cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of winding potentials on current transformer errors

The effect of winding potentials on the errors of a current transformer are discussed, and the concept of a voltage coefficient for each winding is defined. A method of measuring these voltage coefficients, based on superposition principles, is given. The influence of various design features, such as the method of changing ratio, internal shielding, and the proximity of grounded surfaces are discussed. Methods are also given for making current transformer errors essentially independent of winding potentials.
Lower Extremity Venous Imaging for the Echocardiologist

Cardiologists who are familiar with the techniques and the performance of echocardiography can easily learn how to study the lower extremity veins in their patients by using ultrasound imaging combined with pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography (duplex scanning). In particular, duplex scanning is useful for diagnosing deep or superficial venous thrombosis, for assessing venous incompetence, and for mapping the superficial veins before surgical harvesting for bypass operations. Because questions about the veins arise frequently in the treatment of cardiovascular patients, the cardiologist who is knowledgeable about veins and venous disease can play a central role in the diagnostic workup and treatment of these patients.
Reduction of ferrocenylmethyl quaternary ammonium iodides: Synthesis of methylferrocenes

Abstract A series of N-(2-substituted ferrocenylmethyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodides was reduced via sodium/ammonia and Emde reduction techniques to the corresponding 2-substituted methylferrocenes in order to examine the comparative utility of these two methods. Reduction of a series of N-(p-substituted benzyl)-N-ferrocenylmethyl-N,N-dimethylammonium halides demonstrated that both reductions apparently proceed through anionic intermediates.
Observation and modeling of source effects in coda wave interferometry at Pavlof volcano

Sorting out source and path effects for seismic waves at volcanoes is critical for the proper interpretation of underlying volcanic processes. Source or path effects imply that seismic waves interact strongly with the volcanic subsurface, either through partial resonance in a conduit (Garces et al., 2000; Sturton and Neuberg, 2006) or by random scattering in the heterogeneous volcanic edifice (Wegler and Luhr, 2001). As a result, both source and path effects can cause seismic waves to repeatedly sample parts of the volcano, leading to enhanced sensitivity to small changes in material properties at those locations. The challenge for volcano seismologists is to detect and reliably interpret these subtle changes for the purpose of monitoring eruptions.
Purification and characterization of the ecto-Mg-ATPase of chicken gizzard smooth muscle.

Abstract The ecto-Mg-ATPase isolated from chicken gizzard smooth muscle was solubilized, purified and characterized. The purification did not require the use of expensive or specialized apparatus. The chromatographic and electrophoretic characteristics of the ecto-Mg-ATPase from chicken are similar to those reported earlier for the ecto-Mg-ATPase isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle transverse tubule membranes [1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11777–11782]. One obvious difference found was that the solubilized chicken ecto-Mg-ATPase can be stimulated approximately 1900% by the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) under the same conditions that the rabbit enzyme is inhibited by approximately 50%. This stimulatory effect of Con A is useful for following the purification, and also increases the specific activity of the chicken enzyme to a very high level similar to that observed for the rabbit enzyme. After purification of the solubilized chicken ecto-Mg-ATPase by three steps of anion exchange chromatography, as well as Con A and erythroagglutinating Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA-E) lectin affinity chromatographies, a single diffuse glycoprotein band at approximately 66 kDa is observed after SDS-PAGE. This protein could be deglycosylated to a core protein of 53 kDa. Thus, the chicken gizzard protein is very similar in molecular size to the rabbit skeletal muscle ecto-Mg-ATPase both before and after deglycosylation [1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11777–11782]. The N-terminal sequence of the 66 kDa chicken gizzard protein was found to be: Ala-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ala-Ala-Val-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Ala. This is a unique sequence which, while very different from the rabbit ecto-Mg-ATPase N-terminus, exhibits some of the same characteristics, since it contains basic residues as the second and third amino acids, with the remainder of the N-terminus being very hydrophobic in nature. Furthermore, the chicken gizzard ecto-Mg-ATPase can be separated from the adhesion molecule, truncated cadherin (T-cadherin) by anion exchange chromatography, and is therefore not identical to that protein, as had been recently proposed [1993, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 303, 32–43].
The organization of the crayfish oesophageal nervous system

The oesophageal area of a crayfish,Procambarus clarkii, is described, with emphasis on the oesophageal ganglion, a small medial collection of neuron somata with connections to the brain, stomatogastric ganglion, and commissural ganglia (Figs. 1, 4). The portion of the nervous system responsible for oesophageal movement is localized to the commissural ganglia (Fig. 2), and the commissure is found to be necessary for bilateral synchrony (Fig. 3). Branching patterns of neurons in the oesophageal area are located by physiological techniques and confirmed by staining with cobalt chloride (Fig. 5). Recordings from minimally dissected preparations reveal that activity correlated with oesophageal movements is transmitted to the stomatogastric ganglion, while activity correlated with both gastric mill and pyloric stomach movements is transmitted to the commissural ganglia (Fig. 6). Possible functions for neurons in this area are described, based on their activity and anatomy.
Trends in the Prevalence of Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Function Among Adults in the United States: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys From 1988-1994 to 2007-2010

