cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: Microdialysis studies in awake monkeys

Brain imaging studies have suggested that the NMDA antagonist ketamine is as potent a releaser of striatal dopamine as amphetamine. This conclusion contradicts microdialysis findings in the rodent that NMDA antagonists, in contrast to amphetamine, have little or no effect on striatal dopamine release. The present study addressed two mechanisms that could account for this discrepancy: 1) whether there is a species difference, i.e., rodents vs. primates, in the responsivity of striatal dopamine to NMDA antagonists, and 2) whether rapid uptake of dopamine prevents reliable measures of synaptic dopamine release by microdialysis in response to NMDA antagonists. MRI-directed in vivo microdialysis was used to compare the effects of psychotomimetic NMDA antagonists phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, and amphetamine on extracellular striatal dopamine levels in awake rhesus monkeys. The effect of PCP was also investigated in the presence of intrastriatally applied nomifensine, a dopamine uptake blocker. Amphetamine (0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg) produced robust and dose-dependent increases in dopamine release ranging 2-10-fold above baseline. PCP at 0.1 mg/kg had no effect and at 0.3 mg/kg produced a small 50% increase over baseline. Ketamine, at the relatively high dose of 5 mg/kg, produced only a 30% increase in dopamine release. Intrastriatal application of nomifensine did not influence the effect of PCP, suggesting that rapid uptake of dopamine is not preventing the detection of a PCP-induced increase in dopamine release. These findings suggest that in the primate, ketamine and PCP are not effective dopamine releasers, as has been suggested by previous imaging studies.
Accumulation of capsidiol in tobacco cell cultures treated with fungal elicitor

Abstract Addition of fungal elicitor to tobacco cell suspension cultures induced extracellular accumulation of capsidiol.
Is the tissue-engineered intestine clinically viable?

The tissue-engineered intestine might provide a viable alternative to intestinal transplantation for patients with intestinal failure. This Viewpoint discusses the available evidence regarding the feasibility of this type of treatment, and the state-of-the-art technology involved in creating a tissue-engineered intestine in the context of its clinical and technical limitations.
Toward the Twenty-First Century: U.S. Agriculture in an Unstable World Economy: Discussion

First, with the exception of Thompson's, these papers are basically "no policy change" analyses. This is useful approach. We form alternative images of the future not so much to
Structure and Conformation of DAB Dendrimers in Solution via Multidimensional NMR Techniques

NOESY−HSQC 3D-NMR and NOESY 2D-NMR techniques have been used on a 750 MHz spectrometer to study the chain conformations of different generation DAB dendrimers (poly[propylene imine] dendrimers) in chloroform and benzene solutions. The high-field multidimensional NMR techniques provided the chemical shift dispersion needed to resolve all of the unique resonances in the dendrimers. By studying the NOE interactions among dendritic chain protons, information about through space interactions between protons on different parts of the dendrimer chain is obtained, which is directly related to the conformation of the dendrimer. These experiments also give further proof of the chemical shift assignments obtained from the HMQC-TOCSY 2D and 3D NMR experiments. The concentration effects on chemical shifts have also been observed, revealing information about the interactions between solvent and different parts of dendrimer molecules. These studies clearly show for DAB dendrimers, that folded chain conformations can occ...
Galanin expression in carotid body afferent neurons

The present study examined expression and plasticity of the neuropeptide, galanin, in carotid body afferent neurons in the petrosal ganglion of the adult rat. The pattern of galanin expression was compared with that of tyrosine hydroxylase, a selective marker of dopaminergic carotid body afferents in the petrosal ganglion. In normal animals, only 3% of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing petrosal ganglion neurons co-expressed galanin. Retrograde labeling studies, in which FluoroGold was injected into the vascularly isolated carotid body, demonstrated that all tyrosine hydroxylase-positive-galanin-positive cells in the petrosal ganglion project to this target. In addition, however, we unexpectedly found that galanin expression was markedly increased in the petrosal ganglion following FluoroGold injection into the carotid body. On the other hand, tyrosine hydroxylase expression was unchanged, indicating that monoaminergic and peptidergic traits can be differentially regulated in these cells. In summary, these data demonstrate that monoaminergic chemoafferent neurons can co-express a peptidergic trait, similar to catecholaminergic neurons within the central and autonomic nervous systems, and that these cells retain the potential for phenotypic plasticity in adulthood.
When do interleaved suffixes improve recall

