cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collection Development Policy Making: Research, Design, and Implementation at Texas A&M University

The magnitude of Texas A&M's revision of its collection policy is evident in the doubling of the student population to 36,000 over ten years and a 69 percent collection growth to 1.44 million volumes. The intensity of the change in demands on the collection, whether in titles purchased, variety of formats, or depth of subject representation, required a major effort on the part of collection development staff. Collection development staff surveyed the University's teaching as well as research arms involving the capabilities of all university librarians. The net result was an updated collection development policy, the development of a self‐teaching guide for future collection development undertaking, and an increased awareness on the part of the librarians about the university as well as on the part of the academic faculty about the university librarians' capabilities.
Direct Comparison of the Spread Area, Contractility, and Migration of balb/c 3T3 Fibroblasts Adhered to Fibronectin- and RGD-Modified Substrata

Native proteins are often substituted by short peptide sequences. These peptides can recapitulate key, but not all biofunctional properties of the native proteins. Here, we quantify the similarities and differences in spread area, contractile activity, and migration speed for balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts adhered to fibronectin- (FN) and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-modified substrata of varying surface density. In both cases spread area has a biphasic dependence on surface ligand density (σ) with a maximum at σ ∼ 200 molecules/μm2, whereas the total traction force increases and reaches a plateau as a function of σ. In addition to these qualitative similarities, there are significant quantitative differences between fibroblasts adhered to FN and RGD. For example, fibroblasts on FN have a spread area that is on average greater by ∼200 μm2 over a ∼40-fold change in σ. In addition, fibroblasts on FN exert ∼3–5 times more total force, which reaches a maximum at a value of σ ∼5 times less than for cells adhered to RGD. The data also indicate that the differences in traction are not simply a function of the degree of spreading. In fact, fibroblasts on FN (σ ∼2000 μm−2) and RGD (σ ∼ 200 μm−2) have both similar spread area (∼600 μm2) and migration speed (∼11 μm/h), yet the total force production is five times higher on FN than RGD (∼0.05 dyn compared to ∼0.01 dyn). Thus, the specific interactions between fibroblasts and FN molecules must inherently allow for higher traction force generation in comparison to the interactions between fibroblasts and RGD.
Diabetes but not psoriasis

A 74-year-old man was admitted to hospital in February, 1999, with a presumed flare of psoriasis. He had lost his appetite, was weak, confused, and had lost weight over the past 5 months. He also had a diffuse erythematous desquamating rash which had recently become more extensive. He had had this rash for 4 years. It was thought to be atypical psoriasis. Biopsy specimens showed several findings ranging from spongiotic to psoriaform dermatitis. He had recently noticed a painful tongue that made swallowing difficult. He had had diabetes requiring insulin for 15 years. His father had had diabetes mellitus but no skin rash. There were large annular and confluent areas of erythematous erosive plaques with desquamation over his abdomen, shoulders, buttocks, groin, lower back, the backs of his thighs, and his perineum (figure). No blisters or pustules were noted though many areas were tender. He also had mucositis, beefy red glossitis, cheilitis, and inflammation of perineum and perianal area. His chest, heart, and abdomen were normal on examination. His minimental scale score was 21/30. He was anaemic (haemtocrit 31%), his white cell count was 11·2 10/L), and a ferrokinetic profile was consistent with anaemia of chronic disease (reduced total serum iron, reduced total iron binding capacity, and borderline increased ferritin). Red blood cell folate, serum vitamin B12, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were all normal. He also had hypocholesterolaemia (2·7 mmol/L).
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON GLYCOSURIA IN THE DIABETIC RAT1

IN THE normal cat or dog, the diabetogenic effects of repeated injections of whole anterior pituitary extracts may be reproduced by the administration of highly purified growth hormone (Cotes, Reid and Young, 1949; Houssay and Anderson, 1949; Campbell et al., 1950a, 1950b). Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) appeared relatively ineffective as a diabetogenic agent in dogs (Campbell et al., 1950; Houssay and Anderson, 1949). In the rat, on the other hand, ACTH (or cortical extract) readily augments existing glycosuria in diabetic animals and may induce glycosuria in the force-fed intact rat, but convincing evidence of diabetogenic activity attributable to the action of growth hormone has been difficult to obtain in this species. With partially purified growth hormone preparations, Marx et al. (1943) observed increases in the glycosuria of sucrose-fed partially depancreatized rats, and more recently Gaarenstrom et al. (1949) reported some increase in the glycosuria of fed alloxan-treated rats which were ver...
Semiotics, entropy, and interoperability of simulation systems: mathematical foundations of M&S standardization