Background National spirometric surveillance data in the United States were last collected during 1988-1994. The objective of this study was to provide current estimates for obstructive and restrictive impairment of lung function and to examine changes since 1988-1994. Methods We used data from 14,360 participants aged 20 to 79 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) and 9,024 participants from NHANES 2007-2010. Spirometry was conducted using the same spirometers and generally similar protocols. Results During 2007-2010, 13.5% (SE, 0.6) of participants had evidence of airway obstruction (FEV 1 /FVC P = .178), significant decreases were noted for participants aged 60 to 79 years and for Mexican Americans. The prevalence of current smoking remained high among participants with moderate (48.4%) and severe (37.9%) obstructive impairments. A significant decline in current smoking occurred only among those with normal lung function ( P Conclusion Spirometry revealed little change in the prevalence of any obstructive and restrictive impairment in lung function during 2007-2010, compared with 1988-1994.
Stability of the finite two-dimensional harmonic lattice

It is shown that, contrary to accepted fact, the two-dimensional finite, harmonic lattice is stable below temperatures of the order of magnitude of 1°K/ln N, where N is the number of atoms in the lattice. We note that for N = 1016, ln N ≈ 30, making the region of stability easily accessible.
Kidney Cografts Enhance Fiber Outgrowth From Ventral Mesencephalic Grafts to the 6-OHDA–Lesioned Striatum, and Improve Behavioral Recovery

Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of many different neurotrophic factors in the developing and adult kidney. Due to its production of this mixture of neurotrophic factors, we wanted to investigate whether fetal kidney tissue could be beneficial for neuritic fiber growth and/or cell survival in intracranial transplants of fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue (VM). A retrograde lesion of nigral dopaminergic neurons was performed in adult Fischer 344 male rats by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain. The animals were monitored for spontaneous locomotor activity in addition to apomorphine-induced rotations once a week. Four weeks following the lesion, animals were anesthetized and embryonic day 14 VM tissue from rat fetuses was implanted stereotaxically into the dorsal striatum. One group of animals received a cograft of kidney tissue from the same embryos in the same needle track. The animals were then monitored behaviorally for an additional 4 months. There was a significant improvement in both spontaneous locomotor activity (distance traveled) and apomorphine-induced rotations with both single VM grafts and VM-kidney cografts, with the VM-kidney double grafts enhancing the motor behaviors to a significantly greater degree. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry and image analysis revealed a significantly denser innervation of the host striatum from the VM-kidney cografts than from the single VM grafts. TH-positive neurons were also significantly larger in the cografts compared to the single VM grafts. In addition to the dense TH-immunoreactive innervation, the kidney portion of cografts contained a rich cholinergic innervation, as evidenced from antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The striatal cholinergic cell bodies surrounding the VM-kidney cografts were enlarged and had a slightly higher staining density for ChAT. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that neurotrophic factors secreted from fetal kidney grafts stimulated both TH-positive neurons in the VM cografts and cholinergic neurons in the host striatum. Thus, these factors may be combined for treatment of degenerative diseases involving both dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons.
Preoperative and Intraoperative Imaging for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Skull Base

Endoscopic, expanded endonasal approaches (EEAs) were developed through the collaboration between skull base surgeons (otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons) and neuroradiologists. Full endonasal access to the skull base required a visualization tool (eg, the endoscope) and specialized instrumentation to work through the nostrils. Once these endoscopic technologies were applied, an understanding of sinus anatomy and its relationship to the skull base became the key to the EEA. This bridge between otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons was built through collaboration with skull base radiologists. The radiographic evaluation of skull base anatomy and its relationship with associated tumors remains critical for preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance.
Selective immunodepression in mice by Trichinella spiralis extracts and infections.

C57BL/6J mice pretreated with saline, Trichinella spiralis extract, or bovine serum albumin, or infected with T. spiralis were immunized with either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Hemagglutinating anti-PVP titers were similar in all groups but anti-SRBC titers were markedly lower in infected mice, and were undetectable in extract-pretreated mice. These results suggest that only the activity of T lymphocytes was affected by the infection and the inoculation of extract. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the immunodepression was independent of phagocytic activity and different from that achieved by pretreatment with anti-lymphocyte serum.
The effect of employment on quality of life and community integration after traumatic brain injury.

