cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BDE99 (2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether) suppresses differentiation into neurotransmitter phenotypes in PC12 cells

Abstract Early-life exposures to brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) lead to neurobehavioral abnormalities later in life. Although these agents are thyroid disruptors, it is not clear whether this mechanism alone accounts for the adverse effects. We evaluated the impact of 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) on PC12 cells undergoing neurodifferentiation, contrasting the effects with chlorpyrifos, a known developmental neurotoxicant. BDE99 elicited decrements in the number of cells, evidenced by a reduction in DNA levels, to a lesser extent than did chlorpyrifos. This did not reflect cytotoxicity from oxidative stress, since cell enlargement, monitored by the total protein/DNA ratio, was not only unimpaired by BDE99, but was actually enhanced. Importantly, BDE99 impaired neurodifferentiation into both the dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransmitter phenotypes. The cholinergic phenotype was affected to a greater extent, so that neurotransmitter fate was diverted away from acetylcholine and toward dopamine. Chlorpyrifos produced the same imbalance, but through a different underlying mechanism, promoting dopaminergic development at the expense of cholinergic development. In our earlier work, we did not find these effects with BDE47, a BDE that has greater endocrine disrupting and cytotoxic effects than BDE99. Thus, our results point to interference with neurodifferentiation by specific BDE congeners, distinct from cytotoxic or endocrine mechanisms.
Monte Carlo simulation of a two dimensional anisotropic plane rotator model

Abstract We have studied a classical system, consisting of two-component unit vectors (plane rotators) associated with a two dimensional square lattice, and interacting via the nearest neighbour pair potential(s) where m is a positive integer and {φ k } are the angles defining the orientation of the plane rotators in an arbitary reference frame. The two potential models Wm and – Wm possess essentially the same properties in the absence of an external field (spin-flip symmetry); moreover, for given values of a and b, all of the potential models Wm have the same partition function, and several mean values can be defined in a way which is independent of m. This model has been proven rigorously to possess a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition when a = b, and to possess a low temperature order-disorder transition when 0 ≤ |b| < a; when m = 2, this entails the existence of nematic- or antinematic- like order, depending on the sign of c. We have chosen b = 0, and characterized the system quntitatively by Monte Carlo ...
Photoperiodic Control of Testicular Size in the Golden Hamster: Lack of a Role for the Deep Pineal Gland

Removal of the superficial pineal gland prevents testicular regression from occurring in golden hamsters exposed to a short-day photoperiod, but to date no studies have examined the role of the deep pineal gland in the photoperiodic control of gonadal function. We investigated the role of the deep pineal gland in this process by monitoring testicular size in hamsters with an electrolytic lesion of the deep pineal gland. Sexually mature hamsters that had been sham-lesioned or that had received a lesion aimed at the deep pineal gland were transferred from 14L:10D to 6L:18D or were maintained in 14L:10D for 73 d. Testicular widths were determined at 2-3-wk intervals and after 73 d the testes were removed and weighed. The mean testis widths of the seven animals with histologically confirmed deep pineal lesions and exposed to 14L:10D remained large, similar to those of the sham-operated control animals exposed to the same photoperiod. The testes regressed in the five animals with confirmed deep pineal lesions and exposed to 6L:18D in a similar manner to those of the sham-operated control animals exposed to the same photoperiod. No significant difference (P greater than .05) was found between the testicular weights of lesioned and unlesioned animals exposed to either photoperiod. The lack of a significant effect of a deep pineal lesion on testicular size demonstrates that this portion of the pineal complex is not required for normal regulation of testicular function by photoperiod. These results also suggest that nerve fibres projecting from the brain to the superficial pineal gland via the deep pineal gland are not involved in photoperiodic regulation of testicular function.
Supersymmetry breaking and anomaly in topological quantum Yang-Mills theory

Abstract Witten's topological quantum Yang-Mills theory is studied in temporal gauge. It is argued that Donaldson polynomials are nonzero only when supersymmetry is unbroken and their nontriviality is due to the anomaly of charge U . The anomalous divergence of the U -current is shown to be the local index of the elliptic complex in instanton theory.
Development of a Bulk Enabling Route to Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a CCR-5 Receptor Antagonist

A bulk enabling synthesis of the CCR-5 receptor antagonist, Maraviroc (UK-427,857) (1), is presented. Synthesis of the three key fragments, β-amino ester 3, 4,4-difluorohexanecarboxylic acid (2), a...
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation spectroscopy in tissues.

Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) techniques have been used to study several i n v i v o and stabilized tissue samples. The results show that a multicomponent behavior characterizes the magnetization relaxation of all investigated samples. Various specimens were allowed to undergo necrotic processes and then they were examined with the same techniques used in i n v i v o tissue. A marked approach toward a single‐exponential magnetization‐decay behavior was observed in these necrotic samples. In addition, large and sometimes irreversible temperature variations have been observed in the relaxation parameters of several preserved and stabilized tissue samples. The most dramatic changes observed throughout these experiments relate to the long‐lived magnetization components, and are not observed in i n v i t r o experiments performed solely on necrotic tissues. Meaningful differentiation between normal and neoplastic tissue by NMR techniques is virtually useless unless the roles of the temperature and necrosis on the different magnetization‐decay components are well understood.
Nitrous Oxide: No Laughing Matter

Despite its long-recognized importance, nitrous oxide (N2O, also commonly referred to as laughing gas) sometimes seems like the forgotten atmospheric gas. Concerns about the stratospheric ozone layer have largely focused on reactions of ozone with chlorine and bromine atoms released from the atmospheric dissociation of chlorofluorocarbons and other anthropogenic halocarbons. Meanwhile, concerns about human-induced effects on Earth's climate have concentrated on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from fossil fuels and other sources. However, future changes in climate and in the distribution of stratospheric ozone depend on the emissions and changing atmospheric concentration of N2O. The report by Ravishankara et al. on page 123 of this issue ( 1 ) not only adds to the scientific understanding of this important gas, but is also a strong reminder that nitrous oxide deserves much more attention and consideration for policy action to control future human-related emissions.
Stimulus synthesis for efficient evaluation and refinement of perceptual image quality metrics

We propose a methodology for comparing and refining perceptual image quality metrics based on synthetic images that are optimized to best differentiate two candidate quality metrics. We start from an initial distorted image and iteratively search for the best/worst images in terms of one metric while constraining the value of the other to remain fixed. We then repeat this, reversing the roles of the two metrics. Subjective test on the quality of pairs of these images generated at different initial distortion levels provides a strong indication of the relative strength and weaknesses of the metrics being compared. This methodology also provides an efficient way to further refine the definition of an image quality metric.
Identification of phase boundaries in anhydrate/hydrate systems

Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the phase conversion for two solvatomorphs of caffeine, an anhydrous form and a nonstoichiometric hydrate, as a function of time, temperature, and relative humidity. The transformation kinetics between these caffeine forms was determined to increase with temperature. The rate of conversion was also determined to be dependent on the difference between the observed relative humidity and the equilibrium water activity of the anhydrate/hydrate system, that is, phase boundary. Near the phase boundary, minimal conversion between the anhydrous and hydrated forms of caffeine was detected. Using this kinetic data, the phase boundary for these forms was determined to be approximately 67% RH at 10 degrees C, 74.5% RH at 25 degrees C, and 86% RH at 40 degrees C. At each specified temperature, anhydrous caffeine is the thermodynamically stable form below this relative humidity and the hydrate is stable above. The phase boundary data were then fitted using a second order polynomial to determine the stability relationship between anhydrous caffeine and its hydrate at additional temperatures. This approach can be used to rapidly determine the stability relationship for solvatomorphs as well as the relative kinetics of their interconversion. Both of these factors are critical in selecting the development form, designing appropriate stability studies, and developing robust conditions for the preparation and packaging of the API and formulated drug product.
Delinquent Citizenship, National Performances: Racialization, Surveillance, and the Politics of “`Worthiness” in Puerto Rican Chicago

Alma Juncos,1 an outgoing and energetic parent-volunteer whom I met in the corridors of the Roberto Clemente High School in the Puerto Rican barrio of Chicago, once commented: “Los nacionalistas son los unicos que se preocupan por los suyos. Si hay una comunidad aqui, es por ellos“ (“The nationalists are the only ones who care for their own people. If there’s a community here, it’s because of them”). Alma was one of many Puerto Ricans who professed that Chicago was the “Mecca of Puerto Rican nationalism.” On the basis of Alma’s characterization of the nationalists, one would never imagine that these Chicago barrio residents would be the same people implicated in front-page newspaper scandals and deemed terrorists in the media throughout the late 1980s and 1990s (Blanchard, 1988; Cruz, 1995). The Chicago mainstream media and legal authorities accused the Puerto Rican “nationalists” of influencing the Roberto Clemente High School parents’ council to spend funds in activities aimed at “indoctrinating” students into radical, anti-American politics that deserved FBI investigation (Cruz, 1995; Committee for Clemente Community Hearings, 1998). Why would a Latino barrio in the postindustrial US, otherwise marginalized from public discourse and politics, occupy center stage in accusations of terrorism and anti-Americanism?
A probabilistic model for assessing the long-term economics of wind energy

Understanding the long-term economic impact of wind energy on electricity markets is becoming more important due to the increasing penetration of wind power in the generation mix of power systems. In this paper, we evaluate the economics of wind energy by developing a probabilistic model to compute the long-term probability distribution of market clearing prices and wind farm revenues. The power system is assumed to consist of conventional generating units and wind farms. Availabilities of the generating units and the uncertainty in the wind power output are implicitly accounted for. The effect of increasing wind power penetration on the probability distribution functions of the market price and wind farm revenues is evaluated by changing the rated capacity of the wind farm. The model is illustrated by using a power system with a 32-unit and wind farms. The superiority of the proposed probabilistic model over a deterministic one is confirmed.
Odontogenic tumors in mice carrying albumin-myc and albumin-ras transgenes

