cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malignant transformation of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Purpose To report a clinicopathologic correlation of an adenocarcinoma that arose from solitary congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). Design Case report with clinicopathologic correlation. Methods A 56-year-old black woman was referred for an asymptomatic fundus lesion in her left eye. It had features typical of CHRPE, but there was a small elevated nodule within the flat component, and the diagnosis was adenoma of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) arising from CHRPE. The lesion was observed periodically. The nodule slowly enlarged, and increasing amounts of lipoproteinaceous exudation accumulated in the adjacent retina. Thirteen years after the initial diagnosis, the patient returned with severe visual loss and no view of the fundus resulting from cataract and posterior synechia. Ultrasonography revealed a total retinal detachment and a pedunculated tumor measuring 7.5 mm in thickness. The eye was enucleated and studied histopathologically. Main Outcome Measures Clinical evaluation and correlation of clinical findings with histopathologic results of the enucleated eye. Results Histopathologically, the mass was composed of a proliferation of atypical RPE cells with a marked infiltration of benign plasma cells. Typical features of CHRPE were present at the base of the tumor. The final diagnosis was adenocarcinoma arising from CHRPE. Conclusions Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, once considered to be a benign and stationary lesion, may spawn a malignant neoplasm. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Guanfacine effects on stress, drug craving and prefrontal activation in cocaine dependent individuals: preliminary findings

Cocaine dependence is associated with increased stress and drug cue-induced craving and physiological arousal but decreased prefrontal activity to emotional and cognitive challenge. As these changes are associated with relapse risk, we investigated the effects of α2 receptor agonist guanfacine on these processes. Twenty-nine early abstinent treatment-seeking cocaine dependent individuals were randomly assigned to either daily placebo or guanfacine (up to 3 mg) for four weeks. In a laboratory experiment, all patients were exposed to three 10-min guided imagery conditions (stress/stress, drug cue/drug cue, stress/drug cue), one per day, consecutively in a random, counterbalanced order. Subjective craving, anxiety and arousal as well as cardiovascular output were assessed repeatedly. Brain response to stress, drug cue and relaxing imagery was also assessed during a functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) imaging session. In the current study, guanfacine was found to be safe and well-tolerated. Lower basal heart rate and blood pressure was observed in the guanfacine versus placebo group. Guanfacine lowered stress and cue-induced nicotine craving and cue-induced cocaine craving, anxiety and arousal. The guanfacine group also showed increased medial and lateral prefrontal activity following stress and drug cue exposure compared with placebo. Data suggest further exploration of guanfacine is warranted in terms of its potential for reducing stress-induced and cue-induced drug craving and arousal.
Cutting the Gordian knot

Abstract This paper argues that (a) the term “library science” is an oxymoron and (b) the physicalist paradigm is bankrupt. Evidence suggests that the growing tensions between the two cultures of North America library and information science education have become intolerable. The “information access” model is proposed as a vehicle for unification and integration, but its limitations are also acknowledged. An action agenda, centered on the idea of conceptual outsourcing and a commitment to interdisciplinary research, is adumbrated.
Coastal cape and canyon effects on wind-driven upwelling in northern Taiwan Strait

A combination of observations and numerical model is used to reveal the upwelling features and mechanisms in the northern Taiwan Strait during summer. In situ data give evidence of the upwelling in the form of thermocline tilting upward onshore. The remote sensing data show a strip of upwelling in the coastal region, which occurs more than half a summer. The upwelling probability map indicates there are two upwelling cores, one located downstream of Pingtan Island formed as cape effect and the other over the coastal canyon off the Sansha Bay. Remote sensing data and numerical model results suggest that the southerly wind plays a key role in shaping this upwelling strip, while the tides regulate the upwelling location through tidal mixing effect in the shallow water region, especially lee of Pingtan Island. Further numerical experiments using idealized cape and coastal canyon topography show that vertical velocity is intensified downstream of the cape and canyon. The vorticity equation shows that relative vorticity change along a streamline and frictional diffusion of vorticity are responsible for the vertical velocity off the cape and within and around the canyon. According to the conservation of potential vorticity, the variation of relative vorticity along a streamline over irregular topography, e.g., cape and canyon, is the main mechanism for the two upwelling cores in the northern Taiwan Strait.
A PASSIVE TEST OF THE HELD REAFFERENCE HYPOTHESIS.

