cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mucosal Glutaminase Activity and Histology as Parameters of Small Bowel Preservation Injury

The present study in Lewis rats was designed to assess the predictive value of the mucosal enzyme activities of glutaminase, maltase, and xanthine oxidase and of histology as parameters to delineate the degree of small bowel preservation injury. Small bowel grafts were flushed with saline or a modified phosphate-buffered sucrose (PBS) solution, stored at 8 degrees C for 1, 6, or 12 hr, and transplanted heterotopically. Tissue samples for determination of mucosal enzyme activities were taken after the cold storage period, 20 min after reperfusion and 2 and 7 days postoperatively. Biopsies for light microscopic evaluations were obtained at the same time points, but not after cold storage. Glutaminase activity was well maintained after cold storage, regardless of the duration of preservation. Enzyme activities measured 20 min after reperfusion decreased with increasing duration of preservation (saline: R2 = 32.8%; P < 0.01; PBS: R2 = 52.3%; P < or = 0.001) and with increasing histologic preservation injury. Glutaminase activities were predictive for survival of grafts preserved with the PBS solution (R2 = 49.6%; P < or = 0.001; sensitivity 92%; specificity 100%), while the activities of maltase and of xanthine oxidase failed to do so. The degree of histologic preservation injury seen in graft specimens obtained 20 min after reperfusion was a good predictor of graft survival with a sensitivity of 90% for saline-preserved grafts and 92% for PBS-preserved grafts and a specificity of 88 and 67%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of temperature on conidium characteristics of Ulocladium chartarum and Stemphylium floridanum

(1970). Effects of Temperature on Conidium Characteristics of Ulocladium Chartarum and Stemphylium Floridanum. Mycologia: Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 1071-1076.
The function of nuclear receptors in regulation of female reproduction and embryogenesis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Nineteen canonical and two Knirps-like family nuclear receptors (NRs) were identified in the genome of Tribolium castaneum. The current study was conducted to determine the function of these NRs in regulation of female reproduction and embryogenesis. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knock-down in the expression of genes coding for 21 NRs showed that seven NRs E75, hormone receptor 3 (HR3), ecdysone receptor (EcR), ultraspiracle (USP), seven-up (SVP), FTZ transcription factor 1 (FTZ-F1) and hormone receptor 4 (HR4) are required for successful vitellogenesis and oogenesis. Knocking down the expression of genes coding for these seven NRs affected egg production by reducing the levels of vitellogenin mRNAs as well as by affecting the oocyte maturation. Expression of seven additional NRs hormone receptor 96 (HR96), hormone receptor 51 (HR51), hormone receptor 38 (HR38), hormone receptor 39 (HR39), Tailless (Tll), Dissatisfaction (Dsf) and Knirps-like is required for successful embryogenesis. The knock-down in the expression of genes coding for three other NRs (E78, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, HNF4 and Eagle) partially blocked embryogenesis. This study showed that at least 17 out of the 21 NRs identified in T. castaneum play key roles in female reproduction and embryogenesis.
Effect of ionizing radiation on megasporogenesis in Pinus rigida mill

Abstract Periodic collections of 1-yr-old pistillate cones were made from four Pinus rigida trees in the Ecology Forest and from several trees in the Control Forest at Brookhaven National Laboratory between 26 June and 15 July 1963. The experimental trees were growing in a natural pine-oak forest that was irradiated by a 137 Cs (9500 Ci) source. Beginning on 22 November 1961, the forest was exposed to γ-rays during 20 hr each day. In excess of 1000 ovules were dissected from cones exposed to radiation levels of 1·15, 2·15, 2·80 and 3·15 R/20-hr day. Serial microtome sections were used to determine the effect of radiation on fertilization. Fertilization was delayed by chronic γ-exposure, and this delay amounted to about 7 days when the controls were compared to the trees at the highest exposure level 3·15 R/20-hr day. In addition, chromosomal aberrations were also observed in several cells during mitosis. Chromosomal bridging was observed at anaphase in cells from nucellar tissue of a cone exposed to 2·80 R/20-hr day and micronuclei were present in an ovule which had received 3·15 R/20-hr day. Photomicrographs were made to illustrate embryo sac development at various stages and the chromosomal aberrations occurring at two levels of radiation.
Anomalous Thermoelectric Power as Evidence for Two Valence Bands in SnTe

The thermoelectric power ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$) of $p$-type SnTe has been measured between room temperature and 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for apparent hole concentrations (${p}^{*}=\frac{1}{e{R}_{300}}$) between 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ and 1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{21}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. At room temperature, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ does not decrease monotonically with increasing ${p}^{*}$ in the usual manner for a $p$-type semiconductor. Instead, it increases from 5-8 \ensuremath{\mu}V/deg at ${p}^{*}=1\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ to a maximum of 34\ensuremath{\mu}V/deg at ${p}^{*}=8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, after which it decreases to 20.5 \ensuremath{\mu}V/deg at ${p}^{*}=1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The maximum gradually disappears with increasing temperature. At 400 and 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decreases monotonically with increasing ${p}^{*}$. By means of numerical calculations for a particular set of band parameters, it is shown that this type of anomalous variation in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ can be exhibited by a $p$-type semiconductor with two nondegenerate valence bands. It is found that the observed properties of SnTe, including the variation of Hall coefficient with temperature and carrier concentration, are qualitatively consistent with a two-valence-band model, but are difficult to explain on the assumption that SnTe is a semimetal. However, it has not been possible to obtain a quantitative fit to the data with a two-band model in which both bands are of simple parabolic form.
A Numerical Experiment on Chandrasekhar's Discrete-Ordinate Method for Radiative Transfer: Applications to Cloudy and Hazy Atmospheres

