cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Analytical Evaluation of Projection Optical Lithography

We earlier proposed an analytical and prospective method for evaluating projection optical lithography. In this paper, we apply it to more complicated cases, such as optimizing transparency of a half tone phase-shifting mask and considering the resolution enhancement technique which uses both multiple exposure and non-linear resist. We also apply it to the evaluation of isolated line patterns using 1:2 line-and-space patterns.
Single-portal SLAP lesion repair

SLAP lesions are increasingly being recognized as a common cause of shoulder pain. Because an intact superior labral complex is required for peak performance of the shoulder, it is critical that all arthroscopic surgeons are able to recognize and repair these injuries. The most common method of repair involves at least 2 additional portals. The area of repair can become quite crowded, and the method can be challenging at times. A simple and highly reproducible technique is described. This technique requires only an anterior portal for suture management and no special instrumentation. A 5-mm anterior portal is established along with a standard posterior portal. A spinal needle is inserted from the anterior-lateral aspect of the acromion to identify the most desirable location for the suture anchor. After placement of the suture anchor, a second spinal needle is placed in the area of the subclavian portal. This needle is passed through the base of the biceps origin. PDS suture (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) is placed through the needle and captured with a standard grasper. Before the needle is removed, a loop grasper or crochet hook is used to locate the needle. This prevents the suture from getting caught in hypertrophic tissue. A standard switching technique is then performed, and both sutures are brought out of the anterior portal and tied. This technique is simple and reproducible and requires no special instrumentation.
Phonon-roton model for compressed He II☆

Abstract In a previous paper we presented measurements of the isobaric thermal expansion coefficient and calculations of the entropy of compression for He II from 0.5 to 1.5°K and at pressures between the vapor curve and the melting curve. We now analyze these and other related data in terms of the Landau model of phonon-roton excitations. The roton excitation energy Δ is evaluated over the experimental region, as is the product p 0 2 μ 1 2 , where p0 is the momentum associated with Δ and μ is identified as the effective mass of a roton. The quantility Δ decreases while p 0 2 μ 1 2 increases with increasing pressure or density. Both terms appear to be temperature insensitive up to 1.3°K. An attempt is made to evaluate p0 and μ separately. Finally, computations are made of the entropy, specific heat, and thermal expansion from the phonon and roton contributions and the results are found to deviate by only a few percent from the available experimental values.
Tailoring the surface properties of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices.

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is an attractive material for microelectrophoretic applications because of its ease of fabrication, low cost, and optical transparency. However, its use remains limited compared to that of glass. A major reason is the difficulty of tailoring the surface properties of PDMS. We demonstrate UV grafting of co-mixed monomers to customize the surface properties of PDMS microfluidic channels in a simple one-step process. By co-mixing a neutral monomer with a charged monomer in different ratios, properties between those of the neutral monomer and those of the charged monomer could be selected. Mixtures of four different neutral monomers and two different charged monomers were grafted onto PDMS surfaces. Functional microchannels were fabricated from PDMS halves grafted with each of the different mixtures. By varying the concentration of the charged monomer, microchannels with electrophoretic mobilities between +4 × 10-4 cm2/(V s) and −2 × 10-4 cm2/(V s) were attainable. In addition, b...
Effects of Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment Devices on Concentrations and Size Distribution of Aerosols in Underground Mine Air

Three types of uncatalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems, three types of high-temperature disposable filter elements (DFEs), and one diesel oxidation catalytic converter (DOC) were evaluated in underground mine conditions for their effects on the concentrations and size distributions of diesel aerosols. Those effects were compared with the effects of a standard muffler. The experimental work was conducted directly in an underground environment using a unique diesel laboratory developed in an underground experimental mine. The DPF systems reduced total mass of aerosols in the mine air approximately 10-fold for light-load and 20-fold or more for high-load test conditions. The DFEs offered similar reductions in aerosol mass concentrations. The efficiency of the new DFEs significantly increased with accumulation of operating time and buildup of diesel particulate matter in the porous structure of the filter elements. A single laundering process did not exhibit substantial effects on performance of t...
Determination of electron density and temperature in non‐LTE plasmas from spectral lines of impurity ions

A novel approach for calculating the populations of the excited Li-like ions C IV, N V, O VI, and Ne VIII is presented. The populations of the 2(2P), 3(2S), 3(2P), and 3(2D) electronic levels in these ions in optically thin plasmas with a broad range of electron density, N(e), and temperature, T(e), are determined from the collisional-radiative model by solving the system of rate equations for the production of excited ions; the equations are linear with respect to the excited ion populations, and the N(e) and T(e) are taken as independent variables. These populations are used to determine the ratios of line intensities for dipole allowed transitions between various energy levels. This approach can be applied to impurities other than the lithiumlike ions and is especially useful for diagnostics of systems where nonintrusive spectroscopic techniques must be used.
Radiation Therapy Biomaterials for Response Assessment and Nodal Detection (Brand)

Radiation Therapy Biomaterials for Response Assessment and Nodal Detection (Brand) W. Ngwa, Y. Altundal, H. Korideck, R. Kumar, S. Sridhar, R. Cormack, and M. Makrigiorgos; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
Long-term water quality trends after implementing best management practices in South Florida.

