cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integral-equation solution using coherent optical feedback

Confocal feedback systems can perform analog optical solutions of two-dimensional integral equations. Methods for solution of Fredholm equations by space-variant feedback and of Volterra equations using multiple feedback have been found and experimental results obtained. Two-dimensional problems of this type are difficult and time consuming to solve digitally, but the optical solution is obtained at high speed.
A printable form of single-crystalline gallium nitride for flexible optoelectronic systems.

This work was supported by the DARPA-funded AFRL-managed Macroelectronics Program and used the Center for Microanalysis of Materials and the Laser and Spectroscopy Facility of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, supported by the Department of Energy (DEFG02-96ER45439). K.L. thanks Prof. Jae Min Myoung in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Yonsei University for valuable information related to the processing of GaN thin films.
Memory T cells enhance the expression of high-avidity naive B cells.

Abstract The secondary immune response classically differs from the primary response in magnitude, avidity, and isotype of the antibodies produced. Cell transfer studies to assess the contribution of memory B and memory T cells to each of these parameters are described. Avidities of the anti-DNP plaque-forming cells (PFC) generated in lethally irradiated recipients of naive B cells and keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH)-primed T cells, followed by immunization with soluble DNPKLH, are medium to high, and do not differ significantly from the avidities of anti-DNP PFC in recipients of DNP-primed B cells and KLH-primed T cells. However, the number of indirect (I)-PFC and the ratio of I-PFC to direct (D)-PFC are significantly greater in the recipients of primed B and primed T cells. The results suggest that carrier primed T cells can selectively activate virgin B cells which are committed to produce medium- and high-avidity antibodies, and/or enhance the generation of somatic mutation which leads to antibodies of higher avidity. Priming of B cells is necessary for the increased magnitude of the I-PFC.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATE INVESTMENT AND INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT IN CHINA

Considerable efforts have been made by the Chinese government to achieve a spatially balanced pattern of industrial development. However, regional inequality has persisted after four decades of socialism in China. This article attempts to analyze spatially and temporally the relationship between industrial output and state investment, the major vehicle to implement regional development policies. Regression analysis shows that the relationship between investment and output was poor in 1953 and extremely poor in 1965 when large amounts of investment were channeled into interior development. It became stronger in 1978 and was the best in 1990. The expansion method suggests that the relationship weakens with increasing distance from the coast, and investment efficiency was poorer in the interior. This article has found that state investment did not bring in the expected industrial development, which significantly contributed to the persistence of regional inequality. The changing relationship between state investment and industrial output in China is a result of historical, political, economic, and geographical factors.
Anomalous elasticity and symmetry breaking fields in tethered membranes

We study the eleasticity of tethered, crystalline membranes in an applied in-plane electric field. The field lowers the critical dimension for the onset of anomalous elasticity from 4 to 5/2, allowing stringent experimental tests of the predictions of the renormalization group to be made. Two-in-plane elastic constants vanish at small wave vectors q like ${\mathit{q}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}$, while the membrane bend modulus \ensuremath{\kappa} diverges like ${\mathit{q}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}$, with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$+1/2(5-D)\ensuremath{\eta}=5-2D, exactly. The 5/2-\ensuremath{\varepsilon} expansion predicts \ensuremath{\eta}=0.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=0.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 in D=2. We discuss several experiments to measure these exponents.
Schwarzian derivatives and global convergence in complex analytic dynamics

We consider the role of the Schwarzian derivative in controlling global convergence within a sequence of iterative methods in complex analytic dynamics. These dynamical systems are defined by rational functions on the Riemann sphere.We consider maps defined by the methods of Newton, Halley, Schroeder, and others.We prove that Halley's method is the only member in the sequence of iterative methods which we consider that gives an order of convergence equal to three at every simple zero of a rational function.
The chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine interferes with the antinociceptive effect induced by opioid agonists in the periaqueductal grey of rats

We have reported that there is heterologous interaction between the mu, delta or kappa opioid receptors and the receptors for the chemokines CCL5/RANTES or CXCL12/SDF-1 in the regulation of antinociception in rats. CX3CL1/fractalkine, a chemokine that exclusively binds to CX3CR1, has been found to affect morphine analgesia and tolerance in the spinal cord. The purpose of the present study was to see if the interaction between the chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine receptor and mu, delta or kappa opioid receptors occurs in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) of adult male S-D rats. The cold-water tail-flick (CWT) test was used to measure antinociception. The results showed that intra-PAG injection of 100 ng CX3CL1/fractalkine 30 min before administration of 400 ng DAMGO, 100 ng DPDPE or 20 μg dynorphin significantly reduced the antinociception induced by each of these peptides. These results demonstrate that activation of the CX3CL1 receptor diminishes the effect of mu, delta and kappa opioid agonists on their receptors in the PAG of rats.
Simple correction for perturbations of peak amplitudes in statistical models of overlap

