cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women's Health: A National Plan for Action.

Women's health is a central item on the national health agenda for the 1990s. Renewed attention to the health needs of women has led to a national plan for action with interventions in research, prevention, treatment, training, public information, and public policy. Since research and training are pivotal to the promulgation of any national health agenda, this has particular importance for dental research and dental education. The 38-goal PHS Action Plan for Women's Health, which directs resources of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) toward women's health is coordinated by the Office on Women's Health and implemented through the PHS agencies and offices including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It encompasses large scale research interventions like the NIH "Women's Health Initiative" as well as other biomedical, biobehavioral, and health services research programs.
Modeling the Hydrology and water quality using BASINS/HSPF for the upper Maurice River watershed, New Jersey

Results of developing a watershed model for the Upper Maurice River watershed are presented. The model was calibrated against observed stream-flow using local coastal plain meteorology as input, for the ultimate purpose of estimating future development impacts on local hydrology, stream-flow and water quality. Due to insufficient data, the model has not been validated yet. Typically, development impacts expected to include are more frequent peak flows, flooding, increased channel-bed erosion, loss of wetlands, loss of forested land and more surface runoff, while water quality impacts expected to occur are an increase in nuisance vegetation in lakes and streams, and stream/lake-water quality degradation due to increased loads of pollutants. This paper reveals that a significant decrease in recharge of the Kirkwood-Cohansey unconfined aquifer system, lying below the watershed, will occur with further development, because development will alter the land-use toward more urbanization resulting in less water infiltration, hence less recharge of the aquifers below. Hydrologic Simulation Program, Fortran (HSPF), within the USEPA's BASINS-3 software system, was the modeling program used.
Population and economic growth: a cointegration analysis of lesser developed countries.

This paper examines the temporal relationship between population growth and economic growth for a sample of less developed countries. Unlike prior research efforts, Granger causality tests are conducted in the context of error correction models when cointegration is present. Of the thirteen countries examined cointegration was present in only three countries. Although ten countries did not exhibit properties of cointegration, it is noted that researchers undertaking time series studies of the relationship between population growth and economic growth utilizing differenced data should evaluate the possible long-run relationship. Capturing both the short-run and long-run behaviour of the respective time series may provide the researcher with a more robust test of Granger-casuality.
SYNTHESIS AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF TWO DEFENSIVE ALKALOIDS FROM THE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE, EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS

Abstract Syntheses of (2 S ,12′ R )-2-(12′-aminotridecyl)-pyrrolidine ( 1 ) and (2 S ,12′ R )-1-(2″-hydroxyethyl)-2-(12′-aminotridecyl)-pyrrolidine ( 2 ), two defensive alkaloids recently isolated from the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis , are described. By a comparison of 1 H NMR data of MTPA derivatives of natural alkaloid 2 with those of the synthetic standard, we confirm the (2 S ,12′ R ) configuration previously suggested for this alkaloid. Further support of these assignments was provided by the synthesis and 1 H NMR investigation of (2 S ,12′ S )- 1 , (2 S ,12′ S )- 2 , and their MTPA derivatives.
New test of the Einstein equivalence principle and the isotropy of space.

Recent research has established that nonsymmetric gravitation theories such as Moffat's NGT predict that a gravitational field singles out an orthogonal pair of polarization states of light that propagate with different phase velocities. We show that a much wider class of nonmetric theories encompassed by the \ensuremath{\chi}g formalism predicts such violations of the Einstein equivalence principle. This gravity-induced birefringence of space implies that propagation through a gravitational field can alter the polarization of light. We use data from polarization measurements of extragalactic sources to constrain birefringence induced by the field of the Galaxy. Our new constraint is ${10}^{8}$ times sharper than previous ones.
The nature of chemical interactions in anhydrous sodalites, M6(AlSiO4)6, M = Na, Ag, Tl

Maximum entropy method (MEM) charge density analysis has been carried out on synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data of a series of anhydrous sodalites, M6(AlSiO4)6, M = Na, Ag, Tl. Analysis of t...
Transthoracic Heller Myotomy for Esophageal Achalasia: Analysis of Long-Term Results

Background Swallowing deteriorates over time in some patients after transthoracic esophagomyotomy for achalasia. The causes of decline are poorly understood. Methods We report a retrospective analysis of transthoracic esophagomyotomy for achalasia. Symptom relief, patient satisfaction, and late intervention were determined during short- and long-term follow-up. Predictors of long-term outcome were identified by logistic regression. Results From 1962 to 1999, 64 patients underwent transthoracic esophagomyotomy. Five patients had repeat myotomy. Sigmoid esophagus was present in 12 (18%). Fundoplication was absent in 50 patients (myotomy only) and added in 15 (myotomy plus fundoplication). Follow-up was complete in 86% (56 of 65); mean follow-up was 154 months. Thirty-one patients (48%) were followed for more than 10 years. Short-term results were good to excellent in 91% (51 of 56) and long-term in 63% (33 of 52; p Conclusions Early good results after esophagomyotomy for achalasia deteriorate over time. Recurring dysphagia early after operation predicts late failure, while sigmoid esophagus does not. Fundoplication reduces reflux symptoms, but not late poor results. These data should be considered in the evaluation of newer, minimally invasive procedures.
Integrating Context and Decision Strategy: A Contingency Theory Approach to Public Personnel Administration