A mandatory best management practices (BMP) program was implemented in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) farms basin-wide in 1995 as required by the Everglades Forever Act to reduce P loads in drainage water reaching the Everglades ecosystem. All farms in the EAA basin implement similar BMPs, and basin wide P load reductions have exceeded the 25% reduction required by law; however, differences remain in water quality between subbasins. Our objective was to determine long-term trends in P loads in discharge water in the EAA after implementing BMPs for 7 to 10 yr and to explore reasons for differences in the performance of the subbasins. Two monitoring datasets were used, one from 10 research farms and the second from the EAA basin inflow and outflow locations. Mann-Kendall trend analysis was used to determine the degree of change in water quality trends. A decreasing trend in P loads was observed in general on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) farms, while mixed crop farms showed either decreasing or insignificant trends. The insignificant trends are probably related to management practices of mixed crop systems. Decreasing trends in P loads were observed in the outflow of the EAA basin, S5A, and S8 subbasins from 1992 to 2002. Inflow water from Lake Okeechobee had increasing P concentration from 1992 to 2006 with the highest trend in the east side of the lake. This analysis indicated there may be other factors impacting the success of BMPs in individual farms including cropping rotations and flooding of organic soils. Elevated P concentrations in Lake Okeechobee water used for irrigation may pose a future risk to degrade water quality on farms in the E A A, especially in the S5A subbasin.
Academic health sciences library outreach and a state cancer coalition: collaborative efforts in the cancer battle.

The University of Virginia's Claude Moore Health Sciences Library Southwest Virginia Outreach Program provides information services and resources to health organizations, health professionals, students, patients, health consumers, and community coalitions. Extending the Outreach Program partnership to a broader level has allowed the Outreach Librarian to work with a state coalition, the Virginia Cancer Plan Action Coalition. This enhanced program has included provision of information services, leadership, research, documentation, and networking activities. While serving as the Coalition's Treatment Action Team Chair, the Outreach Librarian has assisted with special projects and coalition goals. Projects have included identification of cancer Web resources and identification of cancer patient navigation programs.
Learning strategies and undergraduate research

Undergraduate students often lack the skills necessary to conduct independent research. In order to improve students' skills in research, the Computer Science department at the University of Mary Washington has designed and offered a course in research methods. The course teaches students about learning strategies that they can apply across the computing discipline and beyond. This paper describes the process that was used to create a new research methods course, the details related to the first offering of the course, and findings on how the course changed students' perception of research.
Adsorption of Hg on CO, O, and H adsorbed on W(110)

Abstract The adsorption of Hg on O/W(110), CO/W(110) and H/W(110) was studied by work function, UPS, XPS, LEED, energy loss and thermal desorption measurements. Hg adsorbs on these surfaces without causing geometric changes in the underlying chemisorbate. The monolayer coverage of Hg on these surfaces is the same as on clean W(110), and was measured to be ∼ 1 × 10 15 Hg atoms/cm 2 or Hg/W = 0.72. One monolayer of Hg screens the OW and HW dipole moments nearly completely and gives work functions almost identical to that of multilayer Hg deposits on clean W(110). In the case of CO screening is incomplete. In all cases the Hg core levels are unshifted relative to Hg/W(110), suggesting that the Hg layer is in electronic “communication” with tungsten and that a common Fermi level exists. An Hg surface plasmon at ∼ 7 eV, not seen on clean W(110) for less than 2.5 Hg layers, appears slightly above Hg monolayer coverage in all cases, but is shifted upward in energy from 7 to 8.5 eV on O/W(110). There is no wetting of higher than the first Hg layer for O/W(110), and only partial wetting of higher layers in the other cases. The Hg desorption temperature from Hg 1 /W(110) is 500 K, and is reduced to 250 K on O/W(110) and 200 K on CO/W(110), but is 500 K on H/W(110). For Hg/H 1 /W(110) the desorption spectrum of H 2 is strongly affected with 40% of H 2 desorbing at very low temperature, ∼ 200 K, the remainder more or less as from clean W(110). O 2 and CO are not adsorbed on Hg 1 /W(110) but H 2 apparently can diffuse through several Hg layers to become dissociatively adsorbed on tungsten. However for preadsorbed Hg the 200 K H 2 peak is suppressed and only the fraction corresponding to the 450–500 K peak, i.e., 60% of what is seen on clean W(110) is adsorbed. These results indicate that despite its closed 6s 2 shell atomic configuration Hg can behave very like bulk Hg metal in monolayer form on some, but apparently not all surfaces.
Results of neodymium:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy following penetrating keratoplasty

