cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clonal repopulation in reticular tissues of x‐irradiated mice: Effect of dose and of limb‐shielding

Abstract : Chromosome studies in irradiated mice have indicated that following high sublethal whole-body exposure regeneration of the reticular tissues occurs in a clonal fashion. With increasing doses, from 100 to 700 rads, these organs appeared to be repopulated from fewer and fewer surviving stem cells. In a few instances at the highest dose, the progeny of the same cell apparently differentiated to marrow cells at one site and lymphoid cells in others, suggestive evidence of a totipotent hematopoietic stem cell in the adult mouse. Chromosome studies in mice receiving 900 rads with one limb shielded have indicated repopulation of the thymus and other reticular tissues by undamaged cells from the shielded marrow. Such marrow-derived cells, perhaps by restoring immunological competence or by nonimmunological contact inhibition, could account for the known effect of limb shielding in reducing the incidence of radiation-induced thymic lymphomas. (Author)
A discussion of Schubert's ion-exchange equations.

A discrepancy which exists in the literature, concerning the derivation of Schubert's ion-exchange equations, is resolved.
Object permanence in child and chimpanzee

In a repeated-measures design, two infant chimpanzees and three human infants were tested in like manner using the Uzgiris and Hunt (1975) stepwise assessment instrument for the development of object permanence in human infants. Comparisons between chimpanzee and human subjects showed similarities in the number of steps achieved, in the order and rate of achieving the steps, and in the detailed characteristics of searching behavior. These results suggest that the course of development of the concept of object permanence, as described by Piaget, is a very general one.
Energy and thermal aware buffer cache replacement algorithm

Power consumption is an increasingly impressing concern for data servers as it directly affects running costs and system reliability. Prior studies have shown most memory space on data servers are used for buffer caching and thus cache replacement becomes critical. Temporally concentrating memory accesses to a smaller set of memory chips increases the chances of free riding through DMA overlapping and also enlarges the opportunities for other ranks to power down. This paper proposes a power and thermal-aware buffer cache replacement algorithm. It conjectures that the memory rank that holds the most amount of cold blocks are very likely to be accessed in the near future. Choosing the victim block from this rank can help reduce the number of memory ranks that are active simultaneously. We use three real-world I/O server traces, including TPC-C, LM-TBF and MSN-BEFS to evaluate our algorithm. Experimental results show that our algorithm can save up to 27% energy than LRU and reduce the temperature of memory up to 5.45°C with little or no performance degradation.
Organizational Intervention Issues A Four-Phase Approach to Post-Occupancy Evaluation

Organizational intervention issues concerning four phases of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) are considered. In the first phase, entry, two important issues are: (1) introducing many levels of the organization to the goals of the POE and (2) using the prehistory of the project to understand the initial reactions of the client system. Second, in the needs assessment and research planning phase, open communication aids in (1) gathering information from diverse sources, (2) building effective working relationships with key individuals, and (3) setting reasonable expectations through joint planning. Third, in the data collection and analysis phase the newly developed working relationships are tested by problems of logistics and researcher hibernation. Finally, in the data feedback stage, researchers need to preview feedback with the most affected and to allow sufficient time for planning future action.
Assessment of the Severely Handicapped Preschool-Aged Child

Issues in the assessment of preschool-aged children who have severe to profound handicapping conditions are considered in the context of characteristics of the population and purposes of assessment. Specifically, the utility of standardized assessment of infants and pre-schoolers for the purpose of program planning is examined. The process of assessment is discussed and a model is proposed for analyzing underlying cognitive requirements of assessment tasks and for using the results of such an analysis for program planning.
Hund's second rule and the electronic structure of transition‐metal oxides

An orbital polarization (Hund's second rule) correction to local spin density (LSD) theory is developed in both a spherical harmonic basis and in a crystal field basis, and applied to the electronic band structure of FeO, CoO, NiO, and La2CuO4, resulting in a substantial enhancement of the LSD insulating band gap for NiO, and the creation of insulating band gaps for FeO, CoO, and La2CuO4.
Opinion: Addressing systemic problems in the biomedical research enterprise

Last spring, the four of us published an essay in PNAS in which we described the severe problems now faced by scientists working in the US biomedical research system, recommending several steps that might be taken to improve the situation (1). As a follow up, we convened a two-day workshop in August that brought together 30 relatively senior individuals engaged in various aspects of biomedical science, including social scientists and others who are knowledgeable about the training pipeline.
Transnational Rebels: Neighboring States as Sanctuary for Rebel Groups

