cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redefining the Mobility Edge in Thin-Film Transistors

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) are critical components in $e.g.$ flat-panel displays. In emerging semiconductors for TFTs, such as amorphous oxides and polymers, electrons are slower than in crystalline silicon (where they move in bands), but faster than in amorphous silicon (where they hop). Understanding electron and hole motion in these emerging semiconductors has been difficult so far. The author discuss a $t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}s\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t$ $r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ $f\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r$ to rigorously enable use of the Boltzmann transport equation, to quantitatively understand electron motion in a range of thin-film semiconductors. This work fills an important gap in semiconductor physics that has lingered for decades.
Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: Global Developmental Delay, Intellectual Disability, and Autism

This chapter addressed the genetic heterogeneity in intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders. This includes a review of the genomic deletions and duplications identified by chromosome microarray technology. Genes known to be involved in both intellectual disability (ID) and autism are discussed. This chapter also reviews inborn errors of metabolism seen in patients with intellectual disabilities and the diagnostic approach to these metabolic disorders. It contains a review of the role of brain imaging and CNS malformations in the setting of ID.
Social Work and Science in the 21st Century

As a sequel of sorts from the lead authors’ earlier Human Biology for Social Workers (Allyn & Bacon, 2003), this textbook presumes to broaden the focus from human biology to all STEM (science, tech...
Implant Charge Differences Between Distal Radius Fixation Constructs (CPT 25607, 25608, and 25609).

Background:Implants are a significant contributor to health care costs. We hypothesized that extra-articular fracture patterns would have a lower implant charge than intra-articular fractures and a...
Lysophosphatidic Acid and IL-6 Trans-signaling Interact via YAP/TAZ and STAT3 Signaling Pathways in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells.

Purpose Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL6R) are elevated in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). LPA and IL6 modulate in response to biomechanical stimuli and converge on similar fibrotic phenotypes. Thus, we determined whether LPA and IL6 trans-signaling (IL6/sIL6R) interact via Yes-associated protein (YAP)/Transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways in human trabecular meshwork (hTM) cells. Methods Confluent primary hTM cells were serum starved for 24 hours, and treated with vehicle, LPA (20 µM), IL6 (100 ng/mL)/sIL6R (200 ng/mL), or both (LPA + IL6/sIL6R) for 24 hours, with or without a YAP inhibitor (verteporfin; 2 µM) or STAT3 inhibitor (2 µM). Expression of key receptors and ligands, signaling mediators, actomyosin machinery, cell contractility, and extracellular matrix (ECM) targets of both signaling pathways was determined by immunocytochemistry, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Results LPA and IL6 trans-signaling coupling overexpressed/activated receptors and ligands, glycoprotein-130, IL6, and autotaxin; signaling mediators, YAP, TAZ, Pan-TEAD, and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3); actomyosin and contractile machinery components, myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), phosphorylated MLC2, rho-associated protein kinase 1, filamentous actin, and α-smooth muscle actin; and fibrotic ECM proteins, collagen I and IV, fibronectin, laminin, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, and connective tissue growth factor in hTM cells; mostly beyond LPA or IL6 trans-signaling alone. Verteporfin inhibited YAP, TAZ, and pSTAT3, with concomitant abrogation of aforementioned fibrotic targets; the STAT3 inhibitor was only partially effective. Conclusions These data suggest synergistic crosstalk between LPA and IL6 trans-signaling, mediated by YAP, TAZ, and pSTAT3. By completely inhibiting these mediators, verteporfin may be more efficacious in ameliorating LPA and/or IL6 trans-signaling-induced ocular hypertensive phenotypes in hTM cells.
Outdoor transmission of COVID-19: Analysis of windspeed

Abstract Background To examine whether outdoor exposures may contribute to the COVID-19 epidemic, we hypothesized that slower outdoor windspeed is associated with increased risk of transmission when individuals socialize outside. Methods Daily COVID-19 incidence reported between 3/16/2020-12/31/2020 was the outcome. Average windspeed and maximal daily temperature were derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Negative binomial regression was used to model incidence, adjusting for susceptible population size. Results Cases were very high in the initial wave but diminished quickly once lockdown procedures were enacted. Unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted analyses revealed that warmer days with windspeed Conclusion This study suggests that outdoor transmission of COVID-19 may occur by noting that the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in the summer was highest on days when wind was reduced.
A method for urban air mobility network design using hub location and subgraph isomorphism

