cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Relationship Between Sleep and Problem Behavior in Children with Disabilities.

Problem behaviors, such as aggression, self-injury, and disruption, are common reasons for referrals for individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities (Emerson et al. 2001; Murphy et al. 2009). Several studies using parental report indicate that children with problem behavior are also more likely to have sleep difficulties (e.g., Mazurek et al. 2013; Rzepecka et al. 2011), while others suggest that the two domains are not correlated (Dominick et al. 2007). There has also been support from a direct observation study suggesting that individuals who exhibit problem behavior have more sleep difficulties when compared to national norms (Piazza et al. 1996), but these findings are correlational in nature and do not provide information about a temporal relationship. Thus, it is unclear from current research whether sleep difficulties and problem behavior vary together (e.g., whether behavior is worse on days following low sleep) or whether they are temporally unrelated (Brylewski and Wiggs 1999).
Cell surface expression of hepatitis B surface and core antigens in transfected rat fibroblast cell lines

Hepatocellular necrosis during hepatitis B virus infection is hypothesized to result from host immune responses against either hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis B core antigen expressed on the surface membrane of infected hepatocytes. To study the capacity of hepatitis B deoxyribonucleic acid to induce membrane expression of either hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis B core antigen in vitro, we assessed transfected rat fibroblast cell lines by indirect immunofluorescence. Rat fibroblasts were transfected with plasmid vectors containing the natural promoters, native enhancer, and uninterrupted sequences of either the Pre S/S gene or core gene. Resulting cell lines produced hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen/hepatitis B e antigen, respectively. Immunofluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry showed that hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen were expressed in a granular pattern in the surface membrane of transfected cells. We conclude that surface membrane expression of both hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen is an intrinsic consequence of expression of either the Pre S/S or core gene.
NADH: (acceptor) oxidoreductase from bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules.

Abstract The NADH:(acceptor) oxidoreductase from membranes of bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules has been purified by column chromatography. After solubilization of the membranes with emulphogen, a nonionic detergent, the enzyme was purified by dye-ligand chromatography and gel filtration. The oxidoreductase appeared essentially homogeneous on two gel electrophoretic systems. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the enzyme revealed a dimeric structure with a combined molecular weight of about 55,000. The enzyme eluted as a detergent-lipid-protein aggregate with a Stoke's radius of 43 A on gel filtration columns in the presence of emulphogen. The amino acid composition of the oxidoreductase was found to be distinct from that of similar enzymes from other organelles. Topographical experiments indicated that the enzyme is a transmembrane protein.
On the length of crack jump during subcritical growth

Abstract The stepwise growth of a crack in elastoplastic materials under subcritical conditions is considered by developing a model for the individual jumps. The method is based on the concept of the process zone which was precisely defined in an earlier paper (Engng Fracture Mech.26, 491–503). It is shown that the length of the jump is given explicitly in terms of the geometric and physical characteristics of the process zone, external loading and environmental conditions. The environment of interest can be either a high temperature or a chemical agent, with emphasis being placed on hydrogen-assisted cracking. Two main results are established within this discrete modelling approach to crack motion. First, a physically based definition of a continuous velocity for the crack tip is possible; and, second, the structure of the velocity vs stress intensity factor curve is theoretically established.
Concern About Crime Among Montana Farmers and Ranchers1

The effects of previous victimization, distance from law enforcement and neighbors, and sufficiency of police patrols on fear of crime are estimated using data from Montana farmers and ranchers. Victimization has the strongest direct effect. Distance from police and neighbors seems to heighten sensitivity to lesser police patrol activity in isolated areas, which in turn increases concern about criminal victimization. Fear of crime in rural farm areas reflects, in part, the spatial arrangements and related consequences of living in these regions.
Round Jet in a Cross Flow: Influence of Injection Angle on Vortex Properties

A model is developed to infer the properties of a pair of diffuse contrarotating vortices for perpendicular jet injection into the cross flow. Attention is given to pressure distribution on the surface where the jet exhausts, especially in terms of V/STOL applications. A V/STOL wind tunnel experiment is described, whereby a round jet of air (10.16 cm dia) was discharged through a horizontal flat plate into the cross flow of the wind tunnel test section at angles of 45, 60, 75, and 90 deg. Results indicate that the effective vortex strength for both velocity ratios is highest near the jet orifice, and decreases as the vortices are swept downstream, at which point the effective vortex spacing increases. In addition, the core radius of the vortex exhibits properties similar to those of the effective vortex spacing
Corrected western Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated 14C dates from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove peat

