cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns in Wildlife–Vegetation Association Matrices

Abstract We explored patterns in species–vegetation associations for vertebrate species found in forest communities in the northeastern U.S. Associations compiled by Degraaf et al. were used as the basis for our analyses. Three hundred and thirty-six vertebrate species and 45 vegetative cover types were investigated. Vertebrates were grouped as mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds, and vegetation classes were aggregated hierarchically into 3, 6, 11 or 45 vegetation cover types. We used correspondence analysis to explore these data for patterns, with the objective of identifying dual ordinations of species and vegetation cover types expressing the strongest possible pattern of association between species and vegetation. Each level of vegetative aggregation was used in combination with each vertebrate grouping in the analyses. We found that associations were not particularly strong for any of the vertebrate groupings at any level of vegetative aggregation. Of the four taxonomic groups, birds appeared to be the most strongly associated with vegetation cover type. For all vertebrate groups the strength of the association with vegetative cover types declined with the level of vegetative aggregation. Results suggest that the vegetative cover types in Degraaf et al. are of marginal value in representing patterns of vertebrate biodiversity, and that ecological attributes other than vegetative cover types are more important in recognizing patterns of species occurrence. They also suggest that the level of detail in a classification of vegetative cover can influence patterns of association exhibited by vertebrate species. This must be kept in mind when biologists use species–vegetation associations to develop maps of vertebrate diversity.
Political Advertising: A Roadblock in Teaching Social Studies Students the Importance of Truthful Political Communication to a Democratic Society

The author contends that too much political advertising is a form of public relations "spin" in which the truth is sacrificed and the political process damaged as a result. The goal of much of this advertising too frequently focuses on transmitting "disinformation" that, while perhaps not technically a lie, is intended not to inform the public but rather to gain a political or ideological advantage. The author provides a discussion of such disinformation that the social studies teacher can use in the classroom.
On the behavior of viscoelastic free jets with elliptical cross section

Abstract In [1,2] we develop a comprehensive theory of one space dimensional closure models (closed systems of 1-D equations for the unknown, or modal , variables) for free viscoelastic jets. These closure models are derived via asymptotics from the full 3-D boundary value problem under the conditions of a Von Karman-like flow geometry, a Maxwell-Jeffreys constitutive model, elliptical free surface cross section, and a slender jet scaling. The focus of the present paper is to determine the consequences and predictions of the lowest order system of equations in this asymptotic analysis. For the special cases of elliptical inviscid and Newtonian free jets, subject to the effects of surface tension and gravity, our model predicts oscillation of the major axis of the free surface elliptical cross section between perpendicular directions with distance down the jet, and draw-down of the cross section, in agreement with observed behavior. In the absence of surface tension the transformation from a cross section with major axis in one direction to a cross section with major axis in the perpendicular direction occurs only once, in agreement with the observation of Taylor [4]. In viscoelastic regimes, our model predicts swell of the elliptical extrudate and distortion of the elliptical extrudate cross section from the dimensions of the die aperture.
The carbon geodynamic cycle

How carbon was incorporated into the Earth and evolved to its present concentration in the modern mantle was the focus of the special session, The Carbon Geodynamic Cycle, convened at the 1990 Spring AGU Meeting in Baltimore, Md. Thirteen talks in the session covered a wide range of topics that included terrestrial accretion of carbon, carbon-isotopic composition of diamonds, magma degassing and the relationship of carbonate sedimentation to the global carbon cycle.
MARRIAGE OR DISSOLUTION? UNION TRANSITIONS AMONG POOR COHABITING WOMEN*

The objective of this paper is to identify the incentives and barriers to marriage among cohabiting women, especially disadvantaged mothers who are targets of welfare reform. We use the newly released cohabitation data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979–2000), which tracks the partners of cohabiting women across survey waves. Our results support several conclusions. First, cohabiting unions are short-lived—about one-half end within one year, and over 90% end by the fifth year. Unlike most previous research, our results show that most cohabiting unions end by dissolution of the relationship rather than by marriage. Second, transitions to marriage are especially unlikely among poor women; less than one-third marry within five years. Cohabitation among poor women is more likely than that among nonpoor women to be a long-term alternative or substitute for traditional marriage. Third, our multinomial analysis of transitions from cohabitation into marriage or dissolution highlights the salience of economically disadvantaged family backgrounds, cohabitation and fertility histories, women’s economic resources, and partner characteristics. These results are interpreted in a policy environment that increasingly views marriage as an economic panacea for low-income women and their children.
Microarray analysis yields candidate markers for rotation resistance in the western corn rootworm beetle, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

