cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAG2, a toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite stage-specific cyst matrix protein

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii causes a chronic infection that affects a significant portion of the world’s population, and this latent infection is the source of reactivation of toxoplasmosis. An attribute of the slowly growing bradyzoite stage of the parasite is the formation of a cyst within infected cells, allowing the parasite to escape the host’s immune response. In this study, a new bradyzoite cyst matrix antigen (MAG) was identified through a hybridoma library screen. This cyst matrix antigen, matrix antigen 2 (MAG2), contains 14 tandem repeats consisting of acidic, basic, and proline residues. Immunoblotting revealed that MAG2 migrates at a level higher than its predicted molecular weight, and computational analysis showed that the structure of MAG2 is highly disordered. Cell fractionation studies indicated that MAG2 was associated with both insoluble and soluble cyst matrix material, suggesting that it interacts with the intracyst network (ICN). Examination of the kinetics of MAG2 within the cyst matrix using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) demonstrated that MAG2 does not readily diffuse within the cyst matrix. Kinetic studies of MAG1 demonstrated that this protein has different diffusion kinetics in tachyzoite and bradyzoite vacuoles and that its mobility is not altered in the absence of MAG2. In addition, deletion of MAG2 does not influence growth, cystogenesis, or cyst morphology. IMPORTANCE This report expands on the list of characterized Toxoplasma gondii cyst matrix proteins. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we have shown that matrix proteins within the cyst matrix are not mainly in a mobile state, providing further evidence of how proteins behave within the cyst matrix. Understanding the proteins expressed during the bradyzoite stage of the parasite reveals how the parasite functions during chronic infection.
Laser process of transparent conducting surfaces for terahertz bandpass ultrathin metamaterials

Terahertz (THz) optoelectronics have great potentials in communication, imaging, sensing and security applications. However, the state-of-the-art fabrication processes for THz devices are costly and time-consuming. In this work, we present a novel laser-based metamaterial fabrication (LMF) process for high-throughput fabrication of transparent conducting surfaces on dielectric substrates such as quartz and transparent polymers to achieve tunable THz bandpass filtering characteristics. The LMF process comprises two steps: (1) applying ultrathin-film metal deposition, with a typical thickness of 10 nm, on the dielectric substrate; (2) creating periodic surface pattern with a feature size of ~100 microns on the metal film using nanosecond pulsed laser ablation. Our results demonstrate the LMF-fabricated ultra-thin metal film exhibits newly integrated functionalities: (a) highly conductive with sheet resistance of ~20 Ω/sq; (b) optically transparent with visible transmittance of ~70%; (c) tunable bandpass filtering effect in the THz frequency range; and (d) extraordinary mechanical durability during repeated fatigue bending cycles. The scientific findings from this work will render an economical and scalable manufacturing technique capable of treating large surface area for multi-functional THz metamaterials.
Role of Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led to durable clinical remissions in many metastatic cancers. However, the single-agent efficacy of ICIs in breast cancer is low, including in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which has several key characteristics that enhance ICI responses. Strategies to improve anticancer immune responses in TNBC are urgently needed to extend survival for patients with metastatic disease. This review presents ICI monotherapy response rates and discusses combination strategies with chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and novel immunotherapies. It concludes with a summary of immunotherapy biomarkers in TNBC and a call to action for future directions of research critical to advancing the efficacy of immunotherapy for patients with TNBC.
Time-frequency analysis of muscle activation patterns in people with chronic ankle instability during Landing and cutting tasks

Abstract Background People with chronic ankle instability (CAI) exhibit neuromuscular deficits. Previous studies, however, only investigated magnitudes of muscle activation and not the time-frequency domain. Research question Do people with CAI exhibit differences in muscle activation patterns in the time-frequency domain during landing, anticipated cutting, and unanticipated cutting compared to matched controls? Methods Eleven people with CAI and eleven healthy matched controls (CON) performed landing, anticipated cutting, and unanticipated cutting as surface EMG of the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, fibularis longus, soleus, and tibialis anterior were recorded. The time-frequency domain of surface EMG data was analyzed with wavelet transformations and principal component analysis (PCA), PC scores were compared across group, task, and muscle with three-way ANOVAs. Results The PCA extracted two PCs that captured the overall magnitude (PC1) of wavelet intensities across the time-frequency domain and a shift among the range of frequencies (PC2) where wavelet intensities were most prominent. A main effect for group indicated that people with CAI demonstrated smaller (p = 0.009) PC1 scores than people in the CON group across all muscles and tasks. An interaction between group and task indicated that people in the CAI group exhibited smaller (p = 0.041) PC2 scores than people in the CON group during only anticipated cutting. Significance People with CAI exhibited neuromuscular deficits in the time-frequency domain of EMG during dynamic tasks. These deficits appear to reflect a neuromuscular strategy characterized by the recruitment of fewer motor units in ankle muscles regardless of task, and an inability to scale the recruitment of motor units in the frequency domain in response to different task demands. Rehabilitation for people with CAI should consider that this population exhibits differences in neuromuscular control that exist not only in the overall magnitudes, but also in the time-frequency domain, of muscle activation patterns.
Factors influencing functional outcomes following open reduction internal fixation of acetabular fractures.