Held and his colleagues have shown that in a variety of situations adaptation to prismatic displacement depends on self-produced motion during the period of prism exposure (Held & Freedman, 1963; Held & Bossom, 1961). In these studies the typical design has consisted of comparing a group of Ss exposed to displacement under self-produced motion with a group exposed under passive motion in terms of their performance on a percepmal-motor direction-finding test. The direction-finding test has measured the degree to which S adapted to the angular displacement of the prism. However, the direction-finding test itself has typically involved self-produced motion. Thus, adaptation with and without self-produced motion has been evaluated by a tesc involving self-produced motion. In order to argue a reafference model, as Held does, it seems important to show that no adaptation takes place under conditions of a passive test after passive exposure. If such adaptation did take place, it might be argued that Held's previous differential results for active and passive exposure were due to an inappropriate test for the passive condition. If, for example, neural feedback is different for active and passive movement, an active test after passive motion d~lring exposure would not be expected to show any shift. A passive test is probably most crncial in experiments involving limited body exposure such as those of Held and Gottlieb (1958) and Held and Hein ( 1958) in which the test and exposure lnovements are similar in nature. When the tesc activity and exposure activity are quite different, as in studies by Held and Bossom ( 1961 ) and Held and Mikaelian ( 1964), performance in the test is not likely to be related to the specific neural feedback during exposure.
Ergodic properties of fibered rational maps

We study the ergodic properties of fibered rational maps of the Riemann sphere. In particular we compute the topological entropy of such mappings and construct a measure of maximal relative entropy. The measure is shown to be the unique one with this property. We apply the results to selfmaps of ruled surfaces and to certain holomorphic mapping of the complex projective planeP 2.
On finite capacity queues with time dependent arrival rates

Abstract We consider the finite capacity M / M / 1 − K queue with a time dependent arrival rate λ ( t ) . Assuming that the capacity K is large and that the arrival rate varies slowly with time (as t / K ), we construct asymptotic approximations to the probability of finding n customers in the system at time t , as well as the mean number. We consider various time ranges, where the system is nearly empty, nearly full, or is filled to a fraction of its capacity. Extensive numerical studies are used to back up the asymptotic analysis.
Partially split Hall bar: Tunneling in the bosonic integer quantum Hall effect

We study point-contact tunneling in the integer quantum Hall state of bosons. This symmetry-protected topological state has electrical Hall conductivity equal to 2e^2/h and vanishing thermal Hall conductivity. In contrast to the integer quantum Hall state of fermions, a point contact can have a dramatic effect on the low-energy physics. In the absence of disorder, a point contact generically leads to a partially split Hall bar geometry. We describe the resulting intermediate fixed point via the two-terminal electrical (Hall) conductance of the edge modes. Disorder along the edge, however, both restores the universality of the two-terminal conductance and helps preserve the integrity of the Hall bar within the relevant parameter regime.
The investigation of a transsilylation reaction for the preparation of silyl esters: reactivity correlated with 29Si NMR resonance frequencies

Abstract The investigation of a transesterification reaction involving silicon exchange (transsilylation) between a silyl ester and a chlorosilane is reported. The reaction studied involves an equilibrium interchange between trimethylsilyl benzoate and several chlorosilanes, as a preparation of various silyl esters and trimethylsilyl chloride as a volatile by-product. An interesting reactivity balance was observed, in which the reaction with some of the chlorosilanes required an initiating catalyst to proceed. A correlation between the 29 Si NMR chemical shifts of the chlorosilanes and their respective reactivities was observed. Chlorosilanes having 29 Si NMR chemical shifts greater than 31 ppm (referenced to tetramethylsilane standard at 0 ppm) required the use of a nucleophilic catalyst to initiate the reaction. Reaction of trimethylsilyl benzoate occurred without an initiator with chlorosilanes having 29 Si NMR chemical shifts of 5 to 19 ppm; for those resonating between 19 and 31 ppm, an initiator accelerated the reaction and gave improved yields of transsilylated product. N , N -Dimethylformamide and sodium iodide were found to be effective and convenient catalysts/initiators for the reaction.
5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-3-(4-sulfophenyl)tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) and related analogs of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reducing to purple water-soluble formazans As cell-viability indicators

Abstract Analogs of MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, designed to yield water-soluble formazans upon reduction, have been synthesized and evaluated as cell-viability indicators.
Benefits of bilingualism: Evidence from Mormon missionaries

Abstract Several studies have argued that learning a foreign language has the potential to increase the general cognitive ability and test scores of students. In this analysis, the Mormon missionary program is used to test whether or not students who were assigned to learn a foreign language performed better in college. The results indicate that the increase in GPA due to serving a Mormon mission is the same for students that were assigned to a foreign-speaking mission relative to students that were assigned to an English-speaking mission. These results are robust to controlling for factors such as choice of major and class load.
“God Loves an Infant’s Praise”: Cultural Borrowing and Cultural Resistance in Two Nineteenth-Century American Jewish Sunday-School Texts

