cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image processing and computer vision algorithm selection and refinement using an operator-assisted meta-algorithm

Most image processing and feature extraction algorithms consist of a composite sequence of operations to achieve a specific task. Overall algorithm capability depends upon the individual performance of each of these operations. This performance, in turn, is usually controlled by a set of a priori known (or estimated) algorithm parameters. The overall design of an image processing algorithm involves both the selections of the sub-algorithm sequence and the required operating parameters, and is done using the best available knowledge of the problem and the experience of the algorithm designer. This paper presents a dynamic and adaptive image processing algorithm development structure. The implementation of the dynamic algorithm structure requires solving of a classification problem at decision nodes in an algorithm graph, A. The number of required classifiers equals the number of decision nodes. There are several learning techniques that could be used to implement any of these classifiers. Each of these techniques, in turn, requires a training set. This training set could be generated using a modified form of the dynamic algorithm. In this modified form, a human operator interface replaces all of the decision nodes. An optimization procedure (Nelder-Mead) is employed to assist the operator in finding the best parameter values. Examples of the approach using real-world imagery are shown.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Variational Analysis of Pseudospectra

The $\epsilon$-pseudospectrum of a square matrix $A$ is the set of eigenvalues attainable when $A$ is perturbed by matrices of spectral norm not greater than $\epsilon$. The pseudospectral abscissa is the largest real part of such an eigenvalue, and the pseudospectral radius is the largest absolute value of such an eigenvalue. We find conditions for the pseudospectrum to be Lipschitz continuous in the set-valued sense and hence find conditions for the pseudospectral abscissa and the pseudospectral radius to be Lipschitz continuous in the single-valued sense. Our approach illustrates diverse techniques of variational analysis. The points at which the pseudospectrum is not Lipschitz (or more properly, does not have the Aubin property) are exactly the critical points of the resolvent norm, which in turn are related to the coalescence points of pseudospectral components.
Through a Pinhole, Darkly: Cell Biological Applications of Confocal Microscopy, 2nd edn (Methods in Cell Biology)

Edited by Brian Matsumoto Academic Press (2002) 507 pages. ISBN 0-12-580445-8 £ 62.50/£89.95 (paperback) ![Figure][1] If motorists drove their cars the way many cell biologists used their confocal microscopes, our highways would be littered with twisted wrecks of
Underutilization of gastroprotective measures in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Objective To determine the frequency of use of recommended gastroprotective strategies in a cohort of patients receiving recurrent treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using administrative data from the Tennessee Medicaid (TennCare) program. The study population consisted of 76,765 recurrent recipients of NSAIDs (NSAID users), comprising 24% of the 319,402 persons ages 50 years or older enrolled in the TennCare program from January 1999 through June 2000. Frequency of use of either of 2 recommended gastroprotective strategies, involving either traditional NSAIDs combined with recommended anti-ulcer cotherapy or use of a selective cyclooxygenase 2–inhibiting drug (coxib), was measured and categorized by risk for ulcer complication. Results Among this cohort of recurrent NSAID users, 16% received 1 of the 2 recommended gastroprotective therapies: 10% received traditional NSAIDs along with antiulcer drugs at the recommended doses and 6% received coxibs. Among those patients with ≥2 risk factors for ulcer complications (age 75 years or older, peptic ulcer or gastrointestinal bleeding in the past year, or concurrent use of oral anticoagulants or corticosteroids), 30% received such gastroprotective therapy. Conclusion Use of recommended strategies to decrease ulcer complications in vulnerable populations is relatively uncommon.
Judicial Waiver Decisions in Two Southern States: A Study of Judicial Perceptions

In 2007, nearly fourteen thousand juveniles were waived to the adult criminal court. Sending juveniles to the adult criminal justice system continues to be a significant mechanism for the increase in accountability; adult time for adult crime. Numerous studies have examined the factors that increase the juvenile’s likelihood of being waived. This process generally involves examining case files of juvenile offenders already waived to the adult criminal court. These types of studies obtain information on juvenile offenders’ age, race, gender, type of crime committed, prior criminal history, and family structure. Although this information is important these types of studies do not look at how characteristics of juvenile court judges affect their perceptions of the factors they consider in their waiver decisions. This study sought to examine the relationship between individual characteristics of juvenile court judges; race, age, gender, political party affiliation, tenure on the bench, way in which the judge acquired his/her position, previous position, and jurisdiction, and their perceptions regarding judicial waiver. The results indicate that jurisdiction was a significant predictor variable of juvenile court judges’ perceptions regarding judicial waiver. Juvenile court judges in suburban jurisdictions were less likely than juvenile court judges in urban and rural jurisdictions to believe transferring juveniles to the adult criminal justice system deterred crime. In addition, although not statistically significant, gender and race did show some interesting results. Suggestions for future research are offered. The researchers acknowledges that there are differences in the definitions for the words transfer and waiver; however, to reduce confusion and for the purposes of this study, the word waiver will be used for both.
The application of large format, broadband quantum well infrared photodetector arrays to spatially modulated prism interferometers