Odontogenic tumors that produce abnormal tooth-like structures are repeatedly observed in mandibles of mice that carry both albumin-myc and albumin-ras transgenes. The earliest lesions appear among the periodontal ligament mesenchymal cells, but later lesions include an epithelial component. Subsequent tumor development recapitulates the process of normal tooth formation, which requires multiple sequential cell signals, and results in cell differentiation, matrix secretion, and mineralization. Tumor cells with epithelial morphology produce ras oncoprotein, consistent with an epithelial origin of these tumors. As albumin regulatory sequences direct oncogene expression in these mice, our findings also suggest that some of the albumin present in normal teeth may be locally produced and have a role in tooth mineral formation. The reproducibility of this phenotype makes these mice an excellent model for studies of both normal and neoplastic odontogenesis.
Temporal pattern of nocturnal activity of a caged fox sparrow

Abstract Fox sparrows in registration cages exhibit migratory activity which is correlated with the normal season of migration. Detailed analysis of the temporal pattern of activity of a single bird indicates that this migratory activity is composed of rhythmical bouts of locomotion. In the early hours of the evening bursts of activity are arhythmical and probably correlated with preening activities which anticipate normal migratory movements. Later in the evening the activity becomes highly rhythmical, the length of the rhythm varying seasonally and through the night. The periodicity may range from 30 sec or more to a frequency such that the activity bouts merge with one another and activity is continuous. This rhythmical activity proceeds very evenly throughout the rest of the night. The analyses reported here were made in June, after the normal migration had ended and breeding activity was well under way. The heaviest migratory activity of caged birds occurs as a continuous performance in which the bout structure is not apparent. Only as the activity slows can the activity rhythm be behaviourally distinguished. It is suggested that these rhythms may have a neuronal basis and that a continuous performance of activity which is apparently arhythmical may have a rhythmical neuronal correlate. The migratory bird in flight may be urged on by rhythmical nervous discharge. Environmental factors end both the evening's flight and the migratory sojourn. In looking back to the earlier part of the season in which migratory activity in the caged bird is reflected by a continuous performance a question arises. Is it still possible to postulate a bout structure? If the hypothesis that the bouts are based upon rhythmical discharge of neuronal elements is correct, then it is possible that the discharge is occurring at a sufficiently frequent rate to elicit continuous behaviour. This may explain why rhythmicity emerges only after the level of activity is lowered enough to permit the emergence of inactive durations between activity bouts.
Uptake of 35S-sulfate by morphologically differentiated replicating chondrocytes in Vivo: A double isotope electron microscope autoradiographic study

Developing cartilage in the 27-day regenerating forelimb of the newt Triturus viridescens was labeled with both 3H-thymidine and 35S-sulfate. The nuclear and cytoplasmic label was assessed quantitatively by EM autoradiography. It was found that chondrocytes incorporated 3H-thymidine into their nuclei while simultaneously incorporating 35S-sulfate in their cytoplasm. The incorporation of 35S-sulfate occurred primarily in the Golgi complex of morphologically differentiated chondrocytes at the base of the developing cartilage, and the 35S uptake by the DNA replicating chondrocytes was quantitatively equivalent per unit area of Golgi to that by the nonreplicating cells.
The N-N interaction inside nuclei: Evidence for partial chiral restoration?

Using a G-matrix to generate a density-dependent effective NN interaction, we examined the effects of Pauli blocking, nuclear binding, strong relativistic potentials, and modified meson masses on the polarization observables for natural parity states in 28Si and the 4− and 6− unnatural parity transitions in 16O and 28Si. Changing meson masses in accordance with the expectation from partial chiral restoration produced no systematic improvement in the ability to describe the data.
Common Sense Reasoning for Detection, Prevention, and Mitigation of Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying (harassment on social networks) is widely recognized as a serious social problem, especially for adolescents. It is as much a threat to the viability of online social networks for youth today as spam once was to email in the early days of the Internet. Current work to tackle this problem has involved social and psychological studies on its prevalence as well as its negative effects on adolescents. While true solutions rest on teaching youth to have healthy personal relationships, few have considered innovative design of social network software as a tool for mitigating this problem. Mitigating cyberbullying involves two key components: robust techniques for effective detection and reflective user interfaces that encourage users to reflect upon their behavior and their choices.Spam filters have been successful by applying statistical approaches like Bayesian networks and hidden Markov models. They can, like Google’s GMail, aggregate human spam judgments because spam is sent nearly identically to many people. Bullying is more personalized, varied, and contextual. In this work, we present an approach for bullying detection based on state-of-the-art natural language processing and a common sense knowledge base, which permits recognition over a broad spectrum of topics in everyday life. We analyze a more narrow range of particular subject matter associated with bullying (e.g. appearance, intelligence, racial and ethnic slurs, social acceptance, and rejection), and construct BullySpace, a common sense knowledge base that encodes particular knowledge about bullying situations. We then perform joint reasoning with common sense knowledge about a wide range of everyday life topics. We analyze messages using our novel AnalogySpace common sense reasoning technique. We also take into account social network analysis and other factors. We evaluate the model on real-world instances that have been reported by users on Formspring, a social networking website that is popular with teenagers.On the intervention side, we explore a set of reflective user-interaction paradigms with the goal of promoting empathy among social network participants. We propose an “air traffic control”-like dashboard, which alerts moderators to large-scale outbreaks that appear to be escalating or spreading and helps them prioritize the current deluge of user complaints. For potential victims, we provide educational material that informs them about how to cope with the situation, and connects them with emotional support from others. A user evaluation shows that in-context, targeted, and dynamic help during cyberbullying situations fosters end-user reflection that promotes better coping strategies.
Spatio-temporal image analysis of particle streaks in micro-channels for low-cost electro-hydrodynamic flow characterization

