cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vicariously Learned Helplessness: The Role of Perceived Dominance and Prestige of a Model

ABSTRACTPrior research has examined the relationship between various model characteristics (e.g., age, competence, similarity) and the likelihood that the observers will experience vicariously learned helplessness. However, no research in this area has investigated dominance as a relevant model characteristic. This study explored whether the vicarious acquisition of learned helplessness could be mediated by the perceived dominance of a model. Participants observed a model attempting to solve anagrams. Across participant groups, the model displayed either dominant or nondominant characteristics and was either successful or unsuccessful at solving the anagrams. The characteristics displayed by the model significantly affected observers’ ratings of his dominance and prestige. After viewing the model, participants attempted to solve 40 anagrams. When the dominant model was successful, observers solved significantly more anagrams than when he was unsuccessful. This effect was not found when the model was nondo...
Reconstructing a 350 ky history of sea level using planktonic Mg/Ca and oxygen isotope records from a Cocos Ridge core

Abstract The record of oxygen isotopic variations in foraminifer shells from deep-sea cores preserves a continuous record of ice volume and sea level oscillations. To extract the ice volume record, however, it is necessary to remove the temperature and local hydrological influence on δ18O. We employ the strategy of estimating calcification temperatures from Mg/Ca and removing this signal from an observed δ18O record of planktonic foraminifera from a core on the Cocos Ridge, eastern equatorial Pacific. The residual, δ18Owater, reveals a pattern of changes that appears to be consistent with known ice volume and sea level variations. Over the last four glacial terminations, δ18Owater decreases by 1.2±0.1‰. The magnitude of high stands appears to be consistent with modern sea level during MIS 5.5 (5e), 7.1 and 7.5 but somewhat lower during MIS 9.1. The magnitude of low stands is similar (∼-120 m) for MIS 2.2 (LGM), 6.2, 8.2 and 10.2. The Cocos Ridge record also shows a period of intermediate sea level (∼−30 m) during MIS 6.5. At present it is not possible to validate these estimates for those periods of time in which coral reef based estimates of sea level are unavailable.
Alginate Lyase Promotes Diffusion of Aminoglycosides through the Extracellular Polysaccharide of Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa

We demonstrated that a 2% suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate completely blocked the diffusion of gentamicin and tobramycin, but not that of carbenicillin, illustrating how alginate production can help protect P. aeruginosa growing within alginate microcolonies in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) from the effects of aminoglycosides. This aminoglycoside diffusion barrier was degraded with a semipurified preparation of P. aeruginosa alginate lyase, suggesting that this enzyme deserves consideration as an adjunctive agent for CF patients colonized by mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa.
Out-of-Plane Total Internal Reflection Coupling Mirrors in Silicon-on-Insulator Ridge Waveguides

We describe the fabrication and performance of out-of-plane coupling mirrors in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) ridge waveguides. The mirrors consisted of a 45deg facet formed using directional CAIBE etching through a lithographically defined window
Energy and power orthogonality in isotropic, discretely inhomogeneous waveguides

By analysis of the scalar potential forms of the fields, it is shown that energy orthogonality conditions for a discretely inhomogeneously filled waveguide are actually a special case of the more general power orthogonality conditions when the fields are purely TE or TM. Power orthogonality expressions for hybrid modes may be expressed in a new form in terms of the TE and TM contributions of the H-field alone or the E-field alone. This form involves only a dot product, simplifying practical analysis when the fields are expressed in terms of TE and TM components, and clarifies the relationship between energy orthogonality and power orthogonality. >
Reply to "Comment on 'Unexplained Sets of Seismographic Station Reports and a Set Consistent with a Quark Nugget Passage' by David P. Anderson, Eugene T. Herrin, Vigdor L. Teplitz, and Ileana M. Tibuleac," by Neil D. Selby, J. B. Young, and Alan Douglas

With detective work worthy of Sherlock Holmes, Selby, Young, and Douglas have shown that timing at the usually reliable Stephens Creek, Australia (stk) seismographic …
Purification and mass spectroscopic analysis of human CB1 cannabinoid receptor functionally expressed using the baculovirus system

The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) cannabinoid receptor is an essential component of the cannabinergic system. It has been recognized as a therapeutic target for treating numerous diseases and is currently receiving considerable attention by the pharmaceutical community. Target-based drug design, utilizing three-dimensional information of receptor structure and ligand-binding motifs, requires significant amounts of purified protein. To facilitate the purification of CB1, we have expressed the receptor fused to various epitope tags using the baculovirus expression system. In addition, expression levels and ligand-binding profiles corresponding to the expressed fusion proteins have been compared. C-terminal histidine (His)-tagged CB1 gave a Bmax higher than most other systems previously reported in the literature, and was selected for subsequent metal affinity chromatography purification and mass spectroscopic (MS) analysis. Moreover, cells expressing C-terminal His-tagged CB1 were shown to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of CP-55,940, confirming the expressed receptor's functional characteristics. A Western blot analysis of the purified receptor showed several forms of CB1, the most abundant being a 57 kDa monomeric protein. The purified CB1 preparations were subjected to protein digestion followed by MS. Fragments corresponding to >70% of the receptor were identified by this method, confirming the identity and purity of the expressed protein. The work presented here demonstrates that epitope-tagged CB1 can be expressed in sufficient amounts and purified to homogeneity for MS analysis. Moreover, these results will serve as a basis for future experiments aimed at characterizing the ligand-binding domains using covalently reacting receptor probes.
A phase ambiguity resolution technique for TCM

