cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edge-connected, crossed-electrode array for two-dimensional projection and beamforming

A novel geometry for planar structures which allows simpler implementation and construction while trading off higher signal processing costs and possible reduced performance is introduced. A geometry for array construction which uses two sets of orthogonal striped electrodes is discussed. The basic operation principles of the geometry are given. While obtaining N/sup 2/ intersecting points in a two-dimensional structure, only 2N control points are required. Thus, N/sup 2/ active elements are controlled with 2N degrees of freedom, which simplifies both implementation and data handling. This gain in simplicity is traded off against reduced performance when used as a projector and increased signal processing when used in beamforming if the process is carried out in a two-step process. The limitations of the crossed-electrode geometry and discussed, and a theory for operation as a projector and a receiver is presented. >
The computer numerical simulation of applications of pseudo-tracer method to determine the direction of water-coming in oil wells

This paper gives the theoretical method to determine water-coming volume by using pseudo-tracer. According to the flow mechanism of tracer in reservoirs, the theoretical model of numerical simulation of tracer has been established. The method that is implicit to pressure and explicit to saturation for difference solution of model is used and a numerical simulation software has been designed. The calculation method to ascertain the direction and water-coming volume of pseudo-tracer has been given. The water-coming volumes of four injection wells in Xing 4 to 6 blocks of Daqing Oilfield has been calculated and the direction of water-coming has been estimated. The reasons for remaining oil and the potential exploitation measures have been put forward. The results show that the water-coming volume of injection well sj312 is 19.28 m3, which accounts for 43% of the total water volume. This well is the main inflow direction of this block. Therefore, this research can provide theoretical basis for the remaining oil potential of other blocks.
MOS Characteristics of C-Face 4H-SiC

Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) fabricated on the carbon face of 4H-SiC were characterized following different postoxidation annealing methods used to passivate the oxide–semiconductor (O–S) interface. Of the various processes studied, sequential postoxidation annealing in NO followed by atomic hydrogen gave the lowest interface trap density (D it). Direct oxidation/passivation in NO yielded somewhat better I–V characteristics, though all passivation ambients produced approximately the same breakdown field strength. n-Channel MOSFETs showed high channel mobility at low field, which is likely caused by the presence of mobile ions at the O–S interface. Comparisons with the silicon face are presented for interface trap density, oxide breakdown field, and channel mobility. These comparisons suggest that the carbon face does not offer significant performance advantages.
Temporal and spatial expression of alternative splice-forms of the α1(XI) collagen gene in fetal rat cartilage

Type XI collagen, a member of the group of fibrillar collagens, plays a regulatory role in the formation of the collagen fibril net- work in cartilage and consequently plays a pivotal role in the formation of the endochondral skeleton. The mechanism by which type XI colla- gen limits fibril growth appears to involve the large noncollagenous amino terminal domain. Complex alternative splicing occurs within this domain in two of the three constituent subunits, a1(XI) and a2(XI). In the a1(XI) chain, three alter- natively spliced exons encoding one very basic and two very acidic peptides generate six splice- forms and protein isoforms. In order to better understand the significance of this alternative splicing, we have examined fetal rat cartilage to determine: (a) the relationship between alterna- tive splicing and chondrogenesis in limb bud micromass culture; (b) the relative levels of expression of each of the splice-forms by ribo- nuclease protection; and (c) the distribution of splice-forms and protein isoforms by in situ hy- bridization and immunohistochemistry. The results indicate that the pattern of alternative splicing of the a1(XI) chain is tightly linked to chondrogenesis. The two most abundant splice- forms in fetal rib cartilage are vo, lacking all three exons, and v1b, containing the exon encod- ing the basic peptide. While most of the splice- forms show a general distribution in nasal, Meck- el's, and rib cartilage, v1b was restricted to the dorsal portion of the fetal rib. This distribution appears to correlate with the portion of the rib which will ultimately ossify, rather than with any of the differentiative states of chondrocytes. Together these results suggest that alternative splicing within the amino terminal domain of the a1(XI) chain may contribute to the function of type XI collagen and that expression of the basic v1b peptide may play a role in endochon- dral ossification. Dev. Dyn. 1998;213:12-26.
Classical Theory of the Ground Spin-State in Cubic Spinels

