cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic Management of a 13-Year-Old Adolescent With Mucolipidosis Type II for Total Hip Arthroplasty

Mucolipidosis II (ML II) or inclusion cell disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Deficiency of the lysosomal transport enzyme, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferease, results in the intracellular accumulation of macromolecules (mucopolysaccharides and mucolipids) in the lysosome which leads to cellular dysfunction and a multi-system disorder. Manifestations are present at birth including muscle hypotonia, a weak cry, and failure to thrive. Additional physical signs include hip dislocation, inguinal hernia, hepatomegaly, limitation of joint movement, and cutaneous changes. Coarse facial features and skeletal abnormalities become more conspicuous with time. A rapidly progressive psychomotor deterioration, developmental delay and growth failure are often noted with a limited life span of 10 years. Due to the aforementioned physical abnormalities, surgical and anesthetic care may be required. We present a 13-year-old girl with ML II who required anesthetic care for a total hip arthroplasty due to chronic right hip dislocation. Previous reports of anesthetic care for these patients are reviewed, end-organ involvement is discussed, and options for anesthetic care are presented. J Med Cases. 2017;8(7):203-206 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2834w
My Methodological Approach: “It Reminds Me of Lots of Things”

This chapter spotlights the data, methods, sample, and issues associated with conducting an exploratory study on transnational family communication among immigrants within an ICT-based context. A critical reflexive approach highlights the issues involved in the author being an immigrant and communicating with her transnational family and what that was like in comparison to the participants. Alternative methods of data collecting and analysis are specified that clarify the perspectives of the informants and participants and their interpretations of the research, in terms of their sensory understandings. The site and participant sample are introduced and discussed in terms of their characteristics. Gender, race, social class, nationality, and language as well as other important factors that bear on the research are detailed in terms of strengths and limitations.
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

As descriptively named as it is, central retinal vein occlusions (CRVO) are often misunderstood. In a CRVO, return of the venous circulation is relatively reduced by an obstruction. The obstruction itself is poorly understood due to our lack of ability to adequately visualize it, but is potentially compressive, inflammatory, thrombotic, or vasospastic. Histopathologic studies have demonstrated a thrombus at or proximal to the lamina cribrosa (Green et al. 1981), suggesting anatomic variations may be important.
The discerning voter: Party–voter linkages and local distribution under multilevel governance

What shapes voters’ expectations of receiving private benefits and local public goods in developing world democracies? Models of instrumental voting suggest that voters’ expectations are shaped by ...
Microcircuits of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) integrates excitatory input from auditory and nonauditory sources. Auditory signals are conveyed to the deep layer by the auditory nerve and by excitatory interneurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). Signals from diverse auditory, somatosensory, proprioceptive, and vestibular sources arrive through mossy fibers in the molecular layer. Thus the DCN is a multisensory integrator. Auditory and mossy inputs are processed through separate microcircuits and are then integrated and conveyed to the inferior colliculus by fusiform cells. Signals arriving from the auditory nerve and VCN in the DCN deep layer are refined by inhibitory neurons that give the acoustic responses of the principal cells a striking nonlinearity as a function of sound intensity and inhibitory sidebands in the spectral domain. Mossy inputs are preprocessed by local circuits in a granule cell region and further refined in the molecular layer. Unlike the auditory signals in the deep layer, signals in the molecular layer exhibit diverse forms of long-term synaptic plasticity. The function of the DCN is not fully understood. The sensitivity of the DCN to spectral notches suggests a role in sound localization using monoaural cues. Input associated with pinna muscles and the trigeminal nerve suggests that the DCN relates head orientation to incoming sounds. The anatomical and physiological similarity of the DCN to structures in electric fish that sensitize the fish to novel signals in the environment has led to the idea that the DCN cancels self-generated and expected features of sounds.
Attrition Through Enforcement and the Elimination of a “Dangerous Class”

The enactment of Arizona’s Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (SB 1070) on April 23, 2010, and its amendment 7 days later (HB 2162), accentuated the political debate within Arizona and beyond on the question of migration and migrants, particularly from Mexico.
Structured Modeling and Simulation of Oxygen Transport to Hybridoma Cell in a Suspension Culture: Theoretical Analysis

As the demand for monoclonal antibodies increases rapidly because of their diverse use for clinical and analytical application, and protein separation, monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma cell culture in large scale became necessary.
The Full Spectrum of Biomedical Informatics Education at Oregon Health & Science University*

Objectives: The growing use of health information technology in operational settings, along with the maturation of the discipline of biomedical informatics, requires reorganization of educational programs in the field. The objective of this paper is to provide a context and description of the biomedical informatics education program at Oregon Health & Science University. Methods: The details of the program are provided. Results: The paper describes the overall program and its component curricula. Conclusions: OHSU has developed a program that caters to the full spectrum of those who will work in the field, allowing education tailored to their career goals and needs. The maturation of Internet technologies also allow most aspects of the program to be delivered on-line. The informatics field must step up to the challenge of educating the best workforce to achieve our goals for the optimal use of HIT.
Order from disorder: do soil organic matter composition and turnover co-vary with iron phase crystallinity?

