cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen deposition, terrestrial carbon uptake and changes in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2

Observational evidence indicates an increasing trend in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO 2 over the last several decades. Here, the influence of nitrogen deposition on the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO 2 is investigated using a global carbon cycle model embedded in a 3-D general circulation model. We employ a recently published estimate of the enhancement of carbon dioxide uptake induced by the atmospheric deposition of NO y and NH x . We partition the carbon sink related to nitrogen deposition over the seasonal cycle of CO 2 uptake. The modeled increase in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of CO 2 in the Northern Hemisphere related to the simulated nitrogen deposition alone is 25%-50% of observed. At Mauna Loa the increased amplitude in the CO 2 seasonal cycle due to nitrogen deposition is 50-90% of that observed. The subtle interaction between 3-D atmospheric transport, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and seasonal CO 2 uptake results in significant changes in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO 2 . The magnitude of these nitrogen deposition-induced changes in the atmospheric behavior of CO 2 is comparable to other processes that are thought to influence global carbon cycle dynamics.
Neck Pain following Laminoplasty

Study Design Retrospective evaluation of prospectively collected data. Objective To compare preoperative and postoperative neck pain following laminoplasty using the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Methods Seventy-two patients undergoing laminoplasty from 2006 to 2009 at a single institution were identified. Thirty-four patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up who completed preoperative, 6-week, and 1-year postoperative NDI questionnaires were enrolled. Demographic data and surgical data including estimated blood loss (EBL), length of surgery, number of laminoplasty levels, complications, and length of hospitalization were collected. Results Mean age was 62 years (range: 34 to 88), mean follow-up was 17 months (range: 12 to 31), and there were 21 men and 13 women. Diagnoses were cervical spondylotic myelopathy ( n = 26), ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament ( n = 6), and central cord syndrome ( n = 2). Mean EBL was 120 mL (range: 50 to 200), and mean surgical time was 152 minutes (range: 70 to 240). Average number of laminoplasty levels was 3 (range: 1 to 5). The open door technique was used, and 24/34 (71%) did not have laminoplasty at C3 and C7. No intraoperative complications were noted, and average hospital stay was 1.6 days (range: 1 to 7). Significant improvement in NDI total score was noted at 1 year ( p p p Conclusions Patients having laminoplasty experienced significant improvement in NDI pain subscore and NDI total scores at a minimum of 1 year postoperatively.
Application of phase retrieval for predicting a high-intensity focused laser field

Multiple-focal-plane spatial phase retrieval for a chirped-pulse-amplification laser is demonstrated for the first time. Advantages of this method are simplicity of setup, ability to measure angular dispersion, and potential integration into precision, on-shot focal-spot diagnostics.
The Process of Curriculum Development and Implementation for an Adolescent Health Project in Middle Schools

Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries and is showing no signs of abating. The causes of obesity in adolescence are extremely complex, and therefore approaches to prevention and treatments must be multifaceted. Early adolescence is a developmental period when youth are becoming more independent, are influenced by peers, and are making more decisions related to their own health and lifestyles. The purpose of this article is to describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a multilevel school-based intervention program for middle school students in the Teen Eating and Activity Mentoring in Schools (TEAMS) project. Critical components of success included an interdisciplinary approach, applying available curricula to meet contextual characteristics, and involvement of all stakeholders in planning, evaluating, and refining the program.
Chemonucleolysis with Collagenase A Radiographic and Pathologic Study in Dogs

Collagenase, a proteolytic enzyme, was injected intradiscally in nine clinically normal, middle-aged beagles. Calcium chloride diluent solution (control), 100 ABC units of collagenase, and 250 ABC units of collagenase, were injected in randomly selected intervertebral discs (T13-L1 to L5-L6). On day 11, the discs injected with collagenase were narrowed radiographically, but there was no significant change in myelograms. Grossly and histologically, there was dissolution of the intervertebral discs, mainly nucleus pulposus, and protrusion of nucleus material in the vertebral body through bony end-plates in discs injected with collagenase. Collagenase chemonucleolysis may be an alternative to spinal surgery for intervertebral disc protrusion in dogs.
A Coaxial Guide Wire–Catheter Technique to Facilitate Right Adrenal Vein Sampling: Evaluation in 76 Patients

A technique to facilitate blood sampling from the right adrenal vein is described. Between May 2012 and February 2015, 148 adrenal vein sampling (AVS) procedures were attempted. In 72 procedures, a simple 5-F end-hole catheter was employed. In 76, a coaxial guide wire technique was used when blood could not be aspirated, whereby a 0.018-inch guide wire was passed through the catheter and into a branch of the right adrenal vein and the sample was drawn around the wire by using a side-arm adaptor. Successful sampling was achieved in 71 of the 72 catheter-only procedures (98.6%) and in 75 of the 76 coaxial wire-assisted procedures (98.7%). This simple technique may eliminate the need for multiple catheter exchanges during AVS.
Landscape genetics and population structure in Valley Oak (Quercus lobata Née)