An investigation of the classical Heisenberg exchange energy has led to the discovery of a new spin configuration, called a ferrimagnetic spiral. The explicit construction of this state is accomplished by application of Lyons-Kaplan generalization of the Luttinger-Tisza method (GLT). For all $B\ensuremath{-}B$ interactions which are sufficiently large to destabilize the N\'eel (collinear) configuration, this spiral has lower energy than all previously proposed spin configurations including those of N\'eel and Yafet-Kittel. Furthermore, this ferrimagnetic spiral is found to be stable against arbitrary small deviations of the spin vectors over a range of interactions that is contiguous with the N\'eel range. It is also shown, by further application of the GLT method, to have the lowest energy over an additional large class of spin configurations. In view of these results, it is likely that the ferrimagnetic spiral is the ground state over its range of local stability.The complete class of configurations possessing "equal relative angles" (i.e., invariance of the angles between spins under lattice translations) is elucidated for the first time. It is shown that the ferrimagnetic spiral has the lowest energy over this class of configurations for a range of interactions which includes the range of stability, and extends beyond it. It follows that for interactions in the latter range, the relative angles in the ground state must not possess translational invariance, in contradiction to earlier hypotheses.The neutron diffraction pattern resulting from general magnetic spirals is discussed. The striking agreement between our theoretical results and the complex pattern found by Corliss and Hastings for manganese chromite supports the theory. In addition, the spin configuration at the Curie point, in the molecular field approximation, is shown to be in accord with the observed temperature dependence in manganese chromite.
Pioneer artists and middle class settlers: Lifestyle variables and neighborhood succession

The theme of the displacement of early pioneers by later settlers in certain American cinema “westerns” offers an analogy to describe certain aspects of contemporary urban social change. The SoHo district of New York City represents an empirical referent, illustrating how an initial population of low income artists (“pioneers”) invaded a commercial and industrial area, converting business/manufacturing spaces to residential/work spaces. Their actions modified the area to such an extent that more affluent middle-class households (“settlers”) could enter and, in some instances, displace the earlier residents. This process illustrates the ecological concepts of invasion, succession, and adaptation, and helps explain the current patterns of neighborhood revitalization and gentrification taking place in a number of older inner cities.
Study on Simulation Cloud Computing of Power System

Cloud computing technology is an innovative IT application mode, which integrates computing, storage, network, information services infrastructure, operating system, application platform, WEB services and software resources. By using cloud computing technology, users can use many different services though the internet. This technology is the result of a variety of technologies evolution and integration, including distributed computing, grid computing, utility computing, visualization's technology, and SOA, etc. This paper introduces cloud computing principles and analyzes the necessity, key points and difficulties of the simulation cloud computing project of power system.
Pharmacotherapy for the Core Symptoms in Autistic Disorder: Current Status of the Research

The current review covers extant literature on pharmacotherapy for core symptoms of autism. The core symptoms of autism include impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. There are no known efficacious treatments for the core social symptoms, although effects on repetitive behaviors are indicated with some data. While studies of fenfluramine, secretin, opiates, and mood stabilizers generally find no effect, mixed results suggest more research is needed on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics. Newer lines of research, including cholinergic and glutamatergic agents and oxytocin, will be of considerable interest in the future. However, research on the treatment of core symptoms is plagued by limitations in study design, statistical power, and other issues inherent to the study of treatments for autism (e.g., heterogeneity of the disorder) that continue to prevent the elucidation of efficacious treatments.
Conceptual clustering on partitioned data: Tree-Weaver

Abstract Most knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) research is concentrated on supervised inductive learning. Conceptual clustering is an unsupervised inductive learning technique that organizes observations into an abstraction hierarchy without using predefined class values. However, a typical conceptual clustering algorithm is not suitable for a KDD task because of space and time constraints. Furthermore, typical incremental and non-incremental clustering algorithms are not designed for a partitioned data set. In this paper, we present a conceptual clustering algorithm that works on partitioned data. The proposed algorithm improves the clustering process by using less computation time and less space while maintaining the clustering quality.
Black Women’s Leadership Experiences: Examining the Intersectionality of Race and Gender

In this article, the experiences of Black women educational leaders are highlighted to examine the intersection of race and gender in their leadership experiences and tease out approaches to gender...
The Typological Concept

THIS paper is an attempt to clarify the meaning of the terms “type” and “variation” when applied to archaeological materials. Although they are used constantly in speech and literature in almost every conceivable context, it must be admitted that archaeology has no generally accepted, impersonal methods of establishing the scope and application of these terms. Kluckhohn2 has recently written: Our techniques of observing and recording are admittedly still susceptible of improvement, but they seem much further advanced than our development of symbols (verbal and otherwise) by which we could communicate to each other (without loss or inflation of content) the signs and symptoms we observe. In archaeology, for example, methods of classifying pottery wares on the basis of highly technical and rather precisely defined operations have been elaborated. But I am aware of but a single paper (by a Russian!) where there has been even a tentative and fumbling consideration of the implications of the typological method. Such archaeologists as Vaillant, Strong, Setzler, Gladwin, and Paul Martin are (but only very recently) evidencing searchings of their theoretical consciences, and this is a happy omen. Meanwhile typologies are proliferated without apparent concern as to what the concepts involved are likely to mean when reduced to concrete human behaviors…3
Improvements in the Measurement of Distillation Curves. 2. Application to Aerospace/Aviation Fuels RP-1 and S-8†

