cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigrant threat and Latino/a disadvantage: disentangling the impact of immigration attitudes on ethnic sentencing disparities

The criminal justice system has increasingly been relied upon to address immigration apprehension, resulting in concerns that this institution will be abused in an effort to indirectly address this perceived social problem. The consequences of such an approach will likely extend to Latino/a populations as a result of rhetoric linking ethnicity, immigration, and crime. Despite popular theoretical frameworks suggesting that disadvantage will vary according to the size of the population and the extent of perceived threats toward this minority, many neglect attitudinal measures or fail to measure actual criminological outcomes. This project addresses this oversight by exploring potential mediating effects of attitudes on the relationship between population measures and ethnic sentencing disparities. After fitting multilevel models nesting cases within counties and states, the results indicate that there is significant variation across all levels. While greater disparities in Latino/a sentencing were f...
Sexist Humor in the Workplace: A Case of Subtle Harassment

Humor is an integral part of interaction in the workplace. As Duncan, Smeltzer, and Leap (1990, p. 263) stated, “When a group of people are assembled to accomplish a task, there is always some form of joking behavior and work group humor.” In fact, it has been suggested that humor is embedded in a group’s culture (Fine, 1983; Fine & De Soucey, 2005; Sev’er & Ungar, 1997). Fine and De Soucey (2005) contended that through interaction and the development of ongoing relationships, groups naturally develop a joking culture-a set of shared humorous experiences or references-that provide a basis for further interaction. Similarly, Sev’er and Ungar (1997) proposed that humor in the workplace provides a basis for dynamic social interaction in which the humorist and the recipient negotiate changes in the social context according to their perceptions of the underlying meaning of the humor. As such, Sev’er and Ungar suggested that jokes themselves are not funny or offensive events. Rather, joking represents a process whereby the joke teller and audience interact with one another according to their respective understandings of the embedded meaning of the material.
Identification of Vitamin A in Spermatozoa by Immunodiffusion

A recent publication of Conrad and Wirtz describing the preparation of antibody against vitamin A (human serum albumin-retinoic acid complex) led us to think about the use of this product as a tool for the identification of microquantity of vitamin A in the free form or conjugated with protein, in the isolated spermatozoa.
Sliding Mode Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Using Conditional Integrators

We present a conditional integrator based sliding mode control (SMC) design for position/speed tracking in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with possibly unknown parameters and load torque. A continuous SMC is designed to include integral action only inside the boundary layer to recover asymptotic regulation in the case of asymptotically constant exogenous references/disturbances, retaining the transient performance of ideal (discontinuous) SMC, without the problem of control chattering. In the case of speed regulation, the control design can be viewed as a specially tuned PI controller with anti-windup, while it becomes a PID controller with anti-windup for position regulation. The design easily extends to the case of sinusoidal references/disturbances by incorporating a conditional servocompensator. Analytical results for regulation and performance recovery of ideal SMC are provided, and the efficacy of the design is validated by numerical simulations.
A longitudinal investigation of military sexual trauma and perinatal depression

Introduction: Military sexual trauma (MST), which includes sexual harassment or assault while in the military, is prevalent among women Veterans and associated with depression and suicide. Little i...
InterCloud: A Data Movement Policy DApp for Managing Trust in the Cloud

We present a smart contract based policy distributed application (DApp) that provides high integrity decentralized cloud policies. Our model allows the cloud to query the policy and get an authorization to proceed; this is an oracle-like system that can be queried by the cloud to obtain customer policy adjudication. InterCloud: 1) removes the conflict of interest created by storing policies and attestations in the cloud and moves them instead into a decentralized blockchain, 2) reduces the dependence on a trusted third parties for attestations, and 3) uses smart contracts to functionally evaluate those policies. We implemented a prototype system and show that real world costs are under a dollar per customer to have a cloud 'whitelist' containing several clouds.
Lung Carbonic Anhydrase

In 1946, there was considered to be no carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the lung except that in the blood.6 Since 1952, CA has been reported to be present in lung tissue,1,4,14,25,27,29 and it was noted that alveolar CO2 appeared to be rapidly equilibrated with lung tissue, implying the presence of CA.
Wireless Body Area Networks UWB Antenna Design and Channel Modeling

Ultrawideband (UWB) technology is considered a key technology for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) due to its unique characteristics: high-bandwidth, low-power consumption, less sensitivity to fading, and low interference probability. This paper presents a review of the IEEE 802.15.6 standard, UWB antenna designs and channel models.
Multimodal super-resolution nanoimaging & nanomanipulation of plasmonic nanoparticles

