cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the Neonate: Basic Science

The role of the anesthesiologist is to modify consciousness, pain perception, and memory as well as to protect organ function during surgical procedures and critical illness. In order to fulfill this role, we gather information from bedside patient monitors and use this information to make clinical decisions. Monitoring the neonate poses special challenges because of the rapid physiological changes in the first few days of life, poorly defined measures of consciousness, and the physical limitations of small size relative to the size of the monitoring devices. The circumstances that bring a neonate for a surgical procedure involve life- or major organ system-threatening conditions. As a consequence, protection of organ function becomes a major focus.
Introduction: Positive adaptations to aging in cultural context

This paper provides an introduction to the collection of papers presented in this special issue on positive adaptations to aging in various cultural contexts. The concept of positive adjustment as one ages is not just an issue of personal adaptation or `successful aging' but can be understood more fully in light of the community context within which theindividual lives out his/her life. Two of the papers focus on the aging experiences of African Americans in the United States. Another paper discusses the phenomenon ofretirement in American society. The fourth paper provides a sophisticated analysis of the perception of old age activities among the contemporary Guatemalan Maya. The final paper explores the experiences of childless olderadults in rural Wales.
CHAPTER 2 – AC and the Sine Wave

This chapter discusses the amplitude descriptions of a sinusoidal waveform. Any sinusoidal waveform can be described completely by identifying either time or frequency parameters and one of three possible amplitude specifications. There are three possible ways to express the amplitude of a sinusoidal waveform: peak, peak-to-peak, and root-mean-square (RMS). The sinusoidal waveform is a symmetrical waveform, so the positive peak value is same as the negative peak value. The peak-to-peak amplitude is simply a measurement of the amplitude of a waveform taken from its positive peak to its negative peak. There is a mathematical relationship of peak and peak-to-peak amplitude specifications for all sine waves. Because the positive peak value is equal to the negative peak value, the peak-to peak value is equal to two times the value of either peak voltage. Root-mean-square allows the comparison of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) circuit values, and RMS values are the most common methods of specifying sinusoidal waveforms. In fact, almost all AC voltmeters and ammeters are calibrated, so that they measure AC values in terms of RMS amplitude. The chapter introduces the basic trigonometric functions in relation to sinusoidal waveforms.
Empathy as Care: the Model of Palliative Medicine

This article elaborates the ascent of what we call the empathy as care model in contemporary medicine. We make the following arguments: First, does empathy mean care? We examine this question in the context of medicine. We argue that empathy may not mean care throughout all medical practice, as findings from the medical education field show. However, empathy as care is rising in one specialty, palliative and hospice medicine. This specialty best represents the ideal-typical traits of the empathy as care model. This work contributes to the sociology of health and illness literature and to interpretivist sociological theorizing by examining empathy within the context of heath care meant to relieve pain and discomfort, often at the end of life, rather than curative medicine.
The Effects of Brand Quality and Price on the Evaluation of Brand Extensions

This study investigates the influence of brand quality and price on perceptions of quality, value, and buying intentions for brand extensions The results suggest that quality may become the basis of fit between the brand and the extension, and the extension’s price should be consistent with the quality image of the family brand.
Multiple Contracts or One Contract? The ‘Reverse Divisibility’ and ‘Subsequent Modification’ Arguments for Expanding the Scope of Justified Non-Performance After Breach

The basic principles of divisibility that define the circumstances under which a single contractual agreement can be recharacterized as multiple separate agreements are well established and are standard fare in basic contract law courses and texts. However, little if any attention is paid in law school or in legal practice to the possibility of a person arguing for what one might call “reverse divisibility,” or “subsequent modification,” the recharacterization of a set of closely related (although facially separate) contracts among two or more parties as being a single contract. While people will often invoke divisibility arguments in an attempt to limit the justified non-performance consequences of a breach of contract on their part, a person may also seek to have a set of facially separate but closely related contracts recharacterized as a single contract in order to expand the scope of their own justified non-performance rights after a breach by the other party to the contract. This short article will discuss this possibility.
Math and language gender stereotypes: Age and gender differences in implicit biases and explicit beliefs

In a cross-sectional study of youth ages 8–15, we examined implicit and explicit gender stereotypes regarding math and language abilities. We investigated how implicit and explicit stereotypes differ across age and gender groups and whether they are consistent with cultural stereotypes. Participants (N = 270) completed the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) and a survey of explicit beliefs. Across all ages, boys showed neither math nor language implicit gender biases, whereas girls implicitly favored girls in both domains. These findings are counter to cultural stereotypes, which favor boys in math. On the explicit measure, both boys’ and girls’ primary tendency was to favor girls in math and language ability, with the exception of elementary school boys, who rated genders equally. We conclude that objective gender differences in academic success guide differences in children’s explicit reports and implicit biases.
'A Desert Grows between Us' -- The Sovereignty Paradox at the Intersection of Tribal and Federal Courts

