cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topographical Mapping of the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Microbiome Reveals a Diverse Bacterial Community with Antifungal Properties in the Skin

The mucosal surfaces of wild and farmed aquatic vertebrates face the threat of many aquatic pathogens, including fungi. These surfaces are colonized by diverse symbiotic bacterial communities that may contribute to fight infection. Whereas the gut microbiome of teleosts has been extensively studied using pyrosequencing, this tool has rarely been employed to study the compositions of the bacterial communities present on other teleost mucosal surfaces. Here we provide a topographical map of the mucosal microbiome of an aquatic vertebrate, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, we revealed novel bacterial diversity at each of the five body sites sampled and showed that body site is a strong predictor of community composition. The skin exhibited the highest diversity, followed by the olfactory organ, gills, and gut. Flectobacillus was highly represented within skin and gill communities. Principal coordinate analysis and plots revealed clustering of external sites apart from internal sites. A highly diverse community was present within the epithelium, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy and pyrosequencing. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that two Arthrobacter sp. skin isolates, a Psychrobacter sp. strain, and a combined skin aerobic bacterial sample inhibit the growth of Saprolegnia australis and Mucor hiemalis, two important aquatic fungal pathogens. These results underscore the importance of symbiotic bacterial communities of fish and their potential role for the control of aquatic fungal diseases.
Direct minimization of the hartree‐fock energy for alternant open shell molecules in the PPP model

The Hartree-Fock energy expression for open-shell alternant systems in the ppp model is expressed in terms of generalized Eulerian angles as independent variables. Various hf electronic distributions for one molecular geometry can be easily obtained by the direct minimization method.
Transhumeral Head Plasty for Large Hill-Sachs Lesions

Large, engaging Hill-Sachs lesions can cause recurrent glenohumeral instability following Bankart repair of torn anterior capsulolabral structures. We offer a novel technique for correcting the posterolateral humeral head defect without significantly altering normal anatomic structures. The glenohumeral joint is exposed via a deltopectoral approach. After the defect geometry is appreciated by direct palpation and visualization, the tip of an anterior cruciate ligament tibial guide is centered in the defect. The drill sleeve is approximated to the anterior lesser tuberosity starting hole, and a graduated guidewire is advanced to the posterior subchondral surface. After confirmation of satisfactory positioning, an 8-mm cannulated acorn drill is drilled to within 1 cm of the posterior surface. Bone tamps are used to elevate the depressed area using the tunnel created within the head. Allograft cancellous bone chips are impacted into the defect to elevate and support the subchondral surface. After successful impaction grafting and restoration of the head surface, anterior capsulolabral reconstruction is undertaken using either the Bankart or Latarjet technique. A standard Bankart rehabilitation program is followed postoperatively. We confirmed the clinical efficacy of our technique in 4 patients who experienced no instability or other complications at an average of 1-year follow-up.
Bringing extensibility to verified compilers

Verified compilers, such as Leroy's CompCert, are accompanied by a fully checked correctness proof. Both the compiler and proof are often constructed with an interactive proof assistant. This technique provides a strong, end-to-end correctness guarantee on top of a small trusted computing base. Unfortunately, these compilers are also challenging to extend since each additional transformation must be proven correct in full formal detail.At the other end of the spectrum, techniques for compiler correctness based on a domain-specific language for writing optimizations, such as Lerner's Rhodium and Cobalt, make the compiler easy to extend: the correctness of additional transformations can be checked completely automatically. Unfortunately, these systems provide a weaker guarantee since their end-to-end correctness has not been proven fully formally.We present an approach for compiler correctness that provides the best of both worlds by bridging the gap between compiler verification and compiler extensibility. In particular, we have extended Leroy's CompCert compiler with an execution engine for optimizations written in a domain specific and proved that this execution engine preserves program semantics, using the Coq proof assistant. We present our CompCert extension, XCert, including the details of its execution engine and proof of correctness in Coq. Furthermore, we report on the important lessons learned for making the proof development manageable.
Mechanical factors associated with the development of high ball velocity during an instep soccer kick

The purpose of this study was to determine whether joint velocities and segmental angular velocities are significantly correlated with ball velocity during an instep soccer kick. We developed a deterministic model that related ball velocity to kicking leg and pelvis motion from the initiation of downswing until impact. Three-dimensional videography was used to collect data from 16 experienced male soccer players (age = 24.8 +/- 5.5 years; height = 1.80 +/- 0.07m; mass = 76.73 +/- 8.31 kg) while kicking a stationary soccer ball into a goal 12 m away with their right foot with maximal effort. We found that impact velocities of the foot center of mass (CM), the impact velocity of the foot CM relative to the knee, peak velocity of the knee relative to the hip, and the peak angular thigh velocity were significantly correlated with ball velocity. These data suggest that linear and angular velocities at and prior to impact are critical to developing high ball velocity. Since events prior to impact are critical for kick success, coordination and summation of speeds throughout the kicking motion are important factors. Segmental coordination that occurs during a maximal effort kick is critical for completing a successful kick.
How Do Perceived Political Environment and Administrative Reform Affect Employee Commitment

