cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental partitioning of Rb, Cs, Sr, and Ba between alkali feldspar and peraluminous melt

Hydrous partial melting experiments performed between 650 and 750 °C at 200 MPa (H20) on synthetic metapelite compositions (quartz + albite + muscovite + biotite mineral mixtures) doped with Ba, Sr, Rb, and Cs yielded alkali feldspar crystals with a wide range of compositions in equilibrium at their rims with peraluminous melt. Measured partition coefficients for normally trace lithophile elements between feldspar and melt [D(M)FSP/gl, M = Ba, Sr, Rb, Cs] do not depend on either temperature or bulk composition of melt for the compositions studied. Values of D(Sr)FSP/gl are between 10 and 14 and appear to be independent of the albite and orthoclase contents of the feldspar crystals. In contrast, values of D(Ba)FSP/gl and D(Rb)FsP/glare strongly dependent on the orthoclase content of feldspar, relationships that can be expressed by the following linear equations: D(Ba)FSP/gl = 0.07 + 0.25(orthoclase) and D(Rb)FsP/gl= 0.03 + 0.0 1(orthoclase), where orthoclase is in mole percent. These equations reproduce the range of previously reported values for D(Ba) and D(Rb) determined on natural and synthetic samples. A single partition coefficient for Cs was also determined at D(CS)Fsp/gl = 0.13. These data can be used in conjunction with recently published partition coefficients for muscovite, biotite, and plagioclase feldspars (Blundy and Wood 1991; Icenhower and London 1995) to model quantitatively the trace element signatures of peraluminous magmas during anatexis and crystallization. Depending on bulk composition and pressuretemperature trajectories during episodes of partial melting, Ba and Sr (and to a lesser extent, Rb) are retained at the source while Cs and Li are enriched in the first melts. These results explain why peraluminous granitic magmas with S-type (sedimentary) sources carry a distinctive enrichment in Li and Cs.
Error probability bound for reduced complexity multiuser decoding using orthogonal decomposability

We develop an upper bound on the error probability of the reduced-complexity group-metric multiuser convolutional decoder. This error bound results from discarding a class of redundant error sequences which are orthogonally decomposable. Indecomposable sequences for uncoded multiuser detection were introduced previously for the non-fading channel, and their enumeration is computationally intensive. By restricting attention to orthogonally decomposable error sequences for the fading channel, we can characterize sequences whose decomposability is independent of the fading parameters. Furthermore, we can easily compute this bound by evaluating the generating function of the encoder of the user in question.
Drainage-Induced Dry-Out of Thermal Greases

In this study, the mechanism of grease dry-out, a long-term failure mode of thermal greases, is investigated using optical microscopy and infrared (IR) thermography. Results show that the dry-out phenomenon is accelerated in aged greases and we suggest that this is due to inhomogeneities in the filler packing structure that develop over time due to segregation of the grease components, though they may also occur at time zero due to insufficient mixing during grease formulation. Theories describing fluid flow through porous media are used as a preliminary framework for understanding the grease dry-out process and its dependence on local variations in the grease microstructure and on matrix-filler compatibility.
Patient–Provider Interaction and the Regulation of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is one of the top five chronic medical conditions, affecting approximately 24 million Americans, and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Complications resulting from d...
Granular Support Vector Machines Using Linear Decision Hyperplanes for Fast Medical Binary Classification

In many life science applications, due to the requirement of real time data processing and/or the very large size of the available dataset, a classifier with high efficiency is usually more preferable, or even necessary, with the prerequisite of not deteriorating effectiveness too much. That means a more desirable classifier in this context should run faster but still retain high accuracy. In this paper, we show a simple but fast method for modeling a linear granular support vector machine by splitting the feature space to two smaller subspaces and then building a SVM for each of them. The hyperplane used to halve the feature space is searched by applying the extended statistical margin maximization principle along the direction orthogonal to the first principle component. One public medical dataset is used to compare the resulting linear GSVM to one optimized SVM with the radial basis function (RBF) kernel in the whole feature space. The experimental results show that finding the splitting hyperplane is not a trivial task and the linear GSVM is even a little better than the optimized RBF-SVM in terms of testing accuracy, but the linear GSVM is more robust against noises, more stable to model parameters, and runs much faster. In general, GSVM provides an interesting new mechanism, which is competitive to kernel mapping methods, to address complex classification problems effectively and efficiently
Enabling level-of-detail matching for exterior scene synthesis

