cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The coupling of geometric descriptions and finite elements using NURBs: a study in shape optimization

Abstract This paper presents a geometry based approach for coupling CAD with finite element methods. Non uniform rational B-splines (NURBs), known from computer aided geometric design, are used to describe the shape of a structure. NURB curves and surfaces and Gordon surfaces defined by NURB curves are introduced for design description. These geometries are used directly for the mapping of finite elements and for parameterization for the optimization of the structural shape. The cross-sectional torsion problem is employed to demonstrate the proposed mapping techniques for finite elements. Solid and thin walled cross-sectional shapes are treated differently. Hierarchical shape functions will be used for the approximation of the warping function to solve the torsion problem. The proposed mapping techniques are applied to shape optimization. A sensitivity analysis using NURB defined geometries is developed. Two optimization solutions are given to complete the presentation.
High-MgO lavas from the Keweenawan midcontinent rift near Mamainse Point, Ontario

Detailed study of the basal 500 m of the Keweenawan Mamainse Point volcanics in Ontario, Canada, has revealed that the section is dominated by basaltic to picritic lavas with up to 23 wt% MgO. Two stratigraphic suites with distinct chemical characteristics are separated by four flows of high-TiO 2 ferrobasalt containing large and abundant plagioclase spherulites. The focus of this study is on the lower suite that contains the most MgO-rich compositions and that generally has lower TiO 2 content. Although most of the flows are olivine-phyric, the olivine phenocrysts are skeletal, suggesting in situ crystallization from magmas with high normative-olivine content. Furthermore, the compositional variation of the lavas does not fall along an olivine-only control line. Taken together, the data indicate that the compositional variation of the lavas represents fractionation of high-MgO liquids rather than accumulation of olivine in basaltic liquids. Most of the fractionation apparently involved crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, and Cr-spinel, but later fractionation involved olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase. The occurrence of picritic lavas low in the overall volcanic section is similar to relations in other flood-basalt provinces, and should eventually yield important tectonic and magmatic constraints for the development of the Keweenawan midcontinent rift of North America.
Reactions of nucleophiles with perfluoro[2.2]paracyclophane.

The aromatic rings of perfluoro[2.2]paracyclophane are extremely reactive with respect to nucleophilic substitution reactions. This paper emphasizes products of monosubstitution by hydroxide, alkox...
Magnetic frequency multipliers and their rating: Part II ¿ Frequency sextuplers

THERE ARE a growing number of applications in which a source of power at a higher frequency than the standard 60 or 400 cps (cycles per second) is either necessary or desirable. Rotating machines, electronic generators, and magnetic frequency multipliers are some of the devices which may be employed to obtain such a power supply. Magnetic frequency multipliers have certain inherent advantages which are leading to an expansion of their use. In this respect they are quite similar to magnetic amplifiers. Both devices consist of rugged, static components which have a high degree of reliability with a long life and which require little or no maintenance. They are available for use immediately after power is applied. They can be designed to meet the requirements of military specifications for operation under vibration, high shock, and extremes in ambient temperature. The major undesirable features of magnetic frequency multipliers are the low-input power factor and the relatively large size of the equipment. With the development of better core materials and circuits, a considerable improvement in these features has recently been achieved. Power at frequencies of two, three, four, five, or six times the input frequency may be generated with reasonable efficiency.
ePR for data grid breast imaging: design and specifications

The utilization of breast MRI is increasing in the diagnostic evaluation of suspicious breast findings. As more imaging centers implement dedicated breast MR, the need for managing data on a large scale, nationally and even some times internationally, has become more apparent. Our design proposal is to utilize the data grid for managing the storage of the medical images and an ePR that provides the interface to manage the health data of Breast Cancer Patients. In this paper, we present the data grid for DICOM images and DICOM-SR data and the image-intensive web-based ePR system technologies utilizing the simulation of a three-site dedicated breast MR outpatient centers as the clinical application. The implementation of the two technologies the ePR system together with the Breast Imaging Data Grid (BIDG) can provide a global solution that is portable for the Breast Cancer patient including aggregation of Mammo, US, MR, CAD, BI-RADS, and clinical related reports data to form a powerful platform for data mining and outcomes research.
Precipitation and mowing effects on highway rights-of-way vegetation height and safety

