cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Jovian interplanetary electrons and the longitude variation of decametric emissions

The relationship between modulation of the intensity and energy spectrum of relativistic interplanetary electrons originating from Jupiter's magnetosphere and longitudinal asymmetry in decametric radio emissions from the surface is discussed. Modulation minima are correlated with the time when the subsolar point on Jupiter is near the longitude of the most frequent non-Io-related decametric emissions. The probability of observing such emissions is graphed as a function of the System III central meridian longitude of an observer and the angle of Io past superior conjunction. It is suggested that the modulation of interplanetary electrons and the longitudinal asymmetry of decametric emissions may be due to the same unknown longitudinally asymmetric feature on Jupiter.
Attitudes and practices regarding influenza vaccination among emergency department personnel.

In the United States, infections related to influenza result in a huge burden to the health care system and emergency departments (EDs). Influenza vaccinations are a safe, cost-effective means to prevent morbidity and mortality. We sought to understand the factors that contribute to the professional and personal influenza vaccination practices of health care workers in the ED setting by assessing their knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regards to the influenza vaccine. A cross-sectional study of all full-time ED staff (nurses, emergency medicine residents, and emergency medicine faculty) at an urban academic medical center in Boston treating > 90,000 ED patients annually, was performed. We examined knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding personal influenza vaccination and support of an ED-based influenza vaccination program using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. Of 130 ED staff, 126 individuals completed the survey (97% response rate). Overall, 69% of respondents reported that they were very or extremely likely to be vaccinated before the coming influenza season. Residents (94%) and attending physicians (82%) were significantly more likely than nurses (42%) to be vaccinated (p < 0.001). Respondents likely to be vaccinated this year were more likely to support a vaccination program for ED patients (80% vs. 55% of those not vaccinated, p < 0.001). Providing regular education on the efficacy of preventive vaccination therapy and dispelling misconceptions regarding adverse effects may reduce barriers to vaccination programs. An educational initiative may result in acceptance of influenza vaccination by ED providers themselves, which could result in increased support for an influenza vaccination program for ED patients.
An Experimental Study of Direct Condensation on a Fragmenting Circular Jet

Direct-contact heat exchangers have received increasing attention in recent years because of their simplicity of construction, compactness, and high heat transfer rate. The present experiments were undertaken to provide technical data for the design of jet-type direct-contact heat exchangers in the laminar flow range. Flow instability and the transition from a circular jet to droplets were observed and discussed. A comparison between the measured heat transfer rate and the heat transfer rate predicted by Jacobs and Nadig's (1987) analytical models for a laminar circular jet is also given in the present investigation. It is found that the measured heat transfer rate is slightly slower than that predicted by Jacobs and Nadig's analytical model for pure vapor; however, the experimental data agree well with the analytical solution the effects of the air content in steam are taken into account.
Development of meter-long YBCO coated conductors produced by ion beam assisted deposition and pulsed laser deposition

Abstract A “second-generation” of high Tc conductors, consisting of YBCO coatings on flexible metal substrates, has recently reached a milestone with meter-long tapes capable of carrying over 100 A in a 1 cm width at liquid nitrogen temperature. Having reached this level of performance, however, we have encountered difficulties in the self-field characterization of such high current material. In particular, measurement of critical current uniformity along the tape length has in some cases resulted in damage to weaker tape segments during measurement of higher-current ones. To address this problem we have developed a novel measurement technique that uses permanent magnets to locally suppress the critical current of the tape section being measured to a level that is “safe” for the rest of the tape.
Structural Effects of Cardiac Troponin T R92L and Tropomyosin D230N Mutants in the Cardiac Thin Filament

Introduction/Methods: Inherited mutations in cardiac thin filament proteins lead to changes in protein structure and dynamics. This results in the pathological tissue remodeling seen in patients with hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathies. Our group is interested in the alpha-Tm D230N mutation known to cause DCM and the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) mutation R92L which causes HCM. To investigate effects of these mutations on the tropomyosin (Tm) head-to-tail overlap we used Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). For both wild-type and mutants, Tm was labeled at site 271 with DDPM, cTnT was labeled with IAEDANS at site 100. Labeled cTnT was reconstituted into troponin complex (Tn) and combined with Tm along with actin to form the reconstituted thin filament. Time-resolved data was acquired and analyzed.Results/Conclusions: Both R92L and D230N mutants result in a change in distance between labeled sites of cTnT and Tm when compared to wild-type. Transfer efficiency decreased from 0.78 to 0.66 upon addition of the D230N mutation, representing an increased distance between the labeled sites. However, the transfer efficiency increased from 0.78 to 0.80 in the presence of the R92L mutation, supporting a decreased distance between the labeled sites. This differential modulation of the distance may reflect alterations in the interaction between the cTnT and Tm proteins due to these mutations. This supports the hypothesis that these mutations which cause different clinical phenotypes are having opposite effects in the region of interest. Ongoing experiments utilizing site 60 of cTnT, and sites 262 and 279 of Tm will provide additional information about the similar and differential effects of these mutants on the Tm overlap region.
Development of Sulfathiazole-Resistant Gonococci In vitro

