cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Neuropathy as a Complication of SARS-Cov-2.

Previous reports have shown various neurological manifestations in about 36.4% of patients infected with SARS-Cov-2. However, peripheral neuropathy was only reported once before. A 40-year-old healthy woman presented with two weeks of cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, intermittent fevers, fatigue, and myalgia but no weakness. She tested positive for the SARS-Cov-2. Physical exam showed no neurologic deficit. Two weeks later, respiratory symptoms were improving but she developed sudden leg pain, numbness, and weakness. She described it as a "pain crisis". Neurological exam showed bilateral symmetrical, non-ascending lower extremity weakness and normal, symmetric reflexes. She had normal magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine, spinal fluid analysis, serum studies including creatinine kinase and C-reactive protein. She had elevated lactate dehydrogenase, low serum copper (72.9 (ref: 80.0-155.0 ug/dL)) and low vitamin B6 (14.6 (ref: 20.0-125.0 nmol/L)). A diagnosis of SARS-Cov-2-associated peripheral neuropathy was considered. We pursued empiric treatment with intravenous steroids (1000 mg methylprednisolone for three days), followed by a total of 2 g/kg of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) given over five days. Pain management was done with gabapentin and ketorolac. We replaced copper and vitamin B6. Six weeks later, she reported improvement and was closer to baseline, but she endorsed residual, exertional, mild bilateral lower extremity pain, numbness, and weakness. Previous reports of treatment of SARS-Cov-2-associated neuropathy included corticosteroids and IVIG. Our patient saw the most symptomatic improvement with gabapentin. In our case, the preserved reflexes, lack of ascending pattern, sudden onset of symptoms, and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) argued against Guillain-Barre syndrome. Copper deficiency can result in myelopathy but not peripheral neuropathy, so is unlikely the sole explanation. Awareness and early treatment of peripheral neuropathy in SARS-Cov-2 can result in improved clinical outcomes for patients.
Basaltic phreatomagmatic fissure at 71 Gulch Part 2: unusual pyroclasts from sediment magma mingling and melting

The behavior of magma as it encounters unconsolidated sediment can be studied in fortuitous exposures of incised volcanic systems to help determine the conditions that control the transport, arrest, or mingling of that magma in the sediment. The Pliocene subaqueous basaltic fissure at 71 Gulch, Idaho, USA contains unusual light-colored glassy mingled clasts that were produced through the incorporation of domains of siliciclastic sands and silts into basalt. These clasts contain textures reflective of melting and mechanical mixing of these sediments with the rising basalt along intrusions at depths > 30 m beneath the pre-eruptive surface and transport into and through a shallow subsurface debris-filled vent. Mingled clasts comprised colorless glass with locally high silica contents and visible swirls of sideromelane along with crystals derived from both the host sediment and the 71 Gulch basalt. The unique combination of textures, minerals, plus major and trace element geochemistry within the geologic context of 71 Gulch points to a two-phase mixing that did not contribute directly to, nor impede, the phreatomagmatic explosions that erupted the mingled clasts.
Risking the Eight Amendment: Arbitrariness, Juries, and Discretion in Capital Cases

This Article argues that the stalled dialogue over the U.S. Supreme Court's administration of capital punishment suffers from a fundamental misunderstanding of the first principles of the Eighth Amendment, Although the Court in Furman v. Georgia articulated an Eighth Amendment substantive right against the arbitrary imposition of death sentences, the Court later recast Furman to require procedures that merely reduced a substantial risk of arbitrariness. Instead, Furman mandates procedures that expose arbitrariness. The best vehicle for this is a review of jurors' reasons for , imposing death in an individual case. Although there are political and practical hurdles to mining the jurors' reasons for imposing death, they are far from insurmountable. Absent a moratorium, this Article advocates change that informs and exposes the
Distrust and Market Participation: Social Relations as a Moderator of Organizational Misconduct

This paper extends organizational research on the formation and diffusion of distrust to explain changes in market participation following organizational misconduct. My main argument is that shared...
Transcriptomics analysis of Toxoplasma gondii -infected mouse macrophages reveals coding and noncoding signatures in the presence and absence of MyD88

