cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Library Procedures for Performance Evaluation

We now turn to the subject of performance evaluation. In broadest terms, performance evaluation occurs when we make provision (at the time of choice) to evaluate (that choice) at a later date. It is a process of evaluation, of appraisal and assessment. It is also not happenstance. Being able to evaluate presumes we took care to lay in the requisite information in the first place. An important managerial task is planning for subsequent evaluation. For example, it is difficult to control telephone costs without knowledge of who makes what use of the telephones. Similarly, use of customer satisfaction measures in the evaluation process presumes we have found the necessary data to make a reasoned assessment of customer satisfaction.
Strategies for Achieving Diversity through Medical School Admissions

The relative lack of diversity in medicine is a rate limiting factor in efforts to eliminate health care disparities. Many medical schools struggle to matriculate student bodies that reflect the diversity of this country. Actively recruiting is one tactic to diversify a medical school's applicant pool, but in isolation is not enough. Our medical school admissions committee made a number of programmatic changes that contributed to our current compositional diversity that may be instructive to others. This report from the field on the experience of one U.S. medical school describes several admissions committee initiatives that can be undertaken to increase the yield of students from groups underrepresented in medicine who matriculate to medical school.
Time-varying metamaterials based on graphene-wrapped microwires: Modeling and potential applications

The successful realization of metamaterials and metasurfaces requires the judicious choice of constituent elements. In this paper, we demonstrate the implementation of time-varying metamaterials in the terahertz frequency regime by utilizing graphene-wrapped microwires as building blocks and modulation of graphene conductivity through exterior electrical gating. These elements enable enhancement of light-graphene interaction by utilizing optical resonances associated with Mie scattering, yielding a large tunability and modulation depth. We develop a semianalytical framework based on transition-matrix formulation for modeling and analysis of periodic and aperiodic arrays of such time-varying building blocks. The proposed method is validated against full-wave numerical results obtained using the finite-difference time-domain method. It provides an ideal tool for mathematical synthesis and analysis of space-time gradient metamaterials, eliminating the need for computationally expensive numerical models. Moreover, it allows for a wider exploration of exotic space-time scattering phenomena in time-modulated metamaterials. We apply the method to explore the role of modulation parameters in the generation of frequency harmonics and their emerging wavefronts. Several potential applications of such platforms are demonstrated, including frequency conversion, holographic generation of frequency harmonics, and spatiotemporal manipulation of light. The presented results provide key physical insights to design time-modulated functional metadevices using various building blocks and open up new directions in the emerging paradigm of time-modulated metamaterials.
Far-UVC light prevents MRSA infection of superficial wounds in vivo.

Background Prevention of superficial surgical wound infections from drug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) currently present major health care challenges. The majority of surgical site infections (SSI) are believed to be caused by airborne transmission of bacteria alighting onto the wound during surgical procedures. We have previously shown that far-ultraviolet C light in the wavelength range of 207-222 nm is significantly harmful to bacteria, but without damaging mammalian cells and tissues. It is important that the lamp be fitted with a filter to remove light emitted at wavelengths longer than 230 nm which are harmful. Aims Using a hairless mouse model of infection of superficial wounds, here we tested the hypothesis that 222-nm light kills MRSA alighting onto a superficial skin incisions as efficiently as typical germicidal light (254 nm), but without inducing skin damage. Methods To simulate the scenario wherein incisions are infected during surgical procedures as pathogens in the room alight on a wound, MRSA was spread on a defined area of the mouse dorsal skin; the infected skin was then exposed to UVC light (222 nm or 254 nm) followed by a superficial incision within the defined area, which was immediately sutured. Two and seven days post procedure, bactericidal efficacy was measured as MRSA colony formation unit (CFU) per gram of harvested skin whereas fixed samples were used to assess skin damage measured in terms of epidermal thickness and DNA photodamage. Results In the circumstance of superficial incisions infected with bacteria alighting onto the wound, 222-nm light showed the same bactericidal properties of 254-nm light but without the associated skin damage. Conclusions Being safe for patient and hospital staff, our results suggested that far-UVC light (222 nm) might be a convenient approach to prevent transmission of drug-resistant infectious agents in the clinical setting.
Structural Family Therapy With Incarcerated Families: A Clinical Case Study

“Research has shown that close and supportive family relationships are a key ingredient of successful offender rehabilitation and that intimate partners and minor children may play a critical role ...
Community Systems Collide and Cooperate: Control of Deviance by the Legal and Mental Health Systems

