cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endurance capacity of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

Mice from four lines bred for high voluntary wheel activity run approximately 3-fold more revolutions per day and have elevated maximal oxygen consumption during forced treadmill exercise, as compared with four unselected control (C) lines. We hypothesized that these high runner (HR) lines would have greater treadmill endurance-running capacity. Ninety-six mice from generation 49 were familiarized with running on a motorized treadmill for 3 days. On days 4 and 5, mice were given an incremental speed test (starting at 20 m min(-1), increased 1.5 m min(-1) every 2 min) and endurance was measured as the total time or distance run to exhaustion. Blood samples were taken to measure glucose and lactate concentrations at rest during the photophase, during peak nightly wheel running, and immediately following the second endurance test. Individual differences in endurance time were highly repeatable between days (r=0.79), and mice tended to run longer on the second day (paired t-test, P<0.0001). Blood glucose following the treadmill test was low for all animals ( approximately 53 mg dl(-1)) and lactate was high ( approximately 6.5 mmol l(-1)), suggesting that exhaustion occurred. The HR lines had significantly higher endurance than the C lines (1-tailed P<0.05), whether or not body mass was used as a covariate in the analysis. The relationship between line means for wheel running and treadmill endurance differed between the sexes, reinforcing previous studies that indicate sex-specific responses to selective breeding. HR mice appear to have a higher endurance capacity than reported in the literature for inbred strains of mice or transgenics intended to enhance endurance.
An Integral Method Analysis of Steam Infusion Heating of a Free Falling Film

An analytical and experimental study of direct contact condensation to a free falling film of liquid was modeled. The thermal energy equation governing the steady state heat transfer was solved by an integral technique. The predictive model for velocity and temperature profiles was verified experimentally. Water was used as the test fluid in a steam infusion unit at flow rates of 1.6-2.3 L/min. The water fell in intact sheets 7.6 x 10−2 m wide and at an initial thickness of 8.9 x 10−4 m. Fluid velocity and average fluid temperatures compared well with model predictions within the experimental range.
The Ecology of Multilevel Interventions to Reduce Social Inequalities in Health

Health inequities persist and, in some cases, are increasing. Multilevel interventions involve efforts to change aspects of social contexts related to the creation and maintenance of health inequities among varied groups. Momentum for conducting multilevel interventions to achieve health equity is found across professional fields as well as scientific and funding organizations. This article discusses the rationale for multilevel interventions, briefly reviews their evolution over time with respect to health inequities, and provides an ecological “way of thinking” about some of the conceptual and pragmatic challenges they raise for social science. This perspective frames community interventions as multilevel, ecologically based, collaboratively conducted, culturally situated, and designed to increase community capacity. Implications of this perspective are drawn for the development, implementation, and evaluation of multilevel interventions.
Expression and function of two nicotinic subunits in insect neurons.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in insects are neuron-specific oligomeric proteins essential for the central transmission of sensory information. Little is known about their subunit composition because it is difficult to express functional insect nAChRs in heterologous systems. As an alternative approach we have examined the native expression of two subunits in neurons of the nicotinic-resistant, tobacco-feeding insect Manduca sexta. Both the α-subunit MARA1 and the β-subunit MARB can be detected by in situ hybridization in the majority of cultured neurons with an overlapping, but not identical, distribution. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ evoked by nicotinic stimulation are more strongly correlated to the expression of MARA1 than MARB and are independent of cell size. Unlike the previously reported critical role of MARA1 in mediating nicotinic Ca2+ responses, down-regulation of MARB by RNA interference (RNAi) did not reduce the number of responding neurons or the size of evoked responses, suggesting that additional subunits remain to be identified in Manduca. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2005
Meson symmetries based on nonchiral SU(3)×SU(3)

A scheme for meson symmetries based on the $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ group is presented. First, the phenomenological nonet model of Okubo is reinterpreted in terms of the representation (3,3*) of $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$. More general representations of the form ($d, {d}^{*}$), with $d$ a triangular representation of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$, are next considered. It is noted that the assumption of the symmetry violation being generated by a hyperchargelike operator always leads to an equal-spacing rule for the meson masses, and to a degeneracy of several meson components. The origin of this degeneracy is discussed in some detail. The representation (6,6*) is treated at length. The possibility of realizing meson 36-plet (6,6*) is discussed with reference to existing experimental information.
Electron transfer dissociation facilitates sequencing of adenosine diphosphate-ribosylated peptides

Covalent adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of proteins is a post-translational modification that can occur both enzymatically and nonenzymatically and has been linked to many biological processes, such as the DNA damage and response mechanisms. Although the biochemistry of protein ADP-ribosylation has been extensively studied, the identification of physiological substrates remains a significant challenge due to inadequate tools for characterizing these modified peptides. Here we show that the use of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) greatly simplifies the mass spectrometric (MS) sequencing of ADP-ribosylated peptides over the conventional collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) approach. ETD sequencing of ADP-ribosylated peptides can be performed within a time scale compatible with nanoflow liquid chromatography and should prove useful for high-throughput large-scale studies on this unique class of modified peptides.
Molecular photodissociation by an ultraviolet photon

