cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Encouraging Firms to Police Themselves: Strategic Presentations to Promote Corporate Self-Auditing

This article revisits the conventional wisdom that privilege protection is necessary to avoid chilling corporate self-evaluation and remediation. Courts and commentators have repeatedly urged that if a firm knows a regulator can access its internal audit records, it will correspondingly not engage in diligent compliance monitoring. In this way, the firm can avoid generating information that a regulator or other third parties can use against it. To investigate this contention, I have presented a formal game theory model that incorporates the different strategies employed by a firm and a regulator. This model emphasizes that the firm's self-audit records are not independent. Rather, both the firm and the regulator change their respective strategies depending on each's perception of the other's strategy/response. Hence, it is necessary to conduct an equilibrium analysis to consider both the firm's and the regulator's response simultaneously. More specifically, this analysis demonstrates that the protection accorded by the SEP removes the disincentive for self-policing but does not create any positive incentive for self-policing. In contrast, a legal regime that grants regulatory access to internal audit materials creates a positive incentive for firms to engage in self-policing. In contrast, a legal regime without regulatory access (i.e., an inspection regime). Increased corporate self-policing achieved through a higher self-auditing rate enables us to capture the societal benefits of early detection and remediation of environmental violations. Under this analysis, a multi-pronged embrace measures that create positive incentives for firms to engage in self-policing, such as permitting regulatory access to audit materials and providing mitigated penalties for firms engaging in self-policing. As part of such a regime, limiting the admissibility of audit materials in third-party proceedings reduces the disincentive for firms to engage in self-policing.
Infections in Pregnancy and the Role of Vaccines

Pregnant women are at risk for infection and may have significant morbidity or mortality. Influenza, pertussis, zika, and cytomegalovirus produce mild or asymptomatic illness in the mother, but have profound implications for her fetus. Maternal immunization can prevent or mitigate infections in pregnant women and their infants. The Advisory Committee of Immunization Practices recommends 2 vaccines during pregnancy: inactivated influenza, and tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis during pregnancy. The benefits of MMR, varicella, and other vaccines are reviewed. Novel vaccine studies for use during pregnancy for prevention of illness are explored.
Screening for Occupational Cancer

Many known and potential human carcinogens are related to workplace exposures. Primary prevention is the optimal prevention strategy for occupational cancer control through activities intended to eliminate harmful exposure(s) in the workplace. Secondary prevention provided by medical screening remains an important component of sound occupational health practice in many instances. One of the aims of secondary prevention is to reduce morbidity and mortality through detection of illness at an early stage when treatment may succeed in altering progression of disease. Medical screening data, ideally collected in a standardized manner, aggregated, and evaluated over time, can also be evaluated as a part of a surveillance program and play an important role in primary prevention.
Coupled Events in the Early Biochemical Actions of FSH on the Sertoli Cells of the Testis

Over the past several years this laboratory has been concerned with attempting to define in chemically precise terms the temporal sequence of events which occur upon the initial interaction of FSH with its testicular target cells. Previous studies have revealed that a single injection of this gonadotropin to immature male rats results in a rapid stimulation of RNA and protein synthesis (1–3). It is well established that FSH is a polypeptide hormone composed of two dissimilar subunits. Since studies with other peptide hormones such as insulin, glucagon, ACTH and LH have demonstrated that these hormones apparently do not enter the cell but instead bind specific receptors present on the surface of the target cell, we wished to investigate this possibility with respect to FSH and the testis. Our initial studies were made possible by the development of a procedure by van Lenten and Ashwell (4) for the radio-labeling of glycoproteins with tritium. Vaitukaitis and colleagues applied this procedure first to hCG (5) and then to FSH (6). Tritiation of the FSH involved oxidation of the carbohydrate side chain with periodate followed by reduction with tritiated borohydride. This procedure results in more than 85% of the tritium attached to the C7 position of sialic acid which comprises the terminal carbohydrate residue of the FSH side chain. FSH, radiolabeled in this fashion maintained a high biologic activity (1400 IU/mg) although the specific radioactivity was only about 0.25 mCi/mc.
Development of High-Capacity Periodate Battery with Three-Dimensional-Printed Casing Accommodating Replaceable Flexible Electrodes