Premise of the study Although long-distance pollen movement is common in wind-pollinated trees, barriers to gene flow may occur in species that have discontinuous ranges or are confined to certain habitat types. We investigated the genetic structure of Quercus lobata Nee populations throughout much of their range in California. We assessed the connectivity of populations and determined if barriers to gene flow occurred, and if so, if they corresponded to landscape features. Methods We collected leaf samples from 270 trees from 12 stands of Quercus lobata and genotyped these trees using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Genetic structure and clustering was evaluated using genetic distance methods, Bayesian clustering approaches, and network analysis of spatial genetic structure. Key results The southernmost population of Quercus lobata sampled from the Santa Monica area comprised a separate genetic cluster from the rest of the species, suggesting that Transverse Ranges such as the San Gabriel Mountains limit gene flow. Population differentiation among the other sites was small but significant. Network analysis reflected higher connectivity among populations along the Central Coast range, with few connections spanning the dry, low Central Valley. Conclusions While long distance pollen movement has been shown to be common in oaks, on larger spatial scales, topographic features such as mountain ranges and the large, flat Central Valley of California limit gene flow. Such landscape features explain gene flow patterns much better than geographic distance alone.
Multi-Point and Generalized Circuit Switching

In the previous chapter, we were concerned with making point-to-point connections. Formally, let I be a set of M inputs. and O be a set of N outputs. A point-to-point connection pattern is defined as a set of pairs C = {(i,o)} for which the i E I are distinct, and o E O are also distinct. In Mathematics, C is also known as a one-to-one mapping (Figure 1).
Analgesic Management of Chronic Pain Patients in the ICU

Management of chronic pain patients presents a unique challenge to critical care providers. These patients may have significant opioid tolerance and exhibit signs of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Me...
A 6-Regular Torus Graph Family with Applications to Cellular and Interconnection Networks

This paper introduces a special graph family, together with an extensive characterization of some of its properties and two of its immediate applications. The graph denoted by Ti,j, is a regular hexavalent toroidal graph. The topological features of Ti,j include vertex symmetry, Hamiltonian decomposition, translation and rotation isomorphism. Topologically, the graph is a torus, while algebraically, it can also be expressed as a Cayley graph, defined on the cyclic group , where k can be determined from the (i,j) parameters defining graph T i,j . As a direct consequence, the proposed graph, which has j
α-Satellite DNA and Vector Composition Influence Rates of Human Artificial Chromosome Formation

Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) have been proposed as a new class of potential gene transfer and gene therapy vector. HACs can be formed when bacterial cloning vectors containing α-satellite DNA are transfected into cultured human cells. We have compared the HAC-forming potential of different sequences to identify features critical to the efficiency of the process. Chromosome 17 or 21 α-satellite arrays are highly competent HAC-forming substrates in this assay. In contrast, a Y-chromosome-derived α-satellite sequence is inefficient, suggesting that centromere specification is at least partly dependent on DNA sequence. The length of the input array is also an important determinant, as reduction of the chromosome-17-based array from 80 kb to 35 kb reduced the frequency of HAC formation. In addition to the α-satellite component, vector composition also influenced HAC formation rates, size, and copy number. The data presented here have a significant impact on the design of future HAC vectors that have potential to be developed for therapeutic applications and as tools for investigating human chromosome structure and function.
Asculum Defeats: Prosecutorial Losses in the Military Commissions and How They Help the United States

Small but consistent failures have marked the U.S. endeavor to use military commissions in the struggle against Al Qaeda. The handful of cases have mostly ended in reversals of convictions and sentences. This article will consider the possibility that conflating two kinds of crimes created the legal errors that led to these defeats. Law of war military commissions have historically been used not only as extraordinary venues for prominent war criminals, but also for preserving the vital role of combatant immunity. Commissions thus tried those accused of grave breaches of international law as well as the kind of ordinary belligerency offenses that would not even have been illegal had the perpetrators been legitimate combatants. Because the military commissions stemming from the War on Terror drew precedent from all manner of past military commissions, whose rules contemplated trials for both kinds of accused, the government wandered into an ever-more labyrinthine view of the law appropriate to the commissions. The article will consider the completed cases, focusing on the prosecution’s choice to emphasize inchoate offenses. It will then compare international and domestic law and suggest that the government’s losses occurred because of the inappropriate amalgamation of grave breaches and belligerency offenses, and that the assessment of liability is very different between the two. International law has long recognized some species of expansive liability for grave breaches, but not for belligerency offenses. Because most detainee trials to date have been for belligerency offenses, the reliance on offenses like conspiracy and material support for terrorism has led to a string of reversals. This article will suggest, however, that these defeats suffered by the U.S. have actually been to its benefit. In the short term, the loss of confidence in the military commissions might make possible a federal trial for some of the remaining detainees, such as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed. The world benefits from a public trial of persons accused of grave breaches, but a U.S. military commission can no longer realize most of that potential benefit. In the long term, a regime of international law that provided expanded liability for belligerency offenses would greatly harm U.S. strategic interests. By losing a series of small judicial battles, the U.S. is positioned to win a much more significant war.
The Development of Laser Treatment for Infant Hemangioma

