cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Clinical and Radiographic Follow-Up of Preaxial Polydactyly Reconstruction

Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine the long-term results of preaxial polydactyly reconstruction through evaluating strength, range of motion, pain, arthritis, and functional outcomes. Methods Patients having preaxial polydactyly reconstruction 15 to 60 years ago completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Upper Extremity (UE) Computer Adaptive Test (CAT). Aggregate scores were compared with those of the general population. Patients completed a clinical evaluation comprising grip strength, pinch strength, side pinch strength, and range of motion. Mean strength and range of motion were compared with the contralateral extremity. Patients had radiographs of the reconstructed thumb to evaluate for arthritis. Results Twenty-five patients, comprising 27 surgical reconstructions, completed patient-reported outcomes questionnaires, and 13 reconstructions underwent clinical and radiographic evaluation. The median follow-up was 36 years. The most common Flatt-Wassel classification was type IV. The mean DASH score was 3.7, similar to the general population mean of 10.1 (SD, 14.5). The mean PROMIS UE CAT score was 51.5, similar to the general population mean of 50 (SD, 10.0). The mean pinch strength, side pinch strength, and grip strength did not differ significantly from the contralateral extremity. There was significantly decreased range of motion at the interphalangeal joint. No patient had pain in the thumb or hand on clinical evaluation. A minority of patients developed radiographic evidence of interphalangeal joint arthritis (15.4%). Nearly half of patients, 46.2%, had angular deformity. Conclusions Preaxial polydactyly reconstruction patients have functional outcomes similar to the general population, despite decreased range of motion at the interphalangeal joint. Patients have maintained pinch strength, side pinch strength, and grip strength. Radiographic findings of arthritis were seen in 15% of patients at follow-up but none of these patients had associated pain. Late angular deformity developed in nearly half of patients, and this highlights the importance of close follow-up until skeletal maturity. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Radiolabeling Red Blood Cells Using A Hickman Catheter

Patients with surgically inserted Hickman indwelling catheters present special problems for performance of multigated cardiovascular nuclear medicine studies. The routine procedure for performing such studies--labeling red blood cells in vivo with stannous pyrophosphate followed 20 min later by administration of Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate--does not provide clinically acceptable images when the Hickman catheter is used to administer the drugs.We describe an in vitro procedure to label red blood cells that are obtained via the Hickman catheter; this method results in improved in vivo cardiovascular nuclear medicine studies.
Estimation and Inference for Linear Models with Two-Way Fixed Effects and Sparsely Matched Data

Models with multiway fixed effects are frequently used to address selection on unobservables. The data used for estimating these models often contain few observations per value of either indexing v...
Eating Responses to External Food Cues in Weight Discordant Siblings.

Abstract Purpose Heightened responsivity to external food cues may promote energy intake and account for differences in weight status between nonoverweight and overweight adolescents. Studies of weight-discordant fraternal siblings control for some genetic and shared within-family factors, which allow for testing of other nonshared factors relevant to sibling weight differences.The aim of the study was to determine whether same-sex weight-discordant (one nonoverweight and one overweight) adolescent siblings differ in responsiveness to external food cues. Methods Weight-discordant siblings' (n = 38 pairs) energy consumption was compared following both an appetizing food (pizza) on one day and a control activity (reading) on another day. Multilevel models examined intrafamily similarity, and regressions examined associations with adiposity. Results Siblings shared little similarity in cue responsivity (ρ = .10). However, sibling body mass index z-scores difference was not associated with differences in cue responsivity. Moreover, when tested as groups, nonoverweight and overweight siblings did not differ for cue responsivity (p > .84). Conclusion Weight-discordant adolescent siblings show little similarity in responses to food cues. Differences in sibling weight status were not predicted by differences in responses to food cues. Thus, nonshared factors other than cue responsivity must contribute to weight differences of adolescent siblings.
A comparison of longitude–latitude and Euclidean distance shape descriptors for determining tree crown shapes derived from LiDAR data

Previous studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the Euclidean distance shape descriptor for characterizing individual tree crowns derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the longitude–latitude shape descriptor for tree crown shape characterization in comparison with the Euclidean distance descriptor using LiDAR data for 43 individual tree crowns. The three-dimensional (3D) shape signatures obtained from longitude–latitude and Euclidean distance measures of the tree crowns are compared with 3D shape signatures of simulated ellipsoid and hemisphere tree crowns. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test) and Mean Square Error (MSE) are used to measure the similarity of longitude–latitude and Euclidean distance signatures. The experimental results from all 43 examined trees suggest that the longitude–latitude shape descriptor can determine tree crown shapes with different leaf traits, while Euclidean distance is only able to characterize the shape of evergreen trees. Furthermore, the longitude–latitude shape descriptor, unlike the Euclidean distance shape descriptor, is not sensitive to the number of LiDAR points from the tree crown.
What is going right in manufacturing

