cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction of a plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library and genome sequence analysis of polyploid Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Cotton, one of the world’s leading crops, is important to the world’s textile and energy industries, and is a model species for studies of plant polyploidization, cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall biogenesis. Here, we report the construction of a plant-transformation-competent binary bacterial artificial chromosome (BIBAC) library and comparative genome sequence analysis of polyploid Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with one of its diploid putative progenitor species, G. raimondii Ulbr. We constructed the cotton BIBAC library in a vector competent for high-molecular-weight DNA transformation in different plant species through either Agrobacterium or particle bombardment. The library contains 76,800 clones with an average insert size of 135 kb, providing an approximate 99% probability of obtaining at least one positive clone from the library using a single-copy probe. The quality and utility of the library were verified by identifying BIBACs containing genes important for fiber development, fiber cellulose biosynthesis, seed fatty acid metabolism, cotton-nematode interaction, and bacterial blight resistance. In order to gain an insight into the Upland cotton genome and its relationship with G. raimondii, we sequenced nearly 10,000 BIBAC ends (BESs) randomly selected from the library, generating approximately one BES for every 250 kb along the Upland cotton genome. The retroelement Gypsy/DIRS1 family predominates in the Upland cotton genome, accounting for over 77% of all transposable elements. From the BESs, we identified 1,269 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), of which 1,006 were new, thus providing additional markers for cotton genome research. Surprisingly, comparative sequence analysis showed that Upland cotton is much more diverged from G. raimondii at the genomic sequence level than expected. There seems to be no significant difference between the relationships of the Upland cotton D- and A-subgenomes with the G. raimondii genome, even though G. raimondii contains a D genome (D5). The library represents the first BIBAC library in cotton and related species, thus providing tools useful for integrative physical mapping, large-scale genome sequencing and large-scale functional analysis of the Upland cotton genome. Comparative sequence analysis provides insights into the Upland cotton genome, and a possible mechanism underlying the divergence and evolution of polyploid Upland cotton from its diploid putative progenitor species, G. raimondii.
Cognitive strategies in discourse processing: A comparison of Chinese and English speakers

Three experiments tested the hypothesis that, when processing a normative language, individuals tend to adopt the discourse processing strategies that they use in their native language. In a natural language processing task, native speakers of English and Chinese read English passages that were heavily loaded with zero anaphora. Native Chinese speakers found the passages more comprehensible than did native English speakers, presumably because zero anaphora occurs much more often in Chinese than in English. However, in an artificial laboratory task, native Chinese speakers did not find it easier to recover the missing referents than did native English speakers, suggesting that the two groups were equally capable of reference retrieval although they differed in their natural language discourse-processing strategies. These results suggest that the strategies used for processing foreign-language discourse are influenced by those used to process native-language discourse.
New developments in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy

Recent advances have improved the capability of CARS microscopy for imaging live cells with high sensitivity. In this contribution an overview of the developments in CARS microscopy is given along with applications to cell biology.
Excess birth prevalence of Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome in eastern Wisconsin for birth cohorts 1997-1999

BACKGROUND: Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome (HLHS) is a group of cardiac malformations involving underdevelopment of the left heart with an inability to maintain systemic circulation. Because of a clinical impression of excess HLHS prevalence, we completed a medical record review of cases born from 1997 through 1999 who were Wisconsin residents and seen at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin (CHW). METHODS: Cases were identified either in the CHW medical records database or the Division of Pediatric Cardiology database and confirmed by echocardiogram, catheterization, surgery, or autopsy. U.S. and international surveillance systems were used to estimate population risk. Rates per 10,000 births were computed for eastern Wisconsin and four regions within this portion of the state, and compared to the estimated population risk. The same methods were used to evaluate whether rates for tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries were elevated. RESULTS: A total of 61 cases were ascertained yielding a birth prevalence of 3.7 per 10,000 births, which was greater than the estimated population risk of 2.79. The rate for the southeast region also exceeded the expected rate. The most urban and industrialized areas had the highest rates. Rates for the other two diagnoses evaluated were not different from estimated population risks. CONCLUSIONS: Eastern Wisconsin, particularly the urban southeast region, had elevated rates of HLHS. Because of the geographic clustering of high rates, environmental factors may be associated with this finding.
Mechanisms of Nitrate Accumulation in Plasma during Pacing-Induced Heart Failure in Conscious Dogs☆

