cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replacement of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) by Thiols: A Systematic Study of Ag Nanocube Functionalization by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering.

In this work, we used surface-enhanced Raman scattering to monitor the replacement of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) on Ag nanocubes by cysteamine, thiol-terminated poly(ethylene glycol), and benzenedithiol. PVP is widely used as a colloidal stabilizer and capping agent to control the shape of Ag (as well as many other noble metals) nanocrystals during synthesis and to stabilize the final colloidal suspension. However, the surface chemistry of Ag nanocrystals often needs to be tailored for specific applications, so the PVP coating must be removed and/or replaced by other ligands. By monitoring the signature peak from the carbonyl groups of PVP, we show, for the first time, that the PVP adsorbed on the surface of Ag nanocubes was completely replaced by the thiol molecules at room temperature over the course of a few hours. We observed the same trend no matter if the Ag nanocubes were suspended in an aqueous solution of the thiol or supported on a silicon substrate and then immersed in the thiol solution.
Components for Automated Microfluidics Sample Preparation and Analysis

The increasing demand for portable devices to detect and identify pathogens represents an interdisciplinary effort between engineering, materials science, and molecular biology. Automation of both sample preparation and analysis is critical for performing multiplexed analyses on real world samples. This paper selects two possible components for such automated portable analyzers: modified silicon structures for use in the isolation of nucleic acids and a sheath flow system suitable for automated microflow cytometry. Any detection platform that relies on the genetic content (RNA and DNA) present in complex matrices requires careful extraction and isolation of the nucleic acids in order to ensure their integrity throughout the process. This sample pre-treatment step is commonly performed using commercially available solid phases along with various molecular biology techniques that require multiple manual steps and dedicated laboratory space. Regardless of the detection scheme, a major challenge in the integration of total analysis systems is the development of platforms compatible with current isolation techniques that will ensure the same quality of nucleic acids. Silicon is an ideal candidate for solid phase separations since it can be tailored structurally and chemically to mimic the conditions used in the laboratory. For analytical purposes, we have developed passive structures that can be used to fully ensheath one flow stream with another. As opposed to traditional flow focusing methods, our sheath flow profile is truly two dimensional, making it an ideal candidate for integration into a microfluidic flow cytometer. Such a microflow cytometer could be used to measure targets captured on either antibody- or DNA-coated beads.
Transmission infrared spectroscopy of liquid-solid interfaces

Although there are several spectroscopic techniques for studying solid-air interfaces (which mainly yield information on the solid surface), there are few methods available for studies of solid-liquid interfaces. When the solid is a metal film, the number of useful techniques becomes even smaller. Infrared spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflection (ATR) techniques has been used for such studies of liquid-metal interfaces, but availability of the metals has been limited to the metals used in ATR crystals. We have demonstrated that ATR can be extended to other metals by showing that spectra could be obtained on metal-coated ATR crystals. By coating a thin film of iron onto a germanium ATR crystal, we were able to observe reactions at a liquid-metal interface. However, these ATR experiments are tedious and difficult to use for studies of the effects of variables (such as temperature and pressure) on the interface reactions. In addition, polarized ATR spectra of the adsorbed film only yield certain information about the molecular order and geometry of these films, i.e., the angle the molecule makes with the metal film. Polarized transmission infrared spectroscopy would provide much needed supplemental information on molecular orientation.
Educating students isn't the same as selling shoes.

onsumer satisfaction has become the gold standard forquality. This standard has moved from the sale of shoesandotherproductsandhasinvadedthehealthcareindustryandhigher education. Student satisfaction has been and continuesto be touted as a primary indicator of the quality of educationalprograms. However, higher education involves a number ofcontractual relationships, including those between the studentand the faculty for a course outcome, the student and theuniversity for a program of study, and higher education andsociety for the preparation of educated and responsible citizens.
Synthesis and Structure/Property Correlation of Fully Functionalized Photorefractive Polymers

This paper describes the synthesis and physical study of several new photorefractive polymers. The Heck reaction was successfully applied in the synthesis of these multifunctional polymers. These polymers are conjugated poly(phenylenevinylene)s copolymerized with a small amount of macrocyclic zinc complexes as the photosensitizers. Nonlinear optical chromophores were incorporated as the pendant groups. Both electron-rich and electron-deficient PPV backbones were synthesized. Experimental results showed that when an electron-rich photosensitizer is used, the electron-deficient component for charge transport (CN-PPV) enhances photorefractive performance and reduces the response time.
POND CULTURE OF STRIPED BASS X WHITE BASS HYBRIDS

