cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral vessels in ageing and Alzheimer's disease

The integrity of the cerebral vasculature is crucial to the maintenance of cognitive functions during ageing. Prevailing evidence suggests that cerebrovascular functions decline during normal ageing, with pronounced effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The causes of these changes largely remain unknown. While previous studies recorded ageing-related impairments, such as atherosclerosis and loss of innervation in basal surface arteries of the brain, it only recently has been realized that a number of subtle alterations in both the intracranial resistance vessels and the smaller capillaries is apparent in both ageing animals and humans. The dominant changes include alterations in composition of connective tissues and smooth muscle of large vessel walls, thickening of the vascular basement membrane, thinning of the endothelium in some species, loss of endothelial mitochondria and increased pericytes. Some of these attributes appear more affected in AD. Other abnormalities entail profound irregularities in the course of microvessels, unexplained inclusions in the basement membrane and changes in unique proteins and membrane lipids associated with the blood-brain barrier. Brain imaging and permeability studies show no clear functional evidence to support the structural and biochemical anomalies, but it is plausible that focal and transient breach of the blood-brain barrier in ageing, and more notably in AD, occurs. Thus, circumscribed neuronal populations in certain brain regions could become vulnerable. Furthermore, the characteristic deposition of amyloid in vessels in AD may exacerbate the decline in vascular function and promote chronic hypoperfusion. Although not explicit from current studies, it is likely that the brain vasculature is continually modified by growth and repair mechanisms in attempts to maintain perfusion during ageing and disease.
Digital Microfluidic Device Using Ionic Liquids for Electronic Hotspot Cooling

Thermal management in electronics become more challenging as the size of electronics decreases, yet, the heat generated from electronics still increases. To enhance cooling efficiency of conventional cooling schemes such as heat pipes, we experimentally present a use of electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidic technique to force the cooling liquid medium to move to hot spot area. In this paper, firstly, two different EWOD devices were compared in their cooling performance. One is a system using one plane device and sessile droplet of cooling medium and the other is a system using two parallel planes and liquid is sandwiched in between. Secondly, two types of liquids were used and compared as the cooling medium. De-ionized (DI) water and room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) have been investigated. RTILs are thermally stable thanks to their low vapor pressure. In addition to thermal stability, RTIL can be tailored task specifically by altering cations and anions. Different experiments were conducted to study the capacity of IL’s to change the surface temperature of the hotspot generated and this was compared with that of DI water. The latter showed higher capacity to remove heat, while evaporation problem was predominant in the sandwiched setup. Three different ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or [BMIM]Cl, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide or [BMIM]Ntf2, and [CMIM]FeCl4 showed less effect on changing the surface temperature compared to water. It is due to generally lower heat conductivity and higher viscosity of ILs than water. However, RTILs showed high thermal stability by resulting in no evaporation during cooling process while water had vigorous evaporation. Nanofluid of RTIL and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) mixture has been tested as the first step toward enhancing thermal conductivity of RTIL.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Does more intense palliative treatment improve overall survival in metastatic breast cancer patients

A retrospective review of 483 women who had metastatic breast cancer and were treated between 1942 and 1975 was carried out to examine the effects of improving and aggressive palliative modalities on patient survival. There was a steady increase in the proportion of patients treated by chemotherapy and/or hormonal ablative therapy. Additive hormonal therapy, irradiation, and surgery for palliation decreased in frequency during the same period. Survival time from the first recurrence did not appear to increase in these patients over the period of this study. In spite of increasingly sophisticated palliative therapies, the survival time of patients with metastasis did not appear to be significantly prolonged.
NOTAS SOBRE OS ANGLICISMOS QUEIROSIANOS

O presente artigo pretende mostrar o valor dos anglicismos que Eca de Queiros introduziu nas suas obras, enriquecendo de maneira decisiva a lingua portuguesa. Apesar de tratar-se de uma contribuicao valiosa, muitos estudiosos criticaram-no violentamente pela corrupcao linguistica. Esta atitude foi sendo pouco a pouco substituida por uma compreensao maior sobre emprestimos e, consequentemente, sobre os anglicismos queirosianos. Os graficos demonstram objetivamente a frequencia e a variedade destes anglicismos e permitem tirar algumas conclusoes: a) a tentativa de alguns puristas da linguagem em remover emprestimos resulta nula, visto que estes acabam incorporando-se a lingua em questao; b) o uso que Eca fez dos anglicismos e relativamente limitado, contando-se apenas 311 emprestimos deste tipo; c) ha uma estreita relacao entre o assunto das obras e a frequencia dos anglicismos; d) a grande maioria dos anglicismos usados sao substantivos ou frases nominais; e) alguns vocabulos ingleses estao em forma incorreta, mas raramente mal empregados; f ) e obvio que os anglicismos dao um matiz especial a sua narrativa; g) muitos emprestimos ingleses usados por Eca nao foram arrolados por Cândido de Figueiredo e e, portanto, aconselhavel um certo cuidado ao consultar o seu trabalho. Considerando que Eca de Queiros nao somente usou emprestimos ingleses como tambem franceses, italianos, latinos, alemaes, espanhois e arabes, compreende-se o valor de um estudo completo sobre o assunto.
Subspaces of L2(G) invariant under translation by an abelian subgroup