The authors have drawn from the literature in organization theory and behavior to develop a theoretical framework for understanding the dynamics of public personnel administration. They recast the traditional discussion of public personnel administra tion in order to identify when "merit" would be reflected in "routine" decision-making strategies and when it would better resultfrom "bargaining" and the use of "judgment" decision-making strategies. The responses of practitioners in the Midwest provide the basis for an exploratory study testing the utility of this approach.
DRT with local contexts

In this note, we reconstruct some results of the DRT analysis of presupposition projection within the theory of local contexts of Schlenker (2009). The latter offered a way to annotate every sentence with variables that denote the various local context sets that play a crucial role in Heim’s satisfaction theory (Heim 1983). In standard satisfaction theories, a presupposition must be entailed by its local context. Here we allow a presupposition to be indexed with other local contexts, and we propose, following van der Sandt (1992) and Zeevat (1992), that presuppositions are preferably anaphoric to the highest possible context. The resulting analysis emulates some desirable results of DRT—notably its solution to the ‘Proviso Problem’ (Geurts 1999). But it arguably improves on DRT in some respects: it can generate genuine conditional presuppositions; and it yields more adequate results for some quantified examples. Several limitations of the theory—some of them quite severe—are also discussed.
Prevalence of netB among some clinical isolates of Clostridium perfringens from animals in the United States

A previously unknown pore forming toxin, called NetB toxin, which is produced by some Australian strains of Clostridium perfringens has recently been reported. This toxin was reported to be critical to the development of the disease necrotic enteritis, in chickens. To investigate the occurrence of the toxin gene (netB) in non-Australian C. perfringens strains, one hundred and six American isolates of C. perfringens were examined. Ninety-two isolates were from chickens, and 14 were from cattle. The netB gene was found in 14 isolates from chickens (7 from chickens with necrotic enteritis, and 7 from unrelated chickens with no evidence of necrotic enteritis). The netB gene was also detected in an isolate recovered from a 3-year-old cow with liver abscesses. The products of all positive netB PCR reactions were sequenced, and these showed 100% nucleotide identity to the netB sequence published in GenBank. Five isolates which had been recovered from five chickens with necrotic enteritis (from four flocks) were netB negative. An additional 24 isolates recovered from one of these lesioned chickens were also netB negative. The present study represents the first study of C. perfringens isolates outside Australia for netB, and the first identification of netB in an isolate from a species other than chickens. The results indicate that the role of NetB in the induction of necrotic enteritis needs to be further investigated, by determining the disease producing capability of both netB positive strains recovered from normal chickens, and netB negative strains recovered from chickens with necrotic enteritis.
Optimising the freestyle swimming stroke: the effect of finger spread

Previous studies of optimal swimming technique have had limited success simulating the complex motion of a swimming stroke, either experimentally or through computer modelling. This study experimentally simulated the dynamics of the freestyle stroke in the pull-down phase by measuring the propulsive force created by two models of human hands: one with fingers held together and the other held with fingers spread at 10∘. The stroke motion was created by towing the model through a tank of water while simultaneously using a two-axis motor assembly to create a sculling motion. In the testing of the models, the maximum sculling pitch angle was varied from 20∘ to 50∘. It was determined with 95% confidence that a finger spread of 10∘ creates more stroke force than a fingers-together configuration across all pitch angles tested.
Developing a forensics tool for social media

Millions of users around the world utilize social media sites on any given day, spreading information about their activities, whereabouts and thoughts to friends and interested readers. These same messages can be used to construct a digital and physical path that can be extracted for forensic analysis through application programming interfaces provided by each of the social media outlets. While there has been recent work discussing the spread of social media as a means of tracking news and trends in the world at large, little has been done to study a means to analyze the data available through social media using forensic methods. To fill this gap, an application has been created that can retrieve data created by users via social media applications and allow analysis of the same.
The implications of international asset trade for monetary policy

Abstract A country owning international assets denominated in its own currency will exhibit a non-zero inflationary bias. Monetary policy, however, cannot systematically exploit the country's international asset position; world wealth redistribution does occur as a result of monetary policies, but is random and only arises as a side effect in the pursuit of domestic stabilization policies. Finally, the desirability of discretionary versus precommitted policies depends on the policy- makers' preferences as well as on the structural characteristics of the economy.
New Directions for Water Management in Indian Agriculture

Despite several decades of large and expensive government programs to expand traditional surface irrigation systems, groundwater irrigated area has continued to grow inexorably—even in command areas of canals and tanks. Groundwater now irrigates more than double the area irrigated by surface water. The alarming drop in groundwater tables in parts of Northwestern and of Peninsular India, and the apparent high public cost of subsidizing the electricity for ground water pumping, has led to calls for limiting groundwater abstraction and further developing surface water systems. This reaction to the ground water challenge misses the point. The debate should not be about whether surface water schemes are preferable to groundwater use, or more generally how to build new infrastructure to increase water supply. Instead, the question is how to deliver a reliable service to improve agricultural productivity. Further surface water development (reservoirs, canals) will not reduce demand for ground water unless it can...
Fabrication of a neotrachea using engineered cartilage.

