cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Parental Substance Abuse on Children Later in Life

Parental substance abuse in the home may negatively affect the health of their children. The purpose of this study is to better understand whether the impact of parental substance abuse on children persist into their adult lives. This study is a cross-sectional, exploratory study with quantitative methodology. Data was collected by SurveyMonkey, a web-based online survey tool. A total of 243 participants responded for the survey and the data was analyzed with the SPSS statistical software. Multivariate analysis (ANOVA) showed that regardless of age of children, there are significant main effects of mental and/or physical health issues in later life of children who experienced parental substance abuse. In addition, the young adult (18-30) group is more likely to have mental health issues than the middle-aged and older adult groups. The research findings indicate that those who have experienced family substance abuse are considerably likely to have mental health issues regardless of age. Key words: parental substance abuse, children, mental health, foster care
3D Tomographic Image Reconstruction for Multistatic Ground Penetrating Radar

Multistatic GPR has the advantages of reducing survey time and leverages more comprehensive data collection. Traditionally in multistatic GPR data processing, the 2D B-scan image obtained from each receive antenna are simply stacked for 3D image reconstructions. However, such approach is typically inadequate as the multistatic GPR receivers are mounted with spatial offsets, causing back-scattering signals from the same target to have differing time of arrivals. For proper fusion of multistatic GPR data, migration methods that consider the transmitters and receivers spatial offset and data variations among different receiving antennas may be employed. In this study, the back-projection algorithm (BPA) is investigated. The algorithm consists of determining the wave travel path and associated travel time, and projecting the corresponding signal value back into space domain. Furthermore, antenna radiation pattern is incorporated. The BPA enables scatter shape reconstruction and is prone to parallel computing. For validation, multistatic GPR 3D tomographic image reconstruction is successfully applied to laboratory data.
The Guardstone Spiders of the Phrurotimpus palustris Group (Araneae, Phrurolithidae)

The type species of Phrurotimpus, Herpyllus alarius Hentz, was based on a female from Alabama; because Hentz's type specimens were destroyed long ago, the identity of this species has been controversial for over a century. Examination of Hentz's original color paintings of his specimen indicates that earlier authors, such as Bishop and Crosby, and Chamberlin and Ivie, were correct in arguing that Emerton erred in assigning the name to a species common in the northeastern United States. Unfortunately, Kaston (who had access only to the published, black- and-white illustrations) subsequently sided with Emerton, and that misidentification has been followed in all more recent literature. Phrurotimpus palustris (Banks) and P. annulatus Chamberlin and Ivie are removed from the synonymy of P. alarius and considered valid. P. palustris refers to the common northeastern species, whereas P. annulatus refers to a sibling species apparently restricted to the southeastern United States; Hentz's P. alarius is a member of a different species group entirely. Four other species are assigned to the palustris group, which is known only from the eastern United States and Canada: P. umbratilis (Bishop and Crosby), P. wallacei (Gertsch, here transferred from Phrurolithus), and two new species: P. sorkini from Georgia and Florida and P. bernikerae from Florida.
Evaluación de programas de lengua: perspectivas profesionales e investigadoras

Este articulo aboga por el uso de procedimientos evaluativos a nivel de programa para asegurar la calidad y el valor de programas de lengua. Tras revisar el estado general del campo de evaluacion de programas de lengua a nivel academico, argumentamos que los beneficios de practicas evaluativas constantes ayudan a estrechar la relacion entre la oferta formativa de un programa y las necesidades de las partes involucradas (estudiantes, profesores, comunidad). Proponemos el uso de los estandares de CEA como guia para realizar una evaluacion completa de programas de lengua a traves de herramientas disenadas especificamente para las caracteristicas particulares de cada programa. Finalmente, se pretende fomentar el desarrollo y la publicacion de estudios de caso, recursos, y/o revistas para realzar el estatus de la evaluacion de programas en el campo de la linguistica aplicada.
Automatic construction of Markov decision process models for multi-agent reinforcement learning

This paper describes our current multi-agent reinforcement learning concepts to complement or replace classic operational planning techniques. A neural planner is used to generate many possible paths. Training of the neural planner is a onetime task using a physics-based model to create the training data. The outputs of the neural planner are achievable paths. The path intersections are represented as decision waypoint nodes in a graph. The graph is interpreted as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The resulting MDP is much faster than non-discretized spaces to train multi-agent reinforcement algorithms because only high-level decision waypoints are considered. The technique is applicable to multiple domains including air, space, land, sea, and cyber-physical domains.
Autoantibodies to Malondialdehyde-Acetaldehyde Are Detected Prior to Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis and After Other Disease Specific Autoantibodies.

