cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Vaccination: Coverage Achieved by Ages 13–15 Years, and Vaccinations Received as Recommended During Ages 11–12 Years, National Health Interview Survey 1997–2003

Abstract Purpose To present progress toward Healthy People 2010 vaccination objectives for adolescents aged 13–15 years, and to determine how much catch-up and routine vaccination was administered at the recommended ages of 11–12 years. Methods Data from the 1997–2003 National Health Interview Survey were evaluated. In the first analysis, vaccination coverage levels for adolescents aged 13–15 years were determined for each survey year. Main outcome measures include the percent of adolescents who had received the three-dose hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B) series, the two-dose measles/mumps/rubella vaccine (MMR) series, the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) booster, and one dose of varicella vaccine. In the second analysis, data from all survey years were combined and vaccination dates were analyzed to determine the percentage of adolescents who were missing any vaccines at ages 11–12 and received them at that age. Data for varicella vaccine were sufficient only for the first analysis. Results Among the approximately 15%–20% of respondents who reported vaccination history from records in the home and who were reporting on a 13–15-year-old, coverage with three doses of Hep B increased significantly during 1997–2001, from 15.2% to 55.0%. Coverage with MMR and Td fluctuated, with no significant increase; highs were 76.7% for MMR in 2003 and 36.2% for Td in 2002. Examination of vaccination dates for all surveyed adolescents showed that among 11–12-year-olds who needed catch-up vaccine, 0.6%–31.3% were brought up to date for Hep B and 22.1%–31.8% were brought up to date for MMR. For Td, 2.6%–15.4% of 11–12-year-olds who had not previously received Td received the vaccine. Conclusion Vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–15 years was below the Healthy People 2010 goals of 90%, but generally increased over the survey years. However, the suboptimal delivery of needed vaccines during ages 11 and 12 is concerning in light of recent vaccine recommendations targeted at this age. Continuing to focus on strategies to make adolescent preventive care, including vaccination, a new norm is essential.
Congenital fibromatosis: Localized and generalized forms

Abstract Five cases of congenital fibromatosis are presented. Three were localized, one multiple, and one generalized. The essentially benign nature of the tumor is stressed apart from the possibility of local recurrence. The tumors are discussed in relation to other forms of juvenile fibromatoses. The etiology remains obscure. Conservative surgical removal is advocated.
Using behavioral decision theory to assess advertisement recognition tasks by level of difficulty

Studies on human decision making consistently report that people are overconfident about the accuracy of their judgments in discrete-choice tasks. Based on these studies, hypotheses were made about the accuracy with which consumers can judge their own ability to correctly recognize print advertisements. Results of an experiment conducted at three different levels of involvement indicate that subjects are not very good at assessing the accuracy of their recognition judgments, tending to be overconfident at low levels of involvement and possibly underconfident at higher levels. The meaning and implications of these results for managerial decision making within the field of advertising are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Australian-Antarctic Continental Drift, Palaeocirculation Changes and Oligocene Deep-Sea Erosion

Deep-sea drilling in the SW Pacific has revealed a vast regional unconformity of Oligocene age that resulted from deep sea erosion induced by palaeocirculation chinges related to Australian continental drift and Antarctic glacial episodes. These palaeocirculation changes played a major role in the distribution and evolution of Cainozoic planktonic assemblages.
Violations of locality in correlation measurements with a beam splitter

Abstract It is pointed out that the locality violations that are expected to show up in the polarization correlation experiments recently discussed by Chubarov and Nikolayev, should be readily observable with the poissonian photon pairs produced in down conversion.
Direct synthesis of fluorinated peroxides. 9. Some reactions of perfluorotertiarybutyl hydroperoxide.

Abstract The reaction of (CF 3 ) 3 COOH with perfluoroacyl fluorides in the pressure of NaF results in the formation of new peroxy esters of the type, (CF 3 ) 3 COOC(O)R f . Addition of the hydroperoxide to CF 3 NCF 2 yields the unstable amine (CF 3 ) 3 COOCF 2 N(H)CF 3 . These reactions of (CF 3 ) 3 COOH are compared with analogous reactions of CF 3 OOH and SF 5 OOH.
Bias-voltage-induced phase transition in bilayer quantum Hall ferromagnets

We consider bilayer quantum Hall systems at total filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ in presence of a bias voltage ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{v}$ that leads to different filling factors in each layer. We use auxiliary field functional-integral approach to study mean-field solutions and collective excitations around them. We find that at large layer separation, the collective excitations soften at a finite wave vector leading to the collapse of quasiparticle gap. Our calculations predict that as the bias voltage is increased, bilayer systems undergo a phase transition from a compressible state to a $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ phase-coherent state with charge imbalance. We present simple analytical expressions for bias-dependent renormalized charge imbalance and pseudospin stiffness that are sensitive to the softening of collective modes.
End Milling of Elastomers—Fixture Design and Tool Effectiveness for Material Removal