We present the development of a novel battery comprising iron(III) periodate complex cathode and zinc anode. The periodate complex [H7Fe4(IO4)3O8] was prepared by a precipitation reaction between Fe(NO3)3 and NaIO4 and was used in battery development for the first time. The periodate complex along with 14% carbon nanotubes and a polytetrafluoroethylene coating formed a stable flexible electrode, and the battery showed specific capacity as high as 300 mA h g-1. Compared to single-electron processes in conventional cathode reactions, the possibility to significantly enhancing the cathode specific capacity via a multielectron process associated with valence change from I(VII) to I2 is demonstrated. A novel three-dimensional printed reserve battery design comprising replaceable electrodes and acetic acid electrolyte is also presented.
Søren Bisgaard’s contributions to Quality Engineering: Design of experiments

This article examines Soren’s impact on the design and analysis of experiment through three of his published articles in ASQ journals. These articles demonstrate Soren’s unique blend of engineer an...
Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of C. cayetanensis; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.
SKELETAL STRESS MARKERS AND SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY IN PREHISTORIC CHILEAN POPULATIONS OF THE SEMI-ARID NORTH

espanolResumen: Los restos de esqueletos humanos del norte semiarido de Chile prehistorico fueron analizados utilizando el Indice de Salud del Hemisferio Occidental para comprobar si el cambio de subsistencia de la recoleccion/caza a la agricultura estuvo acompanado por una disminucion en el estres fisiologico de acuerdo con la medicion realizada por marcadores de estres esqueletico comunes para estas poblaciones costeras. Los individuos analizados datan de los periodos Arcaico (c. 7000 AC-200 DC, n = 95) y Diaguita (c. 1000 - 1536 DC, n = 75). Los individuos Arcaicos practicaron la recoleccion y la caza para subsistir, dependiendo de los recursos del desierto y del oceano. Los Diaguita practicaron una estrategia de subsistencia que incluia la agricultura, la recoleccion de alimentos del Pacifico y el pastoreo de camelidos. Segun la metodologia del indice de salud, se midieron siete indicadores (estatura, hipoplasia lineal del esmalte, enfermedad dental, cribra orbitalia/hiperostosis porotica, infeccion, enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones y trauma). Los resultados dieron valores de indice de salud iguales para ambas muestras, aunque hubo algunas diferencias en los valores del indicador individual. El riesgo de padecer cualquier patologia no aumento con la edad al momento de la muerte. Esencialmente, la salud medida por los marcadores de estres comunes no vario sustancialmente despues del cambio de subsistencia. Tales resultados constituyen evidencia adicional de que no siempre se demuestra la hipotesis de un deterioro en la salud despues del cambio de subsistencia a la agricultura, y de que es importante dilucidar que variables amortiguadoras mas alla de la dieta, para incluir adaptaciones culturales, puedan estar en juego. EnglishAbstract: measured by common skeletal stress markers for these coastal populations. Individuals analyzed dated to the Archaic (c. 7000 BC-200 AD, n=95) and Diaguita (c. 1000-1536 AD, n=75) periods. The Archaic individuals practiced gathering and hunting subsistence, relying on desert and ocean resources. The Diaguita practiced a subsistence strategy including agriculture, food collecting from the Pacific, and camelid pastoralism. As per health index methodology, seven indicators were scored (stature, linear enamel hypoplasia, dental disease, cribra orbitalia/porotic hyperostosis, infection, degenerative joint disease, and trauma). Results indicated equal health index values for both samples, although there were some differences in individual indicator values. The risk of having any pathology did not increase with age-at-death. Essentially, health as measured by common stress markers did not vary substantially after subsistence change. Such results are further evidence that the hypothesis of a health decline after subsistence change to agriculture is not always demonstrated, and it is important to elucidate what buffering variables beyond diet, to include cultural adaptations, may be at play.
Designing Women: The Definition of “Woman” in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