Two mid-nineteenth-century American Jewish Sunday-school textbooks—Mrs. Eliezer [Rachel Peixotto] Pyke’s Scriptural Questions for the Use of Sunday Schools for the Instruction of Israelites (1843) and Simha C. Peixotto’s Elementary Introduction to the Scriptures for the Use of Hebrew Children (1840)—shed important light on the relationship between Jews and the dominant Christian (largely Protestant) culture that surrounded them. A comparison of these books with the Protestant Sunday-school texts upon which they drew serves as a revealing case study of cultural borrowing and cultural resistance between minority and majority faiths.
Candidate genes for resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens as detected in a novel genetic cross

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease that is problematic for both animal production and food safety. A novel genetic cross, named the Iowa Salmonella response resource population (ISRRP), was established to elucidate the genetic control of resistance to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) colonization in young chicks, to characterize unique resistance alleles, and to estimate gene interaction effects. Outbred broiler sires were mated with dams of diverse, highly inbred, light-bodied lines to produce an F(1) generation that was informative for all heterozygous alleles of the sires. Mating F(1) sires back to dams of the corresponding inbred line produced a backcross generation. To mimic the natural route of exposure and thus afford the opportunity to investigate mucosal immunity, pathogenic SE were inoculated into the esophagus of day-old chicks. After 1 week, the SE colonizing the cecal lumen and the spleen were enumerated. Candidate genes were selected for analysis based upon one of the two criteria. Functional candidates were genes with reported activity related to the tested traits. Positional candidates were genes mapped near microsatellites that were linked, in other phases of this project, with antibody levels to SE vaccine. Broiler sire alleles of the MHC class I, NRAMP1, PSAP, and IAP1 genes showed association with SE colonization in the F(1) generation of this novel disease resistance resource population.
Induction of neurally mediated syncope with adenosine.

Background—Tilt testing is used to establish the diagnosis of neurally mediated syncope. However, applicability of the tilt test is limited by test sensitivity and length of time required to perform the test. We hypothesized that adenosine could facilitate the induction of neurally mediated syncope through its sympathomimetic effects and therefore could be used as an alternative to routine tilt testing. Methods and Results—In protocol 1, the yield of adenosine tilt testing (12 mg while upright, followed by 60° tilt for 5 minutes) and a 15-minute isoproterenol tilt test were compared in 84 patients with a negative 30-minute drug-free tilt test. In protocol 2, 100 patients underwent an initial adenosine tilt test followed by our routine tilt test (30-minute drug-free tilt followed by a 15-minute isoproterenol tilt). Six additional control patients underwent microneurography of the peroneal nerve to compare the sympathomimetic effects during bolus administration of adenosine and continuous infusion of isopro...
Process-Controlled Plasma-Sprayed Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Coatings: New Insights from Ultrasmall-Angle X-ray Scattering

A multicomponent microstructure model is applied in ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering studies of two groups of plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). One group was sprayed from a single powder feedstock using controlled processing conditions. The other group included three different feedstock morphologies (obtained from different manufacturing methods), each with a similar particle size distribution and sprayed under the same average controlled processing conditions. The microstructure is quantitatively related to the feedstock morphology and processing conditions. Relationships are explored among these microstructures and the coating properties (e.g., thermal conductivity, elastic modulus). The degree of microstructural anisotropy is demonstrated to be pore-size dependent, being more pronounced for larger pores, and more sensitive to feedstock morphology (powder processing) than to spray processing. The microstructure analysis indicates two broad distributions of interlamellar pores, which combined, account for 70%–80% of the pore volume. The total porosity is found to increase with decreasing particle temperature or velocity. For all coatings, a negative linear relationship exists between thermal conductivity and total porosity. Comparison of the new analysis is made with earlier small-angle neutron scattering results, and implications are considered for a more general application of this metrology in TBC microstructure design.
Finite-element analysis of hydrogen in superstrong magnetic fields

The ground state of hydrogen in a magnetic field has been analyzed using the finite-element method. Accurate values for the binding energy have been obtained for fields up to ${10}^{12}$ G. Unlike other approaches, the computational effort required to obtain converged results is independent of the strength of the magnetic field. Values obtained for the lower bounds on the binding energy at very high fields are the most accurate to date.
A conversation acts model for generating spoken dialogue contributions

In this paper, we describe a generation system for spoken dialogue that not only produces coherent, informative and responsive dialogue contributions, but also explicitly models human styles of interaction. This generation system is based on conversation acts theory. It has been implemented in the TRIPS spoken dialogue system, and includes components that plan content, perform surface generation for different modalities, and coordinate output production. We discuss our implementation, and describe an evaluation of the generation output.
Effects of modeling errors on least squares error solutions to the inverse problem of electrocardiology

