cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of compliant prisms on subduction zone earthquakes and tsunamis

Abstract Earthquakes generate tsunamis by coseismically deforming the seafloor, and that deformation is largely controlled by the shallow rupture process. Therefore, in order to better understand how earthquakes generate tsunamis, one must consider the material structure and frictional properties of the shallowest part of the subduction zone, where ruptures often encounter compliant sedimentary prisms. Compliant prisms have been associated with enhanced shallow slip, seafloor deformation, and tsunami heights, particularly in the context of tsunami earthquakes. To rigorously quantify the role compliant prisms play in generating tsunamis, we perform a series of numerical simulations that directly couple dynamic rupture on a dipping thrust fault to the elastodynamic response of the Earth and the acoustic response of the ocean. Gravity is included in our simulations in the context of a linearized Eulerian description of the ocean, which allows us to model tsunami generation and propagation, including dispersion and related nonhydrostatic effects. Our simulations span a three-dimensional parameter space of prism size, prism compliance, and sub-prism friction – specifically, the rate-and-state parameter b − a that determines velocity-weakening or velocity-strengthening behavior. We find that compliant prisms generally slow rupture velocity and, for larger prisms, generate tsunamis more efficiently than subduction zones without prisms. In most but not all cases, larger, more compliant prisms cause greater amounts of shallow slip and larger tsunamis. Furthermore, shallow friction is also quite important in determining overall slip; increasing sub-prism b − a enhances slip everywhere along the fault. Counterintuitively, we find that in simulations with large prisms and velocity-strengthening friction at the base of the prism, increasing prism compliance reduces rather than enhances shallow slip and tsunami wave height.
Abstract IA12: Mechanisms of MYC addiction

Many human cancers are caused by the activation of the MYC oncogene. We have developed experimental transgenic mouse models to model and predict the therapeutic efficacy of targeted therapy of oncogenes. Using the Tet system, we can conditionally regulate oncogene expression in vivo in a temporally controlled and tissue specific manner. We have shown that many oncogenes (MYC, RAS, BCR-ABL) induce tumorigenesis that is completely reversible upon their inactivation. We have described this phenomenon as oncogene addiction. Oncogene addiction is associated with proliferative arrest, apoptosis, differentiation, cellular senescence and the shutdown of angiogenesis. The specific consequences of MYC oncogene inactivation depend both on the genetic and cellular context. In some cases, even brief inactivation of an oncogene can result in sustained tumor regression. In other cases, oncogene inactivation is associated with tumor dormancy. Tumor cell intrinsic and host-dependent cell autonomous mechanisms are involved. Tumor cell intrinsic mechanisms appear to involve mechanisms that are dependent upon DNA repair processes, the regulation of protein synthesis and of cellular metabolism. Host-dependent mechanisms include the regulation of angiogenesis and immune cell elimination. In addition, tumor cells secrete autocrine factors critical to oncogene addiction. We have uncovered that oncogene addiction is both dependent upon cell autonomous and host cell dependent mechanisms. Thus, MYC via miR17-92 regulates chromatin regulatory gene products required to in a cell autonomous manner regulate cellular proliferation, survival and self-renewal programs. However, MYC through regulation of host immune mechanisms and the recruitement of CD4+ T-cells, in a host cell dependent manner, regulates the tumor microenvironment. Our experimental model systems have been employed to generate nanotechnologies and molecular imaging approaches as well as innovative therapies to respectively predict and to elicit MYC addiction. Citation Format: Dean Felsher. Mechanisms of MYC addiction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA12.
Calculated panel reactive antibody with decimals: A refined metric of access to transplantation for highly sensitized candidates

The use of the calculated panel reactive antibody (CPRA) value and the implementation of allocation points for sensitized candidates by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) have improved access to kidney transplantation for highly sensitized candidates (98% CPRA and above). Despite this, a large population of highly sensitized candidates remain awaiting transplantation. To better define this population, we propose the use of two refinements of the standard UNOS CPRA, the CPRA with decimals or CPRAd, and the likelihood of a compatible donor (LCD). These refined metrics of the standard UNOS CPRA will allow transplant programs to describe their patients' access to transplantation with increased granularity and will help in decisions regarding the use of desensitization.
Proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ and microbiome-derived metabolites dictate epigenetic switch between forkhead box protein 3 isoforms in coeliac disease

Summary Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten and characterized by a strong T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 immune response in the small intestine. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are CD4+CD25++forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+) cells that regulate the immune response. Conversely to its counterpart, FoxP3 full length (FL), the alternatively spliced isoform FoxP3 Δ2, cannot properly down-regulate the Th17-driven immune response. As the active state of CD has been associated with impairments in Treg cell function, we aimed at determining whether imbalances between FoxP3 isoforms may be associated with the disease. Intestinal biopsies from patients with active CD showed increased expression of FOXP3 Δ2 isoform over FL, while both isoforms were expressed similarly in non-coeliac control subjects (HC). Conversely to what we saw in the intestine, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HC subjects did not show the same balance between isoforms. We therefore hypothesized that the intestinal microenvironment may play a role in modulating alternative splicing. The proinflammatory intestinal microenvironment of active patients has been reported to be enriched in butyrate-producing bacteria, while high concentrations of lactate have been shown to characterize the preclinical stage of the disease. We show that the combination of interferon (IFN)-γ and butyrate triggers the balance between FoxP3 isoforms in HC subjects, while the same does not occur in CD patients. Furthermore, we report that lactate increases both isoforms in CD patients. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of the ratio between FoxP3 isoforms in CD and, for the first time, associate the alternative splicing process mechanistically with microbial-derived metabolites.
Prognostic and biologic impact of molecular markers in papillary renal cell carcinoma

