cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of nasal nitric oxide for establishing diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia: a meta-analysis.

To date, diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) remains difficult and challenging. We systematically evaluated the diagnostic performance of nasal Nitric Oxide (nNO) measurement for the detection of PCD, using either velum-closure (VC) or non-velum-closure (non-VC) techniques. All major electronic databases were searched from inception until March 2015 using appropriate terms. The sensitivity and specificity of nNO measurement was calculated in PCD patients diagnosed by transmission electron microscopy, high speed video-microscopy or genetic testing. Summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curves were drawn using the parameters of the fitted models. Twelve studies provided data for 13 different populations, including nine case–control (n = 793) and four prospective cohorts (n = 392). The overall sensitivity of nNO measured by VC techniques was 0.95 (95 % CI 0.91–0.97), while specificity was 0.94 (95 % CI 0.88–0.97). The positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of the test was 15.8 (95 % CI 8.1–30.6), whereas the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) was 0.06 (95 % CI 0.04–0.09). For non-VC techniques, the overall sensitivity of nNO measurement was 0.93 (95 % CI 0.89–0.96) whereas specificity was 0.95 (95 % CI 0.82–0.99). The LR+ of the test was 18.5 (95 % CI 4.6–73.8) whereas the LR- was 0.07 (95 % CI 0.04–0.12). Diagnostic accuracy of nNO measurement both with VC and non-VC maneuvers is high and can be effectively employed in the clinical setting to detect PCD even in young children, thus potentiating early diagnosis. Measurement of nNO merits to be part of a revised diagnostic algorithm with the most efficacious combination of tests to achieve PCD diagnosis.
Smallpox Vaccination Discontinuation

In this section we consider the application of stochastic epidemic theory to a real problem. The question to be addressed is: when should routine vaccination against a rare disease be discontinued? This question will be discussed in terms of smallpox, though the ideas can be extended to a variety of other diseases.
Genetic Control of Translation of Nonsense Triplets

The genetic code, shown in Table 1, designates the relationships between the 64 possible codons present in messenger RNA and the 20 amino acids present in proteins. The triplet nature of this code, which provides a potential surplus of codons for 20 amino acids, requires that the code contain degenerate codons (i.e. different triplets coding for the same amino acids) or nonsense triplets (i.e. triplets which do not code for any amino acid), or both.
Breaking Down the Residual Category: Policy Stability among Dictatorships from a Veto Players Perspective

In this paper, I argue that policies in dictatorships require the tacit support of two actors: the leader of the regime (an individual veto player) and the individuals the leader relies on for support (a collective veto player). I show that the collective veto player differs across personalist, military, and single party dictatorships in important ways. Due to such differences, it should be easiest to change policy in personalist regimes and most difficult in single party regimes. I test this statistically by comparing responses to exogenous economic shocks and fluctuations in inflation rates across dictatorships. I find substantial support for my argument.
Primary care for children and adolescents living with HIV

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in HIV treatment, including simplified and better tolerated antiretroviral drug regimens, have led to increasing numbers of HIV-positive children and adolescents surviving into adulthood. Effective pediatric and adolescent primary care provided by pediatricians working together with an HIV specialist can help to optimize their current and future health. RECENT FINDINGS New data are showing youth with HIV may be at increased risk for early cardiovascular disease and metabolic derangements as compared with their uninfected peers. Both the virus itself and complications of antiretroviral medications are implicated in these findings. SUMMARY In addition to standard age-appropriate healthcare maintenance, care of HIV-positive children and adolescents should have special emphasis on evaluation for possible cardiovascular and metabolic complications of HIV infection and its treatment. Goals of care are moving toward chronic disease management and improved long-term health.
SY14-3MARIJUANA - THE STATE OF THE UNITED STATES

The United States is in the midst of a cannabis-related crisis as the general public has quickly moved from believing cannabis to be of significant risk to thinking of it as having significant medicinal properties, and finally, to thinking of it as a plant with acceptable psychoactive properties and minimal risk. The process is leading to increased utilization of the plant alongside increased related morbidity, and while not unexpected, the public remains interestingly agreeable to continuing to move in the same direction.
Wind Farm Reactive Power Control Strategy Considering Local Networks Demand

With more wind power integrated into power grid,its impacts on the main system voltage are more significant.Grid companies require wind farm to provide supports to the main system voltage and reactive power control.Based on this,a reactive power compensation control method of wind farm is proposed considering the voltage and reactive power demand in the main system.The low voltage side of wind farm substation is chosen as controlled point.The reactive power control is divided into four sections,namely,normal control,abnormal control,urgent control and off-grid control.Accordingly,three control modes are given,including abnormal control mode,urgent control mode and fault control mode.In implementation,the average voltage in a specific period is used to classify the reactive power control sections.Further,the control mode selected according to the average voltage difference between two different periods and the communication between the substation and wind farm.An actual system is analyzed.The results show that the reactive power of wind farm can be quickly regulated to support the main system,maintaining the controlled voltage within limits in a measurement cycle.
DATA FUSION FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS MONITORING, CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION

On-line sensors have long played a key role in process operations. The most common use is monitoring — sensor outputs are displayed for the plant operators, who take any required corrective action. Equally important are feedback control systems, which use the sensor outputs to take automatic corrective action. As automation becomes more prevalent, sensors are seeing even wider use.
Investigational protease inhibitors as antiretroviral therapies.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has tremendously improved the life expectancy of the HIV-infected population over the past three decades. Protease inhibitors have been one of the major classes of drugs in HAART regimens that are effective in treating HIV. However, the emergence of resistance and cross-resistance against protease inhibitors encourages researchers to develop new PIs with broad-spectrum activity, as well as novel means of enhancing the efficacy of existing PIs.Areas covered: In this article we discuss recent advances in HIV protease inhibitor (PI) development, focusing on both investigational and experimental agents. We also include a section on pharmacokinetic booster drugs for improved bioavailability of protease inhibitors. Further, we discuss novel drug delivery systems using a variety of nanocarriers for the delivery of PIs across the blood-brain barrier to treat the HIV in the brain.Expert opinion: We discuss our opinion on the promises and challenges...
Low back pain years after thyroid surgery.

(1999). Low Back Pain Years After Thyroid Surgery. Hospital Practice: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 127-129.
Tofacitinib for the treatment of alopecia areata and variants in adolescents.

Background There are no reliably effective therapies for alopecia areata (AA). Objective We sought to evaluate the benefit and adverse effects of the Janus kinase 1/3 inhibitor, tofacitinib, in a series of adolescent patients with AA. Methods We reviewed the records of 13 adolescent patients with AA treated with tofacitinib. Severity of disease was assessed using the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT). Adverse events were evaluated by laboratory monitoring, physical examinations, and review of systems. Results Thirteen patients, aged 12 to 17 years, with AA were treated with tofacitinib. Nine patients experienced clinically significant hair regrowth. Median percent change in SALT score was 93% (mean 61%; 1%-100%) at an average of 6.5 months of treatment. Adverse events were mild. Limitations Limitations include the retrospective nature of the data, small sample size, and lack of a control group. Conclusion Tofacitinib is a promising therapy for AA in adolescents. The use of tofacitinib and other Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of AA in this age group should be further evaluated in prospective clinical trials.
Adapting an HIV Risk Reduction Curriculum: Processes and Outcomes.

Becoming a Responsible Teen (BART) is a community-based, HIV risk reduction curriculum shown to increase safer sex behaviors among African American adolescents. However, BART does not address commo...
Metformin Inhibits Hepatic mTORC1 Signaling via Dose-Dependent Mechanisms Involving AMPK and the TSC Complex

Summary Metformin is the most widely prescribed drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, knowledge of the full effects of metformin on biochemical pathways and processes in its primary target tissue, the liver, is limited. One established effect of metformin is to decrease cellular energy levels. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) are key regulators of metabolism that are respectively activated and inhibited in acute response to cellular energy depletion. Here we show that metformin robustly inhibits mTORC1 in mouse liver tissue and primary hepatocytes. Using mouse genetics, we find that at the lowest concentrations of metformin that inhibit hepatic mTORC1 signaling, this inhibition is dependent on AMPK and the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) protein complex (TSC complex). Finally, we show that metformin profoundly inhibits hepatocyte protein synthesis in a manner that is largely dependent on its ability to suppress mTORC1 signaling.
A Maximalist Interpretation of the Execration Texts—Archaeological and Historical Implications of a High Chronology

The two groups that now form the core of the Execration Texts (ET) are accepted as dating to the mid-12th and early 13th Egyptian dynasties, which have been synchronized to the Middle Bronze I in the southern Levant according to the Low Chronology. However, recent radiocarbon determinations suggest that those dynasties should instead be synchronized to the later Middle Bronze II. This has implications for ongoing arguments about whether the ET can be used to gauge the historical reality of the southern Levant: maximalist interpretations (Albright, Rainey, Redford) suggest that they can; minimalist ones (Weinstein, Cohen, Ben-Tor) suggest that they cannot and were instead generic lists of toponyms, possibly preserving a memory of the Early Bronze Age occupation (Ben-Tor). In this paper the author highlights the importance of a thorough reconsideration of historical sources such as the ET in light of the new, radiocarbon based chronology. The analysis presented here indicates that most of the sites mentioned in the ET show limited building phases in the Middle Bronze I but had been developed and fortified by the Middle Bronze II. Accordingly, they would have been powerful entities when the ET were created, and therefore a maximalist interpretation is more viable.
Strong turbulence and the anomalous length of stored particle beams

