cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Application of Electrical-Joule-Heating Simulator for Heavy-Oil Reservoirs

In the electrical-Joule-heating process, the reservoirs are heated in situ by dissipation of electrical energy to reduce the viscosity of oil. In principle, electrical current passes through the reservoir fluids mostly because of the electrical conductivity of saturated fluids such as saline water. The flow of electrical current through the reservoir raises the heat in the reservoir and thereby dramatically reduces the oil viscosity. In this process, electrical current can flow between electricalpotential sources (electrodes) in wells, and then electrical energy is dissipated to generate the heat. Therefore, the regions around the electrodes in (or around) the wells are extremely heated. Because the wells act as line sources for the electrical potential, greater heating takes place near the wellbore, causing possible vaporization of water in that region. Because steam has very-low electrical conductivity, it can reduce the efficiency of this process significantly. In this process electrical conductivity plays a very important role. To increase efficiency of this type of heating process, the presence of optimum saline-water saturation is an essential factor. To model the electrical Joule heating in the presence of multiphase-fluid flow, we use three Maxwell classical electromagnetism equations. These equations are simplified and assumed for low frequency to obtain the conservation of the electrical-current equation and Ohm’s law. The conservation of electrical current and Ohm’s law are implemented by use of a finite-difference method in a four-phase chemical-flooding reservoir simulator (UTCHEM 2011.7). The Joule-heating rate caused by dissipation of electrical energy is calculated and added to the energy equation as a source term. The formulation and implementation of electrical heating are validated against a reference analytical solution and verified with a reservoir simulator. A typical-reservoir model is built, and constant electrical potential with alternating current is applied to the model to study the efficiency of the electrical-heating process properly. The efficiency of this process is evaluated in the presence of water-saturated fractures and evaporation effect. Results illustrate that water saturation in the presence of fractures and electrical conductivity of saturated rock have an important effect on the Joule-heating process. The importance of the fractures saturated by saline water and operation of such processes below the boiling point are key findings in this paper to obtain high recovery in comparison with other conventional-thermal-recovery methods.
Computer simulation of communications on the space station data management system

A discrete event simulation model for performance evaluation of various alternatives in the design of the communication system on the Data Management System (DMS) of the space station has been developed. DMS.SIM, the SIMSCRIPT-based model of DMS consists of two components: (I) The communication architecture model of multiple, interconnected, fiber-optic, local area networks (LANs) where the LAN access protocol is either token-bus or a version of CSMA/CD with deterministic collision resolution, and (II) the message workload generation module which allows the user to specify a realistic scenario for message generation and responses.Several comparisons between the two access protocols are presented and a Space Station sample workload model constructed with this general representation is used as an example input model for simulation runs. The simulation program structure, the user interface for data input, and graphical display of output statistics from a simulation run are described.
2012 LA, an optimal astrometric target for radiation pressure detection

Abstract We present our dynamical analysis of near-Earth object 2012 LA, derived from a collection of astrometric positions obtained by us with telescopes on Mauna Kea, in Hawaii, densely covering the entire 2012 apparition of the object. Clear evidence of non-gravitational acceleration, attributable to radiation pressure, is present in the complete dataset, but would not be detectable with the sparse sampling of the apparition obtained by other stations. Our determination of the Area to Mass Ratio of A/m = (0.335 ± 0.028) × 10−3 m2/kg is the most significant detection of radiation pressure obtained to date on any natural object. This value can be converted into a bulk density estimate of ρ = 460 - 210 + 260 kg / m 3 , under certain assumptions on size, albedo and shape.
State-based decoding of hand and finger kinematics using neuronal ensemble and LFP activity during dexterous reach-to-grasp movements.

The performance of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that continuously control upper limb neuroprostheses may benefit from distinguishing periods of posture and movement so as to prevent inappropriat...
Developing compliance and resistance: the state, transnational social movements and tribal peoples contesting India's Narmada project

In this article I conceptualize a conflict over the Narmada damming project in central India by highlighting particular spatial fields and larger trajectories of political interaction. The Narmada project's maintenance and destabilization is evinced in a range of processes, including conflict over afforestation in tribal villages, protest narratives over resettlement in regional centres, and transnational lobbying of donor agencies. The interpenetration of social practices by different scales, and the mobility of discourses are emphasized. Further, I examine how organizational and social decisions such as implementing a rehabilitation programme, accepting state compensation and participating in public protest point to the contingent nature of power, revealing both complicity and disarticulation between involved parties. Descriptive points and commentary focus on the Indian riparian states implementing the project; the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement); and affected adivasi (tribal) communities in the Narmada Valley.
Inference with the Universum