The spatially modulated prism interferometer (SMPI) is a new type of imaging interferometer that has double the efficiency of conventional interferometers and only a fraction of the mass and volume. Its spectral resolution is independent of wavelength and slit width, an attribute made possible by generating interferograms at a pupil plane. It uses a large format, broadband quantum well infrared photodetector array to scan the interferograms digitally without moving any optical components. This enables the interferometer to make accurate measurements of target scenes that fluctuate during the scan period. Applications include detecting water sources on Mars, monitoring global warming and ozone depletion on Earth, monitoring pollution in cities, detecting chemical agents on the battlefield, and warning commercial aircraft of volcanic eruptions.
Analysis and control of distributed systems using non-eigen space modes†

A method of analysing distributed systems with an arbitrary but suitably chosen set of space modes is presented. The method is most useful in situations where the eigenfunctions are not readily available and where the boundary conditions are control variables. The design of a feedback control is discussed along with the considerations of sensitivity and controllability.
A Developmental Single-Mode Fiber Transmission System

The frequency response of data links transmitting analog signals over kilometer-length graded-index optical fibers is limited to 1 GHz by fiber bandwidth. System bandwidths can be substantially increased if single-mode fibers are used. In the developmental system presented here, a 1-km single-mode optical fiber is used to transmit an intensity-modulated 810-nm optical signal to a streak camera recorder. Useful system bandwidth could extend to 5 GHz.
Multiracial faces: How categorization affects memory at the boundaries of race.

Monoracial and multiracial individuals are likely to have different conceptualizations of race and subsequently different approaches toward racial ambiguity. In particular, monoracial individuals may be more likely to rely on categories when processing ambiguous faces, whereas multiracial individuals may tend to ignore such categorizations due to a reduced tendency to essentialize race. We compared monoracial (White and Asian) and biracial (Asian/White) individuals’ memory patterns. Specifically, we examined participants’ memory for White, Asian, and biracialfaceslabelledaseitherWhiteorAsian.BothWhiteandAsianparticipants relied on the labels, remembering faces labeled as the in-group better than faces labeled as the out-group. Biracial participants relied less on the labels, exhibiting better recognition memory overall. Biracial participants’ memory performance was also highly correlated with a less essentialist view of human traits. This cognitive flexibility may serve an adaptive function for biracial individuals and contribute to enhanced facial recognition.
Molecular profiles of inflammatory myopathies

Objective: To describe the use of large-scale gene expression profiles to distinguish broad categories of myopathy and subtypes of inflammatory myopathies (IM) and to provide insight into the pathogenesis of inclusion body myositis (IBM), polymyositis, and dermatomyositis. Methods: Using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays, the authors measured the simultaneous expression of approximately 10,000 genes in muscle specimens from 45 patients in four major disease categories (dystrophy, congenital myopathy, inflammatory myopathy, and normal). The authors separately analyzed gene expression in 14 patients limited to the three major subtypes of IM. Bioinformatics techniques were used to classify specimens with similar expression profiles based on global patterns of gene expression and to identify genes with significant differential gene expression compared with normal. Results: Ten of 11 patients with IM, all normals and nemaline myopathies, and 10 of 12 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were correctly classified by this approach. The various subtypes of inflammatory myopathies have distinct gene expression signatures. Specific sets of immune-related genes allow for molecular classification of patients with IBM, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis. Analysis of differential gene expression identifies as relevant to disease pathogenesis previously reported cytokines, major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules, granzymes, and adhesion molecules, as well as newly identified members of these categories. Increased expression of actin cytoskeleton genes is also identified. Conclusions: The molecular profiles of muscle tissue in patients with inflammatory myopathies are distinct and represent molecular signatures from which diagnostic insight may follow. Large numbers of differentially expressed genes are rapidly identified.
Understanding the difference in oxidative properties between flame and diesel soot nanoparticles: the role of metals.

