cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microtubule Dependent Anomalous Diffusion of Chloroplasts in Moss

Organelle motility via molecular motors plays an important role in eukaryotic cell functioning. In the model plant, Physcomitrella patens, reorganization of the chloroplasts to adapt to changes in light intensity and quality is driven by the actin or microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. In this work, we investigate the motility of chloroplasts, in the absence of the actin cytoskeleton. To characterize this motility, we analyze the mean squared displacement (MSD) of chloroplasts in moss cells at steady state and constant illumination, and show that they are actively transported via the MT cytoskeleton. Our results show that while the apparent diffusion coefficient is dependent on the intensity of blue light, the super-diffusive nature of the movement determined by the MSD exponents is not. In order to develop a mechanistic understanding of this process, we developed a coarse-grained model of chloroplast motility. The model incorporates various MT network topologies, consistent with experimental data, and uses point like cargo to mimic chloroplasts. Our simulations show a strong dependence of MSD exponents to the MT network topology, while the apparent diffusion coefficient is mainly influenced by the MT density and the presence of passive cross-linkers.
Socializing Future Faculty to the Values of Undergraduate Education

(1996). Socializing Future Faculty to the Values of Undergraduate Education. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 38-45.
Hypercalcemia and Neoplasia: A Model System

A transplantable Ley dig cell tumor of the Fischer rat produces hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. The behavior of this tumor has been studied in individual rats and groups of rats. Continued hypercalcemia leads to hypophosphatemia and azotemia and an eventual decrease in serum calcium and calcium excretion. A 23 factorial design elucidates the effects of tumor, castration, thyroparathyroidectomy and the interactions of these procedures on the level of serum calcium and excretion of calcium in the urine. The greatest changes in serum calcium and calcium excretion in the urine are seen in castrated and/or thyroparathyroidectomized groups of rats. These observations suggest a role for gonadotropins and thyrocalcitonin in the achievement of hypercalcemia. The effects of this tumor appear to make it an ideal model system for studying some forms of hypercalcemia associated with localized neoplasia. (Endocrinology 88: 1210, 1971)
Probes for the specific detection of Cryptosporidium parvum

Abstract A probe set, consisting of two synthetic oligonucleotides each tagged with a fluorescent reporter molecule, has been developed for specific detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Each probe strand detects ribosomal RNA from a range of isolates of this species, and the combination is designed to allow detection of all isolates for which the rRNA sequence has been published. This represents the first use of 6-carboxyfluorescein phosphoramadite as a label for fluorescent in situ hybridization
Fixed and dynamic predictors of client retention in therapeutic communities

Abstract This exploratory study assessed the value of fixed and dynamic variables for predicting client retention in therapeutic communities. Fixed variables included demographic and background characteristics that had been used to predict client retention and outcomes in previous research. Dynamic variables included circumstances under which clients joined programs and their motivations for seeking treatment. The sample comprised 753 admissions to 5 traditional therapeutic communities for substance abusers. Although both fixed and dynamic variables predicted client retention, the strongest predictors were two dynamic variables. One was exaddict interviewers' predictions of whether clients would stay long enough in the program to benefit from treatment. The other was whether clients had spent most of their time with large groups of people, as opposed to spending most of their time with small groups or alone, before using drugs. Program and treatment variables need to be taken into account along with client variables to better understand and improve retention in therapeutic communities and other types of drug abuse treatment programs.
Plasmacytoid monocyte proliferation associated with myeloproliferative disorders

Plasmacytoid T-cell (PTC) lymphoma is a rare clinicopathologic entity characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy in association with a myeloproliferative disorder. Hepatosplenomegaly and weight loss frequently are present. Nodal T-zone expansion by mononuclear cells with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features typical of PTC is diagnostic. All of the five previously reported cases of PTC lymphoma coincided with or heralded the onset of a clinically aggressive myeloid leukemia. This strong association and recent immunohistochemical findings in reactive or neoplastic PTC favored a monocyte/macrophage derivation of these cells, and it has been suggested that they be renamed plasmacytoid monocytes (PM). Two additional cases of PTC lymphoma were studied at the institutions of the authors, and the findings supported the concept that PTC belong to the monocytic lineage. The disease presentation was generalized lymphadenopathy with constitutional symptoms. One patient also had hepatosplenomegaly and bilateral renal enlargement concomitantly with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia that progressed within months to acute myelogenous leukemia. Similar rapid evolution of acute monoblastic leukemia occurred in the other patient. Tumor cells within subtotally effaced lymph nodes had positive findings for CD45, CD4, CD7, and LN2 and negative findings for CD3, CD8, and beta F1. Occasional cells had positive findings for CD2. One case demonstrated CD5, HLA-DR, CD71, and CD43 (Leu-22)-positive cells. The myeloid/monocyte-associated antigens CD14 and CD68 were identified in both. The tumor cells lacked the B-cell markers LN1, CD20 (L26), CD19, and CD22 and did not rearrange immunoglobulin heavy chain genes and T-cell receptor beta, gamma, and delta chain genes. The term plasmacytoid T-zone lymphoma or PM proliferation is more appropriate for this rare disease. The close association of the PM proliferation with a myeloproliferative disorder indicates that the two entities are related.
Abstract 1538: Extracellular ferritin is a tumorigenic factor and is secreted by tumor-associated macrophages: A functional link between inflammation and tumorigenesis.

