cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SECTION 4-2 – M13

Publisher Summary This chapter describes M13 as a filamentous, male-specific, E. coli bacteriophage that contains a single-stranded circular DNA genome of 7.2 kb. The M13 mp series of cloning vehicle are modifications of the wild-type M13 phage that allow easy cloning of a wide variety of DNA fragments into the bacteriophage vector. A polylinker sequence is introduced into the amino terminus of the lac Z gene. The lac Z gene is the structural gene encoding the enzyme for metabolizing galactose sugars. The chapter further discusses single-stranded oligonucleotide primers that are available from a variety of commercial sources and allow the nucleotide sequence of M13 mp inserts to be directly determined using the dideoxy chain termination method. Primer extension allows the generation of radioactive single-stranded probes for S1 nuclease analysis. Two new vectors—mp18 and mp19—have recently been added to the mp series. They contain several new restriction sites in the polylinker region, which allows more flexibility in cloning. This bacteriophage is very useful in sequencing by the dideoxy chain termination method.
Including contributions from entanglement islands to the reflected entropy

Recent work has demonstrated the need to include contributions from entanglement islands when computing the entanglement entropy in quantum field theory states coupled to regions of semiclassical gravity. We propose a new formula for the reflected entropy that includes additional contributions from such islands. We derive this formula from the gravitational path integral by finding additional saddles that include generalized replica wormholes. We also demonstrate that our covariant formula satisfies all the inequalities required of the reflected entropy. We use this formula in various examples that demonstrate its relevance in illustrating the structure of multipartite entanglement that are invisible to the entropies.
Treatment of Depression in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background Given the prevalence of depression in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), effective treatment is crucial; however, a systemic review on the topic has not been published in over a decade. This study aimed to systematically examine the efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for depression in youth and adults with ASD to inform clinical practice. Method PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL online databases were searched for peer-reviewed journal articles containing any combination of the following terms in the abstract: (1) autism, autistic, Asperger, or “pervasive developmental disorder,” (2) depression or depressive and (3) treatment, intervention, trial, therapy, medication, drug, or antidepressant. Evidence from studies meeting the predetermined criteria of inclusion was assessed for its strength to inform clinical decision-making. Results Twenty psychosocial treatment studies and five pharmacological treatment studies met the criteria of inclusion. Psychosocial interventions studied the effectiveness of cognitive remediation therapy, behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), combined psychosocial intervention, mindfulness-based therapy (MBT), and social, academic, and/or vocational skills training. Pharmacological interventions studied the effectiveness of anti-epileptic drug, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, stimulant, atypical antipsychotic, and NMDA receptor antagonist treatment. Conclusions Although much recent research has investigated potentially effective treatments for depression in individuals with ASD, the strength of the evidence remains generally poor. However, studies indicate preliminary efficacy for MBT. A number of investigations have examined the effect of CBT on depression in persons with ASD; however, the results are inconsistent. Further research is needed to advance clinical practice for individuals with ASD and comorbid depression.
Dying with A Destination Therapy Left Ventricular Assist Device: Perspectives, Perceptions, and Experiences of Bereaved Caregivers and Clinicians

Background Left ventricular assist devices implanted as destination therapy (DT LVADs) improve quality of life and survival but have significant morbidity and mortality. Although major guideline associations emphasize the importance of delivering comprehensive end-of-life care to patients with DT LVADs, studies suggest that these patients may receive suboptimal preparation for and care at the end of life. To address this unmet need, we sought to understand bereaved caregiver and clinician perspectives, perceptions, and experiences with end-of-life preparation and care for DT LVAD patients. Methods We conducted semi-structured, in-person interviews with bereaved caregivers and interdisciplinary VAD clinicians. Interviews were 30-90 minutes, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. We used a 2-cycle team-based iterative inductive approach to coding and analysis. Results Seven caregivers (mean age 59, and primarily female, white, and spouses of deceased DT LVAD patients), and ten clinicians (2 advanced heart failure cardiologists, 2 cardiac surgeons, 2 nurse practitioner LVAD coordinators, 2 palliative care physicians, 1 cardiac psychologist, and 1 social worker; on average 9 years in practice; 50% female) were interviewed. Six major themes were derived from the interviews including 1) understanding the spectrum of living versus dying with an LVAD, 2) prioritizing end-of-life preparation and decision making, 3) communicating uncertainty while providing support, 4) divergent opinions concerning LVAD withdrawal, 5) perception of the LVAD team as invincible, and 6) providers’ struggle with defining roles pertaining to end of life (Table 1). Conclusions This study reveals six major aspects of care that clinicians and caregivers encounter for DT LVAD patients at end of life. Programmatic changes may address some aspects, including standardizing the LVAD withdrawal process with added psychological support for both caregivers and team members, incorporating advance care planning and end-of-life discussions into routine VAD care, and providing education to clinicians about communication in the setting of prognostic uncertainty.
Improvement in cell growth and ethanol productivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to poultry litter biochar

