cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internet of Things Security Analytics and Solutions with Deep Learning

This study presents a new solution applied to defending networks of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It aims at providing a comprehensive solution to defending the IoT and establishing a protocol for IoT security. Recent attacks that compromised over 120 million devices highlighted the need for enhancing IoT security. This paper introduces the adoption of deep learning for critical security applications by utilizing snapshots of network traffic from nine real-world IoT devices. Furthermore, a set of tools, and in particular, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest and Deep Neural Network (DNN) algorithms are tested and compared against one another to determine which is the most deployable and provide the highest accuracy of anomaly detection. The obtained results exhibited that all three tested algorithms provided high accuracy. However, the deep neural network provides the highest coefficient of determination compared to the other tested models, making DNN more suitable for this type of applications. Finally, the DNN's learning autonomy feature allows omission of humans from the loop resulting in time efficient real-world algorithm.
Increasing Visibility of Open Access Materials in a Library Catalog: Case Study at a Large Academic Research Library

This article describes efforts to increase the visibility of open access materials in the catalog of a major research library. The authors describe their reasons for embarking on this work, improve...
The effects of internal jugular vein compression for modulating and preserving white matter following a season of American tackle football: A prospective longitudinal evaluation of differential head impact exposure.

The purpose of this clinical trial was to examine whether internal jugular vein compression (JVC)-using an externally worn neck collar-modulated the relationships between differential head impact exposure levels and pre- to postseason changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived diffusivity and anisotropy metrics of white matter following a season of American tackle football. Male high-school athletes (n = 284) were prospectively assigned to a non-collar group or a collar group. Magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from participants pre- and postseason and head impact exposure was monitored by accelerometers during every practice and game throughout the competitive season. Athletes' accumulated head impact exposure was systematically thresholded based on the frequency of impacts of progressively higher magnitudes (10 g intervals between 20 to 150 g) and modeled with pre- to postseason changes in DTI measures of white matter as a function of JVC neck collar wear. The findings revealed that the JVC neck collar modulated the relationships between greater high-magnitude head impact exposure (110 to 140 g) and longitudinal changes to white matter, with each group showing associations that varied in directionality. Results also revealed that the JVC neck collar group partially preserved longitudinal changes in DTI metrics. Collectively, these data indicate that a JVC neck collar can provide a mechanistic response to the diffusion and anisotropic properties of brain white matter following the highly diverse exposure to repetitive head impacts in American tackle football. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT# 04068883.
The Developmental Phenotype of the Great Toe in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder in which extensive heterotopic ossification (HO) begins to form during early childhood and progresses throughout life. Although HO does not occur during embryonic development, children who carry the ACVR1R206H mutation that causes most cases of FOP characteristically exhibit malformation of their great toes at birth, indicating that the mutation acts during embryonic development to alter skeletal formation. Despite the high prevalence of the great toe malformation in the FOP population, it has received relatively little attention due to its apparently clinically benign nature. In this study, we examined radiographs from a cohort of 41 FOP patients ranging from 2 months to 48 years of age to provide a detailed analysis of the developmental features, progression, and variability of the great toe malformation of FOP, which include absent skeletal structures, malformed epiphyses, ectopic ossification centers, malformed first metatarsals and phalangeal fusion.
Biomechanical Comparison of Assistance Strategies Using a Bilateral Robotic Knee Exoskeleton

Despite there being studies that have investigated the effects of human augmentation using a knee exoskeleton, comparing different assistance schemes on a single knee exoskeleton has not been studied. Using a light-weight, low-profile bilateral knee exoskeleton system, this study examined and compared the biomechanical effects of three common assistance strategies (biological torque, impedance, and proportional myoelectric controllers) exhibiting different levels of flexibility for the user to control the assistance. Nine subjects walked on a 15% gradient incline surface at 1.1 m/s in the three powered conditions and with the exoskeleton unpowered. All the assistance strategies significantly reduced the metabolic cost of the users compared to the unpowered condition by 3.0% on average across strategies ( p p < 0.05). Between assistance strategies, the metabolic cost and biomechanics displayed no statistically significant differences. The metabolic and biomechanical results indicate that powered extension assistance during early stance can improve performance compared to the unpowered condition. However, the user's ability to control the assistance may not be significant for human augmentation when walking on an inclined surface with a knee exoskeleton.
Chinese American Adolescents' Experiences of COVID-19-Related Racial Discrimination and Anxiety: Person-Centered and Intersectional Approaches.

