cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homophobia Within Schools: Challenging the Culturally Sanctioned Dismissal of Gay Students and Colleagues

In this paper we chronicle the prevalence of and cultural prescription for homophobia in the United States. The endemic nature of homophobia as it has been studied by behavioral scientists is reviewed. We then suggest that as social institutions reflecting cultural values, schools, colleges, and universities sanction an environment that neglects the value of gay students, staff, and faculty. Institutional homophobia dismisses the legitimacy of these individuals, thereby minimizing their contributions to learning. Addressed specifically are suggestions for training individuals who work with students to recognize, address, and challenge homophobia. We conclude that while the weight of American culture sanctions homophobia, training educators and personnel about the nuances of institutional homophobia may provide a fairer environment for gay students and colleagues. An appendix of resources describing effective programs for educational and training use is provided.
Gaphyl: A Genetic Algorithms Approach to Cladistics

This research investigates the use of genetic algorithms to solve problems from cladistics - a technique used by biologists to hypothesize the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Since exhaustive search is not practical in this domain, typical cladistics software packages use heuristic search methods to navigate through the space of possible trees in an attempt to find one or more "best" solutions. We have developed a system called Gaphyl, which uses the genetic algorithm approach as a search technique for finding cladograms, and a tree evaluation metric from a common cladistics software package (Phylip). On a nontrivial problem (49 species with 61 attributes), Gaphyl is able to find more of the best known trees with less computational effort than Phylip is able to find (corresponding to more equally plausible evolutionary hypotheses).
Characteristics of hiss‐like and discrete whistler‐mode emissions

[1] The characteristics of hiss-like and discrete (rising and falling tones) whistler-mode waves in the lower-band wave frequency range (0.1–0.5 of equatorial electron gyrofrequency) are investigated using waveform data from near-equatorially orbiting multiple THEMIS spacecraft outside the plasmasphere. Statistical results show that wave polarization properties of hiss-like emissions are similar to rising tones, but are significantly different from falling tones. The magnetic wave amplitudes of hiss-like bands and rising tones are generally larger than those of falling tones. Wave normal angles of broadband hiss-like emissions and rising tones tend to be quasi field-aligned, whereas falling tones are very oblique. Importantly, discrete emissions including rising and falling tones are predominantly observed in the region of lowfpe/fce(the ratio of plasma frequency to electron gyrofrequency), whereas hiss-like bands alone preferentially occur in the region of highfpe/fce. These important features of hiss-like and discrete whistler-mode emissions should be considered when evaluating their interactions with energetic electrons.
Population connectivity and genetic structure of burbot ( Lota lota ) populations in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming

Burbot (Lota lota) occur in the Wind River Basin in central Wyoming, USA, at the southwestern extreme of the species’ native range in North America. The most stable and successful of these populations occur in six glacially carved mountain lakes on three different tributary streams and one large main stem impoundment (Boysen Reservoir) downstream from the tributary populations. Burbot are rarely found in connecting streams and rivers, which are relatively small and high gradient, with a variety of potential barriers to upstream movement of fish. We used high-throughput genomic sequence data for 11,197 SNPs to characterize the genetic diversity, population structure, and connectivity among burbot populations on the Wind River system. Fish from Boysen Reservoir and lower basin tributary populations were genetically differentiated from those in the upper basin tributary populations. In addition, fish within the same tributary streams fell within the same genetic clusters, suggesting there is movement of fish between lakes on the same tributaries but that populations within each tributary system are isolated and genetically distinct from other populations. Observed genetic differentiation corresponded to natural and anthropogenic barriers, highlighting the importance of barriers to fish population connectivity and gene flow in human-altered linked lake-stream habitats.
A smart home application to eldercare: Current status and lessons learned

To address an aging population, we have been investigating sensor networks for monitoring older adults in their homes. In this paper, we report ongoing work in which passive sensor networks have been installed in 17 apartments in an aging in place eldercare facility. The network under development includes simple motion sensors, video sensors, and a bed sensor that captures sleep restlessness and pulse and respiration levels. Data collection has been ongoing for over two years in some apartments. This longevity in sensor data collection is allowing us to study the data and develop algorithms for identifying alert conditions such as falls, as well as extracting typical daily activity patterns for an individual. The goal is to capture patterns representing physical and cognitive health conditions and then recognize when activity patterns begin to deviate from the norm. In doing so, we strive to provide early detection of potential problems which may lead to serious health events if left unattended. We describe the components of the network and show examples of logged sensor data with correlated references to health events. A summary is also included on the challenges encountered and the lessons learned as a result of our experiences in monitoring aging adults in their homes.
In vitro propagation of red squill, Urginea maritima Baker

