cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer usage in interior design: professional applications and pedagogical implications

This study surveyed professional members of the American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) and Institute of Business Designers (IBD), ascertained computer competencies desired for entry-level employment by interior design graduates, and determined demographic characteristics such as type of practice, computer use, size of firm, etc. This study also compared competencies desired by professional interior designers with the computer competencies required by the Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) first professional level degree accredited programs, and surveyed FIDER-accredited programs and determined how interior design students were being instructed in computer applications. Questionnaires were mailed to 640 ASID and 160 IBD randomly selected professional members. The instrument contained questions concerning size of firm, type of practice, educational background, computer applications, and attitudes toward the use of the computer in the future of the interior design industry. A separate questionnaire containing questions concerning pedagogical methods, media, and requirements was mailed to representatives of the 73 first professional level degree programs accredited by FIDER. Forty-two percent of the IBD and 20 percent of the ASID professional members, and 63 percent of the representatives of the FIDER-accredited programs returned questionnaires. The data indicate that professional interior designers require an awareness level of student achievement for computer systems. However, professional interior designers indicated that interior design graduates should be competent in the use of computer-aided design/drafting (CAD) (73.4%) and word processing (57.4%), and the majority believed that the use of computers will be increasingly important in the future. Of the 46 FIDER-accredited programs, with a total enrollment of 5,315 students, the majority (73.9%) required a level of student achievement for computer systems higher than the "awareness" level recommended in the FIDER standards and guidelines. FIDER-accredited programs, as a whole, are currently meeting the entry-level computer skill requirements of professional interior designers. Professional interior designers indicate that the use of computers in the future will continue to escalate and will be essential to the interior design graduate. Therefore, educators must continually evaluate curricula, methods, and media to stay abreast of industry standards.
Space-Time Structure from Quantum Logic

This paper is a progress report on a model for physical theory that unifies general relativity with quantum theory in what seems a particularly natural way. It is appropriate that this presentation be made at a conference on quantum logic since the model has its roots in studies the author made of the adequacy of the standard Hilbert space formulation of quantum theory as a universal language for all physical phenomena.
Presidential Vote within State Legislative Districts

Presidential vote shares in legislative districts are widely available for congressional districts and are often used by scholars in their research. Here, I describe the general methodology to cons...
Orographic Cloud Development Paired with Atmospheric Vortex Dynamics on Uranus and Neptune

Large geophysical vortices provide some of the most dramatic atmospheric features in the solar system. Common examples include terrestrial hurricanes and the Great Red Spot of Jupiter, but similar vortex features on the Ice Giants of Uranus and Neptune are not as well known. Several vortices, known as Dark Spots for their relatively darker blue coloration compared to the background atmosphere, have appears on these planets. The most notable and best-observed remains the original Great Dark Spot discovered by Voyager II in 1989. Through eight months of observation the spot drifted towards the equator by ten degrees in latitude and oscillated in shape over an eight-day period during the month of closest observation. However, the Great Dark Spot was not alone, accompanied by persistent orographic methane clouds known as the Bright Companion. Such cloud-vortex pairings have repeated with other dark spots in the past two decades, indicating that they are a recurring feature of these atmospheres. In at least recent case, such a pairing may only be visible due to its cloud features, with the vortex generating no appreciable background contrast. Numerical research on these features suggests that the clouds influence the dynamics of these systems, and as such are critical to understanding the physics governing the vortex motions.
The Response of Peronospora Parasitica to a Liver Medium

Peronospora parasitica Pers. ex Fr. is an obligate parasite on crucifers; attempts at culture have failed. In water the conidia produce whip-like germ tubes, which swell slightly only where they touch the dish. The medium (2) used to culture species of Puccinia (rusts) that are parasites on higher plants reduces the length of the P. parasitica germ tubes unless it is a 1/10 dilution. In the diluted medium, germtube length is no greater than in the control. Since Syncephalis nodosa van Tieghem, a mucoraceous parasite on other Mucorales, has been grown on a medium containing cubes of beef liver (1), the development of P. parasitica on this medium was studied. Washed, autoclaved 2-mm cubes of liver were placed in a 9-cm Petri dish and covered with 20 ml of a mixture of 0.01% tryptone (Difco: pancreatic digest of casein), 0.04% K2HPO4 and 2% agar: a 1/10 dilution of the K2HPO4 and tryptone concentrations used by Ellis (1). Ten ,ug/ml streptomycin (Calbiochem) were added to this medium to retard bacterial growth. After the agar had solidified, drops of a suspension of conidia in water were put on the surface of the agar over each piece of liver. The plates were incubated at 18 C. After 4 da the germ tubes in the control without liver had disintegrated but in a 5-mm-diam zone around the liver pieces, 90% of the germ tubes were growing toward the liver. They grew from the surface toward the bottom of the medium and formed large swellings or lobes within the agar. The closer the germinating spore was to the liver, the larger were the lobes (FIGS. 1 and 2, A-B). The length of the lobed germ tubes was no more on the average than those without liver, but the width was many times greater and the wide germ tubes did not disintegrate even though they were kept at 18 C for several wk
Review: of the various D-dimer assays, negative ELISA results are most useful for excluding a diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.

