cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeated exposure ofEscherichia coli to free chlorine: Production of strains possessing altered sensitivity

E. coli ATCC 11229 was exposed to Cl under demand-free conditions, and surviving colonies examined. Survivors at low degrees of inactivation did not appear to possess altered sensitivity, even when successively exposed and subcultured through 8 passages. Survivors at high degrees of inactivation appeared to have a greatly increased sensitivity towards free Cl. The type culture, and the sensitive strain had identical growth curves, microscopic appearance, and biochemical traits. The initial rate of inactivation at pH 7 appeared to follow saturation-type kinetics, previously reported for organisms and Cl. Implications for water treatment and reuse are discussed, as well as possible mechanisms explaining the findings of this study.
Spatial Compartmentalization of Nanoparticles into Strands of a Self-Assembled Organogel

The incorporation of nanoparticles into a novel organogel occurs spontaneously when nanoparticle-containing AOT reverse micelles come into contact with a solution of p-chlorophenol in isooctane. The organogel consists of strands of stacked phenols that self-assemble to fibers and further to fiber bundles. Atomic force microscopy clearly reveals the fiber bundles and the presence of nanoparticles incorporated into these structures. The gels of organic solvents obtained by linking small molecules through noncovalent interactions constitute a class of materials where the transition from gel to low viscosity liquids is sharp. The immobilization of superparamagnetic ferrites or semiconductor quantum dots of CdS into these gels confers magnetic and/or luminescent properties to the gels.
Regulated quality diffusion under quadratic costs

We study how to regulate quality processes so as to attain a desirable target. The effect of the regulation varies in a random fashion due to disturbances. The interaction between regulatory actions and outcomes is termed quality diffusion. In this paper, we address a specific version of such diffusion known as a mean-reverting process (also termed Ornstein Uhlenbeck process). The total production cost includes both a quadratic cost of quality deviations, and a linear cost of production control. Assuming that both regulation and quality processes are continuously reviewed, an optimal quality regulation policy is sought to minimize the total production cost over a finite horizon. The optimal regulation is found to be a surge-discharge control that can be characterized by a triplet including a discharge time, a stopping time, and a discharge function. The surge-discharge control is easy to be implemented for a variety of applications. Computational algorithms for the optimal control are developed.
An electron microscope and field ion microscope study of defects in quenched platinum

Abstract Results of a survey study of the secondary defects existing in quenched and aged platinum are presented. Transmission electron microscopy used in conjunction with field ion microscopy has yielded direct experimental evidence for the existence of prismatic dislocation loops as well as polyhedral voids. Small tetrahedral voids have been found in field ion specimens, and it is postulated that these clusters are the nuclei for both voids and dislocation loops.
Tests uniformly more powerful than uniformly most powerful monotone tests

Abstract The intuitively natural tests of the null hypothesis that the minimum of several location parameters is not positive is to reject if the minimum of the estimates of the parameters is large enough. This test is uniformly most powerful among monotone test, those which reject for any collection of estimates if they reject for a collection of smaller estimates. However, uniformly more powerful test exist, and hence smaller confidence sets for the minimum location parameter can be constructed. In ranking and selection, the natural procedure is to infer that the selected population is the best if the estimate for its location parameter is sufficiently bigger than any other. Again, procedures may exist which more often allow the interference that the apparently best is really best, without increasing the bound on the probability of error.
Occupy Wall Street as a curriculum of space

Abstract Although Occupy Wall Street may no longer appear in news headlines, the international movement provides a rich curriculum on space and protest that are worthy of contemplation in social studies classrooms and research. This paper looks historically at how location and free speech became linked and informed one another during the 20th century in the US. It then looks critically at three sites of Occupy in the US that reflect the contested public representations of occupation. The investigation of these critical incidents enables a discussion of how Occupy expands prior discussion of the linkage between space and protest while indicating how political, economic, and technological shifts change this relationship in the 21st century.
Characterization of the adenovirus 2 virion protein, mu.

