cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Government-Sponsored Enterprise Secondary Market Decisions: Effects on Racial Disparities in Home Mortgage Loan Rejection Rates

This article describes the results of a study into possible racial discrimination on the part of government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) — specifically Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac — that buy home mortgage loans on the secondary market. The article begins by laying out the problem: Racial minorities are much more likely than members of the majority population to be denied loans, and loan originators point to pressure from the secondary market as the cause. The role of the secondary market in the lending industry and other research into its effects on discrimination is reviewed. The article then outlines the residual difference approach used in this study to measure racial discrimination. This includes estimating loan rejection equations to compute the measure of discrimination both with and without taking into account the GSE effects. (The equations and their derivations appear in an appendix.) The results for five minority groups (Blacks, Asians, Hispanics, American Indians, and others) are described. The study results indicate that a broad generalization of lender discrimination cannot be explained by GSE discrimination.
Zirconium Tetrakis(dodecyl sulfate)

[948316-67-4] C48H104O16S4Zr (MW 1152.7) InChI = 1S/4C12H26O4S.Zr/c4*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-16-17(13,14)15;/h4*2-12H2,1H3,(H,13,14,15);/q;;;;+4/p-4 InChIKey = XEEAKAAJLSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-J (water-soluble Lewis acid suitable for many condensation reactions under aqueous conditions) Alternate Names: zirconium dodecyl sulfate; Zr(DS)4. Physical Data: mp 168 °C. Preparative method: zirconium tetrakis(dodecyl sulfate) can be prepared according to the literature procedure by reacting zirconium nitrate with sodium dodecyl sulfate.1
Development, gender, and crime: The scope of the routine activities approach

In the past 15 years, the routine activities approach has gained considerable popularity in explaining crime rates. Its explanations are offered, however, without considering the approach's theoretical scope. Recent research suggests that the explanatory power of the perspective might differ across level of economic development and men's and women's arrest rates. To address the issue of theoretical applicability, separate regression equations are estimated for the scope conditions of development and gender, using cross-national time-series analyses. The findings suggest that the explanatory power differs when the scope conditions of development and gender are applied. The routine activities approach appears to explain minor theft arrest rates most accurately for men in developed nations. In less developed nations, none of the four routine activities indicators showed a relationship with men's theft arrest rates. Two indicators, motivation and guardianship, evidenced a relationship with women's minor theft...
An evaluation of the GCA respirable dust monitor 101-1.

The GCA RDM 101-1 has been evaluated using aerosols of coal, Arizona road dust, silica, potash, and rock (copper ore) particles. The effects of the dust mass concentration, particle size distribution, and dust material on the instrument response were investigated. The instrument was found to measure the mass concentrations of respirable dust aerosols up to about 16 mg/m3 for coal and rock dust and about 20 mg/m3 for silica, potash, and Arizona road dust, providing there is not appreciable mass in the size range below approximately 0.7 µm aerodynamic diameter.
An Enzymatic Preparation of UDP (U-13C) Glucose

Uniformly labeled uridine diphosphoglucose (UDP(U-13C)G) was prepared by a two-step enzymatic synthesis. (U-13C) G-6-P was prepared quantitatively by incubating (U-13C) glucose, ATP, MgS04, and hexokinase. UDP(U-13C) Glucose was prepared by incubation of (U-13C)G-6-P with UDPG pyrophosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, UTP, and glucose-1, 6-diphosphate in pH 7.5, 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer. After purification over Biogel P-2 and subsequent preparative HPLC, UDP (U-13C)G was obtained in 50% yield. UDP(U-13C)G was characterized by 13C NMR and FAB-MS.
A method for acquiring strategic knowledge

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A METHOD FOR ACQUIRING STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE FROM EX- PERTS. STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE IS USED BY AN AGENT TO DECIDE WHAT ACTION TO PERFORM NEXT, WHERE ACTIONS EFFECT BOTH THE AGENT''S BELIEFS AND THE STATE OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD. IT UNDERLIES EXPERTISE IN MANY TASKS, YET IT IS DIFFICULT TO ACQUIRE FROM EXPERTS AND IS GENERALLY TREATED AS AN IMPLE- MENTATION PROBLEM. TO ACQUIRE STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE, WE HAVE DESIGNED AN OPERATIONAL REPRESENTATION OF STRATEGY, DEVISED A TECHNIQUE FOR ELICITING IT FROM EXPERTS, AND BUILT AN ASSISTANT THAT MANAGES A LEARNING DIALOG WITH THE EXPERT. THE ASSISTANT GENERALIZES STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE WITH SYNTACTIC INDUCTION OPERATORS, GUIDED BY FEEDBACK FROM THE EXPERT. WE CONCLUDE WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES OF POWER AND LIMITATIONS OF THE APPROACH, AND ITS RELATION TO OTHER RESEARCH IN KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION.
A VERTICALLY DIFFERENTIATED DUOPOLY WITH MARGINAL COST DIFFERENTIALS

A vertically differentiated duopoly model analyzes the impact of marginal cost differentials on price and quality. Firms play a two-stage game, first simultaneously choosing quality and then simult...
Southeast Asia's Middle East: Shifting Geographies of Islam and Trade across the Indian Ocean

