cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexually dimorphic patterns of neural activity in response to juvenile social subjugation

After experiencing juvenile social subjugation (JSS), adult female rats display more severe depression- and anxiety-like behaviors than adult males, suggesting that JSS is encoded in a sex-specific manner. To test this hypothesis, prepubertal rats (P28-33) were subjected to 10 aggressive acts in ≤10 min from an aggressive adult male, a 10 min encounter with a non-aggressive adult male, or to 10 min in an empty, clean cage (handled control) and were sacrificed one hour later. We then used unbiased stereology to estimate the total number and proportion of neurons immunoreactive for the immediate early gene product Fos bilaterally in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the anterior and posterior subdivisions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Overall, females' Fos responses were less selective than males'. The BLA in males displayed a selective Fos response to the non-aggressive male, whereas no such selectivity occurred in the BLA of females. Additionally, there were more neurons overall in the left BLA than the right and this lateralization was specific to males. The principal subdivision of the BST (BSTpr) in males responded selectively to JSS, whereas the BSTpr in females responded to both the non-aggressive and aggressive males. We also found that the regional volume and neuron number of the BSTpr is greater in males than in females. Finally, the PVN in males was, like the BLA, selective for the non-aggressive male, whereas none of the experiences elicited a selective response in females. The greater selectivity for non-threatening stimuli in males in three stress-responsive brain regions may be a clue as to why males are less susceptible to the anxiogenic effects of JSS.
Detection of ETI - an international agreement

Abstract The chances of detecting signals from extraterrestrial intelligence are rising, argues the author of this article, and we must be prepared to react appropriately if a contact is made. At the 1987 Congress of the International Astronautical Federation agreements on handling detection and developing a reply were drafted, and are reproduced and explained here. The author argues that it is time for the agreement on detection to be endorsed by the International Academy of Astronautics and other scientific bodies, while the International Institute of Space Law should consider the draft on communication with extraterrestrial intelligence.
Paradoxical embolism after cardiac catheterization

Paradoxical embolism is seen in fewer than 2% of all arterial emboli. It occurs most often through a patent foramen ovale (PFO), which is present in up to one-third of patients with strokes of unknown etiology. We report a 69-year-old woman in whom a thrombus traveled from the lower extremity venous system to her right middle cerebral artery through an unsuspected atrial septal defect. Following right femoral artery catheterization for coronary angiography, she developed a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm and groin hematoma causing compression of the right femoral vein and venous thrombosis. Before she could undergo surgical evacuation and repair, she developed a right brain stroke with cognitive deficits, left field cut, left hemiparesis, and sensory loss. Transthoracic echocardiography with bubble contrast showed a small PFO with right-to-left interatrial shunting. A Greenfield filter was placed in the inferior vena cava, and the patient was anticoagulated before she underwent inpatient rehabilitation. This case illustrates the importance of considering paradoxical emboli in unexplained strokes. The literature is reviewed, and treatment and prevention of paradoxical emboli are discussed.
Polarization aberrations in the solar activity measurements experiments (SAMEX) solar vector magnetograph

An optical design and polarization analysis of the Air Force/NASA Solar Activity Measurements Experiments solar vector magnetograph optical system is performed. Polarization aberration theory demonstrates that conventional telescope coating designs introduce unacceptably high levels of polarization aberrations into the optical system. Several ultralow polarization mirror and lens coatings designs for this instrument are discussed. Balancing of polarization aberrations at different surfaces is demonstrated.
Statins as Potentially Neuroprotective Agents: A Review

The aim of this literature review is to assess the experimental and clinical evidence regarding potential neuroprotective effects of statins and their possible perioperative benefit. Statins are drugs used to control cholesterol disorders and prevent cardiovascular diseases by four mechanisms: improvement of endothelial function, modulation of inflammatory responses, maintenance of plaque stability, and prevention of thrombus formation. It is possible that these various effects may also be neuroprotective. The anti-inflammatory effects of statins on endothelial cell mechanisms are better understood than their role in neuroprotection or tumoral apoptosis and evidence is only just emerging that statins may be beneficial. Data regarding perioperative use of statins in neurosurgery is scarce, controversial and inconclusive since there is a lack of convincing randomized, prospective clinical trials. More trials in humans are needed to determine whether statins could contribute to the current management of neurosurgical diseases. Not much is known about utilizing statins as a prophylactic treatment and some would probably advocate that we should be treating ‘at risk’ patients with statins perioperatively or at least it is important to try to put this into a clinical perspective.
Non‐Isocyanate‐Based Polyurethanes Derived upon the Reaction of Amines with Cyclocarbonate Resins

