cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A genealogical estimate of genetic relationships

The application of genetic relationships among individuals, characterized by a genetic relationship matrix (GRM), has far-reaching effects in human genetics. However, the current standard to calculate the GRM generally does not take advantage of linkage information and does not reflect the underlying genealogical history of the study sample. Here, we propose a coalescent-informed framework to infer the expected relatedness between pairs of individuals given an ancestral recombination graph (ARG) of the sample. Through extensive simulations we show that the eGRM is an unbiased estimate of latent pairwise genome-wide relatedness and is robust when computed using genealogies inferred from incomplete genetic data. As a result, the eGRM better captures the structure of a population than the canonical GRM, even when using the same genetic information. More importantly, our framework allows a principled approach to estimate the eGRM at different time depths of the ARG, thereby revealing the time-varying nature of population structure in a sample. When applied to genotyping data from a population sample from Northern and Eastern Finland, we find that clustering analysis using the eGRM reveals population structure driven by subpopulations that would not be apparent using the canonical GRM, and that temporally the population model is consistent with recent divergence and expansion. Taken together, our proposed eGRM provides a robust tree-centric estimate of relatedness with wide application to genetic studies.
Evaluating the impact of interprofessional forums on dental medicine students' collaborative practice skill perception.

PURPOSE This study evaluates third-year dental medicine students' perceived competencies related to interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) after completing two exposure level experiences with students from other professions across a large academic health center. METHODS Two cohorts of D3 dental medicine students (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) completed the Interprofessional Collaborative Competencies Attainment Survey (ICCAS) after participating in in-person 2.5-h Interprofessional (IP) Forums in the Fall and Spring semesters. Self-reported competencies were compared between pre-and post-IP Forum ratings and between Fall and Spring. RESULTS Prior to the IP Forums, dental medicine students (n = 185) reported perceived skill in the interprofessional competencies to be from Good to Very Good using the ICCAS. After participation in the Fall IP Forum, students' ICCAS scores increased in all ICCAS subscales with large effect sizes. Students reported a perceived decline in these skills in the four months between Fall and Spring IP Forums and restoration of IP skill levels after participating in a second IP Forum (Spring). CONCLUSIONS Participation in IP Forums has a positive impact on students' IPCP skill perception. Our data suggest that perceived skill level requires repeated IP learning experiences. If dental medicine students are expected to embrace collaborative practice to enhance patient outcomes, then dental school educators must provide opportunities for students to engage in collaborative practice experiences at all levels of their training.
Theoretical Models of IPOs

The empirical analyses summarized in Chapter 3 point to several well-established facts about the characteristics of initial public offerings of stocks in the U. S. and other countries. While some of these facts are unsurprising (e.g., IPOs are risky), several features of IPO performance are startling and require some explanation. By far the most striking empirical finding on IPOs is a consistent pattern of excess returns on the first day of trading. While such returns clearly undergo secular movements in extent, timing, and duration, Ibbotson’s (1975) finding of 11.4% average first day returns remains a plausible figure. Since aftermarket trading appears efficient, what factor or factors account for this extraordinary anomaly? When so much money is being “left on the table,” one naturally asks “why?”
Giardia lamblia (Stiles 1915)

Giardia lamblia is a ubiquitously distributed flagellated protozoan that inhabits the small intestine of its host, where it is attached to the surface of columnar epithelial cells. The infection with Giardia, transmitted through fecal contamination of food1 and drinking water,2 is endemic in many regions of the world, but it also occurs in sporadic epidemic bursts. Giardiasis is one of several diseases with increased prevalence among male homosexuals.3 It is also prevalent in children attending day care centers.4,5 In addition to humans, the domestic dog and certain wild animals (e.g., beavers and muskrats) serve as hosts for G. lamblia.6 Giardiasis is the most common protozoan disease in the United States.
Memory and metamemory: Comparisons between patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients

Metamemory refers to knowledge about one’s own memory capabilities. The accuracy of metamemory judgments (i.e., feeling of knowing) was tested in patients with frontal lobe lesions and control subjects. Their performance was compared to other findings for 6 patients with Korsakoff s syndrome and 5 other patients with amnesia. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented sentences and then asked to recall key words from each sentence. They then judged their feeling of knowing for nonrecalled items in terms of how likely they thought they would be to recognize the key words on a subsequent recognition test. Patients with frontal lobe lesions exhibited impaired feeling of knowing when memory was weakened by imposing a 1–3-day delay between sentence presentation and recall. Experiment 2 tested feeling-of-knowing accuracy for nonrecalled general-information questions. On this test, patients with frontal lobe lesions performed normally. The metamemory deficit observed in Experiment 1 suggests that the frontal lobes contribute, at least in part, to metamemory judgments. The 5 (non-Korsakoff) amnesic patients had intact metamemory functions, but patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome did not. These findings suggest that the metamemory impairment in patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome is due, in part, to frontal lobe pathology.
Using Analog Baselines To Assess the Effects of Naltrexone on Self-Injurious Behavior.