In this paper we study a new framework introduced by Vapnik (1998) and Vapnik (2006) that is an alternative capacity concept to the large margin approach. In the particular case of binary classification, we are given a set of labeled examples, and a collection of "non-examples" that do not belong to either class of interest. This collection, called the Universum, allows one to encode prior knowledge by representing meaningful concepts in the same domain as the problem at hand. We describe an algorithm to leverage the Universum by maximizing the number of observed contradictions, and show experimentally that this approach delivers accuracy improvements over using labeled data alone.
Enhanced production of Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) for co-culture with abalone in a land-based system: effects of seawater exchange, pH, and inorganic carbon concentration

Abstract Addition of carbon dioxide to cultured algae is generally considered necessary to maintain high yields and healthy cultures. However, this represents a major cost for commercial production. This study was conducted to determine requirements for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to maintain high growth rates of Palmaria mollis or Pacific dulse. Methods for introducing DIC included additions of NaHCO 3 , CO 2 , and variable seawater exchange rates. Specific growth rates (SGRs) of P. mollis were positively correlated with ambient concentrations of DIC and cultures supplied with both CO 2 and NaHCO 3 resulted in higher growth rates than those supplied with either inorganic carbon sources alone. A pH of 8.9 resulted in growth rates that were not significantly different from those at pH 8.3. Adopting a seawater flushing regime that increased flushing during the light cycle (seawater exchange rate of 7.5 vol day −1 ) but lowered flushing during the dark cycle (0.65 vol day −1 ) resulted in growth rates equal to those obtained by maintaining pH at 8.5 by sparging with CO 2 at a daily exchange rate of 7.5 vol day −1 .
Electromyographic response is altered during robotic surgical training with augmented feedback

There is a growing prevalence of robotic systems for surgical laparoscopy. We previously developed quantitative measures to assess robotic surgical proficiency, and used augmented feedback to enhance training to reduce applied grip force and increase speed. However, there is also a need to understand the physiological demands of the surgeon during robotic surgery, and if training can reduce these demands. Therefore, the goal of this study was to use clinical biomechanical techniques via electromyography (EMG) to investigate the effects of real-time augmented visual feedback during short-term training on muscular activation and fatigue. Twenty novices were trained in three inanimate surgical tasks with the da Vinci Surgical System. Subjects were divided into five feedback groups (speed, relative phase, grip force, video, and control). Time- and frequency-domain EMG measures were obtained before and after training. Surgical training decreased muscle work as found from mean EMG and EMG envelopes. Grip force feedback further reduced average and total muscle work, while speed feedback increased average muscle work and decreased total muscle work. Training also increased the median frequency response as a result of increased speed and/or reduced fatigue during each task. More diverse motor units were recruited as revealed by increases in the frequency bandwidth post-training. We demonstrated that clinical biomechanics using EMG analysis can help to better understand the effects of training for robotic surgery. Real-time augmented feedback during training can further reduce physiological demands. Future studies will investigate other means of feedback such as biofeedback of EMG during robotic surgery training.
Accelerated hermeticity testing of a glass–silicon package formed by rapid thermal processing aluminum-to-silicon nitride bonding ☆

Abstract A hermetic, glass–silicon package formed by rapid thermal processing (RTP) aluminum-to-silicon nitride bonding has been demonstrated and characterized by means of accelerated hermeticity testing. Surface-micromachined comb-drive resonators have been hermetically packaged and tested in an autoclave chamber (130 °C, 2.7 atm and 100% RH). In order to determine the reliability of the package, the life time data are first fitted with Lognormal model and analyzed using maximum likelihood estimator. The results show that for packages with sealing ring width of 200 μm and average sealing area of 1000×1000 μm2, the lower bound of the 90% confidence interval of mean time to failure (MTTF) is estimated as 270 years under jungle condition (35 °C, 1 atm and 95% RH). Thermal shock and temperature cycling tests between −195 and 200 °C for 20 cycles have also been performed, and only 2 out of 59 packages were found failed after the test.
Potentiation of lipid peroxides by ischemia in rat brain.

Post-ischemic changes in energy metabolites and natural antioxidant compounds have been measured in rat brain in vitro concurrent with two different assays for peroxidized lipids. No exogenous free radical initiators were employed. In vitro oxygenation of minced brain preparations for periods of 10 minutes to 4 hours, following 5 minutes of preparatory ischemia, yielded increased levels of lipid conjugated dienes and TBA-reactive material, in contrast to anaerobically incubated preparations. However, either aerobic or anaerobic incubation of brain minces facilitated increased ratios of lactate: pyruvate and glutathione (oxidized): glutathione (reduced), as well as increased total ubiquinone content and loss of α-tocopherol. Observation of lipid radical formation in vivo was then attempted using rats given embolic stroke in one hemisphere and left in the post-ischemic condition for times up to 24 hours. Conjugated dienes were found in lipids extracted from the ipsilateral hemisphere but not from the contralateral hemisphere. These observations of conjugated dienes in vivo (formed presumably during post-ischemic reperfusion) and in vitro (facilitated by oxygenation of brain minces), indicate that lipid radical intermediates and associated chain peroxidation processes are potentiated by ischemia and occur during tissue reoxygenation.
Detection of trace levels of volatile organic compounds using fiber optic Raman spectrometry

