cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing collaboration and competition: the Kingsport, Tennessee experience.

Article-at-a-Glance Background In 1988, business, health care, and community leaders in Kingsport, Tennessee, initiated the Kingsport Area Health Improvement Project (KAHIP) to improve the health status of local citizens. The community has good conditions for collaboration: (1) a large employer that was a 1993 winner of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, (2) community structures for the implementation of collaborative efforts, (3) relative stability in community employment and income, (4) adequate medical resources, (5) outside support from foundations and national organizations, and (6) the confidence and commitment of its leaders to make quality efforts work. Barriers to improvement Barriers to improvement have included 1) two large acute care hospitals competing for many of the same physicians and patients, 2) the uncertainties introduced by the restructuring of the community's largest employer, and 3) ongoing moves in the managed care arena by some key players, which have left a degree of anger and mistrust. Realizing that the approach taken in the late 1980s and early 1990s was no longer working in the new competitive environment, KAHIP reconstituted itself in 1994. Providers now have a greater leadership role in community improvement efforts. As a result, improvement efforts in Kingsport include the institution of interventions to reduce injuries to children/adolescents resulting from motor vehicular accidents, the establishment of a primary care health center for the uninsured/underserved, and development of a smoking-cessation program. Lessons learned The keys to continued leadership are 1) explicit faith in the continuous quality improvement approach, 2) commitment to communitywide change, 3) willingness to continue to engage in dialogue, 4) willingness to try new organizational alliances and structures to revitalize the effort, and 5) willingness to address those issues that individuals and institutions can agree to work on and set aside those they cannot agree on.
Perceived concern about the new strain of the influenza and obtaining the vaccine in China, Japan and South Korea

This study compares the factors, which influence individuals from the countries of China, Japan and South Korea to obtain any type of influenza vaccines and their perceived concerns about the new strain of the influenza - pandemic (H1N1) 2009. The data analyzed was from the East Asian Social Survey (EASS), Cross-National Survey Data Sets: Health and Society in East Asia, 2010 (ICPSR 34608) (N=7938). The results of this study suggest that individuals who are concerned about the new strain of influenza are more likely to have obtained influenza vaccine. In these countries, perceived concerns may be directly related to vaccine-related behaviors. The results of this study also indicate that there are variations within each country regarding as to why individuals do or do not obtain the influenza vaccine. Over all, this project provides new insights about the acquisition of the influenza vaccine within China, Japan and South Korea, which will be useful for medical practice within these countries and future research.
Bards into Missionaries

Following the great upheavals of the sixteenth century, Gaelic Ireland was a civilization under attack, existing only in fragmented form, unable to maintain its old political and social institutions against the increasingly centralized Tudor government. But even as its political system eroded, many of Gaelic Ireland’s cultural traditions continued to flourish, in spite of efforts aimed at their eradication. And playing a large role in this rearguard action of cultural preservation in Ireland were the aes dana and the Catholic Church. The interrelationship between the church and the old aes dana classes of poets, historians, and hereditary clerics that had such a great impact on the characteristics of late medieval Irish Catholicism also had a crucial effect on the remarkable cultural continuities in early modern Ireland and the successful entrenchment of traditional religious attitudes, in spite of the campaign of official repression on the part of the English government.
Predicting nutrient excretion of aquatic animals with metabolic ecology and ecological stoichiometry: a global synthesis

The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) and ecological stoichiometry (ES) are both prominent frameworks for understanding energy and nutrient budgets of organisms. We tested their separate and joint power to predict nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion rates of ectothermic aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate animals (10,534 observations worldwide). MTE variables (body size, temperature) performed better than ES variables (trophic guild, vertebrate classification, body N:P) in predicting excretion rates, but the best models included variables from both frameworks. Size scaling coefficients were significantly lower than predicted by MTE (<0.75), were lower for P than N, and varied greatly among species. Contrary to expectations under ES, vertebrates excreted both N and P at higher rates than invertebrates despite having more nutrient-rich bodies, and primary consumers excreted as much nutrients as carnivores despite having nutrient-poor diets. Accounting for body N:P hardly improved upon predictions from treating vertebrate classification categorically. We conclude that basic data on body size, water temperature, trophic guild, and vertebrate classification are sufficient to make general estimates of nutrient excretion rates for any animal taxon or aquatic ecosystem. Nonetheless, dramatic interspecific variation in size-scaling coefficients and counter-intuitive patterns with respect to diet and body composition underscore the need for field data on consumption and egestion rates. Together, MTE and ES provide a powerful conceptual basis for interpreting and predicting nutrient recycling rates of aquatic animals worldwide.
Controlled Grain Growth for High Performance Nanoparticle-Based Kesterite Solar Cells