This study looks into whether the manufacturing sector has experienced a stronger-than-expected recovery and identifies five potential drivers of the manufacturing sector’s strong performance—tax and regulatory reform, the shale energy boom, technological advances that reduced the labor needed to produce products, increased concerns about protecting intellectual property, and supply chain concerns. Our statistical analysis confirms the manufacturing sector experienced a resurgence in the post-Great Recession era. The Dynamic Factor Model (DFM) approach suggests the realized path of manufacturing employment was stronger than the historical trends. Business cycle analysis indicates the largest average growth rates are reported in the post-Great Recession era compared to other subsamples. Structural breaks are found in all variables. In our view, the policies and events of the past several years were able to stimulate consistent and lasting growth in the manufacturing sector.
The role of competition and timeframes: A commentary on Ambridge (2020):

Ambridge argues persuasively for the importance in language learning of a rich database of input exemplars. However, a fuller account must also consider the importance of on-line and developmental ...
3.08 – Schemas

Schemas capture the commonalities shared across individual events. In doing so, schemas provide predictions for decision and action in new situations that are based on collective experience. In this chapter, we review the history of schemas and recent research characterizing the neural underpinnings of schemas. Recent advances in cognitive and behavioral neuroscience highlight the importance of a hippocampal–medial prefrontal circuit in the formation and use of schemas. We further review how schemas promote flexible behavior in a wide variety of scenarios, including spatial navigation, reasoning, and decision making.
An Introduction to Fuzzy Set Theory

Abstract In this paper we present a short introduction to the basic elements of fuzzy set theory with the purpose of providing an understanding useful for the remaining articles.
Diagnostic Approach for Stroke Etiology in Takayasu Arteritis

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare inflammatory arteritis that is usually affecting young women and causes ischemic changes in the vessel wall. In this report of TA leading to an acute ischemic stroke, we describe a treatment-resistant case, with short interval flares and the challenge of defining the stroke etiology as a large vessel occlusive disease vs. an arteritis flare. We have used CT and MRI modalities to show the active disease and got diagnostic answers from this tool.
Battle for the Bildungsroman: ‘protagonicity’ and national allegory

The scope of the Bildungsroman is infamously variable. Given a wide enough definition, the genre can conceivably become coterminous with the novel itself; given a narrow enough definition it threat...
Chaos in the monopole ion trap

The theory and practical design of a monopole ion trapping system are presented, along with our experimental observations of nonlinear motion of a single charged polyethylene microsphere in the trap. For these observations, the trap was operated at a drive frequency of 70 Hz and easily produced voltages in the kV range. The resulting ion motion was captured using a high-speed camera acquiring images at up to 4000 frames per second. These data yielded time series, phase space portraits, and power spectra of the ion motion in a range of applied voltages, allowing us to observe a period-doubling route to chaos and a period-3 window within the chaotic regime. It is shown that these observations agree with a numerical integration of the ion's nonlinear equation of motion in the monopole electric field.
Robots in the Chemical Industry

Robots are quickly providing an indispensable function in the safe operation of chemical laboratories. They are now performing tasks which traditionally could harm or kill humans. Tasks such as handling explosive chemicals to radioactive substances, are now successfully (routinely) performed by robots. This paper provides a brief introduction of the use of robots in the chemical industry.
The role of the internist in an obstetric hospital

Abstract Obstetrics presents a twofold problem; one surgical, the other medical. The surgical problem is, under modern conditions, admirably dealt with and needs no comment from medical sources. The medical problem has always been subordinate to the surgical and opportunity for its study but seldom given to the medical specialist. Here, then, is an inviting field for the application of newly developed methods of clinical study. The day of the special hospital set apart in isolation and devoted to a single branch of practice is fast drawing to a close. Coordination is the keystone of modern medicine. In every hospital, be it general or special in purpose, there is place for the internist and for representatives of other branches of practice. It is only in the pooled contributions of such a varied staff that the patient may reap the benefit of the best modern practice. Although a physiologic process, child-bearing is such a great strain upon the modern woman that latent defects are likely to be revealed. I believe that in many cases one can detect the pathologic trend of a given individual by careful study during and after pregnancy. In such a study knowledge of the life history of the patient shares equally in importance with the data obtained by physical examination and from the laboratory. It is, then, as a revealer of latent pathology that pregnancy is of particular interest to the internist. With this view-point in mind more particular inquiry may be made into the part of the medical man in the service of an obstetric hospital. Medicine may contribute to obstetrics in the care of three general classes of cases. First, those presenting infections. Second, those with cardiac insufficiency. Third, the toxemias.
Monitoring Microbial Activity with GeoChip

