cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canada's Long Road to Nowhere: Why the Circle of Command Liberalism Cannot Be Squared *

A school of thought has emerged within constitutional and political theory that a middle road exists between liberalism and anti-liberal communitarianism. This road, which the author terms “command liberalism” permits societies that follow it to bypass the obvious inequities of liberalism while still enjoying the benefits of liberal democracy. The existence of this middle road would be but a piece of intellectual trivia were it not for the fact that for the past two decades it has formed the normative basis for constitution-making in Canada. It has been a root cause of constitutional conflict, intergroup animosity, constitutional paralysis and, potentially, the break-up of the country. Command liberalism is well represented in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In addition, largely as a consequence of the Charter, it was the raison d'etre of the ill-fated Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords. For the most part, those who seek to travel this road in Canada do so with good intentions; they point to the appalling conditions of Native reserves, blatant examples of gender discrimination and institutionalized racism and homophobia within liberal democratic society as evidence of the need to construct more pluralistic means of collective representation. But good intentions do not square the circle of command liberalism. Indeed, the problem with this middle road is that it is circular, leading us back to where we started.
The Retention of Folk Linguistic Concepts and theti'yčir Caste in Contemporary Nacireman Culture

Certain structural features of spoken Nacireman are examined both objectively and from the point of view of native Nacireman folk linguistics. Discrepancies on the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels between the traditional folk analysis and that of modern structural linguistics are accounted for in terms of the cognitive structure and ideological orientation of the ti'cir caste, which plays a critical role in the enculturation of Nacireman children, and in terms of the internal organization and external relationships of the native academic institutions, whose function in Nacireman society can be specified only after intensive deep-structure analysis.
Improved microcalcification detection in breast ultrasound: Phantom studies

Ultrasound B-scans illustrate microcalcification clusters as bright high contrast spots with the resolution limited by the size of speckle cells. Thus, distinguishing these reflections from speckle noise using ultrasound B-scans is challenging. This work addresses the performance of ultrasound B-scans in detecting microcalcifications first through theoretical prediction. Based on these predictions, a post processing method is proposed to improve the detectability of microcalcifications at the final display stage. This method is applied to lab-generated phantoms to illustrate the improvement in detectability.
Mast cell tumour destruction in dogs by hypotonic solution

Distilled water was studied as an hypoosmotic oncolysis agent to prevent mast cell tumour (MCT) recurrence following surgical excision. The results from 118 MCTs excised in 74 dogs were: surgery alone, a recurrence rate of 52.6 per cent (10/19); and surgery followed by distilled water injections into the wound, a 26.2 per cent (26/99) recurrence rate. All of 10 small MCTs (0.03 to 0.25 cm3) injected with distilled water in situ with no surgery, regressed. The present data suggest that distilled water should be considered as an adjunct to surgery for canine MCTs.
Estimates for Hilbertian Koszul homology

Abstract The objective of this paper is to give new kind of estimates for Hilbertian Koszul homology, inspired by commutative algebra, in multivariable Fredholm theory.
Induction of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-2β, A Cysteine Protease Inhibitor in Decidua A POTENTIAL REGULATOR OF EMBRYO IMPLANTATION

During early pregnancy, the steroid hormone progesterone induces differentiation of uterine stroma to decidual cells, which regulate embryo-uterine interactions. The progesterone-induced signaling molecules that participate in the formation and function of decidua remain poorly understood. We recently utilized high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to identify several genes whose expression is markedly altered in pregnant uterus in response to RU486, a well characterized antagonist of the progesterone receptor (PR). Our study revealed that the gene encoding cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2β (CTLA-2β), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is expressed during PR-induced decidualization. The spatio-temporal expression of CTLA-2β mRNA precisely overlapped with the decidual phase of pregnancy. Interestingly, administration of progesterone to estrogen-primed ovariectomized mice failed to induce CTLA-2β expression. A concomitant artificial decidual stimulation was necessary to trigger this expression. Uteri of PR knockout mice failed to express this mRNA, even after a combined administration of steroid hormones and artificial stimulation. The uterine expression of CTLA-2β was, therefore, dependent on PR as well as other unknown factor(s) associated with decidual response. To identify the molecular target(s) of CTLA-2β,we analyzed its interaction with proteins present in soluble extracts prepared from day 7 pregnant uteri containing implanted embryos. A protein affinity strategy employing recombinant CTLA-2β helped us to determine that cathepsin L, a cysteine protease, is one of its targets in the pregnant uterus. Consistent with this finding, expression of cathepsin L was detected in the giant trophoblast cells of the ectoplacental cone on day 7 of pregnancy. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that expression of CTLA-2β in the decidua may regulate implantation of the embryo by neutralizing the activities of one or more proteases generated by the proliferating trophoblast.
Surgical and Hormonal Therapy for Cryptorchidism: An Overview

