cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric contribution to high surface ozone in Colorado during springtime

[1] The contribution of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport to high surface ozone (O3) along the Colorado Front Range during spring of 1999 is examined using lidar and surface measurements. A deep tropopause fold brought ∼215 ppbv of O3 to within 1 km of the highest peaks in the Rocky Mountains on 6 May 1999. One-minute average O3 mixing ratios exceeding 100 ppbv were subsequently measured at a surface site in Boulder, and daily maximum 8-hour O3 concentrations greater or equal to the 2008 NAAQS O3 standard of 0.075 ppmv were recorded at 3 of 9 Front Range monitoring stations. Other springtime peaks in surface O3 are also shown to coincide with passage of upper level troughs and dry stable layers aloft. These results show that the stratospheric contribution to surface ozone is significant, and can lead to exceedance of the 2008 NAAQS O3 standards in a major U.S. metropolitan area.
Effect of Pressure on the Metal-Nonmetal Transition and Conductivity of Fe 3 O 4

It was recently suggested that the metal-nonmetal transition which occurs in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ at \ensuremath{\simeq}120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K may be of the Mott-Wigner type. Present results on the effects of pressure on the transition temperature and the conductivity of the low-temperature phase are consistent with such a model. ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ may thus be the first material in which such a transition has been observed.
Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity Study of p-CuO/n-ZnO composites

In this paper, efficacy of p-n junction p-CuO/n-ZnO composite is assessed as a potential photocatalyst by monitoring degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of UV light. The p-n junction photocatalyst, p-CuO/n-ZnO, was prepared by ball milling of ZnO and CuO in water. The structural properties of p-CuO/n-ZnO composite were characterized by x-ray diffractometer and surface charge properties via zeta potential measurement. The degradation of MB in the presence of composite powder was monitored via UV-vis spectrometer. Various studies affecting the degradation rate of MB were conducted as a function of weight fraction of CuO in the composite and ball milling time. The highest degradation rate of MB was achieved in CuO (10 Wt.%)/ZnO for which high negative zeta potential was recorded. The MB degradation efficiency was found to decrease with the samples ball milled for time longer than 12 hours due to increased agglomeration of particles. The mechanisms that influence the photocatalytic activity of p-CuO/n-ZnO are discussed based on the p-n junction principle.
An efficient heuristic ordering algorithm for partial matrix refactorization

An efficient algorithm for ordering a sparse matrix A for partial refactorization is given. The heuristic ordering method is based on simple graphic manipulations. The method locally minimizes the length of the factorization paths while preserving the sparsity of the matrix. The ordering method is also useful in enhancing the sparsity of the inverse of the triangular factor L and A, and in other applications. Claims are substantiated by experiments using test data from several power system networks and comparison with conventional ordering techniques. >
The ΔfbpA mutant derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv has an enhanced susceptibility to intracellular antimicrobial oxidative mechanisms, undergoes limited phagosome maturation and activates macrophages and dendritic cells

Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) excludes phagocyte oxidase (phox) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) while preventing lysosomal fusion in macrophages (MPhis). The antigen 85A deficient (Delta fbpA) mutant of Mtb was vaccinogenic in mice and the mechanisms of attenuation were compared with MPhis infected with H37Rv and BCG. Delta fbpA contained reduced amounts of trehalose 6, 6, dimycolate and induced minimal levels of SOCS-1 in MPhis. Blockade of oxidants enhanced the growth of Delta fbpA in MPhis that correlated with increased colocalization with phox and iNOS. Green fluorescent protein-expressing strains within MPhis or purified phagosomes were analysed for endosomal traffick with immunofluorescence and Western blot. Delta fbpA phagosomes were enriched for rab5, rab11, LAMP-1 and Hck suggesting enhanced fusion with early, recycling and late endosomes in MPhis compared with BCG or H37Rv. Delta fbpA phagosomes were thus more mature than H37Rv or BCG although, they failed to acquire rab7 and CD63 preventing lysosomal fusion. Finally, Delta fbpA infected MPhis and dendritic cells (DCs) showed an enhanced MHC-II and CD1d expression and primed immune T cells to release more IFN-gamma compared with those infected with BCG and H37Rv. Delta fbpA was thus more immunogenic in MPhis and DCs because of an enhanced susceptibility to oxidants and increased maturation.
High-throughput cloning and expression library creation for functional proteomics

