cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A polytheistic conception of the sciences and the virtues of deep variety.

“Can we actually ‘know’ the universe? My God, it is hard enough finding your way around in Chinatown” is a line from one of Woody Allen’s books. The line seems appropriate on this occasion, and not only because we are meeting in Manhattan. I think there are many problems with the gospel of “consilience.” I have doubts about its “unification metaphysics” (material determination, all the way down) and its “unified learning” pedagogy (with its emphasis on one particular, even peculiar, “natural science” conception of knowledge).1 And I confess that I am quite dubious of attempts to spread the word of “science” or promote the quest for knowledge in the human sciences under its name. Members of the faith of consilience believe that we are now (for the first time, or finally—or is it once again?) on the threshold of (as T.S. Eliot put it, skeptically summarizing the creed) “rolling the universe up into a ball” (quoted in Converse2). Perhaps that is why I experienced the written version of Professor E.O. Wilson’s keynote address for this gathering on “The Unity of Knowledge: The Convergence of Natural and Human Science” as a kind of “good news” monotheistic sermon. In effect Professor Wilson invited us to return to an old-time state of pre-Kuhnian, preWittgensteinian, pre-Quinean, pre-Rortyean innocence (see Kuhn,3 Quine,4,5 Rorty,6 Wittgenstein7,8). Listening to last night’s homily on the nature of human understanding and intellectual curiosity, one might never have imagined that the Enlightenment idealization of the sufficient conditions for producing knowledge (“an innocent eye” plus a logic machine) has pretty much been dismantled (or at least seriously critiqued) over the past 200 years. One might never have thought to doubt the speaker’s conviction that unification and convergence of belief are the criteria of maturity in scholarly disciplines. Where T.S. Eliot was skeptical, Professor Wilson remains pious. There are other skeptics. Clifford Geertz is a cultural anthropologist who specializes in the interpretation of behavior and who describes his intellectual aim as “ferreting out the singularities of other peoples’ ways-of-life.”9 (p. xi) As a psychological anthropologist and cultural psychologist, I have that as my goal as well. Professor Geertz writes about the field of psychology (which was once known as the science of the soul, is now called the science of the mind, and is scripted to become the science of the body in Professor Wilson’s augury for the future) as fol-
A geostatistical case study in West Virginia: All coals are not the same

Abstract In reporting coal reserve and resource estimates, geologists and engineers have long reported quantity of coal classified among the distance-based categories described in the U.S. Geological Survey Circular 891 (1983). Although this tabulation of coal volumes apparently gives an expression of uncertainty in the resource or reserve, it is nonquantitative at best, and ignores among several factors the spatial variability of a particular coal under study. Seam thickness for three coals, the Pittsburgh, Eagle, and No. 2 Gas coals were extracted from a large database in West Virginia. Variograms were computed, models fitted visually, and sequential Gaussian simulation was used to compute multiple realizations of coal thickness at each location on a regular grid. Variances about the estimates of coal bed thickness at each grid location were compared among the three datasets. Both variograms and uncertainty about the estimated means are different among the three coals to the extent that normalized average variance for “measured” coal was double for the No. 2 Gas relative to the Eagle Seam, and intermediate for the Pittsburgh Coal. These results provide empirical evidence of the limitations inherent in the classification of coal tonnage into distance classes as a proxy for actual calculation of uncertainty.
Field evaluation of tolerance to salinity stress in Iranian hexaploid wheat landrace accessions

The responses of 400 Iranian tetraploid and hexaploid landrace wheat accessions to variation in soil salinity were investigated at a field site in the San Joaquin Valley of California, U.S.A. The salinity treatments were represented by soil conductivity values (EC e ,) of 1.0 (control), 5.0, and 8.0 dS m−1 and were maintained by irrigation with water of similar or slighly higher conductivity. A subset of 200 hexaploid accessions was analyzed from the first year of study. For the second year, 77 accessions were selected as having high, low, or random salinity tolerance based on the Fischer-Mauer stress index (S) estimated in the first year. In both years the accessions and three check varieties were evaluated in hill-plots. The interyear correlations for S were very low in contrast to grain yield whereas the correlations at the same salinity level between years were significant: 0.42, 0.46, and 0.44, respectively, for control, intermediate, and high salinity. High grain yield under salinity stress appeared to be a better selection criterion for salinity tolerance than biomass yield, harvest index, orS. Analysis of accessions from 12 Iranian provinces from which five or more accessions originated gave evidence for geographic differentiation for characters related to salinity tolerance. Several accessions, differing in geographical origin within Iran, were shown to be consistently high ranking for grain yield in the control and two salinity treatments.
The intersection map of subgroups and the classes $${\mathcal {PST}_c}$$, $${\mathcal {PT}_c}$$ and $${\mathcal {T}_c}$$