The present study examined the impact of COVID-19-related racial discrimination on Chinese American adolescents (N = 213; Mage = 13.95 years, SD = 2.35; 49% girls) at the intersection of race and gender. We explored (1) subgroups of adolescents based on ethnic identity, bicultural identity integration, and behavioral acculturation; (2) their demographic correlates; and (3) whether the association between racial discrimination and anxiety varied across subgroups and gender. Latent profile analysis identified three profiles: bicultural, marginalized, and separated. Bicultural and marginalized adolescents were vulnerable to direct and vicarious racial discrimination, respectively. Moreover, bicultural and marginalized boys and separated girls were more negatively affected by COVID-19-related racial discrimination. The findings highlight the utility of person-centered and intersectional approaches in understanding Chinese American adolescents' experiences of racial discrimination.
The relationship of oxidative stress, adiposity and metabolic risk factors in healthy Black and White American youth

Summary What is already known about this subject African Americans are disproportionately affected by obesity and other metabolic risk factors in comparison to White Americans. Increasing prevalence of obesity has been associated with concomitant increases in childhood hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. Oxidative stress is associated with obesity in both adults and children. What this study adds Oxidative stress is positively associated with total body fat and truncal fat, but not with body mass index (BMI) or BMI z-score in healthy youth. Oxidative stress is associated with diastolic blood pressure in African American but not in White American healthy youth. Background Oxidative stress is elevated in obese youth, but less is known regarding racial disparities in the relationship of oxidative stress with metabolic risk factors. Objectives To determine the relationship between oxidative stress and metabolic risk factors, adiposity, leptin, adiponectin and cardiovascular fitness (VO2PEAK) in healthy African American and White American youth. Methods A marker of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostane), validated markers of metabolic risk factors, fitness and body composition were measured in African American (n = 82) and White American (n = 76) youth (8–17 years old) recruited over a range of BMI percentiles (4th to 99th). Results F2-isoprostane concentration was positively correlated with percentage body fat (r = 0.198) and percentage truncal fat (r = 0.173), but was not different between African American and White American males and females (P = 0.208). African American youth had significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.023 and P = 0.011, respectively), body weight, BMI percentile and Tanner stage. After adjusting for gender, age, BMI and Tanner stage, African American youth varied from White Americans in the association of F2-isoprostane with diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.047), but not with systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, VO2PEAK or homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (all P > 0.05). Conclusions Oxidative stress, as measured by urinary F2-isoprostane concentrations, was positively associated with percent body fat and truncal fat in youth. Oxidative stress levels were similar among African American and White American youth. Among markers of the metabolic syndrome, a significant difference between African American and White American youth was demonstrated only in the association of oxidative stress with diastolic blood pressure.
From prefrontal leukotomy to deep brain stimulation: the historical transformation of psychosurgery and the emergence of neuroethics

The history of psychosurgery is described and analyzed. This historical perspective largely begins with analysis of the work of Egas Moniz in the development of the leukotomy, and follows the rise and fall of its popularity in the 1900s. The reemergence of psychosurgical procedures and the development of new therapeutic technologies such as vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation are discussed. In addition, an introduction to the field of neuroethics is provided, given its importance in any discussion about surgical therapy for psychiatric patients.
Energy cost of incubation in the American kestrel

Abstract 1. 1. Metabolic rates are presented for (1) two females and one male kestrel incubating eggs in the field. (2) the same individuals in the laboratory immediately following the incubation period, (3) non-breeding kestrels and (4) kestrel eggs for 10 days during their development. 2. 2. The results from one male and one female support the idea that incubation can be accomplished at the level of adult resting metabolism. 3. 3. Metabolism of the other female during incubation was greater than adult resting metabolism at air temperature below 15°C. Egg metabolism rises exponentially during mid-incubation period and reaches a plateau in the last 5–6 days at 21.2 mg CO 2 /egg per hr. 4. 4. In the last 5 days of the incubation period a clutch of five eggs contributes 19–25% of the total heat required for incubation.
Combinational Logic Design Using Six-Terminal NEM Relays

This paper presents techniques for designing nanoelectromechanical relay-based logic circuits using six-terminal relays that behave as universal logic gates. With proper biasing, a compact 2-to-1 multiplexer can be implemented using a single six-terminal relay. Arbitrary combinational logic functions can then be implemented using well-known binary decision diagram (BDD) techniques. Compared to a CMOS-style implementation using four-terminal relays, the BDD-based implementation can result in lower area without major impact on performance metrics such as delay, and energy (when the relays are scaled to small dimensions). Although it is possible to implement any combinational circuit with a single mechanical delay, the relay count can be significantly reduced for complex logic functions by allowing multiple mechanical delays.
Developing and integrating tactics to slow ash (Oleaceae) mortality caused by emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Practical and effective strategies to manage emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae) are increasingly important given economic and ecological impacts of this invader. While EAB detection remains challenging, tactics are available to protect individual ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) trees and slow EAB population growth, thereby delaying ash mortality. Simulations with a coupled map lattice model, parameterised with data from numerous field studies, showed treating trees with a highly effective systemic insecticide (TREE-age™; emamectin benzoate), would be more effective in slowing EAB population growth than girdling trees to attract ovipositing females then destroying trees before larvae develop, while harvesting ash to reduce available phloem would have the least effect. From 2008 to 2012, cooperators participated in a pilot project to implement an integrated strategy for an EAB infestation in Upper Michigan, United States of America. Ash was inventoried and EAB density monitored using girdled ash detection trees supplemented with baited artificial traps across the >750 km2 project area. While only a tiny fraction of ash trees in the project area were girdled (444–855 trees annually) or injected with TREE-age™ (<360 roadside trees annually), and treatment distribution was restricted, both treatments slowed EAB population growth. Coupling TREE-age™ injections with other tactics will likely yield additive or synergistic outcomes.
Enhancement of steroidogenesis by rat adrenal slices in vitro with estradiol-17-beta.