As pest species may evolve resistance to chemical controls, they may also evolve resistance to cultural control methods. Yearly rotation of corn (Zea mays) with another crop interrupts the life cycle of the western corn rootworm beetle (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), but behavioral resistance to crop rotation is now a major problem in the Midwest of the USA. Resistant adult females exhibit reduced fidelity to corn as a host and lay their eggs in the soil of both corn and soybean (Glycine max) fields. Behavioral assays suggest that the adaptation is related to increased locomotor activity, but finding molecular markers has been difficult. We used microarray analysis to search for gene expression differences between resistant and wild-type beetles. Candidates validated with real-time polymerase chain reaction exhibit predicted patterns from the microarray in independent samples across time and space. Many genes more highly expressed in the rotation-resistant females have no matches to known proteins, and most genes that were more lowly expressed are involved in antimicrobial defense.
The Nature of Universal Primary Interactions of Particles

A theory of primary interactions between elementary particles is proposed. It is based on the hypothesis that there are three primary interactions: weak, electromagnetic, and strong; and each of them is characterized by a single coupling constant. The primary weak interactions couple the leptons to themselves and to vector and axial vector fields, but not to nucleons. The primary electromagnetic interactions couple the electromagnetic field to the charged leptons or to the neutral vector meson fields, but not to nucleons. The primary strong interactions couple the vector and axial vector fields to the nucleons. All the couplings are universal. On the basis of this theory it is possible to account quantitatively for the anomalous magnetic moments of the nucleons, the ratio of the Gamow –Teller and the Fermi β decay coupling constants, weak magnetism, absence of neutral lepton currents, pion-decay, pion-nucleon scattering lengths, and the principal features of the nuclear force. The theory when extended to strange particles, leads automatically to the suppression of weak decays of strange particles. Our older chirality invariant V – A four-fermion interaction is recovered as the effective interaction for small momentum transfers. No intermediate bosons in the conventional sense are required or expected. The application to the absolute calculation of electromagnetic mass shifts and non-leptonic decay rates yields finite answers which will be discussed in another paper.
ADMINISTERED INFLATION: A REAPPRAISAL

Several empirical studies have tested and confirmed the administered inflation hypothesis for both the United States and Canada. A close examination of these tests reveals that different authors using similar methods and data sources have reported opposite test results as support for the same theory. This suggests a reconsideration of the theory and the methods of prior tests. This study presents some theoretical objections to the concept of administered inflation, points out several inconsistencies in previous empirical tests and retests the data.
The influence of mobile vs. randomly quenched impurities on ferroelectric phase transformations

Abstract A comparative study of the influence of both mobile and randomly quenched impurities and their associated defect complexes on ferroelectric phase transformations in lead zirconate titanate ceramics has been performed by dielectric spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. These investigations have shown a strong dependence of the structure-property relations on the mobility of impurities and/or defect complexes in the temperature range near and below the phase transformation. Impurities-defects which are mobile until temperatures below the transformation are believed to preferentially locate near domain boundaries, resulting in polarization pinning. For these compositions, no evidence of relaxor ferroelectric behavior was observed. However, for the compositions whose impurities-defects were essentially immobile from temperatures above the ferroelectric phase transformation, relaxor behavior and polar nanodomains were found. Studies of the influence of electrical and thermal histories on ...
A sex-specific quantitative genetic theory for life history and development

A quantitative genetic framework is developed to examine life history evolution with sex-specific differences in morphology, demographic parameters, and selection differentials occurring. Age-specific selection differentials are partitioned according to whether mediated through differential fertility, survival, or mating success, permitting the derivation of weightings according to selection mechanism as well as individual age and sex. The relationship of present to previously gained results is then examined, with applications to the evolution of bimaturism and evolutionary conservativeness of survival rate.
"The World's a Circular Stage": Aeschylean Tragedy through the Eyes of Eva Palmer-Sikelianou

At the first Delphic Festival of 1927, Eva Palmer-Sikelianou presented a pioneering out-door production of Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound. Three years later, she staged repeat performances of the Prometheus and added a new production of Aeschylus' Suppliant Women. At first sight, it appears as if, at both festivals, Palmer-Sikelianou paid minimal attention to stage-design, whereas she took care personally of nearly all other production aspects. This study, however, based on the preserved photographic evidence, shows that Palmer-Sikelianou's philosophical conception of the “sacred” space of the ancient theater at Delphi, i.e., its near-circular orchestra and its open-view setting within the surrounding mountains, inspired her choice of an elemental stage-design. Influenced by Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy, she stressed circular and centripetal movements, as her choreography demonstrates. On a larger plan, the Delphic orchestra was, for her, part of the ur-form of the dynamic circle, shaped here by Delphi's natural landscape, which rendered additional sets superfluous.
New retinoblastoma tumor formation in children initially treated with systemic carboplatin.

