cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of social networking by undergraduate psychology majors

As online social networking grows in popularity, the number of users placing personal information online does as well. Previous studies have shown that undergraduates and medical students put high levels of personal information online, including inappropriate or unprofessional information, which can be easily accessed by anyone. This study focused on an undergraduate psychology major population and assessed how many of them were using Facebook, how much personal information was made publicly available, and how much of that information was questionable in nature. Major findings include the majority of students 1) use Facebook, 2) have a publicly accessible account, and 3) a sizable minority have content of a questionable nature on their publicly viewable accounts.
Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

The important issue of whether Helicobacter pylori eradication leads to increased reflux has been the subject of many apparently contradictory publications, but when we asked two leading authorities to give us their views, there turned out to be considerable consensus, as you can read below.
Agricultural Development in Indonesia

The Indonesian agricultural success story agricultural development - an overview extensive growth in Indonesian foodcrop agricultural intensive grown in Javanese foodcrop agriculture growth of cashcrop production agriculture in the Indonesian development process. Appendix: foodcrop and land-use statistics in Indonesia.
Emerging roles for bone morphogenetic proteins in central nervous system glial biology.

Bone morphogenetic proteins, members of the TGFβ superfamily have been implicated in a variety of roles in the developing and mature nervous system. These divergent functions are a reflection of the closely defined spatial and temporal expression of BMPs in the CNS, and the potential interactions of the BMP signaling pathway with the STAT and MAP kinase pathways. In this review we discuss the roles of BMPs in early patterning of the CNS, determination of neural cell fate, and regulation of oligodendrocyte maturation during CNS development. Additional functions for members of the TGFβ superfamily in CNS injury responses are emerging suggesting these molecules represent useful targets for manipulating neural responses to CNS insults. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance Evaluation of Existing Bridges under Vehicle Dynamic Effects

This paper summarizes the recent work by the first author’s research group related to the performance evaluation of existing bridges under vehicle dynamic effects. Based on the data from short-term monitoring of existing bridges, a framework to estimate the extreme structure responses from the live load in a mean recurrence interval is developed in the first part. The Gumbel distribution of the extreme values was derived from an extreme value theory and Monte Carlo Simulation. In the second part, a framework of fatigue damage and reliability assessment for existing bridges is presented to include the effects of the progressively deteriorated road conditions and random dynamic vehicle loads in bridge’s life cycle. The random effects of vehicle speed and type, road profiles, and stress ranges are included. Studies have shown that the vehicle-induced dynamic allowance IM value prescribed by the AASHTO LRFD code may be underestimated under poor road surface conditions (RSCs) of some existing bridges. In addition, multiple dynamic stress ranges induced by vehicles cannot be included in the maximum displacement-based dynamic allowance IM values. In the third part of this paper, the reliability indices of a selected group of prestressed concrete girder bridges are calculated by modeling the IM explicitly as a random variable for different RSCs. Nevertheless, a reliability based dynamic amplification factor on stress ranges (DAFS) for fatigue design is proposed to include the fatigue damages from multiple stress range cycles due to each vehicle passage at varied vehicle speeds under various road conditions in the bridge’s life cycle.
Achieving a Multiracial Democracy on Campus.

The goal of multiracial equity is not just a phrase in mission statements, but a top-down strategic necessity for community colleges founded on and dedicated to the principles of social justice. At a system like Maricopa with more than 200,000 diverse credit and noncredit students at ten colleges—including six classified as urban—in the greater Phoenix area, it takes the entire institutional community to achieve such a goal.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : XX. THE CAUSE OF PARTIAL RECOVERY.

The respiration of Chlorella is diminished by exposure to hypertonic salt solutions. After a short exposure there is complete recovery when the algae are removed to the normal medium. After a longer exposure recovery may be incomplete, as shown by the fact that the rate of respiration fails to rise to the normal level. Staining with methylene blue indicates that few, if any, of the cells are killed as the result of the exposure. It would therefore seem that the treatment produces a persistent lowering of the rate of metabolism. Such a condition of metabolism is also found after exposure to chloroform.
How much atrial fibrillation causes symptoms of heart failure

Summary Introduction Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are more symptomatic than patients with sinus rhythm. However, it is unknown what per cent of time spent in AF is associated with symptoms. Methods We used a limited access dataset from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management trial. Patients had their current rhythm and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class recorded at baseline and at every follow-up visit. The ratio of number of visits when patients were in AF to the total number of visits was used as a surrogate measure of AF burden. The median number of visits was 12 per patient. We grouped patients labelled as class 0 and I by NYHA as having no symptoms and NYHA II or III as having symptoms. Furthermore, we calculated mortality and the prevalence of symptoms depending on the per cent of visits when they had AF. Results Of 4060 patients enrolled in the trial, 74 had no follow-up visits and were excluded; the remaining 3986 patients were analysed. Patients who had no or little AF throughout the study (0–20%) had the lowest prevalence of symptoms. Prevalence of symptoms increased with greater per cent of time spent in AF. Specifically, symptoms became more prevalent when AF burden reached 20–40%. Mortality was similar regardless of proportion of visits when patients were in AF. Conclusions Higher AF burden is associated with higher prevalence of symptoms. The increment became significant when patients were in AF at 20–40% of visits.
The resurgence of inflation in Brazil, 1974–1986