Soil organic matter (SOM) often increases with the abundance of short-range-ordered iron (SRO Fe) mineral phases at local to global scales, implying a protective role for SRO Fe. However, less is known about how Fe phase composition and crystal order relate to SOM composition and turnover, which could be linked to redox alteration of Fe phases. We tested the hypothesis that the composition and turnover of mineral-associated SOM co-varied with Fe phase crystallinity and abundance across a well-characterized catena in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, using dense fractions from 30 A and B horizon soil samples. The δ13C and δ15N values of dense fractions were strongly and positively correlated (R2 = 0.75), indicating microbial transformation of plant residues with lower δ13C and δ15N values. However, comparisons of dense fraction isotope ratios with roots and particulate matter suggested a greater contribution of plant versus microbial biomass to dense fraction SOM in valleys than ridges. Similarly, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy indicated that SOM functional groups varied significantly along the catena. These trends in dense fraction SOM composition, as well as ∆14C values indicative of turnover rates, were significantly related to Fe phase crystallinity and abundance quantified with selective extractions. Mossbauer spectroscopy conducted on independent bulk soil samples indicated that nanoscale ordered Fe oxyhydroxide phases (nano-goethite, ferrihydrite, and/or very-SRO Fe with high substitutions) dominated (66–94%) total Fe at all positions and depths, with minor additional contributions from hematite, silicate and adsorbed FeII, and ilmenite. An additional phase that could represent organic-FeIII complexes or aluminosilicate-bearing FeIII was most abundant in valley soils (17–26% of total Fe). Overall, dense fraction samples with increasingly disordered Fe phases were significantly associated with increasingly plant-derived and faster-cycling SOM, while samples with relatively more-crystalline Fe phases tended towards slower-cycling SOM with a greater microbial component. Our data suggest that counter to prevailing thought, increased SRO Fe phase abundance in dynamic redox environments could facilitate transient accumulation of litter derivatives while not necessarily promoting long-term C stabilization.
A new fit to secondary emission yield in the low impact voltage regime: An improvement of Vaughan’s expression

Reducing the emission of secondary electrons from materials is critical to improved efficiency and increased performance in high power vacuum electronics. A new mathematical expression for the secondary emission yield (SEY) as a function of the impact voltage up to a maximum of 5 kilovolts is proposed which is an extension of a formula first suggested by Vaughan. The new analytical fit and Vaughan’s fit are compared with SEY experimental data reported by others and measured by our group. The new analytical expression gives good fits to SEY experimental data in all cases, even when the SEY maximum is either slightly larger or below unity, two situations for which Vaughan’s fit is either inadequate or inapplicable.
Implant Removal Matrix for the Foot and Ankle Orthopaedic Surgeon.

Background: Orthopaedic surgery frequently requires the use of metal plate and screw constructs for osteosynthesis. These constructs may be subsequently removed for a variety of indications. In the...
Surmounting the Empathy Wall: Deep Respect and Holy Envy in Qualitative Scholarship

In this concluding article of a special issue based on a diverse, national, 198 family (N = 476 persons) qualitative study, the concepts of deep respect and holy envy are posited as research-enhanc...
Polarization Dynamics in Ultrafast Thulium Fiber Lasers

Polarization dynamics in soliton mode-locked femtosecond thulium fiber lasers are presented that can lead to pulse modulation. A dual output pulse train with orthogonally polarized interlaced pulses is discussed.
Source area management practices as remediation tool to address groundwater nitrate pollution in drinking supply wells

Nitrate in drinking water may cause serious health problems for consumers. Agricultural activities are known to be the main source of groundwater nitrate contaminating rural domestic and urban public water supply wells in farming regions. Management practices have been proposed to reduce the amount of nitrate in groundwater, including improved nutrient management practices and "pump and fertilize" with nitrate-affected irrigation wells. Here, we evaluate the feasibility and long-term impacts of agricultural managed aquifer recharge (Ag-MAR) in the source area of public water supply wells. A numerical model of nitrate fate and transport was developed for the Modesto basin, part of California's Central Valley aquifer system. The basin is representative of semi-arid agricultural regions around the world with a diversity of crop types, overlying an unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer system. A local public supply well in an economically disadvantaged community surrounded by farmland was the focus of this study. Model scenarios implemented include business as usual, alternative low-impact crops, and Ag-MAR in the source area of the public supply well. Alternative nutrient management and recharge practices act as remediation tools in the area between farmland and the public supply well. Improved agricultural source area management practices are shown to be an effective tool to maintain or even enhance groundwater quality in the targeted supply well while remediating ambient groundwater. Best results are obtained when lowering nitrate load while also increasing recharge in the source area simultaneously. This scenario reduced nitrate in the supply well's drinking water by 80% relative to the business as usual scenario. It also remediated ambient groundwater used by domestic wells between the source area farmlands and the supply well and showed 60% more reduction of nitrate after 60 years of application. Increasing recharge led to shorter initial response time (five years) and showed the most sustainable impact. Our analysis further suggests that Ag-MAR in a highly discontinuous, wide-spread pattern leads to slow water quality response and may not yield sufficient water quality improvements.
A QTL associated with leaf trichome traits has a major influence on the abundance of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri in a hybrid grapevine population.

