cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy: In coexistent lung cancer with pulmonary tuberculosis

Association of lung cancer with pulmonary tuberculosis is approximately 1-2% and pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with lung cancer in approximately 1-5% of cases. A 46-year-old male presented to us with low-grade fever for 3 months, increased severity of cough for 2 months, and painful swelling of fingers with both wrist joints for 1 month. Chest X-ray PA view revealed a homogenous opacity in the right upper and mid zone. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the thorax showed soft tissue density, enhancing lesion (11.5 × 8.6 cm) with areas of necrosis in the right upper lobe. The patient suffered from squamous cell lung cancer as well as active pulmonary tuberculosis. As a complication of these two coexisting conditions, the patient developed hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.
Small mammal populations occurring in a diversified winter wheat cropping system

Abstract Some Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) growers in the western region of the Northern Great Plains, USA, use a 3-year rotational, diversified dryland cropping system consisting of alternating strips of T. aestivum , fallow, and an additional spring sown crop such as Avena sativa (oats) or Zea mays (corn). Small mammal population characteristics (species richness, abundance, diversity) of the crops associated with this cropping system are unknown. Small mammal populations and vegetation characteristics (habitat) were evaluated at two sites in June 1998 and 1999 in three crops of the rotation and on undisturbed Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands. Small mammal abundance and diversity were highest in T. aestivum and grassland at both sites each year. Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) was the most abundant species. Percent vegetation cover was significantly higher in T. aestivum and grassland, respectively, at both sites each year. Regression analyses using pooled data indicated a significant relationship between percent vegetation cover and small mammal species richness, abundance, and diversity. T. aestivum provided valuable habitat for small mammals in winter, spring, and early summer. Alternate grain crops in the diversified cropping system, which is absent in traditional 2-year systems, probably offered additional valuable protective cover for small mammals following T. aestivum harvest.
Accurate modeling of parallel scientific computations

Scientific codes are usually parallelized by partitioning a grid among processors. To achieve top performance it is necessary to partition the grid so as to balance workload and minimize communication/synchronization costs. This problem is particularly acute when the grid is irregular, changes over the course of the computation, and is not known until load-time. Critical mapping and remapping decisions rest on our ability to accurately predict performance, given a description of a grid and its partition. This paper discusses one approach to this problem, and illustrates its use on a one-dimensional fluids code. The models we construct are shown empirically to be accurate, and are used to find optimal remapping schedules.
d.tour: style-based exploration of design example galleries

In design, people often seek examples for inspiration. However, current example-finding practices suffer many drawbacks: templates present designs without a usage context; search engines can only examine the text on a page. This paper introduces exploratory techniques for finding relevant and inspiring design examples. These novel techniques include searching by stylistic similarity to a known example design and searching by stylistic keyword. These interactions are manifest in d.tour, a style-based design exploration tool. d.tour presents a curated database of Web pages as an explorable design gallery. It extracts and analyzes design features of these pages, allowing it to process style-based queries and recommend designs to the user. d.tour's gallery interface decreases the gulfs of execution and evaluation for design example-finding.
The second ACM international workshop on multimedia databases (MMDB 2004) held at ACM CIKM 2004

The Second ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Databases was held in Washington, DC, USA, November 13, 2004. Its aim is to bring together university researchers, scientists, industry professionals, software engineers and graduate students who need to become acquainted with new theories and technologies in multimedia databases, and to all those who wish to gain a detailed technical understanding of what multimedia databases involve.
A Rollback Interval for Networks with an Imperfect Self-Checking Property

Dynamic self-checking is a technique used in computers to detect a fault quickly before extensive data contamination caused by the fault can occur. When the self-checking properties of the computer circuits are not perfect, as in the case of self-testing only and partially self-checking circuits, a recovery procedure may be required to roll back program execution to a point prior to the first undetected data error caused by the detected fault.
An Acuity Based Clinical Nutrition Staffing Model Improves Acute Care Clinical Effectiveness and Maintains Program Viability in a Managed Care Environment

Abstract An acuity based clinical nutrition staffing model was developed at a 395-bed, community hospital. The model allowed for the delivery of timely, appropriate, and frequent medical nutrition therapy needed to optimize patient outcomes and reduce the cost of care for patients at high risk for malnutrition. This approach to nutrition care contributed to the organization's strategic clinical effectiveness initiative. The process of identifying high risk for malnutrition and providing nutrition care services included a method of systematic capture of data about the acuity of the patient population and level of care needed. This data were used to determine the clinical staffing required for initial and follow-up interventions based on predictable service intensity. The requirement for clinical dietitian staffing is at a ratio of 3.5 follow-up to initial visits per patient at high risk for malnutrition which, is 17% of the adult hospital population. Patient acuity was based on major and minor complications, functional status on admission, and albumin depression on admission (R 2 =0.8862). These predictors, along with medical diagnostic class, level of nutrition care and number (♯) of dietitian interventions had a strong association with LOS (R 2 =0.6174)(patient acuity chi 2 =29.7; level of nutrition care chi 2 =57.4; ♯ of interventions chi 2 =306.4, p
Streptozotocin-induced Changes in Cardiac Gene Expression in the Absence of Severe Contractile Dysfunction