This chapter focuses on functional gene arrays (FGAs). Researchers have designed an array containing oligonucleotide probes for 59 pmoA/amoA genes to study methanotrophs. This array was later expanded to cover 68 genes and was used to study methanotrophic communities from simulated landfills using DNA and mRNA. The utility of microarrays was further expanded when microarrays were tested and used to study microbial communities. The latest version of the GeoChip is version 3.0, which covers 56,990 sequences from 292 gene families. The signal intensity of the common oligo reference standard (CORS) probe is then used to normalize the signal intensity of the sample and allows a comparison of hybridization results among different samples. A computational pipeline has also been developed for GeoChip probe design and data analysis. Methods commonly used for descriptive and exploratory data analysis include unconstrained ordination, hierarchical cluster analysis, and neural network analysis. While GeoChip is generally used to examine the presence of functional genes in the environment, some studies have examined microbial activity. While many advances have been made in FGA technology in the past decade, there are still challenges that need to be addressed in the future. FGAs, specifically, the GeoChips, are powerful tools in linking microbial function to ecosystem processes and are able to provide sensitive, specific, and potentially quantitative information. This technology is expected to transform the field of microbial ecology and the study of microbial community functional structure and dynamics.
Low glucose metabolism during brain stimulation in older Down's syndrome subjects at risk for Alzheimer's disease prior to dementia

Objective: Down’s syndrome is characterized by the genetically programmed accumulation of substantial Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology after age 40 and the development of early dementia years later, providing a unique human model to investigate the preclinical phases of Alzheimer’s disease. Older nondemented adults with Down’s syndrome show normal rates of regional cerebral glucose metabolism at rest before the onset of dementia, indicating that their neurons maintain function at rest. The authors hypothesized that an audiovisual stimulation paradigm, acting as a stress test, would reveal abnormalities in cerebral glucose metabolism before dementia in the neocortical parietal and temporal areas most vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease. Method: Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was assessed by means of positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in eight younger (mean age=35 years, SD=2) and eight older (mean age=50, SD=7) healthy, nondemented adults with trisomy 21 Down’s syndrome. PET scans were performed at rest and during audiovisual stimulation in the same scanning session. Levels of general intellectual functioning and compliance were similar in the two groups. Results: At rest the two groups showed no difference in glucose metabolism in any cerebral region. In contrast, during audiovisual stimulation the older subjects with Down’s syndrome had significantly lower glucose metabolic rates in the parietal and temporal cortical areas. Conclusions: Abnormalities in cerebral metabolism during stimulation appeared in the first cortical regions typically affected in Alzheimer’s disease. These results indicate that a stress test paradigm can detect metabolic abnormalities in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease despite normal cerebral metabolism at rest. (Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1063‐1069)
Receiver Logic and Drive Circuitry

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of receiver logic and drive circuitry. In data communications applications, the data and address information is supplied through parallel lines. The parallel information can be directly converted, line for line, into parallel optical signals, etc. Alternatively, the parallel information can first be converted into a serial bit stream and then transmitted through a serial optical link. The circuitry associated with these systems is implemented in various semiconductor technologies, including GaAs, silicon bipolar, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), and BiCMOS. The high mobility associated with GaAs facilitates the meeting of high-frequency requirements of any circuit in the system. In driver circuitry, the optical driver can vary from a simple switch to a complicated feedback system accounting for many variables. The simple driver consists of a CMOS or transistor-transistor logic (TTL) output tied to a resistor, and an LED or laser diode. The optical receiver design can be virtually an art. The challenge involves tradeoffs in improving some parameters at the expense of other parameters. Along with all this, the chapter also comprises a brief review of linear and limiting receivers.
Deconstructing Civil Society "Maps"

Given their structural, functional, and definitional diversity, the collection of information on civil society organizations is critical to an understanding of civil society. Mapping such information includes gathering and collating standardized information on civil society and, often, making it publicly available. This article compares the maps of civil society in Ecuador produced by the government and by a collective of organizations. Noting the complexities of mapping identified by critical geographers, it asks how mappers and maps influence the meanings attached to civil society. It places meaning-making at the center in order to highlight the many realities within the realm of mapping a civil society and to suggest avenues for future research.
Investigation of isobaric spin splitting in the giant resonance of zinc 64

Relative cross sections for the reactions Zn $sup 64$ (γ, n)Zn $sup 63$, Zn $sup 64$ (γ,np) Cu $sup 62$, and Zn $sup 64$(γ, 2n)Zn$sup 62$ have been simultaneously measured using 10-40 mev bremsstrahulung. The positron activities were detected by coincident gamma rays and the three activities were separated by halflife. The (γ,np) cross section is seen to be split into a strong and distinct resonance at 25 mev and a broad component which rises on the trailing edge of the dominant resonance. The 25 mev (γ,np) peak is very similar in shape to the (y,n) resonance centered at 17.5 mev and is about 20% of the (γ,n) amplitude. The (y, 2n) cross section is also at maximum near 25 mev but is less than 1/3 of the (γ,np) amplitude, thus, the large (γ,np) strength is apparently not statistical in origin. The (γ,np) resonance is identified with the T$sub >$ isospin component of the giant resonance. This identification is consistent with estimates of the relative T component strengths and energy splitting obtained with recently published isospin sum rules and the enhancement of the (γ,np) reaction channel can be understood from the proton instability of known T=5/2 analog levels in themore » neutron-residual Zn$sup 63$ nucleus. (author)« less
A Microsoft VBA Application for Generating Heat Maps

