cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal timing of coronary artery bypass after acute myocardial infarction: A review of California discharge data

Objective The optimal timing for coronary artery bypass grafting after acute myocardial infarction is not well established. The California Discharge Database facilitates the study of this issue by providing data from a large patient cohort free of institutional bias. We examine the timing of coronary artery bypass grafting after acute myocardial infarction on short-term outcomes. Methods We reviewed California Discharge Data to identify 40,159 patients who were hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (day 0) and underwent subsequent coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients were stratified by the timing of coronary artery bypass grafting to "early" (days 0–2) and "late" groups (day 3 or later). The primary outcome variable was all-cause hospital mortality. Multiple logistic and linear regression and propensity analyses assessed the risk of adverse events, controlling for factors associated with preoperative clinical acuity, including the Charlson Comorbidity Index, shock, mechanical ventilation, and the use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Results Of 9476 patients identified, 4676 (49%) were in the early coronary artery bypass grafting group and 4800 (51%) were in the late coronary artery bypass grafting group. A total of 444 patients (4.7%) died during hospitalization, with a peak mortality rate of 8.2% among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting on day 0, declining to a nadir of 3.0% among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting on day 3. The mean time to coronary artery bypass grafting was 3.2 days. Patients undergoing early coronary artery bypass grafting experienced a higher mortality rate than those undergoing late coronary artery bypass grafting (5.6% vs 3.8%, P P = .003). Conclusion Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting within 2 days of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction experienced higher mortality rates than those undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting 3 or more days after acute myocardial infarction, independently of clinical acuity. This suggests that coronary artery bypass grafting may best be deferred for 3 or more days after admission for acute myocardial infarction in nonurgent cases.
Swirling Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow—Experiment and Modeling Part II: Turbulent Quantities and Core Stability

In Part I of this two-part paper on swirling gas-liquid two-phase flow, correlations have been developed for the continuous liquid-phase velocity field under swirling conditions, such as that occurring in the lower part of the Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone compact separator. The developed correlations, including the axial, tangential, and radial velocity distributions, are applicable for swirling flow in both cyclones and pipe flow. We extend the study of Part I by developing correlations for the turbulent quantities of the continuous liquid phase, including the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate and Reynolds shear stresses. The second objective is to study experimentally and theoretically two-phase swirling flow gas-core characteristics and stability. The first objective has been met utilizing local LDV measurements acquired for swirling flow
A generalized technique for evaluating reflection coefficients for ground-plane systems

Abstract General formulae are derived for the reflection of insolation from finite plane surfaces unto tilted sensors. These results are reduced to various special cases which are compared to known results when possible. Both circular and rectangular geometries are considered.
Fast and flexible: parallel packet processing with GPUs and click

We introduce Snap, a framework for packet processing that outperforms traditional software routers by exploiting the parallelism available on modern GPUs. While obtaining high performance, it remains extremely flexible, with packet processing tasks implemented as simple modular elements that are composed to build fully functional routers and switches. Snap is based on the Click modular router, which it extends by adding new architectural features that support batched packet processing, memory structures optimized for offloading to coprocessors, and asynchronous scheduling with in-order completion. We show that Snap can run complex pipelines at high speeds on commodity PC hardware by building an IP router incorporating both an IDS-like full-packet string matcher and an SDN-like packet classifier. In this configuration, Snap is able to forward 40 million packets per second, saturating four 10 Gbps NICs at packet sizes as small as 128 byes. This represents an increase in throughput of nearly 4x over the baseline Click running comparable elements on the CPU.
SU‐GG‐T‐517: Dosimetric Characteristics of the Small Diameter BrainLab Cones for Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: To study the dosimetriccharacteristics of the small diameter (≤10.0mm) BrainLab cones used for stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS)treatments in conjunction with a Varian Trilogy accelerator. Method and Materials: Required accuracy and precision in dose delivery during SRS can be achieved only when the geometric and dosimetriccharacteristics of the small radiation fields is completely understood. Although a number of investigators have published the dosimetriccharacteristics of SRS cones, to our knowledge, there is no generally accepted value for the relative output factor (ROF) for the 5.0mm diameter cone. Therefore we have investigated the dosimetric properties of the small (≤10.0mm) diameter BrainLab SRS cones used in conjunction with the iPlan TPS and a Trilogy linear accelerator with a SRS beam mode. Percentage depth dose (PDD), off‐axis ratios (OAR) and ROF were measured using a SRS diode and verified with Monte Carlo(MC) simulations. The dependence of PDD, OAR and ROF on the alignment of the beam CAX with the detector motion line was also investigated using MC simulations.Results: An agreement of 1% and 1mm was observed between measurements and MC for PDD and OAR. The calculated ROF for the 5.0mm diameter cone was 0.695±0.008 in good agreement with the measured value of 0.711. For 7.5 and 10.0mm diameter cones the agreement was within 0.5%. Simulations of the misalignment of the beam axis and detector motion axis for angles between 0.5°–1.0° show a deviation >2% in PPD beyond certain depth. Conclusions:Monte Carlo calculated ROF values for 5.0 mm diameter cone agrees with our measurement to within 2.3%. Care should be exercised when measuring PDD and OAR for small cones. We recommend the use of MC to confirm the measurement under these conditions.
Modeling of non-uniform composite microstructures