C. Depre, M. E. Young, J. Ying, H. Singh Ahuja, Q. Han, N. Garza, P. J. A. Davies and H. Taegtmeyer. Streptozotocin-induced Changes in Cardiac Gene Expression in the Absence of Severe Contractile Dysfunction. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2000) 32, 985–996. Diabetes mellitus alters energy substrate metabolism and gene expression in the heart. It is not known whether the changes in gene expression are an adaptive or maladaptive process. To answer this question, we determined both the time-course and the extent of the alteration of gene expession induced by insulin-deficient diabetes. Transcript analysis with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in rat hearts 1 week (acute group) or 6 months (chronic group) after administration of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). In the acute group, insulin-dependent diabetes induced a 55–70% decrease of both glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and GLUT4 transcripts, a slight decrease of liver-specific carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), and no change in muscle-specific CPT I. The uncoupling protein UCP-3 increased three-fold, with no change in UCP-2. These metabolic alterations were accompanied by an isoform switching from the normally expressed α myosin heavy chain (MHC) to the fetal isoform β MHC mRNA, by a 50% decrease of cardiac α -actin mRNA, a 30% decrease of the sarcoplasmic Ca++-ATPase mRNA, and a 50% decrease of muscle creatine kinase (P<0.01 v controls). All genomic changes were also present in the chronic group. Genomic markers of ventricular dysfunction [tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclo-oxygenase-2] were not affected by chronic diabetes. In both groups, there were no changes in resting left ventricular function by echocardiography. Conclusion: the heart adapts to insulin-deficient diabetes by a rapid and simultaneous response of multiple genes involved in cardiac metabolism and function. This genomic adaptation resembles the adaptation of cardiac hypertrophy, remains stable over time, and does not lead to major contractile dysfunction.
Entendendo raça e racismo: por uma educação racialmente crítica e antirracista

Discute premissas subjacentes a perspectivas sobre raca e permite uma abordagem mais estrategica para transformar o racismo. Define cinco posicoes – supremacia racial, cegueira racial, sensibilidade racial, critica racial e antirracista – que sugerem um caminho de desenvolvimento moral e politico que pode guiar o trabalho nas escolas e na sociedade para superar o racismo. O objetivo da analise nao e atribuir culpa ao passado ou ao presente; ao contrario, e fornecer uma estrutura para apoiar a responsabilidade e a prestacao de contas individual e coletiva que pode levar a implementacao de um grau maior de justica. A educacao racialmente critica e antirracista une as pessoas a historia de lutas por justica e une umas as outras para as proximas lutas, criando assim o sonho de uma democracia justa mais perto de se tornar realidade.
Immune Modulation and Stereotactic Radiation: Improving Local and Abscopal Responses

New and innovative treatment strategies for cancer patients in the fields of immunotherapy and radiotherapy are rapidly developing in parallel. Among the most promising preclinical treatment approaches is combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy where early data suggest synergistic effects in several tumor model systems. These studies demonstrate that radiation combined with immunotherapy can result in superior efficacy for local tumor control. More alluring is the emergence of data suggesting an equally profound systemic response also known as “abscopal” effects with the combination of radiation and certain immunotherapies. Studies addressing optimal radiation dose, fractionation, and modality to be used in combination with immunotherapy still require further exploration. However, recent anecdotal clinical reports combining stereotactic or hypofractionated radiation regimens with immunotherapy have resulted in dramatic sustained clinical responses, both local and abscopal. Technologic advances in clinical radiation therapy has made it possible to deliver hypofractionated regimens anywhere in the body using stereotactic radiation techniques, facilitating further clinical investigations. Thus, stereotactic radiation in combination with immunotherapy agents represents an exciting and potentially fruitful new space for improving cancer therapeutic responses.
Microvascular blood flow and stasis in transgenic sickle mice: Utility of a dorsal skin fold chamber for intravital microscopy

