cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online SNR statistic estimation for LDPC decoding over AWGN channel using laplace propagation

Estimating accurately channel noise has significant impact on the performance of channel coding. In this paper, we present a low complexity online estimator at the decoder side for low-density parity check (LDPC) codes over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels with a time-varying noise. The proposed algorithm is obtained by modeling the channel statistic as a Bayesian inference problem on a factor graph. Since BP algorithm cannot adapt efficiently to the statistical change of SNR in an AWGN channel, we apply the Laplace propagation (LP) algorithm on the proposed algorithm. Through simulations, we show that the proposed algorithm can simultaneously decode LDPC codes and estimate the time-varying SNR at the bit-level, which enhance the BP decoding performance. Moreover, the proposed LP estimator shows a very low computational complexity.
The Moderating Role of Parental Monitoring on the Influence of Peer Pro-Drug Norms on Alcohol and Cigarette Use among Adolescents in Mexico.

This study utilized data drawn from a study of 980 adolescents living in Tijuana, Mexico, in February 2009 to examine whether parental monitoring had a moderating impact on the influence of peer pro-drug norms on lifetime and past-30-day alcohol and cigarette use among a group of adolescents living along the United States–Mexico border. The results of primary analyses indicated that parental monitoring did moderate the influence of peer pro-drug norms for past-30-day cigarette use for males but not for females. Research and practice implications for U.S. and Mexican culturally grounded prevention programs are discussed.
Ideology and Politics (or Vice Versa)

Richard Bidlack's response is both thoughtful and articulate, and I am grateful to the editors of The Russian Review for the opportunity to clarify my position in this debate. The Leningrad Affair has defied simple explanation for over fifty years and remains enigmatic to the present day. It is for this reason that although I focus my original investigation on the charges of ideological heresy that circulated between 1949 and 1953, I also note that the Leningraders were accused of an array of other political, administrative, and economic crimes as well.' Bidlack downplays the role of ideology in what he contends was a classic case of political infighting. This thesis-that the Leningrad Affair was the byproduct of a longstanding political rivalry that pitted G. M. Malenkov and L. P. Beriia against A. A. Zhdanov-makes sense and is well represented in the existing literature. But because this explanation is so static and monocausal, I have attempted to imbue it with a bit more of a sense of contingency by identifying contributing factors--catalysts, if you will-that helped precipitate the purge. In particular, I focus on how Stalin's confidence in the Leningraders was shaken by their institutional efforts to promote RSFSR autonomy and a Russian Communist Party-the RKP(b). I argue that these initiatives posed a threat to the ideological and administrative authority of the central party, which ultimately undermined Stalin's faith in his former comrades-in-arms and set the stage for the Leningrad Affair. Making the case for a political reading of the purge, Bidlack contends that the Leningraders were condemned for advancing partisan regional interests and cultivating patrons in Moscow, especially after Zhdanov's untimely death in August 1948. He notes that the 15 February 1949 Politburo resolution that has traditionally been viewed as signaling the outset of the Leningrad Affair refers specifically to these violations of party discipline but makes no similar mention of the RKP(b) or other RSFSR institution-building heresies.2 Dismissing the importance of these latter issues, Bidlack avers that they would not have been considered controversial if they had originated with "officials in Penza or Perm who had no connection to Leningrad." Without denying the provocative nature of the Leningraders' political ambitions, I believe Bidlack is somewhat hasty in dismissing the ideological and administrative
Response of root and sediment phosphatase activity to increased nutrients and salinity

Wetlands of northern Belize, distributed along a salinity gradient, are strongly phosphorus limited and dominated largely by three species of emergent macrophytes: Eleocharis cellulosa, Cladium jamaicense, and Typha domingensis. We assessed changes in root and sediment phosphatase activities of each species to simultaneous changes of nutrients (N, P) and salinity in a mesocosm experiment. Phosphorus and nitrogen treatment effects on both root and sediment phosphatase were highly significant for all the species, while salinity significantly affected root phosphatase activity in Cladium only. All species showed a significant negative correlation between root phosphatase activity and increasing tissue P content until a threshold of 0.2% P, 0.15% P and 0.12% P in Eleocharis, Cladium and Typha, respectively. There was also a significant negative correlation between soil available P and root and sediment phosphatases in all species. Activity of root phosphatases of Eleocharis and Typha were positively correlated with root tissue N. Both root and sediment phosphatases of all three species were positively correlated with soil available N. The strongest (positive) correlation was found between phoshatase activites and N/P ratios. The results confirmed that these systems are P-limited and that extracellular phosphatases respond to P enrichment by decreasing their activities. Expression of root phosphatase activity by dry root weight, sediment volume, or whole plant biomass gave very different relative results across nutrient treatments and species, suggesting that root phosphatase activities need to be interpreted in a wider context that considers root density.
The All-Important First and Last Impression: A Guide to Auditing the Trip to and from Your Airport

The first and last impressions of a destination are critical to the guest experience. This article details a protocol to systematically analyze what guests experience as they enter and leave a destination via the airports. The article pulls from the author's experience researching for, and participating in, such an audit of the Philadelphia International Airport on behalf of the State of Delaware and includes a convenient list of points to be assessed in an audit.
A longitudinal evaluation of the efficacy of umbilical Doppler velocimetry in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation.