Abstract Recall of auditory lists of items is greatly impaired if an irrelevant auditory stimulus (a stimulus suffix) intervenes between the final item and recall. Previous studies have found conflicting results on the question of whether this inhibitory suffix effect is reduced if suffixes are presented after every list item, as well as after the final item. The present series of experiments resolves this conflict. Interleaved suffixes reduce the inhibitory effect of a terminal suffix if item information is required at recall. If the items are well learned and only order information is required in recall, interleaved suffixes do not reduce the terminal suffix effect. Suffixes have separable effects on the recall of item and order information.
Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 by the Activated MEKK1 → SEK1/MKK4 → p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is believed to function as an important regulator of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Previously we reported that interleukin-1β induces activation of JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK with concomitant up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. Our experiments demonstrate that overexpression of ΔMEKK1 (a constitutively active truncation mutant of MEKK1 containing the C-terminal 324 amino acids) increases Cox-2 expression and PGE2 production which is completely blocked by SC68376, a pharmacologic inhibitor of p38 MAPK. ΔMEKK1 overexpression results in activation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (JNK/SAPK) and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, activation of MEKK1 increases SEK1/MKK4 but not MKK3 or MKK6 activity. These findings suggest that MEKK1 → SEK1/MKK4 may function as an upstream kinase capable of activating both p38 MAPK and JNK/SAPK with subsequent induction of Cox-2 expression and PGE2production. We also found that overexpression of the constitutively active form of SEK1 (SEK1-ED) increases both p38 MAPK and JNK/SAPK phosphorylation, and increases PGE2 production and Cox-2 expression. By comparison, overexpression of the dominant negative form of SEK1 (SEK1-AL) decreases the phosphorylation of both p38 MAPK and JNK/SAPK and reduces Cox-2 expression. Together, this data suggests a potential role for the MEKK1 → SEK1/MKK4 → p38 MAPK →→ Cox-2 cascade linking members of the MAPK pathway with prostaglandin biosynthesis.
ComWeb: an electronic classroom for teaching computer literacy

Abstract We have developed an electronic classroom environment based on an analog/digital hybrid network, ComWeb. This environment supplements traditional methods of presentation by providing powerful communication tools between the students and the teacher directed from the instructor's workstation. The instructor can access every student's workstation at any time to monitor the student's work or to transmit information from any source. ComWeb has facilities for individual and group supervision. It can be adapted for teaching deaf or hard of hearing students in a mainstream environment. We describe the implementation of a ComWeb-based classroom at our site. The performance of students in conventional sections of a computer literacy course is compared with that in a section using ComWeb. For most of the material, performance of students in the ComWeb based section was markedly superior.
Improved chromatographic methods for the separation of thyroid hormones and their metabolites.

Abstract In order to analyze iodoamino acids, two elution systems were established for cation-exchange column chromatography on AG50W-X4. A rapid method suitable for the separation of iodide, monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine, permits those compounds to be analyzed within 1.5 h. In this system, the volume of the starting solution (0.04 m ammonium acetate, pH 4.7) is kept constant throughout chromatography by adding 0.04 m Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, whereby a convex gradient of Tris is obtained. Both solutions contain 30% ethanol. Another system is suitable for the analysis of metabolites of thyroxine as well as for iodotyrosines and is based on the use of simultaneous NH4OH (0 → 0.7 m ) and ethanol (30 → 0%) linear gradients. Furthermore, 1-butanol saturated with 0.2 m NH4OH was found useful for the separation of iodothyronine sulfates by thin-layer chromatography. The Rf values of various iodothyronines, iodotyrosines, and sulfates in thin-layer chromatography on silica gel were measured in several solvent systems and certain correlations between iodothyronine structure and Rf values were found.
Nitrofurantoin-stimulated superoxide production by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) hepatic microsomal and soluble fractions.

Abstract Nitroaromatic compounds, which frequently contaminate the environment, are known to be reduced to corresponding aromatic amines by fish as well as mammals under anaerobic conditions. Although amine products are not generally formed aerobically, “nitroreducase”-mediated redox cycling of nitroaromatics may occur under these conditions, leading to enhanced production of a potentially toxic oxygen species, superoxide (O 2 − ). In this study, we have investigated the ability of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) hepatic microsomal and soluble fractions to stimulate O 2 − ) production upon exposure to a model redox cycling nitroaromatic compound, nitrofurantoin (NF). Two assays for O 2 − production, cytochrome c reduction and cyanide-insensitive oxygen consumption, were stimulated by NF exposure to both hepatic fractions. These reactions were partially inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD), and by SOD and catalase in the oxygen consumption assay, providing specific evidence for the involvement of O 2 − in the stimulatory effect by NF. Furthermore, results of cofactor requirement and inhibition studies suggest that NF enhancement of O 2 − production was mediated by NADPH-cytochrome P -450 ( c ) reductase in the microsomal fraction and xanthine oxidase in the soluble fraction. These findings comprehensively suggest that the in vitro stimulation of O 2 − production by nitroaromatics as indicated in mammals may also occur in fish and, therefore, suggests a similar potential for oxyradical-mediated toxicities in these species.
Rare earths and other trace elements in Luna 16 soil.

