cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Storage, RNA Extraction, Genechip Type, and Donor Sex on Gene Expression Profiling of Human Whole Blood

Background: Gene expression profiling of whole blood may be useful for monitoring toxicological exposure and for diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases. Several methods are available that can be used to transport, store, and extract RNA from whole blood, but it is not clear which procedures alter results. In addition, characterization of interindividual and sex-based variation in gene expression is needed to understand sources and extent of variability. Methods: Whole blood was obtained from adult male and female volunteers (n = 42) and stored at various temperatures for various lengths of time. RNA was isolated and RNA quality analyzed. Affymetrix GeneChips (n = 23) were used to characterize gene expression profiles (GEPs) and to determine the effects on GEP of storage conditions, extraction techniques, types of GeneChip, or donor sex. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were used to assess interindividual differences. Regression analysis was used to assess the relative impact of the studied variables. Results: Storage of blood samples for >1 week at 4 °C diminished subsequent RNA quality. Interindividual GEP differences were seen, but larger effects were observed related to RNA extraction technique, GeneChip, and donor sex. The relative importance of the variables was as follows: storage < genechip < extraction technique < donor sex. Conclusion: Sample storage and extraction methods and interindividual differences, particularly donor sex, affect GEP of human whole blood.
Hubble Bubble Trouble: The Need for Education About and Regulation of Hookah Smoking

A Middle Eastern tradition, hookah smoking involves burning flavored tobacco heated by charcoal, creating smoke that is filtered through water and ingested through the mouth using a hose. Hookah lounges are increasingly locating around college campuses in the United States, and websites offering hookah paraphernalia target U.S. high school and college students. In two studies involving interviews with college-age hookah smokers and analysis of website marketing practices, the authors investigate consumer beliefs and attitudes toward hookah smoking and the way it is portrayed online. The findings indicate that it is a social phenomenon, with young people introducing peers to the practice and websites promoting shared consumption experiences. Contrary to medical evidence, young people believe smoking sweetened tobacco through a hookah is nonaddictive and safer than cigarettes. Hookah lounges often are exempt from age restriction laws because many double as cafes and other eating establishments. Traditional tobacco warnings are not present in lounges or on websites. The findings highlight potential health dangers of hookah smoking and the need for education regarding this practice and demonstrate that regulatory oversight is needed.
Functional photoacoustic microscopy of pH

pH is a tightly regulated indicator of metabolic activity. In mammalian systems, imbalance of pH regulation may result from or result in serious illness. Even though the regulation system of pH is very robust, tissue pH can be altered in many diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus. Traditional high-resolution optical imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy, routinely image pH in cells and tissues using pH sensitive fluorescent dyes, which change their fluorescence properties with the surrounding pH. Since strong optical scattering in biological tissue blurs images at greater depths, high-resolution pH imaging is limited to penetration depths of 1mm. Here, we report photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) of commercially available pH-sensitive fluorescent dye in tissue phantoms. Using both opticalresolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), and acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM), we explored the possibility of recovering the pH values in tissue phantoms. In this paper, we demonstrate that PAM was capable of recovering pH values up to a depth of 2 mm, greater than possible with other forms of optical microscopy.
Neuroscience-informed auditory training in schizophrenia: A final report of the effects on cognition and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Abstract Objective We previously reported the interim effects in a per protocol analysis of a randomized controlled trial of an innovative neuroscience-informed computerized cognitive training approach in schizophrenia. Here we report the effects of training on behavioral outcome measures in our final sample using an intent-to-treat analysis. We also report the effects on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Method Eighty-seven clinically stable participants with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either targeted auditory training (AT, N=46) or a computer games control condition (CG, N=41). Participants were assessed on neurocognition, symptoms and functional outcome at baseline and after 50 hours of intervention delivered over 10 weeks. Serum BDNF was assessed at baseline, at 2 weeks, and at 10 weeks. Results After the intervention, AT participants showed significant gains in global cognition, speed of processing, verbal learning, and verbal memory, relative to CG participants, with no changes in symptoms or functioning. At baseline, schizophrenia participants had significantly lower-than-normal serum BDNF. AT participants showed a significant increase in serum BDNF compared to CG participants, and “normalized” levels by post training. Conclusions Participants with chronic schizophrenia made significant cognitive gains after 50 hours of intensive computerized training delivered as a stand-alone treatment, but no improvement in symptoms or functioning. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased, and may serve as a peripheral biomarker for the effects of training. Future research must focus on: 1) Methods of integrating cognitive training with psychosocial treatments; 2) A deeper understanding of underlying neurophysiology in order to enhance critical mechanisms of action.
Are Audit and Nonaudit Services Associated with the Delayed Recognition of Bad News

