cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prevalence and incremental validity of identity problem symptoms in a high school sample

This paper examines the expression, prevalence, and incremental validity of identity problem symptoms in adolescence. A sample of high school students (N = 140) aged 15-18 completed measures of identity problem symptoms, identity status, and psychological symptom severity. Findings suggested that 14.3% would meet DSM IV criteria for identity problem. Identity problem symptoms predicted psychological symptom scores beyond identity status, and identity status accounted for substantially less variance in psychological symptom severity when controlling for identity problem symptoms. Additional research on the relationship between identity problems and psychological adjustment is needed and greater attention to the role of identity issues in clinical practice is warranted.
Prevention of Eating Disorders Among Minority Youth: A Matched-Sample Repeated Measures Study

The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in primary prevention programs for eating disorders in young girls. In order to address the dearth of research in this area, this study examined the comparative response to an eating disorder prevention program on fifth-grade minority and White females. Pre- and post-test data were collected from 10 groups participating in the prevention program for a total of 50 girls. Minority participants and White participants were then matched based on Body Mass Index (BMI) and socioeconomic status in order to examine ethnic differences in group effectiveness. Findings indicated that minority and White participants were equally responsive to the prevention program.
KGEOFLOW: A new reactive transport simulator for sandstone matrix acidizing

This paper reports on the first modeling of sandstone matrix acidization using a comprehensive geochemical simulator based on the partial local equilibrium assumption. This new model allows any combination of kinetic and equilibrium reactions involving any number of chemical species, which greatly increases the simulator's predictive abilities compared to existing sandstone acidizing models. The new simulator, KGEOFLOW, which is applicable to a variety of reactive transport processes in petroleum reservoirs, is used to predict optimal acid injection rates based on the amount of mineral dissolution and precipitation.
minimUML: A minimalist approach to UML diagramming for early computer science education

In introductory computer science courses, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is commonly used to teach basic object-oriented design. However, there appears to be a lack of suitable software to support this task. Many of the available programs that support UML focus on developing code and not on enhancing learning. Programs designed for educational use sometimes have poor interfaces or are missing common and important features such as multiple selection and undo/redo. Hence the need for software that is tailored to an instructional environment and that has all the useful and needed functionality for that specific task. This is the purpose of minimUML. It provides a minimum amount of UML, just what is commonly used in beginning programming classes, and a simple, usable interface. In particular, minimUML is designed to support abstract design while supplying features for exploratory learning and error avoidance. It supports functionality that includes multiple selection, undo/redo, flexible printing, cut and paste, and drag and drop. In addition, it allows for the annotation of diagrams, through text or free-form drawings, so students can receive feedback on their work. minimUML was developed with the goals of supporting ease of use, of supporting novice students, and of requiring no prior training for its use. This article presents the rationale behind the minimUML design, a description of the tool, and the results of usability evaluations and student feedback on the use of the tool.
Progress update and a look ahead

The Editor-in-Chief (EiC) begins by reporting that in 2012 we have had more than 1100 new paper submissions. In comparison, during the prior four years, TCAS-I constantly received approximately 900-1000 new paper submissions on each year. While all regions increased the number of their submissions, a slightly higher increase from Region 10 (Asia/Pacific) has been noted. We are presently trending at a solid 100 new papers submitted each month and expect a new record of submissions this year. The outstanding challenge, however, is the publication backlog. An accepted paper takes about 4-5 months to be electronically pre-published in IEEExplore and about 9 months and up to 1 year from final decision to be published in print. To address that the CAS Society generously allowed us to increase our 2012 page budget from 2700 pages to 3100 pages. We are continuing our special issue on the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) as well as the special section on the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuit Conference (CICC) which complements, with more system oriented papers, the Special Issue on the conference published every year in the IEEE JOURNAL ON SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS. You will see them again in the May and the August issues respectively.
Parkinson's at risk syndrome: Can Parkinson's disease be predicted?

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has revolved around pharmacologic interventions that primarily treat the cardinal (dopaminergic) manifestations of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia; yet, we now know that the pathology of PD is widespread, accounting for more disabling symptoms such as cognitive impairment, autonomic problems, and postural instability. Further, attempts at modifying PD may be hampered as much by the imperfection of therapeutic interventions as by the extent of neuronal damage that exists even in early PD, when most putative neuroprotective agents are tried. Our approach to PD must therefore evolve and include strategies for detecting PD earlier in its course and, eventually, intervening when the disease process is in its nascent stages. Parkinson's associated risk syndrome (PARS) is the term we have coined to describe patients at risk for developing PD. These patients may have genetic risk factors or may have subtle, early non-motor symptoms including abnormalities in olfaction, gastrointestinal function, cardiac imaging, vision, behavior, and cognition. Changes in neuroimaging modalities can predict the emergence of neurologic signs and symptoms within several years. The PARS study is now underway to determine the feasibility of screening a large cohort of subjects to identify those at highest risk for developing PD. If successful, we will have the tools to identify cohorts for clinical trials of PD prevention or, at the very least, delay of disease onset, and long-term disability. Further, our concept of PD risk will change the nosology of PD as those now considered "at-risk" may ultimately be considered to already have the disease.
Float-polishing process and analysis of float-polished quartz

