cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reliability of 16th-Century European Claims about Pueblo Lifestyles: An Archaeological Test

Sixteenth-century Europeans explored the New World to expand their sponsors' territories, to acquire wealth, and to convert souls. Today, archaeologists research the peoples about whom the explorers wrote. Although sometimes inaccurate, the explorers' accounts can provide insights into daily life that the archaeological record cannot. On the other hand, archaeological data fills in many gaps about Pueblo lifeways that the explorers failed to mention. However, both sources must be used with caution, since both are prone to biases.. This paper compares the archaeological and the narrative information on precontact- and contact- period Pueblo religion, material resources, and diet and points to the pitfalls of excluding either of these two information sources. It concludes that a more accurate reconstruction of the lifeways of the Pueblo people will combine, among other sources, both the 16th-century explorers' narratives and the archaeological record.
A Modified MPEG-1 system based on genlot

In this study, a modification to ISO MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 digital video coding standards is proposed and preliminary results on its performance are reported. The proposed modification aims to improve the visual quality of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 coding at medium-to-low bit-rate regimes by eliminating the blocking effect caused by the Discrete Cosine Transform. This goal is achieved without introducing a significant change in the MPEG hierarchy and algorithm. The theory of Lapped Orthogonal Transforms which constitutes a rather recently introduced tool for block transform coding suggests that they can reduce the blocking effect to very low levels. Hence, in the modified MPEG-like system, instead of the original two dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform a Lapped Orthogonal Transformation is used as the basic spatial correlation reduction operation and also customized quantization and variable length codeword tables are provided to ensure efficiency. The modified coding algorithm is implemented in software. Simulations are made to compare its performance to the original MPEG-1 algorithm. As performance criteria, PSNR versus compression ratio (equivalently bit-rate) plots and also subjective ratings of visual quality are used.
Ideology and discourse: Characterizations of the 1996 Farm Bill by agricultural interest groups

The relationship betweendiscourse and ideology can be described as thatof process and effect [Purvis and Hunt (1993)British Journal of Sociology 44: 473–499].Discourse, used within relations of domination,can result in the formation of ideology. Tostudy this relationship systematically requiresa methodology that contextualizes discoursewithin social relations and examines when suchdiscourse becomes an ideology. I use Thompson'stheory/methodology of ``depth hermeneutics'' tostudy documents produced by agriculturalinterest groups concerning the 1996 FederalAgriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Actand I assess the ideological status of thediscourses contained in these documents. Thefindings suggest that the organizationsrepresenting the small-to-medium-sized farmerstended to use more agrarian themes, fewermarket themes, and fewer linguistic strategiesindicative of ideology. The organizationsrepresenting more concentrated,vertically-integrated interests andagribusinesses use fewer agrarian themes, moremarket themes, and more linguistic strategies.Therefore, market themes, not agrarian themes,form an ideology in this context.
Global Bifurcation for Monge-Ampère Operators

In this paper I wish to describe some recent results concerning bifurcation for nonlinear equations of Monge-Ampere type. Many of the results below may be found, with more detailed proofs, in [8]. I would like to thank Professor Klaus Schmitt under whose guidance this work was carried out.
Insulin-dependent phosphorylation of calmodulin in rat hepatocytes.

Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of calmodulin in vivo was examined using a highly specific anti-calmodulin monoclonal antibody combined with high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The two major isoforms of calmodulin immunoprecipitated from insulin-treated hepatocytes migrated on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to the same position as nonphosphorylated calmodulin and calmodulin phosphorylated in vitro. Immunoblotting verified the identity of calmodulin. Insulin enhanced the phosphorylation of calmodulin 3.1 +/- 0.4-fold (mean +/- S.E., n = 10), with a stoichiometry in insulin-treated hepatocytes of 0.47 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- S.E., n = 3) mol of phosphate/mol of calmodulin. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of calmodulin immunoprecipitated from rat hepatocytes and calmodulin phosphorylated in vitro by the insulin receptor kinase or casein kinase II revealed several common phosphopeptides. The common phosphopeptides that appeared insulin-sensitive in intact cells comprised 61 and 40% of casein kinase II- and insulin receptor-catalyzed 32P incorporation into calmodulin in vitro, respectively. This suggests that casein kinase II and the insulin receptor kinase are, at least in part, responsible for insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of calmodulin in rat hepatocytes. These data indicate that phosphorylation of calmodulin in intact hepatocytes is significantly enhanced by insulin, supporting a critical role for calmodulin in insulin signal transduction.
Antiproton Production in Heavy Ion Collisions

In high energy p-p and α – α collisions, baryons are observed predominantly at rapidities near those of target and projectile; the mean rapidity shift of projectile and target nucleons is approximately one unit.1 In the central rapidity region, the number of baryons is quite small. In fact, the number of baryons and anti baryons is rather similar, indicating that most of these baryons are CREATED particles rather than projectile and target fragments. At the ISR, \(\bar p\)/p ≈ 0.4 - 0.5.2
A dynamic bandwidth reassignment technique for improving QoS in EDF-based industrial wireless networks

