cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the improvement of precipitation forecast skill from physical initialization

This study explores the impact of physical initialization on the numerical weather prediction of tropical rainfall. The goal is to improve the definition of the initial state by assimilation of proposed or currently available surface and satellite-based observations during a pre-integration phase using a global spectral model. Physical initialization refers to the use of reverse algorithms consistent with the physics of the numerical model which can provide a modification of the initial state via incorporation of an analysis of tropical rainrates. This modification of the initial state variables is accomplished in an assimilation phase of the model forecast. The physical initialization process produces, in a diagnostic sense, a thermodynamic consistency between the humidity variable, the surface fluxes, rainfall distributions, diabatic heating and the clouds. A diabatic initialization is achieved by a Newtonian relaxation of the above diagnosed humidity variable where the divergent wind is permitted to evolve in response to the imposed surface fluxes and the condensation heating in a consistent manner. An important finding of this study is related to the absolute correlation of the observation only based rainfall and the model-based rainfall at the initial time and at the end of a one day forecast which are significantly improved with the use of physical initialization. The “observed” rainrates are obtained from algorithms that translate satellite-based measurements of outgoing longwave radiation and radiances for an array of microwave frequencies. In addition, the available raingauge records over the land area are incorporated to define the “observed” rainfall over the gaussian transform grid squares of a global spectral model at a high resolution (T106). Thus the rainfall measures are averages over roughly 100 × 100 km 2 and 7.5 min which is the time step of the spectral model. It is for this averaged representation that we are able to demonstrate a very marked improvement in nowcasting and one day forecasts of tropical rainfall. The monthly mean rainfall climatology, thus obtained, nearly replicates the rainfall analyses provided to the physical initialization. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.t01-4-00004.x
Hypercortisolism in alcohol dependence and its relation to hippocampal volume loss.

Objective: The effects of hypercortisolism on hippocampal volume have not been studied in heavy drinkers. Prior work suggested increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in relation to lowered total hippocampus volume (THV) in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent (AD) subjects. The present study hypothesized the following: (1) that chronic heavy-drinking subjects would demonstrate significantly higher salivary cortisol concentrations than light-drinking control subjects and (2) that data from the whole sample group would present an inverse relationship between cortisol concentration and THV. Method: In carefully selected test and control subject groups matched for age, gender, and ethnicity, we measured salivary cortisol samples at waking, waking + 30 minutes, noon, and 4 PM on the day of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. We next compared mean cortisol concentrations between groups and assessed the statistical association between cortisol concentration and hippocampus volume measures. Results: C...
A Comparison of the Correlational Structures and Elevation Patterns of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) and Clinical Scales

The relationship between the MMPI-2 restructured clinical scales and the original clinical scales was evaluated using an outpatient clinical sample (N = 150). Similar patterns of correlations to those reported by Tellegen et al. in 2003, such as high correlations between the restructured scales and their original scale counterparts and lower intercorrelations among the restructured scales than among the original scales, were found in the outpatient sample. The former provided evidence of convergence between the two sets of scales, whereas the latter increases the potential for discriminant validity in the restructured scale profiles. Mean T-scores of the restructured scales were significantly lower than their original scale counterparts for every clinical scale except Scale 1 (hypochondriasis). Individual profiles exhibited fewer scale elevations using the restructured clinical scales (M = 2.15, Mdn = 2.0) than the original clinical scales (M = 3.29, Mdn = 3.0). The majority of client profiles (56%) had f...
Extended contractual incentives to reduce project cost

Extended incentive contracts allow the contractor to select target cost at his own discretion. Two suitably devised design functions ensure that the assessment of excessive target cost automatically reduces both target profit and possible gains from cost underruns. It is shown that extended incentive contracts stimulating risk neutral contractors to reveal their cost expectation truthfully induce risk averse contractors to assess the target cost far higher than expected cost. Einfache Anreizvertrage zur Kostenreduktion sind durch drei Design-Parameter (Zielkosten, Zielprofit, Kostenteilungsparameter) gekennzeichnet. Bei erweiterten Anreizvertragen treten an die Stelle der Design-Parameter zwei Funktionen der vom Auftragnehmer selbst festzulegenden Zielkosten. Diese (vom Auftraggeber geeignet vorzugebenden) Funktionen reduzieren bei zu hohen Zielkosten automatisch den Zielprofit als auch etwaige durch Kostenunterschreitungen resultierende Zusatzgewinne. Hauptaugenmerk gilt einer Klasse von erweiterten Anreizvertragen, die bei risikoneutralen Auftragnehmern die wahrheitsgemaβe Angabe der erwarteten Kosten erzwingt. Es wird gezeigt, daβ es fur risikoaverse Auftragnehmer generell im eigenen Interesse liegt, die Zielkosten hoher als die erwarteten Kosten anzusetzen.
A minimum distance estimator for long-memory processes

