cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of oxygen stoichiometry on the magnetization profiles and negative magnetization in LSMO thin films

The depth-dependent magnetization in thin film oxygen stoichiometric and oxygen-deficient La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 is investigated by using polarized neutron reflectivity and DC bulk magnetometry. The polarized neutron reflectivity results reveal that the stoichiometric sample shows enhanced interfacial magnetization relative to the rest of the film. The oxygen-deficient sample exhibits a reduced average magnetization from the optimized recipe. Both films show regions of suppressed magnetization at the surface regardless of the growth pressure. The oxygen stoichiometric film does not show an interfacial dead layer, whereas the oxygen-deficient film exhibits a dead layer whose thickness changes with temperature. At a low applied field, we observe striking differences in the depth dependence of the magnetic ordering, with the oxygen-deficient film exhibiting exchange spring behavior, while the stoichiometric film shows a constant magnetization direction across the film. These results suggest that the incorporation of oxygen vacancies during growth leads to an accumulation of vacancies at the interface, which is enhanced at higher temperature due to increased oxygen mobility, creating a region of reduced magnetism that couples to the rest of the film. These results offer insight into the complex behavior and role of oxygen vacancies in the magnetism of these systems. Additionally, the study reveals further details of the negative magnetization in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 reported in previous studies, which are discussed here.
Association between maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption and neural tube defects: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011

Background Neural tube defects (NTD)s are common birth defects with a multifactorial etiology. Findings from human studies examining environmental (non-inherited) exposures tend to be inconclusive. In particular, although animal studies of alcohol exposure and NTDs support its teratogenic potential, human studies are equivocal. Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), associations between maternal periconceptional (1 month before through 1 month after conception) alcohol consumption and NTDs in offspring were examined. Methods NTD cases and unaffected live born singleton controls with expected dates of delivery from October 1997-December 2011 were enrolled in the NBDPS. Interview reports of alcohol consumption (quantity, frequency, variability, type) from 1,922 case and 11,251 control mothers were analyzed. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR)s and 95% confidence intervals (CI)s for alcohol consumption and all NTDs combined and selected subtypes (spina bifida, anencephaly, encephalocele) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results Among mothers in the NBDPS, 28% of NTD case and 35% of control mothers reported any periconceptional alcohol consumption. For each measure of alcohol consumption, inverse associations were observed for all NTDs combined (aORs = 0.6-1.0). Results for NTD subtypes tended to be similar, but CIs for spina bifida and encephalocele were more likely to include the null. Conclusions These findings suggest a lack of positive associations between maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption and NTDs. Future studies should continue to evaluate the association between maternal alcohol consumption and NTDs in offspring accounting for methodological limitations such as potential misclassification from self-reported alcohol consumption.
The National Cancer Data Base report on the utilization of an adjuvant immunotherapy in stage III melanoma in relation to age.

e19000 Background: The 5-year survival of Stage III melanoma ranges from 30-70%. High dose interferon alfa-2b (IFN) is an adjuvant immunotherapy approved in 1995 for stage III melanoma, however, it...
Zinc protection of fertilized eggs is an ancient feature of sexual reproduction in animals

One of the earliest and most prevalent barriers to successful reproduction is polyspermy, or fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm. To prevent these supernumerary fertilizations, eggs have evolved multiple mechanisms. It has recently been proposed that zinc released by mammalian eggs at fertilization may block additional sperm from entering. Here, we demonstrate that eggs from amphibia and teleost fish also release zinc. Using Xenopus laevis as a model, we document that zinc reversibly blocks fertilization. Finally, we demonstrate that extracellular zinc similarly disrupts early embryonic development in eggs from diverse phyla, including: Cnidaria, Echinodermata, and Chordata. Our study reveals that a fundamental strategy protecting human eggs from fertilization by multiple sperm may have evolved more than 650 million years ago.
The Changing Nature of Innovation