Timeliness and reliability are two major requirements of control systems and this true, in particular, in many industrial application areas which make use of solutions distributed over a network. Moreover, with the adoption of wireless communication technologies in industrial environments, granting timeliness and reliability for transmissions over the wireless error-prone channel has become a challenge of primary importance. This paper presents a new technique which is able to grant the feasibility of a set of real-time periodic data exchanges over a wireless network in presence of retransmissions. Thanks to a dynamic bandwidth reassignment strategy, our solution is also able to cope with retransmissions efficiently, so as to improve the system performance in terms of overall data delivery success probability and without negatively affecting the real-time guarantees.
Development of an ambulatory care pharmacy elective by a second-year pharmacy resident

Abstract Background To describe the development and outcomes of a post-graduate year two (PGY2) pharmacy-resident-directed ambulatory care pharmacy elective course in a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) program. Educational activity The elective course was offered to third-year PharmD students in the 2014 Spring Semester as a 1-credit-hour course, meeting for two hours per week for seven weeks. Weekly topics included ambulatory care pharmacy practice models, patient care, billing, and quality. Weekly quizzes and patient cases were used to engage students. Critical analysis of the educational activity A total of 22 students completed the course. A pre- and post-course survey assessing student knowledge and confidence in knowledge showed significant increases in confidence in many areas. Significant increases in knowledge were observed in components of policies, procedures, collaborative practice agreements, and billing. Course and instructor evaluations showed higher than average scores when compared with other courses and instructors. Conclusions The ambulatory care pharmacy elective course had a favorable student response and contributed to the development of the PGY2 resident.
Thinking about the Role of Religion in Foreign Policy: A Framework for Analysis

The article outlines a framework for the analysis of religion and foreign policy. Despite the increased attention to religion in international relations, questions remain. Particularly controversial, yet relatively unexplored, is the role of religion in the foreign policies of states. We extrapolate from theories in the fields of international relations and comparative politics to explore religion's potential avenues of influence on foreign policy. There are potential tools of analysis in these fields, which can be fruitfully extended and applied to understand the role of religion in foreign policy. We propose a framework within which various causal pathways and mechanisms can be situated. We also show how contributions from the field of religion and politics might be used to frame theories and specify further hypotheses about religion and foreign policy. After identifying the main threads of these lines of research, we discuss how to apply them to the question of the role of religion in foreign policy and set out a new research agenda. We conclude that the potential of these theoretical approaches to the analysis of religion has not yet been exploited.
What an 'Originalist' Would Understand 'Corruption' to Mean: The 2013 Jorde Lecture

How we understand the "corruption" of Congress goes a long way to showing why, and how that "corruption" can be remedied. In this paper, Professor Lessig describes the originalist roots to his conception of "dependence corruption," and shows why that conception is neither a version of "equality" nor inconsistent with modern First Amendment jurisprudence.
A Comparative Analysis of Modeled and Monitored Ambient Hazardous Air Pollutants in Texas: A Novel Approach Using Concordance Correlation

Often, in studies evaluating the health effects of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), researchers rely on ambient air levels to estimate exposure. Two potential data sources are modeled estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Assessment System for Population Exposure Nationwide (ASPEN) and ambient air pollutant measurements from monitoring networks. The goal was to conduct comparisons of modeled and monitored estimates of HAP levels in the state of Texas using traditional approaches and a previously unexploited method, concordance correlation analysis, to better inform decisions regarding agreement. Census tract-level ASPEN estimates and monitoring data for all HAPs throughout Texas, available from the EPA Air Quality System, were obtained for 1990, 1996, and 1999. Monitoring sites were mapped to census tracts using U.S. Census data. Exclusions were applied to restrict the monitored data to measurements collected using a common sampling strategy with minimal missing values over time. Comparisons were made for 28 HAPs in 38 census tracts located primarily in urban areas throughout Texas. For each pollutant and by year of assessment, modeled and monitored air pollutant annual levels were compared using standard methods (i.e., ratios of model-to-monitor annual levels). Concordance correlation analysis was also used, which assesses linearity and agreement while providing a formal method of statistical inference. Forty-eight percent of the median model-to-monitor values fell between 0.5 and 2, whereas only 17% of concordance correlation coefficients were significant and greater than 0.5. On the basis of concordance correlation analysis, the findings indicate there is poorer agreement when compared with the previously applied ad hoc methods to assess comparability between modeled and monitored levels of ambient HAPs.
THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL ON ANTI-HAPTEN ANTIBODIES.