In a previous paper, a number of improvements in the method and apparatus used for the measurement of distillation curves for complex hydrocarbon fluid mixtures were presented. These improvements included the addition of a composition-explicit channel of data, improved temperature control and measurement, and improved and less uncertain volume measurement. In this paper, we demonstrate the improved approach with application to two complex hydrocarbon fluids, rocket propellant 1 (RP-1) and a synthetic JP-8 that is designated as S-8. RP-1 is a long-established hydrocarbon fuel that continues to be widely used since it was first developed in the 1950s. Modern versions of this fluid are produced from a narrow-range kerosene fraction that is processed to reduce unsaturated compounds and also sulfur-containing hydrocarbons. S-8 is a synthetic substitute for fluids such as JP-8 and Jet-A. It is produced with the Fischer Tropsch process from natural gas. As these new and reformulated fluids gain increasing applic...
Spectral and magnetic properties of copper(II) furoate and copper(II) thiophene-2-carboxylate

Abstract Anhydrous copper(II) furoate and copper(II) thiophene-2-carboxylate have been Synthesized. They are formulated as dimeric species with four carboxylate bridges. The thiophene and furan moieties give rise to polymeric structures. Electron spin resonance spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the dimers have a singlet ground state and a thermally populated triplet state. The exchange coupling constants, 2J, are −322 and −312 cm−1 for the furoate and thiophene-2-carboxylate complexes, respectively. The electronic and infrared spectra are also discussed.
MIRD Pamphlet No. 21: A Generalized Schema for Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry—Standardization of Nomenclature

The internal dosimetry schema of the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine has provided a broad framework for assessment of the absorbed dose to whole organs, tissue subregions, voxelized tissue structures, and individual cellular compartments for use in both diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. The schema was originally published in 1968, revised in 1976, and republished in didactic form with comprehensive examples as the MIRD primer in 1988 and 1991. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an organization that also supplies dosimetric models and technical data, for use in providing recommendations for limits on ionizing radiation exposure to workers and members of the general public. The ICRP has developed a dosimetry schema similar to that of the MIRD Committee but has used different terminology and symbols for fundamental quantities such as the absorbed fraction, specific absorbed fraction, and various dose coefficients. The MIRD Committee objectives for this pamphlet are 3-fold: to restate its schema for assessment of absorbed dose in a manner consistent with the needs of both the nuclear medicine and the radiation protection communities, with the goal of standardizing nomenclature; to formally adopt the dosimetry quantities equivalent dose and effective dose for use in comparative evaluations of potential risks of radiation-induced stochastic effects to patients after nuclear medicine procedures; and to discuss the need to identify dosimetry quantities based on absorbed dose that address deterministic effects relevant to targeted radionuclide therapy.
Effects of N-N-dimethyltryptamine on retention of startle response habituation in the rat.

In Experiment I, four groups of 24 rats each were presented with 200, 120-db tones at an 8-sec interstimulus interval (ISI) on each of 2 days following intraperitoneal injections of saline or 15 mg/kg N-N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Separate groups were injected with either saline on both days or DMT on both days or saline on Day 1 and DMT on Day 2 or DMT on Day 1 and saline on Day 2. DMT depressed startle likelihood and impaired 24-h retention of startle habituation. The reduction in startle amplitude was monotonically related to the dose of DMT that was given over doses of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg (Experiment II) and the impairment of retention was monotonically related to the dose of DMT that was given over doses of 1, 4, and 16 mg/kg (Experiment III). DMT did not impair retention of startle habituation if a 30-sec rather than an 8-sec ISI was used during training and testing (Experiment IV).
Apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation: in search of the order

In search of the order, we are tempted to universally link cell death, proliferation, differentiation, and senescence. Current models (classical, conflicting signal and quantitative signal models) are restricted, precisely because they attempt to hardware a plethora of end-points of cellular responses. By defining each cellular process in molecular term, one can disconnect proliferation (CDK activation), apoptosis (caspase activation), and differentiation (tissue function genes expression), even though these responses are linked by upstream signal transduction pathways. These ambivalent pathways (e.g. mitogen-activated pathways) simultaneously transduce opposite signals (for growth arrest and cycling, for cell death and survival), which are ultimately translated in all possible combinations of cellular responses. When depicted in multidimensional axis, this universal model may also include invasiveness, senescence, metastatic and angiogenic responses and even such integral characteristics as malignant transformation.
Burning and Grazing Management in a California Grassland: Growth, Mortality, and Recruitment of Nassella pulchra

