cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the interlayer interactions formed between reduced graphene oxide and ionic liquids

It is important to understand the electrolyte–electrode interactions for fabricating graphene oxide (GO)- and ionic liquid (IL)-based ultracapacitors. Therefore, we explored how the type and size of the cations in various ILs determine the nature of processed materials. In all cases, the ILs intercalate into the graphitic structure but marked differences are observed during exfoliation via thermal reduction. The combination of a long alkyl chain ammonium-based cation and a large-volume anion leads to strong interactions and defect formation, as evidenced by CO2 production during annealing. In contrast, using the same anions but different cations stabilize the GO functional groups below 400 °C.
Effects of radiation on enhanced electronic cooling

The radiation component of heat loss and the effect of heat sink orientation on the radiant interchange of heat between electronic components were investigated. The point at which the influence of forced convection cooling overrides the radiation losses was determined. It was assumed that the heat sink resides within a system environment and is used to cool a typical electronic component. The evaluation encompasses the natural convection cooling regime in both the thermally optimum vertical orientation as well as a horizontally mounted orientation. For both cases, the heat sink was evaluated with two surface coatings to determine the effect of the radiant heat loss. The experimental work was then extended to the forced-convection region to determine where the convective coefficient became dominant. A theoretical model was developed that is capable of predicting the radiation effects of high emissive heat sinks based on experimentally determined relationships of standard heat-sink material. It is concluded that the dissipation of heat by radiation could be substantial portion of the total power-dissipation capability. >
Multiprocessor design using joint transform correlator

The joint transform correlation technique is used to design a binary multiprocessor that can perform full addition and full subtraction in parallel. A new coding scheme is designed for the proposed technique. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. >
FEASIBILITY OF LIME TREATMENT AT THE LEVIATHAN MINE USING THE IN-LINE SYSTEM

The In-Line System (ILS) was used in a pilot-scale water treatment study at the Leviathan Mine in California. The LeviathanMine is a remote, abandoned, copper/sulfbr mine. This study addressed two questions: (1) Can the severely polluted mine drainage at the Leviathan Mine be treated with lime to an acceptable quality? and (2) Can a neutralizing reagent formulation (using various ratios of lime, fly ash, and cement) be designed to improve the physical characteristics of the resulting sludge for disposal purposes? The primary pollutants of concern are arsenic, nickel, aluminum, iron, and sulfate. Pilot-scale studies at the Leviathan Mine show that an in-line system (ILS) can be used to treat the severely polluted pond and adit water to meet the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Water Quality for Freshwater Aquatic Life Protection (l -hour acute toxicity) criteria. Lime and lime-based admixtures were used to neutralize the adit and pond waters. The optimal treatment pH range was 6.9-7.9 for adit water, and 6.5- 8.0 for pond water. The ILS served as a neutralization and mixing system for treating both water sources, and also as an aeration system for treating the adit water. The ILS effectively oxidized nearly 900 m@ of Fe+* within 30 seconds of contact time when treating the adit water. Additional work is needed to evaluate sludge alternatives. The simplicity, portability, flexibility, and economics of the ILS make it a prime candidate for remote treatment operations such as the Leviathan Mine. Furthermore, the ILS can operate by water power with elevational differences of 50 ft or greater. The need for permanent electrical power installation for water treatment can possibly be eliminated by coupling the ILS with a commercially available water-powered lime feed system.
Precocious appearance of the capital femoral ossific nucleus in Larsen syndrome.

Background: Larsen syndrome is associated with multiple complications, including spinal deformities and recalcitrant joint dislocations. We noted capital femoral ossific nuclei on ultrasonographic images that were made for two infants with Larsen syndrome who were less than two weeks of age. We sought to confirm that this finding is common in patients with Larsen syndrome and unusual in patients with normal hips or idiopathic developmental dysplasia of the hip. Methods: We identified eight patients with Larsen syndrome who had undergone ultrasonographic or radiographic evaluation of the hips before the age of three months. We compared the findings for these eight patients with those for forty consecutive patients from a prospective study of infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip who had ultrasonographic evaluation of the hips at approximately three months of age, including twenty patients who had normal clinical and ultrasonographic findings and twenty who had clinical instability of one or both hips. Results: All eight patients with Larsen syndrome had radiographic or ultrasonographic evidence of an ossific nucleus at an average age of forty days (range, six to 115 days); four of these patients had evidence of an ossific nucleus at six to ten days of age. In comparison, only two of twenty normal infants (three of forty hips) and one of twenty infants (two of forty hips) with developmental dysplasia of the hip had ultrasonographic evidence of an ossific nucleus at an average age of eighty-four days (range, seventy-six to ninety-four days) (p < 0.0001, Fisher exact test). Conclusions: In this small group of patients with clinically documented Larsen syndrome, the capital femoral ossific nucleus was evident on ultrasonography of the hip as early as six days of age and was unusual in normal patients or those with idiopathic developmental dysplasia of the hip. The detection of precocious development of a capital femoral ossific nucleus in infants being screened for skeletal anomalies may warrant further evaluation for the possibility of the presence of Larsen syndrome. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Validity and reliability of scaffolded peer assessment of writing from instructor and student perspectives