A choropleth map is a form of thematic map used to portray the structural characteristics of some particular geographical distribution not apparent in data presented in tabular form. Preparation of a choropleth map starts with the assignment of map features to classes based on the value of a specific feature attribute followed by the association of classes of features with appropriate map colors or symbols. Map features are often geographical regions with naturally or artificially defined boundaries, but choropleth maps can also be prepared by segmenting the area to be mapped into a regular grid of regions. Maps prepared with each grid shaded in an intuitive manner such as blue for grids with the lowest attribute values to red for the highest values can be termed “heat maps”. This technical note describes the HeatMap Microsoft Excel application which converts information contained in a worksheet into a heat map, and then converts the heat map into a file suitable for display using mapping systems such as Google Earth. An example illustrates how the application can be used to visualize the seventeenth century frontier between the Polish/Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
New giant resonances in nuclei: An interim review

Abstract The recent evidence for new giant multipole resonances in nuclei is reviewed, particularly for a supposedly isocalar quadrupole resonance with an excitation energy of about 60 to 65/A 1 3 MeV, just below the well-known giant dipole resonance. In addition, brief, qualitative notes are given on the theoretical background to these and other giant resonance phenomena.
The Release and Activation of Transforming Growth Factor β2 Associated with Apoptosis of Chick Hypertrophic Chondrocytes

The apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes at the interface between growth cartilage and invading vessels is at the center of a series of critical events in endochondral formation. We have shown that the hypertrophy and apoptosis of chick chondrocytes in culture is associated with the release and activation of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2). Supplementation of the culture medium with agents that influenced the maintenance of hypertrophic differentiation also influenced the release of TGF-beta2. A large proportion of the TGF-beta2 released from the cells was shown to be in an active form-particularly TGF-beta2 associated with the support matrix. Inhibition of apoptosis with a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor inhibited activation of the matrix-associated TGF-beta2. However, inhibition of apoptosis did not diminish the release of TGF-beta2. Release of TGF-beta2 by chondrocytes at a late stage of their terminal differentiation and its activation in association with apoptosis may provide a mechanism controlling the processes of vascular invasion of growth cartilage and the deposition of bone matrix on nearby cartilage remnants.
Experience in the Use of the Ketogenic Diet as Early Therapy

The ketogenic diet has traditionally been considered an anticonvulsant therapy of last resort, despite excellent efficacy and limited side effects. We hypothesized that the ketogenic diet would have similar results in patients with new-onset epilepsy. A retrospective study was conducted of patients started on the ketogenic diet since 1994. Thirteen of 460 (2.8%) patients were started on the ketogenic diet as early (zero or one prior anticonvulsant) therapy for seizures. Of those remaining on the diet, 60% (6 of 10) had a > 90% seizure reduction at 6 months and 100% (6 of 6) had a > 90% reduction at 12 months. Patients with infantile spasms were as likely to achieve > 50% seizure reduction at 6 months as patients with other seizure types (75% vs 60%; P = .6). The ketogenic diet can be a valuable therapy before epilepsy becomes intractable. In the 13 patients reported, efficacy without side effects was achieved similarly to that with patients with intractable epilepsy.
Multilevel security for information retrieval systems—II

Abstract In this paper we describe multilevel security issues for hypermedia-based information retrieval database management systems. We first summarize the discussion in our earlier paper on the use of object-oriented approach for developing secure information retrieval systems and then discuss in detail how such a system can be augmented by a Linker to provide hypermedia database management system capabilities. In particular, we discuss various types of nodes and links, an architecture for a hypermedia-based information retrieval system, the various functions of such a system including information retrieval, browsing and update operations, and the interface to the underlying multilevel secure information retrieval system. Finally, the concepts are illustrated using an example.
Students' perceptions of clickers as an instructional tool to promote active learning

The purpose of this study was to evaluate students' perceptions of clickers as an instructional tool to promote active learning in a Physical Geography undergraduate class. A convenience sample of 24 undergraduate students registered in a physical geography course was assigned clickers to answer chapter quizzes in class for 15 weeks during the semester. Data from student interviews, student surveys, and exam grades were used to analyze the findings. Overall, students were satisfied and gave high approval ratings for the use of clickers, particularly for enhancing their participation and engagement in class lectures. The study findings show that clickers promote student engagement in the teaching and learning process. However, students did not find clickers to be a motivating factor to study more for the course. The implications for the use of clickers as instructional tools to improve active teaching and learning in technology-rich classrooms are also discussed.
Narrative Therapy as a Counter-Hegemonic Practice

