cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VERNAL POOLS AND THE CONCEPT OF “ISOLATED WETLANDS”

Vernal pools, broadly defined as ephemeral wetlands that predictably form in permanent basins during the cooler part of the year but which dry during the summer months, are distributed throughout the world. In the U. S., they are particularly abundant on the Pacific Coast and in various forms in the glaciated landscapes of the north and northeast. Vernal pools are ecosystems that have evolved in a balance between isolation and connectedness. Because of isolation at several scales, the vernal pools biota includes many regionally endemic species. Because of connectedness, vernal pools also share many taxa with continent-spanning distributions at the generic and species level. Vernal pools serve an important local biodiversity function because of their connection to surrounding terrestrial habitats. Along with other ephemeral wetlands, they are the primary habitat for animal species that require relatively predator-free pools for feeding or breeding, including many amphibians. The recent U. S. Supreme Court decision (SWANCC), which deemed “isolated” wetlands to be outside the class of “waters of the United States,” places some significant but unknown proportion of vernal pools at risk. In the worst case, the consequences could be immediate reductions in biodiversity at a local level, and regional reductions over longer periods of time. Ideally, federal law should be rewritten to establish unambiguously the value of ephemeral wetlands. It will also be necessary for conservationists to educate the public and to bring the issue of vernal pool protection to the notice of their local and state governments.
Biofeedback and the Regulation of Complex Psychological Processes

With the growth and diversity of research on the regulation of physiological responses by means of biofeedback and instrumental learning, investigators have become more and more attracted by the possibilities that these methods may provide for the analysis and modification of complex psychological processes. From early on in the development of the field, writers have speculated about the implications of biofeedback and other methods of self regulation and voluntary control, and a variety of reports have described case studies exemplifying these potentials. Examples of complex processes that have been discussed in this context are: states of consciousness, creativity and imagination, learning potential, attention and vigilance, problem solving capabilities, relaxation, coping with stress, and various perceptual and subjective reactions in pain, anxiety, fear, and other emotional states. Aside from the possible influence or control over such psychological processes, a biofeedback strategy of research may help elucidate and objectify so-called private events which have required sole dependence on introspective and verbal reports for their specification.
Rate and power efficient image compressed sensing and transmission

This paper presents a suboptimal quantization and transmission scheme for multiscale block-based compressed sensing images over wireless channels. The proposed method includes two stages: dealing with quantization distortion and transmission errors. First, given the total transmission bit rate, the optimal number of quantization bits is assigned to the sensed measurements in different wavelet sub-bands so that the total quan- tization distortion is minimized. Second, given the total transmission power, the energy is allocated to different quantization bit layers based on their different error sensitivities. The method of Lagrange multipliers with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions is used to solve both optimization problems, for which the first problem can be solved with relaxation and the second problem can be solved completely. The effectiveness of the scheme is illustrated through simulation results, which have shown up to 10 dB improvement over the method without the rate and power optimization in medium and low signal-to-noise ratio cases. © 2016 SPIE and IS&T (DOI: 10.1117/1.JEI .25.1.013024)
Chemical Releasers of Social Behavior. XI. Terpenes in the Mandibular Glands of Lasius umbratus

The terpenes citronellol and citronellal are present in the mandibular glands of Lasius umbratus (Nylander).The alcohol constitutes about 85% of the volatile material in the mandibular gland, whereas the aldehyde is a minor constituent. Citronellal functions as a releaser of alarm for L. umbratus and citronellol is probably employed as a defensive secretion. The gross morphology of the mandibular gland and its reservoir is described. The importance of relative volatility and other factors which may govern the suitability of specific alarm pheromones for ants are discussed.
The Tragic and Faith in Pastoral Counseling

This essay uses Edward Farley's notion of the interrelation of tragic vulnerability and creation and Niebuhr's idea of faith in offering a conceptualization of the process and goals of pastoral counseling. Openness, novelty, separation, and change, which characterize creative activity, give rise to anxiety, fear, and suffering as created entities seek to achieve their ends and needs amidst the limits of life. Faith as vital concern—defined as human and transcendent relations marked by reciprocal belief, hope, trust, and fidelity—is a response that represents participation and cooperation in creative activity with its concomitant anxiety and suffering. Pastoral counseling may be understood as an activity that facilitates a response of faith as vital concern. The process of pastoral counseling involves three essential and interrelated tasks. First, the counselor invites the person to experience present and past painful disappointments, losses, and betrayals. Second, the counselor invites the client to explore the types of trust and fidelity that are distorted and diminish his or her capacities for risking intimacy, spontaneity, and freedom. The third task is learning to recognize, contain, and work through the inevitable disappointments, broken promises, frustrations, and betrayals encountered in human relationships. Thus the work of pastoral counseling involves reciprocal experiences of belief, hope, trust, and fidelity, which provide the essential and necessary ground through which persons develop a) the capacities for and experiences of spontaneity, awe, and freedom, b) the ability to handle and work through experiences and perceptions of distrust and infidelity, and c) a sense of subjective and intersubjective identity, continuity, and cohesion.
Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Staging Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection

AbstractAs laparoscopic techniques develop, endoscopic lymph node dissection is becoming preferred as the minimally invasive technique for lymph node staging of pelvic malignancies. We developed an extraperitoneal laparoscopic approach to staging pelvic lymphadenectomy, and describe our technique, results and experience in our initial 9 patients.
Career Counselling with Underserved Populations

Some well-intentioned career services providers think that providing successful career counselling to culturally diverse individuals is exactly the same as helping those from majority cultures (Pope, 2011). Although the foundation of providing career counselling to culturally diverse individuals is similar, the nuances that lead to assisting these adults in mastering their career issues are quite important and can be determinant in achieving successful outcomes.
Kinetic Monte Carlo Modeling of Nanomechanics in Amorphous Systems

The nanomechanics of amorphous systems span significant time and length scales that are difficult to access. Shear transformation zone (STZ) dynamics is a mesoscale approach that combines the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) algorithm with coarse-graining techniques to bridge the relevant time and length scales associated with deformation in these systems. This work discusses the fundamental details of these scale bridging techniques as well as their specific application in the STZ dynamics framework. The modeling framework is applied in various scenarios to demonstrate the versatility of the mesoscale approach. These applications include: (1) simulating the overall deformation behaviors of amorphous metals, (2) investigating the influence of thermomechanical processing by tracking a structural state variable, excess free volume, (3) assessing the nanomechanics that lead to shear banding in amorphous metals, (4) elucidating structural evolution that occurs during nanoindentation, and (5) examining the influence of various microstructural factors that influence the mechanical properties of metallic glass matrix (MGM) composites.
Construction of DPG Fortin operators for second order problems

Abstract The use of “ideal” optimal test functions in a Petrov–Galerkin scheme guarantees the discrete stability of the variational problem. However, in practice, the computation of the ideal optimal test functions is computationally intractable. In this paper, we study the effect of using approximate, “practical” test functions on the stability of the DPG (discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin) method and the change in stability between the “ideal” and “practical” cases is analyzed by constructing a Fortin operator. We highlight the construction of an “optimal” DPG Fortin operator for H 1 and H ( div ) spaces; the continuity constant of the Fortin operator is a measure of the loss of stability between the ideal and practical DPG methods. We take a two-pronged approach: first, we develop a numerical procedure to estimate an upper bound on the continuity constant of the Fortin operator in terms of the inf–sup constant γ h of an auxiliary problem. Second, we construct a sequence of approximate Fortin operators and exactly compute the continuity constants of the approximate operators, which provide a lower bound on the exact Fortin continuity constant. Our results shed light not only on the change in stability by using practical test functions, but also indicate how stability varies with the approximation order p and the enrichment order Δ p . The latter has important ramifications when one wishes to pursue local h p -adaptivity.
A Semantic Basis of Nonconservation of Weight

Sixty first-graders responded to four traditional weight conservation tasks and 24 randomly sequenced weight conservation tasks in which the transformations were based on 24 attributes of a doll. Some of these attributes were connotations of weight and some were not. Transformations of attributes that were connotations produced significantly more nonconservation than transformations of those that were not. The direction of non-conservation, i.e., heavier or lighter, was significantly related to whether the attribute was linguistically marked or unmarked.
The clinical behavior of well differentiated liposarcoma can be extremely variable: A retrospective cohort study at a major sarcoma center

BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of well differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS) is poorly understood and pathologic characterization is often challenging. Descriptive terms (such as sclerosing, myxoid, inflammatory, spindle cell) are frequently encountered in the pathology reports and are of unknown clinical significance. METHODS Sixty-two patients with primary retroperitoneal WDLPS resected at our institution were identified (1996-2011). Pathology reports of surgical resection specimens were retrospectively reviewed and descriptive qualifiers to the WDLPS diagnosis noted. RESULTS Descriptive qualifiers were associated with 36 (58%) cases. WDLPS with pathologic qualifiers were more likely to be larger (median size 32 vs 25.5 cm, P = 0.01) and multifocal (36.1 vs 7.7%, P = 0.01) at diagnosis, require concomitant organ resection at surgery (50 vs 23.1%, P = 0.03), and have higher incidence of local recurrence (83.3 vs 38.5%, P < 0.01). WDLPS with pathologic qualifiers showed significantly shorter local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and trend towards shorter distant recurrence-free survival and overall survival. Use of pathologic qualifiers with a WDLPS diagnosis independently predicted risk of worse LRFS. CONCLUSIONS Retroperitoneal WDLPS tumors characterized by pathologic descriptive qualifiers appear to behave more aggressively than their more typical counterparts. Further investigation is warranted to more consistently characterize and define the pathologic features commonly seen in WDLPS as these may impact patient outcomes.
VICTORY: A New Approach to Automated Vehicle Testing