The authors present the simulation model, performance evaluation, and hardware implementation of a technique to resolve phase ambiguity in trellis-coded modulation (TCM) where the popular Viterbi algorithm is utilized. While this approach has been used with BPSK (binary phase shift keying) and QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), its application to multilevel modulation schemes (M>4) is novel and of interest because it provides a viable alternative to rotationally invariant codes. This approach does not require any arithmetic computations and can be accomplished with minimal hardware. The results presented here are being used to implement a 32-sector phase-quantized TCM system utilizing 8 PSK modulation. >
Scoliosis in pediatric patients: comorbid disorders and screening

Scoliosis is one of the most commonly encountered pediatric spinal deformities. Knowledge of comorbid disorders associated with scoliosis is required in order to rule out other serious conditions. A thorough knowledge of the clinical scenarios associated with each of these disorders will help guide the pediatric practitioner in their work-up of associated conditions and possible further referrals. The aim of this review is to discuss the comorbidities associated with scoliosis and review appropriate screening tools aiding diagnosis.
Effect of nonlinearity and unbalance on power factor

Power factor has always been a very important parameter in the economics of power systems engineering. It is a very useful figure of merit that represents the utilization of the supply system. The notions established for the definition of power factor considering sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms do not hold true in the presence of distortion and/or unbalance. This paper presents results of the simulations carried out to study the effect of nonlinearity and unbalance on the power factor. In addition, a new nonlinear model (time domain) for the arc furnace has been used in the simulations for power factor calculations. The results obtained therefrom justify the need for accurate modeling of nonlinear loads.
Team cohesiveness, team size and team performance in team-based learning teams

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among variables associated with teams in team-based learning (TBL) settings and team outcomes. Methods We administered the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Psychiatry Subject Test first to individuals and then to teams of Year three students at four medical schools that used TBL in their psychiatry core clerkships. Team cohesion was analysed using the Team Performance Scale (TPS). Bivariate correlation and linear regression analysis were used to analyse the relationships among team-level variables (mean individual TPS scores for each team, mean individual NBME scores of teams, team size, rotation and gender make-up) and team NBME test scores. A hierarchical linear model was used to test the effects of individual TPS and individual NBME test scores within each team, as well as the effects of the team-level variables of team size, team rotation and gender on team NBME test scores. Individual NBME test and TPS scores were nested within teams and treated as subsampling units. Results Individual NBME test scores and individual TPS scores were positively and statistically significantly (p < 0.01) associated with team NBME test scores, when team rotation, team size and gender make-up were controlled for. Higher team NBME test scores were associated with teams rotating later in the year and larger teams (p < 0.01). Gender make-up was not significantly associated. Conclusions The results of an NBME Psychiatry Subject Test administered to TBL teams at four medical schools suggest that larger teams on later rotations score higher on a team NBME test. Individual NBME test scores and team cohesion were positively and significantly associated with team NBME test scores. These results suggest the need for additional studies focusing on team outcomes, team cohesion, team size, rotation and other factors as they relate to the effective and efficient performance of TBL teams in health science education.
Sedimentary rocks as sources of ancient organic carbon to the ocean: An investigation through Δ14C and δ13C signatures of organic compound classes

Chemical and isotopic variability of particulate organic carbon (POC) was examined in samples from the Santa Clara River watershed and adjacent shelf to investigate the processing of fossil POC derived from bedrock. The Santa Clara is a small coastal river that drains mountainous terrain in southern California, United States. Organic carbon in shale, river suspended sediment, and coastal marine sediment was separated into three operationally defined organic compound classes: total extractable lipids, acid hydrolyzable material, and the nonhydrolyzable residue. In all samples, the nonhydrolyzable fraction was dominant (∼50% of POC), while lipids and acid hydrolyzable moieties were relatively minor (≤22 and ≤13%, respectively). The Δ14C and δ13C signatures of the isolated fractions varied dramatically, not only across different sample types, but also for a given sample. At the shale exposure, low Δ14C values ( −30‰). The nonhydrolyzable fraction displayed intermediate Δ14C values (<−190‰) that increased steadily downstream with decreasing δ13C values (−22.2 to −25.0‰), possibly from mixing of shale and surface soil POC. Our results indicate that most of the fossil POC discharged by the Santa Clara is composed of non-acid hydrolyzable material, but its elusive molecular structure and marine-like δ13C signature may render its detection in the ocean difficult. In contrast, fossil lipids may be more amenable to detection if their resistant components (e.g., asphaltic material) are unique to crustal sources.
Chemie und Biochemie der Pflanzenstoffe, XXXV1) Zur Synthese von α‐Aminochalkonen