Source Citation Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KC, et al. D-dimer for the exclusion of acute venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:589-602. 15096330
Automatic workload driven index defragmentation

Queries that scan a B-Tree index can suffer significant I/O performance degradation due to index fragmentation. The task of determining if an index should be defragmented is challenging for database administrators (DBAs) since today's database engines offer no support for quantifying the impact of defragmenting an index on query I/O performance. Furthermore, DBMSs only support defragmentation at the granularity of an entire B-Tree, which can be very restrictive since defragmentation is an expensive operation and workloads typically access different ranges of an index non-uniformly. We have developed techniques to address the above two challenges, and implemented a prototype of automatic workload driven index defragmentation functionality in Microsoft SQL Server. We demonstrate this functionality by showing (a) how the system tracks the potential benefit of defragmenting an index on I/O performance at low overhead, (b) the ability to defragment a range of a B-Tree index online, and (c) how the cost/benefit trade-off can be controlled in a policy driven manner to enable automatic workload driven index defragmentation requiring minimal DBA intervention.
Consumer motivations for commercial Web site use: antecedents to electronic commerce

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to explore theoretical background and previous research on new media uses and motivations as an avenue to understanding consumer motivations to use commercial Internet resources. This chapter will explore the communications theory of uses and gratifications, and will report and discuss the implications of a descriptive research process that establishes the domain of consumer motivations for Web site use. Building from a series of on-line focus groups conducted with the HotWired Internet site, the research discussed in this chapter includes the construction of an inventory of descriptive terms used to indicate the various areas of utility and enjoyment represented by the on-line experience. The objective of the chapter is to expose the reader to a theoretical perspective that is useful for understanding how consumers are motivated to use the Internet, by exploring and describing what consumers enjoy and seek in the on-line experience of Web sites. Knowledge of what consumers seek from a medium (uses), and what they enjoy about a medium (gratifications) prepares the reader to understand and utilize the tremendous communications and marketing resource represented by the World Wide Web. Research from previous studies of new media introductions provides a unique historical perspective available for grounding the conceptualization of the Web as a communications and marketing channel. The theoretical perspective developed from this research has been robust – applied over time to the introduction of television in the late 1940s and early 1950s, as well as to the innovations of video recording and time-delayed media exposure and media control through electronic remote devices.
Emergency and elective surgery in patients over age 70.

Emergency surgery in 100 patients over age 70 was associated with a 31 per cent morbidity and a 20 per cent mortality, significantly greater than the 6.8 per cent morbidity and 1.9 per cent mortality following elective procedures in the same age group (P less than .0005). Sixteen per cent (100 of 613) of all geriatric patients were operated on under emergent conditions and the postoperative hospitalization was often significantly prolonged when compared with similar elective operations (P less than .05). Emergency surgery was most commonly performed on the large bowel (25%), abdominal wall (17%), stomach (17%), biliary tract (11%), and small bowel (10%). Inguinal herniorraphy was the most frequently performed elective procedure (33%), followed by colon resection (25%), and cholecystectomy (12%). Fifty-nine per cent (23 of 39) of complications associated with urgent operation and 39 per cent (16 of 41) following elective surgery involved the cardiorespiratory systems and were frequently related to underlying diseases. Of the 20 patients who died in the intensive care unit of multisystem failure, 16 had undergone emergency procedures. Elective surgery in the elderly may be performed safely; however, emergency surgery entails a high risk to the patient and a high cost in hospital resources.
Direct and indirect effects of commitment on interdependence and satisfaction in married couples

This study tested the prediction that an individual's marital commitment would be positively associated with their own and their partner's marital satisfaction, and that one's own marital interdependence would be associated with one's own marital satisfaction. It also tested the prediction that there would be an indirect effect of marital commitment on marital satisfaction through higher marital interdependence for both the individual and the partner. Predictions were tested on 628 married couples. Overall, results were consistent with predictions. Tests of actor-partner interdependence mediation models revealed direct effects of marital commitment on marital satisfaction for both husbands and wives. Wives' commitment was also directly associated with husbands' marital interdependence and marital satisfaction, but husbands' commitment was not significantly associated with wives' interdependence or satisfaction. For both husbands and wives, their own marital interdependence was significantly associated with their own marital satisfaction. These same tests revealed indirect effects of marital commitment on marital satisfaction through higher marital interdependence for both husbands and wives individually. There was also an indirect effect of wives' commitment on husbands' marital satisfaction through wives' higher marital interdependence. These results are consistent with interdependence theory and the investment model of commitment.
Latent profile analysis of regression-based norms demonstrates relationship of compounding MS symptom burden and negative work events.