The effect of poultry litter biochar on Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth and ethanol fermentation was investigated for glucose, steam exploded corn stover and poplar wood. S. cerevisiae grew faster in both anaerobic and aerobic biochar medium than the control media. For the same initial concentration of glucose, the biochar medium glucose was consumed in 12 hours compared to 24 hours for control and the maximum ethanol productivity were higher for the biochar compared to the control medium. When the initial glucose concentration was increased the maximum ethanol productivity for the biochar media was more than two times that for the control. Smilarly, addition of poultry litter biochar to steam exploded poplar wood and corn stover improved the ethanol productivity depending on the amount of biochar added to the fermentation medium. Thus, biochar is an effective additive to reduce ethanol fermentation time.
Selecting software pipelines for change in flortaucipir SUVR: Balancing repeatability and group separation

Abstract Since tau PET tracers were introduced, investigators have quantified them using a wide variety of automated methods. As longitudinal cohort studies acquire second and third time points of serial within-person tau PET data, determining the best pipeline to measure change has become crucial. We compared a total of 415 different quantification methods (each a combination of multiple options) according to their effects on a) differences in annual SUVR change between clinical groups, and b) longitudinal measurement repeatability as measured by the error term from a linear mixed-effects model. Our comparisons used MRI and Flortaucipir scans of 97 Mayo Clinic study participants who clinically either: a) were cognitively unimpaired, or b) had cognitive impairments that were consistent with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Tested methods included cross-sectional and longitudinal variants of two overarching pipelines (FreeSurfer 6.0, and an in-house pipeline based on SPM12), three choices of target region (entorhinal, inferior temporal, and a temporal lobe meta-ROI), five types of partial volume correction (PVC) (none, two-compartment, three-compartment, geometric transfer matrix (GTM), and a tau-specific GTM variant), seven choices of reference region (cerebellar crus, cerebellar gray matter, whole cerebellum, pons, supratentorial white matter, eroded supratentorial WM, and a composite of eroded supratentorial WM, pons, and whole cerebellum), two choices of region masking (GM or GM and WM), and two choices of statistic (voxel-wise mean vs. median). Our strongest findings were: 1) larger temporal-lobe target regions greatly outperformed entorhinal cortex (median sample size estimates based on a hypothetical clinical trial were 520–526 vs. 1740); 2) longitudinal processing pipelines outperformed cross-sectional pipelines (median sample size estimates were 483 vs. 572); and 3) reference regions including supratentorial WM outperformed traditional cerebellar and pontine options (median sample size estimates were 370 vs. 559). Altogether, our results favored longitudinally SUVR methods and a temporal-lobe meta-ROI that includes adjacent (juxtacortical) WM, a composite reference region (eroded supratentorial WM + pons + whole cerebellum), 2-class voxel-based PVC, and median statistics.
Reliable Actors with Retry Orchestration

Enterprise cloud developers have to build applications that are resilient to failures and interruptions. We advocate for, formalize, implement, and evaluate a simple, albeit effective, fault-tolerant programming model for the cloud based on actors, reliable message delivery, and retry orchestration. Our model guarantees that (1) failed actor invocations are retried until success, (2) in a distributed chain of invocations only the last one may be retried, (3) pending synchronous invocations with a failed caller are automatically cancelled. These guarantees make it possible to productively develop fault-tolerant distributed applications ranging from classic problems of concurrency theory to complex enterprise applications. Built as a service mesh, our runtime system can interface application components written in any programming language and scale with the application. We measure overhead relative to reliable message queues. Using an application inspired by a typical enterprise scenario, we assess fault tolerance and the impact of fault recovery on application performance.
Biology and Diseases of Cats

Domestic cats (Felis cattus) comprise a small (2%) percentage of the non-rodent animals used in biomedical research. In 2011, 21,700 cats of a total 1,134,693 non-rodent animals were used in research (APHIS, 2011). According to the National Research Council Committee on Scientific and Humane Issues in the Use of Random Source Dogs and Cats in Research (National Research Council, 2009), peak use of cats occurred in 1974. Since that time, the number of cats used in research has fallen by 71%, with more than 98% of those cats being purpose bred for research. Cats are a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) covered species with special housing requirements defined in the Animal Welfare Act and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC, 2011). At the request of congress, a committee of experts formed by the National Research Council examined the use of random source dogs and cats and concluded that obtaining dogs and cats from Class B dealers is not necessary for NIH funded research (National Research Council, 2009). While the number of cats used in biomedical research has declined, cats continue to contribute uniquely to biomedical science and are valuable research model for several disciplines, including aspects of neurology involved in locomotion and spinal trauma, retrovirus and zoonotic disease research, and for developing therapeutic strategies for inherited diseases.
Comparison of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Performance on an Engine and a Gas Flow Reactor