Abstract Rising concerns related to the effects of traffic congestion have led to the proposal of many alternative solutions, including the idea of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which uses electric aircraft to service routes in dense urban areas. UAM networks rely on an infrastructure of vertiports, which are closely tied to the ability of the UAM service to operate effectively. This research addresses identifying desirable locations for vertiports while taking into account vehicle limitations, desired operational strategies, and the possibility of passenger trips involving more than two vertiports. The vertiport selection problem is presented as a modified single-allocation p -hub median location problem that incorporates elements of subgraph isomorphism to create structured networks to allow for public transit operations. Because the problem is NP-hard, five heuristic algorithms are developed to find potential solutions with acceptable computation times. The methods are compared to the optimal solution in three different areas of the United States. The most effective of these methods are found to be within 10% of the optimal solution on average, and results indicate that they scale well to larger networks. General trends from the three case study regions examined are also briefly discussed.
Influence of Hypertension on Pneumonia Risk: Epidemiological Association and Mendelian Randomization in the UK Biobank

Background: Small studies have correlated hypertension with pneumonia risk; whether this is recapitulated in larger prospective studies, and represents a causal association, is unclear. Methods and Results: We estimated the risk of prevalent hypertension with incident respiratory diseases over mean 8 follow-up years among 377,143 British participants in the UK Biobank. Mendelian randomization of blood pressure on pneumonia was implemented using 75 independent, genome-wide significant variants associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures among 299,024 individuals not in the UK Biobank. Secondary analyses with pulmonary function tests were performed.107,310 (30%) participants had hypertension at UK Biobank enrollment, and 9,969 (3%) developed a pneumonia during follow-up. Prevalent hypertension was independently associated with increased risk for incident pneumonia (HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.43; P<0.001), as well as other incident respiratory diseases. Genetic predisposition to a 5-mmHg increase in blood pressure was associated with increased risk of incident pneumonia for systolic blood pressure (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.13; P<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.20; P=0.005). Additionally, consistent with epidemiologic associations, increased blood pressure genetic risk was significantly associated with reduced performance on pulmonary function tests (P<0.001). Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that elevated blood pressure increases risk for pneumonia. Maintaining adequate blood pressure control, in addition to other measures, may reduce risk for pneumonia.
Norm Internationalization through Trials for Violations of International Law: Four Conditions for Success and Their Application to Trials of Detainees at Guantanamo Bay

Norm internalization is an objective for trials for violations of international law, which seeks to use the trial to demonstrate to a target audience, usually the community of the defendant, the costs of violating international law, and the stigma of being a violator. The purpose of this exercise is to internalize in that audience a respect for international law and for the norm in question that drives the audience not to repeat the violation in the future. Some scholars have argued that this purpose should be the primary purpose behind international criminal trials. Others have argued that it should, at minimum, be the primary objective of trials for those detained at Guantanamo Bay, with the goal of internalizing an anti-terrorism norm in the Islamic world. Despite the prominence of norm internalization in the literature of international criminal law, however, trials for violations of international law have generally failed to internalize norms in the community of the defendant. This paper examines these past failures and inductively derives four necessary, but not necessarily sufficient, conditions for the success of norm internalization in the community of the defendant: consistency, selectivity, accessibility, and integration. Meeting these conditions avoids pitfalls that have prevented successful norm internalization in past trials. Application of these conditions to past and future trials at Guantanamo Bay reveals such trials are ill-suited to internalization of an anti-terrorism norm in the Islamic world. Military commissions, which did not include norm internalization as a prominent objective, failed to meet the four conditions. More importantly, future trials of this detainee population, regardless of venue, appear incapable of meeting them. Given these failures, this paper suggests that trials of Guantanamo detainees would more profitably focus on alternative, more attainable trial objectives. These failures also raise real questions about whether norm internalization through trial in the community of the defendant is possible, and if so, when and it what forum it could be successful.
Cell type specific labeling and partial connectomes of dopaminergic circuits reveal non-synaptic communication and large-scale axonal remodeling after exposure to cocaine

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons exert profound influences on behavior including addiction. However, how DA axons communicate with target neurons and how those communications change, for example, with drug exposure, remains poorly understood. We combine recent advances in cell type specific labeling for electron microscopy with large volume three-dimensional serial electron microscopy (i.e. connectomics) to detail DA connections in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) across multiple animals and after exposure to cocaine. We find that DA axonal varicosities are of four general types: 38% are empty, 25% contain few small (~50 nm diameter) vesicles, 19% contain few large (~133 nm diameter) vesicles, and 18% have mixed small and large vesicles, suggesting that DA axons may use multiple types of neurotransmitters. Individual DA axons were significantly more likely to contain multiple varicosities of the same type relative to chance, suggesting a new method of DA axon classification. Across all categories, we find only rare examples (
Considerations for brain-scale artificial neural systems in semiconducting and superconducting optoelectronic hardware

The potential of optoelectronic hardware to achieve brain-scale neuromorphic computing is assessed. Both superconducting and semiconducting systems with direct optical synaptic connections are analyzed. The possibility of integrated memory, the potential for 3D integration, and the limits of optical communication for neural systems are highlighted.
Expression and distribution of synaptotagmin family members in the zebrafish retina.

