cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control problems with kinks

An important class of optimal control problems, arising frequeutly in an economic framework, is characterized as having a cost functional that is continuous but has discontinuous partial derivatives with respect to the state variables. Such problems are said to have kinks. Along a kink the classical adjoint equation breaks down, and it is impossible to define a gradient. In this paper it is shown that the gradient can be replaced by a more general definition of the direction of steepest descent but that the adjoint equation must in general be replaced by an adjoint optimal control problem. This yields a complete set of necessary conditions for problems of this type. The results derived are then combined with the theory of penalty functions to convert a problem having state constraints to one without such constraints.
Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation and cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis

Multiple studies demonstrate an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with RA compared with the general population. While part of this risk appears to be mediated by RA-specific factors, such as long-term inflammation, traditional CV comorbidities also play an important role. We review evidence from previous studies of the relationship between RA and traditional CV comorbidities such as dyslipidaemia, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking and physical inactivity. We examine the prevalence and consider the effect of inflammation and RA treatments on these risk factors. Finally, we discuss three widely used CV risk estimators, the Framingham Risk Score, Reynolds Risk Score and the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation, and their performance in patients with RA. The traditional CV risk factors that appear to differ significantly between RA cases and controls include insulin resistance, abnormal fat distribution, cigarette smoking and lack of physical activity. Dyslipidaemia, diabetes and hypertension may also be elevated in RA; however, the evidence is conflicting. Overall, we found that the majority of information regarding CV risk factors in RA stems from data collected as covariates for studies on CV disease. A gap in knowledge exists regarding detailed information on individual risk factors in RA, their prevalence and modifications that occur as a result of inflammation or treatment. More studies are needed to develop methods for accurate CV risk estimation in RA.
Boundary-Value Problems for Hyperbolic Equations Related to Steady Granular Flow:

Boundary value problems for steady-state flow in elastoplasticity are a topic of mathematical and physical interest. In particular, the underlying PDE may be hyperbolic, and uncertainties surround the choice of physically appropriate stress and velocity boundary conditions. The analysis and numerical simulations of this paper address this issue for a model problem, a system of equations describing antiplane shearing of an elastoplastic material. This system retains the relevant mathematical structure of elastoplastic planar flow. Even if the flow rule is associative, two significant phenomena appear: (i) For boundary conditions suggestive of granular flow in a hopper, in which it seems physically natural to specify the velocity everywhere along a portion of the boundary, no such solutions of the equations exist; rather, we construct a solution with a shear band (velocity jump) along part of the boundary, and an appropriate relaxed boundary condition is satisfied there. (ii) Rigid zones appear inside defor...
The Impact of Image Management, Self-Justification, and Escalation of Commitment on Knowledge Development in the Marketing Discipline

The paramount role of scholarship in the modern academic environment is manifest across program accreditation, individual evaluation, and institutional reputation processes. At the microlevel, succ...
Low-grade neuroendocrine tumors arising in intestinal adenomas: evidence for alterations in the adenomatous polyposis coli/β-catenin pathway

Low-grade neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arising in intestinal adenomas are rare. They are occasionally observed in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), suggesting a role for the adenomatous polyposis coli/β-catenin pathway. We identified 25 composite adenoma/low-grade NETs from colorectum (21) and duodenum (4) and evaluated their clinicopathological features, survival, and nuclear β-catenin expression by immunohistochemistry. β-catenin staining was scored as % positivity × intensity (weak, 1; moderate, 2; and strong, 3), for a total possible score of 300. Control groups included 1781 adenomas without NET, 63 composite adenoma/high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and 32 sporadic NETs. Among 25 adenoma/low-grade NETs, 4 (16%) occurred in patients with FAP. Size of the NET component ranged from 0.01 to 0.9 cm (mean, 0.32 cm). Most (84%) arose in "advanced" adenomas (size >1 cm, villous architecture [72%], or high-grade dysplasia [56%]). In contrast, villous architecture and high-grade dysplasia were present in only 14% (P < .001) and 7% (P < .001), respectively, of adenomas without NET. Overall survival with adenoma/low-grade NET was significantly higher than adenoma/high-grade NEC but significantly lower than sporadic NET (P < .001). Higher β-catenin expression was seen in adenoma/low-grade NETs (mean score, 231) compared with sporadic NETs (mean score, 48; P < .0001) and adenoma/high-grade NEC (mean score, 173; P = .04). In summary, composite adenoma/low-grade NETs most commonly occur with advanced polyps, but the NET component itself is generally small and indolent. In contrast to sporadic NETs, the occurrence of these lesions in FAP and their high levels of nuclear β-catenin expression support a pathogenic role for the adenomatous polyposis coli/β-catenin pathway.
Adaptive queue management on micro-MPLS-based wireless networks for multimedia traffic