Objectives:To investigate the effect of employment on perceived quality of life (QOL), social integration, and home and leisure activities for individuals with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs).Design:A number of demographic and injury-related variables (age at injury, time since injury, severity of i
ON OBTAINING EFFECTIVE ORTHOTROPIC ELASTICITY TENSORS

We consider the problem of obtaining the effective orthotropic tensor that corresponds to a given generally anisotropic one; herein, by 'effective', we mean the closest in the sense of the Frobenius norm, without a priori assuming the orientation of the orthotropic tensor. It is difficult to find the absolute minimum of the distance function since the minimization process is nonlinear, exhibiting several local minima. To find the effective orthotropic tensor, the minimization process must be performed on a three-dimensional manifold SO(3). In the case of monoclinic and transversely isotropic tensors, it can be performed on a two-dimensional sphere, which lends itself to an insightful plot that allows us to guide a numerical method. We use the orientation of the symmetry-plane normal of the effective monoclinic tensor to guide the method and obtain the effective orthotropic tensor-a two-step process.
The KinI kinesin Kif2a is required for bipolar spindle assembly through a functional relationship with MCAK.

Although the microtubule-depolymerizing KinI motor Kif2a is abundantly expressed in neuronal cells, we now show it localizes to centrosomes and spindle poles during mitosis in cultured cells. RNAi-induced knockdown of Kif2a expression inhibited cell cycle progression because cells assembled monopolar spindles. Bipolar spindle assembly was restored in cells lacking Kif2a by treatments that altered microtubule assembly (nocodazole), eliminated kinetochore–microtubule attachment (loss of Nuf2), or stabilized microtubule plus ends at kinetochores (loss of MCAK). Thus, two KinI motors, MCAK and Kif2a, play distinct roles in mitosis, and MCAK activity at kinetochores must be balanced by Kif2a activity at poles for spindle bipolarity. These treatments failed to restore bipolarity to cells lacking the activity of the kinesin Eg5. Thus, two independent pathways contribute to spindle bipolarity, with the Eg5-dependent pathway using motor force to drive spindle bipolarity and the Kif2a-dependent pathway relying on microtubule polymer dynamics to generate force for spindle bipolarity.
Counteraction to parathyroid therapy in osteopetrotic mice as revealed in the plasma calcium level and ability to incorporate 3H-proline into bone.

The response of the grey-lethal mouse to intensive parathyroid therapy is characterized by a plasma calcium elevation of only 1 mg/100 ml, a minimal inhibition of the ability to incorporate tritiated proline into bone, and by an increase in the population of parafollicular light cells of the thyroid gland. (Endocrinology 79: 836, 1966)
Managed care and managed death.

Two STRONG movements have each begun to enlist many enthusiastic adherents throughout the nation: a movement toward managed care as a means of cost control and a movement toward managed death through euthanasia and assisted suicide. Both movements have been controversial. But while each has been discussed separately, little attention has been given to whether the temporal convergence of these movements has any bearing on sound public policy making. It is also appropriate to ask whether these movements share anything in common besides their names and the controversy that surrounds them. MANAGED COMPETITION AND MANAGED CARE Currently, more than 13% of the American gross national product is derived from health care. 1 It is widely believed that this amount of health care expenditure is excessive and must be controlled. There are many proposals to try to fix the health care system. For a variety of reasons, not convincing to all,
A convenient dichotomy: Critical eyes on the limits to biological knowledge

In The Secret Identity of a Biology Textbook: straight and naturally sexed, Jesse Bazzul and Heather Sykes conduct a case study of a biology textbook as an oppressive instructional material. Using queer theory they explore how the text of the biology textbook produces ''truths'' about sex, gender, and sexuality. Their analysis is complemented by the Forum papers by Jay Lemke and Francis Broadway who broaden the analysis examining the way that what counts as knowledge in science is a political decision while also encouraging authors, including Bazzul and Sykes, to also look critically at their own theoretical lenses. In this paper I pull together their ideas while exploring cultural contexts for a more nuanced representation of biological knowledge and the politics of what it means to know science.
Stratigraphy of the descartes region (Apollo 16): implications for the origin of samples

Analysis of terrain in the Apollo 16 Descartes landing region shows a series of features that form a stratigraphic sequence which dominates the history and petrogenesis at the site. An ancient 150 km diam crater centered on the Apollo 16 site is one of the earliest recognizable major structures. Nectaris ejecta was concentrated in a regional low at the base of the back slope of the Nectaris basin to form the Descartes Mountains. Subsequently, a 60 km diam crater formed in the Descartes Mountains centered about 25 km to the west of the site. This crater dominates the geology and petrogenetic history of the site. Stone and Smoky Mountains represent the degraded terraced crater walls, and the dark matrix breccias and metaclastic rocks derived from North and South Ray craters represent floor fallback breccias from this cratering event. Subsequent major cratering occurred in the region (Dollond B, etc.) prior to the Imbrium and Orientale basin-forming events but had minor effect on the site. Based on this interpretation, contributions from Imbrium at the Apollo 16 site are minor and those from Orientale negligible. The petrology of the Apollo 16 rocks supports this stratigraphic and process model of a local crater-dominated history for this region.
Direct-view uncooled micro-optomechanical infrared camera