Fifty-six eyes which had a triple procedure (penetrating keratoplasty, extracapsular cataract extraction, and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation) were evaluated for the incidence, results, and complications of neodymium:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Ten of the 56 eyes (17.8%) required YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Overall, nine of the ten eyes (90.0%) improved their visual acuity one Snellen line or more. Lens pitting (one case) and bleeding (one case) were complications of the laser treatment. The addition of the corneal transplant does not appear to alter the results of the YAG laser posterior capsulotomy, nor does it jeopardize the success of the corneal transplant.
READING, WRITING. AND WORD PROCESSING

In the past, reading, writing, and word processing were researched independently. Currently, we see research regarding important connections between reading and writing as well as between writing and word processing. However, critical connections exist between all three areas. In order to have classrooms that promote literacy, we need to use word processing and its accompanying tools as students engage in reading‐writing processes. This paper addresses how word processing, with its prevision, writing, and revision tools, facilitates connections between reading and writing.
Variation of Cesium in the Ocean

Samples of sea water from several oceans and several depths were analyzed for natural cesium by flame photometry with precision of about 3.5 percent. The average of 16 assays of surface water from four oceans was 0.37 microgram per liter, somewhat less than the average previously reported. The average cesium concentration in samples taken between 500 and 1500 meters was about 14 percent higher than the surface average, suggesting that cesium may be transported downward by particulate material. Natural cesiumn is now somewhat easier to study in the ocean than radiocesium from fallout is, and information on one complements the other.
Can we prevent the spread of focal lung inflammation

By definition, the acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with diffuse cellular infiltration and proteinaceous edema. It is generally believed that the widespread injury that characterizes acute respiratory distress syndrome is a process that is launched almost synchronously throughout the lung, caused by blood-borne mediators of inflammation, voluminous aspiration, or inhalation of noxious gases or infective inoculums. Relatively little attention has been paid to the possibility that inflammatory lung injury may sometimes begin focally and propagate sequentially via the airway network, generalizing as mobile liquids carry their damaging products mouthward from distal to proximal. Were this true, modifications of ventilatory pattern and positioning aimed at geographic containment of the injury process could help prevent generalization and limit disease severity. This seldom-considered mechanism for extending lung injury might further justify implementation of low tidal volume/high positive end-expiratory pressure ventilatory strategies, as well as encourage additional lung protective measures that logically stem from simple mechanics.
Functional parathyroid tumors and hyperparathyroidism

Abstract There have been many reports of non-functioning malignant parathyroid tumors and of functioning parathyroid adenomas. However, there have been only seven previous reports of functioning malignant parathyroid tumors producing hyperparathyroidism. In this paper fourteen cases of clinical hyperparathyroidism, proved to be due to functioning parathyroid tumors, are presented. In two cases the termination was fatal while in twelve, the results of operative treatment were excellent. Stress has been laid on the widely divergent clinical pictures which patients who have hyperparathyroidism may present. It has been shown that any one symptom or sign—clinical, laboratory or roentgenologic—should not be regarded as decisive. Single findings of concentrations of calcium less than 12.5 mg. per 100 cc. of serum were encountered in 30.8 per cent of cases of proved hyperparathyroidism. Attention has been drawn to the importance of bearing in mind the relation between the serum protein level and the serum calcium level. Depression of the value for serum phosphorus, measured as inorganic phosphate, is the rule in those cases without gross impairment of renal function. The serum alkaline phosphatase level is elevated in proportion to the degree of involvement of bone. The Sulkowitch test provides a rough estimate of the presence or absence of excess urinary excretion of calcium. Considered alone, it is not diagnostic of hyperparathyroidism. The changes of bone in hyperparathyroidism appear to be an index more of the duration of the disease than of its severity. According to our experience the incidence of renal lithiasis in hyperparathyroidism is about 60 per cent. In thirteen (92.8 per cent) of the fourteen cases here presented the tumor showed cytologic evidence of malignancy. Two of these latter cases have been reported previously. No correlation was found to exist between the weight of the tumor and the degree of hyperparathyroidism as measured by the concentration of calcium in the serum before operation. The average weight of the tumors was 18.2 Gm. They were encapsulated and usually were brown. Four (28.6 per cent) were in the mediastinum, three being in the posterior mediastinum and one in the anterior mediastinum. Cytologic evidence of malignancy was seen in chief cells, oxyphil cells and wasserhelle cells. Such evidence included irregularity of the size and staining power of the nuclei, a densely staining chromatin network, giant nuclei, mitotic figures, pathologic mitoses, prominent nucleoli, irregular cellular arrangement and invasion of the capsule and blood vessels by tumor cells. The type of cell predominating in the tumor did not appear to affect the clinical picture. Stress has been placed on the necessity for complete operative removal of parathyroid tumors.
Culture, Technical Rationality, and Organizational Culture:

The authors suggest that the importance of the culture at large has not been adequately addressed in the literature on organizational culture. Technical rationality represents a central part of the culture at large in the modern age. The roots of technical rationality are traced to the beginning of this century, and it is suggested that technical rationality constitutes a powerful set of beliefs in the organizational world, called here the managerial metamyth. The Washington State Ferry System provides a case example in which the managerial metamyth became the overt content of the imposition of cultural elements on that organization. The authors argue the importance of attention to the culture at large for the study of organizations.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia

Abstract Twenty-one cases of relapsed acute leukemia were treated with high dose piperazindione and total body irradiation followed by infusion of autologous cryopreserved remission bone marrow. Evidence for engraftment was obtained in nineteen. Eleven patients achieved complete remission; of two to fourteen months duration (median 3+). Attempts to decrease leukemic contamination of the remission bone marrow by density separation did not influence the complete remission rate and duration.
Flow cytometry-assisted Monte Carlo simulation predicts clonogenic survival of cell populations with lognormal distributions of radiopharmaceuticals and anticancer drugs.

Purpose: Although the distribution of therapeutic agents within cell populations may appear uniform at the macroscopic level, the distribution at the multicellular level is nonuniform. As such, the mean agent concentration in tissue may not be a suitable quantity for use in predicting biological effects. Failure in chemotherapy and targeted radionuclide therapy has been attributed, in part, to the ubiquity of lognormal distributions of therapeutic agents. To improve capacity to predict biological response, this work develops approaches that determine the fate of a cell population on a cell-by-cell basis.Methods: Incorporation of the α-particle emitting radiochemical (210Po-citrate) and two anticancer drugs (daunomycin and doxorubicin) by Chinese hamster V79 cells was determined using flow cytometry. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate cell survival on the bases of mean and individual cell incorporation of each cytotoxic agent. The interrelationships between the Monte Carlo simulated cell survival ...
Sensitivity, principal component and flux analysis applied to signal transduction: the case of epidermal growth factor mediated signaling

Motivation: Novel high-throughput genomic and proteomic tools are allowing the integration of information from a range of biological assays into a single conceptual framework. This framework is often described as a network of biochemical reactions. We present strategies for the analysis of such networks. Results: The direct differential method is described for the systematic evaluation of scaled sensitivity coefficients in reaction networks. Principal component analysis, based on an eigenvalue--eigenvector analysis of the scaled sensitivity coefficient matrix, is applied to rank individual reactions in the network based on their effect on system output. When combined with flux analysis, sensitivity analysis allows model reduction or simplification. Using epidermal growth factor (EGF) mediated signaling and trafficking as an example of signal transduction, we demonstrate that sensitivity analysis quantitatively reveals the dependence of dual-phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) concentration on individual reaction rate constants. It predicts that EGF mediated reactions proceed primarily via an Shc-dependent pathway. Further, it suggests that receptor internalization and endosomal signaling are important features regulating signal output only at low EGF dosages and at later times. Contact: neel@eng.buffalo.edu Supplemental data: http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~neel/bio_reaction_network.html
π‐Orbital electron–energy contributions to chemical reaction heats, I. Reactions involving only linear molecules containing up to three first–row atoms

Ab initio calculations of various expectation energies have been made for the reactant and product species in six reactions that involve only small linear molecules. The reactions include fission by hydrogen, addition of hydrogen, exchange of triply bonded atoms, fluorination, and oxygen atom transfer. The change in total electronic energy is not invariably the result of changes in inner shell energy and outer shell σ- and π-electron energies simply augmenting each other, but in several cases there is a complex interplay of opposing effects. This approach gives a different insight into the energetic aspects of changes in bonding from that derived from the concept of shared electron pairs in σ and π bonds together with lone pairs in valence shells. Changes in π-electron energy are shown to be important in a reaction in which neither reactant nor product molecules contain π bonds in the usual chemical sense. While in a reaction in which there is a complete change in the nature of the triple bonds, and hence the π bonding, the change in π-electron energy makes a smaller contribution than either the change in inner shell or the outer shell σ-electron energies.
The relationship of anticipation to newcomer socialization processes and outcomes: A pilot study

The construct of new employee anticipation was explored within a model of newcomer socialization. Measures of anticipation, socialization processes and outcomes obtained from new college graduates one year after graduation (N = 378) suggested low-anticipation newcomers report lower job satisfaction, commitment, work motivation, job involvement and psychological success. Graduates who anticipated their jobs perceived organizations as being more receptive to them, jobs as more challenging, greater control over their work, more influence on the organization, and understood the culture better. In addition, graduates who had not anticipated their current jobs reported lower levels of satisfaction with the transition, greater stress and more difficulty with the transition. Implications for socialization research and human resource systems are discussed.
MOLECULAR TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF LYMPH NODES WITH NIR FLUORESCENCE