Large-grain absorber formation through selenization techniques is a promising route for high performance chalcogenide solar cells. Understanding and subsequently controlling such grain growth is essential in improving absorber quality and developing absorbers with unique optoelectronic and morphological properties. We explain the essential role of liquid selenium in the grain growth of Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) absorbers from Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles by proposing a liquid-assisted grain growth mechanism. Through the use of a multizone rapid-thermal-processing furnace, control of liquid Se delivery to the film and the Se(g) atmosphere during processing is shown to result in novel absorbers with tunable properties. Additionally, the processing parameters necessary for high quality CZTSe absorbers, the role of nanoparticle properties, and the role of alkali metal dopants in the liquid-assisted growth mechanism are shown. Ultimately, record nanoparticle-based device performance of 9.3% is achieved for selenized CZTSe...
Hybrid battery charging strategy for maximizing PV customers' economic benefits

This paper presents a new hybrid battery charging strategy with the energy sources both from PV (Photovoltaic) panels and the grid. This strategy can achieve the optimal economic benefits for PV customers in areas with continuous grid supply. A mathematical model of this charging strategy is developed and programmed. Local residential PV customers' energy bills are significantly reduced by using this charging strategy. In addition, a classic financial model, Net Present Value (NPV), is utilized to forecast the return on investing of the battery system with multiple purchase options for residential customers. The analysis result provides a practical reference for customers who want to invest in the battery storage system.
Eating to boost gut microbial diversity.

The human intestine is home to trillions of bacteria, which symbiose with our mammalian cells to promote health or disease in the human metaorganism. To maintain this symbiotic relationship, gut microbes and host cells engage in bidirectional cross-talk that relies heavily on common nutrients used by both cell types. It is important to understand this bidirectional metabolic cross-talk because this metaorganismal communication is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A key constraint on the types of microbes that can inhabit our intestine is the quality and quantity of our diet. However, the distinct dietary nutrients that impact microbial community structure are poorly understood. Now, Holmes et al . provide evidence that dietary nitrogen content impacts gut microbial diversity and associated host metabolic responses. To identify dietary factors that influence microbiome-host interactions, the researchers designed a series of well-controlled diets with a dynamic range of macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) and overall energy density. These defined diets were then fed to mice to examine their effects on gut microbiome community structure, as well as microbe and host nutrient metabolism using stable isotope methodology. This work also leveraged an innovative bioinformatics platform to predict guilds of microbes that have distinct nutrient acquisition preferences. A key observation was that dietary protein intake constrains the host-microbiome metabolic interplay. In particular, the availability of nitrogen can impact both gut microbial community structure and host metabolism. Diets that restricted nitrogen availability to gut microbes promoted healthy aging in the mice, potentially by shaping community structure. These insights offer a potential explanation for the effect of high protein intake on the metabolic health in the host. This work also provides evidence that diet may have a large impact on host-microbiome interactions in health and disease. Forging ahead, it is imperative that we understand that studying microbe-host interactions in chow-fed mice likely has little direct relevance to the human situation. Humans do not consume diets even remotely similar to mouse chow, which is an extremely high-fiber, high-carbohydrate, and low-fat diet. As we move forward to therapeutically intervene on microbe-host interactions to improve human health, consideration of the dietary constraints will be key. A. J. Holmes et al. , Diet-microbiome interactions in health are controlled by intestinal nitrogen source constraints. Cell Metab. 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.021 (2016). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(16)30553-8
Immunology: The chronicles of T-cell exhaustion.

T cells of the immune system often fail to target cancer cells because they enter a dysfunctional state known as exhaustion. Molecular analysis of T-cell exhaustion provides insights into the clinical use of these cells.
Swainsonine Biosynthesis Genes in Diverse Symbiotic and Pathogenic Fungi

Swainsonine-a cytotoxic fungal alkaloid and a potential cancer therapy drug-is produced by the insect pathogen and plant symbiont Metarhizium robertsii, the clover pathogen Slafractonia leguminicola, locoweed symbionts belonging to Alternaria sect. Undifilum, and a recently discovered morning glory symbiont belonging to order Chaetothyriales. Genome sequence analyses revealed that these fungi share orthologous gene clusters, designated "SWN," which included a multifunctional swnK gene comprising predicted adenylylation and acyltransferase domains with their associated thiolation domains, a β-ketoacyl synthase domain, and two reductase domains. The role of swnK was demonstrated by inactivating it in M. robertsii through homologous gene replacement to give a ∆swnK mutant that produced no detectable swainsonine, then complementing the mutant with the wild-type gene to restore swainsonine biosynthesis. Other SWN cluster genes were predicted to encode two putative hydroxylases and two reductases, as expected to complete biosynthesis of swainsonine from the predicted SwnK product. SWN gene clusters were identified in six out of seven sequenced genomes of Metarhzium species, and in all 15 sequenced genomes of Arthrodermataceae, a family of fungi that cause athlete's foot and ringworm diseases in humans and other mammals. Representative isolates of all of these species were cultured, and all Metarhizium spp. with SWN clusters, as well as all but one of the Arthrodermataceae, produced swainsonine. These results suggest a new biosynthetic hypothesis for this alkaloid, extending the known taxonomic breadth of swainsonine producers to at least four orders of Ascomycota, and suggest that swainsonine has roles in mutualistic symbioses and diseases of plants and animals.
Real-Time Implementation of Calderón’s Method on Subject-Specific Domains