Table of ContentsI. Introduction .......555II. Background .........557A. Terms and Definitions 5571. Sex and gender 5 572. Transgender 5593. Trans* .........5594. Transmen, transwomen, and cisgender 560B. Gender in International Human Rights Law 560C. Lack of International Protection for Trans* People 561III. Interpreting CED AW to Include Trans* People 563A. Background on CED AW 563B. International Treaty Interpretation 5681. General principles of interpreting treaties 5682. Interpreting CED AW 570C. Interpreting the Term "Woman" in CED AW 5711. Ordinary meaning 5722. Object and purpose 5783. Supplementary materials 5804. Comparative treaty interpretation 583D. Imolementation 586fl7. Implications of a Broader Definition ~.....586A. Positive Consequences 586B. Negative Consequences 5871. State evasion 5882. Avoidance of transt-specific treaty 588Tradeoff between cisgender women and trans* right 588V. Conclusion 590I. INTRODUCTIONThe most well-known photograph of Nazi book burning during World War II captures the burning of Magnus Hirschfeld's library from the Institute for Sexual Science in 1933 Berlin.1 Hirschfeld was one of the earliest advocates of what is called trans* rights today.2 In 1910, he coined the term "transvestite" and wrote "the first book length treatment of transgender phenomena."3 Like many trans*4 advocates today, Hirschfeld worked with the police "to end the harassment and targeting for arrest of transgender people."5In the modern West, conditions in the 1850s began to give shape to a social movement based on trans* rights that would not take complete coherent form until after World War II.6 At this time, another movement was beginning to take place: human rights. The modern history of human rights begins shortly after World War II when major countries of the world were coming together to form the U.N. to prevent future atrocities like those committed in the War.7 Yet surprisingly, the human rights regime has never extended its protections to sexual minorities or the trans* community,8 despite the fact that trans* people are present in almost every culture and society in the world and have been subject to transphobic violence "in all regions."9While protections specifically tailored for trans* individuals are virtually nonexistent in the human rights world,10 there are predominant human rights treaties protecting women." The most wide-reaching international human rights treaty tailored to women is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).12 The term "woman," however, is left undefined in CEDAW. The lack of a specific definition begs the question: What makes a woman? Is a woman defined by her anatomy? Her biology? Her genetics? All three? Is a woman defined by her gender identity? …
Employees’ decision to participate in corporate venturing: A conjoint experiment of financial and non-financial motivations

Abstract This paper is a replication and extension of a prior study that examines the factors influencing employees’ willingness to participate in corporate ventures. We use a conjoint experiment to build knowledge surrounding the impact of motivating factors beyond financial profit as well as the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Our replication results largely support prior findings and indicate that the extra effort required for participating in a corporate venture is the most important factor driving employees’ decision. Our replication also extends prior findings in two critical ways. First, it shows that independence is essential in developing a comprehensive understanding of the decision-making process for participating in a corporate venture. Second, it demonstrates that entrepreneurial self-efficacy influences the effects of employment risk and expected success on the relationship between profit sharing and employees’ willingness to participate in a corporate venture. Our results suggest that individual-level differences provide additional explanatory power and a fuller understanding of the employees’ decision to participate in corporate ventures. They also yield important practical implications for managers who wish to motivate their employees towards the corporate venturing path.
Peripheral Determinants of Oxygen Utilization in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Central Role of Adiposity

The aim of this study was to determine the arteriovenous oxygen content difference (ΔAVo2) in adult subjects with and without heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) during systemic and forearm exercise. Subjects with HFpEF had reduced ΔAVo2. Forearm diffusional conductance for oxygen, a lumped conductance parameter that incorporates all impediments to the movement of oxygen from red blood cells in skeletal muscle capillaries into the mitochondria within myocytes, was estimated. Forearm diffusional conductance for oxygen was not different among adults with HFpEF, those with hypertension, and healthy control subjects; therefore, diffusional conductance cannot explain the reduced forearm ΔAVo2. Instead, adiposity was strongly associated with ΔAVo2, suggesting an active role for adipose tissue in reducing exercise capacity in patients with HFpEF.
Effect of a communication lecture tutorial on breast imaging trainees' confidence with challenging breast imaging patient interactions.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a one-hour lecture based communication curriculum on breast imaging trainees' confidence in communicating with patients in a challenging communication setting such as delivering bad news or radiologic error disclosure. Methods 12 breast imaging trainees from an academic fellowship program completed questionnaires before and after a communication tutorial. A four breast imaging specific scenario questionnaire assessed confidence by asking the trainees to rank agreement with statements related to their attitude in those specific settings. 12-month follow-up questionnaire was sent to the graduating fellows assessing their -overall confidence in patient communication, the contribution of the curriculum to their self-perceived communication skill and their likelihood in disclosing a radiologic error to a patient. Results All trainees completed the pre and post lecture questionnaire. After the communication tutorial, all trainees reported increased confidence in communicating with patients in a variety of challenging settings with pre lecture survey mean confidence score of 38/98 and post lecture survey mean score of 85.3/98, P = 0.003. Three of eight trainees who completed the 12-month follow up questionnaire reported confidence in their communication skills and reported that the tutorial significantly contributed to their communication skill development. All three agreed that they would be likely to disclose a medical error should they encounter it in their future career. Conclusions A limited resource one-hour lecture communication tutorial provides effective communication training for breast imaging fellows and is a promising part of a breast imaging curriculum.
Academic Psychiatry Department Names: Reflections on Research, Practice, and Education