This article illustrates the practice of narrative therapy as an application of pro-feminist men’s scholarship. Narrative therapy examines gender discourses that support women’s oppression and men’s engagement in practices of entitlement and dominance. By engaging in collaborative conversations, men in narrative therapy may develop a reflexive awareness that creates space for alternative ways of being. A case example illustrates narrative practices, such as deconstructing dominant discourses, separating the problem of male training from individual men, inviting men to examine their relationship with patriarchy and its effects on their lives and relationships, and inspiring men to perform alternative narratives of self that have preferred real effects and counter the practices of hegemonic masculinity.
Hemodynamic effects of dopamine in critically III septic patients

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of various doses of dopamine were studied in 20 severely septic hypotensive patients, 18 of whom also had moderate or severe acute respiratory failure. Dopamine raised the mean arterial blood pressure in virtually all instances by an average of 21 mm Hg (+28%). This increase in blood pressure was brought about primarily by an increase in cardiac index (average +19%) with only a minimal average increase (3%) in the systemic vascular resistance index. There was little or no change in pulse rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, or pulmonary wedge pressure. Left heart function, as reflected by stroke work index increased significantly (+55%), but right ventricular stroke work index increased by only 17%, and the pulmonary vascular resistance index fell by an average of 3%. Dopamine appears to be a very useful agent for improving systemic blood pressure in hypotension complicating sepsis with little or no adverse effects on the lungs or pulmonary hemodynamics.
Cross Cultural Validation of a Function Analysis Model for Determining Minimal Safe Crew Size on Maritime Vessels

As part of a project for the National Research Council, a functional analysis model previously was developed and initially validated on two large maritime vessels for determining minimum safe crew size. The present study collected operations and maintenance data for all functions performed in port, in restricted waters, and at sea for three voyage profiles for two identical tankers. Structured interviews with crew members were used to collect the data. One ship was crewed by an all Korean crew; the other by Italian officers and Philippine seamen. Results from the two independent applications of the model were highly consistent for both qualitative and quantitative crew requirements. These results provided further validation both for the model and the method of data collection. The model then was used to project changes in crew requirements for different voyage profiles, thus demonstrating its utility as a management tool. Cultural differences in operations management were noted.
Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: analysis of molecular weight and heparinase-I digest patterns

We evaluated polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) approaches to determine weight-average molecular weight (M w) and polydispersity (PD) of heparins. A set of unfractionated heparin sodium (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) samples obtained from nine manufacturers which supply the US market were assessed. For SEC-MALLS, we measured values for water content, refractive index increment (dn/dc), and the second virial coefficient (A 2) for each sample prior to molecular weight assessment. For UFH, a mean ± standard deviation value for M w of 16,773 ± 797 was observed with a range of 15,620 to 18,363 (n = 20, run in triplicate). For LMWHs by SEC-MALLS, we measured mean M w values for dalteparin, tinzaparin, and enoxaparin of 6,717 ± 71 (n = 4), 6,670 ± 417 (n = 3), and 3,959 ± 145 (n = 3), respectively. PAGE analysis of the same UFH, dalteparin, tinzaparin, and enoxaparin samples showed values of 16,135 ± 643 (n = 20), 5,845 ± 45 (n = 4), 6,049 ± 95 (n = 3), and 4,772 ± 69 (n = 3), respectively. These orthogonal measurements are the first M w results obtained with a large heparin sample set on product being marketed after the heparin crisis of 2008 changed the level of scrutiny of this drug class. In this study, we compare our new data set to samples analyzed over 10 years earlier. In addition, we found that the PAGE analysis of heparinase digested UFH and neat LMWH samples yield characteristic patterns that provide a facile approach for identification and assessment of drug quality and uniformity.
How much can we learn about the physics of inflation

The large amplitude of primordial gravitational waves seen by BICEP2 will allow for sensitive tests of inflation by future measurements.
Absence of autoanti-Jk3 as a component of anti-dl.