Durch Addition von O-Methylhydroxylamin an 3-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-l -on (1b) wird das 3-Methoxyamino-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-l-propanon (2b) erhalten. Verbindung 2b sowie 3-Methoxyamino-1,3-diphenyl-1-propanon (2a) werden durch Natriummethanolat oder Kaliumbutanolat zu den α-Aminochalkonen 3a und b isomerisiert. Der Reaktionsverlauf wird diskutiert. Unter gleichen Reaktionsbedingungen tritt keine entsprechende Addition und Isomerisierung ein, wenn in 1 die Methoxygruppe R = OCH3 (1b), durch O-Acetyl (1c). O-Benzoyl (1d), OH (1e), O-Glucopyranosyl (1f) oder O-Xylopyranosyl (1g) ersetzt wird. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Constituents, XXXV1). – Synthesis of α-Aminochalcones Addition of O-methylhydroxylamine to 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-l-one (1b) gives 3-methoxyamino-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1-propanone (2b). Compound 2b as well as 3-methoxyamino-1,3-diphenyl-1-propanone (2a) are isomerized by sodium methoxide or potassium butoxide to the α-aminochalcones 3a and 3b. The reaction course is discussed. Under the same reaction conditions no corresponding addition and isomerization occur with 1 if the methoxy group R = OCH3(1b) is replaced by O-acetyl (1c), O-benzoyl (1d), OH (1e), O-glucopyranosyl (1f) or O-xylopyranosyl (1g).
Incorporating Landscape Attributes into Models for Migratory Grassland Bird Conservation

We evaluated the influence of local and landscape attributes on the occurrence and density of seven passerine species in grasslands ( n � 380) throughout eastern South Dakota (U.S.A.). Landscape compo- sition and land cover were quantified at three spatial scales: 400-, 800-, and 1600-m radii from the transect center. Separate habitat models were generated for mixed-grass and tallgrass prairie regions to depict the way birds respond to geographic variation in local and landscape structure. Sedge Wrens ( Cistothorus platen- sis ) and Clay-colored Sparrows ( Spizella pallida ) in the mixed-grass and tallgrass regions used both large and small patches if they were embedded in a landscape with a high proportion of grassland habitat. Occupancy rates for these species were higher in small patches within landscapes with high grassland abundance than in large patches within low grassland landscapes. Grasshopper Sparrows ( Ammodramus savannarum ) and Dick- cissels ( Spiza americana ) in the mixed-grass region and Savannah Sparrows ( Passerculus sandwichensis ) in the tallgrass region were area-sensitive species that used large grassland patches regardless of landscape con- figuration. The occurrence of Savannah Sparrows in both regions and Sedge Wrens, Grasshopper Sparrows, and Western Meadowlarks ( Sturnella neglecta ) in the mixed-grass region was negatively associated with an increase in patch edges with trees. Explained variation in density estimates was associated only with local patch and vegetation variables. Individual species demonstrated scale-dependent differences in the way they perceived habitat and in their response to regional landscape structure. These findings provide evidence that results from one region may not be extrapolated to others because they may vary with species distribution, vegetation structure, and landscape composition. Assessments of regional grassland bird habitat must be con- ducted at multiple scales because some species respond only to local conditions within grasslands, whereas others respond to habitat structure at landscape scales.
Numerical investigation of the aerodynamic and structural characteristics of a corrugated wing.

5). The majority of studies have been carried out with scaled models of dragon fly forewings from the Aeshna Cyanea in either wind tunnels or water channels. In this paper, we study the aerodynamics of a corrugated airfoil using computational fluid dynamics at a low Reynolds number of 1000. Structural analysis is also performed using the commercial software SolidWorks 2009. The flow field is described by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on an overlapping grid using pressure-Poisson method. The equations are discretized in space with second-order accurate central differences. Time integration is achieved through the secondorder Crank-Nicolson implicit method. The complex vortex structures that form in the corrugated airfoil valleys and around the corrugated airfoil is studied in detail. Comparisons are made with experimental measurement at different Reynolds numbers and also with simulations of a flat plate. Contrary to the studies at high Reynolds numbers, our study shows that at low Reynolds numbers the corrugation does not provide any aerodynamic benefit compared to a flat plate. Instead, the corrugated airfoil generates more drag than the flat plate. Structural analysis shows that the wing corrugation can increase the resistance to bending moments on the wing structure. A smoothed structure has to be three times thicker to provide the same resistance. We conclude the corrugated wing has the structural benefit to provide the same resistance to bending moments with a much reduced thickness and weight.
Bioinvasions, bioterrorism, and biosecurity

