cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Hospital Trainees in a New York City Hospital

Purpose On January 7, 2020, China reported a group of cases of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). This novel virus spread rapidly to other countries. As of August 2020, there are close to 6 million diagnosed cases in the United States and 460,000 diagnosed cases in New York State. The purpose of this article is to examine the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on trainees in a New York City hospital. To achieve this goal, trainees of the Brooklyn Hospital Center were sent a questionnaire via e-mail. The questionnaire asked about the residents’ demographic characteristics, health information, and self-report questions regarding anxiety, depression, and PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder). Methods Participants were trainees at the Brooklyn Hospital Center from the OMFS (oral and maxillofacial surgery), general dentistry, and other medical departments. A 3-part survey including demographic information, a PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and an impact of events score revised (IES-R) questionnaire was obtained. Descriptive analysis assessed participant demographic characteristics and mean scores on questionnaires. Additionally, independent samples t-test was used to determine statistical difference in mean scores on PHQ-9 and IES-R questionnaires between dental (OMFS and general dentistry) and medical specialties. Bivariate correlation was used to assess the relationship between scores on the PHQ-9 and IES-R questionnaires. Level of significance was accepted at .05. Results The mean score on the PHQ-9 questionnaire was significantly higher for dental compared to medical specialties (18.9 vs 7.24, P Conclusion Currently, trainees are facing enormous isolation, burnout, and fear of contracting and transmitting COVID-19.1 Trainees are also facing concerns about inadequate training (clinical and didactic). Previous literature has demonstrated that one's physical location and holding an intermediate title during a pandemic were associated with severe depression, distress, and anxiety.2-4 The participants of our study were trainees from the oral and maxillofacial surgery, general dentistry, and other medical specialty departments. The trainees from the dental department scored significantly higher on the IES-R and PHQ-9 questionnaires. Many participants had graduated from dental school less than a year ago. Additionally, this study was conducted in New York, which was the epicenter to the pandemic for a period of time. Being aware of the impact of the coronavirus on health care workers is an important step in providing intervention. This intervention may prevent the anxiety, depression, and PTSD seen after previous pandemics.
Vision Loss Secondary to Facial and Periorbital Steroid Injection: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE The risk of ophthalmic and retinal artery occlusions following facial and periorbital steroid injection has not been explored. This systematic review examines the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes of steroid-induced vision losses. METHODS A literature search in Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase, Pubmed, ClinicalTrials, and WHO ICTRP was performed for vision loss following facial and periorbital corticosteroid injections through July 2020. RESULTS Of 35 case reports, series, and reviews, 49 patients (56 eyes) with steroid-induced vision loss were analyzed. Injection sites predominantly involved the nose (45%) and periocular regions (10%). The most common type of steroid is triamcinolone (54%). Most cases were unilateral, except 7 cases of bilateral vision losses, 4 of which resulted from unilateral steroid injection. Symptoms were reported during or immediately after injections in 49% of cases. Most occlusions occurred in the ophthalmic (53%) or central retinal artery (33%). Vision most commonly presented as no light perception (37%), and 90% were 20/200 or worse. Final visual outcomes varied from 20/200 or worse (56%), 20/40 or better (30%), to in between (13%). CONCLUSION Most vision losses resulted from steroid injections in the nasal and periorbital area. Triamcinolone was the most common offending agent, likely due to large particle size, low solubility, and extensive particle aggregation. Dexamethasone has the opposite pharmacologic properties and has never been reported in association with vascular occlusion related vision loss. Careful steroid selection, injection techniques, and treatment strategies should be considered to prevent and treat artery occlusion.
Towards a reconsideration of the use of agree-disagree questions in measuring subjective evaluations.

Abstract Agree-disagree (AD) or Likert questions (e.g., “I am extremely satisfied: strongly agree … strongly disagree”) are among the most frequently used response formats to measure attitudes and opinions in the social and medical sciences. This review and research synthesis focuses on the measurement properties and potential limitations of AD questions. The research leads us to advocate for an alternative questioning strategy in which items are written to directly ask about their underlying response dimensions using response categories tailored to match the response dimension, which we refer to as item-specific (IS) (e.g., “How satisfied are you: not at all … extremely”). In this review we: 1) synthesize past research comparing data quality for AD and IS questions; 2) present conceptual models of and review research supporting respondents' cognitive processing of AD and IS questions; and 3) provide an overview of question characteristics that frequently differ between AD and IS questions and may affect respondents’ cognitive processing and data quality. Although experimental studies directly comparing AD and IS questions yield some mixed results, more studies find IS questions are associated with desirable data quality outcomes (e.g., validity and reliability) and AD questions are associated with undesirable outcomes (e.g., acquiescence, response effects, etc.). Based on available research, models of cognitive processing, and a review of question characteristics, we recommended IS questions over AD questions for most purposes. For researchers considering the use of previously administered AD questions and instruments, issues surrounding the challenges of translating questions from AD to IS response formats are discussed.
Incidence of acquired ventricular septal defect after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A large single center experience