The laser has greatly expanded the study of photodissociation dynamics. By generating large concentrations of fragments using monochromatic light, the laser enables the measurement of their final state distribution. This distribution over translational, vibrational, and rotational states combined with the conservation of energy and linear and angular momentum allows us, in principle, to calculate the forces acting in the excited state. A review of experimental results so far obtained shows that: 1) for diatomics the quantum states of the dissociated atoms can now be directly determined, 2) for triatomics the excess of photon energy over dissociation energy appears in comparable amounts in vibrational and translational energy with rotational energy often substantial as well (ICN and H 2 S are exceptions), 3) in complex molecules optical energy is absorbed in one part of the molecule and utilized in another with resulting intramolecular transfer of energy.
An unusual manifestation of cryptococcal infection in a chronic lymphedematous arm.

This case represents a long-term survival of Hodgkin disease treated by radiation and chemotherapy but complicated by a chronic massive lymphedematous arm and an unusual localized cryptococcosis on the affected arm and a coincidental malignant melanoma. It emphasizes, therefore, the occurrence of localized cryptococcosis in an immuno-suppressed patient and the need for early pathological diagnosis of such a group of patients.
The Woman Suffrage Parades of 1910-1913: Possibilities and Limitations of an Early Feminist Rhetorical Strategy

This essay offers a greater understanding of how the introduction of annual parades into the woman suffrage movement created both rhetorical possibilities and limitations for the women's campaign. Through an analysis of suffragists' use of the parades as an innovative rhetorical strategy with formal limitations, I argue that the parades ultimately were successful in drawing attention to arguments for woman suffrage, but proved problematic for achieving the movement's goals, particularly suffragists' efforts to control the image of their movement and its members. I conclude with a consideration of how the parades' contradictions reflected the larger rhetorical paradox inherent in early twentieth‐century gender politics.
Integrating Linear-Law Detector Performance Simulation Using Gram-Charlier Expansion

In numerous RF communication applications there is a need to analyze detector performance in noise, interference and fading environments. In detection usually multiple pulses or signal samples are integrated to improve performance. A Gram-Charlier expansion is often used to approximate the probability density function (PDF) with known moments. In this study, Linear-law detector performance is simulated using a Gram-Charlier series and the results are compared with the results obtained by direct multiple - PDF convolution. Numerical calculations for the case of Gaussian White Noise show comparable performance results, although direct signal plus noise Rician PDF convolution is faster computationally and doesn't have Gram-Charlier series computational sensitivity to the number of terms used in the series expansion.
Analytic Optical Design of Generally Non Axi-Symmetric Optical Systems

We show a design method for non axi-symmetric optical imaging systems that uses analytic conditions to constrain aberrations that have low order field dependence, but are corrected to all orders in the pupil.
Prognostic information from early post-infarction exercise testing

Early post-myocardial infarction exercise testing has proved surprisingly safe. S-T elevations portended a bad prognosis as did also marked S-T segment depressions, especially if combined with premature ventricular contractions or short duration of exercise. A poor prognosis was also seen if, at low workloads, blood pressure could not reach 130 mm Hg, the heart rate did not rise above 130 beats per minute, or if there was angina. Complex arrhythmias were only of prognostic value as an independent variable with ambulatory monitoring. Negative findings were of more predictive value than positive results and have important therapeutic implications.
Genetic control of stem cells: implications for aging.

Stem cells are currently at the center of both controversy and notoriety. The harvest of human embryonic or fetal stem cells, at least with methods available now, necessarily involves the sacrifice of the embryo or fetus. This critical step in the procurement of stem cells has stimulated intense discussion at all levels of academia, government, and society in general. What societal benefits, if any, justify such a strategy for obtaining these stem cells? In other species it has been possible to generate virtually all cell types found in adult organs from embryonic stem cells. This ability has opened endless clinical possibilities for tissue and organ replacement through the transplantation of cells derived from embryonic stem cells. Luckily, there may be an alternative to this ethical dilemma. It is becoming increasingly clear that stem cells exist in many, if not all, adult tissues. Adult stem cells normally replenish tissue cells lost through the wear and tear of aging or damage from injury or disease. With the proper coaxing in tissue culture and when transplanted, these stem cells may regenerate the full repertoire of organotypic cells and thus may therapeutically regenerate tissues in vivo in much the same way as embryonic stem cells do. For several reasons, the best-studied stem cells are those of the blood-forming system. Mature blood cells generally have short functional life spans, usually measured in days, and therefore require replenishment at a steady pace throughout one’s lifetime. Stem cells are intimately involved in this renewal and, because of the relative ease of access to the bone marrow, stem cells have been well studied. Second, bone marrow transplantation following radiation or high-dose chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer has fostered research on the basic biology and therapeutic uses of hematopoietic stem cells over the more than 30 years stem cell transplantation has been used clinically. It is my aim to review what is known about the genes controlling hematopoietic stem cell function. Identifying, and ultimately manipulating, the genes that regulate stem cell number, replication rate, and self-renewal capacity may have important clinical benefits. I discuss evidence suggesting that the characterization of least some of these stem cell genes will shed light on mechanisms important in the aging process. I advance the hypothesis that stem cells accumulate cellular damage during aging that diminishes their developmental potency and ability to replenish blood cells, particularly after hematopoietic stress. In this view, the impaired function of stem cells in hematopoietic and in other self-renewing tissues limits the longevity of animals, and perhaps of humans.
XXIII. Researches in Acoustics.—No. IX