The work presents a method to enable matching of level-of-detail (LOD) models to image-plane resolution over large variations in viewing distances often present in exterior images. A relationship is developed between image sampling rate, viewing distance, object projection, and expected image error due to LOD approximations. This is employed in an error metric to compute error profiles for LOD models. Multirate filtering in the frequency space of a reference object image is utilized to approximate multiple distant views over a range of orientations. An importance sampling method is described to better characterize perspective projection over view distance. A contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is employed to approximate the response of the vision system. Examples are presented for multiresolution spheres and a terrain height field feature. Future directions for extending this method are described.
Comparative in vitro germination ecology of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus (Orchidaceae) across its geographic range

Seed responses to temperature are often essential to the study of germination ecology, but the ecological role of temperature in orchid seed germination remains uncertain. The response of orchid seeds to cold stratification have been studied, but the exact physiological role remains unclear. No studies exist that compare the effects of either cold stratification or temperature on germination among distant populations of the same species. In two separate experiments, the role of temperature (25, 22/11, 27/15, 29/19, 33/24°C) and chilling at 10°C on in vitro seed germination were investigated using distant populations of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus. Cooler temperatures promoted germination of Michigan seeds; warmer temperatures promoted germination of South Carolina and north central Florida seeds. South Florida seed germination was highest under both warm and cool temperatures. More advanced seedling development generally occurred at higher temperatures with the exception of south Florida seedlings, in which the warmest temperature suppressed development. Fluctuating diurnal temperatures were more beneficial for germination compared to constant temperatures. Cold stratification had a positive effect on germination among all populations, but South Carolina seeds required the longest chilling treatments to obtain maximum germination. Results from the cold stratification experiment indicate that a physiological dormancy is present, but the degree of dormancy varies across the species range. The variable responses among populations may indicate ecotypic differentiation.
Interpreting Children's Constructions of Their Ethnicity

Drawing upon post-structural and post-colonial theories, this study is an investigation into the ways in which five classes of first-grade children (six and seven year olds) in Florida and Hawaii talked about their ethnicities in a video pen pal project. The qualitative methods utilized in this research were participant observation, interviews, and videotaping. The resulting analysis notes that the children in the five different schools talked about their ethnicities differently (ethnicity only, hyphenated ethnic-national identity, or national identity only). Four themes emerge from the analysis related to multicultural education, real-life racism, national identity, and shifting subjectivities. Emphasized in the analysis and interpretation is the importance of situating children's talk about ethnicity within local contexts, acknowledging the multiple and fluid nature of individual subjectivities, and recognizing their location within ideological discourses.
Enterotoxin-Based Mucosal Adjuvants Alter Antigen Trafficking and Induce Inflammatory Responses in the Nasal Tract

The safety of nasal vaccines containing enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants has not been studied in detail. Previous studies have indicated that native cholera toxin (nCT) can alter antigen trafficking when applied nasally. In this study, we determined the enterotoxin-based variables that alter antigen trafficking. To measure the influence of enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants on antigen trafficking in the nasal tract, native and mutant enterotoxins were coadministered with radiolabeled tetanus toxoid (TT). The nCT and heat-labile enterotoxin type 1 (LTh-1) redirected TT into the olfactory neuroepithelium (ON/E). Antigen redirection occurred mainly across the nasal epithelium without subsequent transport along olfactory neurons into the olfactory bulbs (OB). Thus, no significant accumulation of the vaccine antigen TT was observed in the OB when coadministered with nCT. In contrast, neither mutant CT nor mutant LTh-1, which lack ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, redirected TT antigen into the ON/E. Thus, ADP-ribosyltransferase activity was essential for antigen trafficking across the olfactory epithelium. Accumulation of TT in the ON/E was also due to B-subunit binding to GM1 gangliosides, as was demonstrated (i) by redirection of TT by LTh-1 in a dose-dependent manner, (ii) by ganglioside inhibition of the antigen redirection by LTh-1 and nCT, and (iii) by the use of LT-IIb, a toxin that binds to gangliosides other than GM1. Redirection of TT into the ON/E coincided with elevated production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) but not IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor alpha in the nasal mucosa. Thus, redirection of TT is dependent on ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and GM1 binding and is associated with production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
A theoretical study of the electron-proton instability in a long proton pulse

The electron-proton instability of a long, intense, and partially neutralized proton bunch is studied by numerically solving the equations of motion for the line centroid of the proton beam and the line centroid of the trapped electrons. The formalism takes into account the effects of variable line densities and alternating-gradient (AG) focusing. Good qualitative agreement between the computational results and experimental observations was obtained when applying the theory to the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR). Both the case of a clean extraction gap and the case with a few percent of protons in the extraction gap were studied. It is found that with only a few percent neutralization, the PSR beam can become unstable in both cases. The same equations and method were used to study the stability of the proton beam in the accumulator ring of the proposed LANSCE II spallation-neutron source. The results indicate that the e-p instability can also occur in the LANSCE II accumulator ring for only a few percent neutralization.
Spatial structure of cone inputs to color cells in alert macaque primary visual cortex (V-1).