A fluid-mechanical model is developed for the float-polishing process. In this model laminar flow between the sample and the lap results in pressure gradients at the grooves that support the sample on a fluid layer. The laminar fluid motion also produces supersmooth, damage-free surfaces. Quartz substrates for applications in high-stress environments were float polished, and their surfaces were analyzed by optical scatterometry, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The removal of 100 µm of material by a lapping-polishing process, with final float polishing, left low levels of subsurface damage, with a surface roughness of approximately 0.2-nm rms.
Color and Color Experience: Colors as Ways of Appearing

In this paper I argue that color is a relational feature of the distal objects of perception, a way of appearing. I begin by outlining three constraints any theory of color should satisfy: (i) physicalism about the non-mental world, (ii) consistency with what is known from color science, and (iii) transparency about color experience. Traditional positions on the ontological status of color, such as physicalist reduction of color to spectral reflectance, subjectivism, dispositional-ism, and primitivism, fail, I claim, to meet all three constraints. By treating color as a relational property, a way of appearing, the three constraints can be met. However, serious problems for this view emerge when considering the relation between illusory color experiences (particularly hallucinations) and veridical color experiences. I do not propose a solution to these problems.
Sorting and counting networks of small depth and arbitrary width

We present the fist construction for sorting and counting networks of arbitrary width that uses both small depth and small constant factors. Let w be the product w = pe + + .p,,-l, whose factors are not necessarily prime. We present a novel network construction of width w and depth O(n2) = O(log2 w), using comparators (or balancers) of width less than or equal to max(p;). This construction is practical in the sense that the asymptotic notation does not hide any large constants. An interesting aspect of this construction is that it establishes a family of sorting and counting networks of width w, one for each distinct factorization of w. A factorization in which max(pi) is large and n is small yields a network that trades small depth for large comparators (or balancers), and a factorization where max(pi) is small and n is large makes the opposite trade-off.
Abnormal development and increased 3-nitrotyrosine in copper-deficient mouse embryos.

Abstract Copper-deficient rat embryos are characterized by brain and heart anomalies, low superoxide dismutase activity, and high superoxide anion concentrations. One consequence of increased superoxide anions can be the formation of peroxynitrite, a strong biological oxidant. To investigate developmentally important features of copper deficiency, GD 8.5 mouse embryos from copper-adequate and copper-deficient dams were cultured in media that were adequate or deficient in copper. After 48 h, copper-deficient embryos exhibited brain and heart anomalies, and a high incidence of yolk sac vasculature abnormalities compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine for lipid and DNA damage, respectively, was similar between groups. In contrast, 3-nitrotyrosine, taken as a measure of protein nitration, was markedly higher in the neuroepithelium of the anterior neural tube of copper-deficient embryos than in controls. Repletion of copper-deficient media with copper, or supplementation with copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, Tiron, or glutathione peroxidase did not ameliorate the abnormal development, but did decrease 3-nitrotyrosine in neuroepithelium of copper-deficient embryos. These data support the concept that while copper deficiency compromises oxidant defense and increases protein nitration, additional mechanisms, e.g., altered nitric oxide metabolism may contribute to copper-deficiency-induced teratogenesis.
Strong phenomenal wholes are associated with fast "same" and slow "different" responses and superior overall performance.

“Same” and “different” responses to stimuli that result in strong and weak single phenomenal wholes were investigated. Present and also previous results indicate that strong phenomenal wholes tend to be associated with a fast “same” and slow “different” response pattern. This result suggests that the parts of strong phenomenal wholes are perceived as more similar (e.g., because it should be easier to respond “same” to more similar stimuli). This suggestion is consistent with results based on other measures of perceived similarity. Present and also previous results additionally indicate that strong phenomenal wholes are frequently associated with superior overall (“same” plus “different”) performance. This result is consistent with evidence that the identification of simultaneously occurring multiple targets improves when they belong to the same phenomenal whole. The present results also hint that attention can affect whether two or three objects form the effective (functional) whole and support the assimilation explanation of the Muller Lyer illusion.
A new hope for noninvasive cancer treatment

Tn 1946, when the late John Kraus was a new faculty member at Ithe Ohio State University, he attended a seminar on travelingwave- tube (TWT) amplifiers, presented by a well-known visiting scientist. These TWTs used a wire helix of a sub-wavelength diameter an a guiding structure. After the presentation, Kraus went up to the visitor and politely inquired if the visitor thought that the helix could have applications as an antenna. As Kraus relates it in his classic antenna text [I], the visitor told him, "No. I have tried it and it does not work." The finality of the answer sent Kraus scurrying to the basement workshop at his home, where he proceeded to invent the popular helical antenna. This inspiring story about defying conventional wisdom came to my mind as I read the transcript of a CBS News 60 Minutes segment [2], entitled "The Kanzius Machine: A Cancer Cure?" (broadcast originally on April 23, 2008). However, I am getting ahead of myself. Let me start at the beginning.
Is adiposity advantageous for bone strength? A peripheral quantitative computed tomography study in late adolescent females.