This study examines whether the tendency of managers to delay recognition of bad news about future cash flows is associated with the level of audit and nonaudit services provided by the incumbent auditor. The findings, based on multiple proxies to capture timely recognition of bad news, consistently suggest that economic dependence caused by audit and nonaudit services does not lead to delayed recognition of bad news. There is evidence that earnings of high-total fee clients have become more timely in reporting bad news in year 2001 relative to 2000, perhaps in response to mitigate investor concerns about auditor independence arising from fee dependence.
Designing Better Traveler Information Systems: Cognitive and Task-Related Factors

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) attempt to enhance the navigational performance of drivers. Such assistance is greatly wanted and needed by drivers. In order to create systems that help, and not hinder, individuals, designers of ATIS should consider many aspects of human factors. One important issue of ATIS is the appropriate use and design of displays, particularly auditory displays. The use of landmarks in auditory displays may also augment navigation performance, safety, and cognitive maps. Moreover, an ATIS should be designed so that the user can perform tasks of navigation planning more naturally. Finally, the goals of an ATIS should be aligned as closely as possible to the goals of the user, in order to increase user acceptance. Consideration of the above issues will result in enhanced performance, safety, and usability of ATIS. Pilot questionnaire data has been collected that supports some of the ideas suggested in the paper.
The Impact of Bank Lending Relationships on Mergers and Acquisitions

Information is particularly hard to obtain, but extremely valuable in the course of major corporate events such as acquisitions. As informed lenders, relationship banks are found to play a certification role in acquisitions. The greater the intensity of a prior bank lending relationship, the greater the probability that a firm will initiate and complete acquisitions. Conditional on those completed acquisitions, prior bank lending relationships are positively associated with the greater use of cash as a method of payment, indicating that studies finding positive abnormal returns for cash-financed acquisitions may contain bank certification effects. Furthermore, the market perceives the monitoring and screening associated with more intense bank lending relationships as certification of value, as evidenced by positive announcement effects.
WE-F-204-00: Fostering a Successful Career in Research

In recent years heavy focus has been placed on clinical careers in medical physics, and the pathways to such careers are well-known and well-described. For the future advancement of the field of medical physics, it is necessary the focus also include research-oriented careers. It is important for the younger generation of medical physicists to know that there are many career opportunities in research, and that it is quite possible to build a successful career in which research is a major component. We will hear from those who have already blazed a trail of success in academic and industry research careers in order to understand some of the most important decisions to make and skills to develop in order to be successful. Topics such as how to build a research program, how to develop your own lab, and how to initiate good collaborations are not generally taught explicitly but are integral to succeeding in a research career. Skills such as these are often best learned from the experiences of others. The challenges encountered in transitioning from graduate student to faculty member, securing the first grant, and moving into an industry research position will be highlighted and discussed. Learning Objectives: 1.Identify career paths built on interest in research 2.Understand basic steps to starting and maintaining a research career 3.Identify differences between research careers in academia and industry M. Giger, support by NIH and COI will be listed. J. Dempsey, ViewRay, Inc. has provided financial support for my research. R. Mohan, support from NIH.
Evaluating Attempted Solutions: If It Doesn't Work, Do Something Different

This chapter discusses attempted solutions for problem clarification and solution elaboration. The therapist and the client ideally specify the nature of the primary problem, the vision of the solution, and a description of a first step in the right direction. All three variables (problem, solution, first step) may not be fully clear at times. Fortunately, the evaluation of attempted solutions can occur even when some variables remain a little vague. The process may be more difficult and less precise, but like progress in the client's life, the therapy can proceed even in the absence of ideal conditions. The therapist's task here is the assessment of what has already been tried in attempts to solve the problem or arrive at the goal. Clarity about attempted solutions and their outcome is critical, because the therapist will base central decisions on this information. There are two possible directions that the therapy can take. One possibility is that the attempted solution is “working.” If this is the case, the primary intervention may involve encouraging the client to continue or expand it. It may also be important to assess whether there are obstacles to doing more of this behavior. After all, if “doing more of it” were that straightforward, the client might not have come to therapy in the first place. The other possibility is that the attempted solution is not working, or not working well enough. If this is the case, the primary intervention may be to encourage the person to discontinue it and to do something different.
Psychopathy Traits and Violent Assault Among Men With and Without History of Arrest