Modeling errors produced by differences between an actual electrical source in the heart and a model of the source have effects on least squares error (LSE) solutions for the model. These effects are analyzed using linear algebra theory and some modeling errors representative of those for actual heart measurements. It is found that increasing the number of dipoles in a multiple-dipole (MD) model increases the sensitivity of the solutions to small modeling error changes while increasing the number of terms in a multipole expansion (ME) model is likely to improve the accuracy of the solution for the dipolar terms. The results show that a MD model with more than two free-orientation dipoles will not provide accurate, useful, or reliable information for the representative modeling errors. Accurate solutions for the dipolar terms in a ME model are obtained for a model containing dipole, quadrupole, and octupole terms for these modeling errors. A new type of “average” LSE (AVL) solution for MD models with fixed-orientation dipoles is developed and compared with LSE and nonnegative LSE (NNL) solutions; the AVL solutions are found to be least sensitive to small modeling error changes but to provide misleading information for certain modeling errors. Finally, it is found that once a certain density of measurements is reached, the effects of modeling errors are nearly independent of the measurements used and, hence, no improvement in the solutions can be obtained by increasing the number of measurements.
Social Interaction, Premorbid Personality, and Agitation in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia

Agitation is exhibited by most nursing home residents with dementia and is a risk factor for poor health outcomes. Identifying the antecedents of agitation is essential for appropriate treatment because interventions require well-defined targets. This study explored relationships between level of social interaction (high vs. low), the premorbid personality trait of extraversion, and agitation using baseline data from a clinical trial that tested the efficacy of activity interventions for agitation. Most residents exhibited at least one agitated behavior over the 332 observation days. Agitation was significantly greater under high social interaction as compared with low social interaction ( P
Cellular and molecular basis of electric injuries reversibility of electric, thermal and shockwave effects

The primary effects of an electric shock to a tissue or a suspension of cells arise from the electric potential, Joule heating, and shockwaves of the electric field. These effects can cause electroporation of cell membranes, denaturation of proteins, and destruction of supramolecular structures in cells, and disorganization of tissues. Other secondary effects of an electric shock include the diminished ability of cells to resist chemical and biological infectants, such as, toxic reagents, viruses and bacteria. For treatment of electric or burn trauma, one must identify damages due to these effects and design strategies to reverse damages at the cellular and molecular levels.
E1 Transitions between States with n = 1-6 in Helium-like Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Neon, Silicon, and Argon

Wavelengths and transition rates are given for E1 transitions between singlet 1S, 1P, 1D, and 1F states, between triplet 3S, 3P, and 3D states, and between triplet 3P1 and singlet 1S0 states in ions of astrophysical interest: helium-like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, silicon, and argon. All possible E1 transitions between states with J ≤ 3 and n ≤ 6 are considered. Energy levels and wave functions used in calculations of the transition rates are obtained from relativistic configuration-interaction calculations that include both Coulomb and Breit interactions.
THE SILICONE SCAPHOID : A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY

Five fresh cadaver upper extremities were studied by use of a static positioning frame, pressure-sensitive film, and a microcomputer-based videodigitizing system, to assess the load-bearing characteristics of a scaphoid silicone implant within the radioulnarcarpal joint. Specimens were studied in their "normal" condition, after resection of the scaphoid, after placement of a scaphoid implant, and with a scaphoid implant and a simulated capitate-lunate-triquetrum-hamate fusion. The scaphoid silicone implant bore significant, although less, load than the normal scaphoid. Decreasing the size of the scaphoid implant decreased the load born by the implant. Decreased load through the scaphoid implant was compensated by the lunate. The addition of a limited carpal fusion did not significantly decrease the load born by a scaphoid implant. Therefore, the silicone scaphoid implant is a load-bearing implant even when undersized or placed in association with a limited carpal fusion.
Experience with minimally invasive esophagectomy.

Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is an evolving surgical alternative to traditional open esophagectomy. Despite considerable technical challenges, it was hypothesized that MIE could be performed effectively by surgeons experienced in open esophageal resection and advanced laparoscopic surgery. The authors report their experience with 25 patients who underwent MIE for esophageal disease. A multidisciplinary esophageal cancer team evaluated all the patients enrolled in this institutional review board–approved retrospective review study. Over an 18-month period, 25 consecutive patients (22 men and 3 women; mean age, 62 years; range, 48–77 years) with resectable esophageal cancer underwent MIE. Six patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The preoperative diagnoses were adenocarcinoma (64%, n = 16), high-grade dysplasia (20%, n = 5), and squamous cell cancer (16%, n = 4). The outcomes evaluated included operative course, hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay, pathologic stage, morbidity, and mortality. Two patients required conversion to open esophagectomy. Operative mortality was 4% (n = 1). The mean operative time was 350 min (range, 300–480), and the average blood loss was 200 ml. The patients remained ventilated for a median of 12 h, and the median intensive care unit utilization was 1 day. The median hospital length of stay was 9 days (range, 6–33 days). Major complications occurred in 32% of the patients. The anastomotic leak rate was 12%. Minor pulmonary complications occurred in 32% and atrial fibrillation in 16% of the patients. An anastomotic stricture developed in 24% of all the patients. One patient showed a positive proximal margin in the final pathology results. Minimally invasive esophagectomy is a technically challenging procedure that can be performed safely at the Virginia Piper Cancer Institute. Optimal results require appropriate patient selection and a multidisciplinary team experienced in the management of esophageal cancer.
Designing Efficient Trajectories for Underwater Vehicles Using Geometric Control Theory

