cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical control of intraspinal microstimulation: Toward a new approach for restoration of function after spinal cord injury

Approximately 6 million people in the United States are currently living with paralysis in which 23% of the cases are related to spinal cord injury (SCI). Miniaturized closed-loop neural interfaces have the potential for restoring function and mobility lost to debilitating neural injuries such as SCI by leveraging recent advancements in bioelectronics and a better understanding of the processes that underlie functional and anatomical reorganization in an injured nervous system. This paper describes our current progress toward developing a miniaturized brain-machine-spinal cord interface (BMSI) that converts in real time the neural command signals recorded from the cortical motor regions to electrical stimuli delivered to the spinal cord below the injury level. Using a combination of custom integrated circuit (IC) technology for corticospinal interfacing and field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based technology for embedded signal processing, we demonstrate proof-of-concept of distinct muscle pattern activation via intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) controlled in real time by intracortical neural spikes in an anesthetized laboratory rat.
Multiperfect Numbers in Certain Quadratic Rings

Using an extension of the abundancy index to imaginary quadratic rings that are unique factorization domains, we investigate what we call n-powerfully t-perfect numbers in these rings. This definition serves to extend the concept of multiperfect numbers that have been defined and studied in the integers. At the end of the paper, as well as at various points throughout the paper, we point to some potential areas for further research.
Association of PIT1 polymorphisms with growth and carcass traits in pigs.

PIT1, a member of the POU-domain family of genes, is a positive regulatory factor of growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotroph-stimulating hormone β in several mammals. Therefore, PIT1 was chosen as a candidate gene to investigate its association with growth and carcass traits in pigs. The five Iowa State University reference/resource three-generation families consisting of crosses of Meishan×Duroc, Meishan×Hampshire, Meishan×Landrace, Minzhu×Hampshire, and Minzhu×Landrace were used. The three PIT1 polymorphisms were based on two RFLP using a PIT1 POU-domain cDNA probe and the restriction enzymes BamHI and MspI and a PCR/RFLP using RsaI. Birth, 21-d, and 42-d weights, average daily gain, several backfat measurements, longissimus muscle area, muscle color, marbling, and firmness scores were evaluated for their association with the three PIT1 polymorphisms. Mixed-animal-model analyses were used with the informative family data in which the PIT1 polymorphisms were segregating. Results from mixed-model analyses revealed that pigs with the MspI CC genotype (P<.01) were associated with heavier birth weight (.12 kg) than DD genotype pigs. The MspI CC genotype pigs were also significantly associated with greater average backfat (.41 cm, P<.01), greater first-rib backfat (.45 cm, P<.01), greater last-rib backfat (.32 cm, P<.07), and greater last lumbar backfat (.46 cm, P<.10) than the DD genotype pigs. The CC genotype represents primarily Chinese alleles and may be useful for future genetic improvement in synthetic lines involving Chinese and American pigs. Results from this study suggest that PIT1 may be a candidate gene for a quantitative trait locus in pigs
The N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-Sensitive ATPase in Streptococcus faecalis Membranes

Much has been learned in recent years about the structure of the proton-translocating ATPases (H+-ATPase) in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, although the molecular basis for its action remains obscure. This membrane-associated enzyme may contain up to 20 polypeptide chains of 7 to 10 kinds and is one of the most complicated multisubunit complexes in nature. Hopefully some useful insights may emerge by comparing various structural features of the enzyme obtained from widely different sources. Although H+-ATPases are reversible, there could be some fundamental differences, particularly at the level of the subunit structure, between an H+-ATPase that functions physiologically mainly as an ATP synthetase, as in mitochondria, chloroP lasts, and aerobic bacteria, and the H+-ATPase that operates only in the hydrolytic direction, as in Streptococcus faecalis. With comparative aspects in mind, we will survey in this review the current status of the subunit structure of the N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-sensitive ATPase in S. faecalis. As far as we are aware, S. faecalis is the only strictly fermentative organism whose H+-ATPase has been studied in considerable detail. This organism is a homolactic fermenter and lacks a respiratory chain. Consequently, ATP generated glycolytically is the sole energy source and the H+-ATPase is used solely for the purpose of coupling ATP hydrolysis to solute transport (Harold et al., 1969; Abrams et al., 1972; Harold and Spitz, 1975). The ATPase is firmly associated with the plasma membrane ghosts that are formed when protoplasts are subjected to osmotic or metabolic lysis (Abrams, 1965). However, washing the membranes with low-ionic-strength buffers causes release of the ATPase in a water-soluble form provided that multivalent cations are absent (Abrams, 1965). Complete reattachment of the soluble ATPase to depleted membranes can occur when Mg2+ ions are added (Abrams and Baron, 1968). These effects of ionic strength and Mg2+ suggest that both electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic forces are involved in maintaining the stability of the ATPase-membrane complex (Abrams and Smith, 1974). Notably, a similar low-salt wash procedure is effective for solubilizing the ATPase in a variety of bacterial membranes (Abrams and Smith, 1974; Downie et al., 1979), but for some unknown reason it seems to be ineffective for the eukaryotic H+-ATPase.
Heuristic use of perceptual evidence leads to dissociation between performance and metacognitive sensitivity