A sovereignty paradox exists at the intersection of tribal courts and federal courts. Overlapping jurisdiction and conflict of laws result in shortfalls of the legal system vis-a-vis Native Americans. The history is not pretty. American ideals such as Equal Justice Under Law remain unfulfilled. Access to justice and adequate remedies remain illusive in some tribal disputes. Native Americans live the reality of shortcomings of American myths. Native Americans are intimately familiar with this lived irony. Whatever the legal root of such rights and expectations, the Constitution, treaties, or other laws -- America has utterly failed to deliver on its commitments. Yet, must we surrender such ideals where the promises remain elusive to so many and the remedial path is fraught with peril?Supreme Court jurisprudence and congressional action have paid lip service to tribal sovereignty but fail to be inspired by it. As Alexis de Tocqueville's poignantly remarked: "In the midst of this American society, so well policed, so sententious, so charitable, a cold selfishness and complete insensibility prevails when it is a question of the natives of the country." The challenge, of course, inherent in the notion of sovereignty is to give honor and human tribal dignity by shifting the perspective from that of the federal policymaker to the stewards of tribal destiny, namely, Native Americans themselves. But at some point, these deeper troubling questions about our country's tortured history with its indigenous people have to give way to more practical concerns like whether litigants have sufficient and meaningful access to justice.
Essential shared and species-specific features of mammalian oocyte maturation-associated transcriptome changes impacting oocyte physiology.

Oogenesis is a complex process resulting in the production of a truly remarkable cell—the oocyte. Oocytes execute many unique processes and functions such as meiotic segregation of maternal genetic...
Increased Total Cost and Lack of Diagnostic Utility for Emergency Department Visits After ACL Injury

Background:Patients are commonly evaluated at the emergency department (ED) with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, but providers without orthopaedics training may struggle to correctly ...
Fishing for Genes: How the Largest Gene Family in the Mammalian Genome was Found (and Why Idiosyncrasy in Exploration Matters)

Abstract In 1991, Linda Buck and Richard Axel identified the multigene family expressing odor receptors. Their discovery transformed research on olfaction overnight, and Buck and Axel were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Behind this success lies another, less visible study about the methodological ingenuity of Buck. This hidden tale holds the key to answering a fundamental question in discovery analysis: What makes specific discovery tools fit their tasks? Why do some strategies turn out to be more fruitful than others? The fit of a method with an experimental system often establishes the success of a discovery. However, the underlying reasoning of discovery is hard to codify. These difficulties point toward an element of discovery analysis routinely sidelined as a mere biographical element in the philosophical analysis of science: the individual discoverer’s role. I argue that the individual researcher is not a replaceable epistemic element in discovery analysis. This article draws on contemporary oral history, including interviews with Buck and other actors key to developments in late 1980s olfaction.
Two distinct Sertoli cell states are regulated via germ cell crosstalk.

Sertoli cells are a critical component of the testis environment for their role in maintaining seminiferous tubule structure, establishing the blood-testis barrier, and nourishing maturing germ cells in a specialized niche. This study sought to uncover how Sertoli cells are regulated in the testis environment via germ cell crosstalk in the mouse. We found two major clusters of Sertoli cells as defined by their transcriptomes in Stages VII-VIII of the seminiferous epithelium and a cluster for all other stages. Additionally, we examined transcriptomes of germ cell-deficient testes and found that these existed in a state independent of either of the germ cell-sufficient clusters. Together, we highlight two main transcriptional states of Sertoli cells in an unperturbed testis environment, and a germ cell-deficient environment does not allow normal Sertoli cell transcriptome cycling and results in a state unique from either of those seen in Sertoli cells from a germ cell-sufficient environment.
Microstructure and hardness comparison of as-built inconel 625 alloy following various additive manufacturing processes

Abstract Experimental examples of as-built microstructures and associated microindentation hardnesses (HV) for a wide range of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes for Inconel 625 alloy are presented in this research paper. These processes included cold spray, laser powder bed fusion, wire arc additive manufacturing, electron beam directed energy deposition, laser hot wire, binder jetting, laser power directed energy deposition, electron beam melting, and laser wire directed energy deposition. Microstructures ranged from impact bonded, flattened 625 alloy grains containing microdendrites and dislocations, having a microindentation hardness of HV 590 for cold spray, to large, equiaxed grains for binder jet-printed components having a microindentation hardness of HV 180. Electron and laser beam melt-related processes, including wire and powder feeds, produced varying sizes of columnar grains with parallel and cellular arrays of microdendrites, having microindentation hardnesses ranging from HV 304 to HV 228. Delta phase precipitate needles were also produced in laser-powered directed energy deposition microstructures along with columns of gamma double-prime precipitates for electron beam melting. The results demonstrate a range of AM processes applications and strategies to produce as-built and surface-modified Inconel 625 alloy products and components. These results demonstrate differences in the microstructure from the various AM processes and considerations for use in end use applications.
Automated analysis of alcohols in blood.