The spatial structure of color cell receptive fields is controversial. Here, spots of light that selectively modulate one class of cones (L, M, or S, or loosely red, green, or blue) were flashed in and around the receptive fields of V-1 color cells to map the spatial structure of the cone inputs. The maps generated using these cone-isolating stimuli and an eye-position-corrected reverse correlation technique produced four findings. First, the receptive fields were Double-Opponent, an organization of spatial and chromatic opponency critical for color constancy and color contrast. Optimally stimulating both center and surround subregions with adjacent red and green spots excited the cells more than stimulating a single subregion. Second, red–green cells responded in a luminance-invariant way. For example, red-on-center cells were excited equally by a stimulus that increased L-cone activity (appearing bright red) and by a stimulus that decreased M-cone activity (appearing dark red). This implies that the opponency between L and M is balanced and argues that these cells are encoding a single chromatic axis. Third, most color cells responded to stimuli of all orientations and had circularly symmetric receptive fields. Some cells, however, showed a coarse orientation preference. This was reflected in the receptive fields as oriented Double-Opponent subregions. Fourth, red–green cells often responded to S-cone stimuli. Responses to M- and S-cone stimuli usually aligned, suggesting that these cells might be red–cyan. In summary, red–green (or red–cyan) cells, along with blue–yellow and black–white cells, establish three chromatic axes that are sufficient to describe all of color space.
Optical nanoantennas

Optical nanoantennas have become an important part of nano-optics, nanophotonics, and micro- and nanoscale light-matter interaction. In this tutorial, I present an overview of some of the fundamental concepts and recent developments in this area.
The Thermodynamics of Maximizing IC Engine Efficiency, and The Role Laser Ignition Can Play in Achieving It

If successfully implemented, laser ignition systems could overcome the challenges of flame initiation, slower burn rates and easier extinction of lean, and dilute, in-cylinder mixtures in internal combustion engines. Doing so would benefit engine efficiency.
Cause of Death and PYLL in Gaomi City during 2008-2009

[Objective]To understand the mortality level,death cause features and year of life lost of residents in Gaomi City,and provide scientific evidence for developing practical measures for prevention and control. [Methods]Death data of resident population from death cause statistics report in Gaomi City from 2008-2009 were analyzed. [Results]A total of 12 116 death cases were reported from 2008-2009,with average annual mortality rate of 704.66/100 000 and standardized mortality rate of 479.43/100 000.Average annual male mortality(797.03/100 000) was significantly higher than average annual female mortality(612.05/100 000)(P0.01).The top 5 of main death causes of total population were circulatory system diseases,malignant tumor,respiratory disease,injury and poisoning,endocrine and metabolic diseases,which occupied 92.98% of total death cases.The potential year of life lost(PYLL) of death was 83 083.5 man-year,the average years of life lost was 6.86 man-year,the life lost rate was 48.34‰. [Conclusion]The first cause of death was noninfectious chronic disease in Gaomi City,and the first cause of death of life lost was injury and poisoning.Therefore,the noninfectious chronic disease,injury and poisoning should be well controlled in Gaomi City.
35 OXIDIZED PHOSPHOLIPIDS MEDIATE INTERACTION BETWEEN ADHERENCE JUNCTION AND FOCAL ADHESION PROTEINS.

Introduction Oxidized phospholipids appear in the pulmonary circulation as a result of acute lung injury or inflammation. We have previously shown that oxidized phospholipids exhibit barrier-protective effects on pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) monolayers. However, effects of oxidized phospholipids on EC focal adhesion (FA) and adherence junction (AJ) remodeling have not been yet fully explored. Goal To study molecular mechanisms of adherens junction and focal adhesion remodeling mediated by oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC). Methods All experiments were performed on human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC). Intracellular protein localization was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Subcellular localization of the proteins of interest was determined using subcellular proteome extraction kit. Protein phosphorylation profile was assessed by Western blot analysis. Protein-protein interactions were analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation assays. Results Enhancement of EC barrier in response to OxPAPC was accompanied by dynamic remodeling of focal adhesions and adherence junctions. Immunofluorescent analysis of OxPAPC-stimulated EC revealed dramatic translocation and peripheral and enhanced peripheral staining for AJ proteins beta-catenin and VE-cadherin. In addition, OxPAPC treatment increased tyrosine phosphorylation of FA proteins FAK at Tyr-576 and paxillin at Tyr-118, which was associated with peripheral redistribution of FA and AJ complexes. Furthermore, subcellular fractionation analysis showed increase of VE-cadherin, beta-catenin, and GIT2 in membrane fraction after OxPAPC challenge. Remarkably, coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated increased interaction of paxillin with FA components FAK, vinculin and GIT2, and AJ protein beta-catenin upon HPAEC stimulation with OxPAPC. Complementary experiments with immunoprecipitation beta-catenin followed by probing for paxillin confirmed these results. Conclusions The results of these studies characterize OxPAPC-induced focal adhesion remodeling and determine for the first time the specific interactions between focal adhesion and adherens junction protein complexes in endothelial barrier-protective responses to OxPAPC Grant support: HL076259, HL075349 for K.G.B., AHA-SDG for A.A.B.
Electrical properties of dog tracheal epithelial cells grown in monolayer culture

