cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational effects on optical rotation. 2-Substituted butanes.

The specific rotations of 2-substituted butanes (X = F, Cl, CN, and HCC) were calculated at the B3LYP/ aug-cc-pVDZ level as a function of the C-C-C-C torsion angle. The results for the four compounds are remarkably similar, despite large differences in the electronic transition energies. The temperature dependence of the specific rotations for 2-methylbutyronitrile and for 2-chlorobutane was studied to give experimental information about the effect of the torsion angle on the specific rotation. The results were in good accord with B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations. The specific rotations derived from the study of 2-chlorobutane are similar to those previously obtained for 3-chloro-1-butene, indicating that the double bond does not have a large effect on the optical rotations, but it did lead to a large difference between calculated and observed specific rotations.
Basic Compensation for Victims of Climate Change

Global climate change is the greatest environmental challenge facing the world today. The most urgent issue is how to prevent further accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that will only fuel the process. The next priority is to implement adaptive measures, limiting harm to the extent that climate change cannot be avoided. Some degree of climate change is inevitable, imposing substantial cost to society in the form of direct harm and adaptation expenses. It is not too soon to begin considering how these costs will be allocated. In particular, we should begin to consider whether some of the damages should be shifted from victims of climate change to responsible parties, such as large-scale emitters of GHGs. The reality is that, whatever mitigation measures are adopted, a significant degree of climate change seems unavoidable. The best
Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 71

Sabeeha S. Merchant, Wilhelm Gruissem, and Donald R. Ort, eds. 2020. Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 71. (ISBN-13: 978-0-8243-0671-7, hbk). Annual Reviews, Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. (Orders: annualreviews.org, science@annualreviews.org), $118.00 US, 789 pp., 9½" × 7½".
How did language evolve in the lineage of higher primates

Abstract Speech components emerged in the hominin lineage before the rise of modern human behavior and were already in place in monkey species. Evidence from genetics to archaeological records points to an accumulative increase of those computational properties required for modern language. At about 2.4 mya, the polytypical species Homo erectus sensu lato (s.l.) appeared with significant cortical growth indicated by neural migration factors and fossil skulls. The evidence suggests that early Homo erectus s.l. was equipped with a computational capacity for premodern language. The same species developed Acheulean toolmaking and showed signs of a symbolic and aesthetic mind at about half a mya. We conclude that the modern language capacity evolved at around 1 mya in the merging species late Homo erectus s.l. and pre-archaic Homo sapiens.
FlowTriever Retrieval System for the treatment of pulmonary embolism: overview of its safety and efficacy.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. There has been little change in PE mortality rates over the past two decades making this an appealing area for innova...
Pilot Implementation of School-Based Behavioral Parent Training: Outcomes and Acceptability

Many children demonstrate challenging behaviors, which can pose a risk for future behavior problems and negatively impact caregivers and teachers. Behavioral parent training (BPT) is an evidence-based practice that can prevent the negative outcomes associated with early disruptive behaviors. This intervention is primarily offered in clinic settings and thus may not reach the families who need it most. Schools may be a logical point of proactive family-focused intervention, given that implementation in schools may serve to overcome barriers associated with insurance, transportation, or stigma around mental health services. Unfortunately, there are few evaluations of BPT in schools, and most school-based programs include children directly in intervention with few specifically focusing on supporting caregivers. Our study shares acceptability and outcome data from a pilot evaluation of a BPT program titled Helping Our Toddlers, Developing Our Children’s Skills (HOT DOCS) implemented in a school setting with 25 caregivers. A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design was used to answer questions about caregiver- and child-related outcomes of the intervention and to examine acceptability and feasibility from the perspectives of caregivers and HOT DOCS co-facilitators. Results demonstrated decreased frequency and intensity of child challenging behavior, lower child-parent conflict, and reductions in parenting stress. We also had high acceptability ratings, positive qualitative feedback from caregivers and co-facilitators, and lower attrition than most clinic-based implementations of HOT DOCS. These pilot results suggest that school-based BPT is feasible and effective, and that further evaluation of the training and resources necessary for full implementation by school professionals are important.
Microbiota-specific T follicular helper cells drive tertiary lymphoid structures and anti-tumor immunity against colorectal cancer.

Summary The composition of the intestinal microbiota is associated with both the development of tumors and the efficacy of anti-tumor immunity. Here, we examined the impact of microbiota-specific T cells in anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) immunity. Introduction of Helicobacter hepaticus (Hhep) in a mouse model of CRC did not alter the microbial landscape but increased tumor infiltration by cytotoxic lymphocytes and inhibited tumor growth. Anti-tumor immunity was independent of CD8+ T cells but dependent upon CD4+ T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Hhep colonization induced Hhep-specific T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, increased the number of colon Tfh cells, and supported the maturation of Hhep+ tumor-adjacent tertiary lymphoid structures. Tfh cells were necessary for Hhep-mediated tumor control and immune infiltration, and adoptive transfer of Hhep-specific CD4+ T cells to Tfh cell-deficient Bcl6fl/flCd4Cre mice restored anti-tumor immunity. Thus, introduction of immunogenic intestinal bacteria can promote Tfh-associated anti-tumor immunity in the colon, suggesting therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CRC.
Solar Ultraviolet Instrumentation

