cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ROASTING CHICKENS COOKED IN A MICROWAVE, CONVECTION MICROWAVE, AND A CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC OVEN

Fresh whole roasting chickens were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium and cooked either in a microwave, convection microwave, or conventional electric oven to an internal temperature of 74°C, 77°C, 79°C, or 85°C. Cooked chickens were tested for the presence of viable Salmonella organisms using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). No chicken (0/12) cooked to ± 79°C in the convection microwave or conventional oven tested positive for Salmonella. Two out of three chickens cooked to 79°C and all three chickens cooked to 85°C in the microwave tested Salmonella positive. Tetrathionate broth dilutions from all 11 microwave cooked chickens produced isolated colonies on Brilliant Green Agar. No growth was observed on Brilliant Green Agar plates inoculated with tetrathionate broth dilutions from chickens cooked to an internal temperature of 79°C or 85°C in the conventional oven or to 85°C in the convection microwave.
Decreased synthesis of nucleolar RNA in aging human cells in vitro.

Abstract Normal human fibroblasts aged during serial passage in cell culture are known to display a reduction in total RNA synthetic activity. We have used “ghost monolayers”, which have been stripped of cytoplasm, in order to determine by autoradiographic techniques whether this decreased synthetic activity in aged cells could be localized to particular structures within the nuclei. Results indicated that the age-related decline in RNA synthesis was entirely due to decreased synthesis of nucleolar RNA, while nucleoplasmic synthesis was unchanged.
Tri-trophic movement of carotenoid pigments from host plant to the parasitoid of a caterpillar.

Abstract Insect parasitoids normally produce white colored eggs. Habrobracon gelechiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a gregarious ectoparasitoid of various caterpillars. We found that adult female H. gelechiae lays yellow colored eggs when its larvae developed from host larvae of Choristoneura rosaceana and Epiphyas postvittana (both Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that were fed green plant leaves, but white colored eggs when these same host larvae species were fed non-plant diets. This study investigated the causes of egg color in H. gelechiae and the possible consequences in terms of parasitoid fitness resulting from differential egg color. Using high-performance liquid chromatography we demonstrated that the yellow coloration resulted from the uptake of carotenoid plant pigments (mainly lutein and β-carotene) that were initially ingested by the caterpillar larvae from plant leaves, later absorbed by the parasitoid larvae ( F 0 ) feeding on the host and carried over to the adult parasitoids, and finally translocated to the eggs ( F 1 ) of the parasitoids. The amount of plant pigments consumed by the parasitoid larvae ( F 0 ) affected the intensity of the yellow color of the parasitoid’s eggs ( F 1 ). Similarly, egg color was affected by the adult female parasitoids lifetime egg production and deposition rate. Further tests suggest that the observed differences in egg color did not have a genetic basis and did not affect egg viability or fitness. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of a tri-trophic and multi-stage translocation of carotenoid plant pigments in parasitoids. We discuss possible evolutionary significance and putative functions of the absorption of plant pigments by parasitoid species.
Random Covering and Packing on the Line

Abstract The asymptotic expected mean of the minimum number of randomly, uniformly placed unit intervals needed to cover [0, x) is obtained for the models of Renyi and Solomon. Asymptotic variances are indicated, and other models are given. The mean number of unit length intervals which may pack or cover one-dimensional abacus grid is given.
Automating the parameterization of mathematical models using genetic algorithms

Abstract Genetic algorithms were used to automate the calibration of complex components of models. The use of genetic algorithms for calibration has broad applicability to both functions and large systems involving several functions. Genetic algorithms are a powerful tool recently developed to “evolve” solutions to problems characterized by massive search spaces. Genetic algorithms use methods analogous to the process of natural evolution. Chromosome analogs were used to represent values to be optimized. The algorithm used selection procedures and genetic operators to produce new chromosome analogs. A “fitness” function was used to evaluate the populations of chromosomes. For our research, fitness was indicated by how well a model simulated observed data. Highly “fit” chromosomes were saved and used to produce new generations and through an iterative process of selection and genetic rearrangement, highly fit strings were evolved that represented near-optimal solutions to parameterization problems. The evaluation of model “goodness-of-fit” affects the behavior of the genetic algorithm. The nature of these effects were investigated by using different indices of model goodness of fit. The effects on search (e.g., how fast an appropriate solution was found) were compared for four measures of goodness of fit. This research represents an innovative approach to solving an important problem, that of the calibration of mathematical models. Its usefulness is demonstrated on specific applications which allowed the determination of calibration parameters for a poikilotherm and photosynthesis models. The implementation of this genetic algorithm is proposed as a stand-alone framework for the development of similar applications for complex, process-based biological models that require periodic parameterization.
Chromospheric Waves Observed in the He I Spectral Line (λ = 10830 Å): A Closer Look