(1894). XXIII. Researches in Acoustics.—No. IX. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 37, No. 226, pp. 259-288.
Current Issues with Patenting Software

In an increasingly technological world, where computers and electronic devices are prevalent in many aspects of our lives, companies are constantly striving to find new and better ways of implementing their ideas. Behind this dr ive to invent the next "big thing" is the desire to gain the largest market share possible. Behind that desire lies the fundamental concern of protecting innovation. Legally protecting inventions has been one of the goals of modern society and is usually rather mechanical and straightforward. However, when it comes to protecting software, the process is not as simple as one might think. For the first time in over 30 years, the U.S. Supreme Court recently granted an appeal to be heard for a case that deals directly with software patentability. The case, CLS Bank Int'l v. Alice Corp., will give the U.S. Supreme Court the opportunity to provide clearer guidelines for understanding intellectual property protection for software.
Co-morbidity between major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders: shared etiology or direct causation?

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (ANX) are debilitating and prevalent conditions that often co-occur in adolescence and young adulthood. The leading theoretical models of their co-morbidity include the direct causation model and the shared etiology model. The present study compared these etiological models of MDD–ANX co-morbidity in a large, prospective, non-clinical sample of adolescents tracked through age 30.MethodLogistic regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations between ANX and MDD at Time 1 (T1). In prospective analyses, Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine T1 predictors of subsequent disorder onset, including risk factors specific to each disorder or common to both disorders. Prospective predictive effect of a lifetime history of one disorder (e.g. MDD) on the subsequent onset of the second disorder (e.g. ANX) was then examined. This step was repeated while controlling for common risk factors.ResultsThe findings supported relatively distinct profiles of risk between MDD and ANX depending on order of development. Whereas the shared etiology model best explained co-morbid cases in which MDD preceded ANX, direct causation was supported for co-morbid cases in which ANX preceded MDD.ConclusionsConsistent with previous research, significant cross-sectional and prospective associations were found between MDD and ANX. The results of the present study suggest that different etiological models may characterize the co-morbidity between MDD and ANX based upon the temporal order of onset. Implications for classification and prevention efforts are discussed.
Spectral combining of high-power fiber laser beams using Bragg grating in PTR glass

High-efficient volume Bragg gratings (VBG) in inorganic photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass were recently reported for the use in high-power laser systems. Both transmission and reflection gratings have shown diffraction efficiency greater than 95% from visible to near IR spectra in a wide range of spatial frequencies. Those gratings have exhibited perfect thermal, optical and mechanical stability. Spectral beam combining (SBC) using PTR Bragg grating with efficiency more than 92% for two 100 W Yb-fiber-laser beams with the 11 nm wavelength separation between them is reported. The paper presents results of modeling and experimental study of a beam combiner for high-power lasers with the only passive PTR grating component in it. Two laser beams illuminate a thick Bragg grating which has only two symmetric resonant angles providing total diffraction of a beam with a certain wavelength. Incidence angle for all transmitting beams should correspond to the Bragg angle for the diffracted beam. Transmitting beams are not diffracted by grating if spectral sift corresponds to zeros in a spectral selectivity curve, and propagate in the same direction as a diffracted beam. It is shown the efficient trade-off between grating period and refractive index modulation allows modeling of high-efficient combining setup for each of arbitrary chosen grating thickness. Comparison between calculation results and experimental data is given.
Alkylation on graphite in the absence of Lewis acids

Graphite is introduced as a convenient catalyst for alkylation of aromatic compounds and alcohols by benzyl, tertiary alkyl, and secondary alkyl halides in the absence of strong Lewis acids. Primary alkyl halides are not active under the reaction conditions.
Analysis of a finite element method for the drift-diffusion semiconductor device equations: the multidimensional case

An explicit finite element method for numerically solving the drift-diffusion semiconductor device equations in two space dimensions is analyzed. The method is based on the use of a mixed finite element method for the approximation of the electric field and a discontinuous upwinding finite element method for the approximation of the electron and hole concentrations. The mixed method gives an approximate electric field in the precise form needed by the discontinuous method, which is trivially conservative and fully parallelizable. It is proven that the method produces uniformly bounded concentrations and electric fields and that it converges to the exact solution provided there is a convergent subsequence of the electron concentrations. Numerical simulations are presented that display the performance of the method and indicate the behavior of the solution.
Experience and expertise: how do they relate to quality and safety?

