cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can children be trained in making the distinction between appearance and reality

Abstract Recent research on the appearance-reality distinction indicates that preschool children often have difficulty reporting that an object can have an appearance that is discrepant from what the children know to be true about the object. This problem could be due to a general difficulty that young children have in representing the same object or event in more than one way. Alternatively, children may have difficulty understanding what is being asked in appearance-reality studies. This research examined the latter possibility by comparing children's performance on appearance-reality tasks before and after they played a game designed to help them understand the terms “looks like” and “really and truly” which are used to ask children about objects with misleading appearances. In a second experiment, the performance of children in a training condition was compared with the performance of children who received no training. The results of both experiments showed that although children were able to do the training game and were intrigued by the misleading appearances in the game, their performance on the subsequent appearance-reality tasks was not better than their pretest performance (Experiment 1), and was not better than the performance of children in a control group (Experiment 2). These results suggest that children's difficulty with the distinction between appearance and reality is not due to an easily remedied misunderstanding about what is being asked.
ATTRIBUTIONS FOR THE POORLY PERFORMING BLACKJACK DEALER: IN THE CARDS OR INABILITY?

This study examined the effects of task and supervisory experience on causal attributions and recommendations for corrective action following poor performance. One hundred twenty subjects employed in a casino reviewed an evaluation form describing the poor performance of a blackjack dealer in the casino. Subjects included first-and second-level supervisors with task and supervisory experience, dealers with task experience only, and employees with neither task nor supervisory experience. Subjects were told that the dealer being evaluated had 2, 6, or 12 months of task experience. Results indicate that task and supervisory experience did affect attributions to specific causal factors; however, the effects were not consistently in the predicted direction. Specifically, supervisors viewed lack of effort and poor supervision as more important and task difficulty as less important causes of poor performance than did dealers. Subjects without task experience viewed poor work conditions and task difficulty as stronger causes of poor performance than did dealers. Task experience of the ratee interacted with rater task experience such that dealers and controls differed in their attributions for employees with 12 months' experience but did not differ if the ratee had 2 or 6 months' experience. Causal attributions for an employee's poor performance were related to subsequent corrective recommendations.
Whole-plant modelling: A continuous-time Markov (CTM) approach

Abstract Continuous-time Markov (CTM) mathematics can provide a standardized method to describe plant metabolism responses to multiple resource inputs. The utility of CTM techniques is demonstrated by a simple plant growth model with three resources (light, water and nutrients). Simple model response curves are presented that describe instantaneous growth rate in relation to light intensity, water, nutrients and biomass. The effects of varying resource use and tolerance on optimum growth are investigated using a Fermi-Dirac distribution function. The CTM approach to plant metabolism and growth is compared and contrasted to compartmental analysis and to King-Altman enzyme-kinetic techniques.
Fetal oxygen content is restored after maternal hemorrhage and fluid replacement with polymerized bovine hemoglobin, but not with hetastarch, in pregnant sheep.

UNLABELLED We investigated the ability of hemoglobin-based oxygen carrying solutions (HBOCs) to alleviate fetal hypoxemia from maternal hemorrhage. Fifteen pregnant ewes (132-day gestational age) were hemorrhaged 20 mL/kg over 1 h; they were randomized to receive 20 mL/kg IV of HBOC, hetastarch (HTS), or autologous blood (BLD) (n = 5 each) over 30 min and were monitored for 2 h. Hemorrhage significantly (P < or = 0.05) decreased maternal mean blood pressure (from 98 to 48 mm Hg, median), arterial oxygen content (from 12.2 to 11.1 mL/dL), and fetal arterial oxygen content (from 8.1 to 3.9 mL/dL). Fluid replacement restored maternal blood pressure in all groups, although maternal oxygen content immediately returned to baseline only after BLD or HBOC. Maternal oxygen saturation decreased after HBOC (from 98% to 88%). Fetal oxygen content rapidly returned to baseline with either BLD (7.1 mL/dL) or HBOC (8.0 mL/dL) but was never restored with HTS (4.7 mL/dL), and, 60 min after fluid replacement, it was higher with HBOC (8.3 mL/dL) than with HTS (4.7 mL/dL). Fetal plasma-free hemoglobin did not change after HBOC. In conclusion, maternal fluid replacement with HBOC or BLD effectively restored fetal oxygenation, primarily by restoring maternal oxygen content, whereas HTS did not. IMPLICATIONS Hemoglobin solutions eliminate many limitations of blood transfusions. Our results show that fluid replacement with either blood or a hemoglobin solution, compared with hetastarch, restored fetal oxygenation in pregnant ewes after hemorrhage. If applicable to women, these results suggest a potential for the use of hemoglobin solutions in obstetrics.
Getting to the Meat of the Matter: Beyond Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Dialysis