Abstract Introduction Recent large series of patient-reported outcomes after acetabulum fracture are limited, and potentially modifiable risk factors may be unidentified. The goal of this study was to describe patient and injury factors which negatively influence functional outcomes following operative management of acetabular fractures. Methods 699 patients with acetabular fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) questionnaire was completed after a minimum 12 months post-injury by 283 adults. MFA scores range from 1 to 100 and higher scores represent greater dysfunction. Factors were assessed for potential association with MFA scores, and univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results Survey respondents were more severely injured than non-respondents, with more chest injury (38% vs 22%, p Conclusion In a large series of patient-reported functional outcomes following fixation of acetabular fractures, tobacco use, obesity, comorbid diabetes, PTA, and HO were associated with worse MFA scores. Further study to mitigate HO should be considered. Level of Evidence III
The UV-Optical Albedo of Broad Emission Line Clouds

We explore the effective UV-optical albedos of a variety of types of broad emission line clouds, as well as their possible effects on the observed spectra of AGN. An important albedo source in moderately ionized ionization-bounded clouds is that due to neutral hydrogen: Rayleigh scattering of continuum photons off the extreme damping wings of Lya. The photons resulting from this scattering mechanism may contribute significantly to the Lya emission line, especially in the very broad wings. In addition, line photons emitted near 1200 Angstroms (e.g., N V 1240) that stream toward the neutral portion of the cloud may be reflected off this Rayleigh scattering mirror, so that they preferentially escape from the illuminated face. Inclusion of this effect can alter predicted emission line strengths and profiles. In more highly-ionized ionization-bounded clouds, Thompson scattering dominates the UV-optical albedo, but this albedo is lessened by the hydrogen gas opacity. These clouds are most reflective on the long wavelength side of the hydrogen recombination edges; this feature may then alter the shapes of the spectral regions near the recombination edges. We illustrate the effects of gas density and line broadening on the effective albedo. We also discuss the reflection effects of the accretion disk and the ``dusty torus.'' The accretion disk is an effective reflector of UV-optical photons, whether by electron or Rayleigh scattering, and it is possible that we observe a significant fraction of this light from the AGN in reflection. This effect can alter the emission line profiles and even destroy emission at the Lyman jump emitted by broad line clouds. Finally, we discuss the possibility that continuum reflection from broad line clouds is at least in part responsible for the polarized broad absorption line troughs.
A Large-Scale, Automated Study of Language Surrounding Artificial Intelligence.

This work presents a large-scale analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) references within news articles and scientific publications between 2011 and 2019. We implement word association measurements that automatically identify shifts in language co-occurring with AI/ML and quantify the strength of these word associations. Our results highlight the evolution of perceptions and definitions around AI/ML and detect emerging application areas, models, and systems (e.g., blockchain and cybersecurity). Recent small-scale, manual studies have explored AI/ML discourse within the general public, the policymaker community, and researcher community, but are limited in their scalability and longevity. Our methods provide new views into public perceptions and subject-area expert discussions of AI/ML and greatly exceed the explanative power of prior work.
European Union Historical Analysis

The European Union is a process under constant development. In order to understand the current shape of the organization, its needs and its future development, we need to understand its past and evolution. This chapter focus on showing a simple vision of the process of European Integration for a whole understanding of the European Union.
VRule - A Pixel Rewriting System for End-User Modeling

Numerous approaches to pixel rewriting systems (PRSs) have been investigated since Furnas' Bitpict. VRule is a new pixel rewriting framework designed to support further investigation of new formalisms for end-user modeling with PRSs, and is implemented as a Pattern Directed Inference System (PDIS) with specialized classes of antecedent and consequent Pattern Directed Modules (PDM) components. This overview briefly examines VRule's key elements resulting from exploration of the architectural aspects of rule-based engines to include matching, rule resolution, and execution in a spatial environment, as well as numerous new PDM formalisms. Examples representing classes of modeling domains have been developed to include Turing machines, 1D/2D/3D cellular automata, a game of Fox and Hounds, Langton's Ant (turmites), a climatological gas model originally written in C#, and a virological infection model originally written in Python.
Long-term exposure to PM2.5 major components and mortality in the southeastern United States.