Recently, there has been increasing interest in applying MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) to IP-based wireless access networks. During a handover on a mobile MPLS-based network a registration update message is sent from the foreign agent (FA) to the home agent (HA) which results in a handover delay. There have been proposals for handover processing mechanisms over MPLS-based networks using micro-mobility to decrease the amount of signaling delay between the HA and the FA. Unfortunately, network delays still occur when the demand on the network exceeds its capacity. This makes it difficult to guarantee QoS. In this paper we propose to isolate multimedia traffic from the other traffic flows as in dynamic-class based threshold (D-CBT). Non-multimedia traffic will be forwarded to the active queue management (AQM) system. We implemented load balancing on AQM for multimedia traffic. In this paper, we propose an approach that dynamically adjusts the threshold on multimedia traffic and Drop/Mark probability based on queue length, output rate, and media access delay on a micro-mobility on a MPLS-based network. Our simulation results show that our proposed technique provides maximum resource utilization, and decreases the number of packets dropped. In addition, our proposed method also yields lower average queue length.
Comparative Evaluation of Bruker Biotyper and BD Phoenix Systems for Identification of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Urinary Tract Infections

The Bruker Biotyper and BD Phoenix systems were evaluated for identification of 1,024 bacterial urinary tract isolates. The Biotyper and Phoenix systems correctly identified 99.9% and 99.5% to the genus level and 99.1% and 98.5% to the species level, respectively. Both systems provide reliable results, and the Biotyper system offers a rapid tool for urine bacterial isolate identification.
The Financial Market and Government Debt Policy in France, 1746–1793

This article offers a new quantitative history of the market for government debt in France before the Revolution. The monarchy was a persistent default risk because of institutional obstacles to raising taxes. Default followed observable rules in targeting specific assets. The financial market reflected both facts: interest rates were high on the safest assets and ranged higher on the most likely default targets. The cost of all forms of new borrowing became substantially higher than the yields on old debt, resulting in increasing government reliance on expensive life annuities.
MR Imaging in Pretruncal Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Is It Worthwhile?

Background and Purpose—The cause of pretruncal (perimesencephalic) nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is not known. MRI of the brain or spine is often performed to exclude any other vascular abnormalities. Its diagnostic value is not known. Methods—We used MR imaging of the brain with routine sequences, gadolinium enhancement, and additional thin T1-weighted axial sections following a triple dose of contrast. Results—We performed MR imaging of the brain in 18 patients with a pretruncal nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The focal nature of the subarachnoid hemorrhage exclusively in front of the brain stem was confirmed in 14 patients studied within 7 days of the ictus. No vascular abnormalities were found in 17 cases, including 14 patients with gadolinium enhancement. An incidental capillary telangiectasia was found in 1 patient. Fluid-attenuated inverse recovery MR additionally documented blood in the sulci due to cerebrospinal fluid recirculation of blood. Five patients underwent MR imaging of th...
CDvist: a webserver for identification and visualization of conserved domains in protein sequences

Summary: Identification of domains in protein sequences allows their assigning to biological functions. Several webservers exist for identification of protein domains using similarity searches against various databases of protein domain models. However, none of them provides comprehensive domain coverage while allowing bulk querying and their visualization schemes can be improved. To address these issues, we developed CDvist (a comprehensive domain visualization tool), which combines the best available search algorithms and databases into a user-friendly framework. First, a given protein sequence is matched to domain models using high-specificity tools and only then unmatched segments are subjected to more sensitive algorithms resulting in a best possible comprehensive coverage. Bulk querying and rich visualization and download options provide improved functionality to domain architecture analysis. Availability and implementation: Freely available on the web at http://cdvist.utk.edu Contact: ude.ktu.slov@ilabedao or ude.ktu@eniluoji
General Inversion Theorems

The Fourier inversion formula is a standard fact of elementary analysis. Harish-Chandra developed an inversion for K-bi-invariant functions on a semisimple Lie group G, in other words he developed the theory of a spherical transform [Har 58a], [Har 58b], which is an integral transform, with a kernel called the spherical kernel. There are variations to the setting of this transform, involving various factors. Harish-Chandra’s general Plancherel inversion in the non-K-bi-invariant case is a lot more complicated, and highly non-abelian. The K-bi-invariant case turns out to be abelian. However, in this case, one can look at the inversion on various function spaces, ranging over C c ∞ , C c , Schwartz space, L1, L2, ad lib. Harish-Chandra dealt fundamentally with the Schwartz space, which he defined in the context of semisimple Lie groups, and L2. Helgason pointed to the correspondence between C c ∞ and the Paley-Wiener space [Hel 66], complemented by Gangolli [Gan 71]. Then Rosenberg [Ros 77] gave a much simpler version of some parts of Harish inversion, using some lemmas from Helgason and Gangolli. Here we give this Rosenberg material, suitably axiomatized in a way which gives rise to a setting for pure inversion theorems in ordinary euclidean space, essentially along the lines of the similar elementary and standard theory of Fourier inversion. Roughly speaking, the situation is as follows.
The role of growth factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most severe of several ocular complications of diabetes. The earliest clinical signs of DR are microaneurysms and haemorrhages. Later signs include dilated, tortuou...
Inflammation and Repair Processes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation and injury of both the airways and the parenchymal structures of the lung. These processes are associated with ongoing repair. Whether repair leads to restoration of normal tissue architecture or to altered tissue structure with loss of function depends on complex interrelationships of a variety of interacting mediators. The possibility that repair processes can be modulated by exogenous agents raises the possibility that therapeutic strategies aimed at repair can be effective. Such strategies offer tremendous promise both for slowing the relentlessly progressive natural history which most often characterizes COPD and, possibly, for restoring lung function. Rennard SI. Inflammation and repair processes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Factors controlling the age structure of Margaritifera falcata in 2 northern California streams

