cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innocents Convicted: An Empirically Justified Wrongful Conviction Rate

That would make the error rate [in felony convictions] .027 percent - or to put it another way, a success rate of 99.973 percent. - Justice Antonin Scalia, concurring in Kansas v. Marsh, June 29, 2006 (quoting Joshua Marquis) The news about the astounding accuracy of felony convictions in the United States, delivered by Justice Scalia and Joshua Marquis in the passage set out epigrammatically above, would be cause for rejoicing if it were true. Imagine. Only 27 factually wrong felony convictions out of every 100,000! Unfortunately, it is not true, as the empirical data analyzed in this article demonstrates. To a great extent, those who believe that our criminal justice system rarely convicts the factually innocent and those who believe such miscarriages are rife have generally talked past each other for want of any empirically-justified factual innocence wrongful conviction rate. This article remedies at least a part of this problem by establishing the first such empirically justified wrongful conviction rate ever for a significant universe of real world serious crimes: capital rape-murders in the 1980's. Using DNA exonerations for capital rape-murders from 1982 through 1989 as a numerator, and a 406-member sample of the 2235 capital sentences imposed during this period, this article shows that 21.45%, or around 479 of those, were cases of capital rape murder. Data supplied by the Innocence Project of Cardozo Law School and newly developed for this article show that only 67% of those cases would be expected to yield usable DNA for analysis. Combining these figures and dividing the numerator by the resulting denominator, a minimum factually wrongful conviction rate for capital rape-murder in the 1980's emerges: 3.3%. The article goes on to consider the likely ceiling accompanying this 3.3% floor, arriving at a slightly softer number for the maximum factual error rate of around 5%. The article then goes on to analyze the implications of a factual error rate of 3.3%-5% for both those who currently claim errors are extremely rare, and those who claim they are extremely common. Extension of the 3.3%-5% to other capital and non-capital categories of crime is discussed, and standards of moral duty to support system reform in the light of such error rates is considered at length.
890PUNIMOLECULAR PENTAVALENT (GLOBO-H-GM2-STN-TF-TN) IMMUNIZATION OF PATIENTS (PTS) WITH EPITHELIAL OVARIAN(EOC), FALLOPIAN TUBE, OR PERITONEAL CANCER IN FIRST REMISSION

ABSTRACT Aim: We conducted an IRB-approved phase I study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a unimolecular pentavalent carbohydrate vaccine, bearing five antigens (AGs), Globo-H, GM2, STn, TF and Tn conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH) and mixed with QS-21 adjuvant, in EOC pts in 1st remission. We previously demonstrated the safe induction of antibody (ab) responses to these individual AGs in a series of monovalent-KLH trials. Methods: Pts with stage III or IV OC in 1st remission were enrolled from 1/2011-09/2013. Three dose levels were planned (25, 50,100mcg) with 3 cohorts of 6 pts to be treated at each dose level (with an additional expansion cohort of 6 pts at the MTD). The schedule was 5 vaccines administered subcutaneously during weeks 1, 2, 3, 7 and 19. Serologic IgM and IgG responses were measured by ELISA against each AG. Serologic response per AG was defined as 1) Ab titer ≥1:80 for pts with no detectable baseline titer or 2) Ab titer ≥8-fold increase over baseline if detectable baseline titer. If ≥4 of 12 pts treated at the MTD were immune responders for ≥3AGs then the study would be considered positive. Results: n = 24 Median age 56yrs (36-79); 22 (92%) high grade serous; 21 (88%) stage III; 3 (12%) stage IV. No DLTs. Immune Results: IgG +/or IgM: ≥3 AGs 20/24 pts (83%). At MTD 100mcg n = 12: IgG +/or IgM: ≥3 AGs 9/12 pts (75%), ≥4 AGs 7/12 pts (58%), 5 AGs 3/12 pts (25%). IgM: ≥1 AG in pts, ≥3 AGs in pts. IgG: ≥1 AG in pts, ≥3 AGs in pts. With a median follow-up of 19mos (2-39), 8pts (33%) had recurred and 4 pts (17%) had died. Immune Response AG GM2 GM2 GloboH GloboH Tn Tn TF TF sTn sTn Ab IgM IgG IgM IgG IgM IgG IgM IgG IgM IgG n = 12 MTD responders 3 2 1 7 7 10 8 3 11 8 Conclusions: The unimolecular vaccine was shown to be safe and immunogenic. 9/12 (75%) pts at MTD (83% of all treated pts) responded to ≥3 AGs. This immune response was comparable to our previously reported immune response in a phase I trial of a heptavalent vaccine with individual antigens conjugated to KLH. The unimolecular construct warrants further investigation and permits multiple AG-targeting. The construct greatly simplifies manufacturing and allows easy scalability of the vaccine. Disclosure: S. Danishefsky: Dr Danifshesky has financial interest in the vaccine being studied. MSKCC holds the patent on this invention. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Evaluation of the Application of Carbon Nanotubes for Radiation Shielding