Skin hemangioma is the most common benign cutaneous tumor of infancy.Early laser intervention of hemangioma is recommended to inhibit their proliferation,induce their regression and shorten the course of treatment.Recently,with the development of the laser technology,various lasers have been used on hemangioma treatment based on the absorption peaks for oxyhemoglobin.This paper discussed and evaluated various vascular-specific lasers,including flash lamp pumped pulsed dye laser,the 532 nm laser(KTP),the 1 064 nm Nd:YAG laser,in the application of infant hemangiomas.
Creating a New Order——On the Sense of Form in Freud's Paintings

Freud's reconstruction of old painting principle made every work more meaningful. He created extreme imbalance in paintings and formed his own characters-correspondence. His works are the new judgment standard of artistic value and rose to heights of actively creating newprinciple. His artistic language in paintings reflects the refusal to old principle.
Positive News Makes Readers Feel Good: A “Silver-Lining” Approach to Negative News Can Attract Audiences

ABSTRACTAfter much criticism that the media publish too much negative news, some media outlets have dedicated themselves to publishing only happy, upbeat stories. The current experiment examined the positive news industry by testing the effects of three types of story valence—positive, negative, and silver lining—on readers’ affect, story enjoyment, perceived well-being, and sharing intentions. Results suggest that valence plays a significant role in readers’ affect, in that positive news makes readers feel good. Additionally, findings suggest that the silver-lining story—one that highlights a positive outcome of a negative event—may present a practical way for media outlets to maintain the time-honored surveillance function of negative news yet also reap the affective benefits of positive news.
Is There a causal relation between maternal acetaminophen administration and ADHD

Objective Recent epidemiological studies reported an association between maternal intake of acetaminophen (APAP) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in their children. However, none of these studies demonstrated causality. Our objective was to determine whether exposure to APAP during pregnancy result in hyperkinetic dysfunctions in offspring, using a murine model.
MapReduce Programming Platform

The main objective of this chapter is to explain the MapReduce framework based on RevolutionAnalytics’ RHadoop environment. The MapReduce framework relies on its underlying structures, the parametrization, and the parallelization. These structures have been explained clearly in this chapter. The implementation of these structures requires a MapReduce programming platform. An explanation of this programming platform is also presented together with a discussion on the three important functions, mapper(), reducer(), and mapreduce(). These functions help the implementation of the parametrization and parallelization structures to address scalability problems in big data classification. The chapter also presents a set of coding principles, which provide good programming practices to the users of the MapReduce programming platform in the context of big data processing and analysis. Several programming examples are also presented to help the reader to practice coding principles and better understand the MapReduce framework.
Leaf Phosphate Status and its Effects on Photosynthetic Carbon Partitioning and Export in Sugar Beet

The level of orthophosphate (Pi) in plant tissues may be involved in the regulation of photosynthate partitioning (1–3). In this study, we report how nutritionally-induced changes in leaf phosphate status affect: i) the partitioning of photosynthate between starch, sucrose and glucose, ii) the activities of key enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism; and iii) the rate of carbon export from the leaf blade to the remainder of the plant.
The natural killer cell response to West Nile virus in young and old individuals with or without a prior history of infection

West Nile virus (WNV) typically leads to asymptomatic infection but can cause severe neuroinvasive disease or death, particularly in the elderly. Innate NK cells play a critical role in antiviral defenses, yet their role in human WNV infection is poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that NK cells mount a robust, polyfunctional response to WNV characterized by cytolytic activity, cytokine and chemokine secretion. This is associated with downregulation of activating NK cell receptors and upregulation of NK cell activating ligands for NKG2D. The NK cell response did not differ between young and old WNV-naive subjects, but a history of symptomatic infection is associated with more IFN-γ producing NK cell subsets and a significant decline in a specific NK cell subset. This NK repertoire skewing could either contribute to or follow heightened immune pathogenesis from WNV infection, and suggests that NK cells could play an important role in WNV infection in humans.
Late-life body mass index, rapid weight loss, apolipoprotein E ε4 and the risk of cognitive decline and incident dementia