In a prospective study of 149 patients, the interrelationship among abnormal umbilical artery systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratios, maternal hypertension and IUGR was examined. Abnormal S/D ratio was defined as a value ⩾3 in the third trimester. Results suggest that the incidence of abnormal S/D ratios are significantly higher in hypertensive as compared to normotensive pregnancies, as well as in small for gestational age (SGA) compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) deliveries. Although umbilical artery velocimetry was more predictive of IUGR in hypertensive than normotensive pregnancies, overall 45% of SGA births were not identified by this technique. Further classification of potential etiologies and mechanisms of IUGR based on maternal factors should improve the positive predictive value of the abnormal S/D ratio in subgroups of pregnant women. In the interim the results strongly suggest that abnormal S/D ratio in a hypertensive pregnancy should alert the obstetrician to the probability of IUGR.
Pesticides, aquatic food webs, and the conservation of Pacific salmon

Pesticides pose complex threats to the biological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. In the western US, pesticides have contaminated many surface waters that provide habitat for endangered salmon. These iconic species depend on the productivity of rivers, lakes, and estuaries to provide food for juvenile growth, a key determinant of subsequent marine survival. Despite extensive societal investments in salmon habitat restoration in recent years, the role of pesticides as a limiting factor for salmon recovery has received little attention. Pesticides can be toxic to primary producers and macroinvertebrates, thereby limiting salmon population recovery through adverse, bottom-up impacts on aquatic food webs. The integration of toxicology, environmental chemistry, population biology, community ecology, landscape ecology, conservation biology, and environmental policy is needed to better understand these indirect effects of pesticides on endangered species. We highlight key information gaps and discuss how future...
Transport processes in steam generator crevices-I. General corrosion model

A new model for describing transport processes in Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Steam Generator (SG) tube/tube support plate crevices has been developed. The internal and external systems are coupled using the principle of charge conservation, recognizing that anodic and cathodic reactions may occur at any location. This model includes the influence of convective transport, diffusion, and migration of species in the crevice on the evolution of crevice properties. Calculations show that under normal operating conditions after an initial time period, the concentrations of all species and potential of the metal reach limiting values at the center of the crevice. After this period, the space in the cavity can be subdivided into two parts: (1) a region near the crevice mouth where concentration and potential gradients exist, and (2) a region near the crevice center where the concentrations of the various species and metal potential attain constant values. In the latter, the cathodic current density compensates for the corrosion current. The limiting values of the specie concentrations and the metal potential do not depend on the corrosion potential of the metal, but do depend on the available superheat and the bulk composition of the solution. For a sufficiently negative corrosion potential, the net current in the cavity can be negative, which must be balanced by a positive current on the external surface.
Survey of interval algorithms for ordinary differential equations

Interval algorithms compute an interval valued function in which the solution to a system of ordinary differential equations is guaranteed to lie. Interval algorithms use differential inequalities, finite difference approximations with remainders, Taylor series, defect corrections, or contractive iterations.
Non-gaussian density perturbations in inflationary cosmologies

Abstract The primordial mass density fluctuations may have arisen from quantum fluctuations in a (massless) scalar field that occurred during an inflationary era. We show that it is possible for primordial mass density fluctuations, which arose in this way, to be highly non-gaussian. We also show that the “bad” infrared properties of the propagator for a massless scalar field in de Sitter space can translate itself into a power spectrum, for the two-point spatial correlation of objects that do not trace the mass, which behaves like k−3, at small wave numbers k.
Electrochemical reduction of 1,4-dihalobutanes at carbon cathodes in dimethylformamide

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential electrolysis have been employed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of 1,4-dibromo-, 1,4-diiodo-, 1-bromo-4-chloro- and 1-chloro-4-iodobutane at glassy carbon cathodes in dimethylformamide containing tetramethylammonium perchlorate. Depending on the identity of the 1,4-dihalobutane electrolyzed and the choice of potential, reduction of these compounds leads to a myriad of products including cyclobutane, n-butane, n-octane, 1-butene, cis -and trans -2-butene, 1,3-butadiene, ethylene, 1-chlorobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1-iodobutane, 1-iodooctane, 1,4-dichlorobutane, 1,8-dichlorooctane, and 1,8-diiodooctane. Experiments involving the use of proton donors (phenol and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol), a radical trap (norbornylene), and several deuterium ion or atom donors have been utilized to elucidate the mechanisms by which the various electrolysis products are formed.
Estrogen receptive neurons in the preoptic area of the rat are postsynaptic targets of a sexually dimorphic enkephalinergic fiber plexus.