Abstract Purpose To determine the frequency and timing of new intraocular tumor formation in children with hereditary retinoblastoma initially treated with systemic carboplatin. Design Retrospective, noncomparative case series. Participants This study included 34 children (57 eyes) with hereditary bilateral retinoblastoma initially treated with systemic carboplatin at the Robert M. Ellsworth Ophthalmic Oncology Center at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital from 1994 through 2000. Main outcome measures New tumor formation after initial treatment with systemic carboplatin. Results There were a total of 165 tumors in 57 eyes. There were 63 new tumors in 27 eyes (47%) after administration of systemic carboplatin, for a mean of 1.1 new tumors per eye. The mean patient age at time of new tumor presentation was 9 months, with 57% of new tumors developing within 4 months of carboplatin treatment. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that children who were treated when younger than 6 months of age were more likely to have new tumors (60%) compared with those treated after 6 months of age (31%; P = 0.0182). Conclusions New intraocular tumors continue to develop after systemic carboplatin; most new tumors appeared within 4 months of treatment.
A Programming Model with Risk to Evaluate Mexican Rural Wage Policy

A mathematical programming model was devised to study the effects of changes in minimum wages on labour income and employment in several agricultural regions in Mexico. The model included relevant agricultural sectors in the United States and Guatemala as well as Mexico. Demand and supply functions for all commodities were included. Equilibrium prices and outputs were generated endogenously. The objective function was basically non-linear but was linearized by a separable segmenting procedure. Inclusion of variance-covariance matrices of crop returns allowed analysis of the effects of risk on producer decisions. Results of the model indicated sharply reduced employment with projected increases in the minimum wage in Mexico.
Human negative elongation factor activates transcription and regulates alternative transcription initiation.

The human negative elongation factor (NELF) is a four-subunit protein complex that inhibits the movement of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) at an early elongation stage in vitro. NELF-mediated stalling of RNAPII also attenuates transcription of a number of inducible genes in human cells. To obtain a genome-wide understanding of human NELF-mediated transcriptional regulation in vivo, we carried out an exon array study in T47D breast cancer cells with transient small interfering RNA knockdown of individual NELF subunits. Upon depletion of NELF-A, -C, or -E, the vast majority of NELF-regulated genes were down-regulated. Many of the down-regulated genes encode proteins that play key roles in cell cycle progression. Consequently, NELF knockdown resulted in significant reduction in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that NELF knockdown led to dissociation of RNAPII from the promoter-proximal region of the cell cycle-regulating genes. This was accompanied by decreased histone modifications associated with active transcription initiation (H3K9Ac) and elongation (H3K36Me3), as well as reduced recruitment of the general transcription factor TFIIB and increased overall histone occupancy at a subset of the down-regulated promoters. Lastly, our study indicates that NELF regulates alternative transcription initiation of BSG (Basigin) gene by differentially influencing RNAPII density at the two neighboring exons at the 5′ end of the gene. Taken together, our data suggest a diverse transcriptional consequence of NELF-mediated RNAPII pausing in the human genome.
Ethics of Electronic Information in the Twenty‐First Century 2004

Outlines some of the presentations at the Electronic information in the 21st century (EEI21) symposium at the University of Memphis in October 2004. EEI21 is an internationally recognized ethics meeting attracting scholars, practitioners and students interested in a wide range of information ethics and related topics. The EEI21 tradition of thematic focus areas continued with intellectual property rights as the special topic for 2004.
Nanofluidic channels by anodic bonding of amorphous silicon to glass to study ion-accumulation and ion-depletion effect.

Abstract A unique phenomenon, ion-enrichment and ion-depletion effect, exists in nanofluidic channels and is observed in amorphous silicon (α-Si) nanochannels as shallow as 50 nm. As a voltage is applied across a nanochannel, ions are rapidly enriched at one end and depleted at the other end of the nanochannel. α-Si is deposited on glass by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and is selectively etched to form nanochannels. The depth of nanochannels is defined by the thickness of the α-Si layer. Low temperature anodic bonding of α-Si to glass was used to seal the channel with a second glass wafer. The strength of the anodic bond was optimized by the introduction of a silicon nitride adhesion promoting layer and double-sided bonding resulting from the electric field reversal. Completed channels, 50 nm in depth, 5 micron wide, and 1 mm long were completely and reliably sealed. Structures based on nanochannels 50–300 nm deep were successfully incorporated into nanofluidic devices to investigate ionic accumulation and depletion effect due to overlapping of electric double layer.
Preoperative insulin reverses cachexia and decreases mortality in tumor-bearing rats.

Abstract As a model of surgical stress in the cancer-bearing animal, we resected large flank sarcomas from cachectic rats under ether anesthesia and closed wounds primarily. The metabolic cost of tumor resection was measured using a long-term continuous indirect calorimeter. In the immediate postresection period energy balance decreased and host energy expenditure increased significantly ( P P P χ 2 test). Preoperative insulin therapy of cachectic TB rats appeared to reverse host cachexia and improve survival following tumor resection.
Transvaginal excision of mesh erosion involving the bladder after mesh placement using a prolapse kit: a novel technique.

