cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid State and Nuclear Results from Mössbauer Studies with I 129

The M\"ossbauer effect of the 26.8-keV transition in ${\mathrm{I}}^{129}$ has been studied in a number of iodine compounds. The following results have been obtained: (a) The isomeric shifts for the alkali iodides were found to be linearly dependent on the number of $5p$ holes in the iodine ion. From this dependency, a calibration of the isomeric shift scale in terms of the $5s$-electron density was obtained. The $s$ and $p$ populations inferred from these data are in sharp disagreement with those predicted by the simple theory of electronegativity. An explanation for this discrepancy is given. (b) From the calibration mentioned under (a), a relative change of nuclear radius $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}R}{R}=\frac{({R}_{26.8}\ensuremath{-}{R}_{\mathrm{gnd}})}{{R}_{\mathrm{gnd}}}=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ is computed. (c) The isomeric shifts for some iodates indicate that their $5s$-electron density is about 18% larger than that of the iodides. This increase is caused by the partial removal of $5p$ electrons from iodine in the I-O bonds, which results in reduced screening of the $5s$ electrons. The shift for potassium periodate implies that the $5s$-electron density is decreased by 33% compared to the iodate. This decrease is attributed mainly to the $\mathrm{sp}$ hybridization of the I-O bonds in KI${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The average charge removed per I-O bond, calculated from the isomeric shifts of the iodates and periodate, is $0.61 e$. (d) The quadrupole splitting of KI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ was used to determine the ${\mathrm{I}}^{129}$ quadrupole ratio, $\frac{{Q}_{26.8}}{{Q}_{\mathrm{gnd}}}=1.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. The asymmetry of the iodate spectrum and the sign of the quadrupole moment show that the sign of the iodate field gradient is negative. The values of the quadrupole coupling constant, $\mathrm{eqQ}$, at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for KI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ I${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are in agreement with nuclear-magnetic-resonance results and $\mathrm{eq}{Q}_{127}=1030\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20$ Mc/sec for Ba${(\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{a}})}_{2}$. (e) The recoilless fraction $f$ was found to deviate from 0.26 by less than 25% for all alkali iodides at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Microbial biofilms: e pluribus unum.

We thank Jill Blankenship, Heather Schneider, and Ryan Subaran for their critical comments on this manuscript. Our work on biofilms is supported by NIH Grant RO1 AI067703 to A.P.M.
Strategic intelligence during coin detention operations – relational data and understanding latent terror networks

One aspect of the global “War on Terror” that has received limited coverage in the academic literature is the problem of detained persons as it relates to intelligence. This is a surprising oversight, given the number of detainees that the USA has been responsible for (over 25,000 were in custody in Iraq alone at one time during its peak). The detention environment offers a prime strategic intelligence opportunity for the US intelligence community to study the tactics and organizations of individuals who have been removed from the overall conflict. In this article an easily implemented collection program is recommended to be deployed in US/coalition detention centers. The primary recommendation is to gather relational data on detainee communication, both authorized and illicit, and to use these data to perform network analyses of terrorist groups and their individual members.
Rural surgery training: a survey of program directors.

Background Differences have been established between rural and urban surgery with regard to surgeon supply, demographics, and practices. This study attempts to determine the importance and prevalence of rural surgery training in American general surgery residency programs. Study design A survey was electronically submitted to and completed by surgery program directors in the fall of 2004. Respondents were divided into research or nonresearch programs. Survey items measured attitudes toward the necessity and ideal components of a rural surgery curriculum and whether or not the program had such a curriculum in place. Results There was a 24.0% survey response rate, with 17.2% of respondents being classified as research programs. Research programs were less likely to believe that it was their mission to train rural surgeons (2.50 versus 4.36, p Conclusions The presence of a curriculum to train rural surgeons is related to the belief that such a curriculum is necessary and that training rural surgeons is part of that residency program's mission. Residency programs have different attitudes and practices with regard to rural surgery training. Development of a rural surgery training designation can help trainees wishing to practice in a rural environment identify the programs best suited to equip them to do so.
Nonlinearity in Ultrasonic Guided Waves Propagation in Solids Under Constrained Thermal Expansion

Finite strain theory has been employed in the past to mathematically describe nonlinear wave propagation phenomena such as acoustoelasticity (wave speed dependency on quasi-static stress), wave interaction, wave distortion, and higher-harmonic generation. The present work expands the topic of nonlinear wave propagation to the case of a constrained solid subjected to thermal loads. In this framework, the anharmonicity of interatomic potentials, and the absorption of the potential energy corresponding to the (prevented) thermal expansion, are identified as sources of nonlinear effects. Such “residual” energy is, at least, cubic as a function of strain, hence leading to a nonlinear wave equation and higher-harmonic generation. Closed-form solutions are given for the longitudinal wave speed and the second-harmonic nonlinear parameter as a function of interatomic potential parameters and temperature increase. According to the proposed model, the prevented thermal expansion of the solid leads to thermal stresses that, in turn, produce a decrease in longitudinal wave speed and a corresponding increase in nonlinear parameter with increasing temperature. Experimental measurements of the ultrasonic nonlinear parameter on a steel block under constrained thermal expansion confirm this trend. Emphasis is placed on the potential of a nonlinear ultrasonic measurement to quantify thermal stresses from prevented thermal expansion. This knowledge can be extremely useful to prevent thermal buckling of various structures, such as continuous-welded rails in hot weather.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Identification of autoregressive moving-average parameters of time series