A novel fiber optic Raman probe for determination of organic vapors is described. The probe utilizes an absorbent resin, C-18, to concentrate the organic vapors in the optical path of the Raman probe. The probe exhibits a fully reversible response to organic vapors such as carbon tetrachloride or benzene.
Parents' Experiences With Childhood Deafness: Implications for Family-Centered Services

In response to the need for family-centered follow-up, this study examined parents' experiences with deafness after early identification. Qualitative inquiry methods were used to explore and descri...
Identification of Bearing Force Coefficients From Measurements of Imbalance Response of a Flexible Rotor

Field identification of fluid film bearing parameters is critical for adequate interpretation of rotating machinery performance and necessary to validate or calibrate predictions from restrictive computational fluid film bearing models. This paper presents a simple method for estimating bearing support force coefficients in flexible rotor-bearing systems. The method requires two independent tests with known mass imbalance distributions and the measurement of the rotor motion (amplitude and phase) at locations close to the supports. The procedure relies on the modeling of the rotor structure and finds the bearing transmitted forces as a function of observable quantities (rotor vibrations at bearing locations). Imbalance response measurements conducted with a two-disk flexible rotor supported on two-lobe fluid film bearings allow validation of the identification method estimations. Predicted (linearized) bearing force coefficients agree reasonably well with the parameters derived from the test data. The method advanced neither adds mathematical complexity nor requires additional instrumentation beyond that already available in most high performance turbomachinery.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Classification of possible finite-time singularities by functional renormalization.

Starting from a representation of the early time evolution of a dynamical system in terms of the polynomial expression of some observable phi(t) as a function of the time variable in some interval 0 T. Using the functional renormalization of Yukalov and Gluzman, we offer a general classification of the possible regimes that can be defined based on the sole knowledge of the coefficients of a second-order polynomial representation of the dynamics. In particular, we investigate the conditions for the occurrence of finite-time singularities from the structure of the time series, and quantify the critical time and the functional nature of the singularity when present. We also describe the regimes when a smooth extremum replaces the singularity and determine its position and amplitude. This extends previous works by (1) quantifying the stability of the functional renormalization method more accurately, (2) introducing more global constraints in terms of moments, and (3) going beyond the "mean-field" approximation.
Vertebrate evolution: doubling and shuffling with a full deck.

Abstract The number and role of whole-genome duplications in vertebrate evolution has intrigued evolutionary biologists since Ohno first proposed genome duplication as the force driving the ‘big leap' in vertebrate morphological innovation. Attempts to resolve these issues have been thwarted by small and noisy datasets, and by lack of computational accuracy and statistical rigor. Recently, Ken Wolfe and colleagues presented a genome-scale, statistically rigorous analysis of evidence based on the spatial organization of duplicated genes, as well as estimates of duplication times. Their results provide the strongest evidence to date of large-scale duplication throughout the vertebrate genome, consistent with at least one whole-genome duplication.
Children's Books and Technology in the Classroom: A Dynamic Combo for Supporting the Writing Workshop

Weaving literature and technology into writing workshop provides students of all ages with powerful resources, engaging activities, a genuine purpose for writing, and authentic audiences with whom to share their work. The authors describe instructional approaches for effective technology use and make specific recommendations for outstanding children's books to use in the writing classroom.
Is minimal access spine surgery more cost-effective than conventional spine surgery?

Study design Systematic review. Objective To summarize and critically review the economic literature evaluating the cost-effectiveness of minimal access surgery (MAS) compared with conventional open procedures for the cervical and lumbar spine. Summary of background data MAS techniques may improve perioperative parameters (length of hospital stay and extent of blood loss) compared with conventional open approaches. However, some have questioned the clinical efficacy of these differences and the associated cost-effectiveness implications. When considering the long-term outcomes, there seem to be no significant differences between MAS and open surgery. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Collaboration database, University of York, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (NHS-EED and HTA), and the Tufts CEA Registry were reviewed to identify full economic studies comparing MAS with open techniques prior to December 24, 2013, based on the key questions established a priori. Only economic studies that evaluated and synthesized the costs and consequences of MAS compared with conventional open procedures (i.e., cost-minimization, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, or cost-utility) were considered for inclusion. Full text of the articles meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed by 2 independent investigators to obtain the final collection of included studies. The Quality of Health Economic Studies instrument was scored by 2 independent reviewers to provide an initial basis for critical appraisal of included economic studies. Results The search strategy yielded 198 potentially relevant citations, and 6 studies met the inclusion criteria, evaluating the costs and consequences of MAS versus conventional open procedures performed for the lumbar spine; no studies for the cervical spine met the inclusion criteria. Studies compared MAS tubular discectomy with conventional microdiscectomy, minimal access transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, and multilevel hemilaminectomy via MAS versus open approach. Conclusion Overall, the included cost-effectiveness studies generally supported no significant differences between open surgery and MAS lumbar approaches. However, these conclusions are preliminary because there was a paucity of high-quality evidence. Much of the evidence lacked details on methodology for modeling, related assumptions, justification of economic model chosen, and sources and types of included costs and consequences. The follow-up periods were highly variable, indirect costs were not frequently analyzed or reported, and many of the studies were conducted by a single group, thereby limiting generalizability. Prospective studies are needed to define differences and optimal treatment algorithms. Level of evidence 3.
Inhibition of protein synthesis on homologous and heterologous desensitization in the rat adipocyte.