Objective To determine the rate and clinical outcomes of post-TAVR VSD. Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a safe and established procedure for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare complication of TAVR. The rate of post-TAVR VSD and patient outcomes are not well known. Methods A retrospective record review of VSD cases occurring after all TAVRs performed between January 2012 and September 2020 at one urban US tertiary hospital. VSD rate and early- and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Computed tomography images taken before TAVR and transthoracic echocardiograms done before and after each procedure were analyzed. Results Of the 1908 patients who underwent TAVR in the study period, 7 patients (0.37%) had post-procedure VSD. The average patient age was 77 ± 11 years with average society of thoracic surgeons short-term risk score of 6%. All 7 implanted valves were balloon-expandable. Of the 7 TAVR procedures, 5 were performed on a native tricuspid valve, 1 was performed on a native bicuspid valve, and 1 was done as a "valve-in-valve" procedure on a prior surgical bioprosthetic valve. All VSDs were small and restrictive in nature. Right heart failure in a patient with preexisting right ventricular dysfunction occurred in 1 (13%) patient who died. The remaining 6 patients (86%) were discharged. All 6 patients (86%) were alive and stable at 1 year follow-up, reporting improvement in symptoms (NYHA class I-II), with no evidence of right ventricular dysfunction. Conclusion VSD is a rare complication of TAVR. Hemodynamic and clinical sequelae in majority of the patients in this study did not result in mortality. Proper imaging techniques and appropriate pre-procedure planning are needed to decrease the incidence of VSD formation post-TAVR.
Modeling material transport regulation and traffic jam in neurons using PDE-constrained optimization

The intracellular transport process plays an important role in delivering essential materials throughout branched geometries of neurons for their survival and function. Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with the disruption of transport. Therefore, it is essential to study how neurons control the transport process to localize materials to necessary locations. Here, we develop a novel optimization model to simulate the traffic regulation mechanism of material transport in complex geometries of neurons. The transport is controlled to avoid traffic jam of materials by minimizing a pre-defined objective function. The optimization subjects to a set of partial differential equation (PDE) constraints that describe the material transport process based on a macroscopic molecular-motor-assisted transport model of intracellular particles. The proposed PDE-constrained optimization model is solved in complex tree structures by using isogeometric analysis (IGA). Different simulation parameters are used to introduce traffic jams and study how neurons handle the transport issue. Specifically, we successfully model and explain the traffic jam caused by reduced number of microtubules (MTs) and MT swirls. In summary, our model effectively simulates the material transport process in healthy neurons and also explains the formation of a traffic jam in abnormal neurons. Our results demonstrate that both geometry and MT structure play important roles in achieving an optimal transport process in neuron.
The road to RNase P.

In 1989, Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA. Cech was studying the splicing of RNA in a unicellular organism called Tetrahymena thermophila. He found that the precursor RNA could splice in vitro in the absence of proteins. Altman studied ribonuclease P (RNase P), a ribonucleoprotein that is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of tRNA. RNase P is an RNA processing endonuclease that specifically cleaves precursors of tRNA, releasing 5' precursor sequences and mature tRNAs. RNase P is involved in processing all species of tRNA and is present in all cells and organelles that carry out tRNA synthesis. What follows is a personal recollection by Altman of how he came to study this remarkable enzyme.
‘Disgusting acts of shamelessness’: sexual misconduct and the deconstruction of royal authority in the eleventh century

That the sexual misconduct of a king had political ramifications is clear from a large number of texts from throughout the entire Middle Ages. At no point, however, was royal sexuality more salient in political writing than in the second half of the eleventh century. This was not simply a reflection of contemporary efforts to reform sexual morality. Neither can charges of sexual immorality be dismissed as mere rhetorical devices, intended to blacken a king's character (although they certainly did that). On the contrary, sex was doing important ideological work in political texts from this period. This article focuses on the particularly savage set of sexual accusations made against King (after 1084, Emperor) Henry IV of Germany (1056–1106). It argues that the long-standing association between sexual desire and privacy, shame and disorder worked powerfully in the eleventh century to justify rebellion, and to separate the king, as libidinous individual, from the ‘majesty’ of the office he held.
Clastic Sediments in Caves – Imperfect Recorders of Processes in Karst

Clastic sediments have played an important role in deciphering geologic history and processes since the inception of the discipline. Early studies of caves applied stratigraphic principles to karst deposits. The majority of cave deposits are breakdown and alluvium. The alluvial materials have been successfully investigated to determine ages of caves, landscape evolution, paleoenvironmental conditions, and paleobiota. Rapid stage changes and the possibility of pipe-full flow make cave deposits different than surface deposits. This and other factors present difficulties with interpreting the cave record, but extended preservation is afforded by the “roofing” of deposits. Dating by magnetism or isotopes has been successful in many locations. Caves can be expected to persist for 10 Ma in a single erosive cycle; most cave sediments should be no older than this.
Limits on light higgs bosons from the decays K±→π±l−l+

Abstract Current experimental limits on K ± → π ± e − e + rule out a neutral scalar particle with the couplings of the standard Higgs boson and mass in the range 50 MeV to 211 MeV. Planned experimental improvements could lead to a bound m H ⩾ m K − m π .
A portable digital microphotography unit for rapid documentation of periungual nailfold capillary changes in autoimmune connective tissue diseases.