Until recently, patients on dialysis with low serum albumin levels were characterized as suffering from protein malnutrition suggesting that the cause of this malady was due to an inadequate intake of protein. In fact, these patients tend to suffer from a wasting syndrome similar to cachexia commonly associated with inflammation in which there is loss of lean body mass and fat mass is underutilized. The term protein energy wasting has been used to characterize this syndrome and suggests that the simple addition of protein supplements to the dietary regimen of hemodialysis patients will not cure this malady. Correction of the underlying inflammatory disorder which drives losses of body protein and fuel reserves is far more important and is the single most effective therapy. Protein supplements which may promote albumin synthesis and synthesis of liver-related proteins tend to increase muscle catabolism. Muscle growth is not fostered by increasing dietary protein above recommended goals for dialysis patients, but can be promoted by the addition of protein of high biological value that is rich in leucine and other essential amino acids in tandem with repetitive exercises. Ultimately, correction of PEW hinges on the diagnosis and treatment of co-morbid conditions in combination with strategies to replenish caloric and protein stores. A supplementary exercise program would allow recovery of lean body mass. Given the multiple co-morbidities that exist in this population, therapy would have to be individualized.
Mirror Surface Metrology And Polishing For AXAF/TMA

The achievement of the derived goals for mirror surface quality on the Advanced X-ray Astrophyscis Facility (AXAF), Technology Mirror Assembly (TMA) required a combination of state-of-the-art metrology and polishing techniques. In this paper, we summarize the derived goals and cover the main facets of the various metrology instruments employed, as well as the philosophy and technique used in the polishing work. In addition, we show how progress was measured against the goals, using the detailed error budget for surface errors and a mathematical model for performance prediction. The metrology instruments represented a considerable advance on the state-of-the-art and fully satisfied the error budget goals for the various surface errors. They were capable of measuring the surface errors over a large range of spatial periods, from low-frequency figure errors to microroughness. The polishing was accomplished with a computer-controlled process, guided by the combined data from various metrology instruments. This process was also tailored to reduce the surface errors over the full range of spatial periods.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging of central nervous system whipple disease

A 72-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of dysphagia, fatigue, 60-lb weight loss, and central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed mildly elevated nonrestricted apparent diffusion coefficients in the middle cerebellar peduncles, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed decreased N-acetylaspartate and creatine with increased choline. Diffusion-weighted MRI and MRS offer noninvasive methods to help evaluate in vivo physiologic changes of CNS involvement in Whipple disease.
Factors influencing pharmacists' preference for the legal classification of Rx-to-OTC switched drug products.

The United States is one of the few developed countries that has only two legal classifications of drug products, prescription (or legend) and non-prescription. U.S. pharmacy associations, however, are lobbying for legislation that will classify drugs which are switched from prescription to non-prescription (Rx-to-OTC) status as a third class of pharmacist-legend or pharmacy-only drug products. Pharmacists have indicated that their demand for a third class of drugs is to enable safer use of switched drug products by consumers through pharmacist supervision. Critics of the third class concept, however, have attributed the pharmacists' demand to a desire to gain economic control of the products. In order to assess empirically pharmacists' motivations, data collected from 389 randomly selected U.S. pharmacists, forming part of a larger study, were used to assess: (i) pharmacists' preferences for five selected conditions of sale for drug products switched from prescription to non-prescription status and (ii) the role of selected demographic and practice characteristics on pharmacists' preferences. Analyses of the data indicated that 'permanent pharmacist supervised sale (or a third class status)' and 'general unsupervised' sale were pharmacists' most and least preferred conditions of sale for switched products, respectively. Overall, pharmacists preferred conditions of sale that involved pharmacist supervision over those that did not. Pharmacists' preferences differed significantly when compared on the basis of their employment status. Owner or partner pharmacists indicated a greater preference for the pharmacist-supervised third class status for switched drug products and a lesser preference for unsupervised sale of switched drug products than staff, employee, director, or manager pharmacists. Pharmacists' preferences for the conditions of sale also differed by the nature of the professional association in which they were members. Pharmacists who were members of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) indicated a greater preference for 'unsupervised sale after initial diagnosis and prescription from a physician', than pharmacists who were not members of the association. Pharmacists who were members of the National Association of Retail Druggists (NARD) viewed unsupervised sale of switched products with greater disfavour than the non-members of that association. Overall, it appears that some pharmacists may be governed by safety concerns and some by economic concerns in their demand for a third class or pharmacy-only status for Rx-to-OTC switched drug products.
The role of action-initiation in young children's causal explanations of action

