cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Differences in Response to a High‐Fat vs. a High‐Carbohydrate Diet

Energy expenditure was measured in a group of 7 subjects who received two isocaloric isonitrogenous diets for a period of 9-21 days with a 4-10-day break between diets. Diet 1 was a high-fat diet ( 83.5 +/- 3.6% of total energy). Diet 2 was a high carbohydrate diet ( 83.1 +/- 3.7% of total energy). Resting and postprandial resting metabolic rate were measured by open circuit indirect calorimetry 2-4 times during each metabolic period. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by the doubly labeled water method over an 8-13-day period. The respiratory quotient was measured 2-4 hours after a meal during each metabolic period for the calculation of total energy expenditure by the doubly labeled water method. Levels of total T3 (TT3), T3 uptake, free thyroid index and T4 were measured at the end of each metabolic period. No significant changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) were apparent on the two diets (1567 +/- 426 kcal/d high-fat diet and 1503 +/- 412 kcal/d high-carbohydrate diet n=7, p<0.15). Total energy expenditure measured in 5 subjects was significantly higher during the high-carbohydrate phase of the diet (2443 +/- 422 vs. 2078 +/- 482 kcal/d p<0.05). Activity estimated from TEE/RMR was greater on the high-carbohydrate diet but only approached statistical significance (p<0.06). Total T3 was significantly lower and free thyroid index and T3 uptake were significantly higher at the end of the high fat diet in comparison to the high-carbohydrate diet. These data suggest that individual tolerance to a high-fat diet varies considerably and may significantly lower TEE by changing levels of physical activity. The explanation for changes in thyroid hor. mone levels independent of changes in metabolic rate remains unclear.
The Manuscript Divisions of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

MORTON BLOOMFIELD's recent survey of Gawain scholarship' has marked out certain lines of study which deserve further exploration. This article is a response to that survey and to Professor Bloomfield's suggestion that we look again at the poem itself -beginning with the manuscript which preserves it. Perhaps through such a manuscript analysis, the complex structure of the poem, which has been largely taken for granted, may become clearer to us and the mature artistry of the poet be more justly appreciated.
PRESERVING TRADE SECRETS BETWEEN COMPETITORS IN B2B INTERACTIONS

In this paper, we propose an approach for preserving trade secrets in B2B interactions among competitors. Customer information exchanged during Business-to-Business (B2B) collaborations is usually considered as a business asset not to be freely shared with other businesses. This customer information is in essence a business trade secret. The full automation of B2B interactions is now possible because of the wide deployment of such technologies as Web services. However, these advances also create greater opportunities for businesses in acquiring sensitive customer data from other transacting businesses, thus creating an impediment for potential B2B collaboration between competitors. This calls for techniques to protect disclosure of sensitive data. Our approach leverages psycholinguistic knowledge to perturb data to computationally impede the disclosure of privileged customer information. We present an analytical model and a set of experiments to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed techniques.
Phylogeography of Lake Malawi cichlids of the genus Pseudotropheus: significance of allopatric colour variation

One of the most compelling features of the cichlid fishes of the African Great Lakes is the seemingly endless diversity of male coloration. Colour diversification has been implicated as an important factor driving cichlid speciation. Colour has also been central to cichlid taxonomy and, thus, to our concept of species diversity. We undertook a phylogeographical examination of several allopatric populations of the Lake Malawi cichlid Pseudotropheus zebra in order to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the populations, which exhibit one of two dorsal fin colours. We present evidence that populations with red dorsal fins (RT) are not monophyletic. The RT population defining the northern limit of the distribution has evidently originated independently of the southern RT populations, which share a common ancestry. This evidence of species–level colour convergence is an important discovery in our understanding of cichlid evolution. It implies that divergence in coloration may accompany speciation, and that allopatric populations with similar coloration cannot be assumed to be conspecific. In addition to this finding, we have observed evidence for introgression, contributing to current evidence that this phenomenon may be extremely widespread. Thus, in species–level phylogenetic reconstructions, including our own, consideration must be given to the potential effects of introgression.
Characteristics of microstrip transmission lines with high-dielectric-constant substrates

An efficient numerical code is developed from a full-wave analysis in the Fourier transform domain to determine the characteristics of a single-strip or multistrip coplanar transmission line. Modes of both even and odd symmetries are included. The impedance of the transmission line is calculated using the power-current equivalent model. Coupling constants between the even and the odd modes are also calculated. Results are provided for a shielded two-strip coupled microstrip transmission line on high-dielectric-constant substrate such as lanthanum aluminate with applications to superconducting transmission lines. >
RepE—the Dictyostelium Homolog of the Human Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group E Gene Is Developmentally Regulated and Contains a Leucine Zipper Motif