The purpose of this paper is to address the differences observed in the oxidative kinetics between flame and diesel derived soots. In particular, it has been observed that flame soot has a significantly higher activation energy for oxidation than does diesel soot. The hypothesis tested in this paper is that metals, possibly coming from lubricating oils, within diesel generated soot particles may be responsible for this effect. This is supported by the fact that addition of metal additives to diesel fuel is shown to have no effect on the activation energy of soot oxidation. The subject of this paper lies in testing the hypothesis by adding metal directly to a flame and extracting oxidation kinetics. Using a high temperature oxidation tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTO-TDMA) we extract particle size dependent kinetics for the oxidation of flame-derived soot doped with and without iron. We found that indeed addition of iron to a flame reduced the activation energy significantly from about 162 plus or minus 3 kJ/mol to about 116 plus or minus 3 kJ/ mol, comparable with diesel engine generated soot with an activation energy about 110 kJ/mol. These results are consistent with the idea that small quantities of metals during diesel combustion may play an important role in soot abatement. (A)
Mammary ductoscopy: past, present, future

Mammary ductoscopy is a powerful modality with enormous potential to help improve patient care through enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of patients with breast disease. The ability to see ductal pathology and monitor response to therapy real time has enormous potential to expand our understanding of disease processes. Technological improvements involving optics, scope design, ductal access and interventional ductoscopy becoming feasible will help move this field forward. Historical developments, current applications, personal experience, and future directions will be discussed.
An airfoil designed for a high-altitude, long endurance remotely piloted vehicle

The preliminary design of high-altitude, long-endurance RPVs is complicated by the paucity of data concerning airfoils with high lift coefficients at low Re numbers. Attention is presently given to a generic airfoil of this type for the design Re number range of 700,000 to 2 million. Low drag is predicted for lift coefficients from 0.4 (for high speed dashes) to 1.5 (for maximum mission endurance). The airfoil is such that its maximum lift coefficient, at 1.8, is unaffected by the surface contamination that would be encountered during takeoffs and landings in rain or over insect-infested runways.
Does race/ethnicity affect aging anxiety in American baby boomers?

The purpose of this study was to examine whether racial/ethnic differences in aging anxiety among American baby boomers stem from socioeconomic resources, knowledge about aging, and/or exposure to older adults. Data were from the Images of Aging Survey conducted in 2004. The analysis included 362 non-Hispanic Whites, 117 African Americans, and 96 Hispanics. Multiple regression models were used. Aging anxiety did not differ between African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics tended to have more aging anxiety than non-Hispanic Whites, but this difference was explained by relatively low socioeconomic status and lack of knowledge of aging among Hispanics. Baby boomers who were older, less healthy, less educated, and poorer had more aging anxiety than their counterparts, as did those with less knowledge about aging and less contact with older adults. To reduce aging anxiety, public interventions are needed that promote accurate perceptions about aging and increase opportunities for interacting with ol...
Modeling of the mechanical behavior of semisolid metallic alloys at high volume fractions of solid

A two-phase strain rate and pressure-dependent model that describes the mechanical behavior of semisolid materials at high volume fractions of solid as an interpolation between the limits of fully cohesive and fully cohesionless materials is presented. An internal variable that describes the degree of cohesion in the material is introduced. The proposed model predicts a reduction of the stress required to sustain undrained constant strain rate deformation. From numerical simulations it is shown that high strain rates result in near-undrained conditions and minimal phase segregation. This effect has important consequences in semisolid processing operations.
A Multisite Trial of Atomoxetine and Parent Training in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Rationale and Design Challenges.

Abstract Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have examined effectiveness of mono-therapies for problem behavior. However, results have not been as encouraging as in typically developing children. For example, when prescribed stimulants, children with ASD and hyperactivity/inattentiveness, show only moderately reduced symptoms, with frequent side effects. Therefore, alternative treatments or combinations of treatments are needed. The Children's Hyperactivity and Autism Research Treatment Study (CHARTS) is a randomized clinical trial comparing the individual and combined effects of atomoxetine and parent training to treat hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and noncompliance in children with ASD. Design challenges included the overall study design, targeting of different outcomes by different treatments, and data analysis. This article details options for addressing a number of these methodological issues in the context of conducting a large multicenter RCT with an ASD population.
Review Article: Holoprosencephaly and Related Midline Cerebral Anomalies: A Review

We propose a simple pathogenetic mechanism that reduces a bewildering variety of central nervous system malformations to a manageable group sharing defects of midline prosencephalic growth. It is n...
The Case of the Fickle Fingers: How the PRDM9 Zinc Finger Protein Specifies Meiotic Recombination Hotspots in Humans

During mammalian meiosis, double-strand breaks are deliberately made throughout the genome and then repaired, leading to the exchange of genetic material between copies of chromosomes. How the locations of breaks are specified was largely unknown until a fortuitous confluence of statistical genetics and molecular biology uncovered the role of PRDM9, a DNA binding protein. Many properties of this protein remain mysterious, however, including how it binds to DNA, how it contributes to male infertility—both in humans, and in hybrid mice—and why, in spite of its fundamental function in meiosis, its binding domain varies extensively among humans and across mammals. We present a brief summary of what has recently been learned about PRDM9 in different fields, focusing on the puzzles yet to be resolved.
Surgical technique for repair of complex anterior skull base defects.

