cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of native chicken fibrinogen at 2.7 A resolution

The crystal structure of native chicken fibrinogen (320 kDa) complexed with two synthetic peptides has been determined at a resolution of 2.7 A. The structure provides the first atomic-resolution view of the polypeptide chain arrangement in the central domain where the two halves of the molecule are joined, as well as of a putative thrombin-binding site. The amino-terminal segments of the alpha and beta chains, including fibrinopeptides A and B, are not visible in electron density maps, however, and must be highly disordered. The alphaC domain is also very disordered. A residue by residue analysis of the coiled coils with regard to temperature factor shows a strong correlation between mobility and plasmin attack sites. It is concluded that structural flexibility is an inherent feature of fibrinogen that plays a key role in both its conversion to fibrin and its subsequent destruction by plasmin.
Can we transplant conceptual frameworks of healthcare quality evaluation from developed countries into developing countries

Quality assessments are slowly being recognized as integral components of new and existing healthcare programs in India. The adoption of the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) by the National Rural Health Mission is a hallmark initiative in this area. This paper provides a perspective on whether we can adapt sophisticated quality improvement techniques offered by developed countries to measure healthcare quality in our local contexts.
Noninvasive tissue characterization: Diagnosis of lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

An atrial septal mass was identified by echocardiogram in a patient with multiple subcutaneous lipomas. In order to differentiate the benign condition of lipomatous hypertrophy from myxoma, thrombus and other tumors, nuclear magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging were performed. Both techniques identified the adipose nature of the tissue noninvasively, consistent with the diagnosis of lipomatous hypertrophy. Pathologically demonstrated lipomatous hypertrophy in a postmortem heart was similarly characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
Proton-coupled electron transfer kinetics for the hydrogen evolution reaction of hangman porphyrins

Cobalt hangman porphyrins catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The hangman group is observed to facilitate HER by mediating a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction. The details of the PCET pathway have been determined by comparing rate constants associated with the ET and PT processes of the hangman system to those of the corresponding values measured for porphyrins that lack an internal proton relay. A rapid intramolecular proton transfer from the carboxylic acid hanging group to the reduced cobalt centre of 8.5 × 106 s−1 provides a facile pathway for the formation of Co(II)H, which leads directly to H2 generation.
Insulin-dependent regulation of the insulin-sensitivity of adipocytes

THE responsiveness of a target organ to insulin is evidently subject to regulation. This phenomenon is best demonstrated by the presence in man and animals of insulin-resistant states1–4. Since these states are usually accompanied by elevations in plasma insulin levels, a role for insulin in the modulation of insulin-sensitivity of target organs has been proposed4–6. Here we present direct evidence for ‘self-modulation’ by insulin of the insulin-sensitivity of adipocytes. The change in insulin-sensitivity occurs in conjunction with an alteration in the capability of the cells to bind insulin. However, it is not clear if this alteration contributes to the insulin resistance since the change in binding was detected only at relatively high concentrations of 125I-labelled insulin.
Cholesterol and Mortality: Assumptions, Possible Errors

Excerpt To the editor: Taylor and colleagues' (1) model of the effect of cholesterol reduction on life expectancy may be flawed, as examination of their Figure 1 suggests. How can following a dieta...
Inlet flow distortion in turbomachinery - Comparison of theory and experiment in a transonic fan stage

Consideration is given to both velocity and temperature circumferential inlet distortions at upstream infinity (Seidel et al., 1980). The blade rows here are modeled as semiactuator disks, and losses and quasi-steady deviation angle correlations are included in the analysis. The governing equations are linearized, and the perturbations in stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature at upstream infinity are represented as Fourier series. The flow in the rotor is modeled as inviscid, one-dimensional, unsteady, and compressible. the flow is steady elsewhere. The deviation angles for the rotor and stator are taken to be functions of the relative inlet angle and Mach number, and use is made of the correlations contained in Johnson and Bullock (1965). It is assumed that the losses in relative stagnation pressure in the rotor and stator occur across the trailing edge. Boundary conditions applied at the various stations furnish the equations that make it possible to solve for the several quantities introduced in the linearization of the governing equations.
A Simplified Method to Measure the Diffusion Tensor from Seven MR Images

Analytical expressions of the diffusion tensor of water, D, and of scalar invariants derived from it, are given in terms of the intensities of seven diffusion-weighted images (DWIs). These formulas simplify the post-processing steps required in diffusion tensor imaging, including estimating D in each voxel (from the set of b-matrices and their corresponding DWIs), and then computing its eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and scalar invariants. In a study conducted using artifact-free DWIs with high diffusion weighting (bmax approximately 900 s/mm2, maps of Trace(D) and the Relative and Lattice Anisotropy indices calculated analytically and by multivariate linear regression showed excellent agreement in brain parenchyma of a healthy living cat. However, the quality of the analytically computed maps degraded markedly as diffusion weighting was reduced. Although diffusion tensor MRI with seven DWIs may be useful for clinical applications where rapid scanning and data processing are required, it does not provide estimates of the uncertainty of the measured imaging parameters, rendering it susceptible to noise and systematic artifacts. Therefore, care should be taken when using this technique in radiological applications.
Influence of specimen features on the strength of boron/epoxy-reinforced metal