Abstract The binding of homologous hapten to antibody sites has been measured for several antibodies in buffer and in ethylene glycol mixture containing 8 and 16 mole per cent glycol. Antibodies against negatively charged p -azobenzoate, positively charged p -azophenyltrimethylammonium, and uncharged 3-azopyridine were tested for their ability to bind the corresponding p -iodohapten. In each system, glycol reduced the free energy of binding the hapten to antibody by about the same degree; in the 16 mole per cent glycol mixture, the free energy was reduced to about 85 per cent of that in aqueous solution. The effect of solvent was reversible. It is concluded that ethylene glycol either competes directly with hapten for binding regions of the antibody in all three systems, or that a reversible conformational change of the antibody molecule occurs in glycol, producing some distortion of the binding regions, or that both effects are operative.
Behavioral validity of a test for measuring social anxiety.

A portion of the Tavistock Self-assessment Inventory has been proposed as a measure of social anxiety, which is postulated as a personal disposition to avoid public, visible, complex, socially evaluated behavior. 80 high school students' participation in school activities, rated on a 5-point scale from passive audience participation up to the most singular, focal leadership, was the criterion of validity, under the assumption that Ss scoring high in social anxiety would avoid the more focal, visible leadership positions in activities. With controls for two other variables known to affect participation, there was no evidence above the chance level favoring the behavioral validity of the Tavistock instrument with these Ss, suggesting that similar studies on adult Ss, the original standardization population, are in order.
CCD signal processor for point target detection/location systems

The key benefits of charge-coupled devices in space-borne scanning point-target detection/location systems are the potential impact for power, size, weight, and cost reduction. These advantages accrue from the capability for integrating several CCD signal processing functions onto a single substrate. This paper describes results of an effort which successfully demonstrated the monolithic integration of key CCD signal processing functions for a representative high-performance scanning surveillance sensor. The principal information required by the sensor for this application is the magnitude and two-dimensional centroid estimation of point targets. The key functions provided by the CCD signal processor are delay-and-add and focal-plane formatting for two-way scanned sensor, multiplexing, and two-dimensional analog centroid filtering.
The effect of DON'T CARES on the complexity of combinational circuits

This letter provides an interesting analysis of the number of DON'T CARES required to reduce the complexity of combinational circuits. An equation relating the number of ones in the output of a combinational function and the number of DON'T CARES required to reduce circuit complexity by 10 percent is given.
Dissimilar Right Atrial Rhythms: A Case Report

Dissimilar atrial rhythms are generally defined by the coexistence of atrial fibrillation in one atrium and a more regular rhythm in the other atrium, and are reported with left atrial enlargement and/or digitalis toxicity. We report a unique case of dissimilar atrial rhythms controlling two different parts of the same atrium without interfering with one another. The mechanism of the dissociation of two foci is not clear; however, scarring due to previous surgery remains a possibility.
Identification of chick corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan precursor protein in whole corneas and in cultured corneal fibroblasts

Abstract he precursor protein to the chick corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan was identified by immunoprecipitation with antiserum to its core protein from lysates of [35S]methionine-pulsed corneas and corneal fibroblasts in cell culture. Antiserum to the keratan sulfate proteoglycan immunoprecipitated a doublet of Mr 52,000 and 50,000 and minor amounts of a Mr 40,000 protein from pulsed corneas. Pulse-chase experiments, which permitted the conversion of the precursor proteins to proteoglycans and digestion of the glycosaminoglycans on immunoprecipitated proteoglycans with keratanase or chondroitinase ABC, showed that the Mr 52,000-50,000 doublet was converted to a keratan sulfate proteoglycan and the Mr 40,000 protein was converted to a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Chick corneal fibroblasts in cell culture primarily produced the smaller (Mr 50,000) precursor protein, and in the presence of tunicamycin the precursor protein size was reduced to Mr 35,000, which indicates that the core protein contains approximately five N-linked oligosaccharides. Pulse-chase experiments with corneal fibroblasts in culture showed that the precursor protein was processed and secreted into the medium. However, its sensitivity to endo-β-galactosidase and resistance to keratanase indicate that the precursor protein was converted to a glycoprotein with large oligosaccharides and not to a proteoglycan. This suggests that, although the precursor protein for the proteoglycan is produced in cultured corneal fibroblasts, the sulfation enzymes for keratan sulfate may be absent.
Hypocretin/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy.