For most of history, society controlled mentally disordered behavior informally; but with ­modernization it developed formal organizational controls for the behavior it recognized as mentally disordered. This chapter examines relatively recent formal attempts by two systems, the legal and mental health systems, to define and execute control over persons with mental illness whose behavior violates societal norms. It begins with a brief history of the posture of the legal and mental health systems toward mentally disordered persons prior to the mid-twentieth century. It then describes the collision which occurred following civil rights reforms which made the legal system the arbiter of the mental health system’s decisions in treatment and hospitalization, especially involuntary treatment and hospitalization. It describes societal forces beyond the two systems which brought about conditions leading to their cooperation. It then examines the new cooperation that is beginning to occur, giving some detail to one promising program of cooperation. Finally, it discusses directions for future inquiry by researchers who study the two systems’ efforts in controlling deviance of persons with mental illness.
Carbonate sequestration and CO2 pipeline logistics for the PJM region

Publisher Summary CO2 sequestration using carbonate mineralization and employing locally available sources for ultramafic rock was investigated for 300-MW and larger pulverized-coal fired power plants in the U.S. EPA Region II network known as PJM. PJM could deliver up to 147 × 10–3 Metric tons of CO2 daily and using nearby ultramafic resources it is technically feasible to provide all the resources for sequestering this volume of CO2 through mineralization. A Pennsylvania-based central carbonate formation facility located near Allentown, PA would be an appropriate host site for a central carbonate formation plant since Allentown is near the weighted geographical epicenter for the CO2 sources and is accessible to nearby zones in which the carbonates could be stored after formation. The proposed pipeline routes will follow existing right-of-way corridors and permission will need to be secured for 800 km of pipeline ranging in size from 10 to 48 inches. All but 135 km of this right-of-way will be subject to the rigorous administrative safety reviews now mandated by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The capture was considered to be $42 per metric ton of CO2 using an oxy-fired fuel approach. These costs could come down significantly with success in ongoing research.
Chapter 6 – Nitrogen in Groundwater Associated with Agricultural Systems

This chapter deals with nitrogen in groundwater associated with agriculture systems. The discussion of the occurrence of nitrogen in groundwater beneath agricultural systems is presented by examining the factors influencing aquifer vulnerability to nitrogen contamination and by characterizing the geographic distribution of groundwater contamination by nitrogen. Factors that influence aquifer vulnerability are presented in the context of exposure to nitrogen sources from general agricultural systems and hydrologic conditions that facilitate transfer of those sources to groundwater. This analysis focuses on the occurrence of nitrate in the United States because data are readily available on many variables needed for such an analysis. This chapter focused on processes, by which aquifers can be affected by nitrogen derived from agricultural systems. The primary form of nitrogen of concern for drinking water, nitrate, is costly to remove in water treatment. Many major aquifers used for urban drinking water are buried deep beneath large population centers. These aquifers are geographically removed from recharge areas near agricultural systems. A major contributor to groundwater vulnerability is the distribution of irrigated cropland. Regions where this practice expands, such as in Asia, may experience its greatest impact. Finally, more data and research will be needed in Asia to determine if patterns of water quality degradation in irrigated areas is repeated in this region.
Abstract 5865: Gartanin, a 4-prenylated xanthone in the mangosteen fruit, inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells associated with Skp2 degradation via neddylation inhibition and FBXW2 induction

The S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) is overexpressed in prostate cancer and associated with tumor stage, disease recurrence, and worse patient survival. Studies also have demonstrated that Skp2 overexpression plays a critical role in development and progression of prostate cancer in several prostate cancer models, including PTEN knockout and TRAMP carcinogenesis and CWR22 xenograft models. Therefore, Skp2 is a promising target for developing new therapeutic and preventive approaches for prostate cancer. Here, we have found that gartanin, 4-prenylated xanthone from the Garcinia mangostana fruit (mangosteen), promoted Skp2 degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells. In addition, gartanin induced the expression of FBXW2, a novel E3 ligase of SKP2 for targeted degradation, and downregulated the expression of NEDD8, leading to reduced neddylation levels of UBC12 and Cullin1. Molecular modelling analysis predicts that gartanin reasonably docks onto the regulatory subunit of NEDD8 activating enzyme E1 (NAE1) and next to the NEDD8 binding complex. More interestingly, gartanin selectively inhibits the growth of Skp2 overexpressing PC3 cells compared to parental PC cells (IC50 values for PC3/Skp2 vs. PC3 cells are approximately 4 μM vs. 14 μM). Together, our data indicate that gartanin is a novel natural agent for targeting Skp2 degradation via induction of FBXW2 expression and inhibition of neddylation. Gartanin deserves further investigation for its usefulness in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Citation Format: Victor Pham, Michelle Bui, Raymond Rendon, Ericka Agredano, Thanh Le, Liankun Song, Xiaolin Zi. Gartanin, a 4-prenylated xanthone in the mangosteen fruit, inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells associated with Skp2 degradation via neddylation inhibition and FBXW2 induction [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5865.
Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) reliability and validity study: selected reliability and validity estimates

