cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance compact HF antenna for radar and communication applications

Over the years there have been many systems developed in the area of HF Surface Wave Radars (HFSWR) and Over the Horizon Radars (OTHR). The increased emphasis on applications such as maritime surveillance for national security and enforcement of Economic Exclusion Zones (EEZs) continues to drive the need for efficient yet mobile and low cost HFSWR and OTHR systems. For the HFSWR systems, propagation characteristics are based on vertically polarized, high frequency (3 to 30 MHz) electromagnetic waves and this provides distinct advantages when used in medium and long range coastal surveillance type operations. The high conductivity of seawater results in relatively low attenuation of vertically polarized radio waves thus allowing for effective long range HFSWR systems. OTHR systems, on the other hand, achieve long range propagation by utilizing the refractive properties of the ionosphere. Large changes in ionospheric layers between day and night cycles cause corresponding changes in the effective radar ranges. OTHR systems cover much longer ranges than HFSWR systems while HFSWR receivers have to handle the increased noise and signal clutter during periods of increased ionospheric activity.
Enhanced nitric oxide concentrations and expression of nitric oxide synthase in acupuncture points/meridians.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the distributions of nitric oxide (NO) in the skin points (acupoints)/meridian regions and determine whether neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein levels were associated with NO concentrations in the areas. Design: Low skin resistance points (LSRP) on the skin surface in response to electrical stimuli were performed in anesthetized adult rats. The skin together with subcutaneous tissue was isolated in meridian regions from PC 2 to 6, BL 36 to 57, CV 3 to 22, and GV 2 to 14. Control skin tissues were obtained in the areas close to related meridians without containing LSRP. Concentrations of nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), and total NO2- plus NO3- (NOx-) were quantified in the skin tissues, micropunches of brain nuclei, and blood vessels in a blinded fashion. Western blots were also conducted using polyclonal anti-nNOS and anti-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) antibody in the skin tissues. Results: NOx- and NO3- concentrations were hig...
Issues on Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer

Controversies abound in relation to the treatment of every stage of prostate cancer and its natural history. We critically evaluate the controversies and information that exist. An ongoing autopsy pro
Pre-oxidation Suppresses Orange-peel Coupling in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

Orange-peel coupling (OPC) is a common problem when magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are used to detect low magnetic fields. OPC acts as an anisotropy field to reduce the sensitivity of the free layer to small magnetic fields. We have have found that pre-oxidation of the bottom Co electrode in MJTs very effectively suppresses OPC.
Courtship and mating behavior of the wolf spider Schizocosa bilineata (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Of all the wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae), the genus Schizocosa Chamberlin 1904 is probably the most widely studied, and has become an established model in studies of behavior, sexual selection, and speciation. Much of the work to date involves the complex, often multimodal courtship behaviors and secondary sexual traits used by males to elicit receptivity from potential mates. Schizocosa bilineata (Emerton 1885) is one of those species where males possess decorative tufts of bristles on the forelegs that likely play a role in sexual selection, but little is known of male courtship behavior or its role in mate choice. In the present study, we provide the first description of visual and seismic behaviors performed by males in response to female silk and chemical cues, and examine male-female behavioral interactions in live mating trials. Males clearly recognized and responded to female chemical cues by displaying several species-specific visual signaling behaviors accompanied by seismic signals from stridulation. As these behaviors rarely occurred in the absence of female cues, we suggest they function primarily in a courtship context. In live mating trials, females typically responded to male courtship with visual receptivity behaviors, which were seen prior to mounting and copulation. While both visual and seismic signals of males are clearly implicated in courtship and mate choice, future work will be necessary to fully understand the interaction between modalities in this species. The description of behavior provided here should help resolve the relationship between male ornamentation and courtship behavior in the genus Schizocosa.
Metabolism of animal cells infected with mycoplasma.

Abstract Powelson, Dorothy M. (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.). Metabolism of animal cells infected with mycoplasma. J. Bacteriol. 82:288–297. 1961.—The effect of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) upon the metabolism of tissue cultures was tested by comparing the assimilation and accumulation of the amino acids in the medium during growth and maintenance of monolayers of mouse fibroblasts (L strain) and human bone marrow cells (Mox). This preliminary study indicates that PPLO do alter the amino acid metabolism of animal cells. The observed changes in metabolic patterns shown by the infected fibroblast cultures did not mirror the metabolic patterns of the PPLO in the medium alone. Different strains of animal cells showed different responses to one PPLO strain, and different strains of PPLO caused different responses in one strain of animal cells. The PPLO did not grow in the tissue culture medium (no. 199 plus 2% horse serum and 20 to 40 units of penicillin/ml) nor in spent culture fluids and rapidly died off at 37 C but survived for months at 4 C. The altered metabolism of the infected tissue cultures appeared to reflect a true host-parasite interaction.
FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDY OF ALIPHATIC AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