OVERVIEW:Innovation goes beyond mere invention to mean the creative application of technologies, processes or ideas to some useful purpose. Innovation is becoming a highly valued commodity, viewed as key to competitiveness and economic growth. As a result, pressure is increasing to identify areas that present the greatest opportunity for innovation and to develop models to accelerate the pace of innovation. The emergence of the Internet and open standards is spawning those new models, allowing for the integration of businesses and business processes from an ecosystem of outside suppliers. This mirrors the effect that standardization and interchangeability of parts had on traditional manufacturing companies as they evolved to integrators of others' technologies. This is a natural evolution, but often a challenging environment for R&D. It requires a higher degree of collaboration and a willingness to abandon the “not invented here” mentality to ensure continued relevance of R&D organizations.
Overnight Sleep Parameter Increases in Frontoparietal Areas Predict Working Memory Improvements in Healthy Participants But Not in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Abstract Background Preliminary evidence indicates that non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is implicated in enhancing working memory (WM) performance across days in healthy individuals. While REM sleep has been implicated in other forms of memory, its role in WM remains unclear. Further, the relationship between sleep changes and WM improvement is largely unknown in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Examining the relationship between changes in sleep and WM improvement in healthy participants and participants with PTSD may inform cognitive enhancement strategies and intervention targets. Methods Repeated assessments of WM and overnight measurement of NREM and REM sleep parameters were performed in 79 participants (participants with PTSD: n = 33) during a 48-hour laboratory stay. Relationships between sleep parameter changes, WM performance changes, and clinical characteristics were analyzed in PTSD and healthy groups. Results A between-night enhancement in both NREM and REM sleep parameters in frontoparietal areas predicted across-day better WM performance in healthy participants, particularly in those with improved performance. In contrast, in participants with PTSD, an enhancement of these sleep parameters predicted a worse WM performance and was also associated with more PTSD-related sleep disturbances. Conclusions This study shows that higher sleep activity in frontoparietal areas leads to enhanced WM performance in healthy individuals, whereas in individuals with PTSD, it likely reflects the presence of sleep disturbances that interfere with WM improvement. Interventions focused on addressing sleep disturbances could therefore ameliorate cognitive impairments in individuals with PTSD.
Retention of child welfare caseworkers: The role of case severity and workplace resources

Abstract A highly skilled and committed child welfare workforce is necessary to support the safety, permanency, and well-being of children in foster care. Nevertheless, turnover is high. Job burnout and dissatisfaction are top reasons for quitting child welfare, and leaving is likely due to a mismatch of job demands and job resources. Despite the need for child welfare agencies to retain satisfied employees who wish to remain on the job, research has largely focused on those who leave. This study applied the Job Demands-Resources model and an employee resilience lens to identify characteristics and job conditions of caseworkers, with a focus on those who are satisfied and plan to stay. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine job demands and job resources of Satisfied Stayers (workers who are satisfied and wish to remain at the agency) and Ambivalent Stayers (workers who are ambivalent about their satisfaction, but intend to stay) as compared to Undecided Workers (workers who are unsure about their job satisfaction and staying). Results revealed key distinctions between subgroups on job demands, job resources, as well as demographic and job characteristics. Case severity was the critical job demand for all groups, and all three job resources (supportive supervision, coworker support, and work tools) predicted being a Satisfied Stayer. Findings may be helpful in identifying job conditions agencies might target to improve caseworkers’ retention. Improving work conditions by bolstering resources, in addition to reducing demands, has benefits for employees and the children and families they serve.
Elastic Scattering of Positrons from Argon

Differential and integrated cross sections for the elastic scattering of low- and intermediate-energy (3–300 eV) positrons and electrons by argon atoms are calculated using partial wave method. Model potentials are used to represent the interactions between positrons or electrons and argon atoms. For each impact energy, the phase shifts of the lower partial waves are obtained exactly by numerical integration of the radial part of the Schrodinger equation. The Born approximation is used to obtain the contribution of the higher partial waves to the scattering amplitude.
Spatiotemporal mapping of vascularization and innervation in the fetal murine intestine

Background: In mice, the intestinal tube develops from the splanchopleure before embryonic day 9.5. Subsequent patterning of nerves and blood vessels is critical for normal digestive function. A hierarchical branching vascular network allows for efficient nutrient absorption, while the complex enteric nervous system regulates intestinal motility as well as secretion, absorption, and blood flow. Despite the well-recognized significance of these systems, the precise mechanisms by which they develop have not been clearly established in mammals. Results: Using a novel whole-mount immunohistochemical protocol, we visualize the pattern of intestinal neurovascular development in mice between embryonic day 10.5 and birth. In particular, we focus on the development and remodeling of the enteric vascular plexus, the migration and organization of enteric neural crest-derived cells, and the integration of peripheral sympathetic nerves with the enteric nervous system. These correlative data lead us to hypothesize a functional interaction between migrating neural crest-derived cells and endothelial cells of the primary capillary plexus, as well as a subsequent interaction between developing peripheral autonomic nerves and differentiated neural crest-derived cells. Conclusions: These studies provide useful anatomical data for continuing investigations on the functional mechanisms underlying intestinal organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:56–68, 2015. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
INACTIVATION OF THE T-EVEN COLIPHAGES BY PYROPHOSPHATE

Van Vunakis, Helen (Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.) and Roger M. Herriott. Inactivation of the T-even coliphages by pyrophosphate. J. Bacteriol. 83:590–596. 1962.—Pyrophosphate liberates the deoxyribonucleic acid from the T-even coliphages. The reaction is dependent on pH, temperature, time, and ionic environment. The reaction can be inhibited by magnesium, putrescine, spermidine, and neutral molecules above a certain molecular weight. Possible mechanisms of the reaction are discussed.
Teaching the Two-Handed Backhand in Tennis.