OBJECTIVE: While employing a DermLite dermoscopy unit to assess pigment pattern networks in melanocytic skin lesions, it was observed that this compact, portable dermoscopy unit can also be used to quickly detect nailfold capillary changes when entertaining a diagnosis of autoimmune connective tissue diseases (CTD) such as dermatomyositis (DM), scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (SSc), or systemic lupus erythematosus. Aware that the suppliers of the DermLite dermoscopy unit also market a portable digital microphotography unit based on the DermLite optical principles for efficiently documenting cutaneous pigment network patterns, we investigated whether this unit (DermLite Foto flash unit attached to a Nikon Coolpix digital camera) might be used to photographically document nailfold capillary changes in patients with autoimmune CTD. METHODS: A DermLite Foto flash unit attached to a Nikon Coolpix digital camera was used in a controlled observational study to obtain digital photographs of nailfold capillaries in a small sequential sample of patients with autoimmune CTD attending a rheumatic skin disease subspecialty clinic in an academic department of dermatology. RESULTS: The digital microphotography system proved to be highly useful in documenting the nailfold vascular changes observed in a small sample of patients with DM. We observed that the nailfold capillary changes seen in patients with clinically amyopathic DM were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen in patients with classical DM. CONCLUSION: Digital microphotography systems designed for examining pigmented skin lesions can be used easily to document nailfold capillary changes often observed in DM and SSc. Nailfold capillary changes documented in this manner appear to be indistinguishable in clinically amyopathic DM and classical DM.
L'ethnographie à l'heure des martyrs Histoire, violence, souffrance dans la pratique anthropologique contemporaine

Reflechissant a la violence de la vie quotidienne a laquelle les confronte leur pratique ethnographique, les anthropologues Talal Asad, Veena Das et Elizabeth Povinelli montrent que la douleur peut constituer une facon de vivre une relation. Cet article examine les raisons pour lesquelles cette attention a la dimension interlocutoire de la douleur conduit egalement ces auteurs a remettre en question l’idee d’un temps historique unique comme milieu dans lequel toutes les manieres d’etre et d’agir dans le monde prendraient place et pourraient etre decrites de facon adequate. La variation des attitudes envers la vulnerabilite des corps temoigne non seulement de la pluralite des regimes d’historicite, mais aussi de leur dimension ethico-morale. Du moins, l’ethnographie fournit une perspective singuliere pour les evaluer sous ce rapport. Cet argument est illustre au moyen d’un cas ethnographique sur le martyre comme objet de desir dans les camps de refugies palestiniens au Sud Liban.
Metabolism of cardiac muscle. VII. The effect of inhibitors on the metabolism of pyruvate and dl-lactate

Abstract Iodoacetate and fluoride depress nonoxidative pyruvate utilization in heart slices without affecting respiration, whereas, malonate reduces both respiration and 3-carbon acid anabolism. Lactate utilization was inhibited by iodoacetate and malonate but not by fluoride A possible explanation of these results is discussed.
Further insights into calmodulin-myosin light chain kinase interaction from solution scattering and shape restoration.

We have gained new insight into the interactions between the second-messenger protein calmodulin (CaM) and myosin light chain kinase from skeletal muscle (skMLCK) using small-angle solution scattering and shape restoration. Specifically, we explored the nature of a 2Ca 2 + -CaM-skMLCK complex and compared it to a 4Ca 2 + -CaM-skMLCK complex under the same conditions. The 2Ca 2 + complex has been proposed to be physiologically relevant. To aid in the interpretation of the data, we developed a shape restoration approach, implemented in GA_STRUCT, that combines many of the best features of other available methods into a single, automated package. Importantly, GA_STRUCT explicitly addresses the problem of the existence of multiple solutions to the inverse scattering problem and produces a consensus envelope from a set of shapes that fit the input intensity. Small-angle scattering intensity profiles measured or calculated from known structures were used to test GA_STRUCT, which was then used to generate low-resolution models for three complexes: 2Ca 2 + -CaM-skMLCK, 4Ca 2 + -CaM-skMLCK, and 4Ca 2 + -CaM-skMLCK with a bound substrate. These models were used in conjunction with high-resolution structures of the protein components to better understand the interactions among them. In the case of the 2Ca 2 + -CaM-skMLCK complex, the consensus envelope is consistent with CaM in a fully collapsed state with its two globular lobes in close contact with each other while the catalytic cleft of the kinase is open. The consensus envelope for the 4Ca 2 + -CaM-skMLCK complex indicates that the collapsed CaM has swung further away from the open catalytic cleft of the skMLCK than in the 2Ca 2 + complex, and further that substrate binding to this complex results in closure of the kinase catalytic cleft, in agreement with previous neutron scattering results. These results indicate that activation of MLCK by CaM can only occur once CaM is fully translocated away from the catalytic cleft, which is presumably linked to full release of the pseudo-substrate/inhibitory sequence. Our scattering data indicate that this step is completed only when all four calcium binding sites are loaded.
Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in Carcass Processing Water Samples

