cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomized trial of prophylactic doxycycline for curettage in incomplete abortion

Objective: To determine whether prophylactic doxycycline at suction curettage for incomplete abortion decreases the rate of postoperative pelvic infection. Methods: We randomized 240 patients to receive intravenous doxycycline or placebo at curettage. Cervical specimens for gonorrhea and chlamydia were obtained preoperatively. Two weeks post-procedure, we evaluated all patients for infectious morbidity and repeated gonorrhea and chlamydia cultures. Statistical analysis used Mann-Whitney U test, McNemar test, or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in age, parity, gestational age, history of sexually transmitted disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, or multiple sex partners between the doxycycline and placebo groups. Preoperative gonorrhea or chlamydia isolates were positive in five (4.2%) and six (5%) of 120 doxycycline patients and four (3.3%) and eight (6.6%) of 120 controls (not significant). All preoperative gonorrhea isolates remained positive postoperatively. Seven (5.8%) controls had positive postoperative chlamydia isolates, as did one (0.8%) in the doxycycline group ( P = .06). We diagnosed eight (6.6%) of 120 doxycycline patients and seven (5.8%) of 120 controls with infectious morbidity (not significant). Conclusion: In our population of patients with incomplete abortion, the prevalence of gonorrhea and chlamydia was low, and prophylactic doxycycline did not decrease the rate of postoperative febrile morbidity.
Linear accelerator radiosurgery using 90 gray for essential trigeminal neuralgia: results and dose volume histogram analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate treatment of essential trigeminal neuralgia with 90 Gy delivered by a linear accelerator dedicated to radiosurgery. METHODS: This is a retrospective case senes of 25 patients with essential trigeminal neuralgia treated from March 1999 to March 2001. All were treated with 90 Gy by means of a 5-mm collimator directed to the nerve root entry zone. Patient follow-up (range, 8-52 mo; median, 18 mo) was completed by an uninvolved party. Dose volume histograms of the brainstem were developed for the 20, 30, and 50% isodose lines by means of radiosurgery planning software. RESULTS: All patients obtained good to excellent pain reliel with treatment. Nineleen (76%) of 25 patients achieved excellent pain relief (pain-free without medication). Six patients (24%) achieved good pain relief (50-90% reduction of pain with or without medication). Median time to pain relief was 2 months. Eight patients (32%) experienced relapse 4 to 13 months after treatment. Eight patients (32%) developed facial numbness, but none developed painful numbness. Mean brainstem volume within the 50% isodose line and occurrence of numbness was statistically significant (P = 0.03). There was no correlation between brainstern volume treated and outcome. CONCLUSION: Dedicated linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery that uses a 5-mm collimator to deliver 90 Gy to the nerve root entry zone is a safe and effective method for the treatment of essential trigeminal neuralgia. Care should be taken to limit hrainstem volume included in the 50% isodose line in the treatment plan to avoid facial numbness.
Cloud cover detection algorithm for EO-1 Hyperion imagery

A cloud cover detection algorithm was developed for application to EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral data. The algorithm uses only bands in the reflected solar spectral regions to discriminate clouds from surface features and was designed to be used on-board the EO-1 satellite as part of the EO-1 Extended Mission Phase of the EO-1 Science Program. The cloud cover algorithm uses only 6 bands to discriminate clouds from other bright surface features such as snow, ice, and desert sand. The code was developed using 20 Hyperion scenes with varying cloud amount, cloud type, underlying surface characteristics and seasonal conditions. Results from the application of the algorithm to these test scenes is given with a discussion on the accuracy of the procedure used in the cloud cover discrimination. Compared to subjective estimates of the scene cloud cover, the algorithm was typically within a few percent of the estimated total cloud cover.
The distribution of oocyte 5S, somatic 5S and 18S + 28S rDNA sequences in the lampbrush chromosomes of Xenopus laevis

The nucleolus organizer locus of Xenopus laevis lampbrush chromosomes was identified by in situ hybridization of a 3H-labelled probe complementary to 18S + 28S rDNA. The nucleolus organizer is an axial granule on chromosome III that lies four-fifths the way down this chromosome reading from its larger (left) telomere, just within an “exploded” region that extends to its right end, where the lateral loops are exceptionally long. By in situ hybridization of 3H-labelled oocyte and somatic 5S spacer cRNA probes to similarly RNase-treated and denatured lampbrush chromosomes, the multiple sites of oocyte and somatic 5S gene families were identified. Oocyte 5S genes lie at the larger telomeres of the 15 chromosomes that possess these structures; that is, all but chromosomes X, XVII and XVIII. There are a further four sites, all peripheral, and in three of these, on chromosomes VII, X and XI, the sequences lie on lateral loops that are resolvable with the light microscope. By contrast all of the somatic 5S gene clusters occupy peripheral sites. There are two sites on chromosome III, one of which may be shared with oocyte 5S sequences; one on chromosome VII, which is very likely shared with oocyte 5S sequences; one terminal site on chromosome X; one site on chromosome XI that lies on a single pair of long loops which are inserted in a conspicuous and recognizable axial granule, loops which certainly carry oocyte 5S sequences too; two nearly terminal sites alongside the larger telomeres on chromosomes XII and XIV; and single interstitial sites on all three of the sphere-bearing chromosomes, VIII, IX and XVI. We suggest that 5S sequences on resolvable loops are transcribed by readthrough from upstream promoters, probably by polymerase II.
Lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of neonatal lung disease

