cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Dimension and Image Placement Issues for Step and Flash Imprint Lithography Templates

Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) is an attractive low-cost method for printing sub-100 nm geometries. Relative to other imprinting processes, SFIL has the advantage that the template is transparent thereby facilitating conventional overlay techniques. In addition, the imprint process is performed at low pressures and room temperature, which minimizes magnification and distortion errors. Since SFIL is a 1X lithography technique, the template masks will require very good layer-to-layer overlay accuracy for multiple level device fabrication. To fabricate a transparent SFIL template, processing techniques familiar to existing binary phase shift mask fabrication are utilized. However, in order to fabricate the sub-100 nm features necessary for SFIL templates, thinner resist and chromium are necessary. Initial resolution tests have resulted in features sizes down to ~20 nm with the non-chemically amplified resist, ZEP520. Template to template overlay of <15 nm (mean + 3σ) can be achieved if the template fabrication procedure consists of a single 1” template exposed in the center of a 6” × 6” × 0.25” quartz blank.
Magnetic switching and phase competition in the multiferroic antiferromagnet Mn1−xFexWO4

Elastic neutron scattering is used to study the spin correlations in the multiferroic Mn1−xFexWO4 with x=0.035, 0.05, and 0.10. The noncollinear incommensurate ICM magnetic structure associated with the ferroelectric FE phase in pure MnWO4 is suppressed at x=0.035 and completely absent at x=0.10. The ICM spin order and FE phase can be restored by applying a magnetic field along the spin easy axis. The low-T commensurate magnetic structure extends in both H/T with increasing Fe concentration. The systematic evolution of the magnetic and electric properties indicates that the noncollinear ICM spin order results from competing magnetic interactions and its stabilization can be tuned by the internal x or external magnetic-field perturbations.
Fatal sodium valproate–induced hypersensitivity syndrome with lichenoid dermatitis and fulminant hepatitis

Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome caused by sodium valproate (Depakene) has rarely been reported. Here we describe a patient who presented with nonspecific polymorphous eruptions, fulminant hepatitis, and jaundice. Lichenoid dermatitis was found in the skin biopsy specimen. Toxic hepatitis and microvesicular steatosis were found in the liver biopsy specimen, consistent with valproate hepatotoxicity.
Accelerated-Frequency Hydrogen-Atmosphere Voltage-Endurance Testing of Micaceous Insulation Systems

Voltage-endurance testing of high-voltage micaceous insulation systems has traditionally been performed at normal power frequency. The test atmosphere has been air. The completion of tests in practical time periods has required the use of high dielectric stresses. Two series of voltage-endurance tests were conducted on micaceous insulation systems. These tests were designed to determine the effect on insulation life of accelerated frequency and of hydrogen atmosphere. The frequency of the test voltage was 412 Hz. From these tests two conclusions are drawn for voltage stress below 150 V/mil: 1) the voltage-endurance life-test rate was accelerated linearly with the increase of the frequency of the test voltage, and 2) the hydrogen atmosphere extended voltage-endurance life by a factor of at least 4.
Vocal Development of 9-Month-Old Babies with Cleft Palate.

This study compared the prelinguistic vocal development of 9-month-old babies with unrepaired cleft palate (n=30) and age-matched peers (n=15). Samples of the babies' spontaneous vocalizations were obtained while they interacted with their primary caregiver during play. The groups were compared on a number of variables including (a) canonical babbling ratios, (b) percentage of babies who reached the canonical babbling stage by 9 months, (c) syllable and segmental aspects of babbling, and (d) vocal frequency. Results indicated that the babies with cleft palate had smaller canonical babbling ratios than their age-matched peers, with just 57% of the babies with cleft palate reaching the canonical babbling stage by 9 months compared to 93% of the noncleft babies. Although syllable types and length were similar for the two groups, differences were noted for consonant characteristics. The babies with cleft palate had smaller consonant inventories, with fewer stops, glides, and velars noted. Glottals occurred mo...
Lumpability and time reversibility in the aggregation-disaggregation method for large markov chains

The aggregation-disaggregation algorithm of Takahashi (1975) is a rank-reduction method for efficiently computing ergodic probabilities of large Markov chains. It has been shown by Schweitzer (1984) that if a Markov chain is “exactly lumpable”, then the aggregation-disaggregation algorithm converges in one step. In this paper, we show that ordinary lumpability eliminates the aggregation procedure. Furthermore, a new algorithm is developed which produces the ergodic probability vector in one step for a class of Markov chains including the time reversible ones. The idea behind the new algorithm enables one to develop different algorithms for different classes of Markov chains. A preliminary study along this line of research is also discussed.
Two Loop Renormalization Group Equations in a General Quantum Field Theory. 1. Wave Function Renormalization

The two-loop renormalization group equations in a general renormalizable field theory with scalar, spin-12, and (vector) gauge fields are considered. In this paper, the anomalous dimensions associated with the wave function renormalizations of the fields are computed in a general Rξ gauge. The wave function renormalization of the gauge field in background field gauge, and hence the two-loop β function for the gauge coupling, are also evaluated.
Correlation of epidermal growth factor receptor with morphological features of colorectal advanced adenomas: a pilot correlative case series.