Gas chromatography is a valuable analytical tool for the measurement of volatiles in a variety of different samples. Published methods utilizing this technique for the analysis of ethanol and related volatiles in blood and urine are now too numerous to mention. However, in a recent publication by Jain, a simple, rapid gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, as well as low boiling hydrocarbons associated with glue sniffing was described. The method involves the direct injection of blood mixed with an internal standard. Jain reported the successful use of his G.C. column for more than two years and several thousand injections.
Travel Cost Model: Data Sources and Variable Measures

This chapter describes the data used to estimate the generalized travel cost model. In effect, it forms a bridge between the previous chapter, which uses the household production framework to develop the generalized travel cost model and the following chapter, which describes the model’s empirical results. This chapter highlights how our interpretation of conceptual issues has guided our use of the data to estimate the model. Equally important, it describes quirks in the available data that significantly affect the nature of our empirical analyses.
Rights and the Theory of Social Choice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the rights and the theory of social choice. The first libertarian claim is that for each person, there are features of the world that are his business alone, and if two histories differ only in one of those features, that person is morally decisive between them. This first libertarian claim expresses a part of what all liberals believe. The second libertarian claim is inconsistent with the weak Pareto principle: that if everyone prefers one history to another, then that history is socially better. The chapter explains that liberalism seems more directly, though, to be a theory of the legitimacy of social and governmental institutions. The norms of liberalism are the norms of who should be free to control what and the tools of social choice theory-functions of arrays of preferences have proved to be poor at representing control.
Nanomaterials for Superconductors from the Energy Perspective

High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) wires or coated conductors (CC) are expected to revolutionize the transmission of electricity enabling the present electric grid to meet the world s growing energy needs. Although superconducting wires can carry 150 times more power than copper wires of the same cross section, further performance improvements are necessary for the superconducting technology to become cost-competitive. This objective can be achieved by introducing and controlling nano-sized defects and non-superconducting phases within the superconducting film s matrix. Such nanostructures, when carefully engineered, significantly increase the loss-free current sustained by the superconductor through a mechanism known as flux pinning. This chapter is a review of the various types of nanostructures that are artificially introduced in superconducting films to enhance the superconductor s performance. Different approaches, materials, and techniques are discussed and the most recent results in this field compared. The last section of this chapter discusses an additional example of nanotechnology employment in superconducting wires. This nanotechnology can be regarded as an atomic surface treatment designed to enable the right crystallographic orientation of the superconducting film deposited on the metal template.
Drifter Sensor Network for Environmental Monitoring

This paper presents the design, development, and deployment of a sensor network of drifter nodes. The target domain is coastal water monitoring, and study of LaGrange water dynamics. The nodes are equipped with a camera, inertial measurement unit (IMU), GPS, WiFi, and a computing unit. Each unit is water resistant, with buoyancy characteristics that enable it to float in a vertical position. The sensors are capable of recording relocated visual data at variable rates. They collect LaGrange current observations as they move along the water surface. In addition to the current measurements, the drifters are also recording image data that provide insights about the health of the marine life below the surface. We propose, to utilize the motion generated by the wave action in order to record wider field of view images from the ocean floor. Results from a successful deployment of the coast of Barbados are presented together with a discussion on lessons learned.
Biochemical and structural insight into the iterative oxidation mechanism of deoxy-5-methylcytosine on DNA by a Naegleria gruberi enzyme, 5-methylpyrimidine dioxygenase 1 (768.16)

Reversible methylation of DNA is a powerful and ubiquitous mechanism for dynamic control of gene expression. The recent discovery that deoxy-5-methylcytosine (d5mC) in mammalian DNA can be iteratively oxidized by ten eleven translocation (TET) proteins to generate deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytosine (d5hmC), deoxy-5-formylcytosine (d5fC), and deoxy-5-carboxycytosine (d5caC), marks a breakthrough in the field of epigenetics. These oxidized bases are predicted to be both novel epigenetic markers and part of the d5mC demethylation pathway. Mammalian TETs (mTETs) belong to the FeII/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (FeαKGO) family, which is widely distributed across all three kingdoms of life, including the heterolobosean amoeboflagellate, Naegleria gruberi. Little is known about the mechanistic and structural bases for substrate specificity and product profile in members of the FeαKGO TET/JBP subfamily, with oxidative activities on 5-methylpyrimidines in nucleic acids, due to challenges in in vitro protein pro...
Statistical origin of complex particles in intermediate energy heavy ion reactions

