cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel First-Level Interconnect Techniques for Flip Chip on MEMS Devices

Flip-chip packaging is desirable for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices because it reduces the overall package size and allows scaling up the number of MEMS chips through 3-D stacks. In this report, we demonstrate three novel techniques to create first-level interconnect (FLI) on MEMS: 1) Dip and attach technology for Ag epoxy; 2) Dispense technology for solder paste; 3) Dispense, pull, and attach technology (DPAT) for solder paste. The above techniques required no additional microfabrication steps, produced no visible surface contamination on the MEMS active structures, and generated high-aspect-ratio interconnects. The developed FLIs were successfully tested on MEMS moveable microelectrodes microfabricated by SUMMiTV™ process producing no apparent detrimental effect due to outgassing. The bumping processes were successfully applied on Al-deposited bond pads of 100 μm × 100 μm with an average bump height of 101.3 μm for Ag and 184.8 μm for solder (63Sn, 37Pb). DPAT for solder paste produced bumps with the aspect ratio of 1.8 or more. The average shear strengths of Ag and solder bumps were 78 MPa and 689 kPa, respectively. The electrical test on Ag bumps at 794 A/cm2 demonstrated reliable electrical interconnects with negligible resistance. These scalable FLI technologies are potentially useful for MEMS flip-chip packaging and 3-D stacking.
Hodgkin's disease survival by stage and age.

OBJECTIVE: Prior reports on Hodgkin's disease have suggested a biologic behavior difference between young and old patients. A study of 35,033 patients could confirm that older patients do not do as well as young patients regardless of age. METHODS: The National Cancer Data Base provided data from U.S. tumor registries on 35,033 patients newly diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease from 1985 through 1994. For analysis the patients were divided into two time periods, 1985-1989 and 1990-1994. The earlier period provided survival data to assess the impact of age and stage. RESULTS: The overall disease-specific, 5-year survival rate for the 1985-1989 period was 84.9%. For stages I and II, it reached almost 90%. For both observed survival based on all deaths and disease-specific survival, the duration of survival decreased with increasing age. This decrease with age occurred for all stages of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The data reflect the actual status of management of Hodgkin's disease in the United States rather than the best attainable results. The decreasing survival with increasing age and in all stages further supports the concept of a difference in biologic behavior of Hodgkin's disease associated with age.
A human endogenous retrovirus K dUTPase triggers a TH1, TH17 cytokine response: does it have a role in psoriasis?

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory immune disease of the skin characterized by a complex interplay between multiple risk genes and their interactions with environmental factors. Recent haplotype analyses have suggested that deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) encoded by a human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) may be a candidate gene for the psoriasis susceptibility 1 locus. However, no functional studies have been conducted to determine the role of HERV-K dUTPase in psoriasis. For this purpose, we constructed an HERV-K dUTPase wild-type sequence, as well as specific mutations reflecting the genotype characteristic of high- and low-risk haplotypes, purified the recombinant proteins, and evaluated whether they could modulate innate and/or adaptive immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that wild-type and mutant HERV-K dUTPase proteins induce the activation of NF-κB through Toll-like receptor 2, independent of enzymatic activity. Proteome array studies revealed that treatment of human primary cells with wild-type and mutant HERV-K dUTPase proteins triggered the secretion of TH1 and TH17 cytokines involved in the formation of psoriatic plaques, including IL-12p40, IL-23, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, and CCL20, in dendritic/Langerhans-like cells and to a lesser extent in keratinocytes. These data support HERV-K dUTPase as a potential contributor to psoriasis pathophysiology.
Fatigue behaviour of synthetic fibres, yarns, and ropes

S-N fatigue and creep-rupture data have been obtained for nylon 6,6 single fibres, interlaced yarns, and small ropes under a variety of loading conditions. The results show a similar degradation rate at each level of structure, with no apparent influence of inter-fibre effects. Cyclic lifetimes of single fibres of nylon 6,6 as well as polyester and aramid can be predicted from a creep rupture model. Consistent with this model, the time to failure is insensitive to frequency over a broad range. For each level of structure the strain at failure is the same whether tested in simple tension or under cyclic or creep loading. Failure modes were generally similar in creep rupture and cyclic fatigue tests; no effect of a slack load on each cycle was evident either in the failure mode or specimen lifetime.
Algebra of reparametrization-invariant and normal-ordered operators in open string field theory

Abstract Normal-ordered reparametrization invariant operators of the open bosonic string field theory include, besides the Poincare group generators, the ghost number operator, and two translationally invariant symmetric second-rank space-time tensors, with the BRST operator as the trace of the fermionic one. We study their algebra, and find that it closes only when appropriate projections of the fermionic tensor are taken. There are three types of solutions. The first one contains the full Lorentz generatirs in 26 dimensions, the ghost number operator and the usual BRST charge. The second breaks Lorentz invariance down to SO(1, 1) ⊗ SO(24), contains inter alia a new nilpotent operator with cohomology made up of null states. The third class breaks the Lorentz group completely.
Intermediate scale as a source of lepton flavor violation in SUSY SO(10).