Radiation is one of the biggest hazards in space and therefore among the most important issues to address for space exploration missions. Carbon nanotubes have been shown to be effective against radiation, possessing natural properties that defend against irradiated particles. Their natural ability to absorb radiation and form strong bonds with aluminum make them ideal for improving radiation protection for spacecraft. The growing interest within the scientific and engineering community make this idea revolutionary and reasonable. In this paper, I analyze the feasibility of the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into the spacecraft body for radiation protection. I first discuss the effectiveness of carbon nanotubes against radiation, assess different methods for implementation of carbon nanotubes into spacecraft, and qualitatively evaluate the method in comparison with current and prospective radiation protection methods. Carbon nanotubes have been extensively researched and offer a reasonable and effective solution, mitigating one of the key restrictions on space exploration. Further analysis and the development of methods for incorporating carbon nanotubes into spacecraft will set the foundation for longer duration space exploration missions with greater chances of success.
Final Notes on Configuration Solving

This conclusion reviews the lessons learned; outstanding issues; the relevance of academic research to industrial development; recent work in automated configuration problem solving such as SAT and Logical Spreadsheets; and the relevance of this field of research to modern problems, such as web service composition.
Taxonomy of Parthenogenetic Species of Hybrid Origin

Unisexual organisms present special, often complex, taxonomic problems, including the basic question of whether to provide formal names for certain clones. In the past, all-female forms that were morphologically distinct from their closest relatives were named and treated as any other morphological species. With the growing awareness, however, that certain clones are of hybrid origin and that some depend on sperm from sympatric bisexual (gonochoristic) congeners in order to reproduce, questions of which organisms should be named (and which ones should not) became more difficult to resolve (Maslin, 1968; Schultz, 1969). Recently, Dubois and Gunther (1982) argued strongly that all-female forms of hybrid origin that depend on sperm for reproduction by means of gynogenesis or hybridogenesis should not be regarded formally as species. They proposed the terms klepton and synklepton for such organisms and their bisexual ancestors. Their arguments applied to the unisexual fishes and amphibians among the vertebrates, but not to the parthenogenetic reptiles. In the present paper, I focus on the allfemale forms that reproduce independently and in the absence of sperm, by parthenogenesis. Among the vertebrates, this includes a number of reptiles (reviewed by Cole, 1975) of which the most thoroughly studied lizards had a polyphyletic origin involving interspecific hybridization of bisexual ancestors (Lowe and Wright, 1966; Neaves, 1969; Uzzell and Darevsky, 1975; Parker and Selander, 1976; Moritz, 1983; Good and Wright, 1984). In addition, genetic analyses of laboratoryreared individuals demonstrate that lineages of parthenogenetic lizards are indeed clones (Cole, 1979; Dessauer and Cole, 1980, unpubl. manuscript; Hardy and Cole, 1981). Similar phenomena have been found among some of the parthenogenetic invertebrates and their relatives (e.g., Suomalainen et al., 1976; White et al., 1977), and these phenomena may be more widespread than is generally recognized. Since these animals are quite unconventional in many aspects of systematics and there are different views on which of them, if any, should be named (Maslin, 1968; Morafka, 1977; B6hme, 1982), I review basic issues here with hopes of contributing to a consensus for uniform taxonomic treatment of such organisms. Also, I propose specific guidelines for the taxonomic treatment of parthenogenetic species, accommodating hybrid origins when pertinent, as discussed next for certain North American whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus; Teiidae).
ToxR Antagonizes H-NS Regulation of Horizontally Acquired Genes to Drive Host Colonization.

The virulence regulator ToxR initiates and coordinates gene expression needed by Vibrio cholerae to colonize the small intestine and cause disease. Despite its prominence in V. cholerae virulence, our understanding of the direct ToxR regulon is limited to four genes: toxT, ompT, ompU and ctxA. Here, we determine ToxR’s genome-wide DNA-binding profile and demonstrate that ToxR is a global regulator of both progenitor genome-encoded genes and horizontally acquired islands that encode V. cholerae’s major virulence factors and define pandemic lineages. We show that ToxR shares more than a third of its regulon with the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein H-NS, and antagonizes H-NS binding at shared binding locations. Importantly, we demonstrate that this regulatory interaction is the critical function of ToxR in V. cholerae colonization and biofilm formation. In the absence of H-NS, ToxR is no longer required for V. cholerae to colonize the infant mouse intestine or for robust biofilm formation. We further illustrate a dramatic difference in regulatory scope between ToxR and other prominent virulence regulators, despite similar predicted requirements for DNA binding. Our results suggest that factors in addition to primary DNA structure influence the ability of ToxR to recognize its target promoters.
Investigation and Analysis on An Incident of Occupational Exposure of HIV