Although peer reviewing of writing is a way to create more writing opportunities in college and university settings, the validity and reliability of peer-generated grades are a major concern. This study investigated the validity and reliability of peer-generated writing grades of 708 students across 16 different courses from 4 universities in a particular scaffolded reviewing context: Students were given guidance on peer assessment, used carefully constructed rubrics, and were provided clear incentives to take the assessment task seriously. Distinguishing between instructor and student perspectives of reliability and validity, the analyses suggest that the aggregate ratings of at least 4 peers on a piece of writing are both highly reliable and as valid as instructor ratings while (paradoxically) producing very low estimates of reliability and validity from the student perspective. The results suggest that instructor concerns about peer evaluation reliability and validity should not be a barrier to implementing peer evaluations, at least with appropriate scaffolds. Future research needs to investigate how to address student concerns about reliability and validity and to identify scaffolds that may ensure high levels of reliability and validity.
Electrode Activation Sequencing Employing Conductivity Changes in Irreversible Electroporation Tissue Ablation

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses high-voltage pulses applied to tissue, which cause dielectric breakdown of cell membranes resulting in cell death. IRE is a promising technique for ablation of nonresectable tumors because it can be configured to spare critical structures such as blood vessels. A consequence of pulse application is an increase in tissue electrical conductivity due to current pathways being opened in cell membranes. We propose a novel IRE method introducing electrode switching and pulse sequencing in which tissue conductivity is first increased using preparatory pulses in order to form high-conductivity zones, which then helps provide higher electric field intensity within the targeted tissue as subsequent pulses are applied, and hence, enhances the efficiency and selectivity of the IRE treatment. We demonstrate the potential of this method using computational models on simple geometries.
An analysis of the musculoskeletal trauma section of the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE).

Since 1963, the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE) has been used to assess the knowledge of orthopaedic surgery residents1,2. Written and administered by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), the OITE is composed of approximately 275 questions that test residents’ knowledge in twelve categories: foot and ankle, hand, orthopaedic science, hip and knee reconstruction, orthopaedic diseases, spine, pediatric orthopaedics, medical-related issues, sports medicine, musculoskeletal trauma, rehabilitation, and shoulder and elbow. Although the OITE was initially intended to measure an individual resident's knowledge against a national standard1,2, recent studies have shown that scores on the OITE correlate with passing scores on the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) Part-I written examination, which is taken at the completion of residency3,4. Prior to 2008, however, there were no analyses of the questions on the OITE. It seemed logical that an in-depth analysis of the test questions on the OITE would be a step toward improving OITE scores and, on the basis of the correlation between the OITE and the ABOS examination, might result in higher passing rates on the ABOS certifying examination as well. Analyses of the foot and ankle, pathology, sports, and hand sections of the OITE have previously been published, beginning in 20085-8. To our knowledge, however, there have been no publications related to the musculoskeletal trauma section. Using prior publications as an established model5-8, we focused on the musculoskeletal trauma questions on OITEs that were administered from the years 2005 to 2009 and attempted to provide a detailed analysis of these questions by analyzing the national performance data of residents at all levels of training, beginning with postgraduate year (PGY)-2 (completion of one year in training [YIT-1]), the references cited …
Understanding the dynamics of trends within evolving lineages

The study of evolutionary trends is one of the oldest and most intriguing topics in evolutionary biology and paleobiology (McNamara 1990). Workers since Cuvier, Lyell, and Owen have wanted to know if the fossil record demonstrates “progression” within temporal sequences of related organisms. Regardless of whether changes in the average values of morphological characters are progressive in any meaningful sense, these changes are still of great interest. In practice, questions about trends are most commonly framed by paleontologists in terms of “complexity” (however defined) or body size (McShea 1998a). Research on evolutionary trends has intensified over the last few years, bringing several fundamental conceptual issues to a head. Here I analyze these conceptual problems, concluding that paleontologists should largely abandon a key method used in most studies: comparing among-species morphological distributions in successive time slices, irrespective of phylogenetic patterns. These data supposedly may distinguish random evolution, constant directional trends, and diffusion away from morphological boundaries. However, many other simple evolutionary dynamics may result in the same nonrandom trends, making it difficult to distinguish qualitatively distinct mechanisms using time-slice data. Thus, I will try to show that comparisons between ancestral and descendant morphologies need to be made instead. The fundamental problem here is not so much mathematical or statistical as conceptual. Null hypotheses have not always been framed rigorously, and the logical connection between underlying hypotheses and methods for testing these hypotheses has sometimes been weak. Although paleontologists have long since embraced the use of null models, they still do not employ a single, straightforward definition of “randomness” (Eble 1999). As a result, different authors use different null hypotheses, and depending on their conceptual outlooks they may interpret the same kinds of patterns as either confirming or refuting the existence of trends. Considering the volume of literature and the century-long …
Far-Infrared Studies of Polyisoprene Vulcanization