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and the first imaging results of a new uncooled infrared (IR) camera based on thermomechanical sensing and a novel optical readout technique that directly interfaces with the human eye. The system contains a focal plane array (FPA) consisting of bimaterial cantilever beams in each pixel. Absorption of the incident IR radiation by each cantilever beam raises its temperature, resulting in proportional deflection due to mismatch in thermal expansion of the two cantilever materials. A visible optical system is used to simultaneously measure the deflections of all the cantilever beams of the FPA using either Fabry-Perot interferometry or deformable diffraction gratings, and collectively project a visible image of the spatially-varying IR radiation directly on the human eye. The camera is designed to be sensitive in the spectral range of 8-14 /spl mu/m which is key to night vision. The first results suggest that objects at temperatures as low as 100/spl deg/C can be imaged with the best noise-equivalent temperature difference (NE/spl Delta/T) in the range of 10 K. It is estimated that further improvements that are currently being pursued can improve NE/spl Delta/T to about 50 mK.
Construction of High-Quality Structure-Property-Activity Regressions: The Boiling Points of Sulfides

Instead of using the standard molecular descriptors (topological indices) for regression analysis, which are numerically fully determined once a molecule is selected, we outline the use of variable molecular descriptors that are modified during the search for the best regression. The approach is illustrated using boiling points of sulfides. We have transformed the connectivity index 1chi into a function of two variables (x, y) which differentiate carbon and sulfur atoms. The optimal values of the variables (x, y) were determined by minimizing the standard error of the regression. With the values x = +0.25 and y = -0.95 for carbon and sulfur, respectively, we have obtained a regression based on a single descriptor and a standard error of 1.8 degrees C. With elimination of two outliers (having a deviation of about 4 degrees C) the standard error is reduced to a remarkable 1.3 degrees C.
Modulation of dog atrial swelling‐induced chloride current by cAMP: protein kinase A‐dependent and ‐independent pathways.

1. The modulation of dog atrial swelling-induced chloride current (I(Cl,swelling)) by cAMP-elevating agents was studied. Forskolin (10 microM) or isoprenaline (1 microM) exerted multiple effects. Although the pattern between cells was variable, there was, in general, a stimulatory action and a more slowly developing inhibitory effect. 2. In any given cell, the response to forskolin or isoprenaline was qualitatively similar suggesting that all of the responses were dependent on stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. The effects of forskolin or isoprenaline on I(Cl,swelling) were inhibited by intracellular dialysis with a P-site inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, 2'-deoxyadenosine 3'-monophosphate (300 microM). 3. Intracellular dialysis with a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKI(6-22); 100 microM) blocked the inhibitory response to forskolin or isoprenaline and all cells responded with a monophasic stimulation of I(Cl,swelling). 4. After intracellular dialysis of cells with PKI(6-22) (100 microM) and cAMP (100 microM), current amplitude was not further stimulated by forskolin. 5. After intracellular dialysis with PKI(6-22) and adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPgammaS), forskolin stimulated I(Cl,swelling) and the effect of forskolin subsided after it was washed out. 6. In conclusion, there are dual pathways by which cAMP can modulate dog atrial cell I(Cl,swelling). Inhibition results from protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation. In addition, a stimulatory pathway exists that is independent of phosphorylation by PKA or other cellular kinases. Although alternative explanations are possible, the stimulatory effect of cAMP may represent a direct modulation of I(Cl,swelling).
Conformational Changes in the Plasma Protein Fibrinogen upon Adsorption to Graphite and Mica Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy has been used to investigate the adsorption of the plasma protein fibrinogen on graphite and mica substrates. These substrates serve as model hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, respectively. The overall structure of submonolayer coverage films is dramatically different on the mica and graphite substrates when imaged under ambient conditions after being dried under a nitrogen stream. The molecules show a tendency to aggregate on the graphite substrate but adsorb as isolated single molecules in the case of mica. On the mica substrate, individual fibrinogen molecules appear globular in structure whereas, on graphite, the trinodular structure is most commonly observed. The average height of the fibrinogen molecules as measured by tapping mode AFM in air is 1.71 ± 0.65 nm, and the average height on the graphite substrate is 1.05 ± 0.13 nm. The average lengths and widths of the molecules on these two substrates vary as well, the average length being 31 ± 7 nm on mica and 63 ± 10 nm on...
Comparative study on diffusion and evaporation emulsion methods used to load hydrophilic drugs in poly(ortho ester) nanoparticle emulsions