Synaptotagmins belong to a large family of proteins. While various synaptotagmins have been implicated as Ca2+ sensors for vesicle replenishment and release at conventional synapses, their roles at retinal ribbon synapses remain incompletely understood. Zebrafish is a widely used experimental model for retinal research. We therefore investigated the homology between human, rat, mouse, and zebrafish synaptotagmins 1 to 10 using a bioinformatics approach. We also characterized the expression and distribution of various synaptotagmin (syt) genes in the zebrafish retina using RT-PCR, qPCR and in situ hybridization, focusing on the family members whose products likely underlie Ca2+ -dependent exocytosis in the central nervous system (synaptotagmins 1, 2, 5 and 7). Most zebrafish synaptotagmins are well conserved and can be grouped in the same classes as mammalian synaptotagmins, based on crucial amino acid residues needed for coordinating Ca2+ binding and determining phospholipid binding affinity. The only exception is synaptotagmin 1b, which lacks 34 amino acid residues in the C2B domain and is therefore unlikely to bind Ca2+ there. Additionally, the products of zebrafish syt5a and syt5b genes share identity with mammalian class 1 and 5 synaptotagmins. Zebrafish syt1, syt2, syt5 and syt7 paralogues are found in the zebrafish brain, eye, and retina, excepting syt1b, which is only present in the brain. The complementary expression pattern of the remaining paralogues in the retina suggests that syt1a and syt5a may underlie synchronous release and syt7a and syt7b may mediate asynchronous release or other Ca2+ dependent processes in different retinal neurons. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Asthma Exacerbations Attributable to Ozone Air Pollution in New England.

Background Ground-level ozone (O3) is an air pollutant and known trigger for asthma exacerbation. We sought to estimate the number of summertime emergency department (ED) visits for asthma exacerbations attributable to ozone in each county in New England (Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont) in 2010. Methods We performed a health impact assessment using BenMAP. We used population and incidence rates in New England, daily maximum 8-hour O3 levels, and a concentration-response function derived from the epidemiological literature to quantify ozone-attributable asthma ED visits. Results We estimate that in 2010 there were 4,612 (95% CI 2192, 6866) excess ED visits for asthma exacerbation attributable to summertime ozone across New England. Rates of ozone-attributable asthma ED visits were highest in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Conclusions There was a substantial number of ozone-attributable asthma ED visits in New England in 2010 with geographic heterogeneity across states and counties.
Taking Care of Uncle Bob’s Rash: Should One Treat Family Members?

Should physicians treat their family members? In general, physicians should not treat themselves or family members because of the loss of professional objectivity. In addition the physician may not be qualified to treat the relative’s condition, may be to close to do a complete examination or probe for intimate historical details or disclose bad news. Physician involvement can create intrafamilial conflict or create an awkward situation if the relative is either non-compliant or dissatisfied with the care delivered. But, despite these potential risks, many physicians do and will continue to do so. This chapter discusses the opinions, questions and evaluation of risks and hazards in treating family members through case scenarios.
Depictions of the Fall Compared: In Milton’s Paradise Lost and Bunyan’s the Holy War

This paper introduces an understanding of Bunyan’s pastoral purpose in The Holy War through exploring its many imaginative resemblances to its better-known contemporary Paradise Lost, which nonetheless reveal in the end a slight but important difference in Bunyan’s narrative focus.
Atomic Photoelectron Spectroscopy. II

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the atomic photoelectron spectroscopy. It deals primarily with the theory of photoionization, and photoelectron angular distributions and calculations at various levels of approximation. The focus is on the physical implications of each approximation to allow an approximate prior assessment of how well a given calculation would do in a particular situation. An attempt is made to show the variety of phenomena uncovered, their physical explanation, and the predictive powers of the theory by comparison with experiment. From an experimental point of view, making measurements on gaseous atoms or molecules is quite similar and many more measurements of molecules than atoms have been made, since there are so many more gaseous molecules. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of some very successful recent calculations of molecular photoionization cross sections and angular distributions.
Sodium Pump-Catalyzed ATP-ADP Exchange in Red Blood Cells: The Effects of Intracellular and Extracellular Na and K Ions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sodium pump-catalyzed ATP–ADP exchange in red blood cells together with the effects of intracellular and extracellular Na and K ions. When human red blood cells are incubated in K-free media containing Na ions, an ouabain-sensitive exchange of intracellular and extracellular Na ions is observed. Subsequent studies on this transport mode of Na pump have established that the Na–Na exchange rate is increased by elevated levels of ADP, is independent of ATP in the range 300 μM–1500 μM, and will not take place in resealed ghosts containing ADP but not ATP. Although ATP is required for the Na pump to support Na–Na exchange, there is no net hydrolysis of ATP associated with the transport. These observations support the suggestion that the biochemical events catalyzed by the Na pump protein while mediating Na–Na exchange are the reversible phosphorylation of the protein by ATP and its dephosphorylation by ADP. This chapter characterize the sidedness of the Na-activating (and inhibiting) effects and discusses the validity of the hypothesis that ATP–ADP exchange and Na–Na exchange are coupled simultaneous biochemical and transporting reactions.
Microbial Enzyme Assays for Detecting Heavy Metal Toxicity