Objectives: Surgical management of long-segment tracheal stenosis is an ongoing problem. Many types of tracheal prostheses have been tried but with limited success because of immune rejection, graft ischemia, or restenosis. Tissue engineered cartilage may offer a solution to this problem, although scaffolds, which are currently often used for support, can lead to biocompatibility problems. This study investigated the feasibility of scaffold-free cartilage to tissue engineer a vascularized neotrachea in rabbits. Study Design: Animal study. Methods: Autologous neotracheal constructs were implanted in the abdomen of six New Zealand white rabbits. Auricular chondrocytes were used to engineer scaffold-free cartilage sheets. A muscle flap raised from the external abdominal oblique muscle and the engineered cartilage were wrapped around a silicone stent to fabricate a vascularized neotrachea in vivo. In two of the six rabbits, a full thickness skin graft was used to create an epithelial lining. The constructs were harvested after either 6 or 10 weeks. Results: All neotracheal constructs were healthy with well-vascularized and integrated layers. The implanted engineered cartilage underwent a remodeling process, forming a solid tracheal framework. Constructs harvested after 10 weeks proved to have significantly better mechanical properties than after 6 weeks and were comparable with the rabbit's native trachea. Conclusion: Scaffold-free engineered cartilage can successfully fabricate a well-vascularized, autologous neotrachea with excellent mechanical properties. The results suggest that this approach can be used to reconstruct tracheal defects in rabbits.
NOVEL ALUMINUM AND TITANIUM COMPLEXES CHELATED BY TRIS-PHENOXIDE LIGANDS

Many elements in the periodic table have been employed as core atoms atranes (traditionally understood to posses three five-membered rings) synthesized from triethanolamine, including main group an...
The molecular basis of skeletal muscle weakness in a mouse model of inflammatory myopathy.

Objective It is generally believed that muscle weakness in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis is due to autoimmune and inflammatory processes. However, it has been observed that there is a poor correlation between the suppression of inflammation and a recovery of muscle function in these patients. This study was undertaken to examine whether nonimmune mechanisms also contribute to muscle weakness. In particular, it has been suggested that an acquired deficiency of AMP deaminase 1 (AMPD1) may be responsible for muscle weakness in myositis. Methods We performed comprehensive functional, behavioral, histologic, molecular, enzymatic, and metabolic assessments before and after the onset of inflammation in a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–transgenic mouse model of autoimmune inflammatory myositis. Results Muscle weakness and metabolic disturbances were detectable in the mice prior to the appearance of infiltrating mononuclear cells. Force contraction analysis of muscle function revealed that weakness was correlated with AMPD1 expression and was myositis specific. Decreasing AMPD1 expression resulted in decreased muscle strength in healthy mice. Fiber typing suggested that fast-twitch muscles were converted to slow-twitch muscles as myositis progressed, and microarray results indicated that AMPD1 and other purine nucleotide pathway genes were suppressed, along with genes essential to glycolysis. Conclusion These data suggest that an AMPD1 deficiency is acquired prior to overt muscle inflammation and is responsible, at least in part, for the muscle weakness that occurs in the mouse model of myositis. AMPD1 is therefore a potential therapeutic target in myositis.
Late Complications of Intraoperative Coronary Artery Perfusion

Although exceedingly unusual, six significant late and potentially lethal complications of coronary perfusion have been observed. In five patients, angina was a sequel of aortic valve replacement, and in the sixth, ventricular tachycardia occurred. Coronary angiography revealed proximal coronary artery stenosis not present in preoperative study in five of the patients, and a dissecting aneurysm of the right coronary artery in the sixth. In four patients, the findings were confirmed during successful reoperation. These patients illustrate the urgent need for repeating coronary angiography when angina or serious arrhythmia occurs late following aortic valve replacement.
Implications of Atmospheric and Climatic Change for Crop Yield and Water Use Efficiency

Yield of water-limited crops is determined by crop water use and by plant water use efficiency, each of which will be affected by the anticipated rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration and concomitant increase in temperature. At the leaf level, a given proportional increase in CO(2) concentration generally elicits a similar relative increase in transpiration efficiency (ratio of net photosynthesis to transpiration). The increase in transpiration efficiency may result both from an increase in photosynthetic rate and a decrease in stomatal conductance. Feedbacks involved in scaling from leaf to crop constrain the increase in net carbon gain and reduce the anti-transpiration effect of CO(2) enrichment. As a result, the increase in crop water use efficiency at high CO(2) typically is less than 75% of that measured at the leaf level. By accelerating crop development and reducing harvest index, higher temperatures often erode yield benefits of improved water use efficiency at high CO(2). The fraction of available water that is used by crops could increase with CO(2) concentration because of greater root growth and faster canopy closure, but these effects have received scant study. Field experiments indicate that CO(2) enrichment will increase crop water use efficiency mainly by increasing photosynthesis and growth. Yield should be most responsive to CO(2) when temperatures approximate the optimum for crop growth. Elevating CO(2) can ameliorate negative effects of above-optimal temperatures, but temperatures near the upper limit for crops will depress yields irrespective of CO(2) concentration.
Predictors of Grief and Depressed Mood among Gay Men Following an Aids-Related Loss.