[Objective]To explore the potential reasons and countermeasures of occupational exposure,through analysis on type,process and prevention measures of a HIV exposure incident involving 2 hospitals' medical staff.[Methods]Occupational exposure investigation ,evaluation and follow-up monitoring were based on " Guidelines for Protection of Medical Staff against HIV Occupational Exposure (Trial)" and "National AIDS Testing Technical Specifications(2004)"[Results]Through occupational exposure evaluation,2 persons belonged to first level,without preventive medicine. After clinical observation of 6 months,no one was infected.[Conclusion]The medical staff do not pay enough attention to HIV occupational exposure. Therefore,the risk consciousness of occupational exposure should be strengthened on them.
Acquired Megalourethra: An Uncommon Complication of the Transverse Preputial Island Flap Urethroplasty

AbstractWe describe 4 patients with significant dilatation of the entire neourethra following transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty. Two patients presented after repair of chordee without hypospadias, which was corrected by interposition with a pedicle graft. The problem arises about 6 months after the repair and is manifested by ballooning of the urethra during urination and post-void dribbling. We have labeled this entity acquired megalourethra and the repair is similar to that for congenital megalourethra.
Hypercoagulability. Should every patient with venous thrombosis be tested

Tests for anticoagulant protein deficiencies have a low predictive value for venous thrombosis in the general population. Such testing should be done only in patients with recurrent thrombosis, a family history of thrombosis, or atypical features such as young age at presentation or unusual site. Decreased fibrinolysis is another defect often seen in patients with venous thrombosis, but it lacks sufficient specificity to have a high predictive value. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies has a fairly high predictive value, and testing beyond the partial thromboplastin time may be justified in patients who have (1) arterial thrombosis or (2) a history of fetal demise or recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Optimizing treatment benefit in older breast cancer patients.

Breast cancer is predominantly a disease of older women. Many of these older patients with breast cancer have low-risk disease owing to low proliferation indices, positive hormone receptors, node-negativity, or p53-negative and HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor 2)-negative tumors.[1,2] They do well without chemotherapy and will receive adjuvant hormonal therapy with tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor. Yet there are older women who do not have these favorable tumor characteristics and so are potential candidates for chemotherapy. The review by Muss points out this issue, highlighting benefits of chemotherapy and describing appropriate treatment regimens for these patients.
Exosomes in Viral Disease

Viruses have evolved many mechanisms by which to evade and subvert the immune system to ensure survival and persistence. However, for each method undertaken by the immune system for pathogen removal, there is a counteracting mechanism utilized by pathogens. The new and emerging role of microvesicles in immune intercellular communication and function is no different. Viruses across many different families have evolved to insert viral components in exosomes, a subtype of microvesicle, with many varying downstream effects. When assessed cumulatively, viral antigens in exosomes increase persistence through cloaking viral genomes, decoying the immune system, and even by increasing viral infection in uninfected cells. Exosomes therefore represent a source of viral antigen that can be used as a biomarker for disease and targeted for therapy in the control and eradication of these disorders. With the rise in the persistence of new and reemerging viruses like Ebola and Zika, exploring the role of exosomes become more important than ever.
Effects of iodinated contrast on various magnetic resonance imaging sequences and field strength: Implications for characterization of hemorrhagic transformation in acute stroke therapy.

Effects of iodinated contrast on various magnetic resonance imaging sequences and field strength: Implications for characterization of hemorrhagic transformation in acute stroke therapy
Samurai Sudoku-Based Space-Filling Designs for Multi-Source Inference

Pooling data from multiple sources plays an increasingly vital role in today's world. We propose a new type of design, called a Samurai Sudoku-based space-filling design to address this issue. Such a design is an orthogonal array based Latin hypercube design with the following attractive properties: (1) the complete design achieves attractive uniformity in both univariate and bivariate margins; (2) it can be divided into groups of subdesigns with overlaps such that each subdesign achieves maximum uniformity in both univariate and bivariate margins; (3) each of the overlaps achieves maximum uniformity in both univariate and bivariate margins. Examples are given to illustrate the properties of the proposed design, and to demonstrate the advantages of using the proposed design for pooling data from multiple sources.
The Longitudinal Impact of an Internet Safety Decision Aid for Abused Women.

Introduction Women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) navigate complex, dangerous decisions. Tailored safety information and safety planning, typically provided by domestic violence service providers, can prevent repeat IPV exposure and associated adverse health outcomes; however, few abused women access these services. The Internet represents a potentially innovative way to connect abused women with tailored safety planning resources and information. The purpose of this study was to compare safety and mental health outcomes at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months among abused women randomized to: (1) a tailored, Internet-based safety decision aid; or (2) control website (typical safety information available online). Design Multistate, community-based longitudinal RCT with one-to-one allocation ratio and blocked randomization. Data were collected March 2011–May 2013 and analyzed June–July 2015. Setting/participants Currently abused Spanish- or English-speaking women (N=720). Intervention A tailored Internet-based safety decision aid included priority-setting activities, risk assessment, and tailored feedback and safety plans. A control website offered typical safety information available online. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were decisional conflict, safety behaviors, and repeat IPV; secondary outcomes included depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results At 12 months, there were no significant group differences in IPV, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Intervention women experienced significantly less decisional conflict after one use (β= –2.68, p =0.042) and greater increase in safety behaviors they rated as helpful from baseline to 12 months (12% vs 9%, p =0.033) and were more likely to have left the abuser (63% vs 53%, p =0.008). Women who left had higher baseline risk (14.9 vs 13.1, p =0.003) found more of the safety behaviors they tried helpful (61.1% vs 47.5%, p p =0.001) and sexual IPV (2.41 vs 1.25, p =0.001) than women who stayed. Conclusions Internet-based safety planning represents a promising tool to reduce the public health impact of IPV.
Mutant p53 shapes the enhancer landscape of cancer cells in response to chronic immune signaling.