Fluorescence super-resolution imaging relies on fluorophores as contrast agents. As a result of the inevitable photobleaching and thus a limited photon budget, they put fundamental limitations on the temporal resolution. We propose non-bleaching, plasmonic nanoparticles as non-bleaching contrast agents with an unlimited photon budget such that both the temporal and spatial resolution can be pursued at the same time. We demonstrated a continuous observation of fine structural features in resolved actin networks. We believe the non-bleaching nanoscale imaging will open new doors for observing biological processes on a much longer timescales with higher spatial and temporal details.
Predicting City-Scale Daily Electricity Consumption Using Data-Driven Models

Abstract Accurate electricity demand forecasts that account for impacts of extreme weather events are needed to inform electric grid operation and utility resource planning, as well as to enhance energy security and grid resilience. Three common data-driven models are used to predict city-scale daily electricity usage: linear regression models, machine learning models for time series data, and machine learning models for tabular data. In this study, we developed and compared seven data-driven models: (1) five-parameter change-point model, (2) Heating/Cooling Degree Hour model, (3) time series decomposed model implemented by Facebook Prophet, (4) Gradient Boosting Machine implemented by Microsoft lightGBM, and (5) three widely-used machine learning models (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Neural Network). Seven models are applied to the city-scale electricity usage data for three metropolitan areas in the United States: Sacramento, Los Angeles, and New York. Results show seven models can predict the metropolitan area's daily electricity use, with a coefficient of variation of the root mean square error (CVRMSE) less than 10%. The lightGBM provides the most accurate results, with CVRMSE on the test dataset of 6.5% for Los Angeles, 4.6% for Sacramento, and 4.1% for the New York metropolitan area. These models are further applied to explore how extreme weather events (e.g., heat waves) and unexpected public health events (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic) influence each city's electricity demand. Results show weather-sensitive component accounts for 30%–50% of the total daily electricity usage. Every degree Celsius ambient temperature increase in summer leads to about 5% (4.7% in Los Angeles, 6.2% in Sacramento, and 5.1% in New York) more daily electricity usage compared with the base load in the three metropolitan areas. The COVID-19 pandemic reduced city-scale electricity demand: compared with the pre-pandemic same months in 2019, daily electricity usage during the 2020 pandemic decreased by 10% in April and started to rebound in summer.
Most surgeons' daily elective lists in Florida comprise only 1 or 2 elective cases, making percent utilization unreliable for planning individual surgeons' block time.

Abstract Study objective Operating room (OR) utilization has been shown in multiple studies to be an inappropriate metric for planning OR time for individual surgeons. Among surgeons with low daily caseloads, percentage utilization cannot be measured accurately because confidence limits are extremely wide. In Iowa, a largely rural state, most surgeons performed only 1 or 2 elective cases on their OR days. To assess generalizability, we analyzed Florida, a state with many high-population density areas. Design Observational cohort study. Setting The 602 facilities in Florida that performed inpatient or outpatient elective surgery from January 2010 through December 2019. Subjects The providers licensed to perform surgery in Florida (physician, oral surgeons, dentists, and podiatrists) were identified by their national provider number. Hospitals were deidentified before analysis. Measurements The primary endpoint was the mean among facilities in percentages of surgeon-day combinations (“lists”) containing 1 or 2 cases. Proportions were calculated using Freeman-Tukey transformation and the harmonic mean of the number of lists at each facility. Comparison to “most” (>50%) used Student's two-sided one-group t-test. Main results Averaging among hospitals, most surgeons' lists included 1 or 2 cases (64.4%; 99% confidence interval [CI] 61.3%–67.4%) P Conclusions Most surgeons' lists of elective surgical cases comprised 1 or 2 cases in the largely urban state of Florida, as previously found in the largely rural state of Iowa. Results were insensitive to organizational size or county population. Thus, our finding is generalizable in the United States. Consequently, neither adjusted nor raw utilization should be used solely when allocating OR time to individual surgeons. Anesthesia and nursing coverage of cases can be based on maximizing the efficiency of use of OR time.
Courting innovation: The effects of litigation risk on corporate innovation