Semiotics identifies which symbols are used (syntax), what the meaning of these symbols is (semantics), and what the intention of using symbols is (pragmatics). These ideas have already been mapped to integratability of networks, interoperability of simulations, and composability of models for modeling and simulation applications. New research on model theory and algorithmic information theory support this viewpoint. Applying the finding of mathematics allows to define three different entropies: syntactical entropy that measures the variety of data representation, semantic entropy that measures the variety of data interpretation, and pragmatic entropy that measures the variety of data utilization. The paper shows the interconnection between these ideas and their implication for interoperability challenges: standards are needed on all levels to ensure meaningful interoperation, but their application reduces the interoperability space of federated solutions to the intersection of models, not to the union of models as often assumed in naive approaches.
Spatial Models of Legislative Effectiveness

Spatial models of policymaking have evolved from the median voter theorem through the inclusion of institutional considerations such as political parties, committees, and various voting and amendment rules. Such models, however, implicitly assume that no policy is more effective than another at solving public policy problems and that all proposers are equally capable of advancing proposals. We relax these assumptions by modeling proposal “quality” and the effort needed to make better proposals. The resulting Legislative Effectiveness Model (LEM) offers three main benefits. First, it can better account for policy changes based on the effectiveness or popularity of the status quo, changing our understanding of how to overcome gridlock in polarized legislatures. Second, it generalizes canonical models of legislative politics, such as median voter, setter, negative agenda setting, and pivotal politics models, all of which emerge as special cases within the LEM. Third, the LEM offers significant new empirical predictions, some of which we initially test (and find support for) within the U.S. Congress.
Dihydrofolate reductase as a model for studies of enzyme dynamics and catalysis

Dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli (ecDHFR) serves as a model system for investigating the role of protein dynamics in enzyme catalysis. We discuss calculations predicting a network of dynamic motions that is coupled to the chemical step catalyzed by this enzyme. Kinetic studies testing these predictions are presented, and their potential use in better understanding the role of these dynamics in enzyme catalysis is considered. The cumulative results implicate motions across the entire protein in catalysis.
Trajectories of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone over the menopause transition and early markers of atherosclerosis after menopause.

AimThe purpose of this study was to assess associations between distinct patterns of circulating estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) over the menopause transition (MT) and subclinical measures of atherosclerosis after menopause.Methods and resultsFour temporal patterns of E2 decline (Low: low before and after final menstrual period (FMP); Medium: medium before and high after FMP; High-early decline: high prior to FMP and early decline thereafter; High-late decline: high prior to FMP and late decline thereafter) and three of FSH rise (Low, Medium, High) over 9.6 years across FMP were identified and linked to carotid intima-media-thickness (IMT), adventitial diameter (AD), and presence of carotid plaque (cPlaque) measured after menopause at the 12th annual visit (visit 12). Participants were 856 women (age at visit 12 = 59.5 ± 2.7 years) from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), who never reported a stroke or a heart attack. In models adjusted for visit 12 or baseline card...
Pachybrachis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae) Endemic to Florida, Including Descriptions of Four New Species

Abstract Eight species of Pachybrachis Chevrolat have been found to be endemic to Florida: Pachybrachis archboldi Barney, new species; Pachybrachis clarki Barney, new species; Pachybrachis conformis Suffrian; Pachybrachis deyrupi Barney, new species; Pachybrachis discoideus Bowditch; Pachybrachis illectus Fall; Pachybrachis osceola Fall; and Pachybrachis rileyi Barney, new species. Types were examined for the previously named species and aedeagi illustrated for the first time. A description, figure, and range map is presented for each species.
Allogeneic T-cell clones able to selectively destroy Philadelphia chromosome-bearing (Ph1+) human leukemia lines can also recognize Ph1- cells from the same patient

Immunocompetent cells in bone marrow allografts have been associated with a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. To further characterize effector mechanisms that may be involved in this GVL phenomenon, we have previously established an in vitro model to identify allogeneic T- cell clones that selectively mediate cytotoxicity against a patient's leukemic cells, but not against nonleukemic lymphocytes from the same patient. We have modified this in vitro model to test whether the Ph1 chromosome and the P210 fusion protein it controls have a detectable role in leukemia-specific recognition by allogeneic T-cell clones. In this report, T-cell lines reactive with allogeneic Ph1 chromosome- bearing (Ph1+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines were derived and selected to be minimally reactive with Ph1 negative (Ph1-) lymphoid lines from the same patient. However, after prolonged culture, these same T-cell lines also mediated significant destruction of the Ph1- target cells from the same patients. These T-cell lines specifically recognized cells from the allogeneic CML patient to which they were sensitized, and were not contaminated by an outgrowth of natural killer cells. Furthermore, subclones could be derived from these T-cell lines, and some of these subclones again showed selective killing of the allogeneic Ph1+ leukemia cell lines, and not of the Ph1- cell line from the same patient. Analyses of T-cell receptor (TCR) genes showed the alloreactive T-cell lines and the Ph1+ selective subclones derived from them to be of the same clonal origin. This suggests that the same T cells reacting with antigens expressed on the nonleukemic Ph1- targets can at times selectively and preferentially kill the allogeneic Ph1+ cells. As the same TCR that recognizes Ph1+ cells also can recognize the Ph1- targets, it appears that the Ph1+ chromosome does not play a detectable role in recognition by these allogeneic T-cell clones. This in vitro observation may provide a model for evaluating the relationship between GVL and graft-versus-host disease effects.
PO-0272 Evaluation Of Propofol For Sedation In Neonatal Endotracheal Intubation