Four 0.1-hectare earthen ponds were stocked with two densities (10,000 and 15,000 fish/hectare) of female striped bass (Morone saxatilis) X male white bass (M. chrysops) hybrids on 30 October 1980. Mean weight at stocking was 20 g. Fish were fed ad libitum 2 or 3 times daily with a dry commercial salmon diet, and ponds were aerated mechanically during periods of low dissolved oxygen in warm months. Survival to harvest about 13 months later (22 November 1981) averaged 50% in the low density ponds and 93% in one high density pond. Total mortality of fish in the other high density replicate occurred in late August after an aerator failed. Survival until then was 92%. At harvest, mean weight of fish was 465 g in the low density ponds and 351 g in the high density pond. The average food conversion ratio of dry food to wet fish weight was 1.58:1. Standing crop at harvest averaged 2,312 kg/hectare in the low density ponds and was 4,886 kg/hectare in the high density pond. Growth was positively correlated with temperature, with the most rapid growth rates occurring during periods of high mean water temperatures. The study demonstrated that the hybrids can be grown to marketable sizes in ponds within 15–18 months of age at densities similar to those used in culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). In view of their high market value, we believe that this hybrid has considerable potential for culture as a commercial food fish or perhaps for use in fee-fishing ponds.
Game theory approach for multiobjective structural optimization

Abstract The concept of Pareto-optimal solution is discussed in the context of a multiobjective structural optimization problem and the commonly used methods of generating Pareto-optimal solutions are indicated. The graphical interpretations of the non-cooperative and cooperative game theory approaches are presented for a two-criteria optimization problem. The relationship between Pareto-optimal solutions and game theory is described. A computational procedure is developed for solving a general multiobjective optimization problem using cooperative game theory. The procedure is illustrated with two numerical examples.
Was El Greco Astigmatic

Why did El Greco (1541–1614) paint such elongated human figures? It has been suggested that he suffered from astigmatism. This is an optical defect of the frontal surface of the eyeball, which if over-corrected by a spectacle lens, could have optically stretched his retinal images horizontally, causing him to paint tall, thin objects that looked normal to him. A horizontal optical stretch would have restored his elongated portraits to normal proportions. Similarly, Holbein’s (1497–1543) squat, broad portraits might be attributed to a vertical astigmatism. A logical objection is that an astigmatic defect would stretch the sitter and the portrait horizontally by the same amount, so that the two distortions would cancel each other out. El Greco should thus have produced geometrically accurate portraits. There are also historical objections: El Greco sketched his figures on canvas in pencil in normal proportions and elongated them only when he painted them over; and he painted angels taller and thinner than mortals, suggesting a deliberate mannerism. Instead of relying on logic or history, I converted normally sighted observers into “artificial El Grecos” using a specially constructed cylindrical-lens telescope to stretch their visual images horizontally by 30%. Five subjects looked through this telescope in turn, with the other eye patched. Upon attempting to draw a freehand square from memory, they drew a tall, thin rectangle elongated vertically by 35%. When they were shown an actual square and asked to copy it, they drew a perfect, square copy—although both original and copy looked like squat, wide rectangles to them. So freehand portraits “from memory” showed an El Greco effect, but copy portraits “from life” did not. I conclude that subjects drew freehand shapes that appeared as square retinal images and drew simple facsimiles when asked to copy a shape. Logically, then, El Greco could have painted accurate life studies and distorted portraits from memory. To simulate El Greco’s supposed lifelong astigmatism, a volunteer was persuaded to wear the El Greco telescope over one eye for 2 days, with her other eye covered. At night she was blindfolded. Four times a day, she drew both a copy of a square and also a freehand square. Her copied squares were perfectly square. On the first day, her freehand squares were 50% too tall, but they became squarer every day because she rapidly adapted to the optical distortion, and after two days she drew as though she had normal vision (see Fig. 1). I conclude that even if El Greco were astigmatic, he would have adapted to it, and his figures, whether drawn from memory or from life, would have had normal proportions. His elongations were an artistic expression, not a visual symptom.
Seasonal and solar cycle variability of OH in the middle atmosphere

[1] The photochemistry of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the middle atmosphere involves the action of solar ultraviolet radiation in many respects. The production of stratospheric OH is initiated through the photodissociation of ozone, and in the mesosphere, OH is produced directly from the photolysis of water vapor. We present an analysis of measurements of the vertical column abundance of OH from Fritz Peak Observatory, Colorado, for seasonal and solar cycle variability. The OH column data span over two 11-year solar cycles and include a wide range of diurnal and seasonal conditions. Hydroxyl abundances show distinct annual and semiannual cycles, with amplitudes of 4.4% and 2.5%, respectively. About half of the seasonal variation in OH can be explained by the annual cycle of ultraviolet intensity, and by annual and semiannual cycles in ozone and water vapor in the middle atmosphere. On longer time scales, a positive correlation with the NOAA MgII solar index is observed. The amplitude of 11-year solar cycle variations in OH is 4.2 ± 2.4%, which is consistent with photochemical model calculations that consider changes in ozone and water vapor photodissociation rates. Changes in the vertical distribution of ozone over the solar cycle are found to have a smaller effect on the OH column.
Stimulation of cell surface phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin synthesis in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts by phallolysin, a toxin from Amanita phalloides