It has been for some time now a truism of sorts that the Middle East is a wider locale than the arid landscapes traditionally identified by the moniker. The notional geographies that scholars have worked with for decades are no longer so set and bound. A number of high- profile thinkers have helped put into motion this paradigm shift, asking how and in which ways histories of the Middle East might be nudged in different directions. Tagliacozzo’s article travels in these same furrows, arguing that Southeast Asia—a place seldom envisioned as part of the Middle East—is also a part of the latter’s story. Although no one is arguing that the monsoon coasts of Southeast Asia are per se part of the Middle East, they are a component part of the history of this region of the world. Tagliacozzo shows how this embrace across the Indian Ocean came about, primarily though the lenses of commerce and religion, through trade and Islam. He examines this evolution, as human beings and the products they carried started to connect these two places across the breadth of the Indian Ocean world. He also looks at how imperial energies unleashed in a later time period (primarily the nineteenth century) brought these two world arenas closer to one another in certain identifiable manners. Finally, Tagliacozzo reflects on what adding Southeast Asia into the story of Islam and the Middle East ultimately means, and what we as an intellectual community might gain from this project.
Multi-tiered treatment of pressure sores in two cynomologous macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Successful treatment of one Grade IlI and two Grade IV pressure sores on two female Macaca fascicularis, subsequent to a T11 hemilaminectomy and left spinal cord hemisection, was achieved through a combined strategy of wound care, diet, and husbandry. Wound care consisted of early and thorough debridement of all necrotic tissue, initial twice daily cleaning with an iodine scrub and application of a multi-ingredient ointment. Tissue hydrolyzer, a drying agent, vitamin E, ground selenium, and topical antibiotics were applied to the wound during the respective 45- and 46-day courses of treatment. Oral antibiotics were administered; vitamins C and E, and selenium were increased in the diet. No infection occurred and both animals recovered fully to complete the study. Importantly, pressure sores in subsequent study animals were prevented by post-operative padding of the perch with towel-covered foam and placement of a wheelchair cushion on the floor of the cage.
Effects of lithium treatment in vitro and in vivo on acetylcholine metabolism in rat brain.

— The effects of LiCl on cholinergic function in rat brain in vitro and in vivo have been investigated. The high affinity transport of choline and the synthesis of acetylcholine in synaptosomes were reduced when part (25-75%) of the NaCl in the buffer was replaced with LiCl or sucrose. This appeared to be due to lack of Na+ rather than to Li+, as addition of LiCl to normal buffer had little effect. Following an injection of LiCl (10mmol/kg, i.p.) into rats the concentration of a pulsed dose of [2H4]choline (20 μmol/kg, i.v., 1 min) and its conversion to [2H4]acetylcholine, and the concentrations of [2H2]acetylcholine and [2H0]choline were measured in the striatum, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. The [2H4]choline and [2H4]acetylcholine were initially (15 min after LiCl) reduced (to −30% in the cortex) and later (24 h after LiCl) increased (to + 50% in the striatum). There was a corresponding initial increase (to +50% in the cerebellum) and later decrease (to −30% in the hippocampus) of the endogenous acetylcholine and choline. These results indicate an initial decrease and later increase in the utilization of acetylcholine after acute treatment with LiCl. Following 10 days of treatment with LiCl there was an increased rate of synthesis of [2H4]acetylcholine from pulsed [2H4]choline in the striatum, hippocampus and cortex (P < 0.05). The high affinity transport of [2H4]choline and its conversion to [2H4]acetylcholine was activated (131% of control; P < 0.01) in synaptosomes isolated from brains of 10-day treated rats. Investigation of synaptosomes isolated from striatum, hippocampus and cortex revealed that only striatal [2H4]acetylcholine synthesis was significantly stimulated. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the apparent KT for choline was decreased by 30% in striatal synaptosomes isolated from rats treated for 10 days with LiCl. Striatal synaptosomes from 10-day treated rats compared to striatal synaptosomes from untreated rats also released acetylcholine at a stimulated rate in a medium containing 35 mM-KCl. These results indicate that LiCl treatment stimulates cholinergic activity in certain brain regions and this may play a significant role in the therapeutic effect of LiCl in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Gene expression from the ORF50/K8 region of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.