15525 Background: Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is the second most common histological subtype among patients undergoing surgery for kidney cancer, but the molecular profile of this entity ...
Evaluating ABC Projects: Sponsors, Gatekeepers, Enablers, and Impediments

In Chapters 4 and 5 we focused on the ABC design team and how team dynamics affect project outcomes and are affected by external circumstances. In this chapter we decrease the magnification of our microscope to get a broader view of ABC implementation while retaining our focus on specific ABC implementation projects. Specifically, we address the question of which organizational and technical factors affect outcomes of ABC implementation projects. Historically, ABC implementation studies have focused on “fixing” traditional cost Systems’ distorted product costs by using causally related “cost drivers” to assign overhead costs. Later studies argued that a judiciously designed ABC System could also be an effective tool for modifying employee behavior to support corporate strategy.1 Since then, evidence of ABC implementation failures2 has caused researchers to suggest that achieving either objective depends critically on certain organizational and technical factors. Research3 Supports this; however, as discussed in Chapter 2, these studies focus on a firm’s overall experience with ABC rather than on specific ABC implementation projects.
Adaptive and Dynamic Allocation of Security Resources

This research aims to address the challenge of dynamic resource allocation, where security resources are heterogeneous and the defender is tasked with simultaneously optimizing over their investment into these resources in order to build the best possible team, as well as their deployment in the field. This allows the defender to design more adaptive strategies, tailoring the set of resources used to the specific parameters of a domain, and allowing them to adapt to the realization of uncertain or time varying parameters.
BRCA testing among Medicare beneficiaries with breast cancer from 2011 to 2013.

1588Background: Used appropriately, BRCA testing can improve health outcomes for breast cancer patients. However, genetic tests have been poorly documented in claims data, electronic health records...
Data on the configuration design of internet-connected home cooling systems by engineering students.

Abstract This experiment was carried out to record the step-by-step actions that humans take in solving a configuration design problem, either in small teams or individually. Specifically, study participants were tasked with configuring an internet-connected system of products to maintain temperature within a home, subject to cost constraints. Every participant was given access to a computer-based design interface that allowed them to construct and assess solutions. The interface was also used to record the data that is presented here. In total, data was collected for 68 participants, and each participant was allowed to perform 50 design actions in solving the configuration design problem. Major results based on the data presented here have been reported separately, including initial behavioral analysis (McComb et al.) [1] , [2] and design pattern assessments via Markovian modeling (McComb et al., 2017; McComb et al., 2017) [3] , [4] .
Language-Based Process Phase Detection in the Trauma Resuscitation

Process phase detection has been widely used in surgical process modeling (SPM) to track process progression. These studies mostly used video and embedded sensor data, but spoken language also provides rich semantic information directly related to process progression. We present a long-short term memory (LSTM) deep learning model to predict trauma resuscitation phases using verbal communication logs. We first use an LSTM to extract the sentence meaning representations, and then sequentially feed them into another LSTM to extract the mean-ing of a sentence group within a time window. This information is ultimately used for phase prediction. We used 24 manually-transcribed trauma resuscitation cases to train, and the remain-ing 6 cases to test our model. We achieved 79.12% accuracy, and showed performance advantages over existing visual-audio systems for critical phases of the process. In addition to language information, we evaluated a multimodal phase prediction structure that also uses audio input. We finally identified the challenges of substituting manual transcription with automatic speech recognition in trauma resuscitation.
Masters Program Foregut Pathway: Robotic Heller

Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder that is characterized by the absence of peristalsis and a defective relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Achalasia can be classified into primary and secondary forms. The cause of primary achalasia is unknown, but may be attributable to the loss of ganglia within the esophageal myenteric plexus. Secondary achalasia can be isolated to the esophagus or part of a generalized motility disorder affecting other portions of the GI tract. While no cure currently exists for this disease process, all present-day therapeutic approaches aim to reduce the LES pressure. Achalasia therapy can be classified into non-surgical and surgical treatments. Non-surgical treatments include pharmacotherapy using calcium channel blocker and nitrates, injection of botulinum toxin, and pneumatic dilation. Commonly used surgical treatments for achalasia are peroral endoscopic myotomy and Heller myotomy. The focus of this chapter is the surgical treatment of achalasia by Heller myotomy. Preoperative patient evaluation includes a standard dysphagia questionnaire, contrast esophagram with upper endoscopy, and manometry to confirm achalasia diagnosis. The procedure is performed using a hybrid trans-abdominal laparoscopic approach with the myotomy performed using the da Vinci Surgical System. Patients typically stay overnight and are discharged on a soft diet. Most have significant relief of dysphagia immediately, but require long-term follow-up due to the nature of their disease.
Percutaneous transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in children weighing less than 20 kg