Epithelial cells from dog trachea, when grown in tissue culture, formed confluent monolayers 5-6 days after plating. After 8-10 days, domes [mean diam 356 +/- (SE) 53 micron] appeared in monolayers...
Editorial Commentary: Resistant hypertension: Pathogenesis and current and future management.

Hypertension and its target organ damage, such as cardiac (coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death), renal (renal insufficiency and failure), and cerebrovascular (thrombotic and hemorrhagic stroke) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In addition, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing dramatically worldwide, especially in low and middle income countries, and is estimated to affect over 1 billion individuals. Nearly, 40 million Americans have hypertension. Despite the availability of effective, safe, well tolerated, and relatively inexpensive pharmacologic agents to treat the hypertensive individual, the awareness, treatment, and control rates (to o140/90 mmHg) of hypertension are disappointing. In high-income countries, such as the United States, the control rate of hypertension is approximately 50%. In low to middle income countries, as an aggregate, the control rate is approximately 13%. There are many reasons offered to explain these low-control rates for hypertension, including social, economic, geographic, population, and health care system factors; however, one contributing factor is the prevalence of “resistant hypertension” or “treatment resistant hypertension” (TRH). TRH is defined most commonly as an uncontrolled blood pressure, as defined above, despite the use of at least three pharmacologic agents in appropriate classes and dosages, one of which is a diuretic. The true prevalence of TRH is unknown but appears to be increasing. In the primary care setting, as many as 10–15% of hypertensive patients are estimated to have TRH. In physician practices specializing in cardiology and nephrology, for instance, as many as 50% of patients have TRH. Furthermore,
Rat intrinsic factor. Partial purification and characterization.

Abstract Rat gastric juice, obtained using an in vivo neutralisation technique, and rat gastric juice-[ 58 Co]cyanocobalamin were subjected to ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration, of cyanocobalamin-binding capacity and bound cyanocobalamin respectively, being monitored. Using these methods only one cynanocobalamin-binder was detected and intrinsic factor activity, determined by faecal excretion test in gastrectomized rats, correlated throughout with cyanocobalamin binding. However, autoradiographs of immunoelectrophoresis of rat gastric juice-[ 58 Co]cyanocobalamin and fractions thereof, indicated the presence of two cynanocobalamin-binding components of similar mobility. No separation of these components was achieved in fractionation of rat gastric juice-cyanocobalamin by successive DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and Sephadex G-100 filtration steps. The two stage process yielded a 61-fold purified product.
[Analysis on dynamic variations of CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes counts and influencing factors among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region].

Objective To understand dynamic variation of CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes counts and influencing factors among patients receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in Guangxi. Methods Adult patients who received antiviral treatment for the first time after 1 January 2013 were selected. Their CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes counts at baseline, 6 months and 12 months after treatment were analyzed. By using the general linear model repeated measures ANOVA, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes dynamic variations and influencing factors were described and analyzed. Results The average CD4 cell counts of 4 082 patients at baseline, 6th months and 12th months were (195.3±155.7) cells/mm3, (331.9±202.6) cells/mm3 and (380.9±221.3) cells/mm3, respectively. The time specific differences in CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes count among them were statistically significant (F=3 161.124, P=0.000). CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes counts increased over time after treatment. The main influencing factors were sex, age, baseline CD4 cell count, medication, discontinuation of treatment or dose miss. Influenced by sex, age, medication, discontinuation of treatment or dose miss, the increased CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes count showed a linear trend. Influenced by baseline CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes counts and dose miss, the increase of CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes count showed a trend which was conformed to quadratic curvilinear equation. Conclusion CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes counts among patients receiving HAART in Guangxi were influenced by many factors. It is necessary to select the time to start treatment according to patient's characteristics to get good outcome. Key words: Highly active antiretroviral therapy; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Influence factors
EVOLUTION OF SEX DETERMINING MECHANISMS: A REVIEW OF FACT AND THEORY.