RECENT experiments have shown that the concentration of corticosterone in adrenal vein blood of female rats is 2.4 times that in male rats1. The possibility that this difference is due, at least in part, to the direct action of œstrogen on the adrenal cortex is the subject of the present study.
Recurrent Pneumocystis carinii colonization in a heart-lung transplant recipient on long-term trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis.

Abstract Introduction In the setting of organ transplantation, prior to prophylaxis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) had been a common clinical problem, particularly in heart-lung and lung recipients who receive long-term immunosuppressive therapy to prevent allograft rejection. Continuous oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has been highly effective in preventing PCP in these patients. Report In this paper we report a case of recurrent Pneumocystis carinii infection in a chronic (> 15 years) heart-lung allograft recipient on long-term TMP-SMX prophylaxis. Twice, in 1995 and again in 1998, Pneumocystis carinii infection was diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), in the same patient, despite continued oral TMP-SMX (960 mg TMP/4800 mg SMX per week) prophylaxis. The subject was not lymphopenic (his CD4 count was 569/mm 3 ) and there was no associated deterioration in pulmonary function, nor evidence of hypoxemia. Conclusion This case demonstrates that asymptomatic Pneumocystis carinii lung infections may recur in chronic heart-lung transplant recipients who take standard oral PCP prophylaxis.
Inflammation in Renal Disease

Inflammation is a component of the major modifiable risk factors in renal disease. Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels have been shown to predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients dependent on dialysis and to predict worsening renal function in subjects without overt renal disease. Levels of hs-CRP are also predictive of hypertension, a major risk factor for renal disease, across all levels of blood pressure in subjects without initial hypertension. Many of the treatments used in patients with renal disease exert anti-inflammatory activities that constitute or contribute to their therapeutic effects. A number of studies have indicated that statin therapy exerts a renoprotective effect that is possibly mediated by anti-inflammatory activities.
Kastens Receives 2009 Excellence in Geophysical Education Award

Kim Anne Kastens received the Excellence in Geophysical Education Award at the Joint Assembly, held 26 May 2009 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The award honors “a sustained commitment to excellence in geophysical education by a team, individual, or group.”
Effects of angiotensin II on the CO2 dependence of HCO3- reabsorption by the rabbit S2 renal proximal tubule.

Previous authors showed that, at low doses, both basolateral and luminal ANG II increase the proximal tubule's HCO3− reabsorption rate (JHCO3). Using out-of-equilibrium CO2/HCO3− solutions, we demo...
Computationally efficient iterative transmission imaging for the Inveon DPET

Transmission measurements are performed on PET tomographs to create attenuation correction factors in support of quantitatively accurate images. The Inveon Dedicated PET (DPET), a state-of-the-art small animal imaging system is an example of such a system. We report on the design and implementation of an iterative reconstruction approach that incorporates an explicit model of the system geometry. Although iterative algorithms are known to be computationally costly compared with analytic reconstruction methods, we show that the weighted least-squares computation considered in our case can be made computationally efficient. Indeed, we show that a high-quality transmission image can be reconstructed in under a minute. Computational speed is gained algorithmically through the use of relaxation and ordered-subsets, and implementation wise through the use of Intel's SSE vector instructions and multi-core techniques. Experimental results are provided for both phantom and real data.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies of adsorption and desorption of self-assembled monolayers of alkyl thiols on gold

The adsorption and desorption behavior of several long chain alkyl thiols on gold electrodes were studied using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The rate of adsorption of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) from various nonaqueous solutions was determined by using the EQCM to monitor the mass change at the electrode surface caused by the formation of the SAM. The EQCM method also allowed for monitoring the mass change due to reductive desorption of the SAM. Significantly different behavior was observed for the SAM formation in acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethylformamide (DMF)
The endangered Attwater's prairie chicken and an analysis of prairie grouse helminthic endoparasitism