Laprolate-803 (L-803) was used as the model cyclocarbonate resin for reactivity and kinetic studies of non-isocyanate-based solventless polyurethanes derived upon the reaction of amines with the 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (dioxolanone) rings of L-803. It was shown that the reaction could undergo either acid-, base- or metal-type catalysis yielding polyurethanes with 100% conversion of the dioxolanone rings at approximately half the time needed for their uncatalyzed counterparts. The activation energy of the reaction of L-803 with diethylene triamine in the presence or absence of a catalyst was determined via Arhenious studies. The reactivity of amines towards the aforementioned model resin was correlated to their chemical structure. A model non-isocyanate-based polyurethane displayed Tg of -1°C (DMA), fast gel time (390 min) at room temperature and good elongation (∼70%).
Role of site conversion in vibrational spectroscopy of adsorbed molecules

Extremely useful connections exist between the dynamics of adsorbed molecules and their vibrational spectra, as revealed in optical absorption spectroscopy. These connections have been nicely established by Noid [ J. Chem. Phys.67, 404 ( 1977)]. The present study has been motivated by recent experiments suggesting that CO adsorbed on Pt(111) shows evidence for conversion between twofold and threefold symmetric adsorption sites. The role of multiple wells along a reaction coordinate (hindered translations) in determining the vibrational spectrum of an internal mode (intramolecular stretch) anharmonically coupled to the hindered translation is investigated.
Optimal Codon Choice Can Improve the Efficiency and Fidelity of N- Methyl Amino Acid Incorporation into Peptides by In-Vitro Translation**

premature termination of translation can occur or incorrect amino acids can be misincorporated in place of the desired NMe AA, resulting in reduced incorporation efficiency and fidelity of the N-Me AA. We sought to determine the main cause of such misincorporation and truncation events, and then to optimize the incorporation of N-Me AAs. We examined the efficiency and fidelity with which three different N-Me AAs (N-Me Leu, N-Me Thr, and N-Me Val) are incorporated at a single position in a short peptide (MH6MXmEP, Xm = N-Me AA, M = Met, E = Glu, P = Pro, H = His) using each of the codons of the corresponding natural amino acid (Figure 1). We showed previously that these three N-Me AAs can be incorporated into peptides by in-vitro translation [11] using the fully reconstituted PURE system for translation (PURE = protein synthesis using recombinant elements, an in vitro system containing only purifies components). [13] We directed the incorporation of these N-Me AAs into peptides by supplying in-vitro translation reaction mixtures with total tRNA that had been enzymatically precharged with Leu, Thr, or Val and then chemically N-methylated as previously described (see Experimental Section). [7, 11] The presence of the other 19 amino acid/ aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) pairs in the translation
When the Tail Can't Wag the Dog: The Implications of CNS-Intrinsic Initiation of Neuroinflammation:

The CNS (central nervous system) is unquestionably the central organ that regulates directly or indirectly all physiological systems in the mammalian body. Yet, when considering the defence of the CNS from pathogens, the CNS has often been considered passive and subservient to the pro-inflammatory responses of the immune system. In this view, neuroinflammatory disorders are examples of when the tail (the immune system) wags the dog (the CNS) to the detriment of an individual's function and survival.
An Alternate Method of Deriving Priorities and Related Inferences for Group Decision Making in Analytic Hierarchy Process

Some work has been carried out in the past on statistically deriving priorities in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In AHP, the aggregated worths of the alternatives, when compared with respect to several criteria, are estimated in a hierarchical comparisons model introduced by Saaty. In this setup, statistical models are used for Saaty's method of scaling in paired comparisons experiments in any level of the hierarchy. At the end, the final priority weights of the alternatives and related inferences are developed with appropriate statistical methods. Existing statistical methods in the literature assume independence of the entries of the paired comparison matrix. However, these entries are highly dependent among themselves. In this article, we propose a statistical method that allows for the dependence among the entries of the pairwise comparisons matrix. The proposed method is then illustrated with a numerical example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Propensity Score with Continuous Treatments

of the binary treatment propensity score, which we label the generalized propensity score (GPS). We demonstrate that the GPS has many of the attractive properties of the binary treatment propensity score. Just as in the binary treatment case, adjusting for this scalar function of the covariates removes all biases associated with dierences in the covariates. The GPS also has certain balancing properties that can be used to assess the adequacy of particular specications of the score. We discuss estimation and inference in a parametric
Risk-shifting and investment asymmetry

I show that when shareholders can change not only the variance of the future firm value, but also its asymmetry, they can shift costly risk to bondholders while lowering the firm risk, and more importantly, the equity risk and the probability of bankruptcy. The implication of this result is that risk-shifting behavior can be more beneficial to shareholders than currently perceived in the literature.
Commentary: The seminal contribution of Richard LaPiere’s attitudes vs actions (1934) research study