Ultrasound has recently become an important method for diagnostic examination and monitoring of lung disease. Many lung diseases, such as respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, pneumonia, atelectasis and pneumothorax were diagnosed by chest X-ray or CT scan in the past, but can now easily be diagnosed with lung ultrasound. Lung ultrasound has many advantages over X-ray and CT scan including accuracy, reliability, low-cost and simplicity, as well as the fact that ultrasound incurs no risk of radiation damage. It is therefore feasible and convenient to perform at the bedside in a neonatal ward. This review focuses on features of bedside lung ultrasound and diagnosis features of common lung diseases in newborn infants, culminating in suggestions for improving the application of ultrasound in the neonatal field.
Listening to Sociological Elders: An Interview with Maurice R. Stein

The co-recipient of the 1987 Robert and Helen Lynd Lifetime Achievement Award bestowed by the American Sociological Association’s Community and Urban Sociology Section and a long-time experimentalist in sociological pedagogy, Maurice R. Stein (since 2002 retired from Brandeis University), is among a generation of American sociologists who came of age during the Great Depression and Second World War and who are now in a position to reflect upon over six decades of research and teaching. One might consider them, per Stein’s description, as having entered elderhood. In order to explore the history of American sociology via a lifetime of uninterrupted learning, Dandaneau interviewed Stein on June 10 and 11, 2009, in Stein’s Cambridge, Massachusetts, home, and Dandaneau and East followed up with telephone interviews on November 21, 2009, and January 29, February 5, February 12, and February 25, 2010. The following is an edited transcription of these conversations.
Management of Erectile Function by Penile Purinergic P2 Receptors in the Diabetic Rat

Purpose: We determined the role of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in erectile function in diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: A total of 60 adult male rats were divided into 2 groups, including 30 controls and 30 treated with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) for 8 weeks to induce hyperglycemia. Changes in intracavernous pressure after intracrural injections of adenosine 5′triphosphate and adenosine 5′triphosphate analogues in control and diabetic rats, and the relaxant response to electrical field stimulation of precontracted corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in organ baths were investigated. The localization of P2X1, P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors was assessed in penile tissue via an immunohistochemical approach.Results: Corpus cavernosum smooth muscle relaxation in vivo and by electrical field stimulation in vitro was significantly decreased in diabetic rats. Adenosine 5′triphosphate (P2X, P2Y), 2-methylthioadenosine 5′triphosphate (P2Y1) and uridine 5′-triphosphate (P2Y2) agonists but not α,β-methylene adenosine 5...
Fabrication of identical duplicate dentures

The making of identical duplicate den­ tures has become a matter of considerable interest to the dental profession.1'6 The demand for this service is growing among those patients who do not wish to risk exposure without their teeth for even a short period. It has been a difficult prob­ lem in the past to make duplicate den­ tures, or to copy the anterior tooth arrangement in existing dentures when constructing a new set, because a process­ ing mold has been required which is rigid and which is destroyed when recovering a processed denture. The layered silicone mold technic of denture processing provides a means of making two or more new sets of identi­ cally appearing dentures by utilizing the same processing mold, and stock teeth.7 Also, at the time an existing set of den­ tures is being rebased or relined, a dupli­ cate set may be made by fabricating a set of acrylic denture teeth and processing an extra set of dentures, doing both oper­ ations in the same mold that has been used for relining the original dentures. A duplicate set of dentures made by this method is an exact replica of the original. Not only is the tooth arrangement the same, but each set of dentures has an identical contour of acrylic resin around each tooth. These results are possible for two reasons: (1) the upper half of the layered silicone mold, which holds the denture teeth and forms the polished sur­ faces of the denture, is not destroyed or damaged by processing, and (2) the re­ siliency of the silicone portion of the mold permits a second set of denture teeth to be positioned in the mold spaces formerly occupied by the teeth of the first denture. The materials necessary for fabricating each duplicate denture are: (1) an extra flask, the lower half of which fits inter­ changeably with the upper half of the flask to be used in investing the original trial denture, (2) a duplicate of the mas­ ter cast, and (3) an additional set of the same mold and shade of teeth used in the original denture (Fig. 1).
Calorimetric investigation of the aluminum–water reaction