Annual grasslands in California are often managed with seasonal grazing and prescribed burning on the assumption that such practices have long-term benefits for native species. Mature native perennial bunchgrasses, particularly Nassella pulchra (purple needlegrass), are often the focal species, although very little is known about responses at different life history stages. Thus, important questions remain about long-term population dynamics of both mature plants and seedling recruitment. In plots receiving repeated grazing and burning events over 7 years, mortality of mature plants was threefold higher on mounds than on intermounds and likely reflected increased competition intensity associated with increased resource availability in deeper soil. Burning and grazing treatments had strong positive effects on basal area of mature N. pulchra . However, plants in grazed plots that were not burned contained considerable standing dead biomass. Topographic location strongly influenced growth as intermound plants grew relatively more than mound plants, but the effects on growth of burning and grazing did not vary with topographic location. In mapped plots N. pulchra recruitment was very low, and overall density dropped an average of 31%. However, a significant time-by-burning effect indicated that survival was significantly higher in burned plots. After 7 years of repeated treatments, effects of burning and grazing management on mature N. pulchra were positive but not for all phenological stages. Understanding long-term influence of management on bunchgrass populations may not be easy to determine because short-term results may not reflect long-term responses and some life cycle dynamics may be observed only over very long periods.
THE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE BY CHLAMYDOMONAS SP.12

SUMMARY The glucose uptake of a species of Chlamydomonas was studied at various concentrations of d-glucose plus glucose-1-14C (0.003–10.0 mg/liter) and at various light levels (0–220 ft-c). The alga grows at 4 C either in the light or in the dark with added glucose, cellobiose, maltose, or fructose. Uptake of glucose could be described by the Michaelis-Menten equation, and both the maximum velocity of uptake and the half-saturation constant increased when the cells were exposed to glucose in the dark. However, the high value of the half-saturation constant (5 mg glucose/liter) compared with the low levels of glucose in nature (5–10 μg/liter) makes it unlikely that a transport system is effective under natural conditions. Even if a total of 10.0 mg/liter of glucose plus other organic compounds were available as substrate, the rate of photosynthesis would still be more than 10 times higher (at 220 ft-c) than the rate of organic substrate uptake. Light had no effect on the total uptake of glucose but did reduce the percentage of 14CO2 evolved from 61% of the total 14CO taken up in the dark to 0% at 220 ft-c. This decrease could be due to either preferential use of the 14CO2 in photosynthesis or of the photosynthate in respiration.
Absolute ethanol renal angioinfarction for control of hypertension

Six patients (11 renal units) underwent ethanol renal angioinfarction for medically uncontrollable hypertension. The mean preablation blood pressure was 175/112 mm Hg despite antihypertensive medications. Five of the patients demonstrated elevated renal vein renin levels prior to angioinfarction. Hypertension was improved in all 6 patients, during a mean follow-up period of fifty-one months. Systemic hypertension was completely eliminated in 4 patients. Two patients continue to require antihypertensive medication to control their hypertension. There were no major complications directly related to intra-arterial injection of ethanol. Transcatheter renal ablation employing intra-arterial injection of absolute ethanol for control of severe hypertension appears to be a safe and efficacious procedure. It should be considered an alternative to nephrectomy in selected high-risk patients.
IgA nephropathy: what’s new?

Although IgA nephropathy has only been recognized as a definitive entity for fewer than 40 years, its place in the world as a prominent cause for progressive kidney disease is well established. The extent to which we understand the role of genetically derived abnormal forms of the IgA molecule in the disease is evolving, and this will, hopefully, translate into more specific modes of treatment for patients in the future. In the meantime, we have few specific therapeutic options, most of which have not been well studied in large numbers of patients. The extent to which we can define which patients are likely to progress—and hence should be considered candidates for treatment—will be discussed in this Commentary. In addition, the notion that some patients may have reached “the point of no return” will also be addressed. Unfortunately, most of the comments will be based on results obtained in studies conducted in adults—a situation that is very familiar to pediatric nephrologists.
Conformational Relaxation and Water Penetration Coupled to Ionization of Internal Groups in Proteins

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to examine the effects of ionization of internal groups on the structures of eighteen variants of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) with internal Lys, Asp, or Glu. In most cases the RMSD values of internal ionizable side chains were larger when the ionizable moieties were charged than when they were neutral. Calculations of solvent-accessible surface area showed that the internal ionizable side chains were buried in the protein interior when they were neutral, and moved towards crevices and the protein-water interface when they were charged. The only exceptions are Lys-36, Lys-62, Lys-92 and Lys-103, which remained buried even after charging. With the exception of Lys-38, the number of internal water molecules surrounding the ionizable group increased upon charging: the average number of water oxygen atoms within the first hydration shell increased by 1.7 for Lys residues, by 5.2 for Asp residues, and by 3.2 for Glu residues. The polarity of the micro environment of the ionizable group also increased when the groups were charged: the average number of polar atoms of any kind within the first hydration shell increased by 2.7 for Lys residues, by 4.8 for Asp residues, and by 4.0 for Glu residues. An unexpected linear relationship was observed between the absolute value of the shifts in pKa values measured experimentally, and structural relaxation as described in terms of the net difference in the polarity of the micro environment of the charged and neutral forms of the ionizable groups, and of the RMSD values of the charged side chains. The effects of ionization of internal groups on the conformation of the backbone were noticeable but mostly small and localized to the area immediately next to the internal ionizable moiety. Some variants did exhibit local unfolding.
Factors affecting consumer purchase decision for round white potatoes.