Objectives To present our initial experience with a pure transvaginal approach for the removal of mesh erosion involving the bladder secondary to placement of transvaginal mesh for management of pelvic organ prolapse using a prolapse kit. Methods Transvaginal excision of mesh erosion involving the bladder after mesh placement using a prolapse kit was performed in 2 patients. A U-shaped incision is made in the anterior vaginal wall forming a vaginal wall flap. Mesh is identified, divided in the midline, and then dissected from the bladder. The bladder is closed via a transvaginal approach in 3 layers. Results Removal of mesh erosion within the bladder was completed, with all operative steps performed transvaginally in 2 patients. No intraoperative complications occurred. Both patients were discharged with bilateral JJ stents and an 18F Foley catheter. Follow-up cystogram was normal in both patients. There were no major postoperative complications. Conclusions Transvaginal removal of mesh erosion involving the bladder is technically feasible. Additional experience is needed to better define patient selection criteria and indications for transvaginal excision of mesh erosion involving pelvic structures.
Dephosphorylation of eIF-2α Mediated by the γ134.5 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Is Required for Viral Response to Interferon but Is Not Sufficient for Efficient Viral Replication

The γ134.5 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) functions to block the shutoff of protein synthesis involving double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In this process, the γ134.5 protein recruits cellular protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to form a high-molecular-weight complex that dephosphorylates eIF-2α. Here we show that the γ134.5 protein is capable of mediating eIF-2α dephosphorylation without any other viral proteins. While deletion of amino acids 1 to 52 from the γ134.5 protein has no effect on eIF-2α dephosphorylation, further truncations up to amino acid 146 dramatically reduce the activity of the γ134.5 protein. An additional truncation up to amino acid 188 is deleterious, indicating that the carboxyl-terminal domain alone is not functional. Like wild-type HSV-1, the γ134.5 mutant with a truncation of amino acids 1 to 52 is resistant to interferon, and resistance to interferon is coupled to eIF-2α dephosphorylation. Intriguingly, this mutant exhibits a similar growth defect seen for the γ134.5 null mutant in infected cells. Restoration of the wild-type γ134.5 gene in the recombinant completely reverses the phenotype. These results indicate that eIF-2α dephosphorylation mediated by the γ134.5 protein is required for HSV response to interferon but is not sufficient for viral replication. Additional functions or activities of the γ134.5 protein contribute to efficient viral infection.
Molecular packing in steroid-lecithin monolayers part III: Mixed films of 3-doxyl cholestane and 3-doxyl-17-hydroxyl-androstane with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Abstract A comparison is made of the condensing capability of 3-doxyl cholestane and 3-doxyl-17-hydroxyl-androstane in mixed monomolecular film systems with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. 3-doxyl cholestane closely resembled cholesterol in its mixed film behavior while 3-doxyl-17-hydroxyl-androstane did not. This was taken to indicate that the ability of cholesterol to condense expanded host lipids results primarily from hydrophobic interactions and does not involve specific direct polar interactions. A general model is set up based on steroid tilt angle in the mixed film, which indicates that the greater the tilt angle, the more ineffective the condensing capability. A quantitative comparison is made of these properties for cholesterol, cholestanol, epicholesterol, cholestone, 3-doxyl cholestane and coprostanol.
Clinical efficacy and differential inhibition of menstrual fluid prostaglandin F2α in a randomized, double-blind, crossover treatment with placebo, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen in primary dysmenorrhea

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare acetaminophen with ibuprofen for pain relief and menstrual fluid prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) suppression in primary dysmenorrhea. Study design Twelve subjects were randomized to placebo, acetaminophen (1000 mg orally, 4 × daily for 3 days) or ibuprofen (400 mg orally, 4 × daily for 3 days), once during each cycle in a prospective, double-blinded, crossover study. Using preweighed super absorbent tampons, menstrual fluid was collected, extracted, and PGF 2α radioimmunoassayed. Results Ten patients completed the study. Ibuprofen ( P = .002) and acetaminophen ( P = .022) were rated significantly better than placebo. Total menstrual fluid PGF 2α with placebo was 36.2 + 6.1 μg but were 14.8 + 3.0 μg with ibuprofen ( P = .001) and 21.4 + 3.4 μg with acetaminophen ( P = .008). PGF 2α concentrations with placebo were 0.34 + 0.054 μg/mL, with ibuprofen 0.16 + 0.026 μg/mL ( P = .001), and with acetaminophen 0.23 + 0.029 μg/mL ( P = .016). Conclusion Both ibuprofen and acetaminophen were superior to placebo for pain relief and menstrual fluid PGF 2α suppression, with ibuprofen being more potent.
Prognostic Outcomes of Tall Cell Variant Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Objective. To evaluate the prognosis of tall cell variant (TCV) compared to usual variant (UV) papillary thyroid cancer by comparing disease-related mortality and recurrence data from published studies. Methods. Ovid MEDLINE keyword search using “tall cell variant papillary thyroid cancer” was used to identify studies published in English that calculated disease-related mortality and recurrence rates for both TCV and UV. Results. A total of 131 cases of tall cell variant papillary thyroid cancer were reviewed. The combined odds ratio of recurrence for TCV compared to UV is 4.50 with a 95% confidence interval from 2.90 to 6.99. For disease-related mortality, the combined odds ratio for TCV was compared to UV of 14.28 with a 95% confidence interval from 8.01 to 25.46. Conclusion. Currently published data suggests that TCV is a negative prognostic indicator in papillary thyroid cancer and requires aggressive therapy. This meta-analysis provides the largest prognostic data series on TCV in the literature and clearly identifies the need for accurate pathological identification of TCV and its further study as an independent prognostic factor.
Understanding the mechanisms of zinc-sensing by metal-response element binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1)