Abstract Adenovirus 2 virions contain a small, highly basic protein known as μ (mu). Partial sequence analysis of mu labeled with radioactive amino acids showed that it is derived from an 11-kDa virion precursor protein, L2–79R. Amino acid analysis, direct microsequence analysis, time-of-flight mass spectrometer analysis, and chemical synthesis demonstrated that mu is the unmodified, 19 amino acid peptide obtained from the 79-residue precursor by adenovirus-encoded proteinase-mediated cleavage after glycine31 and glycine50. Mu bound tightly to DNA and was located in the virion core. In vitro, mu could precipitate DNA fragments, suggesting that it may have a role in viral chromosome condensation.
Detection of N(4S) by resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionizanon spectroscopy

Abstract We report the first instance of detection of N(4S) atoms by Resonantly Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI). The magnitude of the ion signal, after correction for laser power dependence, is directly proportional to the N(4S) concentration and, once calibrated, is a direct and highly sensitive method for N(4S) concentration measurements in fast-flow kinetics experiments.
The fine structure of the mouse adrenal cortex and the ultrastructural changes in the zona glomerulosa with low and high sodium diets.

The ultrastructure of the normal mouse adrenal cortex and the zona glomerulosa as stimulated by sodium restriction and repressed by high salt intake is reported. The mitochondria are zone specific, the endoplasmic reticulum tubular and the endothelium fenestrated. An intimate relationship between elements of reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets is seen in all animals. The rough reticulum is poorly developed in all but the glomerulosa of salt-restricted animals. The Golgi apparatus, associated vesicles and surface microvilli are relatively more developed in the inner cortical zones and in the glomerulosa cells of stimulated animals, whereas surface coated pits and vesicles do not vary. Lysosome-like granules are more prominant in the control reticularis and in the glomerulosa of animals on high salt intake. In stimulated glomerulosa cells, there is an early depletion of lipid droplets and a transient increase in rough reticulum followed by a progressive increase in smooth reticulum and Golgi apparatus. At three weeks, the lipid droplets are restored. In repressed glomerulosal cells, there is atrophy of the cytoplasmic organelles while lipid droplets are increased in number and osmiophilia. An accompanying feature is the appearance of cytoplasmic β-glycogen. These observations are discussed as to their relation to adrenocortical steroidogenesis and secretion.
Marked Hypotonic Polyuria Resulting from Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus with Partial Sensitivity to Vasopressin

We studied two women with severe hypotonic polyuria whose symptoms dated from infancy. We eliminated the possibility of central diabetes insipidus (DI) and primary polydipsia, and established the presence of nephrogenic DI on the basis of: 1) the interrelationships between plasma osmolality, urine osmolality, and urinary AVP; and 2) impaired antidiuretic responses to AVP and 1 deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin. Though 25-50 times as resistant to 1 deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin nasal spray as patients with central DI, these patients could be treated effectively with large doses of the nasal spray. One patient has been so treated for more than a year with dramatic improvement in her polydipsia, polyuria, and sense of well-being.
Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma versus canine superficial necrolytic dermatitis: Is hepatic impairment a clue to pathogenesis?

The case of a 57-year-old diabetic man with necrolytic migratory erythema in the absence of glucagonoma is reported. The clinical and pathologic features of his dermatitis and subsequent clinical course are compared with those of canine superficial necrolytic dermatitis, an unusual cutaneous necrotizing eruption of dogs that is identical histologically to necrolytic migratory erythema. In addition to a necrolytic dermatitis, both our patient and most dogs with superficial necrolytic dermatitis have diabetes mellitus and hepatic failure in the absence of glucagonoma. Thus hyperglucagonemia most likely is not a factor in the origin of the necrotizing dermatitis in this patient or in dogs. The role of hepatocellular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of necrolytic migratory erythema and superficial necrolytic dermatitis is considered.
Synthesis of (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, the chiral component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), with an option for asymmetric induction

A new route to (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, a minor component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), is described. An optional sequence that permits the generation of the chiral center with enantiomeric excesses (ee's) as high as 74% (R) or 80% (S) employing the available (S)-(−)-prolinol as a chiral auxiliary may be included. High-performance liquid chromatography of diastereomeric intermediates allows preparation of products with greater ee's.
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy: The presentation and management of upper airway obstruction

Diseases of the tonsils and adenoids are among the most common problems seen by physicians who care for children and adolescents. The impact of both infection and obstruction from tonsil and adenoid disease may present in a variety of conditions such as snoring, mouth breathing, fatigue, and obstructive sleep disorder. Understanding the classification, pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and obstructive sleep disorder is not only important for practicing otolaryngologists but also for all health care providers caring for children and adolescents such as primary care physicians, dentists, and orthodontists.
Cholesterol synthesis in rat intestine: Effect of fasting and of porphyrogenic chemical allylisopropylacetamide☆