This contribution describes a system and method for tomographically imaging lymph nodes marked with a lymph endothelium targeting fluorescence reporter. A novel scanning NIR laser line source was employed to acquire multiple sets of boundary fluorescence measurements in the groin region of a Yorkshire swine. The source light shaped into a linear profile was modulated at 100 MHz and a gain modulated homodyne ICCD detection system was used to collect area measurements of fluorescence amplitude and phase on the illumination plane. Multiple measurement data sets generated by scanning the excitation sources were processed simultaneously to generate the interior fluorescence distribution in tissue by implementing a parallelized dual adaptive finite element based fluorescence tomography algorithm. Three dimensional localization of the approximately 2.5 cm deep inguinal lymph node in the swine groin following injection of 100 muL of a lymph targeting hyaluronan-indocyanine green conjugate dye is demonstrated.
A trench transistor cross-point DRAM cell

A 1T DRAM cell with both the transistor and the capacitor fabricated on the sidewalls of a deep trench is described. Trench Transistor Cell (TTC) fabrication and characterization are discussed.
No gates on the frontier

This special issue of Cultural Dynamics grows out of an interdisciplinary symposium celebrating the life and scholarship of Michel-Rolph Trouillot, held on 1 March 2013 at the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University.1 Doing justice to Trouillot’s work means honoring his indispensable contribution to scholarship and his profound commitment to critical thinking. By “critical thinking” I do not mean the cliched and vague generalization that equates critical thought with being somehow analytical. Of course Trouillot was analytical, incisively so. But his critical thinking was also politically engaged, activist in intention, as some of the contributors to this issue observe. Trouillot’s abiding concern with epistemology was a form of critical thinking that, specifically, asks us to constantly question what we know, and how we know it. Trouillot understood that seeking answers requires interrogating the questions. His was, among other things, a quest for justice both as it is conceptualized and as it is practiced. Trouillot left a major body of work whose analytical point of departure is the experience and conduct of power. His interest in methodologies of ethnography and theory building, memory and historiography, and the relationship between poetics and empiricism ranged from the micro-level of Caribbean peasantries to the macro-level of globalization. Taken as a whole, Trouillot’s work represents a combination of vast erudition, perceptive insight, and sustained commitment to moral good in its broadest scope, in which he, seemingly effortlessly, entwined local and global in some of the most original thinking that both the humanities and Atlantic studies has enjoyed. Over a decade ago, I made a foray into exploring the relationship between the anthropological concept of culture, the Caribbean studies concept of creolization, and ethnographic inquiry (Khan, 2001). I drew inspiration from Trouillot’s (1992) earlier review essay on the Caribbean region, which discussed the demarcations and coincidences between Caribbean studies and anthropology (p. 19). I was particularly struck by his discussion of “gatekeeping” concepts. Anthropologists, he contended, “often blocked the full investigation” of the cultural and historical complexity of an area by posting gatekeeping concepts, which bind an object of study and reduce peoples and places to a few shorthand “‘native’ traits mythified by theory” (Trouillot, 1992: 22). Trouillot (1992)
Integrating neural networks and expert systems for merger and acquisition analysis

Certain business applications contain knowledge where some rules are known explicitly and other rules are known implicitly by examples. For such applications, expert system technology can be used for the explicit rules and neural network technology can be used for the implicit rules. This paper presents a knowledge engineering methodology which integrates expert system technology, neural network technology and Lotus compatible worksheets. A merger and acquisition analysis is presented as a typical application. >
Mechanical overload and skeletal muscle fiber hyperplasia: a meta-analysis

Kelley, George. Mechanical overload and skeletal muscle fiber hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4): 1584–1588, 1996.—With use of the meta-analytic approach, the purpose of this stu...
Primary linitis plastica carcinoma of the colon.

Primary linitis plastica carcinoma of the colon is rare; only 17 cases have previously been described in the literature. Roentgenographically, this entity appears more like an inflammatory lesion than a carcinoma. It is characterized by a long stenotic lesion without irritability. This report records 2 additional cases and reviews the pertinent clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features.
Left-ventricular transesophageal ultrasound 3D scanning and reconstruction

A two-dimensional phased-array ultrasonic probe is modified so that it can be scanned to obtain 3-D information. Offline, the endocardium of the left ventricle (LV) in the images is outlined, the endocardial surface is reconstructed numerically, and the resulting 3-D surface displayed. The results from studies on ten anesthesized dogs and four patients are presented. Although problems of smoothing and rendering the images remain to be solved, the method appears to provide information on patients during surgery that can not be obtained by other means. >
Titan's vertical aerosol structure at the Huygens landing site: Constraints on particle size, density, charge, and refractive index