The regulation of divalent zinc has been observed in a wide range of organisms. Since this metal is an essential nutrient, but also toxic in excess, zinc homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular functioning. The metal-responsive-element-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) is a key regulator of zinc in higher eukaryotes ranging from insects to mammals. MTF-1 controls the expression of metallothioneins (MTs) and a number of other genes directly involved in the intracellular sequestration and transport of zinc. Although the diverse functions of MTF-1 extend well beyond zinc homeostasis to include stress-responses to heavy metal toxicity, oxidative stress, and selected chemical agents, in this review we focus on the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms whereby MTF-1 regulates MT gene expression to protect the cell from fluctuations in environmental zinc. Particular emphasis is devoted to recent studies involving the Cys2His2 zinc finger DNA-binding domain of MTF-1, which is an important contributor to the zinc-sensing and metal-dependent transcriptional activation functions of this protein.
Preparation and chromatographic uses of surface-bonded silicones

Abstract Silicones can be synthesized from a variety of pure or mixed monomers on and chemically bonded to silicic surfaces — typically to chromatographic supports. The resulting materials are non-extractable, thermally stable coatings, which perform well in GLC and can be used for some of the more demanding types of analysis.
Inhibition of MMP-1 and MMP-13 with phosphinic acids that exploit binding in the S2 pocket

Abstract Through the use of empirical and computational methods, phosphinate-based inhibitors of MMP-1 and MMP-13 that bind into the S 2 pocket of these enzymes were designed. The synthesis and testing of 2 suggested that binding was occurring as hypothesized. Structure determination of a co-crystal of 2 bound to the catalytic domain of MMP-1 confirmed the binding mode. Substituents binding into S 2 , S 1′ , S 2′ and S 3′ , were optimized yielding compounds with low double-digit nM IC 50 's against these enzymes.
Foresight-based pricing algorithms in agent economies

Abstract We propose several heuristic approaches to the development of pricing algorithms for software agents that incorporate foresight, i.e., an ability to model and predict responses by competitors. In the absence of foresight, prior work has shown that, in an economy of myopic software agents, undesirable system behaviors such as endless price wars can frequently occur (Kephart, 1998). We show how the introduction of even the smallest amount of lookahead in the agents' pricing algorithms can significantly reduce or eliminate the occurrence of price wars. We also investigate two approaches to developing algorithms that are capable of deep lookahead, while avoiding the classic problem of infinite recursion of opponent models. The two approaches are based on adaptations of (i) the classic minimax fixed-depth search algorithms used in two-player games such as chess; (ii) dynamic programming (DP)-style algorithms that have recently been extended to the domain of two-player zero-sum Markov games (Littman, 1994).
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PROCEDURES TO IMPROVE SPEED AND ACCURACY IN LOCATING CRASHES

Locating statewide crashes for system or facility analyses can be difficult and time-consuming. In many localities, crash data are manually transcribed from paper crash reports and then located, by a separate operator, on a linear reference scheme. Data quality and quantity reduce an operator's ability to accurately identify route and milepoint locations for a large percentage of crashes. A study of crash data in Georgia has identified potential location errors. The study also revealed that numerous technical solutions such as improved data transcription guidelines, multiple public and private road databases, geographic information systems, and standard relational databases potentially can strengthen the functionality of crash location systems. An analysis of an existing crash location procedure is described, and alternative techniques designed to speed the location process and improve location accuracy are discussed.
Optimum Energy Allocation in Cooperative Networks: A Comparative Study

Cooperative networks enjoy spatial diversity gains by forming virtual antenna arrays. To improve the performance of such cooperative networks, optimum energy (power) allocation has emerged as an important research topic. In our previous work, we have investigated the decode-and-forward (DF) protocol. In this paper, the more challenging amplify-and-forward (AF) scenario is considered. Differential modulation which bypasses channel estimation is adopted to reduce receiver complexity and communication overhead. For the AF relay system with and without a direct link between the source node and destination node, we first derive simple and general expressions of the average symbol error rate (SER), at reasonably high SNR. Based on these, the optimum energy distributions which minimize the average SER are obtained. The advantages of the energy optimization are confirmed by analysis and simulations. Using these results, we compare the systems with and without a direct link as well as systems with different relaying protocols.
A solitary mediastinal mass due to localized AL amyloidosis: case report and review of the literature.

