cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial coherence measurements from two L-shape arrays in Shallow Water

In the Shallow Water’ 06 experiment, two L-shape arrays (ARRAY52 and ARRAY32) were deployed. The vertical line array (VLA) components of both ARRAY52 and ARRAY32 were exactly perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation. The horizontal line array (HLA) component of ARRAY52 was exactly perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation. The HLA component of ARRAY32 was exactly parallel to the direction of sound propagation. This configuration offered an opportunity to simultaneously analyze the three dimensional (3-D) spatial coherences: vertical, transverse horizontal and longitudinal horizontal. When the source and the receivers were below the thermocline, both the vertical and longitudinal horizontal coherence lengths in units of wavelength increased with increasing range and frequency. When the source was within the thermocline, the transverse horizontal coherence length in units of wavelength decreased with frequency and exhibited weak range dependence.
Picosecond Dynamic Heterogeneity, Hopping, and Johari-Goldstein Relaxation in Glass-Forming Liquids

We show that incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering from molecular liquids reveals a two-state dynamic heterogeneity on a 1 ps time scale, where molecules are either highly confined or are free to undergo relatively large excursions. Data ranging from deep in the glassy state to well above the melting point allows us to observe temperature-dependent population levels and exchange between these two states. A simple physical picture emerges from this data, combined with published work, that provides a mechanism for hopping and for the Johari-Goldstein (${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\text{JG}}$) relaxation, and allows us to accurately calculate the diffusion coefficient, ${D}_{T}$, and characteristic times for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\text{JG}}$ relaxations from ps time scale neutron data.
Synthesis of some analogs of cryptopleurine

The alkaloid cryptopleurine (Va) is a phenanthroquinolizidine derivative which is physiologically active2–4 but quite toxic 5, even showing marked vesicant activity 5, 6. As part of a program involving the synthesis of benzo-quinolizidine analogs 7–9 as for testing as possible hypotensive agents (blood-pressure lowering agents), we have prepared several simplified analogs of cryptopleurine. While the method used is a variant of that originally applied in the cryptopleurine synthesis10, the use of the more modern techniques involving the substitution of 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine11 or picolinaldoxime12 (II. Z = NOH) for picolinaldehyde (II. Z = O) has made possible in most cases the isolation of the intermediates III and IV. The phenanthro-quinolizidines prepared (as salts) include the 2,3-dimethoxy-(Vb), the 6-methoxy-(Vc) and the unsubstituted (Vd).
Psychiatric management of acute myocardial infarction in the coronary care unit.

Failure to recognize and treat the psychiatric complications of myocardial infarction (MI) may aggravate the underlying cardiac condition and interfere with its treatment. The timing and manifestations of several distinct psychiatric conditions that commonly accompany the acute phase of MI (anxiety, depression, delirium, and behavioral abnormalities secondary to a person's premorbid character style) will be reviewed. In addition, the importance of psychological risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease (e.g., life stress and the Type A behavior pattern) and the impact of denial on the cardiac patient's condition will be discussed. Management strategies that include nonpharmacologic (i.e., support, reassurance, brief psychotherapy and cardiac rehabilitation) and psychopharmacologic interventions (e.g., the rational use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and neuroleptic agents) for psychiatric conditions in the MI patient will be provided. Postdischarge issues that occur in both the patient and his or her family are outlined, and the enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation programs is encouraged.
Development of a Mechanistic Model to Represent the Dynamics of Liquid Flow Out of the Rumen and to Predict the Rate of Passage of Liquid in Dairy Cattle

A mechanistic and dynamic model was developed to represent the physiological aspects of liquid dynamics in the rumen and to quantitatively predict liquid flow out of the reticulorumen (RR). The model is composed of 2 inflows (water consumption and salivary secretion), one outflow (liquid flow through the reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO), and one in-and-out flow (liquid flux through the rumen wall). We assumed that liquid flow through the ROO was coordinated with the primary reticular contraction, which is characterized by its frequency, duration, and amplitude during eating, ruminating, and resting. A database was developed to predict each component of the model. A random coefficients model was used with studies as a random variable to identify significant variables. Parameters were estimated using the same procedure only if a random study effect was significant. The input variables for the model were dry matter intake, body weight, dietary dry matter, concentrate content in the diet, time spent eating, and time spent ruminating. Total water consumption (kg/d) was estimated as 4.893 x dry matter intake (kg/d), and 20% of the water consumed by drinking was assumed to bypass the RR. The salivary secretion rate was estimated to be 210 g/min during chewing. During ruminating, however, the salivation rate was assumed to be adjusted for the proportion of liquid in the rumen. Resting salivation was exponentially related to dry matter intake. Liquid efflux through the rumen wall was assumed to be the mean value in the database (4.6 kg/h). The liquid outflow rate (kg/h) was assumed to be a product of the frequency of the ROO opening, its duration per opening, and the amount of liquid passed per opening. Simulations of our model suggest that the ROO may open longer for each contraction cycle than had been previously reported (about 3 s) and that it is affected by dry matter intake, body weight, and total digesta in the rumen. When compared with 28 observations in 7 experiments, the model accounted for 40, 70, and 90% of the variation, with root mean square prediction errors of 9.25 kg, 1.84 kg/h, and 0.013 h(-1) for liquid content in the rumen, liquid outflow rate, and fractional rate of liquid passage, respectively. A sensitivity analysis showed that dry matter intake, followed by body weight and time spent eating, were the most important input variables for predicting the dynamics of liquid flow from the rumen. We conclude that this model can be used to understand the factors that affect the dynamics of liquid flow out of the rumen and to predict the fractional rate of liquid passage from the RR in dairy cattle.
Ergodic Theory, Group Representations, and Rigidity