Experimental results are presented which indicate that the ultimate tensile strength of aluminum reinforced with boron/epoxy composite may be significantly affected by the configuration of the specimen, and whether it was individually laid-up or cut from a larger piece of material. Coupon specimens which were individually laid-up exhibited strengths close to that predicted by theory. However, specimens cut from large plates had strengths about 38 percent of predicted values. All specimens had a one-half inch (12.7 mm) wide gage section. For individually laid-up specimens, it was found that specimens which were loaded through fiberglass tabs yielded higher ultimate tensile strengths than modified dogbone specimens with load introduction through stepped load-transfer regions. Machining along the edges was found to have little influence on the strength of the specimens used in this study.
A combined penalty function and gradient projection method for nonlinear programming

A new programming algorithm for nonlinear constrained optimization problems is proposed. The method is based on the penalty function approach and thereby circumyents the necessity to maintain feasibility at each iteration, but it also behaves much like the gradient projection method. Although only first-order information is used, the algorithm converges asymptotically at a rate which is independent of the magnitude of the penalty term; hence, unlike the simple gradient method, the asymptotic rate of the proposed method is not affected by the ill-conditioning associated with the introduction of the penalty term. It is shown that the asymptotic rate of convergence of the proposed method is identical with that of the gradient projection method.
The “looks” of Helmholtz

A biographical sketch (with picture) of Helmholtz is given along with a description of his invention of the ophthalmoscope and the development of his trichromatic theory of color vision. Modern findings concerning the visual receptors for color vision are then reviewed. These include: electron micrographic studies of the retina, wavelength absorption spectra of single cone receptors, response potentials recorded from such receptors, bleaching spectra of cone pigments, electroretinograms showing components triggered by cones and matched by human psychophysical data, and finally the derivation of human color response functions from retinal potential waves produced by alternating stimulation with lights of different wavelengths.
On the battlefield of memory: The First World War and American remembrance, 1919–1941

On the battlefield of memory: The First World War and American remembrance, 1919–1941, by Steven Trout, Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 2010, Xxxiii + 304 pp., $44.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-...
Portrait of Benjamin Howard Rand

269 this painting quite different from the many portraits of Eakins’ later career in which the subjects, their character portrayed in a penetrating manner, are usually seen isolated from their surroundings. This early Eakins portrait has been widely exhibited, including at the 1875 Philadelphia Centennial International Exposition and at the 1917 Memorial Exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (Philadelphia). Stefan C. Schatzki1
Slow and Spike Potentials Recorded from Retinula Cells of the Honeybee Drone in Response to Light

Responses to light recorded by means of intracellular microelectrodes in isolated heads kept in oxygenated Ringer solution consist of a slow depolarization. Light adaptation increases the rates of depolarization and repolarization and decreases the amplitude of the response. Qualitatively these changes are similar to those observed in Limulus by Fuortes and Hodgkin. They are rapidly reversible during dark adaptation. In retinula cells of the drone eye a large single spike is recorded superimposed on the rising phase of the slow potential. The spike is a regenerative phenomenon; it can be triggered with electric current and is markedly reduced, sometimes abolished by tetrodotoxin. In rare cases cells were found which responded to light with a train of spikes. This behavior was only found under "unusual" experimental conditions; i.e., towards the end of a long experiment, during impalement, or at the beginning of responses to steps of strongly light-adapted preparations.
Electrodiagnostic abnormalities in 15 patients with posttraumatic syringomyelia: pre- and postoperative studies

Electrodiagnostic abnormalities in 15 patients with posttraumatic syringomyelia: pre- and postoperative studies
Are preferences for skewness fixed or fungible

Are individual preferences for skewness fixed or fungible? Using preference reversals as a case study, we find evidence that preferences remained stable as reversals disappear due to arbitrage across both market-like and non-market contexts.
Biochemical basis of action of gastrointestinal hormones.