Zylberberg et al. [Zylberberg, Barttfeld, & Sigman (Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6; 79, 2012), Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 6:79] found that confidence decisions, but not perceptual decisions, are insensitive to evidence against a selected perceptual choice. We present a signal detection theoretic model to formalize this insight, which gave rise to a counter-intuitive empirical prediction: that depending on the observer's perceptual choice, increasing task performance can be associated with decreasing metacognitive sensitivity (i.e., the trial-by-trial correspondence between confidence and accuracy). The model also provides an explanation as to why metacognitive sensitivity tends to be less than optimal in actual subjects. These predictions were confirmed robustly in a psychophysics experiment. In a second experiment we found that, in at least some subjects, the effects were replicated even under performance feedback designed to encourage optimal behavior. However, some subjects did show improvement under feedback, suggesting the tendency to ignore evidence against a selected perceptual choice may be a heuristic adopted by the perceptual decision-making system, rather than reflecting inherent biological limitations. We present a Bayesian modeling framework that explains why this heuristic strategy may be advantageous in real-world contexts.
Crowd Management Practices

Imagine thousands of people pushing you down onto steel tubing with such force that your body helps bend and ultimately collapse the tubing-throwing scores of people to the hard turf. No imaginatio...
Effects of spatial detail of soil data on distributed hydrological modeling

Effects of different soil data resolutions on distributed hydrological modeling and total water yield were investigated using a modeling approach.The semi-distributed SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model and the fully distributed WetSpa(Water and Energy Transfer between Soil,Plant and Atmosphere) Extension were used in this study.Both the US SSURGO(Soil Survey Geographic) soil data and the detailed SoLIM(Soil-land Inference Model) soil data were utilized in the modeling investigation.Results show that different soil data resolutions will lead to a large discrepancy in modeling water yield at simulation points distributed over a watershed.However,the difference in simulation of total water yield decreases with increasing the area of watersheds.Based on the modeling experiment,it is recommended that detailed spatial data will be required where the simulation primarily focuses on the spatial distribution of water fluxes,while the data condition could be relaxed for the simulation of total water yield especially for large-sized watersheds.
Regulation of Gonadotropin Receptors and Steroidogenic Responses in Cultured Leydig Tumor Cells

The regulation of cell surface receptors for polypeptide hormones is now recognized as an important mechanism in the regulation of target cell responsiveness (reviewed by Hazum, 1982; King and Cuatrecasas, 1981; Kaplan, 1981; Tell et al., 1978; Catt et al., 1979). Thus, changes in target cell responsiveness associated with several physiological or pathological conditions can be explained in terms of changes in the number of surface receptors (Olefsky and Ciaraldi, 1981; Archer et al., 1975; Purvis et al., 1978; Brief el et al., 1982; Klemcke and Bartke, 1981).
Irreconcilable? Trump's EO and the INA

This short article analyzes the consistency of President's Trump's first Executive Order on Immigration with the Immigration and Nationality Act and points out a potential conflict with the nondiscrimination provision of that Act.
Infrared properties of three plastic bonded explosive binders

ABSTRACTThree polymers are routinely used as binders for plastic bonded explosives by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, FK-800, Viton A 100, and Oxy 461. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared measurements were performed on 10 different lots of FK-800, 5 different lots of Oxy 461, and 3 different lots of Viton A-100, one sample of Viton VTR 5883 and 2 Fluorel polymers of hexafluoropropene and vinylidene fluoride. The characteristic IR bands were measured. If possible, their vibrational modes were assigned based on literature data. Simple Mopac calculations were used to validate these vibrational mode assignments. Somewhat more sophisticated calculations were run using Gaussian on the same structures.
Drivers of Structural Transformation: The Case of the Manufacturing Sector in Africa

Abstract This paper analyzes the driving factors of manufacturing development in Africa. Using the system-GMM technique with four-year average panel data over the period 1995–2014, including 53 African countries, the paper finds four main results. (1) There is a U-shaped relationship between the manufacturing share of GDP and per capita GDP. (2) Exchange rate depreciation stimulates Africa’s manufacturing sector. (3) Good governance, especially a low level of corruption and better government effectiveness contribute to Africa’s manufacturing development. (4) The size of domestic market positively affects the manufacturing share of GDP. On the other hand, the paper finds no significant effects of FDI and urbanization on manufacturing development. The implication of these findings is that improving the level of competitiveness, expanding the size of domestic market, combating corruption as well as improving government effectiveness are key for Africa’s manufacturing sector development. Moreover, the U-shaped relationship between the manufacturing share of GDP and per capita GDP, implies that African countries should not expect industrialization to automatically happen with income increase, but rather, they should proactively tackle key obstacles to the development of the manufacturing sector.
THE ENHANCEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL DISPOSITION ABILITY FOR STUDENT OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL USING CHALK TALK METHOD WITH CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) APPROACH