Often in clinical practice and research, length of clinical experience is equated with expertise. Clinical experience is generally viewed as an important indicator of clinical competence and is a factor that is used when selecting individuals to serve as mentors in both practice and educational settings. In addition, length of clinical experience is often used as an independent variable when examining the quality of clinical outcomes or other indicators of performance. However, as is often the case, things are not always what they seem to be. And so it is when examining the relationship between experience and expertise. Over three decades of research on expert performance has demonstrated that experience itself is not sufficient to predict superior performance. In fact, experience can actually hinder ability in some circumstances. The ten-year rule has often been a widely accepted minimum amount of experience needed to master highly complex endeavors (Ericsson, Charness, Feltovich, & Hoffman, 2006). However, recent research is now suggesting that experience itself does not guarantee successful performance and the number of years of experience in a particular performance domain is a poor predictor of performance. The traditional view has been that extended experience has resulted in the acquisition of rules to guide performance. As experience increases, these rules are used and eventually experts develop the ability to know intuitively what to do at a given point in time. Extended experience was assumed to be sufficient for individuals to become experts who would continue to demonstrate superior levels of performance (Ericsson, Whyte, & Ward, 2007). Experts tend to be good performers, of course, unless something unpredictable happens. If something happens that changes the rules they typically follow, then performance can be affected. When rules change, experts generally do not perform any better than the rest of us. Consider the unique clinical situation that each patient presents and it then becomes easier to understand how "typical" can quickly become difficult to define. Highly experienced individuals tend to perform routine tasks almost unconsciously, and they retrieve the information they need quickly, many times without stopping to think or apply rules. Experience in performing a particular task sometimes frees space in the mind for other cognitive pursuits, and this may lead to accidents or unintended behaviors. Experience can also lead to overconfidence in performing routine tasks (Ericsson et al., 2006). None of these are desirable states when performing complex patient care tasks, particularly when there is a high level of uncertainty and instability. Nurses have been observed by researchers using think aloud techniques in which the clinicians talk about the thought processes they are going through during actual nursing practice. This research consistently indicates that the structure and content of the nurses' thinking does not vary between experts and those with less experience (Fisher & Fonteyn, 1995; Greenwood & King, 1996). …
The public interest hypothesis revisited: A new test of Peltzman's theory of regulation

The results of the empirical work support several conclusions. First, the evidence adds additional support to the Peltzman theory of regulation. Nearly all of the variables tested support the hypotheses arising from the theory. Second, the evidence supports the conclusion that the Peltzman theory is preferred to that of the simpler predatory theory of regulatory capture. While the predator's strength is important, it is not always decisive. The public's interest can be and is maintained in many states.
WHO absolute fracture risk models (FRAX): Do clinical risk factors improve fracture prediction in older women without osteoporosis?

Bone mineral density (BMD) is a strong predictor of fracture, yet most fractures occur in women without osteoporosis by BMD criteria. To improve fracture risk prediction, the World Health Organization recently developed a country-specific fracture risk index of clinical risk factors (FRAX) that estimates 10-year probabilities of hip and major osteoporotic fracture. Within differing baseline BMD categories, we evaluated 6252 women aged 65 or older in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures using FRAX 10-year probabilities of hip and major osteoporotic fracture (ie, hip, clinical spine, wrist, and humerus) compared with incidence of fractures over 10 years of follow-up. Overall ability of FRAX to predict fracture risk based on initial BMD T-score categories (normal, low bone mass, and osteoporosis) was evaluated with receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analyses using area under the curve (AUC). Over 10 years of follow-up, 368 women incurred a hip fracture, and 1011 a major osteoporotic fracture. Women with low bone mass represented the majority (n = 3791, 61%); they developed many hip (n = 176, 48%) and major osteoporotic fractures (n = 569, 56%). Among women with normal and low bone mass, FRAX (including BMD) was an overall better predictor of hip fracture risk (AUC = 0.78 and 0.70, respectively) than major osteoporotic fractures (AUC = 0.64 and 0.62). Simpler models (eg, age + prior fracture) had similar AUCs to FRAX, including among women for whom primary prevention is sought (no prior fracture or osteoporosis by BMD). The FRAX and simpler models predict 10-year risk of incident hip and major osteoporotic fractures in older US women with normal or low bone mass.
Macromolecular crowding effects on the interaction of DNA with Escherichia coli DNA-binding proteins: A model for bacterial nucleoid stabilization