— The intermediates produced in the photolysis of oxygen-free aqueous solutions of a number of aliphatic amino acids and peptides were observed spectrophotometrically using the fast-reaction technique of flash photolysis. Included among the compounds examined are the N-acetyl derivatives of glycine, alanine, sarcosine, glutamic acid and glycylglycine; the esters and amides of these N-acetyl compounds; diketopiperazines; the amino acids glycine, alanine and β-alanine; and finally the oligopeptides di-, tri- and tetraglycine. The direct optical excitation of these compounds was found to lead primarily to a photo-induced decarboxylation reaction: The transient spectra of the radicals produced have been identified. The quantum yields of these processes were found to be directly proportional to the pKa of the carboxyl groups of the corresponding ground-state molecules, and hence to the concentration of the non-ionized carboxylic acids. The φ's of these processes for the ionized acids were close to zero. The dependence of φ upon pH is correlated to the absorption spectra of these compounds. The quantum yields of the corresponding esters were lower but independent of pH. No intermediates were observed from excitation of the amine derivatives. Other photolytic reactions are suggested. The photo-decarboxylation of alanine and diglycine were found to be monophotonic, while that of N-acetyl alanine, N-acetyl diglycine, and tetraglycine were found to be biphotonic. A triplet excited state precursor is indicated for the latter group of compounds. These and other results are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Peripheral Inhibition in Decapod Crustaceans

The effectiveness with which different contractions in a number of muscles can be inhibited was investigated. As a measure of this effectiveness the frequency of inhibition which can just inhibit a contraction with a given frequency of excitation was determined. It was found that in all systems the ratio (Rc) of such inhibitory frequencies to that of the excitatory frequencies they can suppress was constant for a wide range of frequencies. At high frequencies either the inhibition or the excitation may become less effective. This is explained by failure of the respective system to function normally at such a frequency. The effectiveness of inhibition of different systems was determined. Some systems show a very constant Rc value; in a second group Rc varies within wider limits; and a third group shows two distinct Rc's sometimes in the same preparation at different times. Rc values have been found to vary widely. For instance, in the bender inhibitor-slow bender system of Pachygrapsus three excitatory impulses are suppressed by one inhibitory impulse; in the closer inhibitor-slow closer system of Cambarus one excitatory impulse needs five inhibitory impulses to counteract its effect. The fast closer contraction of Cambarus and the fast closer and fast bender contraction of Pachygrapsus were found to be uninhibitable, i.e. no effect of inhibition whatsoever was noticed on any of these contractions. All three systems are distinguished by giving a mechanical response to a single stimulus in contrast with all the inhibitable systems which do not respond to single impulses. Reduction of the action potentials during inhibition is obtainable in only a few systems, namely, the opener inhibitor-opener and the stretcher inhibitor-stretcher systems of Cambarus and the crabs. (In the crabs this applies only to the ‘true’ inhibitors.) In all other systems, including every system of Panulirus, no reduction of the muscle action potential is obtained.
On quality control and machine learning in crowdsourcing

The advent of crowdsourcing has created a variety of new opportunities for improving upon traditional methods of data collection and annotation. This in turn has created intriguing new opportunities for data-driven machine learning (ML). Convenient access to crowd workers for simple data collection has further generalized to leveraging more arbitrary crowd-based human computation (von Ahn 2005) to supplement automated ML. While new potential applications of crowdsourcing continue to emerge, a variety of practical and sometimes unexpected obstacles have already limited the degree to which its promised potential can be actually realized in practice. This paper considers two particular aspects of crowdsourcing and their interplay, data quality control (QC) and ML, reflecting on where we have been, where we are, and where we might go from here.
On the Use of Partial Correlation in the Analysis of Farm Management Data

During recent years many workers in the field of farm management have come to feel that there is room for improvement in the use of the "labor income" method of studying farm organization. Attention has been focused upon the need of some index of success which would measure the relative success of different farmers more accurately than the original labor income figure. Per cent earned on investment, "labor earnings," and various other ways of measuring success have been suggested. There has been much valuable discussion on this point, and it may be confidently expected that some improved measure of success will soon be in use.'
Effect of strain on the magnetic states of transition-metal atoms doped monolayer WS2