Summary and ConclusionsUsing a simple in vitro technic, it has been possible to develop both sulfanilamide-resistant and sulfathiazole-resistant gonococci. The sulfathiazole-resistant organisms were resistant to sulfanil-amide, sulfapyridine, and sulfadiazine, and the sulfanilamide-resistant organisms were also resistant to sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine, and sulfathiazole. The significance of these ob-servations is discussed.
Idiotypic analysis of antibodies against the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). IV. Induction of CGAT idiotype following immunization with various synthetic polymers containing glutamic acid and tyrosine.

The immune responses of all inbred strains of mice specific to the synthetic terpolymer poly(LGlu60LAla30LTyr10), referred to as GAT10, are characterized by the pres- ence of anti-GAT antibodies which share a common (CGAT) idiotype. In this report, we describe the ability of the synthetic polymers, LGlu33LAla33LTyr33, LGlu51- LAla34LTyr15and poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-DLAla–LLys [(T,G)-A–L] to induce antibodies with CGAT idiotypic specificities. All of these polymers contain “GT”-related deter- minants. Following immunization with these polymers, antisera from responder mice bind the corresponding 125I-labeled antigen and 125I-labeled poly(LGlu50LTyr50) or GAT10. These antisera shared the CGAT idiotype which is associated with the anti- body fraction with binding specificity for GAT10. Collectively, the present results indi- cate that GT-related determinants are required for the induction of the CGAT idio- type. Moreover, since the immune responses to these synthetic polymers are under distinct H-2-linked immune response (Ir) gene control, a mouse strain can be nonre- sponder to one polymer and responder to another; in this case, only the latter polymer induces CGAT idiotype. Thus, although the immune responses of inbred strains of mice to different polymers are under distinct Ir gene control, the antibody responses can be idiotypically related.
Case against the use of d-tubocurarine in operant studies of the cardiovascular system.

After reviewing evidence showing a high degree of integration between the autonomic and somatic systems, it is shown that d-tubocurarine alters both the central and peripheral perception and response patterns. Many of the observations made upon curarized animals can be explained by a central motor theory. Experimental use of curarine is hindered by the release of histamine in response to administration of curarine. Among other artifacts, curarine-induced release of histamine caused a progressive decrease of pulmonary compliance. When artificial respiration is given to curarized animals, the use of positive pressure ventilation and failure to monitor pulmonary gases are further sources of artifacts. It is noted that some investigators use the respiratory rate initially to adjust heart rate to ptedetermined levels.
A Modified Mise‐A'‐La‐Masse Method for Contaminant Plume Delineation

Ground-water monitoring to delineate contaminant plumes in complex hydrogeologic settings often is uncertain. This uncertainty is manifested by the fact that ground-water contaminants often migrate along preferred pathways formed by lateral and vertical heterogeneity within definable stratigraphic units. A somewhat obscure surface, electrical geophysical method first suggested in 1920 holds great promise as a tool to help delineate conductive contaminant plumes in suitable hydrogeologic environments. This tool known as the mise-a'-la-masse method has been used with success by other investigators to map conductive orebodies. A modified mise-a'-la-masse method was used with great success in this investigation during a controlled field experiment. The method was used to track the evolution of a conductive tracer plume migrating through fluvial sands and gravels under a forced hydraulic gradient. Voltage differences between 171 stationary, surface electrodes and a reference electrode were monitored over time to map an evolving tracer plume. For this particular experiment, the method proved to be sensitive to changes in the specific electrical conductance of the ground water of less than 10% above the baseline values. Data derived by the modified mise-a'-la-masse method show close agreement to specific electrical conductance measurements of ground-water samples collected from wells during the tracer experiment. However, uncertainty in the significance of the variable specific electrical conductance data, especially at early times during the experiment, is reduced greatly by comparison with the plume maps generated by the modified mise-a'-la-masse method.
Ability of the no-reflow phenomenon during an acute myocardial infarction to predict left ventricular dysfunction at one-month follow-up