Background Propofol is increasingly used as a rapid and short acting induction agent. Concerns about cardiovascular side effects have limited its use in neonates. In our level III NICU and prehospital paediatric medical team, propofol is the first drug of choice for all intubations in hemodynamically stable newborns. Aim To evaluate efficacy and tolerance of propofol in neonates. Methods Monocentric prospective observational study, conducted between June 2012 and March 2014 including neonates needing elective endotracheal intubation. Patients received a starting dose of 1 mg/kg of propofol. Additional doses of 0.5 mg/kg were repeated until sufficient sedation was obtained. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded before, during and after propofol injection. The level of sedation, intubation conditions, and side effects were recorded. Results Propofol was used in 89 intubations in 83 patients with a median gestational age of 31 wk + 5 d (25 wk +6 d to 41 wk +3 d), postnatal age was 4 h (17 min to 67 days), and weight was 1530 g (610–4820 g). A propofol starting dose was sufficient in 34% of patients. A total dose of 2 mg/kg was efficient in the 73% of patients. Physicians were satisfied about the intubation conditions in 75%. Short and moderate hypotension occurred in 32% of patients independently of doses and gestational ages (91% before 12 h of age). No patients required neither fluids nor vasopressor. The following side effects were also noted: apnea (35%), bradycardia ( Conclusion Propofol offered good intubation conditions without significant side effects. Doses needed to obtain sufficient sedation varied widely.
Targeting human IL-2 receptors for diagnosis and therapy.

AbstractThe high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a multichain receptor with at least three IL-2 binding chains: IL-2Rα (55 kDa) bound by the monoclonal antibody anti-Tac, IL-2Rβ (75 kDa) and IL-2rγ (64 kDa). The IL-2Rα also exists as a naturally occurring soluble molecule (sIL-2Rα). We target the IL-2R for immune intervention since resting normal cells do not express the high-affinity IL-2R, whereas this receptor is on some cells in certain lymphoid neoplasias, select autoimmune disorders, and in individuals rejecting organ allografts. Treatments have included unmodified murine anti-Tac and radioisotopes conjugated to murine anti-Tac. Our emerging understanding of the IL-2R system continues to open possibilities for more specific immune intervention.
Chapter 29 The Tsagaan Oloom Formation, southwestern Mongolia

Abstract The Tsagaan Oloom Formation (Fm.) in southwestern Mongolia contains two Neoproterozoic glacial deposits, with diamictite in the Maikhan Ul Member (Mb.) and in the Khongoryn Mb., which are separated by over 500 m of limestone. The Maikhan Ul Mb. ranges in thickness between 5 m and greater than 300 m, expanding in deeper-water sections towards the SW, where it is composed of two massive diamictites separated by over 100 m of sandstone, siltstone and shale. The basal 10 m of the overlying Tayshir Mb. of the Tsagaan Oloom Fm. consists of a fine-laminated, dark grey limestone. The Khongoryn Mb. is composed primarily of limestone clasts in a shale matrix, and is between 0 and 23 m thick. The overlying Ol Mb. contains sedimentary structures characteristic of basal Ediacaran cap carbonates including micropeloids, tubestone stromatolites, giant wave ripples and former aragonite crystal fans. U–Pb evaporation ages from zircons in the underlying Dzabkhan Volcanics constrain the Tsagaan Oloom Fm. to
State school finance inequities and the limits of pursuing teacher equity through departmental regulation