This prospective study examined the unique predictors of grief and depressed mood in a sample of gay men (34 HIV positive, 69 HIV negative) who lost a close friend to AIDS. Individuals low in self-esteem reported greater depressed mood but no differences in grief following the death. Individuals with personality factors that predispose toward negative affect (e.g., negative affectivity, sensitizer style) were more likely to experience depressed mood but not grief. Other factors also differentially predicted grief and depressed mood. Results suggest that there are distinctive antecedents to grief and depressed mood. Theoretical distinctions between depressed mood and grief are discussed.
An Architecture to Enable Lifetime Full Chip Testability in Chip Multiprocessors

Technology scaling has led to a tremendous increase in the packing density of transistors. However, these small transistors are susceptible to certain impediments that were not present earlier. Manufacturability suffers due to trailing lithography technology which does not scale well with transistor technology. Increased leakage current has reduced effectiveness of burn-in tests. Infant mortality cannot therefore, be completely kept under check. Even during operation, reliability is affected due to CMOS wear-out mechanisms such as time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), hot carrier injection (HCI), negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), electro migration (EM), and stress induced voiding (SIV).
Integrating Left-Turn Lane Geometric Design with Signal Timing

The available design guidelines indicate a lack of proper methodologies for determining the length of left-turn lanes at signalized intersections. This is largely attributable to the alternating nature of stopped and unstopped approaches as a result of cyclic signal phases. The existing design guidelines recommend the design length of left-turn lanes as a sum of two components: queue storage length and deceleration length. This is appropriate for unstopped approaches at unsignalized intersections, but it is inapplicable to signalized intersections, in which the approaches switch between stopped and unstopped by phase. This paper introduces a new methodology that coordinates the requirement of each component with signal timing for the proper design of left-turn lanes. With the underlying assumption of Poisson arrivals, the model developed is limited to uncoordinated intersections or approaches. Compared to the existing guidelines, the proposed methodology provides a rational approach for determining left-turn lane lengths and generally results in shorter left-turn lanes that necessarily meet both safety and operational needs.
Increasing Returns to Education, Changing Labor Force Structure, and the Rise of Earnings Inequality in Urban China, 1996–2010

Earnings inequality in urban China has grown rapidly the past two decades. During the same period, the composition of the urban labor force has been dramatically altered by three large-scale structural changes: (1) the expansion of tertiary education; (2) the decline of state sector employment; and (3) a surge in rural-to-urban migration. In this article, I examine how these institutional and demographic shifts have shaped the recent upswing in earnings inequality. Based on data from two nationally representative surveys, I use variance function regressions to decompose the growth in earnings inequality from 1996 to 2010 into four components: changes in between-group earnings gaps, changes in within-group earnings variation, and two types of composition effects ( distribution effect and allocation effect ). I also employ counterfactual simulations to evaluate the utility of different explanations. Results show that nearly half of the growth in earnings inequality during this period is due to increases in returns to education, and that the other half can be attributed to compositional changes in the labor force. The composition effects stem chiefly from the expansion of tertiary education and the shrinkage of state sector employment.
SCCA1/SERPINB3 Promotes Oncogenesis and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition via the Unfolded Protein Response and IL6 Signaling

The serine/cysteine protease inhibitor SCCA1 (Serpin B3) is upregulated in many advanced cancers with poor prognosis, but there is limited information about whether it makes functional contributions to malignancy. Here we show that SCCA1 expression promoted oncogenic transformation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary epithelial cells, and that SCCA1 silencing in breast cancer cells halted their proliferation. SCCA1 overexpression in neu+ mammary tumors increased the unfolded protein response (UPR), IL-6 expression, and inflammatory phenotypes. Mechanistically, SCCA1 induced a prolonged non-lethal increase in the UPR that was sufficient to activate NF-κB and expression of the pro-tumorigenic cytokine IL-6. Overall, our findings established that SCCA1 contributes to tumorigenesis by promoting EMT and a UPR-dependent induction of NF-κB and IL-6 autocrine signaling that promotes a pro-tumorigenic inflammation.
Social structuring of mammalian populations and rate of chromosomal evolution