A corrected western Atlantic Holocene sea-level curve was constructed from 145 calibrated 14C and TIMS U-Th dates from shallow Acropora palmata framework and intertidal Rhizopora mangle peat from the Florida Keys, Belize, and the wider Caribbean. Data include both previously published and newly reported coral and peat dates. With the elevations of corals restricted to positions below sea level and those of peats to intertidal and higher levels, a curve bracketed by corals below and peat above effectively delineates the positions of a rising Holocene sea. From 3–11 ka, the corrected curve shifts progressively to older calibrated ages, reaching an ~1-kyr increase at −21 m MSL (mean sea level). Elevations and calibrated ages of samples from each locality in the wider Caribbean region constitute an important database for future refinement with glacio-hydro-isostatic elevation corrections from 3-D Earth models. In future studies of the history of western Atlantic coral reefs, scientists will be able to relate calibrated radiocarbon dates to this sea-level curve to determine paleo water depths and rates of sea-level rise.
Production of relativistic antihydrogen atoms by pair production with positron capture and measurement of the Lamb shift

A beam of relativistic antihydrogen atoms — the bound state (\(\bar p\)e+) — can be created by circulating the beam of an antiproton storage ring through an internal gas target. An antiproton which passes through the Coulomb field of a nucleus will create e+e− pairs, and antihydrogen will form when a positron is created in a bound instead of continuum state about the antiproton. The cross section for this process is roughly 3Z2 pb for antiproton momenta about 6 GeV/c. A sample of 600 antihydrogen atoms in a low-emittance, neutral beam will be made in 1995 as an accidental byproduct of Fermilab experiment E760. We describe a simple experiment, Fermilab Proposal P862, which can detect this beam, and outline how a sample of a few-104 atoms can be used to measure the antihydrogen Lamb shift to 1 %.
Endoscopic Endonasal Compared with Anterior Craniofacial and Combined Cranionasal Resection of Esthesioneuroblastomas

Objective Esthesioneuroblastomas represent a surgical challenge because of their anatomical location, the necessity of achieving negative margins, and the often-cosmetically disfiguring transfacial approaches needed. Recently, expanded endonasal endoscopic approaches have been developed, either alone or in combination with a craniotomy. We conducted a systematic review of case series and case reports to compare outcomes between these various surgical approaches. Methods A MEDLINE search was conducted of the modern literature (1985-2010) to identify open and endoscopic surgical series. Tumor and patient characteristics, Kadish stage, extent of resection, and progression-free and overall survival were recorded and analyzed by approach. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess overall survival and progression-free survival. Results Forty-seven studies comprising 453 patients were included. The endoscopic cohort had a greater proportion of Kadish Stage A tumors compared with the craniofacial group. Gross total resection was achieved in 98.1% of patients who underwent an endoscopic approach compared with 81.3% for the craniofacial and 100% for the cranionasal cohorts. Local recurrence occurred in 8.0% of patients in the endoscopic group compared with 22.1% in the craniofacial and 16.7% in the cranionasal cohorts. Conclusion In well-selected cases, cranionasal and endonasal approaches can be safe and effective. An ongoing evaluation of the benefits and limitations are necessary to better define the ideal patient population and patient-specific risk factors for the use of these minimal access techniques.
A comparison of turns analysis and motor unit analysis in electromyography.

Abstract We compared the results of turns analysis and motor unit analysis on 4056 electromyographic interference patterns (IPs) from normal subjects and patients with neuromuscular disorders. The motor unit analysis involved decomposing the IPs into their component motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) using automatic decomposition electromyography (ADEMG). We checked the accuracy of the decompositions by attempting to reconstruct some of the IPs from their identified MUAPs using computer simulations. The simulations revealed that ADEMG typically identified more than 60% (but not all) of the MUAPs in a given IP. Both turns and MUAP properties showed regular and related changes with force, age, muscle, and recording electrode type. The number of turns in each IP was highly correlated with the number of active MUAPs ( r = 0.65), the mean MUAP firing rate ( r = 0.72), the mean number of turns per MUAP ( r = 0.34), and the product of these 3 properties ( r = 0.83). The mean amplitude change per turn was highly correlated with the mean MUAP amplitude ( r = 0.82), but also depended on the number of turns per MUAP. Due to the lack of a one-to-one relationship between the turns analysis properties and the MUAP properties, the turns analysis properties by themselves did not provide sufficient information to infer unambiguous physiological information about motor unit morphology or firing behavior.
Chromatin-associated RNA: Differential extraction and characterization