Although "Moreton" waves have historically been observed in Hα data, more recently waves have also been observed in chromospheric He I (λ = 10830 A) images. In a previous study, we found that chromospheric waves observed in He I data (from the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory) in two events (occurring on 2000 November 25 and 2001 January 20) are cospatial with the corresponding coronal waves observed by EIT (Fe XII λ = 195 A). In an effort to better understand the nature of chromospheric waves, we focus on these two wave events observed in He I in which two interesting phenomena occur: the waves are visible in the He I velocity data, and multiple waves are observed for each event. We suggest that the velocity signal is a result of slow-mode wave compression followed by a slow-mode wave rarefaction propagating downward from the corona into the upper chromosphere. We also suggest that the observed multiple waves indicate that more than one driving mechanism may be involved.
Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms: cancer incidence and therapy

The super family of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) is composed of multiple isozymes with significant evidence of functional polymorphic variation. Over the last three decades, data from cancer studies have linked aberrant expression of GST isozymes with the development and expression of resistance to a variety of chemicals, including cancer drugs. This review addresses how differences in the human GST isozyme expression patterns influence cancer susceptibility, prognosis and treatment. In addition to the well-characterized catalytic activity, recent evidence has shown that certain GST isozymes can regulate mitogen-activated protein kinases or can facilitate the addition of glutathione to cysteine residues in target proteins (S-glutathionylation). These multiple functionalities have contributed to the recent efforts to target GSTs with novel small molecule therapeutics. Presently, at least two drugs are in late-stage clinical testing. The evolving functions of GST and their divergent expression patterns in individuals make them an attractive target for drug discovery.
Lymphoproliferative disorders of the kidney on fine-needle aspiration: cytomorphology and radiographic correlates in 33 cases.

Background: Unless renal lesions present in the setting of widespread lymphoma, biopsy can be indicated to differentiate from metastases, hypovascular renal cell
Atypical amyoplasia congenita in an infant with Leigh syndrome: A mitochondrial cause of severe contractures?

Amyoplasia congenita is a distinct form of arthrogryposis with characteristic features including internally rotated and adducted shoulders, extended elbows, flexion, and ulnar deviation of the wrists, and adducted thumbs. Fetal hypokinesia, secondary to a variety of genetic conditions, neuromuscular disorders, and environmental agents, is associated with contractures. In order to increase our understanding of the phenotypic spectrum associated with SURF 1 deficiency, a common cause of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV deficiency and Leigh syndrome, we describe a now 6-year-old boy who presented in the neonatal period with amyoplasia congenita. His development was normal until age 10.5 months, at which time he developed severe hypotonia and choreoathetosis following an episode of viral gastroenteritis. Following the onset of neurological symptoms, he gradually developed severe kyphosis and lower limb contractures. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels were elevated and head imaging showed characteristic features of Leigh syndrome. He was found to harbor two pathogenic heterozygous mutations in the SURF 1 gene. In this case, mitochondrial dysfunction and the resultant energy deficiency may have played a role in causing abnormal neuronal development during embryogenesis, causing arthrogryposis. A variety of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex deficiencies have been associated with contractures of varying severity. Therefore, mitochondrial disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal arthrogryposis, especially if other characteristic findings such as lactic acidemia or basal ganglia abnormalities are present.
Erodibility of fly ash used as a topsoil substitute in mineland reclamation

Fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired power plants, has been used successfully in reclaiming abandoned mine lands by improving mine-soil chemical and physical properties. However, the fine sand-silt particle size of fly ash may make it more susceptible than natural soils to detachment and transport by erosive processes. Furthermore, the high content of silt-size particles in fly ash may make it more susceptible to surface crust formation, resulting in reduced infiltration and increased surface runoff and erosion. In the summer of 1989, fly ash-wood waste mixtures, used as a topsoil substitute, were surface applied on two separate mine sites in Preston County, WV, one with 10% slope and the other 20% slope. Erosion rates were measured directly using the Linear Erosion/Elevation Measuring Instrument (LEMI). Erosion measurements were taken during the first two growing seasons on both sites. Erosion values were up to five times greater on the fly ash-treated minesoil than on the untreated minesoil. Mulching with wood chips reduced fly ash erosion to about one-half the loss of the unmulched plots. Erosion was related to both the amount and type of ground cover. Increased vegetative ground cover resulted in reduced erosion. Mosses and fungi appeared to provide better erosion protection than grass-legume cover. Published with the approval of the Director of the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station as Scientific Article #2712. This research was supported in part by funding from the National Mine Land Reclamation Center and the Allegheny Power Service Corporation.
Prosthetic metals impair murine immune response and cytokine release in vivo and in vitro