In these lectures we discuss some topics concerning the relationship of ergodic theory, representation theory, and the structure of Lie groups and their discrete subgroups.
Generation of Arbitrarily-Shaped Pulse for Optical Wireless Communication

Arbitrarily-shaped ultrashort pulse waveforms could be synthesized with optimized high-resolution zero-dispersion pulse shaping system. The system and optimized parameters are analyzed and discussed. It is shown that the optimized pulse shaping system could resolve frequency components of ultrashort pulse and avoid spatial shaping of individual frequency components. The specified shaped pulses are generated through our optimized system, which can potentially improve the performance of optical wireless communication system.
A modified tau spectral method that eliminated spurious eigenvalues

Abstract A modified tau spectral method is presented which eliminates the spurious eigenvalues produced by the usual tau method. The modified tau method essentially involves an appropriate factorization of the differential operators in the eigenvalue problem. It is developed for eigenvalue problems posed as single differential equations or as systems of such equations. Several eigenvalue problems are solved using both the usual and modified Chebyshev-tau methods, including the Orr-Sommerfeld stability equation for plane Poiseuille flow. The convergence of the modified tau method is shown to be at least as rapid as that of the usual tau method. The use of the tau coefficients in indicating convergence is also discussed.
Tetrahydrofuran as an one-electron donor: Highly diastereoselective coupling of cobalt-complexed propargyl alcohol

Abstract A novel one-step reductive dimerization of Co-complexed propargyl alcohol 5 has been developed producing dl- and meso-(3,4-diphenyl-1,5-hexadiyne)-bis-dicobalt hexacarbonyl ( 8,9 ) with uprecedented diastereoselectivity of 90%. A tandem action of a variety of one-electron/hydride ion donors and Bronsted Lewis acids has been tested both in one- and two-step methods with the latter including the isolation of propargyl cation 1 .
Role of instabilities in determination of the shapes of growing crystals

The shapes of growing crystals are determined by an interplay of complex processes that include transport of energy and matter through bulk phases, capillarity-related processes that determine local equilibrium conditions at the crystal-nutrient interface, and non-equilibrium kinetic processes that take place locally to that interface. A mathematical description of crystal growth results in a free boundary problem (the free boundary being the location and shape of the interface as a function of time) for thermal and compositional fields, governed by partial differential equations and subject to boundary conditions on the free boundary and at the extremities of the system. This free boundary problem is not only difficult to solve but often displays multiple solutions. One attempts to select from among the possible solutions by invoking principles of dynamic stability. By treating the above three processes in pairs, we show that the interplay of transport and interface kinetics leads to a consideration of facet instability; the interplay of diffusive transport and capillarity to morphological instability; and the interplay of capillarity and interface kinetics to a consideration of corner instability and to interesting modifications of the classical work of Frank that describes the evolution of crystal growth shapes under conditions for which capillary effects are negligible. Theories that treat all three processes simultaneously are rare, but numerical computations based on the boundary integral technique and the phase field model are beginning to yield interesting results, especially with respect to dendritic growth.
Antitumor agents 273. Design and synthesis of N-alkyl-thiocolchicinoids as potential antitumor agents.

Abstract As a part of our continuing study of colchicinoids as therapeutically useful antitumor drugs, thiocolchicine derivatives, including their phosphate and other water soluble salts, were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of tubulin polymerization and for in vitro cytotoxicity. Three compounds, 7, 10, and 11, showed potent inhibition of tubulin assembly (IC50 = 0.88–1.1 μM). In addition, compound 7, a water soluble succinic acid salt of N-deacetylthiocolchicine (4), showed potent cytotoxicity against a panel of tumor cell lines, suggesting it might be a potential lead to be developed as a therapeutic antitumor agent. Compound 8, a water soluble succinic acid salt of N,N-dimethyl-N-deacetylthiocolchicine (5), showed selective activities against HCT-8 and SK-BR-3 cells. N,N-Diethyl-N-deacetylthiocolchicine (6) seemed not to be a substrate for the P-gp efflux pump, based on the similar ED50 values obtained against P-gp over-expressing KBvin (0.0146 μg/mL) cells and the parent KB (0.0200 μg/mL) cell line.
Influence of Question Format and Text Availability on the Assessment of Expository Text Comprehension