Throughout the world, industrial development has been associated with increased mining, refining, and use of potentially toxic metals in large-scale manufacturing processes. Industrialization is also tightly linked to increases in the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum, which produce considerable amounts of toxic metals such as mercury and lead, respectively (1). Inevitably, many industrial activities generate environmental pollution that changes the natural biogeochemical cycling of elements by modifying the size and flux of metal reservoirs. The primary consequence of metal pollution in natural water systems is toxic effects on aquatic organisms, but ultimately human exposure occurs from consumption of contaminated water, seafood, and plant crops that are cultivated in land irrigated with polluted water. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for eleven metals that dominate the inorganic contaminants most commonly encountered in drinking water and groundwater sources (Table 1). The symptoms associated with these toxic metals range from skin disease from chromium (MCL = 0.1 mg/L) to more serious conditions such as kidney disease from cadmium (MCL = 0.005 mg/L) and mercury (MCL = 0.002 mg/L). In addition, nonenforceable standards have been established for secondary pollutants such as Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ag, and Zn because they are regarded as nuisance contaminants with the assumption of negligible health consequences at the established concentrations permitted in water (Table 2). Keywords: bioavailability; biosensors; ecotoxicity; enzymes; health effects; inorganic ions; maximum contaminant level; metals; metalloenzymes; microbial; microorganisms; pollution; proteins; total maximum daily load; toxic
The asynchronous 24MB on-chip level-3 cache for a dual-core Itanium/sup /spl reg//-family processor

The 24MB level-3 cache on a dual-core Itanium/spl reg/ processor has more than 1.47G transistors. The cache uses an asynchronous design to reduce latency and power, and it includes other power saving and reliability improvement features. The 5-cycle array operates above 2GHz at 0.8V and 85/spl deg/C while consuming less than 4.2W.
The role of alpha 4 beta 1 integrin in cell motility and fibronectin matrix assembly

The alpha 4 beta 1 integrin has been suggested to play important roles in embryogenesis and pathogenesis of many diseases which involve both cell adhesion and cell migration. Previous studies using anti-alpha 4 beta 1 antibodies and fibronectin (Fn) fragments have suggested that alpha 4 beta 1 integrins may be involved in cell motility on Fn and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). However, the cells used in these studies also express other Fn integrin receptors including alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, which is known to function in cell motility on Fn. To test whether alpha 4 beta 1 integrins mediate cell motility on Fn and VCAM-1 in the absence of alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, we expressed human alpha 4 integrin in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line that is deficient in alpha 5 beta 1 integrin (CHO B2). The parental alpha 5 deficient CHO B2 cells were unable to adhere, spread or migrate on Fn, nor could they assemble a fibrillar Fn matrix. Expression of alpha 4 beta 1 integrin in the CHO B2 cells enabled the cells to adhere, spread and migrate on Fn and on VCAM-1 but not to assemble a fibrillar Fn matrix. The cellular processes mediated by the interaction of alpha 4 beta 1 with Fn or VCAM-1 were inhibited by the CS1 peptide derived from the major alpha 4 beta 1 binding site on Fn. These findings demonstrate that alpha 4 beta 1 integrins not only function as cell adhesion receptors but also as cell motility receptors for Fn and VCAM-1 independent of alpha 5 beta 1. Moreover, they reveal important functional differences between Fn binding integrins. The alpha 4-positive, alpha 5-negative CHO cells described in this report will be useful tools in studying the mechanism of molecular signalling during integrin mediated cellular processes.
The minimum percent D-state for the deuteron

Abstract The minimum percent D-state for the deuteron is calculated as 0.45%, assuming that the S-wave u ( r ) is taken from effective range theory, and the D-wave w ( r ) is chosen to minimize P D , while fitting the quadrupole moment.
NEAR-TIP MODE-I ELASTIC FIELDS IN BIMATERIAL LAYERED SYSTEMS