Abstract Desensitization of lipolysis was induced in isolated rat adipocytes by incubation with isoproterenol 10 −5 M or ACTH 250 mU/ml for two and three hours, respectively. Those cells desensitized with isoproterenol were restimulated with either isoproterenol 10 −7 M or ACTH 6 mU/ml and those cells desensitized with ACTH were restimulated with isoproterenol 10 −7 M. Lipolysis was quantitated by the release of cyclic AMP and glycerol. No effect on either homologous or heterologous desensitization was observed when either cycloheximide 2 μg/ml or puromycin 10 −4 M was included in the incubation media during the induction of desensitization. These findings support the conclusion that protein synthesis plays no role in the desensitization of lipolysis in the isolated rat adipocyte.
Comparative ice conditions in North American Arctic, 1953 to 1955, inclusive

Regularly and systematically conducted aerial reconnaissance is at the present time replacing ship and shore observation as the primary means of collecting sea-ice data. Since 1953 new knowledge has been gleaned concerning seasonal variations occurring deep within the outer confines of North American pack-ice areas. Ice breakup and disintegration are now believed to begin in icebound, far northerly regions. These regions expand seasonally. The origin and development of several of these ‘centers of sea-ice removal’ are discussed.
Prothrombin level and effect of vitamin K substitutes in thrombocytopenic purpura in rats.

SummaryContrary to the results of Fleck and Lille, the prothrombin level is not reduced after the administration of antiplatelet serum to rats, nor are the manifestations of experimental thrombocytopenic purpura modified by large doses of vitamin K substitutes.
Toward an information processing account of individual differences in fraction skills

The unique associations between 3 families of mathematical knowledge and individual differences in 7th and 8th graders' fraction skills were examined. Procedural knowledge regarding the steps to solve fraction computation problems and conceptual knowledge of part-whole and measurement interpretations of fractions were measured. Math fact knowledge was indexed as the speed of solving single-digit addition and multiplication problems. Conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge uniquely explained variability in fraction computation solving and fraction word problem set-up accuracy. Only conceptual knowledge uniquely explained individual differences in fraction estimation skills. The findings are discussed within a framework that describes the 3 necessary steps toward an information-processing account of individual differences in fraction skills. Four important limitations to this study were described.
Role of CNS α1-adrenoceptor activity in central fos responses to novelty

The present study investigated, by use of fos immunohistochemistry, whether the functional activity of α1-adrenoceptors is elevated during heightened behavioral activity in brain regions shown earlier to contain motoric α1-receptors. In confirmation, marked c-fos responses that were blocked by an α1-antagonist (prazosin) were found in four of these brain regions (secondary motor, cingulate, piriform cortices, and nucleus accumbens) of animals exposed to a mildly novel environment (clean cage), which elicits a high degree of sustained exploratory activity. Experimental restriction of exploratory activity in the novel cage by a small enclosure did not reduce the fos responses in these areas, and in fact, enhanced gene expression when carried out in home-caged animals suggesting that the fos response may be more closely associated with the motivation to be active rather than activity itself. Experiments with locally administered α1-agonists and antagonists in the cortex by reverse dialysis showed that the above mentioned α1-dependent-fos responses were the result of activation of local α1-receptors in these brain regions. Unlike the aforementioned brain regions, the fos response of the locus coeruleus was not blocked by prazosin, and this nucleus also showed a marked fos increase to prazosin itself possibly as a compensatory response to the blockade of forebrain α1-receptors. Synapse 59:299–307, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relationships between mesoscale morphological units, stream hydraulics and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning habitat on the Lower Yuba River, California