The treatment of the undescended testis still engenders controversy on both sides of the Atlantic. To date, there is still no consensus on how to treat a child with an undescended testis. Some physicians advocate surgical therapy of all children whose testes are not located at the bottom of the scrotum whereas others feel that hormonal therapy should be tried initially on all such boys. The following attempts to provide an objective assessment of each of these two therapeutic modalities, highlighting the current controversies.
Global graph problems tend to be intractable

Abstract A notion of “information-flow complexity” is used to formally measure the degree to which a graph problem is a “global” problem (in the sense of “global” vs. “local” optimization). Under this measure a number of intractable problems including VERTEX COVER, GRAPH 3-COLORABILITY, HAMILTONIAN CIRCUIT, and other NP -complete problems are exponentially more “global” than a number of tractable problems including EDGE COVER, GRAPH 2-COLORABILITY, EULERIAN CIRCUIT, and other problems in P .
Pyrimidine homonucleoside analogues from 2,5-anhydroaldose derivatives

Abstract 3,4-Di- O -acetyl-2,5-anhydro- D -xylose diisobutyl dithioacetal ( 1 ) reacts with bromine to give a monobromo derivative which, on condensation with 2,4-diethoxy-pyrimidine or its 5-methyl analogue, affords the protected nucleoside derivatives 4 and 11 , respectively; ammonolysis of 4 gave the cytosine “homonucleoside” 7 , and hydrolysis of 11 gave the thymine “homonucleoside” 12 . The same type of “homonucleoside” may be produced by cyclization of the sugar chain in a suitable acyclic-sugar nucleoside, as in the conversion of 1- S -ethyl-1-thio-1-(uracil-1-yl)- D -xylitol ( 16 , obtained from tetra- O -acetyl- D -xylose diethyl dithioacetal, 9 ), by the action of one molar equivalent of p -toluenesulfonyl chloride, into a homonucleoside isolated as its diacetate 17; acyclic-sugar derivatives not susceptible to such cyclization afford instead the 5- p -toluenesulfonates, as exemplified by the conversion of the D - arabino analogue ( 13 ) of 16 into the 5′-ester 14 . When cyclohexene is used to remove the excess of bromine in the preparation of nucleoside analogues from dithioacetals, the alkylsulfenyl bromide produced may react, by way of its cyclohexene adduct, with the hoterocyclic base to give cyclohexane-base adducts, for example, compounds 6 and 10 .
Liposome bupivacaine (EXPAREL®) for extended pain relief in patients undergoing ileostomy reversal at a single institution with a fast-track discharge protocol: an IMPROVE Phase IV health economics trial.

Background Postoperative opioid use following ileostomy reversal procedures contributes to postoperative ileus. We assessed the impact of a liposome bupivacaine-based, opioid-sparing multimodal analgesia regimen versus a standard opioid-based analgesia regimen on postsurgical opioid use. We also assessed health economic outcomes in patients undergoing ileostomy reversal at our institution, which employs an enhanced recovery discharge protocol. Methods In this single-center, open-label study, patients undergoing ileostomy reversal received postsurgical pain therapy via multimodal analgesia that included a single intraoperative administration of liposome bupivacaine or opioid-based patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with intravenous morphine or hydromorphone. Rescue analgesia (intravenous [IV] opioids and/or oral opioid + acetaminophen) was available to all patients. Primary efficacy measures included postsurgical opioid use, hospital length of stay (LOS), and hospitalization costs. Secondary measures included: time to first rescue opioid use; patient satisfaction with analgesia; additional medical intervention; and opioid-related adverse events. Results Forty-three patients were enrolled and met eligibility criteria (IV opioid PCA group = 20; liposome bupivacaine-based multimodal analgesia group = 23). Postsurgical opioid use was significantly less in the multimodal analgesia group compared with the IV opioid PCA group (mean [standard deviation]: 38 mg [46 mg] versus 68 mg [47 mg]; P = 0.004). Postsurgical LOS between-group differences (median: 3.0 days versus 3.8 days) and geometric mean hospitalization costs (US $6,611 versus US$6,790) favored the multimodal analgesic group but did not achieve statistical significance. Median time to first opioid use was 1.1 hours versus 0.7 hours in the multimodal analgesia and IV opioid PCA groups, respectively; P = 0.035. Two patients in the multimodal analgesia group and one in the IV opioid PCA group experienced opioid-related adverse events. Conclusion A liposome bupivacaine-based multimodal analgesic regimen reduced postoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing ileostomy reversal under a fast-track discharge protocol. A reduction of 21% in LOS (0.8 days) was noted which, although not statistically significant, may be considered clinically meaningful given the already aggressive fast-track discharge program.
Element-Free Galerkin Simulations of Concrete Failure in Dynamic Uniaxial Tension Test