Abstract The distribution of crosslink types (i.e., monosulfidic, disutfidic, polysulfidic) in accelerated sulfur vulcanized rubber dramatically effects the performance properties. Chemical probe reagents have been used extensively to determine the distribution of various crosslink types. However, this technique of selectively cleaving the different types of crosslinks and then measuring the swelling of the rubber is time consuming and experimentally difficult. The utility of using Far IR analysis to make these measurements has been explored. Correlations of Far IR data with classical chemical probe data will be presented. To minimize complexity this initial probe is limited to simple model gum polyisoprene/sulfenamide/sulfur formulations representing “Conventional” and “Hi-Lo” vulcanizate categories.
Trager Psychophysical Integration. A method to improve chest mobility of patients with chronic lung disease.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if Trager Psychophysical Integration would have an effect on patients with documented chronic lung diseases. The criterion measures were forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second and at three seconds (FEV1, FEV3), chest expansion, respiratory rate (RR), and subjective breathing difficulty. After a two-week regimen of Trager Psychophysical Integration administered by a physical therapist trained in the technique, our subjects exhibited significant changes at the p less than .05 level in FVC, RR, and chest expansion. We noted no significant changes in FEV1 and FEV3 or in subjective breathing difficulty. Because Trager Psychophysical Integration appears to have a positive effect on the restrictive component of chronic lung disease, physical therapists should learn this technique to treat more effectively their patients with chronic lung disease resulting from restriction.
DOE Fuel Cell Program: Durability Technical Targets and Testing Protocols

Fuel cells, especially those for transportation applications, must operate over a wide range of operating and cycling conditions. The desired operating range encompasses temperatures from well below the freezing point to well above the boiling point of water, relative humidity from ambient to saturated, and half-cell potentials from 0 to >1.5 V. Furthermore, the anode may be exposed to both hydrogen and air during different parts of the driving and start/stop cycles. Transportation fuel cell operation is greatly exacerbated by the transient and cyclic nature of the operating conditions. The cell/stack conditions cycle, sometimes quite rapidly, between high and low voltage, temperature, humidity, and gas composition. The cycling results in physical and chemical changes to components, sometimes with catastrophic results. This document describes DOE durability targets and the status of current fuel cell technology as well as accelerated stress test (AST) protocols to assess the performance and durability of PEM fuel cell components.
A lively conference with plenty of debate for the NPUAP in Texas.

The 10th National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) biennial conference and 20th anniversary celebration took place in February in San Antonio, Texas. Although discussion also focused on support surfaces, since 75% of the debate was on staging, that is the focus of this report.
Fibular Strut Graft for Revisional Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis

Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail is a procedure reserved for patients who have conditions affecting the ankle joint and subtalar joint. The most common complications include nonunion, malunion, delayed union, infection, periprosthetic fracture, hardware failure, lateral plantar nerve injury, and wound healing. Significant bone void may result if the hardware requires removal secondary to one of these complications. The purpose of this article is to report on 2 cases of infected intramedullary nails, which were revised with fibular inlay strut grafts. Both cases were augmented with either internal or external fixation.Levels of evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case report
Acute Effects of Guanethidine on Myocardial Contractility and Catecholamine Levels.

SummaryGuanethidine elicits a period of augmented myocardial contractility. Significant decrements in ventricle and aorta norepinephrine content are caused by the drug. With isolated hearts, the agent releases norepinephrine.
Prevention of Neuroma Formation by Encasement of the Severed Nerve End in Rigid Tubes

ConclusionWhen the cut end of the sciatic nerve of the dog is supported by a closely fitting, rigid tube, there is no tendency to disorderly overgrowth of the nerve fibers and connective tissue characteristic of neuroma formation.
Flight Test Results of Close Formation Flight for Fuel Savings

