cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Text Choice for Interdisciplinary Project -Based Teaching

We show an ethnographic research about the contributions of discursive genre choices and uses, in school activities, to the student literacy development. The results show that some chosen genres are school-related and do not contribute effectively to interactive activities mediated by writing in situations not connected to educational practices. The articulation between interdisciplinary and literacy approaches, developed in the education science and in language applied studies, respectively, can contribute significantly to the student empowerment. Here the interdisciplinary educational projects are characterized as linguistic-discursive locus of contribution to the empowerment mentioned.
Comparison of IVP and CT findings in patients with suspected severe renal injury

Excretory urography (IVP) is the primary diagnostic tool for renal injury but has been indeterminate in diagnosing severe renal injuries in most cases. Computed tomography (CT) provides precise anatomic detail of renal injuries. The IVP and CT findings were compared in 22 patients with suspected severe renal injuries suggested by clinical examination and initial screening IVP. CT provided determinate diagnoses in all the cases of severe renal injury, while the IVP diagnoses were indeterminate in 82 per cent of these cases. Although clarification is needed on the accuracy of CT in diagnosing renal vascular injury, the CT diagnoses were accurate in all other types of severe renal injury (as well as minor renal injuries).
On the mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles to amines over supported metal catalysts

Hydrogenation of nitriles over NaY-supported transition metal catalysts has been studied in the liquid phase in an autoclave and in the gas phase in a microflow reactor. The results show that all reaction steps converting nitriles to primary, secondary and tertiary amines and unsaturated compounds take place on the catalysts surface. At low temperature the selectivity to a particular amine is controlled by the nature of metal: tertiary amines are preferentially formed over Pt/NaY, secondary amines over Pd/NaY, and primary amines over Ru/NaY. With butyronitrile, the selectivity to the primary amine over a variety of metals shows the same selectivity pattern for gas phase and liquid phase hydrogenation, it decreases in the order of Ru, Rh, Ni, Pd, Pt. Clearly, no liquid phase is required for the formation of the higher amines. In the liquid phase hydrogenation of butyronitrile over PdNi/NaY in the presence of pentylamine, small amounts of the enamines: N-butenyl-dibutylamine, N-butenyl-N-butyl-pentylamine, and N-butenyl-dipentylamine have been identified by GC-MS. Higher concentrations of an enamine are found in the liquid phase hydrogenation of benzylcyanide in the presence of diethylamine over Co/Al2O3 catalyst. The concentration of the enamine, N-(2-phenylvinyl)-diethylamine, passes through a maximum with reaction time. Amine addition to the reaction mixture lowers the hydrogenation rate of either nitrile and promotes primary amine formation.
A Cross-Metathesis Route to the 5-F2-Isoprostanes

A library of eight 5-F2-isoprostanes was prepared through a ring-opening metathesis/cross-metathesis protocol between functionalized bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes, ethylene, and α,β-unsaturated ketones. This sequence provided racemic enones in a regio- and stereoselective fashion that could be converted to enantiomerically enriched allylic alcohols through a catalyst-controlled asymmetric reduction. Completion of the sidechains, followed by global deprotection, resulted in a stereodivergent route to eight enantiomerically enriched 5-F2 isoprostanes. Overall, the synthesis of this library of known and anticipated lipid oxidation metabolites was achieved in 10 steps from commercially available 4-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone.
Near-infrared optical constants of pyroxene as a function of iron and calcium content

[1] We derive the imaginary coefficient of the complex index of refraction (k) from reflectance spectra of 30 pyroxenes using the method of Lucey (1998). We apply the modified Gaussian model of Sunshine et al. (1990) to these k spectra to obtain two continuum parameters and nine Gaussian parameters that describe the 1, 2, and 1.2 μm crystal field absorptions. This method takes advantage of the redundancy in the data and minimizes the number of free parameters, resulting in a compact expression of optical constants that is less susceptible to noise in the data and contamination from terrestrial weathering. Multiple regression results indicate that the continuum and Gaussian parameters are well predicted by pyroxene FeO and CaO contents; thus a complete k spectrum for pyroxene can be derived from arbitrary FeO and CaO concentrations. The uncertainty is highest for the 1.2 μm M1 crystal field absorption in both orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. These k spectra can be used with radiative transfer theory to produce model reflectance spectra of particulate silicate surfaces at different viewing geometries, particle sizes, levels of space weathering, and mixtures with other minerals.
Golgi type II interneurons in the neuronal circuit of the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus.