A real-time implementation of Calderon’s method for the reconstruction of a 2-D conductivity from electrical impedance tomography data is presented, in which domain-specific modeling is taken into account. This is the first implementation of Calderon’s method that accounts for correct modeling of non-symmetric domain boundaries in image reconstruction. The domain-specific Calderon’s method is derived and reconstructions from experimental tank data are presented, quantifying the distortion when correct modeling is not included in the reconstruction algorithm. Reconstructions from human subject volunteers are presented, demonstrating the method’s effectiveness for imaging changes due to ventilation and perfusion in the human thorax.
Analysis of the approximate slow invariant manifold method for reactive flow equations

The Approximate Slow Invariant Manifold method of Singh, Powers and Paolucci is a useful method for addressing model reduction in systems of reactive flow equations. It exploits separations of time scales between slow and fast species, and it generalizes the Intrinsic Low-Dimensional Manifold method, which was developed for model reduction in the context of reaction kinetics, to systems with diffusive and active transport. In this article, we present a mathematical analysis of the Approximate Slow Invariant Manifold method in the context of systems of reaction–diffusion equations with slow and fast reaction kinetics. Beginning with systems of two species (one slow and one fast), and then treating general systems with multiple slow and fast species, we explicitly determine the accuracy of the Approximate Slow Invariant Manifold method. We find that it is correct up to and including the terms of first order in the small parameter that measures the separation of the kinetics time scales, and that it captures many of the terms at second order, as well. Our analysis includes precise statements of the errors at second order, and we find that these are proportional to the slow components of the reaction–diffusion equation, as well as to the curvature of the critical manifold. We illustrate the results analytically on two prototypical examples, the Michaelis–Menten–Henri model with diffusion of the slow species and the Davis–Skodje model in which both the slow and fast species diffuse.
Adverse Consequences to Assisting Victims of Campus Violence: Initial Investigations Among College Students:

Despite growing interest in the use of bystander education programs to address the problems of sexual and relationship violence on college campuses, little knowledge exists on adverse consequences experienced by students intervening as a bystander. The current study examined the prevalence and correlates of adverse consequences of bystander intervention in two samples of first-year college students. In Study 1, 281 students completed a measure of negative consequences experienced when acting as a bystander to help someone at risk of sexual assault, relationship abuse, or stalking. Efficacy for bystander behavior was also assessed. Approximately one third of the students (97/281) reported having tried to help someone who had been at risk of violence during the previous academic year. Of these, approximately 17% (16/97) reported experiencing a negative consequence from having tried to help. Experiencing negative consequences was associated with lower levels of bystander efficacy. In Study 2, conducted at a different university, 299 students completed measures of negative consequences resulting from intervening as a bystander and efficacy for bystander behavior. Students also participated in virtual-reality simulations that provided opportunities to intervene as a bystander. Again, approximately one third of the students (99/299) reported having tried to help someone at risk of violence. Of these, 20% (20/99) reported experiencing a negative consequence. Two of the adverse consequences (physically hurt, got into trouble) were negatively associated with bystander efficacy and observed effectiveness of bystander behavior in the virtual simulations. Results of exploratory analyses suggest that training in bystander intervention might reduce the likelihood of experiencing adverse consequences.
Distinct Siderophores Contribute to Iron Cycling in the Mesopelagic at Station ALOHA