Abstract In this study, we examine the impact of class action litigation shocks on corporate innovation. Our experimental design is based on an unanticipated court ruling that reduces the risk of shareholder class action lawsuits for firms located within the jurisdiction of the US Ninth Circuit. Innovation output by firms headquartered in this area increased significantly after this decision compared with that of firms elsewhere. This result is consistent with our trading hypothesis, which states that the threat of litigation leads to managerial myopia. The increase in innovation is more pronounced at high-tech firms and firms operating in a competitive environment. Other measures of ex ante litigation risk indicate that firms with the greatest litigation risk experience the greatest increase in innovation after this decision. We conclude that a reduction in the threat of class action litigation leads firms to increase innovation.
High-titer rheumatoid factor seropositivity predicts mediastinal lymphadenopathy and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is a common connective tissue disease-related ILD (CTD-ILD) associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity is a risk factor for developing RA-ILD, the relationship between RF seropositivity, mediastinal lymph node (MLN) features, and disease progression is unknown. We aimed to determine if high-titer RF seropositivity predicted MLN features, lung function impairment, and mortality in RA-ILD. In this retrospective cohort study, we identified patients in the University of Chicago ILD registry with RA-ILD. We compared demographic characteristics, serologic data, MLN size, count and location, and pulmonary function over 36 months among patients who had high-titer RF seropositivity (≥ 60 IU/ml) and those who did not. Survival analysis was performed using Cox regression modeling. Amongst 294 patients with CTD-ILD, available chest computed tomography (CT) imaging and serologic data, we identified 70 patients with RA-ILD. Compared to RA-ILD patients with low-titer RF, RA-ILD patients with high-titer RF had lower baseline forced vital capacity (71% vs. 63%; P = 0.045), elevated anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide titer (122 vs. 201; P = 0.001), CT honeycombing (50% vs. 80%; P = 0.008), and higher number of MLN ≥ 10 mm (36% vs. 76%; P = 0.005). Lung function decline over 36 months did not differ between groups. Primary outcomes of death or lung transplant occurred more frequently in the high-titer RF group (HR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1-6.8; P = 0.028). High-titer RF seropositivity was associated with MLN enlargement, CT honeycombing, and decreased transplant-free survival. RF titer may be a useful prognostic marker for stratifying patients by pulmonary disease activity and mortality risk.
Summary and Implications of Findings

This chapter summarizes key findings and implications emerging from analyses presented in earlier chapters of this book that draw from the 1980 to 2008 Department of Defense (DoD) Surveys of Health Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Military Personnel (HRB surveys). Following a brief background discussion, the chapter reviews analyses from the 2008 HRB survey of the correlates and predictors of substance abuse, physical health problems, and mental health problems among active duty military service members. This is followed by a discussion of how the health and behavioral health of our active duty service members jointly impact their productivity and readiness as shown by our model of productivity loss. It then considers study limitations, examines programmatic approaches of the military to address challenges of service members, and describes significant issues requiring further research.
Chapter 1 Studies of Voltage-Dependent and Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels

Publisher Summary Potassium channels are present in most cell types and serve as a variety of cellular functions. Studies of potassium channel function and regulation are gaining momentum and have benefited from the pooling of resources ranging from biophysics to genomics. More than forty human genes encode different potassium channel subunits, and mutations of a number of these genes have been found to cause diseases of heart, kidney, pancreas, and central nervous system. Voltage-gated potassium channels belong to a superfamily of channels with four subunits or pseudo subunits, each containing six transmembrane segments and a P or H5 segment in between S5 and S6. Inwardly rectifying potassium channels belong to a distantly related superfamily of channels with four subunits or pseudo subunits, each containing two transmembrane segments (M1 and M2) and a P or H5 segment in between.
Role of the F factor oriV1 region in recA-independent illegitimate recombination: Stable replicon fusions of the F derivative pOX38 and pBR322-related plasmids☆

Abstract We have used a mating protocol to isolate recA-independent recombinants of pOX38, an F factor derivative, and the non-conjugative plasmid pMBO311. Plasmid pMB0311 is a derivative of pBR322 carrying a DNA insertion that contains IS121 and shows no extensive sequence homology to pOX38. Twenty-seven cointegrate molecules formed during independent mobilizations of pMB0311 by pOX38 were examined by restriction and Southern hybridization analysis. In general, there were two classes of recombinants. A minority class appears to have been mediated by IS121, resulting in the formation of cointegrate molecules containing IS121 at the junctions between the two plasmids. The majority class ( 23 27 ) apparently involved reciprocal recombination between sites on pOX38 and pMBO311. IS121 does not seem to be responsible for the formation of this type of cointegrate molecule, since similar structures were generated at approximately the same frequency during mobilization of control plasmids that do not contain IS121. We have localized the regions involved in this second class of recombination events and find that most ( 17 23 ) occur at or near oriV1, the primary replication initiation site of pOX38. Twelve of the cointegrate molecules showed identical restriction and Southern hybridization patterns demonstrating a preferred region on pMB0311 as well. This site was localized just distal to the tet genes, within a 640-base AvaI-PvuII segment in the pBR322 portion of the molecule.
Political Game Theory: An Introduction

1. Introduction 2. The theory of choice 3. Choice under uncertainty 4. Social choice theory 5. Games in the normal form 6. Bayesian games in the normal form 7. Extensive form games 8. Dynamic games of incomplete information 9. Repeated games 10. Bargaining theory 11. Mechanism design and agency theory 12. Mathematical appendix.
On Forecasting Thermospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances in Space Weather Events

