cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A METHOD OF ADAPTIVE NODES FOR CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS

A simple method of adaptive (time-dependent) spatial node intervals was developed that gives, with a small number of nodes, accurate solutions to convective heat transfer problems. In this method, the node intervals change with time such that the maximum absolute value of error estimates arising from numerical spatial integration are the same in all intervals. At this stage Ike method has been applied only to one-dimensional problems. Numerical results from its application to three transients in an intermediate heat exchanger of a nuclear liquid metal reactor are presented. In these transients, the temperatures predicted with 20 adaptive node intervals differed by less than 2 K from those predicted with 140 intervals of equal size. For the same transients, if intervals of fixed size are used, to avoid either failure of convergence or large errors, more than 100 nodes are needed. The computation time of the adaptive method was only a fraction of the real transient lime and a small fraction of the computati...
The unimolecular chemistry of [Zn(amino acid)2-H]+ in the gas phase: H2 elimination when the amino acid is a secondary amine

The unimolecular chemistry of the [Zn(Pro-H)(Pro)]+ complex following collisional or infrared multiple photon activation was studied, and interestingly was found to lose H2 as one of the main dissociation pathways. Furthermore a second dehydrogenation step, forming [Zn(Pro-H)(Pro)-2H2]+, was also observed. When proline was substituted for sarcosine, also a secondary amine, a single dehydrogenation was observed. In contrast, [Zn(Gly-H)(Gly)]+ and [Zn(Ala-H)(Ala)]+ were found to lose H2O as their primary fragmentation route with no dehydrogenation observed. Tandem mass spectrometry, deuterium substitution, and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the origin of the H atoms in the losses of H2, as well as for other fragmentation routes, including the loss of H2O. The hydrogen atoms for H2 loss from [Zn(Pro-H)(Pro)]+ was found to originate on the amine group and primarily from C5 on the non-deprotonated proline, with a smaller contribution from the C2 hydrogen. Both hydrogens for H2O loss were determined to be from labile hydrogens. Potential energy surfaces were computed for the H2 loss and H2O loss routes for both [Zn(Pro-H)(Pro)]+ and [Zn(Gly-H)(Gly)]+ and were compared. For [Zn(Pro-H)(Pro)]+, H2 loss was found to be the pathway with the lower energy requirement than for H2O loss, and the opposite was found for [Zn(Gly-H)(Gly)]+. The greater basicities of proline and sarcosine are most likely responsible for stabilizing the 3 coordinate Zn2+ transition states en route to H2 loss, compared to those complexes formed with the much less basic glycine or alanine.
Sulfite oxidase deficiency: Sulfate esters in tissues and urine

Abstract The possibility of a functionally significant sulfate deficiency in a patient with sulfite oxidase deficiency has been evaluated by study of sulfate esters in tissues and urine of this patient. Sulfatides in brain and kidney were normal qualitatively and normal in concentration. Since the brain weight was decreased, the total brain sulfatide was lower than normal. The daily urinary excretions of tyrosine-O-sulfate and indoxyl-3-sulfate were comparable to excretions found in control patients.
Synthesis, characterization and structural investigation of new rhenium-oxo complexes containing bidentate phosphine ligands: an exploration of chirality and conformation in chelate rings of small and large bite angle ligands

The new rhenium complexes, [ReOCl3(L2)], incorporating bidentate organophosphorus ligands [L2 = dppe-F20 (the perfluorinated analog of dppe), xantphos, rac-BINAP, biphep and DPEphos] were successfully synthesized using [ReOCl3(AsPh3)2] as the precursor. The complexes were characterized by IR, 1H and 31P NMR, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. The X-ray structures reveal a distorted octahedral geometry with a facial arrangement of chloro ligands and an axial rhenium-oxo group.
Parasitism of Pickleworm and Melonworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Cardiochiles diaphaniae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Pickleworm, Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll), and melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata (L.), larvae were susceptible to parasitism by Cardiochiles diaphaniae Marsh. Melonworm larvae were more susceptible to parasitism than pickleworm, but both exhibited reduced weight gain and head capsule growth in later stadia compared with nonparasitized conspecifics and then perished following initiation of wandering before pupal molt. Melonworm larvae parasitized when in advanced stadia achieved a greater final weight than larvae parasitized when young. Parasitoid larval development time was longest following parasitization of young melonworm, but not significantly different in melonworm larvae parasitized in middle or later instars. Compared with nonparasitized melonworm larvae, the prepupal wandering stage was abbreviated in melonworm larvae parasitized when young, and extended in melonworm larvae parasitized in later instars. Overall, parasitoid development time was significantly longer in pickleworm hosts than melonworm. Adult parasitoid weight increased with host age at the time of parasitization when melonworm served as host and was highest in middle-instar larvae when pickle worm served as host. C. diaphaniae developing in pickleworm larvae weighed significantly more than those developing in melonworm larvae.
Psychometrics is Datametrics: the Test is not Reliable:

The present article responds to selected criticisms of some EPM editorial policies and Vacha-Haase’s “reliability generalization” meta-analytic methods. However, the treatment is more broadly a manifesto regarding the nature of score reliability and what are reasonable expectations for psychometric reporting practices in substantive inquiries. The consequences of misunderstandings of score reliability are explored. It is suggested that paradigmatic misconceptions regarding psychometric issues feed into a spiral of presumptions that measurement training is unnecessary for doctoral students, which then in turn further reinforces misunderstandings of score integrity issues.
Stochastic difference inclusions: Results on recurrence and asymptotic stability in probability

Stability theory for stochastic difference inclusions is discussed. We summarize a framework for stochastic difference inclusions that has been introduced recently and for which a variety of new stability theory results have been obtained. In particular, we study recurrence and global asymptotic stability in probability. For these properties, we review new results on robustness, converse Lyapunov theorems, and Matrosov-function-based sufficient conditions. We also discuss input-to-state stability in probability. Examples are used to illustrate the framework and results.
Genetic variation in cancer predisposition: Mutational decay of a robust genetic control network

A computational model of cancer progression is used to study how mutations in genes that control tumor initiation and progression accumulate in populations. The model assumes that cancer occurs only after a cell lineage has progressed through a series of stages. The greater the number of stages, the more strongly the individual is protected against cancer. It is shown that an extra stage initially improves the survival of individuals by decreasing mortality from cancer. However, the additional buffering by an extra stage reduces the impact of any single hereditary mutation and therefore allows the accumulation of more nonlethal mutations in the population. Extra stages thereby lead to the evolution of partially decreased cancer mortality and significantly increased genetic predisposition to disease in the population as a whole. In general, the model illustrates how all robust control networks allow the accumulation of deleterious mutations. An increase in the number of buffering components leads to significant mutational decay in the protection provided by each buffering component and increased genetic predisposition to disease. An extra buffering component's net contribution to survival and reproduction is often small.
Comparison of monopolar and bipolar electrosurgical modes for restorative dentistry: A review of the literature

This review of the literature was undertaken as part of a wider investigation of effective hemostasis in vital pulp therapy. Two general types of electrosurgical units are available: monopolar and bipolar. This review compares the features of both systems. An important hazard referred to as channeling, funneling, or current crowding is described and associated with pulp therapy injury for the first time. Important safety features of bipolar electrocoagulation are identified and applied to dental procedures. Articles were selected by means of a search of MEDLINE, the U.S. National Library of Medicine's bibliographic database, for literature published between 1966 and 2001 on the topics of electrosurgery, electrocautery, electrolysis, and lasers. A search also was completed from a pulp therapy perspective to determine the use of electrosurgery on the pulp. Numerous articles and texts published between 1900 and 1965 had been reviewed previously; their bibliographies were explored and cross-referenced for pertinent reports. Laparoscopic applications of electrosurgery were reviewed for general background information and for clarification of safety and hazard issues; no exclusionary criteria or date limitations were imposed. Beyond the literature review, numerous authors and developers in the field of electrosurgery were contacted for clarification of concepts and controversies. More than 120 articles and texts related to electrosurgery were reviewed, and another 100+ articles were reviewed in the area of pulp therapy.
Lateral lipid distribution is a major regulator of lipase activity. Implications for lipid-mediated signal transduction.

Pancreatic carboxylester lipase catalyzes the exchange of 18O between water and 13,16-cis,cis-doco-sadienoic acid (DA) in monolayers at the argon-buffer interface (Muderhwa, J.M., Schmid, P.C., and Brockman, H.L. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 141). In mixed monolayers of 18O, 18O-DA and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), both the extent and mechanism of 18O exchange show characteristics of a critical transition in the range of 0.5-0.6 mol fraction of DA (Muderhwa, J.M., and Brockman, H. L. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 149). To determine if the regulatory behavior exhibited on this type of surface is limited to members of the carboxylester lipase gene family (cholinesterases), comparable experiments were performed with a genetically and functionally unrelated lipase, pancreatic colipase-dependent lipase (PL). PL readily catalyzed the exchange of 18O between water and the carboxyl group of DA with enzyme at either monolayer or catalytic levels in the fatty acid-buffer interface. The oxygen exchange reaction obeyed a random, sequential mechanism, indicating that the dissociation of the enzyme.DA complex is much faster than the rate-limiting step in the overall exchange process. Kinetic analysis of oxygen exchange in pure DA monolayers showed a first-order dependence on interfacial PL and DA concentrations from which kcat/Km values were calculated. The oxygen exchange reaction proceeded with a rate constant of 16 x 10(-2) cm2 pmol-1 s-1, a value comparable to that for hydrolysis of the ester substrate, 1,3-dioleoylglycerol. With a monolayer of PL adsorbed to the interfacial phase, kcat/Km for oxygen exchange was about 600-fold lower than the value obtained with catalytic levels of adsorbed enzyme, indicating a possible restriction of substrate diffusion in the protein-covered fatty acid monolayer. With constant bulk PL concentration and mixed lipid monolayers containing DA and the non-substrate lipid, POPC, the extent of oxygen exchange increased abruptly as the abundance of DA in the interface was increased from 0.5 to 0.6 mol fraction. Concomitant with this critical transition was a change in the apparent mechanism of oxygen exchange from coupled to random, sequential. For both the extent of oxygen exchange and its mechanism shift, the critical transition was independent of the lipid packing density, i.e. surface pressure, of the interface. These results show that PL responds similarly to carboxylester lipase with respect to changes in interfacial lipid mole fraction in DA-POPC surfaces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Point-of-view writing: A method for increasing medical students' empathy, identification and expression of emotion, and insight.

