cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ensemble framework for clustering protein–protein interaction networks

Motivation: Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI) networks are believed to be important sources of information related to biological processes and complex metabolic functions of the cell. The presence of biologically relevant functional modules in these networks has been theorized by many researchers. However, the application of traditional clustering algorithms for extracting these modules has not been successful, largely due to the presence of noisy false positive interactions as well as specific topological challenges in the network. Results: In this article, we propose an ensemble clustering framework to address this problem. For base clustering, we introduce two topology-based distance metrics to counteract the effects of noise. We develop a PCA-based consensus clustering technique, designed to reduce the dimensionality of the consensus problem and yield informative clusters. We also develop a soft consensus clustering variant to assign multifaceted proteins to multiple functional groups. We conduct an empirical evaluation of different consensus techniques using topology-based, information theoretic and domain-specific validation metrics and show that our approaches can provide significant benefits over other state-of-the-art approaches. Our analysis of the consensus clusters obtained demonstrates that ensemble clustering can (a) produce improved biologically significant functional groupings; and (b) facilitate soft clustering by discovering multiple functional associations for proteins. Contact: srini@cse.ohio-state.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Veganism and osteoporosis: A review of the current literature

The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature regarding calcium and Vitamin D deficiencies in vegan diets and the possible relationship to low bone mineral density and incidence for fracture. Prominent databases were searched for original research publications providing data capable of answering these questions: (i) Do vegans have lower-than-recommended levels of calcium/Vitamin D? (ii) Do vegans have lower bone mineral density than their non-vegan counterparts? (iii) Are vegans at a greater risk for fractures than non-vegans? The findings gathered consistently support the hypothesis that vegans do have lower bone mineral density than their non-vegan counterparts. However, the evidence regarding calcium, Vitamin D and fracture incidence is inconclusive. More research is needed to definitively answer these questions and to address the effects of such deficiencies on the medical and socioeconomic aspects of life.
The Effect of Terminal Ligands on the Dimensionality and Topology of Metal Dicarboxylate Coordination Structures

Solvothermal/hydrothermal reactions of 4, 4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc) and cobalt (II) salt with pyridine derivative ligands such as 3-methylpyridine (3-pic), 4-methylpyridine (4-pic), as well as a longer terminal ligand 4-benzylpyridine (4-bzpy) generated four new extended structures: 1D zigzag polymer chain 1 crystallized in C2/c with a formula [Co(bpdc)(3-pic)2]·(3-pic); 1D helical chain compound 2 crystallized in P41 with a formula [Co(bpdc)(4-pic)2], 2D non-interpenetrating network 3 crystallized in P2221 with a formula [Co(bpdc)(4-pic)2]·(4-pic)0.5·H2O, and 2D non-interpenetrating network 4 crystallized in P2/c, formulated as [Co(bpdc)(bzpy)2]. Our studies show that terminal ligands play an important role in affecting the dimensionality and topology of the structures formed. Magnetic susceptibility and isothermal magnetization results revealed an antiferromagnetic ground state for 3 with a transition temperature T = 4.7 K, and paramagnetic behavior at high temperature range for 1 and 2.
A two trillion operations per second miniaturized mixed signal radar receiver/processor

A new multi-channel UHF miniaturized mixed-signal radar receiver/processor is being developed for an airborne early warning application. Each MCM-based processor/receiver module consists of a high dynamic range, one-stage down-conversion RF receiver an A/D converter and a high performance radar signal processor. The signal processor performs the digital in-phase/quadrature down-conversion, channel equalization, and pulse compression functions. Approximately 60 billion arithmetic operations per second are performed by each module. The 32 module chassis performs approximately two trillion operations per second in one cubic foot of space. In order to meet the high computational throughput requirement, a 23 billion operations per second custom VLSI signal processor was developed using the bit-level systolic array architecture.
Rapid R2 Retrotransposition Leads to the Loss of Previously Inserted Copies via Large Deletions of the rDNA Locus

R2 non-long terminal repeat retrotransposable elements insert specifically into the 28S rRNA genes of a wide range of animals. These elements maintain long-term stable relationships with the host genome. By scoring the variation present at the 5' ends of individual R2 copies, lines of Drosophila simulans have been identified with high rates of R2 retrotransposition. Comparing the R2 elements present in the parents with that of their progeny after 1 or 30 generations in this report revealed that retrotransposition rates were higher through the female germ line compared with the male germ line. In addition, most events in females occur late in germ line development. Surprisingly, the gain of new R2 insertions by retrotranspositions was counterbalanced by deletions of preexisting R2 insertions. These deletions occurred by the loss of large segments of the rDNA units that contained on average an estimated 15 R2 elements. When monitored over single generations, the rate of loss of preexisting elements was higher than the rate of new insertions. However, the chromosomes with the largest deletions appear to be eliminated from the population because the rates of R2 insertions and deletions after 30 generations were approximately equal. These findings suggest that high rates of R2 retrotransposition do not necessarily lead to dramatic increases in the level of R2 insertions in the rDNA locus but can lead to a more rapid turnover of rDNA units.
Pathophysiology of laser trabeculoplasty