The actions of secretin and VIP on pancreatic enzyme secretion result from their abilities to activate adenylate cyclase and increase cellular cyclic AMP. The actions of cholecystokinin, cholinergic agents, caerulein, bombesin, litorin, physalaemin, and eledoisin on pancreatic enzyme secretion result from their abilities to cause release of bound cellular calcium. Although this action causes an increase in cellular cyclic GMP, it remains to be determined whether or not cyclic GMP is a mediator of the action of secretagogues on pancreatic enzyme secretion. Secretagogues that increase cyclic AMP do not alter calcium transport or cyclic GMP and do not modify the changes in calcium transport or cyclic GMP caused by other agents. Secretagogues that cause release of cellular calcium and increase cyclic GMP do not alter cyclic AMP and do not cause major changes in the increase in cyclic AMP produced by other secretagogues. Although the two mechanisms of action of pancreatic secretagogues are initially distinct, they interact at some presently undefined step, and this interaction results in potentiation of enzyme secretion. The finding that two agents potentiate each other has important implications for the mechanisms of action of the two agents and has potential therapeutic applications.
DisplayCluster: An Interactive Visualization Environment for Tiled Displays

Display Cluster is an interactive visualization environment for cluster-driven tiled displays. It provides a dynamic, desktop-like windowing system with built-in media viewing capability that supports ultra high-resolution imagery and video content and streaming that allows arbitrary applications from remote sources (such as laptops or remote visualization machines) to be shown. This support extends to high-performance parallel visualization applications, enabling interactive streaming and display for hundred-mega pixel dynamic content. Display Cluster also supports multi-user, multi-modal interaction via devices such as joysticks, smart phones, and the Microsoft Kinect. Further, our environment provides a Python-based scripting interface to automate any set of interactions. In this paper, we describe the features and architecture of Display Cluster, compare it to existing tiled display environments, and present examples of how it can combine the capabilities of large-scale remote visualization clusters and high-resolution tiled display systems. In particular, we demonstrate that Display Cluster can stream and display up to 36 mega pixels in real time and as many as 144 mega pixels interactively, which is 3× faster and 4× larger than other available display environments. Further, we achieve over a gig pixel per second of aggregate bandwidth streaming between a remote visualization cluster and our tiled display system.
Duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis is related inversely to presenting disease stage in children with medulloblastoma.

BACKGROUND The authors tested the hypothesis that children with a longer duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis of medulloblastoma have more advanced disease. In addition, they evaluated whether there are correlations between gender, duration of presenting symptoms, and disease stage. METHODS The study population consisted of 122 patients with medulloblastoma who were evaluated between 1974 and 1999. The data abstracted from each chart included the date of diagnosis, date of birth, gender, race, presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms in weeks, and disease stage. RESULTS There were 70 males (57%) and 52 females (43%); 105 Caucasians (86%), 16 non-Caucasians (13%), and 1 patient of unknown race. Eighteen percent of the patients were age ≤ 3 years, 59% were ages 4–16 years, and 23% were age ≥ 17 years. The presenting stage was determined in 108 patients. Thirty-eight patients (35%) had high stage disease (T1–T4 M1–M4), and 70 patients (65%) had low stage disease (T1–T4 M0). The most common presenting symptoms were emesis (68%), headache (66%), nausea (40%), and ataxia (40%). The median symptom durations for patients ages 0–3 years were 4 weeks and 8 weeks for both those ages 4–16 years and those age ≥ 17 years, respectively (P > 0.11). The median symptom duration for males (8 weeks) was longer than for females (5 weeks; P = 0.08). Patients with low stage disease had a median duration of symptoms (8 weeks) that was significantly greater compared with patients with high stage disease (4 weeks; P = 0.01). Relating patient age to disease stage, 47% of patients ages 0–3 years had high stage disease; 36% of patients ages 4–16 years had high stage disease; and 24% of patients age ≥ 17 years had high stage disease (P = 0.20). Relating disease stage to gender, 40% of males had high stage disease compared with 28% of females (P = 0.20). Of the factors age, gender, race, and duration of symptoms, only the later was correlated significantly with disease stage at the time of presentation in both univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to expectations, the duration of presenting symptoms was correlated inversely with disease state at the time of presentation. This finding has implications for lawsuits alleging that a “delay in diagnosis” leads to more advanced disease. There is weak evidence (P = 0.08) that males have a longer duration of symptoms than females. This may be related to gender-associated behavior expectations. Cancer 2001;91:1444–50. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Integrating real and financial options in demand-side electricity contracts

Abstract In a competitive electricity market traditional demand-side management (DSM) options offering customers curtailable service at reduced rates are replaced by voluntary customer responses to electricity spot prices. In this new environment, customers wishing to ensure a fixed electricity price while taking advantage of their flexibility to curtail loads can do so by purchasing a forward electricity contract bundled with a financial option that provides a hedge against price risk and reflects the “real options” available to the customer. This paper describes a particular financial instrument referred to as a “double-call” option and derives the value of that option under the assumption that forward electricity prices behave as a geometric Brownian motion process. It is shown that a forward contract bundled with an appropriate double-call option provides a “Perfect hedge” for customers, which can curtail loads in response to high spot prices and can mitigate their curtailment losses when the curtailment decision is made with sufficient lead time.
Direct surface functionalization of indium tin oxide via electrochemically induced assembly

A new methodology has been developed to covalently bond organic functional monolayer on ITO through electrochemically induced assembly of organophosphonic acids. These robust aromatic phosphonates can be deposited on ITO under typical electrochemical conditions at ambient temperature.
New limits from single-photon searches at e+e- colliders.