To examine the effect of late-life body mass index (BMI) and rapid weight loss on incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Prospective longitudinal cohort study. National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set, including 34 past and current National Institute on Aging-funded AD Centers across the United States. 6940 older adults (n=5061 normal cognition [NC]; n=1879 MCI). BMI (kg/m2) and modified Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP) score (sex, age, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertension medication, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, prevalent cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation) were assessed at baseline. Cognition and weight were assessed annually. Multivariable binary logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, race, education, length of follow-up, and modified FSRP related late-life BMI to risk of diagnostic conversion from NC to MCI or AD and from MCI to AD. Secondary analyses related late-life BMI to diagnostic conversion in the presence of rapid weight loss (>5% decrease in 12 months) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4. During a mean 3.8-year follow-up period, 12% of NC participants converted to MCI or AD and 49% of MCI participants converted to AD. Higher baseline BMI was associated with a reduced probability of diagnostic conversion, such that for each one-unit increase in baseline BMI there was a reduction in diagnostic conversion for both NC (OR=0.977, 95%CI 0.958-0.996, p=0.015) and MCI participants (OR=0.962, 95%CI 0.942-0.983, p<0.001). The protective effect of higher baseline BMI did not persist in the setting of rapid weight loss but did persist when adjusting for APOE e4. Higher late-life BMI is associated with a lower risk of incident MCI and AD but is not protective in the presence of rapid weight loss.
Race, Ethnicity, and the American Criminal Justice System: The Perceptions and Experiences of West Indian Men:

Using in-depth interview data from 30 young Black men of West Indian background, we examine their experiences with and perceptions of the American criminal justice system. Their experiences lead th...
Ellipsoid Set Refinement by Simultaneous Use of Multiple Hyperplane Cuts

Abstract Let H n + , H n - , n = 1,2,… denote a sequence of pairs of parallel hyperplanes in Rm, and, for each n, let Hn denote the set of points on the open "hyperstrip" between the planes H n + and H n - . It is assumed that the polytopic set P k = ∩ n = 1 k H n is not empty for any k. Further let en, n = 1,2,… denote a corresponding sequence of hyperellipsoids, and let en ∈ Rm denote the open hyperellipsoidal set bounded by en. This paper derives a mathematical formulation for fitting a new, smaller hypervolume, hyperellipsoid, en, to the intersection e1 ∩ H1 ∩ H2 ∩ … ∩ Hk = e1 ∩ Pk. The prevailing method for solving this problem involves sequential refinement of ellipsoids as hyperstrips are considered one at a time. The simultaneous use of multiple hyperstrips results in a better fit to the polytope Pk than that achieved by sequential refinement. The problem arises in numerous control and signal processing problems - in particular the broad class of ellipsoid bounding algorithms used for identification and classification.
The Emergence of Establishing Stimulus Control

The development of control of four pigeons’ keypecks by a stimulus that appeared to serve a novel function was examined. In the presence of a red key light, a peck on a white key produced food. However, before food delivery could occur, the white key light had to be produced by a peck on a green key. Of interest was whether subjects would eventually peck the green key to produce the white keylight only after onset of the red keylight. Such an outcome would be consistent with the description of establishing stimulus control (Michael, 1982). Acquisition of apparent establishing stimulus control was observed in the responding of each pigeon and was maintained in the responding of three of the four birds. Four response patterns described performances on over 93% of the trials for these three pigeons. A latencies per opportunity analysis showed that these same three pigeons responded as if key pecks were controlled by onset of the red keylight. When a variable-time schedule controlled onset of the red keylight, pigeons were more likely to wait for onset of the red keylight to peck the green key when time to red keylight onset was relatively short. These results provide support for the existence of a fourth stimulus function, but leave open the question of the utility of the term, establishing stimulus, as a label for that function.
Monet in London, J. M. W. Turner, and Ford Madox Brown

During the 1890s Claude Monet created his series depicting haystacks, poplars, and Rouen Cathedral. For each of these French motifs he painted the same subject repeatedly to explore variations in weather, season, time of day, and atmospheric conditions. Near the turn of the century, after being inspired by the works of J. M. W. Turner and James Abbott McNeill Whistler and especially by their paintings of scenes along the River Thames, Monet continued his series method but with subjects in England.
Incrementally updating Katz centrality in dynamic graphs