BACKGROUND Since FDA approval of the Melody valve, transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) has been offered to an expanding population. Limited data exist regarding the safety and feasibility of TPVR in smaller patients. METHODS All patients weighing <20 kg who underwent catheterization for percutaneous TPVR at four centers were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 51 patients reviewed, 43 (84%) had successful valve implantation and 8 (16%) were found not to be candidates due to access veins too small (n = 3), coronary artery/aortic root compression (n = 3), and RVOT too large (n = 2). The 43 patients who underwent successful percutaneous TPVR had a median age and weight of 5.8 years (3.3-10) and 17.7 kg (13.5-19.8), and most had tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). TPVR was performed via femoral vein (FV) access in 24 patients and internal jugular vein (IJV) access in 19 patients. Median weight in patients with IJV implant was 1.1 kg lower than those who underwent transfemoral implant (17.0 vs. 18.1 kg, P = 0.05). There were four adverse events: one iliac vein injury, one contained MPA tear, and two patients with post-procedure femoral vein bleeding. All patients were alive at recent follow-up, a median of 2.0 years (0.1-6.0) after TPVR. There was excellent valve function with mean Doppler gradients of 3-20 mm Hg, and trivial or mild pulmonary regurgitation in all but one patient. There were no RVOT reinterventions and no cases of endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous TPVR can be safely performed in patients <20 kg. The procedure frequently requires IJV access, and access site/bleeding complications may be more common in this cohort.
Exclusionary Nationalism and the Longevity of the Nation: Guest Editor's Column I

(2014). Exclusionary Nationalism and the Longevity of the Nation. South Asian Review: Vol. 35, 'Nation and Its Discontents', Guest edited by Madhurima Chakraborty and Umme Al-wazedi, pp. 9-16.
Strategies toward Dicarbofunctionalization of Unactivated Olefins by Combined Heck Carbometalation and Cross-Coupling

The use of combined Heck carbometalation and cross-coupling remains one of the most powerful ways for the difunctionalization of unactivated olefins with organometallic reagents and organohalides. This synopsis will provide an overview of this reaction developed in the last three and a half decades. Herein, both the three-component and the two-component cyclization/cross-coupling processes will be reviewed with a focus on strategies utilized to overcome the complications of β-hydride elimination from Heck C(sp3)-[M] intermediates, which usually functions as a major side reaction.
Environmental-barrier coating ceramics for resistance against attack by molten calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass: Part I, YAlO3 and γ-Y2Si2O7

Abstract The high-temperature (1500 °C) interactions of two promising dense, polycrystalline EBC ceramics, β-Yb2Si2O7 and β-Sc2Si2O7, with a calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass have been explored as part of a model study. Unlike YAlO3 and γ-Y2Si2O7 in the accompanying Part I paper, little or no reaction is found between the Y-free EBC ceramics and the CMAS. In the case of β-Yb2Si2O7, a small amount of reaction-crystallization product Yb-Ca-Si apatite solid solution (ss) forms, whereas none is detected in the case of β-Sc2Si2O7. The CMAS glass penetrates into the grain boundaries of both EBC ceramics, and they both suffer from a new type of ‘blister’ cracking damage. This is attributed to the through-thickness dilatation-gradient caused by the slow grain-boundary-penetration of the CMAS glass. The success of a ‘blister’-damage-mitigation approach is demonstrated, where 1 vol% CMAS glass is mixed into the β-Yb2Si2O7 powder prior to sintering. The CMAS-glass phase at the grain boundaries promotes rapid CMAS-glass penetration, thereby avoiding the dilatation-gradient.
Gay-Straight Alliance Involvement and Youths' Participation in Civic Engagement, Advocacy, and Awareness-Raising.

Abstract Civic engagement among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning (LGBTQ) youth and heterosexual cisgender allies can challenge oppressive systems. Among 295 youth in 33 Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs; 69% LGBQ, 68% cisgender female, 68% white, Mage = 16.07), we examined whether greater GSA involvement was associated with greater general civic engagement, as well as participation in greater LGBTQ-specific advocacy and awareness-raising efforts. Further, we tested whether these associations were partly mediated through members' sense of agency. Greater GSA involvement was associated with greater civic engagement, advocacy, and awareness-raising; associations did not differ based on sexual orientation or gender identity. Finally, the association between GSA involvement and civic engagement was partially mediated through youths' greater sense of agency. Agency did not mediate the association between GSA involvement and engagement in advocacy or awareness-raising efforts. The results suggest GSAs are settings with potential to foster students' capacity to be active and engaged citizens.
Immunotherapy for thoracic oncology gone viral