The precise effect of argon laser trabeculoplasty on the trabecular meshwork is only partially understood. Its intraocular pressure lowering effect through enhancement of aqueous outflow is well documented. Clinically, this effect seems non-specific for laser characteristics, including wave form, wave length, burn location, clock hours treated, and even to some degree, laser power. The response is delayed in onset, diminishes over time, and in some cases can be renewed with retreatment. Laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork focally destroys, but diffusely stimulates trabecular meshwork cells. Shape alterations in the trabecular meshwork after laser are likely to contribute to outflow enhancement only at very high levels of intraocular pressure. More likely, cellular stimulation activates a molecular biologic chain of events, perhaps within the trabecular extracellular matrix, that permits improved facility of aqueous outflow.
Tracking the Origins of a State Terror Network: Operation Condor

Operation Condor was a secret intelligence and operations system created in the 1970s through which the South American military regimes coordinated intelligence information and seized, tortured, and executed political opponents in combined cross-border operations. Condor's key members were Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil, later joined by Ecuador and Peru. In Condor operations, combined military and paramilitary commandos "disappeared" refugees who had fled coups and repression in their own countries and subjected them to barbaric tortures and death. Security forces in the region classified and targeted persons on the basis of their political ideas rather than illegal acts. The regimes hunted down dissidents and leftists, union and peasant leaders, priests and nuns, intellectuals, students, and teachers as well as suspected guerrillas (who are, in a lawful state, also entitled to due process). Long before the repressive network was formally institutionalized in 1975 and code-named Operation Condor, the militaries engaged in intelligence sharing and coordinated cross-border operations. A Brazilian intelligence officer disclosed in 2000 that in the 1960s, intelligence officers from other Condor countries came to three Brazilian bases for training in counterguerrilla warfare, "interrogation techniques," and methods of repression (Gosman, 2000a; 2000b; Clarin, May 10, 2000). This former member of the intelligence apparatus Serviqo Nacional de Informaqoes (National Information Service-SNI) said that, beginning in 1969, combined teams "gathered data, later used in the political repression" (Notisur, July 7, 2000). Martin Almada, the Paraguayan educator who in 1992 discovered the Paraguayan police files known as the Archives of Terror, received information that Brazil
The Effects of Supplemental On-Task Contingencies On the Acquisition of Simple and Difficult Academic Tasks

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of different reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of both a simple and difficult academic task. Distractible students were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions, reflecting the two independent variable manipulations: simple task with contingencies for attention and correct academic performance (SAP), simple task with contingencies, for correct academic performance alone (SP), difficult task with contingencies for attention and correct academic performance (DAP), or difficult task with contingencies for correct academic performance alone (DP).The results indicated that for difficult tasks students assigned to contingencies for correct academic performance alone (DP) were off-task more and scored significantly lower on two measures of academic performance than those students who were assigned to the DAP condition. No such differential effect was noted for students assigned to the simple task conditions; all students...
Evaluation of a tetracycline-inducible promoter in Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo and its application in demonstrating the role of sigB in microcolony formation

An inducible promoter system provides a powerful tool for studying the genetic basis for virulence. A variety of inducible systems have been used in other organisms, including pXyl- xylR -inducible promoter, the pSpac- lacI system, and the arabinose-inducible P BAD promoter, but each of these systems has limitations in its application to Staphylococcus aureus . In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of a tetracycline-inducible promoter system in inducing gene expression in S. aureus in vitro and inside epithelial cells as well as in an animal model of infection. Using the xyl/tetO promoter:: gfp uvr fusion carried on a shuttle plasmid, we demonstrated that dose-dependant tetracycline induction, as measured by bacterial fluorescence, occurred in each of the above environments while basal activation under noninduced conditions remained low. To ascertain how the system can be used to elucidate the genetic basis of a pathogenic phenotype, we cloned the sigB gene downstream of the inducible promoter. Induction of SigB expression led to dose-dependent attachment of the tested strain to polystyrene microtiter wells. Additionally, bacterial microcolony formation, an event preceding mature biofilm formation, also increased with tetracycline induction of SigB.
EFFECT OF AN INFECTION SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL PROGRAM ON THE ACCURACY OF RETROSPECTIVE CHART REVIEW