Thirty-five examples of anti-dl, autoantibodies initially reacting with all red blood cells against which they were tested, were examined prior to, and following adsorption with Jk(a-b-) red blood cells. None of them was found to contain autoanti-Jk3. One example of auto-anti-Jka was identified in an adsorbed eluate. The antibody had been produced by a pregnant Caucasian, in whom laboratory and clinical evaluation showed that the auto-antibody was benign in vivo.
Uptake of Glyoxal by Organic and Inorganic Aerosol

The uptake of glyoxal by a variety of organic and inorganic aerosol types was examined in a Teflon chamber. Rapid glyoxal uptake was observed for all liquid-phase aerosols at all relative humidity levels tested ( (3 +/- 1.5) x 10(8) mol kg(-1) atm(-1) for l-tartaric acid, H* > (1 +/- 0.5) x 10(8) for dl-malic acid and H* = (2 +/- 1) x 10(7) for malonic acid aerosol. Other liquid-phase aerosol particles containing amine functional groups (arginine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid) took up even more glyoxal (H* > 3 x 10(8)). The trend of higher glyoxal uptake onto aerosol containing more nucleophilic organic compounds suggests that glyoxal is reacting with organic compounds in the aerosol phase. Solid-phase aerosol showed RH-dependent glyoxal uptake, likely due to the existence of surface water layers. However, particle growth rates were the highestfor sodium sulfate aerosol. For organic aerosol, growth rates correlated with the acidity of the carboxylic acid groups of the aerosol material, suggesting that glyoxal uptake is enhanced by mildly acidic conditions.
Measured ion-molecule reaction rates for modelling Titan's atmosphere

Rate coefficients for several two- and three-body ion-molecule reactions involving hydrocarbons have been determined at thermal energies and above using drift tube-mass spectrometer techniques. The measured rates for clustering and breakup reactions involving CH5(+) and C2H5(+) ions in methane are found to be strongly temperature dependent in the range from 80 to 240 K. The equilibrium constants determined for these reactions differ somewhat from those of Hiraoka and Kebarle (1975). Rate coefficients for two-body reactions of CH5(+), C2H5(+), N(+), H(+), and D(+) ions with methane and/or ethane have been measured. The results indicate that the product yields of several of the fast ion-molecule reactions depend strongly on ion energy (temperature), and therefore previous room-temperature results may be of limited value for model calculations of Titan's atmosphere.
Basic concepts: to put it simply...

Why has cognitive science struggled to find an explanation for the terms that we use every day?
Uptake of sulfur by four cotton cultivars grown under field conditions

Abstract There has never been an intensive study of the sulfur (S) nutrition of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) when grown under field conditions. Field studies were conducted on two non‐irrigated soils to evaluate the S‐uptake characteristics of four selected cotton cultivars that are representative of those produced in the Southern United States. Four cultivars with diverse genetic backgrounds, Deltapine 90, Coker 315, Paymaster 145, and Stoneville 825 were grown on a Norfolk fine sandy loam (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) and a Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Paleudults). Whole plants were collected at two‐week intervals over the growing season starting at 15 days after planting. The plants were partitioned into leaves, stems, burs, seed, and lint, and analyzed (except for lint) for S. Total S uptake when averaged over both soils and all four cultivars was 20.4 (±9.4) kg/ha [or 2.7 (±0.7) kg S per 100 kg lint produced]. Sulfur uptake on the Norfolk soil (15.6 (...
Use of Colchicine in Detecting Hormonal Effects on Vaginal Epithelium of Menstruating and Castrate Women.

ConclusionsColchicine, by topical application in vaginal pessaries, permits the detection of the growth stimulating effects of estrogens, and progesterone in combination with estrogens, on the vaginal epithelium of menopausal castrates. In menstruating women, this technic demonstrates clearly the proliferative effect of these hormones of endogenous origin during both the follicular and premenstrual phases of the cycle.
PCR-based detection of a rare linear DNA in cell culture

The described method allows for detection of rare linear DNA fragments generated during genomic deletions. The predicted limit of the detection is one DNA molecule per 107 or more cells. The method is based on anchor PCR and involves gel separation of the linear DNA fragment and chromosomal DNA before amplification. The detailed chemical structure of the ends of the linear DNA can be defined with the use of additional PCR-based protocols. The method was applied to study the short-lived linear DNA generated during programmed genomic deletions in a ciliate. It can be useful in studies of spontaneous DNA deletions in cell culture or for tracking intracellular modifications at the ends of transfected DNA during gene therapy trials.
A study of some octahydroimidazo[1,5‐a] pyridines. A new example of ring‐chain tautomerism

A series of 3-substituted octahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridines has been prepared. An nmr study at several temperatures showed that 3-phenyloctahydroimidazo[1,5-a] pyridine (XIII) and 3-t-butyloctahydroimidazo[1,5-a] pyridine (XIV) exhibited ring-chain tautomerism. The n-propyl (X), isopropyl (XI) and benzyl (XII) derivatives did not show this form of isomerism. It has also been shown that Crabb and Newton's statement (3) that Freed and Day (1) had failed to obtain the parent compound, octahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (1), is incorrect.
Geminga and the search for optical counterparts of γ-ray-burst sources