The abundance of predatory phytoseiid mites, Typhlodromus pyri, important biological control agents of spider mite pests in numerous crops, is positively influenced by the density of leaf trichomes and tuft-form domatia in vein axils. Identification of the genetic regions controlling both trophic levels could facilitate the improvement of predatory mite habitat in breeding programs. The abundance of T. pyri and non-glandular trichomes was measured in a segregating F1 family derived from the cross of the complex Vitis hybrid, ‘Horizon’, with Illinois 547-1 (V. rupestris B38 × V. cinerea B9), finding positive correlation among traits. High density genetic maps were used to localize one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 1 of Illinois 547-1 associated with both predatory mite abundance and leaf trichomes. This QTL explained 23% of the variation in phytoseiid abundance and similar amounts of variance in domatia rating (21%), domatia size (16%), leaf bristle density (37% in veins and 33% in blades), and leaf hair density (20% in veins and 15% in blades). Another nine QTL distributed among chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 8, and 15 were associated solely with trichome density, and explained 7–17% of the phenotypic variation. Combined, our results provide evidence of the genetic architecture of non-glandular trichomes in Vitis, with a major locus influencing trichome densities, domatia size and predatory mite abundance. This information is relevant for breeding grapevines with a more favorable habitat for biological control agents.
Pandemic March: 2019 Coronavirus Disease's First Wave Circumnavigates the Globe.

OBJECTIVE: March 2020 was a pivotal month for the worldwide geographic and numeric expansion of the first wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We examined the major storylines that depicted this explosive spread of COVID-19 around the globe. METHODS: A detailed review of World Health Organization (WHO) situation reports, surveillance summaries, and online resources allowed us to quantify the increases in cases and deaths by region and by country throughout the month of March 2020. RESULTS: During March, COVID-19 was officially declared by the WHO to be a pandemic. COVID-19 emerged from a focalized outbreak in the Western Pacific Region and rapidly proliferated across all continents worldwide. Globally, cumulative numbers of confirmed cases increased by a factor of nine throughout the month. During the entire month, cases rose exponentially throughout Europe. Starting in mid-March, confirmed cases accelerated coast-to-coast throughout the United States and, on March 26, the United States surpassed all other nations to rank first in numbers of cases. COVID-19 mortality lagged several weeks behind but by month's end, death tolls were also rising exponentially. CONCLUSION: March 2020 was a consequential month when the COVID-19 pandemic wrapped completely around the planet, with outbreaks erupting in most nations worldwide.
The related factors of intraocular hypertension in diabetic retinopathy after vitrectomy

The occurrence of high intraocular pressure (IOP) after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is related to many factors, including the type and stage of DR, macular detachment, surgical methods, and the type of ocular tamponade. Early high IOP occurred mainly due to laser photocoagulation, inflammatory response, improper ocular tamponade, residual viscoelastic agents and ciliary body dysfunction. In addition to the above reasons, early-middle stage high IOP is also related to tamponade gas expansion peak, encircling scleral buckle and hyphema. The major reason for middle-stage high IOP is hyphema and silicon oil in anterior chamber. The reasons for late-stage high IOP are glaucoma, silicone oil emulsification, long-term use of glucocorticoid, and iris incision closure. Most high IOP can be controlled by proper treatment such as stopping use of glucocorticoid, anti-glaucoma eye drops and surgeries. But there are still a small number of patients with unexplained refractory high IOP, the mechanism need to be further explored. Key words: Diabetic retinopathy/surgery; Ocular hypertension/etiology; Vitrectomy; Review
Cognition Evolves with the Emergence of Environmental Patchiness

Many lifeforms are found in patches that other lifeforms forage for and consume. Here we explore how the patchiness of the former and cognition of the latter may emerge through mutual interaction i...
Queer Black adolescence, the impasse, and the pedagogy of cinema

This paper considers the potential of impasses within cinematic assemblages and the pedagogy of cinema to expand the possible horizons of Black queer youth. Black queerness in film provides pedagog...
Neuroendocrine and behavioral measures of stress-reactivity in male goal-tracker and sign-tracker rats