It is well known that solar EUV radiation and auroral heat and momentum sources have a significant effect on thermospheric and ionospheric structure and dynamics. Upper atmosphere general circulation models using these forcings have been reasonably successful in simulating the thermosphere and ionosphere responses for a number of geophysical event studies. These models can be used as forecast models of thermospheric and ionospheric structure and dynamics by using predicted inputs of solar EUV and UV radiation, auroral hemispheric power of precipitating particles, cross-polar cap potential drop and ion convection patterns. It is also necessary to have a satisfactory initial state to start the simulation. The NCAR TIE-GCM that simulates the thermosphere and ionosphere between 95 and 800 km altitude is used to show the sensitivity of the thermosphere and ionosphere to space weather events.
The Big Picture from Radio Waves to Gamma Rays

The conventional paradigm of active galactic nuclei (AGN) holds that they are powered by accretion onto a gravitational engine. In addition, the presence of Doopler-boosted radiation from jets and anisotropic obscuration can create large differences between the observed and intrinsic properties of AGN (Antonucci 1994). The “big picture” of extragalactic radio sources must include observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. Relativistic processes produce radiation with a very wide bandwidth. In addition, much of the energy from AGN is reprocessed, and the opacity is a function of wavelength. Finally, it turns out that only a small fraction of the bolometric luminosity of most AGN is emitted in the traditional radio and optical bands.
Polarization Phenomena in Two Body Systems

Over the last year or so, new and quite interesting polarization data have become available from various accelerators. I am going to review some of the results which look the most interesting to me, and discuss the interpretations one might give to them. I will try to point out areas where various people believe experimental results might be suggesting an important clue about the underlying theory. In these cases a definite prejudice must be taken in favor of some theory. One of the most popular prejudices among particle theorists these days is a belief in Quantum Chromo-Dyanmics (QCD), a non-abelian gauge field theory of colored quarks interacting with massless vector gluons. It is hoped that the non-perturbative solutions to such a theory will provide an adequate description of both low and high energy strong interaction phenomena. Although this dream has not yet been realized, it is not so far fetched as to be ignored and holds the promise for a deeper understanding of the data we will be discussing. If the theory were correct, it could not help but provide an interpretation of the data we will be discussing which is quite different from the usual meson theory.
A new strategy for folding oligo(m-phenylene ethynylenes).

Backbone-rigidified oligo(m-phenylene ethynylenes) fold into crescent or helical conformations in non-polar organic solvents.
Target word detection and semantic role chunking using support vector machines

In this paper, the automatic labeling of semantic roles in a sentence is considered as a chunking task. We define a semantic chunk as the sequence of words that fills a semantic role defined in a semantic frame. It is straightforward to convert chunking into a tagging task using one of several IOB representations. Using this representation each word is tagged with I, which means that the word is inside a chunk, or with O, which means that the word is outside a chunk, or B, which means that the word is the beginning of a chunk. Tagging can also be seen as a multi-class classification problem. After recasting the multi-class problem as a number of binary-class problems, we use support vector machines to implement the binary classifiers. We explore two semantic chunking tasks. In the first task we simultaneously detect the target word and segments of semantic roles. In the second task, in addition, we label the semantic segments with their respective semantic role types. For both tasks, we present encouraging results of experiments carried out using the annotated FrameNet database.
Micro RNA-125b (miRNA-125b) functions in gliosis and glial cell proliferation: Significance to Alzheimer's disease

analyzed. A lod score of 4.5 was calculated under a dominant model on chromosome 3 at rs10510224, which is in CNTN4, encoding a neuronal membrane protein. Under the dominant model, 5 additional SNPs, on chromosomes 6 and 1, had lod scores >4.0. Five other SNPs, on chromosomes 2 and 9, had lod scores >4.0 under the recessive model. Another 26 SNPs had lod scores >3.6 under either a dominant or recessive model. In addition, we are performing simulation studies to evaluate approaches toward subsetting the pedigree for optimal linkage analysis. Conclusions: Our linkage results suggest several novel non-APOE genetic effects, with the most compelling evidence on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9, for LOAD in the Amish. Computationally intensive multipoint linkage analysis is ongoing and will help further localize these signals.
Temporal relation of calcium-calmodulin binding and neuronal damage after global ischemia in rats.