A variety of large datasets, such as social networks or biological data, can be represented as graphs. A common query in graph analysis is to identify the most important vertices in a graph. Centrality metrics are used to obtain numerical scores for each vertex in the graph. The scores are then translated to rankings identifying relative importance of vertices. In this work, we focus on Katz centrality, a linear algebra-based metric. In many real applications, since data are constantly being produced and changed, it is necessary to have a dynamic algorithm to update centrality scores with minimal computation when the graph changes. We present an algorithm for updating Katz centrality scores in a dynamic graph that incrementally updates the centrality scores as the underlying graph changes. Our proposed method exploits properties of iterative solvers to obtain updated Katz scores in dynamic graphs. Our dynamic algorithm improves performance and achieves speedups of over two orders of magnitude compared to a standard static algorithm while maintaining high quality of results.
SecControl: Bridging the gap between security tools and SDN controllers

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a promising paradigm to improve network security protections. A lot of security enhancements through SDN have been proposed. However, current SDN-based security solutions can hardly provide sufficient protections in a real SDN network, due to several reasons: (1) they are implemented at either the centralized SDN controllers or the decentralized network devices, which are subject to a performance limitation; (2) their designs are confined by SDN network characteristics and can only provide limited security functions; (3) many solutions have deployment challenges and compatibility issues. In this paper, we propose SecControl, a practical network protection framework combining the existing security tools and SDN technologies, to produce a comprehensive network security solution in an SDN environment. By employing the capabilities of existing security tools, SecControl is able to perceive the real-time security events dynamically and adjust the protected network environment correspondingly. It can be easily extended with various methods for different security threats. With SecControl, we construct a traditional-security-tool-friendly network security solution for software-defined networks. We implement a SecControl prototype with OpenFlow and evaluate its effectiveness and performance. Our experiment shows that SecControl can cooperate with many mainstream security tools and provide effective defense responses over SDN-supported networks.
Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone and growth hormone-releasing factor.

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of human growth hormone-releasing factor [hpGRF-(1-44)-NH2] on growth performance in pigs and whether this response was comparable to exogenous porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment. Preliminary studies were conducted to determine if GRF increased plasma GH concentration after iv and im injection and the nature of the dose response. Growth hormone-releasing factor stimulated the release of pGH in a dose-dependent fashion, although the individual responses varied widely among pigs. The results from the im study were used to determine the dose of GRF to use for a 30-d growth trial. Thirty-six Yorkshire-Duroc barrows (initial wt 50 kg) were randomly allotted to one of three experimental groups (C = control, GRF and pGH). Pigs were treated daily with 30 micrograms of GRF/kg body weight by im injection in the neck. Pigs treated with pGH were also given 30 micrograms/kg body weight by im injection. Growth rate was increased 10% by pGH vs C pigs (P less than .05). Growth rate was not affected by GRF; however, hot and chilled carcass weights were increased 5% vs C pigs (P less than .05). On an absolute basis, adipose tissue mass was unaffected by pGH or GRF. Carcass lipid (percent of soft-tissue mass) was decreased 13% by GRF (P less than .05) and 18% by pGH (P less than .05). Muscle mass was significantly increased by pGH but not by GRF. There was a trend for feed efficiency to be improved by GRF; however, this was not different from control pigs. In contrast, pGH increased feed efficiency 19% vs control pigs (P less than .05). Chronic administration of GRF increased anterior pituitary weight but did not affect pituitary GH content or concentration. When blood was taken 3 h post-injection, both GRF- and pGH-treated pigs had lower blood-urea nitrogen concentrations. Serum glucose was significantly elevated by both GRF and pGH treatment. This was associated with an elevation in serum insulin. These results indicate that increasing the GH concentration in blood by either exogenous GH or GRF enhances growth performance. The effects of pGH were more marked than for GRF. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose of GRF to administer in growth trials and the appropriate pattern of GRF administration in order to determine whether GRF will enhance pig growth performance to the extent that exogenous pGH does.
Abstract 259: Pre-Procedure Checklist and Morning Huddle as Part of Patient Evaluation for Cardiac Catheterisation

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist had a significant impact on surgical outcomes(1). In 2009, The United Kingdom National Patient Safety Agency required the use o...
Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy

Diseases of the adrenal gland have been treated surgically since the nineteenth century. Since the first planned adrenalectomy by Sargent in 1914 for a large adenoma, various approaches to this operation have been developed. Open techniques have paved the way for less invasive approaches. In 1992, Gagner et al. [1] reported their initial experience with transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Since then, minimally invasive techniques have gained wide adoption, partly due to decreased postoperative pain, lessened morbidity, and quicker patient recovery. The advent of robot-assisted techniques has overcome many of the limitations of traditional laparoscopy. In 2001, Horgan et al. [2] first reported their experience using a da Vinci® robotic system to perform adrenalectomy. Contemporary literature continues to support the use of robot-assisted techniques to treat adrenal pathology [3–6]. When planning for surgeries of the adrenal gland, complete imaging and endocrine workup is warranted to achieve an accurate preoperative clinical diagnosis.
Sensors Selection for Continuous Monitoring of Bowel State and Activity