To what extent do international factors affect domestic conflict processes? How do external conditions affect the state's repressive capabilities and the opportunities for opposition groups to mobilize, launch an insurgency, and sustain it? This article argues that because state strength is limited by international boundaries, rebel groups often organize transnationally in order to evade repression. External bases, refugee communities, and characteristics of neighboring states are expected to increase the likelihood of civil war onset and continuation. Importantly, external mobilization is difficult for states to monitor and verify, a factor that exacerbates bargaining problems and increases the probability of armed conflict. These claims are tested through a quantitative analysis of civil conflicts from 1951 to 1999. Results suggest that weak neighbors, rival neighbors, and refugee diasporas contribute to rebellion and that conflicts endure longer when rebels have access to external bases.
Lead-Free Solder Joint Void Evolution During Multiple Subsequent High-Temperature Reflows

Entrapment of volatiles during lead-free solder joint formation results in the creation of voids which may have a negative impact on the joint's mechanical and/or electrical performances. According to IPC-J-STD-001E and IPC-A-610E specifications, the post-surface-mount-technology cumulative voiding criterion in lead-free solder joints is less than 25% for a second-level interconnect. For solder joints that experience multiple high-temperature reflow processes after completion of assembly, however, it is important to understand and predict how these voids will interact and evolve during subsequent high-temperature exposures. In this paper, both in situ 2-D X-ray imaging and 3-D X-ray tomography were used to study the growth kinetics of solder joint voids during multiple reflow cycles. The results demonstrate that voids grow and move during each reflow cycle. The growth kinetics has been shown to follow a diffusion-controlled mechanism based on a model for out-gassing bubble growth in a supersaturated molten solder liquid.
Long-Term Hydraulic Conductivity of a Bentonite-Polymer Composite Permeated with Aggressive Inorganic Solutions

AbstractBentonite was modified to prevent alterations in hydraulic conductivity when permeated with aggressive inorganic solutions. Acrylic acid within bentonite slurry was polymerized to create a bentonite-polymer composite (BPC). Tests indicate that BPC generally swells more and retains low hydraulic conductivity compared with natural sodium bentonite (Na-bentonite) when contacted with aggressive inorganic solutions. BPC in deionized water swelled greater than 3.8 times the swell of the Na-bentonite used to create BPC (73 versus 19 mL/2 g). In 500 mM CaCl2, however, swell of BPC was similar to swell of calcium bentonite ( 2 years). In contrast, Na-bentonite and superabsorbent polymer (similar...
High-Level Production of Porphyrins in Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli: Systematic Extension of a Pathway Assembled from Overexpressed Genes Involved in Heme Biosynthesis

Due to their spectroscopic properties porphyrins are of special interest for a variety of applications, ranging from drug development or targeting to material sciences and chemical and biological sensors. Since chemical syntheses are limited in terms of regio- and stereoselective functionalization of porphyrins, a biosynthetic approach with tailored enzyme catalysts offers a promising alternative. In this paper, we describe assembly of the entire heme biosynthetic pathway in a three-plasmid system and overexpression of the corresponding genes with Escherichia coli as a host. Without further optimization, this approach yielded remarkable porphyrin production levels, up to 90 μmol/liter, which is close to industrial vitamin B12 production levels. Different combinations of the genes were used to produce all major porphyrins that occur as intermediates in heme biosynthesis. All these porphyrin intermediates were obtained in high yields. The product spectrum was analyzed and quantified by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Intriguingly, although protoporphyrin IX could be produced at high levels, overexpressed Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase could not convert this substrate appreciably into heme. However, further investigation clearly revealed a high level of expression of the ferrochelatase and a high level of activity in vitro. These results may indicate that heme has a regulatory impact on the iron uptake of E. coli or that the ferrochelatase is inactive in vivo due to an incompatible enzyme interaction.
Robustness in partial pole placement

The robustness of state feedback solutions to the problem of partial pole placement obtained by a new projection procedure is examined. The projection procedure gives a reduced-order pole assignment problem. It is shown that the sensitivities of the assigned poles in the complete closed-loop system are bounded in terms of the sensitivities of the assigned reduced-order poles, and the sensitivities of the unaltered poles are bounded in terms of the sensitivities of the corresponding open-loop poles. If the assigned poles are well-separated from the unaltered poles, these bounds are expected to be tight. The projection procedure is described in [3], and techniques for finding robust (or insensitive) solutions to the reduced-order problem are given in [1], [2].
Control theory in dying: what do we know?

As we try to develop appropriate models for end-of-life care, it is important to review theoretical applications as they relate to current models of care. It is also vital to listen carefully to what patients and their family caregivers tell us about their needs at the end of life. This article explores the issue of control: its application to wellness at the end of life, and patient and family caregiver perceptions about end-of-life control. Interventions and implications for professional caregivers are proposed.
Solvation Behavior of Short-Chain Polystyrene Sulfonate in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions: A Molecular Dynamics Study

We analyze the solvation behavior of short-chain polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) in aqueous electrolyte solutions by isothernal−isochoric molecular dynamics simulation to determine the solvation effects on the structure and conformation of the polyelectrolyte as a function of the aqueous environment. To that end, we study these aqueous systems including the explicit atomistic description of water, the PSS chain, and their interactions with all species in solution. In addition, we investigate the effect of the degree of sulfonation and its distribution along the PSS chain on the resulting conformation as well as solvation structure. Moreover, we assess the impact of added salts on the net charge of the PSS backbone, placing emphasis on the valence of the counterion and the extent of the ion-pair formation between the sulfonate group and the counterions. Finally, we present evidence for the so-called like-charge attraction between sulfonate groups through the formation of counterion-mediated interchain sulfonat...
REMARKS ON THE COMPLEX-GHOST RELATIVISTIC FIELD THEORY.