The purpose of this study is to determine the interaction between learning process and early mathematical ability towards the enhancement of mathematical disposition ability, and for knowing the enhancement of student's mathematical disposition ability who achieved Chalk Talk method with CTL approach compared conventional learning. The type of this research is quasi-experiment with non-equivalent control group design. The independent variable of this study is Chalk Talk with CTL and early mathematical ability. The dependent variable of this study is mathematical disposition ability. The sample of this study is the student from SMP Muhammadiyah 3 Depok grade VIII, then VIII B and C as the sample. The instrument use scale of mathematical disposition ability and activity note. The data analysis using ANOVA 2 tail technic (significance 5%). The results of this study indicate that there is no interaction between learning and early mathematical ability on enhancing mathematical disposition ability of student, and the enhancement of student's mathematical disposition ability that received Chalk Talk with CTL was not better than student who received conventional learning
Selbstbauanleitung zur Erschaffung von GMO sapiens

Wie wurde man vorgehen, um einen GMO sapiens zu erschaffen? Ware es schwierig? Welche Schritte waren dafur erforderlich? Wie viele Vorkenntnisse musste man haben? Konnte man es als Do-it-yourself-Projekt betrachten, vielleicht sogar in der eigenen Garage, mit einer bei eBay erstandenen Ausrustung?
Head circumference in untreated and IGF-I treated patients with Laron syndrome: Comparison with untreated and hGH-treated children with isolated growth hormone deficiency

Abstract Background Head circumference (HC) is a simple and practical measure of brain size, development and longitudinal measurements of the HC in childhood are an index of brain growth. Objective To determine the effects of long IGF-I deficiency and treatment on HC in patients with Laron syndrome (LS). Patients 20 untreated adult LS patients, aged 48.4 ± 11.2 years and 13 LS patients treated between ages of 5.6 ± 4 to 11.3 ± 3 years were studied. 15 patients with congenital IGHD treated between age 6.1 ± 4 and 13 ± 4 by hGH served as controls. Methods HC was expressed as standard deviation (SD) and Ht as SDS. HC was measured and plotted on Nellhaus charts. Linear height (Ht) was measured by a Harpenden Stadiometer. Results The mean HC deficit of the adult untreated LS males was − 2.9 ± 0.6 SD compared to a Ht deficit of − 7.0 ± 1.7 SDS. The HC of the LS adult females was − 3.6 ± 1 SD compared to a Ht SDS of − 6.9 ± 1.5 (p Conclusions a) Untreated children and adults with LS and cIGHD have a reduced HC (i.e. brain size). IGF-I treatment of LS children and hGH treatment of IGHD children induced a fast catch-up growth denoting the role of IGF-I on brain growth. b) Comparison between IGF-I and hGH on linear growth stimulation revealed a greater potency of hGH.
Involvement of Catecholamines in Feedback Mechanisms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the involvement of Catecholamine (CA)-containing neurons and terminals that occur in discrete regions of the anterior hypothalamus and median-eminence arcuate areas. These include the tuberoinfundibular-dopamine neurons, strategically located in arcuate nucleus with fiber systems extending to the median eminence, and afferent noradrenaline (NA) nerve terminals in the anterior hypothalamus and preoptic area that ascend from cell bodies located in mid-brain. Two opposing views exist regarding the specific role of dopamine (DA) in controlling release of gonadotrophins. The role of steroid hormones in regulating hypothalamic activity is well recognized. A direct interaction of ovarian steroids with the catecholaminergic neuronal system in the hypothalamus has not yet been clearly elucidated. Estrogens play a predominant role in maintaining the estrous cycle in rats. Administration of progesterone or estradiol to estrogen-pretreated spayed rats stimulated a dramatic increase in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The involvement and nature of hypothalamic catecholamines mediating the transmission of these stimulatory effects has been investigated.
Living Sands: Symbiosis between Foraminifera and Algae

Larger foraminifera are, in some respects, a high point in the evolutionary development of protistan cells. Their cellular functions are compartmentalized by rather complex morphological adaptations whose functions are really not well understood. Because they are filled with endosymbiotic algae, and can not live without them, we could, perhaps, regard them as a type of algal colony. This however, is a very unsatisfactory conceptual framework. Foraminifera have had a long and successful association with algae in well illuminated warm shallow seas. While we already know some aspects of these associations, most aspects of the phenomenon in these giant-sized protists remain unexplored in depth. The challenges are there waiting for us to explore them. The prospects of results of new probes are exciting to contemplate.
Future Directions in the Delivery of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