Abstract Environmental cues attain the ability to guide behavior via learned associations. As predictors, cues can elicit adaptive behavior and lead to valuable resources (e.g., food). For some individuals, however, cues are transformed into incentive stimuli and elicit motivational states that can be maladaptive. The goal-tracker/sign-tracker animal model captures individual differences in cue-motivated behaviors, with reward-associated cues serving as predictors of reward for both phenotypes but becoming incentive stimuli to a greater degree for sign-trackers. While these distinct phenotypes are characterized based on Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior, they exhibit differences on a number of behaviors relevant to psychopathology. To further characterize the neurobehavioral endophenotype associated with individual differences in cue-reward learning, neuroendocrine and behavioral profiles associated with stress and anxiety were investigated in male goal-tracker, sign-tracker, and intermediate responder rats. It was revealed that baseline corticosterone increases with Pavlovian learning, but to the same degree, regardless of phenotype. No significant differences in behavior were observed between goaltrackers and sign-trackers during an elevated plus maze or open field test, nor were there differences in corticosterone response to the open field test or physiological restraint. Upon examination of central markers associated with stress-reactivity, we found that sign-trackers have greater glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in the ventral hippocampus, with no phenotypic differences in the dorsal hippocampus or prelimbic cortex. These findings demonstrate that goal-trackers and sign-trackers do not differ on stress- and anxiety-related behaviors, and suggest that differences in neuroendocrine measures between these phenotypes can be attributed to distinct cue-reward learning styles. Significance Statement While the goal-tracker/ sign-tracker animal model derives from individual differences in Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior, other traits, including some of relevance to addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder, have been shown to co-exist with the propensity to sign-track. The extent to which this model encompasses differences in aversive arousal and associated neuroendocrine measures, however, remains largely unexplored. Here we show that behavioral and corticosterone response to stress-related paradigms do not differ between goal-trackers and sign-trackers. However, glucocorticoid receptor expression in the ventral hippocampus does differ between phenotypes, suggesting that this central marker that is typically associated with stress-responsivity, may, in fact, play an important role in appetitive motivation.
The mechanical and microstructural properties of the pediatric skull

Abstract The pediatric skull differs drastically from the adult skull in terms of composition, rigidity, and structure. However, there is limited data which quantifies the mechanical properties of the pediatric skull. The lack of mechanical data may inhibit desired pediatric craniofacial surgical outcomes as current methodologies and materials employed for the pediatric population are adapted from those used for adults. In this study, normally discarded parietal bone tissue from eight pediatric craniosynostosis surgery patients (aged 4 to 10 months) was collected during reconstructive surgery and prepared for microstructural analysis and mechanical testing. Up to 12 individual coupon samples of fresh, never frozen tissue were harvested from each specimen and prepared for four-point bending testing to failure. The microstructure of each sample was analyzed using micro-computed tomography before and after each mechanical test. From this analysis, effective geometric and mechanical properties were determined for each sample (n = 68). Test results demonstrated that the pediatric parietal skull was 2.0 mm (±0.4) thick, with a porosity of 36% (±14). The effective modulus of the tissue samples, determined from the initial slope of the sample stress-strain response using Euler beam theory and a nonlinear Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relationship, was 4.2 GPa (±2.1), which was approximately three times less stiff than adult skull tissue reported in the literature. Furthermore, the pediatric skull was able to bend up to flexural failure strains of 6.7% (±2.0), which was approximately five times larger than failure strains measured in adult skull. The disparity between the measured mechanical properties of pediatric skull tissue and adult skull tissue points towards the need to reevaluate current surgical technologies, such as pediatric cranial surgical hardware, so that they are more compatible with pediatric tissue.
Water-Hammer Charts Including Fluid Friction

The water-hammer equations, including a friction term, are expressed in dimensionless form and solved with the aid of a digital computer using a finite difference scheme. Charts are compiled giving the maximum and minimum water-hammer heads along a range of simple pipelines for linear valve closure. The rigid water column theory is extended to include friction, and the range of applicability of the rigid column theory is demonstrated.
Beyond Attitudes: Attachment and Consumer Behavior

Although attachment theorists have examined the attachment concept in diverse relationship contexts (romantic relationship, kinship, and friendship, etc.), the nomological network of the construct has not been fully delineated. The purpose of the present paper is to develop this nomological network. We define brand attachment as the strength of the cognitive and emotional bond connecting the brand with the self. This definition involves two unique and essential elements: (1) connectedness between the brand and the self and (2) a cognitive and emotional bond, the strength of which evokes a readiness to allocate one's processing resources toward a brand. We examined factors that create brand attachment, the effects of brand attachment on higher order relationship-based exchange behaviors, why attachments (and hence relationships) weaken or terminate, and how they may be measured.
Reliability of hermetically packaged 980 nm diode lasers