Abstract Poly(ortho ester) (POE) nanoparticles were prepared by two different emulsification techniques: novel double emulsion solvent diffusion (DESD) and double emulsion solvent evaporation (DESE). We investigated the effect of sonication time/speed, type of organic phase solvents, polymer concentration, organic/aqueous phase ratio, surfactant type and concentration on the mean particle sizes of obtained POE nanoparticles by both DESD and DESE methods. Different organic solvents [ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, dichloromethane and chloroform] were used with several stabilizers [pluronic F 68, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, poly(vinyl alcohol), and sodium dodecyl sulfate]. The particle size of nanoparticles was observed by the dynamic light scattering method and transmission electron microscopy. We assumed that combining the double emulsion system with a partially water-soluble organic solvent, ethyl acetate, would result in better encapsulation efficiency of water-soluble drugs in nanoparticles and the utilization of both biocompatible surfactants and solvents. As a model drug, we used vancomycin hydrochloride, a hydrophilic low molecular weight glycopeptide antibiotic. The new nanoparticle preparation technique, DESD, resulted in improved formulation characteristics including smaller size, lower size distribution, higher encapsulation yield, and more biocompatible ingredients with unaltered bioactivity of vancomycin hydrochloride in comparison to classical DESE method used to load hydrophilic molecules.
An algorithm for prostate cancer detection in a patient population using prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific antigen density.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most accurate serum marker for cancer of the prostate (CaP). However, its sensitivity and specificity are suboptimal, especially at values ranging between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/ml (monoclonal), because benign prostatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia (BPH) and CaP frequently coexist in this range. This study was undertaken to determine the value of incorporating prostate volume measurements with serum PSA levels in a quotient (PSA/volume) entitled PSA density (PSAD). A total of 3140 patients were analyzed and stratified by serum PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal prostate ultrasound (TRUS), TRUS volume determination and PSAD. All patients were referred for evaluation and therefore do not represent a screened population. Patients underwent prostate biopsies when abnormalities in TRUS or DRE were detected. Although both PSA and PSAD have statistical significance when the serum PSA value is ≦4.0 ng/ml, neither has clinical significance in differentiating BPH from CaP. At serum levels ranging between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/ml, PSA has no ability to differentiate BPH from CaP, whereas PSAD does so with statistical and clinical significance. When the PSA value is between 10.1 and 20.0 ng/ml, only PSAD is statistically significant. When PSA exceeds 20 ng/ml, PSAD is redundant. We conclude that all patients with an abnormality on DRE or TRUS should undergo prostate biopsy. If the PSA value is ≦4.0 ng/ml, TRUS and PSAD are not warranted and routine biopsy is not recommended. For intermediate PSA levels, 4.1–10.0 ng/ml, TRUS, TRUS prostate volume, and PSAD are important. The use of PSAD provides unique information regarding the need for biopsy and the likelihood of CaP. At PSA levels ranging between 10.1 and 20.0 ng/ml, PSAD will identify those patients who are less likely to have CaP, but all should undergo biopsy. If the PSA value is >20 ng/ml, all patients should undergo a biopsy.
Scientific Method and Prose Style in the Early Royal Society

This article discusses two conflicts occurring during the first decade of the Royal Society (1660–1670). One conflict concerned the proper method of scientific experimentation, the other the proper...
Electron-capture cross section for C/sup 6 +/-H 1s collisions at electron-volt energies. A test of the Landau-Zener formula

At electron-volt energies the probability of electron capture in ${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}$-$\mathrm{H}(1s)$ collisions is small. There are two well-separated regions of the internuclear separation $R$, $R\ensuremath{\sim}7.0$ a.u. and $R\ensuremath{\sim}21.4$ a.u., where potential curves of states leading to electron capture approach very closely the potential curve which characterizes the primary trajectory from the initial $\mathrm{H}1s$ channel. Transitions occur predominantly in these regions. The potential curve of the primary trajectory is the diabatic curve defined from the electronic potential-energy curves labeled 540 and 650 in united-atom notation. This pair of states has a very narrow avoided crossing ($\ensuremath{\Delta}E=2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ a.u.) at $R=21.36$ a.u. Previous calculations on the ${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}$-$\mathrm{H}(1s)$ system have treated this avoided crossing diabatically and taken into account only the transitions occurring near $R=7.0$ a.u. At electron-volt energies transitions in both regions are significant. It is shown that the two regions can be dealt with independently, to a very good approximation, and that separately calculated cross sections for each region can be added to obtain the total capture cross section. The inner-region cross section is computed with the use of an adiabatic close-coupling method of essentially full quantal accuracy. The outer-region cross section is first obtained from the Landau-Zener formula and then computed directly from the adiabatic close coupling of states 650 and 540. It is shown that the inner region is dominant at the higher energies and that the outer region is dominant at the lower energies. The Landau-Zener formula is shown to be quite satisfactory for the present application.
Translational Studies of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