The compound nucleus mechanism for complex fragment emission is discussed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The role of the potential energy as a function of mass asymmetry is shown in experimental charge distributions. This process is followed from near the threshold up to bombarding energies of several tens of MeV A.
Two-year-olds' expectation that lexical gaps will be filled*

Children tend to select unfamiliar rather than familiar kinds as the referents of novel names. This tendency has been hypothesized by some to derive from an expectation that unfamiliar kinds will be labelled. In Study 1, two-year-olds (N = 16) showed little evidence of such an expectation when they had to decide whether a visible picture of an unfamiliar object or a depicted object concealed in a box was the referent of a novel name. They tended to check the box before making a selection. This test was preceded by two tasks, the first requiring the same type of decision about familiar names and the second highlighting the status of unfamiliar objects as 'new kinds of things'. In Study 2 (N = 16), the latter task was replaced by one in which toddlers had to decide whether unfamiliar kinds were more likely than familiar kinds to be the referents of novel names. After this experience, participants showed a moderately strong expectation that unfamiliar kinds would be labelled. In Study 3 (N = 60) this finding was replicated. In two other conditions, the task that preceded the test was replaced with direct teaching of novel names for unfamiliar kinds. These groups showed little expectation that lexical gaps would be filled. Although results are compatible with a restricted form of the lexical gap filling hypothesis, they do not support the broad form that has been advanced by some theorists.
Attainment of surgical competence in otolaryngology training.

Objectives/Hypothesis Our aim was to determine the postgraduate year (PGY) of residency at which residents achieve competence in key otolaryngologic procedures as perceived by residents and program directors (PDs), determine resident or programmatic factors affecting PGY at which residents perceive attainment of competence, and evaluate the relationship between resident and PD perceptions for attainment of competence in these procedures. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods We surveyed residents and PDs in US otolaryngology residencies in 2011 using SurveyMonkey.com and assessed subjective attainment of competence by residents for 32 otolaryngologic procedures. PGY at which subjective competence achieved per resident perception was determined using a logistic regression model; PD perception was determined by mean calculation. Results Two hundred seventy-seven residents (19.45%) and 39 PDs (37.86%) completed surveys. Residents achieved subjective competence later than expected by PDs for 25 of 32 procedures, although differences were generally small. The largest disparities were observed for nonsurgical office-based procedures, for which <90% of residents reported competence by PGY-5, whereas PDs expected competence before PGY-3. The greatest number of disparities was present in the subspecialty area of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Male gender predicted earlier self-reported attainment of competence in 10 of 32 procedures (P < .05). Degrees held, fellowship plans, and the size of the program were not significant predictors of PGY at which residents reported competence for most procedures. Conclusions We provide baseline data on PGY at which residents and PDs feel competence is achieved in key otolaryngologic procedures. These results may guide milestone development for resident training and assessment. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:331–336, 2015
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF B‐CHROMOSOMES OF XANTHISMA TEXANUM DC. (ASTERACEAE). I. SURVEY OF THE RANGE

The distribution of B-chromosomes throughout the range of Xanthismna texanumn has been determined from approximately 750 individuals from 80 wild populations in Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. Counts of meiotic chromosome figures of n = 4II + 1 BI and n = 5I (4II + 1BII) are reported for the first time for subsp. texanum var. texanum and for subsp. texanum var. orientalis. The wide occurrence of B-chromosomes in natural populations of subsp. drummnondii is also documented. B-chromosomes are present in 22 (27.2 % ) randomly distributed populations whose characteristics are in no way distinct from populations without B-chromosomes. In populations with B-chromosomes present, 19.8 % of the plants contained one or two B-chromosomes, but in total only 5.8 % of all plants contained one or two Bchromosomes. All populations in one isolated population group of subsp. drummondii lack B-chromosomes.
Use of the Culture Care Theory and ethnonursing method to discover how nursing faculty teach culture care

As the world becomes increasingly multicultural, transcultural nursing education is critical to ensuring a culturally competent workforce. This paper presents a comprehensive review of literature and results of an ethnonursing pilot study using the Culture Care Theory (CCT) to discover how nursing faculty teach culture care. The literature revealed that despite 50 years of transcultural nursing knowledge development through theory, research and practice, there remains a lack of formal, integrated culture education in nursing. The importance of faculty providing generic and professional care to nursing students and using an organising framework to teach culture care was discovered. Additionally, care was essential for faculty health and well-being to enable faculty to teach culture care. This unique use of the theory and method demonstrates its usefulness in discovering and describing the complex nature of teaching culture care. Larger scale studies are predicted to further substantiate the CCT, building the discipline of nursing.
Androgens alter T-cell immunity by inhibiting T-helper 1 differentiation