The application of statistical models of overlap (SMOs) to saturated separations is made possible by theory that addresses variable peak amplitudes. These amplitudes cause peak widths to vary, and this variation can be modeled by a random variable whose effect on the probability of overlap is expressed by a convolution integral. Modified probabilities of overlap are derived for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous one-dimensional separations, and the new probabilities are compared to results determined from published computer simulations. The new theory can describe overlap at saturations that are 3 to 4 times larger than before. Previously reported experimental chromatograms are reinterpreted to show the capabilities of theory. The theoretical extension is an important step towards making SMOs into practical tools for screening analytical separations.
A review of recent developments in double-beta decay

Abstract Current and recent advances in theoretical and experimental double beta (ββ) decay efforts are reviewed. Microscopic and schematic model calculations of Gamow-Teller matrix elements are briefly discussed. Emphasis, however, is placed on new developments in Quasiparticle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA) models and the controversy they generate in the case of neutrinoless (0ν) ββ-decay. The measured 2ν ββ-decay half-life, (1.1 −0.3 +;0.8 ) × 10 20 y, of 82 Se is discussed at some length. A detailed review of a number of experimental searches for ββ-decay in 76 Ge, 100 Mo, 136 Xe, and 150 Nd is also given. The experimental designs, construction materials, and current and projected sensitivities of these experiments are discussed.
Structural and physiological differences between montane and lowland avian eggs and embryos

A few avian species breed at altitudes up to 6500 m. Embryos in eggs laid at high altitudes are confronted with the problem that gases diffuse more rapidly at low barometric pressure than at sea level. Data on birds breeding up to 4500 m indicate that modifications in eggshell structure and embryonic physiology foster successful development in these groups. At moderate altitudes (up to 3600 m), shell conductance to gases (corrected to 760 torr) is decreased in approximate proportion to the reduction in barometric pressure, thus offsetting the increased tendency of gases to diffuse. At altitudes above 4000 m, the conductance is increased above levels at moderate altitudes, thus fostering improvement in oxygen availability, while increasing rates of water and CO2 losses. Above 4000 m, embryonic physiological properties become increasingly important for coping with hypoxic, hypocapnic, and dehydrated conditions inside the shell. Nothing is known about characteristics of eggshells and embryos in eggs laid between 4500 and 6500 m. Despite years of artificial selection, domestic fowl do not breed successfully much above 3000 m. Embryos of domestic fowl appear highly sensitive to the effects of hypoxia.
Cold-activated brown adipose tissue is an independent predictor of higher bone mineral density in women

In animals, defective brown adipogenesis leads to bone loss. Whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass relates to bone mineral density (BMD) in humans is unclear. We determined the relationship between BAT mass and BMD by cold-stimulated positron-emission tomography (PET) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in healthy volunteers. Higher BAT mass was associated with higher BMD in healthy women, but not in men, independent of age and body composition. Contrary to the traditional belief that BAT is present only in infants, recent studies revealed significant depots of BAT present in adult humans. In animals, defective brown adipogenesis leads to bone loss. While white adipose tissue mass is a known determinant of BMD in humans, the relationship between BAT and BMD in humans is unclear. We thus examined the relationship between BAT and BMD in healthy adults. BAT volume (ml) and activity (standard uptake value) were determined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET after overnight mild cold exposure at 19 °C, and BMD was determined by DXA. Among 24 healthy adults (age 28 ± 1 years, F = 10), BAT volumes were 82.4 ± 99.5 ml in women and 49.7 ± 54.5 ml in men. Women manifested significantly higher BAT activity, by 9.4 ± 8.1 % (p = 0.03), than men. BAT volume correlated positively with total and spine BMD (r 2 = 0.40 and 0.49, respectively, p < 0.02) in women and remained a significant predictor after adjustment for age, fat, and lean body mass (p < 0.05). Total and spine BMD were higher in women who harbored visually detectable BAT on PET images than those without by 11 ± 2 % (p = 0.02) and 22 ± 2 % (p < 0.01), respectively. No associations were observed between BAT parameters and BMD in men. This study demonstrated higher BMD among healthy women with more abundant BAT, independent of age and other body compositional parameters. This was not observed in men. The data suggest that brown adipogenesis may be physiologically related to modulation of bone density.
Models of political economy of growth: A short survey

Abstract This paper surveys recent work on the political economy of growth. After presenting the general structure of a model of politics and growth with heterogenous agents, we discuss the role of dynamic strategic political behavior, the existence of multiple equilibria and how endogenous political participation interacts with the dynamics of wealth distribution and economic development.
Silver Sulfadiazine: Effect on the Growth and Metabolism of Bacteria