Mammalian cells in different states of cytodifferentiation exhibited different RNA-synthesizing and processing patterns that could be used as markers for phenotypic variability. Inherent in these patterns was an RNA class which was differentially extracted from the cellular homogenate by elevating the temperature and pH of the buffer used in the phenol procedure. This class of RNA was initially designated fraction B (chromatin-associated RNA). In the characterization of fraction B, human myeloma cells labeled for 3 and 24 h were fractionated into subcytoplasmic and subnuclear components and the [3H]-RNA was differentially extracted. After 3 and 24 h labeling 84% and 73%, respectively, of the labeled RNA in the chromatin was extracted in fraction B. Only 10-20% of the polysomal RNA was extracted in fraction B with little enrichment in poly(A) RNA. These and other observations suggested that fraction B was a subpopulation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA which was tightly bound to the chromatin complex.
Application of CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR and docking studies in optimization of mercaptobenzenesulfonamides as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

An essential step in the HIV life cycle is integration of the viral DNA into the host chromosome. This step is catalyzed by a 32-kDa viral enzyme HIV integrase (IN). HIV-1 IN is an important and validated target, and the drugs that selectively inhibit this enzyme, when used in combination with reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) inhibitors, are believed to be highly effective in suppressing the viral replication. IN catalyzes two discrete enzymatic processes referred to as 3‘ processing and DNA strand transfer. As a part of a study to optimize new lead molecules we previously identified from a series of 2-mercaptobenzenesulfonamides (MBSAs), we applied three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship methods, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) to training sets of up to 66 compounds. Two different conformational templates were used: Conf-d, obtained from docking into the HIV-1 IN active site and Conf-s obtaine...
Experiment on a system-level design tool

System-level design pertains to questions of product or system architecture, configuration, and layout; and as such, provides an important bridge between conceptual engineering design work and detailed design decisions. Prior research indicates that this phase of design is important to successful outcomes of design processes, yet it is not well understood. This paper reports the development and experimental testing of a system-level design tool that aids student designers in improving design quality through enhanced understanding of system-level design issues and alternative selection. We found that use of the tool produced significant improvements in design quality among two experimental groups of mechanical engineering students. By developing and testing this tool, we hope to prove the usefulness of tools that aid engineering design at a system level, particularly in reducing heavily iterative and non-productive tasks.
Multifractal structure of speed fluctuations in recurrent streams at 1 AU and near 6 AU

This paper demonstrates the existence of multifractal structure in the velocity fluctuations associated with recurrent streams at 1 AU and near 6 AU. There is a significant evolution of the multifractal spectrum from 1 AU to 6 AU. At 1 AU the fluctuations on all scales in the indicated range are related to the local speed gradients associated with the stream structure. Near 6 AU the multifractal structure of the speed fluctuations approaches the universal form for intermittent turbulence for moments when q is greater than 5, and it has approximately the value expected for a set of discontinuities for q = 2.
Near- versus Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy: Relationships between Spectral Changes Induced by Water and Relative Information Content of the Two Spectral Regions in Regard to High-Moisture Samples

The objectives of this work were to examine similarities and differences in the near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral regions when one is working with high-moisture materials and to study spectral changes in these regions as a method to identify the relationship of spectral information in the near-IR to fundamental absorptions in the mid-IR. Near- and mid-infrared spectra were taken with a Digilab FTS-65 Fourier transform spectrometer. Liquids were examined by transmission and solids by reflectance. Results with solutions showed that less spectral distortion arises when one is subtracting water from mid- rather than from near-infrared spectra. It was also easier to produce high-quality spectra in the mid-infrared by using attenuated total reflectance than by using transmission in the near-infrared. While mid-infrared spectra showed changes (induced by water, pH, physical state, and ionic strength) similar to those found in the near-infrared, there appeared to be more information available in the mid-infrared, even in the presence of water.
Response to Comment on "Diverse Psychotomimetics Act Through a Common Signaling Pathway"

Seeman's remarks ([ 1 ][1]) supporting the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia are based primarily on in vitro receptor-binding studies that cannot be found in his cited references and that differ markedly from previously published data. Seeman's laboratory recently reported ([ 2 ][2]) that
Additively Patterned Polymer Thin Films by Photo-Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (piCVD)

Additively patterned poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) thin films are grown from silicon substrates utilizing initiated CVD. A photoactive free radical initiator is patterned on the substrate using microcontact printing and activated with UV irradiation in the presence of gaseous monomer to induce growth.
EXAMINATION OF A PROPOSED VALIDATION DATA SET USING CFD CALCULATIONS