This paper considers a minimum distance estimator (MDE) of the differencing para- meter of the fractionally integrated white noise model. The MDE minimizes the differ- ence between sample and population autocorrelations. The paper presents calculations of asymptotic variances to examine the efficiency of the MDE relative to that of the MLE. For values of the differencing parameter less than l/4, the MDE is ,/?;-consistent and asymptotically normal, and the asymptotic variance of the MDE using the first n auto- correlations approaches that of the MLE as n increases. However, there is a substantial efficiency loss if low-order autocorrelations are omitted. This implies that a non- parametric treatment of short-run dynamics will involve a substantial loss of efficiency.
Evaluation of Trickle Bed Biofilter Media for Toluene Removal

Abstract In this research, pilot-scale trickle bed biofilter systems have been analyzed to determine their effectiveness in controlling toluene in waste gas streams. These studies evaluated two synthetic microbial attachment media—a monolithic channelized medium and a pelletized ceramic medium. Operational parameters considered included toluene loading, empty bed residence time (EBRT), temperature, and long-term operation. The channelized medium provided 99% removal efficiency for a toluene loading of 0.725 kg COD/m3-day during the initial stages. However, continuous operation resulted in reduced and erratic efficiencies, due to air channeling caused by random plugging. After biomass accumulated within the channels and was subsequently removed by hosing, performance of the channelized medium never regained the previous levels. Similarly, the pelletized medium exhibited consistently good performance until the accumulation of excess biomass in the medium interstices also caused overall performance to deteri...
Ultrafast optical switching by use of fully phase-matched cascaded second-order nonlinearities in a polarization-gate geometry

We show that cascaded second-order nonlinear-optical processes can occur in a convenient polarization-gate beam geometry. Our arrangement uses type II phase matching, and both individual second-order processes (upconversion and downconversion) are simultaneously phase matched. This geometry can be applied to efficient ultrafast optical switching. With a β-barium borate crystal and lightly focused 250-fs, 7.3-µJ pulses, we achieve a switching efficiency of 15% and an on–off ratio of 3×104 on a pulse-length-limited time scale.
Child abuse by the middle class? A study of professionals in India

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if the abuse of children was prevalent among middle-class professionals in India. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of 319 subjects, in three cities in India, to assess their attitudes toward child rearing and their expectations about child development. These were then correlated with the methods of conflict resolution which had been used with children in the past year. Of the subjects who participated in the study, 56.9% reported having used “acceptable” violence, while 41.9% revealed that they had engaged in “abusive” violence. Interestingly, 2.9% admitted to having employed “extreme” violence toward their children. The correlations between parental attitudes and/or expectations and the use of different methods of conflict resolution did not occur as frequently as anticipated, suggesting that violence against children in India may well be the result of social sanction. Implications for intervention are suggested.
Identification of transforming growth factor-β1-binding protein overexpression in carmustine-resistant glioma cells by MRNA differential display

BACKGROUND The authors previously demonstrated the presence of cells in primary human malignant gliomas that intrinsically are resistant to carmustine (BCNU). Numerous studies have identified mechanisms of therapy resistance in these cells; however, the authors' work and that of others suggest that additional mechanisms of resistance exist. METHODS The authors identified a glioma cell line that lacks detectable methylguanine methyltransferase expression and does not alter its expression of glutathione-S-transferase-π in response to BCNU chemotherapy. This cell line was used in mRNA differential display experiments to identify genes involved in what to the authors' knowledge were previously undescribed mechanisms of resistance. RESULTS The overexpression of the gene encoding the transforming growth factor latency binding protein was demonstrated in glioma cells selected for resistance to BCNU, compared with their parental unselected cells. CONCLUSIONS Transforming growth factor-β1 has pleiotropic functions in transformed and normal cells. Although activation of TGF-β1 does not appear to be a causative factor in BCNU resistance in the current study, it may be involved in the growth of these resistant cells. Cancer 2000;89:850–62. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Role of vacancies and implantation defects in GaAs/AlAs superlattice intermixing

Ga/Al intermixing in GaAs/AlAs superlattice (SL) structures is studied in the presence of an epitaxially grown dopant (Si) with and without the aid of vacancies. Rapid thermal annealing (900 °C/20 min) after growth is insufficient to induce intermixing without the presence of excess vacancies as observed by Auger electron spectroscopy in conjunction with Ar ion sputtering. Vacancies themselves also enhance the intermixing process, and their role is explained with the recently proposed two-atom ring mechanism of diffusion. The effect of medium dose medium energy Be implantation into the SL is also studied using cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). Two types of damage are observed, twins when liquid nitrogen (LN2) is used to cool the sample holder chamber, and high dislocation densities at room temperature conditions. Rapid thermal annealing effectively removes the twins but gives heavy intermixing in the case of the dislocation networks.
Syntheses and opioid receptor binding properties of carboxamido-substituted opioids.