Abstract To test the hypothesis that the evolution of organisms is dependent to a large degree on gene rearrangement, we devised a way of estimating rates of evolutionary change in karyotype. This non-biochemical method is based on consideration of chromosomal variability within taxonomic groups having a fossil record. The results show that chromosomal evolution has been faster in placental mammals than in other vertebrates or molluscs. This finding is consistent with published evidence that placentals have also been evolving unusually fast in anatomy and way of life. However, the structural genes of placentals seem not to have experienced accelerated evolution. Possibly, therefore, anatomical evolution may be facilitated by gene rearrangement. To explain how placentals achieved this rate of chromosomal evolution, we consider the process by which a new gene arrangement becomes fixed and spreads. The structure and dynamics of placental populations may be especially favorable for this process. The key factor involved seems to be the type of social behavior which produces small effective population sizes and inbreeding. As Bush points out elsewhere, such social structuring of populations may promote rapid fixation of gene rearrangements and rapid speciation.
13C NMR study of the ion‐binding selectivity of a new ammonium ionophore

A bicyclic peptide, cyclo (L-Glu(1)-D-Leu(2)-Aib(3)-L-Lys(4)-D-Leu(5)-D-Ala(6))-cyclo-(1gamma-4epsilon) (I), was designed and synthesized to provide an ammonium ion complexation site in a tetrahedral geometry. Molecular modeling, dynamics and electrostatic studies for I indicated that it exhibits some selectivity for ammonium ions over potassium and sodium ions. NMR measurements in CDCl(3)/CD(3)OD (1:1) show that for those carbonyl groups involved in cation binding, (13)C resonances shifted downfield with increasing cation concentration. The resonance that exhibited the largest change in chemical shift between uncomplexed and complexed forms was used to determine the selectivity. Selectivity values obtained were logK(NH(4) (+), Na(+) ) = - 2.4 and logK(NH(4) (+), K(+) ) = - 0.6.
Increasing sympathetic nerve terminal-dependent plasma extravasation correlates with decreased arthritic joint injury in rats

This study compared the pharmacology of adrenergic agents that influence plasma extravasation in normal animals with those agents that influence tissue injury in an inflammatory disease model. Specifically we studied the effects of beta 2- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists on bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in normal Sprague-Dawley rats and on joint injury in rats with experimental arthritis. Plasma extravasation induced by infusion of bradykinin in the rat knee joint was attenuated by the beta 2-agonist salbutamol or by the alpha 2-antagonist yohimbine, and was enhanced by the beta 2-antagonist, ICI-118,551, or by the alpha 2-agonist, clonidine. In rats that had undergone chemical symphathectomy, bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation was markedly reduced, and there was no enhancement of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation by either ICI-118,551 or clonidine. Although ICI-118,551 and clonidine enhanced bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation, these drugs significantly reduced joint injury in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Neither salbutamol nor yohimbine, however, significantly increased joint injury in the arthritic rats, presumably because arthritis severity is already high in these animals. Consistent with this hypothesis, both salbutamol and yohimbine did significantly increase the joint injury associated with experimental arthritis in Wistar-Kyoto rats, a strain which develops a mild adjuvant arthritis. The fact that increased plasma extravasation is associated with decreased arthritis severity suggests that plasma extravasation, a major sign of acute inflammation, contributes to tissue reparative processes.
N2O Mitigation in a Coupled LNT–SCR System

N2O formation and consumption were investigated over a coupled LNT–SCR system consisting of a low-precious metal loaded Pt/Rh LNT catalyst and a commercial Cu–zeolite SCR catalyst. Under lean–rich cycling conditions, N2O emissions from the LNT were found to be partially mitigated by the downstream SCR catalyst. N2O decomposition over the SCR catalyst was observed in the absence of reductant immediately after the switch to rich conditions, while N2O reduction occurred after subsequent breakthrough of the reductant from the LNT. Steady-state data indicate that the former process is weakly promoted by NO which breaks through the LNT at the same time as the N2O. Steady-state experiments revealed the order H2 > NH3 > CO > C3H6 for the efficacy of N2O reduction with different reductants. These findings suggest that coupled LNT–SCR systems can not only improve overall NO x conversion levels but can also mitigate N2O emissions from the LNT catalyst under actual driving conditions.
Fabrication of low-cost electronic biosensors

The fabrication of miniaturized, low-cost, flexible sensors based on organic electronics via high-throughput techniques (e.g. printing) is expected to provide important benefits for applications in chemical and biological detection. The rapid maturation of synthetic methodology in the field of organic electronics has lead to the creation of new materials at an incredible rate and an increased understanding of semiconductor-analyte interactions. Owing to these advances, we have seen steady improvements in sensitivity, stability, and specificity, in addition to the detection of a wide range of chemical analytes. In this review, we address the fabrication, challenges, and sensor performance of organic transistor-based detection devices with an outlook toward developing sensors capable of operating in biologically relevant media.
Determination of lignin by size exclusion chromatography using multi angle laser light scattering