Managing highway rights-of-way (HROW) for safety depends upon the annual precipitation received and vegetation mowing practices. This study was conducted along a precipitation gradient in Texas, USA, to evaluate how precipitation and mowing treatments influence vegetation heights. The experiment was initiated in spring 1999 and completed in autumn 2002. Each site had ten treatments with four replications and consisted of forty 15 m × 6 m subplots. Commercial highway mowing equipment was used to mow the subplots at 5-, 10-, or 20-cm heights with an annual mowing frequency of one, two, or three times per year and a non-mowed control. A vegetation height of >30 cm is generally considered a safety hazard. Control subplot vegetation heights increased along the annual precipitation gradient. Most of the subplot vegetation heights at the more arid Andrews site (35 cm precipitation year−1) were 35 cm precipitation year−1, mowing three or less times per year, regardless of mowing height, makes it unfeasible to maintain the vegetation heights of <30 cm needed to maintain the HROW visual safety criterion.
Treatment of equine oocytes with A23187 after intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Summary In vitro matured horse oocytes with a first polar body (n = 68) were each injected with a single spermatozoon and divided into 2 groups: Group 1 oocytes were treated with 10 μM calcium ionophore A23187 for 5 min while Group 2 oocytes received no activation treatment. After culture in vitro for 2 days, significantly more oocytes treated with A23187 (5/24, 21%) cleaved than oocytes without activation treatment (2/44, 5%, P < 0.05). All 7 cleaved zygotes from both treatment groups were transferred to recipient mares but no pregnancies resulted.
Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Aging

Aging is associated with significant changes in renal structure and function. Ability of many normal subjects to maintain stable renal function over long periods of time, however, suggests that decline in renal function with age observed in cross-sectional studies is related to the superimposition of disease, often undetected, rather than to any unrelenting involutional process common to aging individuals.
Purification and characterization of two soluble cytochromes from the alkalophile Bacillus firmus RAB.

Abstract A soluble cytochrome c and soluble cytochrome b were purified from the alkalophilic Bacillus firmus RAB. The cytochrome c, with an alpha band at 552 nm, had an apparent molecular weight of 16500 and was acidic, with a pI of 3.4. At both pH 7.0 and 8.3, the midpoint potential of c-552 was +66 mV. Above pH 8.3, the cytochrome exhibited a pH-dependent decrease in midpoint potential. This property, among others, distinguished the cytochrome c-552 from other membrane-associated c-type cytochromes. The soluble cytochrome b, with an alpha band maximum at 558 nm, had a molecular weight of approx. 15 500 and was also an acidic protein, with a pI of 3.07. It exhibited a pH-independent midpoint potential of +28 mV.
Why Do Men Benefit More from Marriage Than Do Women? Thinking More Broadly About Interpersonal Processes That Occur Within and Outside of Marriage

In this commentary we return to the original question of Wanic and Kulik’s paper, “Why do men benefit more from marriage than do women?” We suggest that trying to understand why women suffer more than men in marriage (from conflict or for any other reason) will not, by itself, answer the question. The answers are certainly multifaceted and complex, and there is little reason to pit one possible answer against another. We highlight that when examining gender differences in health in marriage it is important to (a) consider the helpful processes in combination with hurtful ones, b) take a broad view on this question including many types of social processes, and c) consider processes that occur outside of marriage as well as those that occur inside of marriage.
Decreasing utilization of hysterectomy: a population-based study in Olmsted county, Minnesota, 1965-2002

Hysterectomy ranks second only to cesarean section as the most common surgical procedure performed in reproductive age women in the US. In 2000, 633,000 hysterectomies were performed in this country.1 Indeed, by age of 60 years, approximately one third of women in the US have had a hysterectomy.2,3 The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS)4 and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project5,6 have tracked nationwide trends in the utilization of hysterectomy for many years. The former (ie, NHDS) is conducted in a sample of nonfederal short stay hospitals, most recently updated for 2001, while the latter is conducted in a 20% stratified sample of community hospitals. These surveys suggest that the overall rate of hysterectomy in this country declined slightly from 7.1 hysterectomies per 1000 women in 1980 to 6.6 per 1000 in 1987. Between 1988 and 1993, this rate decreased further to 5.5 per 1000 women annually2 and plateaued thereafter (ie, between 1994 and 1998).4 While useful, these figures have incompletely characterized temporal trends in the utilization, types, and indications for hysterectomy. An accurate appraisal of the current incidence of hysterectomy is important to plan future healthcare needs, particularly since several factors might be anticipated to reduce the utilization of hysterectomy. These factors include an increasing adoption of medical treatments (eg, hormonal therapy for endometriosis and other menstrual disorders) and minimally invasive procedures (eg, endoscopic and laser therapy) for management of gynecologic disorders that previously were treated with surgical intervention,7-9 the need for previous authorization for surgical procedures, peer review, and quality assurance,10-13 and a trend among women in the US to childbearing,14 with a resultant desire preserve fertility. An understanding of the temporal trends in hysterectomy is also necessary to understand temporal trends in the incidence of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. To explore these issues, we examined secular trends in the utilization rates, types, and indications for hysterectomy as a single procedure as well as hysterectomy combined with pelvic floor repair among Olmsted County, Minnesota, women from Jan 1, 1965 to Dec 31, 2002, taking advantage of the population-based data resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project.
Interference Control in Preschoolers: Factors Influencing Performance on the Day-Night Task.