Abstract A series of 15 novel opioid derivatives were made where the prototypic phenolic-OH group of traditional opioids was replaced by a carboxamido (CONH2) group. For 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines and morphinans similar or, in a few instances, enhanced affinity for μ, δ and κ opioid receptors was observed when the OH → CONH2 switch was applied. For 4,5α-epoxymorphinans, binding affinities for the corresponding carboxamide derivatives were much lower than the OH partner consistent with our pharmacophore hypothesis concerning carboxamide bioactive conformation. The active metabolite of tramadol and its carboxamide counterpart had comparable affinities for the three receptors.
SEVERE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION SECONDARY TO A LARGE SINUS VENOSUS ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT WITH ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS DRAINAGE

Sinus venosus atrial septal defects (SVD) are rare, accounting for 4-11% of all atrial septal defects (ASD). SVD are more likely than other types of ASD to result in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and are more difficult to diagnose. Ms. J. is a 51 year old female who presents with muscle pain. She has
Noncontact single-pulse optical method to measure interfacial properties in intact systems.

We introduce a noncontact purely optical approach to measuring the localized surface properties of an interface within a system using a single optical pressure pulse and a time-resolved digital holographic quantitative phase-imaging technique to track the propagating nanometric capillary disturbance. We demonstrate the proposed method’s ability to measure the surface energy of deionized water, methanol, and chemical monolayers formed by surfactants with good agreement to published values. The development of this technique boasts immediate application to static and dynamic systems and near-future applications for living biological cell membranes.
Graphene Oxide−Polyelectrolyte Nanomembranes

Owing to its remarkable electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, graphene, an atomic layer of carbon, is considered to be an excellent two-dimensional filler for polymer nanocomposites with outstanding mechanical strength along with the potential for excellent electrical and thermal properties. One of the critical limitations with conventional fillers is that the loading fraction required for achieving significant improvement in mechanical properties is relatively high, frequently reaching 50% for maximum strength. Here, we demonstrate that the mechanical properties of ultrathin laminated nanocomposites can be significantly enhanced by the incorporation of small amounts of a dense monolayer of planar graphene oxide (GO) flakes. Negatively charged functionalized graphene oxide layers were incorporated into polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) fabricated in a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly via Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) deposition. These LbL-LB graphene oxide nanocomposite films were released as robust free...
A homolog of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-binding protein in Chromatium vinosum

Abstract A 700-kDa protein composed of 12 apparently identical 60-kDa subunits copurifies with the L 8 S 8 form of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) from Chromatium vinosum . Chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 separates the two proteins in pure form. On the basis of the highly reproducible copurification and reaction of the 700-kDa protein with antibodies to pea RuBisCO large (L)-subunit-binding protein, the protein from C. vinosum is designated as a putative binding protein (PBP) for RuBisCO. Also the N-terminal sequence of PBP is quite similar to that of both α and β subunits of the L-subunit-binding protein. Our present research suggests that PBP may be a RuBisCO small-subunit-binding protein in C. vinosum . Measurements of RuBisCO activity and of species that immunologically cross react with RuBisCO or PBP (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) establish that levels of the two proteins vary together in C. vinosum grown on different carbon sources.
On the identification of superspreaders for infectious disease

Abstract Deterministic epidemic models which allow for the existence of “superspreaders” are investigated for both SIR and SIS epidemics. Qualitative and quantitative methods are considered as possible means of identifying the presence of superspreader effects. In certain cases the existence of superspreaders is shown to be undetectable using standard observations of the level of illness. In other cases, detectability may depend on the quality of available data.
Adipofascial flap of the lower leg based on the saphenous artery

The adipofascial flap of the lower leg based on the saphenous artery is a modification of the saphenous artery flap. It has been used successfully in 5 patients for reconstruction of soft tissue defects around the knee and superior third of the tibia. The size of these flaps ranged from 5 x 12 cm to 5 x 18 cm. All flaps survived completely. These cases had minimal donor site morbidity because their donor sites were closed primarily with the preserved overlying skin.
Is beauty talent? Sex interaction in the attractiveness halo effect

Two experiments were performed to replicate and extend previous findings of judgmental bias which favors physically attractive people. In the first experiment male and female subjects judged an essay purportedly written by an attractive or an unattractive female author. The attractive author was rated as significantly more talented by male judges. Female judges rated the attractive author as less talented, although this difference was not statistically significant. A second experiment concerned ratings by males and females of essays written by attractive or unattractive male authors. The results suggested that the attractiveness halo effect does not occur for male authors.
Free Decay of Superfluid Turbulence