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed protozoan parasite that establishes life-long asymptomatic infection in humans, often emerging as a life-threatening opportunistic pathogen during immunodeficiency. As an intracellular microbe, Toxoplasma establishes an intimate relationship with its host cell from the outset of infection. Macrophages are targets of infection and they are important in early innate immunity and possibly parasite dissemination throughout the host. Here, we employ an RNA-sequencing approach to identify host and parasite transcriptional responses during infection of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). We incorporated into our analysis infection with the high virulence Type I RH strain and the low virulence Type II strain PTG. Because the well-known TLR-MyD88 signaling axis is likely of less importance in humans, we examined transcriptional responses in both MyD88+/+ and MyD88−/− BMDM. Long noncoding (lnc) RNA molecules are emerging as key regulators in infection and immunity, and were, therefore, included in our analysis. We found significantly more host genes were differentially expressed in response to the highly virulent RH strain rather than with the less virulent PTG strain (335 versus 74 protein coding genes for RH and PTG, respectively). Enriched in these protein coding genes were subsets associated with the immune response as well as cell adhesion and migration. We identified 249 and 83 non-coding RNAs as differentially expressed during infection with RH and PTG strains, respectively. Although the majority of these are of unknown function, one conserved lncRNA termed mir17hg encodes the mir17 microRNA gene cluster that has been implicated in down-regulating host cell apoptosis during T. gondii infection. Only a minimal number of transcripts were differentially expressed between MyD88 knockout and wild type cells. However, several immune genes were among the differences. While transcripts for parasite secretory proteins were amongst the most highly expressed T. gondii genes during infection, no differentially expressed parasite genes were identified when comparing infection in MyD88 knockout and wild type host BMDM. The large dataset presented here lays the groundwork for continued studies on both the MyD88-independent immune response and the function of lncRNAs during Toxoplasma gondii infection.
Unwanted help from T cells in the aging central nervous system

Groh and colleagues investigate the age-related degeneration of axons in the optic nerve and other brain regions and show that at least part of this degeneration is due to the presence of T cells.
Multimodality adjuvant treatment is associated with a survival benefit for patients with stage IIIC uterine carcinosarcoma

Objectives: Investigate outcomes of patients with stage IIIC uterine carcinosarcoma who received adjuvant chemotherapy with or without adjuvant radiation therapy. Methods: Patients with no history of another tumor diagnosed between 2004-2015 with lymph node positive (stage IIIC) uterine carcinosarcoma following hysterectomy with at least one month of follow-up were identified in the National Cancer Database. Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (administered within 6 months from surgery) with or without adjuvant radiation therapy (vaginal brachytherapy and/or external beam radiation therapy) were selected for further analysis. Median overall survival (OS) was compared with the log-rank test following generation of Kaplan-Meier curves while a multivariate Cox model was constructed to evaluate the impact of multimodality adjuvant treatment after controlling confounders. Results: A total of 726 patients who met the inclusion criteria were identified; 47.1% received chemoradiation. Among patients who received chemoradiation, 48.2% had external beam radiation, 30.4% combination of external beam radiation and brachytherapy and 20.4% brachytherapy only. Patients who received chemoradiation were younger (age 64 vs 66 years, p=0.024), and more likely to have private insurance (52% vs 48%, p=0.042). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of tumor extent, patient race, presence of comorbidities, type of treatment facility, and extent of lymphadenectomy. Median OS for patients who received chemotherapy only was 38.14 months compared to 49.84 months for those who received chemoradiation, p=0.008. After controlling for the presence of cervical stroma invasion, patient age, race, insurance status, and presence of comorbidities, patients who received chemoradiation had better survival compared to those who received chemotherapy alone (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.95). Conclusions: Multimodality adjuvant treatment may be associated with a survival benefit for patients with lymph node positive carcinosarcoma.
Surgical Anatomy of the Eyelid

Proper diagnosis and management of eyelid disorders, both functional and cosmetic, hinge upon a thorough understanding of the location of critical eyelid structures and the anatomic relationships between them. Accurate intraoperative identification of anatomy is fundamental in performing eyelid surgery and preventing complications.
Characterization of an endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase associated with murine intracisternal A particles.

Abstract An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase associated with intracisternal A particles has been characterized. The enzyme required Mg2+ or Mn2+, dithiothreitol and the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates for the expression of maximal activity. Sensitivity of the endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity to a low concentration of pancreatic ribonuclease in the presence of a high concentration of NaCl suggested that the enzyme might be utilizing the A particle endogenous RNA as template. Evidence in support of this was provided by analyses of early and late DNA products of the endogenous reaction by Cs2SO4 isopycnic gradient centrifugation and hybridization of purified 60 to 70S and 35S RNAs of A particles with the purified DNA product.
Seasonal serum concentrations of melatonin in cycling and noncycling mares.

To determine whether secretory patterns of melatonin change throughout the seasons in mares, blood samples were drawn by venipuncture from nine mares at noon and midnight for five successive days at monthly intervals from August through July at the University of Missouri in Columbia, MO. In addition, during September, December, March, and June, blood samples were drawn from indwelling catheters at 2-h intervals for 48 or 72 h. Mares were predominantly Quarter Horses weighing approximately 450 kg and ranged from 3 to 12 yr of age. Mares were housed in outdoor paddocks with three-sided run-in sheds for shelter. During the noon and midnight bleeding period, mares were placed in a larger open-sided barn with outside runs. Mares remained outdoors with the barn being used as a shelter in the event of inclement weather. All lights in the shed were converted to red light. Often, moonlight provided enough illumination to collect blood samples. Mares were returned to their normal paddock after each sampling period. For analysis of data, a mare was considered to be cycling if serum concentrations of progesterone were greater than 1 ng/ mL. For a mare to be classified as exhibiting a nocturnal rise of melatonin, serum concentrations of melatonin had to be at least two times greater at midnight than at noon. By month, a relationship did not exist (X 2 ; P > 0.05) among mares that were exhibiting estrous cycles and exhibiting nocturnal rises of melatonin. Likewise, examination of serum profiles of melatonin taken at 2-h intervals for 48 h revealed considerable variation among mares throughout the seasons. A nocturnal rise in serum melatonin was observed only in June (P < 0.02). In March and December, serum melatonin was greater in cycling mares than noncycling mares, but the elevation was not associated with light-dark periods (P < 0.01). Two of the mares exhibited estrous cycles throughout the seasons but melatonin secretion in these two mares were similar to that observed in the seven mares that demonstrated seasonal anestrous. From these results, it does not appear that changes in serum concentrations of melatonin are used as a cue to regulate cyclic activity in the mare throughout the seasons.
Predicting the location of polar cusp in the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry global magnetosphere simulation