Flow characterization is a primary analytical method for performance evaluation of microfluidic devices. With the increasing prevalence of microfluidic devices in recent years, there is a growing need for simple methods of automated flow estimation. In this work, a novel flow diagnostic technique based on image analysis of particle streaks is introduced, to characterize local flow velocities. While 1D velocimetry using particle tracks has occasionally been discussed for macro-scale environments, the use of particle streaks for 2-D flow characterization in micro-channels has not been explored. The proposed technique is qualitatively validated against electroki-netic experiment and numerically validated with simulated flows.
Chromatography and Biological Stains: I. Paper Chromatography as a Means of Determining Purity and Dye Content of Sudans III and IV. 1

By paper chromatographic technics, using iso-octane as the solvent, we have been able to analyze commercial Sudans III and IV for the numerous colored components present. This tech-nic is invaluable in the qualitative analysis of the dyes studied, and, in addition, a quantitative estimation can be accomplished by a serial dilution method described. It would appear that there is a difference between the Sudan III or Sudan IV concentration found by this method and the total dye content found by the chemical reduction method. A detailed description of the procedure and a discussion of the results are included.
Silage fermentation of swine waste combined with corn

Anaerobic fermentation of feedlot swine waste combined with corn was carried out in a newly designed laboratory silo. A lactic acid fermentation with rapid odor control resulted. Initial numbers of total and lactic acid bacteria (all per dry g) were 107. More than 75% of the initial total population were lactobacilli that increased 27-fold at 24 h and immediately entered a phase of decreasing viable numbers. The lactobacilli were largely the streptobacterium type. Lactobacilli were counted in both plates and roll tubes, and the counts in the roll tubes were as much as 100-fold greater; the difference was attributable to anaerobic lactobacilli. After 38 d, lactobacilli were no longer found in plates, but obligately anaerobic lactobacilli persisted at 103 through 90 d. Fecal coliform bacteria, initially present at 106, were not detected after 24 h. Yeast cells, starting at 106, decreased 100-fold at 3 d, and clostridia nerver exceeded 82 cells. Both groups were of minor importance in this fermentation. Virtually all the acid produced was lactic, measuring 3.83 (% dry matter) at 2 d and rising to a maximum of 12.45 at 69 d. In response, the starting pH of 6.80 decreased to 4.23 and then remained near 4 thereafter. Fumaric and succinic acid levels nerve exceeded 0.2 (% dry matter). Of the volatile fatty acids measured, acetic was maximum at 0.45 (% dry matter), but n-butyric and propionic were never more than 0.06. Fermenting a swine waste-corn mixture in a laboratory silo conferred preserved properties and diminished disease potential on a moist silage that can serve as a major component in an animal ration.
Active response of a one-dimensional cardiac model with gap junctions to extracellular stimulation

To study the response of cardiac tissue to electrical stimulation, a one-dimensional model of cardiac tissue has been developed using linear core-conductor theory and the DiFrancesco-Noble model of Purkinje tissue. The cable lies in a restricted extracellular medium and includes a representation of the junctional resistances known to interconnect cardiac cells. Two electrode geometries are considered: (a) a semi-infinite cable with a monopolar electrode at the end of the cable and (b) a terminated cable with one electrode at each end of the cable. In a series of simulations, stimuli of varying magnitude and polarity are applied at three different times during the plateau of the action potential. The results at the stimulus site show that the action potential duration may either decrease or increase in response to the stimulus, depending on the polarity and application time of the stimulus. The spatial behaviour of the cable in response to the stimulus indicates that sites greater than 200 cells from the stimulating electrode are not affected by the stimulus.
Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States)