Although striking evidence exists that argues for the usefulness of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), many aspects of this therapy have yet to be standardized. As interest in this modality increases, there are several avenues of research to be explored. How important is the cytoreductive effort, the temperature elevation increment, and the length of time for the hyperthermic perfusion? We review what is known and what may be explored in the near future.
Pressure, temperature, and heat flux in high speed lubrication flows of pressurized gases

Abstract We present approximate solutions to the compressible Reynolds equation and the corresponding temperature equation which are valid for large speed numbers in the dense and supercritical gas regime. The flows are taken to be two-dimensional, steady, compressible, single-phase and laminar. New results include explicit formulas for pressure, density, temperature, and heat flux in terms of the speed number, film thickness function, and the material functions. We have found that the first correction for finite speed number will depend on the local values of the effective bulk modulus and thermal expansion coefficient. Our approximations are compared to numerical solutions to the exact Reynolds theory. It was found that the first order approximation is necessary to obtain realistic pressure and temperature distributions.
Pharmacist-Led, Technology-Assisted Study to Improve Medication Safety, Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control, and Racial Disparities in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Introduction Health disparities in African-American (AA) kidney transplant recipients compared with non-AA recipients are well established. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk control is a significant mediator of this disparity. Objective To assess the efficacy of improved medication safety, CVD risk control, and racial disparities in kidney transplant recipients. Methods Prospective, pharmacist-led, technology-aided, 6-month interventional clinical trial. A total of 60 kidney recipients with diabetes and hypertension were enrolled. Patients had to be at least one-year post transplant with stable graft function. Primary outcome measured included hypertension, diabetes, and lipid control using intent-to-treat analyses, with differences assessed between AA and non-AA recipients. Results The participants mean age was 59 years, with 42% being female and 68% being AA. Overall, patients demonstrated improvements in blood pressure <140/90 mmHg (baseline 50% vs. end of study 68%, p=0.054) and hemoglobin A1c <7% (baseline 33% vs. end of study 47%, p=0.061). AAs demonstrated a significant reduction from baseline in systolic blood pressure (-0.86 mmHg per month, p=0.026), which was not evident in non-AAs (-0.13 mmHg per month, p=0.865). Mean HgbA1c decreased from baseline in the overall group (-0.12% per month, p=0.003), which was similar within AAs (-0.11% per month, p=0.004) and non-AAs (-0.14% per month, p=0.029). There were no changes in low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, or high-density lipoproteins over the course of the study. Medication errors were significantly reduced and self-reported medication adherence significantly improved over the course of the study. Conclusion These results demonstrate the potential efficacy of a pharmacist-led, technology-aided, educational intervention in improving medication safety, diabetes, and hypertension and reducing racial disparities in AA kidney transplant recipients. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02763943).
Trypanosoma brucei Pex13.2 is an accessory peroxin that functions in the import of PTS2 proteins and localizes to subdomains of the glycosome

Kinetoplastid parasites including Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania harbor unique organelles known as glycosomes, which are evolutionarily related to peroxisomes. Glycosome/peroxisome biogenesis is mediated by proteins called peroxins that facilitate organelle formation, proliferation and degradation, and import of proteins housed therein. Import of matrix proteins occurs via one of two pathways that are dictated by their peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS). In PTS1 import, a C-terminal tripeptide sequence, most commonly SKL, is recognized by the soluble receptor Pex5. In PTS2 import, a less conserved N-terminal sequence is recognized by Pex7. The soluble receptors deliver their cargo to the import channel consisting minimally of Pex13 and Pex14. While much of the import process is conserved, kinetoplastids are the only organisms to have two Pex13s, TbPex13.1 and TbPex13.2. In previous studies, GFP-tagged TbPex13.1 localized to glycosomes and silencing either protein in the stage of the parasite that lives in the mammalian bloodstream impaired glycosome protein import and slowed parasite growth. While these findings suggest Pex13s are involved in protein import, the mechanisms by which they function are unknown and it is unclear why kinetoplastids would require two Pex13s. In this work, we demonstrate that TbPex13.2 is associated with the glycosome membrane with its N-terminus facing the cytoplasm. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that TbPex13.2 localizes to a few (1-3) foci per glycosome and import of PTS2 proteins was disrupted in TbPex13.2-deficient cells suggesting it may be an accessory factor for PTS2 import.
Pig Chimeric Model with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Interspecies chimera formation provides a unique platform for studying donor cell developmental potential, modeling disease in vivo, as well as in vivo production of tissues and organs. The derivation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) from either human embryos or somatic cell reprogramming facilitates our understanding of human development, as well as accelerates our exploration of regenerative medicine for human health. Due to similar organ size, close anatomy, and physiology between pig and human, human-Pig interspecies chimeric model in which pig serves as the host species may open new avenues for studying human embryogenesis, disease pathogenesis, and generation of human organ for transplantation to solve the worldwide donor organ shortage. Our previous study demonstrated chimeric competency of different types of human PSCs in pig host. In this chapter, we introduce our workflow for the generation of human PSCs and analysis of its chimeric contribution to pre- and postimplantation pig embryos.
Unsupervised Machine Learning for Ultrasonic Flaw Detection using Gaussian Mixture Modeling, K-Means Clustering and Mean Shift Clustering

Supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms such as Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines and Logistic Regression have been successfully utilized in Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) applications. In supervised learning algorithms, data outputs are labeled and classified for training. In contrast, Unsupervised Machine Learning (UML) algorithms identify and exploit the commonalities in the data and no "ground truth" is necessary. In this work, we use three different UML algorithms based on K-means clustering, Gaussian Mixture Modeling and Mean Shift Clustering in order to detect and locate flaw echoes in ultrasonic A-Scan data. All three algorithms have been shown to perform flaw classification successfully. In particular, Gaussian Mixture Modeling achieves highest detection accuracy at 93%.
(Re)Constructing Expertise on Resistance: What We Can Learn from Youth Mobilizing against Social Inequality:

Historically, critical dialogue has excluded low-income communities of color and youth voices, and today academic spaces remain geographically, structurally, and intellectually inaccessible to non-...
Plans and Pandemics

Plans and Pandemics We had planned. Our plans had evolved, but we had still planned: for targeted pills, for early goals-of-care discussions, for radiation, for hospice, for dying at home, comforta...
Investigating Recent Changes in MJO Precipitation and Circulation in Multiple Reanalyses

Recent work using CMIP5 models under RCP8.5 suggests that individual multimodel-mean changes in precipitation and wind variability associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) are not detect...
Receptor-Driven ERK Pulses Reconfigure MAPK Signaling and Enable Persistence of Drug-Adapted BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Cells

Targeted inhibition of oncogenic pathways can be highly effective in halting the rapid growth of tumors but often leads to the emergence of slowly dividing persister cells, which constitute a reservoir for the selection of drug-resistant clones. In BRAFV600E melanomas, RAF and MEK inhibitors efficiently block oncogenic signaling, but persister cells emerge. Here, we show that persister cells escape drug-induced cell-cycle arrest via brief, sporadic ERK pulses generated by transmembrane receptors and growth factors operating in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Quantitative proteomics and computational modeling show that ERK pulsing is enabled by rewiring of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling: from an oncogenic BRAFV600E monomer-driven configuration that is drug sensitive to a receptor-driven configuration that involves Ras-GTP and RAF dimers and is highly resistant to RAF and MEK inhibitors. Altogether, this work shows that pulsatile MAPK activation by factors in the microenvironment generates a persistent population of melanoma cells that rewires MAPK signaling to sustain non-genetic drug resistance.
High-Speed, Cortex-Wide Volumetric Recording of Neuroactivity at Cellular Resolution using Light Beads Microscopy

Two-photon microscopy together with genetically encodable calcium indicators has emerged as a standard tool for high-resolution imaging of neuroactivity in scattering brain tissue. However, its various realizations have not overcome the inherent tradeoffs between speed and spatiotemporal sampling in a principled manner which would be necessary to enable, amongst other applications, mesoscale volumetric recording of neuroactivity at cellular resolution and speed compatible with resolving calcium transients. Here, we introduce Light Beads Microscopy (LBM), a scalable and spatiotemporally optimal acquisition approach limited only by fluorescence life-time, where a set of axially-separated and temporally- distinct foci record the entire axial imaging range near-simultaneously, enabling volumetric recording at 1.41 x 10^8 voxels per second. Using LBM, we demonstrate mesoscopic and volumetric imaging at multiple scales in the mouse cortex, including cellular resolution recordings within ~3 x 5 x 0.5 mm^3 volumes containing >200,000 neurons at ~5 Hz, recording of populations of ~1 million neurons within ~5.4 x 6 x 0.5 mm^3 volumes at ~2 Hz as well as higher-speed (9.6 Hz) sub-cellular resolution volumetric recordings. LBM provides an unprecedented opportunity for discovering the neurocomputations underlying cortex-wide encoding and processing of information in the mammalian brain.
Modeling of annular and intermittent flow condensation in micro- and mini- channels with experimental validation

Abstract Mechanistic models for predicting condensation heat transfer in the annular and intermittent flow regimes are presented and compared with data for different working fluids (R134a and R245fa) over a range of mass fluxes, saturation temperatures (30 ≤ Tsat ≤ 50 °C), saturation-to-wall temperature differences (1.5
Interconnected and Complex Electric Power and Transportation Systems: a SWOT Analysis

