cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Thirteenth Amendment as a Model for Revolution

To date, the United States has experienced only a handful of successful revolutionary movements. The first was the American Revolution itself. Although the original colonies' war of independence and the resulting creation of a democratic republic was assuredly a revolution, it was incomplete in at least one major respect: It failed to resolve the fundamental conflict between the aspiration of freedom and the reality of slavery. Moreover, the bargains made and compromises struck at the time of the Revolution, and as embodied within the Constitution, neither encouraged nor enabled a course of gradual abolitionism, as the Founders purportedly hoped. Instead, those compromises ensconced slavery at the expense of democracy. This inherent friction eventually reached a tipping point, which fomented the second great American revolution: the abolition of slavery.This article examines the path to abolitionism in the United States as a model for illuminating the circumstances that foster and enable revolutionary change in democratic societies. It concludes that when distortions in the democratic process, either explicit or implicit, systemically favor one group over another, the ability of the empowered group to force (or prevent) legal change results in a divergence between the law and prevailing social norms, often at the expense of disfavored groups. That disparity cannot persist indefinitely, particularly when cultural norms continue to evolve but the law remains ossified. In such settings, the dominant legal regime must either change to more accurately reflect broader communal values or risk a more radical (and often increasingly violent) outcome.
Deepwater Horizon, 5 years on

On 20 April 2010, an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling unit initiated an uncontrolled release of oil and gas from the Macondo seafloor well into the Gulf of Mexico that lasted for 87 days. Documenting and tracking the ecological, environmental, and human impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil-well blowout has proved a considerable challenge. Nonetheless, valuable lessons continue to be learned, and data are revealing broad and substantial impacts on the Gulf ecosystem across a range of scales.
Evidence for a multigene family involved in bile acid 7-dehydroxylation in Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708.

Abstract Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708 is a human intestinal isolate which has an inducible bile acid 7-dehydroxylation activity. At least two cholic acid-induced polypeptides, with molecular masses of 27,000 and 45,000 daltons, respectively, coelute with bile acid 7-dehydroxylation activity. The 45,000-dalton polypeptide appears to be encoded by a cholic acid-induced mRNA species of greater than 6 kilobases, which suggests that the gene coding for this polypeptide is part of a larger operon. A gene has been cloned which flanks the gene encoding the 45,000-dalton polypeptide, in the upstream (5') direction. This gene appears to encode a second 27,000-dalton polypeptide. The gene bears striking homology at both the nucleotide (80%) and deduced amino acid sequence (89%) levels with the gene which encodes the 27,000-dalton polypeptide that has been shown previously to be involved in the bile acid 7-dehydroxylation reaction sequence. The implications of this homology and the possible function(s) of the two homologous genes in bile acid 7-dehydroxylation are discussed. Evidence is presented which suggests that the two homologous genes involved in bile acid 7-dehydroxylation may be part of a larger multigene family in Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708.
Shielding effects in microstrip discontinuities

As an application of the theoretical method described in a companion paper L.P. Dunleavy and P.B. Katehi (ibid., vol.36, no.12, p.1758-66, 1988), numerical and measured results for open-end and series gap discontinuities and a coupled line filter are presented. Comparisons are also made to predictions obtained with commercially available CAD packages. The results verify the accuracy of the theoretical method and demonstrate the effects of shielding on discontinuity behavior. The experimental techniques used, which involve the through-short-delay de-embedding approach, are explained. >
High-Yield Expression and Purification of a Plasma Membrane Citrate Transport Protein

Citrate is prominently and uniquely involved in metabolic crossroads that govern the energy balance of human and other organisms, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms determining its entry into cells. The unique ability of plasma membrane citrate transporters (PMCTs) to import extracellular citrate into the cytoplasm confers upon them an essential role in determining an organism's energy state. Thus, PMCTs located in liver and brain figure prominently in: i) fatty acid, lipid, and cholesterol biosyntheses; ii) control of glucose metabolism via the citrate-mediated allosteric inhibition of PFK-1; and iii) neuronal cell synthesis of neurotransmitters. Therefore, inhibition of human PMCT function may prove to be a novel strategy for altering energy balance in a manner that mimics caloric restriction. With this background in mind, we recently cloned PMCTs from C. elegans, Drosophila, mouse, rat, and human into the Pichia pastoris expression system and developed a biofermentation protocol for high-yield expression of the human and the C. elegans PMCTs. We have been able to successfully purify detergent-solubilized C. elegans PMCT via sequential chromatography on Ni-NTA, Talon, and Superdex, resulting in material that is > 90% pure. Mass spectrometry confirms that full-length C. elegans PMCT was the purified entity. Preliminary studies indicate that we have been able to successfully reconstitute detergent-solubilized C. elegans PMCT function in liposomal vesicles. Sulfhydryl reagents such as NEM and pCMB effectively inhibit the reconstituted transporter. These studies provide the foundation for a detailed structure/function analysis of this metabolically essential plasma membrane transport protein. Supported by NIH grant GM-054642 to R.S.K.
Generation efficiencies for propagating modes in a supersolid