Abstract The periventricular preoptic area (pePOA) is a sexually dimorphic component of the rat forebrain that contains a sexually dimorphic Met-enkephalin immunoreactive (ENK-ir) fiber plexus. This plexus is especially dense in the female while only scattered ENK-ir fibers are present in the pePOA of the male. Abundant estrogen receptive neurons are located in the pePOA of both the female and male. This experiment was conducted to determine if estrogen receptive neurons in the pePOA are postsynaptic targets of ENK-ir terminals. Double label ultrastructural localization of estrogen receptor (ER)-ir neurons and ENK-ir fibers was performed using the chromogens 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), respectively. TMB-stained ER-ir neurons contained electron dense crystalline spicules located predominantly in their nuclei. Flocculent DAB reaction product was distributed over membraneous structures in ENK-ir fibers and terminals. Numerous ER-ir neurons were present in the pePOA of the male and female. In females, many ENK-ir terminals, both synaptic and non-synaptic, contacted the perikarya of ER-ir neurons. In contrast, many fewer ENK-ir terminals made contact on ER-ir neurons in the male. Thus, these results provide morphological evidence that ENK-ir neurons can regulate ER-ir neurons in the pePOA. Moreover, because expression of the ENK-ir pePOA fiber plexus is estrogen-sensitive in the female, these results suggest strongly that estrogen may regulate these neurons both pre- and postsynaptically. Finally, these results provide additional evidence for the involvement of the sexually dimorphic pePOA ENK-ir fiber plexus in the control of estrogen-mediated function in the female.
Teachers’ Facility with Evidence-Based Classroom Management Practices: An Investigation of Teachers’ Preparation Programmes and In-service Conditions

In the present investigation, teachersi self-reported knowledge and competency ratings for the evidence-based classroom management practices were analysed. Teachers also reflected on how they learned evidence-based classroom management practices. Results suggest that teachers working in schools that implement Positive Behavioural Interventions and Supports (PBIS) had significantly higher mean knowledge ratings in the area of posting, teaching, reviewing, monitoring and reinforcing expectations than those who do not teach in a PBIS school. Teachers certified in special education had significantly higher knowledge and competency ratings in relation to maximising structure, using a continuum of strategies to acknowledge appropriate behaviour and employing a variety of techniques to respond to inappropriate behaviour than those not certified in special education. Teachersi knowledge of each of these practices came mostly from in-service sources. Implications of these findings for teachersi preparation in classroom management are discussed.
Too many Decimal Places

A COMMUNICATION in NATURE of January 26 (p. 294) ends with the sweeping suggestion “that, as a rule, only experimentalists are capable of judging the limits of accuracy of experiment, and that they may be trusted to save themselves trouble where trouble may be saved without sacrificing accuracy.”
Fatty acid synthase expression is increased in neoplastic lesions of the oral tongue.

Background Fatty acid synthase (FASE) is required for fatty acid synthesis. Elevated levels of FASE have been observed in a variety of malignancies. Methods We examined the expression of FASE in 56 primary squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the tongue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a monoclonal antibody to FASE. Results Immunoreactivity was low in histologically normal epithelium (0.42 ± .07, n = 43), moderate in mildly dysplastic epithelium (1.41 ± 11, n = 40), and strong in SCC of the tongue (1.64 ± 10, n = 50). Both mild dysplasia and SCC stained more strongly than histologically normal epithelium (p<0.00001). Well-differentiated tumors showed increased immunoreactivity when compared to less well-differentiated tumors (p=0.044). Decreased overall survival was observed among patients with tumors with low immunoreactivity (p=0.04). Conclusions Increased expression of FASE in dysplasia and squamous carcinomas of the oral tongue may be an indicator of both differentiation and early neoplastic change. FASE expression may be useful diagnostically, prognostically, and as a potential target for therapy. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21: 325–329, 1999.
Center for Barr body condensation on the proximal part of the human Xq: a hypothesis

The following hypothesis is put forward: X chromatin in man condenses around a center which is situated on Xq at a short distance from the centromere. The hypothesis is based on, and explains, two classes of observations. (1) Abnormal X chromosomes that have the assumed center in duplicate form bipartite Barr bodies in part of the cells. The frequency of bipartite bodies and the distance between the two parts seem to be determined by the distance between the postulated centers. (2) A large number of variously abnormal X chromosomes have been described. Almost all of them possess the postulated center and it seems possible that the very few apparent exceptions represent misidentifications of chromosome Xq — as isochromosome i(Xp). According to the hypothesis, chromosomes lacking the center would form no Barr body and therefore presumably would not be inactivated, thus leaving the cell severely unbalanced. Furthermore, absence of the center might interfere with the viability of the chromosome itself.
Online Webinars! Interactive Learning Where Our Users Are: The Future of Embedded Librarianship