Background: Modern microsurgical techniques enable en bloc resection of complex skull base tumors. Anterior cranial base surgery, particularly, has been associated with a high rate of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, meningitis, intracranial abscess, and pneumocephalus. We introduce simple modifications to already existing surgical strategies designed to minimize the incidence of postoperative CSF leak and associated morbidity and mortality.
The changes in phoria and convergence to divergence peak velocity ratio are correlated.

Purpose: Phoria is used in the diagnosis of binocular dysfunctions, such as convergence insufficiency. A common treatment for convergence insufficiency is vision therapy, yet it is controversial whether the phoria changes as a result of rehabilitation. Phoria can vary due to the duration and/or the type of prior visual tasks. The variability potentially observed within phoria measurements leads to difficulties in confidently assessing changes within longitudinal studies. Hence, we propose to measure phoria and vergence peak velocities on separate days to evaluate whether a more robust measurement can be attained.Methods: Eleven subjects with normal binocular vision participated in two identical experimental sessions. Four-degree convergence and divergence steps stimulated from targets at far, middle, and near initial vergence positions were recorded using a limbus tracking system. Near dissociated phoria was measured after a set of step stimuli. The vergence ratio was defined as the convergence peak veloc...
The Haemophilus influenzae dnaG sequence and conserved bacterial primase motifs

The dnaG gene encodes primase which synthesizes the primer RNA essential for Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA replication. The nucleotide sequence was determined for the Haemophilus influenzae dnaG gene and used in the molecular evolutionary analysis of primases from six bacterial species. The predicted amino acid (aa) sequence of H. influenzae DnaG contains 593 residues and shares 56% identity with E. coli DnaG. The N-terminal 60% of six aligned bacterial primases contains all 71 absolutely conserved aa residues and several conserved motifs. All six bacterial primases which were sequenced contained a conserved CPFHXEKTPSF(T/S/A)VXXXKQX(F/Y)HCFGC zinc finger (zf) in the N terminus. A basic region in the N-terminal half of the primases contains a conserved motif, G(R/K)X(V/I/L)X(F/Y) (G/S/A)(G/S/A)RX(V/I/L)XXXXP, termed 'RNAP-basic', which is shared only with RNA polymerase (RNAP) large subunits. This conserved sequence represents the first motif common and specific to primases and RNAP subunits. The consensus sequence, PKYLNSPET, lies adjacent to this basic region in bacterial primases and may represent a signature sequence for bacterial DnaG. The C-terminal regions of these primases do not appear to share primary sequence similarities. These findings support our hypothesis that the primase active site of DnaG is located in the N-terminal 60% of the enzyme.
Postweaning Age Effects on Rumen Fermentation End-Products and Digesta Kinetics in Calves Weaned at 5 Weeks of Age

Abstract Four rumen-cannulated calves were used in a block design to study changes in rumen fermentation end-products and rumen digesta kinetics after weaning. Calves were weaned at 5 wk of age and had access to dry feed from d 3 of age. Dietary DM consisted of 85% concentrate and 15% forage. The experiment was divided into three periods: 2, 4, and 8 wk after weaning. Rumen fluid samples collected each period were analyzed for pH, VFA, NH 3 N, bacterial DM concentrations, and protozoa numbers. Calves were dosed ruminally with Co-EDTA and Yb-mordanted grain and then sampled for estimation of rumen fluid and particle turnover rates during each period. Average daily gain, DMI, and BW gain increased over the three periods by 106, 81, and 42%. respectively. Rumen pH increased .32 units, and rumen volume increased twofold, during the three periods. Rumen NH 3 N concentration and diurnal NH 3 N variation changed significantly with age. Bacterial DM concentrations, VFA, and digesta kinetics in the rumen did not change with age. We conclude that the metabolic and physical changes that take place in the rumen of young calves after weaning are evidence of gradual development and yield important information for further study on degradation and metabolism of dietary components in the rumen.
Ring current and steric effects on 1H chemical shifts of Ru coordinated 2,2′-bipyridyls

Ring current and proximity effects may be responsible for both low- and high-frequency shifts of the aromatic protons of Ru coordinated bipyridyls according to the different geometries depending on whether two or three bipyridyls are coordinated. Copyright © 2003 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Larval release behaviors of the striped hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc): Temporal pattern in hatching