Abstract We present a one dimension simulation of Titan’s aerosol distribution and compare our results with the haze optical properties retrieved by the DISR observations (Tomasko, M.G., Doose, L., Engel, S., Dafoe, L.E., West, R., Lemmon, M., Karkoschka, E., See, C. [2008]. Planet. Space Sci. 56, 669–707). We set the mass production of aerosols in the thermosphere to 3 × 10 −14 g cm −2 s −1 and follow the evolution of the particles due to coagulation, sedimentation and atmospheric mixing. We use the observed aerosol phase functions at 100 km to constrain the particle’s charge density to 15 e/μm. With this charge density, the microphysical model predictions for the number of monomers, and the particle size and density, are in good agreement with the DISR measurements. In addition, we derive a new refractive index for the aerosols based on the single scattering albedo inferred from DISR measurements. The imaginary index is larger than previous estimates based on laboratory analogs, with an increasing absorption toward the near-IR. Our simulation provides a good description of the particle properties above 80 km, but we find that condensation effects must be included in order to interpret aerosol characteristics at lower altitudes.
Modeling expert forecasting knowledge for incorporation into expert systems

The use of continuous multivariate models to represent experts' knowledge of relations among a set of variables is reviewed. Such knowledge models can be incorporated into expert systems, complementing contingent rules, especially when representing experts' knowledge of functional relations among entities in noisy domains. Past work has most commonly involved linear averaging models in static domains, although nonlinear models and dynamic domains are also possible. Detecting errors in continuous multivariate models requires a different approach from detecting errors in collections of if-then rules. Methods for eliciting expert knowledge include modeling judgments made in real or hypothetical situations and using expert's self-insight directly to assist in construction of the model. Procedures for managing each of these methods have been computerized and could be included as elicitation tools in expert system building environments.
Rapid Production of Neutralizing Antibody Leads to Transient Hepadnavirus Infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) frequently causes transient infections in adults but chronic infections in infants. The basis of these age-related outcomes is not known. Infection of ducks with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) displays a similar dependence of outcome on the age of the host at the time of infection. In this study we compared the infection of ducks at 3 days and 3 weeks of age. We found that the efficiency of infection of hepatocytes by virus in the inoculum was similar between the two age groups but that spread of the infection throughout the liver was severely inhibited in the 3-week-old-old ducks, while a rapid spread of the infection was observed in 3-day-old ducklings. Inhibition of virus spread was accompanied by the appearance in the serum of virus neutralizing activity, as assayed by blocking of infection of primary hepatocyte cultures. Neutralizing activity appeared as early as 1 or 2 days postinfection and increased during the next 2 weeks. Depletion of immunoglobulins from serum eliminated the neutralizing activity. The specific depletion of IgM indicated that IgM appeared as the dominant fraction of neutralizing antibody in the first 2 days postinfection, but declined from day 3 on while IgG antibody rose. We conclude that excess neutralizing antibody arising rapidly in birds inoculated at 3 weeks of age but not in newly hatched ducks prevented secondary cycles of infection, resulting in a limited infection in the liver and contributing to the eventual transient outcome of the infection.
Optimizing management of ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis: the need for individualized dosing

Ruxolitinib, an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, is approved in the US for patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis (MF), a chronic neoplasm associated with aberrant myeloproliferation, progressive bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, and burdensome symptoms. Phase III clinical studies have shown that ruxolitinib reduces splenomegaly and alleviates MF-related symptoms, with concomitant improvements in quality of life measures, for the overwhelming majority of treated patients. In addition, ruxolitinib provided an overall survival advantage as compared with either placebo or what was previously considered best available therapy in the two phase III studies. The most common adverse events with ruxolitinib treatment include dose-dependent anemia and thrombocytopenia, which are expected based on its mechanism of action. Experience from the phase III studies shows that these hematologic events can be managed effectively with dose modifications, temporary treatment interruptions, as well as red blood cell transfusions in the case of anemia and, importantly, are rarely cause for permanent treatment discontinuation. This review summarizes data supporting appropriate individualized patient management through careful monitoring of blood counts and dose titration as needed in order to maximize treatment benefit.
Functional design in the evolution of embryos and larvae.

