategically designed oligonucleotide substrates, we determined the ability of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) to cleave at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in a collection of tandem DNA repeat landscapes involving telomeric and CAG/CTG repeat sequences. Our studies reveal the differential influence of domain sequence, conformation, and AP site location/relative positioning on the efficiency of APE1 binding and strand incision. Intriguingly, our data demonstrate that APE1 endonuclease efficiency correlates with the thermodynamic stability of the DNA substrate. We discuss how these results have both predictive and mechanistic consequences for understanding the success and failure of repair protein activity associated with such oxidatively sensitive, conformationally plastic/dynamic repetitive DNA domains.
African American Substance Use Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment

This discussion identifies the prevalence, correlates, and adverse consequences of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) used by African Americans, with a special focus on African American women. Efforts to prevent substance use and abuse and the nature and effectiveness of treatment are also addressed. Several complex issues and limitations that relate to African American AOD prevention and treatment are addressed, including the following: inappropriate research methodologies, the paucity of culturally competent research teams, and the misinformed assumption of homogeneity of the African American population.
The performance of in situ adaptive tabulation in computations of turbulent flames

This paper presents a detailed characterization of the local and global errors associated with the in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) algorithm, which is used in conjunction with a transported PDF method. Calculations of a non-premixed turbulent methane/air piloted jet flame (Sandia flame D) using a skeletal chemical mechanism were performed using ISAT coupled with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT. The three strategies implemented in ISAT for the growing of the ellipsoids of accuracy (EOAs) are discussed, and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the local error is presented for each of the three growing strategies. Computations are also performed to characterize the global error in the ISAT/PDF calculation. The computations used to characterize the global error were performed in parallel to achieve substantial savings in computational time. In general the local error is well controlled, but there is a small probability of relatively large errors. Results from the investigation s...
Analysis of Polarization Curves to Evaluate Polarization Sources in Hydrogen/Air PEM Fuel Cells

A step-by-step technique to evaluate six sources of polarization, mainly associated with the cathode, in hydrogen/air proton exchange membrane fuel cells is demonstrated. The six sources of polarization were nonelectrode ohmic overpotential, electrode ohmic overpotential, nonelectrode concentration overpotential, electrode concentration overpotential, activation overpotential from the Tafel slope, and activation overpotential from catalyst activity. The technique is demonstrated as applied in the analysis of hydrogen/air polarization curves of an in-house membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using hydrogen/oxygen polarization curves as a diagnostic tool. The analysis results are discussed at three cell temperature/relative humidity (RH)/oxygen partial pressure (po 2 , atm) conditions at atmospheric pressure: 80°C/100% RH a n o d e /75% RH c a t h o d e /po 2 = 0.136, 100°C/70% RH/po 2 = 0.064, and 120°C/35% RH/po 2 = 0.064, which represent a near fully-humidified, a moderately humidified, and a low humidified condition, respectively. At the higher temperature operating conditions the RH and po 2 decrease resulting in higher electrode ohmic resistance (0.020, 0.020, and 0.035 Ω cm 2 , respectively), lower limiting current (2019, 1314, and 819 mA/cm 2 , respectively), and lower onset current density for significant electrode concentration overpotential (80, 60, and 40 mA/cm 2 , respectively). The technique is useful for diagnosing the main sources of loss in MEA development work, especially for high temperature/low relative humidity operation where several sources of loss are present simultaneously.
Community-based translation of the diabetes prevention program's lifestyle intervention in an underserved Latino population.