New federal regulations (State Plans to Ensure Equitable Access to Excellent Educators) place increased pressure on states and local public school districts to improve their measurement and reporting of gaps in teacher qualifications across schools and the children they serve. Yet a sole focus on resource disparities between schools within a state ignores an important driver of those disparities: district-level spending variations, particularly when accounting for differences in student populations. The analyses herein evaluate connections between district and school level spending measures and teacher equity measures (such as salary competitiveness and staff: student ratios), and specifically whether inequality in “access to excellent educators” at the school level is greater in states where funding inequalities between school districts are greater. We find that district spending variation explains an important, policy relevant share of school staffing expenditures in 13 states. In many states, including Illinois and New York, a nearly 1:1 relationship exists between district spending variation and school site spending variation. In California, Illinois, Louisiana, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia, district spending is positively associated with competitive salary differentials, average teacher salaries, and numbers of certificated staff per 100 pupils. In each of these states, district poverty rates are negatively associated with competitive salary differentials, average teacher salaries and numbers of certified staff per 100 pupils. As such, regulatory intervention without more substantive changes to state school finance systems, addressing district-level inequities, will likely achieve little. Current federal policy pressures state education agencies to report and attempt to regulate inequities that arise because of school finance systems over which those agencies have no direct influence. Our analysis suggests that the administration would be more likely to meet its goals if it attempted to more directly address state school finance system disparities, placing pressure on state legislatures to equitably and adequately fund schools, and following through with the requirement that state-to-district equity provisions translate into district-to-school equity.
Physician-Patient Communication About Breast Cancer: A Challenge for the 1990s

Monumental changes have occurred in the last two decades in the medical, surgical, psychological, societal, legal, and consumer issues surrounding breast cancer, and these factors have shaped the way in which we need to communicate about treatment options and outcomes. Informed decision making is both a blessing and a burden—for the patient and the provider—and carries with it specific expectations and outcomes.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder in an Adolescent with Turner’s Syndrome

AbstractPrimary epithelial tumors of the bladder are extremely rare in children and adolescents. We report a case of transitional cell carcinoma in an adolescent with Turner’s syndrome. The patient presented with intermittent gross hematuria and mild dysuria. A mass was identified on the trigone of the bladder near the left ureteral orifice, and histological evaluation revealed grade II to III in situ papillary transitional cell carcinoma with foci of submucosal invasion. Transurethral resection of the tumor was performed, and the patient remains free of disease 2½ years later. The literature on transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in children is reviewed.
True-Threat Doctrine and Mental State at the Time of Speech.

> Me thinks the Judge needs an education > > on true threat jurisprudence > > And prison time'll add zeros to my settlement … > > And if worse comes to worse > > I've got enough explosives > > To take care of the State Police and the Sheriff's Department… [Ref. [1][1], p 7]. These are the
Selected minerals in foods surveys, 1974 to 1981/82.

The levels of 11 essential minerals in food commodity groups and total diets of adult males, infants, and toddlers were summarized from the Selected Minerals in Foods Survey, Fiscal Years (FY) 1974 through mid-1982, of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to evaluate the sources and adequacy of those minerals in the diets. The three diets were adequate in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, manganese, and selenium; low in copper; and elevated in sodium and iodine. Iron was adequate in adult male but not in infant or toddler diets, and zinc was adequate in infant but somewhat low in adult male and toddler diets. Dairy products; meat, fish, and poultry; grain and cereal products; and fruits and vegetables were the major sources of the 11 minerals. Some statistically significant differences in mineral levels were found among years for total diets and food commodity groups. Regression analysis indicated several linear trends in the mineral content of food commodity groups but no linear trends in the mineral levels of total diets. FDA continues to monitor the levels of minerals in foods and diets through the revised Total Diet Study program, which began in mid-FY82.
Incoherent Synchrotron Spectra

This chapter discusses incoherent synchrotron spectra. When the distribution of radiating electrons and of magnetic field is decreasing outward in a source, the synchrotron spectrum of such a source will exhibit a region of an intermediate spectral index between the transparent and opaque regions. In this region, the source is partially self-absorbed but its spectral index is flatter than -2.5 because its apparent diameter decreases with frequency. When the magnetic field and electron density in a source increases with radius out to an edge where they are abruptly truncated, the spectrum differs very little from that of a uniform source. There is a narrow range of frequencies around the turnover where the spectral index is slightly larger than 2.5, but the effect is so small that the inflection in the spectrum occurring just below the turnover cannot be easily seen on standard diagrams.
Self-sustained high-rate anammox: from biological to bioelectrochemical processes

The slow growth rate of anammox bacteria is a pressing problem for system efficiency and stability. An innovative solution was explored in this study that involves accelerating anammox in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) and alleviating their dependence on anammox bacteria. Batch tests showed that 85% of total nitrogen (TN) was removed in the MEC system, whereas only 62% of TN was removed in conventional anammox. Simulation of the modified Nernst–Monod model revealed that the maximum specific utilization rate (0.30 to 0.38 mmol g−1 VSS h−1) in the anammox MEC was 60% higher than in conventional anammox (0.18 to 0.20 mmol g−1 VSS h−1). Harvesting the power generated in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to support the MECs substantially saved energy consumption and effectively utilized the low power output of MFCs. Simulation of the power management system (PMS) interface demonstrated the charge/discharge cycles for power supply by the MFCs and for power consumption by the MECs. The integrated MEC-MFC system accelerated anammox, required no external carbon source, effectively utilized wastewater energy, and thus achieved self-sustained nitrogen removal.
Avoidant coping and diabetes-related distress: Pathways to adolescents’ Type 1 diabetes outcomes.

