cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antarctic long-duration balloon flights: JACEE experience

Abstract JACEE has had four successful long-duration balloon flights (LDBF) in Antarctica, in five attempts. The latest flight, in December, 1995, provided 348 hours of exposure at approximately 5 g/cm 2 residual overburden, for an array of 6 emulsion chamber modules with overall area 100 × 120 cm 2 . Antarctic LDBF techniques have reached a degree of maturity which permits great advances in the rate of data acquisition. We will describe the gondola, data-logging onboard electronics, preparation and flight procedures, and special aspects of flight operations in the antarctic.
Transport in a thin liquid film on the outer surface of a wedge or cone embedded in a porous medium part II: Computation and comparison of results

Abstract In Part II, the equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration are solved in their complete elliptic form without any simplification. Computation was done using a body-fitted curvilinear coordinate system where the location of the free surface separating the liquid film from the adjacent medium was determined by using an iterative procedure. Results from the numerical solution and mathematical analysis (Part I) are presented for the variation of film height, mean temperature (or concentration), and Nusselt (or Sherwood) number along the outer surface of a wedge or cone embedded in a porous medium for the transport processes of heating, evaporation, gas absorption, and solid dissolution. The Nusselt (or Sherwood) number and mean temperature (or concentration) were found to depend on the dimensionless distance along the surface, dimensionless flow rate, geometry and the type of transport process.
Simultaneous Renewal Through Professional Development School Partnerships

The authors describe the premises, processes used, and outcomes of a K-16 simultaneous renewal model, as implemented through the Kansas Sate University Professional Development School Partnership Project. The goal of this partnership is to improve K-12 teaching and learning while improving a university teacher-preparation program through collaboration between university faculty and multiple-partner district administrators and teachers. Because of their experiences, the authors believe that teacher education and K-12 student learning can be enhanced by establishing a culture of collaboration, inquiry, and continuous growth, supported by multifaceted program assessments, professional development, and a mindset that all K-16 educators are responsible for one another's students. Two major conclusions emerged from this analysis of K-16 simultaneous renewal: (a) significant educational change requires extensive and continuous time, resources, professional development, and implementation support across systems i...
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PRIMARY GONADAL TISSUE OF AN ANTLERLESS BUCK MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS)

An antlerless mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was collected on 2 December 1992 from an established Oak Creek mule deer herd 2 miles north of Oak City, Utah (Utah Wildlife Receipt #027604). Upon examination, the animal had prominent male genitalia with hair rubbed off from the pedicle part of the skull. Tissue examination revealed active spermatogenesis and viable sperm in the lumen of the epididymis and testis. Antlerless male deer have been reported previously in this area, but this is the first histological study of the abnormal deer. Lack of antlers would be advantageous for male deer during the hunting season because most western states limit deer harvest to antlered bucks.
Limited macular translocation: A clinicopathologic case report

Abstract Objective To illustrate the histopathologic findings in a patient who underwent limited macular translocation. Design Observational case report. Methods The patient underwent limited macular translocation for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization resulting from age-related macular degeneration. Thirty-one months after surgery, the patient had died and both eyes were obtained at autopsy. Serial sections through both maculas were obtained. Immunohistochemistry of the foveas with C10C10 and hCAR/LUMIf antibodies for rods and cones, respectively, was performed. Main outcome measures Histopathologic changes in the operated eye as compared with the fellow eye. Results There was no morphologic difference in the subfoveal retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, or choriocapillaris, but there was a decreased cone density in the translocated fovea as compared with the fellow eye. Conclusions In this patient, the fovea was translocated without causing apparent change in the underlying retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, or choriocapillaris. Although there may be some photoreceptor loss, the excellent visual recovery suggests that the retinal pigment epithelium underlying the translocated fovea is functionally adequate.
Impact of galactose, lactose, and Grobiotic-B70 on growth performance and energy utilization when fed to broiler chicks

Three chick assays were conducted to determine the effect of increasing dietary galactose (GAL), lactose (LAC), and Grobiotic-B70, a LAC fermentation product, on growth performance, toxicity, and energy utilization when fed to commercial broiler chicks. One-day-old male commercial broiler chicks were randomly assigned to treatments in each assay. In all assays, a 22% CP corn-soybean meal-dextrose basal diet containing a growth-promoting antibiotic (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate) was fed. In assay 1, GAL was added at 2, 4, 6, 10, or 15%. In assay 2, Grobiotic-B70 was added at 5%. In assay 3, GAL, LAC, and Grobiotic-B70 were each added at 2, 4, and 6%. All additions were made in place of dextrose, and diets were fed from 0 to 20 or 21 d of age. In assay 1, the 15% GAL treatment resulted in high mortality (27%) by d 3 and was terminated. The 10% GAL treatment also resulted in increased mortality, most of which occurred during the 7-to-14-d period. Inclusion of 2 and 4% GAL resulted in an improvement (P < 0.05) in growth compared to the basal diet. Inclusion of 2, 4, 6, and 10% GAL resulted in a significant linear decrease in ME n (r 2 = 0.85). In chick assay 2, 5% Grobiotic-B70 increased growth during the first 2 wk. In chick assay 3, 6% Grobiotic increased weight gain (P < 0.05) from 0 to 14 d, and addition of 2 or 4% GAL, 2 or 4% LAC, and 4 or 6% Grobiotic-B70 increased weight gain (P < 0.08) from 0 to 21 d. Our results indicate that levels of 10 to 15% GAL are toxic. In contrast, low levels of GAL and Grobiotic-B70, and possibly LAC, may increase growth of commercial broiler chicks.
NUTRITIONAL INTAKE, ICF-1 LEVEL AND GROWTH FAILURE IN CHOLESTATIC RATS