Even though the addition of silver sulfadiazine (AgSu) to purified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) results in the formation of AgSu-DNA complexes, no such complexes were detected in bacteria treated with AgSu. AgSu blocked macromolecular syntheses in treated bacteria, DNA synthesis being slightly more sensitive to this inhibitory action. The ribosomes, ribonucleic acid, and DNA isolated from treated cells were normal qualitatively. Bacteria deficient in DNA polymerase were not more sensitive than their parent strain to the lethal action of AgSu. Radioactive AgSu was localized mainly in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction of treated cells.
Constructibility of the Set of Polynomials with a Fixed Bernstein-Sato Polynomial

Letnanddbe positive integers, letkbe a field and letP(n,d ;k)be the space of the non-zero polynomials innvariables of degree at mostdwith coefficients ink. LetB(n, d)be the set of the Bernstein?Sato polynomials of all polynomials inP(n,d ;k)askvaries over all fields of characteristic0. G. Lyubeznik proved thatB(n, d)is a finite set and asked if, for a fixedk, the set of the polynomials corresponding to each element ofB(n, d)is a constructible subset ofP(n, d;k).In this paper we give an affirmative answer to Lyubeznik?s question by showing that the set in question is indeed constructible and defined overQ, i.e. its defining equations are the same for all fieldsk. Moreover, we construct an algorithm that for each pair(n,d )produces a complete list of the elements ofB(n,d )and, for each element of this list, an explicit description of the constructible set of polynomials having this particular Bernstein?Sato polynomial.
The impact of calcimimetic agents on the use of different classes of phosphate binders: Results of recent clinical trials

The impact of calcimimetic agents on the use of different classes of phosphate binders: Results of recent clinical trials. Calcimimetic agents bind to and activate the calcium-sensing receptor in the parathyroid glands, lowering the threshold for its activation by extracellular calcium and diminishing parathyroid hormone release from parathyroid cells. In three large randomized, controlled trials, cinacalcet given at doses of 30 to 180 mg orally each day was associated with effective reduction in parathyroid hormone levels over 26 weeks compared with placebo, and was consistently associated with a decrement in serum calcium, phosphorus levels, as well as a decrement in calcium-phosphorus product. In one study, there was a 5% incidence of hypocalcemia (serum calcium levels P
THE OPEN MAGNETIC FLUX OF THE SUN. I. TRANSPORT BY RECONNECTIONS WITH CORONAL LOOPS

The magnetic field of the Sun includes a component that opens into and creates the heliospheric magnetic field, the so-called open magnetic flux of the Sun. Open flux is transported along the solar surface by random convective motions in the photosphere and also by reconnection with coronal loops and the subsequent displacement of the open field lines. A model is developed to describe the interactions through reconnection of open magnetic field lines and smaller coronal loops on the quiet Sun. The displacement of open field lines by reconnection with such loops can be described as a diffusive process, and the model yields the appropriate diffusion coefficient. The model also relates the total diffusive transport of open flux, as a result of reconnection with loops and random convective motions, to a basic solar parameter, the rate of emergence of magnetic flux per unit surface area. This in turn provides an explanation for the formation of coronal holes: accumulations of open flux. The diffusion process will tend to accumulate open flux into regions where the rate of emergence of new magnetic flux is a local minimum. It is also shown that the parameters used in this model are consistent with and can interrelate a variety of different observations. This work serves as the basis for subsequent papers in which the distribution of open magnetic flux on the Sun and its evolution during the solar cycle is determined, and the transport of open magnetic flux is related to the heating and acceleration of the solar wind.
Measurement-Based Analysis: A Key to Experimental Research in Dependability

This paper reflects on years of our experience in measurement-based dependability analysis of operational systems. In particular, the discussion brings examples illustrating a key importance of operational data analysis in designing and experimental assessment of dependable computing systems
Profitability of On-Farm Precipitation Data for Nitrogen Management Based on Crop Simulation