The distribution of dissolved iron (Fe), total organic Fe-binding ligands, and siderophores were measured between the surface and 400 m at Station ALOHA, a long term ecological study site in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Dissolved Fe concentrations were low throughout the water column and strong organic Fe-binding ligands exceeded dissolved Fe at all depths; varying from 0.9 nmol L-1 in the surface to 1.6 nmol L-1 below 150 m. Although Fe does not appear to limit microbial production, we nevertheless found siderophores at nearly all depths, indicating some populations of microbes were responding to Fe stress. Ferrioxamine siderophores were most abundant in the upper water column, with concentrations between 0.1-2 pmol L-1, while a suite of amphibactins were found below 200 m with concentrations between 0.8-11 pmol L-1. The distinct vertical distribution of ferrioxamines and amphibactins may indicate disparate strategies for acquiring Fe from dust in the upper water column and recycled organic matter in the lower water column. Amphibactins were found to have conditional stability constants (log ) ranging from 12.0-12.5, while ferrioxamines had much stronger conditional stability constants ranging from 14.0-14.4, within the range of observed L1 ligands by voltammetry. We used our data to calculate equilibrium Fe speciation at Station ALOHA to compare the relative concentration of inorganic and siderophore complexed Fe. The results indicate that the concentration of Fe bound to siderophores was up to two orders of magnitude higher than inorganic Fe, suggesting that even if less bioavailable, siderophores were nevertheless a viable pathway for Fe acquisition by microbes at our study site. Finally, we observed rapid production of ferrioxamine E by particle-associated bacteria during incubation of freshly collected sinking organic matter. Fe-limitation may therefore be a factor in regulating carbon metabolism and nutrient regeneration in the mesopelagic.
The Effects of Parent Training on Vocabulary Scores of Young Children With Hearing Loss

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of short-term parent training on maternal use of language stimulation strategies and vocabulary scores in children with hearing loss. Me...
An Empirical Examination of the Compensation-Dividend Relation to Compare Conflict Resolution Strategies at Public versus Private Firms

While agency theory predicts that the unification of ownership and control of private family firms reduces agency concerns, some prior studies suggest that the complex family relationships of private, family firms increases agency conflicts. To investigate these conflicting predictions, this study empirically examines with regression analysis how executive total compensation levels relate to dividends at public versus private firms to compare the conflict resolution strategies of public versus private firms. For public firms, this study finds a positive compensation-dividend relation, indicating that public firms increase total compensation levels to reward executives for supporting firms’ dividend policies and realign the interests of owners and managers from the conflict created by dividends. Drawing from special access to Forms 1120, this study examines a large sample of privately held U.S. firms. For private firms, this study finds a negative compensation-dividend relation, indicating that private, family firms do not use compensation to realign the interests of owners and managers and overcome the conflict created by dividends. This new evidence suggests that the ownership structure of private, family firms systematically mitigates agency concerns to some degree. On a practical level, this study indicates that firms can provide compensation arrangements that support firms’ dividend policies, and that regulatory agencies should continue to focus on public firms where the great dispersion of ownership systematically increases agency concerns.
Interactions of selectins with PSGL-1 and other ligands.

The selectins are type I membrane glycoproteins that mediate adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to vascular surfaces (McEver 2001; Vestweber and Blanks 1999). L-selectin is expressed on most leukocytes. E-selectin is expressed on cytokine-activated endothelial cells. P-selectin is rapidly redistributed from membranes of secretory granules to the surfaces of activated platelets and endothelial cells. Each selectin has a membrane-distal C-type lectin domain, followed by an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like motif, a series of consensus repeats, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. P- and E-selectin bind primarily to ligands on leukocytes, and P-selectin also interacts with ligands on platelets and some endothelial cells. L-selectin binds to ligands on endothelial cells of high endothelial venules (HEV) in lymph nodes and on other leukocytes.
Siblings in Childhood and Adolescence

Studying sibling relationships in the first portion of the life span is important, whether they are studied in infancy, early childhood, childhood, or adolescence. Siblings can be major influences in one another’s lives because each sibling lives in an environment which is different by virtue of the influence of the other siblings as well as that of various other family and extrafamilial factors.
Acute Treatment of Episodic Migraine

All patients with migraine need to be provided acute treatment, even those on preventive medications. Setting clinical goals and expectations with patients improves adherence and outcomes. Goals for acute treatment include quick onset with consistent response, low recurrence, restoration of normal function with reduced disability, minimal side effects, and minimal use of rescue meds, at lowest possible cost. When patients are surveyed as to their desires for acute treatment and given choices, they choose a pain-free response by 2 h. Clinical pearls for acute treatment are provided, followed by specific sections on use of triptans, ergots, NSAIDs, and other nonspecific medications such as acetaminophen, butalbital, antiemetics, steroids, and narcotics. Special sections discuss the potential for ­drug–drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome, as well as emergency acute treatment.
Psychiatric care for patients with HIV infection : the varying perspectives

This article reviews the literature on the classification and treatment of psychiatric morbidity associated with infection from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The psychiatric disorders seen in HIV-infected patients are formulated by using one of the following four perspectives as treatment guides: 1) the syndromal or disease perspective, 2) the dispositional or personality perspective, 3) the behavioral or addictive perspective, and 4) the life story perspective.
Comparative Conflicts Law

It is a custom in writing about "conflict of laws," to start with censuring the ineptitude of this title and the mendacity of that other name, "private international law." The American Restatement, evidently moved by similar scruples, chose the title of "The Law of the Conflict of Laws." I have admired the amplitude of this expression but have found out that for my purpose more wokds are needed, namely: The Conflict of the Laws of the Conflict of Laws. This still does not bring out that there is more conflict than law in the subject-matter.
Priming effect of adenosine on KATP currents in intact ventricular myocytes: implications for preconditioning