DNA-binding protein fractions from exponential and stationary phase cell extracts of E. coli were isolated by affinity chromatography on native DNA-cellulose. The ability of these fractions to convert DNA into a readily-sedimented form was compared in the absence or presence of added polymers. In the absence of polymers, large amounts of the proteins were required. In the presence of polyethylene glycol or polyvinylpyrrolidone, much smaller amounts of the DNA-binding proteins were required, indicating a macromolecular crowding effect from these polymers. The enhanced binding under crowded conditions appears to resolve a paradox between the cellular abundance of the DNA-binding proteins and the amounts required in earlier in vitro studies. The 'histone-like' protein HU from the DNA-binding protein fraction was preferentially incorporated into the pelleted DNA in the presence of polymers. Purified HU at roughly similar amounts caused a similar conversion of DNA to a readily-sedimentable ('condensed') form. Crowding-enhancement of DNA condensation by promoting the binding of proteins to the DNA provides a model for the stabilization of systems such as the bacterial nucleoid or kinetoplast DNA.
Abnormal drug metabolism in rats after an inflammatory insult

The drug-metabolising system (DMS) in rat liver microsomes is rapidly depressed after inoculating an inflammagenic adjuvant (e.g. Mycobacteria in oil). This is readily recognized by the prolonged sleeping time of adjuvant-treated rats injected with hexobarbital.
On the Nature of Ultraviolet and X-Ray Absorption in NGC 3783

The Seyfert 1 nucleus of NGC 3783 shows intrinsic absorption in ultraviolet (UV) resonance lines as well as in soft X-rays. We review existing measurements of these features and use them to place constraints on the physical conditions in the absorbing media. We find that the observed column densities are consistent with a single-phase, photoionized plasma responsible for absorption in both bandpasses, although alternative scenarios in which the UV and X-ray continuum sources are covered by distinct clouds are not excluded. If the UV and X-ray absorbers constitute a single medium in at least approximate ionization equilibrium with the nuclear radiation field, observed variability in the strength of absorption can be used to derive a lower bound on the absorber's electron density of ne 50 cm-3. This result additionally implies an upper limit of about 30 pc for the separation between the nuclear continuum source and the absorbing plasma.
Diffusive phase transitions in mixed halide ferroelectrics

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed for the NaMg1-x Ca x F3 materials where Ca ions were substituted for Mg in NaMgF3 in varying concentrations of randomly distributed defects representing constitutional crossover. Small clusters of Ca defects in NaMgF3 and clusters of Mg defects in NaCaF3 were also studied. First-principles calculations were used to calculate the potentials between ion pairs in these samples. The change of defect concentration results in a gradual shift from nonfer-roelectric behavior of NaMgF3 to ferroelectric behavior of NaCaF3. Doping in these materials leads to a ‘‘smeared out'’ transition ‘‘range'’ instead of a sharp transition temperature—the so-called diffusive transition.
Effects of distorted auditory and of rhyming cues on retrieval of tip-of-the-tongue words by poets and nonpoets

Auditory cues (the target word distorted by a low-pass filter) and rhyming cues act as retrieval aids for people who have a word on the tip of their tongue. Parallels between the tip-of-thetongue phenomenon (TOT) and the perception of well-put passages of poetry are also discussed. It is argued that the effects of these poetic passages derive in part from the engagement of TOT-like processes. In support of this hypothesis, poets (poetry appreciators) are shown to be more aware of being helped by TOT retrieval cues than are nonpoets (poetry nonappreciators); however, the retrieval cues do not differentially influence successful recall of TOT words by poets and nonpoets.
Temporal Span, Delay of Gratification, and Children's Socioeconomic Status.

(1980). Temporal Span, Delay of Gratification, and Children's Socioeconomic Status. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 137, No. 2, pp. 247-255.
Analysis of the Constriction Resistance in an ACF Bond

The standard model for electrical resistance of an anisotropic conducting film (ACF) bond has been analyzed for the case that includes both constriction resistance and a film resistance between the conducting particle and the bond pad. The electrical circuit for the bond resistance is divided into its different geometric regions for analysis. Evidence is give against the prevailing practice of equating the apparent physical area of contact between the conducting particle and the bond pad to the real area of electrical contact. A calculation evaluates the resistance of an ACF bond versus electrical current. This analysis shows that the constriction resistance for the ACF bond can be determined from the slope of the resistance versus current squared plot. Previous calculations for separable contact that extract the constriction resistance from the resistance versus current relationship have been carried out only for conductors that obey the Wiedemann-Franz law. Calculations in this work have extended the results to materials used in ACF bonds. Finally, it is argued that higher than expected contact resistance in anisotropic conducting adhesive bonds is likely due to a high resistivity temperature independent film resistance
The Electrical Conductivity of Molybdenite