The free decay of a turbulent field in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is studied by using pulsed-ion techniques. The decay process is found to exhibit strikingly simple behavior. Analysis of the results indicated that current theoretical models need further refinement.
Toxicity of sediment‐associated pyrene and phenanthrene to Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (oligochaeta: Tubificidae)

Acute and sublethal toxicities of sediment-spiked pyrene and phenanthrene to Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Cleparede were investigated. Phenanthrene was acutely toxic at high sediment concentrations (10-d median lethal concentration of 297.5 {micro}g g{sup {minus}1}; 252.2--348.3, 95% confidence interval [Cl]). Pyrene was not acutely toxic, even at concentrations as high as 841 {micro}g g{sup {minus}1}. A significant impact of pyrene and phenanthrene on the feeding activity of L. hoffmeisteri was demonstrated through daily collection of egested fecal material during 5- and 10-d experiments. A short (5-d) exposure detected toxic effects more efficiently than a 10-d exposure, yielding IC25 values (estimated concentration causing a 25% reduction of measured endpoint in relation to the control[s]) of 58.9 {micro}g g{sup {minus}1} (32.1--89.4, 95% CI) for pyrene and 28.4 {micro}g g{sup {minus}1} (10.0--41.3, 95% CI) for phenanthrene. Effects on burrowing behavior and reproduction were assessed in a 28-d sediment exposure. Low burrowing avoidance (< 25%) was detected in high phenanthrene concentrations (143--612 {micro}g g{sup {minus}1}) but was not detected with pyrene. Offspring production was significantly reduced in dosed sediments yielding IC25 values of 59.1 {micro}g g{sup {minus}1} (38.3--112.5, 95% CI) for pyrene and 40.5 {micro}g g{sup {minus}1} (12.1--165.5, 955 CI) for phenanthrene. Decreases in egestion rates inmore » the presence of nonpolar contaminants should be quantified when investigating the effects of bioturbation by deposit feeders on the flux of contaminants from sediment into the water column.« less
Blood lipid levels as influenced by weight reduction in women.

Abstract This paper presents blood lipid data for twenty-four women who lost from 15 to 60 pounds in weight at rates varying from 0.6 to 2 pounds per week on diets containing approximately 1,400 calories and 50 to 80 gm. of fat daily. Also, data are presented for twelve women of comparable age who did not lose weight over a similar period of time. The data as a whole reveal the rather wide fluctuation in blood lipids which occurs in women whether losing weight under dietary control or changing little in weight with no dietary control. The data provide no support for the view that weight loss is accompanied by a drop in cholesterol or other blood lipids. On the contrary a slight rise was indicated for a majority of the subjects. In the case of serum cholesterol and phospholipids, statistical analyses revealed an increase of 0.58 mg. of cholesterol and 0.64 mg. phospholipid per pound of weight loss for the group losing weight; both were significant at the 5 per cent level.
Optimization of clinical protocols for contrast enhanced breast imaging

Contrast enhanced (CE) breast imaging has been proposed as a method to increase the sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer detection. Because malignant lesions often exhibit angiogenesis, the uptake of radio-opaque contrast agents (e.g. iodine) results in increased attenuation compared to the background tissue. Both planar CE digital mammography (CE-DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (CE-DBT) have been proposed, using temporal or dual energy (DE) subtraction to remove tissue backgrounds. In the current study, we apply a cascaded linear systems model approach to analyze CE techniques with DE subtraction for designing a diagnostic imaging study, including the effects of contrast dynamics. We apply the model for both CE-DM and CE-DBT to calculate the ideal observer signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the detection of I contrast objects of different sizes and concentrations. The calculation of this figure-of-merit (FOM) was be used to optimize CE clinical imaging protocols.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sex differences in renal ischemia–reperfusion injury

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is an important etiopathological mechanism of acute renal failure (ARF). Despite improvements in the treatment of ARF, it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. I/R injury also occurs during renal transplantation and leads to reduced allograft survival. Sex differences have been found in I/R injury in many different organs including the kidney. Women have half the mortality of men in ARF. In animal models also, females are protected against renal I/R injury. The mechanisms by which sex affects the outcome to renal I/R injury are being actively investigated. This review will examine the evidence for gender differences in renal I/R injury and discuss the probable mechanisms by which sex affects the renal response to I/R injury.
A 28 year old woman with ventricular tachycardia and an abnormal chest radiograph

A 28 year old white woman with no medical history presented to the emergency room with symptomatic non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. She was asymptomatic up to a few days before presentation. Her physical examination was essentially normal and hence did not help with the differential diagnosis of the problem. Bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy led to the final diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis.
Physical mapping of the nail patella syndrome interval at 9q34: ordering of STSs and ESTs.