Tumor-associated macrophages play a critical role in breast tumor development and progression; however, it is still unclear what effector molecular mechanisms they employ to impact tumorigenesis. Ferritin is the primary intracellular iron storage protein and is also abundant in circulation. In breast cancer patients, ferritin is detected at higher levels in both serum and tumor lysates, and its increase correlates with poor clinical outcome. In this study, we have performed a comprehensive examination of the distribution of ferritin in normal and malignant breast tissue at different stages in tumor development. We demonstrated decreased ferritin expression in cancer cells but increased infiltration of ferritin-rich CD68-positive macrophages with increased histological grade. Interestingly, ferritin stained within the stroma surrounding tumor tissue suggesting local release within the breast. In cell culture, primary macrophages, but not breast cancer cells, were capable of ferritin secretion and this secretion was further increased in response to the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β. We next examined the possible functional significance of extracellular ferritin in a breast cancer cell culture model. Ferritin stimulated the proliferation of the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D in an iron-independent manner suggesting a direct and novel function for this protein in tumorigenesis. To provide further support to this concept, we measured the inflammatory biomarker serum ferritin in advanced breast cancer patients receiving combinational therapeutics (n=66). Serum ferritin was elevated in approximately 50% of the patients and this elevation was predictive of progression-free survival (P=0.004, median 8.30 vs. 23.90 months) and overall survival (P Citation Format: Ahmed A. Alkhateeb, Bing Han, Kim Leitzel, Suhail Ali, Allan Lipton, James Connor. Extracellular ferritin is a tumorigenic factor and is secreted by tumor-associated macrophages: A functional link between inflammation and tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1538. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1538
Three-Dimensional Visualization and Measurement of Temperature Field Using Liquid Crystal Scanning Thermography

A Liquid Crystal Scanning Thermography (LCST) technique is developed and implemented to visualize and measure three-dimensional temperature fields. Results are reported for natural convection in a differentially heated vertical cavity. Experiments are conducted under steady state conditions at Rayleigh numbers of about 10 4 with glycerin as the working fluid. The scanning arrangement is described in detail together with the calibration scheme, and image processing routines that enable the processing of the thermographs and extraction of quantitative temperature information from them, including local and global heat transfer rates. The resultant temperature fields and Nusselt number values are computed and validated against both standard empirical relations and numerical predictions. To date, LCT has not been used to determine Nusselt number for enclosed fluid systems. The ability of LCST to perform this task makes this novel experimental technique a useful tool
Preventable risk factors for nasal cancer.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine preventable risk factors for cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in the United States, we analyzed data from the population-based, case-control Selected Cancers Study. METHODS: Cases were men born between 1929 and 1953 who were diagnosed with primary nasal cancer between 1984 and 1988 and identified from population-based cancer registries; we narrowed the cohort to 70 subjects whose diagnosis of nasal cancer was confirmed by pathology review. All living controls interviewed for the Selected Cancers Study were included as the comparison group (n = 1910); they were recruited by random-digit dial telephone and were frequency-matched to the lymphoma cases of the Selected Cancers Study by geographic area and age. Both cases and controls were interviewed by telephone. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses showed that cases were 2.5 times more likely than controls to have smoked cigarettes [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–5.3], and 2.2 times more likely to have worked in selected occupations, including lawn care, forestry, and maintenance of highway right-of-way areas (CI = 1.2–3.7). These occupations may cause workers to be exposed to pesticides or herbicides. The population attributable risk (PAR) was 53% for having ever smoked cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that among U.S. men, some nasal cancer may be preventable by avoiding cigarette smoking.
Antibiotic and antimalarial quinones from fungus-growing ant-associated Pseudonocardia sp.

Three new members of the angucycline class of antibiotics, pseudonocardones A–C (1–3), along with the known antibiotics 6-deoxy-8-O-methylrabelomycin (4) and X-14881 E (5) have been isolated from the culture of a Pseudonocardia strain associated with the fungus-growing ant Apterostigma dentigerum. Compounds 4 and 5 showed antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis 3610 and liver-stage Plasmodium berghei, while 1–3 were inactive or only weakly active in a variety of biological assays. Compound 5 also showed moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells.
U 238 ( n , 2 n ) U 237 Cross Section from 6 to 10 Mev