AbstractFreshwater mussels are long-lived and relatively stationary organisms that form annual rings, so they provide excellent opportunities for studying how population properties such as age structure relate to environmental influences on recruitment and mortality. We investigated population dynamics of the freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera falcata, in 2 northern California Coast Range rivers, the South Fork Eel and the Navarro. We used field observations and inverse theoretical modeling to assess age structures and identify factors that control population demographics. Distinctly different mortality rates for young (<20 y) and old (≥20 y) mussels were observed in the South Fork Eel, and recruitment and mortality both were related to river discharge regimes. Margaritifera falcata recruited more successfully during low-discharge than during high-discharge years, and a 2-fold increase in discharge caused a 60% decline in recruitment success. Active annual recruitment (˜1100–1800 ind./y) was observed ...
How the West Was Bought: How a 'Simple' Payment to Compensate Local Governments Became an Uncontrollable Federal Subsidy

The federal government owns and administers more than 1/4 of the land in the United States, most of which is located in the Western half of the country and most of which is not subject to local taxation. To counterbalance the negative fiscal impact of nontaxable federal land in the United States, Congress created a Payment in Lieu of Taxes program, known as PILT, to compensate local governments for the government services they provide. The U.S. Department of the Interior distributes PILT as lump-sum payments directly to local governments. In order to prevent overcompensation, PILT payments are limited by the amount that the local government units receive under other federal revenue sharing programs, many of which are based directly on the extraction of natural resources like oil, gas, and timber. PILT has one major problem though: the deduction provision doesn’t work. This is because only funds received by the unit of local government are deducted from PILT. Therefore, if the funds are passed through to a smaller governing agency, known as a service district, there is no deduction.The U.S. Department of the Interior should, through notice-and-comment rulemaking, clarify its PILT regulations to discourage states and local governments from subdividing themselves into smaller and smaller entities in order to maximize the amount of federal monies they receive. Many interested parties, including the National Association of Counties, argue that PILT should be expanded to cover all federal lands and to remove the deduction provision, while others hew to the other extreme, arguing that PILT should be eliminated entirely. The first argument completely overlooks the very real abuses perpetrated under PILT today while potentially increasing overcompensation; the second ignores the reality that local communities foot the bill to provide government services on federal land.Administering PILT in a manner that adheres to the spirit of deducting double payments would remove the incentive for inefficient governance and create an incentive to manage, rather than exploit, public lands. The Article offers a tentative proposal for the form such reform could take, as well as explaining why other reforms, such as statutory amendment or stricter enforcement, might be complicated by political expediency.
Increased P-gp inhibition at the human blood brain barrier can be safely achieved and reliably measured by performing PET during peak plasma concentrations of tariquidar

1801 Objectives The permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter acts at high capacity to completely block brain entry of avid substrates, including radiolabeled substrates. Intravenous (IV) administration of tariquidar, a P-gp inhibitor, increases brain uptake of the substrate PET radiotracer 11C-dLop. This study sought to identify a method of P-gp inhibition that would allow for reliable positron emission tomography (PET) measurement of P-gp inhibition, but avoid the side effects associated with high tariquidar doses. Methods PET was performed in healthy volunteers with 11C-dLop injected either 1) under baseline conditions, 2) one hour after IV infusion of tariquidar (4 or 6 mg/kg), 3) during IV infusion of tariquidar (2 or 4 mg/kg), or 4) after 1500 mg oral tariquidar. 11C-dLop uptake was quantified by measuring the area under the time-activity curve in brain from 10 to 30 minutes. Ten subjects had plasma concentration of tariquidar measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results Injecting 11C-dLop after tariquidar infusion resulted in brain uptake of radioligand approximately two- to four-fold greater than baseline. Injecting 11C-dLop during tariquidar infusion, when plasma concentrations of tariquidar reach their peak, resulted in brain uptake of radioligand approximately five-fold greater than baseline. Brain uptake was similar with 2 and 4 mg/kg IV tariquidar; however, the lower dose was better tolerated. Oral tariquidar did not increase brain uptake of 11C-dLop, likely due to low plasma concentrations of tariquidar. The half-maximum-effect concentration of tariquidar (1045 ng/mL) was similar to plasma concentrations of subjects who had 11C-dLop injected during 2 mg/kg tariquidar infusion (1046 ± 449 ng/mL). Conclusions Performing 11C-dLop PET during peak plasma concentrations of tariquidar, with concurrent administration of 2 mg/kg IV tariquidar, results in safe and reliable measurement of P-gp inhibition. Research Support This research was supported by the NIMH Intramural Research Program.
Intellectual Work ‘In-the-World’: Women's Writing and Anti-Colonial Thought in Africa