We consider the possibility of radiative pair production of millicharged matter (particles with effective electric charge epsilone where epsilon<<1) in e/sup +/e/sup -/ collisions and give constraints on the charge (epsilon) of light (< few GeV) millicharged particles from recent single-photon experiments at the SLAC and DESY e/sup +/e/sup -/ storage rings PEP and PETRA. Following a recent suggestion, we also derive limits on a possible anomalous W magnetic moment from these data.
14 C-catecholamine synthesis in mouse brain during morphine withdrawal.

AFTER a single injection of morphine or related narcotic analgesics, incorporation of 14C-tyrosine into 14C-catecholamines is increased markedly in the brains of mice1,2 and rats3. However, repeated administration of these drugs results in the development of tolerance to their effects upon 14C-catecholamine synthesis1,2. We have determined that once complete tolerance has developed, the mouse brain cannot maintain normal rates of catecholamine synthesis without the continued administration of morphine.
Enhancing the effectiveness of management education with a tone of music and the mystique of magic

The basic differences between good management education and excellent management education is the dynamism of the speaker and exciting materials. This paper is designed to introduce management educators to such materials. While not totally novel and unique, music and magic activities are becoming more and more widely utilized to enhance the dynamism and excitement of management education. They can also be easily customized to be utilized as icebreakers and/or energizers, or used as complete interactive exercises to enhance the management education process. The old proverb that “a lesson taught with an entertaining facet is a lesson retained” is still alive and well.
Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Mems-Based Pin Fin Heat Sink

An experimental study has been performed on single-phase heat transfer of de-ionized water over a bank of shrouded micro pin fins 243-μm long with hydraulic diameter of 99.5-μm. Heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers have been obtained over effective heat fluxes ranging from 3.8 to 167 W/cm2 and Reynolds numbers from 14 to 112. The results were used to derive the Nusselt numbers and total thermal resistances. It has been found that endwalls effects are significant at low Reynolds numbers and diminish at higher Reynolds numbers.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A random pore model for fluid‐solid reactions: I. Isothermal, kinetic control

For fluid-solid reactions, a random pore model is developed which allows for arbitrary pore size distributions in the reacting solid. The model can represent the behavior of a system that shows a maximum in reaction rate as well as one that does not, and it identifies an optimal pore structure for either of such systems. It is demonstrated that the new model subsumes several earlier treatments as special cases. By comparison with the grain model, a relationship is derived between the effective grain shape factor and a pore structure parameter defined here. When the variance of the pore size distribution is effectively zero, the new results approach those predicted by the Petersen (1957) model over a large range of conversions. The char gasification data of Hashimoto et al. (1979) are shown to produce correlations consistent with the expectations of the new model.
Carcinogenic Substance from Human Cancer

J. F. MENKE1 obtained lipid extracts from human breast cancer which, when injected into white mice, induced, in seven of thirty-six animals so treated, the development of sarcomas at the site of injection. In our experiments analogous extracts were prepared from various human cancers. Two extracts were prepared from gastric carcinoma, three extracts from breast carcinoma, and two extracts from fibrosarcoma. Each of the extracts was tested separately.
Was Napoleon a Military Genius? Score: Carlyle 1, Tolstoy 1

Carlyle's “Great Man” theory and Tolstoy's “Zeitgeist” theory provide two alternative explanations of historical events. Yet a quantitative study of the military career of Napoleon and his contempo...
Decoupling approximation design using the peak to peak gain

Abstract Linear system design for accurate decoupling approximation is examined using the peak to peak gain of the error system. The design problem consists in finding values of system parameters to ensure that this gain is small. For this purpose a computationally inexpensive upper bound on the peak to peak gain, namely the star norm, is minimized using a stochastic method. Examples of the methodology's application to tensegrity structures design are presented. Connections between the accuracy of the approximation, the damping matrix, and the natural frequencies of the system are examined, as well as decoupling in the context of open and closed loop control.
Developmental regulation of skull morphology. I. Ontogenetic dynamics of variance

SUMMARY Canalization may play a critical role in molding patterns of integration when variability is regulated by the balance between processes that generate and remove variation. Under these conditions, the interaction among those processes may produce a dynamic structure of integration even when the level of variability is constant. To determine whether the constancy of variance in skull shape throughout most of postnatal growth results from a balance between processes generating and removing variation, we compare covariance structures from age to age in two rodent species, cotton rats (Sigmodon fulviventer) and house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). We assess the overall similarity of covariance matrices by the matrix correlation, and compare the structures of covariance matrices using common subspace analysis, a method related to common principal components (PCs) analysis but suited to cases in which variation is so nearly spherical that PCs are ambiguous. We find significant differences from age to age in covariance structure and the more effectively canalized ones tend to be least stable in covariance structure. We find no evidence that canalization gradually and preferentially removes deviations arising early in development as we might expect if canalization results from compensatory differential growth. Our results suggest that (co)variation patterns are continually restructured by processes that equilibrate variance, and thus that canalization plays a critical role in molding patterns of integration.
Pheromonal composition of two species of African Amblyomma ticks: similarities, differences and possible species specific components