Abstract Four studies examined preschoolers' use of the cue of action initiation to infer another's desired goal. In two studies, children watched as one protagonist self-initiated movement to a target while a second person was propelled there by an external force. Older 3-year-olds ( M = 3;10) and 5-year-olds consistently judged only the self-initiated actor's movement as desire based. In the second study, however, younger 3-year-olds ( M = 3;3 also participated, and they were equally likely to say that either movement was goal directed, even when the passive mover appeared to resist movement toward the goal. A third study, featuring only one protagonist, yielded no improvement among younger 3-year-olds. A fourth study emphasizing the single protagonist's persistence in approaching a target via repeated self-initiated movements revealed some improvement among younger 3-year-olds; older 3-year-olds were near ceiling performance. Altogether, these results suggest that differences in action initiation play an increasingly important role in 3-year-olds' mentalistic explanations of action. This development may be related to other critical changes occurring in 3-year-olds' developing theory of mind.
Growth of thin crystalline silicon layers for photovoltaic device use

Abstract Because of the current interest in thin-layer (5–50 μm) crystalline silicon for photovoltaic (PV) applications, we have grown Si layers on (111) single crystal Si substrates from the metal solvents Ga, Sn, and Cu with a particular emphasis on Cu. A substrate dipping technique was used, and the growth temperature was typically near 950°C. The conditions of growth, morphology, qualitative solvent incorporation characteristics, and electrical properties of the solution-grown layers are presented and discussed. Thin single crystal layers with suitable impurity characteristics for photovoltaic use were obtained, and solar cells with 15% conversion efficiency were fabricated on 5 μm thick layers grown on single crystal Si substrates. This is 97% of the efficiency obtained on substrates without a grown layer, and indicates that the Cu solution growth process does not significantly degrade cell performance.
The influence of advanced radiographic imaging on the treatment of pediatric appendicitis

Abstract Purpose Since 1998, the use of advanced radiographic imaging with computed tomography (CT) and/or diagnostic ultrasound (US) has increased dramatically for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. This study investigates the impact of this imaging on the evaluation, management, and outcome of pediatric patients who underwent appendectomy for suspected appendicitis. Methods Retrospective review of 197 consecutive children with a preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis, from January 2002 through May 2004, undergoing appendectomy at a university-affiliated community hospital by pediatric and general surgeons. Results Patients were divided into two groups: imaged (n = 106; 54%) and nonimaged (n = 91; 46%). Groups were similar with respect to age, sex, temperature, white blood count, and insurance status. Ninety-seven imaged patients had CT, 6 had US, and 3 had both CT and US. Seventy-one percent of imaging studies were ordered by emergency department physicians and 24% by treating surgeons. Average wait from emergency department triage to operative incision for the imaged and nonimaged groups was 12.1 and 5.4 hours, respectively ( P P = .001). Time on antibiotics, complication rates, and length of stay were similar for both groups. Conclusions More than half of pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis now undergo advanced imaging and experience a significant delay in surgical treatment with a 26% increase in hospital charges and no clear-cut improvement in diagnostic accuracy nor outcome, when compared with evaluation by the treating surgeons.
Animal Models of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: Implications for Tissue Engineering Approaches

Animal models for temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) or degradation are necessary for assessing the value of current and future tissue engineering therapies. After reviewing the literature, it is quite apparent that most TMD animal studies can be categorized into chemical approaches or surgical/mechanical approaches. Overall, it was found that the top five cited manuscripts for all chemical models were cited by almost 40% more manuscripts than the top five manuscripts for surgical/mechanical models. It is clear that the chemical approaches have focused on the inflammatory aspect of TMDs and its relationship to pain. However, chemical irritants must be tested in larger animal models, and the effect of short-term inflammation on the mechanical properties of the fibrocartilage must be examined. Nevertheless, therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing or controlling inflammation could use the established chemical methods. Surgical/mechanical methods can be used as negative controls for first generation TMJ tissue engineering approaches when the therapy is applied immediately after injury. Next generation tissue engineering approaches will require testing on tissues degenerated for a few months after the surgical/mechanical methods, with enhanced functional assessment techniques.
Diversity, child care quality, and developmental outcomes

It is widely accepted that high quality child care enhances children’s cognitive and social development, but some question whether what constitutes quality care depends on the child’s ethnic and cultural background. To address this question, secondary analysis of data from the two largest studies of child care experiences in the United States, Cost, Quality, and Outcomes Study and the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, tested whether standard measures of child care quality were less reliable or valid for African-American and English-speaking Latino children than for white children. Widely used measures of child care quality showed comparably high levels of reliability and similar levels of validity for white, African-American, and Latino children. Analyses tested whether cognitive and social skills were related to child care quality, the match between child’s and caregiver’s ethnicity, and the match between the mother’s and caregiver’s beliefs about child-rearing. Results indicated children from all three ethnic groups showed higher levels of cognitive and social skills on standardized assessments shown to predict school success when caregivers were sensitive and stimulating. Children’s skills were not consistently related to whether the child’s and caregiver’s ethnicity matched or whether the mother’s and caregiver’s beliefs about child-rearing were similar. These two large studies suggest that children from all three ethnic groups benefit from sensitive and stimulating care on child outcomes related to school success. The results are interpreted as indicating that the global dimension of quality may be reflected in very different types of practices that reflect cultural differences.
Membrane phospholipid redistribution in cancer micro-particles and implications in the recruitment of cationic protein factors