Abstract The micromorphic stress fields in the near-tip region of a Mode-I semi-infinite crack embedded in an infinite elastic bimaterial layered system are investigated. The local and global features of the micromorphic stresses in the heterogeneous near-tip domain are captured through an approximate analytical model vis-a-vis a two-dimensional plane strain finite element model. The studies are carried out within a heterogeneous cut-out region surrounding the physical crack-tip wherein alternating matrix and fiber layers are positioned perpendicular to the crack plane. The approximate analytical model is developed by postulating a general form of displacement field that is obtained by the superposition of the applied homogenized near-tip field and a family of kinematically admissible unit-cell micro-displacements. While preserving the aggregate response of the material, these micro-displacements take into account the effects of material micro-structure. The results indicate that the microstress field in the immediate vicinity of the crack-tip exhibits an r −½ singularity when the crack-tip is located entirely within the matrix phase and lies sufficiently away from the adjacent interfaces. The structure of the stress field in the matrix region surrounding the crack-tip corresponds to the universal isotropic field dominated by the tip stress intensity factor. In the farfield region (radial distance greater than one unit-cell thickness), the continuous stress components σ xx and σ xy are found to be dominated by the orthotropic stress intensity factor and found to be in good agreement with their homogeneous orthotropic counterparts. As expected, the discontinuous stress component σ yy is found to exhibit strong dependency on the material heterogeneity. While σ yy is dominated by the applied orthotropic stress intensity factor, it is described by a discontinuous spatial eigen-function which has been obtained with the aid of the analytical approximate model. Several parameter studies are presented and implications on the mode-I brittle fracture in layered systems are discussed.
Cyclic and cliquewise connectedness of line graphs

The connectivity and the line connectivity numbers of a graph and of its line graph are dependent on each other. Another important related notion is the cyclic connectedness, and we establish here a strong relationship between the cyclic connectivity number and the cyclic line connectivity number of a graph and of its line graph. Moreover, we introduce a related new notion involving cliques instead of cycles and undertake a similar investigation.
Detecting closing delaminations in laminated composite plates using nonlinear structural intensity and time reversal mirrors

Closing delaminations in composite laminated structures exhibit a nonlinear dynamic response when excited by high frequency elastic waves. The contact acoustic nonlinear effects taking place at the damage interface act as a mechanism of energy redistribution from the driving frequency to the nonlinear harmonic frequencies. In this paper, we extend the concept of nonlinear structural intensity (NSI) to the analysis of closing delaminations in composite laminated plates. NSI is calculated using a method based on a combination of finite element and finite difference techniques, which is suitable for processing both numerical and experimental data. NSI is proven to be an effective metric to identify the presence and location of closing delaminations. The highly directional nature of orthotropic composites results in vibrational energy propagating in a different direction from that of the initial elastic wave. This aspect reduces the ability to effectively interrogate the damage and, therefore, the sensitivity to the damage. The time reversal mirror technique is explored as a possible approach to overcome the effect of the material directionality and increase the ability to interrogate the damage. Numerical simulations show that this technique is able to overcome the material directionality and to drastically enhance the ability to interrogate the damage.
General methodology 3: a federation object coordinator for simulation based control and analysis

This paper presents an architecture and a design for a Federation Object Coordinator (FOC) for simulation based control and analysis. This research focuses on developing a methodology for implementing a distributed simulation control mechanism which can be adopted to virtual manufacturing or virtual enterprises. In this method, distributed fast or real time simulation models interact with low level controllers and among themselves to actively control a system. The timing and coordination requirements of the simulation models to interact with the MRP systems and control systems as well as the interaction among the distributed simulation models are discussed in this paper.
Thermal-infrared imaging of weathering and alteration changes on the surfaces of basalt flows, Hawai‘i, USA

Basaltic pahoehoe lavas weather on time scales of decades to millennia and are chemically altered by volcanic heat and gases on time scales of days to decades following their eruption. Despite differences in reactions and rates, the end products, viewed spectrally in the thermal infrared TIR: 8–12 μm, are similar and distinctive: initial rinds of quickly cooled, disordered glass with broad emissivity minima at 9–11 μm devitrify to yield a sharper emissivity band at 9.1 μm; opaline rinds with a similar emissivity feature accrete and gradually transition to cryptocrystalline quartz with an emissivity minimum near 8.1 μm. Ultimately, exposed surfaces are oxidized and hydrated to palagonite, with a loss of spectral contrast and character. We have collected over 600 pahoehoe samples of different ages from seven sites on Mauna Loa and the south coast of Hawai‘i in order to measure hemispheric emissivity spectra and compare them to airborne and spaceborne TIR Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ASTER AST05 emissivity images of Hawai‘i. ASTER, with five 90 m TIR bands, has operated over the 11 year period since launch in late 1999. Images and samples from some of the Hawai‘ian sites were collected repeatedly over a decade or more to study the rate of spectral change there. Continuing eruptions of Pu‘u ‘O‘o since 1983 offered an opportunity to study the effects of a persistent dousing of lavas by acidic rain and air ‘vog’, and older flows from Mauna Loa offered an opportunity to study the effects of weathering away from active vents. Weathering changes and rates quantified spectrally are helpful in mapping and assessing long-term environments on volcanoes.
Factor screening methods in computer simulation experiments