Abstract For a second countable locally compact group G and a closed abelian subgroup H , we give a range function classification of closed subspaces in L 2 ( G ) invariant under left translation by H . For a family A ⊆ L 2 ( G ) , this classification ties with a set of conditions under which the translations of A by H form a continuous frame or a Riesz sequence. When G is abelian, our work relies on a fiberization map; for the more general case, we introduce an analogue of the Zak transform. Both transformations intertwine translation with modulation, and both rely on a new group-theoretic tool: for a closed subgroup Γ ⊆ G , we produce a measure on the space Γ \ G of right cosets that gives a measure space isomorphism G ≅ Γ × Γ \ G . Outside of the group setting, we consider a more general problem: for a measure space X and a Hilbert space H , we investigate conditions under which a family of functions in L 2 ( X ; H ) multiplies with a basis-like system in L 2 ( X ) to produce a continuous frame or a Riesz sequence in L 2 ( X ; H ) . Finally, we explore connections with dual integrable representations of LCA groups, as introduced by Hernandez et al. in [25] .
Coping strategies and health status of elderly arthritic women

With increasing age many elderly people experience personal and social losses. Physical health declines, there is a loss of vigour and an increased susceptibility to disease. Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis in the elderly, is the greatest cause of disability and limitation of activity in older populations. The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate how elderly women cope with the physical impairment and pain associated with osteoarthritis and to examine the relationship between coping strategies and health status. The sample consisted of 130 women over 75 years, living alone in one of five life care communities. Three instruments were used to collect data: The Ways of Coping Scale, The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale and The Musculoskeletal Impairment Index. Pearson product-moment correlations and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyse data. The mean age of the sample was 83.2 years and over 40% had attained bachelor's degree or higher. The most utilized coping strategy was self-control. The study variables accounted for 49% of the variance in physical health and 20% in psychosocial health.
Sensory and Chemical Analyses of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor‐caju) Harvested from Different Substrates

: The sensory characteristics of dehydrated oyster mushrooms harvested from 8 different substrates and chemical compounds related to sensory attributes were analyzed and compared. The sensory attributes rubbery, sweet pea, and bitter as well as the chemical content of total lipids, palmitic acid, benzaldehyde, mannitol, 14 free amino acids, and 5′-adenosine monophosphate were found to be significantly affected by the substrates used for cultivating oyster mushrooms. This study demonstrated that the substrate composition for oyster mushroom production had minor effects on sensory and quality characteristics. Chemical analysis indicated that benzaldehyde, some free amino acids, 5′-cytosine monophosphate (CMP), 5′-guanosine monophosphate (GMP), and 5′-inosine monophosphate (IMP) showed correlations with the sensory attributes perceived by the sensory panel; however, some of these compounds were not detected in all samples.
Keratin Synthesis in SV40-Transformed Human Keratinocytes after Transient Supertransfection with Harvey Murine Sarcoma Viral DNA

A transformed cell line (HE-IS) was established by transient supertransfection of a SV40-transformed human epidermal cell culture (HE-SL) (R. T. Su and Y.-C. Chang, 1989, Exp. Cell Res. 180, 117-133) with a recombinant plasmid containing an entire Harvey murine sarcoma virus DNA. HE-IS cells showed morphological alterations and less stringent growth requirements in a defined medium. A variant line (HE-TC), selected later from the HE-IS cells after a prolonged maintenance in serum-containing Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM), was found to be able to grow in either defined or serum-containing medium. Neither HE-IS nor HE-TC cells were able to form colonies in soft agar or induce tumors in athymic mice when inoculated subcutaneously. When grown in defined medium, all transformed cells (HE-SL, HE-IS, HE-TC) revealed a similar keratin pattern as analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. However, significant reduction of keratins (notably K5) was detected in HE-TC cells maintained in serum-containing DMEM. The keratin pattern appeared to be regulated by the growth environment. Because of their nontumorigenic characteristics and defined growth properties, these transformed keratinocytes are likely to provide a suitable model system for examining the regulation of cytoskeleton protein synthesis.
Case Study of a Gay Mexican American

SUMMARY This paper presents the life story of a fifty-three year old social worker from a Mexican American migrant family as he struggled to get an education, come to terms with his gayness and heal the wounds that he received in life. He reflects on the various stages of his life identifying major themes and strengths. In many ways this is the story of the price he paid to be and become an authentic self.
Comparative Experimental Design of Steamflooding for Optimal Efficient Performance of a Heterogeneous Light Oil Sandstone Reservoir