A procedure for sequentially estimating the parameters and orders of mixed autoregressive moving-average signal models from time-series data is presented. Identification is performed by first identifying a purely autoregressive signal model. The parameters and orders of the mixed autoregressive moving-average process are then given from the solution of simple algebraic equations involving the purely autoregressive model parameters.
Glass formation and crystallization of barium ferrite in the Na2O-BaO-Fe2O3-SiO2 system

Amorphous ribbons of approximate composition 0.13Na2O-0.30BaO-0.30Fe2O3-0.27SiO2 were successfully fabricated using roller-quenching, after melting at 1400‡C. Devitrification of the amorphous phase by annealing at 710‡C for 2 h formed a uniform distribution of barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) particles with a mean diameter of 55.88 nm. Other crystalline phases formed on heat treatment were BaFe2O4 and Na2Ba2Si2O7. Devitrified ribbons showed a saturation magnetization (MS) of 24.41 emu g−1 and a coercivity (HC) of 3.06 kOe.
Detecting and mapping repulsion-phase linkage in polyploids with polysomic inheritance

It has been suggested that ratios of coupling- to repulsion-phase linked markers can be used to distinguish between allopolyploids and autopolyploids, because repulsion-phase linkages are much more difficult to detect in autopolyploids with polysomic inheritance than allopolyploids with disomic inheritance. In this report, we analyze the segregation pattern of repulsion-phase linked markers in polyploids without complete preferential pairing. The observed repulsion-phase recombination fraction (R) in such polyploids is composed of a fraction due to crossing-over (Rc) and another fraction due to independent assortment (Ri). Ri is the minimum distance that can be detected between repulsion-phase linked markers. Because Ri is high in autopolyploids (0.3373, 0.4000, 0.4286 and 0.4444) for autopolyploids of 2n=4x, 6x, 8x and 10x), large population sizes are required to reliably detect repulsion linkages. In addition, the default linkage used in mapping-programs must be greater than the corresponding Ri to determine whether a polyploid is a true autopolyploid. Unfortunately, much lower default linkages than the Ris have been used in recent polyploid studies to determine polyploid type, and markers have been incorporated into polyploid maps based on the R values. Herein, we describe how mapping repulsion linkages can result in spurious results, and present methods to accurately detect the degree of preferential pairing in polyploids using repulsion linkage analysis.
Spatial patterning in Polysphondylium: monoclonal antibodies specific for whorl prepatterns.

Abstract In this report we describe three monoclonal antibodies which detect prepatterning events preceding the appearance of visible tips in Polysphondylium pallidum whorls. A spatial and temporal analysis of the antigens against which these antibodies are directed reveals that the radial distribution of arms within whorls has its origins in an initial global amplification of tip-specific antigens over the surface of very early whorl masses. This two-dimensional distribution becomes restricted with time to a single dimension, a smooth distribution of antigen in a band about the equator of the whorl mass. This equatorial distribution breaks up into patches which eventually become visible tips. These results reveal that a spatial pattern can arise from a smooth prepattern, and grow through a series of intermediates characteristic of the symmetry breaking model first described by A. Turing (1952). (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 237, 37–72) .
The Dissimilation of Higher Dicarboxylic Acids by Pseudomonas fluorescens

This work provides presumptive evidnce that Pseudomonas fluorescens metabolizes the higher homologs (C6 to C10) of the saturated dicarboxylic acid series by β-oxidation, mediated by a specific series of inducible enzymes. The initial step in the metabolism of four of these acids (pimelic, suberic, azelaic and sebacic acids) is the formation of the corresponding CoA-ester. This step is mediated by a single, inducible thiokinase. A thiokinaseless mutant can utilize none of these four dicarboxylic acids. Although adipic acid can also apparently be activated to a slight extent by the thiokinase, the unimpaired ability of the thiokinaseless mutant to grow with adipate shows that there is a second mechanism for the activation of this member of the series. Adipic acid is also activated by an inducible adipate: succinyl-CoA transferase, which cannot use the higher homologs of the dicarboxylic acid series as CoA acceptors (with the exception of pimelic acid, which is weakly activated). This transferase is probably responsible for adipic acid activation in vivo. Inducible dehydrogenases which can oxidise acyl-CoA and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA derivatives of the higher dicarboxylic acids were also demonstrated, but their substrate specificities were not determined. The former enzyme can dehydrogenate both adipyl-CoA and azelayl-CoA; and the latter, β-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. A mutant unable to form the enzyme with β-hydroxy-adipyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity cannot grow with any dicarboxylic acid of the C6 to C10 series.
Gait analysis in the amputee: Has it helped the amputee or contributed to the development of improved prosthetic components?