Two experiments investigated preschoolers' interference control in variants of the day–night task. The day–night task involves instructing children across 16 trials to say the word ‘day’ when viewing a card depicting a nighttime sky and to say ‘night’ when shown a picture of the daytime sky. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate whether the depiction on each card distracts children because it is semantically associated with the instructed response or because the depicted item cues the alternative (incorrect) response within the response set. The results in the first study (N=23, M=52.65 months) and second study (N=54, M=50.81 months) indicate that a close semantic relation between the picture and the target response does not pose substantial interference for preschoolers. In contrast, the pictured item poses a significant challenge for preschoolers when it depicts the interfering alternative in the response set. Theoretical implications of these results for the development of interference control are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal patterns of vocal mimicry in northern mockingbirds Mimus polyglottos

Many aspects of birdsong vary seasonally, but we know almost nothing about seasonal variation in vocal mimicry, a conspicuous feature of the songs of 15–20% of bird species. I sampled spontaneous song from nine, free-living, male northern mockingbirds Mimus polyglottos four times during the calendar year – three times during the breeding season, and once during the non-breeding season. Results showed that mockingbirds did not mimic summer migrants significantly more during any sampling period. Results also showed significant differences across sampling periods in the frequency, but not diversity, of mimicry. Frequency of mimicry was highest in late spring (61.3%) and lowest during the non-breeding season (48.3%), suggesting mimicry might play a role in reproductive stimulation of multiple-brooded females. Because mockingbirds mimicked summer migrants throughout the year, regardless of whether migrants were present, mimicry is unlikely to facilitate interspecies communication. Seasonal patterns also suggest that females might be attracted to a high frequency of mimicry, but not to a high diversity of mimicry. I argue that observational studies of seasonal variation in additional mimics could provide key insights into the functional role of vocal mimicry.
Reply to: 464_2009_331: Re: A simplified laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: the scroll technique (2008: 22(11) 2527―2531)

We thank Hussain et al. for their interest in our article, ‘‘A simplified laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: the scroll technique’’ [1]. Regarding our case of mesh infection, this patient has a history of skin graft to cover exposed bowel. He developed an incisional hernia that was repaired laparoscopically with ePTFE mesh. Postoperatively, the patient developed necrosis of the skin graft with mesh exposure. Long course of antibiotic and wound care failed to salvage the mesh. We and others agree that in the vast majority of cases removal of exposed (infected) mesh is necessary, particularly if the prosthesis contains a component of ePTFE [2]. The patient underwent mesh removal and wound care and delayed repair of the hernia with biological mesh. We looked at port site hernia during the follow-up period; however, we did not have any case incisional hernia at 12-mm trocar site. This is attributed to the fact that the open Hasson is a muscle splitting and we routinely close all 10-mm and larger port sites. It is our observation that the incidence of palpable seroma is high with PTFE mesh. This may be attributed to the poor tissue ingrowths of the ePTFE to the abdominal wall. Susmallian et al. found that the incidence of seroma after laparoscopic repair of hernia with PTFE patch was 100% on ultrasonic studies [3]. In an effort to diminish the seroma formation, we and others place an abdominal binder, for 1 month, while the patient is still on the operating table. This seems to decrease both the size and duration of the seromas that are clinically significant by as much as 50% [4]. Hussain et al. have described the introduction of the mesh through a trocar, which is placed in the center of the hernia defect itself [5]. Although this technique simplifies the procedure, it also creates some concerns. The proximity of the trocar incision to the mesh may facilitate extension of this trocar site infection to the mesh. In addition, the proximity of the hernia sac (the site of seroma formation) and the central port may facilitate leak of seroma fluid through the central port incision.
Glutamate Receptor Homologs in Plants: Functions and Evolutionary Origins

The plant glutamate receptors (GLRs) are homologs of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) which were discovered more than 10 years ago, and are hypothesized to be potential amino acid sensors in plants. Although initial progress on this gene family has been hampered by gene redundancy and technical issues such as gene toxicity; genetic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches are starting to uncover the functions of this protein family. In parallel, there has been tremendous progress in elucidating the structure of animal glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which in turn will help understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant GLR functions. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the plant GLRs. Emerging evidence implicates plant GLRs in various biological processes in and beyond N sensing, and implies that there is some overlap in the signaling mechanisms of amino acids between plants and animals. Phylogenteic analysis using glutamate receptors from metazoans, plants and bacteria showed that the plant GLRs are no more closely related to metazoan iGluRs as they are to bacterial glutamate receptors, indicating the separation of plant, eukaryotic, and bacterial GLRs might have happened as early on as the last universal common ancestor. Structural similarities and differences with animal iGluRs, and the implication thereof, are also discussed.
The effect of post-infectional potato tuber metabolites and surfactants on zoospores of oomycetes