This paper provides a SWOT analysis of the Interdependent and Complex Electric Power and Transportation Systems (INTERCEPTS). The SWOT analysis is conducted to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the safe, secure, and successful implementation and operations of the INTERCEPTS. The INTERCEPTS stakeholders need to take advantage of the existing strengths such as the state-of-the-art technology for energy storage and V2G and public awareness on climate change to take advantage of the opportunities such as modern business models for market participants and plan accordingly to eliminate the weaknesses and threats for safe and secure operations of the INTERCEPTS. EVs have shown great potential to reduce the green gas emission and fossil fuel usage. The bidirectional flow of energy provided by the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology strengthens the renewable energy sources adaption and creates numerous benefits such as grid stability, peak load management, and cost-saving for the stakeholders and market participants. However, the integration of large-scale EVs to the power grid increases the load substantially and may make the power grid exposes to some threats such as overloaded lines or even cyberattacks. The SWOT analysis provides insights for the decision makers of the INTERCEPTS and market participants and puts more emphasis on thoughtful planning and preparedness before full integration of the electric power and transportation systems.
"Will You Find These Shortcuts?" A Protocol for Evaluating the Faithfulness of Input Salience Methods for Text Classification.

Feature attribution a.k.a. input salience methods which assign an importance score to a feature are abundant but may produce surprisingly different results for the same model on the same input. While differences are expected if disparate definitions of importance are assumed, most methods claim to provide faithful attributions and point at the features most relevant for a model's prediction. Existing work on faithfulness evaluation is not conclusive and does not provide a clear answer as to how different methods are to be compared. Focusing on text classification and the model debugging scenario, our main contribution is a protocol for faithfulness evaluation that makes use of partially synthetic data to obtain ground truth for feature importance ranking. Following the protocol, we do an in-depth analysis of four standard salience method classes on a range of datasets and shortcuts for BERT and LSTM models and demonstrate that some of the most popular method configurations provide poor results even for simplest shortcuts. We recommend following the protocol for each new task and model combination to find the best method for identifying shortcuts.
Bridging Two Worlds of Research A Question of Complementarity

Behavioral research today has become too complex for the skills of a single discipline, especially in the area of clinical investigation. In this area a moderate-to large-sized project is commonly parceled out among different groups of specialists. The task of collaboration is strained by differences in language, in theory, and in method. Attitudes toward the collecting and processing of data can be almost antithetical. One might envisage a “soft” and a “hard” side in terms of data and a “tender” and “tough” side (to use William James’s categories) in terms of personnel. For all practical purposes there is a gap between the two, perhaps more apparent than real and certainly more felt than reasoned. (See Fig. 1.) It is by no means easy to bridge this gap, even when one is strongly motivated to do so, but in order to carry out a coherent and comprehensive program of research, one must talk to the other side. Therefore he may have to learn a new language, expand or contract a theoretical framework, and tolerate a radical transformation of his most precious ideas. The incompatibilities may appear insurmountable, the approach on the soft side being subjective, impressionistic, uncontrolled, “unblinkered”, qualitative, and nonnumerical, and, on the hard side, objective, instrumental, controlled, “blind”, quantitative, and statistical. The “tender-minded” behavioral scientists include anthropologists, social workers, dynamically oriented psychiatrists, and projective psychologists, while the “tough-minded” behavioral scientists include psychometric psychologists, experimentalists, psychophysiologists, and anthropometrists.
Cell adhesion/recognition molecule-mediated steps during the guidance of commissural and motor axons.

Publisher Summary Accurate pathfinding in both vertebrates and invertebrates clearly involves multiple mechanisms and a large number of molecules, attractive as well as inhibitory. Despite this complexity, the examples of commissural and motoneuron pathfinding described in this chapter show that selective modification of specific molecules within the context of the developing embryo can yield important insights into the mechanisms of guidance and into the roles played by individual molecules. The chapter discusses utilizing the accessibility of the chick embryo to inject specific blocking antibodies or enzymes to alter the function of one or more cell adhesion/recognition molecules and to then determine the effect on neuronal pathfinding. First, results are presented, which show that an interaction between axonin- l/TAG- 1 on the commissural growth cone and neuronal cell adhesion molecules (Nr-CAM/Bravo) on the floor plate is required to guide these axons across the midline. Then evidence is given showing that polysialic acid on neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is required for the correct targeting of motoneurons to specific muscles. These observations can then be used to direct cell culture experiments in which the hypothesized roles can be further refined and tested.
Women, the State and Reproductive Health Issues in Nigeria