The microstructural effects of non-uniform composite microstructures are modeled. Relationships are observed between the degree of non-uniformity and fiber spa tial information which may be measured via image analysis or derived from Dirichlet cell tessellations. For artifical patterns containing chain-like clustering which simulate com posite microstructures: (a) the nearest-neighbor distances of random and clustered pat terns are smaller than those normally estimated by square or hexagonal arrays, (b) in creased clustering may be associated with increased mean cell volume fraction, cell volume fraction distribution standard deviation, number of cell sides, distribution stan dard deviation, nearest-neighbor distance distribution skewness, and decreased nearest- neighbor distances and (c) accounting for non-uniform fiber diameters is generally un necessary, except possibly at low fiber volume fraction or with patterns exhibiting a high degree of chaining. For Nicalon SiC/zirconia titanate composite sample...
Electronic structure of the F-center in CaO and MgO☆

Abstract The energy levels and wave functions of the F-center in CaO and MgO have been calculated as function of the A1g and Eg displacements of the nearest neighbor ions of the oxygen vacancy. In CaO, the calculated level scheme partially supports the interpretation of published experimental data on the luminescence bands but there are significant discrepancies. The localization of the wave function of the 3T1u state is rapidly varying function of the A1g lattice distortion. The present calculations give a Jahn-Teller splitting of this state of between 0.15 and 0.2 eV.
CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF COORDINATED ALKYNES IN TUNGSTEN(II) COMPLEXES

Displacement of a CO ligand from [Tp‘(CO)2W{HC⋮CH}][OTf] with iodide leads to the neutral parent acetylene complex Tp‘(CO)(I)W{HC⋮CH} (2). Deprotonation of 2 followed by methylation is regioselective and yields a single isomer of the propyne complex Tp‘(CO)(I)W{HC⋮CCH3} (3). Deprotonation of 3 followed by alkylation with RI (R = Me, I(CH2)n (n = 3−7)) is also regioselective and leads to a single isomer, Tp‘(CO)(I)W{RC⋮CCH3} (4−9). Deprotonation of Tp‘(CO)(I)W{I(CH2)nC⋮CCH3} (n = 5 (7), 7 (9)) leads to an η2-allenyl intermediate which undergoes intramolecular alkylation (i.e. endocyclic cyclization) to form Tp‘(CO)(I)W{cyclooctyne} (10) and Tp‘(CO)(I)W{cyclodecyne} (11), respectively. The exocyclic cyclization precursor Tp‘(CO)(I)W{PhC⋮C(CH2)5I} (12) was obtained by deprotonation of the propargyl carbon of Tp‘(CO)(I)W{PhC⋮CCH3} followed by alkylation with I(CH2)4I. The cyclopentyl derivative Tp‘(CO)(I)W{PhC⋮C(cyclopentyl)} was generated by deprotonation of 12 followed by intramolecular alkylation (i.e. exo...
Turbulent Heat Transfer Between a Series of Parallel Plates With Surface-Mounted Discrete Heat Sources

Two-dimensional turbulent heat transfer between a series of parallel plates with surface mounted discrete block heat sources was studied numerically. The computational domain was subjected to periodic conditions in the streamwise direction and repeated conditions in the cross-stream direction (Double Cyclic). The second source term was included in the energy equation to facilitate the correct prediction of a periodically fully developed temperature field. These channels resemble cooling passages in electronic equipment. The k–e model was used for turbulent closure and calculations were made for a wide range of independent parameters (Re, Ks /Kf , s/w, d/w, and h/w). The governing equations were solved by using a finite volume technique. The numerical procedure and implementation of the k–e model was validated by comparing numerical predictions with published experimental data (Wirtz and Chen, 1991; Sparrow et al., 1982) for a single channel with several surface mounted blocks. Computations were performed for a wide range of Reynolds numbers (5 × 104 –4 × 105 ) and geometric parameters and for Pr = 0.7. Substrate conduction was found to reduce the block temperature by redistributing the heat flux and to reduce the overall thermal resistance of the module. It was also found that the increase in the Reynolds number decreased the thermal resistance. The study showed that the substrate conduction can be an important parameter in the design and analysis of cooling channels of electronic equipment. Finally, correlations for the friction factor (f) and average thermal resistance (R) in terms of independent parameters were developed.
Purification of sheep pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose.