The study of protein function usually requires the use of a cloned version of the gene for protein expression and functional assays. This strategy is particularly important when the information available regarding function is limited. The functional characterization of the thousands of newly identified proteins revealed by genomics requires faster methods than traditional single-gene experiments, creating the need for fast, flexible, and reliable cloning systems. These collections of ORF clones can be coupled with high-throughput proteomics platforms, such as protein microarrays and cell-based assays, to answer biological questions. In this tutorial, we provide the background for DNA cloning, discuss the major high-throughput cloning systems (Gateway® Technology, Flexi® Vector Systems, and Creator(TM) DNA Cloning System) and compare them side-by-side. We also report an example of high-throughput cloning study and its application in functional proteomics. This tutorial is part of the International Proteomics Tutorial Programme (IPTP12).
Rescue of α-synuclein cytotoxicity by insulin-like growth factors

While mutation of alpha-synuclein is a cause of autosomal-dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), it is still elusive as to how alpha-synuclein is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Here, we show that dopamine-dependent accumulation of alpha-synuclein in cultured cells results in apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway can rescue alpha-synuclein toxicity and suppress alpha-synuclein aggregation through the activation of PI3K/Akt pathways. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of IGF-1 pathway in Parkinson disease.
The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 increases morphine catalepsy and lethality

Interactions between excitatory amino acids and opioids were examined by studying the ability of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 to affect morphine catalepsy and lethality. MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg) reduced the ED50 for morphine-induced catalepsy from approximately 30 mg/kg to less than 10 mg/kg, and reduced the LD50 for morphine from approximately 100 mg/kg to approximately 10 mg/kg. Lower doses of MK-801 did not affect morphine catalepsy or lethality. MK-801, in the absence of morphine, produced no catalepsy or lethality at doses up to 3.0 mg/kg; at 0.3 mg/kg MK-801 caused weaving, body rolling and ataxia, as previously described, while at 3.0 mg/kg animals appeared to lose muscle tone, becoming limp. These results demonstrate that blockade of NMDA receptors can dramatically potentiate morphine catalepsy and lethality, and suggest a potential dangerous interaction with opioids in the clinical use of NMDA receptor antagonists.
Practical performance and enabling technologies in immersion scanners for the double patterning generation

ABSTRACT At SPIE2010, excellent performance of the cutting edge imme rsion lithography scanner, the NSR-S620D, which is based on the new Streamlign  platform was demonstrated. Last years work focused mainly on machine evaluation data [1] . Now, many S620Ds are employed at customers sites and being used in device manufacturing. In this paper, the authors will introduce the latest factory data, as well as various techniques that enable superior yield and enhance productivity in IC manufacturing. It is well understood, that in order to achieve further device shrinks without using traditional techniques such as NA expansion or wavelength reduction, several practical issues must be overcome. Extremely tight overlay performance will be required for pitch splitting double patterning, for example. In addition, it is also necessary to control the image plane and the aberration of the optics much more carefully. Of course these improvements must also be achieved with sufficient productivity (throughput). In orde r to satisfy all of the requirements fo r mass production at customer factories, many variable factors must be dealt with. One of these variable factors is the char acteristics of the processed wafers that include on-flatness, grid distortion, steep topology around the edge, or topography of the previous layers patterns. These factors typically impact overlay and/or auto focus accuracy. Another variable is the difference in exposure conditions between layers, which include illumination conditions, dose, reticle transmittance, and the alignment marks. Exposure induced heating in particular is the key issue for todays enhanced throughput capabilities, with regards to achieving both optimal accuracy and productivity. In some IC production facilities, and often foundri es, many different kinds of products are manufactured in parallel. However, in order to enhance performance and accuracy, it is sometimes necessary to optimize machine parameters for each product. Cleary this requires quick tuning ca pabilities to minimize overhea d affects for each product. As discussed earlier, various techniques must be utilized to minimize the gap between machine inspection data and manufacturing performance at customer sites. This paper discusses such technologies and provides the supporting data. Keywords: exposure tool, scanner, double patterning, overlay, throughput, auto focus, encoder, mix and match
Analysis of the A-V Conduction Defect in Complete Heart Block Utilizing His Bundle Electrograms

Twenty-one patients with complete heart block (CHB) were studied by recording His bundle (BH) electrograms. The site of block was localized proximal or distal to the site at which the BH electrogram was recorded. Eighteen patients had block distal to the recorded BH deflection. One of these 18 patients had a narrow QRS complex indicating block within the His bundle; the other 17 had wide QRS complexes probably due to bilateral bundle-branch block. The three patients with block proximal to the His bundle are examples of A-V nodal block or block in the uppermost portion of the BH. Two of these three had normal QRS complexes; the third with a left bundle-branch block pattern demonstrated that during CHB the ECG criteria for the localization of the site of block are not dependable. The conduction time from the atrium to the BH (A-H time) was measured in the 18 patients with CHB distal to the BH and was within the normal range. With atrial pacing there was progressive lengthening of the A-H time, and Wenckebac...
Implementation of designated bariatric surgery program leads to improved clinical outcomes