Background: Whereas excess adiposity is presumed to be advantageous for the skeleton, studies investigating relations between bone strength and fat during youth have been equivocal. Objectives: Relations of percentage body fat (BF) and bone strength indexes were assessed in late adolescent females, taking into consideration surrogates of muscle force [ie, muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) and bone length]. Bone measurements in the normal- and high-fat groups were also compared. Design: Late adolescent females (n 115; aged 18.2 0.4 y) participated in this cross-sectional study. Fat-free soft tissue mass, fat mass, and percentage BF were measured with the use of dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry. Tibial and radial peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements were taken at the 4% (trabecular bone), 20% (cortical bone), and 66% (for measurement of MCSA) sites from the distal metaphyses. Results: Percentage BF was inversely related to radial cortical bone area, total bone cross-sectional area (CSA), cortical bone mineral content (BMC), periosteal circumference, and strength-strain index (SSI) (20% site; all P 0.05). After control for MCSA and limb length, negative relations remained between percentage BF and radial measurements and were also observed at the tibia (20% site). Unadjusted bone measures were not different between groups. After control for MCSA, the high- compared with the normal-fat group had lower bone measures at the 20% site (cortical bone area and cortical BMC at the tibia, total bone CSA at the radius, and SSI at both the tibia and radius; P 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Excess weight in the form of fat mass does not provide additional benefits, and may potentially be negative, for adolescent bone. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1530 – 8.
An integrated approach to feature compensation combining particle filters and hidden Markov models for robust speech recognition

Obtaining accurate hidden Markov model (HMM) state sequences is a research challenge to warrant good system performance in particle filter (PF) compensation for noisy speech recognition. Instead of using specific knowledge at the model and state levels which is hard to estimate, we pool model states into clusters as side information. Since each cluster encompasses more statistics when compared to the original HMM states, there is a higher possibility that the newly formed probability density function at the cluster level can cover the underlying speech variation to generate appropriate PF samples for feature compensation. Testing the proposed PF-based compensation scheme on the Aurora 2 connected digit recognition task, we achieve an error reduction of 12.15% from the best multi-condition trained models using this integrated PF-HMM framework to estimate the cluster-based HMM state sequence information.
Conjugated linoleic acid modulation of risk factors associated with atherosclerosis

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been the subject of extensive investigation regarding its possible benefits on a variety of human diseases. In some animal studies, CLA has been shown to have a beneficial effect on sclerotic lesions associated with atherosclerosis, be a possible anti-carcinogen, increase feed efficiency, and act as a lean body mass supplement. However, the results have been inconsistent, and the effects of CLA on atherogenesis appear to be dose-, isomer-, tissue-, and species-specific. Similarly, CLA trials in humans have resulted in conflicting findings. Both the human and animal study results may be attributed to contrasting doses of CLA, isomers, the coexistence of other dietary fatty acids, length of study, and inter-and/or intra-species diversities. Recent research advances have suggested the importance of CLA isomers in modulating gene expression involved in oxidative damage, fatty acid metabolism, immune/inflammatory responses, and ultimately atherosclerosis. Although the possible mechanisms of action of CLA have been suggested, they have yet to be determined.
Microbial capacitive desalination for integrated organic matter and salt removal and energy production from unconventional natural gas produced water

The rapid development of unconventional oil and gas generates a large amount of contaminated produced water. The treatment and reuse of such water generally require multiple treatment processes to remove different constituents from the waste, such as salts and organic matter. This study characterized the performance of a new microbial capacitive desalination technology for simultaneous removal of organic pollutants and salts from shale gas produced water as well as its energy production during the process. The microbial capacitive desalination cell (MCDC) was able to remove total dissolved solids (TDS) at a rate of 2760 mg of TDS per liter per hour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a combined rate of 170 mg of COD per liter per hour, which was 18 times and 5 times faster than the traditional microbial desalination cell (MDC), respectively. The MCDC had a coulombic efficiency of 21.3%, and during capacitive deionization regeneration, 1789 mJ g−1 activated carbon cloth (ACC) was harvested. One advantage of MCDC is that all three chambers could be used to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants. The reactor removed greater than 65% of the TDS and 85% of the COD in 4 hours of operation in the desalination chamber, and more than 98% of the salts and 75% of the organics were recovered during the regeneration process. This technology provides a new integrated process to complement current systems for organic matter and salt removal as well as energy recovery from real produced water.
Hairpulling and Skin Picking in Relation to Affective Distress and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms

The current study examined the frequency and associated distress of both hairpulling and skin picking behaviors in 1,324 college students using the Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale (MGHHS) and Skin Picking Scale (SPS). In this sample, many participants reported significant distress secondary to both hairpulling and skin picking. Participants who endorsed relatively frequent hairpulling or skin picking (N = 72) were scheduled for a follow-up testing session to further assess the relationship between these behaviors and measures of affective distress. Compared to a control sample, the follow-up sample endorsed significantly more symptoms of anxiety and stress reactivity, and had higher scores on a measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
Experiments on Shielding of Jet Noise by Airframe Surfaces

We present parametric subscale experimental studies of jet noise shielding in two basic configurations. The first configuration used a single-stream Mach 0.9 cold air jet with a rectangular shield. The second configuration was composed of a dual-stream bypass ratio 10 nozzle that operated at realistic cycle conditions and a hybrid-wing body (HWB) planform shield. For both configurations, the shield was adjustable relative to the nozzle. Tabs, chevrons, and wedge fan flow deflectors were added to the nozzles to compact the noise source region. Aeroacoustic surveys were conducted inside an anechoic chamber using an eight-microphone polar array. The experiments with the single-stream jet and rectangular shield showed an excess of noise at low frequencies, yet reduced noise at high frequencies. Since the excess noise occurs at low frequencies, it has a minor impact on the perceived noise level of a full-scale engine. Significant EPNL reductions, up to 7.4 dB cumulative (downward plus sideline), were measured with an aft shield length of 5 jet diameters. The addition of mixer tabs increased this benefit to 10.7 dB, even though the jet itself became noisier. The HWB shielding effectiveness with the plain nozzle is marginal, even with the engine translated two fan diameters upstream of its nominal location. However, applying fan flow deflectors or chevrons yielded a significant EPNL benefit, about 6.5 dB cumulative, with the engine positioned at its nominal location. Thus, the compaction and/or redistribution of the noise source are essential for effective jet noise shielding on the HWB. A proposed correlator for the noise reduction due to shielding is the average illumination angle. The experimental data show a trend of increasing EPNL reduction with decreasing average illumination angle. For average illumination angles less than 45 deg, the EPNL reduction in a particular azimuthal direction exceeds 3 dB.
Shoreline Response to Sea-Level Rise on the Southwest Coast of Florida

ABSTRACT Houston, J.R., 2015. Shoreline response to sea-level rise on the southwest coast of Florida. The state of Florida has a unique database of shoreline position measured about every 300 m and dating back to the mid-1800s that presents an opportunity to determine the effects of sea-level rise on shoreline position. In addition to sea-level rise (Bruun rule initially assumed), data are available on the southwest coast of Florida for other factors contributing to shoreline change, including beach nourishment, inlet shoal change, and longshore sediment transport. The sum of these factors should have caused significant shoreline recession, but instead the average shoreline position of this coast was stable during the early period from the 1800s to the 1970s (prior to beach nourishment) and strongly accretive from the 1800s to the 2000s. When the Bruun rule is used, shoreline change predicted by the sum of the factors compares poorly with measured data, but it compares quite well when the Dean equilibrium...
Diffusion influences in denaturable insolubilized enzyme catalysis

The influence of diffusion on the apparent thermal stability of a reversibly or irreversibly denaturable enzyme is examined theoretically when he enzyme is uniformly distributed in a porous solid. If the overall reaction rate is influenced by diffusion through the catalyst, the insolubilized catalyst is shown to yield an apparently more thermally stable enzyme even though the maximal velocity Vm, and the Michaelis constant, Km, are the same for the free and insolubilized forms of enzyme. Brief consideration is given to the experimental conditions needed to clearly demonstrate whether insolubilization does or does not effect the thermal stability of the enzyme.
Estimates of bottom flows and bottom boundary layer dissipation of the oceanic general circulation from global high-resolution models

[1] This paper (1) compares the bottom flows of three existing high-resolution global simulations of the oceanic general circulation to near-bottom flows in a current meter database and (2) estimates, from the simulations, the global energy dissipation rate of the general circulation by quadratic bottom boundary layer drag. The study utilizes a data-assimilative run of the Naval Research Laboratory Layered Ocean Model (NLOM), a nonassimilative run of NLOM, and a nonassimilative run of the Parallel Ocean Program z-level ocean model. Generally speaking, the simulations have some difficulty matching the flows in individual current meter records. However, averages of model values of (the time average of the cube of bottom velocity, which is proportional to the dissipation rate) computed over all the current meter sites agree to within a factor of 2.7 or better with averages computed from the current meters, at least in certain depth ranges. The models therefore likely provide reasonable order-of-magnitude estimates of areally integrated dissipation by bottom drag. Global dissipation rates range from 0.14 to 0.65 TW, suggesting that bottom drag represents a substantial sink of the ∼1 TW wind-power transformed into geostrophic motions.
Phase I and pharmacologic study of sequential topotecan, carboplatin, and etoposide.