Contrary to a recent comment of Lee and Wick, it is argued that the complex-ghost relativistic field theory with real space momenta should be regarded as a field theory, while the prescription of Cutkosky, Landshoff, Olive, and Polkinghorne should not.
Oxidation behavior of a laser-clad nickel-based alloy containing hafnium☆

Abstract NiAlCrHf coatings with an extended solid solution of hafnium were fabricated by laser cladding a premixed powder having an NiAlCrHf ratio of 70:20:7:3 on a substrate of Rene 80. During oxidation tests under both isothermal and thermally cycled conditions in slowly flowing air, samples taken from the claddings had a lower weight change rate than samples from the substrate. Thermal cycling produced only subtle changes in the oxidation of the clad samples and no measurable change in their microstructures or microchemistry. Scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to analyze the oxidized samples.
Sustained inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity does not disrupt early geniculocortical ingrowth to developing rat visual cortex.

Abstract Esterase activity of endogenous transiently expressed acetylcholinesterase was locally suppressed in visual cortex of infant rats for 2–5 days by the irreversible inhibitor phospholine iodide, delivered from Elvas implants. Tissue processed for anterograde movement of the carbocyanine dye DiI or anterograde transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase revealed normal geniculocortical growth into layer IV of visual cortex. These results suggest that the catalytic activity of transiently expressed acetylcholinesterase may play little, if any, role in early development of thalamocortical systems.
Public Support for European Integration: An Empirical Test of Five Theories

Public opinion, through its impact on mass behavior, shapes and constrains the process of European integration Why do citizens vary in their support for European integration? Previous research offers a variety of sometimes conflicting explanations, but the available evidence is insufficient to determine which explanations are valid. This article seeks to contribute to the resolution of this controversy by empirically examining five prominent theories of support for integration. Through regression analyses of Eurobarometer surveys from the period 1978-1992, the analysis shows that the partisan context of integrative reforms and the utilitarian consequences of integrative policy provide robust explanations for variation in support. In contrast, two other prominent theories-political values and cognitive mobilization-are only valid in a limited context, and in this context they exert a small substantive impact on support.
Visualizing Distributions and Classification Accuracy

Data mining is the search for novel, actionable information within data. It is important to note that the number of records in the data being analyzed is only one (and perhaps a small) factor in determining the complexity of a given data mining technique. Most complexity in data mining arises from the distribution of values contained in the data - not the number of records. In this paper we utilize straightforward histogram-based visualizations to gain insight into how the performance of a well-studied data mining technique, the naive-Bayes classifier, performs under various discretization schemes for both continuous and discrete values. The resulting visualization system provides users with a tool that describes the underlying model of the data used by the classifier. Exploratory visualizations of the distributions of training data can be selected based on expert domain knowledge and then combined to apply to the test data.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Metabolism1

The ability of a series of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to inhibit parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been studied in nephrectomized rats. Three enzyme inhibitors (acetazolamide, methazolamide and ethoxzolamide) are also inhibitors of parathyroid hormone. When the concentration of unbound drug in plasma is considered, ethoxzolamide is 41 times as potent as methazolamide with respect to PTH inhibition. An acetazolamide analogue (CL 13,850) devoid of carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties has been shown to be inactive as a PTH inhibitor when given at a dose of 9 mg/100 g. The same dose of acetazolamide results in PTH inhibition. (Endocrinology 91: 1160, 1972)
Leveraging digital technologies: how information quality leads to localized capabilities and customer service performance

With the growing recognition of the customer's role in service creation and delivery, there is an increased impetus on building customer-centric organizations. Digital technologies play a key role in such organizations. Prior research studying digital business strategies has largely focused on building production-side competencies and there has been little focus on customer-side digital business strategies to leverage these technologies. We propose a theory to understand the effectiveness of a customer-side digital business strategy focused on localized dynamics--here, a firm's customer service units (CSUs). Specifically, we use a capabilities perspective to propose digital design as an antecedent to two customer service capabilities--namely, customer orientation capability and customer response capability--across a firm's CSUs. These two capabilities will help a firm to locally sense and respond to customer needs, respectively. Information quality from the digital design of the CSU is proposed as the antecedent to the two capabilities. Proposed capability-building dynamics are tested using data collected from multiple respondents across 170 branches of a large bank. Findings suggest that the impacts of information quality in capability-building are contingent on the local process characteristics. We offer implications for a firm's customer-side digital business strategy and present new areas for future examination of such strategies.
‘The computer is not for you to be looking around, it is for schoolwork’: Challenges for digital inclusion as Latino immigrant families negotiate children’s access to the internet

