cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative efficacy of pinealectomy, hypothalamic and amygdaloid lesions in advancing puberty.

To evaluate the comparative accelerating effects on puberty individually reported to be produced by pinealectomy (P), anterior-basal hypothalamic lesions (ABH) and bilateral amygdaloid lesions (AMYG), these operations were performed on 4-day-old rats according to a design based on random numbers, which also included corresponding sham-operated animals. All rats were reared in diurnal lighting and the females sacrificed on the day of vaginal opening. Both the P and ABH rats matured at essentially the same time (32–33 days), and earlier than their respective shams, Psh and ABHsh; the latter 2 and the amygdaloid shams (AMYGsh) did not reveal any essential difference in age at maturation (41–42 days). However, the AMYG rats matured even later (61 days) than the AMYGsh rats. These results of amygdaloid lesioning are contrasted with those of another experiment in which amygdaloid lesioning of 18- to 20-day-old female rats accelerated puberty. The possible reasons for these divergent findings are discussed and i...
A Generational Approach to Understanding Students

This chapter establishes the conceptual framework for understanding the Millennial generation by presenting a theoretical model of generational succession that demonstrates the value of studying how the values of one generation interact with and are influenced by others.
Modeling and critiquing the confirmation bias in human reasoning

In trying to solve even small problems, humans often form wrong hypotheses by looking only at the most salient factors and by ignoring contrary evidence. Once they form their initial beliefs, they exhibit a strong tendency to seek only additional confirming evidence. This type of behavior is the confirmation bias. Empirical evidence is presented suggesting that computers can interact with humans by qualitatively modeling and detecting their confirmation bias and by offering criticism strategies that will effectively mitigate the unwanted effects. The degree of improvement is sensitive to the strategy and content of the critic. A number of strategies are constructed and evaluated, and it is shown which ones are most likely to lead to success for varying circumstances and user types. Additional fruitful research directions are pinpointed. >
A fast four-via multilayer MCM router

An efficient multilayer general area router, named V4, for MCM and dense PCB designs is presented. The unique feature of the V4 router is that it uses no more than four vias to route every net and yet produces high quality routing solutions. A number of combinatorial optimization techniques are used in the router to produce high quality routing solutions in polynomial time. As a result, it is independent of net ordering, runs much faster, and has far less memory requirement compared to other multilayer general area routers. The router was tested on several examples, including two industrial MCM designs. Compared with the 3-D maze router, on average the V4 router uses 2% less wire length, 31% fewer vias, and runs 26 times faster. Compared with the SLICE router, on average the V4 router uses 4% less wire length and runs 4.6 times faster. >
Potentially lethal behaviors associated with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: review of the literature and forensic implications

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by loss of the muscle atonia of REM sleep, with release of complex and violent behaviors that are often attempted dream-enactments. This study reviewed the literature on RBD with regard to potentially lethal behavior. A total of 39-41 clinical cases of RBD associated with potentially lethal behaviors to self and/or others were found, involving a child and adults of all age groups, that manifested as choking/headlock (n = 22-24), defenestration/near-defenestration (n = 7), and diving from bed (n = 10). A total of 80.8% (n = 21) were males; 19.2% (n = 5) were females; mean age was 65.6 +/- (SD) 13.8 years (range: 27-81 years, and a child). (Gender/age data were not listed in the remaining cases.) An etiologic association of RBD with a neurologic disorder (or with pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders, n = 4) was present in 21-23 patients. Thus, RBD carries well-documented, potential forensic consequences during RBD episodes that could possibly have been misinterpreted as suicidal or homicidal behavior.
Residential water conservation in Australia and California.

In much of the western United States, reducing residential water use is a major source of water conservation, especially as population growth urbanizes agricultural land. Although estimates of the potential of conservation are useful, the experience of Australia provides a realistic target for residential water conservation. Although reliability of urban water use data is often questionable, it is clear that Australians use less water than Californians, with a similar climate, economy, and culture. Per capita usage is compared, and explanations for use differences are offered. If California had the same residential water use rates as Australia, it could have reduced gross urban water use by 2,600 GL (2.1 million acre-feet) in 2009 and potentially saved 1,800 GL (1.5 million acre-feet) for consumptive use by others. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000225. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Water demand; Municipal water; Water use; Pricing; Australia; California. Author keywords: Water demand; Municipal water; Water use; Pricing; Australia; California.
Prognostic factors in major salivary gland cancer.