Medical schools’ departments reflect changes in health care and medical school organization. The authors reviewed psychiatry department name categories associated with school age, research, and primary care focus. Department names were identified and categorized for US allopathic and osteopathic medical schools. A multinomial regression model analyzed the relationship between department name category and established year, adjusted for school type. Fisher’s exact tests analyzed the relationships between name category and research/primary care foci. Among 147 allopathic schools, 52% had departments with names limited to psychiatry, 42% had names with psychiatry plus other terminology, and 5% had no identified psychiatry department. In 34 osteopathic schools, 12% had psychiatry departments, 12% had departments named psychiatry plus other terminology, and 75% had no identified psychiatry department. Age of school was related to departmental name: for a 1-year increase in the school’s established year, the odds of having a department name other than psychiatry were 1.02 times the odds (p < 0.001) of having the name psychiatry. Newer schools were less likely to have departments with “psychiatry” in their name. Associations were found between department name and research and primary care rankings. Variability in the names of psychiatry departments in medical schools may suggest changing views within and about academic psychiatry. The limited presence of formal psychiatry departments in newer schools raises questions about psychiatry’s impact on educational pathways, the future workforce, and participation in schools’ research mission and clinical enterprise.
DroneScale: drone load estimation via remote passive RF sensing

Drones have carried weapons, drugs, explosives and illegal packages in the recent past, raising strong concerns from public authorities. While existing drone monitoring systems only focus on detecting drone presence, localizing or fingerprinting the drone, there is a lack of a solution for estimating the additional load carried by a drone. In this paper, we present a novel passive RF system, namely DroneScale, to monitor the wireless signals transmitted by commercial drones and then confirm their models and loads. Our key technical contribution is a proposed technique to passively capture vibration at high resolution (i.e., 1Hz vibration) from afar, which was not possible before. We prototype DroneScale using COTS RF components and illustrate that it can monitor the body vibration of a drone at the targeted resolution. In addition, we develop learning algorithms to extract the physical vibration of the drone from the transmitted signal to infer the model of a drone and the load carried by it. We evaluate the DroneScale system using 5 different drone models, which carry external loads of up to 400g. The experimental results show that the system is able to estimate the external load of a drone with an average accuracy of 96.27%. We also analyze the sensitivity of the system with different load placements with respect to the drone's body, flight modes, and distances up to 200 meters.
Incidence of concussions and injuries among quidditch players

Purpose: To evaluate the rates of concussion and injury in quidditch, a high-contact sport growing in worldwide participation. Methods: A systematic review of the MEDLINE database was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for all studies reporting on concussion and/or injury rates in quidditch epidemiology. Results: Five studies were identified that had been published in the last 15 years on the concussion and injury rates among quidditch players worldwide. Each of these five studies included a concussion analysis and two included overall epidemiological rates. Conclusions: Injury rates seen in the two studies were found to be lower than those seen in other high-contact sports. There is a need to further study concussion symptoms among this understudied population.
On the position of subjects in Spanish: Evidence from code-switching

Some languages have a fixed subject position, while others are more flexible. Languages like English require pre-verbal subjects; languages like Spanish allow subjects in postverbal position. Because this difference clusters with several linguistic properties distinguishing the two languages, subjects in Spanish and English have been a perennial issue in linguistic theory, touching central problems like the EPP, the nature of cross-linguistic variation, and the relationship between core functional heads. Our project contributes a novel source of evidence to these debates: Spanish/English code-switching. Code-switching, the use of two languages in one utterance, combines the languages’ lexical items and their attendant syntactic features in a single derivation. Because code-switching, like all natural language, is rule-governed, researchers can exploit judgments about the well-formedness of code-switched sentences to draw conclusions about the combinations of features they represent. We report on a formal judgment experiment testing subject position in Spanish/English code-switching as a function of the presence of two functional heads known (from monolingual evidence) to affect subject placement: the C(omplementizer) and T(ense) heads. By manipulating which head appears in which language, we test the availability of post-verbal subjects under different feature combinations. Our results show that post-verbal subjects are only available when both C and T are in Spanish; neither Spanish head alone is sufficient. This finding suggests that the features regulating subject position stem from neither head alone, which is problematic for traditional approaches to the EPP as a feature of T but in line with other recent research on null subjects.
Omega-7 Mixed Fatty Acid Supplementation Fails to Reduce Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Trial