Abstract This paper examines various factors which contributed to the resurgence of inflation in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s, and the reasons for the failure of ortodox austerity programs to control it. The evidence seems to black the school of thought which considers the best explanation for the recent inflationary experience to lie with the spread of formal and informal indexing, leading to an inertial type of inflation. The latter has led some economists to recommend heterodox methods of inflation control. An epilogue briefly describes Brazil's recent attempt to apply such methods.
Modeling the performance and energy of storage arrays

We propose a novel framework for evaluating techniques for power optimization in storage. Given an arbitrary trace of disk requests, we split it into short time intervals, extract a set of simple statistics for each interval, and apply an analytical model to those statistics to obtain accurate information regarding the performance and energy characteristics of the system for that workload. The key abstraction used in our analytical model is the run-length - a single sequential run of requests at the disk level. Using this abstraction, the model is able to account for arbitrary interactions of random and sequential I/Os in the context of a RAID array, and obtain accurate results with less effort than a detailed individual request-level simulation. Various layout and migration policies aimed at power conservation can be easily expressed as transformations on this set of statistics for each time interval. We demonstrate the efficacy of our framework by using it to evaluate PARAID, a recently proposed technique for power optimization in storage arrays. We show that the performance and power predicted by the model under the migration and layout policies of PARAID accurately match the results of a detailed simulation of the system. The analytic model allows us to identify key parameters that affect PARAID performance, and propose an enhancement to the layout of data in PARAID which we show to perform superior to the original technique. We use both the analytic model and detailed simulations to illustrate the benefit of our new layout. This also demonstrates the significant simplicity of evaluating a new technique by applying a high-level model to the extracted trace statistics, compared to the current alternative of either implementing the new technique or simulating it at the level of individual requests
XVI.—Studies in African Tachinidæ (Diptera).—IV

(1933). XVI.—Studies in African Tachinidae (Diptera).—IV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 12, No. 68, pp. 158-168.
Hypoxia: A succinate-fumarate electron shuttle between peripheral cells and lung

The objective of this investigation was to determine if the succinate that accumulates in anoxic or hypoxic tissues of mammals is (a) increased in concentration in the blood, (b) excreted in the urine or (c) recycled in some manner. Rats were subjected to 0.4 atm and the plasma analyzed for succinate and fumarate at 2 hours, 24 hours and 28 days. Significant increases of succinate or succinate plus fumarate were obtained at 2 hours and 28 days at 0.4 atm. Analysis of 24-hour samples of urine obtained from controls and animals at 0.4 atm for 28 days demonstrated that no substantial increase in succinate excretion occurred with acclimation. Lung slices were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate and succinate and gassed with O2:CO2 (95:5). Such oxygenated lung slices not only utilized succinate but produced a comparable quantity of fumerate plus malate. It is concluded that succinate produced from fumarate and alpha-ketoglutarate in peripheral hypotic tissue is transported by the blood to the oxygenated lungs. There it is oxidized to fumarate and recycled as fumarate and malate to the periphery. In this way metabolites can act as electron shuttles between peripheral cells and lung.
Position Control Of The Mirror Figure Control Actuator For The Keck Observatory Ten Meter Primary Mirror

Each of the 108 hydraulic actuators on the Keck ten meter primary mirror lengthens or shortens under electronic control in steps of about four nanometers. The starts and stops of longer moves are profiled to help prevent the stimulation of mirror system mechanical resonances by abrupt actuator length changes. At the move endpoint, the actuator is kept still to prevent the pumping of periodic energy into these resonances. Endpoint stiffness is maintained by electronic feedback. The combined power dissipation of the actuator and its local control system is constrained by the need to minimize heat generation in the vicinity of the mirror. In this paper, we discuss observed stictional and other mechanical phenomena associated with very short bi-directional actuator length changes and trace the impact of the various constraints on actuator controller design and implementation. We present some results of tests with an actuator controller driving an actuator which.in turn drives a displacement sensor. The units under test are production devices to be used in the Keck primary mirror active figure control.
Urease gene sequences from algae and heterotrophic bacteria in axenic and nonaxenic phytoplankton cultures