Objective Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) are vulnerable to diabetes-related distress and often struggle to complete self-management tasks needed to maintain blood glucose values in target range. One way that youth with T1D handle problems is through avoidant coping. The current study examined cross-time associations between avoidant coping style and diabetes outcomes and tested the possible mediating role of diabetes-related distress. Method Adolescents with T1D (N = 264) were assessed 4 times over 1 year to measure avoidant coping style, diabetes-related distress, adherence (on the basis of glucometer data and self-report), and glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c). Mediation and direct effects were tested across time using time-lagged autoregressive path models, making use of the repeated measurement of all constructs. Results The hypothesized mediation effect was found for all 3 diabetes outcomes. Higher levels of avoidant coping style were associated with greater diabetes-related distress at the subsequent time point, which was related in turn to fewer blood glucose checks, less frequent self-care behaviors, and poorer glycemic control (higher A1c) at the next assessment. Conclusions In the context of diabetes, an avoidant coping style may contribute to greater diabetes-specific distress followed by deterioration in self-management and glycemic control over time. Maladaptive coping styles are modifiable factors that offer an entry point into intervention before further difficulties can take hold. (PsycINFO Database Record
New Insights in Estrogen Receptor (ER) Biology and Implications for Treatment

Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer represents the majority of breast cancer diagnoses and is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Endocrine therapy is the principal treatment strategy for ER+ breast cancer. However, resistance to endocrine therapy, either de novo or acquired, is commonly observed, resulting in disease relapse and progression. This review will focus on recent progress in our understanding of ER biology and the implications for treatments. Advances in genomic technology and laboratory investigations have led to the identification of somatic mutations, including treatment-emergent ESR1 mutations, and aberrant activation of growth factor receptor signaling pathways and cell cycle machinery that are associated with estrogen-independent proliferation and resistance to endocrine therapy. A plethora of molecularly targeted agents are being developed to overcome these resistance mechanisms, among which inhibitors against the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 are now in clinical use. Advances in our understanding of ER biology have impacted the treatment landscape of ER+ breast cancer. Ongoing biomarker research on tumor specimens and cell-free tumor DNA will continue to generate important biological insight toward improving individualized treatment strategies for patients with ER+ breast cancer.
Sex differences in the utilization of essential and non-essential amino acids in Lepidoptera.

ABSTRACT The different reproductive strategies of males and females underlie differences in behavior that may also lead to differences in nutrient use between the two sexes. We studied sex differences in the utilization of two essential amino acids (EAAs) and one non-essential amino acid (NEAA) by the Carolina sphinx moth ( Manduca sexta ). On day one post-eclosion from the pupae, adult male moths oxidized greater amounts of larva-derived AAs than females, and more nectar-derived AAs after feeding. After 4 days of starvation, the opposite pattern was observed: adult females oxidized more larva-derived AAs than males. Adult males allocated comparatively small amounts of nectar-derived AAs to their first spermatophore, but this allocation increased substantially in the second and third spermatophores. Males allocated significantly more adult-derived AAs to their flight muscle than females. These outcomes indicate that adult male and female moths employ different strategies for allocation and oxidation of dietary AAs.
BNIP3L/NIX is required for elimination of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during eye lens organelle-free zone formation

The formation and life-long growth of the ocular lens depends on the continuous differentiation of lens epithelial cells into lens fiber cells. To achieve their mature structure and transparent function, newly formed lens fiber cells undergo a series of cellular remodeling events including the complete elimination of cellular organelles to form the lens organelle-free zone (OFZ). To date, the mechanisms and requirements for organelle elimination by lens fiber cells remain to be fully elucidated. In previous studies, we detected the presence of mitochondria contained within autophagolysosomes throughout human and chick lenses suggesting that proteins targeting mitochondria for degradation by mitophagy could be required for the elimination of mitochondria during OFZ formation. Consistently, high-throughput RNA sequencing of microdissected embryonic chick lenses revealed that expression of a protein that targets mitochondria for elimination during erythrocyte formation, called BCL2 interacting protein 3-like (BNIP3L/NIX), peaks in the region of lens where organelle elimination occurs. To examine the potential role for BNIP3L in the elimination of mitochondria during lens fiber cell remodeling, we analyzed the expression pattern of BNIP3L in newborn mouse lenses, the effect of its deletion on organelle elimination and its co-localization with lens organelles. We demonstrate that the expression pattern of BNIP3L in the mouse lens is consistent with it playing an important role in the elimination of mitochondria during lens fiber cell organelle elimination. Importantly, we demonstrate that deletion of BNIP3L results in retention of mitochondria during lens fiber cell remodeling, and, surprisingly, that deletion of BNIP3L also results in the retention of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus but not nuclei. Finally, we show that BNIP3L localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of wild-type newborn mouse lenses and is contained within mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus isolated from adult mouse liver. These data identify BNIP3L as a novel requirement for the elimination of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during lens fiber cell remodeling and they suggest a novel function for BNIP3L in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus populations in the lens and non-lens tissues.
The Effect of the Internet on Advertising Expenditures: An Empirical Analysis Using a Panel of Countries

