cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Potential Impact of Iron Supplementation during Adolescence on Iron Status in Pregnancy

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy is associated with significant morbidity for mothers and infants. Over 50% of pregnant women in developing countries suffer from IDA. It is also prevalent among adolescent girls because the growth spurt and onset of menstruation increase iron requirements. Women who conceive during or shortly after adolescence are likely to enter pregnancy with low or absent iron stores or IDA. Iron supplementation during adolescence is one of the new strategies advocated to improve iron balance in pregnancy. However, iron requirements are highest in the second and third trimesters and the model described here indicates that iron balance at this stage depends more on adequate intakes of bioavailable iron than on the size of the iron stores at conception. Furthermore, although supplementation will correct anemia and increase iron stores in girls, the positive effect on iron status will be temporary if their diets do not contain adequate bioavailable iron. Although iron status in early pregnancy may be improved if the period of supplementation continues up to the time of conception, supplementation before pregnancy should be viewed as an additional strategy to supplementation during the second and third trimesters.
Chronic naltrexone supersensitizes the reinforcing and locomotor-activating effects of morphine

Rats were implanted for 10 days with a slow-release naltrexone pellet and then the pellet was removed. Sham-control animals were treated similarly, except no pellet was implanted. One day after pellet removal or sham treatment, animals were assessed for morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) or locomotor activity. CPP was evident in sham animals following two conditioning trials using 5 mg/kg subcutaneous morphine (Experiment 1) and following one conditioning trial using 8 mg/kg intravenous morphine (Experiment 2). Animals conditioned while implanted with a naltrexone pellet showed no morphine-induced CPP. More important, one day after pellet removal, naltrexone-pretreated animals given one conditioning trial with 5 mg/kg intravenous morphine displayed a greater preference for morphine-associated cues relative to sham animals given morphine (Experiment 3 and 4). This single IV morphine dose was insufficient to produce CPP in sham animals, suggesting that naltrexone-induced supersensitization may only be evident at a morphine dose below the reinforcing threshold in control animals. Further, chronic naltrexone potentiated the locomotor-activating effect of 2 mg/kg subcutaneous morphine but not of either 1 or 5 mg/kg morphine (Experiment 5). Behavioral supersensitization assessed by morphine-induced locomotor activation was transient, as it was evident one day, but not either three or 10 days following pellet removal (Experiment 6). These results confirm the functional significance of opiate receptor up-regulation following chronic opioid blockade.
THE STRAIN-ENERGY FUNCTION FOR ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC MATERIALS

If we consider a body of perfectly elastic material to undergo deformation in which a point initially at X i ′ in the rectangular Cartesian coordinate system x i ′ moves to x i ′ in the same coordinate system, then the strain-energy function W is a single-valued function of the quantities g ij ′ defined by.
People's Science in Action: The Politics of Protest and Knowledge Brokering in India

ABSTRACT After extended political protest against the Indian government's design for the Uchangi dam, nongovernmental engineers and social activists aided project-affected villagers in producing an alternative dam design that provided the same quantity of water storage without the need for village submergence. This alternative plan, which compelled the irrigation agency to redesign the dam, resulted from data gathered through a participatory resource mapping effort. Through detailed ethnographic analysis, this article explores the factors that are necessary to spur government bureaucracies into including locally generated data in technical planning. In particular, the article argues that nongovernmental engineers play an important role in hybridizing local knowledge and bureaucratic expertise.
Constraints on the distribution of CaSO4·nH2O phases on Mars and implications for their contribution to the hydrological cycle

Abstract The stability of minerals in the CaSO 4 · n H 2 O system was investigated using a Bruker D8 X-ray powder diffractometer equipped with an environmental cell interfaced to a heating stage, low-temperature chiller, and relative humidity (RH) generator. This in situ analysis procedure allowed for precise monitoring of dehydration/hydration reactions over a range of P H2O values from 4 to 15,000 Pa. The formation of bassanite from gypsum was sluggish below 323 K and is unlikely to occur under current martian conditions over a diurnal/seasonal cycle from desiccation alone. Dehydration is possible on a localized scale in association with volcanic/impact events although temperatures of dehydration and rates of reaction depend on P H2O , particle size, sample thickness and heating rate. Analysis of anhydrite rehydration at 258 K suggests that if gypsum dehydration were to occur, bassanite would be observed on the martian surface under present low P H2O conditions. In addition, a stable bassanite phase could potentially cycle between n = 0.5 and n = 0.67 as a function of relative humidity (1–80%), resulting in a small flux of H 2 O between the atmosphere and the regolith over a diurnal cycle. Rehydration of bassanite to gypsum occurs only under conditions of 100%RH; therefore the presence of a bassanite phase on the surface of Mars can be used to help constrain paleoclimates. Low-temperature (258 K) XRD hydration experiments of bassanite resulted in the formation of gypsum in the presence of ice, suggesting that bassanite will not be present in association with H 2 O ice. This behavior could simulate a potential hydration mechanism on the martian surface at higher latitudes as well as at depth in association with subsurface ice at lower latitudes.
Photosynthetic preparation of galactose‐13C6 and glycerol‐13C3 using a marine red alga