Despite angiographically successful opening of an infarct-related vessel within a 6-hour time frame, some patients do not recover left ventricular regional wall function in the infarct zone after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Recent evidence suggests that this finding is due to the no-reflow phenomenon, or failure to recover tissue perfusion despite patient epicardial arteries. We performed myocardial contrast echocardiography to assess tissue perfusion before and after opening of an infarct-related artery. Coronary angiograms, regional wall motion scoring, and myocardial contrast enhancement were graded by 3 observers. Of 24 patients with AMI, 7 (29%) failed to recover tissue perfusion in > or = 1 region of myocardium. Of 106 regions subtended by the infarct-related artery, 16 (15%), 43 (41%), and 47 (44%) regions had no-reflow, partial, or normal flow, respectively, after arterial patency was established. There was a spectrum of reperfusion patterns ranging from no-reflow to normal perfusion. One-month follow-up angiographic and myocardial contrast echocardiographic studies were performed in 12 of the 24 patients. At 1 month, all segments of myocardium that had immediate normal perfusion had regained normal wall motion. In contrast, 17 segments that had partial or no-reflow were identified. Of these 17, 3 regained normal function, 10 segments were hypokinetic, and 4 segments were akinetic. We conclude that myocardial contrast echocardiography can be used to identify the no-reflow phenomenon in up to 29% of patients with AMI. Additionally, we found that the immediate-reflow pattern can predict degree of left ventricular dysfunction at 1-month follow-up.
Differential Regulation of Maize Homoserine Dehydrogenase under Physiological Conditions

Homoserine dehydrogenase is associated with the multibranched pathway of amino acid biosynthesis originating with aspartic acid. Like most of the related pathway enzymes, this enzyme is localized in chloroplasts. The activity and regulatory properties of the threonine-sensitive isozyme of homoserine dehydrogenase isolated from Zea mays var earliking were examined under variable conditions that could exist within chloroplasts. Catalytic activity is not significantly altered within the range of pHs that occur within these organelles, but inhibition of the enzyme by the pathway product, l-threonine, is markedly diminished at the alkaline pHs characteristic of illuminated chloroplasts. Inhibition by threonine is also subject to modulation by physiological levels of NADPH. Under conditions considered to represent the environment within unilluminated chloroplasts, the enzyme is severely inhibited by micromolar concentrations of threonine, but significant enzyme activity is retained under conditions that are likely to occur during illumination, even in the presence of millimolar levels of threonine. These results indicate that homoserine dehydrogenase may be subject to environmentally mediated regulation in vivo. Other observations support this concept and suggest that the intrinsic catalytic and regulatory properties of key enzymes could facilitate a direct link between light-dependent carbon and nitrogen assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis in chloroplasts of higher plants.
Exploring the limits of prefetching

We formulate a new approach for evaluating a prefetching algorithm. We first carry out a profiling run of a program to identify all of the misses and corresponding locations in the program where prefetches for the misses can be initiated. We then systematically control the number of misses that are prefetched, the timeliness of these prefetches, and the number of unused prefetches. We validate the accuracy of our approach by comparing it to one based on a Markov prefetch algorithm. This allows us to measure the potential benefit that any application can receive from prefetching and to analyze application behavior under conditions that cannot be explored with any known prefetching algorithm. Next, we analyze a system parameter that is vital to prefetching performance, the line transfer interval, which is the number of processor cycles required to transfer a cache line. This interval is determined by technology and bandwidth. We show that under ideal conditions, prefetching can remove nearly all of the stalls associated with cache misses. Unfortunately, real processor implementations are less than ideal. In particular, the trend in processor frequency is outrunning on-chip and off-chip bandwidths. Today, it is not uncommon for processor frequency to be three or four times bus frequency. Under these conditions, we show that nearly all of the performance benefits derived from prefetching are eroded, and in many cases prefetching actually degrades performance. We carry out quantitative and qualitative analyses of these tradeoffs and show that there is a linear relationship between overall performance and three metrics: percentage of misses prefetched, percentage of unused prefetches, and bandwidth.
SPATIAL ANALYTICITY PROPERTIES OF NONLINEAR WAVES

In this paper, we study spatial analyticity properties of two classes of equations modeling unidirectional waves in nonlinear, dispersive media, namely KdV-type equations and BBM-type equations. The commentary begins with KdV-type equations and the observation that, for a class of such equations, boundedness of a solution suffices to maintain analyticity and so loss of analyticity detects loss of L∞-regularity. For a larger class of KdV-type equations, the same conclusion is valid provided that L∞-boundedness of a solution is replaced by -boundedness. It is also shown that these nonlinear dispersive wave equations are amenable to Gevrey-class analysis based on the boundedness of a Sobolev norm. This analysis yields an explicit lower bound on the possible rate of decrease in time of the uniform radius of analyticity of a solution in terms of the assumed Sobolev bound and the Gevrey-norm of the initial data. Attention is then shifted to BBM-type equations. It is shown that, regardless of the strength of the nonlinearity, a solution starting in a Gevrey space remains in this class for all time. Moreover, a lower bound on the possible rate of decrease in time of the uniform analyticity radius has temporal asymptotics that are independent of the degree of the nonlinearity, and so apparently determined in the main by the dispersion.
Simulation of Heat Transfer With Uncertainty