Political support is an important environmental factor in public management, and over the past few decades, the implementation of results-oriented reforms has become highly influential as well. However, few studies have examined the impact of these two factors on employee attitudes and behaviors. This article proposes that the extent of results-oriented reforms and political support from elected officials-as perceived by managers-has a significant influence on managerial practice and normative commitment to the organization. Using data from a national survey of state-level human service managers, we test and find support for a model positing that managerial perceptions of political support have a direct influence on the implementation of results-oriented reforms, organizational structure, and internal communication. We also find that more extensive results-oriented reform efforts are positively associated with goal clarity, communication adequacy, and flexible structures and that normative commitment is affected positively by goal clarity and negatively by bureaucratic structure.
“Homosexuality Is Bad for Me”: An Analysis of Homosexual Christian Testimonies in Christianity Today Magazine

This article reviews first-person testimonials written by gay and lesbian Christians in the evangelical newsmagazine Christianity Today between 2000 and 2010 to identify the common and dominant themes on how homosexual Christians negotiate their faith with their sexualities. It addresses how Christianity Today affirms the call by some queer theorists to provide a space for gays and lesbians to speak in their own voices, while framing their experiences so as to uphold, rather than disrupt, evangelical beliefs of homosexuality. The article discusses the strategies used by evangelical media to negotiate between acknowledging the lived experiences of gay and lesbian Christians without challenging traditional beliefs about homosexuality. It also considers how evangelical media appropriate gay and lesbian voices to limit what it means to be a gay Christian rather than explore new perspectives on religiosity and homosexuality.
CD46 Protects Against Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema develops in 15% of ex-smokers despite sustained quitting, while 10% are free of emphysema or severe lung obstruction. The cause of the incapacity of the immune system to clear the inflammation in the first group remains unclear. Methods and Findings We searched genes that were protecting ex-smokers without emphysema, using microarrays on portions of human lungs surgically removed; we found that loss of lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema was associated with a lower expression of CD46 and verified this finding by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Also, there was a significant association among decreased CD46+ cells with decreased CD4+T cells, apoptosis mediator CD95 and increased CD8+T cells that were protecting patients without emphysema or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CD46 not only regulates the production of T regulatory cells, which suppresses CD8+T cell proliferation, but also the complement cascade by degradation of C3b. These results were replicated in the murine smoking model, which showed increased C5a (produced by C3b) that suppressed IL12 mediated bias to T helper 1 cells and elastin co-precipitation with C3b, suggesting that elastin could be presented as an antigen. Thus, using ELISA from elastin peptides, we verified that 43% of the patients with severe early onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease tested positive for IgG to elastin in their serum compared to healthy controls. Conclusions These data suggest that higher expression of CD46 in the lungs of ex-smoker protects them from emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by clearing the inflammation impeding the proliferation of CD8+ T cells and necrosis, achieved by production of T regulatory cells and degradation of C3b; restraining the complement cascade favors apoptosis over necrosis, protecting them from autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.
Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Manganese and Other Metals in Welding Fumes by Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

Elemental analysis of welding fume samples can be done using several laboratory-based techniques. However, portable measurement techniques could offer several advantages. In this study, we sought to determine whether the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) is suitable for analysis of five metals (manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and chromium) on 37-mm polytetrafluoroethylene filters. Using this filter fitted on a cyclone in line with a personal pump, gravimetric samples were collected from a group of boilermakers exposed to welding fumes. We assessed the assumption of uniform deposition of these metals on the filters, and the relationships between measurement results of each metal obtained from traditional laboratory-based XRF and the portable XRF. For all five metals of interest, repeated measurements with the portable XRF at the same filter area showed good consistency (reliability ratios are equal or close to 1.0 for almost all metals). The portable XRF readings taken from three different area...
E-cigarettes made especially for inmates

The USA has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, at 751 per 100 000,1 and almost 12 million people are admitted to local jails annually.2 Smoking prevalence is estimated at 60–80% in US criminal justice populations, about four times higher than in the general population.3 Most jails ban conventional cigarette smoking to prevent contraband and associated violence, reduce the fire hazard and maintenance costs associated with cigarettes, and lower secondhand smoke exposure by non-smoking prisoners.4 ,5 Some jails, however, are experimenting with offering e-cigarettes for sale to inmates. Although some state correctional agencies have banned e-cigarette sales in prison commissaries (stores that sell provisions for inmates), policies vary for local (city or county) jails. County jails in Illinois, Tennessee, Alabama, Nebraska and …
Determinants of CIO Compensation Structure and Its Impact on Firm Performance