AbstractObjective: We endeavored to clarify how distinct co-occurring symptoms relate to the presence of negative work events in employed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was utilized to elucidate common disability patterns by isolating patient subpopulations. Method: Samples of 272 employed MS patients and 209 healthy controls (HC) were administered neuroperformance tests of ambulation, hand dexterity, processing speed, and memory. Regression-based norms were created from the HC sample. LPA identified latent profiles using the regression-based z-scores. Finally, multinomial logistic regression tested for negative work event differences among the latent profiles. Results: Four profiles were identified via LPA: a common profile (55%) characterized by slightly below average performance in all domains, a broadly low-performing profile (18%), a poor motor abilities profile with average cognition (17%), and a generally high-functioning profile (9%). Multinomial regression analysi...
Heavy-Traffic Limits for a Fork-Join Network in the Halfin-Whitt Regime

We study a fork-join network with a single class of jobs, which are forked into a fixed number of parallel tasks upon arrival to be processed at the corresponding multi-server stations. After service completion, each task will join a buffer associated with the service station waiting for synchronization, called “unsynchronized queue”. The synchronization rule requires that all tasks from the same job must be completed, referred to as “non-exchangeable synchronization”. Once synchronized, jobs will leave the system immediately. Service times of the parallel tasks of each job can be correlated and form a sequence of i.i.d. random vectors with a general continuous joint distribution function. We study the joint dynamics of the queueing and service processes at all stations and the associated unsynchronized queueing processes. The main mathematical challenge lies in the “resequencing” of arrival orders after service completion at each station. As in Lu and Pang (2015) for the infinite-server fork-join network...
139: Tumors selectively eliminate cancer cells incapable of downregulating type I interferon receptor

Tumors arise despite anti-tumorigenic activities of endogenous type I interferons (IFN1) directed at malignant cells and tumor stroma to suppress proliferation/viability, inhibit angiogenesis and stimulate anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, therapies using pharmaceutical IFN1 are largely inefficient. These phenomena points to a reduced responsiveness of cancer cells or non-malignant tumor cells to IFN1. Here we describe that diverse stress stimuli characteristic of tumor microenvironment (i.e. hypoxia and amino acid deficit), trigger activation of the stress-activated p38 kinase leading to ubiquitin-dependent down-regulation of IFNAR1 chain of IFN1 receptor and desensitization of tumor cells to the anti-tumorigenic effects of IFNs in vitro. Given that IFNAR1 levels are decreased in some clinical cancers, we hypothesize that IFNAR1 downregulation in different tumor compartments (malignant cells, endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts or infiltrating immune cells) may promote tumor progression. We sought to test this hypothesis in malignant cells by preventing IFNAR1 downregulation via expressing an ubiquitination-deficient IFNAR1S526A mutant. Colon adenocarcinoma MC38 cells that stably express red fluorescent protein were transduced with lentiviruses encoding EGFP with or without IFNAR1S526A and subcutaneously injected into syngeneic C57Bl6 mice. While all tumors of the same size exhibited a gradual loss of double positive RFP+/GFP+ cells, we found that the loss of GFP expression in RFP-positive cancer cells was much more pronounced in cells that received IFNAR1S526A (80 ± 4% loss) than in those that received GFP only (60 ± 1% loss). This result indicates that inability to downregulate IFNAR1 confers a survival and selective disadvantage in cancer cells and is suggestive of a role for IFNAR1 downregulation in cancer cells in tumor growth and progression. While the role of IFNAR1 downregulation in the tumor stromal components is yet to be investigated, we propose that prevention of IFNAR1 downregulation in tumors may increase the effectiveness of the IFN1-based therapies.
Accessing blue spaces: Social and geographic factors structuring familiarity with, use of, and appreciation of urban waterways

