cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new Pennsylvanian pollen organ from northwestern Missouri with affinities in the Lyginopteridales

Abstract An Upper Pennsylvanian locality (Bonner Springs Shale, Kansas City Group, Middle Missourian) in western Missouri contains a diverse and well-preserved fossil assemblage of both plants and arthropods. The plants are preserved as impressions and compressions, and include fertile and vegetative remains of various sphenopsids, lycopsids, ferns, seed ferns, cordaites and conifers. The discovery of a branching system with lyginopterid pollen organs, Parkvillia northcuttii , demonstrates that this group of Paleozoic seed ferns was more diverse and complex than previously known. The fertile structure is characterized by multiple levels of branching with the penultimate branches alternately arranged; ultimate rachises bearing 6–10 alternately arranged, slightly flattened, shield-shaped synangia. Synangia are approximately 5 mm in diameter and each consists of a cap with up to 18 sporangia attached to the abaxial surface. The radial and trilete pollen is ornamented by grana and coni. Also in the assemblage are small radially symmetrical ovules and sphenopterid foliage, suggesting that this assemblage contains multiple lyginopterid taxa. The orientation of sporangia and features of the synangia, together with the three-dimensional branching, indicate a morphological pattern that has not been recognized within the Lyginopteridaceae.
P. Oxy. X 1235, Lachares ‘The Tyrant’, and Menander's Imbrioi

This talk will focus on the reading and historical implications of some lines from P. Oxy. X 1235, a fragmentary didascalic notice to Menander’s Imbrioi that mentions Lachares the Tyrant in the context of the Dionysia of 302/1 BCE. The widespread interpretation that this fragment says that the Dionysia were cancelled that year (or ever) because of Lachares’ tyranny will be seen as the product of a sloppy interpretation; rather the fragment only implies that Lachares blocked Menander’s Imbrioi from appearing at the Dionysia of 302/1 BCE, an assertion that is plausible. The lines in question (105-112) read:ταύτην [ἔγρα]- ψeν ἐπὶ Νικοκλέο[υς - - -]- την καὶ ἑβδομηκοστ[ὴν κἀξ]- έδωκeν eἰς ἐργασίαν [eἰς] Διονύσια, οὐκ ἐγένeτο δ[ὲ διὰ] Λαχάρην τὸν τύραννο[ν· eἶ]- τα ὑπeκρίνeτο Κάλ[λιπ]- πος Ἀθηναῖος. This [comedy the Imbrioi] he [Menander] wrotein the archonship of Nikokles (302/1 BCE),his seventy-[? and he]issued it for production [at the]Dionysia, but it didn’t air [because of]Lachares “The Tyran[t”; later]Kallippos the Athenian waslead actor.Ever since Hunt published this fragmentary papyrus in 1914, it has been claimed that its evidence is uncomfortably incongruous because Lachares could not have been tyrant as early as 302/1 BCE (cf. O’Sullivan, GRBS 49, 2009, 53-79). While it is true that Lachares could not have been tyrant as early as Nikokles’ archonship in 302/1, it will be argued that within this papyrus the words τὸν τύραννο[ν] are functioning as a proleptic epithet and thus do not mean that Lachares was tyrant when he interfered with the production of Imbrioi (restorations in lines 110-111 of the participial forms τυραννή-[σαν]|τα by Gronewald, ZPE 93, 1992, 20-21, and τυραννe[ύον]|τα by Luppe, ZPE 96, 1993, 9-10, will also be rejected). Furthermore, it has been assumed that this papyrus states that the tyranny of Lachares was responsible for the cancellation of the City Dionysia, which led to the cancellation of the Imbrioi (there is considerable body of literature about the date of when the Dionysia were cancelled by Lachares’ tyranny based upon this papyrus; most place this imagined event in the spring of 295 when Demetrios Poliorketes ousted Lachares from Athens – see for example Thonemann, Oriens et Occidens 11, 2005, 63-86). But the papyrus does not say that Lachares blocked the Dionysia, rather it implies he blocked only the Imbrioi (i.e., the grammatical subject of οὐκ ἐγένeτο in line 109 are not the Διονύσια, but the understood referent of the ταύτην in line 105, i.e. the κωμῳδία Imbrioi). While we know precious little about Lachares’ career, Pausanias (1.25.7) informs us he was involved in politics as an ardent member of the democrats before he became Kassander’s new strong man in Athens (ca. 298/7?). We also know that in 307/6 Menander was prosecuted by the democrats upon Demetrios of Phaleron’s ouster from Athens (Diog. Laert. 5.79), so it is entirely plausible that in 302/1 Lachares, as a member of the Stratoklean wing of the democratic party, successfully censured Menander.
A new species of Goniozus Foerster 1851 from southern Africa parasitizing sugar cane borer, Elcana saccharina Walker, and taxonomic notes on species of the genus in Africa (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Goniozus natalensis sp. nov. is descriptionbed from material taken in the Republic of South Africa (Natal). The bethylid is a primary external parasite of the sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina Walker on Cyperus papyrus Linnaeus. Taxonomic affinities of the new species are discussed and African species currently assigned to Goniozus are considered.
Sensitivity Analysis of the OSIRIS-REx Terminator Orbits to Maneuver Errors