This paper considers women’s practices of thinking, writing and speaking as a less acknowledged part of the anti-colonial project. I argue that the anticolonial moment in history exposed, and continues to expose, how hegemonic epistemological structures are fundamentally racist and sexist, setting boundaries around who can speak and what can be said, even in the historical record. I posit that ‘looking back’ and asking ‘where are the women?’ reveals a complexity in how women’s intellectual energies and writing practices get harnessed in defining the political problem and in devising a response. I present three examples of women’s writing and intellectual work regarding anticolonialism in narrative form and suggest that too little attention is paid to the value of what I call ‘present-hind-sight’.
Traction Stresses and Morphology of 3T3 Fibroblast Cells on Fibronectin-versus RGD- Modified Elastic Substrata

We report a study on cellular traction forces and morphology on fibronectin (FN)- and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) modified substrata. We have focused on fibronectin- and RGD- modified substrata because RGD is a primary cell-binding site on fibronectin. In this study we report the traction stresses exerted by NIH (National Institutes of Health) 3T3 fibroblasts on model polyacrylamide hydrogel substrates using the elastic substrata technique. At equal values of input concentration of fibronectin and RGD we find that the values forprojected cell area are similar. However, a significant difference is observed in the traction forces exerted by fibroblasts on fibronectin- compared to RGD-modified surfaces. At equal values of input concentration, the average force exerted by NIH 3T3 fibroblasts is approximately ten fold higher on fibronectin-modified surfaces in comparison to RGD-modified surfaces.
Trachoma viruses isolated in the United States. V. Growth rates and drug inhibition patterns in embryonated eggs.

SummaryAll isolates of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis viruses from the United States in early egg passages grew in embryonated eggs at a rate similar to that of a Chinese isolate after many egg passages. During the phase of logarithmic growth there was an average increment of 1.3 logs of infective virus per day per gram of yolk sac. The size of inoculum determined the delay until the onset of logarithmic growth, but had no influence on rate of growth. The action of penicillin, tetracycline, or tylosin was fairly constant on each virus strain. However, there was much overlapping in drug-virus patterns so that the over-all effect of each drug could be depicted as a broad band. It now appears doubtful that the drug-susceptibility of virus strains is sufficiently fixed to serve as a genetic marker.
Theoretical Range and Trajectory of a Water Jet

The trajectory of a water jet is important in many applications, including fire protection, irrigation, and decorative fountains. Increasing the maximum distance the jet travels by changing the nozzle or other variables is often desirable. This distance could be the horizontal range (also often called the reach or throw) or the maximum vertical height. Which factors control the trajectory are unclear. Consequently, a simple analytical model is developed which provides a qualitative understanding of the system. This model differs significantly from previous models. Previous models either used a dragless trajectory, which is correct according to potential flow theory if the jet does not break into droplets, or treated the trajectory as if droplets formed immediately upon leaving the nozzle. Both approaches have been noted to be unsatisfactory by past researchers. Our model compares favorably against available experimental data. Using our model, we show that the range decreases as the nozzle Froude number increases and that range increases as breakup length and droplet size increase.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Message of interest: A framework of location-aware messaging for an indoor environment

Widespread adoption of smartphones brought significant technical advances in technology in today's world. As a consequence, however, it has almost become impossible for us to separate our personal lives from work. Work-life balance is hard to achieve in the current scenario: our business emails keep arriving on our phones even when we are at home or on the beach. Our research goal is to develop and deploy a location-aware messaging framework that is based on indoor location detection. This framework will only deliver messages when users are at work. The system uses beacon technologies to accurately determine the position of a user inside a building. The users, in return, communicate with the system using an application running on their smartphones. The framework delivers customized messages according to the user (i.e. it can distinguish between the owner and visitor in the same location).
Study of the Novels of the Ming Dynasty and the Writer of The Golden Lotus