Although research suggests that the antisocial behavior (ASB) facet of psychopathy generally carries the greatest predictive power for future violence, these findings are drawn primarily from forensic samples and may reflect criterion contamination between historical violence and future violence perpetration. Likewise, these findings do not negate the association of other psychopathy facets to violence or their role in the development of violence, nor do they offer practical utility in the primary prevention of violence. There are a number of empirical and theoretical reasons to suspect that the callous affect (CA) facet of psychopathy may demonstrate stronger statistical association to violence in nonforensic populations. We tested the association of CA to severe acts of violence (e.g., assault with intent to harm, injure, rape, or kill) among men with and without history of arrest ( N = 600) using both the three- and four-facet models of psychopathy. CA was robustly associated with violence outcomes across the two groups in the three-facet model. When testing the four-facet model, CA was strongly associated with violence outcomes among men with no history of arrest, but only moderately associated with assaults causing injury among men with history of arrest. These results are consistent with data from youth populations that implicate early emotional deficits in later aggressive behavior and suggest CA may help to identify individuals at risk for violence before they become violent. Implications for the public health system and the primary prevention of violence are discussed.
The Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age

This book tells stories of interaction, conflict and common exchange between Berbers, Arabs, Latins, Muslims, Christians and Jews in North Africa and Latin Europe. Using individual biographies this book argues that North Africa was, in fact, an integral part of western history.
Estrogen-Induced Monocytic Response Correlates with Temporomandibular Disorder Pain: A Case Control Study:

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a set of conditions characterized by pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication. These pain conditions are associated with considerable morbidity, societal costs, and reduced quality of life. The prevalence varies between 4% and 10%, with females at higher risk, and a higher prevalence occurs during reproductive years. The increased prevalence of TMD in females and low prevalence in childhood reinforce that sex hormones, like estrogen, play an important, complex role in the pathophysiology of these disorders. The goal of this study was to determine whether women with TMD exhibit a monocytic hyperinflammatory response compared with control women, and to examine associations of monocytic inflammatory responses with clinical pain. Eighteen women, aged 18 to 35 y, were seen during their follicular menstrual phase. A blood sample was collected, a clinical questionnaire about pain history was administered, and a Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) exam was performed. Extracted monocytes were stimulated with the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in the presence and absence of estrogen, and the levels of IL6 expression evaluated. Women with TMD showed a systemic hyperinflammatory phenotype, manifested by an increased monocytic release of cytokines after an inflammatory insult, and this was further increased by estrogen. In addition, monocytes from participants who self-reported more pain on the VAS scale produced higher levels of IL6 compared with those from participants who self-reported lower pain sensitivity. These data suggest that an estrogen-induced hyperinflammatory phenotype in women with TMD may at least in part contribute to heightened clinical pain, perhaps via central sensitization.
Isolation and Confirmation of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 From Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2) was first isolated from leukemia patients, but has been found to be endemic among asymptomatic groups worldwide, including certain American Indian tribes. The virus infection is associated with a low incidence of disease among infected subjects, but has been found in patients with neurologic disorders and contributes to bacterial sepsis in AIDS patients. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation techniques revealed that a high percentage of HTLV seroreactivity among intravenous drug users and blood donors in the United States is caused by HTLV-2. Among serologic methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using whole virus preparations or in combination with recombinant and synthetic peptides are used as a primary screen for the infection. Antigen-capture systems have increased the sensitivity and accuracy in verification of HTLV-2 culture systems. The verification of HTLV-2 infection and detection of new strains of related viruses has been enhanced by employing virus-isolation methods using primary lymphocytes. Lymphocyte culture methods have also been used to test transformation properties of the virus and create stably expressing cell lines. This chapter briefly summarizes the biology of HTLV-2 infection and disease and details methods to isolate and verify the virus in lymphocyte cultures.
“Betty Is Someone I Will Never Forget”: An Experiential Learning Model with Older Adults

An introductory-level practice course for undergraduate social work students that focused on interviewing and professional relationship-building skills made use of its existing course structure and content to incorporate and infuse increasingly more gerontology content over the last several years. Based on an experiential learning and constructivist educational model, social work students develop an appreciation for and acquire knowledge about older members of society through one-on-one relationships. The course provides isolated individuals with support and companionship and the opportunity to contribute to the growth and development of the next generation of social workers. The article will discuss the course structure and content, theoretical learning model, and reactions of students who have completed the course over the last five years.
Successful Use of Nellix and Endovascular Aortic Sealing Technology for Treatment of Aortic Rupture in a Porcine Model.