Abstract Phallolysin, a cytotoxic glycoprotein from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides , stimulates high levels of cellular phospholipase A 2 in 3T3 Swiss mouse fibroblasts biosynthetically labeled by incorporation of [5,6,8,9, 11,12,14,15- 3 H]arachidonic acid. Up to 39.9% of labeled cell lipids were hydrolyzed in 30 min with concomitant synthesis of prostaglandins (up to 5.3 and 1.7% of incorporated label released in 30 min as chromatographically identifiable prostaglandins E 2 and F 2 α , respectively). A similar extent of hydrolysis of labeled phosphatidylcholine was observed in cells biosynthetically labeled with [1,2- 14 C]choline, with production of an equivalent amount of lysophosphatidylcholine. No detectable hydrolysis of sphingomyelin was observed, indicating (1) that phospholipases B, C and D and sphingomyelinases were not significantly activated, and (2) that the phospholipase A 2 activated did not exhibit a high degree of specificity for arachidonic acid moieties in its substrates. An analysis of the Ca 2+ requirement for activation suggests that phallolysin activates primarily cell surface, Ca 2+ -requiring phospholipase A 2 . Several lines of evidence suggest that stimulation of phospholipase A 2 by phallolysin involves binding to receptor sites which are also sites for wheat germ agglutinin. The extent of cell death, as assessed by failure to exclude trypan blue dye, correlated with the percent of maximal activation of phospholipase A 2 by a range of concentrations of phallolysin, suggesting that the toxin kills cells by inducing hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids.
From structures and functors to modules and units

Component programming techniques encourage abstraction and reuse through external linking. Some parts of a program, however, must use concrete, internally specified references, so a pure component system is not a sufficient mechanism for structuring programs. We present the combination of a static, internally-linked module system and a purely abstractive component system. The latter extends our previous model of typed units to properly account for translucency and sharing. We also show how units and modules can express an SML-style system of structures and functors, and we explore the consequences for recursive structures and functors.
The Answer Lies in the Formula? Seizures in a Young Infant

A case of a previously healthy 10-week-old female who presented with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure is reviewed and discussed. Presenting signs and symptoms included fever, tachycardia, hypertension, dilated pupils, diaphoretic skin, and an altered mental status, consistent with a sympathomimetic ingestion. Urine drug screening and confirmatory blood testing revealed the designer methamphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy), and methamphetamine as the causative agents. The differential diagnosis of seizures and causes of sympathomimetic toxicity are discussed.
A Tale of Three Perspectives: Examining Post Hoc Statistical Techniques for Detection and Correction of Common Method Variance

Many researchers who use same-source data face concerns about common method variance (CMV). Although post hoc statistical detection and correction techniques for CMV have been proposed, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding their efficacy. Because of disagreement among scholars regarding the likelihood and nature of CMV in self-report data, the current study evaluates three post hoc strategies and the strategy of doing nothing within three sets of assumptions about CMV: that CMV does not exist, that CMV exists and has equal effects across constructs, and that CMV exists and has unequal effects across constructs. The implications of using each strategy within each of the three assumptions are examined empirically using 691,200 simulated data sets varying factors such as the amount of true variance and the amount and nature of CMV modeled. Based on analyses of these data, potential benefits and likely risks of using the different techniques are detailed.
Distributed Interference-Aware Energy-Efficient Power Optimization

Power optimization techniques are becoming increasingly important in wireless system design since battery technology has not kept up with the demand of mobile devices. They are also critical to interference management in wireless systems because interference usually results from both aggressive spectral reuse and high power transmission and severely limits system performance. In this paper, we develop an energy-efficient power optimization scheme for interference-limited wireless communications. We consider both circuit and transmission powers and focus on energy efficiency over throughput. We first investigate a non-cooperative game for energy-efficient power optimization in frequency-selective channels and reveal the conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium for this game. Most importantly, we discover a sufficient condition for generic multi-channel power control to have a unique equilibrium in frequency-selective channels. Then we study the tradeoff between energy efficiency and spectral efficiency and show by simulation results that the proposed scheme improves both energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in an interference-limited multi-cell cellular network.
Generalized equations for predicting body density of men

1. Skinfold thickness, body circumferences and body density were measured in samples of 308 and ninety-five adult men ranging in age from 18 to 61 years. 2. Using the sample of 308 men, multiple regression equations were calculated to estimate body density using either the quadratic or log form of the sum of skinfolds, in combination with age, waist and forearm circumference. 3. The multiple correlations for the equations exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately +/- 0.0073 g/ml. 4. The regression equations were cross validated on the second sample of ninety-five men. The correlations between predicted and laboratory-determined body density exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately 0.0077 g/ml. 5. The regression equations were shown to be valid for adult men varying in age and fatness.
Hemagglutinin response of human subjects to common enterobacterial antigen.