College students today are spending more time online accessing information and connecting with each other. Libraries and librarians have made changes in their collections and services so as to be easily available and accessible in the online world. Embedding a librarian in a course enhances student learning by connecting students with reliable resources. Most embedded librarian programs focus on online courses but should be offered in face-to-face (F2F) classes as well. Embedded librarians can provide instruction via online Webinars to F2F classes giving them an interactive learning experience. Future embedded librarians need to adopt online Webinars as a way to be where our users and resources are.
Constructing fully symmetric cubature formulae for the sphere

We construct symmetric cubature formulae of degrees in the 13-39 range for the surface measure on the unit sphere. We exploit a recently published correspondence between cubature formulae on the sphere and on the triangle. Specifically, a fully symmetric cubature formula for the surface measure on the unit sphere corresponds to a symmetric cubature formula for the triangle with weight function (u 1 u 2 u 3 ) -1/2 , where u 1 , u 2 , and u 3 are homogeneous coordinates.
Dietary Quercetin, Immune Functions and Colonic Carcinogenesis in Rats

Rats fed 100 mg/kg quercetin (QUE) daily for 7 weeks had significantly enhanced natural killer cell activity compared to their vehicle (VEH)-fed control. In contrast, rats fed 100 mg/kg QUE and treated with the colon carcinogen, azoxymethane had significantly reduced natural killer cell activity compared to their VEH-fed azoxymethane-treated control. There was no significant difference in natural killer cell activity between the two control groups. Antibody production and delayed-type hypersensitivity were not altered by QUE feeding in any treatment group. In vitro exposure of splenic natural killer cells to 1mM QUE significantly decreased natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Lower QUE concentrations produced a non-significant reduction in natural killer cell activity that was restored to control values at 1 x 10(-13)M QUE. The distribution, multiplicity and total number of colonic preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci, was not significantly different in the QUE-fed azoxymethane-treated rats when compared to azoxymethane-treated vehicle-fed rats at the conclusion of 7 week feeding period. We found no correlation between immune function and development of preneoplastic colon lesions in this study.
Concept for low-cost chaos radar using coherent reception

We describe a new approach to random-signal radar based on the recent discovery of analytically solvable chaotic oscillators. These surprising nonlinear systems generate random, aperiodic waveforms that offer an exact analytic representation, allowing the implementation of simple matched filters and coherent reception. Notably, this approach enables nearly optimal detection of noise-like waveforms without need for expensive variable delay lines to store wideband waveforms for correlation. Mathematically, the waveform is expressed as a linear convolution of a bit sequence with a fixed basis function. We realize a simple matched filter for the waveform using a linear filter whose impulse response function is the time reverse of the basis function. Importantly, linear filters matched to finite bit sequences can be defined, enabling pulse compression and spread spectrum radar. We present an example oscillator, its matched filter, and simulation results demonstrating the pulse compression radar concept.
Characteristics of children referred because of hyperactivity.

Data are presented on 100 children who were referred to an interdisciplinary diagnostic and evaluation clinic because of “hyperactivity”. each child received a thorough medical and psychologic examination; electroencephalograms were done on 78 of the children. A total of 299 independent observations of behavior were made (average 3 per child), and in only 75 (25 per cent) of these was the child being examined judged to be excessively active. Of the 100 children, 13 were rated as hyperactive by all observers and 58 were judged not to be overly active by any of the staff. It is concluded that hyperactivity is an ill-defined and inconstant phenomenon commonly associated with organic and/or developmental defects coupled with unfavorable environmental influences. An evaluation of the data reveals no significant relationship among the neurological examination, electroencephalogram, and final diagnosis. Extensive medical evaluations of children referred because of “hyperactivity” are relatively unrewarding.
Maintaining consistency of the security policy using timestamp ordering

In this paper we propose an invalidation-based consistency protocol using timestamp ordering for concurrency control. The protocol works for a system composed of a security server and object managers located on different machines. The security server defines the security policy in a small database and object managers enforce the policy replicated on each machine. Thus, the system can be modeled as a replicated database. Since transient inconsistency among replicas may lead to unauthorized accesses, our goal of consistency is one-copy serializability (1SR) because it guarantees a one-copy view of the security policy regardless of which copy is accessed. However the requirement for good performance is also desirable. We evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol and compare it with the performance of the transactional consistency protocol, an invalidation-based consistency protocol based on a locking mechanism. Both protocols guarantee 1SR consistency. The results show that both protocols demonstrate compatible performance. However the proposed protocol offers 1SR consistency with less overhead.
Water and Wing Give Wonder: Trans-species Cosmopolitanism