Abstract Background Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass has been associated with adverse health effects. However, the health effects of PM2.5 components have been less studied. There is a pressing need to better understand the relative contribution of components of PM2.5, which can lay the scientific basis for designing effective policies and targeted interventions. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study, comprising all Medicare enrollees aged 65 or older in the southeastern United States from 2000 to 2016, to explore the associations between long-term exposure to PM2.5 major components and all-cause mortality among the elderly. Based on well-validated prediction models, we estimated ZIP code-level annual mean concentrations for five major PM2.5 components, including black carbon (BC), nitrate (NIT), organic matter (OM), sulfate (SO4), and soil particles. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders. Results The cohort comprised 13,590,387 Medicare enrollees and a total of 107,191,652 person-years. In single-component models, all five major PM2.5 components were significantly associated with elevated all-cause mortality. The hazard ratios (HR) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure were 1.027 (95% CI: 1.025–1.030), 1.012 (95% CI: 1.010–1.013), 1.018 (95% CI: 1.017–1.020), 1.021 (95% CI: 1.017–1.024), and 1.004 (95% CI: 1.003–1.006) for BC, NIT, OM, SO4, and soil particles, respectively. While the effect estimate of soil component was statistically significant, it is much smaller than those of combustion-related components. Conclusion Our study provides epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to major PM2.5 components is significantly associated with elevated mortality.
Astrocytes and microgliain Alzheimer's disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that functional deficits in Alzheimer's disease have naturally led to hypotheses and investigations concerning the neuronal elements of the affected brain regions. Memory loss and eventual elaboration of dementia almost certainly involves the functional compromise of neurotransmission, and this assumption is borne out by the reduction in numbers of neurons, and their synapses in the earliest and most dramatically affected regions. It reviews that the role of the inflammatory processes in disease and neurodegenerative diseases garnered increasing attention in the last decade. In the central nervous system, many of these inflammatory events are initiated or propagated by glial cells. As the resident monocytic phagocytes of the brain, microglia are especially important to these processes, but astrocytes have well-documented roles as well. The evidence that these cells contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease has been mounting, but data coming to light most recently cast doubt on this interpretation and support the proposition that certain inflammatory events may slow or even combat the incipient disease triggers.
IETSIM : An Electrothermal Circuit Simulator

iETSIM1 is a circuit-level electrothermal simulation tool written in the C language running under the UNIX operating system. iETSIM is a self-contained system provided in 26 source files with a makefile to compile it and install the executable binary file etsim. The program is based on the Modified Nodal Analysis approach for circuit simulation and can perform both steady-state and transient analysis. Temporal discretization in iETSIM is done using either the backward Euler or the trapezoidal rule schemes. The resulting nonlinear discrete system of equations is solved using Newton’s method. The sparse matrix solver in [57] is used to solve the linearized system.
Antisite effect on hole-mediated ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)As

We study the Curie temperature and hole density of (Ga,Mn)As while systematically varying the As-antisite density. Hole compensation by As-antisites limits the Curie temperature and can completely quench long-range ferromagnetic order in the low doping regime of 1%--2% Mn. Samples are grown by molecular beam epitaxy without substrate rotation in order to smoothly vary the As to Ga flux ratio across a single wafer. This technique allows for a systematic study of the effect of As stoichiometry on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As. For concentrations less than 1.5% Mn, a strong deviation from ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{0.33}$ is observed. Our results emphasize that proper control of As-antisite compensation is critical for controlling the Curie temperatures in (Ga,Mn)As at the low doping limit.
Political and Economic Results of August 2014

In August 2014, Russia’s authorities announced that the funded component of labor pensions would remain frozen in 2015 – something that they had previously adamantly denied. This decision is fraught with numerous negative long-term consequences, including the erosion of the impetus to be paid over-the-counter wages and salaries. August saw an increase in the already acute competion for the resources of the National Welfare Fund (NWF), the main contesters being those Russian state-owned companies and banks that had begun to face difficulties with refinancing their debts as a result of the sanctions imposed on them by the USA and the EU. In August, a lot of money was invested in the privileged shares in VTB and Russian Agricultural Bank (Rosselkhozbank), while Igor Sechin, chairman of Rosneft, asked the government to dole out Rb 1.5 trillion to help the state-owned giant oil company refinance its debts. As no diplomatic solution to the military conflict in eastern Ukraine has been found so far, the ongoing armed confrontation is fraught with risks of further escalation – which, in its turn, will inexorably result in the OECD imposing new sanctions against Russia.
'Marvel of an Accidental Rightness': The Golden Bowl and Economic Exposure

The commodity basis of The Colden Bowl reflects a historical distinction commonly made in American studies between elite and popular media - the so-called "Highbrow/Lowbrow" distinction derived from phrenological and racist taxonomies in the nineteenth century. The Golden Bowl is a novel written from the perspective of the insufferably rich whose entire existence is made possible only by their separation from the necessity of producing things (distinguishing this novel from the dozens of proletarian novels that see humans as components in a capitalist machine). In the parlor-room world of this novel, the commodity and the human are indirectly but thoroughly implicated by those who promote capitalism.
Critical Events In Psychotherapy Supervision: An Interpersonal Approach