Using Andreev and Lifshitz's supersolid hydrodynamics, we obtain the propagating longitudinal modes at nonzero applied pressure ${P}_{a}$ (necessary for solid $^{4}\text{H}\text{e}$), and their generation efficiencies by heaters and transducers. For small ${P}_{a}$, a solid develops an internal pressure $P\ensuremath{\sim}{P}_{a}^{2}$. This theory has stress contributions both from the lattice and an internal pressure $P$. Because both types of stress are included, the normal-mode analysis differs from previous works. Not surprisingly, transducers are significantly more efficient at producing elastic waves and heaters are significantly more efficient at producing fourth sound waves. We take the system to be isotropic, which should apply to systems that are glassy or consist of many crystallites; the results should also apply, at least qualitatively, to single-crystal hcp $^{4}\text{H}\text{e}$.
Research testing theory: a selective review of Orem's self-care theory, 1986-1991

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which theory testing may have increased in the 5 years since Silva's initial investigation. Using the criteria established by Silva, a review of five major research journals in nursing was used to investigate the degree to which Orem's self-care theory of nursing was being empirically tested. Hand and computer searches yielded 31 studies purporting to use Orem's theory as the basis for research. Of these studies, however, only four (13%) met the criteria for appropriately testing the theory. The findings indicate that little change has occurred in using research to test Orem's theory appropriately. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Increased pheromone catabolism by antennal esterases after adult eclosion of the cabbage looper moth

A marked increase in pheromone hydrolysis by antennal esterases occurred 24–72 h after eclosion and was coincident with the age ofTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) males that were maximally responsive to the pheromone as indicated from previous reports. This observed hydrolytic activity was also accompanied by the appearance of 3 esterase bands in the electrophoretic patterns of the antenna. The finding thus lends support to the hypothesis that the observed pheromone catabolism is an event closely associated with the olfaction process.
Lis1 Uncouples Allosteric Communication Between Dynein's AAA+ Motor and Microtubule Binding Domains

Cytoplasmic dynein, the large microtubule-based motor protein, is highly regulated in cells, enabling it to be deployed to specific sites, collect cargos, and translocate them towards the microtubule minus-end at specific times. Defects in the regulation of dynein can cause neurological diseases; for example, mutations in the dynein co-factor Lis1 cause lissencephaly. Dynein’s “engine” is evolved from ring-shaped AAA+ ATPases, and its microtubule-binding domain lies at the tip of a coiled-coil stalk, however how these elements might be acted upon to achieve control remains unknown. Here, using purified proteins from S. cerevisiae, we dissect how Lis1/Pac1 and its binding partner Nudel/Ndl1 control cytoplasmic dynein. At the single molecule level, we find that Lis1 slows dynein’s velocity and prolongs its microtubule encounters. Nudel allows Lis1 to function at lower concentrations, suggesting it acts as a tether between Lis1 and dynein. High precision analysis shows that Lis1 causes dynein to adopt a microtubule-anchored state by uncoupling dynein’s ATPase cycle from its binding to microtubules, such that ATP is consumed without the usual microtubule release and forward motion. To understand the structural basis for Lis1 regulation, we mapped its binding site on dynein using electron microscopy and 2D image analysis. Unexpectedly, we find that Lis1 binds at the interface between dynein’s AAA+ ring and microtubule-binding stalk. Mutational analyses are suggestive of electrostatic interactions at this dynein-Lis1 interface, which are disrupted by lissencephaly-causing mutations. We propose that Lis1 regulates the transmission of structural changes between dynein’s AAA+ ring and microtubule binding stalk, biasing dynein towards a microtubule-anchored state. In vivo this could allow Lis1 to assist in dynein’s microtubule plus-end localization and cargo loading, and prevent slippage during dynein’s tension-bearing roles.
Combining binary search and Newton's method to compute real roots for a class of real functions

Abstract We generalize a hybrid algorithm of binary search and Newton′s method to compute real roots for a class of real functions. We show that the algorithm computes a root inside (0, R] with error ϵ in O(log log(R/ϵ)) time, where one function evaluation or one arithmetic operation counts for one unit of time. This work is based on Smale′s criterion for using Newton′s method and Renegar′s result of approximating roots of polynomials.
Separation of d.c. and a.c. competing effect of polysilicon-gate depletion in deep submicron CMOS circuit performance

Abstract This paper reports competing behavior between the d.c. and a.c. polysilicon-gate depletion effect (PDE) on deep-submicron CMOS circuit perfomance. The d.c. and a.c. PDE components are separated quantitatively and their competing effect demonstrated. Their dependence on polysilicon doping concentration and oxide thickness are examined. The study indicates that the d.c. PDE is more dominant than the a.c. PDE in circuit performance and this dominance can be lessened when transistors have a thinner gate oxide.
New anticonvulsant drugs. Focus on flunarizine, fosphenytoin, midazolam and stiripentol.