Background Endovascular aortic sealing (EVAS) represents a recent transformation in approach for treatment of aortic aneurysms. Initial reporting has shown that EVAS using the Nellix device is safe with similar complication rates to standard endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). What remains unknown is how EVAS technology will behave in the ruptured setting. The purpose of this report is to discuss how EVAS system and endobag technology behave when deployed in a porcine model of aortic rupture. Methods A controlled left retroperitoneal rupture was created in 20 large swine. Following rupture, an EVAS system was deployed across the rupture site to seal the area. The primary end point was seal from ongoing hemorrhage. Other parameters were examined to include endobag extravasation, aortic wall pressure measurements and device behavior in a live tissue model. Results Of the EVAS systems used, 15 Nellix (Endologix, Irvine, CA) devices and 5 novel EVAS systems were used. Of the correctly deployed devices, 100% sealed the rupture (n = 19). One device was deployed above the rupture site, and seal was not achieved secondary to malpositioning. Endobag extravasation was seen with an average protrusion of 7.7 mm. No other areas of aortic injury were noted secondary to endobag trauma. Pressure recording from behind the endobag indicates loss of pulsatile flow to the aortic wall with polymer curing. Conclusions Endovascular aortic sealing for rupture is feasible and performs well in a porcine model of aortic rupture. Polymer extravasation is seen and may be controllable by the implanter. Once the polymer has cured, pulsatile aortic wall pressure is no longer present. EVAS represents an emerging technology for treatment of aortic rupture.
Spiritual Struggles and Problem Drinking: Are Younger Adults at Greater Risk than Older Adults?

ABSTRACTBackground: Although a good deal of research has assessed the positive effects that involvement in religion has on alcohol use, there is relatively little research on the negative aspects of religious life and alcohol problems. Objectives: This study has two objectives. The first is to see if spiritual struggles are associated with problem drinking. The second is to see if the relationship between spiritual struggles and problem drinking is stronger for younger than for older adults. Methods: The data come from a recent nationwide survey of adults of all ages who reside in the United States (N = 2142).The study was conducted in 2014. Problem drinking is assessed with the CAGE questionnaire. Results: The findings indicate that people who encounter more spiritual struggles are more likely to experience problem drinking. The relationship between spiritual struggles and problem drinking was stronger than the relationship between three other frequently used measures of religion and problem drinking (i....
FastMap, MetricMap, and Landmark MDS are all Nystrom Algorithms

This paper unifies the mathematical foundation of three multidimen- sional scaling algorithms: FastMap, MetricMap, and Landmark MDS (LMDS). All three algorithms are based on the Nystrom approximation of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a matrix. LMDS is applies the basic Nystrom approximation, while FastMap and MetricMap use generaliza- tions of Nystrom, including deflation and using more points to establish an embedding. Empirical experiments on the Reuters and Corel Image Features data sets show that the basic Nystrom approximation outper- forms these generalizations: LMDS is more accurate than FastMap and MetricMap with roughly the same computation and can become even more accurate if allowed to be slower.
The Effect of Propofol on Chronic Headaches in Patients Undergoing Endoscopy.

Objective. This study determined acute and long-term effects of propofol administration in patients with severe headaches undergoing endoscopic procedures. Background. Approximately 13% of the US population is affected by migraines or severe headaches. The effect of propofol on headaches more than a few days after the intervention has not been explored. Methods. We employed a nonrandomized, prospective observational study that recruited patients with chronic headaches who received propofol from an outpatient endoscopy center for either upper or lower endoscopies. Patients completed the six-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) questionnaire prior to the procedure and 30 days after endoscopy. Additionally, the patients’ response to propofol two days after endoscopy was assessed via phone. Results. The age of the participants ( ) ranged from 20 to 70 years. The mean HIT-6 composite scores were significantly lower ( ) 30 days after propofol administration when compared to baseline scores. Upon stratification, 23 patients indicated an improved condition, 7 a worsened outcome, and 1 showed no change. Furthermore, mean scores were significantly lower ( ) in three HIT-6 questions pertaining to the severity of pain, daily activity, and frequency of lying down. Finally, the mean pain score obtained was significantly lower ( ) two days after procedure. Conclusions. The results of this suggest that propofol administration should be considered in treating chronic headaches. Double-blind studies are necessary to confirm these results.
Case 26: General Anesthesia for a Patient with a Difficult Airway and Full Stomach