OSIRIS-REx is NASA’s asteroid sample return mission that was launched in September of the year 2016 to Asteroid (101955) Bennu. The nominal orbit that is considered for large parts of the science p...
Direct and Indirect Effects of Identity on Party Identification

This last chapter presents a more complete model of Latino partisanship that includes issue positions. In this chapter, the author models partisanship as the outcome of issue attitudes as well as social identities. Social identities are proposed as the drivers of both political attitudes and partisanship. The models estimated show that Latino social identities are good predictors of strong predictors of economic, social, and immigration issue preferences. These, in turn, have an effect on Latino partisanship. This chapter shows that Latino identity impacts partisanship—both directly and indirectly—through issue preferences.
Back to the Shire – At Journey’s End

At the start of this book, we talked about the importance of teacher research and the value that practitioners have in bringing their knowledge into the realm of scholarship. Anderson and Herr (2010) speak to the importance of practitioner research occurring in a micro- and macro-level context; its’ own set of rigorous criteria; and the presence of multiple approaches.
Lateral position control for a tractor-trailer system using coordinate transformation and hybrid controllers

In this paper, the authors present trailer lateral position control for a tractor-trailer system using a kinematic model with control delay. A coordinate transformation strategy is proposed to reduce the tracking error at the intersections of reference paths that have different curvatures. State feedback approach is used as the primary controller. To move the trailer towards the desired path when the lateral position error is large, another control law based on tractor heading angle and yaw rate is used instead. Simulation results show that the proposed hybrid control system is able to stably track lines and curves even for very large initial errors.
Behavior Modification: Some Cultural Factors

Some precautions when applying behavior modification programs with culturally unique populations, specifically American Indian children, are identified. The practitioner must apply contingencies which are not reflections of his own cultural values.
Trauma to the bladder and ureter: a review of diagnosis, management, and prognosis.

Injuries to the ureter or bladder are relatively rare. Therefore, a high level of clinical suspicion and knowledge of operative anatomy is of utmost importance for their management. Herein, a review of the literature related to the modern diagnosis, management, and prognosis for bladder and ureteral injuries is presented. A literature search was conducted through PubMed. A thorough search of the world’s literature published in English was completed. Search terms included “injury, diagnosis, prognosis, and management for ureter and bladder”. All years, both genders, as well as penetrating, blunt, and iatrogenic mechanisms were evaluated for inclusion. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies were selected based on relevance and then categorized. 172 potentially relevant studies were identified. Given our focus on modern diagnosis and treatment, we then narrowed the studies in each category to those published within the last 30 years, resulting in a total of 26 studies largely consisting of Level IV retrospective case series. Our review found that bladder ruptures occur from penetrating, blunt, or iatrogenic mechanisms, and most are extraperitoneal (63%). Ureteral injuries are incurred from penetrating mechanisms in 77% of cases. The overall mortality rates for bladder rupture and ureteral injury were 8 and 7%, respectively. Limitations of this article are similar to all PRISMA-guided review articles: the dependence on previously published research and availability of references. The bladder is injured far more often than the ureter but ureteral injuries have higher injury severity. Both of these organs can be damaged by penetrating, blunt, or iatrogenic mechanisms and surgical intervention is often required for severe ureter or bladder injuries. Since symptoms of these injuries may not always be apparent, a high level of suspicion is required for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
Palliative Care Planner: A Pilot Study to Evaluate Acceptability and Usability of an Electronic Health Records System-integrated, Needs-targeted App Platform.

Rationale: The quality and patient-centeredness of intensive care unit (ICU)-based palliative care delivery is highly variable.Objective: To develop and pilot an app platform for clinicians and ICU patients and their family members that enhances the delivery of needs-targeted palliative care.Methods: In the development phase of the study, we developed an electronic health record (EHR) system-integrated mobile web app system prototype, PCplanner (Palliative Care Planner). PCplanner screens the EHR for ICU patients meeting any of five prompts (triggers) for palliative care consultation, allows families to report their unmet palliative care needs, and alerts clinicians to these needs. The evaluation phase included a prospective before/after study conducted at a large academic medical center. Two control populations were enrolled in the before period to serve as context for the intervention. First, 25 ICU patients who received palliative care consults served as patient-level controls. Second, 49 family member...
Carcinosarcoma of the oesophagus – a rare mixed type of tumor