Steamflooding has been widely applied as an effective way to improve oil recovery not only in heavy oil reservoirs, but also in light oil reservoirs. Its efficiency comes from its influential rule to enhance oil displacement by flourishing the reservoir and fluid properties. Also, it has been investigated that Steamflooding is a good way to handle the formation's heterogeneity by decrease the degree of fluid spread and distortion. The reservoir under study is a sandstone formation in South Rumaila oil field located in Iraq. This field, with a 59-years production history, has 40 production wells and is surrounded by an infinite active edge water aquifer from the east and the west flanks. The east flank is much less effective than the west one because there are some discontinuous amounts of bitumen close to the oil-water contact that impedes the aquifer water approaching into the reservoir. The formation depth is 10350 ft. sub-sea with a maximum vertical oil column of 350 ft. The average bubble point pressure is 2660 psi and the average reservoir temperature is 210°F while oil density is 34°API. In this study, a comparative thermodynamic simulation study has been conducted to investigate the feasibility of Steamflooding to extract the bitumen and improve oil recovery and also to determine the optimal future reservoir performance with comparative designs of experiments considering the recovery factor as a response function. Firstly, the thermodynamic reservoir simulator (CMG-STARS) has been used to figure out the feasibility of steam flooding to increase the recovery factor by the end of 12 years future prediction period in comparison with the base case of primary production. Then, nine different experiments within three-levels & four-factors have been set within the orthogonal arrays design (OAD) to get some idea about the factors controlling the reservoir performance. The factors are steam injection rate, steam quality, steam temperature, and number of steam injectors. The regression model of Orthogonal Arrays Design (OAD) has shown that the recovery factor is sensitive only to steam injection rate and number of injectors and the optimal scenario has the highest steam injection rate and the lowest injectors to get the highest recovery factor. Then, the Full Factorial Design (FFD) has been adopted for the same factors, but with distinct levels to formulate 36 high dispersion experiments. The levels of injectors have been selected based on the high connectivity with the producers based on the streamlines-based simulation results after construction such a connectivity matrix between the injectors and producers. The regression analysis of FFD has shown that all the four factors and some interaction among them have a significant effect on the response and the optimal scenario that has the highest recovery factor, has the same levels of the four parameters as what has been obtained from the
4752 Prospective evaluation of different endoscopic biopsy sites in the detection of graft-versus-host disease.

When GI tract symptoms occur 20 days or more post allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT), the most common cause is graftversus-host disease (GVHD). However, symptoms are non-specific. Therefore, accurate histologic diagnosis is critical. Recent retrospective studies have suggested that EGD with antral bx (rather than proctoscopy and rectal bx) provides the highest yield of positive GVHD histology. Aim: The aim of this prospective observational study was to identify the endoscopic bx site(s) with the highest yield for GVHD histology regardless of symptoms. Methods: Between March 1999 and November 1999, consecutive patients who were at least 20 days post AHSCT and who presented with GI tract symptoms underwent endoscopic evaluation utilizing a standard examination and bx protocol. EGD was performed first with careful inspection of the esophageal, gastric and duodenal mucosa followed by mucosal bx of the distal duodenum, gastric antrum, body and fundus and the distal esophagus. Proctoscopy was then performed with careful inspection of the rectal mucosa followed by mucosal bx. A single gastrointestinal pathologist (DC) performed histopathologic evaluation of all bx material. All tissue was analyzed for viral infection by either culture or immunohistology. Result: A total of 10 consecutive patients with 11 symptom episodes (SEs)were evaluated per protocol. Histologic evidence of GVHD was present in bxs from 8 SEs. Among the GVHD SEs, 5 (62%)were associated with abnormal appearing mucosa at EGD and 1 (12.5%)with abnormal appearing mucosa at proctoscopy. Histology was positive for GVHD in the UGI tract during 5 SEs, in the rectum during 6 SEs and simultaneously in the both areas during 3 episodes. Among the 3 SEs associated with positive rectal histology alone, diarrhea was a symptom in only 1 and UGI symptoms were present in all 3. Among the 2 SEs with only positive UGI tract histology, nausea and vomiting was present in both and diarrhea was present in none. All SEs in which diarrhea was a symptom were associated with positive rectal biopsies when GVHD was present. Conclusion: Our data suggest that rectal bx remains an important part of the evaluation of GVHD regardless of the symptoms manifest and that the combination of antral and rectal bxs provide the highest yield of positive GVHD histology. Our findings differ from those of recent retrospective studies because rectal biopsies were routinely performed regardless of symptoms.
Multiple Roles and Relationships of Professional Development School Liaisons: The Struggle for Collegiality within Hierarchical Settings.

