cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An operational semantics for Icon: implementation of a procedural goal-directed language

Abstract The generation of compiled code for expressions in programming languages such as Icon that support goal-directed evaluation in addition to traditional control structures presents more of a challenge than generating code for traditional imperative programming languages. This paper describes a code-generation technique for translating Icon programs into a traditional high-level language. Translations into both Pascal and C are discussed. However, any language that provides function parameters and recursion is sufficient. The technique described here has been used in the implementation of an optimizing compiler for Icon.
The phylogenetic history of New World monkey β globin reveals a platyrrhine β to δ gene conversion in the atelid ancestry

Abstract Orthologues of the β globin gene locus from 10 New World monkey species were sequenced and aligned against available β and δ globin sequences from rabbit and other primates. Where needed, additional primate sequencing was performed. Phylogenetic analysis identified a β to δ conversion in the stem of the Anthropoidea, stretching from the 3′ part of the proximal promotor to the 5′ start of intron 2, consistent with earlier findings. No further conversion appeared to have occurred in the descent of the catarrhines. Within the New World monkey lineage that led to spider monkey and other atelids, another shorter gene conversion was found, spanning adjacent parts of exon 1 and intron 1. The analysis also confirmed that galago β had replaced galago δ, that an earlier loriform-specific gene conversion extended over intron 2, and that gene conversion throughout the main gene conversion region occurred in the tarsiiform lineage. Platyrrhine phylogenetic relationships were investigated with β sequences restricted to those that were not involved in gene conversions. This phylogeny generally agreed with results from other nuclear genes. The one exception was that the β sequences did not place the callitrichine clade within the Cebidae but weakly joined the callitrichine and atelid clades.
Base of skull recurrences after treatment of salivary gland cancer with perineural invasion reduced by postoperative radiotherapy.

Objectives: To determine the effect of postoperative radiation therapy for salivary gland carcinomas in the presence of microscopic perineural invasion. Design and setting: Retrospective review at an academic tertiary center. Participants: One hundred and forty patients with pathological evidence of perineural invasion at the time of initial surgery for salivary gland carcinomas were analysed. Sixteen patients (11%) had major (named) nerve involvement. Ninety-four patients (67%) received postoperative radiation therapy to the primary site, and the portal films of 65 of these patients were available for review. Main outcome measures: The incidence of skull base recurrences among patients treated by surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy. Results: Ten patients experienced skull base recurrences. T4 disease and the omission of postoperative radiation therapy were identified as significant predictors of skull base recurrence. Postoperative radiation therapy reduced the actuarial probability of skull base recurrence from 15% to 5% (P = 0.03). The crude rates of skull base recurrence were 6% (2/35) and 10% (3/30), respectively, for patients whose skull base were and were not confirmed to be encompassed in the irradiation field. The 5-year overall survival for patients who experienced a skull base recurrence was 19% compared to 91% for those who did not (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The use of postoperative radiation therapy significantly reduced the incidence of skull base recurrence among salivary gland carcinoma patients with perineural invasion. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2009, 34, 539–545.
Foundations of Social Theory

James S. Coleman. 1990 Foundations of Social Theory Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, xviii. 993 pp.
GBS/Milstar airborne RX and TX antenna

In 1999 an airborne Global Broadcast Service (GBS) and Milstar receive antenna was evaluated and successfully demonstrated in flight, atop an AFRL/IFG, C-135 SATCOM test aircraft. This Luneburg lens antenna received 20 GHz left hand circular polarization (LHCP) from a GBS terminal onboard the UFO-9 satellite and 20 GHz right hand circular polarization (RHCP) from a Milstar satellite. Phase II of this antenna adds a 44 GHz TX capability. This fully mechanically scanned antenna will still provide, /spl plusmn/80 degree coverage while rotating 360 degrees in azimuth. The hemispherical lens height was increased from 3 inches to 4 inches to increase gain and the lenses were redesigned with more shells to increase the efficiency for transmission at 44 GHz. A new feeder network was designed with 20 and 44 GHz horns to allow reception of 23.5 Mbps from the GBS terminal on the UFO satellites and to provide a medium data rate (MDR) transmit/receive (TX/RX) capability with the planned Milstar IV satellite. The 20/44 GHz antenna components, including Luneburg lens improvements and temperature test results are presented.
The Influence of Variety on the Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid of Canned Beets

SUMMARY The greatest amount of pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (PCA) found in any of 10 varieties of processed beets was less than has been reported to be necessary to cause a flavor defect. The difference in PCA content between the varieties of canned diced beets containing the greatest and smallest amounts of PCA was less than reported necessary to affect flavor preference. The beets were grown on muck soils without additional nitrogen fertilizer. The relatively low level of PCA in the beets was probably due, in part at least, to their being grown on unfertilized muck soil. A significant difference in PCA content was found in certain varieties of processed beets. Pieters-Wheller Early Blood Turnip beets had significantly less PCA than Rohnert-Detroit Dark Red, Rohnert-Early Wonder Tall Top, and Robson Seneca Detroit varieties.
A Case Study of Effects of Developing Country Integration on Trade Flows: The Andean Pact