Abstract Gait analysis has been used to study amputee ambulation. The question that is being posed is whether or not this research has lead to an improvement in the care of the amputee through improved rehabilitation programs or improved prosthetic design. A conceptual framework is presented to evaluate these contributions under the three domains of residual limb discomfort and mechanical skin injury, reduced capacity to walk distances or run, and reduced endurance and fatigue. The contributions biomechanical research has made to reduce the effects of each of these areas of perceived limitation are presented and discussed.
Determinants of DNA Binding and Bending by theSaccharomyces cerevisiae High Mobility Group Protein NHP6A That Are Important for Its Biological Activities ROLE OF THE UNIQUE N TERMINUS AND PUTATIVE INTERCALATING METHIONINE

The non-histone proteins 6A/B (NHP6A/B) ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae are high mobility group proteins that bind and severely bend DNA of mixed sequence. They exhibit high affinity for linear DNA and even higher affinity for microcircular DNA. The 16-amino acid basic segment located N-terminal to the high mobility group domain is required for stable complex formation on both linear and microcircular DNA. Although mutants lacking the N terminus are able to promote microcircle formation and Hin invertasome assembly at high protein concentrations, they are unable to form stable complexes with DNA, co-activate transcription, and complement the growth defect ofΔnhp6a/b mutants. A basic patch between amino acids 13 and 16 is critical for these activities, and a second basic patch between residues 8 and 10 is required for the formation of monomeric complexes with linear DNA. Mutational analysis suggests that proline 18 may direct the path of the N-terminal arm to facilitate DNA binding, whereas the conserved proline at position 21, tyrosine 28, and phenylalanine 31 function to maintain the tertiary structure of the high mobility group domain. Methionine 29, which may intercalate into DNA, is essential for NHP6A-induced microcircle formation of 75-bp but not 98-bp fragments in vitro, and for full growth complementation of Δnhp6a/b mutants in vivo.
The role of E2F-1 and downstream target genes in mediating ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo.

E2Fs are a family of transcription factors that regulate proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in many cell types. E2F-1 is the prototypical E2F and the family member that has most often been implicated in also mediating apoptosis. To better understand the role of E2F-1 in mediating cardiomyocyte injury we initially analyzed E2F family member expression after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in vivo or simulated ischemia in vitro. I/R injury in vivo caused a 3.4-fold increase specifically in E2F-1 protein levels. Expression of other E2F family members did not change. To establish the role of E2F-1 in I/R we examined the response of germline deleted E2F-1 mice to I/R injury. Infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk was decreased 39.8% in E2F-1−/− mice compared to E2F-1+/+ controls. Interestingly, expression of classic, E2F-1 apoptotic target genes was not altered in E2F-1 null cardiomyocytes after I/R. However, upregulation of the primary member of the Forkhead family of transcription factors, FoxO-1a, was attenuated. Consistent, with a role for FoxO-1a as an important target of E2F-1 in I/R, a number of proapoptotic FoxO-1a target genes were also altered. These results suggest that E2F-1 and FoxO-1a belong to a complex transcriptional network that may modulate myocardial cell death during I/R injury.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli.

A radiation-sensitive strain (B s-1 ) of Escherichia coli B and a radiation-resistant strain (B/r) were irradiated with ultraviolet light. Low doses (5 to 20 ergs/mm 2 at 2650 A) completely inhibit DNA synthesis in B s-1 , and synthesis is not resumed. A mathematical model is developed in which a pyrimidine dimer is a block to DNA synthesis. The experimental data for B s-1 fit the model if a dimer every 200 μ (20% of the length of the E. coli chromosome) blocks synthesis. When DNA synthesis in B/r is blocked by larger doses of ultraviolet (50 to 200 ergs per mm 2 at 2650 A), it is resumed after a lag period during which pyrimidine dimers are excised from the DNA. Holding these cells in non-nutrient medium shortens the lag period, and the decrease in lag period is correlated with the excision of pyrimidine dimers. Chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, does not affect dimer excision in B/r, and DNA synthesis is resumed at the same time in irradiated cells with or without the inhibitor. In both B s-1 and B/r, irradiation at 2650 A is most efficient in blocking DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis can be photoreactivated in both strains, but if photoreactivating light is given after B s-1 cells are allowed to polymerize up to a block, the amount of photoreactivation is greatly reduced. RNA and protein synthesis in unirradiated growing cells increase exponentially, together with DNA synthesis, but when DNA synthesis is blocked by ultraviolet irradiation in either strain, RNA and protein synthesis are linear. When DNA synthesis is resumed in B/r, RNA and protein increase exponentially. The results are consistent with current ideas on the relationships among DNA, RNA and protein, and with the interpretation that pyrimidine dimers are blocks to DNA synthesis.
Photodynamic Killing of House Flies Fed Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Dye Additives , ,