We report the effects of mixed omega-7 fatty acid supplementation on changes in serum hsCRP, TNFα, and IL-6 levels and self-reported outcomes in people with non-specific chronic musculoskeletal discomfort. Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, 1:1 randomized single crossover trial composed of 688 mg/day palmiteolate for the verum and an equivalent amount of medium-chain triglycerides for the placebo. Method: Data were analyzed in two independent groups and as a crossover group. Results: From 211 screened participants in 2017–2019, 56 were randomized. Six participants dropped out and fifty completers contributed to the statistical analyses. At baseline, none of the investigated biomarkers were significantly correlated to subjectively assessed musculoskeletal discomfort levels. For the two-group analysis (n = 26 and n = 24), none of the serum biomarkers reached statistical significance; however, a statistically significant placebo effect was found in the subjective outcomes. Conclusion: For the crossover analysis (n = 50), three weeks of supplementation with n7FA containing 688 mg per day of palmiteolate did not reduce serum inflammatory biomarkers nor did it improve subjectively measured quality of life (QoL) compared to placebo. Future studies should explore appropriate biomarkers, sufficient power, length of dosing, inclusion criteria for volunteers with higher BMI, and the verification of cis-palmiteolate versus trans-palmiteolate.
Magnetisation and Mean Field Theory in the Ising Model

In this set of notes, a complete, pedagogical tutorial for applying mean field theory to the two-dimensional Ising model is presented. Beginning with the motivation and basis for mean field theory, we formally derive the Bogoliubov inequality and discuss mean field theory itself. We proceed with the use of mean field theory to determine a magnetisation function, and the results of the derivation are interpreted graphically, physically, and mathematically. We give a new interpretation of the self-consistency condition in terms of intersecting surfaces and constrained solution sets. We also include some more general comments on the thermodynamics of the phase transition. We end by evaluating symmetry considerations in magnetisation, and some more subtle features of the Ising model. Together, a self-contained overview of the mean field Ising model is given, with some novel presentation of important results.
A Truncated Exponential Algorithm for the Lightly Constrained Assignment Problem

This manuscript presents a truncated branch-and-bound algorithm to obtain a near optimal solution for the constrained assignment problem in which there are only a few side constraints. At each node of the branch-and-bound tree a lower bound is obtained by solving a singly constrained assignment problem. If needed, Lagrangean relaxation theory is applied in an attempt to improve this lower bound. A specialized branching rule is developed which exploits the requirement that every man be assigned to some job. A software implementation of the algorithm has been tested on problems with five side constraints and up to 75,000 binary variables. Solutions guaranteed to be within 10% of an optimum were obtained for these 75,000 variable problems in from two to twenty minutes of CPU time on a Dec Alpha workstation. The behavior of the algorithm for various problem characteristics is also studied. This includes the tightness of the side constraints, the stopping criteria, and the effect when the problems are unbalanced having more jobs than men.
Law's Fragile State: Colonial, Authoritarian, and Humanitarian Legacies in Sudan

How do a legal order and the rule of law develop in a war-torn state? Using his field research in Sudan, the author uncovers how colonial administrators, postcolonial governments and international aid agencies have used legal tools and resources to promote stability and their own visions of the rule of law amid political violence and war in Sudan. Tracing the dramatic development of three forms of legal politics - colonial, authoritarian and humanitarian - this book contributes to a growing body of scholarship on law in authoritarian regimes and on human rights and legal empowerment programs in the Global South. Refuting the conventional wisdom of a legal vacuum in failed states, this book reveals how law matters deeply even in the most extreme cases of states still fighting for political stability.
Social communication development and disorders

Section I: Social Communication Theory and Associated Developmental Domains 1. Social Communication Theoretical Foundations and Introduction, Deborah A. Hwa-Froelich 2. Social Neuroscience, Carol E. Westby 3. Socio-Emotional Development Associated with Social Communication, Deborah A. Hwa-Froelich 4. Development of Cognitive Processes Associated with Social Communication, Deborah A. Hwa-Froelich 5. Social Communication Development, Deborah A. Hwa-Froelich Section II: Evidence-Based Practice for Social Communication Disorders 6. Assessment and Intervention for Children with Pragmatic Language Impairment, Catherine Adams 7. Social Communication Assessment and Intervention for Children on the Autism Spectrum, Danai K. Fannin and Linda R. Watson 8. Social Communication Assessment and Intervention for Children with Language Impairment, Martin Fujiki and Bonnie Brinton 9. Social Communication Assessment and Intervention for Children with Attention Problems, Geralyn R. Timler and Katherine E. White. 10. Social Communication Assessment and Intervention for Children Exposed to Maltreatment, Deborah A. Hwa-Froelich 11. Social Communication Assessment and Intervention for Children with Disruptive Behavior Problems, Carol E. Westby
Solid three-dimensional woven textiles