Electrical conductivity of molybdenite (Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$) as a function of voltage and temperature.---Measurements of the currents through narrow flat strips cut perpendicular to the crystallographic $c$-axis gave results for the range from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to about 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C, in agreement with the equation: $i=K{V}^{b}{e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}k}{T}}$, where, for the mineral in the ordinary state, $k$ is about 3,000 and $b$ generally about 1.6. When the voltage is increased to a critical value, breakdown occurs, due to the electric heating. An expression is derived for the breakdown temperature, which is shown to increase as $k$ diminishes. Above 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} irregularities appear; and after heating to 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and higher or after current heating beyond the breakdown point, the conductivity at ordinary temperatures is usually permanently improved, and $k$ is decreased. In fact, by the use of proper current cycles, a strip may be transformed by stages from a very poor conductor (resistance several megohms) into a reasonably good conductor (resistance only a few ohms), obeying Ohm's law ($b=1$). At the same time, $k$ diminishes and the breakdown temperature rises until the break disappears at the limiting value of $k$ predicted by the equation; also the photoelectric sensitivity and dielectric polarization disappear. A high potential discharge likewise increases the conductivity. This remarkable permanent change of conducting state may indicate a corresponding change of structure from an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to a $\ensuremath{\beta}$ form, as suggested for selenium. If the constant $k$ is interpreted as being equal to $\frac{\ensuremath{\phi}}{R}$, where $\ensuremath{\phi}$ is the energy required to change a bound to a free electron and $R$ is the gas constant, then $\ensuremath{\phi}$ is computed to vary from 0.26 volt for Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ in its normal state to 0.13 for the conducting state. This may be of interest in connection with the electron theory of conductivity.
Inositol Hexakisphosphate Binds to Clathrin Assembly Protein 3 (AP-3/AP180) and Inhibits Clathrin Cage Assembly in Vitro

We have isolated an inositol hexakisphosphate binding protein from rat brain by affinity elution chromatography from Mono S cation exchange resin using 0.1 mM inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). The amino acid sequences of six tryptic peptides from the protein were identical to the sequences predicted from the cDNA encoding a previously isolated protein designated as AP-3 or AP180. This protein is localized in nerve endings and promotes assembly of clathrin into coated vesicles. The isolated protein-bound InsP6 with a dissociation constant of 1.2 microM and a stoichiometry of 0.9 mol of InsP6 bound/mol of AP-3. Recombinant AP-3 expressed in Escherichia coli also bound InsP6 with a similar affinity. InsP6 inhibited clathrin cage assembly mediated by AP-3, in an in vitro assay, but had little effect AP-3 binding to preformed cages. We speculate that InsP6 and perhaps highly phosphorylated inositol lipids may play a role in coated vesicle formation.
Global aspects of the harmonic gauge in bosonic string theory

The standard expression for the measure on Teichmuller space for the bosonic string on higher genus Riemann surfaces is transformed into a new expression which is exactly the ratio of determinants of the Faddeev-Popov method in the harmonic gauge. The new formula for the measure is checked by explicit computation for the sphere and torus. The measure can be expressed as a functional integral over ghosts and associated fields which incorporate the global geometry of the world-sheet. Measures for these fields are complete measures including zero modes, and the symmetry associated with the latter is gauge-fixed. A summary is given of a recently completed mathematical proof that a version of the harmonic gauge determines a globally defined slice in the space of metrics on Riemann surfaces of genus greater than one. Some clarification is given of the peculiar conformal properties of the harmonic gauge, namely the nonvanishing of the stress tensor component TzZ. As a pedagogical matter, the difference between the change of variables method conventionally used to obtain the string measure and the Faddeev-Popov method is clarified.
Smodingium allergenic Anacardiaceae in South Africa

Abstract The first case reports of genuine poison ivy dermatitis in South Africa appeared in 1959. 1 Eight patients were seen who had developed the rash following contact with a creeper in a hedge in Olifantsfontein near Pretoria. The creeper was identified as Toxicodendron radicans and had presumably been imported from North America, since it is not indigenous to South Africa. Similar cases have been seen since then in Johannesburg. 2 In 1963, seven patients from Pretoria and Johannesburg with a unique dermatitis of "poison-ivy type" were reported. 3 These patients had not been exposed to imported American poison ivy but had reacted to an indigenous plant identified as Smodingium argutum , known by various common names, including tovana and rainbow leaf. It transpired that Smodingium dermatitis had been recognized by tribal blacks, foresters, botanists, horticulturists, and amateur gardeners for many years before the medical profession became aware of it. In subsequent years, this type of dermatitis became widely recognized and many more cases were seen, leading to further case studies 2 and investigations. 4,5 In 1971. four South African patients were reported with a similar type of "poison ivy" dermatitis who had been exposed to the wax tree, Toxicodendron succedanea , an oriental sumac. 2 It became clear from cross-sensitivity reactions in certain patients that there were antigenic similarities between the oleoresins from S. argutum, T. radicans and T. succedanea , all members of the family Anacardiaceae. 2 An identical dermatitis is produced by all three plants.
The triglyceride-lowering effects of a modest dose of docosahexaenoic acid alone versus in combination with low dose eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with coronary artery disease and elevated triglycerides.