In the last one hundred years,great achievements have been made in the study of the novel of Ming Dynasty,particularly in the study of fiction writers.But a hundred years later,the study of writers has made no substantial progress,the study of the writer of The Golden Lotus is a confusion,for which there are six main reasons,through the analysis of these reasons,it can be determined that the writer of The Golden Lotus should be a man named "Shaoxing Senior Confucian," a personal secretary working around Ximen Qing.
Rethinking how projects are managed: Meeting communication across the organizational hierarchy

In the summer of 2003 a team of fieldworkers set out to observe the development of a large IT system for a manufacturing company. The company had recently been spun off from a much larger organization, and whereas it was still using the IT systems of the organization it had been part of, the license for those systems would soon expire. The IT vendor had been selected to build an entirely new enterprise information system. It was a big project so in order to circumscribe the observational work the fieldworkers focused on the team responsible for the sales subsystem. From the start there was trouble. The sales department of the manufacturing organization had dispatched a small group to work with the IT vendor to establish the requirements for the system and they insisted that the new system must support their current work flow, even though the software package their management had chosen in the early negotiations of the project was expressly designed for a different workflow. So the sales department's representatives made numerous requests to have the software package altered in fundamental ways. Furthermore, the sales subsystem team from the IT vendor was relatively inexperienced. Their leader had been selected because of his success in a previous project, but he was familiar neither with typical sales work processes nor with the software package. The junior person knew about the software package, but not sufficiently to answer the customer's many detailed questions.
Temporal Discounting of Future Risks

This chapter discusses how temporal discounting might lead a consumer to choose a smaller, more immediate reward over a larger, delayed reward because the present value of the delayed reward is discounted. Time discounting models, such as exponential and hyperbolic pattern discounting, are useful in explaining people’s intertemporal preferences and choices. Neuroscience-based models combine the cognitive models with quantitative measures of temporal discounting and help clarify why a particular brain region may dominate choice behavior in one situation but not in others. Previous empirical research and our experimental results show evidence of domain differences and individual differences in temporal discounting. Temporal discounting models are useful in explaining individuals’ addictive and unhealthy behaviors. The concept of temporal discounting can be used to explain consumers’ daily decisions—such as saving for retirement, recycling, and purchasing environmentally friendly products—and has important marketing and policy implications.
Permanent prostate brachytherapy postimplant magnetic resonance imaging dosimetry using positive contrast magnetic resonance imaging markers

Abstract Purpose Permanent prostate brachytherapy dosimetry using computed tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (CT-MRI) fusion combines the anatomic detail of MRI with seed localization on CT but requires multimodality imaging acquisition and fusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the utility of MRI only postimplant dosimetry to standard CT-MRI fusion-based dosimetry. Methods and Materials Twenty-three patients undergoing permanent prostate brachytherapy with use of positive contrast MRI markers were included in this study. Dose calculation to the whole prostate, apex, mid-gland, and base was performed via standard CT-MRI fusion and MRI only dosimetry with prostate delineated on the same T2 MRI sequence. The 3-dimensional (3D) distances between seed positions of these two methods were also evaluated. Wilcoxon-matched-pair signed-rank test compared the D90 and V100 of the prostate and its sectors between methods. Results The day 0 D90 and V100 for the prostate were 98% versus 94% and 88% versus 86% for CT-MRI fusion and MRI only dosimetry. There were no differences in the D90 or V100 of the whole prostate, mid-gland, or base between dosimetric methods ( p > 0.19), but prostate apex D90 was high by 13% with MRI dosimetry ( p = 0.034). The average distance between seeds on CT-MRI fusion and MRI alone was 5.5 mm. After additional automated rigid registration of 3D seed positions, the average distance between seeds was 0.3 mm, and the previously observed differences in apex dose between methods was eliminated ( p > 0.11). Conclusions Permanent prostate brachytherapy dosimetry based only on MRI using positive contrast MRI markers is feasible, accurate, and reduces the uncertainties arising from CT-MRI fusion abating the need for postimplant multimodality imaging.
Complications of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy

Safety issues associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have recently attracted widespread media and lay attention. Gastroenterologists are frequently asked about the appropriateness of PPI therapy for specific patients. Furthermore, some patients may have had PPI therapy discontinued abruptly or inappropriately due to safety concerns. Faced with such a wide variety of potentially serious adverse consequences, prescribers need to evaluate the evidence objectively to discern the likelihood that any reported association might actually be causal. Here, we review many of the proposed adverse consequences of PPI therapy and apply established criteria for the determination of causation. We also consider the potential contribution of residual confounding in many of the reported studies. Evidence is inadequate to establish causal relationships between PPI therapy and many of the proposed associations. Residual confounding related to study design and the overextrapolation of quantitatively small estimates of effect size have probably led to much of the current controversy about PPI safety. In turn, this has caused unnecessary concern among patients and prescribers. The benefits of PPI therapy for appropriate indications need to be considered, along with the likelihood of the proposed risks. Patients with a proven indication for a PPI should continue to receive it in the lowest effective dose. PPI dose escalation and continued chronic therapy in those unresponsive to initial empiric therapy is discouraged.
Inadequate Innocence of Korean Comfort Girls-Women: Obliterated Dignity and Shamed Self

