cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial social capital, cognitive orientation and new venture innovation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the entrepreneur’s social capital and cognitive orientation in new venture innovation. Design/methodology/approach The specific research questions are what impact the entrepreneur’s social capital has on his or her cognitive orientation in new product development; and to what extent and how social capital is dependent on the entrepreneur’s cognitive orientation in the new venture innovation performance. Data were collected in a survey conducted in multiple waves on a sample of approximately 1,400 new ventures in the USA. Social capital is measured by the position generator method. Cognitive orientation is measured by the causal mapping method. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings The results indicate that the entrepreneur’s strong social ties with the scientific community and technology-orientated cognition drive research collaborations and ultimately contribute to new venture innovation. Research limitations/implications Possible limitations are the low survey response rate, the spread of industries involved and respondents being the sole data source. Future research could use multiple data sources, increase the response rate by using other methods such as interviews and focus on a single industry or a set of related industries. Practical implications The findings of this study can guide entrepreneurs to manage their social relationships actively. Entrepreneurs should proactively build strong ties with the scientific community at the start-up stage to improve their firms’ innovation performance. In the domain of public policy, initiatives such as encouragement of cooperation between universities and entrepreneurs may help to create new venture innovations and stimulate the regional economy. Originality/value This study contributes to the research on innovation and entrepreneurship by exploring the interrelationships among entrepreneurs’ social capital, cognitive orientation and new venture innovation. It found that entrepreneurs’ social capital at the start-up stage influences the characteristics of their cognitive orientation in new product development and ultimately new venture innovation. It also revealed how entrepreneurs think about new product success through cognitive mapping techniques.
Ethical debates in genetic engineering: U.S. scientists' attitudes on patenting, germ-line research, food labeling, and agri-biotech issues.

A 1995 survey of 1,257 scientists working in the field of recombinant DNA research indicates wide areas of agreement as well as some noteworthy divisions when it comes to such thorny questions as patenting, germ-line research, food labeling, and biodiversity. In general, the scientists surveyed approve of patenting living organisms that result from rDNA research, but vary significantly on what should be patentable. They advocate human germ-line therapy, yet have reservations about using it for any but serious diseases. They oppose mandatory labeling of biologically engineered food products, but understand that the public has a right to know and advocate openness. Finally, they favor development of threats to biodiversity and maintain that publicly funded researchers should be legally obligated to consider the potential environmental effects of their research. Some clear differences arise between scientists working in industry and those in academia and between men and women.
Efficiently Attentive Event-Triggered Systems With Limited Bandwidth

Event-triggered systems sample and transmit data when a state dependent criterion is violated. Many event-triggered systems are efficiently attentive, i.e., longer inter-sampling intervals are achieved as the system gets closer to its equilibrium. This property allows event-triggered systems to use fewer communication resources since control systems are usually operated around their equilibria. Efficient attentiveness, however, is not a necessary property of all event-triggered systems. To ensure efficient attentiveness, this technical note proposes an approach to design event triggers and quantization maps for nonlinear systems with transmission delays. We present sufficient conditions to guarantee input-to-state stability (ISS) of the resulting systems without exhibiting Zeno behavior.
Immunodiagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis

The clinical definition of Lyme disease depends on the epidemiologic association of signs and symptoms with a measureable immune response to B. burgdorferi. The dependence on the demonstration of an immune response to B. burgdorferi has made the understanding of this systemic spirochetosis critical for the physician when making a diagnosis.
Improving Cause Detection Systems with Active Learning.

Active learning has been successfully applied to many natural language processing tasks for obtaining annotated data in a cost-effective manner. We propose several extensions to an active learner that adopts the margin-based uncertainty sampling framework. Experimental results on a cause detection problem involving the classification of aviation safety reports demonstrate the effectiveness of our extensions.
Reshaping energy policy for sustainable development: Curbing Iran’s carbon emission monster via renewable energies

ABSTRACTThis paper formulates flow of energy from primary resources and import routes to different socio-economic sectors by making use of Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model. It presents a baseline of how Iran’s future production and consumption patterns evolve. It also seeks plausible scenario for renewable energies utilization and evaluates its mitigation potential and economic aspects. Model results indicate that exploitation of a “not-too-strict” package of renewable sources featuring 10 GW of wind and 19 GW of hydro by the end of 2035 will lead to CO2 emissions to be reduced up to an amount of 190.7 million tons in the study period. By accounting for the opportunity costs different fossil fuels can have, and with a 22% discount rate, abatement of 1 ton of CO2 costs about 7.5 $ (in 2005 constant prices) that declines to zero with a discount rate equal to 7.7%. The paper is concluded by discussing policy options for overcoming barriers hindering the development of renewable resources ...
Playground Futurities and Micro-Utopias