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) has been shown to shorten the time to turn on ATP-sensitive potassium currents (I K,ATP) during metab...
Improving bioenergy feedstock quality of high moisture short rotation woody crops using air classification

Abstract Short rotation woody crops have many advantages as perennial bioenergy feedstocks, including high biomass yields, high carbohydrate and low ash contents, and marginal land utilization. Through short rotation coppicing management, these biomass resources can be harvested year round. The challenge of year round harvesting is feedstock quality variability due to leaf content during periods of non-senescence. The low quality leaf fraction results in higher ash and moisture contents and lower carbohydrate content. Mechanical techniques, such as air classification, provide an economically feasible process to separate heterogeneous biomass samples based on particle density, size, and shape. In this work high moisture (>45%) hybrid poplar and shrub willow short rotation crops were air classified using a series of fan speeds for anatomical fractionation of the material. Air classification using an air velocity of ∼4.7 m/s removed a majority of the leaf material while retaining 88% and 87% of the hybrid poplar and shrub willow, respectively. At this velocity, the ash content was reduced from 2.34% to 1.67% for hybrid poplar and 2.60% to 2.14% for shrub willow. Concurrently, the carbohydrate content increased from 56.32% to 60.62% and from 54.03% to 55.99% for these same materials. As drying is a cost intensive step for processing high moisture biomass materials, the cost benefits (∼$3/Mg dry biomass) for removing low quality, high moisture materials prior to drying were also demonstrated. ©Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC, contract manager for Idaho National Laboratory.
Predicting the Inland Penetration of Long-Lake-Axis-Parallel Snowbands

AbstractPredicting the inland penetration of lake-effect long-lake-axis-parallel (LLAP) snowbands is crucial to public safety because LLAP bands can produce hazardous weather well downwind of the p...
A New Optimized Queueing Model with Compensation and Buffer

This paper aims at designing a queueing model for clinics to reduce the waiting time for patients and increase the working efficiency for physicians. The current queueing model may cause time conflicts between patients with and without appointments especially when whom with the appointment comes late. Many hospitals tolerate the latecomers that may elicit dissatisfaction of other patients. In this research, we developed a new queueing model applying the strategy of dynamic punishment by moving back a certain percentage length of the existing queue for latecomers with appointments. Comparison of our new model with three existing ones demonstrated that ours is superior to others especially when handling the full load situation. The standard deviation of the new model is around 10% less than the other three models, indicating that fewer patients will fall into long-time waiting zone. In sum, our new model displays a better performance in case of full load situation by reducing the number of long-waiting-time patients and making the differences among waiting times smaller.
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Women's Imaging: Cost-Benefit Analysis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to identify and discuss four areas in which artificial intelligence (AI) must excel to become clinically viable: performance, time, work flow, and cost. CO...
Vaccination against atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes most heart attacks and strokes, making it the biggest killer in the world. Although cholesterol-lowering drugs have dramatically reduced these major adverse cardiovascular events, there remains a high residual risk called inflammatory risk. Atherosclerosis has an autoimmune component that can be manipulated by immunologic approaches including vaccination. Vaccination is attractive, because it is antigen-specific, does not impair host defense, and provides long-term protection. Several candidate antigens for atherosclerosis vaccine development have been identified and have been shown to reduce atherosclerosis in animal models. In this review, we focus on two different types of atherosclerosis vaccines: antibody-inducing and regulatory T cell-inducing.
Thermodynamic investigations with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of hybrid thermoelectric generator-heat pump model

In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the system employed with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach has been carried out to improve the heating capacity and power output of the thermoe...
Robotic Treatment of Bowel Endometriosis

Endometriosis describes a condition with the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma outside the endometrial cavity that affects up to 15% of reproductive-aged women. Of women affected with endometriosis, 3.8-37% will have endometriosis involving the bowel, primarily the rectosigmoid colon. While medical management is often recommended as a first-line therapy, it is not curative, and surgery is often required as an adjunct for the management of symptoms. Minimally invasive surgery has become the standard of care for managing these patients. The use of robotic-assisted laparoscopy offers benefits that may allow surgeons to perform these challenging surgical cases using a minimally invasive technique. For lesions that affect the colon, there are three primary techniques used for removal which include: 1) rectal shaving, 2) discoid excision and 3) segmental resection. The decision to pursue one approach over another is largely dependent on the number of lesions present, a lesion's size and depth of invasion as well as the involved circumference of the bowel. The available evidence of using robotic-assisted laparoscopy in cases of bowel endometriosis is limited in the literature. In this review, we will summarize the role of robotic-assisted laparoscopy in the management of bowel endometriosis.
General Management of the Poisoned Patient