Potatoes are typically marketed by type, such as Russet or Round White, rather than by variety. However, sensory tests have shown that varieties with similar outward appearance have distinguishable internal and cooking characteristics. This study summarizes tests of consumer ability to differentiate visually similar round white potato varieties based on the performance of the potatoes in home use and examines how consumer satisfaction, purchasing habits and demographic variables influence the repurchase decision.
Economic regionalism: Evidence from two 20th century episodes

Abstract This paper analyzes two types of evidence on the economics and politics of regional commercial relations in the 1930s and 1990s: statistical and political. Our statistical analysis uncovers a tendency toward regionalism in both the 1930s and 1990s. At the same time, our political analysis suggests that the parallels should not be pushed too far. In the 1930s, the regionalization of trade was sometimes an attempt to discourage multilateral transactions and other times a response to the collapse of the multilateral system. In the 1980s, in contrast, regionalism has been a device for overcoming entrenched resistance to multilateral liberalization and for building coalitions favoring liberalization over still wider areas.
Endovascular Treatment of Vertebral Column Metastases Using Intra-Arterial Cisplatin: Pilot Experience

Background and Importance. Treatment of spinal column metastatic tumors is challenging, especially in the setting of progressive disease despite previous radiation and chemotherapy. Intra-arterial chemotherapy is an uncommonly used but established treatment for head and neck cancers, retinoblastoma, and glioblastoma. The author reports extension of the IAC concept to vertebral metastatic tumors. Clinical Presentation. Two patients with intractable spinal pain secondary to spinal metastatic involvement at T11-L1 segments were treated with intra-arterial injections of cisplatin, with simultaneous sodium thiosulfate chelation. The first patient, a 60-year old female with metastatic lung carcinoma underwent, three cycles of therapy over a 9-week period; the treated regions demonstrated bone remodeling and sclerosis. The second case was a 40-year old male with malignant pheochromocytoma, who underwent a single treatment and succumbed 5 weeks later from progressive widespread disease. Both patients reported significant pain relief and neither of them exhibited a decline in neurologic function. Conclusion. The intra-arterial delivery of cisplatin appeared to be well tolerated in the two cases. In the case with the longest survival, the treated vertebral segments became more sclerotic, consistent with biomechanical stabilization. Endovascular treatment of spinal metastases may hold promise, especially as newer categories of biologic agents become more widely available.
“It's me. I'm it.”: Defining adolescent sexual identity through relational dialectics in Dawson's creek

Television criticism frequently focuses on the deconstruction of individual representations in texts, a practice that privileges specific characters rather than relationships among characters. This paper examines the usefulness of fictional television relationships for adolescent sexual identity formation by examining Dawson's Creek for its construction of gay character Jack McPhee. Jack's sexual identity is constructed and modified through dialectical tensions in his relationship with Jen Lindley, ultimately allowing him to express sexual identity in terms of acceptance rather than in terms of political or legal rights. This difference in narrative form illuminates potential differences between the formation of adult and adolescent sexual identity. Examining ethnographic work on gay men and their use of fictional media combined with a close reading of Dawson's Creek for sexual identity construction, this paper ultimately argues that fictional representations could serve as a template from which gay adole...
Is hypothermia in the victim of major trauma protective or harmful? A randomized, prospective study.

Objective The purpose of this randomized, prospective clinical trial was to determine whether hypothermia during resuscitation is protective or harmful to critically injured trauma patients. Background Data Hypothermia has both protective and harmful clinical effects. Retrospective studies show higher mortality in patients with hypothermia; however, hypothermia is more common in more severely injured patients, which makes it difficult to determine whether hypothermia contributes to mortality independently of injury severity. There are no randomized, prospective treatment studies to assess hypothermia's impact as an independent variable. Methods Fifty-seven hypothermic (T ≤ 34.5 C), critically injured patients requiring a pulmonary artery catheter were randomized to a rapid rewarming protocol using continuous arteriovenous rewarming (CAVR) or to a standard rewarming (SR) control group. The primary outcome of interest was first 24-hour blood product and fluid resuscitation requirements. Other comparative analyses included coagulation assays, hemodynamic and oxygen transport measurements, length of stay, and mortality. Results The two groups were well matched for demographic and injury severity characteristics. CAVR rewarmed significantly faster than did SR (p < 0.01), producing two groups with different amounts of hypothermia exposure. The patients who underwent CAVR required less fluid during resuscitation to the same hemodynamic goals (24,702 mL vs. 32,540 mL, p = 0.05) and were significantly more likely to rewarm (p = 0.002). Only 2 (7%) of 29 patients who underwent CAVR failed to warm to 36 C and both died, whereas 12 (43%) of 28 patients who underwent SR failed to reach 36 C, and all 12 died. Patients who underwent CAVR had significantly less early mortality (p = 0.047). Conclusion Hypothermia increases fluid requirements and independently increases acute mortality after major trauma.
III. - LES PROBLÈMES DE PHYSIQUE MOLÉCULAIRE SOULEVÉS PAR LES OBSERVATIONS DU MILIEU INTERSTELLAIRE.MOLECULE FORMATION IN INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS

Au cours des cinq dernieres annees, des progres considerables ont ete faits dans la comprehension des processus de formation et de destruction des molecules interstellaires. Les deux domaines ou les plus grands succes ont ete obtenus sont : l'etude des processus de formation de l'hydrogene moleculaire a la surface des grains de poussiere et celle des reactions mettant en jeu des ions positifs dans le gaz. Des etudes tres completes effectuees a partir du satellite « Copernicus » dans le domaine ultraviolet ont permis la comparaison detaillee entre les predictions et les observations pour H2 et pour d'autres especes dans le gaz interstellaire diffus. Ceci confirme qu'un atome d'hydrogene est converti en une molecule H2 pratiquement a chaque collision avec un grain de poussiere interstellaire. Dans les gaz interstellaires plus denses, des observations faites au radiotelescope fournissent beaucoup de resultats sur des molecules complexes et ont permis d'identifier recemment un certain nombre de produits de reactions intermediaires — HCO+, N2H+, CCH — dont la presence etait fortement l'hypothese des mecanismes de reaction proposes. L'enrichissement observe entre le deuterium et l'hydrogene et peut-etre le carbone 13 et le carbone 12 dans certaines molecules interstellaires souleve d'autres questions et fournit des informations pour l'etude des reactions. Bien qu'il y ait un accord semi-quantitatif entre les predictions et les observations au sujet des abondances pour une large gamme de petites molecules, ce n'est que dans un petit nombre de cas que les tests sont assez precis pour amener a des conclusions vraiment definitives. Dans une large mesure, ceci est du au peu de connaissance que l'on a des conditions physiques dans le gaz ou se trouvent les molecules. Des experiences en laboratoires devraient egalement fournir des resultats qui font defaut. Pour l'instant, le probleme majeur pose par les reactions aboutissant aux molecules interstellaires est de comprendre la formation des plus grosses molecules (plus grosses que triatomiques) et le role des reactions a la surface des grains de poussiere pour des molecules autres que H2.
Clothing and Identity Among Female In-line Skaters:

Role and identity theories provided perspective for this exploratory study of the needs and preferences of consumer athletes who participate in an emerging sport, in-line skating. Female in-line skaters (N = 54) were surveyed in Ohio and Florida regarding their skating commitment, sport clothing interests and preferences, and skating behaviors. Greater interests in achieving a unique and feminine appearance for performance enhancement and greater desire for fashion rather than comfort significantly predicted female skaters' likelihood of buying clothing specifically for in-line skating. Additionally, age and commitment to skating predicted the likelihood of purchasing special skating clothing. Findings are compared and contrasted with previous studies of sports and clothing addressing how identity in a sport without a long history and traditions in dress is enhanced with clothing, and the salience of brand name logos to sport identity. Finally, implications to manufacturers and retailers of sport clothing...
Commentary on O'Connor and Sabrsula (2005): Background Dioxins in House Dusts. Environmental Forensics 6(3):283–287

In the fall 2005 edition of Environmental Forensics, Rod O'Connor and Justin Sabrsula authored an article about background levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated di...
Pseudo-finite dimensional representations of $ sl(2,k) $

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and L = sl(2,k) the Lie algebra of 2 × 2 traceless matrices over k. It is shown that there exists a von Neumann regular extension \( U(L) \subseteq U'(L) \) of the universal enveloping algebra, which is an epimorphism in the category of rings. The article is devoted to the study of the simple representations of U'(L), which may be topologized via the Ziegler topology on the set of injective indecomposable representations of U'(L) or via the Jacobson topology on the set of primitive ideals. These two topologies coincide and the finite dimensional simple representations of L form a dense, discrete and open subset. The field of fractions K(L) of the universal enveloping algebra is another simple representation of U'(L). If the point K(L) is removed from the Ziegler spectrum of U'(L), one obtains a compact totally disconnected topological space, which has the cardinality of the continuum. It is also shown that the lattice of ideals of U'(L) is isomorphic to the lattice of open subsets. The epimorphic ring extension \( U(L) \subseteq U'(L) \) is used to find an axiomatization of the finite dimensional representations of L in the language of left U(L)-modules. A representation V of L is called pseudo-finite dimensional if it satisfies these axioms. It is shown that a representation V of L is pseudo-finite dimensional if and only if for every central idempotent \( e \in U'(L) \) for which \( eK(L) \neq 0 \), whenever the subrepresentation eV is nonzero, then it has a nonzero highest weight space.
THE EFFECT OF JOB OFFER TIMING ON OFFER ACCEPTANCE, PERFORMANCE, AND TURNOVER