An analysis has been made of four small samples of material brought to earth by the Luna 16 mission, with the aim to determine rare earths and other trace elements in these samples. The analytical results are tabulated, and the rare earth abundances are compared with the average for chondrites. A comparison is also made with the results of similar analyses of Apollo samples.
Theoretical study of the structure and optical properties of rare-earth-doped BeF2 glass

Abstract We investigate the question of whether the local structure of a glass can be deduced directly from its optical spectra by testing such a procedure on a model system. The model system was Eu 3+ -doped BeF 2 glass generated by the Monte Carlo technique of statistical mechanics. The optical energy levels of Eu 3+ were calculated from a point charge model. Using the resulting spectra as “data”, it is shown that details of the structure of the rare-earth ion sites of the simulated glass cannot be reconstructed uniquely from the “data”. Based on these results, it is concluded that reliable glass structure cannot be deduced from optical spectra.
Renewable Hydrogen from Nonvolatile Fuels by Reactive Flash Volatilization

Droplets of nonvolatile fuels such as soy oil and glucose-water solutions can be flash evaporated by catalytic partial oxidation to produce hydrogen in high yields with a total time in the reactor of less than 50 milliseconds. Pyrolysis, coupled with catalytic oxidation of the fuels and their fragments upon impact with a hot rhodium-cerium catalyst surface, avoids the formation of deactivating carbon layers on the catalyst. The catalytic reactions of these products generate approximately 1 megawatt of heat per square meter, which maintains the catalyst surface above 800°C at high drop impact rates. At these temperatures, heavy fuels can be catalytically transformed directly into hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other small molecules in very short contact times without the formation of carbon.
Perceptual Thresholds in Car-Following---A Comparison of Recent Measurements with Earlier Results

The authors have previously conducted a field experiment to investigate the sensitivity of subjects to the sign of relative motion when following a vehicle. They interpreted their results in terms of responses to analytical functions of relative speed divided by spacing, or spacing change divided by spacing. In the present paper the remits of a number of other field, simulator, and laboratory experiments to investigate sensitivity to relative motion reported in the literature are examined in the light of these analytical response functions. It is shown that this approach leads to a relatively consistent interpretation of most of the available data, and that, when appropriately interpreted, there is greater agreement between many of the experimental results than had hitherto been noted.
Causes of a fresher, colder northern North Atlantic in late 20th century in a coupled model

Abstract Observational evidence indicates that in the northern North Atlantic, especially in the Labrador Sea, almost the whole column of the ocean water is fresher, and colder in late 20th century than in 1950–1960s. Here we analyze a four-member ensemble of the 20th century simulations from a coupled climate model to examine the possible causes for these observed changes. The model simulations resemble the observed changes in the northern North Atlantic. The simulated results show that a decreased meridional freshwater divergence and an increased meridional heat divergence associated with a weaker thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic are the primary causes for the freshening and cooling in the northern North Atlantic. The increased precipitation less evaporation tends to enforce the freshening, but the reduced sea ice flux into this region tends to weaken it. On the other hand, the surface warming induced by a higher atmospheric CO2 concentration tends to heat up the northern North Atlantic, but is overcome by the cooling from increased meridional heat divergence.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aztreonam administered by continuous intravenous infusion

Abstract The pharmacodynamic parameter that appears to correlate best with a successful therapeutic outcome with beta-lactam antibiotics is the length of time the serum antibiotic concentration remains above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the infecting pathogen. By maximizing this parameter, continuous administration of beta-lactam and related antibiotics by intravenous infusion could represent the optimal mode of drug administration. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ceftazidime administered by continuous intravenous infusion have been evaluated previously. Aztreonam is a monobactam antibiotic with similar pharmacokinetic and microbiologic activity to that of ceftazidime. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of aztreonam administered as a continuous intravenous infusion in healthy volunteers against multiple clinical isolates. Five men and 3 women received 6 g of aztreonam administered by continuous intravenous infusion over 24 hours. Blood samples were collected before the infusion and at 0.5, 1 through 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours after the start of the infusion. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by standard equations. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines for 4 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria (2 each of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ). Serum inhibitory titers (SITs) were determined in duplicate for each clinical isolate at 0 and 24 hours. The subjects' mean (D) age was 29.3 .4 years; mean weight, 74.6 4.0 kg; and calculated mean creatinine clearance, 107 3 mL/min. For the pharmacokinetic parameters, mean (D) values were as follows: steady-state serum concentration, 40.9 .8 μg/L; halflife, 1.5 .4 hours; elimination rate constant, 0.50 ±0.13 hours −1 ; steady-state volume of distribution, 0.18 .04 L/kg; and total body clearance, 6.1 .2 L/h. The MICs were 0.0625 and 0.125 μg/mL against the 2 E coli isolates and 4 μg/mL against both P aeruginosa isolates. The median SITs against the E coli isolates were 1:256 and 1:512, and against the P aeruginosa isolates were 1:8 and 1:16. At steady state, 11 subjects had serum concentrations of aztreonam ≥4 times the MIC for each organism. These findings suggest that further clinical study of the administration of aztreonam by continuous intravenous infusion is warranted.
A Newton Type Algorithm for Plastic Limit Analysis

Abstract We consider a model problem from collapse load analysis for plane stress. A discretized version of the kinematic variational principle is solved by means of a Newton-type minimization algorithm. The numerical solution, which represents a possible collapse mechanism, is computed for various shapes of the domain.
Information as a cultural category

One of the questions that invariably comes up when discussing ambient intelligence is the thorny problem of just what the term might mean. It’s catchy and provocative, but attempts to define it tend to be unsatisfying. Sometimes, of course, a slogan of this sort can productively inspire without necessarily being crisply defined, and so it is with “ambient intelligence.” However, it is still worth taking the question of meaning seriously. Our concern here is not simply with the meanings of the words around which we define our work, but with what kinds of meanings they might have, with where those meanings come from, and with their consequences.
Proton beam craniospinal irradiation reduces acute toxicity for adults with medulloblastoma.