To investigate the relation of dietary intakes of sucrose, meat, and fat, and anthropometric, lifestyle, hormonal, and reproductive factors to colon cancer incidence, data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 35,215 Iowa (United States) women, aged 55–69 years and without a history of cancer, who completed mailed dietary and other questionnaires in 1986. Through 1990, 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented. Proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for age and other risk factors. Risk factors found to be associated significantly with colon cancer included: (i) sucrose-containing foods and beverages other than ice cream/milk; relative risks (RR) across the quintiles=1.00, 1.73, 1.56, 1.54, and 2.00 (95% confidence intervals [CI] for quintiles two and five exclude 1.0); (ii) sucrose; RR across the quintiles=1.00, 1.70, 1.81, 1.82, and 1.45 (CI for quintiles two through four exclude 1.0); (iii) height; RR=1.23 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend-0.02); (iv) body mass index; RR=1.41 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend=0.03); and (v) number of livebirths, RR=1.59 for having had one to two livebirths and 1.80 for having had three or more livebirths compared with having had none (P for trend=0.04). These data support hypotheses that sucrose intake or being tall or obese increases colon cancer risk; run contrary to the hypothesis that increased parity decreases risk; support previous findings of no association with demographic factors other than age, cigarette smoking, or use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy; and raise questions regarding previous associations with meat, fat, protein, and physical activity.Cancer Causes and Control 1994, 5, 38–52.
BENIOFF ZONES, ABSOLUTE MOTION AND INTERARC BASIN

While in the Honshu region, the Benioff zone exhibits a straight profile, dipping west at about 30°, the Mariana arc has a curved zone changing into a very steeply dipping zone at depth, and the Peru-Chilean arc has a very extended and gently dipping zone at 16°. These can be interpreted as three type-cases where, correspondingly, the trenchline is at rest with respect to the deeper mantle and the trenchline is moving in the dip direction with respect to the deeper mantle. Where the direction of relative motion has changed, we can then expect sharper bends as in the cases of Central Bonin and the Peru-Chilean arcs.This interpretation is consistent with the concept of the decoupling of plate motion across the asthenosphere and enables us to use the Benioff Zone to decipher the recent history of absolute plate motion.The steepening of the Marianas Zone is closely related to the westward motion of the Philippine Sea Plate. The separation of the plates due to anchoring of the trenchline, after the subducted lithosphere reaches the mesosphere, and the continued westward motion of the Philippine Sea Plate is probably responsible for the formation of the back-arc basin and the lack of large shallow thrust-type earthquakes there. This could be one of the several mechanisms for the formation of the back-arc basin.
Stratification of risk of death in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis using a panel of adipokines and cytokines.

Background Dysregulated adipose tissue metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease in murine models. We aimed to characterize serum markers of adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH) and determine their utility to predict survival in severe AAH. Methods A prospective, case–control study design was used. Seventy-six patients hospitalized with severe AAH and 25 ambulatory patients with alcoholic cirrhosis as controls were included. Serum samples were collected for biochemical analyses. Patients were followed for 180 days after enrollment to determine the survival. Results AAH patients exhibited higher serum glycerol and free fatty acid levels, suggesting enhanced adipose tissue triglyceride hydrolysis. Patients with AAH demonstrated a distinct serum lipidomic profile compared with alcoholic cirrhosis but not in systemic and adipose-specific insulin resistance. AAH patients had higher serum resistin and plasmin activation inhibitor-1 levels, while serum leptin was decreased. Serum levels of the prolipolytic cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-15 were significantly higher in AAH patients. Only 53% of AAH patients survived 180 days after admission, while all cirrhotic patients were alive at the end of the study period. Among patients with severe AAH, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, resistin, IL-6 and TNF-α were associated with 180-day survival, and all 5 markers demonstrated accuracy by area under receiver–operator curve analysis. Serum IL-6 levels ≥38.66 pg/ml most precisely identified deaths in severe AAH. Patients with IL-6 ≥ 38.66 pg/ml had significantly decreased mean survival compared to those with lower levels. Conclusions AAH patients demonstrate evidence of increased adipose tissue lipolysis and altered serum lipidomic profile compared with alcoholic cirrhosis patients. IL-6 may be a useful biomarker to risk stratify severe AAH patients at the highest risk of mortality.
The Multi-Rater System: An alternative parametric approach in determining Stakeholder Analysis and Influence

Much of the literature dedicated to stakeholder identification has been focused from a ‘top-down’ view as a determinant of analysis. In this paper, we develop, test, and provide evidence on a new conceptual stakeholder model extending the existing analysis methodology by utilizing a new framework that not only examines the robust interactions occurring between stakeholder groups, but confirms congruence on variables identifying power, influence, and resistance with the Conventional methodology. Using data sampled from a faith-based university of nine hundred and twenty-six stakeholders representing seven stakeholders groups, the study confirms congruency exists between the Conventional and Multi-Rater systems. Additional results indicate a robust identification of stakeholder groups when using the Multi-Rater system which the Conventional system failed to reveal.
A Novel Neuroendocrine Intracellular Signaling Pathway