This study explores the temporal relation of the severity of ischemia and calcium-calmodulin binding in vulnerable and resistant brain regions in a commonly used model of global ischemia.Immunohistochemical assay of free calmodulin unbound to calcium and light microscopic histological damage were measured in rats after 5, 10, or 20 minutes of global ischemia.After 24 hours of reperfusion, decreased calmodulin staining, representing increased calcium influx and calcium-calmodulin binding, correlated with increasing durations of ischemia across all brain regions. Based on a 4-point scale (4, extensive stain; 0, no staining), calmodulin staining after 5 minutes versus 10 minutes of ischemia was 3.2 versus 1.9, respectively (p less than 0.05) and after 10 minutes versus 20 minutes of ischemia was 1.9 versus 1.0, respectively (p less than 0.01). The CA1 region displayed the greatest sensitivity to ischemia. Similar but less dramatic results were seen after 2 hours of reperfusion. After 72 hours of reperfusion,...
Denture base resins: Comparison study of color stability

Several denture base resins have been recently introduced that provide easier or faster processing. Although these materials have adequate strength properties, the color stability is also of interest. This study evaluated the color stability of five denture base acrylic resins and one denture base repair resin. The samples were subjected to conditions of accelerated aging to test color stability. Five samples of each material were processed and aged for 100 and 300 hours. The color stability was quantitatively measured using the Minolta Chroma Meter II. Color measurements were made before weathering and at 100 and 300 hours the color difference delta E was calculated for all samples. At 300 hours the color change of the materials was significantly different at p less than 0.01. It was found that: (1) the color of Lucitone Hy-pro and Acron was least affected by conditions of accelerated aging; (2) Triad, Accelar 20, and Perm demonstrated noticeable color changes; and (3) Compak-20 had an appreciable color change and was the least color-stable of the materials tested.
Hedgehog signaling pathway molecules and ALDH1A1 expression in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Introduction The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway (HHSP) has been implicated in the development of multiple cancers. HHSP activation may primarily be hedgehog ligand-dependent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); while a subset may be ligand-independent. In this study NSCLC primary tumors were used to identify correlations between multiple biomarkers thought to be involved in the HHSP and the clinical outcomes of patients with NSCLC. Identification of such correlations could be used to aid in NSCLC treatment and predicting patient prognosis. Methods A tissue microarray representing 248 clinically annotated stage I–II NSCLC cases was stained using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and scored for HHSP proteins namely, SHH, PTCH1, SMO, GLI1, and GLI2; as well as, ALDH1A1, a putative cancer stem cell marker. Data was analyzed for correlation between IHC staining, EGFR and KRAS mutations, and clinical characteristics including relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results In adenocarcinoma, there were significant correlations of IHC expression between SHH and downstream HHSP receptor SMO ( p =0.017) and transcription factor GLI1 ( p =0.001), while SMO correlated with GLI1 ( p =0.007). In squamous cell carcinoma, SHH significantly correlated with GLI2 protein expression ( p =0.003). After multiple testing correction, there was no significant correlation between any of the six markers and RFS or OS. Conclusions Key downstream components of the HHSP show correlation with sonic hedgehog ligand (SHH) expression, suggesting that ligand-dependent signaling is more prevalent in primary NSCLC tumors. Surprisingly, in early-stage NSCLC, there were no significant correlations between HHSP proteins or ALDH1A1 and RFS or OS.
Releasing the Block: Setting Differentiation Free with Mutant IDH Inhibitors

Hotspot mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 cause a differentiation block that can promote tumorigenesis. Two recent papers reported that small molecules targeting mutant IDH1 or mutant IDH2 release this differentiation block and/or impede tumor growth, providing a proof-of-concept that mutant IDHs are therapeutically targetable and that their effects are reversible.
A basic language 8080 microcomputer software development system for time sharing

A time shared Basic cross assembler for the Intel 8080 microcomputer is reported. Also are included utility programs allowing such functions as editing and listing of source files. Combined they form a powerful tool for microcomputer programming without excessive system cost.
Deformation behaviour of Kevlar® aramid fibres

Abstract A detailed analysis of Kevlar® aramid single-filament deformation is presented. Irreversible and reversible deformations are characterized via cyclic loading experiments. The non-linear elastic response is particularly studied by means of stress perturbation experiments. A shear coupling analysis is developed and fitted to the experimental data by means of a local shear modulus G. An asymptotic modulus Ea characteristic of the local orientation and an orientation angle characteristic of the large-scale misorientation are deduced. The values obtained are in agreement with those quoted in earlier structural investigations. Direct correlation between the pleated structure and the deformation behaviour is demonstrated. The opening of the pleats accounts well for the non-linearity of the elastic deformation.
Nuclear magnetic cross-relaxation spectroscopy