The ORF50 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus, or human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV), activates viral replication and is weakly homologous to the herpesvirus family of R transactivators; therefore, the transcription and translation events from this region of KSHV are key events in viral reactivation. We demonstrate that ORF50 is expressed in a bicistronic message after induction of the viral lytic cycle. ORF50 migrated as a series of polypeptides: the major ones as 119 and 101 kDa, respectively. Using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RT-PCR, and cDNA library screening, we demonstrate that the major ORF50 transcript also encodes K8. The ORF50/K8 transcript was resistant to cyclohexamide, whereas the K8 transcript was only partially resistant to cyclohexamide at early timepoints. Both transcripts showed partial resistance after 12 h of phorbol ester induction. Using a GAL4-ORF50 fusion protein expression vector, we demonstrate that the transactivation domain of ORF50 resides within a 160-amino-acid region of the carboxyl portion of the ORF. Upstream regions of both ORF50 and K8 have basal promoter activity in KSHV-infected cells. K8, which had sequence homology to Bzip proteins, did not activate either promoter. However, both promoters were activated after cotransfection of ORF50 in BCBL-1 cells.
Prolate spheroidal wave functions on a disc—Integration and approximation of two-dimensional bandlimited functions

We consider the problem of integrating and approximating 2D bandlimited functions restricted to a disc by using 2D prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWFs). We derive a numerical scheme for the evaluation of the 2D PSWFs on a disc, which is the basis for the numerical implementation of the presented quadrature and approximation schemes. Next, we derive a quadrature formula for bandlimited functions restricted to a disc and give a bound on the integration error. We apply this quadrature to derive an approximation scheme for such functions. We prove a bound on the approximation error and present numerical results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the quadrature and approximation schemes.
Calq programming via a web-interface on heterogenous devices

This paper reports on the Calq system and demonstrates how it can be used to create and run programs on heterogenous devices. Calq is available as a web-page, where a user enters a program, presses a button to run it, then sees the results. Program execution happens on the client computer. In this paper, a set of programs are loaded individually into Calq system and run. The runs take place on a variety of devices, including a cell phone, tablets, and a laptop. The conclusion is that these programs can be entered and run on any device, if the user has enough patience.
Regulation of gene expression directed by the long terminal repeat of the feline immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract The long terminal repeat (LTR) of a retrovirus contains sequence elements that constitute a promoter for controlling viral gene expression in infected cells. We have examined regulation of LTR-directed gene expression in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a T-lymphocytopathic lentivirus associated with a fatal AIDS-like disease in domestic cats. Two independent virus isolates, designated FIV-Petaluma and FIV-PPR, have been molecularly cloned and show greater than 85% sequence homology. Both clones (termed pF34 and pPPR) produce infectious virus after transfection of permissive feline cells. Basal promoter activity of the LTRs was measured in various cell lines in transient expression assays using plasmids containing the viral LTR linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Both LTRs were strong promoters in several cell lines, although in some cell lines the pF34 LTR had four- to fivefold higher basal activity than the pPPR LTR. FIV LTR mutations affecting the first AP4 site, AP1 site, ATF site, or NF-κB site resulted in decreased basal activity of the FIV promoter. Mutational analysis also revealed a negative regulatory element. In cotransfection experiments, both pF34 proviral DNA and pPPR proviral DNA appeared to transactivate either the pF34 LTR or the pPPR LTR; however, levels of transactivation were very low. Cotransfection of both LTRs with FIV subgenomic clones containing various viral open reading frames resulted in low level or no transactivation. The LTRs of both FIV clones responded to cell activation signals in human T-lymphoid cells (Jurkat) treated with phytohemagglutinin and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Promoter function of both FIV LTRs was also enhanced in cells treated with either forskolin, an inducer of intracellular cyclic-AMP (c-AMP), or dibutyryl c-AMP. Analysis of site-specific mutants showed that a potential AP1 site in the U3 domain of the LTR was required for T-cell activation responses mediated by protein kinase C, whereas a putative ATF site was the target for c-AMP-induced responses mediated by protein kinase A. These studies revealed that cellular transcription factors play a significant role in regulation of FIV gene expression.
Simultaneous stent expansion/balloon deflation technique to salvage failed balloon remodeling

Herniation, with possible embolization, of coils into the parent vessel following aneurysm coiling remains a frequent challenge. For this reason, balloon or stent assisted embolization remains an important technique. Despite the use of balloon remodeling, there are occasions where, on deflation of the balloon, some coils, or even the entire coil mass, may migrate. We report the successful use of a simultaneous adjacent stent deployment bailout technique in order to salvage coil prolapse during balloon remodeling in three patients. Case No 1 was a wide neck left internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysm, measuring 9 mm×7.9 mm×6 mm with a 5 mm neck. Case No 2 was a complex left superior hypophyseal artery aneurysm, measuring 5.3 mm×4 mm×5 mm with a 2.9 mm neck. Case No 3 was a ruptured right posterior communicating artery aneurysm, measuring 4 mm×4 mm×4.5 mm with a 4 mm neck. This technique successfully returned the prolapsed coil mass into the aneurysm sac in all cases without procedural complications. The closed cell design of the Enterprise VRD (Codman and Shurtleff Inc, Raynham, Massachusetts, USA) makes it ideal for this bailout technique, by allowing the use of an 0.021 inch delivery catheter (necessary for simultaneous access) and by avoiding the possibility of an open cell strut getting caught on the deflated balloon. We hope this technique will prove useful to readers who may find themselves in a similar predicament.
Inviscid to turbulent transition of trailing vortices

The characteristics of the plateau region in the vortex system which trails from a lifting wing are discussed. The decay of the vortex due to viscous or turbulent shear is very slow in the plateau so that the maximum tangential speed in the vortices remains nearly constant for some distance downstream of roll-up and then begins to decrease, becoming inversely proportional to the square root of the distance downstream. Mathematical models are developed to analyze the structure of the plateau area. Solutions are obtained for both constant and variable eddy viscosity models.
An intermediate language to define dynamic semantics