The work of LaPiere has become a truly seminal research study for a variety of reasons. These include the following: (i) it began a chain of research events and the influence has continued to contemporary social psychology; (ii) the fundamental questions that LaPiere pioneered remain today; (iii) the study has shown itself to be relatively robust; (iv) the study is unreplicable today; and (v) measuring real-life incidents provided apt external validity to the study and opened social psychology to the world of field studies.
Structures and Restructures in Montemayor's Diana, Books I–III

The Diana (c.1559) of Jorge de Montemayor (c.1520–61) has been typically read and evaluated in the twentieth century as a realistic work of Renaissance fiction, an early novel paving the way to Don Quijote and the modern Spanish novel. The association with the former has been particularly unfortunate especially since that great work of four decades later was not only to point in extremely different stylistic and structural directions but also to satirize many of the assumptions and conventions that had made, and were then still making, the Diana such a popular work. By no means is it illuminating or helpful to interpret the Diana in such a context. This reading, by contrast, takes the minority position of identifying the Diana as a work that harkens back to earlier romance literature much more than it points forward to the new world of the novel.
Study of the surface discharge on ferroelectrics

Summary form only given. Ferroelectric plasma sources are known as sources of surface discharge plasma. Main advantage these sources is the ability to create layers of plasma on surfaces with large area and arbitrary shape. In vacuum, numerous discharges on the surface of ferroelectric ceramics appear in response of a driving pulse applied across a sample of ferroelectric ceramics. Electron avalanches can be initiated by field emission from triple junctions at the edges of patterned electrodes in electric fields, induced by inhomogeneities of the polarization charge. These avalanches along the surface are driven by secondary electron emission form the ferroelectric ceramics. Surface ablation and gas desorption supply neutrals, which are further ionized by avalanching electrons, resulting in a surface plasma. The depicted scenario is the same as for surface flashover; however, discharge on ferroelectrics does not turn to vacuum arc because of separation of electrodes by the ceramic bulk. This feature makes the discharge on ferroelectrics very interesting for study of the plasma formation process in the surface discharge. For instance, initial plasma density and electron temperature in the stem of the discharge can be deduced from the temporal profiles of the density in expanding plasma. For PZT ceramics, the initial plasma density was found in the range of (0.4-4)/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ and the initial electron temperature of about 16-20 eV for the driving electric fields of 16-30 kV/cm. It is shown that the discharge on ferroelectrics can be realized also in a gas mode. Transition from vacuum surface discharge to the gas discharge begins at the background pressure of 1-20 Torr, and the surface discharge in this pressure range sustains the gas discharge. At the pressures between 20 and 80 Torr, formation of the discharge stems is completely suppressed, which indicates the range of neutral pressure in the stem of the surface discharge in vacuum. The gas discharge is uniform and it appears on the open surface of the ferroelectric ceramics. In Argon at a distance of 5.5 mm from the surface, the maximal plasma density of /spl sim/10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ was observed at pressure of /spl sim/8 Torr. Preliminary study of secondary electron emission from ferroelectrics shows that at low energies of primary electrons the total yield of electron-induced SEE from ferroelectrics is high comparing with other dielectrics and it depends on polarization of the ferroelectric material. Low value of energy which corresponds to the unity yield of SEE from ferroelectrics leads to higher desorption rate and consequently to lower threshold of the surface discharge on ferroelectrics.
Broadly tunable laser action beyond 3 μm from (F 2 + )A centers in lithium-doped KI

Laser action has been achieved by using lithium (F2+)A centers in KI. The laser is continuously tunable from 2.59 to 3.65 μm; the 1.73-μm line from a pulsed Er:YLF laser is used as pump source.
Pale smartweed interference and achene production in cotton

Abstract Field studies were conducted at two North Carolina locations to determine the effect of interference between pale smartweed and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Pale smartweed remained shorter than cotton until at least 70 d after cotton planting. However, pale smartweed grew over twice as tall as cotton and produced considerable dry biomass by cotton harvest. Pale smartweed biomass per plant was not affected by weed density up to 3.5 plants m−1 of row when grown with cotton. Cotton competition reduced pale smartweed dry biomass per plant at least 400%. The relationship between pale smartweed and cotton percent yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (coefficient a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 29 ± 4 and 23 ± 4 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Pale smartweed achene production was also described by the hyperbolic function. Estimated achene production of...
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Drinking from the Fire Hose

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey science archive represents a thousand-fold increase in the total amount of data that astronomers have collected to date. The pioneering instrumentation technology that made this possible is matched by groundbreaking tools that let anyone in the world access terabytes of SDSS data online.
Dynamic Analysis of Airflow in Air-Jet Filling Insertion: Part II — Air Velocity Measurements