An expert-based approach was used to identify 10 morphological unit types within a reach of the gravel bed, regulated Yuba River, California, that is heavily utilized by spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Analysis of these units was carried out using two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, field-based geomorphic assessment, and detailed spawning surveying. Differently classified morphological units tended to exhibit discrete hydraulic signatures. In most cases, the Froude number adequately differentiated morphological units, but joint depth–velocity distributions proved the most effective hydraulic classification approach. Spawning activity was statistically differentiated at the mesoscale of the morphological unit. Salmon preferred lateral bar, riffle, and riffle entrance units. These units had moderately high velocity (unit median > 0.45 m s− 1) and low depth (unit median < 0.6 m), but each exhibited a unique joint depth–velocity distribution. A large proportion of redds (79%) were associated with conditions of convective flow acceleration at riffle and riffle entrance locations. In addition to reflecting microhabitat requirements of fish, it was proposed that the hydraulic segregation of preferred from avoided or tolerated morphological units was linked to the mutual association of specific hydraulic conditions with suitable caliber sediment that promotes the provision and maintenance of spawning habitat.
Fascioloidiasis in Game-ranched Elk from Montana

The distribution of Fascioloides magna in game-ranched elk and the potential for spread of the parasite through movement of infected animals was examined in Montana (USA). Fecal samples (n = 448) collected from captive elk on 29 game ranches were examined for eggs of F. magna by fecal sedimentation. Eggs were detected in elk on 5 ranches. This suggests that F. magna has been translocated by infected game-ranched elk. The wide distribution of snail intermediate hosts for F. magna in Montana indicates a potential to spread the parasite to other captive cervids, domestic livestock or free-ranging wildlife.
An adaptive test for a subset of coefficients in a multivariate regression model

An adaptive multivariate test is proposed for a subset of regression coefficients in a linear model. This adaptive method uses the studentized deleted residuals to calculate an appropriate weight for each observation. The weights are then used to compute Wilk's lambda for the weighted model. The adaptive test is performed by permuting the independent variables corresponding to those parameters that are assumed to equal zero in the null hypothesis. The permuted variables are then weighted to obtain a permutation test statistic that is used to estimate the p-value. An example is presented of a multivariate regression that uses systolic and diastolic blood pressure as dependent variables with age and body mass index as independent variables. The simulation results show that the adaptive test maintains its size for the three multivariate error distributions that were used in the study. For normal error models the power of the adaptive test nearly equaled that of the non-adaptive test. For models that used non-normal errors the adaptive test was considerably more powerful than the traditional non-adaptive test.
Chinese (Mainland) teachers’ views of effective mathematics teaching and learning

This study investigates Chinese teachers’ cultural beliefs concerning effective mathematics teaching through semi-structured interview with nine experienced teachers. For the Chinese teachers, an effective teacher should always be passionate and committed to the teaching profession. She should not only understand the knowledge in the textbook thoroughly but also be able to carefully craft the knowledge from the textbook for teaching by predicting possible students’ difficulties. Although Chinese teachers emphasize student participation and flexible teaching, they tend to see the teacher’s ability to design and lead coherent lessons as the key for facilitating students’ understanding. The result of this study helps researchers and educators understand the teacher-designed and content-oriented teaching model in Chinese classrooms.
Experimental Determination of the Optical Density of States in Iron

Energy distributions of photoemitted electrons and the spectral distribution of quantum yield from iron ($\ensuremath{\varphi}=4.8$ eV) have been measured to a maximum photon energy of 11.6 eV. These data are presented and interpreted in terms of the electronic structure of iron. No evidence is found in these data consistent with the assumption that conservation of k is an important selection rule. Rather, it is found that the data can be interpreted in a consistent manner if the optical transition probability is assumed to depend only on the initial and final densities of states. The results allow determination of the optical density of states in the regions $\ensuremath{-}6.0\ensuremath{\le}(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F})\ensuremath{\le}0$ and $5.5\ensuremath{\le}(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F})\ensuremath{\le}11.6$ eV, where ${E}_{F}$ is the energy of the Fermi level. Maxima are found in the valence-band optical density of states at 0.35, 2.4, and 5.5 eV below ${E}_{F}$. This result is similar to that obtained in nickel, except the lowest-energy peak is not as strong and occurs at a lower energy in iron. The conduction-band optical density of states is approximately constant in the region observed. The iron samples were also coated with approximately one monolayer of cesium to reduce the work function ($\ensuremath{\varphi}=1.55$ eV) and thereby extend the range of measurements. Strong transitions are observed near $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=2$ eV, for which the matrix elements vary markedly with $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$. The results, obtained at higher photon energies, are in reasonable agreement with the noncesiated data and suggest that the conduction-band optical density of states decreases monotonically by a factor of two between 2.5 and 5 eV above ${E}_{F}$.
Uridine diphosphate glucose:fatty acid glucosyl transferase activity of rape (Brassica napus L.) anther tissue

Abstract Particulate fractions from mature rape anther tissue catalysed the incorporation of glucose from UDPglucose into endogenous lipids. The UDPglucose:fatty acid glucosyl transferase was tightly bound to particulates that could be suspended in 0.1% Triton X-100. The apparent K m for UDPglucose was 3.5 · 10−6 M. In Tris buffer the enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.0 and a temperature optimum of 30°C. In the presence of NaF, the transferase activity was proportional to protein concentration, time, and other variables of the reaction mixture. ADPglucose, GDPglucose, and CDPglucose did not compete with the activity of the UDPglucose-dependent glucosyl transferase. Gas chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic analyses indicated that the endogenous fatty acids glucosylated in vitro had carbon chain lengths of C 16 to C 20 . This is the first report on the biosynthesis of non-phosphorylated glucosyl esters of fatty acids in higher plants.
The service environment: functional or fun? Does it matter?