[1] In this paper we compare observations of the high-latitude cusp from DMSP data to simulations conducted using the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) global magnetosphere simulation. The LFM simulation is run for the 31 August 2005 to 02 September 2005 moderate storm, from which the solar wind data exhibits a wide range of conditions that enable a statistical representation of the cusp to be obtained. The location of the cusp is identified using traditional magnetic depression and plasma density enhancement at high altitude. A new diagnostic using the parallel ion number flux is also tested for cusp identification. The correlation of the cusp latitude and various solar wind interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) coupling functions is explored using the three different cusp identification methods. The analysis shows (1) the three methods give approximately the same location and size of the simulated cusp at high altitude and (2) the variations of the simulated cusp are remarkably consistent with the observed statistical variations of the low-altitude cusp. In agreement with observations, a higher correlation is obtained using other solar wind coupling functions such as the Kan-Lee electric field. The magnetic local time (MLT) position of the simulated cusp is found to depend upon the IMF By component, with a lower linear correlation. The width of the simulated cusp in both latitude and MLT is also examined. The size of the cusp is found to increase with the solar wind dynamic pressure with saturation seen when the dynamic pressure is greater than 3 nPa.
Functionality of Class A and Class B J-protein co-chaperones with Hsp70

At their C-termini, cytosolic Hsp70s have an EEVD tetrapeptide that interacts with J-protein co-chaperones of the B, but not A, class. This interaction is required for partnering with yeast B-type J-proteins in protein folding. Here we report conservation of this feature. Human B-type J-proteins also have a stringent EEVD requirement. Human A-type J-proteins function less well than their yeast orthologs with Hsp70ΔEEVD. Changes in the zinc binding domain, a domain absent in B-type J-proteins, overcomes this partial EEVD dependence. Our results suggest that the structurally similar A- and B-class J-proteins of the cytosol have evolved conserved, yet distinct, features that enhance specialized functionality of Hsp70 machinery.
Illumination of rheological mantle heterogeneity by the M7.2 2010 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake

[1] Major intracontinental strike-slip faults tend to mark boundaries between lithospheric blocks of contrasting mechanical properties along much of their length. Both crustal and mantle heterogeneities can form such boundaries, but the role of crustal versus mantle strength contrasts for localizing strain sufficiently to generate major faults remains unclear. Using the crustal velocity field observed through the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the epicentral area of the M7.2 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake, Baja California, we find that transient deformation observed after the event is anomalously small in areas of relatively high seismic velocity in the shallow upper mantle (∼50 km depth). This pattern is best explained with a laterally heterogeneous viscoelastic structure that mimics the seismic structure. The mantle of the Southern Colorado River Desert (SCRD) and Peninsular Ranges (PR), which bound the fault system to its east and west, respectively, have anomalously high viscosity and seismic velocity. We hypothesize that compared with the rest of the San Andreas fault (SAF) system to its north, the strike-slip fault system in northern Baja California is narrow because of the presence of the PR and SCRD high-viscosity regions which bound it.
Identifying Socially Vulnerable Population to Storm Surge Flooding Based on Local Planning Needs: A Case Study of Lee County, Florida.

Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coastal communities share unique risks to location-based hazards from seasonal tropical cyclone events. These inevitable storms require local emergency management officials to prepare for and be capable to recover from the reality of powerful wind and water borne dangers. While most residents have the personal wherewithal to evacuate from an impending hurricane, there remain population segments who maintain an inability or a lesser ability to evacuate and or seek adequate shelter. Hazard susceptibility is exacerbated when considering the compounded effect of pre-existing socioeconomic characteristics. Beachfront communities are understandably the common focus of much hazard planning, but farther distance from the shore does not always equate to lesser vulnerability. This study utilizes experience from local government and emergency management officials, publically accessible data, and GIS technology to visualize sub-county spatial distribution of socially vulnerable populations to tropical cyclone borne storm surge through an additive calculation from simple spatial overlay. This study found that communities farther inland may have higher or equal vulnerability as coastal communities due to their socioeconomic status.
In a Field of Party Walls: Drawing Shanghai’s Lilong