While urea has long been recognized as an important form of nitrogen in planktonic ecosystems, very little is known about how many or which phytoplankton and bacteria can use urea as a nitrogen source. We developed a method, targeting the gene encoding urease, for the direct detection and identification of ureolytic organisms and tested it on seven axenic phytoplankton cultures (three diatoms, two prymnesiophytes, a eustigmatophyte, and a pelagophyte) and on three nonaxenic Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth cultures (CCMP1784 and two CCMP1708 cultures from different laboratories). The urease amplicon sequences from axenic phytoplankton cultures were consistent with genomic data in the three species for which both were available. Seven of 12 phytoplankton species have one or more introns in the amplified region of their urease gene(s). The 63 urease amplicons that were cloned and sequenced from nonaxenic A. anophagefferens cultures grouped into 17 distinct sequence types. Eleven types were related to α-Proteobacteria, including three types likely belonging to the genus Roseovarius. Four types were related to γ-Proteobacteria, including two likely belonging to the genus Marinobacter, and two types were related to β-Proteobacteria. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analyses suggested that the sequenced amplicons represented approximately half of the diversity of bacterial urease genes present in the nonaxenic cultures. While many of the bacterial urease sequence types were apparently lab- or culture-specific, others were found in all three nonaxenic cultures, suggesting the possibility of specific relationships between these bacteria and A. anophagefferens.
Abstract P6-09-04: The Association of Low Level Arm Volume Increases with Lymphedema Symptoms Following Treatment for Breast Cancer

Purpose/Objective: The symptoms associated with breast cancer-related lymphedema are well-documented, and include sensations of heaviness, swelling, and tightness in the upper extremity and trunk. However, the clinical significance of low-level arm volume changes frequently experienced by breast cancer patients is not well understood. We sought to determine the association of low level arm volume changes with patient-reported lymphedema symptoms in women treated for breast cancer. Methods: 267 patients who underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer from 2010–2012 were identified from a cohort of patients prospectively screened for lymphedema at our institution. Patients were assessed with perometer arm volume measurements and a survey of lymphedema symptoms pre and post operatively, and at 3–7 month intervals thereafter. Inclusion in this analysis was limited to unilaterally affected women with ≥ 3 assessments and ≥ 6 months of post-surgical follow-up. Arm volume changes were quantified as Relative Volume Change (RVC): RVC = (A2*U1)/(U2*A1) − 1, where A1 is pre-operative arm volume and A2 is post-operative arm volume on the affected side, and U1 and U2 are arm volumes on the unaffected side at these time points. Low level arm volume change was defined as a measurement with RVC ≥ 5% Results: Low level arm volume changes occurred in 21.7% (58/267) of patients during the follow-up period at a median of 10.4 months post-operatively. Median post-operative follow-up was 12.4 months and 5 assessments per patient. By actuarial univariate analysis, symptoms of larger arm, shoulder, or neck (p Conclusions: This data suggests that patients may be symptomatic for lymphedema even when experiencing low level arm volume changes. These patients should be followed closely for progression of measured arm volume or heightened lymphedema symptoms suggesting progression of the condition. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-09-04.
Protein-losing enteropathy detected by Tc-99m-MDP abdominal scintigraphy

This case report describes the incidental finding of intestinal leakage during bone scan imaging with Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) in a patient with previously diagnosed protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). Most radiopharmaceuticals reported in the literature that are useful for making this diagnosis are not generally available for clinical use in the United States. This report suggests that Tc-99m-MDP is useful for confirming the diagnosis of PLE although further investigations are indicated to determine the accuracy of this method.
Reproduction and quality of F1 offspring in Chrysoperla carnea: Differential influence of quiescence, artificially-induced diapause, and natural diapause

Abstract We asked how physiological status during cold storage might influence the subsequent reproduction of mass-produced Chrysoperla carnea adults and the quality of their F 1 offspring. To achieve an answer, we examined the performance of adults and their offspring after adults experienced three treatments: cold-induced quiescence under constant low temperature, artificially induced diapause followed by constant low temperature, and natural diapause out-of-doors. Physiological state did not affect survival during and after storage under constant low temperature, but during extremely cold winter conditions, the naturally overwintering adults suffered significant mortality. Cold-induced quiescence resulted in a slight loss of post-storage reproduction (lower incidences of fertile oviposition and decreased fecundity and lifetime fertility), as well as reduced rates of survival and development in F 1 offspring. In contrast, adults that were either stored in an artificially induced diapause or overwintered naturally out-of-doors, exhibited sustained high levels of post-diapause reproduction and they produced high-quality F 1 offspring. Overall, storage of diapausing adults under constant low temperature resulted in both high survival and high levels of post-storage reproduction. Unstored, nondiapause pairs had significantly poorer reproductive performance and lower quality F 1 offspring than cohorts that underwent storage in a state of diapause. These data and other data from C. carnea adults collected early and late in the season indicate that the occasional intervention of diapause may help prevent deterioration of stock during continuous rearing of this predator.
Geographic factors affecting tourism in Zambia