THE nature of gamma-ray-burst (GRB) sources has remained a mystery, in part because of the lack of any optical identification. Recently, deep CCD photometry has identified the optical counterpart G″ to the γ-ray source Geminga, whose location on a colour-magnitude diagram is unique1. Although the X-rays from G″ are probably due to thermal emission from the neutron star, the implied column density (≳ 5 x 1020) is inconsistent with the distance (D < 100 pc) required to fit the optical flux to the same spectral component. Here I show that the optical emission could be due instead to a cold accretion disk with accretion rate Ṁ ≈ 1011 g s−1. This has promising implications for the search for the optical counterparts to GRB sources whose basic physical parameters may resemble those of radio pulsars and related objects such as Geminga. I argue that a similar search in the field of a GRB location should produce candidates similar to G″ if 20 pc ≲ DGRB ≲ 500 pc, as predicted by the disk-reprocessing model for the associated optical transients. This possibility is discussed in the light of the fact that the first optical counterpart to a GRB source may already have been found, which, if it is confirmed, may be used to test the accretion-disk model.
Insights into Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity Using Handheld Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Purpose To elucidate the subclinical anatomy of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). Design Prospective, observational case series. Participants Three low-birth-weight, severely premature infants. Methods Clinical examination was performed using a portable slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. Imaging was performed by using a handheld SD OCT device and Retcam (Clarity Medical Systems, Pleasanton, CA) or video-indirect recording. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging was conducted without sedation at the bedside in the neonatal intensive care unit on 1 patient. The other 2 patients had an examination under anesthesia with SD OCT imaging in the operating room. Main Outcome Measures In vivo determination of vitreoretinal morphology, anatomy, and pathology by clinical examination, imaging, and SD OCT. Results Linear and volumetric imaging was achieved with the handheld system in infant eyes despite tunica vasculosa lentis and vitreous bands. Imaging was not possible in eyes with notable vitreous hemorrhage. Analysis of SD OCT images revealed preretinal structures (ranging from 409 to 2700 μm in width and 212 to 440 μm in height), retinoschisis, and retinal detachment in the posterior pole of patients with advanced ROP. Both the retinoschisis and the preretinal structures were not identified on conventional examination or imaging by expert pediatric ophthalmologists. The preretinal structures varied in location and size, and may represent preretinal fibrovascular proliferation. Some were found in close proximity to blood vessels, whereas others were near the optic nerve. Conclusions Handheld SD OCT imaging can be performed on the sedated or nonsedated neonate and provides valuable subclinical anatomic information. This novel imaging modality can reveal the location and extent of posterior ROP pathology not evident on standard examination. This could affect future clinical decision-making if studies validate a management strategy based on findings from this imaging technique. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
The maintenance of intermediate values in goal-directed evaluation

In programming languages that support goal-directed evaluation to make use of alternative results, an expression can produce a value, suspend, and later be resumed to produce another value. This causes control backtracking to earlier points in a computation and complicates the maintenance of intermediate values. This paper presents a space-efficient algorithm computing the lifetimes of intermediate values that is used by an optimizing compiler for the Icon programming language. The algorithm is applicable to other programming languages that employ goal-directed evaluation.
The Concept of Divine Goodness and the Problem of Evil

Traditional theism maintains the view that the world is created by a God who is at once omnipotent and perfectly good. One of the most persistent challenges to this view is that known as the problem of evil. The challenge consists in the allegation that the manifest imperfections of the world are incompatible with its having been created by a God who is both perfectly good and has the power to carry out his will. In the face of this challenge some theists have sought to defend theism by drawing a sharp distinction between human goodness and divine goodness and claiming that the goodness of God is different from human goodness not merely in degree but in kind, and that God's goodness cannot be understood by men. As a consequence of this, they contend, the created world can be judged to be imperfect only if it is measured against the inferior standards of human goodness, which because they are inferior are inappropriate for judging the works of the almighty and infinitely perfect God. The sharp distinction between God's goodness and man's thus allows the theist to maintain that God is perfectly good even while recognising that there is (according to human standards of goodness and evil) a great deal of evil in the world. Hence, if the distinction can be successfully defended, it provides a neat way of getting out of the problem of evil.
Cognitive utilization of probabilistic cues

This article is concerned with a laboratory experiment on a classificatory process similar to medical diagnosis. Ss were required to learn the names and descriptions of 16 objects where the cues comprising these descriptions were probabilistic in nature. They then solved a number of object identification problems consisting of the presentation of a single cue, followed by a sequence of yes-no questions about the presence or absence of other cues, and terminating with the identification of the object. The results were interpreted as supporting a serial hypothesis-testing model and reveal how such hypotheses are generated and confirmed. The study is viewed as a necessary step toward the creation of a computer model of medical diagnosis. The model is briefly described.
Characteristics of fluidization at high pressure

