cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Method for measurement of viral fusion kinetics at the single particle level

Membrane fusion is an essential step during entry of enveloped viruses into cells. Conventional fusion assays typically report on a large number of fusion events, making it difficult to quantitatively analyze the sequence of the molecular steps involved. We have developed an in vitro, two-color fluorescence assay to monitor kinetics of single virus particles fusing with a target bilayer on an essentially fluid support. Influenza viral particles are incubated with a green lipophilic fluorophore to stain the membrane and a red hydrophilic fluorophore to stain the viral interior. We deposit a ganglioside-containing lipid bilayer on the dextran-functionilized glass surface of a flow cell, incubate the viral particles on the planar bilayer and image the fluorescence of a 100 x 100 microm(2) area, containing several hundreds of particles, on a CCD camera. By imaging both the red and green fluorescence, we can simultaneously monitor the behavior of the membrane dye (green) and the aqueous content (red) of the particles. Upon lowering the pH to a value below the fusion pH, the particles will fuse with the membrane. Hemifusion, the merging of the outer leaflet of the viral membrane with the outer leaflet of the target membrane, will be visible as a sudden change in the green fluorescence of a particle. Upon the subsequent fusion of the two remaining distal leaflets a pore will be formed and the red-emitting fluorophore in the viral particle will be released under the target membrane. This event will give rise to a decrease of the red fluorescence of individual particles. Finally, the integrated fluorescence from a pH-sensitive fluorophore that is embedded in the target membrane reports on the exact time of the pH drop. From the three fluorescence-time traces, all the important events (pH drop, lipid mixing upon hemifusion, content mixing upon pore formation) can now be extracted in a straightforward manner and for every particle individually. By collecting the elapsed times for the various transitions for many individual particles in histograms, we can determine the lifetimes of the corresponding intermediates. Even hidden intermediates that do not have a direct fluorescent observable can be visualized directly from these histograms.
Workers' Remitt ances: An Important and Stable Source of External Development Finance

This is the original article, published in 2003 as a chapter in the Global Development Finance flagship report of the World Bank, that brought workers' remittances to the attention of the global development community. It highlighted that remittances provide a lifeline to many poor countries: they are larger than official development aid, they are counter-cyclical to the recipient country's economic cycle, and they can be leveraged for complementing development efforts.
The empty circle: children of survivors and the limits of reconstruction.

The empty circle symbolizes the absence of representation, the rupture of the self, and the erasure of memory that together constitute the core legacy of massive psychic trauma. A brief case vignette and a more extensive fragment of an analysis are used to illustrate how the unassimilable empty core of trauma may perpetuate itself in the lives of adult children of Holocaust survivors, exerting a dominating force over their identities, memories, fantasies, and transference feelings. Developmental conflict models are often insufficient in explaining these powerful phenomena. The analyst's underlying acknowledgment and acceptance of the realness of an “absence” at the core of the trauma (and the sustaining bond this forges) may provide a counterforce to the rupture of the trauma, and may create a space for patients to come to an awareness of the origin of their particular life themes in the traumatic experience of the parents.
Modeling Cl2 formation from aqueous NaCl particles: Evidence for interfacial reactions and importance of Cl2 decomposition in alkaline solution

[1] A series of experiments have demonstrated that a significant yield of chlorine gas is produced when mixtures of ozone and sodium chloride particles above their deliquescence point are irradiated at 254 nm. In order to obtain expressions for future modeling studies, a comprehensive model is used to analyze the system and to determine its sensitivity. This work reexamines and expands previous studies [Knipping et al., 2000]. The enhanced model, described in detail herein, reaffirms that current known physical and chemical processes fail to reproduce the observed Cl2 formation in the experiments. A methodological analysis, proposed as a framework for similar studies, of the physicochemical system supports the accountability of an overall mechanism initiated by the formation of a relatively stable complex of the hydroxyl radical and chloride ions at the gas–liquid interface for the observed chlorine generation. Different potential fates of the OH•••Clsurface•− intermediate are discussed. A rate expression and kinetic parameters are presented for the overall reaction of the interfacial mechanism. In addition, sensitivity studies underscore the importance of accurately modeling chlorine decomposition processes in alkaline solution—in particular, the reactions of chlorine with hydroxide, carbonate, and basic hydrogen peroxide. Recommended aqueous-phase rate constants for these reactions are drawn from a literature evaluation illustrating the limited availability and lack of agreement of related kinetic data.
Intraspecific genetic variation and competition interact to influence niche expansion