Naltrexone (NLTX), an opiate receptor antagonist, has been prescribed as a pharmacological intervention for the treatment of self-injurious behavior (SIB). Previous research has investigated NLTX's effects in the absence of information about the role of environmental events related to SIB. This study extended previous analyses by administering NLTX on analog baselines using a double-blind, placebo-controlled reversal design. Pretreatment functional analysis results showed that the SIB of the two participants occurred in more that one assessment condition. For one participant NLTX produced slight reductions in SIB across baseline conditions. The second participant's results showed that NLTX reduced head-slapping occurring during demand sessions, but had no apparent effect on head-banging occurring during alone and demand sessions. These outcomes suggest that NLTX may have function- and/or response-specific treatment effects. The potential utility of this model as a general method for assessing pharmacological interventions, as well as other implications and limitations, are discussed.
Metal Activation of Histidine Ammonia-Lyase METAL ION-SULFHYDRYL GROUP RELATIONSHIP

Abstract Histidine ammonia-lyase was purified free of metal ions and was shown to be dependent on the addition of a divalent cation (Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, or Cd2+) for optimal activity. The data presented suggest that the increased activity of the enzyme after reduction by thiols is due to an increased affinity for metal ions. Two of the metals, Mn2+ and Cd2+, which were studied in most detail, differ markedly in their binding to the enzyme. In the absence of substrate, Cd2+ ions protect the four reactive —SH groups of the reduced enzyme against 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) titration, and 2 g atoms of Cd2+ were shown to be bound tightly per mole of enzyme. Mn2+ did not bind to the enzyme in the absence of l-histidine, but in the presence of the substrate a partial protection of the sulfhydryl groups was observed.
SOBRE POMBOS E GENTE: ALGUMAS OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE DIFERENÇAS ENTRE ESPÉCIES EM ESCOLHA E AUTOCONTROLE

Cross-species continuity in behavior is widely assumed in behavior analysis, and yet some recent research appears to challenge a strong version of the continuity assumption. This paper reviews potential sources of human-nonhuman discontinuity in the area of choice and self-control. Special emphasis is given to differences in the procedures used to study humans and other animals, which hinder cross-species comparisons. Modifying the procedures used with nonhumans (through the use of token-type reinforcement systems) and with humans (through the use of consumable-type reinforcement systems) brings the choice patterns of humans and other animals into better accord. This suggests that at least some of the reported differences in self-control choices in humans and other animals reflect procedural differences rather than more fundamental differences in behavioral process. By narrowing the methodological chasm separating human and nonhuman procedures, this research points to more effective strategies for assessing cross-species continuity in behavior. Key words: choice, self-control, token reinforcement, consumable reinforcement, species continuity.
The spike generation zone of the ampullary electroreceptor

Sensory input to the central nervous system begins with a transduction step, specialized to the sensory modality involved, resulting in the production of postsynaptic electrical input to the outermost branches of a dendritic tree. Spatiotemporal summation of this `slow' input as it converges upon the axon then initiates the production of or modulates the rate of ongoing production of `fast' neural spikes destined for the central nervous system. We present a novel circuit design consisting of an operational amplifier, a tunnel diode and linear passive components, intended to model the spike generation zone at which the transformation of neural input from slow to fast format takes place. Our circuit is shown to be a relaxation oscillator of the van der Pol type. Simulated postsynaptic current modulates the frequency of spike production by the relaxation oscillator model, producing a stimulus-response characteristic which can be compared with those observed in vivo. Stimulus-response data for our model match data available in the literature for the ampullary electroreceptor of elasmobranch fish.
Building Assessment Tools Aligned with Grade-level Outcomes

This article focuses on the development of assessment tools to enhance the acquisition of the grade-level outcomes developed in the K–12 curriculum. Physical education is one of the few educational programs that does not have a multitude of available state and national tests to measure student progress. This distinction has been both a strength and weakness of the field. Educators have the freedom to find inventive, engaging ways to increase student knowledge and participation without constraints on how they teach the content; however, creative assessments produce inherent challenges. With limited assessment resources available to physical educators, along with the nuances specific to individual programs and curricula, it is essential for educators to be able to easily and quickly develop quality tools to assist with student learning and program evaluations. This article addresses the criteria needed to develop checklists and rubrics, and provides suggestions on tools that could effectively and efficientl...
Oxygen reduction at Pt-Au and Pd-Au alloy electrodes in acid solution