A method was developed using high-performance size exclusion liquid chromatography (HPSEC) with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS), interferometric refractometry (RI) and UV detection to characterize and monitor lignin. The combination proved very effective at tracking changes in molecular conformation of lignin molecules over time; i.e. changes in molecular weight distribution, radius of gyration, and hydrodynamic radius. Until this study, UV detection (280 nm) had been the primary lignin determination method for chromatography. Three different HPLC columns were used to study the effects of pH, flow conditions, and mobile phase compositions (dimethyl sulphoxide, water, 0.1 M NaOH, and lithium bromide) on the chromatography of lignin. Since light scattering accuracy is highly dependent on solute concentration, both the UV and RI detectors were calibrated for use as concentration detectors. Shodex Asahipak GS-320 HQ column with 0.1 M NaOH (pH 12.0) run at 0.5 ml/min was found to give the highest separation and most consistent recovery. The study also revealed that the lignin aggregated at pH below 8.5. This aggregation was detected only by MALLS and was not observed on UV or RI detectors. It is very important to take this loss in apparent concentration due to aggregation into consideration before collecting reliable depolymerization data.
An Adaptive Tracking Filter for Bending-Mode Stabilization

Simulation results of adaptive tracking filter application to stabilization of structural bending modes of SI-B launch vehicle
Effect of parenchymal stiffness on canine airway size with lung inflation.

Although airway patency is partially maintained by parenchymal tethering, this structural support is often ignored in many discussions of asthma. However, agonists that induce smooth muscle contraction also stiffen the parenchyma, so such parenchymal stiffening may serve as a defense mechanism to prevent airway narrowing or closure. To quantify this effect, specifically how changes in parenchymal stiffness alter airway size at different levels of lung inflation, in the present study, we devised a method to separate the effect of parenchymal stiffening from that of direct airway narrowing. Six anesthetized dogs were studied under four conditions: baseline, after whole lung aerosol histamine challenge, after local airway histamine challenge, and after complete relaxation of the airways. In each of these conditions, we used High resolution Computed Tomography to measure airway size and lung volume at five different airway pressures (0, 12, 25, 32, and 45 cm H2O). Parenchymal stiffening had a protective effect on airway narrowing, a fact that may be important in the airway response to deep inspiration in asthma. When the parenchyma was stiffened by whole lung aerosol histamine challenge, at every lung volume above FRC, the airways were larger than when they were directly challenged with histamine to the same initial constriction. These results show for the first time that a stiff parenchyma per se minimizes the airway narrowing that occurs with histamine challenge at any lung volume. Thus in clinical asthma, it is not simply increased airway smooth muscle contraction, but perhaps a lack of homogeneous parenchymal stiffening that contributes to the symptomatic airway hyperresponsiveness.
Affinity chromatography of complexation hosts

Chromatographic separation of complexation hosts based on their complexation interactions with a bonded aminopropyl silica support is described. Unlike common separations based on simple physical properties such as size or polarity, this procedure takes advantage of the chemical properties which were specifically designed into the complexation hosts.
Nomenclature of the European species of Neoascia Williston (Diptera: Syrphidae)

The nomenclature of the European Neoascia species is reviewed. Previously unrecognized senior synonyms are brought forward for the nomenclaturally confused species: annexa Muller for floralis of authors, not Meigen; meticulosa Scopoli for dispar and aenea Meigen; and tenur Harris for dispar of authors, not Meigen. Sphegina clavata (Scopoli) is recognized as the senior synonym for nigra Meigen and verecunda Collin.
Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy

With more widespread application of EMB techniques, a significant percentage of ICCM patients have been found to have lymphocytic myocarditis on biopsy. It is now appreciated that patients with myocarditis may also present with isolated abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic function, dysrhythmias, and/or complaints of chest discomfort with normal coronary angiograms. Epidemiologic and serologic data incriminate a viral etiology underlying many cases of acute myocarditis and ICCM. Although most cases of viral myocarditis appear to resolve without residual left ventricular dysfunction, a small but significant percentage of these patients progress to chronic congestive cardiomyopathy. In the absence of persistent active viral infection in these patients, myocardial damage may be mediated by both cellular and humoral immune mechanisms. The concept of virus-induced immune mediated myocardial damage forms the basis for attempts at immunosuppressive therapy. Whether immunosuppressive therapy alters the natural history of myocarditis is at present unknown and awaits demonstration by a controlled clinical trial.
Magnetic Properties of NpPt and PuPt

NpPt was found t o be antiferromagnetic below 27 K; PuPt ferromagnetic (or perhaps ferrimagnetic) below 19 K and antiferromagnetic between 19 and 44 K. The apparent ferromagnetic saturation moment of PuPt is ≈ 0. 22 μB per Pu atom. The transition from anti-ferromagnetism t o ferromagnetism in PuPt is moderately sensitive t o applied field, the overall cooperative magnetic behavior of the compound being qualitatively similar to that of the heavy rare earth metals. Es wird gezeigt, das NpPt unterhalb 27 K antiferromagnetisch und PuPt ferromagnetisch (oder moglicherweise ferrimagnetisch) unterhalb 19 K und antiferromagnetisch zwischen 19 und 44 K ist. Das wahrscheinliche ferromagnetische Sattigungsmoment von PuPt liegt bei ≈ 0, 22, μS pro Pu-Atom. Der Ubergang vom Antiferromagnetismus zum Ferromagne-tismus in PuPt hangt vom auDeren Feld ab, und irn allgemeinen ist das magnetische Verhalten dieser Verbindung dem der schweren seltenen Erdnietalle qualitativ ahnlich.
Hammock localization in Waldhausen categories