Inflammation influences cancer development, progression, and the efficacy of cancer treatments, yet the mechanisms by which immune signaling drives alterations in the cancer cell transcriptome remain unclear. Using ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and GRO-seq, here we demonstrate a global overlap in the binding of tumor-promoting p53 mutants and the master proinflammatory regulator NFκB that drives alterations in enhancer and gene activation in response to chronic TNF-α signaling. We show that p53 mutants interact directly with NFκB and that both factors impact the other’s binding at diverse sets of active enhancers. In turn, the simultaneous and cooperative binding of these factors is required to regulate RNAPII recruitment, the synthesis of enhancer RNAs, and the activation of tumor-promoting genes. Collectively, these findings establish a mechanism by which chronic TNF-α signaling orchestrates a functional interplay between mutant p53 and NFκB that underlies altered patterns of cancer-promoting gene expression. Inflammation is known to affect cancer development, yet the mechanisms by which immune signaling drives transformation remain unclear. Here, the authors provide evidence that chronic TNF-α signaling promotes the enhancer binding and transcriptional interplay between mutant p53 and NFκB.
Combined prenatal pesticide exposure and folic acid intake in relation to autism spectrum disorder

Background: Maternal folic acid (FA) protects against developmental toxicity from certain environmental chemicals. Objective: We examined combined exposures to maternal FA and pesticides in relatio...
Distributed control of LPV systems over arbitrary graphs with communication latency

Summary This paper focuses on spatially distributed control systems where the controller sensing and actuation topology is inherited from that of the plant. Specifically, this paper considers distributed systems composed of discrete-time linear parameter-varying subsystems interconnected over general graph structures. These distributed systems are subject to a communication latency of one sampling period, where the information sent by a subsystem at the current time step is received by the target subsystem at the next time step. Analysis and synthesis conditions are derived for control design in this setting using a parameter-dependent Lyapunov approach with the l2-induced norm as the performance measure. Fast and easy-to-implement algorithms are also provided for constructing the controller in real time. The techniques developed are finally applied to a leader-follower formation problem with intermittent communications.
Evolved polymerases facilitate selection of fully 2'-OMe-modified aptamers.

RNA or DNA aptamers with 2′-OMe-modifications have been pursued to increase resistance to nucleases, but have been difficult to identify because the OMe groups ablate polymerase recognition. We recently reported evolution of the thermostable DNA polymerases SFM4-6 and SFM4-9, which enable the efficient “transcription” and “reverse transcription”, respectively, of 2′-OMe oligonucleotides. With these polymerases, we now report the first selection of fully 2′-OMe modified aptamers, specifically aptamers that bind human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Two aptamers, 2mHNE-1 and 2mHNE-2, were isolated after five rounds of selection, and four more, 2mHNE-3–6, after an additional five rounds that included selection pressure for binding in the presence of serum. All six aptamers bind with reasonable affinity, which requires the 2′-OMe substituents. Further characterization of one aptamer, 2mHNE-5, showed that unlike a previously reported natural anti-HNE aptamer, affinity for HNE is retained in the presence of high concentrations of salt or serum. The polymerases SFM4-6 and SFM4-9 should prove valuable for the production and further exploration of modified aptamers.
Siglo XXI en américa Latina: reflexiones sobre algunos cambios

America Latina no ha sido ajena a los cambios recientes de la geopolitica mundial en el siglo XXI, lo cual ha impuesto retos y la reformulacion de la agenda internacional, obligando a revisar temas tales como la relacion Norte-Sur desde lo diplomatico, pero tambien desde lo politico y economico. Esta realidad ha hecho que los lideres regionales argumenten que la mejor manera para negociar, en terminos de instrumentos de politica comercial, es en bloque, debido a que no solo mejoran los terminos de intercambio, sino que estas contribuyen de manera efectiva al desarrollo, dando paso a una reorganizacion de fuerzas y relaciones de poder en la region lo cual ha derivado en la categorizacion y el surgimiento de potencias medias y regionales, con impacto en el sistema internacional. En este sentido se identifican algunos de los cambios en America Latina que son parte del proceso de transicion para su articulacion a la nueva perspectiva de la cooperacion internacional, y el rol protagonico de esta zona y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo regional, desde la responsabilidad que le corresponde.
Joint regression analysis of mixed-type outcome data via efficient scores