In my 5 years as a Professional Development School (PDS) liaison, I have been fortunate to experience many facets of PDS work in two different schools. I have taught education courses, cotaught a preservice teacher education course with a mentor teacher, supervised interns in the schools, supported mentor teachers working with our interns, established relationships with teachers and regular substitutes in the PDS, been a liaison to a mentor teacher who was teaching one of our methods courses, conducted collaborative research with teachers, presented with them at national conferences, coauthored an article and a book chapter, and contributed to the design (and continuous redesign) of our Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) program, often with teachers.
Heat loads to divertor nearby components from secondary radiation evolved during plasma instabilities

A fundamental issue in tokamak operation related to power exhaust during plasma instabilities is the understanding of heat and particle transport from the core plasma into the scrape-off layer and to plasma-facing materials. During abnormal and disruptive operation in tokamaks, radiation transport processes play a critical role in divertor/edge-generated plasma dynamics and are very important in determining overall lifetimes of the divertor and nearby components. This is equivalent to or greater than the effect of the direct impact of escaped core plasma on the divertor plate. We have developed and implemented comprehensive enhanced physical and numerical models in the upgraded HEIGHTS package for simulating detailed photon and particle transport in the evolved edge plasma during various instabilities. The paper describes details of a newly developed 3D Monte Carlo radiation transport model, including optimization methods of generated plasma opacities in the full range of expected photon spectra. Response of the ITER divertor's nearby surfaces due to radiation from the divertor-developed plasma was simulated by using actual full 3D reactor design and magnetic configurations. We analyzed in detail the radiation emission spectra and compared the emission of both carbon and tungsten as divertor plate materials. The integrated 3D simulation predicted unexpectedly high damage risk to the open stainless steel legs of the dome structure in the current ITER design from the intense radiation during a disruption on the tungsten divertor plate.
On nonlinear finite element analysis in single-, multi- and parallel-processors

Numerical solution of nonlinear equilibrium problems of structures by means of Newton-Raphson type iterations is reviewed. Each step of the iteration is shown to correspond to the solution of a linear problem, therefore the feasibility of the finite element method for nonlinear analysis is established. Organization and flow of data for various types of digital computers, such as single-processor/single-level memory, single-processor/two-level-memory, vector-processor/two-level-memory, and parallel-processors, with and without sub-structuring (i.e. partitioning) are given. The effect of the relative costs of computation, memory and data transfer on substructuring is shown. The idea of assigning comparable size substructures to parallel processors is exploited. Under Cholesky type factorization schemes, the efficiency of parallel processing is shown to decrease due to the occasional shared data, just as that due to the shared facilities.
THE INFLUENCE OF WATER STRESS ON STEM AND LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GLYCINE MAX AND SPARTEUM JUNCEUM (LEGUMINOSAE)

Stem and leafphotosynthesis were measured in Glycine max var. essex (soybean) and Sparteum junceum (Spanish broom). The significance of stem photosynthesis to whole plant growth was evaluated by blocking stem photosynthesis with black straw sections. The growth of S. junceum was reduced by 18% when black straws were used in comparison to clear straws. The whole plant growth of G. max was not influenced by blocking the stem carbon contribution. Mean midday leaf photosynthesis was 12 gmol CO2 m-2 s-' and 17 ,umol CO2 m-2 s-1 for G. max and S. junceum, respectively. Mean midday stem photosynthesis of S. junceum was 6.5 tmol CO2 m-2 s-1; however, positive net photosynthesis did not occur in G. max stems. Water stress caused a proportionally greater decrease in leaf photosynthesis compared to that of stems during diurnal cycles of photosynthesis in S. junceum. As a result the contribution to canopy carbon gain by stem photosynthesis increased from 38% to 48% of the total plant carbon gain under reduced water availability.
Extracellular matrix degrading enzymes are active in porcine stentless aortic bioprosthetic heart valves.

Glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine aortic valve tissues are widely used for heart valve replacement surgery in the form of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). The durability of BHVs in the clinical setting is limited by tissue degeneration, mechanical failure, and calcification. BHVs rely on the putative ability of glutaraldehyde to render biologic tissues metabolically inert and fully resistant to enzymatic attack. In the present study, we detected and partially characterized the activity of collagen and elastin-degrading enzymes in unimplanted, glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine aortic cusp and wall tissues and compared enzyme activities with those extracted from fresh tissues. Active enzymes capable of degrading extracellular matrix were found to be present in soluble form as well as immobilized on glutaraldehyde-crosslinked tissue matrix. Total levels of collagenolytic activities were evaluated to approximately 0.25 microg of degraded collagen/mg of dry tissue/24 h for both glutaraldehyde-fixed wall and cusp tissues. A major finding of this study was the ability of soluble tissue enzymes to partially degrade glutaraldehyde-fixed collagen and particularly large amounts of glutaraldehyde-fixed elastin. These calcium-dependent gelatinases share many biochemical similarities with matrix metalloproteinases. These data strongly indicate that glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine valvular tissues are not metabolically inert and are not entirely resistant to enzymatic attack, thereby rendering BHVs vulnerable to biologic degeneration and subsequent chronic failure.
Sequence of the 16S Ribosomal RNA from Halobacterium volcanii, an Archaebacterium

The sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from the archaebacterium Halobacterium volcanii has been determined by DNA sequencing methods. The archaebacterial rRNA is similar to its eubacterial counterpart in secondary structure. Although it is closer in sequence to the eubacterial 16S rRNA than to the eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA, the H. volcanii sequence also shows certain points of specific similarity to its eukaryotic counterpart. Since the H. volcanii sequence is closer to both the eubacterial and the eukaryotic sequences than these two are to one another, it follows that the archaebacterial sequence resembles their common ancestral sequence more closely than does either of the other two versions.
Computerized surveillance in the workplace: Forms and distributions

The use of computers to monitor job performance has attracted much comment, from social scientists and others. In this analysis of a representative sample of greater New York firms, we show that this use of computing is both widespread and applied to a wide variety of jobs. Contrary to some suggestions, it is does not occur exclusively in large firms with particularly high-tech computing applications. Instead, it appears in all kinds of firms, as an outgrowth of management efforts to control and rationalize work. Most cases of computerized job surveillance identified in this sample are part of one of three basic organizational processes: sales analysis, job tracking, or inventory control.
Identification and analysis of vaccinia virus palmitylproteins.

Abstract Vaccinia virus encodes at least eight proteins that incorporate label from tritiated palmitic acid when it is added to infected cell cultures. Three of these palmitylproteins are encoded by the A33R, B5R, and F13L open reading frames and migrate by gel electrophoresis with relative molecular masses of 23–28, 42, and 37 kDa, respectively. In this report we provide evidence that the A22R and A36R open reading frames also encode palmitylproteins with apparent molecular masses of 22 and 50–55 kDa, respectively. Furthermore, the hemagglutinin protein (A56R) from the Copenhagen strain is shown to be palmitylated while the hemagglutinin protein from the WR and IHD-J strains is not. A 94-kDa VV palmitylprotein appears to be a multimeric complex composed of the B5R protein and possibly others. All vaccinia-encoded palmitylproteins are present in the membranous fraction of cells and are specific for the trans -Golgi network membrane-enveloped forms of the virus, suggesting that these proteins play a role in the envelopment and egress of virions or the infectivity of released virus.
The contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to a gene–environment model of Guamanian ALS and PD

Scientific investigations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) of Guam have implicated genetic and environmental risk factors in their etiology. Using brain tissue, we investigated mitochondrial dysfunction and report a higher frequency of somatic mutations in the light strand promoter (LSP) of the mitochondrial control region in Guam ALS and PD patients than in Guam controls, along with the presence of inherited mutations that may contribute to a novel gene-environment interaction risk model. Along with other risk factors, they demonstrate both the importance and significance of genetic and environmental contributions to Guam ALS and PD etiology.
POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND INCOMPATIBILITY FOLLOWING INTRA‐ AND INTER‐SPECIFIC POLLINATIONS IN LILIUM LONGIFLORUM

The growth of pollen tubes of a sampling of Lilium species in styles of L. longiflorum incubated at 24 C for 48 hr after pollination indicated two types of interspecific incompatibility. Pollen tubes of two self-compatible species of section Leucolirion, the section including L. longiflorum, stopped growth abruptly upon reaching the stylar canal, were of abnormal morphology, and were incapable of continued growth with longer incubation. Pollen tubes of self-compatible or selfincompatible species of sections Sinomartagon, Pseudolirium, Liriotypus, and Daurolirion approached but did not exceed the length of intraspecific incompatible pollen tubes in styles of L. longiflorum. Pollen tube morphology was normal and tubes were capable of continued growth with additional incubation. Unilateral interspecific incompatibility occurred in reciprocal crosses between self-incompatible L. longiflorum and self-compatible L. regale and L. formosanum, but exceptions occurred in Aurelian hybrids. Incubation of interspecifically pollinated L. longijiorum styles at 39 C, which removes the self-incompatibility reaction, had no effect on interspecific in-
Southern Saharan Scholarship and the Bilad Al-Sudan

By way of drawing attention to a neglected theme in West African history this article focuses upon southern Saharan society and the intellectual tradition of its scholarly (zawiya and insilimen) lineages. It is argued that societies of the southern Sahara have remarkably similar social, political and economic organizations and that the zawiya/insilimen scholars were therefore the product of comparable political and economic milieus. One result of this was that these scholars, at least by the late eighteenth century, seem to have evolved similar patterns of scholarship which emphasized two highly functional Islamic sciences, jurisprudence and mysticism. It is suggested that this intellectual tradition was shared with other scholars in the desert-edge economic region, and that as a result there existed a basic unity in the intellectual traditions of many western and central Sudanese Islamic communities which is distorted by distinctions between ‘militant’ and ‘quietist’ traditions of legal reform in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century West Africa.
Mass-change sensitivity of piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors: Model and experiments