The goal of this study was to understand the mechanisms behind the changes in plasma NOx during heart failure. Heart failure is associated with an increase in plasma nitrate levels, and yet most experimental evidence demonstrates a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide production during heart failure. Dogs were chronically instrumented for measurement of systemic hemodynamics and left ventricular (LV) dimensions. Hearts were paced at 210 bpm for 3 weeks (n = 14) and then 240 bpm for 1 week (n = 7). Hemodynamics, arterial blood gases, plasma NOx, and creatinine levels were monitored weekly. Heart failure was evidenced by cachexia, ascites, and hemodynamic alterations. Resting heart rate rose (94 +/- 6 to 135 +/- 9 bpm), and LV dP/dt fell (2810 +/- 82 to 1471 +/- 99 mm Hg/s), while LV end diastolic pressure quadrupled (5.8 +/- 0.7 to 25 +/- 0.8 mm Hg), and diastolic wall stress quadrupled (11 +/- 1.3 to 43 +/- 6.0 g/cm2, all P < 0.05). These changes occurred during a doubling in plasma NOx (5.5 +/- 1.5 to 10 +/- 1.6 microM, P < 0.05). There were no changes in plasma NOx through 3 weeks of pacing. Plasma creatinine levels increased 450% (from 0.27 +/- 0.32 to 1.21 +/- 0.63 mg%). Stimulated nitrite production by agonists in sieved coronary microvessels was unchanged after 3 weeks of pacing but was reduced after heart failure. Plasma NOx did not correlate with LV dP/dt or systolic wall stress but correlated directly with LV EDP or diastolic wall stress and inversely with cardiac work. Plasma NOx rose in direct relation to plasma creatinine levels (Y = 4.8X + 2.8, r2 = 0.84), suggesting that the rise in plasma NOx during heart failure is due to decreased renal function not increased NO production.
The Zeeman Effect and Λ -Type and Spin Doubling in the CaH Bands

A more detailed discussion of the Zeeman effect in the 6389A $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ band of CaH than that given previously with W. Bender is presented. General agreement with the assumption that the magnetic energy in a $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ state is largely due to the interaction of the electron spin and the external field is obtained for band lines of low $K$ value, but marked differences and asymmetries in the patterns occur for lines from the higher rotational levels. The neglected coupling between the component $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of $L$ along the rotational axis of the molecule and the field will account completely for these deviations, and these observations together with those on the Zeeman effect of the lines of these higher rotational levels in the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}$, $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ band of CaH are shown to be in accord with the explanation by Van Vleck and Mulliken and Christy of the large $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type and spin doubling in these states.
Execution suppression: An automated iterative technique for locating memory errors

By studying the behavior of several programs that crash due to memory errors, we observed that locating the errors can be challenging because significant propagation of corrupt memory values can occur prior to the point of the crash. In this article, we present an automated approach for locating memory errors in the presence of memory corruption propagation. Our approach leverages the information revealed by a program crash: when a crash occurs, this reveals a subset of the memory corruption that exists in the execution. By suppressing (nullifying) the effect of this known corruption during execution, the crash is avoided and any remaining (hidden) corruption may then be exposed by subsequent crashes. The newly exposed corruption can then be suppressed in turn. By iterating this process until no further crashes occur, the first point of memory corruption—and the likely root cause of the program failure—can be identified. However, this iterative approach may terminate prematurely, since programs may not crash even when memory corruption is present during execution. To address this, we show how crashes can be exposed in an execution by manipulating the relative ordering of particular variables within memory. By revealing crashes through this variable re-ordering, the effectiveness and applicability of the execution suppression approach can be improved. We describe a set of experiments illustrating the effectiveness of our approach in consistently and precisely identifying the first points of memory corruption in executions that fail due to memory errors. We also discuss a baseline software implementation of execution suppression that incurs an average overhead of 7.2x, and describe how to reduce this overhead to 1.8x through hardware support.
Speciation patterns of actinides in natural waters: a laboratory investigation

The results of laboratory investigations of actinide speciation in ground waters of varying compositions are summarized, re-evaluated and further interpreted, with the inclusion of additional data. Actinide speciation (solubility, oxidation state distributions) in these water samples exhibits great variability at 10−10 to 10−8 M total actinide concentrations. Americium solubility appears to be controlled by the formation of radiocolloids. neptunium is predictably oxidized and soluble in these water samples, with only a few exceptions. Plutonium exhibits widely varying oxidation state distributions—and hence solubility— despite the presence of 6 mg liter−1 dissolved oxygen in all experiments. Plutonium solubility is enhanced by carbonate and fluoride but is diminished by sulfate in reducing waters. In general, these results are compatible with the limited information available for actinide speciation from previous in-situ investigations but they emphasize the paucity of accurate thermodynamic data to describe these systems.
Human Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase Shares Amino Acid Sequence Homology with a Putative Cytokine