In this paper, we consider the minimum time problem for underwater vehicles. Using Lagrangian mechanics, we write the equations of motion for marine vehicles with 6 degrees of freedom as a controlled mechanical system. We then apply the necessary conditions from the maximum principle for a trajectory to be time optimal. Using techniques from differential geometry we analyze the resuls. Finally we supplement the theoretical study with numerical simulations.
Screening for mistreatment of older adults

The mistreatment of older adults can take many forms, including abuse, neglect, financial exploitation, and abandonment. Reporting suspected mistreatment is mandated in most states, but many clinicians have little or no training in recognizing the indicators of mistreatment and so most cases go unreported. The Elder Assessment Instrument provides a way for nurses to screen older adults for possible mistreatment and can be used in most clinical settings. For a free online video demonstrating the use of this instrument, go to http://links.lww.com/A321.
Vascular endothelial growth factor: a regulator of vascular morphogenesis in the Japanese quail embryo.

Experiments in mouse embryos indicate that a critical level of VEGF is required for normal vascular development, as mice lacking a single VEGF allele die at midgestation. Thus VEGF concentration may be a determinant of the size and location of major blood vessels during formation of the primary capillary plexus. Ectopic VEGF delivery was used to examine the effect of VEGF concentration on early vascular patterning in the quail embryo. VEGF was delivered by implanting VEGF-soaked heparin chromatography beads at three rostral-caudal locations in embryos with six somite pairs, which allowed us to study the effect of VEGF on different cellular activities. Ectopic VEGF resulted in significant changes in the vascular pattern at three rostral-caudal levels. Quantitation demonstrated an increased vascularity in the area of the implanted VEGF bead compared to the vascular pattern of embryos with control beads. Areas lateral to the dorsal aortae that are normally avascular became vascularized, and there was an apparent fusion between the dorsal aorta and lateral capillary plexus.
A simple method for electrophilic functionalization of DNA.

An extremely simple and versatile method for placing an electrophilic functional group (iodide) at the 5‘ end of oligodeoxyribonucleotides is described. The reaction is carried out while the protec...
Conversion in the peptides coating cadmium:sulfide crystallites in Candida glabrata.

Abstract Cultures of Candida glabrata treated with CdCl 2 form intracellular Cd(II) complexes that evolve with the time of culturing. Initially, glutathione (γECG) appears to be the major buffering component. One type of Cd(II)-glutathione complex exists as a cadmium:sulfide (CdS) crystallite coated with glutathione. A time dependent change in the coating of the CdS particles occurs with a decrease in the (γECG) content and a corresponding increase in the abundance of (γEC)nG peptides with (γEC) 2 G becoming the predominant peptide. The desGly variant (γEC) 2 appears in significant concentration only in late cultures. The evolution in isopeptide coating appears to be dependent on the sulfide content of the CdS particles. Cellular conditions that enhance the generation of sulfide ions facilitate the conversion from γECG to (γEC) 2 G.
Approach to the evaluation of the dizzy patient

Dizziness is a nonspecific symptom caused by many different pathophysiologic mechanisms. Vertigo, an illusion of movement, indicates a lesion within the vestibular system. The duration of attacks and associated symptoms helps to determine the site of lesion and likely diagnosis. Examination of the dizzy patient should include a careful assessment of gait and balance and a search for spontaneous and positional nystagmus. The vestibulo-ocular reflex can be evaluated qualitatively at the bedside with the doll's eye, dynamic visual acuity, and ice water caloric tests. Each test provides different information about vestibular function.
Six Sigma Process Utilization in Reducing Door-to-Balloon Time at a Single Academic Tertiary Care Center