New research and diagnosis tools are needed to continuously measure bowel state and activity. We investigated functionality of several sensors in vivo and in vitro. Five sensor types, including pressure, infrared, color, conductivity and capacitance, were tested to validate functionality inside the colon. Initial wired prototypes were tested and calibrated in benchtop testing and then inserted intraluminally into pig colon and rectum in three acute surgical procedures. The results from both benchtop and in-vivo testing correlate and indicate that pressure, conductivity, and capacitance measurements could provide information on the state of the bowel and its activity.
Annual Editions: Computers in Society 10/11

Annual Editions is a series of over 65 volumes, each designed to provide convenient, inexpensive access to a wide range of current articles from some of the most respected magazines, newspapers, and journals published today. Annual Editions are updated on a regular basis through a continuous monitoring of over 300 periodical sources. The articles selected are authored by prominent scholars, researchers, and commentators writing for a general audience. The Annual Editions volumes have a number of common organizational features designed to make them particularly useful in the classroom: a general introduction; an annotated table of contents; a topic guide; an annotated listing of selected World Wide Web sites; and a brief overview for each section. Each volume also offers an online Instructor's Resource Guide with testing materials. Using Annual Editions in the Classroom is offered as a practical guide for instructors and is available in print or online. Visit www.mhcls.com for more details.
Barrier or Booster? Digital Media, Social Networks, and Youth Micromobilization:

Research on young people’s protest participation has focused on how the family, peers, and institutions support activism and micromobilization. But digital and social media usage has arguably alter...
Of Magnets and Centrifuges: The US and EU Federal Systems and Private International Law

This chapter is part of a tribute to Professor Alberta Sbragia upon her retirement at the University of Pittsburgh. Professor Sbragia, a political scientist, has contributed much to to the understanding of the development of the European Union and its institutions. She has been a wonderful colleague. In my tribute to her, I consider the federal systems in the United States and the European Union as viewed through the lens of private international law. While some may be hesitant to refer to the European Union as a “federal” system, when viewed in the context of private international law it becomes apparent that the EU system is both more centralized and more predictably developed than is its counterpart in the United States. I have referred to this comparison in the past as resulting in the EU magnet and the US centrifuge. In this chapter, I trace my personal experience in dealing with the development of private international law for over 25 years at the Hague Conference on Private International Law. This experience has provided the opportunity for first-hand observation of the evolution of EU competence in private international law and its effect on global developments. Using my personal experience in the process, I review the developments which have led to centralization of private international law within the European Union, consider how the federal system in each of the United States and the European Union has influenced this area of the law, and draw conclusions about how each has used its own federal approach in this area of the law to influence global development of the law.
Circuit integration and road test of self tuning stochastic resonance energy harvesters for smart tire

Many researchers have been focused on energy harvester for the tire over the past decade. In this paper, we propose a self-tuning stochastic resonance energy harvester for a smart tire with the circuit integration. Compared to existing harvesters, the energy harvester shows large power and wide bandwidth due to stochastic resonance and passive selftuning. The harvester consists of an inward rotating cantilever beam with an electromagnetic transducer. The tuning performance is verified by analysis of Kramers rate and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition to energy harvester, we implemented the energy harvesting circuit to achieve data acquisition and energy storage. Circuit includes a rectifier, buck-boost converter, wireless communication module, microprocessor and temperature monitoring sensor. In lab test and field test are conducted to performance of self-tuning energy harvester. Circuit assembly is attached to the rim hub while harvester assembly is installed inside the tire with a tire pressure monitoring sensor (TPMS). The results the feasibility of the self-tuning harvesting strategy on the smart tire application.
Sunscreen recommendations for patients with skin of color in the popular press and in the dermatology clinic