Abstract Magnetic cross relaxation is studied in a coupled two-spin population system. Equations for the magnetization of one spin system in the presence of partial or total saturation of the second spin system are developed. These equations predict the dependence of the signal intensity of the observed spin population on the relaxation parameters of the second coupled spin population and the frequency and amplitude of the RF field. These equations may be used to gain a qualitative understanding of the factors affecting the Z spectrum, i.e., the spectrum acquired by observing the intensity of one resonance as a function of the frequency of a saturating preparation pulse applied selectively to the other. The contributions of the different relaxation and magnetization transfer rates are analyzed analytically and demonstrated experimentally in samples of cross-linked bovine serum albumin. The data demonstrate that the predominant mechanism for the coupling is the magnetic exchange or cross relaxation between the protein and the solvent rather than the chemical exchange of exchangeable protons on the protein.
Brain stem neuronal noise and neocortical “resonance”

We present a qualitative model and data in evidence for the selection and stabilization of neocortical brain-wave power spectral modes by slow periodic and fast noise driving by brain stem neurons. Unlike noise effects in a bistable potential, increasing noise amplitude via more brain stem neurons increases the measure on unstable manifolds trapped in the saddle-sinks of the neural membrane attractor andincreases dwell times. We suggest that the effect of noise in expanding dynamical systems such as the generalized neuronal membrane equations studied here may be analogous to that of many-frequency quasiperiodic driving which leads to the stabilization of the EEG as a strange, nonchaotic attractor.
Improving Integration and Insight in Smart Cities with Policy and Trust

This paper examines the issues of policy and trust in the context of IT infrastructures for Smart Cities. This paper proposes that trusted Smart city policies can lead to the development of trusted foundational service underlying all smart city solutions. Such a set services are critical for architectural choices of data integration and use within smart city domains, and will lead to the development of a marketplace where service providers and consumers engage in a free and fully informed exchange to choose worthy and reliable experiences to address everything from reporting street light outage to identifying economic advantages during city planning. It argues that two usually mutually exclusive architectural meta-models; Centralization and Federation, are required to achieve a set of trusted foundational services. It reviews the large array of options for implementing the marketplace component of the foundational services to support scenarios varying from fully isolated well known analytics to the anonymous access that allows potential users to browse for services without any controls. It concludes that Trusted Policies are highly important as successful ingredients in the development of foundational services and the following developmental stage, and in the operations and maintenance stages for integrated Smart city systems. It is critical that Smart cities systems implement city-wide policies that improve and sustain trust that in turn help Smart cities manage across the multitude of systems that are in both developmental and operational stages simultaneously, and will be so for many decades to come.
Evidence for the localization of chlorophyll in lipid vesicles: a spin label study.

Abstract Fatty acid spin labels containing nitroxide groups at different positions in the fatty acid chain have been incorporated into lipid vesicles. Changes in esr parameters of the spin labels in the presence in the membrane of phytol, propionic acid phytol ester or chlorophyll a and the kinetics of chlorophyll a mediated photodestruction of the spin labels suggest a localization of the macrocyclic ring of the chlorophyll molecule in the polar head group region of the membrane.
Stiffness of intermediate unsaturated soil from simultaneous suction-controlled resonant column and bender element testing

Abstract Small-strain stiffness properties of unsaturated soils, particularly shear-wave velocity, shear modulus, and material damping, play a fundamental role in the analysis and design of geotechnical infrastructure resting on unsaturated ground, or made of compacted unsaturated soils, as they are subjected to static or dynamic loading. Most conventional soil testing devices, however, are not able to adequately capture this small-strain behavior and hence vastly underestimate the true soil stiffness. This paper introduces a suction-controlled, proximitor-based resonant column device also featuring an independent set of self-contained bender elements for simultaneous testing of soils using both techniques. The work is partly aimed at assessing the suitability of bender elements for soil testing under controlled suction states, as compared to more reliable and fully-standardized procedures such as resonant column or simple shear test methods. A series of resonant column and bender element tests were simultaneously conducted on statically compacted specimens of silty sand for suction states ranging from 50 to 400 kPa attained via the axis-translation technique. Particular attention was devoted to the influence of suction over the frequency response curves, damped free-vibration cycles, and cyclic hysteretic stress–strain loops. Results show the critical influence of matric suction on small-strain stiffness properties of compacted silty sand, as well as reasonably good agreement between resonant column and bender element test results.
Aging Influence on Rheology Properties of Petroleum-Based Asphalt Modified with Biobinder

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the viability of using swine waste binder to improve the rheological properties of bituminous asphalt binder. Due to rising bituminous asphalt binder costs, diminishing reserves of crude oil from which asphalt binder is derived, and the gradual paradigm shift toward more environmentally friendly and energy efficient hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures, the asphalt pavement industry is exploring different sustainable alternative binders. Biobinder has the potential to partially or fully replace typical crude-based asphalt. In this paper, biobinder from swine manure is produced by thermochemical liquefaction process at 380°C and 40 MPa (approximately 400 atm) pressure in the absence of oxygen. A Superpave PG 64-22 is then modified with 5% biobinder by total weight of asphalt binder to produce the biobinder. Samples of the base asphalt binder (nonmodified PG 64-22) and samples of asphalt modified with biobinder are characterized by running the Superpave rotational viscosity ...
Comparative analysis of glutaredoxin domains from bacterial opportunistic pathogens.