This study examines how passage availability and reading comprehension question format (open-ended vs. multiple-choice) influence question answering. In two experiments, college undergraduates read an expository passage and answered open-ended and multiple-choice versions of text-based, local, and global bridging inference questions. Half the participants were allowed to refer to the passage when answering the questions and half were not. Participants' prior domain knowledge relating to the text contents was assessed using multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Correlation-based analyses in the two experiments indicated: (a) a decline in the relationship between prior domain knowledge and comprehension when the passage was available during question answering; and (b) a high correlation between multiple-choice and open-ended question answering performance when the passage was not available for reference. Overall the results indicate that the nature of the reading comprehension assessment is influenced b...
Molecular beam epitaxy of ScxEr1- xSb on InAs(100)

Abstract The successful molecular beam epitaxial growth of single crystalline Sc x Er 1− x Sb compounds on InAs(1 0 0) substrates has been demonstrated. Ex situ high-resolution X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry with ion channeling studies indicate high crystalline quality. The surface reconstruction was monitored in situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) during the growth and low-energy electron diffraction post growth. The Sc x Er 1− x Sb(1 0 0) surface exhibited a mixed (1×4)/(4×1) reconstruction. The RHEED patterns and the RHEED intensity oscillations during the growth are consistent with an embedded growth mechanism for the initial Sc x Er 1− x Sb growth on InAs.
A “Public” Muse: On Planning Convictions and Feminist Contentions

The “public” is a central concept in planning, delimiting a realm of praxis as well as often indicating the reconciliation of disparate interests to create a collective basis for action. Recently, ...
‘New age’ healing in the U.S.

Abstract This paper provides a conceptual overview of the ‘New Age’ phenomenon and of ‘New age healing’ concepts which have gone virtually unaddressed in social science research, health-related or otherwise. First, drawing upon diverse sources, the authors attempt to define ‘New age’, after which they discuss those medical, spiritual, and sociocultural developments which help account for the rise of new age healing in the U.S. Next, a comprehensive review of over a dozen schemata of healing, healers, and medical systems fails to provide a satisfactory classification of new age healing. Finally, by analyzing data derived from primary and secondary source materials on 81 healing systems or techniques identifying themselves with the new age, a typology of new age healing itself is inductively generated. Three general modes are found: mental or physical self-betterment, esoteric teachings, and comtemplative practice. These types of new age healing place primary emphasis, respectively, on body, mind and soul.
Analytic solution of the linear-trajectory bootstrap

The quark-model bootstrap previously proposed is extended to include the lower trajectories. The extension is obtained by showing that the factorization properties of the multiparticle Veneziano amplitude can be generalized to the resonances on the lower trajectories. All trajectories other than the leading trajectory are degenerate, and the degeneracy increases rapidly as we go downward. Apart from the fundamental narrow-resonance approximation, the solution of the bootstrap model is exact. If we make a hypothesis regarding the simplicity of the spectrum of the lower trajectories, then the solution appears to be unique to within a finite number of constants. The inconsistency associated with negative widths remains, and any improvement in this respect will probably require going beyond the narrow-resonance approximation.
HORMONE SECRETION BY CELLS DISSOCIATED FROM RAT ANTERIOR PITUITARIES

A new procedure has been developed for dissociating anterior pituitary tissue and producing a viable suspension of single cells. The procedure involves incubation of small tissue blocks in 1 mg/ml trypsin (15 min), followed by incubation in 8 µg/ml neuraminidase and 1 mM EDTA (15 min), followed by mechanical dispersion. Cell yields are ∼55%, based on recovered DNA. By electron microscopy five types of secretory cells (somatotrophs, mammotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, and corticotrophs) plus endothelial and follicular cells can be identified and are morphologically well preserved up to 20 h after dissociation. Throughout this period, the cells incorporate linearly [3H]leucine into protein for up to 4 h at a rate 90% greater than hemipituitaries, and they synthesize, transport intracellularly, and release the two major pituitary secretory products, growth hormone and prolactin. Immediately after dissociation the cells' ability to respond to secretogogues (high K+ and dibutyryl cyclic AMP) is impaired, but after a 6–12-h culture period, the cells apparently recover and discharge 24% and 52%, respectively, of their content of prelabeled growth hormone over a 3-h period in response to these two secretogogues. This represents a stimulation of 109% and 470% over that released by cells incubated in control medium. The results demonstrate that function and morphologic integrity are preserved in this cell system. Therefore it is suitable for the study of various aspects of pituitary secretion and its control.
Relationship Between Bollworm Oviposition and Moth Catches in Blacklight Traps

Bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), seasonal abundance in corn and sorghum was determined using 40-w blacklight (BL) traps and field sampling. Comparison of bollworm moth catches and egg numbers indicated that the number of eggs during periods of peak oviposition is more closely related to the number of males than to the number of females caught in the BL traps.
Local single-particle tunneling characteristics between two d-wave superconductors each containing midgap states at a grain boundary