Abstract An instruction set is given for an abstract machine which uses a pushdown stack as its principal memory. The proposed instructions serve the similar purposes of (1) defining the dynamic semantics of programming languages by describing the operations of programs on the abstract machine and (2) describing an intermediate language to be used in compiling programming languages into machine language. It is shown how the intermediate language can be used in the translation of the programming languages ADA, FORTRAN and PASCAL into IBM 360 assembly language and advantages over other intermediate languages such as three-address code and P-code.
Random packings of graphs

Abstract A graph G is said to be packable by the graph F if its edges can be partitioned into copies of F . It is called randomly packable if what remains after deletion of the edges of a proper subgraph that is F -packable is also F -packable. We establish some results on graphs that are randomly packable by matchings, paths, complete graphs, and others.
Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Minor Salivary Gland Carcinomas of the Head and Neck: Long-term Outcomes

SN/NC 43% OP 11% other 5% Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Minor Salivary Glands Carcinomas of the Head and Neck: Long Term Outcomes Youssef H. Zeidan, M.D., Ph.D.1, David B. Shultz, M.D., Ph.D.1, James D. Murphy, M.D.2, Yi An B.S.6, Cato Chan B.S.1, Michael J. Kaplan, M.D.3, A. Dimitrios Colevas, M.D.4, Christina Kong, M.D.5, Daniel T. Chang, M.D.1, and Quynh-Thu Le, M.D1. 1Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 4Medicine, Division of Oncology, 5Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine and 2Department of Radiation Oncology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Generic Identity and Intertextuality

In his paper, "Generic Identity and Intertextuality," Marko Juvan proposes that an antiessentialist drive -a characteristic of recent genology -has led postmodern scholars to the conviction that genre is but a system of differences and that its matrix cannot be deduced from a particular set of apparently similar texts. Juvan argues that the concept of intertextuality may prove advantageous to explain genre identity in a different way: genres exist and function as far as they are embedded in social practices that frame intertextual and meta-textual links/references to prototypical texts or textual series. In Juvan's view, genres are cognitive and pragmatic devices for intertextual pattern-matching and texts or textual sets become generic prototypes by virtue of intertextual and meta-textual interaction: on one side there is the working (influence) of semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features of prototypical texts on their domestic and foreign literary offspring; on the other side we see meta-textual descriptions and intertextual derivations or references, which establish or revise retroactively the hard core of genre pattern. Any given text is, because of the generic and pragmatic component of the author's communicative competence, dependent on existing genre patterns. Marko Juvan, "Generic Identity and Intertextuality" page 2 of 11 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.1 (2005):
Charge symmetry and electromagnetic corrections to Σ ± → Λ e ν ± decays

Electromagnetic corrections to ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}e^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decays are investigated with a view to the detection of a possible nonelectromagnetic charge asymmetry. A single renormalization of the Fermi constant renders both rates finite. The electromagnetic asymmetry is due mostly to electromagnetic $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ isospin mixing, and may be as much as 10%. The remaining electromagnetic asymmetry depends on the hypercharge densities of the hyperons, and approximate bounds on it are estimated.
Costs and goals of the multiproduct firm

A profit-maximizing multiproduct firm's optimum production and pricing decision rules are different if the firm's fixed resources are fully employed than if they are underutilized. If they are fully employed, the opportunity cost of using a fixed input affects the firm's pricing decisions. The way for a multiproduct firm to maximize profit is to lose money on a product if large volume and low price of that product increases sales or reduces cost for other products sufficiently. Decision rules are different for a revenue-maximizing firm than for a profit-maximizing one.
The Community College Governing Board: Its Involvement with Accreditation and Academic Program Review.

This study surveyed chairs of community college governing boards in an effort to assess their knowledge of and involvement with regional and discipline specific accreditation processes. The results of the study indicated that, on the whole, board chairs believed that accreditation activities are important to the academic quality of their institutions, and only a small percentage viewed accreditation activities as too costly. The preponderance of board chairs indicated that their entire boards were aware of and participated in accreditation activities. However, only a small percentage of the respondents indicated board members receive formal orientation in ways to use accreditation processes to enhance the management of their institutions. While not conclusive, the study data strongly suggest that involvement with accreditation activities strengthens board members’ abilities to participate in the shaping of the future of their institutions. Findings from this study may have significance for community colle...
Light and Stomatal Function: Blue Light Stimulates Swelling of Guard Cell Protoplasts

Onion guard cell protoplasts swell when illuminated with blue light. The response is a 35 to 60 percent increase in volume and is dependent on potassium ion. Epidermal cell protoplasts do not swell under the same conditions. It is postulated that a membrane-bound blue photoreceptor mediates a direct response of guard cells to light.
Vagus nerve stimulation and the ketogenic diet