Cooperation among developing countries in the form of economic integration has received increased attention as a development strategy. About one-half of all developing countries currently participate in integration schemes. 1 Yet there have been few attempts to measure the effects on trade flows associated with these integration efforts. 2 The scarcity of such studies stems from a dissatisfaction on the part of some investigators regarding the applicability to developing countries of evaluative criteria formulated by Viner to assess world-wide allocative gains from industrial nation integration schemes. 3 A lack of interest in the traditional method of evaluating integration efforts is also motivated by the expectation that static gains will be small or nonexistent in developing country integration schemes, where even collectively markets are often small and members display little differences in relative factor endowments.
Interactions between intracellular Ca2+ stores: Ca2+ released from the NAADP pool potentiates cADPR-induced Ca2+ release

Cells possess multiple intracellular Ca2+-releasing systems. Sea urchin egg homogenates are a well-established model to study intracellular Ca2+ release. In the present study the mechanism of interaction between three intracellular Ca2+ pools, namely the nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), the cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and the inositol 1',4',5'-trisphosphate (IP3)-regulated Ca2+ stores, is explored. The data indicate that the NAADP Ca2+ pool could be used to sensitize the cADPR system. In contrast, the IP3 pool was not affected by the Ca2+ released by NAADP. The mechanism of potentiation of the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release, promoted by Ca2+ released from the NAADP pool, is mediated by the mechanism of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. These data raise the possibility that the NAADP Ca2+ store may have a role as a regulator of the cellular sensitivity to cADPR.
Role of chelate complexes in densification of CuInSe2 (CIS) thin film prepared from amorphous Cu–In–Se nanoparticle precursors

CuInSe2 (CIS) absorber layers for thin film solar cells were fabricated via a non-vacuum route using amorphous Cu–In–Se nanoparticle precursors prepared by a low temperature colloidal process within one minute of reaction without any external heating. In particular, we intentionally added a chelating agent to the nanoparticle colloid in order to increase the density of the final films by enhancing the viscous flow of precursor materials during high temperature selenization. This is based on the decreased reactivity of precursor particles due to the formation of chelate complexes at particle surfaces. While the CIS films formed from the amorphous Cu–In–Se particles without surface modification were found to have large voids, those formed from surface modified particles showed flat and dense morphologies. In accordance with the improvements in the film morphology and density, efficiencies of the devices were also significantly increased from 0% (complete short circuit in the case without surface modification) to 4.41% (with surface modification).
New Roles for Mental and Behavioral Health Experts to Enhance Emergency Preparedness and Response Readiness

The longitudinal study by Stein et al. (2004) provides important data about the evolution of distress symptoms, behavioral responses, and the use of counseling and information to cope with the uncertainties and fear evoked throughout the United States by the devastating terrorist events of September 11, 2001 (9/11). This commentary aims to encourage psychiatrists and other mental/behavioral health experts to take innovative roles in community-based emergency preparedness and response to terrorist events and public health disasters. Key study findings will be highlighted and enriched to stimulate creativity in the application of mental/behavioral health expertise to homeland security. Persistently distressed participants in the Stein, et al. (2004) study reported that worries and concerns had affected their daily activities. Participants noted that work or school performance was disrupted, even those who did not report substantial distress symptoms (Table 4). Prolonged or ill-timed disruptions can adversely impact economic viability and perceived quality-of-life (e.g., vulnerable period of child development; bad critical business decision). In the current study, distressed persons also reported holding back terror-related thoughts/feelings from family/friends (i.e., a loss of perceived social support), despite seeking out social and religious support. In a review of social reactions to natural and technological disasters, Kaniasty and Norris (2004) illustrate that collective behavior (i.e., community reaction) is significantly influenced by the equity of distribution of social support resources, and by the degree of social support that is both mobilized and sustained throughout the response and recovery phases. They recommend that systems of psychiatric and medical care be integrated before a disaster/terrorism strikes, and that “tangible [e.g., essential shelter, food, money], informational, and emotional forms of social support” be provided to those affected to “hasten recovery.” Mental/behavioral health expertise could be applied to design and promote such Psychiatry 67(2) Summer 2004 118
Upwind and High-Resolution Methods for Compressible Flow: From Donor Cell to Residual-Distribution Schemes

In this paper I review three key topics in CFD that have kept researchers busy for half a century. First, the concept of upwind differencing, evident for 1-D linear advection. Second, its implementation for nonlinear systems in the form of high- resolution schemes, now regarded as classical. Third, its genuinely multidimensional implementation in the form of residual-distribution schemes, the most recent addition. This lecture focuses on historical developments; it is not intended as a technical review of methods, hence the lack of formulas and absence of figures.
Bone marrow mobilization with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor improves endothelial dysfunction and exercise capacity in patients with peripheral arterial disease