Although chief information officers (CIOs) are becoming increasingly critical in corporate governance and strategies, empirical studies focusing on CIOs and their impact on corporate performance are far and few in-between. In this paper we investigate the role of CIOs based on governance theory, agency theory and IT-business alignment framework using data collected from various financial databases. We first examine the determinants of CIO compensation structure and level. Then, we use CIO and top management team (TMT) compensation structure as a proxy to IT-business alignment and investigate its effect on firm performance. Our results provide empirical support for the hypothesized IT attention deficit of the board of directors in the literature. Moreover, we found that the CIO-TMT compensation alignment is indeed related to firm performance, and that its effect is moderated by the competitiveness of the market, the capital expenditure, and the market share of the firm.
Changes in the Biophysical Environment of Water Following Focal Brain Ischemia in the Rat

The biophysical environment of water in living systems is of great interest to the study of cell function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the ability non–invasively to assess specific parameters which are sensitive to changes in the biophysical environment of water in tissue. The degree by which water is “influenced” by cellular constituents is defined as that level of influence which is sufficient to result in a measurable difference in MRI parameters. The MRI parameters of interest include the measurement of 1H spin–spin (T2) and spin–lattice (T1) relaxation times, water density (p), the apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADCW), and exchange rates (Kw) between “bound” and “bulk” water.
Improving Evaluation in Marketing Education: A Revisit to the Final Exam

This article reviews the teaching/learning process and the role of final exams in that process, and suggests several alternatives to the written final exam.
Influence of the Raman effect on dispersion-managed solitons and their interchannel collisions

We calculate the self-frequency shift experienced by a soliton in a dispersion-managed fiber that is due to the Raman effect, as well as the energy and frequency shifts that result from a collision of such solitons with different wavelengths. We find that dispersion management suppresses both types of frequency shift but does not significantly affect the energy shift that is accumulated over a large propagation distance. The latter shift may represent a potential problem for wavelength-division-multiplexed systems with several gigabits per second in a single channel.
Increased Endothelial Vesicular Transport Correlates with Increased Blood-Tumor Barrier Permeability Induced by Bradykinin and Leukotriene C4

Bradykinin and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) have been shown to increase molecular transport across the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess whether an increase in vesicular transport or opening of tight junctions was responsible for this increase in permeability. Wistar rats bearing RG2 or C6 gliomas were infused with bradykinin or LTC4 through the right carotid artery for 15 min and then perfused to achieve fixation. Prepared specimens were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Infusion of either bradykinin or LTC4 resulted in significantly increased vesicular density in capillary endothelial cells of the BTB but not in normal brain capillaries. The opening of tight junctions, assessed by determining a cleft index, was found to be greater in tumor capillaries compared to normal controls. However, neither bradykinin nor LTC4 produce variations in the cleft index. A significant accumulation of horseradish peroxidase was seen in the intercellular peri-capillary spaces and in endothelial transport vesicles after infusion of bradykinin, demonstrating that the formation of vesicles was associated with macromolecular transcytosis. These findings suggest that pinocytotic vesicular transport is the primary means by which luminal to abluminal transport occurs in response to vasomodulation with bradykinin or LTC4.
The Spatiotemporal Topography of Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway: Capturing Britain's Transition to a Relative Modernity

Virginia Woolf entangles time and topography in Mrs. Dalloway to reveal that her characters inhabit a relative London. Marking the Great War as the historical event dividing an old world order from the new, she creates characters who spend the day reminiscing about their youth before the war or who still suffer the lingering effects of mechanized combat. While they navigate an increasingly complex and commercialized environment, she locates them at specific landmarks as Big Ben and St. Margaret’s chime the hour, creating a dynamic, interactive setting aligned with her characters’ thoughts. Woolf styles a narrative that unfolds from a diversity of viewpoints, contrasting a Victorian period that adhered to the ideas of the Enlightenment with a modern period in which individuals experience a relationship between space and time in accord with Albert Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity.
A framework for the checking and refactoring of crosscutting concepts