The hormonal milieu influences immune tolerance and the immune response against viruses and cancer, but the direct effect of androgens on cellular immunity remains largely uncharacterized. We therefore sought to evaluate the effect of androgens on murine and human T cells in vivo and in vitro. We found that murine androgen deprivation in vivo elicited RNA expression patterns conducive to IFN signaling and T-cell differentiation. Interrogation of mechanism showed that testosterone regulates T-helper 1 (Th1) differentiation by inhibiting IL-12–induced Stat4 phosphorylation: in murine models, we determined that androgen receptor binds a conserved region within the phosphatase, Ptpn1, and consequent up-regulation of Ptpn1 then inhibits IL-12 signaling in CD4 T cells. The clinical relevance of this mechanism, whereby the androgen milieu modulates CD4 T-cell differentiation, was ascertained as we found that androgen deprivation reduced expression of Ptpn1 in CD4 cells from patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Our findings, which demonstrate a clinically relevant mechanism by which androgens inhibit Th1 differentiation of CD4 T cells, provide rationale for targeting androgens to enhance CD4-mediated immune responses in cancer or, conversely, for modulating androgens to mitigate CD4 responses in disorders of autoimmunity.
Leaf size and shape in the Sphagnum recurvum complex: taxonomic significance and habitat variation

AbstractSix leaf size and shape characters from branch and stem leaves of five morphs in the Sphagnum recurvum complex were investigated at 154 mire microsites in Norway and Wales. Eighty-six of the collections included mixed stands of two or more morphs. The different morphs were distinguished in the field using capitulum appearance and characteristics. The microsites were classified according to 'wetness' and 'nutrient-richness' levels. The factor 'morph' accounted for the major part of the variation in the variables: breadth:length ratio of branch and stem leaves, length and breadth of branch leaves and length of stem leaves. Wetness was the factor accounting for most of the variation in breadth of stem leaves. Sphagnum angustifolium from mixed stands was well differentiated from the other species regarding leaf characters, while the differences in breadth and length of stem leaves of the closely related taxa S. fallax and S. isoviitae seemed to depend on nutrient status in the habitat where the mixed ...
Improved sizing of fragile X CCG repeats by nested polymerase chain reaction

We have developed an improved method for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sizing of the CCG repeat region at the fragile X locus, FMR-1. This method is designed to optimize denaturation and replication of long repeats with high G + C content, which are otherwise refractory to amplification. The method utilizes nested PCR primers to increase sensitivity and specificity. Alkaline denaturation of the genomic template DNA, combined with addition of glycerol and deaza-dGTP, facilitates strand separation. Labeled PCR products are sized on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. For alleles in the normal-to-premutation size range, strong reproducible signals are routinely obtained from small amounts of rapidly prepared DNA. This allows precise determination of the CCG repeat number, providing data related to the expansion potential of the repetitive segment. Detection of large premutations and some full mutations is also enhanced by the improved procedure. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Shifting Forms of Mimesis in Johann Christoph Gottsched's Dichtkunst

Johann Christoph Gottsched's Dichtkunst, the most prominent poetic handbook in early eighteenth-century Germany, is a more theoretically fluid text than is usually recognized. The handbook is shaped by the interaction of two conflicting doctrines, one mimetic or world-reflecting and the other didactic or world-transforming. In this paper, I trace how the presentation of the “imitation of nature” in the text shifts continually in order to accommodate the desired didactic function of literature. After opening with a semi-empirical approach, Gottsched turns to more abstract “structural” and “subjective” understandings of verisimilitude, as well as to a theory of the imitation of exceptional cases, all while maintaining the impression that he has never abandoned the notion of “following nature step by step.” An analysis of his argumentative strategies improves our understanding of Gottsched's place in Enlightenment-era poetics and also illustrates the benefits of closer attention to the neglected concept of literary mimesis.
Abstract A14: EGFR mutation status and the efficacy of gefitinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced cancer of the cervix: A study from eastern India