The United States Department of Energy is promoting the resurgence of nuclear power in the U. S. for both electrical power generation and production of process heat required for industrial processes such as the manufacture of hydrogen for use as a fuel in automobiles. The DOE project is called the next generation nuclear plant (NGNP) and is based on a Generation IV reactor concept called the very high temperature reactor (VHTR), which will use helium as the coolant at temperatures ranging from 450 °C to perhaps 1000 °C. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has not been used for past safety analysis for nuclear reactors in the U. S., it is being considered for safety analysis for existing and future reactors. It is fully recognized that CFD simulation codes will have to be validated for flow physics reasonably close to actual fluid dynamic conditions expected in normal and accident operational situations. To this end, experimental data have been obtained in a scaled model of a narrow slice of the lower plenum of a prismatic VHTR. The present article presents new results of CFD examinations of these data to explore potential issues with the geometry, the initial conditions, the flow dynamics and the data needed to fully specify the inlet and boundary conditions; results for several turbulence models are examined. Issues are addressed and recommendations about the data are made.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
COMMENTS ON NEUBERG'S REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF ECONOMETRIC IDEAS

serves, performs well in tests of quality control of industrial output, the subject of all the examples given by Neyman and Pearson in their development of the procedure. But applying it to scientific research was different because it was unclear what acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis meant in terms of scientific inference. The underlying issues are well understood, though it is useful to be reminded of these periodically. The basic problem has to do with the theory's extreme frequentist view of probability. Acceptance in the context of the Neyman-Pearson procedure meant to follow a rule that would be correct, in the long run, 950/o of the time. A problem for econometricians, relying as they do on nonexperimental data, is that their observations cannot be repeated, so the usefulness of such a rule in econometrics is limited. Pearson (1962) also noted that in the process of making an accept-reject decision many of the important factors are nonquantitative and subjective; the Neyman-Pearson method itself, however, cannot accommodate such elements. At its unveiling, the Neyman-Pearson approach was subjected to severe
"A Szigeti Veszedelem" and the Turkish Wars

Miklos Zrinyi’s epic poem recounts history with a particular slant, presenting the events of the Turkish defeat at Szigetvar in 1566 as a fight between the forces of good and evil. He uses epic conventions to present a tale of a clash between the Turks and the Hungarians. While on the surface the Hungarians seem to be defeated, the real victory lies with them: militarily, the Turks withdraw; the resistance of the fort has stopped their advance to Vienna and the West; politically, the resistance of the Hungarian nobility is a noble goal which ensures the continued existence of the nation; morally, the Christians triumph over the forces of evil represented by the Turks.
The blood supply of the cat's visual cortex and its postnatal development

We examined the blood supply of the cat's visual cortex using alkaline phosphatase histochemistry to demonstrate the capillary endothelial cells. In the adult, layer 4 is marked by a band that is of obviously greater density, extends throughout areas 17 and 18, and ends abruptly at the 18/19 border. We quantified blood vessel density in area 17, observing a 23% greater density in layer 4 than in supragranular and infragranular layers. This difference reflects a laminar difference in metabolic rate. In three animals studied using the metabolic marker 2-deoxyglucose, layer 4 was 25% denser than the other layers. The band of greater density in layer 4 is not present in newborn kittens, but becomes apparent at about 5 weeks of age. Early in development, the endothelial cells form filopodia as the capillaries grow and branch. The density of blood vessels decreases slightly during the first week of postnatal life, but increases between 1 and 6 weeks of age, so that by 6 weeks, the blood supply of the visual cortex resembles that seen in the adult. This pattern resembles that of cortical metabolism seen with 2-deoxyglucose [J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11 (1991) 35], but the increase in vascular density precedes that in glucose metabolism.
Comparison of two methods of ascorbic acid determination in vegetables

Abstract Vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, green beans, spinach, and turnip) were analyzed for ascorbic acid using a modified AOAC method and compared to a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The HPLC method employed a weak ion exchange μBondapalc NH2 column and detection at 254 nm. The two methods did not differ in ascorbic acid values for fresh and three-week stored broccoli, cauliflower, green beans, turnip and three-week stored Brussels sprouts and spinach. A higher ascorbic acid content was found for fresh Brussels sprouts and spinach when measured by the HPLC method.
The medical care of street youth

Our clinical contacts with street youth support the view that their numbers are growing and that their medical needs are largely neglected. We describe our experience in providing medical care to street youth in Seattle, with attention to their medical presentations and patterns of health care utilization. We address aspects of adolescent street life that are unique to that particular mode of living or importantly formative in the lives of persons drawn to it.
Phase II Trial of Sorafenib in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer Previously Exposed to Anthracyclines or Taxanes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group and Mayo Clinic Trial N0336

Purpose We conducted a cooperative group phase II study to assess antitumor activity and toxicity of sorafenib in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) who had received prior treatment for their disease. Patient and Methods Patients were eligible if they had measurable disease and had previously received an anthracycline and/or a taxane in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or metastatic setting. The primary end point of the study was tumor response per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). The study was designed in two stages. Sorafenib was administered as 400 mg twice daily on days 1 through 28 of each 4-week cycle. Results
Inquisition: The Reign of Fear – By Toby Green