Programmers employ crosscutting concepts, such as design patterns and other programming idioms, when their design ideas cannot be efficiently or effectively modularized in the underlying programming language. As a result, implementations of these crosscutting concepts can be hard to change even when the code is well structured.In this article, we describe Arcum, a system that supports the modular maintenance of crosscutting concepts. Arcum can be used to both check essential constraints of crosscutting concepts and to substitute crosscutting concept implementations with alternative implementations. Arcum is complementary to existing refactoring systems that focus on meaning-preserving program transformations at the programming-language-semantics level, because Arcum focuses on transformations at the conceptual level.We present the underpinnings of the Arcum approach and show how Arcum can be used to address several classical software engineering problems.
Childhood Vaccine Exemptions: A Broader Perspective Is Required

* Abbreviation: LRA — : least-restrictive alternative A selective view of childhood vaccine exemption policy is presented by Opel et al in Pediatrics .1 Their primary premise is that recent attempts to restrict nonmedical vaccine exemptions are scientifically and ethically problematic.1 The authors suggest that rather than working to eliminate all nonmedical exemptions for vaccines, the focus should be on exemptions related to measles, which they see as a unique vaccine-preventable disease. The authors provide information on the highly contagious nature of the measles virus, provide accurate safety and efficacy data about the measles vaccine, and discuss the ethics of the least-restrictive alternative (LRA). They use this information to argue that only measles should be restricted from nonmedical vaccine exemptions. However, we disagree with their interpretations and seek to provide an alternative approach. First, the authors point to the contagiousness of measles as distinctive among infectious diseases. They refer to the high R0 of measles in comparison with other vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. The R0 is defined as the average number of secondary cases produced by a typical infected person in a fully susceptible population.2 The R0 has implications for the spread and control of an infection within a population and provides a basis for understanding the proportion of the population that must be immunized to provide herd or community immunity. Opel et al1 point to the fact that other vaccine-preventable infections have lower R0 than measles, ranging from 4 to 7 as opposed to 12 to 18, although their estimates may be low for some … Address correspondence to Carrie L. Byington, MD, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 26 South 2000 East, HSEB Suite 5515, Salt Lake City, UT. E-mail: carrie.byington{at}hsc.utah.edu
Effects of Immunizing Female Rabbits with Bovine Luteinizing Hormone

SummaryInjections of purified bovine LH (NIH-LH-B3) in rabbits produced circulating antibodies which were associated with degenerative changes in uterine, ovarian, and adenohypophyseal structures and affected mating behavior and ovulation. Final body weight; gain in body weight; adrenal, thyroid, and thymus weights; and histology were unaffected. Freund's complete adjuvant caused microscopic changes in the ovaries and adenohypophysis. Bovine LH and crude rabbit anterior pituitary extract contained a similar antigen which cross-reacted with anti-BLH serum. The cross-reacting antigen was not bovine gamma globulin or bovine serum albumin. Results were attributed to an autoimmune phenomenon with circulating antibodies common to NIH-LH-B3 and endogenous gonadotropin.
Thinking Through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology

Introduction: The Astonishment of Anthropology Part 1: Ideal of a Polytheistic Nature 1. Post-Nietzschean Anthropology: The Ideal of Multiple Objective Worlds 2. Cultural Psychology: What Is It? Part 2: Are People the Same Wherever You Go? 3. Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally? with Edmund J. Bourne 4. The Social Construction of the Person: How Is It Possible? with Joan G. Miller 5. Determinations of Meaning: Discourse and Moral Socialization with Nancy C. Much 6. Menstrual Pollution, Soul Loss, and the Comparative Study of Emotions Part III: Experiments in Criticism 7. Rethinking Culture and Personality Theory 8. Suffering in Style: On Arthur Kleinman 9. How to Look at Medusa without Turning to Stone: On Gananath Obeyesekere Conclusion: Artful Realism Notes References Acknowledgments Index
Experimental Study of Self-Diffusion in Silicon Using Isotopically Enriched Structures

Self-diffusion in silicon has been studied using epitaxially grown isotopically enriched structures under nonequilibrium concentrations of intrinsic point defects created by thermal oxidation and nitridation. Comparison of identical anneals for self, antimony, and phosphorus diffusion in silicon enables us to determine bounds on the fractional contributions of microscopic mechanisms for Si self-diffusion in the temperature range 800–1100°C. We obtain direct experimental evidence for a dual vacancy-interstitial mechanism of self-diffusion in silicon and show that the fractional contribution of each mechanism has a weak dependence on temperature.
A Comprehensive Approach to the Management of Children and Adults with Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a disease characterized by inadequate neutrophil killing of microbial pathogens, affects 4 to 5 per million live births. For many decades following its description, CGD was a fatal disease in childhood. With the development of effective preventive therapies and the early recognition of infectious complications, 90% of children with CGD now survive into adulthood. The management of CGD in adults includes unique challenges and potential disease manifestations. In this article, the authors discuss the current approach to the management of CGD in both children and adults. This includes a focus on the importance of a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach in the care of CGD and its potential complications. In addition, a novel approach to improving education about CGD, and subsequently improving adherence to preventive therapies, is discussed.
The role of endogenous opioid systems in neuroendocrine regulation.