Introduction This paper reports a study done to estimate the reliability and validity of answers to the Youth and Adult questionnaires of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Methods 407 adults and 117 youth respondents completed the wave 4 (2016–2017) PATH Study interview twice, 6–24 days apart. The reinterview data were used to estimate the reliability of answers to the questionnaire. Kappa statistics, gross discrepancy rates and correlations between answers to the initial interview and the reinterview were used to measure reliability. We examined every item in the questionnaire for which there were at least 100 observations. After the reinterview, most respondents provided a saliva sample that allowed us to assess the accuracy of their answers to the tobacco use questions. Results There was generally a very high level of agreement between answers in the interview and reinterview. On the key current tobacco use items, the average kappa (the agreement rate adjusted for chance agreement) was 0.79 for adult respondents (age 18 or older). Youth respondents exhibited equally high levels of agreement across interviews. The items on current tobacco use also exhibited high levels of agreement with saliva test results (kappa=0.72). Rating scale items showed lower levels of exact agreement across interviews but the answers were generally within one scale point or category. Conclusions The PATH Study questions were developed using a careful protocol and the results indicate the answers provide reliable and valid information about tobacco use.
Shielding effectiveness and bandgaps of interpenetrating phase composites based on the Schwarz Primitive surface

Conductive composites possessing a polymeric matrix have been developed as an auspicious class of materials yielding superior properties to metal-based materials. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and bandgaps of a novel interpenetrating phase composite with a polymeric matrix are studied computationally. This composite is generated from a so-called Schwarz Primitive surface, a member of the triply periodic minimal surfaces family. The shielding effectiveness of the resulting Primitive-based composite is compared with those of composites reinforced with periodically and randomly distributed spherical conductive particles. For the composites with random spherical particles, the random sequential addition method is used to generate the realizations of fillers followed by the Monte Carlo relaxation step to obtain an equilibrated configuration. The Primitive-based composite shows higher shielding effectiveness due to the interconnectivity of both phases (conductive phase and polymeric matrix) leading to a higher effective electrical conductivity. Employing a finite element analysis leads to dispersion curves, which reveal the existence of electromagnetic bandgaps at low frequencies and low volume fractions of the conductive phase, in comparison to those of other structures reported in the literature. The Primitive-based composite shows the bandgaps for transverse-electric modes, where the widths of the bandgaps vary with the volume fraction of the conductive phase.
Innovative strategies, statistical solutions, and simulations for modern clinical trials

This well-written book is all about statistics versus clinical trials. Basic knowledge of calculus and mathematical statistics is essential to understand and appreciate the contents of this book. T...
Immune System and Macrophage Activation in the Cochlea: Implication for Therapeutic Intervention

Cochlear inflammation occurs in almost all forms of cochlear disease conditions. This immune activation is mediated by both cellular and molecular components of the cochlear immune system. In the event of inflammatory activation, resident and infiltrating macrophages interact to unleash a cascade of inflammatory mediators. While the precise roles of immune responses in cochlear homeostasis and pathogenesis are not fully understood, anti-inflammatory therapeutics have shown to be beneficial in certain cochlear stress conditions. Recent studies are beginning to reveal the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing inflammatory activities, which in turn offer potential targets for intervention. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the immune anatomy of the cochlea with a focus on the cellular components of the cochlear immune system and macrophage diversity. We describe cochlear inflammatory activities in acute and chronic stress conditions and suggest that controlling the cochlear immune state could offer protection against not only ongoing pathogenesis but also future vulnerability in the event of additional stress. We highlight the potential functional roles of the immune system in cochlear homeostasis and disease, as well as the link between clinical symptoms and cochlear inflammation. Finally, we discuss immune modulations for therapeutic interventions.
Initial experience with the Scepter Mini dual-lumen balloon for transophthalmic artery embolization of anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistulae.

Background Precise delivery of liquid embolic agents (LEAs) remains a challenge in the endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVFs) and cerebral arteriovenous malformations (cAVMs). Despite significant advances in the past decade, LEA reflux and catheter navigability remain shortcomings of current endovascular technology, particularly in small and tortuous arteries. The Scepter Mini dual-lumen balloon microcatheter aims to address these issues by decreasing the distal catheter profile (1.6 French) while allowing for a small (2.2 mm diameter) balloon at its tip. Methods We report our initial experience with the Scepter Mini in two patients with anterior cranial fossa dAVFs that were treated with transophthalmic artery embolization. Results In both patients, the Scepter Mini catheter was able to be safely advanced into the distal ophthalmic artery close to the fistula site, and several centimeters past the origins of the central retinal and posterior ciliary arteries. A single Onyx injection without any reflux resulted in angiographic cure of the dAVF in both cases, and neither patient suffered any vision loss. Conclusions These initial experiences suggest that the Scepter Mini represents a significant advance in the endovascular treatment of dAVFs and cAVMs and will allow for safer and more efficacious delivery of LEAs into smaller and more distal arteries while diminishing the risk of LEA reflux.
An application of principal component analysis to the detection and visualization of computer network attacks