The photosynthetic preparation of D-galactose-13C6 and glycerol-13C3 from Gigartina corymbifera is described. The red marine algae biosynthesize the galactoside 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl α-D-galactopyranoside (galactosylglycerol) during photosynthesis. The galactoside was isolated from an alcohol extract by an acetylation procedure and hydrolyzed to D-galactose and glycerol. The average enrichment of the isolated products was 55 mol % 13C while the actual enrichment of newly synthesized material, determined by 13C nmr, was 80 mol % 13C after a photosynthetic period of 48 hr during which 90 mol % 13CO2 was administered. Thirty percent of the administered carbon was recovered in the products. The distribution of 13C in the galactose and glycerol was shown to be uniform by 13C nmr.
Complementary roles of coronary calcium scanning and myocardial perfusion SPECT.

The assessment of coronary artery calcium (CAC) by electron beam tomography (EBT) or multidetector spiral computed tomography (CT) and the evaluation of myocardial perfusion and function by use of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (MPS) are both valuable in the noninvasive assessment of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). CAC provides unique anatomic information regarding coronary atherosclerotic burden, whereas MPS assesses the physiologic significance of coronary stenosis and provides information regarding stress-induced ischemia. These fundamental differences in the measurements result in the techniques being highly complementary. Many reports have demonstrated that EBT testing can be of clinical value by providing a marker of atherosclerotic burden in patients with risk factors for CAD but not yet clearly needing aggressive medical therapy. Frequently, this occurs at a stage of atherosclerosis before there is a stenosis, a time at which the results of stress testing would usually be negative. MPS has proved useful in risk stratification and in identifying patients who require coronary angiography for purposes of possible coronary revascularization. Although several reports have shown that CAC is also useful in risk stratification, ischemia determined by MPS provides unique information regarding the likelihood of benefit from a revascularization procedure. The wide use of MPS, coupled with the increasingly recognized utility and growing availability of CAC scanning, raises a new clinical problem for clinicians as to how to integrate CAC scanning with conventional stress imag-
Practical Considerations for Managing Asthma in Adults

Asthma is a common, chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with pronounced health and economic consequences. Consistent and effective education that promotes an active partnership with patients remains the corner stone for managing asthma. Identification and control of asthma triggers, regular monitoring of lung function, and adequate pharmacologic therapy are three other critical components. In this article, we describe several practical considerations for developing a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to asthma care that emphasizes patienteducation and strengthens the partnership between patients and health-care professionals.
The Science of Professional Development

In this commentary, I discuss the science of professional development. A great deal is already known about how to provide professional development that supports teachers' implementation of evidence-based practices and the factors that enhance or inhibit teachers' sustained use of the practices. I summarize the work of researchers who have achieved some success in facilitating teachers' learning of new practices, highlighting my own research with colleagues. Professional development is known to be most successful when (a) researchers work closely with school districts, so that everyone is on the same page, and the practices that researchers are teaching are aligned with the district's curriculum and standards; (b) student outcome data showing that the practice works are provided to all; (c) administrative support is clearly evident; (d) long-term support is provided for teachers (including demonstrations and coaching); and (e) teachers take ownership of the practices and responsibility for mentoring their peers.
The empirical evidence for citizen information and a local market for public goods

In their 1993 article in this Review, Paul Teske, Mark Schneider, Michael Mintrom, and Samuel Best sought to establish the microfoundations for a model of a competitive market for public 5 services between local governments in polycentric regions. An important part of their model focused on subgroups of informed citizens, especially recent movers. Theoretical analysis was supplemented by an empirical study of the factors shaping accuracy of Long Island homeowners' information about relative expenditures and tax rates of their school districts. David Lowery, W. E. Lyons and Ruth Hoogland DeHoog criticize the relevance of this empirical evidence, suggesting the atypical nature of education as a service (especially in this site) and challenging the sufficiency of the demonstrated levels of information for generating a competitive market. Teske and his colleagues reply by pointing out the general importance of education throughout American local policymaking and by defending the relevance of their measures and conclusions for their market model.
A Novel Intravascular Drug Delivery Method Using Endothelial Biotinylation and Avidin-Biotin Binding