Abstract The effects of transition-metal atoms doping and elastic strain on the magnetic properties of monolayer WS2 are investigated by the first-principles calculation. Firstly, we investigate the magnetic properties of a series of 3d transition-metal atoms (from Sc to Zn) doped monolayer WS2. Our calculations show that doping of transition-metal atoms from Sc to Cr results in nonmagnetic states, while Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn doping can induce magnetism in WS2 monolayer. The localized nonbonding 3d electrons of TM atoms lead to the formation of magnetic moments. Meanwhile, our calculations indicate that the elastic strain can be used to manipulate the spin polarization of TM-3d orbital. Specifically, the magnetic moment of Fe and Co-doped monolayer WS2 increase with the increase of tensile strain, while the magnetic moment of Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn-doped WS2 monolayer initially increase and then decrease with the increase of tensile strain. On the other hand, the magnetic moment of Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn-doped WS2 monolayers decrease with the increase of compressive strain. While the magnetic moment of Sc, Ti, V and Cr-doped WS2 monolayers remain 0μB independent of tensile strain and compressive strain.
Thevenin’s Theorem Applied to the Analysis of Polyphase Transmission Circuits

The well-known and widely applied Thevenin theorem is applied to the operational analysis of ac transmission circuits. The approach is to model the transmission circuit AI as an n-port. The calculation of the Thevenin equivalent impedance is found by applying an n-vector of currents to AI and observing the behavior of the terminal voltages of AI. The Thevenin equivalent voltage is an n-vector and this is simply the open-circuit voltage of AI. The equivalent circuit is applied to conveniently study the transmission circuit performance for a range of different operating conditions. The treatment of controlled sources in the model is described. The application of Thevenin's theorem to a class of multiport circuits has been described before, and the application to three-phase circuits has been suggested; however, the contribution in this paper is the treatment of transformers and modeling mutual coupling between phases in transmission components, and the application to general polyphase circuits.
Redox Brightening of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals Using Molecular Reductants

Chemical reductants of sub-conduction-band potentials are demonstrated to induce large photoluminescence enhancement in colloidal ZnSe-based nanocrystals. The photoluminescence quantum yield of colloidal Mn2+-doped ZnSe nanocrystals has been improved from 14% to 80% simply by addition of an outer-sphere reductant. Up to 48-fold redox brightening is observed for nanocrystals with lower starting quantum yields. These increases are quickly reversed upon exposure to air and are temporary even under anaerobic conditions. This redox brightening process offers a new and systematic approach to understanding redox-active surface “trap states” and their contributions to the physical properties of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals.
Case of the disappearing instanton

Instantons are tunneling solutions that connect two vacua, and under a small change in the potential, instantons sometimes disappear. We classify these disappearances as smooth (decay rate $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ at disappearance) or abrupt (decay rate $\ensuremath{\ne}0$ at disappearance). Abrupt disappearances mean that a small change in the parameters can produce a drastic change in the physics, as some states become suddenly unreachable. The simplest abrupt disappearances are associated with annihilation by another Euclidean solution with higher action and one more negative mode; higher-order catastrophes can occur in cases of enhanced symmetry. We study a few simple examples, including the six-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory, and give a unified account of instanton disappearances.
Molecular Pathology of Pre-Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast consists of a group of heterogeneous and pre-invasive proliferation of neoplastic epithelial cells with the ductal phenotype. DCIS is one of the most frequently diagnosed pathologic entities of the breast, comprising approximately 25 % of all newly discovered breast carcinoma cases. The incidence of DCIS in United States has increased from 1.87 per 100,000 in 1973–1975 to 32.5 in 2004, reflecting in part the success of the widely adopted mammographic screening programs. With increased detection of DCIS, however, questions regarding appropriate risk assessment and therapeutic interventions have been raised, as only limited information on the natural biologic progression of untreated tumors exists. Few long-term follow-up studies available on untreated low-grade DCIS show the risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma ranges from 14 to 60 % after 10 years. Similar studies on high-grade (HG) DCIS are virtually nonexistent as most were excised at time of diagnosis, but it is reasonable to extrapolate that untreated HG-DCIS will be associated with even higher risks of invasive disease. Considering DCIS generally has an excellent prognosis after lumpectomy or mastectomy with 10-year breast cancer mortality rate at <2 %, the rationale for continuing the current standard of treatment certainly holds water. However, these statistics also demonstrate that not all DCIS invariably progress to invasive disease and as of yet, our current systems of risk stratification are inadequate in identifying those that may benefit from less or more aggressive forms of intervention. Concerns about unnecessary anxiety experienced by the patients and possible over-treatment of DCIS have precipitated a search for improved diagnostic and prognostic parameters, and has even led to proposals for reclassification of these tumors with less ominous terminology such as “intraepithelial neoplasia.” Recent developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of invasive breast carcinoma has led to newly defined molecular subtypes with varying prognoses and has opened the door to more targeted therapies. Although the literature on DCIS is not as extensive, emerging data suggests a similar molecular classification system may be applicable to the in situ lesions as well. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of DCIS with emphasis on its molecular pathogenesis.
Monitoring results of iodized salt in Tanggu District of Tianjin City from 2010-2012