Abstract Frequently samples of carcass rinses and chiller water must be sent to the laboratory for analysis. It is important to know how to maximize recovery of salmonellae. Seventy processed broiler carcasses were individually inoculated with 50 cells of a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Each carcass was rinsed with 100 mL sterile water and the resulting rinse fluid was either analyzed immediately (control), stored at-23°C, or packed in crushed ice for one or seven days. Also, fifty samples of commercial poultry chiller water (90 mL each) were inoculated with 50 cells of the marker organism and analyzed immediately (control), stored frozen, or packed in crushed ice. S. typhimurium was recovered from 30/30 control carcass rinses, 10/10 day one frozen and ice-packed samples, and 8/10 day seven frozen and ice-packed samples. S. typhimurium was recovered from all controls (10/10) and from all ice-packed samples on day one (10/10) and day seven (10/10), but was recovered from only 1/10 on day one and 5/10 on day seven of the frozen chiller water samples. Ice packing maximizes the recovery of salmonellae from chiller water and carcass.
Accounting for Students’ Schemes in the Development of a Graphical Process for Solving Polynomial Inequalities in Instrumented Activity

This paper provides an instrumental account of precalculus students’ graphical process for solving polynomial inequalities. It is carried out in terms of the students’ instrumental schemes as mediated by handheld graphing calculators and in cooperation with their classmates in a classroom setting. The ethnographic narrative relays an instrumental sociogenetic account of mathematical knowledge construction and foregrounds a progressive evolution of mathematical knowledge from the concrete to the abstract phase.
Few-nanoradian deep space navigation in local reference frames

Angular navigation with Very Long Baseline Interferometry is performed at the 15-100 nanoradian level by differencing the interferometric delays of a spacecraft and nearby radio source. Clock rate, earth orientation and atmospheric effects limit the accuracy. By observing several radio sources along with the spacecraft, these dominant errors can be reduced by parameter estimation. Using improved instrumentation, the technique analyzed below, which can potentially yield 1-3 nanoradian accuracy, locates the spacecraft in a local reference frame of radio sources. In this paper, observation strategies and covariance results will be presented for the local reference frame technique. The error contributions of system noise and tropospheric fluctuations will be evaluated. An application of this few-nanoradian technique to Jovian approach is also presented.
Bench Tests for Characterizing the Thermophysical Properties of Type X Special Fire Resistant Gypsum Board Exposed to Fire

ASTM C1396 Standard Specification for Gypsum Board defines type X special fire resistant gypsum board on the basis of the fire resistance of a load bearing wood framed gypsum partition tested in accordance with ASTM E119 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Monitoring individual product performance in a wall system fire test presents serious challenges to the manufacturing facility. The expense and complexity of operating an ASTM E119 wall furnace makes it impossible for plants to run the defining test on site. In addition, many factors influence the outcome of a fire resistance test making it difficult to assess the performance of the gypsum board independently of other wall system and laboratory influences. In 2003 the Gypsum Association formed an ad hoc Product Standard Task Group in an attempt to develop an improved definition of type X gypsum board. The new definition had to be equivalent to the current ASTM C1396 specification but based on bench scale tests of the high temperature thermophysical properties of type X gypsum board alone. The tests must also be suitable for use as in-plant quality assurance procedures. A suite of three tests resulted. Their development and correlation to the ASTM E119 test has been documented by the authors in an earlier paper. An analysis of the precision of these three test methods is presented here.
Message-passing approach for threshold models of behavior in networks

We study a simple model of how social behaviors, like trends and opinions, propagate in networks where individuals adopt the trend when they are informed by threshold T neighbors who are adopters. Using a dynamic message-passing algorithm, we develop a tractable and computationally efficient method that provides complete time evolution of each individual's probability of adopting the trend or of the frequency of adopters and nonadopters in any arbitrary networks. We validate the method by comparing it with Monte Carlo-based agent simulation in real and synthetic networks and provide an exact analytic scheme for large random networks, where simulation results match well. Our approach is general enough to incorporate non-Markovian processes and to include heterogeneous thresholds and thus can be applied to explore rich sets of complex heterogeneous agent-based models.
ZnO nanowire growth and devices