In this study, a novel intravascular drug delivery system was developed in which a drug injected from a catheter was fixed to the vasculature of the targeted tissue. Cellular proteins of viable endothelial cells were first biotinylated directly by biotinylation reagents, and then bound by an avidinated drug or, using avidin as a linker, a biotinylated drug. In the initial experiments, we studied in vitro the biotinylation of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) by applying biotinylation reagents (NHS-LC-biotin or sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin) onto the washed intact BAEC monolayers and showed that the amount of biotin bound to the cells depended on the concentration of the biotinylation reagents applied. The cell-bound biotin decreased with time after the biotinylation. When fluorescein-labeled avidin (FITC-avidin) was applied to the biotinylated BAEC monolayers, the FITC-avidin readily bound to the cells. An LDH-release assay showed that sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin was only slightly cytotoxic to the BAECs and a colony formation assay showed only slight adverse effects of the reagent. In vivo studies were carried out on the renal arteries of normal rabbits. A solution of NHS-LC-biotin was injected through a catheter to one kidney to biotinylate its vasculature and the vehicle to the other as control, followed by a perfusion with saline. Finally, a solution of FITC-avidin was injected to both kidneys that were then reperfused with the blood flow following the withdrawal of the catheters. In the histological sections, more than 85% of glomeruli was stained with fluorescein in the biotinylated kidney, whereas no glomeruli were stained in the control. In the kidneys harvested 2 days after the same procedure, most glomeruli were still brightly stained. In the final experiment, biotinylated kidneys were injected with a solution of avidin, followed by a solution of fluorescein-biotin. Control kidneys had no prior biotinylation but received the same injections of avidin and fluorescein-biotin as above. More than 80% of glomeruli were stained in the biotinylated kidneys but none in the controls. This indicated that biotinylated drugs can be anchored to the biotinylated vasculature through avidin without being flushed away by blood flows. No apparent adverse effect was found in the functions of biotinylated kidneys. We propose that this drug delivery system is feasible for the treatment of some pathological conditions of blood vessels such as microvascular proliferation in malignant tumors and for continuous drug delivery in certain target organs.
Study of the Impact of Police Enforcement on Motorists' Speeds

One method to enforce speed limits on U.S. highways is through the use of police enforcement. One major problem with this approach is the high cost associated with the employment of police officers for patrolling purposes. Thus, the effectiveness of police presence in controlling highway speeds should be carefully assessed prior to making a decision on increasing police patrolling operations on the transportation network. A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of police presence on the speed of vehicles in a recently increased speed-limit zone and to determine the "halo" effects of police presence (lasting effects when police are gone) on vehicular speeds. Data were collected on Interstate 96 in Ionia County, Michigan. Marked police cars circulated in both directions on the study segment, which was approximately 45 km (29 mi) long. Net speed reductions at a distance of 1.6, 3.2, and 4.8 km (1, 2, and 3 mi) upstream and downstream of each counter were used in the data analysis. Two methods were app...
Local Pseudopotential Model for GaSb: Electronic and Optical Properties

A local-pseudopotential calculation for GaSb using six form factors and one spin-orbit parameter has been found to give good agreement with the known features of the band structure. The reflectivity and wavelength-modulated reflectivity calculated using this band structure are in good agreement with experiment. All prominent features in the optical spectra can be identified with interband transitions in specific regions of the Brillouin zone.
Results of an AM broadcast AVL experiment

A set of initial experiments has been performed in an industrial area comprised of one- and two-story metal and frame buildings to determine certain important charactersitics of an AM broadcast AVL concept. A triad of AM broadcast stations was phase-synchronized to create a hyperbolic grid over central Los Angeles. Three mobile phase tracking receivers were used to measure the average lane width, the LOP crossing angles, and the relative positioning error d rms . Comparison of the theoretically derived plane earth lane widths and LOP crossing angles with the experimental results established that propagation anomalies exist which are able to produce noticeable lane distortion. The measured mean standard deviation of the relative positioning error, d rms , obtained in the low-rise industrial test area for eight test positions was 5.9 m, corresponding to a 95 percentile value of 14.6 m. Following the conclusion of the low-rise industrial area tests, a series of measurements was conducted in the high-rise area of Los Angeles to determine potential system performance in a typical urban environment. Lack of receiver sensitivity and the inability of the tracking loop design to tolerate the negative modulation characteristics of the broadcast stations precluded the acquisition of sufficient quantitative data to make a performance acceptability determination. Nevertheless, the data from these tests were considered sufficient to warrant further development of the concept. Design of a new tracking receiver has been completed and concept testing will resume.
The two NF-κB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity

Abstract NF-κB was first described as a B-cell-specific transcription factor that binds the κB site in the Ig κ light chain enhancer. Soon after, NF-κB activity was found to be inducible in all cell types and it is now known that members of the NF-κB/Rel family regulate many genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Until recently, only a single NF-κB signaling pathway was known, whereby NF-κB activity is stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), as well as by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, two years ago, a second pathway leading to NF-κB activation was discovered. This pathway, now known as the alternative pathway, is activated by certain members of the TNF cytokine family but not by TNF-α itself. Recent results strongly suggest that the classical and alternative pathways to NF-κB activation have distinct regulatory functions, one that is mostly involved in innate immunity and the other in adaptive immunity.
Distributed control system data base updating and error recovery

Distributed data acquisition and control systems are envisioned as the solution to objectives sought for a long time: reliable online systems which degrade gracefully. Critical applications however require a great deal of communication of both commands and data which in turn leads to distributed data bases and their attendant problems. The most critical software problem in such systems is error recovery because of the many modes of failure which may occur. Software architecture which leads to feasible distrubuted system errir recovery is discussed, including atomic transactions, intention lists, and controlled data sets.
The Floppy Little Baby

Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC; †Pediatric Residency Training Program Director, and Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC. Presented during the Emergi-Quiz Case competition of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Emergency Medicine at the 2007 National Conference and Exposition in San Francisco, Calif. Reprint requests and correspondence: Sabah F. Iqbal, MD, Division of Emergency Medicine, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20010. siqbal@cnmc.org
Chemical addition for accelerated biological filter acclimation in closed blue crab shedding systems

Abstract Heavy loading of commercial crab shedding systems is a major problem at the beginning of the softshell crab season if the biological filters are not properly acclimated. Thus methods that can be used to accelerate filter acclimation in a commercial setting are desirable. Experimental shedding systems with submerged rock filters impacted by media size, commercial additives containing nitrifying bacteria, and chemical addition were examined. Filters acclimated with crabs took 35 days to adjust to base line water quality conditions. The filters demonstrated the ability to be increased to full design loading if acclimated with 25% of the shedding system design. Filter media size and addition of concentrated nitrifying bacteria did not have any significant effect on acclimation time of the nitrification beds. Addition of ammonia to simulate loading acclimated a biological filter without the use of animals, but did not shorten the acclimation time. The most promising avenue of research is the addition of ammonia and nitrite in combination to stimulate growth in both species of nitrifying bacteria simultaneously. Nitrite addition during startup of a biological filter reduced the acclimation period by 10 days (or 28%).
Standard solar model calculation of the neutrino fluxes

I summarize the current status of solar neutrino fluxes predictions in the framework of the Standard Solar Model (SSM). I discuss the effects that using the most recent solar abundance determination in the solar modelling has on neutrino fluxes predictions and helioseismology quantities.
On Non-Geostrophic Baroclinic Stability

Abstract Eady's (1949) model is used to study the non-geostorphic baroclinic stability problem. Growth rates for various types of perturbations are found as a function of the Richardson number, Ri The results indicate that the conventional baroclinic instabilities dominate if Ri > 0.95; symmetric instabilities dominate if 1/4 Ri > 0.95; and symmetric instabilities dominate if Ri < 1/4. It is suggested that symmetric instabilities may play an important role in the dynamics of the atmospheres of the major planets of the solar system.
Occupations and Identity in the Life of a Primary Caregiving Father

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore and elucidate the relationships between occupations and identity. The narrative of a father who, after he sustained a work injury, became the primary caregiver of his two sons with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is used to explore these relationships. The father was interviewed three times at his home for a total of four and a half hours of audiotaped interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using narrative and thematic approaches. In his story, the father focused on his advocacy rather than his direct caregiving roles, thus presenting a story that was different from the other stories in the original research project. Advocacy was his life occupation that involved interactions with several institutions and organizations and provided him with interactions with the outside world. These interactions constituted the thread of continuity that helped him maintain a coherent identity. When life circumstances require that persons change thei...
Self consistent bipolar transistor models for computer simulation

Abstract Extended Ebers-Moll models of bipolar junction transistors have proven useful in computer-aided design packages for many years. The most recent refinement has been the incorporation of basewidth modulation or Early effect through a single model parameter called the Early voltage. This paper delineates the conditions under which a unique Early voltage can be defined and shows that a necessary condition is the base current must be independent of collector-base voltage. Further, a linearization of the large-signal model around a d.c. operating point leads to a small-signal hybrid-pi model in which the collector-base resistor ru is necessarily absent. The absence of ru has many implications in the design of high performance amplifier circuits.
The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility.