The experiences of Korean comfort girls-women before and during World War II are a paradigmatic example of how military sexual violence has the power to obliterate women’s dignity and shame them into nonexistence. I propose that their horrific experience of sexual slavery under the Japanese military caused intense and lasting shame that resulted in the Korean comfort girls-women’s sense of self being entrenched in shame. Moreover, I argue that the innocence of Korean comfort girls-women was and continues to be inadequately recognized. The Japanese government refuses to admit its legal accountability and has not provided just reparations to Korean comfort girls-women for its treacherous and systematic sexual enslavement of Korean and other comfort girls-women. The Korean government and the people of Korea have been too slow to accept the innocence of these women, to embrace their pain, sorrow, and suffering, and to advocate for justice for them. This conversion of their innocence into inadequacy or shame, actively by the Japanese government and passively by the Korean government and its people, compounded these women’s long, miserable suffering for half a century until the silence was broken in 1991 by a brave woman, Kim Haksun, with the support of Korean activists.
Baboon Model of Genetic Generalized Epilepsy

Abstract The epileptic baboon, once studied because of its photosensitivity, has regained importance as a model for human genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). Because of its electroclinical presentation, natural history, and response to antiepileptic medications, the genetic epilepsy closely resembles juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). By combining intracranial EEG, structural, and functional MRI, it is evident that the occipital lobe plays a more central role in the baboon model of epilepsy, not only by mediating the photoepileptic response, but as a generator of ictal and interictal epileptic discharges. In contrast to earlier hypotheses suggesting that GGE in baboons and humans is due to an abnormal frontothalamic network, changes in cortical structure, whether developmental or seizure-induced, and in functional connectivity, indicate a more diffuse, multilobar disease. In this chapter, we will review EEG, neuroimaging findings, and histopathology in the epileptic baboon, exploring new directions of research into epileptogenesis, behavioral complications, and mortality associated with epilepsy, as well as novel therapies for GGE.
Investigation of brain tissue infiltration by medulloblastoma cells in an ex vivo model

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a paediatric cancer of the cerebellum that can develop cerebellar and leptomeningeal metastases. Local brain tissue infiltration, the underlying cause of metastasis and relapse, remains unexplored. We developed a novel approach to investigate tissue infiltration of MB using organotypic cerebellum slice culture (OCSC). We show that cellular and structural components of cerebellar tissue in OCSCs are maintained for up to 30 days ex vivo, and that OCSCs foster tumour growth and cell proliferation. Using cell-based models of sonic hedgehog (SHH) and group 3 (G3) MB, we quantified tumour growth and infiltration and determined the morphological characteristics of the infiltrating cells. We observed basal levels of dissemination occurring in both subgroups with cells migrating either individually or collectively as clusters. Collective cerebellar tissue infiltration of SHH MB cells was further enhanced by EGF but not HGF, demonstrating differential tumour cell responses to microenvironmental cues. We found G3 cells to be hyper proliferative and observed aggressive tumour expansion even in the absence of exogenous growth factors. Our study thus provides unprecedented insights into brain tissue infiltration of SHH and G3 MB cells and reveals the cellular basis of the tumour progressing functions of EGF in SHH MB.
Is Outpatient Thyroid Surgery for Everyone

Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure. Traditionally, surgeons have performed thyroidectomy on an inpatient basis. However, consistent with current trends in surgery, some practices are transitioning thyroidectomy to an outpatient setting. Although concerns for hypocalcemia and postoperative bleeding exist regardless of surgeon experience, multiple studies demonstrate that outpatient thyroidectomy is safe in the hands of high-volume surgeons. Indeed, experienced thyroid surgeons who perform thyroidectomy in an outpatient setting experience excellent patient outcomes and reduced costs. However, outpatient thyroidectomy may not be suitable for all surgeons, hospitals, or patients. When evaluating whether to implement an outpatient thyroid program, a practice should consider a number of important factors including the team performing the procedure, the hospital, and the patient. With the appropriate staff education and experience, hospital setting, and patient selection, practices in a multitude of settings can successfully develop a safe, cost-effective outpatient thyroid program.
Point Estimation and Tests of Hypotheses in Small Samples

The ordinary least squares and generalized least squares results reviewed in Chapter 2 dealt with the efficiency of estimation methods in the classical linear regression model and the generalized least squares model. However, small sample statistical inference based on these estimators requires stronger distributional assumptions on the error terms than those made in the previous chapter. In this chapter the distributional properties of the error terms in the classical linear regression model are assumed but, in addition, the error terms are assumed to be normally distributed. This “revised” model is called the classical normal linear regression model. It permits maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters and the construction of likelihood ratio tests of hypotheses.
In and out of control: latent opportunities within an additive manufacturing process