The discovery that hypocretins are involved in narcolepsy, a disorder associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and unusually rapid transitions to rapid-eye-movement sleep, opens a new field of investigation in the area of sleep control physiology. Hypocretin-1 and -2 (also called orexin-A and -B) are newly discovered neuropeptides processed from a common precursor, preprohypocretin. Hypocretin-containing cells are located exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus, with widespread projections to the entire neuroaxis. Two known receptors, Hcrtr1 and Hcrtr2, have been reported. The functional significance of the hypocretin system is rapidly emerging in both animals and humans. Hypocretin abnormalities cause narcolepsy in dogs, human and mice. The role of the hypocretin system in normal sleep regulation is more uncertain. We believe hypocretin cells drive cholinergic and monoaminergic activity across the sleep cycle. Input from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypocretin-containing neurons may explain the occurrence of clock-dependent alertness. Other functions are suggested by pharmacological and neurochemical experiments. These include regulation of food intake, neuroendocrine function, autonomic nervous system activity and energy balance. BioEssays 23:397–408, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Complementary medicine treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic-pain-related syndrome associated with high rates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use. Among the many CAM therapies frequently used by fibromyalgia patients, empirical research data exist to support the use of only three: (1) mind-body, (2) acupuncture, and (3) manipulative therapies for treating fibromyalgia. The strongest data exist for the use of mind-body techniques (e.g. biofeedback, hypnosis, cognitive behavioural therapy), particularly when utilized as part of a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. The weakest data exist for manipulative techniques (e.g. chiropractic and massage). The data supporting the use of acupuncture for fibromyalgia are only moderately strong. Also, for some fibromyalgia patients, acupuncture can exacerbate symptoms, further complicating its application for this condition. Further research is needed not only in these three areas, but also for other treatments being frequently utilized by fibromyalgia patients.
Enthalpy of hydrocarbon mixtures

A method of estimating enthalpies of mixtures of light hydrocarbons is presented. Enthalpes so obtained are consistent with equilibrium-vaporization constants that have been correlated with the composition characterization factor, the molal average boiling point (M.A.B.P.). Values of the isothermal-pressure corrections to the enthalpy of ideal gas mixtures (H° H) are presented on three plots with parameters of temperature, pressure, and molal-average boiling point. Pressures range from zero to 1,500 lb./sq. in. abs., temperatures from −200° to 500°F., and M.A.B.P. from −200° to 150°F.
Instability in Parallel Flows Revisited

An example of an unstable inviscid plane parallel shear flow with classical boundary conditions is presented. The complete unstable spectrum is exhibited using techniques of continued fractions for the shear flow with profile U(y)=cos m y. For such flows spectral instability implies nonlinear instability. A three-dimensional generalization is discussed.
The spectral distribution of light beneath first‐year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean1

Spectral transmission data in the 400–1,000-nm range were obtained from about 60 sites beneath first-year sea ice near Point Barrow, Alaska. The amount of energy reaching the ocean depended strongly on the nature of the upper surface. Maximum transmission occurred in the 450–550-nm region, regardless of surface conditions or ice thickness. Initial results were influenced by the presence of interstitial algae in the lower part of the ice. The characteristic signature of these algae was a secondary peak at about 540 nm. Results are generalized to provide estimates of the magnitude and composition of downwelling irradiance beneath the types of ice typically encountered in coastal portions of the Arctic Ocean.
Does irradiation affect the clinical outcome of patellar tendon allograft ACL reconstruction

The clinical implications of using irradiation to sterilize allograft bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with irradiated allograft versus autograft BPTB. We hypothesized that patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with irradiated BPTB allograft would have no significant differences in patient-reported and objective parameters compared to those undergoing autograft BPTB reconstruction. Patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with either irradiated allograft or autograft BPTB from 1996 to 2002 were eligible for this study. One hundred and two patients (39 allograft, 63 autograft) met the study criteria and were available for follow-up. The BPTB allografts were obtained from a single tissue bank and were sterilized with 2.5 Mrad of irradiation prior to distribution. Participants completed the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee form and returned for physical and radiographic examinations, instrumented measurement of laxity, and functional testing. Patients were evaluated at an average follow-up of 4.2 years (range 1.8–8.4). Those undergoing allograft reconstruction were older (44±8.4 vs. 25.3±9.3 years, p<0.001) and had a longer median time from injury to surgery (17.1 weeks vs. 9.7 weeks, p=0.04). There was no difference in IKDC Subjective Knee Scores between groups (86.7 allograft vs. 88.0 autograft, p=0.65). The average maximum manual KT-1000 side-to-side difference was 1.3 and 2.2 mm for allograft and autograft, respectively (p=0.04); however, after adjusting for age, this difference was no longer significant. 90.6% of the allograft and 82.8% of the autograft had normal/nearly normal overall IKDC physical examination rating (p=0.37). 66.7% of the allograft and 77.8% of the autograft returned to the same or more strenuous level of sports (p=0.25). Patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with irradiated allograft BPTB had similar clinical outcomes compared to those reconstructed with autograft BPTB. These data suggest that irradiation can be used to sterilize BPTB allograft without adversely affecting clinical outcome.
THE STABILITY OF BACTERIAL SUSPENSIONS : II. THE AGGLUTINATION OF THE BACILLUS OF RABBIT SEPTICEMIA AND OF BACILLUS TYPHOSUS BY ELECTROLYTES.