Abstract The kinetics of oxygen reduction is examined at Pt, Pd, Au, three Pt-Au and four Pd-Au alloy electrodes in acid solution. At Pt, Pd, Pt-rich Pt-Au, and Pd-rich Pd-Au alloys, Tafel relationships with ∂ V /∂ ln i ≈ - RT / F are observed in the range of current densities from ∼10 −4 to∼10 −6 A/ cm 2 . At gold and gold-rich alloys the slope is close to −2 RT / F . The change of the slope from - RT / F to −2 RT / F ocuurs at alloy compositions with more than 50 at-% Au. The exchange current density for the alloys rich in transition metals changes exponentially with alloy composition. It decreases as Au content in alloys increases. It is suggested that the change in the mechanism, as indicated by the change of Tafel slope from - RT / F to −2 RT / F , is related to the electronic structure of these alloys. At about 60 at-% or more of Au in these alloys, there are no longer unpaired d-electrons, and the mechanism for the oxygen reduction changes. The linear change in log (activity) at a given potential with atomic per cent of Au in Pd-rich alloys is accounted for in terms of the change of heat of adsorption of reaction intermediates with alloy composition.
Seeing Cells: Teaching the Visual/Verbal Rhetoric of Biology

This pilot study obtained baseline information on verbal and visual rhetorics to teach microscopy techniques to college biology majors. We presented cell images to students in cell biology and biology writing classes and then asked them to identify textual, verbal, and visual cues that support microscopy learning. Survey responses suggest that these students recognized some of the rhetorical strategies used and conflated others, revealing intriguing questions for further research in undergraduate microscopy education.
The instrumental and the focal child: Two patterns of parent-child dynamics in separation-impeding families

Two distinct patterns in parent-child dynamics, the instrumental child and the focal child, are typical of the way separation-impeding parents relate to their children. The impact of these parents' style of relating is usually seen in some kind of moderate to severe personality disturbance in llhe child. Both the instrumental and the focal child patterns have corresponding patterns in functional families. In fact, both patterns are deeply rooted in the cultural tradition of family roles and have, for centuries, represented the socially acceptable norm in the regulation of the transfer, from one generation to the next, of the family's wealth and social position, as well as of its ambitions, disappointments, and reparations. The instrumentality of the child in the psychic economy of the parents is endemic to the human condition. Unamuno remarked that, in the Hebraic tradition, the parent's "immortality" is guaranteed in the succession of generations, rather than in the salvation of his or her individual soul, as in Christianity (1960). At this level, the instrumentality of the child is thus an existential necessity of the parent. In the Christian tradition, this spiritual burden has been lifted from the parentchild relationship, only to be replaced by the responsibility of perpetuating the family's secular fortunes. This imperative was explicit in the right of primogeniture, and in the practice of marrying off daughters, and dictating the occupation of younger sons, in a way designed to strengthen the family's social position. More recently, it was expressed in the expectation that the son would take over the family business, and in the education of daughters to become wives and mothers. The focal child's function is to fulfil the parent's intimate ambitions by becoming the parent's ideal self. In the socially acceptable paradigm sketched
Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger: The Intentionality of Transcendence, the Being of Intentionality

(1994). Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger: The Intentionality of Transcendence, the Being of Intentionality. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 25, The Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty, pp. 27-33.
Reactivation of partially degraded tobacco mosaic virus.

RECENT infectivity studies with partially degraded tobacco mosaic virus have led to the inference that the virus particles can remain active after some of the protein has been experimentally removed so as to expose portions of the ribonucleic acid core1,2. In one of these studies2 it was found that, upon heating the virus briefly with a detergent, the infectivity was reduced from that in the original sample by a factor of 4–10; most of the activity then remaining was found to reside in partially degraded virus particles, as judged by the fact that their infectivity could be greatly reduced by digestion with crystalline pancreatic ribonuclease.
On Analyses of the Solution to a Linear Programming Problem

Many complex problem situations in various contexts have been represented in recent years by the linear programming model. The simplex method can then be used to give the optimal values of the variables corresponding to a given set of values of the parameters. However, in many situations it is useful to have the solution to many other related problems which differ from the original problem only in the values of some of the parameters. This paper presents procedures by which the solutions to the changed problems can be derived from the simplex solution tableau corresponding to the original problem. The method will be illustrated by means of an example problem, and it will be shown how quantitative information obtained from such analyses can aid management in decision making.
Performance of a database manager in a virtual memory system

Buffer space is created and managed in database systems in order to reduce accesses to the I/O devices for database information. In systems using virtual memory any increase in the buffer space may be accompanied by an increase in paging. The effects of these factors on system performance are quantified where system performance is a function of page faults and database accesses to I/O devices. This phenomenon is examined through the analysis of empirical data gathered in a multifactor experiment. The factors considered are memory size, size of buffer space, memory replacement algorithm, and buffer management algorithm. The improvement of system performance through an increase in the size of the buffer space is demonstrated. It is also shown that for certain values of the other factors an increase in the size of the buffer space can cause performance to deteriorate.
Inflammation, sleep disturbances, and depressed mood among community-dwelling older men