OBJECTIVE To examine serum autoantibodies to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) prior to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis. METHODS Concentrations of anti-MAA antibody isotypes, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti-CCP-2), and IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) were evaluated before and after RA diagnosis in samples from cases (n = 214) and controls (n = 210). The timing of elevations in autoantibody concentrations relative to RA diagnosis was explored using separate mixed models for each antibody and/or isotype. Associations between prediagnosis autoantibody concentrations in RA patients were examined using mixed effects linear regression models. RESULTS Concentrations of IgG (log2 difference 0.34) and IgA (log2 difference 0.43) anti-MAA antibodies in RA patients diverged from controls at 3.0 years and 2.3 years prior to diagnosis, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). There was no evidence of case-control divergence for IgM anti-MAA antibody concentration. Anti-CCP-2 and IgM-RF concentrations diverged between RA patients and controls beginning at 17.6 years and 7.2 years prior to RA diagnosis, respectively. All 3 anti-MAA antibody isotypes (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were significantly associated with anti-CCP-2 antibody and RF concentrations prior to diagnosis (β = 0.22-0.27 for IgM-RF; β = 0.44-0.93 for anti-CCP-2) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION IgG and IgA anti-MAA autoantibodies are elevated prior to RA diagnosis but appear later in the preclinical course than anti-CCP-2 or RF. These findings suggest that MAA formation and anti-MAA immune responses could play a role in the transition from subclinical autoimmunity to clinically apparent arthritis.
Response to: 'Emergency arising from patients' fear of taking antimalarials during these COVID-19 times: are antimalarials as unsafe for cardiovascular health as recent reports suggest?' by Santos-Moreno et al .

We thank Santos-Moreno et al for their response to our commentary.1 2 The authors provide data on cardiovascular adverse events associated with maintenance antimalarial use for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition to our previous correspondence response3 from Erre et al ,4 these additional data are reassuring to patients with rheumatic diseases on chronic doses of antimalarials regarding the continued safety of these medications. However, as we have also addressed in a previous response, the safety profile of antimalarials in patients with COVID-19 infection compared with patients with rheumatic disease may differ widely. Observational data regarding cardiovascular events in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with or …
Duodenal chemosensory system: enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, and tuft cells.

Purpose of review The gut barrier serves as the primary interface between the environment and host in terms of surface area and complexity. Luminal chemosensing is a term used to describe how small molecules in the gut lumen interact with the host through surface receptors or via transport into the subepithelial space. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in the understanding of the luminal chemosensory system in the gastroduodenal epithelium consisting of enterocytes, enteroendocrine, and tuft cells, with particular emphasis on how chemosensing affects mucosal protective responses and the metabolic syndrome. Recent findings Recent single-cell RNA sequencing provides detailed cell type-specific expression of chemosensory receptors and other bioactive molecules as well as cell lineages; some are similar to lingual taste cells whereas some are gut specific. Gut luminal chemosensing is not only important for the local or remote regulation of gut function, but also contributes to the systemic regulation of metabolism, energy balance, and food intake. We will discuss the chemosensory mechanisms of the proximal intestine, in particular to gastric acid, with a focus on the cell types and receptors involved in chemosensing, with emphasis on the rare chemosensory cells termed tuft cells. We will also discuss the chemosensory functions of intestinal ectoenzymes and bacterial components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide) as well as how they affect mucosal function through altering the gut-hormonal-neural axis. Summary Recent updates in luminal chemosensing by different chemosensory cells have provided new possibilities for identifying novel molecular targets for the treatment of mucosal injury, metabolic disorders, and abnormal visceral sensation.
Lexically-guided perceptual learning does generalize to new phonetic contexts

Abstract Lexically-guided and visually-guided perceptual learning have been argued to tap into the same general perceptual mechanism. Using the visually-guided paradigm, some have argued that the resulting retuning effect is specific to the phonetic context in which it is learned; which in turn has been used to argue that such retuning targets context-dependent sub-lexical units. We use three new experiments to study the generalizable nature of lexically-guided perceptual learning of fricative consonants and how type variation in the training stimuli affects it. In contrast to visually-guided retuning, we show that lexical retuning does generalize to new phonetic contexts, particularly when listeners are trained with type variation. This suggests that there is an abstract context-independent representation that is used in speech perception and during lexical retuning. While the same generalization is not clearly observed when type variation is eliminated, the lack of a clear interaction effect between training types prevents us from inferring that lexically-guided perceptual learning needs type variation within the training stimuli to generalize to new phonetic contexts. Furthermore, we point out that some of these effects are subtle and are only observable if we take into account pre-training group difference between the control and test groups.
Tenure Expectations and Career Aspirations Among Female Assistant Professors in STEM

This study used social cognitive career theory to predict the career aspirations and tenure expectations of untenured female science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) assistant professors. ...
Water and steam injection in micro gas turbine supplied by hydrogen enriched fuels: Numerical investigation and performance analysis