Vascular inflammation, secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury, may play an essential role in vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease (SCD). To investigate this hypothesis, dorsal skin fold chambers (DSFCs) were implanted on normal and transgenic sickle mice expressing human alpha and beta(s)/beta(s-Antilles) globin chains. Microvessels in the DSFC were visualized by intravital microscopy at baseline in ambient air and after exposure to hypoxia-reoxygenation. The mean venule diameter decreased 9% (P < 0.01) in sickle mice after hypoxia-reoxygenation but remained constant in normal mice. The mean RBC velocity and wall shear rate decreased 55% (P < 0.001) in sickle but not normal mice after hypoxia-reoxygenation. None of the venules in normal mice became static at any time during hypoxia-reoxygenation; however, after 1 hr of hypoxia and 1 hr of reoxygenation, 11.9% of the venules in sickle mice became static (P < 0.001). After 1 hr of hypoxia and 4 hr of reoxygenation, most of the stasis had resolved; only 3.6% of the subcutaneous venules in sickle mice remained static (P = 0.01). All of the venules were flowing again after 24 hr of reoxygenation. Vascular stasis could not be induced in the subcutaneous venules of sickle mice by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Leukocyte rolling flux and firm adhesion, manifestations of vascular inflammation, were significantly higher at baseline in sickle mice compared to normal (P < 0.01) and increased 3-fold in sickle (P < 0.01), but not in normal mice, after hypoxia-reoxygenation. Plugs of adherent leukocytes were seen at bifurcations at the beginning of static venules. Misshapen RBCs were also seen in subcutaneous venules.
MTBE in California Drinking Water: An Analysis of Patterns and Trends

Over the past decade, there has been much publicity surrounding the impact of Methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE) on drinking water supplies in the United States. In California, the presence of MTBE in groundwater and drinking water has led to a ban on the future use of MTBE in gasoline. Other states, such as those in the northeast, are also seeking ways to reduce or eliminate the use of MTBE due to perceived threats to the environment and public health. Despite claims about the incidence of MTBE in drinking water, no comprehensive characterization has been conducted on the available drinking water monitoring data. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the MTBE drinking water data compiled by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) from 1995 to 2000. We find that MTBE was detected in about 1.3% of all drinking water samples, 2.5% of drinking water sources, and 3.7% of drinking water systems in California over this 6-year period. Our analysis reveals that many drinking water sources are not sa...
Adsorption of Bacteriophages on Clay Minerals

The ability to predict the fate of microorganisms in soil is dependent on an understanding of the process of their sorption on soil and subsurface materials. Presently, we have focused on studying the thermodynamics of sorption of bacteriophages (T-2, MS-2, and φX-174) on clays (hectorite, saponite, kaolinite, and clay fraction of samples collected from a landfill site). The thermodynamic study not only determines the feasibility of the process but also provides information on the relative magnitudes of the different forces under a particular set of conditions. The total free energy of interaction during sorption of bacteriophages on clays (ΔG) has been assumed to be the summation of ΔGH (ΔG due to hydrophobic interactions) and ΔGEL (ΔG due to electrostatic interactions). The magnitude of ΔGH was determined from the different interfacial tensions (γ) present in the system, while ΔGEL was calculated from ζ-potentials of the colloidal particles. Calculated results show that surface hydrophobicities of the s...
Which set existence axioms are needed to prove the separable Hahn-Banach theorem?

Abstract We work in the context of weak subsystems of second order arithmetic. RCA0 is the system with Δ10 comprehension and Σ10 induction on the natural numbers. WKL0 is RCA0 plus weak Konig's lemma for trees of finite sequences of 0's and 1's. Within RCA0 we encode a separable Banach space Â as a countable normed space A over Q . Points of Â are Cauchy sequences from A which converge at the rate of at least 2−n. We show that the Hahn-Banach theorem for separable Banach spaces is provably equivalent to WKL0 over RCA0. Thus, once again, WKL0 is revealed as mathematically powerful, despite being proof theoretically equivalent to primitive recursive arithmetic.
Mixtures of substituted hydrocarbons with hexane isomers: excess volumes and excess enthalpies☆

Abstract Measurements are reported of the molar excess volumes of: nitroethane + 2-methylpentane (298, 303, and 313 K); +2,3-dimethylbutane and +2,2-dimethybutane (298 and 313 K); 1-chloropentane + n -hexane, +2-methylpentane, and +2,2-dimethylbutane (298 K). Also reported are molar excess enthalpies of: nitroethane + cyclohexane (313 K), + n -hexane (303 K), +2-methylpentane (303 K), +3-methylpentane (303 and 313 K), +2,3-dimethylbutane (303 K), +2,2-dimethylbutane (303 and 313 K), and +1,4-dioxane (303 K) and 1,4-dioxane + 2,2-dimethylbutane (303 K). The excess volumes vary strikingly with the degree of branching of the hexane. The excess enthalpies show much smaller influences of branching.
Microbially driven Fenton reaction for transformation of pentachlorophenol