We have cloned and characterized the Dictyostelium discoideum repE gene, a homolog of the human xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) group E gene which encodes a UV-damaged DNA binding protein. The repE gene maps to chromosome 4 and it is the first gene identified in Dictyostelium that is homologous to those involved in nucleotide excision repair and their related XP diseases in humans. The predicted protein encodes a leucine zipper motif. The repE gene is not expressed by mitotically dividing cells, and repE mRNA is first detected during the aggregation phase of development when the cells have ceased dividing and replicating genomic DNA. The mRNA level plateaus by the time the developing cells have entered multicellular aggregates and remains at the same steady-state level for the remainder of development. In addition, we have demonstrated that the level of mRNA is very low in developing cells. These observations suggest that repE may play a regulatory role in development. The data indicate that potential developmental roles for XP-related genes can be profitably studied in this system.
NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p47phox is elevated, and p47phox knockout prevents diaphragm contractile dysfunction in heart failure

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have dyspnea and exercise intolerance, which are caused in part by diaphragm abnormalities. Oxidants impair diaphragm contractile function, and CHF increas...
On the diffusion of ions in membranes

A simple model of a membrane is used to obtain relations among five measurable quantities: the inward and outward ionic fluxes, the internal and external ionic concentrations, and the difference of electrical potential across the membrane. The Goldman equation is generalized to arbitrary geometrical shapes.
Motorcycle Clutch Grip Strength

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maximum grip force a user can exert on a motorcycle clutch. In a laboratory setting subjects (57 male; 34 female, 95% right-handed) were asked to exert maximum grip strength using their left hand on an actual motorcycle clutch that was instrumented with a load cell. The clutch was capable of being fixed in 5 different positions, allowing maximum grip measurements at A=5.0 cm, B=6.5 cm, C=8.0 cm, D=9.5 cm, E=11.0 cm grip spans. Average maximum grip force for females (179 N) was exerted at the 5.0 and 6.5 cm grip spans, while males exerted their highest force (334 N) at the 6.5 and 8.0 spans. For all grip spans, male subjects exerted significantly higher grip forces than female subjects (p<0.05). Additionally, females ranked 6.5 cm span (B) as the most comfortable grip span, while males ranked the 8 cm span (C) as highest for comfort. Data collected in this study can be applied to motorcycle clutch design or other lever controls that require a planar grip operat...
Probabilistic framework for assessing maximum structural response based on sensor measurements

Abstract A probabilistic framework for Bayesian inference combined with extreme values of Gaussian processes is proposed to assess the maximum of the response of an uncertain structure instrumented with sensors and subject to a stochastic load. The framework is applied to the analysis of the inter-story drift of a multi-story shear-type building under seismic hazard using measurements collected by accelerometers. A cascade of two dynamic systems is proposed to model the stochastic ground motion and the response of the structure. We present an approximate analytical solution to estimate the distribution of the maximum response, and verify the accuracy and limitations of this solution against simulation results. Finally, robustness of the proposed framework to system uncertainties, including uncertainties in the structural characteristics, ground characteristics, and input motion parameters, is investigated.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Obese and Overweight, Treatment-Seeking Youth

Objective : This study evaluated health related quality of life (HRQOL) in obese children using obesity-specific HRQOL measures and examined potential race and sex differences. Participants : Two-hundred and four children aged 5.03 to 13.48 years (mean +/- SD=10.18 +/- 1.95) and their parents participated. Methods : All participants enrolled in a family-based weight loss intervention study. Their height and weight were measured before and after the intervention, and demographic information was collected. Participants also completed a weight related quality of life measure; children completed a self-report version, and parents completed a parent-proxy version. Results : Higher child body mass index z scores (BMIz) were related to poorer HRQOL per parent and child report. Males reported higher emotional functioning than females, and for race, African American parents reported higher physical functioning for their children than Caucasian parents. No difference in total HRQOL was found for race. Conclusions : Childhood BMIz is inversely related to quality of life. Compared with male children, females have more impairment in quality of life. However, HRQOL did not differ by race. Also, although parent and child reports do overlap in certain areas, they also each provide unique information. Future researchers and clinicians would be wise to capture both child and parent perspectives regarding quality of life among obese children. ( Ethn Dis . 2014;24[3]:321–327)
Deflationary Nominalism’s Commitment to Meinongianism

Deflationary nominalism is a novel view in the philosophy of mathematics on which there are mathematical statements, such as ‘There are prime numbers’ that are literally true despite the nonexistence of any mathematical objects. In this paper, I outline the deflationary nominalism of Azzouni, the most prominent contemporary defender of deflationary nominalism. I then object that it is committed to some form of Meinongianism. Because I believe that any view’s commitment to Meinongianism constitutes a strong reason in favor of rejecting that view, I suggest that deflationary nominalism should be rejected. Finally, I conclude that realism about mathematical objects must be accepted if we are to understand true mathematical statements as being literally true.
Developmental Changes in the Spontaneous Bursting Patterns of ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells

Connections in the adult visual system are highly precise. In mammals, the axonal projections of retinal ganglion cells from the two eyes are segregated into distinct layers within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)1–3. In addition, each geniculate neuron receives input from only one type of ganglion cell. In the ferret and cat, the major classes of ganglion cells that project to the dLGN, the alpha and beta ganglion cells4,5, each comprise subpopulations of cells which have receptive field centers that respond either to the onset or to the offset of a light stimulus6. In the ferret, On and Off retinal inputs are organized into sublaminae within each eye-specific layer7,8. No On and Off sublaminae are present in the cat dLGN, but individual geniculate neurons are contacted only by On or Off ganglion cells9,10.
Strategien der internationalen Marktbearbeitung

In der Literatur zum Strategischen Management existieren zahlreiche Anslitze, die versuchen, das Vorgehen von Unternehmen aufausliindischen Markten zu erklii.ren. Die in der Volkswirtschaftslebre entwickehen auJieDhandelstheoretiscben Ansiltze wurden durch klassische und neoklassische Denkschulen gepriigt und untersuchen unter Annahme einer vollkommenen Konkurrenz die Vorteilhaftigkeit des internationalen Giiteraustausches bei immobilen Produktionsfaktoren.
Fluid-Based Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a highly heterogeneous disease with no effective treatment. Drug development has been hampered by the lack of biomarkers that aid in early diagnosis, demonstrate target engagement, monitor disease progression, and can serve as surrogate endpoints to assess the efficacy of treatments. Fluid-based biomarkers may potentially address these issues. An ideal biomarker should exhibit high specificity and sensitivity for distinguishing ALS from control (appropriate disease mimics and other neurologic diseases) populations and monitor disease progression within individual patients. Significant progress has been made using cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and plasma in the search for ALS biomarkers, with urine and saliva biomarkers still in earlier stages of development. A few of these biomarker candidates have demonstrated use in patient stratification, predicting disease course (fast vs slow progression) and severity, or have been used in preclinical and clinical applications. However, while ALS biomarker discovery has seen tremendous advancements in the last decade, validating biomarkers and moving them towards the clinic remains more elusive. In this review, we highlight biomarkers that are moving towards clinical utility and the challenges that remain in order to implement biomarkers at all stages of the ALS drug development process.
American College of Surgeons NSQIP Risk Calculator Accuracy for Emergent and Elective Colorectal Operations.

Background The American College of Surgeons NSQIP has developed a risk calculator (RC) to assist patients and surgeons with difficult decisions. The aim of this analysis was to determine the accuracy of the RC in patients undergoing elective and emergent colorectal operations. Study Design From January 2013 through December 2015, seventy-five patients undergoing emergent colorectal operations were paired by date with 75 patients having elective colorectal operations. Patient data were entered into the RC. Actual postoperative outcomes, derived from NSQIP data, were compared with those predicted by the RC. Results Emergent and elective patients differed (p Conclusions The American College of Surgeons NSQIP RC accurately predicts outcomes for elective colorectal operations. Predicted and actual outcomes are significantly better in patients undergoing elective colon operations compared with those undergoing emergent procedures. The RC should be used with caution in emergent cases, as it has the potential to underestimate serious complications and length of stay, and overestimate discharge to skilled nursing facility. Refinement of the tool to include procedure complexity and diagnosis terms might improve its accuracy in emergent cases.
Molecular Characterization of Serologic Recognition Sites in the HLA-A2 Molecule Using Oligonucleotide-Generated Site-Specific Mutants

The specific amino acid residues involved in the serologic specificity of the HLA-A2 molecule have been investigated using a combination of oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis, DNA-mediated gene transfer, and immunologic techniques (IIF followed by flow cytometry and a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay).
A VP26-mNeonGreen capsid fusion HSV-2 mutant reactivates from viral latency in the guinea pig genital model with normal kinetics

Fluorescent herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are invaluable tools for localizing virus in cells, permitting visualization of capsid trafficking and enhancing neuroanatomical research. Fluorescent viruses can also be used to study virus kinetics and reactivation in vivo. Such studies would be facilitated by fluorescent herpes simplex virus recombinants that exhibit wild-type kinetics of replication and reactivation and that are genetically stable. We engineered an HSV-2 strain expressing the fluorescent mNeonGreen protein as a fusion with the VP26 capsid protein. This virus has normal replication and in vivo recurrence phenotypes, providing an essential improved tool for further study of HSV-2 infection.
Sound abnormally stimulates the vestibular system in canal dehiscence syndrome by generating pathological fluid-mechanical waves