Context Although interest exists among medical educators in using writing that reflects on clinical experience to enhance medical students' communication skills, empathy, and overall professionalism, little empirical research documents the value of this approach. This study explored whether students trained in one type of writing would first demonstrate increased awareness of emotional aspects of a clinical encounter in their writing; and second, be evaluated more positively in an OSCE situation by standardized patients. Method Ninety-two students were assigned to either a point-of-view writing or a clinical reasoning condition as part of a second year doctoring course. At the end of the year, students were evaluated in an OSCE format on 3 cases, and completed a writing assignment about an ER death from cardiac arrest. Student essays were scored according to presence or absence of various themes. A linguistic analysis of the essays was also performed. Point-of-view and clinical reasoning group scores were compared on both measures, as well as on the standardized patient OSCE ratings. Results Students trained in point-of-view writing demonstrated significantly more awareness of emotional and spiritual aspects of a paper case in a writing assignment than did students trained in clinical reasoning. By contrast, students in the clinical reasoning group were more likely to distance from the scenario. The two groups did not differ on SP OSCE ratings. Conclusion Training in point-of-view writing can improve medical students' written skills on certain affective dimensions. It is not clear that these skills can translate into clinical behavior.
A simple proof of a known blind channel identifiability result

An alternative simple proof for a well-known result encountered in blind identification and equalization of communication channels is derived. It is shown that the coprimeness condition of a number of FIR channels is equivalent to the full column rank condition of a certain block Sylvester matrix, whose entries are the channel coefficients. As a corollary, it is also shown that in general, the null space of a block Sylvester matrix is spanned by the set of (generalized) Vandermonde vectors associated with the common zeros present in all the channels.
Optimization Computational Methods for Link Circuit Capacity and Time Delay

Link circuit capacity and delay are one of the principal problems in computer network topological design. Many different methods have been put forth. The paper gives a new method to assign link circuit capacity on the base of L. Kleinroek's. This method is quit different from the current one of Bernd mister, carul A. Niznik, No alpha parameter introduced and no group algorithm used in the model, but quantitative analysis from the very beginning to the end of and a strict integrated mathematical model is set up, which is fit for various conditions. Using this method, not only the result by the current methods, but also a link capacity assignment result with minimum network delay can be obtained, which meets the restrictive conditions of link delay differences and link capacities.
Understanding Multiple Group Identities: Inserting Women into Cultural Transformations

The study of cultural transformations in the United States has been studied predominantly from an assimilation/ acculturation framework. There are several drawbacks to this theoretical perspective, chief among them being the exclusion of gender in examining what happens to different ethnic/racial groups when they come into contact. Feminist writings in the last twenty years provide a rich discussion of how inserting women into this social process would enrich our knowledge about human behavior in general and cultural change specifically. This paper reviews the literature on the assimilation/acculturation framework and integrates the most recent developments in feminist theory to provide a new altemative to studying cultural transformations. The social engagement model takes into account gender as well as other significant social identities like ethnicity/race, class, and sexuality to study how groups change as they come into contact with each other. "What happens 'when peoples meet,' as the phrase goes? Such meetings in the modem world are likely to take place under a variety of circumstances: colonial conquest, military conquest, military occupation, redrawing of national boundaries to include diverse ethnic groups, large-scale trade and missionary activity, technical assistance to underdeveloped countries, displacement of an aboriginal population, and voluntary immigration which increases the ethnic diversity of a host country, ln the American continental experience, the last two types have been the decisive ones" (Gordon, 1964, p. 60). Gordon (1964) indicates that "sociologists and cultural anthropologists have described the processes and results of ethnic 'meetings' under such terms as 'assimilation' and 'acculturation,'" terms that many times have been used interchangeably. In the United States the "ethnic meetings" have resulted in cultural transformations
An Intercomparison of Current Measurements Using a Vector Measuring Current Meter, an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, and a Recently Developed Acoustic Current Meter