Abstract We have calculated the local single-particle tunneling characteristics between two points each at the vicinity of a grain boundary of a d-wave superconductor. Conductance peak features appear at zero energy, Δ0, and 2Δ0, where Δ0 is the maximum gap, due to midgap states (MS's) to MS's, MS's to gap-edge, and gap-edge to gap-edge tunneling, respectively. Negative conductance also appears just outside the zero-energy peak (at low T's).
Cholesterol feeding modulates spatial expression of TGF-β1 and β2 in aortas of Watanabe rabbits

Abstract Several cytokines have been identified as markers of early atherosclerotic disease during vascular injury and remodelling. Of particular importance, transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β1 ) has been found to be crucial in promoting connective tissue deposition resulting in both intimal and medial hyperplasia. However, the expression of TGF-β1 and β2 during cholesterol feeding in the Watanabe rabbit, an established model of hypercholesterolemia, has not been evaluated. Accordingly, we examined the expression of TGF-β1 and β2 signal from aortic segments of 10 heterozygous Watanabe rabbits with the use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification during normal non-supplemental diet and during 0.5% supplemental cholesterol feeding for a period of two months. TGF-β transcripts from the aortic tissue were quantified at the end of the feeding interval. For Watanabe rabbits fed regular chow, the expression of both TGF-β1 and β2 is reduced in the aortic arch as compared with the descending aorta. In contrast, Watanabe rabbits fed high cholesterol diets manifested a differential expression of TGF-β isoforms depending on the spatial location within the aorta. In the aortic arch, increased transcript signals for bothTGF-β1 and β2 were noted as compared with rabbits on normal chow. The lesions found in the aortic arch are typified by abundant foam cells and proliferating smooth muscle cells. Analysis of the TGF-β1 and 2 profile on these same cell elements in vitro results in a similar expression of increased mRNA isoforms for TGF-β1 and 2. In the descending aorta, the expression of TGF-β1 was also increased by cholesterol feeding, whereas a significant decrease in TGF-β2 expression was observed. The descending aorta was comparatively free from the complex lesions found in the arch. Histologic analysis of aortas under basal conditions showed that the aortic arch media thickness was 2.5 times that of the descending aorta. A diet consisting of 0.5% cholesterol results in a thicker aortic arch (1.3 X; P
Uniform consistency of automatic and location-adaptive delta-sequence estimators

The class of delta-sequence estimators for a probability density includes the kernel, histogram and orthogonal series types, because each can be characterized as a collection of averages of some function that is indexed by a smoothing parameter. There are two important extensions of this class. The first allows a random smoothing parameter, for example that specified by a cross-validation method. The second allows the smoothing parameter to be a function of location, for example an estimator based on nearest-neighbor distance. In this paper a general method is presented which establishes uniform consistency for all of these estimators.
The effect of fluctuations in the reaction widths on resonance integrals

Abstract An estimate of the resonance capture integral of non-fissile nuclei previously given has been corrected to include the effect of fluctuations in the neutron width.
Analysis of a liquid/gas direct contact heat exchanger concept

Analyse, a l'aide d'un modele de simulation sur ordinateur, des performances d'un echangeur de chaleur a ecoulement a contrecourant a contact direct direct entre l'air et des goutelettes d'eau de dimensions uniformes
Superconducting-quasiparticle interface states.

We describe superconducting-quasiparticle interface states which are produced by a certain class of local potentials at interfaces involving superconductors. These states penetrate at least a coherence distance into the superconductor and arise even when the pair potential is uniform throughout the superconductor. We specifically predict such a state at the interface between an insulating ferromagnet below its Curie temperature and a thin superconductor.
Vision Concerns After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can manifest with visual dysfunction including deficits in accommodation, vergence movements, versions, and field of vision as well increased photosensitivity and a decline in ocular and overall health. Patients with incomitant strabismus should be referred to an ophthalmologist for intervention. Patients with mTBI who experience photosensitivity, or deficits in accommodation, versions, vergences, or field of vision may benefit from vision rehabilitation. These therapies may include spectacles with tinting and a variety of prism combinations. Patients with chronic visual dysfunction following mTBI may benefit from occupational, vestibular, cognitive, and other forms of physical therapy.
Emergency MR imaging of the central nervous system

Magnetic resonance (MR) of the central nervous system has few, but important indications for use in the acute setting. This report reviews the few true current clinical indications for emergency MR imaging, including ruling out spinal cord compression, vascular dissection or dural venous sinus thrombosis. Possible indications for emergency MR, including evaluation of acute stroke symptomatology, potential meningoencephalitis or vasculitis, are also presented. Future applications for MR, including MR angiography in the setting of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and spectroscopy in acute ischemia, are mentioned.
Visual information processing of sequentially presented inputs: I. effects of input timing on sub-span storage and retrieval mechanisms’