When Deng Xiaoping initiated market reforms in 1978, reopening the country and inviting the newest phase of foreign investment in Chinese cities, the structure and scale of these cities changed dramatically. Today, the governing process rewards the official who can most rapidly transform his or her city into guoji dadushi , a “great international city.”1 With an unprecedented release of capital,2 China has built more—more skyscrapers and high-rises, more housing and malls, more rail systems and highways—than any other country in a thirty-year period.3 In Shanghai, the traditional lilong (alleyway or lane) housing compounds are being replaced by new gated communities of luxury housing towers surrounded by landscaped parks or paved parking (Figure 1). Widened streets, elevated highways, and spiraling approach ramps to suspension bridges impose a new, vehicular, logic on the city (Figure 2). On its expanding edges, rows upon rows of repetitive housing blocks are organized by an economic logic of mass reproduction and the strict daylight standards that govern the spacing of buildings to ensure that sunlight penetrates residential spaces. Along what were once tow roads running beside canals, new shopping malls have organized their indoor public spaces according to the logic of retailing rather than that of public streets. Figure 1 Aerial view of Shanghai, 2004 (author’s photo) Figure 2 Aerial view of Puxi from Pudong, 2012. The sense of the Huangpu River in the city is now understood only from the heights of new skyscrapers (author’s photo) Developers, to ensure that each project announces itself as an icon, intentionally dissociate it from its surrounding context. Each building is a discrete object whose separation from other buildings is more important than the relation between them. Spaces between buildings are undefined and cars dominate public space. Urbanism is fragmented as identity is transferred from the city to its …
Women's Issues After SCI

Women with spinal cord injury (SCI) have unique medical and psychosocial needs that have not been specifically addressed in spinal cord medicine research. The purpose of this article is to summarize the gender-specific problems, effective interventions, and gaps in knowledge noted in the current literature on women with SCI. This article indicates that most of the evidence to support current medical practices is based on nonrandomized trials or is based on evidence from controlled studies done either in the non-SCI population or in a mixed sample of men and women with SCI. As more attention is now being given to different women's issues after SCI, expansion of these investigations is recommended.
Efficacy of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging for articular cartilage lesions of the glenohumeral joint in patients with instability

The purpose of this study was primarily to assess the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting articular cartilage injuries in patients with glenohumeral instability. A secondary purpose was to assess the diagnostic performance of MRI for detection of Hill–Sachs and Bankart lesions. A cohort of 87 consecutive patients who underwent diagnostic MRI and shoulder arthroscopy for instability from 1997 to 2006 were identified. Fifty-five patients (63.2%) underwent MRI with intra-articular contrast medium and 32 patients (36.8%) underwent MRI without contrast medium. MR images were reviewed by two radiologists and interpreted by consensus for the presence of articular cartilage lesions (including Hill–Sachs and Bankart lesions), which were then confirmed by reviewing the operative report and images recorded at arthroscopy. Mean patient age was 27.0 ± 10.2 years with a mean clinical and radiographic follow-up of 29 (range 3–72) months. Cartilage injuries were detected arthroscopically in 55 patients (63%). Bankart and Hill–Sachs lesions were identified arthroscopically in 66 patients (75.9%) and 55 patients (63.2%) respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity for detection of glenohumeral articular cartilage lesions by MRI were 87.2% and 80.6% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in detecting Bankart lesions was 98.4% (95% CI 91.9, 99.7) and 95.2% (95% CI 77.3, 99.2) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in detecting Hill–Sachs lesions was 96.3% (95% CI 87.6, 98.9%) and 90.6% (95% CI 75.7, 96.9) respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between MRI examinations with and without intra-articular gadolinium (p = 0.89). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of articular cartilage injuries in patients with glenohumeral instability. MRI with or without intra-articular contrast medium in this study were equally reliable as a non-invasive method for assessment of articular cartilage damage of the glenohumeral joint prior to diagnostic arthroscopy.
Modeling the dynamics of the soil pore-size distribution

Soil tillage often results in a structurally unstable soil layer with an elevated inter-aggregate porosity that is gradually decreased by the interplay of capillary and rheological processes. We have previously proposed to describe the evolution of the pore-size distribution (PSD) with the Fokker–Planck equation (FPE). The coefficients of this equation quantify the drift, dispersion, and degradation processes acting upon the PSD. An analytical solution for the PSD is presented for the case where drift and degradation coefficients depend on time, and the dispersion coefficient is proportional to the drift coefficient. These coefficients can be estimated from independent measurements of the PSD or (surrogate) water retention data or from mechanistic models. In this paper, we illustrate the application of the pore-size evolution model for: (i) a generic drift coefficient, (ii) static water retention data for soils under different tillage regimes, and (iii) dynamic hydraulic data for a soil subject to a sequence of wetting and drying cycles. These applications show the viability of our approach to model pore-size evolution. However, the development and application of the model is hampered by a lack of definitive data on soil structural and hydraulic dynamics.
On first-fit coloring of ladder-free posets