Abstract This chapter presents a historic overview, describes recent advancements, and presents state-of-the-art assessment in one of the areas of thick unitized composites reinforced with three-dimensional (3D) woven fabric preforms. The manufacturing advantages and cost benefits offered by these types of preforms when they are used with vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, resin transfer molding, or other modern closed-mold resin infusion methods have been demonstrated over the past two decades. Those include reduced labor needed for the preform handling, cutting, laying, and molding; the availability of near net shape preforms for many important structural composite shapes; the shortening and simplification of the overall processing cycle; substantial fiber waste reduction; and undoubted environmental benefits. From the structural point of view, advanced 3D woven preforms, which are free of crimp in the in-plane fiber tows, not only lead to composites with substantially improved fracture toughness and damage tolerance, but they also enable achievement of in-plane stiffness and strength values approaching those of traditional cross-ply laminates. The chapter starts with a discussion of some basic definitions of 3D woven fabric preforms and their categorization. Then, a closer look is taken at the three major categories: (i) 3D multilayer woven fabrics, (ii) 3D noncrimp orthogonal woven fabrics, and (iii) 3D dual interlaced woven fabrics. After that an overview of the literature on mechanical properties of various 3D woven composites is presented. The final part summarizes some past and current structural applications of 3D woven fabric composites and outlines their future application potential and the major means required for their realization.
Saving navy SEALS: Pressure-activated system for personal flotation device

Approximately 2000 operators in the SEAL Teams use a personal flotation device (PFD). While it is a necessary safety measure, the current PFDs in use often deploy prematurely causing the operator to then discard the device. We created a system with changeable modes, allowing the user to retain a fully functional vest with an activation system that is not subject to premature deployment. Implementation of this will reduce the danger for each operator and save lives. Our system is composed of a sensor suite, microcontroller, and actuator. The system has two user chosen modes: automatic and manual. We performed system tests to ensure the system is reliable and validated for use in special operations. Two of these tests included a software functionality test (A) and a valve response test (B). Results for (A) were LED ON for deployment conditions and LED OFF for non-deployment conditions. Results for (B) were a positive result (actuator activated and filled bladder correctly) for each test. The final result was an automatic PFD system that is viable for use in special operations. This will increase the number of lives saved by ensuring that operators can retain their PFDs without premature deployment as well as ensuring that an unconscious victim in the water will be lifted to safety by their automatic PFD.
Tips and Techniques for Incorporating Team-Based Learning (TBL) Methods into a College Classroom

Team-based learning (TBL) methods provide instructors with an avenue to create student engagement and enhance learning satisfaction. When implemented correctly, they have the ability to promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills, increase learning and retention of course material, and improve interpersonal and group relations. When TBL techniques were used in three undergraduate classes at a private university the feedback and outcomes were positive. Although attendance rates and average grades remained nearly the same as the previous year, student engagement as measured through instructor observations improved. Student feedback was very encouraging, with a TBL classroom being highly preferred to a lecture-based classroom. Students also believed their overall course grade improved as a result of being assigned to a TBL group.
Getting to the First Handshake: Enhancing Security by Initiating Cooperation in Transboundary River Basins†

How does transboundary water cooperation begin at the initial stages, and how can third parties help to foster said cooperation? Many nations with transboundary waters do not cooperate or have ceased cooperation. Yet cooperation often prevails, resulting in 688 water-related treaties signed from 1820 to 2007. We address the following: by which practices can development partners best design and implement cooperative projects at the state level to enhance basin water security in the earliest stages? This article identifies strategies for initiating cooperation and lessons drawn from reviewing select cases. We compiled from the Oregon State University Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database all transboundary water resources projects over the last decade with multinational participation. We selected 10 case studies that enhance water security that fit the following filtering criteria: (1) Funding exclusively/primarily from outside sources, (2) Including nonofficial stakeholders in project design/implementation, (3) Absence of formal relations around water resources between or among the riparian nations before the project was discussed, (4) Project design possibly enhancing hydropolitical relations. Findings suggest that to enhance water security, project designs should respect participating riparians' autonomies, create basin-wide networks of scientists, allow for each partner to garner responsibility for project activities, and consult a diverse group of stakeholders.
Systematic Scenario-Based Analysis of UML Design Class Models

Scenario-based UML Design Analysis (SUDA) is a lightweight technique for analyzing behavior specified in UML design class models. A person (verifier) charged with verifying a design class model developed by an independent group of modelers can use SUDA to analyze the design class model against a set of scenarios manually created by the verifier. In this paper we describe an extension of SUDA that allows a verifier to automatically generate scenarios satisfying criteria defined by the verifier. We illustrate the extended SUDA technique by analyzing a subset of the behavior specified in a Location-aware Role-Base Access Control (LRBAC) class model.
Genomic medicine: evolving science, evolving ethics