Patients with chronic liver disease have low insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, but it is not known whether this is secondary to primary hepatic dysfunction and/or to malnutrition. In order to distinguish between these possibilities, serum and liver IGF-1 concentrations and liver IGF-1 mRNA content were compared in three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats; fifteen rats underwent bile duct obstruction (OP); 10 rats were sham-operated and pair-fed with OP rats (PF) to control for nutritional status; and 12 rats were sham-operated controls fed ad libitum (CON). Serum and liver were extracted and assayed by RIA using an antibody that recognizes rat IGF-1 (gift of L.Underwood). Liver ICF-1 mRNA content was measured by dot blot hybridization using a cDNA probe, quantitated by videodensitometry and expressed as a percent of internal control RNA values (adult rat pool). In addition, IGF-1 peptide and mRNA were compared with food intake, nitrogen balance, total weight gain, tail length increase and leg muscle weight. All the parameters were found significantly lower (p<0.001) in OP and PF animals than in CON animals. In the 10 paired OP and PF animals serum and hepatic IGF-1 and liver IGF-1 mRNA Values were not significantly different, despite lower nitrogen balance, tail length gain, and leg muscle weight in the OP animals. For all animals, there was a significant correlation (p<0.001) between serum IGF-1 levels and food intake (r=0.84), liver IGF-1 levels (r=0.64), and liver IGF-1 mRNA (r=0.89). These studies suggest that in chronic bile duct obstruction, the low serum and hepatic IGF-1 levels are primarily due to decreased food intake and appear unrelated to cholestatic liver disease itself. Decreased IGF-1 synthesis is the most probable cause of these low levels. However, factors other than suboptimal nutrition and decreased IGF-1 levels must also contribute to cholestasis-induced growth failure in this animal model.
Polarization transfer in the [Formula Presented] reaction and the [Formula Presented] level in [Formula Presented]

Longitudinal polarization-transfer coefficients for the ${}^{3}\mathrm{H}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}{)}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ reaction have been measured at zero degrees for proton energies of 1.3\char21{}2.8 MeV. The results show a striking resonance behavior for energies corresponding to excitation of the ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ level in ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at 21.0 MeV. In agreement with $R$-matrix calculations, the value approaches unity at 1.52 MeV, the peak of the resonance. Near this same energy, at 1.62 MeV, the transverse polarization-transfer coefficient was measured to be consistent with zero.
Credibility and the use of geospatial media in activism and advocacy

Earth remote sensing (ERS)—the science and craft of interpreting images of the terrestrial surface collected at high altitude by aircraft or satellite—is unquestionably a premier source of current knowledge about our environment, and offers vast possibilities for improving environmental stewardship, whether by state agencies, corporations, or civil society. However, it has also been critiqued as a tool that can too easily shape knowledge according to dominant interests, bringing into question recent experimentation with ERS by advocacy groups and activists. This essay considers the claim that ERS is in danger of suffering from an “imagery credibility paradox,” allegedly a result of the recent influx of inexperienced “imagery activists” whose unorthodox priorities threaten to destabilize public confidence in ERS imagery as a source of knowledge. I explore the rhetorical dichotomization of the ERS community into “traditional” and “new” users, reframing the imagery credibility paradox as an attempt 1) to democratize a previously exclusive technology, and 2) to renegotiate the terms of credibility and expert authority. In this effort I support an argument for “imagery activists” as vital contributors to a more appropriate use of “geospatial media” and to a needed discussion on the ethical use of such media.
Refueling behavior of automobile drivers

This paper presents a descriptive and explanatory analysis of refueling behavior of gasoline-car drivers. The relationship between drivers' attributes and their refueling behavior is examined using the results of driver surveys conducted at several refueling outlets in northern California. The objectives of the analysis are to identify spatial and temporal characteristics of refueling behavior, and to evaluate the variations in refueling behavior across driver population segments. The results show that refueling behavior is only weakly correlated with demographic and socioeconomic descriptors of the driver. On the other hand, variables representing car ownership and utilization are strongly associated with refueling behavior.
Scalable histograms on large probabilistic data