Although managers have speculated that parasitism might have contributed to the endangerment of the Attwater's prairie chicken Tympanuchus cupido attwateri, no data are available to evaluate this hypothesis. Because time is constraining, I attempted to determine whether Attwater's prairie chicken are likely to harbor helminthic endoparasites known to cause disease in other grouse so that a more informed decision regarding whether to commit time and other resources to field studies and experimental trials can be made. Using polar ordination, I found a gradient among 10 surveys of helminthic endoparasites of prairie grouse collected from several midcontinental ecoregions of the USA (1931-1977). A regression model including variables representing 1) normal annual precipitation and 2) normal winter (Dec.-Feb.) temperature and the proportion of normal annual precipitation received during the winter could account for this gradient. When meteorological data from areas inhabited by the remaining 3 Attwater's prairie chicken populations were incorporated, the models predicted that Attwater's prairie chicken might be expected to harbor helminthic endoparasite communities similar to those of greater prairie chicken T. c. pinnatus populations surveyed in Illinois, Kansas, and Missouri. Two parasite species associated with disease in North American grouse Dispharynx nasuta, Heterakis gallinarum were found during these studies. Additionally, Attwater's prairie chicken might be expected to maintain parasites not found during any of the surveys I evaluated. This study suggests that it would be worthwhile to survey free-living Attwater's prairie chicken to determine whether individuals harbor helminthic endoparasites shown pathogenic to other grouse species, even if the methodologies employed must be somewhat constrained.
Plasma Carotenoid and Vitamins A and E Concentrations in Older African American Women after Wheat Bran Supplementation: Effects of Age, Body Mass and Smoking History

Objective: This study investigated the relationships of plasma vitamins A, E, and carotenoids with age, BMI and former/non-smoking history after adjusting for wheat bran supplementation.Methods: All 39 African American women in the church-based, volunteer sample, 40–70 years old, supplemented their daily diets for 5–6 wks. with 1/2 cup of a riboflavin-spiked wheat bran cereal.Results: Urinary riboflavin concentrations increased from 0.8 ± 0.1 mg/day at baseline to 7.5 ± 0.5 mg/day after supplementation, confirming the 99.2 ± 10.5% self-reported adherence. Plasma nutrient concentrations did not change significantly with supplementation nor was never/former smoking history related to diet. Plasma retinol and serum cholesterol were significantly higher (p < 0.0002) in persons older than 55 years compared to younger adults. Plasma retinol (μg/dL) but not serum cholesterol was associated significantly with menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy (HRT; p = 0.05); progressive increases in retinol conce...
BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Confirmation that Neither Phenotype Nor Hydroxylation of Collagen Is Altered In Overgrown Gingiva From Diphenylhydantoin-Treated Patients

Collagens, solubilized by pepsin-digestion of diphenylhydantoin-induced overgrown gingiva, appeared similar to collagens solubilized from inflamed gingiva with regard to: ratio of type I to type III collagen, ratio of α1 to α2 of type I collagen, and degree of hydroxylation of type I collagen.
Investigating Alternative Gate Dielectrics: A Theoretical Approach

We describe several applications of first-principles computational methods based on density functional theory (DFT) to the study of potential gate dielectric materials. First we investigate the stability of binary alkaline earth oxides in contact with Si and SiO 2 . In particular, we consider the case of SrO, which is important for the epitaxial growth of the SrTiO 3 perovskite structure on the Si (001) surface. Then we discuss the energetics of the SrTiO 3 (001) surface. We conclude with a brief discussion of the structure and electronic properties of crystalline ZrO 2 and HfO 2 .
Factors associated with tenderness in young beef.

One hundred and twenty-two crossbred steers of varying percentages of Bos Indicus and Bos Taurus breeding were slaughtered to determine the relationship of carcass and meat characteristics to tenderness. Carcasses were graded and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were evaluated for fibre type characteristics, sensory and shear force determination, sarcomere length, intramuscular fat content, collagen content and solubility and fragmentation index. Sarcomere length and collagen content and solubility were not significantly related to shear force values or sensory tenderness ratings. The fragmentation index was highly correlated to sensory tenderness ratings (r = -0·60) and shear force values (r = 0·53) indicating that variation in tenderness is associated with myofibrillar protein degradation. A four variable regression equation that included fragmentation index, lean colour, marbling and per cent red fibres accounted for 56% of the variation in sensory tenderness. Fragmentation index directly accounted for 30% of the variation in sensory tenderness in the four variable equation.
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: Young's procedure in the management of epistaxis

Two cases of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia are presented. Epistaxis was intractable in both patients. Young's procedure proved successful in controlling nose bleeds. One of the patients has been followed-up for 14 years. Methods of treatment are discussed with a review of the literature.
Global Monte Carlo algorithms for many-fermion systems

I discuss algorithms for simulating many-fermion systems via global updatings of auxiliary fields followed by an accept-reject stage which eliminates finite-step-size errors. When the system size is larger than the correlation length, these procedures should require computer time growing only slightly faster than linearly with the system volume V. A corrected Langevin scheme should asymptotically display a ${V}^{4/3}$ behavior, while the hybrid Monte Carlo scheme can behave as ${V}^{5/4}$. I present some tests of the latter algorithm on a simple model of interacting electrons on a two-dimensional lattice.
Holland's Theoretical Signs of Consistency and Differentiation and Their Relationship to Academic Potential and Achievement.