Abstract This paper discusses several geographical factors critical to tourism planning and development in Zambia. The paper focuses on the size, seasonality of climate, and population distribution of the country as well as the location of tourism resources and distances between tourist attractions. Individually and collectively, these factors have a major influence on the levels of occupancy in hotels and game lodges, and air and land transportation. The infrastructural development and its utilization for tourism are evaluated, and a number of constraints to tourism development are also examined. A discussion of appropriate tourism policies highlights the delicate relationship between economic and environmental factors. This study concludes that Tourism Master Plans should be more cognizant of geographic as well as economic factors when developing destinations such as Zambia.
Determination of Calcite and Dolomite Content in Soils and Paleosols by Continuous Coulometric Titration

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76:1100–1106 doi:10.2136/sssaj 2011.0278 Received 5 Aug. 2011. *Corresponding author (hirmas@ku.edu). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Determination of Calcite and Dolomite Content in Soils and Paleosols by Continuous Coulometric Titration Soil Mineralogy
The Self: the Incredulous Stare Articulated

This paper is an examination of Galen Strawson’s theory of the human person as a succession of momentary selves (or SESMETs: Subjects of Experience that are Single MEntal Things). Insofar as there is a clear distinction between enduring objects and events or processes, SESMETs would seem to partake of the features of both, for they are at once short-lived subjects of consciousness and brief episodes of consciousness. Strawson in fact rejects the object/ process distinction, and contends that there is no sense in which a SESMET is a process and a rock is not a process. Strawson’s rejection of the object/process distinction is essential to his attempt to meet the charge that the concept of a SESMET is an incoherent conflation of the concept ‘object’ and the concept ‘process.’ But many philosophers will find the rejection of the object/process distinction objectionable on general metaphysical grounds. I suggest that these philosophers (I am one of them) and Strawson will not be able usefully to discuss issues in the philosophy of mind (such as his theory of SESMETs) till they have reached agreement about what the most fundamental ontological categories are.
Effect of a hypergravity environment on cortical bone elasticity in rats

There is considerable interest in determining whether hypergravity can be used as a countermeasure for microgravity-induced bone loss. This study was conducted on 20 immature male rats in order to investigate possible elastic adaptations of cortical bone in rapidly growing rats exposed to chronic hypergravity. Ten rats were continuously centrifuged for 14 days at twice gravitational acceleration (2G) on a 12.75 foot radius centrifuge and 10 rats concurrently acted as stationary controls. The effect of hypergravity on the elastic characteristics of cortical bone was quantified via ultrasonic wave propagation. Propagation velocities of longitudinal and shear waves were measured through cubic cortical specimens from the posterior femoral diaphyses. Density was measured with an Archimedes' technique. The orthotropic elastic properties were calculated and used to compare the difference between groups. Results showed an average increase in both the Young's moduli (Eii, + 2.2%) and shear moduli (Gij, + 4.3%) with a statistically significant increase only in G12 (+15.7%, P = 0.046). The ratio of transverse to axial strain (Poisson's ratio, nuij) demonstrated statistically significant changes in nu12, nu21, nu13, and nu31 (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that although slight elastic changes were incurred via a hypergravity environment, the treatment level or duration in this study do not dramatically perturb the normal elastic behavior of cortical bone and that dramatic biomechanical differences noted in previous studies were due more to structural changes than material elasticity changes. Hypergravity applied post facto to a microgravity environment would offer further illucidation of this method as treatment for a degenerative spaceflight experience.
Mechanism of homospecific DNA uptake in Haemophilus influenzae transformation

DNA uptake by competent H. influenzae cells requires the presence of a specific base sequence (uptake site) on the entering DNA duplex. This sequence is probably recognized by a receptor on the cell surface. We have examine the kinetics and stoichiometry of DNA uptake by competent cells and have shown that the results are consistent with a simple model involving: 1) reversible binding of the DNA uptake site to a cell surface receptor, 2) an irreversible step resulting in a commitment toward DNA uptake, and 3) transport of the DNA duplex into the cell. We have also shown that a competent H. influenzae cell can absorb only 4 to 8 molecules of DNA, regardless of their length. To explain this counting mechanism, we suggest that each cell has only 4 to 8 receptors and that each receptor can be used to transport only one molecule of DNA.
Inverse-photoemission study of ordered Cu, Ag, and Au overlayers on Si(111)

Abstract Si(111)-(7 × 7) surfaces with deposits of noble metals form ordered overlayers after annealing. Coverages in the monolayer range of Ag and Au result in ( 3 × 3 )−R30° overlayer structures and for Cu a pseudo “(5 × 5)” structure is produced, while at higher coverage of Au a (6 × 6) overlayer structure is formed. We have studied all four overlayer structures with k-resolved inverse-photoemission spectroscopy and observed strong surface-state emission at ∼ 2.0 eV above the Fermi level for all these surfaces. This emission can hardly be quenched by exposure to oxygen or hydrogen. Hence we attribute it to the local bonding between the metal atoms and the Si(111) surface. In addition we observe an increased spectral intensity near the Fermi level for the two larger unit-cell surfaces, corresponding to the long-range order and a possible onset of metallization.
A scalable MRAM design capable of 10Gbits/chip and beyond