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). The American Heart Association recommends 1000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), daily for cardioprotection and higher doses for triglyceride-lowering in patients with CAD.Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing DHA to DHA + EPA in patients with CAD and triglycerides greater than 200 mg/dL. Subjects were randomized to either 1000 mg of DHA or 1252 mg of DHA + EPA for eight weeks. Baseline and eight-week laboratories were drawn to assess changes in the fasting lipid profile. The primary objective was to evaluate the change in triglycerides between the two groups at eight weeks.Results: A total of 116 subjects were enrolled; 57 in the DHA group and 59 in the DHA + EPA group. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The mean age was 69.4 ± 9.1 years and 70.7% were male. Triglycerides decreased by an average of 21.8% in the DHA...
Observation of step structures on the resistive branches of long Josephson tunnel junctions

Abstract We have observed well defined current steps superimposed on the resistive branches associated with non-resonant vortex propagation in a long Sn-oxide-Sn junction. Experimental data suggest that these step structures are due to the interaction between the traveling vortex and the cavity modes whose frequencies are given by νn = nνc, where νc is the frequency of the fundamental cavity mode and n is an integer. The voltage-frequency relation for those steps are found to be 2eV = (n/m)hνc, where m is an integer greater than n. This is different from that of the Fiske steps and the zero field steps of a short junction for which the fraction n/m is replaced by an integer equal to or greater than unity.
Occupation and COPD: a brief review.

Background and aims. This review summarizes the scientific literature relevant to occupational risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Material and methods. This review emphasizes recent work in the field, while placing this in the context of two previous systematic reviews of the subject. Results. Both the earlier summaries of the literature estimated that the population attributable risk percent (PAR%) of COPD linked to occupational exposures is approximately 15%. More recent studies also strongly support the association between workplace exposures and COPD. Among never smokers, the PAR% for work-related factors may approach 40%. Emerging data also indicate that occupational exposures, at a minimum, are additive to smoking-associated risk of COPD. Conclusions. The PAR% for work-related COPD is at least 15%. Scientific significance. The consistency, strength, and plausibility of these data support a causal relationship between occupational exposures and COPD.
Transport properties of dense fluid argon.

We calculate using molecular dynamics simulations the transport properties of realistically modeled fluid argon at pressures up to $\ensuremath{\simeq}50\mathrm{GPa}$ and temperatures up to 3000 K. In this context, we provide a critique of some newer theoretical predictions for the diffusion coefficients of liquids and a discussion of the Enskog theory relevance under two different adaptations: modified Enskog theory and effective diameter Enskog theory. We also analyze a number of experimental data for the thermal conductivity of monoatomic and small diatomic dense fluids.
Response: endogenous levels of D12-PGJ3 derived from eicosapentaenoic acid

In response to the comment by Tsikas and Stichtenoth,[1][1] we would like to provide clarification for their views and address the questions. First, while it is correct that the reactivity of the 2 electrophilic centers could make these classes of compounds less bioavailable, our data clearly
FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE ON SMALL SETS OF INDICES

Let f : Y ! Z with Y XI := i2I Xi. Then (a) J I is essential if there are x;y2 Y such that d(x;y) = J and f(x)6 f(y), where d(x;y) :=fi2 I : xi6 yig; Jf :=fi :fig is essentialg; an essential J is optimally essential if no essential J 0 J satises jJ 0 j < jJj; J 2 Jf if J is a maximal family of pairwise disjoint optimally essential sets; f := supfjJj :J 2 Jfg. (b) f depends on J I if (x;y 2 Y;xJ = yJ )) f(x) = f(y); Df :=fJ I : f depends on Jg; f := minfjJj : J2Dfg. Theorem 1. J2Df ) f j Jj. Theorem 2.J 2 Jf ) S J 2Df . That context is strictly set-theoretic. Henceforth let XI and Z be spaces with Z Hausdor,
Cobalt−Cobalt Multiple Bonds in Homoleptic Carbonyls? Co2(CO)x (x = 5−8) Structures, Energetics, and Vibrational Spectra

Homoleptic binary cobalt carbonyls with multiple cobalt−cobalt bonds have been examined theoretically using established levels of density functional methodology. These species include 19 structures ranging from the experimentally well characterized dibridged (CO)3Co(CO)2Co(CO)3 to the proposed monobridged (CO)2Co(CO)Co(CO)2 structure with a formal quadruple bond. Consistent with experiment, three energetically low-lying equilibrium structures of Co2(CO)8 were found, of C2v (dibridged), D3d (unbridged), and D2d (unbridged) symmetry. For Co2(CO)8, the BP86 method predicts the dibridged structure to lie 3.7 kcal/mol below the D2d structure and 6.3 kcal/mol below the D3d structure. The D2d and D3d structures thus have the opposite energetic ordering of that deduced from experiment by Sweany and Brown. A satisfactory harmony between theoretical and experimental vibrational frequencies and IR intensities is found, although the D2d and D3d structures are essentially indistinguishable in this regard. For Co2(CO)7...
Conditioned taste aversion produced by the oral ingestion of ethanol in the rat