Preparations sheep of FSH have been made by extraction of ground whole pituitaries with 40% ethanol, fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, and anion exchange column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 7 in phosphate buffer. The most advantageous removal from the column of biologically active contaminants and the bulk of the protein was with 0.030M phosphate buffer. Thereafter the FSH was removed optimally with 0.060M phosphate. Subsequent refractionation with (NH4)2SO4 further increased the potency of FSH to a minimal effective dose (MED) of 1.7 µg. (65 times the potency of Armour Standard FSH 264–151X). This final FSH preparation showed contamination with ICSH (LH) judged by repair of interstitial tissue in the hypophysectomized female rat at 70 times this MED, and at 85 times the MED judged by response of the ventral prostate (100% increase in weight) in immature hypophysectomized male rats. The follicle-stimulating activity as well as this ratio between FSH and ICSH was improved above any previously reporte...
Personal exposure to respirable particles: a case study in Waterbury, Vermont

Abstract A study to assess personal exposure to respirable particles was conducted during January to March 1982 in Waterbury, Vermont. Forty-eight nonsmoking volunteers carried Harvard/EPRI personal samplers every other day for two weeks. Simultaneous measurements with similar monitors were made inside and outside each participant's home. Findings indicate that outdoor (ambient) particle levels were not an important determinant of personal exposure, while in-home concentrations accounted for 25–30% of the variation in personal values. A linear regression technique was used to estimate respirable particle concentrations in three micro-environments where measurements were not available. These values were combined with data on time activities and observed outdoor and in-home concentrations to construct a simple time-weighted exposure model. Predicted exposure using this approach agreed well with measured values, however, the validity and suitability of estimated coefficients for applications to other communities and different times of year has not been established.
Progress toward a Km-scale neutrino detector in the deep ocean

The best particles for observing distant objects are photons and neutrinos. Because of the neutrino`s weak interaction cross section, detectors suitable for astronomy must be very large and well shielded from cosmic rays. Eventually, a detector with the order of a square km of effective area will be needed for systematic observations of distant point sources such as active galactic nuclei. Prototype detectors are currently being developed at several sites in the ocean, at Lake Baikal, and in Antarctica. This talk summarizes the status of the projects that use the deep ocean for the detector medium and shielding: DUMAND, NESTOR and ANTARES. Technical developments will be needed for a future km-scale detector; progress on one of these, a digital electronic system, is also described.
Solving the Project Time/Cost Tradeoff Problem Using the Minimal Cut Concept

This paper introduces a solution procedure for solving the project time/cost tradeoff problem of reducing a project duration at a minimum cost. The solution to the time/cost problem is achieved by locating a minimal cut in a flow network derived from the original project network. This minimal cut is then utilized to identify the project activities which should experience a duration modification in order to achieve the total project reduction. The paper will document this cut-based procedure and provide a practical application to a project situation.
Experimental Analysis and Treatment of Multiply Controlled Self-Injury.

A functional analysis of the self-injurious behavior (SIB) of 3 adults with profound developmental disabilities showed that each engaged in SIB in more than one assessment condition. Such outcomes may result from a failure to isolate the variable maintaining SIB, or they may reflect multiple sources of control over SIB. In order to identify more clearly the determinants of SIB, each subject was exposed to a series of treatments appropriate to one or both of the apparent functions of SIB. These treatments, applied sequentially on baselines appropriate to each behavioral function, identified the maintaining variables for SIB through differential outcomes across baselines. Results indicated that the SIB of 2 subjects was multiply controlled, confirming the outcomes of the functional analysis. However, the SIB of the 3rd subject was eliminated using a treatment designed for a single function, suggesting spurious results of the original assessment. Alternative interpretations of undifferentiated assessment data are discussed, as are analysis and treatment issues related to multiply determined behavior disorders.
First-order nature of pure gauge SU(3) deconfinement

Abstract We present further evidence that pure gauge deconfinement for N t = 4 is a first-order phase transition. Additional Monte Carlo runs on a 24 3 × 4 lattice have been carried out, and previous runs have been analyzed more thoroughly. Topics discussed are: reliable determination of the order of a phase transition in a finite volume, improved estimates of correlation lengths obtained from Polyakov loop correlations, and the resolution of the small systematic error seen previously in our results on a 16 3 spatial volume.
Training carbon management engineers: why new educational capacity is the single biggest hurdle for geologic CO2 storage