Bosek and Krawczyk exhibited an on-line algorithm for partitioning an on-line poset of width w into w^1^4^l^g^w chains. They also observed that the problem of on-line chain partitioning of general posets of width w could be reduced to First-Fit chain partitioning of 2w^2+1-ladder-free posets of width w, where an m-ladder is the transitive closure of the union of two incomparable chains x"[email protected][email protected]?x"m, y"[email protected][email protected]?y"m and the set of comparabilities {x"[email protected]?y"1,...,x"[email protected]?y"m}. Here, we provide a subexponential upper bound (in terms of w with m fixed) for the performance of First-Fit chain partitioning on m-ladder-free posets, as well as an exact quadratic bound when m=2, and an upper bound linear in m when w=2. Using the Bosek-Krawczyk observation, this yields an on-line chain partitioning algorithm with a somewhat improved performance bound. More importantly, the algorithm and the proof of its performance bound are much simpler.
Reply to "Comment on 'Optical-transition cross sections involving impurities in semiconductors' "

The claim by Eagles that the momentum matrix element formalism yields better results for the optical transition between an acceptor state and a conduction-band state than the position-matrix-element formalism is shown to be based on an incorrect argument. The origin of the disagreement in the results of two previous calculations is pointed out.
EMBEDDING A COMPLETE BINARY TREE INTO A THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRID

We describe total congestion 1 embeddings of complete binary trees into three dimensional grids with low expansion ratio r. That is, we give a one-to-one embedding of any complete binary tree into a hexahedron shaped grid such that (a) the number of nodes in the grid is at most r times the number of nodes in the tree, and (b) no tree nodes or edges occupy the same grid positions. The first strategy embeds trees into cube shaped 3D grids. That is, 3D grids in which all dimensions are roughly equal in size, and which thus have no limit in the number of layers. The technique uses a recursive scheme, and we obtain an expansion ratio of r=1.09375. We then give strategies which embed trees into flat 3D grid shapes. That is, we map complete binary trees into 3D grids with a fixed, small number of layers k. Using again a recursive scheme, for k=2, we obtain r=1.25. By a rather different technique, which intricately weaves the branches of various subtrees into each other, we are able to obtain very tight embeddings: We have r=1.171875 for embeddings into five layer grids and r=1.09375 for embeddings into seven layer grids.
Rural water services in Guatemala: a survey of institutions and community preferences

This paper investigates how drinking water is delivered in rural areas in Guatemala. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the government, municipalities, non-governmental organizations and communities. Community preferences for improved water services are also investigated. Findings suggest that governmental and non-governmental organizations require communities to take on the operation and management of water services as a condition to investing in infrastructure. Communities are also required to contribute to the implementation of water systems. These requirements are not necessarily responsive to community preferences which, coupled with low system revenues, may jeopardize the sustainability of water projects in the long run.
Heparin‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen

Heparin, ein zu den Glycosaminoglycanen gehorendes sulfatiertes Polysaccharid, zeigt eine Reihe wichtiger biologischer Wirkungen, die aus der Wechselwirkung mit Proteinen resultieren. Da Heparin die Geschwindigkeit erhoht, mit der Antithrombin die Serinproteasen in der Blutgerinnungskaskade inhibiert, findet es breite Anwendung als Antikoagulans (Antiblutgerinnungsmittel). Heparin und das strukturverwandte Heparansulfat sind komplizierte lineare Polymere, die aus Ketten unterschiedlicher Lange und Sequenz bestehen. Heparansulfat, das an den Oberflachen tierischer Zellen und in der extrazellularen Matrix ubiquitar ist, vermittelt ebenfalls eine Reihe physiologischer und pathophysiologischer Prozesse. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Beurteilung der Rolle von Heparin und Heparansulfat in vivo konnen zum Teil auf die Unkenntnis der genauen Struktur und Sequenz dieser Polysaccharide zuruckgefuhrt werden. Abgesehen davon weis man uber Kohlenhydrat-Protein-Wechselwirkungen viel weniger als uber die eingehend untersuchten Protein-Protein- und Protein-Nucleinsaure-Wechselwirkungen. Die neuere umfangreiche Forschung uber strukturelle, kinetische und thermodynamische Aspekte der Proteinbindung von Heparin und Heparansulfat fuhrte zu neuen Erkenntnissen uber die Heparin-Protein-Wechselwirkungen. Viele dieser Wechselwirkungen sind hochspezifisch, deshalb ist es fur die Entwicklung neuer Therapeutika von grundlegender Bedeutung, sie auf molekularer Ebene zu verstehen. Dieser Aufsatz konzentriert sich auf die strukturellen und konformativen Eigenschaften von Heparin, die fur die Wechselwirkungen mit Proteinen wichtig sind, auserdem wird die Wechselwirkung von Heparin und Heparansulfat mit ausgewahlten Heparin-bindenden Proteingruppen behandelt.
Approach to Characterize Mobility Through Modeling of Solution Spaces for Conceptual Aircraft