A group G is called a \({\mathcal {T}_{c}}\)-group if every cyclic subnormal subgroup of G is normal in G. Similarly, classes \({\mathcal {PT}_{c}}\) and \({\mathcal {PST}_{c}}\) are defined, by requiring cyclic subnormal subgroups to be permutable or S-permutable, respectively. A subgroup H of a group G is called normal (permutable or S-permutable) cyclic sensitive if whenever X is a normal (permutable or S-permutable) cyclic subgroup of H there is a normal (permutable or S-permutable) cyclic subgroup Y of G such that \({X=Y \cap H}\). We analyze the behavior of a collection of cyclic normal, permutable and S-permutable subgroups under the intersection map into a fixed subgroup of a group. In particular, we tie the concept of normal, permutable and S-permutable cyclic sensitivity with that of \({\mathcal {T}_c}\), \({\mathcal {PT}_c}\) and \({\mathcal {PST}_c}\) groups. In the process we provide another way of looking at Dedekind, Iwasawa and nilpotent groups.
Internal energy distributions resulting from sustained off-resonance excitation in FTMS. I. Fragmentation of the bromobenzene radical cation

Abstract Collision energy resolved study of the fragmentation of C 6 H 5 Br + was carried out using both on-resonance and sustained off-resonance excitation. Fragmentation efficiency curves were obtained as a function of collision energy under single- and multiple-collision conditions. The results were modeled using the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus/quasi-equilibrium theory (RRKM/QET) formalism. An analytical form for the collisional energy deposition function is proposed. Experimental results obtained in both on-resonance single-collision and sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) experiments could be reproduced within the same theoretical model. The influence of the center-of-mass collision energy and pressure on energy transfer is demonstrated.
657. Combination Therapy with Cyclophosphamide and the Oncolytic Herpes Virus Mutant rRp450, Expressing a Cyclophosphamide Prodrug, Is Clinically Safe by Intratumoral, Intravenous, and Intracerebral Administration in an HSV-1 Susceptible Mouse Model

PURPOSE: Attenuated Herpes simplex virus (HSV) mutants are being actively pursued for cancer therapy. rRp450 is derived from the HSV-1 strain KOS, but is deleted for the UL39 gene (encoding ICP6, the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase) and replaced by the rat CYP2B1 gene (encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme that activates oxazophosphorines, e.g. cyclophosphamide). While cyclophosphamide has been shown to enhance antitumor efficacy of rRp450, safety studies of the combination have not been reported. We tested rRp450 for virus attenuation in primary cells and for toxicity in FVB/N mice following intratumoral, intravenous and intracerebral administration alone or in combination with systemic cyclophosphamide.
Stellar collisions and mergers in the cores of globular clusters

Abstract Rare and exotic stars are being discovered with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations in large numbers in the cores of globular clusters. Stellar collisions and/or mergers are likely responsible for many of these bizarre objects. I review the theoretical arguments which predict substantial populations of blue stragglers and cataclysmic binaries – the most ubiquitous of globular cluster core exotica. HST observations confirm that blue stragglers are, as predicted, very common. However, dwarf and classical novae appear to be much rarer. A possible explanation for this apparent discrepancy is that most globular cataclysmic binaries are strongly magnetic, and can effectively hide from all but the deepest HST searches.
An extracellular laccase with antiproliferative activity from the sanghuang mushroom Inonotus baumii

Abstract We described the purification and characterization of a novel extracellular laccase from the traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom Inonotus baumii with antiproliferative activity. The laccase (IBL) was purified from fermentation broth of I. baumii by employing initial filtration and centrifugation steps, followed by three ion-exchange chromatography steps comprising DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose, and Q-Sepharose, and a final gel-filtration step by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on Superdex 75. The purified enzyme was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 66 kDa calculated by FPLC and SDS-PAGE. It possessed an N-terminal amino acid sequence of AIGPVDEV (SPIN: C0HJB2), a temperature optimum of 20 °C, pH optima of 2.4 and 3.2 toward ABTS and guaiacol respectively, and Km values of 1.31 mM and 2.27 mM toward ABTS and guaiacol respectively at pH 2.4 and 30 °C. The ranking of its oxidative activity toward various aromatic substrates was ATBS > guaiacol > 4-methylcatechol > 4-hydroxyindole > catechol > hydroquinone > 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol (19.6%) > pyrogallol > ferulic acid > N, N-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine. Cu 2+ can enhance the enzyme activity of 10.8–14.6 fold in the ion concentration range of 1.25–10 mM. IBL manifested antiproliferative activities toward HepG2 and L1210 cells with IC 50 values of 2.4 μM and 3.2 μM, respectively, but is devoid of inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Cyclodextrin-Enhanced Biodegradation of Phenanthrene