Technology can become an active participant in the design process when users refrain from dictating how a tool should operate and perform. When digital and physical mediums are given participatory roles or authorship in the production of objects, the accepted conventions and typologies of design can be challenged and pushed beyond what is conceived to be possible and plausible. The research described in this article will explore the latent capabilities found within the equipment and materials utilised throughout the additive manufacturing process, and will examine their potential to incite form generation, material behaviour and fabrication. The focus will be on production methodologies that utilise material extrusion for the fabrication of physical objects. A series of production trials will explore and expand the origin of tectonic aesthetics relative to construction means and methods.
Never, Ever Shake a Baby: Pass It On

At that moment, the sun stopped shining and our happy, carefree world came crumbling down. We were told our healthy 4½-month-old baby boy was in critical condition and could die. Our son, Jeremy, had just learned to smile about a week before, and now his smile was gone.
Neurobiological Aspects in the Phylogenetic Acquisition of Speech

The ability to articulate words and to communicate verbally is a major hallmark unique to man compared with the living primates from whose ancestors man evolved. Even this dichotomy may not be absolute. Recent evidence demonstrates that vervet monkeys in Kenya, East Africa, use semantic communication in their alarm calls (Seyfarth et al., 1980). These monkeys use three different alarm calls for three different predators and respond differently and appropriately according to whether the call (live or tape-recorded) means a leopard, a martial eagle, or a python. To a leopard alarm the monkeys run into the trees, to an eagle alarm the monkeys look up, and to a snake alarm the monkeys look down.
Zur Frage des Off-On-Effektes bei Levodopa-Behandlung des Parkinsonismus

The fluctuation in daily performance of Parkinson patients on long-term L-dopa therapy is known as the so called "off-on" phenomenon. Cotzias et al. found that a low protein diet is able to control this phenomenon in patients taking L-dopa alone but not in those receiving a combination of L-dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. The author's hypothesis was based on the competition between the alimentary aminoacids and L-dopa for transport to the brain ganglia. In our attempt to prove the findings of Cotzias group we tested the influence of a low protein diet on 23 Parkinson patients manifesting the "off-on" phenomenon. All had been pretreated with L-dopa for 5--8 years and taking dopa DI for a minimum of 3 years. The protein intake was limited to 25 g/day (which is less than 0.5 g/kg body weight) for 1--4 months. In 6 cases there was a marked improvment with reduction of the "off-on" effect, and in one it disappeared completely. A distinct improvment of general capability was seen in the other 5 cases, and an objective improvment of the symptoms was noted, except during the "off" period. No response could be observed in the remaining 12 cases. All cases with hyperkinesia showed an augmentation of this symptom during the use of the diet. The diet restriction was not found to be correlated with age, stage, duration of illness or duration of dopa treatment. The possible mechanism of the "off-on" phenomenon and some suggestions to influence it, are presented.
A Commentary on Identifying and Connecting to Family and Community Funds of Knowledge

This chapter presents a commentary on the pieces in the section of the book focused on identifying and connecting to family and community funds of knowledge. It underscores the importance of listening to and learning from those whose knowledge and experiences have often been unacknowledged (e.g., Indigenous communities; immigrant women). This commentary highlights potential tensions related to issues of valorization of knowledge and to the foregrounding of mathematics versus the foregrounding of the cultural knowledge. At the heart of these tensions is the concept of power captured in questions such as, whose mathematics are being represented? What approaches to doing mathematics are being valued and why? How is teaching taking place? Whose voices are being recognized?
Quantification, Trade-off Analysis, and Optimal Checkpoint Placement for Reliability and Availability

Checkpointing is the most widely used technique in high-performance computing (HPC) to ensure the application progress in the presence of failures. In this paper, we present mathematical models of checkpointing systems to quantify their reliability and availability. We perform trade-off analysis with respect to resource costs and reliability. Then, we explore the optimal checkpoint placement for checkpointing systems to maximize system availability. Finally, in a rigorous manner, we comparatively analyze the behavior of redundant systems where replication and repair mechanisms are employed. We postulate that the proposed models can aid system designers, who can instantiate our models to assess and quantify the availability and reliability of systems of interest.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Pestalachloride C and (±)-Pestalachloride D through a Biomimetic Knoevenagel/Hetero-Diels-Alder Cascade.