This chapter begins in Reggio Emilia, a city in Italy famous for its democratic and aesthetically-attuned early childhood education. The Fascist history of Italy is part of what produced the Reggio Emilia approach, and Stephanie and Jim ask the question – what is justice-oriented teacher education in response to if not Fascism? They show us that perhaps even if the U.S. doesn’t have a dictator, we are often our own dictator, enforcing what Guattari calls “micro-fascisms” on ourselves and our youth. The chapter shows an example of a community-based learning center that aims to offer a space where grown-ups and young people alike engage in creative ways with the space, materials, and time to be differently, to shape their immediate present that it might be their own “micro-utopia.”
Carnivore conservation: shifting the paradigm from control to coexistence

For 90 years, the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) has made science-based challenges to widespread lethal control of native mammals, particularly by the United States federal government targeting carnivores in the western states. A consensus is emerging among ecologists that extirpated, depleted, and destabilized populations of large predators are negatively affecting the biodiversity and resilience of ecosystems. This Special Feature developed from a thematic session on predator control at ASM's 2013 annual meeting, and in it we present data and arguments from the perspectives of ecology, wildlife biology and management, social science, ethics, and law and policy showing that nonlethal methods of preventing depredation of livestock by large carnivores may be more effective, more defensible on ecological, legal, and wildlife-policy grounds, and more tolerated by society than lethal methods, and that total mortality rates for a large carnivore may be driven higher than previously assumed by human causes that are often underestimated.
Understanding Quality Factor Degradation in Superconducting Niobium Cavities at Low Microwave Field Amplitudes.

In niobium superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities for particle acceleration, a decrease of the quality factor at lower fields---a so-called low field $Q$ slope or LFQS---has been a long-standing unexplained effect. By extending the high $Q$ measurement techniques to ultralow fields, we discover two previously unknown features of the effect: (i) saturation at rf fields lower than ${E}_{\mathrm{acc}}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$; (ii) strong degradation enhancement by growing thicker niobium pentoxide. Our findings suggest that the LFQS may be caused by the two level systems in the natural niobium oxide on the inner cavity surface, thereby identifying a new source of residual resistance and providing guidance for potential nonaccelerator low-field applications of SRF cavities.
Small trees, big problems: Comparative leaf function under extreme edaphic stress

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The pygmy forest, a plant community of severely stunted conifers and ericaceous angiosperms, occurs on patches of highly acidic, nutrient-poor soils along the coast of Northern California, USA. This system is an excellent opportunity to study the effect of severe nutrient deficiency on leaf physiology in a naturally-occurring ecosystem. In this study, we seek to understand the physiological mechanisms stunting the plants' growth and their implications for whole plant function. METHODS We measured 14 traits pertaining to leaf photosynthetic function or physical structure on seven species. Samples were taken from the pygmy forest community and from conspecifics growing on higher-nutrient soils, where trees may grow over 30 m tall. KEY RESULTS Pygmy plants of most species maintained similar area-based photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates to conspecific controls, but had lower specific leaf area (leaf area divided by dry weight), lower percent nitrogen, and less leaf area relative to xylem growth. Sequoia sempervirens, a species rare in the pygmy forest, had a categorically different response from the more common plants and had remarkably low photosynthetic rates. CONCLUSIONS Pygmy plants were not stunted by low photosynthetic rates on a leaf-area basis; instead, several species had restricted whole-plant photosynthesis due to low leaf area production. Pygmy plants of all species showed signs of greater carbon investment in their leaves and higher production of nonphotosynthetic leaf tissue, further contributing to slow growth rates.
Constructing Global Order: Agency and Change in World Politics

For a long time, international relations scholars have adopted a narrow view of what is global order, who are its makers and managers, and what means they employ to realize their goals. Amitav Acharya argues that the nature and scope of agency in the global order - who creates it and how - needs to be redefined and broadened. Order is built not by material power alone, but also by ideas and norms. While the West designed the post-war order, the non-Western countries were not passive. They contested and redefined Western ideas and norms, and contributed new ones of their own making. This book examines such acts of agency, especially the redefinitions of sovereignty and security, shaping contemporary world politics. With the decline of Western dominance, ideas and agency from the Rest may make it possible to imagine and build a truly global order.
Technical Note: Syringe Cell for Electrochemical Testing

A very simple electrochemical cell for corrosion experiments has been developed using a syringe as the cell with the syringe plunger replaced by reference and counter electrodes. Because the exposed area is defined by a hanging droplet, no masking is required and thus no crevice corrosion forms. This cell therefore enables measurements of pitting potentials of metals that are susceptible to crevice corrosion. The method was validated by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization experiments on Type 304H stainless steel. Crevice or interfacial corrosion was not evident in multiple replicate specimens tested with the syringe cell method.
Democracy-Promoting Judicial Review in a Two-Party System: Dealing With Second-Order Preferences