Expression of many components of the secretory pathway in peptidergic neuroendocrine cells is precisely controlled in response to secretagogues. Regulated endocrine-specific protein (RESP18) was identified as a dopamine-regulated intermediate pituitary transcript. Although the amino acid sequence of RESP18 initially suggested that it might be a novel preprohormone, its widespread expression in peptide-producing neurons and endocrine cells and its localization to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum suggested that it subserves a unique function. Subtractive hybridization of a pituitary corticotrope AtT-20 cell line engineered for inducible RESP18 expression demonstrated a RESP18-dependent induction of several transcripts. Regulation of RESP18 expression in vitro and in vivo was accompanied by changes in the same transcripts. Several cDNAs encoding transcripts up-regulated by RESP18 were analyzed by DNA sequencing, searching the GenBank databases for homologous proteins, and Northern blotting. One novel clone showed a tissue distribution nearly identical to that of RESP18. One clone was identical to rat LIMK2, a protein kinase containing modular protein-protein interaction LIM (lin-11, isl-1, mec-3) domains. Another clone was similar to monomeric bacterial isocitrate dehydrogenases. Like the unfolded protein response, these data demonstrate a novel signaling pathway from the secretory pathway lumen to the nucleus. RESP18 acts as a lumicrine peptide (an intracellular luminal autocrine hormone) inducing this pathway.
Grabbing attention: An experimental investigation of headlines during campaigns

(1993). Grabbing attention: An experimental investigation of headlines during campaigns. Political Communication: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 175-191.
DIEL CHANGES IN PHASED‐DIVIDING CULTURES OF CERATIUM FURCA (DINOPHYCEAE): NUCLEOTIDE TRIPHOSPHATES, ADENYLATE ENERGY CHARGE, CELL CARBON, AND PATTERNS OF VERTICAL MIGRATION

The diel pattern of cell division, cell carbon, adenine nucleotides and vertical migration was determined for laboratory cultures of the photosynthetic marine dinoflagellate, Ceratium furca (Ehr.) Clap. and Lachm., entrained on an alternating 12:12 LD schedule at 20 C. Cell division was initiated during the latter portion of the dark period with ca. 30% of the population undergoing division. Cell C increased during the light period and exhibited a linear decrease with a loss of 33% during the dark period. ATP . cell/sup -1/ increased during the light period and decreased by Ca. 40 to 50% during the dark period. The diel patterns of cell C and ATP tended to buffer the magnitude of the change in C:ATP ratios around an overall mean value of 89. There was no obvious trend in the concentration of (GTP + UTP) . cell /sup -1/ over the cell cycle. The cellular adenylate energy charge was maintained at values between 0.8 to 0.9 throughout the 24 h LD cycle, despite a ca. 40% decrease in total adenylates (A/sub T/ = ATP + ADP + AMP) during the dark period on 12:12 LD, and over a 68% decrease in ATP during 42 h of continuousmore » darkness. These data lend experimental support to the theory of cellular metabolic control by the adenine nucleotides. With lateral illumination on 12:12 LD cycles, the cells began to concentrate at the surface of the experimental tubes shortly before the lights were turned on, and at the bottom of the tubes shortly before the lights were extinguished. This patterncontinued for 6 days in continuous darkness, suggesting that the vertical migration pattern is independent of a phototactic response and may be under the control of an endogenous rhythm.« less
Pituitary-tumour-transforming-gene 1 expression in testicular cancer

Summary Genomic instability is a feature of germ cell tumours. The pituitary-tumourtransforming-gene 1 (PTTG1) is the major effector of chromosome segregation during mitosis, protecting the cell from aneuploidy. The protein expression of this gene has been evaluated in testicular tumours by immunohistochemistry. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens of testicular tissues from 83 patients undergoing therapeutic orchidectomy for seminomas (n = 53), embryonal carcinoma (n = 10), yolk sac tumour (n = 10) and teratoma (n = 10) were examined. Seminoma was associated with in situ carcinoma (CIS) in 23 samples. PTTG1 immunostaining was performed using rabbit anti-PTTG1 as a primary antibody. In CIS, only isolated cells showed nuclear staining for PTTG1. In the peripheral area of seminoma, PTTG1 was mostly detected as localised in the nucleus; in the central area of seminoma, PTTG1 staining was more intense in cytoplasm. PTTG1-positive cells were also present in the areas of seminoma infiltration. On the other hand, in embryonal carcinoma, cells had a diffuse positive immunostaining, mainly cytoplasmatic, while we did not observe an expression of PTTG1 in yolk sac tumour and mature teratoma. We firstly identified the PTTG1 expression pattern in normal testis, CIS and testicular cancer. Further investigation is needed to clarify the functional activity of PTTG1 in testicular oncogenesis.
LIGHT-SCATTERING CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL SURFACES