Abstract This paper investigates the energetic and environmental performance of micro gas turbine plant with two proposed concurrent improvements: the methane-based fuel enriched by hydrogen and the humidification of the plant cycle. The energetic and environmental benefits of both features are well-know, and the aim of this work is the analysis of their combined impact on the micro gas turbine operation. Despite enhancing fuel with H2 involves significant advantages like greenhouse emission reduction and a better combustion in case of low LHV fuels, most of commercial micro gas turbine combustors are not able to burn fuels with high hydrogen content unless structurally modified. On the contrary, has been demonstrated that humidified gas turbines (i.e., gas turbines with water injection, humid air turbine (HAT) and steam injection gas turbine (STIG) cycles) improve the combustion stability as well as electric power delivered and plant efficiency. Hence, in order to investigate the feasibility of the concurrent two features, the first step of this work was the thermodynamic analysis of a micro gas turbine supplied by methane-based fuels enriched with H2 up to 20%vol, considering both dry and humidified cycles. Since a combustion anomaly was detected, i.e., flashback, in the CFD study on the combustion chamber, a steam injection in the combustor has been added in the plant layout with the aim of overcoming the anomaly, and its effect on the combustion process has been analyzed also raising the hydrogen content up to 30%vol. The main outcome of this paper is the assessment of the feasibility of supplying the combustor of the proposed HGT-STIG micro gas turbine with a hydrogen enrichment up to 30%vol, achieving a safe and regular combustion mainly owing to a steam injection mass flow equal up to 125% of fuel flow.
Billboards, Signs, Free Speech, and The First Amendment

This Article reviews the competing demands free speech law makes when applied to sign and billboard ordinances. It describes the free speech doctrines that apply, explains ambiguities and conflicts, and makes recommendations for sign regulations that can avoid constitutional problems. The Article first explains how state courts decided the constitutionality of billboard controls before free speech law applied. It then describes the litigation problems municipalities face in sign litigation, and considers the overbreadth and severability doctrines that litigants can use to strike sign ordinances down. Ordinances that regulate signs typically regulate commercial speech. The Article explains the criteria the Supreme Court adopted for laws that regulate commercial speech, and how the Court liberally applied these criteria in a case upholding an ordinance that prohibited billboards. Lower court cases that applied this case are discussed next. They followed the Supreme Court’s approach in billboard cases but sometimes added new requirements. The Article then describes the free speech time, place, and manner rules that are an alternative to commercial speech doctrine, and how courts apply these rules to sign ordinances. Regulations for digital billboards are discussed next. The Article concludes by discussing the constitutional protections courts provide for noncommercial speech, and the constitutional restrictions they require for signs that regulate content.
Antrochoanal Polyp: An unusual cause of pediatric dyspnea and globus sensation

Abstract Antrochoanal polyps most often present with nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, but may rarely prolapse causing acute respiratory distress. We present a case of emergent pediatric airway obstruction due to a large antrochoanal polyp, treated with functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
BETTER SADDLEPOINT CONFIDENCE INTERVALS VIA BOOTSTRAP CALIBRATION

Confidence interval construction for parameters of lattice distributions is considered. By using saddlepoint formulas and bootstrap calibration, we obtain relatively short intervals and bounds with 0(n-3/2) coverage errors, in contrast with 0(n-1) and 0(n-1/2) coverage errors for normal theory intervals and bounds when the population distribution is absolutely continuous. Closed form solutions are also provided for the cases of binomial and Poisson distributions. The method is illustrated by some simulation results.
Maroons in Anthropology

Maroons – self-liberated slaves and their descendants – still form semi-independent communities in several parts of the Americas, for example, Suriname, French Guiana, Jamaica, Colombia, Belize, and Brazil. As the most isolated of Afro-Americans, they have since the 1920s been an important focus of anthropological research, contributing to theoretical debates about slave resistance, the heritage of Africa in the Americas, the process of creolization, and the nature of historical knowledge among nonliterate peoples.
Diseconomies of School District Size

Massive school district consolidation is driven by the presumption among education professionals that there are economies of scale in education (lower costs or greater value provided per student for larger numbers of students). But while educators have argued for economies of school district size, often resulting in the creation of massive school districts in search of promised efficiencies, they have not demonstrated those efficiencies in practice. In fact, the accumulated evidence points to the clear conclusion that, except for consolidations of very small districts, there are no economies of scale to local education.
A Vector Similarity Measure for Type-1 Fuzzy Sets