Theory and empirical evidence show that intraspecific competition can drive selection favouring the use of novel resources (i.e. niche expansion). The evolutionary response to such selection depends on genetic variation for resource use. However, while genetic variation might facilitate niche expansion, genetically diverse groups may also experience weaker competition, reducing density-dependent selection on resource use. Therefore, genetic variation for fitness on different resources could directly facilitate, or indirectly retard, niche expansion. To test these alternatives, we factorially manipulated both the degree of genetic variation and population density in flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) exposed to both novel and familiar food resources. Using stable carbon isotope analysis, we measured temporal change and individual variation in beetle diet across eight generations. Intraspecific competition and genetic variation acted on different components of niche evolution: competition facilitated niche expansion, while genetic variation increased individual variation in niche use. In addition, genetic variation and competition together facilitated niche expansion, but all these impacts were temporally variable. Thus, we show that the interaction between genetic variation and competition can also determine niche evolution at different time scales.
Determinants of Abortion Policy in the Developed Nations

8 hypotheses which seek to account for the continuing variation across nations in policies concerning abortion are tested. Tests of the hypotheses were based on an analysis of quantitative data from 29 developed nations using primarily simple correlations supplemented by some multivariate statistics. In the 22 noncommunist nations Catholicism was found to be a strong conservative influence on abortion policy although leftist political parties at times made independent contributions to the content and timing of policy liberalization. The 7 Communist nations were found as predicted to be more liberal than the non-Communist and Catholicism showed a slight positive association with abortion policy in these 7 countries. Nearly 2/3 of liberal changes in abortion policies occurred under democratic regimes but 4/5 of the conservative changes took place under nondemocratic regimesCommunist or non-Communist. Across all 29 nations regime type and Catholicism together account for about 60% of variation in abortion policies. Since 1972 socioeconomic factors have become more important suggesting the importance over the long run of economic forces affecting fertility-related practices values and policies.
Middle cerebral artery Doppler and hemoglobin changes immediately following fetal transfusion.

Objective: To determine the relationship between the change in middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) and the change in fetal Hemoglobin (Hb) immediately following intrauterine transfusion (IUT). Materials and methods: Study data included all IUTs performed for suspected fetal anemia from 2007–2011. Results: Sixty-eight IUTs were performed for 23 pregnancies, demonstrating a statistically significant MCA-PSV decrease for up to four IUTs. Significant correlations between changes in Hb levels and MCA-PSV were not detected. Conclusion: MCA-PSV values were highly variable in the immediate post-operative period and did not correlate with the Hb change.
Determining Q using S parameter data

A method is presented for determining frequency selectivity (Q) of a network using scattering (S) parameter data, data that is readily available from network measurements or analysis. The approach is based on a formulation for Q that uses the change in reactance of the resonant circuit with frequency. The method yields accurate Q results for both high and low Q resonators. Furthermore, the method is easy to implement and to understand. An example is given for calculating the Q of a tapped-stub resonator. Using this example, the new method is compared to the critical points (CP) method, an approach based on a Foster network type of formulation.
Comorbidity: implications for research and practice in geriatric oncology

The aging of the population and the emergence of cancer as a major disease of older age require the development of new strategies of cancer management in older adults, in particular, strategies based on the special characteristics of older patients, such as the effects of concurrent health conditions, i.e. comorbidity. This paper is a consideration of the implications of current research on comorbidity for research and practice in geriatric oncology. Subjects include considerations of representative measures of comorbidity; sources of data; screening and early diagnosis; prognosis, treatment, and outcome; and physiological mechanisms. Recommendations for future research include the development of (a) more refined measures of comorbidity; (b) new studies of comorbidity and cancer treatment; (c) investigations of the contributions of comorbidity for geriatric assessment and a new generation of clinical trials, (d) examinations of physiological mechanisms linking comorbidity with health outcomes; and (e) the development of an epidemiology of comorbidity.
Gravity inversion using seminorm minimization; density modeling of Jasper Seamount

A gravity inversion algorithm for modeling discrete bodies with nonuniform density distributions is presented. The algorithm selects the maximally uniform model from the family of models which fit the data, ensuring a conservative and unprejudiced estimate of the density variation within the body. The only inputs required by the inversion are the gravity anomaly field and the body shape. Tests using gravity anomalies generated from synthetic bodies confirm that seminorm minimizing inversions successfully represent mass distribution trends but do not reconstruct sharp discontinuities. We apply the algorithm to model the density structure of seamounts. Inversion of the seasurface gravity field observed over Jasper Seamount suggests the edifice has a low average density of 2.38g/cm3 and contains a dense body within its western flank. These results are consistent with seismic, magnetic, and petrologic studies of Jasper Seamount.
Titan's hydrodynamically escaping atmosphere