Abstract The large surface area of ZnO nanorods makes them attractive for gas and chemical sensing, and the ability to control their nucleation sites makes them candidates for micro-lasers or memory arrays. In addition, they might be doped with transition metal (TM) ions to make spin-polarized light sources. To date, most of the work on ZnO nanostructures has focused on the synthesis methods and there have been only a few reports of the electrical characteristics. We review fabrication methods for obtaining device functionality from single ZnO nanorods. A key aspect is the use of sonication to facilitate transfer of the nanorods from the initial substrate on which they are grown to another substrate for device fabrication. Examples of devices fabricated using this method are briefly described, including metal-oxide semiconductor field effect depletion-mode transistors with good saturation behavior, a threshold voltage of ∼−3 V and a maximum transconductance of order 0.3 mS/mm and Pt Schottky diodes with excellent ideality factors of 1.1 at 25 °C and very low (1.5 × 10 −10 A, equivalent to 2.35 A cm −2 , at −10 V) reverse currents. The photoresponse showed only a minor component with long decay times (tens of seconds) thought to originate from surface states. These results show the ability to manipulate the electron transport in nanoscale ZnO devices.
Determination of traces of iron in metallic copper

Abstract Tris -(4:7-diphenyl-1:10-phenanthroline)-iron II reacts with cyanide in a neutral solution to form a violet coloured complex, dicyano- bis -(4:7-diphenyl-1:10-phenanthroline)-iron II . Use of this complex for the determination of iron in copper metal has been described. The method is applicable for the determination of 1 to 10 p.p.m. of iron in copper metal.
Associative effects of information framing

Previous research has demonstrated that the way in which information is presented or framed affects the evaluation and choice of objects such as consumer purchases. In the present study, more favorable associations to a purchase of ground beef were produced when the beef was described in terms of “percent lean” rather than “percent fat.” It is suggested that such associations to stimulus labels serve as mediators of the effects of information frame on judgment and decision making.
Patient with congenital optic nerve meningocele presenting with left orbital cyst

Introduction Meningocele of the optic nerve is a rare condition defined as dilatation of the optic nerve by spinal fluid not due to other pathology, classically presenting with headaches or progressive visual decline and usually follows a rapidly progressive course.
Innate immune activation and CD4+ T cell priming during respiratory fungal infection.

Summary Aspergillus fumigatus is a mold that causes a spectrum of diseases, including lethal lung infections in immunocompromised humans and allergic asthma in atopic individuals. T helper 1 (Th1) CD4 + T cells protect against invasive A. fumigatus infections whereas Th2 CD4 + T cells exacerbate asthma upon inhalation of A. fumigatus spores. Herein, we demonstrate that A. fumigatus -specific T cells were rapidly primed in lymph nodes draining the lung and fully differentiated into interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing Th1 CD4 + T cells upon arrival in the airways. T-bet induction in A. fumigatus -specific CD4 + T cells was enhanced by MyD88-mediated signals in draining lymph nodes, but T cell proliferation, trafficking, and Th1 differentiation in the airways were Toll-like receptor (TLR) and MyD88 independent. Our studies demonstrate that CD4 + T cell differentiation during respiratory fungal infection occurs incrementally, with TLR-mediated signals in the lymph node enhancing the potential for IFN-γ production whereas MyD88-independent signals promote Th1 differentiation in the lung.
Effect of High Copper Dosing on Hemicellulose Digestibility in Cecectomized Cockerels

Abstract A precision-fed cockerel digestibility assay using ground corn cobs was conducted to test a theory that birds fed pharmacological doses of Cu (250 mg Cu/kg diet) may exhibit a higher hemicellulose digestibility due to increased release of lysosomal enzymes in the bile. Finely ground corn cobs were crop intubated into adult cockerels that had been pretested on diets containing either 0 or 250 mg Cu/kg (from CUSO4·5H2 O). Copper-loaded cockerels showed higher (P
An operational linear lee wave model for arbitrary basic flow and two‐dimensional topography

A partial survey of recent theoretical work on the flow over obstacles is presented. A model for linear, stationary mountain waves with arbitrary basic flow and two-dimensional topography is described in detail. It contains the option of a nonlinear lower boundary condition. The wave drag is computed by three methods and the complete flow field is obtained. The sensitivity of the solutions to small changes of the upstream flow is demonstrated as a critical factor limiting the applicability of the model. The strong downslope wind storms of the Boulder area are briefly discussed in the general context of foehn phenomena. Computations indicate that resonance lee waves do not seem to be part of the mechanism of these winds.
Experimental and theoretical equation of state of cubic boron nitride

