cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in colloidal gold nanobeacons for molecular photoacoustic imaging

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) represents a hybrid, nonionizing modality, which has been of particular interest because of its satisfactory spatial resolution and high soft tissue contrast. PAI has the potential to provide both functional and molecular imaging in vivo since optical absorption is sensitive to physiological parameters. In this review we summarize our effort to advance molecular PAI with colloidal gold nanobeacons (GNB). GNB represents a robust nanoparticle platform that entraps multiple copies of tiny gold nanoparticles (2–4 nm) within a larger colloidal particle encapsulated by biocompatible synthetic or natural amphilines. The utilization of numerous small gold particles greatly amplifies the signal without exceeding the renal elimination threshold size. With fibrin-targeted GNB, the robust detection of microthrombus formed over a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque has been achieved, which offers an important opportunity to recognize patients with moderate lumen stenosis but high risk of stroke. With the use of second-generation smaller GNBs, the potential to improve sentinel lymph node assessment and biopsy was advanced with respect to rapidity and sensitivity of detection in mice. Finally, for angiogenesis, an essential microanatomical biomarker of tumor and cardiovascular disease progression, integrin-targeted GNBs allowed visualization of numerous angiogenic sprouts and bridges that were otherwise undetectable from inherent blood signal alone, offering sensitive and specific discrimination and quantification of angiogenesis in vivo. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Three-Dimensional System for Planning Orthognathic Surgery

Conventional records are often inadequate for planning correction of complex dentofacial deformities. A treatment planning system, consisting of computed tomographic-generated jaw models mounted on a special articulator, allows for pre-surgical decisions about the correctness of surgical movements or the need for alternative approaches.
Lessons from the Public Sphere: Listening, Adversity, and Learning

As many scholars have discussed, when addressing divisive social issues many people immediately assume an adversarial posture, thus lessening the chance for productive dialogues about these issues and lessening the likelihood that people will listen to each other. One area that is keenly affected by our “argument culture” is the classroom; after all, students have been well-conditioned in the “adversary method” before reaching college classes. While some conflict is necessary for growth and learning, when that conflict blocks ideas and discussion, that conflict is not productive. Therefore, in order to make classroom interactions productive and to promote listening, practices by a group from the public sphere—The Public Conversations Project (the PCP)—can be used as a model for encouraging productive dialogues in the college classroom.
Apoptosis in development and disease of the nervous system : II. Apoptosis in childhood neurologic disease

The loss of cells in the human nervous system has long been known as the hallmark of incurable degenerative disease. Recent studies that began with attempts to understand cell loss during normal development have now begun to contribute to our understanding of the process of pathological cell loss. In many neurodegenerative conditions, it has become clear that apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a role in the diminution of cell number. In the cases of human immunodeficiency virus-associated encephalopathy and several of the hereditary neurodegenerative disorders, triggers and mediators of this process have been identified. This identification is not only the first step toward treatment of such disorders, but it also raises the possibility of exploiting this information to design targeted apoptosis-based therapies for tumors of the nervous system.
Modified broadside-coupled strips in a layered dielectric medium†.

A method is presented for calculating the characteristics of a pair of modified broadside-coupled strips embedded in an inhomogeneous dielectric media and enclosed in a rectangular shield. The characteristics of the coupled line are expressed in terms of the even and odd mode capacitances. Numerical results are given for a variety of configurations.
Monitoring super-volcanoes: geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems

Earth's largest calderas form as the ground collapses during immense volcanic eruptions, when hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometres of magma are explosively withdrawn from the Earth's crust over a period of days to weeks. Continuing long after such great eruptions, the resulting calderas often exhibit pronounced unrest, with frequent earthquakes, alternating uplift and subsidence of the ground, and considerable heat and mass flux. Because many active and extinct calderas show evidence for repetition of large eruptions, such systems demand detailed scientific study and monitoring. Two calderas in North America, Yellowstone (Wyoming) and Long Valley (California), are in areas of youthful tectonic complexity. Scientists strive to understand the signals generated when tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal (hot ground water) processes intersect. One obstacle to accurate forecasting of large volcanic events is humanity's lack of familiarity with the signals leading up to the largest class of volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, it may be difficult to recognize the difference between smaller and larger eruptions. To prepare ourselves and society, scientists must scrutinize a spectrum of volcanic signals and assess the many factors contributing to unrest and toward diverse modes of eruption.
Insights into cancer therapeutic design based on p53 and TRAIL receptor signaling