Abstract The upper atmosphere of Titan is currently losing mass at a rate ∼ ( 4 – 5 ) × 10 28 amu s −1 , by hydrodynamic escape as a high density, slow outward expansion driven principally by solar UV heating by CH4 absorption. The hydrodynamic mass loss is essentially CH4 and H2 escape. Their combined escape rates are restricted by power limitations from attaining their limiting rates (and limiting fluxes). Hence they must exhibit gravitational diffusive separation in the upper atmosphere with increasing mixing ratios to eventually become major constituents in the exosphere. A theoretical model with solar EUV heating by N2 absorption balanced by HCN rotational line cooling in the upper thermosphere yields densities and temperatures consistent with the Huygens Atmospheric Science Investigation (HASI) data [Fulchignoni, M., and 42 colleagues, 2005. Nature 438, 785–791], with a peak temperature of ∼185–190 K between 3500–3550 km. This model implies hydrodynamic escape rates of ∼ 2 × 10 27 CH 4 s −1 and 5 × 10 27 H 2 s −1 , or some other combination with a higher H2 escape flux, much closer to its limiting value, at the expense of a slightly lower CH4 escape rate. Nonthermal escape processes are not required to account for the loss rates of CH4 and H2, inferred by the Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) measurements [Yelle, R.V., Borggren, N., de la Haye, V., Kasprzak, W.T., Niemann, H.B., Muller-Wodarg, I., Waite Jr., J.H., 2006. Icarus 182, 567–576].
High Speed Photographic Imaging

High-speed photography is a specialty within the broad discipline of scientific photography that is used for making visible and possible quantitative evaluations of events that transpire over periods of time much too short for visual perception even when aided by the processes of image recording by normal photographic cameras. The time frame of certain events can be so short that sometimes neither qualitative nor, more importantly, quantitative evaluation of an event is possible using conventional photographic techniques. When the lifetime of events of interest is very short, both higher shutter speeds and framing rates than are normally available on standard cameras are required. When such events happen in adverse and hostile environments, this calls additionally for photographic systems ruggedized for such conditions. In addition, when the motion of subjects over time is of interest or there is a desire to record subjects that are too small for the unaided eye to appreciate fully, this also calls for special camera equipment. Keywords: synchronization; motion picture camera; video; CCD systems; high speed photography; strip cameras; streak cameras; photofinish; synchroballistic
Multi-Object Tracking Through Clutter Using Graph Cuts

The standard graph cut technique is a robust method for globally optimal image segmentations. However, because of its global nature, it is prone to capture outlying areas similar to the object of interest. This paper proposes a novel method to constrain the standard graph cut technique for tracking anywhere from one to several objects in regions of interest. For each object, we introduce a pixel penalty based upon distance from a region of interest and so segmentation is biased to remain in this area. Also, we employ a filter predicting the location of the object. The distance penalty is then centered at this location and adoptively scaled based on prediction confidence. This method is capable of tracking multiple interacting objects of different intensity profiles in both gray-scale and color imagery.
Solid-state lighting with wide band gap semiconductors

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) made from wide band gap semiconductors, such as gallium nitride, are undergoing rapid development. Solid-state lighting with these LEDs is transforming patterns of energy usage and lifestyle throughout the world. With solid-state lighting gradually taking over from incandescent and fluorescent lighting, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are very much the focus of research nowadays. This compact review takes a look at LEDs for lighting applications made from wide band gap semiconductors. A very brief history of electric lighting is included for completeness, followed by a description of blue-emitting LEDs that serve as pump sources for all ‘white’ LEDs. This is followed by a discussion on techniques to extract more light from the confines of LED chips through surface patterning. The thermal management of LEDs is perhaps the most important consideration in designing and using LED-based luminaires. This topic is discussed with regard to recent studies on LED reliability. The very promising development of gallium nitride-on-silicon LEDs is examined next followed by a discussion on phosphors for color conversion in LEDs. LED lighting has positively influenced both upscale and downscale illumination markets worldwide. Its societal impact is examined, with the review concluding with a look at efforts to produce LEDs from zinc oxide–a material that holds much promise for the future of solid-state lighting.
Cancer Mortality Among Nonsmokers in an Insured Group of U.S. Veterans

In a 16-year follow-up of insured U.S. veterans, standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for cancer were calculated for nonsmokers (55,049); as the standard, cancer rates of all respondents (248,046) were used. For all cancers, nonsmokers had an SMR of 71%; for lung cancer, they had an SMR of 21%. The data for nonsmokers were further analyzed with risk of cancer assessed according to residence and usual occupation and industry. Among the nonsmokers, SMR were especially low for dentists, carpenters, and lawyers, and for the electric light and power and printing industries. By division of the country, SMR for nonsmokers were especially low for the Mountain States.
The Bounded Data Reuse Problem in Scientific Workflows