Abstract Implementing geologic storage of carbon dioxide at a scale large enough to make a difference will require an industry of magnitude comparable to the current oil and gas industry (Bryant [1]; Orr [2]). Such an enterprise will require substantial human capital, but recognition of this need has been largely missing from discussions of GHG mitigation. To design, build, implement, optimize, troubleshoot, monitor and regulate large-scale carbon dioxide storage projects will require subsurface engineers. The same technologies that apply to hydrocarbon production apply to the subsurface storage of carbon dioxide. Thus one might naturally expect to hire petroleum engineering (PE) graduates to staff a carbon storage industry. We argue that it is unrealistic to depend on PE graduates to staff the carbon storage industry, for three reasons: (i) continued large demand for hydrocarbons is unlikely to abate; (ii) a demographic gap in the oil and gas industry will continue to place an extraordinary premium on new graduates; and (iii) existing PE departments in the US and abroad are already operating at or above capacity. In short, there are neither classrooms nor faculty sufficient to educate enough petroleum engineers for the petroleum industry. Even if there were, it would be difficult for an emerging carbon storage industry to compete for graduates with oil and gas companies. We advocate that the solution to this manpower problem is building new educational infrastructure. We propose a prototype program based on an existing accredited multidisciplinary degree program at The University of Texas at Austin, known as Geosystems Engineering and Hydrogeology. Offered jointly by the Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering Department and the Department of Geological Sciences, this program combines the fundamentals of petroleum engineering with the subsurface architecture emphasis of geology and the environmental perspective of hydrogeology. The latter is salient given the priority of protecting groundwater resources during geologic storage. With modest redesign of the curriculum but with substantial expansion of classrooms, laboratories and faculty, we argue that the program would be able to graduate significant numbers of “carbon management engineers” within six years. The problem of timing is particularly difficult. The lead time to develop such a program is long, even when starting from an existing degree program. A geologic storage industry will not begin until a regulatory framework and some form of carbon market or price are established. Ensuring that the carbon management industry is not starved of talent will thus require a rare combination of shared vision amongst university administrators, government agencies and industry.
Leucine kinetics during a brief fast in diabetes in pregnancy

The effect of diabetes in pregnancy on leucine turnover and oxidation was examined in 12 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) subjects and 12 gestationally diabetic (GDM) subjects during the third trimester of pregnancy. The data were compared with those in normal pregnant women studied during the same time period and reported previously. Eight of the IDDM subjects were on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump), and four were on conventional twice-daily insulin treatment. Of the GDM group, seven were on insulin therapy and five were on dietary management. Leucine kinetics were quantified using [1-13C]leucine tracer in combination with respiratory calorimetry and measurement of lean body mass using the H2[18O] dilution method. In addition, glucose kinetics were measured in insulin-treated subjects using [6,62H2]glucose tracer. Despite rigorous metabolic control, fasting plasma glucose (IDDM 5.5 ± 1.9 mmol/L [P < .05], GDM 4.7 ± 1.3 [P < .01], controls 3.6 ± .6, mean ± SD) and hemoglobin A1 ([HbA1] IDDM 7.9 ± 1.9%, GDM 7.5% ± 2.1%) levels were higher in diabetic subjects. Although total insulin levels were higher in insulin-treated diabetic subjects, free-insulin concentrations were similar in all groups. Rates of excretion of urinary urea nitrogen and respiratory quotients were also similar. The rate of glucose turnover was lower in insulin-treated subjects compared with normals. Leucine flux, a measure of the rate of protein breakdown, and leucine oxidation were higher in IDDM and insulin-treated GDM subjects. The rate of leucine oxidation was increased in conventionally managed IDDM and insulin-treated GDM subjects. The increased rate of protein breakdown suggests an increased entry of amino acids into the metabolic pool, which in combination with the normal urea excretion rate, ie, the normal rate of amino acid/protein oxidation, may result in increased availability of amino acids for transplacental flux. Thus, rigorous management of IDDM in pregnancy and of insulin-treated GDM does not normalize whole-body protein breakdown, and may provide an explanation for the persistent fetal morbidity in diabetes in pregnancy.
Optimization of 5‐Aryloxyimidazole Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

A major problem associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of HIV is their vulnerability to mutations in the allosteric binding site of reverse transcriptase that can result in the development of a resistant virus. Herein we present the optimization of a series of 5-aryloxy imidazoles, which possess a balanced pharmacological profile against both wild-type enzyme and the clinically relevant mutations K103N and Y181C. Subtle structural changes were used to probe structure-activity relationships relating to both potency and metabolic stability, which led to an imidazole derivative with an impressive overall profile.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS FOR THE SYMPOSIUM “ORGANIZATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF SELF-APPRAISAL AND SELF-ASSESSMENT: ANOTHER LOOK”.

The symposium, “Organizational Applications of Self-Appraisal and Self-Assessment: Another Look”, is introduced with the notion that the self-concept and self-reports have again assumed a centrally important role in psychological research and theory. A recent paper by Bandura concerning the self-system in reciprocal determinism is discussed as an illustration of this notion, and as a possible foundation for applied research yet to be conducted on the self-evaluation process. Bandura's framework is amplified slightly for use in the applied context by adding the concept of self-report. Although Bandura's ideas are not dealt with by the other panelists in this symposium, this discussion of them will hopefully spur research and thinking on process, in conjunction with outcome, issues. Finally, the concepts of self-appraisal and self-assessment are contrasted.
Confinement of pulse-injected external ions in a radiofrequency quadruple ion trap