Network traffic data collected for intrusion analysis is typically high-dimensional making it difficult to both analyze and visualize. Principal Component Analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vectors extracted from the data to enable simpler analysis and visualization of the traffic. Principal Component Analysis is applied to selected network attacks from theDarpa 1998 intrusion detection data sets namely: Denial-of-Service and Network Probe attacks. A method for identifying an attack based on the generated statistics is proposed. Visualization of network activity and possible intrusions is achieved using Bi-plots, which provides a summary of the statistics.
Planarized Fabrication Process With Two Layers of SIS Josephson Junctions and Integration of SIS and SFS π -Junctions

We present our new fabrication process for superconductor electronics that integrates two layers of Josephson junctions (JJs) in a fully planarized multilayer process on 200-mm wafers. The two junction layers can be, e.g., conventional superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb junctions with the same or different Josephson critical current densities, J c. The process also allows integration of high- J c superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor (SFS) or SFS'S JJs on the first junction layer with Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb trilayer junctions on the second JJ layer, or vice versa. In the present node, the SFS trilayer, Nb/Ni/Nb is placed below the standard SIS trilayer and separated by one niobium wiring layer. The main purpose of integrating the SFS and SIS junction layers is to provide compact π-phase shifters in logic cells of superconductor digital circuits and random access memories, and thereby increase the integration scale and functional density of superconductor electronics. The current node of the two-junction-layer process has six planarized niobium layers, two layers of resistors, and 350-nm minimum feature size. The target critical current densities for the SIS JJs are 100 μ A/ μ m2 and 200 μ A/ μ m2. We present the salient features of the new process, fabrication details, and characterization results on two layers of JJs integrated into one process, both for the conventional and π-junctions.
Intensity variations in the solar extreme ultraviolet spectrum observed by OSO-I

This paper reviews solar extreme ultraviolet observations made in the spectral region λ170 — λ400 by the first Orbiting Solar Observatory during March, April, and May, 1962. Application of the data to the identification of emission lines in this spectral region is discussed. The observations are compared with concurrent 2800 MHz radio emission and other measurements of solar activity.
Inclusion by Design: A 75-Minute Crash Course on Accessible Design:

The community of researchers supporting instruction on design thinking has a significant body of materials to help students understand and master the process of creative problem solving in design. ...
Educational Attainment, Decision-Making Preferences, and Interest in Evidence-Based Diabetes Prevention among Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) showed that lifestyle change or metformin is equally efficacious in preventing diabetes in women who have had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Few studies have investigated the relationship between education and willingness to engage in either intervention and between education and preferred decision-making style. Methods: Within a large health system, we surveyed insured women 18-64 years old with a history of GDM, identified through the electronic health record. We estimated preference for decision-making style and interest in DPP lifestyle change and/or metformin by educational level, using multivariate logistic regression models controlling for age, race, and ethnicity. Results: Our sample (n = 264) was 36% Latino, 29% Asian, 28% non-Latino white, and 5% African American, with a mean age of 37 years. In terms of education, 31% had a postgraduate degree, 41% were college graduates, and 29% did not graduate from college. In multivariate analyses, willingness to engage in either intervention did not vary by education. Women who did not graduate from college were more likely to leave medical decisions to their provider (p = 0.004) compared to women with a college or postgraduate degree. However, regardless of education, over 80% of women preferred to make medical decisions themselves or jointly with their provider. Conclusions: Most women prefer to play an active role in their own medical decisions and have an interest in both evidence-based diabetes prevention strategies. This suggests that shared decision-making is appropriate for many women with a history of GDM and different levels of educational attainment.
Automated Derivatization and Identification of Controlled Substances in Solution Via Total-Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction (TV-SPME)

Total-vaporization solid-phase microextraction (TV-SPME) with on-fiber derivatization can simplify sample preparation for a variety of analytes compared to traditional methods for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Microgram quantities of drugs such as amphetamine, ephedrine, methamphetamine, 2C-I, 25I-NBOMe, 25I-NBOH, and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) were analyzed in solution using TV-SPME. Derivatization can allow for analytes that cannot normally be detected by GC-MS to be identified and can improve chromatographic performance and sensitivity. TV-SPME also simplifies the process of derivatization by allowing it to take place on the fiber, which can be automated using a robotic autosampler. This technique also displays great versatility in decreasing sample preparation for a variety of sample matrices.
Harris’s Reformation of the “Hard Problem”