The solution space for air-vehicle-based mobility architectures is a multidimensional space characterized by time‐based and economic figures of merit. Successful vehicle design relies on the specification of a range of requirements within this space, but limited methods are available to generate these specifications in the context of future transportation scenarios. Thus, the development of new air vehicles for improved personal mobility is hindered by the inability to understand the nature, structure, and sensitivity of the solution space. A “mobility credit” concept is introduced in this paper, which that links the targeted increase in mobility with vehicle design. Doorstep-to-destination travel time and net present value are two expressions of the credit that are defined and explored. A methodology for adaptable systems analysis is then developed and implemented to locate and visualize preferable regions of this solution space that maximize the mobility credit, avoiding the premature selection of a point design that is counterproductive at the conceptual level. Simulation results are presented that parametrically quantify the preferred level of air vehicle (speed), infrastructure (delay time), and economic (direct operating cost) parameters within the solution space.
High-Resolution Liquid Scintillation Method for the Analytical Determination of Alpha-Emitters in Environmental Samples

Appropriate optical and electronic components used in conjunction with an improved scintillator solution allow alpha liquid scintillation spectroscopy with an energy resolution of 200 to 300 keV and a background of 0.01 to 0.005 cpm. Liquid-liquid extraction procedures allow selective extraction of nuclides of interest directly into the scintillator. Applications to environmental samples are illustrated.
The Potential Use of Liquid Oxidizer in PEM Cells

A novel method of using a liquid phase oxidizer in fuel cell applications has been discovered by researchers at UC Davis. This paper outlines potential implications for improving heat transfer and catalytic activity with this method. Experimental data have been collected and the results show that the proposed method of using liquid phase oxidizer does indeed allow operation of PEM fuel cell systems. Data indicate an improvement in overvoltage at low current but also clearly indicate a severely limited concentration polarization region with non-regenerated fluid. The preliminary data indicate the physical feasibility of the method but also show that more research and development is required.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Monoclonal antibodies to human neutrophil FcγRIII (CD16) identify polypeptide epitopes

Abstract Human neutrophils constitutively express two low-affinity FcγR, FcγRII (CD32) and FcγRIII (CD16). Eleven monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to CD16 were used to identify antigenic differences among FcγRIII-bearing cells, to define functional epitopes of FcγRIII on neutrophils, and to characterize biochemically the epitopes identified by some of these mAb. Flow cytometry demonstrated that 9 of the 11 mAb reacted with neutrophils, 10 of the 11 reacted with natural killer cells, and 9 of 11 reacted with monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. These mAb reacted with CD16 positive cells with varying fluorescence intensities. The ability of anti-CD16 mAb to block the binding of 125 I-labeled immune complexes to neutrophils was examined. Four monoclonal antibodies strongly inhibited (87–96%) the binding to neutrophils of 125 I-labeled immune complexes. Competitive binding assays were performed to determine whether any other anti-CD16 mAb identify the epitope identified by mAb 3G8. Two other mAb, CLBFCGRAN 1 and CLBGRAN 11, blocked binding of 125 I-3G8 IgG to neutrophils. Six of the anti-CD16 mAb efficiently immunoprecipitated polypeptides of broad mobility ranging from 45 to 84 kDa from 125 I-labeled neutrophils. When FcγRIII, a complex sialoglycoprotein consisting of almost 50% oligosaccharides, was immunoprecipitated from neutrophils with 3G8 Fab Sepharose and subsequently digested with N -glycanase, 5 of the 6 mAb were capable of immunoprecipitating a deglycosylated polypeptide migrating at 29 kDa. These results demonstrate that these 5 mAb identify polypeptide epitopes of FcγRIII, whereas 1 mAb, YFC120.5, may react with a glycosyl moiety or a determinant whose conformation is dependent on the presence of oligosaccharides.
The Prisoners' Dilemma as an Extended Arrow Problem

t is generally acknowledged that the two most significant problems in the social choice literature are the Prisoners' dilemma (or PD) and Kenneth Arrow's General Possibility Theorem. However, amongst political scientists, the former has tended to garner most of the attention as a practical issue which potential or actual collectivities must overcome. The complexity of Arrow's problem, and the number of somewhat controversial conditions it places upon decision-making systems, have prompted some scholars to classify his proof as a "mathematical curiosity" (Dahl and Lindblom 1965). Indeed, the conditions which he places upon the ordering of possible social states into a "social welfare function" are often viewed as too restrictive to be of general relevance for most political analyses. This paper argues that the division between the two problems is artificialfor the Prisoners' dilemma is actually a specific example of the general Arrow problem. What follows falls into three parts. The first reviews the PD problem and Arrow's conditions, and proves that the twoperson Prisoners' dilemma game assumes all five conditions in its structure. The combination of these conditions provides the sting in the PD problem. The second part follows Hardin's argument (1971; 1982), that the problem of collective action constitutes a specific example of the Prisoners' dilemma. Here, I show that the problem of collective action involving more than two persons is equally an expanded version of the general Arrow problem. Finally, I examine some solutions which have been advanced by various theorists for the Prisoners' dilemma and the problem of collective action. Each solution operates by violating, in a "reasonable fashion," one of the conditions Arrow puts forth in his proof. I conclude by discussing how these results affect our view of the Prisoners'
Trashing life’s tree