Abstract A dispersion relation, including strong turbulence, is derived for short-wavelength longitudinal self-perturbations of bunched electron beams. The effects of radiation damping and quantum excitation are included. Assuming that turbulence stabilizes coherent oscillations allows the derivation of a formula for bunch length which gives excellent fits to the data from SPEAR. As a special case of the formalism, an integral equation which describes the longitudinal self-perturbations of proton beams is derived.
Sexting and Sexual Behavior, 2011–2015: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of a Growing Literature

Sexting and its potential links to sexual behavior, including risky sexual practices, have received scholarly scrutiny, but this literature is marked by divergent perspectives and disparate findings. To assess claims regarding the nature of the relationship between sexting and sexual behavior, we conducted a critical review of the literature and analyzed data from 15 articles via quantitative meta-analytic techniques. Sexting behavior was positively related to sexual activity, unprotected sex, and one's number of sexual partners, but the relationship was weak to moderate. Additional information, gleaned from a critical review of included studies, helped contextualize these findings and point to specific limitations and directions for future research.
Bisexuality, pansexuality, queer identity, and kink identity

ABSTRACTSexual desires, behaviors and identities that focus on intense sensation, eroticized power exchange, or sensual experiences labeled fetishes, have important intersectionalities with bisexual or pansexual orientations, at least for some people. This raises some important considerations for therapy and counseling, and kink-aware therapists might bring a special set of skills and approaches to working with bisexual or pansexual clients. A qualitative analysis of 25 interviews with kink-identified, bisexual/pansexual/queer identified people highlighted the following patterns: the term queer, for some people, includes kink or BDSM sexualities; kink activities can be avenues for exploring gender identity and sexual orientation; and kink activities and community can be important elements in healing from shame, isolation, grief, and loss. Discussions of possible elements of competent care are reviewed in relation to kink sexuality and identity.
An area-efficient microcontroller with an instruction-cache transformable to an ambient temperature sensor and a physically unclonable function

This paper presents a novel microcontroller-system-on-chip (μC-SοC) for pervasive sensing systems, with a 6T SRAM instruction cache dynamically transformable to an ambient temperature sensor and physically unclonable function (PUF). As those sensing and PUF operations are performed in a duty-cycled manner in targeted systems, the proposed transformation can save silicon area, e.g., by ∼9.8X as compared to dedicated sensor and PUF circuits that achieve comparable robustness with our temperature sensor and PUF. Specifically, the temperature sensor achieves −0.5/+1.5°C error with one-point calibration and 0.46°C/100mV power supply sensitivity; the PUF passes applicable NIST tests, achieves 0.97% unstable bits and 0.62% BER with TMV and comparator-input-swapping.
The influence of acute elevations in plasma osmolality and serum sodium on sympathetic outflow and blood pressure responses to exercise

Elevated plasma osmolality has been shown to increase resting sympathetic activity and blood pressure. This study provides evidence that acute elevations in plasma osmolality and serum sodium exagg...
Variable Response to CPAP in a Case of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Unusual Cause.

The objective of this report is to present clinical and scientific evidence to support the role of head position in the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with positive airway pressure. OS...
The impact of age, treatment, and symptoms on the physical and mental health of cancer patients. A longitudinal perspective.

Background. To describe continuing care and rehabilitation needs of cancer patients, a longitudinal design (6 months) was performed among patients 50 years of age and older with solid tumors. The study examined how age, type of treatment, site of cancer, and symptom experience affect physical functioning and their mental health; age, site of cancer and the interval of time out of treatment influence changes in their symptom experience: and age, site of cancer, the interval of time out of treatment, and changes in symptom experience influence changes in physical and mental health. Methods. Patients (n = 111) who completed an intake and a 6-month self-administered questionnaire were included. Treatment included chemotherapy, radiation, or hormonal treatment at intake and for 6 months. Scales of nine symptoms and physical health using activities of daily living and measures of vigorous function were composed. Mental health was measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. Results. The analyses yielded the following findings: (1) Primary site may have had an impact on symptom experience, limitations in functioning, and mental health if more patients with lung cancer had survived to 6 months. (2) Age, gender, treatment, or change in treatment had no impact on symptoms, functioning, or mental health at intake or changes in these variables. (3) Symptom experi
Superplasticity of Nanophase Intermetallics