Comparing the similarity between two fuzzy sets (FSs) is needed in many applications. The focus herein is linguistic approximation using type-1 (T1) FSs, i.e. associating a T1 FS Awith a linguistic label from a vocabulary. Because each label is represented by an T1 FS B i , there is a need to compare the similarity of Aand B i to find the B i most similar to A. In this paper, a vector similarity measure (VSM) is proposed for T1 FSs, whose two elements measure the similarity in shape and proximity, respectively. A comparative study shows that the VSM gives best results. Additionally, the VSM can be easily extended to interval type-2 FSs.
Legal constraints and the choice of educational grant structures

Recent empirical work suggests that legal constraints are significant in choosing state educational grant structures. Unfortunately, the literature has not taken such constraints into account, thus calling into question particular grant structure recommendations. This pa- per studies the conditions under which a legislature, under order to reform its educational grant structure, prefers foundation grants over district power equalization grants. A theoretical model is presented in which the choice is shown to depend on the legal basis of the court's decision, and the empirical validity of this conclusion is demonstrated using Connecticut data and a separate model of school district expenditure choice.
A Leadership Knowledge Management Model for E-Government: A Preliminary Empirical Test.

Although technology has greatly enhanced the ability of government to provide resources electronically, there is still a need for the development of knowledge management systems that potentially improve flexibility and provide citizens with better service. As e-government continues to grow, a key area is the advancement of leadership to increasingly provide effective knowledge resources to the public sector. Drawing from the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) leadership triad as a research framework, the purpose of this study is to develop and test a model that identifies the relationship between leadership and knowledge management within a city government. The study, conducted over a fiveweek period, indicated a strong relationship between the MBNQA leadership triad and knowledge management.
Biology of Bacillus popilliae

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biology of bacillus popilliae. Bacillus popilliae is a pathogen of various scarabaeid beetles. Bacillus popilliae represents a unique category among bacteria. It is gram-variable, facultatively anaerobic, catalaseless, insecticidal, and it forms endospores along with parasporal crystals. Whether parasporal crystals are toxic to larvae is not yet fully determined however, some data indicate that there is pathogenicity associated with the crystals. Also, characterization of the inclusion bodies is incomplete, regardless, it is known that they are predominantly protein and can be separated in three cathodic components when solubilized crystals are subjected to high-voltage electrophoresis. They contain no lipid or nucleic acids however, they contain glycoprotein components. Of the 17 amino acids present, glutamic acid and aspartic acid predominate, followed in order of quantity by leucine, valine, glycine, threonine, isoleucine, alanine, and arginine; no unusual amino acids are present.
Disability and Treatment Outcomes for Anxiety and Depression in Older Veterans

The present study examined the impact of disability on mental health outcomes in older Veterans referred to an interdisciplinary geriatric mental health team for assessment and treatment of anxiety or depression or both. Thirty-five Veterans (age, M = 81.2 years, SD = 7.4) completed one or more psychotherapy sessions and pre- and post-treatment assessments of anxiety, depression, and disability. Pre-treatment disability did not predict anxiety or depression treatment response in hierarchical linear regression models. However, change in disability predicted both anxiety and depression treatment response. Specifically, decreased disability was associated with decreased anxiety and depression symptoms at post-treatment. Anxiety and depression treatment response also predicted change in disability such that decreased anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with less disability at post-treatment. The present study provides preliminary evidence that change in disability during treatment may have an effe...
Regression by Parts: Fitting Visually Interpretable Models with GUIDE

Regression modeling often requires many subjective decisions, such as choice of transformation for each variable and the type and number of terms to include in the model. The transformations may be as simple as powers and cross-products or as sophisticated as indicator functions and splines. Sometimes, the transformations are chosen to satisfy certain subjective criteria such as approximate normality of the marginal distributions of the predictor variables. Further, model building is almost always an iterative process, with the fit of the model evaluated each time terms are added or deleted.
Contingent Control Rights and Asset Substitution: The Design of Long-Term Debt

This paper investigates the design of long-term debt contracts when management has the ability to divert or manipulate the cash flows, and when it is prohibitively costly for a third party, such as a court, to verify or prove any managerial wrongdoing. We show that debt with maturity longer than the life of the firm's assets becomes sustainable, if investors are granted the right to dismiss management and take over the company as a going concern in the event of default. Interestingly, it is the threat of dismissal that induces management to comply with the contract but it is the investors' ability to take over the firm in default that makes this threat credible. Despite the strong similarity of the control rights and the maturity of debt and equity, investors will not be indifferent between the two securities. If a project can raise long-term debt it can also raise outside equity but the reverse is not true: there are projects that cannot issue debt but may still obtain outside equity financing. This is so because of the nature of the control rights. Since debtholders have contingent control rights, they cannot exercise control unless default has occurred. Hence, a manager planning to default may start milking the assets prior to the default. To alleviate this potential asset substitution by management, long-term debt contracts must offer substantially higher incentive payments to the entrepreneur-manager. Thus, a project aiming to secure longer-term debt financing must show evidence of higher profitability than one seeking equity financing.
α7-Cholinergic Receptor Mediates Vagal Induction of Splenic Norepinephrine