Abstract Introduction The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is important to colorectal carcinogenesis. Although EGFR is described to be overexpressed in adenomas, to the authors’ knowledge, its relationship with advanced features in adenomas and as a marker for adenoma progression has not been studied. Methods Initially, 13 polyps (sizes 3 mm–5.5 cm) from a 63-year-old patient were stained for EGFR. Subsequently, a validation group of 95 adenomas from 16 patients were graded semiquantitatively for EGFR staining. Size and villous features of the adenomas were evaluated by 2 independent pathologists and compared with EGFR expression. To be classified as advanced, adenomas needed to be greater than 1 cm and fulfill 1 of the 2 criteria—villous component >20% to 25% or presence of high-grade dysplasia. Results In the index case, the large 5.5 cm tubulovillous adenoma had EGFR positivity in all of its neoplastic cells, whereas another 2 cm tubular adenoma with focal villous features had 30% EGFR positivity. All other polyps and normal colonic mucosa were negative for EGFR. In 95 adenomas from 16 additional patients, there was a significant correlation of EGFR positivity with adenoma size ≥1 cm and villous features (all P P Conclusions These findings suggest that EGFR overexpression is associated with advanced colorectal adenomas. Further larger studies are needed to explore EGFR expression as a biomarker for adenoma progression.
Holocene and Late Pleistocene Bat Fossils (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Hamilton County, TN, and their Ecological Implications

Abstract Chiropteran mandibles from late Pleistocene/Holocene fossil cave localities in Hamilton County were identified in order to examine changes in bat species diversity and population trends over extended periods of time, providing insight into how bats in Southeast Tennessee have responded to major environmental changes over the past 10,000–20,000 years. Generic and species identifications were based on an unpublished key developed by the authors. Measurements of alveolar length (c1–m3) and total length measurements from the symphysis to the condyle were taken for all specimens identified as members of the genus Myotis in an attempt to identify species in this genus. The results of this study failed to confirm those of previous univariate morphological studies, suggesting that multivariate morphometric analyses may be needed to establish a means to differentiate among the species in this genus. Diversity data indicated two patterns of species abundance, with Eptesicus fuscus (Big Brown Bat) dominatin...
A correlational method to concurrently measure envelope and temporal fine structure weights: effects of age, cochlear pathology, and spectral shaping.

The speech signal may be divided into spectral frequency-bands, each band containing temporal properties of the envelope and fine structure. This study measured the perceptual weights for the envelope and fine structure in each of three frequency bands for sentence materials in young normal-hearing listeners, older normal-hearing listeners, aided older hearing-impaired listeners, and spectrally matched young normal-hearing listeners. The availability of each acoustic property was independently varied through noisy signal extraction. Thus, the full speech stimulus was presented with noise used to mask six different auditory channels. Perceptual weights were determined by correlating a listener’s performance with the signal-to-noise ratio of each acoustic property on a trial-by-trial basis. Results demonstrate that temporal fine structure perceptual weights remain stable across the four listener groups. However, a different weighting typography was observed across the listener groups for envelope cues. Results suggest that spectral shaping used to preserve the audibility of the speech stimulus may alter the allocation of perceptual resources. The relative perceptual weighting of envelope cues may also change with age. Concurrent testing of sentences repeated once on a previous day demonstrated that weighting strategies for all listener groups can change, suggesting an initial stabilization period or susceptibility to auditory training.
Comparison of various online strategies to account for interfractional variations for pancreatic cancer.

Purpose To identify practical techniques to address the large interfractional variations for pancreas irradiation by comparing various used/proposed online strategies. Methods and Materials The daily computed tomography (CT) images acquired using a respiration-gated in-room CT (CTVision; Siemens) for 10 pancreatic cancer patients treated with image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) were analyzed. The contours of the pancreas and organs at risk on each daily CT set were generated by populating from the planning CT using a deformable registration tool (ABAS; Elekta) with manual editing. Nine online strategies were considered: ( 1 ) standard IGRT (ie, IGRT with 0-mm additional margin [AM]); ( 2 ) IGRT with 2-mm AM; ( 3 ) IGRT with 5-mm AM; ( 4 ) IGRT with plan renormalized to maintain 95% planning target volume (PTV) coverage; ( 5 ) full-scale reoptimization; ( 6 ) reoptimization starting from the original plan; ( 7 ) segment aperture morphing (SAM) from the original plan, based on PTV shape change; ( 8 ) SAM plus segment weight optimization; and ( 9 ) reoptimization starting from the SAM plan. One-way analysis of variance was applied to plan qualities for the 9 strategies to assess statistical significance in difference. Results The 3 IGRT strategies (1-3) lead to either inadequate PTV coverage or higher doses to critical structures, indicating that the additional margins alone are not adequate to account for the changes. The full-scale reoptimization results in the best plan but requires the delineation of several structures, which is time consuming. The SAM strategy (7) was the fastest one, because it requires delineating only 1 structure (target), and its plan quality was comparable to that for the full-scale reoptimization. Conclusion Online replanning strategies can lead to either reduced organs-at-risk dose and/or improved target coverage as compared with the current practice of IGRT. The SAM-based online replanning is comparable to full-scale reoptimization and is efficient for practical use.
High-power inverse Compton γ-ray source at the Duke storage ring