A computer-based cathode-ray tube display system was employed to study the effect of subspan list length, i.e., two, three, or four five-letter words, and several interstimulus interval (ISI) values, i.e., 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, and 700 msec, on visual information processing. Complicated interactions were found between list length and IS1 values. Two classes of Ss were identified and labeled as “slow” and “fast” processors and the overall findings were related to a provisional model of visual information processing with sequential inputs.
Structure optimization of space borne toroidal magnets

An optimization study aimed at minimum weight under certain constraints on module size and weight has been carried out. This study includes a structural material survey of materials with high specific strength and modulus, and an analysis of the effectiveness of coil configuration parameters on the value of E/M, energy stored per unit mass. Some typical structure problems, such as buckling in the bucking cylinder, are also discussed. >
The identification and functional significance of factor viii components on normal platelets

Factor VIII-related antigen (VIII R:Ag) has previously been identified on human platelets by fluorescein-labelled heterologous antibodies to factor VIII. However, it is not known whether these antibodies identify only VIII R:Ag or whether antigens associated with factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C Ag) are also present. The current studies utilize specific antibodies and their Fab' fragments to evaluate the presence of both VIII R:Ag and VIII:C Ag on human platelets and to study the functional role of the platelet-associated VIII R:Ag on ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrate the presence of VIII R:Ag, but do not identify VIII:C Ag on platelets. The functional studies reveal that after incubation with either of the Fab' fragments, platelets retain their reactivity in the ristocetin cofactor assay. These results indicate that this population of VIII R:Ag is not essential for the ristocetin aggregation reaction and that no antigenic determinants for factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C) are detectable on human platelets by immunofluorescence.
Friendship Satisfaction and Gender: An Examination of Sex Differences in Contributors to Friendship Satisfaction

The purpose of this research was to examine sex differences in characteristics associated with the core provisions of friendship, namely, intimacy, mutual assistance and companionship. Although sex differences in the magnitude of these provisions were expected, it was hypothesized that the characteristics would function in a similar manner to promote friendship satisfaction. An additional goal was to provide an empirical evaluation of the relative contribution of the three types of provisions to friendship satisfaction. In Study 1, trust in male and female friends (intimacy), orientation to assistance (communal and exchange) and companionship attributes of friends were examined as elements of the individual's cognitive conceptions of friendships. The females (n = 94) reported greater trust in males, a more communal orientation to assistance and greater friendship satisfaction. Regression analyses revealed that for both males (n = 80) and females, trust in male friends contributed to friendship satisfactio...
Accelerated vapour growth caused by roughening transitions in the vicinal areas of Rh{111} and Rh{110}

Vapour growth as a function of sample temperature was studied with FEM in the clean vicinal areas of Rh{111}; and Rh{110}. A fairly steady growth was observed up to about 700 K: Classical growth at T edges of {111} and at 680 K along the 〈100〉 edges of {110} Accelerated growth at T >Tc. (Tc({111}〈211〉) = 720 K; Tc({110}〈100〉) = 680 K.) (A roughening of the {110} face itself could not be observed.) The rapid growth at T ⩾ Tc is in agreement with a prediction by Burton and Cabrera (1949).
Microscopic Dielectric Response Functions in Semiconductor Quantum Dots

We calculate and model the microscopic dielectric response function for quantum dots using first principle methods. We find that the response is bulklike inside the quantum dots, and the reduction of the macroscopic dielectric constants is a surface effect. We present a model for the microscopic dielectric function which reproduces well the directly calculated results and can be used to solve the Poisson equation in a nanosystem.
The comparative statics of a filtering model of housing with two income groups

Abstract This paper examines a simple filtering model of housing with two income groups. It identifies two qualitatively different long-run stationary state equilibria. In the first, construction occurs at two different qualities. In the second, construction occurs at a single quality. It presents the comparative statics of both types of equilibria, with respect to changes in the population and income of the two different groups, and with respect to income subsidies that are given to some of the members of a group,
The Identity of the Phlebotomus Associated with Bartonellosis in Colombia

During 1935 an outbreak of Oroya fever occurred in southeastern Colombia. The history of the epidemic was reviewed by Brumpt and Brumpt (1942) and Jaramillo (1943), who investigated its epidemiology in Colombia; these authors concluded that the disease was introduced into this region, perhaps by returning soldiers or by the “colporteurs” who travel from village to village. With the aid of Dr. Osorno a number of Phlebotomus were taken in the epidemic zone; these insects were studied by Ristorcelli and Van Ty (1941 a and b), who identified them as P. longipalpis, P. evansi, P. osornoi n. sp., P. colombianus n. sp., and P. monticolus var. incarum n. var.
The evaluation of rate constants for rapid electrode reactions using microelectrode voltammetry: virtues of measurements at lower temperatures