The primary analyses of the SENIC Project (Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control) will test the association between the presence of infection surveillance and control programs (ISCPs) and changes in nosocomial infection rates (NIRs) as measured by retrospective chart review (RCR). If the establishment of an ISCP affects the quality or completeness of information important for diagnosing infection by RCR, the analyses could be biased (i.e., there could be an increased chance of a Type I or Type II error). To determine whether this type of "ISCP effect" on the accuracy of RCR is likely to occur, the authors carried out a prospective intervention study in one hospital where 1) nosocomial infections among a pre-ISCP cohort of patients were detected by prospective data collection (PDC), 2) the hospital's first ISCP was instituted, and 3) infections were identically studied by PDC exactly two years later. Several months after the end of the second PDC, a team of trained chart reviewers read the medical records of the patients in both study cohorts and abstracted all clinical data bits used for diagnosing nosocomial infection. By a nonparametric matched correlation analysis, no significant change was found in the amount of relevant clinical information recorded in the medical records, and sensitivity and specificity did not change significantly. The authors conclude that, if an ISCP effect on RCR accuracy is present at all, it must be small.
Frequency domain diagnostics for linear smoothers

Abstract Frequency domain analysis is used to examine estimates from linear smoothers operating on realizations of random fields over space and/or time. The estimates are expressed in terms of the Fourier transforms of the dependent variable and of the smoother weights. The latter is referred to as the equivalent transfer function. The data do not need to be evenly spaced to perform this analysis. The modulus of the equivalent transfer function characterizes the spectral content of an estimate and may reveal subtle sampling properties of the design. Frequency domain bias calculations are useful for comparing different smoothers and for assessing the resolution capabilities of a data set. These methods are used to compare six one-dimensional smoothers and analyze a complex three-dimensional example using data from a satellite altimeter.
An Adaptable Energy-Efficient Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

We propose a medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSN) called adaptive sensor medium access control (AMAC), which is based on the sensor medium access control (S-MAC) protocol. Since WSNs are energy constrained, the lifetime of the network must be increased by making it as energy efficient as possible. Whereas S-MAC uses a fixed duty cycle for sleeping, AMAC adapts to traffic conditions by incorporating multiple duty cycles. Under a high traffic load, AMAC has a short duty cycle and awakes more often. Under a low traffic load, AMAC has a longer duty cycle and awakes infrequently. The AMAC protocol is simulated in OPNET Modeler. Analysis indicates that AMAC uses 15% less power and 22% less energy cost per byte than S-MAC with a tradeoff in twice the latency. For an application insensitive to latency, the AMAC protocol offers an extended lifetime
Thin filament regulation of shortening velocity in rat skinned skeletal muscle: effects of osmotic compression.

1. Maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) was examined in skinned single fibres from rat slow-twitch soleus muscles at various degrees of Ca2+ activation of the thin filament, in the presence and absence of osmotic compression induced by 5% dextran. 2. At maximal levels of Ca2+ activation, Vmax remained constant as the extent of shortening was varied, with values averaging 1.43 +/- 0.05 muscle lengths/s (mean + S.E.M., n = 13). When thin filament activation was reduced by lowering the concentration of Ca2+, unloaded shortening consisted of an initial high-velocity phase for extents of shortening in the range 20-80 nm/half-sarcomere, and a subsequent low-velocity phase for greater extents of shortening. 3. In the absence of dextran, Vmax in the high-velocity phase of shortening was relatively invariant over a wide range of activation; however, at very low levels of activation, yielding tensions less than 5% of the peak value. Vmax declined precipitously. In contrast, fibres compressed radially with dextran to diameters comparable to those of intact fibres demonstrated a marked decrease in Vmax in the high-velocity phase when thin filament activation was varied over a wide range. These findings are consistent with the idea that cross-bridges in the expanded filament lattice of skinned fibres do not bear as great an axial compressive force as in intact fibres (Goldman & Simmons, 1986; Goldman, 1987) but instead buckle as the fibre shortens. 4. The value of Vmax in the low-velocity phase of shortening decreased as thin filament activation was reduced in both control and osmotically compressed fibres. The low-velocity phase, which occurred only at reduced levels of thin filament activation, may be a manifestation of a population of slowly dissociating crossbridges which with shortening become negatively strained and oppose contraction.
Potential Advantages of a Strong-motion Velocity Meter over a Strong-motion Accelerometer

This study examines whether it would be better to deploy a velocity-recording strong-motion instrument in place of existing force-balance accelerometers. The proposed instrument would be comparable to a low-gain version of existing broadband seismometers. Using a large suite of Earth signals, we compare such a hypothetical long-period low-gain velocity seismometer (with a clipping level set to ±5 m/s) with the existing ±2 g clipping Kinemetrics FBA-23 accelerometer. We show that there are significant advantages in the deployment of the proposed instrument over an accelerometer.
Development and Test Results of a Quasi-waveguide Multi-cell Resonator