A microbially driven transformation system was developed for the oxidative degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP). The system was based on a free radical-generating Fenton reaction between bacterially produced Fe(II) and H{sub 2}O{sub 2}. The Fe(III)-reducing, facultative anaerobe Shewanella putrefaciens strain 200 was used as a catalyst for both Fe(III) reduction and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} production by alternating between anaerobic and aerobic conditions in liquid batch cultures supplemented with Fe(III). The highest observed PCP degradation rate was approximately 0.31 {micro}M h{sup {minus}1}. Tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ) and tetrachlorocatechol (TCC) were formed as the principal PCP transformation products, indicating that PCP oxidation proceeded via hydroxyl radical ({sup {sm_bullet}}OH) attack on the ortho and para positions of the aromatic ring. PCP was degraded, and TCHQ and TCC were produced in a chemically driven (biomimetic) system where H{sub 2}O{sub 2} and Fe(II) were supplied at concentrations comparable to those detected in the microbially driven system. PCP was not degraded (and PCP transformation products were not produced) in a set of control experiments that included (1) the presence of Fe(II)-chelating agents or radical scavenging compounds, (2) strict aerobic or anaerobic conditions, (3) the substitution of NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} for Fe(III) as anaerobic electron acceptor, and (4) the omissionmore » of S. putrefaciens. The microbially driven Fenton reaction system operated at neutral pH and required neither addition of exogenous H{sub 2}O{sub 2} nor UV irradiation to regenerate Fe(II). The newly developed system may provide the basis for novel Fenton-type bioremediation strategies.« less
Minority Carrier Lifetime Measurement in Germanium on Silicon Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Applications

Demand for low cost and high density near infrared (NIR) detection has motivated the development and use of germanium on silicon (Ge/Si) heterostructures to extend the optoelectronic application of Si technology. Ge/Si structures are currently being considered for NIR p/n detectors that can be integrated with Si CMOS [1]. Various research demonstrations of integrated Ge/Si diodes with CMOS have been made including using sputtered poly-Ge to form Ge/Si photodiodes after the CMOS transistors were complete. Poly-crystalline germanium (poly-Ge) may be formed by various methods including the use of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. In this work, the formation of poly-Ge/Si heterostructures by inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD) is examined as an alternative method to integrate poly-Ge into a CMOS process flow. In this work, 25 nm poly-Ge on Si heterostructures are formed by either recrystallization of ICP-CVD hydrogenated amorphous germanium (α-Ge:H) or direct deposition of ICP-CVD poly-Ge. A rapid measure of the suitability for detectors of the different poly-Ge films is the minority carrier recombination lifetime, which can affect dark current, quantum efficiency and overall detector detectivity. Recombination lifetimes were measured, therefore, in α-Ge:H that was recrystallized using rapid thermal annealing between 400 – 1050 °C in nitrogen ambient. Lifetimes were measured using a non-contact inductively coupled photo-conductance setup and an effective surface recombination velocity is subsequently extracted for each Ge/Si heterostructure that describes the integrated recombination in the Ge layer and at the Ge/Si interface, which separates the Ge contribution from recombination in the bulk silicon and at the silicon surface. The effective recombination velocities for the 25 nm Ge layers are found to be ∼103−104 cm/s.
Location of features of known height in the presence of reflective and refractive noise using a stereoscopic light-striping approach

A method for isolating three-dimensional features of known height in the presence of noisy data is presented. The approach is founded on observing the locations of a single light stripe in the image planes of two spatially separated cameras. Knowledge relating to the heights of sought features is used to define regions of interest in each image, which are searched to isolate the light stripe. This approach is advantageous because spurious features that may result from random reflections or refractions in the region of interest of one image usually do not appear in the corresponding region of interest of the other image. It is shown that such a system is capable of robustly locating features such as very thin vertical dividers even in the presence of spurious or noisy image data that would normally cause conventional single-camera light-striping systems to fail. The discussion that follows summarizes the advantages of the methodology in relation to conventional passive stereoscopic systems as well as light-striped triangulation systems. Results that characterize the approach in noisy images are also provided.
Consequences of Parent-Adult Child Coresidence A Review and Research Agenda

Coresidence by parents and adult children is not preferred or normative, but neither is it uncommon. Contrary to expectations based on caregiving for frail older parents, such coresidence more typically reflects the housing needs of the coresident children, who are disproportionately unmarried and living in households of parents. Although limited research on consequences of coresidence indicates that it is not generally characterized by dissatisfaction and conflict, considerable gaps remain in understanding its implications for parent child relations and well-being. Conceptual approaches related to life course transitions and exchange relations are used as theoretical frameworks to develop research hypotheses. Methodological and empirical issues are also discussed to guide further investigations of the nature and outcomes of parent-child coresidence.
Cultural Considerations in Refining Intervention Designs

This chapter focuses on culture as a frame for understanding diverse families’ experiences with the U.S. child welfare system. Rooted in an interdisciplinary perspective, the chapter uses a particular lens in defining culture and discusses the roles of culture in parenting, child welfare practice, and policy at multiple levels in giving context to past and current disproportional involvement with child welfare systems for certain subgroups and populations. Authors recommend strategies for improving the child maltreatment prevention field’s capacity to promote child well-being in culturally diverse families and communities. Strategies discussed include: (1) improving the definition and measurement of culture and cultural competence in research; (2) strengthening research to identify risks for and protective factors against maltreatment in different cultural groups; (3) increasing cultural diversity in the workforce; and (4) developing and advancing interventions that are culturally responsive.
Multiuser detection in single-path fading channels