Abstract Inhibition of topoisomerase I by topotecan results in a compensatory increase in topoisomerase II levels associated with increased in vitro sensitivity of tumors to etoposide. Maximum synergy has been observed for the sequence of topotecan followed by etoposide. This is the pharmacologic rationale for the sequence of topotecan 0.4 mg/m2 per day for 7 days continuous i.v. infusion, carboplatin i.v. on day 8, and etoposide 50 mg per day p.o. days 9 through 20. The carboplatin dosage was escalated from an AUC of 4 to 5 to 6 (Calvert formula). Up to six treatment cycles were administered at 28-day intervals. Eligible patients had metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or extensive disease small lung cell lung cancer (SCLC), no prior chemotherapy, performance status 0–2, and adequate organ function. Follow-up was twice weekly in the first cycle for CBC and for topotecan and etoposide concentrations. Follow-up, thereafter, was weekly. Tumor response was assessed after two and six cycles and then as clinically indicated. At carboplatin AUCs of 4 and 5, no NCI grade 4 toxicity was observed in cycle 1 in cohorts of three patients each. At the AUC of 5, two patients experienced dose-limiting events after cycle 3, one grade 4 neutropenia lasting >3 days (no fever) and one failure to recover an absolute neutrophil count >1500/μl by day 35. This was, therefore, deemed the maximal tolerable dose. Number of treatment cycles per patient ranged between 1 and 6, and three patients completed six cycles. All patients were male, age 47–71, with NSCLC in one and SCLC in six. The patient with NSCLC had progressive disease after one cycle. One complete and three partial responses were observed in five patients with SCLC. Mean steady-state plasma concentrations during topotecan infusion ranged from 0.73 to 1.69 ng/ml, and mean etoposide concentrations ranged from 60 to 230 ng/ml. This sequence of topotecan, carboplatin, and etoposide appeared tolerable and active. Neutropenia was the dose-limiting toxicity.
GaAs IC fabrication with MOSIS-a user's perspective

Fabrication of GaAs MOSFET digital ICs through the MOS Implementation Service (MOSIS) project. A design strategy for dependable high-speed custom GaAs digital circuits is described. CAD tools adapted for GaAs design are also described. Examples of GaAs IC projects using MOSIS service and the present status of the MOSIS service are examined. >
Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) connects the FACT histone chaperone complex to the phosphorylated CTD of RNA polymerase II

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is well known as a silencing protein found at pericentric heterochromatin. Most eukaryotes have at least three isoforms of HP1 that play differential roles in heterochromatin and euchromatin. In addition to its role in heterochromatin, HP1 proteins have been shown to function in transcription elongation. To gain insights into the transcription functions of HP1, we sought to identify novel HP1-interacting proteins. Biochemical and proteomic approaches revealed that HP1 interacts with the histone chaperone complex FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription). HP1c interacts with the SSRP1 (structure-specific recognition protein 1) subunit and the intact FACT complex. Moreover, HP1c guides the recruitment of FACT to active genes and links FACT to active forms of RNA polymerase II. The absence of HP1c partially impairs the recruitment of FACT into heat-shock loci and causes a defect in heat-shock gene expression. Thus, HP1c functions to recruit the FACT complex to RNA polymerase II.
Computational inference of regulatory pathways in microbes: an application to phosphorus assimilation pathways in Synechococcus sp. WH8102.

We present a computational protocol for inference of regulatory and signaling pathways in a microbial cell, through literature search, mining \high-throughput" biological data of various types, and computer-assisted human inference. This protocol consists of four key components: (a) construction of template pathways for microbial organisms related to the target genome, which either have been extensively studied and/or have a signican t amount of (relevant) experimental data, (b) inference of initial pathway models for the target genome, through combining the template pathway models and target genome-specic information, (c) renemen t and expansion of the initial pathway models through applications of various data mining tools, including phylogenetic prole analysis, inference of protein-protein interactions, and prediction of transcription factor binding sites, and (d) validation and renemen t of the pathway models using pathway-specic experimental data or other information. To demonstrate the eectiv eness of this procedure, we have applied it to the construction of the phosphorus assimilation pathways in cyanobacterium sp. WH8102. We present, in this paper, a model of the core components of this pathway.
Regression error characteristic curves

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves provide a powerful tool for visualizing and comparing classification results. Regression Error Characteristic (REC) curves generalize ROC curves to regression. REC curves plot the error tolerance on the x-axis versus the percentage of points predicted within the tolerance on the y-axis. The resulting curve estimates the cumulative distribution function of the error. The REC curve visually presents commonly-used statistics. The area-over-the-curve (AOC) is a biased estimate of the expected error. The R2 value can be estimated using the ratio of the AOC for a given model to the AOC for the null model. Users can quickly assess the relative merits of many regression functions by examining the relative position of their REC curves. The shape of the curve reveals additional information that can be used to guide modeling.
Brainstem respiratory chemosensitivity: New insights and clinical implications