[Objective]To understand the quality of iodized salt of households in Tanggu District,dynamically evaluate the iodine nutritional status of population,and provide scientific evidence for developing the control strategies.[Methods]Iodized salt was monitored according to the Iodized salt monitoring ordinance in Tianjin,and a total of 876 iodized salt samples were collected from households from 2010-2012.The quantitative detection was conducted by direct titration method from the General test method in salt industry-Determination of iodide ion( GB / T 13025.7-1999).[Results]A total of 876 iodized salt samples of households in Tanggu District were tested from 2010-2012.There were 35 samples of non-iodized salt,21 samples of unqualified iodized salt,and 820 samples of qualified iodized salt.The coverage rate of iodized salt was 96.00%,the qualified rate of iodized salt was 97.50%,and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 93.61%.[Conclusion]The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt among residents in Tanggu District is high,which has reached the national standard of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders at present.However,it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and monitoring,improve health education,to ensure the long-term implementation of all measures.
Necrotizing colitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Multiple ulcerations and perforations of the colon occurred in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Isolated, punched-out, necrotizing areas exhibiting little or no inflammatory reaction were characteristic features of these unusual colonic lesions. The abundant growth of Escherichia coli in cultures of the colonic content and peritoneal exudate in this patient (and those with necrotizing enteritis complicating Crohn’s disease) raises the possibility that such organisms are not always “bystanders,” and may contribute to a necrotizing process.
Magnetic Fields II

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses induced emf and one further circuit element, the inductor, along with some of the physical effects associated with magnetic materials and the basic principles of electromagnetism in a few compact relationships, called Maxwell's equations. Any change in the total magnetic flux for a surface bounded by a closed path induces an emf along that path. When a closed conducting loop of fixed shape moves without rotating relative to a uniform magnetic field, no net emf is induced in the loop because the magnetic flux through the loop does not change. The role of an inductor in a circuit may be illustrated by the analysis of a circuit. Before the switch is closed, the current in the circuit is zero. The gross nature of magnetism may, however, be apprehended in its essentials by assuming that tiny current loops, called amperean currents, are inherently associated with the subatomic structure of matter. Each of these current loops produces a local magnetic field, much like the field of a tiny bar magnet. In effect, the atoms of a substance have, in general, magnetic fields associated with them that can interact with the magnetic fields of other atoms.
Magic Numbers of Sodium/Antimony-Clusters Produced by Gas Aggregation and Subsequent Photoionization

The gas aggregation technique is used to produce NaxSby clusters containing up to 20 antimony atoms. Magic numbers in the small size range can be explained by assuming highly ionic bonds in the binary Zintl-type cluster ions. Larger clusters display a distinct odd/even alternation which is affected by the ionization conditions.
Emission rates and the personal cloud effect associated with particle release from the perihuman environment

Inhalation exposure to elevated particulate matter levels is correlated with deleterious health and well-being outcomes. Despite growing evidence that identifies humans as sources of coarse airborne particles, the extent to which personal exposures are influenced by particle releases near occupants is unknown. In a controlled chamber, we monitored airborne total particle levels with high temporal and particle-size resolution for a range of simulated occupant activities. We also sampled directly from the subject's breathing zone to characterize exposures. A material-balance model showed that a sitting occupant released 8 million particles/h in the diameter range 1-10 μm. Elevated emissions were associated with increased intensity of upper body movements and with walking. Emissions were correlated with exposure, but not linearly. The personal PM10 exposure increment above the room-average levels was 1.6-13 μg/m3 during sitting, owing to spatial heterogeneity of particulate matter concentrations, a feature that was absent during walking. The personal cloud was more discernible among larger particles, as would be expected for shedding from skin and clothing. Manipulating papers and clothing fabric was a strong source of airborne particles. An increase in personal exposure was observed owing to particle mass exchange associated with a second room occupant.
Family-of-origin and service-member resilience

ABSTRACTMilitary research on family resilience has not examined the contribution of family-of-origin to resilience of service-members. In this study, researchers investigated the extent to which predeployed service-members’ perception of resilience was related to characteristics of family-of-origin. The sample consisted of 344 U.S. Army soldiers within 6 months of deployment to Afghanistan, contacted through their units and invited to participate. Soldiers completed a survey of perceived resilience, family-of-origin and immediate family variables, and social support. Data were also collected on age, income, ethnicity, number of deployments, and relationship status. Regression analyses were conducted to explain variation in service-member resilience scores. Sample demographics were compared with the active duty soldier population and correlations among the key family-of-origin and social support variables were reported. Family-of-origin satisfaction was moderately related to service-member resilience for t...
Basis Light-Front Quantization Approach to Positronium