Abstract Background Emphasis on the development of designated programs for bariatric surgery as a method of quality improvement has increased; however, the data on the effect of these programs on the clinical outcome are insufficient. The aim of the present study was to consider the effect of the implementation of a bariatric clinical program on patient outcomes in a high-volume academic setting. Methods We implemented a focused bariatric clinical program to establish common clinical pathways and improve the critical clinical processes. To evaluate the effect of this program, we studied outcome and quality indicators, such as caseload, average length of stay (ALOS), and mortality, readmission, and complication rates during the 6-year period since the introduction of the program. Results From June 2000 to June 2006 (financial year 2001–2006), 1886 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedures were performed at our institution, with 7 deaths (.37%). During this period, we observed a progressive decrease in the ALOS from 6.7 days in 2001 to 3.2 days in 2006, a significant reduction of the 30-day readmission rates from 15.7% in 2001 to 8.1% in 2006, and a reduction of the observed overall complication rate from 18.6% in 2001 to 4.8% in 2006. Conclusion We observed a significant improvement in patient outcomes with the introduction of a designated bariatric surgery program. Additional studies of the validity of these quality indicators are needed to determine the true effect of these quality improvement programs.
Drug abuse prevention for trainees in the health professions

Substance abuse among health professionals, serious though rarely acknowledged, affects the well-being of many professionals and their patients. Relatively little has been done to develop preventive programs. This paper reviews current and past programs at health science centers in the USA - primary, secondary, and tertiary - aimed at preventing substance abuse and addiction.
Mutations in a Drosophila α2δ Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Subunit Reveal a Crucial Synaptic Function

Voltage-dependent calcium channels regulate many aspects of neuronal biology, including synaptic transmission. In addition to their α 1 subunit, which encodes the essential voltage gate and selective pore, calcium channels also contain auxiliary α 2 δ, β, and γ subunits. Despite progress in understanding the biophysical properties of calcium channels, the in vivo functions of these auxiliary subunits remain unclear. We have isolated mutations in the gene encoding an α 2 δ calcium channel subunit ( d α 2 δ-3) using a forward genetic screen in Drosophila . Null mutations in this gene are embryonic lethal and can be rescued by expression in the nervous system, demonstrating that the essential function of this subunit is neuronal. The photoreceptor phenotype of d α 2 δ-3 mutants resembles that of the calcium channel α 1 mutant cacophony ( cac ), suggesting shared functions. We have examined in detail genotypes that survive to the third-instar stage. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrate that synaptic transmission is severely impaired in these mutants. Thus the α 2 δ calcium channel subunit is critical for calcium-dependent synaptic function. As such, this Drosophila isoform is the likely partner to the presynaptic calcium channel α 1 subunit encoded by the cac locus. Consistent with this hypothesis, cacGFP fluorescence at the neuromuscular junction is reduced in d α 2 δ-3 mutants. This is the first characterization of an α 2 δ-3 mutant in any organism and indicates a necessary role for α 2 δ-3 in presynaptic vesicle release and calcium channel expression at active zones.
Revisiting the Sequential Programming Model for the Multicore Era

Automatic parallelization has thus far not been successful at extracting scalable parallelism from general programs. An aggressive automatic thread extraction framework, coupled with natural extensions to the sequential programming model that allow for a range of legal outcomes rather than forcing programmers to define a single legal program outcome, will let programmers achieve the performance of parallel programming via the simpler sequential model.
The first national adult immunization summit 2012: implementing change through action.

Abstract To address lagging vaccine coverage among adults in the United States, over 150 organizations representing a wide range of immunization partners convened in Atlanta, GA from May 15–16, 2012 for the inaugural National Adult Immunization Summit. The meeting called for solution-oriented discussion toward improving current immunization levels, implementing the 2011 National Vaccine Advisory Committee adult immunization recommendations, and capitalizing on new opportunities to improve coverage. Provisions in the federal health reform law that increase access to preventive services, including immunizations, and the increasing numbers of complementary vaccine providers such as pharmacists, create new opportunities to increase access for immunization services and improve coverage for adults. The Summit organized around five focal areas: empowering providers, quality and performance measures, increasing access and collaboration, educating patients, and informing decision-makers. These focal areas formed the basis of working groups, charged to coordinate efforts by the participating organizations to address gaps in the current immunization system. Summit participants identified priority themes to address as tasks during the coming year, including better communicating the value of immunizations to increase demand for immunizations, creating a central repository of resources for providers, patients, and others interested in improving adult immunization levels, examining performance and quality measures and evaluating means to use such measures to motivate vaccine providers, increasing engagement with employer and employee groups to increase awareness and demand for vaccinations, improving the use of immunization information systems and electronic health reports, decreasing barriers to all vaccine providers including pharmacists and community vaccinators, decreasing the complexity of the adult vaccine schedule where possible, engaging adult immunization champions and leaders in key sectors, including adult healthcare provider groups, and encouraging more integration of immunization services with other preventive services.
Types, potency, and idempotency: why nonlinearity and amnesia make a type system work