Objective To identify features of major salivary gland cancers that are prognostic for disease-free survival. Study Design A retrospective study of 78 patients with major salivary gland cancer (64 parotid and 14 submandibular gland) who underwent surgery for definitive treatment from 1976 to 1996. A select group of patients also received adjuvant radiation (56%) and/or chemotherapy (13%). Method Clinical and pathological risk factors were obtained from patients' charts and pathology reports. Age, gender, tumor site, T-stage, facial paralysis, histologic neck involvement, perineural invasion, and cancer grade were analyzed with respect to disease-free survival. The role of adjuvant treatment in terms of clinical outcome was also investigated. Results In our series, the 5-year disease-free survival was 65%. Examining clinical and histologic features one at a time, we found poorer prognosis was associated with submandibular tumors compared with parotid (P = .02), higher T-stage (P = .001), positive cervical nodes (P <.001), perineural invasion (P = .002), and high-grade or adenoid cystic tumors (P = .002). A multivariable analysis indicated that positive lymph nodes (P = .07) and perineural invasion (P = .03) were important histologic predictors of shorter disease-free survival. Receipt of both adjuvant radiation and cisplatin-based chemotherapy (P = .05) was an independent predictor of longer disease-free survival. Conclusion Our study indicated that the presence of positive lymph nodes and perineural invasion is important independent predictors of disease-free survival. Our limited data also suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy may improve disease-free survival.
SHF Cassegrain antenna with electronic beam squint tracking for high data rate mobile satellite communication systems

The design of pointing and tracking systems for vehicular antennas required for a high data rate mobile military satellite communication system is a daunting task because of its demanding requirements. Not only does the antenna have to be satellite pointed accurately towards the satellite as the vehicle moves rapidly and changes orientation, but it must also do so under scintillations and fading of the satellite signal caused by shadowing and multipath effects from roadside obstacles. This problem becomes acutely more difficult for high gain, narrow beam antennas required for maintaining high data rate links with the satellite. It has been shown that hybrid open loop pointing combined with fast closed loop tracking offers the best performance in such mobile satcom systems [Bell and Naderi, 1986]. The open loop pointing is necessary during signal outages caused by blockage from obstacles or from prolonged deep fades; whereas fast, closed-loop tracking corrects for the drift in the low cost gyros, accelerometers or rate sensors used for open loop pointing. The paper describes the design and measurement of a prototype Cassegrain antenna with a PIN diode controlled, electronic beam squinting system which can been used for achieving fast, closed loop tracking of the satellite by sampling its beacon signal. The antenna has been designed for the Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCS), which operates from 7.25 to 7.75 GHz on the downlink and 7.9 to 8.4 GHz on the uplink, with a beacon frequency of 7.6 GHz. >
Comparison of dental and apical base arch forms in Class II Division 1 and Class I malocclusions

Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare the mandibular dental arch form and the mandibular basal bone arch form of patients with Class I malocclusion with those of patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Our aims were to determine differences in dental and basal transverse dimensions and arch forms between the 2 groups, and to determine the usefulness of WALA points as a reference for predicting a stable dental arch form in Class II Division 1 patients. Methods Three-dimensional graphic representations of mandibular casts from 35 Class I malocclusion patients and 32 Class II Division 1 patients were created by using a laser scanning system. Anatomic reference points were subjectively identified and used to represent the dental arch form (FA points) and the arch form of the basal bone (WALA points). Results The FA point intercanine width was found to be significantly larger in the Class II Division 1 sample compared with the Class I sample, whereas the basal arch form, represented by the WALA ridge, was not significantly different. No significant difference was found in the FA points for intermolar width or in the arch form of the basal bone between the 2 groups. A highly significant correlation between basal and dental arch forms was found at the canine and molar areas in the Class II Division 1 sample, and the FA and WALA point arch forms were highly individual in the Class II Division 1 sample. Conclusions The mandibular dental arch forms for both the Class I and Class II samples were essentially the same, except at the canines; this is likely due to the nature of the occlusion in Class II Division 1 patients. There was no difference in arch forms of the basal bone between the 2 groups. The use of WALA points or other anatomic landmarks of the basal bone to predict the ideal dental arch form for a patient seems possible and could ensure a more stable orthodontic treatment outcome.
Isolation of Campylobacter from Circulating Blood of Commercial Broilers

SUMMARY. Campylobacter spp. are present in organs and tissues of broiler chickens but the dissemination route is unclear. The aim of the current study was to determine Campylobacter prevalence within circulating blood of commercial broilers. Broilers were acquired from 19 flocks originating from three commercial poultry processing companies. Using aseptic blood collection techniques, 5 ml of circulating blood was collected from each bird and the sample analyzed for Campylobacter. The Campylobacter colonization status of each bird was determined by aseptically sampling and analyzing the ceca. Campylobacter was recovered from 58% (11/19) of flocks sampled. From the 248 total birds sampled, 12% and 46% of the birds had Campylobacter in the blood and ceca, respectively. This study documents Campylobacter prevalence in the circulating blood of commercially raised broilers. Campylobacter presence in the circulatory system may indicate the path used by the organism for rapid dissemination to organs and tissues. ...
Simulation of an Optoelectronically Implemented Neural Network for Early Visual Processing