The characteristics of metals that show superplastic behavior are briefly reviewed and related to nanophase materials. After a brief description of intermetallic compound-based alloys, the systems are reviewed in which superplastic behavior in microcrystalline intermetallic compounds has been observed. Finally, the research at the University of Illinois on nanophase TiAl is briefly described and related to the issues of superplastic nanophase intermetallics and Hall-fetch behavior.
The Holistic Character of Kantian Intuition

I am going to discuss a particular aspect of the following question: To what extent does Kantian intuition involve an irreducible mental capacity that is presupposed by our knowledge of objects? One might suppose that, apart from what is really a fact about human understanding — namely, that it is limited a priori by spatiotemporal conditions — and, possibly, apart from the ineffable sensory quality of spatiotemporal awareness, if we are to concede that Kantian intuition involves an irreducible mental capacity, then it is because Kant, perhaps despite himself, takes it to involve a capacity for cognitive relations with objects independently of concepts. However, what I have in mind is none of these things: neither an a priori limitation, nor an ineffable quality, nor a supposed autonomous power of apprehension. What I have in mind is rather the capacity for a certain kind of wholeness of apprehension: a kind of wholeness that is more basic than, and presupposed by, whatever kind of wholeness might be due to concepts, insofar as the latter are predicable of objects in intuition.
Effect of varying federal definitions on prevalence and characteristics associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in veterans with spinal cord injury.

Background Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) have a high risk for multidrug-resistant organisms, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Accurate and easily applied definitions are critical to identify CRE. This study describes CRE and associated characteristics in veterans with SCI per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) definitions. Methods A retrospective cohort of veterans with SCI and more than 1 culture with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and/or Enterobacter spp between 2012 and 2013 was examined. Antibiotic susceptibility criteria of pre-2015 (CDC1) and post-2015 (CDC2) CDC definitions and pre-2017 (VA1) and post-2017 (VA2) VA definitions were used to identify CRE. CRE prevalence and characteristics are described for isolates meeting each definition, and agreement was assessed with the Cohen kappa. Results We reviewed 21,514 isolates cultured from 6,974 veterans; 423 isolates met any CRE definition. Although agreement among definitions was high (kappa = 0.82-0.93), definitions including ertapenem resistance led to higher CRE prevalence (VA1 = 1.7% and CDC2 = 1.9% vs VA2 = 1.4% and CDC1 = 1.5%). Forty-four of 142 VA facilities had more than 1 CRE case defined by VA2; 10 facilities accounted for 60% of CRE cases. Almost all CRE was isolated from high-complexity, urban facilities, and the South had the highest proportion of CRE. Conclusions Varying federal definitions give different CRE frequencies in a high-risk population. Definitions including ertapenem resistance resulted in higher CRE prevalence but may overemphasize noncarbapenemase isolates. Thus, both federal definitions now highlight the importance of carbapenemase testing.
Patient-reported activities after bilateral reverse total shoulder arthoplasties.

Purpose:Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) improves pain and function with very good satisfaction. Concerns exist about some activities of daily living (ADLs) involving internal rotation. The purp...
Positronium energy levels at order mα7: Vacuum polarization corrections in the two-photon-annihilation channel

Abstract We have calculated all contributions to the energy levels of parapositronium at order m α 7 coming from vacuum polarization corrections to processes involving virtual annihilation to two photons. This work is motivated by ongoing efforts to improve the experimental determination of the positronium ground-state hyperfine splitting.
Disclosure at #SAGES2018: An analysis of physician–industry relationships of invited speakers at the 2018 SAGES national meeting

Financial conflicts of interest (COI) have been shown to affect the interpretation of scientific findings. Publications with unreported COI tend to be more favorable to industry. Since 2014 industry payments to United States (US) physicians are publicly reported in the Open Payments Database (OPD). Several studies show high levels of unreported COI in medical literature; however, there is no research examining COI reporting at surgical conferences. We hypothesized that compliance with the COI disclosure requirement would be high at the 2018 SAGES meeting. However, we expected to find significant discrepancy between speaker-reported and OPD-reported COI. A secondary aim was to characterize the amount, source, and variation in industry payments to invited speakers. We reviewed all available presentations from SAGES 2018 as recorded and publicly available on YouTube™ for the presence of COI disclosure and the disclosed industry relationships. For US physicians we searched the OPD and recorded all industry payments > $500. We compared the self-disclosed COI for each speaker with OPD records. Presentation topics were divided into ten groups to determine which topics received the most funding. Of the 526 invited presentations, 479 (91%) videos were available. Disclosures were reported by 414 presenters (86.4%). There were 420 unique presenters of which 315 were listed in the OPD. Speaker-reported disclosures were fully concordant with the OPD in 38.3% (121/315) of cases with 39% (123/315) under-reporting disclosures. Of presenters listed in OPD, the median payment was $992 ($0–$374,502) with a total of $6,389,097 paid in 2017. SAGES speakers failed to disclose $2,049,535 worth of industry payments with an average undisclosed payment of $16,662.88 (± $40,733.19). The largest financial contributor was Intuitive Surgical with $1,981,169 paid. Among topics, robotics and hernia received the most funding with $2,593,925 (40.6%) and $2,591,671 (40.5%) paid, respectively. Overall compliance with SAGES disclosure rules is high. There remains a discrepancy between speaker- and industry-reported disclosures, including a number of undisclosed payments, some of which are substantial. Adjustments to disclosure rules to include the relative amount of compensation may be warranted.
Anesthesia for Pediatric General Surgery