Abstract The phase-space method is used to evaluate the ion confinement properties of a radiofrequency (r.f.) quadrupole trap with phase-synchronized switching-on of the driving r.f. field for pulsed ion injection from an external source. Singly charged ions of mass 100 u and energy 10 eV are considered. The calculation is performed for a well-collimated pulsed ion beam with a circular crow-section 1 mm in diameter, injected into an r.f. quadrupole trap with characteristic dimension ro = 5.4 mm. Ion injections along the gap and through an aperture in one of the electrodes, including off-axial- and off-equatorial-plane incidence directions, are considered. The time delay interval, determined by the intersection of the unperturbed ion trajectory with the critical volume for ion confinement, is shown to be a measure of the ion confinement property. The most favorable initial r.f. voltage phase-angle corresponds to the value when the time delay interval is greatest. Ion confinement efficiency depends on theion pulse duration. In general a shorter pulse duration leads to a higher trapping efficiency. Off-axial and off-radial injections of the ion beam are superior to the corresponding axial and radial injections. Trapping of the injected ions is shown to be effective, with the efficiency reaching unity for many possible incidence directions and pulse durations of the pulsed ion beam.
The American Association for the Study of Mental Imagery

A brief description is given of the American Association for the Study of Mental Imagery and the work of some of those who have been closely associated with it. Reasons for the recent interest in i...
Introducing E-MARKPLAN: A practical methodology to plan e-marketing activities

Abstract Although e-marketing is highly prevalent, no template currently exists for managers who wish to use the Internet/Web and related information technologies to market their products and services. This paper provides managers with a comprehensive, actionable, and practical methodology (E-MARKPLAN) to plan, enact, and analyze e-marketing activities. Five case studies are used to illustrate the diversity of e-marketing actions. E-MARKPLAN consists of five parts: goals, actors (i.e., those who take e-marketing actions), spaces (i.e., theaters of engagement), actions, and outcomes. The E-MARKPLAN methodology is versatile, and is not limited to companies which have e-commerce operations.
Consistency of judgments of articulatory productions.

Undergraduate majors in speech pathology were relatively consistent in their judgments of articulatory productions. Speech pathology majors were more consistent in making judgments of correct produ...
Non-conventional treatment of osteoarthritis by herbal medicine

Summary The available data suggest that traditional Chinese acupuncture and some herbal products are effi cacious for management of pain in patients with lower limb OA. Many herbal supplements are worthy of further study, particularly studies focused on potential mechanisms of action as either analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory agents. At the moment, these modalities deserve to be considered as part of a multidisciplinary approach to management of patients with symptomatic lower limb OA.
Embodied-concept use in sense making by marketing managers

Content analysis of text data and experimental methods are used in two studies that investigate the use of embodied concepts in sense making by marketing managers, and the influence that environmental and dispositional factors have on such usage. Embodied concepts are simple mental outlines that capture aspects of our bodily relationships to the environment and that are metaphorically transferable to nonembodied experiences. The study focuses primarily on the use of embodied concepts to grasp and solve ill-defined problems. The investigation includes three parts. Part 1 of the first study involved content analysis of public statements by 32 marketing managers who were presented with the ill-defined problem of describing how the next several years were likely to affect their business. Part 2 involved content analysis of statements by 80 marketing managers who evaluated the public statements of the first set of managers. Study 2 was a field experiment conducted with 68 experienced marketing managers playing a brand-management simulation game during which concurrent verbal protocols were collected. Results show that embodied-concept use is common among marketing managers, and that it is influenced by dispositional factors (cognitive-processing preferences) and environmental factors (managerially controlled cues). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Problems of a centralised department in a decentralised mental hospital.

Abstract This paper deals with some of the issues and problems which arose in a state mental hospital, when in the course of becoming a more community-oriented facility, the hospital decentralized its clinical structure into geographically-based treatment units while retaining a centralized nursing department administration. The effects of unitization and a subsequent attempt to reoganize the nursing department on both the character of professional roles and the integration of parts of the hospital are discussed within the context of an open-systems conceptual model of hospital organization.
The formation and evolution of youthful gullies on Mars: Gullies as the late-stage phase of Mars’ most recent ice age