Food, drug and cosmetic dye additives fed to adult Musca domestica L. resulted in the photodynamic killing of flies subsequently exposed to natural or artificial light. Dye-fed flies remaining in darkness were unaffected. Nine of 14 dyes tested at 0.25% and 1.0% wt/wt and wt/v produced up to 100% mortality in the light-exposed animals. Light exposed dye-fed flies provided with a dry diet showed slower mortality rates than those animals receiving a liquid diet.
Dispersion relations of density fluctuations observed by the heavy ion beam probe in TEXT

Wave numbers as functions of frequency for density fluctuations in the interior of the TEXT tokamak are measured in experiments with the heavy ion beam probe by analysing the relative phases of signals originating from nearby points in the plasma. The experiments are carried out in ohmically heated discharges. The adjacent points are typically 2 cm apart, with their relative orientation (δr, δθ) depending on the position (r,θ). For angular frequencies ω ≤ 106 s−1 the signals are quite coherent, leading to reasonably well defined 'dispersion relations'. These do not correspond to known modes of the drift wave type such as ballooning or slab-like electron drift waves or ion temperature gradient modes. The effect of finite sample volume size does not significantly alter this conclusion.
The fate of intravenously administered bFGF and the effect of heparin.

The fate and effects of intravascular bFGF are unknown. We have investigated the fate of bFGF administered intravenously to rats in the presence and absence of heparin, and evaluated the effect of ...
Flutter analysis of a NACA 64A006 airfoil in small disturbance transonic flow

Flutter analyses are performed for a NACA 64A006 airfoil pitching and plunging in small-disturbance, unsteady transonic flow. Aerodynamic coefficients are obtained for M^ = 0.7, 0.8, 0.85, 0.8625, and 0.87, and for various values of low reduced frequencies. Two computer codes are used: 1) STRANS2 and UTRANS2 based upon the relaxation method and 2) LTRAN2 based upon the time-integration (indicial) method. Flutter results are presented as plots of flutter speed and corresponding reduced frequency vs one of the four parameters: airfoil/air mass density ratio, position of mass center, position of elastic axis, and freestream Mach number. In each figure, several sets of curves for different values of plunge/pitch frequency ratios are shown. The two sets of results based upon the two separate computer codes are, in general, in good agreement. For a special flutter analysis of a flat plate at M^ =0.7, the present methods agree well with the linear flat plate theory. The effect of each parameter on the trend of each curve of flutter speed is discussed in detail. The examples demonstrate the dip phenomenon of the curves for flutter speed in the transonic regime. Flutter results of transonic codes are compared with those obtained by linear flat plate theory.
Estimating Heat-Release and Mass-of-Mixture Burned from Spark-Ignition Engine Pressure Data

Abstract A First Law analysis based on the cylinder pressure variation during combustion is a commonly used diagnostic for determining actual spark-ignition engine burning rates. Both simple one-zone and more complex two-zone models have been developed for this purpose. It is shown that the fraction of the fuel's chemical energy which has been released and the fraction of fuel-air mixture burned, within the engine's cylinder, can be accurately estimated from a one-zone analysis if appropriate values for the “average ratio of specific heats”, y¯, of the one-zone contents are used. These values are determined by matching the output of the one-zone analysis to that of the more rigorous two-zone analysis of the same cylinder pressure data. Use of this one-zone burning rate analysis procedure is illustrated.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRACHYTHERAPY DOSE AND OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH BULKY ENDOCERVICAL TUMORS TREATED WITH RADIATION ALONE

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between brachytherapy dose and outcome in patients treated with external radiotherapy (40 Gy to the whole pelvis) and intracavitary radium therapy for bulky endocervical tumors. Methods and Materials: Between 1962 and 1985, 98 patients with Stage IB-IIB bulky endocervical carcinomas (≥ 6 cm in diameter) treated with radiotherapy alone received 40 Gy to the whole pelvis followed by 2 or more intracavitary treatments. Twenty-five patients received Results: Patients who received p p p = 0.03). Actuarial survival rates at 5 years were 44% and 60% for the low- and high-dose groups, respectively ( p = 0.14). Among those who received more than 6000 mg-hr, there was no significant relationship between brachytherapy dose and pelvic disease control. Calculated actuarially, the rate of major ≥ grade 3) complications at 5 years was 23% in the low-dose group and 10% in the high-dose group ( p = 0.1). Conclusions: The relatively high incidence of pelvic disease recurrence and complications in patients who receive less than 6000 mg-hr reflects the narrow therapeutic window for complication-free pelvic disease control in patients with bulky central disease and unfavorable normal tissue anatomy. The results also demonstrate a high pelvic control rate and acceptable morbidity in patients with favorable anatomy treated with high-dose radiotherapy alone.
Early Term versus Term Delivery in the Management of Fetal Growth Restriction: A Comparison of Two Protocols