Total excision of areas 17-18-19 in the monkey leads to disappearance of relay cells and corticogeniculate axon terminals in the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus). The few remaining neurons can be safely considered as Golgi type II cells. Electron microscopic examination of such material revealed small ovoid neurons and synaptic clusters encapsulated by glia. Within the cluster there were the characteristic axon terminal of retinal origin, and a peculiar light and large profile with features of both axons (small, flattened synaptic vesicles) and dendrites (many microtubules, endoplasmic cisterns and free ribosomes) in varying proportions. These elements were also present within the heavily gliotic general neuropil and, in longitudinal section, showed segments with strongly dendritic features, and others with vesicles either scattered or grouped near synaptic specializations. Similar profiles were also seen in normal LGN. Light microscopic examination of Golgi series from adult normal monkeys revealed two types of interneurons in the LGN, both having extremely thin axons which could not correspond in size to the ambiguous profiles described above. The latter could well match the appendages so frequently shown by the dendrites of one of the interneuron types. These findings suggest that the synapses in the glomeruli of LGN previously defined as “axo-axonic” may in fact be between optic axon terminals and the dendritic profiles with synaptic vesicles delineated in this study. Thence, the role of the Golgi type II interneuron could be interpreted at least in part as lateral inhibition.
Application of x-ray-laser interferometry to study high-density laser-produced plasmas

Collisionally pumped soft-x-ray lasers now operate over a wavelength range extending from 4 to 40 nm. With the recent advances in the development of multilayer mirrors and beam splitters in the soft-x-ray regime, we can utilize the unique properties of x-ray lasers to study large, rapidly evolving laser-driven plasmas with high electron densities. Using a neonlike yttrium x-ray laser, which operates at a wavelength of 15.5 nm, we have performed a series of radiography, moire deflectometry, and interferometry experiments to characterize plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion. We describe experiments using a soft-x-ray laser interferometer, operated in the Mach–Zehnder configuration, to study CH plasmas. The two-dimensional density profiles obtained from the interferograms allow us to validate and benchmark our numerical models used to study the physics of laser–plasma interactions.
A High-Speed, Eight-Frame Electro-Optic Camera With Multipulsed Ruby Laser Illuminator

We have developed a high-speed, electro-optic camera that features a large format; eight frames; and an accompanying eight-pulse, ruby laser illuminator. This system offers greater resolution and versatility than has been previously available. The eight 75-mm frames provide high dynamic spatial resolution (15 line pairs/mm) and time resolution (as short as 10-ns exposure time) to record fine physical details of rapid events. Four independent two-frame (tube) cameras complete with objective optics comprise the eight-frame array. Finally, pulsed ruby laser illumination with spectral filtering allows photography in intense ambient light.
Broadband Textile-Based Passive UHF RFID Tag Antenna for Elastic Material

We present a broadband textile-based UHF RFID tag antenna. Its wide bandwidth makes the tag less susceptible to objects and materials in the vicinity. Also high conductive textile material (E-fiber) is used to introduce elasticity, flexibility, and mechanical strength. As a result, the designed tag antenna can operate in a wide range of dielectric materials and various environments. By contrast, conventional RFID tag antennas have narrow bandwidth and must be designed for placement in different materials. The new tag is designed for implementing with elastic materials; as an example, the designed tags are tested on automotive tires. Experimental results show that the designed tag achieves much better performance compared with commercially available tags.
HYDRODYNAMICS OF AORTIC BLOOD FLOW.

A thermistor was used to record the temperature at regular intervals across the aortic diameter of dogs during the continuous infusion of cold indicator solution at various upstream locations. The results showed that the indicator mixed across the greater part of the diameter of the aorta in the ascending portion and proximal half of the arch but maintained a more streamlined pattern in the distal portion of the arch and descending thoracic aorta. These observations were confirmed by cineangiography. When two thermistors were located in different positions in the aortic root, and when cold saline was injected suddenly in their vicinity, the temperatures recorded by the two thermistors equalized immediately following the onset of systole. Sound waves also were detected during the systolic interval in the ascending but not in the descending aorta. These findings are consistent with the presence of disturbed, but not necessarily turbulent flow in the ascending aorta; and with predominantly streamlined, but not necessarily completely laminar flow in the descending portion. The factors producing disturbed flow in the aortic root and the transition of flow to a more streamlined pattern in the descending portion are discussed in hydrodynamic terms. It is postulated that during systole the blood ejected into the aorta separates from a slower moving boundary layer near the walls and at the edges of the valve cusps. This separation produces disturbed flow and mixing in the entering jet. While the thin layer adjacent to the walls as well as stagnant areas behind the valves do not fully mix with the central stream, they represent a relatively small proportion of the total aortic blood flow. Additional mixing is produced by the prominent backflow in early diastole and by the branchings of the coronary and brachiocephalic arteries.
Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials

This paper describes the development and testing of a system whereby one can communicate through a computer by using the P300 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Such a system may be used as a communication aid by individuals who cannot use any motor system for communication (e.g., 'locked-in' patients). The 26 letters of the alphabet, together with several other symbols and commands, are displayed on a computer screen which serves as the keyboard or prosthetic device. The subject focuses attention successively on the characters he wishes to communicate. The computer detects the chosen character on-line and in real time. This detection is achieved by repeatedly flashing rows and columns of the matrix. When the elements containing the chosen character are flashed, a P300 is elicited, and it is this P300 that is detected by the computer. We report an analysis of the operating characteristics of the system when used with normal volunteers, who took part in 2 experimental sessions. In the first session (the pilot study/training session) subjects attempted to spell a word and convey it to a voice synthesizer for production. In the second session (the analysis of the operating characteristics of the system) subjects were required simply to attend to individual letters of a word for a specific number of trials while data were recorded for off-line analysis. The analyses suggest that this communication channel can be operated accurately at the rate of 0.20 bits/sec. In other words, under the conditions we used, subjects can communicate 12.0 bits, or 2.3 characters, per min.
Utilizing Finite Element Analysis to Accurately Predict Fatigue Life of Autofrettaged Ultra High Pressure Components

Computer Aided Design and Finite Element Analysis packages that have been developed are capable of providing a relatively accurate fatigue life prediction. These software packages have made nonlinear analysis more reliable in forecasting a component’s fatigue life. A safe-life (in which the components are safe from failure during the estimated service life) can be predicted during the design process. The autofrettage technique has long been applied in high-pressure industries in order to extend the components’ life. The critical parameters that must be understood during a fatigue life analysis are material properties, including cyclic loading properties and stress excursion during the service cycle. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element analysis of an autofrettaged manifold is presented. This assessment investigated an ANSI 316 stainless steel Tee-fitting, which was exposed to different cyclical loading conditions (two autofrettage conditions at a normal operation level). This was done in order to compare finite element analysis results to actual laboratory experimental results.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Heat shock inhibits NF-kB activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

BACKGROUND The heat shock response (HSR) attenuates NF-kappaB mediated activation of the acute inflammatory response by inhibiting IkB degradation. The HSR also confers a protective phenotype upon cells through production of heat shock proteins (HSP). However, the exact conditions that induce the HSR and stimulate the production of protective HSP are poorly defined. Consequently, we hypothesized that the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation through the HSR is dependent both on the degree of cellular injury and the length of the recovery period from the heat shock. METHODS RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were heated to 43 degrees C for 15 (mild heat shock), 45 (moderate heat shock), or 90 min (severe heat shock), allowed to recover at 37 degrees C for 0 to 24 h, and then exposed to 100 ng/ml of Escherichia coli (055:B5) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cellular viability, HSP expression, and the activation of NF-kappaB after LPS exposure were determined by alamarBlue assay, immunoblot, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively. RESULTS Transient attenuation of NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB preservation was observed only with moderate heat shock and 1 h of recovery. Mild heat shock had no effect on LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation or IkappaB degradation. Severe heat shock completely inhibited NF-kappaB activation and preserved IkappaB protein levels. Heat shock proteins were detectable 30 min after moderate heat shock, with maximal and sustained levels 2 to 24 h after heat shock. CONCLUSION The attenuation of NF-kappaB activation after heat shock is both dose- and time-dependent.
Hypocalcemia-like Electrocardiographic Changes After Administration of Intravenous Fosphenytoin

Fosphenytoin is a prodrug that is metabolized by phosphatases to yield the antiepileptic drug phenytoin plus inorganic phosphate. Thus, fosphenytoin can theoretically alter the electrocardiogram by 2 mechanisms: the direct effects of phenytoin on cardiac conduction and on phosphate binding of calcium, which could indirectly alter cardiac conduction as a result of hypocalcemia. We report the case of a 23-year-old man, weight 73 kg, with a known but untreated seizure disorder who was given prophylactic fosphenytoin, 1500-mg phenytoin equivalents over 85 minutes by intravenous infusion. The patient was normocalcemic before drug infusion. Fosphenytoin produced electrocardiographic changes (prolongation of the ST segment and the QT interval and merging of the T and P waves) consistent with hypocalcemia, and these changes were associated with new-onset reductions in both total and ionized serum calcium concentrations. Plasma phenytoin concentrations were within the therapeutic range during the electrocardiographic changes, and the patient's blood pressure was stable. We interpret these findings as fosphenytoin-related electrocardiographic changes likely attributable to inorganic phosphate-induced hypocalcemia.
Rett syndrome diagnostic criteria: Lessons from the Natural History Study

Analysis of 819 participants enrolled in the Rett syndrome (RTT) Natural History Study validates recently revised diagnostic criteria. 765 females fulfilled 2002 consensus criteria for classic (653/85.4%) or variant (112/14.6%) RTT. All participants classified as classic RTT fulfilled each revised main criterion; supportive criteria were not uniformly present. All variant RTT participants met at least 3 of 6 main criteria in the 2002, 2 of 4 main criteria in the current format, and 5 of 11 supportive criteria in both. This analysis underscores the critical role of main criteria for classic RTT; variant RTT requires both main and supportive criteria.
Phase decomposition phenomena in polystyrene/(polyvinylmethylether)