Purpose Efficacy and acute toxicity of proton craniospinal irradiation (p-CSI) were compared with conventional photon CSI (x-CSI) for adults with medulloblastoma. Methods and Materials Forty adult medulloblastoma patients treated with x-CSI (n=21) or p-CSI (n=19) at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2003 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Median CSI and total doses were 30.6 and 54 Gy, respectively. The median follow-up was 57 months (range 4-103) for x-CSI patients and 26 months (range 11-63) for p-CSI. Results p-CSI patients lost less weight than x-CSI patients (1.2% vs 5.8%; P =.004), and less p-CSI patients had >5% weight loss compared with x-CSI (16% vs 64%; P =.004). p-CSI patients experienced less grade 2 nausea and vomiting compared with x-CSI (26% vs 71%; P =.004). Patients treated with x-CSI were more likely to have medical management of esophagitis than p-CSI patients (57% vs 5%, P P =.04; hemoglobin 88% vs 97%, P =.009; platelets 48% vs 65%, P =.05). Mean vertebral doses were significantly associated with reductions in blood counts. Conclusions This report is the first analysis of clinical outcomes for adult medulloblastoma patients treated with p-CSI. Patients treated with p-CSI experienced less treatment-related morbidity including fewer acute gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicities.
Quantitative model of the growth of floodplains by vertical accretion

A simple one-dimensional model is developed to quantitatively predict the change in elevation, over a period of decades, for vertically accreting floodplains. This unsteady model approximates the monotonic growth of a floodplain as an incremental but constant increase of net sediment deposition per flood for those floods of a partial duration series that exceed a threshold discharge corresponding to the elevation of the floodplain. Sediment deposition from each flood increases the elevation of the floodplain and consequently the magnitude of the threshold discharge resulting in a decrease in the number of floods and growth rate of the floodplain. Floodplain growth curves predicted by this model are compared to empirical growth curves based on dendrochronology and to direct field measurements at five floodplain sites. The model was used to predict the value of net sediment deposition per flood which best fits (in a least squares sense) the empirical and field measurements; these values fall within the range of independent estimates of the net sediment deposition per flood based on empirical equations. These empirical equations permit the application of the model to estimate of floodplain growth for other floodplains throughout the world which do not have detailed data of sediment deposition during individual floods. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking up and down at education

The recent spirit of apparent generosity by the Ford Foundation may have come as a sort of "face lifting" to many institutions, but it perhaps more especially indicates a trend which is taking place at some of the higher levels toward education in general. Since this is no polemic nor academic conundrum, we shall simply report as we have observed certain of these changing and unchanged attitudes toward education during at least the past quarter of a century. We have been looking up at education and down at the teacher; we have looked to the schools for citizenship training while we withheld even a sympathetic endorsement of the procedures; we have asked the schools for leadership, able and prepared, while we manifested too little concern as to the means of its accomplishment; we have given the socio-economic squeeze to professionalism without providing the opportunity for a restorative blood transfusion. More especially we have been willing to sacrifice leadership training among the top brackets of our student enrollments for mass education, while caution remonstrates that we are in danger of losing our world leadership unless we train more persons with the "know how" demanded by our times. We must yet find more effective means and procedures both at the level of democratic mass education and at the level of specific leadership training. Education must remain qualitative as well as quantitative, aesthetic as well as idealistic. It should never be true that mass hysteria get a hearing before trained leadership. Everyone has been constantly aware that the classroom teacher is the key to educational outcome. Even Hitler recognized that he who controls the thinking of the classroom determines the destiny of the nation. Yet teachers have been thwarted from their high purposes many times by maudlin minds who have no administrative purpose other than personal aggrandizement. These become the stooges of educational pres-
Cycling of defects between trapped negative charge and interface states at the Si‐SiO2 interface

We have investigated the states produced at the Si‐SiO2 interface by Fowler–Nordheim tunneling and by UV photoinjection at low temperature (90 K). After the interface states are generated, subsequent application of a negative gate bias (5–6 MV/cm) converts them entirely into trapped negative charge. The reverse conversion into interface states occurs if a positive gate bias (5–6 MV/cm) is applied. Cycling of the defects between interface states and trapped negative charge is observed in both experiments. The data strongly suggest that both low‐temperature Fowler–Nordheim tunneling and UV photoinjection generate essentially the same structural defect at the interface between Si and SiO2.
Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease in Extremely Immature Baboons