Large datasets and time-consuming processes have become the norm in scientific computing applications. The exploration phase in the development of scientific workflows involves trial-and-error with workflow components, which can take a lot of time given the time-consuming nature of the workflow tasks. These facts suggest the possibility of reducing the development time by reusing intermediate data whenever possible. However the storage space is always limited. This introduces a problem: which intermediate datasets from one workflow should be kept to be reused in another workflow, with a limited amount of storage. For the general class of series parallel graphs, we model this problem using a non-linear integer programming formulation and show that it is NP-Hard. We provide a branch and bound optimal algorithm as well as efficient heuristics. We conducted experiments over a large set of randomly-generated workflows as well as a smaller set of synthetic workflows which are based on real-world workflows used by scientists in different disciplines. Our experiments show that the best solution produced by the heuristics only differs from the optimal value by less than 1% on average.
Physiological Constraints on the Overwintering Potential of the Soybean Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has a heteroecious, holocyclic life cycle. Soybean aphids overwinter as eggs, hatch in the spring, reproduce asexually, and undergo three or more generations on buckthorn, Rhamnus spp., before migrating to a secondary host such as soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. The ability of different soybean aphid life stages to survive low temperatures potentially experienced during fall or winter is not known. The objectives of this study were to determine the supercooling point (SCP) of various soybean aphid life stages and to determine the annual probability that winter temperatures within the North Central region of the United States would equal or fall below the mean SCP of soybean aphid eggs. Aphid eggs are considered the most cold-hardy stage; therefore, their SCP can be used as a conservative estimate for aphid overwintering mortality. In our study, eggs had the lowest mean SCP (approximately −34°C) among all life stages, whereas gynoparae and oviparae had the highest mean SCPs (approximately −15°C). During the winter, extreme low air temperatures are likely to reach or exceed the mean SCP of soybean aphid eggs in portions of northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and the upper peninsula of Michigan. Thus, widespread successful overwintering in the northern United States and southern Canada is less likely than in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, and the lower peninsula of Michigan.
Why it is Good to Stop at a Red Light: The Basis of Authority and Obligation

Throughout history, some have questioned whether authority of some over others is consistent with human nature. Is it possible for a law made by one human being to bind the conscience of another or is such a claim merely tyranny? If such a power to bind to laws made by humans is justified, what is its scope? The answers to these related questions explored in this article will be both descriptive and normative. I will explain the nature of authority and the extent of the obligation to obey the law as well as explain how the architecture of natural law jurisprudence explains and justifies both the authority and the obligation. To introduce the subject, I will offer a preliminary definition of authority and obligation. Part I will then survey some of the competing theories of authority and obligation and demonstrate their lack of an ontology and a satisfying justification. Part II will present the classical natural law justification for legal authority and obligation.
Resolution of the Σ - -Mass Anomaly

Ranges of the particles in SIGMA /sup +/ yields p + pi /sup o/, SIGMA /sup +/ yields n + pi/sup +/ K/sup -/ + p yields SIGMA /saup +/ + pi / sup -/, K/sup -/ + p yields SIGMA /sup +/ + pi /sup -/, K/sup -/ + p yields SIGMA /sup -/ + pi /sup +/ in emulsion were measured. From the mean excitational potential values required to obtain the proper masses and momentum balance in the processes, the best value of this potential was estimated to be 321 plus or minus 8 ev. The following masses were derived: SIGMA /sup +/, 1189.35 plus or minus 0.15 Mev; K/sup -/, 493.7 plus or minus 0.3 Mev; SIGMA /sup -/, 1197.6 plus or minus 0.5 Mev; and SIGMA /sup o/, 1193.2 plus or minus 0.7 Mev. A hyperon ( SIGMA /sup -/) range of 708.9 plus or minus 1.5 mu was observed in disagreement with the 684 plus or minus 5 mu expected if the stopping cross sections of positive and negative particles were equal. (D.C.W.)
Bötzinger complex region role in phrenic-to-phrenic inhibitory reflex of cat.

Neuronal recordings, microstimulation, and electrolytic and chemical lesions were used to examine the involvement of the Botzinger Complex (BotC) in the bilateral phrenic-to-phrenic inhibitory reflex. Experiments were conducted in decerebrate cats that were paralyzed, ventilated, thoracotomized, and vagotomized. Microelectrode recordings within the BotC region revealed that some neurons were activated by phrenic nerve stimulation (15 of 69 expiratory units, 9 of 67 inspiratory units, and 19 nonrespiratory-modulated units) at average latencies similar to the onset latency of the phrenic-to-phrenic inhibition. In addition, microstimulation within the BotC caused a short latency transient inhibition of phrenic motor activity. In 17 cats phrenic neurogram responses to threshold and supramaximal (15 mA) stimulation of phrenic nerve afferents were recorded before and after electrolytic BotC lesions. In 15 animals the inhibitory reflex was attenuated by bilateral lesions. Because lesion of either BotC neurons or axons of passage could account for this attenuation, in eight experiments the phrenic-to-phrenic inhibitory responses were recorded before and after bilateral injections of 5 microM kainic acid (30-150 nl) into the BotC. After chemical lesions, the inhibitory response to phrenic nerve stimulation remained; however, neuronal activity typical of the BotC could not be located. These results suggest that axons important in producing the phrenic-to-phrenic reflex pass through the region of the BotC, but that BotC neurons themselves are not necessary for this reflex.
Military teams - A demand for resilience.