Dynamic tensile failure of concrete due to cracking is simulated using a new class of numerical methods, referred to as mesh-free methods, that are free of the traditional finite-element node-and-element data structure and are thus well suited to modeling the propagation of isolated tensile cracks. The results from a series of numerical simulations are compared with corresponding results from well-defined laboratory experiments involving the failure of concrete. Analysis of the numerical results, and their comparisons to the laboratory measurements, provide some insight into the subtleties in the experimental strain histories and improve understanding of the dynamic tensile failure of concrete.
Tunable magnetic properties of metal ceramic composite thin films

Abstract We have developed a novel thin film processing method based upon pulsed laser deposition to process nanocrystalline magnetic materials with accurate size and interface control. Using this method, single domain nanocrystalline Fe and Ni particles in 5–10 nm size range embedded in amorphous as well as crystalline alumina have been produced. Magnetization measurements of these layered thin films as function of field and temperature were carried out using a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The size of Fe and Ni nanodots measured using transmission electron microscopy and calculated using magnetic data are in excellent agreement with each other.
Examining Faculty Awards for Gender Equity and Evolving Values

BACKGROUND Awards given to medical school faculty are one important mechanism for recognizing what is valued in academic medicine. There have been concerns expressed about the gender distribution of awards, and there is also a growing appreciation for the evolving accomplishments and talents that define academic excellence in the 21st century and that should be considered worthy of award recognition.
Biomechanics of the elbow in the throwing athlete

Abstract The biomechanics of the elbow have been examined during the baseball pitch, the football pass, the tennis serve, thejavelin throw, and the underhand softball pitch. Primary emphasis has been placed on the baseball pitch, because most throwing injuries occur during this motion. The baseball pitch is divided into six phases. They are wind-up, stride, arm cocking, arm acceleration, arm deceleration, and follow-through. Low muscle activity and low elbow joint forces and torques occur during the wind-up and stride phases. The wind-up and stride position the body in preparation for the highly dynamic movements that follow. High muscle activity and high elbow joint forces and torques are generated during the arm cocking, arm acceleration, and arm deceleration phases. Consequently, hard and soft tissue injuries about the elbow occur during these highly dynamic phases of the pitch. Overall, elbow joint forces and torques are greatest during the arm cocking and arm deceleration phases of the pitch. The follow-through phase consummates the pitching motion and positions the athlete in a good, balanced position ready to resume play. Similarly to the wind-up and stride, low muscle activity and low elbow joint forces and torques occur during the follow-through phase.
Deletion of Germline Promoter PDβ1 from the TCRβ Locus Causes Hypermethylation that Impairs Dβ1 Recombination by Multiple Mechanisms

Abstract The role of the germline transcriptional promoter, PDβ1, in V(D)J recombination at the T cell receptor β locus was investigated. Deletion of PDβ1 caused reduced germline transcription and DNA hypermethylation in the Dβ1-Jβ1 region and decreased Dβ1 rearrangement. Analyses of methylation levels surrounding recombination signal sequences (RSS) before, during, and after recombination revealed that under physiological conditions cleavage of hypomethylated alleles was preferred over hypermethylated alleles. Methylation of a specific CpG site within the heptamer of the 3′ Dβ1 RSS was incompatible with cleavage by the V(D)J recombinase. These findings suggest that methylation can regulate V(D)J recombination both at a general level by influencing regional chromatin accessibility and specifically by blocking RSS recognition or cleavage by the V(D)J recombinase.
Slowing human ageing

Knowledge of why and how we age is pointing to ways to extend human longevity. Studies in model organisms indicate that increasing the expression of repair and maintenance genes results in slower ageing and increased life expectancy. It might soon be possible to achieve such slowing of ageing in humans. The evidence for, and societal consequences of, such an advance are discussed.
Target and arm observation effects on adaptation to prism displacement

Adaptation to displacement of objects in the visual field was studied as a function of preexposure test targets being absent or present in that field and lateral arm movement requiring no pointing at targets being observed or unobservable during prism exposure. Significantly greater adaptation was found when targets present during prism exposure were the same as those present during pre and postexposure test conditions. In addition, greater adaptation was found when S was permitted observation of lateral arm movement during prism exposure. Greatest adaptation was produced when both targets were present and arm movement was observable during prism exposure. In addition, when three targets were present during prism exposure, the greatest amount of adaptation was found for targets on S’s prismatically shifted visual field periphery.
Assay of digitalis glycosides in man