Knowledge of the emerging pathways of cell death downstream of the p53 tumor suppressor and the TRAIL deathinducing ligand is suggesting ways to improve therapeutic design in cancer. In contrast to its unique G1 cell cycle arresting mechanism that is maintained by p21 WAF1 , there are signals transduced by p53 to multiple apoptotic effectors perhaps due to the importance of apoptosis in suppressing tumors. There is evidence for cytoplasmic as well as mitochondrial activation of caspases downstream of p53, although in some cell lineages the signal ultimately involves the mitochondria. The TRAIL signaling pathway appears promising for therapeutic development despite sharing some similarities with the toxic Fas and TNF pathways, in terms of effector molecules and downstream signals. One of the key findings is the tissue specificity of cell death responses, a feature that could be exploited in strategies to widen the therapeutic window of combination cancer therapies. Efforts continue to develop p53-targeted cancer therapy, and novel clues to enhance or block specific effectors may improve therapeutic design. Cell Death and Differentiation (2001) 8, 1066 ‐1 075.
Adolescent Mourning and Parental Death

Ten male and ten female young adults, who had lost a parent by death as an adolescent, were given the Expanded Texas Grief Inventory (ETGI) in order to explore the bereavement process for this group as compared to an adult group previously studied [1, 2]. The ETGI included both “Past Behaviors and Feelings” and “Present Feelings” items. The young adults reported more intense shock, disbelief, and a sense of loss than the adult group at or around the time of the loss of the parent (i.e., as an adolescent). Further, greater anger at the deceased, sleep disturbance, increased dream activity, and irritability was reported by the young adult group as compared to the adult norm group. “Present feelings” items that were significant indicate issues of fairness around the death of the parent, identification with the deceased, an intense sense of loss that is very personal, feelings that the parent who died is irreplaceable, and a strong presence of the deceased in dreams and other people. Somatic concerns and iden...
Association of Intussusception and Celiac Disease in Adults

Introduction Intussusception (IS) is rare in adults. However, the more frequent use of cross-sectional imaging has resulted in an increase in its detection. Because of the reported association with celiac disease, we determined the prevalence of IS among a cohort with celiac disease. Methods An anonymized prospectively maintained celiac disease database and radiological database were reviewed. Results Of a total of 880 patients, 14 (age 47 ± 17.5 years; 50% female) had IS that was detected by CT in 10, capsule endoscopy in three, and barium studies in two. The reason for evaluation was abdominal pain in 78% (11/14), whereas in the remainder (3/14) were incidental. IS was the initial manifestation of celiac disease in 57% (8/14). Two patients were found to have lead-point intussusceptions and both had small-bowel adenocarcinoma, and 10/14 had severe villous atrophy (subtotal or total). Among those with established celiac disease, IS was detected early, within 3 years of diagnosis. Follow-up was available for 11 patients, 9 of who adhered strictly to a gluten-free diet, and six had no recurrence. Among all the patients diagnosed with IS on radiologic studies at our institution, 45 were considered to have idiopathic IS. Only two of these patients had evaluation for celiac disease. Conclusion IS occurs in celiac disease. It may be the initial presentation and is associated with abdominal pain. Adenocarcinoma needs to be excluded. The majority of patients do not have recurrent symptoms after adherence to a gluten-free diet. Celiac disease should be considered more frequently when IS is encountered.
Prostanoids in health and disease

The prostanoids are a family of lipid mediators generated by the action of cyclooxygenase on a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. Prostanoids are generated widely in response to diverse stimuli and, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner, play important roles in normal physiology and disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge on prostanoid generation and the roles of individual mediators, their biosynthetic pathways, and their receptors in health and disease.
Role of iron centers in the photorefractive effect in barium titanate

Variably valent iron impurities have been suggested as the source of photorefractive charge carriers in BaTiO3. High-purity BaTiO3 crystals were grown with transition-metal impurity levels below the 1016 cm−3 baseline estimated for photorefractivity. Iron-doped crystals were grown with concentrations of 5, 50, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 parts in 106 of iron. Changes in iron valence monitored by optical absorption in the PO2 range 1–10−4 atm were found to be consistent with a defect-chemical model indicating Fe3+ and Fe4+ to be the stable valence states in this range. Photorefractive characterization of high-purity BaTiO3 suggests that variably valent iron ions are not the dominant photorefractive species in these crystals, whereas the role of iron centers in doped crystals is complicated by large absorption losses.
Formation of Supramolecular Polymers from Homoditopic Molecules Containing Secondary Ammonium Ions and Crown Ether Moieties

As if with a molecular building kit, a linear supramolecular pseudorotaxane polymer was formed with reversible chain extension in solution by self-organization of two complimentary homoditopic molecules with secondary ammonium and dibenzo[24]crown-8 moieties.
Evolutionary Inferences from Phylogenies: A Review of Methods