(1975). Teaching the Two-Handed Backhand in Tennis. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 32-33.
Women's career development phases: Idealism, endurance, and reinvention

Purpose – This study aims to explore the nature of women's career experiences over the life course by examining career patterns, career locus, career contexts, and career beliefs.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative, inductive approach to data gathering and analysis was employed, using life story surveys, semi‐structured interviewing, thematic analysis, grounded theory, code development and descriptive statistics.Findings – The data revealed distinct patterns of how women's careers develop over time, particularly with regard to the impact of career contexts (societal, organizational, and relational) and women's own changing images of their careers and career success. A three‐phase, age‐linked model of women's career development is proposed: the idealistic achievement phase; the pragmatic endurance phase; and the reinventive contribution phase.Research limitations/implications – Future studies should test replicability of these findings to determine whether this three‐phase model is embedded in the ...
Evaluating grassed waterway efficiency in southeastern Iowa using WEPP

Properly calibrated, single storm event, model simulations can be valuable quantitative tools for evaluating the effectiveness of grassed waterways (GWWs) and identifying a threshold length for an effective GWW. Current specifications for GWW lengths in Iowa are lacking. The key objective of this study is to employ the well-established Water Erosion Prediction Project model (WEPP) for determining an effective (or threshold) GWW length for reducing runoff and sediment yields under a wide range of hydrologic and management conditions in an agricultural Iowa watershed, namely Clear Creek, IA. The advantage of this physically based, distributed-parameter model is its ability to replicate processes at the hillslope scale where GWW performance is mostly evaluated. Overall, 84 WEPP runs were performed for assessing (i) the effect that GWW length has on reducing runoff and sediment yields within a representative test hillslope, and (ii) the effect of the gradient of the drainage area on GWW efficiency. Results show that the GWW efficiency for all GWW lengths is governed by hydrology, expressed as Qpeak. The results suggest that the threshold length for an effective GWW is 500 m for the hydrologic conditions in this study and for a representative drainage area of approximately 27 ha. For all storm events, a threshold drainage area gradient of approximately 3% was found above which the GWW efficiency was independent of topographic steepness. The results demonstrate similar trends to other studies although the relative increases in reduction in runoff and sediment delivery differ between sites and are very much dictated by Qpeak and hydrologic soil group. The effectiveness of models to evaluate GWW efficiency for nearly saturated conditions and shallow flows is discussed.
On the parity of crossing numbers

For an integer n ⩾ 1, a graph G has an n-constant crossing number if, for any two good drawings ϕ and ϕ′ of G in the plane, μ(ϕ) ≡ μ(ϕ′) (mod n), where μ(ϕ) is the number of crossings in ϕ. We prove that, except for trivial cases, a graph G has n-constant crossing number if and only if n = 2 and G is either Kp or Kq,r, where p, q, and r are odd.
NITROGEN FIXATION IN TWO WISCONSIN LAKES1

Rates of biological nitrogen fixation in two Wisconsin lakes arc given. In Lake Wingra, fixation continues at moderate rates throughout much of the ice-free season. In Lake Mendota, the rate is normally zero throughout the ice-free season, but occasional, sometimes high, rates are observed. Auxiliary experiments on the effects of incubation time, added glucose, added combined nitrogen, light intensity, and temperature on nitrogen fixation in lake water are discussed. The effect of incubation time on the rate of fixation varies from time to time. Glucose had no consistent effect on nitrogen fixation in the dark, although stimulation was observed in some experiments. In the light, glucose appeared to inhibit fixation. The effects of added ammonia and nitrate were inconsistent. At times, various added concentrations, particularly of ammonia, increased rates of nitrogen fixation. Rates of nitrogen fixation varied with light intensity. The rate increased to a maximum at 3,750 lux, then declined as the intensity increased further. Rates of nitrogen fixation increased at a constant rate with temperature in the range 16–30C.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure across a bog-forest ecotone in southeastern Alaska

We examined the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community across a bog-forest ecotone in southeastern Alaska. The bog and edge were both characterized by poorly drained Histosols and a continuous layer of Sphagnum species, ericaceous shrubs, Carex species, and shore pine [Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. contorta]. The forest had better-drained Inceptisols and Spodosols, a tree community comprised of western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.], yellow cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don.), Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] and shore pine, and an understorey of ericaceous shrubs and herbs. ECM root tip density (tips cm−3 soil) was significantly greater in the forest than the edge or bog and ECM colonization was significantly different in all three plant communities. The below ground ECM fungal taxa were analyzed using molecular techniques (PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing). Three ECM fungal taxa, Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer, Cenococcum geophilum Fr.:Fr, and a Russula species, differed in relative frequency, yet were among the four most frequent in all three plant communities. Although differences in ECM fungal richness were observed across plant communities, unequal sampling of ECM roots due to root density and colonization differences confounded richness comparisons. Using resampling procedures for creating taxon-accumulation curves as a function of sampled ECM roots revealed similarities in cumulative ECM fungal taxa richness across the ecotone.
Inhibition of Cluster Phenomena in Truly Water Soluble Fullerene Derivatives: Bimolecular Electron and Energy Transfer Processes