Air-jet filling insertion is the most used techniques in the textile industry. In this process the air flow provides the necessary propelling force to the yarn. Dynamic analysis of air flow in this process was studied experimentally in this work. In Part I we present the results of experimental measurements of pressure losses both in the tube-guided and in the profiled reed simulators.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Binding Dynamics of Hepatitis C Virus' NS5A Amphipathic Peptide to Cell and Model Membranes

Membrane association of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein is required for viral replication. This association is dependent on an N-terminal amphipathic helix (AH) within NS5A and is restricted to a subset of host cell intracellular membranes. The mechanism underlying this specificity is not known, but it may suggest a novel strategy for developing specific antiviral therapy. Here we have probed the mechanistic details of NS5A AH-mediated binding to both cell-derived and model membranes by use of biochemical membrane flotation and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with dissipation. With both assays, we observed AH-mediated binding to model lipid bilayers. When cell-derived membranes were coated on the quartz nanosensor, however, significantly more binding was detected, and the QCM-derived kinetic measurements suggested the existence of an interacting receptor in the target membranes. Biochemical flotation assays performed with trypsin-treated cell-derived membranes exhibited reduced AH-mediated membrane binding, while membrane binding of control cytochrome b5 remained unaffected. Similarly, trypsin treatment of the nanosensor coated with cellular membranes abolished AH peptide binding to the cellular membranes but did not affect the binding of a control lipid-binding peptide. These results therefore suggest that a protein plays a critical role in mediating and stabilizing the binding of NS5A's AH to its target membrane. These results also demonstrate the successful development of a new nanosensor technology ideal both for studying the interaction between a protein and its target membrane and for developing inhibitors of that interaction.
International Trade and Payments when Markets Fail to Clear

This paper develops a model of an open economy in disequilibrium. It examines the behavior of such an economy under non-tatonnement conditions when markets fail to clear at prevailing prices and when price and quantity adjustment is not instantaneous. False trading and the consequences of discrepancies between individual plans and realizations are investigated. It is argued that an individual’s inability to bringplanned transactions to realization forces him to reevaluate his behavior. New demand and supply functions emerge which are constrained functions containing spill-over effects of market failures as arguments.
Microfluidic means of achieving attomolar detection limits with molecular beacon probes

We used inline, micro-evaporators to concentrate and transport DNA targets to a nanoliter single molecule fluorescence detection chamber for subsequent molecular beacon probe hybridization and analysis. This use of solvent removal as a unique means of target transport in a microanalytical platform led to a greater than 5000-fold concentration enhancement and detection limits that pushed below the femtomolar barrier commonly reported using confocal fluorescence detection. This simple microliter-to-nanoliter interconnect for single molecule counting analysis resolved several common limitations, including the need for excessive fluorescent probe concentrations at low target levels and inefficiencies in direct handling of highly dilute biological samples. In this report, the hundreds of bacteria-specific DNA molecules contained in ∼25 microliters of a 50 aM sample were shuttled to a four nanoliter detection chamber through micro-evaporation. Here, the previously undetectable targets were enhanced to the pM regime and underwent probe hybridization and highly-efficient fluorescent event analysis via microfluidic recirculation through the confocal detection volume. This use of microfluidics in a single molecule detection (SMD) platform delivered unmatched sensitivity and introduced compliment technologies that may serve to bring SMD to more widespread use in replacing conventional methodologies for detecting rare target biomolecules in both research and clinical labs.
Immunophenotypic analysis of reticulocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

The hematologic disorder paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) occurs following an acquired somatic mutation in the Piga gene within a bone marrow stem cell. The progeny of this mutated cell cannot synthesize glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, with a resultant deficiency in surface expression of all GPI-linked proteins. The protean clinical manifestations of PNH presumably result from the deficiency of these GPI-linked surface proteins. To explain the observation that neutrophils are affected at a significantly higher percentage than circulating erythrocytes and to analyze the proliferative rates of erythroid production in PNH, we studied 25 patients using flow cytometry. The fluorescent dye thiazole orange was used to detect reticulocytes, and CD59 monoclonal antibody was used to identify GPI-deficient cells. In contrast to the mature circulating erythrocytes, the percentage of abnormal reticulocytes was similar to the percentage of affected neutrophils. However, the vast majority of reticulocytes was completely GPI-deficient, ie, were type III cells, even in patients with only modest numbers of circulating type III erythrocytes. In addition, greater than 5% type II reticulocytes were identified in only 3 patients, although greater than 5% type II mature erythrocytes were identified in 10 of 25 patients. The results show that the erythroid and neutrophil bone marrow precursors have an equivalent proliferative advantage in PNH. The data also have important implications for the origin of type-II erythrocytes in PNH.
Leibniz on Intermonadic Relations