Abstract Objective High rates of sleep disturbances occur in depression. Sleep disturbances are linked to heightened inflammation. We sought to determine if sleep disturbances explain a portion of the putative inflammation — depression association among older adults. In late life, age-related immunoregulation changes may modify the inflammation–depression relationship. Methods Cross-sectional associations of a panel of serum inflammatory markers with probable depression (measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale) were assessed among 2560 community-dwelling older men. We tested whether inflammatory marker — probable depression associations were independent of chronic diseases, as well as objective and subjectively measured sleep disturbances. We also tested whether inflammation-probable depression associations were moderated by age. Results Inflammatory markers were not independently associated with higher odds of probable depression. A significant age by C-reactive protein (CRP) interaction (p = 0.01) was detected such that the strength of the CRP-probable depression association decreased with age. When stratifying by the median age of 76, elevated odds of probable depression were found for men with CRP levels above the median only among the younger group (OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.18–3.69). In the final adjusted model, independent effects of chronic diseases and subjective sleep disturbances contributed to a total of 37% attenuation of the original OR (adjusted OR = 1.68, 95% CI 0.911–3.10, p = .09). Conclusions In late-life, associations between inflammatory markers and mood may be explained by both chronic diseases and subjectively reported sleep disturbances. Our findings indicate that the association of CRP with probable depression diminishes in strength with age.
A living lab approach for collaboration and innovative thinking in the CS curriculum

Living Labs provide a novel approach to foster innovative thinking within a user-centric environment. Living Labs are traditionally industry-based however they are gaining momentum in the educational arena. This paper explores the implementation of Living Labs as a teaching approach in an undergraduate computer science curriculum. The various approaches to implementing Living Labs are explained. Results show that Living Labs show positive acceptance when implemented for use in undergraduate education to support innovative thinking to solve real-life problem-solving skills.
Evolution of Development: Beyond Bicoid

The Bicoid-based anterior patterning system of Drosophila embryogenesis appears to be unique to higher dipterans. A new study suggests how this may have evolved out of an alternative mechanism based on cooperating Orthodenticle and Hunchback proteins, the two mechanisms intersecting at the level of downstream target genes.
Transcription factor plasmid binding modulates microtubule interactions and intracellular trafficking during gene transfer

Transcription factor plasmid binding modulates microtubule interactions and intracellular trafficking during gene transfer
Layer-by-layer deposition : A tool for polymer surface modification

Layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film is reported as a method for polymer surface modification. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were sequentially adsorbed to unmodified (neutral) PET as well as PET samples that had been surface modified to contain carboxylate (PET-CO2-) and ammonium (PET-NH3+) functionality. XPS and contact angle data indicate that the layers are extremely thin (2−6 A) and stratified to a significant extent. The wettability of the multilayer films is controlled by the outermost polyelectrolyte layer and the thickness of the individual layers (sublayers have an influence in multilayers with thinner layers). The substrate surface chemistry controls the thickness of all of the layers in the multilayer assembly as well as the stoichiometry (ammonium ion:sulfonate ion ratio) of the deposition process. The effect of the ionic strength of the polyelectrolyte solutions was studied for the case of the...
Evaluation of the association of acute overshift change in pulmonary function and atopy using OSHA cotton dust surveillance data.

OSHA surveillance data were collected for 769 individuals employed in four different cotton textile mills. Current workers were asked to complete a questionnaire about personal and family history of atopy or asthma. Both surveillance and survey data were available for 502 individuals. The prevalence of atopy in the population as reported by questionnaire was 18%, while asthma was reported by 4%. Dust levels at the four mills were in compliance with the cotton dust standard during the period of surveillance. No relationship was found between a self-reported history of atopy or asthma and the magnitude or frequency of acute overshift declines in forced expiratory volume during 1 second (FEV1). Nonsmokers had annual changes in FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) comparable to nonexposed populations. In one of the four mills surveyed, annual declines in FEV1 and FVC for current smokers were significantly greater than declines for smokers in the other mills or the general smoking population (p < 0.02). This mill effect was also observed for subjects who were categorized as atopic (p < 0.02). For nonsmokers there appears to be no significant adverse health effect from exposure to the levels of cotton dust observed in these mills. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Study comparing oesophageal capsule endoscopy versus EGD in the detection of varices