Classically, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act in opposition to maintain the physiological homeostasis. In this article, we report that both systems work together to restrain systemic inflammation in life-threatening conditions such as sepsis. This study indicates that vagus nerve and cholinergic agonists activate the sympathetic noradrenergic splenic nerve to control systemic inflammation. Unlike adrenalectomy, splenectomy and splenic neurectomy prevent the anti-inflammatory potential of both the vagus nerve and cholinergic agonists, and abrogate their potential to induce splenic and plasma norepinephrine. Splenic nerve stimulation mimics vagal and cholinergic induction of norepinephrine and re-establishes neuromodulation in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR)-deficient animals. Thus, vagus nerve and cholinergic agonists inhibit systemic inflammation by activating the noradrenergic splenic nerve via the α7nAChR nicotinic receptors. α7nAChR represents a unique molecular link between the parasympathetic and sympathetic system to control inflammation.
Behavior of the firm under rate-of-return regulation with two capital inputs

Abstract Traditional electric utility companies face a trade-off between building generation facilities that utilize renewable energy (RE) and non-renewable energy (non-RE). The firm's input decision to build capacity for either source depends on several constraining factors, including input prices, policies that promote or discourage RE use, and the type of regulation faced by the firm. This paper models the utility company's decision between RE and non-RE capital inputs. From the model, we derive the result that rate-of-return (ROR) regulation decreases the investment in RE capital relative to the unregulated firm. These findings suggest restructuring electricity generation markets, which removes the ROR on generating assets, can increase the relative use of RE. A second result of the model shows that the renewable portfolio standard (RPS) increases the investment in capital that requires RE as a source of electricity, as expected. This paper contributes to the literature on the substitution between renewable and non-renewable resources, by examining the policies that affect the investment in the two types of technologies. The model can also be applied to other regulated utilities, such as water or natural gas companies, with outputs that are produced from different types of capital.
Transmission measurement of quality factor in two-dimensional photonic-crystal microcavity

A new micro-cavity design is proposed and structures are realized using a 2D photonic-crystal slab. The cavity consists of seven defect holes that encompass a hexagon and is designed to reduce vertical light leakage. From a direct transmission measurement, a Q-value of 816+/- 30 is achieved at (lambda) =1.55micrometers . This high-Q cavity will enable realistic realization of spontaneous emission modification and on-off optical switches.
A COMPUTER INTEGRATED SPECTROPHOTOMETER FOR FILM THICKNESS MONITORING

A miniaturized grating spectrophotometer for thin film analysis is described that was designed to fit into a minicomputer environment. Spectrometer, control electronics, buffer storage and power supply are integrated on a single print card.
Intracellular localization of lens antigens in the developing eye of the mouse embryo.

The time of initial synthesis and the subsequent localization of the crystallins in the embryonic mouse lens were studied with antisera to adult mouse lens using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Fluorescence was first detected in a few centrally located cells of deeply invaginated lens rudiments (10.75 to 11 days of gestation), after a prolonged period of contact between presumptive lens and presumptive retina. The reaction usually was restricted to the basal cytoplasm of these cells. During formation of the lens vesicle in 11 to 11.5 day embryos a gradually increasing fraction of lens cells began to display fluorescence, throughout their cytoplasm. At the time of closure of the vesicle the reaction had spread throughout the posterior wall. After fiber elongation became distinct, the cells of the anterior lens epithelium began to fluoresce (11.5 days). All cells of the lens rudiment were uniformly fluorescent in 12 day embryos and in all subsequent prenatal stages. Reactions were never observed outside the lens. We concluded that the mouse crystallins are tissue specific proteins and that their production begins at a relatively late stage of lens morphogenesis. When cells first showed fluorescence, they always had an elongated shape and their nuclei were in a basal position, close to the optic cup. A few hours later dividing cells became positive. Taking into account earlier found relations between cell shape and cell cycle phase, these observations may indicate that crystallin synthesis is initiated in the late S- or early G2-phase of the cell cycle, and that embryonic lens cells retain the capacity to divide, even after acquiring large amounts of tissue-specific structural proteins.
Cecropins induce the hyperosmotic stress response in Escherichia coli