The cross section for the ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}(n, 2n){\mathrm{U}}^{237}$ reaction has been measured with incident neutron energies from 6 to 10 Mev and at 16 Mev. The ($n, 2n$) cross section at each neutron energy was obtained by multiplying the ratio of ${\mathrm{U}}^{237}$ atoms to fission events, measured radiochemically, by the appropriate ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ fission cross section. These data, together with the data of other investigators for the 13-15 Mev region, are used to outline an ($n, 2n$) cross-section curve from threshold to 16 Mev.
Help: A model for evaluating the feasibility of using various chemical reaction systems as electronic lasers

Abstract An analytical model for estimating the minimum requirements of a chemically pumped electronic laser is developed. From a knowledge of the basic spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of a particular reaction, the model can quickly classify the system in accordance with the feasibility of generating stimulated emission at different possible wavelengths. Sample calculations of the reactions of barium atoms with nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide indicate that the model is sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between very similar systems and, therefore, should be useful in providing classification criteria in the search for a chemically pumped electronic laser.
Identification of problem banks and binary choice models

Abstract This paper develops and tests logit and discriminant models that could aid regulatory agencies, as well as bank examiners, investors, analysts and others in identifying the potential failures in the banking industry. As a secondary objective, the paper assesses the comparative abilities of logit and discriminant analyses in distinguishing failed from non-failed banks. The models are validated by two alternate means. Classification accuracies and validation tests indicate that the logit and discriminant models developed are useful in predicting potential failures, and that their weighted efficiencies compare favorably to models developed in the past.
Voice onsets and segment durations of normal speakers and beginning stutterers

Abstract Longer VOT and segment durations apparently characterize the contrived responses of school-age stutterers examined under laboratory conditions. Thus, these variables may reflect basic disparities between the speech production abilities of stutterers and normal speakers. To better explore this possibility, VOT and segment durations were assessed in five nonstutterers who were closely matched with five preschool stutterers who had been diagnosed and tested in the experiment within six months of parental concern about fluency development. Target words were measured in isolation, in elicited sentences, and conversation. Results revealed significantly slower VOT and longer segment durations in the young stuttering members of the pairs of speakers. The stutterers were also more variable in their management of these same two aspects of motor speech timing control.
Consequences of misspecifying the number of latent treatment attendance classes in modeling group membership turnover within ecologically valid behavioral treatment trials.

Abstract Historically, difficulties in analyzing treatment outcome data from open-enrollment groups have led to their avoidance in use in federally funded treatment trials despite the fact that 79% of treatment programs use open-enrollment groups. Recently, latent class pattern mixture models (LCPMM) have shown promise as a defensible approach for making overall (and attendance-class-specific) inferences from open-enrollment groups with membership turnover. We present a statistical simulation study comparing LCPMMs to longitudinal growth models (LGM) to understand when both frameworks are likely to produce conflicting inferences concerning overall treatment efficacy. LCPMMs performed well under all conditions examined; meanwhile, LGMs produced problematic levels of bias and Type I errors under two joint conditions: moderate to high dropout (30%–50%) and treatment by attendance class interactions exceeding Cohen's d ≈ .2. This study highlights key concerns about using LGM for open-enrollment data: treatment effect overestimation and advocacy for treatments that may be ineffective in reality.
The Intelligent, Thoughtful Personality: Librarianship as a Process of Identity Formation

Current sociological theory defines ‘profession’ as a process of identity formation rather than the acquisition of traits or the wielding of power or expertise. Professions are sites of identity formation, where professionals come to terms with their class, racial, ethnic, or gender identities in the context of their professional institution. This paper examines the role that the women’s racial, ethnic, and gender identities played in the formation of the profession of librarianship in Utah, how these librarians understood those identities in the context of their profession, and how their personal identity influenced their professional identity.
Magnesium trisilicate N. N. R. its position among antacids used to treat peptic ulcer

1. The neutralizing powers of various antacids used in treating peptic ulcer have been compared. 2. The disadvantages of usually employed antacids have been discussed. 3. A theoretical ideal antacid was postulated. 4. Magnesium Trisilicate was described in its relation to other antacids and as an approach to the ideal.
The Windy City: Property Value Impacts of Wind Turbines in an Urban Setting

Abstract This paper examines the impact of wind turbines on house values in Rhode Island. In contrast to wind farms surrounded by sparse development, in Rhode Island single turbines have been built in relatively high population dense areas. As a result, we observe 48,554 single-family, owner-occupied transactions within five miles of a turbine site, including 3254 within one mile, which is far more than most related studies. We estimate hedonic difference-in-differences models that allow for impacts of wind turbines by proximity, viewshed, and contrast with surrounding development. Across a wide variety of specifications, the results suggest that wind turbines have no statistically significant negative impacts on house prices, in either the post public announcement phase or post construction phase. Further, the lower bound of statistically possible impacts is still outweighed by the positive externalities generated from CO2 mitigation.
A simulation study of the gas separation properties of decadodecasil 3R zeolite with emphasis on energy-related separations

