cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention in stroke making the right choice.

In 2004, approximately 9 million people worldwide experienced a stroke, with the majority being ischemic in nature. While the prognosis for recovery can be good, long-term survival and functional outcome can be improved. Stroke survivors are at an increased risk for recurrent stroke and other ischemic vascular events and face significant cross-risk for atherothrombotic conditions affecting the coronary and peripheral vascular beds. As such, the secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients with stroke has focused on the treatment of atherosclerosis as a whole, with antiplatelet therapy playing a key role. There is some controversy regarding optimal antiplatelet therapy following stroke. The appropriate use of specific agents, the impact of stroke type and proper dosing, and other questions stem from an incomplete understanding of the issues, variability in clinical trial data, diversity in patient demographics, and differences in antiplatelet regimens. This review evaluates the clinical evidence for antiplatelet therapy in patients that have suffered an ischemic stroke, with an emphasis on balancing the benefits of a particular antiplatelet regimen with its attendant risk profile. The critical assessment of emerging trial data and its impact on existing treatment guidelines may aid in choosing the most appropriate antiplatelet regimen for comprehensive secondary prevention following stroke.
The Effectiveness of Computer-Based Quizzes in a PSI Introductory Psychology Course

The personalized system of instruction (PSI) replaces lectures with written materials and frequent testing and feedback to insure that students master the material [1]. Student volunteer proctors typically provide most student-staff contact by correcting students' quizzes immediately and suggesting remediation. Numerous studies show that PSI is highly effective but necessitates a course structure that is difficult for instructors to manage. This study extends the work by PSI practitioners to computerize the testing procedures to provide feedback and guide further study. Students in our PSI introductory psychology course improved their subsequent performance on computer-based quizzes that gave feedback. They also improved their quiz performance as the term progressed. We discuss these results in the context of helping students improve as learners.
Cumulative Toxicity of Emetine Hydrochloride in Guinea Pigs

SummaryThe toxicity of emetine hydrochloride administered subcutaneously to guinea pigs is approximately the same whether the alkaloid is given in a single large dose or in repeated doses of 1/20 the acute MLD over a period of 40 days. Caution is indicated in the use of repeated doses in humans.
Effect of EV-71 infection on level of serum neuron-specific enolase in children with hand-foot-mouth disease and the clinical significance

Objective To explore the effect of EV-71 infection on level of serum neuron-specific enolase(NSE) in children with hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD). Methods A total of 100 children with HFMD in our hospital were randomly collected from April 2011 to November 2012 and enrolled as the HFMD group. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the results of virus EV-71 antibody detection: EV-71 positive subgroup(n=43) and EV-71 negative subgroup(n=57). Eighty healthy children were selected as the control group. Chemiluminescent methods were performed to detect serum NSE in different groups, which was then compared between the groups. Results Serum NSE level was higher in HFMD group than that in control group(P0.01), and higher in EV-71 positive subgroup than that in EV-71 negative subgroup(P0.01). Conclusion The level of serum NSE is higher in children with HFMD than that in healthy children, and it is also significantly higher in EV-71 positive patients, which indicates that children with HFMD predispose to nervous system damage, especially those with virus EV-71 infection.
Deep down at Chicxulub

The best-preserved large impact crater on Earth is overlain by a kilometre of sediment. It is possible to look not only through that wrapping but also beyond, at the effects of the impact at the crust–mantle boundary.
Parathyroid Adenoma Arising from Autotransplanted Parathyroid Tissue in Sternocleidomastoid Muscle: A Case Report with Review of the Literature

Total parathyroidectomy followed by autotransplantation in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism to prevent hypoparathyroidism is a relatively common surgical procedure. However, parathyroid adenoma arising in autotransplanted parathyroid tissue in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism is very rare. To date, less than 20 such cases have been reported in the English literature. Here we report a case of a 47-year-old African-American male with a history of end stage renal disease on dialysis undergoing a total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation in 2001, presenting with severe hyperparathyroidism and enlarged transplanted parathyroid tissue 6 years later. The palpable mass at the site of autotransplantation was excised. Grossly, the cut surface of the mass appeared brown-tan. Microscopically, the mass was well circumscribed and composed of sheets of small, round and relatively uniform cells, morphologically consistent with chief cells. No adipose tissue or oxyphil cells were found inside the mass. Cellular atypia was not identified. Based on the above morphological features and the patient’s history, the diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma arising from autotransplanted tissue was established. This case illustrates that parathyroid adenoma arising from autograph can cause hyperparathyroidism.
Approach to the endoscopic resection of duodenal lesions