A borderline viability model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)/chronic lung disease of infancy (CLD) with pathophysiologic parameters consistent with those in extremely immature humans with BPD/CLD is described. After prenatal steroid treatment of pregnant dams, 12 premature baboons were delivered by cesarean-section at 125 d (term gestation, 185 d), treated with exogenous surfactant, and maintained on appropriate oxygen and positive pressure ventilation for at least 1 to 2 mo. In spite of appropriate oxygenation (median Fi O2 at 28 d = 0.32; range, 0.21 to 0.50) and ventilatory strategies to prevent volutrauma, the baboons exhibited pulmonary pathologic lesions known to occur in extremely immature humans of less than 1,000 g: alveolar hypoplasia, variable saccular wall fibrosis, and minimal, if any, airway disease. The CLD baboon lungs showed significantly decreased alveolization and internal surface area measurements when compared with term and term + 2-mo air-breathing controls. A decrease in capilla...
Selective ablation of proliferating astrocytes does not affect disease outcome in either acute or chronic models of motor neuron degeneration

Abstract Astrocytes play important roles in normal CNS function; however, following traumatic injury or during neurodegeneration, astrocytes undergo changes in morphology, gene expression and cellular function known as reactive astrogliosis, a process that may also include cell proliferation. At present, the role of astrocyte proliferation is not understood in disease etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal motor neuron disorder that is characterized by a relatively rapid degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Therefore, the role of astrocyte proliferation was assessed in both acute and chronic mouse models of motor neuron degeneration, neuroadapted sindbis virus (NSV)-infected mice and SOD1G93A mice, respectively. While astrocytes proliferated in the lumbar spinal cord ventral horn of both disease models, they represented only a small percentage of the dividing population in the SOD1G93A spinal cord. Furthermore, selective ablation of proliferating GFAP+ astrocytes in 1) NSV-infected transgenic mice in which herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase is expressed in GFAP+ cells (GFAP-TK) and in 2) SOD1G93A × GFAP-TK mice did not affect any measures of disease outcome such as animal survival, disease onset, disease duration, hindlimb motor function or motor neuron loss. Ablation of dividing astrocytes also did not alter overall astrogliosis in either model. This was likely due to the finding that proliferation of NG2+ glial progenitors were unaffected. These findings demonstrate that while normal astrocyte function is an important factor in the etiology of motor neuron diseases such as ALS, astrocyte proliferation itself does not play a significant role.
Recent metalliferous sediment in the North Pacific manganese nodule area

Quaternary sediments cored in the northeast Pacific nodule area (DOMES site C, 14°N, 126°W) contain a significant amount of hydrothermal metalliferous mud. Water content, color, mineralogy, and chemical composition are analogous to metalliferous sediments of the subequatorial East Pacific Rise. Correction for contribution of pelagic clay indicates the metalliferous fraction to be about 40% of the sediment. SiO 2 and Mg are major components in the corrected composition, as they are for other metalliferous sediments similarly corrected from a variety of East Pacific Rise and DSDP metalliferous sediments. A correlation between Mg and SiO 2 for these corrected sediments could indicate a hydrothermal origin for a significant portion of the SiO 2 . Results from DSDP in the nodule area suggest that metalliferous globules are a ubiquitous minor component of the Clipperton Oceanic Formation, which underlies much of the Pacific ferromanganese nodule belt. This indicates that deposition of hydrothermal precipitates is not confined to spreading centers.
The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy the Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism 1750–1850

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Theory and politics of Free Trade Empire in the eighteenth century 3. The agrarian critique and the emergence of orthodoxy 4. The third school: Wakefield and the radical economists 5. The Wakefield program for middle-class empire 6. Parliament, political economy, and the Workshop of the World 7. Cobdenism and the 'dismal science' 8. Mercantilist revival 9. Classical political economy, the Empire of Free Trade, and imperialism Selected Bibliography Index.
Late Quaternary landscape evolution at Flat Laurel Gap, Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina

Analysis of colluvial, fluvial, and bog sediments at Flat Laurel Gap (1500 m) in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina provides a record of late Quaternary landscape evolution. Thermoluminescence (TL) analysis provides the first absolute-age determinations available for presumed periglacial deposits in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The Pleistocene/Holocene transition, dated between 11,900 and 10,100 yr B.P., represents a period of climatic amelioration and a change from colluvial to alluvial processes. A TL date of 7400 ± 1000 yr B.P. for matrix within a block-stream indicates possible early Holocene reworking of Pleistocene periglacial colluvium. Organic sediment deposition in a bog that began about 3400 yr B.P. increased in rate from 0.02 to 0.09 cm/yr with the onset of logging and land clearance about 1880 A.D.
Actin and Myosin Synthesis During Differentiation of Neuroblastoma Cells