The relationship between Nigerian women and the State requires serious thought in all its dimensions. In whatever discipline one is working, a focus on the ‘woman question’ calls for close attention to other issues such as gender relations, ethnicity and religion, since each has an impact on women’s lives, and is mobilized within specific social contexts and historical periods. In this essay, I intend to address the problem of reproduction and reproductive health. Although this appears to be one area in which women have received more attention than men (there are increasing calls to ‘bring men into the picture’), it is clear that a good portion of this attention has not served women well. It is built on existing unfavorable gender relations and helps to perpetuate a range of subordinate relationships between men and women, as well as serve State interests. Even though the international population establishment became more interested in Africa’s population growth rates after the 1960s, and significantly increased pressure for fertility control in the 1970s, Nigeria and other countries resisted advice on policy development until the mid-1980s. Changes in population policies came after the economic recession, which began in the 1970s. In spite of the fact that Nigerian physicians had for a long time been privately concerned about mortality rates and the health of mothers and children, the push from the West to link fertility to national development in Third World nations only made headway as each African nation sank into an economic crisis.
The sequence of squash NADH:nitrate reductase and its relationship to the sequences of other flavoprotein oxidoreductases. A family of flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases.

Abstract Nucleotide sequences were determined for cDNA clones for squash NADH:nitrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.6.1), which is one of the most completely characterized forms of this higher plant enzyme. An open reading frame of 2754 nucleotides began at the first ATG. The deduced amino acid sequence contains 918 residues, with a predicted Mr = 103,376. The amino acid sequence is very similar to sequences deduced for other higher plant nitrate reductases. The squash sequence has significant similarity to the amino acid sequences of sulfite oxidase, cytochrome b5, and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase. Alignment of these sequences with that of squash defines domains of nitrate reductase that appear to bind its 3 prosthetic groups (molybdopterin, heme-iron, and FAD). The amino acid sequence of the FAD domain of squash nitrate reductase was aligned with FAD domain sequences of other NADH:nitrate reductases, NADH:cytochrome b5 reductases, NADPH:nitrate reductases, ferredoxin:NADP+ reductases, NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductases, NADPH:sulfite reductase flavoproteins, and Bacillus megaterium cytochrome P-450BM-3. In this multiple alignment, 14 amino acid residues are invariant, which suggests these proteins are members of a family of flavoenzymes. Secondary structure elements of the structural model of spinach ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase were used to predict the secondary structure of squash nitrate reductase and the other related flavoenzymes in this family. We suggest that this family of flavoenzymes, nearly all of which reduce a hemoprotein, be called "flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases."
SHOCK-INDUCED MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHLY ORDERED GRAPHITE

We have measured wave profiles in highly ordered pyrolytic graphite shocked normal to the basal plane. For graphite with sufficient orientational order a martensitic transformation is observed with a transition onset pressure near 20 GPa. The two-wave structure of the transition wave profile is overdriven above 40GPa.
Bonded arch bars in oral and maxillofacial surgery: An update

From 1987 to 1992, 127 cases that involved maxillomandibular trauma, reconstruction, and various oral surgical procedures were managed with arch bars bonded to the teeth. The aim of this article is to present the method of application of the arch bar and to report the results of management with this technique stressing its use with 99 trauma patients.
The Relationship of Hypochondriasis to Anxiety, Depressive, and Somatoform Disorders

Background Though the phenotype of anxiety about medical illness has long been recognized, there continues to be debate as to whether it is a distinct psychiatric disorder and, if so, to which diagnostic category it belongs. Objective Our objective was to investigate the pattern of psychiatric comorbidity in hypochondriasis (HC) and to assess the relationship of health anxiety to anxiety, depressive, and somatoform disorders. Methods Data were collected as part of a clinical trial on treatment methods for HC. In all, 194 participants meeting criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) HC were assessed by sociodemographic variables, results of structured diagnostic interviews, and validated instruments for assessing various symptom dimensions of psychopathology. Results Most of the individuals with HC had comorbid psychiatric illness; the mean number of comorbid diagnoses was 1.4, and 35.1% had HC as their only diagnosis. Participants were more likely to have only comorbid anxiety disorders than only comorbid depressive or somatoform disorders. Multiple regression analysis of continuous measures of symptoms revealed the strongest correlation of health anxiety with anxiety symptoms, and a weaker correlation with somatoform symptoms; in multiple regression analysis, there was no correlation between health anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the entity of health anxiety (HC in DSM-IV and illness anxiety disorder in DSM-5) is a clinical syndrome distinct from other psychiatric disorders. Analysis of comorbidity patterns and continuous measures of symptoms suggest that its appropriate classification is with anxiety rather than somatoform or mood disorders.
Stability of coagulation factors in plasma prepared after a 24‐hour room temperature hold