Abstract The discrete-ordinate method for radiative transfer introduced originally by Chandrasekhar has been theoretically developed and numerically verified for use in solving the transfer of both solar and thermal infrared radiation through cloudy and hazy atmospheres. This method differs from other radiative transfer approaches in the sense that the solution of the transfer equation can be explicitly derived by employing a finite set of discrete-streams representing the emergent angles in the integral term. Hence such a method is practical for deriving a simplified but reliable radiative transfer approximation for meteorological applications involving clouds and aerosols. Comprehensive comparisons with other rigorous means are carried out for the transmitted and reflected intensity and flux associated with isotropic, Rayleigh and anisotropic scattering. The comparisons reveal that close agreement of radiation computations can be achieved by using discrete-streams of 16. For flux calculations, it was fo...
Preparation and Structure Verification of cis,cis- and trans,trans-Bicyclohexyl-4,4′-Dicarboxylic Acids

Abstract The title compounds and their methyl esters have been prepared by an improved method. The stereochemistry of these molecules, heretofore unverified in the literature, has been established by nmr and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Management of the carotid artery following penetrating injuries of the soft palate

Abstract Penetrating injuries of the soft palate are not uncommon in the pediatric population. The majority are minor, requiring only conservative treatment. Despite the close proximity of the carotid artery to lateral soft palate and tonsillar fossa, the incidence of carotid injury is low. When carotid injury does occur, it is usually secondary to blunt trauma to the carotid with a resultant thrombosis. A concomitant neurologic deterioration often follows occurring from 3 h to 3 days after the initial injury ( Hengerer et al. (1984) . Laryngoscope 94, 1571–1575 ). The potential neurologic sequelae of such an injury make these seemingly innocuous wounds a diagnostic and management dilemma for the clinician. We present an unusual case of an internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm in a neurologically intact child following soft palate impalement. We review the diagnostic evaluation including angiography and magnetic resonance angiography, the surgical approach, and postoperative issues including anticoagulation. The literature is reviewed and a discussion regarding the approach to penetrating injuries of the soft palate is presented.
Work-life benefits and job pursuit intentions: The role of anticipated organizational support

Abstract The current study examined the impact of two work-life benefits, work schedule flexibility, and dependent care assistance, on applicants' intentions to pursue jobs with potential employers. The study also explored whether anticipated organizational support would mediate the relationships between these two work-life benefits and job pursuit intentions. Results indicated that although work schedule flexibility, dependent care assistance, and salary were all related to job pursuit intentions, only schedule flexibility, and dependent care were related to anticipated organizational support. Findings also indicated that anticipated organizational support fully mediated the effects of work schedule flexibility and dependent care assistance on job pursuit intentions. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of organizational support as a mediating mechanism through which work-life benefits influence more distal outcomes, and in terms of implications for organizational recruiting strategies.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Oxadiazole Carboxamide Deoxyribonucleoside Analogs

Two novel C-linked oxadiazole carboxamide nucleosides 5-(2′-deoxy-3′,5′-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-carboxamide (1) and 5-(2′-deoxy-3′,5′-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide (2) were successfully synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The crystallographic analysis shows that both unnatural nucleoside analogs 1 and 2 adapt the C2′-endo (“south”) conformation. The orientation of the oxadiazole carboxamide nucleobase moiety was determined as anti (conformer A) and high anti (conformer B) in the case of the nucleoside analog 1 whereas the syn conformation is adapted by the unnatural nucleoside 2. Furthermore, nucleoside analogs 1 and 2 were converted with high efficiency to corresponding nucleoside triphosphates through the combination chemo-enzymatic approach. Oxadiazole carboxamide deoxyribonucleoside analogs represent valuable tools to study DNA polymerase recognition, fidelity of nucleotide incorporation, and extension. In honor and celebration of...
Cancer stereotypes: A multidimensional scaling analysis

The body of empirical research investigating the structure of stereotypes held by the physically healthy population toward individuals with medically related problems is remarkably small. This is particularly true for stereotypes related to cancer. This study adopted a multidimensional scaling (MDS) strategy in order to identify medically related stereotype dimensions for cancer and other illnesses. Sixty-eight subjects judged the similarity of cancer and eleven other medical conditions and rated each on 7-point attribute scales. A two-dimensional solution of respondents' similarity judgments was found and four distinct clusters of related conditions were perceived: (1) cancer and other illnesses with controllable risk factors, (2) conditions affecting motor function, (3) psychological/functional disorders and (4) communication/sensory functional disorders. Regression of mean attribute ratings onto the MDS disability coordinates labeled the two dimensions Normality and Physical Health. Implications of these dimensions for planning effective programs to change stereotypes and improve attitudes toward individuals with cancer and other medical conditions are discussed.
Effects of heat-affected zone peak temperatures on the microstructure and properties of 2090 Al alloy