Abstract The prospects of utilizing electrochemical kinetic measurements at lower temperatures for evaluating reliably the standard rate constants k s of rapid redox couples in non-aqueous media, specifically using microelectrode voltammetry, have been examined by means of digital simulations together with experiment. Cyclic voltammetric measurements were made between 200 and 300 K at a gold microdisk, for ferrocenium-ferrocene (Fc +/0 ), o -nitrotoluene 0/− and nitromesitylene 0/− redox couples in acetone, propionitrile and butyronitrile, at a gold microdisk with scan rates from 100 to 10 4 V s −1 . The latter two couples were selected as examples of systems that exhibit rapid but yet still unambiguously measurable k s values at ambient temperatures; the more facile Fc +/0 system has been suspected to yield immeasurably fast electrode kinetics using conventional techniques under these conditions. Sample simulated voltammograms were generated between 200 and 300 K for a sequence of activation enthalpies Δ H ex ‡ for electron exchange, accounting also for known temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients, solution resistance and double-layer capacitance. As long as Δ H ex ‡ > 10 kJ mol −1 , the use of diminished temperatures in such solvents is predicted to facilitate the reliable evaluation of k s . This expectation is in harmony with experiment: k s for Fc +/0 is apparently evaluated readily at lower temperatures, yielding Δ H ex ‡ = 20 kJ mol −1 . The temperature-dependent electrode kinetic data for Fc +/0 are compared briefly with some expectations of contemporary theory.
Quantitative determination of prostaglandins A, B and E in the sub-nanogram range☆

Abstract Conversion of prostaglandin E(PGE) into the methyl ester, 15-trimethylsilyl ether of either PGA or PGB, makes possible the estimation of PGE in the sub-nanogram range, using vapor-phase analysis. PGE methyl ester can be efficiently converted at sub-nanogram levels to the TMS derivative of PGA by treatment with N,O,- bis -trimethylsilylacetamide in pyridine. The well-known, base-catalysed dehydration and rearrangement of PGE to PGB can similarly be achieved using sub-nanogram levels of prostaglandin. The methyl ester, trimethylsilyl ethers of PGA or PGB are shown to possess excellent properties for vapor-phase analysis, presenting minimal difficulties due to adsorption or thermal degradation, and have mass spectra characterized by only one or two predominant ions, facilitating their quantification into the sub-nanogram range, using mass spectrometry. Quantitative determination, with improved sensitivity into the sub-nanogram range of the derivative of PGB, has also been achieved using the electron capture detector. The same system can be applied to the estimation of PGA in the low nanogram range. These derivatives and analytical methods have the potential to provide quantitative estimation, with excellent sensitivity and specificity, of 9-keto-prostaglandins at low levels in biological samples.
Traumatic foot and ankle injuries in the athlete

Unrecognized and inappropriately managed foot and ankle injuries can lead to significant long-term functional disability. As many of the above injuries are frequently diagnosed late or not even considered because of the benign appearance of the foot or radiograph, it behooves the sports medicine physician to carefully assess the foot and obtain appropriate radiographs, including stress views as needed. Although quick return to athletic play is among the goals of treatment for the elite athlete, this must be tempered by the fact that certain injuries require significantly greater time for complete recovery. A functional rehabilitation program is the best means to rapidly return the player to competition and while prolonging the athletic career.
Delayed complications of nonoperative management of blunt adult splenic trauma.

Objective To determine the incidence and type of delayed complications from nonoperative management of adult splenic injury. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting University teaching hospital, level I trauma center. Patients Two hundred eighty patients were admitted to the adult trauma service with blunt splenic injury during a 4-year period. Men constituted 66% of the population. The mean (±SEM) age was 32.2±1.0 years and the mean (±SEM) Injury Severity Score was 22.8±0.9. Fifty-nine patients (21%) died of multiple injuries within 48 hours and were eliminated from the study. One hundred thirty-four patients (48%) were treated operatively within the first 48 hours after injury and 87 patients (31%) were managed nonoperatively. Main Outcome Measures We reviewed the number of units of blood transfused, intensive care unit length of stay, overall length of stay, outcome, and complications occurring more than 48 hours after injury directly attributable to the splenic injury. Results Patients managed nonoperatively had a significantly lower Injury Severity Score ( P P P Conclusion Significant numbers of delayed splenic complications do occur with nonoperative management of splenic injuries and are potentially life-threatening.
Ketoconazole for prevention of postoperative penile erection

Objectives. To determine if ketoconazole, an inhibitor of testosterone synthesis, can prevent postoperative spontaneous erections in patients undergoing penile surgery. Methods. Ketoconazole was administered to 8 patients, aged 14 to 42 years, who underwent penile surgery. All patients received ketoconazole 400 mg orally three times daily starting on the day of surgery. Liver function tests were obtained preoperatively and after the completion of treatment. Results. Ketoconazole successfully prevented erections in all patients. None of the patients demonstrated liver function abnormalities. Conclusions. Ketoconazole is a reliable method to prevent postoperative penile erection. With the proper monitoring of liver function tests and the avoidance of drug interactions, ketoconazole therapy also appears to be safe.
Why have fatality rates among older drivers declined? The relative contributions of changes in survivability and crash involvement