Children having general surgery present an enormous diversity of ages, conditions and procedures. Inguinal herniotomy is commonly performed in preterm infants. Issues related to anesthesia in these infants include the choice between general or regional anesthesia, management of the airway, providing analgesia and reducing the risk of apnea after anesthesia. Laparoscopic surgery is also frequently performed in children, perhaps most commonly for appendicectomy. Young children are susceptible to effects of pneumoperitoneum, and inflation pressures are kept at 10 mmHg in young children, and lower in neonates. Pyloromyotomy is also performed laparoscopically, usually in infants aged between 2 and 8 weeks. Pyloric stenosis causes a hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and the infant must be rehydrated with a chloride-containing fluid before surgery can safely proceed. Recent discussion has focused on whether modified rapid sequence induction or inhalational induction is best. Laparotomies in children are uncommon, but performed for acute conditions such as intussusception, which can make the infant extremely unwell and challenging to anesthetize, through to major surgery for tumors including Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma. Urinary tract anomalies are not uncommon in children. Sometimes they are detected by ultrasound in utero, and other times they may present with infections. Obstruction of the ureter may cause hydronephrosis, and some children require pyeloplasty surgery, while others require ureteric reimplantation into the bladder wall. These procedures are often performed on infants or young children, and analgesia after surgery is the main issue for anesthesia.
Common Hazards to consider during Manufacturing of Feeds for Horses

The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was signed into law in January of 2011. This law requires complying facilities that process, pack, or hold animal feed to develop and implement a risked-based preventive controls food safety plan. This 5-page fact sheet assists personnel at facilities working with feed for horses conduct a thorough hazard analysis, a core component of the food safety plan. Written by Jason M. Scheffler, Taylor N. Langford, Carissa Wickens, and Lori Warren, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, June 2018. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an344
Surfactant-Augmented Functional Silica Nanoparticle Based Nanofluid for Enhanced Oil Recovery at High Temperature and Salinity

Nanofluids in recent years have shown great potential as a chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology, thanks to their excellent performance in altering interfacial properties. However, because of the great challenge in preparing stable systems suitable for an elevated temperature and a high salinity environment, expanding the application of nanofluids has been greatly restrained. In this work, a novel nanofluid was prepared by integrating positively charged amino-terminated silica nanoparticles (SiNP-NH2) with negatively charged anionic surfactant (Soloterra 964) via electrostatic force. The resulted nanofluid could be stored at relatively high salinity (15 wt % NaCl solution) and high temperature (65 °C) for more than 30 days without aggregation. Successful coating of the surfactant on target SiNPs was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and the surface charge and size distribution. In addition, the potential of the nanofluid in recovering oil was investigated by analyzing the nanofluid/Bakken oil interfacial tension and the variation trend of the oil contact angle when brine was replaced by nanofluids. Experimental results showed that the water-oil interfacial tension of the Bakken crude oil decreased by 99.85% and the contact angle increased by 237.8% compared to the original value of 13.78 mN/m and 43.4°, respectively, indicating strong oil displacement efficiency and obvious wetting transition from oil-wet toward water-wet. Spontaneous imbibition tests conducted on Berea rocks showed that the nanofluid yielded a high oil recovery rate of 46.61%, compared to that of 11.30, 16.58, and 22.89% for brine, pure SiNP-NH2, and pure surfactant (Soloterra 964), respectively. In addition, when core flooding was applied, a total of 60.88% of the original oil in place could be recovered and an additional oil recovery of 17.23% was achieved in the chemical flooding stage. Moreover, a possible mechanism of the EOR using the nanofluid was proposed. Overall, the developed nanofluid is a promising new material for EOR.
Daily stream samples reveal highly complex pesticide occurrence and potential toxicity to aquatic life.