Simulations of the operation of a neural network architecture for boundary segmentation, an important stage of early visual processing, are presented. The network is based on the CORT-X model, a multiple spatial-scale, feedforward architecture for boundary segmentation of noisy binary images. The CORT-X architecture can be made to accommodate, with slight modifications, existing optoelectronic hardware capabilities. Network performance is evaluated with respect to deviations from ideal response along two dimensions: (1) contrast ratio and (2) nonuniformity. The effect of these parameters on network performance as a function of the input image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is evaluated. With ideal response (perfect uniformity and infinite contrast) the modified CORT-X architecture performs as well as the original model. Finite contrast does not significantly degrade network performance as long as there is some reasonable contrast. On the other hand, nonuniformities as small as 10% degrade performance even for high SNR.
Void Nucleation on a Contaminated Patch

The energetics of a simple model of void nucleation on a contaminated patch between the sidewall and metal in an integrated circuit interconnect are examined to determine void nucleation behavior. The conditions under which there is no void nucleation barrier are represented by a simple relationship between the volume driving force, the equilibrium contact angle, the surface energy of the metal, and the contaminated patch radius. The void nucleation barrier, when it exists, is a strong function of these same parameters, and increases sharply as the driving force decreases, and under some conditions, increases with increasing equilibrium contact angle.
The amino acid sequence of the sex steroid-binding protein of rabbit serum.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the sex steroid-binding protein (SBP or SHBG) of rabbit serum, specific for binding testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, was determined using a complementary combination of mass spectrometric and Edman degradation techniques. The monomeric unit of the homodimeric protein is a single chain glycopeptide of 367 amino acid residues, with N-linked oligosaccharide side chains at Asn-345 and Asn-361 and disulfide bonds connecting Cys-158 to Cys-182 and Cys-327 to Cys-355. The polypeptide molecular weight of the monomer calculated from the sequence is 39,769. The molecular weight of the homodimer including 9% carbohydrate is 87,404. The sequence contains a relatively hydrophobic segment between Trp-241 and Leu-282, which includes many leucine residues in an alternating pattern. An amino acid sequence repeat is also located within that segment. Both of these patterns are present in human SBP and in the androgen-binding protein of rat epididymis. The sequence data indicate that the previously reported microheterogeneity of rabbit SBP in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reflects variants generated by differential glycosylation of the monomer rather than different gene products. Seventy-nine percent of the amino acids of rabbit SBP are identical to those of human SBP; rabbit SBP thus joins human SBP and rat androgen-binding protein in one gene family that is distinct from the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. It appears that the problem of binding sex steroid hormones has been solved independently in two different gene families that contain completely different steroid-binding domains. Since the nonhomologous steroid-binding domains of both families of proteins recognize essentially the same steroid structure, it will be interesting to determine the structural basis of the two different protein designs that lead to similar steroid-binding specificity.
DRBTS: Distributed Reputation-based Beacon Trust System

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have critical applications in diverse domains like environmental monitoring and military operations where accurate location of sensors is vital. One common method of location discovery uses a set of specialty nodes known as beacon nodes (BNs) that assist other sensor nodes (SNs) to determine their location. This paper proposes a novel reputationbased scheme called Distributed Reputation-based Beacon Trust System (DRBTS) for excluding malicious BNs that provide false location information. To the best of our knowledge, DRBTS is the first model to use the concept of reputation for excluding BNs. In DRBTS, every BN monitors its 1-hop neighborhood for misbehaving BNs and accordingly updates the reputation of the corresponding BN in the Neighbor-Reputation-Table (NRT). The BNs then publish their NRT in their 1-hop neighborhood. BNs use this second-hand information published in NRT for updating the reputation of their neighbors after it qualifies a deviation test. On the other hand, the SNs use the NRT information to determine whether or not to use a given beacon?s location information, based on a simple majority voting scheme.
Are aragonite stalagmites reliable paleoclimate proxies? Tests for oxygen isotope time-series replication and equilibrium