Abstract Objectives This study examined the trend in fatality rates per vehicle miles traveled (VMT) among older drivers relative to middle-aged drivers and quantified the contributions of changes in crash involvement and survivability to this trend. Methods Using U.S. national databases, changes in driver deaths per crash involvement (marker of death risk when involved in a crash) and crash involvements per VMT (marker of crash risk) from 1995–1998 to 2005–2008 among older drivers aged 70 and over relative to changes among middle-aged drivers aged 35–54 were computed. The contributions of these components to the relative changes in older drivers’ fatality rates per VMT were calculated using the decomposition methodology. Results Fatality rates per VMT declined more among older drivers than among middle-aged drivers over the study period. Relative to middle-aged drivers, drivers aged 75 and older experienced large declines in crash risk and modest declines in death risk. Relative declines in crash risk accounted for 68–74% of the larger decline in fatalities per VMT among drivers aged 75 and older compared with middle-aged drivers. Drivers aged 70–74 experienced modest relative declines in crash risk and death risk. Declines in death risk among drivers aged 75 and older relative to middle-aged drivers were much larger in side-impact crashes; improvements in crash survivability accounted for nearly half of the relative decline in fatality rates in these crashes. Relative survivability did not change significantly in frontal impacts. Higher death risk was more important than higher crash risk in explaining older drivers’ elevated fatality rates per VMT relative to middle-aged drivers during 1995–1998, and the contribution of heightened death risk was even greater during 2005–2008. Conclusions Many factors may have reduced crash involvements among drivers 75 and older, including changes in travel patterns, health, and roadway design. In side impacts, side airbags and reduced passenger vehicle incompatibility may have improved survivability for older drivers. Because excess fragility now makes an even larger contribution to older drivers’ elevated fatality rates, future countermeasures that improve survivability can likely provide large benefits.
Discovering Mountain Passes via Torchlight: Methods for the Definition of Reaction Coordinates and Pathways in Complex Macromolecular Reactions

The long-timescale dynamics of macromolecular systems can be oftentimes viewed as a reaction connecting metastable states of the system. In the past decade, various approaches have been developed to discover the collective motions associated with this dynamics. The corresponding collective variables are used in many applications, e.g., to understand the reaction mechanism, to quantify the system's free energy landscape, to enhance the sampling of the reaction path, and to determine the reaction rate. In this review we focus on a number of key developments in this field, providing an overview of several methods along with their relative regimes of applicability.
What Determines the Domestic Prices of Agricultural Commodities in Pakistan

Rarely a month passes-by in Pakistan without complains on the state of basic commodity markets, be it wheat or sugar, cotton or rice. Prices are too high for the consumers, or too low for the farmers; and often the government is asked to intervene, buying for or selling from stocks, prohibiting export or import, increasing or reducing import duties, introducing/withdrawing export taxes, or taking other measures to protect the consumer or producer. It is as if domestic prices can have a life on their own, with the government asked to guarantee “fair” prices for everbody. The resulting on-and-off policy intervention by the government is likely to have had a deleterious effect on the development of the domestic and international trade for these commodities. This is because of the uncertainty so generated, with the private traders always facing the risk of a regime change at a time when import or export contracts have already been signed. As a result too, the role of the state-owned Trading Corporation of Pakistan self-perpetuates, even if the government would like to see it minimised, as it is always being asked to intervene because of the private sector’s “failings”. The purpose of this paper is not to analyse the extent of the under-development of commodity markets in Pakistan, although this would be an interesting topic of its own. Instead, the paper will look at whether the modus operandi, including government interventions, on the domestic commodity markets have succeeded in isolating domestic commodity prices from developments in the exchange rate and international prices, in other words, escaping the “law of one price”. Departures from the law of one price have implications not only for the welfare of consumers and producers, and efficiency, but also for inflation forecasting and the macroeconomic adjustment to terms of trade shocks. In particular, they would make it possible for domestic relative prices to differ from those dictated, inter alia, by the international markets. 12
An Intelligent Data-Acquisition and Control (IDAC) system for energy conversion laboratory

The range of experiments that a typical undergraduate energy conversion laboratory facility can support does not adequately prepare power engineering students for the digital-computer oriented power system industry. Traditional approach to experimentation involves manually reading several meters, logging data, performing necessary calculations and plotting results. In order to correct this problem, an Intelligent Data-Acquisition and Control (IDAC) system is implemented for the energy conversion laboratory at Penn State University, Harrisburg. Using the IDAC system, data gathering and analysis becomes automated. Students are therefore able to devote the bulk of their time to the intellectual aspects of the project.
Increasing incidence of Mycobacterium xenopi at Bellevue hospital: An emerging pathogen or a product of improved laboratory methods?