Since 1992, we have tested 980 nm laser diodes from three manufacturers, in pumps fabricated by four packagers, for reliability and fitness for use in Er-doped optical fiber amplifiers. We have found that when high-power 980 nm lasers are hermetically sealed in inert gas, regardless of laser or package origin, a large number experience a catastrophic failure mode that apparently does not occur in lasers that are lifetested as chip-on-carrier. We call this phenomenon packaging-induced failure.
Identification and extraction of objects from legacy code

This paper presents an effort to utilize the benefits of recent innovations of software engineering in legacy code. Because most systems currently in use are, on the average, over 10 years old and suffering from extensive maintenance, and because it is impractical to simply discard a working system, these concerns are addressed in the context of reverse engineering. A methodology is presented which identifies candidate objects in imperative code, specifically, FORTRAN-77. Candidate objects are identified from several aspects of the system including subprogram invocations, common block definitions and array definitions. To assist the object identification algorithms, a representation of the original imperative code is introduced which uses the concepts of data flow analysis to represent variable usage information. >
Survival of Ice Nucleation-Active and Genetically Engineered Non-Ice-Nucleating Pseudomonas syringae Strains after Freezing.

The survival after freezing of ice nucleation-active (INA) and genetically engineered non-INA strains of Pseudomonas syringae was compared. Each strain was applied to oat seedlings and allowed to colonize for 3 days, and the plants were subjected to various freezing temperatures. Plant leaves were harvested before and after freezing on two consecutive days, and bacterial populations were determined. Populations of the INA wild-type strain increased 15-fold in the 18 h after the oat plants incurred frost damage at −5 and −12°C. Plants colonized by the non-INA strain were undamaged at −5°C and exhibited no changes in population size after two freeze trials. As freezing temperatures were lowered (−7, −9, and −12°C), oat plants colonized by the non-INA strain suffered increased frost damage concomitant with bacterial population increases following 18 h. At −12°C, both strains behaved identically. The data show a relationship between frost damage to plants and increased bacterial population size during the following 18 h, indicating a potential competitive advantage of INA strains of P. syringae over non-INA strains in mild freezing environments.
Regulation of canine gastric mucin synthesis and phospholipid secretion by acid secretagogues

Abstract Key components of the mucous gel include the glycoprotein mucin and surface-active phospholipids. In the present study, mucin production and release of the surface-active phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) into the medium were measured with an isolated canine mucous cell culture system. Stimulation of glycoprotein synthesis in response to 10 −4 mol/L histamine (160% ± 9% of control, P −6 mol/L gastrin (129% ± 7%, P −6 mol/L carbamylcholine (129% ± 7%, P 2 (PGE 2 ) had no effect. The effect of histamine was blocked by the H 2 receptor antagonist cimetidine but not the H 1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine ( P P P 2 had no significant effect. PC release was stimulated by the administration of histamine, carbamylcholine, gastrin (108%–110% of control, P ≤ 0.05), and PGE 2 (120% of control, P 2 has no direct role in the synthesis of canine gastric mucin but stimulates release of surface-active phospholipids. The mechanisms responsible for acid secretion provide for the coordinated production of the primary layer of defense against the injurious effects of low pH.
The C5a Anaphylatoxin Receptor (C5aR1) Protects against Listeria monocytogenes Infection by Inhibiting Type 1 IFN Expression

Listeria monocytogenes is a major cause of mortality resulting from food poisoning in the United States. In mice, C5 has been genetically linked to host resistance to listeriosis. Despite this genetic association, it remains poorly understood how C5 and its activation products, C5a and C5b, confer host protection to this Gram-positive intracellular bacterium. In this article, we show in a systemic infection model that the major receptor for C5a, C5aR1, is required for a normal robust host immune response against L. monocytogenes. In comparison with wild-type mice, C5aR1(-/-) mice had reduced survival and increased bacterial burden in their livers and spleens. Infected C5aR1(-/-) mice exhibited a dramatic reduction in all major subsets of splenocytes, which was associated with elevated caspase-3 activity and increased TUNEL staining. Because type 1 IFN has been reported to impede the host response to L. monocytogenes through the promotion of splenocyte death, we examined the effect of C5aR1 on type 1 IFN expression in vivo. Indeed, serum levels of IFN-α and IFN-β were significantly elevated in L. monocytogenes-infected C5aR1(-/-) mice. Similarly, the expression of TRAIL, a type 1 IFN target gene and a proapoptotic factor, was elevated in NK cells isolated from infected C5aR1(-/-) mice. Treatment of C5aR1(-/-) mice with a type 1 IFNR blocking Ab resulted in near-complete rescue of L. monocytogenes-induced mortality. Thus, these findings reveal a critical role for C5aR1 in host defense against L. monocytogenes through the suppression of type 1 IFN expression.
Chiral recognition by hemicarcerand-like host in aqueous solution