As Harris’s philosophy of mind is fairly extensive, I confine my focus to only the central thread of his argument concerning efforts to naturalize subjectivity and knowledge. Towards this end, in Sect. 7.2, I clarify Harris’s anticipation of the autopoietic enactivism (AE) approach to consciousness. In this section I also establish a preliminary reformation of the hard problem to be elaborated in the following discussions. In Sect. 7.3, I assess Harris’s and Damasio’s respective appeals to Spinoza’s conception of ideatum as a model of mind and contrast these approaches with more recent arguments from embodied cognition. In Sect. 7.4 this line of thought is extended to Spinoza’s concept of conatus in order to clarify how Harris’s theory of self-awareness relates to corresponding views from embodied and embedded theses of mind.
Information security policy non-compliance: Can capitulation theory explain user behaviors?

Abstract Informational security policies depend on user compliance to protect computing resources. When users are lax with security measures and fail to follow security related directives, data breaches are more likely to occur. We hypothesize that users are giving up on security compliance because they believe breaches are inevitable. We test the explanatory theory of security capitulation based on technology threat avoidance, protection motivation theory, and technology acceptance theory. Capitulation theory examines distrust of security, theft of privacy, vulnerability, security threats and security self-efficacy as predictors of capitulation, which influences motivation to protect computing assets. Results indicate that distrust of security, loss of privacy, vulnerability, threats, and self-efficacy are significantly related to capitulation. This research provides insight into emerging explanations of continuing organizational security failures.
Mass depletion: A new parameter for quantitative jet modification

We propose an extension to classify jet modification in heavy-ion collisions by including the jet mass along with its energy. The mass of a jet, as measured by jet reconstruction algorithms, is constrained by the jet's virtuality, which in turn has a considerable effect on such observables as the fragmentation function and jet shape observables. The leading parton, propagating through a dense medium, experiences substantial virtuality (or mass) depletion along with energy loss. Meaningful comparisons between surviving jets and jets produced in $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$ collisions require mass depletion to be taken into account. Using a vacuum event generator, we show the close relationship between the actual jet mass and that after applying a jet reconstruction algorithm. Using an in-medium event generator, we demonstrate the clear difference between the mass of a surviving parton exiting a dense medium and a parton with a similar energy formed in a hard scattering event. Effects of this difference on jet observables are discussed.
A MEMS tunable asymmetric Fabry-Perot well modulator

Asymmetric Fabry-Perot quantum well modulators have proven difficult to optimize due to the sensitive dependence of the cavity mode and exciton wavelength on layer thicknesses, alloy composition, temperature, and angle. We demonstrate that a tunable optical cavity using a MEMS mirror removes this sensitivity.
A low cost jitter estimation and ADC spectral testing method

Clock jitter is a crucial factor in high speed and high performance Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) testing. Random clock jitter increases the noise floor in the ADC output spectrum making it difficult to obtain the true ADC Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Periodic Jitter generates spurs in the ADC output spectrum. Another well-known challenge is to achieve precise coherent sampling. This paper proposes an efficient and accurate ADC spectral testing method that completely eliminates the need for coherent sampling and very effectively separate clock jitter from ADC noise, thus allowing the true ADC spectral parameters to be accurately tested with an imprecise sampling clock. Simulation results of ADCs with different resolutions demonstrate the functionality and accuracy of the method.
Tribotesting of tibial bearings of knee prostheses

Most of the tibial bearings for knee prostheses are made from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The longevity of those bearings is less than ten years in many cases, owing to tribological failure. In total knee replacements, the polymer bearings are subjected to oscillatory rolling/sliding contact; sliding wear and contact fatigue can both be important modes of knee bearing failure under these conditions. This research applied accelerated testing techniques to assess the tribological behavior of several different UHMWPE tibial bearing materials. Accelerated aging of bearing material was done to simulate, within a few weeks, the long-term changes that previously have been documented in joint prosthesis bearings in use for 5 to 10 years or more. Cyclic wear and contact fatigue tests were carried out using two tribotesters, a knee simulator and a rolling/sliding contact tester, in order to determine the performance of unaged and aged bearing material. The relative merits of both types of model experiments were examined in this test program. Gravimetric and volumetric methods for measuring wear accurately in the tests were also evaluated. A large, established archive of joint bearings explanted from patients was used to confirm that the surface failure mechanisms observed in the laboratory were similar to clinical wear mechanisms.
Bottlenecks in HIV-1 transmission: insights from the study of founder viruses