This paper analyzes and compares reactor and engine behavior of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) in the presence of conventional diesel exhaust and low temperature premixed compression ignition (PCI) diesel exhaust. Surrogate exhaust mixtures of n-undecane (C11H24), ethene (C2H4), CO, O2, H2O, NO and N2 are defined for conventional and PCI combustion and used in the gas flow reactor tests. Both engine and reactor tests use a DOC containing platinum, palladium and a hydrocarbon storage component (zeolite). On both the engine and reactor, the composition of PCI exhaust increases light-off temperature relative to conventional combustion. However, while nominal conditions are similar, the catalyst behaves differently on the two experimental setups. The engine DOC shows higher initial apparent HC conversion efficiencies because the engine exhaust contains a higher fraction of trappable (i.e., high boiling point) HC. Engine DOC lightoff is delayed because in the tests performed, engineout CO was 11-30% higher than on the reactor, causing significant self-inhibition. The engine DOC also experiences ambient cooling, which further delays lightoff. Fully-lit HC conversion is lower on the engine because the reactor surrogate exhaust mixture does not include methane (CH4), which is unreactive at diesel light-off temperatures. Engine DOC heat loss and sample line HC desorption during post-DOC sampling also reduce fully-lit conversion on the engine.
Use and Analysis of Soils by Archaeologists and Geoscientists

Archaeologists generally recognize that there is a relationship between cultural deposits and associated soils and landforms. However, their understanding of what a soil is, as well as what soils can reveal about site formation processes, landscape development, and environments of the past varies greatly. Although archaeologists should not be expected to have a complete grasp of pedology, they should be capable of recognizing and interpreting soils in an archaeological context in order to fully comprehend the record of the human past.
Cell Adhesion Molecules and Human Disorders

Cell adhesion molecules are cell surface receptors that promote cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. Mutations in genes encoding cell adhesion molecules cause inherited disorders affecting many organs such as the skin, kidney and muscle, and the immune and nervous systems. Keywords: cadherin; dystroglycan; extracellular matrix; Ig-superfamily; integrin
The Valuation of Power Options in a Pirrong-Jermakyan Model

This article uses a Pirrong-Jermakyan framework to value options on electricity, including daily strike, monthly strike, and spark spread options. This framework posits that power prices depend on two state variables - load and fuel prices. Although variations in load explain a large fraction of variations in power spot prices, power options do not vary strongly with load except very close to the expiry of daily strike and spark spread options due to the strong mean reversion in load. Load mean reversion also affects time decay, and the evolution of implied volatilities over time. I also discuss how to modify the model to take into account the impact of factors other than load and fuel prices (e.g., outages) that affect power prices; I show that a relatively simple modification can capture the effect of these factors on value if they are not very persistent and not priced in equilibrium.
Subjective stressors moderate effectiveness of a multi-component, multi-site intervention on caregiver depression and burden.

Objectives The present study assessed whether caregiving contextual factors moderated outcomes of a caregiver intervention. Methods Extant data from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH) II study, a randomized-control trial of a multi-component, multi-site intervention for dementia caregivers was utilized. 498 caregivers {83.1% women; mean [standard deviation (SD)] age = 60.3 (13.1)}, and their care recipients [58.6% women, mean (SD) age = 78.5 (9.6)] were randomly assigned to intervention or control group. Multiple regression was used to regress Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D) and Zarit burden scores on the interaction between group membership and various factors reflecting the caregiving context. Results Lower follow-up CES-D scores in the intervention group were found only for those: in the fourth quartile of baseline CES-D (β = −0.13, p = 0.05; overall interaction p = 0.009), with high Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (RMBPC) stress (β = −0.16, p = 0.03) and with a home health aide (β = −0.29, p = 0.009). Diminished burden was found in the intervention group only for the following: those in the fourth quartile of baseline burden (β = −0.16, p = 0.01), and in the fourth quartile (β = −0.16, p = 0.05) of Mini Mental State Examination, and with high RMBPC stress (β = −0.18, p = 0.008), with a trend for diminished burden among those with a paid homemaker (β = −0.19, p = 0.075). Conclusion Results suggest greater intervention efficacy among caregivers experiencing subjective stress. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell migration--movin' on.