While studies have addressed the role of the internet in the family, the perspectives of Latino immigrant families are largely missing from the research. This article draws primarily on interview data with first-generation Latino immigrant families living in urban Los Angeles to analyze how parents and their middle school-aged children negotiate access to and use of the internet. Parents in the study were torn between a belief in the educational importance of the internet and a strong sense of anxiety about online risks. Their parenting strategies reflected these anxieties and inadvertently contributed to limiting children’s online opportunities. Outside of school, young people only had periodic access to the internet, which was used primarily for doing homework. While young people also found ways to pursue their own interests and motivations online, they had limited opportunities for more open-ended exploration and self-directed learning.
The Origin of Mesoderm in Phoronids

Descriptive studies of phoronid development have concluded that the mesoderm of these animals originates from the endoderm during gastrulation. This interpretation has been tested by labeling one blastomere of 4- through 16-cell embryos and examining the position and germ layers occupied by the labeled clones of cells in the larva. No 2 injections gave rise to identical clones of cells, suggesting that the cleavage program does not generate cells of unique identity and that cell fates are established at later developmental time points. In many cases, a relatively large sector composed of ectodermal cells was labeled. When these labeled cells were adjacent to the mouth or anus of the larva, muscle and mesenchyme cells originated from the labeled clones. Under these circumstances, nerve cells also originated from these labeled sectors. These labeling studies also showed that endodermal cells can give rise to mesodermal and neural cells. These results suggest that nerve and muscle cells are induced to form at ectodermal-endodermal boundaries from both germ layers. These marking experiments also confirmed the observation that nerve cells originate both from the apical organ and the trunk region and show for the first time that the intestine originates by ingression of posterior ectoderm.
Automatic steering of X-ray beams from NSLS insertion devices using closed orbit feedback

By the middle of 1989, there will be five insertion devices installed in the NSLS (National Synchrotron Light Source) X-ray electron storage ring, X-ray beams from these devices will be stabilized by local automatic steering systems to reduce beam motion at the end of the beamline. Both the position of the source and the direction of the radiation will be controlled using beam position feedback to the closed orbit. Another system will be installed to stabilize the electron orbit for the LEGS Compton backscattering experiment. Each feedback system will employ at least one X-ray beam position detector; some will also utilize RF electron beam position monitors. Analog hardware with a digital interface has been designed and will be installed in the near future. A totally digital realization of the feedback controller is under consideration. >
High efficiency CdS/CdTe solar cells from solution-grown CdS films

Adherent thin films of CdS were deposited on glass and SnO/sub 2/:F/glass substrates from an aqueous solution, and the important process parameters were investigated. The deposited films show high optical transmission at sub-bandgap wavelengths and high photoconductivity ratios. Thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cells have been prepared by depositing p-CdTe films onto CdS-SnO/sub 2/:F/glass substrates by close-spaced sublimation. Junction photovoltage spectroscopy has been used for the qualitative comparison of junction characteristics. Solar cells of 1 cm/sup 2/ area with an AM 1.5 efficiency of higher than 13% are reported. >
Effects of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and testosterone on miRNA and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells

There is evidence from epidemiological and in vitro studies that the biological effects of testosterone (T) on cell cycle and survival are modulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in prostate cancer. To investigate the cross talk between androgen- and vitamin D-mediated intracellular signaling pathways, the individual and combined effects of T and 1,25(OH)2D3 on global gene expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells were assessed. Stringent statistical analysis identifies a cohort of genes that lack one or both androgen response elements (AREs) or vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in their promoters, which are nevertheless differentially regulated by both steroids (either additively or synergistically). This suggests that mechanisms in addition to VDR- and AR-mediated transcription are responsible for the modulation of gene expression. Microarray analysis shows that fifteen miRNAs are also differentially regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 and T. Among these miR-22, miR-29ab, miR-134, miR-1207-5p and miR-371-5p are up regulated, while miR-17 and miR-20a, members of the miR-17/92 cluster are down regulated. A number of genes implicated in cell cycle progression, lipid synthesis and accumulation and calcium homeostasis are among the mRNA targets of these miRNAs. Thus, in addition to their well characterized effects on transcription, mediated by either or both cognate nuclear receptors, 1,25(OH)2D3 and T regulate the steady state mRNA levels by modulating miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation, generating attenuation feedback loops that result in global changes in mRNA and protein levels. Changes in genes involved in calcium homeostasis may have specific clinical importance since the second messenger Ca2+ is known to modulate various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell death and cell motility, which affects prostate cancer tumor progression and responsiveness to therapy. These data indicate that these two hormones combine to drive a differentiated phenotype, and reinforce the idea that the age dependent decline in both hormones results in the de-differentiation of prostate tumor cells, which results in increased proliferation, motility and invasion common to aggressive tumors. These studies also reinforce the potential importance of miRNAs in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic outcomes.
Less ice, less tilt, less chill: The influence of a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean and reduced obliquity on early Paleogene climate