Employers often enjoy some discretion in how quickly they extend job offers following candidate interviews. Applicant reactions research suggests that quicker offers are more likely to be accepted. This paper reports an archival study investigating the effect of offer timing on offer acceptance and employment outcomes with field data (N = 3,012) from 1 large company, including both student (N = 906) and experienced (N = 2,106) candidates. The 2 groups differed markedly in their recruiting processes, but job seekers of both types were more likely to accept earlier offers. Further, we found no differences for either performance ratings or turnover among employees hired after quicker offers and those who accepted later offers. It therefore appears that employers may benefit from accelerating their postinterview job offer processes, improving their acceptance rates, and reducing vacancy times without incurring either performance or turnover penalties.
Identification, structure, and spectroscopy of neutral vanadium oxide clusters.

Neutral vanadium oxide clusters are studied by photoionization time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Mass spectra of vanadium oxide clusters are observed by photoionization with lasers of three different wavelengths: 118, 193, and 355 nm. Mechanisms of 118 nm single photon ionization and 193 and 355 nm multiphoton ionization/fragmentation of vanadium oxide clusters are discussed on the basis of observed mass spectral patterns and line widths of the mass spectral features. Only the 118 nm laser light can ionize vanadium oxide neutral species by single photon ionization without fragmentation. The stable vanadium oxide neutral clusters under saturated oxygen growth conditions are found to be of the form (VO2)x(V2O5)y. Structures of the first few members of this series of clusters are determined through high level DFT calculations. Fragmentation of this series of clusters through 355 and 193 nm multiphoton ionization processes is di...
Blood flow surveillance of hemodialysis grafts and the dysfunction hypothesis.

It is widely recommended that hemodialysis graft surveillance programs should be implemented and that significant stenosis should be corrected when it is accompanied by graft dysfunction. The rationale for surveillance depends on the dysfunction hypothesis, which states that stenosis causes graft dysfunction [such as a decrease in graft blood flow (Qa)], and this dysfunction reliably precedes and accurately predicts thrombosis. The usefulness of Qa surveillance depends on accurate prediction of thrombosis so that stenosis can be corrected prior to thrombosis. An analysis of the dysfunction hypothesis indicates that some or all of its underlying assumptions are invalid. Most importantly, the presence of wide hemodynamic variation during Qa measurements makes Qa a relatively inaccurate predictor of thrombosis. A number of studies have evaluated the value of surveillance with intervention in reducing thrombosis rates and prolonging graft life. Review of these studies show that few have been prospective and randomized, and many have included historical control groups. It is debatable whether these studies have established that Qa surveillance with intervention should be applied to all grafts. Data from several studies suggest that severity of stenosis may be at least as accurate as Qa in predicting thrombosis. Consequently, inclusion of stenosis measurements (e.g., by duplex ultrasound) may improve the results of surveillance. These unresolved issues indicate it is premature to recommend routine Qa surveillance with intervention of all hemodialysis patients with grafts.
Mathematical models for exchange of substances in regional vascular beds— Measurement of the rates within vivo counters

Sangren and Sheppard developed a mathematical model for first-order processes taking place in the regional circulation, applicable—for example—to tracer studies of potassium transport. It permits calculation of specific activity at any point along a “tube of flow” or in the cuff of tissue surrounding it as a function of time following a spike injection of tracer. In efforts to relate to the exchange a rate curves obtained within vivo counters pointed at the region of interest, we developed a compartment-system model of the process. In investigating the properties of the Sangren and Sheppard model integrated over an entire circulatory bed, as thein vivo counter would see it, we found that when the distribution of transit times of the “tubes of flow” can be approximated by an exponential sum, the solution reduces to that of the compartment system model. This results in an important simplification in the calculation, and insight into the assumptions underlying the two different models. A curve-fitting computer program for the compartment model has been written and applied to double-isotope studies of potassium transport in the hind leg of the dog.
External ophthalmoplegia, alpha and spindle coma in imipramine overdose: Case report and review of the literature

A 13-year-old boy with imipramine overdose developed seizures, respiratory arrest, and coma. Abnormalities of oculovestibular reflexes, electroencephalograms, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials were monitored in relation to measurements of drug levels. An alpha-coma electroencephalographic pattern evolved into one evidencing spindle coma and eventually into a normal pattern. Prolonged brainstem auditory evoked potentials also normalized as coma and oculocephalic reflex abnormalities resolved. In spite of the history that suggested hypoxic damage, the absence of reflex eye movements in a comatose patient and the presence of alpha- and spindle-coma electroencephalographic patterns, even with prolonged brainstem auditory evoked potentials, are not reliable prognostic indicators in tricyclic drug overdose.
Changing behavior in the diurnal range of surface air temperatures over Mexico