Genomic medicine is rapidly evolving. Next-generation sequencing is changing the diagnostic paradigm by allowing genetic testing to be carried out more quickly, less expensively and with much higher resolution; pushing the envelope on existing moral norms and legal regulations. Early experience with implementation of next-generation sequencing to diagnose rare genetic conditions in symptomatic children suggests ways that genomic medicine might come to be used and some of the ethical issues that arise, impacting test design, patient selection, consent, sequencing analysis and communication of results. The ethical issues that arise from use of new technologies cannot be satisfactorily analyzed until they are understood and they cannot be understood until the technologies are deployed in the real world.
Using branch-and-bound to solve bi-level geometric programming problems: A new optimization model

Abstract This paper presents a new nonlinear optimization model that is both geometric and bi-level. These models are a special case of multistage optimization problems and are named bi-level geometric programming (BLGP) problems. These problems are not necessarily convex and thus are not solvable by standard nonlinear programming techniques. Optimality conditions for BLGP are presented as well as an algorithm based on the method of branch-and-bound to implicitly enumerate all the combinations for the complementary slackness conditions.
Sampling optimization based on secondary information and its utilization in soil carbon mapping

Abstract We propose a method for optimizing sampling for digital soil mapping in cases where no directly measured prior information of the primary variable of interest is available. Various ancillary variables (soil series, relative elevation, slope, electrical conductivity and soil surface reflectance) were assumed to provide indirect information about the spatial distribution of soil carbon stock (CS, Mg ha− 1 in 0–0.3 m depth) in three fields of 49 to 65 ha size. The secondary information was used for stratifying each field into contiguous spatial clusters. Using this stratification, initial stratified random sampling schemes were allocated and further optimized by constrained spatial simulated annealing. Three optimization approaches were evaluated: minimization of the shortest distance (MMSD), a uniform distribution of point pairs for variogram estimation (WM), and a combination of MMSD (2 / 3 of samples) and WM (1 / 3). Spatially constrained cluster analysis of secondary information resulted in stratifications that accounted for large proportions of the variation of all ancillary variables used in the cluster analysis, but also for 47% to 68% of the spatial variation in measured CS. MMSD-optimized sampling schemes were inappropriate for mapping when the sampling density was low (≤ 1.5 to 2 samples per hectare) because spatial variation occurring at short lag distances was poorly resolved. WM-optimized sampling schemes allowed modeling of spatial variation, but resulted in poor field coverage for mapping purposes. The combined MMSD + WM optimization provided both even field coverage and the ability to estimate variograms for interpolation purposes. Sampling based on secondary information and re-use of the secondary information in regression kriging increased the accuracy of CS maps and allowed a significant reduction in sample size without loss of information. Further improvements could include fitness functions that simultaneously account for variation in feature and geographic space as well as sampling cost.
GALE data to be discussed

The scientific community will soon have the opportunity to share data from one of the largest weather experiments ever conducted. The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) field program, carried out from January 15 through March 15 of this year, was intended to advance knowledge about the birth and progress of the winter storms that can affect the East Coast of the United States (Eos, February 4, 1986, p. 57). A group from Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pa., where the GALE Data Center is based, will present a paper that summarizes the types of data collected during the program and the GALE observations on Wednesday, May 21, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. In his talk at the meeting, Carl Kreitzberg, director of the data center, will focus on observations made during the GALE program of mesoscale structures in East Coast winter storms. Mesoscale structures are features of temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind fields on distance scales of about 100 km and time scales of about 3 h. Structures of this magnitude produce most of the heavy precipitation in storms, Kreitzberg said.
Expression of αB-crystallin in the developing rat kidney

Expression of αB-crystallin in the developing rat kidney. The expression and cellular localization of αB-crystallin during rat renal development was studied by Northern blot analysis and by immunocytochemistry. Northern blotting of total RNA extracted from whole kidneys revealed that the messenger RNA for αB-crystallin rapidly increased after birth to reach adult levels by 20 days. At the same time, immunohistochemistry for αB-crystallin demonstrated that the prominent elongation of Henle's loop during the first 10 days of life was accompanied by increased αB-crystallin expression. Thus, the development of αB-crystallin expression is correlated temporally with the acquisition of tubule function in early post-natal life.
Regional sources of atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and implications for atmospheric modeling