In supersymmetric SO(10) grand unified models, we examine the lepton flavor violation process {mu}{r_arrow}{ital e}{gamma} from having the SU(2){sub {ital R}}{times}U(1){sub {ital B}{minus}{ital L}} gauge symmetry broken at an intermediate scale {ital M}{sub {ital I}} below the SO(10) grand unification scale {ital M}{sub G}. Even in the case that supersymmetry is broken by universal soft terms introduced at the scale {ital M}{sub {ital G}}, we find significant rates for {mu}{r_arrow}{ital e}{gamma} with {ital M}{sub {ital I}}{approximately}10{sup 12} GeV or less. These rates are further enhanced if the universal soft terms appear at a scale greater than {ital M}{sub {ital G}}. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Probabilistic analysis of preload in the abutment screw of a dental implant complex

Statement of problem Screw loosening is a problem for a percentage of implants. A probabilistic analysis to determine the cumulative probability distribution of the preload, the probability of obtaining an optimal preload, and the probabilistic sensitivities identifying important variables is lacking. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the inherent variability of material properties, surface interactions, and applied torque in an implant system to determine the probability of obtaining desired preload values and to identify the significant variables that affect the preload. Material and methods Using software programs, an abutment screw was subjected to a tightening torque and the preload was determined from finite element (FE) analysis. The FE model was integrated with probabilistic analysis software. Two probabilistic analysis methods (advanced mean value and Monte Carlo sampling) were applied to determine the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of preload. The coefficient of friction, elastic moduli, Poisson's ratios, and applied torque were modeled as random variables and defined by probability distributions. Separate probability distributions were determined for the coefficient of friction in well-lubricated and dry environments. The probabilistic analyses were performed and the cumulative distribution of preload was determined for each environment. Results A distinct difference was seen between the preload probability distributions generated in a dry environment (normal distribution, mean (SD): 347 (61.9) N) compared to a well-lubricated environment (normal distribution, mean (SD): 616 (92.2) N). The probability of obtaining a preload value within the target range was approximately 54% for the well-lubricated environment and only 0.02% for the dry environment. The preload is predominately affected by the applied torque and coefficient of friction between the screw threads and implant bore at lower and middle values of the preload CDF, and by the applied torque and the elastic modulus of the abutment screw at high values of the preload CDF. Conclusions Lubrication at the threaded surfaces between the abutment screw and implant bore affects the preload developed in the implant complex. For the well-lubricated surfaces, only approximately 50% of implants will have preload values within the generally accepted range. This probability can be improved by applying a higher torque than normally recommended or a more closely controlled torque than typically achieved. It is also suggested that materials with higher elastic moduli be used in the manufacture of the abutment screw to achieve a higher preload. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:183-193)
“Alien Health”: A Nutrition Instruction Exergame Using the Kinect Sensor

Abstract Objective: A feasibility study was run on an embodied exergame designed to teach 4th–12th grade students about nutrition and several U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) MyPlate guidelines. The study assessed efficacy on a new version of a game that was first implemented on an immersive platform and published in this journal in 2013. The earlier “Alien Health” game was redesigned for use with the Microsoft® (Redmond, WA) Kinect® sensor. Players learned about the amount of nutrients and optimizers in common food items and practiced making food choices while engaging in short cardio exercises. Subjects and Methods: Twenty 6th and 7th graders were randomly assigned to either the “Alien Health” game or a treated control condition. All engaged in “front of the classroom” performative activities. The “Alien Health” experimental group experienced the full game narrative of feeding the Alien and automated feedback on the quality of performed exercises. The control group experienced the same performative...
Liver transplant tolerance: Mechanistic insights from animal models, with particular reference to the mouse

W ith some exceptions, organ allograft survival in humans is dependent on the prolonged use of nonspecific immunosuppressants to prevent rejection. Despite the remarkable improvements in graft survival and quality of life that have been achieved in the past 15 to 20 years because of the introduction of cyclosporine and, more recently, tacrolimus, many adverse side effects continue to be associated with the use of immunosuppressive agents, including increased risks of opportunistic infection, malignancy, and end-organ toxicities. Strenuous efforts thus continue to be made to identify methods of inducing drug-free, permanent, donor-specific unresponsiveness (tolerance), which preserve overall host immunocompetence with minimal attendant side effects. Much can to be learned from animal models. Remarkably, between some outbred pigs and in certain inbred rat and most mouse strain combinations, liver allografts are accepted across major histocompatibility barriers without the need for immunosuppressive therapy. It is not completely understood why this occurs frequently with the liver (and only exceptionally for the heart and kidney) in certain mouse strain combinations, but some insight has been gained into possible mechanisms. A fuller understanding of the mechanistic basis ofwhy livers are accepted, and why the liver induces systemic, donor-specific tolerance, is likely to have an important bearing on the design of future immunosuppressive strategies. This article focuses on recent knowledge acquired with animal models, with special reference to the mouse, in which orthotopic liver transplantation was fist accomplished successfully in 1991 .I
N-[18f]fluoroethylpiperidinyl, n-[18f]fluoroethylpiperidinemethyl and n-[18f]fluoroethylpyrrolidinyl esters as radiotracers for acetylcholinesterase