There are many methods for making evolutionary inferences from phylogenetic trees. Many of these can be divided into three main classes of models: continuous-time Markov chain models with finite state space (CTMC-FSS), multivariate normal models, and birth-death models. Numerous approaches are just restrictions of more general models to focus on particular questions or kinds of data. Methods can be further modified with the addition of tree-stretching algorithms. The recent realization of the effect of correlated trait evolution with diversification rates represents an important advance that is slowly revolutionizing the field. Increased attention to model adequacy may lead to future methodological improvements.
Specificity of problem-solving skills training in mothers of children newly diagnosed with cancer: a commentary on the Bright IDEAS program

The diagnosis of cancer in a child is an acutely stressful event for both the child and their parents, and severely challenges the coping skills of the family unit (1). Evidence indicates that parents of a child with cancer are at risk of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms, as well as a poorer quality of life (1-3). Poor coping among parents at this time can impact not only the adaptation of the child with cancer, but also their siblings. Evidence suggests that parental stress may jeopardize parents’ capacity to provide the ‘secure base’ that is needed to buffer their children against the stress of the cancer treatment period (4,5). Left unaddressed, such parental distress can lead to both greater distress in the child with cancer (6), healthy siblings (7,8), and ongoing negative parent-child interactions even once their child’s cure has been achieved (9-11).
The 2013 Census Test: Piloting Methods to Reduce 2020 Census Costs

The U.S. Census Bureau spent nearly $1.6 billion obtaining information from households that did not self-respond to the 2010 Census. This paper discusses the 2013 Census Test, a study of 2,077 sample addresses in metropolitan Philadelphia that piloted the feasibility of three potential cost-saving methods to collect information from non-responding housing units. These methods included 1) using administrative records to determine housing unit occupancy status and enumerate occupied households, 2) using an adaptive approach to manage in-person contact attempts, and 3) attempting telephone contacts prior to in-person visits. Results showed we could implement new procedures in the field, although in-person interviewer compliance and the lack of telephone call productivity surfaced as issues. Findings will help the Census Bureau move towards decisions on how to conduct a 2020 Census with reduced cost and high quality data.
Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Ratites

This article discusses infectious and parasitic disease conditions in the three ratite species. Diseases and parasitic conditions are reviewed in relation to etiology, transmission, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. To ensure optimum reproduction and growth of birds on large production units, a veterinarian must understand management in relation to biosecurity and disease problems.
Distinct Roles for CdtA and CdtC during Intoxication by Cytolethal Distending Toxins

Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are heterotrimeric protein exotoxins produced by a diverse array of Gram-negative pathogens. The enzymatic subunit, CdtB, possesses DNase and phosphatidylinositol 3-4-5 trisphosphate phosphatase activities that induce host cell cycle arrest, cellular distension and apoptosis. To exert cyclomodulatory and cytotoxic effects CDTs must be taken up from the host cell surface and transported intracellularly in a manner that ultimately results in localization of CdtB to the nucleus. However, the molecular details and mechanism by which CDTs bind to host cells and exploit existing uptake and transport pathways to gain access to the nucleus are poorly understood. Here, we report that CdtA and CdtC subunits of CDTs derived from Haemophilus ducreyi (Hd-CDT) and enteropathogenic E. coli (Ec-CDT) are independently sufficient to support intoxication by their respective CdtB subunits. CdtA supported CdtB-mediated killing of T-cells and epithelial cells that was nearly as efficient as that observed with holotoxin. In contrast, the efficiency by which CdtC supported intoxication was dependent on the source of the toxin as well as the target cell type. Further, CdtC was found to alter the subcellular trafficking of Ec-CDT as determined by sensitivity to EGA, an inhibitor of endosomal trafficking, colocalization with markers of early and late endosomes, and the kinetics of DNA damage response. Finally, host cellular cholesterol was found to influence sensitivity to intoxication mediated by Ec-CdtA, revealing a role for cholesterol or cholesterol-rich membrane domains in intoxication mediated by this subunit. In summary, data presented here support a model in which CdtA and CdtC each bind distinct receptors on host cell surfaces that direct alternate intracellular uptake and/or trafficking pathways.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS FOR GENDER EFFECTS IN A PRINCIPAL-AGENT GAME

We examine data from a laboratory test in which pairs of subjects are given the task of negotiating a wage-labor agreement. We find limited evidence for gender differences in the content of wage agreements and differences in trusting behavior.
On Trans-Saharan Trails: Trans-Saharan Trade in the Longue Durée