Red squill (Urginea maritima Baker), a plant in the Liliaceae of potential use as a rodenticide, was successfully propagated in vitro. Bulblets were induced from red squill bulb-scales cultured in the dark on a medium containing Murashige and Skoog [6] salts supplemented with a combination of 0.5 or 1.6 μM naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.4 or 1.3 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. Bulblets induced in vitro were rooted in medium containing 0.5 or 1.6 μM naphthaleneacetic acid and planted in vermiculite. Bulb-scale explants could be returned to fresh medium regenerate new bulblets, which were easily rooted. Alternatively, bulblets could be subcultured to regenerate adventitious shoots in medium containing 4.4 or 13.2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. Shoots regenerated in this manner proved difficult to root by a number of treatments tested. Regenerated bulblets were chilled at 5C for 3 to 4 weeks to induce leaf emergence prior to transfer to the greenhouse.
Computational social choice: the first four centuries

In the last two decades computer scientists have become interested in social choice, leading to the rise of a new field called computational social choice. This article is meant to serve as an (extremely biased) introduction to the field. It would be a shame though to tell the story of computational social choice without recounting some of the delightful history of social choice theory itself, which spans several centuries (some would say millennia). In fact, as we shall see, some of the prominent figures of social choice theory were very colorful indeed!
Komatiites and picrites: evidence that the `plume' source is depleted

High-temperature magmas such as picrites and komatiites are candidates for the material in the hot axial region of mantle plumes. In current plume theories these magmas should have an enriched ocean-island basalt (OIB) type chemistry. High MgO magmas, however, are often more like depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) in trace element and isotopic chemistry. This is a paradox for deep mantle plume, or primitive mantle, theories but is expected if hotspots and MORB share a common depleted source and the transition to OIB chemistry involves shallow-level cooling, crystal fractionation and contamination. Ancient komatiites appear to have come from the same deep depleted reservoir as modern picrites and MORB.
Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers at 2 and 3 micron for the Biomedical Field

Recent developments in diode pumped 2 and 3 μm rare earth lasers are reviewed.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Agricultural Productivity and Sources of Growth in South Asia

Estimates of partial factor productivity growth for rice and wheat in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan show relatively rapid growth in yields per hectare since adoption of modern rice and wheat varieties began in the mid to late 1960s (Byerlee, Rosegrant). While partial factor productivity growth for rice and wheat in South Asia has been extensively analyzed, there is relatively little understanding of total factor productivity growth and the sources of productivity growth in the crops sector, or of the relative contribution to output growth from productivity growth compared to increased factor use. This paper assesses total factor productivity (TFP) growth in India, examines the sources of productivity growth, and estimates the rates of return to public investments in research and extension. A comparison is made with results for Bangladesh (Dey and Evenson) and Pakistan (Azam, Bloom, and Evenson). The paper describes the methodology for estimation of TFP, decomposition of TFP, and estimation of rates of return to public investments; describes the data; and presents results and policy implications.
Anticoagulation risk in spine surgery.

Study design Systematic review. Objective To determine the high-risk populations for thromboembolic events in spine surgery patients, the risk of anticoagulation in spine surgery patients by type of anticoagulation, and whether there is a safe perioperative window of nonanticoagulation for these high-risk patients. Summary of background data Thromboembolic complications after major spinal surgery is a significant risk for patients. Anticoagulation to reduce this risk is of concern because of the possibility of excessive bleeding or postoperative hematomas and associated neurologic deficits. There seems to be a paucity of literature on this topic. Methods A systematic review of the English-language literature was undertaken for articles published between January 1990 and December 2008. Electronic databases and reference lists of key articles were searched to identify published studies examining coagulopathy in major spine surgery. Two independent reviewers assessed the strength of literature using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, assessing quality, quantity, and consistency of results. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results A total of 93 articles were initially screened, and 29 ultimately met the predetermined inclusion criteria. The risk of thromboembolism in patients not receiving chemical prophylaxis was slightly higher in surgery to correct deformity (5.3%) and trauma patients (6.0%) than in surgery for degenerative conditions (2.3%). Fatal pulmonary embolism was rare. Bleeding complications occurred rarely with the use of anticoagulation; risk of major bleeding ranged from 0.0% to 4.3% across several types of anticoagulants. Postoperative hematoma was reported in only 10 of 2507 patients. Conclusion Venous thromboembolism is uncommon after elective spine surgery. Trauma patients are at increased risk, and chemical prophylaxis should be considered. The safe timing of the administration of anticoagulation agents is unknown.
Calculated radiation exposure for trauma patients is lower when using the New Injury Severity Score versus the Injury Severity Score to calculate injury severity

We studied radiation exposure (RE) in trauma patients [1]. To adjust for injury severity the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) or the Injury Severity Score (ISS) can be used to group patients. We sought to determine whether there is a difference in the calculated RE per group when the patients are grouped using either the NISS or ISS.
An endochitinase gene expressed at high levels in the stylar transmitting tissue of tomatoes