This is a comprehensive review of the opioid agonist and antagonist effects on neuroendocrine function, and the possible neurochemical mechanisms and anatomic loci by which endogenous opioid pepHdes may exert the neuroendocrine modulatory effects. Alsu covered: effects of circulating hormones on hypothalamic pituitary endogenous opioid activity, neurochemical regulation of hypothalamic pituitary endogenous opioid activity, and possible dysfunctions of these systems in depression and implications for the pathophysiology of affective disorders.
Associations of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with marijuana and synthetic cannabis use among young adult U.S. Veterans: a pilot investigation

Objective:This study involves a pilot investigation of associations between marijuana and synthetic cannabis use with PTSD symptoms among a young adult sample of U.S. veterans.Method:In a cross-sectional survey of a community sample of 790 young adult U.S. veterans, we assessed demographics, combat severity, marijuana and synthetic cannabis use, expectancies of marijuana use, and PTSD symptoms.Results:Overall, 61.8% and 20.4% of our sample reported lifetime and past-month marijuana use, whereas 17.0% and 3.4% reported lifetime and past-month synthetic cannabis use. Veterans screening positive for PTSD were more likely to use marijuana and synthetic cannabis in their lifetime and in the past month. Positive PTSD screens, as well as greater expectancies that marijuana leads to relaxation and tension reduction, were associated with past-month marijuana use in logistic regression analyses. Expectancies moderated the relationship between PTSD and marijuana use, such that those with positive PTSD screens report...
Dopamine/Tyrosine Hydroxylase Neurons of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Release GABA, Communicate with Dopaminergic and Other Arcuate Neurons, and Respond to Dynorphin, Met-Enkephalin, and Oxytocin

We employ transgenic mice with selective expression of tdTomato or cre recombinase together with optogenetics to investigate whether hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) dopamine/tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons interact with other ARC neurons, how they respond to hypothalamic neuropeptides, and to test whether these cells constitute a single homogeneous population. Immunostaining with dopamine and TH antisera was used to corroborate targeted transgene expression. Using whole-cell recording on a large number of neurons ( n = 483), two types of neurons with different electrophysiological properties were identified in the dorsomedial ARC where 94% of TH neurons contained immunoreactive dopamine: bursting and nonbursting neurons. In contrast to rat, the regular oscillations of mouse bursting neurons depend on a mechanism involving both T-type calcium and A-type potassium channel activation, but are independent of gap junction coupling. Optogenetic stimulation using cre recombinase-dependent ChIEF-AAV-DJ expressed in ARC TH neurons evoked postsynaptic GABA currents in the majority of neighboring dopamine and nondopamine neurons, suggesting for the first time substantial synaptic projections from ARC TH cells to other ARC neurons. Numerous met-enkephalin (mENK) and dynorphin-immunoreactive boutons appeared to contact ARC TH neurons. mENK inhibited both types of TH neuron through G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium currents mediated by δ and μ opioid receptors. Dynorphin-A inhibited both bursting and nonbursting TH neurons by activating κ receptors. Oxytocin excited both bursting and nonbursting neurons. These results reveal a complexity of TH neurons that communicate extensively with neurons within the ARC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we show that the great majority of mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons that synthesize TH in the dorsomedial ARC also contain immunoreactive dopamine, and show either bursting or nonbursting electrical activity. Unlike rats, the mechanism underlying bursting was not dependent on gap junctions but required T-type calcium and A-type potassium channel activation. Neuropeptides dynorphin and met-enkephalin inhibited dopamine neurons, whereas oxytocin excited them. Most ventrolateral ARC TH cells did not contain dopamine and did not show bursting electrical activity. TH-containing neurons appeared to release synaptic GABA within the ARC onto dopamine neurons and unidentified neurons, suggesting that the cells not only control pituitary hormones but also may modulate nearby neurons.
On the representation of nonmoniomc relations in the theory of evidence

A Dempster-Shafer belief structure provides a mechanism for representing uncertain knowledge about a variable. A compatibility relation provides a structure for obtaining information about one variable based upon our knowledge about a second variable. An inference scheme in the theory of evidence involves the use of a belief structure on one variable, called the antecedent, and a compatibility relationship to infer a belief structure on the second variable, called the consequent. The concept of monotonicity in this situation is related to change in the specificity of the consequent belief structure as the antecedent belief structure becomes more specific. We show that the usual compatibility relations, type 1, are always monotonic. We introduce type II compatibility relations and show that a special class of these, which we call irregular, are needed to represent nonmonotonic relations between variables. We discuss a special class of nonmonotonic relations called default relations.
Risk factors predictive of poor quality preparation during average risk colonoscopy screening: the importance of health literacy.