The effectiveness of in situ bioremediation in many systems may be constrained by low contaminant bioavailability due to limited aqueous solubility or a large magnitude of sorption. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) on phenanthrene solubilization and biodegradation. Results showed that analytical-grade HPCD can significantly increase the apparent solubility of phenanthrene. The increase in apparent solubility had a major impact on the biodegradation rate of phenanthrene. For example, in the presence of 105 mg L-1 HPCD, the substrate utilization rate increased from 0.17 mg h-1 to 0.93 mg h-1 while the apparent solubility was increased from 1.3 mg L-1 to 161.3 mg L-1. As a result, only 0.3% of the phenanthrene remained at the end of a 48 h incubation for the highest concentration of HPCD tested (105 mg L-1). In contrast, 45.2% of the phenanthrene remained in the absence of HPCD. Technical-grade HPCD, which contains the biodegradable impurity pro...
Coexpression of Ligand-gated P2X and G Protein-coupled P2Y Receptors in Smooth Muscle PREFERENTIAL ACTIVATION OF P2Y RECEPTORS COUPLED TO PHOSPHOLIPASE C (PLC)-β1 VIA Gαq/11 AND TO PLC-β3 VIA Gβγi3

Abstract P2 receptor subtypes and their signaling mechanisms were characterized in dispersed smooth muscle cells. UTP and ATP stimulated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate formation, Ca2+ release, and contraction that were abolished by U-73122 and guanosine 5′-O-(3-thio)diphosphate, and partly inhibited (50–60%) by pertussis toxin (PTX). ATP analogs (adenosine 5′-(α,β-methylene)triphosphate, adenosine 5′-(β,γ-methylene)triphosphate, and 2-methylthio-ATP) stimulated Ca2+ influx and contraction that were abolished by nifedipine and in Ca2+-free medium. Micromolar concentrations of ATP stimulated both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release. ATP and UTP activated Gq /11 and Gi 3 in gastric and aortic smooth muscle and heart membranes, Gq /11 and Gi 1 and/or Gi 2 in liver membranes, and Go and Gi 1–3 in brain membranes. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis stimulated by ATP and UTP was mediated concurrently by Gαq /11-dependent activation of phospholipase (PL) C-β1 and Gβγi 3-dependent activation of PLC-β3. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis was partially inhibited by PTX or by antibodies to Gαq /11, Gβ, PLC-β1, or PLC-β3, and completely inhibited by the following combinations (PLC-β1 and PLC-β3 antibodies; Gαq /11 and Gβ antibodies; PLC-β1 and Gβ antibodies; PTX with either PLC-β1 or Gαq /11 antibody). The pattern of responses implied that P2Y2 receptors in visceral, and probably vascular, smooth muscle are coupled to PLC-β1 via Gαq /11 and to PLC-β3 via Gβγi 3. These receptors co-exist with ligand-gated P2X1 receptors activated by ATP analogs and high levels of ATP.
Teaching Biology Today

Abstract THE teaching of undergraduates is of undoubtedly greater importance today than it has been at any time in history. We are in the midst of a “knowledge explosion.” It has been said that the information of science becomes obsolete every seven years. Those of us who teach must spend a larger portion of our time in trying to keep up with our own fields. The material offered to undergraduates must be revised and brought up to date, in some cases almost monthly. There have been protests by students who feel they are being “force-fed” and that they have no time to digest the mass of information that confronts them. This problem can and must be solved, and is being solved in some of the new high school textbooks. Much material that we formerly thought essential must be eliminated or briefly summarized, which is from some standpoints disadvantageous, but we have …
Auroral heating and the composition of the neutral atmosphere

Heating of the neutral atmosphere by auroral particle fluxes and by orthogonal electric fields is responsible for large changes in the thermospheric composition that have been observed by satellite mass spectrometers. Vertical winds of a few meters per second are produced in the region subject to auroral heating; this vertical upwelling drives circulation cells that extend the effects of heating in the auroral region on a global scale. Our analysis focuses on the initial phase of a magnetic storm within the auroral region.
Interleukin-10 improves outcome and alters proinflammatory cytokine expression after experimental traumatic brain injury

Traumatic injury to the central nervous system initiates inflammatory processes that are implicated in secondary tissue damage. These processes include the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, leukocyte extravasation, vasogenic edema, and blood-brain barrier breakdown. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine with antiinflammatory properties, negatively modulates proinflammatory cascades at multiple levels. We examined the hypothesis that IL-10 treatment can improve outcome in a clinically relevant model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). IL-10 was administered via different routes and dosing schedules in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. Intravenous administration of IL-10 (100 micrograms) at 30 min before and 1 h after TBI improved neurological recovery and significantly reduced TNF expression in the traumatized cortex at 4 h after injury. Such treatment was associated with lower IL-1 expression in the injured hippocampus, and to a lesser extent, in the injured cortex. Subcutaneous IL-10 administration (100 micrograms) at 10 min, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after TBI also enhanced neurological recovery. In contrast, intracerebroventricular administration of IL-10 (1 or 6 micrograms) at 15 min, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after TBI was not beneficial. These results indicate that IL-10 treatment improves outcome after TBI and suggest that this improvement may relate, in part, to reductions in proinflammatory cytokine synthesis.
Cross-layer communications for high-bandwidth optical networks