1. Measurements have been made of the potential and of the cohesive force at the surface of Bacillus typhosus and the bacillus of rabbit septicemia in solutions of various salts and acids. 2. Electrolytes in low concentration (0.01 N) affect primarily the potential, and in high concentration decrease the cohesive force. 3. As long as the cohesive force is not affected, agglutination occurs whenever the potential is reduced below about 15 millivolts. 4. When the cohesive force is decreased the critical potential is also decreased, and in concentrated salt solution no agglutination occurs even though there is no measurable potential.
Globalization and workers' health.

The global integration of economies worldwide has led to increased pressure for “labor flexibility”. A notable aspect of this trend has been the rise in non-standard work arrangements, which include part-time work, temporary agency-based work, fixed-term contingent work, and independent contracting. Although non-standard work arrangements are convenient for employers, they are often associated with poor pay, absence of pension and health benefits, as well as lack of protection from unions and labor laws. Studies have begun to address the question of whether these “precarious” jobs pose a health hazard for workers. The challenge for causal inference is that precarious workers are likely to differ from non-precarious workers in a variety of characteristics that also influence health outcomes, i.e. there is confounding and selection bias. However, even after taking account of these biases —through propensity score-matched analysis— there is evidence to suggest that non-standard work may be damaging to workers' health. Policies modeled after the European Union's Directive on Part-Time Work may help to mitigate some of the health hazards associated with precarious work.
SCIENCE, PUBLIC POLICY, AND THE CAREER PARADIGM*

The career model reappears with some consistency in the history of criminology. It consistently fails, however, to organize the facts about crime in a meaningful way. As a consequence, we predict that criminology will once again abandon career models in favor of theories of crime.
Response of Plasma NEFA Levels to Epinephrine Infusions in Normal and Obese Women.

ConclusionThese observations suggest, then, that there is no impairment in ability of fat stores in obese patients to release NEFA in response to epinephrine.
The ability of wet deposition networks to detect temporal trends

We use the spatial/temporal model developed in Oehlert (1993) to estimate the detectability of trends in wet-deposition sulphate. Precipitation volume adjustments of sulphate concentration dramatically improve the detectability and quantifiability of trends. Anticipated decreases in sulphate of about 30 per cent in the Eastern U.S. by 2005 predicted by models should be detectable much earlier, say, 1997, but accurate quantification of the true decrease will require several additional years of monitoring. It is possible to delete a few stations from the East without materially affecting the detectability or quantifiability of trends. Careful siting of new stations can provide substantial improvement to regional trend estimation.
Spin Dynamics Near Tricritical Points in Uniaxial Antiferromagnets

The purpose of this note is to outline a quasi-hydrodynamic theory for the dynamic longitudinal staggered susceptibility XN(q, (J)) of a uniaxial antiferromagnet which is applicable near a tricritical point. We restrict our attention to systems where the dominant terms in the spin Hamiltonian are invariant with respect to rotations about the easy axis so that the longitudinal component of the total magnetization is an approximate constant of the motion. The theory is based on Mori's kinetic equation as applied to the variables N(q), the longitudinal fluctuations in the staggered magnetization M (q), the longitudinal fluctuations in the total magnetization and E (q) the fluctuations in the energy density. 0 In the approximation considered here we neglect the off-diagonal, elements of the damping matrix so that the resulting expression for XN(q, ,(J)) involves only the diagonal decay rates T N(q), T M(q) and TE(q) associated with N(q), M(q) and ~, E (q), respectively. [Assuming conventional behavior with respect to critical slowing down and neglecting dipolar and spinlattice effects, we have T N(q) =atfxr*,
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Pitch and Rhythm Error Detection.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the Computer-Assisted Program in Error Detection (CA-PED) was an effective method for developing that skill in college music education majors through a comparison with an effective error detection program, the Program in Error Detection (PED). The computer program, written for the Apple II + microcomputer, is an interactive, programmed-instruction format that utilizes four-voice examples of published band literature. The results indicated significant gains in error-detection skill for both groups, but no significant difference (p < .05) between treatment groups on the Test in Error Detection (TIED) in each of three analyses of covariance, utilizing TIED pretest, Aliferis-Stecklein Music Achievement Test, College Midpoint Level (AS), and combined TIED pretest and AS as the covariates, respectively.
Mediation-moderation analysis of problematic alcohol use: the roles of urgency, drinking motives, and risk/benefit perception.