We present the first application of the recently developed basis light-front quantization (BLFQ) method to self-bound systems in quantum field theory, using the positronium system as a test case. Within the BLFQ framework, we develop a two-body effective interaction, operating only in the lowest Fock sector, that implements photon exchange, neglecting fermion self-energy effects. We then solve for the mass spectrum of this interaction at the unphysical coupling $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.3$. The resulting spectrum is in good agreement with the expected Bohr spectrum of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. We examine in detail the dependence of the results on the regulators of the theory.
Towards a parallel collisionless shock in LAPD

Using a high-energy laser to produce a super-Alfvenic carbon-ion beam in a strongly magnetized helium plasma, we expect to be able to observe the formation of a collisionless parallel shock inside the Large Plasma Device. We compare early magnetic-field measurements of the resonant right-hand instability with analytical predictions and find excellent agreement. Hybrid simulations show that the carbon ions couple to the background plasma and compress it, although so far the background ions are mainly accelerated perpendicular to the mean-field direction.
Age and Gender Effects on Intrinsic Connectivity in Autism Using Functional Integration and Segregation.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to examine intrinsic whole-brain functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using the framework of functional segregation and integration. Emphasis was given to potential gender and developmental effects as well as identification of specific networks that may contribute to the global results. Methods We leveraged an open data resource ( N = 1587) of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) initiative, combining data from more than 2100 unique cross-sectional datasets in ABIDE I and ABIDE II collected at different sites. Modularity and global efficiency were utilized to assess functional segregation and integration, respectively. A meta-analytic approach for handling site differences was used. The effects of age, gender, and diagnostic category on segregation and integration were assessed using linear regression. Results Modularity decreased nonlinearly in the ASD group with age, as evidenced by an increase and then decrease over development. Global efficiency had an opposite relationship with age by first decreasing and then increasing in the ASD group. Both modularity and global efficiency remained largely stable in the typically developing control group during development, representing a significantly different effect than seen in the ASD group. Age effects on modularity were localized to the somatosensory network. Finally, a marginally significant interaction between age, gender, and diagnostic category was found for modularity. Conclusions Our results support prior work that suggested a quadratic effect of age on brain development in ASD, while providing new insights about the specific characteristics of developmental and gender effects on intrinsic connectivity in ASD.
Developing a CCHP-microgrid operation decision model under uncertainty

Abstract In this study, we present a collaborative decision model to study the energy exchange among building clusters where the buildings share a combined cooling, heating and power system, thermal storage, and battery, and each building aims to minimize its energy consumption cost under electricity demand uncertainty. The problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming model and then solved using a hybrid decomposition algorithm that combines Sample Average Approximation algorithm with an enhanced Benders decomposition algorithm. Numerical experiments reveal that the hybrid decomposition algorithm provides high quality feasible solution in solving the realistic large-scale building cluster problem in a reasonable amount of time. Experimental results allow the investors to decide the optimal sizing of thermal and battery storage and PGU capacities under power demand uncertainty. Further, the model can assist decision makers to choose the appropriate pricing mechanism (i.e., an optimal pricing plan) under different electricity demand variability level. Finally, we observe that the CCHP-microgrid system is more sensitive to an increase in heating demand than the cooling demand.
Money's "lovemap" account of the paraphilias: a critique and reformulation.

In this paper, (a) Money’s recent “Lovemap” account of the intelligibility of paraphilic sexual rituals is outlined; (b) his contention that such acts may be viewed as “triumphs” of a certain sort ...
Evaluation of Potential Living Kidney Donors in the APOL1 Era.

Inheriting two apolipoprotein L1 gene ( APOL1 ) renal risk variants accounts for the majority of the excess risk for nondiabetic ESRD in individuals with recent African ancestry.[1][1] APOL1 renal risk variants are common in blacks in the United States, with about 13% carrying two variants (defining
Rapid Earthquake Discrimination for Earthquake Early Warning: A Bayesian Probabilistic Approach Using Three-Component Single‐Station Waveforms and Seismicity Forecast

The utility of Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) relies on the robust and rapid classification of near‐site earthquake source signals from noise and teleseismic arrivals. To achieve this goal, we propose using the three‐component acceleration and velocity waveform data and epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) seismicity forecast information in parallel, which will produce a posterior prediction by combining the predictions from the heterogeneous sources using a Bayesian probabilistic approach. We collected 2481 three‐component strong‐motion records for training and testing. The rapid prediction is available as quickly as 0.5 s after the trigger at a single station and updates every 0.5 s up to 3.0 s, achieving a precision rate of 94.7% at the first prediction with the classification accuracy increasing with time. The leave‐one‐out cross‐validation method also demonstrates confidence of robust performance for future earthquake signal detections. We compared the method with the τ_c−P_d EEW classification criterion and find that our prediction is 83% faster. Because the method evaluates two independent sources of information simultaneously under an ensemble model, the new strategy has shown fast predictions with promising results and the implementation of this methodology could provide significantly faster and more reliable EEW warnings to regions near the earthquake’s epicenter, where the strongest shaking is observed.
Defining data librarianship: a survey of competencies, skills, and training