Abstract Are urban waterways amenities, and if so, are there inequities in household access? While urban waterways represent a potential site for access to nature within the urban environment, there have been few studies on the accessibility and interactions with water features in particular, what we refer to as “blue spaces." This study drew on a sample of households in Northern Utah living in neighborhoods with a nearby river or canal to ask if local waterways provide positive impacts to households and if proximity to them increased the likelihood of households spending time at them and being familiar with them. We used multivariate regression to demonstrate that socio-structural and accessibility characteristics shape patterns of familiarity and use, and mediate the impacts of blue space characteristics on households. We found evidence supporting the idea that urban waterways are positive amenities for neighborhood quality of life. We also found that the farther away a household lived from the blue space, the less likely they were to be aware of or use the amenity. Surprisingly, we also found that while high socio-economic status (SES) and white respondents generally lived further from points of access to urban waterways, they reported higher familiarity and were more likely to spend time at them than lower SES and nonwhite Hispanic households. Results suggest that future research and community engagement related to urban blue spaces should be attentive to how social structure and the characteristics of the built environment mediate access to these amenities.
Online Course Design in Higher Education: A Review of National and Statewide Evaluation Instruments

This research identifies six online course evaluation instruments used nationally or in statewide systems. We examined the characteristics (i.e., number of standards and criteria) and coded the criteria that guide the design of online courses. We discussed the focus of the instruments and their unique features.
Manipulation of RNA Using Engineered Proteins with Customized Specificity

A large number of RNA-binding proteins play critical roles in controlling eukaryotic gene expression at multiple RNA-processing steps. Many of these proteins have modular configuration, containing a RNA binding domain to recognize their target and functional module to affect RNA metabolism. This simple configuration motivated the design of artificial factors that specifically manipulate RNA. While significant progress has been made since 1990s to engineer DNA binding proteins with designed specificity, design of analogous RNA binding factors was not practical until recently. With the increasing complexity of biological pathways involving RNA regulation, engineering RNA binding factors with customized specificity and function has become an emerging field of research. Such factors can serve as novel method to manipulate RNA metabolism and thus are very useful in basic biological and medical research. Here we discuss the current advances in engineering RNA binding proteins, with emphasis on the design principles and their potential applications as new therapeutic reagents and basic biological tools.
Glenoid and Scapular Body Fractures

Scapular fractures may be associated with high-energy trauma and can be a marker for non-orthopaedic injuries, but even with displacement, scapular fractures usually do not require surgery. Open reduction and internal fixation should be considered for displaced intra-articular glenoid fractures with more than 3–5 mm step-off. Posterior and anterior glenoid approaches are demonstrated.
Critical care monitoring for cerebrovascular disease

Frequent or continuous monitoring of crucial variables in patients with cerebrovascular disease allows the intensive care team to identify progression of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved, intervene to halt or reverse this progression, and identify the response to treatment in order to modify the intervention if necessary. Central nervous system physiologic monitoring modalities include: a) the clinically-apparent function, b) physical and mechanical variables, c) circulation or perfusion, d) bioelectrical measures, and e) biochemical measures. The neurologic examination of the critically ill patient is an indispensable monitoring tool in the ICU. Patterns of neurologic signs and the trend of the examination, whether worsening or improving, are the most important factors to follow because there is no single sign or symptom which forecasts impending disaster. Intracranial pressure monitoring is applicable to all subsets of cerebrovascular disease, providing information about cerebral perfusion pressure and risk of secondary cerebral injury. Cerebral blood flow is not easily quantified in the ICU, but transcranial Doppler sonography is a reliable bedside technique that can be used for intermittent or continuous monitoring. Neurophysiologic monitoring with electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potential (EP) testing can be used as a supplement to the neurologic exam and other diagnostic studies. EEG and EP can provide an early indication of clinically relevant change due to evolving disease or in response to therapy, which is especially helpful when the neurologic examination is limited due to severe coma, therapeutic barbiturate coma, or neuromuscular blockade. Neurometabolic monitoring in cerebrovascular disease with microdialysis is a promising technique that may be able to identify markers of cellular energy state or excitotoxicity in carefully selected areas of the brain.
Mindfulness, Consciousness, Spirituality, and Well-Being

Spiritual engagement has long been argued, and often empirically supported, as important to well-being. Recent work suggests mindfulness must be considered when investigating relationships between spirituality and health. Mindfulness, which involves the intentional direction of attention to the present moment with an accepting and nonjudgmental attitude, has received a great deal of attention as a means to improve wellness via mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). Though mindfulness is often learned or practiced in a secular manner, individuals often report spiritual benefits from their practice. On the whole, research suggests that mindfulness and spirituality are overlapping but distinct constructs, that they likely interact and contribute to one another’s development, and that both are important mechanisms through which MBIs exert benefits. Given that mindfulness meditation has been shown to induce an altered state of consciousness, it may be important to consider how other means of inducing altered states may be harnessed for therapeutic purposes.
Magnetic and Electric Flux Quanta: the Pion Mass