A series of N-fluoroethylpiperidinyl (1), N-fluoroethylpiperidinemethyl (2) and N-fluoroethylpyrrolidinyl (3) esters were synthesized and examined as new (18)F-labeled radiotracers for measuring brain cholinesterase activity. The fluoroethyl group, instead of methyl group, results in slower in vitro enzymatic cleavage rates and higher selectivity for AChE. Based on metabolism in mouse blood and PET time-activity curves in rats, two radiotracers were identified as potential candidates for further in vivo evaluation in higher species.
Creating a sun clock

An individual project in an early engineering design course is described in which students were required to learn about a simple, ancient system for telling time, namely a sun clock. The students then designed, fabricated and presented for testing both a vertically and horizontally mounted sun clock. These projects were evaluated based on the accuracy of the clocks, the quality of the artifacts, and a written report. The students were asked to participate in the grading of the artifacts. Their evaluations were shown to be very "conservative" (everyone was given A's and B's.) in spite of explicit instructions to the contrary, leading to the suggestion that engineering students may lack the skills to make effective, qualitative judgments and may benefit from an exposure to design in other, more qualitative disciplines like interior design, industrial design, and/or architecture
Levels of glucose dehydrogenases with different substrate specificities in rat and beef livers

Abstract The relative substrate specificities of glucose dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.1.1.47) from beef liver and rat liver are very different. The beef enzyme oxidizes glucose more rapidly than either glucose-6-phosphate or galactose-6-phosphate. On the other hand, the dehydrogenase from rat liver prefers the hexose phosphates to glucose. A procedure for estimating the level of glucose dehydrogenase in rat and beef liver is described. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity attributed to glucose dehydrogenases is estimated to be about one-fifth and one-third that of cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) in female and male rat liver respectively. A fluorometric adaptation of the less sensitive spectrophotometric assay for glucose dehydrogenase is described.
CENTRAL SITES CONTROLLING PITUITARY SECRETION IN THE RHESUS MONKEY

Abstract The experimental evidence on the sites involved in the oestrogen-gonadotropin feedback loop in female rhesus monkeys is reviewed and discussed. The medial basal hypothalamic (MBH)-pituitary area is considered to contain all elements necessary for “cyclic” gonadotropin secretion control. MBH activity, however, is probably modulated by brain structures residing outside the area. Oestrogens can release gonadotropins and modulate prolactin secretion by a direct feedback effect at the anterior pituitary gland.
Whose culture has capital? Class, culture, migration and mothering

Whose culture has capital? Class, culture, migration and mothering, by Bin Wu, Bern, Peter Lang, 2011, 205 pp., £39.00/US$62.95, ISBN 978-3-0343-0605-8 I recently conducted an informal survey of un...
Exchange Forces Between Neutral Molecules and a Metal Surface

A Heitler-London treatment of the exchange part of the mutual energy of a neutral atom and a metal is developed. The resulting interactions are evaluated on the basis of a simplified model of the metal and lead to a convenient and simple expression for the total exchange energy. In Section III this expression is applied to the interaction of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and He with metals where it is found to represent a repulsion. By adding this exchange interaction to the attractive van der Waals interaction between the molecule and the metal, a potential curve of the usual type possessing a minimum is obtained for each system. The depths of these minima are compared with observed heats of van der Waals adsorption. A discussion is given in an appendix of the effects of some of the simplifications and approximations employed.
Balloon Catheterization Induces Arterial Expression of Embryonic Fibronectins