This paper describes the machining of elastomers using sharp, woodworking tools and the machining of cryogenically cooled elastomers. Due to the lack of information on tool selection for elastomer machining, a set of thirteen tools that cover different sizes and tool geometries and materials was used in this study. Fixture design was found to be critical in machining of elastomers because of its relatively low elastic modulus. The cutting force created during machining can generate significant deformations in the elastomer workpiece. The finite element technique is used to analyze the structural stiffness of the elastomer workpiece under different geometric configurations. The effective stiffness is defined to quantify and compare the stiffness of elastomer workpiece machined by different tool sizes. The cleanliness of the groove machined by end milling is investigated. Use of some down-cut end-milling tools effectively removed the elastomer material at room temperature and generated a clean groove. The tool configuration and part fixturing are identified as the two most important variables that affect the cleanliness of machined grooves. Cooling the elastomer workpiece by solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) to about -78.6°C improved the machined surface finish.
Electron-thermalization lengths and total initial-ionization yields in tetra-alkyl liquids.

Measurements of field-dependent ionization currents in nine tetra-alklyl liquids have been used to determine the average electron-thermalization lengths and total initial-ionization yields.
Comparison of Performance on the CERAD Neuropsychological Battery of Hispanic Patients and Cognitively Normal Controls at Two Sites

Abstract Based on 88 non-demented controls and 140 AD patients enrolled at the University of Southern California, and 102 Spanish-speaking dementia patients at the University of Pennsylvania, we developed norms, stratified by disease severity, for the Spanish-language CERAD Neuropsychological Battery, and examined the impact of demographic characteristics. Adequacy of information and level of performance differed between sites, indicating hazards that occur in the absence of cross-site planning, including characteristics of “retrofitted” data (e.g., missing information), small samples, additional countries of origin, and multiple dementing disorders. Nevertheless, controls generally performed better than even very mild AD patients, and performance decreased with increase in severity of disease. In the absence of larger, more representative samples, norms for Spanish-speaking patients and control subjects may be site-specific, and should be treated with caution.
Pharmacokinetics of a controlled-release liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone administered to healthy dogs

The purpose of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of liposome-encapsulated (DPPC-C) hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) to dogs. A total of eight healthy Beagles aged 12.13 +/- 1.2 months and weighing 11.72 +/- 1.10 kg were used. Dogs randomly received liposome encapsulated hydromorphone, 0.5 mg/kg IV (n = 6), 1.0 mg/kg (n = 6), 2.0 mg/kg (n = 6), or 3.0 mg/kg (n = 7) SC with a 14-28 day washout between trials. Blood was sampled at serial intervals after drug administration. Serum hydromorphone concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Serum concentrations of hydromorphone decreased rapidly after IV administration of the DPPC-C formulation (half-life = 0.52 h, volume of distribution = 12.47 L/kg, serum clearance = 128.97 mL/min/kg). The half-life of hydromorphone after SC administration of DPPC-C formulation at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/kg was 5.22, 31.48, and 24.05 h, respectively. The maximum serum concentration normalized for dose (C(MAX)/D) ranged between 19.41-24.96 ng/mL occurring at 0.18-0.27 h. Serum hydromorphone concentrations fluctuated around 4.0 ng/mL from 6-72 h after 2.0 mg/kg and mean concentrations remained above 4 ng/mL for 96 h after 3.0 mg/kg DPPC-C hydromorphone. Liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone (DPPC-C) administered SC to healthy dogs provided a sustained duration of serum hydromorphone concentrations.
From Jail to Community: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Continuity Of HIV/AIDS Care

Persons of color incarcerated in prisons and jails in the United States continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. Several state and city departments of health have received federal funding to develop and implement or to expand innovative strategies or models of HIV prevention, case management, and discharge planning services for racial/ethnic minority inmates in correctional facilities. This article provides an overview of service models for county jails and emphasizes the need for strategies to improve the health of the inmate and the community to which he or she will return.
The Relationship between Fractional Coverage of High Cloud and Rainfall Accumulations during GATE over the B-Scale Array

Abstract A description is given of the relationship between 6 h averages of fractional coverage of cloud above various height and temperature thresholds, derived from infrared data from the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 1 (SMS 1), and accumulated rainfall, derived from data obtained with a group of quantitative C-band digital radars. Comparisons are made over a hexagonal area extending from 22.25–24.75°W longitude and from 7–10°N latitude (the B-scale array) for each phase of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). Scattergrams of fractional coverage above 10 km, the altitude of maximum correlation, show a linear relationship for each phase, with correlations ranging from 0.81 to 0.89. Reanalysis of Phase I, omitting a single outlier, results in a very narrow range for the regression coefficients for all three phases. An analysis of the pooled data from all three phases, omitting the single outlier, shows that 75% of the variance in 6 h rainfall accumulations over the GATE B-scale array is ex...
Calix[4]arenes Linked to Multiple Bidentate N-Donors: Potential Ligands for Synthetic Modeling of Multinuclear Metalloenzymes