A major challenge in meeting the enhanced performance requirements of next-generation optical networks is overcoming the rigid limitations due to network layering. Our work addresses this issue by creating a bidirectional cross-layer communications infrastructure that can leverage knowledge of the optical-layer performance to improve network performance. The goal is to create an intelligent, dynamic, and programmable optical substrate where optical performance monitoring measurement data can be used for cross-layer communications, specifically for network routing and packet protection. Ns-2 simulations show that a cross-layer proactive packet protection scheme using physical-layer bit-error rate measurements performs better than a fast-reroute mechanism in terms of packet loss rates. Further experimental demonstrations of the cross-layer communications infrastructure on an optical packet-switching fabric test-bed can also incorporate the optical packet's signal degradation and quality-of-service class to switch and reroute messages. We can then realize a quality-of-service-aware cross-layer network control framework that is based on emerging optical performance monitoring devices for next-generation optical networks.
Transport in sulfonated poly(phenylene)s: Proton conductivity, permeability, and the state of water

The transport properties of a series of sulfonated poly(phenylene)s were found to strongly correlate to the ion exchange capacity of the polymer. Sulfonated poly(phenylene) membranes have shown promise as proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. In general, these materials have minimal methanol and glucose crossover while maintaining high proton conductivity, which is necessary for efficient operation of fuel cells powered by liquid fuels. Proton conductivity in addition to methanol and glucose permeability were compared to Nafion as a function of ion exchange capacity. It was found that the transport in Nafion membranes was much higher than that in the sulfonated poly(phenylene)s for a given ion exchange capacity. Water content and its absorbed state within membranes were elucidated by differential scanning calorimetry in order to provide insight as to how the transport properties varied between the materials studied. The domain morphology of these ionomers was imaged with transmission electron microscopy in order to contrast the morphological differences between Nafion and the sulfonated poly(phenylene) series.
Do forecast errors or term premia really make the difference between long and short rates

Abstract Forward rates in the term structure of interest contain predictions of future spot rates plus (possibly) term premia. Realized spot rates contain predicted spot rates plus forecast errors. Under rational expectations forecast errors are not predictable. By forecasting spot rates using publicly available information, bounds on the variation of forecast errors, and term premia are obtained. For one-month treasury bill rates, one to two thirds of the variation in the difference between forward rates and realized spot rates is due to variation in term premia.
Clinical Microdialysis in Skin and Soft Tissues: An Update

Traditionally, plasma or serum drug concentrations have been used for the assessment of bioavailability and bioequivalence. Since in the majority of cases the site of drug action is in the tissue rather than the blood, the use of corresponding free, unbound concentrations in the tissue is a much more meaningful approach. This can become especially important for topical drug administrations, where locally active drug concentrations can significantly exceed free concentrations in plasma. The ability to measure these free concentrations at the site of drug action over time makes microdialysis a very valuable tool for the assessment of bioavailability and bioequivalence. This has been recognized by industry and regulatory authorities, resulting in a recommendation of the microdialysis technique as a tool for bioequivalence determination of topical dermatologic products. The aim of this article is to provide an updated review of the microdialysis technique, its applications in skin and soft tissues, and the resulting impact on clinical drug development.
Evidence for a quasar in the radio galaxy Cygnus A from observation of broad-line emission

ACTIVE galaxies are thought to be powered by the accretion of surrounding dust and gas onto central black holes. The unified model1–3 of active galaxies predicts that narrow-line radio galaxies (NLRGs), which are very luminous at radio wavelengths and have narrow optical emission lines, would appear as quasars—which have broad emission lines—if viewed from a different direction. The nearby NLRG Cygnus A is the most luminous radio source in the local Universe, with a luminosity that lies within the range of that of quasars4, but the polarization of optical light from this source seems at odds with the quasar model. Here we present evidence, in the form of broad ultraviolet line emission from singly ionized magnesium, that Cygnus A does indeed host a quasar.
Acceptability and Antigenicity of Influenza A/Victoria/75 Virus Vaccines in Adults of Different Ages

Influenza A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines were tested for acceptability and antigenicity in adults of different ages. Whole-virus vaccines prepared by Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) and subunit vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) were given intramuscularly in concentrations of 800, 400, or 200 chick cell-agglutinating units per dose. Systemic and local side effects of all vaccine preparations were negligible. In volunteers with low or absent (less than or equal to 10) titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before vaccination, titers of greater than or equal to 40 were attained after vaccination in 43%-67%, 40%-58%, and 20%-38% of volunteers receiving the 800, 400, and 200 chick cell-agglutinating unit preparations, respectively.
A method for automatic estimation of instantaneous local uncertainty in particle image velocimetry measurements