This paper reports the successful fabrication and test results of a novel 2815 MHz superconducting deflecting cavity operating in a TE-mode trapped in a quasiwaveguide structure with extremely high shunt impedance. The waveguide structure of this cavity allows for the free propagation of all higher order modes (HOMs) out of the cavity via the beam ports, eliminating the need for HOM dampers inside the cavity when operated with high beam current. The absence of HOM dampers greatly simplifies the cavity fabrication and operation at cryogenic temperatures. This cavity with its high shunt impedance is ideal for the spatial rotation of short bunches in a small physical space, a requirement for the generation of sub-picosecond short pulse X-rays in electron storage rings or luminosity upgrades of colliders.
Mapping the superficial inferior epigastric system and its connection to the deep system: An MRA analysis

The superficial inferior epigastric vasculature plays a critical role in free abdominal tissue transfer. However, its anatomic variations are incompletely characterized. An investigation was conducted on the preoperative imaging of patients undergoing free-flap breast reconstruction by a single surgeon between 2008 and 2013. This study included patients who underwent abdominal magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA). A coordinate system was used to draw the main trunk and primary branches from each patient's superficial inferior epigastric system. Each hemiabdomen's branching pattern was categorized as simple, complex, or absent. The number of superficial-to-deep inferior epigastric connections and the presence or absence of a superficial system crossing the midline were recorded. Interrater reliability was assessed for two raters. This analysis included 53 patients (106 hemiabdomens). A total of 80 (75%) hemiabdomens were categorized as having simple and 10 (9%) as complex branching patterns. A total of 16 (15%) hemiabdomens had no identifiable vessels. At least one superficial-to-deep connection was found among 89 hemiabdomens (84%). Superficial systems crossing the midline were found in 14 patients (26%). Our findings support the high degree of anatomic variation in the superficial inferior epigastric system, including a significant number of patients lacking superficial-to-deep connections and bilaterally communicating systems. These variations may be identified on preoperative MRA.
Lipids, Oligomers, and Proteins

Biological membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, although their relative quantities vary widely. Membranes from various sources are composed of 20 to 60% protein, 30 to 80% lipid and 0 to 10% carbohydrate by weight. In this and the following chapter we discuss the molecules and macromolecules that assemble to form membranes. This chapter focuses on membrane-associated lipids, oligomers, and proteins. Chapter 3 discusses membrane carbohydrates and skeletons. We shall begin by considering lipids, a fundamental component of every membrane.
BAL inhibition of mercurial diuresis in congestive heart failure.

Conclusions1. BAL in oil completely annuls the diuretic effect of the organic mercurial known as Mercuhydrin.2. A period of priming with BAL in oil was necessary to inhibit the diuresis completely.3. Procaine may be added to BAL in oil without in any way affecting the anti-diuretic effect.4. BAL in oil may intensify pre-existing hypertension in the presence of heart failure.
The absence of gangliosides in a higher plant

We report attempts to isolate and purify sialic acid-containing glycolipids (gangliosides) from etiolated hypocotyls of soybean (Glycine max) using methods developed for rat liver. The maximum amounts of ganglioside sialic acid present was found to be less than. 0.021 nmole/g fresh weight or less than 1:100,000 the amounts present in rat liver. We conclude that this tissue lacks gangliosides.
Gene-based analysis identified the gene ZNF248 is associated with late-onset asthma in African Americans

Background Late-onset asthma (LOA) has distinct characteristics and its pathogenesis might rely on unique pathways. Although current studies are focused primarily on childhood asthma, more research is needed to show the mechanisms underlying LOA.
Effects of betaine, pen space, and slaughter handling method on growth performance, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of betaine, pen space, and preslaughter handling method on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows. For the growth trial, a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used: betaine (0 or 0.250%) and(or) pen space (m2/pig; adequate, 0.035 BW0.67 kg, or inadequate, 0.025 BW0.67 kg). Each treatment was replicated five times with four barrows per replicate. At trial termination, two barrows from each pen were selected to receive either minimal or normal preslaughter handling. Reducing pen space decreased (P 0.10) on overall ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed. Pigs fed betaine had decreased (P 0.10) by betaine. Pigs with inadequate pen space had increased (P < 0.10) ultimate pH, subjective color, cooking loss (fresh and frozen chop), and shear force but decreased rectal temperature, loin muscle CIE L*, biceps femoris CIE b*, and drip loss. Pigs subjected to minimal preslaughter handling had decreased (P < 0.10) rectal temperature, plasma cortisol, loin muscle CIE b*, and fresh chop total loss (drip + cooking loss). Pigs fed betaine had increased (P < 0.01) initial pH and decreased (P < 0.10) drip loss (fresh chop). Cooking loss and total loss (frozen chop) were decreased in pigs fed betaine with adequate pen space but increased in pigs fed betaine with inadequate pen space (betaine x pen space, P < 0.01). Pigs fed betaine may have improved pork quality.
Optimal Control Of Singularly Perturbed Linear Systems And Applications

Highlights the Hamiltonian approach to singularly perturbed linear optimal control systems. Develops parallel algorithms in independent slow and fast time scales for solving various optimal linear control and filtering problems in standard and nonstandard singularly perturbed systems, continuous- and discrete-time, deterministic and stochastic, mul
Crystal Structure of the Expanded-Metal Compound 7Li(ND3)4