The ultraviolet is the only waveband in which the entire outer solar atmosphere, from chromosphere to corona, can be accessed. After examining the types of ultraviolet observations necessary to determine morphology and the state variables of the atmospheric plasma, I review very briefly some of the solar ultraviolet instrumentation of the last two decades. Among recent developments of note are changing detector technologies, multilayer coatings for high-resolution imaging at short wavelengths, and “solar-blind” optics.
Microstructures of Inconel 718 by Selective Laser Melting

In this study, the microstructures of Inconel 718 fabricated from the selective laser melting (SLM) process were experimentally investigated. Specimens with different build heights were prepared for microstructural observations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope. In general, columnar γ dendrites are found along the build direction from the X-plane (side surface), while the microstructure of Z-plane (scanning surface) is characterized by equiaxed grains. The microstructures vary along the build height; the top layers present coarse columnar dendrites while the bottom layers show much narrower and uniformly distributed columnar dendrites owing to a very high cooling rate. The top layers also present the combination of a γ matrix and a higher percentage of the Laves phase. On the other hand, the bottom layers show a much less Laves phase due to, again, a higher cooling rate.
Teaching Secondary School Mathematics: Techniques and Enrichment Units

1. The Mathematics Teacher Today. 2. Planning Lessons, Assigning Homework and Using Cooperative Learning. 3. Teaching More Effective Lessons. 4. The Role of Problem Solving Strategies in Teaching Mathematics. 5. Using Technology to Enhance Mathematics Instruction. 6. Alternative Student Assessments and Grading Strategies. 7. Enriching Mathematics Instruction. 8. Extra-Curricular Activities in Mathematics. 9. The Learning Environment, Teacher Sensitivity and Mathematics Teachers as Professionals. Enrichment Units for the Secondary School Classroom.
TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON VENTIFACT DEVELOPMENT, MOJAVE DESERT, CALIFORNIA

I nvestigations into processes of ventifact formation in the east-central Mojave Desert, California confirm the importance of topography as a control in the location, orientation, and intensity of ventifact abrasion. Ventifacts in the region appear to be relict in nature and probably formed during a period that ended several thousand years ago. Comparison of groove orientations with available wind data shows that regional flow direction has not changed in the recent past. Although west to northwest winds are the most frequent and intense, and therefore dictate the regional erosion pattern, low to moderate southeasterly flow is recorded on ventifacts near the crests of hills owing to the effects of velocity acceleration. Two conditions that affect ventifact development are considered in this paper: (1) wind acceleration through topographic constrictions; and (2) wind acceleration up the windward flanks of hills. Constrictions in the Barstow-Bristol trough allowed velocity increases that resulted in ventifa...
The Land Has Memory: Indigenous Knowledge, Native Landscapes, and the National Museum of the American Indian

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2009 Pages: 184 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press ISBN: 978-0-8078-3264-6 (hard cover). Prices: $45.00 USD(hard cover).
Bottom-quark production from muon-jet and dimuon events in p{bar p}-interactions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV

Bottom quark production in p{bar p}-interactions has been measured in the rapidity range {vert_bar} y{sup b} {vert_bar} < 1 with the DO detector at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The cross section is determined from events containing a muon and jets as well as from dimuon events. Preliminary results are presented based on 197 nb{sup {minus}1} and 6.4 pb{sup {minus}1} of data for the muon-jets and dimuon analysis, respectively, and are compared to next-to-leading order QCD predictions. The measurements are consistent within errors and are in reasonable agreement with QCD predictions.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Update on Treatment Options with a Focus on Novel Therapies

There is evidence that improved treatments of malignant pleural mesothelioma are increasing the quality and quantity of life for patients with mesothelioma. Multimodality treatment programs that combine maximal surgical cytoreduction with novel forms of radiation therapy and more effective chemotherapy combinations may offer significant increases in survival for certain subgroups of patients with mesothelioma. Lung-sparing surgery may allow improvements in pulmonary function after surgery-based multimodality therapy, and potential longer overall survival than that seen with extrapleural pneumonectomy. Experimental treatments provide hope for all patients with mesothelioma, and in the future may be combined with standard therapy in multimodality protocols.
On the Performance of Transparent MPI Piggyback Messages

Many tools, including performance analysis tools, tracing libraries and application level checkpointers, add piggyback data to messages. However, transparently implementing this functionality on top of MPI is not trivial and can severely reduce application performance. We study three transparent piggyback implementations on multiple production platforms and demonstrate that all are inefficient for some application scenarios. Overall, our results show that efficient piggyback support requires mechanisms within the MPI implementation and, thus, the interface should be extended to support them.
Radioactive Materials Sensors