Background We hypothesized that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) administration will be safe and will improve endothelial dysfunction and exercise capacity by mobilizing progenitor cells in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods Forty-five patients with PAD received thrice-weekly injections for 2 weeks of 3, 6, or 10 μg/kg per day of GM-CSF or placebo in successive cohorts of 15 subjects randomized 2:1 to drug or placebo. CD34 + mononuclear cell subsets and colony formation assay, endothelial function, ankle-brachial index, and walking capacity were measured. Results Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration was safe. After pooling data from GM-CSF cohorts, at 2 weeks, there was a significant increase in total leukocytes (43%, P + cells (46%, P = .035), and colony-forming units (31%, P = .026, week 1). At 12 weeks, endothelial function improved with GM-CSF (flow-mediated vasodilation increased by 59%, P P = .008) and total treadmill walking time (55 seconds, P = .016). Corresponding changes were not observed in the placebo group. Conclusions Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy in patients with PAD was associated with mobilization of progenitor cells, improvement of endothelial dysfunction, and exercise capacity. The efficacy of strategies designed to mobilize bone marrow progenitors warrants further study in patients with PAD.
Inhibition of Kupffer Cell-Mediated Early Proinflammatory Response With Carbon Monoxide in Transplant-Induced Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Proinflammatory responses play critical roles in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury associating with liver transplantation (LTx), and carbon monoxide (CO) can effectively down-regulate them. Using wild-type (WT) to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transgenic rat LTx with 18-hour cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution, this study analyzed the relative contribution of donor and host cells during early posttransplantation period and elucidated the mechanism of hepatic protection by CO. CO inhibited hepatic I/R injury and reduced peak alanine aminotransferase levels at 24 hours and hepatic necrosis at 48 hours. Abundant EGFP+ host cells were found in untreated WT liver grafts at 1 hour and included nucleated CD45+ leukocytes (myeloid, T, B, and natural killer cells) and EGFP+ platelet-like depositions in the sinusoids. However, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of isolated graft nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) revealed that I/R injury-induced proinflammatory mediators [for example, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)] were not up-regulated in purified CD45+ cells of donor or host origin. Instead, TNF-α and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) elevation was exclusively seen in isolated CD68+ cells, whereas iNOS mRNA up-regulation was seen in hepatocytes. Nearly all CD68+ cells at 1 hour after LTx were EGFP− donor Kupffer cells, and CO efficiently inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 up-regulation in the CD68+ Kupffer cell fraction. When graft Kupffer cells were inactivated with gadolinium chloride, activation of inflammatory mediators in liver grafts was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, in vitro rat primary Kupffer cell culture also showed significant down-regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses by CO. Conclusion: These results indicate that CO ameliorates hepatic I/R injury by down-regulating graft Kupffer cells in early postreperfusion period. The study also suggests that different cell populations play diverse roles by up-regulating distinctive sets of mediators in the acute phase of hepatic I/R injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2008;48:1608–1620.)
Winter wheat competition against jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) as influenced by wheat plant height, seeding rate, and seed size

Abstract Jointed goatgrass is a troublesome weed in winter wheat with selective control only possible with a herbicide-resistant crop. Even with herbicide-resistant wheat, cultural control is still an important part of jointed goatgrass management. A study was conducted in 1998 and 2000 to determine whether using larger sized seed of a tall wheat variety at an increased seeding rate would reduce the effect of jointed goatgrass on winter wheat. Wheat seed size, seeding rate, and variety height had no effect on jointed goatgrass plant density. Tall (∼130 cm) wheat reduced mature jointed goatgrass biomass 46 and 16% compared with short (∼100 cm) wheat in years 1 and 2 of the experiment, respectively. Spikelet biomass was also reduced approximately 70 and 30% in the same respective years. One thousand–spikelet weight of jointed goatgrass was reduced 37 and 7% in years 1 and 2, respectively, when grown in competition with taller compared with shorter wheat. Moreover, dockage was 80 and 30% less in years 1 and ...
An examination of the age-prospective memory paradox in HIV-infected adults

The age-prospective memory (PM) paradox asserts that, despite evidence of age-associated PM deficits on laboratory tasks, older adults perform comparably to (or better than) young adults on naturalistic PM tasks. This study examined the age-PM paradox in older HIV-infected individuals, who represent a growing epidemic and may be at heightened risk for adverse neurocognitive and everyday functioning outcomes. Participants included 88 older (50+ years) and 53 younger (≤40 years) HIV-infected individuals as well as 54 older and 59 younger seronegative adults who completed both laboratory and naturalistic time-based PM tasks. Similar interactions were observed in both the seropositive and the seronegative samples, such that the older participants demonstrated significantly lower laboratory-based PM than the younger groups, but not on the naturalistic PM trial. Secondary analyses within the HIV+ sample revealed that naturalistic task success was indirectly associated with greater self-reported use of PM-based ...
Power Diffusion in the Public Sector: Collaboration for Democracy:

Change agents will need to make value judgments about the propriety of initiating actions that influence the balance between the survival and well-being of the government employee (public servant), the organization, and the private citizen. It is only by examining the power force-field of public sector officials and agencies that we can understand the basic difficulties and contradictions in the task of social power diffusion.
Boron-substituted ZSM-5 membranes: Preparation and separation performance

ZSM-5 zeolite membranes with boron substituted into the framework for silicon were prepared on porous stainless-steel and α-alumina tubular supports. These membranes had higher n-C4H10/i-C4H10 separation selectivities, and effectively separated these isomer mixtures to higher temperatures than membranes with aluminum substituted into the framework. Membranes were prepared with Si/B ratios as low as 12, and the best membranes were prepared from alkali-free gels. The highest n-C4H10/i-C4H10 permselectivity at 473 K was 60, and the highest at 527 K was 24. For most alkali-free membranes, the n-C4H10/i-C4H10 permselectivities and separation selectivities increased with boron content, and membranes on α-alumina supports had both higher permeances and separation selectivities. Membranes with the same permeances and selectivities can be reproducibly prepared, and they are stable at elevated temperatures.
Translocation and Action of Polypeptide Hormones within the Nucleus

The action of polypeptide hormones at the cell surface as mediated by transmembrane receptors is well recognised. However, a growing body of evidence also indicates that such hormones are also translocated and act directly within the cell nucleus. This chapter will overview what is known of the action of one such example, namely prolactin (PRL), from its classic action at the cell surface, to its novel function within the nucleus.
Effects of postural control manipulation on visuomotor training performance: comparative data in healthy athletes.

Purpose/background Visuomotor ability is an important parameter for neurologic function and effective sport performance. Adding a balance challenge during a structured eye-hand coordination task, such as hitting lights on a light board (Dynavision™), has not been previously reported. Using Division I football players, the aim of this study was to determine normative data on a dual-task performance regimen combining a visuomotor light board task with a balance task. The intent is to use such normative data and baseline data as part of a concussion management program. Methods Division I college football team members, n=105, were consented. Subjects first performed Dynavision™ D2™ Visuomotor Training Device (D2™) eye-hand coordination tasks, the A* and the RT; they then performed the same tasks with an added balance challenge, standing on a BOSU® ball. Results Ninety-four athletes completed the full testing procedure on the D2™ system. The mean score of the A* test was 93 ± 11.0 hits per minute; and the mean on the A* test with the added BOSU® balance challenge was 83.7 ± 9.2 hits per minute. The mean RT time was 0.33 ± 0.036 seconds. Mean reaction time increased to 0.38 ± 0.063 while the subject stood on the BOSU® ball. Performance on the D2™ A* and RT were both statistically significantly different in the dual task condition (p Conclusions Results show an approximate 10% decline in D2™ performance when healthy individuals stand on a BOSU® ball. From the data presented here, the authors determined that there is a 10% decrement in performance when one's balance is challenged on the BOSU® ball. A fall in performance of substantially greater than 10% may indicate abnormal vestibulocerebellar regulatory processing of balance and motion. Further research, using these normative data is needed to determine more specific parameters for definitions of impairment and return-to-play and if there is utility for such studies as part of a concussion management program. Level of evidence III.
Effect of Blood Pressure Alterations on CBF during General Anesthesia in Man

Cerebral autoregulation can be disturbed by pathology such as stroke [4], or stresses such as hypercarbia [5] or hypoxia [3]. However the effects of general anesthetics on autoregulation have not been quantitated. The present study was designed to investigate this problem.
What does Medicaid expansion mean for cancer screening and prevention? Results from a randomized trial on the impacts of acquiring Medicaid coverage.

BACKGROUND The Oregon Medicaid lottery provided a unique opportunity to assess the causal impacts of health insurance on cancer screening rates within the framework of a randomized controlled trial. Prior studies regarding the impacts of health insurance have almost always been limited to observational evidence, which cannot be used to make causal inferences. METHODS The authors prospectively followed a representative panel of 16,204 individuals from the Oregon Medicaid lottery reservation list, collecting data before and after the Medicaid lottery drawings. The study panel was divided into 2 groups: a treatment group of individuals who were selected in the Medicaid lottery (6254 individuals) and a control group who were not (9950 individuals). The authors also created an elevated risk subpanel based on family cancer histories. One year after the lottery drawings, differences in cancer screening rates, preventive behaviors, and health status were compared between the study groups. RESULTS Medicaid coverage resulted in significantly higher rates of several common cancer screenings, especially among women, as well as better primary care connections and self-reported health outcomes. There was little evidence found that acquiring Medicaid increased the adoption of preventive health behaviors that might reduce cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Medicaid coverage did not appear to directly impact lifestyle choices that might reduce cancer risk, but it did provide access to important care and screenings that could help to detect cancers earlier. These findings could have long-term population health implications for states considering or pursuing Medicaid expansion. Cancer 2015. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
The Dahlak Archipelago: An Island World and its Red Sea Connections (10th-16th Century C.E.)