A series of water-soluble fullerene derivatives, namely, e-C60[C(COO-)2]2 (2), trans-3-C60[C(COO-)2]2 (3), trans-2-C60[C(COO-)2]2 (4), and e,e,e-C60[C(COO-)2]3 (5) were probed in light- and radical-induced studies and compared to {(3C60)C(COO-)2}n clusters (1). Ground-state absorption spectra of 2−5, recorded in a concentration range between 1.0 × 10-4 M and 5 × 10-6 M, clearly speak against any appreciable deviation from the Lambert−Beer law. Picosecond-resolved photolysis gives rise to singlet excited state absorptions that closely resemble earlier observations for e-C60[C(COOEt)2]2, trans-3-C60[C(COOEt)2]2, trans-2-C60[C(COOEt)2]2, and e,e,e-C60[C(COOEt)2]3 in deoxygenated toluene solutions. The triplet lifetimes of 2−5, as measured by nanosecond-resolved photolysis, are typically around 40 μs, similar to the triplet lifetimes of truly monomeric fullerene solutions. A strongly enhanced lifetime (by nearly 3 orders of magnitude) relative to {(3C60)C(COO-)2}n clusters (1) (τ = 0.4 μs) indicates a truly m...
Treatment of fistula-in-ano using a porcine small intestinal submucosa anal fistula plug

Porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a bioprosthetic collagen material used in the management of various surgical conditions, especially hernia repairs. We studied the effectiveness of porcine SIS Bioprosthetic plug (Surgisis AFP®, Cook Biotech Inc., West Lafayette, IN, USA) in the treatment of fistula-in-ano. A prospective multi-institutional study was conducted on 73 patients with anorectal fistulas of differing etiologies. All plugs were inserted in the operating room under anesthesia in patients with preoperative bowel preparation. Regular follow-up was scheduled at 2 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary end point was complete closure of the fistula and cessation of drainage over the follow-up period. Seventy-eight AFPs were inserted in 73 patients (28 women and 45 men). Rectovaginal fistulas were excluded. Crohn’s disease accounted for 11 % (8/73) of the patients. Seventy-three percent of patients (n = 53) had primary fistulas whereas 27 % (N = 20) had recurrent fistulas. The plug extrusion (fallout) rate was 9 % (7/78). There was no difference in closure rates between primary and recurrent fistulas (primary = 20/53 = 38 % and recurrent 8/20 = 40 %). The overall patient success rate was 38 % (28/73) and the plug success rate was 39.5 % when plug fallouts were eliminated. The fistulas in four out of eight patients with Crohn’s disease closed (50 %). There were no intraoperative complications. There were four postoperative abscesses (4/73; 5 %). Use of AFP® for treatment of fistula-in-ano is safe and modestly effective in reasonable long-term (15 months) follow-up. This sphincter conserving procedure should be included in the armamentarium of surgeons in the management of transsphincteric or suprasphincteric fistulas.
Synthesis, characterization, and nucleophilic ring opening reactions of cyclohexyl-substituted β-haloamines and aziridinium ions

Abstract Cyclohexyl-substituted β-haloamines and aziridinium ions were prepared and characterized. Stereospecific ring opening of aziridinium ions was applied for efficient synthesis of vicinal amine, β-amino acid, and tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) analogues. Nucleophilic ring opening reactions of aziridinium ions and N-protected aziridine analogues were for the first time comparatively studied. The result of nucleophilic reactions clearly indicates that aziridinium ions were significantly more reactive toward nucleophilic ring opening than the aziridine analogues.
A convenient assay for mono-, di-, and oligophenylalanines.

Abstract A convenient and rapid separation of mono-, di-, and triphenylalanines on miniature columns of benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose is described. Phenylalanine passes directly through the column which retains the di- and tripeptides. The di- and triphenylalanines are then successively eluted from the column with solutions of formamide, ethanol, and water. Tetraphenylalanine elutes essentially with triphenylalanine under the conditions examined. For studies of protein biosynthesis using a synthetic polyuridylic acid template, three classes of peptides can be readily separated: mono-, di-, and oligophenylalanines (the latter containing peptides of chain length three and greater).
The use of sorbitol- and xylitol-sweetened chewing gum in caries control

ABSTRACT Background The author compared the caries-inhibitory action of sorbitol- and xylitol-sweetened chewing gum and assessed the role of these products in caries prevention. Types of Studies Reviewed The author reviewed studies including randomized field trials with substantial numbers of participants and observational studies. He did not review case studies. He found studies through a MEDLINE search and by hand searching. Results When compared with sugar-sweetened gum, sorbitol-sweetened gum had low carcinogenicity when it was chewed no more than three times per day. Xylitol-sweetened gum was noncariogenic in all of the protocols tested. Some studies claimed that xylitol-sweetened gum had an anticariogenic effect, though these claims need further study. There also is good evidence that when mothers of infants and young children chew xylitol-sweetened gum, it will block transmission of mutans streptococci from mother to child. Clinical Implications The evidence is strong enough to support the regular use of xylitol-sweetened gum as a way to prevent caries, and it can be promoted as a public-health preventive measure. Chewing xylitol-sweetened gum, especially for patients who like chewing gum, can be fitted readily into a regimen that includes frequent fluoride exposure, good oral hygiene and regular dental appointments.
Fat feeding decreases insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase

The acute effect of fat feeding on the insulin-mediated stimulatory response of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (ATLPL) was examined in normal-weight subjects. After two days of isocaloric-formula feeding, subjects were divided into the following four groups: intravenous (IV) saline alone (sal) (n = 5), IV saline and 67 g of oral corn oil ingested at the outset of the infusion (sal/fat) (n = 5), IV insulin (40 mU/m2/min) and glucose to maintain euglycemia (ins/glu) (n = 9), and IV insulin and glucose and oral corn oil (ins/glu/fat) (n = 8). Triglycerides fell less in the ins/glu/fat group than in the ins/glu group (0 +/- 8% v 35 +/- 5%, means +/- SEM, at three hours, P less than 0.01; 15 +/- 8% v 43 +/- 6% at six hours, P less than 0.02). ATLPL in the sal and sal/fat groups did not change during the six-hour period. When the responsiveness of ATLPL was compared between ins/glu/fat subjects and ins/glu subjects, decreases were seen at both three and six hours (-0.3 +/- 3.0 v 15.1 +/- 5.4 nEq/g/min, P less than 0.05; 6.7 +/- 2.7 v 27.9 +/- 3.9 nEq/g/min, P less than 0.001). The glucose infusion rates needed to maintain euglycemia were also decreased by fat feeding, 229 +/- 18 v 287 +/- 20 mg/m2/min (P less than 0.05). Thus, fat feeding with insulin and glucose infusions diminishes the insulin responsiveness of ATLPL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Revisiting College Predisposition: Integrating Sociological and Psychological Perspectives on Inequality

Student choice models from the higher education literature elucidate the psychosocial factors that are correlated with college enrollment. They do not, however, clarify how these factors interact to cultivate the inclination to pursue postsecondary education. This critical review integrates a Bourdieuian framework with research on academic domain identification and stereotype threat to suggest that the educational system is currently structured to perpetuate racial inequalities by discouraging black and Latino students from developing the predisposition to attend college. Current public policies impose repeated opportunities for stereotype threat to be activated among blacks and Latinos, thereby perpetuating a cycle of academic disidentification. The implications for this integrative framework on higher education research and practice are also discussed.
Color-Tuning Neutrality for Flexible Electrochromics Via a Single-Layer Dual Conjugated Polymer Approach

A method to color-tune electrochromic devices through the use of theoretical calculations is demonstrated to achieve neutrality using only three monomers that form two distinct copolymers. These devices exhibit photopic contrasts up to ca. 38%, high neutrality, color uniformity, and switch speeds of less than 1 s. In addition, this method is used to fabricate a large-area flexible electrochromic device of 75 cm(2) , exceeding the size of small displays.
IL-1-Induced Nitric Oxide Inhibits Chondrocyte Proliferation via PGE2

Abstract IL-1 inhibits chondrocyte proliferation induced by TGFβ or serum. This study analyzed the role of nitric oxide (NO), which is induced at high levels by IL-1 in chondrocytes. NO, when administered through sodium nitroprusside (SNP), inhibited TGFβ or serum-induced chondrocyte proliferation. To determine whether IL-1-induced NO is responsible for growth inhibition by IL-1, chondrocytes were cultured in the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA), which dose-dependently reduced the antiproliferative effects of IL-1. Analysis of interactions between PGE2, a known chondrocyte growth inhibitor, and NO showed that PGE2 does not induce NO and is not required for NO induction by IL-1. However, SNP induced high levels of PGE2, and NMA reduced IL-1-induced PGE2. This raised the possibility that PGE2 is a downstream mediator of the antiproliferative effects of NO. This was confirmed in experiments where the growth inhibitory effects of SNP were reduced by indomethacin. These results suggest that the chondrocyte growth inhibition by IL-1 in chondrocytes is due to the induction of NO, which stimulates the production of PGE2 as a mediator of its antiproliferative effects.
New Technology for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators

The DF-4 lead connector offers the advantage of a smaller, less complex header, requiring only a single set screw to connect all high and low voltage terminals. It reduces the possibility of lead/ connector failure at the cost of decreased flexibility to selectively replace or substitute individual components of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead. New floating atrial bipole single-lead ICD systems offer the benefits of dual-chamber sensing, including atrial tachyarrhythmia detection and improved supra ventricular tachycardia (SVT) discrimination, avoiding the disadvantages of an additional atrial lead. They are not suitable for atrial pacing. Novel shock reduction strategies include sophisticated T-wave discrimination algorithms, advanced lead integrity monitoring, and enhanced lead noise discrimination; they are further enhanced by remote ICD monitoring. Remote monitoring of ICD devices has been associated with a reduction in office visits and hospitalizations, improved battery life, and reduction in inappropriate ICD shocks. The subcutaneous ICD is a new effective alternative for patients who lack vascular access or when it seems beneficial to avoid transvenous lead placement. Up to 75% of cardiac implantable electronic device patients will need a magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) at some point in their life. MRI conditional ICD and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices are under clinical investigation.
Stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in rat somatotrophs by growth hormone-releasing hormone.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is an important regulator of somatotroph development and function. However, GHRH signaling is still not completely understood. Signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been observed in a wide variety of cell types but has not been explored as a mediator of GHRH action. In this study, we examined the phosphorylation of MAPK pathway intermediates in response to GHRH. After treatment of the GH4 rat somatotroph cell line with rGHRH (107M) for 2.5 min, there was robust phosphorylation of MAPK not seen in vehicle-treated cells. Treatment of HeLa cells with GHRH resulted in no activation of MAPK, but activation was conferred by transfection with the GHRH receptor cDNA. MAPK activation by GHRH was dose dependent from 1 to 100 nM, was evident at 2.5 min, peaked at 5 min, and returned to baseline by 20 min. Pretreatment of GH4 cells with somatostatin analog BIM23014 or the MEK1 inhibitor PD98095 prevented the activation of MAPK. Finally, treatment with GHRH increased GH4 proliferation in culture, and this response was prevented by pretreatment with BIM 23014 and PD98095. These results indicate that GHRH activates the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, activation of MAPK may mediate, at least in part, the effects of GHRH on somatotroph cell line proliferation. The findings support the concept that multiple pathways mediate the effects of GHRH.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH ATRIAL INFARCTION IS A POTENTIAL INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF 30 DAY AND 1 YEAR MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Atrial Infarction is an uncommonly diagnosed disease and data on its significance are limited. Its incidence in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) reportedly ranges from 0.7-52%. Several atrial infarction electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns have been described but none
How many sphygmomanometric cuff inflations are necessary to obtain a hemodynamic baseline

The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum number of consecutive blood pressure cuff inflations required to obtain seated stable resting baseline measurements of heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Sixty male college students aged 18 to 31 years volunteered as study subjects. Thirteen observations of HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP were recorded at 90-second intervals for each subject using a Critikon-Dinamap monitor. Stable readings for SBP and MAP were obtained in 6.5 minutes or 3 to 5 cuff inflations in the population tested. Using this procedure, additional age- and gender-specific norms could be established for normal and hypertensive subjects. Knowing the approximate quantity and frequency of blood pressure cuff inflations needed to generate baseline minimum measurements of HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP will be helpful in studies of cardiovascular reactivity, as well as for clinical and psychophysiologic treatment of hypertension.
Evidence for a direct conversion between two tubulin polymers—microtubules and helical filaments—in the foraminiferan, Allogromia laticollaris

In Allogromia, tubulin lattices transform between microtubule and helical filament states. Helical filaments are composed of ∼10-nm-thick tubulin filaments wound into ∼30-nm diameter coils. The transition pathway between these two lattice states was examined in vitro in detergent-lysed pseudopods. Microtubules represented the majority of the assembled tubulin polymers in the detergent extracted pseudopodia. However, microtubules transformed into helical filaments upon exposure to 10 mM Ca2+ or 50 mM Mg2+. The conversion of microtubules into helical filaments involved fragmentation of the tubulin lattice and reduction in total polymer length. Divalent cations were required for the maintenance of the helical filament state; their removal resulted in the loss of helical filaments and the re-formation of microtubules. The data support a direct transition model in which the tubulin lattice interconverts between the helical filament and microtubule states, independently of tubulin subunit concentration. We propose a structural model for the direct pathway whereby disruption of longitudinal bonds between tandem tubulin dimers in protofilaments causes the microtubule lattice to unwind into helical filaments—continuous ribbons of laterally connected tubulin dimers— from the microtubule end. Helical filaments may rewind into microtubules as longitudinal intersubunit bonds reform. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 41:107–116, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fetal death in motor vehicle accidents

This study represents a series of cases of fetal death secondary to maternal involvement in a motor vehicle accident. During the period 1982 to 1985, nine cases were reported to the county coroner's office. In approximately 50% of the cases, other injuries to the victim, excluding injuries related to the pregnancy, were minor. Evidence of fetal distress was not always apparent at the time of initial evaluation. In all cases, placental abruption was documented. The injury mechanism was generally impact with the steering wheel. At the time of the accident, none of the patients were using seat belts. These cases demonstrate that minor maternal trauma without apparent maternal distress may result in fetal demise. The data indicate the need for prolonged continuous fetal monitoring for all pregnant women involved in motor vehicle accidents.
Assessment of structural steel from the World Trade Center towers, part IV: Experimental techniques to assess possible exposure to high-temperature excursions