Horizontal current measurements were obtained simultaneously with a vector measuring current meter (VMCM), an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), and the recently developed Falmouth Scientific, Inc., acoustic current meter (ACM) during a 110-day period from the Bermuda Testbed Mooring (BTM). The BTM site is located approximately 80 km southeast of Bermuda at 318449N, 648109W in waters of about 4550-m depth. The ACM is a relatively small, lightweight instrument, which can be deployed relatively close to the ocean surface or bottom as well as at intermediate depths. Prior to the present study, in situ data and knowledge concerning the ACM performance were quite limited. Zonal, meridional, and horizontal current speed data were obtained and time series were computed for each instrument. Several analyses were done to evaluate and intercompare instrument performance. The ACM results compared favorably with those of the VMCM and ADCP for 36-h filtered data. The ADCP typically recorded the largest horizontal current speed and the ACM typically recorded the smallest values. The strongest correlation was seen between the VMCM and ADCP data; however, the lowest correlation for all intercomparisons (by component and speed) was r 5 0.95 with most values of r 5 0.98 or greater. Directional error/bias is a primary factor in limiting current component measurement accuracy. In particular, the ACM direction was up to 208‐308 offset from those of the other two instruments. After rotating or ‘‘correcting’’ the ACM components with respect to the VMCM direction, ACM mean current component differences with respect to the other instruments’ values were less than about 2 cm s 21. Based upon the spectral analysis, both the ACM and VMCM have better performance characteristics than the ADCP in the higher-frequency portion of the spectral domain. The authors’ analysis indicates that the three different systems provide generally similar results in terms of coherence and phase with significant departures occurring only with respect to the ADCP at frequencies greater than 0.01 cph. The present study indicates that the ACM provides another viable means of obtaining accurate current measurements.
Performance Analysis of Dynamic Group Communication Systems with Intrusion Detection Integrated with Batch Rekeying in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We investigate performance characteristics of secure group communication systems (GCSs) in mobile ad hoc networks that employ intrusion detection techniques for dealing with insider attacks tightly coupled with rekeying techniques for dealing with outsider attacks. The objective is to identify optimal settings including the best intrusion detection interval and the best batch rekey interval under which the system lifetime (mean time to security failure) is maximized while satisfying performance requirements. We develop a mathematical model based on stochastic Petri net (SPN) to analyze tradeoffs between security and performance properties, when given a set of parameter values characterizing operational and environmental conditions of a GCS instrumented with intrusion detection tightly coupled with batch rekeying. We compare our design with a baseline system using intrusion detection integrated with individual rekeying to demonstrate the effectiveness.
Teaching Management in the Slovak Republic: Lessons Learned and Encouragement for Potential Fulbright Scholars

This story of a Fulbright scholar’s experience is designed to help future Fulbrighters and those interested in teaching in more culturally diverse environments. Although each Fulbright teaching experience is unique, the majority of challenging situations can be resolved by adequate preparation before the assignment and by the willingness to be flexible once abroad. This article provides guidance for those contemplating applying for a Fulbright, preparing to teach abroad, living and teaching in another culture, and strategies for teaching cross-cultural competence without going abroad.
Identification of a novel receptor/signal transduction pathway for IL‐15/T in mast cells

Correction to: EMBO Rep l (1996) 15 : 4928–4939 Due to a record‐keeping error, the primer sets that were used for the experiment …
A Counter-Example to Locke's Thesis

L'A. apporte un contre-exemple a la these de Locke selon laquelle deux objets de la meme espece ne peuvent occuper la meme place au meme instant: il s'agit de deux lettres distinctes, ecrites sur la meme feuille de papier. L'A. montre que celles-ci coincident necessairement l'une avec l'autre.
Delay Analysis of the Distributed RC Line

This paper reviews the step-response of the semi-infinite distributed RC line and focuses mainly on the step-response of a finite-length RC line with a capacitive load termination, which is the most common model for a wire inside the present day integrated CMOS chips. In particular, we obtain the values of some of the common threshold-crossing times at the output of such a line and show that even the simplest first order lumped II-approximation to the finite-length RC line terminated with a capacitive load is good enough for obtaining the 50% and 63.2% threshold-crossing times of the step-response. Higher order lumped approximations are necessary for more accurate predictions of the 10% and 90% threshold-crossing times.
Becoming congress: a longitudinal study of the civic engagement implications of a classroom simulation

Does the content of political science courses affect civic learning? The authors examine whether differences in students' self-reported knowledge, cynicism, and participation depend on whether their American government course included a character-playing simulation. The authors use an innovative longitudinal, quasi-experimental research design to test not only for immediate effects but also for those that differentiated the two groups 3 years after they took the course. Differential effects of the simulation at the end of the particular course are virtually nonexistent. Three years later, however, students who had the simulation reported more understanding of the concepts taught in the simulation than did the control group. They also emerged less politically cynical. No differences were observed, however, on items reflecting political participation.
Structure elucidation with lanthanide‐induced shifts. 13—A critical evaluation of methods for obtaining bound shifts and association constants