Over the last 10 years evolutionary biologists have devoted considerable attention to the evolution and ecology of sex and sex ratio. The underlying theme in most of this work is that differences in the frequency and mode of sexual reproduction and variation in sex ratio are the products of natural selection and therefore represent adaptations of species to their environments. However, this variation may also reflect evolutionary constraints imposed on species by their genetic architecture and mechamism of sex determination. The importance of such constraints becomes strikingly obvious when we examine the evidence for adaptive variation in sex ratio. Species with haplo-diploid sex determination can control progeny sex ratio directly, and recent evidence indicates that these species adaptively alter sex ratio in response to changes in resource availability and population structure (Chamov, 1982). In contrast, species with well developed X-Y sex chromosomes show no adaptive variation in sex ratio. Primary sex ratio in these species is typically binomially distributed as expected for any neutral Mendelian unit character (Williams, 1979). Clearly, an understanding of the evolution of sex determining mechanisms would provide a deeper understanding of those forces affecting the evolution of sex and sex ratio. In Evolution of Sex Determining Mechanisms, J. J. Bull examines the diversity of sex determining mechanisms from a modem theoretical perspective. The book begins with a review of terminology and proceeds to discuss 2-factor (classical malefemale heterogamety) and multiple-factor systems. Bull uses analytical and numerical models to draw conclusions about the evolution of these two types of sex determining mechanisms. His most important conclusion is that the evolution of sex factors is a natural outcome of the nearly universal selection for a sex ratio of 1/2. Another conclusion is that multiple-factor sex determination is rarer than male-female heterogamety because it is stable only under special circumstances. I found that many of these models are not presented in enough detail to permit critical evaluation. Next, Bull reviews examples and theory of polyfactorial and environmental sex determination. According to theory largely developed by Bull, envi-
Neurobehavioral deficits in the KIKO mouse model of Friedreich's ataxia

Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is a pediatric neurodegenerative disease whose clinical presentation includes ataxia, muscle weakness, and peripheral sensory neuropathy. The KIKO mouse is an animal model of FA with frataxin deficiency first described in 2002, but neurobehavioral deficits have never been described in this model. The identification of robust neurobehavioral deficits in KIKO mice could support the testing of drugs for FA, which currently has no approved therapy. We tested 13 neurobehavioral tasks to identify a robust KIKO phenotype: Open Field, Grip Strength Test(s), Cylinder, Skilled Forelimb Grasp Task(s), Treadmill Endurance, Locotronic Motor Coordination, Inverted Screen, Treadscan, and Von Frey. Of these, Inverted Screen, Treadscan and Von Frey produced significant neurobehavioral deficits at >8 months of age, and relate to the clinically relevant endpoints of muscle strength and endurance, gait ataxia, and peripheral insensitivity. Thus we identify robust phenotypic measures related to Friedreich's ataxia clinical endpoints which could be used to test effectiveness of potential drug therapy.
Capillary Electrochromatography: A Powerful Tool for the Resolution of Complex Mixtures

Methods such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary liquid chromatography (LC) are particularly useful in the analysis of complex mixtures because of their high resolving power. Continued refinement of these techniques has led to a novel separation method known as capillary electrochromatography (CEC), also referred to as capillary electrokinetic chromatography, which is a combination of capillary LC and conventional CE. As in LC, mobile phase is transported through a column where partitioning of solutes occurs. In CEC, mobile phase flow is generated by electroosmosis, which arises when an electric potential is applied across the long axis of the capillary column. The favorable flow dynamics of electroosmosis result in higher chromatographic efficiencies in CEC relative to LC. If the species of interest are charged, a second separation mechanism is afforded by electrophoresis. CEC combines the high efficiency of capillary electrophoretic separations with the broad range of selectivity obtainable in LC. As such, CEC provides numerous advantages over other separation methods. This study introduces the theory, principles, instrumentation, and applications of this technique.
The Learning Behaviors Scale: National standardization in Trinidad and Tobago

This study reports on the national standardization and validation of the Learning Behaviors Scale (LBS) for use in Trinidad and Tobago. The LBS is a teacher rating scale centering on observable behaviors relevant to identifying childhood approaches to classroom learning. Teachers observed a stratified sample of 900 students across the islands' schools nationwide. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded two reliable dimensions: Competence Motivation and Strategy/Flexibility. Scales were developed using IRT and Bayesian scoring methods and scores were used in HLM models to investigate variance accounted for in measures of academic achievement and psychopathology.
Forages and Environmental Effect on Brood Cows