West Africa has well established and highly organized external commercial links across the desert and the ocean. These highways, though slow and hazardous, connected the region to the international economy centuries before the industrial revolution enabled the major European powers to increase their penetration … Anthony G. Hopkins It is more profitable and more advantageous [for the trader] … to export his products to a distant land and take a dangerous route. In this way, the distance and the risk incurred will give a rare quality to his merchandise, and thereby increase its value. … This is why the wealthiest and most prosperous merchants are those who dare to go to the Sudan. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Khaldūn In the fifteenth century, before the arrival of Portuguese caravels on the western shores of Africa, caravans circulated between Timbuktu, the famed city of present-day Mali, and the markets of the northern desert edge. They transported primarily gold, ivory, tanned leather, and enslaved Africans, which were exchanged for copper, cowries, salt, and other goods. One such northern market was the burg of Tamentit, located in the oasis of Tuwāt, considered then the “Gateway to the Bilād al-Sudān.” When the Genoese merchant Antonius Malfante sojourned there in 1447, he explained in a letter to his Italian associate that his host and main informant, who presumably was a Muslim, was a retired trans-Saharan merchant. He had resided in Timbuktu for thirty years before eventually returning home, leaving his brother there to trade in his place.
Strict coherence of conditional rewriting modulo axioms

Conditional rewriting modulo axioms with rich types makes specifications and declarative programs very expressive and succinct and is used in all well-known rule-based languages. However, the current foundations of rewriting modulo axioms have focused for the most part on the unconditional and untyped case. The main purpose of this work is to generalize the foundations of rewriting modulo axioms to the conditional order-sorted case. A related goal is to simplify such foundations. In particular, even in the unconditional case, the notion of strict coherence proposed here makes rewriting modulo axioms simpler and easier to understand. Properties of strictly coherent conditional theories, like operational equi-termination of the R/B and R,B relations and general conditions for the conditional ChurchRosser property modulo B are also studied.
Repressing Protest: Threat and Weakness in the European Context, 1975-1989

*† Research on state repression of protest focuses on two key factors: threat and weakness. States repress protest events when they threaten state authorities and social norms (threat), when they lack organizational strength and political voice (weakness), or when they do both. I test these competing explanations in the context of Western European protests from 1975 to 1989. This analysis goes beyond previous research by exploring the effect of threat and weakness in multiple domestic contexts. The findings suggest that threat is the most powerful explanation of repression, whereas weakness only occasionally predicts repression and depends on country-specific contexts. The importance of the findings lie in their ability to emphasize (1) the universality of situational threat to police “on-the-ground” over theories that view a calculating state “up-above,” and (2) the seemingly unified perception (in advanced democracies) of protest as an increasingly legitimate form of political participation that does not beget repression. For affluent democracies, the dawn of the 1960s witnessed a marked expansion in the forms of political participation engaged in by citizens. The proliferation of protest events as a means of gaining political voice, and the incidents of state repression in response to those protests, culminated in a popular sentiment of heightened antagonism towards state authorities. Sentiments lamenting the frequency of police brutality were conveyed in both the songs of artists like John Lennon and in the militant activism of movement leaders like Huey Newton. In Europe, an extreme example of these sentiments came from the German punk band, Slime. This musical group produced a series of state-censored songs, including “Bullenschweine” (Police Swine) and “Polizei SS/SA,” which called for violence against police officers—state forces who they likened to fascist elements of Nazi Germany. Understandably, this onset of state repression of protest events within consolidated democracies also raised important questions for scholars of social movements: When do state authorities find it advantageous or necessary to repress a protest event? Why do they repress some protests and not others? Do the same conditions for repression hold in various states? The answers to these questions are theoretically and practically important for the study of politics and society. Understanding how state authorities respond to protest events illuminates the state’s incentives. If patterns of repression exist, it may suggest that protest organizers can and do plan their tactics accordingly. Most importantly, understanding how state authorities respond to protest events offers important insight into whether societies and states view protest as a legitimate mechanism for political participation. This study is fundamentally concerned with why state authorities take overt police action in response to protest. It builds upon new sociological research on state repression that addresses the above questions using quantitative analysis. Following the pioneering efforts of
Immunological Reactions of Elementary Bodies and of Virus Free Filtrates from Myxoma Infected Chick Membranes with Hyper-Immune Rabbit Serum

The association of minute coccoid bodies with a virus was first noted in 1906 by Paschen' in vaccinia. This was confirmed later by Ledingham and Eagle,2,3 Caraigie4 and Parker and Rivers.' The virus and the elementary bodies were found in suspensions of the rabbit dermal pulp and in filtrates from the pulp of vaccinal lesions.2,3,4 Ledingham2 and Parker and Rivers5 demonstrated that serum from animals immunized with vaccinia virus agglutinated vaccinia elementary bodies. The latter workers also found in the serum of animals suffering from infections with vaccinia virus and in the virus free filtrates of dermal pulp of vaccinated animals a soluble antigenic substance which gave precipitins with hyperimmune serum. Smadel and Wall' prepared highly infectious suspensions of vaccinia elementary bodies from infected chorio-allantoic membranes of developing chick embryos which agglutinated with specific hyperimmune serum. The soluble antigen characteristic of vaccinia was also found in virus free filtrates from infected membranes.
Small Satellite Platforms for Lasercom and LIDAR Demonstrations and Applications