Abstract The study was designed to assess Holland's theoretical signs of consistency and differentiation as measures of academic aptitude and achievement. Holland postulates that levels of consistency and differentiation on the Self Directed Search (SDS) may be used to assess a person's educational-vocational potential, achievement, or status. Using the SDS and a sample of investigative male subjects (N = 127), Holland's theoretical signs of consistency and differentiation were tested on measures of academic aptitude and achievement over a four year college period. Academic aptitude was assessed by the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and academic achievement by cumulative grade point average (GPA) over a four year college period. The findings show significant differences on SAT scores for the sign of differentiation but no significant differences for GPA over a four year college period. The results also show no significant differences on SAT or GPA for the sign of consistency. Future research is recommended on Holland's theoretical signs before they can be incorporated into a complete and useful diagnostic system.
Pain pathoetiology after TBI: neural and nonneural mechanisms

Individuals recovering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently experience acute and chronic pain. Their pain experience is the net effect of many interacting and very complex physiologic, biochemical, and psychological mechanisms involving both the peripheral and central nervous system. This article reviews the basics of neural mechanisms and pathways of pain after TBI, and discusses clinical implications. Numerous intracranial and extracranial tissues must be considered in the evaluation of pain after TBI, with the specific mechanism of trauma influencing the anatomic distribution of injuries. The differential diagnosis usually falls into one of the following pathoetiologic classifications: primary or secondary musculoskeletal, vascular, visceral, and neural pain syndromes.
An Atomic View of Quantum Phase Transitions

Although it is evident that strong interactions between particles can lead to the formation of quantum-mechanical phases such as high-temperature superconductivity, there are many gaps in our understanding of the underlying physics. Cold atoms trapped in optical lattices have emerged as an ideal model system for understanding the creation of these phases because the strength of the particle interactions can be smoothly tuned and complicating factors in solids such as disorder can be controlled. Although much progress has been made, new techniques are needed if these experiments are to reveal enough detail to verify theoretical models. On page 547 of this issue, Bakr et al. ( 1 ) used their “quantum gas microscope” ( 2 ) to image and study the dynamics of individual atoms as they transform between different quantum phases.
Alternative pathway of complement in multiple myeloma

The alternative pathway of complement was studied in 16 newly diagnosed and 2 previously treated patients with multiple myeloma. Functional activity of this pathway was abnormal in 10 of these 18 patients (55%). These abnormalities correlated with depressed levels of alternative pathway components in 3 of 10 patients, but in the remaining 7, no etiology was demonstrated. There was an inverse correlation between activity and concentration of the monoclonal protein. This defect is an additional factor that may predispose patients with myeloma to overwhelming infection.
Overparenting is Associated with Child Problems and a Critical Family Environment

Overparenting involves the application of developmentally inappropriate parenting tactics that far exceed the actual needs of adolescents and emerging adults. Past research as well as elements of self-determination theory suggest that this type of parenting should be associated with greater child problems in relation to other people and a more critical family environment. These hypotheses were tested on 477 emerging adult child-parent dyads from 30 of the 50 United States who both completed self-report measures of overparenting and elements of a critical family environment. In addition, emerging adults completed self-reports of problems, primarily in relation to other people, and how they cope with them. Results of a structural equation model indicated that the child, but not parent, overparenting latent variable was strongly associated with reports of more child problems. Both the emerging adult child and parent overparenting latent variables were positively and significantly associated with the critical family environment latent variable. These results can be usefully explained by several postulates of self-determination theory and add to a growing literature pointing to the ill effects of overparenting when applied to emerging adults.
Noise injection for training artificial neural networks: A comparison with weight decay and early stopping