In this work we model uncertainty propagation in heat transfer via the multi-element generalized polynomial chaos (ME-gPC) method by focusing on the stochastic heat-transfer enhancement in a two-dimensional grooved channel. Based on the global energy balance, a similar technique as in [1] is employed to develop proper numerical schemes for the fully developed flow. The velocity and temperature field are expressed by the ME-gPC. Using a Galerkin projection, we reduce the stochastic PDE system to a high-dimensional deterministic one, which is solved by the spectral/hp element method. A time, spaced-averaged Nusselt number with error bars is obtained at different excitation frequencies. The probability density function (PDF) of the Nusselt number is also presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Quantitative Analysis of the Role of Receptor Recycling in T Cell Polarization

Activation of T cells of the immune system involves recognition of the antigen by the T cell receptor and subsequent internalization and recycling of this receptor. We present a numerical model for this process that accounts for the polarity of the intracellular traffic determined by the polarization of the microtubule-organizing center to the immunological synapse. Unexpectedly, the model explains the observed accumulation of receptors at the immunological synapse mainly as dynamic maintenance of the receptor density there, while the surface receptors everywhere else are depleted, even though the internalization occurs primarily at the synapse. In the case of an unsuccessful polarization of the microtubule-organizing center, which alters the polarity of the receptor trafficking, the model explains the absence of receptor accumulation as a dynamic downregulation at the synapse. The experiment shows that in this case the interaction of the T cell with its target is aborted. Disruption of recycling leads in the experiment to accumulation of the incompletely polarized cells. We propose that receptor recycling is a mechanism whereby the cell can sense its internal structure and detect polarity errors, analogous to checkpoint signaling mechanisms that ensure fidelity of cell division.
Preparation of polymandelide by reaction of α-bromophenylacetic acid and triethylamine

Caracterisation par RMN, IR et identification de l'acide mandelique apres hydrolyse du polymere. Mise en evidence par RMN de tacticite au niveau du CH; le degre de polymerisation varie de 12 a 20. Le polymere est completement amorphe
A NEW CLASS OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS.

THE mesoionic 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, I, were first reported by Busch1, who assigned a bicyclic structure to the compounds. Schoenberg2 later re-examined the structure of Busch and offered a resonance hybrid structure, now accepted as being typical of a large group of heterocycles described as being mesoionic3. We became interested in the mesoionic 1,3,4-thiadiazoles as a natural extension of our interest in the pharmacology and pharmaceutical chemistry of the sydnones II4–7. It occurred to us that since the two ring systems are isoelectronic (that is, being mesoionic they both possess an aromatic, positively charged, 5-membered ring, and a balancing negative charge on an exocyclic atom) the possibility might exist that the two ring systems could also be bioisosteric. That is, the ring itself may behave as a pharmacologically active functional group and that this already expressde similarity between the ring systems may impart similar pharmacological activity. A more conservative speculation would be that perhaps the mesoionic 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring system would have some prominent pharmacological activity.
Understanding and correcting low order residual static aberrations in adaptive optics corrected images

In theory, low order static wavefront aberrations should be easily measured and corrected by an Adaptive Optics (AO) system. In practice, there appear to be low order residual quasi-static aberrations in the natural and laser guide star AO corrected images taken with the NIRC2 science imager at the W. M. Keck Observatory. The evidence for these residuals comes mainly from the AO corrected images themselves, which at times include low order structure such as trefoil and astigmatism. Why are these wavefront errors apparently not seen by the wavefront sensor (WFS) and what can be done to correct or characterize them? Several hypotheses exist on the origin of the residuals, including WFS gain errors, structures in the telescope pupil, or variability and frequency of AO system calibration for non-common path aberrations. These hypotheses are discussed, as are experiments that test them. Mitigation strategies are also presented and evaluated in terms of their ability to improve the AO-corrected point spread function (PSF), or characterize the PSF for PSF-reconstruction purposes, while having minimal impact on observing operations.
Control of alkanethiolate monolayer structure using vapor-phase annealing.

We describe an annealing procedure for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that uses vapor-phase molecules to modify the local domain structure. Existing SAMs of decanethiolate on Au{111} were anneale...
Design for manufacturing approach to second level alternating phase shift mask patterning

A significant barrier to implementing APSM in volume production has been the expense of the mask. The cost of the mask is driven partially by the complexity of the two layer process flow required to make the mask. Typically, the 2nd level pattern is generated by upsizing the first level pattern of the pi apertures by a small amount in order to provide some overlay margin. The amount of upsizing is limited by the smallest chrome feature present in the pattern. The overlay margin between the first and 2nd level patterns can be improved by sizing the 2nd level more on larger chrome structures, when present. With a simple set of rules, it is possible to generate a 2nd level pattern with greater than ten times reduction in the number of corners, as measured by the number of vertices in the pattern, and minimize the number of marginal patterns in the design. This also has the beneficial side effect of significantly reducing the file size of the 2nd level pattern which can reduce the write time on some writers. Existing design rules can be exploited or additional rules imposed that can further improve the capability of the 2nd level APSM process. The right set of mask design rules can enable the use of lower fidelity writer for 2nd level patterning which can significantly reduce cost. The improved margin can increase yield and may even enable a less capable/expensive patterning tool to be used for 2nd level patterning.
Osteoporosis Health Beliefs in Women Differ by Menopausal Status and Across Age Cohorts