Small inexpensive satellite platforms offer opportunities for pathfinder experiments, space qualification of components, and enhancement of larger assets. Upcoming CubeSat experiments are slated to demonstrate > 100 Mbps optical communications from LEO-to-ground and single-photon counting HgCdTe detector technology. Article not available.
The Requirements of the Signal Processing in Airborne Jamming System

The airborne jamming system has the special working platform and limited resource.In order to jamming quickly and efficiently,the signal processing should offer the required results.Some requirements are presented such as classifying and parallel processing referred to the information of the radars data from outfield collection.
An evaluation of factors influencing the discriminative effectiveness of a group of liver function tests. III. Relative effectiveness of hepatic tests in cirrhosis.

Summary An evaluation has been made of the relative effectiveness of nine representative liver function tests in differentiating between a group of patients with cirrhosis and a group of normal subjects. The Bromsulfalein test was the most effective single test. The intravenous galactose tolerance and hippuric acid tests were approximately three-fourths as effective as the Bromsulfalein test; the zinc sulfate turbidity, 24-hour urine coproporphyrin, and per cent cholesterol ester tests were approximately three-fifths as effective; and the 24-hour urine urobilinogen, thymol turbidity, and total serum bilirubin tests were approximately two-fifths as effective. After allowing for interdependence among the tests, only four tests—the Bromsulfalein, zinc turbidity, hippuric acid, and urine coproporphyrin—were found to contribute independently to the discrimination between the normal and cirrhotic groups. The other five tests made little contribution beyond that already represented in the four independently significant tests. A weighted linear combination of these four tests, called the cirrhosis abnormality score, was significantly, though not greatly, more effective than the Bromsulfalein test alone for purposes of group distinction. It also misclassified fewer abnormal individuals. The independent contribution of the Bromsulfalein test to the optimal combination was one and one-half times that of the coproporphyrin test and two and one-half times that of the zinc turbidity and hippuric acid tests.
Unsaturated and Transient Seepage Analysis of San Luis Dam

AbstractThis paper uses the San Luis Dam upstream slide to evaluate the pore-water pressures at failure and progression of the phreatic surface through the fine-grained core for drawdown stability analyses. The hydraulic conductivity and compressibility parameters of saturated and unsaturated soils are calibrated using the reservoir hydrograph and 13 piezometers in order to evaluate the pore-water pressures at failure. The analyses show unsaturated and transient seepage analyses can be used to estimate pore-water pressures during drawdown for various stability analyses and evaluate the progression of the phreatic surface through the fine-grained core. The transient results also indicate the van Genuchten parameter α significantly influences unsaturated soil response during drawdown. Different meshing techniques can produce consistent moisture content profiles in two different seepage software packages, but in situ measurement of moisture content and suction pressure is recommended to develop an unsaturate...
The aging skeleton. Osteoporosis and degenerative arthritis.

Osteoporosis of the bones and degenerative arthritis of the joints can detract from quality of life. Although these diseases cannot be cured, they can frequently be treated sufficiently to allow the patient a more satisfactory life.
Predicting prices in the Power TAC wholesale energy market

The Power TAC simulation emphasizes the strategic problems that broker agents face in managing the economics of a smart grid. The brokers must make trades in multiple markets and to be successful, brokers must make many good predictions about future supply, demand, and prices. Clearing price prediction is an important part of the broker's wholesale market strategy because it helps the broker to make intelligent decisions when purchasing energy at low cost in a day-ahead market. I describe my work on using machine learning methods to predict prices in the Power TAC wholesale market, which will be used in future bidding strategies.
Framework for rapid prototyping of distributed IoT applications powered by WebRTC

We argue that the future of Internet of Things (IoT) systems, especially when it comes to privacy and security, lies in distributed IoT applications. Distributed IoT applications implement a model we call "computation follows data". In this model, application modules are deployed directly on IoT devices that produce sensitive data. Developing such applications is, however, not easy. Based on our own experience, we identify the lack of a rapid prototyping and development environment as the biggest challenge in the development process. In this paper, we describe a framework that aims to help simplify the process. The framework provides a web-based user interface with interactive virtual IO ports and a runtime environment for IoT device emulation. We also describe a network architecture with support for WebRTC-based direct device-to-device connections. The network architecture allows experimentation with an entire network of IoT devices, both emulated and physical.
The Internet and the virtual architecture library