Abstract Siliceous zeolites are thermally and chemically stable microporous materials that are promising in membrane form for such high temperature (>773 K) processes as hydrogen separation after coal gasification, as well as other separation processes including air separation for oxy combustion, post-combustion carbon dioxide separation and natural gas purification from carbon dioxide. The current study employs molecular dynamics and grand canonical Monte Carlo approaches to predict single-component gas diffusivities and adsorption isotherms of H2, CO2, CH4, O2 and N2 in decadodecasil 3R (DD3R) zeolite at 273–1073 K. The gas diffusivities and adsorption loadings determined in this study enable prediction of separation characteristics of DD3R employed as a membrane material at relevant process conditions. These separation characteristics include gas fluxes, permeances and selectivities to qualify the material as a membrane for the specified processes. It is observed that adsorption of H2, CO2, CH4, O2 and N2 in DD3R plays a more significant role in overall mass transport and separation selectivities at lower temperatures as compared to their diffusivities. While hydrogen adsorption is relatively low at all temperatures, adsorption of all gases in DD3R is insignificant at elevated temperatures (>473 K), resulting in a dominant contribution of molecular diffusivity to mass transport and gas separation selectivity.
Production of Lysine by Pyruvate Kinase Mutants of Brevibacterium flavum

A mutant, No. 1–231, resistant to S-(2-aminoethyl)-l-cysteine (AEC) plus threonine which was previously derived from a low citrate synthase mutant (No. 15–8) of Brevibacterium flavum, produced 41 g/liter of lysine (as HCl salt, 41% yield) and showed pyruvate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase activities of about 1/10 and 1/20 as much as those of No. 15–8, respectively, but its aspartokinase was still normally sensitive to the feedback inhibition by lysine plus threonine. Another AEC-resistant mutant, No. 2–190, from No. 15–8 showed aspartokinase insensitive to the feedback inhibition without any change in pyruvate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase activities. In addition, both the two AEC-resistant mutants and parent No. 15–8 showed partial desensitization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to the feedback inhibition by l-aspartic acid.β-Fluoropyruvic acid-sensitive mutants No. 22 and No. 2–11 were derived from No. 1–231. These sensitive strains produced 51 g/liter of lysine (51% yield) and were found ...
Choice and challenge in vascular surgery

AN OBSESSION TO CUT Vascular surgeons are by choice expending too much of their time, energy, and resources performing surgical procedures that will have only a negligible effect on solving the problems related to atherosclerosis and not enough of their time, energy, and resources on studying the disease and its prevention and treatment. We are engrossed in and captivated by the surgical aspects of this problem-in other words, we are obsessed. An obsession may be loosely described as a fixation, a preoccupation, a delusion, an infatuation, a compulsion, a conviction, a fetish, a fantasy, even a mania. I floated this idea by some close friends, colleagues, and my family-to mixed reactions. I then reconsidered; maybe the topic was too hot, too controversial, even too vague; worse, perhaps it signified merely a personal bias that lacked general interest and therefore did not merit discussion. I was tempted to trash it, to select a different aspect of vascular surgery-to play it safe. Yet, my desire to address the issue nagged and persisted because it is relevant to our specialty at this time. If I raise the hackles in some among you, I apologize and ask your indulgence. The thoughts I’m about to express represent personal opinions and nothing more. Moreover, I want to thank the Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery for allowing me to air these ideas. The roots of our obsession: How, then, did our ob session to cut come about? Why did we make this choice? How did we get hooked on the knife? I think this obsession has its roots in our medical school experience, specifically, the first time we witness the dramatic interruption and reversal, indeed, often the cure of disease by the decision to “use the blade.” We quickly become addicted to this definitive, no-nonsense approach to various medical problems. Then, following those always frustrating preclinical years, we students are assigned brief clinical rotations, so that often we have the opportunity to witness the entire course of a surgical disease. We are deeply impressed, for example, with how rapidly the pathophysiology of a ruptured appendix, an obstructed colon, or a ruptured aneurysm can be reversed by surgery excellently performed. We are exposed to the work of bright young surgeons who are as intelligent and knowledgeable as the young internists and who, in addition, possess keen surgical skills.
Brainstem frequency-following and behavioral responses during selective attention to pure tone and missing fundamental stimuli

Abstract Reaction time (RT), discrimination sensitivity ( d ′), and the brainstem frequency-following response (FFR) were recorded in 32 subjects performing a selective attention task. Auditory stimuli were a 400 Hz pure tone and a complex “missing fundamental” (MF) presented dichotically to separate ears (channels). In two tasks, infrequent target stimuli were either of lower intensity or greater duration than standard stimuli. Behavioral results showed consistently better performance (faster RTs and higher d ′ scores) in the duration task, and better overall detection of MF targets. FFR attention effects were evidenced by differing amplitudes in attend and ignore conditions. Amplitudes in the attended channel were larger to MF stimuli in both tasks, and to the tone stimulus in the duration task. Responses to tone in the intensity task, however, were lowest when the channel was attended, perhaps reflecting some property of greater task difficulty. The demonstration of FFR amplitude differences between attended and ignored channels suggests that selective attention can modify brainstem evoked responses in humans.
Micro-indentation and scanning probe microscopy to assess multilayer magnetic film damage