A 26-year-old female (ASA 2E), weight 260 lbs., height 5′6″, and BMI 43, is scheduled for an emergency appendectomy. She has a class 3 airway but tells you that she has a previous history of a traumatic and difficult endotracheal intubation. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medication. She refuses a regional block, as she has a lot of back problems. You decide on a fiber-optic intubation, but you are fully aware that topical anesthesia and sedation must be kept to a minimum in an attempt to maintain the patient’s protective laryngeal reflexes and decrease the likelihood of gastric aspiration.
Development and analysis of energy consumption map for high-speed machining of Al 6061-T6 alloy

Specific cutting energy consumption in high-speed orthogonal machining of Al 6061-T6 alloy has been analyzed in this work. The evaluated values of specific cutting energy are presented as an energy map developed over a cutting speed-undeformed chip thickness grid. Different regions characterized by energy consumption have been defined on the developed map. Very low values of specific cutting energy (up to 0.32 J/mm3) were observed for Al 6061-T6 alloy while machining over the cutting speed of 1500 m/min. Such low energy values have not been reported earlier in literature and they demonstrate another benefit of high-speed machining along with better surface finish, low cutting forces, and high production rate. The developed energy map revealed the presence of a very high energy zone in the midst of a comparatively low energy consumption region. A detailed analysis was performed to investigate the formation of this high energy zone or “avoidance zone.” The analysis of results revealed excessive built-up edge formation within this zone.
Classroom Computer Capsules: Individualized Computer Investigations for Calculus

(1992). Classroom Computer Capsules: Individualized Computer Investigations for Calculus. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 426-428.
Perioperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in traumatic bronchial avulsion

Abstract Traumatic bronchial avulsion is standardly treated with emergent lobectomy versus primary repair. We reviewed our experience with peri-operative use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to manage respiratory failure in two cases of pediatric chest trauma. ECMO can be an effective intervention to overcome respiratory failure, facilitate surgical repair, and promote healing in bronchial injuries as a result of blunt chest trauma in children.
Deep Fungal Infections in the Tropics

Although tropical deep fungal infections are uncommonly identified in North America, these disorders are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the clinician. Presented in this article is information on the management of patients suffering from mycetoma, chromomycosis, African histoplasmosis, or keloidal blastomycosis.
Role of Flexible Endoscopy in the Practice of Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery underwent an explosion in terms of patient demand, the number of procedures performed, and the number of surgeons performing it from the years 1998 to 2003. Since then, the insurance industry has successfully limited the growth of this field with blanket denials for coverage, adopting policies that require expensive riders for bariatric coverage, and otherwise limiting expenditures for bariatric surgery with the undocumented excuse that the rise in volume has led to increased complications. This has served to halt the beneficial spread of the only known successful treatment for the comorbid medical problems caused by severe obesity.
Ready player two: women gamers and designed identity

Video games have long targeted a young, predominantly white, cisgender, male audience, as many scholars have noted (e.g., Carly A. Kocurek 2015). Recently, however, this has changed, as social, mob...
Resource Allocation in Adaptive Virtualized Wireless Networks with Mobile Edge Computing

Due to ubiquitous presence of wireless connectivity and surge in internet of things (IoT) devices, the next generation wireless network is predicted to face crunch of resources. Wireless virtualization is regarded as a viable approach to enhance resource utilization efficiency by sharing and reusing the physical resources in the form of slices or virtual networks (VNs). Mobile edge computing (MEC), on the other hand, facilitates task offloading as well as fast content delivery by bringing the computation and cache resources to the edge of the network. In this paper, we investigate virtualization of physical infrastructure that is embedded with MEC resources. In particular, this paper presents resource allocation in adaptive virtualized wireless networks with mobile edge computing. First, we investigate how to create VNs for mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) based upon demand from users. Second, after creating the VN, how the MVNO can allocate resources to its users so that the utility (aka revenue) of the MVNO is maximized while satisfying users' quality of service (QoS). For the first problem, we propose an algorithm that incorporates demanded area of the MVNO, demanded spectrum, and computation and cache resources. Next, we present a collaborative resource allocation for maximizing the utility of MVNO while meeting the QoS requirements in terms of rates of the users. The performance is evaluated through numerical results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical results show that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of utility and spectrum utilization efficiency.
The Influence of Collaboration on Research Quality