Immune therapy has now been incorporated into the standard of care for non-small-cell lung cancer based on randomized trials showing superiority of anti-PD1 antibodies compared with chemotherapy. Thus there is a renewed interest in immune approaches to treating lung cancer. One promising approach is with oncolytic viruses that either naturally or through engineering, preferentially infect or kill cancer cells. In preclinical models of different thoracic cancers, it has been found that these viruses can induce immune responses through multiple mechanisms. Thus, in addition to their direct cytolytic effects, oncolytic viruses can also promote antitumor immunity. This review will discuss the immune effects of oncolytic viruses lung cancers and the approaches that are underway to augment immune therapy in clinical testing.
Comparative study of the performance of columns packed with several new fine silica particles. Would the external roughness of the particles affect column properties

We measured and compared the characteristics and performance of columns packed with particles of five different C(18)-bonded silica, 3 and 5 microm Luna, 3 microm Atlantis, 3.5 microm Zorbax, and 2.7 microm Halo. The average particle size of each material was derived from the SEM pictures of 200 individual particles. These pictures contrast the irregular morphology of the external surface of the Zorbax and Halo particles and the smooth surface of the Luna and Atlantis particles. In a wide range of mobile phase velocities (from 0.010 to 3 mL/min) and at ambient temperature, we measured the first and second central moments of the peaks of naphthalene, insulin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). These moments were corrected for the contributions of the extra-column volumes to calculate the reduced HETPs. The C-terms of naphthalene and insulin are largest for the Halo and Zorbax materials and the A-term smallest for the Halo-packed column. The Halo column performs the best for the low molecular weight compound naphthalene (minimum reduced HETP, 1.4) but is not as good as the Atlantis or Luna columns for the large molecular weight compound insulin. The Zorbax column is the least efficient column because of its large C-term. The lowest sample diffusivity through these particles, alone, does not account for the results. It is most likely that the roughness of the external surface of the Halo and Zorbax particles limit the performance of these columns at high flow rates generating an unusually high film mass transfer resistance.
Fever and Infection

Despite recent advances in cancer chemotherapy and supportive care, infection is a frequent cause of morbidity and death in patients with cancer, especially those with hematologic malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma. The frequency and types of infection that occur in patients with cancer depend on the underlying malignancy, the status of the bone marrow, and the status of humoral and cellular immunity. The therapy itself, including drugs, surgery, and radiation, also produces alterations in host defenses and may contribute to the overall risk of infection (Table 1).1
Other Barrier Systems of the World

The distribution of barrier island systems throughout, the world is neither random nor uniform. Like most all geologic systems, the distribution of barrier islands is typically related to global tectonics. These islands tend to be present on trailing edge coasts where a good supply of sediment is available. The east coast of the United States is probably the best example. There are also some barriers developed on leading edge coasts due to specific conditions. Examples include the west coast of the United States (see Chap. 4), where short attached barriers are common between headlands, and the southern coast of Alaska (Chap. 9), where abundant glacial sediment is reworked into barriers.
Skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction in breast cancer patients: role for chemotherapy-derived oxidant stress.

How breast cancer and its treatments affect skeletal muscle is not well defined. To address this question, we assessed skeletal muscle structure and protein expression in 13 women who were diagnose...
The Survey in Operation

A gleaning from records of committee meetings, working papers, and the like may give some sense of the development of the program, as well as give aid to those planning such studies. These papers are on deposit in the American Physiological Society. The first formal actions of the Survey were taken at a meeting of the Central Committee in Washington in late March, 1952, at which the functions of the Pilot Phase were set forth; it was decided to limit the geographical coverage of the Survey to the United States and Canada; and the major decision was reached that, for defining the scope of the Survey, physiology is ‘the study of functional processes in living organisms,’ and that General and Comparative Physiology and Plant Physiology were explicitly to be included.
Early Acid Suppression Therapy Exposure and Fracture in Young Children.

BACKGROUND: Acid suppression therapy (AST), including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs), is frequently prescribed to treat symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in otherwise healthy infants. PPI use has been associated with increased fracture risk in older adults; 2 preliminary studies in children have conflicting results. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of children born 2001 to 2013 who were followed for ≥2 years was formed. Those with osteogenesis imperfecta, cholestasis, or child maltreatment were excluded. Prescription data were used to identify AST prescription before age 1 year. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes identified fractures after age 1 year. A Cox proportional hazard analysis assessed fracture hazard and was adjusted for sex, prematurity, low birth weight, previous fracture, anti-epileptics, and overweight or obesity. RESULTS: Of 851 631 included children, 97 286 (11%) were prescribed AST in the first year of life; 7998 (0.9%) children were prescribed PPI, 71 578 (8%) were prescribed H2RA, and 17 710 (2%) were prescribed both a PPI and H2RA. Infants prescribed AST had an earlier median first fracture age (3.9 vs 4.5 years). After adjustment, increased fracture hazard was associated with PPI use (21%) and PPI and H2RA use (30%), but not H2RA use alone. Longer duration of AST treatment and earlier age of first AST use was associated with increased fracture hazard. CONCLUSIONS: Infant PPI use alone and together with H2RAs is associated with an increased childhood fracture hazard, which appears amplified by days of use and earlier initiation of ASTs. Use of AST in infants should be weighed carefully against possible fracture.
Enskilment in the Digital Age: The Interactional Work of Learning to Debug