The use of aragonite stalagmites as paleoclimate proxies has become increasingly common because of their often exceptional uranium-series dating precision and fast growth rates, which allow near-annual climate resolution. However, aragonite is known to be susceptible to open-system behavior and may recrystallize to calcite under typical cave conditions. As a result, the fidelity of the oxygen isotopic variations preserved in aragonite stalagmites is not yet as firmly established as for calcite stalagmites, and few studies have investigated oxygen isotope replication and equilibrium with cave drip waters. I present new data and review findings from the literature that show that aragonite stalagmites may pass both the equilibrium and replication tests in some cases, but that other aragonites are clearly precipitated out of equilibrium with cave drip waters. As a case study, δ 18 O data for three exceptionally well-dated stalagmites from Juxtlahuaca Cave, Mexico, are presented. Two of the stalagmites are aragonite, and the third was measured on a diagenetically calcitized aragonite stalagmite. These results show that the modern aragonite precipitates in apparent oxygen isotopic equilibrium with drip waters, and the two aragonite speleothems replicate strongly over the past 530 yr, thus confirming a common paleoclimate signal. Observations of δ 18 O systematics in previously published aragonite stalagmite δ 18 O records from China and Belize show that at least two samples clearly precipitated modern aragonite out of isotopic equilibrium with cave drip waters. Because the equilibrium test only applies to modern precipitation for which temperature and drip-water δ 18 O values are known, both equilibrium and replication tests are required for confident interpretation of aragonite stalagmite δ 18 O time series, and studies that fail or do not attempt such tests should be considered cautiously.
Flow cytometry, an overview.

Flow cytometry is a technique for making quantitative measurements on single cells or cellular constituents at very high rates of speed. The value of flow cytometry has been likened to finding a needle in a haystack. A measurement of the average property of a haystack would fail to identify the needle. One alternative is to measure each particle in the haystack one at a time using a parameter that would distinguish a piece of straw from something metallic. By measuring individual particles one can obtain a precise description of straw from something metallic, By measuring individual particles one can obtain a precise description of each particle from among a much larger population as illustrated in Figure 1.
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Severity of Influenza in Hospitalized Children

Objective To assess whether children with influenza who are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) would have more severe illness than those not exposed. Study design We abstracted charts from pediatric inpatients with confirmed influenza from 2002-2009 for demographics, medical history, and smoke exposure. Severity indicators included intensive care, intubation, and length of stay (LOS) in the hospital; potential confounding factors included demographics and the presence of asthma or chronic conditions. All c 2 , t tests, and regression analyses were run using SPSS v. 18.0. Results Of 117 children, 40% were exposed to SHS, who had increased need for intensive care (30% vs 10%, P < .01) and intubation (13% vs 1%, P < .05), and had longer LOS (4.0 vs 2.4 days, P < .01). Children with chronic conditions and SHS exposure required more intensive care (53% vs 18%, P < .05) and had longer LOS (10.0 vs 3.5 days, P < .01) than children not exposed to SHS with chronic conditions. In multivariate analyses controlling for potential confounding factors, children with SHS exposure were 4.7 times more likely to be admitted to intensive care (95% CI 1.4-18.5) and had a 70% longer LOS (95% CI 12%-230%). Conclusions Children with SHS exposure who are hospitalized with influenza have more severe illness. Efforts are needed to immunize this population against influenza, and eliminate children’s exposure to SHS. (J Pediatr 2013;162:16-21).
Promoting Stair Use by Modeling: An Experimental Application of the Behavioral Ecological Model

Purpose. This study evaluated the effect of behavioral modeling and social factors promoting stair use.
Benefits/risks of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin in women for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes

Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, such as canagliflozin, are used in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In clinical studies, canagliflozin significantly reduced A1C, bodyweight and blood pressure, and was generally well tolerated with no increased risk of hypoglycemia. Most common adverse effects observed were genital mycotic infections and urinary tract infections, and increased urination. Approximately 10% of women treated with canagliflozin experienced a genital mycotic infection compared with 3% treated with placebo; those with a prior history were at greater risk. Approximately 9% of women treated with canagliflozin reported a urinary tract infection compared with 7% treated with placebo. Most adverse events were considered mild to moderate in intensity and responded to standard therapy. Treatment with canagliflozin was effective and generally well tolerated in both women (and men) with T2DM.
The Unlucky Psychopath as Death Penalty Prototype

The death penalty puts special focus on a figure that has always lurked in the shadow of all criminal law. This is the psychopath (also sometimes called the sociopath), the person who while perfectly sane and cognitively competent, simply inherently lacks any empathy for the suffering of others. In Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 187 (1987), the Supreme Court indicated that the minimum mens rea needed for death-eligibility is “reckless indifference to human life,” a standard that is the legal equivalent of psychopathy. Moreover, even though most capital defendants exhibit the more egregious mental state of intent, the notion of reckless indifference captures the kind of immoral or amoral character that capital juries impute to those they condemn. This focus on the psychopathic capital defendant implicates deep dilemmas in both psychology and philosophy. The so-called Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is part of the cluster of conditions that psychology and psychiatry call personality disorders, and its controversial status as a mental disorder illustrates the more general and fundamental problem with thus cluster. Although they are listed as diagnoses in the medical manual (the DSM), personality disorders are arguably just verbal summaries of their alleged symptoms, not useful diagnostic categories or illnesses for which there is treatment. They are simply ways that certain people are constituted, or descriptions of the typical behavior of certain people. (Ironically, the psychopath or the ASPD is the one example in the criminal law of a supposedly medical diagnosis is offered in aggravation by the prosecutor -- whereas “medicalizing” defendants otherwise is always done as mitigation by the defense.) But the psychopath troubles moral philosophy as well, because he raises the question whether under assumptions of free will, a person can be held responsible for his innate incapacity to empathize. In this regard, the figure of the homicidal psychopath invokes and illustrates the modern fascination of philosophers with the notion of “moral luck,” a problem that has led to interesting conceptual solutions and rationalizations. Thus, the identification of the prototypical death-deserving defendants strikes at key dilemmas across these fields.
Exposures to transit and other sources of noise among New York City residents