Recovered structural steel from the World Trade Center was examined as part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology investigation to provide data on potential temperature excursions seen by the steel for input and validation of the fire and thermal finite element models. While numerous experimental techniques were appraised for use during this study, two proved to be practical: assessment of the primer paint on the structural elements and examination of the steel microstructure. Results from these two techniques are presented. Evaluation of primer paint from 21 exterior panel sections, which represent approximately 3% of the panels from fire-involved floors, was conducted and indicated that only three locations may have experienced temperatures over 250°C. Steel microstructures taken from these and other areas on exterior panels exposed to pre-collapse fires showed no evidence of exposure to temperatures exceeding 625°C for times longer than the detectable lower limit of 15 min. The lack of high-temperature excursions observed during this analysis may be related to the protection afforded by intact spray-applied fire-resistant material on the components at the time of exposure.
On Generators of Two-Sided Ideals of Leavitt Path Algebras over Arbitrary Graphs

Let E be an arbitrary graph and K be any field. For any nongraded ideal I of the Leavitt path algebra L K (E), we give an explicit description of a set of generators of I. This leads to a number of consequences, most importantly, every two-sided ideal of L K (E) can be equipped with a set of mutually orthogonal generators. An interesting consequence is that every finitely generated ideal of L K (E) must be a principal ideal. In particular, if E is a finite graph, then every ideal of L K (E) must be principal. As an application, we compute the cardinality of the set of all nongraded ideals of L K (E) for an arbitrary graph E. From this we obtain conditions under which L K (E) has at most finitely many distinct ideals.
Experimental and Modeling Studies of PEM Fuel Cell Performances With Interdigitated Flow Fields

Systematic experiments with different cell temperatures, humidification temperatures, pressures and reactant gas flow rates have been carried out to study the effects of different parameters on the performance of a PEM fuel cell with interdigitated flow fields. A 3-D fuel cell model was used to simulate the performance of a PEM fuel cell with interdigitated flow fields. The modeling results were compared with experimental data and the comparison shows a good agreement.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Organometallic Enantiomeric Scaffolding: General Access to 2-Substituted Oxa- and Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes via a Brønsted Acid-catalyzed [5+2] Cycloaddition Reaction

6-Substituted TpMo(CO)2(η-2,3,4-pyranyl)- and TpMo(CO)2(η-2,3,4-pyridinyl) scaffolds (Tp = hydridotrispyrazolylborato) function as reaction partners in an efficient regio- and stereocontrolled synthesis of functionalized oxa- and azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes through a novel Bronsted acid catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Excellent exo-selectivities are obtained, and the reaction gives products with complete retention of enantiomeric purity when carried out with chiral, nonracemic scaffolds. The substituent at C-6 of the η3-coordinated heterocyclic scaffold not only influences [5 + 2] reactivity but also plays a critical role in the demetalation step directing the reaction to only one of two possible products.
Factors that differentiate early vs. later onset of major depression disorder

This report explores the relationship between age of first onset of major depression and other demographic and clinical features in the first 1500 patients entering the Sequenced Treatment Alternative to Relieving Depression (STAR*D) study. Outpatients, 18-75 years of age, with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder (MDD) from either primary care or psychiatric practices constitute the population. Age of onset was defined at study intake by asking patients to estimate the age at which they experienced the onset of their first major depressive episode. This report divides the population in terms of pre-adult (before age 18) onset and adult (age 18 or later) onset. The results suggest that MDD that begins before age 18 has a distinct set of demographic (female gender) and clinical correlates (longer duration of illness; longer current episodes; more episodes; more suicidality; greater symptom severity; more psychiatric symptoms associated with Axis I comorbidity; and more sadness, irritability, agitation and atypical symptom features), and it appears associated with significant psychosocial consequences (lower educational attainment and marriage rates). Thus, pre-adulthood onset MDD is a particularly severe and chronic condition.
Managing risk in the real world

Abstract Exploitation by corporate management of what we know about decision analysis and simulation techniques is not limited by an understanding of the relevant analytical frameworks or the availability of the computer programs necessary for data manipulations. Rather, effectively utilizing the power of these concepts is inhibited by our inability to weave them into the fabric of the real management systems and decision-making processes of the firm. Texts on decision analysis often belabor the unwillingness on the part of management to employ these sophisticated tools. Management, on the other hand, is neither enchanted nor convinced by the ‘black boxes’ (which are perceived as black magic) of the decision analyst. This paper will not argue the merits of where the responsibility lies. Rather, it will present a method for effectively integrating decision and simulation analysis into the real strategic decision-making process that actually exists within the firm. At least, the capability of employing such a method is now under our control; the author argues that if it is effected, then exploitation of these powerful analytical approaches by management can follow. Specifically, we will deal here with the application of decision analysis to the management of risk and return in petroleum exploration. This is in itself an important application of great practical significance. However, the principles illustrated through this example are widely applicable to many other areas. It is especially applicable to areas where risks are great and uncertainties are large. Such areas would include research, the marketing of new products, and proposed large capital projects. Therefore, careful attention will be given to the underlying principles involved, and to the implications of applying these principles in other areas.
CINE BALANCED STEADY-STATE FREE PRECESSION IS A RELIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL T2-WEIGHTED IMAGING AND EVANS BLUE FOR THE CMR ASSESSMENT OF AREA AT RISK AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Non-invasive assessment of the area at risk (AAR) during myocardial infarction (MI) is of paramount importance in cardioprotection studies. Current cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) methods require 2 separate scans for assessment of cardiac function (cine balanced steady-state free precession
G. E. Hutchinson Medal