With this highly personalized history written for a general audience, Toby Green offers his contribution to the growing number of publications on the Hispanic Inquisitions. Enlivened by stories and...
High dose rate remote afterloading brachytherapy for lung and esophageal cancer

High dose rate brachytherapy for lung and esophageal cancer is performed by placing a high activity Iridium 192 source into the lumen of the airway or esophagus. Because of the high activity of the source it remains in place for only a matter of minutes, and fractionated treatments are feasible. Before this development, conventional dose rate brachytherapy required hospitalization with attendant patient discomfort, expense, and complicated radiation safety requirements. The development of high activity remote afterloading machines has removed these practical disadvantages and has led to a great interest in the use of this technology for radical treatment and palliation of obstructing malignancies There are several unresolved issues concerning this modality for both lung and esophageal cancer. For both diseases, optimal dose and fractionation schemes are not well defined but the palliative benefits for recurrent lung cancer have been clearly shown. The use of a brachytherapy boost following radical external beam radiation therapy of lung cancer is not proven to be advantageous. For esophageal cancer, the value of brachytherapy for palliation is not established. However, there are preliminary data to suggest that it can improve outcome when used routinely after radical treatment with external beam radiation therapy.
Using statistical bandwidth in token ring networks

A new network access protocol, called restricted destination access protocol, for transmitting data packets in token ring networks, is proposed and analyzed. This protocol is based on the existing token passing access protocol and makes use of the extra statistical bandwidth that exists in token ring networks. A transmission capacity of greater than unity can be supported. Simulation results using the protocol in a modified fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) network are included. >
Pharmacologic Prevention of Noise and Drug-induced Hearing Loss: Current State of Development of Antioxidant Otoprotection

Abstract Within the next decade audiologists will be working with patients and physicians in selecting and monitoring pharmacologic otoprotective agents against drug and noise induced hearing loss either for research or clinic applications or both. Currently, several of these agents are in clinical trials, although none yet have Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use.
The thermal and mechanical behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers incorporating novel thermotropic liquid crystalline copolymers

This investigation explores the potential of improving the performance of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers by incorporating novel thermotropic liquid crystalline copolymers. Fibers were obtained by melt extrusion and the effect of processing conditions, i.e., spinning temperature, stretch ratio, and post treatment evaluated. The fibers were tested for mechanical performance, dimensional instability (shrinkage), and the development of shrinkage stresses. A segmented block copolymer consisting of rigid-rod, diad, and flexible coil segments was found to improve the performance of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers. At a concentration of 20 wt %, the alternating block copolymer increased the tensile modulus of the fibers by 40% and decreased free shrinkage by 20% compared to neat PET. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wind erosion in the Martian polar regions

Photographic evidence suggests that many topographic features of the polar regions of Mars may have been sculptured by wind action. In the case of the pitted terrain, this is established by relating the orientations of elongate basins and grooves to patterns of albedo markings that are generally accepted to be wind-formed. Small-scale flutes and other textures of laminated terrain recognized outside the perennial ice cap in the south polar region are also attributed to eolian action. Winds flowing off the polar cap and spiraling toward the west seem to be responsible. More speculatively the large-scale circumpolar features which underlie the residual polar caps may be related to wind erosion. Rotational motion localized on circular segments of the perennial frost deposits are proposed as a mechanism.
Pruritus in the Older Patient: A Clinical Review

Importance Pruritus is a common problem among elderly people and, when severe, causes as much discomfort as chronic pain. Little evidence supports pruritus treatment, limiting therapeutic possibilities and resulting in challenging management problems. Objectives To present the evidence on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pruritus in the elderly and, using the best available evidence, provide an approach for generalist physicians caring for older patients with pruritus. Evidence Review PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched (1946–August 2013).The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Systematic Review Data Repository were also searched from their inception to August 2013. References from retrieved articles were evaluated. Findings More than 50% of elderly patients have xerosis (dry skin). Xerosis treatment should be included in the initial therapy for pruritus in all elderly patients. Calcium channel blockers and hydrochlorothiazide are important causes of pruritic skin eruptions in older patients. Neuropathic pruritus is infrequently considered but may cause localized itching (especially in the genital area) and generalized truncal pruritus (especially in patients with diabetes mellitus). Certain skin conditions are more common in elderly patients, including scabies, bullous pemphigoid, transient acantholytic dermatosis, and mycosis fungoides, and should be considered in elderly patients with pruritus. Conclusions and Relevance It is important to evaluate elderly patients for dermatological, systemic, and neurological etiologies of itch. A simple-to-apply diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm can be used. Xerosis, drug reactions, and neuropathy should be considered when evaluating pruritus.
Genetic variation affecting heart rate in Drosophila melanogaster