Duodenal polyps or lesions are uncommonly found on upper endoscopy. Duodenal lesions can be categorized as subepithelial or mucosally-based, and the type of lesion often dictates the work-up and possible therapeutic options. Subepithelial lesions that can arise in the duodenum include lipomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and carcinoids. Endoscopic ultrasonography with fine needle aspiration is useful in the characterization and diagnosis of subepithelial lesions. Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors and large or multifocal carcinoids are best managed by surgical resection. Brunner's gland tumors, solitary Peutz-Jeghers polyps, and non-ampullary and ampullary adenomas are mucosally-based duodenal lesions, which can require removal and are typically amenable to endoscopic resection. Several anatomic characteristics of the duodenum make endoscopic resection of duodenal lesions challenging. However, advanced endoscopic techniques exist that enable the resection of large mucosally-based duodenal lesions. Endoscopic papillectomy is not without risk, but this procedure can effectively resect ampullary adenomas and allows patients to avoid surgery, which typically involves pancreaticoduodenectomy. Endoscopic mucosal resection and its variations (such as cap-assisted, cap-band-assisted, and underwater techniques) enable the safe and effective resection of most duodenal adenomas. Endoscopic submucosal dissection is possible but very difficult to safely perform in the duodenum.
A Role of Plasminogen in Atherosclerosis and Restenosis Models in Mice

In addition to its preeminent role in fibrinolysis, the plasminogen system is believed to play a key role in mediating cell migration. Leukocyte migration into the vessel wall is a key and early event in the development of the lesions of atherosclerosis and restenosis, pathologies which may be viewed as specific examples of vascular inflammatory responses. The development of mice in which the plasminogen gene has been inactivated affords an opportunity to test the contribution of plasminogen in leukocyte migration during in vivo. This article summarizes recent studies conducted in murine models of the inflammatory repsonse, restenosis and atherosclerosis in which leukocyte migration, and in particular monocyte/macrophage migration, has been evaluated in plasminogen-deficient mice. Recruitment of these cells through the vessel wall in inflammatory response models and into the vessel wall in restenosis and transplant atherosclerosis models is substantially blunted. These data implicate plasminogen in the migration of leukocytes in these murine models. With the numerous correlations between components and/or activation of the plasminogen system in restenosis and atherosclerosis, these results also support a role of plasminogen in the corresponding human pathologies.
PET-Guided Interventions from Diagnosis to Treatment

Positron emission tomography (PET) has revolutionized the management of cancer patients from diagnosis to treatment. Since the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) first approved PET coverage for initial staging of lung cancer in 1998, PET imaging has expanded to cover a wide variety of tumor types for both staging and monitoring treatment response. The role of PET imaging has continued to grow and has found itself inside of operating rooms and interventional suites. PET guidance has increased accuracy of biopsy sampling and improved assessment of margins following surgical and ablative therapies. The focus of this chapter is on the role of PET imaging in the diagnosis, treatment, and post-op monitoring of cancer patients.
The immunoglobulin G1 N-glycan composition affects binding to each low affinity Fc γ receptor

ABSTRACTImmunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is the most abundant circulating human antibody and also the scaffold for many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The destruction of IgG-coated targets by cell-mediated pathways begins with an interaction between the IgG Fc region and multiple varieties of membrane-bound Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) on the surface of leukocytes. This interaction requires the presence of an asparagine-linked (N-)glycan on the Fc, and variations in the N-glycan composition can affect the affinity of CD16A binding (an FcγR). Contemporary efforts to glycoengineer mAbs focus on increasing CD16A affinity, and thus treatment efficacy, but it is unclear how these changes affect affinity for the other FcγRs. Here, we measure binding of the extracellular Fc-binding domains for human CD16A and B, CD32A, B and C, and CD64 to 6 well-defined IgG1 Fc glycoforms that cover ∼85% of the pool of human IgG1 Fc glycoforms. Core α1–6 fucosylation showed the greatest changes with CD16B (8.5-fold decrease), CD16...
What's Important: Putting Patients First.

The thesis of this “What’s Important” essay is straightforward: quality patient care, which for orthopaedic patients first and foremost means pain relief and restoration of musculoskeletal function, must trump orthopaedist self-interest. Self-interest is a human iteration of basic survival instincts, and I don’t mean to suggest that it is inherently immoral. Neither can I deny that prospering—and sometimes even “making ends meet”—as a practicing physician has become more challenging in recent decades. But in clinical situations, the doctor’s self-interest should not supersede the patient’s well-being. A few years ago, a spine surgeon I know said that both laminectomy and fusion had sensible roles in treating disc disease. However, more recently he said, “I now fuse them all,” because reimbursement for laminectomies has plummeted in recent years. I also vividly remember giving a lecture about the basic science of fracture-healing and noticing a senior resident in the audience carefully trying to hide the newspaper he was reading. At the end of the session, I told him that he was setting a bad example for the more junior residents and that the subject of fracture-healing was important for his education. With what I found to be shocking candor, he said he was not interested in knowing more about fracture-healing …
History of antenna designs and measurements for JPL space missions

This paper provides a brief overview of the history in antennas and antenna testing, from the beginning of the space age until the present, for space missions carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
Stem Cell Transplantation for Relapsed and Refractory Burkitt Lymphoma.