Abstract The aluminum–water split reaction is characterized experimentally using microcalorimetry. The rates of heat release during the reaction at two fixed temperatures, 303 and 313 K were measured for spherical aluminum powders placed in liquid water. Fully and partially reacted powders were characterized using electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Experiments were performed with three commercial powders with nominal sizes of 3–4.5, 10–14, and 17–30 μm. The only crystalline reaction product detected was bayerite. Initially, particles grow bayerite layers which later sinter together forming continuous aluminum–bayerite composites. The observed reaction could be broken down into several parts, including an induction time, two stages of relatively rapid reaction, and reaction termination. The significance of the first of the rapid reaction stages increased for experiments at the higher temperature. The finer powders exhibited faster and more complete reaction. The reproducibility of the heat flow patterns for experiments under identical conditions was surprisingly poor, especially in terms of the induction time. Experimental data were processed using a simplified kinetic model reported in the literature to assess the diffusion coefficient describing the reaction rate-limiting process: transport of hydroxo complexes of aluminum through a growing porous layer of bayerite. The calculated diffusion coefficient was in the range expected for the experimental temperatures; however, its changes as a function of the powder particle size and as a function of the reaction time indicate that the current model is inadequate for describing the present experiments.
Single and double plane implants: A comparison of the Manchester System with the Paris System

A comparison between the Manchester System and the Paris System of interstitial dosimetry has been made in the case of single and double plane implants. The rules of both systems are reviewed. A brief description of the Paris System is presented in an appendix. Dose distributions for two different examples are presented in two orthogonal planes. The Paris System uses considerably fewer sources than the Manchester System. It results in a larger volume of high dose than the Manchester System. The use of Iridium-192 sources whose source strength and source length can be adjusted represents a significant advantage. The Paris System attempts to adapt the implant configuration to the clinical situation as the target thickness is used to define the source separation and the target length is used to define the source length. The differences in the dose definition are discussed.
Complexity Theory and School Reform.

There is a paucity of studies that assess the influence of communication in facilitating educational change. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of communication for high school princ...
Trehalose click polymers inhibit nanoparticle aggregation and promote pDNA delivery in serum.

Herein, three new glycopolymers have been synthesized via “click polymerization” to promote nucleic acid delivery in the presence of biological media containing serum. These structures were designed to contain a trehalose moiety to promote biocompatibility, water solubility, and stability against aggregation, amide-triazole groups to enhance DNA binding affinity, and an oligoamine unit to facilitate DNA encapsulation, phosphate neutralization, and interactions with cell surfaces. A 2,3,4,2‘,3‘,4‘-hexa-O-acetyl-6,6‘-diazido-6,6‘-dideoxy-d-trehalose (4) monomer was polymerized via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition with a series of dialkyne-amide comonomers that contain either one, two, or three Boc-protected secondary amines (7a, 7b, or 7c, respectively). After deprotection, three water-soluble polycations (9a, 9b, or 9c) were obtained with similar degrees of polymerization (n = 56−61) to elucidate the role of amine number on nucleic acid binding, complex formation, stability, and cellular deli...
Three-dimensional projection imaging with half the number of projections

This study demonstrates a sampling scheme for three-dimensional projection imaging with half the number of projections. The angular distribution of projections is designed so that the oversampling of the low spatial frequencies, in tandem with a partial Fourier algorithm, can be used to recreate purposely missing projections. The performance of the sampling scheme and its associated reconstruction algorithm are illustrated with computer-simulated as well as experimental data sets. We find that this technique produces images of comparable quality to the conventional projection imaging scheme. Although a 30% loss of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) results from its use, the algorithm should prove useful for applications where robustness against motion artifacts and reduced T2* signal loss are desired.
Linguistic Style Matching in Crisis Negotiations: A Comparative Analysis of Suicidal and Surrender Outcomes

Recent data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's HOBAS database indicates that suicides, attempted suicides, and barricaded stand-offs account for nearly two thirds of all crisis negotiations to which United States law enforcement responds. Gaining insight into the communication dynamics of suicide incidents is, therefore, a critical concern to law enforcement. Negotiators are commonly coached to engage suicidal persons by exploring the subject's feelings, the reality of suicide, the precipitating causes of the suicidal desire, and expressing his/her own personal concern for seeking the subject's safety. Negotiators operationalize these strategies by striving to match their language to that of the suicidal subject. This investigation sought to explore the level of linguistic style matching between crisis negotiation subjects and negotiators as manifested in incidents that conclude in surrender and suicide. Six incidents were divided into 6 time stages, and the language of negotiators and subjects wa...
Tracing Displacements: Or Evictions in the Nomosphere:

In this paper I sketch some of the practical connections between two kinds of displacement: experiential–material displacement and discursive or metaphorical displacement. I examine these connectio...
Human mutant cell lines with altered RNA polymerase II

A human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT-1080-6TG-9AM, resistant to alpha-amanitin at concentrations up to 10 micrograms/ml, was isolated after ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis and stepwise selection. The mutation is stable and dominant. RNA polymerase II purified from the mutant cells showed an altered affinity for labeled alpha-amanitin and the sensitivity of the enzyme to the fungal toxin was decreased 50- to 100-fold. This functional test demonstrated that the biochemical basis for the resistance of the cells to alpha-amanitin is due to an alteration of RNA polymerase II.
Control of rough physical behavior using novel contingencies and directive teaching.