A taste-aversion paradigm was used to demonstrate that aversive consequences accompany the rapid oral ingestion of 5% (v/v) ethanol solutions. The learned taste aversion resulted from five self-administrations of alcohol mixed with an originally preferred flavor at a dosage of 1.51 g alcohol/kg body weight/day. Ingestion of larger doses of alcohol by control animals, however, did not produce any evidence of taste aversion.
Polychaete fauna inhabiting sediments associated with the stinking vase sponge (Ircinia campana Lamarck, 1814), St. John, United States Virgin Islands

Abstract As part of a general polychaete survey of St. John, United States Virgin Islands, an analysis was conducted on macrofaunal polychaete assemblages found in sediments trapped within the stinking vase sponge (Iricinia campana Lamarck, 1814) growing in shallow water at less than 4 m depth. Higher species numbers and greater abundances were found within the sponges than in adjacent sand. Polychaetes comprised over 90% of all macrofauna found in the two habitats, with 41 species within 21 families: Acoetidae, Amphinomidae, Capitellidae, Chrysopetalidae, Cirratulidae, Dorvilleidae, Eunicidae, Euphrosinidae, Glyceridae, Hesionidae, Maldanidae, Nereididae, Oenonidae, Orbiniidae, Opheliidae, Sabellidae, Sigalionidae, Spionidae, Syllidae, Terebellidae, and Trichobranchidae. Univariate statistics, community ordination (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) and a multiple response permutation procedure revealed differences in assemblage compositions between vase sponge sediments and open sand. Seven polychaete ...
Grazing-incidence hyperboloid–hyperboloid designs for wide-field x-ray imaging applications

The classical Wolter type I grazing-incidence x-ray telescope consists of a paraboloidal primary mirror and a confocal hyperboloidal secondary mirror. This design exhibits stigmatic imaging on-axis but suffers from coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and higher-order aberrations such as oblique spherical aberration. Wolter–Schwarzschild designs have been developed that strictly satisfy the Abbe sine condition and thus exhibit no spherical aberration or coma. However, for wide-field applications such as the solar x-ray imager (SXI), there is little merit in a design with stigmatic imaging on-axis. Instead, one needs to optimize some area-weighted-average measure of resolution over the desired operational field of view. This has traditionally been accomplished by mere despacing of the focal plane of the classical Wolter type I telescope. Here we present and evaluate in detail a family of hyperboloid–hyperboloid grazing-incidence x-ray telescope designs whose wide-field performance is much improved over that of an optimally despaced Wolter type I and even somewhat improved over that of an optimally despaced Wolter–Schwarzschild design.
An Analysis of Caring Behaviour among Early Childhood Teachers and Children.

The goal of this research project is to analyse the manifestation of caring behaviours in early childhood teachers and students. Thirty-two early childhood education major pre-service teachers served as observers. For data collection they used checklists previously prepared by the classroom instructor and kept a journal with anecdotal observations. Time sampling was employed as a technique of data collection; each student spent 30 hours in the assigned classroom (K-3). This study analyses which caring behaviours of in-service and pre-service teachers were the most frequent and which were the least, and stresses the importance of being a role model and developing caring in children.
Adaptationism and the Anthropoid Postcranium: Selection Does Not Govern the Length of the Radial Neck

The length of the radial neck has been assumed to vary in living and extinct primates in accordance with its role as a moment arm during flexion by the m. biceps brachii. We here use a simple developmental approach to investigate whether or not this trait does, in fact, vary in such a manner. We find, instead, that virtually all variation in radial neck length is explicable as a simple correlate of overall body size, and that there is no evidence to conclude that selection has separately modified radial neck length in response to differing locomotor patterns. Further implications for the interpretation of mammalian skeletal morphology are briefly discussed.
Persistent School Dysfunction: Unrecognized Comorbidity and Suboptimal Therapy

To determine reasons for continued school dysfunction in children previously diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or enrolled in a special education program (spec. ed.), a retrospective chart review of patients referred for interdisciplinary evaluations at a tertiary center for hyperactivity and learning problems was completed. Interdisciplinary clinical recommendations were used to define reasons for treatment failure in 116 children with a prior diagnosis of ADHD or spec. ed. placement. Results showed 45% of children enrolled in spec. ed. had previously undiagnosed ADHD. Thirty-one percent of those with ADHD, 55% of those in spec. ed., and 55% of those diagnosed with ADHD and in spec. ed. (Both) received a new educationally handicapping diagnosis. Psychiatric comorbidity was present in 28% of those with ADHD, 18% of those in spec. ed., and 23% of Both subjects. Thirteen percent of those in spec. ed. had significant coexisting medical conditions. Special education services ...