This paper explores the benefits of flying in a tight formation, mimicking the natural behavior of migratory birds such as geese. Based on computational work, some reduction in drag for the wingman is predicted based on the amount of wingtip overlap with the leader. The flight test looked specifically at four different lateral positions with varying degrees of wingtip overlap, all flown at 300 KIAS and 10,000 feet pressure altitude. The flight test had two primary objectives: 1.) The first objective was to evaluate the fuel savings in four different formation positions, and determine which was optimal. 2.) The second objective was to determine if the savings would increase further for trailing positions in a larger formation. The aircraft were manually flown, and positioning in the formation was achieved using visual clues. The results of the two-ship flight tests showed with 80% confidence that the wingman saved fuel in the predicted optimal position, 86% wingspan lateral spacing. This position yielded fuel savings of 8.8% ± 5.0%. The other lateral positions did not show a statistically significant fuel savings. The results were inconclusive as to the best position for the wingman to fly since none of them are statistically distinct. The three-ship formation results did not yield the expected results. Not only was there no significant difference between the two wingmen, but neither wingman showed any statistically significant fuel savings. The authors feel that the three-ship formation data is inconclusive due to the difficulty of trying to fly a stable position as the third aircraft in a formation, without precise relative location information and station-keeping ability.
The Influence of Age and Sexual Drive on the Predictive Validity of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol–Revised

The Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol–Revised (J-SOAP-II) is the most commonly used measure in the assessment of recidivism risk among juveniles who have committed sexual offenses (JSOs), but mixed support exists for its predictive validity. This study compared the predictive validity of the J-SOAP-II across two offender characteristics, age and sexual drive, in a sample of 156 JSOs who had been discharged from a correctional facility or a residential treatment program. The J-SOAP-II appeared to be a better predictor of sexual recidivism for younger JSOs (14-16 years old) than for older ones (17-19 years old), with significant differences found for the Dynamic Summary Scale and Scale III (Intervention). In addition, several of the measure’s scales significantly predicted sexual recidivism for JSOs with a clear pattern of sexualized behavior but not for those without such a pattern, indicating that the J-SOAP-II may have greater clinical utility for JSOs with heightened sexual drive. The implicatio...
Biology of Neurons

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the biology of neurons, which consists of four major components—the soma (cell body), the dendritic tree, the axon, and synaptic terminals. It is mentioned that as the majority of macromolecules utilized by the neuron are proteins, therefore, the cell has developed complex machinery for manufacturing specific proteins and their transport to specific sites within the neuron. The chapter discusses ultrastructure, neuronal cytoskeleton, axoplasmic flow, and regulatory mechanisms for axonal transport. The DNA of the neuron is located and transcribed in the nucleus to make RNA for the synthesis of a large variety of proteins and macromolecules. The cytosolic proteins are soluble and their ribosomes remain in the cytosol. Among the major proteins in this class are those that form the cytoskeleton of the cell, including neurofilaments, tubulines, actins, actin-associated proteins, and enzymes that catalyze reactions within the cell. The second classes of proteins are nuclear proteins and mitochondrial proteins. The ribosomes for these proteins are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and translocate into the ER lumen as they are synthesized. The third classes of proteins that are encoded by nuclear mRNA are proteins that are destined to become constituents of the cell membrane and membranes of the organelles within the neuron, and secretory proteins that are released at the nerve terminals. These proteins include neuropeptides that act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and growth factors. The cytoskeleton contains three major proteins—microfilaments, neurofilaments, and microtubules, which are essential for the axoplasmic flow, which is necessary for the survival of the nerve cell. Microfilaments are formed from actin. The principal anchoring protein in neurons and other cells of the body is fodrin or neural spectrin. Neurofilaments are the most abundant fibrillar components in axons and are the "bones" of the cytoskeleton. It is mentioned that the factors that regulate axonal transport and allow the delivery of transported macromolecules to their appropriate location are not well understood. In the case of synaptic vesicles, phosphorylation of synapsin-I is an important mechanism that may be involved in the vesicles being transported by the fast axoplasmic flow to localize at the synaptic terminals.
Efficacy of a Fatty Acid-Lactic Acid Postmilking Teat Germicide in Reducing Incidence of Bovine Mastitis.

The efficacy of a postmilking teat germicide containing Lauricidin®, and caprylic, capric, and lactic acids was evaluated against new udder infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae . The germicide was evaluated in two controlled infection trials using two dilutions of a concentrate. Active ingredients of the concentrate were 1% Lauricidin®, 5% caprylic/capric acids, and 6% lactic acid. The first dilution contained one part germicide to seven parts distilled water. New intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae were reduced 34.6% (P < 0.10) and 63.1% (P < 0.01), respectively. In the second trial, the germicide was diluted one part concentrate to three parts distilled water and tested using the same protocol. Efficacies were 67.8% (P < 0.001) and 77.2% (P < 0.001) against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae , respectively.
Performance of Transmit Precoding in Time-Varying Point-to-Point and Multi-User MIMO Channels

Transmit precoding strategies in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems provide a mechanism for increasing the performance of point-to-point links and enable spatial division multiple access in multi-user networks. However, communication node mobility in such systems can lead to rapid channel variation which limits the quality of attainable channel state information (CSI). This paper explores the performance of point-to-point and multi-user precoding strategies based on CSI which goes out of date and channel distribution information which provides a more average channel representation. Results based on experimentally obtained MIMO channels in outdoor environments are presented.
Expansion of Shockley Stacking faults in high doped 4H-SiC epilayers