A gene (pMON9617; Chi2;1) identified by screening a tomato pistil cDNA library has been found to encode a protein similar in sequence to class II chitinases. Using a baculovirus expression system we show that the Chi2;1 protein is an active endochitinase. The Chi2;1 protein is most similar in sequence to a previously described stylar chitinase (SK2) isolated from potato. Both proteins lack the diagnostic N-terminal cysteine-rich regions and the C-terminal vacuolar targeting signals of class I chitinases and appear to define a novel type of class II endochitinases associated with flowers. Chi2;1 is expressed predominantly in floral organs and its expression within these organs is temporally regulated. The highest level of expression is found in the transmitting tissue of the style where Chi2;1 mRNA begins to accumulate just prior to anthesis. In vegetative tissue, low levels of Chi2;1 mRNA were detected, and these levels did not increase in response to wounding or treatment with ethephon. mRNA from Chi2;1 orthologs was not detected in most other angiosperms tested, even including some members of the Solanaceae, and it is therefore unlikely that Chi2;1 is essential for stylar function. A fragment containing 1.4 kilobase pairs of 5′-flanking DNA from the Chi2;1 gene was shown to drive high-level expression of an attached reporter gene in the styles of transgenic tomatoes. This fragment has utility for engineering expression of other coding regions in styles.
Electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric cylinder and the method of lines

A modified method of lines is developed for solving electromagnetic scattering problems, when TM plane waves are incident on cylindrical structures with dielectric properties that are function of two spatial directions. Numerical performance of the proposed method are examined and found to be very satisfactory. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1046–1049, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24266
Establishing action levels for EPID-based QA for IMRT

Although portal dosimetry is used to provide quality assurance (QA) for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans, trends in agreement between the portal dose prediction (PDP) and the measured dose have not been clarified. In this work, we evaluated three scalar parameters of agreement for 152 treatment plans (1152 treatment fields): maximum gamma (gamma max), average gamma (gamma avg), and percentage of the field area with a gamma value greater than 1.0 (gamma % > 1). These data were then used to set clinical action levels based on the institutional mean and standard deviations. We found that agreement between measured dose and PDP was improved by recalculating the fields at lower dose rates. We conclude that action levels are a useful tool for standardizing the evaluation of EPID-based IMRT QA.
Tension-Torsion Characteristics of the Canine Anterior Cruciate Ligament—Part II: Experimental Observations

An experimental program was devised to determine whether the canine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), with an apparent helical twist of its component fiber bundles, could support a torque during axial loading to failure. At the point of first significant failure, the anterior cruciate was found to develop an average maximum torque of 122 +/- 26 N-mm (mean +/- SEM) for the nine tension-torsion tests performed. A nearly linear axial force-torque curve was also observed where the average slope of all tests was 5.2 +/- 0.2 mm-1 (mean +/- SEM). The experimental axial force data was then used to determine material parameters in the constitutive equation for the fascicle and underlying bone. A nonlinear ligament model based on this response was found to reproduce the axial force data adequately and to reasonably predict the observed ligament torque over the entire subfailure loading range. The presence of a ligament torque during axial loading has implications in the design and selection of a ligament substitute. Such a substitute has already been examined in the canine in another study. The results also suggest more refined experiments which could relate the mechanical properties of a ligament to its detailed macrostructure and insertion site geometries.
Food characteristics, long-term habituation and energy intake: Laboratory and field studies

Greater food variety is related to increased energy intake, and one approach to reduce food intake is to reduce food variety. The effects of varying the variety of foods at the dinner meal to reduce energy intake was assessed in laboratory and field experiments. Experiment 1 randomly assigned 31 overweight children to one of three conditions that provided one laboratory meal per day over a week. Conditions were the SAME macaroni and cheese, SIMILAR types of macaroni and cheese, or a VARIETY of high-energy-dense foods. On days 1 and 5 all children consumed the same macaroni and cheese meal. Results showed significant differences in energy consumed between SAME and SIMILAR versus VARIETY from day 1 to 5, with SAME and SIMILAR decreasing and VARIETY increasing energy intake. Trials to habituation, a potential mechanism for the variety effect, showed the same pattern of between group differences as energy intake. Experiment 2 randomly assigned 30 overweight children to conditions that provided the SAME, SIMILAR or VARIETY of high-energy-dense entrees along with a variety of low-energy-dense dinner entrees to eat in their homes for 4 weeks. Results showed significant between group differences in energy intake across weeks, with significant decreases over weeks for the SAME and SIMILAR versus VARIETY groups. The pattern of results across the experiments shows the same pattern of reduction in energy intake if children eat the same or similar characteristics of foods (types of macaroni and cheese), which may provide ideas about how to develop dietary variety prescriptions that can reduce intake and be tested in clinical trials.
The Diagnosis of Work Group Norms: Practical Implications for Change