Abstract Transient, acutely toxic concentrations of pesticides in streams can go undetected by fixed-interval sampling programs. Here we compare temporal patterns in occurrence of current-use pesticides in daily composite samples to those in weekly composite and weekly discrete samples of surface water from 14 small stream sites. Samples were collected over 10–14 weeks at 7 stream sites in each of the Midwestern and Southeastern United States. Samples were analyzed for over 200 pesticides and degradates by direct aqueous injection liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Nearly 2 and 3 times as many unique pesticides were detected in daily samples as in weekly composite and weekly discrete samples, respectively. Based on exceedances of acute-invertebrate benchmarks (AIB) and(or) a Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) >1, potential acute-invertebrate toxicity was predicted at 11 of 14 sites from the results for daily composite samples, but was predicted for only 3 sites from weekly composites and for no sites from weekly discrete samples. Insecticides were responsible for most of the potential invertebrate toxicity, occurred transiently, and frequently were missed by the weekly discrete and composite samples. The number of days with benthic-invertebrate PTI ≥0.1 in daily composite samples was inversely related to Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness at the sites. The results of the study indicate that short-term, potentially toxic peaks in pesticides frequently are missed by weekly discrete sampling, and that such peaks may contribute to degradation of invertebrate community condition in small streams. Weekly composite samples underestimated maximum concentrations and potential acute-invertebrate toxicity, but to a lesser degree than weekly discrete samples, and provided a reasonable approximation of the 90th percentile total concentrations of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, suggesting that weekly composite sampling may be a compromise between assessment needs and cost.
Predicting geographic distributions of fishes in remote stream networks using maximum entropy modeling and landscape characterizations

Abstract The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska on the remote North Slope but has limited data on fish distributions on which to base leasing and management decisions. To address this, we used environmental DNA, traditional sampling, watershed landscape characterizations, and maximum entropy modeling to develop species distribution models (SDMs) for 19 fish species. The difficulty of characterizing up stream environments for every stream-reach has limited the development of SDMs for riverine taxa to using either only local conditions or a small subset of potential watersheds. We apply a new technique (StreamCat) to characterize the background variation in watershed conditions. We also assessed how including temporal variation in addition to spatial variation and how adjusting the parameters that controlled model parsimony would affect model performance. The best models (mean TSS = 0.87 across all 19 taxa) used only static data, regularization parameters between 1.0 (default) and 2.0 (slightly more parsimonious), and watershed background data. Important predictors in these models included temperature, slope, and land cover. Approaches like this have great potential for providing critically needed data in rapidly developing but data poor regions like the North Slope of Alaska.
MixTeam Scheduling Algorithms: Application to Space-Based Interferometric Observatories

Long-baseline interferometric observatories comprising multiple space telescopes in the same circular Earth orbit have been proposed for high-resolution imaging of exosolar planets. In this paper, we describe the novel class of MixTeam scheduling algorithms for such observatories. A range of schedulers within this class was evaluated through simulation. The results indicate that observation schedules can be shortened by up to 21% by applying well-designed learning mechanisms. The influence of constellation geometry on observation scheduling was also studied and is characterized in terms of tradeoffs among coverage, capacity and utilization of the observatory.
Application of mixed metrics of bibliometric analysis on the journal of the University Librarians’ Association of Sri Lanka (2005 to 2019): with special reference to VOS viewer visualization

This study, using mixed methods of bibliometric analysis, aims to cover the articles published in the Journal of the University Librarians’ Association (JULA) of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2019. Primary goal of the study is to holistically analyze the journal in terms of important bibliometric aspects in light of improving LIS research on open access platforms. Analyses were executed to illustrate authorship impact, citation patterns, subject coverage, and visualization of citations’ connections, co-authorship, and co-occurrence network. Among 127 articles authored by 182 librarians/library professionals analyses were performed to find the influential contributors, degree of collaboration, currency of citation, core journals, most preferred topics of research, and outstanding institutions. Single authorship constitutes the majority of the total contribution (62.5%) nevertheless the degree of collaboration steadily increased over time (0.37). Study findings also conform to the application of Lotka’s law of author productivity. University of Peradeniya ranks first among outstanding universities that contributed more to the JULA. Application of Bradford’s law identified core journals used by the contributors. Authors of this article employed MS Excel and SPSS for carrying out the analyses. They also experimented using VOS viewer for finding the co-occurrence of LIS subjects. Finally, the study intends to find out the areas of improvements needed in library science research in Sri Lanka. And, the authors shed their opinions on improving the existing open access journals in light of installing altmetric tools.
Qualitative Fault Modeling in Safety Critical Cyber Physical Systems