Providing technical means to detect, prevent, and reverse the threat of potential illicit use of radiological or nuclear materials is among the greatest challenges facing contemporary science and technology. In this short article, we provide brief description and overview of the state-of-the-art in sensor development for the detection of radioactive materials, as well as an identification of the technical needs and challenges faced by the detection community. We begin with a discussion of gamma-ray and neutron detectors and spectrometers, followed by a description of imaging sensors, active interrogation, and materials development, before closing with a brief discussion of the unique challenges posed in fielding sensor systems.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Inhibit Rhabdomyosarcoma by Reactive Oxygen Species–Dependent Targeting of Specificity Protein Transcription Factors

The two major types of rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are predominantly diagnosed in children, namely embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) RMS and patients are treated with cytotoxic drugs which results in multiple toxic side effects later in life. Therefore, development of innovative chemotherapeutic strategies is imperative and a recent genomic analysis suggested the potential efficacy of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing agents. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of the potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, panobinostat and vorinostat, as agents that inhibit RMS tumor growth in vivo, induce apoptosis, and inhibit invasion of RD and Rh30 RMS cell lines. These effects are due to epigenetic repression of cMyc which leads to decreased expression of cMyc-regulated miRs-17, -20a and -27a, upregulation of ZBTB4, ZBTB10 and ZBTB34 and subsequent downregulation of Sp transcription factors. We also show that inhibition of RMS cell growth, survival and invasion and repression of Sp transcription factors by the HDAC inhibitors is independent of histone acetylation but reversible after cotreatment with the antioxidant glutathione. These results show a novel ROS-dependent mechanism of antineoplastic activity for panobinostat and vorinostat that lies outside of their canonical HDAC inhibitory activity and demonstrates the potential clinical utility for treating RMS patients with ROS-inducing agents.
Dynamics of fast synaptic excitation during trains of stimulation in myenteric neurons of guinea-pig ileum.

Abstract Fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) occur in bursts in the myenteric plexus during evoked motor reflexes in the guinea-pig ileum in vitro. This study used electrophysiological methods to study fEPSPs during stimulus trains to mimic bursts of synaptic activity in vitro. The amplitude of fEPSPs or fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) declined (rundown) during stimulus trains at frequencies of 0.5, 5, 10 and 20 Hz. At 0.5 Hz, fEPSP or fEPSC amplitude declined by 50% after the first stimulus but remained constant for the remainder of the train. At 5, 10 and 20 Hz, synaptic responses ran down completely with time constants of 0.35, 0.21 and 0.11 s, respectively. Recovery from rundown occurred with a time constant of 7 s. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, or PPADS, a P2X receptor antagonist, reduced fEPSP amplitude, but they had no effect on rundown. Responses caused by trains of ionophoretically applied ATP or ACh (to mimic fEPSPs) did not rundown. Blockade of presynaptic inhibitory muscarinic, adenosine A 1 , opioid, α 2 -adrenergic and 5-HT 1A receptors or pertussis toxin (PTX) treatment did not alter rundown. Antidromic action potentials followed a 10-Hz stimulus train. Iberiotoxin (100 nM), a blocker of large conductance calcium activated K + (BK) channels, did not alter rundown. These data suggest that synaptic rundown is not due to: (a) action potential failure; (b) nicotinic or P2X receptor desensitization; (c) presynaptic inhibition mediated by pertussis-toxin sensitive G-proteins, or (d) BK channel activation. Synaptic rundown is likely due to depletion of a readily releasable pool (RRP) of neurotransmitter.
Some Economic Implications of Atomic Energy

Scope of the inquiry, 202. — I. Costs in generating power: inadequacy of the data available, 204; two estimates, 205; comparison with conventional power plants, 209; implications, 211. — II. Effects on real output, 213; on household consumption, 215. — Effects on the location of industry: diminished significance of agricultural differentials, 216; power differentials, 217; classification of large users of fuel and power, 218; effects on each, 218. — General considerations: concentration of industry, 222; technical inflexibilities in production, 224; cultural and institutional elements, 224; dynamic forces, 226.
The cultural approach of ethnopsychiatry: A review and critique

Abstract Ethnopsychiatrists have consistently maintained that the perceptions, inclinations, and behavior of mentally ill persons are never a simple reflection of their illness: the mentally ill tend to behave in some ways in some cultural contexts and in other ways in others. This pathoplasticity shows, we are told, that abnormality is, primarily, the manifestation of a phenotype, not a genotype. Hence, any diagnosis and treatment of the affected individual must be grounded in some knowledge of the environment within which he or she functions. Postulating the existence of such an intimate and harmonious connection between psychopathology and social conditions, however, overlooks a pivotal distinction: while it is true that local norms and values can and do affect most neurotic presentations, those same standards have at best a marginal influence on psychotic reactions. Some pathogenic features are so overwhelming that they will be expressed in any environment. Accordingly, I conclude, we shall have progressed significantly in our understanding of the nature of mental disorders once we begin to associate neuroses with culture and psychoses with biology.
Chronic Oral Administration of CG-3703, a Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Analog, Increases Wake and Decreases Cataplexy in Canine Narcolepsy