The G. E. Hutchinson Medal is presented annually by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO). In selecting recipients, emphasis is placed upon consistent excellence and innovation in research, but of equal importance is that the recipient's work is seen as a symbol of the quality of science that the society strives to foster. This year, ASLO selected Richard W. Eppley as the third recipient of the G. E. Hutchinson Medal.
QUANTITATIVE SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

A rapid spectrographic method for the quantitative analysis of ceramic materials has been developed. Samples as small as 50 mg. may be analyzed completely, and the speed is sufficient for the routine control of mixing, grinding, and other processes. The special problems of sampling and mixing are discussed in detail. Procedures are given for carrying out the determinations of soda and silica in alumina, but the method is equally applicable to other elements and other matrices. Numerical data are given showing the accuracy and precision to be expected in routine work.
Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma in a mouse surgical model.

Background. The development of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and Barrett’s associated adenocarcinoma (BAA) in the rat after experimental inducement of esophageal reflux of gastric, bile, and pancreatic juice has been reported by others. The purpose of this study was to determine whether similar results could be demonstrated in the mouse model. Materials and methods. One hundred eight Swiss‐ Webster mice were used in this study and were divided into three groups: Group I, 37 mice with esophagojejunostomy; Group II, 39 mice with esophagojejunostomy and the carcinogen N-methyl-Nbenzylnitrosamine (MBN); and Group III, 32 mice with MBN alone. The animals were sacrificed after 19 weeks. Macroscopic and histopathologic examinations were performed. Results. One hundred mice survived and were available for pathologic study. Macroscopic evidence suggested esophagitis in 60.6% of mice in Group I, 62.8% of mice in Group II, and 9% of mice in Group III and suggested tumor in 3% of mice in Group I, 51.4% of mice in Group II, and 53.1% of mice in Group III. Histopathologic analysis disclosed BE in 42.4% of mice in Group I, 20% of mice in Group II, and 12.5% of mice in Group III. Cancer was present in 12.2% of mice in Group I, 54.3% of mice in Group II, and 46.9% of mice in Group III. Adenocarcinoma with or without squamous cell carcinoma was present in 6.1% of mice in Group I, 37.1% of mice in Group II, and 12.5% of mice in Group III. Conclusions. Esophagojejunostomy plus MBN in the mouse results in BE, BAA, or both in 57.1% of animals, consistent with findings in the rat model after similar interventions. © 2000 Academic Press
Using Partial Sensor Information to Orient Parts

Parts orienting, the process of bringing parts in initially unknown orientations to a goal orientation, is an important aspect of automated assembly. The most common industrial orienting systems are vibratory bowl feeders, which use the shape and mass properties of parts to orient them. Bowl feeders rely on a sequence of mechanical operations and typically do not use sensors. In this paper, the authors describe the use of partial information sensors along with a sequence of pushing operations to eliminate uncertainty in the orientation of parts. The authors characterize the shorter execution lengths of sensor-based plans and show that sensor-based plans are more powerful than sensorless plans in that they can bring a larger class of parts to distinct orientations. The authors characterize the relation among part shape, orientability; and recognizability to identify conditions under which a single plan can orient and recognize multiple part shapes. Although part shape determines the results of the actions and the sensed information, the authors establish that differences in part shape do not always lead to differences in part behavior. The authors show that for any convex polygon, there exists an infinite set of nonsimilar convex polygons that behave identically under linear normal pushes.more » Furthermore, there exists a infinite set of nonsimilar convex polygons whose behavior cannot be distinguished even with diameter sensing after each push. They authors have implemented several planners and demonstrated generated plans in experiments.« less
Application of the noise power spectrum to positron emission CT self-absorption correction

Two methods are compared in correcting for self‐absorption in positron emission CT scans, or equivalently, in determining the integral of attenuation along a strip in a cross section. These are CT reconstruction and direct measurement. It is shown that the former method is slightly more precise than the latter with the degree of improvement proportional to the number of angles used. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the CT approach is statistically very inefficient in its use of detected events in comparison to the direct approach. For the CT case, it is shown using the noise power spectrum that two‐thirds of the variance in the attenuation integral is from one projection alone, namely that along the direction of the strip. The remaining one‐third is primarily from adjacent projections. For the problem of determining the attenuation in a single strip within the slice, the CT approach is not recommended. However, if the problem is extended to a complete set of strips within the slice, as is desired in positron emission CT, the CT approach may require considerably less counting time than the direct approach for comparable precision.