Abstract Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations over the Eastern half of the United States are simulated with a 3-D air quality model to identify the most important chemical precursors under January and July conditions. We find that both aldehydes primarily result from photochemical production, although 25% or more result from direct emissions in urban areas during winter. Isoprene is the major precursor of formaldehyde in most areas during summer, contributing 20–60% of total production, with the magnitude being spatially variable. Other alkenes from anthropogenic and/or biogenic emissions dominate formaldehyde production in winter, contributing 60–85% of total formation, and are prominent contributors in summer. Alkenes, including biogenic alkenes, dominate acetaldehyde production during both seasons. These conclusions are based on the degradation of emitted VOCs described by the SAPRC07TB chemical mechanism, but even this detailed model has difficulty reproducing observed values better than a factor of 2. The substantial role of isoprene and other alkenes in aldehyde formation emphasizes that we examine and improve emission estimates of these compounds. Until we can estimate the emissions and understand the chemistry of VOC precursors to aldehyde formation with greater certainty, it will be difficult to accurately predict atmospheric concentrations of aldehydes and develop strategies to reduce their concentrations.
Continuous Monitoring of Cerebral Substrate Delivery and Clearance: Initial Experience in 24 Patients with Severe Acute Brain Injuries

OBJECTIVE Current neuromonitoring techniques in severe human head injury often fail to detect the causes of clinical deterioration. A sensor is now available for continuous monitoring of brain oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, and pH values. In this study, brain tissue oxygen tension was used to differentiate patients at risk for brain ischemia and to predict outcome. METHODS The multiparameter sensor was inserted into brain tissue, along with a standard ventriculostomy catheter and a microdialysis probe, in 24 patients. Lactate and glucose were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in hourly dialysate samples. RESULTS Patients who experienced a good recovery (n = 8) sustained a mean brain partial oxygen pressure of 39 +/- 4 mm Hg, brain partial carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) of 50 +/- 8 mm Hg, and a brain pH of 7.14 +/- 0.12. Patients with moderate to severe disability (n = 6) sustained a mean brain partial oxygen pressure of 31 +/- 5 mm Hg, brain PCO2 of 47 +/- 2 mm Hg, and a brain pH of 7.11 +/- 0.12. Ten patients who died or remained vegetative sustained a mean brain partial oxygen pressure of 19 +/- 8 mm Hg, a brain PCO2 of 64 +/- 21 mm Hg, and a brain pH of 6.85 +/- 0.41. Mean brain PCO2 levels of 90 to 150 mm Hg were consistently observed after cerebral circulatory arrest or brain death. Dialysate lactate and glucose were less clearly correlated to outcome than brain oxygen tension. Dialysate glucose was extremely low in all patients and zero in most patients who died. CONCLUSION Brain oxygen pressure, brain carbon dioxide pressure, and brain pH measurements, as well as a microdialysis probe for glucose and lactate analysis, may optimize the management of comatose neurosurgical patients by allowing a fuller understanding of the dynamic factors affecting brain metabolism.
Positional Isotope Exchange Catalyzed by UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase

The unusual sugar galactofuranose (galf) is a component of several pharmacologically interesting macromolecular structures in microorganisms. These include bacterial O-antigens, mycobacterial cell walls, and protozoal cell membrane proteins.1 The activated precursor of galf, UDP-galf, is synthesized from UDPgalactopyranose (UDP-galp) in an unprecedented reaction catalyzed by the enzyme UDP-galp mutase (Figure 1). Recombinant UDP-galp mutase from several bacterial sources has been purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized.2 The structure of the product UDP-galf has been confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.2a,c However, little mechanistic information for this reaction has been reported in the literature.3 Intriguingly, flavin adenine nicotinamide (FAD) is noncovalently bound to UDP-galp mutase. Also, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H) has been reported to be required for UDP-galp turnover. Mechanistic roles for these redox cofactors have yet to be determined. We report here a method to follow the course of positional isotope exchange (PIX),4 which demonstrates that the anomeric C-O bond is broken during UDP-galp/UDP-galf interconversion, in a kinetically competent step. Traditionally, PIX experiments have used 31P NMR spectroscopy to detect the shift in 31P resonance that occurs upon positional exchange of bridging and nonbridging 18O atoms.5 Continuous monitoring of the PIX reaction is difficult because of metal-induced and proton-induced line broadening.4 Typically, it is necessary to quench, filter, and add EDTA to aliquots of the PIX reaction to observe the isotope shifts. The PIX experiment presented here used 13C NMR to follow PIX continuously. UDPgalp enriched in 13C (99 atom % excess) at the anomeric carbon (C1) and containing ca. 85 atom % excess 18O in the bridge position between C1 and the â-phosphate (1) was synthesized.6 The 13C NMR spectrum of 1 appeared as a doublet (JCP ) 6.7