Abstract The effects of post-infectional potato tuber metabolites (rishitin, phytuberin, anhydro-β-rotunol, solavetivone) and surfactants (Deciquam, Manoxol, Triton X-100) on zoospores of Phytophthora spp., Pythium middletonii and Saprolegnia spp. were studied. Treatment of motile zoospores of the Phytophthora spp. with all compounds resulted in loss of motility, disruption of the cytoplasm and bursting of the plasmalemma, whereas with the other fungi, although loss of motility and some granulation of the cytoplasm occurred, no lysis was observed. The viability of treated zoospores of P. middletonii and the Saprolegnia spp. varied according to the treatment. The difference in sensitivity of zoospores of the various species is considered to be due to the time of development of the zoospore wall in relation to loss of motility.
Activated αvβ3 Integrin Targeting in Injury-Induced Vascular Remodeling

There is currently no imaging modality to track the remodeling process, a common feature of a broad spectrum of vasculopathies, in vivo. α v β 3 Integrin is up-regulated in proliferating vascular cells. RP748, a novel peptidomimetic tracer, binds specifically to the activated α v β 3 conformer and exhibits favorable binding characteristics for in vivo imaging. In a model of injury-induced vascular remodeling in apoE null mice, RP748 localization to the injured carotid arteries parallels vascular cell proliferation, providing an opportunity to image the remodeling process in vivo.
Primary Lymphoma of Bone Presenting as Spindle Cell Neoplasm of the Vertebral Body: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Spindle cell variant of lymphoma is a very rare but known disease entity that can mimic a sarcoma. Diagnosis can be even more challenging if the only site of the disease is in the bone. We report a case of primary lymphoma of bone with spindle cell morphology which was successfully treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
Cu2+-catalyzed peptide bond formation in the reaction of 5-deoxypyridoxal and α-phenyl-α-aminomalonic acid

Abstract The reaction of 5-deoxypyridoxal with α-phenyl-α-aminomalonic acid in the presence of excess Cu 2+ ions is shown to lead to the formation of N -5-deoxypyridoxoyl-α-phenylglycine, III , as the only 5-deoxypyridoxal-derived product. This reaction occurs anaerobically under very mild conditions of temperature and pH and involves the oxidative formation of a peptide bond. It represents a hitherto undescribed reaction type for vitamin B 6 and its analogs; a mechanism for the reaction is proposed.
High dose preoperative irradiation for cancer of the rectum, 1976-1988.

Abstract Two hundred twenty patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum have been treated in a program using high dose (>4000 cGy) preoperative irradiation followed by radical surgical resection. The patients were staged on the basis of pretreatment clinical mobility of the cancers. Seventy-four patients had mobile cancers, 49 had partial fixation (tethered), 85 patients had total tumor fixation, and 12 patients had a frozen pelvis (unresectable). Patients were treated with high energy photons using a four field box technique with total doses ranging from 4000 to 6000 cGy. The overall incidence of local recurrence was 15% (32220). Patients with fixed and unresectable tumors had a higher incidence of local recurrence, 20% (21/97) as compared with patients with mobile and partially fixed tumors, 10% (13123). Local recurrence by pathological stage of disease was 6% for patients with Stages O, A, B1 versus 20% for patients with Stages B2 and C cancer. Overall 5-year survival of the total group was 67%. The 5-year survival by clinical stages of disease was 87% for mobile tumors, 74% for partially fixed tumors, 70% for fixed tumors, and 22% for the unresectable group. The 5-year survival by pathological stages of disease was 90% for those with Stage O, A, B1 and 71, 75, and 47%, respectively, for Stages B2, Cl, and C2 disease.
Utility of intraoperative diagnostic C-arm angiography for management of high grade subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract The accurate and efficient localization of underlying vascular lesions is crucial for prompt and definitive treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). To demonstrate the utility and feasibility of intraoperative C-arm angiography in cerebrovascular emergencies, we report five cases of high grade SAH and/or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) where intraoperative diagnostic C-arm angiography was safely and effectively utilized. Initial evaluations of all patients included a non-contrast head CT scan, which was followed by urgent decompressive hemicraniectomy as a life-saving measure in the presence of markedly elevated intracranial pressure. Further diagnostic evaluations were performed intraoperatively using a multi-purpose C-arm angiography system. The C-arm angiography findings greatly aided the intraoperative planning and led to definitive treatments in four cases of SAH by elucidating the underlying neurovascular lesions. With this treatment strategy, two of the patients made moderately good recoveries from their SAH and/or ICH with a Glasgow outcome score (GOS) of 4. Three of the patients expired despite maximal therapy mostly due to unfavorable presenting grade. These results suggest that C-arm angiography is a reasonable diagnostic and surgical planning tool for selected patients with high grade diffuse SAH who require immediate decompression.
Integrating population and genetic monitoring to understand changes in the abundance of a threatened seabird