In the past few decades, historians and archaeologists have shown that islands played significant and varied roles in the integration of East Africa into the oceanic systems of the Indian Ocean’s past. Moreover, the histories and cultures of some of the Indian Ocean’s island communities have been examined in depth from a variety of perspectives and disciplinary lenses. Situated by the western shores of the southern Red Sea in modern-day Eritrea, the Dahlak Archipelago exhibits remains of human activity and vestiges of multifarious connections with the adjacent shores from very early times. In certain historical periods, moreover, this island group became part of both regional and trans-regional trading networks. Relying on the cumulative insights of the aforementioned East African and Indian Ocean island historiography, this paper will present empirical data culled from a variety of textual and material sources that speak to the local, regional, and trans-regional connections of the Dahlak archipelago in the “medieval” period, and will assess the development of an independent polity on Dahlak Kebir (the archipelago’s largest island) and its relationship to regional networks that moved goods and people across the waters of the southern Red Sea between the 11th and the 16th century. The lives of businessmen, captains, crews, fishermen, pearl-divers, scholars, slaves, and warriors partook of the entangled histories of the Dahlak islands, Yemen and Ethiopia, and speak to the intersection between local, regional, and trans-regional dynamics at work in the period under consideration
High power, electrically tunable quantum cascade lasers

Mid-infrared laser sources (3-14 μm wavelengths) which have wide spectral coverage and high output power are attractive for many applications. This spectral range contains unique absorption fingerprints of most molecules, including toxins, explosives, and nerve agents. Infrared spectroscopy can also be used to detect important biomarkers, which can be used for medical diagnostics by means of breath analysis. The challenge is to produce a broadband midinfrared source which is small, lightweight, robust, and inexpensive. We are currently investigating monolithic solutions using quantum cascade lasers. A wide gain bandwidth is not sufficient to make an ideal spectroscopy source. Single mode output with rapid tuning is desirable. For dynamic wavelength selection, our group is developing multi-section laser geometries with wide electrical tuning (hundreds of cm -1 ). These devices are roughly the same size as a traditional quantum cascade lasers, but tuning is accomplished without any external optical components. When combined with suitable amplifiers, these lasers are capable of multi-Watt single mode output powers. This manuscript will describe our current research efforts and the potential for high performance, broadband electrical tuning with the quantum cascade laser.
Why Not Jail?: The Lessons of Catastrophe

“Accidents” and Institutional Failure The gradual demise of the regulatory system has left major manufacturing sectors adrift. Some operate without any meaningful regulatory oversight. Others are blanketed with detailed regulatory requirements but, on the rare occasions when inspectors show up to check compliance, enforcement actions are erratic and unpredictable and penalties are relatively low. These circumstances provide the owners and operators of plants and production sites with strong incentives to avoid substantial investments in upfront compliance costs, especially safety and pollution control equipment. Instead, they consciously take the risk of waiting to see if they will be caught. Admittedly, that outcome would be unpleasant, but it is also one that seems increasingly unlikely. Compounding the challenge of motivating compliance is the reality that the national political environment is dominated by angry allegations that overregulation is killing the nation’s economy. The spectacle of Obama administration political appointees appearing before disdainful House Republicans further suggests that companies may self-regulate as they see fit.
Psychology, Scientific Control, Chicago, and the Impact of European émigrés

After a long hiatus, psychology and economics today are back in conversation with each other: active research programs in behavioral economics, neuro-economics, and the economics of happiness bespeak a thriving cross-disciplinary discussion. Yet for most of the twentieth century, economists distanced themselves from psychology; when they spoke of science, they referred, in the first instance, to the physical sciences, then perhaps to the biological sciences. A hundred years ago, however, American intellectuals viewed psychology as a progressive science and economics as traditionalist – mired in the antiquated notions of laissez-faire and individualism. A social science that assumed individuals knew their preferences, directed their actions toward fulfilling them in a rational manner, and in the process engaged others in dispassionate exchange, was clearly not speaking to the issues of the modern world. The death of progressivism in the wake of WW I only reinforced the rise of psychology: good intentions weren’t enough, motives were suspect, rational individuals went mad in the midst of conflict and turmoil, complex emotions ruled. Careful psychological analysis could, however, enable society to gain some degree of control over the fundamental irrationality of human action.
MINDFUL PUNISHMENT: What to do about the South African penal system, and why