PurposeThe objective was to take prevention from the clinic to the community by including a high-risk group and working with the community to tailor, enhance, deliver, and evaluate a community-base...
Immobilized Peroxidatic and Milk-Clotting Enzymes

Abstract Peroxidases and a heme-proteinoid prepared by thermal polymerization of appropriate amino acids and bovine hemin have been immobilized and assayed for peroxidatic and bactericidal activities. Immobilization and subsequent characterization of various milk-clotting enzymes are discussed. These immobilized enzymes show promise for defining the mechanism of enzymatic milk-clotting.
Increasing Revenue by Decreasing Information in Procurement Auctions

We report on results of several laboratory experiments that investigate on-line procurement auctions in which suppliers bid on price, but exogenous bidder quality affects winner determination. In procurement auctions, bidder quality may or may not be publicly known to all bidders, and the effect of this quality transparency on the auction outcome is one aspect of auction design that we examine. The second aspect of auction design that we examine is the effect of price visibility on the auction outcome, and the interaction between price visibility and quality transparency. In terms of price visibility, we consider two extreme cases: the sealed bid request for proposals (RFPs), and the open-bid dynamic auction event. In terms of bidder quality transparency, we also consider two extreme cases: a setting in which bidder qualities are publicly known and the case in which they are private. We find that in our laboratory experiments, the RFP format is consistent in generating higher buyer surplus levels than does the open-bid dynamic format. This advantage is independent of the quality transparency. In contrast, the open-bid format is highly sensitive to quality transparency, generating significantly lower buyer surplus levels when the information about bidder quality is public.
The C(α, X)11C cross sections at 1.59 and 4.19 GeV

Abstract The absolute cross sections for the production of 11 C by 1.59 GeV and 4.19 GeV α-particles incident on natural carbon have been measured to be 46.4 ± 1.3 mb and 42.5 ± 1.1 mb respectively. These results, together with data reported at other energies, indicate that the C(α, X) 11 C cross section becomes approximately constant at a value of about 43 mb for energies above 3 GeV (750 MeV/n). A similar energy dependence is exhibited by the C(p, X) 11 C reaction whose cross section has been measured previously over an extensive energy range. The C(α, X) 11 C cross sections are found to be in good agreement with predictions of a semi-empirical model developed to describe nuclear fragmentation.
General and Specific Speed Mediation of Adult Age Differences in Memory

The proposal that age-related differences in some measures of speed of performance may not be independent of the age-related differences in other measures of speed of performance has been associated with considerable controversy. Because converging evidence can often resolve this type of controversy, correlation-based procedures are proposed to distinguish general (or common) and specific (or unique) age-related influences on measures of speeded performance. Results from three earlier studies and from a new study suggest that a large proportion of the age-related variance in a wide range of speed measures is shared and is not distinct. Furthermore, the common or general speed factor appears to play an important role in the mediation of age-related differences in memory.
After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua.; Reproducing Gender: Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism.

After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua. Florence E. Babb. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. 304 pp. Reproducing Gender: Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism. Susan Gal and Gail Kligman. eds. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. 443 pp.
What is the purpose of the embryonic heart beat? Or how facts can ultimately prevail over physiological dogma.

Abstract Embryonic physiology is often viewed as merely those processes understood for the adult but conducted on a smaller physical scale. Yet striking examples of the inaccuracy of this perspective can be identified in the embryonic cardiovascular system. For example, dogma holds that the embryonic heart begins to beat to pump blood for convective transport, just like that of the adult. This is the major assumption inherent in the hypothesis we have called “convective synchronotropy”; that is, the embryonic heart starts to beat synchronously with the need for convective blood flow. However, there is compelling evidence on many fronts that the convective flow of blood generated by the early embryonic vertebrate heart is simply not required for transport of oxygen, nutrients, metabolic wastes, or hormones, all of which can be achieved entirely by diffusion. In fact, fish, amphibian, and bird embryos lacking a functional heart (either through surgical intervention or mutation) or whose oxygen‐hemoglobin tr...
Paleoaltimetry incorporating atmospheric physics and botanical estimates of paleoclimate