Abstract Background Endoscopic screening and surveillance of cirrhotic patients for oesophageal varices is advocated before initiation of prophylactic therapy for prevention of the first variceal haemorrhage. Aims To compare the diagnostic yield of oesophageal capsule endoscopy (ECE) with Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for detecting and grading oesophageal varices and to determine patient tolerance for each procedure. Patients Twenty consecutive cirrhotic patients scheduled for EGD were enrolled in the study. Methods Patients underwent ECE followed by EGD. Patients completed a visual analogue scale after each procedure, assessing level of anxiety, pain, overall satisfaction, and willingness to repeat each procedure. Results On EGD, 19/20 patients had oesophageal varices. ECE detected varices in 13/19 (68% sensitivity). ECE identified nine out of ten varices rated grade II or higher on EGD. The post-study analogue scale showed a greater level of anxiety before EGD (avg. 2.75/10) versus ECE (avg. 1.5/10). Conclusions ECE may be used in the assessment of EV. It appears to have more discordance with EGD when evaluating smaller varices. The minimal discomfort, lack of sedation, and decreased risk make ECE a possible substitute to EGD in patients unable or unwilling to undergo EGD.
Origin of conductance quantization

Abstract It is well known that for an ideal one-dimensional conductor under ballistic transport conditions the conductance is transversally quantized in steps of 2 e 2 / h as the constriction width is varied. We essentially obtain this quantization by invoking the uncertainty principle in conjunction with the definition of transport in the quantum limit. The finite resistance of a perfect conductor, which has been previously understood in terms of contact effects, can thus also be viewed as having a quantum mechanical origin in the uncertainty principle. Having analyzed the quantization using simple arguments, we observe that the quantized Hall resistance shows similar step structure, and hence may be similarly motivated.
Social Cognition and Written Communication

Considerations of audience awareness are receiving increased attention in composition theory and pedagogy. Sensitivity to audience characteristics exerts demonstrable effects on composing processes and products. Audience awareness is often conceived as a unitary, global construct, however. In fact, the distinctly identifiable dimensions of social cognition include (1) subskills, (2) coordination of perspectives, (3) content domain, (4) content stability, and (5) audience determinateness. These dimensions and their components are discussed along with their interaction with composing processes. This multidimensional conception of social cognition provides a framework for further composition research and teaching.
Prospects for further industrial applications of organic electrosynthesis

Recent progress toward commercialization of organic electrochemical synthesis is reviewed and interpreted. The impact upon future prospects of the present-day need for industry to re-evaluate its technology because of costlier feedstocks and the need to minimize pollution and to conserve energy, are discussed. Steps to improve the future acceptability of organic electrochemical processes are suggested.
Prairie Wolf Slough Wetlands Demonstration Project: A Case Study Illustrating the Need for Incorporating Soil and Water Quality Assessment in Wetland Restoration Planning, Design and Monitoring

In northeastern Illinois, restored wetlands are used to improve water quality in streams degraded by agriculture and urban development. Using freshwater wetlands to reduce nitrogen loading to lakes and rivers is well documented; however, there are fewer studies addressing their use to remove phosphorous. In 1998, a systematic water quality monitoring project was begun at Prairie Wolf Slough Wetland Demonstration Project, a restored palustrine emergent marsh wetland located on an abandoned farm field north of Chicago. The wetland drains 98 ha of mixed land uses into the Chicago River. Our objectives were to assess spatial and temporal variations in total suspended solids, soluble reactive and total phosphorous concentrations, and mass loadings and compute a mass balance and retention efficiency for these constituents. Water sampling was conducted from 1998 to 2003. In 2004, soil samples were collected from the marsh and an adjacent abandoned farm site and analyzed for soil test (Bray) phosphorus. The marsh effectively traps suspended solids but acts as a source of soluble reactive and total phosphorous to the river both during the growing and nongrowing seasons. Net export of phosphorous from the wetland was likely due to mobilization of orthophosphate as a result of anoxic conditions produced during inundation events. Often little consideration is given to the link between soil and water quality when locating restoration sites. Our study adds to a growing body of literature that clearly demonstrates the need for both soil and water quality assessments in wetland restoration planning, design, and monitoring.
Low Temperature Synthesis of Diamond Films with Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition

In this paper we review our previous work and present additional results on polycrystalline diamond film synthesis in a CH 4 /H 2 /O 2 microwave discharge at substrate temperatures down to 300°C. Low temperature diamond growth was achieved by combining three strategies : the low temperature limit for diamond growth was reduced by decreasing the total gas pressure in the deposition chamber to 1-3 Torr ; low pressure diamond growth was enhanced by applying a static axial magnetic field to the plasma generation region to increase gas dissociation and ionization in the Torr pressure range ; and the microwave input power was pulse modulated to control the relative fluxes of neutral atomic hydrogen and charged positive ions to the substrate. With these combined methods, high quality diamond films exhibiting a clearly defined Raman phonon peak could be grown at backside substrate temperatures from 300°C to 500°C.
An examination of oxidant amounts on secondary organic aerosol formation and aging