Considering that counterterrorism measures are costly and cannot be afforded to fail, it is imperative that these policies are informed by evidence-based analysis. Yet the terrorism studies knowledge base continues to be dominated by conceptual pieces. To increase the number of evidence-based studies available to decision-makers, it is critical to test what kinds of research collaboration communities are the most likely to produce evidence-based research. The aim of the study is to fill this need. Drawing on models of knowledge production and social network analysis literature, normative and structural characteristics of a knowledge production system are delineated and operationalized as measurable indicators that are the most likely to correlate with the greatest amount of evidence-based studies per research community. A list of hypotheses is developed and tested in regards to terrorism research published between 1992 and 2013 by the means of regression and cluster network analyses of collaboration networks of authors and organizations contributing to terrorism research. The findings demonstrate that heterogeneous and organizationally diverse research groups are more likely to generate a greater amount of evidence-based research as compared to more homogeneous groups. Other predictors of the increase in the number of evidence-based studies produced by a research group are the group’s total degree centrality and internal link count, indicating that scientific collaboration among authors and organizations is essential to producing policy research based on data analysis.
Deep learning of 3D computed tomography (CT) images for organ segmentation using 2D multi-channel SegNet model

Purpose To accurately segment organs from 3D CT image volumes using a 2D, multi-channel SegNet model consisting of a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) encoder-decoder architecture. Method We trained a SegNet model on the extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) dataset, which was previously constructed based on patient Chest–Abdomen–Pelvis (CAP) Computed Tomography (CT) studies from 50 Duke patients. Each study consists of one low-resolution (5-mm section thickness) 3D CT image volume and its corresponding 3D, manually labeled volume. To improve modeling on such small sample size regime, we performed median frequency class balancing weighting in the loss function of the SegNet, data normalization adjusting for intensity coverage of CT volumes, data transformation to harmonize voxel resolution, CT section extrapolation to virtually increase the number of transverse sections available as inputs to the 2D multi-channel model, and data augmentation to simulate mildly rotated volumes. To assess model performance, we calculated Dice coefficients on a held-out test set, as well as qualitative evaluation of segmentation on high-resolution CTs. Further, we incorporated 50 patients high-resolution CTs with manually-labeled kidney segmentation masks for the purpose of quantitatively evaluating the performance of our XCAT trained segmentation model. The entire study was conducted from raw, identifiable data within the Duke Protected Analytics Computing Environment (PACE). Result We achieved median Dice coefficients over 0.8 for most organs and structures on XCAT test instances and observed good performance on additional images without manual segmentation labels, qualitatively evaluated by Duke Radiology experts. Moreover, we achieved 0.89 median Dice Coefficients for kidneys on high-resolution CTs. Conclusion 2D, multi-channel models like SegNet are effective for organ segmentations of 3D CT image volumes, achieving high segmentation accuracies.
Meaning of phase in subwavelength elastic scattering

Phase is a common wave parameter used to describe the consequences of light–matter interaction. When the scattering center is smaller than the wavelength, a simplistic geometric interpretation of the measured phase is insufficient. Using energetic arguments, we show that the appropriate description of measurements performed far away from subwavelength objects involves the duration and the effective volume of the elastic scattering event. Because the evanescent fields contribute significantly to coupling and releasing of energy, the effective interaction volume is significantly larger than the physical size of subwavelength particles. Our results also provide means to describe scattering phenomena in dense media where scatterers are in close proximity to each other.
Light-Matter Interaction in Disordered Metal-Dielectric Environments

We studied emission kinetics of HITC dye in disordered metal-dielectric environments and found that the latter, contrary to expectations, can reverse emission kinetics shortening in highly concentrated dyes, caused by a combination of relaxation processes. © 2019 the Author(s)
Career Counselling Interventions to Enhance Career Adaptabilities for Sustainable Employment