Purpose: To study the incidence of EGFR mutations (Exon 19-21) in locally advanced cervical cancer and to assess wether gefitinib, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin leads to better outcomes in patients who harbored EGFR mutations. Also, to study the response rates of paclitaxel and carboplatin as neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: From January 2008 to April 2010, 108 patients of inoperable locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix (Stage Ib – II only) were prospectively evaluated for EGFR mutations (exon 19-21) and were randomized to receive paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 5) with gefitinib (For mutation +ve patients) or without gefitinib (for mutation -ve patients). Patients were assessed for incidence of EGFR mutation, response rates to treatment and conversion to operable disease after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patients who were still inoperable after this treatment were offered chemoradiation. Results: 30 of 108 patients (30.5%) were positive for EGFR mutations. 50 of 78 patients who received paclitaxel and carboplatin had a more than partial response to treatment giving a response rate of 64.1 %. 20 of 78 (25.6%) patients had a stable disease while 8 of 70 (11.4%) patients had a progressive disease. 25 of 30 patients who were EGFR mutation +ve had a response to paclitaxel + carboplatin + gefitinib giving this combination a response rate of 83.3%. This response rate was significantly higher (p=0.001) as compared to mutation negative patients. Only 1 of 30 (0.03%) patients in this subgroup had a progressive disease. 20 of 25 (80%) patients in the mutation +ve group had an R0 resection as compared to 35 of 78 (44.8%) patients in the mutation -ve group (p=0.02). Inference: Approximately one-third of the cervical cancer patients were positive for EGFR mutations. These patients when given gefitinib in combination with chemotherapy had a significantly higher response rate and conversion to operability. Also that paclitaxel + carboplatin is an effective neoadjuvant regimen for locally advanced cancer of cervix giving a response rate of about 65% and high conversion to operability. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):A14.
Molecular Simulation of a Dichain Surfactant/Water/Carbon Dioxide System. 1. Structural Properties of Aggregates

Molecular dynamics simulation of a dichain surfactant + water + carbon dioxide (solvent) system is performed to study the structural properties of reversed micelle-like surfactant aggregates formed in the system. The simulations use a detailed and realistic molecular model for the surfactant molecule and explicit representation of the water and solvent molecules to enable quantitative comparisons with a prior experimental (small-angle neutron scattering) study. The results of the simulation are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental values. The simulations show that the size and shape of the surfactant aggregates depends on their water-to-surfactant ratio. A higher water-to-surfactant ratio results in larger and more spherical aggregates. The two distinct tails of the surfactant molecule exhibit different conformations in carbon dioxide indicating contrasting CO2-philic behavior. The perfluoroalkane tails assume more extended conformation than the alkane tails. The microstructure of the aqu...
The Use of Model Polyisobutylene Networks to Study Strain-Induced Crystallization

Model elastomeric networks were prepared by trifunctionally end linking hydroxyl-terminated chains of polyisobutylene having number-average molecular weights in the range 10−3Mn = 2.4 – 10.7 g mol−1. Their stress-strain isotherms in elongation at 25°C in the unswollen state showed significant increases or upturns in modulus at high elongations, due to strain-induced crystallization. Increase in degree of cross-linking (decrease in Mn) was found to decrease the elongation required to initiate crystallization and the maximum extensibility, but to increase the magnitude of the upturn in modulus.
Using Two-Dimensional Crystals of Aquaporin-0 to Investigate Lipid-Protein Interactions

Membrane proteins play crucial roles in many cellular processes such as signaling, nutrient uptake and cell adhesion. Although the lipid bilayer influences many aspects of membrane protein function, our understanding of lipid-protein interactions is limited. Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) is a water channel in the lens membrane, but it also assembles into orthogonal arrays that form membrane junctions between lens fiber cells. In vitro reconstitution of AQP0 with the lipid dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) yielded large and well ordered double-layered two-dimensional (2D) crystals that allowed electron crystallographic structure determination of AQP0 and its surrounding DMPC bilayer at 1.9A resolution. Since AQP0 forms high-quality 2D crystals not only with DMPC but also with various other lipids, AQP0 2D crystals are an ideal model system to investigate lipid-protein interactions. By studying AQP0 2D crystals formed with different lipids, we can begin to address very basic questions in membrane biology, such as the driving forces that define lipid-protein interactions, the effects of hydrophobic mismatch, and the molecular basis of raft formation.
A NEW STRUCTURE IN THE MAGNESIUM-RICH REGION OF THE CERIUM-MAGNESIUM SYSTEM

A COMPOUND near the CeMg9 stoichiometric region in the cerium–magnesium system was indexed as cubic from X-ray powder patterns and was claimed to be two phases1. An examination2 of structures of this approximate stoichiometry indicated that this would represent a new structure if it existed; consequently a structure determination using single crystal techniques was undertaken. Although a subsequent report3 utilizing only powder data indicated a more probable hexagonal cell and isomorphism with the Th2Ni17 structure, our preliminary single-crystal data lead to a different result.
Performance evaluation for systems of pooled machines of unequal sizes : unbalancing versus balancing