Military ground vehicles are complex systems of systems involving Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance/Electronic Warfare (C4ISR/EW) and vehicular platform components, with an ever-increasing demand for more capability, increased survivability and expedient acquisition timelines. A current effort within the U.S. Army is the Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) initiative. VICTORY provides standard, on-the-wire network interfaces for C4ISR/EW and platform systems and sensors. VICTORY provides the ability to network platform equipment and enables automated testing and logistics data gathering, thereby offering key pieces of vehicle data to applications on the vehicle. The development of and adherence to open, well-defined, and accepted standards on military vehicles is key to an automated testing capability. By implementing open systems architectures (OSAs) as the interoperability layer upon which systems and sensors are connected, generalized test and evaluation methodologies can be developed and deployed. Leveraging modular, open system architectures and standard specifications like VICTORY for automated vehicle testing may provide opportunities for reduced system interconnect complexity, increased testing capabilities, and possibility for more meaningful, tightly coupled, data-rich test results. OSAs provide the framework for building generalized test sets, offering the opportunity to share a standard in-vehicle network environment upon which different applications can tailor specific test solutions.
Intravascular ultrasound-guided stent implantation reduces cardiovascular mortality - Updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Abstract Background The use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance to facilitate stent implantation has been demonstrated to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), predominantly due to a reduction in target lesion revascularization (TLR). The objectives of our meta-analysis are to assess the effect of IVUS on clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular mortality. Methods RCTs comparing drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation using IVUS plus angiography versus angiography alone were identified from a comprehensive search in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library. Pooled relative risks (RR) were obtained using DerSimonian and Laird estimator for the random effects model. Results The search yielded 10 RCTs (5007 participants) in which the relevant data were available. Two trials were performed in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO), whereas other trials included patients that either had stable ischemic heart disease (22–64%) or presented as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (36–78%). Routine use of IVUS was effective in reducing TLR (risk ratio (RR) 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44, 0.80; p Conclusion During DES implantation, the routine use of IVUS in addition to angiography improves clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular mortality. These findings reinforce the need for a broader implementation of IVUS-guidance during PCI. Since a significant proportion of patients studied presented as ACS, future trials should assess the benefit of IVUS-guidance in a more focused presentation setting.
Introduction to social sensing and big data computing for disaster management

Traditional data collection methods such as remote sensing and field surveying often fail to offer timely information during or immediately following disaster events. Social sensing enables all cit...
Predicting the Impact of Fermentor Geometry and Cap Management on Phenolic Profile Using a Reactor Engineering Model

Understanding of phenolic extraction during fermentation has long been limited to either empirical studies or well-mixed models, which limits the ability to predict the impact of winemaking decisions on final wine phenolic profile. We have developed a combined phenolic extraction and fermentation model that accounts for the heterogeneous nature of red wine fermentations and fermentor geometry by combining previously derived and validated red wine models. Here, we apply this model to explore the impact of fermentor volume and cap management on anthocyanin, skin tannin, and seed tannin extraction. Results indicate that larger, hotter fermentors favor faster extraction, and pump-over frequency strongly affects extraction of anthocyanins, skin tannins, and the relative contribution of seed and skin tannins. At small scales, this variation was not observed, in agreement with experiments. These results suggest potential winemaking strategies to control the ratio of skin to seed tannins in the final wine. Additionally, we explored the impact of fermentor geometry on anthocyanin extraction in the absence of cap management. The ratio of cap surface area to bulk liquid volume was critical in determining the concentration of anthocyanins in the bulk liquid, shedding light on conflicting small- and large-scale results of liquid anthocyanin concentrations without cap management.
Communication Studies’ Hollow Intersectionality Rhetoric

In November 2018, I attended a roundtable on sexual assault at the National Communication Association (NCA) conference. Each panelist spent a few minutes offering thoughts on the most pressing issu...
Machine learning enhances prediction of illness course: a longitudinal study in eating disorders.