Publisher Summary This chapter describes about research to determine the effects of forage species—namely, orchard grass, tall fescue, or mixtures of tall fescue and legumes on the performance of brood cows and their calves. A fungus (Acremonium coenophialum) adversely affects the performance of cattle. Treatment comparisons includes: low infestation, moderate infestation, and high infestation. Nutrient-deficient cows may fail to return to estrus promptly after calving, and wean smaller calves. There are different methods of feeding like soybean straw, small grain straw, dead grass aftermath and corn cobs. Combined-type grain sorghum is a perennial grass which acts as an annual where killing frost prevails. The moisture content of dry stacks should be less than 40% in order to prevent spoiling. A grain sorghum stover may be utilized safely by cattle after a killing frost. The frost must also have killed completely after grain harvest for cattle to safely graze the stover. Corn residue has quite a good feeding potential when managed under the proper conditions. Therefore, it is worthwhile to consider alternative methods for handling and feeding it. It is done by various processes: 1. Field grazing, 2. Combine trash-accumulated and stacked, 3. Whole stalks collected in large packages, 4. Ensiling corn stalk residue. Drylot versus conventional cow herd management systems consists of permanent pasture herd (bluegrass pasture, cornstalks, and hay), temporary pasture herd and total confinement herd.
Bias due to isotopic incorporation in both relative and absolute protein quantitation with carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 labeled peptides

Abstract Mass spectrometry provides considerable benefits over other analytical techniques due to advantages imparted by the use of isotopically labeled internal standards. In some analytical approaches, the internal standard provides reference points for quantitative data reduction. However, there is an important phenomenon that occurs in the development of an internal standard, namely the distribution of naturally occurring isotopes is altered by artificial labeling. As a result, the number of molecules measured in each isotopic state (e.g., +0, +1, +2) varies between the manufactured internal standard and the naturally occurring unmodified analyte. This can create inaccuracies that are a function of the abundance, type and location of the isotopic labeling when internal standards act as the calibration material. In this study, theoretical examples calculated with naturally occurring isotopic incorporation, manufactured isotopic enrichment, and experimental data from comparative analysis of naturally and artificially labeled peptides were explored to demonstrate the variation in measurement between analytes and their stable, isotopically labeled internal standards.
Domestic Partnership: Recognition and Responsibility

A domestic partnership is a business or political recognition of two adults seeking to share benefits normally conferred upon married couples. To date, partnerships have conferred benefits only; the most logical progression is for partnerships to include responsibilities of support, commitment and obligation within the economic partnership construct of emerging family law. When this occurs, heterosexual couples may lack incentive, but homosexual couples will achieve surer due process recognition regardless of same-sex marriage litigation.
Effective Energy Management of Hybrid AC–DC Microgrids With Storage Devices

This paper proposes a stochastic framework for the optimal operation and management of hybrid ac–dc microgrids (MGs) in the presence of renewable energy sources (RESs) and storage devices. Hybrid ac–dc MGs can provide benefit over the traditional ac MGs by elimination of inverting equipment and reducing power losses caused by the ac–dc convertors. A stochastic load flow based on an unscented transform is employed to model the uncertainties of active and reactive loads, market power price, wind turbine, and photovoltaic output power. Additionally, a new powerful optimizer based on crow search algorithm (CSA) is devised to search the problem space. The proposed method uses a new two stage modification method to increase the search ability of CSA when avoiding premature convergence. The feasibility and performance assessment of the proposed framework are examined on an IEEE standard test system.
Clinical Reasoning: Cardioembolic stroke in a 23-year-old man with elbow contracture.

A 23-year-old right-handed man with a diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 3 presented with right facial droop, hemiparesis, and expressive aphasia. CT angiography revealed a thrombus in the distal left middle cerebral artery. IV tissue plasminogen activator was administered and he recovered without any residual deficit. His cardiac monitoring revealed episodes of atrial fibrillation (figure, C) and episodes of narrow junctional escape rhythm in 20–30 s. ECG showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction (>55%). Cardiac MRI showed moderate dilation of right atrium, moderate left atrial elongation, and severely increased left ventricular cavity size with normal systolic function.
Soviet legacies, organized crime, and economic gangsterism: Russia, 1995–2010