Abstract Objective The goal of the current study is to examine how urgency, drinking motives, and risk/benefit perception concurrently influence problematic alcohol consumption in young adults. Method Participants were 281 young adults enrolled in large, public US mid-western university. The mean age of the sample was 19.81 (SD = 1.82) and 79.7% of the sample was female and 84.7% of the sample was Caucasian. Results A series of moderated-mediation analyses indicated the following: The relationship between negative urgency and alcohol use was mediated through coping motives, and this relationship between coping motives and alcohol use was moderated by benefit perception. The relationship between positive urgency and alcohol use was mediated through enhancement motives, and this relationship between enhancement motives and alcohol use was moderated by benefit perception. Conclusions This study suggests that modifying perceptions about the benefits of alcohol and drinking motives could be viable prevention and/or treatment strategy in this population, especially among those who exhibit urgent behaviors.
Physical Activity and Hip Fracture Disability: A Review

Objective. The present paper examines pertinent literature sources published in the peer-reviewed English language between 1980 and November 1, 2010 concerning hip fractures. The aim was to highlight potential intervention points to offset the risk of incurring a hip fracture and its attendant disability. Methods. An in-depth search of the literature using the key terms: disability, epidemiology, hip fracture, prevention, and risk factors was conducted, along with data from the author's research base detailing the disability associated with selected hip fracture cases. All articles that dealt with these key topics were reviewed, and relevant data were tabulated and analyzed. Results. Hip fractures remain an important but potentially preventable public health problem. Among the many related remediable risk factors, low physical activity levels are especially important. Related determinants of suboptimal neuromuscular function also contribute significantly to hip fracture disability. Conclusion. Physical activity participation can help to reduce the prevalence and excess disability of hip fractures and should be encouraged.
Automobiles in international trade: regime change or persistence?

The concept of a “regime” is frequently used to describe and explain behavior in international political economy. Peter Cowhey and Edward Long, attempting to test theories of surplus capacity and hegemonic decline, advanced a version of a regime governing international trade in automobiles which was fundamentally liberal from 1966 to 1975, but then collapsed into protectionism. Their diagnosis is mistaken, however, because the trade regime for autos was neither as liberal as they assert during the 1950s and 1960s, nor as protectionist as they believe it has become in the 1980s. The discussion focuses on a new definition of the auto trade regime based on four fundamental rules that have persisted since the 1950s. By examining data on auto imports since 1955 on a region-by-region basis, it becomes clear that the trade expansion of the postwar years was not based on a global liberalization of the trade regime, but on carefully managed regional arrangements that favored imports within the region, or extra-regional imports that did not threaten domestic producers. The flurry of restraints on Japanese imports in recent years is not a collapse into protectionism, but a reinforcement of the fundamental regime rules. The auto industry case illustrates the tendency of analysts to underestimate protectionist elements in industry trade regimes and to overestimate the amount of changes that take place in their fundamental rules.
Lexicographic compositions and deBruijn sequences

Abstract In this paper we give an algorithm to generate a new deBruijn sequence. The amount of storage required is only linear in n , the span of the sequence. We make use of the lexicographic compositions of a positive integer which we relate to binary necklaces of beads in two colors. We give a fast algorithm for generating the necklaces. Finally we relate the deBruijn sequence we generate to another sequence.
Vasodilators and Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: Variability of Long-term Response

Long-term response to vasodilator therapy was assessed in six patients with PPH. Following an acute trial, each patient was restudied after (1) two months of drug administration, (2) one month of abstinence from therapy, and (3) an additional two months of therapy. Three of six patients had no long-term reduction of PVR after treatment; one showed a progressive increase. Of the three patients whose PVR was still reduced at the end of the second therapy period none showed a return of PVR to baseline during the abstinence phase, which may suggest that long-term reduction of pulmonary vascular tone may modify the vasoconstrictive component of this disease. The heterogeneous response of this small number of patients to sequential drug administration and withdrawal demonstrates the difficulty of interpreting previously reported clinical trials and underscores the need for a well-designed controlled study of vasodilator administration in these patients.
Goldfish avoidance acquisition: Is the process classical, instrumental, or a phototaxis?

Various active-avoidance procedures and controls were run using goldfish in a shuttlebox where the CS, when used, was a sudden onset of illumination. In terms of increasing “avoid- ance” performance over days of training, CS-only, response-contingent US-only, and time- lapse groups showed significant “learning,” whereas explicitly unpaired CS and US pseudo- conditioning controls and US only (where US omission is not response contingent) did not show performance increases. The use of the pseudoconditioning procedure as a learning control for this animal seems questionable. Additionally, both classically and instrumentally trained groups showed high and comparable acquisition rates, confirming earlier findings. A negative phototaxis explanation is suggested that may account for these results.
Test difficulty and judgment bias.