Background Psychiatric disorders, including eating disorders (EDs), have clinical outcomes that range widely in severity and chronicity. The ability to predict such outcomes is extremely limited. Machine-learning (ML) approaches that model complexity may optimize the prediction of multifaceted psychiatric behaviors. However, the investigations of many psychiatric concerns have not capitalized on ML to improve prognosis. This study conducted the first comparison of an ML approach (elastic net regularized logistic regression) to traditional regression to longitudinally predict ED outcomes. Methods Females with heterogeneous ED diagnoses completed demographic and psychiatric assessments at baseline (n = 415) and Year 1 (n = 320) and 2 (n = 277) follow-ups. Elastic net and traditional logistic regression models comprising the same baseline variables were compared in ability to longitudinally predict ED diagnosis, binge eating, compensatory behavior, and underweight BMI at Years 1 and 2. Results Elastic net models had higher accuracy for all outcomes at Years 1 and 2 [average Area Under the Receiving Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC) = 0.78] compared to logistic regression (average AUC = 0.67). Model performance did not deteriorate when the most important predictor was removed or an alternative ML algorithm (random forests) was applied. Baseline ED (e.g. diagnosis), psychiatric (e.g. hospitalization), and demographic (e.g. ethnicity) characteristics emerged as important predictors in exploratory predictor importance analyses. Conclusions ML algorithms can enhance the prediction of ED symptoms for 2 years and may identify important risk markers. The superior accuracy of ML for predicting complex outcomes suggests that these approaches may ultimately aid in advancing precision medicine for serious psychiatric disorders.
Effect of low-dose lidocaine on objective upper extremity strength and immediate pain relief following cervical interlaminar epidural injections: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial

Background Low-dose lidocaine is a common diluent for analgesia following cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (CIESI). Concerns with this practice exist. A single-arm cohort reported that 20% of patients develop postprocedural upper extremity weakness when using lidocaine as a diluent. Furthermore, a high-cervical spinal block with unintended intrathecal or subdural administration is possible. Objective Determine if low-dose lidocaine as a diluent during CIESI causes clinically meaningful (1) upper extremity weakness and (2) immediate pain relief when compared with saline. Design Double-blinded randomized control trial. Methods Patients with cervical radicular pain scheduled for CIESI were enrolled. Participants received lidocaine (CIESI-L) or saline (CIESI-S) as a diluent for the epidural injectate. Myotomal strength was measured with dynamometry before and between 20 and 30 min after CIESI. Pre-pain and post-pain scores were obtained. Primary and secondary outcomes were post-CIESI weakness of ≥20% (minimal clinically important difference (MCID)) in >1 myotome and ≥50% pain reduction on the numerical scale. Results 120 participants (64 females (53%), mean age, 56 (SD 13.7) years) completed the study and were analyzed (CIESI-L n=60; CIESI-S n=60). There was no significant between-group difference in the proportion of participants with postprocedural weakness, CIESI-L 41.7% (95% CI, 29.8% to 54.5%), CIESL-S 50% (95% CI, 37.5% to 62.5%). Between-group comparison showed no significant difference in pain reduction, relative risk 1.53 (95% CI, 0.82 to 2.86). Conclusion Low-dose lidocaine as a diluent in CIESI does not significantly increase the risk of post-CIESI myotomal weakness when compared with saline, but also does not substantially increase the likelihood of immediate, meaningful pain relief. Trial registration details ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03127137); December 26, 2017.
Intersubband scattering rates in wurtzite InGaN/InAlN quantum well structures

Abstract The intersubband scattering rate for wurtzite (WZ) strain-compensated InGaN/InAlN quantum well (QW) structures grown on GaN substrate is investigated theoretically as functions of the sheet carrier density. The intersubband scattering rate of the strain-compensated InGaN/InAlN QW structure is found to be slightly smaller than that of the conventional GaN/AlN QW structure. The intersubband relaxation time for electron gradually increases with increasing carrier density. This can be explained by the fact that the inverse screening length becomes large owing to an increased quasi-Fermi level. The strain-compensated InGaN/InAlN QW structure shows larger relaxation time than conventional GaN/AlN QW structure.
Conducting density-sampled case-control studies using survey data with complex sampling designs: A simulation study

Abstract Purpose Population-based surveys are possible sources from which to draw representative control data for case-control studies. However, these surveys involve complex sampling that could lead to biased estimates of measures of association if not properly accounted for in analyses. Approaches to incorporating complex-sampled controls in density-sampled case-control designs have not been examined. Methods We used a simulation study to evaluate the performance of different approaches to estimating incidence density ratios (IDR) from case-control studies with controls drawn from complex survey data using risk-set sampling. In simulated population data, we applied four survey sampling approaches, with varying survey sizes, and assessed the performance of four analysis methods for incorporating survey-based controls. Results Estimates of the IDR were unbiased for methods that conducted risk-set sampling with probability of selection proportional to survey weights. Estimates of the IDR were biased when sampling weights were not incorporated, or only included in regression modeling. The unbiased analysis methods performed comparably and produced estimates with variance comparable to biased methods. Variance increased and confidence interval coverage decreased as survey size decreased. Conclusions Unbiased estimates are obtainable in risk-set sampled case-control studies using controls drawn from complex survey data when weights are properly incorporated.
A new sampling capability for uncertainty quantification in the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model v4.19 using Gaussian Markov random fields