Critical Events in Psychotherapy Supervision helps supervisors understand the dilemmas they most frequently encounter when supervising psychotherapist trainees. Such dilemmas may include ambiguity about roles, misunderstandings related to cultural background and gender, problematic attitudes and behavior, skill deficits, countertransference, and sexual attraction to clients. Resolving these difficulties effectively is particularly important in the supervisor-supervisee relationship, because doing so models positive ways of handling interactions with clients. Drawing on their extensive supervisory experience, the authors propose a model for turning problems into opportunities for growth. By closely analyzing transcripts of dialogs between trainees and supervisors, they show how dilemmas can be identified, mutually explored, and overcome. The dialogs make for fascinating reading and illustrate a range of situations commonly encountered during the supervision of mental health professionals. This book offers solutions for academic and clinical supervisors in fields such as counseling and guidance, clinical psychology, counseling psychology, social work, and psychiatric nursing.
Acute Esophageal Necrosis Presenting With Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

A 63-year-old woman with abdominal pain and melena developed a palpable, purpuric rash and acute kidney injury. Skin and kidney biopsy confirmed Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Upper endoscopy revealed diffuse, circumferential, black-appearing mucosa of the esophagus consistent with acute esophageal necrosis (AEN), also known as black esophagus. AEN is a very rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage with a high mortality risk. To our knowledge, there have been no prior reports of AEN associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura or other vasculitis.
THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF THE ACCUTRACKER AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR

Prerequisite to the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitors in epidemiologic research is demonstration of a satisfactory level of accuracy and precision. Previous evaluations of these devices raise a number of methodological concerns which complicate interpretation of their findings. Also, important issues regarding the precision of blood pressure measurements and the identification of factors associated with measurement inaccuracies remain unaddressed. To assess the accuracy and precision of the Accutracker ambulatory blood pressure monitor, we obtained five serial estimates of resting blood pressure on 120 ambulatory subjects in The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in 1987. Two Accutrackers and two manual observers independently recorded blood pressure with the order determined at random. The fourth observer in each sequence obtained a replicate measurement. For both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the mean difference between Accutracker and manual measurements was less than 3 mmHg for each pairwise comparison. Scatter plots and regression analyses demonstrated that both Accutrackers tended to underestimate high systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In bivariate and multivariate analyses, increased age was significantly associated with underestimation of systolic blood pressures by both Accutrackers. With respect to the precision of blood pressure measurement, no significant differences were present among the four observers. In summary, our data suggest that the Accutracker has satisfactory accuracy and precision, but that accuracy is not uniform across patient subgroups.
A reconciliation of recent results in optimal taxation theory

Abstract The recent papers by Guesnerie and Diewert on tax reforms are interpreted as contributions to the characterization of second-best optima. This paper demonstrates that when it is possible to achieve any feasible direction of change in supplies by a differential change in producer prices, there are unique producer support prices. Under these circumstances, the apparent differences between Guesnerie and Diewert are reconciled. Optimality conditions with nonunique support prices are also considered.
Aqueous-phase reforming of ethylene glycol over supported Pt and Pd bimetallic catalysts

Abstract More than 130 Pt and Pd bimetallic catalysts were screened for hydrogen production by aqueous-phase reforming (APR) of ethylene glycol solutions using a high-throughput reactor. Promising catalysts were characterized by CO chemisorption and tested further in a fixed bed reactor. Bimetallic PtNi, PtCo, PtFe and PdFe catalysts were significantly more active per gram of catalyst and had higher turnover frequencies for hydrogen production ( TO F H 2 ) than monometallic Pt and Pd catalysts. The PtNi/Al2O3 and PtCo/Al2O3 catalysts, with Pt to Co or Ni atomic ratios ranging from 1:1 to 1:9, had TO F H 2 values (based on CO chemisorption uptake) equal to 2.8–5.2 min−1 at 483 K for APR of ethylene glycol solutions, compared to 1.9 min−1 for Pt/Al2O3 under similar reaction conditions. A Pt1Fe9/Al2O3 catalyst showed TO F H 2 values of 0.3–4.3 min−1 at 453–483 K, about three times higher than Pt/Al2O3 under identical reaction conditions. A Pd1Fe9/Al2O3 catalyst had values of TO F H 2 equal to 1.4 and 4.3 min−1 at temperatures of 453 and 483 K, respectively, and these values are 39–46 times higher than Pd/Al2O3 at the same reaction conditions. Catalysts consisting of Pd supported on high surface area Fe2O3 (Nanocat) showed the highest turnover frequencies for H2 production among those catalysts tested, with values of TO F H 2 equal to 14.6, 39.1 and 60.1 min−1 at temperatures of 453, 483 and 498 K, respectively. These results suggest that the activity of Pt-based catalysts for APR can be increased by alloying Pt with a metal (Ni or Co) that decreases the strengths with which CO and hydrogen interact with the surface (because these species inhibit the reaction), thereby increasing the fraction of catalytic sites available for reaction with ethylene glycol. The activity of Pd-based catalysts for APR can be increased by adding a water-gas shift promoter (e.g. Fe2O3).
Comparison of fast integral mesh truncation schemes for hybrid FE-BI systems