BACKGROUND: The manufacture of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) requires that plasma be frozen within 8 hours of collection and 24-hour frozen plasma requires 1 to 6°C refrigeration before freezing. Manufacture of plasma after a room temperature hold for 24 hours, while convenient, could compromise clotting factor levels. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Pairs of FFP and 24-hour room temperature–frozen plasma (PLT-rich plasma [PRP]-24HRTFP) were manufactured from PRP after a room temperature hold for 8 and 24 hours, respectively. Additional whole blood (WB) donations were kept at room temperature for 24 hours before plasma manufacture (WB-24HRTFP). The frozen plasma products were stored at −18°C, thawed, and then stored at 1 to 6°C, with coagulation factor assays performed for up to 7 days. RESULTS: On the day of thaw, Factor (F)VIII was lower in PRP-24HRTFP by 13% (p = 0.002) but not in WB-24HRTFP (p = 0.3) compared to FFP. All other clotting factors were within normal range. During the postthaw period FVIII and FV declined 25 and 6%, respectively, in WB-24HRTFP and 23 to 50% in the paired products; however, the difference between both types of 24HRTFP and FFP is insignificant by Day 7 (p > 0.05). Other clotting factors either were unchanged or showed minimal reduction (<15%). CONCLUSION: Plasma manufactured after a 24-hour room temperature hold contains coagulation factors comparable to FFP except for a possible reduction of up to 20% in FVIII. This plasma appears suitable as a transfusable product and extension of liquid storage to 7 days merits consideration.
Nurse-Family Interactions in Adult Critical Care: A Bowen Family Systems Perspective

Nursing research has described the self-reported needs of families of critical care patients; however, very little has been written about specific intervention and assessment strategies for families experiencing critical illness. The purpose of this article is to illustrate a process for analyzing nurse-family interactions in critical care settings and to suggest methods of improving family nursing in critical care based on Bowen’s family systems theory. Bowen’s family systems theory is described and a case study is presented and discussed to illustrate the application of the major concepts of Bowen’s family systems theory in analyzing family dynamics in critical care. In this article, Bowen’s family systems theory is expanded to encompass an analysis of the family-like nurse-to-nurse relationships that occur on nursing units. Specific recommendations are made for critical care nurses who wish to implement family-focused nursing care with a basis in Bowen’s family systems theory.
Histamine antagonists and d-tubocurarine-induced hypotension in cardiac surgical patients.

Hemodynamic effects and histamine release by bolus injection of 0.35 mg/kg of d-tubocurarine were studied in 24 patients. H1- and H2-histamine antagonists or placebo were given before dosing with d-tubocurarine in a randomized double-blind fashion to four groups: group 1—placebo; group 2— cimetidine, 4 mg/kg, plus placebo; group 3—chlorpheniramine, 0.1 mg/kg, plus placebo; and group 4— cimetidine plus chlorpheniramine. Histamine release occurred in most patients, the highest level 2 minutes after d-tubocurarine dosing. Group 1 had a moderate negative correlation between plasma histamine change and systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.58; P < 0.05) not present in group 4. Prior dosing with antagonists partially prevented the fall in systemic vascular resistance. These data demonstrate that the hemodynamic changes associated with d-tubocurarine dosing are only partially explained by histamine release. Thus prior dosing with H1- and H2-antagonists provides only partial protection. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 575–580; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.226
Specific new approach to finite-range distorted-wave Born approximation

A new method for calculating finite-range distorted-wave Born-approximation matrix elements is fully developed. This method is based on plane-wave expansions of the distorted waves which allows a separability feature not found in the usual approach. A spin-orbit interaction is included for both the bound states and the distorted waves.
Primary malignant melanoma of the upper respiratory tract. Clinicopathologic study.

Fifteen patients with primary malignant melanoma of the upper respiratory tract are presented. The primary neoplasms of the nasal cavity and nasal sinuses usually present with epistaxis from a bulky tumor whereas tonsillar and nasopharyngeal melanomas present with metastases to cervical lymph nodes. The nasal neoplasms persist locally for about 3 years before metastasizing, with an average survival of 3 1/2 years. All patients with tonsillar or nasopharyngeal primary melanomas died within one year. These neoplasms may be classified into small polygonal, large polygonal or spindle cell neoplasms. All of these neoplasms contained melanin pigment although in one third of them it was present in small amounts. Junctional change was present in all nonulcerated tumors. Three cases demonstrated junctional change in respiratory mucosa. Thus, squamous epithelium is not a prerequisite for the development of melanoma and melanomas probably originate from melanocytes included in mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.
A patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura presenting with an acute ischemic stroke

We report a 63 year-old man with an acute right occipital lobe infarction coincident with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The patient's thrombocytopenia responded to steroids and intravenous immune globulin with no further cerebrovascular complications. We suggest that ITP-induced platelet microparticles contributed to our patient's stroke. Proper management of acute ischemic stroke in the setting of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is unclear.