Abstract. Assessing the impact of uncertainties in ice-sheet models is a major and challenging issue that needs to be faced by the ice-sheet community to provide more robust and reliable model-based projections of ice-sheet mass balance. In recent years, uncertainty quantification (UQ) has been increasingly used to characterize and explore uncertainty in ice-sheet models and improve the robustness of their projections. A typical UQ analysis involves first the (probabilistic) characterization of the sources of uncertainty followed by the propagation and sensitivity analysis of these sources of uncertainty. Previous studies concerned with UQ in ice-sheet models have generally focused on the last two steps but paid relatively little attention to the preliminary and critical step of the characterization of uncertainty. Sources of uncertainty in ice-sheet models, like uncertainties in ice-sheet geometry or surface mass balance, typically vary in space and potentially in time. For that reason, they are more adequately described as spatio(-temporal) random fields, which account naturally for spatial (and temporal) correlation. As a means of improving the characterization of the sources of uncertainties in ice-sheet models, we propose in this paper to represent them as Gaussian random fields with Matern covariance function. The class of Matern covariance functions provides a flexible model able to capture statistical dependence between locations with different degrees of spatial correlation or smoothness properties. Samples from a Gaussian random field with Matern covariance function can be generated efficiently by solving a certain stochastic partial differential equation. Discretization of this stochastic partial differential equation by the finite element method results in a sparse approximation known as a Gaussian Markov random field. We solve this equation efficiently using the finite element method within the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). In addition, spatio-temporal samples can be generated by combining an autoregressive temporal model and the Matern field. The implementation is tested on a set of synthetic experiments to verify that it captures well the desired spatial and temporal correlations. Finally, we demonstrate the interest of this sampling capability in an illustration concerned with assessing the impact of various sources of uncertainties on the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica. We find that both larger spatial and temporal correlations lengths will likely result in increased uncertainty in the projections.
Genomic Signatures in HPV-Associated Tumors.

Papillomaviruses dysregulate the G1/S cell cycle transition in order to promote DNA synthesis in S phase, which is a requirement for viral replication. The human papillomaviruses (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins mediate degradation of the cell cycle regulators p53 and Rb, which are two of the most universally disrupted tumor-suppressor genes in all of cancer. The G1/S checkpoint is activated in normal cells to allow sufficient time for DNA repair in G1 before proceeding to replicate DNA and risk propagating unrepaired errors. The TP53 pathway suppresses a variety of such errors, including translocation, copy number alterations, and aneuploidy, which are thus found in HPV-associated tumors similarly to HPV-negative tumors with other mechanisms of TP53 disruption. However, E6 and E7 maintain a variety of other virus–host interactions that directly disrupt a growing list of other DNA repair and chromatin remodeling factors, implying HPV-specific repair deficiencies. In addition, HPV-associated squamous cell carcinomas tumors clinically respond differently to DNA damaging agents compared to their HPV negative counterparts. The focus of this review is to integrate three categories of observations: (1) pre-clinical understanding as to the effect of HPV on DNA repair, (2) genomic signatures of DNA repair in HPV-associated tumor genomes, and (3) clinical responses of HPV-associated tumors to DNA damaging agents. The goals are to try to explain why HPV-associated tumors respond so well to DNA damaging agents, identify missing pieces, and suggest clinical strategies could be used to further improve treatment of these cancers.
Comparing and Learning From the Two Curriculum Changes

In Chapter 14, significant similarities between the two periods of curriculum review (i.e., late 1950s and early 1990s) at Columbia Business School were demonstrated at a global level. First, each curriculum review was preceded by a long period of convergence—roughly 40 and 30 years, respectively, times of equilibrium during which the institution grew in fairly consistent fashions. Second, the time spans during which the major curriculum reviews occurred were characterized as periods of reorientation in which the patterns of consistency developed during convergence were reordered, and significant changes were made in the School’s strategy, power structure and controls. In this chapter, a more detailed comparison is made of the two major curriculum reviews at Columbia Business School—in the late 1950s and early 1990s.
Why the State