Abstract We show for the first time that approximate analytical models do not predict mass-change sensitivity of cantilever sensors of non-uniform cross-section. On the other hand, finite element model (FEM) is a better approach for determining the performance of such sensors. Specifically, FEM of piezoelectric excited millimeter-sized cantilever sensors (PEMC) give sensitivity values that are in reasonable agreement with experimentally determined values of 20 pg/Hz, reported earlier. The approximate analytical model predicts resonance frequency of PEMC within 10% error, but it under predicts mass-change sensitivity by three orders of magnitude. FEM analysis of first and second resonance mode frequencies of a sample of ten PEMC sensors of various geometries were found to compare favorably (∼2–4%) with experimental values. Mass sensitivity determined using FEM is within a factor of three of experimental values. Through simulations we discover two important properties of the PEMC sensors: (1) The sensitivity is a strong function of attached mass. Specifically, sensitivity is the highest at low attached mass. (2) PEMC sensors become less sensitive with increasing attached mass, which results in sensors that exhibit wide dynamic range of six logs.
Far Infra-red Emission and Detection by Night-flying Moths

I HAVE earlier postulated1,2 a completely new concept of the insect environment based on infra-red frequency transmission through infra-red atmospheric windows. This concept involves the utilization of such transmitted frequencies in the life cycle and behaviour of night-flying moths. I postulated that moths may locate their mates, chemical releasers (scents), and host plants by means of infra-red frequency detection and that the night-adapted eye of nocturnal moths shifts slowly from the short-wave visible spectrum of daylight to the longer and longer infra-red frequencies as it becomes night-adapted. When totally dark-adapted, it attains the configuration of a mosaic optic-electromagnetic thermal radiometer for night-time detection of infra-red frequencies. I further postulated that the antennal spines may be resonant cavities for infra-red detection. Laithwaite3 has postulated a similar theory for the assembling of moths. In testing the validity that a moth might locate its mate by thermal far infra-red, the following experiments were performed:
A double-blind comparison of diflunisal and aspirin in the treatment of post-operative pain after episiotomy

SummaryA double-blind randomized trial was carried out in 161 primiparous women suffering from moderate to severe post-episiotomy pain to compare the analgesic efficacy of single doses of diflunisal (125 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg), aspirin (600 mg), and placebo. The results of pain rating assessments made before and at hourly intervals after drug administration showed that both the active drugs were more effective than placebo and produced similar pain relief over the first 4 hours. The analgesic efficacy of aspirin tailed off after 4 hours but pain relief with 500 mg diflunisal was still evident after 8 hours. Over 65% of patients in the diflunisal group had effective relief of pain at 8 hours whereas there was no significant difference between the aspirin and placebo-treated groups by the seventh and eighth hour.
Calculating specific catchment area

[1] Specific catchment area, defined as the area of land upslope of a width of contour, divided by the contour width, is a commonly used quantity in hydrology to describe complex terrain for analyzing water flow on hill slopes; it can be a surrogate for water discharge per unit flow width. Although specific catchment area is important in hydrological, ecological, and geological studies, it can be difficult to estimate. Gallant and Hutchinson provide a simple differential equation that describes the rate of change of specific catchment area along a flow path. The equation can be directly integrated to calculate specific catchment area at any point on a digital elevation model. The method avoids use of catchment area and width estimates, which have errors. Although the method is more computationally intense than most methods for calculating specific catchment area, it can be used as a reference against which other methods can be tested. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2009WR008540, 2011)
Effects of Oxygen Content on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuator Behavior

Atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators are experimentally investigated. The temporal force characteristics and dielectric surface charging are determined using interferometry and split electrode techniques. The experiments are conducted at atmospheric pressure in diminishing levels of oxygen content to investigate the effects of oxygen ions. The results show that the force production is dominated by oxygen ions down to a level of 2―5% oxygen content. Temporal force measurements show that the plasma accelerates the air twice during the bias cycle for all oxygen levels, including pure nitrogen. Surface charging measurements show that, for oxygen content levels above 5%, a positive voltage region builds up on the dielectric downstream of the actuator. In the absence of oxygen, no such buildup is observed. The temporal force production characteristics in the pure nitrogen discharge appear to be greatly affected by the dielectric surface charging. Finally, at a 20 % oxygen content level, the majority of the force is produced by the actuator while the exposed electrode is negative. When all of the oxygen is removed, the majority of the force is produced while the exposed electrode is positive.
Relationship of Hypertension, Blood Pressure, and Blood Pressure Control With White Matter Abnormalities in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS)—MRI Trial

This paper evaluates the relationship of blood pressure (BP) levels at Women's Health Initiative (WHI) baseline, treatment of hypertension, and white matter abnormalities among women in conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) and medroxyprogesterone acetate and CEE-alone arms. The WHI Memory Study-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (WHIMS-MRI) trial scanned 1424 participants. BP levels at baseline were significantly positively related to abnormal white matter lesion (WML) volumes. Participants treated for hypertension but who had BP > or = 140/90 mm Hg had the greatest amount of WML volumes. Women with untreated BP > or = 140/90 mm Hg had intermediate WML volumes. Abnormal WML volumes were related to hypertension in most areas of the brain and were greater in the frontal lobe than in the occipital, parietal, or temporal lobes. Level of BP at baseline was strongly related to amount of WML volumes. The results of the study reinforce the relationship of hypertension and BP control and white matter abnormalities in the brain. The evidence to date supports tight control of BP levels, especially beginning at younger and middle age as a possible and perhaps only way to prevent dementia.
Optimal feedback allocation algorithms for multi-user uplink