BACKGROUND: The Royal Norwegian Naval Academy (RNoNA) has an interest in enhancing military teams’ knowledge, skills and abilities to deal with complex situations and environments. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to document the need for resilience in military teams and to expand the understanding of how such behavior can be meaningfully instilled through team training interventions. METHOD: Norwegian military subject matter experts (SMEs) assessed the performance of military teams participating in complex military training exercises. Eight cadet teams at the RNoNA were assessed during two separate 4-hour simulator training exercises and a 48-hour live training exercise. RESULTS: Positive Spearman rank correlation coefficients between resilience assessments in the simulator training exercises and the live training exercise were strongest when the simulator scenario emphasized resilience factors inherent in the live exercise, and weakest when the simulator scenario did not facilitate the task demands in the live exercise. CONCLUSION: The study showed that resilience assessed in teams during simulator training exercises predicted their resilient behavior in a subsequent live training exercise and that the proper design of scenario-based simulator training can realistically and effectively represent resilience stressors found in live operations.
Optimization of dynamic Rb-82 PET cardiac acquisition protocol using Monte-Carlo simulation

253 Objectives: The goal of this study is to optimize the dynamic Rb-82 PET acquisition protocol in quantitative studies of tracer transport between blood and myocardial tissue. Methods: Time activity curves (TACs) of blood pool, myocardium, and other organs were extracted from Rb-82 PET images from 5 normal patients. The TACs were averaged and smoothed to determine the activities in the first 2 minutes after injection. The resulting TACs were used to create a 4D NCAT phantom representing the distribution of Rb-82 in a normal patient. A combined simSET and GATE Monte-Carlo simulation tool was used to simulate nearly-noise-free PET data that were scaled to clinical count level before Poisson noise fluctuations were added. The simulated datasets were reconstructed using standard OS-EM algorithm. With the Munich Heart program, we performed two-compartmental analyses and extracted kinetic rate constants from noisy images with different acquisition protocols and from noise-free images. Bias versus variance curves for the rate constants were generated and compared for different acquisition protocols. Results: With increasing post-reconstruction smoothing, our results indicated increasing bias and decreasing variance in the estimated rate constants. Very large or small acquisition time intervals had adverse effects on the accuracy and precision of the kinetic parameters. The optimal acquisition protocol was determined to be 10 points at 12 sec intervals based on the trade-off between bias and variance. Conclusions: A study based on clinical data and accurate simulation was conducted to determine the optimal acquisition protocol for dynamic Rb-82 PET imaging. The protocol of 10 points at 12 sec intervals was selected based on the trade-off between accuracy and precision in the determination of tracer kinetic parameters. Research Support: NIH R01-EB000168
Infectious Influenza Viruses from cDNA-Derived RNA: Reverse Genetics

Influenza viruses are enveloped animal viruses that contain a segmented RNA genome of negative polarity (Palese, 1977). Recombinant DNA technology has been widely used to study the biological and molecular properties of the genes and proteins of most DNA and positive-strand RNA viruses (Ahlquist et al., 1984; Peden et al., 1980; Post and Roizman, 1981; Racaniello and Baltimore, 1981; Weir et al., 1982; Xiong et al., 1989). However, negative-strand RNA viruses have been refractory to genetic manipulation because of the non-infectious nature of their naked RNAs. In contrast to the RNA of positive-strand RNA viruses, the viral RNA (vRNA) of negative-strand RNA viruses is not able to initiate translation by itself, and it must first be transcribed by its own RNA polymerase. Moreover, it is thought that the template recognized by the viral RNA polymerase in vivo is not naked RNA, but a complex between the vRNA and the viral nucleoprotein (ribonucleoprotein complex, RNP) (Honda et al., 1988). Until the development of an appropriate system of introducing cDNA-derived RNA into viral particles, it has not been posible to use reverse genetics for the study of influenza virus and other negative-strand RNA viruses. This was first achieved in 1989 by Luytjes et al. (1989). An RNP-transfection method was developed which allowed the amplification, expression, and packaging of a synthetic gene by influenza virus. The novel approach of this method involved the in vitro incubation of purified influenza virus polymerase proteins (NP, PB1, PB2 and PA) with cDNA-derived RNA. This synthetic RNA contained the reporter gene chloramphenicolacetyltransferase (CAT) in negative polarity flanked by the non-coding sequences of one of the influenza virus genes. The RNP complexes were biologically active, and when transfected into influenza virus infected cells CAT activity was detected. In addition, the recombinant RNA was also found to be packaged into the viral progeny, and was maintained for several passages of the virus in tissue culture. These experiments not only demonstrated that the signals for RNA replication, transcription, and packaging in influenza vRNAs were contained within their short non-coding regions, but also established a powerful system for the study of cis-acting signals and opened for the first time the possibility to genetically manipulate the influenza virus genome.
Pornography, Feminist Legal and Political Debates on