A 1.1 GeV electron storage ring dedicated for UV-VUV FEL operation was commissioned last year at the Duke University Free Electron Laser Laboratory (DFELL). The UV-VUV OK-4 FEL project, based on the collaboration of the Duke FEL Laboratory and Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics (BINP, Novosibirsk, Russia) is under way. The OK-4 FEL has arrived at the Duke FEL Laboratory from Novosibirsk and is in the process of installation. High average intracavity power and natural synchronization of electron and optical pulses in the OK-4 FEL allow the production of intense inverse Compton (gamma) -rays (5-150 MeV) on the return pass of the optical pulse. The projected intensity of this (gamma) -ray source allows high energy resolution with simple geometric collimation of the (gamma) -rays. The wide tunability of the OK-4 FEL also allows us to control the (gamma) -ray energy. In this paper we discuss the processes involved in (gamma) -ray production, the influence of beam parameters and geometry on (gamma) -ray energy spread, and present projected performance of the Duke/OK-4 inverse Compton (gamma) -ray source for two simple cases. The studies reported in this paper were performed in 1993. Results were presented at the 1994 Free Electron Laser Conference (22-26 August 1994, Stanford, CA) but were published only as internal DFELL reports. A group of scientists from the Triangle University Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) also ran independent simulations in 1994 which confirm our predictions. A workshop on the DFELL-TUNL (gamma) -ray facility was held in Durham from December 16-17, 1994 to discuss unique features of this facility and its utilization for nuclear physics and pion spectroscopy.
Characterization of ceramic membranes II. Modified commercial membranes with pore size under 40 Å

Abstract A methodology was developed for characterizing a series of membranes with pore size ⩽40 A. These membranes were modified from commercial microporous γ-Al 2 O 3 membranes (40 A) by pore size reduction. SEM/EDAX analysis showed a modified layer with a thickness of ≈1.5 μm deposited within the existing porous structure. A flow-weighted pore size distribution analyzer was used to determine pore size versus flow contribution for the pore size ranging from 40 A down to ≈15 A. Size exclusion with selected gaseous molecules was employed to determine pore size 40 to ⩽5 A at 25°C was investigated in detail. Selectivity decreased slightly along with the pore size reduction in the Knudsen regime (i.e., 40 A down to ≈20 A), then increased dramatically in the molecular sieving regime. The unexpected decrease of the selectivity in the Knudsen regime was likely to have resulted from the contribution of surface diffusion of nitrogen.
An editing activity that prevents mistranslation and connection to disease.

I believe that the genetic code was the greatest discovery of the 20th century (Fig. 1). The code was worked out during the period that I was a student: a medical student at Tufts University (I dropped out after a year), a graduate student at MIT and Cornell (with Gordon Hammes), and a postdoctoral student at Stanford University (with Paul Flory). My research as a student was centered on theoretical and experimental physical chemistry, as applied to biological systems. With Hammes, I had done a spectroscopic and thermodynamic analysis of ribonuclease and its interaction with one of its ligands. I also had done both experimental and theoretical analyses of kinetic relaxation spectroscopy, inspired in part by the pioneering work of Eigen, who himself had been a mentor of Hammes. (Eigen gave lectures at Cornell that I attended, and we spent time in conversation as well. In more recent years, we have seen each other on a regular basis and continued our conversations.) With Flory at Stanford, I worked on statistical mechanics of polypeptides. All of that graduate and postdoctoral work was exciting, particularly the mathematical side that I especially loved because of its elegance, rigor, and abstraction. However, while this sort of mental activity was going on, I kept thinking about the newly discovered genetic code and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
Perceived Pitch of Synthesized Voice with Alternate Cycles

Both in normal speech voice and in some types of pathological voice, adjacent vocal cycles may alternate in amplitude or period, or both. When this occurs, the determination of voice fundamental frequency (defined as number of vocal cycles per second) becomes difficult. The present study attempts to address this issue by investigating how human listeners perceive the pitch of alternate cycles. As stimuli, vowels /a/ and /i/ were synthesized with fundamental frequencies at 140 Hz and 220 Hz, and the effect of alternate cycles was simulated with both amplitude- and frequency-modulation of the glottal volume velocity waveform. Subjects were asked to judge the pitch of the modulated vowels in reference to vowels without modulation. The results showed that (a) perceived pitch became lower as the amount of modulation increased, and the effect seems to be more dramatic than would be predicted by existing hypotheses, (b) perceived pitch differed across vowels, fundamental frequencies, and modulation types, that is, amplitude versus frequency modulation, and (c) the prediction of perceived pitch was best made in the frequency domain in terms of subharmonic-to-harmonic ratio. These findings provide useful information on how we should assess the pitch of alternate cycles. They may also be helpful in developing more robust pitch determination algorithms.
WOODEN BOWLS OF THE ALGONQUIAN INDIANS