Histogram construction is a fundamental problem in data management, and a good histogram supports numerous mining operations. Recent work has extended histograms to probabilistic data. However, constructing histograms for probabilistic data can be extremely expensive, and existing studies suffer from limited scalability. This work designs novel approximation methods to construct scalable histograms on probabilistic data. We show that our methods provide constant approximations compared to the optimal histograms produced by the state-of-the-art in the worst case. We also extend our methods to parallel and distributed settings so that they can run gracefully in a cluster of commodity machines. We introduced novel synopses to reduce communication cost when running our methods in such settings. Extensive experiments on large real data sets have demonstrated the superb scalability and efficiency achieved by our methods, when compared to the state-of-the-art methods. They also achieved excellent approximation quality in practice.
Quantitative analysis of hyperpolarized 3He ventilation changes in mice challenged with methacholine.

The capability to use high-resolution 3 He MRI to depict regional ventilation changes and airway narrowing in mice challenged with methacholine (MCh) offers the opportunity to gain new insights into the study of asthma. However, to fully exploit the value of this novel technique, it is important to move beyond visual inspection of the images towards automated and quantitative analysis. To address this gap, we describe a post-processing approach to create ventilation difference maps to better visualize and quantify regional ventilation changes before and after MCh challenge. We show that difference maps reveal subtle changes in airway caliber, and highlight both focal and diffuse regional alterations in ventilation. Ventilation changes include both hypoventilation, as well as compensatory areas of hyperventilation. The difference maps can be quantified by a histogram plot of the ventilation changes, in which the standard deviation increases linearly with MCh dose (R 2 =0.89). This method of analysis is shown to be more sensitive than simple threshold-based detection of gross ventilation defects. With suitable extension, this method should be useful in studies of both mice and human subjects.
Solution of MIMO $\boldmath\mbox$\mathcalH_2/\ell_1$$ Problem Without Zero Interpolation

In this paper we present a methodology to obtain converging lower and upper bounds to a multiple objective problem where an $\mathcal{H}_2$ performance objective is minimized subject to an $\ell_1$ constraint. This methodology gives a computationally efficient synthesis procedure by avoiding many of the problems that are present in methods that employ zero interpolation techniques to characterize achievable closed loop maps.
A Hydrodynamic Simulation for Mobile Bay Circulation

A depth-averaged equation set is solved to simulate Mobile Bay circulation. A semi-implicit algorithm with an alternating-direction-implicit technique is employed to perform numerical computations on a staggered Cartesian grid mesh that covers the Mobile Bay area. The simulation results include effects from the four major rivers around Mobile Bay. Flow patterns and elevation contours are shown during flood and ebb tides. Velocity vectors and particle tracers are used to indicate the flow patterns and related transport of Mobile Bay circulation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Nonconformal Al via filling and planarization by partially ionized beam deposition for multilevel interconnection

It is shown that by using a partially ionized Al beam with an ion-to-atom ratio of ≃ 1-2 percent and a substrate potential of several kilovolts, one can fill deep and narrow vias at a substrate temperature of ≃ 210°C in a nonconformal way. Very little Al coating was found on the sidewalls of the vias, subsequent deposition at a higher temperature (∼320°C) resulted in partial planarization of the Al layer. This method is potentially useful in multilevel interconnection applications.
Investigation of the Sedimentation Behavior of Aluminum Phosphate: Influence of pH, Ionic Strength, and Model Antigens

Evaluation of the physical characteristics of vaccines formulated in the presence of adjuvants, such as aluminum salts (Alum), is an important step in the development of vaccines. Depending on the formulation conditions and the associated electrostatic interactions of the adjuvant particles, the vaccine suspension may transition between flocculated and deflocculated states. The impact of practical formulation parameters, including pH, ionic strength, and the presence of model antigens, has been correlated to the sedimentation behavior of aluminum phosphate suspensions. A novel approach for the characterization of suspension properties of Alum has been developed to predict the flocculated state of the system using a sedimentation analysis-based tool (Turbiscan®). Two sedimentation parameters, the settling onset time (Sonset) and the sedimentation volume ratio (SVR) can be determined simultaneously in a single measurement. The results demonstrate the suspension characteristics to be significantly altered by solution conditions (pH and ionic strength) and the charge state of bound antigens. Formulation conditions that promote the flocculated state of the suspension are characterized by faster Sonset and higher SVR, and are generally easy to resuspend. The Turbiscan® method described herein is a useful tool for the characterization of aluminum-containing suspensions and may be adapted for screening and optimization of suspension-based vaccine formulations in general. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3770–3781, 2015
Integrative network analysis reveals different pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance among Caucasians and African Americans