The angular momentum of the magnetic flux quantum is balanced by that of the associated supercurrent, such that in condensed matter the resultant angular momentum is zero. The notion of a flux quantum in free space is not so simple, needing both magnetic and electric flux quanta to propagate the stable dynamic structure of the photon. Considering these flux quanta at the scale where quantum field theory becomes essential, at the scale defined by the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron, exposes variants of a paradox that apparently has not been addressed in the literature. Leaving the paradox unresolved in this note, reasonable electromagnetic rationales are presented that permit to calculate the masses of the electron, muon, pion, and nucleon with remarkable accuracy. The calculated mass of the electron is correct at the nine significant digit limit of experimental accuracy, the muon at a part in one thousand, the pion at two parts in ten thousand, and the nucleon at seven parts in one hundred thousand. The accuracy of the pion and nucleon mass calculations reinforces the unconventional common notion that the strong force is electromagnetic in origin.
Melanoma cell adhesion to injured arterioles: mechanisms of stabilized tethering

An isolated perfused vessel model was used to examine the mechanisms underlying the adhesive interactions between circulating tumor cells and subendothelial matrix in denuded arterioles. Arterioles ranging from 70 to 100mm in diameter were isolated from rat mesentery, transferred to an isolated vessel chamber, cannulated on both ends with glass micropipettes, and perfused with media containing 106 hamster melanoma (RPMI 1856) cells/ml. In a second group of arterioles, the endothelium was denuded by running 2ml of air through the vessel lumen. Since the tumor cells did not adhere to the vessel wall when perfused at physiologically relevant shear rates, perfusate flow was stopped and the tumor cells were allowed to settle onto the vessel wall for 20 min. After counting the number of tumor cells that settled onto the arteriolar wall, perfusate flow was re-initiated and unattached cells were washed away. The number of cells remaining adherent were counted and the percentage of adherent cells (relative to the total number of cells that settled on to the vessel wall during the period of no-flow) were calculated and compared among different groups. We observed that tumor cells are much more adhesive to denuded arterioles than to intact arterioles. To determine the mechanisms responsible for the adhesive interactions that become established and stabilized during the period of flow reduction, denuded arterioles were treated with fibronectin antiserum or Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides. Both treatments significantly reduced tumor cell adhesion to denuded arterioles. In subsequent studies, melanoma cells were treated with a transglutaminase inhibitor, monodansylcadaverine (MDC), which reduced the ability of adherent tumor cells to withstand the anti-adhesive effects of a subsequent increase in perfusate flow rate after the period of no-flow. Our data suggest that tumor cells adhere to fibronectin in the subendothelial matrix in denuded arterioles by an RGD-dependent mechanism. Moreover, our observations are consistent with the concept that a transglutaminase-catalysed reaction acts to stabilize the adhesive interactions between subendothelial matrix components and melanoma cells during the period of flow stasis such that the cells are able to withstand subsequent substantial increases in wall shear rate and remain adherent.
Fusion Physics and Engineering—A Part of the Nuclear Engineering Curriculum

A new breed of nuclear engineers will be needed in the years preceding demonstration of scientific feasibility of controlled thermonuclear reactions (expected in the early 1980’s) and for many deca...
Nanoscale Self-assembled Oxide Bulk Thermoelectrics

Thermoelectric materials directly convert thermal energy into electric energy through Seebeck effect. The nanostructured approach for these materials has led to significant improvements in the figure of merit mainly by tailoring the lattice thermal conductivity. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the strategies adopted for phonon scattering and its confinement in the nanostructures with the goal of reducing the thermal conductivity. We discuss the approaches that are being adopted for developing cost-effective thermoelectrics and identify the promise offered by oxide materials. Compared with the alloy-based thermoelectric materials, oxide thermoelectrics have many advantages including abundance of raw materials, low cost, non-toxicity, and thermal stability. Several important oxide thermoelectric candidates are introduced with specific focus on ZnO. Self-assembled nano-composites of ZnO have been shown to exhibit reduction in thermal conductivity by a factor of about three mainly due to the phonon scattering by uniformly distributed nanoprecipitates (ZnAl2O4) and large grain boundary area. The effects of nanoscale inclusion in Ca-Co-O system (Ca3Co4O9) and natural superlattices in SrO/SrTiO3 are also discussed. Several self-assembly techniques are discussed which are promising for fabrication of oxide thermoelectrics.
On Modeling and Adaptive Control of Underwater Robots

In this paper issues relating to modeling of underwater vehicles and manipulators are discussed. The dynamic modeling procedure enables inclusion of effects of buoyancy and viscous friction on the robot. A regressor is identified and it relates robot torques to a vector of unknown dynamic parameters of the arm and properties of the underwater environment like density and viscocity. An adaptive control scheme for task level servo to achieve free trajectory tracking is discussed.
HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-GONADAL FUNCTION IN PRIMARY ENDOGENOUSLY DEPRESSED MEN: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