Abstract Abstract 4589 Background: Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive and rapidly proliferating hematologic malignancy. Various chemotherapy regimens (HyperCVAD, CODOX-M/IVAC, REPOCH) have been shown to improve overall survival rate. However, in instances of relapsed or refractory disease, there is no clear-cut standard of care. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) has shown benefit in these patients. Here, we report our institutional experience using HCT for relapsed/refractory Burkitt lymphoma. Methods: Between February 1994 and January 2010, 13 patients (10 males, 3 females) with refractory or relapsed Burkitt lymphoma were retrospectively evaluated. The patients in question were administered a particular conditioning regimen followed by stem cell transplantation (11 autologous, 2 allogeneic). The average age at transplant was 41.8± 3.4 years (range 24 to 67). Stem cell source was from peripheral blood in all transplants including allogeneic (2 HLA-identical sibling transplants). The conditioning regimens for HCT consisted of the following: TBI/Rituximab/Cytoxan/VP16, TBI/Cytoxan/VP16, BEAM, Cranial Spinal boost/TBI/Cytoxan/VP16 or Cranial boost/TBI/Cytoxan. Results: On average, patients received transplant 299 ± 36 days after initial diagnosis (range 153 to 582). All patients achieved engraftment. For the 5/13 deceased patients (38%), cause of death was attributed to relapsed/refractory disease (n=2) and treatment related causes (n=3). Using the Kaplan-Meier method, the average survival time after transplant was computed at 27.7 ± 5.3 months and 75% were alive 2-years after transplant. Likely due in part to the small sample size, no covariates (age, gender, conditioning regimen, HIV status, presence of B symptoms, and CNS or bone marrow involvement) were found to be predictive of survival rates. Conclusion: Patients with Burkitt lymphoma, known for its rapid growth, can achieve long-term complete remission (CR) with intense, combination chemotherapy. Despite successful long-term remission rates, a substantial portion of patients die from uncontrolled disease. At the first sign of refractory or relapsed disease, resources should be mobilized to proceed with HCT. Our study, though limited in size, provides further compelling evidence that long-term CR, and potentially cure, may be achieved using HCT as a treatment modality. Download : Download high-res image (119KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Abstract 010: The Role of Angiotensin AT1A Receptors in Leptin-sensitive Cells in Resting Metabolic Rate Control

The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and leptin contribute to the control of resting metabolic rate (RMR) and their receptors are co-expressed in areas of the brain critical for metabolic control; thus angiotensin and leptin may interact within the brain to regulate RMR and obesity. Inhibition of the brain RAS attenuates sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) responses to leptin, leading us to hypothesize that the brain RAS mediates the RMR effects of leptin. Mice lacking angiotensin AT1Areceptors in leptin receptor-expressing cells (ObRb-Cre x AT1Aflox/flox; “KO”) exhibited normal body weight (15 weeks of age: control n=28, 26.0 ± 0.7, vs KO n=35, 25.8 ± 0.6 g), food intake (control n=12, 3.1 ± 0.15, vs KO n=15, 3.4 ± 0.14 g) and RMR (control n=13, 0.15 ± 0.004, vs KO n=15, 0.16 ± 0.006 kcal/hr) on standard chow diet. Brown adipose SNA responses to acute leptin injection, however, were completely attenuated in KO mice. When maintained on a 45% high fat diet (HFD), KO mice gained significantly more fat mass (control n=35, 5.6 ± 0.4, vs KO n=31, 7.4 ± 0.5 g, P<0.05) and body mass (control, 27.4 ± 0.6, vs KO, 29.6 ± 0.6 g, P<0.05) due to a loss of diet-induced thermogenesis (control n=22, 0.18 ± 0.008, vs. KO n=12, 0.16 ± 0.004 kcal/hr, P<0.05). KO mice exhibited attenuated hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression and partially attenuated RMR responses to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH; control n=3, 0.25 ± 0.01, vs KO n=7, 0.2 ± 0.01 kcal/hr, P<0.05) indicating that the interaction between leptin and AT1A modulates both αMSH production and action. To localize the site of the brain RAS-leptin interaction, we developed novel multi-transgenic mouse models which expresses GFP via the AT1Apromoter (NZ44, from GenSat) and/or conditional activation of a tdTomato reporter (ROSA-stopflox-tdTomato) in cells expressing the leptin receptor (ObRb-Cre) or agouti-related peptide (AgRP-Cre). Immunohistochemical staining of adrenocorticotropin in brain tissue from NZ44 mice revealed no localization of AT1A to POMC neurons; in contrast, AT1A was strongly localized with AgRP promoter activity. Taken together, these data support a critical role for angiotensin AT1Areceptors on AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus in resting metabolic rate control.
Ignition delay time measurements at practical conditions using a shock tube

Experiments are ongoing in our laboratory to study the ignition kinetics of hydrocarbonand hydrogen-based mixtures behind reflected shock waves at conditions representative of those seen in gas turbine and other engine applications. Engine conditions herein imply elevated pressures (10 atm and higher) and undiluted fuel-air mixtures. Lower temperatures (less than 1100 K) are also of interest in recent years for several reasons, including the possibility of autoignition in premixed systems prior to entering the main combustor and in the validation of chemical kinetics models at low-to-intermediate temperatures. Several different blends of methane-hydrocarbon and hydrogen-carbon monoxide fuels have been studied in recent years, and provided herein are sample results as well as details on performing measurements at higher pressures and undiluted fuel-air mixtures.
Comparative Effectiveness of Enoxaparin vs Dalteparin for Thromboprophylaxis After Traumatic Injury.