Two species of bont ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum, common to Africa were studied to compare types and quantities of compounds known or believed to serve as components of the attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAAP). A complex of attraction, aggregation and attachment stimulating pheromone components are used by these ticks to detect hosts, mates and, perhaps, minimize interspecific breeding. Solvent extraction of pheromone emitting ticks followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed little qualitative difference in the composition of the AAAP in these two species. However, subtle differences in the relative proportions of the pheromonal blend are noted suggesting that such differences in concentration may facilitate species-specific discrimination during aggregation and attachment. Differences in the relative abundance of benzaldehyde and methyl salicylate in the males of the two species were especially noteworthy. Possible means by which such differences in phenolic compound composition may affect the behavior of these ticks are discussed.
Secondary vascular procedures with polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for lower extremity ischemia in a male veteran population.

Abstract Secondary vascular procedures to below-knee vessels for lower extremity ischemia present a challenge to the vascular surgeon. Autogenous vein is often unavailable and failure of the previous bypass often limits the choice of distal vessels suitable for revascularization. This dilemma raises the question of amputation vs secondary vascular surgery. To address this question we reviewed the results of our previous aggressive approach to revascularization in a select group of 25 patients (26 limbs) who had secondary procedures with polytetrafluoroethylene grafts to tibial vessels or the infragenicular popliteal artery with single-vessel runoff. Nine of these 26 bypasses (35%) have remained patent for a mean of 17.2 months and no amputations have been done in this group. The other 17 bypasses (65%) have occluded from 1 day to 36 months postoperatively (mean 4.3 months); 15 of these limbs have required major amputation (58%). Ten were performed within the first 3 months postoperatively. Thirteen of the 25 patients died in the follow-up period (mean 27.5 months); five of these patients had viable limbs. Of 12 surviving patients (mean follow-up 19.9 months), six had viable limbs and six have required amputation. These results indicate that patients having secondary vascular surgical procedures with polytetrafluoroethylene grafts to tibial vessels have a high amputation rate and poor overall survival. Within this select group of patients, those who could walk with the aid of a prosthesis should be considered as candidates for primary amputation. This would facilitate rehabilitation and avoid the anguish of recurrent graft failure and multiple procedures. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:137-42.)
A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis and Management of Bone and Joint Infections

Infectious arthritis arises from haematogenous spread of organisms through the synovial membrane or from the direct extension of a contiguous infection. The diagnosis rests on the isolation of the pathogen(s) from joint fluid obtained by aspiration or from debridement. Synovial fluid analysis and Gram stains provide clues to the aetiology. The treatment of septic arthritis includes appropriate antimicrobial therapy and joint drainage. Bone infections are currently classified by the Waldvogel or Cierny-Mader classifications. Cierny-Mader staging allows stratification and development of comprehensive treatment guidelines for each stage. Osteomyelitis therapy emphasises early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. Radiographs and bone cultures are the mainstays of diagnosis. Radionuclide scans, computerised tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be obtained when the diagnosis of osteomyelitis is equivocal or to help gauge the extent of the infection. Medical therapy includes improving any host deficiencies, initial antibiotic selection and antibiotic modification based on culture results. Surgical treatment involves debridement of necrotic bone and tissue, obtaining appropriate cultures, managing dead space and, when necessary, obtaining bone stability.
The influence of sex versus sex-related traits on long-term memory for gist and detail from an emotional story

Recent findings demonstrate sex-related differences in the neurobiological mechanisms by which emotional arousal influences memory, and raise questions about the extent to which memory for emotional events may differ between males and females. Here we examine whether sex-related differences exist in the recall of central (gist) information and peripheral detail from an emotional story. Healthy subjects viewed a brief, narrated slide-show containing emotional elements in its middle section. One week later, they received an incidental multiple-choice recognition test for the story. Following the test, each subject completed the BEM Sex-Role Inventory, an assessment of sex-related masculine and feminine traits. The results reveal no differences in recall of either central or peripheral story information when considering the performance of actual men and women, but a significant difference when considering male and females as determined by their BEM test scores. "BEM" males (subjects with net male BEM scores) showed significantly enhanced recall of central emotional information. "BEM" females did not. Both groups showed significantly enhanced recall of peripheral emotional information, although this effect appeared larger in BEM females than in BEM males. The influences of "BEM" sex and type of information (central, peripheral) significantly interacted to influence emotional memory performance. These findings confirm the existence of sex-related influences in the recall of emotional information, and suggest that sex-related traits, rather than actual sex per se, may be a more sensitive indicator of these influences.
Dietary hyperphagia and obesity: What causes them?