ABSTRACT Nine primary endogenously depressed men and 6 age and race-matched male control subjects underwent serial blood sampling at night, during the day, and following an intravenous LHRH infusion, for the measurement of testosterone and gonadotropin (LH and FSH) concentrations. Compared to their controls, the depressed patients had an 18% lower mean circulating testosterone level and 15–30% lower mean circulating LH and FSH levels. Post-LHRH gonadotropin and testosterone responses were not clearly different between the two groups. The small sample sizes diminished the possibility of any statistical significance to these findings, bijt their direction and magnitude are comparable to the findings of the few similar published reports. As this is an ongoing study, power analyses have been performed to determine the appropriate sample sizes needed to achieve statistically significant hormone differences.
MaxEP and Stable Configurations in Fluid–Solid Interactions

We review the experimental and theoretical literature on the steady terminal orientation of a body as it settles in a viscous fluid. The terminal orientation of a rigid body is a classic example of a system out of equilibrium. While the dynamical equations are effective in deriving the equilibrium states, they are far too complex and intractable as of yet to resolve questions about the nature of stability of the solutions. The maximum entropy production principle is therefore invoked, as a selection principle, to understand the stable, steady state patterns. Some on-going work and inherent complexities of fluid solid systems are also discussed.
Reparation Politics: An Emerging Field

The norms that have emerged concerning reparation politics have their roots in the early post- World War II era. It was not only the codification of the Genocide Convention and the creation of reparation and restitution laws for Jewish victims of the Holocaust, but also the philosophical underpinning given to the movement—particularly by Theodor Adorno, Hannah Arendt, and Karl Jaspers. They argued for the recognition of the German state’s responsibility for the Holocaust as well as arguing for the importance of coming to terms with the past. These developments were a direct reaction to the atrocities committed in Germany during World War II, and contributed strongly to the emergence of new norms within international society, creating a foundation on which reparation politics has been built. This chapter will discuss the development and emergence of this field, bringing together the various strands of the literature and theories that seek to explain the proliferation of reparation politics.
The Role of Roots in Plant Defense Responses to Aboveground Herbivores

Plants have developed sophisticated strategies to protect themselves against insect herbivores. The impact insect herbivores cause on world agriculture has resulted in intense research on plant defense mechanisms against insect herbivory. Roots are increasingly being recognized as important contributors to plant defenses not only against belowground insect herbivores but also against aboveground herbivores (AGH). Transcriptional profiling of roots during AGH has revealed that plants are capable of fine-tuning their response depending on which part of the plant, the root or the shoot, is under attack. Roots also serve as the sites of synthesis of numerous defensive compounds that exert anti-herbivore effects in the shoots. Roots act as sites of storage during herbivore induced resource sequestration. The interaction of roots with a wide variety of soil microbes also influences the outcome of plant–insect interactions. This chapter summarizes the current status of research on roots as important contributors to plant defense against AGH.
Neighborhood Dynamics of Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century: Residential Segregation and Poverty Concentration within Chicago, Illinois; 2000-2010

Residential landscapes throughout the urban United States have long been associated with high levels of racial and ethnic segregation. The increased ethnic diversification occuring across many larger urban areas has somewhat altered this dynamic. Chicago, Illionois is one major city possessing a long history of being highly segregated residentially. The city is especially noted for the exceptionally high levels of separation that have always existed between African-Americans and whites. Like many major cities the last few years, it has increasingly became home to larger numbers of Hispanics and Asians, a trend that has altared its residential geography. This research investigates the impacts that increased diversity had on levels of residential segregation among racial and/or ethnic groups within Chicago from 2000 to 2010. Empirical analysis entailed the measurement of two dimensions of segregation evident among Non-Hispanic whites, African-Americans, Hispanics and Asians. We focus particular attention to the role that segregation has in terms of influencing degrees to which these different groups are exsposed to poverty residentially. During the decade, African-American Chicagoans as a group became slightly less residentially isolated. Conversely, results confirm that both Asians, and Hispanics appear to be exhibiting forms of “ethnic (or racial) self-selectivity” that functioned to spatially concentrate them within their own neighborhoods. The demographic composition of the city’s extremly poor neighborhoods changed during the decade, yet they remained predominantly black. Findings lead us to conclude that in 2010 Chicago was still a highly segregated, albeit increasingly diverse, city.
Quivers supporting twisted Calabi-Yau algebras

Abstract We consider graded twisted Calabi-Yau algebras of dimension 3 which are derivation-quotient algebras of the form A = k Q / I , where Q is a quiver and I is an ideal of relations coming from taking partial derivatives of a twisted superpotential on Q. We define the type ( M , P , d ) of such an algebra A, where M is the incidence matrix of the quiver, P is the permutation matrix giving the action of the Nakayama automorphism of A on the vertices of the quiver, and d is the degree of the superpotential. We study the question of what possible types can occur under the additional assumption that A has polynomial growth. In particular, we are able to give a nearly complete answer to this question when Q has at most 3 vertices.
The pathological outcome of ThinPrep Pap tests diagnosed as glandular cell abnormalities alone versus combined glandular and squamous abnormalities