Despite their high profile and potentially devastating consequences, bioterrorist acts are relatively unpredictable, rare, and thus far small-scale events. In contrast, biological invasions are occurring daily in the US and have significant impacts on human health, agriculture, infrastructure, and the environment, yet they receive far less attention and fewer resources. Scientists and the US government must work together to implement a comprehensive approach to biosecurity that addresses not only bioterrorism, but also the more common incursions of invasive alien species. This approach should also address the potential for the deliberate use of invasive alien species as agents of bioterrorism. To achieve these goals, it will be necessary for the relevant government institutions to acknowledge and include prevention, early detection, and rapid response to species incursions as central mission themes. In addition, the scientific community, industry, and the public must work together to ensure that the neces...
Identification of genes whose expression is altered by obesity throughout the arterial tree

We used next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology on the whole transcriptome to identify genes whose expression is consistently affected by obesity across multiple arteries. Specifically, we examined transcriptional profiles of the iliac artery as well as the feed artery, first, second, and third branch order arterioles in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and diaphragm muscles from obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. Within the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, the number of genes differentially expressed with obesity tended to increase with increasing branch order arteriole number (i.e., decreasing size of the artery). This trend was opposite in the diaphragm. We found a total of 15 genes that were consistently upregulated with obesity (MIS18A, CTRB1, FAM151B, FOLR2, PXMP4, OAS1B, SREBF2, KLRA17, SLC25A44, SNX10, SLFN3, MEF2BNB, IRF7, RAD23A, LGALS3BP) and five genes that were consistently downregulated with obesity (C2, GOLGA7, RIN3, PCP4, CYP2E1). A small fraction (∼9%) of the genes affected by obesity was modulated across all arteries examined. In conclusion, the present study identifies a select number of genes (i.e., 20 genes) whose expression is consistently altered throughout the arterial network in response to obesity and provides further insight into the heterogeneous vascular effects of obesity. Although there is no known direct function of the majority of 20 genes related to vascular health, the obesity-associated upregulation of SREBF2, LGALS3BP, IRF7, and FOLR2 across all arteries is suggestive of an unfavorable vascular phenotypic alteration with obesity. These data may serve as an important resource for identifying novel therapeutic targets against obesity-related vascular complications.
A frameshifting mutation in CHRNE unmasks skipping of the preceding exon

A frameshifting 7 bp deletion (epsilon553del7) in exon 7 of CHRNE encoding the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit, observed in seven congenital myasthenic syndrome patients, enhances expression of an aberrantly spliced transcript that skips the preceding 101 bp exon 6. To recapitulate the aberrant splicing, we cloned the entire CHRNE spanning 12 exons and 11 introns and expressed it in COS cells. Scanning mutagenesis revealed that epsilon553del7 does not disrupt an exonic splicing enhancer. Inhibition of protein synthesis and of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by anisomycin shows that even wild-type CHRNE produces an exon 6-skipped transcript, and that even epsilon553del7-CHRNE yields a normally spliced transcript. Both transcripts, however, are degraded by NMD due to a premature stop codon. In contrast, the normally spliced transcript from wild-type CHRNE and the exon 6-skipped transcript from epsilon553del7-CHRNE carry no premature stop codon and hence are immune to NMD. Optimization of splicing signals for exon 6 prevents it being skipped even in the presence of anisomycin and/or epsilon553del7, indicating that inherently weak splicing signals for exon 6 account for its skipping. We suggest that a similar mechanism probably operates in other genes in skipping of remote exons. The presence of weak splicing signals for exon 6 also prompted us to search for mutations in exon 6 that disrupt an exonic splicing enhancer. Indeed, we found that epsilonEF157V and epsilonE154X in exon 6, observed in two other patients, caused aberrant splicing of exon 6.
Extravagaria IV: photographing conferences

Photographing a conference is not a matter of point and shoot. And it's not just about pix to share with friends and family - the time is ripe for both serious photojournalism to capture our community's leaders, its activities, and its human face and for the use of artistry to tell stories and get people thinking. In this workshop you will learn the basic technical and aesthetic techniques for good conference photography, and you will practice these techniques during OOPSLA. Work will be critiqued using a writers' workshop process to enable you to continue learning and improving after the workshop. Participants will be expected to attend a full-day of lectures and interactive learning activities as well as photograph Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday with short, early morning writers' workshops on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday.
A review of survival rates for implants placed in grafted maxillary sinuses using meta-analysis.