Behaviour resulting from work group normative processes can be examined and changed to increase the productivity of an organisation. A model for exploring the process of work group norm diagnosis that can be used by organisational consultants is developed. Examples of its use are also presented.
Equilibrium structure and rigidity of alumina polymers

Alumina polymers are studied at various degrees of branching using X-ray and light scattering. A combination of static and dynamic data shows that lattice animal-like structures are formed which break apart and swell on dilution. We observe a threshold for large-scale polymerization when there are 2.5 bridging groups per A1. Below this value only polynuclear species occur whereas above this value the system gels.
Optical methods for exploring dynamics of single copies of green fluorescent protein

Single copies of four different phenolate ion mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) exhibit a complex blinking and fluctuating behavior, a phenomenon that is hidden in measurements on large ensembles. Both total internal reflection microscopy and scanning confocal microscopy can be used to study the blinking dynamics, and autocorrelation analysis yields histograms of the correlation times for many individual molecules. While the total internal reflection method can follow several single molecules simultaneously, the confocal method offers higher time resolution at the expense of parallelism. We compare and contrast the two methods in terms of the ability to follow the complex dynamics of this system. Cytometry 36:232–238, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reintroduction of Federally Endangered Harperella (Harperella nodosum Rose) in Flood-Prone, Artificial, and Natural Habitats

ABSTRACT Harperella (Harperella nodosum) is the only federally listed endangered plant species in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park (CO the reintroduction efforts in West Virginia successfully transplanted seedlings on cobble bars in two tributaries of the Potomac River in West Virginia where harperella populations once flourished but in the last decade or so had been decimated by ...
The L2a element is a mouse CD8 silencer that interacts with MAR-binding proteins SATB1 and CDP.

Abstract Previous transgenic-reporter and targeted-deletion studies indicate that the subset-specific expression of CD8αβ heterodimers is controlled by multiple enhancer activities, since no silencer elements had been found within the locus. We have identified such a silencer as L2a, a previously characterized ∼220 bp nuclear matrix associating region (MAR) located ∼4.5 kb upstream of CD8α. L2a transgenes driven by the E8 I enhancer showed no reporter expression in thymic subsets or T cells in splenic, inguinal and mesenteric lymph node peripheral T cells. Deletion of L2a resulted in significant reporter de-repression, even in the CD4 + CD8 + double positive (DP) thymocyte population. L2a contains binding sites for two MAR-interacting proteins, SATB1 and CDP. We found that that binding of these factors was markedly influenced by the content and spacing of L2a sub-motifs (L and S) and that SATB1 binds preferentially to the L motif both in vitro and in vivo. A small fraction of the transgenic CD8 single positive (SP) thymocytes and peripheral CD8 + T cells bypassed L2a-silencing to give rise to variegated expression of the transgenic reporter. Crossing the L2a-containing transgene onto a SATB1 knockdown background enhanced variegated expression, suggesting that SATB1 is critical in overcoming L2a-silenced transcription.
Linear models without moments

SUMMARY In models y = X, + e having spherical errors without moments, the usual estimator : is shown to be (a) median-unbiased for 3, (b) most concentrated around 3 among all medianunbiased linear estimates, and (c) consistent for 3 in a sequence of identical but dependent experiments possibly having Cauchy errors. It is shown for all spherical error laws that the joint null distributions of variance ratios have exactly their normal theory forms, and for unimodal error laws that the power functions are monotone and the usual tests are unbiased.
Measuring Organizational Structures and Environments

This article provides a descriptive overview of the work establishments in the National Organizations Study (NOS). It begins by reviewing their auspices, industry settings, and composition. Next, it introduces the survey items and scales used to measure coordination and control structures including structural differentiation, formalization, decentralization, and the presence of internal labor markets. Other items and scales refer to aspects of the technical and institutional environments. The NOS includes a quite diverse set of establishments, most of which provide services rather than produce goods. The public, nonprofit, and private, for-profit sectors are well represented. A sizable fraction of the workplaces are parts of larger organizations. Differences between descriptive statistics for the unweighted and weighted NOS samples highlight differences in the structures and environments of larger and smaller establishments.
QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT OF SUBGRADE SWELLING IN PAVEMENT DESIGN