Abstract Ten human volunteers were immunized intravenously with ethanol-soluble common enterobacterial antigen (CA) obtained from Escherichia coli O111. The immunogen contained 6 mg/ml, excluding salts. The antigen was given in amounts of 2 ml each in dilutions of 1:250 (48 μg) and 1:125 (96 μg), respectively, 1 week apart. Serum specimens were obtained prior to immunization and 1 week after the last injection. The CA hemagglutinins were titrated by means of the passive hemagglutination test, with CA from E. coli O14 as indicator antigen. The injections were well tolerated without side-effects by all subjects. A significant (> fourfold) increase in the titers of CA hemagglutinins was observed following immunization in 9 out of 10 volunteers. These results indicate the feasibility of immunization with CA of human subjects and suggest exploration of immunization against infection caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing this common enterobacterial antigen.
Linezolid Decreases Susceptibility to Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia Postinfluenza Infection in Mice Through its Effects on IFN-γ

Influenza infection predisposes patients to secondary bacterial pneumonia that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. Although this association is well documented, the mechanisms that govern this synergism are poorly understood. A window of hyporesponsiveness following influenza infection has been associated with a substantial increase in local and systemic IFN-γ concentrations. Recent data suggest that the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid decreases IFN-γ and TNF-α production in vitro from stimulated PBMCs. We therefore sought to determine whether linezolid would reverse immune hyporesponsiveness after influenza infection in mice through its effects on IFN-γ. In vivo dose-response studies demonstrated that oral linezolid administration sufficiently decreased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of IFN-γ at day 7 postinfluenza infection in a dose-dependent manner. The drug also decreased morbidity as measured by weight loss compared with vehicle-treated controls. When mice were challenged intranasally with Streptococcus pneumoniae 7 d postinfection with influenza, linezolid pretreatment led to decreased IFN-γ and TNF-α production, decreased weight loss, and lower bacterial burdens at 24 h postbacterial infection in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. To determine whether these effects were due to suppression of IFN-γ, linezolid-treated animals were given intranasal instillations of rIFN-γ before challenge with S. pneumoniae. This partially reversed the protective effects observed in the linezolid-treated mice, suggesting that the modulatory effects of linezolid are mediated partially by its ability to blunt IFN-γ production. These results suggest that IFN-γ, and potentially TNF-α, may be useful drug targets for prophylaxis against secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza infection.
Reestablishing "Race" in Anthropological Discourse

Anthropology, despite its historic role in both creating and dismantling the American racial worldview, seems barely visible in contemporary scholarly and public discussions of "race." The authors argue that race should once again be central to anthropological inquiry, that cultural and physical anthropologists must jointly develop and publicly disseminate a unified, uniquely anthropological perspective. They suggest ways to proceed and identify internal barriers that must be overcome before the anthropological voice can be heard.
High-T c superconducting integrated circuit: A dc SQUID with input coil

We have fabricated a high transition temperature superconducting integrated circuit consisting of a dc SQUID and an input coupling coil. The purpose is to ascertain the generic problems associated with constructing a high-T c circuit as well as to fabricate a high performance dc SQUID. The superconductor used for both the SQUID and the input coil is Nb 3 Sn which must be deposited at 800°C. Importantly, the insulator separating SQUID and input coil maintains its integrity at this elevated temperature. A hole in the insulator permits contact to the innermost winding of the coil. This contact has been achieved without significant degradation of the superconductivity. Consequently, the device operates over a wide temperature range, from below 4.2 K to near T c .
Minimum expected length of fixed-to-variable lossless compression of memoryless sources

Conventional wisdom states that the minimum expected length for fixed-to-variable length encoding of an n-block memoryless source with entropy H grows as nH+O(1). However, this performance is obtained under the constraint that the code assigned to the whole n-block is a prefix code. Dropping this unnecessary constraint we show that the minimum expected length grows as nH − 1/2 log n + O(1) unless the source is equiprobable.
Heavy solitons in a fermionic superfluid