This paper investigates the impact of limited feedback on user throughput in the uplink of a cellular system. We consider scenarios where the base-station has limited feedback resources, which it needs to allocate across the users it serves. We propose a general model that captures the effect of feedback allocation on the achievable rates for a user, which allows us to characterize the rate region for such a system. For unsaturated queueing systems, we show that the optimal feedback allocation policy that stabilizes the queues when possible, involves solving a weighted sum-rate maximization at each scheduling instant. We show that such an online weighted sum-rate maximization policy can also be used for long-term utility maximization, which is applicable to saturated queueing systems. The weighted sum-rate maximization is solved using dynamic programming incurring pseudo-polynomial complexity in the number of users and in the total feedback bit budget. Finally, we show that the widely-studied single-stream multiple-input-multiple-output beamforming/combining physical layer communication strategy induces a special form on the optimal feedback allocation problem, which allows for the development of a polynomial-time approximation algorithm.
SOLUTION METHOD FOR BEAMS ON NONUNIFORM ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS

This technical note presents an analytical method, accompanied by a numerical scheme, to evaluate the response of beams on nonuniform elastic foundations, namely, when the foundation modulus is \Ik=k(x)\N. The method employs a Green’s function formulation, which results in a system of nonsingular integral equations for the distributed reaction \Iq(x)\N. These equations can be discretized in a straightforward manner to yield a system of linear algebraic equations that can be solved by elementary numerical techniques.
A 10-year review of quality improvement monitoring in pain management: recommendations for standardized outcome measures

Quality measurement in health care is complex and in a constant state of evolution. Different approaches are necessary depending on the purpose of the measurement (e.g., accountability, research, improvement). Recent changes in health care accreditation standards are driving increased attention to measurement of the quality of pain management for improvement purposes. The purpose of this article is to determine what indicators are being used for pain quality improvement, compare results across studies, and provide specific recommendations to simplify and standardize future measurement of quality for hospital-based pain management initiatives. Pain management quality improvement monitoring experience and data from 1992 to 2001 were analyzed from 20 studies performed at eight large hospitals in the United States. Hospitals included: the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison; Texas Medical Center, Houston; McAllen Medical Center, McAllen, TX; San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco; Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center and Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York; and Kaiser Sunnyside Medical Center of Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Clackamas, OR. Analyses of data led to consensus on six quality indicators for hospital-based pain management. These indicators include: the intensity of pain is documented with a numeric or descriptive rating scale; pain intensity is documented at frequent intervals; pain is treated by a route other than intramuscular; pain is treated with regularly administered analgesics, and when possible, a multimodal approach is used; pain is prevented and controlled to a degree that facilitates function and quality of life; and patients are adequately informed and knowledgeable about pain management. Although there are no perfect measures of quality, longitudinal data support the validity of a core set of indicators that could be used to obtain benchmark data for quality improvement in pain management in the hospital setting.
Numerical Derivative Analysis of Load-Displacement Curves in Depth- Sensing Indentation

The use of load-displacement derivative behavior and power-law curve fitting is applied to find the location of events for a number of different materials during depth-sensing indentation. Load-displacement curves for Berkovich indentations on fused silica, fullerene thin film on sapphire, CdTe thin film on silicon, single crystal silicon, carbide derived carbon, and a polymethylmethacrylate/hydroxyapatite (PMMA/HA) particle composite are examined. The analysis is applied to quantify the location of different events that occur during material loading and unloading.
Detection of wormhole attacks in multi-path routed wireless ad hoc networks: a statistical analysis approach

Various routing attacks for single-path routing have been identified for wireless ad hoc networks and the corresponding counter measures have been proposed in the literature. However, the effects of routing attacks on multi-path routing have not been addressed. In this paper, the performance of multi-path routing under wormhole attack is studied in detail. The results show that multi-path routing is vulnerable to wormhole attacks. A simple scheme based on statistical analysis of multi-path (called SAM) is proposed to detect such attacks and to identify malicious nodes. Comparing to the previous approaches (for example, using packet leash), no special requirements (such as time synchronization or GPS) are needed in the proposed scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that SAM successfully detects wormhole attacks and locates the malicious nodes in networks with different topologies and with different node transmission range. Moreover, SAM may act as a module in local detection agents in an intrusion detection system (IDS) for wireless ad hoc networks.
Ab initio molecular orbital calculations for 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dithiin and 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dioxin