In the past decade, several new antiepileptic drugs have been tested. Most recently, 5 new antiepileptic drugs have been launched onto European and US markets. These include vigabatrin, oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine in Europe, and felbamate and gabapentin in the US. In addition to these, 3 additional drugs are in the clinical investigational stage: flunarizine, fosphenytoin and stiripentol. A fourth agent is midazolam, which was originally introduced in 1986, but recently has shown effectiveness in the treatment of status epilepticus.
Predictors of weight loss in a behavioral treatment program

The purpose of the present investigation was to assess potential predictors of weight loss in a behaviorally oriented weight-control program. Subjects were 40 (10 male, 30 female) adults who participated in a ten-week weight-loss program. Measures of food intake, physical activity, resting metabolic rate, self-motivation, and mood states were obtained at pretest, posttest, and six-month follow-up. Overall, subjects lost an average of 16.07 pounds although males lost more weight than females. At the six-month follow-up, subjects had maintained a 11.96 pound weight loss. Regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of weight loss at posttest was the reduction of caloric intake. At the six-month follow-up, both posttest caloric intake and changes in metabolic rate predicted relapse. These two variables accounted for over 35% of the variance at the six-month follow-up. The interaction between food intake, caloric reduction, metabolic rate, and weight loss are discussed.
Amorphous surface layers in polyethylene single crystals

Density, heat of fusion and melting temperature data of annealed polyethylene single crystals suggest the existence of a temperature-dependent pseudo-amorphous surface layer which contains chain folds and free chain ends. In the ideal two-phase model, one assumes two such amorphous layers of thickness l/2 each on the two (001) surfaces of the crystalline core of thickness D = L -l, where L is the total thickness of the single crystal. The thickness of such a layer was calculated under the assumption of random length loops and cilia (free chain ends) for the case of adjacent reentry and of a Maxwellian distribution of loop width. The excess energy requirement of the shortest loops with the high concentration of gauche conformations favors longer loops and hence increases the surface layer thickness. The reduction of entropy by the restrictions imposed by finite loop width and the availability of a half space only acts in the opposite direction. The calculated thickness depends on the true supercooling ΔT = Tm° - T if L is kept constant and on relative supercooling ΔTrel = Tm-T, where Tm is the actual melting point of the crystal, if the crystal core thickness D is kept constant. A qualitative agreement between theory and experiment on this basis seems possible by proper consideration of the contribution of loops and cilia.
U.S. Earth Observing System beginning a rapid decline, report states

The U.S. Earth Observing System “is beginning a rapid decline in capability as long-running missions end and key new missions are delayed, lost, or canceled,” according to a 2 May report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) titledEarth Science and Applications From Space: A Midterm Assessment of NASA's Implementation of the Decadal Survey. By 2020 the number of NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth observing instruments in space is likely to decline to as little as 25% of the current number, a concern that reinforces earlier studies that have warned that the U.S. system of environmental satellites is at risk of collapse, according to the report. “The projected loss of observing capability will have profound consequences on science and society, from weather forecasting to responding to natural hazards,” said NRC committee chair Dennis Hartmann, professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. The report does not include planned or proposed missions that are not yet funded. The report notes, though, that “even the most optimistic projected launch cadence remains significantly below what would be required to prevent a major decline in NASA and NOAA's orbiting space assets.”
Hypothermic Behavior in the Hispid Pocket Mouse

Observations on body temperature and metabolism in the cold have shown a clear hibernation response in Perognathus hispidus . The thermal conductance (0.16 cc O2/g-hr-°C) was at an average value for a mammal of this size. The body temperature of the quiet animal was 36.2°C and the basal metabolic level was 1.28 cc O2/g-hr.
Parallel concatenated turbo multiple antenna coded modulation: principles and performance†

A channel-coding scheme is introduced that features parallel concatenated recursive systematic codes with multilevel modulation and multiple transmit/receive antennas. The proposed scheme is a type of turbo space–time codes and is referred to as turbo multiple antenna coded modulation (turbo-MACM). Turbo-MACM combines the advantages of powerful turbo codes with the transmit/receive diversity of multiple antenna coded modulation. The scheme utilizes recursive and systematic constituent codes and features full rate and, as demonstrated by simulations, full spatial diversity. An iterative symbol-by-symbol maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm operating in the log domain is developed for decoding turbo-MACM. Simulation results are provided for 4-PSK and 8-PSK schemes over the block-fading channel. It is shown that the scheme provides an advantage of 3 to 5 dB over conventional space–time codes of comparable complexity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equilibrium gas phase species for MOCVD of AlxGa1−xAs