Individuals suffering from Tullio phenomena experience dizziness, vertigo, and reflexive eye movements (nystagmus) when exposed to seemingly benign acoustic stimuli. The most common cause is a defect in the bone enclosing the vestibular semicircular canals of the inner ear. Surgical repair often corrects the problem, but the precise mechanisms underlying Tullio phenomenon are not known. In the present work we quantified the phenomenon in an animal model of the condition by recording fluid motion in the semicircular canals and neural activity evoked by auditory-frequency stimulation. Results demonstrate short-latency phase-locked afferent neural responses, slowly developing sustained changes in neural discharge rate, and nonlinear fluid pumping in the affected semicircular canal. Experimental data compare favorably to predictions of a nonlinear computational model. Results identify the biophysical origin of Tullio phenomenon in pathological sound-evoked fluid-mechanical waves in the inner ear. Sound energy entering the inner ear at the oval window excites fluid motion at the location of the defect, giving rise to traveling waves that subsequently excite mechano-electrical transduction in the vestibular sensory organs by vibration and nonlinear fluid pumping.
Boundedness from Measure Theory

Several recent results in vectorial function theory are obviously of uniform-boundedness type, but their proofs have depended on category arguments rather than on the classical boundedness theorems. This paper is an attempt to find a new boundedness theorem that will simplify and unify these proofs, and perhaps be useful in other contexts.
Evaluation for Insulin Resistance and Comorbidities Related to Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) often have coexisting insulin resistance (IR), glucose intolerance or diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. For larger epidemiological studies, detection of IR may be accomplished using surrogate measures, such as the homeostatic model assessment or the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index. Alternatively, research studies of IR, particularly those involving a smaller number of subjects, should strive to utilize the clamp, the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, the insulin suppression test, or oral glucose tolerance test techniques. Clinically, in PCOS the standard 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, measuring both insulin and glucose, yields the highest amount of information for a reasonable cost and risk, providing an assessment of both the degrees of hyperinsulinemia and glucose tolerance. However, considering the current variability in insulin assays, each laboratory should set its own normal range and establish a method for periodically reevaluating the acceptability of their results. Up to 25% of nonobese patients and 50% of obese patients with PCOS will have features consistent with the metabolic syndrome. Detection of the metabolic syndrome will include obtaining a thorough medical history, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure measures, calculation of the body mass index, a lipid profile, and either serum-fasting glucose levels or, preferably, the glucose response to a standard OGTT.
Evolutionary computation: an investigation of parameter space

Through an extensive series of experiments over multiple evolutionary algorithm implementations and 25 problems we showed that parameter space tends to be rife with viable parameters, somewhat in contrast with common lore [6].
Hypertension due to Infused Vasocontrictor Agents

Acute infusions have been used to demonstrate the vasoconstrictor potency of angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It follows that chronic administration might produce sustained hypertension, but this has not been the case in each instance. Continuous infusion of angiotensin, even at relatively low rates, produces sustained hypertension. Continuous infusion of even maximal amounts of norepinephrine in dogs produces at best a moderate sustained increase in pressure; blood pressure in humans may be more sensitive to catecholamine producing tumors. Vasopressin infusion initially elevates arterial pressure but the response wains.
Reductive activation of neptunyl and plutonyl oxo species with a hydroxypyridinone chelating ligand

Oxo group activation with reduction of neptunyl(vi) and plutonyl(vi) to tetravalent hydroxo species by the hydroxypyridinone siderophore derivative 3,4,3-LI-(1,2-HOPO) was investigated in the gas-phase via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, in solution via Raman spectroscopy, and computationally via density functional theory. Dissociation of the gas-phase tetravalent complexes resulted in actinide-hydroxo bond cleavage.
Albumin, Prealbumin, and Transferrin May Be Predictive of Wound Complications following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Nutritional status has become increasingly important in optimizing surgical outcomes and preventing postoperative infection and wound complications. However, currently, there is a paucity in the orthopaedics literature investigating the relationship between nutritional status and wound complications following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of (1) postoperative infections, (2) wound complications, (3) concomitant infection with wound (CoIW) complication, and (4) infection followed by wound complication by using (1) albumin, (2) prealbumin, and (3) transferrin levels as indicators of nutritional status. These four different outcome measures were chosen as they are encountered commonly in daily clinical practice. A retrospective review of a national private payer database for patients who underwent TKA with postoperative infections and wound complications stratified by preoperative serum albumin (normal: 3.5-5 g/dL), prealbumin (normal: 16-35 mg/dL), and transferrin levels (normal: 200-360 mg/dL) between 2007 and 2015 was conducted. Patients were identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), International Classification of Disease, ninth revision (ICD-9) codes, and Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC). Linear regression was performed to evaluate changes over times. Yearly rates of infection, as well as a correlation and odds ratio analysis of nutritional laboratory values to postoperative complications, were also performed. Our query returned a total of 161,625 TKAs, of which 11,047 (7%) had postoperative wound complications, 18,403 (11%) had infections, 6,296 (34%) had CoIW, and 4,877 (4%) patients with infection developed wound complications. Albumin was the most commonly ordered laboratory test when assessing complications (96%). Wound complications, infections, CoIW, and infection with wound complications after were higher in those below the normal range: albumin <3.5 g/dL (9, 14, 6, and 5%), prealbumin <15 mg/dL (20, 23, 13, and 12%), and transferrin <200 mg/dL (12, 17, 6, and 6%). Preoperative albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin values falling below the normal range represented an increased risk for postoperative complications. Those patients who were in the normal range, however, did not have an increased risk. Therefore, our results suggest that preoperative nutritional optimization can play an important role in reducing the risk for postoperative complications.
From Dehydration to Fractures: Medical Issues Faced by People Crossing the United States: Mexico Border