The tension between judicial review and democratic principles remains the most significant problem in modern constitutional theory. Yet this tension may be resolved in the context of “political stalemate.” Political stalemate arises when both parties in a two-party system find it electorally advantageous to ignore a given political issue, even when majorities favor reform on that issue. This can occur when (a) majorities favor reform as only a secondary preference, and (b) a swing-voting minority exists which has intense preferences against reform. When political stalemate materializes, judicial activism toward reform serves democratic ends primarily by breaking the stalemate and encouraging open contestation on the issue. These are functions that electoral mechanisms simply cannot perform, and they point toward a democratic defense of the Supreme Court's decisions in Griswold v. Connecticut and Lawrence v. Texas.
Continuing Education and Social Work Education

Growth of continuing education programs is noted. Differences between continuing education and traditional education are examined. Author argues that continuing education approaches are appropriate for social work education and should be made an integral part of programs for the preparation of social workers. "The separation of the university from the camrLuity appears to be declining sharply and will probably continue to do so," wrote Dressel in 1971.1 This notion of higher education as a joint enterprise between campus and cormazity is a familiar one in social work. It goes back to a time when education and social work were not the distinctly separate fields they are today. During the second half of the 19th century, settlement houses provided important alternatives to degree-bound campus learning. These agency programs engaged the interest and enjoyed the participation both of social workers and university educators. The latter group included John Dewey, whose eaughter wrote that because of his work in the programs at Hull House, "his faith in democracy... took on both a sharper and deeper meaning." 2 The first formal.. programs for the training of social workers were organized just at the turn of the century. They were intended to provide those skills which were needed immediately in the field. These programs for working volunteers clearly recognized the consistency of learning theory and practice in combination. Practice was to be practical, based upon sound theory. Theory was to be affirmed or modified through application in practice. Both of these types of programs, those offered by social workers to others and those intended for social workers themselves, bore strong resemblances to present-day programs of continuing education. The goals may have been different, but they were appropriate for their time: Americanization, ethnic preservation, and social change.
Xenon isotopic constraints on the history of volatile recycling into the mantle

The long-term exchange of volatile species (such as water, carbon, nitrogen and the noble gases) between deep Earth and surface reservoirs controls the habitability of the Earth’s surface. The present-day volatile budget of the mantle reflects the integrated history of outgassing and retention of primordial volatiles delivered to the planet during accretion, volatile species generated by radiogenic ingrowth and volatiles transported into the mantle from surface reservoirs over time. Variations in the distribution of volatiles between deep Earth and surface reservoirs affect the viscosity, cooling rate and convective stress state of the solid Earth. Accordingly, constraints on the flux of surface volatiles transported into the deep Earth improve our understanding of mantle convection and plate tectonics. However, the history of surface volatile regassing into the mantle is not known. Here we use mantle xenon isotope systematics to constrain the age of initiation of volatile regassing into the deep Earth. Given evidence of prolonged evolution of the xenon isotopic composition of the atmosphere1,2, we find that substantial recycling of atmospheric xenon into the deep Earth could not have occurred before 2.5 billion years ago. Xenon concentrations in downwellings remained low relative to ambient convecting mantle concentrations throughout the Archaean era, and the mantle shifted from a net degassing to a net regassing regime after 2.5 billion years ago. Because xenon is carried into the Earth’s interior in hydrous mineral phases3–5, our results indicate that downwellings were drier in the Archaean era relative to the present. Progressive drying of the Archean mantle would allow slower convection and decreased heat transport out of the mantle, suggesting non-monotonic thermal evolution of the Earth’s interior. Mantle xenon isotope systematics reveals that no substantial recycling of atmospheric xenon into the deep Earth occurred before 2.5 billion years ago, indicating that downwellings were drier in the Archaean era than today.
Comparing the Prevalence and Organizational Distinctiveness of Faith-Based and Secular Development NGOs in Canada

Faith-based development organizations (FBOs) have been argued to deliver more cost-efficient development projects than their secular counterparts through exclusive access to faith networks, which provide predictable decentralized funding, the recruitment of volunteers, low employee salaries, and less overhead and indirect costs. To date, however, comparative analyses of religious and secular organizations have relied on a case-by-case approach, limiting the generalizability of findings. This study addresses this methodological gap by analyzing Registered Charity Information Return filings and organizational websites of 844 Canadian development NGOs to determine the proportion of FBOs and their organizational distinctiveness. The results show that FBOs comprise 40% of the Canadian NGO sector in terms of the number of organizations and their expenditures in developing countries, and are significantly less reliant on federal funding (p < .1), pay employees lower salaries (p < .01), but do not exhibit a significant difference in their expenditures on overhead and indirect costs. Thus, Canadian FBOs participation in faith networks shapes their organizational modus operandi but does not result in a low overhead alternative to secular NGOs.
Reliability Modeling and Analysis for Cyber Physical Systems