Abstract Joint analysis of multivariate outcomes composed of mixed data types (continuous, count, binary, survival, etc.) induces special complexity in model specification and analysis. When the scientific question of interest involves a joint effect of covariate(s) of interest on the set of outcome variables, specifying a full probability model may be infeasible, undesirably complex, or computationally intractable. A flexible method to estimate and conduct inference on such joint effects is presented which accounts for correlation among the outcomes without needing to explicitly specify their joint distribution. Simulation studies and an analysis of health care data illustrate the approach and its operating characteristics vis-a-vis other methods.
The Effects of Tetrahydrobiopterin on Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury in Mice

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and is presently used clinically to treat forms of phenylketonuria. BH4 has been reported to restrain superoxide generation of NOS and chemically reduce superoxide. However, there has been no report concerning the effects of BH4 in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of BH4 against ICH-induced brain injury in a mouse model.
Sociobiology, Selfish Genes, and Human Behavior: A Bio-Cultural Critique

Sociobiology is a controversial new field of study, defined by its most prolific spokesman as "the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior" (Wilson 1975a:k). Although much excellent work has been done in this field within the areas of entomology and ornithology, the application of sociobiology to humans (Wilson 1975a:5k7ff; Wilson 1975b; Hamilton 1975; etc.) has generated considerable acrimonious debate (Caplan 1978), This paper represents an attempt to present sociobiology and social anthropology fairly, and to evaluate the central arguments of sociobiology within a synthetic framework of biology and social anthropology. My purpose in this paper is to explore the foundations upon which human sociobiology is constructed; to demonstrate that human sociobiology is not so much a more scientific approach to anthropology as it is a novel philosophical approach; and to evaluate critically the value of such an approach in the study of human behavior.
Responsiveness of hand-held dynamometry to changes in limb muscle strength: A retrospective investigation of published research

This retrospective work was undertaken to investigate the responsiveness of hand-held dynamometry (HHD). Potentially relevant research was identified via computerized searches of PubMed and Web of Science as well as a hand-search. Thirteen articles were found that allowed the description of responsiveness using effect size. Seventy-nine effect sizes ranged from 0 to 1.360. By Cohen's criteria most effect sizes (57%) qualified as small. Fifteen effect sizes (19.0%) qualified as medium and nine effect sizes (11.4%) qualified as large. HHD appears capable to detecting changes in limb muscle strength that accompany interventions or are associated with the natural course of disease states.
IgG4-Related Sclerosing Pericarditis in a Young Man With Recurrent Chest Pain.

Many cases of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)–related disease involving different organ systems have been reported in the literature since the disorder was first described in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. This report discusses an interesting case of IgG4-related cardiovascular disease that involved the pericardium and resulted in reoccurring chest pain in a 36-year-old man. The challenging diagnosis was made using established diagnostic criteria for other tissue sites and included the presence of elevated serum IgG4, pericardial infiltration by IgG4-positive plasma cells, focal phlebitis, and fibrosis. The patient’s symptoms improved with immunosuppressive therapy.
The Prevalence of Calcifications at the Origin of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Increases with Age.

Background: Enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis origin [eECRB] is a common idiopathic, noninflammatorydisease of middle age that is characterized by excess glycosaminoglycan production and frequentlyassociated with radiographic calcification of its origin. The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship ofcalcification of the ECRB and advancing age.Methods: We included 28,563 patients who received an elbow radiograph and assessed the relationship of calcificationsof the ECRB identified on radiograph reports with patient age, sex, race, affected side, and ordering indication usingmultivariable logistic regression.Results: Calcifications of the ECRB were independently associated with age (OR:1.04; p <0.001); radiographsordered for atraumatic pain (OR2.6; p <0.001) or lateral epicondylitis (OR5.5; p <0.001); and Hispanic ethnicity (OR1.5;p <0.001) and less likely to be found at the left side (OR0.68; p <0.001). Similarly, incidental calcifications of the ECRB,those on radiographs not ordered for atraumatic pain or lateral epicondylitis, were independently associated withage (OR1.03; p <0.001) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR1.5; p <0.024) and less likely to be found on the left side (OR0.71;p <0.001).Conclusion: We observed that about nine percent of people have ECRB calcification by the time they are in their sixthdecade of life and calcifications persist in the absence of symptoms which supports the idea that eECRB is a common,self-limited diagnosis of middle age.Level of evidence: II
Graphene-Based Transparent Photodetector Array for Multiplane Imaging

We report a transparent photodetector array using graphene as both the active pixel and interconnect material. We demonstrate imaging at multiple focal planes with these arrays. Further applications of position tracing will also be discussed. © 2019 The Author(s)
Tuning two-electron transfer in terpyridine-based platinum(II) pincer complexes