Objectives: Many librarians are taking on new roles in research data services. However, the emerging field of data librarianship, including specific roles and competencies, has not been clearly established. This study aims to better define data librarianship by exploring the skills and knowledge that data librarians utilize and the training that they need to succeed. Methods: Librarians who do data-related work were surveyed about their work and educational backgrounds and asked to rate the relevance of a set of data-related skills and knowledge to their work. Results: Respondents considered a broad range of skills and knowledge important to their work, especially “soft skills” and personal characteristics, like communication skills and the ability to develop relationships with researchers. Traditional library skills like cataloging and collection development were considered less important. A cluster analysis of the responses revealed two types of data librarians: data generalists, who tend to provide data services across a variety of fields, and subject specialists, who tend to provide more specialized services to a distinct discipline. Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that data librarians provide a broad range of services to their users and, therefore, need a variety of skills and expertise. Libraries hiring a data librarian may wish to consider whether their communities will be best served by a data generalist or a subject specialist and write their job postings accordingly. These findings also have implications for library schools, which could consider adjusting their curricula to better prepare their students for data librarian roles. This article has been approved for the Medical Library Association’s Independent Reading Program .
Physical Methods for Preparing Microcapsules

Encapsulation is the unique packaging process which is arousing broad interest in many fields. Both liquids and solids may be encapsulated in sizes ranging from a few microns to several thousand microns diameter and in wide variety of shell materials. The capsules may be of use for a number of reasons. These include: (1) protection of reactive materials from their environments prior to use, (2) safe and convenient handling of materials which are otherwise toxic or noxious, (3) means of providing controlled, sustained release of materials following application, and (4) means of handling liquids as solids.
Approaches, Challenges, and Experience in Assessing Free Nicotine

Delivery of nicotine in the most desirable form is critical in maintaining people's use of tobacco products. Interpretation of results by tobacco industry scientists, studies that measure free-base nicotine directly in tobacco smoke, and the variability of free-base nicotine in smokeless tobacco products all indicate that the form of nicotine delivered to the tobacco user, in addition to the total amount, is an important factor in whether people continue to use the product following their initial exposure. The physiological impact of nicotine varies with the fraction that is in the free-base form and this leads to continued exposure to other toxic tobacco contents and emissions. In addition to evaluating the total nicotine delivered to the user, measuring the fraction of nicotine in the free-base form is critical in understanding and controlling the influence of nicotine on tobacco use.
Evaluating Distance Learning in Social Work Education: A Replication Study

Fifty-seven MSW students enrolled in two different practice courses were exposed to approximately equal amounts (five 4-hour sessions) of live, in-class instruction and two-way interactive televised instruction. Separate post-course evaluations of both teaching methods, using a previously published measure of instructional quality, significantly favored live instruction over televised distance learning. More empirical research demonstrating the potential benefits of distance learning technology is urgently needed prior to the widespread adoption of these methods.
Revision of the Early Jurassic arthropod trackways Camurichnus and Hamipes

espanolLos icnogeneros Camurichnus y Hamipes han sido revaluados con base en sus especimenes tipo, y sus rangos geograficos y estratigraficos han sido determinados con base en revision de literatura. Las caracteristicas usadas para distinguir Camurichnus (originalmente erigido como Sagittarius) y su icnoespecie incluida alternans, han sido observadas en Bifurculapes laqueatus y por lo tanto, Camurichnus alternans es considerado un sinonimo junior subjetivo de B. laqueatus. Hamipes es un icnogenero distinto, que puede ser diferenciado de icnotaxa similares por el numero, forma y arreglo de las huellas. Huellas del Cretacico que fueron atribuidas a Hamipes, pertenecen a Bifurculapes. Ademas, la icnoespecie H. molassicus se traslada al icnogenero Conopsoides. Dado que el unico registro alternativo de Hamipes era el ejemplar tipo, el icnogenero de nuevo es conocido solo por el Jurasico Temprano de Massachusetts, Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, la reasignacion icnotaxonomica extiende los rangos geografico y estratigrafico de Bifurculapes al Cretacico de Europa. EnglishThe ichnogenera Camurichnus and Hamipes have been reevaluated based on examination of their type specimens, and their geographic and stratigraphic ranges determined based on a review of the literature. The characteristics used to distinguish Camurichnus (originally erected as Sagittarius) and its included ichnospecies alternans, have been observed in Bifurculapes laqueatus and therefore Camurichnus alternans is considered a junior subjective synonym of B. laqueatus herein. Hamipes is a distinct ichnogenus that can be differentiated from similar ichnotaxa by the number, shape, and arrangement of the tracks. Cretaceous trackways from Spain that were attributed to Hamipes belong to Bifurculapes. Additionally, the species H. molassicus is moved to the ichnogenus Conopsoides. Since the only other occurrence of Hamipes was the type specimen, the ichnogenus is again known only from the Early Jurassic of Massachusetts, U.S.A. The ichnotaxonomic reassignment, however, extends the geographic and stratigraphic range of Bifurculapes to the Cretaceous of Europe.
Conveying Automation Reliability and Automation Error Type An Empirical Study in the Cyber Domain