The Tree of Life has traditionally been understood to represent the history of species lineages. However, recently researchers have suggested that it might be better interpreted as representing the history of cellular lineages, sometimes called the Tree of Cells. This paper examines and evaluates reasons offered against this cellular interpretation of the Tree of Life. It argues that some such reasons are bad reasons, based either on a false attribution of essentialism, on a misunderstanding of the problem of lineage identity, or on a limited view of scientific representation. I suggest that debate about the Tree of Cells and other successors to the traditional Tree of Life should be formulated in terms of the purposes these representations may serve. In pursuing this strategy, we see that the Tree of Cells cannot serve one purpose suggested for it: as an explanation for the hierarchical nature of taxonomy. We then explore whether, instead, the tree may play an important role in the dynamic modeling of evolution. As highly-integrated complex systems, cells may influence which lineage components can successfully transfer into them and how they change once integrated. Only if they do in fact have a substantial role to play in this process might the Tree of Cells have some claim to be the Tree of Life.
Career goals, organizational reward systems and technical updating in engineers

The relationships among engineers' career aspirations, technical obsolescence, personal variables, work characteristics, and perceptions of the organization's reward system were examined in this study. A discriminant function analysis indicated that (a) perceptions of the organization's reward system for management careers and (b) administrative performance were two dimensions that could correctly classify 59·8 per cent of the engineers into one of three career-orientation groups. Career orientation was unrelated to the amount of technical updating an engineer was currently engaged in; however, individuals aspiring to management careers were engaged in more coursework of a general, broadening nature. Also, the better technical performers most desired future management careers. Career orientations are discussed in terms of age, career stages, and organizational reward system. Changes in organizational reward systems and in work characteristics are suggested because of their consequences for technical personnel.
Evolution and unique bioenergetic mechanisms in oxygenic photosynthesis.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is one example of the many bioenergetic pathways utilized by different organisms to harvest energy from the environment. These pathways revolve around a theme of coupling oxidation–reduction reactions to the formation of membrane potential and subsequent ATP synthesis. Although the basic principles underlying bioenergetics are universally conserved, the constituents of the bioenergetic pathways in different organisms have evolved unique aspects to fill an evolutionary niche. Three-dimensional structures of all of the membrane-spanning components of the electron-transfer chain of oxygenic photosynthesis have revealed those unique aspects of this fascinating process, including the unique metallocofactor for catalysis, the determinants of the uniquely high voltage cofactor, and the numerous photoprotective mechanisms that guard against radical damage.
A highly efficient oxidative condensation reaction for selective protein conjugation

We hereby report a mild and efficient coupling reaction between alkyl aldehydes and aryl diamines. In the presence of a Cu2+ or a Zn2+ ion, oxygen (O2) in air is able to promote the oxidative condensation of the two readily preparable functional groups, forming stable benzimidazole linkages in neutral aqueous solution at room temperature (RT). We demonstrated that the reaction could be utilized to label a T4 lysozyme protein containing a chemically installed aryl diamine group with a fluorescent aldehyde dye molecule at 37 °C.
Towards a Grand Unified Theory of Flavor

I describe a set of guidelines for the construction of grand unified theories which incorporate multiple flavors. These theories contain the standard SU(5) theory as a subgroup, but their gauge structure also includes non-trivial flavor group structure in the same simple group. I find an example based on an SU(11) gauge symmetry in which six flavors of quarks appear naturally.
Synthesis of complementary viral transcripts early in productive infection with adenovirus 2.

Abstract Complementary viral transcripts were detected in pulse-labeled nuclear RNA isolated early in productive infection with adenovirus 2. Nuclear RNA was self-annealed, and double-stranded RNA was detected by digestion with RNAses A and T1 followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The double-stranded nature of RNA eluting in the void volume of Sephadex G-100 was demonstrated by susceptibility to RNase digestion at various salt concentrations and after heat denaturation. That the double-stranded material was composed of RNA-RNA hybrids was confirmed by (1) resistance to combined digestion with RNAse A and DNAse I and (2) banding at a density of 1.60 g/cm 3 in CsSO 4 equilibrium density gradients. The amount of double-stranded viral RNA decreased with increasing labeling time; in RNA labeled for 10 min, 11% of the [ 3 H]viral RNA self-annealed as compared to 4% with RNA labeled for 30 min. The double-stranded RNA was enriched at least fourfold in viral sequences as compared to total nuclear RNA. Hybridization of polyadenylated or nonpolyadenylated molecules demonstrated that both populations contain symmetrical viral transcripts.
Inflation, unemployment and distributional conflict in Argentina, 1984–90

The cycle of various economic stabilisation efforts in Argentina during the 1980s has often been characterised as reflecting either policy confusion on the part of officials or their unwillingness to depart from an obsolete model of economic development. Hence, according to some, the alternation between orthodox and heterodox policy approaches has revealed an absence of either economic policy wisdom or political conviction. Less attention has been paid to the underlying real class‐based conflict for income that has manifested itself in terms of high rates of inflation and, at times, hyperinflation. Interpreting the issue from this perspective allows us to appreciate the essential continuity of the process of neo‐liberal reform of the Argentine political economy that commenced with the post‐Peronist military coup in 1976 and has more recently culminated with the rise of the nominally Peronist regime of Carlos Menem.
Taking Biology Seriously: The Next Task for Historians of Addiction?