Oesophageal carcinosarcoma is a rare type of oesophageal cancer composed of both squamous cells and sarcomatous cells. We report a case of a 71 year old man presenting with dysphagia and weight loss. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a bulky mass with a preliminary diagnosis of only oesophageal carcinoma, and the oesophageal mass was resected with a transhiatal oesophagectomy. On surgical pathology, it was discovered that the tumor had both squamous cell and sarcomatous cell components, and the final diagnosis was changed to oesophageal carcinosarcoma. We discuss the presentation, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this unique entity.
Student-to-student confirmation in the college classroom: the development and validation of the Student-to-Student Confirmation Scale

ABSTRACTThree studies were conducted to generate a valid and reliable instrument to measure student-to-student confirmation. Study One (N = 396) sought to establish a factor structure based on prev...
Coping and Health

This chapter addresses the topic of coping and health. Several extensive literatures have built up around the ways in which these two concepts intersect. Given this wealth of information, this chapter is limited to serving as an introduction to some of the ideas and themes of this topic rather than being a comprehensive review. The chapter is organized along the logical flow of the experiences under examination. Before we can understand the functions of coping and its role in promoting or impeding health, we must first consider why coping happens. Thus we begin with the concept of stress. Then we turn to coping, considering several distinctions in how coping is conceptualized. Finally, we consider the broad implications of these diverse ways of coping with stress for well-being, focusing on physical well-being.
Dynamic De/Centralization in the United States, 1790–2010

Part of a project measuring dynamic de/centralization across twenty-two policy fields and five fiscal indicators in six federations from their founding to 2010, this study finds slow but continual U.S. centralization in all fields followed by a mild centralization spurt during the 1930s and substantial acceleration during the 1960s and 1970s. Little fiscal centralization is found, except for increased conditions attached to federal aid. The principal instruments of centralization have been Congress and the Supreme Court; the principal political agents have been political parties and interest groups responding to opportunities created by exogenous forces such as market integration and technological change.
Spectroscopic Measurements of the Formation of a Conical Section of Spherically Imploding Plasma Liners

The Plasma Liner Experiment-ALPHA (PLX-α) is investigating the merging of supersonic plasma jets into a spherically imploding plasma liner as a driver for use in magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) architectures. 1 The present work is focused on characterizing the merging of six and/or seven plasma jets, converging in a cone of solid angle $0.4 \pi $ over a distance of 1.3 meters. Results from high-speed imaging, photodiode arrays, self-emission visible survey spectroscopy, and self-emission visible high-resolution spectroscopy will be presented, yielding measurements of plasma velocity, number density, electron/ ion temperatures, and mean ionization state pre- and post-merge. Anticipated plasma parameter regimes are $\mathrm {n}\sim 10 ^{15}-10 ^{17}$ cm$^{-3}$, $\mathrm {T}\sim 1-10$ eV, and $\mathrm {v}\sim 50$ km/s, with gas species varied among argon, nitrogen, neon, krypton, and xenon. Images and spectra will be compared with synthetic data generated from 3D fronttracking and smooth-particle-hydrodynamic simulations coupled with atomic physics / opacity analysis codes. Results will inform questions of liner-Mach-number and lineruniformity evolution throughout the jet-merging and subsequent liner-convergence process.
Maintaining the Frame: Using Frame Analysis to Explain Teacher Evaluation Policy Implementation:

While researchers have shown great interest in understanding teacher evaluation, little is known about how teachers’ actions and interactions surrounding evaluation affect the dual goals of evaluat...
Culture and Mobility Determine the Importance of Similarity in Friendship

We test whether the ability to start friendships—and end them—determines what we look for in friends. We hypothesized that individual differences in beliefs about relationship choice would translat...
Tailoring the viscosity of water and ethylene glycol based TiO2 nanofluids

Abstract Nanofluids have garnered significant attention in the scientific and engineering research communities due to their enhanced heat transfer properties when compared to conventional thermal fluids. Nanofluids comprised of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have a wide range of applications due to their excellent thermophysical properties like thermal conductivity and viscosity, environmentally friendly nature, and low cost. This article reviews major research advances in homogeneous water (H2O) and ethylene glycol (EG, HO(CH2)2OH) based TiO2 nanofluids compared to hybrid TiO2 nanofluids. This review focuses on viscosity measurements and rheological behavior of the aforementioned nanofluids at various temperatures and TiO2 particle concentrations. Additionally, the effect of sonication time, particle size, and base fluid mixture on the viscosity of TiO2 nanofluids are included in this study. The classical and experimental models of viscosity have been reviewed as well. Furthermore, nanofluid preparation methods, characterization, and measurement techniques are examined and discussed. Previous studies clearly show that the viscosity of TiO2 nanofluids is a noteworthy function of both temperature and nanoparticle concentration. Viscosity is observed to significantly increase with particle concentration and decrease with temperature. Nanofluids are also observed to exhibit dissimilar rheological behavior under different experimental conditions. Additionally, increases in viscosity are also discussed with respect to the chosen nanofluid base liquid. The hybridization of TiO2 nanofluids, as well as combinations of ethylene glycol and water, have shown substantial effects on the viscosity of nanofluids. These results provide important characteristics that should be considered during various engineering applications of TiO2 nanofluids.
Wulfstan the Forger: the ‘Laws of Edward and Guthrum’