Abstract Population monitoring programs for threatened species are rarely designed to disentangle the effects of movements from changes in birth and death rates on estimated trends in abundance. Here, we illustrate how population and genetic monitoring can be integrated to understand the cause of large changes in the abundance of a threatened species of seabird, the Marbled Murrelet ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ). Specifically, we used genetic data to test whether a large apparent population decline and subsequent recovery in central California was due to a population collapse followed by dispersal from larger populations to the north (the “rescue hypothesis”), or whether it was due to local changes in distribution where resident individuals dispersed from and then returned to surveyed areas (the “distribution hypothesis”). An alternative explanation, that rapid population recovery was the result of positive local population growth, was not supported by demographic data. The post-recovery population was more similar genetically to the pre-decline population than it was to northern populations. In addition, both pre-decline and post-recovery populations had a similar proportion and number of individuals of migrant ancestry, as determined with genetic assignment tests. Thus, pre-decline and post-recovery samples appear to come from the same population and our results support the distribution hypothesis. By conducting concurrent genetic and population monitoring, we were able to understand observed changes in the abundance in a threatened species, which would not have been possible by only monitoring abundance.
Fluorine-doped fibers by the outside vapor deposition process

Fluorine-doped depressed-index claddings have been widely used in the inside vapor deposition process. This paper reports on fluorine-doped fibers made by the outside vapor deposition (OVD) process. The advanced segmented-core (Segcor) fiber design reported earlier,1 which produces large spot sizes and propagation constants along with low total dispersion between 1.3 and 1.6 μm, requires off-axis index depressions. Until recently, the formidable problems associated with fluorine doping in flame hydrolysis reactions have excluded such complex designs. Through process modifications, fluorine-doped silica core and claddings have now been incorporated into OVD produced fibers.
Anticipating Risk for Human Subjects Participating in Clinical Research: Application of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a method applied in various industries to anticipate and mitigate risk. This methodology can be more systematically applied to the protection of human subjects in research. The purpose of FMEA is simple: prevent problems before they occur. By applying FMEA process analysis to the elements of a specific research protocol, the failure severity, occurrence, and detection rates can be estimated for calculation of a “risk priority number" (RPN). Methods can then be identified to reduce the RPN to levels where the risk/benefit ratio favors human subject benefit, to a greater magnitude than existed in the pre-analysis risk profile. At the very least, the approach provides a checklist of issues that can be individualized for specific research protocols or human subject populations.
Imaging of brain tumors in AIDS patients by means of dual-isotope thallium-201 and technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission tomography

Our aim was to evaluate the use of dual-isotope thallium-201 (Tl) and technetium-99m sestamibi (sestamibi) simultaneous acquisition in brain single-photon emission tomography (SPET) for the differentiation between brain lymphoma and benign central nervous system (CNS) lesions in AIDS patients. Thirty-six consecutive patients with enhancing mass lesions on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were included in the study. SPET of the brain was performed to obtain simultaneous Tl and sestamibi images. Regions-of-interest were drawn around the lesion and on the contralateral side to calculate uptake ratios. The final diagnosis was reached by pathologic findings in 17 patients and clinical and/or MR follow-up in 19 patients. Of the 36 patients, 11 had brain lymphoma, 1 glioblastoma multiforme, 15 toxoplasmosis and 9 other benign CNS lesions. Correlation between SPET and the final diagnosis revealed in 10 true-positive, 23 true-negative, 1 false-positive and 2 false-negative studies. All patients with toxoplasmosis had negative scans. A patient with a purulent infection had positive scans. Tl and sestamibi scans were concordant in every lesion. The same lesions that took up Tl were also visualized with sestamibi. However, sestamibi scans showed higher lesion-to-normal tissue uptake ratios (3.7 +/- 1.8) compared with those of Tl (2.3 +/- 0.8, P < 0.002). Simultaneous acquisition of Tl and sestamibi can help differentiate CNS lymphoma from benign brain lesions in AIDS patients.
Analysis of counter-pumped small-signal fibre Raman amplifiers

Analytic expressions for the small-signal optical gain and noise figure of a counter-pumped fibre Raman amplifier are presented for unequal signal and pump loss coefficients. The author also presents analytic approximations for the gain limitations imposed by double Rayleigh scattering.
Dense water off continents

Remarques sur l'art de Lennon et al. paru ibid. p 695-697. L'article traitait des courants de gravite issus d'un estuaire inverse dans le golfe Spencer en Australie. Ici, on avance que les considerations peuvent aisement etre appliquees a la formation d'une eau de fond (par exemple dans l'Antarctique)
Detecting and forecasting domestic political crises: a graph-based approach

Forecasting a domestic political crisis (DPC) in a country of interest is a very useful tool for social scientists and policy makers. A wealth of event data is now available for historical as well as prospective analysis. Using the publicly available GDELT dataset, we illustrate the use of frequent subgraph mining to identify signatures preceding DPCs, and the predictive utility of these signatures through both qualitative and quantitative results.
Cardiovascular changes in response to selective monoamine oxidase inhibition in the rat

Chronic (21 days) treatment with the selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A inhibitor clorgyline, but not with the MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl in pithed rats leads to increased blood pressure responses to sympathetic stimulation and intravenous tyramine, and to elevated unstimulated heart rates. No significant changes are observed in plasma catecholamine responses to sympathetic stimulation, nor in β-adrenoreceptor numbers in heart ventricles. These findings suggest that the hypotensive effects of MAO inhibitors result from central nervous system rather than peripheral nervous system alterations.
Zero-energy scattering and bound states in the /sup 4/He trimer and tetramer