For more than 20 years the paleoclimate modeling community has sought the mechanism for generating a warm, equable early Paleogene climate. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations and warm sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) do much to reproduce the climate indicated by proxy data; however, discrepancies between model output and data remain, and a term in the equable climate equation is clearly missing. Based on proxy data indications of reduced early Paleogene seasonality, we test the climate impact of a reduction in Earth's obliquity to 18°. Obliquity is one of the few forcing factors that can directly affect seasonality, and our hypothesis of changing obliquity is supported by large planetary mass redistributions in the past 120 m.y. Such mass redistributions have the potential to change the tilt of Earth's axis. In our experiment the combination of reduced obliquity, increased early Paleogene greenhouse gas concentrations, and conservatively warm SSTs reproduces early Paleogene climate with greater accuracy than any previous modeling efforts and provides a plausible solution to the equable climate challenge.
Leininger's Theory of Nursing: Cultural Care Diversity and Universality

This paper is focused on the essential features of the nursing theory of cultural care diversity and universality. An overview of the essential features is discussed to show how the theory was developed and how it has evolved during the past three decades. The theory was initiated from clinical experiences recognizing that culture, a wholistic concept, was the missing link in nursing knowledge and practice. Through a creative process of concept explication, reformulation, and resynthesis, the the ory of cultural care was set forth as a guide for the development of nursing knowledge. The concept of culture was derived from anthropol ogy and the concept of care was derived from nursing. The theorist holds that cultural care provides the broadest and most important means to study, explain, and predict nursing knowledge and concomitant nursing care practice. The ultimate goal of the theory is to provide cultural congruent nursing care practices. The author contends that if one fully discovers care meanings, p...
Targeted drug delivery with dendrimers: Comparison of the release kinetics of covalently conjugated drug and non-covalent drug inclusion complex ☆

Dendrimers have unique characteristics including monodispersity and modifiable surface functionality, along with highly defined size and structure. This makes these polymers attractive candidates as carriers in drug delivery applications. Drug delivery can be achieved by coupling a drug to polymer through one of two approaches. Hydrophobic drugs can be complexed within the hydrophobic dendrimer interior to make them water-soluble or drugs can be covalently coupled onto the surface of the dendrimer. Using both methods we compared the efficacy of generation 5 PAMAM dendrimers in the targeted drug delivery of methotrexate coupled to the polymer. The amine-terminated dendrimers bind to negatively charged membranes of cells in a non-specific manner and can cause toxicity in vitro and in vivo. To reduce toxicity and to increase aqueous solubility, modifications were made to the surface hydroxyl groups of the dendrimers. For targeted drug delivery, the dendrimer was modified to have a neutral terminal functionality for use with surface-conjugated folic acid as the targeting agent. The complexation of methotrexate within a dendrimer changes the water insoluble drug into a stable and readily water-soluble compound. When this dendrimer complexed drug, however, was placed in a solution of phosphate buffered saline, the methotrexate was immediately released and displayed diffusion characteristics identical to free methotrexate. Covalently coupled methotrexate dendrimer conjugates were stable under identical conditions in water and buffered saline. Cytotoxicity tests showed that methotrexate as the dendrimer inclusion complex had an activity identical to the free drug in vitro. In contrast, folic acid targeted dendrimer with covalently conjugated methotrexate specifically killed receptor-expressing cells by intracellular delivery of the drug through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This study demonstrates that while drug as a dendrimer inclusion complex is readily released and active in vitro, covalently conjugated drug to dendrimer is better suited for specifically targeted drug delivery.
Analytical Design Space Exploration of Caches for Embedded Systems

The increasing use of microprocessor cores in embedded systems, as well as mobile and portable devices, creates an opportunity for customizing the cache subsystem for improved performance. Traditionally, a design-simulate-analyze methodology is used to achieve desired cache performance. Here, to bootstrap the process, arbitrary cache parameters are selected, the cache sub-system is simulated using a cache simulator, based on performance results, cache parameters are tuned, and the process is repeated until an acceptable design is obtained. Since the cache design space is typically very large, the traditional approach often requires a very long time to converge. In the proposed approach, we outline an efficient algorithm that directly computes cache parameters satisfying the desired performance. We demonstrate the feasibility of our algorithm by applying it to a large number of embedded system benchmarks.
Programmable femtosecond pulse shaping and processing