Study objectives To investigate the dramatic rise innumber of Mycobacterium xenopi isolates identified inour mycobacteriology laboratory, and to determine if this increase wasdue to emerging clinical pathology or to changes in culturetechnique. Design Retrospective chart and laboratoryreview. Setting University-affiliated tertiary-carecity hospital. Patients Eighty-one patients with asingle culture positive for M xenopi from 1975 to 1994(period 1), and 47 patients with two or more cultures positive from1994 to 1998 (period 2). Interventions The Bellevuemycobacteriology laboratory changed the culture medium from solidLowenstein-Jensen medium (used from 1975 to 1990) to the Septi-CheckAFB System (Becton-Dickinson; Glencoe, MD; used from 1991 to 1994), tothe Mycobacteria Growth Indication Tube (MGIT; Becton-Dickinson; usedfrom 1995 to 1998). Measurements and results Werecovered 29 M xenopi isolates from 1975 to 1990, 12isolates from 1991 to 1994, and 381 isolates from 1995 to 1998. Wesubsequently identified and reviewed the medical records of all 81patients who were culture positive for M xenopi from1975 to 1994 (period 1), and 46 patients who had two or more isolatesculture positive for M xenopi from 1995 to 1998 (period2). For period 1, 75% of the subjects were male, 80% were minority,and at least 43% were HIV positive. Only one patient had clinical M xenopi lung disease during this period. For period 2,79% of the subjects were male, 83% were minority, and at least 58%were HIV positive; two additional patients were identified who hadclinical M xenopi lung disease. Conclusions The dramatic increase in Mxenopi isolates noted in our hospital was due to a moresensitive laboratory isolation technique, rather than a true increasein clinical disease. Other hospitals utilizing MGIT systems formycobacterial recovery should interpret positive Mxenopi cultures with caution.
Interactive effects of nitrogen addition, warming and invasion across organizational levels in an old-field plant community

Response to global change is dependent on the level of biological organization (e.g. the ecologically relevant spatial scale) in which species are embedded. For example, individual responses can affect population-level responses, which, in turn, can affect community-level responses. Although relationships are known to exist among responses to global change across levels of biological organization, formal investigations of these relationships are still uncommon. I conducted an exploratory analysis to identify how nitrogen addition and warming by open top chambers might affect plants across spatial scales by estimating treatment effect size at the leaf level, the plant level and the community level. Moreover, I investigated if the presence of Pityopsis aspera, an experimentally introduced plant species, modified the relationship between spatial scale and effect size across treatments. I found that, overall, the spatial scale significantly contributes to differences in effect size, supporting previous work which suggests that mechanisms driving biotic response to global change are scale dependent. Interestingly, the relationship between spatial scale and effect size in both the absence and presence of experimental invasion is very similar for nitrogen addition and warming treatments. The presence of invasion, however, did not affect the relationship between spatial scale and effect size, suggesting that in this system, invasion may not exacerbate or attenuate climate change effects. This exercise highlights the value of moving beyond integration and scaling to the practice of directly testing for scale effects within single experiments.
Implementing fuzzy logic control with a biologically plausible neural net

Abeles (1982) and Alkon et al. (1989) stressed the fact that neurons possess an average firing rate, and may fire both above or below this average. The equations developed by the author (1991) (called the RX equations) include an average firing rate. The RX equations have been shown to be useful in solving elementary control problems. In fact, control, on a par with a fuzzy logic controller, may be achieved by a network of as few as three neurons, two input and one output-a three-neuron controller (TNC). In this paper we discuss the analogies between fuzzy logic control and control exercised by a TNC and the restrictions existing in application of the TNC technique.
Inverted-Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in a Patient with Pulmonary Embolism

As the use of early coronary angiography and echocardiography become widely available in the setting of acute coronary syndrome, the gradual increase for variant forms of transient left ventricular (LV) apical ballooning syndrome have been recognized. This syndrome usually occurs in women and is frequently elicited by an intense emotional, psychological, and physical event. While the patients’ characteristics between typical and non-typical LV ballooning syndrome seem to differ, the presentation, clinical features, and reversibility of LV wall motion abnormalities are similar. We present a middle-aged woman who experienced inverted takotsubo cardiomyopathy triggered by pulmonary embolism. To the best of our knowledge, this case is particularly unique and is rarely reported in the disease entity. (Korean Circ J 2013;43:834-838)
The ameliorating effects of accountability on automation bias

Recent research indicates that automated decision aids introduced into the workplace with the express purpose of reducing human error may have the paradoxical effect of simply changing the types of errors made. This series of studies documents a possible "automation bias" and uses the concept of social accountability as a "debiasing" intervention with two sample populations. Results indicate that subjects who perceived themselves as accountable for their accuracy or performance were significantly less likely to fall victim to automation bias in a simulated cockpit environment.
Screening Strategies for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Adults

This article provides an update for the primary care community on the evidence and recommendations for colorectal cancer screening in the adult population without symptoms at average and increased risk, excluding patients with high-risk genetic syndromes. The current and possible new screening strategies are reviewed, along with clinical wisdom related to the implementation of each method.