The Internet affords the librarian many opportunities to enhance reference services. Online reference tools such as library catalogs, specialized indexes, directories, dictionaries, etc. provide access to bibliographic information, organizational information, and information about the net itself. In addition to the information resources available on the net, its communications power facilitates exchange of information and efficient use of expertise. Although finding specific information on the net can sometimes be a problem, due to the quantity of data and the net’s rapid expansion, search tools are being developed to mine the riches of the Internet. (This article is based on a paper presented at the 22nd annual ARLIS/NA Conference at Providence, Rhode Island, 15th February 1994).
Mega-Regional Trade Agreements and the Future of the WTO

Major economies such as the United States, European Union, Japan, and even China have shifted trade negotiating emphasis toward ‘mega-regional’ agreements, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This paper explores why countries have chosen to pursue mega-regionals, what is likely to be contained in the agreements, and some of their potential implications for the multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization (WTO). I call for revisiting the historical approach of introducing plurilateral and critical mass agreements – that would cover some of the mega-regionals’ new provisions – into the WTO so as to avoid a more substantial, long-run erosion of the relevance of the nondiscriminatory system. I also highlight potential reforms to the WTO's dispute settlement procedure that are required to strengthen its already prominent role.
Delinquency and Age-at-Offense

This chapter concerns the age at which the offenses in the two cohorts were committed. Thus, these data are akin to the age-specific arrest rates published in the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports. As such, these data represent the distribution of offenses by age for the complete juvenile career, and although our research is longitudinal, the present data are generally comparable to other police-based age-at-offense data, whether cross-sectional or longitudinal.
Prescription Paternalism: The Morality of Restricting Access to Pharmaceuticals

Many pharmaceuticals are available to patients only with a physician’s prescription. Although it is often not recognized as such, this is a classic example of paternalism in public policy. Pharmaceuticals are often perceived as carrying dangerous side effects. Access is restricted to protect patients from their own bad decisions. This chapter explores the moral justification for such paternalism and finds it wanting. It raises the question of whether there is adequate justification for this restriction (given that alcohol, tobacco, and guns are generally available on more or less libertarian grounds). Consistency requires that pharmaceuticals posing dangers primarily to the individual be available to competent consumers and that even moderate risks to third parties be tolerated. The chapter begins by arguing that all drug usage involves evaluative judgments about the relative benefits and harms of the agents and that physicians must make value judgments in deciding whether to prescribe.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection of the human body. It has been estimated that there are as many as 8 million visits a year to physicians’ offices for treatment of the symptoms of UTI and more than 100 000 hospital admissions for serious infections (US Department of Health and Human Services 1990). In addition, the urinary tract is usually the most common source of bacteremia in hospitals and nursing homes. The presence of bacteria in urine (bacteriuria) alone is not necessarily indicative of a UTI; significant bacterial counts (> 105 cfu/ml) and pyuria are the classic signs of UTI. Infections can range from mild, asymptomatic episodes of bladder infection (cystitis) to more severe, life-threatening complications of the kidney, such as acute pyelonephritis.
Predicting Species-Resolved Macronutrient Acquisition during Succession in a Model Phototrophic Biofilm Using an Integrated ‘Omics Approach

The principles governing acquisition and interspecies exchange of nutrients in microbial communities and how those exchanges impact community productivity are poorly understood. Here, we examine energy and macronutrient acquisition in unicyanobacterial consortia for which species-resolved genome information exists for all members, allowing us to use multi-omic approaches to predict species’ abilities to acquire resources and examine expression of resource-acquisition genes during succession. Metabolic reconstruction indicated that a majority of heterotrophic community members lacked the genes required to directly acquire the inorganic nutrients provided in culture medium, suggesting high metabolic interdependency. The sole primary producer in consortium UCC-O, cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. OSCR, displayed declining expression of energy harvest, carbon fixation, and nitrate and sulfate reduction proteins but sharply increasing phosphate transporter expression over 28 days. Most heterotrophic members likewise exhibited signs of phosphorus starvation during succession. Though similar in their responses to phosphorus limitation, heterotrophs displayed species-specific expression of nitrogen acquisition genes. These results suggest niche partitioning around nitrogen sources may structure the community when organisms directly compete for limited phosphate. Such niche complementarity around nitrogen sources may increase community diversity and productivity in phosphate-limited phototrophic communities.
Nonlinear processing of a multicomponent communication signal by combination-sensitive neurons in the anuran inferior colliculus.