To evaluate the contributions of common noise sources to total annual noise exposures among urban residents and workers, we estimated exposures associated with five common sources (use of mass transit, occupational and nonoccupational activities, MP3 player and stereo use, and time at home and doing other miscellaneous activities) among a sample of over 4500 individuals in New York City (NYC). We then evaluated the contributions of each source to total noise exposure and also compared our estimated exposures to the recommended 70 dBA annual exposure limit. We found that one in ten transit users had noise exposures in excess of the recommended exposure limit from their transit use alone. When we estimated total annual exposures, 90% of NYC transit users and 87% of nonusers exceeded the recommended limit. MP3 player and stereo use, which represented a small fraction of the total annual hours for each subject on average, was the primary source of exposure among the majority of urban dwellers we evaluated. Our results suggest that the vast majority of urban mass transit riders may be at risk of permanent, irreversible noise-induced hearing loss and that, for many individuals, this risk is driven primarily by exposures other than occupational noise.
Patient controlled analgesia: the relation of psychological factors to pain and analgesic use in adolescents with postoperative pain.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of psychological variables to pain and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use in adolescents undergoing orthopedic surgeries. DESIGN Cohort. PATIENTS Fifty adolescents and their parents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual analogue scales of pain, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and questionnaires that assessed overall psychological distress, anxiety, and family environment. RESULTS Correlations of the psychological variables with measures of pain and PCA use showed that high levels of anxiety and distress in adolescents were related to higher postoperative pain. Adolescents from controlling and conflicted families also had higher pain ratings and made more frequent PCA demands during the lockout interval when drug was unavailable. Parent anxiety and distress were also related to adolescent pain and PCA use. CONCLUSIONS The psychological status of adolescents and their parents can significantly influence postoperative pain and PCA use.
The Micropolitics of “the Army You Have”: Explaining the Development of U.S. Military Doctrine After Vietnam

The U.S. Army's recent embrace of counterinsurgency warfare and nation building complicates theories of military politics. For decades, critics declared the army too risk averse, too parochial, and too insulated to change, often thwarting civilian demands for greater flexibility. How should we understand these recent, unexpected changes? In this article I synthesize insights from historical institutionalism and American political development to derive a micropolitical perspective on institutional change. This approach advances two components as necessary before an institution transforms. First, mid-level agents shift the unofficial discourses through which they understand and describe the institution's core missions and capabilities. These slow and often subtle changes create a mismatch between the mid-level actors and the institution's paradigm. This erosion of institutional order provides an opportunity to reformers. The second component of transformation is the work of these reformers to forge coalitions with elites inside and outside government and press institutional leaders for change. In the rest of the article, I demonstrate the efficacy of the micropolitical approach by investigating how the army developed its AirLand Battle doctrine after the Vietnam War. My analysis of recently declassified correspondence, oral-history interviews, and the writings of officers and experts shows how mid-level officers and external reformers were able to shift the discourses of army leaders and develop an institutional paradigm that endured for decades. Indeed, AirLand Battle influenced the Weinberger criteria for deploying American troops, and it shaped U.S. conduct during the Persian Gulf War of 1991. This suggests a research program that could demonstrate why and how the U.S. Army's way of war changed during the 2000s, as well as how durable this transformation will be.
Characterization of protein extracted from flaked, defatted, whole corn by the sequential extraction process

An investigation was conducted to identify and characterize protein extracted by 45% ethanol:55% 0.1 M NaOH from flaked, defatted, undegermed corn (Zea mays L.) during Sequential Extraction Processing (SEP). This new approach to corn milling, SEP, recycles the ethanol produced from the fermentation of cornstarch to upstream steps of protein extraction and the simultaneous extraction of corn oil and dehydration of the ethanol. About 10% of the protein was extracted by ethanol during counter-current-percolation oil extraction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and amino acid analysis identified this protein as zein. Nearly 65% of the total protein was recovered by the process in the protein extraction step from soft dent corn (Pioneer 3377), medium-hard dent corn (Pioneer 3732) and high-lysine corn. The freeze-dried solids of the ethanol/alkali extracts from these corn hybrids contained about 80% crude protein (db). The amino acids were present in quantities similar to those in whole corn and markedly higher than those in corn gluten meal. These results indicate that SEP produces high-quality protein suitable for food and industrial uses.
PROSPECTIVE APPROACHES TO AVOID FLOCK FERTILITY PROBLEMS : PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT OF SPERM FUNCTION TRAITS IN POULTRY