By virtue of their low operation count, the application of fast integral methods such as the fast multipole (FMM) and adaptive integral methods (AIM) result in a substantial quickening of the boundary integral portion of the hybrid finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method, independent of the shape of the BI contour. Recently, various versions of the FMM have been proposed, each introducing a different approximation to the implementation of the boundary integral. The main goal of this Letter is to provide a comparison of the effect of these fast integral algorithms on the boundary integral when used in conjunction with the traditional FE-BI method.
A path model of the effects of spirituality on depressive symptoms and 24-h urinary-free cortisol in HIV-positive persons.

Abstract Objective The present investigation examined the associations among spirituality, positive reappraisal coping, and benefit finding as they relate to depressive symptoms and 24-h urinary-free-cortisol output. Methods Following an initial screening appointment, 264 human-immunodeficiency-virus-positive men and women on highly active antiretroviral therapy provided 24-h urine samples and completed a battery of psychosocial measures. Results Spirituality was associated with higher positive reappraisal coping and greater benefit finding. Benefit finding and positive reappraisal coping scores were, in turn, both related to lower depressive symptoms. Finally, we determined that benefit finding was uniquely predictive of decreased 24-h urinary-free cortisol output. Conclusion Positive reappraisal coping and benefit finding may co-mediate the effect of spirituality on depressive symptoms, and benefit finding may uniquely explain the effect of spirituality on 24-h cortisol output.
Regulating Physician-Assisted Death

Public-opinion polls have consistently shown that approximately 60 percent of the American public favors legal reform allowing physician-assisted death as a last resort to end the suffering of competent patients1. Yet the voters in Washington State in 1991 and California in 1992 narrowly defeated referendums that would have permitted physicians to prescribe or administer lethal treatment to terminally ill patients. The lack of adequate safeguards to protect vulnerable patients and prevent abuse may have been an important factor in the rejection of these legislative proposals2. In this article we describe a policy of legalized physician-assisted death restricted to . . .
A mathematical model for anodic oxygen-transfer reactions at Bi(V)-doped PbO2-film electrodes

Abstract An approximate model is developed to describe the voltammetric response for anodic O-transfer reactions at Bi(V)-doped PbO2-film electrodes (Bi–PbO2). Because the Bi(V) sites were found earlier to function for preadsorption of reactant in the anodic O-transfer reactions of cysteine, the model developed here includes reactant adsorption at Bi(V) sites in the Bi–PbO2 surface. The validity of the model is demonstrated on the basis of the voltammetric response obtained for DMSO in 1.0 M HClO4. Good agreement is obtained between predicted and observed values of half-wave potential (E1/2) as a function of the relative density of Bi(V) sites (ρ=ΓBi(V)/ΓPb(IV)) in Bi–PbO2 film electrodes configured as rotated disks. For low site densities (0.11≤ρ≤0.4), E1/2 is a linear function of ln(ρ/(1+ρ)2); however, for high site densities (0.4≤ρ≤0.84), E1/2 is a linear function of ln(1/(1+ρ)). Agreement is also demonstrated for E1/2 as a function of variations in the rotational velocity of these electrodes. The agreement of the proposed model with experimental data is concluded to be evidence for the importance of reactant adsorption in anodic O-transfer reactions at Bi(V) sites in these Bi–PbO2 electrodes.
Temperament and crying in response to the violation of a learned expectancy in early infancy

Differences in the temperamental characteristics of infants who did or did not cry in response to a violation of a learned expectancy were compared using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Infants were trained to move a crib mobile containing 10 objects by means of foot-kicking and were then exposed to a mobile containing only 2 of these objects. This violation of an established reward-expectation habit produced crying in 55% of the infants. A series of univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that crying could best be predicted by measures of activity level, duration of orienting, and distress to sudden or novel stimuli as well as the number of foot-kicks during contingency training.
Insufficient sleep among elementary and middle school students is linked with elevated soda consumption and other unhealthy dietary behaviors

Objective This study examines the extent to which insufficient sleep is associated with diet quality in students taking part in the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Project.
Modified Therapeutic Community Treatment for Homeless Dually Diagnosed Men Who Completes Treatment

We studied a modified therapeutic community designed for the treatment of patients with combined substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. This model has been ap117117plied on a limited basis in clinical practice, and little is known about the characteristics of patients who are likely to complete the prescribed stay in such a program. In this report, we present characteristics of 189 homeless dually diagnosed men who entered a shelter-based, modified therapeutic community with a prescribed 6-month stay. Thirty-four percent of admissions completed the prescribed stay. These patients were more likely to have fewer inpatient psychiatric admissions and more job experience than those who did not complete their stay. Findings are discussed in terms of their similarities and differences to findings from traditional therapeutic communities for the singly diagnosed.
Phase diagram data for several PEG + salt aqueous biphasic systems at 25 °C