This paper reports studies on polystyrene/poly-(vinylmethylether) blends to elucidate phase decomposition phenomena. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and temperature jump light scattering (TJLS) techniques were used to study both static and kinetic properties. The SANS methods were used to characterize the blends with respect to phase diagram, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, and the critical fluctuation length as a function of temperature. From the TJLS experiments, we have demonstrated the possibility of two kinds of phase decomposition mechanisms which should lead to distinct morphology and material properties.
Use of Dapsone in the Prevention and Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia: A Review

Dapsone, with or without trimethoprim or pyrimethamine, has strong anti-Pneumocystis carinii activity, as demonstrated by in vitro methods, animal studies, and clinical trials. The drug blocks folic acid synthesis of P. carinii by inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase activity. Dapsone is efficiently absorbed (70%-80%) from the gastrointestinal tract, reaches peak serum concentration in 2-6 hours, and is adequately distributed to the fluid of the alveolar spaces. Synergistic effects against P. carinii are noted when trimethoprim is combined with dapsone. This combination is recommended for therapeutic use for P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) as an alternative for patients who cannot take trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). Evidence from more than 40 studies of dapsone as prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients shows that dapsone, either alone or in combination with pyrimethamine, is as effective as aerosolized pentamidine or atovaquone but slightly less effective than TMP-SMZ. Adverse effects include rash, anemia, methemoglobinemia, agranulocytosis, and hepatic dysfunction. Desensitization can be accomplished with many cases. Dapsone is the most cost-effective prophylaxis currently available for PCP.
Clinical evaluation of the Vitek automated system with cards GNS 122 and 127 and VTK-r07.01 software for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The performance of the Vitek Automated Susceptibility Testing System software version VTKR07.01 (bioMerieux Vitek, Hazelwood, MO), for testing Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by comparing results for 200 clinical isolates with those of disk diffusion and manual broth microtiter dilution testing. For cefepime, the restricted major error rate was 0.53% and the minor error rate was 12.5%. For piperacillin, the restricted major error rate was 2.15%. For ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, restricted very major and major error rates of 6.5% and 3.2%, respectively, occurred. The results of our study indicate that the Vitek system performs within acceptable limits when testing piperacillin, but remains problematic for testing cefepime and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid.
Mutagenicity of aryl propylene and butylene oxides with Salmonella

10 aryl propylene oxides and 6 aryl butylene oxides were synthesized. Dose-mutagenicity relationships were studied for these compounds and for 1,2-epoxybutane, using both the preincubation and plate incorporation Ames tests with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535. Structure-mutagenicity relationships were further examined by concurrent testing at single doses with the plate incorporation assay in strain TA100. In both series of compounds, mutagenicity showed very correlation to chemical reactivity, molar volume and partition values. However, all compounds were mutagenic in at least one system with the propylene oxides being more mutagenic than the corresponding butylene oxide derivatives. The naphthyl derivatives in each series were the most mutagenic.
Postnatal outcome of fetuses with the prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the postnatal outcome and complications that arise in infants with the prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis. Methods Prenatal sonograms with the diagnosis of gastroschisis were identified. Maternal age, indication for sonography, gestational age at diagnosis, other sonographic abnormalities, and postnatal outcome were recorded. Results Ninety-eight fetuses at 14.3 to 36 weeks' gestation had the diagnosis of gastroschisis on sonography. In 14 cases (14%), other fetal anomalies were identified, including hydronephrosis, hydrocephalus, coarctation of the aorta, and a limb anomaly. Bowel dilatation developed in 72 of 84 cases (86%) followed prenatally with sonography, and bowel wall thickening developed in 40 of 73 cases (55%). On postnatal follow-up, 57 of 68 infants (84%) had postnatal complications, many with multisystem complications, including 6 deaths, 40 with bowel-related complications, 30 with infectious complications, and 32 with anomalies involving other systems (genitourinary, cardiac, and central nervous system). The postnatal outcome did not correlate with the presence of bowel dilatation or bowel wall thickening on prenatal sonography. Only 11 infants (16.2%) had a completely uncomplicated postsurgical course. Hospital stays in survivors (n = 92) ranged from 8 to 307 days (mean, 53 days). Conclusions Although reported survival rates are good for gastroschisis, the postoperative hospital stay is often lengthy, and complications are very common, especially those related to the gastrointestinal tract. Associated anomalies were more common in our study than previously reported.
Induction of Mucosal Homing Virus-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes by Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Induction of virus-specific T-cell responses in mucosal as well as systemic compartments of the immune system is likely to be a critical feature of an effective AIDS vaccine. We investigated whether virus-specific CD8(+) lymphocytes induced in rhesus macaques by immunization with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an approach that is highly effective in eliciting protection against mucosal challenge, express the mucosa-homing receptor alpha4beta7 and traffic to the intestinal mucosa. SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing alpha4beta7 were detected in peripheral blood and intestine of macaques infected with attenuated SIV. In contrast, virus-specific T cells in blood of animals immunized cutaneously by a combined DNA-modified vaccinia virus Ankara regimen did not express alpha4beta7. These results demonstrate the selective induction of SIV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes expressing alpha4beta7 by a vaccine approach that replicates in mucosal tissue and suggest that induction of virus-specific lymphocytes that are able to home to mucosal sites may be an important characteristic of a successful AIDS vaccine.
Linear excitation schemes for IR planar-induced fluorescence imaging of CO and CO 2