Author(s): Flood, VJ; Deliema, D; Harrer, BW; Abrahamson, D | Abstract: We present a detailed account of the interactional work between a programming instructor and a middle school student that leads to the resolution of an elusive error in the student’s code. By tracing the fine details of how this resolution came to be, we demonstrate how learning to debug in face-to-face interactions resembles a process of enskilment.
What will the BBNJ agreement mean for the Arctic fisheries agreement

Abstract This article explores the possible interplay between the envisioned agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (“the envisioned BBNJ Agreement”) and the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (“the CAO Fisheries Agreement”). After summarizing the main provisions of the CAO Fisheries Agreement and the emerging elements of the envisioned BBNJ Agreement, the article considers ways in which the two agreements could be implemented consistently. However, a number of challenging questions remain, raising the specter of friction between the two regimes. The article concludes by calling on the negotiators of the envisioned BBNJ Agreement to consider these questions carefully, in the hope that the two Agreements can work together to ensure effective stewardship of the high seas portion of the Central Arctic Ocean.
Application of Magnetism to Automobiles

Automobiles are designed to provide safe and comfortable movement to people all over the world. In order to accomplish this mission, car makers have focused on functional development including safety performance, environmental performance, driving performance, and provision of comfortable space. A wide variety of material technologies related to magnetic circuits is applied in the automobiles. These technologies have supported the development of the automobile industry and have become indispensable for high functionality and performance of the automobiles. This section will describe the relation between the basic functions of automobiles, namely, “run,” “turn,” and “stop,” discuss the application of magnetism from the historical point of view, and explain the latest technologies and future prospects.
Cooperative and Miniature Robotics: Potential Applications in Surgery

There have been significant advancements in surgical technology over the last several decades. This has led to the establishment of minimally invasive surgery and robotic surgery specifically. These novel surgical approaches have improved patient outcomes and satisfaction. A strong interest by both surgeons and engineers has led to the development of miniature robots that can be inserted into surgical environments via a single access site. Swarmed miniature robots can be controlled in a cooperative fashion by the operator to accomplish tasks in an efficient and minimally invasive fashion. In the future, swarm and cooperative robotics are expected to provide solutions to difficult access surgical environments.
Generation of realistic simultaneous cardiac and respiratory gated SPECT datasets using the 4D XCAT phantom and Monte Carlo simulation

2022 Objectives The goal is to generate and evaluate a set of realistic simultaneous cardiac and respiratory gated SPECT datasets for use in the study of the effect of respiratory motion and the development of data acquisition and corrective image reconstruction methods for improved gated myocardial perfusion (MP) SPECT. Methods To simulate both cardiac and respiratory motions using the new 3D XCAT (eXtended CArdiac Torso) phantom, one cycle of respiratory motion was divided into 24 while the cardiac beating motion over a cardiac cycle was divided into 48 time frames for each of the 24 respiratory phases. From this master 4D phantom dataset, almost noise-free projection datasets were generated separately from the heart, blood pool, lungs, liver, kidneys, stomach, gall bladder and the remaining body phantoms using the SimSET Monte Carlo code and angular response functions. To demonstrate their application, the individual organ projection datasets were scaled and combined to simulate a typical clinical 99mTc Sestamibi MP SPECT projection dataset with different gating schemes including no gating, 6 respiratory-gates with 8 cardiac-gates, and some combinations of them. Each projection set was reconstructed using the 3D OS-EM with and without attenuation correction (AC) using different attenuation maps. The reconstructed images were evaluated in terms of image artifacts and deviation from the corresponding phantom slices. Results We demonstrated the flexibility and potential utility of the master dataset through a gated MP SPECT study with various dual gating schemes. The respiratory motion generated a signature artifactual decrease in both the anterior and inferior regions of the MP polar maps. While gating the SPECT data reduces the artifact significantly, AC with the gated attenuation map further reduced it. Conclusions We conclude that the realistic 4D XCAT dual gating dataset provides a powerful tool in the study of the effects of cardiac and respiratory motions, gating schemes and correction methods for ECT/CT imaging. Research Support NIH R01 EB000168, R01 HL06807
Prenatal neurotransmitter programming of postnatal receptor function.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the prenatal neurotransmitter programming of postnatal receptor function. The biogenic amine transmitter systems in the brain have far-reaching regulatory influence on both motor and mental function. A role for catecholamines dopamine (DA) in mediating certain mental functions is inferred from the actions of neuroleptic drugs, and agents such as amphetamine, on the DA system. A role for norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin in mediating mood, level of arousal and sleep is inferred from the actions of antidepressant drugs, agents whose biochemical activity resides in their inhibitory action on noradrenergic and serotonergic reuptake and on other presynaptic mechanisms. In contrast to postnatal animals, in which a reduction in transmitter supply results in a homeostatic increase in receptor density, the prenatal animal responds to similar conditions with a decrease in receptor density. It is very interesting, from this standpoint, that the cholinergic system is central in primary information transfer in the brain.
Sterling's ERM credibility

Abstract This paper examines the recent credibility of the currencies participating in the ERM since 1987, focusing on sterling in 1992. It shows that there is little market evidence that sterling's credibility was in serious doubt until mid-September, 1992.
Differentiating Peer Contexts and Risk for Adolescent Substance Use.