A scalar theory of surface scattering phenomena has been formulated by utilizing the same Fourier techniques that have proven so successful in the area of image formation. An analytical expression has been obtained for a surface transfer function which relates the surface micro-roughness to the scattered distribution of radiation from that surface. The existence of such a transfer function implies a shift-invariant scattering function which does not change shape with the angle of the incident beam. This is a rather significant development which has profound implications regarding the quantity of data required to completely characterize the scattering properties of a surface. This theory also provides a straight-forward solution to the inverse scattering problem (i.e., determining surface characteristics from scattered light measurements) and results in a simple method of predicting the wave length dependence of the scattered light distribution. Both theoretical and experimental results will be presented along with a discussion of the capabilities and limitations of this treatment of surface scatter phenomena.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interactions Between Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Several possible interactions between the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and a Heliothis zea (Boddie) multiple-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HzmNPV) were investigated. Female M. croceipes did not transmit the HzmNPV from infected Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to uninfected H. zea larvae via oviposition. For both unparasitized and parasitized H. zea larvae, percent virus-induced mortality decreased with increased host age at infection. Percent H. zea pupating and percent M. croceipes cocoon formation both increased with increased host age at infection for unparasitized and parasitized H. zea , respectively. Although parasitization did not decrease percent virus-induced mortality, it did increase the time to virus-induced mortality compared with that for unparasitized larvae. M. croceipes suffered high mortality when the HzmNPV killed the H. zea host larva before the parasitoid larva had completed its development. Parasitized larvae that escaped or overcame parasitism and then pupated took significantly longer to pupate than unparasitized larvae. Implications of virus-parasitoid interactions on the biological control of H. zea are discussed.
Homologous Boosting with Adenoviral Serotype 5 HIV Vaccine (rAd5) Vector Can Boost Antibody Responses despite Preexisting Vector-Specific Immunity in a Randomized Phase I Clinical Trial

Background Needle-free delivery improves the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines but is also associated with more local reactogenicity. Here we report the first comparison of Biojector and needle administration of a candidate rAd5 HIV vaccine. Methods Thirty-one adults, 18–55 years, 20 naive and 11 prior rAd5 vaccine recipients were randomized to receive single rAd5 vaccine via needle or Biojector IM injection at 1010 PU in a Phase I open label clinical trial. Solicited reactogenicity was collected for 5 days; clinical safety and immunogenicity follow-up was continued for 24 weeks. Results Overall, injections by either method were well tolerated. There were no serious adverse events. Frequency of any local reactogenicity was 16/16 (100%) for Biojector compared to 11/15 (73%) for needle injections. There was no difference in HIV Env-specific antibody response between Biojector and needle delivery. Env-specific antibody responses were more than 10-fold higher in subjects receiving a booster dose of rAd5 vaccine than after a single dose delivered by either method regardless of interval between prime and boost. Conclusions Biojector delivery did not improve antibody responses to the rAd5 vaccine compared to needle administration. Homologous boosting with rAd5 gene-based vectors can boost insert-specific antibody responses despite pre-existing vector-specific immunity. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00709605 NCT00709605
The Hebrew First Crusade Chronicles: Further Reflections

In a previous article, I studied the short and anonymous Hebrew First Crusade chronicle. The choice of text S as the starting point for an investigation of the three surviving records of Jewish suffering and heroism in 1096 was a natural one. The text, as it now stands, constitutes a wellorganized and coherent unit, broken off suddenly during the depiction of the destruction of Mayence Jewry. While it is certain that the chronicler did not witness personally all the events which he described, he did integrate his written and oral sources into an account which exhibits a broad and consistent grasp of the unfolding of the First Crusade and the related violence which inundated Rhineland Jewry. L, the longest of the Hebrew First Crusade chronicles, is more difficult to analyze, partly because of the length of the text, partly because of its poor state of preservation, and partly because the awkwardness of the chronicler has left tantalizing hints regarding the process of editing. Like S, L is based on a series of written and oral sources. The editor of L, however, was less adroit than the editor of S in fusing his sources into a satisfying unit. Because of this lack of grace, the hand of the editor is more apparent in L, although the precise dimensions of his role cannot be fully clarified on the basis of the texts currently available. While the problems associated with L are vexing, its richness of detail and its power necessitate an effort to clarify some of these problems and to suggest tentative solutions. Many of our conclusions will be speculative; the state of the text and its sister texts will allow no more.
A framework for context-aware wireless wellness monitoring

Health monitoring has been studied to improve the coverage and reduce the cost of healthcare services, especially for patients in independent living environment. There is a need to monitor wellness of patients living independently to allow suitable interventions as and when needed. Wellness includes vital signs, medications, daily activities, sleep pattern, food and behavioral activities. Wireless and mobile technologies are being used to support such monitoring. In this paper, we present a framework for context-aware wireless wellness monitoring. We present multiple components of the framework and show one implementation of the framework. The proposed framework can lead to implementation of smart monitoring systems that are highly suitable for wellness monitoring and supporting related interventions.
What Does the Nation of China Think About Phenomenal States