An unruly, hyperactive boy was managed in a free-play setting using reinforcement techniques: a highly structured directive teaching program (DISTAR) contributed to his tractability while developin...
Stimulus-response profile analysis: a comprehensive, quantitative approach to the study of sensory coding and information processing.

Abstract In order to understand the coding and information processing capabilities of mechanosensory neurons, it is necessary to examine stimulus-response relationships under a wide variety of stimulus conditions, using a comprehensive set of quantitative analytic procedures. We employ the methodology of stimulus-response profile analysis, which is based on 4 principles: (1) the use of a broad-based battery of quantitatively controlled mechanical stimuli; (2) maintenance of comprehensive records of experiments; (3) detailed, quantitative analysis of single-unit responses; and (4) the application of these principles uniformly and consistently to all units studied. In addition to conventional graphical portrayals of single-unit activity, we employ a set of quantitative response indices, each of which represents a particular aspect of a unit's overall responsiveness. The distribution of a response index for the entire sample of neurons examined in a particular population offers insight into the manner in which a specific stimulus feature is represented within that population. The distributions of response indices obtained from different neural populations can be compared statistically in order to evaluate interpopulation differences in stimulus-response relationships. This comprehensive, quantitative approach is capable of demonstrating significant, although subtle, interpopulation differences which are not revealed by more cursory, qualitative methods.
The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production

The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines has been implicated in the pathogenesis of infectious and auto-immune diseases, and its modulation has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target. The results reported in the present study show that modulators of the renin-angiotensin system, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor captopril and the angiotensin II receptor type I antagonist valsartan, have potent inhibitory effects on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in vitro. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1Ra is increased by captopril, whereas IL-6 production is decreased by valsartan. These effects are exerted mainly at high concentrations of the drugs. Administration of one dose of captopril or valsartan in therapeutic dosages to patients with essential hypertension did not influence LPS-stimulated production of cytokines by whole blood. In conclusion, despite inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in vitro, it is unlikely that captopril or valsartan could be used in anticytokine therapeutic strategies in vivo.
Distribution of Catecholamine-containing cell bodies and blood vessels in the rat nuclues tractus solitarius

Glyoxylic acid-induced monoamine fluorescence (GIF) was used to map the distribution of catecholamine-containing cell bodies and terminals in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal medulla. In addition, the relative vascularity of the NTS was quantified by examination of tissue perfused with Pontamine sky blue. The GIF-reactive cell bodies within the NTS complex were caudal to the rostral pole of the area postrema and are therefore considered to be the A2 cell body group as defined by Dahlstro¨m and Fuxe4. The A2 cell body group was composed of 900 (980 ± 43, n= 3) small to medium sized neurons (15–25 μm diameter) located on the dorsal and lateral edges of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. GIF terminal density was found to be most dense in the medial portion of the NTS as compared to the lateral or midline portions of the NTS, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, or hypoglossal nucleus. Quantitative blood vessel analysis revealed that the NTS is significantly less vasn the surrounding nucleus gracilius, central gray, or dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. A full serial section analysis of NTS, stained either for GIF cell bodies, terminals or blood vessels, has been obtained; this detailed presentation of catecholamine-containing profiles and blood vessels in the dorsal medulla may facilitate futur future studies aimed at examining central control of autonomic function.
Toward the active conformation of insulin: stereospecific modulation of a structural switch in the B chain.

Abstract How insulin binds to the insulin receptor has long been a subject of speculation. Although the structure of the free hormone has been extensively characterized, a variety of evidence suggests that a conformational change occurs upon receptor binding. Here, we employ chiral mutagenesis, comparison of corresponding d and l amino acid substitutions, to investigate a possible switch in the B-chain. To investigate the interrelation of structure, function, and stability, isomeric analogs have been synthesized in which an invariant glycine in a β-turn (GlyB8) is replaced by d- or l-Ser. The d substitution enhances stability (ΔΔGu 0.9 kcal/mol) but impairs receptor binding by 100-fold; by contrast, the l substitution markedly impairs stability (ΔΔGu -3.0 kcal/mol) with only 2-fold reduction in receptor binding. Although the isomeric structures each retain a native-like overall fold, the l-SerB8 analog exhibits fewer helix-related and long range nuclear Overhauser effects than does the d-SerB8 analog or native monomer. Evidence for enhanced conformational fluctuations in the unstable analog is provided by its attenuated CD spectrum. The inverse relationship between stereospecific stabilization and receptor binding strongly suggests that the B7-B10 β-turn changes conformation on receptor binding.
Brain white matter volume abnormalities in Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants

Objective: We sought to examine brain white matter abnormalities based on MRI in adults with Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) or an attenuated variant (LNV) of this rare, X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder of purine metabolism. Methods: In this observational study, we compared 21 adults with LND, 17 with LNV, and 33 age-, sex-, and race-matched healthy controls using voxel-based morphometry and analysis of covariance to identify white matter volume abnormalities in both patient groups. Results: Patients with classic LND showed larger reductions of white (26%) than gray (17%) matter volume relative to healthy controls. Those with LNV showed comparable reductions of white (14%) and gray (15%) matter volume. Both patient groups demonstrated reduced volume in medial inferior white matter regions. Compared with LNV, the LND group showed larger reductions in inferior frontal white matter adjoining limbic and temporal regions and the motor cortex. These regions likely include such long association fibers as the superior longitudinal and uncinate fasciculi. Conclusions: Despite earlier reports that LND primarily involves the basal ganglia, this study reveals substantial white matter volume abnormalities. Moreover, white matter deficits are more severe than gray matter deficits in classic LND, and also characterize persons with LNV. The brain images acquired for these analyses cannot precisely localize white matter abnormalities or determine whether they involve changes in tract orientation or anisotropy. However, clusters of reduced white matter volume identified here affect regions that are consistent with the neurobehavioral phenotype.
Effects of different schedules of early undernutrition on the preweaning growth of the rat cerebellum.

Abstract The ad lib. food intake of rats during gestation and lactation was determined and under different schedules experimental animals were fed 75 or 50% of that diet (mild and severe undernutrition). Mild or severe undernutrition during gestation alone had only transient effects on the preweaning weight of the brain or number of cells in the cerebellum. Mild or severe undernutrition during lactation, whether delayed (unfostered) or instant (fostered), had appreciable effects on body and brain growth. Severe lactational undernutrition resulted in a reduction in the number of cells in both the germinal external granular layer and the internal granular layer, the instant group being affected to a greater extent than the delayed group. The effects of combined gestational-lactational undernutrition were comparable to those produced by instant lactational restriction alone in both brain weight and cerebellar cell population.
Multisensor probabilistic fusion for mine detection

In this paper, probabilistic fusion of multi-sensor data is applied to mine detection. Probabilistic fusion combines information in the form of scores from automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithms for each sensor. This fusion method has previously demonstrated improved mine detection performance when used with multi-sensor data from the Mine Hunter/Killer system. The sensor suite includes a ground- penetrating radar, metal detectors, and an IR camera; data were collected at a prepared test site. Results of applying the probabilistic fusion method to recent MH/K multi-sensor data using various new ATR algorithms are presented and analyzed in detail. Changes in detection performance are quantified for different combinations of the various ATR algorithms and sensors. It is shown that fusion improves mine detection performance even when the individual sensor and ATR algorithms have very different performance levels. This implies that multi-sensor approaches to mien detection should continue to be pursued.
Pigmentation of the enamel of albino rat incisor teeth

Abstract The yellow pigment of the incisor tooth of the normal albino rat becomes visible at approximately the midpoint of the convex, enamel-covered surface. Pigmentation occurs in an area incisal to the region where full thickness of the enamel has been attained and after complete acid solubility (maturation) has occurred. The pigment is confined to the outermost zone of the enamel. This zone is relatively acid resistant as compared to the underlying unpigmented portion of enamel. Prior to the appearance of pigment in the enamel, the overlying enamel organ contains yellow pigment granules. Concurrently with the deposition of pigment into the enamel the granules disappear from the ameloblasts. When the pigment-containing part of the enamel organ is surgically destroyed no pigment is deposited in the underlying enamel but the enamel surface is not otherwise affected. A primary cuticle is described as present over the entire surface of the enamel except for the proximal zone where enamel matrix is being deposited. The possible role of this cuticle in calcification (maturation) and sideration (pigmentation) is discussed.
Proportional hazards models and MIL-HDBK-217

Abstract In recent years, the proportional hazards models have emerged for analysis of life data, primarily in biometry. These models have great potential for engineering application in reliability of microelectronic and other devices. This paper outlines the proportional hazards (PH) model for exponentially distributed failure times. It demonstrates that the Parts Stress Analysis method of MIL-HDBK-217 leads to multiplicative — type PH models for the case of constant hazards. The PH theory deals with many problems inherent in field data, including nonhomogeneity, unbalanced data and censoring. Explantory variables, such as the π factors in MIL-HDBK-217D are accommodated.
Effect of hypothalamic lesions on the treadmill performance of rats

Abstract Experiments were performed to determine whether rats whose spontaneous locomotor activity had been decreased by the placement of bilateral electrolytic lesions in the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus could be forced to run on a treadmill. All rats with small medial lesions, some rats with large medial lesions, and most rats with lateral lesions needed no more prodding to run on the treadmill than they needed before receiving their lesions. While some rats with large medial lesions and some with lateral lesions usually needed more prodding to keep them running, they, nevertheless, were able to run on the treadmill; in fact, most of these rats occasionally ran as well as did the control rats. Only one rat, a rat with large medial lesions, refused to run. These data suggest that a lack of ability to run cannot explain the hypoactivity observed in these rats.
Quantifying the Presence of Written Materials and the Use of Outside Texts in Nature Centers for Environmental Education.