The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of on-farm precipitation measurement for nitrogen management decisions on an Indiana farm. Site-specific farming has led some producers to measure on-farm precipitation at multiple sites, but the profitability of such intense sampling for non-irrigated agriculture is not clear. The CERES-Maize model in Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) version 3.5 was used to simulate corn yield for a farm in east-central Indiana for 20years of weather data from three precipitation data sources—an on-farm station, the nearest non-urban National Weather Service (NWS) station, and the weighted mean of the three nearest such stations. Stochastic dominance and descriptive statistics were used to compare simulated yield and profitability for four nitrogen strategies: variable-rate versus whole-field fertilizer application and split application (starter urea-ammonium nitrate mixture at planting and sidedressed ammonia 37days later) versus sidedress application only. Off-farm data never led to a different choice of nitrogen strategy than on-farm data, but the ability to categorize a choice as risk averse or risk neutral depended on the precipitation data source used. This suggested that although on-farm precipitation measurement could be useful for risk management decisionmaking, it might not be profitable on average. The nearest NWS station would be the most profitable source of precipitation data, if it leads to the same management strategy as on-farm data.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important physiologic regulator of cell growth and differentiation. TGF-β has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells and stimulate the differentiation of late progenitors to erythroid and myeloid cells. Insensitivity to TGF-β is implicated in the pathogenesis of many myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. Loss of extracellular TGF receptors and disruption of intracellular TGF-β signaling by oncogenes is seen in a variety of malignant and premalignant states. TGF-β can also affect tumor growth and survival by influencing the secretion of other growth factors and manipulation of the tumor microenvironment. Recent development of small molecule inhibitors of TGF-β receptors and other signaling intermediaries may allow us to modulate TGF signaling for future therapeutic interventions in cancer.
The new environmental paradigm and further scale analysis.

(1990). The New Environmental Paradigm and Further Scale Analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 20-26.
Heavy Particle Collision Data for Fusion and Astrophysics

A wide range of applications, for example, diagnostics and modeling of fusion plasmas, interpretation of astronomical observations and modeling of astrophysical environments, and simulation of material processing plasmas, require large, accurate, and complete collections of data for electron, photon, heavy particle, and surface interactions. Consequently, over several decades, experimental and theoretical efforts have been developed in order to measure or to calculate such data, and to synergistically explore the fundamental physical mechanisms that underlie interactions at the atomic scale. The present report illustrates some of the recent progress in development of techniques and their use in describing heavy particle collisions, in particular, those involving ions interacting with atoms and simple molecules, with specific applications of the resulting data in fusion energy research and astrophysics.
Balbiani ring 3 in Chironomus tentans encodes a 185-kDa secretory protein which is synthesized throughout the fourth larval instar

Abstract We have continued to map and identify genes encoding a family of secretory proteins. These proteins are synthesized in larval salivary glands of the midge, Chironomus tentans , and assemble in vivo into insoluble silk-like threads. The genes for several secretory proteins exist in Balbiani rings (BRs) on salivary-gland polytene chromosomes. A randomly primed cDNA clone, designated pCt185, hybridized in situ to BR3 and was shown on Northern blots to originate from a salivary gland-specific 6-kb poly(A) + RNA. The partial cDNA sequence contained 483 nucleotides including one open reading frame (ORF) encoding 160 amino acids (aa). A striking feature of the ORF was the periodic distribution of cysteine residues (Cys-X-Cys-X-Cys-X 6 -Cys) which occurred approximately every 22 aa. A cDNA-encoded 18-aa sequence was selected for chemical peptide synthesis. When affinity-purified antipeptide antibodies were incubated with a Western blot containing salivary-gland proteins they reacted specifically with a 185-kDa secretory protein (sp185). Developmental studies showed that sp185 and its mRNA were present in salivary glands throughout the fourth larval instar. Thus sp185 and a family of 1000-kDa secretory proteins are encoded by a class of genes that are expressed throughout the fourth instar. This contrasts with the developmental regulated expression of the sp140 and sp195 genes whose expression is maximal during the prepupal stages of larval development.
Aortic valve replacement for octogenarians: are small valves bad?

Abstract Background . As the population ages, more octogenarians become candidates for aortic valve replacement. Many octogenarians, particularly women, have a small aortic annulus and there is uncertainty as to the optimal management of this situation in that age group. Method . To examine this issue, we reviewed 248 octogenarians (mean age, 82.6 ± 2.3 years; 58% men) who underwent primary isolated aortic valve replacement (n = 99), or aortic valve replacement and coronary revascularization (n = 149), between 1980 and 1995. Nineteen-millimeter valves were used in 26% of the patients. Results . In-hospital mortality was 8.9%, 5% for aortic valve replacement alone and 11.4% for aortic valve replacement and coronary revascularization. It was 12.5% for the 19-mm size valves compared with 7.7% for the bigger size valves ( p = 0.24). Follow-up (mean interval, 4.4 years) demonstrated survival for all patients of 85%, 60%, and 30% and survival free from cardiovascular events of 80%, 45%, and 21% at 1, 5, and 10 postoperative years, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified triple-vessel disease and preoperative congestive heart failure as associated with increased risk for both in-hospital and late mortality ( p Conclusions . The use of small aortic valve prostheses in octogenarians does not adversely affect the incidence of early or late mortality or cardiac events.
Localization of the RAR interaction domain of cellular retinoic acid binding protein-II.