Phase diagrams determined by the cloud point method at 25 °C, including tie lines assigned from mass phase ratios according to the lever arm rule, are presented for several poly(ethylene glycol) (P...
Computer-Aided Mass Detection Based on Ipsilateral Multiview Mammograms

Rationale and Objectives Recent reports on advances in computer-aided detection (CAD) indicate that current schemes miss early-stage breast cancers and result in a relatively large false-positive detection rate in order to achieve a high sensitivity rate for mass detection. This paper is inspired by the interpretation procedure from mammographers. The abnormal diagnosis can be derived from multiple views but is not available through single-view image analysis. Materials and Methods A new multiview CAD system for early-stage breast cancer detection, which is based on modifying the optimized CAD algorithms from our prior single-view CAD system for constructing an adaptive ipsilateral multiview concurrent CAD system, is presented in this paper. The selection and design for the training and testing ipsilateral multiview mammogram databases are described here. Results The performance evaluation of the developed ipsilateral multiview CAD system using free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis and computerized receiver operating characteristic experiments are presented. The results indicated that the proposed multiview CAD system is significantly superior to the single-view CAD systems based on statistically standard P -values. Conclusion This paper addresses a very important and timely project. It is related to two main problems regarding the development of breast cancer detection and diagnosis: early-stage detection and diagnosis of breast cancer with digital mammogram, and overall improvement of CAD system performance for clinical implementation. In order to improve the efficacy, accuracy, and efficiency of the current CAD scheme, an entirely new class of CAD method is required. This paper is unique in that a comprehensive and state-of-the-art approach is proposed for the CAD scheme of digital mammography. From the design aspect of the CAD scheme, the proposed ipsilateral multiview CAD method is innovative and quite different from current single-view CAD methods.
Relationship between Psychosocial Maturity and Performance in a Self-Paced Course:

Erik Erikson's concept of psychosocial maturity assessed by scores on the Inventory of Psychosocial Development, was related to performance indices in a self-paced course. A significant inverse relationship was found between psychosocial maturity and the number of pauses as well as the number of weeks of no examination providing some evidence for the construct validity of the Inventory of Psychosocial Development.
Tardigrade species composition in young soils and some aspects on life history of Macrobiotus richtersi J. Murray, 1911

Summary In an afforested coal-mining site at Berzdorf, Germany, the soil tardigrade community was investigated. Tardigrade densities ranged from 300 to 33,600 individuals m −2 . Tardigrade distribution was very aggregated with standard deviations of up to 220% of mean densities. Fourteen species belonging to five eutardigrade genera were identified. Soils were dominated by the carnivorous tardigrade Macrobiotus richtersi that contributed 60% of overall densities. A comparison between nine soils of different forest ages (4–46 years) and tree species (poplar, alder, pine, mixed deciduous and mixed coniferous) showed no relationship of tardigrade species distribution and abundance to tree species, thickness of organic or litter layer, humus form, pH or soil moisture. Further, no correlation between nematode biomass and Macrobiotus richtersi abundances were detected. The age of afforested soils, however, affected tardigrade densities: younger soils (7–17 years) yielded higher tardigrade numbers compared to 46-year-old sites. Life history investigations on a strain of parthenogenetic Macrobiotus richtersi demonstrated a significant influence of temperature on egg development, survival rate, body growth and generation time. Hatching, first to fourth molts and maturing, on the other hand, were dependent upon body size alone. The simple, new culture method for carnivorous tardigrades described has successfully been utilized for parthenogenetic Macrobiotus richtersi for 6 years.
Thermal expansion of glasses in the solid and liquid phases

In this study, the thermal expansion of a number of mixed oxide glasses was measured in the solid and liquid regions by gamma densitometry. Conventional density measurement techniques are limited to either the solid or the liquid phase; however, with this noncontacting technique, the density and thermal expansion of both the solid and the liquid phases may be investigated as the temperature is varied and the glass viscosity varies over a wide range. This technique allows the continuous measurement of density as the liquid cools to a supercooled glass or to a crystalline solid. Lead borate glasses were examined in the range 27 to 42 mol % PbO. The liquid-phase volumetric thermal expansion coefficient was observed to decrease with increasing PbO content, in contrast to the solid-phase linear thermal expansion coefficients. In soda-baria phosphate glasses (50 mol% P2O5), liquid-phase volumetric expansion coefficients were found to vary as the solid-phase linear expansion coefficients. Measurements on a lithia-aluminoscilicate glass ceramic were obtained by this method to approximately 400°C above the limit of conventional dilatometry. The gamma densitometry technique can yield density, thermal expansion, glass transition and crystallization information, and quenching-rate dependence data on glasses to temperatures in excess of 1500°C, and thus provides a means for high-temperature characterization of glasses which complements conventional dilatometry, calorimetry, and thermal analysis.
Developmental expression and comparative genomic analysis of Xenopus cardiac myosin heavy chain genes