This study was designed to investigate whether prosthetic metals adversely affect immune responses and the release of immunoregulatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro. Titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy were injected into the peritoneal cavity of female mice. At 5, 8, and 12 weeks after the injection, the levels of cobalt and chromium in the blood were significantly increased compared with the levels in control mice; the level of titanium was not significantly changed until 12 weeks. The release of interleukin-2 was significantly inhibited by cobalt-chromium particles after 3 weeks; titanium particles did not have the same effect until 8 and 12 weeks. The release of interleukin-4 was significantly inhibited by cobalt-chromium particles after 3 weeks but was not significantly inhibited by titanium particles until 12 weeks. The release of interferon-gamma was significantly inhibited by cobalt-chromium particles only at 12 weeks and was not inhibited by titanium particles. The proliferation of T cells was significantly inhibited by cobalt-chromium particles at 3 weeks and by titanium particles at 8 and 12 weeks, and the proliferation of B cells was significantly inhibited by cobalt-chromium particles after 3 weeks but was not inhibited by titanium particles. The production of immunoglobulin by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cells was also significantly reduced by cobalt-chromium particles after 3 weeks and by titanium particles at 8 and 12 weeks. The cytokine release by lymphocytes, proliferation of T and B cells, and immunoglobulin production by B cells were also significantly inhibited by titanium and cobalt-chromium particles, as well as by titanium, cobalt, and chromium ions in vitro, whereas these metals are not cytotoxic to murine lymphocytes in vitro. The data indicate that the metal-induced immunosuppression may be another important factor in the development of implant-associated infection in patients with a prosthesis.
History writing, numbness, and the restoration of dignity

This article investigates how historians have sought to foster empathic identification with victims in various narratives on the genocide of European Jewry. It takes historians’ extreme reactions to Daniel Jonah Goldhagen’s Hitler’s Willing Executionersas a point of departure, and argues that most historical narratives fail to address how graphic writing about atrocities generates identification with both perpetrators and victims. The essay then analyses how some historians have sought, successfully or not, to overcome this problem.
Evaluation of current distribution in electrode systems by high-speed digital computers☆

Abstract In the absence of significant concentration gradients, the distribution of potential in electrolytic cells can be satisfactorily described by the Laplace equation. Because of severe mathematical difficulties, in the past analytical solutions have been obtained only for a few, simple cell configurations. In other fields of application it is well known that the finite-difference form of the Laplace equation by iterative procedure is ideally suited for numerical solution by digital computers. The method is suitable for handling any arbitrary two-dimensional cell geometry, and allows consideration of realistic overpotential behaviour. Brief description is given of the elementary mathematical relations involved, and of the iterative procedure employed in machine computations. By the use of this technique, the primary and secondary current-density distributions have been evaluated for the outside corner of an electrode, a model representative of cell geometries commonly employed in industry. The effects of the variations of geometric and overpotential parameters are demonstrated. The results obtained indicate that the numerical technique employed is eminently suitable for rapid and accurate evaluation of current-density distributions for realistic models. In Abwesenheit von nennenserten Konzentrationsgradienten kann die Potential-verteilung in elektrolytischen Zellen durch die Laplace Gleichung befriedigend beschriegen werden. In der Vergandenheit sind wegen den grossen mathematischen Schwierigkeiten analytische Losungen nur fur wenige einfache Zellengeometrien erhalten worden. In anderen Anwendungsgebieten ist es wohl bekannt, dass die in der Form von endlichen Differenzen geschriebe Laplace Gleichung sich ideal eignet fur eine nach dem Iterationsverfahren ausgefuhrte Losung mittels Digitalrechenmaschinen. Die Methode kann bei einer beliebigen zweidimensionalen Zellengeometrie angewendet werden und gestattet die Berucksichtigung eines realistischen Ueberspannungsverhaltens. Die elementaren mathematischen Beziehungen und das fur die maschinelle Berechung benutzte Iterationsverfahren werden beschrieben. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode ist die Stromdichteverteilung an der ausseren Ecke einer Elektrode berechnet worden. Es ist dies ein Modell, das fur viele in der Technik vorkommenden Anordnungen typisch ist. Der Einfluss einer Aenderung der geometrischen und Ueberspannungsparameter wird demonstriert. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das angewendete numerische Verfahren fur die rasche und genaue Berechung von Stromdichteverteilungen an realistischen Modellen ausgezeichnet geeignet ist.
Barberry as Alternate Host Is Important for Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici But Not for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the U.S. Pacific Northwest.

Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is the alternate host of the wheat stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, under natural conditions in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Barberry was rec...
Nonconvulsive seizures and renal failure after intracerebral hemorrhage

Nonconvulsive seizures (NCSZ) and periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDs) are common and associated with poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our objective is to describe the frequency of renal, liver, metabolic and thrombotic dysfunction after ICH and its association with non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), NCSZ and PEDs.
Adsorption of cadmium to kaolinite in the presence of organic material

Kaolinite was equilibrated with Cd and with varying amounts of the individual compounds: EDTA, NTA, alginic acid, and humic acid. In experiments in which the Cd and kaolinite concentrations were held constant, and the ligand concentration allowed to vary, conditions under which ligand enhanced and inhibited Cd association with the solid phase were noted. Further experiments at constant Cd: ligand confirmed that, for alginic acid and humic acid, enhancement of uptake occurred, while EDTA diminished uptake. These results were compared with the adsorption of ligand by clay in the absence of organic, and it is suggested that the enhancement of uptake is due to the formation of an adsorbed organic layer on the clay serving as a solid phase ligand.
Cell Management Considering Parts Processed on Machines in Multiple Cells Based on Scatter Search Approach

A cell management problem in cellular manufacturing system considering parts with different routings processed on machines in multiple cells is studied. A nonlinear mathematical programming model of the problem is proposed by minimizing the flow time in a cellular manufacturing system. To solve the problem,a scatter search approach is developed. This scatter search approach improves diversification generator to generate a collection of diverse initial solutions,and develops the reference set update method,subset generation method,solution combination method and improvement method for the cell management problem. Compared with the benchmark optimization software CPLEX on a set of test problems,the simulation results show the effectiveness of the model and the approach.
Machines in a category

Abstract After a brief historical review of early attempts to apply category theory to place sequential machines and control systems in a unified framework, we present three contributions to the theory of machines in a category: the dynamical interpretation functor which relates the response of a machine to a sequence of inputs with the reachability map in the system category; an application of the Krull-Schmidt theorem to provide a parallel decomposition for machines with polynomial state-transition; and a generalized notion of Hankel matrix which enables one to present finiteness conditions for linear systems even when defined over noncommutative rings, and for certain classes of nonlinear systems characterized by adjoint functors.
A d-glucosylated form of dextransucrase: Demonstration of partial reactions

A D-glucosylated form of dextransucrase, whose preparation and characteristics have just been reported in Carbohydr. Res., was employed in a series of studies designed to explore the question of whether the bound sugars participate in the reactions catalyzed by the enzyme. When exposed to maltose, a good acceptor-substrate, monomeric D-glucosyl groups were rapidly transferred to the disaccharide, affording a trisaccharide. In the absence of an acceptor, monomeric D-glucose was released from the enzyme by hydrolysis. In a reaction with D-fructose, the charged enzyme catalyzed the formation of sucrose. Finally, in the presence of unlabeled sucrose, monomeric D-glucosyl groups were chased into enzyme-associated oligomers. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the various pathways for the bound D-glucosyl groups are competitive. The significance of these observations is discussed.
Wounded Healing: Exploring the Circle of Compassion in The Helping Relationship

Much has been written in the literature of psychology, medicine, alternative healing modalities, shamanism, and mythology, about the wounded healer and the ways in which the healer's own wounds become instrumental in the healing process. “The power of the wound,” according to Bennet (1979) “lies in its ability to foster empathy, understanding, and acceptance in the healer” (p. 4). This article explores the roots of healing compassion in Eastern philosophy and in alternative healing modalities, and connects to current research in Western psychology on the common factors contributing to success in psychotherapy. It is a description of the process of compassion arising out of the healer's own wounds, flowing to the other and then returning to the helper in a circle of healing energy. It also speaks to the risks of compassion, drawing from research in professional psychology, nursing, and alternative healing practices such as Reiki and shamanism. And those who follow compassion find life for themselves, justi...
Court communities in local context: a multilevel analysis of felony sentencing in South Carolina

This study examines county-level influences on sentencing practices in South Carolina, a state with a sentencing structure that is different from many of the jurisdictions that have been the focus of recent county-level studies. Using multilevel models, we examined the impact that changes in socioeconomic disadvantage, changes in crime rates, the county political makeup, and county caseload had on incarceration and expected sentence length determinations. For the incarceration decision, worsening socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with a modest increase in the likelihood of incarceration in a county while counties with heavier caseloads were slightly less likely to incarcerate offenders. None of the county-level indicators were significant for the sentence length decision. The results reveal relatively small levels of variation in outcomes across counties, suggesting that South Carolina court communities are largely characterized by similarities, perhaps due to the state's legal culture characteris...
Treatment of hypertension: the place of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the nineties.

The past decade has seen a shift in the strategy for hypertension treatment from stepped therapy-a highly structured monolithic series of steps-to recommendations for a more individualized selection of treatment. Severe hypertension is a clear indicator to bypass traditional steps. Demographic factors, such as age, gender, and race, are often cited, but have proved to be less helpful. Concomitant medical conditions and problems are very common and are more often the crucial determinants in the selection of antihypertensive therapy
The oral and systemic impact of third molar periodontal pathology.