Objective This study aims to compare two management protocols in pregnancies diagnosed with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Study Design All singleton pregnancies diagnosed and managed with FGR at our institution during two protocol periods were analyzed. The early term protocol (January 2008–February 2010) specified delivery at 370/7 weeks if antenatal testing was reassuring, but did not specify the timing of delivery if umbilical artery (UA) Doppler systolic:diastolic (S:D) ratios were elevated (>95th percentile for gestational age [GA]). The term protocol (March 2010–July 2012) specified delivery at 390/7 weeks with normal S:D ratios and 370/7 weeks with elevated S:D ratios when antenatal testing was reassuring. Results There were 228 and 312 women in the early term and term protocol, respectively, who met inclusion criteria. Compared with the early term group, the term group had an increased median GA at delivery (37.1 vs. 38.6%, p Conclusion A protocol specifying delivery at 390/7 weeks when UA S:D ratios are normal and delivery at 370/7 weeks when UA S:D ratios are elevated when other antenatal testing is reassuring in FGR: (1) prolonged gestation, (2) decreased preterm births, and (3) decreased NICU admissions.
Phytoplankton growth and Zooplankton grazing in oligotrophic oceans

Central oceanic regions such as the Sargasso Sea and the North Pacific Gyre have traditionally been thought of as biological deserts1,2. New phytoplankton production estimates3 and interpretations of physiological data4,5 have suggested that these areas are, in fact, highly productive and that nutrient exchanges supporting these high growth rates are extremely transient. Fast phytoplankton growth rates must be balanced by equally fast zooplankton-caused mortality. Zooplankton abundances and their filtration rates, however, are consistent with slow phytoplankton growth rates, not fast. It is shown here that the dominant grazers in oligotrophic areas seem to be microzooplankton, and that molecular diffusion limits the effect of nutrient pulses, implying that bulk nutrient concentrations are most important. Present growth studies imply that phytoplankton can meet their growth needs with nanomolar ammonia concentrations.
Financial reporting and disclosure requirements for trade unions: a comparison of UK and US public policy

The underlying policy objectives and the degree to which they are served by current trade union financial reporting and disclosure regimes in the US and the UK are examined in this article, along with a detailed comparison of the government oversight agencies, annual disclosure forms and member access to union financial records.
Military Combat Deployments and Substance Use: Review and Future Directions

Iraq and Afghanistan veterans experience extreme stressors and injuries during deployments, witnessing and participating in traumatic events. The military has organized prevention and treatment programs as a result of increasing suicides and posttraumatic stress disorder among troops; however, there is limited research on how to intervene with alcohol misuse and drug use that accompany these problems. This review presents statistics about post-deployment substance use problems and comorbidities, and discusses the military's dual role in 1) enforcing troop readiness with its alcohol and drug policies and resiliency-building programs, and 2) seeking to provide treatment to troops with combat-acquired problems including substance abuse.
Effect of additive on alfalfa silage fermentation characteristics and feedlot performance of steers.

Abstract In each of two trials four large plastic bags were filled with approximately 72 mt of first cutting, early bloom alfalfa (35% dry matter). Fresh alfalfa in two bags was treated with .5 kg/metric ton of a commercial silage additive (Silo-Best 4 ). Two bags were left untreated. When compared with steers fed untreated alfalfa silage, weight gains, intakes, and feed efficiencies were not significantly ( P >.05) altered for steers fed treated silage. However, laboratory analysis showed silage treatment increased in vitro dry matter digestibility (57.0 versus 60.6%) and decreased silage pH (4.98 versus 4.83). Concentrations of propionic and butyric acid were decreased by the additive. Data suggest that anaerobic fermentation was enhanced with the additive. Slight but significant improvements of silage in vitro dry matter digestibility, obtained by treating alfalfa silage with the inoculant-type preservative, did not result in improved performance in feeding trials.
Double Injection Diodes and Related DI Phenomena in Semiconductors

Experimental studies of double injection (DI) negative resistance phenomena in GaAs, Si, and Ge are presented. V-I characteristics, switching, trapping, and photosensitivity properties of GaAs DI p-i-n diodes, fabricated by diffusion and alloying processes on semi-insulating crystals and in other cases fabricated via epitaxial processes with Cu-doped i regions, are described. Similar studies and data are presented on Si DI p-i-n diodes prepared via diffusion and/or alloying processes. Silicon DI p-i-n diodes are described which have been doped with various deep level impurities such as Au, Zn, Cd, or Co and which, depending upon the kind and concentration of deep level impurities, display a wide range of behavior including useful photosensitivity, switching, and voltage regulation properties. Brief mention is made of Ge DI p-i-n diodes fabricated on n-type crystals counter-doped with Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, or Mn. A comparison is made between experimental results and current theories of double injection effects. As might be expected, existing theories do not completely account for the experimental situation, e.g., breakdown to constant voltage in certain units and phenomena which seem closely related to plasma effects. In addition to various practical implications, including possibilities for a noninteracting diode negative resistance matrix, low voltage regulator diodes, photosensitive charge-storage diodes, and higher power microwave switching p-i-n diodes, the significance of deep level doping and possible and actual effects (e.g., secondary switching effects) on epitaxial Si devices are described.
Fragrance material review on methyl-β-ionone