Diets that cause animals to overeat and become obese have been used in many investigations of obesity. Most of this research, however, has concentrated on the consequences rather than the causes of overeating. Furthermore, in most studies, several nutritional variables were manipulated simultaneously, making cause and effect relationship impossible to disentangle. Consequently, progress has been slow. Diets could alter energy intake by virtue of their effects on oral-sensory, gastrointestinal or postabsorptive effects. Palatability is the most popular oralsensory hypothesis but the empirical basis for this hypothesis is particularly weak. A substantial body of evidence is consistent with the possibility that the osmotic effects of diets in the gastrointestinal tract and metabolic postabsorptive factors may play a major role in dietary hyperphagia and obesity. Suggestions for future research directions are offered.
MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF THE MORAL MAJORITY PLATFORM: SHIFTING INTEREST GROUP COALITIONS*

The issues raised by the New Political Right and the Moral Majority have overlapped in recent political history. Researchers have assumed that a single additive scale across conservative issues can identify the base of support for the Moral Majority as an organization. We examine general support for the Moral Majority separately from support for six specific issues: teaching creationism, voluntary public school prayer, military defense spending, gun control, pornography and abortion. Data are from a 1982 random sample of adult respondents from Nebraska (N=1907). Overall, support for the Moral Majority organization is low. Discriminant analysis identifies fundamentalist and evangelical religious affiliation and Biblical literalism as independent predictors of support for the Moral Majority per se. Education increases knowledge of the organization, but does not influence support for it. Respondents with high income levels are more likely to support the Moral Majority organization. These findings contradict theories of both status politics and cultural fundamentalism. Support for the six specific platform items also varies considerably and is affected by religious conservatism and, independently, by other attitudinal and demographic indicators including age, sex, income, rural residence, education and perception of declining economic conditions. These patterns do not entirely fit the predictions of status politics or cultural fundamentalism theories. Rather, they provide evidence that distinct coalitions form on specific issues. Our conclusion is that a simple additive index of support for the Moral Majority masks these differences and oversimplifies complex patterns of coalitions in the religio-political arena.
Rapid Buildup of Brain White Matter Hyperintensities Over 4 Years Linked to Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Mobility, Cognition, and Depression in Old Persons

Background. Brain white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are associated with functional decline in older people. We performed a 4-year cohort study examining progression of WMH, its effects on mobility, cognition, and depression with the role of clinic and 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure as a predisposing factor. Methods. Ninety-nine subjects, 75–89 years were stratified by age and mobility, with the 67 completing 4-years comprising the cohort. Mobility, cognition, depressive symptoms, and ambulatory blood pressure were assessed, and WMH volumes were determined by quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance images. Results. WMH increased from 0.99 ± 0.98% of intracranial cavity volume at baseline to 1.47 ± 1.2% at 2 years and 1.74 ± 1.30% after 4 years. Baseline WMH was associated with 4-year WMH (p < .0001), explaining 83% of variability. Small, but consistent mobility decrements and some evidence of cognitive decline were noted over 4 years. Regression analyses using baseline and 4-year WMHs were associated with three of five mobility measures, two of four cognitive measures and the depression scale, all performed at 4 years. Increases in ambulatory systolic blood pressure but not clinic systolic blood pressure during the initial 2 years were associated with greater WMH accrual during those years, while ambulatory systolic blood pressure was related to WMH at 4 years. Conclusion. Declines in mobility, cognition, and depressive symptoms were related to WMH accrual over 4 years, and WMH was related to out-of-office blood pressure. This suggests that prevention of microvascular disease, even in asymptomatic older persons, is fundamental for preserving function. There may be value in tighter 24-hour blood pressure control in older persons although this requires further investigation.
Formal test specifications in open systems

The development of formal test specifications for an open system standard is described. The effort is being conducted within the environment provided by the Clemson Automated Testing System (CATS). CATS features the ability to automatically translate formal test specifications into executable tests. The formal test specifications are written in accordance with a specification language designed in support of this effort. An overview of the CATS architecture and formal test specification language provide a backdrop for an experience report on the development of formal test specifications for IEEE Std 1003.5 POSIX Ada Language Interfaces. A discussion of scale-up issues concludes the paper.
Spontaneous emission lifetime of the C &#8594; A band of the XeF molecule