A variety of materials and procedures are used to create adequate bone volume in the maxillary sinus for placement of endosseous implants in the posterior atrophic maxilla. This review used the structured method of metaanalysis to evaluate the survival of the implants placed into various materials that have been used in the maxillary sinus with the sinus lift procedure. A MEDLINE computer search of the English literature yielded 28 studies that reported using the maxillary sinus augmentation procedure to increase bone volume for placement of endosseous implants; only 10 of these met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Data regarding immediate or delayed placement of implants were combined to simplify analysis. Implant survival was 90% for autogenous bone (484 implants in 130 patients followed for 6 to 60 months), 94% for the combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) and autogenous bone (363 implants in 104 patients followed for 18 months), 98% for the combination of demineralized freeze-dried bone (DFDB) and HA (215 implants in 50 patients followed for 7 to 60 months), and 87% for HA alone (30 implants in 11 patients followed for 18 months). The results for autogenous bone were based on six reports, for the combination of autogenous bone and HA on three reports, and for DFDB/HA and HA alone on one study each. The results of single studies cannot be weighted as heavily as the results combining several studies; however, the analysis of these studies suggests that implant survival rates were similar for autogenous bone, HA/autogenous bone mix, HA/DFDB, and HA alone. (INT J ORAL MAXILLOFAC IMPLANTS 1998;13:175‐182)
Conceptual and Methodological Linkages in Cross–Cultural Groups and Cross–National Aging Research

The international growth and the expected size of older populations require effective research strategies in life course development and aging research across the globe. New conceptual frameworks and empirical research approaches are needed that are sensitive to similarities and differences in aging related processes across national, ethnic, and cultural group boundaries. These models and research approaches should contribute to distinguishing "aging in place of origin" from "aging out of place of origin," and the influences of such factors as nationality, culturally affected behaviors, acculturation and intra familial processes, on intra and cross country comparisons of aging related phenomena. Brief examples of how these new frameworks can be applied in addressing both theoretical and practical service issues are drawn from the aging research foci of the articles in this issue.
Cognitive and psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease: treatment recommendations

Parkinson’s disease, a progressive disorder which leads to significant functional disability, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. In the majority of individuals, the illness is complicated by co-occurring psychiatric problems. These disorders may complicate the course and management of the illness and lead to poor outcomes. Psychiatric disorders are under-recognized in clinical practice for a variety of reasons, and there is relatively little controlled research that can guide treatment. The etiology of these disorders is not well understood but some, including psychosis and disinhibition (which leads to gambling and hypersexuality), can be as a direct result of the dopaminergic medications used in the treatment of the movement disorder. This article reviews treatment recommendations, based on available evidence and clinical experience, for the most common of the psychiatric disorders, including depression, psychosis, disinhibition, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders an...
A fuzzy classification approach for high-resolution multispectral data over urban areas

The usefulness of high-resolution satellite imagery for classification of urban and suburban scenes is investigated, and a technique to improve the accuracy of the classification is proposed. The Ikonos commercial remote sensing satellite acquired the imagery (panchromatic and multispectral) used for this study. Both multispectral and pan-sharpened multispectral images are classified using maximum likelihood classification. The overall classification accuracy for both data sets is approximately 81%, however there are significant numbers of misclassifications between the spectrally similar road and building classes and the tree and grass classes. The confusion between the building and road classes was about 22%, and the confusion between the grass and tree classes was about 13%. To decrease the number of misclassifications between the previously mentioned classes, a hierarchical fuzzy classification technique is proposed. The fuzzy classifier makes use of spatial features extracted from the panchromatic data, pan-sharpened multispectral data, and a classification image, generated using maximum likelihood classification. A number of different texture features and directional pixel length-width contextual features are extracted from the panchromatic image data. A fuzzy logic rule based classifier is used in conjunction with these spatial features to perform the classification. The proposed approach decreases the number of misclassifications between the road and building classes and the number of misclassifications between the grass and tree classes raising the overall accuracy to 88%.
Apoptosis-Inducing Factor Translocation to Nuclei After Transient Global Ischemia

Global cerebral ischemia produces both acute and delayed neuronal cell death. The loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity and the subsequent release of apoptogenic factors are critical in mediating the intrinsic, or mitochondrial, neurodegenerative pathway (Fujimura et al. 1999; Sugawara et al. 1999; Cao et al. 2003). Both caspase-dependent and -independent prodeath effector pathways can be initiated by the intrinsic pathway (Graham and Chen 2001). The key signaling molecule, released by mitochondria that initiates the caspase-independent route is apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a mitochondrial-specific flavoprotein that normally resides in the intermembrane space. Following global ischemia, AIF is truncated by calpain, allowing it to translocate from compromised mitochondria to the nucleus, where it degrades the nuclear genome (Fig. 9.1a–f). Along with freed AIF, endonuclease G (EndoG) is also released from mitochondria and mediates early chromatinolysis in neurons (Susin et al. 1999).
Characterization of [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(NCCH3)2][Cl] and [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(NCC6H5)2][Cl]·2CH2Cl2 by X-ray Crystallographic and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopic Techniques