Shockley Stacking fault (SSF) expansion from basal plane dislocations (BPDs) occurs during forward bias operation in 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC) and causes forward voltage drift in minority carrier SiC devices [1, 2]. Reverse bias breakdown voltage degradation with SSF expansion has also been reported [3]. The SSFs expansion occurs via the electron-hole recombination enhanced dislocation glide (REDG) process [4]. In order to mitigate the influence of these SSFs in the active drift layer, a high doped buffer layer was grown to convert most of the BPDs to threading edge dislocations (TED) within it. This confines the BPD to the buffer and only the relatively benign TED passes through the drift layer. Previously it was thought that SSF expansion would not occur in these high doped epilayers and propagate into the drift layer. However, this assumption that BPDs within the buffer do not affect the drift layer during carrier injection has not been previously studied. In this work using electron-hole creation by UV excitation, we image the motion and faulting of BPDs buried in the buffer layer and show that SFs originating in that layer expand into the device drift region.
Epilogue: the galacto-biology of collisions

As we return from the galaxy world to our own, many questions remain. If the recent rate of discovery continues, a number of those questions should be answered in the next couple of decades. Many powerful tools to address them are being developed. A few examples merit at least a mention. For radio astronomy, the recently upgraded VLA and ALMA arrays were briefly described in Chapter 6. Many instances of the value of radio telescopes for studying gas dynamics in galaxies have been given in previous chapters. To reiterate, gas dynamics is key to understanding starbursts and nuclear activity in the galaxy cores, while the structure of large gaseous tidal features provides important constraints on the nature of galaxy collisions.
Antiproliferative effects of glyceollin I on MCF-7 and BG-1 cells

B58 Background: Results of epidemiological studies relating consumption of dietary factors to cancer have increased the knowledge base that provides rationale for various nutritional strategies designed to contribute to cancer prevention and treatment. Of particular interest are the classes of compounds known as the phytoestrogens, which embody several groups of non-steroidal estrogens present in soy containing foods. Phytoestrogens exhibit a number of biological effects, suggesting that they may have a role in cancer prevention. We have identified the phytoestrogens glyceollins I, II and III in soy plants grown under stressed conditions which exhibit marked anti-estrogenic effects on ER function. In this study, we assessed the influence of glyceollin I on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and BG-1 ovarian cancer cells growth and gene expression. Materials and Methods: The effects of glyceollin I on proliferation were determined by colony assays. ER-dependent cells were plated in 6 well plates, treated with glyceollin I with and without estrogen stimulation. Colony formation was determined after 10 days of incubation. Gene expression was determined by ERE-luciferase and real time RT-PCR assays. ER-dependent cancer cell lines were transfected with an ERE-Luc plasmid, treated with glyceollin I in the presence and absence of estrogen stimulation, and harvested for luciferase activity. The cells were also analyzed for the quantitative expression of PgR and SDF-1 genes after glyceollin treatment with and without estrogen stimulation. In addition, binding of glyceollin I to ER-α was demonstrated with a competitive binding assay. Results: We have established the ability of glyceollin I to bind to the ER-α and to inhibit the expression of ER-dependent genes. We also demonstrated the suppression of proliferation on MCF-7 and BG-1 cells [estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α-positive), demonstrating that the effect of glyceollin I is not restricted to the MCF-7 model. Discussion: Our results establish the in vitro inhibition of estrogen-dependent cell growth by glyceollin I and also provide critical information to the understanding of estrogen-related cancers. The glyceollins may represent important components of a soy-based diet in terms of chemoprevention and treatment of estrogen-related cancer.
Comparative Outcomes Between Step-Cut Lengthening Calcaneal Osteotomy vs Traditional Evans Osteotomy for Stage IIB Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity:

Background:The forefoot abduction component of the flexible adult-acquired flatfoot can be addressed with lengthening of the anterior process of the calcaneus. We hypothesized that the step-cut len...
Fluctuation Effects on the Brush Structure of Mixed Brush Nanoparticles in Solution.

A potentially attractive way to control nanoparticle assembly is to graft one or more polymers on the nanoparticle, to control the nanoparticle–nanoparticle interactions. When two immiscible polymers are grafted on the nanoparticle, they can microphase separate to form domains at the nanoparticle surface. Here, we computationally investigate the phase behavior of such binary mixed brush nanoparticles in solution, across a large and experimentally relevant parameter space. Specifically, we calculate the mean-field phase diagram, assuming uniform grafting of the two polymers, as a function of the nanoparticle size relative to the length of the grafted chains, the grafting density, the enthalpic repulsion between the grafted chains, and the solvent quality. We find a variety of phases including a Janus phase and phases with varying numbers of striped domains. Using a nonuniform, random distribution of grafting sites on the nanoparticle instead of the uniform distribution leads to the development of defects i...
Clinical Reasoning: Importance of clinical phenomenology in the era of genetic testing