To test the hypothesis that tRNATyr recognition differs between bacterial and human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases, we sequenced several clones identified as human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase cDNAs by the Human Genome Project. We found that human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is composed of three domains: 1) an amino-terminal Rossmann fold domain that is responsible for formation of the activated E.Tyr-AMP intermediate and is conserved among bacteria, archeae, and eukaryotes; 2) a tRNA anticodon recognition domain that has not been conserved between bacteria and eukaryotes; and 3) a carboxyl-terminal domain that is unique to the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and whose primary structure is 49% identical to the putative human cytokine endothelial monocyte-activating protein II, 50% identical to the carboxyl-terminal domain of methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Caenorhabditis elegans, and 43% identical to the carboxyl-terminal domain of Arc1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first two domains of the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase are 52, 36, and 16% identical to tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases from S. cerevisiae, Methanococcus jannaschii, and Bacillus stearothermophilus, respectively. Nine of fifteen amino acids known to be involved in the formation of the tyrosyl-adenylate complex in B. stearothermophilus are conserved across all of the organisms, whereas amino acids involved in the recognition of tRNATyr are not conserved. Kinetic analyses of recombinant human and B. stearothermophilus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases expressed in Escherichia coli indicate that human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase aminoacylates human but not B. stearothermophilus tRNATyr, and vice versa, supporting the original hypothesis. It is proposed that like endothelial monocyte-activating protein II and the carboxyl-terminal domain of Arc1p, the carboxyl-terminal domain of human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase evolved from gene duplication of the carboxyl-terminal domain of methionyl-tRNA synthetase and may direct tRNA to the active site of the enzyme.
The biochemical and energetic composition of somatic tissues during growth in the sea star, Pycnopodia helianthoides (echinodermata, asteroidea)

Abstract 1. 1. The biochemical composition and energy content of the body wall (BW) and pyloric ceca (PC) tissues of Pycnopodia helianthoides were measured for juveniles and adults ranging from 14 to 176mm radius. 2. 2. Juveniles ( R = 14–22 mm) had BW tissues composed of 62.5% ash, 1.2% carbohydrate, 32.1% protein and 4.2% lipid. Medium sized adults ( R =24–35 mm) had BW values of 57.8% ash, 1.1% carbohydrate, 36.9% protein and 4.2% lipid. Large sized adults ( R =85–176 mm) had BW values of 48.9% ash, 1.2% carbohydrate, 44.4% protein and 5.5% lipid. 3. 3. The energy content (kJ/g dry wt) of the BW tissues increased 26% with increasing body size (9.4 kJ/g dry wt, R = 14–22 mm; 10.6 kJ/g dry wt, R = 24–35 mm; 12.7 kJ/g dry wt, R =85–176 mm). 4. 4. The biochemical composition and energy content of the pyloric ceca remained constant over different body sizes (ash = 8.4%; carbohydrate = 3.2%; protein = 73.3%; lipid = 15.1%; 25.2 kJ/g dry wt). 5. 5. Greater amounts of organics and energy in the total BW than the PC tissues and increases in nutrient and energy levels of the BW (kJ/g dry wt) with growth indicates that BW tissue is not biochemically static, and may not only serve a structural function, but provide a reservoir for nutrients and energy.
Variations in K+–Na+ ion exchange depth in commercial and experimental float glass compositions

Abstract We report the results of ion-exchange experiments conducted on 17 commercial soda–lime–silicate (SLS) float glass and 8 experimental SLS glass compositions. A significant variation in the depth of K + penetration with relatively small changes in composition was observed. The data were fit to a multiple regression model in which the major oxides are the independent variables and depth of K + is the dependent variable. The model indicates that increased depth of exchange (increased interdiffusion coefficient) correlates predominantly with increased K 2 O and/or Na 2 O content of the glass, with a decreased total alkaline earth content and with the ratio of CaO/MgO.
Exact closed form solutions and photon statistics of coherent spontaneous emission in a cavity

Abstract Exact closed form solutions are obtained for the coherent spontaneous emission by a large number of two-level atoms in a Dicke state. Depending on the initial states of the atoms, three types of photon statistics are obtained for the emitted radiation field. Possible implications for recent experimental results are discussed.
An automated miniaturized creatinine sensing system

In this paper we report on the recently demonstrated, quartz resonator based thermal biosensor configured as a biomedical instrumentation system for continuous monitoring of kidney function based on the measurement of urinary creatinine excretion. The biosensor consists of a reaction chamber which is physically separated but located in close proximity to a micromachined quartz resonator-based temperature sensor. The highly effective coupling of heat from the reaction chamber to the quartz resonator due to close proximity (10-50 microns) and the extremely high absorption coefficient of quartz in the 8-12 μm wavelength range renders this system into a very sensitive thermal sensor design. The non-contact measurement results in no confounding mass loading effects on the quartz resonator and therefore provides clear calorimetric data. The sensor uses creatinine iminohydrolase enzyme immobilized on polystyrene films designed for disposable use. We have successfully integrated the sensor with a programmable miniaturized fluidic system from LabSmith® Inc. to form a miniaturized test system. In this paper we present the latest results on noncontact thermal sensor configuration integrated with miniature automated fluidic system that is capable of continuous monitoring of kidney function based on the measurement of urinary creatinine excretion.
Relativistic many-body theory of atomic transitions. The relativistic equation-of-motion approach