The influence of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) thermal cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2090 Al alloy has been investigated. Emphasis is placed on the effects of the HAZ peak temperatures on the T3 and T8 tempered 2090. The HAZ thermal cycles were simulated using a Gleeble, and tensile tests were conducted at 293 and 77 K. The difference in properties between the HAZ and the base metal is primarily caused by the dissolution of strengthening phases. At 578 K, degradation in strength occurs due to dissolution of δ’ phase and, at 773 K, due to dissolution of T1 phase. The thermal cycle to 648 K leads to an observable growth of T1 phase, but the volume fraction is too low to be an effective strengthener. As a result, at the 293 K test temperature, the base metal (BM) tempers become irrelevant with the peak temperatures above 578 K, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) curves of both the BM-T3 and BM-T8 coincide and follow the same trend up to 853 K. At the 77 K temperature, the strength and elongation of the BM and the thermally cycled specimens in the T3 and T8 tempered conditions follow the trend seen at 293 K and exhibit higher strengths and elongations.
Preliminary studies on the application of certain chlorinated solvents to soybean oil extraction

Data for specific-gravity concentration curves were determined for soybean oil miscellas, using methyl chloroform, ethylene dichloride, and propylene dichloride as solvents. Extraction rates of five solvents extracting soybean oil were found to increase in the following order: 1,2,3-trichloropropane, methyl chloroform, ethylene dichloride, propylene dichloride, and trichloroethylene. As the result of pilot plant runs on ethylene and propylene dichlorides and consideration of other data the preliminary conclusion was reached that propylene dichloride could be used at a higher temperature where it would be more satisfactory than ethylene dichloride but less so than trichloroethylene.
A maximum-likelihood method for estimating thresholds in a yes-no task.

A maximum‐likelihood procedure for estimating threshold values in a yes–no task is presented. In computer simulations of this procedure, it is demonstrated that the variability of the threshold estimates is little affected by the density of the hypotheses tested for a fixed range, or by serious misestimates of the slope of the psychometric functions. The threshold value is also largely independent of the starting value of the signal. The standard deviation of the threshold estimates appears to decrease with the square root of the number of trials, with a 2‐ to 3‐dB standard deviation possible if only 12 trials are used in the threshold estimates. Data are presented using human listeners tested on 5 days. Two threshold estimates, based on 12 trials, were made at each of the six audiometric frequencies on each day. The mean data appear sensible, and the standard deviation of the measured thresholds is about 3 dB. Using this procedure, it takes less than 3 min to measure the audiogram for a single ear.
Disulfiram effects on responses to intravenous cocaine administration.

Abstract Disulfiram has been studied as a treatment for cocaine dependence. We report results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study to examine the interaction of disulfiram with intravenous cocaine. Methods Non-treatment-seeking, cocaine-dependent, volunteers participated in serial experiments in which they received disulfiram placebo, 62.5 or 250 mg/day on days 1–6. On days 4–6, participants received a morning disulfiram dose 2 h prior to a scheduled session in which they were administered intravenous cocaine placebo, 0.25 mg/kg (n = 9) or 0.5 mg/kg (n = 3) over 1 min. Blood, cardiovascular and subjective measures were collected. Seven days of washout occurred between disulfiram conditions. Results Following active disulfiram treatments and cocaine 0.25 mg/kg administration, plasma cocaine AUC (0–480min) was increased (p = 0.003 and 0.001) and cocaine clearance decreased (p Conclusions Disulfiram decreased cocaine clearance without toxicity. Cocaine ‘high’ and ‘rush’ were diminished. Disulfiram may be a promising pharmacotherapy in selected cocaine dependent individuals.
Management of carotid artery injuries: Louisiana State University Shreveport experience.

Background Traumatic carotid artery injury is an infrequently encountered surgical entity. Carotid artery injuries in polytrauma patients can be easily missed in the absence of clinical findings and/or presence of confounding concurrent injuries. Methods Between 1991 and 1998, 23 patients were diagnosed with various carotid artery injuries at the trauma center of Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana. Injuries were assessed by angiography and/or surgical exploration of the neck. Clinical presentations, radiologic features, management strategies, and neurologic outcomes were statistically analyzed and compared with the existing literature. Results Twelve patients (52%) had penetrating carotid artery injuries, while 11 (48%) had blunt trauma. The diagnosis of carotid injury was significantly delayed in the group with blunt trauma as opposed to those with penetrating wounds. Surgical repair was performed in 6 (26%) patients; 2 (8%) underwent balloon occlusion, while ligation was conducted in 2 (8%) patients. Thirteen patients (57%) were treated conservatively with anticoagulants. Six patients (26%) died, while another 6 (26%) had permanent neurologic deficit. Mortality and morbidity was significantly higher in the group with penetrating injuries. A statistical analysis showed that multi-level carotid injury (p < 0.002) and increasing age (p < 0.001) had a significantly higher mortality. Conclusions Injury to carotid arteries results in significant mortality and morbidity. Our results indicate that penetrating carotid injury at more than one level carries higher mortality and morbidity rates than blunt injury. Furthermore, early identification of the injured segment may favorably influence the outcome for such patients.
Curricular guidance for IT associate-degree programs