Solitons—solitary waves that maintain their shape as they propagate—occur as water waves in narrow canals, as light pulses in optical fibres and as quantum mechanical matter waves in superfluids and superconductors. Their highly nonlinear and localized nature makes them very sensitive probes of the medium in which they propagate. Here we create long-lived solitons in a strongly interacting superfluid of fermionic atoms and directly observe their motion. As the interactions are tuned from the regime of Bose–Einstein condensation of tightly bound molecules towards the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer limit of long-range Cooper pairs, the solitons’ effective mass increases markedly, to more than 200 times their bare mass, signalling strong quantum fluctuations. This mass enhancement is more than 50 times larger than the theoretically predicted value. Our work provides a benchmark for theories of non-equilibrium dynamics of strongly interacting fermions. Solitons — solitary waves that maintain their shape as they propagate — in a strongly interacting superfluid of fermionic lithium atoms are found to have an effective mass more than 50 times larger than the theoretically predicted value, a sign of strong quantum fluctuations. Solitons — solitary waves that maintain their shape as they propagate — occur in nonlinear systems ranging from shallow waterways to DNA and act as exquisite probes of the medium in which they propagate. These authors create long-lived solitons in a strongly interacting superfluid of fermionic lithium atoms and directly observe their motion. As the interactions are tuned, the effective mass of the solitons increases by a factor of at least 200, more than fifty times greater than the theoretically predicted value. The observed mass enhancement is a sign of strong quantum fluctuations and provides an important benchmark for theories on non-equilibrium dynamics of strongly interacting fermions.
On the use of the generalized structured singular value for decentralized control problems

We study how the maximum/minimum gain of a decentralized controller influences the maximum/minimum gain of the corresponding closed loop transfer function, and provide lower bounds on the best closed-loop performance achievable by decentralized controllers satisfying additional frequency domain restrictions. These bounds are obtained using generalizations of the structured singular value and approximated by the solution of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). We close by applying our results to an active sound control problem.
On the Bene…ts of Costly Voting

We study strategic voting in a Condorcet type model in which voters have identical preferences but dierential information. Voters incur private costs of going to the polls and may abstain if they wish; hence voting is voluntary. We show that under majority rule with voluntary voting, it is an equilibrium to vote sincerely. Thus, in contrast to situations with compulsory voting, there is no con‡ict between strategic and sincere behavior. In large elections, the equilibrium is shown to be unique. Furthermore, participation rates are such that, in the limit, the correct candidate is elected with probability one. Finally, we show that in large elections, voluntary voting is welfare superior to compulsory voting.
Variable bit rate flow routing in wireless sensor networks

Since energy constraint is a fundamental issue for wireless sensor networks, network lifetime performance has become a key performance metric for such networks. In this paper, we consider a two-tier wireless sensor network and focus on the flow routing problem for the upper tier aggregation and forwarding nodes (AFNs). Specifically, we are interested in how to perform flow routing among the nodes when the bit rate from each source node is time-varying. We present an algorithm that can be used to construct a flow routing solution with the following properties: (1) If the average rate from each source node is known a priori, then flow routing solution obtained via such algorithm is optimal and offers provably maximum network lifetime performance; (2) If the average rate of each source node is unknown but is within a fraction (epsiv) of an estimated rate value, then network lifetime by the proposed flow routing solution is within 2epsiv/1-epsiv from the optimum. These results fill in an important gap in theoretical foundation for flow routing in energy-constrained sensor networks.
Achromatic interferometer for imaging through turbulence

An achromatic two-grating interferometer is used for imaging through inhomogeneities. Theoretical and experimental results for a two-point object are presented.
Impulsivity and Emotion Dysregulation as Predictors of Food Addiction

Food addiction is the clinical occurrence in which individuals develop physical and psychological dependencies on high fat, high sugar, and highly palatable foods. Past research has demonstrated a number of similarities between food addiction and drug use disorders including the activation of specific brain regions and neurotransmitters, disrupted neuronal circuitry, and behavioral indicators of addiction such as continued use despite negative consequences. The present study examined the role of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in food addiction as both play salient roles in drug use disorders. Poisson regression analyses using data from 878 undergraduate students revealed negative urgency, the tendency to act impulsively when under distress, and emotion dysregulation positively predicted symptom count on the Yale Food Addiction Scale (Gearhardt, Corbin, & Brownell, 2009) whereas a lack of premeditation negatively predicted symptom count (all ps<0.05). Future research is needed to confirm precursors to eating episodes in food addiction, elucidate causal mechanisms, and support an explanatory model of food addiction.
Arthrodesis Of The Wrist: Preliminary Report of a New Method