Today’s world of work consists of a number of changes and challenges that create uncertainty and insecurity in workers. Namely, the increasing sophistication and use of technology in the workplace, outsourcing of labor, and other modern business practices that emphasize a smaller workforce and increased efficiency can account for some of these insecurities. These factors have made lifetime employability a central issue in the lives of many workers. As a result, it is necessary to prepare people to deal with inevitable change and have the resources to effectively cope and maintain employment. Accordingly, to cope with the volatility in the world of work and the need for lifetime employability, it is proposed that the enhancement of career adaptabilities may provide the necessary foundation to successfully manage one’s career in a fluid world of work. Career adaptabilities are rooted in career construction theory (Savickas in Career development and counselling: putting theory and practice to work. Wiley, Hoboken, pp. 147–186, 2013) and consists of four coping resources: concern, control, curiosity, and confidence. Concern refers to caring about one’s vocational future; control refers to one’s sense of agency; curiosity refers to one’s initiative to learn about self and opportunities; and confidence refers to one’s capacity to successfully face challenges and overcome obstacles. The coping behaviors exhibited by the dimensions of career adaptability help to explain factors related to how people may engage in activities such as career planning, networking, skill development, and job search behavior. Engagement in these activities improve the likelihood of maintaining employability. This chapter describes how career adaptabilities play a role in employability related behaviors and counselling interventions that enhance career adaptabilities.
Risk Factors for Tibial Component Oversizing in Total Knee Arthroplasty among African Americans.

Incidences and risk factors for tibial component oversizing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have been well described, predominantly in Caucasian samples. Component oversizing has been linked to variations in proximal tibial shape and morphology, which has been found to be objectively different in African Americans compared with Caucasians. These anthropometric differences may affect the conformity of modern TKA systems to the anatomy of African Americans undergoing TKA. We sought to investigate the incidence and risk factors for tibial baseplate oversizing in an exclusively African American population undergoing TKA with a symmetric tibial baseplate. We reviewed the records of self-reported African American patients who had undergone a primary TKA at a single academic institution between 2005 and 2016. The primary outcome was incidence of tibial baseplate oversizing in the coronal and sagittal planes as determined by a single set of appropriately rotated postoperative orthogonal radiographs. Logistic regression models identified trends in oversizing within the population based on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and TKA model. Among all 525 knees being evaluated, the occurrences of medial and lateral overhang were 14.2 and 15.2%, respectively. Increase in age was associated with lower risk of medial tibial overhang (odds ratio = 0.97 for each 1-year increase in age). Simple linear regression models described a linear relationship between BMI and overhang, with every one-unit increase in BMI, medial tibial overhang is 0.031 mm higher and posterior tibial overhang is 0.062 mm higher. Mediolateral oversizing was approximately twice more likely in females than males. Among TKA models used, the Stryker Triathlon had the least risk for mediolateral oversizing and the P.F.C. SIGMA demonstrated the least propensity for anteroposterior oversizing. To conclude, incidence of mediolateral tibial oversizing in this population was common. Previously identified variables affecting proximal tibial morphology, including age, body morphotype, and gender, may be equally applicable to the conformity of tibial baseplates in this population. Surgeons must pay particular attention to avoid mediolateral tibial oversizing in this population, especially in obese and older patients.
Judicial Elections and State Court Accountability: A Survey of Wisconsin Voters

Scholars and pundits have recently decried the use of popular elections in the states to select judges, suggesting the legitimacy of courts and their decisions are in jeopardy due to a political and electoral environment skewed by increasing levels of partisanship — a trend that has accelerated since the United States Supreme Court loosened legal restrictions on elements of judicial campaigns in cases such as Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002) and Citizens United v. FEC (2010). This trend toward heightened partisanship has been evident in the State of Wisconsin, where several of the most recent contests for positions the state supreme court have seen increased spending by independent advocacy groups and greater focus on elections that previously drew little attention from the public. Additionally, the Wisconsin high court has been involved in resolving a number of recent political disputes that have erupted since the 2010 election, placing the justices in the center of several volatile partisan disputes regarding collective bargaining and voting rights. he study of judicial elections is essential because of the close connection between perceived legitimacy and the health of democracy. An inherent tension exists between accountability of courts to the public and the necessity of judicial independence to interpret the law regardless of public opinion. Prior to Minnesota case, there was little empirical research on judicial elections and public opinion. There has been an increase in statewide and national polls in the past few years, but there is still significant need to study these issues in greater depth within states in order to accumulate additional evidence. Utilizing polling data collected in a statewide survey of Wisconsin residents conducted October of 2011, the authors examined the perceived public legitimacy for the courts, including differences between local courts and the supreme court, the perceived partisanship of candidates for the Wisconsin supreme court, and the perception of various methods of judicial selection. The results suggest that, in particular, the legitimacy of Wisconsin Supreme Court has suffered, especially when examined in comparison to other state courts and institutions of government. At the same time, Wisconsin residents want to maintain the use of judicial elections, even preferring partisan to the current non-partisan elections. This finding also suggests that the Wisconsin public prefers accountability over independence in the judiciary. The fact that those who voted in the election correctly identified the ideology of the candidate along with support for partisan elections shows a desire for a judiciary that is accountable to public values and opinions. In a spring survey, the authors plan to address questions that further compare the public’s views judicial accountability and independence.
The moment‐to‐moment pitch dynamics of child‐directed speech shape toddlers’ attention and learning