African Americans (AA) have more pronounced insulin resistance and higher insulin secretion than European Americans (Caucasians or CA) when matched for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). We hypothesize that physiological differences (including insulin sensitivity [SI]) between CAs and AAs can be explained by co-regulated gene networks in tissues involved in glucose homeostasis. We performed integrative gene network analyses of transcriptomic data in subcutaneous adipose tissue of 99 CA and 37 AA subjects metabolically characterized as non-diabetic, with a range of SI and BMI values. Transcripts negatively correlated with SI in only the CA or AA subjects were enriched for inflammatory response genes and integrin-signaling genes, respectively. A sub-network (module) with TYROBP as a hub enriched for genes involved in inflammatory response (corrected p = 1.7E-26) was negatively correlated with SI (r = −0.426, p = 4.95E-04) in CA subjects. SI was positively correlated with transcript modules enriched for mitochondrial metabolism in both groups. Several SI-associated co-expressed modules were enriched for genes differentially expressed between groups. Two modules involved in immune response to viral infections and function of adherens junction, are significantly correlated with SI only in CAs. Five modules involved in drug/intracellular transport and oxidoreductase activity, among other activities, are correlated with SI only in AAs. Furthermore, we identified driver genes of these race-specific SI-associated modules. SI-associated transcriptional networks that were deranged predominantly in one ethnic group may explain the distinctive physiological features of glucose homeostasis among AA subjects.
On the Hegelian roots of Lukács’s theory of realism

This article attempts two things. First, it aims to reassess the literary criticism that Georg Lukacs produced in the 1930s while he was living in the Soviet Union in light of his earlier, and much-esteemed, The theory of the novel. Second, in order to carry out this reassessment, it examines the place of Hegelian aesthetics in Lukacs’s theorization of realism in the 1930s criticism, in relation both to contemporary Soviet writings on the subject and to his own earlier, ostensibly Hegelian work. I argue that, at least in terms of the place of art in the historical dialectic, the later work is more consistent with Hegelian philosophy than The theory of the novel.
Stress Corrosion Susceptibility of Stress-Coined Fastener Holes in Aircraft Structures

The cold working process of stress coining is used to provide fatigue improvement of fastener holes in aircraft structures. The cold working produces a radial flow of the metal. The residual stresses resulting from stress coining provide protection against fatigue damage by opposing the applied tensile stresses in service at the edge of the fastener hole. However, it is shown in this paper that in addition to the compressive stresses surrounding the stress coined hole, there are tensile stresses that result from the coining operation and that these residual tensile stresses can have a deleterious effect on the stress corrosion susceptibility of the postcoined structure.
Helminths of Wintering Geese in Texas

Ten Canada geese (Branta canadensis), 24 snow geese (Chen caendescens) and 22 white-fronted geese (Anser alhifrons) from coastal Texas (USA) were examined for helminths. Three cestode, seven nematode, and three trematode species were collected. Gizzard nematodes (Amidostomum anseris, A. spatulatum and Epomidiostomum crami) infected 53 of 54 birds. Gross lesions were not attributed to helminth infections and the host population does not appear to be impaired by them.
Mucus secretion from individual submucosal glands of the ferret trachea

Mucus secretion from individual tracheal glands in adult ferrets was studied with time-lapse optical imaging of mucus droplets under an oil layer. Density of functional glands (determined by respon...
Farewell and Hail: A Message From the Editor-in-Chief

As the AJH Editorial team completes its 10th year and prepares for the transition to a new editorial team it is fitting to again1 report on the State of the Journal. The founding editor, John Laragh spelled out the AJH mission in its inaugural issue “to serve scientists and practitioners...we believe in peer review and practice it seriously...to...publish original scientific research...to...communicate new knowledge and opinion.... and... new modes of diagnosis and treatment.”2 While the “why” endures, the “how and what” “has changed. The topics are generally familiar, and the Journal has continued to publish a spectrum of epidemiological, clinical, and basic science papers. However, the scope and nature of presentation is very different. A universal electronic connection has replaced print issues that are primarily mailed to Europe and America. Whole animal studies have been replaced by genomic analyses.
Power Control for Mobile Sensor Networks: An Experimental Approach

Techniques for controlling the transmission power of mobile devices have been widely studied in MANETs and cellular networks. However, as mobile applications for WSNs emerge, the unique characteristics of WSNs, such as severe resource constraints, suggest that transmission power control should be revisited from a WSN perspective. In this work, we take an experimental approach to examine the effectiveness of transmission power control for WSNs that involve mobility at human walking speeds. We propose two lightweight transmission power control schemes to improve energy efficiency and spatial reuse. The first is an active probing based scheme that adjusts transmission power based on (the lack of) packet losses and applies to all low-power radios, while the second scheme requires radios that offer link quality indicators (LQI) to estimate the proximity between the transmitter and receiver. We evaluate both schemes using mobile nodes in an indoor and an outdoor environment. Results show that the energy efficiency of the proposed transmission power control schemes can be very close to that of the optimal offline strategy and our schemes significantly reduce the interference for spatial reuse. To our knowledge, this is the first work that evaluates the effect of transmission power control in mobile WSNs.
Broadening the cofactor specificity of a thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase using rational protein design introduces novel kinetic transient behavior