Useful type inference must be faster than normalization. Otherwise, you could check safety conditions by running the program. We analyze the relationship between bounds on normalization and type inference. We show how the success of type inference is fundamentally related to the amnesia of the type system: the nonlinearity by which all instances of a variable are constrained to have the same type.Recent work on intersection types has advocated their usefulness for static analysis and modular compilation. We analyze System-I (and some instances of its descendant, System E), an intersection type system with a type inference algorithm. Because System-I lacks idempotency, each occurrence of a variable requires a distinct type. Consequently, type inference is equivalent to normalization in every single case, and time bounds on type inference and normalization are identical. Similar relationships hold for other intersection type systems without idempotency.The analysis is founded on an investigation of the relationship between linear logic and intersection types. We show a lockstep correspondence between normalization and type inference. The latter shows the promise of intersection types to facilitate static analyses of varied granularity, but also belies an immense challenge: to add amnesia to such analysis without losing all of its benefits.
Follicular lymphoma transformation to dual translocated Burkitt-like lymphoma: improved disease control associated with radiation therapy.

Dual translocated (or “dual hit”) lymphomas are highly aggressive B cell neoplasms associated with an extremely poor prognosis. The optimal treatment for these lymphomas remains undefined. We present two cases of follicular lymphoma with transformation to Burkitt-like lymphoma. In both cases dual translocations involving both the bcl-2 and c-myc loci were present. Each patient underwent intensive induction immunochemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation and radiation therapy. The first patient received post-transplant mediastinal radiation and developed recurrence in multiple areas outside of the radiation field. The second patient received total body irradiation as part of the conditioning regimen, and is without recurrence 18 months after transplant, and 24 months after diagnosis of the dual translocated lymphoma. We review dual translocation B cell lymphoma in the setting of transformation from follicular lymphoma, and suggest a potential role for total body irradiation in the management of this highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
ACYCLOVIR THERAPY FOR MUCOCUTANEOUS HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS

11 of 24 immunocompromised patients with mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections were given intravenous acyclovir in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Patients receiving acyclovir experienced no major adverse effects. The median times to cessation of new lesion formation, lesion crusting, lesion healing, cessation of pain, and termination of viral shedding were shorter in the acyclovir-treated group than in the placebo group. The time-to-event probability curves for the acyclovir and placebo groups were significantly different for cessation of pain (p=0.032) and termination of viral shedding (p=0.004). The median times to termination of viral shedding were also statistically different (p=0.045). Acyclovir seems to be a non-toxic and effective treatment for mucocutaneous HSV infections in immunocompromised patients.
In vivo measurements of brain glucose transport using the reversible michaelis-menten model and simultaneous measurements of cerebral blood flow changes during hypoglycemia

Glucose is the major substrate that sustains normal brain function. When the brain glucose concentration approaches zero, glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier becomes rate limiting for metabolism during, for example, increased metabolic activity and hypoglycemia. Steady-state brain glucose concentrations in alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats were measured noninvasively as a function of plasma glucose. The relation between brain and plasma glucose was linear at 4.5 to 30 mmol/L plasma glucose, which is consistent with the reversible Michaelis-Menten model. When the model was fitted to the brain glucose measurements, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Kt, was 3.3 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, and the ratio of the maximal transport rate relative to CMRglc, Tmax/CMRglc, was 2.7 +/- 0.1. This Kt is comparable to the authors' previous human data, suggesting that glucose transport kinetics in humans and rats are similar. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was simultaneously assessed and constant above 2 mmol/L plasma glucose at 73 +/- 6 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1). Extrapolation of the reversible Michaelis-Menten model to hypoglycemia correctly predicted the plasma glucose concentration (2.1 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) at which brain glucose concentrations approached zero. At this point, CBF increased sharply by 57% +/- 22%, suggesting that brain glucose concentration is the signal that triggers defense mechanisms aimed at improving glucose delivery to the brain during hypoglycemia.
A new confusing model of GERD: A spectrum of phenotypic progression