The performance analysis of maximum likelihood sequence and decorrelating multiuser detectors is developed for the single-path Rayleigh fading channel. The received signal in this multipoint-to-point channel is additively composed of white Gaussian noise and independently faded waveforms from a finite number of asynchronous users. The optimum sequence detector consists of a bank of single-user matched filters followed by a dynamic programming algorithm, has a demodulation complexity per symbol which is exponential in the number of users, and requires the knowledge of the system as well of the fading parameters. The decorrelating detector has a complexity which is polynomial in the number of users, and does not require knowledge of the signal amplitudes, which are assumed to vary slowly relative to the symbol rate. The single-user error rates are presented for both detectors and compared to conventional detection and isolated transmission, and the notion of asymptotic multiuser efficiency is developed for this channel. In contrast to conventional detection; which suffers from near-far effects due to Rayleigh fading, it is shown that the aforementioned multiuser detectors exhibit performance which rivals that of isolated transmission for sufficiently small thermal noise power. The results of the analysis are illustrated with numerical examples and indicate that the near-far problem may be alleviated by a more sophisticated receiver design. >
Bringing metabolomics data into the forefront of systems biology.

Mol Syst Biol. 2: 2006.0035 Systems Biology has been defined in various ways since the term was first used less than two decades ago, and the boundary between what does and does not constitute systems biology is not likely to be defined anytime soon. Two aspects that appear to be irrefutable are that systems biology involves the use of mathematical models and high‐throughput ‘omics’ data. A model should use the experimental results to understand the complex relationships and interactions among the various parts of the system, not merely organize and catalog the data into arbitrary classifications. Ideally, one would develop a model starting from the kinetic equations governing each molecular step in all aspects of the cell's existence: signaling, metabolism, growth, etc. However, owing to a lack of comprehensive knowledge, data, and computational power, it is not possible to formulate or solve this level of description on a genome scale. One mathematical framework that has gained wide acceptance in the systems biology community, particularly for the study of metabolism, is the general approach of constraint‐based modeling (Price et al , 2004). Instead of attempting to calculate an exact phenotypic ‘solution’, physico‐chemical constraints are imposed on a metabolic network to determine a feasible solution space in which the cell must operate. In this way, models …
The Spiral Flap for Nasal Alar Reconstruction: Our Experience with 63 Patients

ObjectiveTo describe our patient selection, design, execution, and results with the spiral flap for distal nasal surgical defects after Mohs micrographic surgery.Materials and MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of all spiral flaps performed over a 5-year period. Sixty-three patients were i
Dual-fed distributed amplifier-based CRLH-leaky wave antenna for gain-enhanced power combining

A ring-resonator-inspired distributed amplifier (DA)-based composite right/left-handed (CRLH) leaky wave antenna (LWA) with dual-fed configuration is proposed in this paper. Compared with the conventional single-fed structure, the radiating power of the DA-based LWA can be further increased twice as much theoretically by using the dual-fed scheme.
Servo-Controlled Infrared Optometer*

Servocontrolled IR optometer providing electrical signal proportional to refractive power of human eye
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Gene Products Occlude the Interferon Signaling Pathway at Multiple Sites

Earlier studies have shown that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) blocks the interferon response pathways, at least at two sites, by circumventing the effects of activation of protein kinase R by double-stranded RNA and interferon and through the degradation of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) since interferon has no antiviral effects in PML(-/-) cells. Here we report on two effects of viral genes on other sites of the interferon signaling pathway. (i) In infected cells, Jak1 kinase associated with interferon receptors and Stat2 associated with the interferon signaling pathway rapidly disappear from infected cells. The level of interferon alpha receptor is also reduced, albeit less drastically at times after 4 h postinfection. Other members of the Stat family of proteins were either decreased in amount or posttranslationally processed in a manner different from those of mock-infected cells. The decrease in the levels of Jak1 and Stat2 may account for the decrease in the formation of complexes consisting of Stat1 or ISGF3 and DNA sequences containing the interferon-stimulated response elements after exposure to interferon. (ii) The disappearance of Jak1 and Stat2 was related at least in part to the function of the virion host shutoff protein, the product of the viral U(L)41 gene. Consistent with this observation, a mutant lacking the U(L)41 gene and treated with interferon produced lesser amounts of a late protein (U(L)38) than the wild-type parent. We conclude that HSV-1 blocks the interferon signaling pathways at several sites.
Structural characterization of the mononuclear iron site in Pseudomonas cepacia phthalate DB01 dioxygenase using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Phthalate dioxygenase (PDO) from Pseudo- monas cepacia contains a Rieske-like (2Fe-2S) cluster and a mononuclear non-heme Fe(II) site. The mononu- clear iron can be replaced by a variety of divalent metal ions, although only Fe(II) permits catalytic activity. We used X-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterize the structural properties of the mononuclear iron site and to follow the structural changes in this site as a function both of Rieske site oxidation state and of phthalate binding. Data for the mononuclear site have been mea- sured directly for PDO substituted with Co or Zn in the mononuclear site, and by difference for the native 3-Fe protein. The mononuclear site was modeled well by low Z-ligation (oxygen or nitrogen) and showed no evi- dence for high-Z ligands (e.g., sulfur). The relatively short average first shell bond lengths and the absence of significant outer shell scattering suggest that the mononuclear site has several oxygen ligands. With Zn in the mononuclear site, the average bond length (2.00 A) suggests a 5-coordinate site under all condi- tions. In contrast, the Co- or Fe-containing mononu- clear site appeared to be 6-coordinate and changed to 5-coordinate when substrate was bound, since the first shell bond length changed from 2.08 to 2.02 A (Co) or 2.10 to 2.06 A (Fe). The implications of these findings for the PDO mechanism are discussed.
Efficient mean estimation in log-normal linear models