His theory of relations represents a crucial component of Leibniz’s philosophy. It is one of those many points of fertile concurrence where logic and metaphysics come together in fruitful symbiosis. But the theory confronts many problems. One of the gravest of these is the question: Are intermonadic relations real, or are they matters of mere seeming? It is sometimes said that for Leibniz, relations are mere creatures of the mind: That they are “our own creation” and “not in nature”, etc. This is indeed the doctrine of Spinoza,1 and is approximated by such nominalist and materialist thinkers as Gassendi2 and Hobbes.3 But it is by no means the theory of Leibniz. Nothing could be further from the truth than Bertrand Russell’s contention that on Leibniz’s theory a relation is merely an “ideal thing” and that: If he were pushed as to [the nature of] this “ideal thing”, I am afraid he would declare it to be an accident of the mind which contemplates [it].4 The aim of this discussion is to examine and clarify Leibniz’ position on this pivotal issue of the reality and the nature of intermonadic relations.
Research Article: Could atrazine affect the immune system of the frog, Rana pipiens?

Abstract Reports of declining and deformed amphibians have been increasing in the last few years and this issue has become an important environmental problem of the last decade. This problem involves various infectious pathogens, including chytrid fungi and parasitic flatworms (trematodes). A possible explanation for increased incidence of amphibian declines is that something in the environment is affecting amphibian immune systems. Atrazine is the most widely used herbicide in North America and has been detected as a common environmental pollutant. The purpose of this research was to test the idea that low concentrations of atrazine may have an effect on the immune systems of amphibians, rendering them more susceptible to pathogen infection by using hemolytic plaque assays and hemocytometer counts. Rana pipiens showed a statistically significant difference in the number of plaques produced after 1 month of atrazine treatment but did not show statistically significant differences in treatments after 2 mon...
Neuroendocrine modulation of the “menopause”: insights into the aging brain

The menopause marks the permanent end of fertility in women. It was once thought that this dramatic physiological change could be explained simply by the exhaustion of the reservoir of ovarian follicles. New data from studies performed in women and animal models make us reassess this assumption. An increasing body of evidence suggests that there are multiple pacemakers that contribute to the transition to irregular cycles, decreasing fertility, and the timing of the menopause. We will present evidence that lends credence to the possibility that a dampening and desynchronization of the precisely orchestrated neural signals lead to miscommunication between the brain and the pituitary-ovarian axis, and that this constellation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian events leads to the deterioration of regular cyclicity and heralds menopausal transition.
When is Running More Efficient Than Walking in a Space Suit

In unsuited locomotion, running is more energy efficient than walking, per unit distance and mass, when gravity is less than 0.5g. We analyzed past energetics studies to evaluate whether this finding also applies to locomotion in space suits. We found least-squares fits for cost of transport [J.kg -1 .m -1 ], C, as a function of gravity. Suited C was lower for running at all gravity levels (Earth, Lunar). High suited C during walking likely results from high space suit joint torques; space suit legs, acting as springs during running, achieve low C by improving recovery. Walk-back constraints for planetary extravehicular activity are probably overly conservative and can be reduced to reflect the relative efficiency of running in space suits.
Two-Person Zero-Sum Games

Let \( \vec \pi \) be a game in normal form with strategy sets X1,...,X N We say that this game is zero-sum if $$ \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\pi _i}\,({x_1},\,.\,.\,.\,,\,{x_N})\, = \,0,} $$ for every choice of x i ∈ X i , 1 ≤ i ≤ N. The corresponding definition for a game in extensive form states that the sum of the components of \( \vec p(v) \) is zero for each terminal vertex v. This condition is certainly true for ordinary recreational games. It says that one player cannot win an amount unless the other players jointly lose the same amount. Nonrecreational games, however, tend not to be zero-sum. Competitive situations in economics and international politics are often of the type where the players can jointly do better by playing appropriately, and jointly do worse by playing stupidly. The phrase “zero-sum game” has entered the language of politics and business.
The Practical Exploration of the Model of Individualized Teaching

Individualized teaching is based on the idea of cherishing every student,with the characteristics of caring for students' difference and with the aim of promoting students' individuality.Individualized teaching can be explored in the five models: the complement of group guidance,learning processing,starting point of learning,learning procedure and topic selection.
Inversion of Pulsed Thermal Wave Images for Recovery of the Shape of the Object