Diverse animals communicate using multicomponent signals. How a receiver's central nervous system integrates multiple signal components remains largely unknown. We investigated how female green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) integrate the multiple spectral components present in male advertisement calls. Typical calls have a bimodal spectrum consisting of formant-like low-frequency (~0.9 kHz) and high-frequency (~2.7 kHz) components that are transduced by different sensory organs in the inner ear. In behavioral experiments, only bimodal calls reliably elicited phonotaxis in no-choice tests, and they were selectively chosen over unimodal calls in two-alternative choice tests. Single neurons in the inferior colliculus of awake, passively listening subjects were classified as combination-insensitive units (27.9%) or combination-sensitive units (72.1%) based on patterns of relative responses to the same bimodal and unimodal calls. Combination-insensitive units responded similarly to the bimodal call and one or both unimodal calls. In contrast, combination-sensitive units exhibited both linear responses (i.e., linear summation) and, more commonly, nonlinear responses (e.g., facilitation, compressive summation, or suppression) to the spectral combination in the bimodal call. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that nonlinearities play potentially critical roles in spectral integration and in the neural processing of multicomponent communication signals.
Precipitates and voids in cubic silicon carbide implanted with 25Mg+ ions

Abstract Single crystal cubic phase silicon carbide (3C-SiC) films on Si were implanted to 9.6 × 1016 25Mg+/cm2 at 673 K and annealed at 1073 and 1573 K for 2, 6, and 12 h in an Ar environment. The data from scanning transmission election microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping suggest a possible formation of unidirectionally aligned tetrahedral precipitates of core (MgC2)-shell (Mg2Si) in the implanted sample annealed at 1573 K for 12 h. There are also small spherical voids near the surface and larger faceted voids around the region of maximum vacancy concentration. Atom probe tomography confirms 25Mg segregation dominated by small atomic clusters with local 25Mg concentrations up to 85 at.%. The resulting precipitate size and number density are found to decrease and increase, respectively, probably as a result of the thermal annealing that decomposes the 25Mg-bearing precipitates at the elevated temperatures and subsequent nucleation and growth below 1073 K during the cooling stage. The results from this study provide data needed to fully understand the property degradation of SiC in a high-flux fast neutron environment.
Cross-Subsidization of Teacher Pension Costs: The Case of California

The value of pension benefits varies widely, by a teacher's age of entry and exit. This variation is masked by the uniform rate of annual contributions, as a percent of pay, to fund benefits for al...
Starting Is Half

A Korean proverb, capturing the wisdom of the ages, translates literally into English as “starting is half” (1). In a great journey, the first step is often the most difficult. In a major enterprise, just getting underway may take a tremendous effort. In physics, an object that is stationary is distinctly different from another object that is moving, irrespective of velocity or direction. In laboratory medicine, major improvements generally trace their roots to small beginnings. In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Aarsand and colleagues, on behalf of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Working Group on Biological Variation and the Task and Finish Group for the Biological Variation Database, present a standard for the critical appraisal of biological variation (BV) studies and publications, the Biological Variation Data Critical Appraisal Checklist (BIVAC), introducing a new phase in the study of BV (2). Interest in BV goes back many decades. BV estimates are used primarily to set analytical performance specifications and to identify clinically significant changes in consecutive test results from an individual, but they may also be used to assess the usefulness of population-based reference intervals, determine optimal specimen type for a particular measurand, select the best test among alternatives, select the most informative units for expressing results, determine the number of analyses needed to establish an individual's homeostatic set point, and discover optimal conditions for specimen collection in circumstances of positional, diurnal, seasonal, or other patterned variation (3, 4, 5, 6). BV estimates have been published for a …
Adolescents' Daily Romantic Experiences and Negative Mood: A Dyadic, Intensive Longitudinal Study.

Romantic relationships, although increasingly normative during adolescence, also present unique developmental challenges that can portend psychological difficulties. Underlying these difficulties may be the degree to which daily romantic transactions potentiate fluctuations in negative mood. The present study examined associations between adolescents’ daily romantic relationship experiences and their same-day negative affective states (i.e., fluctuations in high-arousal, aversive mood). Using a dyadic ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design, this study followed an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 98 adolescent romantic couples twice weekly for 12 weeks (n = 196 individuals; Mage = 16.74 years, SD = 0.90; 45% Latina/o, 45% White; 55% receiving free or reduced meals). The results indicated that various daily romantic experiences (e.g., conflict, feelings about the relationship) predicted greater same-day negative affect. Beyond the effects of these romantic experiences, adolescent couples were also synchronized in their fluctuating negative affective states, evidencing the presence of emotional contagion. Overall, the findings indicate the salience of romantic relationships in the everyday lives of adolescents.
Green leafy vegetables in diets with a 25:1 omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio modify the erythrocyte fatty acid profile of spontaneously hypertensive rats