Abstract The synthesis and binding properties of a hydrophilic hemicarcerand-like host with three chiral linker groups and one enlarged opening, that is partially blocked by two appending coumarin moieties, are reported. The complexation behavior towards three achiral and eight chiral guests were investigated. For those guests, in which binding was observed, guest exchange was slow on the NMR time scale and allowed the observation of free and complexed guest signals. At 22°C, binding affinities ranged from 1.4 to 370 mol −1 . Guest binding is driven by enthalpy. In binding studies with racemic guests, the highest diastereomeric excess of complexation (de=20%) was observed for racemic 3-methylcyclohex-1-ene. The much lower de for racemic 3-methylpent-1-ene suggests that guest rigidity is important to achieve selectivity.
The preparation and properties of chemically vapor deposited silicon on sapphire and spinel

Abstract A comparison is made between the semiconducting properties of thin silicon films epitaxially grown, by chemical vapor deposition processes, on single crystal sapphire and spinel. The relationship between the epitaxial growth conditions and the electrical properties is examined. Within a wide range of growth conditions, the as-deposited thin film properties appear to be dominated by the surface finishing and crystalline nature of the substrate. The change in the electrical properties during thermal oxidation is associated with the presence of impurities introduced from the substrate, and the magnitude of the change is a strong function of the epitaxial growth conditions. Despite the many factors which limit the carrier mobility in the heteroepitaxial thin films, complementary pair MOS transistors have been fabricated in silicon thin films on sapphire and spinel which have distinct advantages over similar devices fabricated in bulk silicon.
Modeling of a New Active Eddy Current Vibration Control System

There exist many methods of adding damping to a vibrating structure; however, eddy current damping is one of few that can function without ever coming into contact with that structure. This magnetic damping scheme functions due to the eddy currents that are generated in a conductive material when it is subjected to a time changing magnetic field. Due to the circulation of these currents, a magnetic field is generated, which interacts with the applied field resulting in a force. In this manuscript, an active damper will be theoretically developed that functions by dynamically modifying the current flowing through a coil, thus generating a time-varying magnetic field. By actively controlling the strength of the field around the conductor, the induced eddy currents and the resulting damping force can be controlled. This actuation method is easy to apply and allows significant magnitudes of forces to be applied without ever coming into contact with the structure. Therefore, vibration control can be applied without inducing mass loading or added stiffness, which are downfalls of other methods. This manuscript will provide a theoretical derivation of the equations defining the electric fields generated and the dynamic forces induced in the structure. This derivation will show that when eddy currents are generated due to a variation in the strength of the magnetic source, the resulting force occurs at twice the frequency of the applied current. This frequency doubling effect will be experimentally verified. Furthermore, a feedback controller will be designed to account for the frequency doubling effect and a simulation performed to show that significant vibration suppression can be achieved with this technique.
A central limit theorem for autoregressive integrated moving average processes

A central limit theorem for normalized sums of random variables that form an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) process is developed. The need for such a limit theorem is discussed in connection with modeling total compensation costs associated with insurance or medical claims.
Dualism Redux in Recent Neuroscience: “Theory of Mind” and “Embodied Simulation” Hypotheses in Light of Historical Debates about Perception, Cognition, and Mind:

How do we, as humans, take in the feelings and thoughts of other people? Theory-of-Mind (ToM) and Embodied Simulation (ES) approaches hypothesize divergent neural and behavioral mechanisms underlyi...
Analytic nearest-neighbor model for fcc metals

The implications of the mathematical format of the embedded-atom method of computer modeling of metals have been studied with use of a simple nearest-neighbor analytic model for the fcc lattice. The physical inputs into the model are the atomic volume, the cohesive energy, the bulk modulus, the average shear modulus, the vacancy-formation energy, and the slope at the nearest-neighbor distance of the spherically averaged free-atom electron density calculated with Hartree-Fock theory. The model employs an exponential repulsion between nearest-neighboring atoms, an exponentially decreasing function for the free-atom electron density, and a universal equation relating the crystal energy and the lattice constant. The anisotropy ratio of the cubic shear moduli is constrained to be 2 with this model. The dependence of the energies for unrelaxed configurations for vacancy formation, divacancy binding, and low-index plane surfaces on the model parameters has been analyzed. The average shear modulus plays a dominant role in determining these energies relative to the bulk modulus or the cohesive energy because the slope of the embedding function at the equilibrium electron density is linear in the average shear modulus. Embedding functions are not uniquely determined in specific models, and it is shown that the embedding functions used inmore » several models are essentially equivalent.« less
Surgery for Rathke cleft cysts: technical considerations and outcomes.