[1] The diurnal range in surface temperatures (DTR = maximum − minimum temperature) has been widely used as one indicator of potential climate change. On hemispheric space scales DTR trends over about the last half-century tend to be decreasing. This paper analyzes regional scale trends in DTR for Mexico (1940–2001). Our principal finding is that in recent decades (post-1970) DTR trends over Mexico are positive as maximum temperatures are warming at a significantly higher rate than minimum temperatures. Regional land use and land cover changes (LCCs) are identified as potential forcing mechanisms responsible for at least part of the observed DTR behavior.
Preferential mantle lithospheric extension under the South China margin

Abstract Continental rifting in the South China Sea culminated in seafloor spreading at ∼30 Ma (Late Oligocene). The basin and associated margins form a classic example of break-up in a relatively juvenile arc crust environment. In this study, we documented the timing, distribution and amount of extension in the crust and mantle lithosphere on the South China Margin during this process. Applying a one-dimensional backstripping modeling technique to drilling data from the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) and Beibu Gulf Basin, we calculated subsidence rates of the wells and examined the timing and amount of extension. Our results show that extension of the crust exceeded that in the mantle lithosphere under the South China Shelf, but that the two varied in phase, suggesting depth-dependent extension rather than a lithospheric-scale detachment. Estimates of total crustal extension derived in this way are similar to those measured by seismic refraction, indicating that isostatic compensation is close to being local. Extension in the Beibu Gulf appears to be more uniform with depth, a difference that we attribute to the different style of strain accommodation during continental break-up compared to intra-continental rifting. Extension in PRMB and South China slope continues for ∼5 m . y . after the onset of seafloor spreading due to the weakness of the continental lithosphere. The timing of major extension is broadly mid-late Eocene to late Oligocene (∼45–25 Ma ), but is impossible to correlate in detail with poorly dated strike–slip deformation in the Red River Fault Zone.
Impaired neuroendocrine response mediates refractoriness to cardiopulmonary resuscitation in spinal anesthesia.

Objective: To determine the extent of neurogenic control on adrenal secretion in a canine model of high spinal anesthesia and cardiac arrest. Design: Randomized, controlled, acute intensive study. Setting: University intensive care laboratory. Subjects: Nineteen healthy, anesthetized, mongrel dogs. Interventions: Cardiac arrest was induced in 11 spinally anesthetized dogs and 8 sham-control animals; cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was started 60 secs later. Epinephrine was injected at 4 mins and every 2 mins thereafter. Arterial blood samples were obtained before anesthesia, before arrest, and after 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 mins of CPR. Measurements and Main Results: At 1 and 3 mins after cardiac arrest, the control group exhibited significant increases of epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations (p <.05) that were absent in the spinal anesthesia group. Plasma renin increased in both groups whereas aldosterone and cortisol remained unchanged. Conclusions: Spinal anesthesia abolishes the catecholamine release that follows cardiac arrest, while a previously postulated direct adrenal effect of hypoxia stimulating catecholamine release was not confirmed in these experiments. Since epinephrine treatment restores coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) during CPR, we conclude that catecholamine deficiency is the most likely mechanism for inadequate CPP during CPR conducted in the presence of spinal anesthesia.
Pluripotent neural crest cells in the developing skin of the quail embryo

The neural crest, a migratory population of embryonic cells, gives rise to a wide range of differentiated cell types in the mature vertebrate organism, including the melanocytes of the skin. Little is known about the developmental potentials of neural crest cells toward the end of their migratory phase. We have therefore used in vitro analysis to examine the developmental potential of mesenchymal cells derived from explants of trunk epidermal ectoderm of the quail embryo. Melanocytes which differentiated in the cultures could be identified by their content of melanin granules. To detect different neuronal cells, the cultures were stained with antibodies including anti-dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (anti-DBH), which characterizes sympathoadrenal cells, and AC4, an antibody which recognizes the stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) that is expressed by cells in the sensory neuron lineage of the quail embryo, but not by sympathoadrenal cells. Seventy-eight percent of the population of neural crest-derived cells seeding the ectoderm around stage 21 gave rise to colonies containing melanocytes only. Twenty percent, however, generated mixed colonies that contained melanocytes, DBH+ cells, SSEA-1+ cells, and unidentified, unpigmented cells. Small numbers of colonies containing fewer phenotypes were also seen. With increasing embryonic age, the number of colonies containing multiple phenotypes declined, until by stage 30 all neural crest colonies contained melanocytes only. Some colonies had been marked at the single-cell stage, and this provided additional confirmation that each colony-type could be generated from a single cell. Thus the significant finding in this study is that a substantial fraction of the neural crest cells arriving early in the ectoderm are pluripotent cells that are able to give rise to pigment cells, to sympathoadrenal cells, to primary sensory neuron precursors, and possibly to other cells which were not identified here. This observation may have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms that control neural crest cell migration and differentiation.