An important factor in obtaining reversible multi-electron transfer is overcoming large changes in coordination geometry. One strategy is to use ligands that can support the geometries favored before and after the electron transfer. Pip2NCN− pincer and terpyridine ligands are used to support square planar Pt(II) and octahedral Pt(IV). For the Pt(II) complexes, [Pt(Z-pip2NCN)(R-tpy)]+ (Z = NO2, MeO, H; R = H, tertyl butyl, tolyl), 1H NMR spectroscopy shows that the Z-pip2NCN− ligand is monodentate whereas the R-terpyridyl ligand is tridentate. The availability of flanking piperidyl groups of the monodentate pincer ligand is essential for the stabilization of the metal center upon oxidation. Pt(Z-pip2NCN)(R-tpy)+ complexes undergo two-electron platinum centered oxidation near 0.4 V and two Pt(tpy) centered reductions near −1.0 V and −1.5 V. An estimate of nox/nred = 1.8 is consistent with an oxidation that involves two-electron transfer per Pt center. Variation in the pincer-(Z) and terpyridine-(R) substituents allows for tuning of the oxidation process over a 260 mV range and the two reduction processes over ranges of 230 mV (first reduction) and 290 mV (second reduction step).
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Pediatric Thoracic Spine with Development of Neurological Compromise: A Case Report.

CASE This report describes a 7-year-old girl with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) of the thoracic spine who developed neurological deterioration during nonsurgical management. She was treated with decompression and instrumented fusion followed by chemotherapy, recovered completely after surgery, and was doing well at 6-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The best treatment of LCH of the spine is not clear, but in the setting of neurologic compromise after failing conservative management, surgical decompression with adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered.
Perennial grain crop roots and nitrogen management shape soil food webs and soil carbon dynamics

Abstract Perennial grain crops may confer greater ecosystem services relative to annual row crop systems due to their extensive roots systems and year-round ground cover. However, less is known about the extent to which perennial grain crops affect food web dynamics and soil carbon (C) cycling over time. Furthermore, many mechanistic questions remain regarding the influence of root quantity and quality on soil biological communities and C cycling function. In this study, we quantified root biomass and quality, bacterial and nematode community structure, and labile soil C pools of perennial intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Buckworth and Dewey] and annual winter wheat (Triticum aes L.) across three nitrogen (N) management systems (Organic, Low inorganic N, High inorganic N). After 4 years, the perennial grain crop had significantly greater root quantity and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) relative to annual wheat. Mineralizable C was similar between the two plant systems but differed by N management. Perenniality more than management influenced nematode community structure and function; perennial grains increased the structure index (a measure of trophic complexity) by 55% compared to annual wheat. Both plant type and management influenced bacterial communities, but not until the final year of the experiment. Our findings demonstrate that established perennial grain crops increase labile soil C and support more highly structured and complex food webs relative to annual cropping systems.
An Unexpected Finding from a Failed Newborn Critical Congenital Heart Defect Pulse Oximetry

Introduction. The newborn critical congenital heart defect (CCHD) pulse oximetry screen identifies the nearly 18 / 10,000 infants born with CCHD annually. The baby passes if pre- and post-ductal oxygen saturation is 95% or greater with less than a 3% difference. Here, we present a case of a newborn who failed the CCHD screen and was found to have an unexpected non-cardiac defect. Case Report. The patient is a 39 4/7-week female infant born via vaginal delivery after an uneventful pregnancy at an outside community hospital. During the CCHD screening on day of life two, the infant was noted to have low pre- and …
Concordance Between Electronic Clinical Documentation and Physicians’ Observed Behavior

Importance Following the adoption of electronic health records into a regulatory environment designed for paper records, there has been little investigation into the accuracy of physician documentation. Objective To quantify the percentage of emergency physician documentation of the review of systems (ROS) and physical examination (PE) that observers can confirm. Design, Setting, and Participants This case series took place at emergency departments in 2 academic medical centers between 2016 and 2018. Participants’ patient encounters were observed to compare real-time performance with clinical documentation. Exposures Resident physicians were shadowed by trained observers for 20 encounters (10 encounters per physician per site) to obtain real-time observational data; associated electronic health record data were subsequently reviewed. Main Outcomes and Measures Number of confirmed ROS systems (range, 0-14) divided by the number of documented ROS systems (range, 0-14), and number of confirmed PE systems (range, 0-14) divided by the number of documented PE systems (range, 0-14). Results The final study cohort included 9 licensed emergency medicine residents who evaluated a total of 180 patients (mean [SD] age, 48.7 [20.0] years; 91 [50.5%] women). For ROS, physicians documented a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 14 (8-14) systems, while audio recordings confirmed a median (IQR) of 5 (3-6) systems. Overall, 755 of 1961 documented ROS systems (38.5%) were confirmed by audio recording data. For PE, resident physicians documented a median (IQR) of 8 (7-9) verifiable systems, while observers confirmed a median (IQR) of 5.5 (3-6) systems. Overall, 760 of 1429 verifiable documented PE systems (53.2%) were confirmed by concurrent observation. Interrater reliability for rating of ROS and PE was more than 90% for all measures. Conclusions and Relevance In this study of 9 licensed year emergency medicine residents, there were inconsistencies between the documentation of ROS and PE findings in the electronic health record and observational reports. These findings raise the possibility that some documentation may not accurately represent physician actions. Further studies should be undertaken to determine whether this occurrence is widespread. However, because such studies are unlikely to be performed owing to institution-level barriers that exist nationwide, payers should consider removing financial incentives to generate lengthy documentation.
Health planning for economic development projects.