HIV-1 infection typically results from the transmission of a single viral variant, the transmitted/founder (T/F) virus. Studies of these HIV-1 variants provide critical information about the transmission bottlenecks and the selective pressures acting on the virus in the transmission fluid and in the recipient tissues. These studies reveal that T/F virus phenotypes are shaped by stochastic and selective forces that restrict transmission and may be targets for prevention strategies. In this Review, we highlight how studies of T/F viruses contribute to a better understanding of the biology of HIV-1 transmission and discuss how these findings affect HIV-1 prevention strategies.
Trusted identity and session management using secure cookies

The concept of federated identity management is increasingly coming to use in order to bring Service Providers closer to customers. Users are being provided an enriched experience while carrying out business on the Web at reduced overhead and improved customer service. The idea of maintaining a single profile and gaining access to multiple services has been accepted well by the customers. However, the benefits of breaking through just one set of credentials to gain access to multiple services has made the concept of Federated Identity Management of high interest to malicious users. In this paper, we analyze the structure of a generic Federated Identity Management System and explore the .NET Passport framework in depth. We explore the current security mechanisms adopted by the .NET Passport and identify potential security weaknesses. We then propose our new approaches to enhance the security services in .NET Passport by using Secure Cookies. Our approaches are transparent to and compatible with the current .NET Passport server. Finally, we prove the feasibility by implementing our ideas in a real system.
Large momentum part of a strongly correlated Fermi gas

Abstract It is well known that the momentum distribution of the two-component Fermi gas with large scattering length has a tail proportional to 1 / k 4 at large k. We show that the magnitude of this tail is equal to the adiabatic derivative of the energy with respect to the reciprocal of the scattering length, multiplied by a simple constant. This result holds at any temperature (as long as the effective interaction radius is negligible) and any large scattering length; it also applies to few-body cases. We then show some more connections between the 1 / k 4 tail and various physical quantities, including the pressure at thermal equilibrium and the rate of change of energy in a dynamic sweep of the inverse scattering length.
Human cytogenetics and human chromosome abnormalities

Human cytogenetics is a relatively new field of scientific investigation, with the identification of the first chromosome abnormalities occurring less than 50 years ago. In this section, we review the technical advances that have driven the field, and summarize the different types of chromosome disorders that have been identified in our species. Keywords: cytogenetics; karyotype; banding; fluorescence in situ hybridization; aneuploidy; trisomy; monosomy; polyploidy; translocation; microdeletion; imprinting
Dual-band second order microstrip filter using dual-mode perturbed meander loop resonators

A dual-band dual-mode filter with second order response in each band is presented for application in near-adjacent channel communications systems. Utilizing large perturbations in a meander resonant structure the resonant frequencies of orthogonal field modes are split allowing for a linear coupling arrangement. The filter's passbands are centered at 2.35 GHz and 2.57 GHz with fractional bandwidths of 3.5% and 3%. A method for developing the filter from an unperturbed second order filter and EM optimization is presented. The measured filter shows good performance in both in-band matching and stopband rejection between the bands of operation.
Environmental Human Rights: Paradigm of Indivisibility

While scholars may disagree as to the scope and depth of the indivisibility of rights, or about the nature of the indivisibility claim, it is clear that the specter of indivisibility is most pertinent with regard to some rights than others. The constitutional right to a healthy environment is perhaps the paradigmatic example of the indivisibility claim. Environmental rights are inseparable from many other rights, including (depending on the factual nature of the claim) the right to life, to health, to dignity, to subsistence, to employment, to property and so on. Sometimes the relationship between the environmental and other claims is positive, as when remedying the environmental damage will promote the right to health, but sometimes it is negative, as when, for instance, jobs are lost when the environmental damage is remedied. This paper explores the interlocking nature of environmental and other human rights and suggests how courts should respond to the challenge of indivisibility in the context of enforcing fundamental environmental rights.
Real time Harmonic Elimination PWM control for Voltage Source Inverters

The work proposes a new real time Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (HEPWM) technique for Voltage Source Inverters which is a useful alternative over SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) for high power inverters used in the mains and drives. HEPWM provides ideal solution for switching losses in inverters when operated in low frequency range. The switching angle of the HEPWM can be calculated based on non transcendental equations obtained by the curve fittings of certain polynomial functions. HEPWM permit real time computation as calculation of any switching angle requires only addition and multiplication processes and also any number of harmonics can be eliminated. The fundamental amplitude of pole switching waveform can be controlled on-line. The advantage of using real time computation over programmed (off-line) HEPWM is the absence of memory to store the switching angles. Also the switching angles can be calculated based on demand due to modulation parameters. The algorithm is implemented in single phase voltage source inverters using DSP TMS320C541 processor. The algorithm is so efficient to ensure sufficient time to calculate the pulse width, thus avoiding the need for memory storage. The accuracy of the derived equations is evaluated by calculating the difference between the approximate switching angles from the proposed method and the exact switching angles from the trajectories. For comparison, a MATLAB simulation of the same inverter was carried out. Simulations and hardware implementation show that proposed scheme allows efficient real time computations with acceptable error margins.
A mixture model of global internet capacity distributions