The peer context is perhaps the most salient, robust predictor of an adolescent's substance use. However, in previous studies, the peer context is often poorly defined. The current study examined 3 models to understand how substance use within best friendships, peer cliques, and social crowds predicts adolescents' substance involvement. A sample of 377 high school juniors and seniors completed surveys assessing substance use and peer relationships. Results suggest that each of these 3 dimensions of the peer context uniquely predict adolescent substance use. Moreover, these peer contexts interacted in the prediction of adolescents' substance use such that adolescents who were more highly embedded in substance-using peer contexts showed greater risk for substance use whereas adolescents with substance-using best friends showed a reduced risk for substance use if they had other close friends who were less involved with substances.
Gravity currents in aquatic canopies

[1] A lock exchange experiment is used to investigate the propagation of gravity currents through a random array of rigid, emergent cylinders which represents a canopy of aquatic plants. As canopy drag increases, the propagating front varies from the classic profile of an unobstructed gravity current to a triangular profile. Unlike the unobstructed lock exchange, the gravity current in the canopy decelerates with time as the front lengthens. Two drag-dominated regimes associated with linear and nonlinear drag laws are identified. The theoretical expression for toe velocity is supported by observed values. Empirical criteria are developed to predict the current regime from the cylinder Reynolds number and the array density.
The Effects of Mind-Body Interventions on Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review

Study Objectives. To evaluate the effect of mind-body interventions (MBI) on sleep. Methods. We reviewed randomized controlled MBI trials on adults (through 2013) with at least one sleep outcome measure. We searched eleven electronic databases and excluded studies on interventions not considering mind-body medicine. Studies were categorized by type of MBI, whether sleep was primary or secondary outcome measure and outcome type. Results. 1323 abstracts were screened, and 112 papers were included. Overall, 67 (60%) of studies reported a beneficial effect on at least one sleep outcome measure. Of the most common interventions, 13/23 studies using meditation, 21/30 using movement MBI, and 14/25 using relaxation reported at least some improvements in sleep. There were clear risks of bias for many studies reviewed, especially when sleep was not the main focus. Conclusions. MBI should be considered as a treatment option for patients with sleep disturbance. The benefit of MBI needs to be better documented with objective outcomes as well as the mechanism of benefit elucidated. There is some evidence that MBI have a positive benefit on sleep quality. Since sleep has a direct impact on many other health outcomes, future MBI trials should consider including sleep outcome measurements.
Replacement of Fish Meal with Plant Feedstuffs in the Diet of Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus: Effects on Production Characteristics and Tolerance to Aquaculture‐Related Stressors

The continued expansion of intensive aquaculture activities requires that substitutes for fish meal-based protein be identified. In this study, we evaluated partial (50 and 75%) replacement of fish meal in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, diets with soy protein concentrate (S) and barley protein concentrate (B). Growth, feed efficiency, survival, tolerance to low temperature, and tolerance to handling in warm, hypersaline water were evaluated. Only the diet with a 50% replacement of fish meal with S yielded results comparable to fish fed a nonsubstituted fish meal diet. However, the low-temperature studies were complicated by differences in mean fish weight among the groups. The results of this study indicate S may be partially substituted for fish meal in red drum diets.
Impact of the K24N mutation on the transactivation domain of p53 and its binding to murine double-minute clone 2.

The level of the p53 transcription factor is negatively regulated by the E3 ubiguitin ligase murine double minute clone 2 (MDM2). The interaction between p53 and MDM2 is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity for most eukaryotes. Previous structural studies revealed that MDM2 binds to p53 transactivation domain (p53TAD) from residues 17 to 29. The K24N mutation of p53TAD changes a lysine at position 24 to an asparagine. This mutation occurs naturally in the bovine family and is also found in a rare form of human gestational cancer called choriocarcinoma. In this study we have investigated how the K24N mutation affects the affinity, structure, and dynamics of p53TAD binding to MDM2. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of p53TAD show the K24N mutant is more flexible and has less transient helical secondary structure than the wildtype. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrate that these changes in structure and dynamics do not significantly change the binding affinity for p53TAD-MDM2. Finally, free energy perturbation and standard molecular dynamics simulations suggest the negligible affinity change is due to a compensating interaction energy between the K24N mutant and MDM2 when it is bound. Overall, the data suggests that the K24N-MDM2 complex is able to at least partly compensate for an increase in the conformational entropy in unbound K24N with an increase in the bound state electrostatic interaction energy.
Analysis of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Its Metabolites by Liquid Chromatography