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of methyl-beta-ionone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Utilization of luciferase fusion genes to monitor differential regulation of phytohemagglutinin and phaseolin promoters in transgenic tobacco

Abstract The firefly luciferase gene can be used as a very sensitive and easily assayed reporter to study promoter activity in transgenic plants. To study the regulation of the promoters of the genes for phytohemagglutinin-L and β-phaseolin, two seed storage proteins of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris , we constructed chimeric genes consisting of their 5′ flanking regions and the luciferase gene, and introduced the constructs into tobacco via Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Our studies indicate that the two seed protein promoters are activated during seed development, and luciferase accumulates until seed maturation. Little or no luciferase activity could be found in other plant organs, and activity rapidly declined during seedling growth. The construct driven by the phaseolin promoter gave rise to about eight times more luciferase than the one driven by the phytohemagglutinin promoter. Thus, in addition to proper temporal and spatial regulation of promoter activity, we found that the differences in the levels of luciferase driven by the two promoters were similar to the calculated differences in the levels of protein in the bean resulting from the activities of these promoters. However, both promoters gave rise to similar levels of luciferase mRNA in the seeds of the transgenic plants. These results show that the levels of luciferase activity reflect not only the strength of the promoter but also the stability and/or translatability of the mRNA.
A threshold of regulation policy for food-contact articles

Abstract Sufficient information is now available to establish a threshold of regulation policy delineating when the likelihood/extent of migration of a component of a food-contact article is so trivial that it does not require regulation as a food additive. An analysis of the toxicological potencies of a large number of chemical compounds which have recently become available shows that, in most cases, toxicological potencies fall within a predictable range. Based on these data, a specific dietary concentration level can be established as the ‘threshold of regulation’ for food-contact articles that would be low enough to pose negligible safety concerns, even from potential carcinogens, but not so low as to exclude almost all food-contact applications.
Biological ferroelectricity uncovered in aortic walls by piezoresponse force microscopy.

Many biological tissues are piezoelectric and pyroelectric with spontaneous polarization. Ferroelectricity, however, has not been reported in soft biological tissues yet. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we discover that the porcine aortic walls are not only piezoelectric, but also ferroelectric, with the piezoelectric coefficient in the order of $1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pm}/\mathrm{V}$ and coercive voltage approximately 10 V. Through detailed switching spectroscopy mapping and relaxation studies, we also find that the polarization of the aortic walls is internally biased outward, and the inward polarization switched by a negative voltage is unstable, reversing spontaneously to the more stable outward orientation shortly after the switching voltage is removed. The discovery of ferroelectricity in soft biological tissues adds an important dimension to their biophysical properties, and could have physiological implications as well.
Influence of polymer morphology on the ability of imprinted network polymers to resolve enantiomers

Abstract Network copolymers imprinted with l -phenylalanine anilide ( l -PheNHPh) exhibit an affinity for the print molecule. The binding of l -PheNHPh to the polymer can be quantitatively evaluated by employing the material as a stationary phase in a HPLC experiment. The degree of separation of the d and l enantiomers of PheNHPh (α value) is used to establish the influence of polymer morphology on polymer performance. Factors that promote stabilization of the template-polymerizable monomer complex prior to polymerization results in polymers with stronger and more selective binding of the substrate. Interestingly, a gel-like non-porous polymer performed similarly to a mesoporous polymer. Performance is also improved upon heat treatment of the polymers and various ways to inhibit the molecular recognition effect are demonstrated.
Dynamic simulation of oxyfuel CO2 processing plants

Abstract This paper illustrates the application of dynamic simulation for the development of CO 2 processing plants which are part of oxyfuel power plants. It is shown how dynamic simulation models are used to study transient processes such as load changes and disturbances, to evaluate and improve process design concepts, and to develop control and operational strategies. Furthermore, key success factors for dynamic simulation, such as appropriate model visualization and an early integration into the engineering workflow, are discussed. In order to study the behavior of the entire oxyfuel process, the application of model reduction methods is proposed. This facilitates the integration of dynamic simulation models that were initially implemented using different simulation tools, into a common simulation platform.
Cost-effectiveness of strategies for primary prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced peptic ulcer disease.