The phase diagram of boron nitride (BN) is similar to that of carbon, incorporating phases at high temperatures and pressures whose structures and physical properties resemble diamond1–9. Cubic zinc-blende-structured BN is especially important because it is extremely hard—second only to diamond. Here we report the first measurement of the 300-K equation of state of this material to ultrahigh pressures (115 GPa), and obtain a zero-pressure bulk modulus of 369 ± 14 GPa. A theoretical equation of state derived from first-principles pseudopotential calculations yields a 300-K isotherm that agrees with our experimental results to better than 2.5% in volume and 2.0% in bulk modulus. The high-pressure Hugoniot (shock-wave equation of state) calculated from our equation of state for BN is in good agreement with existing shock-wave data. Our study illustrates the reliability of current experimental techniques (such as the ruby-fluorescence calibra-tion) and theoretical methods (pseudopotentials) for characterizing the behaviour of superhard, incompressible materials under high pressure.
A New Pattern Recognition Adaptive Controller with Application to HVAC Systems

This paper describes a novel method for automatically adjusting the gain and integral time of proportional-integral controllers based upon patterns that characterize the closed-loop response. The method was developed for self-regulating systems that can be modeled as first-order plus dead-time systems. This new pattern recognition adaptive controller (PRAC) is easy to use and provides near-optimal performance for a range of systems and noise levels. Also, the algorithm is computationally efficient and does not have large memory requirements. PRAC has successfully tuned control systems for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment in office buildings, high schools, universities, national laboratories, department stores, hospitals, clinics, and large sports stadiums. Simulation and field test results are included in this paper.
Social determinants of physical activity among adult Asian-Americans: results from a population-based survey in California

The objective of this study was to evaluate the key social determinants of physical activity among six Asian-American subgroups using public access 2007 California Health Interview Survey data. Physical activity was defined as meeting the American College of Sports Medicine recommendation of 450 metabolic equivalent-minutes per week. Factors positively associated with meeting physical activity recommendations included being bilingual among Chinese and Vietnamese, and increasing age for Chinese only. On the other hand, being middle aged, currently married, and low neighborhood safety were significantly associated with lower odds of meeting physical activity recommendations, as were being female for Japanese and Koreans, and living above the poverty level for Vietnamese. Such results highlight the heterogeneity among Asian-Americans and need for health messages targeted at specific subgroups. Additionally, the role of built environment, particularly in areas with high Filipino residents, should be a public health priority for increasing physical activity outcomes.
WHY OLDER ADULTS LEAVE THE UNIVERSITY: A COMPARISON OF CONTINUING AND NONCONTINUING STUDENTS

Studies of older adults enrolled in universities have for the most part described their characteristics, motivation, needs, and interests in education. Although there is a growing realization that education can meet many objectives for the older learner, little is known of why enrolled students decide not to continue. The purpose of this study was to compare continuing and noncontinuing older students enrolled in a university fee‐waived program to determine what characteristics may distinguish the two groups and the reasons why some decide not to continue. Although continuing and noncontinuing students were similar in most characteristics, noncontinuing students were more likely to be employed and to have spent less time at the university. The primary reason for not continuing was having achieved a degree, followed by employment. Few persons stopped because of lack of interest. Most noncontinuing students felt they would return to the university. Continuing students had no plans to stop, even when they re...
Depression of cell-mediated immunity in atopic eczema

Prompted by recent observations that the thymus exerts an important regulatory influence over IgE antibody production in lower species, we conducted studies of immune function in 21 patients with atopic eczema to seek evidence for a similar relation in man. Skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity to Candida albicans and streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) revealed a striking degree of anergy that correlated with the severity of the eczema. A correlation was also noted between the extent of the dermatitis and the magnitude of the serum IgE concentration. Other immunologic abnormalities did not appear related to the severity of eczema put pertained to the group as a whole. These included significantly (p = less than 0.0001) lower mean percentages of spontaneous sheep erythrocyte (E) or T cell rosettes and of rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocyte (En) rosettes, and significantly lower in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness of the mitogens concanavalin A (p = 0.0013) and poleweek mitogen (p = 0.0002) and to Candida antigen (p = 0.0017) than in normal subjects. Responses to phytohemagglutinin and tetanus toxoid were also depressed but differences were not statistically significant. An increased percentage (p = 0.0324) of peripheral blood B lymphocytes bearing the complement receptor was noted, but, except for a slight increase in lymphocytes bearing IgD, percentages of lymphocytes bearing other immunoglobulins (including IgE) were not elevated.
‘The emperor lost his clothes’: Rupert Murdoch, News of the World and journalistic boundary work in the UK and USA:

Episodes of journalistic deviancy become moments of reflection for the journalistic interpretive community, at times assuming international proportions. This study examines the construction of appr...
Physical Abuse in a College Setting: A Study of Perceptions and Participation in Abusive Dating Relationships

This study explored the relationships between college students’ self-identification as recipients and/or perpetrators of abuse in their dating relationships and abusive behaviors reported. A cross-sectional examination of 1,530 undergraduate students was conducted. Results indicated that one in four college students were involved in a physically abusive dating relationship (involving at least two acts of physically violent behavior), and that over 85% of them failed to self-identify as ever having received and/or perpetrated any act of physical abuse. College students involved in abusive dating relationships were more likely than those not in abusive dating relationships to be in a relationship of a longer duration, to have been in a previous abusive dating relationship, and to be more accepting, in general, of physical abuse as a means of conflict resolution.
Rationality revisited: An alternative perspective on reason in management and planning