Abstract Ovigerous hermit crabs, Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc), were examined in the laboratory to (1) determine if the time of larval release is a synchronous event, (2) determine the influence of a damaged gastropod shell during the egg hatching process, and (3) describe larval release behaviors. Ovigerous hermit crabs from natural light:dark (LD) and tidal cycles were moved to constant conditions 2–3 days prior to the predicted time of larval release. Larval release was synchronous, occurring near the time of expected sunset. Females with early-stage embryos placed under constant conditions displayed a free-running circadian rhythm, suggesting that the rhythm is under endogenous control. Hermit crabs with early-stage embryos that were placed under a shifted LD cycle (advanced 12 h relative to the ambient photoperiod) before being placed under constant conditions advanced their larval release rhythm by 12 h, indicating the rhythm can be entrained by the LD cycle. Hermit crabs with an intact shell released larvae in bursts at sunset over several consecutive nights (period = 24.2 h). In contrast, hermit crabs with damaged shells released larvae at different times over the course of a single day. Ovigerous females with intact shells exhibit several stereotypical hatching behaviors. The female stands on her walking legs and thrusts her abdomen, moving the shell in an oscillating motion. This movement may assist in breaking the outer membrane of the egg case. The female generates a water current inside the shell with her scaphognathite and mouthparts, which transports the newly hatched larvae out of the shell. Females in damaged shells did not display these behaviors; instead, larval release was a prolonged event with little movement of the female, and often the newly hatched larvae were not viable. These results indicate that an intact shell plays an important role in the hatching process for this hermit crab.
High-power laser diodes at various wavelengths

High power laser diodes at various wavelengths are described. First, performance and reliability of an optimized large transverse mode diode structure at 808 and 941 nm are presented. Next, data are presented on a 9.5 kW peak power array at 900 nm having a narrow emission bandwidth suitable for pumping Yb:S-FAP laser materials. Finally, results on a fiber-coupled laser diode array at {approx}730 nm are presented.
Current therapy of inflammatory bowel disease in children.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) are chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases that can present as bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malnutrition. Collectively, these disorders are referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). All patients with IBD share a common pathophysiology. However, there are a number of developmental, psychosocial, and physiologic issues that are unique to the ≈20% of patients that present during childhood or adolescence. These include the possibility of disease-induced delays in linear growth or physical development, differences in drug dosing, and the changes in social and cognitive development that occur as children move from school-age years into adolescence and early adulthood. Gastroenterologists caring for these children must therefore develop an optimal regimen of pharmacologic therapies, nutritional management, psychologic support, and properly timed surgery (when necessary) that will maintain disease remission, minimize disease and drug-induced adverse effects, and optimize growth and development. This article reviews current approaches to the management of patients with UC and CD and highlights issues specific to the treatment of children with IBD.
Immunolocalization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana

NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD-dependent GAPDH) was purified to homogeneity and injected into a rabbit to induce a polyclonal antibody. The antibody was judged to be of high specificity and high affinity. This antibody was used to probe sections ofArabidopsis leaf, stem or roots which were fixed using either paraformaldehyde or a high-pressure freezing method. Our results show that the NAD-dependent GAPDH localizes in the nucleus as well as in the cytosol. In phloem tissue, the NAD-dependent GAPDH was found in companion cells but not in the sieve element.
Organotin Hydride Reduction of Benzyl Bromides

A Hammett study was carried out on the tributyltin hydride reduction of substituted benzyl bromides. Electron-withdrawing groups facilitate the reaction, whereas electron-releasing groups have little or no impact on the rate. This unusual effect creates a discontinuity in the Hammett plot. Electron-withdrawing groups stabilize both the free radical and polar character of the transition state. Electron-releasing groups, however, stabilize the free radical character but destabilize the polar character of the transition state.
Electric field effects in AlGaAs-GaAs symmetric and asymmetric coupled quantum wells

A theoretical study of energy level shift and field-induced tunneling in symmetric and asymmetric coupled quantum wells is presented. Energy level shift is calculated from the time-dependent Schrodinger equation using the inverse power method. The time evolution of an electron wavepackage is shown by the application of the time-development operator of the time-independent Schrodinger equation. Energy level shift in coupled quantum wells is found to be enhanced in comparison to single quantum wells. The energy level shift in coupled quantum wells is found to be nearly linear with the applied field. Oscillation frequencies for electrons in symmetric and asymmetric coupled quantum wells are evaluated versus the applied field and compared to semiclassical prediction. Tunneling lifetimes in symmetric and asymmetric coupled quantum wells are evaluated versus the applied field. >
Occam's Razor & the Nature of Scientific Theories

he early 14th century philosopher William of Occam (Sahakian 1968, p. 116) is credited by historians for proposing that, in interpreting scientific data, the simplest explanation consistent with all the known facts is preferred as a working hypothesis over more complicated ones. In other words, scientific explanations should be pared down (as if using a knife to cut away unnecessary "fat" from a carcass) to the simplest hypothesis as a preliminary orientation for further study of any scientific problem. This guiding principle of scientific methodology has come to be known as "Occam's razor." Genetics is a scientific discipline in which Occam's razor (and other facets of scientific methodology) can be easily explained and grasped by most middleand high-school students. The following genetics problems can be used to illustrate this point.
CORR Insights ®: Adverse local tissue reaction associated with a modular hip hemiarthroplasty.