Cell movement is an elegant orchestration of different cellular processes that include microtubule dynamics, contraction of actin and myosin filaments, and the formation and turnover of integrin-rich adhesion complexes that serve as traction points over which the cell moves. In a comprehensive overview Perspective, [Horwitz and Parsons][1] discuss the mechanisms that regulate the dynamics of contractile forces and adhesion. New findings suggest the existence of a molecular `clutch' that regulates the balance of these processes ([ Smilenov et al .][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5442/1102 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/286/5442/1172
Reactivity, stability and electrochemical behavior of lithium iron phosphates

LiFePO4 is a potential cathode candidate for the next generation of secondary lithium batteries. Its reactivity and thermodynamic stability have been determined. At low potentials it can be reduced to lithium phosphate and iron. The fully charged state, orthorhombic FePO4, is metastable relative to the trigonal all tetrahedral form; however, the massive structural rearrangement necessary makes the structural change kinetically unfavorable at room temperature. LiFePO4 has been prepared by a variety of routes. When synthesized at elevated temperatures in the presence of a carbon gel, only LiFePO4 was detected by X-ray diffraction even when the starting material was LiFePO4(OH). At a C/2 discharge/charge rate, LiFePO4 retained about 80% of the theoretical capacity cycling at room temperature. The hydrothermal form shows some iron disorder, which impacts its electrochemical and chemical reactions.
Information behaviors at the edge of reason: The role of uncertainty, science, and culture on environmental policy

We all expect government agencies to use high quality evidence when creating public policy; however, in a democratic society, cultural values also play a role. For example Europe and America have different policies with respect to genetically modified foods and nuclear energy. Our goal is to explore information behaviors that surround the process of transforming scientific evidence into public policy in order to uncover where (and how) cultural values might be embedded. We analyzed more than a thousand citations from three scientific reviews that were conducted by scientists based in the EU and US on di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plastic softener that is controversial because of potential impacts for industry and public health. Our analysis suggests that culture may influence public policy by establishing the initial scope of a review, by determining which evidence should be included, and by framing how evidence is presented.
Induction of Excessive Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Escherichia coli by Nalidixic Acid

Prior treatment of Escherichia coli with nalidixic acid in nutritionally complete medium altered the subsequent pattern of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis normally observed in nutritionally deficient medium. Transfer of E. coli 15 TAU to an amino acid- and pyrimidine-deficient medium usually resulted in a 40 to 50% increase in DNA content. Previous treatment with nalidixic acid caused a 200 to 300% increase in DNA content under these conditions. The extent of this DNA synthesis depended on the duration of prior exposure to nalidixic acid. The maximal rate of synthesis was obtained after a 40- to 60-min exposure to nalidixic acid and was two to three times that of the control. The induction of this excessive DNA synthesis was prevented by chloramphenicol or phenethyl alcohol, but the synthesis of this DNA was only partially sensitive to these agents. With E. coli TAU-bar, the rate of DNA synthesis, after removal of nalidixic acid, was similar to that of E. coli 15 TAU, but the maximal amount of DNA synthesized was 180 to 185% of that initially present. Cesium chloride density gradient analysis demonstrated that DNA synthesis after removal of nalidixic acid occurs by a semiconservative mode of replication. The density distribution of this DNA was similar to that obtained after thymine starvation. These results suggest that nalidixic acid treatment may induce additional sites for DNA synthesis in E.coli .
A toolkit for motion authoring and motor skill learning in serious games

Trainers and therapists provide critical support and guidance as individuals undergo long-term exercise programs. Unfortunately, without this guidance, individuals who undergo home therapy or training are unable to determine whether or not they are making meaningful progress, and, as a result, many give up prior to completion of their programs. To address these issues, the authors propose a toolkit for the design of games that support motor skill learning and relearning consisting of three main components: (1) an “intelligent stick” hardware interface, (2) motion authoring software for the design of new motion patterns, and (3) a framework for mapping elements of game design to skill learning. Prototypes for the first two components have been developed, and results from an initial usability study involving 9 participants are presented and discussed.
Formation of the receptor system in the hind limb of the locust embryo.

The formation of the peripheral nervous system in the metathoracic limb bud of a locust embryo was studied by antibody [anti-(horseradish peroxidase); (anti-HRP)] labelling. At 50% of embryogenesis, the major neural routes from the periphery to the CNS are established. There are two waves of receptor cell genesis, (a) At about 35%, the first precursors of internal receptors emerge from the epidermal cell layer and at about 58% apparently all internal receptors are formed. At this stage, the number and arrangement coincide with those of the first larval instar, (b) At the 55% stage, anti-HRP-immunoreactive cells appear, which can be associated with exteroceptors (hairs, campaniform sensilla); these reach their final number and cellular constitution at 65%–70% embryogenesis. The two waves are correlated to the formation of the first and second embryonic cuticle. The results thus indicate that the genesis of the receptor system and its connections to the CNS is completed at about 2/3 of embryonic development.
Studies on the effects of subzero temperatures on the viability of spores of Aspergillus flavus. I. The effect of rate of warming.