Using the HFDHE2 He-He potential of Aziz et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4330 (1979)) with the Faddeev-Yakubovsky theory, we have calculated the /sup 4/He atom-triatom scattering length and found it to be -116 A. We reduced the s-wave two-body t matrix to a separable form through the unitary-pole approximation and did the same for the s-wave (3+1) and (2+2) subamplitudes with the energy-dependent-pole approximation in our work. Also, the binding energies of all the states in the trimer and tetramer, and the atom-diatom scattering length, already determined in our previous work with other potentials, were recalculated for the new interaction. We found an excited trimer bound state, apparently not an Efimov state, near the atom-diatom threshold and an atom-diatom scattering length of 195 A. A feature of our results was the absence of an excited state in the tetramer, but in its place, was a resonancelike state which led to the large atom-triatom scattering length.
Dynamics of Triton's atmosphere

The recent Voyager encounter established certain facts about Triton's atmosphere: the surface pressure is in the range 1.5 – 1.9 Pa (15–19 μbar); the surface temperature is 38 ± 3K (ref. 2); molecular nitrogen is the dominant atmospheric constituent; hazes and clouds are visible not only on the limb but also against the surface; the wind in the southern hemisphere is to the northeast at low altitudes (as shown by streaks on the surface) and to the west at high altitudes (as shown by geyser-like plume tails). Triton rotates with a period of 5.877 days in a right-hand sense about the south pole, where the season now is late spring4. Here we argue that these features can be explained if Triton, like Mars, has a global, well-structured atmosphere in equilibrium with surface frosts. The subliming frost cap produces a polar anticyclone at low altitudes, with northeastward winds of ~5 m s^(−1) within the Ekman boundary layer. The temperature contrast between the cold frost-covered pole and the warm unfrosted equator produces westward winds at high altitudes.
Method to measure the polymerization shrinkage of light-cured composites

The polymerization shrinkage of light-cured dental composite resins has been reported to cause a marginal gap between the cavity wall and the restoration, leading to the premature and/or tensile stress failure of the composite restoration. This study measured the volumetric shrinkage of six light-cured posterior composites by measuring specific gravity differences between uncured and cured composite test specimens, using a modified version of ASTM method D792 "Specific Gravity and Density of Plastics by Displacement." The measured volumetric shrinkage ranged from 1.35% to 3.22%.
Race/ethnicity and location of stroke mortality: implications for population-based studies.

Background and Purpose—Stroke community surveillance projects often focus on hospital data rates. We hypothesized that not including strokes which occurred in nursing homes or at home would differentially affect race/ethnic stroke rates. Methods—Texas vital statistics data were studied to compare age-specific (45 to 59, 60 to 74, and ≥75 years) location of stroke death for African Americans (AAs), Hispanic Americans (HAs), and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). Rate ratios are reported with 95% CIs; NHW is used as the referent group. Results—During 1991 to 1996, there were 52 996 stroke deaths in Texas for individuals aged 45 years and older. HAs in the oldest age group (≥75 years) were 33% more likely than NHWs to die in the hospital, and HAs aged 45 to 59 and 60 to 74 years were 4% and 10%, respectively, more likely to die in the hospital. AAs aged ≥75 years were 19% more likely to die in the hospital. HAs aged 60 to 74 years were 35% less likely to die in a nursing home, whereas HAs aged ≥75 years were 43% le...
Modern Emergent Stroke Imaging: Pearls, Protocols, and Pitfalls

Stroke remains one of the most important clinical diagnoses for which patients are referred to the radiologist for emergent imaging. Timely and accurate imaging guides admission from the emergency department or transfer to a hospital with a dedicated stroke service, triage to the intensive care unit, anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and many other forms of treatment and management. It is important to approach each patient's imaging needs logically and tailor each work-up, and constantly to review the entire process for potential improvements. Time saved in getting an accurate diagnosis of stroke may indeed decrease morbidity and mortality. This article discusses the current management of stroke imaging and reviews the relevant literature.
Efficient implementation of globally-aware network flow control

Network flow control mechanisms that are aware of global conditions potentially can achieve higher performance than flow control mechanisms that are only locally aware. Owing to high implementation overhead, globally-aware flow control mechanisms in their purest form are seldom adopted in practice, leading to less efficient simplified implementations. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of a globally-aware flow control mechanism, called Critical Bubble Scheme, for k-ary n-cube networks. This scheme achieves near-optimal performance with the same minimal buffer requirements of globally-aware flow control and can be further generalized to implement the general class of buffer occupancy-based network flow control. We prove deadlock freedom of the proposed scheme and exploit its use in handling protocol-induced deadlocks in on-chip environments. We evaluate the proposed scheme using both synthetic traffic and real application loads. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the buffer access component of packet latency by as much as 62% over locally-aware flow control, and improve average packet latency by 18.8% and overall execution time by 7.2% in full system simulation.
Polymeric conjugates of mono- and bi-cyclic αvβ3 binding peptides for tumor targeting