The Internet can affect advertising expenditures through various channels. Although the traditional news media perceives the increase in Internet use as a challenge to their survival, the effect of the Internet on the assignment of advertising budgets across media outlets is unclear. For example, offline advertising can induce search engine use making online and offline advertising complements. The impact of the Internet on advertising expenditures is also uncertain because the Internet: has made media available for many individuals in places where their consumption was previously either banned or technologically infeasible (e.g. work or mobile), has reduced waste impressions by improving advertising targeting, has changed the nature of many commercial transactions that now obviate the need for paid advertising (e.g. Craigslist), and may also affect advertising equilibrium prices. This paper quantifies the effect of the increase in Internet use on advertising expenditures for both individual media types and overall. I use a panel of ten years of data at the country level containing information on advertising expenditures by medium and Internet penetration for more than eighty countries. I find that the Internet reduced advertising expenditures on both television and print media (newspapers and magazines), but had no effect on radio expenditures. I also find that the Internet reduced total advertising expenditures, including expenditures on both traditional media and the Internet.
MICRO-ALLOCATION IN THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM: FISCAL CONSOLIDATION WITH STRUCTURAL REFORMS?

This paper takes Thust’s overview of the system of health care in the Federal Republic of Germany (F.R.G.) and De Wachter’s list of moral concerns of today’s health care system as points of departure, in order to pose — and attempt to answer — the following fundamental question: What are the scope and limitations of a micro-reallocation in the health care system which would achieve a greater degree of fiscal consolidation of the burgeoning health care costs without violating ethical norms?
AlInAsSb Impact Ionization Coefficients

Digital alloy AlInAsSb avalanche photodiodes exhibit low excess noise comparable to those fabricated from Si. The electron and hole ionization coefficients are critical parameters for simulation and analysis of high-sensitivity receivers. We report ionization coefficients using a mixed injection technique that employs measurement of the gain for different incident wavelengths and a simulation algorithm.
Factors Affecting the Intracellular Generation of Free Radicals from Quinones

Isolated hepatocytes do not liberate appreciable amounts of superoxide into the external medium. Simple quinones stimulate the release of superoxide up to 15 nmol/min/106 hepatocytes. Superoxide release stimulated by a variety of simple quinones and more complex antitumor quinones was maximal at a quinone one-electron reduction potential of −70 mV. This was qualitatively similar to the pattern of superoxide formation seen with NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Superoxide production by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was maximal at a quinone single-electron reduction potential of −200 mV. Phenobarbital pretreatment had no effect on superoxide formation by hepatocytes suggesting that NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity is not rate limiting for quinone stimulated superoxide formation. Sulfonated stilbenes, specific inhibitors of anion exchange, had no effect on the release of superoxide by hepatocytes suggesting that superoxide is not transported through anion channels in the plasma membrane. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with 10−5 M diethyldithiocarbamate produced over a two fold increase in the release of superoxide.
Magnetoelastic parametric instabilities of localized spin waves induced by traveling elastic waves

A theory of parametric interaction between spin waves localized in a waveguide and traveling elastic waves is developed for ferromagnetic thin films. The presented theoretical formalism takes into account an arbitrary spatial distribution of the displacement field in the acoustic waves and an arbitrary magnetization in spin waves. Using the theory, we examine interaction of forward-volume spin waves (FVSW) localized in a narrow waveguide and Rayleigh surface acoustic waves traveling in a substrate underneath the waveguide. We show that, in contrast to classical electromagnetic pumping, the symmetry of the magnetoelastic interaction allows for the generation of first-order parametric instabilities in spin waves with circular precession, such as FVSW. At the same time the localization of spin waves modifies the momentum conservation law for the parametric process to include the transfer of momentum to the waveguide, which allows for a frequency separation of the interacting counterpropagating spin waves. The frequency separation enables amplification of a localized spin wave without generation of a traveling idler wave, which results in a greater amplification efficiency.
Analysis of the Heavy-ball Algorithm using Integral Quadratic Constraints