One of the key requirements for designing safety critical cyber physical systems (CPS) is to ensure resiliency. Typically, the cyber sub-system in a CPS is empowered with protection devices that quickly detect and isolate faulty components to avoid failures. However, these protection devices can have internal faults that can cause cascading failures, leading to system collapse. Thus, to guarantee the resiliency of the system, it is necessary to identify the root cause(s) of a given system disturbance to take appropriate control actions. Correct failure diagnosis in such systems depends upon an integrated fault model of the system that captures the effect of faults in CPS as well as nominal and faulty operation of protection devices, sensors, and actuators.In this paper, we propose a novel graph based qualitative fault modeling formalism for CPS, called, Temporal Causal Diagrams (TCDs) that allow system designers to effectively represent faults and their effects in both physical and cyber sub-systems. The paper also discusses in detail the fault propagation and execution semantics of a TCD model by translating to timed automata and thus allowing an efficient means to quickly analyze, validate and verify the fault model. In the end, we show the efficacy of the modeling approach with the help of a case study from energy system.
Avoidance Coping Partially Accounts for the Relationship Between Trauma-Related Shame and PTSD Symptoms Following Interpersonal Trauma.

Research has demonstrated that individuals experiencing trauma-related shame exhibit greater posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, little research has investigated additional fact...
A metabolomic endotype of bioenergetic dysfunction predicts mortality in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) requiring mechanical ventilation, a complicating factor in sepsis and other disorders, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite its severity and prevalence, treatment options are limited. In light of accumulating evidence that mitochondrial abnormalities are common in ARF, here we applied broad spectrum quantitative and semiquantitative metabolomic analyses of serum from ARF patients to detect bioenergetic dysfunction and determine its association with survival. Plasma samples from surviving and non-surviving patients (N = 15/group) were taken at day 1 and day 3 after admission to the medical intensive care unit and, in survivors, at hospital discharge. Significant differences between survivors and non-survivors (ANOVA, 5% FDR) include bioenergetically relevant intermediates of redox cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NAD phosphate (NADP), increased acyl-carnitines, bile acids, and decreased acyl-glycerophosphocholines. Many metabolites associated with poor outcomes are substrates of NAD(P)-dependent enzymatic processes, while alterations in NAD cofactors rely on bioavailability of dietary B-vitamins thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine. Changes in the efficiency of the nicotinamide-derived cofactors’ biosynthetic pathways also associate with alterations in glutathione-dependent drug metabolism characterized by substantial differences observed in the acetaminophen metabolome. Based on these findings, a four-feature model developed with semi-quantitative and quantitative metabolomic results predicted patient outcomes with high accuracy (AUROC = 0.91). Collectively, this metabolomic endotype points to a close association between mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction and mortality in human ARF, thus pointing to new pharmacologic targets to reduce mortality in this condition.
Genome-scale metabolic modeling reveals increased reliance on valine catabolism in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract Infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have recently emerged as one of the most urgent threats to hospitalized patients within the United States and Europe. By far the most common etiological agent of these infections is Klebsiella pneumoniae, frequently manifesting in hospital-acquired pneumonia with a mortality rate of ∼50% even with antimicrobial intervention. We performed transcriptomic analysis of data collected from in vitro characterization of both laboratory and clinical isolates revealed shifts in expression of multiple master metabolic regulators across isolate types. Metabolism has been previously shown to be an effective target for antibacterial therapy, and GENREs have provided a powerful means to accelerate identification of potential targets in silico. Combining these techniques with the transcriptome meta-analysis, we generated context-specific models of metabolism utilizing a well-curated GENRE of K. pneumoniae (iYL1228) to identify novel therapeutic targets. Functional metabolic analyses revealed that both composition and metabolic activity of clinical isolate-associated context-specific models significantly differs from laboratory isolate-associated models of the bacterium. Additionally, we identified increased consumption of L-valine in clinical isolate-specific growth simulations. Importantly, valine has been shown to augment macrophage phagocytosis, and this result could be indicative of an immunosuppressive strategy Klebsiella pneumoniae evolved for survival during infection. These findings warrant future studies for potential efficacy of valine transaminase inhibition as a target against K. pneumoniae infection. Importance Incidences of infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae have grown in frequency to become the leading agents of CRE infection among hospitalized patients in the United States and Europe. Transcriptomic meta-analysis of data collected from both laboratory and clinical isolates indicated significant shifts in expression of key transcription factors related to metabolism. Metabolic network reconstructions have previously proven effective for quickly identifying potential targets in silico, therefore we combined these approaches by integrating the transcriptomic data from each isolate type into a well-curated GENRE of K. pneumoniae to predict emergent metabolic patterns. Leveraging this systems-biology approach we found discordant patterns of active metabolism between clinical and laboratory isolates, with a striking difference in L-valine catabolism. Exogenous valine is known to increase macrophage phagocytosis, and our results may support immunomodulatory activity in K. pneumoniae evolved to avoid host clearance.
Genotypic variation in crop plant root systems