Reliability is a crucial metric in designing Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) because a failure in these systems would result in financial loss, property damage, and even loss of human life. In this paper, we present a general framework of reliability modeling for our ongoing work on Cyber Physical Systems. The target CPS architecture consists of a computation and control unit, a communication network, and physical elements such as sensors and actuators. While modelling the system reliability at high-level (because the characteristics and importance of individual components may vary due to specific nature of the system), we study the parameters that affect the reliability of individual components. In addition, we illustrate the proposed reliability model in an experimental setup using various reliability values given in a technology library.
High-beta/low-gamma frequency activity reflects top-down predictive coding during a spatial working memory test.

Numerous mental health disorders are characterized by cognitive impairments that result in poor vocational and social outcomes. Among the cognitive domains commonly affected, working memory deficits have been noted in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Martinussen et al. in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:377–384, 2005), post-traumatic stress disorder (Honzel et al. in Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 14:792–804, 2014), and consistently with schizophrenia patients (Callicott et al. in Cereb Cortex 10:1078–1092, 2000; Lewis et al. in Front Hum Neurosci 10:85, 2005; Amann et al. in Brain Res Bull 83:147–161, 2010; Limongi et al. in Schizophr Res 197:386–391, 2018). Oscillations in neural activity from electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings are decomposed by frequency, and band-specific decreases in gamma power (> 30 Hz) have been correlated with working memory ability. This study examined within-subject changes in power of frequency-specific bands during sample versus choice trials during a spatial working memory paradigm (T-maze). EEG was recorded using a relatively novel wireless EEG telemetry system fully implanted within the mouse, enabling uninhibited movement during behavioral tasks. No significant differences were found between sample and correct choice phases in the alpha, theta or gamma frequency ranges. Evoked power was significantly higher during the choice phase than the sample phase in the high-beta/low-gamma frequency range. This frequency range has been implicated in the propagation of cortical predictions to lower levels of stimuli encoding in a top-down hierarchical manner. Results suggest there is an increase in brain activity during correct trials when the mouse enters the opposite arm during the choice phase compared to the sample phase, likely due to prediction error resulting from a discrepancy between present and prior experience. Future studies should identify specific cortical networks involved and investigate neural activity at the neuronal level.
Digital Matters: Video Games and the Cultural Transcoding of Nanotechnology

Virtually everywhere in contemporary discussions about the onrushing era of advanced nanotechnology, visionary scientists and technological forecasters rehearse the claim that reality as such will be rendered digital by this new technoscience. As nanotech theorist John Robert Marlow writes: “The coming Age of Nanotechnology might best be described as the Age of Digital Matter, for it will be a time in which it becomes possible to manipulate the physical world in much the same way that a computer now manipulates the digital ones and zeroes on its hard drive” (Marlow 2004). Masami Hagiya, a professor of molecular programming at the University of Tokyo, suggests that new nanotech methods are leading us into a world where “designing molecules and molecular systems is like programming electronic computers” (Hagiya 2004: 126).
Fiber-laser-pumped Cr4+:Ca2GeO4 laser

There is considerable interest in the development of all-solid-state, near-infrared tunable lasers for applications in the scientific and medical fields.
Event prediction algorithm using neural networks for the power management system of electric vehicles

Abstract The power management system for electronic vehicles selectively activates Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in the electronic control system according to time-series vehicle data and predefined operation states. However, at an operation state transition, the energy overheads used for the selective ECU activation could be higher than the energy saved by deactivating ECUs. To prevent these energy-inefficient state transitions, we apply two main ideas to our proposed algorithm: (A) unacceptable state transitions and (B) adaptive training speed. For the unacceptable transitions, our energy model evaluates the breakeven time where energy saving equals to energy overheads. Based on the breakeven time, our algorithm classifies training dataset as unacceptable and acceptable event sets. Especially when the algorithm trains neural networks for the two event sets, the adaptive training speed expedites its training speed based on a history of training errors. Consequently, without violating in-vehicle time constraints, the algorithm could provide real-time predictions and save energy overheads by avoiding unacceptable transitions. In the simulation results on real driving datasets, our algorithm improves the energy dissipation of the electronic control system by 5% to 7%.
Pragmatic implication in the interrogation room: a comparison of juveniles and adults