Abstract Thermochemical properties have been estimated for plausible gas phase intermediates in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of Al x Ga 1− x As. These values have been used in thermodynamic calculations to assess the relative stability of the species for a wide range of operating conditions. The results indicate that polymers and adducts containing Ga and As are unimportant in the gas phase. The most stable intermediates for gallium are GaCH 3 and GaH 2 and, for aluminum, are AlH 3 , AlCH 3 , and AlH 2 . Equilibrium gas phase compositions are presented for different carrier gases and organometallic reactants.
DESIGN TRADE SPACE FOR A MARS ASCENT VEHICLE FOR A MARS SAMPLE RETURN MISSION

Abstract The design of an ascent vehicle for Mars sample return is one of the most challenging problems to be addressed for this type of mission. This paper identifies the spectrum of performance requirements that could be required of a Mars ascent vehicle for a sample return mission. With this understanding of performance requirements, an investigation of technology requirements is presented. These technology requirements are compared to past and existing technology in order to identify which are the lagging technologies and where development investment should be made. Mars ascent approaches which include storable propellants and in-situ production of propellants are considered. Several technology comparisons are performed to illustrate performance regions that are appropriate for different technologies. Several promising propulsion technologies are identified: miniature constant displacement pumps, bladder lined composite tankage, thin wall metal tankage and advanced propellants. Technologies that have been designed, built, tested and flown are emphasized.
How to cope with the foreign‐language problem: Experience gained at a multidisciplinary laboratory

The problem of providing linguistic assistance to scientists in a large institution is reviewed on the basis of the author's personal experience. The various aspects of the problems caused by the foreign-language literature and language-induced difficulties in communication are listed, recommending specific solutions.
Effects of a Nambu-Goldstone boson on the polarization of radio galaxies and the cosmic microwave background

Abstract A coupling gϕE·B to a pseudoscalar field ϕ affects the polarization properties of electromagnetic waves as they propagate through background fields. We analyse the bounds imposed on g from astronomical polarization measurements. If ϕ is the Nambu-Goldstone boson field of a global symmetry spontaneously broken at an energy scale v, the g= Nα πv , with N a model-dependent numerical coefficient. For an exactly massless Nambu-Goldstone boson that N⪆50 is incompatible with the observed correlation between polarization properties and shape of distant radio galaxies and quasars, unless there was inflation after the breakdown of the global symmetry. We also show that propagation through intervening magnetic fields induces a small degree of linear polarization in the cosmic microwave background.
Ephedrine and neuromuscular transmission in vivo

Ephedrine produced either facilitation or depression of indirectly evoked muscle contractions. Facilitation occurred at lower doses (< 1 mg, close-arterially) and when slower frequencies (< 1 Hz) of stimulation were applied. The fast-contracting anterior tibialis muscle was more responsive to either effect of ephedrine, when compared to the slow-contracting soleus muscle; the latter showed little response. At facilitatory concentrations, ephedrine enhanced and prolonged the paralysis induced by d-tubocurarine or succinylcholine. The fact that pretreatment of the cat with the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug, phenoxybenzamine (5mg/kg, i.V.), and/or the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, propranolol (2 mg/kg, i.V.), did not affect either action of ephedrine indicated that ephedrine's action did not involve indirectly released catecholamine or direct activation of adrenotropic receptors. Ephedrine (500 μg, close-arterially) in combination with a minimal facilitatory concentration of an anti-cholinesterase, neostigmine, or a methylxanthine, aminophylline, did not produce the typical potentiating action observed when neostigmine or aminophylline was combined with epinephrine (Breckenridge. Burn and Matschinsky, 1967) or when neostigmine or aminophylline was combined with either catechol or phenol (Blaber and Gallagher, 1971). In fact, ephedrine decreased the facilitatory action of neostigmine. These results suggest that ephedrine has a direct action at the neuromuscular junction that is independent of an adrenotropic or c-AMP-dependent component.
Selective radiation therapy in stage IB uterine cervical carcinoma following radical pelvic surgery

Abstract Thirty-five patients with squamous cell cancer of the cervix, Stage IB, treated by radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection are analyzed for histopathologic factors including (1) depth of cervical stromal invasion, (2) degree of differentiation of the tumor, (3) vascular tumor invasion, and (4) lymph node involvement. The influence of these factors on the outcome is studied. A correlation is found in that the advanced depth of cervical stromal invasion appears to increase the risk of nodal involvement and also the subsequent recurrence in patients with negative nodes. The Grade 2 and Grade 3 disease is more often present in patients with outer one-third cervical stromal invasion, while the vascular tumorous invasion was only found in patients with middle and mostly with outer one-third cervical stromal invasion. A subgroup of patients is described, who are at high risk for recurrent disease following surgery and who may benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy.
Aging and sister chromatid exchange. VIII. Effect of the aging environment on sister chromatid exchange induction and cell cycle kinetics in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A brief note.