Background Enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily and dalteparin 5,000 units once daily are two common low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) thromboprophylaxis regimens used in the trauma population. Pharmacodynamic studies suggest that enoxaparin provides more potent anticoagulation than does dalteparin. Methods In 2009, our institution switched its formulary LMWH from enoxaparin to dalteparin followed by a switch back to enoxaparin in 2013. Using a difference in differences design, we contrasted the change in the VTE rate accompanying the LMWH switch with the change in a control group of trauma patients given unfractionated heparin (UFH) during the same period. Results The study included 5,880 patients: enoxaparin period (enoxaparin, n = 2,371; UFH, n = 1,539) vs the dalteparin period (dalteparin, n = 1,046; UFH, n = 924). The VTE rate was unchanged in the LMWH group: 3.3/1000 days in the enoxaparin period vs 3.8/1000 days in the dalteparin period: rate ratio (RR), 1.16; 95% CI 0.74-1.81. The rate was also unchanged in the UFH control subjects: 5.7/1,000 days in the enoxaparin period vs 5.2/1,000 days in the dalteparin period: RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.61-1.38. After confounding adjustment, the ratio of the change in VTE rate between the LMWH and UFH groups was similar: RR, 1.06; 95% CI 0.71-2.00. A secondary analysis excluding patients with delayed or interrupted prophylaxis (or both) altered this estimate nonsignificantly in favor of enoxaparin: RR, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.80-7.09. Conclusions Our results suggest that dalteparin has an effectiveness similar to that of enoxaparin in real-world trauma patients. Future research should investigate how the timing and consistency of prophylaxis affects LMWH effectiveness.
SCDT-38. SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF INTRAVENTRICULAR 131I-LABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 8H9 TARGETING THE SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN B7-H3 IN PATIENTS WITH CNS/LM DISEASE

AbstractTumors metastasizing to the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with significant mortality. We tested the toxicity and dosimetry of intraventricular I-labeled monoclonal antibody 8H9 targeting surface glycoprotein B7-H3 in patients with CNS. Tumor B7-H3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. CSF flow was determined by Indium-DTPA cisternography. 131 patients received 2 mCi tracer of intra-Ommaya I- or I-8H9 for nuclear imaging followed by a therapeutic injection (10-80 mCi, dose levels 1-8 in 10 mCi increments for phase I patients; expanded cohort 50 mCi/injection) I-8H9. Pharmacokinetics were studied by serial CSF and blood samplings over 48 hours. Dosimetry was based on pharmacokinetics and region of interest analyses on serial PET. Toxicity was defined by the CTCAE v.3.0. 8H9 dosimetry and therapy injections were repeated after 1 month if no serious adverse events or progressive disease ensued. Tumor response was determined by clinical, radiographic, cytologic criteria; overall survival was noted. 129 patients with primary or metastatic CNS tumors received 383 injections [median age 5.4 years (1.2- 53.6 years)] Injections were well tolerated and routinely administered in the outpatient setting. Rare self-limited adverse events included grade 1 or 2 fever, headache, vomiting, biochemical elevations in AST or ALT and 1 injection with grade 3 ALT elevation (dose level 3). Although not a dose limiting toxicity, myelosuppression occurred in patients who had received craniospinal radiation and at dose levels 6 and higher (>60 mCi). Of 93 patients treated for metastatic CNS neuroblastoma, an improved overall survival was noted compared to survival reported with conventional therapies. Interpatient variability for total absorbed dose to the CSF and blood was observed; mean absorbed CSF dose was 104.9 cGy/mCi by CSF sampling, and 2.6 cGy/mCi to the blood. We conclude that intraventricular I-8H9 is safe, has favorable dosimetry to CSF, and has clinical utility.
Kinesthetically Exploring Chromosomes from Cell Division and Meiosis to Mendelian Genetics

Physical models are widely used to help students understand what happens to chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. They can also be used to explicate the genotype-phenotype map. This laboratory exercise combines both these subjects at a level appropriate for a college-level genetics class. Students first trace the steps of mitosis and oogenesis, with special attention to ploidy and chromosome count. They then use the alleles arrived at by this process to build marshmallow creatures. Finally, they are introduced to more complicated modes of inheritance such as sex-linked traits, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits. Evidence of positive student attitudes and learning outcomes is presented.
Regulation of Cell Fate by Processed Vg1 Protein