Despite the recent increase in attention given to Archbishop Wulfstan and his writings, the so-called ‘Laws of Edward and Guthrum’ – a lawcode forged by the archbishop in the opening years of the eleventh century – has received little analysis since Dorothy Whitelock’s 1941 study established the churchman as its true author. My article seeks to fill this gap firstly by expanding on Whitelock’s article. I show that many more of the text’s clauses function as antecedents to Wulfstan’s later legislation than those she identified in her important article. Second, I argue that §10 of the code, a clause not repeated in the archbishop’s later legislation, surely still held legal authority given Wulfstan’s prescriptions for non-lethal punishment in some cases. Finally, I posit that Wulfstan’s attribution of the code to Alfred, seen in its opening, reflects the archbishop’s value of him as a king worth emulating.
Temperature dependence of lasing threshold in organic TDAF polariton condensation

We investigate the temperature dependence (from 16 K to 300 K) of an organic polariton laser, consisting of an amorphous organic semiconductor thin film in a planar microcavity. The polariton lasing threshold does not change between 45 K and room temperature, but increases when the temperature decreases below 45 K. This is accompanied by an energy relaxation bottleneck along the lower polariton branch at the lower temperature. This temperature dependence behavior is attributed to the competition between direct radiative pumping from exciton reservoir and phonon-induced relaxation at different temperature and explains the anomalously high thresholds in organic lasers.
The Student Using Medical Marijuana

A nursing student at a state university uses medical marijuana to ease the discomfort of a chronic illness. Concerned about her ability to complete clinical placements, she discloses her marijuana use to the school of nursing. Discussions with both nursing school and university leadership results in referral of the case to the campus Office of Disability Services (ODS). ODS determines that the student could be sent to clinical placement sites that do not require marijuana testing. Use of marijuana would not be mentioned unless the school of nursing has a policy stipulating that all medications that all students use be disclosed to clinical sites in which students are placed. Any unsafe behavior observed in a clinical setting would be subject to the school’s policy regarding unsafe practice by any nursing student in a clinical setting.
Visualization and Analysis Tools for Explainable Choquet Integral Regression

The Choquet integral (ChI) is an aggregation operator defined with respect to a fuzzy measure (FM). The FM of a ChI encodes the worth of individual subsets of sources of information, and is an excellent tool for nonlinear aggregation. The monotonicity and boundary conditions of the FM limit the ChI to applications such as decision-level fusion. In a recent work, we removed the boundary and monotonicity constraints of the FM to propose a ChI-based regression (CIR) approach that enables capability beyond previously proposed ChI regression methods. However, the number of values in an FM scales as 2d, where d is the number of input sources. Thus, with such a large number of trained parameters, we tend to lose the explainability (or interpretability) of the learned solution–which comes readily with simpler methods like ordinary linear regression. In this paper, we enhance the explainability of CIR by extending our previously-proposed ChI visualization techniques to CIR. We also present a set of evaluation indices that quantitatively evaluate the importance of individual sources and interactions between groups of sources. We train CIR on real-world regression data sets, and the learned models are visualized and analyzed with the proposed methods. The demonstrations of the proposed visualizations and analyses are shown to significantly enhance the explainability of the learned CIR models.
American Modernisers and the Cow Question in Colonial and Nationalist India

The cattle modernisation sought by American missionaries in colonial North India advanced a productivist argument around the efficiency of cattle and their contribution to agriculture. On the face ...
Evaluation of advanced curve speed warning system for fire trucks.

Abstract A curve speed warning system (CSWS) for firetrucks was developed and tested in this study. The CSWS algorithm was developed based on guidelines in the public domain for general vehicles and modified for firetrucks for their configuration and emergency driving. Twenty-four firefighters participated in the test in a driving simulator. The results show that the CSWS was effective in issuing preemptive warnings when the drivers were approaching curves with unsafe speed during emergency responses. Drivers reduced their driving speed at curve approaching and entering phases for most challenging curves, without affecting the overall time in completing the test route. Drivers had reduced number of severe braking and decreased average in-curve distance traveled over the safety speed limits, when the CSWS was in use. Drivers also rated the CSWS as assisting, effective and useful. In summary, the CSWS can enhance firetruck safety during emergency driving without sacrificing drivers’ precious response time.
Elevated seasonal temperature disrupts prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis and promotes cellular apoptosis in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the Gulf of Mexico: a field study.