Abstract We have combined several techniques to evaluate the effect of mechanical deformation on the topography and magnetics of an underlying thin magnetic film. Micro-indentation techniques are used to introduce tailored deformations to magnetic recording disks. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) then map out the topography of the indentations and the effect on the underlying magnetic film. Indentation morphology includes pyramidal and conical indents, linear scratches, and reciprocating wear tracks. The extent of topographical damage assessed by AFM correlates with the carefully controlled normal and tangential forces of the micro-indenter. Sub-surface `damage’ is assessed by MFM, monitoring for loss of resolution in pre-written magnetic data tracks. Mechanical tests are conducted at very low speeds and loading rates; hence, frictional heating or other thermo-mechanical factors that might cause ambiguities in data interpretation can be safely ruled out. By using the combination of micro-mechanical testing, Raman spectroscopy, and AFM/MFM techniques, we have found that mechanically introduced bit contrast degradation is attributed to physical modification of the magnetic coating and protective overlayer. The indentation and scratch tests both confirm that static pressure alone is not sufficient to cause the observed magnetic degradation; other mechanical factors must be invoked, including alteration of the geometry of the magnetic coating. Micro wear is capable of causing magnetic damage at much lower pressures than indentations or scratches. From wear track data, the degree of disk surface damage is correlated with the degree of magnetic bit contrast degradation. From wear track data on DC-erased samples it is concluded that mechanical deformation can induce magnetic contrast via concerted reorientation of grain c -axis and, hence, reorientation of magnetic moments.
Optimal dithiocarbamate structure for immunomodulator action

While the commercially available sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) has been used by several groups in the treatment of AIDS patients, chemical evidence suggests that other dithiocarbamates which are more stable at pH 7.4 might prove to be quite superior for this purpose. Of these other compounds, sodium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) and sodium di-n-propyldithiocarbamate (DPDTC) which have much longer half lives at pH 7.4, are expected to exhibit similar lipophilicity to DEDTC but superior stability towards hydrolysis. They can be expected to be superior to DEDTC, especially for oral administration.
SNS Na+ channel expression increases in dorsal root ganglion neurons in the carrageenan inflammatory pain model

It has been suggested that hyperexcitability in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons due to altered sodium channel expression contributes to some chronic pain syndromes. To understand the role of the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-SNS in inflammatory pain, we investigated the expression of alpha-SNS mRNA and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium current in small DRG neurons, which include nociceptive cells, following injection of carrageenan into the hind paw of the rat using in situ hybridization and patch-clamp recording. alpha-SNS mRNA expression in DRG neurons projecting to the inflamed limb was significantly increased 4 days following carrageenan injection, compared with DRG neurons from the contralateral side or naive (uninjected) rats (mean +/- s.d. optical density ratio: ipsilateral/contralateral, 1.77 +/- 0.17; ipsilateral/naive, 1.88 +/- 0.36). The amplitude of the TTX-R sodium current in small DRG neurons projecting to the inflamed limb was significantly larger than on the contralateral side 4 days post-injection (31.7 +/- 3.3 vs 20.0 +/- 2.1 nA). The TTX-R current density was also significantly increased. These results demonstrate the increased expression of alpha-SNS sodium channels in small DRG neurons following injection of carrageenan into their projection field, and suggest that alpha-SNS is involved in the development of hyperexcitability associated with inflammation.
Effects of food primes on the operant behavior of nondeprived rats

After rats had been trained to press a lever for food reward, experimenter-initiated food “primes” increased the likelihood of subsequent responding during periods in which the subjects were nondeprived. No such priming effects were found after presentation of a stimulus that had previously been paired with food. In other experiments, nonreinforced leverpresses, as well as subthreshold components of the leverpress response (e.g., forepaw raising), were also found to be enhanced by food primes. Taken together with other reports in the literature, the present findings are consistent with a “motivational aftereffects” interpretation of priming, and also with the notion that all stimuli which possess reinforcing properties possess priming properties as well.
Transparency of Self-Report Racial Attitude Scales

Researchers frequently use self-report prejudice scales to assess predictors and outcomes. Responding to evidence that such instruments are vulnerable to social desirability pressures and diverge from implicit attitude measures, researchers have developed instruments intended to be less transparent in their social implications. The purpose of this study was to assess the transparency of a sample of such instruments. Participants completed prejudice measures under typical scale instructions, or under alternate instructions to portray themselves either positively or negatively. The results indicate that several common measures of prejudice are quite transparent in their implications. Further, mean scores of participants instructed to provide desirable responses were indistinguishable from those ostensibly responding honestly.
Special intervention reduces CVD mortality for adherent participants in the multiple risk factor intervention trial