This research explores the appropriateness of unbalancing the workload per machine in certain types of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) configured as pooled machines of unequal sizes. Studies are conducted to examine the applicability of following an objective to unbalance workloads when solving the FMS planning problems of selecting part types to be machined together and determining their production ratios. Simulation is used to compare unbalancing and balancing on realistic, detailed models of flexible flow system (FFSs). The experiments are constructed to evaluate the impact of operational factors such as blocking, transportation, buffer utilizations, fixture requirements of various types, and different workload distributions among the machine types. The research results indicate that the aggregate and theoretically optimal unbalanced workloads provided by Stecke and Solberg (1981, 1985) using a closed queueing network model can be appropriate in a realistic FMS. Production rate and system and machine utilizations can all be higher when unbalancing workloads in systems of pooled machines of unequal sizes. It is also observed that: (1) system performance in terms of system utilization or production rate is sensitive to the appropriate number of pallets in the system, when either unbalancing or balancing; and (2) unbalanced part mix ratios conversely can lead to balanced machine utilizations among unequally sized pooled machine types. Overall system utilization seems to be more sensitive to the number of pallets in the system when unbalancing than when balancing. Further research needs are also noted.
Breast tumors in PyMT transgenic mice expressing mitochondrial catalase have decreased labeling for macrophages and endothelial cells

We show by immunohistochemical labeling that prominent cell types in the tumor microenvironment of PyMT transgenic mice are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and endothelial cells, and that both populations are decreased in the presence of mitochondrial targeted catalase (mCAT). This observation suggests that mitochondrial ROS can drive tumor invasiveness in conjunction with the presence of TAMs and increased angiogenesis. Since primary PyMT tumor cells expressing mCAT undergo increased apoptosis, mitochondrial antioxidants might be attractive anti-tumor agents. Keywords: immunohistochemistry of mouse breast cancer; tumor associated macrophages; endothelial cells; mitochondrial catalase; reactive oxygen species (Published: 11 May 2012) Citation: Pathobiology of Aging & Age-related Diseases 2012, 2 : 17391 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/pba.v2i0.17391
All-semiconductor active plasmonic system in mid-infrared wavelengths

Metal-based plasmonics has a wide range of important applications but is subject to several drawbacks. In this paper, we propose and investigate an all-semiconductor-based approach to plasmonics in mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range using InAs heterostructures. Our results show that InAs heterostructures are ideal for plasmonics with the shortest plasmon wavelength among common semiconductors. More importantly, as we will show, InAs heterostructures are superior to metal-based plasmonics for MIR applications due to much reduced loss, improved confinement, and ease of tunability of resonant wavelengths through carrier density. Finally, we propose and investigate a monolithic all-semiconductor integrated active plasmonic system with active source, waveguide, and detector all integrated on a chip, realizable in a single epitaxial growth process. Such an all semiconductor based system can be advantageous not only in plasmonics, but also in active metamaterials.
Teak (Tectona grandis L.) tree growth, stem quality and health in coppiced plantations in Java, Indonesia

Coppicing is an alternative reforestation tool for teak in the tropics, substantially reducing regeneration time/costs and associated demands for labor and seed when available. Growth rates of coppiced material are rapid in most situations, but stem/wood quality is a frequent concern. We compared coppiced teak plantations to paired seed-origin plantations, at ages 3, 8, and 13 years, on Forest State Corporation managed land located in Java, Indonesia. Teak trees were evaluated for height, diameter, lower-bole straightness, and presence of disease in both plantation types and at three ages. Mean height and diameter of trees in coppiced plantations were both significantly greater than that in their paired seed-origin plantations at all three ages. Furthermore, heights and diameters in coppiced plantations were higher than expected based on established growth tables for Java. Coppiced plantations were less symptomatic of disease than seed-origin plantations, which promises better wood production and quality. Lower-bole stems in coppiced plantations developed less straight than those in seed-origin plantations, but these deviations faded with time and will likely become insignificant within a 60-year rotation. Based on these results from existing coppiced plantations in Java, coppiced plantations can make a major contribution to teak production in Indonesia.
Normal and aberrant craniofacial myogenesis by grafted trunk somitic and segmental plate mesoderm.

Our research assesses the ability of three trunk mesodermal populations– medial and lateral halves of newly formed somites, and presomitic (segmental plate) mesenchyme – to participate in the differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles. Grafts from quail donor embryos were placed in mesodermal pockets adjacent to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, prior to the onset of neural crest migration, in chick host embryos. This encompasses the site where the lateral rectus and the proximal first branchial arch muscle primordia arise. The distribution and differentiation of graft-derived cells were assayed using QCPN and QH1 antibodies to identify all quail cells and quail endothelial cells, respectively. Chimeric embryos were assayed for expression of myf5, myod, paraxis and lbx1 , and the synthesis of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), between 1 and 6 days later (stages 14-30). Heterotopic and control (orthotopic) transplants consistently produced invasive angioblasts, and contributed to the lateral rectus and proximal first branchial arch muscles; many also contributed to the dorsal oblique muscle. The spatiotemporal patterns of transcription factor and MyHC expression by these trunk cells mimicked those of normal head muscles. Heterotopic grafts also gave rise to many ectopic muscles. These were observed in somite-like condensations at the implant site, in dense mesenchymal aggregates adjacent to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, and in numerous small condensations scattered deep to the dorsal margin of the eye. Cells in ectopic condensations expressed trunk transcription factors and differentiated rapidly, mimicking the trunk myogenic timetable. A novel discovery was the formation by grafted trunk mesoderm of many mononucleated myocytes and irregularly oriented myotubes deep to the eye. These results establish that the head environment is able to support the progressive differentiation of several distinct trunk myogenic progenitor populations, over-riding whatever biases were present at the time of grafting. The spatial and temporal control of head muscle differentiation and morphogenesis are very site specific, and head mesoderm outside of these sites is normally refractory to, or inhibited by, the signals that initiate ectopic myogenesis by grafted trunk mesoderm cells.
Odorous compounds associated with algal blooms in South Australian waters