Heart rate in pre-pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is shown to vary over a wide range from 2.5 to 3.7 beats per second. Quantitative genetic analysis of a sample of 11 highly inbred lines indicates that approaching one-quarter of the total variance in natural populations can be attributed to genetic differences between flies. A hypomorphic allele of the potassium channel gene ether-a-gogo, which is homologous to a human long-QT syndrome susceptibility gene (HERG), has a heart rate at the low end of the wild-type range, but this effect can be suppressed in certain wild-type genetic backgrounds. This study provides a baseline for investigation of pharmacological and other physiological influences on heart rate in the model organism, and implies that quantitative genetic dissection will provide insight into the molecular basis for variation in normal and arrhythmic heart function.
Field strength and angle dependence of trabecular bone marrow transverse relaxation in the calcaneus

The contribution from reversible dephasing, R2, to the effective transverse relaxation rate, R2*, in trabecular bone marrow, is governed by the magnetic field inhomogeneity induced by the difference in diamagnetic susceptibility between bone and bone marrow and should, therefore, scale linearly with field strength. Measurement of R2′ in the calcaneus at 1.5 and 4 T by means of the GESFIDE (gradient-echo sampling of free induction decay and echo) pulse sequence showed R2′ to increase by a factor of 2.73 at the higher field, which is close to the ratio of the field strengths (2.67). At both field strengths, R2′ dominates R2*, contributing more than 90% to the total relaxation rate at 4 T. The data further indicate large regional variations within the calcaneus and a notable dependence of R2′ on the angle of the foot relative to the direction of the static field. The findings have implications on the choice of the calcaneal site for assessment of trabecular density.
Band-tailing effects and the temperature dependence of radiative recombination in compensated epitaxial GaAs laser junctions

The temperature dependence of the spectrum, threshold current, and power output of compensated vapor-grown epitaxial GaAs lasers and incoherent emitters near room temperature is presented. It was found that an increase in temperature produced a narrowing of the spontaneous emission spectrum. This narrowing has been attributed to a movement of the Fermi level through an exponential density-of-states tail.
The biology of the eosinophilic leukocyte

The eosinophil is characterized by specific cytoplasmic granules that contain a series of cationic toxins able to kill many targets, including helminths, protozoa, bacteria, and other cells. In bronchial asthma, considerable evidence exists that the eosinophil releases granule proteins, especially the major basic protein (MBP), which in turn mediate tissue abnormalities. Among eosinophil-activating factors, IL-5 has been associated with helminth infection and hypersensitivity diseases and would appear to be an attractive target for pharmacological intervention.
Packet classification using extended TCAMs

CAMs are the most popular practical method for implementing packet classification in high performance routers. Their principal drawbacks are high power consumption and inefficient representation of filters with port ranges. A recent paper [Narlikar, et al., 2003] showed how partitioned TCAMs could be used to implement IP route lookup with dramatically lower power consumption. We extend the ideas in [Narlikar, et al., 2003] to address the more challenging problem of general packet classification. We describe two extensions to the standard TCAM architecture. The first organizes the TCAM as a two level hierarchy in which an index block is used to enable/disable the querying of the main storage blocks. The second incorporates circuits for range comparisons directly within the TCAM memory array. Extended TCAMs can deliver high performance (100 million lookups per second) for large filter sets (100,000 filters), while reducing power consumption by a factor of ten and improving space efficiency by a factor of three.
Review Essay: Ethnography Lost and Found: Qualitative Methodology Between Science, Art, and Social Powers

Das hier besprochene Handbuch der Ethnographie bietet eine sorgfaltige Abhandlung des aktuellen Standes dieses Forschungsfeldes – mit grosem Enthusiasmus, was die Einsetzbarkeit und den Einsatz qualitativer Methodik angeht, wahrend die Rolle postmodernen Denkens in den gegenwartigen Sozialwissenschaften eher desorientiert bleibt. Eine Folge ist, dass qualitative Techniken potentiell wichtige Instrumente fur journalistische Erzahlungen werden, wahrend die alten Ideale der Wissenschaft – einen generalisierbaren Wissensfundus zu schaffen – von der Tagesordnung entfernt sind. Es ist zu hoffen, dass die ethnographischen Traditionen den sozialen Druck der Burokratisierung und institutioneller Kontrollen auf die zeitgenossischen Sozialwissenschaften uberleben werden. Das Handbuch bietet auch einen hervorragenden Uberblick uber unterschiedliche Forschungstraditionen, die aus der "Chicago School" hervorgegangen sind. Zugleich fehlt jedoch eine Darstellung und Wurdigung ethnographischer Ansatze jenseits der britisch-amerikanischen Tradition. Dennoch gelingt mit dem Handbuch eine beachtliche Synthese gegenwartigen Denkens in der und uber die Ethnographie. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0202297
The Entrepreneurial M-Form: Strategic Integration in Global Media Firms