One of the major impacts of climate change has been the marked rise in global temperature. Recently, we demonstrated that high temperatures (1-week exposure) disrupt prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis and promote cellular apoptosis in the American oyster. In this study, we evaluated the effects of seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) on tissue morphology, extrapallial fluid (EPF) conditions, heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, an indicator of reactive oxygen species, ROS), 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, an indicator of RNS), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein expressions, and cellular apoptosis in gills and digestive glands of oysters collected on the southern Texas coast during the winter (15 °C), spring (24 °C), summer (30 °C), and fall (27 °C). Histological observations of both tissues showed a notable increase in mucus production and an enlargement of the digestive gland lumen with seasonal temperature rise, whereas biochemical analyses exhibited a significant decrease in EPF pH and protein concentration. Immunohistochemical analyses showed higher expression of HSP70 along with the expression of DNP and NTP in oyster tissues during summer. Intriguingly, CAT and SOD protein expressions exhibited significant upregulation with rising seasonal temperatures (15 to 27 °C), which decreased significantly in summer (30 °C), leaving oysters vulnerable to oxidative and nitrative damage. qRT-PCR analysis revealed a significant increase in HSP70 mRNA levels in oyster tissues during the warmer seasons. In situ TUNNEL assay showed a significant increase in apoptotic cells in seasons with high temperature. These results suggest that elevated SST induces oxidative/nitrative stress through the overproduction of ROS/RNS and disrupts the antioxidant system which promotes cellular apoptosis in oysters.
Triticale—A Possible Third Crop for Iowa

Introduction Triticale (trit-ah-kay-lee) is a close relative of wheat that results from pollinating durum wheat with rye pollen, and then using that cross in a breeding program to produce stable, selfreplicating varieties. Triticale yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance are greater than that of wheat. Triticale doesn’t currently possess the grain traits of bread wheat, so its greatest marketing potential is as animal feed.
Triptolide enhances radiation therapy and reduces radiation-induced toxicity

4403 Enhancement of therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation (IR) and reduction of IR-induced toxicity is one of major research tasks in cancer radiation therapy. In this study, we explored TPL effect on enhancing IR treatment while reducing IR toxicity with two types of animal models. First, 4T1 breast cancer xenografts grown in the right hind leg of BALB/c mice were treated with TPL (0.2 mg/Kg i.v., three times a week) or IR (10 Gy once) or in combination. Tumor growth delay and tumor weight were measured and compared among the different treatment groups. The inhibitory effect of TPL on angiogenesis was assessed with DiOC7 staining/ vessel spacing in 4T1 tumor xenografts and with CAM (chorioallantoic membranes) of 6 day-old chicken embryos. The results showed that the combination of TPL and IR achieved the greatest tumor response compared to other treatment groups with an Enhancement Factor of 2.1 (measured at 200 mm 3 tumor volume) and a significant reduction of tumor weight. TPL inhibited angiogenesis, evidenced by an increase of vessel spacing in tumors and a decreased vessel number and area in the CAM assay. Second, the right hind legs of mice were irradiated with 30 Gy once. The mice were treated with vehicle alone or TPL (0.25 mg/kg i,v, twice a week) or Celebrex (50 mg/kg/daily) for 4 weeks. The skin score was measured for the extent of IR-induced early dermatitis 2–3 weeks after IR, and the degree of late IR-fibrosis was determined by measurement of leg contraction. The results demonstrated that TPL reduced the extent of dermatitis evidenced by a low skin score. TPL also prevented the late fibrosis evidenced by a less contracted leg as compared to vehicle alone or Celebrex group (9.07% vs. 39.34% or 42.55% of leg shortening). In vitro , TPL inhibited the proliferation of 4T1 breast cancer cells, LY-2 cells and Raw 264.7 macrophages as measured by sulforhodamine B method, which was related with induction of apoptosis by TPL. In addition, TPL inhibited the IR-induced IL-1α in LY-2 cells. Similarly, TPL suppressed the production of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α TGF-β and IL-6 in irradiated Raw 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, mRNA of TGF-β and IL-1α protein in the IR-skin were inhibited by TPL. Using COX inhibitor screen kit, we found that the activities of both COX1 and COX2 were inhibited by TPL (100 ng/ml) with inhibition rate of (32.6±1.8%) and (47.3±1.29%), respectively. It seems that the dual effect of TPL is related with its induction of apoptosis, reduction of cytokines, inhibition of COX and suppression of angiogenesis.
Gene Therapy, Law and FDA Role in Regulation

Introduction Evolution of FDA Regulation of Gene Therapy 1974–1984: Prehistory 1984–1989: Early Rivalry Between FDA and NIH 1989–1991: First Gene Therapy Protocols Authorized 1991–1993: FDA Steps Up Regulatory Efforts 1991–1994: The RAC Move Toward Streamlined Review 1994–1996: FDA Assumes Lead Role in Review of Gene Therapy Research 1996–1997: The RAC's Role in the Aftermath of Consolidation Analysis of FDA's Evolving Approach to Gene Therapy Regulation 1984 Policy Statement FDA's 1991 “Points to Consider” 1993 Guidance 1996 Addendum 1998 Guidance Status of Protocols Keywords: gene therapy
Paranodal dysmyelination in peripheral nerves of Trembler mice.