A 13-year-old right-handed girl had abnormal involuntary movements since infancy. She was born full-term by vaginal delivery with birthweight of 8 pounds, 3 ounces, from a mother who smoked cigarettes. The delivery was complicated by meconium aspiration but she did not require intubation or intensive care. Throughout her life, the abnormal movements remained stable. She described these movements as involuntary, nonsuppressible shaking, involving her entire body. The movements were continuous throughout the day, without diurnal variation, resolved only during sleep, were exacerbated by anxiety and excitement, and caused frequent falls. Medication trials with baclofen and levodopa were ineffective. She had history of global developmental delay (GDD), intellectual disability (ID), and adjustment disorder with anxiety, treated with sertraline. She also had intermittent asthmatic exacerbation and insomnia.
Dental deafferentation and brain damage: A review and a hypothesis.

In the last few decades, neurobiological and human brain imaging research have greatly advanced our understanding of brain mechanisms that support perception and memory, as well as their function in daily activities. Knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms behind the deafferentation of stomatognathic systems has also expanded greatly in recent decades. In particular, current studies reveal that the peripheral deafferentations of stomatognathic systems may be projected globally into the central nervous system (CNS) and become an associated critical factor in triggering and aggravating neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores basic neurobiological mechanisms associated with the deafferentation of stomatognathic systems. Further included is a discussion on tooth loss and other dental deafferentation (DD) mechanisms, with a focus on dental and masticatory apparatuses associated with brain functions and which may underlie the changes observed in the aging brain. A new hypothesis is presented where DD and changes in the functionality of teeth and the masticatory apparatus may cause brain damage as a result of altered cerebral circulation and dysfunctional homeostasis. Furthermore, multiple recurrent reorganizations of the brain may be a triggering or contributing risk factor in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A growing understanding of the association between DD and brain aging may lead to solutions in treating and preventing cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.
Stroke of unusual origin

Introduccion. El ictus de origen poco habitual es un sindrome heterogeneo con multiples etiologias. La mayoria de los pacientes afectados son adultos jovenes, y con frecuencia es la primera manifestacion de una enfermedad sistemica. Desarrollo. Este tipo de ictus representa menos del 10% de los ictus isquemicos. Dentro de las multiples etiologias, las enfermedades cardioembolicas, hematologicas con tendencia a la hipercoagulabilidad y las disecciones de arterias cervicocefalicas son las mas comunes. El pronostico depende de la etiologia subyacente, pero en general este tipo de ictus tiene un mejor pronostico que el de otras clases. Conclusiones. El ictus de origen poco habitual es relativamente poco comun, sin embargo, merece especial atencion ya que afecta sobre todo a los jovenes, si bien su pronostico y tratamiento varian de acuerdo a la etiologia. Es necesario investigar exhaustivamente a estos pacientes para establecer el diagnostico etiologico y el tratamiento precoz.
Insomnia and Pain Disorders

During the past decade there has been an increasing interest on the impact and interaction of pain and sleep disturbance. This chapter will present an overview of the growing literature on pain and insomnia, as well as a brief review of cognitive behavioral treatment options. In the United States, 15-20% of the population experiences acute pain and 25-30% experiences chronic pain. Almost a third adults experience at least one symptom a few nights or more per week according to the National Sleep Foundation’s 2005 Sleep in America poll It has been conservatively estimated that 28 million Americans experience sleep complaints in the context of a chronically painful condition. The pathophysiology of either condition and especially the comorbidity of the two have been poorly studied so have therapeutic interventions. Given the immense impact of sleep and pain on individual’s and society, there is a need to further understand and explore the pathways of sleep disturbance and pain.
Local and Regional Vascular Delivery Strategies for Therapeutic Angiogenesis and Myogenesis

An estimated 15% of patients with ischemic heart disease are not amenable to conventional methods of revascularization (1, 2, 3), and an additional 12–22% may be limited to incomplete percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or surgical procedures (1,4, 5, 6, 7). These so-called no-option patients often progress to end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy with an annual mortality in excess of 30% (8). Treatment options for this group remain limited to multidrug medical management, myocardial reduction surgery, left-ventricular (LV) assist device placement, or cardiac transplantation. The current estimation is that 100,000 patients per year in this group would potentially benefit from alternative therapies (2,3,9). Over the past decade, cardiac angiogenesis and myogenesis have emerged as such alternatives.
Making Sense of Resilient Life at the International Center of Photography Museum in New York City

This critical essay reviews two recent simultaneous exhibits at the International Center of Photography Museum in New York City in order to place the concept of resilience in the contemporary context of human insecurity and violence.It shows how the notion of resilient life is uncritically espoused by some contemporary artists and photographers in a way that renders the concept of resilience commonplace, expected, and unproblematic and, as such, incapable of offering a necessary challenge to various forms of violence against bodies and lives today.
Slow Progress and Persistent Challenges for the Underrepresented Minority Family Physician.