An equation-of-motion approach is used to develop the relativistic many-body theory of atomic transitions. The relativistic equations of motion for transition matrices are formulated with the use of techniques of quantum-field theory. To reduce the equations of motion to a tractable form which is appropriate for numerical calculations, a graphical method to resolve the complication arising from the antisymmetrization and angular-momentum coupling is employed. The relativistic equation-of-motion method allows an ab initio treatment of correlation and relativistic effects in both closed- and open-shell many-body systems. A special case of the present formulation reduces to the relativistic random-phase approximation.
The Drosophila MicroRNA Mir-14 Suppresses Cell Death and Is Required for Normal Fat Metabolism

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are between 21 and 25 nucleotides in length and repress gene function through interactions with target mRNAs. The genomes of metazoans encode on the order of several hundred miRNAs, but the processes they regulate have been defined for only two in C. elegans. We searched for new inhibitors of apoptotic cell death by testing existing collections of P element insertion lines for their ability to enhance a small-eye phenotype associated with eye-specific expression of the Drosophila cell death activator Reaper. Here we report the identification of the Drosophila miRNA mir-14 as a cell death suppressor. Loss of mir-14 enhances Reaper-dependent cell death, whereas ectopic expression suppresses cell death induced by multiple stimuli. Animals lacking mir-14 are viable. However, they are stress sensitive and have a reduced lifespan. Mir-14 mutants have elevated levels of the apoptotic effector caspase Drice, suggesting one potential site of action. Mir-14 also regulates fat metabolism. Deletion of mir-14 results in animals with increased levels of triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol, whereas increases in mir-14 copy number have the converse effect. We discuss possible relationships between these phenotypes.
Impact of non-ideality on mixing of hydrocarbons and water at supercritical or near-critical conditions

Abstract The mixing of a single-component or multi-component hydrocarbon (HC) droplet in supercritical or near-critical water (SCW/NCW) is modeled. Transport, thermodynamics, and phase equilibrium sub-models are used to estimate the relevant physical properties. We use a generalized Maxwell–Stefan (MS) expression to model the multi-component mass transfer and a diffusion driving force expressed in terms of fugacity gradients to account for effects of non-ideality on mass fluxes. We compare the ideal and non-ideal diffusive driving forces for different mixing conditions and different HCs, and show that when the mixing temperature is close to or greater than the upper critical solution temperature (UCST), the non-ideal driving force model predicts a much slower mixing process and higher concentrations of the heavier HC than the ideal driving force, due to the presence of a diffusion barrier captured by the non-ideal driving force model.
Moving right along: how PP1 helps clear the checkpoint.

Spindle checkpoint silencing is crucial for cell-cycle progression, but mechanisms underlying this process remain mysterious. Two papers, one in this issue of Developmental Cell (Meadows et al., 2011) and one in Current Biology (Rosenberg et al., 2011), begin to show how phosphatase PP1-gamma connects chromosome-microtubule attachment with anaphase entry.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunohistochemistry in the rabbit retina

A commercially obtained antiserum to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was used with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical method to localize VIP-like immunoreactivity in the adult rabbit retina. A population of cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer is specifically stained. The cells are most dense in the central retina (40–50 cells/mm2), and least numerous in the superior periphery (15–20 cells/mm2). The dendritic fields overlap extensively; cells in the periphery have dendritic fields up to 1 mm in diameter. The processes of the cells are in the inner plexiform layer, where they tend to form a tristratified pattern in sublayers 1, 3 and 5. This pattern of lamination is similar to that described by other laboratories for dopaminergic amacrine cells and provides further evidence for an interaction between these two neuromodulators.
Electrical and structural properties of grain boundary in polycrystalline Si

A special type of high angle grain boundary with mirror symmetry of the crystallographic orientation between the two grains is examined electrically and structurally. Transmission electron microscopy investigations show the nonuniform nature of the grain boundary. Both coherent and incoherent regions are observed along the boundary plane, and the types of dislocations and their densities vary from place to place. Electrical measurements of the boundary properties indicate no measurable barrier height. Heat treatment of the sample in an oxygen atmosphere at 950/sup 0/C for 30 min did not change the boundary resistance. However, recombination effects are enhanced after boron diffusion. When pulsed laser radiation was used to process this material, it was found that the grain boundary structures were modified by laser-induced surface melting, i.e., incoherent boundaries were converted to coherent boundaries in the melted region.
Young infants' perception of illusory contours in dynamic displays

Ninety-six 4-month-old infants were habituated to one of three computer-generated displays depicting two rod parts above and below an occluding box. In the first display, the surfaces and boundaries of the rod and box were specified by dense surface texture. Their depth segregation was specified by accretion and deletion of background texture and motion shear. In the second display, the unity of the rod parts and box, and their depth segregation, were specified only by illusory contours. In the third display, the boundaries of the rod and box were specified by illusory contours, perceptible only via spatiotemporal integration of accretion and deletion of sparse-background-texture elements. Infants appeared to perceive object unity, and segregate the rod and box surfaces, in all three displays, indicating use of illusory contours to perceive bounded surfaces in depth. The results suggest a cognitive contribution to perception of some illusory contours, abilities which seem to be present by at least 4 months of age.
Multiphonon raman scattering from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes

(Received 25 June 2006; published 23 January 2007)Combinations of up to 6 zone-edge and zone-center optical phonons are observed in the Raman spectraof individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). These multiphonon Raman modes exhibit distinctsignatures of the one-dimensional nature of SWNTs and provide information on the phonon structure,exciton-phonon coupling, and excitonic transitions in nanotubes.
Midlatitude Wind Forcing and Subduction of Temperature Anomalies

Abstract An OGCM (MOM1) is used to examine the oceanic response to localized anomalous surface wind and buoyancy forcings. Wind stress and surface cooling anomalies are imposed at several different locations with respect to the positions of the mixed layer front and the LPVP (low potential vorticity path). Surface cooling locally creates sea surface temperature anomalies, which are subducted to the thermocline in remote places. The way in which wind anomalies affect the thermocline structure can be observed by using the following indicator. The LPVP is defined as a line that consists of water with minimum potential vorticity at each latitude. It is defined at each isopycnal surface and is affected through changes in the mixed layer depth or the position of the outcrop lines. Sea surface height (SSH) anomalies created by localized anomalous wind stress forcing propagate westward at the same speed as the lower-thermocline depth anomalies, corresponding to the first baroclinic mode. When the forcing region i...
The relationship between self‐efficacy for participating in self‐managed work groups and the big five personality dimensions

Little research has been done on characteristics of successful self-managed work group members, despite the fact that almost every major U.S. corporation is considering implementing such teams. This study examined the relationship between the Big Five personality dimensions and self-efficacy for participating in self-managed work groups. A questionnaire was administered to 126 workers in a manufacturing organization that is planning the implementation of self-managed work groups. Results indicated that Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were significantly related to self-efficacy for participating in self-managed work groups. Due to the relationship between self-efficacy and performance, one implication of these findings is that organizations should consider personality when deciding whether or not to implement self-managed work groups or who should be selected to work in this type of structure. Future research should include measures of individual and group performance and withdrawal behaviors to extend these findings.
Regimes of Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere: Power, Interests, and Intellectual Traditions

The 1994 Summit of the Americas marked a high point in hemispherism-our label for the active attempt by the nations of the Western Hemisphere to form regimes of cooperation with one another. To explain why hemispherism has not been a more powerful trend in the last 200 years, structural, interest, and cultural variables are relevant but insufficient factors. An important and often overlooked obstacle to hemispherism has been contrarian ideas. Specifically, constellations of intellectual traditions that question the value of hemispheric cooperation have dampened both the demand for and supply of such regimes. Only when these antihemispheric intellectual traditions were in retreat-the late nineteenth century, the mid twentieth century, and the early 1990s-has hemispherism flourished. We posit three mechanisms through which intellectual traditions can decline, thus generating a modified cognitivist argument that can supplement power-based and interest-based explanations of regime formation and robustness. In 1990, Mexico made a daring proposal to the United States: the establishment of a free trade zone between both nations. Historically, this was not the first time that a Latin American nation approached the United States with a request for securing a special bilateral relationship or economic alliance. What was new, however, was that the U.S. accepted. First, President George Bush embraced Mexico's proposal to negotiate'a free trade agreement, and in his Enterprise for the Americas Initiative (EAI), envisioned expanding free trade throughout the hemisphere. Then, President Bill Clinton completed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and obtained congressional ratification. Clinton went further: in 1994 he invited the democratically elected presidents and heads of governments of the Americas to a summit to discuss ways of deepening hemispheric cooperation. Latin Americans accepted the invitation with one condition: that free trade should be the centerpiece
Effect of Intermittent Phototherapy on Bilirubin Dynamics in Gunn Rats

Summary: To determine whether continuous phototherapy is necessary to control neonatal jaundice, groups of jaundiced (Gunn) rats were exposed to four blue light regimens: continuous light, 30 min light/30 min dark, 6 min light/6 min dark, and 6 min light/18 min dark. An exponential decrease in serum bilirubin concentration (SBC) was found with all regimens. A logarithmic dose response curve was obtained with a 50% light dose exhibiting 75% efficacy, and a 25% light dose exhibiting 59% efficacy compared to continuous phototherapy. The time constants of the decrease in serum bilirubin concentration also varied logarithmically with doses with continuous therapy having a time constant of 1.4 days, and 6 min light/18 min dark therapy having a time constant of 3 days. Speculation: In view of the concern which has been expressed over the potential long term side effects of phototherapy, the present study suggests that intermittent phototherapy, with a light cycle of approximately 30–60 min duration, and a concomitant dosage decrease of 50–75% may effectively control neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
The isothermal compression of Al2O3 at 295 °K up to 1 megabar

The isothermal p-V relation for Al2O3 at 295 °K is established by using a polynomial quadratic in p to represent the isothermal bulk modulus, BT, as a function of pressure. The second order derivative of BT with respect to pressure at p=0 is evaluated from available ultrasonic data. Comparison between experimental compression measurements and the present calculated results shows excellent agreement up to at least 1 megabar. It also shows that there seems to exist a phase transition in the neighborhood of 1.3 megabars.
Survival ofVarroa jacobsoni Oud. (Acari: Varroidae) away from its living hostApis mellifera L.