Gullies are extremely young erosional/depositional systems on Mars that have been carved by an agent that was likely to have been comprised in part by liquid water [Malin, M.C., Edgett, K.S., 2000. Evidence for recent groundwater seepage and surface runoff on Mars. Science 288, 2330–2335; McEwen, A.S. et al., 2007. A closer look at water-related geologic activity on Mars. Science 317, 1706–1709]. The strong latitude and orientation dependencies that have been documented for gullies require (1) a volatile near the surface, and (2) that insolation is an important factor for forming gullies. These constraints have led to two categories of interpretations for the source of the volatiles: (1) liquid water at depth beneath the melting isotherm that erupts suddenly (“groundwater”), and (2) ice at the surface or within the uppermost layer of soil that melts during optimal insolation conditions (“surface/near-surface melting”). In this contribution we synthesize global, hemispheric, regional and local studies of gullies across Mars and outline the criteria that must be met by any successful explanation for the formation of gullies. We further document trends in both hemispheres that emphasize the importance of top-down melting of recent ice-rich deposits and the cold-trapping of atmospherically-derived H_2O frost/snow as important components in the formation of gullies. This provides context for the incorporation of high-resolution multi-spectral and hyper-spectral data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter that show that (1) cold-trapping of seasonal H_2O frost occurs at the alcove/channel-level on contemporary Mars; (2) gullies are episodically active systems; (3) gullies preferentially form in the presence of deposits plausibly interpreted as remnants of the Late Amazonian emplacement of ice-rich material; and (4) gully channels frequently emanate from the crest of alcoves instead of the base, showing that alcove generation is not necessarily a product of undermining and collapse at these locations, a prediction of the groundwater model. We interpret these various lines of evidence to mean that the majority of gullies on Mars are explained by the episodic melting of atmospherically emplaced snow/ice under spin-axis/orbital conditions characteristic of the last several Myr.
Inactivation and self-association of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II during autophosphorylation

Abstract The time-dependent loss in enzyme activity associated with the autophosphorylation of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase) was altered by both pH and ATP concentration. These parameters also influenced the extent to which soluble CaM-kinase undergoes self-association to form large aggregates of sedimentable enzyme. Specifically, autophosphorylation of CaM-kinase in 0.01 mM ATP at pH 6.5 resulted in the formation of sedimentable enzyme and a 70% loss of enzyme activity. Under similar conditions at pH 7.5, the enzyme lost only 30% of its activity, and no sedimentable enzyme was detected. In contrast to 0.01 mM ATP, autophosphorylation of CaM-kinase at pH 6.5 in 1 mM ATP did not result in a loss of activity or the production of sedimentable enzyme, even though the stoichiometry of autophosphorylation was comparable. Electron microscopy studies of CaM-kinase autophosphorylated at pH 6.5 in 0.01 mM ATP revealed particles 100-300 nm in diameter that clustered into branched complexes. Inactivation and self-association of CaM-kinase were influenced by the conditions of autophosphorylation in vitro, suggesting that both the catalytic and physical properties of the enzyme may be sensitive to fluctuations in ATP concentration and pH in vivo.
Progress in gene targeting: using mutant mice to study renal function and disease

Genetic engineering in mice has provided much information about gene function in renal health and disease. This knowledge has largely come from conventional transgenic approaches. Recently, methods have been developed to control the cell type, timing and reversibility of target gene expression. Advances in identifying promoters conferring renal cell-specific gene regulation in vivo have greatly facilitated interpretation of gene targeting studies. Site-specific recombinases have permitted cell-specific knockout of genes; Cre is the preeminent recombinase, but recent progress with other recombinases, include Flp and ΦC31, will likely increase the usefulness of this class of enzymes. Temporally regulated gene expression, particularly using doxycycline- and tamoxifen-inducible systems, holds great promise for avoiding developmental effects of gene mutations as well as facilitating comparison of the same animal's phenotype before and after gene modification. RNA interference is undergoing tremendous growth and has great potential for achieving gene knockdown quickly and reversibly. To date, however, the utility of these systems in modifying renal function in transgenic mice remains unproven. Finally, new gene targeting tools are in development that may substantially simplify generation of transgenic animals. This review discusses the state-of-the-art in gene targeting in the kidney, reviewing function, indications and limitations of the molecular biologic tools.
Absorption and storage of phosphorus by larval Manduca sexta.

Abstract The role of phosphorus (P) in numerous important biological structures, coupled with the observation that P-content of many insect foods is disproportionately low, suggests that P may be a critical nutrient for growing insects — however, the few studies examining the effects of dietary P on insect performance have generally found only weak relationships. This mismatch may be reconciled by understanding the physiological mechanisms by which insects handle P. Here we describe P processing by larvae of Manduca sexta. When given un-manipulated leaves of a common host plant, Datura wrightii, fifth-instar larvae retained about 85% of P consumed; when given P-enriched leaves larvae retained only 25% of P consumed. Analysis of gut concentrations of P at four sites along the digestive tract, and in leaves and feces, indicates that the rectum is the primary site of P transport between the gut and body and that differences in P retention may be accounted for by differential rates of rectal P transport. Larvae given P-enriched leaves also showed an eightfold increase in the concentration of P in the hemolymph, primarily as α-glycerophosphate — but only a 12% increase in the concentration of P in body tissues, suggesting that hemolymph plays a central role in storage and buffering of P.
A short laboratory-based course for junior high school students in a summer science program

Outline of a one-week chemistry laboratory course for junior high school students in a summer science program at Clemson University.
SPOKEN LANGUAGE ABILITIES OF EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED (EMR) AND NORMAL ADOLESCENTS