Abstract Cecropin A and B, below or near their minimum inhibitory concentrations in viable Escherichia coli, interfered with the rapid NaCl-induced hyperosmotic shrinkage of the cytoplasmic volume (plasmolysis), and also activated the promoter of the hyperosmotic stress gene osmY. The same promoter was also expressed by hyperosmolar NaCl or sucrose, two of the most commonly used antimicrobial food preservatives. Stress responses were monitored during the logarithmic growth phase of E. coli strains that contain specific promoters fused to a luxCDABE operon on a plasmid. The luminescence assay, developed to monitor the transcriptional response to stresses, is based on the premise that organisms often respond and adapt to sublethal environmental adversities by increased expression of stress proteins to restore homeostasis. The luminescence response from these fusion strains to a specific stress occurs as the transcription at the promoter site is activated. Cecropins induced luminescence response only from the osmY–luxCDABE fusion, but not the corresponding stress promoter activation associated with macromolecular or oxidative damage, or leakage of the cytoplasmic content including the proton gradient. The inhibitory effect of cecropins on plasmolysis is interpreted to suggest that the primary locus of action of these antimicrobial peptides in the periplasmic space is on the coupling between the inner and outer membrane.
Effect of Lung Expansion on the Fetal Lamb Circulation

Summary The change in pulmonary blood flow as a result of expansion of the lungs with 100-200 ml of nitrogen was studied in eleven fetal lambs. The fetal circulation was evaluated by simultaneous injection of 5% sodium chloride into the left ventricle and indocyanine green into the right ventricle and by recording the concentration of these indicators in the right carotid artery and right femoral artery. During the control period, prior to lung expansion, most of the right ventricular output bypassed the lungs; in fact, there was no detectable pulmonary blood flow in six of the lambs. As long as the lungs were forcibly maintained expanded there was no increase in pulmonary blood flow, but when the expanding nitrogen was given free outlet again there was a change in the distribution of right ventricular output in nine of the lambs. The portion passing through the lungs increased in eight lambs but decreased in one. In two lambs the lungs were expanded with 100 ml of Dextran. This did not affect pulmonary blood flow although the following expansion with 100 ml of nitrogen in both instances caused more of the right ventricular output to be distributed to the lungs. It is concluded that surface tension in the newly formed air-liquid interfaces of the expanded alveoli may decrease resistance to pulmonary blood flow.
Multisite study of the safety and efficacy of LumenHance, a new gastrointestinal contrast agent for MRI of the abdomen and pelvis

Numerous studies have appeared reporting on the utility of a variety of novel gastrointestinal contrast agents (113). Recently. a new manganese chloride-based gastrointestinal contrast agent, LumenHance, has been developed for MR imaging. The active component of LumenHance is paramagnetic Mn +2 as manganese chloride (MnC12). At the concentration used during the current work (40 Xg/mL of Mn+2), LumenHance shortens both T1 and T2 of bowel content, causing the lumen to have high signal intensity on Tl-weighted sequences and decreased intensity on T2-weighted sequences. The current report describes the results of a phase III study evaluating the clinical utility and safety of LumenHance.
X-ray refractive index of laser-dressed atoms

We investigated the complex index of refraction in the x-ray regime of atoms in laser light. The laser (intensity up to ${10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, wavelength $800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$) modifies the atomic states but, by assumption, does not excite or ionize the atoms in their electronic ground state. Using quantum electrodynamics, we devise an ab initio theory to calculate the dynamic dipole polarizability and the photoabsorption cross section, which are subsequently used to determine the real and imaginary part, respectively, of the refractive index. The interaction with the laser is treated nonperturbatively; the x-ray interaction is described in terms of a one-photon process. We numerically solve the resolvents involved using a single-vector Lanczos algorithm. Finally, we formulate rate equations to copropagate a laser and an x-ray pulse through a gas cell. Our theory is applied to argon. We study the x-ray polarizability and absorption near the argon $K$ edge over a large range of dressing-laser intensities. We find electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) for x rays on the Ar $1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4p$ pre-edge resonance. We demonstrate that EIT in Ar allows one to imprint the shape of an ultrafast laser pulse on a broader x-ray pulse (duration $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$, photon energy $3.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$). Our work thus opens new opportunities for research with hard x-ray sources.
Charge-dependent three-body force and Coulomb energy difference of /sup 3/He-/sup 3/H

Charge-dependent three-body potential with one photon and one pion exchanged was derived. Only the dominant lowest-order processes which arise from the Born terms of the internal processes are investigated. The contribution of this charge-dependent three-body potential to the binding energy difference of /sup 3/He-/sup 3/He is then evaluated using a realistic variational wave function and found to be small but not negligible.
Terrorism, Signaling, and Suicide Attack

This article examines the strategic utility of suicide terrorism. Suicide terrorism, we suggest, can be thought of as a form of strategic "signaling." We define terrorism as a signaling game in which terrorist attacks are used to communicate a group's character and objectives to a set of target audiences. This is followed by an examination of the utility of suicide attacks as a signaling tactic. The relative effectiveness of suicide operations is evaluated in relation to other tactical options that are traditionally available to terrorist organizations. We go on to examine the institutional and social context of suicide terrorism, concluding with an examination of the evolutionary use of suicide attacks by Palestinian terrorist organizations and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.‐
The Role of Bulk Protein in Local Models of Ion-Binding to Proteins: Comparative Study of KcsA, Its Semisynthetic Analog with a Locked-in Binding Site, and Valinomycin