A detailed discussion of linear excitation schemes for IR planar-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of CO and CO2 is presented. These excitation schemes are designed to avoid laser scattering, absorption interferences, and background luminosity while an easily interpreted PLIF signal is generated. The output of a tunable optical parametric amplifier excites combination or overtone transitions in these species, and InSb IR cameras collect fluorescence from fundamental transitions. An analysis of the dynamics of pulsed laser excitation demonstrates that rotational energy transfer is prominent; hence the excitation remains in the linear regime, and standard PLIF postprocessing techniques may be used to correct for laser sheet inhomogeneities. Analysis of the vibrational energy-transfer processes for CO show that microsecond-scale integration times effectively freeze the vibrational populations, and the fluorescence quantum yield following nanosecond-pulse excitation can be made nearly independent of the collisional environment. Sensitivity calculations show that the single-shot imaging of nascent CO in flames is possible. Signal interpretation for CO2 is more complicated, owing to strongly temperature-dependent absorption cross sections and strongly collider-dependent fluorescence quantum yield. These complications limit linear CO2 IR PLIF imaging schemes to qualitative visualization but indicate that increased signal level and improved quantitative accuracy can be achieved through consideration of laser-saturated excitation schemes.
Characterization and mutagenesis of sulfur-regulated genes in a cyanobacterium: evidence for function in sulfate transport.

Abstract A sulfur-regulated gene (cysA) that encodes the membrane-associated ATP-binding protein of the sulfate transport system of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 was recently isolated and sequenced. Adjacent to cysA and transcribed in the opposite direction is a gene encoding the sulfate-binding protein (sbpA). Two other genes, cysT and cysW, encode proteins that may form a channel for the transport of sulfate across the cytoplasmic membrane. A fourth gene, cysR, located between cysT, and cysW, encodes a polypeptide that has some homology to a family of prokaryotic regulatory proteins. Mutant strains in which cysA, cysT, or cysW was interrupted by a drug resistance marker were not viable when grown with sulfate as the sole sulfur source and exhibited essentially no sulfate uptake. In contrast, sbpA and cysR mutants grew on sulfate, although they did not exhibit the 20-fold increase in the Vmax (concentration of sulfate at half-maximal transport rate) for sulfate transport characteristic of wild-type cells grown under sulfur-limiting conditions. Three of the sulfur-regulated genes in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 are similar to genes encoded by the chloroplast genome of the primitive plant Marchantia polymorpha. These data suggest that a sulfate transport system similar to that of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 may exist in the chloroplast envelope of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
Nonlinear adaptive control of active suspensions

In this paper, a previously developed nonlinear "sliding" control law is applied to an electro-hydraulic suspension system. The controller relies on an accurate model of the suspension system. To reduce the error in the model, a standard parameter adaptation scheme, based on Lyapunov analysis, is introduced. A modified adaptation scheme, which enables the identification of parameters whose values change with regions of the state space, is then presented. These parameters are not restricted to being slowly time-varying as in the standard adaptation scheme; however, they are restricted to being constant or slowly time varying within regions of the state space. The adaptation algorithms are coupled with the control algorithm and the resulting system performance is analyzed experimentally. The performance is determined by the ability of the actuator output to track a specified force. The performance of the active system, with and without the adaptation, is analyzed. Simulation and experimental results show that the active system is better than a passive system in terms of improving the ride quality of the vehicle. Furthermore, both of the adaptive schemes improve performance, with the modified scheme giving the greater improvement in performance. >
Disruption of the cytochrome P-450 1B1 gene exacerbates renal dysfunction and damage associated with angiotensin II-induced hypertension in female mice.

Recently, we demonstrated in female mice that protection against ANG II-induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular changes depend on cytochrome P-450 (CYP)1B1. The present study was conduct...
Selective modulation of integrin-mediated cell migration by distinct ADAM family members.