Feminist scholars and activists have not come to a consensus on the harmful or beneficial effects of pornography on women's sexuality. Over a century of legislative rulings on obscenity protections culminated in the feminist sex debates of the 1980s that ultimately did not slow the proliferation of pornography but have led to increased measures protecting consent and have fostered a conversation about sexual health in the porn industry. Keywords: activism; body politics; legal and political debates; sex industries; sexual violence
The Implications of Maternal Obesity on Offspring Physiology and Behavior in the Nonhuman Primate

Exposure to maternal obesity and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption during perinatal development impacts numerous aspects of offspring physiology and behavior. Epidemiologic studies indicate that maternal obesity is associated with increased risk for metabolic, mental health, and neurodevelopmental disorders. As factors such as a shared environment and genetics could contribute to this association, animal studies are critical. The use of nonhuman primates is particularly important as they have a similar developmental timeline, physiology, and behavior as humans. Evidence from animal models supports the findings from human studies and indicates that maternal obesity induced by HFD consumption impairs the development of many organ systems including the brain, pancreas, liver, and cardiovascular system. These studies suggest that offspring are predisposed to obesity due to hyperphagia, increased preference for fat and sugar, and reductions in energy expenditure. Rodent and nonhuman primate offspring exposed to maternal HFD consumption exhibit increased anxiety, impairments in social behavior, and decreased cognitive performance. These observed behavioral changes are though to be due to alterations in the development of neural circuitry critical in behavioral regulation such as the serotonin, dopamine, and melanocortin systems and increased activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis. Mechanisms for these developmental changes include alternations in maternal behavior due to HFD consumption and the increased levels of inflammatory factors, nutrients and hormones that are associated with maternal obesity. Given the high levels of maternal obesity and HFD consumption in developed nations, we postulate that future generations are at increased risk for obesity and metabolic, neurodevelopmental, and mental health disorders.
The Uses of Religious Identity, Practice, and Dogma in 'Soft' and 'Hard' Counterterrorism

This book chapter maps the complex intersection between concepts of Islam and the Muslim and counterterrorism law and policy. My central claim is that faith is no longer weaponized only by violent terrorist groups. States too have realized that Islam can be deployed under a security banner in a variety of ideological and practical ways. At the same time, a fractious wave of right-of-center populism has crashed over northern Europe and the United States with demands for newly restrictive rules targeting Muslims migrants and citizens. As a result of these colliding technocratic and populist dynamics, Islamic identity and practice now play three distinct roles in counterterrorism law and policy — as proxy for risk, object for reform, and object of extirpation. The result of these trends is likely to be a sharp rise in formal and informal contestation over the nature and legitimacy of Islam as a religious identity.
A Model of Empathy in Engineering as a Core Skill, Practice Orientation, and Professional Way of Being

Background Engineers are increasingly being asked to empathically engage with a broad range of stakeholders. Current efforts to educate empathic engineers, however, are hindered by the lack of a conceptually cohesive understanding of, and language for, applying empathy to engineering. Prior studies have suggested that research informed by long-standing traditions in other fields may provide the rigor, conceptual clarity, and expertise necessary to theoretically ground the education and practice of empathy in technical disciplines. Purpose This study examined three research questions: What are current understandings of empathy in engineering and engineering education? How do these understandings compare with conceptions of empathy in social work, a professional discipline that defines empathy as a core skill and orientation of its practitioners? What can engineering educators learn from social work to inform the education of empathic engineers? Scope/Method This article presents the findings from a sustained, four-year, interdisciplinary dialogue between engineering education and social work education researchers. This effort included an examination of productive tensions and similarities between the two fields, a critical synthesis of the literature on empathy in each discipline, and the development of a context-appropriate model for empathy in engineering. Conclusions We propose a model of empathy in engineering as a teachable and learnable skill, a practice orientation, and a professional way of being. Expanding conceptions of empathy in social work, this model additionally emphasizes mode switching and a commitment to values pluralism.
The Calm Sea in the Wake of the Reforms

This chapter deals with the first published Russian translation of the Critique of Pure Reason as well as the positivist critic and the positivistic assimilation of that work during the 1870s. That decade also saw the emergence of a recognition of Kant as an epistemologist, rather than merely a critic of metaphysics and religion. However, at this time the young Solov’ev portrayed Kant as an important, though transitional, figure in the development of Western philosophy, leading eventually to its exhaustion.
Family socialization of ethnic identity among Chinese American pre-adolescents