1. The survival of spores of Aspergillus flavus suspended in distilled water and cooled rapidly to –70 to –75°C. was found to depend primarily on the rate of subsequent warming of the frozen suspension. Only 7 per cent of the spores germinated following slow warming at 0.9°C. per minute, whereas about 75 per cent germinated following rapid warming at 700°C. per minute. 2. Viability was dependent on the rate at which the suspensions warmed from –70 to 0°C. (subzero warming), but was not dependent on the rate of thawing of the frozen water in which the spores were suspended. 3. The logarithm of the percentage of germination appeared to be a linear function of the logarithm of the rate of subzero warming when spores were warmed at rates ranging from 0.12 to 1000°C. per minute. 4. The lethal effects of slow warming from –70 to 0°C. were more pronounced between about –20 and 0°C. than between –70 and –20°C. In the former range of temperatures, the percentage of germination decreased sharply as slow warming progressed towards 0°C. 5. Slow warming from –70 to 0°C. was more harmful to the spores than was a 1 or 2 hour exposure to constant temperatures between –70 and 0°C. 6. Slow warming was found to be more harmful than rapid warming when spores were suspended in horse serum, 0.16 molal sodium chloride, or 0.29 molal sucrose as well as in distilled water.
Assessing Cultural Anthropology

Assessing Cultural Anthropology. Robert Borofsky. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. xix. 566 pp., references, indexes.
The Inquisitive West

Offering a cultural perspective on Western dominance in the sciences, Huff emphasizes the importance of inquisitive impulses.
Comparing test cultivars using reliability functions of test-check differences from on-farm trials

An approach to selection is proposed that is based on the probabilities that a test cultivar outperforms a check by more than an amount d in a future environment. The function that gives these probabilities for all possible values of d is called the reliability function. When d=0, the value of the reliability function is the probability that the test cultivar outperforms the check. The method is illustrated using data from on-farm maize (Zea mays L.) strip test trials grown cooperatively by Pioneer Hi-bred International and farmers. Results indicate that reliability functions are useful for evaluating how test cultivars perform relative to a check across a range of environments since the location, slope and shape of the reliability function may be used to describe a test cultivar's performance, similarity to the check and stability, and identify environments where the test cultivar has performance problems.
Efficient computing architectures for processing digital image data

Recursive partitioned architectures in the spatial domain and block-based discrete transform domain algorithms are developed to retrieve information from digital image data. In the former case, the data is represented in forms which facilitate efficient optimization of the objective criterion. In the latter case, discrete, real, and circular Fourier transforms of the data blocks are filtered by coefficients chosen in the discrete frequency domain. This has led to improvements in the feature detection and localization process. In this paper, recursive and iterative approaches are applied to achieve the restoration of digital images from linearly degraded samples. In addition, block-based algorithms are employed to segment images.
Synthesis and Structure of a Silyl‐aminoalane Ring

The reactions of hydrazine with tris(trimethylsilyl)aluminiumether have been studied: Reactant ratios of 0,5:1 and 0,8:1 produce the cyclic aminoalane [(Me 3 Si) 2 AlN(H)(SiMe 3 )] 2 (1), which is formed by N-N bond cleavage and silyl group migration from aluminium to nitrogen. Pyrolysis under NH 3 of a polymeric product formed from a 1:1 reaction produces an AlN/Si 3 N 4 composite
Novel method of cell line establishment utilizing fluorescence-activated cell sorting resulting in 6 new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines

Background The purpose of this study was to present the establishment of new cell lines, which is important to cancer research. Methods Six new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines were established using a novel fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) method in order to overcome the barrier of fibroblast overgrowth and the susceptibility of primary tumors to fail in vitro. Results Antibodies chosen for specific targeting of epithelial cells and fibroblasts successfully separated cells for line establishment in 6 of 12 attempts, providing an alternative method of establishing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Each attempt at cell line establishment resulted in an epithelial carcinoma population, which was genotyped and catalogued as a unique cell line, and a corresponding fibroblast population. Conclusion The selection of antibody markers could be optimized to aid in the establishment of any cancer cell line derived from any tumor tissue; this method is not limited to head and neck cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 00: 000–000, 2015
Interpreting segmental glomerular sclerosis

Abstract The term ‘focal segmental glomerulosclerosis' (FSGS) is used to describe the common morphologic lesion underlying various progressive renal diseases and also to describe the clinical syndrome with occurrence of the primary idiopathic lesion of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Different morphological patterns of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are associated with different processes, reflecting the presence of diverse pathogenic mechanisms leading to focal sclerosis. The diagnosis of FSGS rests first on the recognition of segmentally sclerotic glomeruli, and then on specific morphologic features to distinguish the various types of FSGS. Five main light microscopic patterns of FSGS have been defined by the Columbia Consensus Classification of FSGS. Some of these patterns may be also observed in some secondary forms of FSGS. The location of sclerosis and the recognition of particular light microscopic patterns, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy findings can provide important information about the aetiology and prognosis of the lesion.
A piecewise linear modeling approach for testing competing theories of habitat selection: an example with mule deer in northern winter ranges