)Center for Medical Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, 600 NorthWolfe Street, Blalock 1012G, Baltimore, MD 21287-4922, USAe-mail: imcintos@welchlink.welch.jhu.edu, Tel.: +1 410 955 7948,Fax: +1 410 614 2522H. RootGenome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USAK. M. Scott · J. E. RichardsDepartment of Ophthamology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USAM. K. McCormick
“Corn is food, not contraband”: The right to “free trade” at the Mexico–Guatemala border

With no local outlet to sell their corn harvests as a result of neoliberal policies, residents on the Mexico–Guatemala border pursued an alternative strategy. They mobilized to smuggle corn from Mexico to Guatemala and asserted that this constituted legitimate “free trade.” Residents reinterpreted free trade to imply their right to “freely” sell corn over the border, thereby challenging the implications of official free-trade policies that were anything but free. Yet, as locals participate in this growing trade and negotiate with state officials, they may contribute to the neoliberal economic dynamics, increasing regional inequalities, and patron–client state relations they otherwise protest.
Low-power system scheduling, synthesis and displays

Many scheduling techniques have been presented recently which exploit dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic power management (DPM) for both uniprocessors and distributed systems, as well as both real-time and non-real-time systems. DVS/DPM techniques have been applied not just to processors, but to interconnection networks as well. While such techniques are power-aware and aim at extending battery lifetimes for portable systems, they need to be augmented to make them battery-aware as well. Such power-aware and battery-aware scheduling algorithms are surveyed. Also, system synthesis algorithms for real-time systems-on-a-chip (SoCs), distributed and wireless client-server embedded systems, etc. have begun optimising power consumption in addition to system price. Such algorithms are also surveyed. In many handheld computing devices, it is the display that may consume the largest fraction of system power. Recent work in display-related power optimisation is discussed. Finally, some open problems are pointed out.
A ruthless sarcoma of the foot

A 45-year-old man presented with non-tender soft tissue swelling on the medial aspect of the right foot with pain during dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot. X-ray (figure 1) and MRI (figure 2) of the mass revealed a heterogeneous soft tissue mass arising out of the calcaneal bone. Figure 1 demonstrates the X-ray showing the soft tissue mass in the medial aspect of the right foot along with diffuse osteopenia of the calcaneal bone. Figure 2 demonstrates the MRI corroborating the findings of the X-ray showing a heterogeneous mass …
High-throughput five minute microwave accelerated glycosylation approach to the synthesis of nucleoside libraries.

The Vorbruggen glycosylation reaction was adapted into a one-step 5 min/130 °C microwave assisted reaction. Triethanolamine in acetontrile containing 2% water was determined to be optimal for the neutralization of trimethylsilyl triflate allowing for direct MPLC purification of the reaction mixture. When coupled with a NH3/methanol deprotection reaction, a high-throughput method of nucleoside library synthesis was enabled. The method was demonstrated by examining the ribosylation of 48 nitrogen containing heteroaromatic bases that included 25 purines, four pyrazolopyrimidines, two 8-azapurines, one 2-azapurine, two imidazopyridines, two benzimidazoles, three imidazoles, three 1,2,4-triazoles, two pyrimidines, two 3-deazapyrimidines, one quinazolinedione, and one alloxazine. Of these, 32 yielded single regioisomer products, and six resulted in separable mixtures. Seven examples provided inseparable regioisomer mixtures of −two to three compounds (16 nucleosides), and three examples failed to yield isolable...
Headache and Depression: Confounding Effects of Transdiagnostic Symptoms

SYNOPSIS A link between headache and depression has been noted in the literature for over 30 years. To date, however, studies investigating this relationship have ignored the potential impact transdiagnostic symptoms (i.e., symptoms indicative of both depression and headache) may have on correlations between measures of depression and measures of headache activity. The present study examined this issue using the Beck Depression Inventory in a large sample of recurrent headache sufferers who had presented for treatment at one of two university-based clinics. Factor analysis identified two distinct, albeit correlated, factors reflecting cognitive/affective symptoms and somatic symptoms. Correlational analyses found consistent relationships between the somatic symptom factor and measures of headache activity, but not between the cognitive/affective factor and headache activity. We suggest that the BDI items comprising the somatic factor identified in this study may not be appropriate indicators of depression in recurrent headache samples.
Computational Investigation of a Method to Compress Air Fluidically in Supersonic Inlets

The inlet is an important component in high-speed airbreathing engines. Whereas a variable-geometry inlet maximizes performance, it adds weight and complexity to the engine. Fixed-geometry inlets are limited to low contraction ratios to allow the initial normal shock to beswallowed and the engine to start. A novel e xed-geometry inlet cone guration that uses a high-speed jet to act as the contact surface and compress the air is computationally investigated. Adjusting the jet pressure alters the contact surface and allows shock-on-lip conditions to be maintained over a range of e ight Mach numbers without a movable e owpath. This cone guration allows a low-blockage e owpath forlowe ightspeeds, resultinginlowspillage, whilemaintaining highcompression inscramjetmode. Flow solutions are obtained using a Navier ‐Stokes solver. Flowe eld details are presented and discussed, including the shock patterns and mixing between the jet and air. Shock-on-lip is demonstrated at varying e ight Mach numbers, and associated effects on the e owe eld are presented. Global analysis indicates that minimizing jet mass e ow is a key to applying this concept to practical engines.
Aversive Training: Long-Term Effects