Abstract The pleiotropic effects of retinoic acid (RA) in mammalian cells are mediated by two classes of proteins: the retinoic acid receptors (RAR), and cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABP-I and CRABP-II). The high conservation across species and the differential expression patterns of the two CRABPs suggest that they serve distinct biological functions. We previously showed that CRABP-II, but not CRABP-I, delivers RA to RAR through direct protein-protein interactions between the binding protein and the receptor. “Channeling” of RA between CRABP-II and RAR markedly facilitates the formation of the holo-receptor and, as a consequence, enhances the transcriptional activity of RAR in cells. Here, we localize the region of CRABP-II that mediates the interactions of this protein with RAR. Comparison between the electrostatic surface potential of CRABP-I and II revealed the presence of a sole region displaying a dramatic potential change between the two isoforms. Examination of the underlying model revealed that the change stemmed from CRABP-I/CRABP-II substitution of three spatially aligned residues E75Q, K81P, and E102 K, located on a protrusion above the entrance to the ligand binding pocket of the protein. Substituting the corresponding CRABP-II residues onto CRABP-I conferred upon this protein the ability to channel RA to RAR and to enhance the transcriptional activity of RAR in cells. Conversely, converting these amino acid residues in CRABP-II to the homologous CRABP-I residues resulted in loss of the ability of CRABP-II to interact with RAR and to augment the receptor’s activity. The data demonstrate that the surface region of CRABP-II containing residues Gln75, Pro81, and Lys102 is necessary and sufficient for mediating the interactions of this protein with RAR, facilitating the formation of the holo-receptor, and enhancing the transcriptional activity of RA.
Locus of control and the use of contraception among unmarried black adolescent fathers and their controls: a preliminary report.

This article presents preliminary data that examine the relationship between external locus of control and contraceptive use in a limited population of unmarried Black adolescent fathers and their controls. Results reveal that Black adolescent fathers are more likely to have an external locus of control, to not be churchgoers, and to not believe in the use of birth control. Policy implications of this research indicate that unmarried Black adolescent fathers should be given birth control counseling; and if other forms of counseling are warranted, attention should be paid to issues of locus of control.
Instructor Development: A Model for Growth and Success

An Instructor Development Programming Task Force was appointed at the University of Kansas (KU) Libraries in the summer of 2010. The group was charged with investigating existing models of professional development programs for instruction librarians at other university libraries, as well as recommending a model for implementation at KU. A recommended model needed to provide opportunities for discussion of new trends, theories, and methods in instruction, as well as information literacy standards and concepts. The Task Force designed and administered a survey for all library faculty and staff who teach in order to gather feedback that could be used to design useful and focused professional development opportunities. In addition, Task Force members reviewed other professional development programming models in vogue at research universities across the country to learn about other aspects of program development that could be considered within the KU context. Discussion within the Task Force also focused on the structure of the model itself. While such discussions were informed by survey results and consideration of other models, Task Force members were aware of the greater emphasis placed on the assessment of instruction in current higher education environments. The purpose of this paper is to provide reflections about the work of the Instructional Development Programming Task Force as it worked to develop a model specifically focused on the needs of instruction librarians, informed by results of an in-house survey, review of other models, and consideration of current trends.
Simulation study on effects of signaling network structure on the developmental increase in complexity

The developmental increase in structural complexity in multicellular life forms depends on local, often non-periodic differences in gene expression. These depend on a network of gene-gene interactions coded within the organismal genome. To better understand how genomic information generates complex expression patterns, I have modeled the pattern forming behavior of small artificial genomes in virtual blastoderm embryos. I varied several basic properties of these genomic signaling networks, such as the number of genes, the distributions of positive (inductive) and negative (repressive) interactions, and the strengths of gene-gene interactions, and analyzed their effects on developmental pattern formation. The results show how even simple genomes can generate complex non-periodic patterns under suitable conditions. They also show how the frequency of complex patterns depended on the numbers and relative arrangements of positive and negative interactions. For example, negative co-regulation of signaling pathway components increased the likelihood of (complex) patterns relative to differential negative regulation of the pathway components. Interestingly, neither quantitative differences either in strengths of signaling interactions nor multiple response thresholds to signal concentration (as in morphogen gradients) were essential for formation of multiple, spatially unique cell types. Thus, with combinatorial code of gene regulation and hierarchical signaling interactions, it is theoretically possible to organize metazoan embryogenesis with just a small fraction of the metazoan genome. Because even small networks can generate complex patterns when they contain a suitable set of connections, evolution of metazoan complexity may have depended more on selection for favourable configurations of signaling interactions than on the increase in numbers of regulatory genes.
Expression and Immunogenicity of Proteins Encoded by Sequences Specific to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