This paper is concerned with enlarging the traditional view of rationality that has dominated management and planning in modern times. The inquiry begins by re‐examining Weber’s discussion of rationality as interpreted by contemporary analysts. Weber saw rationality as multi‐faceted and included notions of a social rationality involving more than simple instrumental or “practical” rationality. Habermas’ ideas concerning communicative action are then introduced as the basis for parsing out Weber’s differing conceptions of rationality based on the dual underlying motivations of pursuing social agreement along with technical or instrumental goals. In dialectical fashion, the paper introduces the concept of adaptive rationality involving a synthetic form of reason that mediates between substantive, or social, rationality and instrumental, or technical, rationality. This adaptive form of reason is seen as the heart of management and planning and requires a combined technical, political and moral imagination in the service of creating new forms of social practice and marshaling both the collective will and resources for their fulfillment. Thus, the paper argues for a wider conception of rationality that explicitly acknowledges social norms and the distribution of power and concludes with the hope of a renewed focus of research for a richer understanding of rational action.
Preliminary results of patient-defined success criteria for individuals with musculoskeletal pain in outpatient physical therapy settings.

Abstract Zeppieri G Jr, Lentz TA, Atchison JW, Indelicato PA, Moser MW, Vincent KR, George SZ. Preliminary results of patient-defined success criteria for individuals with musculoskeletal pain in outpatient physical therapy settings. Objectives (1) To investigate patient-defined parameters of treatment success in an outpatient physical therapy setting with musculoskeletal pain, (2) to determine whether patient-defined treatment success was influenced by selected demographic and clinical factors, and (3) to examine whether patient subgroups existed for ratings of importance for each treatment outcome domain. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Outpatient physical therapy clinic. Participants Consecutive patients (N=110) with complaints of musculoskeletal pain. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure We reported patient-defined treatment success targets for pain, fatigue, emotional distress, and interference with daily activities using the Patient-Centered Outcomes Questionnaire (PCOQ). We also investigated whether patient subgroups existed based on perceived importance of improvement for these same outcome domains. Results Patient-defined criteria for treatment success included mean reductions (from baseline scores) in pain of 3.0 points, in fatigue of 2.3 points, in emotional distress of 1.4 points, and in interference with daily activities of 3.4 points. There were no differences in patient-defined criteria for treatment success based on sex, age, postoperative rehabilitation, prior physical therapy, other prior health care interventions, duration of symptoms, and anatomical location of symptoms ( P >.01). Cluster analysis of the PCOQ importance ratings indicated a 2-cluster solution. The multifocused subgroup demonstrated higher importance for improvement ratings in each treatment outcome domain when compared with the pain-focused subgroup ( P >.05). Conclusions These data indicate that patient-defined criteria for treatment success required greater reductions in the studied outcome domains to be considered successful. These data suggest the potential existence of patient subgroups that either rate improvement in all outcome domains as important or rate pain relief as the most important outcome.
Sleep Patterns in Preschool-Age Children With Autism, Developmental Delay, and Typical Development

Objective: A prominent noncore symptom of autistic disorder is disturbed sleep, but relatively few studies have investigated this symptom. Method: A multimethod approach assessed the quantity and quality of sleep in 194 children (68 with autism [AUT], 57 with developmental delay without autism [DD], 69 with typical development) recorded over 1 week. Parent perceptions, structured questionnaires, and actigraphy were compared. In addition, problem sleep as defined by parents was compared with research diagnostic criteria for behavioral insomnia obtained from actigraph recordings. Results: On actigraphy, children in the DD group, after sleep onset, exhibited more and longer awakenings than the other two groups. In contrast, children in the AUT group exhibited less total sleep time in 24 hours than the other two groups. Parent reports of sleep problems were higher in the AUT and DD groups than the typical development group, but parent reports did not concur with more objective RDC for behavioral insomnia. Parent reports of sleep problems in all of the groups were significantly associated with increased self-reports of stress. Total 24-hour sleep durations for all of the groups were shorter than recommended for preschool-age children. Conclusions: Our study provides objective evidence that sleep patterns are different in preschool children across the categories of AUT, DD, or typical development. J. Am. Acad.
MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN THE CORONA AND THE LOOP PROMINENCE PHENOMENON

Many classes of transient solar phenomena, such as flares, flare sprays, and eruptive prominences, cause major disruptions in the magnetic geometry of the overlying corona. Typically, the results from Skylab indicate that pre-existing closed magnetic loops in the corona are torn open by the force of the disruption. We examine here some of the theoretical consequences to be expected during the extended relaxation phase which must follow such events. This phase is characterized by a gradual reconnection of the outward-distended field lines. In particular, the enhanced coronal expansion which occurs on open field lines just before they reconnect appears adequate to supply the large downward mass fluxes observed in Ha loop prominence systems that form during the post-transient relaxation. In addition, this enhanced flow may produce nonrecurrent high speed streams in the solar wind after such events. Calculations of the relaxation phase for representative field geometries and the resulting flow configurations are described.
Duodenal injuries in children: beware of child abuse