Young children have an overall preference for child-directed speech (CDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS), and its structural features are thought to facilitate language learning. Many studies have supported these findings, but less is known about processing of CDS at short, sub-second timescales. How do the moment-to-moment dynamics of CDS influence young children's attention and learning? In Study 1, we used hierarchical clustering to characterize patterns of pitch variability in a natural CDS corpus, which uncovered four main word-level contour shapes: 'fall', 'rise', 'hill', and 'valley'. In Study 2, we adapted a measure from adult attention research-pupil size synchrony-to quantify real-time attention to speech across participants, and found that toddlers showed higher synchrony to the dynamics of CDS than to ADS. Importantly, there were consistent differences in toddlers' attention when listening to the four word-level contour types. In Study 3, we found that pupil size synchrony during exposure to novel words predicted toddlers' learning at test. This suggests that the dynamics of pitch in CDS not only shape toddlers' attention but guide their learning of new words. By revealing a physiological response to the real-time dynamics of CDS, this investigation yields a new sub-second framework for understanding young children's engagement with one of the most important signals in their environment.
Measurement of Electric Field in Composite Insulating Material with Defects

Outdoor insulators play a vital role in the reliable operation of power system. These insulators can develop defects either during manufacturing or service. It is essential to identify and replace the defective insulators before they result in a power outage. Electric field measurement technique is a widely recommended method for the detection of defects as it can measure the variation in electric field. This paper presents measurement of electric field in composite insulating material in the presence of conducting defects. A commercially available electro-optic probe was used for the measurement. Conducting defects of different lengths were attached to high voltage electrode and a relation between the length of the defect and the maximum electrical field measured was obtained. Electric fields were measured for defects of different thickness on the surface and inside the material. Results show that the defects closer to the surface can be easily detected as they create a larger variation in the electric field distribution.
Demographics, Treatment, and Cost of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures: Fixation Versus Revision.

Introduction:Periprosthetic femur fractures (PPFX) are complications of both total hip and knee arthroplasty and may be treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or revision arthropl...
Framed cord algebra invariant of knots in S1 × S2

We generalize Ng’s two-variable algebraic/combinatorial zeroth framed knot contact homology for framed oriented knots in S3 to knots in S1 × S2, and prove that the resulting knot invariant is the same as the framed cord algebra of knots. Actually, our cord algebra has an extra variable, which potentially corresponds to the third variable in Ng’s three-variable knot contact homology. Our main tool is Lin’s generalization of the Markov theorem for braids in S3 to braids in S1 × S2. We conjecture that our framed cord algebras are always finitely generated for non-local knots.
Medical student perspectives on conducting patient experience debrief interviews with hospitalized children and their families.

To explore how medical students completing a pediatric clerkship viewed the benefits and barriers of debrief interviews with hospitalized patients and families. In this study, focus groups were con...
Exploring the influences of profile perceptions and different pick-up lines on dating outcomes on tinder: An online experiment

Abstract Online dating is more popular than ever, and Tinder has established a new platform for online daters to communicate. The current study examined how dating profiles and pick-up lines influenced young heterosexual adults' dating intention on Tinder. The study recruited a total of 237 young heterosexual adults to participate in a 2 (profile gender) x 2 (message humor) x 2 (message compliment) online experiment. In the experiment, participants viewed a Tinder profile of their opposite sex and one of the four manipulated pick-up lines. The results showed that perceived attractiveness and perceived positive attributes (e.g., kindness, intelligence) of the person in the dating profile were significant predictors of both long-term and short-term dating intentions in the overall sample. Among men, the dating profile's perceived attractiveness was the sole predictor of long-term and short-term dating intentions. The dating profile's perceived positive attributes were a significant predictor of both long-term and short-term dating intentions among women. More importantly, message humor and message compliment had significant interaction effects on both long-term and short-term dating intentions among women. We discuss the contributions and implications to research on online dating research, evolutionary social psychology, and hyperpersonal perspective.