The development of immunoassays specific for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle requires antigens specific to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. However, because of genetic similarity to other mycobacteria comprising the M. avium complex, no such antigens have been found. Through a comparative genomics approach, 21 potential coding sequences of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that are not represented in any other mycobacterial species tested (n = 9) were previously identified (J. P. Bannantine, E. Baechler, Q. Zhang, L. Li, and V. Kapur, J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:1303-1310, 2002). Here we describe the cloning, heterologous expression, and antigenic analysis of these M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific sequences in Escherichia coli. Nucleotide sequences representing each unique predicted coding region were amplified and cloned into two different E. coli expression vectors encoding polyhistidine or maltose binding protein (MBP) affinity purification tags. All 21 of the MBP fusion proteins were successfully purified under denaturing conditions and were evaluated in immunoblotting studies with sera from rabbits and mice immunized with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. These studies showed that 5 of the 21 gene products are produced by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and are antigenic. Immunoblot analysis with a panel of sera from 9 healthy cattle and 10 cattle with clinical disease shows that the same five M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins are also detected within the context of infection. Collectively, these studies have used a genomic approach to identify novel M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens that are not present in any other mycobacteria. These findings may have a major impact on improved diagnostics for Johne's disease.
Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Function Impairments in Primary Breast Cancer

Objectives To examine differences in prefrontal-executive function between breast cancer (BC) survivors with and without a history of chemotherapy treatment compared with healthy control women and to determine the associations between prefrontal cortex deficits and behavioral impairments, as well as certain demographic and disease variables. Design Observational study. Setting University-based research facility. Participants Twenty-five women with BC who had received chemotherapy, 19 women with BC who had not received chemotherapy, and 18 healthy female controls, all matched for age and other demographic variables. Results Women with BC demonstrated significantly reduced activation in the left middle dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex compared with healthy controls. The chemotherapy group also demonstrated significantly reduced left caudal lateral prefrontal cortex activation and increased perseverative errors and reduced processing speed compared with the other 2 groups. Reduced left caudal lateral prefrontal cortex activation was significantly correlated with higher disease severity and elevated subjective executive dysfunction in the chemotherapy-treated women. Older age and lower educational level were associated with increased executive function impairment in the chemotherapy group. Conclusions These findings provide further evidence of neurological impairment associated with primary BC irrespective of treatment history. The left caudal lateral prefrontal region may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of chemotherapy and/or disease severity and may represent a novel biomarker of subjective executive dysfunction in chemotherapy-treated women. Furthermore, negative effects of chemotherapy on brain function may be exacerbated by such factors as increased age and lower educational level.
Misperception of sexual and romantic interests in opposite‐sex friendships: Four hypotheses

Two online studies evaluated the misperception of sexual and romantic interests in established relationships and tested four hypotheses: a simple sex-difference hypothesis, a projection hypothesis, a mate value hypothesis, and a mediation hypothesis. Two hundred thirty-eight (Study 1) and 198 (Study 2) members of young adult opposite-sex friendship dyads indicated their sexual and romantic interests in their friend and their perceptions of their friend’s sexual and romantic interests in them. Participants projected their own levels of sexual and romantic interests onto their opposite-sex friend, mediating the following effects: males overperceived and females underperceived their friends’ sexual (but not romantic) interest, and participants of both sexes misperceived the sexual (but not romantic) interest of friends depending on the friends’ mate value.
Does Knowledge of Constitutional Principles Increase Support for Civil Liberties? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment

For decades, scholars have argued that education causes greater support for civil liberties by increasing students’ exposure to political knowledge and constitutional norms, such as due process and freedom of expression. Support for this claim comes exclusively from observational evidence, principally from cross-sectional surveys. This paper presents the first large-scale experimental test of this proposition. More than 1000 students in 59 high school classrooms were randomly assigned to an enhanced civics curriculum designed to promote awareness and understanding of constitutional rights and civil liberties. The results show that students in the enhanced curriculum classes displayed significantly more knowledge in this domain than students in conventional civics classes. However, we find no corresponding change in the treatment group’s support for civil liberties, a finding that calls into question the hypothesis that knowledge and attitudes are causally connected.
Lowering the Error Floor of Optimized Short-Block-Length LDPC-Coded OFDM via Spreading

In this paper, short-block-length low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are optimized and introduced, along with Walsh-Hadamard spreading, to orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Prior research has shown that lowering the threshold associated with LDPC codes results in higher error floors. The error floor becomes more pronounced for short-block-length LDPC codes that have been proposed for many wireless standards. In this paper, we show that the use of spreading along with code optimization and girth conditioning not only improves the performance but also lowers the error floor for short-length LDPC codes. Density evolution and differential evolution methods are used during the optimization phase of the codes for the frequency-uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel. Performance results are obtained for extended irregular repeat-accumulate codes and progressive edge-growth algorithm generated codes. Next, the performances of LDPC-coded OFDM and spread OFDM systems in correlated Rayleigh fading channels are presented. A channel statistic, namely the number of faded bits per OFDM symbol, is theoretically derived, and it is demonstrated that the distribution of this channel statistic can be used to determine how close the correlated channel performance is going to be to that of the uncorrelated fading channel.
A two dimensional aperiodic dense tiling