Antiepileptic drugs are the primary form of treatment for patients with epilepsy. In the United States, hundreds of thousands of people do not achieve seizure control, or have significant side effects, or both. Only a minority of patients with intractable epilepsy are candidates for traditional epilepsy surgery. Vagus nerve stimulation is now the second most common treatment for epilepsy in the United States. Additionally, the ketogenic diet has established itself as a valid treatment. This article discusses the history, mechanism of action, patient selection, efficacy, initiation, complications, and advantages of vagus nerve stimulation and the ketogenic diet.
Optical properties and atomic structure of cleaved silicon and germanium (111) surfaces

Abstract The theoretical and experimental results on the cleaved surfaces of silicon and germanium (111) are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the optical properties of these structures, and how the determination of the optical properties has led to structural information. These and other results show strong support for a structural model involving π-bonded chains of atoms along the surface.
Influence of Tributyltin on in Vitro Activation of Oyster Toadfish Macrophages

Abstract The effects of tributyltin (TBT), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and calcium ionophore (A23187) on the chemiluminescent response of peritoneal macrophages from oyster toadfish Opsanus tau were evaluated in vitro. The PMA-stimulated chemiluminescent response was increased by exposure to 50 μgTBT/L but was depressed to baseline values by 500 μg/L. With A23187-stimulated chemiluminescence, the response was increased by exposure to 5 and 50 μgTBT/L and was depressed by 500 μg/L. The chemiluminescent response stimulated by synergistic doses of PMA and A23187 was increased by exposure to 50 μgTBT/L but was depressed by 500 μg/L. Chemiluminescence, enhanced by PMA and A23187 after TBT exposure, returned to baseline values after extracellular calcium was removed. In the absence of PMA or A23187 stimulation, 50 μgTBT/L stimulated a significant chemiluminescent response that also was inhibited by chelation of extracellular calcium. Uptake of calcium-45 was greatly increased in the presence of 50 μgTBT/L ...
Evidence for Learning to Learn Behavior in Normal Form Games

Evidence presented in Salmon (2001; Econometrica 69(6) 1597) indicates that typical tests to identify learning behavior in experiments involving normal form games possess little power to reject incorrect models. This paper begins by presenting results from an experiment designed to gather alternative data to overcome this problem. The results from these experiments indicate support for a learning-to-learn or rule learning hypothesis in which subjects change their decision rule over time. These results are then used to construct an adaptive learning model which is intended to mimic more accurately the behavior observed. The final section of the paper presents results from a simple simulation based analysis comparing the performance of this adaptive learning model with that of several standard decision rules in reproducing the choice patterns observed in the experiment.
Resolution of α-aminoboronic esters by diastereoselective crystallization with pinanediols. Confirmation by X-ray analysis

Abstract A resolution method for α-aminoboronic esters 4a,b using chiral pinanediol is described.
Microphase Separation of Block Copolymer Rings

Phase segregation properties of ring block copolymers are discussed using the theory of Leibler, ignoring the topological constraints specific to ring polymers. It is found that the ordering properties of ring diblocks are similar to those of linear copolymers with a reduced chemical length N. For a melt of symmetric diblock rings, there is microphase separation for a demixing interaction larger than (χN) * = 17.8; this is about 1.7 times that required for segregation of linear diblocks with the same structure. The wavelength of the ordering mode is about 0.67 of that for the equivalent linear diblock melt
Black liberation radio: A case study of free radio micro‐broadcasting

This case study examines the development of Mbanna Kantako's free radio micro‐broadcasting movement as a policy vehicle for promoting greater minority ownership of and expression within broadcast media. For over 7 years, Kantako, who is visually impaired, has resisted attempts by state and federal authorities to stop his low‐power broadcasts to residents of Springfield, Illinois. Kantakos desire to test the constitutional limits of FCC broadcast ownership and licensing policies leads in this article to an examination of current FCC policies affecting minority ownership of radio. Although progress can be demonstrated, the proportion of minority owners relative to their distribution throughout society remains low. Free radio micro‐broadcasting and other alternatives to the FCC's current policies are briefly examined. As participants in a social movement, Kantako and his followers appear poised for the next stage of their movement's evolution.
Importance of a 5′ Stem-Loop for Longevity of papA mRNA in Escherichia coli

High-level expression of the major pilus subunit (PapA) of uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli results in part from the unusually long lifetime of the mRNA that encodes this protein. Here we report that the longevity of papA mRNA derives in large measure from the protection afforded by its 5′ untranslated region. This papA RNA segment can prolong the lifetime of an otherwise short-lived mRNA to which it is fused. In vivo alkylation studies indicate that, in its natural milieu, the papA message begins with a stem-loop structure. This stem-loop is important for the stabilizing effect of the papA 5′ untranslated region, as evidenced by the significant acceleration in papA mRNA decay that results from its removal.
Short‐period AlN/GaN p‐type superlattices: hole transport use in p‐n junctions