Purpose – The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the reader to three papers discussing the role of atmospherics within predominantly hedonic service settings.Design/methodology/approach – This editorial introduces the papers in this special section.Findings – Atmospherics plays a significant role in determining how consumers and patrons perceive and interpret hedonic services.Originality/value – The first study examines how atmospherics can impact the overall meanings patrons attach to visiting a hedonic facilities. The second study looks at the role of promotional materials on setting the tone for fringe festivals. The third study investigates the role of atmospherics in green consumerism.
Competitive hydrogenation of benzene and toluene and dehydrogenation of the corresponding naphthenes over platinum wire

Abstract Relative rates were measured for the reactions occurring competitively on platinum wire. The experiments were done in a well-mixed flow reactor at 600–672 °K and 4.4–24.9 atm. The catalyst was selective for the reactions shown; no other products were significant. The catalyst activity declined steadily during processing, and was restored periodically by hydrogen treatment. The data are well represented by the theoretical expression at all pressures, temperatures, and activity levels investigated. The 95% confidence intervals for the kinetic and equilibrium constants are ( k 2 k 1 ) = 0.578e ±0.055 , (E 2 − E 1 ) R = 116 ± 326 Kelvins , K1 = 0.0196e±0.05, K2 = 0.0063e±0.05, at the datum temperature Td of 600 °K. A value of 0.96 ± 0.06 was obtained for the common stoichiometric number of Reactions 1 and 2. Mechanistic implications of these results are discussed.
Measurements of the Steady Skin Friction and Cross- Flow Separation Location on an Ellipsoidal Model in Yaw or Pitch over a Range of Roll Angles

*† The steady skin friction and cross-flow separation location on a non-body of revolution ellipsoidal model performing constant-yaw turns and a pitch-up maneuver at different roll angles is studied. The model is mounted on a roll oscillation machine in the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel slotted wall test section. Hot-film sensors are mounted on the model surface along axial lines at thirteen different circumferential locations. The sensors are connected to constant temperature anemometers for skin friction measurement at a Reynolds number of 2.5 million. Data are obtained at steady yaw angles of 10° and 15° and at a pitch angle of 7°; the model roll angle is varied between ±25° in 5° increments. The steady skin friction data are used to characterize the nature and location of the cross-flow separation on the model surface. The minimum of the circumferential skin friction magnitude for each axial station on the model locates the separation location. Cross-flow separation was found to dominate the leeside flow of the model for all orientations. For the yaw cases, the separation location is progressively more toward the model axis downstream. Increasing the model roll or yaw angle increases the adverse pressure gradient on the leeward side, creating stronger crossflow separation that begins further upstream and migrates further windward on the model surface. For the pitch flow case, the cross-flow separation line remains straight as the flow moves axially downstream. The strongest pitch cross-flow separation is observed at the most negative roll angle and weakens, moving further downstream and inboard as the model’s roll angle is increased.
Announcing: The Janice Monk Lecture in Feminist Geography

In this brief announcement we have the pleasure of introducing the inaugural Janice Monk Lecture in Feminist Geography. The lecture will appear annually in the pages of Gender, Place and Culture. The first lecture, printed here, is by Ruth Fincher of the University of Melbourne. Her article is preceded by four papers that pay tribute to Jan Monk's academic achievements and her dedication to encouraging and guiding the careers of emerging scholars around the world.
Human-Triggered Earthquakes and Their Impacts on Human Security

A comprehensive understanding of earthquake risks in urbanized regions requires an accurate assessment of both urban vulnerabilities and earthquake hazards. Socioeconomic risks associated with human-triggered earthquakes are often misconstrued and receive little scientific, legal, and public attention. However, more than 200 damaging earthquakes, associated with industrialization and urbanization, were documented since the 20th century. This type of geohazard has impacts on human security on a regional and national level. For example, the 1989 Newcastle earthquake caused 13 deaths and US$3.5 billion damage (in 1989). The monetary loss was equivalent to 3.4 percent of Australia's national income (GDI) or 80 percent of Australia's GDI per capita growth of the same year. This article provides an overview of global statistics of human- triggered earthquakes. It describes how geomechanical pollution due to large-scale geoengineering activities can advance the clock of earthquakes or trigger new seismic events. Lastly, defense-oriented strategies and tactics are described, including risk mitigation measures such as urban planning adaptations and seismic hazard mapping.
The role of the covariance matrix in the least-squares estimation for a common mean