Background: Patient adherence affects treatment efficacy, and surprisingly, adherence is frequently associated with reductions in mortality for those receiving placebo.Methods: This study considers the role of trial adherence for men (N = 12,338) in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), a prospective study of 9-year follow-up mortality following randomization to Special Intervention (SI) or Usual Care (UC). Annual visit attendance rates were used as a measure of adherence.Results: A significant Adherence x Group Assignment interaction (p = .002) revealed that SI significantly reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality for highly adherent participants, RR = .91 (95% confidence interval [CI] = .84–.99) but significantly increased CVD mortality for poorly adherent participants, RR = 1.28 (95% CI = 1.05–1.57) when compared to UC. These associations remained after controlling for baseline characteristics (e.g., income), reported illness, or occurrence of a nonfatal CVD event during the trial. The beneficial effect of SI among the adherent participants was partly due to reduced smoking and diastolic blood pressure levels during the trial.Conclusions: SI significantly reduced the risk of CVD mortality for participants adherent with the MRFIT, and this effect was accounted for by positive changes in CVD risk factors. These findings suggest a method for evaluating treatment efficacy in subgroups determined by patient responses (e.g., adherence to annual assessment visits) to the treatment program after randomization.
Some questions about the explanatory terminology used in any re-framing of psychology's metaphysical presuppositions: A response to Bickhard and Christopher☆

I am in fundamental agreement wit+ Bickhard and Christopher (this issue) in their charge that psychological explanation-one aspect of which concerns personality development-has been mired in a metaphysics relying on substances and structures. But I am not sure that Bickhard and Christopher have clarified the actual process that is presupposed (their term!) to take place in conjunction with these substances and structures. I think that, since we are dealing with metaphysical presuppositions in this analysis of theoretical concepts, we need to decide carefully on the precise terminology that might be most clarifying and explanatory. I have been in this business of trying to get psychologists to change their metaphysical presuppositions for 30 years now, and I really cannot claim a great deal of success. But this experience has given me some basis on which to critique the Bickhard-Christopher presentation in what I hope is a helpful and friendly way. There seems to be a structuralism-functionalism connotation being conveyed throughout the Bickhard-Christopher paper. Am I reading this in? The authors put themselves on the side of a process-functional ontology in opposition to a substancestructural ontology. It is my contention that structuralism as advanced initially by Titchener (1898) and functionalism as defended initially by Angel1 (1907) are by no means opposite metaphysical camps (Rychlak, 1988, pp. 146-147). Rather, these schools share a common acceptance of Newtonian-Lockean metaphysics, with an emphasis on extraspective (third-person) theoretical description, efficient and material causation, and a constitutive “bottom-up” formulation of the data calling for explanation. The matter of causation in any description involves an important terminological issue, so far as I am concerned. I have always found it useful to analyze metaphysical concepts in terms of Aristotle’s (1952, p. 271) theory of the causes-which are just about the most abstract presuppositions imaginable. A causal analysis is ipso facto a metaphysical analysis. I do not employ “strict” Aristotelian elaborations of the causal meanings, as in his concept of a secondary substance (which seems to me to combine material and formal causation; see Rychlak, 1988, pp. 5-6)) or his view of formal causation as an “essence” which is something beyond a core pattern of
Keratinocytes grown at the air-liquid interface.

A procedure is described which allows primary cultures of rat keratinocytes grown at the liquid-air interface to develop and maintain multilayered strata and to produce highly keratinized sheets morphologically similar to those seen in epidermis in situ. Various substrata were tested and compared as to their ability to support growth and stratification of keratinocytes. It was found that when cultured on plastic surfaces, keratinocytes adhered tightly to the substratum and produced a confluent monolayer that later stratified to two to three layers. Cells plated on Vitrogen 100 collagen failed to reach confluence and, in addition, exhibited the “clustering” phenomenon and deterioration of collagen after 3 to 4 d of growth. Significantly better attachment and spreading were observed for cells grown on rat-tail collagen as compared with plastic and Vitrogen 100 collagen. The best results, including maximal and uniform stratification, were seen in cells grown on a mixture, of rat-tail and Vitrogen 100 collagens.
Post Plasma Etch Residue Removal Using CO 2 ­ TMAHCO 3 Mixtures: Comparison of Single-Phase and Two-Phase Mixtures

Photoresist and post etch residue removal were studied as functions of the cleaning-mixture-phase state. Solutions of tetramethylammonium bicarbonate (TMAHCO 3 ) in methanol were used as cosolvents with CO 2 . The phase behavior of this mixture was studied at temperatures between 25 and 70°C and TMAHCO 3 /CH 3 OH mole ratios of 0.127 and 0.02. At a cosolvent flow rate of 0.0262 mol/h, the single-phase mixture was more efficient for photoresist and etch residue removal than the two-phase mixture. Blanket plasma deposited fluorocarbon films were used to investigate the removal mechanism. The removal process was reaction rate limited and depended on the temperature and active species concentrations. This novel cleaning mixture displayed minimal reaction with SiO 2 and Coral films.
Sensitivity of the antibovine parathyroid hormone serum 211/32 to synthetic fragments of human parathyroid hormone.