Glutaredoxin proteins (GLXRs) are essential components of the glutathione system that reductively detoxify substances such as arsenic and peroxides and are important in the synthesis of DNA via ribonucleotide reductases. NMR solution structures of glutaredoxin domains from two Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens, Brucella melitensis and Bartonella henselae, are presented. These domains lack the N-terminal helix that is frequently present in eukaryotic GLXRs. The conserved active-site cysteines adopt canonical proline/tyrosine-stabilized geometries. A difference in the angle of α-helix 2 relative to the β-­sheet surface and the presence of an extended loop in the human sequence suggests potential regulatory regions and/or protein–protein interaction motifs. This observation is consistent with mutations in this region that suppress defects in GLXR–ribonucleotide reductase interactions. These differences between the human and bacterial forms are adjacent to the dithiol active site and may permit species-selective drug design.
Convergent and Contingent Community Responses to Grass Source and Dominance During Prairie Restoration Across a Longitudinal Gradient

Restoring prairie on formerly cultivated land begins by selecting propagule seed sources and the diversity of species to reintroduce. This study examined the effects of dominant grass propagule source (cultivar vs. non-cultivar) and sown propagule diversity (grass:forb sowing ratio) on plant community structure. Two field experiments were established in Kansas and Illinois consisting of identical split plot designs. Dominant grass source was assigned as the whole-plot factor, and sown dominance of grasses (five levels of seeded grass dominance) as the subplot factor. Species density, cover, and diversity were quantified for 5 years. The effect of dominant grass source on the cover of focal grasses, sown species, and volunteer species was contingent upon location, with variation between dominant grass sources observed exclusively in Kansas. Species density and diversity showed regionally convergent patterns in response to dominant grass source. Contrary to our hypotheses, total species density and diversity were not lower in the presence of grass cultivars, the grass source we had predicted would be more competitive. Sown grass dominance effects on the cover of the focal grass species were contingent upon location resulting from establishment corresponding better to the assigned treatments in Illinois. All other cover groups showed regionally convergent patterns, with lower cover of volunteers and higher cover of sown forbs, diversity, and species density in the lowest sown grass dominance treatment in both sites. Thus, decisions regarding the diversity of propagules to reintroduce had more consequence for plant community structure than cultivar or non-cultivar source of dominant grasses.
Trust, Mood, and Outcomes of Friendship Determine Preferences for Real Versus Ersatz Social Capital

Societal-level social capital ultimately rests upon individual attitudes and behaviors. This study investigated the determinants of individuals' preferences for real versus ersatz social activities. Ersatz social activities are substitutes for true social interaction; they involve interaction with media or media characters rather than other individuals. Undergraduates (N = 144) chose activities from pairs of social and ersatz exemplars. The participants were randomly assigned to one offour conditions. In two of these conditions, they wrote essays designed to create either a positive or negative mood; in the other two conditions, they read essays designed to highlight either the costs or benefits offriendship. Results indicated that individuals low in trust were susceptible to situational influences. Low-trust individuals chose more real social activities when in a positive mood or when benefits offriendship were salient, whereas they chose ersatz social activities when in a bad mood or when costs of friendship were salient. High-trust individuals showed relatively high preference for real social interactions regardless of mood or the salience of costs and benefits. These results suggest that appropriate interventions should overcome low trust to build social capital.
Water exsolution from quartz: Implications for the generation of retrograde metamorphic fluids

Available data from the literature suggest that the solubility of H2O in nominally anhydrous minerals such as quartz should increase with increasing metamorphic grade. If this is the case, water should precipitate from the host mineral during cooling and uplift of regionally metamorphosed terranes. Calculations indicate that this mechanism could result in the release of significant quantities of H2O, which would then be available to participate in retrograde hydration reactions and the formation of fluid inclusions.
Steroid influences on a mammalian neuromuscular system

Abstract Some of the ways in which steroid hormones influence the nervous system have been revealed by studying a simple neuromuscular system in the rat. In both developing and adult animals, androgens have profound and diverse effects on the perineal muscles and their innervating motor neurons in the spinal cord. These effects include influencing the survival and morphology of both the motor neurons and their target muscles. Where and how androgen acts to exert these effects, as well as the behavioral implications of androgen action, are questions of continuing interest.
An examination of the relationship between visual capture and prism adaptation.