The use of a computer simulation model may be viewed as an experiment in which a set of k controllable factors are varied according to an experimental design, and the effect of these factors on the output observed. Usually not all k factors will be active, and considerable efficiency in the use of the model will result if the subset of active factors can be identified. Factor screening methods are useful in identifying the set of active factors. This paper discusses experimental design methods useful for factor screening in computer simulation. The general strategy recommended is group screening methods combined with 2k−p fractional factorial designs. Some variance reduction considerations are also discussed.
Abstract 2197: Fliz-1 regulation of GATA-3 expression in mammary tumor cells

The GATA-3 transcription factor is a master regulator of cell fate determination in the mammary gland. Mice lacking expression of GATA-3 in the mammary gland fail to develop complete ductal branching or terminal end buds, while depletion of GATA-3 from adult mammary glands leads to loss of markers for luminal cell differentiation and to caspase-mediated death of luminal cells. In human breast cancer, GATA-3 expression is found in highly differentiated, estrogen receptor positive tumors with good prognosis, while loss correlates with highly metastatic tumors resistant to endocrine therapy. Regulation of GATA-3 expression is incompletely understood, though a positive-cross regulatory loop with the estrogen receptor alpha has been defined. The zinc finger protein Fliz-1 represses GATA-3 transcription in the T cell lineage, but its role in mammary cells is unknown. We hypothesize that Fliz-1 also can repress GATA-3 expression in mammary cells, leading to loss of estrogen response. To test this hypothesis, we identified a mouse mammary tumor cell line expressing high levels of Fliz1, and transfected the cells with a Fliz-1 silencing vector or negative control. Successful knockdown was confirmed by RT/PCR. Cells with decreased Fliz-1 expression showed increased expression of GATA-3 and estrogen receptor alpha mRNA relative to controls. The Fliz-1-expressing cells formed tumors that were insensitive to tamoxifen treatment when implanted in syngeneic BALB/c mice, while cells with decreased Fliz-1 expression exhibited decreased tumor growth in response to endocrine therapy. As a reciprocal experiment, we constructed a fusion gene linking Fliz-1 with a C-terminal green fluorescent protein tag. The fusion protein properly localizes to the nucleus of transfected MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and COMMA-D (mouse mammary epithelial) cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to show that Fliz1-GFP binds to an intronic regulatory region within the GATA-3 gene in COMMA-D cells. These data provide evidence supporting a role for Fliz-1 in control of GATA-3 expression in mammary cells and tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2197. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2197
The war phenomenon: A working distinction

Wars have many common characteristics yet, like cancers, a general diagnosis is difficult because symptoms differ markedly. Systemic approaches are useful because they determine under what circumstances crises—the necessary preconditions for wars—may escalate into limited or major wars. This systemic diagnostic tool is particularly important in the nuclear era because the consequences of major war have been exponentially magnified. To illustrate how a systemic perspective provides a guide to the absence of major conflict since 1945, the power transition is used to anticipate the decline of the USSR, to provide insights regarding the peaceful unification of Germany, to account for the non‐conflictual integration of Europe and to explore the rise of Japan. Such developments are not dangerous to peace because they did not challenge the dominant power or the status quo. Also illustrated, however, are similar movements in different environment that may result in conflict. If these or other systemic insights co...
The step sizes used by one-step codes for ODEs☆

Abstract The traditional theory of one-step methods for the numerical solution of the initial value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) assumes that the step sizes are given. In contrast, the codes select the step sizes automatically. It is shown how to apply the traditional theory to describe what the more sophisticated codes actually do. Two measures of efficiency are being used by workers in the field without clearly distinguishing them. It is necessary to make this distinction because of its implications for important questions of implementation.
Factors influencing the development of aroma in apple peels

The rate and extent of apple volatile production were several times greater in peels than in flesh or whole apples. Volatile production in apples after peeling increased rapidly at 22°c, reached a maximum in 1–2 days and then gradually declined. Harvest maturity, variety, cold storage history, room temperature ripening and storage temperature of peels greatly affected the rate and extent of volatile production; the optimum peel temperature appeared to be 20–30°c. The greatest increases in volatile components from peels were due to the production of esters, primarily ethyl butyrate, butyl acetate, ethyl 2 methylbutyrate and 2-methylbutyl acetate. Controlled atmosphere storage appeared to arrest the ability of peels to produce the usual components. Under certain conditions, the components associated with apple aroma increased 10- to 30-fold in peels held at room temperature for 1–2 days.
Aminophylline therapy for acute bronchospastic disease in the emergency room.