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a noise injection method on the “overfitting” problem of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in two-class classification tasks. The authors compared ANNs trained with noise injection to ANNs trained with two other methods for avoiding overfitting: weight decay and early stopping. They also evaluated an automatic algorithm for selecting the magnitude of the noise injection. They performed simulation studies of an exclusive-or classification task with training datasets of 50, 100, and 200 cases (half normal and half abnormal) and an independent testing dataset of 2000 cases. They also compared the methods using a breast ultrasound dataset of 1126 cases. For simulated training datasets of 50 cases, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was greater (by 0.03) when training with noise injection than when training without any regularization, and the improvement was greater than those from weight decay and early stopping (both of 0.02). For training datasets of 100 cases, noise injection and weight decay yielded similar increases in the AUC (0.02), whereas early stopping produced a smaller increase (0.01). For training datasets of 200 cases, the increases in the AUC were negligibly small for all methods (0.005). For the ultrasound dataset, noise injection had a greater average AUC than ANNs trained without regularization and a slightly greater average AUC than ANNs trained with weight decay. These results indicate that training ANNs with noise injection can reduce overfitting to a greater degree than early stopping and to a similar degree as weight decay.
Orthonormal Aberration Polynomials for Anamorphic Optical Imaging Systems With Circular Pupils

We extend our work on the orthonormal polynomials for anamorphic imaging systems with rectangular pupils to those with circular pupils by the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. Based on the results obtained, we raise a question.
Local-density-functional approach to all-trans-polyacetylene

A new first-principles self-consistent computational approach for determining the electronic properties of polymers is presented. The local-density-functional formalism in conjunction with a linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation is used to determine the geometry (by minimizing the total energy within a variational scheme) and electronic structure of periodic chain polymers. This method is applied to all-trans-polyacetylene, and leads to a theoretically calculated geometry, x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectra, and dielectric function $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ in good agreement with experimentally determined values.
Infirmity and Injury Complexity are Risk Factors for Surgical-site Infection after Operative Fracture Care

Background Orthopaedic surgical-site infections prolong hospital stays, double rehospitalization rates, and increase healthcare costs. Additionally, patients with orthopaedic surgical-site infections (SSI) have substantially greater physical limitations and reductions in their health-related quality of life. However, the risk factors for SSI after operative fracture care are unclear.
Comparative analysis of secreted enzymes between the anthropophilic-zoophilic sister species Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton equinum.

Trichophyton tonsurans (TT) and Trichophyton equinum (TE) are two closely related dermatophytes with very different host preferences. This study was designed to examine the genetic and transcript level variations of secreted enzymes between TT and TE. Thirty-one genes representing 10 gene families were selected for comparison and complete genomic and cDNA sequences were elucidated. Sequence analyses of the selected genes identified 104 polymorphisms between the two dermatophytes, 37 of which are expected to encode changes in their polypeptide sequence. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to examine the differences in levels of transcript between TT and TE grown over 14 d in aqueous keratin medium. Differences in transcript expression between TT and TE were gene specific and ranged from 1.1-fold to 33-fold. Intra-specific variability across all genes ranged from 41 % to 250 %. Despite their overall genetic similarity, TT and TE exhibit a moderate degree of variability in the genomic make-up of their secreted enzymes and the extent to which they are transcribed when grown in an aqueous keratin medium. Such differences may contribute to how these genetically similar organisms have adapted to infect divergent host organisms.
Treatment-induced neuroplasticity following intensive naming therapy in a case of chronic Wernicke's aphasia

Background: Renewed interest in the effects of intensity on treatment has led to development of short-term, intensive treatment protocols, such as Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT), in which participants with chronic aphasia begin to show statistically significant language improvements in as little as 2 weeks. Given its relatively short treatment cycle, CILT is also a good choice of treatment methodology for studying brain/behaviour plasticity in post-stroke aphasia. Aims: This study aimed to examine differences between two short, intensive treatment protocols in a participant with chronic Wernicke's aphasia both in terms of treatment outcomes and changes in patterns of BOLD signal activation. Methods & Procedures: The participant (ACL) participated in language testing and an fMRI overt speech confrontation-naming paradigm pre and post 2 weeks of CILT, post 2 weeks of unconstrained language therapy (PACE), and 6 months post-CILT. He named 48 black/white line drawings from each of four conditions:...
Dynamics of speB mRNA Transcripts in Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]) is a human-specific pathogen that causes a variety of diseases ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening diseases. SpeB, a potent extracellular cysteine proteinase, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of GAS infections. Previous studies show that SpeB expression and activity are controlled at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels, though it had been unclear whether speB was also regulated at the posttranscriptional level. In this study, we examined the growth phase-dependent speB mRNA level and decay using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Northern blot analyses. We observed that speB mRNA accumulated rapidly during exponential growth, which occurred concomitantly with an increase in speB mRNA stability. A closer observation revealed that the increased speB mRNA stability was mainly due to progressive acidification. Inactivation of RNase Y, a recently identified endoribonuclease, revealed a role in processing and degradation of speB mRNA. We conclude that the increased speB mRNA stability contributes to the rapid accumulation of speB transcript during growth.
A comprehensive pharmacologic-psychosocial treatment program for HIV-seropositive cocaine- and opioid-dependent patients. Preliminary findings.