Objectives This study sought to examine the role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2/PLA2G7) in human inflammation and coronary atherosclerosis. Background Lp-PLA2 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in coronary heart disease. Data supporting Lp-PLA2 are indirect and confounded by species differences; whether Lp-PLA2 is causal in coronary heart disease remains in question. Methods We examined inflammatory regulation of Lp-PLA2 during experimental endotoxemia in humans, probed the source of Lp-PLA2 in human leukocytes under inflammatory conditions, and assessed the relationship of variation in PLA2G7, the gene encoding Lp-PLA2, with coronary artery calcification. Results In contrast to circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein, blood and monocyte Lp-PLA2 messenger ribonucleic acid decreased transiently, and plasma Lp-PLA2 mass declined modestly during endotoxemia. In vitro, Lp-PLA2 expression increased dramatically during human monocyte to macrophage differentiation and further in inflammatory macrophages and foamlike cells. Despite only a marginal association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in PLA2G7 with Lp-PLA2 activity or mass, numerous PLA2G7 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with coronary artery calcification. In contrast, several single nucleotide polymorphisms in CRP were significantly associated with plasma C-reactive protein levels but had no relation with coronary artery calcification. Conclusions Circulating Lp-PLA2 did not increase during acute phase response in humans, whereas inflammatory macrophages and foam cells, but not circulating monocytes, are major leukocyte sources of Lp-PLA2. Common genetic variation in PLA2G7 is associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. These data link Lp-PLA2 to atherosclerosis in humans while highlighting the challenge in using circulating Lp-PLA2 as a biomarker of Lp-PLA2 actions in the vasculature.
srcML: An Infrastructure for the Exploration, Analysis, and Manipulation of Source Code: A Tool Demonstration

SrcML is an XML representation for C/C++/Java source code that forms a platform for the efficient exploration, analysis, and manipulation of large software projects. The lightweight format allows for round-trip transformation from source to srcML and back to source with no loss of information or formatting. The srcML toolkit consists of the src2srcml tool for robust translation to the srcML format and the srcml2src tool for querying via XPath, and transformation via XSLT. In this demonstration a guide of these features is provided along with the use of XPath for constructing source-code queries and XSLT for conducting simple transformations.
The organization and replication of deoxyribonucleic acid in thymine-deficient strains of Escherichia coli.

1. 1. An autoradiographic study of the distribution of incorporated [3H]thymidine among the progeny of cells of the thymine-requiring strains of Escherichia coli, 15T− and B-3, has been made. 2. 2. The distributions are markedly heterogeneous and are characterized by the presence of a small number of cells containing most of the label. 3. 3. Experiments with E. coli 15T− exposed to label for less than one division time are interpreted as revealing the presence in this organism of two large DNA-containing structures which (a) must separate at cell division (b) may be perpetuated intact for many successive cell divisions, but (c) are subject at random to a finite probability of fragmentation during cell division. The possibility that these structures may be the two subunits of one larger structure is discussed.
Polymer-derived silicon carbide fibers with low oxygen content and improved thermomechanical stability

Abstract Continuous silicon carbide fibers (UF fibers) with low oxygen content (∼1−2 wt%) were prepared in a range of diameters (∼8−50 μm) by the dry spinning of organosilicon polymer solutions and subsequent pyrolysis of the polymer fibers. Room-temperature mechanical properties were similar to commercially-available Nicalon TM fibers, as average tensile strengths ≈3 GPa were obtained for some batches with fiber diameters in the range of ∼10 μm. Furthermore, UF fibers showed significantly better thermomechanical stability compared to Nicalon, as indicated by lower weight losses, lower specific surface areas, and improved strength retention after heat treatment at temperatures up to 1700°C. The structure and composition of UF fibers were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Auger depth profiling analysis, neutron activation analysis, and atomic absorption.
Dominance of phosphorus over nitrogen as the limiter to phytoplankton growth rate

Laboratory experiments with natural phytoplankton assemblages from three lakes (two mesotrophic and one oligotrophic) showed that added PO4 predictably affected growth rate (µ, determined as P : B) while NO3 had little effect even when the N P ratio approached one. The response to PO4 followed the typical Monod-type function. The lack of effect of NO3 on µ at such low N : P ratios is in striking contrast to the added effect of NO3 Plus PO4 on maximum biomass produced versus only PO4 alone.
The influence of stimulus affective value on children's patterns of visual selection

Abstract Two studies examined the role played by stimulus affective characteristics in determining children's patterns of visual selection. In a semi-natural experimental environment it was observed that children, unlike adults, seek out and explore stimuli rated as unpleasant or expressing negative emotions as well as those rated as pleasant or expressing positive emotions. That observation was discussed in terms of its compatibility with a hedonistic view of man, and its implications for understanding developmental changes in individual responses to affect.
Structure and Function of Escherichia coli Type 1 Pili: New Insight into the Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections

The initial step in the establishment of a mucosal bacterial infection is the interaction of bacterial adhesive proteins with epithelial cells, an event that is often followed by invasion of the epithelial cell. Invasion of host cells has been proposed to provide bacterial pathogens with a means of escaping the harsh extracellular environment, where antibodies, complement, defensins, and other antibacterial molecules are abundant. Bacterial invasion can also facilitate the spread of microbes across and within tissue barriers, allowing for the dissemination of the infection. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), has been presumed to be a predominantly extracellular pathogen. This concept has been challenged by recent studies demonstrating the ability of UPEC to invade bladder epithelial cells [1‐3]. Two adhesive organelles associated with UPEC, the Dr adhesins and type 1 pili, have been linked to epithelial invasion by UPEC. This review will focus on the structure and assembly of type 1 pili and the mechanisms and consequences of type 1 pilus‐mediated invasion of bladder epithelial cells.
Design, fabrication, and testing of a piezoelectrically driven high flow rate micro-pump