Abstract The administration of digitalis glycosides is followed by a consistent and dose-dependent abbreviation of the duration of left ventricular ejection in normal individuals. The changes in left ventricular ejection time determined from the indirect carotid arterial tracing and corrected for heart rate (ejection time index) offer an easily derived measure of the myocardial response to digitalis. In the present studies, this effect of the cardiac glycosides was employed in comparing the temporal course of the action of four digitalis glycosides in man. Deslanoside (1.6 mg.) and ouabain (1.0 mg.) intravenously induced a temporally equivalent onset of action which reached a maximum 20 minutes after administration. Onset of the effect of digoxin (1.6 mg. intravenously) was similarly rapid. The initial response to digoxin was followed by a secondary delayed effect which reached its maximum six hours after drug administration. Digitoxin (1.6 mg. intravenously) evoked a slight initial effect followed by a slowly developing, late response which reached a maximum six hours after its administration. A logarithmic temporal dissipation of the effects of the digitalis glycosides on the ejection time index occurred. From the dissipation curves the physiologic half-lives of the glycosides were calculated: ouabain, 22 hour; digoxin, 33 hour; deslanoside, 36 hour; and digitoxin, 102 to 112 hour. When administered orally, digoxin elicited a response characterized by a late onset, delayed maximum and diminished potency when compared to the intravenously administered agent. The effects of digitoxin on the ejection time index were virtually identical by the intravenous and oral routes. The action of digitalis glycosides on ejection time index was demonstrated in patients with heart failure and in individuals with complete heart block. These effects on ejection time index offer a new, objective and quantitative approach to the measurement of the cardiac response to digitalis in man.
Packed Capillary Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography with High-Performance Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics

In this study, high-efficiency packed capillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled on-line with high-performance Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry has been investigated for the characterization of complex cellular proteolytic digests. Long capillary columns (80-cm) packed with small (3-μm) C18 bonded particles provided a total peak capacity of ∼1000 for cellular proteolytic polypeptides when interfaced with an ESI-FTICR mass spectrometer under composition gradient conditions at a pressure of 10 000 psi. Large quantities of cellular proteolytic digests (e.g., 500 μg) could be loaded onto packed capillaries of 150-μm inner diameter without a significant loss of separation efficiency. Precolumns with suitable inner diameters were found useful for improving the elution reproducibility without a significant loss of separation quality. Porous particle packed capillaries were found to provide better results than those containing nonporous particles because of th...
OUTCOMES OF CONTEMPORARY PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOLITHOTOMY IN MORBIDLY OBESE PATIENTS

AbstractPurpose: The surgical management of renal and ureteral calculi presents unique challenges in the obese patient. We reviewed our recent experience with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy in patients with a body mass index greater than 30.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 236 patients undergoing percutaneous nephrostolithotomy between August 1994 and March 1997 at 2 university and affiliated hospitals. Among this group 57 patients had a body mass index greater than 30 (mean plus or minus standard deviation 38.9 +/- 7.4). Renal anomalies were present in 21% of patients and more than half (56%) had co-morbidities in addition to obesity. Staghorn calculi were present in 19 patients (31.7%). In the remaining patients the mean cumulative stone size for single or multiple stones was 14.5 +/- 8.7 mm. Stone-free status after the procedure was determined by plain nephrotomograms or noncontrast computerized tomography.Results: A total of 96 procedures were performed on 60 renal units (1.6 procedu...
Computer Modeling for the Complex Response Analysis of Nonstandard Structural Dynamics Problems

Over the past several decades, two intriguing classes of problems, having a wide range of applications in engineering, have been of interest to many researchers: (1) coupled dynamics of a distributed parameter system traversed by one or more moving oscillators; and (2) transient dynamic analysis of axially moving media (and associated phenomena of parametric resonances). Bridge vehicle interaction falls into the first class of problems, and the analysis of flexible appendages deployed from a satellite or a spacecraft is typical of the second class. Mathematically, these two problems are dual to each other, and they often are highly nonlinear in nature and typically involve large overall motion in space with complex effects of convective inertia terms in their governing equations of dynamic equilibrium. The “nonstandard” analytical nature of these problems stems from the fact that we are dealing with one or more of the following peculiarities: (1) variable problem domain; (2) varying spatial distribution o...
Two linear plasmids in mitochondria of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae.

Two linear plasmid-like DNAs designated pFSC1 (9.2 kbp) and pFSC2 (8.3 kbp) were found in an isolate of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1. The plasmids were maternally inherited and copurified with mitochondrial DNA obtained from a mitochondria-enriched cell fraction suggesting that they are located in mitochondria. The plasmids did not share extensive sequence similarity. No homology was detected between either plasmid and the nuclear or mitochondrial genome when cloned plasmids were used as probes in Southern hybridization analyses. The fungus was cured of plasmids by ethidium bromide treatment. Compared to the plasmid-containing isolate, plasmid-cured derivatives had reduced pathogenicity on a susceptible plant host, Cucurbita maxima "Pink Banana."
Fundamentalist functional programming

In 1984, John Hughes wrote a seminal paper titled, "Why Functional Programming Matters," in which he eloquently explained the value of pure and lazy functional programming. Due to the increasing importance of the Web and the introduction of many-core machines, in the quarter of a century since the paper was written, the problems associated with imperative languages and their side effects have become increasingly evident. This talk argues that fundamentalist functional programming-that is, radically eliminating all side effects from programming languages, including strict evaluation-is what it takes to conquer the concurrency and parallelism dragon. Programmers must embrace pure, lazy functional programming "all the way"-with all effects apparent in the type system of the host language using monads. A radical paradigm shift is the answer, but does that mean that all current programmers will be lost along the way? Fortunately not! By design, LINQ is based on monadic principles, and the success of LINQ proves that the world does not fear the monads.
Parallel k-Means Clustering for Quantitative Ecoregion Delineation Using Large Data Sets