Abstract Identification of volatile odorous compounds is reported from blooms of the Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria, Anabaena and Microcystis and the Chrysophyte Synura in South Australian reservoirs and River Murray water. Chemical “fingerprinting” of this kind may be used to assist in the development of removal or treatment techniques to minimise or eliminate the aesthetically unpleasant effects of algal blooms on drinking water quality. Volatiles were concentrated using the closed loop stripping (CLS) method and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Compounds isolated from the Cyanobacteria included geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, sesquiterpenes, β-cyclocitral, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. The compound responsible for the dominant cucumber odour of Synura petersenii was identified for the first time as trans -2, cis -6-nonadienal.
John Locke's Political Economy of Masculinity

John Locke′s political economy lends itself to conservative, liberal and radical interpretations that frame the conceptual ambiguities that still shape our debates over government′s proper economic functions. Suggests that “masculinity” was a powerful undercurrent in Locke′s thought which linked these ambiguities and makes them explicable. In short, Locke′s political economy was a “gendered” one which juxtaposed Enlightenment hopes that “manly” men could balance freedom and equality, labour and prosperity, and political order, to ancient misogynist fears that “effeminate” men caused chaos when freed from political constraints. Ultimately, Locke′s scepticism resulted in a heavy investment in political prerogative which has been parlayed into twentieth century political hegemony.
Condensation and phosphatization of the Middle and Upper Ordovician limestones on the Malopolska Block (Poland): Response to paleoceanographic conditions

Abstract The growth fault activity in the late Middle Ordovician resulted in the establishment of a horst-like submarine paleohigh in the northern Malopolska Block. This topographic submarine swell was the site of carbonate deposition characterized by a low overall net sediment accumulation rate. The sedimentary and ecological conditions on this paleohigh were controlled by a paleocurrent that flowed along the northern margin of the Malopolska Block, however seasonal intense storms associated with the mid-latitude location of this “terrane” cannot be excluded. The paleocurrent induced (seasonal?) upwelling of nutrient-rich waters from deeper parts of the current system that shifted onto the paleohigh and caused phosphatization of the sediment. The winnowing and reworking of sediment, together with slow carbonate production by a temperate-water biota and relatively long periods of omission, resulted in low accumulation rates and sediment condensation. The cessation of the paleocurrent and associated phosphatization coincides with changes in the oceanic circulation system due to the Late Ordovician collision of Avalonia with Baltica and gradual closure of the Tornquist Sea.
Serial studies of lung volume and VA-Q in hyaline membrane disease.

Extract: Twenty infants with a clinical and radiologic diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease were studied serially by measurement of functional residual capacity (FRC) and arterial and alveolar gradients for O2, CO2, and N2. Nitrogen washouts were determined as well in nine infants. The FRC, alveolar-arterial O2 gradients (AaDo2) in 100% O2, and true shunt (Qs/Qt), which are different ways of quantitating atelectasis and shunt in hyaline membrane disease, were shown to be statistically related. The FRC was below 1.0 ml/cm in all infants when sick and returned to the usual range for gestational age, generally around 15 days. Extensive cardiopulmonary shunting was recorded both at the height of illness and for a considerable time during recovery. However, during recovery, not all of the venous admixture was due to shunt. As maldistribution of ventilation was excluded, the possibility of a diffusion barrier was raised. Alveoli with a high VA/Q were identified by large arterial-alveolar CO2 gradients (aADCO2) both during illness and recovery. This indicates that maldistribution of pulmonary blood flow is an important physiologic abnormality in hyaline membrane disease. Speculation: The FRC was shown to correlate inversely with AaDo2 and Qs/Qt ratios. As a low FRC is the only true unique characteristic of hyaline membrane disease, it is suggested that in the future the disease be defined in terms of the lung volume as well as in terms of the usual clinical and biochemical parameters which appear in other forms of respiratory distress in neonates. Constant positive airway pressure is an attempt to approach treatment from this point of view.