Fibronectins (FNs) comprise a family of adhesive extracellular matrix proteins that arise by alternative splicing in three regions: V (IIICS), EIIIA (ED-A), and EIIIB (ED-B). FNs bearing the EIIIA and EIIIB segments are prevalent during embryogenesis, expressed to lesser degrees in normal adult tissues, and may be locally reexpressed at adult tissue injury. RNase mapping shows that normal rat arteries express low levels of FNs that are predominantly EIIIA- and EIIIB-. Following balloon injury, arterial walls produce increased total levels of FN transcripts that preferentially include both the EIIIA and EIIIB segments. However, despite inducing increased total FN mRNA, balloon injury does not alter the relative composition of V120+, V95+, AND V0 spliced forms. In situ hybridization reveals that as early as 4 days after injury medial cells express increased total FN mRNA, and by 7 days substantial neointimal and focal medial synthesis of EIIIA+, EIIIB+, and V120+ FNs occurs; macrophages do not significantly contribute to this observed vascular FN synthesis. Consistent with the mRNA data, immunofluorescence microscopic analysis reveals increased deposition of EIIIB+ and V+ FN protein forms in injured arterial walls, particularly within the neointima. Our results suggest that local synthesis of specific FN isoforms is important to the neointimal formation that ensues after balloon injury.
New chemical reactivity in aromatic dithiocarbamate and monothiocarbamate ligands: syntheses of Mo2L4·2THF (L = Pyrrole or indole monothiocarbamate or pyrrole dithiocarbamate) and Mo2L4 (L = indoline monothiocarbamate)

Abstract The reactions between Mo2(C2H3O2)4 and several new dithio- and monothiocarbamates have been studied. The first example of a dimolybdenum compound of a dithiocarbamate with the “molybdenum acetate” structure is reported (Mo2L4·2THF; L = pyrrole dithiocarbamate). In addition, the synthesis of Mo2L′4·2THF (L′ = pyrrole monothiocarbamate, indole monothiocarbamate, indole dithiocarbamate) and Mo2L″4 (L″ = indoline monothiocarbamate) are reported. A discussion of the unique stabilization of the dithiocarbamate bridge by “aromatic” dithio- and monothiocarbamates is presented.
Histopathology of the Internal Anchor Tag in Spot and Spotted Seatrout

Abstract Pathological tissue changes elicited by an internal anchor tag in spot Leiostomus xanthurus and spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus were evaluated histologically. Forty-five spot (32 tagged fish and 13 untagged controls) and 13 tagged spotted seatrout were sampled periodically from 4 h to 4 months posttagging. Early tissue changes (4 h-4 d posttagging) in both species were characterized by acute inflammation and irritation. Changes included hemorrhage, fibrin exudation, extravasation of leukocytes, epidermal hyperplasia and spongiosis, and necrosis in exposed myotomes. Tags were progressively encapsulated and sequestered by fibrogranulation tissue in a similar sequence in both species, commencing with deposition and organization of fibrin at the tag surface. This early fibrinous capsule (at day 2) was infiltrated by leukocytes and fibroblasts, and by day 4–7 it was thickened, highly cellular, and well vascularized. Deposition of collagen within the granulation tissue capsule increased progressiv...
Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble boron-substituted ortho-carborane derivatives

Abstract The synthesis of water-soluble, boron-substituted carborane derivatives was achieved by treatment of boron-substituted bromoalkyl carborane derivatives with trimethylphosphine to yield the corresponding phosphonium salts. These new carborane salts exhibit solubility in both aqueous and polar organic media. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of the first water-soluble, boron-substituted carborane species, closo-9,12-(CH2CH2CH2P(CH3)3+Br–)2-1,2-C2B10H10, 4, and closo-3-[CH2CH2CH2P(CH3)3+Br–]-1,2-C2B10H11, 5. The crystal structure of 5 is reported. Additionally, another method of preparing mono- and difunctionalized water-soluble phosphonium salts of B3-substituted carborane derivatives was developed. This method produces both the monophosphonium salt, closo-3-[CH2CH(CH2I)CH2P(CH3)3+I–]-1,2-C2B10H11, 8, and the diphosphonium salt, closo-3-[CH2CH(CH2P(CH3)3+I–)2]-1,2-C2B10H11, 9. © 2000 Academie des sciences / Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS synthesis / boron-substituted ortho-carboranes / phosphonium salts / water-soluble derivatives / X-ray crystallography
Permeability of Ehrlich cells to uracil, thymine and fluorouracil.

SummaryUracil, thymine and fluorouracil enter Ehrlich ascites cells by diffusion. The permeability constants at 5°C were 1.2 · 10-5 cm/min for uracil, 3.2 · 10-5 cm/min for thymine and 1.1 · 10-5 cm/min for fluorouracil. Accurate measurements could not be obtained at 39°C because of the rapidity of the equilibration of the intracellular space but estimates of 10-3 to 10-4 cm/min for the permeability constants at 39°C were obtained.
Gynecologic consequences of long-term, unopposed estrogen replacement therapy

We evaluated the gynecologic risks of unopposed, long-term estrogen use in postmenopausal women. Our medical record review showed that unopposed estrogen users (mean dose, 0.9 mg of conjugated estrogens) had a significantly higher (P less than 0.001) incidence of abnormal vaginal bleeding, curettage, hysterectomy, and endometrial cancer. The ratios of occurrence of these events among users compared with non-users were 7.8, 4.9, 6.6 and 7.7. The prevalence of hysterectomy reached 28.2% of users compared with 5.3% of non-users, and endometrial carcinoma developed in 9.9% of users compared with 1.4% of non-users.
Antibacterial activity and mutagenicity studies of water-soluble phosphazene high polymers