Cofactor specificity in the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily has been well studied, and several groups have reported the rational alteration of cofactor specificity in these enzymes. Although most efforts have focused on mesostable AKRs, several putative AKRs have recently been identified from hyperthermophiles. The few that have been characterized exhibit a strong preference for NAD(H) as a cofactor, in contrast to the NADP(H) preference of the mesophilic AKRs. Using the design rules elucidated from mesostable AKRs, we introduced two site-directed mutations in the cofactor binding pocket to investigate cofactor specificity in a thermostable AKR, AdhD, which is an alcohol dehydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus. The resulting double mutant exhibited significantly improved activity and broadened cofactor specificity as compared to the wild-type. Results of previous pre-steady-state kinetic experiments suggest that the high affinity of the mesostable AKRs for NADP(H) stems from a conformational change upon cofactor binding which is mediated by interactions between a canonical arginine and the 2'-phosphate of the cofactor. Pre-steady-state kinetics with AdhD and the new mutants show a rich conformational behavior that is independent of the canonical arginine or the 2'-phosphate. Additionally, experiments with the highly active double mutant using NADPH as a cofactor demonstrate an unprecedented transient behavior where the binding mechanism appears to be dependent on cofactor concentration. These results suggest that the structural features involved in cofactor specificity in the AKRs are conserved within the superfamily, but the dynamic interactions of the enzyme with cofactors are unexpectedly complex.
Effects of delay to reinforcement on the choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys

Although a delay between behavior and reinforcer has been shown to weaken behavior, little is known about the effects of delay on drug choice. The present study examined effects of delay between lever press and reinforcer presentation on the choice between a drug and non-drug reinforcer and between different drug doses. Monkeys (n=4) were allowed to choose 32 times/day between cocaine and four food pellets. The delay between lever press and a preferred dose of cocaine (0.05 mg/kg/injection) was increased systematically from 0 to 240 s, while the delay to food remained at 0 s. A second group of monkeys (n=4) was allowed to choose between 0.05 mg/kg/injection and a lower dose of cocaine (0.025 mg/kg/injection). Next, a delay that resulted in less than 20% choice of 0.05 mg/kg/injection cocaine was selected and delay to the alternative was varied. Results were similar across groups. The choice of 0.05 mg/kg/injection approximated 100% at 0 delay and decreased to near 0 as delay increased. As the delay to alternative was subsequently increased from 0 to 240 s, choice of 0.05 mg/kg/injection increased, though full cocaine choice was not generally restored. The delay estimated to maintain 50% choice (indifference point) was lower for the cocaine-food choice (mean=64 s) than for the cocaine–cocaine choice (mean=207 s). This experiment demonstrates that the choice between cocaine and a non-drug or drug alternative can be modified by increasing the interval between behavior and drug injection. Overall, the results are consistent with a temporal discounting model of drug choice.
Effects of Institutional Pressures on Information Technology Investments: An Empirical Investigation

Information technology (IT) investments account for a significant proportion of capital budgets of most firms today. While research attention so far has been focused on if and how firms benefit from these investments, limited attention has been paid to understand what determines the IT investment levels of firms. In this study, we examine the effects of institutional pressures and firm characteristics on the IT investment levels of a firm after controlling the financial conditions of the firm. Using available data from secondary sources, we find that the IT investment intensity of a firm is positively associated with that of its competitors, suppliers, and customers. We also find that the degree of institutional shareholding is positively associated with its IT investment intensity. Our results shed light on the motives and drivers of IT investment decisions by highlighting that these decisions are influenced by both economic considerations and legitimacy considerations such as conforming to institutional norms.
Bryostatin-1, a Naturally Occurring Antineoplastic Agent, Acts as a Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) Ligand and Induces Unique Cytokines and Chemokines in Dendritic Cells