This paper discusses why it is important to evaluate males as individuals and how advances made in understanding and measurement of sperm function can be used to improve reproductive efficiency in poultry. Commercial turkey breeding relies on pooling semen from multiple toms. It generally is assumed that sperm in good quality semen from all toms are equally fecund. (Fecund is defined, for males, as an individual whose semen contains a majority of sperm with the potential of producing fertilized eggs, which includes success at all steps in the fertilization process: sperm movement, storage in the hens' sperm storage tubules, binding and penetrating the perivitelline layer, and fertilization.) However, when DNA fingerprinting was used to determine paternity efficiency after pooling ejaculates from seven or more toms, it was found that 18 of 26 males produced very few, or no, offspring. In addition, the traditional measures of poultry semen quality: semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm viability, and subjective motility assessment, were poor predictors of paternity. In recent years, a concentrated effort has been made to develop and evaluate methods that quantify sperm function in poultry. Methods to measure some of these traits are reviewed: sperm motility, sperm storage in the hen, and sperm binding and penetration of the ovum. Data supporting use of these tools for managing flock fertility from the male perspective are explored.
Teaching NeuroImages: Ocular neuromyotonia: An underrecognized cause of transient diplopia.

A 63-year-old man presented with several months of intermittent vertical diplopia mainly while reading. He consistently developed a transient right hypertropia (with left supraduction deficit) after looking down for approximately 10 seconds and then back to primary (figure 1). Neurovascular contact between the left third nerve and posterior cerebral artery was demonstrated with magnetic resonance constructive interference in steady state imaging (figure e-1 on the Neurology ® Web site at [Neurology.org][1]), and episodes were resolved with carbamazepine. Aside from presumed transient tonic contraction of the left inferior rectus, there was no evidence that other third-innervated muscles were involved. [1]: http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002725
Heterometallic CoIII–GdIII Clusters as Magnetic Refrigerants

Two heterometallic CoIII–GdIII nanomagnets (Co2Gd6 and Co2Gd9) with defective dicubane-like cores were isolated from the same set of reactants by varying the reaction conditions. These are the first examples of cobalt(III)–gadolinium(III) phosphonate compounds and a rare class of compounds with large 4f ratio among the reported 3d–4f complexes. Magnetic studies reveal large magnetic entropy changes for both complexes (−ΔSm = 27.81 and 33.07 J kg–1 K–1, respectively at 3 K and 7 T).
Robust Inference of Cell-to-Cell Expression Variations from Single- and K-Cell Profiling

Quantifying heterogeneity in gene expression among single cells can reveal information inaccessible to cell-population averaged measurements. However, the expression level of many genes in single cells fall below the detection limit of even the most sensitive technologies currently available. One proposed approach to overcome this challenge is to measure random pools of k cells (e.g., 10) to increase sensitivity, followed by computational “deconvolution” of cellular heterogeneity parameters (CHPs), such as the biological variance of single-cell expression levels. Existing approaches infer CHPs using either single-cell or k-cell data alone, and typically within a single population of cells. However, integrating both single- and k-cell data may reap additional benefits, and quantifying differences in CHPs across cell populations or conditions could reveal novel biological information. Here we present a Bayesian approach that can utilize single-cell, k-cell, or both simultaneously to infer CHPs within a single condition or their differences across two conditions. Using simulated as well as experimentally generated single- and k-cell data, we found situations where each data type would offer advantages, but using both together can improve precision and better reconcile CHP information contained in single- and k-cell data. We illustrate the utility of our approach by applying it to jointly generated single- and k-cell data to reveal CHP differences in several key inflammatory genes between resting and inflammatory cytokine-activated human macrophages, delineating differences in the distribution of ‘ON’ versus ‘OFF’ cells and in continuous variation of expression level among cells. Our approach thus offers a practical and robust framework to assess and compare cellular heterogeneity within and across biological conditions using modern multiplexed technologies.
The effects of load types on the behavior of AC motor drives during voltage sags

Voltage sags are a frequent cause of disrupted operations for many industrial processes. This paper analyzes the effects of different load types on the behavior of AC motor drives during voltage sags. Voltage sags cause a voltage drop on the DC-bus of a drive, which may cause the drive to misoperate or trip offline. The tripping or failure of a drive due to a voltage sag affects the output torque of a drive-fed induction motor and, thus causes the connected load to operate abnormally. The impact of voltage sags on a load depends on the behavior of the drive, the type of load, the motor's inertia, etc. This paper discusses mathematical models for a drive, induction motor and various loads. It explores torque and speed variations of constant, linear and quadratic loads during a voltage sag and the subsequent voltage drop on DC-bus of the drive.
The World of "Gigi" Game