Identification of geographic ecoregions has long been of interest to environmental scientists and ecologists for identifying regions of similar ecological and environmental conditions. Such classifications are important for predicting suitable species ranges, for stratification of ecological samples, and to help prioritize habitat preservation and remediation efforts. Hargrove and Hoffman [1, 2] have developed geographical spatio-temporal clustering algorithms and codes and have successfully applied them to a variety of environmental science domains, including ecological regionalization; environmental monitoring network design; analysis of satellite-, airborne-, and ground-based remote sensing, and climate model-model and model-measurement intercomparison. With the advances in state-of-the-art satellite remote sensing and climate models, observations and model outputs are available at increasingly high spatial and temporal resolutions. Long time series of these high resolution datasets are extremely large in size and growing. Analysis and knowledge extraction from these large datasets are not just algorithmic and ecological problems, but also pose a complex computational problem. This paper focuses on the development of a massively parallel multivariate geographical spatio-temporal clustering code for analysis of very large datasets using tens of thousands processors on one of the fastest supercomputers in the world.
Zur Geometrie der Suzukigruppen

Es bezeichne Sz(q) die zu q=2 2m+1, m>0, geh6rige Gruppe von SUZUKI [5, w 13; diese Gruppen werden dort G(q) genannt]. Wie Tn~s gezeigt hat [6, proposition 3.3], besitzt Sz(q), aufgefal3t als Kollineationsgruppe des dreidimensionalen projektiven Raumes tiber GF(q), ein Transitivit~itsgebiet yon qZ+l paarweise windschiefen Geraden; diese bilden eine Kongruenz und liefern daher, nach ANDRg [1, w167 2,8], eine Translationsebene der Ordnung q2, auf der Sz(q) als im Stabilisator eines Punktes enthaltene Kollineationsgruppe operiert. L~NEBURG [3, w167 5,6] hat diese Ebenen eingehend untersucht und sich in dem Bestreben, sie geometrisch befriedigend zu kennzeichnen, mit der allgemeineren Frage besch~iftigt, wie Sz(q) iiberhaupt als Kollineationsgruppe einer projektiven Ebene der Ordnung q2 operieren kann [3, Satz 9]. Dabei setzt er voraus, dal3 die Involutionen yon Sz (q) als Zentralkotlineationenoperieren, und deshalb (wegen q=0 rood 2) sogar als Elationen, d.h. mit dem Zentrum auf der Achse. In dieser Note soll nun gezeigt werden, dab diese Voraussetzung tiberfliissig ist, d.h. wir wollen beweisen:
A predatory snail distinguishes between conspecific and heterospecific snails and trails based on chemical cues in slime

The rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea, is a predatory snail native to the southeastern United States. It eats other snails and slugs, tracking them by following their mucus trails. Although wolfsnails follow mucus trails of both prey and conspecifics, they rarely eat conspecifics, and only conspecific trails are followed directionally. We investigated how wolfsnails distinguish conspecifics from prey snails (Helix aspersa) and how they determine directionality of conspecific mucus trails. We found that wolfsnails used chemical cues present in mucus to distinguish conspecifics from prey, and were less likely to attack a snail covered with wolfsnail mucus than one covered with prey mucus (experiment 1). Juvenile wolfsnails that were isolated from conspecifics before hatching recognized conspecifics as nonprey (experiment 2), and adult wolfsnails learned to follow trails of novel substances associated with exposure to other wolfsnails (experiment 3). Wolfsnails were equally attracted to both soluble and insoluble components of conspecific mucus (experiment 4) and followed conspecific mucus trails directionality even after the trails had been washed (experiment 5). We also examined whether a structural or chemical asymmetry in conspecific mucus allowed wolfsnails to determine directionality of conspecific trails. Although results of scanning electron microscopy provided no support for directionality using a structural asymmetry, manipulations of wolfsnail trails (experiments 6, 7) indicated that wolfsnails use a right/left chemical asymmetry in mucus trails to orient themselves on conspecific trails in the same direction as the trail-layer snail, independent of the trail layer's direction of movement.
Quantitative analysis of synaptogenesis in the inner plexiform layer of macaque monkey fovea.