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that overconfidence in performance judgments is due to test- and person-driven errors. In Experiment 1, test difficulty accounted for the vast majority of variation in overconfidence when individuals judged items of varying difficulty within a homogeneous test. In Experiment 2, the severity of overconfidence did not differ between three unrelated tests once test difficulty was controlled. Both experiments supported the view that over-confidence is due largely to test difficulty. Some degree of overconfidence also occurred because individuals adopted a normatively high success criterion for judging their own test performance.
Records of geomagnetism, climate, and tectonics across a Paleoarchean erosion surface

Abstract Paleomagnetism has provided key constraints on the evolution of Earth's climate, geomagnetic field, and continental geography through Phanerozoic and Proterozoic time. Extending these constraints into the Archean eon has been particularly challenging due to the paucity of the ancient rock record. Here we report paleomagnetic measurements on the NASA Astrobiology Drilling Project (ABDP)-8 core drilled through one of the world's least deformed and least metamorphosed Paleoarchean [3200–3600 million year old (Ma)] rock successions located in the East Strelley Belt of the eastern Pilbara Craton, Australia. Our results show that the ∼3350 Ma Euro Basalt preserves a shallow magnetic inclination that appears to have formed as a result of early seafloor hydrothermal alteration, suggesting that the evaporitic carbonate platform of the conformably underlying Strelley Pool Formation was deposited in a near-equatorial location. This is consistent with (although does not require) late Paleoarchean climatic zoning, low orbital obliquity, and a geocentric axial dipole (GAD) field geometry similar to that of the Phanerozoic. The Euro Basalt paleopole overlaps with previously published Paleoarchean poles from the East Pilbara craton and with time-equivalent poles reported from the Barberton Greenstone Belt of the Kaapvaal craton, supporting the existence of a Paleoarchean Vaalbara continental aggregation.
Case-Based Reasoning for the Design of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

Although Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) are forming the basis for a rapidly growing industry and fields of research, many MEMS designers still rely on back-of-the-envelope calculations due to a lack of efficient computer-aided design (CAD) tools that can assist with the initial stages of design exploration. This paper introduces case-based reasoning (CBR) techniques to the design of MEMS, as part of a larger MEMS synthesis framework currently under development at UC Berkeley. Having the ability to draw upon past design knowledge is advantageous to the MEMS designer, allowing reuse and modification of previous successful designs to help deal with the complexities of a new design problem. CBR utilizes past successful MEMS designs and sub-assemblies as building blocks stored in an indexed library. Reasoning tools find cases in the library with solved problems similar to the current design problem in order to propose promising conceptual designs. This paper discusses case representation and case library design as well as the results of case retrieval studies, focusing on MEMS resonant structures. The paper recommends strategies for integrating the MEMS case library with evolutionary computation when parameter optimization over the retrieved conceptual designs is not sufficient or there are gaps of knowledge in the case library.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Changes to Monterey Bay beaches from the end of the 1982-83 El Niño through the 1997-98 El Niño

Abstract The shoreline of Monterey Bay, CA, USA demarcates the landward extent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Along the length of that shoreline, nine beaches were profiled 34 times between 1983 and 1998. The resulting data set provides an understanding of processes that affect beach volume, width, and shape. Monterey Bay, which is open to high-energy waves generated in the Pacific Ocean, comprises a range of beach environments that respond in a dramatic way to major storms such as the anomalously large El Ninos in 1982–83 and 1997–98. This study relates the profile characteristics of the beaches to storminess, shoreline location, and geomorphic setting. Because the large El Ninos occurred at the start and end of the study, the surveys cover both periods of nearly constant beach size and periods of extreme erosion, and the data show both the extent of erosion and accretion and the nature of the transition between the two periods.
Polarization of Fast Atomic Beams by "Collisional Pumping": A Proposal for Production of Intense Polarized Beams

Production of nuclear-spin--polarized atoms by ''collisional pumping'' is proposed. Collisional pumping utilizes a succession of charge-transfer collisions between a fast ion or atom beam and a thick electron-spin--polarized target to polarize the beam. Calculational results are presented for 20-keV/u H or D ions or atoms incident on a polarized target. The process appears to have unique capabilities for polarizing fast H, D, T, and perhaps other nuclei, with the possibility of producing ampere currents.
A Property Characterizing the Catenary

We show that the area under a catenary curve is proportional to its length in the following sense: given a catenary curve, we can take any horizontal interval and examine the ratio of the area under the curve to the length of the curve on that interval, and we find that the resulting ratio is independent of the chosen interval. This property extends to the three-dimensional case as well: the volume contained by a horizontal interval of a catenoid surface is proportional to its surface area in the same sense. We also show from this property that the centroid of the area under an interval of a catenary is the midpoint of the segment connecting the centroid of the catenary and the x-axis.
Diversity combining for OFDM wireless LAN

In this paper, we investigate diversity combining schemes for OFDM wireless LAN systems with antenna array. Current standards were designed for diversity selection instead of combining. It is well known that the combining results in a higher receiver gain than the selection. However, the combining requires significantly more complexity than the selection. This paper is focused on implementing a low-complexity diversity combining scheme, which reduces the complexity in vector channel estimation. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed combining scheme via computer simulations.
Effect of surface strain on oxygen adsorption on Zr (0 0 0 1) surface