Abstract Eight water-soluble phosphazene high polymers, [NPR 2 ] n ( R , organic, water-solubilizing side-group; n , approx: 15 000) and the small-molecule counterparts of the polymers were examined for antibacterial activity against six different strains of bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium (TA 100), Salmonella pullorum, Streptococcus faecalis. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) . Antibacterial testing was carried out by measuring zones of inhibition and changes in solution turbidity over time. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the surfaces of cross-linked poly[di(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] (MEEP) hydrogels were investigated. A number of the high polymers, as well as the MEEP hydrogels, impeded bacterial growth. Only E. coli was unaffected by the phosphazenes. A possible explanation for the antibacterial character of the polymers is presented. The same compounds were monitored for potential mutagenic activity using the Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA 100 and TA 98. None of the high polymers or their small-molecule analogues showed mutagenic activity in either strain of Salmonella at the concentrations tested. The use of these materials as coatings for artificial implants is discussed.
Inverse methods for modeling non-rigid plate kinematics: Application to mesozoic plate reconstructions of the Central Atlantic

Published plate reconstructions commonly show significant differences in initial plate configuration and syn-extensional opening directions. The variability of published models is primarily due to the difficulty associated with restoring crustal stretching history. Here we present an inverse non-rigid kinematic method that inverts plate motion and present day crustal thickness to approximate the history of bulk lateral strain and crustal thinning associated with lithospheric stretching. The kinematic link between plate motion and bulk crustal thickness that is used with this method is based on insights obtained from geodynamic models. We implement this approach in open source kinematic modeling software and apply it to test new Early Mesozoic plate kinematic models of the Central Atlantic. This application shows that the patterns of stretching inferred from the syn-rift basins of the Newark Supergroup can be explained if (1) syn-rift Euler pole flow lines were parallel to the Grand Banks transform margin and (2) initial formation of the East Coast Margin Igneous Province was coincident with the formation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. These syn-rift to breakup models of the Central Atlantic lead to better constrained models of early seafloor spreading that show full spreading velocities in the ultraslow regime and within the transition from ultraslow to slow spreading regimes.
PROBABILITY OF SUBSEQUENT HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN TERM HEALTHY NEWBORNS WITH NO ABO/Rh DISEASE. † 1165

PROBABILITY OF SUBSEQUENT HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN TERM HEALTHY NEWBORNS WITH NO ABO/Rh DISEASE. † 1165
They're plastic, but they recycle.

Dendritic spines form and grow during hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). In this issue of Neuron , a new study by Park et al. uses both serial reconstruction electron microscopy and time-lapse imaging to show that plasma membrane for such spine expansion is trafficked from recycling endosomes that reside locally at the spines themselves.
Safety and efficacy of colonoscopy after myocardial infarction: an analysis of 100 study patients and 100 control patients at two tertiary cardiac referral hospitals.

Background The purpose of this study is to analyze the risks vs. the benefits of colonoscopy soon after myocardial infarction. Methods A total of 100 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy within 30 days after myocardial infarction at two large tertiary cardiac referral hospitals were studied. The study group was compared with 100 control patients with neither myocardial infarction nor unstable angina during the preceding 6 months (matched for age, colonoscopy indication, and colonoscopist) who underwent colonoscopy. Results Indications for colonoscopy were bleeding per rectum (37 patients), fecal occult blood (36 patients, hematocrit Conclusions Colonoscopy in patients with a recent myocardial infarction is associated with a higher rate of minor, transient, and primarily cardiovascular complications compared with control patients but is relatively infrequently associated with major complications. Colonoscopy is beneficial and indicated after myocardial infarction, despite a higher risk, in certain circumstances. The relative frequency of ischemic colitis was relatively high in study patients.
Delamination buckling of cylindrical laminates