Abstract HIV-seropositive opioid-dependent patients maintained on an opiate-agonist who continue to use cocaine and to engage in other high-risk behaviors may benefit from enhanced treatment services; however, there is currently little data to guide the formulation of such services. We report on a preliminary study in which six HIV-seropositive opioid- and cocaine-dependent patients were provided a 12-week comprehensive pharmacologic/psychosocial treatment program developed specifically to meet the treatment needs of HIV-seropositive drug users. This program was comprised of buprenorphine (12 mg/day), bupropion (150 mg/day), and twice weekly manual-guided group therapy. Results showed significant decreases in intravenous cocaine use, cocaine craving, and symptoms of depression. A post-hoc comparison to outcomes of eight HIV-seropositive patients receiving standard methadone-maintenance found no improvements for patients receiving standard care. Controlled investigation of enhanced drug treatment programs for HIV-seropositive patients may be warranted.
Fusion threshold energy in heavy-ion reactions

Abstract We examine the dependence of the fusion threshold energy for various combinations of projectile and target nuclei. It is found that when the threshold energy is parameterized in the form Z 1 Z 2 e 2 /r e (A 1 3 1 + A 1 3 2 ) , the effective radius parameter r e decreases as the charge of either the projectile or the target nucleus increases. The value of r e is larger when either the projectile or the target nucleus is endowed with a permanent positive quadrupole moment.
Procyanidins extracted from pinus Maritima (Pycnogenol®): Scavengers of free radical species and modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw 264.7 macrophages

Abstract Nitrogen monoxide (NO) has diverse physiological roles and also contributes to the immune defense against viruses, bacteria, and other parasites. However, excess production of NO is associated with various diseases such arthritis, diabetes, stroke, septic shock, autoimmune, chronic inflammatory diseases, and atheriosclerosis. Cells respond to activating or depressing stimuli by enhancing or inhibiting the expression of the enzymatic machinery that produce NO. Thus, maintenance of a tight regulation of NO production is important for human health. Phytochemicals have been traditionally utilized in ways to treat a family of pathologies that have in common the disregulation of NO production. Here we report the scavenging activity of Pycnogenol® (the polyphenols containing extract of the bark from Pinus maritima ) against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and its effects on NO metabolism in the murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7. Macrophages were activated by the bacterial wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN-γ), which induces the expression of large amounts of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Preincubation of cells with physiological concentrations of Pycnogenol® significantly decreased NO generation. It was found that this effect was due to the combination of several different biological activities, i.e., its ROS and NO scavenging activity, inhibition of iNOS activity, and inhibition of iNOS-mRNA expression. These data begin to provide the basis for the conceptual understanding of the biological activity of Pycnogenol® and possibly other polyphenolic compounds as therapeutic agents in various human disorders.
Tracking with Head Position Using an Electrooptical Monitor

An electrooptical head-position monitoring system was designed and built and is used in single-axis and three-axis ``hands-off'' control tasks. The monitor consists of a transparent plexiglass body-fixed helmet provided with a set of eight silicon photodetectors sensing pitch, roll, and yaw motions of the head. Two light-emitting diodes, attached to the pilot's helmet liner, provide the ac modulated near infrared radiation. Head control is compared with conventional manual control for single-axis and three-axis tracking tasks. Both performance curves and describing functions are presented.
Rhythms in the dialogue of infant feeding: Preterm and term infants

Abstract Feeding may represent a time of particular stress for mothers with special concerns about the physical growth and development of their infants. This study assesses the adaptation of mothers to a prematurely born infant by comparing behavioral contingencies during the feeding of preterm and term 8-month-old infants. Mothers of 34 infants were videotaped feeding their infants in our laboratory. Compared with mothers of term infants, mothers of preterm infants were more attentive. Loglinear models of behavioral contingencies revealed a patterned rhythmic interaction during the feeding of term infants as compared with the feeding of preterm infants. Mothers of preterm infants responded to their infants' vocalizations with offers of food and responded to infants' eating with vocalization, whereas mothers of term infants did not. We argue that mothers of preterm and term infants may be responding to different behavioral cues in structuring the feeding dialogue.
SELECTION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS BASED ON RENAL INTERSTITIAL (LYMPH) CONCENTRATIONS1