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Adverse Local Tissue Reaction Associated With a Modular Hip Hemiarthroplasty” by Whitehouse and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3133-1. The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinions or policies of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3133-1.
Optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter along a transect in the Barataria Bay, Louisiana

Optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter or CDOM were studied in the Barataria basin from field samples collected on 26 September 2007 from stations located in the lower and upper Barataria bay influenced by marine waters to the upper basin influenced by freshwater sources. CDOM absorption at 412 nm acdom(412) increased seven-fold from 0.74 m-1 near the Barataria Pass to about 5.2 m-1 at locations influenced by freshwater sources in the upper basin. Although CDOM absorption generally increased with decreasing salinity (in salinity range 23.26 to 1.03), nonlinearity at the mid-salinity range suggested additional CDOM sources in the bay. At the freshwater end (salinity between 0.12-0.38) CDOM absorption varied between 3.4 to 5.2 m-1 suggesting the various streams and small lakes to have varied concentrations of CDOM possibly contributing to the large CDOM variability. CDOM spectral slope coefficient S (nm-1) provides a measure of the decrease of absorption with increasing wavelength and has been used as an indicator of water types. S varied from a low of 0.0154 nm-1 at a station near the Barataria Pass to a high of 0.0176 nm-1 at one of the freshwater sources upstream in the bay with S increasing gradually with decreasing salinity suggesting a strong freshwater influence on CDOM spectral slope. However, it was observed that below the 1.03 salinity level values of S were between 0.0164-0.0176 nm-1 and variable indicating that the different freshwater sources to the Barataria bay to potentially have different CDOM spectral characteristics.
A selective modal scheme for the analysis of EM coupling into or radiation from large open-ended waveguides

A selective modal scheme is proposed to efficiently analyze the problem of high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic (EM) coupling/penetration into or radiation from open-ended waveguides. This scheme is based on the phenomenon that at sufficiently high frequencies, the modes which contribute most significantly to the fields coupled into the waveguide are those whose modal ray directions are most nearly parallel to the incident-wave direction. This concept is illustrated by calculating the EM radiation and backscattering from open-ended parallel-plate, rectangular, circular, and sectoral waveguide geometries. The calculations use the usual geometrical optics, aperture field, and Ufimtsev edge current techniques. Also included are some measured results which further verify the accuracy of the above computations. >
The Concrete Jungle: City Stress and Substance Abuse among Young Adult African American Men

Substance use is prevalent among African American men living in urban communities. The impact of substance use on the social, psychological, and physical health of African American men has important public health implications for families, communities, and society. Given the adverse consequences of alcohol and drug abuse within communities of color, this study evaluated the relationship between city stress, alcohol consumption, and drug use among African American men. Eighty heterosexual, African American men, 18 to 29 years old, completed psychosocial risk assessments that assessed substance use and city stress. Multiple logistic regression analyses, controlling for age, indicated that participants reporting high levels of urban stress, relative to low levels of urban stress, were more likely to report a history of marijuana use (AOR = 5.19, p = .05), history of ecstasy and/or GHB use (AOR = 3.34, p = .04), having family/friends expressing strong concerns about their illicit drug use (AOR = 4.06, p = .02), and being unable to remember what happened the night before due to drinking (AOR = 4.98, p = .01). African American men living within the confines of a stressful urban environment are at increased risk for exposure to and utilization of illicit substances. Culturally competent public health interventions for substance use/abuse should address psychological factors, such as stress and neighborhood violence.
Community impacts of two invasive crabs: the interactive roles of density, prey recruitment, and indirect effects

Assessing the implications of species invasion for native communities requires determining whether effects of invaders are novel, or are redundant with effects of species that are already present. Using a pair of field experiments conducted over two successive years, we examined factors that influence community impacts of a recent predatory crab invader (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) and a previously established invasive crab (Carcinus maenas) on New England coasts. We demonstrate that effects of these species differ temporally with changes in the ambient prey community, and are influenced by density differences between the two species and by different strengths and types of indirect effects that each elicits. Our study highlights the importance of including bottom-up processes (i.e., prey recruitment) when examining the redundancy of consumers.
Interstitial water chemistry of sediments of the Costa Rica Accretionary Complex off the Nicoya Peninsula