Abstract Models for predicting delamination buckling of laminated complete thin cylindrical shells and cylindrical panels are presented. The load cases are uniform axial compression and uniform pressure, applied individually. The models are different for the two load cases and by design they are kept as simple as possible, to keep the mathematical representation of the model and the associated solution simple enough to permit extensive parametric studies. Through these studies one can identify important structural parameters and fully assess their effect on the critical load. Among the general conclusions are the following: (a) the most influential parameters for a given laminated geometry are the size of the delamination and its through-the-thickness position for both load cases; and (b) the effect of boundary conditions (along the straight edges) is important for the case of pressure, whereas for axial compression the effect of boundary conditions (ends) is small for large delaminations.
Family functioning and hope in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Purpose To examine the relationships among family functioning, hope, and quality of life in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Study design and method Sixty-eight children (8 to 12 years of age) with a diagnosis of JRA and one of their parents/guardians participated in this descriptive correlational study. Parents completed the Feetham Family Functioning Survey (FFFS), the Parent Report for Children Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), and the Parent Report for Children PedsQL Rheumatology Module. The children completed the Children's Hope Scale (CHS), the Child Report for PedsQL, and the Child Report PedsQL Rheumatology Module. Data were analyzed using chi-square, t-tests, and correlation analyses. Results Family functioning and children's hope showed a negative correlation, indicating that a child's hope was lower when the parent reported greater dissatisfaction with family functioning. Hope was not related to parent or child ratings of the child's quality of life. Clinical implications In caring for children with JRA, nurses can assess the family's satisfaction with relationships to the broader community, subsystems, and individual members and seek ways to promote healthy family functioning. Nurses also can assess the level of hope in children with JRA and facilitate the development of hopefulness by helping children establish goals and develop strategies to meet them.
One-step reaction and consolidation of Hg based high-temperature superconductors by hot isostatic pressing

Abstract A hot isostatic press (HIP) techniques has been used successfully to react and consolidate in one step the Hg based high-temperature superconductors (HTS's). Hot isostatic pressing (HIPping) overcomes some of the problems encountered in the quartz encapsulation technique typically used to make Hg based HTS samples, such as containing the high vapor pressures of Hg and avoiding explosions. The HIPping conditions for processing (i.e., range of temperature and pressure) are significantly different from those used in the quartz-encapsulation method. These differences seem to relax the stringent conditions on precursor processing required in other processing methods. Hg based HTS samples were successfully made from both nitrate and carbonate precursors, as well as from commercially available precursors. X-ray diffraction experiments indicated that the best materials were made with nitrate precursors and were composed of 1223 phase (66%), 1212 phase (33%) and a small amount of BaCuO2 (1%). We have HIPped powders and contained them in selected high-purity metal foils. We find that Au is a good containment material for processing as it reacts very little with the Hg compounds being formed. Ag, on the other hand, reacts extensively. Samples with densities as high as 97% of theoretical density were formed. This technique has been used to successfully fabricate component that may lead directly to devices.
Biochemical and genetical aspects of the taxonomy ofRhizobium japonicum

The major distinguishing characteristics of fifty diverse strains ofR. japonicum were surveyed. Nodulation onGlycine max, slow growth rate in yeast extract-mannitol broth, alkaline reaction with no serum zone in litmus milk, and lack of an acid reaction in either rhamnose or xylose media rather consistently separatedR. japonicum from other rhizobium species.
Vigorous physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults

There are conflicting data regarding the effects of vigorous physical activity (PA) and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Representative samples of adults aged 20–35 from four northern California cities were studied both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in order to examine the relationships between vigorous PA and selected physiological risk factors. A self-report measure of habitual vigorous PA was validated by pulse rate. There were relationships, in both crosssectional and longitudinal analyses between self-reported vigorous PA and HDLLDL ratio, especially for women. Relationships in cross-sectional analyses only were found between PA and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and alveolar carbon monoxide. The results of the present study generally tend to confirm investigations of other samples.
Peculiarity of metal drilling with a commercial femtosecond laser

A commercial femtosecond pulse laser was used to study the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with aluminum. Tests were conducted to measure the average drilling rate over a range of laser pulse energies in both air and vacuum at the wavelengths corresponding to the fundamental and second harmonic of the laser. For the fundamental wavelength, it was observed that the drilling rates in vacuum were significantly higher than that for drilling in atmospheric air. For the laser beam that was converted to second harmonic, the drilling rate in vacuum at the same energy was slightly lower than that for drilling in air. The observed results can be explained by the presence of an energetic nanosecond pedestal in the laser pulse produced by the femtosecond laser system. This nanosecond component provides a major contribution into drilling and it is strongly affected by the optical breakdown plasma that reduces the drilling rate in air. Conversion to second harmonic reduces the relative energy content of the nanosecond component resulting in a higher contrast femtosecond pulse that is not affected by the near surface plasma. The presence of air results in self-focusing of the second harmonic laser beam, causing an increased drilling rate as compared to the interaction in vacuum.
Deconvolution algorithm based on automatic cutoff frequency selection for EPR imaging.