Object. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal surgical goals and techniques for managing symptomatic Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs). Methods. The authors conducted a retrospective study of 62 consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for RCCs. Postoperative follow up was a mean of 28 months. Fifty-six patients underwent transsphenoidal cyst decompression and biopsy procedures, and six underwent cyst wall resection. Postoperatively, symptoms improved in 91% of patients with headaches and 92% of patients with visual deficits. Decompression and biopsy were associated with a 10% incidence of new anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies and a 6% incidence of new permanent diabetes insipidus; the incidence of new hormone deficiencies was significantly higher in the few patients who had undergone cyst wall resection. The incidence of relapse, defined as cyst regrowth with either recurrent symptoms or chiasmal compression, was 16%. Resection of the cyst wall was associated with a trend toward a decreased risk of relapse. Sellar packing, sellar floor reconstruction, and irrigation with absolute ethanol did not affect the likelihood of relapse. Squamous metaplasia and inflammation increased the risk of relapse. Residual cyst demonstrated on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was associated with an increased risk of subsequent asymptomatic cyst regrowth. Seven patients (11%) underwent repeated operation with symptomatic improvement and minimal morbidity; only one patient relapsed following a second surgery. Conclusions. Decompression and biopsy procedures in the treatment of RCCs lead to improvement in signs and symptoms, with low morbidity rates. Repeated operations will be required in as many as 16% of patients but are also associated with symptomatic improvement, low morbidity, and durable remission. Decompression and biopsy may represent the optimal surgical management of RCC.
Design, synthesis and evaluation of C/D-ring analogs of the fungal metabolite K-76 as potential complement inhibitors

Abstract A series of the C/D-ring analogs of the natural product complement inhibitor K-76 ( 9–14 ) and some of their bioisosteres ( 19–20 ) have been synthesized and evaluated for the inhibition of classical pathway activation of human complement and their intrinsic lytic activity. The in vitro assay results of the inhibition of complement-mediated hemolysis of these analogs indicate that the bioisosteric tetrazole ring significantly improves the human complement inhibitory potency. Additionally, most of this series of analogs do not exhibit lytic activity.
On the temperature dependence of the activation enthalpy for sucrose hydrolysis

Recent interest in the measurement and the interpretation of heat capacities of activation has led to more rigorous methods to detect temperature-varient activation parameters. One such method devised by Blandamer and co-workers was applied to the sucrose hydrolysis data of Moelwyn-Hughes and Leininger and Kilpatrick. Both sets of investigators claimed that the energy of activation for sucrose inversion decreased with increasing temperature, while Heidt and Purvis and more recently, Kuhler's group contend that the energy of activation is constant. It was found that neither the data of Moelwyn-Hughes nor of Leininger and Kilpatrick warrant the inclusion of a temperature-dependent activation enthalpy.
TLRs and interferons: a central paradigm in autoimmunity

Investigations into the pathogenesis of lupus have largely focused on abnormalities in components of the adaptive immune system. Despite important advances, however, the question about the origin of the pathogenic process, the primary disease trigger, and the dominance of autoantibodies against nuclear components, remained unanswered. Discoveries in the last decade have provided some resolution to these questions by elucidating the central role of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs and the attendant inflammatory response, particularly the production of type I interferons. These priming events are responsible for initiating the adaptive responses that ultimately mediate the pathogenic process.
Objective evaluation of linear and nonlinear tomosynthetic reconstruction algorithms

This investigation objectively tests five different tomosynthetic reconstruction methods involving three different digital sensors, each used in a different radiologic application: chest, breast, and pelvis, respectively. The common task was to simulate a specific representative projection for each application by summation of appropriately shifted tomosynthetically generated slices produced by using the five algorithms. These algorithms were, respectively, (1) conventional back projection, (2) iteratively deconvoluted back projection, (3) a nonlinear algorithm similar to back projection, except that the minimum value from all of the component projections for each pixel is computed instead of the average value, (4) a similar algorithm wherein the maximum value was computed instead of the minimum value, and (5) the same type of algorithm except that the median value was computed. Using these five algorithms, we obtained data from each sensor-tissue combination, yielding three factorially distributed series of contiguous tomosynthetic slices. The respective slice stacks then were aligned orthogonally and averaged to yield an approximation of a single orthogonal projection radiograph of the complete (unsliced) tissue thickness. Resulting images were histogram equalized, and actual projection control images were subtracted from their tomosynthetically synthesized counterparts. Standard deviations of the resulting histograms were recorded as inverse figures of merit (FOMs). Visual rankings of image differences by five human observers of a subset (breast data only) also were performed to determine whether their subjective observations correlated with homologous FOMs. Nonparametric statistical analysis of these data demonstrated significant differences (P > 0.05) between reconstruction algorithms. The nonlinear minimization reconstruction method nearly always outperformed the other methods tested. Observer rankings were similar to those measured objectively.
Tendon material properties vary and are interdependent among turkey hindlimb muscles