The linkage between family structure, language, and ethnic identity is investigated to find out the effects of two major socialization mechanisms: one, family cultural transmission, and the other, ...
27.7 A 30.5mm 3 fully packaged implantable device with duplex ultrasonic data and power links achieving 95kb/s with −4 BER at 8.5cm depth

The next generation of implantable medical devices focuses on minimally invasive miniaturized solutions that operate reliably at large depths, provide duplex communication for closed-loop therapies, and enable multi-access for a network of implants to gather information or provide systemic interventions. Using ultrasound (US), power and data can be efficiently transferred through the body as its wavelength at MHz is comparable to a mm-sized receiver, resulting in improved focusing, coupling, and acoustic-to-electrical conversion efficiency. Furthermore, thanks to the low propagation loss (∼1dB/cm/MHz) and 7.2mW/mm2 safety limit, several mW of power is obtainable at the receiver, enabling high-power, complicated functionalities.
Management of Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response in the Intensive Care Unit: A Secondary Analysis of Electronic Health Record Data.

Purpose Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response (RVR) is common during critical illness. In this study, we explore the comparative effectiveness of three commonly used drugs (metoprolol, diltiazem, and amiodarone) in the management of atrial fibrillation with RVR in the intensive care unit (ICU).
The Effects of Coding Schemes on Vibrotactile Biofeedback for Dynamic Balance Training in Parkinson’s Disease and Healthy Elderly Individuals

Coding scheme for earlier versions of vibrotactile biofeedback systems for balance-related applications was primarily binary in nature, either on or off at a given threshold (range of postural tilt), making it unable to convey information about error magnitude. The purpose of this paper was to explore the effects of two coding schemes (binary versus continuous) for vibrotactile biofeedback during dynamic weight-shifting exercises that are common physical therapists’ recommended balance exercises used in clinical settings. Nine individuals with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and nine healthy elderly individuals participated in this paper. All participants performed dynamic weight-shifting exercises assisted with either the binary or continuous vibrotactile biofeedback delivered using with vibrating actuators (tactors) in either the anterior–posterior or medial–lateral direction. Participants’ limits of stability at pre and post exercises were compared to evaluate the effects of the exercises on their range of motion. The continuous coding scheme produced significantly better performance than the binary scheme when both groups were performing dynamic weight-shifting balance exercises with assistive vibrotactile biofeedback. The results have implications in terms of maximizing the effects of error-driven motor learning and increasing performance on balance rehabilitation training combined with vibrotactile biofeedback.
Novel Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic View

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is presumed to be an autoimmune disease of human brain and spinal cord which mainly affects young adults. MS pathophysiology contains two neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative arms which run concurrently; however, it is the neurodegeneration that eventually leads to loss of neurons and axons and permanent disability. Presently, MS remains incurable and we present a mechanistic review of the present and emerging therapies for this fascinating disease.
Curcumin suppresses AP1 factor-dependent differentiation and activates apoptosis in human epidermal keratinocytes

4196 The dietary agent, curcumin, has been shown to inhibit skin cancer cell proliferation and tumor formation. However, the effect of curcumin on normal human keratinocyte differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis has not been adequately studied. Involucrin (hINV) is a marker of keratinocyte differentiation. We show that curcumin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-dependent activation of hINV gene expression and that an AP1 site is required for this regulation. A nPKC, Ras, MEKK1, MEK3 signaling cascade that controls hINV expression by regulating AP1 factor function. Curcumin treatment inhibits nPKC-, Ras-and MEKK1-dependent activation of hINV promoter activity. We further show that curcumin treatment also regulates downstream events - specifically curcumin treatment suppresses the TPA-dependent increase in AP1 factor level and DNA binding. Moreover, the curcumin-dependent suppression of AP1 factor level requires proteasome function. In addition, curcumin treatment reduces cell number which is associated with a reduced cyclin A, D1, and E, and cdk1 levels. Curcumin treatment also suppresses Bcl-xL level, leading to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased cleavage of procaspase and PARP. These studies provide important insights regarding the potential mechanisms whereby curcumin may act as a chemopreventive agent in normal human epidermis.
The effect of perioperative intravenously administered iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer®) on transfusion requirements for patients undergoing complex valvular heart surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Anemia is a frequent complication after cardiac surgery especially following reoperation due to previous prosthetic valve failure or multiple valve surgery (including combined coronary artery bypass grafting). This trial explores whether intravenously administered iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer®) results in better clinical outcomes in patients undergoing complex heart valve surgery who are expected to receive transfusion. In this prospective, single-center, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, 214 patients undergoing reoperation or multiple valve surgery are randomly allocated to either the iron isomaltoside 1000 (IVFe) or the control group from August 2016 to August 2018. The IVFe group receives iron isomaltoside 1000 mg (maximum dose 20 mg/kg) intravenously 3 days before and after the surgery. The control group receives an equivalent volume of normal saline. The primary endpoint is transfusion requirement (more than 1 unit of packed erythrocytes) for postoperative care until discharge and secondary endpoint are major complications, such as delayed ventilator therapy, acute kidney injury, and mortality. Reticulocyte count, plasma hepcidin, iron profiles (serum iron, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin, transferrin saturation), coagulation profiles, urinary analysis, and chemical profiles are measured for three preoperative baseline-data days and just before surgery, except for hepcidin. After surgery, daily routine basic laboratory tests are measured just before discharge and reticulocyte count, iron profiles, and hepcidin are repeatedly checked for three postoperative days. From our study, we can clarify the following points: the first is the perioperative IVFe effect on the demand for transfusion, and clinical outcomes in reoperation or complex valve surgery and the second is the role of hepcidin in the effect of IVFe on the hemoglobin level increase. ClinicalTrials.gov , Identifier: NCT02862665 . Registered on August 2016.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF LARGE ANGLE ATTITUDE MANEUVERS FOR FLEXIBLE SPACECRAFT