In the article, “Board certified family physician workforce: progress in racial and ethnic diversity,” the authors review the racial and ethnic background of physicians to document proportional growth over time as compared with 2017 United States Census data. In their analysis, they aggregated
Telling the Story of a Collection with Visualizations: A Case Study

Patrons and scholars are increasingly likely to first encounter a collection in a digital space rather than a physical one. This article considers how to utilize data visualization in an academic l...
Extracellular CIRP (eCIRP) and inflammation

Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) was discovered 2 decades ago while studying the mechanism of cold stress adaptation in mammals. Since then, the role of intracellular CIRP (iCIRP) as a stress-response protein has been extensively studied. Recently, extracellular CIRP (eCIRP) was discovered to also have an important role, acting as a damage-associated molecular pattern, raising critical implications for the pathobiology of inflammatory diseases. During hemorrhagic shock and sepsis, inflammation triggers the translocation of CIRP from the nucleus to the cytosol and its release to the extracellular space. eCIRP then induces inflammatory responses in macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. eCIRP also induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and pyroptosis in endothelial cells by activating the NF-κB and inflammasome pathways, and necroptosis in macrophages via mitochondrial DNA damage. eCIRP works through the TLR4-MD2 receptors. Studies with CIRP-/- mice reveal protection against inflammation, implicating eCIRP to be a novel drug target. Anti-CIRP Ab or CIRP-derived small peptide may have effective therapeutic potentials in sepsis, acute lung injury, and organ ischemia/reperfusion injuries. The current review focuses on the pathobiology of eCIRP by emphasizing on signal transduction machineries, leading to discovering novel therapeutic interventions targeting eCIRP in various inflammatory diseases.
Capitalizing on Cancer Replication Stress by Preventing PAR Chain Turnover: A New Type of Synthetic Lethality

Tumors resistant to PARP inhibitors frequently show signs of replication stress, with hyper-activated PARP. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Pillay et al. demonstrate that inhibiting PAR-chain turnover results in cell-cycle arrest, which is cytotoxic when combined with cell-cycle checkpoint inhibition and constitutes a novel cancer therapy.
ADMISSIBILITY AND LOCAL ASYMPTOTIC ADMISSIBILITY OF PROCEDURES WHICH COMBINE ESTIMATION AND MODEL SELECTION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the proof of a theorem that states if . For d = 1, this result is due to Meeden and Arnold. When K0 = {0}, the result reduces to the well known admissibility of the maximum likelihood estimator T of v relative to a quadratic loss function. The conclusion is well known to be false when d ≥ 3 and K = {0} and presumably is false in general when d ≥ 3. The chapter also presents an asymptotic version of this theorem along lines suggested by Hajek and LeCam.
Cesàro summability of Fourier orthogonal expansions on the cylinder

Abstract A result concerning the Cesaro summability of the Fourier orthogonal expansion of a function on the cylinder, where the orthogonal basis consists of orthogonal polynomials, in the L p norms is presented. An upper bound for critical index δ is obtained.
Two strains Vibrio parahaemolyticus detected from one seafood sample

Objective:To research two strains Vibrio parahaemolyticus(Vp) from one seafood sample on biochemical characteristic,serum subtype and molecular subtype,and elucidate the difference.Methods: To research Vp food-borne strains on Hemolysis test,Urease test,serum subtype and ribosomal DNA fingerprinting patterns.Results: Both Hemolysis test was positive,among which Urease test of oen strain was positive.Both Vp strains were divided into two different serotypes and ribogroups.Conclusion: Combined the biochemical characteristics,serotype with molecular subtype contribute to distinguish different strains of Vp,to definite the character of different strains.
Quality and Safety in Healthcare, Part LXVII: Counseling, Mental Health Services, and Wellness Curricula for Medical Students.

ABSTRACT There are many approaches to improving the well-being of medical students such as having a wellness curriculum including emphasizing the importance of keeping a balance in life between work and other activities, encouraging mindfulness and other stress reduction techniques, getting adequate sleep and exercise, and learning about the signs of burnout and depression. It is also important to have mentoring services and discussion groups available and to offer counseling for monetary management. Mental health services must be made available, and the students should be advised that seeking treatment will not adversely affect their ability to get a license or a good residency. The students should be counseled that being employed while in medical school is associated with a greater chance of burnout.
Effects of a Summer Reading Intervention on the Reading Performance of Elementary Grade Students from Low-Income Families.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 42 hr of reading instruction during summer on (a) reading performance of rising second and third graders (n = 39), who were from low-income f...
Wait-times, visa queues and uncertainty: the barriers to American legal migration

Legal permanent residency (LPR) removes the immediate threat of deportation and allows a permanent foothold in America. Yet despite its protections, LPR is an incredibly difficult status to achieve...
Computational behavior analysis takes on drug development.