The radiative lifetime of the blue C \rightarrow A transition of XeF has been measured to be 93 ± 5 ns by monitoring the exponentially decaying 460 nm emission following rapid electron impact dissociation of XeF 2 . By varying the XeF 2 partial pressure, the rate constant for quenching of XeF ( C ) by XeF 2 was determined to be (1.8 \pm 0.5) \cdot 10^{-10} cm3. s-1. Finally, knowledge of the XeF B and C state lifetimes yields a revised value of 610 ± 60 cm-1for the B to C state energy defect.
Impact of Poor Retention in HIV Medical Care on Hepatitis B Vaccination

Background:We identified factors associated with complete hepatitis B vaccination of patients with HIV.Methods:Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing HIV clinic orientation from 2000 to 2010. Vaccine-eligible patients had negative hepatitis B serologies at baseline. Receipt of at least 3 doses was defined as complete vaccination.Results:Of 1242 patients, 519 (42%) were completely vaccinated. Complete vaccination was positively associated with missing ≤25% of the visits during the first year of care (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.79-3.09), being naive to care (aOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.13-1.99), and living at the clinic’s county (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02-1.75). Complete vaccination was negatively associated with failure to remain in care >2 years (aOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.13-0.24), history of intravenous drug use (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27-0.87), and baseline CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 (aOR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.53-0.92).Conclusion:Poor retention in HIV care is strongly associa...
Realizing Colloidal Artificial Ice on Arrays of Optical Traps

We demonstrate how a colloidal version of artificial ice can be realized on optical trap lattices. Using numerical simulations, we show that this system obeys the ice rules and that for strong colloid-colloid interactions, an ordered ground state appears. We show that the ice-rule ordering can occur for systems with as few as 24 traps and that the ordering transition can be observed at constant temperature by varying the barrier strength of the traps.
Fourth workshop on refactoring tools (WRT 2011)

Refactoring is the process of applying behavior-preserving transformations to a program with the objective of improving the program's design. A specific refactoring is identified by a name (e.g., Extract Method), a set of preconditions, and a set of transformations that need to be performed. Tool support for refactoring is essential because checking the preconditions of refactoring often requires nontrivial program analysis, and applying transformations may affect many locations throughout a program. In recent years, the emergence of light-weight programming methodologies such as Extreme Programming has generated a great amount of interest in refactoring, and refactoring support has become a required feature in today's IDEs. This workshop is a continuation of a series of previous workshops (ECOOP 2007, OOPSLA 2008 and 2009 - see http://refactoring.info/WRT) where researchers and developers of refactoring tools can meet and discuss recent ideas and work, and view tool demonstrations.
Abuse-related neurochemical and behavioral effects of cathinone and 4-methylcathinone stereoisomers in rats

Cathinone and many of its analogs produce behavioral effects by promoting transporter-mediated release of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and/or serotonin. Stereoselectivity is one determinant of neurochemical and behavioral effects of cathinone analogs. This study compared effectiveness of the S(-) and R(+) enantiomers of cathinone and 4-methylcathinone to produce in vitro monoamine release and in vivo abuse-related behavioral effects in rats. For neurochemical studies, drug effects were evaluated on monoamine release through dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters (DAT, NET and SERT, respectively) in rat brain synaptosomes. For behavioral studies, drug effects were evaluated on responding for electrical brain stimulation in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. The cathinone enantiomers differed in potency [S(-)>R(+)], but both enantiomers were >50-fold selective at promoting monoamine release through DAT vs. SERT, and both enantiomers produced ICSS facilitation. The 4-methylcathinone enantiomers also differed in potency [S(-)>R(+)]; however, in neurochemical studies, the decrease in potency from S(-) to R(+)4-methylcathinone was less for DAT than for SERT, and as a result, DAT vs. SERT selectivity was greater for R(+) than for S(-)4-methylcathinone (4.1- vs. 1.2-fold). Moreover, in behavioral studies, S(-)4-methylcathinone produced only ICSS depression, whereas R(+)4-methylcathinone produced ICSS facilitation. This study provides further evidence for stereoselectivity in neurochemical and behavioral actions of cathinone analogs. More importantly, stereoselective 4-methylcathinone effects on ICSS illustrate the potential for diametrically opposite effects of enantiomers in a preclinical behavioral assay of abuse potential.
Approach to Treatment of Bifurcation Lesions

Bifurcation lesions are frequently encountered in the cath lab [1] and remain a challenge for conventional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) techniques. Although provisional stenting remains the default approach for most bifurcation lesions [2–6], the two-stent technique is more appropriate in certain situations. If a two-stent strategy is selected, then final kissing balloon inflation (KBI) should be performed. Adjunctive assessment with intravascular imaging (intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)/optical coherence tomography (OCT)) and physiologic testing (fractional flow reserve, FFR) should be performed liberally. Drug-eluting stents (DES) are typically utilized to reduce the risk of restenosis in bifurcation disease.
Technology Infused Professional Development: A Framework for Development and Analysis