Abstract: One-third of infertile couples may have a male factor present. Illicit drug use can be an important cause of male factor infertility and includes use of anabolic-androgenic steroids, marijuana, opioid narcotics, cocaine, and methamphetamines. The use of these illicit drugs is common in the United States, with a yearly prevalence rate for any drug consistently higher in males compared with females. We aim to provide a review of recent literature on the prevalence and effects of illicit drug use on male fertility and to aid health professionals when counseling infertile men whose social history suggests illicit drug use. Anabolic-androgenic steroids, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamines, and opioid narcotics all negatively impact male fertility, and adverse effects have been reported on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, sperm function, and testicular structure. The use of illicit drugs is prevalent in our society and likely adversely impacting the fertility of men who abuse drugs.
Direct laser writing of micro-supercapacitors on hydrated graphite oxide films

All-carbon microscale supercapacitors can be simply and scalably fabricated by the laser patterning and reduction of graphene oxide.
Imidacloprid Applications by Subirrigation for Control of Silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Poinsettia

The objective of this study was to determine whether silverleaf whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, on poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willdenow ex Klotsch, can be controlled with imidacloprid applied by subirrigation. Different amounts of imidacloprid uptake by the growing medium were obtained by not watering the subirrigated plants for 0, 1, 2, or 4 d before the imidacloprid application. These treatments resulted in absorption of 12–175 ml of imidacloprid solution by the growing medium. These treatments were compared with untreated control plants and plants that were treated with a standard drench application (100 ml) to the top of the growing medium. All imidacloprid treatments resulted in a significant decrease in both the survival of adult whiteflies and number of immature whiteflies on the plants. Subirrigation treatments resulted in better control of adult and immature whiteflies than drench application. Withholding water for 2 or 4 d before the imidacloprid application by subirrigation improved control of immature whiteflies. This indicates that the application of imidacloprid to poinsettia by subirrigation is a practical and efficient method to control silverleaf whiteflies.
Role of Insulin-dependent Cortical Fodrin/Spectrin Remodeling in Glucose Transporter 4 Translocation in Rat Adipocytes

Fodrin or nonerythroid spectrin is an abundant component of the cortical cytoskeletal network in rat adipocytes. Fodrin has a highly punctate distribution in resting cells, and insulin causes a dramatic remodeling of fodrin to a more diffuse pattern. Insulin-mediated remodeling of actin occurs to a lesser extent than does that of fodrin. We show that fodrin interacts with the t-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) syntaxin 4, and this interaction is increased by insulin stimulation and decreased by prior latrunculin A treatment. Latrunculin A disrupts all actin filaments, inhibits glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and causes fodrin to partially redistribute from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. In contrast, cytochalasin D disrupts only the short actin filament signal, and cytochalasin D neither inhibits GLUT4 translocation nor fodrin redistribution in adipocytes. Together, our data suggest that insulin induces remodeling of the fodrin-actin network, which is required for the fusion of GLUT4 storage vesicles with the plasma membrane by permitting their access to the t-SNARE syntaxin 4.
Aspirin unresponsiveness predicts thrombosis in high-risk pediatric patients after cardiac surgery

Objective Thrombosis occurs in up to 26% of patients with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Aspirin is commonly administered to reduce the risk of thrombosis, yet aspirin responsiveness is rarely assessed. In this study, we hypothesize that inadequate response to aspirin is associated with increased risk of thrombosis after selected congenital cardiac procedures considered to be high risk for thrombosis. Methods Patients undergoing high-risk congenital cardiac surgery who received postoperative aspirin (N = 95) were studied. Response to aspirin was determined using the VerifyNow system several days after administration. Patients were monitored prospectively for 30 days for the development of a thrombosis event and the relationship between aspirin unresponsiveness and a thrombosis event was determined by the Fisher exact test. Results Rate of aspirin unresponsiveness (≥550 aspirin reaction units [ARU]) was 10 of 95 (10.5%) and was highest in patients weighing less than 5 kg given 20.25 mg/d of aspirin. Thrombosis events occurred in 7 patients (7.4%). Thrombosis was observed in 6 of 10 (60%) patients who were unresponsive to aspirin, compared with 1 of 85 (1.2%) patients who were responsive to aspirin ( P Conclusions Postoperative thrombosis is associated with aspirin unresponsiveness in this patient population. In high-risk patients, monitoring of aspirin therapy and consideration of dose adjustment or alternative agents for unresponsive patients may be justified and warrants further investigation in a prospective trial.
Effect of Gelatin on Heparin Regulation of Cytokine Release from Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels

The hypothesis that incorporation of small amounts (0.3% w/w) of modified heparin in thiol-modified hyaluronan or HA and gelatin hydrogels would regulate release of cytokine growth factors (GFs) from those gels has been investigated in vitro. In addition, the physiologic response to gel implantation has been evaluated in vivo. Tests were performed with 6 GFs: basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), keratinocyte growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-β 1. Release profiles for all 6 over several weeks were well fit by first order exponential kinetics (R2 > 0.9 for all cases). The most remarkable result of the experiment was a dramatic variation in the total mass ultimately released, which varied from as much as 90.2% of the initial load for bFGF to as little as 1.8% for PDGF, a 45-fold difference. Furthermore, gels containing either VEGF of Ang-1 produced twice the vascularization response in v...
Opiate-Induced Molecular and Cellular Plasticity of Ventral Tegmental Area and Locus Coeruleus Catecholamine Neurons

The study of neuronal adaptations induced by opiate drugs is particularly relevant today given their widespread prescription and nonprescription use. Although much is known about the acute actions of such drugs on the nervous system, a great deal of work remains to fully understand their chronic effects. Here, we focus on longer-lasting adaptations that occur in two catecholaminergic brain regions that mediate distinct behavioral actions of opiates: ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons, important for drug reward, and locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons, important for physical dependence and withdrawal. We focus on changes in cellular, synaptic, and structural plasticity in these brain regions that contribute to opiate dependence and addiction. Understanding the molecular determinants of this opiate-induced plasticity will be critical for the development of better treatments for opiate addiction and perhaps safer opiate drugs for medicinal use.
Collapsing glomerulopathy presenting as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus.

A 48-year-old African American female with a history of essential hypertension presented with fatigue of several weeks’ duration. Her only home medication was amlodipine. The patient denied illicit drug use. Apart from a purplish malar rash, physical examination was noncontributory. The patient did give a history of a photosensitive skin eruption on both arms in the past. Laboratory data included blood urea nitrogen 90 mg/dl, creatinine 8.6 mg/dl (baseline 0.9 mg/dl), platelet count 80 000, positive ANA with titer of 1:180, positive anti-double stranded DNA antibodies with titer of 140, C3: 80 mg/dl (normal 86–184), C4: 15 mg/dl (normal 20–59), C-reactive protein 1.7 mg/dl and urine protein excretion 8.6 g over 24 h. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was diagnosed taking into consideration the patient’s thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, significantly elevated antinuclear and anti-double stranded DNA antibody titers along with the malar rash and history of photosensitive eruption (hence meeting the minimum of four American College of Rheumatology criteria). A renal biopsy (Figure 1) revealed tubuloreticular inclusions and podocyte foot process effacement. No immune deposits were seen by immunostaining. There were a total of 19 glomeruli seen, 10 of which revealed obsolescence with global sclerosis, retraction of the tuft and Bowman’s space occupied by collagenous material. One glomerulus showed collapsing features including wrinkling and collapse of the basement membrane, confirming the diagnosis of collapsing glomerulopathy. The remaining eight glomeruli were normal. Tests for viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus infection (CMV), parvovirus B19, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus infection 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) were negative. The patient’s condition im
A probabilistic approach to residual processing for vehicle fault detection

This paper presents a probabilistic method for processing and analyzing residuals for the purpose of fault detection. The method incorporates residuals from multiple models using a hybrid dynamic Bayesian network in order to yield a low-cost, complete, diagnostic system. Continuous residuals are used as evidence directly in the network, and this paper discusses options for representing their probability distributions. The Bayesian network is used to model the temporal behavior of the faults, and the assumptions necessary to do this are analyzed. The diagnostic method is demonstrated on a car's handling system and experimental results are presented.
Feedback Eects and the Limits to Arbitrage

This paper identi…es a limit to arbitrage that arises because …rm value is endogenous to the exploitation of arbitrage. Trading on private information reveals this information to managers and improves their real decisions, enhancing fundamental value. While this
Joint noncoherent demodulation and decoding for the block fading channel: a practical framework for approaching Shannon capacity

The paper contains a systematic investigation of practical coding strategies for noncoherent communication over fading channels, guided by explicit comparisons with information-theoretic benchmarks. Noncoherent reception is interpreted as joint data and channel estimation, assuming that the channel is time varying and a priori unknown. We consider iterative decoding for a serial concatenation of a standard binary outer channel code with an inner modulation code amenable to noncoherent detection. For an information rate of about 1/2 bit per channel use, the proposed scheme, using a quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) alphabet, provides performance within 1.6-1.7 dB of Shannon capacity for the block fading channel, and is about 2.5-3 dB superior to standard differential demodulation in conjunction with an outer channel code. We also provide capacity computations for noncoherent communication using standard phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) alphabets; comparing these with the capacity with unconstrained input provides guidance as to the choice of constellation as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio. These results imply that QPSK suffices to approach the unconstrained capacity for the relatively low information and fading rates considered in our performance evaluations, but that QAM is superior to PSK for higher information or fading rates, motivating further research into efficient noncoherent coded modulation with QAM alphabets.
Population structure analysis using rare and common functional variants