Penal reform is crucial to South Africa’s long term crime control and criminal justice agendas. This article shows how the penal system could respond more ethically without an overwhelming investment of new resources. There are two strategies South Africa can employ to create a ‘mindful’ penal system. First, the length of sentences must be reduced. Second, a viable new system of community based (non-prison) penalties must be created. Neither strategy will be easy, but doing one without the other will fail.
A Demographic Study of the American Negro

sponses, her goals are outmoded, out of rhythm, irrelevant to the national trends. Her sectional feeling, so vehement as to all but differentiate her into another nation, her violent devices for social control, like her graceful hospitality are survivals of an age long since left behind by the North. That is why the regions cannot understand each other. The habits of both frontier and plantation days are still real along the Mississippi, but the North has forgotten their compulsives. Mechanization and mass production, high standards of living without discrimination for all the millions of the giant cities, the extension of democratic privileges and responsibilities to every anonymous citizen-these northern ways are as yet impossible to the rural, isolated, pre-industrial South, inconceivable to her and repugnant. Of all the United States, the South is most trapped by poverty and disease, illiteracy, political corruption, and a deep want of ambition. She holds no prevailing social convictions newer than those of the Reconstruction years. She is unable to participate in modern American democracy. In conflict with our times, she is a demoralizing influence. But this condition cannot last. Her very wartime conflicts with other regions, echoing in explosions within her own area, bring her into closer contact with the Nation than she has been for generations. Even now she is in transit to the twentieth century. War-contract factories have been springing up, and the countryside must become mechanized and urbanized. As economic interests proliferate, and technological developments move ahead, and her ways and goals of living adjust in conformity, her thought and language must acquire meanings closer to those in more advanced parts of the country. The regal, dangerous personalness of southern living will become more like the egalitarian impersonalness of northern living. The sectional and racial differences that can survive as paramount in an isolated, pre-industrial world necessarily become minimized in an industrial civilization. Social energy has to flow away from them to the wider world. As this development comes upon her, although even now foreshadowed by varied and violent clashes, the South must grasp the wider orientations of the balance of the country. Through changes in her own interests, in her economic structures and objectives, her class and race and regional conflicts must alter their present patterns and begin to resolve themselves. The South cannot be eyed apart from the rest of the c untry, nor should she be. Her future is inseparable from that of the entire United States.
Menopause: managing the associated risks.

Menopause is an excellent time to reassess a female patient’s health habits and the need for health maintenance measures.
Anesthesia for patients with acute burn injuries

Remarkable advances continue to be made in the care of patients with major burn injuries. Early aggressive fluid resuscitation has dramatically improved initial survival. The development of specialized burn centers has allowed the concentration and coordination of resources needed to provide a multidisciplinary approach from the time of admission with the goal of not just maximizing survival but optimizing functional recovery as well [1].
Elevation: A review of scholarship on a moral and other-praising emotion

AbstractThe term elevation (also referred to as moral elevation), described by Thomas Jefferson and later coined by Jonathan Haidt, refers to the suite of feelings people may experience when witnessing an instance of moral beauty. The construct of elevation signifies the emotion felt when a person is a witness to, but not a recipient of, the moral behavior of others. Scholarship examining elevation has burgeoned since Haidt first introduced the construct. Researchers have explored the antecedents of, and outcomes associated with, witnessing instances of moral beauty. The current review will outline the existing scholarship on elevation, highlight conflicting findings, point out critical gaps in the current state of elevation research, and delineate fertile future directions for basic and applied research. Continued investigation of the affective, motivational, and behavioral responses associated with witnessing virtuous actions of others is warranted.
Geometrically Induced Metastability and Holography

Abstract We construct metastable configurations of branes and anti-branes wrapping 2-spheres inside local Calabi–Yau manifolds and study their large N duals. These duals are Calabi–Yau manifolds in which the wrapped 2-spheres have been replaced by 3-spheres with flux through them, and supersymmetry is spontaneously broken. The geometry of the non-supersymmetric vacuum is exactly calculable to all orders of the 't Hooft parameter, and to the leading order in 1 / N . The computation utilizes the same matrix model techniques that were used in the supersymmetric context. This provides a novel mechanism for breaking supersymmetry in the context of flux compactifications.
Development and validation of a high-throughput calcium mobilization assay for the orphan receptor GPR88.