Hole transport properties of short-period Mg-doped AlN/GaN superlattices are compared with bulk Mg-doped GaN layers. Due to polarization-induced reduction in acceptor ionization energy, the superlattice structures are observed to result in a nearly temperatureindependent in-plane p-type conductivity as opposed to a 100-fold decrease in bulk p-type GaN as temperature drops from 300 K to 100 K. Moreover, significant vertical p-type conductivity is facilitated by the ultrathin AlN barriers due to possible hole tunneling & miniband formation: p-n junctions are demonstrated by replacing the p-type GaN layer by a superlattice. The results indicate the feasibility of enhancement of both vertical and lateral p-type conductivity in bipolar transistors and deep-UV optical devices. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Circulatory factors in relation to idiopathic respiratory distress (hyaline membrane disease) in the newborn

A N Y T H I N O o n e s a y s about hyaline m e m b r a n e disease in these times of so much research activity must be taken as tentative. Certainly anything one writes must be so tentative as to be best left unprinted, for the ideas on which it is based (if not too old to be without current interest) are usually so new as to be merely medical gossip or, if beyond that stage, may well be already in the hands of some other editor. Even among the facts, some selection is necessary if any coherent story is to emerge. We seem to have almost too much rather than too little information about this subject of "idiopathic respiratory distress" or hyaline membrane formation in newborn babies. The difficulty is fitting the information neatly together. I have, therefore, chosen to focus mainly on circulation and circu-
Interannual and interdecadal variation in California Current zooplankton: Calanus in the late 1950s and early 1990s

Samples from the southern California sector of the California Current System were examined to test for interannual changes in winter–spring abundance of the planktonic copepod, Calanus pacificus, coincident with the 1992–93 and 1958–59 El Ninos, each evaluated relative to immediately preceding years, and for interdecadal change (the early 1990s relative to the late 1950s). Calanus was anomalously rare in both of the El Nino periods, as was macrozooplankton, but (unlike macrozooplanktonic biomass) was not rarer in the early 1990s than in the late 1950s. The El Nino anomalies in Calanus’s abundance and macrozooplanktonic biomass were not spatially correlated on the mesoscale, implying that different proximate ecological causes may dominate at this scale.
Cereal-based oral rehydration therapy. II. Strategic issues for its implementation in national diarrheal disease control programs.

Field studies in Bangladesh demonstrated that after proper training, village mothers were able to prepare and use rice-based, salt-enriched oral rehydration solutions containing safe concentrations of sodium, and were capable of achieving significantly fewer treatment failures and a reduction in the duration of diarrhea than with glucose-based oral rehydration solutions (ORS). An additional longitudinal study showed that improved growth and weight gain occurred with the consistent use of ORS; the effect was greater when rice-based ORS were used. In addition, the following possible limitations and benefits of cereal-based oral rehydration therapy, which are relevant to the strategies for its implementation in national diarrheal disease control programs, are discussed: safety, osmolarity, hypernatremia, spoiling, effectivness, rehydration ability, reduction in diarrhea volume and duration, nutritional effects, effect on food intake, acceptance and usage by care givers, training of health workers, self-reliance of families, effect on other child survival activities, costs, potential problems in changing to cereal-based ORS, and the role of industrial production in packaged cereal-based ORS.
Length-dependent activation and sensitivity in arterial ring segments.

This study examines the effect of length on the dose-response (D-R) relationship and the effect of agonist concentration on the length-tension (L-T) relationship in vascular smooth muscle. The experiments used 2-mm rings from isolated segments of the dog anterior tibial artery. In D-R experiments the length (internal ring circumference) for maximum active force (Lmax) was determined first. D-R relationships were obtained from cumulative responses to increasing concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) or potassium (K+). L-T relationships were obtained from individual responses to a specific concentration of agonist as the ring was stretched in increments of L0 (the initial length for resting force). Dimensions of the arterial rings were measured with a video caliper. For NE and K+ stimulations at lengths equal to and less than Lmax: (a) The concentration for half maximal response (ED50) was lowest (most sensitive) at Lmax and increased significantly as length decreased from Lmax; (b) When the direction of length change was reversed, the direction of change in ED50 was reversed; and (c) The ED50 of repeated dose-response experiments at Lmax was not significantly different. For NE: (a) the ED50 decreased significantly when length was increased from Lmax; and (b) the ED50 increased significantly when length was decreased to Lmax. The results of L-T experiments show Lmax is significantly longer for a low concentration of NE (10−6 M) than for a high concentration (10−5 M). With force normalized to the maximum force, the L-T curve is significantly lower, and the initial length for an active response was 80% longer for 10−6 M than for 10−5 M NE. It may be concluded that vascular smooth muscle has a length-dependent dose-response relationship and a concentration-dependent length-tension relationship.
Levodopa Activates Apoptosis Signaling Kinase 1 (ASK1) and Promotes Apoptosis in a Neuronal Model: Implications for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