To quantify the number of Border Crossers seen at our hospitals, broken down by diagnoses and age. We used our electronic medical record to identify the number of patients in custody of the United States Border Patrol who were seen at Banner-University: South and University Campuses during the calendar year 2016. 734 patients were identified, and the electronic medical record was used to identify the primary diagnosis and age for each one. We then manually categorized them into groups of common diagnoses. We also compared the number of border crosser emergency department (ED) visits to overall ED visits. Of 734 patients, 77% were male, 60% were between 16 and 40 years of age, and 18% were under age 18 years. They made up 1.3% of ED visits to South Campus, but less than 0.1% to University Campus. The top categories were musculoskeletal trauma (n = 235, 32%), and dehydration and rhabdomyolysis (n = 95, 13%). The age range of border crossers brought to our EDs varies widely, as do their primary diagnoses, although trends can be seen. They make up a 1.3% of overall emergency department visits at South Campus hospital.
Deletion of Ripk3 Prevents Motor Neuron Death In Vitro but not In Vivo

Increasing evidence suggests that necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death (PCD), contributes to neurodegeneration in several disorders, including ALS. Supporting this view, investigations in both in vitro and in vivo models of ALS have implicated key molecular determinants of necroptosis in the death of spinal motor neurons (MNs). Consistent with a pathogenic role of necroptosis in ALS, we showed increased mRNA levels for the three main necroptosis effectors Ripk1, Ripk3, and Mlkl in the spinal cord of mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1G93A) transgenic mice (Tg), an established model of ALS. In addition, protein levels of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1; but not of RIPK3, MLKL or activated MLKL) were elevated in spinal cord extracts from these Tg SOD1G93A mice. In postmortem motor cortex samples from sporadic and familial ALS patients, no change in protein levels of RIPK1 were detected. Silencing of Ripk3 in cultured MNs protected them from toxicity associated with SOD1G93A astrocytes. However, constitutive deletion of Ripk3 in Tg SOD1G93A mice failed to provide behavioral or neuropathological improvement, demonstrating no similar benefit of Ripk3 silencing in vivo. Lastly, we detected no genotype-specific myelin decompaction, proposed to be a proxy of necroptosis in ALS, in either Tg SOD1G93A or Optineurin knock-out mice, another ALS mouse model. These findings argue against a role for RIPK3 in Tg SOD1G93A-induced neurodegeneration and call for further preclinical investigations to determine if necroptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ALS.
Development of a Spine Surgical Skills and Written Assessment for Orthopaedic Surgery Residents.

Objective The objective of this study was to develop an assessment module for orthopaedic spine surgery residents which is cost-effective and can reliably test knowledge and surgical skills. Design A ten-question multiple choice question and hands-on spine sawbones combination assessment was prospectively administered to consenting PGY-3 and PGY-4 residents before and after their 8-week spine rotation. Pre- and postrotation scores were compared using the paired t-test. Setting The Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, a large academic medical centre providing primary and tertiary care. Participants Orthopaedic resident physicians. Results A total of 21 residents (15 PGY-3, 6 PGY-4) participated in the study. The mean pre- and postrotation written test score was 7.38 ± 1.53 and 9.24 ± 0.83, respectively (p Conclusions This combination assessment measured improvement in below-average scoring residents and maintenance or improvement in residents with average and above average prerotation scores.
Benzodiazepine Infusion Therapy

Benzodiazepines are in a class of psychoactive drugs that involve a chemical structure consisting of the fusion of a benzene and diazepine rings. They enhance the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and can treat a variety of conditions ranging from anxiety to spasms. Continuous systemic benzodiazepine administration, specifically midazolam, has showed benefit in alleviating neuropathic pain preventing thermal hyperalgesia.
A Systematic Review of Replicative Self-Determination Intervention Studies:

Current federal legislation emphasizes the use of programs, interventions, strategies, and activities that have been demonstrated through research to be effective. One way to increase the quantity ...
Strategic spending in federal governments: theory and evidence from the US

Past research on the allocation of federal resources to localities has failed to account for the interaction between federal and state governments. Here a sequential-move game of such interaction i...
Significance of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Human Health and Disease

It is well documented that RSA is widely observed among vertebrates throughout their evolution which suggests that it may have an intrinsic physiological role [1,2,4,10].
Self-weighing Frequency and Its Relationship with Health Measures.