Next-generation sequencing technologies now make it possible to genotype and measure hundreds of thousands of rare genetic variations in individuals across the genome. Characterization of high-density genetic variation facilitates control of population genetic structure on a finer scale before large-scale genotyping in disease genetics studies. Population structure is a well-known, prevalent, and important factor in common variant genetic studies, but its relevance in rare variants is unclear. We perform an extensive population structure analysis using common and rare functional variants from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 mini-exome sequence. The analysis based on common functional variants required 388 principal components to account for 90% of the variation in population structure. However, an analysis based on rare variants required 532 significant principal components to account for similar levels of variation. Using rare variants, we detected fine-scale substructure beyond the population structure identified using common functional variants. Our results show that the level of population structure embedded in rare variant data is different from the level embedded in common variant data and that correcting for population structure is only as good as the level one wishes to correct.
Cultures of Vision: Images, Media, and the Imaginary

Cultures of Vision: Images, Media, and the Imaginary. Ron Burnett. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. xii. 355 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
A gain matrix decomposition and some of its applications

Abstract Any real square matrix M can be written as M = U (I + L)S , where U is a matrix of 0's, 1's and - 1's having exactly one nonzero element in each row and column, L is a strictly lower triangular matrix, and S is a {symmetric}, positive-semidefinite matrix. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of this easily derived fact. This is done in two ways. First, the decomposition is used to develop an identifier-based solution to a simplified multivariable adaptive stabilization problem solved previously using nonidentifier-based methods. Second, it is briefly explained how to use the decomposition together with hysteresis switching and a certain “lifted” discrete-time system representation, to obtain an excitation-free, identifier-based, adaptive stabilizer for the entire class of n- dimensional , siso, controllable, observable, discrete-time linear process models. This is accomplished by exploiting a new method of discrete-time parameter adjustment called “pseudo-continuous” tuning.
Getting the Measure of Nanotechnology

In the realm of the very small, measurements lose their certainty, and materials don9t behave as they should. As chipmakers get to grips with circuits too small to measure, researchers are exploiting the oddities of the nanoworld to make new measuring devices.
Retinyl palmitate and ascorbic acid inhibit pulmonary neoplasms in mice exposed to fiberglass dust

Abstract The influence of retinyl palmitate and ascorbic acid on the susceptibility of respiratory tract epithelium to the metaplastogenic, hyperplastogenic and tumorigenic effects of a 30‐day exposure to fiberglass dust was tested in 60 male A‐strain mice. Administration of retinyl palmitate or ascorbic acid, or both, significantly inhibited the development of metaplastic, hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions in these mice.
Public domain small-area cancer incidence data for New York State, 2005-2009

There has long been a demand for cancer incidence data at a fine geographic resolution for use in etiologic hypothesis generation and testing, methodological evaluation and teaching. In this paper we describe a public domain dataset containing data for 23 anatomic sites of cancer diagnosed in New York State, USA between 2005 and 2009 at the census block group level. The dataset includes 524,503 tumours distributed across 13,823 block groups with an average population of about 1400. In addition, the data have been linked with race/ethnicity and with socioeconomic indicators such as income, educational attainment and language proficiency. We demonstrate the application of the dataset by confirming two well-established relationships: that between breast cancer and median household income and that between stomach cancer and Asian race. We foresee that this dataset will serve as the basis for a wide range of spatial analyses and as a benchmark for evaluating spatial methods in the future.
Polarization in Hyper-NA Lithography

Hyper-NA immersion lithography is becoming the dominant technology for semiconductor device fabrication. At the corresponding large angles in the image media, control of polarization becomes necessary. Innovative approaches to polarization control are evolving to provide maximum enhancement from polarization effects.
Development of Resistance by the Tobacco Budworm to Endrin and Carbaryl1

The tobacco budworm, Heliothis Virescens (F.), in Texas developed a high degree of resistance to endrin and carharyl during the period 1963-65. However, the elimination of susceptible individuals from the population may have begun a few years earlier. During the period 1963-65. the LD50 value for endrin increased from 0.06 mg/g of larva to 12.94 and for carbaryl from 0.30 mg/g to 54.47 mg/g. These values indicate an increase in resistance of the tobacco budworm to endrin of slightly more than 200-fold and to carbaryl of approximately 180-fold. The limited use of these 2 insecticides for control of the local population suggests that the present level of resistance may have arisen from a cross-resistance to other insecticides, namely DDT or toxaphene + DDT.
Peer emotion socialization and somatic complaints in adolescents.