Abstract The αVβ3 integrin plays important roles in tumor-induced angiogenesis and tumor metastasis and hence, many small molecule αVβ3 ligands have been developed for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Although these show good αVβ3 targeting, most have suboptimal pharmacokinetics and show rapid tumor washout. We studied the biodistribution and tumor targeting properties of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer based conjugates of mono-(RGDfK) and doubly cyclized (RGD4C) αVβ3 binding peptides. Endothelial cell adhesion studies showed similar affinity of HPMA-RGD4C and HPMA-RGDfK conjugate for αVβ3 integrins. Scintigraphic images of tumor bearing mice demonstrated that both conjugates showed tumor localization at 24 h post-injection and were retained at the tumor site until 192 h, whereas the efficient background clearance was observed over time. Necropsy organ counts showed that tumor accumulation of both HPMA-RGD4C and HPMA-RGDfK conjugates increased over time with peak accumulations at 4.9 ± 0.9% and 5.0 ± 1.2% ID/g, respectively. In contrast the background organ distribution rapidly cleared over time resulting in significant increases of tumor-to-background ratios. The radioactive dose as indicated by the area under curve (HPMA-RGD4C: 4825.3 μCi/g h and HPMA-RGDfK: 4424.9 μCi/g h) was highest for the tumor. The polymer conjugates of RGD4C or RGDfK provide a means to enhance tumor uptake, decrease background accumulation, and enable selective delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agents to tumor sites.
Photometric bibliographies (bibliography of the Strömgren four-color and H Beta systems, 1950–1976)

Abstract A bibliography of 775 papers concerning Stromgren four-color photometry and H Beta photometry is presented, covering the years 1950 – 1976. The papers are separated into the subject headings listed in Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts and listed in order of abstract number
Hipponicus‘ Trapeza: humour in Andocides 1.130–1

Andocides is generally not considered one of the best orators. To point up his flawed style, scholars have discussed a notoriously vindictive and humorous section in Andocides 1: in 124ff. Andocides describes the profligate lifestyle of his prosecutor, Callias III the Ceryx, the son of Hipponicus II and dadouchos of the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Secondhand smoke avoidance by preteens living with smokers: To leave or stay?

Abstract Introduction Secondhand smoke (SHS) is hazardous to children's health. Designing interventions to reduce exposure requires understanding children's behavior in the presence of smokers, yet little is known about this behavior. Purpose To determine whether children's avoidance of SHS is associated with lower exposure and to explore predictors of avoidance based on a behavioral ecological model. Method Preteens aged 8–13 (N = 358) living with a smoker identified their primary source of SHS exposure, and reported whether they left (avoided exposure) or stayed the last time they were exposed to that person's smoke. The SHS avoidance measure was validated by examining associations with SHS exposure. Multiple Logistic Regression was used to determine predictors of SHS avoidance. Results Based on urine cotinine and reported exposure, preteens who left the presence of SHS had lower exposure than those who stayed. Preteens were more likely to leave SHS if they were less physically mature, had not tried smoking, had a firm commitment not to smoke, did not assist family smoking, had family/friends who discouraged breathing SHS, or had friends who disliked smoking. Discussion Most SHS exposure reduction interventions have targeted changes in smokers' behavior. Reductions can also be achieved by changing exposed nonsmokers' behavior, such as avoiding the exposure. Future studies should measure young people's SHS avoidance and test interventions to increase their avoidance practices.
Shopping orientations of US males: A generational cohort comparison

Abstract Male shoppers are recognized as an important and distinctive market segment. While initial steps to categorize and classify male shoppers have been taken, the majority of existing empirical research considers male shoppers as a single, homogeneous market segment. Recognizing that our understanding of male shoppers can be improved by identifying smaller, more homogeneous sub-segments, this exploratory study uses Generational Cohort Theory (GCT) as a framework to examine the shopping orientations of US men across four different generational cohorts: the Silent generation, the Baby Boomers, the 13th Generation, and the Millennials. The findings of this study support the use of GCT as a market segmentation tool for male shoppers and provide insight to help retailers understand how men in the four cohort groups approach shopping. Specifically, the findings suggest that male shoppers in the Millennial generation exhibit significantly higher levels of shopping enjoyment, recreational shopping tendency and market mavenism than males in the other generational cohorts.
Alcohol usage and abrupt cessation modulate diurnal activity

Alcohol has many effects throughout the body. The effect on circadian rhythms and the correlation of these effects to withdrawal effects of alcohol present interesting findings. By measuring 3 planes of activity of female Sprague-Dawley rats during alcohol usage and continuing study through the first 2 days following withdrawal of alcohol allow for the observation of a drastic modulation of the circadian pattern of activity.
Common morality and moral reform.