Mite survival was measured on eight different substrates: cloth, wax comb, dead drones, dead workers, metal, wood, pollen and control. Trials were conducted at both 26°C and 13°C. Substrate type, temperature and their interactions significantly affected the survival ofV. jacobsoni. Longest survival (71±1.1 h) was recorded on dead worker bees (Apis mellifera L.) held at 26°C. Shortest survivals were observed on cloth (21±1.3 h), no substrate (21±1.3 h), metal (20±1.1 h) and pollen (18±1.3 h), all maintained at 13°C.
Achilles Tendon Repair with Acellular Tissue Graft Augmentation in Neglected Ruptures

Neglected Achilles tendon rupture injuries present surgical challenges because of the quality and quantity of tendon tissue during repair combined with the magnitude of mechanical forces placed on this tendon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an acellular human dermal tissue matrix, GRAFTJACKET, as an augmentation material in neglected Achilles tendon repair. Nine patients with neglected Achilles tendon ruptures were evaluated and followed up for a minimum of 20 months. Primary repair was followed by augmentation with the graft and suturing circumferentially around the tendon. Patients were placed in an early, functional rehabilitation program with postoperative evaluation at 3, 6, and 12 months. Outcome scores were calculated based on the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scoring system. At 20 to 30 months postoperative follow-up range, there has been no incidence of re-rupture or recurrent pain. The average return-to-activity time was 15.2 ± 1.7 weeks. The results from this retrospective clinical series suggest that using an acellular human dermal tissue matrix to augment neglected Achilles tendon rupture primary repair offers desirable return-to-activity time points and viable surgical alternative over previously reported surgical options.
Coercive Mediation on the Road to Dayton

The article tries to explain why the American mediation at Dayton resulted in agreement, whereas previous attempts to settle the Bosnian conflict had failed. After examining the evolution of American policies prior to 1995, the article discusses the US initiative of taking the lead in the negotiation, and the methods and tactics it employed. It argues that the military operations against the Serbs do not fit the description of the mediator as a manipulator inducing a mutually hurting stalemate. The military campaign having endowed Western policies with credibility, intimidated the Serbs, and redrawn the front-lines, might be called coercive mediation. It suggests that the description of the mediator as an intervenor who does not employ force needs to be revised.
Reporting and counting segment intersections

This paper partly settles the following question: Is it possible to compute all k intersections between n arbitrary line segments in time linear in k? We describe an algorithm for this problem whose running time is O(n(log2 nlog log n)+k). This is the first solution with a time bound linear in the size of the output. To obtain this result we turn away from traditional, sweep-line-based schemes. Instead, we introduce a new hierarchical strategy for dealing with segments without reducing the dimensionality of the problem. This framework is also used to answer related questions. New results include an O(n1.695) time algorithm for counting intersections (as opposed to reporting each of them explicitly) and an optimal algorithm for computing the intersections of a line arrangement with a query segment. Using duality arguments we also present an improved algorithm for a point enclosure problem.
High-Temperature Electrical Characterization of Ga-Based Layered Cuprates

Abstract High-temperature electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements were performed on single-CuO 2 -layer La 1- x Sr 1+ x CuGaO 5 ( x = 0.1 and 0.13) and double-CuO 2 -layer Y 1- x Ca x Sr 2 Cu 2 GaO 7 ( x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4). The solubility range in Y 1- x Ca x Sr 2 Cu 2 GaO 7 is most likely 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, whereas, only the x = 0.1 composition is stable in La 1- x Sr 1+ x CuGaO 5 . Carrier concentration is essentially independent of temperature and oxygen partial pressure in both systems. The defect structure is dominated by p = [ AE ′ RE ], where AE = alkaline earth and RE = La or Y. The conductivity, and therefore the mobility, is activated for x = 0 and x = 0.1 in Y 1- x Ca x Sr 2 Cu 2 GaO 7 . Solid solubility limits and charge localization play major roles in the establishment of superconductivity in these phases.
New Insights into the Genetics of Familial Chromaffin Cell Tumors