Objectives: In this study, we investigated self-weighing frequency (SWF) among adults and whether SWF was associated with health markers. Methods: We had 533 US adults complete a questionnaire on SWF and other health markers. Respondents were categorized into 4 quartiles of SWF: "Never," " 1x/week." Results: Overall, 60.0% of adults weighed <1x/week and 25% never weighed. More frequent self-weighing was associated with less sedentary time, more vigorous physical activity (PA) and several healthier practices including reading nutrition labels, eating whole grains, drinking less soda, self-monitoring of food, PA and weight change, and consuming lower- or no-calorie beverages and sweeteners. Conversely, there was no difference in BMI, age, stress, education, sleep, screen time, or chronic diseases between SWF quartiles. Conclusion: Whereas SWF was associated with some markers of health including vigorous PA and some healthier dietary habits, SWF was not linked to BMI, stress, sleep, or chronic diseases.
Alternating Current Potential Drop Technique to Detect Pit-to-Crack Transition

Pitting and localized corrosion can occur under various conditions and accelerate the subsequent cracking and the failure of a component. Pit-to-crack transition is considered a critical transition process and has a significant impact on the total lifetime of a component. In this study, an alternating current potential drop (ACPD) system is built and applied the detection of the pit-to-crack transition. The results show that the ACPD system is capable and sensitive to crack initiation and that the sensitivity increased with increased frequency. Crack initiation sites from pits are characterized and discussed.
More developmental research is needed

The target papers in this special issue represent the "state of the art" in research on phonetic development. However, one limitation of this research is that the primary theoretical and empirical focus is on infancy, and thus our understanding of development beyond this period seems likely to remain sketchy. Given current research strategies, a second limitation is that the goal of understanding the relation between structural and functional aspects of the language acquisition task is unlikely to be met. In view of these limitations, my suggestion is that more developmental research is needed.
Deterministic Production/Location Models on Networks

By restricting the production process to two inputs and the location space to a line segment, in chapter 2 we were able to investigate many of the salient features of the production/location interrelationships. Now the problem is generalized both in terms of the production variables and, more importantly, the feasible location set. In a practical sense most plant location decisions must be made with respect to some transportation network. Consequently, in this chapter we assume that the firm must make its production/location decision so as to locate on some given transport network. Any finite number of spatially distinct input and output markets are allowed, with their locations being at nodes of the network. First, a single-plant network problem is formulated along with a numerical example. Using methods similar to those in chapter 2, we then show that in many cases the set of optimal plant locations can be reduced to the node set of the network.
Role of Exciton Binding Energy on LO Phonon Broadening and Polaron Formation in (BA)2PbI4 Ruddlesden–Popper Films

The effect of carrier-carrier and carrier-phonon interactions are presented in n = 1 (2D) (BA)2PbI4 Ruddlesden-Popper thin films and their effect compared to that of conventional MAPbI3. While temp...
Macrophages Promote Aortic Valve Cell Calcification and Alter STAT3 Splicing.

Objective: Macrophages have been described in calcific aortic valve disease, but it is unclear if they promote or counteract calcification. We aimed to determine how macrophages are involved in cal...
Performance of Lung Nodule Management Algorithms for Lung-RADS Category 4 Lesions