Abstract Accurate prediction of the impact of environmental factors on pavement serviceability is important for a pavement design. In this regard, AASHTO Pavement Design Guidelines (1986) provide a rational method of incorporating the effects of roadbed swelling and frost action. According to the AASHTO (1986) procedure, the present serviceability index (PSI) loss of a pavement segment due to environmental factors is estimated by considering factors such as the moisture supply as well as the fabric, swelling potential and frost susceptibility of the roadbed soil. The swelling potential in turn is governed by the plasticity index of the soil and compaction conditions. The current AASHTO procedure requires most of the above attributes to be qualitatively adjudged. Hence, the designer is called upon to use linguistic assessments as “low rainfall”, “poor drainage”, “tight soil fabric”, “normal field moisture and density conditions” and etc. to evaluate them. Consequent to the use of such vague descriptions, t...
Cosmological implications of two conflicting deuterium abundances

Constraints on big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and on cosmological parameters from conflicting deuterium observations in different high redshift QSO systems are discussed. The high deuterium observations by Carswell et al., Songaila et al., and Rugers and Hogan are consistent with ${}^{4}$He and ${}^{7}$Li observations and standard BBN ${(N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ =3) and allows ${N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}l~3.6$ at 95% C.L., but are inconsistent with local observations of D and ${}^{3}$He in the context of conventional theories of stellar and galactic evolution. In contrast, the low deuterium observations by Tytler, Fan, and Burles and Burles and Tytler are consistent with the constraints from local galactic observations, but require ${N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}=1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ at 68% C.L., excluding standard BBN at 99.9% C.L., unless the systematic uncertainties in the ${}^{4}$He observations have been underestimated by a large amount. The high and low primordial deuterium abundances imply, respectively, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{B}{h}^{2}=0.005$--$0.01$ and ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{B}{h}^{2}=0.02$--$0.03$ at 95% C.L. When combined with the high baryon fraction inferred from x-ray observations of rich clusters, the corresponding total mass densities (for $50l~{H}_{0}l~90)$ are ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{M}=0.05$--$0.20$ and ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{M}=0.2$--$0.7$, respectively (95% C.L.). The range of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{M}$ corresponding to high D is in conflict with dynamical constraints $({\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{m}}g~0.2$--$0.3)$ and with the shape parameter constraint $(\ensuremath{\Gamma}={\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{M}h=0.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)$ from large scale structure formation in CDM and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$CDM models.
Energy theorems for infinitesimal plane wrinkling of inextensible networks

The relaxed theory of inextensible networks allow fibres to grow shorter, but not longer, in a deformation. Minimum energy and minimum complementary energy theorems for infinitesimal plane deformations of such networks are proved. It is shown that an energy-minimizing displacement field can be discontinuous. Examples illustrating the meaning of the theorems and the question of existence of solutions are discussed.
Perceptual Factors in Rear-End Crashes:

Some statistics of rear-end crashes are given and their characteristics are described. The perceptual factors related to discerning closure, headway change and visual angle change and rate of chang...
Contending voices: futures, culture and development

Abstract This essay discusses some aspects of the World Commission on Culture and Development (WCCD), a major UN initiative. It describes, in particular, the fate of a proposal to establish a General Agreement on Culture and Development (GACD) similar to other international agreements, but which takes a ‘bottom-up’ rather than a ‘top-down’ approach to negotiation. The proposed GACD would contribute to the resolution of culture-related crises and promote new directions for development based on cultural diversity and shared global values. The aim of the essay is: to indicate the aims and progress of the Commission; to consider how cultural futures-oriented thinking might assist in the conceptualization of a GACD; and to reflect on how different voices within the world community affect the progress of such initiatives and proposals.
Performance studies on the application of four-engine and two-engine USB propulsive lift to the E-2C aircraft

A study has been completed of the performance benefits to be derived from applying advanced upper-surface blowing (USB) propulsive-lift technology to the E-2C aircraft. The results of comparing four-engine with two-engine USB configurations are discussed, and engine sizing and aerodynamic/structural considerations pertaining to the E-2C/USB modification are examined. The effects of the modification on performance are described in detail with regard to takeoff distance and landing distance estimation in free-deck operations, operations using catapult and arresting gear, ceiling and radar surveillance missions, and range and endurance capability.
Does empathy mediate the relationship between neuroticism and depressive symptomatology among college students

Abstract Traditionally, researchers have focused on the positive outcomes associated with empathy-related traits. However, in the present study, empathy-related traits were examined as possible mediators in the relationship between neuroticism and depressive symptoms among a sample of 204 college students. As expected, fantasy acted as a partial mediator in the neuroticism–depression connection. Although personal distress was not a mediator, it did interact with neuroticism to influence depression scores. Overall, these findings point to the importance of considering empathy not only in terms of positive, but negative outcomes as well.
Vaccine-induced immunologic memory and pace of pathogenesis: predicting the need for boosters.

Pediatric and adult vaccine scientists, public health authorities, vaccine companies and others are considering the question of the need for booster vaccinations to maintain the efficacy of recomme...
Class analysis and the U.S. census public use samples.