A series of calix[4]arenes incorporating three or four bidentate diamines or pyridylamines attached at the “upper rim” were synthesized via practical protocols. Proof of structure was obtained in one instance by X-ray crystallography. These molecules are designed for general use as ligands for the preparation of multinuclear active site models of metalloenzymes.
Water and nitrogen management effects on water and nitrogen fluxes in Florida Flatwoods.

The effects of water and fertilizer best management practices (BMPs) have not been quantified for groundwater nitrogen (N) beneath seepage irrigated vegetable fields with shallow water table environments. This effect was evaluated by a 3-yr study conducted in the Flatwoods of south Florida for watermelon (Citrillus lanatus cv. Mardi Gras and Tri-X 313) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. BHN 586) using three treatments of water and inorganic fertilizer N (Nfₑᵣₜ) rates: (i) high fertilizer and water rates with seepage irrigation (HR), (ii) recommended fertilizer and water rates (BMP) with seepage irrigation (RR); and (iii) RR with subsurface drip irrigation (RR-SD). These treatments were implemented on six hydraulically isolated plots. The Nfₑᵣₜ rate treatments for high (HR) and recommended (RR and RR-SD) were based on a grower survey and BMP recommendations, respectively. Water applied, water table depth, and soil moisture content were regularly monitored for each treatment. Plant, soil, and groundwater N sampling and analyses were conducted for each season of the 3-yr study. The average water applied in HR (187 cm) was greater than RR (172 cm) and RR-SD (94 cm). Soil N maintained in crop beds for HR was significantly higher than RR and RR-SD. Soil solution analyses showed that N leached beneath HR (112 mg L⁻¹) was greater (p = 0.053) than RR (76 mg L⁻¹) and RR-SD (88 mg L⁻¹). Shallow groundwater concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NH₃–N + NO₃–N) were higher (p = 0.02) in HR (37 mg L⁻¹) compared with RR (15 mg L⁻¹) and RR-SD (19 mg L⁻¹). Decreased Nfₑᵣₜ and water table levels can improve groundwater quality by reducing N leachate in shallow water table environments with seepage irrigated vegetable production systems.
A Wound Healing Study of Chlorhexidine Digluconate in Guinea Pigs

Formulations with and without chlorhexidine digluconate, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, were tested for their effects on the healing of incisions and abrasions surgically induced in male guinea pigs. Formulations containing chlorhexidine were a skin cleanser formulation (4% w/v), a tinted tincture (0.5% w/v), and both 0.5 and 4% w/v aqueous solutions. Control materials were saline, and both the skin cleanser and the tincture formulations without chlorhexidine. Presurgical preparation was limited to closely clipping the hair and wiping each wound area with saline to remove loose hair, dander, and dirt. Each incision and abrasion was irrigated with its assigned material at surgery and daily thereafter until necropsy. Guinea pigs were killed on Days 3, 6, 9, 14, and 21, and wound sites were removed and fixed for histologic evaluation of healing. Daily progress of the wound healing appeared comparable for all treatment groups and there was no gross evidence of treatment effects at necropsy. For the animals with incisions, there were no remarkable histological differences among the treatment groups at Day 3. At Days 6 and 9, the two formulations containing 4% chlorhexidine produced a slight delay in healing when compared with the other treatment groups. These differences decreased with time, and by Day 21, there were no remarkable histological differences among animals of the various treatment groups. For the animals with abrasions, all treatment groups with and without chlorhexidine had slightly delayed healing compared to the saline control animals on Day 3 and 6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alienation antecedents of unwanted fertility: a longitudinal study.

Women high in alienation may in a sense be victimized by a higher probability of having unwanted pregnancies than women low in alienation. From this perspective high alienation may be concomitant with a sense of (at most) going through the motions of family planning with a rather low confidence that ones ability will suffice to achieve the desired goal and a tendency therefore not to be particularly involved in the mechanisms of family planning. High alienation in its separate and combined aspects may constitute a highly salient social psychological obstacle of the probability of acting with confidence in the emotionally charged area of fertility and family planning behavior. The major control relevant implication is that ineffective family planning may derive not only from lack of knowledge or of access to methods but also from the social psychological inaccessibility of knowledge generating a dominance of emotional over rational elements in the decision making process. (authors)
Opportunities for rabbit research and human development in the Western Hemisphere: a rabbit revolution?