Abstract To examine the effect of an aging environment on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction, Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells were introduced into young and old C57BL/6J mice. Background SCE levels were not significantly different in either EAT cell or normal bone marrow cell populations between young and old animals. Despite a decline in SCE induction in bone marrow cells in older mice at high mitomycin C concentrations, SCE induction in EAT cells was not significantly affected by the age of the animal. These findings suggest that the aging environment may not play a major role in the diminished SCE induction observed in old cell populations.
Methodological Approaches to the Question of the Commons

Abstract In this essay we argue that the key barriers to interdisciplinary work between economists and anthropologists are differences of methodology and epistemology—in what the two disciplines consider important to explain and how they evaluate the criteria for a good explanation. The essay is an introduction to three articles, on economics, anthropology, and the question of the commons, that illustrate some of these differences and that suggest both the potential and the pitfalls of trying to bridge these methodological gaps. Our goal is not somehow to resolve the differences. Rather, we are motivated by the belief that understanding what is important to the other discipline, and seeing the differences in the light of that understanding, is important for interdisciplinary work and for respectful conversation. We have highlighted three dichotomies that are emblematic of some of these differences: autonomy versus embeddedness, outcomes versus processes, and parsimony versus complexity. We hope that our d...
Multibaryons in Skyrme and quark models.

In the Skyrme model the spectrum of multibaryon states is computed. Only the B = 2 state is stable. The stability of multibaryon states in the quark model is analyzed as a function of the number of colors (N) and the number of flavors (n). It is found that the spectra of the Skyrme model and the quark model qualitatively agree if N = n = 3 but disagree for an infinite number of colors or flavors.
90: Intrauterine bone growth

At birth, growth and maturation of the newborn are usuallyassessed by clinical, anthropometric and neurological examinations. A new quantitative and objective method is presented: the length of cubitus and radius. A total of 156 newborns, 75 males and 81 females appropiate for gestational age (AGE), from the 24th through the 40th week of gestation were studied. Three independent investigators participated in the collection of the data, only one of them, by necesity, knew the date of the last menstrual period. Bone length was measured by a “DIAL CALIPER HELIOS” with a sensitivity of 10−5 meters. Bone growth in length from the 24th through the 40th week is a linear function with apparently two different slopes, one between 24 and 30 weeks, the other from 31 through 40 weeks. Weekly growth was 1.0 mm for the cubitus and 0.9 mm for the radius. No significant statistical differences in bone growth were observed between males and females. The standard error of the method - was ± 2 weeks. Since by design, cases of intrauterine malnutrition (IM) were not included in the study, its impact on bone length growth could ho be assessed. The hypothesis that IM affects bone length growth is now under study.
"Giant" blastoconidia of Candida albicans: morphologic presentation and concepts regarding their production.

Candida albicans normally produces blastoconidia measuring 2 to 8 microns in diameter. Markedly enlarged "giant" (approximately 30 microns) blastoconidia of a C. albicans isolate (designated BH) were observed after growth on commercially prepared chocolate agar already supplemented with IsoVitalex (BBL-Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD, USA). Morphologically, "giant" blastoconidia presented a spectrum of forms such as blastoconidia with linear creases, with a single broad-based bud resembling Blastomyces dermatididis, with multiple buds resembling Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, or elliptical in shape. "Giant" blastoconidia contained a large oval clear vacuole occupying greater than 50% of the blastoconidium. Pseudohyphae emanating from these blastoconidia were also enlarged and contained a similar oval inclusion. Rarely observed were "giant" blastoconidia with either adherent or internalized blastoconidia uniformly arranged within the blastoconidium. "Giant" or enlarged blastoconidia production was constant, usually approaching 10 to 20% of the blastoconidial units comprising a single colony, irrespective of the number of subcultures. IsoVitalex supplementation of Remel (Lexana, KS, USA) chocolate agar but not a variety of other media also resulted in "giant" blastoconidia production. It is, therefore, theorized that a component(s) of IsoVitalex activates/blocks a gene present in select clones of C. albicans blastoconidia resulting in "giant" or enlarged blastoconidiogenesis.
Restoring consistent global states of distributed computations

We present a mechanism for restoring any consistent global state of a distributed computation. This capability can form the baais of support for rollback and replay of computations, an activity we view aa essential in a comprehensive environment for debugging distributed programs. Our mechanism records occasional state checkpoints and logs all messages communicated between processes. Our mechanism offers flexibility in the following ways: any consistent global state of the computation can be restored; execution can be replayed either exactly as it occurred initially or with user-controlled variations; there is no need to know a prioti what states might be of interest. In addition, if checkpoints and logs are written to stable storage, our mechanism can be used to restore states of computations that cause the system to crash.
Long-term tree productivity of a South Carolina coastal plain forest across a hydrology gradient