© W W W .I ST O C K PH O TO .C O M // JA M ES B R EY ( b o tt o m ); © W W W .I ST O C K PH O TO .C O M // A LE X SL O B O D K IN ( to p ) Curricular Guidance for IT Associate-Degree Programs various other national and international organizations. The seminal product is the recommendation of ACM that any IT-related associate-degree program should include – somewhere in the curriculum – these 40 student learning outcomes constituting the foundational technical core competencies. Table 1 below provides a sample of these 40 competencies. To view all the core learning outcomes, visit our web site [3].
Severe impairment of endothelial function with the HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir is not mediated by insulin resistance in healthy subjects.

Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to increased cardiovascular events among HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir causes both vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance, but the relationship between the two disturbances is not established. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV), insulin-mediated vasodilation (IMV), and whole body and leg glucose uptake during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (40 mU/m2/min) were measured before and after four weeks of indinavir in nine healthy men. EDV fell from 270 ± 67% above basal to 124 ± 30% (P = 0.04) and IMV from 56 ± 14% above basal to 8 ± 8% (P = 0.001) with indinavir. During the clamp, arteriovenous glucose difference and leg glucose uptake were not significantly different after indinavir and whole-body glucose uptake was only modestly reduced (8.0 ± 0.8 vs. 7.2 ± 0.8 mg/kg/min, P = 0.04). The change in EDV did not correlate with the change in whole-body glucose uptake after indinavir (r = 0.21, P = 0.6). Despite marked impairment of endothelial function and IMV with indinavir, only modest, inconsistent reductions in measures of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurred. This suggests that indinavir’s effects on glucose metabolism are not directly related to indinavir-associated endothelial dysfunction. Studies of the vascular effects of newer protease inhibitors are needed.
Atmospheric oxidation pathways of propane and its by‐products: Acetone, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde

[i] Propane (C 3 H 8 ) is one of the most abundant nonmethane hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. It is a fuel widely used, derived from petroleum products during oil and natural gas processing. It can be oxidized in the atmosphere via its reactions with hydroxyl (OH) radicals and chlorine (Cl) atoms and serves as an indicator for the presence of such oxidants. During the atmospheric degradation of propane, various carbonyl compounds are formed, with acetone, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde among the most prominent. Carbonyl compounds are relevant because of their toxicity and ability to produce free radicals by photolysis that give rise to stable products, thus providing valuable information about atmospheric oxidation processes. The exact mechanisms of the oxidation pathways of propane have not been properly characterized, although several speculations have been made that determine the oxidation products. The present study investigates the oxidation mechanism of propane, acetone, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde by ab inito molecular orbital methods. Detailed pathways leading to experimentally observed products are presented. Equilibrium geometries and energetics, as well as vibrational frequencies of species, transition states, and prereactive complexes are determined at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(2df,2p)//MP2(full)/6-31G(d).
Managing Intersecting R&D Social Communities: A Comparative Study of European `Knowledge Incubators' in Japanese and American Firms

Georg Simmel's notion of intersecting group affiliations is used to analyze the situation of European R&D personnel employed by Japanese and American corporations. The fact that foreign R&D personnel belong to multiple research communities poses strategic challenges for global firms. One notable finding concerns the issue of `competitive advantage in the basic research lab'. The traditional `ethnocentricity' of Japanese firms, while facilitating intra-firm tacit knowledge flows, may create obstacles in the ability to access and capture critical knowledge embedded in foreign innovation systems outside firm boundaries. In contrast, `explicit' US firms appear to possess a certain advantage for accessing the knowledge embedded in foreign systems of innovation.
Toxoplasmosis Prevention and Testing in Pregnancy, Survey of Obstetrician–Gynaecologists

Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women can lead to congenital disease with severe neurological and ocular complications in the foetus. In 2006, we surveyed US obstetrician-gynaecologists to determine their knowledge and practices about toxoplasmosis prevention and testing. Questionnaires were mailed (four mailings) to a random sample of 1200 of the 33,354 members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Of the 1200 surveyed, 502 (42%) responded. The respondents were similar to all ACOG members by gender, region of the country and practice type (P > 0.5), and age (respondents were slightly younger, mean 46 years versus 47 years). To prevent toxoplasmosis, most respondents indicated that they counsel pregnant women about cat litter (99.6%), but fewer counselled about eating undercooked meat (77.6%), handling raw meat (67.4%), gardening (65.4%) or washing fruits and vegetables (34.2%). Many (73.2%) respondents were not aware that some Toxoplasma IgM tests have had a high false positive rate, and most (91.2%) had not heard of the avidity test, which can help determine the timing of Toxoplasma gondii infection in relation to pregnancy. There is a need for more education about T. gondii serological testing, particularly the Toxoplasma avidity test. US obstetrician-gynaecologists are providing beneficial counselling to their patients, but could provide more information about undercooked meat and soil risks.
Biosynthesis of the Neurosteroid 3α-Hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one (3αHP), a Specific Inhibitor of FSH Release