Many researchers believe that bounded rationality prevents CEOs in large, complex, multidivisional ("M-form") corporations from personally formulating division-level strategies. Instead, CEOs are seen as guiding a "bottom-up" process whereby division managers propose strategies for review and approval by the corporate office. Contrary to this view, we argue that CEOs in global media firms frequently drive strategy in a "top-down" manner, especially when their firms seek to expand by integrating the activities of two or more existing divisions. We refer to such firms as "Entrepreneurial M-forms," and maintain that their reliance on an activist CEO offers benefits: (1) in turbulent environments, when the use of slow, bottom-up planning processes risks forfeiting first-mover advantages; and (2) when expansion entails major capital commitments, and division managers may be reluctant to accept the career risks associated with sponsorship of "bet-the-company" projects.
Public Interest Group Entrepreneurship and Theories of Group Mobilization

The bulk of the literature on group mobilization focuses on why individu als join groups and virtually ignores the group leader (entrepreneur). Thus, we argue that there is a gap in the literature ...
Thrombospondin-1 in a Murine Model of Colorectal Carcinogenesis

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the late complications observed in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Carcinogenesis is promoted by persistent chronic inflammation occurring in IBD. Understanding the mechanisms involved is essential in order to ameliorate inflammation and prevent CRC. Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) is a multidomain glycoprotein with important roles in angiogenesis. The effects of TSP-1 in colonic tumor formation and growth were analyzed in a model of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. WT and TSP-1 deficient mice (TSP-1-/-) of the C57BL/6 strain received a single injection of azoxymethane (AOM) and multiple cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce chronic inflammation-related cancers. Proliferation and angiogenesis were histologically analyzed in tumors. The intestinal transcriptome was also analyzed using a gene microarray approach. When the area containing tumors was compared with the entire colonic area of each mouse, the tumor burden was decreased in AOM/DSS-treated TSP-1-/- versus wild type (WT) mice. However, these lesions displayed more angiogenesis and proliferation rates when compared with the WT tumors. AOM-DSS treatment of TSP-1-/- mice resulted in significant deregulation of genes involved in transcription, canonical Wnt signaling, transport, defense response, regulation of epithelial cell proliferation and metabolism. Microarray analyses of these tumors showed down-regulation of 18 microRNAs in TSP-1-/- tumors. These results contribute new insights on the controversial role of TSP-1 in cancer and offer a better understanding of the genetics and pathogenesis of CRC.
Measuring the Chilling Effect

Supreme Court doctrine grants special protection against laws that “chill” protected speech, most prominently via the overbreadth doctrine. The overbreadth doctrine permits persons whose own speech is unprotected to challenge laws that infringe the protected speech of third parties. The Court has not generally applied overbreadth and the other speech-protective doctrines to other constitutional rights even though other rights could also be subject to a chilling effect. The case law simply assumes that the chilling effect only acts on the exercise of speech, and that this justifies treating speech differently from other rights.We tested these assumptions with respect to abortion rights. By comparing abortion rates with state laws over a two-decade-plus period, we found a statistically significant correlation between laws forbidding late-term abortions and the reduction of not only late-term but also “near-late-term” abortions, i.e., abortions in the roughly one month before the period in which abortions are forbidden. That effect persists even after controlling for potentially confounding variables, such as the number of abortion providers and pro-life public opinion. Moreover, the effect is not limited to the year of enactment or associated with failed policy initiatives, suggesting that the impact is due to the law itself rather than associated publicity. These findings are consistent with, and strongly suggestive of, a chilling effect on abortion providers and/or women seeking abortions. This result undermines the implicit assumption that the chilling effect is unique to laws regulating speech and vindicates the general proposition that laws can chill the exercise of constitutional rights beyond their literal coverage.
Bacteremia in Suckling Rabbits After Oral Challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophilic marine enteropathogen, produces diarrhea in man after ingestion of contaminated seafood. Only strains capable of producing beta-hemolysis (Kanagawa-positive strains) are enteropathogenic. Yet the majority of marine isolants are nonhemolytic and Kanagawa negative. Studies were initiated in suckling rabbits in an attempt to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms. Fasting animals were infected orally with Kanagawa-positive and Kanagawa-negative strains of V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, two enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, and strains of salmonellae. Seven hours postchallenge, cardiac blood, liver, and spleen cultures were obtained. V. parahaemolyticus strains failed to induce intestinal fluid accumulation during this study period. Bacteremia occurred in animals challenged with Kanagawa-positive V. parahaemolyticus, S. flexneri, and salmonella strains only. Animal passage increased the ability of V. parahaemolyticus to cause bacteremia. Liver and spleen cultures were positive in approximately 50% of animals challenged with the Kanagawa-positive strains of V. parphaemolyticus. The ability of this organism to penetrate the intestinal epithelium of suckling rabbits may represent a specific property that plays a role in pathogenesis.
Fabrication of High-Quality Ion-Beam Deposited Cubic Oxide Template Films on Meter-Length Substrates