Abstract Background Rapid reperfusion in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with lower mortality. Reduction in door-to-balloon (D2B) time for percutaneous coronary intervention requires multidisciplinary cooperation, process analysis, and quality improvement methodology. Methods Six Sigma methodology was used to reduce D2B times in STEMI patients presenting to a tertiary care center. Specific steps in STEMI care were determined, time goals were established, and processes were changed to reduce each step's duration. Outcomes were tracked, and timely feedback was given to providers. Results After process analysis and implementation of improvements, mean D2B times decreased from 128 to 90 minutes. Improvement has been sustained; as of June 2010, the mean D2B was 56 minutes, with 100% of patients meeting the 90-minute window for the year. Conclusion Six Sigma methodology and immediate provider feedback result in significant reductions in D2B times. The lessons learned may be extrapolated to other primary percutaneous coronary intervention centers.
In situ toxicity evaluations of turbidity and photoinduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent pollutants in the aquatic environment that can cause a wide range of toxic effects. Earlier studies have shown that toxicity of PAHs can be enhanced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In situ and laboratory exposures with Ceriodaphnia dubia were used to evaluate photoinduced toxicity of PAHs in wet-weather runoff and in turbid conditions. Exposure to UV increased the toxicity of PAH-contaminated sediment to C. dubia. Toxicity was removed when UV wavelengths did not penetrate the water column to the exposed organisms. A significant correlation was observed between in situ C. dubia survival and turbidity when organisms were exposed to sunlight. Stormwater runoff samples exhibited an increase in chronic toxicity (reproduction) to C. dubia when exposed to UV wavelengths as compared to C. dubia not exposed to UV wavelengths. Toxicity was reduced significantly in the presence of UV radiation when the organic fraction of stormwater runoff was removed. The PAHs are bound to the sediment and resuspended into the water column once the sediment is disturbed (e.g., during a storm). The in situ and laboratory results showed that photoinduced toxicity occurred frequently during low flow conditions and wet weather runoff and was reduced in turbid conditions.
Turbulence Measurements by the DC-8 Meteorological Measurement System

The instrumentation of a new MMS on the NASA DC-8 aircraft is briefly described. A method to compute the turbulent dissipation rate, e, is discussed in light of some apparent inconsistencies between high and medium altitude aircraft data and available theory. Examples of turbulence measurements during encounters of a wake vortex, a field of wave clouds, and persistent contrails are illustrated.
Noradrenergic innervation of the hypothalamus of rhesus monkeys: Distribution of dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and quantitative analysis of varicosities in the paraventricular nucleus

The distribution of noradrenergic processes within the hypothalamus of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was examined by immunohistochemistry with an antibody against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The results revealed that the pattern of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity varied systematically throughout the rhesus monkey hypothalamus. Extremely high densities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive processes were observed in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, while relatively lower levels were found in the arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei and in the medial preoptic, perifornical, and suprachiasmatic areas. Moderate levels of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity were found throughout the lateral hypothalamic area and in the internal lamina of the median eminence. Very few immunoreactive processes were found in the ventromedial nucleus or in the mammillary complex. Other midline diencephalic structures were found to have high densities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity, including the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and a discrete subregion of nucleus reuniens, the magnocellular subfascicular nucleus. A moderate density of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive processes were found in the rhomboid nucleus and zona incerta whereas little dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity was found in the fields of Forel, nucleus reuniens, or subthalamic nucleus. The differential distribution of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive processes may reflect a potential role of norepinephrine as a regulator of a variety of functions associated with the nuclei that are most heavily innervated, e.g., neuroendocrine release from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and gonadotropin release from the medial preoptic area and mediobasal hypothalamus. Additionally, quantitative analysis of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive varicosities was performed on a laser scanning microscope in both magnocellular and parvicellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The methodology employed in this study allowed for the high resolution of immunoreactive profiles through the volume of tissue being analyzed, and was more accurate than conventional light microscopy in terms of varicosity quantification. Quantitatively, a significant difference in the density of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive varicosities was found between magnocellular and parvicellular regions, suggesting that parvicellular neurons received a denser noradrenergic input. These differential patterns may reflect an important functional role for norepinephrine in the regulation of anterior pituitary secretion through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis.
The entropy and enthalpy of lithium intercalation into graphite

Measurements of open-circuit voltages (OCV) in half-cells with graphite electrodes were used to obtain the entropy and enthalpy of lithium intercalation into graphite. At low lithium concentrations, the entropy included a component identified as an entropy of mixing. The entropy of intercalation changed sign at higher lithium concentrations, suggesting a second component. Raman spectroscopy and prior work on inelastic neutron scattering indicate that this additional entropy is vibrational in origin. The enthalpy of intercalation into graphite is consistently negative, but becomes less so with higher lithium concentrations.
Feeding value of tree leaves (hybrid poplar and black locust) evaluated with sheep, goats and rabbits

Abstract Feeding trials were conducted with rabbits, sheep and goats to evaluate black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) leaves as animal feed. The crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) values for black locust (BL) foliage used in the feeding trials were: CP, 17.8%; NDF, 48.1%; ADF, 29.8%. The hybrid poplar (HP) foliage used in Experiment 1 (rabbit trial) contained CP, 14.77%; NDF, 42.09%; ADF, 29.26%. In Experiment 2 (sheep trial), the HP contained: CP, 11.40%; NDF, 36.39%; ADF, 29.45%. In Experiment 1, 10 New Zealand White (NZW) weanling rabbits per treatment were fed diets with 40% alfalfa meal (AM), and 10, 20 and 40% dried HP leaves substituted for AM. Digestibilities for AM diet and the average of all HP diet treatments were: crude protein (CP): 78.8 vs. 63.9% (P
A review of coercivity mechanisms (invited)