Habitat selection fundamentally drives the distribution of organisms across landscapes; density-dependent habitat selection (DDHS) is considered a central component of ecological theories explaining habitat use and population regulation. A preponderance of DDHS theories is based on ideal distributions, such that organisms select habitat according to either the ideal free, despotic, or pre-emptive distributions. Models that can be used to simultaneously test competing DDHS theories are desirable to help improve our understanding of habitat selection. We developed hierarchical, piecewise linear models that allow for simultaneous testing of DDHS theories and accommodate densities from multiple habitats and regional populations, environmental covariates, and random effects. We demonstrate the use of these models with data on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) abundance and net energy costs in different snow depths within winter ranges of five regional populations in western Idaho, USA. Regional population density explained 40 % of the variation in population growth, and we found that deer were ideal free in winter ranges. Deer occupied habitats with lowest net energy costs at higher densities and at a higher rate than compared to habitats with intermediate and high energy costs. The proportion of a regional population in low energy cost habitat the previous year accounted for a significant amount of variation in population growth (17 %), demonstrating the importance of winter habitat selection in regulating deer populations. These linear models are most appropriate for empirical data collected from centralized habitat patches within the local range of a species where individuals are either year-round residents or migratory (but have already arrived from migration).
The effect of controlled impurity incorporation on interfacial roughness in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs superlattice structures grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Oxygen impurities are known to degrade the bulk and heterointerfacial quality of Al x Ga 1−x As/GaAs layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). We have intentionally added oxygen at the interfaces of Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As/GaAs superlattice layers to examine its effect on interfacial and surface roughness in these structures. Small angle X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to quantify and compare both small scale interfacial roughness and large scale surface roughness. Interfacial oxygen incorporation was found to increase with increasing substrate misorientation angle off (100) toward the (110) and this was reflected in increased interfacial roughness. Large scale surface structures with spacings of ∼ 2.0 μm were observed using AFM for growth on nominally (100) substrates. The existence of these features is also indicated in X-ray correlated roughness measurements. A mechanism of preferential oxygen incorporation at surface step edges is proposed to explain the evolution of roughness in the superlattice layers
Physician team management affects goal achievement in the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE There are few investigations evaluating the impact of physician management and leadership skills on patient care. Our objective was to determine whether there were perceived differences in management and leadership performance within a group of intensivists and to correlate these differences with processes of care outcomes. DESIGN Prospective cohort from January 31 to June 30, 2005. SETTING Pediatric intensive care unit in an urban, academic children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS Pediatric intensive care unit staff intensivists were the primary participants. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The intensivists' management and leadership performances were assessed by residents and fellows using the Physician Management Index. The primary outcome attributable to the staff was the accomplishment of daily patient goals. A total of 827 resident and fellow assessments of the management and leadership performance of attendings (n = 8) were collected over 2077 patient days (103.4 +/- 39.0 surveys/attending). The mean Physician Management Index was 78.1 +/- 6.2 and differed significantly among the attendings (p < .001). There was excellent agreement by the raters concerning attending performance (intraclass correlation = 0.801). The attendings' Physician Management Indexes were correlated with age (r = 0.594, p < .001) and experience (r = 0.656, p < .001) but not other personal or environmental factors. An average of 3.3 +/- 0.6 goals per patient were written each day, and 86.0% +/- 7.0% were accomplished. Accomplishment of patient goals was correlated with the Physician Management Index (r = 0.306, p < .001) and length of rounds (r = -0.341, p < .001). Other variables, including midnight census, numbers of admissions and discharges, codes, and consultations, did not correlate with the Physician Management Index. CONCLUSIONS Management and leadership performance of attending intensivists can be measured and is associated with efficiency of care as assessed by accomplishment of daily patient goals. Attendings differ in their management and leadership performances.
The effect of chloral hydrate and its metabolites, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid, on bilirubin-albumin binding.