Subtle defects in paranodes of myelinated nerve fibers can cause significant physiological malfunction. We have investigated myelinated fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of the Trembler mouse, a model of CMT-1A neuropathy, for evidence of such defects. Ultrastructural analysis shows that the “transverse bands,” which attach the myelin sheath to the axon at the paranodal axoglial junction, are grossly diminished in number in Trembler nerve fibers. Although paranodes often appear to be greatly elongated, it is only a short region immediately adjacent to the node of Ranvier that displays transverse bands. Where transverse bands are missing, the junctional gap widens, thus reducing resistance to short circuiting of nodal action currents during saltatory conduction and increasing the likelihood that axonal K+ channels under the myelin sheath will be activated. In addition, we find evidence that structural domains in Trembler axons are incompletely differentiated, consistent with diminution in nodal Na channel density, which could further compromise conduction. Deficiency of transverse bands may also increase susceptibility to disruption of the paranodal junction and retraction of the myelin sheath. We conclude that Trembler PNS myelinated fibers display subtle defects in paranodal and nodal regions that could contribute significantly to conduction defects and increased risk of myelin detachment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Violence and Media

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 24, pp. 16187–16192, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Managing Checkpoints for Parallel Programs

Checkpointing is a valuable tool for any scheduling system to have. With the ability to checkpoint, schedulers are not locked into a single allocation of resources to jobs, but instead can stop running jobs, and reallocate resources with out sacrificing any completed computations. Checkpointing techniques are not new, but they have not been widely available on parallel platforms. We have implemented CoCheck, a system for checkpointing message passing parallel programs. Parallel programs tend to be large in terms of their aggregate memory utilization, so the size of their checkpoint is also large. Because of this, checkpoints must be handled carefully to avoid overloading the system when check-points take place. Today 's distributed file systems do not handle this situation well. We therefore propose the use of checkpoint servers which are specifically designed to move checkpoints from the checkpointing process, across the interconnection network, and on to stable storage. A scheduling system can utilize numerous checkpoint servers in any configuration in order to provide good checkpointing performance.
SiGe HBT design tradeoffs between small signal and large signal RF performance

The paper examines the inherent SiGe HBT design tradeoffs between small signal and large signal RF performance for the first time. A higher Ge content and a higher Ge gradient in the base are typically desired to reduce RF noise figure, 1/f noise, phase noise, and to improve f/sub T//f/sub max/. This, however, requires the use of less Ge retrograding into the collector, which worsens high injection performance, and could degrade large signal output power and power added efficiency. Similarly, the use of a high breakdown voltage device for a higher output voltage swing could inadvertently hurt large signal output power because of a decreased current handling capability. Measurements on 200 GHz peak f/sub T/ HBTs show that excellent large signal output power and power added efficiency can be achieved for 20 GHz operation, despite the inevitable breakdown voltage decrease with scaling.
Osteopontin is a negative feedback regulator of nitric oxide synthesis in murine macrophages

In a system of endotoxin (LPS)-mediated NO production in ANA-1 murine macrophages, suppression subtractive hybridization was used to identify genes up-regulated by NO. Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted acidic phosphoprotein that binds to a cell surface RGD integrin-binding motif, was found to be differentially expressed in the presence of NO. OPN has been demonstrated to inhibit NO production in a variety of cell types. Northern blot and nuclear run-on analyses demonstrated that OPN mRNA levels and gene transcription were significantly increased in the presence of LPS-induced NO synthesis. Transient transfection of an OPN promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid construct showed that promoter activity is increased in the presence of LPS and NO. Immunoblot analysis showed that OPN protein is secreted into the extracellular fluid. Similar results were noted with an alternative cell system, RAW 264.7 macrophages, and alternative inducers of NO synthesis, IFN-γ and IL-1β. In the presence of GRGDSP, a hexapeptide that blocks binding of RGD-containing proteins to cell surface integrins, NO production is significantly increased in the presence of LPS stimulation. These data suggest a unique trans -regulatory mechanism in which LPS-induced NO synthesis feedback regulates itself through up-regulation of OPN promoter activity and gene transcription.
Sensory Small Fiber Function Differentially Assessed with Diode Laser (DL) Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) in Painful Neuropathy (PN)