The phenomena of prismatically induced “visual capture” and adaptation of the hand were compared. In Experiment 1, it was demonstrated that when the subject’s hand was transported for him by the experimenter (passive movement) immediately preceding the measure of visual capture, the magnitude of the immediate shift in felt limb position (visual capture) was enhanced relative to when the subject moved the hand himself (active movement). In Experiment 2, where the dependent measure was adaptation of the prism-exposed hand, the opposite effect was produced by the active/passive manipulation. It appears, then, that different processes operate to produce visual capture and adaptation. It was speculated that visual capture represents an immediate weighting of visual over proprioceptive input as a result of the greater precision of vision and/or the subject’s tendency to direct his attention more heavily to this modality. In contrast, prism adaptation is probably a recalibration of felt limb position in the direction of vision, induced by the presence of a registered discordance between visual and proprioceptive inputs.
Examination of different accelerometer cut-points for assessing sedentary behaviors in children.

Background Public health research on sedentary behavior (SB) in youth has heavily relied on accelerometers. However, it has been limited by the lack of consensus on the most accurate accelerometer cut-points as well as by unknown effects caused by accelerometer position (wrist vs. hip) and output (single axis vs. multiple axes). The present study systematically evaluates classification accuracy of different Actigraph cut-points for classifying SB using hip and wrist-worn monitors and establishes new cut-points to enable use of the 3-dimensional vector magnitude data (for both hip and wrist placement).
The scattering theory of lax and phillips and wave propagation problems of classical physics

Abstract : P. D. Lax and R. S. Phillips have developed an abstract theory of scattering for groups of unitary operators U(t) = exp(-it Lambda) acting on a Hilbert space and have applied it to various wave propagation problems for which Lambda is a partial differential operator. The scope of these applications has been limited by the assumptions that Lambda was elliptic and had smooth coefficients. In this paper it is shown how the abstract theory of Lax and Phillips can be applied to a class of nonelliptic operators Lambda with discontinuous coefficients. Examples include the equations for acoustic, electromagnetic and elastic waves in inhomogeneous media whose properties vary discontinuously. (Author)
Metopirone-induced hypertension in the rat.

Uninephrectomized rats were administered 10 mg of Metopirone (Su-4885; metyrapone), an adrenal 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor, ip either once or twice daily for 6 weeks. All were given 1% sodium chloride as drinking solution. Both Metopirone-treated groups showed a significant elevation in systolic blood pressure. All rats were sacrificed 24 hr after the last injection of Metopirone. Adrenals were collected and corticosteroidogenesis from progesterone, measured in adrenal homogenates, was not impaired by Metopirone treatment. However, in short-term studies when rats were sacrificed either 1 or 4 hr after the final administration of Metopirone, inhibition of 11β-hydroxylation was demonstrable in vitro. The hypertensive groups did show a substantial increase in plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) levels, thus indicating some inhibition of 11β- hydroxylase in vivo. Adrenal hypertrophy in those rats treated twice daily with Metopirone further substantiated the effectiveness of the dose of Metopirone employed in th...
Direct application of reduced rates of aldicarb to potato seedpieces

Aldicarb was applied directly to potato seedpieces at 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, 2.2 and 3.4 kg AI/ha at planting and at 2.24 kg Al/ha over the plants at crop emergence. All seedpiece treatments resulted in superior early season protection from Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Lower seedpiece rates lost effectiveness by early July, while higher rates protected foliage into early August. In a second study, plots treated with 1.1 kg AI/ha to the seedpiece produced crop yields as high as those treated with additional aldicarb at crop emergence. It is suggested that low rates of aldicarb applied directly to the seedpiece at planting could offer effective early season insect control while reducing the risk of groundwater contamination.
Vortex simulation of propagating stall in a linear cascade of airfoils

A numerical simulation of propagating stall in a linear cascade of airfoils at high Reynolds numbers is conducted using a vortex method which was first developed by Spalart [7] for this problem. In this approach, the vorticity is discretized into a large collection of vortex blobs whose motion is tracked in time by the use of a well-known vortex tracing algorithm based on the Euler equation. The near-wall effects of viscosity are accounted for by the creation of discrete vortex sheets at the boundaries of the airfoils consistent with the no-slip condition. These boundary vortices are then released into the flow field downstream of the separation points which are obtained from a boundary-layer routine. Calculations are presented for a variety of flow geometries. It is demonstrated that (for a given cascade of airfoils, disturbance wavelength, and stagger angle) several different flow regimes are obtained: Attached flow at lower angles of attack and a chaotic deep stall configuration at larger angles of attack with a narrow intermediate range of such angles where propagating stall occurs. The physical characteristics of this propagating stall are parameterized and a quantitative study of the effects of camber and imposed wavelength is conducted. Comparisons are made with previous theoretical and experimental studies.