Accidental death was the fourth leading cause of mortality in the United States in 2014. Within causes of accidental deaths, unintentional poisoning has been at the top since 2011 [1]. This does not include deaths from intentional self-poisoning and thus underestimates the total number of deaths related to poisoning. This information underscores the importance of developing adequate treatment strategies for the poisoned patient.
Building and grid system benefits of demand flexibility and energy efficiency

Through energy efficiency and demand flexibility, buildings can play a prominent role in mitigating the urgent and severe consequences associated with a changing climate. In this issue of Joule, the paper by Langevin et al. provides clear insight into the magnitude of impact buildings can have.
Saddle policies for secure routing in communication networks

In this paper we formalize routing in communication networks as a game between the designer of the routing algorithm and an attacker that attempts to intercept packets. By computing saddle-point solutions to this game, we obtain stochastic routing policies that are secure in the sense that they utilize multiple paths to minimize the probability of packet interception. We also show that the policies obtained for secure routing can be optimal with respect to flow-maximization and load-balancing. These policies thus have applications beyond secure routing and may proof useful, e.g., in wireless networks, where bandwidth and power is at a premium.
Partial Resolution of the Enzymes Catalyzing Oxidative Phosphorylation XXV. RECONSTITUTION OF VESICLES CATALYZING 32Pi—ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE EXCHANGE

1. Amorphous membrane fragments depleted in P-lipids and cytochrome oxidase were isolated from bovine heart mitochondria and were reconstituted with P-lipids and coupling factors to yield vesicular structures. These vesicles catalyzed a 32Pi—ATP exchange and showed an induced enhancement of anilinonaphthalene sulfonate fluorescence on addition of ATP 2. 32Pi—ATP exchange and fluorescence enhancement were abolished by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and by energy transfer inhibitors. The ATPase activity was inhibited by energy transfer inhibitors, but stimulated by uncouplers or by the combined action of nigericin and valinomycin in the presence of K+. Both ATPase activity and 32Pi—ATP exchange were inhibited by a specific antibody against coupling factor 1. 3. It was shown that the reconstitution of vesicular structures with functional activity required several hours. Rapid reconstitution resulted in inactive vesicles. Evidence for the formation of new vesicles from solubilized P-lipids was obtained by demonstrating inclusion of macromolecules such as 14C-labeled inulin or ferritin which could not be removed by washing.
Replacement Arteries Made to Order

The formation of fatty plaques (atherosclerosis) that clog arteries is one of the most common forms of cardiovas-cular disease. The only permanent solu-tion is surgical replacement of diseased arteries with healthy autologous veins (that is, veins from the same patient). However, this type of surgery is only possible for patients with healthy veins. Thus, there has been increasing interest in using biological components to con-struct artificial blood vessels in the laboratory that faithfully mimic the properties of normal healthy arteries. In a lively TechView article, Laura Niklason discusses several new approaches to growing arteries in the laboratory and how each type of vessel withstands the rigors of arterial blood pressure when grafted into different animal models.
Regulation of Maltodextrin Phosphorylase Synthesis in Escherichia coli by Cyclic Adenosine 3′, 5′-Monophosphate and Glucose

Cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (AMP) stimulates maltodextrin phosphorylase synthesis in Escherichia coli cells induced with maltose. A maximal effect occurs at 2 to 3 mM cyclic AMP. The action of cyclic AMP is specific, inasmuch as adenosine triphosphate, 3'-AMP, 5'-AMP, adenosine, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP are inactive. Glucose, alpha-methyl glucoside, 2-deoxyglucose, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate repress maltodextrin phosphorylase synthesis. This repression is reversed by cyclic AMP. The action of cyclic AMP appears to be at the transcriptional level, since cyclic AMP fails to stimulate phosphorylase production in induced cells in which messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis has been arrested by rifampin or by inducer removal. The two other enzymes involved in the metabolism of maltose, amylomaltase and maltose permease, are also induced in this strain of E. coli and affected by glucose and cyclic AMP in a manner similar to phosphorylase.
Long-term culture and characteristics of normal rat liver bile duct epithelial cells.

Abstract Background: A method was established for isolation and long-term culture of bile duct epithelial cells (BDEC) of normal adult rat liver that does not require the preparation of highly purified BDEC. Methods: After dissociation of the liver parenchyma by collagenase perfusion, the liver remnant containing the intact biliary tree was minced into small fragments, embedded in a rat tail collagen gel, and cultured for 6 days in hormonally defined serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/F12 medium (SFDM). BDEC cultures were subsequently subcultured and maintained on rat tail collagen gels in SFDM medium containing 5 μmol/L forskolin and 5%–10% Nu Serum IV (Collaborative Research, Bedford, MA). Results: Established BDEC lines continued to express ductal specific markers including γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, cytokeratins 7 and 19, and a number of monoclonal antibody-defined bile duct antigens, such as OC.2, OC.3, and OV6. Conclusions: The availability of a method to establish normal BDEC lines will allow further investigation of the function of bile duct cells and their role in normal liver differentiation and carcinogenesis.
The Unusual Short Period Binary V342 Aquilae; Does it Break the Evolutionary Theory Mold?