Synaptogenesis has been tracked by using quantitative electron microscopic methods in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the developing Macaca monkey fovea from fetal day (Fd) 55 to Fd132. Vesicle-containing profiles were classified according to whether (1) they contained a ribbon indicating that they originated from a bipolar cell, or (2) the profile formed a junction. Group 2 was further subdivided by morphological characteristics into (2a) amacrine, (2b) bipolar, or (2c) unknown profiles. Ribbon-containing bipolar profiles are clearly identifiable at Fd55 when they occur at a density of 0.9/100 μm2. Bipolar synapses increase rapidly to 4.7/100 μm2 by Fd88, similar to their density at Fd132. Identifiable amacrine profiles forming a junction are rare at Fd55–68. By Fd88, amacrine synaptic density has jumped to 6.7/100 μm2 and continues to increase to 9.5/100 μm2 at Fd132. These quantitative data strongly suggest that, at the Macaca fovea, bipolar synaptogenesis both begins and ends before amacrine synaptogenesis. The large number of immature amacrine synaptic profiles and densities at Fd132 suggests that amacrine synapses continue to form after Fd132. This study confirms that cone-dominated monkey fovea has a different sequence of synaptogenesis than the rod- dominated peripheral retina (Nishimura and Rakic, [1985] J. Comp. Neurol 241:420–434). The data support the concept that synaptic developmental sequence is determined by the type of photoreceptor which dominates a particular retinal region or species. Bipolar ribbon synapses are observed in the outer half of the IPL at Fd55, are present in the inner IPL at Fd60, and then, with increasing age, are found throughout the IPL. This pattern strongly suggests that vertical OFF bipolar pathways form earlier than ON pathways in the IPL. In contrast, amacrine profiles are found throughout the IPL at the youngest ages, with an adult-like banding pattern present by Fd132. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Defining and achieving quality in cataloging in academic libraries: a literature review

The subject of quality has received much attention in the past twenty years. Yet quality has remained an ill-defined and subjective term. This article explores the meaning of quality in terms of cataloging for the academic library. The evolving nature of quality in cataloging is discussed. Attempts at achieving quality in cataloging are viewed in terms of Deming's 14 points to transform an organization. Particular attention is paid to customer focus and continuous improvement.
Structural equations modeling test of a turnover theory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Hom, Griffeth, and Sellaro's (1984) theoretical alternative to Mobley's (1977) turnover model was investigated in two studies. In Study 1, conceptual distinctions among model constructs and operationalizations of those constructs were validated. 206 nurses were surveyed, and constructs were assessed
Flight Control of a Variable Span Cruise Missile

In this work the benefits of variable span morphing are considered, specifically with regards to the increased maneuverability of bank-to-turn cruise missiles. Along with an increase in range associated with variable span aircraft-in the case where both wings are equally extended-there is also the possibility of an additional advantage of higher control authority over both pitch and roll motions. In the case of roll control, one wing is extended while the other is contracted thus producing a moment about the longitudinal axis of the missile. Compared to conventional tail surface control, this moment can be substantial depending on the flight conditions. There is, however, some complexity involved in flight control of variable span aircraft; namely the shift of the missile’s center of mass and the dependence of the roll producing moment on the angle of attack. The following work attempts to address these complexities through nonlinear control. First, a full nonlinear model of the missile is presented that includes aerodynamic effects and changes in weight distribution. Nonlinear methods are then used to control the trajectory of the missile via the roll angle, angle of attack, and sideslip angle. The results show that, in comparison with conventional missile configurations, the addition of variable span morphing has the capability of increasing overall flight performance.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The in vitro interaction of naphthyridinomycin with deoxyribonucleic acids.

The binding of naphthyridinomycin (NAP) to deoxyribonucleic acid was investigated using radioisotope labeled antibiotic. Dithiothreitol (DTT) enhances complex formation in a concentration dependent fashion but was found to be slightly inhibitory at concentrations above 10 mM. [C3H3]-NAP-DNA complexes, formed in the presence or absence of reducing reagents, were stable to Sephadex G-25 chromatography and precipitation with ethanol, indicating a strong bond formed between the drug and DNA. Time course studies showed that the difference between the binding of activated and non-activated antibiotic was a DTT-dependent burst. This was followed by a second phase of binding which was similar in both the activated and non-activated antibiotics. The activation of the antibiotic by DTT was a reversible reaction at pH 7.9. The activated form at pH 5.0 was extremely stable and did not revert to the unactivated form even after an 8-h incubation period. Antibiotic-DNA complex formation was pH independent between pH 5.0 and 7.0 for activated NAP. The non-activated antibiotic bound to DNA much better at pH 5.0 than at physiological pH values. Release of antibiotic from complexes (as followed by long term dialysis) formed in the presence of DTT and at pH 5.0 was biphasic, suggesting that the drug can bind to DNA in more than one way. A constant rate of antibiotic release was observed at pH 7.9 with or without DTT. At pH 2.0 and pH 12.0, greater than 95% of the antibiotic is released from the complexes. Most of the acid released antibiotic is NAP while most of the base released antibiotic had decomposed to a more polar compound. NAP binds well to calf thymus DNA, poly(dG) . poly(dC), and T4 DNA but shows significantly less affinity for poly(dA) . poly(dT), poly(dA . dT) . poly(dA . dT), poly(dG), poly(dC), poly(dI) . poly(dC) or poly(dG . dC) . poly(dG . dC). This specificity of NAP for DNA is similar to that observed for the pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antibiotics and saframycin A and S; all of which bind to double stranded DNA through their carbinolamine or masked carbinolamine functionalities. Two mechanisms which can explain the need for activation of NAP are also proposed.
The Salience of Race