The world has changed in 30 years, and the changes that will occur in the next 30 years are sure to exceed our wildest expectations. But some issues in education are perennial, even while they take on the flavor of their social and historical context. Bork (2003), in his article "The Dilemma of Teacher Training," posed one such perennial issue — how to best prepare inservice teachers for changes within the educational field. He also proposed a potential solution — interactive computer tutorials that can be accessed anytime, anywhere. Although we, too, are optimistic about the potential of computing technology in education, perhaps the time is right to stop and look again at the research on learning and professional development of teachers.
Free Markets Under Seige

In this paper, Richard A. Epstein, Professor of Law at the University of Chicago, explains how there are substantial gains to be made from countries getting 'easy' policy decisions correct. Societies collapse and become impoverished when they do not accept the basic principles of freedom to contract and competition. Even in the developed world these principles have not been accepted in key areas such as agricultural and labour markets. Significant welfare gains could be achieved from liberalisation in both areas. Epstein explains how liberal economists, politicians and civil servants often spend much time discussing 'difficult' cases. While these issues may be important to particular groups in society, the implications of getting 'difficult' cases wrong is not serious. Thus policy-makers and their advisers, Epstein says, would do well to concentrate on the 'easy' cases. In his study, Professor Epstein uses evidence and analysis derived from the disciplines of both law and economics. Professor Geoffrey E. Wood provides a commentary that elucidates Epstein's argument and shows how it can be further applied to policy issues relevant to the UK.
A measured bremsstrahlung dose rate constant for Yttrium-90 microsphere liver-directed brachytherapy

2230 Objectives To estimate an Y-90 microspheres liver-directed brachytherapy external dose rate constant and thus maximum administered activity for release without radiation precaution instructions (≤1 mSv total effective dose equivalent, TEDE, to the most exposed person), based on patient measurements. Methods Post-treatment dose rates (Dt, μSv/h) from twenty patients were measured anterior to the liver, at the two index distances (d) specified for radioactive patient release external dose calculations (1 m and 0.3 m). Dose rate was divided by net administered activity (A, MBq) decay-corrected to the time of measurement, to obtain a bremsstrahlung dose rate constant (Γ, μSv/MBq-h). Linear correlation of μSv/h vs. A (GBq), statistical analysis of Γ, and a power function fit of Γ vs. d, were performed. Results Administered activities ranged from 810 MBq to 7960 MBq. Dose rate correlated well with activity at both 1 m (Dt=4.76E-1×GBq, r=0.88) and 0.3 m (Dt=2.64×GBq, r=0.76). The calculated Γ (μSv/MBq-h) varied substantially (moreso at 0.3 m). The mean±σ (range; coefficient of variation) was 4.96E-4±1.43E-4 (2.06E-4 to 7.19E-4; 29%) at 1 m, and 2.69E-3±1.18E-3 (0.90E-3 to 4.91E-3; 44%) at 0.3 m. A least-squares power function fit of Γ vs. d indicated an increase in Γ as distance decreases from 1 m proportional to 1/d1.34 rather than the conventionally assumed 1/d2. The 0.3 m-to-1 m Γ ratio was 5.59±2.19 (1.73 - 10.33; 39%). If the increase followed the inverse-square law, the expected mean ratio would be 11.11. Conclusions Assuming a very conservative Γ at 1 m of 7.82E-04 (mean+2σ,
Effect of van der Waals Interactions on the Adsorption of Olympicene Radical on Cu(111): Characteristics of Weak Physisorption versus Strong Chemisorption

We report the results of Olympicene radical (C19H11) adsorption characteristics on Cu(111) obtained within the density functional framework with and without the inclusion of self-consistent van der Waals (vdW) interactions to evaluate their effects. Our calculations suggest that the vdW interactions enhance the adsorption energies, and the degree of enhancement strongly depends on the implementation. Among the considered configurations, the highest adsorption energy calculated using PBE is found to be 0.24 eV, while those obtained with the inclusion of vdW interactions are 1.32 eV (rPW86), 1.91 eV (optPBE), 2.29 eV (optB88), and 2.65 eV (optB86b). The high energetic contribution obtained using the vdW interactions correlates with the changes in the adsorption heights (from 3.4 A (PBE and rPW86) to 2.24 A (optB86b)), the change in the structural integrity of Olympicene radical upon adsorption, and the changes in the surface electronic structure. Furthermore, our calculations reveal a net charge transfer of...
Psychosocial theories of aging: A critical evaluation.

Three major psychosocial theories of aging--activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory--are summarized and evaluated. Some important problems are identified with each of the theories when the criteria of intersubjectivity of meaning, testability, and empirical adequacy are utilized in the evaluation process. An analysis of relevant research shows that none of these three theories is clearly supported by empirical evidence. Because of the tentative nature and lack of conclusive support for each of these theories, further exploration and theory development is needed. It is suggested here that a phenomenological approach may be a more productive way to study the psychosocial aspects of aging.