Purpose To test the performance of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and British Thoracic Society (BTS) algorithms to stratify high-risk nodules identified at lung cancer screening. Method and Materials Patients with Lung-RADS category 4 nodules identified on lung cancer screening computed tomography (CT) between March 2014 and August 2018 were identified, and a subset of 150 were randomly selected. Nodule characteristics and, if available, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan were recorded. Radiologists blinded to final diagnosis and downstream testing performed five-point visual assessment score for probability of nodule malignancy; their accuracies are averaged below. Probabilities of malignancy according to Brock and Herder models were calculated. ACCP and BTS algorithms were applied to the nodules. Results Final diagnosis of malignancy was made in 65/150 (43%) of patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for nodule malignancy were: radiologist visual score (92%, 85%, 88%); BTS (76%, 91%, 85%); ACCP (63%, 89%, 78%); and Brock calculator (77%, 71%, 73%). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for nodule malignancy in patients with FDG PET-CT scan (n = 78) were: FDG uptake (91%, 64%, 83%); Herder probability (91%, 68%, 83%); radiologist visual score (93%, 69%, 86%); BTS (84%, 64%, 78%); Brock probability (82%, 50%, 72%); and ACCP (68%, 59%, 65%). Conclusion Thoracic radiologist visual analysis yielded the greatest accuracy for nodule triage in the entire cohort. BTS performed better than ACCP guidelines and both performed better than the Brock model alone.
Brief Self-Compassion Training Alters Neural Responses to Evoked Pain for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE Self-compassion meditation, which involves compassion toward the self in moments of suffering, shows promise for improving pain-related functioning, but its underlying mechanisms are unknown. This longitudinal, exploratory pilot study investigated the effects of a brief (eight contact hours, two weeks of home practice) self-compassion training on pain-related brain processing in chronic low back pain (cLBP). METHODS We evaluated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to evoked pressure pain and its anticipation during a self-compassionate state and compared altered brain responses following training with changes on self-reported measures of self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale [SCS]), interoceptive awareness (Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness [MAIA]), and clinical pain intensity. RESULTS In a sample of participants with cLBP (N = 20 total, N = 14 with complete longitudinal data) who underwent self-compassion training, we observed reduced clinical pain intensity and disability (P < 0.01) and increased trait self-compassion and interoceptive awareness (all P < 0.05) following training. Evoked pressure pain response in the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) was reduced following training, and decreases were associated with reduced clinical pain intensity. Further, increased fMRI responses to pain anticipation were observed in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventral posterior cingulate cortex (vPCC), and these increases were associated with mean post-training changes in SCS scores and scores from the body listening subscale of the MAIA. DISCUSSION These findings, though exploratory and lacking comparison with a control condition, suggest that self-compassion training supports regulation of pain through the involvement of self-referential (vPCC), salience-processing (TPJ), and emotion regulatory (dlPFC) brain areas. The results also suggest that self-compassion could be an important target in the psychotherapeutic treatment of cLBP, although further studies using controlled experimental designs are needed to determine the specificity of these effects.
Newly Discovered Gold Does Not Distort the Economy; It Is Not A Market Failure

We wish to “quibble” with Murphy (2019). We mean this literally. That is, we are in strong and enthusiastic agreement with virtually everything he writes therein, except for one point: we think him guilty of allowing the cloven hoof of market failure into the Austrian tent. Our purpose in the present essay is to banish market failure from praxeological premises. To wit, he maintains that pure market processes such as a gold discovery can “distort” prices and interest rates, and we argue to the contrary.
The Law and Science of Eyewitness Evidence

Eyewitness evidence, used in tens of thousands of criminal cases each year, crucially depends on eyewitness memory, which is quite fallible. The potential inaccuracy of eyewitness memory has been long demonstrated by examples of mis-identifications, including in cases of wrongful conviction. Eyewitness identification procedures, which are themselves experiments, lend themselves to scientific research as do few others in law. Today, decades of scientific research on visual perception and memory have identified key causes of error and methods for improving eyewitness performance. As a result, eyewitness evidence has become a testing ground for the use of science to inform the law. This Article examines how legal actors — state and federal courts, state lawmakers, and police agencies — have responded to this body of research. While U.S. Supreme Court rulings set a constitutional floor, we find that it largely does not inform eyewitness evidence law. State courts have increasingly incorporated eyewitness memory science, as we describe in a detailed fifty-state survey of rulings. Second, we explore how state lawmakers have done still more, in an analysis of twenty-four state statutes that regulate eyewitness identification procedure. Third, policing agencies have most eagerly embraced revised identification practices to take account of scientific research. We describe a sea change in police practice, including through model policy adopted in twenty-nine states. Based on these findings, we call into question top-down, stare-decisis-bound, and federal court-centric accounts that dominate constitutional criminal procedure. Further, we describe how research continues to progress; a new generation of research promises to further improve accuracy of eyewitness procedures. While constitutional criminal procedure is unlikely to change in the near future, we expect that local actors will harness research developments. We conclude by asking why, in the eyewitness area, criminal investigation and procedure have been so receptive to research. We suggest that rather than adopting a legal precedent-based system, police practices and statutes employ a scientific framework that can incorporate new discoveries. This account of dissemination and adoption of research points towards a dynamic framework for the use of science in the legal system.
Organic-Inorganic Composites

One of the most important recent advances in the ceramics area is the introduction of preparative techniques heavily based on chemical reactions, for example the generation of ceramic-type materials by the hydrolysis of an organometallic compound.1-9 A typical, and important, reaction of this type is the acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS):
The Microscope (Reductionist) or the Telescope (Holistic)

I think most of you here tonight know speakers quite well. I know one of them extremely well, the other not quite so well. When this debate was set up the organizers did not know that our two speakers have known each other for 20 years and have been on opposite sides of the fence, although both have revised their points of view somewhat in the ensuing years. C. Ladd Prosser is from the University of Illinois where he first went in 1939. He was away from Illinois for 4 years during the war, when he worked as a radiation biologist and during that period he met George Sacher: he continued to have significant interaction with him over all the ensuing years. Dr. Prosser is a self-described generalist with over 50 years involvement in physiology and he describes himself as trying to alter the trend toward increasing specialization, which he feels is terribly narrowing in its effects on biology. Our speakers first met when Ron Hart was a student in Howard Ducoff’s lab and took Dr. Prosser’s comparative physiology course. Both of them want to tell me stories from those days about an encounter that took place in the elevator. Maybe Dr. Hart will finish that story for us.
Parasite-driven cascades or hydra effects: susceptibility and foraging depression shape parasite-host-resource interactions