A disintegrin and a metalloprotease (ADAM) family members have been implicated in many biological processes. Although it is recognized that recombinant ADAM disintegrin domains can interact with integrins, little is known about ADAM-integrin interactions in cellular context. Here, we tested whether ADAMs can selectively regulate integrin-mediated cell migration. ADAMs were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells that express defined integrins (α4β1, α5β1, or both), and cell migration on full-length fibronectin or on its α4β1 or α5β1 binding fragments was studied. We found that ADAMs inhibit integrin-mediated cell migration in patterns dictated by the integrin binding profiles of their isolated disintegrin domains. ADAM12 inhibited cell migration mediated by the α4β1 but not the α5β1 integrin. ADAM17 had the reciprocal effect; it inhibited α5β1- but not α4β1-mediated cell migration. ADAM19 and ADAM33 inhibited migration mediated by both α4β1 and α5β1 integrins. A point mutation in the ADAM12 disintegrin loop partially reduced the inhibitory effect of ADAM12 on cell migration on the α4β1 binding fragment of fibronectin, whereas mutations that block metalloprotease activity had no effect. Our results indicate that distinct ADAMs can modulate cell migration mediated by specific integrins in a pattern dictated, at least in part, by their disintegrin domains.
Laasbium Scudder: a genus of Tertiary earwigs, not rove beetles, and the classification of Florissant fossil Dermaptera (Insecta)

Abstract. The Tertiary genus Laasbium Scudder, originally described with two species and as a lineage of staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Eocene-Oligocene boundary of Florissant, Colorado, is re-evaluated. Examination of the original series for Laasbium agassizii Scudder (type species) and Laasbium sectile Scudder reveal that these represent incompletely preserved earwigs (Dermaptera). The genus Laasbium is transferred to the order Dermaptera and comments provided on the classification of Florissant fossil earwigs, all previously placed in the genus Labiduromma Scudder. A lectotype is designated for Laasbium agassizii and the following six new genera erected to accommodate the diversity of Florissant fossil earwigs (authorship of all taxa is Engel and Chatzimanolis): Petrolabis (type species: Labiduromma gurneyi Brown), Litholabis (type species: Labiduromma gilberti Scudder), Rupiforficula (type species: Labiduromma scudderi Brown), Geroncolabis (type species: Labiduromma tertiaria...
Cohesin-independent segregation of sister chromatids in budding yeast

Cohesin generates cohesion between sister chromatids, which enables chromosomes to form bipolar attachments to the mitotic spindle and segregate. Cohesin also functions in chromosome condensation, transcriptional regulation, and DNA damage repair. Here we analyze the role of acetylation in modulating cohesin functions and how it affects budding yeast viability. Previous studies show that cohesion establishment requires Eco1p-mediated acetylation of the cohesin subunit Smc3p at residue K113. Smc3p acetylation was proposed to promote establishment by merely relieving Wpl1p inhibition because deletion of WPL1 bypasses the lethality of an ECO1 deletion (eco1Δ wpl1Δ). We find that little, if any, cohesion is established in eco1Δ wpl1Δ cells, indicating that Eco1p performs a function beyond antagonizing Wpl1p. Cohesion also fails to be established when SMC3 acetyl-mimics (K113Q or K112R,K113Q) are the sole functional SMC3s in cells. These results suggest that Smc3p acetylation levels affect establishment. It is remarkable that, despite their severe cohesion defect, eco1Δ wpl1Δ and smc3-K112R,K113Q strains are viable because a cohesin-independent mechanism enables bipolar attachment and segregation. This alternative mechanism is insufficient for smc3-K113Q strain viability. Smc3-K113Q is defective for condensation, whereas eco1Δ wpl1Δ and smc3-K112R,K113Q strains are competent for condensation. We suggest that Smc3p acetylation and Wpl1p antagonistically regulate cohesin's essential role in condensation.
Novel Fucosylated Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Changes in glycosylation, most notably fucosylation, have been associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this report, the levels of fucosylated kininogen (Fc-Kin) and fucosylated α-1-antitrypsin were analyzed individually and in combination with the currently used marker, α-fetoprotein, and a previously identified biomarker, Golgi protein 73 (GP73), for the ability to distinguish between a diagnosis of cirrhosis and HCC. This analysis was done on serum from 113 patients with cirrhosis and 164 serum samples from patients with cirrhosis plus HCC. The levels of Fc-Kin and fucosylated α-1-antitrypsin were significantly higher in patients with HCC compared with those with cirrhosis ( P < 0.0001). Greatest performance was achieved through the combination of Fc-Kin, α-fetoprotein, and GP73, giving an optimal sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 70%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.94. In conclusion, the altered glycosylation of serum glycoproteins can act as potential biomarkers of primary HCC when used independently or in combination with other markers of HCC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1914–21)
Do as I Say, Not as I Did How Parents Talk With Early Adolescents About Sex

Communication between parents and teens about sexuality can reduce early sexual behavior. However, little research investigates how parents who were adolescents when they had children (early parents) talk with their teens about sex. In-depth interviews were conducted with a racially/ethnically diverse sample of 29 parents of seventh graders. Salient themes of conversations with adolescents were risks of early parenthood, sexually transmitted infections, delaying sex, and using protection. Compared with parents who were older when they had children (later parents), early parents were more likely to report having had negative sexuality communications with their families of origin and to express a wish to communicate differently with their own children. Early parents were more likely than later parents to discuss risks of early parenthood and to rely on extended family involvement in sexuality communication. Findings suggest that early parents may bring unique perspectives that enable them to approach sexual...
Regional Cotton Acreage Response