: Chloral hydrate is used as a sedative in infants requiring ventilatory support. The metabolites, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid, accumulate in the serum and are protein bound. The possibility that these chemicals might compete with bilirubin for albumin binding was tested using the peroxidase method and a dialysis rate method. Chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol had no effect on bilirubin-albumin binding. Trichloroacetic acid affects bilirubin-albumin binding but to a degree that would be dangerous only in infants with an unusual accumulation of this metabolite.
The role of biologically produced habitat heterogeneity in deep-sea diversity maintenance

Abstract A model in which biologically generated habitat heterogeneity plays a leading role has been proposed to explain the relatively high diversity of the deep sea: as the rates of physical and biological disturbance decrease with depth the habitat heterogeneity created by organisms becomes increasingly available to other organisms for habitat partitioning or as prey refuges, allowing larger numbers of species to be accommodated locally. The theory was tested by comparing the level of association between organism-generated habitat heterogeneity and harpacticoid copepod species' distributions from two deep-sea sites. The expectation under the model that the site with the greater degree of association would have the greater diversity was not met.
Sialosyl-Tn antigen: Initial report of a new marker of malignant progression in long-standing ulcerative colitis

Abstract Background & Aims: Expression of the mucin-associated carbohydrate antigen sialosyl-Tn (STn) correlates with malignant transformation in sporadic colonic neoplasms. The aim of this study was to analyze STn antigen expression in patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: STn antigen was assessed by immunohistochemistry in archival tissues. Study A was a retrospective chronological case-control study. Serial surveillance colonoscopic biopsy specimens without inflammation or dysplasia were analyzed in 7 patients who developed colon cancer and in 8 controls who did not develop colon cancer. Study B analyzed the anatomic distribution of STn expression in 17 cancer-bearing (case) and 6 cancer-free (control) colectomy specimens from patients with UC. In some colectomy specimens, STn was compared with aneuploidy, which was determined by flow cytometry. Results: In study A, among the 7 patients with UC who developed cancer, 6 patients (86%) expressed STn in at least one prior nondysplastic surveillance biopsy specimen from the same site. Only 3 of 8 control patients (38%) expressed STn. In study B, STn was expressed in 40 of 82 specimens (49%) from cancer-bearing colons but only 8 of 62 specimens (13%) from cancer-free colons. STn was expressed in most aneuploid areas but was also found in diploid, nondysplastic mucosa. Conclusions: STn antigen seems to be a promising marker of cancer risk in patients with UC.
Does the combination of stress perfusion and delayed-enhancement MRI improve the detection of CAD?

Does the combination of stress perfusion and delayed-enhancement MRI improve the detection of CAD?
A Developmental Analysis of Story Recall and Comprehension in Adulthood.

The role of organization in adults' processing of stories was examined. Young, middle-aged, and old adults were asked to recall or make importance judgments about canonical stories, in which the order of mention of events corresponded to their order in the underlying structure of the story, and noncanonical stories, in which the order of mention of events did not correspond to their underlying order. Canonical stories were better recalled than noncanonical stories by all three age groups, and a variety of measures indicated that older adults' recall was both quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of young adults. In addition, the three age groups made similar judgments of importance. The results are discussed in terms of developmental differences in processing of schematically organized stimuli versus stimuli that lack a schematic organization and in terms of the development and maintenance of metacognitive knowledge.
Co-producing conservation and knowledge: Citizen-based sea turtle monitoring in North Carolina, USA:

In this paper we examine a volunteer-based sea turtle management project run by the state of North Carolina, USA, to explore collaborative conservation and citizen science. Through this case study, we unpack assumptions from the volunteerism literature and apply theories of co-production to understand how citizens evaluate science and produce knowledge while conducting wildlife monitoring. We demonstrate that the project maintains a healthy give and take between the state and the volunteers as they work together to manage endangered sea turtles. When tensions do emerge over specific issues such as nest relocation, volunteers engage with scientific debates and apply their knowledge gained through the project to push their priorities. While volunteers understand the state’s position on conservation science, they counter with evidence from scientific literature and locally situated observations informed by an alternative view of human–environment relationships and specific goals for the project. Overall, we ...
DT-Tree: A Semantic Representation of Scientific Papers

With the tremendous growth in electronic publication, locating the most relevant references is becoming a challenging task. Most effective document indexing structures represent a document as a vector of very high dimensionality. It is well known that such a representation suffers from the curse of dimensionality. In this paper, we introduce DT-Tree (DocumentTerm-Tree) - a new structure for the representation of scientific documents. DT-Tree represents a document using the 50 most frequent terms in that specific document. These terms are grouped into a tree structure according to where they appear in the document, such as title, abstract, or section title, etc. The distance between two documents is calculated based on their DT-Trees. Two DTTrees are compared using Dice coefficient between the corresponding nodes of the trees. To verify the effectiveness of our similarity measure, we conducted experiments to cluster 150 documents in three categories, namely biology [1], chemistry [2-3] and physics [3]. The experimental results indicated 100% accuracy.
Migration of a liquid zone through a solid