Aims In recent years, there has been an increased interest in examining changes in forest systems in response to drought, flooding, hurricanes and climate change. In the southern United States, forested wetlands are of special interest because of the extent of these forests. Coastal plain forested wetlands are among the most vulnerable to these climatic impacts. One of the problems in developing management practices for these coastal areas is the difficulty in adequately describing productivity relations and predicting how the structure and function of these communities might be affected by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Community response to environmental change often occurs over a period of years, and the majority of reported studies are for 1–3 years in duration. This study documents long-term changes (10 years) in structure, composition and growth along a catena of high water table forested sites of an ancient beach ridge landscape in coastal South Carolina. Methods Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of trees was monitored from 2000 to 2009 on three sites within a longleaf pine-swamp blackgum forest system on the southern end of the Waccamaw Neck area of Georgetown County, SC. Permanent study plots (20 3 25 m) were established across a moisture gradient (Dry, Intermediate, and Wet). Water levels were continuously monitored, litterfall was measured monthly and growth of trees >10 cm diameter at breast height was monitored on an annual basis. Annual litterfall and tree production values were summed to provide estimates of ANPP. Important Findings The study site was under severe drought conditions July 2001 through late summer 2002 and again in 2007. Diameter growth was affected in all three sites, but with different patterns. It seems that diameter growth in the Wet site was more sensitive to drought conditions in 2001–02 and 2007 than either Dry or Intermediate sites. While droughts did not seem to have a significant impact on litterfall in the Wet site, litterfall in the Intermediate site was more sensitive to the drought than either Dry or Wet sites. ANPP was significantly lower in both Intermediate and Wet sites in 2001 at 1 000 g/m) occurred in the Intermediate and Wet sites in 2003 following a return to more normal water levels at the end of the drought. Maximum tree production occurred on the Wet site in 2003 (657 g/m), which exceeded total ANPP of any site in 2001. In the Dry site, ANPP remained relatively consistent throughout the study when compared to Wet and Intermediate sites. While litterfall estimates are well defined with 3–5 years of data, data collection is continuing to assess impact of drought on stem growth across the gradient, which is still not clear with 10 years of data.
A Review of: “Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems”

It is surprising that this book represents the first edition of this title in the series Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, given the depth of research and growing importance of polymeric drug ...
I Don't Know How to Start Talking About It Six Poems

This article presents five poems constructed from interviews conducted with five women about their sexual experiences as college students, as well as one poem written by the first author about her own experience. Young women were asked about confusing, problematic, and shameful sexual experiences. The Listening/Reading Guide, a feminist method, was used to identify segments of each interview that were then arranged in poetic form. Poetry was used as an evocative means to present information that does not have a traditional narrative structure. These poems are structured to convey the difficulties inherent in understanding and talking about these experiences. Current discourses of sexual assault and recovery are insufficient for understanding and meaning making in these cases.
Effects of stimulus-response uncertainty on saccades to near-threshold targets.

Kveraga et al. (2002, Exp Brain Res 146(3):307–14) reported that saccade latencies are immune to the effects of stimulus-response uncertainty and constitute one of the few response systems that violate Hick’s law. Similar effects have been reported for keypresses triggered by vibrations of the fingertips, but robust uncertainty effects were subsequently revealed using weak, low-frequency vibrations (Ten Hoopen et al. 1982, Acta Psychol 50:143–157). We wondered whether immunity of saccadic responses would demonstrate a similar intensity-dependency and therefore re-examined the effects of response entropy on saccade latencies using near-threshold visual stimuli. Saccadic latencies remained independent of stimulus-response uncertainty, indicating that saccadic motor programming is unaffected by the duration of the target detection process.
Implications and applications of emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy for biological problems

Abstract Knowledge of the occurrence and function of trace metals in enzymes has been facilitated by development of accurate analytical methods. Emission and absorption spectroscopy have been especially applicable to these problems. Examples of their utilization are provided.
RESTRUCTURING THE REBAR SUPPLY SYSTEM

The rebar supply system includes all the organizations involved in the manufacturing, design, procurement, fabrication, transport, installation, inspection and regulation of reinforcing steel. It also includes their relationships and their processes. That system is highly fragmented and sub-optimized; it needs to be restructured. An industry task force, formed to support the authors’ research , characterized the current state of the system in terms of adversarial relations, low pay, and failure to learn from project-to-project. No one is making an adequate profit, low fees constrain designers from full exercise of their professional capabilities, and drawing quality and desi gn constructability are declining. The task force also proposed a vision of the future state, identified obstacles to its realization and generated basic strategies for overcoming those obstacles. This paper describes these task force outputs and develops its strategies into a plan for reforming the rebar supply system.
Central noradrenergic pathways for the integration of hypothalamic neuroendocrine and autonomic responses