Mechanisms of magnetization reversal and factors determining coercivity are reviewed for various permanent‐magnet materials.
Regulation of Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis by the Cytoskeleton

Steroid hormones are synthesized in response to signaling cascades initiated by the trophic peptide hormones derived from the anterior pituitary. The mechanisms by which these peptide hormones regulate steroid hormone production are multifaceted and include controlling the transcription of steroidogenic genes, regulating cholesterol (substrate) uptake and transport, modulating steroidogenic enzyme activity, and controlling electron availability. Cytoskeletal polymers such as microfilaments and microtubules have also been implicated in regulating steroidogenesis. Of note, steroidogenesis is a multi-step process that occurs in two organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrion. However, the precise mechanism by which substrates are delivered back and forth between these two organelles is unknown. In this review we will discuss the role of components of the cytoskeleton in conferring optimal steroidogenic potential. Finally, we present data that identifying a novel mechanism by which sphingosine-1-phosphate induces mitochondrial trafficking to promote steroidogenesis.
Radiobiology and radiation treatment of malignant melanoma: A review

The incidence of malignant melanoma (MM) has one of the fastest growth rates in the world and external beam radiation therapy (RT) is an important component in the total therapeutic management of MM. The radiobiology of MM provides a fascinating example of the complexities of radiation tumor biology. Both the multitarget model and the linear quadratic model predict that high dose per fraction (HDPF: 400 cGy or more) RT may be more efficacious than low dose per fraction (LDPF: 180–300 cGy) RT for some MM. However, other radiobiological factors such as repair of potentially lethal damage, reoxygenation, and repopulation appear to support the use of LDPF RT. Therefore, the MM radiobiological data predict a diverse response to a wide spectrum of HDPF and LDPF time-dose prescriptions. The clinical data for MM are consistent with these radiobiological predictions. MM exhibits a high response rate to both HDPF and LDPF time-dose prescriptions. RT is an effective therapy for MM in many clinical settings: 1) RT is the single most effective local therapy for metastatic disease with complete response rates of 23–72% and long-term local tumor control rates of 48–82%; 2) heavy ion RT is the primary treatment for many ocular MM with 5-year eye retention rates of 89% and 5-year local tumor control rates of 96%; 3) RT is the treatment of choice for mucosal non-cutaneous, non-ocular MM with results that are equal or superior to radical surgery; and 4) recent reports suggest an important role for adjuvant RT in postoperative patients who are at high risk for local-regional recurrence. The current roles for RT in MM should be reevaluated since it is likely that RT is being underutilized in the overall clinical management of MM. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cord anesthesia in rabbits.

Abstract A method is presented for spinal cord anesthesia in rabbits. Advantages of the technique are high quality complete anesthesia in a selected area and, in many cases, reduced personnel and material requirements. Of 95 animals anesthetized, 11 died from respiratory paralysis, none in the last 25.
Data-driven feature modeling, recognition and analysis in a discovery of supersonic cracks in multimillion-atom simulations

This paper presents a new, automated image- and feature-based pipeline of analysis algorithms to elucidate and quantify a discovery regarding supersonic cracks made using large-scale molecular dynamics computations. The first computational confirmation of supersonic cracks was made in recent years, along with the discovery of a two-step, discrete process of increasing crack velocity through the nucleation of a transonic daughter crack and the later nucleation of a supersonic granddaughter crack. This discovery was facilitated by the work presented here. The algorithm pipeline includes modeling, recognition and motion analysis of both the front most crack tips and the more subtle secondary wavefronts from the slower ancestor cracks. The algorithms employed include line extraction from Canny edge maps, feature modeling based on physical properties, and subsequent tracking of primary and secondary wavefronts. The model embeds anticipated propagation properties (physics-based framework) and adapts to changes in the data for unexpected aspects (data-driven modeling). This process is completely automated; it runs in real time on three different 834-frame sequences using 40 250MHz processors. Results supporting the discovery of the two-step transition to supersonic crack propagation in bilayer materials are presented in terms of both feature tracking and velocity analysis.
Prediction of Effectiveness in Leaderless Group Discussions with the Adjective Check List1

This study used Adjective Check List (ACL) scales and related four scales to individual differences in group problem-solving behavior. The ACL scores of 237 managers who had participated in a training program were examined in comparison with ratings of comparative effectiveness in two leaderless group discussion exercises.
The simplified hybrid-combined methods for Laplace's equation with singularities

Abstract In Li and Liang (1983), the simplified hybrid-combined method is presented for combining the Ritz-Galerkin method and the finite-element method. In this paper we will apply this method to solve singularity problems of Laplace's equation. Error bounds and stability analyses will be provided while taking into account the integration approximation along the coupling boundary. A significant coupling relation between the Ritz-Galerkin and the finite-element method has been found for the Laplace equation with singularities. An optimal rate of convergence has also been achieved. Numerical experiments have been carried out for solving the benchmark problem: Motz's problem to verify the theoretical results.
Quantum tunneling of surface-state electrons in time-dependent fields.