Health factors may be important determinants of the outcome of economic development projects. Conversely, economic development projects may have significant effects on health status. By employing a methodological approach similar to that used in the personal health examination, an economic development project may be analyzed and evaluated in terms of health considerations. A technique for carrying out such an analysis, leading to a detailed statement of health-related actions (and their costs) necessary to cope with health problems pertinent to an economic development project, is described.
Games in the Philosophy of Biology

This is an Element surveying the most important literature using game theory and evolutionary game theory to shed light on questions in the philosophy of biology. There are two branches of literature that the book focuses on. It begins with a short introduction to game theory and evolutionary game theory. It then turns to working using signaling games to explore questions related to communication, meaning, language, and reference. The second part of the book addresses prosociality - strategic behavior that contributes to the successful functioning of social groups - using the prisoner's dilemma, stag hunt, and bargaining games.
When crowdsourcing in CSR leads to dialogic communication: The effects of trust and distrust

Abstract In this study, we explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) crowdsourcing on dialogic communication considering trust/distrust as a moderator, as well as the role of dialogic communication in causing positive CSR and company evaluations. A 2 (crowdsourcing vs. non-crowdsourcing) × 2 (trust vs. distrust) between-subjects experiment was conducted using real company names. The results show that trust generated a higher perception of dialogic communication, CSR, and company evaluations than distrust. We also identify accessibility and grounding as the dialogic communication outcomes induced by crowdsourced CSR. A moderated mediation test shows that crowdsourced CSR leads to positive evaluations only when conducted by a trusted company through accessibility/grounding. As expected, distrust nullified such mediation effects.
Delayed kidney graft function in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients is associated with early pancreas allograft failure

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a common complication associated with significant untoward effects in kidney-alone transplantation. The incidence and outcomes following kidney delayed graft function (K-DGF) among patients undergoing simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation are less certain. We analyzed SPK recipients transplanted at our center between January 1994 and December 2017. A total of 632 recipients fulfilled the selection criteria, including 69 (11%) with K-DGF and 563 without. The incidence of K-DGF was significantly higher in recipients of organs from older donors and donation after circulatory death (DCD). The presence of K-DGF was significantly associated with an increased risk of pancreas graft failure during the first 90 days (n = 9, incidence rate [IR] 2.45/100 person-months), but not with late pancreas failure (n = 32, IR 0.84/100 person-months), kidney graft failure, or patient death. Although DCD was associated with K-DGF, it was not associated with either pancreas (hazard ratio [HR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.58-1.44, P = .69) or kidney (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.66-1.82, P = .74) graft failure after adjustment for potential confounders. We found K-DGF to be a significant risk factor for pancreas graft failure but not kidney graft failure, with the major risk period being early (<90 days) posttransplant, and the major donor risk factor being older donor age.
Awareness for Anxiety in Women: A Great Start.

This issue includes recommendations from the Women's Preventive Services Initiative on screening for anxiety in adolescent girls and adult women and the evidence review supporting the recommendatio...
A cross-sectional analysis of variables associated with morbidity and mortality in postoperative neurosurgical patients diagnosed with sepsis

Sepsis is a systemic, inflammatory response to infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is a considerable lack of literature exploring sepsis in neurosurgery. We aimed to identify variables that were correlated with mortality and increased morbidity as defined by readmission and increased length of stay in postoperative neurosurgical patients that met a sepsis diagnosis. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 105 patients who underwent a neurosurgical operation at our institution from 2012 to 2017 who were discharged with at least one sepsis diagnosis code and who did not have a preoperative infection. We identified variables that were correlated with mortality, readmission, and increased length of stay. Patients who survived were preferentially distributed towards lower ASA Physical Status Classification scores. A larger percentage of patients who did not survive had cranial surgery, whereas patients who survived were more likely to have undergone spinal surgery. Higher respiratory rates, higher maximum lactic acid levels, positive sputum cultures, and lower incoming Glasgow Coma Scores (GCS) were significantly correlated with mortality. A larger fraction of readmitted patients had positive surgical site cultures but had negative sputum cultures. Length of hospitalization was correlated with incoming GCS, non-elective operations, and Foley catheter, arterial line, central line, and endotracheal tube duration. Neurosurgical postoperative patients diagnosed with sepsis may be risk stratified for mortality, readmission, and increased length of stay based on certain variables that may help direct their care. Further prospective studies are needed to explore causal relationships.
Changing ice and changing light: trends in solar heat input to the upper Arctic ocean from 1988 to 2014