Oxidative stress is implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD is treated with chronic administration of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa, L-DOPA), and typically, increasing doses are used during progression of the disease. Paradoxically, L-DOPA is a pro-oxidant and induces cell death in cellular models of PD through disruption of sulfhydryl homeostasis involving loss of the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase functions of the glutaredoxin (Grx1) and thioredoxin (Trx1) enzyme systems [Sabens, E. A., Distler, A. M., and Mieyal, J. J. (2010) Biochemistry 49 (12), 2715-2724]. Considering this loss of both Grx1 and Trx1 activities upon L-DOPA treatment, we sought to elucidate the mechanism(s) of L-DOPA-induced apoptosis. In other contexts, both the NFκB (nuclear factor κB) pathway and the ASK1 (apoptosis signaling kinase 1) pathway have been shown to be regulated by both Grx1 and Trx1, and both pathways have been implicated in cell death signaling in model systems of PD. Moreover, mixed lineage kinase (MLK) has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for PD. Using SHSY5Y cells as model dopaminergic neurons, we found that NFκB activity was not altered by L-DOPA treatment, and the selective MLK inhibitor (CEP-1347) did not protect the cells from L-DOPA. In contrast, ASK1 was activated with L-DOPA treatment as indicated by phosphorylation of its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38 and JNK. Chemical inhibition of either p38 or JNK provided protection from L-DOPA-induced apoptosis. Moreover, direct knockdown of ASK1 protected from L-DOPA-induced neuronal cell death. These results identify ASK1 as the main pro-apoptotic pathway activated in response to L-DOPA treatment, implicating it as a potential target for adjunct therapy in PD.
Estimating limits on resolution and predictability in computations of hydrodynamically unstable flows

Abstract Unstable hydrodynamic flows containing different materials such as Rayleigh-Taylor instability rapidly evolve to a chaotic state with limited predictability and a distribution of materials having a fractral dimension. Here it is shown how Lagrange points, either existing as part of the hydrodynamic solution method or added as passive tracers, can be used to test for self-similarity and to compute the dimension and spatial resolution scaling for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability mixing region. The efficiency of the integral or point counting methods of estimating dimension is discussed and it is shown how it can be increased by order of magnitude factors using random sampling. The problem of how to compute the rate of loss of memory of initial conditions in the transient case is discussed and a quantity similar to a largest Lyapunov exponent is defined and used to determine the predictability time for the Rayleigh-Taylor problem.
Indexes, power, and netdoms: A multidimensional model of language in social action

Abstract Across a wide range of scholarship on language, tensions emerge about the relationship between grammar and practice. I explore these tensions and argue that they can be expressed along three analytical dimensions: semiotic, power, and relational. The semiotic dimension shows that language communicates not only symbolic-referential content but primarily the nature of the speech event as a socio-cultural phenomenon in its own right. Thus meaning—and cultural semiosis in general—is mostly about reflexive indexicality. The power dimension points to language as an ambiguous game embedded in conflict and seldom about building consensus. The relational dimension captures whether language stems from the face-to-face or from social network traces of broader interactional times and spaces. I conclude with a multidimensional model of communicative action, and assert that these tensions—symbolic versus indexical, consensus versus conflict, face-to-face versus network—arise from uncritically conflating the empirical with the analytical. My goal is to contribute to broader metatheoretical debates on the linkages between structure and agency in social action.
Openness, size, and the saving–investment relationship

Abstract It is commonly believed that since saving is a source of funding for investment, any policy that is designed to stimulate saving, will also stimulate investment. This paper re-examines the relationship between national saving and investment. Results from a panel of 126 economies over the period 1960–2000 provide strong support for systematic effects of country-size as well as openness on the saving–investment relationship.
The intermediate coronary syndrome

T HE term “intermediate coronary syndrome” was first used by Graybiel in 1955.’ He defined this syndrome as “an acute attack complicating coronary heart disease in which evaluation of the pain distinguishes it from the angina1 syndrome, and evaluation of the other clinical findings distinguishes it from myocardial infarction.” He was primarily interested in defining a clinical syndrome and not in its “obscure pathophysiologic mechanisms.” Prolonged duration was considered the most important characteristic of the pain of this syndrome to distinguish it from typical angina. Pain arising without obvious cause, such as spontaneous rest pain or pain with mild stress that would ordinarily be easily tolerated by the patient, was another typical feature. During subsequent years, the intermediate coronary syndrome was lumped together with other coronary syndromes, such as preliminary pain,* impending myocardial infarction3 acute coronary insufficiency,4 preinfarction angina,5 and accelerating angina,6 under the umbrella term “unstable angina,“7 in an attempt to develop an acceptable uniform nomenclature. Though unstable angina has become accepted and is now widely used in medical literature, some authors have decried the generality of the term and have attempted to break it down into more precise subgroups.’ The classification that has become most recognized has been that of Conti et a1.,9 who suggested a division of unstable angina into three subgroups. Group I would include patients with angina on effort of recent onset. Group II would be patients with angina on effort whose pattern was changing or progressing. Group III patients would be those who had angina at rest, with pain generally lasting 15 min or more during an episode. This group would include those with rest pain as an initial symptom and those whose rest pain followed an earlier course of stable angina. A high-risk subcategory, which can be designated group IIIa, is made up of those patients whose rest pain is refractory to medical treatment after 24-48 hr of hospitalization. Group III unstable angina closely resembles the intermediate coronary syndrome of Graybiel. For purposes of simplicity, the two will be considered to be the same for this article.
Secure coprocessor-based intrusion detection