Abstract For n > 1 let X = (X1,…,Xn)′ have a mean vector θ1 and covariance matrix σ2Σ, where 1 = (1,…,1)′, Σ is a known positive definite matrix, and σ2 > 0 is either known or unknown. This model has been found useful when the observations X1,…,Xn from a population with mean θ are not independent. We show how the variance of θ , the least-squares estimator of θ, depends on the covariance structure of Σ. More specifically, we give expressions for Var( θ ), obtain its lower and upper bounds (which involve only the smallest and the largest eigenvalues of Σ), and show how the dependence of X1,…,Xn plays a role in Var θ . Examples of applications are given for M-matrices, for exchangeable random variables, for a class of covariance matrices with a block-correlation structure, and for twin data.
Tracheal Stricture Secondary to Cuffed Tracheostomy Tubes

Tracheal strictures have been seen with increasing frequency concomitant to increased usage of cuffed tracheostomy tubes. A patient with such a stricture following aortic valve replacement is described. The possible contributory mechanisms in tracheal stricture include: (1) excessive cuff inflation; (2) disturbance of vascular supply to tracheal mucosa; (3) infected secretions above the cuff; (4) piston force of respirator, and (5) other shear forces along the cuff-mucosa interface. Measures to prevent stricture formation are highly disputable. Operative intervention at an early date is the ideal form of treatment in strictures not responding to nonoperative measures.
Model valence-fluctuation systems: Variational ground states and magnetic responses

Variational ground-state wavefunctions are presented and optimized for two model valence-fluctuation systems, based on Anderson lattice Hamiltonians in the U → ∞ limit. Although these wavefunctions are approximate, they are treated in an essentially exact manner. The {f0, f1; n = 1} system has an intuitively reasonable ground-state susceptibility, while the {f1, f2; n = 2} system is found to exhibit an insulating gap. Due to their different crystal symmetries, this gap should be realized in SmB6 but not in SmS.
What counts as arbitrary power

What counts as arbitrary power? Civic republicans argue that an account of political liberty or freedom as consisting in the absence of domination best captures the spirit of the classical republican tradition, and also provides the basis for an attractive contemporary political doctrine. Domination, in turn, is usually understood as a sort of dependence on arbitrary social power. While there are many aspects of this conception of freedom as non-domination that might be regarded as controversial, this paper focuses on the specific issue of arbitrariness. It advocates a particular conception of arbitrariness that diverges from the mainstream view among civic republicans, and from the view of Philip Pettit in particular. Specifically, it argues that arbitrariness should be understood procedurally, and not substantively.
Intuition as Design Dialogue: Discovering a Language beyond Words

Henri Bergson considered the truest form of knowing to be attainable only through acts of intuition, as he believed the intuitive state created a direct connection to reality itself.For architecture, a field that is grounded in experience, it is important to balance the drive of the intellect with intuitive strategies, which help move toward the unification of data under an experiential aegis. Drawing primarily upon the writings of Bergson and Martin Heidegger, this paper describes how the reductive proclivities of the intellect tend to obscure the embodied insights of intuition, and how the listening response of intuition reveals a primal language that is activated by the immersed dialogue of one experiencing the world.
Gender and Musical Instruments: Winds of Change? Jason Zervoudakes

A nationwide probability sample of elementary schools, high schools, and colleges and universities was contacted and asked to send programs from band and orchestra concerts over the past three deca...
A comparison of L-ascorbic acid and L-ascorbyl 6-palmitate utilization in Guinea Pigs and humans

Abstract L-Ascorbyl 6-palmitate (AP), a synthetic lipophilic ascorbic acid derivative, is an effective preservative in foods and an effective dietary antitumor promoter in mice. Studies indicate that dietary AP is a source of tissue vitamin C in animals but its antiscorbutic properties have not been established. Thirty mature male guinea pigs were fed a scorbutogenic diet until symptoms of scurvy were apparent. Animals were randomly repleted with equimolar concentrations (2.8 μmol·100 g body wt −1 ·d −1 ) of AP or L-ascorbic acid (AA) or with placebo. Body weights were recorded daily during the 9 d repletion, and tissue samples were collected at the end of repletion. Daily mean weight loss during repletion in control animals receiving placebo was significantly greater than that for both AA and AP animals for days 3–10 of repletion. Daily mean weight loss for AP animals was significantly greater than that for AA animals on days 5 and 6 of repletion. By comparing areas of the weight-time curve during repletion, AP appeared to be about 50% as effective as AA in reversing scurvy. However, mean tissue vitamin C levels did not differ between AP and AA animals at the end of repletion, and these values were significantly higher than those for control animals. Dietary AP was an effective source of plasma vitamin C in humans fed equimolar concentrations of AP and AA. These data provide evidence that dietary AP possesses weak antiscorbutic activity in guinea pigs and enhances vitamin C nutriture in humans.
Analysis and Optimization of Software Pipeline Performance on MIMD Parallel Computers