The Arctic sea-ice cover has undergone a significant decline in recent decades. The melt season is starting earlier, ice is thinner and seasonal ice dominates. Here we examine the effects of these changes on the solar heat input to the upper ocean in ice-covered Arctic waters from 1985 to 2014. Satellite observations of ice concentration, onset dates of melt and freeze-up and ice age, are combined with ice thicknesses from the PIOMAS model and incident solar irradiance from reanalysis products to calculate the contributions of open ocean and ice to the solar heat input in the upper ocean. Of the total, 86% of the area has positive trends for solar heat input to the ocean through leads due to decreases in ice concentration. Only 62% of the area shows positive trends of solar heat input to the ocean explicitly through the ice. Positive trends are due to thinning ice, while negative trends occur in regions where the ice-free season has lengthened. The annual total solar heat input to the ocean exhibits positive trends in 82% of the area. The spatial pattern of the cumulative annual total solar heat input is similar to the pattern of solar heat input directly to leads.
Examining the Class Ceiling of Large Technology Companies

Scholars who study hiring and inequality often focus on low-skill, low-wage labor markets. As inequality is driven by both marginalization and privilege, my dissertation complements prior studies by examining the hiring process of large technology companies (e.g., Google, Microsoft, and Facebook). Through a two-year mixed-methods study involving evaluators and applicants, my research illuminates whether and how social class background shapes evaluators? assessments and applicants? preparation and self-presentation strategies. In alignment with ongoing efforts to broaden participation in the technology industry, this study provides strategies for evaluators to enact inclusive hiring practices and ways for applicants to navigate the hiring process.
FeatherFlame: An Arduino-Based Thermocouple Datalogging System to Record Wildland Fire Flame Temperatures in Agris

Rangeland scientists have long relied on thermocouples for measuring temperature, especially in agris—in the field, under the extreme conditions of wildland fire. But the electronics required to sense and record thermocouple data remain expensive to both purchase and protect from exposure to heat and flames. Open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) electronics platforms such as Arduino are increasingly popular among ecologists, and have been shown to perform as well as proprietary commercial systems when recording thermocouple data. The FeatherFlame system is a reliable, low-cost solution to sampling wildland fire, ranging from US$240–490 for 1–6 thermocouple sensors, including all fire protection equipment. The low cost and multi-sensor capacity facilitates spatial replication, which allows fire ecologists to measure and report meaningful data on rate of spread and calculate fire intensity.
Effect of Daily Dosage of Morphine Milligram Equivalents on Free Flap Complications: A Single-Institution Retrospective Study.

Summary Introduction There appears to be an association between preoperative opioid use and postoperative complications. We sought to determine whether patients with a history of chronic opiate use (defined as 3 months or more of sustained use) prior to undergoing free flap surgery have higher rates of 30-day complications. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing free flaps from 2015 to 2020 was performed. Patient characteristics were analyzed, including daily preoperative dose of opiates, which were then converted to morphine milligram equivalents; intra-operative variables such as estimated blood loss and operating room time; and 30-day outcomes, including wound and flap complications, return to the operating room, and readmissions. Results One hundred fifty-five patients received 160 free flaps. Of these flaps, 50/160 (31%) were performed on patients with an opiate prescription for at least three months prior to surgery. Using multivariable analysis, morphine milligram equivalents, a surrogate for opioid dose, were significantly associated with flap complications (odds ratio (OR) 1.011, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.003–1.020, p Conclusion Chronic preoperative opioid use is common for free flap surgery, and according to our single-center experience, higher daily doses are a risk factor for flap complications and surgical site infections. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that opioid use is a modifiable risk factor that may increase surgical morbidity.
Comminuted Lumbar Vertebral Fracture

Comminuted Lumbar Vertebral Fracture A 19-year-old woman presented with a gunshot wound to the abdomen. She was unable to move her legs and had no sensation below the knees. Imaging showed a commin...
Mechanisms in Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Allergic Contact Dermatitis is the consequence of a dysregulated immune response to chemically reactive small molecules, the haptens, penetrating the skin. In the sensitization phase, haptens activate the innate immune system by interacting with pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll like receptors, expressed by skin resident cells, thus initiating a cascade of events leading to the maturation and mobilization of skin dendritic cells. Maturing dendritic cells leave the skin and carry the newly formed hapten epitopes to regional lymph nodes, where they expand a variety of hapten-specific T lymphocytes with the capacity to recirculate in the skin environment. Expression of allergic contact dermatitis is mostly dependent on the recruitment at the site of hapten challenge of hapten-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that, once activated, release pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce the apoptosis of keratinocytes. Contact sensitization is negatively regulated through several mechanisms, including specialized subsets of T regulatory cells, B cells and IL-10-releasing NKT cells, that are both responsible for the development of specific immune tolerance in non-allergic individuals, and limit the magnitude of the inflammatory response during allergic contact dermatitis reactions.