Purpose Analyze in pregnant subjects the relationship between third molar periodontal pathology, and subjects’ overall periodontal status. Assess also, the associations between postpartum periodontal status by jaw and a systemic impact, preterm birth, or elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP). Patients and Methods Data were from an IRB-approved study, Oral Conditions and Pregnancy. In this clinical study, full-mouth periodontal examinations including third molars were conducted at greater than 24 weeks of pregnancy and again within 72 hours of delivery. For our analyses, mean periodontal probing depth (PD) by visible tooth and by jaw were calculated at enrollment and postpartum. Subjects were categorized by 3 broad levels of periodontal health, considered the primary outcome variable. The primary predictor variable for levels of periodontal health was the presence or absence of visible third molars. Mean periodontal probing depth in the mandible or maxilla at term was considered an indicator of a possible risk of systemic exposure, increasing the odds of preterm birth, less than 37 weeks gestation, or elevated serum CRP levels. Chi-square and t tests were used to determine statistical significance, .05. Significant predictor variables were included in multivariable models. Unconditional logistic multivariate models were used to derive odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Data from examinations at enrollment and postpartum were available for 1,020 and 891 subjects, respectively. Visible third molars were detected in 405 subjects at enrollment and in 360 subjects at term. No subjects had third molars removed during the study. At enrollment and postpartum, subjects with visible third molars were significantly more likely to have moderate/severe periodontal disease, 23.5% versus 8.5%, and 18.3 versus 9.4%, respectively. Mean PD was significantly greater for maxillary and mandibular molars than for more anterior teeth, P Conclusions Subjects’ detected levels of periodontal disease were greater at enrollment and postpartum if visible third molars were detected.
Langerhans cells form a reticuloepithelial trap for external contact antigens

THE outermost covering of the body, the epidermis, is a thin epithelial sheath comprising three distinct cell types, keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The physicochemical and photo-protective role of the first two is well known, but the function of the third is still unknown, over a hundred years since its discovery1. The Langerhans cell was reported earlier as having a sensory role, or as being an effete form of the dendritic malanocyte below it2, but it occurs in the dermis3 and is mesenchymal, rather than neuroectodermal, in origin. Its fine structure reveals no melanin, but distinctive racquet-shaped granules. It has also been proposed that it is a macrophage4 or that it may be involved in keratinisation, but recent evidence has suggested an immune function for the Langerhans cell in the development of contact dermatitis5,6. To investigate this possibility, we have exposed separated epidermal sheets to metals, aldehydes and amines known to act as contact antigens, and have observed their distribution histologically. We report here the selective uptake of antigens causing allergic contact dermatitis by Langerhans cells of the epidermis in guinea pigs and man.
Biology and Awe: Psychology's Critical Juncture

Psychology stands at a crossroads. Even more than in the time of Rollo May, psychology faces a dilemma of alarming moral and scientific proportions. On the one hand, psychology is about to become a "biologism." This is a discipline-led by the high tech, consumerist model for living-that emphasizes measurement, materialism, and efficiency. On the other hand, psychology still has a chance-mainly through humanistic and depth orientations-to be a vibrant discipline. The question is, will we take this path to become the "queen of the sciences," as Nietzsche put it, or will we jeopardize 5,000 years of arts and humanities, centuries of depth analyses, and decades of awe-inspired practice. In this article, which echoes the spirit of my great friend and mentor, Rollo May, as well as my new book, Rediscovery of Awe, I will outline the stakes in this dilemma, the players involved-from biopsychology to humanism-and an alternative, conciliatory vision that I call "awe-based" psychology. The dilemma we face today is w...
Abstract types, ADA packages, and the teaching of data structures

This paper describes a course in Data Structures offered to upper-division undergraduates and beginning graduate students. In addition to the usual data-structures topics, Computer Science 159 places a strong emphasis on software engineering principles, especially the implementation of abstract data types using Ada packages.Two programming project series are presented; documentation requirements are described in some detail. Attention is paid to the problem of translating high-level design concepts, as embodied in Ada, into the more limited data structures and modularization features of earlier languages.
Outcomes and quality of life following breast cancer treatment in older women: When, why, how much, and what do women want?