Immunohistochemical and axonal transport methods were used to describe the organization of a series of central noradrenergic pathways that interrelate the nucleus of the solitary tract, which receives primary visceral sensory information, and the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, which participate in autonomic and neuroendocrine modes of homeostatic control. The results indicate that pathways arising from noradrenergic cells in the dorsal vagal complex, the ventrolateral medulla, and the locus coeruleus end in specific subdivisions of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei which are involved in the regulation of responses from the pituitary gland and from both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This circuitry may play an important role in the integration of hypothalamic responses to visceral stimuli.
Numerical solutions of transonic flows by parametric differentiation and integral equation techniques

The paper discusses results of an exploratory study of the advantages obtained by combining integral equation methods with the method of parametric differentiation in the treatment of transonic flow problems. In the proposed method, the nonlinear unsteady transonic flow equation for small perturbations is transformed into a linear equation by the use of the method of parametric differentiation. The linear equation is split into a pair of weakly coupled partial differential equations by writing the transformed perturbation potential as the sum of a steady component and an unsteady component. The solution of the steady equation as an integral equation is based on Ogana's treatment (1978). As a test case, the formulation is applied to predict the steady transonic flow over a nonlifting parabolic-arc airfoil.
AN EXAMINATION BY MEANS OF SCHUSTER'S PERIODOGRAM OF RAINFALL DATA FROM LONG RECORDS IN TYPICAL SECTIONS OF THE WORLD

Abstract SYNOPSIS This is the ninth of a series of papers on the rainfall of the world, and the second on the application of Schuster's Periodogram. In the last application of this method, published in the Monthly Weather Review of October, 1924, periods longer than nine years were investigated. In this one, periods are examined between nine and two and one-sixth years. In the next paper, which is already mostly computed, still shorter periods will be considered. The aim of these investigations is to examine typical sections systematically, so that all facts concerning rainfall periodicities, which are inherently possible in data at the present time, may be established. It is believed by the author that this question requires such a method as the periodogram, through which periodicities and probabilities are shown, entirely free from the personal bias which must affect the judgment when almost any other method is used. At present, it is his belief, the great need is for such a careful examination of data,...
Who invented the color wheel

Previous research, published and unpublished, has shown that early references to color-circle diagrams go back at least to 1611. Scientific records before that date trace four aspects of this history: circles based on seven colors, circles based on four colors, circles organized for a red-yellow-blue mixing system, and historical relationships between pigment primaries and spectral primaries. We conclude that color organization diagrams are at least as old as the 13th century, with the seven-color circle possibly the oldest found, the four-color next (14th-15th centuries), and the red-yellow-blue circle the most recent (18th century). Each evidently rests on antecedent color theories. Although no graphic records of circular systems earlier than 1611 have yet been identified, some may be inferred from extant scientific texts and reconstructed.
Recombination reactions on Ni(111)

Abstract The dissociative adsorption and recombination of CO, N2, SO, and O2 on Ni(111) has been studied by LEED, AES and TPD. The kinetic parameters were determined for O + O, N + N, S + O, Ccarbide + O recombination. All four reactions displayed second order kinetics with pre-exponential factors of 10 −2 ± 1 cm 2 atom·s . The activation energies were E o+o = 440 kJ mol , E N + N = 210 kJ mol , E s+o = 310 kJ mol and E c carbide +o = 175 kJ mol . The kinetics of the Cgraphite + O recombination were found to be first order indicating a condensed graphite phase with reaction at the phase boundary. These kinetics were further complicated due to an apparent phase transition of the adsorbed graphite at 970 K. The TPD results were used to estimate heats of adsorption. These estimates correlated with the heats of formation of bulk compounds.
Intrapulmonary gas trapping during mechanical ventilation at rapid frequencies.

When anesthetized, paralyzed patients were mechanically ventilated at rapid frequencies such that the time available for exhalation was insufficient, gas was retained in the thorax. Gas trapping became more pronounced as respiratory frequency increased. For any patient, the minimum length of time needed for virtual completion of exhalation could be predicted from measurements of total respiratory compliance and resistance. At moderately rapid respiratory frequencies, incomplete exhalation due to insufficient available time was partially compensated by increases in transthoracic pressure that permitted exhalation of larger volumes in the time available and were accompanied by increases in end-expiratory lung volume.
Acquired, Stuttering after a Second Stroke in a Two‐year‐oId