Automatic breathing, particularly during sleep, depends on the activity of chemoreceptive neurons that respond to hypoxia, hypercapnia, or both. These neurons provide inputs to a brainstem network that is responsible for generation of the respiratory rhythm and the control of the motor neurons innervating the respiratory muscles.1 Experimental studies indicate that serotonergic and glutamatergic neurons located close to the ventral medullary surface may have a critical role in triggering the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia. There is genetic and neuropathologic evidence that involvement of these chemosensitive neurons may underlie ventilatory failure during sleep in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and in victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and may also contribute to impairment of automatic ventilation in degenerative disorders such as multiple system atrophy (MSA). These new insights into the critical role of neurochemically defined medullary cell groups in control of automatic respiration in humans provide the basis for development of pharmacologic strategies to prevent death due to ventilatory failure during sleep in these and other conditions. Breathing depends on a central pattern generator that includes neurons located in the dorsolateral pons, nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and ventrolateral medulla (ventral respiratory column)1 (figure). The NTS relays inputs from peripheral respiratory chemoreceptors and pulmonary mechanoreceptors to the brainstem respiratory network, and the ventral respiratory column consists of separate populations of neurons that control the activity of inspiratory or expiratory motor neurons. One cell group in the ventral respiratory column, the pre-Botzinger complex, contains neurons that are critical for respiratory rhythmogenesis2 (table). Figure Brainstem areas involved in control of respiration Automatic breathing depends on a central pattern generator that is …
Simulation and Quantification of High-Resolution Z-Contrast Imaging of Semiconductor Interfaces

Incoherent characteristics of Z-contrast STEM images are explained using a Bloch wave approach. To a good approximation, the image is given by the columnar high-angle cross-section multiplied by the s-state intensity at the projected atom sites, convoluted with an appropriate resolution function. Consequently, image interpretation can be performed intuitively and quantitative simulation can be implemented on a small computer. The feasibility of ‘column-by-column’ compositional mapping is discussed.
Gender Differences among Self-Assessments, Teacher Ratings, Grades, and Aptitude Test Scores for a Sample of Students Attending Rural Secondary Schools

For a sample of 222 high school students (124 females and 98 males) enrolled in rural Appalachian schools, gender differences were examined in self-assessments, teacher ratings, and grades in the prediction of verbal reasoning and numerical ability test scores. The results of separate stepwise regression analyses revealed that for females, teacher assessments of ability and grades in English were valid predictors of both verbal and numerical performance (R 2 c =.36 and.25, respectively); for males, teacher ratings of obtaining the correct solution to a task, self-assessments, and GPA contributed jointly to test performance (verbal, R 2 c =.47; numerical, R2 c =.45).
Effects of a family intervention on the quality of life of women with recurrent breast cancer and their family caregivers

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if patients with advanced breast cancer and their family caregivers, who participated in a family based intervention, report better quality of life and other psychosocial outcomes than dyads who received standard care alone. Methods: Using a randomized clinical trial, 134 patients and their family caregivers were assigned to usual care (control) or to usual care plus the family intervention (experimental condition). Dyads were assessed at baseline, three- and six-months later. The intervention consisted of five sessions and addressed family involvement, optimistic attitude, coping effectiveness, uncertainty reduction, and symptom management. Results: Patients in the family intervention reported significantly less hopelessness and less negative appraisal of illness than controls; their family caregivers reported significantly less negative appraisal of caregiving. Intervention effects were evident at three-months, but were not sustained at six-months. No difference was found in the quality of life of dyads in experimental or control conditions. Conclusions: Although the family intervention had positive effects initially, these effects were not sustained over time. Future studies need to consider program dose and duration of effect, outcome measures that are more sensitive to change, and realistic end-points for patients with advanced cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect and Enlightenment on the Cultivation of Professional Farmer Home and Abroad

Current status of the agricultural labor and the farmer education in China were analyzed in this study.Meanwhile,mechanismsofprofessionalfarmercultivationinsomeotherforeigncountrieswithwell-developedagriculturewerealsoinvestigated,theenlightenmentfromwhichprovidedreferencefortheprofessionalfarmer’ seducationinChina.
285 PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV IN URBAN CENTERS OF CENTRAL MOZAMBIQUE.