The large line-width associated with electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) requires effective algorithms to deconvolve the true spatial profiles of spins from the measured projection data. The commonly used Fourier transform (FT) deconvolution algorithm is easy to implement but suffers from the division-by-zero problem. As a result, a couple of parameters are used to control the deconvolution performance. However, this is inconvenient and the deconvolution results are subject to the experience of the operators. In the present work we examined FT deconvolution for EPRI, and proposed an automatic algorithm to determine the cutoff frequency by calculating the piecewise variance of the division result of the Fourier amplitude spectra. The deconvolution algorithm and the filtered back-projection image reconstruction algorithm were implemented and validated using 3D phantom and in vivo imaging data. It was clearly observed that the image resolution improved after deconvolution with the proposed algorithm.
Condition numbers of rectangular systems and bounds for generalized inverses

Abstract A natural extension of the notion of condition number of a matrix to the class of all finite matrices is shown to enjoy properties similar to the classical condition number. For example, the relative distance to the set of all matrices of smaller rank is just the reciprocal of this generalized condition number. The question of whether a matrix with a small generalized condition number must also have a generalized inverse of small norm is then studied. The answer turns out to be norm dependent. In particular, only if p is 1 or 2 must an intrinsically well-conditioned full rank matrix in the l p sense have a nicely bounded generalized inverse; in particular, in the l ∞ norm this need not be true. These facts are consequences of recent results in Banach space theory.
Photographic production of metal nano-particles for fuel cell electrodes

Abstract A photographic Pt printing process has been used to prepare catalysts for fuel cell applications. Ferric oxalate was used as a UV sensitizer, absorbing UV energy and converting Fe3+ to Fe2+, which then reduces metal catalyst ions, such as Pt or Pd ions to metals in the presence of a developer, such as ammonium citrate. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed that Pt particles smaller than 5 nm were formed, however, the particles tended to aggregate and form clusters up to 300 nm. A deposition efficiency of 16% was obtained when Pt was printed on Nafion membranes. The catalytic performance of the photo-printed Pt was evaluated using a single H2 fuel cell. The mass-specific electrochemical area of the catalyst, H2 crossover rate through the Pt-printed membrane and the membrane resistance were measured. At 60 °C, a peak power density of 75 mW cm−2 was obtained with a MEA consisting of photo-printed Pt (0.12 mg cm−2) on a Nafion membrane as the catalyst. Cyclic voltammetry measurements in solutions containing methanol or formic acid showed that a mass-specific methanol oxidation current of 197 mA mg−1 Pt could be achieved and that the co-deposition of Pd with Pt lowered the formic acid oxidation potential in addition to reducing the formation of the “poisonous” intermediate COads.
Using Microsoft Access 2007's “Lending Library” Template to Create a Circulation Module for Microform Materials

The Microsoft Office 2007 version of Access includes a number of templates, including one titled ‘Lending Library.’ This template has been modified for use at the Libraries Service Center as a stand-alone circulation module for microform materials. Using this database has allowed for individual reels from a series to be checked out separately, whereas previous practice had required users to check out an entire title or series if they wanted to use any part of it. This allowed for a less cumbersome solution that did not block access for other patrons to request other reels within the same series. The Access database also allows for better tracking of circulating items.
Expected extreme ultraviolet spectrum of the lunar surface

The moon was recently observed to be a source of very soft x-ray emission. The emission was most intense at wavelengths longer than 62 {angstrom} and was attributed to Thomson scattering of solar x-rays. This observation prompted the authors to study the emissions expected from the lunar surface in the wavelength range between 90 and 500 {angstrom}. Photons in this wavelength range scatter inefficiently. Instead, the solar x-rays are absorbed in the first several microns of lunar regolith. The absorbed x-rays can excite the surface elements and result in fluorescent emission. The authors find that much of the L- and M-shell extreme ultraviolet fluorescence, in the wavelength range between 90 and 500 {angstrom}, have higher peak intensities than the scattered solar spectrum. The total integrated fluorescent emission is also higher than the total scattered solar radiation. The L-shell fluorescent radiation can be an indicator of the surface abundances of Si, Al, Mg and other major lunar elements.
The Influence of the Experienced Residential Environment on Old People's Life Satisfaction

This paper investigates the extent to which the subjectively interpreted qualities of the housing environment influence the life satisfaction (LSI-A) of elderly residents. It assesses the relative importance of social and physical environmental attributes while controlling for the effects of an elderly population's personal characteristics and activity patterns. Data were obtained from structured interviews given to a random sample of 400 persons aged 60 and older living in a middle class urban community. Results from several multiple regression analyses revealed the statistically significant (p < .05) direct effects of 9 social and physical environment experiences on old people's life satisfaction. Together they increased from 35% to 49% the amount of statistical variation that was explained by old people's personal characteristics alone. The psychological basis for the impact of this experienced environment on life satisfaction is discussed.
Trehalose accumulation during cellular stress protects cells and cellular proteins from damage by oxygen radicals.