SUMMARY An almost two-year-old left-handed girl with a history of a left-hemisphere stroke at the age of one year developed a transient stutter with newly acquired white matter infarctions. Her course suggests that developmental stuttering may reflect anomalous dominance and/or atypical interhemispheric connectivity. RESUME Begaiernenr acquis apre line seconde atraque chez une fillette de deux ans Une fillette gauchere de prh de deux ans. avec une anamnese dune attaque herniplegique gauche a ľâge ď un an, presenfa un begaiement transitoire aľ occasion ď infarcissements nouveaux de la substance blanche. Son evolution suggtrequ'un begaiernent de developpernent peut traduire une dominance anormale et/ou une connectivitye interhernispherique typique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Erworbenes Slottern nach eineni zweiten Schlagan/oll hei einer Zweijahrigen Ein fast zweijahriges linkshandiges Madchen, das im Alter von einern Jahr einen linksseitigen vorubergehendes Stottern. Dieser Verlauf zeigt, das das Stottern in der Entwicklung Ausdruck einer RESUMEN Tartamudeo adquirido despues de un segundo ictus en una nina de dos anos de edad Una nina de casi dos aaos de edad. zurda. con una historia de un ictus en el hernisferio izquierdo al ano de edad, sufrio una tartamudez transitoria despues de un nuevo infarto de substancia blanco. El Schlaganfall hatte, entwickelte durch weitere lnfarkte im Bereich der weiRen Substanz ein nicht normalen Dorninanz undloder einer atypischen interhemispharischen Verknupfung sein kann. curso que siguio sugiere que el tartamudeo de desarrollo puede reflejar una dominancia anomala y/o una conexion atipica interhemisferica
EFFECTS OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) ON IDIOPATHIC NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (INS)

NS episodes (NSE) are occasionally associated with UTI. However, the effect of UTI on NS is not clearly understood. We compared the clinico-laboratory findings and progress in steroid therapy (ST) of 22 NSE which, at onset were not on ST and had UTI with those of 22 other NSE without UTI. These occurred in 11 of 41 patients during an average follow-up of 54 years. The two groups included 21 steroid sensitive (SS) and one resistant NSE. Diagnosis and ST were based on ISKDC protocol. Antibiotics were administered for UTI. The ↑ BP (> 2SD) proteinuria mg/m2/hr and other laboratory findings (mean ± 1SD) were: In addition, the mean duration of proteinuria (17 days) in the UTI group was longer than those without UTI (P<0.01). NSE associated with UTI is characterized by ↑ BP, ↑ serum creatinine, higher ESR and serum cholesterol, lower GFR and serum albumin and more severe prolonged proteinuria. Recognition of these adverse effects may enhance management of NS.
Rasputin Functions as a Positive Regulator of Orb in Drosophila Oogenesis

The determination of cell fate and the establishment of polarity axes during Drosophila oogenesis depend upon pathways that localize mRNAs within the egg chamber and control their on-site translation. One factor that plays a central role in regulating on-site translation of mRNAs is Orb. Orb is a founding member of the conserved CPEB family of RNA-binding proteins. These proteins bind to target sequences in 3′ UTRs and regulate mRNA translation by modulating poly(A) tail length. In addition to controlling the translation of axis-determining mRNAs like grk, fs(1)K10, and osk, Orb protein autoregulates its own synthesis by binding to orb mRNA and activating its translation. We have previously shown that Rasputin (Rin), the Drosophila homologue of Ras-GAP SH3 Binding Protein (G3BP), associates with Orb in a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex. Rin is an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein believed to function as a link between Ras signaling and RNA metabolism. Here we show that Orb and Rin form a complex in the female germline. Characterization of a new rin allele shows that rin is essential for oogenesis. Co-localization studies suggest that Orb and Rin form a complex in the oocyte at different stages of oogenesis. This is supported by genetic and biochemical analyses showing that rin functions as a positive regulator in the orb autoregulatory pathway by increasing Orb protein expression. Tandem Mass Spectrometry analysis shows that several canonical stress granule proteins are associated with the Orb-Rin complex suggesting that a conserved mRNP complex regulates localized translation during oogenesis in Drosophila.
Turbulent diffusion from a quasi-kinematical point of view

An estimate for the coefficient of self‐diffusion can be derived whenever the Eulerian velocity spectrum is known. The result is more general than those previously obtained. A comparison is made with computed test‐particle diffusion in an inviscid two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes fluid.
Cognitive reserve: implications for diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that higher occupational attainment and education, as well as increased participation in intellectual, social, and physical aspects of daily life, are associated with slower cognitive decline in healthy elderly and may reduce the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is also evidence from structural and functional imaging studies that patients with such life experiences can tolerate more AD pathology before showing signs of clinical dementia. It has been hypothesized that such aspects of life experience may result in functionally more efficient cognitive networks and, therefore, provide a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of clinical manifestations of dementia. In this article, we review some of the relevant literature of the noted associations between markers of cognitive reserve and AD and discuss the possible mechanisms that may explain these associations.
Linear furocoumarins and other constituents from thamnosma texana

Abstract Eight linear furocoumarins and three coumarins were isolated and identified from Thamnosma texana . They were xanthotoxin, imperatorin, bergapten, alloimperatorin methyl ether epoxide, heraclenin, isopimpinellin, psoralen, oxypeucedanin, and the coumarins herniarin, osthol and thamnosmin. The linear furocoumarins appear to be agents that account for the known photosensitizing properties of Thamnosma texana , and consequently its colloquial name, ‘blisterweed.’ This is the first report on the occurrence of imperatorin, heraclenin, oxypeucedanin, herniarin or osthol in any Thamnosma species.