The gonadal steroid 3 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one (3 alpha HP) is a neuroactive steroid with anxiolytic and analgesic actions. In addition, 3 alpha HP has been shown to inhibit GnRH activity on gonadotropes and selectively suppress FSH release from pituitary cells, without an effect on LH. The enzyme 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha HSD) has been presumed to be the enzyme responsible for the conversion of progesterone to 3 alpha HP, but this has never been confirmed in vitro or in vivo. We have now determined the mechanism of 3 alpha HP synthesis in vivo using specific enzyme inhibitors and in vitro using recombinant proteins. Incubation of [(3)H]progesterone with purified recombinant rat and human 3 alpha HSD isoforms showed that both the rat 3 alpha HSD and the human type 2(brain) 3 alpha HSD converted progesterone to 3 alpha HP. Age-dependent 3 alpha HP production was demonstrated in pituitary and cortex. Incubation of both tissues with indomethacin, a known 3 alpha HSD inhibitor, decreased the conversion of progesterone to 3 alpha HP by at least 70%, indicating that 3 alpha HSD was responsible for this conversion. As human type 2 3 alpha HSD is expressed in a region-specific fashion in the brain, 3 alpha HP may only be made in specific regions of the brain. Furthermore, the data suggest that the pituitary has the capacity for 3 alpha HP production, which may provide an additional mechanism for regulation of GnRH action.
Solid state coordination chemistry of molybdenum oxides: Construction of bimetallic organic-inorganic hybrid materials from Keggin clusters and copper-imine building blocks

Abstract The unexpected hydrolysis of organophosphonic acid ligands under hydrothermal reaction conditions yielded four bimetallic oxide materials incorporating Keggin type polyanions. The one-dimensional [Cu4O(Htpyprz)(tpyprz)2Cl4] [Mo12PO40] (1), [Cu6(4-pyrtet)2(4-Hpyrtet)4][MoVMoV11IPO40]·2.5H2O (2·2.5H2O), and [Cu3(OH)(4-pyrtet)2(4-Hpyrtet)2(H2O)2] [Mo12PO40]·10.5H2O (3·10.5H2O) and the two-dimensional [Cu3(OH)(4-pyrtet)3(4-H2pyrtet)(H2O)] [Mo12PO40]·7.5H2O (4·7.5H2O) (tpyprz = tetra-4-pyridyl pyrazine; 4-Hpyrtet = 4-pyridyltetrazole) demonstrate the variety of ways in which Keggin clusters may influence the configuration of the secondary metal–ligand substructure.
Total dietary fibre content of some green and root vegetables obtained at different ethanol concentrations

Abstract The effect of reducing ethanol concentration for the precipitation of soluble dietary fibre in the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1990, 1992, Official Methods of Analysis ) enzymatic-gravimetric method 985.29 for total dietary fibre (TDF) in food was investigated. Alcohol concentration was decreased from 76% to 41% and 56% in determining TDF of raw collard and mustard greens, sweet potato leaves and storage roots, and sugar beet leaves and roots. TDF contents of the vegetables at the reduced ethanol concentrations were generally not different from those at the AOAC recommended volume ( P
Near-term lunar nuclear thermal rocket engine options

The Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) is an attractive candidate propulsion system option for manned planetary missions. Its high performance capability for such missions translates into a substantial reduction in low-earth-orbit (LEO) required mass and trip times with increased operational flexibility. This study examined NTR engine options that could support near-term lunar mission operations. Expander and gas generator cycle, solid-core NERVA derivative reactor-based NTR engines were investigated. Weight, size, operational characteristics, and design features for representative NTR engine concepts are presented. The impact of using these NTR engines for a typical lunar mission scenario is also examined.
Retinal haemodynamics in individuals with well-controlled type 1 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis Abnormalities in retinal haemodynamics have been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes in advance of clinical retinopathy. These abnormalities could therefore be useful as early markers or surrogate endpoints for studying the microangiopathy. Since the DCCT, the increased focus on good glycaemic control is changing the natural history of diabetic retinopathy. Based on this, the aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with type 1 diabetes treated entirely or mostly in the post-DCCT era and tested in the absence of confounding factors show retinal haemodynamic abnormalities.
Detection of Alkylmethylphosphonic Acids on Leaf Surfaces by Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Detection of environmental degradation products of nerve agents directly from the surface of plant leaves using static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is demonstrated. Pinacolylmethylphosphonic acid (PMPA), isopropylmethylphosphonic acid (IMPA), and ethylmethylphosphonic acid (EMPA) were spiked from aqueous solutions onto philodendron leaves prior to analysis by static SIMS. Fragment ions were observed in the anion SIMS spectra from all three compounds at m/z 63, 77, 79, and 95, which are attributed to PO[sub 2][sup [minus]], CH[sub 2]PO[sub 2][sup [minus]], PO[sub 3][sup [minus]], and CH[sub 3]PO[sub 2]OH[sup [minus]], respectively. Additionally, peaks due to [M - H][sup [minus]] were observed at m/z 179 for PMPA, m/z 137 for IMPA, and m/z 123 for EMPA. The minimum detection limits for PMPA and IMPA on philodendron leaves were estimated to be between 4 and 0.4 ng/mm[sup 2]. The minimum detection limit for EMPA on philodendron leaves was estimated to be between 40 and 4 ng/mm[sup 2]. SIMS analyses of IMPA adsorbed on 10 different crop leaves were also performed in order to investigate the general applicability of static SIMS for detection of alkylmethylphosphonic acids (AMPAs) on a wide variety of leaves. 30 refs., 11 figs., 4 tabs.
Clinical comparison of desired versus actual amount of surgical crown lengthening