Pragmatic implication is the phenomenon that individuals process information “between the lines” and hear things that are implied but not asserted. In interrogation settings, whereas explicit statements of leniency are impermissible, implicit statements are allowed. In this study, we compare juveniles’ and adults’ perceptions of interrogator statements of explicit and implicit leniency, in effect examining pragmatic implication. Samples of juveniles and young adults were randomly assigned to an explicit leniency, implicit leniency, or no leniency (control) condition. Participants were read a hypothetical interrogation of a suspect and then asked questions about whether the suspect should confess, possible outcomes, and perceptions about fairness, pressure, etc. Regardless of age, participants were about three times more likely to recommend the suspect confess when leniency was explicitly or implicitly mentioned than when leniency was not introduced. For sentencing expectations, a significant effect of leniency, in the manner predicted, was found for adults but not juveniles. Several differences were also found between juveniles and adults; for example, juveniles perceived the interrogator as significantly fairer than adults in the explicit and implicit leniency conditions, but not in the no leniency condition. As a first step in examining the influence of pragmatic implication for juveniles in interrogation settings, this study makes an important contribution. The primary limitation is that participants responded to a hypothetical situation, which allowed for experimental manipulation but may not generalize to actual interrogations involving juveniles and adults. More in situ studies of interrogation are encouraged.
Patent validity and the timing of settlements

Abstract We study the timing of settlement in patent disputes, accounting for an alleged infringer’s search for evidence to challenge patent validity. Early settlements are more likely reached when the disputed patent has a low quality, and late settlements take place when the alleged infringer finds strong evidence that challenges patent validity. Thus, there is a tendency to settle disputes over patents that would have likely been invalidated in court. Fee shifting induces more early settlements, and when parties did not settle early, a higher expenditure on invalidating the patent. Our model sheds light on disputes involving patent assertion entities.
A viscoplastic model of creep in shale

ABSTRACTWe have developed a viscoplastic model that reproduces creep behavior and inelastic deformation of rock during loading-unloading cycles. We use a Perzyna-type description of viscous deforma...
Moisture absorption of composites with interfacial storage

Abstract Thermosetting polymer composites are often exposed to wet and humid environments, leading to a considerable reduction in their thermo-mechanical properties. Hence, accurate description of the moisture absorption dynamics, including anomalous effects such as molecular bonding and interfacial storage of moisture, is particularly important. In this study, the hindered diffusion model is extended to include the moisture storage at the interface of impermeable fibers or inclusions within the composite. The model is independent of the reinforcement geometry and can be used for fibrous and spherical reinforcements, or for nanoscale additives. The nondimensional formulation and the analytical solution of the model are shown to yield a nondimensional hindrance coefficient that governs the amount of interfacial moisture storage. This phenomenological parameter is expected to be dependent on the interfacial area available for moisture storage, hence should be correlated with the reinforcement volume fraction. To validate this model, available experimental moisture absorption data for epoxy composites containing APS- and nBS-treated glass spheres at different volume fractions are used. The absorption behaviors exhibited by these composites are shown to be successfully described by the hindered diffusion model for all sphere volume fractions. Moreover, the nondimensional hindrance coefficient and the amount of interfacial moisture storage for both composites are found to be linearly related to the volume fraction of the spheres. These results uncover the underlying relationship between the phenomenological model coefficients and the composite microstructure, further validating the theoretical approach to describe the interfacial moisture storage.
Tricuspid valve regurgitation in patients undergoing pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis

We hypothesized that tricuspid valve regurgitation was associated with increased risk of mortality after pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. We reviewed the records of 518 patients who received pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis between January 2000 and December 2016. We excluded cases of radiation induced constrictive pericarditis, tuberculous-related constrictive pericarditis, and concomitant tricuspid valve intervention. Patients were classified according to preoperative transthoracic echocardiography tricuspid regurgitation grade: none/trivial in 276 (53%) patients, mild in 191 (37%), and moderate/severe in 51 (10%). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine an association between tricuspid valve regurgitation grade and mortality. Primary endpoint of this study was mortality. Median patient age was 62 years (interquartile range 51–69), sex was male in 409 (79%) patients, and left ventricular ejection fraction was 60% (54–65). Clinical follow-up was obtained in all patients at a median of 7.6 years (3.6–11.3). Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 10.6% at 1 year, 23.5% at 5 years, and 39.0% at 10 years. Multivariable analysis demonstrated increased mortality risk with mild tricuspid valve regurgitation vs none/trivial (hazard ratio 1.64; 95% confidence interval 1.11–2.43; P = 0.012) and moderate/severe tricuspid valve regurgitation vs none/trivial (hazard ratio 2.27; 95% confidence interval 1.39–3.69; P = 0.001). These findings were independent of right ventricular function. Tricuspid valve regurgitation is a common and clinically important comorbidity in patients operated with pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. Mild or greater tricuspid valve regurgitation is associated with an increased risk of mortality following operation.
89Zr-Trastuzumab PET/CT for Prediction of Response to HER2-targeted therapy in Patients with HER2 Mutant Lung Cancer: An Exploratory Phase 2 Trial