Abstract The effect of HO x radicals (OH and HO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) on aerosol formation and aging has been studied. Experiments were performed in presence as well as in absence of oxygen in a flow-through chamber at 299 K for three organic precursor gases, isoprene, α-pinene and m-xylene. The HO x source was the UV photolysis of humidified air or nitrogen and was measured with a GTHOS (Ground-based Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor). The precursor gases concentration was monitored with an online GC-FID. The aerosol mass was then quantified by a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM). Typical oxidant mixing ratios were (0–4.5) ppm for O 3 , 200 pptv for OH and 3 ppbv for HO 2 . A simple kinetics model is used to infer the aerosol production mechanism. In the present of O 3 (or O 2 ), the SOA yields were 0.46, 0.036 and 0.12 for α-pinene with an initial concentration of 100 ppbv (RH = 37%), isoprene with an initial concentration of 177 ppbv (RH = 50%) and m-xylene with an initial concentration of 100 ppbv (RH = 37%), respectively. When the chosen precursor gases reacted with HO x in the absence of O 3 , the maximum SOA yields were significantly increased by factors of 1.6 for isoprene 1.1 for α-pinene, and 3 for m-xylene respectively. The comparison of the calculated and measured potential aerosol mass concentrations as function of time shows that presence of ozone or oxygen can influence the aerosol yield and the absence of ozone or oxygen in the system resulted in high concentrations of its organic aerosol products.
Lao buddhism, mental health, and contemporary implications.

In the absence of mental health workers, the people of Laos effectively support one another through crises and role changes. They accomplish this by employing social institutions and traditions that have been present in their culture from antiquity. Central to these traditional social resources are religious ritual (especially thebaci), community “elders”, and homecentered religious activities involving the extended family, neighbors, and friends.
Building Ultralow-Latency Interconnection Networks Using Photonic Integration

Ultralow-latency interconnection networks have become a necessity in modern high-performance computing systems. recent advances in photonic integration technology are paving the way for a disruptive step in the design of these networks. We present SPINet, an optical interconnection network architecture designed for implementation using photonic integration, providing an end-to-end photonic path while completely avoiding optical buffering. SPINet resolves contentions through message dropping, but facilitates message recovery using a novel physical-layer acknowledgment protocol.
Instructional control of sex-related motor behavior in extremely masculine or feminine adults

The main purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which apparently sex-typed subjects manipulated behaviors on the Sex Role Motor Behavior Checklist in response to instructions to convey specific sex-role impressions. Extremely masculine and feminine males and females (10–12 per group) were assessed for their ability to change sex-related motor behavior upon request. Subjects were able to produce significant increases in masculine and feminine motor behavior, particularly in the areas of walking and sitting. Many individual behaviors, however, showed small or inconsistent changes. Apparently, many of the motor differences naturally displayed by males and females are either not consciously part of sex-typed adults' concept of given sex roles or are relatively inflexible in this population. Secondary purposes of the study were to identify specific sex-related motor behavior (a) to alter when changes in sex role seem desirable and (b) to utilize as dependent measures in measuring changes in sex role. Walking and sitting were shown to be especially important areas.
Ceramic models for piezoelectricity in dry bone

Abstract It is shown that the electromechanical behavior of bone in cantilever bending, in which the signal is related to the stress gradient, can be viewed as a consequence of a variation of a piezoelectric modulus along this gradient. Such behavior can be duplicated by piezoelectric ceramics if they are fabricated to exhibit the appropriate spatial variations. Theoretical expressions are obtained and confirming experimental data are presented for the piezoelectric response to cantilever bending of two such special cases — a ceramic bimorph and a radially-poled hollow cylinder. The former contains the essential piezoelectric texture to mimic a thin slab of bone, and the latter models a whole bone.
Quetiapine fumarate (Seroquel): a new atypical antipsychotic

The goal of antipsychotic drug development efforts over the past 10 years has been to develop agents with increased efficacy and safety and fewer of the side effects commonly associated with the older antipsychotic medications. The newer agents, often called atypical antipsychotics, are effective in treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and are associated with fewer neurological- and endocrine-related side effects compared to the older agents. As a result, patients are likely to remain on therapy longer, preventing relapses and costly hospitalizations. Quetiapine fumarate (Seroquel) is the most recently introduced atypical antipsychotic and is indicated for the management of the manifestations of psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. Quetiapine, like clozapine (the archetypal atypical antipsychotic), interacts with a broad range of neurotransmitter receptors and has a higher affinity for serotonin (5-HT(2A)) receptors relative to dopamine (D(2)) receptors in the brain. Further, quetiapine's pharmacological effects appear selective for the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems, which are believed to be the areas of the brain responsible for the therapeutic effects of antipsychotics. In contrast to most standard antipsychotics and some atypical antipsychotics, quetiapine's effects on the nigrostriatal dopamine system, which is responsible for the extrapyramidal (or motor) side effects, are minimal. Quetiapine also has minimal activity on dopamine receptors in the tuberoinfundibular dopamine system, thereby avoiding the problem of hyperprolactinemia, common with the standard antipsychotics and some atypical antipsychotics. Because of these properties, quetiapine is an effective antipsychotic agent with a relatively benign side effect profile. Several large, placebo- and active-controlled, multicenter trials have shown quetiapine to be effective against both positive (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms (e.g., emotional withdrawal, apathy) and to have benefits in reducing hostility, aggression and affective symptoms. Patients on long-term treatment report high compliance, good satisfaction, increased ability to function and improvements consistent with a better quality of life. Because of quetiapine's excellent tolerability profile, its use is particularly appropriate in patients especially sensitive to adverse effects, e.g., elderly patients with psychotic symptoms and other neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
Entry into the electric power industry