Abstract The salicylates are the most commonly used analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Measurement of serum levels of salicylate is important not only in the diagnosis and management of patients poisoned with salicylate, but also in therapeutic drug monitoring of arthritic patients on high dose salicylate therapy. While high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays for these routine clinical measurements offer no distinct advantage over the colorimetric assays, they are indispensable in studying aspirin metabolism because of the ease with which HPLC assays can simultaneously measure aspirin and its metabolites. The superior sensitivity of HPLC assays compared to other techniques is needed for pharmacokinetic studies and for monitoring serum aspirin and salicylate levels following administration of low doses of aspirin for its anti-platelet aggregation effect. This paper will review the most recently published HPLC salicylate assays in terms of specimen collection and preparation, c...
Efficacy and Usage Patterns for Three Types of Rearview Camera Displays During Backing Up

The usage of rearview camera displays and their effectiveness on drivers’ capability to avoid unexpected obstacles during four common backing tasks (i.e., parallel parking, backing between two vehicles, backing down a driveway, backing out of a garage) was evaluated on a closed-course with stationary confederate vehicles, signage, and lane markings. The obstacle consisted of either a stationary or a moving target that appeared to the rear of the test vehicle. Eye movements and vehicle dynamics measurements (i.e., longitudinal acceleration, brake displacement) were recorded, in addition to obstacle hit/avoidance rates. Performance was assessed for four rearview camera (RVC) conditions: small center-stack display (SD), large center-stack display (i.e., navigation screen) (LD), in-mirror display (IMD), and no display (ND). Test participants comprised drivers of both sexes between the ages of 18 and 68 who reported having no experience with rearview camera displays in their current or previously owned vehicles. The results showed that having an RVC display dramatically improved obstacle avoidance rates under the conditions tested. Higher avoidance rates were documented when the IMD or SD was available compared to the LD. Not all drivers relied upon RVC displays, however, even when these were available to them. Usage rates were lowest for the large center-stack display and highest for the IMD. Eye movement data indicate that drivers spent a higher proportion of time during backing tasks looking at the IMD compared to the other two displays without severe decreases in the duration of time spent looking at the rearview and side mirrors. Thus, under certain backing conditions, RVC displays, and the IMD in particular, have the potential to aid drivers in detecting and avoiding collisions while being used in conjunction with other sources of visual information (e.g., rearview and side mirrors).
Mechanism of metformin action in obese and lean noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects.

The effect of metformin on glucose metabolism was examined in eight obese (percent ideal body weight, 151 +/- 9%) and six lean (percent ideal body weight, 104 +/- 4%) noninsulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) subjects before and after 3 months of metformin treatment (2.5 g/day). Fasting plasma glucose (11.5-8.8 mmol/L), hemoglobin-A1c (9.8-7.7%), oral glucose tolerance test response (20.0-17.0 mmol/L; peak glucose), total cholesterol (5.67-4.71 mmol/L), and triglycerides (2.77-1.52 mmol/L) uniformly decreased (P less than 0.05-0.001) after metformin treatment; fasting plasma lactate increased slightly from baseline (1.4 to 1.7 mmol/L; P = NS). Body weight decreased by 5 kg in obese NIDD subjects, but remained constant in lean NIDD. Basal hepatic glucose production declined in all diabetics from 83 to 61 mg/m2.min (P less than 0.01), and the decrease correlated (r = 0.80; P less than 0.01) closely with the fall in fasting glucose concentration. Fasting insulin (115 to 79 pmol/L) declined (P less than 0.05) after metformin. During a 6.9 mmol/L hyperglycemic clamp, glucose uptake increased in every NIDD subject (113 +/- 15 to 141 +/- 12 mg/m2.min; P less than 0.001) without a change in the plasma insulin response. During a euglycemic insulin clamp, total glucose uptake rose in obese NIDD subjects (121 +/- 10 to 146 +/- 9 mmol/m2.min; P less than 0.05), but decreased slightly in lean NIDD (121 +/- 10 to 146 +/- 0.5; P = NS). Hepatic glucose production was suppressed by more than 80-90% in all insulin clamp studies before and after metformin treatment. In conclusion, metformin lowers the fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, improves oral glucose tolerance, and decreases plasma lipid levels independent of changes in body weight. The improvement in fasting glucose results from a reduction in basal hepatic glucose production. Metformin per se does not enhance tissue sensitivity to insulin in NIDD subjects. The improvement in glucose metabolism under hyperglycemic, but not euglycemic, conditions suggests that metformin augments glucose-mediated glucose uptake. Metformin has no stimulatory effect on insulin secretion.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 catalyzes RNA.RNA annealing.