In this paper, we present a novel MRAM design that is capable of 50 Gbits/in2 storage density and beyond with sufficient thermal stability and fabrication tolerance. The design utilizes perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (Nishimura et al., 2002) as the memory element and the word lines and digital lines are arranged as shown in the figure below. The design yields 8F2 memory cell area assuming the tunnel junction itself is 1F2 in area where F denotes the fabrication minimum feature size. Micromagnetic simulations were performed for the element size of 40times40times40 nm3 to identify the single domain regime where magnetic switching becomes robust with little dependence on possible geometric variation introduced in practical fabrication processes. Noting in the single domain regime, the ratio of the perpendicular anisotropy energy constant and saturation magnetization of the storage layer, K/Ms , is the switching field, switching field around 100 Oe can be achieved with sufficient thermal magnetic stability (DeltaE > 80 k BT) with a material of appropriate perpendicular anisotropy and saturation magnetization as indicated the results in the figure. The design with 40 nm square memory elements will yield close to 50 Gbits/in 2 storage density
Micromechanical Modeling of Polymer Modified Asphalt at Low Temperatures

Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) is treated as a two-phase composite material with polymer particles dispersed in an asphalt matrix. Christensen and Lo's three-phase sphere model is thus extended to a two-layer built-in model to evaluate parameters affecting the low temperature cracking resistance of a PMA mixture. A distinctive characteristic of the proposed model is that it can consider the effect of the PMA layer thickness on the mechanical properties when a PMA is used in an asphalt pavement. In addition, it can consider the effect of the polymer particle size distributions on the mechanical properties of the PMA. Approaches which are beneficial to enhance the low temperature cracking resistance of a PMA mixture are suggested based on the calculated results.
In vivo vulnerability to competition by endogenous dopamine: comparison of the D2 receptor agonist radiotracer (-)-N-[11C]propyl-norapomorphine ([11C]NPA) with the D2 receptor antagonist radiotracer [11C]-raclopride.

(-)-N-Propyl-norapomorphine (NPA) is a full dopamine (DA) D 2 receptor agonist and [ 1 1 C]NPA is a suitable radiotracer to image D 2 receptors configured in a state of high affinity for agonists with positron emission tomography (PET). In this study the vulnerability of the in vivo binding of [ 1 1 C]NPA to acute fluctuation in synaptic DA was assessed with PET in baboons and compared to that of the reference D 2 receptor antagonist radiotracer [ 1 1 C]raclopride. Three male baboons were studied with [ 1 1 C]raclopride and [ 1 1 C]NPA under baseline conditions and following administration of the potent DA releaser amphetamine (0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mg kg - 1 i.v.). Kinetic modeling with an arterial input function was used to derive the striatal specific-to-nonspecific equilibrium partition coefficient (V 3 "). [ 1 1 C]Raclopride V 3 " was reduced by 24 ′ 10%, 32 ′ 6%, and 44 ′ 9% following amphetamine doses of 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mg kg - 1 , respectively. [ 1 1 C]NPA V 3 " was reduced by 32 ′ 2%, 45 ′ 3%, and 53 ′ 9% following amphetamine doses of 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mg kg - 1 , respectively. Thus, endogenous DA was more effective at competing with [ 1 1 C]NPA binding compared to [ 1 1 C]raclopride binding, a finding consistent with the pharmacology of these tracers (agonist vs. antagonist). These results also suggest that 71% of D 2 receptors are configured in a state of high affinity for agonists in vivo. In conclusion, [ 1 1 C]NPA might provide a superior radiotracer to probe presynaptic DA function with PET in health and disease.
Depositional environments, provenance, and tectonic framework; upper part of the late Precambrian Mount Rogers Formation, Blue Ridge Province, southwestern Virginia

ABSTRACT The Mount Rogers Formation is a thick (3,000 m) succession of late Precambrian sedimentary and volcanic rocks exposed along the northwestern flank of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium in southwestern Virginia. Probable contemporaneous equivalents include the Ocoee Series of Tennessee, the Grandfather Mountain and Ashe Formations of North Carolina, and the Swift Run and Lynchburg Formations of central Virginia. The upper third of the Mount Rogers Formation includes a wide range of rocks which, on the basis of sedimentary structures, composition, and texture are interpreted as glacial till, fluvial channel conglomerate, (varved?) lacustrine or shallow marine siltstone and shale (rhythmites), turbidite sandstone, and ice rafted pebbly mudstone. These rock types were deposited on piedmont fans and across braided floodplain areas which flanked an uplifted highland complex composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks that today constitute the Blue Ridge Basement Complex. Lakes or a shallow marine embayment lay further east in the area where the present core of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium is located. The depositional area of the Mount Rogers Formation may have originated during the early stages of rifting which preceded the opening of the Paleozoic Protoatlantic Ocean.
Effect of mechanical damage on emission of volatile organic compounds from plant leaves and implications for evaluation of host plant specificity of prospective biological control agents of weeds