Mesoderm induction during Xenopus development has been extensively studied, and two members of the transforming growth factor-β family, activin βB and Vg1, have emerged as strong candidates for the natural inducer of dorsal mesoderm. Analysis of Vg1 activity has relied on injection of hybrid Vg1 molecules, which have not been shown to direct efficient secretion of active ligand and therefore, the mechanism of mesoderm induction by processed Vg1 is unclear. Injection of Xenopus oocytes with a chimeric activin-Vg1 mRNA, encoding the pro-region of activin βB fused to the mature region of Vg1, directed the processing and secretion of mature Vg1, resulting in soluble preparations with a concentration of 100–500 ng/ml. Treatment of animal pole expiants with mature Vg1 resulted in formation of dorsal mesodermal tissues and dose-dependent activation of both dorsal and ventrolateral mesodermal markers. At high doses mature Vg1 induced formation of “embryoids” with a rudimentary axial pattern, head structures including eyes, and a functional neuromuscular system. Furthermore, truncated forms of the activin and FGF receptors, which block mesoderm induction in the intact embryo, fully inhibited mature Vg1 activity. Follistatin, a specific inhibitor of activin βB which does not block endogenous mesoderm induction, failed to inhibit Vg1. The results support a role for endogenous Vgl in dorsal mesoderm induction during Xenopus development.
Subcultural Differences in Drinking Behavior in U. S. National Surveys and Selected European Studies

It is particularly fortunate that the international conference on which this volume reports is being held in Scandinavia, in view of the many contributions to alcoholism made by researchers in all the Scandinavian countries during the last 20 years. This Scandinavian research has been an inspiration and material benefit to alcohol researchers in the U. S. for many years. We are looking forward to an expansion of collaborative research efforts with Scandinavian and other European colleagues in the immediate future.
Rounds versus Time for the Two Person Pebble Game (Extended Abstract)

The two person pebble game is used by Dymond and Tompa to obtain the simulation result \(DTIME(t(n)) \subseteq ATIME(t(n))\)and later by Paul, Pippenger, Szemeredi and Trotter to simulate deterministic "almost linear" time computations by linear time nondeterministic computations. We show the following results for the two person pebble game.
Learning user plan preferences obfuscated by feasibility constraints

It has long been recognized that users can have complex preferences on plans. Non-intrusive learning of such preferences by observing the plans executed by the user is an attractive idea. Unfortunately, the executed plans are often not a true representation of user preferences, as they result from the interaction between user preferences and feasibility constraints. In the travel planning scenario, a user whose true preference is to travel by a plane may well be frequently observed traveling by car because of feasibility constraints (perhaps the user is a poor graduate student). In this work, we describe a novel method for learning true user preferences obfuscated by such feasibility constraints. Our base learner induces probabilistic hierarchical task networks (pHTNs) from sets of training plans. Our approach is to rescale the input so that it represents the user's preference distribution on plans rather than the observed distribution on plans.
Protecting Visual Information in Augmented Reality from Malicious Application Developers

Visual applications -- those that use camera frames as part of the application -- allows for a rich, context-aware experience. The continuing development of mixed and augmented reality (MR/AR) on head-mounted displays (HMDs) furthers the richness of this experience by providing users a continuous vision experience, where visual information continuously provides context, and the real world is augmented by the virtual. However, these visual applications raise serious privacy concerns because they can capture private user information. To understand user privacy concerns in continuous vision computing environments, we study three MR/AR applications (augmented markers, augmented faces, and text capture). We show that in modern mobile visual applications, typical users are exposed to potential mass collection of sensitive information. To address such deficiencies, we develop a framework that provides resource isolation between user information contained in camera frames and application access to the network. We implement the design as a proof of concept on the Android operating system and demonstrate its performance and usability with a modern state-of-the-art augmented reality library and several augmented reality applications. By comparing the applications from our case study with modified versions which better protect user privacy, results show that our design efficiently protects users against data collection in MR/AR applications with less than 0.7% performance overhead.
Sustaining land registration benefits by addressing the challenges of reversion to informality in Rwanda

Abstract Although benefits from land registration are well documented conceptually, the empirical literature largely focused on first-time registration rather than the recording of subsequent transactions needed to ensure accuracy of the registry and expand such benefits via interoperability and full use of digital technology by private and public sector. While very active land markets did not increase inequality and urban informality remains low, combining administrative and survey data for Rwanda suggests that 5 years after completing first-time land registration, 87% of rural transactions remain informal. Affected groups, especially women and the poor, may face higher likelihood of conflict and diminished access to digital services using land data. Respondents are aware of the need to register transactions and, on average, they are willing to pay about 2% of land value to do so. Reforms to increase compliance by reducing rural fees to affordable levels (including a waiver for the poor) would be revenue-neutral but greatly enhance social welfare.
Off-Pocket Activity Cliffs: A Puzzling Facet of Molecular Recognition

While accurate quantitative prediction of ligand–protein binding affinity remains an elusive goal, high-affinity ligands to therapeutic targets are being designed through heuristic optimization of ...
Campus Diversity: The Hidden Consensus

Media, politicians, and the courts portray college campuses as divided over diversity and affirmative action. But what do students and faculty really think? This book uses a novel technique to elicit honest opinions from students and faculty and measure preferences for diversity in undergraduate admissions and faculty recruitment at seven major universities, breaking out attitudes by participants' race, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, and political partisanship. Scholarly excellence is a top priority everywhere, but the authors show that when students consider individual candidates, they favor members of all traditionally underrepresented groups - by race, ethnicity, gender, and socio-economic background. Moreover, there is little evidence of polarization in the attitudes of different student groups. The book reveals that campus communities are less deeply divided than they are often portrayed to be; although affirmative action remains controversial in the abstract, there is broad support for prioritizing diversity in practice.
Unintended consequences of institutionalizing peer support work in mental healthcare.