A concise total synthesis of (±)-pestalachloride C and (±)-pestalachloride D was achieved through a Knoevenagel/hetero-Diels–Alder cascade reaction to test the nonenzymatic biosynthetic hypothesis of Shao, Wang, and co-workers. The cascade reaction generates a mixture of racemic indano[2,1-c]chromans like those found in the natural products.
Effect of study area bathymetric heterogeneity on parameterization and performance of a depth-based geolocation model for demersal fishes

Abstract State-space geolocation models can provide valuable information on the large-scale movements of many fish species. The sensitivity of such complex models to model assumptions and fixed parameters is rarely assessed quantitatively, yet is important for interpretation of results and adaptation for new species and different geographic regions. We hypothesized that parameterization and performance of a discrete Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with a Gaussian depth-based data likelihood for demersal fishes first implemented in the flat terrain of the North Sea would be affected by the more heterogeneous depths found in the North Pacific Ocean. We ran the HMM on depth data from simulated random walk movement trajectories in flat, sloping, and heterogeneous study areas in the North Pacific Ocean where known depth distributions in each model grid cell were provided by high-resolution (5 m) multibeam bathymetry data. Performance was compared among different data likelihood specifications and grid sizes in each area. We found that model performance decreased when grid cell depth distributions departed from normal distributions. Performance decreased with increasing grid size in the heterogeneous and sloping study areas but not the flat study area. A new method for specifying grid cell depth variance based on study area slope performed better than the standard method of obtaining variance from adjacent grid cell values for larger grid sizes in heterogeneous and sloping areas. Overall model performance was highest in the heterogeneous and sloping areas at small grid sizes and in the flat area at large grid sizes. The estimated value of diffusion was also sensitive to bathymetric heterogeneity and variance-specification method. These results suggest that the degree of study area heterogeneity should be considered when choosing fixed parameters such as likelihood and grid size, and when interpreting the model results. In addition, this approach demonstrates the need for sensitivity analyses when using the model on a new species and in a new study area.
Specificity and Function of “Natural” Antibodies in Immunodeficient Subjects: Clues to B Cell Lineage and Development

The origin of natural antibodies has long been a subject of controversy. Polyreactive natural antibodies recognize multiple ligands and are thought to arise from B1 B cells. Natural antibodies against carbohydrate antigens such as Galα1-3Gal or against blood groups A and B are thought to be “elicited” by gut bacteria, but their origin is uncertain. To explore the origin of naturally occurring anticarbohydrate antibodies, the specificity and function of the xenoreactive antibodies and isohemagglutinins were investigated in immunodeficient subjects. Subjects with defects in T cell-dependent antibody synthesis had normal levels of xenoreactive natural antibodies, most of which, like xenoreactive antibodies from normal individuals, were specific for Galα1-3Gal. On the other hand, some subjects with hyper-IgM syndrome who were able to synthesize abundant quantities of xenoreactive antibodies and polyreactive antibodies were devoid of anti-Galα1-3Gal antibodies. These results suggest that the lineages of B cells giving rise to anti-Galα1-3Gal antibodies and isohemagglutinins are distinct from B1 B cells or at least exist at a more “advanced” stage of development than those B1 B cells that give rise to polyreactive antibodies. The findings also suggest that B cells which synthesize anti-Galα1-3Gal antibodies and isohemagglutinins may be distinct from B2 B cells or exist at a more “primitive” stage of development than B2 B cells that synthesize elicited antibodies in normal individuals.
Morphogenesis in Sand Dollar Embryos

The early development (blastulation) of sand dollar embryos will be illustrated with a color movie film. Methods used to obtain a quantitative three-dimensional description of the process in single living animals will be reviewed. These include: (1) photomicrography of serial optical sections, (2) digitization of photographic contours and (3) computation of spatial parameters. The results of a preliminary study will be reported and some problems for the future outlined. A paper describing the working has been submitted to the Journal of Microscopy.
Antimicrobial effects of pyruvic and succinic acids on Salmonella survival in ground chicken

Abstract This study was designed to assess the antimicrobial effect of pyruvic or succinic acid with oregano essential oil on Salmonella survival, composition of natural microflora, and resultant ground meat quality. Various concentrations of pyruvic (PA) and succinic acids (SA) with 0.5% essential oil (EO) were applied as immersion treatments for broiler breast meat. Salmonella Typhimurium was inoculated on breast meat to evaluate its post-treatment reduction in ground meat. For assessing impact of antimicrobial treatments on ground product, non-inoculated meat was treated with antimicrobials, ground, and stored for retail display in foam trays. Treated ground product was further evaluated for natural microbial counts, instrumental color, pH, and expressible moisture over 8 days of retail display. A combination of 3 g/100 ml SS + 0.5 ml/100 ml EO showed a maximum reduction of 1.52 log CFU/g for Salmonella on ground chicken. The same treatment (3 g/100 ml SS + 0.5 ml/100 ml EO) resulted in reduction of bacterial population ca. 1.2 log CFU/g aerobic plate count and lower pH and L* variation over the 8 d of storage. (P