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate fluidization fundamentals at pressures up to 6485 kPa using nitrogen as the fluidizing gas. The particles under study were coal, char and Ballotini. Both a three-dimensional bed (10.16-cm-i.d.) and a two-dimensional bed (1.9x 10.16cm) were used in the experiments. The fundamentals of high pressure fluidization examined in this study include minimum fluidization velocity, bed voidage at minimum fluidization, bed expansion, and bubbling behavior. An empirical correlation was developed for determining minimum fluidization velocity. The effects of pressure upon bed voidage at minimum fluidization and expanded bed height were analyzed for several types of particles. High speed photographs were studied to describe bubbling behavior in a fluidized bed over a range of pressures.
Qualitatively exploring electronic portfolios: a text mining approach to measuring student emotion as an early warning indicator

The collection and analysis of student-level data is quickly becoming the norm across school campuses. More and more institutions are starting to use this resource as a window into better understanding the needs of their student population. In previous work, we described the use of electronic portfolio data as a proxy to measuring student engagement, and showed how it can be predictive of student retention. This paper highlights our ongoing efforts to explore and measure the valence of positive and negative emotions in student reflections and how they can serve as an early warning indicator of student disengagement.
Lipid biomarkers for heterotrophic alteration of suspended particulate organic matter in oxygenated and anoxic water columns of the ocean

The fatty acid, sterol and hydrocarbon composition of suspended particles from the central North Pacific VERTEX IV site and from the Black Sea were used to investigate the abundance of biomarkers produced by heterotrophic alteration of particulate organic matter (POM). At the oceanic VERTEX site, bacterial alteration of organic matter did not contribute significant amounts of diagnostic lipids to particles, whereas zooplankton did leave a marked imprint on particulate lipids. In contrast, in the anoxic zone of the Black Sea there were significant lipid indicators of bacterial decomposition of POM. Most of these were derived from anaerobic sulfate-reducing and phototrophic sulfur bacteria. A comparison of the two sites and their lipid distributions indicates that it may be difficult to use lipid biomarkers to assess the importance of bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the open ocean, as lipids from these bacteria are not readily distinguished from the more abundant planktonic lipids.
On the question of a giant M1 resonance near 8 MeV in 208Pb

Abstract Most of the ground-state radiative strength from levels near 8 MeV in 208 Pb is shown to be of E1 and not M1 character. In particular, a resonance reported to have B (M1 ↑) = 9 μ 0 2 must have ⩽2.1 μ 0 2 if present.
Dimensionality in adolescent prosocial tendencies: Individual differences in serving others versus serving the self

Abstract The purpose of the present research was to determine whether adolescents prosocial tendencies can be distinguished by serving others versus serving the self, and, further, to support that distinction through their associations with empathic (empathic concern, perspective taking, personal distress) versus egoistic traits (need for approval, narcissism, psychopathy). Empathy was hypothesized to be linked to interpersonal and high-cost prosocial contexts, whereas egoistic traits were hypothesized to be linked to contexts offering self-aggrandizement. High school students ( n = 272; 15–18 years) completed questionnaires online. Results revealed that empathy and concerns about others’ approval associated positively with emotional responsivity, dire, compliancy, and anonymous prosocial tendencies. Concerns about approval also predicted public and opportunistic tendencies. Egoistic traits related to adolescents’ public and opportunistic prosocial behavior. Findings demonstrate an individual difference by context variation, supporting the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior and its underlying motives.
A new test for aggression in rats without aversive stimulation: differential effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine.

A procedure has been developed which reliably engenders agonistic behavior between alpha males of small colonies of laboratory rats and intruder rats. Drugs were administered either to the alpha resident male rat, who showed the pattern of attack and threat behavior, or to the intruder rat, who engaged in defensive, submissive, and flight reactions. The 5-min test also permitted assessment of drug effects on nonagonistic social and solitary behavior. Administration of d-amphetamine at a very low dose (0.063 mg/kg) to resident alpha rats increased the frequency of their attacks, sideways threats, and pursuits, while low doses of cocaine (0.5, 2.0 mg/kg) failed to alter any of these behaviors significantly. Attack and threat behavior was effectively decreased by 0.25–1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine and by 8 and 32 mg/kg cocaine. The antiaggressive effects of amphetamine, but not cocaine, were accompanied by a marked increase in nonagonistic rearing and walking. Amphetamine administration to intruder rats produced an increase in nonagonistic locomotor activity and caused the intruders to be attacked more frequently, to escape more often, and to emit fewer ultrasonic vocalizations. Cocaine did not alter significantly the intruders' behavior. The resident-intruder situation appears to be a reliable, easy-to-use procedure detecting differential behavioral effects of psychomotor stimulants, such as d-amphetamine and cocaine, while avoiding the confounding influence of aversive stimulation, conditioning, and screening of suitable subjects typically associated with aggression tests in the laboratory.