Bryostatin-1 (Bryo-1), a natural macrocyclic lactone, is clinically used as an anti-cancer agent. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that Bryo-1 acts as a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand. Interestingly, activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (in vitro with Bryo-1) led to a TLR4-dependent biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the unique induction of cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) and chemokines, including RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1-α). In addition, EMSA demonstrated that Bryo-1-mediated induction of RANTES was regulated by NF-κB and the interferon regulatory factors (IRF)-1, IRF-3, and IRF-7 to the RANTES independently of myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88 (MyD88). Bryo-1 was able to induce the transcriptional activation of IRF-3 through the TLR4/MD2-dependent pathway. In vivo administration of Bryo-1 triggered a TLR-4-dependent T helper cell 2 (Th2) cytokine response and expanded a subset of myeloid dendritic cells that expressed a CD11chighCD8α− CD11b+CD4+ phenotype. This study demonstrates that Bryo-1 can act as a TLR4 ligand and activate innate immunity. Moreover, the ability of Bryo-1 to trigger RANTES and MIP1-α suggests that Bryo-1 could potentially be used to prevent HIV-1 infection. Finally, induction of a Th2 response by Bryo-1 may help treat inflammatory diseases mediated by Th1 cells. Together, our studies have a major impact on the clinical use of Bryo-1 as an anti-cancer and immunopotentiating agent.
Noninfected tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Until recently, the pathogenesis of noninfected tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) has been considered obscure. With the advent of tenoscopy some inciting causes have been described, but to date few cases with a precise diagnosis have been reported. Hypothesis: Tenoscopic surgery enables accurate diagnosis and facilitates treatment of noninfected tenosynovitis of the DFTS. Methods: The case records of all horses with noninfected tenosynovitis of the DFTS admitted to a referral clinic over a 7-year period were evaluated retrospectively. Follow-up information was obtained by telephone questionnaire. Results: A total of 76 horses were referred; all were evaluated tenoscopically and 11 of these subsequently were explored by open surgical techniques. The most common diagnoses were marginal tears of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) (n = 44) and tears of the manica flexoria (MF) (n = 23). Greater than 6 months' follow-up information was available for 61 animals, of which 68% were sound and 54% returned to preoperative levels of performance. Sheath distension was eliminated in 33% and improved in 69% of horses. Marginal tears of the DDFT, marked preoperative distension and open surgical repair of deep digital flexor lesions were associated with reduced levels of post operative performance: Marginal tears were associated with post operative lameness and long tears with a reduced performance level compared with short tears. Marginal tears of the deep digital flexor tendon, marked preoperative distension and increasing duration of clinical signs also were associated with lack of improvement in distension following surgery. Conclusion: Tenosynovitis of the DFTS may result from tears in the deep or superficial digital flexor tendons, manica flexoria or other structures with synovial communication. To date, these can be identified confidently only by tenoscopy, which also permits appropriate lesion management. Potential relevance: The diagnostic information obtained from and therapeutic options offered by tenoscopy justify its early use in cases of noninfected tenosynovitis of the DFTS.
Self Actualization in Marital Enrichment

The study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pairing Enrichment Program (PEP), a marriage enrichment program, in enhancing self-actualization. Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) was administered to an experimental group of married couples immediately prior to participating in PEP. A waiting list control group completed the POI at the same time. Three weeks later, following the completion of PEP for the experimental group, the POI was again administered to both groups. An analysis of co-variance was performed to test the effects of gender, group, and the interaction of these two factors on change in self-actualization (Post-POI minus Pre-POI), adjusting for six co-variables: Education of each, age of each, number of years married, and number of children. The results indicated that 1) being husband or wife had no significant effect on one's level of self-actualization, and that 2) the change in level of self-actualization was significantly greater (Positive Direction) for PEP participants than for non-PEP participants on the “I” and ”C” scales of the POI
Diverse protective roles of the actin cytoskeleton during oxidative stress.

Actin oxidation is known to result in changes in cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. Actin oxidation is clinically relevant since it occurs in the erythrocytes of sickle cell patients and may be the direct cause of the lack of morphological plasticity observed in irreversibly sickled red blood cells (ISCs). During episodes of crisis, ISCs accumulate C284-C373 intramolecularly disulfide bonded actin, which reduces actin filament dynamics. Actin cysteines 284 and 373 (285 and 374 in yeast) are conserved, suggesting that they play an important functional role. We have been investigating the physiological roles of these cysteines using the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to oxidative stress load. During acute oxidative stress, all of the F-actin in wild-type cells collapses into a few puncta that we call oxidation-induced actin bodies (OABs). In contrast, during acute oxidative stress the actin cytoskeleton in Cys-to-Ala actin mutants remains polarized longer, OABs are slower to form, and the cells recover more slowly than wild-type cells, suggesting that the OABs play a protective role. Live cell imaging revealed that OABs are large, immobile structures that contain actin-binding proteins and that can form by the fusion of actin cortical patches. We propose that actin's C285 and C374 may help to protect the cell from oxidative stress arising from normal oxidative metabolism and contribute to the cell's general adaptive response to oxidative stress. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coherent Motions in the Turbulent Boundary Layer

The role of coherent structures in the production and dissipation of turbulence in a boundary layer is characterized, summarizing the results of recent investigations. Coherent motion is defined as a three-dimensional region of flow where at least one fundamental variable exhibits significant correlation with itself or with another variable over a space or time range significantly larger than the smallest local scales of the flow. Sections are then devoted to flow-visualization experiments, statistical analyses, numerical simulation techniques, the history of coherent-structure studies, vortices and vortical structures, conceptual models, and predictive models. Diagrams and graphs are provided.
Functional assessment and intervention in occupational therapy.