Background In Mozambique, all HIV+ pregnant women attending prenatal consults (PNCs) receive single-dose nevirapine (NVP) at 36 weeks9 gestation. The pill is to be taken when active labor commences. HIV+ women are also encouraged to have institutional deliveries for further measures of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (pMTCT). Because of an institutional birth rate of less than 40%, the lack of a uniform data recording system, and frequently incomplete or unclear patient registries, it has been difficult to determine longitudinal usage of pMTCT program elements and assess adherence by its users. We hoped to better define the population taking single-dose NVP during labor through the analysis of routinely collected data. Study Design and Methods Significant data from all 2004-2005 “sero-positive patient registries” from prenatal clinics in the urban centers of Chimoio and Beira, MZ, were copied into the study database. The HIV+ entries from maternity wards were matched against the PNC database from their respective city, linking individual patient records. Prenatal records with prospective NVP delivery dates (36 weeks9 gestation) falling after July 1, 2005, and not matching with a maternity record were discarded. Results Of 1,244 HIV+ women attending PNCs in Beira and Chimoio, 306 women (25%) received NVP at 36 weeks9 gestation. Thirty-six percent of women receiving NVP at a PNC had record of an institutional birth, but only 53% of this group reported taking the NVP at home before arriving at the maternity. The other 64% of women given NVP gave birth at home or elsewhere outside the urban center. Of 744 HIV+ institutional birth records, 617 women (84%) either reported taking NVP at home (19%) or received it upon arrival at the maternity (65%). Only 25 records were found indicating a home birth after which the mother returned to the maternity to get the necessary second dose of NVP for her newborn. Several inconsistencies and inadequacies in the routine data collection system were also observed. Conclusion These results show that roughly 65% all of HIV+ women in these areas are still not getting NVP prophylaxis before giving birth, the percentage being even higher in the population giving birth at home. Specific improvements in individual health centers, and in the data collection system in general, may augment the longitudinal care of women in pMTCT programs.
Complete Genome Sequence and Methylome Analysis of Bacillus globigii ATCC 49760

ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenburg) Cohn ATCC 49760, deposited as Bacillus globigii, is the source strain for the restriction enzymes BglI and BglII. Its complete sequence and full methylome were determined using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing.
Life’s Simple 7’s Cardiovascular Health Metrics are Associated with Hispanic/Latino Neurocognitive Function: HCHS/SOL Results

Author(s): Gonzalez, Hector M; Tarraf, Wassim; Gouskova, Natalia; Rodriguez, Carlos J; Rundek, Tatjana; Grober, Ellen; Pirzada, Amber; Gonzalez, Patricia; Lutsey, Pamela L; Camacho, Alvaro; Daviglus, Martha L; Wright, Clinton; Mosley, Thomas H | Abstract: BackgroundHispanics/Latinos are purportedly at increased risk for neurocognitive decline and dementias. Without dementia cures, low-cost, well-tolerated public health means for mitigating neurocognitive decline are needed.ObjectiveWe examined associations between neurocognition and cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics (Life's Simple 7; LS7) among diverse Hispanics/Latinos. We hypothesized that higher LS7 would be associated with healthier brain function (neurocognitive performance).MethodsWe used baseline (2008-2011) Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL; N = 9,623; ages 45-74 years) to examine neurocognition in relation to CVH LS7 scores.ResultsIn age and sex adjusted models, a one unit LS7 score increase (range = 0-14) was associated with higher neurocognitive function on the B-SEVLT sum (0.23 [p l 0.01]; range = 3-42), B-SEVLT recall (0.12 [p l 0.01]; range = 0-15), Word Fluency (phonemic; 0.46 (p l 0.01); range = 0-49), and Digit Symbol Substitution (0.49 (p l 0.01); range = 0-83) tests, respectively. Stated differently, a change from the minimum LS7 (0) to maximum LS7 (14) score corresponded to higher scores on verbal learning (4.62) and memory (2.24), verbal fluency (7.0), and psychomotor processing speed (12). In fully adjusted models the associations were attenuated, but remained statistically significant. Incremental adjustments indicated that Latino background and, to a lesser extent, education were primary contributors to the evinced attenuations.ConclusionsWe found that higher neurocognitive function was associated with better LS7 CVH metrics among middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. Associations between neurocognitive function and LS7 were strongest among two at-risk groups for neurocognitive decline and dementia, women and Hispanics/Latinos with lower education. Public health efforts to reduce cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality may have additional neurocognitive benefits among at-risk Hispanics/Latinos.
Composition, Abundance and Population Structure of Spring-Time Zooplankton in the Shelf-Zone of Laptev Sea

New evidence was received concerning the composition, distribution and abundance of zooplankton in May-June 1996 in the shelf area of Laptev Sea. The minimal depth of area is 6 m, the maximum 33 m. As measured at various stations, ice thickness ranges between 1.20 and 2.07 m. Species diversity of spring-time zooplankton is represented by 23 taxa of marine, brackishwater and freshwater species. Average abundance of zooplankton across the examined area in May amounted to 155 individuals per m3. From records of most stations, brackishwater plankton (mass species Drepanopus bungei) was predominantly abundant, being at the time in the stage of reproduction. Induced by spring flood, variations in hydrologic conditions in June have resulted in quantitative and qualitative changes in zooplankton community. Brief analysis of the population structure and development biology of some mass species in the shelf zone of Laptev Sea was made on the basis of previous and newly obtained data.
We kill our own: towards a material ecology of farm life