Throughout the Western Hemisphere, opportunities exist to develop viable rabbit research programs that meet the unique needs of small-scale, limited-resource farmers. In this paper, basic problems of small-scale farmers are first briefly described, and, secondly, pre seflt examples are provided of alternative and innovative research programs that directly address these special needs. Rabbit scientists are further encouraged to elevate the stature of the rabbit as a significant "niche" livestock species to benefit humanity through the expansion of sustainable, small-scale rabbit farming and (or) development projects.
Phospholipid class and FA compositions of modified soybeans processed with two extraction methods

Soybean lecithin is used as an emulsifier in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The proportion of individual phospholipids (PL) and their FA composition may affect the functional properties of lecithin. In this research, lecithins recovered from four modified soybeans and one commodity soybean, which were processed by extrusion-expelling and conventional solvent extraction, were analyzed for proportion of PL class and FA composition. HPLC with an ELSD analysis demonstrated that the percentage of PC in extrusion-expelled lecithin was higher than in solvent-extracted lecithin, whereas the PE content was lower. GC analysis showed that FA compositions of the PL varied with soybean type. The oil extraction method did not significantly affect FA composition. Critical micelle concentration tested with a tensiometer showed differences among the lecithins.
Programs for quicker relationships

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Evaluating Detection and Estimation Capabilities of Magnetometer-Based Vehicle Sensors

In an effort to secure the northern and southern United States borders, MITRE has been tasked with developing Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools that accurately capture the mapping between algorithm-level Measures of Performance (MOP) and system-level Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) for current/future surveillance systems deployed by the the Customs and Border Protection Office of Technology Innovations and Acquisitions (OTIA). This analysis is part of a larger M&S undertaking. The focus is on two MOPs for magnetometer-based Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS). UGS are placed near roads to detect passing vehicles and estimate properties of the vehicle’s trajectory such as bearing and speed. The first MOP considered is the probability of detection. We derive probabilities of detection for a network of sensors over an arbitrary number of observation periods and explore how the probability of detection changes when multiple sensors are employed. The performance of UGS is also evaluated based on the level of variance in the estimation of trajectory parameters. We derive the Cramer-Rao bounds for the variances of the estimated parameters in two cases: when no a priori information is known and when the parameters are assumed to be Gaussian with known variances. Sample results show that UGS perform significantly better in the latter case.
Increase in Tγ Lymphocytes in B‐Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

A significant increase in the proportion (mean 38% +/- 9.3 SD) and absolute number of T gamma (suppressor) lymphocytes was observed in 13 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) compared with 20 normal controls (mean 19% +/- 6.5). Conversely, the proportion of T mu (helper) lymphocytes was lower in CLL (mean 27% +/- 9.3) than in the controls (mean 40% +/- 4), although the absolute numbers were normal or increased. It is suggested that an imbalance of T-lymphocyte subsets controlling B-lymphocyte differentiation may be relevant in the pathogenesis of CLL or some of its associated features.
Spatial resolution and induction—crosstalk effects in the L3 muon drift chambers at LEP2

Abstract As part of an effort to upgrade the L3 detector for LEP2 we have performed measurements on an L3 muon chamber using a 100 MHz FADC system and cosmic rays. By studying the time dependence of the pulse shape distribution of small-slope (
Surface heterogeneity in irradiated solids

Abstract Experiments on the physical adsorption of krypton on unirradiated and neutron irradiated alumina have been performed and analysed in terms of localized adsorption without marked lateral interaction on surfaces of varying heterogeneity. This interpretation is supported by the shape of the isotherm on unirradiated material and the dependence on coverage of the differential molar entropy of the adsorbed phase. The nature of the surface heterogeneities introduced by irradiation is discussed speculatively.
Ornithocholanic Acids and Cholelithiasis in Man

Ornithocholanic acids and small soft gall stones were found in the bile of patients from which Klebsiella pneumoniae was also isolated. Cholelithiasis may be initiated by metabolic disturbances in the conjugation of bile acids in liver tissue and the subsequent precipitation of cholesterol and bile pigment.
Electro-Optic Materials by Solid Source MOCVD