In this paper, we analyze the convergence rate of the Heavy-ball algorithm applied to optimize a class of continuously differentiable functions. The analysis is performed with the Heavy-ball tuned to achieve the best convergence rate on the sub-class of quadratic functions. We review recent work to characterize convergence rate upper bounds for optimization algorithms using integral quadratic constraints (IQC). This yields a linear matrix inequality (LMI) condition which is typically solved numerically to obtain convergence rate bounds. We construct an analytical solution for this LMI condition using a specific “weighted off-by-one” IQC. We also construct a specific objective function such that the Heavy-ball algorithm enters a limit cycle. These results demonstrate that IQC condition is tight for the analysis of the tuned Heavy-ball, i.e. it yields the exact condition ratio that separates global convergence from non-global convergence for the algorithm.
Long bone fractures of the lower extremity secondary to youth soccer

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and incidence of youth soccer related long bone lower extremity fractures treated in emergency departments in the state of Pennsylvania. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of soccer related long bone fractures in children under the age of 18 years from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2015 with data from the Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation, …
Consilience of rodent and human phenotypes relevant for alcohol dependence.

A diagnosis of the substance abuse disorder alcohol dependence (AD) based on the DSM-IVR is categorical, and presentation of any 3 of 7 symptoms with persistence of at least one year is required. This means that any group of individuals with a diagnosis reflects substantial clinical heterogeneity, which likely reflects heterogeneity at the etiological, biological, and genetic levels (Hasin et al. 2006;Kendler 2006). Yet, most clinical genetic research has been directed toward diagnostic groups. Throughout biological psychiatry, the modest success in identifying genes associated with diagnoses has fueled a trend toward a focus on endophenoypes or intermediate phenotypes (Gottesman, Gould 2003), but such studies are still in the minority. An array of endophenotypes is under investigation, including but not limited to low response (LR) to alcoholism and electrophysiological responses such as low voltage fast power or P300 of the event related potential. In addition to intermediate phenotypes, there are numerous risk factors under investigation in human studies, ranging from personality traits such as behavioral under-control to comorbid diagnoses such as antisocial personality disorder, anxiety disorders, and depression (Kendler et al. 2008;Pihl 2007)..
Current Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Purpose: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a significant cause of morbidity and requires prompt diagnosis and management. While non-surgical approaches have supplanted surgery as primary treatment, surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) remains a vital option for select patients. We review the current management of acute PE, with a focus on surgical therapy. Methods: A PubMed search was performed to identify literature regarding PE and treatment. Results were filtered to include the most comprehensive publications over the past decade. Results: PE is stratified based on presenting hemodynamic status or degree of mechanical pulmonary arterial occlusion. Although systemic or catheter-guided fibrinolysis is the preferred first-line treatment for the majority of cases, patients who are not candidates should be considered for SPE. Studies demonstrate no mortality benefit of thrombolysis over surgery. Systemic anticoagulation is a mainstay of treatment regardless of intervention approach. Following surgical embolectomy, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to reduce recurrence of thromboembolism. Conclusions: Acute PE presents with varying degrees of clinical stability. Patients should be evaluated in the context of various available treatment options including medical, catheter-based, and surgical interventions. SPE is a safe and appropriate treatment option for appropriate patients.
Encapsulin carrier proteins for enhanced expression of antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as attractive alternatives to conventional antibiotics, but their production in microbes remains challenging due to their inherent bactericidal nature. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel AMP fusion protein system based on an encapsulin nanocompartment protein and have demonstrated its utility in enhancing expression of HBCM2, an AMP with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, HBCM2 was fused to the N-terminus of several Encapsulin monomer (Enc) variants engineered with multiple TEV protease recognition site insertions to facilitate proteolytic release of the fused HBCM2. Fusion of HBCM2 to the Enc variants, but not other common carrier proteins, enabled robust overexpression in Escherichia coli C43(DE3) cells. Interestingly, variants with a TEV site insertion following residue K71 in Enc exhibited the highest overexpression and HBCM2 release efficiencies compared to other variants but were deficient in cage formation. HBCM2 was purified from the highest expressing variant following TEV protease digestion and was found to be highly active in inhibiting E. coli growth (MIC = 5 μg/ml). Our study demonstrates the potential use of the Enc system to enhance expression of AMPs for biomanufacturing and therapeutic applications.
Trends in United States large hail environments and observations

Understanding trends in large hail-producing environments is an important component of estimating hail risk. Here, we use two environmental parameters, the Large Hail Parameter and the Significant Hail Parameter, to assess trends in days with environments conducive for hail ≥5 cm. From 1979 to 2017, there has been an increase in days with favorable large hail environments in central and eastern portions of the U.S. This increase has been driven primarily by an increasing frequency of days with steep mid-tropospheric lapse rates and necessary combinations of instability and vertical wind shear for severe thunderstorms. Annual large hail environment area is significantly, positively correlated with (1) large hail report area east of the Rocky Mountains, and (2) large hail radar-derived area in the Midwest and Northeast. This evidence suggests that there may be an environmental fingerprint on increasing large hail risk and expanding this risk eastward.
Building a Knowledge Base on Research-Practice Partnerships: Introduction to the Special Topic Collection.