Abstract Assessment of host plant specificity is a critical step in the evaluation of classical biological control agents of weeds which is necessary for avoiding possible damage to non-target plants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants likely play an important role in determining which plants attract and are accepted by a prospective arthropod agent. However, current methods to evaluate host plant specificity usually rely on empirical choice and no-choice behavioural experiments, with little knowledge about what chemical or physical attributes are stimulating the insect. We conducted experiments to measure the quantitative and qualitative effects on emission of VOCs caused by simple mechanical damage to leaves of plants known to differ in suitability and attractiveness to a prospective agent. More VOCs were detected from damaged than from undamaged leaves for all three species tested. Discriminant analysis was able to correctly distinguish the taxonomic identity of all plants based on the...
The relationship between a specific IgE level and asthma outcomes: results from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background Allergen exposure is associated with increased specific IgE (sIgE), and allergen exposure plus sensitization is predictive of asthma outcomes. However, it is not known if sIgE is predictive of asthma outcomes in the absence of exposure data. Objective To investigate whether IgE to indoor allergens is predictive of and has a dose-response relationship with asthma emergency department (ED) visits and wheeze. Methods In the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 351 children and 390 adults reported current asthma. Continuous sIgE to 9 indoor allergens were considered. Asthma morbidity in the past year was measured by wheezing. Health care utilization was defined as any asthma ED visits in the past year. Results Analyses were adjusted for race, age, education, poverty index ratio and (in adults) tobacco use. In children, ED visits were associated with cockroach (odds ratio [OR] 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1-2 .1), rat (OR 1.9 [95% CI, 1.2-2.8]), and Aspergillus (OR 1.6 [95% CI, 1.001-2.60]). Continuous Aspergillus (OR 1.5 [95% CI, 1.04-2.1), Alternaria (OR 1.4 [95% CI, 1.1-1.6]), and total IgE (OR 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1-1.4]) were associated with wheeze in children. Adult ED visits were associated with sIgE for dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus OR 1.6 [95% CI, 1.3-2.1]; Dermatophagoides farinae OR 1.6 [95% CI, 1.3-1.9]), total IgE (OR 1.4 [95% CI, 1.04- 1.9]), and the sum of sIgEs (OR 1.6 [95% CI, 1.2-2.2]). Conclusions Sensitization to particular indoor environmental allergens was found to be a risk factor for wheeze and asthma ED visits. These outcomes increased as the concentration of sIgE to these allergens increased.
Connections of area 2 of somatosensory cortex with the anterior pulvinar and subdivisions of the ventroposterior complex in macaque monkeys.

The principal goal of the present study was to determine the thalamic connections of area 2 of postcentral somatosensory cortex of monkeys. The placement of injections of anatomical tracers (horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin, or 3H-proline) was guided by extensive microelectrode maps of cortex in the region of the injection site. These maps identified the body parts represented in the cortex included in the injection site, and provided information about the physiological boundaries of area 2, which was related later to the cortical architecture. Most injections were placed in the representation of the hand in area 2, which was highly responsive to cutaneous stimuli and could be mapped in detail. Injections were also placed in other parts of area 2, area 1, or area 5, and some injections involved more than one area. As other investigators have determined, regions of retrograde and anterograde thalamic label overlapped, demonstrating that connections with cortex are reciprocal. Injections completely confined to area 2 consistently produced label in two locations: the anterior pulvinar (Pa) and a dorsal capping zone of the ventroposterior complex that we term the ventroposterior superior nucleus (VPS). Single restricted injection sites resulted in one region of label in VPS, and multiple foci of label in Pa. In some cases where the injection was confined to the representation of the hand in area 2, label was also found more ventrally in the ventroposterior complex in ventroposterior nucleus proper (VP). Thus, area 2 receives input from Pa, VPS, and, at least in some locations and individuals, VP. Injections of tracers into area 1 confirmed previous findings that area 1 is densely interconnected with VP. In addition, there appear to be sparse connections with VPS. There was no evidence of connections with Pa. Evidence from injection sites that extended from area 2 into areas 5 and 7, and from injection sites in area 5, indicates that the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) projects to rostral areas 5 and 7. The results support the conclusion that area 2 is a functionally distinct subdivision of somatosensory cortex, and indicate that area 2 has thalamic connections that are characteristic of both “sensory” (VP and VPS) and “association” (Pa) cortical fields.
Mechano-chemical aspects of the processing/property/structure interactions in a macro-defect-free cement

Abstract Relationships between mixing conditions, relaxation properties of the formed paste, and the morphology and flexural strength of hardened composites have been studied for a macro-defect-free cement (MDF). Torque and temperature were monitored in a Banbury-type mixer as a function of temperature and mixing rate. The behavior of the torque-time curves as well as activation energies derived from the temperature dependence of the mixing time suggest that a mechano-chemical crosslinking takes place between the polymer and cement phases during mixing. The viscoelastic relaxation characteristics of MDF pastes processed to varying degrees were determined using a biaxial squeeze flow device. Relaxation times and their trends with mixing are consistent with the formation of an increasingly dense network structure in the paste. Flexural strengths of the hardened material display a behavior with mixing conditions which suggests that an optimal structure forms during that portion of the mixing process preceding breakdown of the paste. This conclusion is supported by the evidence of scanning electron micrographs which show the structure formation for a given set of mixing conditions.
Sunburn prevalence among adults in the United States, 1999.