The actual length of clinically exposed tooth structure between planned restoration margin and alveolar crest ("biologic width") obtained during surgical crown elongation procedures was compared to the textbook goal of 3.0 mm. Sixteen (16) patients with 21 teeth requiring surgical crown lengthening for restoration placement participated. Oral hygiene instructions were given and optimal plaque control was mandatory. At each clinician's discretion, surgical techniques consisted of either gingivectomy or an apically positioned flap with and without osseous resection. Utilizing a reference stent, measurements were obtained at the facial, mesial-facial, lingual, and distal-lingual of the treated teeth both before and after osseous reduction. Parameters evaluated were gingival margin position, probing depth, mucogingival junction position, alveolar crest location, mobility, plaque index, and gingival index. These measurements were again recorded 8 weeks after surgery with the exception of alveolar crest. Statistical analysis with the paired t-test and linear correlation showed no significant change from baseline or among operators with varying experience in any of these parameters. Overall the results showed that the default objective of 3 mm between planned restoration margin and alveolar crest was not routinely achieved (mean 2.4 +/- 1.4 mm). The post-treatment distance from the planned restoration margin to the alveolar crest was greatest at the facial aspect of the teeth (mean 2.6 +/- 1.2 mm) and least at the distal-lingual (mean 2.2 +/- 1.7 mm). In addition, although more experienced periodontists removed a larger amount of bone, the amount of root surface exposed was still short of the initially desired biologic width.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A finite element simulation scheme for biological muscular hydrostats

An explicit finite element scheme is developed for biological muscular hydrostats such as squid tentacles, octopus arms and elephant trunks. The scheme is implemented by embedding muscle fibers in finite elements. In any given element, the fiber orientation can be assigned arbitrarily and multiple muscle directions can be simulated. The mechanical stress in each muscle fiber is the sum of active and passive parts. The active stress is taken to be a function of activation state, muscle fiber shortening velocity and fiber strain; while the passive stress depends only on the strain. This scheme is tested by simulating extension of a squid tentacle during prey capture; our numerical predictions are in close correspondence with existing experimental results. It is shown that the present finite element scheme can successfully simulate more complex behaviors such as torsion of a squid tentacle and the bending behavior of octopus arms or elephant trunks.
Prevention of early childhood caries: a public health perspective

This paper proposes strategies for preventing early childhood caries (ECC), preferably for the greatest number of children at the lowest cost. Population-based, public health approaches are more likely to reach the target population groups at risk of developing ECC than individual, private practice-based approaches. Different prevention and early intervention strategies are discussed and the following recommendations are made: 1) Continue to promote community water fluoridation. 2) Evaluate the effectiveness of other public health oriented measures to prevent ECC. 3) Develop a national ECC and rampant caries registry. 4) Link oral health screening and easily implemented, low-cost interventions with immunization schedules and public health nursing activities. 5) Increase opportunities for community-based interventions conducted by dental hygienists. 6) Change insurance reimbursement schedules to provide incentives for dentists to prevent disease. 7) Include dentistry in new child health insurance legislation for children as well as parents of infants and preschool children.
A participatory design workshop on accessible apps and games with students with learning differences

This paper describes a Science-Technology-Engineering-Mathematics (STEM) outreach workshop conducted with post-secondary students diagnosed with learning differences, including Learning Disabilities (LD), Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorders (AD/HD), and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In this workshop, students were actively involved in participatory design exercises such as data gathering, identifying accessible design requirements, and evaluating mobile applications and games targeted for diverse users. This hands-on experience broadened students' understanding of STEM areas, provided them with an opportunity to see themselves as computer scientists, and demonstrated how they might succeed in computing careers, especially in human-centered computing and interface design. Lessons learned from the workshop also offer useful insight on conducting participatory design with this unique population.
Morphological Development of Switchgrass and Kleingrass

Accurate and precise measurements of plant maturity are essential in research involving perennial warm-season grasses. The objective of this study was to devise and refine such an index for use with determinate and indeterminate flowering warm-season perennial grasses. An index of 35 separate stages distributed among three major developmental events (leaf, stem, and reproductive development) was devised and tested on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L., determinate flowering habit) and kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L., indeterminate flowering habit) (...)
Comparison of the effects of apamin, a Ca2+-dependent K+ channel blocker, and arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), a P2-purinergic receptor antagonist, in the guinea-pig vas deferens.