Cycloserine and oxytetracycline distributions in renal lymph, urine, and plasma of mongrel dogs
Chemotherapy-Induced Splenic Volume Increase Is Independently Associated with Major Complications after Hepatic Resection for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Background In patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM), chemotherapy-induced hepatic injury is associated with increased splenic volume, thrombocytopenia, and decreased long-term survival. The current study investigates the relationship between change in splenic volume after preoperative chemotherapy and development of postoperative complications. Study Design The study group consisted of 80 patients who underwent resection of CRCLM; half received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 6 months before resection (n = 40) and the other half did not (n = 40). The study group was compared with two control groups: a normal group composed of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign disease (n = 40) and a group of untreated, nonmetastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 40). Splenic volume was measured by CT/MRI volumetry. In the study group, the nontumoral liver was graded for steatosis and sinusoidal injury; operative and outcomes characteristics were also analyzed. Results Before chemotherapy, CRCLM patients had normalized spleen volumes of 3.2 ± 1.1 mL/kg, significantly higher than normal (2.5 ± 0.8 mL/kg; p R 2 = 0.03; p = 0.301). Conclusions In patients with CRCLM, the presence of liver metastases and chemotherapy are associated with higher splenic volume. Percent splenic volume increase after 6 months of chemotherapy can aid preoperative risk stratification, as it was an independent predictor of major postoperative complications.
Intravenous vasopressin for the prevention of nontarget gastrointestinal embolization during liver-directed cancer treatment: experimental study in a porcine model.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for intravenous vasopressin to reduce the risk of nontarget gastrointestinal embolization during transcatheter liver-directed cancer therapies in a porcine model. Materials and Methods An angiographic catheter was used to select the celiac or common hepatic artery under fluoroscopic guidance in six anesthetized pigs. After angiography of the hepatic and splanchnic territories was performed, technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin ( 99m Tc-MAA) was injected through the catheter. Serial arteriograms were obtained before, every 5 minutes during, and after peripheral intravenous vasopressin infusion at 0.4 U/min for a minimum of 20 minutes. After 10 minutes of infusion, indium-111 ( 111 In)-MAA was injected through the arterial catheter. Quantitative comparisons of liver and gastrointestinal activity using dual-isotope single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging were performed. Results Catheter angiography demonstrated reduced blood flow to the splanchnic vasculature while maintaining blood flow through the hepatic arteries during vasopressin infusion. Angiographic findings correlated with the relative distribution of 99m Tc-MAA (before the vasopressin infusion) and 111 In-MAA (after the vasopressin infusion) on SPECT/CT. The increased ratio of liver to gastrointestinal tract activity during the vasopressin infusion was statistically significant (6.2:11.4, respectively; P = .018). Conclusions Intravenous vasopressin reduces arterial blood flow to the splanchnic vasculature while preserving hepatic arterial blood flow in a healthy porcine model. Intraprocedural vasopressin administration has the potential to benefit liver-directed cancer therapies by enhancing tumor targeting as well as preventing the unintended delivery of bland embolic, chemoembolic, or radioembolic agents into the gastrointestinal vascular territories.
The nonhistone chromosomal proteins of vertebrate liver and kidney: A comparative study by gel electrophoresis

The nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHC proteins) probably include enzymes of chromosomal metabolism, general structural proteins, and possibly control elements. In theory, these proteins may have been strongly conserved during evolution, as the histones have. We have used sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) disc gel electrophoresis to analyze and compare the NHC proteins of two tissues, liver and kidney, from rat, cat, cow, chicken, turtle, and frog. The gel patterns indicate that the NHC proteins have changed much more during evolution than have the histones; the total pattern of NHC proteins has not been conserved. However, there does appear to be a conservation of a subset of bands for each tissue investigated. Further chemical analysis will be required to establish the significance of the results.
Melanoma recurrence in a previously dissected lymph node basin.

Objectives: To retrospectively assess whether completeness of node dissection has any bearing on regional control in cutaneous melanoma and to examine the efficacy of a subsequent dissection in patients with isolated nodal recurrence. Design: Case series, 18-month minimum follow-up. Setting: Academic surgical practice. Study Participants: Patients with cutaneous melanoma who had undergone a regional node dissection and subsequently developed recurrence in the same nodal basin in which a lymphadenectomy had been performed with no evidence of distant metastases. Of 1030 instances of regional node dissection, 28 met these criteria. Main Outcome Measures: Nodal recurrence in the previously dissected lymph node basin as the only site of recurrence and survival following a subsequent lymph node dissection. Results: The 28 instances of isolated nodal recurrence represent a regional failure rate of 2.7%. In those cases where the first dissection was performed within our division, the rate is 0.8%. Recurrence for cervical, axillary, or inguinal sites was similar. In 71% of the cases, more than one node was positive at the time of recurrence. Four patients have shown disease-free survival greater than 3 years following a subsequent lymphadenectomy. Conclusion: Node dissection is a therapeutic procedure and, therefore, must consist of complete lymphadenectomy with meticulous attention to surgical detail. Approached in this fashion, only a small subgroup of patients will show recurrence in a previously dissected nodal basin, a few of whom can be salvaged by a second dissection. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:252-255)