The effect of surface strain on oxygen adsorption on Zr (0 0 0 1) surface is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is demonstrated that both surface strain and interactions between oxygen adsorbates influence the adsorption process. Oxygen binding to zirconium becomes stronger as the strain changes from compressive to tensile. When oxygen coverage is low and the oxygen interactions are negligible, surface face-centered cubic sites are the most stable for O binding. At high coverage and under compression, octahedral sites between second and third Zr layers become most favorable because the interactions between adsorbates are weakened by positive charge screening. Calculations with both single-layer adsorption model and multiple-layer adsorption model demonstrate that compressive strain at the Zr/oxide interface will provide a thermodynamic driving force for oxygen to incorporate from the surface into the bulk of Zr, while binding oxygen to the Zr surface will be easier when tensile strain is applied.
Athletic Participation and the Social Status of Adolescent Males and Females.

This study examined the role of athletic participation in the social system of adolescent males and females. Social status was measured by criteria for remembrance after high school, type of sport ...
Asynchrony tolerance in the perceptual organization of speech.

Researchers have claimed that listeners tolerate large temporal distortion when integrating the spectral components of speech. In some estimates, perceivers resolve linguistic attributes at spectral desynchronies as great as the duration of a syllable. We obtained new measures of perceptual tolerance of auditory asynchrony, using sine-wave synthesis in order to require perceivers to resolve the speech stream dynamically. Listeners transcribed sentences in which the tone analogue of a second formant was desynchronized relative to the remaining tones of a sentence, with desynchrony ranging from a 250-msec lead to a 250-msec lag. Intelligibility declined symmetrically from 72% at synchrony to 7% at 6100 msec. This finding of narrow asynchrony tolerance indicates a time-critical feature of the auditory perceptual organization of speech
Increase in hepatic metallothionein in rats treated with alkylating agents.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed (2 ml/kg, ip) with sodium iodoacetate (30 mg/kg), bromobenzene (1200 mg/kg), diethylmaleate (560 mg/kg), or iodomethane (46 mg/kg), 40 and 16 hr prior to being sacrificed and the concentration of hepatic metallothionein was determined. Treatment with the above agents resulted in a two- to fivefold increase in the concentration of hepatic metallothionein when compared to control rats fed ad libitum . In addition, treatment of rats with bromobenzene and sodium iodoacetate resulted in a two- to threefold increase in the concentration of hepatic metallothionein when compared to pair-fed control rats. Male rats were also dosed with either sodium iodoacetate (30 mg/kg, ip) or saline (ip) 40 and 16 hr prior to sacrifice and in each case with [ 35 S]cystine 35 and 11 hr prior to sacrifice. Sodium iodoacetate treatment doubled the percentage of the 35 S in the 100,000g supernatant incorporated into metallothionein. In addition, rats were treated with either sodium iodoacetate (30 mg/kg, ip) or sodium iodoacetate (30 mg/kg, ip) and after 3 hr cycloheximide (1.5 mg/kg, ip). Sodium iodoacetate treatment alone resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of hepatic metallothionein; however, in animals also treated with cycloheximide no increase was observed. These results indicate that the increase in hepatic metallothionein observed after treatment with sodium iodoacetate is due to an increase in the synthesis of metallothionein.
AQUEOUS CO2 SOLUTIONS AT SILICA SURFACES AND WITHIN NANOPORE ENVIRONMENTS: Insights from isobaric-isothermal molecular dynamics

We present a detailed molecular-based characterization via isobaricisothermal molecular dynamics simulation of the microstructure and dynamics of water-rich aqueous CO2 solutions at silica surfaces and under extreme confinement between finite silica plates at state conditions relevant to geologic capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide. The study comprises three types of slit-pore plates to represent two extreme cases of surface polarity, and a mismatched pair of plates, to interrogate the fluid behavior at and confined between heterogeneous surfaces. We found layer formation of H2O and CO2 whose strength depends on the nature of the plate surface, i.e., stronger H2O layering at hydrophilic than at hydrophobic plates with a simultaneous weaker water mediated CO2 /hydrophilic-surface interactions. We observed the opposite behavior with the hydrophobic plates where the weaker water layering results from the CO2 mediated H2O/hydrophobicsurface interactions. Moreover, we illustrated how the interplay between these types of interactions and extreme fluid confinement, i.e., strong overlapping of interfacial structures, can induce a drying out of the pore environment whose immediate consequence is a significant CO2 concentration enhancement relative to that of the bulk environment. Finally, we assessed the effect of the nature of the plate surfaces on the translational diffusion coefficient of water,more » where we found that this property changes 2 monotonically at purely interfacial regions, but non-monotonically under confinement.« less