Abstract Apamin, which blocks Ca2+-dependent increases in K+ permeability, antagonizes ATP-induced relaxation of several smooth muscles. The ATP photoaffinity label arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), following its photolysis in the presence of the guinea-pig vas deferens, antagonizes contractile responses to ATP. This study was conducted to determine whether apamin antagonizes ATP-induced responses in the guinea-pig vas deferens, and also to evaluate whether ANAPP3 antagonizes responses to ATP by interfering with Ca2+-dependent K+ permeability changes. Apamin (10−6 M) potentiated ATP-induced contractions. This potentiation was nonspecific in that responses to norepinephrine, histamine and acetylcholine also were enhanced; responses to KCl were unaffected. To evaluate the possible interactions between the two agents at the same cellular site, the effect of apamin was examined in ANAPP3-treated tissues. In such tissues apamin did not potentiate the residual responses to ATP; however, apamin was nevertheless able to potentiate responses of ANAPP3-treated tissues to norepinephrine, histamine and acetylcholine, and responses to KCl remained unaffected. These studies provide additional support for the view that ANAPP3 antagonizes ATP-induced responses of the guinea-pig vas deferens by blocking P2-purinergic receptors. The antagonism by ANAPP3 is not attributable to a blockade of Ca2+-dependent K+ permeability changes.
A quantitative comparison of two extremes in chaparral shrub phenology

Abstract We quantitatively compared phenology and water relations of a fully deciduous shrub, Styrax officinalis, and an evergreen shrub, Arctostaphylos glauca, in shared microsites in a sandstone outcrop in southern California during a multi-year drought. Pre-dawn xylem pressure potentials, Ψpd, were similar for the two species during most months of 2 years, but occasional differences and watering experiment results suggest S. officinalis may have phreatophytic roots that tap water in deep rock cavities and joint traces, while A. glauca may have primarily shallow roots. Neither species varied in maximum or minimum Ψpd between years of very different rainfall totals. Twig elongation and leaf production of S. officinalis began earlier during spring, and its leaves matured more quickly and more synchronously than A. glauca. Leaves lived a mean of 180 days for S. officinalis and 849 days for A. glauca. Leaf life spans varied among years in both species. S. officinalis leaf senescence occurred mostly in August and September and was not discernibly related to Ψpd or drought avoidance. A. glauca leaf senescence occurred throughout the year, but especially coincided with leaf production. In A. glauca most senescence occurred at the beginning of a leaf cohort's third growing season, but numbers of retained older leaves increased during 4 years of drought. Timing of twig elongation and leaf and flower production appeared to be related to current rainfall, but amount of twig growth and numbers of leaves and flowers produced appeared to be related to rainfall of the previous year or years for S. officinalis and, more complexly, A. glauca. Because of an interrupted pattern of flower production, number of flowers produced by A. glauca may be responsive to rainfall amounts during two environmental periods. Morphological differences, including much higher above ground allocation, many more leaves/twig, lower allocation to stem mass, and longer duration of leaves/year in A. glauca, are probably responsible for A. glauca having >6 times more above ground biomass per plant than S. officinalis. During the multi-year drought S. officinalis changed little, indicating either superb adaptation or growth pattern rigidity, while A. glauca underwent extensive phenological and morphological changes, indicating either stress or adaptive flexibility.
Role of L-Type Calcium Channel Window Current in Generating Current-Induced Early Afterdepolarizations

Ionic Mechanism of EADs. Introduction: Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) can give rise to triggered activity and thereby produce cardiac arrhythmias. We used the whole-cell patch clamp technique to examine the relationship between L-type Ca2+ channel window current and the generation of EADs in single ventricular myocytes isolated from guinea pig hearts. Methods and Results: With a high concentration of EGTA in the internal solution and Na+-containing physiologic external solution, EADs were induced in unclamped cells by injecting intracellular depolarizing current pulses. During voltage clamp protocols designed to simulate action potentials interrupted by EADs, we recorded an inward shift in total current up to 0.7 pA/pF over 400 msec at test steps in the range of the take-off potential for EADs. Cd2t (0.2 mM) blocked most of the inward shift of current during the test steps and abolished EADs. When the same voltage clamp protocol was used following perfusion with an Na+-free, K+-free external solution, the Cd2+-sensitive inward currents recorded during the test steps were similar to those obtained in physiologic external solution. The overlapping range of potentials for partial activation of the d and f variables of L-type Ca2+ current (“window” region) measured in Na+-free, K+-free external solution was virtually the same as the voltage range of the Cd2+–sensitive inward currents. Conclusion: Our experiments suggest that: (1) EADs can arise under conditions of high EGTA buffering of intraccllular [Ca2+]; and (2) under these conditions, L-type Ca2+ channel window current plays a major role in the initiation of EADs.
Metabolic and morphologic effects of the antimicrobial agent nitrofurantoin on human erythrocytes in vitro