Despite widespread distribution of nature centers across North America and Europe, the written materials available to their visitors have yet to be enumerated. To address this gap, this study quantifies the types of written materials available in 563 American nature centers and addresses how nature centers use outside texts. The survey results suggest that many nature centers have available types of written materials found effective for visitor learning in other research. Many nature centers also incorporate material from contemporary conservation literature into their written materials, suggesting that nature centers seek to facilitate effective learning by forging audience connections.
High-gain-observer tracking performance in the presence of measurement noise

High-gain observers are commonly utilized to estimate the states used in constructing the output feedback control, when such states are derivatives of the output. In the presence of measurement noise, the estimation error can be noticeably compromised if the observer gain is chosen too large. However, the effect of measurement noise on the tracking error is less significant. This phenomenon is demonstrated with a nonlinear motivating example, and further explored in the context of linear systems from a transfer function perspective.
Adverse Drug Events Related to Ziprasidone: A Meta-analysis of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials

Study Objective. To assess the drug-related risk of adverse events associated with ziprasidone. Design. Meta-analysis of 19 randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Patients. A total of 4132 adults taking oral ziprasidone who had adverse-event data reported in the studies identified. Measurements and Main Results. A systematic review (January 1996-October 2010) was conducted by using the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases to identify Cochrane reviews, controlled clinical trials, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews; studies were limited to those published in English and those conducted in humans. The www.ClinicalTrials.gov Web site was also searched for ziprasidone studies. A total of 887 citations were reviewed; 31 articles met the criteria for inclusion, of which 19 were included in the final analysis. Data were combined for the meta-analysis by using the Mantel-Haenszel method, random-effects model at 95% confidence. The overall rate of treatment-emergent adverse events for ziprasidone was 73% compared with 60% for patients receiving placebo (p<0.0001). Adverse events with the greatest frequency included somnolence (21%), extrapyramidal symptoms (13%), headache (13%), insomnia (11%) and respiratory disorders (10%). Adverse events with highest risk, evaluated by using the risk difference (RD) summary statistic (adverse events due to the drug itself and not the placebo effect), were somnolence (RD 14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7–21), extrapyramidal symptoms (RD 6, 95% CI 1–10), asthenia (RD 5, 95% CI 1–8), weight gain (RD 4, 95% CI 2–7), dizziness (RD 4, 95% CI 2–6), and dyspepsia (RD 4, 95% CI 1–6). Adverse events reported but likely not caused by ziprasidone included headache (RD 0, 95% CI −–3), QTc interval greater than 480 msec (RD 0, 95% CI −1–1), diarrhea (RD 0, 95% CI −–2, and abdominal pain (RD 0, CI −–2). Conclusion. Ziprasidone use increased the risk of 18 specific adverse events when compared with placebo. Small reductions in risk for insomnia, pain, and agitation are likely among patients with schizophrenia but not those with bipolar disorder. The results of the study are limited by the concomitant use of other drugs allowed during the trials, underreporting of adverse events in the clinical trials, and the short length of the trials (most 3–6 wks).
Atrioesophageal fistula and pneumocephalus after pulmonary vein isolation.

A 71-year-old male was transferred to our hospital for sudden onset of left-sided hemiplegia and convulsive seizure. The patient had undergone pulmonary vein antrum isolation 2 months prior at an outside facility for treatment of atrial fibrillation. CT scan of the brain demonstrated right temporal lobe oedema and …
Moderate Resolution Spectroscopy For The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)

The conceptual design presented for a low-to-moderate resolution IR spectrometer is expected to allow the spectroscopic study of objects whose location ranges from within the solar system to distant galaxies, with far greater sensitivity than previously available for the study of faint objects. The low resolution mode will allow detailed continuum radiation studies to be conducted, while the moderate resolution mode will facilitate studies encompassing the IR spectral signatures of small outer solar system bodies and the nature of more luminous active galaxies and QSOs at greater distances. The five spectrometer modules share a common aperture, and all gratings share a single scan mechanism. All heat sources other than the detectors operate at 7 K and are separated from the 4 K cold station. Two-dimensional area detector arrays are used in the 2.5- to 120-micron bands to simultaneously monitor adjacent regions in extended objects and to measure the background near point sources.
The Cube Duplication by Abū Bakr al-Harawī