We review genetic aspects and recent advances in our under- standing of the molecular pathogenesis of familial chromaffin cell tumors (pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma). About 10 percent of pheochro- mocytomas are familial and occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1). A subset of paragangliomas, tumors that can also produce and secrete catecholamines, are also familial and occur in patients with germline mutations in genes that encode subunits of the mitochondrial complex II. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogene- sis of chromaffin cell tumors remain widely unknown, although recent studies in hereditary tumors help elucidate their development. In MEN 2, overrepresentation of mutant RET in selected adrenomedullary cells may be an important mechanism in initiating the formation of a pheochromocy- toma. In VHL disease, pheochromocytoma development appears to occur according to Knudson's two-hit model, a VHL germline mutation and wildtype allelic deletion. Tumorigenesis of NF1-associated pheochromocy- tomas remains unknown, as does tumor formation (i.e., carotid body tu- mor) in patients with germline mutations in SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD, genes that encode subunits of the mitochondrial complex II, the smallest complex in the respiratory chain. In sporadic chromaffin cell tumors, many genetic alterations have been found. However, at present such genet- ic changes are difficult to place into context with regard to tumor forma- tion and progression.
Active-passive airborne ocean color measurement. 1: Instrumentation.

The instrumentation used in a multichannel lidar fluorosensor spectrometer functioning concurrently as a passive spectroradiometer for measuring upwelling ocean color radiance is discussed. The instrument calibration techniques are addressed, including the absolute passive calibration technique, the importance of relative channel-to-channel calibration for accurate ocean color measurement, and active mode calibration techniques using passive calibration transfer methods. Ground and flight test results from the dual-mode active-passive ocean color sensor are discussed.
Kitchen technologies and mealtime rituals: interpreting the food axis at American summer camps, 1890-1950.

Les camps d'ete peuvent sembler l'endroit le moins propice a l'etude des relations entre technologie et culture. Pourtant, l'A. nous presente une etude qui permet de comptendre la relation entre le developpement des technologies culinaires et les changements dans la representation sociale de l'enfance entre la seconde moitie du 19eme et la premiere moitie du 20eme siecles aux Etats Unis. Les organisateurs des camps utilisaient les technologies culinaires disponibles de facon selective, l'experience du camp devant forger avant tout par un travail dur le caractere et le sens de l'autonomie et de responsabilite des generations futures. Neanmoins, a partir de la deuxieme moitie du 20eme siecle, les cusines du camp entretenaient la socialisation des campeurs sans continuer a jouer un role direct dans ce processus
A Generalization of the Dielectric Ellipsoid Problem

The classical problem of the dielectric ellipsoid involves the determination of the field within a homogeneous, isotropic, dielectric ellipsoid when it is placed in a uniform electric field. In the present generalization, both the ellipsoid and the medium in which it is placed, although still homogeneous, are anisotropic and also possess conductivities which are anisotropic. The principal axes of the ellipsoid, of the two dielectric tensors, and of the two conductivity tensors, may all be differently oriented. The external field, although uniform in space, varies sinusoidally with time. The condition specified in the last sentence is consistent with the electromagnetic field equations only in a region whose maximum dimension is small compared with $\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$ where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the wave-length which corresponds to the frequency in question. Thus the solution given here is restricted by the condition that the maximum dimension of the ellipsoid must be small compared with $\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$.
An iterative method for solving nonlinear partial differential equations

Abstract A successive approximation process for a class of nth order nonlinear partial differential equations on Em is given. Analytic solutions are found by iteration. The pairing between initial estimates and limiting functions forms a basis for the study of boundary conditions.
Individual differences in human topographic EEG power: hemodynamic and psychological predictors.

Cortical power spectrum (CPS), a derivative of quantitative EEG, has been studied in human development and varieties of brain functions and dysfunctions. From the EEG literature, consistently a high degree (e.g. 6-15 × in alpha amplitude) of individual differences in CPS densities is noted. This study examined the potential biopsychological factors contributing to such a wide range of individual differences in CPS. A set of significant inverse functions between systolic blood pressure and differential topographic CPS densities was observed, indicating that hemodynamic baroreceptor regulatory function may partially account for the individual differences in CPS densities. Furthermore, the trait measure of perceptual factor (reducer-augmenter) was correlated positively with other parameters of CPS densities. These results suggest that hemodynamic and psychological factors are predictive of the individual differences in EEG magnitudes.
Tertiary microvascular territories define lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia

Lacunar infarcts are commonly found in the basal ganglia, though little is known about the organization of small-scale microvascular territories that presumably subtend lacunae. We investigated microvascular territories of the lenticulostriate arteries, the recurrent artery of Heubner, the anterior choroidal artery, and striate branches of the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries in perfusion-fixed human brains by simultaneous injection of fluorescent dyes and a radio-opaque substance in 5% gelatin. Territories were defined by ultraviolet illumination of dye and high-resolution mammography of radio-opaque substance. Brains were sectioned coplanar with the Talairach proportional grid system and vascular data were plotted, allowing for application to any human brain. The data suggest first that the lenticulostriate artery, recurrent artery of Heubner, and anterior choroidal artery supply distinct territories of the basal ganglia with minimal overlap and sparse anastomoses between major penetrating vessels. Individual territories are spatially consistent across brains and match the extent of major/minor infarcts. Second, branching patterns of parental, second-, and third-order vessels leading to circumscribed terminal vascular beds could account structurally for "lacunar" infarcts.
Clinical Outcomes of Primary Bladder Carcinoma In Situ in a Contemporary Series