The use of lanthanide-induced shifts for rigorous structure analysis requires accurate values corresponding to only one of the complexes that can be formed. A combination of computational and experimental studies have been carried out to evaluate several commonly used procedures for obtaining bound shifts. The results indicate that only two of these methods afford values which are reliably related to the actual bound shifts. In addition, both methods afford values for the association constant. Guidelines are suggested which allow a chemist to anticipate when each methods can be successfully employed.
Matching at the MHC class I K locus is essential for long-term engraftment of purified hematopoietic stem cells: a role for host NK cells in regulating HSC engraftment

The events that regulate engraftment and long-term repopulating ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) after transplantation are not well defined. We report for the first time that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I K plays a critical role in HSC engraftment via interaction with recipient natural killer (NK) cells. Durable engraftment of purified HSCs requires MHC class I K matching between HSC donor and recipient. In the absence of MHC class I K matching, HSCs exhibit impaired long-term engraftment ( P = .01). Dependence on MHC class I K matching is eliminated in B6 beige mice that lack NK cell function, as well as in wild-type mice depleted of NK cells, implicating a possible regulatory role of NK cells for HSC engraftment. The coadministration of CD8+/T-cell receptor–negative (TCR-) graft facilitating cells (FCs) matched at MHC class I K to the HSC donor overcomes the requirement for MHC class I K matching between HSCs and recipient. These data demonstrate that FCs inhibit NK cell effects on the HSCs. Notably, FCs do not suppress the cytotoxic activity of activated NK cells. Enhanced green fluorescent protein–positive (EGFP+) FCs persist for one month following allogeneic transplantation, making cold target inhibition an unlikely mechanism. Therefore, MHC class I may play a critical role in the initiating events that dictate HSC engraftment and/or NK-mediated rejection following allogeneic transplantation.
Reactive Pseudorotaxanes: Inclusion Complexation of Reduced Viologens by the Hosts β-Cyclodextrin and Heptakis(2,6-di-o-Methyl)-β-Cyclodextrin

The complexation of three guests containing 4,4′-bipyridinium redoxactive residues by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its heptakis-(2,6-O-dimethyl) analogue (DM-β-CD) was investigated by means of voltammetric techniques. The three 4,4′-bipyridinium (viologen) derivatives used as guests were designed to be water-soluble in all three accessible oxidation states. The N-substituents chosen to enhance aqueous solubility were: 2-(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol (guest 12+), 6-hexanoate (guest 2), and 3-propanesulfonate (guest 3). Detailed analysis of the voltammetric results by digital simulation techniques revealed that the oxidized forms of the guests did not interact appreciably with either CD host; the two-electron reduced guests formed extremely stable inclusion complexes, with association constants in the range 103–104M−1, while the cation radical forms exhibited intermediate binding affinities (≈102M−1). In all cases, DM-β-CD was found to form more stable complexes than unmodified β-CD.
An inviscid model for vortex shedding from a deforming body

An inviscid vortex sheet model is developed in order to study the unsteady separated flow past a two-dimensional deforming body which moves with a prescribed motion in an otherwise quiescent fluid. Following Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405-441, 2003) the flow is assumed to comprise of a bound vortex sheet attached to the body and two separate vortex sheets originating at the edges. The complex conjugate velocity potential is expressed explicitly in terms of the bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations through a boundary integral representation. It is shown that Kelvin's circulation theorem, along with the conditions of continuity of the normal velocity across the body and the boundedness of the velocity field, yields a coupled system of equations for the unknown bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations. A general numerical treatment is developed for the singular principal value integrals arising in the solution procedure. The model is validated against the results of Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405-441, 2003) for computations involving a rigid flat plate and is subsequently applied to the flapping foil experiments of Heathcote et al. (AIAA J, 42, 2196-2204, 2004) in order to predict the thrust coefficient. The utility of the model in simulating aquatic locomotion is also demonstrated, with vortex shedding suppressed at the leading edge of the swimming body.
Current issues concerning the epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract This discussion was selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from a transcription, it has been edited by Nathan M. Bass, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Lloyd H. Smith Jr, MD, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of Medicine.
Prairie cupgrass (Eriochloa contract) and windmillgrass (Chloris verticillata) response to glyphosate and acetyl-CoA carboxylase–inhibiting herbicides

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of glyphosate and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)–inhibiting herbicides sethoxydim, clethodim, and quizalofop on prairie cupgrass and windmillgrass. Herbicides were applied at seedling, tillering, and heading growth stages. In addition, a study to determine glyphosate absorption and translocation in both species was conducted. Herbicide treatments were glyphosate at 541, 841, and 1121 g ha−1 and sethoxydim, clethodim, and quizalofop at 350, 210, and 70 g ha−1, respectively. In general, control of prairie cupgrass and windmillgrass increased as the rate of glyphosate increased. In addition, windmillgrass was less susceptible to glyphosate at heading and seedling stages than was prairie cupgrass. Efficacy of all ACCase-inhibiting herbicides applied at any growth stage was equal to or greater than efficacy of the highest rate of glyphosate applied at the same stage. Furthermore, all herbicide treatments were more phytotoxic to prairie c...
On the propagation of a disturbance in a heterogeneous, deformable, porous medium saturated with two fluid phases