The structure of the expanded-metal compound Li(ND{sub 3}){sub 4} has been one of the most important and elusive unsolved problems in metal-ammonia chemistry. This unique compound has the lowest melting point of any known metal (89 K) possesses unusual electrical and magnetic properties, and is just on the metallic side of the metal-nonmetal transition. The elucidation of the structure of {sup 7}Li(ND{sub 3}){sub 4} above the antiferromagnetic transition temperature is the subject of this investigation. These results confirm the idealized model proposed by Stacey and Sienko.
Locomotion and Posture

Apart from marsupials and edentates, there is no order of mammals, living or fossil, which displays a greater diversity of locomotor and postural adaptations than extant primates. With body weight varying from about 100 grams to 200 kilograms, the Order Primates includes leapers, climbers, brachiators, knuckle-walkers and a variety of arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds. Despite the interest which primate positional behaviour has engendered in anatomists, anthropologists and zoologists throughout this century, we still understand very little about the relationships between locomotor and postural behaviour on the one hand, and basic aspects of these animals’ biology, such as gross diet and use of forest structure on the other.
A novel conformal superficial high-dose-rate brachytherapy device for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer and keloids.

Abstract Purpose To develop a novel conformal superficial brachytherapy (CSBT) device as a treatment option for the patient-specific radiation therapy of conditions including superficial lesions, postsurgical positive margins, Dupuytren's contractures, keloid scars, and complex anatomic sites (eyelids, nose, ears, etc.). Methods and Materials A preliminary CSBT device prototype was designed, built, and tested using readily available radioactive seeds. Iodine-125 (125I) seeds were independently guided to the treatment surface to conform to the target. Treatment planning was performed via BrachyVision Planning System (BPS) and dose distributions measured with Gafchromic EBT3 film. Percent depth dose curves and profiles for Praseodymium-142 (142Pr), and Strontium-90/Yttrium-90 (90Sr–90Y) were also investigated as potential sources. Results achieved with 90Sr–90Y and electron external beam radiation therapy were compared and Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended 2.6 simulations of 142Pr seeds were validated. Results BPS was able to predict clinical dose distributions for a multiple seeds matrix. Calculated and measured doses for the 125I seed matrix were 500 cGy and 473.5 cGy at 5 mm depth, and 171.0 cGy and 201.0 cGy at 10 mm depth, respectively. Results of 90Sr–90Y tests demonstrate a more conformal dose than electron EBRT (1.6 mm compared to 4.3 mm penumbra). Measured 142Pr doses were 500 cGy at surface and 17.4 cGy at 5 mm depth. Conclusions The CSBT device provides a highly conformal dose to small surface areas. Commercially available BPS can be used for treatment planning, and Monte Carlo simulation can be used for plans using beta-emitting sources and complex anatomies. Various radionuclides may be used in this device to suit prescription depths and treatment areas.
An Exploration of Applying Gate-Length-Biasing Techniques to Deeply-Scaled FinFETs Operating in Multiple Voltage Regimes

With the aggressive downscaling of process technologies and the importance of battery-powered systems, reducing leakage power consumption has become a crucial design challenge for IC designers. In addition, the traditional bulk CMOS technologies face significant challenges related to short-channel effects and process variations. FinFET devices have attracted a lot of attention as an alternative to bulk CMOS in sub-32nm technology nodes. This paper presents a device-circuit cross-layer framework to utilize fine-grained gate-length biased FinFETs for circuit leakage power reduction in near- and super-threshold ( $V_T$ ) operation regimes. The impacts of cell-level and transistor-level Gate-Length Biasing (GLB) on circuit speed and leakage power are studied using a 7 nm FinFET technology.
Effect of perioperative steroids on dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: A systematic review

Background Dysphagia following anterior cervical spine surgery is common. Steroids potentially reduce post-operative inflammation that leads to dysphagia; however, the efficacy, optimal dose and route of steroid administration have not been fully elucidated. Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effect of peri-operative steroids on the incidence and severity of dysphagia following anterior cervical spine surgery. Methods A PubMed search adherent to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was performed to include clinical studies reporting use of steroids in adult patients following anterior cervical spine surgery. Data regarding steroid dose, route and timing of administration were abstracted. Incidence and severity of post-operative dysphagia were pooled across studies. Results Seven of 72 screened articles met inclusion criteria for a total of 246,298 patients that received steroids. Patients that received systemic and local steroids had significant reductions in rate and severity of dysphagia postoperatively. Reduction of dysphagia severity was more pronounced in patients undergoing multilevel procedures in both groups. There was no difference in infectious complications among patients that received steroids compared with controls. There was no difference in fusion rates at long-term follow-up. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Steroids may reduce dysphagia after anterior cervical spinal procedures in the early post-operative period without increasing complications. This may be especially beneficial in patients undergoing multilevel procedures. Future studies should further define the optimal dose and route of steroid administration, and the specific contraindications for use.
Psychological predictors of eating pathology in older adult women.