Cancer cell-derived micro-particles (MPs) play important regulatory roles on cellular and system levels. These activities are attributed in part to protein factors carried by MPs. However, recruitment strategies for sequestering certain protein factors in MPs are poorly understood. In the current study, using exogenous and endogenously expressed phospholipid-binding probes, we investigated the distribution of membrane phospholipids in MPs as a potential mechanism for electrostatically enriching cationic protein factors in MPs. We detected a significant level of externalised phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) at the outer surface of MPs. This was accompanied, in the inner leaflet of the MP membrane, by a greater density of negatively charged phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylserine (PS). The local enrichment of PS in the inner surface of MPs was correlated with an elevated presence of small GTPases in a polybasic region (PBR)-dependent fashion. By employing a series of RhoA derivatives, including constitutively active and RhoA derivatives lacking a PBR, we could demonstrate that the congregation of RhoA in MPs was dependent on the presence of the PBR. A chimer with the fusion of PBR sequence alone to GFP significantly enhanced GFP localisation in MPs, indicative of a positive contribution of electrostatic interactions in RhoA recruitment to MPs. Using in silico thermodynamic simulations, we characterised the electrostatic interactions between PBR and anionic lipid membrane surface. In summary, the redistribution of membrane phospholipids in MPs has an impact on the local ionic density, and is likely a contributing factor in the electrostatic recruitment of membrane-associated proteins to MPs in a PBR-dependent fashion. Keywords: phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylserine; membrane asymmetry; micro-particles; Rho GTPase (Published: 11 June 2014) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2014, 3 : 22653 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.22653 To access the supplementary material to this article, please see Supplementary files under Article Tools online.
Noninvasive monitoring of HPMA copolymer-RGDfK conjugates by magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose To evaluate the tumor targeting potential of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer–gadolinium(Gd)–RGDfK conjugates by magnetic resonance (MR) T1-mapping.
Organic Intellectuals and the Committed Community: Irish Republicanism and Sinn Féin in the North

Abstract This article argues that the republican political movement in the North is supported in fundamental ways by the efforts of individuals employed in leadership capacities in neighbourhood community centres. The ideological and organisational roles played by these individuals in their communities are very similar to those described by the Marxist thinker Antonio Gramsci in his concept of the organic intellectual in movements of social change. Part I describes the ideological values, including community, participation, rights and equality, promoted by these community centre workers in the North and compares them to Gramsci’s model. Part II discusses the similarity between these values and those held by local Sinn Fein activists in these neighbourhoods. It is this culture, shared by the community centre workers and the party activists, that helps generate legitimacy and electoral support for Sinn Fein as a political party.
The Ontology of Justifications in the Logical Setting

Justification Logic provides an axiomatic description of justifications and delegates the question of their nature to semantics. In this note, we address the conceptual issue of the logical type of justifications: we argue that justifications in the logical setting are naturally interpreted as sets of formulas which leads to a class of epistemic models that we call modular models. We show that Fitting models for Justification Logic naturally encode modular models and can be regarded as convenient pre-models of the former.
On the verification of statements about ordinary language

In this paper I shall discuss certain difficulties which seem to me to stand in the way of understanding or properly appreciating the work of the so-called ‘ordinary language’ philosophers. These difficulties concern the interpretation of the various seemingly factual statements which such philosophers make about language. I am mainly interested in the question of how one would go about verifying these statements; in so far as meaning is bound up with verification, this is also a question of their meaning. Of course, it is possible to pretend that no clarification is required at all, that the sense of assertions about the ordinary use of language is perfectly obvious, or at least sufficiently so for the purposes at hand. But I do not think that such optimism is justified. Even among those who can claim to be ‘in the know’ or to ‘get the point’ there are wide disagreements both as to the truth and as to the meaning of given assertions of the sort under consideration, and these disagreements are by themselves a basis for scepticism. When in addition it is seen that such assertions play a crucial role in the discussions which are supposed to answer, dissolve, or somehow get rid of the traditional problems of philosophy, a philosopher may perhaps be excused for looking at the matter a little more closely.
Using a stratified approach in substance intervention and prevention programs among adolescents: an empirical analysis

Using a series of multiple regression procedures this study explores the contribution toward explained variance of a substance usage index for several operational variables that have been considere...
Implementation of a three-stage approach for the dynamic resource-constrained shortest-path sub-problem in branch-and-price