The coupled modeling of the flow of two immiscible fluid phases in a heterogeneous, elastic, porous material is formulated in a manner analogous to that for a single fluid phase. An asymptotic technique, valid when the heterogeneity is smoothly varying, is used to derive equations for the phase velocities of the various modes of propagation. A cubic equation is associated with the phase velocities of the longitudinal modes. The coefficients of the cubic equation are expressed in terms of sums of the determinants of 3 × 3 matrices whose elements are the parameters found in the governing equations. In addition to the three longitudinal modes, there is a transverse mode of propagation, a generalization of the elastic shear wave. Estimates of the phase velocities for a homogeneous medium, based upon the formulas in this paper, agree with previous studies. Furthermore, predictions of longitudinal and transverse phase velocities, made for the Massilon sandstone containing varying amounts of air and water, are compatible with laboratory observations.
38 – Liver Injury During Alcohol Use and Withdrawal

This chapter focuses on liver injuries and the regulation of inflammatory factors during alcohol use and alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is associated with neurological changes—such as delirium, epilepsy, and convulsions. However, the role of liver in this syndrome is not well defined. Immune suppression, increased susceptibility to microbial infections and trauma are also common manifestations during alcohol use. After prolonged withdrawal from alcohol, these pathophysiological changes may return to normal, although some abnormalities in immune competence may persist in the presence of overt alcoholic liver disease. Moreover, acute alcohol withdrawal, which can occur within hours, may have more important implications in conditions where trauma and infections are present. Individuals undergoing withdrawal may be more susceptible to sepsis, pulmonary infections, and the deleterious effects of trauma. Attempts to treat individuals undergoing alcohol withdrawal should also be carried out with caution because it may jeopardize the liver to further injury. Patients with alcoholic liver disease or alcoholic hepatitis are likely to be further compromised by the hepatocytotoxic potential of some of these agents, such as tetrabamate. Such condition could be more apparent in human subjects who are chronic alcoholics and are subjected to alcohol withdrawal.
Effects of immunomodulators on acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice

BACKGROUND Patients who recover from acute trypanosomiasis may succumb to chronic Chagas' disease later in life due to age related immunosuppression, immune system disorders such as AIDS, or during periods of immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation. In this study, effects of immunomodulators with diverse properties were examined on the course of an acute and lethal Trypanosoma cruzi infection. MATERIAL/METHODS ICR (Swiss) mice inoculated with Tulahuen (lethal) strain of T. cruzi were treated with 6 different immunomodulators and the course of infection was studied. RESULTS Tacrolimus (FK-506) and dexamethasone increased parasitemia in mice when compared to infected untreated animals. Mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443) and recombinant interleukin-15 (IL-15) treatment decreased the number of parasites but had no effect on animal survival. In contrast, compound L-685-818 (tacrolimus analog) and CD40 ligand (CD40L), provided protection against lethal infection. Mice that survived initial infection were all protected against reinfection. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the dangers of immunosuppression with tacrolimus and dexamethasone in T. cruzi infected subjects. While mycophenolate did not exacerbate the infection, our data suggest potential therapeutic applications for L-685-818 and CD40 ligand in trypanosomiasis.
Myth or fact: can women self-diagnose pregnancy?

283 women aged 16 through 28 years who requested a pregnancy test because of a late menses were studied at 3 health centers in New Brunswick New Jersey to determine the accuracy of a womans self-prediction of pregnancy before pregnancy test results and physical examination were known. 6 women wanted to be pregnant. 64 women had previous pregnancy experience. 98% of the sample had their last menses 60 days or less before requesting a pregnancy test. Each woman was asked to complete a comprehensive structured contraception and sexual history questionnaire which included questions on whether she believed she was pregnant and if subjective symptoms of pregnancy were present. All questionnaires were completed before the results of the pregnancy test (NeoCept) were available and before a physical examination was performed. Of the 283 pregnancy tests 118 (42%) were positive and 165 (58%) were negative. Of 118 women with positive pregnancy tests 92% were correct in stating they were pregnant. Women with previous pregnancy experience with 94% accurate. Of 105 women with negative pregnancy tests 57% incorrectly state they were pregnant; 64% with previous pregnancy experience incorrectly thought they were pregnant. Of the 283 women requesting pregnancy test 204 thought they were pregnant but only 109 (53%) had a positive pregnancy test. Of the 79 subjects who did not think they were pregnant 70 (89%) were correct and had negative pregnancy tests while 9 (11%) were inaccurate and were pregnant. Of the study population 64 women who had previoius pregnancy were not more accurate in their prediction of pregnancy than the rest of the group. Of the 118 subjects with positive pregnancy tests 59 (50%) felt pregnant as compared to 34 (21%) of the 165 women with negative pregnancy tests. 89 (44%) of the 204 women who thought they were pregnant had subjective symptoms of pregnancy. Of these 89 women 57 (29%) subsequently had a positive pregnancy test. Women who felt they were pregnant reported the higher percentage of unprotected intercourse (59% as compared to 36%). As expected women who thought they were pregnant and subsequently had a positive pregnancy test had the higher rate of unprotected intercourse (71%) and the higher percentage of failure to use contraceptive agents (16%) compared to 10%. In sum it apperars that self diagnosis is inaccurate in predicting pregnancy and physicians should not rely on history alone.
Preámbulo a Dios deseado y deseante