Let b be a Waldhausen category, alias category with cofibrations and weak equivalences. The hammock localization (Dwyer and Kan, 1980) of b with respect to the subcategory cof b ∩ wb is a category containing b, with the same objects as b, where for each D and E the morphisms from D to E form a simplicial set morH(D, E). Morphisms in cof b ∩ wb become invertible up to homotopy in the hammock localization. The main result states, with mild hypotheses on b, that for any E in b the contravariant functor D ↦ morH(D, E) takes cofiber squares to homotopy pullback squares.
Irradiation Induced Creep Behavior of H-451 Graphite

Abstract The application of a creep model previously applied to compressive creep data for H-451 irradiated at 900 °C (13.7 and 20.8 MPa) has been extended to compressive creep data for H-451 irradiated at 600 °C (13.7 and 20.8 MPa). The basis of the creep model is discussed and the experimental data required to evaluate the terms in the creep model are reported and discussed. The model, which corrects the true (crystal) creep strain for the effect of creep on the dimensional change component of the creep specimen, is shown to be a good fit to the data. Creep strain data for H-451 graphite irradiated at 900 °C under a tensile stress of 6 MPa are also reported, along with the required experimental data to evaluate the terms in the creep model. The model is shown to inadequately represent the high dose (post volume turn-around) H-451 tensile creep strain data. Reasons for the models limitation are discussed and an approach to a potentially improved graphite irradiation creep model is suggested.
The Global Impact of Gangs

The American study of gangs can no longer start and stop with local conditions but today must also be rooted in a global context. Studying gangs is important because of unprecedented world urbanization, the retreat of the state under the pressure of neoliberal policies, the strengthening of cultural resistance identities, including fundamentalist religion, nationalism, and hip-hop culture, the valorization of some urban spaces and marginalization of others, and the institutionalization of gangs in some cities across the world.
Leucing Weight with a Futile Cycle

The essential amino acid leucine serves as a signal that activates protein synthesis. A new study by She et al. (2007) in this issue of Cell Metabolism shows that raising circulating leucine by blocking leucine breakdown drives a futile cycle of protein synthesis and degradation that contributes to higher-energy expenditure, resistance to dietary obesity, and improved insulin sensitivity.
SoftCubes: Towards a soft modular matter

This paper proposes a soft self-assembling modular matter, which is called SoftCubes where serially connected soft cubes can be extremely stretched by external tension and has a self-recovery capability to an originally designed 3-D shape. The developed soft modular matter has three main design features. First, entire modules of the 3-D assembled shape are serially connected. Such a structure allows all the modules to be disassembled and stretched by external tension. Second, the modules are made of soft stretchable elastomer. The soft-body of the modules provides a high flexibility and an extreme shape adaptation capability with the disassembled modules. Also, if the external tension is removed, the original 3-D shape is self-recovered by the elastic restoring force of soft-bodied modules. Finally, small permanent magnets are embedded in each module. The magnetic attraction between modules makes them self-assembled and precisely aligned with the neighbor modules in a lattice structure. The paper presents various analyses, simulations, and demonstrations about soft modular matter's shape reconfiguration to 1-D and self-recovery to 3-D. The designed soft modular matter could enable new applications as injectable medical implants and implantable modular devices.
Competing approaches to excitotoxic neuroprotection by inert and catalytic antioxidant porphyrins.

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine if novel porphyrins protect cultured cortical neurons from excitotoxic NMDA exposure or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), which model key aspects of cerebral ischemia. Porphyrins were chosen based on conventional and unconventional criteria. Metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidants possessing a redox-sensitive metal core can exhibit potent and wide-ranging catalytic antioxidant abilities, which are conventionally believed to underlie neuroprotection. We report here that a recent-generation potent peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, FP-15, protected a majority of neurons against OGD and NMDA toxicity, without suppressing NMDA-mediated intracellular Ca 2+ (Ca i 2+ ) elevations or whole-cell currents. We have previously shown that neuroprotection against OGD and NMDA toxicity correlated with an ability to suppress neurotoxic Ca i 2+ elevations and not antioxidant ability. We now evaluate if this unconventional mechanism extends to inert metal-free porphyrins. Neuron cultures were completely protected against OGD and NMDA toxicity by H 2 - meso -tetrakis(3-benzoic acid)porphyrin (H 2 -TBAP(3)) or H 2 - meso -tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H 2 -TPPS(4)), although only H 2 -TPPS(4) suppressed (completely) NMDA-induced Ca i 2+ rises. H 2 - meso -tetrakis(3,3′-benzoic acid)porphyrin (H 2 -TBAP(3,3′)) or H 2 - meso -tetrakis( N -methylpyridynium-4-yl)porphyrin (H 2 -TM-PyP(4)) provided at least partial protection against OGD and NMDA toxicity and partially suppressed NMDA-induced Ca i 2+ elevations. Despite the complexity of Ca 2+ -independent and -dependent based mechanisms, the inventory of porphyrins demonstrating neuroprotection in ischemia-relevant insults is now expanded to include FP-15 and inert metal-free compounds, although with no apparent advantage gained by using FP-15.
Proposals for Strengthening the National Banking System. II