Abstract In studying ion-selectivity in biomaterials, it is common to study ion-protein interactions within a local neighborhood around the ion. This local system analysis for the S 2 site of KcsA, its semisynthetic analog, and valinomycin yields the free energy change in exchanging K + with Na + in quantitative agreement with the value obtained by considering ion-interactions with the entire system. But the energetics of ion binding in the local system and in the entire system differ significantly and lead to different conclusions regarding the physical basis of ion selectivity. For configurations sampled from an all-atom simulation, we show that the selectivity free energy can be decomposed into a contribution arising from interactions of the ion with its local neighborhood, Δ W local , and a term arising from the field imposed on the ion and the binding site by the rest of the medium, Δ W ϕ . The local contribution Δ W local is numerically close to the actual free energy difference because the field contribution is small. The field contribution is small because of cancellation of inversely related ion-medium and site-medium interactions. Our analysis presents a rigorous foundation for the numerical success of the local system analysis and shows that its implications do not always hold for the entire protein.
How Academia Can Avoid Withering and Flourish Instead

This article provides an overview of how academia can avoid a demoralizing downward spiral during this economic downturn, and flourish instead. To do so will require some fundamental changes in how we approach several issues. First, we must understand that our traditional culture is colliding with the 21st century. For example, we must learn to create a shared governance model that reflects the more rapidly changing, 24/7, 12-month environment in which we live. Second, we must accept the premise that if we teach it, we need to use it. That is, we teach how organizations need to cooperate in solving complex issues, and how to translate higher order principles into practice. We need to demonstrate that behavior more on our campuses. Third, we need to overcome institutional egocentrism and view the world more from the student's perspective with respect to credit transfer, funding, and rule-bound behavior, thereby acknowledging that other colleges and universities not only exist, but they do things at least a...
Macondo crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disrupts specific developmental processes during zebrafish embryogenesis

The Deepwater Horizon disaster was the largest marine oil spill in history, and total vertical exposure of oil to the water column suggests it could impact an enormous diversity of ecosystems. The most vulnerable organisms are those encountering these pollutants during their early life stages. Water-soluble components of crude oil and specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to cause defects in cardiovascular and craniofacial development in a variety of teleost species, but the developmental origins of these defects have yet to be determined. We have adopted zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a model to test whether water accumulated fractions (WAF) of the Deepwater Horizon oil could impact specific embryonic developmental processes. While not a native species to the Gulf waters, the developmental biology of zebrafish has been well characterized and makes it a powerful model system to reveal the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind Macondo crude toxicity. WAF of Macondo crude oil sampled during the oil spill was used to treat zebrafish throughout embryonic and larval development. Our results indicate that the Macondo crude oil causes a variety of significant defects in zebrafish embryogenesis, but these defects have specific developmental origins. WAF treatments caused defects in craniofacial development and circulatory function similar to previous reports, but we extend these results to show they are likely derived from an earlier defect in neural crest cell development. Moreover, we demonstrate that exposure to WAFs causes a variety of novel deformations in specific developmental processes, including programmed cell death, locomotor behavior, sensory and motor axon pathfinding, somitogenesis and muscle patterning. Interestingly, the severity of cell death and muscle phenotypes decreased over several months of repeated analysis, which was correlated with a rapid drop-off in the aromatic and alkane hydrocarbon components of the oil. Whether these teratogenic effects are unique to the oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill or generalizable for most crude oil types remains to be determined. This work establishes a model for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms behind crude oil mediated deformations. In addition, due to the high conservation of genetic and cellular processes between zebrafish and other vertebrates, our work also provides a platform for more focused assessment of the impact that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has had on the early life stages of native fish species in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.
The Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor System Protects Against Ischemic Free Radical Programed Cell Death in Rat Brain Endothelial Cells

As one of the key determinants of ischemic injury, cerebrovascular endothelial cell (EC) degeneration may be dependent upon the generation of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) and the subsequent induction of programed cell death (PCD). Although the mechanisms that can prevent EC injury are most likely multifactorial in origin, the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) system may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ECs given the ability of the mGluR system to reverse neuronal cell injury. This study examined the modulation of individual subtypes of mGluRs during anoxia and NO toxicity in primary rat cerebrovascular ECs. Cell injury was determined through trypan blue dye exclusion, intracellular lactate dehydrogenase release, DNA fragmentation, membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, and cysteine protease activity. Anoxia, through the generation of NO, and exposure to exogenous NO were directly toxic to ECs. Exposure to NO rapidly decreased EC viability from 98% ± 2% to 40% ± 9%, increased DNA ...
Abnormal duodenal bile composition in patients with acalculous chronic cholecystitis