▪ Objective: To assess the role of aminophylline in the treatment of acute exacerbations of bronchospastic disease when used in addition to inhaled beta-agonists and intravenous corticosteroids. ▪ ...
Personality Disorders in DSM-5: Emerging Research on the Alternative Model

The current categorical classification of personality disorders, originally introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), has been found to suffer from numerous shortcomings that hamper its usefulness for research and for clinical application. The Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group for DSM-5 was charged with developing an alternative model that would address many of these concerns. The developed model involved a hybrid dimensional/categorical model that represented personality disorders as combinations of core impairments in personality functioning with specific configurations of problematic personality traits. The Board of Trustees of the American Psychiatric Association did not accept the Task Force recommendation to implement this novel approach, and thus this alternative model was included in Sect. III of the DSM-5 among concepts requiring additional study. This review provides an overview of the emerging research on this alternative model, addressing each of the primary components of the model.
Medication documentation in a primary care network serving North Carolina medicaid patients: results of a cross-sectional chart review

Background Medical records that do not accurately reflect the patient’s current medication list are an open invitation to errors and may compromise patient safety.
The Effect of Project and Process Characteristics on Product Development Cycle Time

As global competitive pressure increases and product life cycles compress, companies are trying to shorten product development cycle times. The author investigates the relationship between the actu...
A multiple-time-scale turbulence model based on variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum

A multiple-time-scale turbulence model of a single point closure and a simplified split-spectrum method is presented. In the model, the effect of the ratio of the production rate to the dissipation rate on eddy viscosity is modeled by use of the multiple-time-scales and a variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum. The concept of a variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum and the rest of the model details are based on the previously reported algebraic stress turbulence model. Example problems considered include: a fully developed channel flow, a plane jet exhausting into a moving stream, a wall jet flow, and a weakly coupled wake-boundary layer interaction flow. The computational results compared favorably with those obtained by using the algebraic stress turbulence model as well as experimental data. The present turbulence model, as well as the algebraic stress turbulence model, yielded significantly improved computational results for the complex turbulent boundary layer flows, such as the wall jet flow and the wake boundary layer interaction flow, compared with available computational results obtained by using the standard kappa-epsilon turbulence model.
Effects of defense spending on the Texas economy: An example of concave programming

Abstract The projected defense buildup by the Reagan Administration through 1937 will provide strong stimulus to the Texas economy. In this paper, we provide numerical estimates of the emerging additional output and the number of jobs in 173 productive sectors of the state's economy. The calculations are carried out inside the framework of a new concave programming format which makes it possible to compare the need for labor in 23 aggregate sectors with the projected available workforce. In sectors with scarce labor supply, wages will start to rise. The general price level will then also rise from the cost side. Appropriated defense dollars will then buy less real goods and services than originally envisaged. The model was solved using a computer code for successive linear programming. The computations represent one of the larger applications of this particular computer code to date.
99mTc‐MDP COMBINED BLOOD POOL AND BONE PHASE RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING IN PAPAIN‐INJECTED CARPAL JOINTS

Scintigraphic changes, i.e., increased activity, were induced by 1% papain, dissolved in phosphate-buffered physiologic saline (pH 7.4), injected into one antebrachiocarpal joint in each of eight dogs. Scintigraphic evaluation was by the use of combined blood pool and bone phase scintigraphy of affected and normal carpi over a 28-day period. The qualitative and quantitative scintigraphic appearance in injected carpal joints were very similar in both blood pool and bone phases. The clinical use of combined blood pool and bone phase scintigraphy to diagnose early inflammatory joint changes appears limited.
Cloning and characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae alkaline ceramidase with specificity for dihydroceramide.

In a previous study, we reported that theSaccharomyces cerevisiae gene YPC1 encodes an alkaline ceramidase with a dual activity, catalyzing both hydrolysis and synthesis of yeast ceramide (Mao, C., Xu, R., Bielawska, A., and Obeid, L. M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6876–6884). In this study, we have identified a YPC1homologue in S. cerevisiae that also encodes an alkaline ceramidase. We show that these two ceramidases have different substrate specificity, such that YPC1p preferentially hydrolyzes phytoceramide, whereas the new ceramidase YDC1p hydrolyzes dihydroceramide preferentially and phytoceramide only slightly. Neither enzyme hydrolyzes unsaturated mammalian-type ceramide. In contrast to YPC1p, YDC1p had only minor in vitro reverse activity of catalyzing dihydroceramide formation from a free fatty acid and dihydrosphingosine and no activity with phytosphingosine. Overexpression of YDC1p had no reverse activity in non-stressed yeast cells, but like YPC1p suppressed the inhibition of growth by fumonisin B1 albeit more modestly. Deletion of YDC1 andYPC1 or both did not apparently affect growth, suggesting neither gene is essential. However, the Δydc1 deletion mutant but not the Δypc1 deletion mutant was sensitive to heat stress, indicating a role for dihydroceramide but not phytoceramide in heat stress responses, and suggesting that the two enzymes have distinct physiological functions.
Message Framing and the Interrelationships among Ad-Based Feelings, Affect, and Cognition