Abstract The widespread shift towards recovery-oriented mental healthcare has led to the extensive growth of peer-delivered services. Peer support workers draw on lived experience of mental health challenges and service use to provide non-clinical support services. As peer support services have grown, they have also formalized. This mixed-methods study of peer support work in Pennsylvania (USA) explores how peer support has been institutionalized, and identifies the intended impacts and unintended consequences associated with that process. In Pennsylvania, the inclusion of peer support services as a Medicaid reimbursable service, in addition to county level mandates regarding peer support service availability, have served to institutionalize the field. Data include 49 semi-structured interviews conducted with peer support workers (n = 35) and stakeholders (n = 14) in 2016. Qualitative analyses reveal changes to the scope and nature of peer support work, the peer workforce, peer client relationships, and to stigma in the workplace. Despite these changes, peer workers frequently remain underpaid and unable to advance professionally. The institutionalization of peer support serves as a barrier to worker entry and retention and highlights tensions between the consumer-driven origin of the recovery field and the current mental healthcare system. The institutionalization of roles defined by experiential expertise, such as peer support, has the potential to reduce the very centrality of experiential expertise, reproduce social inequalities, and paradoxically impact stigma.
Fusing Low-Resolution Depth Maps into High-Resolution Stereo Matching

This paper introduces a fusion algorithm to integrate low-resolution depth maps and stereo matching algorithms. Our fusion algorithm is a divide-and-conquer approach that produces a number of disparity maps over many small sections, named stripes, of the stereo images. The algorithm then uses statistical methods to evaluate each of these sections in order to produce an accurate high-resolution disparity map for a given scene.
ADR Clause by Any Other Name Might Smell as Sweet: England's High Court of Justice Queens Bench Attempts and Fails to Define What Is Not an Enforceable ADR Clause - Cable 7 & Wireless Plc v. IBM United Kingdom Ltd

The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division in England issued a ruling that provides sweeping support for the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in private pre-dispute contract clauses.' While this support might seem to aid in developing the growing ADR movement in England, the judge may have put the cart before the horse by enforcing a non-descript and broad ADR contract clause that lacks the specificity needed to ensure a fair outcome. This decision could be detrimental for disputing parties and the future of the ADR movement itself.
Could the United States Benefit from a Lockdown? A Cost-Benefit Analysis

Although COVID-19 vaccines are finally available, the rate at which they are administered is slow, and in the meantime the pandemic continues to claim about as many lives every day as the 9/11 tragedy. I estimate that with the promised rate of vaccinations, if no additional nonpharmaceutical interventions are implemented, 406 thousand additional lives will be lost and the future cost of the pandemic will reach $2.4 trillion, or 11% of GDP. Using a cost-benefit analysis, I assess whether it is optimal for the United States to follow the lead of many European countries and introduce a nation-wide lockdown. I find that a lockdown would be indeed optimal and, depending on the assumptions, it should last between two and four weeks and will generate a net benefit of up to $1.2 trillion.
Potential Therapeutic Targets for Olfactory Dysfunction in Ciliopathies Beyond Single-Gene Replacement.

Olfactory dysfunction is a common disorder in the general population. There are multiple causes, one of which being ciliopathies, an emerging class of human hereditary genetic disorders characterized by multiple symptoms due to defects in ciliary biogenesis, maintenance, and/or function. Mutations/deletions in a wide spectrum of ciliary genes have been identified to cause ciliopathies. Currently, besides symptomatic therapy, there is no available therapeutic treatment option for olfactory dysfunction caused by ciliopathies. Multiple studies have demonstrated that targeted gene replacement can restore the morphology and function of olfactory cilia in olfactory sensory neurons and further re-establish the odor-guided behaviors in animals. Therefore, targeted gene replacement could be potentially used to treat olfactory dysfunction in ciliopathies. However, due to the potential limitations of single gene therapy for polygenic mutation-induced diseases, alternative therapeutic targets for broader curative measures need to be developed for olfactory dysfunction, and also for other symptoms in ciliopathies. Here we review the current understanding of ciliogenesis and maintenance of olfactory cilia. Furthermore, we emphasize signaling mechanisms that may be involved in the regulation of olfactory ciliary length and highlight potential alternative therapeutic targets for the treatment of ciliopathy induced dysfunction in the olfactory system and even in other ciliated organ systems.
Characterization of the Features of Water Inside the SecY Translocon