Cartwright's study (1968) of written language appears to maximize the differences between normal and EMR youngsters by the demand that it makes for the school task of writing a composition. In view of the importance of spoken language as an everyday indication of social competence it seemed worthwhile to endeavor to replicate Cartwright's measures orally. Cartwright undertook to describe composition length, sentence length, type-token ratio and usage of parts of speech. Grammar and spelling were also analyzed. In this study these measures are used wirh the exception of spelling. Two groups were used. Each group was composed of 14 junior high school pupils. They were matched for chronological age, socio-economic background, and when possible, race. The IQ range for the normal group was from 95 to 104. That for the EMR group was from 68 to 85. Scores were based on individually administered Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children or StanfordBinet, Form L-M. Matching data are presented in Table 1 for the two groups.
Frequency-modulated reticle trackers in the pupil plane

An appealing approach to implementing spinning reticle trackers in the pupil plane is presented. The advent of research in spatial light modulators and addressable mirror arrays may allow achievement of pupil plane processing in the next few years. Reticles were generated with the general FM reticle equation, and FFTs of the reticles were obtained. Magnitude and phase plots of these reticles are shown. The magnitude plots are easily understood; however, the phase plots will take more study before implementation is tractable.
Agricultural Structural Adjustments to U.S. Policies: Discussion Paper

Chau and de Gorter's paper is focused in the micro-tradition-how do specific price and income policies affect exit/entry, production, and trade. The article is pretty strong on mathematics. However, the graphics greatly clarify the math, and help intuitive thinkers like us. Some further clarification is necessary to show how U.S. policies correspond to the Chau-de Gorter assumptions. First, defining Ps, to be an ad valorem subsidy paid only on the export (over-quota) quantities does not reflect U.S. commodity policies because the U.S. Loan Deficiency Payments are deficiency payments from a fixed price that are paid on all production, not just exports. Nevertheless, their analysis still applies to U.S. LDPs because the critical characteristic of P, is that it is higher than P, at the margin. Secondly, more clarification is needed to establish whether their analysis strictly applies to the U.S. PFCs, Direct Payments, and CounterCyclical Payments. Their theoretical model is derived from analyses involving quotas having in-quota and over-quota prices. In the United States, however, producers get paid the same PFC, Direct Payment, and Counter-Cyclical Payment irrespective of the price they receive or quantity they produce. Hence Chau and de Gorter's subsidy m does not strictly correspond to the PFCs or Direct Payments (which depend on neither) or the Counter-Cyclical Payments (which depend on aggregate season average prices, but not on individual quantities produced). When the subsidy m is paid as a lump sum, both the target price Pd and the base B used to determine m are no longer relevant to producer decision making. Though producers know their own base, and Pd is published; for forward decision making they are both red herrings. First, in both figures la and ib, a rational producer will not produce at any price, P1, less than the minimum of AVC unless he/she perceives m to be conditional on producing B, either in regulation or in production. To do otherwise is to take an avoidable loss on
Pemphigoid in domestic animals.

Abstract Pemphigoid (from the Greek "resembling pemphigus") has been recognized in humans for many years. The occurence of pemphigoid in domestic animals is a much more recent observation. In the dog, bullous pemphigoid was first documented in 1978. 1 Equine bullous pemphigoid was originally reported in 1981. 2 The purpose of this article is to review pemphigoid in domestic animals, compare the disease with its human counterpart, and alert the physician to an exciting area for comparative dermatologic research.
The impact of an 8-day intensive treatment for adolescent panic disorder and agoraphobia on comorbid diagnoses.

Previous research findings have shown positive effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy for primary anxiety disorders as well as for non-primary, co-occurring anxiety disorders. In this study, we analyzed data from an existing randomized controlled trial of intensive treatment for Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia (PDA) to examine the effects of the treatment on comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. The overall frequency and severity of aggregated comorbid diagnoses decreased in a group of adolescents who received an 8-day treatment for PDA. Results suggest that an 8-day treatment for PDA can alleviate the symptoms of some specific comorbid clinical diagnoses; specifically Specific Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Social Phobia. These findings suggest that an intensive treatment for PDA is associated with reductions in comorbid symptoms even though disorders other than PDA are not specific treatment targets.
Hypercalcemia in epidermoid tumors of the head and neck and esophagus.