This new method of arthrodesis of the wrist was devised to obtain rapid and certain fusion with a minimal loss of time and earning capacity and to attain and maintain a precise positioning of the hand. The procedure consists essentially in resection of the proximal row of carpal bones, with fixation of the capitate to the radius by means of a Screw. It has the advantages of apposing cancellous bones, with an intact. blood supply, with positive internal fixation. Healing is not dependent upon any grafted bone. The operation is recommended for routine fusions in non-tuberculous cases. It is preferred to arthroplasty because of the stability, freedom from pain, and the relatively slight disability which results.
Social Work in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) System: Rewards, Challenges, Roles and Interventions

For the social worker in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) System, numerous challenges are faced and met while serving the nation's Veterans. As part of the multidisciplinary team, social workers perform a variety of tasks and function in diverse roles. The qualitative survey research reported in this article sought to detail what social workers identified about the impact and rewards of their work and what they saw as the challenges and frustrations. In addition the social workers were asked to clarify their role with the patient and the family. Intervention strategies used in the course of the social workers interaction with the Veterans was also ascertained.
Real-Time 80° Sector Echocardiography in Patients with Great Artery Overriding the Ventricular Septum: Tetralogy of Fallot, Truncus Arteriosus, and Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect

The role of echocardiography in the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect has been described. All of these entities show a large systemic artery overriding the ventricular septum. This anatomic arrangement produces a characteristic echographic feature that has been a reproducible hallmark of these entities. The ability to recognize differential echographic features among these three entities has been reported less frequently; these features include detection of a pulmonary valve in tetralogy of Fallot and an increased atrial dimension in truncus arteriosus.
Environmental heat-related illnesses.

Environmental heat-related deaths and illnesses in the United States are considered preventable. Through proper education, planning, and hydration, hundreds of individuals would not succumb to heat-related illness. Language: en
On the Ratio-Correlation Regression Method of Population Estimation and Its Variants

The most common regression-based approach to estimating the total population of a given area is the ratio-correlation method. This multiple regression method involves relating changes between several variables known as symptomatic indicators on the one had to population changes on the other hand. Among its many advantages is the fact that regression has a firm foundation in statistical inference, which leads to the construction of meaningful measures of uncertainty around the estimates it produces. No population technique other than those based on survey samples has this characteristic. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of this method of population estimation, which has only been partially accomplished in prior studies of it. We discuss not only how some of its weaknesses can be overcome, but also how they can be leveraged into producing more accurate population estimates.
Aging and the Bone-Muscle Interface

Age is the major risk factor for most chronic diseases including those of the musculoskeletal system. Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by skeletal fragility in predominantly elderly and frail individuals. Muscle wasting and sarcopenia are associated with the frailty syndrome and as a direct result of muscle atrophy falls and fractures occur. Not surprisingly, there are several links between muscle and bone. Not only do muscles insert on cortical bone via tendons, and thereby influence periosteal structure and strength, but these tissues share common secretory growth factors, myokines, and cytokines that influence musculoskeletal maintenance. Moreover, there are common regulatory signals from the central nervous system that modulate bone and muscle mass such as brain derived neurotropic factor and sympathetic tone. In the era of Geroscience, an interdisciplinary field that aims to define the relationship between aging and age-related diseases, a unified approach to understanding aging within the context of musculoskeletal atrophy is an important starting point. The seven pillars of geroscience include response to stress, epigenetics, inflammation, stem cells/regeneration, macromolecular damage, metabolism, and proteostasis. As these determinants are factored into the musculoskeletal response to aging, several key scientific points are worth emphasizing. Furthermore, musculoskeletal aging is an important determinant of healthspan and must become a top societal priority based on both monetary cost and the cost to the patient in terms of mobility loss. This chapter focuses on the critical bone-muscle interface and how aging may impact this important but often overlooked intersection of two critical organ systems.
Foodborne disease risk assessment of foodservice establishments in a community

An administrative procedure based upon epidemiologic data to estimate risk of foodborne disease from foods served in foodservice establishments is presented. The method utilizes food-property risk, food-operations risk, and average daily-patronage risk as coefficients to compute a composite risk index. The food-property risk is concerned with the characteristics of the foods prepared in an establishment in regard to the relative frequency that these foods have been, or because of their intrinsic qualities could become, vehicles of foodborne pathogens. The food-operations risk is concerned with the probability that foods are or will become contaminated, that contaminants survive or are likely to survive certain processes, and that if bacterial contaminants are present, they could multiply to sufficient quantities to cause disease. As the number of persons that eat an implicated or likely vehicle, the risk increases.
ESTIMATING LONG-TERM WAVE STATISTICS FROM LONG-TERM WIND STATISTICS