Background There are few comprehensive reviews of breast cancer outcomes in older women. We synthesize data to describe key findings and gaps in knowledge about the outcomes of breast cancer in this population.
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Microbiologic Techniques for Differentiating Staphylococci Directly from Blood Culture Bottles

Differentiating staphylococci in blood cultures is a critical issue, particularly when only one of two cultures is positive by Gram staining for staphylococci. New tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus allow faster results and definitive treatment compared to the tube coagulase test interpreted at 24 h (TCT24). These newer tests, peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR), offer improved sensitivity at higher cost. Data suggest that the tube coagulase test may be interpreted at 4 h (TCT4) with little loss of sensitivity. The impact of variability in turnaround time, sensitivity, specificity, and cost on comparative cost-effectiveness is unknown. Our aim was to establish the cost-effectiveness of TCT24, PNA-FISH, RT-PCR, and TCT4 for direct identification of staphylococci in blood cultures. Decision analysis comparing these strategies was done from the institutional perspective. Besides test variables, other variables included patient risk factors, empirical treatment, and follow-up cultures. Probability and cost estimates came from the literature and institutional data. Base case estimates were derived from institutional rates of 73% contamination when coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified, 67.6% prevalence of risk factors, and 12.4% prevalence of S. aureus when one of two cultures yielded staphylococci. Sensitivity analysis was done across a range of probabilities and costs. In the base case, TCT4 and TCT24 were more cost-effective than RT-PCR and PNA-FISH ($78 versus $120 versus $165 per patient, respectively). The advantage of TCT4 and TCT24 remained robust upon sensitivity analysis. TCT4 should be further evaluated as a rapid, cost-effective means for identification of S. aureus in blood cultures.
Telecenters and Internet cafés: the case of ICTs in small businesses

Telecenter initiatives run by non-profit agents are widely believed to be critical access points for digital inclusion. By contrast, Internet or cyber cafes are viewed generally merely as commercial sites, thus falling outside the purview of non-profit initiatives promoting e-literacy. From a contextual study of Internet cafes in urban and suburban Mumbai and in peri-urban small towns of Maharashtra state, India, we report on the localization of information and communication technology (ICTs), including how Internet cafes discern survival niches and how they often serve as reasonably-priced initiation nodes for first-time users. This article discusses a variety of context-specific and commercial instances of ICT services as manifest in everyday commerce. We argue that for-profit spaces like Internet cafes make a major contribution to digital immersion in information-poor contexts and that these so-called ‘non-developmental’ (read commercial) spaces successfully use ICTs to sustain businesses, to generate ...
E-cadherin expression as a marker of tumor aggressiveness in routinely processed radical prostatectomy specimens ☆

Abstract Objectives. Approximately 30% of clinically localized prostate adenocarcinomas treated by radical prostatectomy (RP) will recur within 10 years. To prevent recurrence, new adjuvant therapies are in development that seek to treat high-risk patients after surgery. To identify patients as candidates for these treatments, improved biomarkers for predicting prognosis are needed. Reduced expression of E-cadherin has been proposed as a new marker for predicting prognosis in prostate adenocarcinoma. Since few studies have examined the relation between risk factors for disease progression and E-cadherin expression using routinely processed RP specimens, we used RP specimens to correlate downregulation of E-cadherin and pathologic stage at RP. Methods. Primary adenocarcinomas (n = 76) from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded RP specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemistry against E-cadherin (HECD-1) using heat-induced epitope retrieval and automated staining (BioTek Solutions). Normal appearing prostate epithelium was used as an internal control for each specimen. Staining was scored as an estimate of the percentage of tumor cells in each specimen that showed strong plasma membrane staining. Results. Specimens were divided into three categories with respect to Gleason score: intermediate (score 5 to 6, n = 31), intermediate to high (score 7, n = 25), and high (score 8 to 9, n = 20). For pathologic stage, specimens were divided into three categories: low stage/organ confined (pT2, n = 30), intermediate stage/limited extraprostatic extension (pT3a, n = 25), and high stage/seminal vesicle-pelvic lymph node metastases (pT3b-any pTN1, n = 21). In univariate analysis, reduced levels of E-cadherin correlated with advanced Gleason score (P = 0.003) and advanced pathologic stage (P = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, E-cadherin, preoperative prostate-specific antigen, and Gleason score all contributed independently to the prediction of high-stage disease (P Conclusions. Since essentially all patients in the high-stage category have a very high likelihood of disease recurrence, we conclude that the study of E-cadherin in a prospective manner as a potential biomarker of disease progression in patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer who undergo RP is warranted. Additionally, our finding that most metastatic tumor cells in pelvic lymph nodes express E-cadherin supports the notion that the establishment of the distant colonization and growth of metastatic tumor cells may be facilitated by expression or re-expression of previously downregulated E-cadherin. This would strongly suggest that irreversible genetic inactivation through mutation or allelic loss at 16q2.3 is probably not the mechanism of E-cadherin downregulation in most abnormally expressing primary prostate carcinomas.
Interaction of Diuron and Related Substituted Phenylureas with the Ah Receptor Pathway