An interspecies ethics flips the claim of human exceptionalism several times on its head. Here we consider not only our own species’s animality but also the sacred experiences discovered across a range of species. The essay begins with an excursion alongside wild baboons who, as witnessed by Barbara Smuts, display a sense of wonder before a river’s still pools of water. From there we travel up and down the vertical vector of spiritual experience. The disgusting and the ridiculous at the bottom end of this vector turn out to bear as much ethical relevance as elevated experiences of moral beauty and the sublime, for ourselves and other animals. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
Digital Prosperity. Understanding the Economic Benefits of the Information Technology Revolution

There have been surprisingly few attempts to catalogue what is known about the economic impact of information and communications technology (IT). In a new report, ITIF does just that, examining the impact of IT in five key areas: 1) productivity; 2) employment; 3) more efficient markets; 4) higher quality goods and services; and 5) innovation and new products and services. The report finds that the integration of IT into virtually all aspects of the economy and society is creating a digitally-enabled economy that is responsible for generating the lion's share of economic growth and prosperity, both here and abroad, including in developing nations. Importantly, the "IT engine" does not appear likely to run out of gas anytime soon and should power robust growth for at least the next decade, provided that policy makers take the right steps. Toward that end the report lays out five key public policy principles for driving digital prosperity: 1) give the digital economy its due; 2) actively encourage digital innovation and transformation of economic sectors; 3) use the tax code to spur IT investment; 4) encourage universal digital literacy and adoption; and 5) do no harm.
Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito Sardachiliensis, a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) Swimmingperformance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis, aclose relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) II. Kinematics

The swimming kinematics of the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis at a range of sustained speeds were analyzed to test the hypothesis that the bonito's swimming mode differs from the thunniform locomotor mode of tunas. Eight bonito (fork length FL 47.5±2.1 cm, mass 1.25±0.15 kg) (mean ± s.d.) swam at speeds of 50–130 cm s-1 at 18±2°C in the same temperature-controlled water tunnel that was used in previous studies of tunas. Kinematics variables, quantified from 60 Hz video recordings and analyzed using a computerized, two-dimensional motion analysis system, were compared with published data for similar sized tunas at comparable speeds. Bonito tailbeat frequency, tailbeat amplitude and stride length all increased significantly with speed. Neither yaw (6.0±0.6% FL ) nor propulsive wavelength (120±65% fish total length) varied with speed, and there were no mass or body-length effects on the kinematics variables for the size range of bonitos used. Relative to similar sized yellowfin ( Thunnus albacares ) and skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) tunas at similar speeds, the bonito has a lower tailbeat frequency, a higher yaw and a greater stride length. The lateral displacement and bending angle of each intervertebral joint during a complete tailbeat cycle were determined for the bonito at a swimming speed of 90 cm s-1. The pattern of mean maximum lateral displacement ( z max) and mean maximum bending angle (βmax) along the body in the bonito differed from that of both chub mackerel Scomber japonicus and kawakawa tuna Euthynnus affinis ; z max was highest in the bonito. This study verifies that S. chiliensis is a carangiform swimmer and supports the hypothesis that the thunniform locomotor mode is a derived tuna characteristic associated with changes in this group's myotomal architecture. The finding that yaw and z max were greater in the bonito than in both mackerels and tunas suggests that swimming kinematics in the bonito is not intermediate between that of tunas and mackerels, as would be predicted on the basis of morphological characteristics.
The Online Learner: Characteristics and Pedagogical Implications

Globalization has stretched the scope of the online learner population from a homogeneous profile of mostly adult, mostly employed, place-bound, goaloriented, and intrinsically motivated to one that is heterogeneous, younger, dynamic, and responsive to rapid technological innovations. This paper describes the emerging characteristics of the online learner and ensuing pedagogical implications and suggests that exploratory and dialogical online learning pedagogical models are most effective for supporting and promoting these characteristics. The research to date has not converged on an archetypal profile of the online learner. Although some situational, affective, and demographic characteristics may cut across this learner population, what seems to be more prevalent is the changing or emerging nature of the online learner and the multiplicity of learning styles and generational differences represented. This situation carries considerable pedagogical implications for the design of online learning environments and necessitates a review of the research to determine the characteristics and skills of the emerging online learner. Determining the characteristics and educational needs of the online learner may not necessarily guarantee success in a distance education course or program (Galusha, 1997). It could, however, significantly help administrators, teachers, and instructional designers understand (a) who is likely to participate in online learning, (b) what factors or motivators contribute to a successful online learning experience, and (c) the potential barriers detering some students from participating in or successfully completing an online course. In order to better understand the characteristics and perceived skills of the online learner and the underlying motivations and barriers that impact successful online learning experiences, a review of the characteristics of the traditional or classic distance education learner is essential.
Selection of brain metastasis-initiating breast cancer cells determined by growth on hard agar.