The uncertainty of any measurement is the interval in which one believes the actual error lies. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement error depends on the PIV algorithm used, a wide range of user inputs, flow characteristics, and the experimental setup. Since these factors vary in time and space, they lead to nonuniform error throughout the flow field. As such, a universal PIV uncertainty estimate is not adequate and can be misleading. This is of particular interest when PIV data are used for comparison with computational or experimental data. A method to estimate the uncertainty from sources detectable in the raw images and due to the PIV calculation of each individual velocity measurement is presented. The relationship between four error sources and their contribution to PIV error is first determined. The sources, or parameters, considered are particle image diameter, particle density, particle displacement, and velocity gradient, although this choice in parameters is arbitrary and may not be complete. This information provides a four-dimensional “uncertainty surface” specific to the PIV algorithm used. After PIV processing, our code “measures" the value of each of these parameters and estimates the velocity uncertainty due to the PIV algorithm for each vector in the flow field. The reliability of our methodology is validated using known flow fields so the actual error can be determined. Our analysis shows that, for most flows, the uncertainty distribution obtained using this method fits the confidence interval. An experiment is used to show that systematic uncertainties are accurately computed for a jet flow. The method is general and can be adapted to any PIV analysis, provided that the relevant error sources can be identified for a given experiment and the appropriate parameters can be quantified from the images obtained.
Debate resolved: there are differential effects of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors on cytochrome P450 enzymes

In 1993, it was first proposed that an important difference between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was the degree of inhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme 2D6 that they produced under usually dosing conditions (Preskorn, 1993). Specifically, fluoxetine and paroxetine, in contrast to sertraline, were identified as causing substantial increases in the plasma levels of coadministered drugs, which were principally dependent on CYP 2D6 for their metabolism. Over the next 5 years, this position was hotly contested (Preskorn and Nemeroff, 1997). However, an extensive body of research has now accumulated, which incontrovertibly supports the original position. This paper will reviews this research and extends the discussion to all five SSRIs and four other important CYP enzymes: 1A2, 2C9/10, 2C19, and 3A3/4.
Morphology‐ and Phase‐Controlled Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized with Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene

in the fabrication of polymer nano-composites. The advantages of PP-g-MA are that its PPbackbone structure is miscible with polyolefins and its MAfunctional groups are capable of bonding with many organicand inorganic compounds. However, PP-g-MA has rarelybeen reported in the synthesis of magnetic NPs.Herein we report on the synthesis of highly stabilizedFe
New Results on the Analysis of Concurrent Systems with an Infinite Number of Processes

In this paper we extend some of the results presented by German and Sistla in [4]. Their framework for concurrent systems, at a certain level of abstraction, is suitable for modeling a number of resource-oriented problems in concurrency in which there is a unique control process (called the synchronizer) and an arbitrary number of identical user processes [13, 2]. Communication between processes is via synchronous actions in the style of Milner’s Calculus of Communicating Systems [12]. In the first part of the paper, we consider certain “specialized” execution semantics instead of the “general” execution semantics considered in [4]. These semantics are aimed at “restricting” communications between processes that would otherwise be possible. Without such restrictions, it is not possible to model problems in which there is a need to distinguish processes based on either the current states of the user processes, or their indices, etc. In contrast to the work done in [4], we show that the reachability problem for each of the specialized execution semantics we consider is undecidable. As a consequence, both deadlock detection and the Model Checking problem for the synchronizer when reasoning with logics such as Linear temporal logic LTL [4], Linear Temporal Logic without the nexttime operator LTL/X [8], and Restricted Temporal Logic RTL [14] are also undecidable.
New approaches for heuristic search: A bilateral linkage with artificial intelligence

Abstract This survey considers emerging approaches of heuristic search for solutions to combinatorially complex problems. Such problems arise in business applications, of traditional interest to operations research, such as in manufacturing operations, financial investment, capital budgeting and resource management. Artificial intelligence is a revived approach to problem-solving that requires heuristic search intrinsically in knowledge-base operations, especially for logical and analogical reasoning mechanisms. Thus, one bilateral linkage between operations research and artificial intelligence is their common interest in solving hard problems with heuristic search. That is the focus here. But longstanding methods of directed tree search with classical problem heuristics, such as for the Traveling Salesman Problem—a paradigm for combinatorially difficult problems—are not wholly satisfactory. Thus, new approaches are needed, and it is at least stimulating that some of these are inspired by natural phenomena.
A Comparative Approach to Educational Forms and learning Processes

EDUCATION. For the last several years I have been carrying out research on the arithmetic knowledge and problem-solving skills of Vai and Gola tailors in Liberia. The project is a comparative one, since arithmetic is learned through a lengthy traditional apprenticeship in tailor shops and also is learned in schools. The wide variety in the order and amounts of tailoring experience and schooling of the tailors provides the researcher with a rich, naturally occurring experiment on relations between educational forms, the learning processes that take place within these forms, and the knowledge and skill acquired thereby. This research has led me to share many of the concerns originally expressed in the symposium on the Anthropology of Learning: that anthropology has not seriously tackled questions of learning, although we have, through our focus on cultural transmission and on ethnography of schools, spent a good deal of effort investigating teaching. We have a comparative focus as a discipline, but in the area of education we have tended to treat schooling as the focal category, as a normative model for education everywhere. The normative status of schooling is indicated by the custom of labeling it "formal education" and simply treating all other forms of education as "informal," spontaneous, or inevitable. When I began my research I chose apprenticeship because it seemed an exemplar of informal education. It met some of the criteria of informal education found in the literature: tailors learn tailoring in the course of the
A Novel Mechanism of FSH Regulation of DNA Synthesis in the Granulosa Cells of Hamster Preantral Follicles: Involvement of a Protein Kinase C-Mediated MAP Kinase 3/1 Self-Activation Loop