BACKGROUND Although the incidence of glandular cell abnormalities (GCA) on cervical cytology is low, the clinical and histologic findings are often significant. A combined diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) and GCA indicates concern for either two distinct lesions or single entity. The goal of this study is to evaluate the outcome of the diagnosis of GCA alone or in combination with squamous abnormality (SqA). METHODS From January 2012-June 2017, our laboratory processed 162 088 ThinPrep Pap tests. 998 (0.61%) cases were reported as GCA. Histologic follow-up was available in 569 cases after excluding adenocarcinoma, NOS and atypical endometrial cells. HPV results were available in 429 (67.2%) cases. RESULTS The surgical follow-up on 271 cases with GCA alone diagnosis revealed negative/benign lesions in 183 (67.5%) cases, glandular lesions in 40 (14.8%) cases; SqA in 47 (17.3%) cases; combined in 1 (0.4%) case. Surgical follow-up on 298 cases with dual interpretation revealed negative/benign lesions in 108 (36.2%) cases, SqA in 159 (53.4%) cases, GCA in 21 (7.0%) cases and only 10 (3.4%) cases were combined lesions. The mean age was 44 ±13.36 years. The overall hrHPV-positive rate was 36.2%. Endometrial carcinoma was most common abnormality in patients >65 years (71.4%) especially with hrHPV-negative results. CIN 1-3 was the most common finding in patients <30 years (50%). CONCLUSION A cytological diagnosis of GCA has a higher risk of glandular abnormality on surgical follow-up especially in the older and hrHPV-negative group (P < .0001) while a combined diagnosis has a higher risk of a squamous lesion especially in <30 years (P < .0001). The combination of cytology, hrHPV-status and patient age can significantly aid in the stratification of the patient into high risk for glandular/squamous lesions which results in appropriate management.
O-GlcNAcylation Regulates Primary Ciliary Length by Promoting Microtubule Disassembly.

Summary The sensory organelle cilium is involved in sensing and transducing important signaling cascades in almost all cells of our body. These ciliary-mediated pathways affect cellular homeostasis and metabolisms profoundly. However, it is almost completely unknown whether the cellular metabolic state affects the assembly of cilia. This study is to investigate how O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a sensor of cellular nutrients, regulates the cilia length. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation led to longer cilia, and vice versa. Further biochemical assays revealed that both α-tubulin and HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6) were O-GlcNAcylated in vivo. In vitro enzymatic assays showed that O-GlcNAcylation of either tubulin or HDAC6 promoted microtubule disassembly, which likely in turn caused ciliary shortening. Taken together, these results uncovered a negative regulatory role of O-GlcNAc in modulating the ciliary microtubule assembly. The cross talk between O-GlcNAc and cilium is likely critical for fine-tuning the cellular response to nutrients.
Quality of Documentation of Contrast Agent Allergies in Electronic Health Records

Abstract Purpose To describe and appraise contrast agent allergy documentation in the electronic health record (EHR). Methods We systematically identified medical imaging drugs and class terms in an integrated EHR allergy repository for patients seen at a large health care system between 2000 and 2013. Structured and free-text contrast allergy records were normalized and categorized by inciting agent and nature of adverse reaction. Allergen records were evaluated by their level of specificity. Reaction records were evaluated by whether the reaction was known or unknown and whether known reactions would be categorized as allergic-like or physiologic. Results Among 2.7 million patients, we identified 36,144 patients (1.3%) with at least one of 40,669 contrast allergy records associated with 49,000 reactions. Contrast allergens were more likely than other allergens to be entered as free text (15.2% versus 6.3%; odds ratio 2.69, 95% confidence interval 2.61-2.76). There were 1,305 unique contrast allergen records, which we grouped into 141 concepts. Most contrast allergen records were ambiguous contrast concepts (69.1%), rather than imaging modality-specific class terms (19.4%) or specific contrast agents (11.5%). Contrast reactions were occasionally entered as free text (24.8%), which together with structured entries were grouped into 183 concepts. A known reaction was documented in 71.8% of cases; however, 12.2% were non-allergic-like reactions. Conclusion Contrast allergy records in EHRs are diverse and commonly low quality. Continued EHR enhancements and training are needed to support contrast allergy documentation to facilitate improved patient care and medical research.
Noninvasive Ventilation Device-Related Pressure Injury in Pediatrics: A Correlation Study