GPR88 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in the striatum and is implicated in basal ganglia-associated disorders. However, the receptor functions of GPR88 are still largely unknown due to the lack of potent and selective ligands appropriate for central nervous system investigation. Development of a high-throughput screening assay for GPR88 should facilitate the discovery of novel ligands to probe GPR88 functions. In this paper, we describe the development of a CHO-Gαqi5-GPR88 cell-based calcium mobilization assay. The assay takes advantage of functional coupling of GPR88 with the promiscuous Gαqi5 protein and consequent mobilization of intracellular calcium, which can be measured in a 384-well format with a Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader. The CHO-Gαqi5-GPR88 cell-based calcium mobilization assay was validated by the structure-activity relationship study of known GPR88 agonist (1R,2R)-2-PCCA analogues. The assay was automated and miniaturized to a 384-well format, and was deemed robust and reproducible with a Z’-factor of 0.72 and tolerated dimethyl sulfoxide to a final concentration of 2%. Screening a pilot neurotransmitter library consisting of 228 compounds yielded 10 hits, but none of the hits were confirmed as GPR88 agonists in follow-up assays. We have developed a high-throughput calcium mobilization assay for the orphan receptor GPR88. This calcium mobilization assay can be used to identify several different types of GPR88 ligands including agonists, competitive and noncompetitive antagonists, inverse agonists, and allosteric modulators. These ligands will serve as valuable tools to probe signaling mechanisms and in vivo functions of GPR88, and could expedite development of novel therapies for diseases potentially mediated by GPR88.
Doing good and doing bad: The impact of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility on firm performance

Abstract Research on firm performance and corporate social performance (CSP) has recently broadened to concurrently evaluate corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) with corporate social responsibility (CSR). However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that impact the performance relationship, particularly the duration of the influence of CSR initiatives and CSI incidents and the impact of the interaction of CSR and CSI on firm performance. This research expands understanding by examining the combined impact of “doing good” and “doing bad” to allow a more robust examination of a firm's regime in pursuing a better strategic position through social performance. We examine the effects of CSR and CSI and their combined effects using a moderating high-low matrix. The empirical findings provide two uniquely interesting findings: CSI incidents have a longer enduring effect than CSR initiatives and those firms doing little CSR and little CSI perform better than firms engaging in high levels of both.
Engineered Fluorine Metabolism and Fluoropolymer Production in Living Cells.

Fluorine has become an important element for the design of synthetic molecules used for medicine, agriculture, and materials. Despite the many advantages provided by fluorine for tuning key molecular properties, it is rarely found in natural metabolism. We seek to expand the molecular space available for discovery through development of new biosynthetic strategies that cross synthetic with natural compounds. Towards this goal, we have engineered a microbial host for organofluorine metabolism and have shown that we can achieve production of a diketide, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxybutyrate, at ~50% yield. This fluorinated diketide can be used as a monomer in vivo to produce fluorinated poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) bioplastics with fluorine substitutions ranging from ~5-15%. This system provides a platform to produce mM flux through the key fluoromalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) building block, offering the potential to generate a broad range of fluorinated small molecule targets in living cells.
Electronic structural, optical and phonon lattice dynamical properties of pure- and La-doped SrTiO 3 : An ab initio thermodynamics study

Abstract To better understand the electronic, optical, and thermodynamic behaviors of lanthanum doped strontium titanate (La-STO) with different doping levels at high temperature, ab initio thermodynamics have been employed to investigate their electronic structures and thermodynamic evolutions versus temperatures. The results show that with increasing La-doping level, the corresponding structures of La-STO become less stable with an increasing number of phonon soft modes. The calculated thermodynamic properties show that with increasing La-doping levels, the free energy and enthalpy changes of La-STOs are decreased at given temperature. For all La-STOs with different La-doping levels investigated, we found that in three cases doping with 25%, 37.5% and 75% La substituted for Sr, the diagonal elements of their dielectric constant matrix are not all equal, which means these crystal structures are uniaxial and anisotropic. Our results indicate that doping La into STO could alter the optical properties of pure STO to be birefringent.
Policy Direction: Focus on Prevention

Child physical abuse is a complex clinical phenomenon. There are multiple child, parental and community factors that interact to contribute to child maltreatment including child physical abuse. The ecological model of child maltreatment involves interacting factors between the child, family, community and society that modify each other over time (Sidebotham 2001; Belsky 1980, 1993). These factors tend to be grouped into protective and risk factor categories. When risk factors overwhelm protective factors, child physical abuse is more likely and the likelihood of negative outcomes increases. Risk factors associated with physical abuse however and should not be viewed as a causal mechanism. Rather, it is important to consider all factors that have a role in maltreatment when planning program and policy development in child maltreatment prevention.
Genetic Mosaics for Greater Precision in Cardiovascular Research.