The goal of an intrusion detection system (IDS) is to recognize attacks such that their exploitation can be prevented. Since computer systems are complex, there are a variety of places where detection is possible. For example, analysis of network traffic may indicate an attack in progress [11], a compromised daemon may be detected by its abnormal behavior [14, 12, 5, 10, 15], and subsequent attacks may be prevented by the detection of backdoors and stepping stones [16, 17].
The brain's rose-colored glasses

People tend to remain overly optimistic even when faced with information about a gloomy future. A study now shows that people are selectively worse at incorporating information about a worse-than-expected future. It also describes the learning signals in the brain that correlate with this bias.
Laser capture microdissection (LCM) and comparative microarray expression analysis of syncytial cells isolated from incompatible and compatible soybean ( Glycine max ) roots infected by the soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines )

Syncytial cells in soybean (Glycine max cultivar [cv.] Peking) roots infected by incompatible and compatible populations of soybean cyst nematode (SCN [Heterodera glycines]) were collected using laser capture microdissection (LCM). Gene transcript abundance was assayed using Affymetrix® soybean GeneChips®, each containing 37,744 probe sets. Our analyses identified differentially expressed genes in syncytial cells that are not differentially expressed in the whole root analyses. Therefore, our results show that the mass of transcriptional activity occurring in the whole root is obscuring identification of transcriptional events occurring within syncytial cells. In syncytial cells from incompatible roots at three dpi, genes encoding lipoxygenase (LOX), heat shock protein (HSP) 70, superoxidase dismutase (SOD) were elevated almost tenfold or more, while genes encoding several transcription factors and DNA binding proteins were also elevated, albeit at lower levels. In syncytial cells formed during the compatible interaction at three dpi, genes encoding prohibitin, the epsilon chain of ATP synthase, allene oxide cyclase and annexin were more abundant. By 8 days, several genes of unknown function and genes encoding a germin-like protein, peroxidase, LOX, GAPDH, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptolosonate 7-phosphate synthase, ATP synthase and a thioesterase were abundantly expressed. These observations suggest that gene expression is different in syncytial cells as compared to whole roots infected with nematodes. Our observations also show that gene expression is different between syncytial cells that were isolated from incompatible and compatible roots and that gene expression is changing over the course of syncytial cell development as it matures into a functional feeding site.
Characterization of copper oxides, iron oxides, and zinc copper ferrite desulfurization sorbents by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Characterization of copper oxides, iron oxides, and zinc copper ferrite desulfurization sorbents was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy at temperatures of 298 to 823 K. Analysis of copper oxides indicated that the satellite structure of the Cu22p region was absent in the Cu(I) state but was present in the Cu(II) state. Reduction of CuO at room temperature was observed when the ion gauge was placed close to the sample. The satellite structure was absent in all the copper oxides at 823 K in vacuum. Differentiation of the oxidation state of copper utilizing both Cu(L 3 M 4,5 M 4,5 ) X-ray-induced Auger lines and Cu2p satellite structure, indicated that the copper in zinc copper ferrite was in the + 1 oxidation state at 823 K. This + 1 state of copper was not significantly changed after exposure to H 2 , CO, and H 2 O. There was an increase in Cu/Zn ratio and a decrease in Fe/Zn ratio on the surface of zinc copper ferrite at 823 K compared to that at room temperature. These conditions of copper offered the best sulfidation equilibrium for the zinc copper ferrite desulfurization sorbent. Analysis of iron oxides indicated that there was some reduction of both Fe 2 O 3 and FeO at 823K. The iron in zinc copper ferrite was similar to that of Fe 2 O 3 at room temperature but there was some reduction of this Fe(III) state to Fe(II) at 823 K. This reduction was more enhanced in the presence of H 2 and CO. Reduction to Fe(II) may not be desirable for the lifetime of the sorbent.
Visibly emissive and responsive extended 6-aza-uridines.

A family of extended 5-modified-6-aza-uridines was obtained via Suzuki coupling reactions with a common brominated precursor. Extending the conjugated-6-aza-uridines with substituted aryl rings increases the push–pull interactions yielding enhanced bathochromic shifts and solvatochromism compared to the parent nucleosides. For example, the methoxy substituted derivative 1d displays λmax abs around 375 nm, with visible emission maxima at 486 nm (Φ = 0.74) and 525 nm (Φ = 0.02) in dioxane and water, respectively.
Heat Capacity of H2 Adsorbed on Carbon Nanotube Bundles

We report on ongoing measurements of the heat capacity of H2 adsorbed on closed-end single-wall carbon, nanotube bundles(SWNTB), for 1.5K≤T≤10K and for coverages between 0.04 and 1.4 layers. Coverages are defined from a sharp minimum in heat capacity isotherms. We determine three distinct regions corresponding to: a) Formation of lines of atoms in grooves and large interstitial sites, b) Formation of a layer over the graphite-like outside surface of the bundle, and c) Beginning of growth of the second layer. Resugts are correlated to H2 vapor pressure isotherms and are compared to helium heat capacity measurements done on the same cell. In, neither 4He nor H2 do we observe a 1-d ideal gas regime.