Research-practice partnerships are collaborative research arrangements that seek to transform the relations among researchers, educators, and communities. There is a wide diversity in partnership f...
Culture and well-being in late adulthood: Theory and evidence

Aging happens to everyone everywhere. At present, however, little is known about whether life-span adult development-and particularly development in late adulthood-is pancultural or culture-bound. Here, we propose that in Western cultural contexts, individuals are encouraged to maintain the active, positive, and independent self. This cultural expectation continues even in late adulthood, thus leading to a mismatch between aspirations to live up to the cultural expectation and the reality of aging. This mismatch is potentially alienating. In contrast, in Asian cultural contexts, a critical task throughout life is to achieve attunement with age-graded social roles. This ideal may be more attainable even in late adulthood. Our review of existent evidence lends support to this analysis. Specifically, in late adulthood, Americans showed a robust psychological bias toward high-arousal positive (vs. negative) emotions. This positivity, however, concealed a somber aspect of aging that manifested itself in more demanding realms of life. Thus, Americans in late adulthood also showed marked declines in certain desirable personality traits (e.g., extraversion and conscientiousness) and some aspects of the meaning in life (e.g., personal growth and purpose in life). None of these effects were apparent among East Asians. The current work underscores a need to extend research on life-span development beyond Western populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
GS4: Generating Synthetic Samples for Semi-Supervised Nearest Neighbor Classification

In this paper, we propose a method to improve nearest neighbor classification accuracy under a semi-supervised setting. We call our approach GS4 (i.e., Generating Synthetic Samples Semi-Supervised). Existing self-training approaches classify unlabeled samples by exploiting local information. These samples are then incorporated into the training set of labeled data. However, errors are propagated and misclassifications at an early stage severely degrade the classification accuracy. To address this problem, the proposed method exploits the unlabeled data by using weights proportional to the classification confidence to generate synthetic samples. Specifically, our scheme is inspired by the Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique. That is, each unlabeled sample is used to generate as many labeled samples as the number of classes represented by its \(k\)-nearest neighbors. In particular, the distance of each synthetic sample from its \(k\)-nearest neighbors of the same class is proportional to the classification confidence. As a result, the robustness to misclassification errors is increased and better accuracy is achieved. Experimental results using publicly available datasets demonstrate that statistically significant improvements are obtained when the proposed approach is employed.
The Relationship between Women’s Peer and Social Networking Site Thinness Discrepancies and Body Dissatisfaction

We explored the link between adult women’s peer and social networking site (SNS) thinness discrepancies on body satisfaction. We assessed discrepancies between women’s perceived actual thinness and...
Can oral antibiotics be used to treat urinary tract infections in infants aged 2-3 months?

### Clinical bottom line A 10-week-old boy was brought to Accident and Emergency due to poor feeding. On assessment, he was happy and alert and remained asymptomatic after a period of observation, breast feeding well. However, a routine clean-catch urine sample was obtained and revealed white cells on microscopy, confirmed on repeat testing. He was therefore cannulated and started on parenteral antibiotics as per national and trust guidelines. However, could the patient and family experience be improved by commencing oral antibiotics first line? In asymptomatic infants aged 60–90 days (patient), are oral antibiotics (intervention) compared with parenteral antibiotics (comparison) equivalent (outcome) for initial treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI)? A literature search was conducted using Medline, EMBASE and PubMed databases. Search terms were “urinary tract infection” AND “oral antibiotics” AND (“children” or “infant”). Papers were then reviewed for studies including infants under the age of 3 months. A total of 269 articles were found, of which 4 were included for detailed review. Papers were excluded from the main evidence summary (Table 1) if they did not use oral antibiotics as initial therapy. View this table: Table 1 Asymptomatic UTI is a commonly encountered problem in young infants and causes uncertainty among clinicians.1 Urine collection for infants under 3 months is recommended for non-specific symptoms such as lethargy and poor feeding by national guidelines,2 increasing the diagnosis of incidental UTI. Prevention of renal scarring is a key target of UTI management, with its development increasing the risk of hypertension …