The effects on cataplexy and daytime sleep of acute and chronic oral administration of CG-3703, a potent TRH analog were assessed in canine narcolepsy. CG-3703 was found to be orally active and to reduce cataplexy (0.25 to 16 mg/kg) and sleep (8 and 16 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Two-week oral administration of CG-3703 (16 mg/kg) significantly reduced cataplexy and daytime sleep. The anticataplectic effects of CG-3703 were not associated with changes in general behavior, heart rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature, blood chemistry and thyroid function. Although drug tolerance for the effects on cataplexy and sleep were observed during the second week of chronic drug administration, therapeutic efficacy on cataplexy was improved with individual dose adjustment (final dose range: 16 to 28 mg/kg, p.o.). These results suggest that TRH analogs could be a promising new form of treatment for human narcolepsy.
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF AUTOREGRESSIVE TIME SERIES VIA THE GIBBS SAMPLER

Abstract. Applications of the Gibbs Sampler in time series analysis are considered. We show that the sampler applies nicely to various problems in analyzing autoregressive processes and, in many cases, it enjoys certain advantages over the traditional methods. The problems considered include random level-shift models, outliers and missing values. Real examples are used to illustrate the analysis.
A new photosensitizer. The artificial sweetener cyclamate.

The artificial sweetener, calcium cyclamate, now can be included with those chemicals known to be photosensitizing. This side effect of cyclamate probably is rare and previously has been documented only in Japan. The mechanism of the photosensitivity probably is photoallergy rather than phototoxicity.
The role of cephalocentesis in modern obstetrics.

Abstract Objective: Destructive procedures to permit vaginal delivery of the fetus with hydrocephalus are rarely performed. Study Design: We performed intrapartum cephalocentesis in 3 cases in which alobar holoprosencephaly was diagnosed in the third trimester. Results: All 3 fetuses were stillborn. Two delivered vaginally, and one delivered abdominally with a lower uterine incision. Conclusions: A reappraisal of the proper role of cephalocentesis in modern obstetrics is offered. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185: 734-6.)
Synthesis of 2, 3-Benzo-1-oxaoctem-4-carboxylic Acid

The recently reported syntheses of 2,3-benzo-fused-1-oxacephems1,2,3 prompts us to report work done in our laboratories directed toward the synthesis of the methyl ester (6a)1 and the title acid (6...
On Simplified Fast Modal Analysis for Through Silicon Vias in Layered Media Based Upon Full-Wave Solutions

Based on equivalent magnetic frill array model and Galerkin's procedure, we present a simplified full-wave algorithm to characterize the propagation behavior and signal integrity of massive number of through silicon vias (TSV) for the 3-D system-in-package (SIP) and system-on-chip (SOC) applications. The proposed method employs the Fourier transform and takes advantage of circular cylindrical shapes with Bessel's functions and the addition theorem to solve the Helmholtz equations without resorting numerical discretization. As a result, it provides closed form solutions with high precision. Since the algorithm does not rely on numerically generated meshes, it gains one to two orders of magnitude in speed, compared to popular commercial software packages. Numerical examples demonstrate that the new method provides good agreement with the HFSS results. As the number of vias increases the new method gains more in both speed and accuracy.
Effects of glucosamine, 2-deoxyglucose, and tunicamycin on glycosylation, sulfation, and assembly of influenza viral proteins

The effects of glucosamine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), and tunicamycin (TM) on influenza viral glycoproteins was investigated. The electrophoretic mobility of the hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide progressively increased with increasing concentration of glucosamine, accompanied by a decrease in the incorporation of [3H]fucose into the glycoprotein. However, a significant amount of the label was detected in association with HA even when cells were treated with glucosamine concentrations as high as 40 mM In this case, the peak of [3H]fucose label associated with HA was distinct from HA0 (HA in which glycosylation is maximally inhibited by a given inhibitor)2 detected with labeled amino acid precursors; the former showed slower electrophoretic mobility than the latter, indicating that HA glycoproteins produced in the presence of glucosamine are heterogeneous with respect to the extent of glycosylation. Analysis of the smooth cytoplasmic membrane fraction showed that a significant amount of 35SO4−2 was also incorporated into HA polypeptides synthesized in cells treated with 40 mM glucosamine; the peak of 35S label coincided with that of [3H]fucose label rather than HA0. When cells were treated with increasing concentrations of 2-DG, the incorporation of 35SO4−2 2 into HA decreased in parallel with that of [3H]glucosamine, and no incorporation of either label was detected in cells treated with 10 mM 2-DG. TM completely inhibited the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into viral glycoproteins at a concentration as low as 0.29 μM. Although HA0 was not resolved in whole cells treated with TM, it was clearly resolved in isolated smooth membrane fractions. No 35S04−2 label was detected in the HA0 protein. The presence of HA0 in smooth membranes of TM-treated cells suggests that neither glycosylation nor sulfation is essential for membrane association or migration of HA from rough to smooth membranes. It also appears that such modifications of HA are not required for integration of the protein into plasma membranes since HA0 was detected in plasma membranes isolated from both 2-DG and TM-treated cells. Formation of virus particles was observed in the presence of 2-DG, although the yield was markedly reduced. Such particles were found to possess aberrant glycoproteins, and their hemagglutinating activity was significantly lower than that of control virions. Particles without hemagglutinating activity were also produced by TM-treated cells. Analysis of polypeptides of these particles showed that they contain unglycosylated proteins but lack any detectable glycoproteins.
Vaccine potential of a live avirulent herpes simplex virus