While the salience of race is rising in public discourse, the dominant knowledge structure in international studies has deflected this issue. A look at curriculum and research programs suggests that the transnational dimensions of race are sidelined. The core concept of state sovereignty rarely opens to questions of race. Yet there is a longstanding tradition in transnational race relations, including substantial literature and university initiatives. These have had a tangible impact on the activities of international organizations. To restart such efforts in ways appropriate for our times, it is suggested that six sets of interaction between globalization and race could form the core of a curriculum and research program. This foundation provides the basis for explaining how the politics of “we” and “they,” friends and enemies, operates in racializing questions of identity, especially after 9/11, when inclusion and exclusion are increasingly securitized.
Magnon conductivity in antiferromagnetic cobalt chloride thiourea, CoCl2 [(NH2)2CS]4

Abstract Thermal conductivity measurements on CoCl 2 [(NH 2 ) 2 CS] 4 have been carried out (0.35-15)K as a function of magnetic field and direction of heat flow. These measurements are analyzed to show the probable existence of magnon conductivity below the Neel temperature.
The protectionist sentiment in the seventies: Its implications for factor real incomes in the U.S.

With the unsatisfactory national and international economic performance of many Western, industrial economies during most of the 1970's, a protectionist fever is spreading. The U.S. is one victim. If the protectionist sentiment is translated into action, relative commodity prices in the U.S. will be altered, and other changes will follow inevitably. A redistribution of factor real incomes is one inevitable consequence, and is the subject of this study. In examining the U.S., it was found that a more restrictive U.S. commercial policy would result in a redistribution of real income from more skilled to less skilled labor groups. However, under most circumstances the redistribution of income can be expected to be small.
Effect of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane on removal of urea by peritoneal dialysis.

From earlier in vitro studies it was thought that tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tromethamine) might accelerate diffusion of substances across the peritoneal membrane by a mechanism other than causing ipnization of a weak acid in the dialysis fluid. This concept was tested by measuring the rate of dialysis of urea in rabbits, urea being essentially nonionized at the pH of the tromethamine fluid. Blood and dialysate concentrations were measured following intravenous injection of tagged urea and following incorporation of tagged urea in the dialysis fluid (reverse dialysis). Dialysis rates were calculated. It was found that tromethamine increased the dialysis rate two to threefold. It is concluded that tromethamine accelerates dialysis by an unknown mechanism.
A note on Chrystal’s equation

Abstract The exact, explicit form of the transcendental solution of Chrystal’s equation, a first order nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) of degree two, is derived in terms of the Lambert W -function. It is shown that this case of the general solution is dual-valued over a finite interval and that, for a special case of the coefficients, its zeros involve the Golden ratio. Additionally, a number of applications involving special cases of this ODE are noted and the main properties of the Lambert W -function are briefly reviewed.
Electrochemical studies of organic compounds dissolved in carbon-paste electrodes

Abstract The application of the DO-CPK appears to be a promising technique for study of organic compounds normally insoluble in aqueous solutions. The behavior of DO-CPE is very much analogous to the stripping of metal from a mercury-amalgam electrode to an ion in solution. The wave characteristics are similarly affected by adsorption on the electrode surface and by the extent of solubility of neutral species in the electrode material. There seems to be no reason why the DO-CPE cannot be extended to analytical use by taking advantage of preferential liquid-liquid extraction by the CPE of electrochemically-active molecules.
Protein synthesis and degradation in cultured muscle is altered by a phorbol diester tumor promoter

Abstract The tumor promoter 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was observed to influence the relative rates of synthesis and degradation of several polypeptides in cultured chick embryo myotubes. The direction of influence partially correlated with whether the polypeptide was uniquely expressed in myotubes or also expressed in its proliferating precursors. The synthesis of all but one of the eight myotube-unique polypeptides examined was inhibited and the degradation of all but two was stimulated. The exceptions were intermediate filament subunits. In contrast, the metabolism of several non-myotube-unique polypeptides was either unaffected or influenced in the opposite direction. A method involving saturation of the intracellular leucine precursor pool with extracellular radioactive leucine suggested that the absolute rate of protein synthesis was only minimally, if at all, affected by the promoter. The effects on protein synthesis were at least partially reversible following removal of the promoter. The changes in synthesis and degradation did not reflect normal maturational changes in cultured myotubes and thus they appeared to be induced by TPA. The data suggest that under some circumstances the rates of synthesis and degradation of several proteins are inversely coupled in the myotube. They also provide a partial explanation for earlier ultrastructural observations that TPA caused a loss of myofilaments and an accumulation of intermediate filaments. Since myotubes occupy the G 1 (or G 0 ) stage of the cell cycle, and the DNA content of the cultures was not affected by TPA, TPA's effects were not mediated through cell cycle-dependent mechanisms.
Metallicities of Old Open Clusters