Entry of new firms into the electric power industry is becoming commonplace. The entrants typically are unregulated firms that compete with regulated electric utilities only in the generation stage of the latter's vertically integrated structure. Because of the asymmetric regulatory treatment of the incumbents and entrants, there is the possibility of biases either against efficient entry or for inefficient entry. A model of a vertical integrated utility subject to rate-of-return regulation is used to illustrate the biases, and several implications for regulatory policy are discussed.
Early results of percutaneous iliosacral screws placed with the patient in the supine position

SummaryThe operative management of pelvic ring fractures and dislocations is difficult. Posterior pelvic ring disruptions are often associated with severe soft-tissue injuries and high infection rates. Percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation of the posterior pelvis has become popular with improved fl
An NC algorithm for the clique cover problem in cocomparability graphs and its application

Abstract In this paper, we present an extremely simple NC algorithm for finding a minimum clique cover in a cocomparability graph. Our algorithm takes O( log n ) time using O( n 3 + e ) processors on the CRCW PRAM, where n is the number of vertices. It is also shown that this algorithm can be applied to solve in parallel the depth-first search problem for permutation graphs. The best known DFS algorithm for the permutation graphs runs in O( log 2 n ) time on a CRCW PRAM model.
Dr. Alexander Fleming and the discovery of penicillin

Abstract In our era of advanced medical technology, it is difficult to imagine a time when clinical treatment was absent or largely ineffective. Patients of the early 20th century had few options when it came to medical therapy. Many of the people admitted to hospitals at that time suffered from bacterial infections, which caused major morbidity and mortality, as antibiotics were not yet present. Dr. Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin and the subsequent development of antibiotics were the most significant advances that revolutionized the practice of medicine. The details of Fleming’s life and work reveal a story combining his grand achievements with the accomplishments of others, intermixed with some measure of luck, arbitrariness, and serendipity.
Ocean source estimation using irradiance measurements at only one depth

A preliminary investigation is made of a method to estimate the spatial distribution of an optical source at a single wavelength in a spatially uniform seawater of known absorption and scattering properties. The source at the wavelength of interest could be inelastic scattering, fluorescence, or bioluminescence, for example. An algorithm is developed with which to estimate two coefficients that describe the source from only downward and upward irradiance measurements at two depths that can be far apart, or four coefficients if the downward and upward scalar irradiances also are measured. For the special case of a spatially uniform, semi- infinite seawater then measurements at one depth are sufficient but the number of coefficients that can be estimated is reduced by a factor of two. The algorithm is derived assuming that the radiance is in the asymptotic regime, which means results are less accurate if measurements are made too near the sea surface.
Computation of the explicit solution to the Michaelis-Menten equation

An explicit solution to the Michaelis-Menten differential equation with bolus and zero-order input is presented. This solution involves certain simple functions whose values are not readily available. Efficient algorithms for computing values of these functions to any desired degree of accuracy and FORTRAN codes for implementing them are also given.
Addition of indolyl and pyrrolyl grignard reagents to 1-acylpyridinium salts.

Certain indolyl and pyrrolyl Grignard reagents add to 1-acyl salts of 4-methoxy-3-(triisopropylsilyl)pyridine to give the corresponding 1-acyl-2-heteroaryl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones in good to high yield. When the 1-acyl group contained a chiral auxiliary, (±)-trans-2-(α-cumyl)cyclohexyloxy, addition of the indolyl Grignards resulted in a separable mixture of diastereomeric 2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones.
Synthesis of 3-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-benzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7(7aH)-ones

Abstract The 2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-benzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7(7aH)-one ring system is prepared from a 4-arylpyridine precursor by sequentil intramolecular enolate addition to a pyridinium ion, Dieckmann cyclization, and catalytic hydrogenation.
Friction modification in a coupled system