Using the modified Voronoi construction of Olamy and Alexander for the acceptance domain in perpendicular space of an aperiodic crystal, it is possible to build in a systematic way a dense aperiodic tiling, i.e. made of circles (in d=2) or of sphere (in d=3) which are in contract. We compare the results of this method (density and inflation properties) employed for a d=2 tiling to those of Henley's method. We reach a higher density. Furhtermore, our tiling shows quite clearly a very dense «backbone» surrounded by a «sea» of less well packed circles. We believe that this «frustration» effect is typical of locally disordered systems. Localized phason strains and other local excitations primarily affect the « sea », and might be related to typical anomalous transport properties of disordered systems, either in the supercooled state (phasons) or at lo La construction de Voronoi modifiee du domaine d'acceptation de l'espace perpendiculaire d'un cristal aperiodique, due a Olamy et Alexander, permet de construire de maniere systematique des pavages quasi-cristallins denses, c'est-a-dire formes de cercles (a d=2) ou de spheres (a d=3) au contact. Nous comparons les resultats de cette methode (densite et proprietes d'inflation), appliquee en cas d'un pavage bidimensionnel, a ceux de la methode d'Henley. La densite atteinte est plus grande. En outre, notre pavage met en evidence de maniere particulierement claire une «ossature» tres dense entouree d'une «mer» de cercles moins bien empaquetes. Nous pensons que cet effet de «frustation» est typique des systemes localement desordonnes. Les distorsions localisees de type «phason» et les autres excitations locales affectent d'abord la «mer» et pourraient bien etre relies aux proprietes anormales de transport des systemes desordonnes, soit dans l'etat surfondu (phasons), soit aux basses temperatures ou les systemes a deux niveaux jouent un role (phasons et autres excitations locales)
Simplified approaches to the determination of antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters

1. The pharmacokinetics of single intravenous doses of antipyrine were determined in 96 volunteers using multiple (12 or more) plasma antipyrine concentrations measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography during 24-48 h after dosage. These kinetic estimates were compared with those based on: A, the 4 h and 12 h points only; B, the 4 h through 12 h points; C, the 8 h and 24 h points only. 2. Mean clearance values for the complete study (48.0 ml min-1) were nearly identical to abbreviated approaches A, B, and C (49.1, 49.3, and 46.4 ml min-1), and were highly correlated (r = 0.99). 3. Coefficients of variation (CV) between individual clearance values for complete vs abbreviated studies averaged 5.5%, 5.8% and 2.9%, and CVs were less than 15% in 95.8%, 93.7% and 98.9% of subjects, respectively, for methods A, B, and C. 4. Overall mean values of elimination half-life (11.9, 12.1, 12.0 and 12.5 h) and volume of distribution (43.7, 45.1, 45.2, and 44.71) were likewise very similar for complete A, B and C analyses respectively. 5. The best correlation with the complete study was observed for the 8 and 24 h sampling scheme, for which clearance values were within 5% of the reference method in 84% of subjects, and within 10% in 97% of subjects. 6. Antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters can be estimated with reasonable precision using a simplified two-point blood sampling procedure following a single intravenous dose. Estimates of elimination half-life, volume of distribution and clearance based on 8 h and 24 h data points correlated best with complete pharmacokinetic studies.
A taxonomy of scheduling in general-purpose distributed computing systems

One measure of the usefulness of a general-purpose distributed computing system is the system's ability to provide a level of performance commensurate to the degree of multiplicity of resources present in the system. A taxonomy of approaches to the resource management problem is presented in an attempt to provide a common terminology and classification mechanism necessary in addressing this problem. The taxonomy, while presented and discussed in terms of distributed scheduling, is also applicable to most types of resource management. >
Depositional Environment of Neogene Mehrten Formation at Its Type Section: ABSTRACT