A function of development is to put the right kind of cells in the right place at the right time. Other functional analyses help define what is right. As examples, functional analyses offer explanations for the unicellular bottleneck in life histories that necessitates embryos, evolutionary divergences in embryonic cell cycles, conditions permissive of loss of larval structures and consequent change in embryonic development, and the decoupled development of larval bodies and juvenile rudiments. Functional analyses also reveal the specifications required of morphogenesis, hence defining developmental phenomena to be explained.
System requirements for WSS filter shape in cascaded ROADM networks

We describe the impact of passband shape and random center frequency variations on the bandwidth narrowing caused by successive filtering in concatenated wavelength-selective switches. Passband flatness is extremely important for broadband signals at 40 Gb/s and beyond.
Single pilus motor forces exceed 100 pN

Force production by type IV pilus retraction is critical for infectivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and DNA transfer. We investigated the roles of pilus number and the retraction motor, PilT, in force generation in vivo at the single-molecule level and found that individual retraction events are generated by a single pilus fiber, and only one PilT complex powers retraction. Retraction velocity is constant at low forces but decreases at forces greater than 40 pN, giving a remarkably high average stall force of 110 ± 30 pN. Further insights into the molecular mechanism of force generation are gained from the effect of ATP-depletion, which reduces the rate of retraction but not the stall force. Energetic considerations suggest that more than one ATP is involved in the removal of a single pilin subunit from a pilus. The results are most consistent with a model in which the ATPase PilT forms an oligomer that disassembles the pilus by a cooperative conformational change.
Phylofloristics: an example from the Lesser Antilles

Aims The last decade has seen many plant ecologists integrating phylogenetic analysis into ecology to explain patterns of species cooccurrence and compositional similarity across assemblages. Despite the advances in this area, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. one challenge is that most of the phylogenetic studies of plant assemblages have focused only on a small proportion of all of the vascular plants that co-occur (e.g. woody plants), while much of the remaining co-occurring flora has been ignored. Methods Here we introduce an analytical approach that we term phylofloristics that analyzes the compositional similarity of floras in relation to spatial and environmental gradients to understand their assembly. as an illustration, we assembled a large phylogenetic tree for the flora of the lesser antilles and evaluated the patterns of floristic and phylofloristic similarity among the island-specific floras. We analyzed the relationship of these similarities with spatial and environmental distance and compared the results for non-endemic and endemic lineages. Important Findings The results show a major influence of environmental heterogeneity on the assembly of island floras and far less evidence for the importance of dispersal limitation of lineages and species. This study highlights the importance of incorporating broader taxonomic sampling to improve our understanding of assembly processes in ecology. We expect future phylofloristic studies will improve the approach we have taken by generating more refined phylogenetic trees and by incorporating phylogeographic information.
Oxygen Consumption of Moths During Rest, Pre-Flight Warm-Up, and Flight In Relation to Body Size and Wing Morphology

SUMMARY Morphometrics and oxygen consumption were studied in about 35 sphingids, 50 saturniids, and 20 other heterothermic moths belonging to various families. For the pooled data of all species the regression of oxygen consumption on mass in grams is described by the following equations: at rest, cm 3 /h = 0-402 g 0 " 6 ; during hovering flight, cm s /h = 59-43 0 " 818 ; during warm-up, cm 3 = i-i86g 0 " 896 . Similar equations are presented for the families Saturniidae and Sphingidae. In sphingids and saturniids thoracic mass, wing length, and wing area increased with body mass, whereas wing loading and aspect ratio were independent of body mass. The sphingids had higher wing loading, aspect ratio, and wing beat frequency during flight than the saturniids. Wing beat frequency was more tightly coupled to morphological parameters in sphingids than in saturniids. The allometry of resting and active aerobic metabolism in heterothermic moths is compared with that of reptiles, mammals and birds. The scaling of oxygen consumption during flight in the moths is almost identical to that of bats and birds.
Nitric oxide contributes to right coronary vasodilation during systemic hypoxia

As arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) is reduced during systemic hypoxia, right ventricular (RV) work and myocardial O2 consumption (MVo2) increase. Mechanisms responsible for maintaining RV O...
99mTc-labeled cyclic RGD peptides for noninvasive monitoring of tumor integrin αVβ3 expression.

This report describes the biologic evaluations of [99mTc(HYNIC-3P-RGD2)(tricine)(TPPTS)] (99mTc-3P-RGD2: 6-hydrazinonicotinyl; 3P-RGD2 = PEG4-E[PEG4-c(RGDfK)]2; PEG4 = 15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid; and TPPTS = trisodium triphenylpho-sphine-3,3′,3“-trisulfonate), [99mTc(HYNIC-3G-RGD2)(tricine)(TPPTS)] (99mTc-3G-RGD2: 3G-RGD2 = G3-E[G3-c(RGDfK)]2 and G3 = Gly-Gly-Gly), and 99mTcO(MAG2−3G-RGD2) (MAG2 = mercaptoacetylglycylglycyl) as radiotracers for noninvasive imaging of tumor integrin αvβ3 expression in five xenografted tumor-bearing models. Biodistribution and imaging studies were performed in athymic nude mice bearing U87MG, MDA-MB-435, A549, HT29, or PC-3 tumor xenografts. Immunochemistry was performed using the cultured primary tumor cells and xenografted tumor tissues. It was found that the radiotracer tumor uptake followed the trend U87MG > MDA-MB-435 ≈ HT29 ≈ A549 > PC-3. The total integrin β3 expression levels followed the general trend: U87MG > MDA-MB-435 ≈ A549~HT29 > PC-3. There...
Longevity and GAPDH Stability in Bivalves and Mammals: A Convenient Marker for Comparative Gerontology and Proteostasis