Abstract Log-normal linear models are widely used in applications, and many times it is of interest to predict the response variable or to estimate the mean of the response variable at the original scale for a new set of covariate values. In this paper we consider the problem of efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original scale for log-normal linear models. Several existing estimators are reviewed first, including the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, the restricted ML (REML) estimator, the uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimator, and a bias-corrected REML estimator. We then propose two estimators that minimize the asymptotic mean squared error and the asymptotic bias, respectively. A parametric bootstrap procedure is also described to obtain confidence intervals for the proposed estimators. Both the new estimators and the bootstrap procedure are very easy to implement. Comparisons of the estimators using simulation studies suggest that our estimators perform better than the existing ones, and the bootstrap procedure yields confidence intervals with good coverage properties. A real application of estimating the mean sediment discharge is used to illustrate the methodology.
Helix-coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. XII. Asparagine parameters from random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-asparagine)

Water-soluble random copolymers containing L-proline and N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine were synthesized by copolymerization of the tripeptides H-L-Glu(OBzl)-L-Glu(OBzl)-L-Glu(OBzl)-OH and H-L-Glu(OBzl)-L-Pro-L-Glu(OBzl)-OH, using benzotriazolyl-N-oxy-tris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate as condensing reagent, and subsequent aminolysis of the Bzl ester groups with 4-amino-1-butanol. These copolymers were found to contain significant amounts of N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-D-glutamine, thus requiring the synthesis of a binary copolymer containing only D- and L-N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)glutamine residues in order to evaluate the possible effects of the D-residues on the conformational properties of poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-proline). The different copolymers were fractionated, and their thermally induced helix-coil transition curves were obtained in water at neutral pH. When proper corrections were applied for the helix-destabilizing properties of N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-D-glutamine, the Zimm-Bragg parameters sigma and s for L-proline could be deduced from the melting curves of poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-proline). The results indicate that L-proline acts as a very strong helix breaker over the entire temperature range from 0 to 60 degrees C.
Simple induction and assessment of barbiturate physical dependence in the rat

Physical dependence to phenobarbital via an oral ingestion method was demonstrated in rats. Also, the utility of air-puff-elicited startle for assessing both intoxication and withdrawal effects was shown. Avoidance of phenobarbital-adulterated food was enhanced as a result of prior exposure to chronic phenobarbital intoxication and subsequent withdrawal.
Christian Converts and the Production of 'Kholwa' Histories in Nineteenth-Century Colonial Natal: The Case of Magema Magwaza Fuze and His Writings

What is religious conversion? Can one write about religious conversion without implicitly affirming its theological content? More critically, can one write about conversion as a historical, social, political and economic rather than a religious and theological transformation? This conversion problem becomes more acute in a context where canonised religious doctrine is introduced into a society that was previously illiterate. In such a situation the convert is required not only to master the tenets of their new-found faith but they are also expected to acquire a new skill, namely literacy. On the latter point, it should be noted that even within the history of Christianity, the notion that each believer was entitled to direct access, through literacy, to the Scriptures was a hard-won right; it was not an essential feature of the early expansion of the faith. Thus, by the time missionary expansion reached Africa, southern Africa to be more specific, literacy and Christianity were an inseparable, and as yet uncomplicated pair. The objective of this paper is not to describe or define the conversion experience. Rather the aim is to examine how the act of conversion, by being open to disparate interpretations and misunderstandings, defined the convert’s identity and social position. Although the paper begins with a review of the debates on conversion and mission literacy, the review is intended as a preface to the more specific and central problem of explaining and understanding why a Natal Christian convert by the name of Magema Magwaza Fuze, used his literacy to compose historical accounts or histories of both the Zulu people and kingdom and the colony of Natal. In general the tendency has been to assume that because missionaries introduced literacy into pre-literate societies, then the main complication in the convert’s education and life was this transition from orality to literacy. Although there have been many studies of the orality-literacy problem in and outside Africa,1 the present objective is to move away from such a perspective towards a more biographical examination of the impact and effects of the introduction of the twin forces of literacy and Christianity into the Zulu-speaking groups of South Africa. For this reason, Fuze’s work is an exemplar of the intellectual impact of conversion and literacy.
IPDA: interconnect performance design assistant