In this article I will examine the possibilities for a Marxist analysis of class through the use of the information available in the various U.S. census public use samples....The public use samples are machine-readable individual- and household-level microdata samples entered from the original census manuscripts....Public use samples of varying densities exist for 1880 1900 1910 1940 1950 1960 1970 and 1980. The author concludes that the census data are useful but that "the social scientific mapping of classes explains nothing until we can make connections to the other levels of class formation. The public use samples need to be used to help us understand the historical context within which the process of class formation has taken place. By applying the public use samples we can attempt to compare the relative influences of class gender and race over time." (EXCERPT)
Craniopharyngioma: The role of radiation therapy

Abstract Eleven patients with the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma were treated with supervoltage irradiation between 1966 and 1976. Five patients were irradiated as part of their primary treatment, and 6 patients were irradiated for recurrent disease: With a mean follow-up time of 6 years at this writing, all patients treated for primary disease were alive and 80% were disease-free; 66% of patients treated for recurrence were alive and free of disease. Visual-field deficits either improved or remained stable in all surviving patients. No patient has required pituitary replaoemmt medication postirradiation who did not require it before. The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of craniophyngiomas is discussed.
Regulation of nitrate reductase in Sporisorium reilianum

The production and regulation of the enzyme nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.2) was studied in Sporisorium reilianum which causes head smut in sorghum. The fungus was grown in Czapek Dox broth containing sodium nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Among the different forms of nitrogen tested, only NO3 induced the NR whereas others such as ammonium, glutamate and urea repressed the NR activity. Complex media such as potato dextrose broth and Sabouraud dextrose broth supported profuse growth but very little enzyme production. The results also indicate that NO3 is essential for NR induction and when transferring the NO3 grown cells to ammonium, NR activity was repressed. On the other hand, repression caused by ammonium could be derepressed by NO3.
Thigh ischemia complicating femoral vessel cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass

Compartment syndrome of the lower leg is an occasional complication of prolonged ischemia and reperfusion. Compartment syndrome of the thigh is a less well-recognized complication. We present 2 patients with compartment syndrome of the ipsilateral thigh after femoral arterial and venous cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. Early diagnosis and urgent decompressive fasciotomy may limit the extent of local tissue damage and subsequent myonephropathic syndrome.
Dual-Platform Proteomics Study of Plasma Biomarkers in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Plasma samples from pediatric cardiac patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures were used to identify and characterize patterns of changes in potential biomarkers related to tissue damage and inflammation. These included proteins associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Potential biomarkers were identified using a dual-platform proteomics approach requiring approximately 150 microL of plasma, which included two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and a multiplexed immunoassay. Methods used in the dual approach measured levels of 129 proteins in plasma from pediatric CPB patients. Of these, 70 proteins changed significantly (p<0.05) between time points, and 36 of these retained significance after the highly stringent Bonferroni correction [p<0.001 for 2D-DIGE and p<0.00056 for multianalyte profile (MAP) assays]. Many of the changing proteins were associated with tissue damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This study uses a novel approach that combines two discovery proteomics techniques to identify a pattern of potential biomarkers changing after CPB. This approach required only 150 microL of plasma per time point and provided quantitative information on 129 proteins. The changes in levels of expression of these proteins may provide insight into the understanding, treatment, and prevention of systemic inflammation, thereby helping to improve the outcomes of pediatric CPB patients.
A LOWER BOUND ON THE AVERAGE PHYSICAL LENGTH OF EDGES IN THE PHYSICAL REALIZATION OF GRAPHS

The stereo-realization of a graph is the assignment of positions in Cartesian space to each of its vertices such that vertex density is bounded. A bound is derived on the average edge length in such a realization. It is similar to an earlier reported result, however the new bound can be applied to graphs for which the earlier result is not well suited. A more precise realization definition is also presented. The bound is applied to d-dimensional realizations of de Bruijn graphs, yielding an edge length of Ω((1−2−d)rn/d/(2n)), where r is the radix (number of distinct symbols) and n is the number of graph dimensions (number of symbol positions). The bound is also applied to shuffle-exchange graphs; for such graphs with small radix the edge-length bound is , where r is the radix, n is the number of graph dimensions, lσ is the average length of shuffle edges, and le is the average length of exchange edges.
A Survey of Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian Poetry in English Translation in the U.S. and Canada