The Wave Climate Synthesis method, which derives long-term wave statistics from long-term wind statistics directly, is tested with four years of wind and wave measurements recorded from eight NOMAD buoys in the Great Lakes during 1981-1984. The results show that it is an excellent method for estimating long-term wave statistics and design wave height. While the method is by no means intended to replace wave hindcasting procedures, it is shown to be a useful additional tool for the coastal engineer.
Anticipating Divorce: Spousal Agreement, Predictive Accuracy, and Effects on Labor Supply and Fertility

Data from over 3,000 married couples responding to the National Survey of Families and Households are used to examine the extent of agreement between wives and husbands in their perceived likelihood of divorce, and the degree to which such perceptions are related to the actual likelihood of divorce and to changes in labor supply and fertility. While there is considerable agreement between spouses in the perceived likelihood that their marriage will end in divorce, for about 7-8% of couples these assessments vary widely. Although both wives' and husbands' perceived likelihood of divorce is significantly associated with subsequent marital disruption, wives' perceptions are significantly better predictors than husbands'. Married women who expect their marriages to dissolve are more likely than others to increase their hours worked per week and their weeks worked per year, but expecting their marriages to end in divorce has a much weaker effect on married men's economic behavior. Wives', but not husb...
Classification of Postconcussive Headaches in Children (P03.220)

Objective: To further elucidate the nature of acute postconcussive headaches in children. Background Concussions are common in children, with headaches representing the most frequently reported postconcussive symptom. Despite this, little is known about the etiology and phenomenology of postconcussive headaches. The limited data available suggests a preponderance of tension headaches following concussion which was at odds with our personal experience. Design/Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients 9-21 years old seen at the Cincinnati Children9s Hospital Medical Center Concussion Clinic between January 2008 to June 2011 who presented within three months following a concussion. Details were obtained concerning past medical and family histories, circumstances surrounding, and symptoms following, concussion. Headaches were classified according to ICHD-2 criteria as migraine, tension, or other. Results: Seventy-five patients presented within three months of their concussion with an average age of 14.7 years of whom 58% were male. Sixty-three (84%) of these patients sustained their concussion in sporting / recreational activities of which the most common were football, basketball, and soccer. AAN Grade 2 concussions were most common (46%) with Grade I and Grade III each representing equal minorities (27%) of the patient population. Eleven patients (15%) had no headache at the time of presentation. Sixteen (22%) had a prior history of at least one concussion. The only personal or family history that predicted the occurrence of postconcussive headache was a personal history of headaches prior to concussion (p = 0.017). Of the patients who presented with headache, forty-four (69%) met ICHD-II criteria for migraine, fourteen (22%) for tension, while six (9%) could not be classified as either type. Conclusions: Migraines comprise a far greater percentage of postconcussive headaches than previously reported. This finding has significant implications for understanding the pathophysiology of postconcussive headaches as well as their management. Disclosure: Dr. Pugh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Horn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Arthur has nothing to disclose.
Clues to B-cell memory.

Nerve growth factor is a survival factor for memory B cells and is a potential target in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Cation transport in erythrocytes of normal and porphyric cows: erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase activities.

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria is characterized by the increased production of the type I porphyrins due to an enzymatic defect of the erythropoietic tissue. The disease in cattle is characterized by a haemolytic anaemia with a shortened red cell median survival time. The erythrocyte membrane Na-K-ATPase was investigated as a possible focus of an iutracorpuscular defect resulting in a shortened survival of the porphyric erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from porphyric cows had significantly more total, ouabain insensitive, and ouabain sensitive ATPase activity than normal erythrocytes. Erythrocyte ouabain sensitive and. total ATPase activities of the porphyric cows were inversely correlated with the volume percent (PCV) of erythrocytes (r = − 0.96, P
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Its Occurrence in 3 Members of a Single Family

A mother and 2 children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction are described. This is the eighth instance of familial hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In this family 10 months elapsed between the diagnosis in the first sister and the realization that an obstruction also was present in the sibling. With the recognition that ureteropelvic junction obstruction can be familial it is hoped that earlier, possibly correctable cases will be found. An autosomal dominant form of inheritance with variable penetrance is suggested in this family.
Developmental Bone Biology

Developmental Bone Biology describes skeletal development as outlined by several investigational approaches including: histology at the light and electron microscopic levels; molecular biology outlining the wide array of gene and molecular controls for skeletal tissue differentiation, 3- and 4-dimensional limb bud axial differentiation and growth, and synthesis of structural macromolecules; mineralization; mechanical–biophysical effects on the developing skeleton; and radiologic parameters of growth including appearance of secondary ossification centers and times of physeal fusion.
Nosocomial surgical infections: incidence and cost.