The complex Re2Cl6(P-n-Bu3)2 prepared in situ reacts with CH3CN to form a blue-green solution. Addition of the chelating phosphine bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) results in the formation of the complex [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(NCCH3)2][Cl] (1) upon heating. The two acetonitrile molecules adopt a trans geometry on the rhenium center with the axially coordinated chlorine. The analogous trans benzonitrile species [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(NCC6H5)2][Cl]·2CH2Cl2 (2) is synthesized under the same reaction conditions. The coupling constants of the AA′BB′ 31P{1H} NMR spectra of the compounds were elucidated from 31P–31P homonuclear J-resolved NMR experiments. Additional characterization methods include 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography.
Interaction of Dimeric S100B(ββ) with the Tumor Suppressor Protein p53: A Model for Ca2+-Dependent S100-Target Protein Interactions

The tumor suppressor protein p53 interacts with a number of proteins to mediate its pleiotropic effects (Giaccia and Kastan, 1998; Levine, 1997). The Ca2+-dependent interaction of p53 with members of the S100 calcium binding protein family is of particular interest since like p53, these dimeric proteins affect cell cycle progression and are overexpressed in numerous tumor cells (Donato, 1991, 1999; Heizman, 1999; Ilg, 1996; Kligman and Hilt, 1988; Schafer and Heizmann, 1996; Zimmer et al., 1995). For example, reactive gliomas have as much as 20 times more S100B (ββ) than in non-transforming cell lines (Donato, 1991). Increased levels of S100B (ββ) are also found in renal cell tumors and malignant mature T-cells (such as doubly negative CD4−/CD8− adult T-cells in leukemia patients). As is the case for S100B(ββ), a number of other S100 proteins are often upregulated in cancer (Kligman and Hilt, 1988). For example, S100A1, S100A6, and S100B(ββ) are elevated significantly in metastatic human mammary epithelial cells (Schafer and Heizmann, 1996), and increased levels of CAPL (S100A4) in transgenic mice induce metastatic mammary tumors (Barraclough, 1998; Sherbet and Lakshmi, 1998). In the case of S100A4, expression of antisense RNA to S100A4 suppresses metastatic potential for a high-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (Barraclough, 1998; Sherbet and Lakshmi, 1998). In addition, protein levels of S100B(ββ), S100L (S100A2), S100A4, and S100A6 correlate with malignant melanoma as detected by antibodies specific for each protein (McNutt, 1998).
Fungal conservation in the United States: further notes

A recent commentary published in this journal outlines the state of fungal conservation in the US in a federal context. Here, an addendum is provided for that commentary, relating it to a proposed rulemaking published in the Federal Register in 2014.
Effect of salicylate on ureagenesis in rat liver.

SummarySalicylate at 5 mM inhibited ureagenesis from NH4C1 by about 45% in rat liver slices. Salicylate also inhibited ci-trulline synthesis in isolated mitochondria. It had no direct effect on carbamyl phosphate synthetase or ornithine transcarba-mylase assayed in liver homogenates. Salicylate did not inhibit citrulline synthesis supported by exogenous ATP. Salicylate lowered the carbamyl phosphate concentration in mitochondria incubated without ornithine to minimize citrulline synthesis. Unexpectedly salicylate stimulated mitochondrial ornithine uptake. The inhibition of ureagenesis is probably due to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation which depletes mitochondrial ATP which in turn impairs carbamyl phosphate synthesis.
Biological Notes on the Predaceous Earwig Labidura riparia (Pallas), a Recent Immigrant to California [Dermaptera: Labiduridae]

The occurrence of a beneficial predaceous earwig in California is noted. Its rather restricted distribution in the agricultural valleys of southeastern California is given, together with reasons for this restriction. Rearing, burrow construction, mating, oviposition, longevity, feeding habits, and food preferences are discussed Litter-or soil-inhabiting insects and lepidopterous larvae and pupae were found to be the preferred foods,
Concepts for Combining Suppression of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Adults and Larvae in Center-Pivot-Irrigated Corn

Single aerial applications of insecticide were applied to noncrop vegetation in perimeters of fields in order to control spring or summer flights of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) moths during 1981 and 1982. When compared to larval populations in untreated fields, significant (P <0.10) treatment differences were observed during 1981 summer moth flights, but reductions (33%) did not appear comparable with conventional larval control procedures. Single aerial applications of insecticide were applied to both crop and noncrop vegetation during 1981 and 1982 summer moth flights. Significant (P < 0.10) treatment differences were observed in both years and reductions, 67 and 82% respectively, appeared comparable with conventional larval control. However, results were probably confounded with larval control. Interpretation of the data suggests that conventional larval control could be enhanced by incorporating the following: use of insecticides efficacious against both adults and larvae; treatment of both crop and noncrop vegetation; and timing of insecticide applications to suppress breeding populations.
High-Density Encapsulation of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Lipid Vesicles