Summary form old given. The field of femtosecond pulse shaping, in which Fourier synthesis methods are used to generate nearly arbitrarily shaped ultrafast optical waveforms according to user specification, will be reviewed. An emphasis is placed on programmable pulse shaping methods based on the use of spatial light modulators. After the fundamental principles of pulse shaping are outlined, examples of pulse shaping using several different types of spatial light modulators will be described. Applications of pulse shaping will be illustrated by drawing on experimental results in fields ranging from quantum control to optical communications. Finally, some new research directions in pulse shaping and in ultrafast optical signal processing based on nonlinear extensions of pulse shaping will be described.
Optimization of power in the problems of active control of sound

We analyze the problem of suppressing the unwanted component of a time-harmonic acoustic field (noise) on a predetermined region of interest. The suppression is rendered by active means, i.e., by introducing the additional acoustic sources called controls that generate the appropriate anti-sound. Previously, we have obtained general solutions for active controls in both continuous and discrete formulation of the problem. We have also obtained optimal solutions that minimize the L1 or L2 norm of the control sources; the physical interpretation of the former being the overall absolute acoustic source strength.In the current paper, we minimize the power required for the operation of the active control system. It turns out that the corresponding analysis necessarily involves interaction between the sources of sound and the surrounding acoustic field, which was not the case for either L1 or L2. Even though it may first seem counterintuitive, one can build a control system (a particular combination of surface monopoles and dipoles) that would require no power input for operation and would even produce a net power gain while providing the exact noise cancellation. This usually comes at the expense of having the original sources of noise produce even more energy.
Stereoselective synthesis of the C7C21 segment of epothilone A via asymmetric alkoxyallyl- and crotylboration

The synthesis of the C7C21 fragment of epothilone A involving asymmetric alkoxyallyl- and crotylboration using α-pinene-derived reagents is described.
Are There Lawful Exceptions to Investment Treaty Obligations

Remarks as Chairman for panel discussion at the 2007 International Law Weekend (Association of the Bar of the City of New York, New York), October 25, 2007.
Biosystematics of the Lasiopterini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) Associated with Atriplex spp. (Chenopodiaceae) in Southern California

Two species of gall midges of the tribe Lasiopterini associated with Atriplex spp. are redescribed. Neolasioptera willistoni (Cockerell), new combination, forms several types of stem galls and is highly variable in size and anatomical detail depending upon its host species. Lasioptera tibialis Felt has hosts in both Chenopodiaceae and Scrophulariaceae.
Abstract 1208: Glutamine modulates cellular NAD+/NADH homeostasis thereby regulating cancer metastasis, drug sensitivity in cancer cells

Glutamine can play a critical role in cellular growth in multiple cancers. Glutamine-addicted cancer cells are dependent on glutamine for viability, and their metabolism is reprogrammed for glutamine utilization through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Recently, we uncovered a missing link between cancer invasiveness and glutamine dependence. Using isotope tracer and bioenergetic analysis, we found that low-invasive ovarian cancer (OVCA) cells are glutamine independent, whereas high-invasive OVCA cells are markedly glutamine dependent. Consistent with our findings, OVCA patients’ microarray data suggest that glutaminolysis correlates with poor survival. Notably, the ratio of gene expression associated with glutamine anabolism versus catabolism has emerged as a novel biomarker for patient prognosis. Significantly, we found that glutamine regulates the cellular NAD+/NADH homeostasis, which mediates cancer metastasis and progression. On the other hand, the overexpression of NAD+ biosynthesis pathway enhances glutamine9s entry into TCA cycle for cancer metastasis, as well as chemo-drug resistance. Our findings suggest that a combined approach of targeting high-invasive OVCA cells by blocking glutamine9s entry into the TCA cycle, along with targeting NAD+ biosynthesis pathway may lead to potential therapeutic approaches for treating OVCAs. Our insights will present a unique opportunity for overcoming the drug resistance limitation in clinical trials in ovarian cancers. Citation Format: Lifeng Yang, Abhinav Achreja, Tyler Moss, Joelle Baddour, Katherine Stilles, Lisa Chiba, Sun Hye Kim, Josh Morse, Juan Marini, Anil K. Sood, Prahlad T. Ram, Deepak Nagrath. Glutamine modulates cellular NAD+/NADH homeostasis thereby regulating cancer metastasis, drug sensitivity in cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1208. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1208
Clinically relevant behavioral endpoints in a recurrent nitroglycerin migraine model in rats