Urinary tract infections account for approximately 40 per cent of nosocomial infections of surgical patients, and infections of the surgical wound and skin account for one third of such infections. Gram-negative organisms are more prevalent than gram-positive organisms. A nosocomial infection of a surgical wound raises the cost of hospitalization by more than 800 dollars.
Language, Fallacies, and Mindlessness-Mindfulness in Social Interaction

Much communication research invokes the concept of mindlessness-mindfulness under various guises. Mindlessness refers to both chronic and state conditions in which individuals consider available information and alternatives incompletely, rigidly, reflexively, and thoughtlessly. To the extent that communicators behave mindlessly and mindlessness contributes to maladaptive physical, psychological, and behavioral states, it becomes useful to determine what triggers or reinforces mindless and/or mindful behavior. The position forwarded in this essay is that one neglected factor in understanding mindlessness-mindfulness is language, which by its very nature may encourage mindless or mindful behavior. Although it does not inherently demand misuse, routine language use, by virtue of its abstracting properties and reliance on identities and categorization, can create a false appearance of completeness, promote stimulus generalization rather than discrimination, encourage word-object confusions, and abet heuristic...
Benign Occipital Seizure Susceptibility Syndrome

Thirty seven chidren who met the diagnostic criteria for early-onset benign occipital seizure susceptibility syndrome (BOSSS) were followed prospectively for more than two years at the Tokyo Women’s Medical University and Doaikai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Natriuretic Peptides and Analytical Barriers.

Background: The natriuretic peptide system is an endocrine, autocrine and paracrine system that plays an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. Biomarkers based on these peptides are important diagnostic and prognostic tools for myocardial function. Content: Although natriuretic peptides were discovered more than 2 decades ago, their intricate and complex biology is associated with important questions not yet elucidated. The diversity of circulating forms of natriuretic peptides, the distinct expression of these forms in particular patients, and the heterogeneity of heart failure forms, along with specific assay-related and preanalytic issues, cause assays to be poorly harmonized. Summary: This review presents the relevant issues related to the biology of natriuretic peptides and differences between assays with immediate implications for clinical practice.
On component reliability and system reliability for automotive applications

A new strategy is proposed for automotive system reliability design. Such strategy aims to overcome the discrepancy between single component reliability and system lifetime/performance requirements. While the design for X (DfX, X: reliability, testability, manufacturability, …) methodology is part of every state-of-the art semiconductor development, it remains that reliability specifications and ppm goals of a products are strongly application and sector specific. It is therefore especially necessary to understand the aging behavior of system-integrated components, each of which must work beyond their foreseen lifetime targets, as well as to understand the effect of steady-state and varying failure rates on system performance. We propose to extend component failure rate assessment based on the regular useful life phase (exponential distributions) by also including early and wear out phase completely with corresponding Weibull distributions with their scale parameters dependent on competing dominant modes in these regimes. By doing so, the system design and verification cycle can be shortened and further improved, saving both time and costs.
Calciphylaxis: Comparison of radiologic imaging and histopathology.

Background The current gold standard for diagnosis of calciphylaxis is a skin biopsy specimen demonstrating calcification of small-caliber arteries or arterioles. Objective The aim of this study is to compare diameters of calcified vessels seen in skin biopsy specimens and radiology images of patients with calciphylaxis. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients with known calciphylaxis from 2009 to 2016 at a community hospital who had both skin biopsy specimens and radiology images taken as part of their routine care. Vascular calcification was compared in skin biopsy specimens and radiology images. Results Seven patients were identified. Small-vessel calcification as fine as 0.1 to 0.3 mm was identified on plain films in 3 patients; 0.1 to 0.2 mm by mammography in 3 patients, and 0.1 to 0.2 mm by computed tomography imaging in 1 patient, nearly as fine a resolution as on histopathology. Limitations This was a single-center study with limited sample size. Conclusion Radiologic imaging might enable more rapid diagnosis of calciphylaxis when skin biopsy specimen is pending or not available.
Beyond the hypothesis: Theory's role in the genesis, opposition, and pursuit of the Higgs boson

Abstract The centrally recognized theoretical achievement that enabled the Higgs boson discovery in 2012 was the hypothesis of its existence, made by Peter Higgs in 1964. Nevertheless, there is a significant body of comparably important theoretical work prior to and after the Higgs boson hypothesis. In this article we present an additional perspective of how crucial theory work was to the genesis of the Higgs boson hypothesis, especially emphasizing its roots in Landau's theory of phase transitions and subsequent theoretical work on superconductivity. A detailed description is then given of the opposition to the Higgs boson hypothesis by many researchers, giving evidence to its speculative nature. And finally, it is discussed the importance of theory work in the decades after the hypothesis in order to make possible the experimental discovery of the Higgs boson.