OBJECTIVE: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by 5- to 7-fold in the first 3 months of treatment. This study examined the relative cost-effectiveness of different strategies for the primary prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers in patients that are starting NSAID treatment.
Exploring a Link Between the Third-Person Effect and the Theory of Reasoned Action Beneficial Ads and Social Expectations

The authors tested the limitations of paternalism as an explanation for the third-person effect's behavioral aspect, suggesting that the theory of reasoned action better explains why people are sometimes motivated to act on the third-person effect. This study (N = 600) revealed that the third-person effect can motivate people toward socially desirable action that is not corrective in nature, supporting the theory of reasoned action as a theoretical basis for the behavioral aspect of the third-person effect.
Chinese Values in Supervisory Discourse: Implications for Culturally Sensitive Practices

Despite the long history of work addressing cultural competency, relatively little attention has been given to how supervisory discourse affects the supervision unit in any context—particularly within the Chinese context. This article reflects a consideration of Chinese cultural values within the supervisor-supervisee discourse and their potentially positive and negative effects on the supervisory system. We describe an approach to supervision that details how to address intersecting forms of cultural values such as social hierarchy, piety, face-concerns, other-centeredness, and harmony that may be operating within the Chinese social and professional context. We include three supervisory practices to address Chinese values, with case examples that illustrate them.
Gap junctions between Novikoff hepatoma cells following dissociation and recovery in the absence of cell contact.

Using thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques, the fates of formation plaques with and without gap junctions [designated FP(+), FP(−)] have been studied following the dissociation of Novikoff hepatoma cells with EDTA. Quantitative analysis shows dissociated cells to possess less numerous FP(+)'s and FP(−)'s than undissociated suspension cultures. Both EM techniques showed gap junctions remaining on cell surfaces, after one junctional membrane had been ripped from its cell and had apparently resealed forming a bleb. These structures were only infrequently observed to invaginate from the cell surface, suggesting that endocytosis is rare. Following the 30-min dissociation, some cells were placed in growth medium and incubated on a gyratory shaker (200 rpm) for 5–90 min. Under these conditions, the cells “recovered” from the dissociation process, but failed to reaggregate. FP(−)'s, dramatically reduced in dissociated preparations, completely disappeared by 30 min of recovery. FP(+)'s were reduced by dissociation, continued to fall over the first 15 min of recovery, and declined slowly to a low level by 90 min of recovery. Substantial numbers of the larger gap junctions were surrounded by numerous smaller junctional aggregates, an unusual configuration for undissociated cells. From these data, we suggest that: (a) a fraction of the FP(+)'s persists on cell surfaces for some time after dissociation; (b) FP(−)'s are more labile and are apparently not produced during breakdown; (c) FP(−)'s do not develop in the absence of prolonged cell contact; and (d) irregular junctions with adjacent, smaller junctions may represent junctional breakdown.
Robust motion controller design for high-accuracy positioning systems

This paper presents a controller structure for robust high speed and accuracy motion control systems. The overall control system consists of four elements: a friction compensator; a disturbance observer for the velocity loop; a position loop feedback controller; and a feedforward controller acting on the desired output. A parameter estimation technique coupled with friction compensation is used as the first step in the design process. The friction compensator is based on the experimental friction model and it compensates for unmodeled nonlinear friction. Stability of the closed-loop is provided by the feedback controller. The robust feedback controller based on the disturbance observer compensates for external disturbances and plant uncertainties. Precise tracking is achieved by the zero phase error tracking controller. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate performance improvement obtained by each element in the proposed robust control structure.
Get Real towards Performance-Driven Computational Geometry

In historic design conventions geometry has traditionally promoted descriptive manifestations of form. Beyond the realm of geometry, the concept of performance which may inform such manifestations also carries important potential for design generation. This work explores the relation between geometry and performance from a computational-geometry perspective. It does so by revisiting certain analytical tools offered in most of today's 3-D modelers which support the evaluation of any generated surface geometry specifically curvature and draft angle analysis. It is demonstrated that these tools can be reconstructed with added functionality assigning 3-D geometrical features informed by structural and environmental performance respectively. In the examples illustrated surface thickness (as a function of structural performance) is assigned to curvature values, and transparency (as a function of light performance) is assigned to light analysis values. In a broader scope this work promotes a methodology of perfo...
Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Comparison of Efficacy versus Other Novel Treatments for Refractory Angina Pectoris

: Recently much attention has been directed toward novel treatment alternatives for refractory angina pectoris. Refractory angina is persistent stable class III or IV angina despite maximally tolerated medical treatment in patients with end-stage coronary artery disease. Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR), gene therapy, intermittent urokinase therapy, enhanced external balloon counterpulsation, and spinal cord stimulation have all been employed to treat refractory angina pectoris. TMLR and gene therapy are invasive open-chest procedures that have yielded controversial results. Intermittent urokinase and enhanced external balloon counterpulsation studies have limited follow-up times and require multiple clinic visits for treatment. Spinal cord stimulation has a proven short- and long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness in the treatment of refractory angina. When compared to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), it has been shown to decrease the frequency of anginal attacks and consumption of short-acting nitrates to the same extent in refractory angina. Spinal cord stimulation's safety profile has also been well established and it can be used concurrently with cardiac pacemakers or MRI systems, provided the proper precautions are taken. Since spinal cord stimulation is a minimally invasive procedure with a favorable efficacy and safety profile, it should be considered as a valid treatment alternative after medical management has failed in refractory angina prior to implementing invasive modalities such as TMLR or gene therapy.
Deep brain stimulation shape and surface characteristics: electrical and mechanical design goals.