Abstract We previously described a herpes simplex intertypic recombinant that is completely and specifically non-neurovirulent following intracranial inoculation. 1, 2 In this report the vaccine potential of this mutant (RE6) is analyzed. It is shown that RE6 replicates to wild type levels at the peripheral site of inoculation (the mouse footpad) but, unlike its virulent parental strains, does not replicate to detectable levels in lumbosacral ganglia. A single vaccination with RE6 is sufficient to completely protect mice against subsequent challenge with either HSV-1 or HSV-2. However, this agent establishes latent infections efficiently, and is fully neurovirulent for newborn mice.
Community residence on discharge from a medium secure unit: where have all the patients gone?

There is little research into the patterns of residence of patients leaving forensic psychiatric services. This paper reports the findings of a retrospective review of records of all discharges from the Norvic Clinic between 1984 and 2006, conducted to determine the area of residence of patients discharged from this medium secure unit, and the factors contributing. Patients lived considerably closer to the clinic on discharge than they had on admission, and this increase was concentrated in a few geographical areas; also, 76% of patients moved area at some point, and this was more common after longer admissions and for patients admitted from high secure hospitals or subject to restriction orders. Patients were discharged disproportionately to localities immediately surrounding the clinic. The possible effects on local services, and the need for resource allocation to allow for this, are discussed.
Intracellular expression of the anti-erbB-2 sFv N29 fails to accomplish efficient target modulation

The use of intracellular single chain antibodies has recently emerged as a highly efficient method of down-regulating or ablating protein expression. In this regard, we have demonstrated that a single chain antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the erbB-2 molecule causes a specific toxicity in erbB-2 positive tumor types. To further investigate the mechanism of this effect, we developed a second anti-erbB-2 sFv predicted to recognize an alternate extracellular epitope of the erbB-2 molecule. When produced as a secreted protein from the erbB-2 negative COS-1 cell line, this sFv binds specifically to erbB-2 positive cells, indicating that cellular machinery is able to produce a properly folded and functional sFv protein. However, by several assays, this sFv was shown to be unable to retain the erbB-2 protein within the ER. These negative results have implications for the evaluation and utilization of sFv knockout strategies in experimental contexts.
Metaphysical necessity: understanding, truth and epistemology

This paper presents an account of the understanding of statements involving metaphysical modality, together with dovetailing theories of their truth conditions and epistemology. The account makes modal truth an objective matter, whilst avoiding both Lewisian modal realism and mind-dependent or expressivist treatments of the truth conditions of modal sentences. The theory proceeds by formulating constraints a world-description must meet if it is to represent a genuine possibility. Modal truth is fixed by the totality of the constraints. To understand modal discourse is to have tacit knowledge of the body of information stated in these constraints. Modal knowledge is attained by evaluating modal statements in accordance with the constraints. The question of the general relations between modal truth and knowability is also addressed. The paper includes a discussion of which modal logic is supported by the presented theory of truth conditions for modal statements. © Oxford University Press 1997.
On vertical drift velocities of the F2-layer

Abstract The vertical drift velocities of the F 2-layer are calculated approximately from the N(z,t) measured curves. A correlation between the calculated velocities and the velocity of the position of the 0·9 N max is shown and discussed.
Localization of HMG chromosomal proteins in the nucleus and cytoplasm by microinjection of functional antibody fragments into living fibroblasts

We have used microinjection and cell fractionation to localize the chromosomal high mobility group proteins (HMG) in human fibroblasts. Electrophoretic analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from the fibroblasts indicates that the concentration of HMG-1,2 in the cytoplasm is 2.9 times larger than in the nucleus indicating that the majority of the cellular HMG-1,2 is present in the cytoplasm. In contrast, HMG-17 remains predominant in the nuclear fraction. We conclude that the cellular distribution of HMG-1,2 is significantly different from that of HMG-17. To avoid possible artifacts due to cell fractionation, fluoresceinated HMG-1 and HMG antibodies were microinjected into living fibroblasts. The cellular distribution of the injected proteins was monitored using fluorescent microscopy. Fluoresceinated HMG-1 microinjected into the cytoplasm moves very rapidly into the nucleus and concentrates in the nucleolus of living human fibroblasts. However, some control non-nuclear proteins also migrated into the nucleus raising the possibility that exogenous injected proteins do not always distribute in the same pattern as the endogenous proteins. The localization of microinjected F(ab)2 fragments derived from anti-HMG-1 was compared to that of microinjected F(ab)2 derived from anti-histones. Whereas the anti-histone F(ab)2 when injected into the cytoplasm migrated into the nucleus, the anti-HMG-1 F(ab)2 remained in the cytoplasm. Microinjection of anti-HMG-17 and anti-histone inhibited transcription in living cells, anti-HMG-1,2 did not. We conclude that HMG-1,2 proteins are present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of living fibroblasts.
Granular parakeratosis: Resolution with topical tretinoin