En los ultimos anos se viene sintiendo mas y mas incomodo el lector de Juan Ramon Jimenez, no tanto en su lectura de Animal de fondo como en su desconcierto frente a la critica. Se le exige que considere cierta parte de su poesia la "culminacion de su vida y obra", sin darsele pauta para medir culminaciones, ni prueba, ni demostracion. Cuando no se le habla de mistica o de ascetica, se le conmina a ver al menos "una teologia, cristalina de concepto y radiante de belleza" en lo que su ingenuidad sigue llamando sencillamente poesia. Le llega aparecer que, a menudo, los que auscultan la predominancia de lo teologico en el pulso divinizado de Jimenez no son otros que los que, no hace mucho, se ocupaban de alabar la religiosidad de modo para denigrarlo.
Regressor and disturbance have moments of all orders, least squares estimator has none

We construct an example in which the least squares estimator has unbounded bias and no moments, even though the regressor and disturbance have moments of all orders and are independently distributed across observations.
Phases and Phase Transitions in the First Few Layers of Methane, Argon and Krypton Adsorbed on Graphite

The equilibrium phase diagrams of monolayers of many substances adsorbed on graphite have long been studied as examples of 2-dimensional (2D) matter. One typically observes 2D gas and liquid phases, and solid phases that may be commensurate or incommensurate with the substrate lattice. Many experimental techniques have been used, but thermodynamic measurements are generally the most useful for tracing out phase boundaries. Recent advances in technique have made it possible to use thermodynamic measurements to study the phase diagrams of the second and higher layers, up to the fifth or sixth. These advances include ultra high resolution scanning calorimetry, and a detailed understanding of the role of capillary condensation in corners and pores of the graphite foam substrate. We find a rich array of phases and phase transitions in multilayer methane, argon and krypton. The second and third layers typically have distinct 2D gas, liquid and solid phases evidenced by 2D triple points and critical points. We observe phase transitions between solid phases that are commensurate and incommensurate with the layer below. We also observe melting of the first layer at higher temperatures, even when one to five additional layers are adsorbed on top of it. In argon and krypton, but not in methane, a strange new phenomenon is observed at temperatures above the gas-liquid critical point of the nth layer for n> 3. Below that temperature, nthlayer gas coexists with a condensed nth layer. At some temperature above it, a new coexistence region is observed in which a partial nth layer coexists with a partial n + 1st layer. This behavior is thought to be evidence for a theoretically predicted phase transition of the bulk interface, called the preroughening transition.
Abstract LB-264: A novel therapeutic strategy to effectively target glioblastoma stem cells using biochemical mechanism-based drug combination

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor. Although this disease can be treated with surgery and radiotherapy/chemotherapy, the therapeutic outcomes for many patients are still unsatisfactory due in part to high incident of tumor recurrence. Recent studies suggest that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are resistant to anticancer agents and may remain as residual cancer cells after therapy, leading to disease recurrence. Moreover, GSCs may reside in a hypoxic tissue vironment that induces survival signals such as HIF-1, rendering them more resistant to chemotherapy. Thus, developing new therapy to effectively eliminate GSCs is an important and challenging task. Based on our recent observations that cancer stem cells have low mitochondrial respiration and prefer hypoxic environment to maintain stemness, we hypothesized that GSCs might be more dependent on glycolytic pathway in cytosol for ATP generation due to their low ability to produce ATP in the mitochondria, and that inhibition of glycolysis would be highly effective in blocking energy supply in GSCs, rendering them sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents. To test this hypothesis, two GSC lines (GSC11 and GSC23) with a high expression of CD133, derived from the tumor tissues of glioblastoma patients by selection in stem cell culture, were used in this study. These two cell lines exhibited high resistance to conventional drugs such as temozolomide (TMZ) and carmustine (BCNU), even at high drug concentrations, as evidenced by a lack of growth inhibition in the MTS assay and absence of cell death in flowcytometry analysis (annexin-V/PI double staining) when they were treated with up to 500uM TMZ or 100uM BCNU. Such drug resistance was especially prominent under hypoxis. In contrast, these cancer stem cells were sensitive to glycolytic inhibition, which effectively kill GSCs, especially under hypoxia. Importantly, combination of a glycolytic inhibitor at a moderate toxic concentration significantly enhanced the cytotoxic activity of 100 uM BCNU and caused massive cell death in GSCs under hypoxia. This highly synergistic effect was consistently observed in both GSC11 and GSC23 cells. Interestingly, combination of glycolytic inhibition and TMZ did not show significant enhancement of cytotoxicity, suggesting that the synergy observed in case of BCNU was due to a mechanism unique to this drug that was enhanced by the ATP depletion induced by glycolytic inhibition. Our study has identified a novel strategy to effectively kill glioblastoma stem cells based on their metabolic features, and suggest that such mechanism-based drug combination may have significant therapeutic implication in treatment of cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-264.
Inclusive neutral-strange-particle production in π − p interactions at 15 GeV / c