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Induction by cocaine of defective spindle formation in cultured mouse oocytes

The effect of cocaine on spindle morphology in mouse oocytes was investigated. Oocytes were exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 μg cocaine/ml and cultured for 20 hr to the metaphase II equivalent stage. Spindles were visualized in whole-mount preparations by indirect immunofluorescence staining for tubulin. Concentrations of 10 and 100 μg cocaine/ml had no significant effect on oocyte maturation. Cocaine at a concentration of 10 μg/ml also had no discernible effect on spindle morphology but exposure to 100 μg/ml resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of defective spindles (44 ± 7% compared with 12 ± 2% in controls). Exposure to 1000 μg cocaine/ml blocked development at the metaphase I stage. The abnormal spindles were characterized by barrel shapes and asymmetric spindle halves containing wavy or branched spindle fibres. Chromosome misalignment was also observed in some cases. Spindle-active agents are known to cause chromosome malsegregation and the results of this study suggest that cocaine may have the potential to cause aneuploidy.
Synthesis of reactive oxazolyl styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers

A series of oxazoline-modified styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers was prepared through the reaction of amino alcohols onto preformed SAN copolymers. Consequently, a variety of reactive copolymers were synthesized. The major focus of this study was to examine the influence of reaction conditions, i.e., the nature of the catalyst and amino alcohol structure, on reactivity. The ability to incorporate oxazoline groups onto preformed polymers is dependent on whether homogeneous reaction conditions are met. For example, the use of nonreactive solubilizing agents, i.e., cosolvent, is effective. However, optimum conditions are obtained when the catalyst is completely soluble in the reaction mixture containing the amino alcohol and SAN copolymer. With these restrictions, zinc stearate is quite effective. Our results show that controlled and reproducible levels of oxazoline can be incorporated (typically at a rate of 2 mol %/h) up to high levels. These results are general and therefore are applicable to a wide variety of nitrile-containing polymers. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Laparoscopic liver resection for benign and malignant liver tumors

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic liver resection is one of the most complex procedures in hepatobiliary surgery. In the last two decades, laparoscopic liver surgery has emerged as an option at major academic institutions. The purpose of this study is to describe the initial experience of minimally invasive liver resections at a non-academic institution. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resections between June 2006 and December 2009 at our center. Indications, technical aspects, and outcomes of these patients are described. RESULTS: Laparoscopic liver resection was attempted in 28 patients. Of these, 27 patients underwent laparoscopic liver resection (22 total laparoscopic and 5 hand assisted) and one needed conversion to open surgery. Twenty patients had a benign lesion and 8 had malignant lesions. Three patients had multiple lesions in different segments requiring separate resections. The lesions were located in segments Ⅱ-Ⅲ (n=18), Ⅳ (n=3), Ⅴ-Ⅵ (n=9), and VII (n=1). Tumor size ranged from 1.5 cm to 8.5 cm. The surgical procedures included left lateral sectionectomy (n=17), left hepatectomy (n=2), sectionectomy (n=8), and local resections (n=4). Median operative time was 110 minutes (range 55-210 minutes), and the median length of hospital stay was 2.5 days (range 1-7 days). There was no perioperative mortality. One patient developed hernia at the site of tumor extraction requiring repair at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic liver resections can be safely performed in selected patients with benign and malignant liver tumors. With increasing experience, laparoscopic liver resections are likely to become a favorable alternative to open resection.
The Cartesian method for solving partial differential equations in spherical geometry

Abstract Cartesian coordinates are used to solve the nonlinear shallow-water equations on the sphere. The two-dimensional equations, in spherical coordinates, are first embedded in a three-dimensional system in a manner that preserves solutions of the two-dimensional system. That is, solutions of the three-dimensional system, with appropriate initial conditions, also solve the two-dimensional system on the surface of the sphere. The higher dimensional system is then transformed to Cartesian coordinates. Computations are limited to the surface of the sphere by projecting the equations, gradients, and solution onto the surface. The projected gradients are approximated by a weighted sum of function values on a neighboring stencil. The weights are determined by collocation using the spherical harmonics in trivariate polynomial form. That is, the weights are computed from the requirement that the projected gradients are near exact for a small set of spherical harmonics. The method is applicable to any distribution of points and two test cases are implemented on an icosahedral geodesic grid. The method is both vectorizable and parallelizable.
Impurity Ion Effects in the Ferrimagnetic Resonance of Ordered Lithium Ferrite