The objective was to reveal whether a protein kinase C (PKC [all isozymes])-mediated self-sustaining MAPK3/1 (3/1 extracellular signal regulated kinase 2/1, also known as ERK2/1) activation loop was necessary for FSH- or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced DNA synthesis in the granulosa cells of intact preantral follicles. For this purpose, hamster preantral follicles were cultured with FSH or EGF in the presence of selective kinase inhibitors FSH or EGF phosphorylated RAF1, MAP2K1, and MAPK3/1. However, a relatively higher dose of EGF was necessary to sustain the MAPK3/1 activity, which was essential for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) activation and DNA synthesis. In intact preantral follicles, FSH or EGF stimulated DNA synthesis only in the granulosa cells. Sustained activation of MAPK3/1 beyond 3 h was independent of EGFR kinase activity but dependent on PKC activity, which appeared to form a self-sustaining MAPK3/1 activation loop by activating RAF1, MAP2K1, and PLA2G4 (phospholipase A2 [all cytosolic isozymes]). Inhibition of PKC activity as late as 4 h after the administration of FSH or EGF arrested DNA synthesis, which corresponded with attenuated phosphorylation of RAF1 and MAPK3/1, thus suggesting an essential role of PKC in MAPK3/1 activation. Collectively, these data present a novel self-sustaining mechanism comprised of MAPK3/1, PLA2G4, PKC, and RAF1 for CDK4 activation leading to DNA synthesis in granulosa cells. Either FSH or EGF can activate the loop to activate CDK4 and initiate DNA synthesis; however, consistent with our previous findings, FSH effect seems to be mediated by EGF, which initiates the event by stimulating EGFR kinase.
Perineural tumor spread involving the central skull base region

Perineural spread of tumor is defined as extension of the primary tumor along tissues of the neural sheath (epineurium and perineurium) of a named nerve. Given the density of cranial nerves in the central skull base region and their extracranial communications, perineural tumor spread from a variety of sources can affect the central skull base region. Common malignancies with perineural tumor spread to central skull base include mucosal squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and cutaneous malignancies including melanoma. The presence and extent of tumor spread influence selection of treatment and prognosis. Appropriate imaging and interpretation, therefore, play a crucial role in detection and management of perineural tumor spread in the central skull base region.
Adherence to Vaginal Dilation following High Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Endometrial Cancer

Purpose We report demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors associated with adherence to vaginal dilation and describe the sexual and marital or nonmarital dyadic functioning of women following high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for endometrial cancer. Methods and Materials We retrospectively evaluated women aged 18 years or older in whom early-stage endometrial (IAgr3-IIB) cancers were treated by HDR intravaginal brachytherapy within the past 3.5 years. Women with or without a sexual partner were eligible. Patients completed questionnaires by mail or by telephone assessing demographic and clinical variables, adherence to vaginal dilation, dyadic satisfaction, sexual functioning, and health beliefs. Results Seventy-eight of 89 (88%) eligible women with early-stage endometrial cancer treated with HDR brachytherapy completed questionnaires. Only 33% of patients were adherers, based on reporting having used a dilator more than two times per week in the first month following radiation. Nonadherers who reported a perceived change in vaginal dimension following radiation reported that their vaginas were subjectively smaller after brachytherapy (p = 0.013). Adherers reported more worry about their sex lives or lack thereof than nonadherers (p = 0.047). Patients reported considerable sexual dysfunction following completion of HDR brachytherapy. Conclusions Adherence to recommendations for vaginal dilator use following HDR brachytherapy for endometrial cancer is poor. Interventions designed to educate women about dilator use benefit may increase adherence. Although sexual functioning was compromised, it is likely that this existed before having cancer for many women in our study.
The OMP–lacZ Transgene Mimics the Unusual Expression Pattern of OR-Z6, a New Odorant Receptor Gene on Mouse Chromosome 6: Implication for Locus-Dependent Gene Expression