Abstract Within the nucleus, pre-mRNA molecules are complexed with a set of proteins to form heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes. A1, an abundant RNA binding protein present in these complexes, has been shown to bind selectively to single-stranded RNAs and destabilize base-pairing interactions. In this study.A1 is shown to promote the rate of annealing of complementary RNA strands greater than 300-fold under a wide range of salt concentration and temperature. Maximal annealing is observed under saturating or near saturating concentrations of protein, but annealing decreases sharply at both higher and lower concentrations of A1. Kinetic analysis shows that the rate of annealing is not strictly first or second order with respect to RNA at a ratio of protein/RNA that gives optimal rates of annealing. This result suggests that A1 protein may affect more than one step in the annealing reaction. Two polypeptides representing different domains of A1 were also examined for annealing activity. UP1, a proteolytic fragment that represents the N-terminal two-thirds of A1, displays very limited annealing activity. In contrast, a peptide consisting of 48 amino acid residues from the glycine-rich C-terminal region promotes annealing at a rate almost one-quarter that observed with intact A1. The RNA.RNA annealing activity of A1 may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing and other aspects of nuclear mRNA metabolism.
Effect of hibernation on oxygen consumption and thyroidal I131 release rate mf mesocricetus auratus

Abstract A continuous recording of O2 consumption, CO2 production and RQ of the golden hamster during the hibernation cycle was presented. The O2 consumption decreased from a value of 2679 to a value of 71 ml/kg/hr. The CO2 production decreased from a value of 2295 to a value of 43 ml/kg/hr. The low RQ during deep hibernation indicates that fat is being utilized. The O2 consumption fell sharply to a minimum value within 4 – 6 hours from the start of its decline and the animals were in deep hibernation within 6 – 8 hours of the start of the hibernation process. Arousal from hibernation was characterized by a sharp increase in O2 consumption, CO2 production and RQ and reached a maximum in approximately one hour. After the sharp increase the values declined to near normal within 90 min. Thyroidal I131 release rate was decreased from a K value of 13.8 to a value of 5.03 during deep hibernation. These results on the energy utilization of the hibernating hamster indicate that during hibernation heat production is regulated at a markedly reduced level.
The phylogeny of a mutualism: evolution and coadaptation between Trollius and its seed-parasitic pollinators

Interactions between seed-parasitic pollinators and their hosts provide useful model systems for the analysis of evolution of mutualism and potential coevolution between plants and insects. Here I present the systematics, pollination ecology and evolution of one of these interactions. I have documented and analysed the phylogenetic and geographic associations between Trollius (Ranunculaceae: 18 spp.) and Chiastocheta (Diptera: Anthomyiidae; 17 spp.), a host-specific genus of seed-parasitic flies that pollinate their host plants to varying extent. Their interactions are usually facultative mutualisms, but in the specialized T. europaeus three fly species are obligate mutualists and a fourth species is an antagonist. The distribution patterns of fly species among Trollius species suggest that the flies evolved in associations with five highly derived Trollius species, and secondarily colonized four more primitive taxa in the parts of their ranges that overlapped with primary hosts. In general, host specificity is maintained primarily through allopatry, with colonization occurring in regions of overlap between parapatric taxa. Fly speciation has occurred in allopatry, both within and among host taxa. Cospeciation is not evident, but convergent evolution in Trollius flowers of several traits, viz. orange sepals, elongated staminodia and increased carpel number per flower, may be the result of mutualism with Chiastocheta.
Electronic and Molecular Structures of Pentaammineruthenium Pyridine and Benzonitrile Complexes as a Function of Oxidation State.

The structural characterization of both Ru(II) and Ru(III) compounds containing Ru(NH(3))(5)(2+/3+) with pyridine or benzonitrile as the sixth ligand (L) is described. Crystal data for L = pyridine, [(NH(3))(5)Ru(NC(5)H(5))](SO(3)CF(3))(2) (1): orthorhombic space group Pbcn, Z = 4, a = 13.096(2) A, b = 11.541(2) A, c = 13.179(2) A. For [(NH(3))(5)Ru(NC(5)H(5))]Cl(3).1.4H(2)O (2): orthorhombic space group Pnma, Z = 4, a = 22.667(12) A, b = 7.095(2) A, c = 10.097(8) A. For L = benzonitrile, [(NH(3))(5)Ru(NCC(6)H(5))](SO(3)CF(3))(2) (3): monoclinic space group P2(1)/n, Z = 4, a = 9.561(1) A, b = 18.424(4) A, c = 12.181(1) A, beta = 95.73(1) degrees. For [(NH(3))(5)Ru(NCC(6)H(5))](S(2)O(6))(3/2).2H(2)O (4): triclinic space group Po, Z = 2, a = 7.8947(6) A, b = 11.517(2) A, c = 11.630(1) A, alpha = 99.61(1) degrees, beta = 97.275(8) degrees, gamma = 102.25(1) degrees. The Ru(II)-N(L) and Ru(III)-N(L) distances are respectively 2.058(8) and 2.077(10) A for L = pyridine and 1.945(5) and 2.025(4) A for L = benzonitrile. The new data yield a comprehensive set of structural parameters for modeling and interpreting electron transfer barriers and for investigating the dependence of metal-ligand coupling on d(M)(-)(N), for which the results of INDO calculations are also reported here.