Abstract Granular parakeratosis is an unusual acquired dermatosis characterized by intertriginous keratotic papules. Histologic examination shows parakeratosis with large numbers of basophilic keratohyaline granules within the stratum corneum. We report a case of a granular parakeratosis of the axilla that cleared rapidly with topical administration of tretinoin. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:S279-80.)
Gene expression and biological processes influenced by deletion of Stat3 in pulmonary type II epithelial cells

Background The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediates gene expression in response to numerous growth factors and cytokines, playing an important role in many cellular processes. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which Stat3 influences gene expression in the lung, the effect of pulmonary epithelial cell specific deletion of Stat3 on genome wide mRNA expression profiling was assessed. Differentially expressed genes were identified from Affymetrix Murine GeneChips analysis and subjected to gene ontology classification, promoter analysis, pathway mapping and literature mining.
Voyages of Discovery on Oceans of Air: Scientific Observation and the Image of Science in an Age of "Balloonacy"

Au XIX e siecle, Glaisher (J.) et les associations britanniques ont tente de valider le ballon comme un outil de decouvertes permettant d'effectuer des observations et de developper la science victorienne dans ses dimensions morales et culturelles
A highly reduced cyanogen ligand derived from cyanide reductive coupling

The synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic features of a bimetallic cyanogen complex obtained from the reductive coupling of cyanide by a niobium(IV) precursor are described, and a mechanism for the coupling reaction is proposed based on DFT calculations.
Comparative risk aversion

Abstract Even when some risk prospects have no certain equivalents, increases in risk aversion are equivalent to concave transformations of the utility function. Strict or sharp increases in risk aversion correspond to concave and non-linear or strictly concave transformations, respectively.
Influence of the interphase on block copolymer thermodynamics: Extension of the leary model

Theorie thermodynamique. Previsions du modele: epaisseur de l'interphase, temperature de separation et distance de repetition
Spatial Statistics in the Presence of Location Error with an Application to Remote Sensing of the Environment

Techniques for the analysis of spatial data have, to date, tended to ignore any effect caused by error in specifying the spatial locations at which measurements are recorded. This paper reviews the methods for adjusting spatial inference in the presence of data-location error, particularly for data that have a continuous spatial index (geostatistical data). New kriging equations are developed and evaluated based on a simulation experiment. They are also applied to remote-sensing data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer instrument on the Nimbus-7 satellite, where the location error is caused by assignment of the data to their nearest grid-cell centers. The remote-sensing data measure total column ozone (TCO), which is important for protecting the Earth's surface from ultraviolet and other radiation.
Optimal Sizes of Farms under Varying Tenure Forms, Including Renting, Ownership, State, and Collective Structures

Variants in tenure forms cause a range of optimal farm sizes in countries of various stages of economic development. Aside from capital restraints, however, modifications can be made in cost functions associated with each tenure form. The optimal use of inputs and farm size then is theoretically the same for individually operated farms. In the case of private, state, and cooperative farms, however, the same resolution is not possible in the short run. If the objective of the cooperative farm is maximum profit per member, this tenure form always has an optimal size smaller than a private or state farm.
Optimization of optode arrangements for diffuse optical tomography: A singular-value analysis

We develope a method to optimize the resolution of diffuse optical tomographic instruments. Singular-value analysis of the tomographic weight matrix associated with specific data types, geometries, and optode arrangements is shown to provide a measure of image resolution. We achieve optimization of device configuration by monitoring the resolution measure described. We introduce this idea and demonstrate its utility by optimizing the spatial sampling interval and field-of-view parameters in the parallel-plane transmission geometry employed for diffuse optical breast imaging. We also compare resolution in transmission and remission geometries.
Farey Nets and Multidimensional Continued Fractions.

A multidimensional continued fraction algorithm is a generalization of the ordinary continued fraction algorithm which approximates a vector η=(y1,...,yn) by a sequence of vectors\(\left( {\frac{{a_{j,1} }}{{a_{j,n + 1} }}, \ldots ,\frac{{a_{j,n} }}{{a_{j,n + 1} }}} \right)\). If 1,y1,...,yn are linearly independent over the rationals, then we say that the expansion of η isstrongly convergent if $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{j \to \infty } \left| {\left( {\frac{{a_{j,1} }}{{a_{j,n + 1} }}, \ldots ,\frac{{a_{j,n} }}{{a_{j,n + 1} }}} \right) - \eta } \right| = 0.$$ This means that the algorithm converges at an asymptotically faster rate than would be guaranteed just by picking a denominator at random.
Backscattering spectrometry with 4He, 14C, 14N, 40Ar and 84Kr analysis beams with energies 1.5–5.0 MeV