Reporter gene expression in the olfactory epithelium of H- lacZ 6 transgenic mice mimics the cell-selective expression pattern known for some odorant receptor genes. The transgene construct in these mice consists of the lacZ coding region, driven by the proximal olfactory marker protein ( OMP ) gene promoter, and shows expression in a zonally confined subpopulation of olfactory neurons. To address mechanisms underlying the odorant receptor-like expression pattern of the lacZ construct, we analyzed the transgene-flanking region and identified OR-Z6 , the first cloned odorant receptor gene that maps to mouse chromosome 6. OR-Z6 bears the highest sequence similarity (85%) to a human odorant receptor gene at the syntenic location on human chromosome 7. We analyzed the expression pattern of OR-Z6 in olfactory tissues of H- lacZ 6 mice and show that it bears strong similarities to that mapped for β-galactosidase. Expression of both genes in olfactory neurons is primarily restricted to the same medial subregion of the olfactory epithelium. Axons from both neuronal subpopulations project to the same ventromedial aspect of the anterior olfactory bulbs. Furthermore, colocalization analyses in H- lacZ 6 mice demonstrate that OR-Z6 -reactive glomeruli receive axonal input from lacZ -positive neurons as well. These results suggest that the expression of both genes is coordinated and that transgene expression in H- lacZ 6 mice is regulated by locus-dependent mechanisms.
On the quantum efficiencies of twenty alkali halides in the 12–21 eV region

Photoelectric yields of alkali halides measured, using rare gas ion chamber to determine flux distribution of helium continuum and obtain absorption coefficients
Making sense of discourse: An fMRI study of causal inferencing across sentences

To build up coherence between sentences (comprehend discourse), we must draw inferences, i.e. activate and integrate information that is not actually stated. We used event-related fMRI to determine the localization and extent of brain activity mediating causal inferencing across short, three-sentence scenarios. Participants read and made causal coherence judgments to sentences that were highly causally related, intermediately related or unrelated to their preceding two-sentence contexts. The highly related and intermediately related scenarios were matched in terms of semantic similarities between their individual component words. A pre-rating study established that causal inferences were generated to the intermediately related but not to the highly related or unrelated scenarios. In the scanner, sentences that were intermediately related (relative to highly related or unrelated) to their preceding contexts were associated with longer judgment reaction times and sustained increases in hemodynamic activity within left lateral temporal/inferior parietal/prefrontal cortices, the right inferior prefrontal gyrus and bilateral superior medial prefrontal cortices. In contrast, sentences that were unrelated (relative to highly related) to their preceding contexts were associated with only transient increases in activity (at, but not after, the peak of the hemodynamic response) within the right lateral temporal cortex and the right inferior prefrontal gyrus. These data suggest that, to make sense of discourse, we activate a large bilateral cortical network in response to what is not explicitly stated. We suggest that this network reflects the activation, retrieval and integration of information from long-term semantic memory into incoming discourse structure during causal inferencing.
A comparison of TCP-friendly congestion control protocols

Using the ns simulator, we perform a detailed study of the fairness and the smoothness properties of SimdNR, an enhanced version of SIMD. Our study includes TFRC and TCP congestion control protocols in both steady-state and highly dynamic network conditions through RED and DropTail routers. Our results show that SimdNR is fair to TCP through RED routers in steady-state scenario. But, SimdNR is not fair to TCP over drop tail routers. Also our results show that SimdNR demonstrates less smoothness than TFRC in steady-state scenario and superior smoothness than TFRC in dynamic network conditions
ARTMAP neural networks for information fusion and data mining: map production and target recognition methodologies

The Sensor Exploitation Group of MIT Lincoln Laboratory incorporated an early version of the ARTMAP neural network as the recognition engine of a hierarchical system for fusion and data mining of registered geospatial images. The Lincoln Lab system has been successfully fielded, but is limited to target/non-target identifications and does not produce whole maps. Procedures defined here extend these capabilities by means of a mapping method that learns to identify and distribute arbitrarily many target classes. This new spatial data mining system is designed particularly to cope with the highly skewed class distributions of typical mapping problems. Specification of canonical algorithms and a benchmark testhed has enabled the evaluation of candidate recognition networks as well as pre- and post-processing and feature selection options. The resulting mapping methodology sets a standard for a variety of spatial data mining tasks. In particular, training pixels are drawn from a region that is spatially distinct from the mapped region, which could feature an output class mix that is substantially different from that of the training set. The system recognition component, default ARTMAP, with its fully specified set of canonical parameter values, has become the a priori system of choice among this family of neural networks for a wide variety of applications.
Dexamethasone exerts profound immunologic interference on treatment efficacy for recurrent glioblastoma.

Patients with recurrent glioblastoma have a poor outcome. Data from the phase III registration trial comparing tumour-treating alternating electric fields (TTFields) vs chemotherapy provided a unique opportunity to study dexamethasone effects on patient outcome unencumbered by the confounding immune and myeloablative side effects of chemotherapy. Using an unsupervised binary partitioning algorithm, we segregated both cohorts of the trial based on the dexamethasone dose that yielded the greatest statistical difference in overall survival (OS). The results were validated in a separate cohort treated in a single institution with TTFields and their T lymphocytes were correlated with OS. Patients who used dexamethasone doses >4.1 mg per day had a significant reduction in OS when compared with those who used ⩽4.1 mg per day, 4.8 vs 11.0 months respectively (χ2=34.6, P 4.1 mg per day was 3.2 months compared with those who used ⩽4.1 mg per day was 8.7 months (χ2=11.1, P=0.0009). There was a significant correlation between OS and T-lymphocyte counts. Dexamethasone exerted profound effects on both TTFields and chemotherapy efficacy resulting in lower patient OS. Therefore, global immunosuppression by dexamethasone likely interferes with immune functions that are necessary for the treatment of glioblastoma.
Novel therapeutic agents for HbF induction: a new era for treatment of β thalassemia?