BackgroundEmails have become an integral part of our daily life and work. Phishing emails are often disguised as trustworthy ones and attempt to obtain sensitive information for malicious reasons (...
9 Performance of color Doppler ultrasonography of the corpus luteum for pregnancy diagnosis in beef heifers with or without a controlled internal drug release at different days after fixed-time artificial insemination

Colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) of the corpus luteum (CL) has the potential to be used for early pregnancy diagnosis in order to improve reproductive efficiency and increase the use of fixed-time AI (FTAI) in beef cattle. The objective of the present study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CDU of the CL for pregnancy diagnosis in beef heifers with or without a CIDR at different days after FTAI. Angus-cross beef heifers (n = 84) were synchronized using a 5-day Co-Synch with AI at 60 h after CIDR removal. On Day 15 post-AI, heifers were randomly assigned to receive a CIDR (Eazi-Breed CIDR, Zoetis, Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ) for 9 days or remain as untreated controls. Heifers were evaluated by transrectal CDU (MyLab Delta, Esoate, Genoa, Italy; 7.5-MHz linear array probe, pulse repetition frequency = 960 Hz) at 15, 17, 20, and 22 days post-AI. Heifers were determined to be pregnant by CDU if colour pixels covered >10% of the periphery of the CL and contained at least 2 colour internal tracts penetrating toward the centre of the CL. Heifers were evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography on Day 28 to determine true pregnancy status. Differences between days and treatments were evaluated using generalized estimating equations. Pregnancies per AI at Day 28 after FTAI were 53.6% (45/84) and were not different between CIDR (52.4%; 22/42) and control (54.8%; 23/42) heifers (P = 0.83). Sensitivity and specificity for CIDR and control heifers at different days are shown in Table 1. There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.49), day (P = 0.99), or treatment by day interaction (P = 0.99) on test sensitivity. Specificity was different (P < 0.01) between days; however, no treatment (P = 0.91) or treatment by day interaction (P = 0.82) was identified. Specificity was lowest on Days 15 and 17 and increased to reach its maximum at Day 22. Although no differences between treatments were observed, specificity on Day 22 was numerically greater in CIDR-treated heifers. Positive and negative predictive values for CDU at Day 22 were 84 and 94.1%, respectively, for CIDR-treated heifers and 79.3 and 100%, respectively, for control heifers. Cohen’s Kappa indicated slight (0.19), fair (0.27), moderate (0.50), and substantial (0.73) agreement between conventional ultrasound at Day 28 and CDU at Days 15, 17, 20, and 22, respectively. In summary, CDU showed excellent sensitivity between Days 15 and 22, indicating a very low rate of false-negative results. However, high specificity (low false-positive rate) was achieved only at Day 22. Thus, pregnancy diagnosis by CDU at Day 22 after FTAI coupled with the use of a CIDR may be an effective strategy to identify nonpregnant heifers and attempt their prompt resynchronization. Table 1.Sensitivity and specificity (%) for pregnancy diagnosis by CDU in beef heifers with or without a CIDR at different days after FTAI
Using R as a Simulation Tool in Teaching Introductory Statistics

The use of computer simulations in the teaching of introductory statistics can help undergraduate students understand difficult or abstract statistics concepts. The free software environment R is a good candidate for computer simulations since it allows users to add additional functionality by defining new functions. In this paper, we illustrate how computer simulations with R are used in statistics classrooms and student homework assignments by examples. These examples include sampling distributions and the central limit theorem, the t-distributions, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, regression analysis and nonparametric tests.
RKPM2D: an open-source implementation of nodally integrated reproducing kernel particle method for solving partial differential equations