Abstract In countries like Russia, where legal institutions providing political accountability and protection of property rights are weak, some elite actors accept the use of violence as a tool in political and economic competition. The intensity of this violent exposure may vary depending on the position the province had had in the Soviet administrative hierarchy. The higher the province's position before 1991, the greater the intensity of business violence one is likely to observe there in post-communist times, because the Soviet collapse left a more gaping power vacuum and lack of working informal rules in regions with limited presence of traditional criminal organizations. Post-Soviet entrepreneurs also often find it worthwhile to run for office or financially back certain candidates in order to secure a privileged status and the ability to interpret the law in their favor. Businessmen-candidates themselves and their financial backers behind the scenes may become exposed to competitive pressures resulting in violence during election years, because their competitors may find it hard to secure their position in power through the existing legal or informal non-violent means. To test whether Soviet legacies and Provincial elections indeed cause spikes in commerce-motivated violence, this project relies on an original dataset of more than 6000 attacks involving business interests in 74 regions of Russia, in 1991–2010. The results show that only legislative elections cause increases in violence while there is no firm evidence that executive polls have a similar effect.
A Common Garden Experiment to Evaluate the Morphological Distinction between Two Species of Shooting Star (Primula section Dodecatheon) Native to Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT Two similar species of Primula section Dodecatheon are native and rare in Pennsylvania: Primula meadia in the Potomac watershed and Primula fassettii (syn. D. amethystinum), in the Susquehanna watershed. In the field, P. meadia is more robust than P. fassettii in most features. We conducted a common garden experiment to determine whether P. fassettii would more nearly resemble P. meadia. We collected seeds from one field site in both watersheds in 2008. Plants were grown in a greenhouse at Mt. Cuba Center, Delaware, until 2011, then in raised beds in a shade house. The first plants bloomed in 2012, and almost all bloomed in 2013 and 2014. We gathered data on 22 characteristics through 2014. The two populations exhibited statistically significant convergence in the common garden (less difference than in the field) in leaf length and length-width ratio, flower number, and capsule wall thickness. Significant divergence (more difference than in the field) occurred in scape diameter, corolla color, an...
Comparison of Time-Domain Objective Functions in Dynamic Fixture Optimization

Differences in impedance are usually observed when components are tested in fixtures at lower levels of assembly from those in which they are fielded. In this work, the Kansas City National Security Campus (KCNSC) test bed hardware geometry is used to explore the sensitivity of the form of the objective function on the adequate reproduction of relevant response characteristics at the next level of assembly. Inverse methods within Sandia National Laboratories’ Sierra/SD code suite along with the Rapid Optimization Library (ROL) are used for identifying an unknown material (variable shear and bulk modulus) distributed across a predefined fixture volume. Comparisons of the results between time-domain based objective functions are presented. The development of the objective functions, solution sensitivity, and solution convergence will be discussed in the context of the practical considerations required for creating a realizable set of test hardware based on the variable-modulus optimized solutions.
What Primate Calls Can Tell Us about Human Evolution

An influential, traditional school of linguistics and philosophy that is often identified with Noam Chomsky and his followers, but which is by no means limited to “generative” or “transformational” linguistics, categorically differentiates the neural bases of human language from the vocal communications of other primates (e.g., Bickerton, 1990; Wilkins and Wakefeld, in press). There supposedly is no direct evolutionary link between the brain mechanisms that regulate vocal communication in monkeys and apes and the brain mechanisms that regulate human speech and syntax. Adherents of this position note that whereas the neural substrate regulating human speech allows arbitrary sequences of speech sounds to be produced on a “voluntary” basis, non-human primate’s vocalizations are largely “bound” to particular emotional states. Hewes (1973), for example, proposes that the first form of human language involved manual signing rather than vocal signals. Pinker and Bloom (1990) claim that the neural mechanisms that make human syntax possible evolved from some part of the non-human primate brain that had no function. An extreme position is found in Chomsky s (1972, 1976, 1980) repeated claims that human language could not have evolved by means of Darwinian processes.
The Impact of the Restaurant Critic

Restaurant critiques have an effect on the sales volume of restaurants following the publication of the critique in the target markets’ media. The author discusses data from restaurant operations in the greater Cleveland, Ohio, metropolitan area which have had their operations publicly critiqued, and also addresses the credibility of critics.
Cloning of a Putative Peptide Synthetase Gene Involved in the Synthesis of Phaseolotoxin

Phaseolotoxin [ Nδ-(N’-sulfo-diaminophosphinyl)-L-ornithyl-L-alanyl-L-homo-arginine ] is a chlorosis-inducing toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Our aim is to clone the gene involved in the synthesis of the peptide moiety of phaseolotoxin, which probably encodes a peptide synthetase similar to those involved in the synthesis of bioactive peptides produced by a variety of organisms. The primary structure of peptide synthetase genes is highly conserved, and consists of distinct homologous domains. A domain consists of at least six highly conserved core sequences of about three to eight amino acids whose order and location within all known domains is very similar. Based on this knowledge we synthesized degenerate primers whose sequences were derived from the core sequences “TGD” and “LGGXS”. Using these primers we amplified and cloned, from the P.s. pv. phaseolicola chromosomal DNA, a fragment of expected length (500 bp). We sequenced this fragment which revealed the expected domain structure with the core sequences “KIRGRIELGEIE” and “NGK” separated by the correct number of nucleotides. This shows that the P.s. pv. phaseolicola chromosome contains a peptide synthetase gene. This 500 bp fragment was used to screen the genomic cosmid library of P.s. pv. phaseolicola which yielded a clone containing a 23 kb insert. A 9.3 kb sublcone is being used in genetic experiments to determine if this gene encodes a product that is involved in the synthesis of the peptide moiety of phaseolotoxin as weil as in sequencing.
Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Persistent and selective inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo.