The specificity of the guinea pig antibovine parathyroid hormone (anti-bPTH) serum, AS 211/32, for various regions of the PTH molecule was tested with synthetic fragments of human PTH (hPTH). The antiserum detected both hPTH– (1–34) and hPTH-(44–68) at about 0.5 fmol/tube but was 3- to 20-fold less sensitive to hPTH-(53–84). Nine of 10 anti-PTH sera also recognized hPTH-(44–68) better than hPTH-(53–84). The sensitivity of AS 211/32 and 6 other antisera to the aminoterminal region was highly dependent upon the nature of the tracer bPTH. One of 3 lots of highly purified bPTH tracer yielded assays which detected hPTH-(l–34) poorly. AS 211/32 is not purely an amino-terminal antiserum and with some tracer preparations may show little amino-terminal specificity.
Intracoronary doppler guide wire versus stress single-photon emission computed tomographic thallium-201 imaging in assessment of intermediate coronary stenosis

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare measures of coronary flow reserve by an intracoronary Doppler guide wire with results of stress single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) thallium-201 imaging in patients with intermediate coronary artery disease (40% to 70% stenosis). Background. Visual assessment of the coronary arteriogram as a means of predicting the physiologic significance of intermediate coronary stenoses is inaccurate. Coronary flow reserve is a reliable marker of the functional importance of a coronary lesion. The recent development of an intracoronary Doppler guide wire permits routine assessment of coronary flow reserve distal to coronary artery stenoses. Methods. We prospectively evaluated coronary flow reserve in 30 subjects with intermediate stenoses using an intracoronary Doppler guide wire during elective coronary angiography. Patients subsequently underwent stress SPECT thallium-201 testing, and the blinded interpretations were correlated. Coronary flow reserve in a control group with normal coronary arteries classified our sample into group 1 (abnormal flow reserve, <2.0) and group 2 (normal flow reserve, ≥2.0). Results. As defined, the coronary flow reserve of 16 vessels in group 1 was diminished in comparison to that of 19 vessels in group 2 (p = 0.0001). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of stress SPECT thallium-201 images confirmed perfusion defects in 15 of 16 vascular territories in group 1 in contrast to 1 of 19 regions in group 2. The sensitivity, specificity and overall predictive accuracy of Doppler-determined coronary flow reserve for stress SPECT thallium-201 results were 94%, 91% and 94%, respectively. Conclusions. In appropriately selected patients with intermediate coronary artery stenoses. Doppler guide wire determination of lesion significance provides equivalent data to those acquired by stress SPECT thallium-201 imaging.
Planetary science: Mercury's mysteries start to unfold

The origin of the planet Mercury has been a continuing puzzle. Data from NASA's MESSENGER space probe, combined with ground-based observations, are delivering information on the planet's structure and evolution.
In vitro spine testing using a robot-based testing system: comparison of displacement control and "hybrid control".

Abstract The two leading control algorithms for in-vitro spine biomechanical testing—“load control” and “displacement control”—are limited in their lack of adaptation to changes in the load–displacement response of a spine specimen—pointing to the need for sufficiently sophisticated control algorithms that are able to govern the application of loads/motions to a spine specimen in a more realistic, adaptive manner. A robotics-based spine testing system was programmed with a novel hybrid control algorithm combining “load control” and “displacement control” into a single, robust algorithm. Prior to in-vitro cadaveric testing, preliminary testing of the new algorithm was performed using a rigid-body-spring model with known structural properties. The present study also offers a direct comparison between “hybrid control” and “displacement control”. The hybrid control algorithm enabled the robotics-based spine testing system to apply pure moments to an FSU (in flexion/extension, lateral bending, or axial rotation) in an unconstrained manner through active control of secondary translational/rotational degrees-of-freedom—successfully minimizing coupled forces/moments. The characteristic nonlinear S-shaped curves of the primary moment–rotation responses were consistent with previous reports of the FSU having a region of low stiffness (neutral zone) bounded by regions of increasing stiffness (elastic zone). Direct comparison of “displacement control” and “hybrid control” showed that hybrid control was able to actively minimize off-axis forces and resulted in larger neutral zone and range of motion.
Relative Motion and the Geometry of Formations in Keplerian Elliptic Orbits with Arbitrary Eccentricity