Interpretation of cardiac gain- and loss- of function experiments are prone to secondary, indirect effects that confound and obscure data interpretation. We advocate the use of a genetic mosaic strategy to circumvent these issues and increase precision in cardiovascular research.
Parameter Study of an Inertial Fusion Energy Chamber Response Using the 1-D BUCKY Radiation Hydrodynamics Code

A parameter study of a proposed inertial fusion energy chamber is performed. A baseline case of a 6-m-radius chamber filled with 6 μg/cm3 of xenon is studied in detail. The maximum first-wall tempe...
The 3-Arylisoquinolines

In this small group of alkaloids, the 3-arylisoquinolines, as in the benzo-phenanthridines (see Sec. 21.1) to which they are clearly related, the nitrogen heterocycle can be either fully aromatic or saturated. All three members of the 3-arylisoquinolines have been isolated from Corydalis incisa, a plant also known to produce benzophenanthridines.
Orange Is the New Black as ‘Living Text’: From Memoir to TV Series

The Netflix series, Orange is the New Black, is by no means a ‘faithful’ adaptation of the life experience recounted in Piper Kerman’s prison memoir. Rather, it is an imaginative extension thereof. This chapter explores the range of narrative strategies employed in the TV series as a means to building an ever-evolving fictional universe that operates within and beyond the parameters of the prison environment through the introduction of female-centred, emotively charged backstories which add other dimensions to the source text’s social critique of the prison system. It also interrogates the paratextual discourse that forms an intrinsic part of this series’ intertextually rich story world.
Phytomorph and Geomorph Identification

The Voynich Codex is largely an herbal with an estimated 359 illustrations of plants (phytomorphs) in the Herbal and Pharmaceutical sections. In 1944, the distinguished botanical taxonomist Hugh O’Neill identified New World plants in the Voynich Codex, including the sunflower and capsicum pepper. In 2013, Arthur O. Tucker and Rexford H. Talbert identified 37 plants indigenous to colonial New Spain. Later, in 2016, Tucker and Jules Janick expanded this to 58 phytomorphs and 55 species. Identifications here include 60 phytomorphs and 57 species, all indigenous to colonial New Spain or circumboreal. No European plants have been identified. Many were medicinal plants. The geomorph boleite was identified. Although boleite was found in many locations, the only examples of crystals of this quality were primarily from Baja California. We conclude that the Voynich Codex must be a post-Columbian manuscript written in colonial New Spain in the sixteenth century.
Exploring health economics course competencies' value for nurse administrators.

Abstract Background A survey of nursing administrators in the United States was conducted to solicit opinions about health economics (HE) course competencies for baccalaureate nursing programs. Purpose To provide rationale for intensifying educational efforts to increase nurses’ awareness about the value of HE skills in their everyday work. Methods Participants were asked to rate six HE competencies using a Likert scale. Paired-samples t tests, bivariate correlations, and standard multiple linear regressions were used to analyze survey results. Discussion A strong direct relationship exists between the amount of prior knowledge nursing administrators have about HE and the perceived level of usefulness of HE skills. Conclusion Nurses’ contributions to creating value in healthcare must be encouraged. Increasing the share and accessibility of the HE content in continuing education offerings could be one way to expand HE knowledge among practicing nurses and promote cost-effective delivery of healthcare in the United States.
A coordination-based model for transition metal alloy nanoparticles

We present a simple approach for predicting the relative energies of bimetallic nanoparticles spanning a wide-ranging combinatorial space, using only the identity and nearest-neighbor coordination number of individual metal atoms as independent parameters. By performing straightforward metal atom adsorption calculations on surface slab models, we parameterize expressions for the energy of metal atoms as a function of their coordination number in 21 bimetallic pairings of fcc metals. We rigorously establish the transferability of our model by predicting relative energies of a series of nanoparticles across a large number of morphologies, sizes, atomic compositions, and arrangements. The model is particularly accurate in predicting atomic rearrangements at or near the metal surfaces, which is essential for its potential applications when studying segregation phenomena or dynamic processes in heterogeneous catalysis. By rapidly forecasting site stabilities with atomic specificity across generic structural and compositional features, our model is able to reverse engineer thermodynamically feasible motifs of active sites in bimetallic nanoparticles through robust property ⇔ structure relations.
The Case of Dr. Sigi Halsted: Overdose in the OR

Addiction is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. It involves heritable risk, well-described underlying neuropathology, a relapsing disease course, characteristic effects on personality and behavior, and multiple effective treatment modalities. Substance use disorders (SUD) occur in physicians at a rate equal to the general population, with alcohol, benzodiazepine, and opioid use disorders most commonly occurring. Mortality is markedly elevated in this population. Physician suicides are often associated with SUD, self-prescription, and alcohol intoxication. SUD can progress to professional impairment in physicians, but this is a late finding in the disease’s course. The paradigm shift to conceptualizing SUD as an illness (rather than a moral failing) led to the development of physician health programs (PHPs) in the United States. Treatment of SUD in physicians occurs under the supervision of PHPs, which act as diversion programs to avoid loss of medical licensure if treatment goals and sustained abstinence are met. Treatment is multimodal, inclusive of contingency management, pharmacotherapy, individual and group psychotherapy, and recovery-based community support groups. Outcomes are remarkably positive among physicians treated under PHP supervision, with 70–80% sustained remission and maintenance of medical practice on a 5-year follow-up.