O_LIWhen epidemics kill hosts and increase their resources, should the density of hosts decrease (with a resource increase, this constitutes a trophic cascade) or increase (a hydra effect)? Seeking answers, we integrate trait measurements, a resource-host-parasite model, and experimental epidemics with plankton. This combination reveals how a spectrum from cascades to hydra effects can arise. It reflects tension between parasite-driven mortality (a density-mediated effect) and foraging depression upon contact with parasite propagules (a trait-mediated one). C_LIO_LIIn the model, mortality rises when higher susceptibility to infection increases infection prevalence. Epidemics release resources while suppressing hosts (creating a cascade). In contrast, when hosts are less susceptible and parasites depress their foraging, a resource feedback can elevate host density during epidemics (creating a hydra effect), particularly at higher carrying capacity of resources. This combination elevates primary production relative to per-host consumption of resources (two key determinants of host density). C_LIO_LIWe test these predictions of the qualitative effects of host traits and resource carrying capacity with trait measurements and a mesocosm experiment. Trait measurements show clonal lines of zooplankton hosts differ in their foraging depression and susceptibility. We seeded resource-host-parasite mesocosms with different host genotypes and provided different nutrient supplies to test model predictions. Hydra effects and trophic cascades arose under different conditions, as predicted by the model. C_LIO_LIHence, tension between trait-mediated and density-mediated effects of parasites governs the fate of host density during epidemics - from cascades to hydra effects - via feedbacks with resources. C_LI
Parent-Child Agreement on Quality of Life in Children With Hearing Loss Using the HEAR-QL.

Objective We explored whether children with hearing loss (HL) and their parents perceive the child's quality of life (QOL) similarly using the Hearing Environment And Reflections on Quality of Life (HEAR-QL) survey. Study design Cross-sectional study. Setting Pediatric otolaryngology clinic. Patients 7 to 14 year old children with unilateral or bilateral HL and their parents. Interventions None. Main outcome measure The HEAR-QL is a validated hearing-related QOL survey and has three domains and total score, ranging from 0 to 100; higher scores indicate higher QOL. Results HEAR-QL total score (r = 0.520, p = 0.011), Activities (r = 0.608, p = 0.002), and Feelings (r = 0.657, p = 0.001) domains correlated strongly, but the hearing Environments domain (r = 0.291, p = 0.178) correlated weakly. Children with mild HL scored total and Environments domains lower than their parents (mean difference [MD] -13.9 [95% CI -34.3, 6.6] and -19.2 [95% CI -41.2, 2.7]; Hedge's g 0.67, 0.77, respectively) compared to children with moderate-to-severe HL (moderate HL MD 8.3 [95% CI -15.7, 32.4] and 13.1 [95% CI -25.2, 51.5]; severe HL MD 9.5 [95% CI 0.6, 18.4] and 14.4 [95% CI 4.3, 24.6]). Discussion Children and their parents correlated strongly on observable Feelings And Activities domains scores but correlated weakly on hearing difficulty in Environments scores. Parents of children with mild HL perceived their children's QOL to be better than the children themselves, differing from the moderate-to-severe HL groups.
Regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis. The disparity between 125I-labelled choriogonadotropin binding cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation and progesterone synthesis in the rat ovary.

Abstract The binding of 125 I-labeled human choriogonadotropin, formation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), and synthesis of progesterone were examined in ovarian cells from immature rats. Collagenase dispersed ovarian cells were found to respond specifically to lutropin-like activity. The equilibrium dissociation constant ( K d ) for the binding of 125 I-labelled choriogonadotropin was 1.7 · 10 1−10 M. Progesterone synthesis was increased at least 40-fold and cyclic AMP formation 10-fold in response to maximum hormonal stimulation. The concentration of choriogonadotropin which stimulated progesterone synthesis maximally in Eagle's minimum essential medium −0.1% gelatin (2 ng/ml), resulted in minimal (less than 30% of maximum) increases in cyclic AMP accumulation and hormone bindind. Similarly, binding of choriogonadotropin was not saturated at a hormone concentration (50 ng/ml) that stimulated maximal cyclic AMP formation. These results are consistent with the existence of receptor reserve in the ovarian cell. A marked shift in the dose vs. response relationship for progesterone synthesis occurred when fetal calf serum was used to supplemen Eagle's minimum essential medium, however. Under these experimental conditions, progesterone synthesis reached a maximum at a hormone concentration of the same order of magnitude as did cyclic AMP formation. It is concluded that the degree of spare receptor effect observed may depend not only on an absolute amount of excess receptor, but also on the readiness of the system to respond in a given fashion.