We're back where we began. One hundred years ago the issue of the day was the scope of state power. America was becoming increasingly urbanized and industrialized and, to curb the excesses of industrial capitalism, various political forces turned to the state. 1 The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in i887, as part of a larger program to regulate the railroads that was to include the Elkins Act of I903, the Hepburn Act of I906, and many state statutes; the Sherman Act was enacted in I890, and the first peacetime income tax in I894; statutes were also passed regulating the sale and distribution of liquor and lotteries; and a wide variety of federal and state statutes were then enacted to control various facets of the employment relationship, including the maximum number of hours worked, safety, child labor, and union membership. These advances in the use of state power did not come easily. They were fought at almost every turn, and the forces of resistance found a sympathetic ear on the Supreme Court. Many of the measures were invalidated, while others were cabined by narrow constructions. Liberty was reduced to limited government. During the early part of the twentieth century, however, the balance of power began to shift and, by the time of the New Deal and World War II, state intervention in social and economic matters became a pervasive feature of national life. In our own day, the victory of the activist state was given dramatic expression in the civil rights movement of the early i960s the so-called Second Reconstruction and in Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. State power then became the principal instrument for achieving a true and substantive equality. In the late sixties, as our attention shifted to the Vietnam War and we began to feel the pressure of a spiraling inflation, things changed. An attack on "big government" became the organizing theme of our politics. It was voiced by both Democrats and Republicans, and over the next twenty years, a myriad of programs were proposed and sometimes instituted to limit domestic governmental activities, particularly those of the federal government. These programs went by the name of "the new federalism," "revenue sharing," "deregulation," "pri-
The murine diabetogenic class II histocompatibility molecule I-Ag7: structural and functional properties and specificity of peptide selection.

Abstract The onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is directly linked to the expression of class II MHC molecules. The NOD mouse, which is an excellent animal model for the human disease, expresses the I‐Ag7 molecule that shares many features with the human diabetogenic class II MHC alleles. In this review, the structural, biochemical, and biological properties of the I‐Ag7 molecules and how they relate to onset of diabetes is discussed. In particular, the focus is on the unique properties of peptide selection by I‐Ag7 that reveal the preferred binding motif of diabetogenic MHC molecules and its role in display of peptides derived from islet β cells.
The joins concurrency library

Cω extended C# 1.x with a simple, declarative and powerful model of concurrency – join patterns – applicable both to multithreaded applications and to the orchestration of asynchronous, event-based distributed applications. With Generics available in C# 2.0, we can now provide join patterns as a library rather than a language feature. The Joins library extends its clients with an embedded, type-safe and mostly declarative language for expressing synchronization patterns. The library has some advantages over Cω: it is language neutral, supporting other languages like Visual Basic; its join patterns are more dynamic, allowing solutions difficult to express with Cω; its code is easy to modify, fostering experimentation. Although presenting fewer optimization opportunities, the implementation is efficient and its interface makes it trivial to translate Cω programs to C#. We describe the interface and implementation of Joins which (ab)uses almost every feature of Generics.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PETITE MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE: TRANSMISSIONAL TYPES

ABSTRACT We have studied a number of petite [ rho - ] mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced in a wild-type strain of mitochondrial genotype [ ome - CHL R ERY S OLI S 1,2,3 PAR S ] by Berenil and ethidium bromide, all of which have retained two mitochondrial genetic markers, [ CHL R ] and [ ERY S ], but have lost all other known markers. Though stable in their ability to retain these markers in their genome, these mutants vary widely among themselves in suppressiveness and in the extent to which the markers are transmitted on crossing to a common wild-type tested strain. In appropriate crosses all of the strains examined in this study demonstrate mitochondrial polarity, and thus have also retained the [ ome - ] locus in a functional form; however, five different transmissional types were obtained, several of them quite unusual, particularly among the strains originally induced by Berenil. One of the most interesting types is the one that appears to reverse the parental genotypes with [ CHL R ERY S ] predominating over [ CHL S ERY R ] in the diploid [ rho +] progeny, rather than the reverse, which is characteristic of analogous crosses with [ rho +] or other petites. Mutants in this class also exhibited low or no suppressiveness. Since all of the petites reported here are derived from the same wild-type parent, and so have the same nuclear background, we have interpreted the transmissional differences as being due to different intramolecular arrangements of largely common retained sequences.
Resonance shift due to correlated amplitude and frequency variations

Abstract Quite recently, Camparo and Lambropoulos predicted the existence of resonance frequency shifts due to a quantum system's dynamics in the presence of a fluctuating field. This shift is independent of any ac Stark or Bloch-Siegert effect, and is in part associated with the existence of correlated amplitude and frequency fluctuations of the field. Here, we report experimental confirmation for a part of their predictions by showing that a field with correlated amplitude and frequency sinusoidal variations gives rise to a resonance frequency shift. Moreover, we show that in the regime of strong fields, this shift cannot be interpreted as a convolution of the fluctuating field's spectrum and the atomic resonance.
Surface Tension Measurements of N-Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids

We have measured the surface tensions, with use of a ring tensiometer, of a series of closely related ionic liquids [Cnmim][X] where [Cnmim] represents the 1-CnH2n+1-3-methylimidazolium cation (n = 4 [bmim], 8 [omim], and 12 [C12mim]) and X = PF6-, BF4-, Cl-, or Br-. The values of surface tension span an unusually wide range for compounds of such similar structure, from 45 mJ/m2 ([bmim][PF6]) to 24 mJ/m2 ([C12mim][PF6]) at 336 K. They all show a linear variation of surface tension with temperature allowing a separation of the surface excess entropy and energy components. The surface excess quantities are alkyl chain length-dependent; both the surface excess entropy and energy decrease as the alkyl chain in the 1-position of the cation is lengthened for a particular anion. For a common cation, a reduction in the surface excess entropy occurs with decreasing anion size. A similar effect occurs in the surface excess energy when the anion decreases in size for the shorter alkyl chain compounds. The wide range...
Spin-Polarized to Valley-Polarized Transition in Graphene Bilayers at ν = 0 in High Magnetic Fields

We investigate the transverse electric field ($E$) dependence of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ quantum Hall state (QHS) in dual-gated graphene bilayers in high magnetic fields. The longitudinal resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xx}$ measured at $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ shows an insulating behavior which is strongest in the vicinity of $E=0$, as well as at large $E$ fields. At a fixed perpendicular magnetic field ($B$), the $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ QHS undergoes a transition as a function of the applied $E$, marked by a minimum, temperature-independent ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xx}$. This observation is explained by a transition from a spin-polarized $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ QHS at small $E$ fields to a valley- (layer-)polarized $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ QHS at large $E$ fields. The $E$ field value at which the transition occurs follows a linear dependence on $B$.
Yeast Irc6p is a novel type of conserved clathrin coat accessory factor related to small G proteins

Clathrin coat accessory proteins play key roles in transport mediated by clathrin-coated vesicles. Yeast Irc6p and the related mammalian p34 are putative clathrin accessory proteins that interact with clathrin adaptor complexes. We present evidence that Irc6p functions in clathrin-mediated traffic between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes, linking clathrin adaptor complex AP-1 and the Rab GTPase Ypt31p. The crystal structure of the Irc6p N-terminal domain revealed a G-protein fold most related to small G proteins of the Rab and Arf families. However, Irc6p lacks G-protein signature motifs and high-affinity GTP binding. Also, mutant Irc6p lacking candidate GTP-binding residues retained function. Mammalian p34 rescued growth defects in irc6 cells, indicating functional conservation, and modeling predicted a similar N-terminal fold in p34. Irc6p and p34 also contain functionally conserved C-terminal regions. Irc6p/p34-related proteins with the same two-part architecture are encoded in genomes of species as diverse as plants and humans. Together these results define Irc6p/p34 as a novel type of conserved clathrin accessory protein and founding members of a new G protein-like family.
Fractured heterotopic bone in myositis ossificans traumatica.

Objective: To discuss the case of a patient with an acute fracture occurring through preexisting, quiescent, posttraumatic heterotopic bone formation of the gastrocnemius muscle. The lesion demonstrated a previously unreported pattern of healing. This case serves to demonstrate an infrequent event with a rare and heretofore unreported sequella. Clinical Features: A 54-year-old man with preexisting, mature heterotopic bone within the left gastrocnemius muscle experienced reinjury to the site. The preexisting heterotopic bone was a result of a sporting injury that had occurred 32 years previously. At the time of the new injury, the patient experienced immediate, severe pain. Radiographs demonstrated a nondisplaced oblique fracture through the preexisting heterotopic bone. Intervention and Outcome: The patient was treated with protective wrapping and physiotherapy modalities. Because only the heterotopic bone was involved, the leg was not placed in a cast. Follow-up radiographs obtained 14 weeks later showed callus formation about the fractured site and evidence of union. Conclusion: Fractures occurring through mature heterotopic bone formations, such as those seen in myositis ossificans traumatica, are infrequent; callus formation with union of the fractured fragments is an even rarer occurrence. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:296-9)
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF POLLUTION TRANSPORT IN ESTUARIES

Summary A novel model of pollution transport in estuaries is proposed. The model provides some two-dimensional features of pollution transport while using an essentially one-dimensional approach. The model is tested against data taken from a dye study conducted in the Delaware Estuary by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The model is able to predict both lateral and downstream concentration profiles, and is shown to match field data with reasonable accuracy.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in ARL Libraries.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), commonly found in manufacturing operations, is spreading from this traditional haunt to nontraditional settings. Libraries are one setting where employees are sustaining an increasing number of CTS injuries. This study reports the results of a survey of the libraries holding membership in the Association of Research Libraries. Based on information obtained via a questionnaire, the study reports the incidences of CTS and the measures libraries are taking to cope with this pervasive health condition. Repeated comments from respondents also are included. This article concludes by listing recommendations to help reduce carpal tunnel syndrome.
Mars Observer spacecraft

The technical aspects of the spacecraft for the Mars Observer mission are discussed. The spacecraft development focuses on using existing flight subsystem designs and production techniques to offer a low-cost, reliable, production-type spacecraft. The scientific objectives of the mission and the scientific payloads of the spacecraft are considered. The spacecraft system and its performance are discussed. The subsystems are described in detail, including attitude and articulation control, electrical power supply, propulsion, structure, thermal control, command and data handling, telecommunications, mechanics, and flight software.
Differential mutagen susceptibility in cultured lymphocytes of normal individuals and cancer patients.