Analysis of the eclipsing (period=3.39 days) binary V342 Aquilae at visible wavelengths reveals that the system is heavily enshrouded with gas, masking the identity of the underlying stars. In the ultraviolet V342 Aquilae shows six times more attenuation at phases outside of eclipse than most Algols. It is likely, then, that V342 Aquilae is the most enshrouded short period Algol system known. Our ultraviolet spectra show very pronounced Fe II absorption lines arising from ground and metastable levels, indicating an extensive circumstellar gas envelope. The strength of this absorption shows both an orbital and a cycle-to-cycle variability. The eclipse spectra display very strong emission from lines such as C II, Si IV, and C IV, with a striking similarity to the interacting binary TT Hydrae (B9.5V+K0III). We have deduced that the system consists of a late B star with a late GIII-IV companion and a mass ratio on the order of 0.5. A detailed descriptionof the observations, as well as deduced geometrical and physical properties of the system are presented. The apparent conflict of these observations with presently understood theory of binary evolution will be discussed.
The Praxis of Courage as a Foundation for Care

Purpose To analyze the concept of courage and determine its relevance for the present-day context of nursing. Methods Using techniques of pragmatic utility, a systematic review of the literature was conducted using 18 articles and books from the nursing literature. Analytical questions were developed to guide the data synthesis. Results Despite fear for self and others, courage in nursing is usually presented as ethical-moral “risk-taking” action(s) with the intent to ensure safe patient care. Conclusions The concept of courage is germane to nursing and provides a unique aspect of nursing care, not fully incorporated into “care,” “compassion,” or the caring sciences. Apart from its linkage toward a moral ethic, courage is not presently used in nursing theory. We recommend incorporating this traditional concept into nursing theory, research, and practice. Clinical Relevance Developing courage in novice professionals and stre-ngthening courage in practitioners can not only improve professional integrity, but also improve patient safety.
Bicuculline sensitive depressor response to ethanol infusion into the lateral hypothalamus.

Abstract Decreased GABA function in the hypothalamus increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Since ethanol acts on GABA-A receptors, blocking GABA-A receptors can prevent a decrease of MAP and HR by ethanol in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Ethanol at 5–30 mM, with or without 25 ng/μl bicuculline, was infused into the LH, and the activity of the site was validated with 100 nmoles of serotonin. Male rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and the femoral artery was catheterized to measure MAP and HR. Microinfusion was performed with a 28-gauge cannula placed into the LH. Serotonin increased MAP and HR within 15 sec. Ethanol decreased the MAP by −21.15 ± 3.92 mmHg and HR by −53.61±14.95 BPM, at 15 min, which recovered by 15 min after the infusion was terminated. These maximum decreases were produced by 20 mM ethanol giving a U-shaped dose response. The aCSF vehicle had no effect. Bicuculline prevented ethanol-induced changes and had no effect when administered alone. Both serotonin and ethanol have direct effects on LH neurons with cardiovascular function. Ethanol produces this effect through GABA-A receptors.
Transcriptional Control of the Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Promoter by Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4: Inhibition by Cyclic AMP and COUP Transcription Factors

Abstract An important regulatory element (designated FP330-3′) of the ALDH2 promoter mediates activation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4). This activation of promoter constructs containing this element by HNF4 was reduced by nearly half by 8-Br-cAMP in H4IIEC3 cells, an effect that was blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA). Cotransfection assays showed that COUP-TF I, ARP-1, or PPARδ suppressed the ability of HNF4 to activate the reporter. The repression was potentiated by 8-Br-cAMP. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that treatment of hepatoma cells or cultured rat hepatocytes with 1 mM 8-Br-cAMP or glucagon reduced binding of FP330-3′ by HNF4 by half. In vitro phosphorylation of HNF4 by PKA decreased binding to FP330-3′. Fasting reduced the ALDH2 protein level in liver and kidney, two tissues expressing HNF4, but not heart. These data suggest that ALDH2 expression can be suppressed by cAMP, most likely through phosphorylation of HNF4 by PKA, and this may account for the reduction in enzyme protein during fasting.
The effect of thioacetamide on sulfobromophthalein and ouabain transport in isolated rat hepatocytes