Myosin heavy chains (MHC) are cytoskeletal motor proteins essential to the process of muscle contraction. We have determined the complete sequences of the Xenopus cardiac MHC genes, α-MHC and ventricular MHC (vMHC), and have characterized their developmental expression profiles. Whereas α-MHC is expressed from the earliest stages of cardiac differentiation, vMHC transcripts are not detected until the heart has undergone chamber formation. Early expression of vMHC appears to mark the cardiac conduction system, but expression expands to include the ventricle and outflow tract myocardium during subsequent development. Sequence comparisons, transgenic expression analysis, and comparative genomic studies indicate that Xenopus α-MHC is the true orthologue of the mammalian α-MHC gene. On the other hand, we show that the Xenopus vMHC gene is most closely related to chicken ventricular MHC (vMHC1) not the mammalian β-MHC. Comparative genomic analysis has allowed the detection of a mammalian MHC gene (MyH15) that appears to be the orthologue of vMHC, but evidence suggests that this gene is no longer active. Developmental Dynamics 233:1287–1293, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Establishment and Rooting Response of Bermudagrass Propagated with Saline Water and Subsurface Irrigation

Irrigating with non-potable, saline water using a subsurface drip system has been suggested as a strategy to conserve water used for turf- grass. However, it is unknown if turfgrasses can be established from sod when saline water is applied from the subsurface. A two-year study was conducted at New Mexico State University to investigate the establishment of 'Princess 77' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) from sod, irrigated from either a sprinkler or a subsurface drip system, with potable (electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.6 dS m -1 ) or saline (EC = 2.2 dS m -1 ) water and propagated either early (mid-March) or late (mid-June). Establishment rate was calculated on the basis of percentage of green cover, which was determined by means of digital image analysis. At the end of each growing season, root samples were collected and analyzed for root weight density, root length density, and root diameter at three soil depths. When coverage data were averaged over water qualities, plots propagated in 2009 and irrigated from a sprinkler system established fastest, fol- lowed by sprinkler-irrigated plots propagated in 2008. Drip-irrigated plots were the slowest to reach full coverage. Root length density was higher in sprinkler-irrigated plots than subsur- face drip irrigation plots at all depths. In conclu- sion, early propagation of Princess 77 bermu- dagrass resulted in complete coverage with a denser root system at the end of the growing season, regardless of the water quality or irri- gation system used. If propagated early, sub- surface drip-irrigated bermudagrass did not require supplemental irrigation from a tempo- rary sprinkler system to successfully establish.
Response of excised Avena coleoptile segments to red and far-red light

In seeking a simple, red light-promoted straight growth test in which phytochrome assays may be conducted without interference by protochlorophyll, the response of excised Avena coleoptile segments to red and far-red light was re-examined. The elongation of apical (non-decapitated) segments is promoted by a brief exposure to red light, and this effect is almost completely nullified by an immediately subsequent exposure to far-red light. Although growth promotion by red light occurs in distilled water alone, the effect is greater on a medium consisting of 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.2 to 6.4, with 1 to 2% sucrose. Over the pH range 4.5 to 7.4, dark-growth decreases with increasing pH, but the absolute increment brought about by red light is nearly constant. Elongation appears to be entirely the result of increased cell size. Contrary to previous reports, similar results can be obtained with subapical (decapitated) coleoptile segments, although the absolute magnitude of the response is reduced.
BUBBLE DYNAMICS AND ELUTRIATION STUDIES IN GAS-FLUID1ZED BEDS

In order to adequately interpret the heat and mass transfer data taken in a gas-fluidized bed, it is essential to know the bubble dynamics and solids movement in the bed, and solids elutriation from the bed. To generate information on these aspects, an experimental facility has been designed, fabricated and successfully tested. This consists of a two-dimensional fluidized bed with its gas supply and cleanup system. The bubble dynamics and solids projection from the bed are recorded by a high-speed movie camera. The films are analyzed on a photo-optical data analyser and digitizer provided with an electronic graphics calculator connected to tape printer and a Teletype terminal interfaced with a computer. The analysis of recorded bed dynamics suggests that for large particles the bubbles grow to be non-spherical and these rise almost above the bed surface before bursting when the wake remains intact while the solids bulge at the bubble nose ruptures to release the bubble gas. It is concluded unambiguously t...
Bilinear Transformations In Optical Signal Processing