Abstract Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]0) at 10−4 M inhibits the incorporation in vitro of thymidine-methyl-3H, uridine-5-3H, and l -leucine14C into the acid-insoluble fraction of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells from untreated mice only after a period ofpreincubation. Similarly, when mice bearing well developed tumors are given this compound intraperitoneally, subsequent assessment in vitro of incorporation of these isotopic precursors into tumor cells from injected mice shows marked impairment of incorporation of all three; the greatest inhibition occurs 6–12 hr after injection. After this depression, the rates of incorporation of uridine and l -leucine return to control values or somewhat greater, while a striking suppression of the rate of incorporation of thymidine persists for at least 96 hr. These data were interpreted as indicative of a possible metabolic transformation by the cells of the inorganic moiety from an inactive to an active form, although alternate tentative explanations were also proposed. It was suggested that if the persistent inhibitory action on DNA synthesis is directly related to the chemotherapeutic efficacy of this agent or a metabolic product thereof, a less frequent treatment regimen may be as effective as daily injections while evoking fewer toxic reactions.
Characteristics of the Binding of Pure Human E. Coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin to Rat Intestine

Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli cause diarrhea by elaborating either a large molecular weight heat-labile enterotoxin or one or more small molecular weight heat-stable entero-toxins (1). A great deal is known about the molecular actions of LT (2) but relatively little is known about the mechanism of action of ST. ST probably causes intestinal secretion by the mediation of the guanylate cyclase-cyclic GMP system (1,3–5).
Nana in the Nude: Zola and Early Nude Photography*

When Emile Zola published his naturalist account of the life of a Parisian courtesan Nana in 1880, the novel was immediately accused of pornography for its graphic content and its eponymous heroine...
Pushing Pro Bono for the Incarcerated and Those Reentering Society

This chapter focuses on the work of the Corrections Committee of the ABA Criminal Justice Section, which is pushing to provide greater assistance for those under lock-and-key, and those reentering society. Perhaps like no other group in the country, incarcerated individuals face multiple disadvantages when it comes to legal representation. Most tend to be indigent and cannot afford a lawyer, and even if they could, their incarcerated status makes legal representation challenging work. One current project seeks to address this gap in a resolution calling for action among multiple stakeholders. The resolution focuses on the practicing bar and law schools, and urges the two to develop and increase educational initiatives, clinics, and other experiential courses that provide legal assistance to pre-trial detainees, immigration detainees, incarcerated individuals, and those reentering society. The call includes more empirical and qualitative inquiry to determine the scope, scale, and content of existing partnerships between the practicing bar and law schools that provide legal assistance in this area. At its core, the resolution is a push for law schools, practitioners, scholars, and bar associations to collaborate in developing increased opportunities for pro bono representation. As pro bono representation is a centerpiece of the ABA’s own mission, this push aligns the resolution with this and other interests, including existing ABA policy, the ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools, and ABA Model Rules of Professional Responsibility.
Evaluation of osteopenia and osteoporosis in younger breast cancer survivors compared with cancer-free women: a prospective cohort study.

Osteoporosis, an indicator of significant bone loss, has been consistently reported among older breast cancer survivors. Data are limited on the incidence of osteopenia, an earlier indicator of bone loss, and osteoporosis in younger breast cancer survivors compared with cancer-free women. We prospectively examined bone loss in 211 breast cancer survivors (mean age at breast cancer diagnosis = 47 years) compared with 567 cancer-free women in the same cohort with familial risk for breast cancer. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis incidence based on physician diagnosis. During a mean follow-up of 5.8 years, 66% of breast cancer survivors and 53% of cancer-free women reported having a bone density examination, and 112 incident cases of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis were identified. Breast cancer survivors had a 68% higher risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis compared to cancer-free women (HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.12–2.50). The association was stronger among recent survivors after only 2 years of follow-up (HR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.37–5.47). A higher risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis was also observed among survivors aged ≤ 50 years, estrogen receptor-positive tumors, and those treated with aromatase inhibitors alone or chemotherapy plus any hormone therapy relative to cancer-free women. Younger breast cancer survivors are at higher risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis compared to cancer-free women. Studies are needed to determine effective approaches to minimize bone loss in this population.
Fame and Foils: Empress Eugénie, Princess Mathilde, and the Boundaries of Biography

ABSTRACTEmpress Eugenie and Princess Mathilde stand as key figures of the Second Empire. Eugenie led the nation as empress and regent; Mathilde reigned in the arts as a practitioner and a salonnier...
Avoiding derailment: symbolic leadership and the university presidency

A university president occupies an increasingly symbolic position in today’s higher education landscape, yet this aspect of the presidency is not well understood. Expectations for engagement, partn...