I. Rapid growth of banking under state laws, 202. — The prohibition of real estate loans diminishes the profits of national banks and their power to serve the community, 204. — The large amount of funds employed away from home by the banks is a serious element of weakness in our credit system, 206. — The segregation of savings deposits with power to invest them in mortgage loans would reduce the congestion of credit in New York, 210. — II. The uselessness of reserves with agents in past crises, 217. — The strain on New York has been too severe, 219. — Proposal to substitute for the present system two classes of banks, local banks and reserve agents, 223. — The latter to be established anywhere but in all cases to hold a cash reserve of 25 per cent., 224. — The cash reserves of local banks to be increased to 10 per cent., the money released by the conversion of demand into savings deposits providing the means, 227. — III. Failure to use reserves in crises, 229. — Largely due to the use of clearing house loan certificates without their original complement of a provision for equalizing reserves, 231. — Summary account of the effects of their issue on successive occasions, 236. — Equalization not unfair to any bank and should be required by law when they are issued, 240.
Exploring a Multiresolution Approach Using AMIP Simulations

AbstractThis study presents a diagnosis of a multiresolution approach using the Model for Prediction Across Scales–Atmosphere (MPAS-A) for simulating regional climate. Four Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) experiments were conducted for 1999–2009. In the first two experiments, MPAS-A was configured using global quasi-uniform grids at 120- and 30-km grid spacing. In the other two experiments, MPAS-A was configured using variable-resolution (VR) mesh with local refinement at 30 km over North America and South America and embedded in a quasi-uniform domain at 120 km elsewhere. Precipitation and related fields in the four simulations are examined to determine how well the VRs reproduce the features simulated by the globally high-resolution model in the refined domain. In previous analyses of idealized aquaplanet simulations, characteristics of the global high-resolution simulation in moist processes developed only near the boundary of the refined region. In contrast, AMIP simulations with VR g...
C−H Bonds Are Not Elongated by Coordination to Lanthanide Metals: Single-Crystal Neutron Diffraction Structures of (C5Me5)Y(OC6H3tBu2)CH(SiMe3)2 at 20 K and (C5Me5)La{CH(SiMe3)2}2 at 15 K

The sterically hindered CH(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2} alkyl group is ubiquitous in organolanthanide chemistry. Although close intramolecular contacts between CH(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2} and a lanthanide have often been characterized by X-ray diffraction, conclusive evidence as to the exact nature of these interactions (i.e., {alpha}{sub CH}, {alpha}{sub CSi}, {beta}{sub SiC}, and {gamma}{sub CH}) requires accurate determination of all atomic coordinates, including those of the hydrogen atoms. The lack of detailed structural information contrasts sharply with the abundance of transition metal complexes showing well-defined agostic interactions. The authors report the first neutron diffraction studies of such lanthanide complexes on (C{sub 5}Me{sub 5})Y(OAr)CH(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2} (OAr = O-2,6-C{sub 6}H{sub 3}{sup t}Bu{sub 2}) (1) and (C{sub 5}Me{sub 5})La{r{underscore}brace}CH(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}{r{underscore}brace}{sub 2} (2) which clearly show that the {beta}{sub SiC} agostic interaction predominates.
Dislocation interactions in experimentally deformed biotite

Abstract Biotite single crystals shortened experimentally in orientations that maximize critical resolved shear stresses on (001) in directions 〈110〉, 〈010〉 and 〈310〉 have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. In all samples, dislocations are confined to the basal plane with Burgers vectors of 1/2〈110〉 and 〈100〉, consistent with previous determinations of mica slip systems. Occasional partial dislocations that bound stacking faults form extended dislocations of these same systems. Typically dislocations are concentrated in complex arrays in local regions of the samples; isolated or widely spaced dislocations are the exception. Within these arrays, a variety of interactions between the dislocations are suggested by the geometrical arrangements of dislocations that cross over one another on parallel (001) planes sufficiently close together for elastic interaction, and dislocations on the same (001) plane in networks and parallel arrays. Crossing dislocations of opposite sign on separate (001) planes form stable dipole segments where they overlap. Attractive and repulsive interactions between overlapping dislocations of like sign are evident as well. Dislocation networks occur in all samples and may exhibit a variety of complexly distorted geometries. The spacing of dislocations in parallel arrays do not match models for standard dislocation pile-ups, consistent with observations showing these arrays involve dislocation multipoles. The observed dislocation arrays and interactions resemble those reported for Stage I easy-glide deformation of FCC and HCP metals. Basal shear strengths are probably largely controlled by the development of multipoles and dislocations that pile up behind them.