O ne of the many risks associated with deep brain stimulation (3, 14) is the possibility of lead migration. Although typically this is defined as a large shift in lectrode position from the original placement (i.e., as identified y a change from immediate fluoroscopy to later imaging), there ould also be a more subtle shift in position due to normal brain ovement within the skull as a result of body posture and brain ulsation, replacement of cerebrospinal fluid postoperatively (i.e., s the air that enters during the procedure is later slowly emoved), or pathologically, such as with development of subural fluid or hematoma (6). The Parittotokkaporn et al. article ntroduces the concept of “microtexturing” the electrode to revent small scale shifts, with small “barbs” microfabricated on he surface of the semiconductor electrode so that the electrode s more stable within the brain over time. It is not clear whether echanically this would prevent large postoperative shifts in lectrode position (e.g., due to tugging or pulling while tunneling), ut the force required to displace or pull out the electrode ncreased significantly in the study, both within the brain as well s particularly when the burr hole cover was modified, when the lot for the electrode exit was microtextured. It is not clear hether this type of surface treatment could be performed on xisting materials (i.e., the Pt/Ir metal used for deep brain timulation [DBS] electrodes), but this type of microtexturing ertainly could be added to the exit slot on various forms of burr ole covers to prevent movement of the DBS electrode within he cover itself. Possible deleterious side effects of the microexturing of the DBS electrode itself include increased damage to he brain when purposefully retrieving the electrode, as opposed o the current, smooth DBS electrode, which typically pulls out ery easily when needed, and causes minor brain damage (13).
Tetra­ethyl­ammonium di‐μ‐methoxo‐μ‐pyridin‐2‐olato‐bis­[tricarbonyl­rhenium(I)]

The title compound, (C8H20N)[Re2(C5H4NO)(CH3O)2(CO)6], was obtained from a ligand-substitution reaction of (Et4N)[Re2(OMe)3(CO)6] with 2-hydroxy­pyridine in methanol solvent. Both Re centers are in an approximate octa­hedral geometry.
Diode Laser Sensors for Ground Testing

Tunable diode laser (TDL) absorption has proven highly effective for time-resolved in situ sensing of gaseous flows, and as a result such sensors are utilized increasingly in the development and control of advanced propulsion and combustion systems. Sensors using TDL absorption along a line-of-sight have the capability of fast or even continuous measurements of multiple flowfield quantities. Recent advances in TDL absorption-based sensors suggest excellent potential for development into routine diagnostic tools for a wide variety of ground-test applications. From research in our laboratory we select three aspects: (1) the development of wavelength-multiplexed absorption concepts, allowing multiple measurements along each line-of-sight; (2) ground-test applications of TDL absorption to pulse detonation engines, gas turbine sector rigs, and scramjet combustor research; and (3) extension of wavelength-multiplexed TDL sensing to hydrocarbon fuels using new wavelength-tunable mid-IR lasers.
The Evolutionary Tempo of Sex Chromosome Degradation in Carica papaya

Genes on non-recombining heterogametic sex chromosomes may degrade over time through the irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations. In papaya, the non-recombining male-specific region of the Y (MSY) consists of two evolutionary strata corresponding to chromosomal inversions occurring approximately 7.0 and 1.9 MYA. The step-wise recombination suppression between the papaya X and Y allows for a temporal examination of the degeneration progress of the young Y chromosome. Comparative evolutionary analyses of 55 X/Y gene pairs showed that Y-linked genes have more unfavorable substitutions than X-linked genes. However, this asymmetric evolutionary pattern is confined to the oldest stratum, and is only observed when recently evolved pseudogenes are included in the analysis, indicating a slow degeneration tempo of the papaya Y chromosome. Population genetic analyses of coding sequence variation of six Y-linked focal loci in the oldest evolutionary stratum detected an excess of nonsynonymous polymorphism and reduced codon bias relative to autosomal loci. However, this pattern was also observed for corresponding X-linked loci. Both the MSY and its corresponding X-specific region are pericentromeric where recombination has been shown to be greatly reduced. Like the MSY region, overall selective efficacy on the X-specific region may be reduced due to the interference of selective forces between highly linked loci, or the Hill–Robertson effect, that is accentuated in regions of low or suppressed recombination. Thus, a pattern of gene decay on the X-specific region may be explained by relaxed purifying selection and widespread genetic hitchhiking due to its pericentromeric location.