Future satellite projects will require that methods be developed for slewing very large and very flexible space vehicles through large angles, and simultaneously controlling the shape of the vehicles. When faced with such a new and challenging class of problems it is best to approach it by looking at simple cases first to gain understanding. This paper studies the optimal control of slewing for a simple satellite design for which flexibility can play a significant role. The optimal maneuver requires that no oscillations remain at the end of the maneuver, and that the amount of flexing of the structure be minimized during the maneuver. Parametric studies are made to adjust the weights in the cost functional in order to obtain desirable behavior of the optimal torque and deformation profiles, and general recommendations are then made.
The U.S. Supreme Court Sidetracks Idaho's Implied Consent Law

This paper examines a State's "implied consent" law after the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in McNeely v. Missouri (2013). McNeely held that the metabolization of alcohol does not “presen[t] a per se exigency that justifies an exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement for nonconsensual blood testing in all drunk-driving cases.” Current case law in Idaho allows warrantless, nonconsensual ("forced") blood testing of suspected drunk drivers on an alternative ground: as "consent searches." The theory is that, by operation of Idaho's implied consent law, a driver impliedly consents to blood testing by using Idaho's roads and that, once given, this consent cannot be revoked when a driver is stopped on reasonable suspicion of drunk driving and asked to submit to blood testing. This implied-irrevocable-consent theory results in the oxymoronic result of upholding admittedly "involuntary" blood testing as consent searches. This paper argues that the irrevocable-implied-consent theory conflicts with U.S. Supreme Court case law. It also argues, however, that State can (as Idaho does) constitutionally encourage suspected drunk drivers to submit to blood tests by imposing administrative penalties -- including license suspension for one year -- for refusing to submit to a test. The paper predicts the Court will uphold such administrative penalties under a Fourth Amendment "reasonableness" analysis like that used by the Court to uphold searches of probationers and parolees.
“Tenía corazón”: Dulce dueño de Emilia Pardo Bazán

This article explores Pardo Bazan´s dialogue with realist representational fiction, with its voyeuristic obsessions, by revisiting certain passages in the novel Dulce Dueno and reviewing recent feminist scholarship (Bieder, Bacon, Medina and Kirkpatrick) that sees the novel to varying degrees as subversive of the male gaze. While these critics correctly see the novel as gesturing towards modernity, this article examines also its backward glance at earlier woman-plots in relation to feminine subjectivity that imagine various ways to demonstrate that woman tenia corazon.
Cardiac catheterization and informed consent. A new technic meets an old issue.

For the increasingly popular technic of cardiac catheterization, a valid informed consent is based on a comprehensive description of the potential physical hazards that does not unduly alarm the patient.
There Is Always Another Way! Cytomegalovirus’ Multifaceted Dissemination Schemes

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpes virus that is a significant pathogen within immune compromised populations. HCMV morbidity is induced through viral dissemination and inflammation. Typically, viral dissemination is thought to follow Fenner’s hypothesis where virus replicates at the site of infection, followed by replication in the draining lymph nodes, and eventually replicating within blood filtering organs. Although CMVs somewhat follow Fenner’s hypothesis, they deviate from it by spreading primarily through innate immune cells as opposed to cell-free virus. Also, in vivo CMVs infect new cells via cell-to-cell spread and disseminate directly to secondary organs through novel mechanisms. We review the historic and recent literature pointing to CMV’s direct dissemination to secondary organs and the genes that it has evolved for increasing its ability to disseminate. We also highlight aspects of CMV infection for studying viral dissemination when using in vivo animal models.