: The levels and rates of synthesis of actin and myosin in murine neuroblastoma S20 cells have been examined during neurite formation in the absence of serum. Two forms of actin (β, -γ) have been identified in these cells; they have isoelectric points of about 5.43 and 5.45, respectively, which differ from that of murine skeletal muscle actin (5.41). Although the neuroblastoma actins have the same molecular weight as skeletal muscle actin, they can be clearly distinguished from this protein by peptide maps. Actin comprises about 7% of the total protein in these cells and neither the level nor the proportion of the two isoelectric forms change during neurite extension (β: γ:60: 40). Myosin ATPase activity is also similar in morphologically differentiated and undifferentiated cells. The rates of synthesis of actin and myosin relative to total protein synthesis undergo small changes during differentiation. Actin synthesis increases about 30% in the 1st day of induction and falls off to the undifferentiated level by day 4. Myosin synthesis increases by about 30% within 2 days of induction and remains at that level for at least 2 days. In contrast, no change in the relative synthesis of tubulin occurs over 4 days of neurite induction. Thus, neurite extension by these cells is not accompanied by large changes in either the level or rates of synthesis of actin and/or myosin.
C2-Symmetric Cu(II) Complexes as Chiral Lewis Acids. Catalytic, Enantioselective Cycloadditions of Silyl Ketenes

C2-Symmetric bis(oxazoline)−Cu(II) complexes (4a−g) catalyze the enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition between (silyl)ketenes and chelating carbonyl substrates. A range of substituted β-lactones can be produced in excellent yields and selectivities. It was also found that (trimethylsilyl)ketene (1) may also undergo a highly selective hetero Diels−Alder reaction with β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters.
A load-based CO2 cap in the power sector

Oregon's governor has proposed a load-based cap and trade programme that limits carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to 10% below 1990 levels by 2020. A load-based programme is different from the source-based European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), as it regulates emissions sources, located outside the state, that serve Oregon's electricity load. This article describes the stakeholder process that developed the legislative proposal for the load-based cap. The Oregon Clean Energy Planning Model©, a modified capacity expansion model of annual load resource balances, is used to estimate programme costs. The net present value of the climate policy to Oregon ranges from a $518 million benefit to a $414 million cost under various load growth scenarios. Programme benefits are possible under low and medium load growth because the societal returns of energy efficiency exceed its cost over the life of the programme. CO2 allowance prices in 2017–2020 are estimated in the medium case at approximately $21 per tonn...
Uniqueness for reflecting Brownian motion in lip domains

Abstract A lip domain is a Lipschitz domain where the Lipschitz constant is strictly less than one. We prove strong existence and pathwise uniqueness for the solution X = { X t , t ⩾ 0 } to the Skorokhod equation d X t = d W t + n ( X t ) d L t , in planar lip domains, where W = { W t , t ⩾ 0 } is a Brownian motion, n is the inward pointing unit normal vector, and L = { L t , t ⩾ 0 } is a local time on the boundary which satisfies some additional regularity conditions. Counterexamples are given for some Lipschitz (but not lip) three dimensional domains.
The Management of Patellar Instability in the Skeletally Immature Patient

Patellar instability in the skeletally immature patient is a difficult problem and often frustrating to patients, parents, and surgeons. Patellar instability is common and estimated to occur in as many as 29 per 100,000 children. Recurrent instability and pain often follow the initial injury despite nonoperative treatment. Patellar instability in the skeletally immature population is especially challenging because the etiology is often multifactorial, and standard successful surgical techniques used in adults may risk injury to an open growth plate when used in children. The management of traumatic patellar dislocation in a skeletally immature patient is initially nonoperative, emphasizing early motion and quadriceps, and hip strengthening. For patients who fail nonoperative treatment, who have an associated chondral or osteochondral injury, or who are at high risk for recurrence, repair or reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament is indicated.
Neuroepidemiologic Research Initiatives on Guam: Past and Present

Since the middle of this century, a remarkable concentration of cases of neurodegenerative disease(s), referred to as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson-dementia complex (ALS/PDC), has been recognized among Chamorro natives of Guam. Intense investigations over the last 4 decades have failed to determine the etiology of these invariably fatal diseases. Over the same time period, the incidence of ALS has decreased dramatically, the incidence of PDC has decreased, but to a lesser degree, and age at onset has shifted to a later age by about 1 decade. Almost 50% of demented patients present without the classical Parkinsonian features of PDC, and the morphological picture has changed. Results of past and present research initiatives are reviewed.
Neurovascular mechanisms of Alzheimer's neurodegeneration

In contrast to traditional neuroncentric views of Alzheimer's disease (AD), recent findings indicate that neurovascular dysfunction contributes to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in AD. Here, I propose the neurovascular hypothesis of AD, suggesting that faulty clearance of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), aberrant angiogenesis and senescence of the cerebrovascular system could initiate neurovascular uncoupling, vessel regression, brain hypoperfusion and neurovascular inflammation. Ultimately, this would lead to BBB compromise, to chemical imbalance in the neuronal environment and to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction, injury and loss. Based on the neurovascular hypothesis, I suggest an array of new potential therapeutic approaches that could be developed for AD, to enhance Aβ clearance and neurovascular repair, and to protect the neurovascular unit from divergent inducers of injury and apoptosis.
Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering (Ghavami, M. et al.; 2007) [Book Review]

Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering is a well-developed, introductory book on UWB technologies and applications, which is a strong resource for both beginners who seek an introduction to UWB principles and their applications, and for researchers who wish to better understand the application of UWB technologies to practical systems.
Application of the dual-micropipet technique to the measurement of tumor cell locomotion.