Abstract Background Patients with skin of color are at risk for skin cancer, pigmentary disorders, and photo-exacerbated conditions but find it challenging to use sunscreens on the market that leave an obvious residue on their skin. Objective The objective of this study was to examine sunscreen recommendations from the popular press and from practicing dermatologists for patients with skin of color. Methods We queried the Google search engine with the following search terms: “Sunscreen” with “skin of color,” “dark skin,” “black skin.” For comparison, we also searched for “sunscreen” with “white skin,” “pale skin,” and “fair skin.” We conducted an anonymous survey regarding sunscreen recommendations among dermatology trainees and board-certified dermatologists. Results Websites with recommendations on sunscreens for patients with skin of color compared with sunscreens for white or fair skin were more likely to recommend chemical sunscreens (70% vs. 36%) and more expensive products (median: $14 vs. $11.3 per ounce), despite the lower sun protection factor level (median: 32.5 vs. 50). In our survey study, dermatologists were overall cost-conscious and felt that sun protection factor level, broad spectrum (ultraviolet A/B protection), and price were the most important features of sunscreens for their patients. Cosmetic elegance was deemed least important. Dermatologists overall counseled patients with skin of color less on sunscreen use, and 42.9% reported that they either never, rarely, or only sometimes take patients’ skin type into account when making sunscreen recommendations. Conclusion These data represent an area for growth within dermatology to improve culturally competent care by gaining familiarity with sunscreen types and formulations that are geared toward patients with skin of color.
Memory, risk, and regional identity: Assessing the socio-cultural impacts of tornadoes in Oklahoma, USA

Tornadoes are often seen as a way of life in the Great Plains region of the United States, with many stories of deadly storms originating before the 20th century. Because of this historic connection between people and their environment, residents of states such as Oklahoma develop distinctive sociocultural relationships to extreme weather, particularly associating tornadoes with social memory and regional identity. In this paper, I assert that shared memories of historic tornadoes are impactful to Oklahomans’ regional identity as it relates to residents’ relationships with risk. Multiple qualitative methods, including interview and archival research were used in order to identify the importance of this relationship to Oklahomans as a social group. Much importance is also placed on connecting the present to the past, and many Oklahomans have adopted tornadoes as a symbol of strength. While memories of these tornadic events do not negate the risks of living in a potentially dangerous environment, they also do not imply that risks should be avoided. Rather, facing these risks is seen as a practice in endurance that many Oklahomans believe they were built to face.
Rurality, Death, and Healthcare Utilization in Heart Failure in the Community.

Background Prior reports indicate that living in a rural area may be associated with worse health outcomes. However, data on rurality and heart failure (HF) outcomes are scarce. Methods and Results...
Tumor in the Left Abdomen

Retroperitoneal sarcomas located in the left upper quadrant, particularly when they are large and fill in the space between the aorta, diaphragm, and lateral abdominal wall, require placement of the patient in the right lateral position. The abdomen is opened through a midline incision, first from the xiphoid to the left of and below the umbilicus for a few centimeters. Through this incision, the initial exploration is carried out to assess the location of the tumor mass and therefore, the placement of an oblique incision, which will be connected to the midline incision but also extends to the costal margin and, if needed, into an intercostal space in order to provide the necessary exposure. The incision must be extended into the left chest if the retroperitoneal sarcoma involves the diaphragm and therefore requires resection of the diaphragm.
Historical differences in school term length and measured blood pressure: Contributions to persistent racial disparities among US-born adults

© 2015 Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Int
Pornography in a free society: Pornographic communication and social harm: a review of the reviews

The issue broadly stated is: What are the effects of pornographic communications on their audiences? But that is far too general a question, for the issues multiply when the questions become specific. The kinds of audiences to be considered in assessing effects vary widely in many characteristics and almost certainly in regard to their responses to pornographic communication. Moreover, the kinds of effects that have been suggested are equally variable. Does pornography induce forcible rape? Does it provoke masturbation? And in addition to possible immediate behavioral consequences of pornographic communication, what about effects on attitudes and long-range behavior tendencies? As we shall see, the spectrum of possible effects discussed in the policy literature goes from extreme sexual violence to rather trivial shifts in attitude-questionnaire responses. Two preliminary points need to be made before we commence analysis of research into the effects of pornographic communication and the conclusions drawn from it by pornography commissions. First, it would be utterly astounding if pornographic communication, a medium-sized industry in the Western world, had no impact at all on its audience. The billions of dollars expended on pornographic materials by willing consumers testify to the capacity of such material to have some effect on human states of consciousness. The question is thus not whether such materials have any effects but whether they have certain specific effects and what value, positive or negative, we associate with the occurrence of those specific effects. The second reason why specificity is required in discussion of the impact of pornographic communication relates to the methodology and limitations of empirical social science.
Exploration of Challenge Courses' Long-Term Effects on Members of College Student Organizations.