This study examines the differences in osteoporosis health beliefs and practices between pre- and postmenopausal women and across four age cohorts. Two hundred and three women, aged 26–86 years, completed the self-administered Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS). Responses and scores for each statement of the OHBS ranged from Strongly Disagree = 1 to Strongly Agree = 5. Means for OHBS subscales (susceptibility, seriousness, health motivation, prevention benefits, and prevention barriers) were calculated. Calcium HBS and calcium food frequency questionnaires were also completed. Premenopausal women perceived osteoporosis as more serious compared to postmenopausal women, while postmenopausal women perceived higher health motivation and greater benefits from osteoporosis prevention. Women aged 40–49.9 years perceived osteoporosis as more serious versus women aged 50–59.9 and 60+ years. Osteoporosis health belief constructs may be utilized to determine osteoporosis prevention priorities for specific cohorts of women.
Short-term Infection in Cuffed versus Noncuffed Small Bore Central Catheters: A Randomized Trial

Purpose To determine if a polyester cuff offered benefit in jugular small-bore central catheters (SBCCs). Materials and Methods Eighty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive a 5-F single- or 6-F dual-lumen SBCC with ( n = 42) or without ( n = 42) a polyester cuff. Follow-up was performed at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months or at catheter removal, whichever came first. At scheduled follow-up, catheter function, patient satisfaction, and infection were determined. At catheter removal, tip culture was performed to determine colonization and jugular vein patency was determined with ultrasonography (US). Results The overall infection rate was 0.4 per 1,000 catheter days. There was one clinical infection (noncuffed catheter). Colonization occurred in two noncuffed catheters and one cuffed catheter. There was one catheter dislodgment in the noncuffed group and none in the cuffed group. Cuffed catheters were no more difficult to insert but took slightly longer to remove (6 minutes ± 4.7 vs 5 minutes ± 3, P = .39) and often required local anesthesia for removal, whereas noncuffed catheters did not (41% vs 0%, P = .001). Partial (two cuffed, 0 noncuffed) or complete (two cuffed, one noncuffed) jugular thrombosis was seen on five of 58 completion US studies (8.6%). Conclusions A polyester cuff on a SBCC confers no significant benefit in short-term colonization rates. Infection in SBCCs is uncommon. Despite their small diameters, SBCCs can result in jugular thrombosis, an important consideration in any patient requiring long-term venous access.
Templating membrane assembly, structure, and dynamics using engineered interfaces.

Abstract The physical and chemical properties of biological membranes are intimately linked to their bounding aqueous interfaces. Supported phospholipid bilayers, obtained by surface-assisted rupture, fusion, and spreading of vesicular microphases, offer a unique opportunity, because engineering the substrate allows manipulation of one of the two bilayer interfaces as well. Here, we review a collection of recent efforts, which illustrates deliberate substrate–membrane coupling using structured surfaces exhibiting chemical and topographic patterns. Vesicle fusion on chemically patterned substrates results in co-existing lipid phases, which reflect the underlying pattern of surface energy and wettability. These co-existing bilayer/monolayer morphologies are useful both for fundamental biophysical studies (e.g., studies of membrane asymmetry) as well as for applied work, such as synthesizing large-scale arrays of bilayers or living cells. The use of patterned, static surfaces provides new models to design complex membrane topographies and curvatures. Dynamic switchable-topography surfaces and sacrificial trehalose based-substrates reveal abilities to dynamically introduce membrane curvature and change the nature of the membrane–substrate interface. Taken together, these studies illustrate the importance of controlling interfaces in devising model membrane platforms for fundamental biophysical studies and bioanalytical devices.
The Number of Congruent Simplices in a Point Set

For 1 ≤ k≤ d-1 , let f k (d) (n) be the maximum possible number of k-simplices spanned by a set of n points in ? d that are congruent to a given k-simplex. We prove that $$f_2^{(3)} (n) = O(n^{5/3} 2^{O(\alpha ^2 (n))} )$$ , f 2 (4) (n) = O(n 2+?), for any ? > 0, f 2 (5) (n) = ?(n 7/3), and f 3 (4) (n) = O(n 20/9+?), for any ? > 0. We also derive a recurrence to bound f k (d) (n) for arbitrary values of k and d, and use it to derive the bound f k (d) (n) = O(n d/2+ ?), for any ? > 0, for d ≤ 7 and k ≤ d ? 2. Following Erd?s and Purdy, we conjecture that this bound holds for larger values of d as well, and for k ≤ d ? 2.
OTTER and the Moufang identity problem