Two-phase solids-in-air flow was experimentally studied in a once through flexible wall tube flow system using nominal 25μm and 50μm spherical glass beads. For turbulent flow through the Silastic tube without a damping medium behind the wall, cases of true drag reduction and no drag reduction were found. The rate of addition of the glass beads was seen to be a correlatable parameter for both the flexible and rigid wall systems. A mechanistic model is proposed for interpretation of the results. It was qualitatively observed that the presence of an electrostatic charge on the particles at low relative humidities had a pronounced effect on increasing the drag in the system.
The location of extrinsic efferent and afferent nerve cell bodies of the normal canine stomach

The location of the extrinsic efferent and afferent nerve cell bodies to the mucosa, submucosa, and tunica muscularis of the cardiac, gastric, and pyloric gland regions of the ventral stomach and to the mucosa-submucosa alone of these 3 glandular gastric regions was determined using the horseradish peroxidase technique. All animals of the study demonstrated labeling bilaterally in the rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) although mucosa-submucosa injections resulted in fewer labeled cells in the DMV. There was no evidence of viscerotopic organization within the DMV for the different gastric regions. However, the left nucleus generally contained a greater number of labeled cells than the right nucleus. Injection of the mucosa, submucosa, and tunica muscularis of the cardiac gland region also resulted in labeling in the nucleus ambiguus in 4 of 5 animals. The vast majority of labeled postganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the celiacomesenteric ganglion. Labeled cells were also located variously in the stellate ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, and sympathetic trunk ganglia for the different groups. There was no discernible pattern of localization of labeled cells within a sympathetic ganglion. For the stomach, afferent labeled cells were located in the range of the first thoracic to fourth lumbar spinal ganglia and the nodose ganglia, bilaterally. As with sympathetic neurons, there was no discernible pattern of localization of labeled cells within a sensory ganglion.
Cyclic fatigue and reliability of resinoid-bonded abrasive materials

Abstract The cyclic fatigue behavior of several types of resinoid-bonded abrasive material was determined in ambient air (22°C and 50% relative humidity) and in a standard coolant at 35°C. The fatigue behavior was not affected by the material hardness; however, the susceptibility to fatigue was significantly increased by the presence of a coolant. A power law relationship between the median number of cycles best described the effect of mean stress stress best described the effect of mean stress on the cyclic fatigue data. The use of cyclic fatigue data in determining the likelihood of fatigue failure is discussed and an overspeed proof test is suggested to assure the reliability of resinoid-bonded grinding wheels operating at high speeds and subject to a large number of stress cycles.
Neonatal tuberculosis: an experience that teaches.

Objective: This study reports on an experience following contact by a large number of newborn babies with a nurse infected by active tuberculosis (TB). Methods: A large number of newborn babies were checked for possible contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using interferon-gamma tests (IGTs) to determine specific treatment. Results: One hundred and seven infants showed a positive IGT positive and were not affected by active TB. All were treated with anti-tubercular drugs and were followed-up for 1 year. None of the infants developed active TB and all infants showed normal tuberculin skin tests and chest-x-rays, as well as IGT results at the end of treatment. Conclusions: Our experience suggests that newborns are at low risk of infection after contact with a nurse with active TB. IGTs can be used to assess possible contact with MTB and to determine a reduced number of infants to treat.
CO 2 emission-incorporated ac optimal power flow and its primary impacts on power system dispatch and operations

The electric power industry is and will continue to be a primary focus of existing and future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions regulations. Different from other air pollutant regulations such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrous oxides (NO X ), GHG regulations have the potential to significantly affect electric power system dispatch and operations soon, so the implications are significant enough to warrant an in-depth study. A formulation of the CO 2 emission-incorporated ac optimal power flow (OPF) is presented in this paper. A CO 2 emission cost model is included in this formulation and its impacts on generation dispatch are analyzed. The effects of the proposed approach on power system dispatch and operations are investigated using the standard IEEE 24-bus reliability test system through several case studies. For each case study, a wide range of CO 2 prices are modeled.
The development of D2 autoreceptor-mediated modulation of K+-evoked dopamine release in the neostriatum

A within-subject dose-response analysis was conducted by locally perfusing increasing concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microM) of the selective D2 agonist quinpirole via a microdialysis probe into the neostriatum of urethane-anesthetized rat pups 5, 10-11, 15-16 and 21-22 days of age and adult rats. In Expt. 1, K(+)-evoked dopamine release was significantly decreased by quinpirole relative to the vehicle control group for each age in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum effect of quinpirole was not influenced by acute tolerance or the length of the experiment (Expt. 2). Finally, the effect of quinpirole (10 microM) was blocked by the addition of the selective D2 antagonist (-)-sulpiride (100 microM) to the perfusion solution (Expt. 3). These results support and extend previous research that suggests that presynaptic D2 autoreceptors in the neostriatum are able to modulate K(+)-evoked dopamine release in vivo by postnatal day 5 in the rat.