Abstract The objective of this work was to characterize tumor cell locomotion in response to chemotactic stimulation using a dual-micropipet assay. The assay involves two micropipets. An individual A2058 human melanoma cell was retained, without pressure gradient, in a pipet of approximately 14 μm i.d. A solution of type IV collagen, chosen as the chemotactic source, was placed in another pipet (∼10 μm o.d.) with zero pressure at the pipet tip. The smaller pipet was then inserted into the larger one containing the melanoma cell. The initial chemoattractant concentration ( C 0 ) and the distance between the tip of the small pipet and the cell surface (δ) provided a gradient ( C 0 /δ) for tumor cell locomotion toward stimulation. This novel assay provides a direct measure of cell movement: cyclic pseudopod protrusion ( L p ) and subsequent cell locomotion ( L c ). The influences of different adhesion substrates on cell locomotion were also studied. The peak length in L p precedes the highest locomotion velocity ( dL c / dt ) by an apparent lag time. C 0 /δ influences pseudopod protrusion frequency ( f p ) and dL c / dt , but not significantly on L p . Substrate adhesions affect dL c / dt , but apparently not L p or f p . In conclusion, pseudopod protrusion and substrate adhesion are two necessary but mutually independent factors in tumor cell locomotion. dL c / dt correlates with changes in C 0 /δ, which is in significant correlation with f p but not L p .
RISK CHARACTERIZATION AND THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE : ADAPTING GATEKEEPING CONCEPTS FROM THE COURTS

Risk characterization objectives include evaluating the weight of evidence underlying risk determinations, communicating that evaluation to nonexperts, guiding risk assessors to achieve consistency, and preserving deference for those reasonable expert judgments inherent in any risk determination. Similar objectives are shared by American courts that face the gatekeeping task of screening scientific evidence before it is presented to nonexpert factfinders, such as juries. This article surveys the judicial gatekeeping concepts of relevance, evidentiary reliability, legal sufficiency, presumptions, and standards of proof (particularly, preponderance of the evidence). It examines recent court decisions that have applied these concepts to the kinds of scientific information common in risk assessments, and suggests how to adapt these gatekeeping concepts for use in weight-of-evidence characterization. If we can develop and adopt a neutral framework for characterizing the weight of evidence underlying risk assessments, it might help clarify not only the current debate over risk characterization and risk management, but also the drafting of treaty provisions, such as those invoking the Precautionary Principle of international environmental law.
Neutral particle proximity lithography: Noncontact nanoscale printing without charge-related artifacts

The authors present neutral particle proximity lithography, a high resolution, parallel exposure technique where a broad beam of energetic neutral particles floods a stencil mask and transmitted beamlets transfer the mask pattern to resist on a substrate. It preserves the advantages of nanoscale penumbra, diffraction, and resist scattering of ion beam lithography (IBL) yet is intrinsically immune to charge accumulation on the mask and substrate. In a series of direct comparisons, involving insulating substrates, large proximity gaps, and ultrasmall features, the authors show that the use of neutral particles provides a simple method for completely eliminating the charging artifacts of IBL. They demonstrate the ability to print 8nm mask features with 5nm pattern fidelity. Exposure times are about 200s in poly(methyl methacrylate) resist.
Viability of layered-hybrid architecture for far IR focal-plane arrays

Abstract The standard planar hybrid architecture, commonly used to construct near and mid-infrared focal-plane arrays, is not suitable for far IR detectors where readout glow, lack of efficient heat dissipation, and thermal mismatch between the detector and the readout could potentially limit their performance. In response, a new layered-hybrid structure was introduced to alleviate these problems and make possible the construction of large format far IR FPAs. To assess the viability of this design, we have fabricated and tested a prototype 2 × 16 Ge:Sb array coupled to a 1 × 32 SBRC190 cryogenic readout in a construction similar to the layered-hybrid. In this paper we present the results of our tests which prove the effectiveness of the layered-hybrid structure in blocking the readout glow and providing uniform cooling across the array.
Cutaneous findings in craniofacial malformation syndromes.