The proficiency attained in the manufacture of certain household utensils by the Algonquian people is shown by the few bowls and ladles that are occasionally found in old collections or which have been preserved in Indian families. That they were comparatively common in early colonial times is evident from the following quotations. During the epidemic of smallpox in 163 5 among the Indians living near the site of Hartford, Connecticut, being too ill to gather firewood they kept themselves from freezing by burning " ye woden trayes & dishes they ate their meals in."' Morton, writing of the New England Indians, says: "They have dainty wooden bowls amongst them; and these are disposed by bartering one with the other and are but in certain parts of the Country made, where the several trades are appropriated to the inhabitants of those parts only."2 Gookin3 writes of dishes, spoons, and ladles made " very smooth and artificial, and of a sort of wood not subject to split. These they make of several sizes." Josselyn 4 refers to " dishes, spoons, and trayes wrought very smooth and neatly out of the knots of wood." Loskiel 5 referring to the Delawares and Iroquois, says: "They make their own spoons, and large round dishes of hard wood with great neatness." These they sometimes sold to the whites for food and clothes.
Antidepressant-like properties of oral riluzole and utility of incentive disengagement models of depression in mice

Rationale The neuroprotective agent riluzole has antidepressant-like properties in humans, but its mechanisms of action are unclear. Despite the increasing utility of transgenic and knockout mice in addressing such issues, previous studies aimed at characterizing biochemical mechanisms have been conducted in rats.
Symptomatology of epileptic seizures in the first three years of life.

Summary: Purpose: Few data are available concerning symptomatology of epileptic seizures in infants. Methods: We reviewed 296 videotaped seizures from 76 patients aged 1–35 months (mean, 15.1 months) who underwent video-EEG monitoring at our institution from 1988 to 1998. Seizure symptomatology was first classified based on observable behavioral and motor manifestations and then correlated with ictal EEG. Results: Four seizure types accounted for 81% of all seizures seen in this group: epileptic spasms (24%), clonic seizures (20%), tonic seizures (17%), and hypomotor seizures (20%; characterized by arrest or significant decrease of behavioral motor activity with indeterminate level of consciousness). The remaining seizures included small numbers of myoclonic, atonic, and versive seizures. All 12 focal motor seizures and all five versive seizures were associated with focal EEG seizure patterns, seen in the contralateral hemisphere in all but one patient with versive seizures. Generalized motor seizures (clinically generalized at onset) were accompanied either by focal (19 of 51; 37%) or generalized (32 of 51; 63%) EEG seizures. Hypomotor seizures also were associated with focal (14 of 20; 70%) or generalized (six of 20; 30%) EEG seizures. Four patients with generalized epileptic spasms had generalized EEG seizures in the setting of focal epilepsy based on neuroimaging, interictal EEG, and in two cases also on postresection seizure freedom. Seizure types not seen in this age group included auras, seizures with prominent automatisms (except in one case), and classic generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Conclusions: The repertoire of seizure manifestation in the first 3 years of life appears to be limited. In infants, focal motor seizures are reliably associated with focal EEG seizures in the contralateral hemisphere, whereas generalized motor and hypomotor clinical seizures may be either focal or generalized on EEG. Epileptic spasms may be seen in focal as well as generalized epilepsies. Video-EEG monitoring and neuroimaging may be critical for clarifying the focal or generalized nature of the epilepsy in infants.
Determination of Pollutants in the Air of Textile Industries

Determination of Pollutants in the Air of Textile Industries: Valentino RIMATORI. et al. Institute of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University -In order to investigate the pollution degree in three weaving and dyeing and in two clothing factories, the authors measured the indigo, oil mist, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and total particulate matter (TP), as well as the biphenyl, ophenylphenol and p-phenylendiamine (PPDA) concentrations. H2S ranged from <0.01 to 1.85 mg/ m3; indigo from <0.001 to 0.042 mg/m3; TP from 0.58 to 3.65 mg/m3; biphenyl and o-phenylphenol from 0.2 to 15.5 mg/m3. S02 and PPDA concentrations were lower than 0.2 ppm and 5μg/m3 respectively. Higher concentrations were recorded during specific operations. The oil mist concentrations in different factories at different heights in the air, ranged from 0.2 to 15.5 mg/m3. Up to date, neither the TLV nor the maximum allowable concentration for indigo and o-phenylphenol have been established, and there are no studies on the health effects of long term exposure, so the risk for the concentrations listed above cannot be assessed. The PPDA concentration in our study was much lower than the ACGIH TLV for 1993-1994. Biphenyl concentration sometimes exceeded the TLV, suggesting the need for closer controls in the workplace. Oil mist concentration in weaving rooms fell within the TLV, except in the weaving rooms where air forcing and air extraction systems were at a higher level: here the concentration of oil mist exceeded this limit. (J Occup Health 1996: 38: 128-132)
Catalytic Bubble Model: Bubble Growth with an Interfacial Chemical Reaction