Abstract The resolution of a silicon surface-barrier detector (Ortec BA-14-25-100) has been measured for analysis beams of 4He, 12C, 14N, 40Ar and 84Kr (in the 1.5–5.0 MeV energy range) backscattered from a thin ( ∼ 30 A ) Ta film. These measured values of the detector resolution were used in the calculation of mass resolution vs target mass curves for analysis beam energies 2, 5 and 10 MeV. Tabulated values of energy loss for the analysis ions in the target material were used with the measured values of detector resolution to calculate depth resolution vs beam energy curves for target materials Ta, Ni and Nb. The results are generally disappointing; there appears to be no major advantage to be gained by use of these heavier-than-4He analysis beams in this energy region.
Mutations in ATP-cassette binding proteins G5 (ABCG5) and G8 (ABCG8) causing sitosterolemia.

Sitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in two adjacent genes encoding coordinately regulated ATP binding cassette (ABC) half transporters (ABCG5 and ABCG8). In this paper we describe three novel mutations causing sitosterolemia: 1) a frameshift mutation (c.336-337insA) in ABCG5 that results in premature termination of the protein at amino acid 197; 2) a missense mutation that changes a conserved residue c.1311C>G; N437K) in ABCG5 and 3) a splice site mutation in ABCG8 (IVS1-2A>G). This study expands the spectrum of the ABCG5 and ABCG8 mutations that cause sitosterolemia. Nine nonsynonymous polymorphisms are also reported: I523V, C600Y, Q604E, and M622V in ABCG5; and D19H, Y54C, T400K, A632V, and Y641F in ABCG8. Hum Mutat 18:359–360, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling the transient behavior of stochastic gradient algorithms

We investigate the transient behavior of a class of stochastic gradient algorithms. Unlike the analysis usually applied to stochastic approximation and simulated annealing which focuses on the rate of convergence and the asymptotic limit, we take a more detailed look at the transient behavior with the goal of better understanding how the global structure of the performance measure influences the behavior of the algorithm. For the sake of tractability, we work with a specific class of problems characterized by gradients with easily characterized stationary points. Our prototype involves stochastic algorithms for ordering a numerical list, a problem which is the subject of a recent paper in the condensed matter physics literature, focusing on hysteretic effects in annealing. These authors raise several questions of interest in studying stochastic dynamics which inspired this paper.
THE ROLE EXIT PROCESS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE FACULTY: A STUDY OF FACULTY RETIREMENT

Between 1965 and 1975, over 500 community colleges opened across the United States. Thirty-five years later, the founding faculty has begun to retire. This study was designed to reveal the experiences of veteran community college faculty as they left their teaching role. The study examined the role exit experience of faculty, comparing the faculty's experiences to Ebaugh's (1988) description of the role exit process. Using Ebaugh's role exit theory to frame the interview questions, this qualitative study examined how 22 college faculty members in the Dallas County Community College District determined when to retire, how their decision affected their classroom performance, and how they adjusted to retirement. During the first stage of role exit, faculty members experienced feelings of burnout, were displeased with organizational changes, and became interested in retirement incentives. In the second stage, more than half considered other types of work as an alternative to teaching. For most, financial ince...
A Dramaturgical Approach in the Classroom.

Abstract The dramaturgical approach to teaching is based on principles of good communication in the classroom. This method of teaching is particularly relevant to the study of politics. This study illustrates the various elements and techniques of a dramaturgical approach in a political science classroom: animation and enthusiasm, costumes, skits, motion, humor, perks, personality and mood changes, voices and puppets, personalization of material, and state of mind.
Development of a neuroprosthesis for restoring arm and hand function via functional electrical stimulation following high cervical spinal cord injury

This paper describes the development of an implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring hand and arm function to individuals with high level tetraplegia resulting from C1-C4 spinal cord injury. These individuals have complete paralysis below the level of the neck and are thus highly disabled. The neuroprosthesis under development will restore basic upper extremity movements needed for simple yet important daily activities such as eating and grooming. Simulations performed with a musculoskeletal model of the shoulder and elbow indicate that existing stimulation technology using a realistic number of stimulation channels should be sufficient for providing these functions. The neuroprosthesis will utilize 24 channels of stimulation, muscle-based electrodes for stimulation of hand muscles, and nerve cuff electrodes for stimulation of shoulder and elbow muscles. The two implanted stimulators also include a total of four implanted bipolar EMG recording channels that sample activity in neck and facial muscles. These signals, along with measurements of head orientation, will provide the user command interface for this system
Six‐minute walk distance predicts mortality in liver transplant candidates