Sensory function of small peripheral nerve fiber was assessed by means of quantitative sensory testing (QST) during which sensory stimulation was provided using diode laser (DL) in patients suffering from painful neuropathy (PN) and compared with symptom-free healthy controls (HC). Based on previous research work using DL stimulation, parameters that demonstrated safe and specific activation of A-delta, which were distinct from stimulation parameters for the activation of C-fibers, were utilized in this study. Results of this study demonstrated that this differential activation pointed to the impaired function of A-delta fibers while C-fiber function was unaffected. Stimulation of HC reproduced previously published results, and stimulation during this study was safe also without any dermal effect in patients with PN and in HC. Parameters used in this study were demonstrated in previous preclinical rodent study identical differential effect on activation of A-delta and C-fibers, and as such, DL is an ideal tool for translational pain research where specific activation of A-delta or C-fibers, or both, is required.
Histochemical changes in enzymes of energy metabolism in the dentate gyrus accompany deafferentation and synaptic reorganization

The dentate gyrus of adult rats was examined histochemically for cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activity after unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex. In normal animals, synaptic terminal fields of the perforant pathway from the entorhinal cortex show high levels of cytochrome oxidase activity (the other two-thirds dentate molecular layer), whereas terminal zones of the commissural and associational fibers show high levels of lactate dehydrogenase activity (the inner one-third dentate molecular layer). Lesions of the entorhinal cortex result in a significant reduction in staining for cytochrome oxidase in the deafferented outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The changes become prominent at 16-24 h after the lesion and persist until 90 days, the longest post-lesion survival time studied. In the non-deafferented inner zones ipsilateral to the lesion, there is an increase in staining for cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase at 24 h post-lesion that disappears by days 2-4. From 8 to 90 days post-lesion, the band of high reactivity for lactate dehydrogenase in the inner molecular layer spreads approximately 40 microns into the overlying deafferented zone. This expansion parallels the expansion of the commissural and associational terminal fields into the adjacent deafferented molecular layer. Thus, lesion-induced synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus is accompanied by a corresponding change in enzyme activity. The results indicate that the pattern of activity of enzymes involved in energy metabolism in the dentate gyrus depends on the distribution of pathway-specific synaptic input.
AUTOMOBILE SAFETY INSPECTION : FURTHER ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE

(1990). Automobile safety inspection: further econometric evidence. Applied Economics: Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1697-1704.
Childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health in Haitian adults.

Purpose: To describe the prevalence of childhood maltreatment among Haitian adults and to examine its relationship to depression general physical health and quality of life. Design: Descriptive exploratory. Participants were men and women 18 years of age or older who were seated in the waiting area of a hospital-based medical clinic in a medium-sized city in Haiti. The author collected these data while on a Fulbright fellowship to Haiti in 2003. Methods: Two hundred fifty-eight participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Cohen-Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms Center for Epidemiologic Study--Depression Scale and a visual analogue quality of life scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics Pearsons correlation multiple regression and Students t test. Findings: Over half (60%) of the women and 85.7% of the men reported at least one type of childhood maltreatment at the moderate to severe level. Of the total sample 53.9% had scores indicative of major depression and 43.9% reported an average score of "somewhat bothered" by 37 physical symptoms. Childhood maltreatment (each of five types) was related to physical symptoms and depression. Conclusions: Rates of childhood maltreatment were high in this sample of Haitian adults and their childhood maltreatment was related to physical and mental health symptoms in adulthood. (authors)
Identification of the Base-Pairing Requirements for Repression of hctA Translation by the Small RNA IhtA Leads to the Discovery of a New mRNA Target in Chlamydia trachomatis

The non-coding small RNA, IhtA expressed by the obligate intracellular human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis modulates the translation of HctA, a key protein involved in replicative to infectious cell type differentiation. Using a combination of bioinformatics and mutagenesis we sought to identify the base pairing requirement for functional repression of HctA protein expression, with an eye to applying our findings towards the identification of additional targets. IhtA is predicted to fold into a three stem:loop structure. We found that loop 1 occludes the initiation codon of hctA, while loop 2 and 3 are not required for function. This 7 nucleotide region forms G/C rich interactions surrounding the AUG of hctA. Two additional genes in the chlamydial genome, CTL0322 and CTL0097, contained some elements of the hctA:IhtA recognition sequence. The mRNA of both CTL0322and CTL0097 interacted with IhtA in vitro as measured by biolayer interferometry. However, using a CheZ reporter expression system, IhtA only inhibited the translation of CTL0322. The proposed IhtA recognition site in the CTL0322 message contains significant G/C base pairing on either side of the initiation codon while CTL0097 only contains G/C base pairing 3’ to the AUG initiation codon. These data suggest that as the functional interacting region is only 6-7nt in length that full translation repression is dependent on the degree of G/C base pairing. Additionally our results indicate that IhtA may regulate multiple mRNAs involved in the chlamydial infectious cycle.
Acidification and polymerization of actin.