Despite extended experimental and computational studies, the mechanism regulating membrane protein folding and stability in cell membranes is not fully understood. In this review, I will provide a personal and partial account of the scientific efforts undertaken by Dr. Stephen White to shed light on this topic. After briefly describing the role of water and the hydrophobic effect on cellular processes, I will discuss the physical chemistry of water confined inside the SecY translocon pore. I conclude with a review of recent literature that attempts to answer fundamental questions on the pathway and energetics of translocon-guided membrane protein insertion.
DROSOPHILA MTOR COMPLEX 2 PRESERVES MITOCHONDRIAL AND CARDIAC FUNCTION UNDER HIGH FAT DIET TREATMENT

Abstract High fat diet (HFD)-associated lipotoxicity is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, especially mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), has been previously implicated in HFD-induced heart dysfunction. In the present study, we find that unlike mTORC1, mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) protects hearts from HFD-induced cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila. We show that HFD feeding induces contractile dysfunction along with altered mitochondrial morphology and function. Upon HFD feeding, the mitochondria of cardiomyocytes exhibit fragmentation, loss of membrane potential, and calcium overload. Interestingly, HFD feeding also reduces the activity of cardiac mTORC2. In line with this finding, the flies with cardiac-specific knockdown of rictor, the key subunit of mTORC2, show cardiac and mitochondrial dysfunction similar to what is observed in HFD-fed wild-type flies. Conversely, cardiac-specific activation of mTORC2 by overexpressing rictor attenuates HFD-induced mitochondrial and cardiac dysfunction. Thus, our findings suggest that mTORC2 is a cardioprotective factor and regulates mitochondrial homeostasis upon HFD feeding.
Multinationals, globalisation, and industrial relations

Since 1980 there has been an extraordinary growth in corporate globalisation, marked by a greater than eight-fold increase in the number of multinationals and a nearly twelve-fold increase in foreign direct investment (UNCTAD 2004: Table B.3, 376). As of 2004, there were over 61,000 multinational companies (MNCs) that had ownership in over 900,000 foreign affiliated operations dispersed around the world. These foreign affiliates alone managed over US $31 trillion in assets, generated over US $17 trillion in sales, accounted for some 33 per cent of exports and 10 per cent of gross domestic product worldwide, and employed more than 54 million employees (UNCTAD 2004: 8-9). The everexpanding transnational reach and influence of MNCs in the world economy raises a number of important industrial relations issues, especially against a backdrop in which union penetration has generally declined across most countries and stagnated in others over the last two decades (see Chapter 10).
Chapter 15 Computer Enhanced Hyphenation in Chromatography Present and Future

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on computer enhanced hyphenation in chromatography. Chromatographers have always been interested in obtaining the maximum amount of information from their separations. From the outset, practitioners of chromatography have sought detectors of greater specificity, sensitivity, and generality. With the advent of fast inexpensive laboratory computers, more ambitious combinations involving multiple detectors have become common. This development is primarily the result of the availability of computers with sufficient computational speed and data storage capacity to deal with the large amount of information inherently available from such integrated analytical systems. There are currently two commercially available GC-IR-MS systems. GC-IR-MS system involves the simultaneous linkage of both a mass and an infrared spectrometer with a gas chromatograph. The first GC-IR-MS system introduced to the market was the Hewlett Packard GC-IRD-MSD system, which employed the optimized lightpipe-based infrared detector (IRD) in combination with the MSD mass spectrometer.
Computational Aspects of Lexical Functional Grammar

The area of grammar engineering has been a central and active field in computational linguistics. One of the formal frameworks used for the development of computational grammars for a large variety of languages is lexical functional grammar (LFG). This article first introduces the formal and computational foundations of LFG by presenting the correspondence architecture via which the central linguistic representations of LFG, c-structure and f-structure, are linked, and it addresses the computational complexity of LFG parsing. In the second half, it gives an overview over work in LFG-based grammar engineering, focusing on techniques aimed at facilitating multilingual grammar development and ambiguity management.
MetaDiff: differential isoform expression analysis using random-effects meta-regression

RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) allows an unbiased survey of the entire transcriptome in a high-throughput manner. A major application of RNA-Seq is to detect differential isoform expression across experimental conditions, which is of great biological interest due to its direct relevance to protein function and disease pathogenesis. Detection of differential isoform expression is challenging because of uncertainty in isoform expression estimation owing to ambiguous reads and variability in precision of the estimates across samples. It is desirable to have a method that can account for these issues and is flexible enough to allow adjustment for covariates. In this paper, we present MetaDiff, a random-effects meta-regression model that naturally fits for the above purposes. Through extensive simulations and analysis of an RNA-Seq dataset on human heart failure, we show that the random-effects meta-regression approach is computationally fast, reliable, and can improve the power of differential expression analysis while controlling for false positives due to the effect of covariates or confounding variables. In contrast, several existing methods either fail to control false discovery rate or have reduced power in the presence of covariates or confounding variables. The source code, compiled JAR package and documentation of MetaDiff are freely available at https://github.com/jiach/MetaDiff . Our results indicate that random-effects meta-regression offers a flexible framework for differential expression analysis of isoforms, particularly when gene expression is influenced by other variables.
Predictors of self-injury cessation and subsequent psychological growth: results of a probability sample survey of students in eight universities and colleges