Interstitial water analyses from numerous piston, gravity, and Alvin push cores show that fluid flow at the Costa Rica Accretionary Prism is spatially limited and can only be detected by visually directed cores in zones of biogenic activity. Most of the sites cored show evidence for normal diagenetic processes in rapidly deposited, organic carbon-rich sediments, with little evidence for fluid advection. However, in visually directed Alvin push cores, obtained from black sulfidic sediments characterized by the presence of Calyptogena clams or tubeworms, evidence for fluids advected upward from greater depth horizons is shown. These zones are associated with a large mudvolcano on the prism and with the zoes of Out Of Sequence Thrusts. As changes from sea water concentrations are still relatively small, substantial mixing with sea water must have occurred during this upward fluid movement.
Optimal secondary storage access sequence for performing relational join

Two graph models are developed to determine the minimum required buffer size for achieving the theoretical lower bound on the number of disk accesses for performing relational joins. Here, the lower bound implies only one disk access per joining block or page. The first graph model is based on the block connectivity of the joining relations. Using this model, the problem of determining an ordered list of joining blocks that requires the smallest buffer is considered. It is shown that this problem as well as the problem of computing the least upper bound on the buffer size is NP-hard. The second graph model represents the page connectivity of the joining relations. It is shown that the problem of computing the least upper bound on the buffer size for the page connectivity model is also NP-hard. Heuristic procedures are presented for the page connectivity model and it is shown that the sequence obtained using the heuristics requires a near-optimal buffer size The authors also show the performance improvement of the proposed heuristics over the hybrid-has join algorithm for a wide range of join factors. >
REASON, RISK, AND REWARD: Models for Libraries and Other Stakeholders in an Evolving Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem

Scholarly publishing, and scholarly communication more generally, are based on patterns established over many decades and even centuries. Some of these patterns are clearly valuable and intimately related to core values of the academy, but others were based on the exigencies of the past, and new opportunities have brought into question whether it makes sense to persist in supporting old models. New technologies and new publishing models raise the question of how we should fund and operate scholarly publishing and scholarly communication in the future, moving away from a scarcity model based on the exchange of physical goods that restricts access to scholarly literature unless a market-based exchange takes place. This essay describes emerging models that attempt to shift scholarly communication to a more open-access and mission-based approach and that try to retain control of scholarship by academics and the institutions and scholarly societies that support them. It explores changing practices for funding scholarly journals and changing services provided by academic libraries, changes instituted with the end goal of providing more access to more readers, stimulating new scholarship, and removing inefficiencies from a system ready for change.
Laser medicine in America: An overview

Laser medicine, as differentiated from laser surgery, has made tremendous progress in recent years. Laser diagnosis includes various laser techniques such as spectroscopy, Doppler velocimetry, and cytofluorometry, including cell sorter systems for current hybridoma technology. In addition, there is laser-induced fluorescence for cancer detection and treatment. Laser immunobiology includes laser nephelometry. Laser acoustical microscopy and laser transillumination for cancer diagnosis are also a part of current laser medicine, which offers much for cancer research, diagnosis, and treatment.
High efficiency driver for transcutaneously coupled coils

A simple, highly efficient class-E driver circuit suitable for powering implantable electronic devices is described. Such a driver allows the design of displacement-tolerant coils. The design for a driver operating at 120 kHz is given. Through successive adjustments in frequency and duty cycle the largest current transfer ratio of peak AC current in the transmitter coil (L2) to the input DC current was obtained. The frequency of operation was 122.7 kHz with a duty cycle of 0.18. The DC input was 0.6 A at 9.0 V. The sinusoidal AC output in the Litz wire coil was 9.2 A peak with a peak voltage of 45.5 V AC. This represents an approximate DC/AC convert efficiency of 80% and a current transfer ratio of 15.3 A peak/A DC, with the lost power being dissipated in the DC feed inductor, the shunt capacitor, and the switch. The power loss in the HexFet switch was estimated to be less than 0.25 or less than 4.6% of the input power. >
Expression and Molecular Characterization of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Messenger RNA in Male Reproductive Organs of Adult Goats

The fact that male estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) knockout mice are infertile indicates a role for this receptor in male reproduction. Here, objectives were to evaluate ERa expression in male goat reproductive tissues at the transcriptional level using RNase protection assay (RPA) and in situ hybridization (ISH), and to clone a partial cDNA for caprine ERa using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For RPA and ISH procedures, a radiolabeled antisense cRNA probe, generated in vitro from the ovine oER8 cDNA template, was employed. Evaluations were made on individual samples obtained from adult goats. Labeled cRNA sense probe was used as a negative control in ISH. A 530-base pair amplicon was generated by RT-PCR from efferent ductules (EDs), epididymis (EP), and testis, cloned from the ED and EP, and sequenced. The caprine ERa (cERa) cDNA displayed 81%‐96% sequence identity with that of other species. A signal indicative of ERa mRNA was identified by both RT-PCR and RPA in all tissues, but was strongest in the ED. Compared with ED, ERa signal was sixfold lower in the EP, and 66fold lower in the testis. Similarly, strong ERa expression was observed in ED epithelium, whereas little or no signal was detected in EP or testis by ISH. Thus, among different segments of the male reproductive tract and testis, the highest level of ERa mRNA expression was found in epithelium of the ED. epididymis, estradiol receptor, male reproductive tract, steroid hormone receptors, testis
Stomatal Aperture and the Senescence of Leaves