In addition to the actual composition of the diet (i.e. nutrient composition, food groups), the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio has been demonstrated to influence the tissue fatty acid profile and subsequently the risk for cardiovascular and other diseases. Likewise, the consumption of green leafy vegetables (GLVs) may favorably reduce the risks associated with disease. Although an ~ 3:1 omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio (ω-6/ω-3 FAR) is recommended, the typical American diet has an ~ 25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR. Previous research affirms the ability of collard greens (CG), purslane (PL), and sweet potato greens (SPG) to improve the hepatic profile of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of GLVs, incorporated (4%) into diets with a 25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR, on the erythrocyte fatty acid profile of male SHRs. SHRs (N = 50) were randomly assigned to one of five dietary groups – standardized control (AIN-76A), Control (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR), CG (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR + 4% CG), PL (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR + 4% PL) or SPG (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR + 4% SPG). Following 6 weeks consumption of diets, SHRs erythrocyte fatty acid profiles were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Significantly lower percentages of total saturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) and greater percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids were present among SHR erythrocytes following the consumption of diets containing CG, PL and SPG. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were greatest among SHRs consuming diets containing purslane. The present study demonstrates the ability of GLVs to mitigate the potential effects of an elevated ω-6/ω-3 FAR, which may contribute to an atherogenic fatty acid profile, inflammation and disease pathogenesis. Dietary recommendations for disease prevention should consider the inclusion of these GLVs, particularly among those consuming diets with an ω-6/ω-3 FAR that may promote disease.
1999 International Student Paper Award Winner: Evaluation and Application of a Project Charter Template to Improve the Project Planning Process:

Innovation and project management formation are best accomplished in the early stage of a project. The project charter is important to the success of a project, transforming agreements and facts in...
The future of public undergraduate education in California

In 1960, the California Master Plan for Higher Education set a goal of providing access to every Californian who could benefit from it. As a result of the commitment, California has developed one of the largest most successful public postsecondary education sectors in the nation. State fiscal constraints have combined with exploding population growth, however, to call the state's ability to sustain that goal into question. Several studies have looked at this issue, including two reviews by the State Legislature. This report examines the state's prospects for meeting the goal of the master plan in the context of its future demographic and fiscal environment. The research uses a dynamic simulation model to estimate the target level of education envisioned in the master plan and the levels likely to be attained under a range of scenarios. It finds that the state will not be able to meet nearly half of the target-level demand overall. The study also finds that the prospects of closing this gap through increased revenues, increased fees, and increased productivity are not feasible. It concludes that the state must take two actions: (1) it must reevaluate the access goals of the master plan and focus on ways to maximize the return on its education investment; and (2) the three public systems should focus their resources on restructuring the way in which they deliver the education product to maximize the ability of the state to serve as many citizens as possible.
YOUTH CULTURE AND POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

This chapter presents youth culture and political socialization. Youth culture refers to a subculture of the larger society in which young people are the primary members. Regulatory norms, values, and attitudes of the subculture are perceived as being different from those of the larger society, and particularly from those held by members of older generations. Differences between youth culture and the rest of the culture may be because of the differences in age, or to historical contexts in which childhood and adolescent socialization took place. One major obstacle to explaining youth culture is the distinction among age effects, cohort effects, and period effects. Age effects are psychological and behavioral differences among people because of age differences. Cohort effects are differences that can be traced to different experiences by virtue of being born at different historical times. Period effects concern differences because of the events occurring at the data are collected.
Syntactic Models for Image Analysis

Syntactic approach to image analysis is introduced. Problems of primitive selection, image grammars and structure analysis are briefly reviewed. The use of high dimensional languages for image description is described. Analysis of noisy and distorted image patterns using stochastic languages and error-correcting parsing is discussed. Shape and texture analysis using syntactic methods are presented. Relationship between syntactic image analysis and image database management is suggested.
A 'Snakes and Ladders' Theory of Political Ambition: The Implications of Pursuing a Political Career Without Reelection

Previous research on political ambition has largely focused on the behavioral implications of static ambition or progressive ambition. However, in some cases, reelection to the same office is not possible, nor do all political actors pursue higher office. I develop a novel theory of political ambition for contexts without reelection to explain non-linear career trajectories. Several implications of the theory are tested using data on the career paths and behavior of Mexican federal deputies to explain where deputies seek future office. The results suggest less-experienced deputies seek lower office while more experienced deputies aim for higher office. Electoral rules, candidate selection mechanisms and patronage also constrain where federal deputies seek future office. Finally, federal deputies act strategically while in office to obtain particular types of future office. Deputies who seek future sub-national office engage in more pork-barreling while deputies who seek future legislative office sponsor more bills.