Critics of functionalism about the mind often rely on the intuition that collectivities cannot be conscious in motivating their positions. In this paper, we consider the merits of appealing to the intuition that there is nothing that it’s like to be a collectivity. We demonstrate that collective mentality is not an affront to commonsense, and we report evidence that demonstrates that the intuition that there is nothing that it’s like to be a collectivity is, to some extent, culturally specific rather than universally held. This being the case, we argue that mere appeal to the intuitive implausibility of collective consciousness does not offer any genuine insight into the nature of mentality in general, nor the nature of consciousness in particular.
Time-dependent solutions to the one-dimensional linearized moisture flow equation with water extraction☆

An exact, analytical solution is developed for one-dimensional soil water flow. Assumptions are that the unsaturated conductivity is exponential with pressure head and that the soil-moisture diffusivity is constant. The surface boundary condition is taken as a time-dependent specified-intake velocity. A sink function for plant-water uptake is described by a sequence of depth-dependent functions which change at specified times. Numerical examples include drainage, infiltration, steady uptake and cyclic surface flux and uptake patterns. The linearizing assumptions are the most realistic for short cycles, but in any case the exact nature of the answers make them ideal for checking numerical approximations, such as finite differencing.
Decisions about access to health care and accountability for reasonableness.

Insurers make decisions that directly limit access to care (e.g., when deciding about coverage for new technologies or formulary design) and that indirectly limit access (e.g., by adopting incentives to induce physicians to provide fewer or different services). These decisions raise questions about legitimacy and fairness. By holding health plans accountable for the reasonableness of their decisions, it is possible to address these questions. Accountability for reasonableness involves providing publicly accessible rationales for decisions and limiting rationales to those that all “fair-minded” persons can agree are relevant to meeting patient needs fairly under resource constraints. This form of accountability is illustrated by examining its implications for the three examples of direct and indirect limit setting noted here.
Parents, Teachers and Day Care Children: Patterns of Interconnection.

Abstract The present research focused on interactions among four key individuals in the child care system: the father, mother, day care center teacher, and child. Naturalistic observations of eighteen 3-year-old children and their caretakers were conducted in homes and day care centers. A central issue was whether children and adults would display behavioral similarity or reciprocity with one another. There were several main findings: a) The relationships among adult roles were characterized by both similarity and reciprocity (e.g., mothers tended to be associated with teachers whose overall emotional orientations were similar to their own, but whose teaching activity levels complemented their own); b) reciprocity of the functions of home and day care also were reflected in children's behaviors in these settings (e.g., children's activity levels in the home and in day care were negatively related); and c) children's behavior at home was best predicted by their mothers' and fathers' child-rearing behaviors...
Effect of grain size from mm to nm on the flow stress and plastic deformation kinetics of Au at low homologous temperatures

Three grain size regimes were identified: Regime I (d > ∼0.5 μm), Regime II (d ≈ 10–500 nm) and Regime III (d < ∼10 nm). Grain size hardening in accord with the Hall–Petch (H–P) equation occurred in Regimes I and II, grain size softening with the flow stress proportional to d−1 occurred in III. The rate-controlling mechanism in Regime I was concluded to be the intersection of dislocations, that in II grain boundary shear promoted by the pile-up of dislocations and that in III grain boundary shear without pile-ups. The transition from I to II occurred when the dislocation cell size became larger than the grain size, that from II to III when the dislocation elastic interaction spacing became larger than the grain size. The H–P behavior in Regime I is in accord with the dislocation density model, that in II with the dislocation pile-up model. The general behavior of Au is similar to that reported previously for Cu and Ag.
RXTE observation of Cygnus X-1 — I. Spectral analysis

We present the results of the analysis of the broad-band spectrum of Cygnus X-1 from 3.0 to 200 keV, using data from a 10-ks observation by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The spectrum can be well described phenomenologically by an exponentially cut-off power law with a photon index Γ = 1.45+0.01−0.02 (a value considerably harder than is typically found), e-folding energy Ef = 162+9−8 keV, plus a deviation from a power law that formally can be modelled as a thermal blackbody with temperature kTbb = 1.2+0.0−0.1 keV. Although the 3–30 keV portion of the spectrum can be fitted with a reflected power law with Γ = 1.81 ± 0.01 and covering fraction f = 0.35 ± 0.02, the quality of the fit is significantly reduced when the HEXTE data in the 30–100 keV range are included, as there is no observed softening in the power law within this energy range. As a physical description of this system, we apply the accretion disc corona models of Dove, Wilms &38; Begelman, in which the temperature of the corona is determined self-consistently. A spherical corona with a total optical depth τ = 1.6 ± 0.1 and an average temperature kTc= 87 ± 5 keV, surrounded by an exterior cold disc, does provide a good description of the data (χ2red = 1.55). These models deviate from the data by up to 7 per cent in the 5–10 keV range, and we discuss possible reasons for these discrepancies. However, considering how successfully the spherical corona reproduces the 10–200 keV data, such ‘photon-starved’ coronal geometries seem very promising for explaining the accretion processes of Cygnus X-1.