Fetal globin is endogenous, normally integrated in hematopoietic stem cells in all humans, and available for reactivation. Inducing expression of fetal globin (g-globin) gene expression to 60-70% of a globin synthesis produces β-thalassemia trait globin synthetic ratios, and has been shown to reduce anemia to mild levels which do not require regular blood transfusion. Several classes of therapeutics have induced g-globin expression in β thalassemia patients, raised total hemoglobin levels, and even eliminated transfusion requirements in formerly transfusion-dependent patients, demonstrating proof-of-concept of the approach. However, prior generations of therapeutics were not readily feasible for widespread use. Currently, several recently discovered oral therapeutic candidates are more potent and/ or patientfriendly, requiring low oral doses, have distinct molecular mechanisms of action, and can be used in combination regimens. Tailoring therapeutic regimens to patient subsets stratified for solely β+ or a β0 globin mutation, and for quantitative trait loci (QTL) which modulate HbF and clinical severity, can guide more effective and informative clinical trials. These advancements provide methods for a rational approach to applying fetal globin gene induction in therapeutic regimens suitable for use in diverse thalassemia patient populations world-wide. 胎儿珠蛋白是内生的，通常结合在所有人类的造血干细胞中，并可进行再激活。 包括胎儿珠蛋白的表达（g-珠蛋白），60%-70% 珠蛋白合成基因表达产生 β地中海贫血特征珠蛋白合成比率，并且已经显示将贫血降低至轻度水平，这不需要常规输血 几类疗法诱导β地中海贫血患者中的g-珠蛋白的表达，升高了血红蛋白的总体水平，甚至让以前依靠输血的患者不再需要输血，这演示了此方法的概念验证。 不过，先前几代疗法未能进行广泛使用。 目前，最近发明的几种候选口服疗法更加有效和/或对病人更加友好，只需要少量口服剂量，它们具有不同的分子作用机制，可用于联合治疗方案。 将β+ 或β0珠蛋白变异和调节胎儿血红蛋白和临床严重性的数量性状基因（QTL）的病人单独分成几个类型，并给这些患者制定最佳治疗方案，这样开展的试验才会更有效和得到更多的信息。 通过这些尝试，可以提供合理的疗法，将胎儿珠蛋白基因诱导用于适合全世界地中海贫血患者使用的治疗方案之中。
Efficient weakest preconditions

Desired computer-program properties can be described by logical formulas called verification conditions. Different mathematically-equivalent forms of these verification conditions can have a great impact on the performance of an automatic theorem prover that tries to discharge them. This paper presents a simple weakest-precondition understanding of the ESC/Java technique for generating verification conditions. This new understanding of the technique spotlights the program property that makes the technique work.
Negotiating Civil Rights in Prime Time: A Production and Reception History of CBS's East Side/West Side

This article examines a controversial 1963-1964 socially relevant drama series that engaged viewers, critics, and television industry personnel with issues around Kennedy-era liberalism. The articl...
Flash X-ray measurements on the shock-induced dispersal of a dense particle curtain

The interaction of a Mach 1.67 shock wave with a dense particle curtain is quantified using flash radiography. These new data provide a view of particle transport inside a compressible, dense gas–solid flow of high optical opacity. The curtain, composed of 115-µm glass spheres, initially spans 87 % of the test section width and has a streamwise thickness of about 2 mm. Radiograph intensities are converted to particle volume fraction distributions using the Beer–Lambert law. The mass in the particle curtain, as determined from the X-ray data, is in reasonable agreement with that given from a simpler method using a load cell and particle imaging. Following shock impingement, the curtain propagates downstream and the peak volume fraction decreases from about 23 to about 4 % over a time of 340 µs. The propagation occurs asymmetrically, with the downstream side of the particle curtain experiencing a greater volume fraction gradient than the upstream side, attributable to the dependence of particle drag on volume fraction. Bulk particle transport is quantified from the time-dependent center of mass of the curtain. The bulk acceleration of the curtain is shown to be greater than that predicted for a single 115-µm particle in a Mach 1.67 shock-induced flow.
Polymers from Cycloolefins

Abstract Ring-opening polymerization of cycloolefins has led to a variety of new plastics and elastomers with a great range in physical properties. Ring-opening polymerization of cycloolefins, employing organoaluminum-tungsten salt catalysts, is a special case of olefin metathesis, a new reaction. The ring-opening reaction occurs at the double bond and allows making either large ring macro-cyclics or high molecular weight linear chains. Under certain conditions ringchain equilibrium can be established in these systems.