AbstractAL amyloidosis presenting as a solitary mediastinal mass is a rare occurrence, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We describe a case of a man presenting with a mediastinal mass diagnosed as amyloidosis, confirmed by mass spectrometry to consist of lambda light chains. Here we review the literature and discuss treatment options for this rare entity.
Complex lymphatic anomalies

Complex lymphatic anomalies include several diagnoses with overlapping patterns of clinical symptoms, anatomic location, imaging features, hematologic alterations, and complications. Lymphatic malformations likely arise through anomalous embryogenesis of the lymphatic system. Analysis of clinical, imaging, histologic, and hematologic features is often needed to reach a diagnosis. Aspiration of fluid collections can readily define fluid as chylous or not. The presence of chyle indicates dysfunction at the mesenteric or retroperitoneal level or above the cisterna chyli due to reflux. The imaging patterns of generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) and Gorham-Stout disease have been segregated with distinctive bone lesions and peri-osseous features. More aggressive histology (spindled lymphatic endothelial cells), clinical progression, hemorrhage, or moderate hematologic changes should raise suspicion for kaposiform lymphangiomatosis. Biopsy may be needed for diagnosis, though avoidance of rib biopsy is advised to prevent iatrogenic chronic pleural effusion. Lymphangiography can visualize the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system and may identify dysfunction of the thoracic duct in central conducting lymphatic anomalies. Local control and symptom relief are targeted by resection, laser therapy, and sclerotherapy. Emerging data suggest a role for medical therapies for complications of complex lymphatic anomalies. Outcomes include recurrent effusion, infection, pain, fracture, mortality, and rarely, malignancy. Complex lymphatic anomalies present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Results from a phase 2 study of sirolimus in these and other conditions are expected in 2014. Improved characterization of natural history, predictors of poor outcomes, responses to therapy, and further clinical trials are needed for complex lymphatic anomalies.
Agroenvironmental conflict and world food system theory: Sugarcane in the Everglades Agricultural Area

Abstract This paper presents a critique of the conceptualization of conflict over land-extensive rural production systems as presented by world food systems theorists. Two problems are identified. The first is historical; specifically, that the periodization of food regimes occludes Caribbean development and plantation agriculture, thereby missing the historical development of the social relations of certain commodity sectors. The second is geographical: that agroenvironmental conflict and sustainability are conceptualized either in terms of local/global (Friedmann, 1990, 1991) or in terms of North/South (Goodman and Redclift, 1991). The paper begins with a summary of the relevant arguments of world food theorists and then turns to the historical example of sugar production to examine its role in industrialization. The following section discusses arguments concerning agroenvironmental conflict that have emerged from food system theory, which emphasize contrasting ‘geographical’ components, either local/global or North/South. The limitations of this analysis are discussed with respect to the case of agroenvironmental conflict in Florida. Finally, a case study of the development of the Florida sugarcane industry is presented to illustrate a ‘First World’ environmental conflict over an agroindustrial production complex that cannot be categorized simply as a ‘consumption’ struggle.
Beam heating and cooling of thick targets for on-line production of exotic nuclei

Abstract Calculations have been made of energy deposition distributions for “thick” targets (∼1 mole/cm 2 ) employed in on-line production of exotic nuclei using the Monte Carlo based LAHET code system for high-energy charged particle transport. A variety of target materials and incident proton beam energies have been examined. For 600 MeV protons, the results are compared to those from a similar study reported in the literature. The agreement between the two studies for total energy deposition is reasonably good for monatomic targets, but the results differ in some details of the energy deposition distributions. Target cooling, both radiative and conductive, is examined to assess the suitability of existing target concepts exposed to bombardment by intense (up to 100 μA), energetic (500 MeV to 1.2 GeV) proton beams to produce exotic nuclei. Implications of cooling requirements to target material selection and design are discussed.
Cylindrical Langmuir probe measurements in an ion thruster plume

Summary form only given. Cylindrical Langmuir probe measurements have been made in the exhaust plume of a 15 cm diameter three-grid ion thruster. Xenon gas was used as a propellant. The experiments were performed in a large vacuum chamber with background pressure values of 2/spl times/10/sup -4/ Torr and 3/spl times/10/sup -6/ Torr. A 250 um diameter tungsten probe 2.78 mm long was used in the experiments. The axis of the probe was kept approximately parallel to the ion flow direction in order to minimize the probe surface exposed to the ion jet. The probe was referenced to a 1 m/spl times/1 m graphite plate placed 3 m downstream of the thruster and perpendicular to the plume. The graphite plate provided sufficient ion collection for reliable measurement in the electron saturation pan of the probe characteristic curve. Both the Langmuir probe and the reference electrode were electrically isolated with respect to the test chamber and the ion thruster. The probe and the thruster were positioned on perpendicular translation stages which permitted axial and radial displacement of the probe relative to the thruster. The data collected for radial and axial scans were analyzed to provide measurements of electron temperature, plasma potential and electron density. A method of data analysis was developed which includes an estimation of the collected ion current. This method will be compared with a numerical particle simulation model for calculation of the ion current component.
The Concept of the Military-Industrial Complex: Radical Critique or Liberal Bogey?