Background Inadequate colonoscopy bowel preparation can lead to increased procedural time, decreased diagnostic yield, and an increased complication rate. Little is known about which patient characteristics may predict poor bowel preparation for routine, average-risk colonoscopy evaluation. Methods 300 consecutive patients who underwent routine, average risk outpatient screening colonoscopy during 01/01/2005 to 12/30/2008 at a primary care internal medicine clinic were retrospectively identified. Patients were between 50-80 years old and used the standard preparation of 2000ml polyethylene glycol solution (MoviPrep)(R). Differences in mean values between each group (inadequate vs. adequate preparation) were compared using the Student t-test. Categorical variables were compared using chi2 test. A multivariate logistical regression analysis was performed to identify characteristics predictive of poor colonoscopy preparation. Results Of the 300 consecutive patients referred for routine outpatient colonoscopy examination, 15% had inadequate or poor colonoscopy preparation. The majority of patients with poor colonoscopy preparation (86.7%) reported either failure to complete the 2000 ml preparation or failure to follow written instructions. In the multivariate model, the four biggest clinical contributors to poor colonoscopy were an interpreter requirement, Medicaid insurance, single status, and having more than 8 active prescription medications. Conclusions Among patients who underwent average-risk screening colonoscopy evaluation, the use of an interpreter and having Medicaid insurance were the largest predictors of inadequate colonoscopy preparation. These characteristics may be surrogate markers of lower health care literacy. Interventions to reduce poor colonoscopy preparation should be targeted at these patient populations.
The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity

Obesity is associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and several forms of cancer. Obesity and its comorbidities also come with a significant psychosocial burden, impacting numerous areas of psychosocial functioning. The evaluation of psychosocial functioning is an important part of the assessment and treatment planning for the patient with obesity. This article provides an overview of the psychosocial burden of obesity. The article also describes the psychological changes typically seen with weight loss. A particular focus is on the psychosocial functioning of individuals with extreme obesity who present for and undergo bariatric surgery.
Monetization of Developing Countries

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses monetization of developing countries. Monetization, defined as the enlargement of the sphere of the monetary economy, is among the most significant aspects of the growth and development of the economies of less developed countries. It involves the extension through time and space of the use of money in all its aspects, namely, as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value—to the nonmonetized sector. The chapter presents a critical survey and analysis of the conceptual and empirical aspects of monetization, as well as a preface to further research to develop an adequate framework for cross-sectional and time-series studies of monetization, and thereby for more effective financial programming and policies in the LDCs. The concept of monetization is analyzed and differentiated from the concepts of commercialization and financial intermediation. It discusses the nature and economic rationale of the nonmonetized sector, and presents the problems of measuring monetization. The chapter also reviews the available empirical evidence and the implications of monetization for monetary and fiscal policy.
Monograph on Propagation of Sound Waves in Curved Ducts

After reviewing and evaluating the existing material on sound propagation in curved ducts without flow, it seems strange that, except for Lord Rayleigh in 1878, no book on acoustics has treated the case of wave motion in bends. This monograph reviews the available analytical and experimental material, nearly 30 papers published on this subject so far, and concisely summarizes what has been learned about the motion of sound in hard-wall and acoustically lined cylindrical bends.
Group External Memory Aid Treatment for Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Although individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often live independently, instruction on compensatory strategies could assist individuals with complex daily tasks. External me...
Measurement of tissue viscoelasticity with ultrasound

Tissue properties such as elasticity and viscosity have been shown to be related to such tissue conditions as contraction, edema, fibrosis, and fat content among others. Magnetic Resonance Elastography has shown outstanding ability to measure the elasticity and in some cases the viscosity of tissues, especially in the liver, providing the ability to stage fibrotic liver disease similarly to biopsy. We discuss ultrasound methods of measuring elasticity and viscosity in tissues. Many of these methods are becoming widely available in the extant ultrasound machines distributed throughout the world. Some of the methods to be discussed are in the developmental stage. The advantages of the ultrasound methods are that the imaging instruments are widely available and that many of the viscoelastic measurements can be made during a short addition to the normal ultrasound examination time. In addition, the measurements can be made by ultrasound repetitively and quickly allowing evaluation of dynamic physiologic function in circumstances such as muscle contraction or artery relaxation. Measurement of viscoelastic tissue mechanical properties will become a consistent part of clinical ultrasound examinations in our opinion.
Cash Flow: Measures and Analytical Tools