Objective Our goal was to characterize biliary lipid composition in patients with the syndrome of chronic biliary pain, absence of gallstones, and inflammation of the gallbladder mucosa (acalculous chronic cholecystitis). Methods Duodenal bile, obtained from 27 patients with a history of right upper quadrant pain and with negative imaging studies of the biliary tract, was analyzed enzymatically for bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Fifteen patients were found to have inflammation and/or fibrosis of the gallbladder at cholecystectomy. Results The 15 patients with abnormal gallbladder histology had more dilute duodenal bile, as indicated by a low bile acid concentration and a lower proportion of phospholipids ( p Conclusions Some patients with acalculous chronic cholecystitis have duodenal bile samples characterized by a decreased bile acid concentration and a decreased proportion of biliary phospholipids. The low biliary bile acid concentration may result from impaired gallbladder contraction and/or secretion by the biliary tract epithelium. The low proportion of phospholipid may result from posthepatic hydrolysis of luminal phosphatidylcholine followed by absorption of the hydrolysis products. The latter process could be caused by and/or contribute to mucosal inflammation and would also elevate the cholesterol saturation of bile, increasing the risk for cholesterol gallstone formation.
Flow of dilute, sub-micron emulsions in granular porous media: effects of pH and ionic strength

Abstract The effects of pH and ionic strength on the flow of dilute, sub-micron emulsions of n -hexadecane in water through sand beds were studied experimentally to determine the mechanism of transport under different physicochemical conditions. The effluent concentration of the oil phase and the drop size distribution were measured along with the permeability of the porous medium at different pH and ionic strengths. The effect of pH was studied at a constant ionic strength of 5 × 10 −4 M. At high pH values, no entrapment of the emulsion in the porous medium is seen, owing to significant repulsion among the emulsion droplets themselves and between the droplets and the sand grains. At low pH values, there is an attractive interaction between the droplets and the porous medium. Consequently, deposition and coalescence of the emulsion occur within the porous medium, leading to effective pore blockage and reduction in permeability. The effect of ionic strength was studied in the range 5 × 10 −4 −10 −1 M at a constant pH of 8.3. Substantial permeability reductions were observed at high ionic strengths owing to the decrease in the thickness of the electrical double layers, and a reduction in the zeta potential of the emulsion droplets and the sand grains. The permeability reduction increases with increasing ionic strength. This work demonstrates that, depending on the surface chemical effects, the permeability of a porous medium can be considerably reduced by the flow of emulsions even when the drop size is much smaller than the pore size.
On the dynamics of large-scale structures in electron temperature gradient turbulence

The electron temperature gradient mode has been proposed to be a source of experimentally relevant electron thermal transport, via a variety of nonlinear phenomena such as the generation of streamers. The question of streamer stability and saturation is revisited, with the effects of geometry and perturbation stability highlighted. It is shown that the streamer saturation level is not determined by the balance of Kelvin-Helmholtz rate vs. linear growth rate, but by balancing the nonlinear Kelvin-Helmholtz drive against damping mechanisms of the Kelvin-Helmholtz perturbation. In addition, random shear suppression of ETG turbulence by drift-ion temperature gradient (DITG) modes is studied, and it is found that streamers will be sensitive to shearing by short-wavelength DITG modes. An additonal interaction mechanism, modulations of the electron temperature gradient induced by the DITG turbulence, is considered and shown to be quite significant. These considerations are used to motivate a discussion of the requirements for a credible theory of streamer transport.
FLOW STRUCTURE IN THE NEAR-WALL ZONE OF A TURBULENT SEPARATED FLOW

Les mesures effectuees montrent que la structure de la region proche de la paroi d'un ecoulement decolle est differente de celle d'une couche limite turbulente normale
Synthesis of (Z)-2-((1H-indazol-3-yl)methylene)-6-[11C]methoxy-7-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)benzofuran-3(2H)-one as a new potential PET probe for imaging of the enzyme PIM1

Abstract ( Z )-2-((1 H -Indazol-3-yl)methylene)-6-methoxy-7-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)benzofuran-3(2 H )-one is a potent and selective proviral integration site in moloney murine leukemia virus kinase 1 (PIM1) inhibitor with an IC 50 value of 3 nM. ( Z )-2-((1 H -Indazol-3-yl)methylene)-6-[ 11 C]methoxy-7-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)benzofuran-3(2 H )-one, a new potential PET probe for imaging of the enzyme PIM1, was first designed and synthesized in 20–30% decay corrected radiochemical yield and 370–740 GBq/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB). The synthetic strategy was to prepare a carbon-11-labeled Boc-protected intermediate followed by a quick acidic de-protection.