The resource-constrained shortest-path problem (RCSP) is often used as a sub-problem in branch-and-price because it can model the complex logic by which many actual systems operate. This paper addresses two special issues that arise in such an application. First, RCSP in this context is dynamic in the sense that arc costs are updated at each column-generation iteration, but constraints are not changed. Often, only a few arc costs are updated at an iteration. Second, RCSP must be solved subject to arcs that are forbidden or prescribed as corresponding binary variables are fixed to 0 or 1 by the branching rule. A reoptimizing algorithm for dealing with a few arc-cost changes and a method for dealing with fixed arcs are proposed and incorporated into a three-stage approach, specializing it for repeatedly solving the dynamic RCSP as a sub-problem in branch-and-price. Computational tests evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
RSSI-Based Indoor Localization and Tracking Using Sigma-Point Kalman Smoothers

Solutions for indoor tracking and localization have become more critical with recent advancement in context and location-aware technologies. The accuracy of explicit positioning sensors such as global positioning system (GPS) is often limited for indoor environments. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of building an indoor location tracking system that is cost effective for large scale deployments, can operate over existing Wi-Fi networks, and can provide flexibility to accommodate new sensor observations as they become available. This paper proposes a sigma-point Kalman smoother (SPKS)-based location and tracking algorithm as a superior alternative for indoor positioning. The proposed SPKS fuses a dynamic model of human walking with a number of low-cost sensor observations to track 2-D position and velocity. Available sensors include Wi-Fi received signal strength indication (RSSI), binary infra-red (IR) motion sensors, and binary foot-switches. Wi-Fi signal strength is measured using a receiver tag developed by Ekahau, Inc. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with a commercially available positioning engine, also developed by Ekahau, Inc. The superior accuracy of our approach over a number of trials is demonstrated.
There is more than one interleukin 1.

Abstract In 1972, Gery and co-workers 1 detected a factor that promotes murine thymocyte proliferation in culture supernatants of human peripheral blood adherent leukocytes. This factor is active across species lines, does not support the growth of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent lymphocyte lines, is produced by monocytic rather than lymphocytic leukocytes, and has subsequently been termed interleukin 1 (IL- 1) 2 . More recently, it has become evident that IL-1 activities can be produced by virtually every nucleated cell type and, in addition, IL-1 has been reported to have stimulatory effects on the growth and differentiation of numerous cell types. In this review, Joost Oppenheim and his colleagues discuss the biochemical characteristics, gene cloning, cell sources, biological properties and actions of IL-1, and give reasons why this pleitotropic, nonspecific hormone-like cytokine is of considerable concern to immunologists.
Testing anti-HIV drugs in the FIV model.

Viral resistance is a major problem with current AIDS drugs. The feline immunodeficiency virus model may provide a way to test new drugs and strategies before human trials.
Measurement of the radiation patterns of full-scale HF and VHF antennas

A system has been developed to measure the directivity patterns of full-scale antennas when located in their operational environments. The primary component of this system is an aircraft-towed multifrequency transmitter that is designed to approximate an elementary dipole antenna. An HF and a VHF version of this transmitter provide frequency coverage from 2 to 100 MHz. Techniques have been developed to measure the entire radiation pattern, from the horizon to the zenith, for several antennas simultaneously. Data derived from this system are processed to provide the radiation patterns as contour plots of the measured signal strength on azimuthal equal-area projections. The measurement hardware, data acquisition, and data processing techniques are described, and examples are given of measured and processed data derived from the system.
High-Tc superconductivity’s potential impact on copper

This paper reports that the potential for the widespread commercialization of high-critical-temperature (high-T{sub c}) superconductivity began six years ago with Bednorz and Muller's development at IBM's Aurich Laboratory of a lanthanum-barium-copper oxide compound that attained zero electrical resistance at 35 K. Although high-T{sub c} superconductivity is still mainly a benchscale activity and has a long distance to travel before realizing large-scale applications, there is some utility in forecasting this technology's probable effects on the copper industry. After all, it should not be forgotten that the electrical and electronics sector of the copper field largely underestimated the impact of transistors, semiconductors, thin films, and fiber optics when these technologies were new.
Hidden Markov estimation for unrestricted stochastic context-free grammars

A novel algorithm for estimating the parameters of a hidden stochastic context-free grammar is presented. In contrast to the inside/outside (I/O) algorithm it does not require the grammar to be expressed in Chomsky normal form, and thus can operate directly on more natural representations of a grammar. The algorithm uses a trellis-based structure as opposed to the binary branching tree structure used by the I/O algorithm. The form of the trellis is an extension of that used by the forward/backward (F/B) algorithm, and as a result the algorithm reduces to the latter for components that can be modeled as finite-state networks. In the same way that a hidden Markov model (HMM) is a stochastic analog of a finite-state network, the representation used by the algorithm is a stochastic analog of a recursive transition network, in which a state may be simple or itself contain an underlying structure. >
Polarization Cross Sections in Proton Compton Scattering