Abstract Purpose It is frequently overlooked that child abuse may result in significant intraabdominal injury, particularly to the duodenum. The authors hypothesized that a significant number of duodenal injuries in young children would be the result of nonaccidental trauma. Methods An 8-year (1995 through 2002) retrospective review of a pediatric level I trauma center database was performed after Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, and information regarding patients with duodenal injury was abstracted. Demographic variables, injury severity, length of stay, mortality rate, and mechanism of injury were examined. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Student's t test. Statistical significance was defined as P less than .05. Results Over the 8-year study period, 8,968 patients were admitted, 2,179 (24%) were less than 3 years of age. Thirty children (0.3%) suffered injury to the duodenum, with 20 hematomas and 10 perforations. Patients were overwhelmingly boys (80%), with an average age of 7.6 ± 4.4 years and Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 14 ± 10. No patients died. Children were injured by a variety of mechanisms, including collisions involving motor vehicles (n = 9), bicycles (n = 4), and ATVs (n = 2). However, all children less than 4 years of age (n = 8) were victims of nonaccidental trauma, 2.8% of all child abuse admissions. Three of these children suffered perforations of the duodenum. Among the entire population, those children who suffered perforations had a significantly higher ISS (23.7 ± 7.2 v 9.6 ± 7.3; P v 12.6 ± 11.7; P Conclusions Injury to the duodenum is unusual in the pediatric trauma patient but does result in significant injury severity and prolonged hospitalization. In the young child, one must maintain a high index of suspicion regarding the etiology of the injury, because a large percentage is potentially the result of child abuse.
Further characterization of a nucleational agent in hypertrophic cell extraceilniar cartilage fluid

Abstract Our studies on an (acid-resistant) nucleational factor aspirated by micropuncture techniques from the upper tibial growth plates of 42 day old rats have recently been extended. Partition of the fluid by ultracentrifugation into top fifth, next to top fifth and bottom half of the tube following high speed ultracentrifugation provided separate fractions for nucleation experiments. At Ca × Pi products of 2.4 mM2, a mineral forming agent could be demonstrated in the bottom fraction and in the top fraction but not in the next-to-top fraction. When total calcium (Cat) in the whole fluid was measured by a dialysis technique vs a high speed ultracentrifugation technique, Cat by both techniques was the same. However, free calcium (Caf) was 18% less by the dialysis method. This discrepancy could only be attributed to the presence of Ca binding — 0.32 mM — to a low density component in the top fifth of the tube and registrating therefore in the ultracentrifugation technique as Car. In other words, some of the previously reported so-called ⪡free⪢ calcium by this technique is bound to a lipid component. In the absence of the top fifth fraction there were almost identical results of Car by the two methods for free calcium measurement in serum. It was postulated that the calcium-binding factor might be matrix vesicle components such as Ca-binding phospholipid embedded in a protein-poor lipid component of vesicle membranes. Other features consistent with the function of matrix vesicles was the high activity of alkaline phosphatase and substantial activity of pyrophosphatase, AMPase and ATPase in the cartilage fluids.
Education: Transdisciplinary science and the graduate curriculum

In the accompanying article contributed by Robert B. Lawson, proposals are made for revising the curriculum for doctoral students in biology in order to enhance a transdisciplinary awareness of biological science. The article is written mainly in the context of Dr Lawson's role as a scientist and educator in the United States. BioEssays will welcome articles along similar lines from educators in other countries. These should be sent to the Staff Editor, Dr Adam S. Wilkins.
Exome analysis of connective tissue dysplasia: death and rebirth of clinical genetics?

Exome results are reported for two patients with connective tissue dysplasia, one refining a clinical diagnosis of Ehlers–Danlos to Marfan syndrome, the other suggesting arthrogryposis derived from maternofetal Stickler syndrome. Patient 1 had mutations in transthyretin (TTR), fibrillin (FBN1), and a calcium channel (CACNA1A) gene suggesting diagnoses of transthyretin amyloidosis, Marfan syndrome, and familial hemiplegic migraines, respectively. Patient 2 presented with arthrogryposis that was correlated with his mother's habitus and arthritis once COL2A1 mutations suggestive of Stickler syndrome were defined. Although DNA results often defy prediction by the best of clinicians, these patients illustrate needs for ongoing clinical scholarship (e.g., to delineate guidelines for management of mutations like that for hyperekplexia in Patient 2) and for interpretation of polygenic change that is optimized by clinical genetic/syndromology experience (e.g., suggesting acetazolamide therapy for Patient 1 and explaining arthrogryposis in Patient 2). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.