The text of the cube duplication by Abū Bakr al-Harawī (here denoted as A) is taken from the Bibliotheque nationale ms. arabe (Slane) 2457, f. 194r–195r, where it appears as an appendix to the angle trisection by Thabit ibn Qurra (ibid., no. 45; see chap. C). For purposes of comparison I have set it in parallel with portions of the two versions of the Philonian neusis method given by John Philoponus in his commentary on the Posterior Analytics. One of these (denoted PK) is there attributed to Apollonius, while the other (PJ) is unattributed; I also indicate certain points of resemblance with another of John’s methods (AJ), equivalent to the Heronian neusis, but which he assigns to Apollonius. Detailed surveys of AJ and of PJ and PK, in the context of related texts, have already been given in Part I, chaps. 1 and 3. My subdivision of the present texts, as indicated by letters in square brackets, conforms with that adopted in those chapters. In view of the particularly strong affinity of A with PK, I have chosen to include with the transcription of A a facsimile of the latter (denoted A2), from Heiberg’s edition of Apollonius, II, pp. 105–107. This text is taken by Heiberg from the Aldine (1534) edition of Philoponus, and is also reproduced in the apparatus of M. Wallies’ edition (CAG 13, pt. 3, p. 105n). Line references in A correspond to the Paris manuscript, also reproduced here in facsimile.
Lung and nasal lesions caused by a swine chlamydial isolate in gnotobiotic pigs

The objective of this study was to determine whether a chlamydial isolate recovered from nasal swabs from swine with pneumonia could cause pneumonia and rhinitis in gnotobiotic pigs. The identity o...
Medium-Grain Cells for Reconfigurable DSP Hardware

Reconfigurable hardware contains an array of programmable cells and interconnection structures. Field-programmable gate arrays use fine-grain cells that implement simple logic functions. Some proposed reconfigurable architectures for digital signal processing (DSP) use coarse-grain cells that perform 16-b or 32-b operations. A third alternative is to use medium-grain cells with a word length of 4 or 8 b. This approach combines high flexibility with inherent support for binary arithmetic such as multiplication. This paper presents two medium-grain cells for reconfigurable DSP hardware. Both cells contain an array of small lookup tables, or ldquoelementsrdquo, that can assume two structures. In memory mode, the elements act as a random-access memory. In mathematics mode, the elements implement 4-b arithmetic operations. The first design uses a matrix of 4 times 4 elements and operates in bit-parallel fashion. The second design uses an array of five elements and computes arithmetic functions in bit-serial fashion. Layout simulations in 180-nm CMOS indicate that the parallel cell operates at 267 MHz, whereas the serial cell runs at 167 MHz. However, the parallel design requires over twice the area. The proposed medium-grain cells provide the performance and flexibility needed to implement DSP. To evaluate the designs, the paper estimates the execution time and resource utilization for common benchmarks such as the fast Fourier transform. The architecture model used in this analysis combines the cells with a pipelined hierarchical interconnection network. The end results show great promise compared to other devices, including field-programmable gate arrays.
An integrated modeling methodology for material handling systems design

We present a modeling methodology for conceptual design and simulation of automated material handling systems (AMHS) in semiconductor manufacturing. This methodology integrates the conceptual design and modeling processes. This results in a reduction in modeling cycle time. The modeling process utilizes a simulator, selected from a suite, which is coupled with a design tool. The design tool, an in-house expert system helps in preliminary analysis of and selection among several alternatives. The design tool then generates appropriate data files to be used by a simulator. A simulator, built using Automod II, represents in AMHS in terms of layout, vehicle control logic, and material flow. We discuss the architecture of a simulator in detail and present a case study. We have developed a set of simulators to handle different vehicle control algorithms.
The Importance of Anxiety States in Bipolar Disorder

Anxiety symptoms and syndromes are common in bipolar disorders, occurring in over half of all subjects with bipolar disorder type I. Despite methodological and diagnostic inconsistencies, most studies have shown a robust association between the presence of a broadly defined comorbid anxiety disorder and important indices of clinical morbidity in bipolar disorder, including a greater number of depressive episodes, worse treatment outcomes, and elevated risk of attempting suicide. Anxiety symptoms and/or syndromes often precede the onset of bipolar disorder and may represent a clinical phenotype of increased risk in subjects with prodromal symptoms. Although the causal relationship between anxiety and bipolar disorders remains unresolved, the multifactorial nature of most psychiatric phenotypes suggests that even with progress towards more biologically valid phenotypes, the "phenomenon" of comorbidity is likely to remain a clinical reality. Treatment studies of bipolar patients with comorbid anxiety have begun to provide preliminary evidence for the role of specific pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments, but these need to be confirmed in more definitive trials. Hence, there is an immediate need for further research to help guide assessment and help identify appropriate treatments for comorbid conditions.
Language Modeling for Syntax-Based Machine Translation Using Tree Substitution Grammars: A Case Study on Chinese-English Translation