We report a morphological study of the encapsulation of 12-nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in large unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Preparation was done by reverse-phase evaporation. Phase behavior of the NP−lipid system was studied so that the loading of NPs in vesicles could be maximized. Increasing NP concentration significantly affects the resulting lipid morphology in a manner similar to increasing lipid concentration. Optimal production of high-density NP-loaded vesicles (HNLVs) requires temperatures of 50 °C, higher than the main phase transition (Tm) of DPPC. The formation of fully enclosed HNLVs requires incubation times of at least hours.
Geriatric gynecologic care of minorities

African-American and Hispanic-American women, as well as women of other minorities are susceptible to the same gynecologic diseases as white women. Elderly minority patients need gynecologic care; they reluctantly seek care because they harbor both fear and distrust. Gynecologists who care for the elderly are expected to provide the same quality of care to whites and minorities. However, ethnicity, cultural differences, and socio-economic status can impact negatively on outcomes. This racial/ethnic disparity is most clearly demonstrated in the poor prognosis, increased mortality, and decreased 5-year survival rates for several gynecologic cancers in African-Americans compared with whites. Poverty, ignorance, and a history of limited access to and limited availability of quality health care are all contributing factors to the late detection of most cancers in African-Americans. Distrust of the medical establishment and fatalism prevent many members of minority groups, particularly the elderly members, from fully using screening procedures. Gynecologists who are providing care to geriatric minority patients must be aware of, and sensitive to the ethnic and cultural differences that may contribute to either noncompliance or poor compliance with medical management. Also, an awareness of the problems that are endemic within minority communities, such as domestic violence, drug abuse, and HIV/AIDS, will assist the gynecologist or other providers of gynecologic care in identifying elderly patients who may be at high risk. Education is a critical component in the practice of caring for elderly minorities. It is only through education about the benefits of screening, early diagnosis and treatment, and the need for routine gynecologic examinations (even if hysterectomized), that any significant improvement will be made in the dismal cancer-related mortality and survival rate statistics for minorities, both young and old.
Temperature Measurement of the Mold and Samples on the Pluse Plasma Sintering

The plasma activated sintering (PAS) is a kind of hot pressing method. During pressing, the electric current flows in the mold (die and punches) and powder sample. There are two types of electric current. The surface of the powder is cleaned and activated by activating electric current. The mold and powder sample is heated by sintering electric current due to the Joule effect. It is well-known that the temperature of a sample is closely related to the sintered materials' properties and there is a favored temperature for sintering the powder. The temperature is measured either by thermocouples in the mold or by an infrared optical thermometer focused on the mold surface, but these measurements do not give the temperature of the sample in the mold itself. Sometimes the real temperature of samples is higher than the measured temperature. This temperature difference depends on the material properties, especially the electric resistance and the thickness of the sample. The authors studied experimentally the relation between the temperature difference and the electric resistance using dummy samples made of stainless steel, graphite and alumina.
Modeling Caribou Movements: Seasonal Ranges and Migration Routes of the Central Arctic Herd

Migration is an important component of the life history of many animals, but persistence of large-scale terrestrial migrations is being challenged by environmental changes that fragment habitats and create obstacles to animal movements. In northern Alaska, the Central Arctic herd (CAH) of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) is known to migrate over large distances, but the herd’s seasonal distributions and migratory movements are not well documented. From 2003–2007, we used GPS radio-collars to determine seasonal ranges and migration routes of 54 female caribou from the CAH. We calculated Brownian bridges to model fall and spring migrations for each year and used the mean of these over all 4 years to identify areas that were used repeatedly. Annual estimates of sizes of seasonal ranges determined by 90% fixed kernel utilization distributions were similar between summer and winter (X = 27,929 SE = 1,064 and X = 26,585 SE = 4912 km2, respectively). Overlap between consecutive summer and winter ranges varied from 3.3–18.3%. Percent overlap between summer ranges used during consecutive years (X = 62.4% SE = 3.7%) was higher than for winter ranges (X = 42.8% SE = 5.9%). Caribou used multiple migration routes each year, but some areas were used by caribou during all years, suggesting that these areas should be managed to allow for continued utilization by caribou. Restoring migration routes after they have been disturbed or fragmented is challenging. However, prior knowledge of movements and threats may facilitate maintenance of migratory paths and seasonal ranges necessary for long-term persistence of migratory species.
Low-Loss and Low-Nonlinearity Pure-Silica-Core Fiber for C- and L-band Broadband Transmission