This study identifies and examines analytical tools that define and measure cash flow. Using the basic accounting equation, the paper derives and reconciles the free cash-flow identity and the accounting statement of cash flows and investigates their effects on valuation approaches. I also evaluate the two definitions of operating cash flow and validate their equivalence with an algebraic formulation. I develop the change in the internal cash measure and discuss its utility in financial planning. Then, I apply these tools to the valuations of two firms and their common equities. I advocate that educators and practitioners need to further advance the understanding of relations among the many measures of cash flow to strengthen financial analysis and improve decision making.
Emergency Management for Infrastructure and Transportation Systems in the US

The infrastructure and transportation systems in the US are integrated mechanism with various dynamic parameters. They have economic, social and vital importance for everyone. Security and safety of infrastructure and transportation systems in case of any possible disasters are crucial. A better understanding is needed for an upgrade of traditional activities and integration with the national emergency activities. There are various current practices throughout the states and all over the country. The objective of this research paper is to define the current state and point the current practices in asset management and emergency management strategies with GIS for infrastructure and transportation systems in the US in case of any disaster. In the paper, Michigan DOT GIS based system has been introduced and synthesized to define integrated emergency management strategy. Possible actions to address emergency management strategy are investigated; and implementation of the emergency management strategy is explained.
The Three C’s of Effective Online Instruction

To increase academic rigor and student engagement in online learning, it is necessary that nursing educators identify internalized perceptions associated with what contributes to “effective” online instruction. Nursing faculty must understand the importance of effective online instruction, as many students seeking out this format for learning have tremendous extraneous obligations apart from their academic obligations.
The role of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: A 5-year institutional experience.

Background Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is widely accepted in the preoperative management of salivary gland lesions. The proposed Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) aims to standardize reporting terminology. Studies regarding the risk of malignancy (ROM) for the proposed categories continue to evolve. The current retrospective study applied the MSRSGC to assess ROM for salivary gland lesions and focused on the "indeterminate" categories. Methods A total of 627 salivary gland FNA specimens obtained from 2011 through 2016 were retrieved, with follow-up available for 373 cases. The original diagnoses were recategorized using MSRSGC by 2 independent cytopathologists as: 1) non-diagnostic; 2) non-neoplastic; 3) atypia of undetermined significance (AUS); 4a) benign neoplasms; 4b) salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP); 5) suspicious for malignancy (SFM); and 6) malignant. The ROM and overall ROM for each diagnostic category were determined, with characterization of "indeterminate" (AUS, SUMP, and SFM) lesions. Results There was near-perfect agreement regarding categorization (626 of 627 cases; 99.8%) between the 2 cytopathologists, with discordance observed for 1 case. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of salivary gland FNA specimens at the study institution were 79%, 98%, 94%, and 92%, respectively. The ROM for non-diagnostic, non-neoplastic, benign neoplasms, AUS, SUMP, SFM, and malignant were 6.7%, 7.1%, 38.9%, 5.0%, 34.2%, 92.9%, and 92.3%, respectively. The indeterminate category had an overall ROM of 47.1%. Conclusions The MSRSGC is a valuable tool that can help to standardize reporting and stratify cases preoperatively. Having a better understanding of the indeterminate diagnoses will help further refine risk classification criteria. Cancer Cytopathol 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Can Darapsa myron (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Successfully Use the Invasive Plant Ampelopsis brevipedunculata as a Food Resource?

ABSTRACT. Although biological invasions are generally thought to negatively impact native fauna, native herbivores that can utilize invasive plants may benefit. The East Coast of the United States has been invaded by the vitaceous plant Ampelopsis brevipedunculata. The invaded range of A. brevipedunculata overlaps with that of the native Vitis labrusca, a closely-related species that is a host plant for the native moth Darapsa myron (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). We reared D. myron larvae on either V. labrusca or A. brevipedunculata to assess whether development and survival differed on the two plant species. Larval growth and survival to pupation was only 5% on A. brevipedunculata compared to 30% on V. labrusca, suggesting that the invasive species is an unsuitable hostplant for D. myron.
Start-up to Scale-up: Role of Organizational Structure

Organizational structure is a double-edged sword. While contributing to improving efficiency on one hand, it also stifles innovation and creativity by constraining flexibility in an organization. W...
The Impact of Mobile Social Capital and IT Artifact Influence on IT Adoption: User-IT Artifact Interaction