Observations show that fine-grain software pipelines on MIMD parallel computers with asynchronous communication suffer from dynamic load imbalances which cause delays in addition to the expected pipeline fill time. An analytical model that explains these load imbalances is presented. Optimization derived from the analysis leads to significant improvements in program performance. The results of applying this optimization to general pipeline algorithms on the Intel iPSC/860, Intel Paragon, and IBM SP/2, as well as to pipelined tri-diagonal equation solvers on the Intel Paragon and the IBM SP/2, are presented.
Theoretical analysis of diffusional movement through heterogeneous barriers

A number of theoretical relations dealing with diffusion through heterogeneous barriers are presented and discussed. These are expected to be useful in predicting barrier behavior in formulations such as pharmaceutical and particularly protective ointments and films. A relationship has been derived which expresses the effective permeability constant, Pm, of a two phase mixture as a function of the volume fraction and the permeability of each phase. The effect of the shape of the particles on Pm is also considered. Where data are available, agreement with theory is satisfactory. The nonstationary state behavior of a two phase heterogeneous barrier is discussed in relation to the diffusion coefficient, partition coefficient, the volume fraction, and the particle size associated with each phase. It is shown that the effectiveness of one heterogeneous barrier may be greater than another for a given time of exposure while for a longer time of exposure the reverse may be the case. The effect of a “skin” or a coat of a third phase on the internal phase particle has also been examined. Finally, the situation in which simultaneous diffusion and absorption occur is discussed and an expression for the lag time has been derived for this case.
Controlled-release new animal drugs☆

Abstract Economic pressures and technological progress have been major factors in spurring development of novel and improved drug delivery systems in recent years. These specially designed systems may be found in such forms as microcapsules, erodible or diffusion-controlled devices, or liposomes. Antibodies, magnetic microspheres, receptor-binding proteins, and pro-drugs are also examples of some systems that provide enhanced or directed drug delivery. Other systems delay delivery of the drug until it has reached the appropriate portion of the digestive system. The stabilization of the active ingredient to achieve a desired shelf life under expected environmental conditions prior to use may also be achieved by the use of a microencapsulated drug system. A description of the sequence of the approval process for a new animal drug application will be delineated. Some agency suggestions to aid the process of approval for a New Animal Drug Application (NADA) using a microencapsulated or controlled release drug formulation will be given.
Thermodynamics of the proximity effect. II. Entropies, free energies, and transition temperatures of lamellar lead-tin eutectic alloys

Thermodynamic aspects of the proximity effect have been studied via calorimetric measurements on bulk samples composed of alternating super-conducting (S) and normal (N) layers. Specifically, the thermal properties of lamellar Pb/Sn alloys are reported for samples with periodicities λ in the range 0.6≲λ≲6 µm and for temperatures between 1.5 and 8 K. It is shown that if the thickness of the lead-rich (S) domains is greater than about ten coherence lengths, the proximity effect can be described in terms of a surface free energy whose high-temperature behavior is compatible with the cubic Ginzburg-Landau equation. Values of a parameter related to the extrapolation length are derived from the surface free energies, and are shown to lead to transition temperatures which are in good agreement with the observed values in this regime. At the opposite extreme, where the S-domain thickness is comparable to or less than the coherence length, the results show that the thermal properties are virtually indistinguishable from those expected for a homogeneous superconductor with a very low gap ratio Δ0/kTc. The condition for such “pseudohomogeneous” behavior is estimated to be1/2DS≲2ξ(T), whereDS is the thickness of the lead-rich lamellae and ξ(T) is a temperature-dependent coherence length. The transition temperatures of these alloys agree very well with the theory of Moormann for the large periodicities, and moderately well for the small periodicities if the ratio(NV)S/(NV)N of the theory is regarded as an adjustable parameter. However, if this is taken as the ratio of coupling strengths obtained from tunneling experiments—as suggested by the theory of Silvert for the proximity effect in strong coupling materials—then the agreement is only fair for small lamellar periods. The specific heat jump at the transition temperature is found to be in reasonable accord with calculated values based on the Fulde and Moormann theory, provided that one defines the “jump” suitably and that it is regarded as a function ofTc rather than of lamellar thickness. When the same calculations are extended to the region well belowTc, they give results which agree remarkably well with the data in the neighborhood of the specific heat “jump” associated with the tin-rich lamellae. The effects of lamellar stability, irregularities, strains, and concentration gradients are also discussed.