This research sought to further validate the rat nitroglycerin (NTG) migraine model by comparing the effects of single versus recurrent NTG episodes on behavioral endpoints that mirror ICHD-3 diagnostic criteria for migraine, and to determine if the altered behavioral endpoints are reduced after administration of sumatriptan. Separate cohorts of rats were administered NTG (10 mg/kg/2 ml) or saline (Experiment 1: single injection; Experiment 2: repeated injections; Experiment 3: repeated injections with sumatriptan [0.0, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg/ml] rescue. Behavioral endpoints were assessed 2 h after final NTG administration and included time in light/dark chambers for photophobia and activity, pain facial ratings, and cool (5 °C) and warm (46 °C) tail dip. The first two experiments demonstrated that repeated (n = 5) but not single NTG injections produced photophobia, decreased activity, and yielded less weight gain than saline injections. Experiment 3 showed that sumatriptan attenuated hypoactivity, reduced facial expressions of pain, and reversed weight alterations in a dose-dependent manner. These findings identify numerous clinical homologies of a recurrent NTG rat migraine model that may be useful for screening novel pharmacotherapies.
Research on the interference mechanism of bidirectional power frequency communication channel

Inter-harmonics can affect the detection of bidirectional power frequency signal.This paper introduces the formula of inter-harmonic on signals,and discusses the range of signal detection error caused by inter-harmonics that are easily found in power distribution network.It points out that the on-line monitoring on inter-harmonics,especially the subharmonic resonance is very important for the signal detection.
Geochemistry and genesis of early Cretaceous volcanic rock assemblages in eastern Zhejiang.

The comparison studies of major elements and trace elements of early Cretaceous intermediate-bearing volcanic rock assemblage and bimodal volcanic rock assemblage in eastern Zhejiang suggest that the geochemical characteristics of intermediate volcanic rocks are obviously controlled by those of coexisted basalts and rhyolites. The plots of trace elements of these volcanic rocks testify that intermediate volcanic rocks were generated by mixing of basaltic magma and rhyolitic magma. Intermediate-bearing volcanic rock assemblage and bimodal volcanic rock assemblage have similar characteristics of major elements and different characteristics of trace elements. Based on the early Cretaceous tectonic setting in the coastal area of southeast China which was changing from compression to extension, and the different diffusion rate of trace elements during magma mixing, a genetic model for early Cretaceous volcanic rock assemblages in eastern Zhejiang is proposed. If basaltic magma and rhyolitic magma coexisted only for a short time in lower crust before eruption, then they had no time to exchange their major elements except for some trace elements, they formed bimodal volcanic rock assemblage. If basaltic magma and rhyolitic magma coexisted in lower crust for a long period of time, and they had enough time to exchange their major elements except for trace elements, then intermediate magma can be generated at the interface of the magmas. A typical andesitic magma can be produced by further composition exchanges, forming intermediate-bearing volcanic rock assemblage.
Agatoxin-IVA-sensitive calcium channels mediate the presynaptic and postsynaptic nicotinic activation of cardiac vagal neurons.

Whole cell currents and miniature glutamatergic synaptic events (minis) were recorded in vitro from cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus using the patch-clamp technique. We examined whether voltage-dependent calcium channels were involved in the nicotinic excitation of cardiac vagal neurons. Nicotine evoked an inward current, increase in mini amplitude, and increase in mini frequency in cardiac vagal neurons. These responses were inhibited by the nonselective voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker Cd (100 μM). The P-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker agatoxin IVA (100 nM) abolished the nicotine-evoked responses. Nimodipine (2 μM), an antagonist of L-type calcium channels, inhibited the increase in mini amplitude and frequency but did not block the ligand gated inward current. The N- and Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists conotoxin GVIA (1 μM) and conotoxin MVIIC (5 μM) had no effect. We conclude that the presynaptic and postsynaptic facilitation of glutamatergic n...
Influenza M2 Transmembrane Domain Senses Membrane Heterogeneity and Enhances Membrane Curvature

Targeting host cell membranes by M2 of influenza A virus is important for virus invasion and replication. We study the transmembrane domain of M2 (M2TM) interacting with mica-supported planar bilayers and free-standing giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Using solution atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that the size of M2TM oligomers is dependent on lipid composition. The addition of M2TM to lipid bilayers containing liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases reveals that M2TM preferentially partitions into the Ld phase; phase-dependent partitioning results in a larger rigidity of the Ld phase. We next use fluorescence microscopy to study the effects of M2TM on phase-coexisting GUVs. In particular, M2TM is found to increase GUVs’ miscibility transition temperature Tmix. The augmented thermodynamic stability can be accounted for by considering an enhanced energy barrier of lipid mixing between coexisting phases. Our GUV study also shows that M2TM can elicit an array of vesicle shapes mimicki...
Management of patients after myocardial infarction.

Patients with recurrent angina after acute MI should undergo immediate catheterization and coronary arteriography, with a view to early surgery. Left main coronary disease, which can be detected with an exercise stress test, is the only other definite indication for bypass surgery. Most asymptomatic patients who do not have left main stenosis are appropriately managed medically.
Revision stapedectomy surgery.