Topic Occupational therapists consider the person, the environment and the occupation (personally meaningful activities) in the assessment and intervention process with the ultimate goal being occupational performance. Purpose This paper describes functional assessment and intervention from the perspective of the occupational therapist with specific examples of assessment instruments and intervention approaches. A scenario of a person in recovery with a particular occupational performance goal is woven throughout the paper to apply the concepts of functional assessment and intervention to a specific situation. Sources used CINAHL and PubMed databases; Existing assessment manuals and research on these instruments. Conclusions Occupational therapists are just one discipline of many within psychiatric rehabilitation. Multidisciplinary teams can be most effective when they work collaboratively and maximize the expertise of all contributors. By describing the occupational therapy process, providing a scenario, and offering suggestions for collaboration, it is hoped that this paper fosters dialogue among occupational therapists and others involved in psychiatric rehabilitation.
Evaluation of 3C-SiC nanomechanical resonators using room temperature magnetomotive transduction

We report our efforts toward using room temperature magnetomotive transduction technique for SiC nanomechanical resonators. The resonators were nanomachined from 30 nm-thick 3C-SiC thin films epitaxially grown on (100) silicon. The structures show mechanical resonance at 10.41 MHz with a quality factor of about 2800. Magnetomotive transduction was used to read out the resonance at room temperature and moderate pressure. This technique has the potential to become an important tool for studying the properties of ultrathin films, as well as developing deployable SiC-based NEMS prototype devices and systems for applications that would benefit from SiC as the structural material
Medium modification of the proton form factor

I argue that the double ratio of proton-recoil polarization-transfer coefficients, P′x and P′z, of the quasielastic reaction with respect to the elastic reaction is sensitive to possible medium modifications of the proton form factor in 4He. Recent measurements at both Mainz and Jefferson Lab of this double ratio at four-momentum transfers squared between between 0.4 and 2.6 are discussed. I show that the data challenge state-of-the-art conventional meson-nucleon calculations, as these are unable to describe the results. The data hint at the need to include medium modifications of the proton form factor, as predicted by a quark-meson-coupling model, in the calculations. A recently approved follow-up experiment at a Q2 of 0.8 and 1.3 with unprecedented precision will provide one of the most stringent tests of the applicability of various calculations.
A randomized controlled trial of shared decision making for prostate cancer screening.

Objective To evaluate a patient-educational approach to shared decision making for prostate cancer screening. Design Randomized controlled trial with preoffice visit assessment and 2-week follow-up. Setting University-based family practice center. Patients Men aged 45 through 70 years with no history of prostate cancer or treatment for prostate disease (N = 160). Two patients were unavailable for follow-up. Intervention Twenty-minute educational videotape on advantages and disadvantages of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer. Main outcome measures A measure of patients' core knowledge of prostate cancer developed for this study, reported preferences for PSA testing, and ratings of the videotape. Results Patients' core knowledge at baseline was poor. At 2-week follow-up, subjects undergoing videotape intervention showed a 78% improvement in the number of knowledge questions answered correctly (P = .001), and knowledge increased about mortality due to early-stage prostate cancer, PSA screening performance, treatment-related complications, and disadvantages of screening. No overall change was observed for control subjects. At follow-up, 48 (62%) of 78 intervention patients planned to have the PSA test compared with 64 (80%) of 80 control patients (18.5% absolute reduction; 95% confidence interval, 4.6%-32.4%; P = .009). Intervention subjects rated favorably the amount of information provided and the clarity, balance, and length of the videotape and would recommend the videotape to others. Conclusions Patient education regarding the potential benefits and harms of early detection of prostate cancer can lead to more informed decision making. Incorporating the PSA videotape into the periodic health examination for asymptomatic men aged 50 years and older is recommended.
Dating violence: a comparison of rural, suburban, and urban teens

This study analyzed rural, suburban, and urban differences in teen dating violence using the 1996 Teen Assessment Project data. Teens in rural school districts were more likely to be victims of dating violence than their suburban and urban counterparts; males reported being slapped, hit, or kicked more frequently than females. The findings of this study indicate that students in rural school districts are at greater risk for participating in dating violence than suburban and urban students, with rural female students at greatest risk.
Subcellular Targets for Photodynamic Therapy: Implications for Initiation of Apoptosis and Autophagy

Direct lethal effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on a cell population were initially shown to occur via initiation of apoptosis, with high doses having a necrotic effect. Selective induction of cellular “self-digestion,” better known as autophagy, represents a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of tumor growth and metastasis. It should be noted that autophagy has conflicting roles in the regulation of cell death, which, when applied to oncology, may produce both positive and negative effects on tumor development. Through better understanding the complex parts played by autophagy among diverse cellular signaling pathways in preclinical models, it may be possible to selectively regulate autophagy in response to specific stimuli, thereby inhibiting its oncogenic ten dencies while preserving its tumor-suppressive capabilities. (JNCCN 2012;10[Suppl 2]:S56–S59) “In cancer, if you knock out one pathway, two others are there waiting to take over. With photodynamic therapy [PDT], you are knocking out pathways that cannot be replaced,” declared David Kessel, PhD, Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. With more than 50 years of continuous research support from the National Institutes of Health to better understand the mechanisms and potential clinical applications of light-activated therapy, Dr. Kessel focuses here on a
Implementation of a fast fluid dynamics model in OpenFOAM for simulating indoor airflow