Abstract Background: Exposure to high levels of sunlight, such as a sunburn, is a strong determinant of melanoma risk. Methods: To describe statewide and U.S. estimates of sunburn prevalence in the United States and determine demographic and behavioral predictors of sunburn, we analyzed data from the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a population-based telephone survey conducted in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Results: Of 156,354 adults aged ≥18 years, 31.7% (95% confidence interval, 31.3%–32.1%) reported a sunburn in the past year; of adults aged 18 to 29 years, 57.5% reported such a sunburn. Reporting was highest among white, non-Hispanic males (44.1%), followed by white non-Hispanic females (35.3%), and lowest among black non-Hispanic males and females (5.1% and 5.3%, respectively). Statewide period prevalence of sunburn among whites was highest (>45%) in Wisconsin, Utah, Wyoming, Washington, DC, and Indiana, and lowest ( Conclusions: Nationwide and statewide skin cancer prevention efforts should target young adults. Periodic monitoring of sunburn is important in evaluating the effectiveness of those efforts.
Influence strategy mixes in complex organizations

This paper proposes and evaluates a model of the choice and context of individual influence strategy mixes between dyads in complex organizational systems. Such influence strategy mixes are relevant to dyads from the same work group subsystem and from different work group subsystems, as well as to dyads from different organizational systems. An empirical taxonomy of influence strategy mixes is developed and the choice of a particular influence mix is shown to be significantly related to the characteristics of the target person and of the dyadic relationship between focal and target persons. Multivariate analytical procedures are used to delineate the potency of these characteristics in differentiating among the mix of influence strategies employed. The results are consistent with those of earlier studies and provide new insights on the nature of dyadic influence in organizational life.
An egocentric model of the relations among the opportunity to underreport, social norms, ethical beliefs, and underreporting behavior

Abstract A model of the relations among taxpayers’ opportunity, social norms, ethical beliefs, and tax compliance is proposed and tested using structural equation modeling. High opportunity taxpayers, who may personally benefit from evasion, judged evasion as less unethical than low opportunity taxpayers. High and low opportunity taxpayers judged social norms similarly. Further, ethical beliefs partially (fully) mediate the relation between opportunity (social norms) and underreporting. Implications from our study to tax compliance researchers and policy makers are discussed.
Duration of lag phase of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RL starved in isolation or in the presence of soil microorganisms

Abstract Bacteria inoculated into non-sterile environments such as soil often decline rapidly in population size and activity. One possible cause is that the duration of the lag phase for laboratory grown strains may increase with starvation, decreasing the strain's ability to compete for carbon inputs. This research compared the effect of starvation in sterile cultures versus in the presence of a mixed culture of soil bacteria on the duration of the lag phase of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RL. This strain contains a lux reporter gene fused with the rrnB P 2 ribosomal promoter and is maximally induced for light production during de novo ribosome synthesis. A previously developed assay was used to measure the duration of the lag phase based on expression of the lux reporter. Cells of P. fluorescens 2-79RL were inoculated into sterile and non-sterile soil extracts and were sampled at intervals over a 35-d period to measure changes in the numbers of culturable cells, the duration of the lag phase, and dehydrogenase activity. The results showed that P. fluorescens 2-79RL maintained in sterile soil extract had a short lag phase and maintained a high dehydrogenase activity over 21 d before rapidly declining in culturability between 21 and 35 d. In contrast, P. fluorescens 2-79RL cells maintained in non-sterile soil extract declined rapidly in population size of culturable cells and also showed a 10-fold increase in the duration of the lag phase over the 35-d period. These data suggest that starvation of this bacterium in the presence of a mixed culture of soil bacteria may result in a diminished ability to compete for carbon pulses and that competition for essential compounds or the presence of growth inhibitory substances that are produced in mixed cultures may result in an increased duration of the lag phase.
J. Edgar Hoover, Sex, and Crime: An Historical Antidote