Abstract We have reported previously that the antimicrobial nitrofurantoin stimulates Superoxide production and methemoglobin formation from HbO2 as an isolated hemeprotein and in hemolysates [M. Dershwitz and R. F. Novak, J. biol. Chem.257, 75 (1982); M. Dershwitz and R. F. Novak, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther.222, 430 (1982)]. The production of hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin by nitrofurantoin has been determined in normal erythrocytes in vitro. Hydrogen peroxide production increased 5-fold during a 20-hr incubation in the presence of 840 μM nitrofurantoin, while methemoglobin content increased to over 20% of the total hemoglobin concentration of the cells. Consequent metabolic and morphologic alterations also occurred. Concomitant with nitrofurantoin-stimulated hydrogen peroxide production were time- and concentration-dependent decreases in cellular levels of GSH and ATP, as well as alterations in red cell morphology. Significant differences in GSH and ATP levels between control and nitrofurantoin-treated erythrocytes occurred after 12 hr and proceeded maximally from 18 to 21 hr. After a 21-hr incubation, 840 μM nitrofurantoin caused the cellular GSH and ATP levels to fall 65 and 75%, respectively, while controls exhibited only 29 and 43% decreases in ATP and GSH levels, respectively. Studies on the concentration dependence of such decreases demonstrated that the EC50 values for depletion of GSH and ATP were similar in blood obtained from an individual donor. The EC50 values varied from approximately 10 μM to 100 μM among the various donors whose blood was studied. Incubation of normal red cells with nitrofurantoin also resulted in an increased conversion of red cells to echinocytes as observed by scanning electron microscopy. These metabolic effects, coupled with increased oxidative stress via hydrogen peroxide generation, lend support to the mechanism for nitrofurantoin-induced hemolysis in erythrocytes compromised by certain enzyme deficiencies which result in low basal levels of GSH or diminished rates of GSH synthesis.
Assignment of the melatonin-related receptor to human chromosome X (GPR50) and mouse chromosome X (Gpr50).

Recent efforts to clone further members of the melatonin receptor family have led to the identification of a novel G-protein-coupled receptor in human pituitary. This receptor, referred to as H9, is clearly related to high-affinity melatonin receptors yet unable to bind this hormone. We now report the cloning and expression of the cDNA encoding the H9 receptor in mice. The mouse clone encodes a protein of 591 amino acids that shares 74% amino acid identity with the human receptor and is unable to bind 2-[125I]iodomelatonin when transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. We also determined the chromosome loci of the human and mouse H9 receptor genes. Both genes were found to be X-linked: radiation hybrid mapping revealed that the human H9 gene (GPR50) is localized to Xq28. The mouse gene (Gpr50) was determined to lie in the proximal portion of chromosome X by means of interspecific backcross analysis. These loci might be relevant to genetically based neuroendocrine disorders.
Time course of auditory impairment in mice lacking the electroneutral sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBC3 (slc4a7).

Abstract Mice with a targeted disruption of the gene encoding the stilbene-insensitive electroneutral sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC3; slc4a7 ) exhibit cochlear and retinal degeneration. To establish the progressive nature of sensory cells loss in slc4a7 −/− deficient mice, we studied the morphology of cochleas of slc4a7 −/− and slc4a7 +/+ mice from postnatal day two (P2) to ninety (P90). Cell death was evaluated in slc4a7 −/− cochleas using the TUNEL technique and caspase-3 immunoreactivity. The time course of NBC3 expression in the cochlea was assessed by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against NBC3. Between P2 and P8, slc4a7 −/− mice cochlea exhibit normal morphology. There was a normal complement of inner and outer hair cells from the hook to the apical region. At P15, slc4a7 −/− mice cochlea inner and outer hair cells were still present at the hook region, and vacuoles were seen underneath Hensen's cells. At P21, inner and outer hair cells were degenerated in this region. Between P30 and P90, there was a pronounced loss of hair cells and spiral ganglia neurons. Morphological analysis of the spiral ligament showed a progressive loss of type II and IV fibrocytes beginning at day 21. Transmission electron microscopy observations at P30 and P90 revealed that type II and IV fibrocytes showed shrinkage and vacuolization. In addition, hair cells were deteriorated with evidence of shrinkage and picnotic nuclei. TUNEL staining showed apoptotic cells at P8 in the organ of Corti at the basal region of the cochlea. At P15, caspase-3 immunoreactivity was present in supporting cells of the organ of Corti. NBC3 mild immunoreactivity was detected in the organ of Corti at P11. There was an increase in the expression of NBC3 in the spiral ligament between P17 and P19. From P21 to P90, NBC3 expression was confined to the spiral ligament and inner and outer sulcus cells. The vestibular sensory epithelia from slc4a7 −/− mice were normal from P2 to P90. Damage of the sensory epithelia at the high frequency zone of the cochlea suggests that NBC3 may play an important physiological role in this region.