Somatic symptoms tend to increase during early adolescence and although youth's social environments and emotional functioning play a role in somatic symptoms, few studies have examined mechanisms through which social interaction could influence youth's somatic wellbeing. Participants were 132 youth (61.6% girls, Mage = 12.61 years, 84.7% Caucasian) and their mothers. Reciprocated best-friend dyads participated in a video-taped problem discussion task to assess peer emotion socialization responses. Two supportive friend responses (i.e., emotion-focused, problem-focused) and two unsupportive responses (i.e., punitive, neglect) were examined. Mothers reported on their child's somatic complaints. Friends who provided emotion-focused, problem-focused, punitive, and neglect responses to their close friend's emotional disclosures had significantly fewer somatic symptoms. However, youth who received punitive responses to their emotional disclosures from their close friends had more somatic complaints. These findings provide initial evidence of a link between emotion socialization responses within close friendships and somatic complaints in early adolescence.
The Most Senile Justice

Building on the work of historian David Garrow, this paper attempts to measure the true extent of the problem of judicial decrepitude among the members of the U.S. Supreme Court since the high court's inception in 1789. After presenting the relevant data, the author concludes (contra Garrow and others) that the incidence of judicial decrepitude is relatively infrequent and rare.
Morphological Analysis of Hair in the hr-2 Mutant Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Skin from 36 hairless deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) homozygous for the recessive hr-2 mutation were analyzed for structural defects in hair and hair loss. Comparison of mutant to wild-type hairs demonstrated characteristic abnormalities in cellular organization, hair shape, length, and fragility. Matings between mutants homozygous for the hr-2 gene and for a second mutation producing hairlessness in deer mice, hr-1, showed that these two genes were nonallelic. Structural abnormalities in hairs associated with the expression of this gene suggest that its primary effect may be on the epidermis.
Anti-Cruelty Laws

The United States anti-cruelty laws are criminal laws and comprise the most basic and fundamental legal protection for animals. As the least controversial of the animal protection laws, these laws protect animals from the intentional and gratuitous infliction of pain and suffering at the hands of humans. However, as we will see, most animals in the United States are not covered by the anti-cruelty code. Animals used for food or research and wild animals generally are exempt from the anti-cruelty laws. The anti-cruelty laws target only individual instances of intentional cruelty not institutionalized cruelty. This reflects a serious flaw in our societal view of animals as beings who exist for human use and our acceptance of institutionalized practices that inflict serious pain and suffering upon other species for our benefit.
General Dynamic Triviality Theorems

Famous results by David Lewis show that plausible-sounding constraints on the probabilities of conditionals or evaluative claims lead to unacceptable results, by standard probabilistic reasoning. Existing presentations of these results rely on stronger assumptions than they really need. When we strip these arguments down to a minimal core, we can see both how certain replies miss the mark, and also how to devise parallel arguments for other domains, including epistemic “might,” probability claims, claims about comparative value, and so on. A popular reply to Lewis's results is to claim that conditional claims, or claims about subjective value, lack truth conditions. For this strategy to have a chance of success, it needs to give up basic structural principles about how epistemic states can be updated—in a way that is strikingly parallel to the commitments of the project of dynamic semantics.
Understanding risk factor patterns in ATV fatalities: A recursive partitioning approach.

Abstract Introduction Although there are hundreds of ATV-related deaths each year in the United States, contributing factors have not been clearly identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between factors contributing to ATV fatalities using the agent–host–environment epidemiological triangle. Method Incident reports of ATV fatalities occurring between 2011 and 2013 were obtained from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Narrative reports included details of the decedent and a description of the ATV crash. A chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) analysis was performed for three major risk factors representing each facet of the epidemiologic triangle: helmet use (host), type of crash (agent), and location where death occurred (environment). The output of the CHAID analysis is a classification tree that models the relationship between the predictor variables and a single outcome variable. Results A total of 1193 ATV fatalities were reported to the CPSC during the 3-year study period. In cases with known helmet and/or drug and alcohol use status, descriptive statistics indicated helmets were not worn in 88% of fatalities and use of alcohol or drugs was present in 84% of fatalities. Reoccurring factors within the CHAID analysis included age, helmet use, geographic region of the country, and location (e.g., farm, street, home, etc.) at the time of death. Within the three CHAID models, there were seven significant partitions related to host, one related to agent, and eight related to the environment. Conclusions This research provides a model for understanding the relationship between risk factors and fatalities. The combination of the CHAID analysis method and the epidemiologic triangle allows for visualization of the interaction between host–agent–environment factors and fatalities. Practical applications By modeling and characterizing risk factors associated with ATV fatalities, future work can focus on developing solutions targeted to specific factions of ATV users.