Was J. Edgar Hoover a homosexual? And did organized-crime leaders, knowing this, blackmail the FBI director into leaving them alone? These charges won almost instant popular acceptance when they were aired in a sensational biography of Hoover in 1993. But Athan Theoharis, the foremost authority on Hoover and the FBI, here shows that the accusations are spurious-and not nearly as intriguing as Hoover's real attitudes toward sex and organized crime. Theoharis takes apart the argument for Hoover's homosexuality, then goes on to paint a chilling portrait of a moralistic bureaucrat who would not hesitate to use sex-related information against his political enemies-when it could not be traced to FBI investigations. Theoharis explains why the FBI's ineffectiveness in pursuing organized-crime leaders stemmed from the same political priorities that gave Hoover broad authority during the cold war years to use illegal investigative techniques and to focus on political activities. Punctuating his narrative with case materials from the FBI's secret files-on presidential candidates, senators, congressmen, artists and writers, college presidents, and others-Theoharis unravels the brilliantly devious means that Hoover used to accomplish his political ends. And he shows how they contributed to a culture of lawlessness within the FBI itself.
Discussion on “Is Average Run Length to False Alarm Always an Informative Criterion?” by Yajun Mei

Abstract Dr. Mei points out an important issue of whether a conventional average run length to false alarm is a proper measure of the false alarm rate in change-point detection problems. In this discussion, we address this issue in detail and show that for non-i.i.d. observations this is indeed a big question.
Resist patterning for sub-quarter-micrometer device fabrications

In the fabrication of sub-quarter micron devices, the key components needed to realize this task must be fully integrated. The lithography capability and subsequent device processing control must be understood by the device designers and the device technology area as well. One such ingredient in this integrated operation is a high-resolution electron beam lithography sector which encompasses both resist process control and exposure tool capability. A high- throughput variable shape beam system operating at 50 keV provides both the resolution and overlay required at 0.25 micrometers . However, for 0.1 micrometers structures and below, a thermal field emission Gaussian beam system is used. This paper reports on the application of various resist systems in the fabrication of these experimental devices. Conventional resists like diazonaphthoquinone novolac based resists have been successfully applied a single-layer resist systems in the patterning of the contact and deep trench levels down to 0.20 micrometers . For negative tone imaging, an epoxy crosslinking resist based on chemical amplification has been successfully used to pattern poly gates down to 0.10 micrometers with vertical walls. This negative resist was also used as a thick single-layer resist system in implant levels where vertical resist walls are essential. Furthermore, 0.25 micrometers lines in single layer resist over 0.4 micrometers steps were resolved with no evidence on linewidth distortions.
Tense, Temporal Expressions and Demonstrative Licensing in Natural Discourse.

Demonstrative terms are highly context-dependent elements both in deictic and anaphoric uses. When reference is transferred from a visual, three-dimensional context to the textual domain, information-structure factors (i.e. the cognitive status of the antecedent, recency of mention, syntactic structure or the semantic type of the antecedent) have an effect on speaker preferences for selecting demonstrative anaphors over other referring expressions. In certain languages, there seems to be a correlation between demonstratives and tenses in discourse. For example, proximal demonstratives correlate better with present tenses whereas distal demonstratives correlate with past tenses. In this paper, we present a corpus study of Spanish texts that analyzes the ways in which temporal expressions selectively favor the use of specific demonstratives thus confirming the contextual dependency of demonstrative anaphors.
In Practice: Weaving the Campus Safety Net by Integrating Student Health Issues into the Curriculum.

Georgetown University has developed an innovative approach to addressing student health and wellness issues through curriculum infusion—a collaborative pedagogy that introduces real-life health issues faced by college students into their academic courses.
GENERATION OF THE TERAHERZ RADIATION USING χ(3) IN SEMICONDUCTOR

A rigorous theory of the difference frequency mixing of two signals, one with frequency ω and the other with frequency near 2ω, in semiconductors is presented. It is shown that a lower-frequency (DC ~ 10THz) directional photocurrent and voltage are generated as a result of this nonlinear interaction. This result conclusively links the 'directional photogalvanic effect' with the third-order nonlinearity. The magnitude of the difference frequency response is evaluated as a function of frequency and the efficiency of the method is examined for various energy coupling techniques. Comparison with alternative methods for difference frequency generation using the second order nonlinearities is made and the practical applications are considered.
The maximin principle of pi-radical packings.

A two-term model is proposed for hydrocarbon and N-containing π-radicals which are in close contact with one another. The first term is attractive (due to partially occupied frontier π-orbitals), and the second, repulsive (due to hard-core repulsion between close-lying atoms). This model is applied to dimers where intermolecular contacts are closer than <0.95 × the sum of the atomic van der Waals radii. The maximin principle is proposed. The maximin principle states that the lowest energy conformation maximizes overlap of the frontier orbitals while simultaneously minimizing intermolecular contacts. A Huckel Hamiltonian, the μ2-Hamiltonian, which contains the above attractive and repulsive terms, is applied. The interaction surfaces of two π-hydrocarbon radical cations were calculated for the three systems known crystallographically to contain cations in close contact: naphthalene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. The global minima of these surfaces correspond to the experimentally determined structures. The μ2...