An approach that facilitates rapid isolation and characterization of tumor cells with enhanced metastatic potential is highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate that plating GI-101A human breast cancer cells on hard (0.9%) agar selects for the subpopulation of metastasis-initiating cells. The agar-selected cells, designated GI-AGR, were homogeneous for CD44 + and CD133 + and five times more invasive than the parental GI-101A cells. Moreover, mice injected with GI-AGR cells had significantly more experimental brain metastases and shorter overall survival than did mice injected with GI-101A cells. Comparative gene expression analysis revealed that GI-AGR cells were markedly distinct from the parental cells but shared an overlapping pattern of gene expression with the GI-101A subline GI-BRN, which was generated by repeated in vivo recycling of GI-101A cells in an experimental brain metastasis model. Data mining on 216 genes shared between GI-AGR and GI-BRN breast cancer cells suggested that the molecular phenotype of these cells is consistent with that of cancer stem cells and the aggressive basal subtype of breast cancer. Collectively, these results demonstrate that analysis of cell growth in a hard agar assay is a powerful tool for selecting metastasis-initiating cells in a heterogeneous population of breast cancer cells, and that such selected cells have properties similar to those of tumor cells that are selected based on their potential to form metastases in mice.
A brief investigation of U.S. superintendent of documents filing practice

Abstract An automated program to produce a shelf list of Superintendent of Documents Classification arranged publications by sorting them on the components of their SuDoc numbers will best serve its users by providing a choice of the four most common filing options in use. Beyond the level of the stem, little consistency exists in the actual filing rules by which SuDoc classified shelves are arranged in depository libraries. While this inconsistency has minimal effect on the gross arrangement of shelves, the programming of an automated sorting algorithm to produce SuDoc organized shelf lists requires a knowledge of the filing procedures actually in use. A survey of 139 depository libraries concerning their SuDoc filing procedures produced 87 usable responses, for a return rate of 63 percent. Thirty-nine percent, or 34, file all numbers before all letters with some variation on the second level. Forty-eight percent, or 42, file all letters before numbers with small variations on the second level. The remaining 13 percent, or 11, utilize a mixed filing system, making use of an order based upon the components of the notation rather than their alphabetic or numeric characteristics. The Depository Library Systems Committee of the Depository Library Council (DLC) suggests a particular mixed order of this sort, but only one surveyed library followed this order.
A Three Stage, Fully Differential 128–157 GHz CMOS Amplifier with Wide Band Matching

A fully differential amplifier has been realized in 65 nm CMOS technology, which has demonstrated 20 dB peak gain, over 10 dB gain from 128-157 GHz, and 40 GHz positive gain range from 126 to 166 GHz. By using cascode architecture with high bulk voltage tied to the cascode devices in deep-Nwell, the amplifier ensures stability and can use 2 V supply reliably. By inserting a π-matching network between cascode devices, it broadens the amplifier working range. This amplifier occupies 0.05 mm2 chip area, delivers over 5 dBm output power, and consumes 51 mA from a 2 V supply. To the authors' best knowledge, this amplifier achieves the highest gain for CMOS amplifier beyond 100 GHz.
A 3.4-pJ FeRAM-Enabled D Flip-Flop in 0.13- $\mu \hbox{m}$ CMOS for Nonvolatile Processing in Digital Systems

In order to realize a digital system with no distinction between “on” and “off,” the computational state must be stored in nonvolatile memory elements. If the energy cost and time cost of managing the computational state in nonvolatile memory can be lowered to the microsecond and picojoule-per-bit level, such a system could operate from unreliable harvested energy, never requiring a reboot. This work presents a nonvolatile D-flip-flop (NVDFF) designed in 0.13- μm CMOS that retains state in ferroelectric capacitors during sporadic power loss. The NVDFF is integrated into an ASIC design flow, and a test-case nonvolatile FIR filter with an accompanying power management unit automatically saves and restores the state based on the status of a one-bit indicator of energy availability. Correct operation has been verified over power-cycle intervals from 4.8 μs to 1 day. The round-trip save-restore energy is 3.4 pJ per NVDFF. Also presented are statistical measurements across 21 \thinspace000 NVDFFs to validate the capability of the circuit to achieve the requisite 10-ppm failure rate for embedded system applications.
Network Coronal Bright Points: Coronal Heating Concentrations Found in the Solar Magnetic Network