Optimized geometries and total energies for the conformers of 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dithiin (2) and 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dioxin (3) were calculated at several ab initio MO levels: RHF/3-21G(*), RHF/6-31G*, MP2/6-31G*, and MP2/6-31G*/ /RHF/3-21G(*). For the dioxin, in addition to the above levels the corresponding nonextended basis sets ab initio methods were also carried out. The dithiin results are compared with those of simple disulfanes, HSSH and (CH3)2S2, whose optimized geometries agree closely with the observed structures, which is the gauche (C2 symmetry). For the disulfanes, the gauche geometries from RHF/3-21G(*) are in good agreement with the observed structure while the RHF/3-21G results best fit the dioxin. Pertinent structural data at the RHF/3-21G(*) for the half-chair (C2) dithiin are: bond lengths, SS, CS, CC, and CC, 2.050, 1.817, 1.515, and 1.317 A, respectively; bond angles, CSS, CCS, and CCS, 98.0, 114.2, and 127.8°, respectively; CSSC dihedral angle of 63.2°; and twist angle of 36.5°. The total energy for half-chair dithiin at MP2/6-31G*//RHF/3-21G(*) is less than the planar (C2v) and the half-boat (Cs) structures by 69.67 and 29.05 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated structural data (vs. observed) at RHF/3-21G for the half-chair dioxin are: bond lengths, OO, CO, CC, and CC, 1.464 (1.463), 1.454, 1.509, and 1.313 A (1.338 A), respectively; bond angles, COO, CCO, and CCO, 105.0, 109.8 (110.3), and 120.7° (119.9°), respectively; COOC dihedral angle of 79.7° (80 ± 2°); and twist angle of 39.0 (38.3°). The total energy for half-chair dioxin at MP2/6-31G//RHF/3-21G is less than the planar and the half-boat structures by 70.35 and 42.85 kJ/mol, respectively. The total energies calculated at the extended basis sets (*) ab initio levels for the C2 symmetry dioxin are much lower than those of the nonextended basis sets. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asynchronous Evolutionary Origins of Aβ and BACE1

Neurodegenerative plaques characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are composed of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, which is proteolyzed from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme [BACE1]) and γ-secretase. Although γ-secretase has essential functions across metazoans, no essential roles have been identified for BACE1 or Aβ. Because their only known function results in a disease phenotype, we sought to understand these components from an evolutionary perspective. We show that APP-like proteins are found throughout most animal taxa, but sequences homologous to Aβ are not found outside gnathostomes and the β cut site is only conserved within sarcopterygians. BACE1 enzymes, however, extend through basal chordates and as far as cnidaria. We then sought to determine whether BACE1 from a species that never evolved Aβ could proteolyze APP substrates that include Aβ. We demonstrate that BACE1 from a basal chordate is a functional ortholog that can liberate Aβ from full-length human APP, indicating BACE1 activity evolved at least 360 My before Aβ.
Earnings Differentials Among Nonmigrants, Return Migrants, and Nonreturn Migrants.

The objective of this paper is to examine a large group of nonreturn and return migrants originating from a particular geographic region. We are concerned with attempting to shed some light on the following questions. (1) Are there economic and/or demographic differences between returns and nonreturns which exist prior to out-migration? (2) What are the actual earnings differences between cohorts of return and nonreturn migrants following their migration? Do return migrants experience an improvement or worsening in earnings relative to cohorts of nonreturns and nonmovers? (excerpt)
Experiments with interactive tutorial software for DSP and related mathematics

Tutorial software has been developed to help increase the effectiveness of learning and the communication of course material for undergraduate courses in signal processing, communications, linear systems, and logic design. This software was designed to be a portable resource for both instructors and students which focuses on relationships of concepts that may span multiple courses. This paper describes design objectives, the development effort, student use of the software, and the implications for future development.
The spindle assembly function of Caenorhabditis elegans katanin does not require microtubule-severing activity

Katanin is a heterodimeric microtubule-severing protein that is conserved among eukaryotes. Loss-of-function mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans katanin catalytic subunit, MEI-1, cause specific defects in female meiotic spindles. To determine the relationship between katanin's microtubule-severing activity and its role in meiotic spindle formation, we analyzed the MEI-1(A338S) mutant. Unlike wild-type MEI-1, which mediated disassembly of microtubule arrays in Xenopus fibroblasts, MEI-1(A338S) had no effect on fibroblast microtubules, indicating a lack of microtubule-severing activity. In C. elegans, MEI-1(A338S) mediated assembly of extremely long bipolar meiotic spindles. In contrast, a nonsense mutation in MEI-1 caused assembly of meiotic spindles without any poles as assayed by localization of the spindle-pole protein, ASPM-1. These results indicated that katanin protein, but not katanin's microtubule-severing activity, is required for assembly of acentriolar meiotic spindle poles. To understand the nonsevering activities of katanin, we characterized the N-terminal domain of the katanin catalytic subunit. The N-terminal domain was necessary and sufficient for binding to the katanin regulatory subunit. The katanin regulatory subunit in turn caused a dramatic change in the microtubule-binding properties of the N-terminal domain of the catalytic subunit. This unique bipartite microtubule-binding structure may mediate the spindle-pole assembly activity of katanin during female meiosis.