Background Comparative aging studies, particularly those that include species of exceptional resistance to aging processes, can potentially illuminate novel senescence-retarding mechanisms. In recent years, protein homeostasis (proteostasis) has been implicated in fundamental aging processes. Here we further evaluate the relationship between proteostasis and longevity in a selection of bivalve mollusks and mammals with maximum longevities ranging from 3 to 507 years.
Trends in Environmental Law Scholarship: Academic Years 2008-09, 2009-10, and 2010-11

This comment provides a brief empirical snapshot of the environmental law scholarship published in top general law reviews and environmental law journals for academic years 2008-2009, 2009-2010, and 2010-2011. The analysis suggests that over 400 environmental law articles were published each year in these journals. The articles included for each year are identified on lists available on the Environmental Law and Policy Review websites of Vanderbilt University Law School and the Environmental Law Institute.
Erratum to: The Feasibility of Recruiting and Retaining Perinatal Latinas in a Biomedical Study Exploring Neuroendocrine Function and Postpartum Depression.

This study evaluates the feasibility of enrolling and retaining perinatal immigrant and U.S.-born Latinas in a laboratory-based study that includes the collection of biomarkers implicated in the development of postpartum depression. This prospective study followed Latinas from third trimester of pregnancy to 12 weeks postpartum. Women were enrolled during pregnancy and interviewed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum. Demographic information, depression status and breastfeeding practices were ascertained using validated Spanish- and English-measures. Blood samples were collected at the 8-week postpartum laboratory visit during infant feeding and pain testing. Feasibility was demonstrated with 85 % retention of the original 34 prenatal women enrolled in the study. The majority (88 %) of women enrolled attended the 8-week laboratory visit regardless of depression status. This is the first study to demonstrate feasibility of enrolling and retaining depressed and nondepressed perinatal immigrant and U.S.-born Latinas in biomedical research.
Optimal pricing barriers in a regulated market using reflected diffusion processes

We consider a class of one-dimensional (1D) reflected stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Such reflected SDE models arise as the key approximating processes in a regulated financial market system, and our main goal is to determine the set of optimal pricing barriers. We consider the running cost associated with the deviation of the process from the desired target level, and also the control cost from the interventions in an effort to keep the process inside the boundaries. Both a long-time average (ergodic) cost criterion and an infinite horizon discount cost criterion, where the discount factor is allowed to vary from one period to another, are studied, with numerical examples illustrating our main results.
The job characteristics of industrial salespersons: Relationship to motivation and satisfaction.

The job characteristics model of worker motivation has been applied in many organizational settings. An empirical application of this model to the industrial sales position is presented in this art...
Digital Reckoning Among the Ancients

(1916). Digital Reckoning Among the Ancients. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 7-13.
SU-F-R-03: Classification of Glioblastoma Multiforme Molecular Subtypes Using Three-Dimensional Multi-Modal MR Imaging Features

Purpose: Positive patient outcomes with the use of aggressive concurrent chemoradiotherapy have been shown for classical and mesenchymal glioblastoma multiformae (GBM) subtypes, while not having the same positive effect for patients with neural and proneural subtypes. Quantitative MR Imaging features from multimodal MRI have been recently explored for GBM subtype classification with some promising results. We have integrated 3D textural and moment invariant features to investigate if these will strengthen the association between glioblastoma MR image features and genomic markers. Methods: 147 subjects with a complete set of T1, T1C (post-contrast T1), T2, and FLAIR imaging modalities without significant imaging artifacts acquired prior to surgery and with a known genomic subtype (Classical: 30, Mesenchymal:47, Neural:25, and Proneural:45) were chosen from TCIA database for GBM. The subject data were preprocessed and tumor and edema were contoured for the entire volume. Features were extracted from the segmented multi-modal data. These 3D features include volume, surface area, surface roughness, moment invariants, intensity statistics, and texture features. Feature selection and classification was performed using random forest. Features were extracted from the four modalities and difference fields of T1C-T1 and FLAIR-T2. Results: Random forest out-of-bag classification error of 23.91% was achieved in the classification of mesenchymal group from the proneural group using the top twenty-eight selected features. These imaging features were primarily texture features on T1C but also include a moment invariant of T1, and ROI roughness statistics of the tumor and of the edema ROIs. These features show that tumor heterogeneity, gross shape, as well the tumor and edema border smoothness distinguish the molecular subtypes. Conclusion: Using heterogeneous MRI data from the TCIA GBM database we have shown a 76% correct classification rate for GBM genomic subtypes with the same treatment protocol. Imaging features may lead to preoperative classification for improved treatment planning.