Abstract This study presents a structural equation test of the interrelationships among ad-induced emotional and cognitive responses, attitude toward the ad (Aad), brand attitudes (Ab), and purchase intentions (PI). Consistent with past research, feelings affect Ab directly and indirectly via Aad Differences between positively and negatively framed print appeals are also examined. Findings indicate that feelings' effects on Ab offer a significant contribution regardless of the ad execution, but brand-related thoughts are more important in brand attitude formation when the message is negatively framed.
Automatic Priming of Semantically Related Words Reduces Activity in the Fusiform Gyrus

We used rapid, event-related fMRI to identify the neural systems underlying object semantics. During scanning, subjects silently read rapidly presented word pairs (150 msec, SOA = 250 msec) that were either unrelated in meaning (ankle–carrot), semantically related (fork–cup), or identical (crow–crow). Activity in the left posterior region of the fusiform gyrus and left inferior frontal cortex was modulated by word-pair relationship. Semantically related pairs yielded less activity than unrelated pairs, but greater activity than identical pairs, mirroring the pattern of behavioral facilitation as measured by word reading times. These findings provide strong support for the involvement of these areas in the automatic processing of object meaning. In addition, words referring to animate objects produced greater activity in the lateral region of the fusiform gyri, right superior temporal sulcus, and medial region of the occipital lobe relative to manmade, manipulable objects, whereas words referring to manmade, manipulable objects produced greater activity in the left ventral premotor, left anterior cingulate, and bilateral parietal cortices relative to animate objects. These findings are consistent with the dissociation between these areas based on sensory- and motor-related object properties, providing further evidence that conceptual object knowledge is housed, in part, in the same neural systems that subserve perception and action.
Cognitive dynamic logic algorithms for situational awareness

Autonomous situational awareness (SA) requires an ability to learn situations. It is mathematically difficult because in every situation there are many objects nonessential for this situation. Moreover, most objects around are random, unrelated to understanding contexts and situations. We learn in early childhood to ignore these irrelevant objects effortlessly, usually we do not even notice their existence. Here we consider an agent that can recognize a large number of objects in the world; in each situation it observes many objects, while only few of them are relevant to the situation. Most of situations are collections of random objects containing no relevant objects, only few situations "make sense," they contain few objects, which are always present in these situations. The training data contains sufficient information to identify these situations. However, to discover this information all objects in all situations should be sorted out to find regularities. This "sorting out" is computationally complex; its combinatorial complexity exceeds by far all events in the Universe. The talk relates this combinatorial complexity to Godelian limitations of logic. We describe dynamic logic (DL) that quickly learns essential regularities-relevant, repeatable objects and situations. DL is related to mechanisms of the brain-mind and we describe brain-imaging experiments that have demonstrated these relations.
Influence of endogenous catalase activity on the sensitivity of the oral bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the oral haemophili to the bactericidal properties of hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the genetically-related oral haemophili ( Hae mophilus segnis , Haemophilus aprhophilus and Haemophilus paraphrophilus ) exhibit a range of sensitivities to the lethal effect of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), A. actinomycetemcomitans being the most resistant. To extend this information, susceptibility to a range of H 2 O 2 concentrations (10 −6 -10 −3 M) was assessed by incubating bacterial suspensions for l h at 37°C in the presence of H 2 O 2 and spreading the suspensions on chocolate agar plates to determine the concentration of H 2 O 2 producing a 50 per cent reduction in colony-forming units (LD 50 ). Catalase activity was quantified with a dark-type oxygen electrode, which polarographically monitored the formation of dissolved oxygen in bacterial suspensions or sonicates following addition of reagent H 2 O 2 . Sensitivity to H 2 O 2 did not correlate with catalase activity, either in intact cells or in bacterial sonicates. Specifically, some bacterial strains with undetectable catalase activity were highly resistant to H 2 O 2 . Micromolar concentrations of sodium azide which completely inhibited cell-associated catalase activity did not affect the resistance of A. actinomycetemcomitans to H 2 O 2 . Thus, the endogenous catalase activity of A. actinomycetemcomitans and certain oral haemophili is not an important determinant of resistance to the bactericidal effects of H 2 O 2 .