Eighty-two revision stapedectomies were analyzed to determine causes of primary and revision stapedectomy failure. The specific cause of failure can often be anticipated preoperatively by analysis ...
DEVELOPMENT OF A VIDEO-BASED COAL SLURRY ASH ANALYZER

Automatic control of fine-coal cleaning circuits has traditionally been limited by a lack of adequate sensors. Although several nuclear-based analyzers are available, none have seen widespread acceptance. In this investigation, image analysis is used for the on-line determination of ash contents in fine-coal slurries. The ash content of a flotation tailings stream is correlated to the mean gray level of the slurry. Based on a 90% prediction interval, an analysis of sensor performance indicates an accuracy of 73 ± 4% ash over a range of from 65% to 90% ash. While the results are comparable, the video-based system costs only a fraction of what a nuclear-based analyzer costs. The sensor is now installed at the Middle Fork preparation plant, which is owned by Pittston Coal Co.
Fabrication and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose novel microparticles for bone tissue engineering

In this study we developed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) microparticles through ionic crosslinking with the aqueous ion complex of zirconium (Zr) and further complexing with chitosan (CS) and determined the physio-chemical and biological properties of these novel microparticles. In order to assess the role of Zr, microparticles were prepared in 5% and 10% (w/v) zirconium tetrachloride solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) results showed that Zr was uniformly distributed on the surface of the microparticles as a result of which uniform groovy surface was obtained. We found that Zr enhances the surface roughness of the microparticles and stability studies showed that it also increases the stability of microparticles in phosphate buffered saline. The crosslinking of anionic CMC with cationic Zr and CS was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. The response of murine pre-osteoblasts (OB-6) when cultured with microparticles was investigated. Live/dead cell assay showed that microparticles did not induce any cytotoxic effects as cells were attaching and proliferating on the well plate as well as along the surface of microparticles. In addition, SEM images showed that microparticles support the attachment of cells and they appeared to be directly interacting with the surface of microparticle. Within 10days of culture most of the top surface of microparticles was covered with a layer of cells indicating that they were proliferating well throughout the surface of microparticles. We observed that Zr enhances the cell attachment and proliferation as more cells were present on microparticles with 10% Zr. These promising results show the potential applications of CMC-Zr microparticles in bone tissue engineering.
Pro-Apoptotic Effect of Lenalidomide (L) in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Is Possibly Mediated through Interruption of the Phosphatidylinositol Pathway.

Abstract Introduction: In a phase II clinical trial we reported the antileukemic effect of L in CLL pts. In this clinical trial 24/34 (70.5%) pts with detectable tumor cells (ALC > 5,000) in peripheral blood demonstrated a decrease in ALC within 8 days of treatment. Although, the exact molecular mechanism for its antitumor activity remains undetermined, L has been reported to down regulates production of various cytokines including VEGF, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for the antileukemic effects of L in CLL, we examined down stream targets of VEGF and IL-6 signaling pathways in CLL cells obtained from pts pre and post 8 day treatment with L. Method: Pts with accessible tumor cells in blood (ALC > 5000) who received L were identified. Tumor cells were obtained prior to (baseline) and 8 days after treatment with L. Whole cell lysate was prepared and expression of down stream targets of VEGF, AKT and Erk determined through immunobloting assay. Results: In cells obtained from pts who had received 8 days of treatment, we observed that L decreased the expression of pAKT and pErk1/2 without changes in corresponding total protein. Conversely L did not have any effect on protein expression of the Bcl-2 or Bcl-xl, though Mcl-1 was decreased compared to pretreatment control. Conclusion: This is the first time that the antileukemic effect of L in CLL may at least be attributed to down regulation of VEGF and IL-6 mediated prosurvival pathways. Our observation that L does not interrupt the Bcl-2 pathway are clinically intriguing and propose the possibility of combining L with Bcl-2 inhibiting agent(s) to augment the antitumor response in CLL.
ROS-IvP: Porting the Interval Programming suite into the Robot Operating System for maritime autonomy

We present a set of software packages that integrates the arbitration framework, user interface utilities, and native vehicle behaviors found in the Mission-Oriented Operating Suite (MOOS-IvP) into the Robot Operating System. MOOS-IvP is prevalent in the maritime robotics community due to a large library of maritime-specific autonomy behaviors, interfaces to common unmanned underwater vehicles, utility programs, and the inclusion of a default arbitration framework for autonomous decision making. However, the Robot Operating System (ROS) has grown in use within the autonomy and robotics communities at large due to the utility of its communications framework, node introspection capabilities, and messaging architecture. In our work we combine the best capabilities of both robotics architectures into two packages for use in maritime autonomy applications. The packages allow introspection of the various components of the IvP autonomy framework and allow behaviors to be backwards-compatible with standard MOOS-IvP.