We examine the magnetic origins of coronal heating in quiet regions by combining SOHO/EIT Fe XII coronal images and Kitt Peak magnetograms. Spatial filtering of the coronal images shows a network of enhanced structures on the scale of the magnetic network in quiet regions. Superposition of the filtered coronal images on maps of the magnetic network extracted from the magnetograms shows that the coronal network does indeed trace and stem from the magnetic network. Network coronal bright points, the brightest features in the network lanes, are found to have a highly significant (8 sigma above random chance) coincidence with polarity dividing lines (neutral lines) in the network, and are often at the feet of enhanced coronal structures that stem from the network and reach out over the cell interiors. These results indicate that, similar to the close linkage of neutral-line core fields with coronal heating in active regions, low-lying core fields encasing neutral lines in the magnetic network often drive noticeable coronal heating both within themselves (the network coronal bright points) and on more extended fields lines rooted around them. This behavior favors the possibility that active core fields in the network are the main drivers of the heating of the bulk of the quiet corona, on scales much larger than the network lanes and cells.
Effect of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminate Configuration on the Behavior of Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams

This paper presents test results of 18 small-scale reinforced concrete specimens of strengthened beams using carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The specimens were instrumented with strain gauges in a region where cracks in the concrete were preformed to monitor the variation of strains throughout testing. Results indicate that there can be a very large variation in the measured strains in the composites depending, not only on the location of the cracks, but also on the configuration used to bond the composites to the surface of the elements. The interface shear stresses generated at failure of the beams are compared with two existing analytical models. Additionally, the stress level in the composites was determined for all the strengthened specimens from the experimental data. The calculated stress in the composites reached between 20 and 43% of the CFRP rupture stress. The information presented in this paper provides information that can be used to validate or modify current design procedures of strengthened beams using composites.
Effect of sildenafil on coronary active and reactive hyperemia

Sildenafil, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5, produces relaxation of isolated epicardial coronary artery segments by causing accumulation of cGMP. Because shear-induced nitric oxid...
Multi-variate finance kernels in the Blue Gene supercomputer

Computational finance is an important application area for high-performance computing today. Large computational resources are used for a variety of operations related to securities and asset portfolios. For online operations, the focus has been both on reducing latency and improving the quality of the algorithms. This focus on latency has forced a predominance of univariate analysis simply from a feasibility perspective. In this paper, we demonstrate that current supercomputers, and in particular the blue gene family of supercomputers, enables the move to online multivariate analysis of entire markets. We use a simple but representative example of multivariate analysis, namely the computation of the correlation matrix, to explore that space. We show how the computation can be parallelized and run as an online real-time operation at the scale of thousands of securities and millions of events per second.
Effects of causal belief for prior success or failure on preferences to delay gratification in task contingent versus task noncontingent conditions1

This study investigated how causal belief for prior success or failure affected preferences to delay gratifications in task contingent versus task noncontingent conditions. Success or failure on the Treatment Task and belief about the outcome were experimentally induced to lead fourth-and fifth-grade pupils to perceive task performance as resulting from one of four factors (Ability, Task Difficulty, Effort, or Luck). Thereafter, each subject chose between smaller, noncontingent rewards and delayed, larger rewards that were contingent on waiting only or on successful performance on tasks which varied in similarity to the initial task. As predicted, preferences to delay were not differentially affected by success or failure when subjects believed unstable factors of effort or luck caused the outcome. However, delay was affected by prior success or failure when the belief was that the outcome resulted from stable factors of ability or task difficulty, with subjects delaying more after success than following failure. Furthermore, the outcome predicted delay on tasks identical or similar to the Treatment Task whereas belief about causality predicted delay on the Different Task. Delay was greater by subjects with ability or effort inductions than by subjects with a luck induction.
Teaching Practice: A Cross-Professional Perspective

Background/Context: This study investigates how people are prepared for professional practice in the clergy, teaching, and clinical psychology. The work is located within research on professional education, and research on the teaching and learning of practice. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: The purpose of the study is to develop a framework to describe and analyze the teaching of practice in professional education programs, specifically preparation for relational practices. Setting: The research took place in eight professional education programs located in seminaries, schools of professional psychology, and universities across the country. Population/Participants/Subjects: Our research participants include faculty members, students, and administrators at each of these eight programs. Research Design: This research is a comparative case study of professional education across three different professions—the clergy, clinical psychology, and teaching. Our data include qualitative case studies of eight preparation programs: two teacher education programs, three seminaries, and three clinical psychology programs. Data Collection and Analysis: For each institution, we conducted site visits that included interviews with administrators, faculty, and staff; observations of multiple classes and fieldwork; and focus groups with students who were either at the midpoint or at the end of their programs. Conclusions/Recommendations: We have identified three key concepts for understanding the pedagogies of practice in professional education: representations, decomposition, and approximations of practice. Representations of practice comprise the different ways that practice is represented in professional education and what these various representations make
Cardiac cell therapy: where we've been, where we are, and where we should be headed.