The material properties of a tendon affect its ability to store and return elastic energy, resist damage, provide mechanical feedback and amplify or attenuate muscle power. While the structural properties of a tendon are known to respond to a variety of stimuli, the extent to which material properties vary among individual muscles remains unclear. We studied the tendons of six different muscles in the hindlimb of Eastern wild turkeys to determine whether there was variation in elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and resilience. A hydraulic testing machine was used to measure tendon force during quasi-static lengthening, and a stress–strain curve was constructed. There was substantial variation in tendon material properties among different muscles. Average elastic modulus differed significantly between some tendons, and values for the six different tendons varied nearly twofold, from 829±140 to 1479±106 MPa. Tendons were stretched to failure, and the stress at failure, or ultimate tensile stress, was taken as a lower-limit estimate of tendon strength. Breaking tests for four of the tendons revealed significant variation in ultimate tensile stress, ranging from 66.83±14.34 to 112.37±9.39 MPa. Resilience, or the fraction of energy returned in cyclic length changes was generally high, and one of the four tendons tested was significantly different in resilience from the other tendons (range: 90.65±0.83 to 94.02±0.71%). An analysis of correlation between material properties revealed a positive relationship between ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus ( r 2=0.79). Specifically, stiffer tendons were stronger, and we suggest that this correlation results from a constrained value of breaking strain, which did not vary significantly among tendons. This finding suggests an interdependence of material properties that may have a structural basis and may explain some adaptive responses observed in studies of tendon plasticity.
A framework for flexible evolution in distributed heterogeneous systems

Distributed, heterogeneous systems are becoming very common, as globalized organizations integrate applications running on different platforms, possibly written in different languages. Certain requirements for such features as security, QoS, and flexible administration are specially critical to distributed heterogeneous systems. Unfortunately, such requirements are often formulated late, since they depend upon a particular installation, and/or change rapidly with business and political climate. Distributed, heterogeneous systems are particularly difficult to evolve, since the elements are written in different languages, and the operational environment is heterogeneous and distributed.We would like to address this problem with solutions that are animated by practical software engineering goals: type safety of scattered changes, and their interactions; explicit design models, with traceability to code; and inter-operability with legacy components and binary COTS components.
Single Crystal Neutron Diffraction Studies on Proteins

This article is a short review of the results of single crystal neutron diffraction studies on proteins, and is meant to serve two purposes: firstly, as a brief update of new results which appeared since our last review in 2002, [Tsyba, I. and Bau, R. (2002) “Neutron Diffraction Studies on Proteins”, Chemtracts 15, 233] and secondly to focus on one particular area: cases in which neutron diffraction studies have helped in the understanding of the catalytic activity of enzymes.
Building a technology classroom: lessons learned at a small liberal arts college

The expertise necessary for building a technology classroom usually does not reside in any one organization of the college - it is a collective effort. This requires experts in the areas of presentation equipment, networking, construction, acoustics, and more. At Allegheny College a Special Projects Manager has overseen the building of five full-scale technology classrooms and fifteen technology-enhanced classrooms. Each room is equipped with an instructor podium and state-of-the-art presentation technology. The full-scale technology classrooms also include student workstations. Initially, our Project Manager received support from members of the IT department, however no clear documentation outlining the steps of the process was available. The goal of our presentation is to share our knowledge of building a technology classroom. We hope that others can avoid some common mistakes by identifying issues related to the process from conception to completion.
Hydroxylation of secondary bile acids in the perfused prairie dog liver

Taurolithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid were perfused into isolated prairie dog livers. Taurolithocholic acid was 7α-hydroxylated to form taurochenodeoxycholic acid, whereas deoxycholic acid was conjugated and 7α-hydroxylated to form taurocholic acid. The low concentrations of secondary bile acids observed in prairie dog bile are due, at least in part, to active bile acid 7α-hydroxylase(s) in the liver of these animals.
Endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux: How important is technique?

Abstract Purpose Endoscopic dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) injection by subureteric transurethral injection (STING) or hydrodistention implantation technique (HIT) for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has variable results with HIT reporting better outcomes. We determined outcomes with each technique comparing reflux resolution rates and evaluating predictors of treatment success and failure. Methods Univariate and multivariate analysis compared 163 patients (246 ureters) who underwent a single endoscopic Dx/HA injection from December 2001 to April 2010. Data on pre, peri, and post-operative variables were prospectively collected. Resolution was defined as no reflux on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) at 3 month follow up. Calculated ellipsoid volume (CEV) of Dx/HA mounds was defined as (4/3π(height/2) × (length/2) × (width/2)) based on post-operative ultrasound dimensions. Results Ureter resolution was 79.75% and 80.84% for STING and HIT, respectively (p = 0.86). Patient resolution was 70.0% and 74.3% for STING and HIT, respectively (p = 0.57). Multivariate ureter analysis revealed lower pre-operative grade (p = 0.004) and injected Dx/HA volume 0.80–1.00 mL (p = 0.039) as predictors of success. CEV Conclusions We found no differences in ureter or patient resolution between endoscopic Dx/HA injection techniques STING or HIT. Lower pre-operative grade and moderated Dx/HA volume were predictors of success regardless of technique.