Abstract The production of H-ion when salt is added to actin solution appears to be the usual effect of salt upon a protein solution and not to be prerequisite for polymerization. The pH decreases immediately after the salt is added but polymerization, as judged by changes in viscosity, does not begin for one to three minutes. The pH of actin also decreases when no polymerization occurs; the H-ion is not the result of polymerization.
Structural instabilities and superconductivity in the alkali tungsten bronzes

A model of local structural states (phases) in the superconducting TI phase of the nonstoichiometric alkali tungsten bronzes MxWO3 (M an alkali) is shown to be consistent with the dramatic increase of the superconducting transition temperature as x approaches the TII phase boundary value. This model also predicts the existence of (x dependent) anharmonicity and heat capacity anomalies and it is consistent with the fact that the cubic phase of NaxWO3 is nonsuperconducting.
Experimental testing of a semi-active control scheme for vibration suppression

An experimental investigation was performed on a semi-active control scheme that uses the rheological properties of electro-rheological fluids (ER-fluids) in squeeze-flow mode to control the dynamic behavior of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems. The reversible and very rapid changes in the mechanical properties of the fluid under variable voltage are exploited by using a control scheme that automatically turns 'on' and 'off' the electrical field as loads are applied. This control scheme rapidly adapts to any changes in the mechanical properties of the system, reducing the response of the structure for a wide range of excitation frequencies. The ER- fluid used in this study, Zeolite in silicone oil, was subjected to an electrical field range from one to five kV/mm. Tests were carried out for the 'off' system, the 'on' system, and the controlled system, and the experimental and analytical results were compared. The experimental results show that this control scheme is effective for reducing the vibration of the system. Other types of ER-fluid should be tested using this control scheme to investigate the most effective fluid for vibration suppression.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Absence of the granular layer and keratohyalin define a morphologically distinct subset of individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris

The clinical diagnosis of ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) can be difficult. Abnormalities in the granular layer and the ultrastructure of keratohyalin granules (KHG) suggest that morphology may be helpful. To clarify morphologic findings in IV, 41 clinically affected individuals and 21 unaffected family members or age- and sex-matched controls were studied by light microscopy. In these, the granular layer was totally absent in approximately 50% of affected individuals, while present in all controls. Forty-seven individuals in the light microscopy group were also studied by electron microscopy. Keratohyalin granules were absent in all affected individuals lacking the granular layer by light microscopy. Clinical severity usually correlated with the lack of a granular layer and KHG. Absence of the granular layer was consistent in different anatomic sites and in serial biopsies taken over a 1-3-year period. In a subset of clinically affected, unrelated subjects with moderate to severe involvement, four out of 11 (36%) had similar findings. Keratinocytes cultured from affected individuals with no KHG expressed virtually no detectable profilaggrin protein in vitro. The data suggest that a subset of individuals with moderate to severe IV have a consistently absent granular layer and KHG. Absence of the granular layer and lack of KHG correlated almost perfectly; thus light microscopy offers a convenient means of identifying this subtype of IV. However, both morphologic types of IV were observed within single families. Therefore, the relationship between granular layer abnormalities and IV is complex and requires the study of more affected families. One interpretation of the data is that IV is a multigenic disorder in which one of the genes alters profilaggrin expression. We propose this clinical and histologic phenotype as useful for identifying the gene(s) involved and also for determining whether it represents a modifier or a major locus of the disorder.
Panem et circenses: Worship and the spectacle

Worship services are increasingly relying on a combination of products, services and technologies that result in the creation of what the late theorist, Guy Debord, referred to as the ‘spectacle’. The spectacle, according to Debord, is unique to contemporary society, in that it reproduces an economic ideology that relies on consumer desire and an expectation for unabated pleasure, amusement or emotional gratification. Not merely a lavish visual display that inspires feelings of transcendence or awe, the spectacle is a culturally and historically specific apparatus that is made possible through the integration of technologies, producers, a normative set of beliefs and values and consumer bodies. Because the spectacle operates ultimately on a visceral, affective level, the valorisation of experiential forms of consumption is reinforced. This paper outlines a theory of the spectacle as it is increasingly articulated in worship services. The spectacle is most salient within seeker-sensitive churches and those...
Contraceptive switching among currently married women in the United States

This study examines contraceptive method switching among married women in the US. It enquires first into the effect of method type and women's socioeconomic characteristics on the risk of switching to each of six methods, including no method, and secondly into the previous methods used by women who adopt specific contraceptive means. The results indicate a great deal of circulation among all method types and of movement to unprotected intercourse. The adoption of sterilization is greatest among women not previously using any contraceptive method.
Thermal stability of rhodopsin extracted with Triton X-100 surfactant.

Abstract Thermal stabilities of Triton-extracted solutions of rhodopsin and photoreversed rhodopsin are determined and evaluated with reference to rhodopsin solutions in digitnin. It is found that the Arrhenius activation energy and pre-exponential factor are less in the Triton system with respect to the thermal bleaching reaction. Hydroxylamine (0.5 M ) in Triton solutions causes rhodopsin to be distinctly more labile to thermal bleaching; the oxime product is predominantly in an 11- cis configuration. Dark incubation of Triton solutions of 11- cis retinal and opsin does not yield regenerated rhodopsin.