The 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) is a simple test measuring global physical function. It is commonly used to predict mortality in patients with cardiac and pulmonary diseases, but it is also useful in assessing the functional status of patients with a variety of other medical conditions. We sought to determine (1) the characteristics of the 6MWD in patients listed for liver transplantation (LT), (2) the existence of a relationship between the 6MWD and the quality of life, and (3) the relationship between the 6MWD and survival in LT candidates. The 6MWD was prospectively measured in all patients listed for LT. The 6MWD was determined when the listed Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was ≥ 15. Patients were followed until LT, death, removal from the wait list, or the end of the study period. Quality of life was assessed with the Short Form 36 (SF-36). In 121 patients, the mean 6MWD was 369 ± 122 m; it was not related to age, height, weight, body mass index, albumin level, or etiology of liver disease and showed a moderate correlation with the physical component score (PCS) on the SF-36 (r = 0.4) and a moderate inverse correlation with the native MELD score (r = -0.61). In an unadjusted analysis, a high native MELD score, a low 6MWD, and a low PCS were associated with mortality, with only the 6MWD retaining significance after adjustment for covariates. Each 100-m increase in the 6MWD was significantly associated with increased survival (hazard ratio = 0.48, P = 0.0001), with 6MWD < 250 m being associated with an increased risk of death (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, the 6MWD is significantly reduced in patients awaiting LT and is inversely correlated with the native MELD score. A pretransplant 6MWD < 250 m is a risk for death on the wait list.
The effect of confinement on motivation to exercise in young dairy calves

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine if confinement of 8-day-old calves for varying lengths of time is associated with an increase in motivation to perform locomotor behaviors. Holstein heifer and bull calves (N=48) were used in a factorial arrangement with two crossed factors. Factor A was housing with two levels (individual confinement versus group pens) and factor B was hours in confinement with four levels (6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Individual confinement was in 1.06 m ×1.06 m pens, while group pens had a 3.68 m ×6.09 m outside run and a 3.68 m ×6.09 m covered area that also contained a 3.68 m ×2.44 m area bedded with wood shavings. The calves were placed on treatment when they were 8±2 days of age. At the end of the treatments, a blood sample was taken for plasma cortisol determination and lymphocyte counts and the calves were open-field tested for 5 min. Walk, trot, distance traveled and behaviors performed while standing during the open-field test were higher in the calves kept in group pens (P=0.0003, 0.01, 0.04 and 0.04), but were not influenced by hours in treatment. Calves confined for 48 h had greater incidences of kicking and falling (P=0.014 and 0.025). Lymphocyte count (P=0.029) was lower in the calves confined for 12 h, but there was not a trend across hours in confinement that indicated a consistent effect. Housing or hours in treatment did not affect canter, buck, buck–kick, rear, stumble, vocalization and cortisol concentrations. The interaction between hours in treatment and housing was not significant for any of the variables tested. This study suggests that 2 days may not have been enough time for the effects of close confinement to influence motivation in young calves, or that calves averaging 8 days of age may be too young to display increased motivation for locomotor activity. Confinement of such young calves actually inhibits locomotor activity in open-field tests.
Flash memory goes mainstream

The operation of the flash memory, which has matured over the last five years from a novelty product, is described. Both dual and single supply voltage devices are considered. Flash memory cycling, data reliability, program/erase algorithms, and blocking are discussed. Three approaches to flash memories are examined. The uses of these devices and some new architectures are considered. >
A brief report on the relationship between level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate if there was an association between milk production and duration of estrus in lactating cows as determined by standing activity recorded by a radiotelemetry system. Holstein cows ( n =42) were fitted with a radiotelemetric transmitter that allowed continuous recording of standing activity. Cows were housed in a free-stall barn and milked twice daily. Average milk production for the 5 days before estrus was used to classify cows as low ( P P
Polynitro Aromatic Compounds in Analytical Chemistry I: Reaction with Ouabain and Digitoxin

By the use of NMR spectroscopy, the highly colored reaction products formed by ouabain or digitoxin with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-trinitroanisole in the presence of alkali (as used for the determination of these glycosides) are shown to be Meisenheimer complexes. The complexes are produced by attachment of a carbon of the butenolide ring to an aromatic carbon of the nitro compound with formation of a charge-delocalized cyclohexadienate anion.
Crystallization kinetics for poly(ethylene terephthalate) oriented by solid-state coextrusion

A series of uniaxially drawn films has been prepared from isotropic, amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by using solid-state coextrusion below its Tg. To evaluating the crystallization behavior of the coextrudates, the cold-crystallization temperature Tc, Crystallization rate constant k, and activation energy Ea have been studied as a function of extrusion draw temperature and draw ratio. The rapid crystallization of highly oriented amorphous PET in extrudates was followed by a temperature-programmed DSC technique. This avoids the marked precrystallization often found in samples brought to appropriate isothermal temperatures. With increasing extrusion draw ratio, Tc shifts to lower temperatures, the first-order crystallization rate constant k increases markedly (by two or three orders of magnitude) and Ea decreases markedly. For undrawn samples annealing at temperatures below or near Tg (50–70°C) does not lead to crystallization, but with increased annealing temperature both Tc and Ea decrease. In contrast, for extrusion-drawn PET, both Tc and Ea increase with draw temperature. All these features are consistent with our previous correlations with molecular draw ratio and birefringence.