Abstract Recent experimental data on the migration of droplets of aqueous solutions through ice under a temperature gradient driving force have been analyzed. The migration rate has been found to be limited, in part, by interface attachment kinetics. In these cases, the kinetics are layer motion limited rather than layer source limited and are affected by the adsorption of some minor constituent to the kink sites at layer edges. This latter effect modifies the usual droplet size relationship expected from simple theory.
Production of a Putative Iron(V)−Oxocorrole Species by Photo-Disproportionation of a Bis-Corrole−Diiron(IV)−μ-Oxo Dimer: Implication for a Green Oxidation Catalyst

Photodisproportionation of a bis-corrole−diiron(IV)−μ-oxo dimer gave a corrole−iron(III) species and a corrole−iron(V)−oxo species that can be detected and studied in real time. Air oxidation of the corrole−iron(III) species regenerated the bis-corrole−diiron(IV)−μ-oxo dimer, allowing the development of a photocatalytic method for organic oxidations using molecular oxygen and visible light.
The effect of the environment on the stress crazing of polycarbonate

The effect of a number of different liquids on the rate of crazing of polycarbonate was studied. It was found that liquids either had no effect on the mechanical response, caused immediate cracking and fracture or caused a measurable rate of crazing, depending on the solubility parameter of the liquid. The rate of crazing in those liquids that caused crazing was found to vary inversely with the square root of time, indicating that diffusion through the end of the craze controlled the craze growth. Pre-immersion in one of the solvents, ethanol, had a strong effect on the subsequent rate of crazing under a constant load. The pre-immersion of pre-cracked samples initially caused an increase in rate of crazing. After a pre-immersion time of roughly 24 to 72 hours, the subsequent rate of crazing decreased with an increase in pre-immersion time. When the pre-immersion was conducted on an uncracked specimen and the crack was generated after the pre-immersion, the subsequent rate of crazing increased steadily with pre-immersion time. An explanation for the observed results is given.
More remarks on high energy evolution

Abstract We discuss several issues related to recent work on high energy evolution. In particular we show that the Hilbert space for action of the operator of the evolution can be conveniently defined by the space of weight functional introduced recently in [A. Kovner, M. Lublinsky, hep-ph/0503155 ]. These weight functionals automatically implement the correct properties of the charge density correlators, thus eliminating the need in explicit introduction of the Wess–Zumino term. We also discuss various aspects of dense–dilute duality in the toy dipole model.
The Use of New Communications and Information Technologies for Sexual Exploitation of Women and Children

New communications and information technologies have created a global revolution in communications, access to information, and media delivery. These new communications and information technologies are facilitating the sexual exploitation of women and girls locally, nationally and transnationally. The sexual exploitation of women and children is a global human rights crisis that is being escalated by the use of new technologies. Using new technologies, sexual predators and pimps stalk women and children. New technical innovations facilitate the sexual exploitation of women and children because they enable people to easily buy, sell and exchange millions of images and videos of sexual exploitation of women and children. These technologies enable sexual predators to harm or exploit women and children efficiently and, anonymously. The affordability and access to global communications technologies allow users to carry out these activities in the privacy of their home. The increase of types of media, media formats, and applications diversifies the means by which sexual predators can reach their victims. This paper will not attempt to categorize all the types and uses of this new technology. However, this paper will describe the most common and newest of these technologies, and how they are used for the sexual exploitation of women and children.
Label fusion of classification systems via their ROC functions

A classification system with N possible output labels (or decisions) will have N(N-1) possible errors. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) manifold was created to quantify all of these errors. When multiple classication systems are fused, the assumption of independence is usually made in order to mathematically combine the individual ROC manifolds for each system into one ROC manifold. This paper will investigate the label fusion (also called decision fusion) of multiple classication systems that have the same number of output labels. Boolean rules do not exist for multiple symbols, thus, we will derive possible Boolean-like rules as well as other rules that will yield label fusion rules. The formula for the resultant ROC manifold of the fused classication systems which incorporates the individual classication systems will be derived. Specically, given a label rule and two classication systems, the ROC manifold for the fused system is produced. We generate formulas for other non-Boolean-like OR and non-Boolean-like AND rules and give the resultant ROC manifold for the fused system. Examples will be given that demonstrate how each formula is used.
National Perspective of Community Colleges.

The U.S. community college movement has a rich tradition of serving as the United States's “people's college.” Through their commitment to access and comprehensiveness, community colleges enroll more than 50% of the nation's students who are enrolled in higher education. Courses and programs provide university transfer, occupational‐technical, basic skills, and cultural education to people from all segments of the community. Yet the needs and demands for services provided by community colleges are still great and require the community college to reevaluate its pivotal leadership role in the community. Today's community colleges are being challenged to increase their involvement in the affairs of the community, to continue and increase the diversification of their students and staff, to continue andaccelerate the continuing professional development of their staffs, to increase their collaboration with the economic sector, to generate increased and sustainable funding from the external community, and to dem...