Abstract. The bilinear transformation, which is a quadratic transformation with spread, characterizes the operations performed by many optical systems. This is due to the natural quadratic relation between the optical field and the optical intensity. The transmission of information through a bilinear system is examined. This includes frequency-domain analysis for space-invariant systems, and expansions in terms of orthogonal functions. Several methods of performing bilinear transformations using coherent or partially coherent processors are discussed. We demonstrate how dimensionality can be traded with order of nonlinearity. We also show how a bilinear system can be realized by use of a parallel bank of coherent spatial filters. The problem of inverting a bilinear transformation is addressed. This is the problem of image restoration when the distortion model is bilinear. Several methods of restoration are discussed.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anomalies in particle shape during seeded growth of polystyrene latices

WE have observed unusual changes in latex particle shape during the ‘seeded’ growth of polystyrene latices in emulsifier-free systems (Fig. 1a). To our knowledge this has not previously been recorded.
On Hughes' “Culture and Health Planning for the Yoruba of Western Nigeria”

This article is an excellent example of how anthropological knowledge can be used in health planning. Professor Hughes provides anthropological perspectives on indigenous health workers, modern health facilities, mechanisms for health education, political and social structure, diet and sanitation, and the possible administration of health innovations for the Yoruba of Western Nigeria. His task is to suggest outlines for a low cost, feasible and effective health program for Africa; that is, one that takes social and cultural inhibiting factors into account. He assumes low cost does not include buildings and that reflective health program suggestions must not depart too radically from cultural practices and be "stripped down." I will discuss several areas which I found most noteworthy and suggest that social scientists interested in what anthropologists can offer in health planning read this article. Professor Hughes draws upon his experiences among the Egbe, one of the various groups of Yoruba speaking peoples of Western Nigeria. We are told that indigenous health workersdiviners (babalawo) and herbalists (onishegun)-provide the bulk of medical care to Western Nigerian populations when home remedies fail. These workers are organized into associations, use indigenous pharmacologic substances, and have been used as consultants in the treatment of indigenous mental health patients. Hughes suggests that these workers may be brought into a working relationship with Western medicine through classes in the safe use of indigenous drugs: "a cadre of pharmacy workers could begin the process of working with healers in this important area of ethnopharmacology." The leaders of healing cults, such as Shopona, the small pox cult, are another set of healers vital to innovative collaborative
Ingestion and inactivation of bacteriophages by Tetrahymena.

ABSTRACT. Abiotic factors are thought to be primarily responsible for the loss of bacteriophages from the environment, but ingestion of phages by heterotrophs may also play a role in their elimination. Tetrahymena thermophila has been shown to ingest and inactivate bacteriophage T4 in co-incubation experiments. In this study, other Tetrahymena species were co-incubated with T4 with similar results. In addition, T. thermophila was shown to inactivate phages T5 and λ in co-incubations. Several approaches, including direct visualization by electron microscopy, demonstrated that ingestion is required for T4 inactivation. Mucocysts were shown to have no role in the ingestion of T4. When 35S-labeled T4 were fed to T. thermophila in a pulse-chase experiment, the degradation of two putative capsid proteins, gp23* and hoc, was observed. In addition, a polypeptide with the apparent molecular mass of 52 kDa was synthesized. This suggests that Tetrahymena can use phages as a minor nutrient source in the absence of bacteria.
Making good decisions about diet: weight loss is not weight maintenance.

Lack of long-term data on very-low-carbohydrate diets makes their medically unsupervised use very troubling.
The chemical transport rates and crystal morphology of GeSe

Mass transport rate studies on the system GeSeGeI4 were performed in closed ampules of fused silica in the temperature gradients 520 420°C, 420 350°C and 380 300°C with GeI4 pressures ranging from 0 to about 2 atm. The experimental results in terms of material flux versus GeI4 pressure reveal the different transport modes in agreement with SCHAFER'S transport models. Comparison of observed and computed material fluxes based on a diffusion model confirmed the transport reaction Diffusion controlled chemical transport yields single crystal platelets with (001) orientation of the as-grown surfaces, in accordance with the structural properties of GeSe. Die Geschwindigkeit des chemischen Transports und die Kristallmorphologie des GeSe Die Transportgeschwindigkeiten im System GeSeGeJ4 wurden in geschlossenen Quarzampullen in den Temperaturgradienten 520 420°C, 420 350°C und 380 300°C und mit GeJ4-Drucken von 0 bis etwa 2 Atm. untersucht. Die beobachteten Transportgeschwindigkeiten als Funktion des GeJ4-Druckes stimmen mit SCHAFER'S Vorstellungen bezuglich der verschiedenen geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Teilvorgange uberein. Durch Vergleich der gemessenen mit der fur Diffusion berechneten Transportgeschwindigkeit wurde die Transportreaktion. bestatigt. Beim chemischen Transport unter Diffusionsbedingungen erhalt man Einkristallblattchen mit (001)-Orientierung der Wachstumsflachen in Ubereinstimmung mit der Struktur des GeSe.