This article provides additional evidence of the value of using an automated reasoning program as a research assistant. Featured is the use of Bill McCune's program OTTER to find proofs of theorems taken from the study of Moufang loops, but not just any proofs. Specifically, the proofs satisfy the property of purity. In particular, when given, say, four equivalent identities (which is the case in this article), one is asked to prove the second identity from the first, the third from the second, the fourth from the third, and the first from the fourth. If the proof that 1 implies 2 does not rely on 3 or 4, then by definition the proof is pure with respect to 3 and 4, or simply the proof is pure. If for the four identities one finds four pure proofs showing that 1 implies 2, 2 implies 3, 3 implies 4, and 4 implies 1, then by definition one has found a circle of pure proofs. By finding the needed twelve pure proofs, this article shows that there does exist a circle of pure proofs for the four equivalent identities for Moufang loops and for all orderings of the identities; however, for much of this article, the emphasis is on the first three identities. In addition — in part to promote the use of automated reasoning programs and to answer questions concerning the choice of options — featured here is the methodology that was employed and a discussion of some of the obstacles, some of which are subtle. The approach relies on paramodulation (which generalizes equality substitution), on demodulation, and — so crucial for attacking deep questions and hard problems — on various strategies, most important of which are the hot list strategy, the set of support strategy, and McCune's ratio strategy. To permit verification of the results presented here, extension of them, and application of the methodology to other unrelated fields, a sample input file and four proofs (relevant to a circle of pure proofs for the four identities) are included. Research topics and challenges are offered at the close of this article.
Rab5 Isoforms Differentially Regulate the Trafficking and Degradation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors

Ligand-mediated endocytosis is an intricate regulatory mechanism for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signal transduction. Coordinated trafficking of EGFR ensures its temporal and spatial communication with downstream signaling effectors. We focused our work on Rab5, a monomeric GTPase shown to participate in early stages of the endocytic pathway. Rab5 has three isoforms (A, B, and C) sharing more than 90% of sequence identity. We individually ablated endogenous isoforms in HeLa cells with short interfering RNAs and examined the loss-of-function phenotypes. We found that suppression of Rab5A or 5B hampered the degradation of EGFR, whereas Rab5C depletion had very little effect. The differential delay of EGFR degradation also corresponds with retarded progression of EGFR from early to late endosomes. We investigated the activators/effectors of Rab5A that can potentially separate its potency in EGFR degradation from other isoforms and found that Rin1, a Rab5 exchange factor, preferably associated with Rab5A. Moreover, Rab5A activation is sensitive to EGF stimulation, and suppression of Rin1 diminished this sensitivity. Based on our results together with previous work showing that Rin1 interacts with signal transducing adapter molecule to facilitate the degradation of EGFR (Kong, C., Su, X., Chen, P. I., and Stahl, P. D. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 15294–15301), we hypothesize that the selective association of Rab5A and Rin1 contributes to the dominance of Rab5A in EGFR trafficking, whereas the other isoforms may have major functions unrelated to the EGFR degradation pathway.
Dioxin radical formation and polymerization on Cu(II)-smectite

Decontamination of hazardous wastes containing dioxins (dibenzo-p-dioxin and its chlorinated analogues) remains a serious problem and new approaches for the degradation or alteration of dioxins are needed. We describe here dibenzo-p-dioxin radical cation formation and polymerization on a simple clay mineral (Cu(II)-smectite) in mild reaction conditions. Existence of the radical species was conclusively demonstrated using electron spin resonance (ESR), ultraviolet-visible, and infrared spectroscopy. The radical cation polymerized to form dimers and trimers as revealed by mass spectroscopy. Radical cations of 1- and 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were also formed on Cu(II)-smectite. The radical cations are formed by electron transfer from the dioxins to Cu(II). The formation of dioxin radicals may provide the basis for new detoxification methods in which the reactive radical species is coupled to other molecules or degraded by subsequent reactions.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detection of a Lesion Compatible With Central Pontine Myelinolysis in a Pregnant Patient With Recurrent Vomiting and Confusion

The authors report a patient who presented with unexplained confusion. She was 15 weeks pregnant and had been having recurrent vomiting for several weeks. This was felt to possibly represent hyperemesis gravidarum, but she had several other possible contributing factors. Her serum sodium was 146 mmol/L, and her potassium was 2.6 mmol/L. She was alert but had disorientation, visual hallucinations, memory impairment, and confabulation despite being a college graduate with no history of illicit drug use or excessive alcohol consumption. Her initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan was interpreted as being normal. However, her follow-up MRI brain scan revealed typical findings of central pontine myelinolysis, which correlated with hyperreflexia and positive Babinski reflexes. This patient illustrates the constellation of signs and symptoms that can be seen with a demyelinating lesion of the pons. In addition, our case illustrates how this MRI scan finding can be quite nonspecific but may help to explain the clinical findings.
Small RNAs are on the move