The solid source MOCVD technique1,2, employing a single powder vaporization source composed of mixed beta-diketonate metalorganic compounds, has been used to grow thin films of a variety of electro-optic materials, including lithium niobate, strontium barium niobate, and potassium niobate. Results for potassium niobate films are quite preliminary, but indicate that a volatile potassium organometallic source can be synthesized which is useful for growing potassium niobate by MOCVD. High quality single phase (001) oriented strontium barium niobate films have been deposited which exhibit waveguiding behavior. The most extensive work has been done on lithium niobate, which has been deposited epitaxially on a variety of substrates. Oriented z-axis (001) films have been grown on c-axis sapphire with and without a (111) oriented platinum base electrode and on a bulk grown lithium niobate substrate. Films grown directly on c-axis sapphire at 700 C exhibit x-ray rocking curve linewidths as low as.044 degrees, nearly perfect in-plane orientation as determined by x-ray phi scans, and peak-to-peak surface roughness less than 40 A. Optical waveguiding has been demonstrated by a single prism coupling technique on similar films 1175 - 2000 A thick grown at 500 C, with optical losses of approximately 2 db/cm at 632.8 nm measured over 3.5 cm long films. Polarization vs. electric field measurements on 1100 A thick films grown on platinum show a hysteresis loop indicating ferroelectric behavior.
Geophysical implications of the interrelationship of the geogravity and geomagnetic fields.

RECENTLY there has been much interest in the geophysical implications of the satellite-determined gravity field, and one suggestion is that the low-degree gravity harmonics are associated with undulations at the core–mantle boundary1–4. Mathematical formulation5 does indicate that any mass anomalies at the core–mantle boundary would be observable in the Earth's external potential. Indirect evidence in favour of this hypothesis would come from a strong correlation between the gravity and geomagnetic fields, because variations in the latter are attributed to sources located in the outer core. Egyed3 pointed out a positive correlation between the satellite geoid6 and the geomagnetic secular variations7, but Coode and Runcorn8 showed that this correlation was negligible when an improved satellite geoid9 was used. Hide4 has proposed, however, that certain magnetohydrodynamical considerations may suggest low amplitude, long wavelength irregularities in the core–mantle interface.
The Effect of Steam Ingestion on Transonic Rotor Stall Margin

The adverse effect of high temperature water vapor on the stall margin of a transonic compressor rotor is investigated. This type of flow condition is experienced during the takeoff of carrier born aircraft. An experiment is designed to replicate these flow conditions on a transonic compressor test rig. The transient inlet conditions are measured and the changes in gas properties as well as the reduction in stall margin for differing steam inlet pressures are presented. High speed data measurements are used to investigate the initial conditions of the compressor before steam is introduced to the flow. Evidence of pre-cursors rotating at near half rotor speed are found and the strength of these appear to give an indication of the compressor’s susceptibility to stall.
Effect of Fermentation Time on the Inositol Phosphates of Bread

Bread was made by an AACC procedure using whole wheat flour and 70%-extraction wheat flour. Five different fermentation times were applied. Six inositol phosphates and inorganic phosphate were separated, identified and quantified in the bread. It was found that phytate decreased and the inorganic phosphate increased, with the largest decrease in phytate occurring during first 30 min of fermentation. The content in intermediate inositol phosphates also changed and it was only after considering their phosphorus content that an overall phosphorus balance could be achieved.
Solid-state diffusion-based processing kinetics for uniaxial self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of MoSi2

An analysis is presented for self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of MoSi2 from a mixture of silicon and molybdenum powders compacted into a semi-infinite, uniaxial bar and ignited at one end. The kinetics of reacting molybdenum grains are controlled by solid-state diffusion through the interposing product shell of MoSi2 that surrounds each shrinking molybdenum grain. The previously determined temperature-dependent microkinetics of this solid particle reaction are coupled with one-dimensional (1-D) heat transfer and storage to describe the time-dependent macrokinetics of the synthesis reaction sequencing through a perfectly insulated bar. The resulting equations are solved numerically to provide computed results of temperature and conversion as a function of time and distance. Preignition time, propagation velocity, and thickness of the reaction front are also determined. Results depend primarily on the initial temperature at the end of the bar, which affects preignition time, and the molybdenum grain radius. The perfectly insulated model was relaxed by limiting the maximum temperature to arbitrary values corresponding with lateral heat dissipation, and these results compare favorably with experimentally measured propagation velocities and maximum temperatures during SHS of MoSi2. The model presented, with MoSi2 as the prototype, is expected to be applicable to the SHS of many other refractory materials.
Reciprocal (push-pull) effects of morphine on single units in the ventromedian and lateral hypothalamus and influences on other nuclei: with a comment on methadone effects during withdrawal from morphine

Abstract The effects of morphine and of its antagonists naloxone and nalorphine on multiple single units recorded simultaneously in the ventromedian nucleus (VMN) and in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and certain other neuronal groups were investigated in naive and morphine dependent adult Sprague-Dawley rats using pulse height analysis techniques and computer generated firing frequency histograms. Morphine produced diametrically opposite effects on VMN and LHA in both naive and dependent animals; with the exception of a few units, neurons recorded from the VMN were excited by morphine and, conversely, those in LHA were inhibited; the antagonists naloxone and nalorphine produced clear-cut reversal of these effects. During withdrawal phases in addicted animals, firing rates in the LHA were greater than rates recorded in the same area of naive animals; no significant differences between firing rates in the VMN of naive and addicted animals were observed. Methadone effects were investigated in morphine dependent rats in withdrawal; both VMN and LHA neurons were excited by methadone and the effect of morphine on these nuclei was reversed. The possible implications of these observations for localization of mechanisms in opiate dependency and for the concept of methadone blockade are discussed.
Mechanism of metolachlor action due to alterations in cell cycle progression.