A theoretical model for the growth of a spherical gas bubble in a quiescent liquid with chemical reaction at the surface of the bubble is presented. The growth of the bubble is assumed to be controlled by momentum and mass transfer, while the usual chemical equilibrium boundary condition at the surface of the bubble is replaced by a first-order heterogeneous chemical reaction. Using the integral method, the differential transport equations were transformed into ordinary differential equations, which were numerically solved. Some analytical solutions for simple cases are also presented. The effects of heat transfer on the growth process are also discussed.
Practical constructions and new proof methods for large universe attribute-based encryption

We propose two large universe Attribute-Based Encryption constructions. In a large universe ABE system any string can be used as an attribute and attributes need not be enumerated at system setup. Our first construction establishes a novel large universe Ciphertext-Policy ABE scheme on prime order bilinear groups, while the second achieves a significant efficiency improvement over the large universe Key-Policy ABE system of Lewko-Waters and Lewko. Both schemes are selectively secure in the standard model under two ``q-type'' assumptions similar to ones used in prior works. Our work brings back ``program and cancel'' techniques to this problem and aims in providing practical large universe ABE implementations. To showcase the efficiency improvements over prior constructions, we provide implementations and benchmarks of our schemes in Charm; a programming environment for rapid prototyping of cryptographic primitives. We compare them to implementations of the only three published constructions that offer unbounded ABE in the standard model.
Template-assisted fabrication of protein nanocapsules

Bionanomaterials have recently begun to spark a great amount of interest and could potentially revolutionize biomedical research. Nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and nanotubular structures are becoming attractive options in drug and gene delivery. The size of the delivery vehicles greatly impacts cellular uptake and makes it highly desirable to precisely control the diameter and length of nanocarriers to make uniform nanoparticles at low cost. Carbon nanotubes have shown great potential within the field of drug and gene delivery. However, their insolubility and cytotoxicity could severely delay FDA approval. A desirable alternative would be to fabricate nanostructures from biomaterials such as proteins, peptides, or liposomes, which are already FDA approved. In this article we demonstrate the preparation of protein nanocapsules with both ends sealed using a template-assisted alternate immersion method combined with controlled cleaving. Glucose oxidase nanocapsules with controllable diameter, wall thickness, and length were fabricated and characterized with SEM and TEM. The biochemical activity of glucose oxidase in the form of nanocapsules after processing was confirmed using UV spectrometry. Our future work will explore proteins suitable for drug encapsulation and cellular uptake and will focus on optimizing the cleaving process to gain precise control over the length of the nanocapsules.
Subsurface Stone Lines, Stone Zones, Artifact-Manuport Layers, and Biomantles Produced By Bioturbation Via Pocket Gophers (Thomonys Bottae)

A prominent subsurface zone (layer) of large stones with diameters greater than 6-7 cm occurs in gravelly soil on colluvial aprons in the Lompoc area of California. The soil is mounded and churned by botta pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae). Sedimentological analyses show that the soil within and above the stone zone—and within the gopher mounds—is relatively homogeneous in fine fraction and forms a biomantle. None of the mounds contained stones with long-axis diameters greater than the maximum diameter of gopher burrows, about 6-7 cm. Larger stones gradually subside and form a stone zone. Both field observations and laboratory tests confirm that gopher bioturbation produces stone zones in coarse gravelly soil. This finding, and similar findings in two other recent studies, have important implications for interpreting archaeological site formation, and for interpreting geologic-pedologic processes inasmuch as artifact layers (and nonartifact layers) in some sites entirely may be due to nonanthropic, nongeologic, postdepositional biological agents.
A 9-bit Quadrature Direct Digital Synthesizer Implemented in 0.18- $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ SiGe BiCMOS Technology

This paper describes a 9-bit 6.2-GHz low power quadrature direct digital synthesizer (DDS) implemented in a 0.18-mum SiGe BiCMOS technology. With a 9-bit pipeline accumulator and two 8-bit sine-weighted current steering DACs, this DDS is capable of generating quadrature sinusoidal waveforms up to 3.15 GHz with a maximum clock frequency of 6.2 GHz. Packed with more than 13 500 transistors, the quadrature DDS occupies an active area of 2.3 times 2.5 mm2 and a total die area of 3.0 times 3.0 mm2. The measured spurious-free dynamic range is approximately 26 dBc at a clock frequency 6.2 GHz. At the maximum clock frequency, the power consumption of the DDS is 2.5 W with 3.3- and 4.0-V power supplies for the digital and analog parts, respectively. The DDS thus achieves a power efficiency figure-of-merit of 5.04 GHz/W/phase. The DDS chips were packaged with 48-pin ceramic leadless chip carriers and air cooling was used during the measurement.
Tissue-specific regulation of mouse hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 expression.