IPDA is a generic interconnect performance design assistant that integrates a finite-difference numerical simulation method, linear interpolation algorithm, interactive performance synthesis methodology, and lossless/lossy transmission-line SPICE modeling capability into a spreadsheet-style graphical user interface. The algorithm, implementation, and methodology of IPDA are described and an application example is discussed. Although the authors describe electrical performance measures for given geometry and material parameters of conductors and dielectrics, IPDA can be customized for other packaging measures such as reliability and thermal and cost effects through spreadsheet interface and calculations. IPDA assists users in selecting interconnect technologies for design-for-performance goals and also in optimizing interconnect performance designs for the full hierarchy of packaging including IC/multichip module/printed circuit board/lead-bonding/via interconnect designs. >
Maximum Energy Harvesting Control for Oscillating Energy Harvesting Systems

This paper presents an optimal method of designing and controlling an oscillating energy harvesting system. Many new and emerging energy harvesting systems, such as the energy harvesting backpack and ocean wave energy harvesting, capture energy normally expelled through mechanical interactions. Often the nature of the system indicates slow system time constants and unsteady AC voltages. This paper reveals a method for achieving maximum energy harvesting from such sources with fast determination of the optimal operating condition. An energy harvesting backpack, which captures energy from the interaction between the user and the spring decoupled load, is presented in this paper. The new control strategy, maximum energy harvesting control (MEHC), is developed and applied to the energy harvesting backpack system to evaluate the improvement of the MEHC over the basic maximum power point tracking algorithm.
Focus on “Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate downregulates Hsc70: implications for intracellular trafficking of ΔF508-CFTR”

the ability of newly synthesized proteins, particularly oligomeric or multidomain proteins, to fold into unique, three-dimensional structures in vivo is dependent on their amino acid sequence and the activities of enzymes and molecular chaperone proteins that catalyze folding ([9][1]). Evidence is
Pressure Effects on Nonradiative Deactivation from Metal Complex Excited States in Solution

This article summarizes some observations in this and other laboratories regarding the effect of pressure on rates of nonradiative deactivation from metal complex excited states (ES) in fluid solutions. Studies here (partially in collaboration with Henry Offen at UCSB and with Rudi van Eldik at the University of Frankfurt, FRG) have been concerned with using pressure effects to probe photoreaction mechanisms and other properties of metal complex excited states (Ford 1986, DiBenedetto and Ford 1985). Nonradiative deactivation often is the principal pathway for excited state decay; thus understanding or, at least, determining the sensitivity of this pathway to such a systemic perturbation is crucial to interpreting the pressure effects on other excited state processes.
Modeling Blame to Avoid Positive Face Threats in Natural Language Generation

Prior approaches to politeness modulation in natural language generation (NLG) often focus on manipulating factors such as the directness of requests that pertain to preserving the autonomy of the addressee (negative face threats), but do not have a systematic way of understanding potential impoliteness from inadvertently critical or blame-oriented communications (positive face threats). In this paper, we discuss ongoing work to integrate a computational model of blame to prevent inappropriate threats to positive face.
Photodynamic therapy: Promotion of efficacy by a sequential protocol

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a new approach to selective tumor eradication. Modifications designed to increase and optimize efficacy continue to emerge. Selective photodamage to malignant cells and their environment can bring about tumor cell destruction, shutdown of the tumor vasculature, stimulation of immunologic anti-tumor effects and potentiation of other therapeutic effects. Current development of combination protocols may provide a better rationale for integration of PDT into clinical practice. An example described here is the ability of a sequential (two-sensitizer) PDT protocol to enhance the efficacy of photokilling. The first step involves low-level lysosomal photodamage that has been shown to promote the apoptotic response to subsequent photodynamic effects directed at mitochondria. In this report, we demonstrate the ability of Photofrin, an FDA-approved photosensitizing agent, to serve as either the first or second element of the sequential protocol.
Is Liberal Democracy Feasible in Developing Countries

Liberal democracy has been difficult to institute and sustain in developing countries. This has to do both with ideational factors—the absence of a liberal tradition prior to electoral mobilization—and structural conditions—the prevalence of mass mobilization along identity rather than class cleavages. This paper considers the conditions under which liberal democracy emerges and speculates about its future in developing countries.
Anaerobic Reduction of Manganese in Reservoirs