Metolachlor, a commonly used herbicide in the Midwestern USA, functions by inhibiting chlorophyll and protein synthesis in target plants. Herbicide exposure has led to detrimental effects in several organisms, affecting their growth and behavior; however, its mechanism of action in nontarget organisms is not yet clear. The EPA does not currently have enforceable regulations for maximal limits allowed in drinking water. Previous growth studies from our lab have demonstrated that increasing metolachlor concentrations and increasing time of exposure results in decreased growth of liver cells. The objective of this study was to elucidate a mechanism for this decrease of HepG2 cell growth after herbicide exposure. Results show that metolachlor at environmentally relevant levels (50–100 ppb) that previously led to decreased cell number does not lead to cell death by either necrosis or apoptosis. However, it was demonstrated that the levels of the retinoblastoma protein including two of its hyperphosphorylated forms are decreased in metolachlor exposed cells possibly leading to cell cycle arrest. The levels of another protein involved in cell cycle progression, p53, a mediator in the DNA damage response of cells, was not significantly altered except at the highest level of metolachlor (1,000 ppb) and after a 72-h exposure. These results suggest that the decrease in cell number after low-level metolachlor exposure is most likely due to an alteration in the cell cycle and not due to cell death in human liver cells.
An EEG experiment aimed toward identifying dyslexic children.

THE purposes of the experiment were to search for spectral features for identifying dyslexic children, to demonstrate the statistical significance of any such features, and to start a data base that could ultimately result in a reliable discriminant function for the early detection of reading disabilities.
A Pregnancy Complicated by Mature Abdominal Burn Scarring and Its Surgical Solution: A Case Report

Complications of pregnancy secondary to old abdominal burn scars are uncommon but have been reported. Common problems include failure of the scar to stretch (resulting in uterine displacement), maternal discomfort, and occasionally scar breakdown. We report the case of a 23-year-old patient who had a tight circumferential scar involving the majority of the abdomen. The uninvolved skin of the lower abdomen stretched remarkably, but the uterus was displaced inferiorly and anteriorly by the scar. The pregnancy progressed to term under careful supervision. After delivery, a flap created by the naturally expanded skin of the lower abdomen was used to replace a portion of the abdominal burn scar to prevent similar problems in future pregnancies. We know of no other reported case where the naturally expanded skin of pregnancy was used to reconstruct a mature burn scar.
A self-adjusting code cache manager to balance start-up time and memory usage

In virtual machines for embedded devices that use just-in-time compilation, the management of the code cache can significantly impact performance in terms of both memory usage and start-up time. Although improving memory usage has been a common focus for system designers, start-up time is often overlooked. In systems with constrained resources, however, these two performance metrics are often at odds and must be considered together. In this paper, we present an adaptive self-adjusting code cache manager to improve performance with respect to both start-up time and memory usage. It balances these concerns by detecting changes in method compilation rates, resizing the cache after each pitching event. We conduct experiments to validate our proposed system and quantify the impacts that different code cache management techniques have on memory usage and start-up time through two oracle systems. Our results show that the proposed algorithm yields nearly the same start-up times as a hand-tuned oracle and shorter execution times than those of the SSCLI in eight out of ten applications. It also has lower memory usage over time in all but one application.
Angular-dependent torque measurements on CeCoIn 5 single crystals

Angular-dependent torque measurements were performed on single crystals of ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$, a heavy fermion superconductor $({T}_{c0}=2.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$, in the temperature, $T$, range $1.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and magnetic fields $H$ up to $14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$. A large paramagnetic effect is found in the normal state. Torque measurements in the mixed state were also performed. The torque curves show sharp hysteresis peaks at $\ensuremath{\theta}=90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ ($\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between $H$ and the $c$-axis of the crystal), a result of intrinsic pinning of vortices. The anisotropy $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\equiv}\sqrt{{m}_{c}∕{m}_{a}}$ in the mixed state was determined from the reversible part of the vortex contribution to the torque signal using Kogan's model [Phys. Rev. B 38, 7049 (1988)]. The anisotropy $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decreases with increasing magnetic field and temperature. The fact that $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is not a constant points towards a multiband scenario in this heavy fermion material.
Risk factors for preterm birth in Vietnam