A study of the inclusive production of ${K}_{S}^{0}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, and $\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions at 15 GeV / c is presented. Inclusive cross sections for single neutral strange particles and neutral-strange-particle pairs are given. Longitudinal- and transverse-momentum distributions of the produced particles are presented. The average charged multiplicities of the systems recoiling against the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and the ${K}_{S}^{0}$ are compared and the results analyzed in the framework of a simple model. The $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ polarization is found to be in good agreement with $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ production from other strangeness-nonannihilating processes. Production of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}'\mathrm{s}$ in the target fragmentation region is studied in the framework of the triple-Regge-pole-exchange model. The cross section for inclusive ${K}^{*+}(890)$ production has been measured as 195 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 35 \ensuremath{\mu}b, and the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}(1385)$ inclusive cross section has been found to be 174 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 25 \ensuremath{\mu}b. The ${K}^{*+}(890)$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}(1385)$ differential cross sections as functions of rapidity and transverse momentum are presented and discussed.
Research Development of in Vitro Breeding and Fast Propagation of Paeonia spp.

The research development of in vitro propagation of Paeonia spp. was reviewed, including callus culture, embryo culture, anther culture, pollen culture and organ culture and so on. It was advocated that tissue culture and other fast propagation measures should be applied to promoting industrialization of peony cultivation, appropriate methods should be explored to improve rooting ratio and transplanting survival rate of tube plantlets, and some other suggestions were put forward in the paper.
Piracy as Labour Struggle

This paper examines the organization of digital piracy in the context of reshaping labor under neoliberalism. It discusses the practices by which enclosures of intellectual property are resisted by drawing from literature on the labor process, and examining the historical emergence of piratical practice on electronic bulletin board systems. These pirates sought, above all, to preserve autonomous, self-managed working conditions in the face of tendencies to commodify, enclose, and deskill.
Exploiting design-for-debug for flexible SoC security architecture

Systematic implementation of System-on-Chip (SoC) security policies typically involves smart wrappers extracting local security critical events of interest from Intellectual Property (IP) blocks, together with a control engine that communicates with the wrappers to analyze the events for policy adherence. However, developing customized wrappers at each IP for security requirements may incur significant overhead in area and hardware resources. In this paper, we address this problem by exploiting the extensive design-for-debug (DfD) instrumentation already available on-chip. In addition to reduction in the overall hardware overhead, the approach also adds flexibility to the security architecture itself, e.g., permitting use of on-field DfD instrumentation, survivability and control hooks to patch security policy implementation in response to bugs and attacks found at post-silicon or changing security requirements on-field. We show how to design scalable interface between security and debug architectures that provides the benefits of flexibility to security policy implementation without interfering with existing debug and survivability use cases and at minimal additional cost in energy and design complexity.
Role of atrial natriuretic peptide in sodium balance in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Sodium and fluid intake were precisely regulated by 3 days of infusion of 0.07, 0.35, or 3.5 mu eq Na/min at rates of 25, 50, or 100 microliters/min in nine groups of conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). At each level of sodium and volume intake, the acute depressor and renal responses to three doses of exogenous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-(99-126) were determined in conscious, unrestrained SHR. The natriuretic responses to the highest dose of ANP-(99-126) (150 pmol/min) were independent of the rate of fluid infusion but were highly dependent on the sodium intake. The maximal increases in sodium excretion averaged 0.9 +/- 0.5 (253%), 2.6 +/- 0.5 (302%), and 15.4 +/- 2.1 mu eq.kg-1.min-1 (577%) in SHR maintained on 0.07, 0.35, and 3.5 mu eq Na/min, respectively. In addition, the diuretic but not the depressor responses to ANP-(99-126) were dependent on the sodium intake and were unrelated to the rate of fluid delivery. In separate groups of SHR, 3 days of infusions of 3.5 mu eq Na/min at 25 and 100 microliters/min significantly elevated plasma ANP from 89 +/- 16 to 200 +/- 60 and 159 +/- 24 fmol/ml, respectively. In conclusion, high sodium intake enhanced the renal responses to exogenous ANP-(99-126) despite increases in endogenous peptide concentrations in conscious SHR.