Abstract When cultured human lymphocytes were treated with a radiomimetic chemical bleomycin, metaphase chromosomes from different individuals exhibited a wide spectrum of responses in terms of number of chromatid lesions. This variability is interpreted as the result of capability for DNA repair. Among 100 healthy, normal individuals tested, nearly 60% showed a mean breaks per cell rate in the range of 0.20–0.60, whereas, only 12% showed breaks per cell rates above 1.00. On the other hand, among 75 cancer patients, 60% showed breaks per cell rates above 1.00. It is believed that differential responses to a mutagen have genetic implications. Individuals with DNA repair deficiencies may be more susceptible to carcinogens and, therefore, are more susceptible to neoplastic induction.
Advanced photonic crystal architectures from colloidal self-assembly techniques

We describe two different types of novel architectures based on photonic crystals of sub-micron colloids. The first involves the formation of photonic superlattices from colloidal photonic crystals. The superlattice periodicity induces the formation of minibands due to folding of the photonic band structure. This represents a way by which mid-gap states can be incorporated into a colloidal photonic crystal via a specifically engineered structural modification. The second idea involves applying the superprism concept to three-dimensionally periodic structures. Near a photonic band edge, the diffraction angle is strongly dependent on wavelength. We analyze this effect in the context of macroporous polymer thin films formed from colloidal crystal templates.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 or dexamethasone modulate arachidonic acid uptake and distribution into glycerophospholipids by normal adult human osteoblast‐like cells

The effects of treatment with the osteotropic steroids 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), 17 beta-estradiol, or dexamethasone on [1-14C]arachidonic acid (AA) uptake and distribution into glycerophospholipid classes by normal adult human osteoblast-like (hOB) cells were investigated. Total uptake of [1-14C]AA was decreased in cells treated with dexamethasone when assayed after a 24-, 48-, or 96-h exposure to the hormone. Specific radiolabel incorporation into phosphatidylcholine was reduced by a 48-h treatment with dexamethasone with a concurrent increase in the radiolabeling of phosphatidylethanolamine. However, these changes were transient, and by 96 h of dexamethasone treatment the distribution of the radiolabeled fatty acid had reequilibrated to resemble the pattern found for vehicle treated samples. Total uptake of [1-14C]AA was diminished by 96-h treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 (79 +/- 3% of control, P < 0.01); at that time point, a significant decrease in the proportional radiolabeling of the phosphatidylinositol pool was identified (92 +/- 2% of control, P < 0.05). The 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent decrease in total uptake and in phosphatidylinositol incorporation of [1-14C]AA were found to be hormone dose dependent. Treatment with 24,25(OH)2D3 was without effect on either total [1-14C]AA uptake or the specific [1-14C]AA radiolabeling of the phosphatidylinositol pool. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment decreased hOB cell uptake of [1-14C]oleic acid and decreased its proportional incorporation into the phosphatidylinositol pool. Gas chromatographic analyses revealed no 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent effects on total phosphatidylinositol lipid mass or on the mole percent of arachidonic acid within the phosphatidylinositol pool, leaving the mechanism of the effects of the secosteroid on hOB cell AA metabolism unexplained. 17 beta-Estradiol had no effects on the parameters of AA metabolism measured. As a consequence of their modulation of arachidonic acid uptake and its distribution into hOB cellular phospholipids, steroids might alter the biological effects of other hormones whose actions include the stimulated production of bioactive AA metabolites, such as prostaglandins or the various lipoxygenase products.
Comparative performance of mildly impaired patients with Alzheimer's disease and multiple cerebral infarctions on tests of memory and functional capacity

There is increasing evidence that mildly impaired patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be distinguished from mildly impaired patients with multi-infarct cognitive disorder (MICD) by their degree of semantic memory impairment. However, despite these observed group differences, it is unknown whether AD and MICD patients differ in their ability to perform a broad array of functional activities required for daily living and the degree to which severity of cognitive impairment is associated with functional deficits. Using a measure assessing numerous functional domains within the clinical setting, we were able to directly compare the functional capacity of mildly impaired AD and MICD patients, as well as a more cognitively impaired AD group. Although mildly impaired AD patients scored significantly lower on tests of semantic memory relative to their mildly impaired MICD counterparts, deficits in functional capacity were relatively equivalent. The AD group with more severe cognitive impairment scored lower on both memory and functional measures. A relatively high proportion of mildly impaired AD and MICD subjects evidenced impairment across a number of functional domains, suggesting that functional impairment may occur with relatively high frequency in these patient groups.