Three years ago a tone ending in unavoidable electric shock was periodically presented to pigeons while they pecked a key for food. When pecking was disrupted by tone, shock was disconnected and the training tone and tones of different frequencies were presented. At first all tones caused a reduction in the rate of pecking, but as testing proceeded the gradient narrowed. In our study, testing was resumed after a 2½-year interruption. Despite the interruption the tones still suppress behavior.
Laser Ionization Mass Spectroscopy of Single Aerosol Particles

We describe an instrument that measures the chemical composition of single aerosol particles. To facilitate detection of volatile species, particles are analyzed less than 0.5 ms after leaving ambient conditions and without touching any surfaces. Particles are introduced into a vacuum through a differentially pumped nozzle, then cross a He-Ne laser beam. The scattered light provides both size information and the trigger for an excimer laser that desorbs and ionizes molecules from the particle. Mass spectra with excellent signal to noise have been obtained from laboratory and ambient particles 0.3 to 16 μm diameter.
Transformation of BCC and B2 High Temperature Phases to HCP and Orthorhombic Structures in the Ti-Al-Nb System. Part II: Experimental TEM Study of Microstructures.

1Similar crystallographic planes have been observed in the 2H martensite of Cu-Al alloys. Because the unit cell of the martensite is different from that described here, the indiees of the observed plancs are different [24], 2The microstructure produced during cooling is more resistant to coarsening and recrystallization as compared to Alloys 2 and 3 under the same annealing conditions [15]. 3The possibility of achicving B2 order decreases as one moves from the TiAl composition to the TiNb composition because of the known positive heat of mixing of the BCC phase in the TiNb binary. 4The intersection point of two To eurves neeessarily requires the intersection of a third To, at the same point.
Some remarks on the transverse poisson structures of coadjoint orbits

In this paper, we describe how to compute the transverse Poisson structures of coadjoint orbits using Dirac's constraint bracket formula, and we prove that if the isotropy algebra admits a complementary subalgebra, then the transverse structure is, at most, quadratic.
An R-factor analysis of several models of the reconstructed Ir(110)-(1 × 2) surface a

The structure of the reconstructed Ir(110)-(1 × 2) surface has been analyzed by low-energy electron diffraction. The reliability (R)-factor analysis, proposed by Zanazzi and Jona, has been applied to determine quantitatively the level of agreement between the experimental and calculated beam intensities for different models proposed for the (1 × 2) structure. The models tested were the following: (1) the missing row model, (2) the missing row model with a slight movement of the second layer, (3) the paired-rows model, and (4) the buckled surface model. Based on the results of the R-factor analysis, the missing row model with a topmost layer spacing of 1.16 ± 0.07 A, which corresponds to approximately 15% contraction of the bulk interlayer spacing of 1.36 A, is the preferred structure.
Effect of aluminum and pH on the growth of Anacystis nidulans.

Anacystis nidulans is a typically rod-shaped unicellular cyanobacterium. It is an obligate photoautograph whose photosynthetic apparatus is very is very similar to eukaryotic chloroplasts in functional and molecular aspects. Of the toxic materials discharged, trace and heavy metals are of major concern. Metals are introduced into the environment by industrial agricultural and municipal wastes as well as by natural runoff. Metals emitted into the environment from combustion can also find their way into waterways. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals in the earth's crust. It is reported that water draining from rock strata associated with coal seams may contain acid salts of aluminum, iron and manganese. The toxic effects of aluminum on plant growth have long been known. Several concentrations of aluminum, as well as various pH values were studied, to determine the extent to which some pollutants will effect the growth of Anacystis nidulans. Since reports have indicated that EDTA influences the effect of many metals, studies were performed with and without EDTA.
Reply to Gregersen et al. and Takeno et al.