• Background.— A number of craniofacial malformation syndromes are characterized by prominent abnormalities of the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. Many of these findings have been discussed little or not at all in the dermatologic literature. The goal of this review is to present some of the more prominent and distinctive syndromes to increase their recognition by dermatologists and to stimulate further investigation. Observations.— The literature regarding syndromes in which major craniofacial anomalies, eg, craniosynostosis or clefting, were present was reviewed and those syndromes with prominent mucocutaneous findings were identified. Although some are well described in the literature, the findings in others are insufficiently detailed from a dermatologic point of view. Little has been written regarding therapeutic intervention. Conclusions.— More accurate descriptions of many craniofacial malformation syndromes are needed by dermatologists. Alerting the dermatologic community to their existence should stimulate attempts at therapeutic intervention on behalf of affected persons. ( Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:1379-1386)
Effect of Photo-Isomerization of Azo Dyes on the Photonic Bandgap in Chiral Nematics

Chiral nematic liquid crystals prepared with Grandjean texture demonstrate a photonic bandgap whose central wavelength is proportional to the pitch length, P, of the liquid crystal and whose width is given by (ne – no)P. We show that methyl red doped chiral nematics undergo a shift in the photonic bandgap upon photo-isomerization. This shift is a result of (1) photo-induced change in anchoring energy on the nematic surface, and (2) change in the natural pitch length from the photo-isomerization of the azo dye.
LEX-SEGMENT IDEALS AND THE MAXIMAL GROWTH OF HILBERT FUNCTIONS

ABSTRACT This work has focused on explicitly determining in what degree the maximal growth of the Hilbert function of a -algebra begins to persist (in the sense of Gotzmann). We have shown that this persistence index is solely dependent upon the a-invariant of and the coefficients of the Hilbert polynomial of . We have also established a relatively efficient algorithm for computing the persistence index. By giving a structured decomposition of the persistence index, we have been able to prove properties of Betti numbers of lex-segment ideals that extend the Bigatti-Hulett-Pardue result of 1993.
Adult-onset alcohol consumption induces osteopenia in female rats.

Background: Alcohol is a known risk factor for osteopenia and fracture in humans, and its effects on the skeleton have been studied extensively in animal models. Almost all studies of rats, however, have begun rats on alcohol diets while the animals were young and still growing. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of alcohol consumption on rats that began drinking alcohol as adults, so that the confounding effects of growth might be minimized. Methods: Nine-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied for two durations (8 and 14 weeks). The following diet groups were used for both durations:alcohol (n= 7), in which rats were fed a liquid diet containing ethanol (8.1% v/v; Lieber-DeCarli method);pair-fed (n= 7), in which rats were fed a caloric-equivalent liquid diet matched to the alcohol-fed animals; and pellet (n= 6), in which rats consumed standard rat chow and water. A cessation protocol was also used in which alcohol- and pair-fed groups were fed liquid diets for 8 weeks and then given pellet chow and water for 6 weeks, with pair feeding maintained during the cessation period. Results: Only minor effects developed in the rats in the 8-week group, but after 14 weeks, the cancellous bone of the proximal tibia was severely osteopenic in the alcohol-fed animals. The bone volume and trabecular number were both significantly lower in the alcohol-fed animals than in the pair-fed and pellet-fed control animals and also lower than in the alcohol-fed animals in the 8-week group. Mechanical properties of the cancellous bone in the distal femur also were significantly diminished in the 14-week alcohol-fed group. Composition and mechanical properties of the cortical bone in the femur diaphysis were largely unaffected, but the yield stress was significantly lower in the 14-week alcohol-fed group than in the 8-week alcohol-fed group. No significant effects were found in the cessation groups with regard to almost all parameters measured. Conclusions: Our study results demonstrate that chronic adult-onset alcohol consumption leads to significantly diminished cancellous bone properties and that these effects depend on the duration of alcohol use.
An Adhesive Function for Modified Cilia in an Interstitial Turbellarian

A modified cilium with an adhesive function has been found in an interstitial marine turbellarian Paratomella rubra (Acoela). This newly discovered cilium-type is referred to as a haptocilium; it differs structurally from usual locomotory cilia only in the morphology of the tip. Inside the haptocilial tip is a lamellate, electron-dense core, and visible outside the ciliary membrane of the tip is an amorphous secretion which is presumably the actual adhesive material by which the haptocilia are able to attach to surfaces. Haptocilia occupy a restricted area, a ventral tail plate, in Paratomella. They are motile and display a characteristic slow, irregular beat.
Family and Formal Assistance with Activity Limitations: Who Helps the Mexican American Elderly?

Using a large, national dataset, this project focuses on the activity limitations of the Mexican American elderly and their receipt of assistance. The study demonstrates that 65% of the respondents reported at least one activity limitation and that the majority of those did not receive any assistance with the limitation from family. Results show that whereas some Mexican American elders do receive assistance from the family and some receive assistance from the formal sector a number are at risk of having their needs unmet. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the differences between those who received assistance solelyfrom thefamily, those who received assistancefrom theformal service sector or a combination offormal andfamily assistance, and those who received no help. Younger Mexican American elders, those with fewer limitations, and those with better English communication skills were more likely to receive no help with their limitations.