Abstract Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) is a liver-enriched transcription factor and a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. HNF-4 is required for the hepatoma-specific expression of HNF-1 alpha, another liver-enriched transcription factor, suggesting the early participation of HNF-4 in development. To prepare for further study of HNF-4 in development, the tissue-specific expression of the mouse HNF-4 gene was studied by analyzing the promoter region for required DNA elements. DNase-hypersensitive sites in the gene in liver and kidney tissues were found in regions both distal and proximal to the RNA start that were absent in tissues in which HNF-4 expression did not occur. By use of reporter constructs in transient-transfection assays and with transgenic mice, a region sufficient to drive liver-specific expression of HNF-4 was identified. While an HNF-1 binding site between bp -98 and -68 played an important role in the hepatoma-specific promoter activity of HNF-4 in transient-transfection assays, it was not sufficient for the liver-specific expression of a reporter gene in transgenic mice. Distal enhancer elements indicated by the presence of DNase I-hypersensitive sites at kb -5.5 and -6.5, while not functional in transient-transfection assays, were required for the correct expression of the mouse HNF-4 gene in animals.
Internal wave effects on photosynthesis: Experiments, theory, and modeling

Using field experiments and mathematical models, we tested whether internal waves enhance photosynthesis as they move phytoplankton through a nonlinear light field in situations where photosynthesis is light limited. Phytoplankton circulated at depths mimicking isotherm displacement for moderate wind speeds had elevated photosynthetic rates compared to static incubations. Experiments and modeling revealed that surface light variation due to cloud cover interacts strongly with the effects of internal waves and may have positive or negative effects on photosynthesis depending on the relative phase of internal wave displacement and light variation. The combined effects of internal waves and fluctuations in surface irradiance ranged from a 15% reduction up to a 200% enhancement. The distribution (sine wave vs. Gaussian) of the vertical displacement of internal waves is also important in determining the internal wave effect on photosynthesis. Internal waves in a wide variety of aquatic systems and with hourly to weekly periods show a strong potential for internal wave-induced enhancement of photosynthesis. The realization of this enhancement is dependent on characteristics of the internal waves, of algal photosynthetic response, and of variable surface light.
Recent progress and diverse effects in developmental immunotoxicology: overview of a symposium at the 46th Annual SOT Meeting, Charlotte, NC

It has long been known that the developing immune system is more sensitive and susceptible than the adult immune system to some drugs and environmental contaminants. However, notable advances have been made in the database of studies supporting developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) over the past 5 years. There is considerable evidence that responses of the immune system can be quantitatively or qualitatively different from normal adult responses when xenobiotic exposure occurs during critical periods of immune system development. Qualitative differences of DIT relative to adult exposures include examples of more persistent effects, a latency of effects, and immune dysfunction that is fundamentally different than effects observed when adults are exposed. A symposium was presented at the Society of Toxicology annual meeting to provide an update on advances in the maturing field of developmental immunotoxicology and to facilitate discussion on the range of DIT and later life effects following developmental expo...
Nonlinear modeling and output feedback control design for a small-scale helicopter

This paper presents a helicopter dynamic model controlled by a nonlinear output feedback controller. Particular emphasis is placed on the mathematical modeling of the main rotor dynamics, i.e., modeling the individual dynamics of the blades and the dynamics of the main rotor stabilizing bar. Since the derived model is highly nonlinear, an output feedback controller that uses a nonlinear observer is derived and used for both stabilization and trajectory tracking. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified through numerical simulations.
Free nitric oxide diffusion in the bronchial microcirculation

Theoretical mass transfer rates and concentration distributions were determined for transient diffusion of free nitric oxide (NO) generated in vivo from vascular endothelial cells. Our analytical f...
The gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron exacerbates enteric infection through modification of the metabolic landscape.

SUMMARY The enteric pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes severe diarrhea, but the influence of the gut microbiota on EHEC infection is largely unknown. A predominant member of the microbiota, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), is resident at EHEC attachment sites. We show that Bt enhances EHEC virulence gene expression through the transcription factor Cra, which is functionally sensitive to sugar concentrations. This enhanced virulence accompanies increased formation of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions requisite for EHEC colonization. Infection with Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen homologous to EHEC, in Bt-reconstituted mice results in increased gut permeability along with exacerbated host pathology and mortality compared to mice deplete of microflora. Bt modifies the metabolite environment at infection sites, increasing metabolites involved in gluconeogenesis, with stark increases in succinate, which can be sensed by Cra. Our findings suggest that microbiota composition affects disease outcome and may explain links between microbiota composition and disease susceptibility.
Sensitivity study of two high-throughput resolution metrics for photoresists.