Introduction: Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Sources of data: Multiple candidate cell types have been used in preclinical animal models and in clinical trials to repair or regenerate the injured heart either directly (through formation of new transplanted tissue) or indirectly (through paracrine effects activating endogenous regeneration). Areas of agreement: (i) Clinical trials examining the safety and efficacy of bone marrow derived cells in patients with heart disease are promising, but results leave much room for improvement. (ii) The safety profile has been quite favorable. (iii) Efficacy has been inconsistent and, overall, modest. (iv) Tissue retention of cells after delivery into the heart is disappointingly low. (v) The beneficial effects of adult stem cell therapy are predominantly mediated by indirect paracrine mechanisms. Areas of controversy: The cardiogenic potential of bone marrow-derived cells, the mechanism whereby small numbers of poorly-retained cells translate to measurable clinical benefit, and the overall impact on clinical outcomes are hotly debated. Growing points/areas timely for developing research: This overview of the field leaves us with cautious optimism, while motivating a search for more effective delivery methods, better strategies to boost cell engraftment, more apt patient populations, safe and effective ‘off the shelf’ cell products and more potent cell types.
Disturbance analyses of forests and grasslands with MODIS and Landsat in New Zealand

Abstract In this study we present, evaluate and validate an approach to monitor forest and grassland disturbance. We apply the approach to both Landsat and MODIS imagery for the North Island of New Zealand and validate the results based on high resolution OrbView and Ikonos imagery. We found an overall accuracy of the disturbance index of 98% for the two studied land cover types. The kappa value was 0.770 indicating a 77% better agreement than what would have occurred by chance. We found that there is a difference between the accuracy received for grassland areas compared to the accuracy received for forest areas, with the grassland areas outperforming the forest areas (Kappa of 0.855 vs. 0.656). We split the validation results by soil type and also evaluate the effect of different soil types with respect to grazing pressures. The disturbance index behaved consistently for all available soil orders. We found forest disturbance for approximately 36.2% of the exotic forests, resulting in an annual clearing rate of 2.6% of the forest over the study period. Lastly we present a close-up study to evaluate the changes in grazing in one intensely used catchment. We demonstrate that the December/January disturbance rates have increased from about 6% in 2000 to about 16% in 2012.
Californium electrodepositions at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Electrodepositions of californium isotopes were successfully performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory involving two different types of deposition solutions, ammonium acetate and isobutanol. A californium product that was decay-enriched in 251Cf was recovered for use in super-heavy element research. The californium was purified and then electrodeposited using the isobutanol method onto thin titanium foils for use at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. An ammonium acetate method was used to produce a deposition containing 1.7 ± 0.1 Ci of 252Cf onto a stainless steel substrate. This is the largest single electrodeposition of 252Cf ever prepared.
Adverse reaction after exposed to rabies antiserum

Objective To observe the positive rate and incidence of adverse reactions after anti-rabies serum skin allergy test,and provide scientific basis for the use of antirabies serum.Methods According to antirabies serum instructions,400 victims(Ⅲ expose) bite by dogs and other animals accepted anti-rabies serum skin allergy test,of whom 380 were injected with rabies antiserum.We observed the adverse reaction of vaccination.Results There were 52 positive cases among 400 people who accepted anti-rabies serum skin allergy test,and the positive rate was 13%.The systemic reaction rate and partial response rate among people who were injected with rabies antiserum was 1.05% and12.11%,respectively.The rate of adverse reaction of skin positive and negative cases were 12.50% and 13.22%,respectively(χ2 = 0.013,P ﹥ 0.05).Local or systemic adverse reactions after timely treatment could be cured after 0-5 days.Conclusion Vaccination of rabies antiserum is safe and feasible,but antirabies serum skin test and observation during and after vaccination also should been done carefully.
Bleeding syndrome in a patient with IgA myeloma: interaction of protein and connective tissue.

A bleeding diathesis in a case of IgA myeloma was found to be associated with at least two abnormalities in the hemostatic mechanism. Both were related to the presence of the abnormal myeloma protein and improved with plasmapheresis and with response to tryptophane mustard therapy. The first abnormality stems from interference with fibrinogen polymerization and is responsible for prolonging the clotting time, acting as an anticoagulant on addition of the patient’s serum to normal blood, and giving rise to the gelification phenomenon noted on clotting. This abnormality is partially, but not completely, corrected by calcium; it has previously been described in other patients with multiple myeloma. The second abnormality results from coating of collagen (as well as other surfaces) by the abnormal protein and causes the prolonged bleeding time and poor in vivo adhesion of platelets. This abnormality has not been previously described and appears to be partially responsible for the patient’s bleeding.