Takeno et al. raise an important point. Their observation that X-chromosome inactivation patterns differ among mature descendants of the hematopoietic stem cells calls into question work equating X-inactivation patterns of these cell populations. For example, Puck et al. measured T-cell X-inactivation patterns in normal healthy women to calculate the number of late blastula cells (in which X-chromosome inactivation patterns are established) that give rise to the hematopoietic stem cell population1xPuck, J.M., Stewart, C.C., and Nussbaum, R.L. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1992; 50: 742–748PubMedSee all References1. Presumably, this number is inaccurate and must be recalculated using cell populations that are not as susceptible to selection as T cells. This might also address the finding of Gregersen et al. that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) does not correlate with the high X-inactivation skew of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Gregersen et al. might not have considered the X-inactivation skews of the appropriate cell types, such as the thymic dendritic cell (DC) type that I argued is relevant in SLE induction2xStewart, J.J. Immunol. Today. 1998; 19: 352–357Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (55)See all References2. It might be necessary to test the X-inactivation patterns of many cell types if we are to find the cause of female-prevalent autoimmune diseases such as SLE. If X-inactivation skewing of a particular cell type is found to correlate with disease, then the key cell type that induces SLE will have been identified, even if it is not the DCs, as I proposed. Thus, although the difference in X-inactivation patterns between mature cell types may have been misleading, this very difference might allow a fortuitous method of determining the actual cause of female-prevalent autoimmune disease.
Repeated success and failure influences on self-efficacy and personal goals

Research shows that challenging and specific goals in conjunction with high self-efficacy lead to higher levels of task performance. The impact of repeated success and failure on personal goals and self-efficacy was examined. Undergraduate students initially participated in two-idea generation tasks in which they generated different uses for common objects, such as a knife, which provided them with opportunities to either succeed or fail in goal attainment. Participants then set personal goals and judged their self-efficacy for a subsequent idea generation trial. Our results show that participants who experienced repeated successes set higher personal goals than did those with only a single success, while self-efficacy was not significantly influenced by repeated success or failure. These findings suggest that situational and personal factors such as reactions to prior successes and failures may influence personal goals on future tasks, but do not seem to have an influence on self-efficacy.
pS2 expression in primary breast carcinomas: relationship to clinical and histological features and survival.

pS2 protein expression has been reported to have prognostic significance in human breast carcinomas and to correlate with estrogen receptor positivity, although these findings have not been confirmed by all investigators. pS2 positivity was compared to various clinical and histologic parameters in a retrospective study of 290 patients (median follow-up 7.2 years) and significantly correlated with tumor grade and estrogen receptor content (p=0.001 and p=0.0007, respectively). Significant associations between pS2 positivity and lymph node metastases, T stage, histologic tumor type, and patient age were not observed. Univariate and multivariate analyses (controlling for estrogen receptor content, T and N stage) of the patient population at large showed that pS2 positivity was not predictive of disease-free or overall survival. Univariate analysis of lymph node negative patients demonstrated that both pS2 and estrogen receptor positivity were significantly associated with a better outcome. Multivariate analysis of these patients, however, showed that only estrogen receptor data had independent prognostic significance. This study suggests that immunohistochemical analysis for pS2 protein expression will not contribute additional prognostic information if the estrogen receptor content is known.
AP1000 will meet the challenges of near-term deployment

Abstract The world demand for energy is growing rapidly, particularly in developing countries that are trying to raise the standard of living for billions of people, many of whom do not have access to electricity or clean water. Climate change and the concern for increased emissions of green house gases have brought into question the future primary reliance of fossil fuels. With the projected worldwide increase in energy demand, concern for the environmental impact of carbon emissions, and the recent price volatility of fossil fuels, nuclear energy is undergoing a rapid resurgence. This “nuclear renaissance” is broad based, reaching across Asia, North America, Europe, as well as selected countries in Africa and South America. Many countries have publicly expressed their intentions to pursue the construction of new nuclear energy plants. Some countries that have previously turned away from commercial nuclear energy are reconsidering the advisability of this decision. This renaissance is facilitated by the availability of more advanced reactor designs than are operating today, with improved safety, economy, and operations. One such design, the Westinghouse AP1000 advanced passive plant, has been a long time in the making! The development of this passive technology started over two decades ago from an embryonic belief that a new approach to design was needed to spawn a nuclear renaissance. The principal challenges were seen as ensuring reactor safety by requiring less reliance on operator actions and overcoming the high plant capital cost of nuclear energy. The AP1000 design is based on the use of innovative passive technology and modular construction, which require significantly less equipment and commodities that facilitate a more rapid construction schedule. Because Westinghouse had the vision and the perseverance to continue the development of this passive technology, the AP1000 design is ready to meet today's challenge of near-term deployment.
External neurolysis may result in early return of function in some muscle groups following brachial plexus surgery

A retrospective chart review, of those individuals seen and operated on by the Multidisciplinary Brachial Plexus Clinic team at the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, was undertaken to determine those individuals who had early return-of-function following surgery for BPI. Seven patients met our criteria, with four of them having substantial improvement of two or more points gained on the MRC rating scale, in one or more muscle groups within six to eight weeks after surgery. Those patients with return-of-function earlier than expected for axonal regrowth from nerve transfer or grafting, had evidence for continuity but no significant reinnervation before surgery in the muscle groups that improved. We theorize that this early improvement is related to a compression-induced dysfunction which inhibited reinnervation and was relieved by performing external neurolysis.
Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy

Public health debates about providing HIV antiretroviral therapy to impoverished populations have centred on the relationship between adherence and risk of drug resistance. Recent data indicate that each antiretroviral therapeutic class has a unique adherence-resistance relationship. Resistance to single protease inhibitor therapy occurs most frequently at moderate to high levels of adherence, resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy occurs at low to moderate levels of adherence, and resistance to ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor therapy is most likely to occur at middle ranges of adherence. These dynamic relationships should be considered in balancing the individual and public health benefits of therapy.
The Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy: A Positive Critique

The characterization of decision making by the theory of street-level bureaucracy is subjected to critical analysis. Its similarities to several classical assumptions, common to bureaucratic discourse, are noted. An alternative "political" discourse and a complementary framework are explicated to advance the theory of street-level bureaucracy. Street-level bureaucrats are conceived as inventive strategists seeking technical, social, and moral capacity and sophistication as well as strategic success in negotiating ambiguous work settings. A strategic model of organizational conduct permits the analyst to differentiate contexts, strategic modes, and work structures not permitted within the frame of the theory's otherwise potent arguments.
Diagnosis and management of Candida utilis infectious arthritis in a Standardbred filly

Summary A 3-year-old Standardbred filly was admitted to the hospital for evaluation and management of previously diagnosed infectious arthritis of the right metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ). Candida utilis was isolated from multiple synovial samples submitted for bacterial culture and susceptibility. Following treatment with systemic and intra-articular fluconazole and regional limb perfusion with amphotericin B and a second arthroscopic debridement the lameness improved and subsequent cultures were negative for bacterial or fungal growth. Infectious fungal arthritis should be a differential diagnosis for atypical or unresponsive joint infections especially in horses previously treated with a combination of intra-articular corticosteroids and antibiotics.
Celiac Disease Beyond the Gut

Celiac disease (CD) is a common immune-mediated disorder that affects approximately 1% of Caucasians and develops in genetically susceptible subjects after the ingestion of gluten proteins present in wheat, barley, and rye.1 Although historically CD was defined by small-bowel damage and subsequent malabsorption, more recently it has been recognized as a multisystem disorder that may affect other extraintestinal organs, such as the skin, heart, nervous system, and liver.2 CD has some characteristics that have been described in typical autoimmune disorders but CD is unique among the autoimmune diseases because the autoantigen (tissue transglutaminase) and environmental trigger (gluten) are known (Table 1).3 Table 1 Common Characteristics Between Typical Autoimmune Disease and CD
Response to Comments on ``A Keystone Mutualism Drives Pattern in a Power Function''

The comments by Alonso and Pascual and by Pueyo and Jovani clarify the power law distribution of subpopulations of the scale insect Coccus viridis . The low density deviations are now seen as part of a negative binomial distribution and the high density deviations as resulting from a change in the parameters of the power law. Our biological conclusion that an ant mutualism modifies the form of the power law is thus strengthened.
Single-chip design of bit-error-correcting stack decoders

The design of a single-chip VLSI system to implement the Zigangirov-Jelinek sequential decoding algorithm for bit-error-correction is described and the dependence of performance on design parameters is discussed. By virtue of being self-contained, having few input and output pins, and processing stack elements once each clock cycle, the system should be capable of high-speed decoding. For constraint length 21, rate 1/2 codes, and 3-b soft decision detection, it is found that a system containing approximately 25000 stack cells reduces errors in a 3-dB signal-to-noise level environment, corresponding to 7.8% hard decision error rate, by two orders of magnitude. Higher decoding gain is obtained at lower noise levels through the use of a relatively long constraint length. The constraint length is not limited by the architecture. Chip area estimates needed to obtain prescribed decoded error rates and average decoding rates are also described and indicate that an effective system is potentially achievable with current technology. >
Transport lattice approach to describing cell electroporation: use of a local asymptotic model

Electroporation has been widely used to manipulate cells and tissues, but quantitative understanding of electrical behavior in cell membranes has not been achieved. According to the transient aqueous pore hypothesis, pore creation and expansion is a nonlinear, hysteretic process. Different membrane sites respond locally to their own transmembrane voltage history, so that a self-consistent description should involve the interaction of many different regions of a cell membrane model and its aqueous electrolytes. A transport lattice system model of a cell allows active and passive interaction models for local transport and storage of charge to be combined, yielding approximate solutions for this highly interacting system. Here, we use an asymptotic model for local membrane electroporation, which involves solving an ordinary differential equation for each local membrane area of the system model, subject to constraints imposed by self-consistency throughout the system model of the cell. To illustrate this approach, we first treat a model for a space- and voltage-clamped skeletal muscle cell. We then create and analyze models of a circular cell and of a budding yeast cell pair, both of which exhibit electroporation when exposed to pulsed electric fields.