Objective: To identify the risk of preterm birth and possible determinants among women in Hanoi, Vietnam. Method: Prospective cohort study of 1709 women with singleton live births at Hanoi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, June–October 2002. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine predictors of preterm birth (<37 weeks’ gestation). Result: The risk of preterm birth was 11.8%. Physically demanding work during pregnancy, two or more prior spontaneous abortions, history of preterm birth, vaginal bleeding, inadequate prenatal care during the first 20 weeks of gestation, and history of intrauterine device use with removal less than 12 months before the current pregnancy were associated with increased risk of preterm birth (adjusted odds ratios between 1.8 and 2.6). Conclusion: Preterm birth is relatively frequent in this population. Beyond established risk factors, these data implicated agricultural work and physical work demands with preterm birth, as well as history of recent IUD use.
Meiofauna and the sulfide system: the effects of oxygen and sulfide on the adenylate pool of three turbellarians and a gastrotrich

Abstract 1. 1. Three turbellarians, Kuma sp., Solenofilomorpha cf. funilis and Parahaploposthia thiophilus and a gastrotrich, Turbanella sp. were exposed to sulfide under oxic and anoxic conditions and the resulting changes in [ATP] and [ADP] monitored. 2. 2. [ATP] in the oxybiotic species, Kuma , decreased under all sulfide exposures. 3. 3. The other three species, all thiobiotic, were sulfide-tolerant with the degree of tolerance dependent on the presence or absence of O 2 . Parahaploposthia was more tolerant under anoxia, Solenofilomorpha under oxia. Turbanella was tolerant under either condition. 4. 4. The sulfide system is a heterogeneous zone comprising a number of microhabitats. Consequently, the metazoans inhabiting this system have developed a variety of metabolic adaptations to sulfide and O 2 appropriate for the microhabitat in which they live.
Capturing crystal growth

The processes by which silicate melts transform from liquid to solid are central to igneous petrology, influencing the chemical diversity and spatial distribution of magmas in the Earth's crust. Growing appreciation for the rheological feedbacks controlling magma transport in subsurface conduits has
Concern for Environmental Rights Among College Students

RECENT SURVEYS show that most Americans are in favor of "saving the environment." Opinion polls indicate strong endorsement for cleaning up the landscape, protecting natural resources, stopping pollution, and preventing over-population (1). Moreover, this pro-environment sentiment appears to have had some effect in recent elections (2). But despite the widespread existence of favorable attitudes toward environmental protection, it is clear that a national commitment to solve environmental problems will run head-on into many traditional values and time-honored practices. The preservation of natural resources will have to achieve primacy over the concern for economic growth and development. The prevention of pollution will have to overcome the inherent tendency of industry to minimize production costs. And programs to control population growth will entail a revision of the belief that the determination of family size is an inalienable right. In short, it would appear that efforts to bring about fundamental change in major areas of environmental abuse will meet stiff opposition (3). Given the deep entrenchment of these practices and values which (directly or indirectly) encourage environmental abuse, it becomes highly questionable whether meaningful reforms can be carried out. Recently, how, ever, some segments of the American public appear to have gone beyond a simple desire to "save the environment," and have developed a commitment to pursue solutions which openly challenge established practices and values. The most visible manifestation of this development is on college campuses, where many students have adopted "environment" and "ecology" as their "cause." If any segment of the population is willing to assert the primacy of environmental concerns and to challenge traditional values such as those emphasizing economic growth, it would seem to be the new generation of ecologically aware students. To date, however, little systematic information is available on the degree of student commitment to the environmental movement (4). Media ac-
Pharmacodynamic modeling of intravenous antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria collected in the United States.

Abstract Background : In the era of escalating antimicrobial resistance, the choice of effective empiric antimicrobial therapy has become considerably more difficult. In an attempt to improve antimicrobial selection, pharmacodynamic modeling that considers the drug, dose, dosing interval, and duration of infusion is increasingly used as a tool to assist in the clinical decision-making process. Objective : The aim of the PASSPORT (Probability of target attainment of Antibacterial agents Studied for Susceptibility and Pharmacodynamic Optimization in Regional Trials) study was to compare the probabilities of achieving requisite pharmacodynamic exposure (eg, T>MIC, AUC/MIC) of common intravenous antibiotics against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Using a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation, pharmacodynamic analyses were conducted for standard and high-dose, prolonged (ie, 3-to 4-hour) infusions of cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam in adult patients with normal renal function (≥50 mL/min). MIC data were incorporated from the 2008 TRUST (Tracking Resistance in the United States Today)-12 surveillance program, a long-running resistance study in 56 participating US hospitals. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was determined for each regimen against each population of E coli, K pneumoniae, A baumannii , and P aeruginosa . Optimal CFR was defined a priori as ≥90%. Results: All of the β-lactam regimens had optimal CFRs against E coli , and all but piperacillin/tazobactam 3.375 g q6h had optimal CFRs against K pneumoniae . The fluoroquinolones had the lowest CFRs against all of the pathogen populations tested (73.2%–88.9% against E coli and K pneumortfae ; 44.5 %–61.9 % against A baumannii and P aeruginosa ). Optimal CFR against A baumannii was not achieved with any of the regimens. Against P aeruginosa , high-dose, prolonged-infusion doripenem and meropenem had CFRs of 97.2% to 98.8%, followed by high-dose, prolonged-infusion ceftazidime (93.3%) and cefepime (93.2%). High-dose, prolonged-infusion regimens were associated with increased CFRs for all (β-lactams by ~10% over that of standard 0.5-hour infusion regimens against the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Conclusions: Based on this model, standard doses of most intravenous (β-lactam regimens had high probabilities of achieving optimal exposure against Enterobacteriaceae. For nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli such as A baumannii and P aeruginosa , high-dose, prolonged infusions of cefepime, ceftazidime, doripenem, and meropenem had the highest probabilities of achieving bactericidal exposure.
Reaction of cytochrome P450 with cumene hydroperoxide: ESR spin-trapping evidence for the homolytic scission of the peroxide O-O bond by ferric cytochrome P450 1A2.