Background: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) contributes to the development of pressure injury (PI) in a significant number of hospitalized pediatric patients. PIs contribute to higher costs for the hospital, patient pain and suffering, increased infection rate, disfigurement, and length of stay. While skin contact pressure has been investigated for correlation with pressure injury, there is very little information about the amount of leak acceptable for maintaining NIV. This study aims to examine the relationship between NIV device-related PIs, mask leak, and other risk factors. Methods: An IRB approved observational retrospective chart review was conducted on all pediatric patients on NIV with Respironics BiPAP ST machine at a 551 bed Pediatric Hospital from July 1, 2013-June 30, 2015. Patients who use NIV at home and CPAP only were described as a separate group for review. Patients off NIV > 24 h, and restarted within the same admission, were assigned as an additional NIV event. PIs were described using NPUAP scale. The following variables were collected for correlation: Braden Q scores, days in hospital, time on NIV, presence/absence of PI, PI severity, time to PI formation, style of mask, frequency of mask alternating/repositioning, amount of leak, PIP, presence of chronic diagnosis, age, and gender. Data analysis was completed using descriptive statistics for all outcome and predictor variables. Results: 255 subjects age 2 months—35 y (mean 11.25 y) with 343 events were enrolled. Of these events, 7.2% (25/343) developed PIs. One patient had PI during the same admission, but separate NIV event. The correlation of max leak (P=0.005), min leak (P= Conclusions: Identifying the primary factors that correlate with NIV device related hospital acquired PIs promotes frequent monitoring of skin integrity, especially in those with correlating risk factors. Having identified minimum and maximum leaks as statistically significant in pediatric patients provides us with new knowledge that can help us in assessing proper fit of our interface. Disclosure: Ellen Browning Scripps Foundation Research Scholarship.
A large-scale field experiment shows giving advice improves academic outcomes for the advisor

Common sense suggests that people struggling to achieve their goals benefit from receiving motivational advice. What if the reverse is true? In a preregistered field experiment, we tested whether giving motivational advice raises academic achievement for the advisor. We randomly assigned n = 1,982 high school students to a treatment condition, in which they gave motivational advice (e.g., how to stop procrastinating) to younger students, or to a control condition. Advice givers earned higher report card grades in both math and a self-selected target class over an academic quarter. This psychologically wise advice-giving nudge, which has relevance for policy and practice, suggests a valuable approach to improving achievement: one that puts people in a position to give.
A Prospective, Psychometric Validation of National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function, Pain Interference, and Upper Extremity Computer Adaptive Testing in Cervical Spine Patients: Successes and Key Limitations.

STUDY DESIGN Prospective Cohort Study OBJECTIVE.: The aim of this study was to validate the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) against existing patient-reported outcomes in the cervical spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Current patient-reported outcomes in cervical spine have substantial limitations. PROMIS offers the potential for improved psychometric properties with reduced questionnaire burden. METHODS Adult patients undergoing cervical spine surgery at a single institution between 2016 and 2018 were prospectively enrolled. Patients completed questionnaires (36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36], Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analog Scale arm/neck, and PROMIS pain Interference [PI], physical Function [PF], and Upper Extremity [UE]) preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. Demographic data, diagnosis, and procedural data were recorded. Validation of the instruments was completed with a Rasch Model as well as measurement of coverage, efficiency, test-retest reliability, responsiveness, and convergent validity. RESULTS Of 197 patients who completed the preoperative survey, 164 were eligible for 6-month follow-up and 139 completed 6-month postoperative surveys. The most common diagnoses were radiculopathy (37.6%), myeloradiculopathy (30.5%), and myelopathy (28.4%). All studied instruments had acceptable fit to a Rasch model. PROMIS computer adaptive testings (CATs) demonstrated improved average time to completion for PI (39 seconds), PF (47 seconds), and UE (54 seconds), compared to NDI (117 s) and SF-36 PCS (175 seconds). Responsiveness for PROMIS CATs was similar to NDI and SF-36, test-retest reliability was lower for PI (intraclass correlation: 0.68), PF (0.70), and UE (0.59), compared to NDI (0.86) and PCS (0.85). For convergent validity, PI was strongly correlated to NDI and PF to SF-36 PCS. There were no significant floor or ceiling effects for the PROMIS domains, although UE had preoperative clustering (n = 18) at a high score (56.4) and PI had postoperative clustering (n = 27) at a low score (38.7). CONCLUSION PROMIS CATs demonstrate several advantages, including efficiency and responsiveness, while demonstrating good convergent validity with legacy instruments. Nevertheless, CATs had lower test-retest reliability and had significant clustering at higher levels of function for the PI and UE CATs. These limitations must be considered before broad adoption of CATs in cervical spine patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.