The purpose of this research is to develop a research model that examines the impact of mobile social capital on technology adoption through IT artifact Influence. To do so, we suggest that mobile networks of practice as social actors affect technology use through the userIT artifact interaction in which mobile social capital lies, thus differentiating it from social capital and bestowing unique features induced by mobile technology. The research model was developed by utilizing social network theories and technology adoption models in order to explore the two research questions, 1) “Does mobile social capital affect IT artifact influence on users?” and 2) “Does IT artifact influence positively related to IT adoption?” Our pilot empirical test using a sample of 31university students offers preliminary support for this model. We believe our model extends our knowledge of (1) the impact of IT artifact influence on IT adoption, (2) mobile social capital in the IS discipline, and (3) the traditional theories related to technology adoption.
The Role of Duty Cycle in a Three Cell Central Pattern Generator

We describe a novel computational approach to reduce detailed models of central pattern generation to an equationless mapping that can be studied geometrically. Changes in model parameters, coupling properties, or external inputs produce qualitative changes in the mapping. These changes uncover possible biophysical mechanisms for control and modulation of rhythmic activity. Our analysis does not require knowledge of the equations that model the system, and so provides a powerful new approach to studying detailed models, applicable to a variety of biological phenomena beyond motor control. We demonstrate our technique on a motif of three reciprocally inhibitory cells that is able to produce multiple patterns of bursting rhythms. In particular, we examine the qualitative geometric structure of two-dimensional maps for phase lag between the cells.
Brain metastases treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A single center experience.

e14012Background: We conducted a retrospective study to analyze the overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) among patients with brain metastases (BM) from Melanoma, Non-small cell...
Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complete Lithium Ion Battery with Fused Filament Fabrication

The ability to 3D print lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in an arbitrary geometry would not only allow the battery form factor to be customized to fit a given product design but also facilitate the use of the battery as a structural component. A major hurdle to achieving this goal is the low ionic conductivity of the polymers used for 3D printing. This article reports the development of anode, cathode, and separator materials that enable 3D printing of complete lithium ion batteries with low cost and widely available fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was infused with a mixture of ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, and LiClO4 to obtain an ionic conductivity of 0.085 mS cm–1, a value comparable to that of polymer and hybrid electrolytes. Different electrically conductive (Super P, graphene, multiwall carbon nanotubes) and active (lithium titanate, lithium manganese oxide) materials were blended into PLA to determine the relationships among filler loading, conductivi...
§7.7 Reliability Standard (Daubert, Frye)

This article addresses the Daubert standard of reliability for the admission of scientific evidence. It also addresses the requirements of FRE 702, which was amended after Daubert to impose a reliability standard for all expert testimony. It discusses the implications of this requirement, the scope of review, and the conflict among state authorities about the applicable standard for admitting scientific evidence or expert testimony generally.
Convincing LEO: Successful Interaction Between the Archaeologist and Law Enforcement Officials in Crime Scene Investigations

Law enforcement consultations with, and the use of, civilian experts in processing crime scenes are typically influenced by three considerations: possible cost, questions over the expert’s ability to recognize and reveal potential evidence, and concern for the dissemination of sensitive information to non-law enforcement entities in a pending investigation. The author calls upon his experience as an anthropology student, contract archaeologist, law enforcement agent, and forensic archaeologist, to help explain the relationship between law enforcement officials, or “LEOs,” and the archaeologists with whom they may consult. The perspectives of both professionals are examined using case histories and experience in applying crime scene processing protocols, both successfully and unsuccessfully. Suggestions are offered on how a cooperative and continuing relationship might be developed between the civilian, and law enforcement, investigators.
A Balanced Mix Design Method for Selecting the Optimum Binder Content of Cold In-Place Recycling Asphalt Mixtures:

The objective of this paper is to present a procedure for designing cold in-place recycling (CIR) mixtures through balancing rutting and cracking for these mixtures. Four CIR mixtures were prepared...
Human auditory discrimination of bottlenose dolphin signature whistles masked by noise: Investigating perceptual strategies for anthropogenic noise pollution

Anthropogenic masking noise in the world’s oceans is known to impede many species ability to perceive acoustic signals, but little research has addressed how this noise pollution affects the detection of bioacoustic signals used for communication. Bottlenose dolphins use signature whistles which contain identification information. Past studies have shown that human participants can be used as models for dolphin hearing, but most previous research investigated echolocation. In experiment 1, human participants were tested on their ability to discriminate among signature whistles from three dolphins. Participants’ performance was nearly errorless (M = 98.8%). In experiment 2, participants identified signature whistles masked by five different samples of boat noise, with different signals to noise ratios. Preliminary results suggest that participants perform worse in lower ratios of signal to noise, that some signature whistles are easier to identify in the presence of noise, and that some noises have more detrimental impacts on whistle recognition. The presence of boat noise may cause participants to use more auditory cues in order to identify whistles, although participants always relied most heavily on frequency contour and duration. This study may provide insight into the impacts of different types of boat noise on dolphin whistle perception.