ABSTRACTDrawing from fieldwork conducted over several months at a small Appalachian goat farm, experimental prose is coupled with affect-based critiques of human exceptionalism to uncover the rhythmic and vibrant relations of human/nonhuman interdependence (Gruen 5). Taking seriously the posthuman call to reimagine animal, human, and material relations, we envision farming as a rhythmic and affect-laden atmosphere of habit, co-constitution, and vibrant materiality.
Molar and Molecular Activity

In this chapter, we discuss Deleuze and Guattari’s (1987) concepts of molar lines, molecular lines, and lines of flight, by examining the case study of Bruce, a first year physics teacher. A graduate of one of the most highly prestigious and well-known Jewish universities in the United States, Bruce possessed degrees in physics, theater arts, and Jewish studies. Although this 25-year-old native of the Northeastern United States initially sought to complete a PhD and become a professor of science, after one semester of study he rethought his career path and elected to pursue a career in teaching.
Toward the ideal mechanical engineering design support system

This paper details the progress toward the development of the ideal mechanical engineering design support system. It attempts to look at the gap between the needs of a mechanical engineer and what is currently available on CAD systems. Since the term CAD emphasizes that the computer is an aid to the human designer, this paper is designer-centric. It is based heavily on the activities performed by designers and the types of information developed by them. Seventeen goals for the ideal mechanical design support system are listed. These are directed at the types of information developed during the design process and the activities used to develop them. For each of the seventeen, background information, the current state-of-the-art, and opportunities for future development are itemized.
Survey for Listeria monocytogenes in and on ready-to-eat foods from retail establishments in the United States (2010 through 2013): assessing potential changes of pathogen prevalence and levels in a decade.

A multiyear interagency Listeria monocytogenes Market Basket Survey was undertaken for selected refrigerated ready-to-eat foods purchased at retail in four FoodNet sites in the United States. Food samples from 16 food categories in six broad groups (seafood, produce, dairy, meat, eggs, and combination foods) were collected weekly at large national chain supermarkets and independent grocery stores in California, Maryland, Connecticut, and Georgia for 100 weeks between December 2010 and March 2013. Of the 27,389 total samples, 116 samples tested positive by the BAX PCR system for L. monocytogenes , and the pathogen was isolated and confirmed for 102 samples. Among the 16 food categories, the proportion of positive samples (i.e., without considering clustering effects) based on recovery of a viable isolate of L. monocytogenes ranged from 0.00% (95% confidence interval: 0.00, 0.18) for the category of soft-ripened and semisoft cheese to 1.07% (0.63, 1.68) for raw cut vegetables. Among the 571 samples that tested positive for Listeria-like organisms, the proportion of positive samples ranged from 0.79% (0.45, 1.28) for soft-ripened and semisoft cheese to 4.76% (2.80, 7.51) for fresh crab meat or sushi. Across all 16 categories, L. monocytogenes contamination was significantly associated with the four states (P < 0.05) but not with the packaging location (prepackaged by the manufacturer versus made and/or packaged in the store), the type of store (national chain versus independent), or the season. Among the 102 samples positive for L. monocytogenes , levels ranged from <0.036 most probable number per g to 6.1 log CFU/g. For delicatessen (deli) meats, smoked seafood, seafood salads, soft-ripened and semisoft cheeses, and deli-type salads without meat, the percentage of positive samples was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in this survey than that reported a decade ago based on comparable surveys in the United States. Use of mixed logistic regression models to address clustering effects with regard to the stores revealed that L. monocytogenes prevalence ranged from 0.11% (0.03, 0.34) for sprouts (prepackaged) to 1.01% (0.58, 1.74) for raw cut vegetables (prepackaged).
Dialect evidence bearing on the definition of "Word" in Greek

Although linguists tacitly operate as if the notion “word” were straightforward, it is in fact one of the trickiest of grammatical constructs to define accurately. Different notions of ‘word’ may be operative for different levels and/or components of grammar, e.g. a “phonological word” may be different from a “syntactic word” and different from a “lexical word”, and different dialects or varieties of a language may differ on the criteria for wordhood and on the status of individual elements. In this paper, accordingly, the issue of how to define “word” for Modern Greek is investigated, with the main emphasis being on how data from various Greek dialects contributes to a pan-Hellenic determination of the tests relevant for identifying which elements are best considered as “words”. Crucial to this task for Greek is the analysis of various “little elements”, the so-called “clitics” and “particles” that are part of the grammatical apparatus of noun phrases, verb phrases, and sentences, i.e. familiar elements like tha and na, the weak object pronouns, the negative markers, etc.