ESR spin trapping was used to investigate the reaction of rabbit cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2 with cumene hydroperoxide. Cumene hydroperoxide-derived peroxyl, alkoxyl, and carboncentered radicals were formed and trapped during the reaction. The relative contributions of each radical adduct to the composite ESR spectrum were influenced by the concentration of the spin trap. Computer simulation of the experimental data obtained at various 5,5-dimethyl1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) concentrations was used to quantitate the contributions of each radical adduct to the composite ESR spectrum. The alkoxyl radical was the initial radical produced during the reaction. Experiments with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane identified the carbon-centered adducts as those of the methyl radical, hydroxymethyl radical, and a secondary carbon-centered radical. The reaction did not require NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase or NADPH. It is concluded that the reaction involves the initial homolytic scission of the peroxide O-O bond to produce the cumoxyl radical. Methyl radicals were produced from the ‚-scission of the cumoxyl radical. The peroxyl adduct was not observed in the absence of molecular oxygen. We conclude that the DMPO peroxyl radical adduct detected in the presence of oxygen was due to the methylperoxyl radical formed by the reaction of the methyl radical with oxygen. At a higher P450 concentration, a protein-derived radical adduct was also detected.
African American-preponderant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and risk of breast cancer.

Abstract Background : African American women more often present with more aggressive types of breast cancer than Caucasian women, but little is known whether genetic polymorphisms specific to or disproportionate in African Americans are associated with their risk of breast cancer. Methods : A population-based case-control study was conducted including 194 cases identified through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System and 189 controls recruited through random digit dialing to examine polymorphisms in genes involved in estrogen metabolism and action. Results : The African American-specific CYP1A1 5639C allele was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio (OR)=2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–4.44) and this association with the CYP1A1 5639 locus was dependent on another polymorphism in the CYP3A4 gene ( P =0.043 for the interaction). In addition, African American-predominant CYP1B1 432 Val allele was significantly more often found in the cases than in the controls overall and the HSD17B1 312 Gly allele was specifically associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk (OR=3.00, 95%CI 1.29–6.99). Conclusion : These observations need to be confirmed in larger studies due to the limited statistical power of the study based on a small number of cases.
Monoclonal and xenoantibodies specific for HLA-DR inhibit primary responses to HLA-D but fail to inhibit secondary proliferative (PLT) responses to allogeneic cells.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (DA-2 and CA-2) and xenoantisera (rabbit anti-human, p23,30) specific for HLA-DR framework determinants were added to primary and secondary mixed lymphocyte cultures. Although such antisera were shown to inhibit primary MLC, primed lymphocytes were much less sensitive to the blocking effects of these antibodies. In the studies shown here, the concentration of antibody required to inhibit primary MLC reactions was 0.1–1.5 μg/ml, whereas that required to block the PLT reaction was approximately 50-fold greater (50–100μm/ml).
Pumping Steel and Sex Appeal: Message Strategies and Content in Dietary Supplement Advertisements

Existing in a regulatory gray area as neither a food nor a drug, dietary supplements have fierce controversies over safety and regulation. This regulatory state can create a problem if the persuasion of supplement ads convince consumers to purchase harmful products. Using Taylor’s Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel, this study analyzed the relationship between informational print ads for dietary supplements and transformational message strategies. Transformational strategies, appeals to viewer’s emotions or sense of self, were used more frequently in ads than their Informational counterparts, revealing that supplement manufacturers may be selling their products based on a better body image than actual health benefits. A lack of information about supplement ingredients and effects in ads also revealed an imbalance between information and persuasion.