This study examined the long-term effects of participation in a half-day, low-element challenge course on the group functioning of members of college student organizations. Seventy-six participants...
The MIP family of integral membrane channel proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates that all members of the major intrinsic proteins (MIP) family serve a common function in transmembrane transport of small molecules, although each class of these proteins may exhibit distinctive specificities and characteristics. Some of these proteins are regulated by protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation, whereas others are posttranslationally modified by palmitoylation. Some of these proteins have distinctive N- and/or C-terminal extensions that are not homologous to other proteins in the database. Big brain (BIB) and fermentable sugar defect suppressor (FPS) have extensive hydrophilic N- and C-terminal regions of this type. The degrees of conservation of the proposed sites of phosphorylation between members of the family are also discussed. The two halves of all MIP family proteins are derived from a common ancestral gene, half as big as the present genes, and this ancestral gene tandemly duplicated internally to give rise to the primordial gene of the MIP family proteins. It is presumed that this event occurred in prokaryotes, well before divergence of the species. MIP family proteins are roughly related to each other, as are the organisms in which they are found. As only one such gene has been found in any one bacterium, but several have been found in single eukaryotes, studies propose that a single MIP family gene was transmitted vertically from the prokaryotic ancestor to each of the eukaryotic kingdoms, and that these genes then duplicated and diverged within eukaryotes to yield present MIP protein subfamilies.
ALICE@home: Distributed Framework for Detecting Malicious Sites

Malware silently infects millions of systems every year through drive-by downloads, i.e., client-side exploits against web browsers or browser helper objects that are triggered when unsuspecting users visit a page containing malicious content. Identifying and blacklisting websites that distribute malicious content or redirect to a distributing page is an important part of our defense strategy against such attacks. However, building such lists is fraught with challenges of scale, timeliness and deception due to evasive strategies employed by adversaries. In this work, we describe alice@home, a distributed approach to overcoming these challenges and actively identifying malware distribution sites.
Defending wireless infrastructure against the challenge of DDoS attacks

This paper addresses possible Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks toward the wireless Internet including the Wireless Extended Internet, the Wireless Portal Network, and the Wireless Ad Hoc network. We propose a conceptual model for defending against DDoS attacks on the wireless Internet, which incorporates both cooperative technological solutions and economic incentive mechanisms built on usage-based fees. Cost-effectiveness is also addressed through an illustrative implementation scheme using Policy Based Networking (PBN). By investigating both technological and economic difficulties in defense of DDoS attacks which have plagued the wired Internet, our aim here is to foster further development of wireless Internet infrastructure as a more secure and efficient platform for mobile commerce.
Determination of the number of proteins in liver ribosomes and ribosomal subunits by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract The number of proteins in rat liver ribosomes was determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were 30 proteins in the 40 S subunit, 39 in the 60 S subunit. The proteins of the two subunits, with one possible exception, are unique. Preparations of 80 S ribosomes contained three proteins not present in either subunit; thus, we estimate that eukaryotic ribosomes contain between 68 and 72 different proteins.
Libyan Civil War

In this paper, we will discuss one of the recent armed conflicts in the North African state of Libya. Which we are going to write briefly describe the relevant facts of the conflict. Then we are going to discuss what types of power are being used by the parties, and check if that power has used been effective for one of the conflict parties, and see if the power impact the conflict or not. In the second half of this assignment, we will examine if there are any cultural issues were linked to the conflict, also we will see if there are any cultural differences or similarities between the involved parties.
Condensates in a twist

Studies of Bose–Einstein condensates continue to provide dramatic displays of quantum-mechanical behaviour. The long-sought goal of creating a quantized vortex in these unusual fluids has now been achieved.
A Workaround Design System for Anticipating, Designing, and/or Preventing Workarounds

Idealized system design produces requirements reflecting management intentions and “best practices.” This paper proposes a workaround design system (WDS) for anticipating, designing, and/or preventing workarounds that bypass systems as designed. A WDS includes a process and an interactive “workaround design tool” (WDT) for identifying and evaluating foreseeable workarounds based on work system theory and a theory of workarounds. This paper summarizes the conceptual background and explains the form, use, and implications of the proposed WDS and WDT.
Optimizing the Design of the Six-Port Junction

A set of optimum design objectives for the Six-Port technique is derived from an examination of the system equations. The optimization criterion is to minimize the sensitivity of the solution to calibration errors. The resulting set of design specifications gives significant improvement in error cancellation.
Arctic warming and your weather: public belief in the connection

Will Arctic warming affect mid-latitude weather? Many researchers think so, and have addressed this question through scientific articles and news media. Much of the public accepts such a connection as well. Across three New Hampshire surveys with more than 1500 interviews, 60% of respondents say they think future Arctic warming would have major effects on their weather. Arctic/weather responses changed little after Superstorm Sandy brushed the region, but exhibit consistently strong partisan divisions that grow wider with education. Belief in an Arctic/weather connection also varies, in a nonlinear pattern, with the temperature anomaly around day of interview. Interviewed on unseasonably warm or cool days, respondents are more likely to think that Arctic warming would have major effects on their weather. This unscientific response seems to mirror the scientific discussion about extremes.