144 Objectives: Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is a HER2 targeted antibody drug conjugate (ADC) that has demonstrated clinical activity in patients with HER2 mutant lung cancers. We hypothesized that the degree of uptake of 89Zr-trastuzumab, a HER2-targeting PET radio-antibody, may serve as a predictor of response to T-DM1. Methods: Patients with metastatic HER2 mutant or amplified cancers were enrolled in a phase 2 trial testing the antitumor activity of T-DM1. Before treatment, an expansion cohort of patients with HER2 mutant lung cancers underwent 89Zr-trastuzumab PET/CT for quantitation of HER2-expression in tumors, as well as FDG PET/CT for baseline RECIST and PERCIST measurements. Patients were treated with T-DM1 at 3.6mg/kg IV every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) using PERCIST. Results: A total of 112 patients with HER2 mutant or amplified cancers were enrolled in the trial. The expansion cohort including 89Zr-trastuzumab PET/CT enrolled 12 patients with HER2 mutant lung cancers. ORR in the expansion cohort was 7 of 12 (58%) by PERCIST. Pre-treatment 89Zr-trastuzumab PET/CT demonstrated 89Zr-trastuzumab-avid lesions in 4 patients, and all 4 patients (100%) subsequently responded to T-DM1 treatment. Pre-treatment 89Zr-trastuzumab showed no uptake above mediastinal background in 8 patients, and only 3 of these 8 (37%) responded to TDM1 treatment. Conclusion: This study confirmed the efficacy of T-DM1 in patients with HER2 mutant lung cancers. HER2-targeted imaging with 89Zr-trastuzumab PET/CT may predict response to T-DM1. This pilot expansion cohort is an example of how HER2-targeted PET imaging may help select anti-HER2 therapies in individual patients, a paradigm that could be applicable to a wide range of malignancies with HER2 aberrations. Research support: Conquer Cancer Foundation, Lowenstein Research Fund, Genentech, the Geoffrey Beene Cancer Center at MSKCC and the Comprehensive Cancer Center Core Grant (NIH P30 CA008748).
Data-Driven Constitutive Model for the Inelastic Response of Metals: Application to 316H Steel

Predictions of the mechanical response of structural elements are conditioned by the accuracy of constitutive models used at the engineering length-scale. In this regard, a prospect of mechanistic crystal-plasticity-based constitutive models is that they could be used for extrapolation beyond regimes in which they are calibrated. However, their use for assessing the performance of a component is computationally onerous. To address this limitation, a new approach is proposed whereby a surrogate constitutive model (SM) of the inelastic response of 316H steel is derived from a mechanistic crystal plasticity-based polycrystal model tracking the evolution of dislocation densities on all slip systems. The latter is used to generate a database of the expected plastic response and dislocation content evolution associated with several instances of creep loading. From the database, a SM is developed. It relies on the use of orthogonal polynomial regression to describe the evolution of the dislocation content. The SM is then validated against predictions of the dead load creep response given by the polycrystal model across a range of temperatures and stresses. When the SM is used to predict the response of 316H during complex non monotonic loading, extrapolating to new loading conditions, it is found that predictions compare particularly well against those from the physics-based polycrystal model.
Firefighter Gloves Currently on the Market: Analysis and Future Research Directions

Gloves are an essential component of the modern firefighter’s personal protective equipment (PPE). Improvements are needed in firefighting gloves to improve dexterity, grip, flexibility, and glove thickness (Lee, et. al., 2015). Design improvements are needed for a better interface with jackets (Barker et. al, 2013; Lee, et. al., 2015). Gloves available can vary in the number of layers, materials used in each layer, and design—wristlet or gauntlet (Stull and Stull, 2007). Before research into improvements can be made, it is essential to identify the types and components of gloves available on the market today. To make a better glove, we must first understand what is available. This study is part of a larger study, seeking to quantify the protection offered by current gloves. Gloves were analyzed to identify the representative glove types and configurations to select for testing.
On biases in tests of the expectations hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates

Abstract We document extreme bias and dispersion in the small-sample distributions of four standard regression-based tests of the expectations hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates. The biases arise because of the extreme persistence in short interest rates. We derive approximate analytic expressions for the biases under a simple first-order autoregressive data generating process for the short rate. We then conduct Monte Carlo experiments based on a bias-adjusted first-order autoregressive process for the short rate and for a more realistic bias-adjusted VAR-GARCH model incorporating the short rate and three term spreads. Conducting inference with the small-sample distributions of test statistics rather than with their asymptotic distributions provides a more consistent rejection of the expectations hypothesis. Plausible sources of measurement error in short and long yields do not salvage the expectations hypothesis.
Differences in menopausal symptoms and female sexual function by region and ethnicity in West Texas and Central Arizona: a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate menopausal symptoms and sexual problems in Hispanic and non-Hispanic women in two Southwest areas. METHODS An anonymous survey including the Green Climacteric Scale (GCS), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and demographics was distributed to English and Spanish-speaking women age 40 to 60 in Scottsdale, Arizona, and West Texas. FSFI for sexually active women and GCS scores for the Hispanic and non-Hispanic women in Texas were analyzed with multivariable analysis and compared between Texas and Arizona for Non-Hispanic participants. RESULTS Predominantly non-Hispanic women (70%), average age 51.5 (SD = 7.25) completed questionnaires (199 West Texas, 163 Scottsdale). A majority of sexually active women (88%) were found to be at risk of sexual dysfunction. Within the Texas cohort, GCS score was estimated to be 3.49 points lower (less symptoms) in Hispanic versus non-Hispanic participants [95% CI -6.58 to -0.40, P = 0.03], and FSFI score was estimated to be 2.31 points lower (more symptoms) in Hispanic versus non-Hispanic participants [95% CI -4.49 to -0.14, P = 0.04]. Among non-Hispanic women, GCS scores were lower (less symptoms) in Texas versus Arizona by 10.25 points [95% CI -14.83 to -5.66, P < 0.01], while FSFI scores were higher overall (less symptoms) in Texas by 3.65 points [95% CI 0.53-6.77), P = 0.02]. All FSFI and GCS scores were adjusted for multiple variables. CONCLUSIONS In a group of menopausal women from the Southwest, most reported symptoms were consistent with FSD, and the degree of sexual problems appeared to be greater in the Hispanic participants from Texas.
Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Atezolizumab Plus Cobimetinib and Vemurafenib for Treatment of BRAF V600 Variation Metastatic Melanoma

Importance In the IMspire150 trial, triplet treatment with atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone for treatment of BRAF V600 variation metastatic melanoma. However, considering high cost of this combination, it is unclear if the incremental cost is worth the additional survival benefit. Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib vs vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone in patients with newly diagnosed unresectable BRAF V600 variation metastatic melanoma from the US health care perspective. Design, setting, and participants This economic evaluation study used a 3-state partitioned survival model to assess the cost-effectiveness of the combination of atezolizumab with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib vs vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone. The observed Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival and PFS were digitized from the IMspire150 trial (January 2017-April 2018) and the long-term survivals (over a lifetime horizon) beyond the end of the trial were extrapolated using 7 different survival models. The cost and health preference data were collected from a literature review. This study was performed from March 2021 through June 2021. Main outcomes and measures The outcomes of interest were expected life-years (LYs) gained and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), expressed as cost per LYs and per QALYs saved. Results Adding atezolizumab to vemurafenib and cobimetinib provided an additional 3.267 QALYs compared with the doublet regimen of vemurafenib plus cobimetinib, at an ICER of $271 669 per QALY, which is not considered cost-effective at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $150 000 per QALY. However, the scenario analyses found that atezolizumab combined with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib could be cost-effective at 20-year (ICER, $121 432 per QALY) and 30-year ($98 092 per QALY) time horizons when both strategies were stopped after 2 years of treatments, and over a lifetime horizon ($122 220 per QALY) when only immunotherapy with atezolizumab was stopped after 2 years of treatment. Conclusions and relevance These findings suggest that the atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib regimen provides significant survival benefits over vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone, and a price reduction would be encouraged to maximize the value of its survival gain.
How do I distinguish cholangiocarcinoma from metastatic carcinoma and why does it matter

Abstract The 2019 WHO classification recognizes two morphologic variants of cholangiocarcinoma: 1) small duct type, and, 2) large duct type; the former is associated with IDH1/2 mutations and FGFR2 fusions. Therapies targeting these genetic alterations have recently been approved by the FDA. The liver is a favored site of metastasis in the body, and it is thus imperative to distinguish metastatic adenocarcinoma from cholangiocarcinoma. The traditional diagnostic approach employs immunohistochemical stains to exclude a metastatic carcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma has been considered a diagnosis of exclusion and extensive clinical and imaging work-up has been necessary before this diagnosis can be made. The presence of cholangiolar pattern and positive albumin on in situ hybridization favor a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. This review aims to update the reader on the new morphologic classification, and diagnostic and molecular advances in cholangiocarcinoma.
The International Criminal Court