A phenomenological amplitude for proton Compton scattering is obtained, and fits are made to the differential cross-section data. The amplitude is used to calculate the cross sections for the Compton scattering of polarized photons and the polarization of the recoil proton. It is found that the polarized-photon cross sections are sensitive to the amount of ${P}_{11}$ resonance in the scattering amplitude.
Synthesis of a dicyclobutylideneethane derivative via sequential palladium-catalyzed Miyaura borylation and Suzuki coupling

An efficient synthesis of a dicyclobutylideneethane derivative was achieved using a palladium-catalyzed reaction of a substituted (bromomethylene)cyclobutane with bis(pinacolato)diboron. The reaction mechanism was investigated in detail. The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of a (bromomethylene)cyclobutane with arylboronic acid was also achieved.
The medical school--where does it go from here?

Two developments profoundly modified the single mission of U.S. medical schools to educate physicians: the decision of the federal government to develop federal research programs within the nation's universities rather than in separate research institutes; and the entry of the federal government into the purchase of health services through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The presence of biomedical research in the schools has created dilemmas for educators and administrators. The schools need to deploy large amounts of capital for research, they find a decreasing relevance of new research knowledge to medical practice, and they see a great need to increase interdepartmental collaboration. These factors create a new kind of tension that may make the medical school of the next generation less attractive as the exclusive institution in which biomedical research is conducted within the university. At the same time, cuts in federal funding for health services have caused medical schools to organize their faculties into practice plans. If the plans feel cuts in income because of federal reimbursement mandates, there will probably be controversy among faculty members about the plans' continuing contributions to the schools. A hypothetical scenario illustrates the plight of a medical school faced with a significant reduction in funds to support health services.
DETECTION OF BACTERIAL ANTIGENS BY STAPHYLOCOCCAL CO-AGGLUTINATION TEST

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and agglutination of antibody-coated latex particles have been used to detect bacterial antigens in CSF, blood and urine of patients with certain bacterial infections. Antibody-coated staphylococci coagglutinate in the presence of homologous antigen. Earlier studies in our laboratory (J. Clin. Micro. Jan. 1977) have shown that in 36 cases of H. influenzae type b (HIB) meningitis the coagglutination test (CT) detected antigens in 86% of CSF specimens obtained before therapy while CIE was positive in 72%. Antigens could be detected by CT in 46% of sterile specimens obtained from the same cases 1-10 days after therapy. In further studies, staphylococci coated with 4 different antibodies were used to detect antigens in body fluids of patients with meningitis. The following shows the number of positive reactions per total tested for each organism: No cross reactions were noted among the above or in CSFs from 9 cases of meningitis caused by other bacteria. No false positive reactions were noted in 21 control CSFs. CT is at least as sensitive as CIE in detecting HIB antigens and has the advantage of simplicity and rapidity.
A renormalization approach to model interaction in microstructured solids: Application to porous elastomer

Abstract The overall physical behavior of microstructured (heterogeneous or periodic) materials depends strongly on the size, shape, and spatial distribution of the separate constituents. To predict the macroscopic constitutive response for these materials, we apply a coarse-graining transformation – termed renormalization – developed in statistical physics that bridges between the macroscopic quantities and those at finer scales. Based on this coarse-graining transformation, a two-scale generalized model for microstructured solids is built by utilizing the mathematical framework of generalized continuum mechanics. The model is labeled as generalized because it contains extra degrees of freedom representing microscopic deformation. The present study applies the renormalization technique to develop a two-scale continuum material model for porous elastomer and implements it into commercial finite element software. Direct numerical simulation of porous elastomer computational cells is used to calibrate the model parameters. The complex effect microstructure (voids) has on constitutive behavior is examined in detail with particular attention paid to void size and distribution effects in the context of multi-axial loading, macroscopic instability (buckling), bending, and fracture.
Current Status Of (GaAI)As Diode Lasers

The general operating principles of CW double heterostructure diode lasers are discussed to indicate the sources of gain, waveguidance and resonance. Gain-guided lasers are noted to be astigmatic and the "kink" phenomenon, which troubles those devices with wider stripes, is explained. The very narrow stripe gain-guided laser is shown to suffer from severe astigmatism and an undersirable far field pattern even though it is free of kinks. Three types of real refractive index waveguide lasers are considered in turn: the channelled-substrate-planar (CSP), the strip buried (SB), and lasers with laterally tapered layers. Within the last group are the plano-convex waveguide (PCW) laser, the non-planar large-optical-cavity (NP-LOC) device, and otherwise conventional lasers with tapered active regions. The operating principle, characteristics and shortcomings of each are discussed and the general classes of gain-guided and real refractive index waveguide lasers are compared. An optimal design for a waveguide laser is proposed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Do clinical or urodynamic parameters predict artificial urinary sphincter outcome in post-radical prostatectomy incontinence?