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that me- diates many of the biological and toxicological ac- tions of structurally diverse chemicals, including the ubiquitous environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Here, we have examined the ability of diuron, a widely used herbicide, and several structurally related substituted phenylureas to bind to and activate/inhibit the AhR and AhR sig- nal transduction. Diuron induced CYP1A1 mRNA lev- els in mouse hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7) cells and AhR- dependent luciferase reporter gene expression in stably transfected mouse, rat, guinea pig, and human cell lines. In addition, ligand binding and gel retardation analysis demonstrated the ability of diuron to com- petitively bind to and stimulate AhR transformation and DNA binding in vitro and in intact cells. Several structurally related substituted phenylureas competi- tively bound to the guinea pig hepatic cytosolic AhR, inhibited 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced AhR-dependent luciferase reporter gene expression in a species-specific manner and stimulated AhR trans- formation and DNA binding, consistent with their role as partial AhR agonists. These results demon- strate not only that diuron and related substituted phenylureas are AhR ligands but also that exposure to these chemicals could induce/inhibit AhR-dependent biological effects. C
Insulin resistance independently predicts the progression of coronary artery calcification.

Background Change in coronary artery calcification is a surrogate marker of subclinical coronary artery disease (CAD). In the only large prospective study, CAD risk factors predicted progression of coronary artery calcium (CAC). Methods We measured CAC at enrollment and after 24 months in a community-based sample of 869 healthy adults aged 60 to 72 years who were free of clinical CAD. We assessed predictors of the progression of CAC using univariate and multivariate models after square root transformation of the Agatston scores. Predictors tested included age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, body mass index, family history of CAD, C-reactive protein and several measures of diabetes, insulin levels, blood pressure, and lipids. Results The mean age of the cohort was 66 years, and 62% were male. The median CAC at entry was 38.6 Agatston units and increased to 53.3 Agatston units over 24 months ( P Conclusions Insulin resistance, in addition to the traditional cardiac risk factors, independently predicts progression of CAC in a community-based population without clinical CAD.
Shift reducing subspaces and irreducible-invariant subspaces generated by wandering vectors and applications

We introduce the notions of elementary reducing subspaces and elementary irreducible-invariant subspaces-- generated from wandering vectors--of a shift operator of countably infinite multiplicity, defined on a separable Hilbert space H. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a set of shift wandering vectors to span a wandering subspace are obtained. These lead to characterizations of shift reducing subspaces and shift irreducible-invariant subspaces, as well as a new decomposition of H into orthogonal sum of elementary reducing subspaces. Applications of elementary reducing subspaces to wavelet expansion, and of elementary irreducible-invariant subspaces to wavelet multiresolution analysis (MRA) will be discussed.
Forensic psychiatry in the USA and the UK: a clinician's view

The UK and the USA share a fundamental belief in the rule of law, but they have different beliefs about the relationship between government and the individual. The laws which govern forensic and general psychiatric practice reflect those differences. The two countries differ also in forensic psychiatry training and practice and in the organisation of forensic mental health services. Strengths in the UK include the extensive training of forensic psychiatrists and the integrated forensic health and social care systems. The two countries face common ethical problems, and common problems of service delivery to forensic patients. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Language, culture, and community in teacher education

Language, culture, and community in teacher education, by Maria Estela Brisk, New York, Lawrence Erlbaum, 2008, xxiv + 408 pp., US$85.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-8058-5697-2, US$30.95 (paperback), IS...
Acamprosate in the treatment of binge eating disorder: a placebo-controlled trial.

Objective: To assess preliminarily the effectiveness of acamprosate in binge eating disorder (BED). Method: In this 10-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, flexible dose trial, 40 outpatients with BED received acamprosate (N = 20) or placebo (N = 20). The primary outcome measure was binge eating episode frequency. Results: While acamprosate was not associated with a significantly greater rate of reduction in binge eating episode frequency or any other measure in the primary longitudinal analysis, in the endpoint analysis it was associated with statistically significant improvements in binge day frequency and measures of obsessive-compulsiveness of binge eating, food craving, and quality of life. Among completers, weight and BMI decreased slightly in the acamprosate group but increased in the placebo group. Discussion: Although acamprosate did not separate from placebo on any outcome variable in the longitudinal analysis, results of the endpoint and completer analyses suggest the drug may have some utility in BED. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:81–90)
The economics of cell phone reuse and recycling

There is widespread consensus that landfill of waste electronic and electric equipment is not an acceptable end-of-use management option. Diversion from landfill, either through voluntary or mandatory take-back and collection programs, overwhelmingly leads to the recycling of e-waste, which typically consists of the recovery of a limited number of metals. Cell phones are currently one of the few electronic products, if not the only one, that also have a thriving reuse market. In fact, more handsets are reused than recycled. Cell phones therefore offer the rare opportunity to compare closed-loop supply chains for e-waste reuse and recycling. In this paper, we examine the economics of cell phone reuse and recycling based on detailed primary data collected from reverse logistics, reuse and recycling operations in 2003 in the UK and in 2006 in the US. We show that while cell phone reuse has a healthy profit margin, handset recycling is currently a by-product of reuse.
Facilitatory and inhibitory frequency tuning of combination-sensitive neurons in the primary auditory cortex of mustached bats.