~ment programs. T~~ ~~~~~~m ~Two general approaches to estimating supTo analyze the potential effects of changes ply response in the presence of farm programs in market structure, technology, or govern- can be taken. The first involves grouping ment programs, agricultural economists must years in which similar programs were in effect have reliable, up-to-date estimates of the sup- and performing separate regression analyses ply and demand elasticities for agricultural on each group. Morzuch, Weaver, and products. Estimating supply response in agri- Helmberger followed this approach in modelculture requires recognition of government ing planted acreage response for wheat and farm programs which affect producers' deci- found that acreage did not respond positively sions. Methods for incorporating government to own-price in years with allotments and farm policy variables in agricultural supply quotas. The advantage of this approach is that response models have therefore received con- disaggregation of the time series allows siderable attention in previous research (e.g., changes in the farm programs to be reflected Houck and Subotnik; Houck and Ryan; Houck in the structural parameters. The major disadet al.; Ryan and Abel).
Recent developments for treating non‐muffin‐tin potentials and charge densities in band structure and cluster calculations

An increasing interest in both more adequate one-electron model Hamiltonians and more precise calculations of eigenvalues and total energies for clusters and solids has led to renewed efforts to devise efficient computational schemes capable of treating general potentials with high accuracy. In this communication, a linear variational method for generalizing the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) method to treat general one-electron potentials and charge densities is briefly reviewed and compared with several other recent approaches to this problem.
Worst-case analysis and optimization of VLSI circuit performances

In this paper, we present a new approach for realistic worst-case analysis of VLSI circuit performances and a novel methodology for circuit performance optimization. Circuit performance measures are modeled as response surfaces of the designable and uncontrollable (noise) parameters. Worst-case analysis proceeds by first computing the worst-case circuit performance value and then determining the worst-case noise parameter values by solving a nonlinear programming problem. A new circuit optimization technique is developed to find an optimal design point at which all of the circuit specifications are met under worst-case conditions. This worst-case design optimization method is formulated as a constrained multicriteria optimization. The methodologies described in this paper are applied to several VLSI circuits to demonstrate their accuracy and efficiency. >
Academic and Locus of Control Enhancement in a Freshman Study Skills and College Adjustment Course

From a previous regression analysis, 70 of 250 freshmen were identified as showing academic risk and enrolled in a study skills and college adjustment course. These students obtained higher grades ...
Location of the instantaneous center of rotation for shoulder motion

Information regarding the instantaneous center of rotation for shoulder motion is important for the design of continuous passive motion (CPM) machines for the shoulders. In this study, we attempted to determine the locations of the instantaneous center of rotation for shoulder motion of the arm. Fourteen healthy adult subjects (age 18 to 30 years) participated in this study, five were females and the rest were males, The instantaneous center of rotation was computed for two different shoulder motions: (1) abduction motion in the sagittal plane and, (2) abduction motion in the coronal plane. The motion of the arm was monitored by a magnetic device (Polhemus). Our results showed that the location of the instantaneous center was much more proximal than the glenohumoral joint. It was located between 11 and 16 cm from the C/sub 7/ vertebra for the abduction in the coronal plane and this distance varied from 9 to 13 cm for the motion in sagittal plane.
Cohort and Period Effects in U.S. Migration: How Demographic and Economic Cycles Influence the Migration Schedule

This paper examines the influence of demographic and economic cycles on the migration propensities given in the migration age schedule. It is well known that while the shape or profile of the migration-age relationship has enduring regularity over time and space, its level (or intensity) shows considerable volatility. Recent studies suggest that variations in generation size and economic conditions may systematically influence the levels of the migration schedule. These studies show that large cohorts have notably lower migration rates than small cohorts, mainly because they face more competitive labor markets upon entry into young adulthood. Similarly, migration rates, especially of young adults, have been found to decline during recessionary periods and increase during economic booms. Building on these studies, I examine the influence of generation size on the migration intensities seen in a cohort (longitudinal) migration schedule and that of economic conditions on the intensities of a period (cross-sectional) migration schedule. I further specify a model that incorporates both cohort and period effects in order to understand their relative importance in shaping the migration schedule. Empirical analyses based on Current Population Survey data for the 1949–1993 period reveal that the level of the migration schedule is sensitive to demographic and economic cycles, with the effect of generation size being relatively more influential. The findings call for a more explicit incorporation of cohort and period effects in analyses of migration patterns.
Renal epithelial and stromal tumor: a new term to encompass the spectrum of cystic nephroma and mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney

Abstract Cystic nephroma (CN) and mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney (MEST) are rare benign cystic renal neoplasms, which have been the subject of considerable recent controversy. Within the past 2 years several studies have emphasized the overlapping clinical, morphologic and immunohistochemical features between these tumors, including their predominance in middle-aged to older women, a variably cystic architecture with flat to hobnail cells lining the cystic spaces and presence of ovarian-type stroma with occasional inhibin-positive luteinized cells. Thus, we have proposed the unifying term of ‘renal epithelial and stromal tumor' (REST) to convey the idea that CN and MEST most likely represent ends of the spectrum of the same entity.
Generalizing Impact of Object Language to other Audiences: Peer Response to Office Design:

Research on the impact of office design has relied on samples of students. To evaluate the external generalizability of previous findings, the relationships among three design elements (desk placem...
Zooplankton Development Rates

Burgis (1970, 1971) has studied the development time for eggs of Thermocyclops hyalinus from Lake George, Uganda, in considerable detail. Since pilot experiments on the development of eggs from Lanao indicated very little difference between the Lake Lanao and Lake George populations in this respect, no comprehensive experiments were necessary. Six independent laboratory determinations based on the observation of groups of three ovigerous females in graduate cylinders indicated a mean development time of 47.7 h at 23°C for the Lanao population. Given the mean development rate reported by Burgis (1970) and the linearity of the time reciprocal with temperature over the range 20–30°C, the Lake George population would be expected to show a development time of 44.6 h under similar conditions, and the generalized relationship given by Schindler (1972) would predict a development time of 51.5 h. These estimates are in sufficiently close agreement that the differences could easily be due to experimental techniques. The temperature-development rate relation of Burgis is therefore adopted here.
In Search of China's Energy Authority

It was over a quarter century ago that Deng Xiaoping first proclaimed energy to be "the priority issue in the economy." It still is - and more so now that energy is the driving force in China's foreign, defense and economic policies. It affects China's relations with the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia; it shapes the type of military China needs to safeguard its precious lifelines; and it dominates the all-important race to provide more and better jobs for a shifting, restive population. This is why it is all the more puzzling that China's domestic energy program exists in such a perpetual state of disarray. In contrast to the well-publicized nature of China's recent international energy gaffes - most notably China National Petroleum Corp.'s (CNPC) failure to acquire the North Caspian Sea Project in Kazakhstan in 2003, Russia's tabling of the Angarsk-Daqing oil pipeline plan in 2004, and Cnooc's fumbled attempt to acquire U.S. oil giant Unocal in 2005 - the shortcomings of China's domestic energy industry still receive relatively little international scrutiny. This may soon change, however, as China's growing energy needs become more acute and its international energy companies continue their rapid global expansion. What observers might find when they take a closer look is that many of the core problems China now faces stem from the dysfunctional structure of the Chinese energy industry itself.
CMP activates reversal of phosphatidylinositol synthase and base exchange by distinct mechanisms in rat pituitary GH3 cells.

Abstract CMP is known to activate phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)/inositol (Ins) base exchange and has been reported to activate reversal of PtdIns synthase also. Because it is possible that PtdIns synthase acting in the reverse direction, followed by re-incorporation of ambient Ins, could be responsible for base-exchange activity, we characterized these processes in rat pituitary GH3 cells. In permeabilized GH3 cells prelabelled with [3H]Ins and incubated in buffer with LiCl but without added Ins, CMP stimulated rapid accumulation of [3H]Ins and decreases in [3H]PtdIns; the Km for CMP was 1.7 mM. CDP and CTP were less effective, whereas 2'-CMP, 3'-CMP, other nucleoside monophosphates and cytidine did not influence this process. In permeabilized cells prelabelled to isotopic equilibrium with [3H]Ins and [32P]Pi, CMP stimulated decreases in both the 32P and 3H labelling of PtdIns, but did not increase that of [32P]phosphatidic acid. These findings demonstrate that in the absence of added Ins the effect of CMP is not via activation of base exchange nor via a phospholipase D, but by reversal of PtdIns synthase. In permeabilized cells prelabelled with [3H]Ins and [32P]Pi, unlabelled Ins inhibited loss of 32P labelling of PtdIns caused by CMP while markedly stimulating loss of 3H labelling of PtdIns and release of [3H]Ins. These data demonstrate that Ins inhibits reversal of PtdIns synthase, but stimulates base exchange. We conclude that in GH3 cells reversal of PtdIns synthase and PtdIns/Ins base exchange are both stimulated by CMP, but are distinct processes.
Coherent system reliability using a PCA based multi-response optimization

A functional package of components in a system can be represented as a module [1]. For a modular coherent binary system (MCBS), a robust design of experiment is proposed in this paper. Optimization of system reliability in a design phase could be attained by simultaneous optimization of organizational patterns of modules and module reliabilities. On the other hand, among all the methods for multi-response optimization, the weighted principal component analysis (WPCA)-based approach has shown high efficiency, since it encompasses all the possible correlations between response variables without increasing the computational complexity. By applying WPCA, the original responses (cause-specific reliabilities) are transformed to a set of uncorrelated principal components (PCs) and a multi-response performance index (MPI) is obtained to maximize the system reliability. However, eigenvectors obtained from WPCA are not unique. To solve this problem, the proposed indexing method will determine a unique optimal solution for MCS reliability optimization.