The continuously increasing oral and dental problems in Indonesia as well as the lack of cultivation of education provided is a problem that occurs. Planting early in children is an appropriate solution as a step to maintaining healthy teeth and mouth. Kids can further explore the game by playing while learning so that education as outlined in the game will be quickly absorbed by the child. Through the game The World Of Gigi became one medium of learning for children who are not at school or dentist about maintaining healthy teeth and mouth. The positive impact after playing the game The World Of Gigito 40 respondents obtained sebayak 97.5% or 39 respondents stated that after playing the game The World Of Gigi can know or understand about education around the teeth and mouth. And the whole of the respondents agreed that the game becomes interesting learning methods.
MIXED H 2 /μ OPTIMIZATION

Abstract A general mixed H 2 /μ optimal control problem is considered. The system consists of a linear-time-Invariant plant with stable weights on the H 2 and μ transfer functions. The controller order can be reduced to as low as that of the plant augmented with the H 2 weights. A solution is developed for the optimal fixed order controller which has minimum two-norm for a given value of μ. A numerical approach using sequential quadratic programming is developed to find suboptimal controllers which are as close as desired to optimal. An F-16 longitudinal controller is designed using the mixed technique.
Task dependent loss functions in speech recognition: a* search over recognition lattices.

A recognition strategy that can be matched to specific system performance criteria such as word error rate or F-measure has recently been found to yield improvements over the usual maximum a-posteriori probability strategy [1] [2] [3]. In this matched-to-the-task strategy a hypothesis is chosen to minimize the expected loss or the Bayes Risk under a loss function defined by a performance measure of interest. Due to the prohibitive expense of exact implementation of this strategy, only an approximate implementation as an N-best list rescoring scheme has been used [1] [2]. Our goal is to improve the performance of such risk-based decoders by developing search strategies that can consider more hypotheses and incorporate more acoustic evidence. In this paper we present search algorithms to implement the risk-based recognition strategy over word lattices that contain acoustic and language model scores. These algorithms are extensions of the N-best list rescoring approximation and are formulated as A algorithms. Results are reported on the Switchboard conversational telephone speech corpus. We find that lattice based rescoring yields modest but significant improvements in word error rate relative to N-best list rescoring at comparable computational cost.
Gripped by authority

AbstractMoral judgments are typically experienced as being categorically authoritative – i.e. as having a prescriptive force that (i) is motivationally gripping independently of both conventional norms and one’s pre-existing desires, and (ii) justificationally trumps both conventional norms and one’s pre-existing desires. We argue that this key feature is best accommodated by the meta-ethical position we call ‘cognitivist expressivism’, which construes moral judgments as sui generis psychological states whose distinctive phenomenological character includes categorical authoritativeness. Traditional versions of expressivism cannot easily accommodate the justificationally trumping aspect of categorical authoritativeness, because they construe moral judgments as fundamentally desire-like. Moral realism cannot easily accommodate the aspect of inherent motivational grip, because realism construes moral judgments as a species of factual belief.
Sibling Relationships and Mothers' and Fathers' Emotion Socialization Practices: A Within-Family Perspective.

This study examined the links between mothers’ and fathers’ emotion socialization practices and social behaviour between siblings. We utilized parent reports from 57 two-parent families with presch...
A Fait Accompli: The US Reaction to the Greek Military Coup of 1967

This chapter considers the American response to the Greek military coup of 21 April 1967. It considers how the United States initially reacted to the events of the coup, as well as how, over succeeding weeks and months, the Johnson administration attempted to arrive at a longer-term policy toward the colonels. Two main issues are addressed here: the initial US reaction to the coup and the formation of the longer-term approach the US government would take over succeeding years. This chapter shows how, as the longer-term approach developed, the US would come to follow a two-pronged strategy: One advocating for the return of democracy in Greece, but also working toward a modus vivendi with a regime that the US found less than ideal, but one that was key to US and NATO strategic interests in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Auto-Organization and Emergence

This chapter introduces and explores the fundamental organizing principles of systems. Up until now, we have been describing how systems are, how they are organized, how they work, etc. Starting in this chapter, we will be examining the general processes that account for how systems, particularly complex ones, actually come into existence, how they get to be how they are. Underlying the development of complex systems are the twin processes of auto-organization and emergence. These, in turn, are part of an overarching process, that of evolution, which will be covered in the subsequent chapter. Auto-organization explains how components of systems first start to organize and interoperate. Emergence explains how functions come into existence at a level of organization built upon what new structures have auto-organized and have survived within their environments. Perhaps the paradigm example of these processes at work is the origin of life.
THE VALIDITY OF UNSTRUCTURED PANEL INTERVIEWS: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE?