The poor grammatical output of Machine Translation (MT) systems appeals syntax-based approaches within language modeling. However, previous studies showed that syntax-based language modeling using (Context-Free) Treebank Grammars was not very helpful in improving BLEU scores for Chinese-English machine translation. In this article we further study this issue in the context of Chinese-English syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) where Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammars (STSGs) are utilized to model the translation process. In particular, we develop a Tree Substitution Grammar-based language model for syntax-based MT, and present three methods to efficiently integrate the proposed language model into MT decoding. In addition, we design a simple and effective method to adapt syntax-based language models for MT tasks. We demonstrate that the proposed methods are able to benefit a state-of-the-art syntax-based MT system. On the NIST Chinese-English MT evaluation corpora, we finally achieve an improvement of 0.6 BLEU points over the baseline.
The Economics of Social Networks

The science of social networks is a central field of sociological study, a major application of random graph theory, and an emerging area of study by economists, statistical physicists and computer scientists. While these literatures are (slowly) becoming aware of each other, and on occasion drawing from one another, they are still largely distinct in their methods, interests, and goals. Here, my aim is to provide some perspective on the research from these literatures, with a focus on the formal modeling of social networks and the two major types of models: those based on random graphs and those based on game theoretic reasoning. I highlight some of the strengths, weaknesses, and potential synergies between these two network modeling approaches.
Distinguishing beliefs from preferences in food choice

In the past two decades, there has been an explosion of studies eliciting consumer willingness-to-pay for food attributes; however, this work has largely refrained from drawing a distinction between preferences for health, safety and quality on the one hand and consumers’ subjective beliefs that the products studied possess these attributes, on the other. Using data from three experimental studies, along with structural economic models, we show that controlling for subjective beliefs can substantively alter the interpretation of results and the ultimate implications derived from a study. The results suggest the need to measure subjective beliefs in studies of consumer choice and to utilise the measures when making policy and marketing recommendations.
Plasmoid formation and evolution in a numerical simulation of a substorm

Plasmoids are thought to occur as a consequence of the formation of a near-Earth neutral line during the evolution of a geomagnetic substorm. Using a 3D, global MHD simulation of the interaction of the Earth's magnetosphere with the solar wind, we initiate a substorm by a southward turning of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) after a long period of steady northward field. A large plasmoid is formed and ejected. We show field line maps of its shape and relate its formation time to the progress of the substorm as indicated by the cross polar potential. Because of the large region of closed field in the magnetotail at the time of the substorm, this plasmoid is longer in axial dimension than is typically observed. We compare the simulation results with the type of satellite observations which have been used to argue for the existence of plasmoids or of traveling compression regions (TCRs) in the lobes or magnetosheath. The simulation predicts that plasmoid passage would result in a strong signal in the cross tail electric field.
Approach motivational body postures lean toward left frontal brain activity

The present experiment examined the effect of different approach motivational body postures on relative left frontal cortical activity, which has been linked with approach motivation. Three body postures were manipulated to create three levels of approach motivation. Consistent with the motivational direction model, results indicated that leaning forward with arms extended (high approach) caused greater left frontal cortical activation as compared to reclining backwards (low approach). This is the first experiment to demonstrate this effect, and it suggests that leaning forward as compared to reclining backward increases approach motivation. These results provide important implications for the motivational direction model and embodiment research.
Quantitative Restoration for MODIS Band 6 on Aqua

Due to the harsh conditions of space, the detectors within satellite-based multispectral imagers are always at risk of damage or failure. In particular, 15 out of the 20 detectors that produce the 1.6- μm band 6 of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua are either dead or noisy. In this paper, we describe a quantitative image restoration (QIR) algorithm that is able to accurately estimate and restore the data lost due to multiple-detector failure. The small number of functioning detectors is used to train a restoration function that is based on a multivariate regression using the information in a spatial-spectral window around each restored pixel. The information from other spectral bands allows QIR to perform well even when standard image interpolation breaks down due to large contiguous sections of the image being missing, as is the case for MODIS band 6 on Aqua. We present a comprehensive evaluation of the QIR algorithm by simulating the Aqua damage using the working 1.6- μm band of MODIS on Terra and then comparing the QIR restoration to the original (unbroken) Terra image. We also compare our results with other researchers' prior work that has been based on the assumption that band 6 could be approximated well solely as a function of the related band 7. We present empirical evidence that there is information in the other 500- and 250-m bands, excluding bands 6 and 7, that can inform the estimation of missing band 6 data. We demonstrate superior performance of QIR over previous algorithms as reflected by a reduced root-mean-square-error evaluation. The QIR algorithm may also be adapted to other cases and provides a powerful and general algorithm to mitigate the risks of detector damage in multispectral remote sensing.