Mustached bats, Pteronotus parnellii parnellii,emit echolocation pulses that consist of four harmonics with a fundamental consisting of a constant frequency (CF1-4) component followed by a short, f...
Exploring graphene field effect transistor devices to improve spectral resolution of semiconductor radiation detectors

Graphene, a planar, atomically thin form of carbon, has unique electrical and material properties that could enable new high performance semiconductor devices. Graphene could be of specific interest in the development of room-temperature, high-resolution semiconductor radiation spectrometers. Incorporating graphene into a field-effect transistor architecture could provide an extremely high sensitivity readout mechanism for sensing charge carriers in a semiconductor detector, thus enabling the fabrication of a sensitive radiation sensor. In addition, the field effect transistor architecture allows us to sense only a single charge carrier type, such as electrons. This is an advantage for room-temperature semiconductor radiation detectors, which often suffer from significant hole trapping. Here we report on initial efforts towards device fabrication and proof-of-concept testing. This work investigates the use of graphene transferred onto silicon and silicon carbide, and the response of these fabricated graphene field effect transistor devices to stimuli such as light and alpha radiation.
On Identifying the Bounds of an Internet Resource

Systems for retrieving or archiving Internet resources often assume a URI acts as a delimiter for the resource. But there are many situations where Internet resources do not have a one-to-one mapping with URIs. For URIs that point to the first page of a document that has been broken up over multiple pages, users are likely to consider the whole article as the resource, even though it is spread across multiple URIs. Comments, tags, ratings, and advertising might or might not be perceived as part of the resource whether they are retrieved as part of the primary URI or accessed via a link. Similarly, whether content accessible via links, tabs, or other navigation available at the primary URI is perceived as part of the resource may depend on the design of the website. We are examining what people believe are the bounds of Internet resources with the hope of informing systems that better match user perceptions. To understand this challenge we explore a situation where the user is assumed to have identified a resource by a URI, particularly for archiving. To begin to answer these questions, we asked 110 participants how desirable it would be for web contents related to an identified archived resource to also be archived. Results indicate that the features important to this decision likely vary considerably from resource to resource.
Effect of carbon tetrachloride on incorporation of linoleic-1-C14 acid into liver lipids in rats in vivo.

SummaryLinoleic-1-C14 acid was rapidly incorporated into the liver lipids of both control and carbon tetrachloride treated rats. Twenty minutes after the injection, a pronounced fall in incorporation into phospha-tidyl ethanolamine with a concurrent rise in incorporation into cardiolipin and phospha-tidyl choline fractions was observed in the degenerating liver. The increased incorporation of radioactivity into cardiolipin and phos-phatidyl choline was reflected in an increased content of linoleic acid in these phospho-lipids but not in phosphatidyl ethanolamine. These results sugested the existence of separate pools of linoleic acid for incorporation into individual phospholipids.
Psychological ownership as a crisis management advertising appeal – antecedents, outcomes, and moderators

AbstractIn a crisis communication context, this work examines the impact of Psychological Ownership (PO) appeals on Ad message recipients’ development of feelings of PO. It demonstrates that increased levels of PO influence the managerially relevant outcomes attitude toward the company and purchase intentions. In doing so, it finds new application for the construct. In order to better understand the factors that may contribute to or mitigate PO, this research also investigates environmental consciousness as an additional antecedent and gender, persuasion knowledge, and geographic distance as moderators of individuals’ response to such appeals. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.
Spanning Web Capabilities over Clouds

As developers interleave Web capabilities across cloud infrastructures, deploying service workflows will introduce a number of challenges. Here, Brian Blake poses questions that must be considered to meet such challenges.
Analysis of Injury Mortality of Elderly Population between 1987 to 2001 in Ningbo

Objective To analyze the cau se s of death of elderly people due to injury Methods ICD-9 classification was used in the study of the cause of death for the elderly over 60 between 1987 to 2001 in Ningbo Results The standardized mortality rate of the elderly peopl e in the area due to injury was 173 35/100 000 It ranked fourth place among th e all cause of death The standardized mortality rate for male was remarkable higher th an female The first five causes of death in this population were accidental fa lls ,traffic accidents,suicide,other accidents and drowning Traffic accident ran ked f irst in the cause of death for male,and it was 2 35 times as many as female O therwise ,accidental fall was the major cause of death for the female Accidental fall o ccu rred mainly on the elderly over 75,(especially for female) Conclusions Injury have become the major risk factor for the e lderly health and quality of life Comprehensive intervention measures should be applied in prevention and control