Purpose: The natural history of primary bladder carcinoma in situ has not been well described. We describe patterns of disease recurrence and progression, and identify clinical outcome predictors of primary carcinoma in situ after bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 155 patients diagnosed with isolated primary high grade carcinoma in situ at a tertiary center from 1990 to 2008 who underwent transurethral resection followed by intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. The end points included time to disease recurrence, time to progression to invasive disease (cT1 or higher) or to muscle invasive disease (cT2 or higher), or early radical cystectomy. Predictors included gender, age, race, smoking history, presenting symptoms, carcinoma in situ pattern (focal, multiple or diffuse) and response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin.Results: A total of 155 patients received bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy within 6 months. The 5-year cumulative incidence o...
Period shortening and phase shifting effects of ethanol on theGonyaulax glow rhythm

In a number of organisms which exhibit circadian rhythmicity, a continuous exposure to ethanol at moderate (0.1%) concentrations is known to cause period lengthening. In studies of the effects of ethanol on the circadian luminescence glow rhythm of the marine dinoflagellateGonyaulax, we observed that 0.1% ethanol causes instead a period shortening. We have also found that ethanol pulses cause phase shifts, with little or no after-effects on the period of the circadian rhythm which continues thereafter.
AC operation of high performance glass ceramic package interconnect and impact on manufacturing

Ceramic packages for high performance server processors have many wiring layers and via count due to the large number of input-output (I/Os) needed in high end computers to attain performance targets. Good AC operation of the interconnect is critical to attain since long traces and vias can be very lossy in these applications. The electrical impact of manufacturing changes implemented in these modules due to mechanical, thermal, or yield issues can be difficult to discern due to the large number of structures and parameter variation in the package. In addition, most of the signals in modern processors operate at a fundamental frequency well into the gigahertz range making traditional direct current (DC) electrical measurements less meaningful to designers and process development engineers. We quantify the AC electrical impact of package manufacturing changes using a high speed microwave vector network analyzer (VNA) on the module interconnects. We measure the effect of several of these changes on various ceramic multi-chip modules (MCM) as a function of frequency. We show how these measurements have lead to a modified cross section in high performance glass ceramic (HPGC) packages used for IBM large scale server processors.
Renal function and serum aldosterone levels in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

Electrolyte and water balance, renal glomerular and tubular functions, and serum aldosterone concentrations were measured in 11 preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and in 15 preterm infants without RDS. When the respiratory and circulatory status of the infants with RDS was maintained in an adequately stable state (maintaining Pa o 2 at 62±5 mm. Hg, pH at 7.34±0.02, Pa co 2 at 44±3 mm. Hg, and mean arterial blood pressure above 30 mm. Hg), the electrolyte status, water balance, and renal functional status of infants with RDS were similar to values in the normal infants without RDS. Serum aldosterone concentrations in preterm infants with or without RDS were high (122±28 and 81±19 ng. per 100 ml., respectively), precluding an aldosterone insufficiency state in these infants.
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGLOMERATED COFFEE DURING TAPPING

Three brands of instant coffee were used as model agglomerated powders. They were exposed to compaction in a tap density tester. Experiments were done confining samples of instant coffee in graduated cylinders with several diameters, i.e., 1.6, 2.0 and 2.4 cm; and different product heights, i.e., 3.2, 6.3, and 12.5 cm. Increased attrition was noticed with the number of tappings, which ranged from 0 to 10,000 taps. Changes in bulk density were fitted to two-parameter models used for compaction of food powders, using nonlinear regression. New three and four-parameter models were proposed, and their fit to experimental data was also examined. The fit of these new models was better than that of previous ones, indicating that the combined effect of attrition and compaction cannot be properly described by models containing less than three parameters. The container diameter, product height, and particle size were found to affect the parameters’ estimates for the models examined.
A visual simulator for a simple machine and assembly language

We present a package which provides a visually oriented simulation of the execution of machine and assembly language programs on a simple computer. The programs are written for HyperCard running on Apple Macintosh computers. They are suitable for in-class demonstrations and various types of in-class or out of class assignments.
Source of NMR line broadening for3He adsorbed on Grafoil

Pulsed NMR measurements were made of proton resonances in samples of Grafoil sheets soaked in ethyl alcohol. Frequency shifts were observed due to effects of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of the Grafoil and these shifts can account for line broadening of NMR in helium films on Grafoil at low temperatures.