Factors affecting non-suicidal self-injury cessation are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify differences between individuals with current and past non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a large probability sample of university students using quantitative and qualitative methods. Predictors of psychological growth related following NSSI cessation were also examined. The sample included 836 students who participated in a larger online study of well-being at eight U.S. colleges and who reported current or past history of repeated NSSI. The average age of respondents used in analysis was 21.3 years. They were 78.3 % female and 21.7 % male and were 70.7 % Caucasian, 1.4 % African American/Black, 5.5 % Hispanic, 7.8 % Asian/Asian American and 14.7 % other. Analyses tested differences in demographics, NSSI characteristics (e.g. lifetime frequency, number of NSSI functions, NSSI disclosure), formal help-seeking, psychosocial factors, and mental health and trauma histories. Individuals with current NSSI status were more likely to be female and slightly younger, to report higher NSSI lifetime frequency, more NSSI forms and functions, thinking of themselves as a “self-injurer”, and current psychological distress. Individuals with current NSSI status were less likely to report that self-injury interfered with life, that therapy was useful in stopping, perceiving social support, having a sense of meaning in life, access to more emotion regulation strategies, and life satisfaction. Qualitative data suggested that cessation may be attributable to changes in ability to regulate emotion (62.6 %), self-awareness (38.7 %), and important relationships to others (36.0 %). Psychological growth after stopping NSSI was predicted by more severe NSSI (form and perceived NSSI dependence), having talked about NSSI with others and higher numbers of confidantes, perceived life satisfaction, and a history of suicide action. These findings add to the still nascent body of literature examining processes related to NSSI cessation. Our results point to the importance of help-seeking and social support, as well as psychosocial processes in stopping NSSI.
Characterization of pore structure of copolymer-templated periodic mesoporous organosilicas

The diameters of entrances to the large cage-like mesopores (7–10 nm) of triblock-copolymer-templated periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with ethylene (-CH 2 −CH 2 -) bridging groups were determined on the basis of nitrogen and argon adsorption isotherms for unmodified and organosilane-modified materials. The polymers used for the PMO synthesis were Pluronic P123 poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (EO 20 PO 70 EO 20 ) and B50-6600 poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (EO 39 BO 47 EO 39 ). Hysteresis loops of argon adsorption isotherms for unmodified PMOs closed at the lower limit of adsorption-desorption hysteresis, thus indicating the pore entrance diameter below 4 nm. The pores of the PMO templated with EO 39 BO 47 EO 39 triblock copolymer were largely blocked after the surface modification with octyldimethylsilyl groups, thus suggesting the pore entrance size below ≈2.9 nm. The PMO templated by EO 20 PO 70 EO 20 copolymer still exhibited accessible porosity after the modification with the latter groups, which in combination with the results of argon adsorption points to the pore entrance diameter between 2.9 and 4.0 nm.
THE LONG-BASELINE NEUTRINO EXPERIMENT IN THE US

We report on the status of the Long-baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) and the physics potential of the LBNE research program. LBNE (Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment) is an accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiment. LBNE will produce a muon-neutrino beam using protons from Fermilab’s Main Injector and will detect electron-neutrino appearance and muon-neutrino disappearance using a Liquid Argon TPC located at a distance of 1300 km at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota. The primary physics motivation of LBNE is to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy, to determine the octant of the neutrino mixing angle q23, to search for CP violation in neutrino oscillation, and ultimately, to precisely measure the size of any CP-violating effect that is discovered. LBNE is envisioned as a phased program with international participation and leadership. The first phase of the experiment is currently in the detailed-design stage which includes engineering design of the neutrino beamline and underground caverns for the far and near detectors.
POLICE RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: SITUATIONS INVOLVING VETERANS EXHIBITING SIGNS OF MENTAL ILLNESS*

Drawing on attribution theory, research on police discretion, and public attitudes toward mental illness, we examine attributional processes in police decision making in response to domestic violence situations involving veterans and nonveterans with signs of mental illness. Using data from experimental vignettes varying veteran status, victim injury, and suspect compliance administered to a sample of 309 police officers, the results indicate that 1) veterans are perceived as less responsible for troublesome behavior but more dangerous than nonveterans, 2) suspects’ veteran status has a significant effect on officers’ preference for mental health treatment versus arrest, and 3) part of the effect of veteran status on officer response is mediated by internal and external attributions for problematic behavior and by perceptions of dangerousness. The study empirically demonstrates countervailing processes in police decision making—recognition of the causes for troublesome behavior and the need for mental health treatment on the one hand and concern for community safety and enforcing the law on the other.