Experimental results are reported on the ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth, g factor, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy field of ionically ordered lithium ferrite monocrystals containing impurity ions. The measurements were made at frequencies ranging from 16.0 to 30.9 kMc and at temperatures ranging from 4.2° to 300°K. It is shown that: (a) the temperature dependence of the g factor is proportional to 1/T at “high” temperatures (50°K≲T≤300°K) but less pronounced at “low” temperatures (T≲50°K); (b) the linewidth vs temperature curves exhibit a maximum in the transition region (T≈50°K) for all crystallographic directions which are not in the vicinity of [110]; (c) at 300°K the linewidth in the [111] direction increases linearly with increasing frequency; (d) all these experimental results can be interpreted on the basis of the theory of rapidly relaxing impurity ions proposed by Kittel and co-workers. In regard to the anisotropy field, it is shown experimentally that at 4.2°K anomalous peaks exist in the [110] and [112] directions of the (110) plane, and that the amplitude of the former is twice that of the latter. An analysis based on Kittel’s theory of anomalous anisotropy fields is supplemented by specific assumptions to explain both of these observations as well as the other details of the angular dependence of the anisotropy field.
Teaching pre‐service teachers to design inclusive instruction: a lesson planning template

When designing lessons to meet the needs of our increasingly diverse population of students, educators need to rethink planning and structuring lessons so that all students achieve better results. ...
Universal service: A new definition?

The concept of ''universal service obligation'' (USO) has been around for decades; however, its definition continues to change. The notion that the last mile of fixed-line access should be subsidized has spread around the world, despite well reasoned arguments and empirical evidence that the policy is and was a failure. It created artificial competition. Now the concept is becoming bifurcated. Should wireless and/or broadband services be included in the definition of universal services? The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate why the definition should be expanded, although a definitive prescription is not offered. This paper is in two parts: What should constitute USO definitions and how, if at all, it should be implemented? Many consumers are ''cutting-the-cord'' and moving directly to alternative services. In this ubiquitous communications environment the whole set of possible communications methods should be considered when defining ''universal connectivity.'' Second, no one service or technology should be relied on to support subsidies. The second part of the paper addresses the policy question: How should this connectivity be achieved?
Teaching 9/11: Using public relations to bolster civil society

Abstract This article discusses a series of student projects in an introductory public relations class at the University of Hartford. The projects were developed in the weeks following the attacks of September 11, 2001 and focused on public relations’ crucial role in restoring confidence in the institutions of civil society. They centered on entities vital to New York (tourist industry and police), to transportation (rail and airlines), and investment/commodities (entertainment industries and stock exchange). Students were not only better able to appreciate this vital role but the extent to which thorough research, as a basis for strategic planning, was critical to success in regaining public trust.
Effects of assessment frequency on subjective intoxication ratings after alcohol consumption.

Background: It is common for subjective intoxication measures to be administered frequently throughout an experimental session. It is unclear, however, whether repeated assessments affect the experience of intoxication. This study examined the effect of assessing subjective intoxication levels during alcohol consumption on subsequent perceptions of intoxication after drinking. Methods: Forty-two participants consumed a moderate dose of alcohol (men, 82 g/kg; women, 0.74 g/kg) during a 30-min period. Participants either reported or did not report subjective intoxication levels at 10-min intervals during the drinking period. After the drink, all participants rated their level of subjective intoxication on several occasions. Results: Individuals who reported their intoxication during the drinking period reported higher levels after consumption than did those who did not rate their intoxication during drinking. Conclusions: These data suggest the potential for reactivity effects when conducting repeated assessments of perceived subjective intoxication.
Nuclear β decay, atomic parity violation, and new physics

The determinations of $|{V}_{\mathrm{ud}}{|}^{2}$ with super-allowed Fermi $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay in nuclei and of the weak charge of cesium in atomic parity violation deviate from the standard model predicitions by $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ or more. In both cases, the standard model overpredicts the magnitudes of the relevant observables. I discuss the implications of these results for R-parity violating (RPV) extensions of the minimal supersymmetric standard model. I also explore the possible consequences for RPV supersymmetry of prospective future low-energy electroweak measurements.
Spatio-temporal meme prediction: learning what hashtags will be popular where

In this paper, we tackle the problem of predicting what online memes will be popular in what locations. Specifically, we develop data-driven approaches building on the global footprint of 755 million geo-tagged hashtags spread via Twitter. Our proposed methods model the geo-spatial propagation of online information spread to identify which hashtags will become popular in specific locations. Concretely, we develop a novel reinforcement learning approach that incrementally updates the best geo-spatial model. In experiments, we find that the proposed method outperforms alternative linear regression based methods.
Recurrent renal cell carcinoma after 45 years