In their paper "A Survey of Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian Poetry in English Translation in the U.S. and Canada," Snezana Zabic and Paula Kamenish present a survey of book-length collections and anthologies of Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian poetry in English translation published in the U.S. and in Canada. Zabic and Kamenish argue that it is necessary to determine which factors are advantegous for the survival of poetry originating in "minor" languages and transmitted to the United States and Canada. Zabic and Kamenish propose three elements that have ensured a marginal but persistent presence of South Slavic poetry in English in the United States and Canada since the 1970s: emigre(e) writers who also serve as translators, scholars who study and teach minor literatures of the world, and a publishing industry open to offering poetry in translation. Zabic and Kamenish argue that if North American English-language culture chooses to ignore poetic practices in foreign languages, vital international influences on literature would be interrupted or lost. Snezana Zabic and Paula Kamenish, "A Survey of Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian Poetry in English Translation in the U.S. and Canada" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 8.3 (2006): Snezana ZABIC and Paula KAMENISH A Survey of Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian Poetry in English Translation in the U.S. and
The dark side of creativity

Abstract: Robert McLaren's article emphasizes the harm that scientific and technological creativity can do. He makes use of unusual literary and historical material as well as well‐known works such as Mary Shelley's Frankenstein image. The article ends on a upbeat note, indicating how science and technology must be directed toward human ends and planetary survival.—Editors
Algorithms for automated characterization of cell populations in thick specimens from 3-D confocal fluorescence microscopy data

SUMMARY Methods are presented for the automated, quantitative and three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of cell populations in thick, essentially intact tissue sections while maintaining intercell spatial relationships. This analysis replaces current manual methods which are tedious and subjective. The thick sample is imaged in three dimensions using a confocal scanning laser microscope. The stack of optical slices is processed by a 3-D segmentation algorithm that separates touching and overlapping structures using localization constraints. Adaptive data reduction is used to achieve computational efficiency. A hierarchical cluster analysis algorithm is used automatically to characterize the cell population by a variety of cell features. It allows automatic detection and characterization of patterns such as the 3-D spatial clustering of cells, and the relative distributions of cells of various sizes. It also permits the detection of structures that are much smaller, larger, brighter, darker, or differently shaped than the rest of the population. The overall method is demonstrated for a set of rat brain tissue sections that were labelled for tyrosine hydroxylase using fluorescein-conjugated antibodies. The automated system was verified by comparison with computer-assisted manual counts from the same image fields.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of a Distorted Left Subclavian Artery Course: An Important Clue to an Unusual Type of Double Aortic Arch

The objective of this study was to determine if distortion of the left subclavian artery course distinguishes double aortic arch with atretic left dorsal aorta from right aortic arch with mirror image branching. We performed a retrospective case series at a tertiary care center. Twenty-six patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging for suspicion of a vascular ring were identified, 6 of whom had an atretic left dorsal aorta confirmed by surgical inspection. Six patients with the diagnosis of right aortic arch with mirror image branching were identified for comparison. The course of the left subclavian artery was assessed using surface-rendered magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and axial fast spin echo images. All patients with double aortic arch had clinical symptoms suggestive of esophageal or tracheal compression. Six patients had double aortic arch, 3 of whom had an atretic left dorsal aorta. In these 3 patients, the branching patterns on MRA mimicked right aortic arch mirror image branching except for the distortion of the initial course of the left subclavian artery. Surgical observation confirmed the presence of an atretic left dorsal aorta that resulted in tension on the left subclavian artery pulling it posteriorly and inferiorly and completing the vascular ring. Patients with right aortic arch mirror image branching demonstrated no such subclavian artery distortion, and these patients did not have clinical symptoms suggestive of a vascular ring. Our results demonstrate that left subclavian artery distortion due to traction by an atretic left arch is an important diagnostic finding in the evaluation 6 patients with suspected vascular rings.
Molybdenum target x-ray spectra: a semiempirical model.

A semiempirical model for generating molybdenum target x‐ray spectra is presented. The model is an extension of a previous model developed by the authors for tungsten and takes into account the depth of production for both bremsstrahlung and characteristic x‐ray photons. As in the previous work, the optimal model parameters were determined using nonlinear least‐squares fits to experimental data. Good agreement between the two was obtained. By varying target angle, off‐axis angle, and filtration in the model in accordance with the x‐ray tube and geometry of interest, results consistent with tabulated spectra for different conditions have been obtained.
Koebe Invariant Functions and Extremal Problems for Holomorphic Mappings in the Unit Ball of ℂn

This work is concerned with locally biholomorphic mappings on the unit ball of complex n-dimensional space. We define a concept called K-invariance and give a complete characterization of K-invariant functions. We also explore the connection between K-invariance and the solution of extremal problems in certain linear invariant families.
The Role of the Lipid Bilayer in Tau Aggregation