The disaccharide trehalose, which accumulates dramatically during heat shock and stationary phase in many organisms, enhances thermotolerance and reduces aggregation of denatured proteins. Here we report a new role for trehalose in protecting cells against oxygen radicals. Exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a mild heat shock (38 °C) or to a proteasome inhibitor (MG132) induced trehalose accumulation and markedly increased the viability of the cells upon exposure to a free radical-generating system (H2O2/iron). When cells were returned to normal growth temperature (28 °C) or MG132 was removed from the medium, the trehalose content and resistance to oxygen radicals decreased rapidly. Furthermore, a mutant unable to synthesize trehalose was much more sensitive to killing by oxygen radicals than wild-type cells. Providing trehalose exogenously enhanced the resistance of mutant cells to H2O2. Exposure of cells to H2O2 caused oxidative damage to amino acids in cellular proteins, and trehalose accumulation was found to reduce such damage. After even brief exposure to H2O2, the trehalose-deficient mutant exhibited a much higher content of oxidatively damaged proteins than wild-type cells. Trehalose accumulation decreased the initial appearance of damaged proteins, presumably by acting as a free radical scavenger. Therefore, trehalose accumulation in stressed cells plays a major role in protecting cellular constituents from oxidative damage.
Control of smoke in high-rise buildings

Based on studies conducted by the Division of Building Research, the authors analyzed the most important factors that determine expectation of life loss from smoke in high-rise buildings.
Further characterization of the effects of ultraviolet irradiation of the amphibian egg

UV-irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere of amphibian eggs leads to developmental abnormalities in neural morphogenesis. The possibility that the egg's transient sensitivity to irradiation could be due to pigmentation changes was examined in albino eggs. The tissue specificity of the effects of irradiation was analyzed by exchanging the ectoderm between irradiated and control embryos.
A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

The eukaryotic cell division cycle is characterized by a sequence of orderly and highly regulated events resulting in the duplication and separation of all cellular material into two newly formed daughter cells. Protein phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) drives this cycle. To gain further insight into how phosphorylation regulates the cell cycle, we sought to identify proteins whose phosphorylation is cell cycle regulated. Using stable isotope labeling along with a two-step strategy for phosphopeptide enrichment and high mass accuracy mass spectrometry, we examined protein phosphorylation in a human cell line arrested in the G1 and mitotic phases of the cell cycle. We report the identification of >14,000 different phosphorylation events, more than half of which, to our knowledge, have not been described in the literature, along with relative quantitative data for the majority of these sites. We observed >1,000 proteins with increased phosphorylation in mitosis including many known cell cycle regulators. The majority of sites on regulated phosphopeptides lie in [S/T]P motifs, the minimum required sequence for CDKs, suggesting that many of the proteins may be CDK substrates. Analysis of non-proline site-containing phosphopeptides identified two unique motifs that suggest there are at least two undiscovered mitotic kinases.
Stem Cell Therapy for Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a serious and life-threatening disorder in children. It is the most common form of pediatric cardiomyopathy. Therapy for this condition has varied little over the last several decades and mortality continues to be high. Currently, children with dilated cardiomyopathy are treated with pharmacological agents and mechanical support, but most require heart transplantation and survival rates are not optimal. The lack of common treatment guidelines and inadequate survival rates after transplantation necessitates more therapeutic clinical trials. Stem cell and cell-based therapies offer an innovative approach to restore cardiac structure and function towards normal, possibly reducing the need for aggressive therapies and cardiac transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac stem cells may be the most promising cell types for treating children with dilated cardiomyopathy. The medical community must begin a systematic investigation of the benefits of current and novel treatments such as stem cell therapies for treating pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy.
Enzymatic cleavage of methotrexate provides a method for prevention of drug toxicity.

METHOTREXATE, a widely used and effective antineoplastic agent, is eliminated primarily by urinary excretion in man1. In species such as the rabbit, which possess hepatic enzymes capable of metabolizing methotrexate to inactive products, the drug is rapidly degraded and virtually non-toxic2. In species which do not metabolize the drug, such as mouse and man, the dose-limiting bone marrow and gastro-intestinal toxicity seems to result from persistence of low (10−7 to 10−9 M) plasma levels of methotrexate for many hours after its administration3,4. To counteract this toxicity, 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate, or leucovorin, has been given 12–36 h after high doses of methotrexate, allowing an improvement in the drug's therapeutic index5,6.
Sound velocities of clinohumite, and implications for water in Earth's upper mantle

The velocities of longitudinal and shear acoustic waves were measured for clinohumite, a possible host for water in the upper mantle. Brillouin scattering measurements on a natural crystal under ambient conditions indicate that the hydration of olivine to clinohumite lowers most of the single-crystal elastic moduli, as well as the bulk and shear moduli of a polycrystalline aggregate. However, the velocities of mantle rocks in which all olivine is hydrated to clinohumite are only 1–1.5% lower than those of the equivalent dry rocks under ambient conditions. These results suggest that in shallow, cold portions of the uppermost mantle (for example the seismic lid), water may be difficult to identify seismologically if all of it is bound up in humite-group minerals. Negative velocity anomalies in the shallow mantle may require a different explanation than the presence of hydrous minerals.