The concept of the military-industrial complex, rather than being a radical departure from conventional sociology, is, instead, a quite logical development within the mainstream of American political sociological theory. The development of the concept is traced not only to C. Wright Mills' “power elite” but beyond to Harold Lasswell's “garrison state” and James Burnham's “managerial revolution.” Ultimately, the concept of the military-industrial complex is seen as derived from an anti-Marxian perspective initially reflected in neo-Machiavellian and Weberian thought. The literature on the concept is appraised by categorizing the prime determinants imputed to the military-industrial complex: variously, (1) the military hierarchy, (2) the administrative bureaucracy, and (3) corporate wealth.
Clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of losses of hearing

Summary Relatively little attention is given to hearing problems in pediatric training programs. As a result, the presence of auditory defects, both mild and severe, is commonly overlooked by otherwise competent pediatricians. The failure to diagnose the presence of a hearing defect may have drastic consequences for the child who may thus be mistakenly considered as mentally retarded or emotionally disturbed. The child who cannot hear adequately cannot learn in a normal manner and will, undoubtedly, develop secondary emotional disturbances resulting from his frustration at not being able to understand or to be understood. Pediatricians have a serious responsibility not only for the detection of children with losses of hearing but for continued participation in the entire treatment process of these children.
PCR-survey of Hox-genes of the zebrafish: new sequence information and evolutionary implications.

We analyzed the Hox gene complement of the zebrafish Danio rerio using a PCR survey. We found 18 new zebrafish HOM/Hox type sequences and one sequence of the msh group. For groups 1–3 and 8–10 we could unambiguously assign the zebrafish fragments to cognate groups. The assignment for cognate groups 4–7 had to remain tentative due to insufficient sequence variation. The number of zebrafish Hox fragments classified as members of cognate groups 1–4, 8, and 9 is identical to the number of genes in corresponding cognate groups of the mouse and human genomes. We found only two differences between the zebrafish and mouse Hox gene complement: four putative genes in group 10 (three in mammals) and only seven in the medial groups 5 to 7 (eight in mammals). Together with the previously published Hox gene sequences of the killifish, the larger number of zebrafish genes in group 10 is positive evidence for variation in the Hox gene complements among bony fish. In contrast, the Hox gene complement appears to be highly conserved among all tetrapods. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Should patients with lobular carcinoma in situ be irradiated? --not yet, but....

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is the neglected step-child of breast cancer research. This is due in part to its rarity, but also in no small measure due to complacency: we thought we knew what to do about it. The consensus view for many years has been that LCIS is a marker of elevated risk of subsequent breast cancer development which is roughly equal in the ipsilateral and contralateral breast [1]. Most invasive cancers that will develop on either side will have ductal histology. Hence, the only local treatment required is a biopsy sufficiently large and well-examined by the pathologist to be certain that there was no ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer present. Chemoprophylaxis has been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of future cancers in patients with LCIS [2], but certainly radiation therapy was not felt to play a role in their treatment. In recent years, ‘‘pleomorphic’’ LCIS and carcinomas in situ with mixed ductal and lobular features have been recognised as being separate entities from ‘‘classic’’ LCIS; they behave like DCIS and should be treated accordingly [3,4]. Still, LCIS sensu strictu remained boring. This idea that the index LCIS can basically be ignored has been challenged intermittently. A study by the Danish Breast Cancer Group found that 17% of 88 patients with either LCIS or mixed LCIS–DCIS developed ipsilateral invasive cancer or mixed DCIS– LCIS with a median follow-up time of 61 months; no contralateral cancers occurred [5]. Further, there were no differences in the ipsilateral breast tumour recur-
A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF METHANE AIR PARTIALLY PREMIXED FLAMES AT ELEVATED PRESSURES

Abstract A numerical investigation of high pressure, counterflow methane-air partially premixed flames (PPFs) is presented to characterize the effect of pressure on flame structure. Four different mechanisms, namely GRI-2.11, GRI-3.0, the San Diego, and the C2 mechanisms have been examined. The mechanisms have been validated by comparing the predicted laminar flame speeds with experimental data. While there is excellent agreement between the measured and predicted laminar flame speeds based on these mechanisms, there are noticeable discrepancies amongst the mechanisms for the prediction of high-pressure PPFs. The GRI 3.0 mechanism is used to examine the detailed PPF structure at elevated pressures. At low pressures, the PPF exhibits a typical double flame structure that consists of rich premixed and nonpremixed reaction zones, and the separation distance between the reaction zones decreases with increasing pressure. However, for pressure above 10 atm, the separation distance becomes nearly independent of ...
Structural Damage Identification in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Structures Using Beamforming