Ion-beam assisted deposition was used to fabricate biaxially aligned cubic zirconia on flexible metal substrates. These films were used as templates for heteroepitaxially deposited YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) films. The quality of the crystalline texture of the template films has a direct influence on the superconducting properties of the final YBCO films. We describe our efforts to fabricate high-quality cubic zirconia templates on short-length substrates processed in stationary mode and meter-long substrates processed in continuous mode. Our best phi scan FWHM values for the films on the meter-long tapes were 12.6 degrees for the template and 6.1 degrees for the overcoated YBCO. This meter-long tape had a self-field, 75 K, superconducting critical current of 122 amps.
Morbidity and survival of 32 recurrent ovarian cancer patients treated with aggressive cytoreductive surgery followed by intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion

16078 Background: Cytoreductive surgery followed by intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion (CS/IPHC) has shown increased survival for patients with recurrent and persistent GI malignancies wit...
Association genetics and transcriptome analysis reveal a gibberellin-responsive pathway involved in regulating photosynthesis

Gibberellins (GAs) regulate a wide range of important processes in plant growth and development, including photosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which GAs regulate photosynthesis remains to be understood. Here, we used multi-gene association to investigate the effect of genes in the GA-responsive pathway, as constructed by RNA sequencing, on photosynthesis, growth, and wood property traits, in a population of 435 Populus tomentosa By analyzing changes in the transcriptome following GA treatment, we identified many key photosynthetic genes, in agreement with the observed increase in measurements of photosynthesis. Regulatory motif enrichment analysis revealed that 37 differentially expressed genes related to photosynthesis shared two essential GA-related cis-regulatory elements, the GA response element and the pyrimidine box. Thus, we constructed a GA-responsive pathway consisting of 47 genes involved in regulating photosynthesis, including GID1, RGA, GID2, MYBGa, and 37 photosynthetic differentially expressed genes. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association analysis showed that 142 SNPs, representing 40 candidate genes in this pathway, were significantly associated with photosynthesis, growth, and wood property traits. Epistasis analysis uncovered interactions between 310 SNP-SNP pairs from 37 genes in this pathway, revealing possible genetic interactions. Moreover, a structural gene-gene matrix based on a time-course of transcript abundances provided a better understanding of the multi-gene pathway affecting photosynthesis. The results imply a functional role for these genes in mediating photosynthesis, growth, and wood properties, demonstrating the potential of combining transcriptome-based regulatory pathway construction and genetic association approaches to detect the complex genetic networks underlying quantitative traits.
The Construction of College English Teaching Model in the Environment of the Internet

In this essay,the author points out the respective advantages and disadvantages of traditional college-English-teaching model and the model of college-English-teaching through the Internet.Moreover,the author analyzes the characteristics of college English teachers.In accordance with these mentioned above,the author come up with a new teaching model of college English,combining the teaching methods only through the Internet and traditional teaching methods.
Factores sociales asociados con problemas de alimentación en niños con múltiples deficiencias y/o sordociegos

The study´s objective was to analyze and describe social factors associated to feeding problems in children with multiple impairments and /or deaf blindness that were found in different bibliographic resources. In order to collect data 52 review scientific papers were realized. The papers were found in indexed journals into database such as Medline, Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo, Redalyc,Dialnet, Ebscohost and Cochrane. The information allowed to: a) identify sensorial disintegration as one of the most-studied topics in this field, and b) conclude that there are not evidences that showed that there are relationships between sensorial disintegration and social factors in children with multiple impairments and / or deaf blindness who got feeding problems.
The Importance of Networking and Supportive Staff for Latina/o First-Generation Students and their Families as they Transition to Higher Education

Using qualitative research methods, this study sought to contextualize the ways resources for first-generation college students work in isolation rather than in partnership. Based on in-depth iterative interviews with Latina/o students and parents, this study aimed to capture how participants’ experiences influenced their opportunities to pursue a college education. Using a Community Cultural Wealth framework, we sought to identify and understand the mechanisms through which to better support Latina/o first-generation students as they transition to college. Findings suggest the need to expose youth to college culture early in their academic trajectories and continue to build on their knowledge base every year throughout their college career.