Manganese may appear seasonally in some impoundments while part of impoundment is anaerobic; possible source may be reduction of insoluble manganese dioxide found in soil by carbon dioxide produced as anaerobic byproduct of biological metabolism; reduction of manganese by sludge gas, independent of sludge itself; experiments to determine whether sludge gases were cause of manganese solubization.
NONPERSUASIVELY INDUCED DISSONANCE-REDUCING COVERT ALTRUISTIC ACTION

Altruistic action (helping others at least as much as oneself) appears to be important in social cohesion, particularly in view of increasing impersonal relationships and dependence upon strangers in modern urban society. Behavioral scientists have given little systematic attention to such altruism. Ss' choices berween selfish and altruistic acts with (and without) Ss' experience of having rated "Myself" and "My Ideal Self" just previously on a set of 12 semantic differential scales anonymously were recorded. Nine other topics separated "Myself" (the first topic) and "My Ideal Self" (the last topic). Fifteen married student couples aged 20 to 28 yr. ( IM = 24) volunteered; males and females were seated in different areas. They were offered an unspecified "new 12-in. phonograph record" as payment for their services afier they had volunteered and were instructed in writing to mark a yes or no space to indicate whether they wanted the payment. (This was considered an act of selfish or altruistic quality.) Half the Ss read this instruction before completing the scales and half af terwatd. The critical scale ranged between "selfish" and "unselfish" (with values from 1 to 7 ) . The mean score was close to 7 for "My Ideal Self," indicating that altruism ranked high as a value. For "Myself," the mean score was less than 5. Thus, the self was rated less altruistic than the ideal, a discrepancy which could produce cognitive dissonance. A significant positive relationship existed between the rating and altruistic action after the rating but not before (see table). This predicted effect was significant (continuity corrected,
Understanding the elements and outcomes of executive wisdom: A strategic approach

The purpose of this paper is to: (a) offer rationale for the importance of an increasingly important organizational management topic – the wisdom of top managers – what we call executive wisdom; (b) develop a theoretical framework for the construct, including core components and outcomes, and (c) provide implications for practice. The research in several related literatures is reviewed and synthesized to provide the foundation for the development of this theoretical framework. Applying the extant literature on wisdom to the specific context of a top-level business manager, we argue that there are four foundational characteristics of executive wisdom: (1) Knowledge, developed by prior learning and experience, (2) moral maturity, (3) reflective strategic decision-making, and (4) ability to manage uncertainty. Executives possessing such characteristics are: (a) able to make enlightened strategic judgments that are (b) implemented as principled actions. The effectiveness of such implementation is contingent upon, among other moderators, the executive's leadership skills. We view each of the characteristics as necessary but not sufficient to possess and benefit from executive wisdom. The principled actions undertaken by those possessing executive wisdom will, when compared to other executives, have a greater likelihood of leading to valued outcomes indicative of organizational effectiveness, including enhanced stakeholder trust and loyalty, reputational capital, and stronger financial and social performance. We believe that the main arguments developed in this paper will help improve managers’ understanding of how to become a wise executive and to realize the benefits of doing so. From a theory perspective, this paper adds to the growing body of literature in a new and increasingly valued area of research.
Investigation of polio,measles,rubella and Japanese encephalitis specific antibody level among children aged 1-9 years in Ganyu,Jiangsu

Objective To investigate levels of immunoglobulin G(Ig G) antibody to polio,measles,rubella and Japanese encephalitis among children aged 1-9 years in Ganyu,Jiangsu province,and provide evidence for the research of immunization program.Methods A total of 39 363 blood samples were collected from healthy children aged 1-9years who were selected through cluster sampling in Ganyu,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was conducted to detect 4 specific Ig Gs to polio,measles,rubella and Japanese encephalitis respectively.Results Among the serum samples detected,the positive rates for polio,measles,rubella and Japanese encephalitis were 97.5%,96.3%,97.9% and 95.9%,respectively.The statistical analysis showed that there were no significant sex or age specific differences in positive rate.Conclusion The antibody titers to polio,measles,rubella and Japanese encephalitis were high among the children aged 1-9 years in Ganyu,which might form an immunization barrier to block the possible outbreak and spread of these diseases.
Construction of citrus gene coexpression networks from microarray data using random matrix theory

After the sequencing of citrus genomes, gene function annotation is becoming a new challenge. Gene coexpression analysis can be employed for function annotation using publicly available microarray data sets. In this study, 230 sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) microarrays were used to construct seven coexpression networks, including one condition-independent and six condition-dependent (Citrus canker, Huanglongbing, leaves, flavedo, albedo, and flesh) networks. In total, these networks contain 37 633 edges among 6256 nodes (genes), which accounts for 52.11% measurable genes of the citrus microarray. Then, these networks were partitioned into functional modules using the Markov Cluster Algorithm. Significantly enriched Gene Ontology biological process terms and KEGG pathway terms were detected for 343 and 60 modules, respectively. Finally, independent verification of these networks was performed using another expression data of 371 genes. This study provides new targets for further functional analyses in citrus.