Calcul des vitesses d'echappement des electrons des etats de surface sujets a un champ electrique monochromatique polarise lineairement. Determination de l'influence l'amplitude du champ et de la frequence; comparaison avec les vitesses d'echappement sous un champ statique dans les limites des basses frequences
Perceptions of hand hygiene practices in China

Hand hygiene is considered one of the most important infection control measures for preventing healthcare-associated infections. However, compliance rates with recommended hand hygiene practices in hospitals remain low. Previous literature on ways to improve hand hygiene practices has focused on the USA and Europe, whereas studies from developing countries are less common. In this study, we sought to identify common issues and potential strategies for improving hand hygiene practices in hospitals in China. We used a qualitative survey design based on in-depth interviews with 25 key hospital and public health staff in eight hospitals selected by the Chinese Ministry of Health. We found that hospital workers viewed hand hygiene as paramount to effective infection control and had adequate knowledge about proper hand hygiene practices. Despite these positive attitudes and adequate knowledge, critical challenges to improving rates of proper hand hygiene practices were identified. These included lack of needed resources, limited organisational authority of hospital infection control departments, and ineffective use of data monitoring and feedback to motivate improvements. Our study suggests that a pivotal issue for improving hand hygiene practice in China is providing infection control departments adequate attention, priority, and influence within the hospital, with a clear line of authority to senior management. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care.
A rapid and simple Sep Pak method for purification of radioiodinated IQNP, a high affinity ligand for the muscarinic receptor

A simplified procedure for the purification of 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl α-hydroxy-α-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-α-phenylacetate (IQNP) stereoisomers utilizing a silica Sep Pak (SSP) is described. Iodine-131-E- and iodine-125-Z-(R,R)-IQNP were isolated after SSP purification in 80% and 75% radiochemical yields, respectively. The biodistribution of iodine-131-E-/iodine-125-Z-(R,R)-IQNP, purified either by SSP or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was evaluated in female rats and demonstrated no significant differences in the uptake in various organs and cerebral regions. The utilization of SSP thus affords a simple and rapid method for the purification of IQNP for use in a variety of animal studies.
Mr Knightley's education: Parallels in Emma

(1998). Mr Knightley's education: Parallels in Emma. English Studies: Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 212-223.
Developmental aspects of the effect of naloxone on control of breathing in piglets.

Abstract The respiratory effects of a stereospecific opiate antagonist, naloxone, were studied in two groups of paralyzed and vagotomized piglets who were servoventilated on 100% oxygen. Phrenic neural activity was used as the index of respiratory output. In 7 piglets less than 10 days of age naloxone infusion caused phrenic minute output to increase 122±36% (P
A Deficiency of Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Reduces Apolipoprotein B Secretion

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) transfers lipids to apolipoprotein B (apoB) within the endoplasmic reticulum, a process that involves direct interactions between apoB and the large subunit of MTP. Recent studies with heterozygous MTP knockout mice have suggested that half-normal levels of MTP in the liver reduce apoB secretion. We hypothesized that reduced apoB secretion in the setting of half-normal MTP levels might be caused by a reduced MTP:apoB ratio in the endoplasmic reticulum, which would reduce the number of apoB-MTP interactions. If this hypothesis were true, half-normal levels of MTP might have little impact on lipoprotein secretion in the setting of half-normal levels of apoB synthesis (since the ratio of MTP to apoB would not be abnormally low) and might cause an exaggerated reduction in lipoprotein secretion in the setting of apoB overexpression (since the MTP:apoB ratio would be even lower). To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of heterozygous MTP deficiency on apoB metabolism in the setting of normal levels of apoB synthesis, half-normal levels of apoB synthesis (heterozygousApob deficiency), and increased levels of apoB synthesis (transgenic overexpression of human apoB). Contrary to our expectations, half-normal levels of MTP reduced the plasma apoB100 levels to the same extent (∼25–35%) at each level of apoB synthesis. In addition, apoB secretion from primary hepatocytes was reduced to a comparable extent at each level of apoB synthesis. Thus, these results indicate that the concentration of MTP within the endoplasmic reticulum rather than the MTP:apoB ratio is the critical determinant of lipoprotein secretion. Finally, we found that heterozygosity for an apoB knockout mutation lowered plasma apoB100 levels more than heterozygosity for an MTP knockout allele. Consistent with that result, hepatic triglyceride accumulation was greater in heterozygous apoB knockout mice than in heterozygous MTP knockout mice.