Late recurrence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), arbitrarily defined as > 10 years post nephrectomy, is rare. The longest known clinical disease-free interval of 36 years was reported by Walter and Gellespie in 1960. We report a case of recurrent RCC presenting 45 years after nephrectomy.
SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS AND EMPLOYER BEHAVIOR: EVALUATING SOCIAL SECURITY EARLY RETIREMENT BENEFITS AS A FORM OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE*

Employers often shed older workers by encouraging them to “take” early retirement. An implicit contract model suggests that this behavior will be influenced by the social security early retirement program. When demand is weak and layoffs are necessary, social security benefits can act like a form of unemployment insurance, effectively subsidizing workforce reductions by lowering the cost to the firm of shedding older workers. Since social security benefits are not subject to experience rating, the result is an inefficiently high level of early retirements. This paper concludes with a discussion of policies for restoring early retirements to efficient levels.
Associations between antioxidants and all-cause mortality among US adults with obstructive lung function

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterised by oxidative stress, but little is known about the associations between antioxidant status and all-cause mortality in adults with this disease. The objective of the present study was to examine the prospective associations between concentrations of α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, Se, vitamin C and α-tocopherol and all-cause mortality among US adults with obstructive lung function. Data collected from 1492 adults aged 20-79 years with obstructive lung function in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-94) were used. Through 2006, 629 deaths were identified during a median follow-up period of 14 years. After adjustment for demographic variables, the concentrations of the following antioxidants modelled as continuous variables were found to be inversely associated with all-cause mortality among adults with obstructive lung function: α-carotene (P= 0·037); β-carotene (P= 0·022); cryptoxanthin (P= 0·022); lutein/zeaxanthin (P= 0·004); total carotenoids (P= 0·001); vitamin C (P< 0·001). In maximally adjusted models, only the concentrations of lycopene (P= 0·013) and vitamin C (P= 0·046) were found to be significantly and inversely associated with all-cause mortality. No effect modification by sex was detected, but the association between lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations and all-cause mortality varied by smoking status (P interaction= 0·048). The concentrations of lycopene and vitamin C were inversely associated with all-cause mortality in this cohort of adults with obstructive lung function.
Energy and Public Health: The Challenge of Peak Petroleum

Petroleum is a unique and essential energy source, used as the principal fuel for transportation, in producing many chemicals, and for numerous other purposes. Global petroleum production is expected to reach a maximum in the near future and to decline thereafter, a phenomenon known as "peak petroleum." This article reviews petroleum geology and uses, describes the phenomenon of peak petroleum, and reviews the scientific literature on the timing of this transition. It then discusses how peak petroleum may affect public health and health care, by reference to four areas: medical supplies and equipment, transportation, energy generation, and food production. Finally, it suggests strategies for anticipating and preparing for peak petroleum, both general public health preparedness strategies and actions specific to the four expected health system impacts.
Estrogen replacement enhances EDHF-mediated vasodilation of mesenteric and uterine resistance arteries: role of endothelial cell Ca2+.

Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular microcirculatory tone. This study explores the role of estrogen in controlling EDHF-mediated ...
Auditory free classification of native and nonnative speech by nonnative listeners

Nonnative listeners are less accurate than native listeners at identifying, categorizing, and classifying native talkers’ accents, suggesting a decrement in nonnative listeners’ representation of native variation. Nonnative listeners’ representation of nonnative variation, however, may be as robust as, or more robust than, that of native listeners. To compare native and nonnative listeners’ representations of linguistic variation, the current study examined native English, Korean, and Spanish listeners’ classification of native and nonnative talkers by native language. Overall, the listener groups performed with similar accuracy, but they exhibited different perceptual similarity spaces. Specifically, listener groups demonstrated heightened perceptual sensitivity to talkers with whom they share a native language. The results suggest that listeners’ linguistic experiences significantly shape their perceptual representation of nonnative varieties.
Influence of Duration of Cholesterol Feeding on Esterification of Fatty Acids by Cell-Free Preparation of Pigeon Aorta