Despite more than a century of attempts to control the use of addictive substances, prevalence rates continue to grow for most of them. Exceptions are alcohol and tobacco use, which, nevertheless, remain major public health concerns. Why have these attempts at drug control had little success? This question is addressed in the histories of substance use that are examined in this essay. While these studies show that there are multiple histories, definitions, and frames of addiction that have shifted over time, some broad themes emerge. Foremost is the argument that the classification of a substance as licit or illicit has had more to do with cultural values than with the substance itself. Historians, skeptical of essentialist categories, have questioned whether addictions are diseases and the wisdom of selectively criminalizing drug use. They argue that the socioeconomic status of users has influenced attitudes toward addicts and the legal classifications of substances.
Computer-controlled multi-parameter mapping of 3D compressible flowfields using planar laser-induced iodine fluorescence

A computer-controlled technique, using planar laser-induced iodine fluorescence, for measuring complex compressible flowfields is presented. A new laser permits the use of a planar two-line temperature technique so that all parameters can be measured with the laser operated narrowband. Pressure and temperature measurements in a step flowfield show agreement within 10 percent of a CFD model except in regions close to walls. Deviation of near wall temperature measurements from the model was decreased from 21 percent to 12 percent compared to broadband planar temperature measurements. Computer-control of the experiment has been implemented, except for the frequency tuning of the laser. Image data storage and processing has been improved by integrating a workstation into the experimental setup reducing the data reduction time by a factor of 50.
Respiration and Protein Synthesis in Dormant and After-ripened Seeds of Avena fatua

Dormant seeds of Avena fatua, which do not germinate when allowed to imbibe water, have a respiration rate only about 20% less than that of imbibed nondormant (after-ripened) seeds in the period before actual germination and are capable of synthesizing protein at a rate comparable to that of the nondormant seeds. An increase of protein synthesis is observed in nondormant seeds at the beginning of root protrusion. Autoradiography of seeds administered 3H-leucine shows that protein synthesis occurs in the axis part of the embryo, the scutellum, the coleorhiza, and the aleurone layer. Dormancy in seeds is not a state of general inactivity; rather, it must be due to some specific metabolic block.
Effect of differing degrees of genetic variability on the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 among resistant strains of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera)

Abstract Toxicity studies, using outbred lines with much genetic variability and isogenic lines with no genetic variability from two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, Lausanne-S and Oregon-R, are reported. In both of these wild-type strains, larval and pupal development are known to be relatively resistant to the toxic effects of media containing aflatoxin B1, a mycotoxin with carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. To eliminate genetic variability, each strain was made “isogenic” by a standard chromosomal substitution technique. Each isogenic strain, in comparison to the appropriate outbred control strain, showed a significant decrease in egg-to-adult viability when offspring were allowed to develop from the egg stage on media containing 1.0 ppm aflatoxin B1. However, the resistance levels shown by the offspring of crosses between the two isogenic strains were not significantly different in viability than those of the appropriate controls. The relationship of these results with the level of genetic variability prossessed by the outbred and isogenic lines is discussed.
Procedures in the biochemical estimation of age of vertebrates

The most accurate method known to data for estimating age of wild vertebrates involves biochemical assay of eye lens proteins. Laboratory procedures that may be unfamiliar to many ecologists are described in detail. The method is based on precise changes in the amount of insoluble lens protein, and consists of two procedures: obtaining the appropriate lens fraction, and quantitatively analyzing its protein composition. Lenses are homogenized, and the insoluble fraction isolated by centrifugation. Protein content is measured colorimetrically by using the Lowry test. Instructions are given for single and double-beam spectrophotometers.
High-field NMR of ethylene—sulfur dioxide copolymers

Copolymers of ethylene and sulfur dioxide containing 40–60 wt-% sulfur dioxide have been analyzed by using 220 MHz high-resolution NMR, and it has been shown that they contain structures of the form, SO2(CH2CH2)nSO2, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, … The relative numbers of structures with n = 1, 2, 3, or 4 and above can be calculated from the NMR spectra. The fraction of ethylenes in longer blocks and the sulfur dioxide contents of the polymers can also be determined from the NMR data. The NMR results indicate that the distribution of ethylenes among the different structures is not that expected for a random copolymerization of ethylene and sulfur dioxide but that the arrangement of these structures within the copolymer is random.