In order to improve system optical signal-to-noise ratio, low-loss and low-nonlinearity fibers are demanded for ultra-long-haul and high-capacity digital coherent transmission systems, such as transoceanic systems. In order to meet the demand, we have realized a pure-silica-core fiber with ultra-low loss of 0.15 dB/km and large effective area (Aeff) of 130 μm2 (PSCF-130). Recently, transmission systems utilizing the L-band in addition to the C-band have been actively studied to further expand transmission capacity through a fiber. In such systems, however, one concern is loss increase resulting from macro- and/or micro-bending losses of large Aeff fiber. In this paper, we show experimentally and theoretically that PSCF-130 has sufficiently low macro- and micro-bending losses even in the L-band. PSCF-130 also has high-fiber figure-of-merit because of ultra-low loss and large Aeff in the C- and L-bands. From these results, PSCF-130 is applicable for C- and L-band broadband transmission and will have high transmission performance.
The Correction to the Top Quark Production in TC Theory

We discuss the contributions of PGBs(technipions,top pions)to the top quark production at the next liner collider (NLC) experiments in TC2 model.We find that the correction to the production cross section σ t mainly come from toppions.The corrections of the charged top pions are significantly large in most of the parameter space.With reasonable value of the parameter,the correction to σ t can reach about 8% which may be detected at NLC.
Grammatical predictions reveal influences of semantic attraction in online sentence comprehension: evidence from speeded forced-choice sentence continuations

ABSTRACTResearch in language processing has established that semantic information can influence (a) online sentence interpretation when syntactic cues are indeterminate, and (b) offline judgments of syntactically unambiguous but semantically anomalous sentences. The question of whether semantic information can influence online sentence interpretation when semantic cues oppose unambiguous syntax remains unanswered. We investigate this question using two speeded forced-choice sentence continuation studies. Under time constraints, participants continued sentence fragments such as “The hearty meal was devouring … ” (Attraction Violation) and “The sealed envelope was devouring … ” (No-Attraction Violation) with either BY or THE. Although participants had an overall preference to continue all fragments with THE, they were more likely to choose BY in Attraction Violation than No-Attraction Violation sentences. When choosing THE, participants took longer in the Attraction Violation condition. These results sugges...
Should we colonoscope women with gynecologic cancer

Retrospective analysis of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program database for the period 1974 through 1995 identified 101,734 white and African-American women, age > or = 25 yr, with prior cervical, endometrial, or ovarian cancer. Subsequent follow-up demonstrated no increased risk of colorectal cancer in women with cervical cancer. For endometrial cancer patients, increased risk of colorectal cancer was confined to women whose diagnosis of endometrial cancer was before age 50, but the increased risk was substantial in this group (RR 3.39; 95% CI 2.73-4.17). For ovarian cancer patients, increased risk for colorectal cancer was substantial for those diagnosed with ovarian cancer before age 50 (RR 3.67; 95% CI 2.74-4.80), and there was some increased risk for women diagnosed at ages 50-64 yr (RR 1.52; 95% CI 1.25-1.83).
Recasting a biologically motivated computational model within a Fechnerian and random utility framework

Abstract The selective integration model of Tsetsos et al. (2016a) is a biologically motivated computational framework that aims to model intransitive preference and choice. Tsetsos et al. (2016a) concluded that a noisy system can lead to violations of transitivity in otherwise rational agents optimizing a task. We show how their model can be interpreted from a Fechnerian perspective and within a random utility framework. Specifically, we spell out the connection between the selective integration model and two probabilistic models of transitive preference, weak stochastic transitivity and the triangle inequalities, tested by Tsetsos et al. (2016a).
Adaptative signal-preserving compression of microscopic images using noise modeling in the wavelet domain and JPEG2000 coding

Modern microscopic techniques, like high-content, high-throughput screening (HCS), may involve collection of thousands of images per experiment. Efficient image-compression techniques are indispensable to manage these vast amounts of data. Such compression may be obtained with lossy compression algorithms such as JPEG and JPEG2000. However, these algorithms are optimized to preserve visual quality but not necessarily the integrity of the scientific data. Here, we describe an observer-independent compression algorithm designed to preserve information contained in microscope images. We construct a model of noise as a function of signal in our imaging system, using the imaged specimen as the standard. The noise and signal are then calculated in the wavelet domain for each pixel of a single image. The SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) is used as a quality measure to establish which image components may be discarded. The denoised images, coded using reversible JPEG2000, require less storage space than their non-denoised counterparts. We used model images and microscope test patterns (grating arrays) to demonstrate that the proposed denoising scheme does not alter the effective microscope modulation transfer function (MTF) when used in conjunction with lossless JPEG2000. Furthermore, we confirm these findings by estimating the alterations introduced by compression of images of cell nuclei using brightness histograms (earth's mover distance algorithm) and several texture parameters. We demonstrate that the proposed denoising procedure reduces artifacts when used as a preprocessing step for irreversible JPEG2000 in model as well as in real biological images.