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the genotypic variation in crop plant root systems. Genetic improvement of crop species, however, requires knowledge of intraspecies variability in significant root parameters and its genetic control. Ecological studies provide many examples of plant root systems, adapted to cope with variability in major edaphic environmental factors such as temperature and water. Vertical distribution of root dry matter illustrated that some species were better adapted to rooting in the shallow soil near the surface while others exploited crevices in the underlying limestone. It is found that many landraces of rice adapted to rain-fed culture exhibit substantially larger root systems with some large-diameter roots extending into the plow pan and deeper soil levels. Rain-fed agricultural ecosystems range from no-input mixed cropping of shifting cultivators on marginal soils to complex soil, water, and fertility management systems rivaling irrigated areas in production. It is found that when root pruning was performed in the field to simulate stress or mechanical damage to nodal roots, the inbreds with early vigorous seminal root development showed less reduction in height and ear weight. The analysis of means and variances indicated considerable heritable variation from crosses between tall and semidwarf height groups.
Brain Imaging: Localization of Brain Functions

Neuroimaging provides a method to locate areas of the brain activity when organisms perceive or respond to sensory events or carry out a wide variety of tasks. The methods have made it possible to examine where in the brain cognitive and emotional systems are located, thus providing new approaches to understanding normal and pathological human information processing. Keywords: neuroimaging; human brain; cognitive functions; functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); positron emission tomography (PET)
Excitation of the Na 3p level by light ions.

The cross section for excitation of Na atoms from the 3s ground level to the 3p level by incident protons of energies 0.5--1000 keV, as well as by ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}^{0}$ of equal impact velocity have been calculated. The alignment of the 3p level and the linear polarization of the light subsequently emitted were also determined. In addition, the proton-impact excitation cross sections for the 15 lowest excited levels were calculated and the obtained data were utilized to determine the cascade contributions to the population of the 3p level. The results of the calculations, carried out in the first Born and Vainshtein-Presnyakov-Sobel'man approximations, are compared with other theoretical calculations using atomic and molecular state approaches, as well as with experimental results, and good agreement is found for charged projectile impact.
Depth-Resolved Imaging Based on Optical Sampling by Cavity Tuning

We report here a demonstration of depth-resolved optical imaging based on optical sampling by cavity tuning (OSCAT). Both optical coherence tomography and three-dimensional surface mapping are performed using an OSCAT imager. Limitations on axial resolution and pulse repetition-rate stability are discussed and viable solutions are provided. Compared with other ultrafast laser-based schemes, such as asynchronous optical sampling, OSCAT provides a simple, cost-effective solution for rapid, large-depth noninvasive imaging.
Exploring the dynamics of visual events in the multi-dimensional semantic concept space

We present a system for visualizing event detection in video and revealing the algorithmic and scientific insights. Visual events are viewed as evolving temporal patterns in the semantic concept space. For video clips of different events, we present their corresponding traces in the semantic concept space as the event evolves. The presentation of the event in the concept space is scored by pre-trained models of the dynamics of each concept in the context of the event, which provides a measure of how well the given event matches the evolution pattern of the target event in the multi-dimensional concept space. Scores obtained for different videos is shown to project them into different parts of the final score space. This presentation walks the user through the entire process of concept-centered event recognition for events such as exiting car, riot, and airplane flying.
Interaction of colicin Ia with bacterial cells. Direct measurement of Ia-receptor interaction.

Abstract Colicin Ia has been iodinated with [125I]iodine. Iodinated colicin retains biological activity and has a specific activity of approximately 106 to 107 cpm per nmole. At saturation, approximately 5000 Ia molecules are bound to an Escherichia coli cell. Scatchard plots revealed a heterogeneity in the Kassoc between colicin and receptors. The binding of 125I-Ia to biologically active receptors has an average Kassoc of approximately 1 x 1010 m-1 at 37°. Strains selected for resistance to colicin Ia were defective in their ability to bind colicin Ia or Ib. Furthermore, both colicins competed for the binding of 125I-Ia to bacterial receptors. These data confirm previous results suggesting that colicins Ia and Ib adsorb to common receptors. Colicinogenic cells were found to be indistinguishable from noncolicinogenic cells in both the amount of colicin adsorbed per cell and Kassoc. This suggests that mechanism of colicin immunity does not involve an alteration in the binding reaction.