Eating pathology is generally considered to affect females during adolescence and early adulthood. However, in recent years, there has been an increased recognition that disordered eating occurs in...
Ab Initio evaluation of electron transport properties of Pt, Rh, Ir, and Pd nanowires for advanced interconnect applications

The electronic and structural properties of nanowires composed of either Pt, Ir, Rh, or Pd are calculated using density functional theory and a non-equilibrium Green's function scattering approach. The results for these nanowires are compared with Cu nanowires of comparable dimensions and evaluated for potential use in interconnect technology applications. The cohesive energies of the Pt, Rh and Ir nanowires are found to be stronger than the corresponding value for bulk Cu, indicating superior structural integrity and resistance to electromigration relative to Cu. Several of the nanowires considered are found to exhibit larger values of ballistic conductance relative to Cu, with maximum conductance occurring along the [110] crystallographic direction. Electron scattering at some representative twin grain boundaries is evaluated and an empirical resistivity model is used to quantitatively estimate the impact of grain size on total resistivity.
Abnormal bone marrow signal on MRI heralding oncologic diagnoses: A single institution review.

1580 Background: The increased use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has resulted in increased numbers of incidental findings. Oncologists often receive consults for workup of "abnormal marrow si...
Fundamentals of Intellectual Property: Cases & Materials

This is approximately the 24th revision of a conventional 472 pp. casebook. Used twice annually since 1999, this edition will be used in 3-semester-hour courses in 2012-13. Noncommercial reproduction of this file is royalty free, but one of the comprehensive statutory supplement is recommended. Also, an inexpensive paperback may be purchased from Amazon, with bulk discounts available through the author.The book flags common themes and critical distinctions among IP components. The goal is to present the most important and durable aspects of the law for the benefit of potential legal specialists as well as generalists. Pursuit of such objectives is informed by over forty years of study and teaching students at every level of technical and legal sophistication. That current policy debates often center on issues raised in the 1800s and earlier has also been helpful. Indeed, much that is truly fundamental remains remarkably constant. Domain names and rights of publicity also receive modest attention. Moreover, from the outset, remedies figure pervasively. Preemption and commercial speech issues are addressed in separate chapters, as well as elsewhere when appropriate.
New Evidence on Psychology and Stock Returns

This article provides econometric evidence on the importance of psychological considerations for aggregate stock price fluctuations. To this end, a novel measure of stock market sentiment, dubbed t...
HSP90 Inhibition and Cellular Stress Elicits Phenotypic Plasticity in Hematopoietic Differentiation.

Abstract Cancer cells exist in a state of Darwinian selection using mechanisms that produce changes in gene expression through genetic and epigenetic alteration to facilitate their survival. Cellular plasticity, or the ability to alter cellular phenotype, can assist in survival of premalignant cells as they progress to full malignancy by providing another mechanism of adaptation. The connection between cellular stress and the progression of cancer has been established, although the details of the mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. The molecular chaperone HSP90 is often upregulated in cancers as they progress, presumably to allow cancer cells to deal with misfolded proteins and cellular stress associated with transformation. The objective of this work is to test the hypothesis that inhibition of HSP90 results in increased cell plasticity in mammalian systems that can confer a greater adaptability to selective pressures. The approach used is a murine in vitro model system of hematopoietic different...
APOPTOSIS AND ANGIOFIBROSIS IN DIABETIC TRACTIONAL MEMBRANES AFTER VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITION: Results of a Prospective Trial. Report No. 2.

Purpose:We sought to characterize the angiofibrotic and apoptotic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-inhibition on fibrovascular epiretinal membranes in eyes with traction retinal detachment because of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Methods:Membranes were excised from 20 eyes o
The quality of nutrition and physical activity environments of child-care centers across three states in the southern U.S.

Abstract This cross-sectional study assessed the quality of nutrition and physical activity environments of child-care centers in three southern states and examined differences by rural versus urban location, participation in the Child and Adult Care Food Program, and Head Start status. The sample included 354 centers that enroll children aged 2–5: 154 centers from Georgia, 103 from Kentucky, and 97 centers from Mississippi. Directors and 1–2 teachers per center completed the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report (EPAO-SR) tool that assesses nutrition and physical activity environments of child-care centers. The EPAO-SR items were scored to capture six nutrition domains and six physical activity domains that were averaged and then summed to create a combined nutrition and physical activity environment score (range = 0–36); higher scores indicated that centers met more best practices, which translated to higher-quality environments. Overall, the centers had an average combined nutrition and physical activity environment score of 20.2 out of 36. The scores did not differ between rural and urban centers (mean = 20.3 versus 20.2, p = 0.98). Centers in the Child and Adult Care Food Program had higher combined nutrition and physical activity environment scores than non-participating centers (mean = 20.6 versus 19.1, p
Factors affecting turnover rates of public child welfare front line workers: comparing cohorts of title IV-E program graduates with regularly hired and trained staff