We present radial velocities and metallicities for a sample of 39 open clusters with ages greater than about 700 million years. For 24 clusters new moderate-resolution spectroscopic data obtained with multiobject spectrographs on the Kitt Peak National Observatory and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 4 m telescopes are used to determine radial velocities and mean cluster metallicities. These new results are combined with data published previously by Friel & Janes to provide a sample of 459 giants in 39 old open clusters, which are used to investigate radial abundance gradients in the Galactic disk. Based on an updated abundance calibration of spectroscopic indices measuring Fe and Fe-peak element blends, this larger sample yields an abundance gradient of -0.06 ± 0.01 dex kpc-1 over a range in Galactocentric radius of 7 to 16 kpc. There is a slight suggestion of a steepening of the abundance gradient with increasing cluster age in this sample, but the significance of the result is limited by the restricted distance range for the youngest clusters. The clusters show no correlation of metallicity with age in the solar neighborhood. Consistent with the evidence for a steepening of the gradient with age, the clusters in the outer disk beyond 10 kpc show a suggestion at the 1.5 σ level of a dependence of metallicity on age.
Informative path planning with a human path constraint

One way for a human and a robot to collaborate on a search task is for the human to specify constraints on the robot’s path and then allow the robot to find an optimal path subject to these constraints. This paper presents an anytime solution to the robot’s path-planning problem when the human specifies a path constraint and an acceptable amount of deviation from this path. The robot’s objective is to maximize information gathered during the search subject to this constraint. We first discretize the path constraint and then convert the resulting problem into a multipartite graph. Information maximization becomes a submodular orienteering problem on this topology structure. Backtracking is used to generate an efficient heuristic for solving this problem, and an expanding tree is used to facilitate an anytime algorithm.
Dorsal Augmentation with Septal Cartilage

Deficiency of nasal dorsal projection may be inherent or acquired. Repair is most commonly performed with an onlay graft. When nasal septal cartilage is available, it is the author's preferred source for graft material. It is important to realize that dorsal augmentation is an operation performed for aesthetic not functional reasons. As such, patients understandably scrutinize their postoperative result, and attention to detail in all aspects of the surgery is critical in achieving a favorable outcome. The author's technique for using septal cartilage for dorsal augmentation is presented. Specific considerations include patient selection and analysis, graft harvesting, preparation, and placement, donor-site care, and recipient site preparation and postoperative care.
Infrared Lattice Bands in AlSb

Lattice bands in AlSb involving interactions of infrared radiation with one, two, three, and four phonons have been observed between 8 and 38 \ensuremath{\mu}. The multiphonon combination bands (summation or difference) can be explained in terms of four characteristic phonons at or near the zone boundary. The corresponding phonon wave numbers are 316, 297, 132, and 65 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The interaction of infrared radiation with the transverse optical phonon at the center of the zone results in a single-phonon absorption band and the Reststrahlen reflectivity band. The reflectivity data can be fitted to simple dispersion theory. The fundamental optical frequency from this fit is (9.564\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.019)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (319 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$). The index of refraction $n$ and extinction coefficient $k$ were calculated as functions of wavelength between 20 and 38 \ensuremath{\mu} using dispersion theory.
A Review of the Effects of Aircraft Noise on Wildlife and Humans, Current Control Mechanisms, and the Need for Further Study

Military and civilian aircraft overflights are an issue that may impact the quality of life for millions of United States residents. Aircraft noise annoys many people worldwide and is generally thought to adversely affect some wildlife species. In light of increasing demands being placed on airspace, and because of technological improvements in acoustical testing, there is a need to reexamine the effects of aircraft noise exposure on humans and wildlife. This paper reviews past research, current laws and legislation, and presents an argument for the need to revisit the effects of aircraft noise on humans and wildlife. Some evidence suggests that noise may adversely impact wildlife and humans, however, many of the past studies were inconclusive and based on relatively small sample sizes. Given that aircraft noise abatement legislation has been enacted and because of the recent promulgation of community-based noise awareness programs, future studies should be conducted to resolve public policy problems and debates associated with aircraft noise. The need to further study the effects of aircraft noise on humans and wildlife is critical for creating sustainable land use policies near aircraft installations. Data derived from these studies will be used to create sound public policies that enhance the operational capacity of military and civilian aircraft while reducing the opportunity for human and wildlife exposure to aircraft noise.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Access to Medicare Home Health Care: The Disparate Impact of Policy

The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 dramatically decreased reimbursements for traditional Medicare home health patients. A multivariate analysis of Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data showed that African American and “other” users experienced greater decreases in home care between 1996 and 1998 than did White users. These results suggest (a) race/ethnicity is an independent factor in determining service use post-BBA and (b) health policy has a disparate impact on minority older adults. Capitated payment systems must be pursued cautiously to avoid negative effects on vulnerable populations. The potential for current and future Medicare policy changes to negatively affect vulnerable populations is also discussed.