An outstanding problem of thermal wave imaging has been the blurring of the images because of the lateral diffusion of heat in the sample. We demonstrate here, both theoretically and experimentally, that this blurring is not due to any inherent loss of information in the diffusion process, but that it can, in fact, be removed by appropriate processing of the image. The result is a very significant improvement of the resolution of the thermal wave imaging process.
Adaptive Transmission for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications over Multipath Channels

A method is proposed and evaluated for energy-efficient adaptive transmission in direct-sequence spread-spectrum packet communications over specular multipath channels. The power, code rate, and symbol rate are adapted to match the multipath profile and propagation loss of the wireless communications channel. The adaptation of the transmission parameters is based on several statistics that can be derived in a spread-spectrum receiver. The transmission parameters are selected to optimize a performance measure that is related to the energy consumption and time duration of a packet transmission.
Sense the Life Sense the World

This article discusses development trends in sensor science and technology and the various areas where this technology can be applied, including environmental cleanup, industrial process control, emissions monitoring, aeronautical and space systems, planetary exploration, nonproliferation of weapons, screening for explosives and contraband, home and workplace safety, and medical diagnosis and care. Due to the detrimental influence of the sensors on the properties they measure, sensors need to be designed to minimize their footprint. This need has led to developments in micro-/nano-technologies using micro/nano-electro-mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) technology. This article also discusses the function of the ECS Sensor Division, which is truly interdisciplinary and introduces three feature articles relevant to the application of sensors for energy, agriculture, and smart sensor systems.
Redesigning ‘Solomon’s House’: The University and the Internationalization of Science and Business

Creating science-based industries from academic research is a common theme of industrial policy, whether made explicit as in France and Mexico or left implicit as in the United States. Such policies are constructed on the basis of a new relationship between universities and industry, involving transfer of technology as well as access to trained personnel. The perception that university-based science and technology is of use to industry has led to changes in the rules of how universities and companies interact with each other, shifting the relationship from an eleemosynary to a business basis. Similarly the decline of traditional industries and the struggle to revive or replace them has politicized scientific and technological spheres, heretofore viewed as noneconomic, self-organized and best left unregulated (2). There is an apparent contradiction between the goals of improving the competitiveness of national industries and encouraging transfer of technology between academia and industry. Government policies to encourage transfer of technology from university to industry are producing conflict of interest controversies, especially when technology flows to foreign companies, presumably at the expense of domestic industries. Such conflicts are exacerbated when universities have gained increased funds from their own governments by citing the benefits of university research to their national economy.
Hot Exciton Relaxation and Exciton Trapping in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films

Time-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy (TR-TPPE) was employed to investigate the hot exciton relaxation and exciton trapping dynamics in semiconductive, single-walled carbon nanotube thin films. Compared to other conventional optical ultrafast spectroscopy techniques, the TR-TPPE can temporally resolve both the energy and the population of optically excited excitons, which enables unambiguous identification of hot and relaxed band-edge exciton states. It is found that hot excitons populated by photons with energies above the band gap lose most of their excess energy within the first 100 fs after photoexcitation. Unlike isolated nanotubes, the generation of multiple excitons per absorbed photon is not observed for an excitation energy as high as five times the optical band gap. This difference is attributed to the different dielectric environment and the presence of intertube interaction in nanotube thin films. The subsequent population decay and energy relaxation dynamics of the band-edge exc...
Seems like I Hardly See Them Around Anymore : Historical Geographies of Riparian Change along the Wind River

Riparian areas—and the cottonwoods, water birch, bull berry, and currants that flourish within them—hold special significance for Tribes of the Intermountain American West. These species have served ceremonial and practical purposes for generations. Yet cottonwoods have experienced well-documented declines over the past several decades, and serve as indicators of overall riparian change. Research generally attributes this shift to the development of water control infrastructure, altered flood regimes, invasive species, and grazing, and rightfully so. Less attention has been paid to the cultural and historical geographies underlying these vectors of change. This research focuses on the Wind River as a case study to examine the cultural and historical factors related to riparian change. Using remote sensing, interviews and document analysis, we specifically examine boundaries between tribal/non-tribal lands along the Wind River and (1) heterogeneous patterns of riparian change, (2) significant differences in settlement patterns and the development of water infrastructure, and (3) distinct differences in water governance and its power relationships. We conclude that riparian change is heterogeneous; differs temporally, spatially, and between cultural boundaries; and relates to a socio-ecological interplay of values, practices, and policies that underlie water control, flood regime change, and proliferation of invasive species. Ultimately this research suggests that examinations of riparian change would benefit from additional in depth analyses of cultural and historical geographies, and their temporal and spatial relationships. Furthermore, tribal sovereignty over land and water may have significant impacts on overall landscape mosaics, particularly regarding the maintenance of species that support traditional lifeways.
Buoyant displacement flow of immiscible fluids in inclined pipes