The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of a statewide intervention (BSW level Title IV-E Program) on both the workers’ intent to leave the job and their actual exit from a state administ...
A Review of “Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys”

This is a review of the book “Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys” by Bruce Berndt and Robert Rankin, which contains a selection of some of the most important articles written about Ramanujan’s life and work, and about the life of some individuals who played a crucial role in Ramanujan’s life.
Connotative Meaning of Visual Properties of Surfaces

The goals of the research efforts described in this paper were (1) to establish a rational technique for the selection of the visual properties of architectural surfaces and (2) to determine the psychophysical relationships between objective measurements of surfaces and their psychological meaning. Respondents rated samples of architectural surfaces (brick surfaces varying in size, texture, and color) and design concepts (home, prison, etc.) on a series of bipolar adjective scales selected to measure the meaning of the object on the three commonly identified dimensions of connotative meaning-the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions (the semantic differential technique). The validity and reliability of this application of the semantic differential were assessed and found to be satisfactory. Since each rated object receives a score on each of the three dimensions and can be localized as a point in three-dimensional semantic space, one can obtain quantitative differences between the connotative meaning of diverse objects. A rational technique for the selection of the visual properties of architectural surfaces would involve selecting surfaces whose meaning matched the meaning of the design concept. Psychophysical relationships were obtained between the meaning of the visual properties of the surfaces on each of the dimensions of connotative meaning and physical measurements of the surfaces. Several of these relationships indicated an association between the physical and psychological aspects of the surfaces. Hence, it is probable that surfaces could be manufactured which would permit one to obtain a close match between the meaning of the surfaces and the meaning of design concepts. The results of these preliminary studies indicate that further research on the connotative meaning of visual properties of surfaces is warranted.
Toxicity of Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani to chick embryos.

None of the extracts and culture filtrates from growth of 9 races ofPhytophthora infestans on living potato tissue and potato dextrose broth are toxic to chick embryos. Chloroform extracts of 4 out of 10 isolates ofAlternaria solani grown on potato dextrose broth showed some toxicity to chick embryos.
Chemiluminescent Measurement of Telomere DNA Content in Biopsies

Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that protect the ends of chromosomes from fusion and degradation. They are typically shorter in tumor cells than in paired normal cells, and shorter telomeres are associated with poor outcome in cancer. We previously described a slot blot-based methodfor measuring telomere DNA content, a proxy for telomere length. Although this method represented an improvement over existing methods, its 30-ng limit of sensitivity was insufficient for use with biopsy or other scant tissues. Here we describe a chemiluminescent slot blot assay for telomere DNA content that has the sensitivity required for use with biopsy materials. The results obtained with DNA derived from human placental, HeLa, human peripheral blood lymphocytes, sham-needle core prostate biopsies, and archival prostatectomy tissues demonstrated that telomere DNA content can be reliably and reproducibly measured in 5 ng, and sometimes as little as 2 ng, genomic DNA. Sham-needle core prostate biopsy and prostatectomy specimens processed in parallel produced comparable results. The contribution of truncated telomeres in admixtures containing as much as 75% normal placental DNA could be established. We also demonstrated that the treatment of tissue with formalin before DNA purification does not decrease the efficacy of the assay.
Observation in Constructive Empiricism: Arbitrary or Incoherent?

EI empirismo constructivo se halla inapropiadamente motivado por la doctrina empirista general. Sin embargo, sostenemos que es posible encontrar una motivacion para dicho empirismo en la peculiar mezcla entre la teoria de la decision y algunos hechos especificos acerca de la especie humana anticipados por Van Fraassen en The Scientific Image. Lamentablemente, una filosofia de la ciencia motivada de esa manera es incapaz de evitar su propio hundimiento bajo el peso de otros multiples "hechos" relativos a la especie humana.
Bilateral Adrenalectomy Versus Medical Management for Cushing’s Syndrome with Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia

Cushing’s syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is a rare disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The hypercortisolism found in Cushing’s syndrome leads to obesity and its associated diseases, higher risk of infections, and conditions associated with collagen breakdown. Surgical resection of the source of cortisol is curative but results in a patient with permanent adrenal insufficiency and the need for life-long medications. Bilateral adrenalectomy has been the standard treatment, but a unilateral adrenalectomy has provided good outcomes and reduces the chance of life-long hypoadrenalism. Laparscopic and synchronous removal of the adrenal glands has offered a cure with less complications and morbidity. Medical therapies decrease cortisol production by inhibiting ACTH, inhibiting cortisol, or blocking the action of cortisol at the level of the glucocorticoid receptor. Combination medical therapy can offer faster improvement in cortisol levels. The following chapter reviews the benefits and risks of surgical versus medical therapy in patients with Cushing’s syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.
Clozapine-induced myocarditis: Two case reports and review of clinical presentation and recognition