OBJECTIVES To determine whether urodynamic or clinical parameters can predict artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) outcome in patients who were incontinent after radical prostatectomy (RP). Incontinence after RP is secondary to intrinsic sphincter deficiency, but urodynamics have been advocated before AUS placement to detect factors that could limit surgical success. METHODS We reviewed all AUSs placed for RP incontinence from January 1995 to December 2004. The preoperative clinical parameters and urodynamic parameters were correlated with surgical success using linear and logistic regression analysis, respectively. Surgical failure was defined as requiring more than one pad per day. RESULTS The data from 86 patients (mean age 72 years) were analyzed. Of these 86 patients, 15 (17%) were wearing more than 1 pad per day at the last follow-up visit; 11 patients (13%) considered their operation a failure; and 20 patients (24%) had postoperative urgency. The presence of detrusor overactivity (P = 0.92), low first sensation (P = 0.52), low bladder compliance (P = 0.38), and bladder capacity less than 300 mL (P = 0.58) in patients did not predict for AUS failure compared with patients without these findings. No clinical parameters were found that demonstrated a statistical association with the number of pads per day. Older patients considered themselves less improved (P = 0.012) than did younger patients. CONCLUSIONS No evidence has shown that patients who are incontinent after RP who have detrusor overactivity, a low first sensation, decreased compliance, or a low bladder capacity have worse post-AUS outcomes than other patients. Older patients tended to have decreased perceived improvement. We found no clinical or urodynamic parameter that would be a contraindication to AUS placement for post-RP incontinence.
Beam tapering effect in microsphere chains: from geometrical to physical optics

By using polystyrene microspheres with index n=1.59 as a model system we study light focusing and transport properties of chains formed by spheres with diameters varying from 2 to 30 μm. We used techniques of imaging based on light scattering perpendicular to the axis of the chain to visualize and study periodically focused beams in such structures. The results demonstrate good agreement with geometrical optics modeling for sufficiently large spheres, D>>10λ, where D is the sphere diameter and λ is the wavelength of light. For mesoscale structures with 4 ><10 we observed two effects which cannot be explained by geometrical optics. One is a "beam tapering" effect which is stronger in normalized units than it is theoretically possible in the limit of geometrical optics in short chains. Another effect is reduced power attenuation in sufficiently long chains which is found to be smaller than it is possible in the limit of geometrical optics. Both effects are ascribed to the increased role of physical optics properties. We can also suggest some role of the microjoints developing between polystyrene microspheres in self-assembled structures. The results are important for developing applications requiring focusing of multimodal beams such as mid-infrared laser surgery.
Fork-join parallelism with a data-structures focus

Abstract This chapter is an introduction to parallel programming designed for use in a course on data structures and algorithms, although some of the less advanced material can be used in a second programming course. It assumes no background beyond sequential programming and a familiarity with common data structures (e.g., binary trees), algorithms (e.g., efficient sorting algorithms), and basic asymptotic analysis. The focus is on shared memory and fork-join parallelism, using Java and its ForkJoin framework for programming examples. After introducing the idea of multithreaded execution and a distinction between parallelism and concurrency control, the chapter explains how threads can communicate via shared memory. It then discusses in depth how to use divide-and-conquer recursive parallelism to perform a basic reduction—namely, summing the elements of an array. It then generalizes this discussion to other reductions as well as map operations and parallel operations over other data structures. It then introduces how to analyze parallel algorithms in terms of work and span, and it introduces Amdahl’s law for analyzing the effect of parallelizing part of a computation. The last section of the chapter introduces three more sophisticated parallel algorithms—parallel prefix sum, parallel quicksort (including a parallel partition operation), and parallel mergesort (including a parallel merge operation)—as examples of nonobvious parallel algorithms and how algorithms can be built on top of other parallel computations.
Thin-Film Piezoelectric-on-Silicon Resonant Transformers

This paper reports the performance of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT)-on-silicon electromechanical resonators as thin-film piezoelectric transformers. The PZT-on-silicon resonators rely on the odd harmonics of the contour length-extensional modes to provide a convenient means for voltage and current transformations with a single layer of piezoelectric PZT. The resistive-load-dependent voltage gains and efficiencies are derived along with the peak efficiencies and open circuit voltage gains. The models of efficiency and voltage gain are compared to the experimental measurements of fabricated PZT-on-silicon piezoelectric transformers with 2, 4, and 10 μm of device silicon. The resonant frequencies of the devices range between 14 and 19 MHz. Peak efficiencies as high as 62% are measured and open circuit voltage gains as high as 5.7 are extracted from the measurements. The measured efficiencies with 50- Ω loads compare within 14% of the models on average (25% peak error). The extracted open-circuit voltage gains and their models compare within 22% on average (67% peak error). The trade between the load-dependent efficiencies and voltage gains are also presented for the n=3, 5, 9, and 13 harmonics.
Shear deformation of lead free solder joints