We experimentally study the iso-viscous displacement flow of two immiscible Newtonian fluids in an inclined pipe. The fluids have the same viscosity but different densities. The displacing fluid is denser than the displaced fluid and is placed above the displaced fluid (i.e. a density-unstable configuration) in a pipe with small diameter-to-length ratio ( ). In the limit considered, six dimensionless groups describe these flows: the pipe inclination angle, , an Atwood number, , a Reynolds number, , a densimetric Froude number, , a capillary number, , and the fluids static contact angle, . Our experiments, carried out in an acrylic pipe using wetting salt-water solutions displacing non-wetting oils, cover a fairly broad range of these parameters. Completely different patterns than those of miscible flows have been observed, governed by distinct dynamics. The wetting properties of the displacing liquid and fluids immiscibility are found to significantly increase the efficiency of the displacement. During the early stage of the displacement, strong shearing is observed between the heavy and light layers, promoting Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. At later stages, the intensity of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities is reduced. However, surface-tension-driven Rayleigh-type instabilities will remain active causing droplet shedding (pearling) at displaced fluid receding contact lines. The speed of the advancing displacing front (inversely related to the displacement efficiency) is measured and characterized in dimensionless maps suggesting high values at low ranges of and . Depending on the degree of flow stability and droplet formation, three major flow regimes namely viscous, transitionary and dispersed are characterized and classified in dimensionless maps. In the absence of a mean imposed velocity (exchange flow), it is found that capillary blockage may occur hindering Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities.
The three faces of overconfidence

Overconfidence has been studied in 3 distinct ways. Overestimation is thinking that you are better than you are. Overplacement is the exaggerated belief that you are better than others. Overprecision is the excessive faith that you know the truth. These 3 forms of overconfidence manifest themselves under different conditions, have different causes, and have widely varying consequences. It is a mistake to treat them as if they were the same or to assume that they have the same psychological origins.
Mitochondrial heteroplasmy is responsible for Atovaquone drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum

Malaria is the most significant parasitic disease affecting humans, with 212 million cases and 429,000 deaths in 20151, and resistance to existing drugs endangers the global malaria elimination campaign. Atovaquone (ATO) is a safe and potent antimalarial drug that acts on cytochrome b (cyt. b) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) in Plasmodium falciparum, yet treatment failures result in resistance-conferring SNPs in cyt. b. Herein we report that rather than the expected de novo selection of resistance, previously unknown mitochondrial diversity is the genetic mechanism responsible for resistance to ATO, and potentially other cyt. b targeted drugs. We found that P. falciparum harbors cryptic cyt. b. Y268S alleles in the multi-copy (~22 copies) mitochondrial genome prior to drug treatment, a phenomenon known as mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Parasites with cryptic Y268S alleles readily evolve into highly resistant parasites with >95% Y268S copies under in vitro ATO selection. Further we uncovered high mitochondrial diversity in a global collection of 1279 genomes in which heteroplasmic polymorphisms were >3-fold more prevalent than homoplasmic SNPs. Moreover, significantly higher mitochondrial genome copy number was found in Asia (e.g., Cambodia) versus Africa (e.g., Ghana). Similarly, ATO drug selections in vitro induced >3-fold mitochondrial copy number increases in ATO resistant lines. Hidden mitochondrial diversity is a previously unknown mechanism of antimalarial drug resistance and characterization of mitochondrial heteroplasmy will be of paramount importance in combatting resistance to antimalarials targeting the electron transport chain.
Telephone band LVCSR for hearing-impaired users.

Large vocabulary automatic speech recognition might assist hearing impaired telephone users by displaying a transcription of the incoming side of the conversation, but the system would have to achieve su cient accuracy on conversationalstyle, telephone-bandwidth speech. We describe our development work toward such a system. This work comprised three phases: Experiments with clean data ltered to 200-3500Hz, experiments with real telephone data, and language model development. In the rst phase, the speaker independent error rate was reduced from 25% to 12% by using MLLT, increasing the number of cepstral components from 9 to 13, and increasing the number of Gaussians from 30,000 to 120,000. The resulting system, however, performed less well on actual telephony, producing an error rate of 28.4%. By additional adaptation and the use of an LDA and CDCN combination, the error rate was reduced to 19.1%. Speaker adaptation reduces the error rate to 10.96%. These results were obtained with read speech. To explore the language-model requirements in a more realistic situation, we collected some conversational speech with an arrangement in which one participant could not hear the conversation but only saw recognizer output on a screen. We found that a mixture of language models, one derived from the Switchboard corpus and the other from prepared texts, resulted in approximately 10% fewer errors than either model alone.
A Perspective of Resonant Tunneling