Myocarditis is a potentially fatal cardiac disease marked by inflammation of the heart muscle. With a noted black-box warning, rates of clozapine-induced myocarditis are reportedly as high as 3%. Since the first case of clozapine-induced myocarditis was documented in 1994, more than 250 cases have been described in literature with an approximate 33% case-fatality rate. We report 2 cases of patients with primary psychotic disorders treated with clozapine, who developed signs and symptoms of myocarditis. The first was a 35-year-old white male patient with a primary diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder (bipolar type) who was initiated on clozapine after nonresponse to several therapies. On day 26, the patient was admitted to the emergency department for chest pain presenting with eosinophilia and notable elevations in several biomarkers, including troponin and C-reactive protein. The second patient was a 45-year-old black male who was initiated on clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. On day 13, the patient reported cardiac-related concerns (tachycardia) and flu-like symptoms resulting in hospitalization. Similarly, this patient demonstrated elevated biomarkers (troponin and creatine kinase). Both patients experienced resolution of symptoms after discontinuation of clozapine. Clozapine was not rechallenged for either patient. Review of literature further elucidates the relationship between clozapine and myocarditis, including potential risk factors, pathophysiology, and symptom presentation. Due to the potentially fatal nature of this condition, clinical vigilance and awareness is warranted upon initiation of clozapine through monitoring of symptoms along with cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers as indicated.
Risk of left ventricular assist device driveline infection: A systematic literature review

Abstract Background Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) improve quality of life in end-stage heart failure but can cause serious complications such as infections with driveline infection causing significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives The purpose of this systematic literature review is to synthesize the literature to determine variables associated with driveline infection and seek opportunities to improve nursing management of LVAD drivelines. Methods A systematic literature review was performed. The evidence was synthesized using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice tools and the Chain of Infection epidemiological framework. Results Thirty-four studies focused on vulnerable host, portal of entry, and causative organism aspects of the Chain of Infection. Increased BMI, younger age, exposed driveline velour showed increased risk of infection and driveline dressing protocol change showed lower risk of infection. Conclusions Although some risk factors for infection were identified, evidence is still limited. Nurses are uniquely positioned to improve driveline management, disrupting the chain of infection.
Some Like it HOT: Horizontal Operon Transfer.

While horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is well documented in bacteria, the role and frequency of HGT across eukaryotes remains poorly understood. Kominek et al. identified a horizontal operon transfer (HOT) event, with clear evidence for selection to facilitate gene expression, that has allowed a group of yeasts to scavenge iron using bacterially derived genes.
Effects of lowering crude protein supply alone or in a combination with essential oils on productivity, rumen function and nutrient utilization in dairy cows

Lowering dietary protein concentration is known to decrease urinary nitrogen (N) losses and increase milk N efficiency in dairy cows, but it may negatively affect animal productivity. Plant-derived essential oils (EO) may alleviate these negative effects by improving the efficiency of rumen fermentation in cows fed reduced feed protein diets. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of lowering crude protein (CP) supply alone or in a combination with an EO product on feed intake, milk production and composition, rumen fermentation, total tract digestibility and N utilization in dairy cows. Twenty-one Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment. Each period consisted of 14 days for adaptation and 14 days for data collection and sampling. Cows were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets: a 165 g/kg CP diet (control), a 155 g/kg CP diet (LCP) and LCP supplemented with 35 g/day per cow EO (LCPEO). The dry matter (DM) intake was decreased by LCP and LCPEO compared with the control; there was no effect of EO on DM intake. Milk yield and composition and feed efficiency were similar among treatments. Ruminal pH, lactate, ammonia and volatile fatty acids concentrations were not affected by treatment, except increased valerate concentration by LCPEO compared with LCP. The supplementation of EO tended to decrease protozoal counts. The LCP and LCPEO increased total tract digestibility of DM and organic matter and decreased CP digestibility compared with the control. Supplementation with EO did not affect total tract digestibility of dietary nutrients compared with the control or LCP. The LCP and LCPEO decreased urinary and fecal N excretions and increased milk N efficiency; nitrogen losses were not affected by EO. In this study, lowering dietary CP by 10 g/kg decreased urinary and fecal N excretion without affecting productivity. The supplementation of EO to LCP had only minor effects on rumen fermentation and did not affect productivity, digestibility and N excretion in lactating dairy cows.
Biomimetic Organocatalytic Approach to 4-Arylquinolizidine Alkaloids and Application in the Synthesis of (-)-Lasubine II and (+)-Subcosine II.

An enantioselective, biomimetic organocatalytic synthesis of 4-arylquinolizidin-2-ones, key intermediates in the synthesis of several Lythraceae alkaloids, was developed. The methodology features S...