This article develops a preferential attachment-based mixture model of global Internet bandwidth and investigates it in the context of observed bandwidth distributions between 2002 and 2011. Our longitudinal analysis shows, among other things, that the bandwidth share distributions-and thus bandwidth differences-exhibit considerable path dependence where country proportions of international bandwidth in 2011 can be substantially accounted for by a preferential attachment-based mixture of micro-level processes. Our preferential attachment model, consistent with empirical data, does not predict increasing concentration of bandwidth within top-ranked countries. We argue that recognizing the strong, but nuanced, historical inertia of bandwidth distributions is helpful in better discriminating among competing theoretical perspectives on the global digital divide as well as in clarifying policy discussions related to gaps between bandwidth-rich and bandwidth-poor countries.
A Scholar’s Journey On The Dark Side

These past few years I have lectured for the Federalist Society. That combined with celebrating my fortieth anniversary as an academician has prompted considerable reflection. My initial inclination was to write about how free pizza has contributed to the dissemination of conservative legal education (free pizza is frequently offered at lecturing events to entice attendance), but when I learned that the American Civil Liberties Union used the same tactic, I abandoned the project. I eventually focused on my impressions of contemporary legal education.1 But I get ahead of myself.
A quartic hard chain equation of state for normal fluids

Abstract A new empirical equation of state is proposed which is applicable to mixtures of chain-like molecules. The equation is based on a simple model which uses an approximate chain theory and an approximation of the Carnahan—Starling equation. The results for pure component properties of normal fluids are comparable to the common cubic equations of state. For mixtures of chain-like molecules, the new equation is as good or better than the Peng—Robinson equation.
A framework for specification and performance evaluation of service discovery protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks

Service discovery protocols are extremely important for developing distributed applications in ad-hoc environments. However to perform Service Discovery in mobile ad-hoc networks requires the design and development of extremely complex and dynamic systems. This requires a paradigm shift in the methodologies employed to design and evaluate these systems so as to ensure quality and correctness. Currently there exists no generic method for formally specifying these systems. Due to this it is extremely difficult to formally analyze protocols in this domain to study and observe the behavior. The same issue also hinders comparison of different protocols against a fixed set of metrics. In this work we propose a framework for the formal specification of service discovery protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks. The purpose of this framework is to provide a formal basis for performance evaluation and behavioral study of these protocols. This allows different service discovery architectures to be evaluated against a given set of metrics, a generic way to specify protocols and an automated process for performance evaluation and behavioral study.
Identity Style and Marriage for Pregnant Cohabitors as They Begin the Transition to Parenthood

The transition to parenthood is a difficult time for almost all individuals, with possibly unique difficulties for pregnant cohabitors given simultaneous challenges of identity, intimacy, and impending parenthood. The authors examined how identity style was associated with aspects of marriage, including attitudes toward marriage and reasons not to marry, for 127 pregnant, unmarried, cohabitors. We were particularly interested in the accommodative identity style characterized by a lack of sense of self whereby individuals avoid personal decisions and instead allow contextual demands to determine their outcomes. After controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms, results demonstrated that higher accommodative identity style scores were associated with more negative attitudes toward marriage and greater self-doubts as reasons for not marrying. We discuss how the difficulty of transitioning to parenthood may be compounded for pregnant cohabitors who lack a sense of self, which may undermine their effo...
Medicinal proteomics: Searching from within

Secreted proteins (secretome) play an important role in signaling pathways, blood coagulation, structural scaffolding, enzymatic functions, and immune defense. It is estimated that one out of every 10 gene products in human is destined to the extracellular space for these important tasks. Studies of secreted proteins not only advanced our understanding of their biological functions, but also served as a robust powerhouse of new therapeutics and drug targets, thus the term ‘medicinal proteomics’ was coined for this high-value group of proteins. With many protein-based therapeutics on the market to treat various human diseases, the trend will continue as we identify new members of the secretome. In the post-Human Genome Project era, the pace of discovering novel secreted proteins is accelerated, and medicinal proteomics will be a rich resource for protein-based biotherapeutics and a target for drug discoveries.
College Student Attitudes Toward Advertising's Ethical, Economic, and Social Consequences