The Mehrten Formation represents a major period of Neogene nonmarine sedimentation in east-central California. The Mehrten Formation was originally defined as andesite-rich clastic sediments deposited in the Mokelumne River drainage basin of the Sierra Nevada foothills. The unit has since been extended to include volcanogenic sandstones, mudflows, and lava flows occurring throughout the foothills and in the Sierra Nevada itself. However, the precise depositional history and chronology of the Mehrten Formation have remained largely undocumented. Preliminary studies undertaken in the area of the type section at Camanche Lake suggest that the andesitic sediments of that region were deposited in a braided fluvial system. Upward-fining sequences of coarse-grained andesitic sands and gravels cut by channeled conglomerates reflect this depositional environment. The occurrence of clast-supported gravels and sandy matrix-supported gravels, which grade laterally and vertically to planar and trough cross-bedded sands, further suggests that the braided fluvial system was located on the distal reaches of an alluvial fan. This particular alluvial fan was shedding coarse clastic debris to the west. Alluvial-fan deposits in the Mehrten Formation are tectonically significant because they record the onset of late Tertiary vertical tectonics i the Sierra Nevada. The andesitic composition of the sediments further reflects the convergent nature of active tectonism in California at this time. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1701------------
Can you summarize this? Identifying correlates of input difficulty for generic multi-document summarization

Different summarization requirements could make the writing of a good summary more difficult, or easier. Summary length and the characteristics of the input are such constraints influencing the quality of a potential summary. In this paper we report the results of a quantitative analysis on data from large-scale evaluations of multi-document summarization, empirically confirming this hypothesis. We further show that features measuring the cohesiveness of the input are highly correlated with eventual summary quality and that it is possible to use these as features to predict the difficulty of new, unseen, summarization inputs.
Bodies After Babies: The Impact of Depictions of Recently Post-Partum Celebrities on Non-Pregnant Women’s Body Image

The present study investigated the notion that the scrutiny of post-partum celebrity bodies by gossip media reinforces the message to all women that their bodies are vulnerable to close, critical scrutiny and that their value is contingent upon their appearance (e.g., Gentile 2011). Using objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) and the media priming framework (Roskos-Ewoldsen and Roskos-Ewoldsen 2009), the present study examined the impact of depictions of post-partum celebrities on never-pregnant young women. College women (N = 127) were randomly assigned to view full-body images and accompanying photo captions depicting recently post-partum celebrities, headshot-only images and captions depicting the same recently post-partum celebrities, or control images and captions featuring home decor and travel destinations. Results revealed that assignment to both the full-body and headshot conditions resulted in higher state self-objectification compared to the control condition. However, those in the headshot condition reported higher body surveillance scores than those in the full-body condition. Results are discussed in light of objectification theory.
The Possibility of Using the Internet to Transform the Role of Its Users to Promoters of Medical Products in Jordan

This study aimed to identify the role of Internet technology in transforming the role of its users to promoters of medical products in Jordan. The study found that there are statistically significant effects of independent variables (multipurpose and advanced Internet programs, reduced costs of the use of Internet programs, collective and interactive communication via the Internet, and Internet information abundance and variety of its resources) on the dependent factor, which is transformation of the role of Internet users to promoters of medical products in Jordan. The study recommended increasing attention on networks to promote medical products in Jordan. This is consistent with the fact that promotion via networks has become an effective way to support and enhance the image of products and its delivery to the target group in all markets around the world.
Fungi, people and soybeans

I consider it a great honor to be selected by the Society to give the Annual Mycological Lecture. When I look back at the famous mycologists who have presented this lecture in the past, I feel very inadequate. Since the first lecture by B. O. Dodge in 1950, 30 lectures have been delivered; there have been only four years when no lecture was given: one year because ofthe death of Dr. Bessey, and three years because of the three mycological congresses. Many of these were memorable lectures, often on basic research. Usually the past lecturers have talked about areas of their own work; I do not plan to break this tradition. During my career I have ranged from taxonomy of Mucorales and of Acti? nomycetes to research on antibiotics and mycotoxins, applied microbiology of cereals, fermentation methods, and finally to food fermentations, mainly of Asia. The last topic has fascinated me from the beginning, and I have found it to be interesting and rewarding because of the curious microorganisms involved. Dr. Hwa Li Wang has studied the history of the development of traditional foods as well as the social and cultural aspects of the use of these foods. We are pleased, not only because this research has promoted soybeans in the export market, but also because ofthe assistance given to the people ofthe less developed countries and of the result, purely by chance, in the development of small but growing industries in the United States. Instead of discussing the subject in broad terms, I shall deal with the research
Critical Cooling Rate and Thermal Stability in Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be Bulk Metallic Glasses

The crystallization behavior of a series of alloys in the Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be system is studied. Upon cooling from the molten state with different rates, alloys with compositions ranging along a tie line from (Zr75Ti25)55(Ni45Cu55)22.5Be22.5 (Vit1) to (Zr85Ti15)55(Ni57Cu43)17.5Be27.5 (Vit4) show a continuous increase in the critical cooling rate to suppress crystallization. In contrast, thermal analysis of the same alloys shows that the undercooled liquid region, the temperature difference between the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature, is largest for compositions midway between the two endpoints, revealing that glass forming ability does not correlate with thermal stability. The relationship between the change in glass forming ability and thermal stability is discussed with reference to a chemical decomposition process.