We present a method for deducing paleoaltitudes that incorporates basic physical principles of atmospheric science and inferences of paleoclimates from plant leaf physiognomy. We exploit the average west-to-east flow of the atmosphere at mid-latitudes and a thermodynamically conserved variable in the atmosphere—moist static energy (the combined internal, latent heat, and gravitational potential energy of moist air)—to develop a method that relies on a parameter that varies with height in the atmosphere in a predictable fashion. Because the surface distribution of moist static energy is constrained by atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics, the combined internal and latent heat energies, also known as the moist enthalpy, should only vary with altitude provided we know the distribution of moist static energy. Thus, we avoid having to make assumptions about the mean annual temperature lapse rate, which varies spatially and temporally owing to unpredictable variations in atmospheric water vapor. To estimate a paleoaltitude, therefore, we require (1) a priori knowledge of the spatial distribution of moist static energy for the paleoclimate and (2) the ability to estimate paleoenthalpy for two isochronous locations: one at sea level, the other at some unknown elevation. To achieve this, we investigated the spatial distribution of moist static energy for the present-day climate of North America to estimate the deviations in moist static energy from zonal invariance. In parallel, we quantified the relation between moist enthalpy and plant leaf physiognomy of modern forests. Assuming that such deviations from zonal invariance and such relationships between physiognomy and enthalpy apply to ancient climates and fossil leaves, these investigations yield an uncertainty estimate of ±910 m in the paleoaltitude difference between two isochronous fossil assemblage locations.
The Cunning of Unreason: Making Sense of Politics. By John Dunn. New York: Basic Books, 2000. 401p. $20.00.

If I had to talk about this book to my students, I would begin by describing its cover. The image of the upside down Capitol with the cupola hanging over the key word of the title (Cunning) invites the reader to peruse this fascinating and melancholic book as a species of inverted Hegelianism. This is a book about regret. It regrets what seems out of reach—politics as “something … uniquely courageous, direct, and even potentially effective in its assault on the misery and injustice of the great bulk of collective human life” (pp. ix–x). Its perspective is realistic but contains a glimmer of hope. Dunn's realism is ateleological and open to a moderate voluntarism; it conveys a disillusioned pessimism along with the belief that our politics can be less corrupt and cynical. Hope counterbalances the inexorable fatalism of reason. Its source is acceptance of the limits of human rationality, an endogenous fact unamendable to History's infallibility. Hope is the daughter of judgmental fallibility, the hunch that there is “room for maneuver” (pp. 347–8).
Effect of oxygen on the crack growth behavior of V–4Cr–4Ti at 600°C

Exploratory experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of oxygen on the crack growth response of V-4Cr-4Ti at 600°C under constant load. Tests were run in gettered argon, argon containing 2000 ppm oxygen, and laboratory air using fatigue pre-cracked compact-tension (CT) specimens. Crack growth was measured primarily by post-test fracture surface examination, but also by in-test compliance measurements. Crack growth rates measured in air and gettered argon were about 2-3 × 10 -3 mm/h at a stress intensity factor of about 40 MPa √m. The crack growth rate in argon with 2000 ppm oxygen was about 7 × 10 2 mm/h at the same stress intensity level. The crack growth rates were very sensitive to the stress intensity factor. Over a limited range of stress intensity values the crack growth rate in argon plus 2000 ppm oxygen appears to be power-law dependent on stress intensity with an exponent of about 8.9. The fracture mode in air and gettered argon was transgranular cleavage with 20-30% intergranular fracture. In the oxygenated argon environment crack growth occurred predominantly by transgranular cleavage.
Size distributions of saltating grains: an important variable in the production of suspended particles

Size distributions were obtained for airborne particles in the saltation layer for cases where the ratio of the vertical flux of suspended particles to the horizontal flux of particles of all sizes is known. The data can be used to test theories of emissions of suspended particles. All of our sampled erodible soils with textures of sand, loamy sand and loam had saltation-grain mean particle sizes in the range 117–160 µm. Our clay soil had saltation mean particle sizes ranging from 560 to 584 µm. In the light of these data, we interpret the results found previously as supporting sandblasting rather than direct aerodynamic entrainment. The data are consistent with sandblasting theories of Shao et al. and of Alfaro. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.