The senescence of isolated leaves of the seedling of Victory oats has been under study in our laboratory for some eight years. When the leaves are detached and placed in the dark, proteolysis begins in about 6 hours and after 20–24 hours the breakdown of chlorophyll begins. By 72 hours (at 24°C) almost 60% of both the chlorophyll and the protein have disappeared (Tetley and Thimann, 1974). In white light the process is generally similar but much slower; after 72 hours in 200 foot-candles of fluorescent lights such leaves have lost only about 20% of their protein and 10% of their chlorophyll (Thimann et al., 1977). At first this delaying effect of light was ascribed to the photosynthetic production of reducing sugar, and it was found that infusing the leaves with glucose or sucrose did delay senescence, as had been reported by earlier workers (Marre et al., 1966). However, three facts mitigated against this explanation. First, the action of light reached saturation at 150 f-c, or 1500 lux, while photosynthesis is barely saturated at 10 times this intensity. Second, the concentration of glucose needed to delay senescence comparably to the effect of light was several times higher than that actually present in the leaf. Third, and most critical, DCMU1 at 10−5 M totally inhibited the photosynthetic production of sugars, yet had no influence at all on the delaying effect of light. This observation not only proved that sugar formation was not the cause of the light effects but it raised acutely the problem of how light is acting.
Association between use of warfarin with common sulfonylureas and serious hypoglycemic events: retrospective cohort analysis

Study question Is warfarin use associated with an increased risk of serious hypoglycemic events among older people treated with the sulfonylureas glipizide and glimepiride? Methods This was a retrospective cohort analysis of pharmacy and medical claims from a 20% random sample of Medicare fee for service beneficiaries aged 65 years or older. It included 465 918 beneficiaries with diabetes who filled a prescription for glipizide or glimepiride between 2006 and 2011 (4 355 418 person quarters); 71 895 (15.4%) patients also filled a prescription for warfarin (416 479 person quarters with warfarin use). The main outcome measure was emergency department visit or hospital admission with a primary diagnosis of hypoglycemia in person quarters with concurrent fills of warfarin and glipizide/glimepiride compared with the rates in quarters with glipizide/glimepiride fills only, Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for individual characteristics. Secondary outcomes included fall related fracture and altered consciousness/mental status. Summary answer and limitations In quarters with glipizide/glimepiride use, hospital admissions or emergency department visits for hypoglycemia were more common in person quarters with concurrent warfarin use compared with quarters without warfarin use (294/416 479 v 1903/3 938 939; adjusted odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.42). The risk of hypoglycemia associated with concurrent use was higher among people using warfarin for the first time, as well as in those aged 65-74 years. Concurrent use of warfarin and glipizide/glimepiride was also associated with hospital admission or emergency department visit for fall related fractures (3919/416 479 v 20 759/3 938 939; adjusted odds ratio 1.47, 1.41 to 1.54) and altered consciousness/mental status (2490/416 479 v 14 414/3 938 939; adjusted odds ratio 1.22, 1.16 to 1.29). Unmeasured factors could be correlated with both warfarin use and serious hypoglycemic events, leading to confounding. The findings may not generalize beyond the elderly Medicare population. What this study adds A substantial positive association was seen between use of warfarin with glipizide/glimepiride and hospital admission/emergency department visits for hypoglycemia and related diagnoses, particularly in patients starting warfarin. The findings suggest the possibility of a significant drug interaction between these medications. Funding, competing interests, data sharing JAR and DPG receive support from the National Institute on Aging, the Commonwealth Fund, and the Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics at the University of Southern California. ABJ receives support from the NIH Office of the Director. No additional data are available.
Twenty-Second Mary McMillan Lecture

I am deeply honored to have been selected to deliver the Twenty-Second Mary McMillan Lecture. Since entering the profession of physical therapy, I have heard and read a great deal about Mary McMillan and her visions for our profession and the American Physical Therapy Association. It has been my good fortune to have known all but one of the previous Mary McMillan lecturers. I recognize and acknowledge the numerous contributions made to our profession by these 21 distinguished persons. To those Mary McMillan lecturers present today, I wish to say that to be included in your select company is in itself a unique honor. I would be remiss if I did not take this opportunity to recognize specifically the members of my family who are present today and who have enabled me to make a total commitment to my profession for so many years.…