The deformation behavior of lead free solder joints was characterized under shear loading. The test vehicle was a 0.5mm pitch wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP). Five alloys were compared: Sn/sub 63/Pb/sub 37/, Sn/sub 95.5/Ag/sub 4.0/Cu/sub 0.5/, Sn/sub 96.5/Ag/sub 3.0/Cu/sub 0.5/, Sn/sub 96.5/Ag/sub 3.5/, and Sn/sub 99.3/Cu/sub 0.7/. The strain rate range was between 1.0/sec and 10/sup -7//sec, and test temperature was 25C. Both un-aged and thermally aged samples were tested. The aging condition was 24hrs at 125C. At strain rates of 10/sup -2//sec and above, all of the alloys had comparable strength, except for Sn/sub 99.3/Cu/sub 0.7/, which had 20% to 30% lower strength. Sn/sub 63/Pb/sub 37/ was the most strain rate sensitive, and hence had the lowest strength below 10/sup -4//sec strain rate. All alloys showed a 10% to 30% reduction in strength with aging. The solder joints exhibited very high ductility. In some cases strains of 100% were achieved before the joints started to fail. The ductility of Sn/sub 63/Pb/sub 37/ increased with aging, but the ductility of the lead free alloys all decreased with aging. Sn/sub 96.5/Ag/sub 3.0/Cu/sub 0.5/ showed the largest decrease in ductility with aging. The steady state creep behavior observed in the current study is fairly consistent with other published work. However, the absolute value of the joint strength is a little higher than data on bulk samples. All of the alloys exhibited significant primary creep before steady state conditions were achieved. This behavior is not always reported in the literature, and hence it deserves more investigation.
THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF ADULT MALE SURVIVORS WHO ALLEGE CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE BY CLERGY

This phenomenological study describes the essential structure of the lived experience of adult male survivors of childhood sexual abuse by clergy (AMSCSABC). A purposive sample of seven AMSCSABC related their subjective experiences in semistructured interviews. Colaizzi's (1978) phenomenological method was used for data analysis. Survivors describe a bifurcated rage and spiritual distress that pervades their entire "lifebeing." Learning about AMSCSABC will assist nurses to identify potential risk factors of childhood sexual abuse by clergy (CSABC), design prevention strategies, and enhance empathy for a healing relationship.
UNC-115, a Conserved Protein with Predicted LIM and Actin-Binding Domains, Mediates Axon Guidance in C. elegans

Axon guidance receptors modulate the growth cone cytoskeleton through signaling pathways that are not well understood. Here, we describe the C. elegans unc-115 gene, which encodes a candidate cytoskeletal linker protein that acts in axon guidance. unc-115 mutants have defects in a subset of axons, particularly as the affected axons change environments during outgrowth. The unc-115 gene encodes a putative actin-binding protein that is similar to the human actin-binding protein abLIM/limatin; it has a villin headpiece domain and three LIM domains that could mediate protein interactions. unc-115 is expressed in neurons during their development and is required cell-autonomously in certain neurons for normal axon guidance. We propose that UNC-115 modulates the growth cone actin cytoskeleton in response to signals received by growth cone receptors.
A professional and personal odyssey.

As I began to write this article reflecting on my professional career in biomedical research, many memories of people, activities, situations, and experiences were swirling in my head. Because of the extraordinary support that I have received from my family, they are never far from my thoughts. I believe that sharing a few of these memories will be helpful for those who find themselves in similar situations or periods of professional development. This is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the fields to which I have had the privilege of contributing but a personal stroll down a path in which I have found extraordinary pleasure and from which I have derived a sense of accomplishment.
Effects of prostaglandin E1 and 15-methyl-prostaglandin E1 on the cardiovascular responses to bilateral carotid arterial occlusion

Intravenous administration of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), and 15-methyl-prostaglandin E1 (15-CH3-PGE1) caused a progressive fall in systemic arterial pressure. The haemodynamic responses such as tachycardia, hypertension, and increased dp/dt due to bilateral carotid arterial occlusion were progressively decreased or abolished along with the depressor effect of these prostaglandins. As systemic arterial pressure returned to control levels following the administration of angiotensin II or vasopressin, the haemodynamic responses to carotid occlusion were restored. This study indicates that the homeostatic cardiovascular reflex mechanism is markedly impaired during continuous intravenous infusion of PGE1 or following a single intravenous injection of 15-CH3-PGE1. This may be due not only to the inhibitory action of the prostaglandins on norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings but also to their marked vasodilator action per se.