Towards the development of novel class of miniature transducers with very high specific power, a high frequency and high flow rate hydraulic micro-pump with passive check valves was fabricated and tested. The micro-pump features a small piezoelectric (PZT-5H/PZN-PT) cylinder integrated into micromachined silicon and pyrex chips. The piezoelectric cylinder bonded to a thick circular disk serves as the drive element in the pump chamber, and two axisymmetric silicon membranes with hollow annular bosses serve as system check valves. Using silicone oil as the working fluid, the performance of the micro-pump was tested by varying voltages from 0 to 1600 V and frequencies from 1 kHz to 12 kHz. The micro-pump with PZT-5H element achieved a high flow rate of 2.5 ml/min at 1200 V and 4.5 kHz.
Analytical model of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors for NEMS applications

The recent developments of carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) technology indicate the perspective of the nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are ideal candidates for NEMS due to their chemical and physical structures, low masses and exceptional stiffness. An analytical representation of (CNT) based field effect transistor is developed for high frequency NEMS applications to examine the characteristics observed from the fabricated devices. The metal-nanotube contacts in the CNTFETs are treated as Schottky barriers and analyzed by means of a ballistic model. The famous Landauer formula is used to calculate the conductance of the tube by relating the energy dependant transmission probability within the tight binding approximation of the CNTFET. Transmission function of the CNT is expressed in terms of the Greenpsilas functions of the conductors and the coupling of the conductor leads. The Greenpsilas function is incorporated with the transfer Hamiltonian approach to calculate the tunneling currents. The non-equilibrium Greenpsilas function transport equation is solved iteratively along with a 2D Poisson equation to improve the numerical convergence. The charge density is calculated by integrating the 1D universal density-of-states along with the source-drain Fermi-Dirac distribution function over energy within the energy gap of the CNT. The calculations show that the proposed device can perform stable operation at high current levels (670 muA/mum). Upper limits of device characteristics are considered for the model. Degradation in measured data is observed due to the limitations in device fabrication technology and imperfect contact placement on the CNT.
Accelerating data mining workloads: current approaches and future challenges in system architecture design

Conventional systems based on general-purpose processors cannot keep pace with the exponential increase in the generation and collection of data. It is therefore important to explore alternative architectures that can provide the computational capabilities required to analyze ever-growing datasets. Programmable graphics processing units (GPUs) offer computational capabilities that surpass even high-end multi-core central processing units (CPUs), making them wellsuited for floating-point- or integer-intensive and data parallel operations. Fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), which can be reconfigured to implement an arbitrary circuit, provide the capability to specify a customized datapath for any task. The multiple granularities of parallelism offered by FPGA architectures, as well as their high internal bandwidth, make them suitable for low complexity parallel computations. GPUs and FPGAs can serve as coprocessors for data mining applications, allowing the CPU to offload computationally intensive tasks for faster processing. Experiments have shown that heterogeneous architectures employingGPUsorFPGAscanresultinsignificantapplicationspeedupsoverhomogenous CPU-based systems, while increasing performance per watt. C
Paleozoic deformation and isotopic disturbance in the southeastern Arunta Block, central Australia

Abstract Proterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Arunta Block, central Australia, were thrusted southward over the northern margin of the Neoproterozoic to mid-Paleozoic Amadeus Basin during the 400-300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny. The extent and nature of mid-Paleozoic ductile deformation in the southeastern Arunta Block is examined in light of available UPb, 40 Ar 39 Ar , KAr, RbSr and SmNd isotopic age data. Most of the Proterozoic amphibolite and granulite facies rocks north of the zone of basement-cover interaction were exhumed and cooled from above ∼ 500 to below ∼ 125°C as a result of mid-Paleozoic nappe formation. This suggests that deformation early in the cooling history occurred at amphibolite facies conditions and progressed to greenschist facies conditions later in the cooling history. In general, shear zone rocks yield the youngest isotopic ages, indicating that deformation-induced recrystallization, grain size reduction, or localized thermal perturbations are responsible for the relatively young ages. We conclude that shear zones of mid-Paleozoic age were active under greenschist and amphibolite facies conditions, though further work is needed to differentiate whether amphibolite facies shear zones are Paleozoic or Proterozoic. Some Proterozoic shear zones were uplifted passively in the mid-Paleozoic, resulting in final closure and mixed ages in key minerals like hornblende.
Synthesis of oxime esters and ethers as potential psychotropic agents