When considered at the aggregate level, a weak level of validity was found for unstructured panel interviews in the prediction of the job performance and training success of corrections officers. Aggregate analyses also revealed that panel judgments made a small incremental contribution to the prediction of job performance relative to paper credentials and that the two sources of information were only weakly related. However, considerable variation in simple and incremental validity was found at the level of individual panel members and among subgroups of panels. The findings suggest that aggregate analyses underestimate the validity of the typical unstructured panel interview.
Designing Empirical Lab Experiments for SAR-ATR

Automatic target recognition (ATR) experiments often rely on simulated data from high-fidelity digital models or from highly-accurate synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) measurements of real models in an anechoic chamber. Both approaches have high costs that limit opportunity to perform rapid or ad hoc experiments. Here, we present recent work towards ad hoc ATR experimentation with 1:144-scale model commercial aircraft. Although relatively inexpensive and fast, measurements at Ka-band with a non-anechoic test site and quasi near-field ISAR configuration pose challenges when designing an ATR experiment. The local measurement technique, data processing, ATR feature extraction, and classification method are described with emphasis on the various tradeoffs at each stage.
Acute Effects of Exercise Intensity on Insulin Sensitivity under Energy Balance.

Exercise is known to improve insulin sensitivity (SI); however, studies to date have been confounded by negative energy deficits after exercise. PURPOSE The primary objective of this study was to assess the effect of 8 to 16 wk of aerobic exercise training on the SI of untrained women under rigorously controlled energy-balanced conditions. The secondary objective was to determine if one acute bout of moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) or high-intensity interval (HII) exercise further affected SI. METHODS Insulin sensitivity was assessed in 28 untrained women at baseline, after 8 to 16 wk of training with no-exercise (NE) before assessment, 22 h after MIC (50% V˙O2peak), and 22 h after HII (84% V˙O2peak) using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Participants were in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during each condition, and food intake was adjusted to ensure energy balance across 23 h before each clamp. RESULTS There were no significant differences in acute energy balance between each condition. Results indicated a significant main effect of time, such that SI was higher during the HII condition compared with both baseline and NE (P < 0.05). No significant differences in SI were observed after NE or MIC. CONCLUSIONS Widely reported improvements in SI in response to chronic exercise training may be mediated in part by shifts in energy balance. However, an acute bout of HII exercise may increase SI even in the context of energy balance.
A Case of Suspected Streptococcus Pneumoniae Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (pHUS) with Utilization of Minor Crossmatching for Platelet Blood Products Lead to a Diagnosis of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS).

BACKGROUND The action of bacterial neuraminidase of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) results in exposure of the normally "hidden" Thomsen-Freidenreich antigen (T-antigen) found on erythrocytes and other tissues. This may lead to SPN-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (pHUS) with subsequent hemolysis and end organ damage. pHUS can be identified by minor crossmatch incompatibility. We present a case of suspected pHUS that resulted in a compatible minor crossmatch which led to concern and eventually diagnosis of atypical HUS (aHUS). DESIGN A 6-month-old boy presented with respiratory failure. He was found to have blood cultures positive for SPN. Shiga toxin was negative and he had normal levels of ADAMTS 13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13). The clinical team was concerned for pHUS and requested washed platelet product prior to a surgical procedure. Alternatively, a minor crossmatching was performed to determine the presence of T activation. An aHUS genetic panel was performed to sequence and analyze 12 genes encoding complement factors. RESULTS Minor crossmatch was performed using the patient's erythrocytes and plasma of ABO-identical platelets to be transfused. No agglutination was seen at immediate spin, 37°C, or anti-human globulin phase with valid controls. Genetics testing for complement mutations was consistent with aHUS. CONCLUSIONS We present a case that is clinically consistent with pHUS. Confirmation of this entity is done with lectins or anti-sera that are not readily available. An alternative means of identifying pHUS is by demonstrating minor crossmatch incompatibility. By doing so, we excluded the possibility of pHUS and helped to elucidate a definitive diagnosis of aHUS. Our goal is to share our experience of a practical approach in a time-sensitive situation that other clinical pathologists could utilize in suspected cases of T activation with a clinical picture of thrombotic microangiopathy.
Effect of early and focused benzodiazepine therapy on length of stay in severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Objective: Current evidence supports symptom-triggered therapy for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Early, escalating therapy with benzodiazepines (BZD) appears to decrease ICU length of stay (LO...
Status and change in state administrative definitions of behavior disorder.

State definitions of behavior disorder were analyzed and compared to results of a survey completed several years ago. In many ways the definitions remained constant, but important changes were also...