ABSTRACTThis study implemented fast fluid dynamics (FFD) in Open Field Operation and Manipulation and used a local searching method that made the FFD solver applicable to unstructured meshes. Because the split scheme used in FFD is not conservative, this investigation developed a combined scheme that used a split scheme for the continuity and momentum equations and an iterative scheme for scalar equations. The combined scheme ensures conservation of the scalars. This investigation used two two-dimensional cases and one three-dimensional case, with the experimental data, to test the FFD solver. The predicted results were similar with different types of mesh and numerical scheme and agreed in general with the experimental data.
Trajectory Generation for Optimized Profile Descent using Hybrid Optimal Control

This paper presents the enroute descent trajectory generation method for optimized profile descent with specified arrival time constraint. Since FMS generates vertical trajectory by combining several VNAV modes, it can be modeled as a hybrid system consisting of discrete set of VNAV modes. Therefore, fuel optimal trajectory generation in FMS is the optimal control problem of hybrid system in which mode sequence is a discrete control variable as well as continuous control inputs of each mode. To solve this problem efficiently, we propose a design method to determine trajectory structure, which is a mode sequence in FMS hybrid model. Mode free fuel optimal trajectory is considered as a base trajectory. To find the best suitable mode sequence for generating similar trajectory compared with the mode free case, trajectory partitioning and mode selection scheme is proposed. By analysis of the base trajectories with various wind conditions, general VNAV mode sequence for fuel optimized profile descent is designed. The parameters of each mode are determined by solving multiple phase optimal control problem. To evaluate the method, numerical examples with B737-500 aircraft are given and performance of trajectory with designed structure is compared to mode free fuel optimal trajectory.
Abstract 1862: Capsaicin mediated activation of JNK/FOXO/BIM causes apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Capsaicin, a homovanillic acid derivative (N-vanillyl-8-methyl-nonenamide) is an active component of chili pepper. We previously reported that capsaicin mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the potential mechanism of capsaicin mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. In a time and concentration dependent study, capsaicin treatment activated c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) in BxPC-3, AsPC-1 and L3.6PL pancreatic cancer cells. Further, capsaicin induced activation of JNK in turn activated FOXO1 by phosphorylating at Ser 256 and pro-apoptotic protein BIM at Ser 69. The expression of BIM also increased in response to capsaicin treatment. Capsaicin treatment also caused cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP resulting in apoptosis. Blocking capsaicin mediated activation of JNK by JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 attenuated nuclear localization of FOXO-1, activation of BIM and abrogated capsaicin-induced apoptosis. To confirm the involvement of ROS in the activation of JNK, FOXO and Bim, cells were treated with antioxidants catalase and EUK (mimetic of catalase) prior to capsaicin treatment. Our results reveal that both the antioxidants blocked capsaicin mediated JNK/FOXO/BIM activation and protected the cells from apoptosis. Furthermore, silencing FOXO1 by siRNA blocked capsaicin-mediated activation of BIM and apoptosis. To further confirm the involvement of Bim in capsaicin-induced apoptosis, cells were transfected with BIM siRNA. Silencing Bim drastically reduced capsaicin-mediated cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP indicating the role of Bim in inducing apoptosis in our model. Taken together, our results suggest that ROS generated by capsaicin activates JNK and FOXO-1 which in turn activates BIM resulting in the cleavage of caspase-9/3 and PARP leading to apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. [Supported in part by R01 grants CA106953 and CA129038 (to S.K.S) awarded by the National Cancer Institute]. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1862. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1862
Direct Electrochemical Investigations of 17-Electron Complexes of CpM(CO)(3)(*) (M = Mo, W, and Cr).

Photolysis of complexes of the type M2(CO)6(RC5H4)2 (where M = W, Mo, Cr and R = H (Cp) or CH3 (Cp‘)) leads to the production of short lived 17-electron radicals. Direct electrochemical characterization of these intermediates has been achieved using a technique known as photomodulated voltammetry (PMV). The results from PMV analysis are in excellent agreement with literature estimates for CpMo(CO)3• and CpCr(CO)3•. However, CpW(CO)3• is found to be shifted oxidatively 115 mV relative to previous literature estimates. The change in the value for the tungsten complex changes previous estimates to the bond dissociation energy for tungsten metal hydrides by 3.0 ± 0.9 kcal/mol. Lifetime information on the radicals is also reported based on the phase shift of the electrochemical signal observed by PMV under limiting current conditions.