The idea of moral reform requires that morality be more than a description of what people do value, for there has to be some measure against which to assess progress. Otherwise, any change is not reform, but simply difference. Therefore, I discuss moral reform in relation to two prescriptive approaches to common morality, which I distinguish as the foundational and the pragmatic. A foundational approach to common morality (e.g., Bernard Gert’s) suggests that there is no reform of morality, but of beliefs, values, customs, and practices so as to conform with an unchanging, foundational morality. If, however, there were revision in its foundation (e.g., in rationality), then reform in morality itself would be possible. On a pragmatic view, on the other hand, common morality is relative to human flourishing, and its justification consists in its effectiveness in promoting flourishing. Morality is dependent on what in fact does promote human flourishing and therefore, could be reformed. However, a pragmatic approach, which appears more open to the possibility of moral reform, would need a more robust account of norms by which reform is measured.
Dye-sensitized solar cells employing a highly conductive and mechanically robust nanocomposite gel electrolyte

Abstract Solvent evaporation rate, ionic conductivity, and photovoltaic response were used to compare a traditional organic liquid electrolyte to a gel electrolyte and a nanocomposite gel electrolyte consisting of poly(vinylidenefluoride- co -hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) and 12.5 wt.% synthetic layered silicate particles. The addition of layered silicate nanoparticles to the pure gel electrolyte markedly increased solvent retention and improved mechanical strength. The nanocomposite gel electrolyte had a conductivity of 2.6 × 10 −3 S/cm and a power conversion efficiency matching that of the liquid electrolyte.
Studies on the muscarinic and antimuscarinic activity of benzyltrimethylammonium bromide (btm)

Superfusion of an isolated segment of guinea pig ileum with BTM effectively blocks the contractions induced by histamine, potassium chloride, acetylcholine, and BTM itself for a period of 60–90 min. Spontaneous contractions are also eliminated during this period. Incorporation of atropine in the superfusate removes the blocking activity of BTM, while hexamethonium has no effect on BTM blockade under similar experimental conditions. Perfusion of isolated gut loops of dogs by BTM causes blockade of contractions induced by histamine and acetylcholine. Epinephrine responses were unaffected. However, BTM caused a reduction in the perfusion pressure response to acetylcholine and histamine while the epinephrine response was increased. The pressor response of epinephrine and the depressor response of acetylcholine were significantly reduced in both the systemic and perfused limb blood pressures of the dog following i.m. administration of 1 mg./kg. of BTM.
Notes and Comments Trait-State Anxiety and Motor Behavior

(1971). Notes and Comments Trait-State Anxiety and Motor Behavior. Journal of Motor Behavior: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 265-279.
HIV risk reduction interventions for persons with severe mental illness

Abstract Recent seroprevalence studies have shown alarming rates of HIV infection among severely mentally ill men and women in large urban areas, and HIV behavioral epidemiology research indicates that a substantial proportion of seriously mentally ill adults engage in activities that increase their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. In this paper, the research literature on HIV prevention interventions is reviewed including reports that have described HIV prevention programs, studies that have used uncontrolled pre- and postintervention methods to evaluate risk reduction interventions, and those that have used rigorous randomized designs and examined risk behavior change. Collectively, these studies show that intensive, small-group interventions that target a variety of risk-delated dimensions — including knowledge, attitudes, and motivations, and behavioral and cognitive skills — can produce at least short-term reductions in high-risk sexual behavior among the severely mentally ill. A number of gaps in the research literature are identified including the need to: 1. (a) better tailor interventions to risk situations encountered by the mentally ill; 2. (b) develop gender-tailored interventions; 3. (c) examine and implement HIV prevention programs so they help persons sustain behavior change; 4. (d) explore one-on-one counseling and community-level intervention methods; 5. (e) develop risk reduction interventions for already-seropositive individuals. Implications for service provision are discussed.
Mobile Image Ratiometry for the Detection of Botrytis cinerea (Gray Mold)

Mobile Platform Informatics (MPI) and Smartphone Informatics (SPI) methods like Mobile Image Ratiometry (MIR) are potentially transformative point-of-use instantaneous analysis tools that are useful across a variety of industries. In agriculture, MIR-compatible immuno test strips allow early detection of a number of biotic stressors before devastating crop losses occur. Here we describe a low-cost and easy-to-use Smartphone and/or tablet-based protocol (Mobile Assay Inc., www.mobileassay.com) for the detection and on-sight instantaneous analysis of B. cinerea, a fungus that causes significant damage to a variety of plants and flowers. Early detection and tracking of the B. cinerea fungus before the visible gray mold appears has the potential to increase agricultural productivity especially in the developing world.
A wavelet method for detection of gravitational wave bursts

We describe a coherent network algorithm for detection and reconstruction of gravitational wave bursts. The algorithm works for two and more arbitrarily aligned detectors and can be used for both all-sky and triggered burst searches. We describe the main components of the algorithm, including the time-frequency analysis in a wavelet domain, construction of the likelihood time-frequency maps, and identification and selection of burst events.