We provide a perspective of the development of resonant tunneling over the last two decades. The work starts with a consideration of different semiconductor materials, proceeds to discuss the effects of band structure and electron dynamics, continues to describe systems of multiple barriers and low dimensional electrons, and ends with a summary of device applications. The emphasis is on major experimental observations, which serve as cornerstones of this field.
Development of a magnetically driven abrasive polishing process for additively manufactured copper structures

Abstract Advances in manufacturing techniques have pushed the boundaries on many technological fronts such as semiconductor, biomedical, thermal management, and vacuum devices industries. Recent improvements in additive manufacturing have allowed the production of complex three-dimensional structures using polymers, metals, ceramics, or the combinations of these materials. However, surface roughness remains a critical bottleneck in these processes. High surface roughness limits the use of additively manufactured parts in applications requiring smooth surfaces. Various conventional polishing techniques have been used for additively manufactured external surfaces; however, polishing of enclosed surfaces, such as complex channel networks, still remains an unresolved issue. The goal of this study is to tackle the challenge of surface roughness in additively fabricated metal structures by developing a process that can polish external, as well as internal surfaces. Thus, a versatile process based on magneto-rheological fluid finishing is developed for this purpose. The process is developed and optimized using copper structures fabricated through electron beam melting. Preliminary polishing results show an immense improvement of surface roughness, reducing it from a mean surface roughness (Ra) of approximately 35µm and to 4µm.
Seeing Like a Cop, Writing Like a Critical Scholar

I grew up 12 miles from the United States-Mexico border, where immigration enforcement was a daily reality that most people took for granted. In the following pages, I explain how an early interest in immigration enforcement inspired a research agenda that examines how immigration enforcement works and how immigration laws shape the experiences of Latino immigrants and their descendants. My research took me to Nashville, Tennessee, where I conducted interviews and did police ride-alongs to examine how local law enforcement agencies interact with immigrant communities. In this essay, I describe how I secured access to the police department, how I navigated the obvious differences between police officers and I, and how I moved beyond what police think they do, to critically analyze their contributions to American immigration enforcement.
Emergency Department Visits From Edible Versus Inhalable Cannabis.

Monte and colleagues reviewed health records from patients presenting to the UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital Emergency Department from 2012 to 2016 and found a more than 3-fold increase in...
Physiological Regulation among Caregivers and their Children: Relations with Trauma History, Symptoms, and Parenting Behavior

Parents have the opportunity to influence the development of their children’s emotion regulation skills in a variety of capacities throughout childhood and into adolescence. Only recently have we begun to explore the physiological nature of this effect and implications for the influence of social factors on individual regulation of emotion in children. Also not well understood is how contextual and experiential factors influence this relationship by impacting emotional regulation skill development in children; e.g., parents’ experiences of trauma, loss, and stress may affect parenting behavior and child emotional and behavioral outcomes. To further advance our understanding, the present pilot study investigated how children, ages 9 to 14 years old, and their primary female caregivers (N = 41 dyads) respond physiologically to affective challenge, experienced both independently and jointly. Using a community sample, we examined mother and child respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) while viewing a positive and negative video clip (task) either alone or jointly (condition). Further, we explored the influence of self-reported trauma/adversity experiences and symptoms and quality of parenting on RSA response in the dyads. Results indicate caregiver’s RSA responses were lower across conditions but demonstrated greater increases during the joint sessions than their children. Also, child and caregiver characteristics played a complex role; e.g., caregivers were more likely to increase RSA when with their child if they perceived their child to be suffering greater symptoms of trauma exposure. Caregivers may be suppressing their own arousal to play a regulatory role for the benefit of their children.
Congenital hyperinsulinism disorders: Genetic and clinical characteristics

Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most frequent cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infants and children. Delays in diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment contribute to a high risk of neurocognitive impairment. HI represents a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by dysregulated insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells, which in utero, may result in somatic overgrowth. There are at least nine known monogenic forms of HI as well as several syndromic forms. Molecular diagnosis allows for prediction of responsiveness to medical treatment and likelihood of surgically-curable focal hyperinsulinism. Timely genetic mutation analysis has thus become standard of care. However, despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of this disorder, the number of patients without an identified genetic diagnosis remains high, suggesting that there are likely additional genetic loci that have yet to be discovered.
Local Density Approximations for Relativistic Exchange Energies

The use of local density approximations to approximate exchange interactions in relativistic electron systems is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the physical content of these exchange energies by discussing results for the uniform relativistic electron gas from a new point of view. Work on applying these local density approximations in atoms and solids is reviewed and it is concluded that good accuracy is usually possible provided self-interaction corrections are applied. The local density approximations necessary for spin-polarized relativistic systems are discussed and some new results are presented.