Little research has focused on college students' attitudes toward advertising's ethical, economic, and social consequences over the last two decades. Exploring and tracking the attitudes of college students toward advertising is important, however, for several reasons. College students represent an important segment of consumers for many marketers, negative attitudes toward advertising on the part of college students could lead to their support for restrictive regulation in the future, and there are potentially negative consequences concerning the effects of advertising that college students uniquely share with other youth markets. The results of this study – a differentiated replication of an earlier study of college students in the late 1970s – indicate the salience of various beliefs that help determine attitudes toward advertising and provide a useful benchmark for future studies. The implications of the study's findings for advertising practice and future regulation are discussed.
The Anthropology of Pregnancy Loss: Comparative Studies in Miscarriage, Stillbirth, and Neonatal Death

The Anthropology of Pregnancy Loss: Comparative Studies in Miscarriage, Stillbirth, and Neonatal Death. ROSANNE CECIL. ed. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1996. xii. 226 pp., contributors, index.
Mobilization of the iron centre in IscA for the iron-sulphur cluster assembly in IscU.

The biogenesis of iron–sulphur clusters requires the co-ordinated delivery of both iron and sulphur. It is now clear that sulphur in iron–sulphur clusters is derived from L-cysteine by cysteine desulphurases. However, the iron donor for the iron–sulphur cluster assembly still remains elusive. Our previous studies indicated that Escherichia coli IscA, a member of the iron–sulphur cluster assembly machinery, is an iron-binding protein that can provide iron for the iron–sulphur cluster assembly in a proposed scaffold IscU. To determine how the iron centre in IscA is transferred for the iron–sulphur cluster assembly in IscU, we explore the mobility of the iron centre in IscA. The UV–visible and EPR measurements show that L-cysteine, but not IscU, is able to mobilize the iron centre in IscA and make the iron available for the iron–sulphur cluster assembly in IscU. Other related biological thiols such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine or reduced glutathione have no effect on the iron centre of IscA, suggesting that L-cysteine is unique in mobilizing the iron centre of IscA. Nevertheless, L-cysteine alone is not sufficient to transfer the iron from IscA to IscU. Both L-cysteine and cysteine desulphurase (IscS) are required for the IscA-mediated assembly of iron–sulphur clusters in IscU. The results suggest that L-cysteine may have two distinct functions in the biogenesis of iron–sulphur clusters: to mobilize the iron centre in IscA and to provide sulphur via cysteine desulphurase (IscS) for the iron–sulphur cluster assembly in IscU.
Pharmacogenetic Pathway Analysis of Irinotecan

Irinotecan, a chemotherapeutic agent against various solid tumors, is a prodrug requiring activation to SN-38. Irinotecan's complex pharmacokinetics potentially allow for many genetic sources of variability. We explored relationships between pharmacokinetic pathways and polymorphisms in genes associated with irinotecan's metabolism and transport. We fitted a seven-compartment pharmacokinetic model with enterohepatic recirculation (EHR) to concentrations of irinotecan and metabolites SN-38, SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G), and aminopentanoic acid (APC). Principal component analysis (PCA) of patient-specific parameter estimates produced measures interpretable along pathways. Nine principal components provided good characterization of the overall variation. Polymorphisms in genes UGT1A1, UGT1A7, and UGT1A9 had strong associations with a component corresponding to the irinotecan-to-SN-38 pathway and SN-38 recirculation and to a component relating to SN-38-to-SN-38G conversion and elimination of SN-38G. The component characterizing irinotecan's compartments was associated with HNF1alpha and ABCC2 polymorphisms. The exploratory analysis with PCA in this pharmacogenetic analysis was able to identify known associations and may have allowed identification of previously uncharacterized functional polymorphisms.
Infection of a cell line of mouse L fibroblasts with scrapie agent.

THE infection of cell cultures with the causative agents of subacute spongiform encephalopathies — scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and transmissible mink encepha-lopathy—has not yet been reported. The development of a cell line (SMB), from the brain of a mouse affected with scrapie, in which the agent multiplies has shown that replication in vitro is possible1. Studies with this cell line have, however, been limited because no control culture was available for comparative studies. This limitation has now, in part, been overcome by the successful infection of cultures of mouse L cells with scrapie agent, as described here.
Nursing-home staff perception of behavior disturbance and management of confused residents

Abstract An exploratory study was conducted to identify nursing-home staff's perceptions of confused residents' behavior problems and what they did to intervene. Six focus groups were conducted at two nursing homes. A convenience sample of 58 health care providers participated: registered nurses and licensed practical nurses: certified nursing assistants; social workers; clinical nurse specialists; therapeutic recreation therapists; and physical, speech, and occupational therapists. Four categories of behavior disturbances emerged: verbal, fear-related, wandering, and level of awareness-related. Four categories emerged from intervention data analysis: interpreting reality, maintaining normalcy, meeting basic needs, and managing behavior disturbances.