The well-known Hill-Clohessy-Wiltshire equations that are used for the design of formation flight relative orbits are based on a circular reference orbit Classical solutions such as the projected circular or general circular relative orbit are no longer valid in the presence of eccentricity. This paper studies the effects of eccentricity on relative motion for Keplerian orbits. A new linear condition for bounded motion in relative position coordinates is derived that is valid for arbitrary eccentricities and epoch of the reference orbit. It is shown that the solutions to the Tschauner-Hempel equations that are used for rendezvous in elliptic orbits are directly related to the description of relative motion using small orbital element differences. A meaningful geometric parameterization for relative motion near a Keplerian elliptic orbit of arbitrary eccentricity is also developed. The eccentricity-induced effects are studied and exploited to obtain desired shapes of the relative orbit. Equations relating these parameters to initial conditions and differential classical and nonsingular elements are also derived. This parameterization is very useful for the analysis of more complicated models, such as the nonlinear relative motion problem.
Evaluating model abstractions : A quantitative approach

An 'evaluation' approach devised for an inductive reasoning system called logic-based discrete-event inductive reasoner is the focus of this paper. The underlying inductive reasoning methodology utilizes abstractions as its primary means to deal with lack of knowledge. Based on abstractions and their treatments as assumptions, the logic-based discrete-event inductive reasoning system allows non- monotonic predictions. The evaluation approach takes into account explicitly the role of abstractions employed in non- monotonically derived multiple predictions. These predictions are ranked according to the type and number of abstractions used. The proposed evaluation approach is also discussed in relation to the dichotomy of model validation and simulation correctness.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
REE/Fe variations in hydrothermal sediments: Implications for the REE content of seawater

Seafloor hydrothermal vent solutions exhibit rare earth element (REE) enrichments ranging between one to three orders of magnitude greater than average seawater. To assess the impact of these hydrothermal inputs on ocean chemistry, we have examined the behavior of REEs for hydrothermal sediments collected adjacent to two Pacific spreading ridge sites: the East Pacific Rise at 19°S, and the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge at 4S°N. In general, the REE/Fe ratios for both proximal and distal hydrothermal sediments are greater than vent solutions by a factor of 2 to 500, and these ratios increase with increasing distance away from the ridge axis. An evaluation of these results in the context of previous models of REE behavior indicates that, in fact, seawater experiences a net depletion in REEs as a result of hydrothermal activity. This is due primarily to the large scavenging capacity of iron oxyhydroxides which precipitate from these solutions. Such an interpretation explains why the REE content of seawater collected in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents is anomalously lower than “normal” seawater sampled from a comparable depth.
Book Review: Environmental Ethics: An Introduction and Learning Guide

Kees Vromans, Rainer Paslack, Gamze Yucel Isildar, Rob de Vrind and Jurgen Walter Simon (Eds), Environmental Ethics: An Introduction and Learning Guide, Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing Limited, 2012, 177 pp.
Preterm birth prevention: evaluation of a prospective controlled randomized trial.

Abstract Over a 3-year period 5457 indigent patients were scored for risk of preterm birth and 4595 women were delivered at >_20 weeks' gestation. Patients at high risk (18.1 %) were randomized into control and intervention groups. The latter group received weekly cervical examinations and instruction regarding subtle symptoms and signs of preterm labor. Medical providers received similar instruction. There was no difference in preterm births between control and intervention groups (20.8% vs. 22.1%). Medical providers, convinced of preterm birth prevention during year 1 of the study, defeated the study design by giving preterm birth precautions to all patients. In turn, preterm births decreased from 13.7% (year 1) to 9.3% (year 2, p
Increased RhoA translocation in aorta of diabetic rats.

Aim: To analyze RhoA expression and activation in the aorta of diabetic rats. Methods: Male SD rats ( n =70) were divided into 2 groups: the diabetic group and the control group. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). The Rats were studied 3 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Western blotting was used to measure the expression and activation of Rho. Results: Heart rate was measured 24 h/d; it decreased by 58plusminus13 beats/min in the diabetic rats. Isometric tension showed that the contraction of diabetic aorta was significantly reduced compared with that of control aorta when stimulated by KCl and serotonin. The relaxation of the diabetic aorta was reduced when stimulated by acetylcholine. An enhanced RhoA translocation in the aortic tissues of diabetic rats was determined by a 90% increase in membrane-bound RhoA, indicating that the activation of RhoA is markedly increased in the diabetic aorta. Conclusion: Our data suggest that upregulated RhoA could be involved in the vascular dysfunction of diabetic rats.
Transfer of a learned form discrimination in the infant and adult monkey.

Eight infant monkeys with a mean age of 67 days, range 50 to 84, and 8 adult monkeys were trained to discriminate an equilateral triangle from a circle. After reaching the criterion of learning, they were subjected to a series of transfer tests containing 20 different stimulus pairs. The groups did not differ significantly in rate of learning or transfer scores. Adults showed significant interproblem transfer to stimuli that had high generalization scores in other studies. Significant transfer was found to outline figures, intensity reversal and no consistent effect in responses to the sides of the triangle as opposed to the angles appeared.