Over a 3-year period, 11 of 44 patients (25%) with epidermoid carcinoma arising in the head and neck and 9 of 16 patients (56%) with epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus manifested hypercalcemia. All of these patients had advanced disease which recurred following surgery and/or radiotherapy, or was disseminated at the outset. However, widespread carcinoma in bone was uncommon, and no osseous metastases were found in 14 of 20 hypercalcemic patients in both groups. Only 4 of these 14 without definite bone involvement failed to have a reasonable search for bone metastases, such as an x-ray bone survey, bone marrow biopsy, or autopsy exam. The findings deserve emphasis as an unrecognized common clinical feature in these patients. In addition, the high frequency of this complication in patients with epidermoid carcinoma arising in these anatomic sites and in the lung raises questions regarding shared pathogenetic mechanisms. Certain types of malignant epidermoid tumors appear capable of producing ectopic hormones with hypercalcemic properties (parathormone), and/or a propensity for seeding bone with resultant extensive bone resorption. It is concluded that epidermoid tumors arising in these anatomical locations deserve careful evaluation for hypercalcemic contributions to advancing symptoms otherwise considered less remedial.
944 ABNORMALITIES IN THE ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY OF COMPLEMENT IN PSORIASIS

The complement system of twenty-four patients with psoriasis was studied in detail. Quantitation of classical pathway components (C4, C3, C3-C9) and the ability of the patient's serum to support lysis of antibody-coated target cells and C3-C9 consumption after incubation with a preformed immune precipitate were either normal or elevated. Alternative pathway evaluation involved quantitation of serum levels of factor B and properdin by radial immunodiffusion; in addition, the ability of the patient's serum to support C3-C9 activation with zymosan and cobra venom factor as well as lysis of unsensitized rabbit erythrocytes was also ascertained. Rabbit CH50 titers and factor B levels were normal or elevated in 23/24 and 24/24 patients respectively. Abnormally low properdin levels more than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean were seen in 14/24 patients. Mean C3-C9 consumption after zymosan or cobra venom factor incubation was significantly less than normal (p < .001 and 0.025); in 11/24 sera incubated with zymosan, the extent of C3-C9 activation was more than 2 S.D. below the normal mean. Thus, abnormalities of the complement system are clearly present in patients with psoriasis and seem limited to the alternative pathway. Further, these abnormalities suggest that this pathway may be involved in the genesis of this disorder.
Depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass to fuel precursors: maximizing carbon efficiency by combining hydrolysis with pyrolysis

In this paper we study the carbon efficiency of combining hydrolysis and pyrolysis processes using maple wood as a feedstock. A two-step hydrolysis of maple wood in batch reactors, that consisted of a thermochemical pretreatment in water followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, achieved an 88.7 wt% yield of glucose and an 85 wt% yield of xylose as liquid streams. The residue obtained was 80 wt% lignin. A combination of TGA and pyroprobe studies was used for the pyrolysis of pure maple wood, hemicellulose-extracted maple wood, and the lignin residue from the hydrolysis of maple wood. Pyrolysis of raw maple wood produced 67 wt% of condensable liquid products (or bio-oils) that were a mixture of compounds including sugars, water, phenolics, aldehydes, and acids. Pyrolysis of hemicellulose-extracted maple wood (the solid product after pretreatment of maple wood) showed similar bio-oil yields and compositions to raw maple wood while pyrolysis of the lignin residue (the final solid product of enzymatic hydrolysis) produced only 44.8 wt% of bio-oil. The bio-oil from the lignin residue is mostly composed of phenolics such as guaiacol and syringol compounds. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of maple wood, hemicellulose-extracted maple wood, and lignin residue produced 18.8, 16.6 and 10.1 wt% aromatic products, respectively. Three possible options for the integration of hydrolysis with pyrolysis processes were evaluated based on their material and carbon balances: Option 1 was the pyrolysis/CFP of raw maple wood, option 2 combined hemicellulose extraction by hydrolysis with pyrolysis/CFP of hemicellulose-extracted maple wood, and option 3 combined the two-step hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose sugar extraction with pyrolysis/CFP of the lignin residue. It was found that options 1, 2, and 3 all have similar overall carbon yields for sugars and bio-oils of between 66 and 67%.
Decontamination of human skin experimentally soiled by radioactive materials.

An investigation was made of the efficiency of a series of cleansers both of the granular and waterless variety, plus a slurry and a special cream, in the decontamination of radioactivity on the skin, utilizing as laboratory soil the radioactive isotopes of I/sup 131/ and P/sup 32/. The test materials, in the quantities used, provided 0.05 mu c. in an alcoholic solution per application. The removal of radioactive contaminants on the skin was effected with a high degree of efficiency, (99.6%) in the case of P/sup 32/ and 99.0% for I/sup 131/. With the additional terminal wash by the subjects with granular cleanser uncontrolled by time, the amount of contaminant removed was essentially 100%. The granulated skin cleanser was superior to the waterless cleaner in effecting decontamination and a remarkably better agent than two commonly used for this purpose. In view of the high percentages of removal of the radioactive soil by the granular cleanser, it is recommended for use in both laboratory and industrial operations involving contamination of the skin by radioactive materials. In areas where water is not available, waterless hand cleansers can be utilized and should remove approximately 97% to 98% of the contamination. The protection offeredmore » by silicone and lanolin lotions was not of significance. No untoward effects were encountered from the use of these cleansing materials in the test situations described. (auth)« less