In this study, beamformers consisting of phased sensor or actuator arrays are used in the nondestructive evaluation of homogeneous and heterogeneous structural components. Beamforming can be used to detect, locate, and quantify damage by suitably applying weights and time or phase delays to the tapped signals from a sensor array and/or actuator array in a narrow frequency band to obtain the desired directional sensitivities and optimal array gains. Some aspects about beamforming and wave propagation are discussed as a prelude to the experimental investigation. Design considerations for the phased arrays are also examined. The advantages of using adaptive over conventional beamforming are demonstrated with Frost constraint- and pilot signal-based adaptive techniques. Data from steel and composite plates are analyzed using propagating elastic waves and phased arrays of sensors and/or actuators. Damage, which can be characterized as a local change in impedance, is diagnosed by using propagating elastic waves...
Insecticide Resistance in the House Fly: Resistance Spectra and Preliminary Genetics of Resistance in Eight Strains

The resistance spectra of 8 strains of house flies, Musca domestics L., were measured in tests with 13 insecticides. Materials tested included organophosphates, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, cyclodienes, and a botanical. Some strains were resistant to only a limited number of insecticides; others were resistant to most of those tested. The inheritance of resistance was determined in progenies of crosses between the resistant strains and a susceptible strain possessing visible recessive markers controlled by 2nd and 5th chromosomal genes. Resistance to organophosphates and carbamates was associated primarily with 5th chromosomal semidominant genes. Chlorinated hydrocarbon resistance was associated with 5th chromosomal semidominant genes and with 2nd chromosomal recessive genes. Resistance to cyclodienes was associated with gene (s) on chromosome (s) other than the 2nd or the 5th. Additional resistance genes of undetermined number, location, and significance are almost certainly present in some of the strains studied.
Ion-channel defects and aberrant excitability in myotonia and periodic paralysis

The myotonias and periodic paralyses are a diverse group of skeletal muscle disorders that share a common pathophysiological mechanism: all are caused by derangements in the electrical excitability of the sarcolemma. Mutations within coding regions of ion-channel genes have been identified recently as the underlying molecular defects in these heritable disorders. Chloride-channel mutations cause a reduction in the resting conductance, which enhances excitability and gives rise to myotonia. By contrast, missense mutations in the L-type Ca2+ channel reduce the electrical excitability of the fiber and cause a form of periodic paralysis. Mutations of the sodium channel impair inactivation of the channel, which, depending on the type and severity of the functional defect, results in either paralysis or myotonia.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Children Undergoing Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib Treatment.

BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the pediatric population and multiple risk factors have been identified. Low vitamin D levels can result in poor bone mineralization and have been associated with a significantly higher risk of forearm fracture in children. Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with pediatric critical illness. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children undergoing vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) treatment have low vitamin D levels. METHODS Patients undergoing VEPTR treatment at a single institution were prospectively enrolled (VEPTR). All patients either had a diagnosis of thoracic insufficiency syndrome (TIS), or were at risk of developing TIS secondary to progressive scoliosis or chest wall deformity. Exclusion criteria were patients with rickets and patients receiving vitamin D supplementation at the time of VEPTR insertion. A group of healthy children who presented with fractures during the winter season were used as controls (FX). Vitamin D status and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency were evaluated. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) <20 ng/mL and vitamin D insufficiency as serum 25-OH-D between 20 and 29 ng/mL. RESULTS Twenty-eight VEPTR and 25 FX patients were compared. The average age was 8.6 years in the VEPTR group and 9.1 years in the FX group. Twenty VEPTR patients (71%) and 19 FX patients (76%) demonstrated low vitamin D levels. The average 25-OH-D level was 27.3 ng/mL in the VEPTR group and 25.4 ng/mL in the FX group. Patient characteristics and vitamin D levels were similar between the groups. No association was found between vitamin D status and sex, race, obesity, or multivitamin use. CONCLUSIONS Low vitamin D levels are common in children undergoing VEPTR treatment. In our series, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this patient population was similar to reported rates in the general pediatric population. Vitamin D status should be routinely monitored in children undergoing VEPTR treatment and supplementation should be initiated if necessary.
Anisotropic spin dephasing of impurity-bound electron spins in ZnO

We investigate the electron spin dynamics of n-type c-axis oriented bulk zinc oxide (ZnO) by using time-resolved Kerr rotation and resonant spin amplification measurements. Calculating resonant spin amplification using an anisotropic spin dephasing model reveals that there are two species involved in the spin dynamics, which we attribute to conduction and impurity-bound electron spins, respectively. We find that the impurity-bound electron spin dephasing mechanism is strongly anisotropic due to anisotropic exchange interactions. The identification of the two spin species and their dephasing mechanisms is further supported by the temperature, power, and wavelength dependence of the spin coherence measurements.