This Chapter briefly explores the efforts that led to the establishment of the International Criminal Court in 1998, outlines the basic structure and operations of the Court as well as its current proceedings, and, finally, elaborate upon some of the challenges it faces as it begins its second decade.
Electric‐field‐enhanced collection of laser‐ablated materials onto a solvent bridge for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

RATIONALE Ambient imaging mass spectrometry methods are critically dependent on the ability to efficiently collect all substances from a well-defined area of the sample. Improvements in this area are critical and enabling. METHODS Methods for the efficient collection of laser-ablated materials directly into a solvent, for immediate transport to an ion source, have been explored using the application of electric fields. RESULTS Electric-field-enhanced collection of laser-ablated materials has been demonstrated. Demonstrated increases in collection efficiency are as large as two orders of magnitude, in particular for hydrated biological materials, such as living bacterial colonies. This was achieved by applying approximately 1 kV between the sample and the receiving solvent surface. CONCLUSIONS Electric-field-enhanced collection of laser-ablated materials holds great promise for ambient sampling and imaging mass spectrometry with rapid and direct interfacing to ionization sources, such as electrospray. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The magnetic field of the Milky Way: OH maser Zeeman results

We report on observations with the VLA designed to map precisely the OH maser emission from many interstellar OH sources. The primary purpose of these observations is to locate oppositely polarized Zeeman-pairs and measure the strength and line-of-sight orientation of the magnetic field in the masing regions. The magnetic fields of interstellar OH masers appear to be of Galactic origin and can be used to map the global structure of the magnetic field of the Milky Way. Measurements of the line-of-sight direction of the magnetic field for 34 OH maser sources favor axi-symmetric (over bi-symmetric models of the magnetic field of the Milky Way.
On particle creation in gravitational collapse

Under the assumption that the collapsing material is transparent, Hawking has extablished that at very late times the emission of particles by a collapsing mass (through quantum effects) yields a thermal-energy spectrum. It is here shown that the assumption of perfect transparency can be replaced by the more realistic assumption of partial or total absorption with no change in the final emitted spectrum.
Coloring Outside the Lines of Gender and Sexuality: The Struggle of Nonbinary Students to Be Recognized

While conducting a national study of more than 200 college students who identify outside of gender or sexual binaries, I interviewed B, a student at a large public university. B identified as gende...
Low-Affinity Blockade of Neuronal N-Type Ca Channels by the Spider Toxin ω-Agatoxin-IVA

The recognition of neuronal Ca channel diversity has led to considerable efforts to identify useful classification criteria. Here, we revisit the pharmacological definition of P- and Q-type Ca channels, which is based on their respective high and low sensitivity to the spider ω-agatoxin-IVA (ω-Aga-IVA), using whole-cell recordings of the Ca channel currents carried by 5 mmBa2+ in isolated rat subthalamic and sympathetic neurons. In subthalamic neurons, ω-Aga-IVA (1 μm) targeted multiple Ca channels. One population was blocked with high potency. These channels carried 50.4 ± 3.4% ( n = 5) of the control current and showed the same inactivation kinetics and voltage-dependent high affinity for ω-Aga-IVA as do prototypic P-type Ca channels. Other Ca channels were targeted with weaker potency. This heterogeneous population contributed to 14.0 ± 1.7% ( n = 5) of the control current. It included N-type Ca channels as well as high-threshold Ca channels that displayed the pharmacological signature of Q-type Ca channels but resembled P-type Ca channels in their gating properties. N-type Ca current block by ω-Aga-IVA (1 μm) was further investigated in sympathetic neurons, which mainly express this Ca channel type. Block was incomplete (∼30% of the control current). Its relief at positive potentials was consistent with ω-Aga-IVA acting as a channel-gating modifier. These effects did not reflect a complete loss of selectivity, because ω-Aga-IVA (1 μm) had no effect on subthalamic Na and K currents or their T- and L-type Ca currents. Our data confirm that ω-Aga-IVA is a selective P-type Ca channel blocker. However, its diminished selectivity in the micromolar range limits its usefulness for functional studies of Q-type Ca channels.
Stable enzyme inhibitors and stable free radical species in ultraviolet-irradiated solutions of chlorpromazine.

Irradiated solutions of chlorpromazine inhibited the activities of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1), beef heart lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase [D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12], and uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase (uridine diphosphate glucose:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.22) even after long periods of storage in darkness at 40°. Two classes of products were obtained from irradiated chlorpromazine. Solutions of these products both inhibited enzyme activities and contained relatively stable free radicals. During and following free radical decay, the inhibitory activity of the solutions containing them was essentially unchanged. It is concluded that stable photolytic products in these solutions, other than free radicals, contributed predominantly to the inhibition of enzyme activity observed.