Esters and ethers of benzophenone oxime and dibenzosuberone oxime were synthesized as potential medicinal agents. The esterifications were effected by treating the oximes with benzoyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl, and diphenylcarbamyl chlorides. The O -alkylations of benzophenone oxime and dibenzosuberone oxime were accomplished by the nucleophilic substitution of γ -dimethylaminopropyl, β -dimethylaminoethyl, and benzyl chlorides. In the course of this investigation, 13 compounds were prepared for pharmacological evaluation.
Food Insecurity and Health across the Lifespan

Our symposium entitled, "Food Insecurity and Health across the Lifespan" explored the latest research from the economic, medical, pediatric, geriatric, and nutrition literature concerning the measurement, prevalence, predictors, and consequences of food insecurity across the lifespan, with a focus on chronic disease, chronic disease management, and healthcare costs. Consideration of the health impacts of food insecurity is a new and timely area of research, with a considerable potential for translation of the findings into public policy surrounding alleviation of food insecurity. Although it is widely acknowledged that food insecurity and hunger are morally unacceptable, strategies to develop national policies to alleviate hunger must also approach this problem by considering the economic impact of food insecurity on health and well-being. The goals of this symposium were to: 1) learn about the prevalence and severity of food insecurity in the US across the lifespan and how this is increasing with the continued economic downturn; 2) understand the growing body of research that documents the impact of varying degrees of food insecurity on physical and mental health across the lifespan; 3) examine how food insecurity is related to chronic disease; and 4) explore research methodology to determine the impact of food insecurity on healthcare costs and utilization. Our symposium provided new and novel understandings and research initiatives directed toward alleviating food insecurity in America.
Caring for Creation and Culture: A Survey of Evangelical Involvement in Ecotourism with a Proposed Theological Framework

There is a growing phenomenon of evangelical NGOs engaging in ecotourism businesses. Preliminary research and case studies show that there is a diversity of approaches and methods among them, including seeing ecotourism as a method to alleviate local poverty, care for the environment and stand in solidarity with indigenous cultures. Based on this research, a theological framework is proposed to help organizations engaged in community-based ecotourism think through their endeavors in this field.
Investigation of Extreme Environmental Conditions and Design Thermal Gradients during Construction for Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders

Current AASHTO specifications provide engineers with a temperature gradient across the depth of the cross section to predict the vertical thermal behavior of bridges. This gradient is based on one-dimensional heat flow and does not account for change in the cross section, as found in prestressed concrete girders, nor does it account for thermal effects on the sides of the girder. Furthermore, the current specifications do not provide the transverse temperature gradient that is needed to predict the lateral thermal behavior of the girders, especially during construction, before the placement of the bridge decks. To determine the transverse and vertical temperature gradients in prestressed concrete girders, experimental and analytical studies were conducted on a prestressed BT-63 concrete girder segment. The analytical results were found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements. The analytical model was then used to determine the seasonal temperature gradients in four standard PCI girder sections at selected cities in the United States. On the basis of these findings, vertical and transverse temperature gradients were developed to aid engineers in predicting the thermal behavior of prestressed girders during construction.
A novel cross-layer data aggregation approach for extreme values in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, the task of distributed sensor network data aggregation of extreme (say, maximum) value of sensor measurements is investigated. We exploit the local broadcasting topology of a wireless network to facilitate the development of a novel energy efficient aggregation algorithm. The method models the extreme value aggregation process as a search problem, and devises an approach to accelerate convergence. Through both theoretical analysis and extensive simulation, we characterize the performance of these methods both analytically and experimentally. We observe marked performance advantage of these methods.
The zen of the web

content is for computer use andunderstanding. To date, however, mostsuch efforts have focused on the under-standing rather than use. This specialissue of IC focuses on the use of the Webby computer systems and agents. By sup-porting the notion of “getting workdone,” the Semantic Web will becomemore useful, valuable, and pragmatic.Many organizations are attempting tomake the Web computer-friendly viaWeb services, but current incarnationsof these technologies are subject to sev-eral limitations:•A Web service knows only aboutitself — not about its users, clients, orcustomers.•Web services are not designed to useand reconcile ontologies among eachother or with their clients.•Web services are passive untilinvoked; they can’t provide alerts orupdates when new informationbecomes available.•Web services do not cooperate witheach other or self-organize, althoughthey can be composed by externalsystems. We invited researchers and developers tosubmit articles that address some of theseissues and describe future aspects of Webtechnologies. Collectively, the articlesshow how to harmonize Web services’behaviors and reconcile and exploit Websources’ semantics.
Catalysts of Cr, Mo, and W carbonyls supported on dehydroxylated alumina which are ultra-active for the hydrogenation of ethylene

The use of zero-valent complexes and dehydroxylated alumina allows the synthesis of novel catalysts of supported Cr, Mo, and W which are ca. 1000-fold more active than traditional catalysts of these elements for alkene hydrogenation.