Tau is a microtubule associated protein whose aggregation is implicated in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We investigate the mechanism by which anionic lipid vesicles induce aggregation of tau in vitro using K18, a fragment of tau corresponding to the four repeats of the microtubule binding domain. Our results show that aggregation occurs when the amount of K18 bound to the lipid bilayer exceeds a critical surface density. The ratio of protein/lipid at the critical aggregation concentration is pH-dependent, as is the binding affinity. At low pH, where the protein binds with high affinity, the critical surface density is independent both of total lipid concentration as well as the fraction of anionic lipid present in the bilayer. Furthermore, the aggregates consist of both protein and vesicles and bind the beta-sheet specific dye, Thioflavin T, in the manner characteristic of pathological aggregates. Our results suggest that the lipid bilayer facilitates protein-protein interactions both by screening charges on the protein and by increasing the local protein concentration, resulting in rapid aggregation. Because anionic lipids are abundant in cellular membranes, these findings contribute to understanding tau-lipid bilayer interactions that may be relevant to disease pathology.
The 20 year evolution of an energy conversion course at the United States Military Academy

Abstract Over the past several years, an energy conversion course offered by the Mechanical Engineering Program at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, has evolved into a cohesive series of lessons addressing three general topical areas: advanced thermodynamics, advanced mechanical system analysis, and direct energy conversion systems. Mechanical engineering majors enroll in Energy Conversion Systems (ME 472) during the fall semester of their senior year as an advanced elective. ME 472 builds directly on the material covered in Thermodynamics (EM 301) taken during the student’s junior year. In the first segment of ME 472, the students study advanced thermodynamic topics including exergy and combustion analyses. The students then analyze various mechanical systems including refrigeration systems, internal combustion engines, boilers, and fossil fuel fired steam and gas turbine combined power plants. Exergetic efficiencies of various equipment and systems are determined. The final portion of the course covers direct energy conversion technology, including fuel cells, photovoltaics, thermoelectricity, thermionics and magnetohydrodynamics. Supplemental lessons on energy storage, semi-conductors and nonreactive energy sources (such as solar collectors, wind turbines, and hydroelectric plants) are included here. This paper discusses the evolution of ME 472 since its inception and explains the motivations for the course’s progress.
Memory inhibition and energy regulation

At a simple behavioral level, food intake and body weight regulation depend on one's ability to balance the tendency to seek out and consume food with the ability to suppress or inhibit those responses. Accordingly, any factor that augments the tendency to engage in food seeking and eating or that interferes with the suppression of these behaviors could produce (a) caloric intake in excess of caloric need; (b) increases in body weight leading to obesity. This paper starts with the idea that excess body weight and obesity stem from a failure or degradation of mechanisms that normally function to inhibit eating behavior. Unlike previous approaches, we focus not on failures of traditional physiological (e.g., neural, hormonal) regulatory control mechanisms, but on disruptions of inhibitory learning and memory processes that may help to regulate energy intake. This view of energy dysregulation as a type of "learning disorder" leads us to the hippocampus, a brain structure that has long been regarded as an important substrate for learning and memory and which we think may be critically involved with a specific type of memory inhibition function that could contribute to the suppression of food intake. With this focus, the search for environmental origins of the current obesity epidemic in Western populations is directed toward factors that alter hippocampal functioning. We conclude by offering a preliminary account of how consumption of foods high in saturated fats might lead to impaired hippocampal function, reduced ability to inhibit caloric intake and, ultimately, to increased body weight.
Exploring Differences in Practicing Teachers’ Valuing of Pedagogical Knowledge Based on Teaching Ability Beliefs:

In this investigation, we assessed 443 teachers’ beliefs with the Teaching Ability Belief Scale (TABS) and the Importance of Teaching Knowledge Scale (ITKS). Using cluster analysis, we identified four groups of teachers based on their responses to the TABS reflecting Innate, Learned, Hybrid, and Requires Polish perspectives on the ability to teach. A comparative analysis, using the identified clusters, indicated differences in teachers’ valuing of teaching knowledge across the clusters. Teachers in the Learned cluster valued knowledge of theory significantly more so than other groups.
Some uses for order statistic filtering in image compression

This paper discusses two examples of the design and use of order statistic filters in image compression. The first example is a pre-filter. The pre-filter is designed to gently smooth the image to promote better compression. However, this filter must not blur edges significantly. Various order statistic estimators, such as a simple median, are ideal at this. In the examples given, we are able to achieve between 10 and 20% fewer bits while actually improving image quality. The second example is as a postfilter. The post-filter, used at low bitrates when image degradation is present, is designed to "average out" contouring effects while not averaging across edges.
Dairy-derived antimicrobial peptides: Action mechanisms, pharmaceutical uses and production proposals

Milk proteins are precursors of many different biologically active peptides including antimicrobial ones. These peptides have already been considered for application both as dietary supplements in “functional foods” and as drugs. This review focuses on the recent knowledge pertaining to antimicrobial peptides derived from major milk proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and the mechanism of action of these peptides. Possible applications in the pharmaceutical industry and processing technologies designed for the large-scale production of these protein fragments are also discussed.