We present an open-source software RKPM2D for solving PDEs under the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM)-based meshfree computational framework. Compared to conventional mesh-based methods, RKPM provides many attractive features, such as arbitrary order of continuity and discontinuity, relaxed tie between the quality of the discretization and the quality of approximation, simple h-adaptive refinement, and ability to embed physics-based enrichment functions, among others, which make RKPM promising for solving challenging engineering problems. The aim of the present software package is to support reproducible research and serve as an efficient test platform for further development of meshfree methods. The RKPM2D software consists of a set of data structures and subroutines for discretizing two-dimensional domains, nodal representative domain creation by Voronoi diagram partitioning, boundary condition specification, reproducing kernel shape function generation, domain integrations with stabilization, a complete meshfree solver, and visualization tools for post-processing. In this paper, a brief overview that covers the key theoretical aspects of RKPM is given, such as the reproducing kernel approximation, weak form using Nitsche’s method for boundary condition enforcement, various domain integration schemes (Gauss quadrature and stabilized nodal integration methods), as well as the fully discrete equations. In addition, the computer implementation aspects employed in RKPM2D are discussed in detail. Benchmark problems solved by RKPM2D are presented to demonstrate the convergence, efficiency, and robustness of the RKPM implementation.
Let It Snow: Psychosocial Factors and Previous Substance Abuse Associated With Cocaine Use Among Bisexual Adults

AbstractWhile a disproportionately large percentage of sexual minorities engage in illicit drug use, little research has specifically examined factors related to cocaine use among bisexual men and ...
An applied analysis of the recyclability of electric vehicle battery packs

Abstract Current lithium-ion battery (LiB) recycling infrastructure is limited for strategic metals such as lithium and cobalt, despite projections that millions of electric vehicles (EVs) will hit the road in the next decade. Governments have labeled lithium and cobalt as “strategic” due to their importance in emerging green technologies as well as “critical” due to the increased risk of supply disruption resulting from geographic supply concentration, low substitutability, and low end-of-life recycling rates (EOL-RR’s). This paper aims to assist stakeholders conceptualize EV battery packs as a source of strategic metals and to help improve EOL-RR’s for lithium and cobalt. Specifically, this paper demonstrates the value of EV battery packs as a source of metals compared to natural resources and outlines advantages and disadvantages of thermal and mechanical recycling processes in terms of energy consumption, variable costs and maximum recoverable metal value. Findings suggest that EV battery packs contain favorable concentrations – often 1 magnitude higher – of lithium, cobalt, nickel and copper compared to respective economic ores. Disassembling the EV battery pack to the cell level increases cobalt, lithium and nickel concentrations since they are part of the cathode active material. Between thermal and mechanical recycling processes, the key tradeoff is between process time and ability to recover lithium. Thermal recycling requires less processing time than mechanical recycling, resulting in lower variable costs per battery pack, but mechanical recycling yields a higher maximum recoverable metal value since lithium can be recovered along with cobalt, copper and nickel.
K-Means Clustering to Elucidate Vulnerable Subpopulations Among Medicare Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The role of preoperative laboratory values for risk stratification following joint arthroplasty is currently ambiguous. In order to improve upon existing risk stratification within joint arthroplasty, this study sought to define novel phenotypes of total hip or total knee arthroplasty patients based entirely on preoperative laboratory measures. These phenotypes (“clusters”) were compared to elucidate statistically and clinically significant differences in outcomes. Methods A total of 134,252 patients were gathered from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database between 2005 and 2015. “K-means” with 3 clusters was applied using 9 preoperative laboratory values: sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, albumin, bilirubin, white blood cell count, hematocrit, platelet count, and international normalized ratio of prothrombin values (INR). Outcome measures included 30-day readmissions, severe adverse events, and discharge to nonhome. Results Cluster 2 was characterized by elevated preoperative BUN, creatinine, and INR and demonstrated almost twice the rate of adverse events (3.52% vs 2.20% and 2.22%), 30-day readmissions (6.39% vs 3.31% and 3.71%), and discharge to nonhome (47.97% vs 30.50% and 35.85%). Cluster 3 was characterized by a slightly higher risk of discharge to nonhome than cluster 1 and was overwhelmingly female (79.5% female, 35.8% discharge to nonhome). Cluster 1 represents the lowest-risk subgroup, experiencing the lowest rates of readmissions, adverse events, and discharge to nonhome. Conclusion Preoperative laboratory values, namely BUN, creatinine, and INR, are useful in identifying patients at risk of adverse outcomes. This analysis supports the existing surgical literature pushing for preoperative hydration as a targeted intervention to expedite recovery.
Advanced methods for CPU product reliability modeling and enhancement

Enabling CPU with the highest possible frequency requires substantial study and optimizations beyond traditional product reliability methods. Extending on our IRPS 2019 report [1], we describe five additional enhancements from throughout the product life cycle. This contributed to increasing client CPU performance with undiminished reliability.