By building a richer behavioral vocabulary, Wiltschko et al. tease apart subtle differences in how pharmacological agents affect animal behavior, mapping on- and off-target effects of drugs with improved precision.
Otosclerosis in an Urban Population.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the evolving prevalence of otosclerosis in a large urban population. METHODS A retrospective review of patients in a large, urban, public health system was conducted from January 2010 to August 2019 to identify subjects with otosclerosis. Diagnostic testing included audiometry and computed tomography scans. Sex, age at diagnosis, treatment received, race, ethnicity, and country of birth were analyzed for each subject and compared with all eligible patients in the reference population. RESULTS A total of 134 patients from a reference population of 672,839 were diagnosed with otosclerosis and analyzed. The otosclerosis patients were predominantly Hispanic (73%), of which the majority were foreign born (87%). The average age at onset was 46 years and 59% were women. The overall prevalence of otosclerosis was 20 of 100,000 patients. The crude prevalence of otosclerosis by ethnicity was 43 of 100,000 for Hispanics, 12.6 of 100,000 for Caucasians, and 3 of 100,000 for African Americans. Within the Hispanic population, the prevalence of otosclerosis was 60 of 100,000 for foreign-born individuals and 16 of 100,000 for those born in the USA (odds ratio [OR] = 3.69, [95% confidence interval [CI], 2.02-6.76], p < 0.0001). Prevalence was not significantly different among Caucasians and US-born Hispanics. CONCLUSION Otosclerosis in the studied population was most common among Hispanic patients, though it was strongly influenced by country of birth. The "imported" otosclerosis cases are best explained by environmental influence rather than ethnic susceptibility. This discrepancy is likely due to variance in measles immunization rates among North and Central American countries before 1990.
How Noise Affects Bats and What It Reveals About Their Biosonar Systems

Echolocating bats use sounds for both perceiving their surroundings and social communication, which makes bats vulnerable to environmental and anthropogenic noise. Whether a particular noise source affects bats depends upon the acoustic properties of the noise and those of the bat’s pulses as well as whether the bat is roosting, commuting or foraging. This chapter reviews some of the key discoveries on this topic that have emerged since the first North American Society of Bat Research (NASBR) meeting 50 years ago. A variety of different experimental approaches focused on noise have synergistically advanced the study of bat biosonar and acoustic communication. Psychoacoustic studies used noise stimuli to probe mechanistic questions about how the bat’s brain processes and interprets echoes. Behavioral studies examined the long-term effects of intense noise on bat hearing, revealing that bats were surprisingly resistant to noise-induced hearing deficits at noise levels that cause hearing loss in other mammals. Lab and field studies have explored how bats respond to noise, focusing especially on behaviors that appear to successfully mitigate its negative effects. Field research has investigated the ecological consequences of both natural and anthropogenic noise, identifying the significant threats of noise pollution for bat populations. Collectively, these studies provide a cohesive framework for understanding the evolution of bat biosonar while also identifying key issues for ensuring their conservation.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Active, Disabled and Total Life Expectancy Among Community-living Older Persons

Background: Neighborhood disadvantage is a novel social determinant of health that could adversely affect the functional well-being and longevity of older persons. We evaluated whether estimates of active, disabled and total life expectancy differ on the basis of neighborhood disadvantage after accounting for individual-level socioeconomic characteristics and other prognostic factors. Methods: We used data on 754 community-living older persons from South Central Connecticut, who completed monthly assessments of disability from 1998 to 2020. Scores on the area deprivation index were dichotomized at the 80th state percentile to distinguish neighborhoods that were disadvantaged (81-100) from those that were not (1-80). Results: Within 5-year age increments from 70 to 90, active and total life expectancy were consistently lower in participants from neighborhoods that were disadvantaged versus not disadvantaged, and these differences persisted and remained statistically significant after adjustment for individual-level race/ethnicity, education, income, and other prognostic factors. At age 70, adjusted estimates (95% CI) for active and total life expectancy (in years) were 12.3 (11.5-13.1) and 15.0 (13.8-16.1) in the disadvantaged group and 14.2 (13.5-14.7) and 16.7 (15.9-17.5) in the non-disadvantaged group. At each age, participants from disadvantaged neighborhoods spent a greater percentage of their projected remaining life disabled, relative to those from non-disadvantaged neighborhoods, with adjusted values (SE) ranging from 17.7 (0.8) vs. 15.3 (0.5) at age 70 to 55.0 (1.7) vs. 48.1 (1.3) at age 90. Conclusions: Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with lower active and total life expectancy and a greater percentage of projected remaining life disabled.