Influence of duration of cholesterol feeding on esterification of fatty acids and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters was studied in cell-free preparations of aorta from White Carneau pigeons. Esterification of fatty acids required ATP and CoA; greater than 80% of the esterifying activity was located in the particulate fraction obtained by centrifugation at 105,000x g (after a preliminary centrifugation at 1000x g ). Fatty acids were incorporated most efficiently into phospholipid, primarily (82%) lecithin. Greater than 87% of the fatty acid was esterified at the 2-position. During 8 months of cholesterol feeding, incorporation of oleic acid into phospholipids and triglycerides increased relatively little (less than double that of controls); no changes were seen before 1 month. Esterification of oleic acid to cholesterol was increased after 2 weeks of cholesterol feeding (before gross lesions were seen), eventually reaching a maximum increase of 30- to 50-fold. Cholesterol was esterified by transfer of fatty acyl-CoA to cholesterol, a mechanism similar to that described for liver and adrenal cortex. Little if any cholesterol esterification occurred when lecithin labeled at the 2-position with oleic acid-l-14C was used as substrate. The relationship between duration of cholesterol feeding and hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate could not be evaluated since results depend directly on an unknown extent of equilibration of substrate with pre-existing cholesteryl ester pools.
Orange Flavor Absorption Into Various Polymeric Packaging Materials

Citrus oil components (from cold-pressed and terpeneless oils), which contribute substantially to flavor of orange juice, were shown to be absorbed into various polymeric materials [low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and surlyn (S)] used in aseptic packaging. Equilibration of absorption took place within 4 days, while extraction of the oil constituents occurred in 24 hr when higher temperatures were used. Substantial absorption of oil constituents by LDPE and S occurred while highly crystalline polymers (PP and HDPE) did not absorb much. The degree of absorption also depended on the nature of the oil constituents. Absorption was higher for terpene constituents followed by sesquiterpenes and aldehydes. Swelling factors showed that highly crystalline polymers (HDPE and PP) swelled less than crystalline polymeric materials. Citrus oil affected the crystallinity of the polymers by lowering their melting point and percent crystallinity.
Measurement of solids concentration by an ultrasonic transmission technique

An ultrasonic transmission technique is under development to determine the concentration of solids in a three-phase slurry reactor by measuring the velocity of ultrasound in slurries. Preliminary measurements have been made on slurries consisting of water, glass beads, and air bubbles. The data show that both the sound speed and attenuation are well-defined functions of both the solid and gas concentrations in the slurries. A simple model is proposed to correlate the concentration of solids with the measured ultrasonic signals.
Magnetic field orientation dependence of J/sub c/ in Bi-2212 round wires

We have performed measurements of the magnetic field dependence of the critical current density J/sub c/ of Bi-2212/Ag round wire produced by isothermal melt processing. In contrast to the case for flat tape, there is very little dependence of J/sub c/ on on the direction of the magnetic field as it is rotated normal to the wire axis which is the direction of the nominal current flow. However, when the angle of the magnetic field direction is rotated from normal to the wire axis to parallel to that axis, J/sub c/ at 64 K and 0.2 T increases by more than a factor of four. Again, this is in contrast to the results observed for Bi-2212/Ag and Bi-2223/Ag flat tapes, which show no anisotropy under similar experimental conditions. We can explain these differences in angular anisotropy by referring to the microstructure of these two conductor types, which have distinctly different types of grain alignment. We discuss the general behaviour of the dependence of J/sub c/ on the orientation of a magnetic field for high temperature superconductors.
Outdoor recognition at a distance by fusing gait and face

We explore the possibility of using both face and gait in enhancing human recognition at a distance performance in outdoor conditions. Although the individual performance of gait and face based biometrics at a distance under outdoor illumination conditions, walking surface changes, and time variations are poor, we show that recognition performance is significantly enhanced by combination of face and gait. For gait, we present a new recognition scheme that relies on computing distances based on selected, discriminatory, gait stances. Given a gait sequence, covering multiple gait cycles, it identifies the salient stances using a population hidden Markov model (HMM). An averaged representation of the detected silhouettes for these stances are then built using eigenstance shape models. Similarity between two gait sequences is based on the similarities of these averaged representations of the salient stances. This gait recognition strategy, which essentially emphasizes shape over dynamics, significantly outperforms the HumanID Gait Challenge baseline algorithm. For face, which is a mature biometric for which many recognition algorithms exists, we chose the elastic bunch graph matching based face recognition method. This method was found to be the best in the FERET 2000 studies. On a gallery database of 70 individuals and two probe sets: one with 39 individuals taken on the same day and the other with 21 individuals taken at least 3 months apart, results indicate that although the verification rate at 1% false alarm rate of individual biometrics are low, their combination performs better. Specifically, for data taken on the same day, individual verification rates are 42% and 40% for face and gait, respectively, but is 73% for their combination. Similarly, for the data taken with at least 3 months apart, the verification rates are 48% and 25% for face and gait, respectively, but is 60% for their combination. We also find that the combination of outdoor gait and one outdoor face per person is superior to using two outdoor face probes per person or using two gait probes per person, which can considered to be statistical controls for showing improvement by biometric fusion.