The resolution of chemically amplified resists is becoming an increasing concern, especially for lithography in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) regime. Large-scale screening is currently under way to identify resist platforms that can support the demanding specifications required for EUV lithography. Current screening processes would benefit from the development of metrics that can objectively quantify resist resolution in a high-throughput fashion. Here we examine two high-throughput metrics for resist resolution determination. After summarizing their details and justifying their utility, we characterize the sensitivity of both metrics to known uncertainties in exposure tool aberrations and focus control. For an implementation at EUV wavelengths, we report aberration and focus-limited error bars in extracted resolution of ≈1.25 nm rms for both metrics, making them attractive candidates for future screening and downselection efforts.
Refining habitat requirements of submersed aquatic vegetation: role of optical models

A model of the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance was constructed for Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, and the Rhode River, Maryland. The model is written in terms of absorption spectra of dissolved yellow substance, the chlorophyll-specific absorption of phytoplankton, and absorption and scattering by particulate matter (expressed as turbidity). Based on published light requirements for submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) in Chesapeake Bay, the model is used to calculate the range of water-quality conditions that permit survival of SAV at various depths. Because the model is spectrally based, it can be used to calculate the attenuation of either photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, equally weighted quanta from 400 nm to 700 nm) or photosyntheticallyusable radiation (PUR, the integral of the quantum spectrum weighted by the pigment absorption spectrum of SAV). PUR is a more accurate measurement of light that can be absorbed by SAV and it is more strongly affected by phytoplankton chlorophyll in the water column than is PAR. For estuaries in which light attenuation is dominated by turbidity and chlorophyll, the model delimits regions in which turbidity alone (chlorophyll 10 μg 1−1, turbidity >1 NTU) must be reduced to improve survival depths for SAV.
Pest Control Practices for the German Cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae): A Survey of Rural Residents in North Carolina

ABSTRACT The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae), is a serious pest in rural and urban housing. The aim of this study was to ascertain the pest control practice used by home residents to control the German cockroach and to assess the level of residents’ awareness and knowledge of integrated pest management. A face-to-face survey of 100 participants was carried out in 3 rural counties in NC. Only individuals who acknowledged that the German cockroach was a pest in their homes were selected for the survey. Of these participants only 23% indicated that the German cockroach was a major indoor pest, while 48% indicated that mosquitoes and 50% indicated that ants were major pests in their homes. The majority (71%) of survey respondents reported that to cope with domestic pest problems, they or a member of their household applied pesticides, and 16% worked with a contractor to do so. Pesticides were the main control measure used in homes and most (65%) respondents indicated these...
Dual-mode analysis of subatomspheric-pressure CO2 sorption and transport in Kapton H polyimide film

Sorption kinetics and equilibria as well as permeabilities and diffusion time lags for CO2 in Kapton polyimide film have been studied at temperatures from 35 to 55°C and pressures up to 0.78 atm. The sorption/desorption cycles indicate that the diffusivity of CO2 increases with increasing local penetrant concentration in the polymer. Both the permeability and time lag decrease with increasing upstream CO2 pressure. All of these results are described well by theoretical expression based on the dual-mode theory of sorption and transport in glassy polymers.
Surface-potential-plus approach for next generation CMOS device modeling

This paper outlines the advanced Surface-Potential-Plus (SPP) approach for the next generation CMOS device modeling. The main object of this approach is to develop a continuous, completely symmetric and accurate advanced charge-based MOS transistor model from the basic device physics including various physics effects. A unified exact inversion charge relation valid for uniform and retrograde doping cases is first obtained. Various small dimensional effects are elucidated and integrated concisely into this model. Comparison with measured data is finally presented to validate the new model. Importantly, it was also extended to UTB and double-gate MOSFETs.
Quasiparticle spectra in the vicinity of a d-wave vortex

We discuss the evolution of the local quasiparticle spectral density and the related tunneling conductance measurable by the scanning tunneling microscope, as a function of distance r and angle u from the vortex core in a dx22y 2 superconductor. We consider the effects of electronic disorder and of a strongly anisotropic tunneling matrix element, and show that in real materials they will likely obscure the ;1/r asymptotic tail in the zero-bias tunneling conductance expected from the straightforward semiclassical analysis. We also give a prediction for the tunneling conductance anisotropy around the vortex core and establish a connection to the structure of the tunneling matrix element. @S0163-1829~99!11329-8#
Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden and Vicinity