A key feature of RNA interference is its ability to spread from cell to cell. Such non-cell-autonomous gene silencing has been characterized extensively in both plants and animals, but the identity of the mobile silencing signal has remained elusive. Several recent studies now shed light on the identity of this signal in plants, and indicate that small RNA molecules-from short-interfering RNAs to microRNAs-are capable of moving between cells and through the vasculature. The movement of small, 21-24-nucleotide RNA species has implications for biological processes ranging from developmental patterning and stress responses to epigenetic inheritance.
Effects of dopamine-depleting brain lesions on experimental hyperphagia in rats

Dopamine (DA)-depleting brain lesions of various sizes were produced in rats either by intracerebroventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA) or by electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamic (LH) area. Among 30 animals that became aphagic and adipsic for at least four days after large LH or 6-HDA-induced brain lesions, only three developed hyperphagia after electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) or daily injections of long-acting protamine-zinc insulin (PZI). In 20 rats with smaller LH or 6-HDA-induced lesions, which had not shown marked initial behavioral dysfunctions, only three gained as much weight after VMH lesions as the control animals. Similarly, 6 of 10 rats with smaller LH lesions could not tolerate a 15-day series of PZI treatments, although 14 of 17 rats with smaller 6-HDA-induced lesions increased their food intake and gained weight during the PZI treatments as did control animals. These results indicate that hypothalamic hyperphagia can be blocked by DA-depleting brain lesions that neither produce an initial period of aphagia and adipsia nor involve hypothalamic tissue. They further indicate that even small LH lesions may prevent the development of hyperphagia elicited by PZI, whereas only very large 6-HDA-induced lesions consistently have this effect.
A decision rule to identify adolescent females with cervical infections.

Objective: To develop a clinical decision rule to direct empiric treatment of adolescent females with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) or Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) (or both) cervical infections in a pediatric emergency department. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of adolescent females with symptoms necessitating sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. The outcome was defined as cervical specimens positive for either GC on culture or CT on nucleic amplification assay test. Clinical variables included demographic, historical, physical, and laboratory findings. Bivariate associations were assessed using chi-square for categorical data and Student's t test for continuous variables. Variables significant at p < 0.5 were eligible for logistic regression (LR). Recursive partitioning (RP) analysis was used to create a clinical decision rule. Results: Of the 250 subjects, 83 (33.2%) were positive for GC/CT. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the LR model were African Amer...
Bacteremia and fungemia in patients with neoplastic disease

Abstract This study reviewed 431 episodes of septicemia occurring in 356 patients with cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during 1982. The most frequent organisms causing 273 episodes in 239 nonneutropenic patients were Escherichia coli (20 percent), Staphylococcus aureus (13 percent), polymicrobic (12 percent), Pseudomonas species (8 percent), Klebsiella species (7 percent), Candida species (7 percent), Bacteroides species (6 percent), Enterobacter species (4 percent), and Clostridium species (4 percent). The overall mortality was 31 percent (21 percent with adequate therapy; 50 percent with inadequate therapy). The most frequent organisms causing 158 episodes in 117 neutropenic patients were polymicrobic (21 percent), E. coli (16 percent), Klebsiella species (15 percent), Pseudomonas species (8 percent), Candida species (6 percent), S. aureus (6 percent), Streptococcus faecalis (5 percent), S. epidermidis (4 percent), and Corynebacterium CDC-JK (3 percent). The overall mortality was 52 percent (36 percent with adequate therapy; 88 percent with inadequate therapy). Since a review a decade ago, the spectrum of organisms changed in that the gram-positive organisms, S. faecalis, S. epidermidis, and C. CDC-JK, emerged as important pathogens. Neutropenic patients had a high incidence (42 percent) of septicemia due to multiple organisms, occurring concurrently or sequentially. The overall mortality of these patients was exceptionally high (80 percent). In contrast, the overall mortality of neutropenic patients with single-organism septicemia was comparable to that of non-neutropenic patients with single-organism septicemia (37 percent versus 29 percent).
Repair of chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures: Indications and use of tendon grafts

Abstract Reconstruction of chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures is complicated by the substantial retraction and poor quality of the remaining muscle and tendon tissue. Several types of tendon grafts have been described to augment the repair and restore length including both allografts and autografts. To date, we have found the Achilles tendon allografts to be perhaps the most reliable and versatile graft to reconstruct the chronic distal biceps tendon rupture and, when required, it has provided satisfactory clinical results in this difficult clinical setting.
Some properties of the redox components of cytochrome c oxidase and their interactions

The electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) properties of cytochrome c oxidase have been examined with special attention to the effect of added ligands and of interactions between the redox components. The fully oxidized preparations have a very small g6 signal which increases greatly as the redox potential is made more negative, a process exactly paralleling the disappearance of the g3 signal. The potential for half appearance or disappearance (Em), respectively, is 380 mV at pH 7.0 and 300 mV at pH 8.5. This identifies the changes as accompanying reduction of cytochrome a3 because the Em of the “invisible copper” is 340 mV and pH independent. Nitric oxide (NO) binds reduced cytochrome a3 to form a paramagnetic species. This resulting epr signal is strongly dependent on the redox state of cytochrome a, another expression of heme-heme interaction in cytochrome oxidase. The NO compound is also unique in that under the appropriate conditions three of the four redox components (cytochrome a3, cytochrome a, and the “visible” copper) are epr active. In potentiometric titrations in the presence of azide the formation of the azide compound responsible for the g2.9 signal appears to require reduction of both cytochrome a3 and the “invisible copper.” An internal sulfur compound is present which, at alkaline pH values, can bind the heme responsible for the g6 signal and change it to a low-spin sulfur compound with a signal at approximately g2.6. Evidence is also presented for the cytochrome c oxidase in situ being an equilibrium mixture of two different conformational states.
Perfectionism and performance among STEM students

Abstract We examined perfectionistic personality characteristics and their association with science self-efficacy beliefs and academic performance among college students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). We were especially interested in gender differences in effects given that women remain significantly underrepresented in several STEM areas. Participants were a large sample of undergraduate students (N = 450; 52% women) majoring or intending to major in a STEM field. Science self-efficacy and course grades were the main outcome variables; high school GPA was a covariate. Latent profile analyses based on measures of perfectionism and personality (conscientiousness, neuroticism) supported a three-class model of perfectionism. Perfectionism for men was not substantially associated with self-efficacy or grades. Although perfectionism also was not associated with self-efficacy for women, maladaptively perfectionistic women did perform significantly lower in their STEM-related courses compared with other groups. Results indicated that maladaptively perfectionistic women may be at risk for performance disappointments in STEM courses where women have traditionally been under-represented. In contrast, adaptively perfectionistic women are strong academic performers in those courses. Intervention efforts aimed at addressing the so-called “leaky pipeline” might want to account for perfectionism and its adaptive and maladaptive implications for women pursuing STEM careers.
Prevalence of Adolescents' Self-Weighing Behaviors and Associations With Weight-Related Behaviors and Psychological Well-Being

Purpose To examine the relationships between self-weighing frequency, and weight-related behaviors and psychological well-being in a population-based sample of adolescents.
Hepatic biotransformation in lean and obese Wistar Kyoto rats: comparison to that in streptozotocin-pretreated Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract 1. Phase I and phase II biotransformation was compared in streptozotocin-induced hypo-insulinemic (STZ) and genetic hyperinsulinemic (WKY-fatty) rats. 2. Total cytochrome P-450 concentrations were reduced in both STZ and WKY, whereas styrene oxide hydrolase and benzphetamine N -demethylase activities were normal in STZ and reduced in WKY. 3. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was decreased toward testosterone and 1-naphthol in STZ and WKY, and was increased toward estrone in the obese female WKY. 4. Glutathione S -transferase activity was decreased in STZ toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, ethacrynic acid and sulfobromophthalein, but was similar to that in normal rats for WKY.
Conformational Transition of KcsA Gating and the Mechanism of its pH-Dependence

The bacterial K+ channel KcsA has served as a prototypical system to study the architecture and the mechanism of gating of ion channels in response to proper stimuli. KcsA is activated in response to a drop in intracellular pH through the protonation of several His/Glu residues and the subsequent rearrangement of the helical bundle controlling the inner-gate opening. A constitutively open mutant channel (KcsA-OM) has been crystallized in several conformational states, each capturing a distinct degree of the inner-gate opening. However, due the heterogeneity of the structures and the use of antibodies, no firm conclusion could be made on the physiological relevance of the open conformation. In addition, due to the elimination of several charged residues, the mechanism of pH gating could not be fully determined by this particular mutant.We have conducted both equilibrium and nonequilibrium driven MD simulations of the channel in membrane to probe the conformational variability of KcsA. When the pH-sensing residues are protonated in the simulations, the structure relaxes into an open conformation that resembles the crystal structure of KcsA-OM with second largest (23 A) opening. The degree of opening captured in the simulations is consistent with that measured with EPR spectroscopy in the full-length KcsA, representing better the native state of the channel. Interestingly, the opening and closure of the cytoplasmic gate seem to be controlled by the competition between the protein-lipid interactions and several salt bridges between the channel's subunits. In particular, the neutralization of Glu118/Glu120 at low pH allows their entrance into the membrane, which permits the transmembrane helices surrounding the inner gate to tilt more and results in the opening of the channel.