Abstract The uptake and release of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and ouabain were studied in hepatocytes isolated from rats which received thioacetamide (TA) (1, 2 or 4 mmol/kg) 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h before sacrifice. The effects of TA (1 mmol/kg) on hepatocyte BSP transport varied with time. Total BSP hepatocyte content was decreased 6 h and 24 h after TA treatment and increased 48 h after TA treatment due to decreased and increased uptake, respectively. Hepatocyte BSP conjugation was increased 6 h and 24 h after TA treatment and decreased at 48 h. At the higher doses of TA, 24 h after treatment total BSP hepatocyte content was increased and concomitantly BSP relase was decreased at the 4 mmol/kg dose of TA. Ouabain uptake was decreased at all doses of TA and at all treatment times. However, release of ouabain was not altered by TA treatment. These results show TA depresses hepatocyte total BSP uptake (depending on dose and time factors) and depresses hepatocyte ouabain uptake.
Making M3WRITE Right for You

Our group of seven independent school libraries replaced our OCLC Model 110 terminals with M300 Workstations last summer. We also purchased the Cataloging Micro Enhancer software (CAT ME), with some vague notions about using it for “downloading,” “non‐prime‐time produce,” and “offline editing.” After using the ME for a week, we were comfortable with it but not sure it was all it was cracked up to be. After about three weeks, and working out the kinks in our processing workflow, we were convinced it's the best thing to come along since the first OCLC terminals.
Elucidating metabolic pathways for amino acid incorporation into dragline spider silk using 13C enrichment and solid state NMR

Spider silk has been evolutionarily optimized for contextual mechanical performance over the last 400 Ma. Despite precisely balanced mechanical properties, which have yet to be reproduced, the underlying molecular architecture of major ampullate spider silk can be simplified being viewed as a versatile block copolymer. Four primary amino acid motifs: polyalanine, (GA)(n), GPGXX, and GGX (X = G,A,S,Q,L,Y) will be considered in this study. Although synthetic mimetics of many of these amino acid motifs have been produced in several biological systems, the source of spider silk's mechanical integrity remains elusive. Mechanical robustness may be a product not only of the amino acid structure but also of the tertiary structure of the silk. Historically, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) has been used to reveal the crystalline structure of the polyalanine motif; however, limitations in amino acid labeling techniques have obscured the structures of the GGX and GPGXX motifs thought to be responsible for the structural mobility of spider silk. We describe the use of metabolic pathways to label tyrosine for the first time as well as to improve the labeling efficiency of proline. These improved labeling techniques will allow the previously unknown tertiary structures of major ampullate silk to be probed.
A detailed study of differential line broadening in a coupled AX, spin-12, spin-12 system

Abstract Results of the first quantitative experimental tests of the theoretical predictions of differential line broadening (DLB) in coupled spin- 1 2 systems are reported for the PFO32− anion. These predictions, based on the Redfield density matrix theory, agree well with the experimental observations. The absolute sign of the spin coupling constant is shown to be negative, JPF = −870.0±0.5 Hz. The experimental conditions needed for the manifestation of DLB in coupled spin systems are given.
An open architecture for medical imaging systems.

Integration of medical imaging is the goal of many standards. Interfile and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standards have made great strides in this area. The impact of DICOM is greater owing to its wider acceptance. However, the lack of conformance testing makes interoperability difficult, often requiring expensive consulting teams in a mixed-vendor environment. DICOM is difficult to learn and deploy because it does not use modern software paradigms. Many hardware and software advances in computer architectures and communications could greatly enhance diagnostic imaging if they could be quickly incorporated into medical imaging standards. These problems led to consideration of a solution able to take advantage of state-of-the-art technology and to allow diverse implementations while ensuring the accurate interchange of information between health care providers. It is an objectoriented system information model, with the common object request broker architecture (CORBA) as the vehicle to ensure interoperability between different implementations of the model. This report presents the model.
Incidence and Outcomes of Anterior Chamber Gas Bubble during Femtosecond Flap Creation for Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis

Purpose. To report the incidence and outcomes of anterior chamber gas bubble formation during femtosecond laser flap creation for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods. The charts of 2,886 consecutive eyes that underwent femtosecond LASIK from May 2011 through August 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The incidence, preoperative characteristics, intraoperative details, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed in subjects developing anterior chamber gas bubble formation during the procedure. Results. A total of 4 cases (0.14%) developed anterior chamber gas bubble formation during femtosecond laser flap creation. In all four cases, the excimer laser was unable to successfully track the pupil immediately following the anterior chamber bubble formation, temporarily postponing the completion of the procedure. There was an ethnicity predilection of anterior chamber gas formation toward Asians (p = 0.0055). An uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 was ultimately achieved in all four cases without further complications. Conclusions. Anterior chamber gas bubble formation during femtosecond laser flap creation for LASIK is an uncommon event that typically results in a delay in treatment completion; nevertheless, it does influence final positive visual outcome.