The Helminths herein reported are of importance because of their economic and taxonomic relations. To point this out, it is only necessary to mention Haemonchus, whose relation to the Bovidae and Ovidae is equivalent to those of Necator and Ancylostoma to the human host.Some are well-known roundworms having a world-wide distribution as parasites of animals, and are listed only on account of locality and museum interest; others, especially certain rare forms from uncommon hosts, are of greater interest and are discussed more fully. Certain details, at one time thought not.to be necessary and hence neglected are added because to-day they are indispensable for specific designation.Because of the abundance of material, it has been possible to supplement accounts given by other authors and to correct some errors due, no doubt, to poor or too few specimens. Several changes in systematic position of known forms and confirmation of others are made.A new name (D. histrix) is proposed for Dirofilaria subcutanea (Linstow, 1899) Boulenger, 1920. Eustrongylides larvae, of Ciurea, J. 1924, are included under the pre-adult stage of a new species (Eustrongylides wenrichi) because both are alike and their characters fit no other known species. New information is added about Trypanoxyuris trypanuris Vevers, 1923, and Cyrnea coloni Cram, 1927, amending their descriptions.Descriptions and illustrations of seven new species in as many genera are given. They are Acuaria (Dispharynx) resticula from a groove-billed ani, Ascaridia petrensa from a partridge, Dirofilaria spinosa from a porcupine, Physaloptera multiuteri from a monkey, Subulura pennula from a quail, Spironoura procera from a terrapin, and the above-mentioned pre-adult Eustrongylides wenrichi from a stream pike, brook-trout, calico bass, sunfish, and a frog.In all there are 162 determinations in 38 genera and 56 species, including new ones, from 150 hosts involving 117 different host species.Superparasitism and significant cases of parasitism are pointed out because they are of interest to one concerned with incidence and degree of infestation. Numerous records of new host-parasite relations and new localities will be of interest to students of distribution.
Improvement of monitoring and diagnosis of broken bars/end-ring connectors and airgap eccentricities of squirrel-cage induction motors in ASDs using a time-stepping coupled finite element-state space technique

This paper discusses how a time-stepping coupled finite element-state space (TSCFE-SS) modeling technique can be utilized in diagnostic techniques to improve condition monitoring and diagnosis of induction motor rotor abnormalities of broken bars, broken connectors and airgap eccentricities. This investigation shows that application of the TSCFE-SS modeling technique can facilitate monitoring the characteristics of several frequency components as opposed to merely previous monitoring of sideband frequency components associated with the fundamental in motor phase current waveforms. The results presented in this paper clearly illustrate the possible potential use of the modeling technique for improvement of present diagnostic techniques in which diagnosis of broken bars, broken connectors and airgap eccentricities is restricted to identification of the sidebands associated with the first-order (fundamental) component in phase current waveforms. In addition, the results further demonstrate that database generation for various possible faults prior to their occurrences can be readily achieved using this modeling technique.
Design Parameterization for Concurrent Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Systems

Design changes are frequently encountered in the product development process. The complexity of the design changes is multiplied when the product design involves multiple engineering disciplines. Very often, a simple change in one part may propagate to its neighboring parts, therefore, affects the entire product assembly. Both parts and assembly must be regenerated for a physically valid product model, at the same time, the regenerated product model must meet designer's expectations. When a product is being developed in a Concurrent Design and Manufacturing (CDM) environment, the design changes are usually implemented first by altering geometry of the product represented in computer-aided design (CAD) solid models. If the product solid model is not parameterized properly, the changes in geometry often lead to invalid parts or assembly. At the part level, the changes may yield a solid model with invalid geometric features if it is not properly parameterized. In this case, the entire product assembly is in ...
Peripheral leptin administration alters hormone and metabolite levels in the young pig

The present study was conducted to determine if peripheral leptin administration can alter GH secretion or feed intake in young pigs. Six, 6 kg female pigs were fasted overnight and randomly chosen to receive porcine recombinant leptin or saline injections in a crossover design. Three leptin dosages were tested over a 10 day period, 100, 200 or 500 microg/kg body mass (L100, L200 or L500). Leptin was administered in 0.2% bovine serum albumin as a bolus injection into the carotid artery. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein over a 24 h period. Leptin delayed feeding in pigs treated with L200 and L500 (P<0.05), while reducing overall intake in pigs treated with L100 (P<0.05). L200 or L500 depressed blood glucose (P<0.05). Plasma insulin levels were elevated by feeding in control animals, while insulin levels were depressed in pigs treated with L200 or L500 (P<0.05). L200 elevated plasma growth hormone (P<0.05) with three peaks apparent at 5, 8, and 13 h post injection. The ability for a single injection of leptin to produce significant changes in hormone and metabolite levels suggests that this peptide has a role in regulation of peripheral metabolism.
Instantaneous response of elastic thin‐walled structures to rapid heating

A generalized modelling and analysis approach of thermally induced coupled vibrations of elastic thin-walled configurations with arbitrary open cross-sections are presented in conjunction with a unified implicit transient methodology. Limited research which takes into account the influence of rapid thermal heating effects on structures involving various forms of coupling appears in the literature. As a consequence, the dynamic response of such thin-walled structures of arbitrary open cross-section to rapid heating are described here. Effects involving triple, double, and no coupling between bending and torsional vibrations caused by sudden heating on these structures are examined. Numerical test cases are presented which describe the influence of sudden heating on elastic thin-walled structures of arbitrary open cross-sections.
An algorithm to solve the Dominating Set Problem on GPUs

A brute-force algorithm to solve small instances of the Dominating Set Problem on GPUs is presented. Two implementations of the algorithm are discussed, one that uses atomic operations and one that uses reductions. Experimental results are reported.