Abstract (a) Administration of allylisopropylacetamide to fasting rats stimulates intestinal sterol synthesis as measured by incorporation of 14 C from [1- 14 C]sodium acetate. Stimulatory effect of AIA is confined to the acetate to mevalonate segment of cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. (b) It is also shown that the suppression of sterol synthesis in the ileum of intact rats produced by fasting is of the same order of magnitude as that observed for liver sterol synthesis due to fasting.
A Situational Approach to the Study of Police‐Negro Relations*

(1971). A Situational Approach to the Study of Police-Negro Relations. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 232-237.
The Impact of Auditor Changes on CEO Compensation

In this study, I investigate whether auditors are a good external control mechanism to restrain management from intentionally increasing CEO compensation through earnings management. To examine this, I regress variations of CEO cash and total compensation on changes in auditors after controlling financial, stock market, industry and year variables. There are two sample periods. In the period 1993–2004, I examine the impacts of overall auditor changes and auditor changes that are classified by the audit failure or auditor brand names. In the period 2000–2004, I check the influences of auditor resignations and of auditor dismissals due to accounting disagreements. The empirical results show that changes in cash compensation is positively related to the existence of auditor changes and this relationship actually comes from auditor changes from big 5 auditors to non-big 5 auditors. Meanwhile, changes in total compensation is negatively associated with the appearance of auditor switches from non-big 5 auditors to big 5 auditors. These findings are consistent with the notion that big 5 auditors are more active at discouraging earnings management. Overall speaking, the empirical evidences support my belief that auditors do not function very well to monitor managers’ opportunistic behaviors.
Adverse childhood experiences and risk of physical violence in adolescent dating relationships

Background This study evaluates associations of commonly co-occurring childhood adversities with physical violence in dating relationships to identify potential strategies for refining and targeting dating violence prevention programmes. Methods Data on 5130 adult respondents to a nationally representative survey with at least one dating relationship before the age of 21 years were analysed. Logistic regression models assessed associations between 12 childhood adversities and physical dating violence (PDV). Results Adjusting for the number of co-occurring adversities, 10 of the 12 childhood adversities were significantly associated with PDV perpetration or victimisation (OR 1.5–2.8). The population attributable risk proportion of PDV due to all 12 childhood adversities was 53.4%. Childhood adversities with the highest attributable risk proportions were sexual abuse (13.8%), interparental violence (11.6%) and parent mental illness (10.7%). Multivariate prediction equations ranked respondents by their childhood adversity risk profiles; 46.4% of PDV cases occurred in the top two risk deciles. Conclusions Assessment of a broad range of childhood exposures to familial adversities may help to identify adolescents at particularly high risk of PDV and to guide prevention efforts.
Root Metaphor Theory: A Philosophical Framework for Counseling and Psychotherapy

By exploring alternative worldviews or philosophical frames of reference, counselors can look beyond their own encapsulated images of reality and examine different assumptions concerning the nature of psychological phenomena and the process of change. The present article offers an overview of the root metaphors and philosophical assumptions associated with formism, mechanism, contextualism, and organicism—the four worldviews described in Pepper's (1942) philosophical treatise and his presentation of root metaphor theory. Recent and historical trends of development in counseling theory and practice are examined within the context of Pepper's metaphilosophical system.
Thema and FRBR's Third Group

The treatment of subjects by Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) has attracted less attention than some of its other aspects, but there seems to be a general consensus that it needs work. While some have proposed elaborating its subject categories—concepts, objects, events, and places—to increase their semantic complexity, a working group of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) has recently made a promising proposal that essentially bypasses those categories in favor of one entity, thema. This article gives an overview of the proposal and discusses its relevance to another difficult problem, ambiguities in the establishment of headings for buildings.
GROWTH OF THE FETAL GUINEA PIG: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Achievement of the intrauterine growth rate is a goal frequently used in nutrition of preterm infants. Data on the chemical composition of the human are limited and there is curiously little similar data in experimental animals. We studied physical and chemical macronutrient accretion in the fetal guinea pig, a species in which the high fat content and rapid growth rate emphasize the demands of fetal growth upon maternal nutrition. We studied 32 fetuses in 12 litters ranging from 39 days to term (67 d), analyzing the fetuses for wet weight, dry weight, carbon, nitrogen, fat content, caloric content (bomb calorimeter) and amino acid composition. Body weight increased exponentially with gestational age at 7.1%/d. Dry weight concentration tripled from 10% to 30% by term and total dry weight increased at 10.1%/d. Fat concentration rose from 2% at 45 days to 12% at term and fat content increased 13.5%/d. The total caloric accretion rate was 100 kcal/kg/d at 45 days, increasing to 220 kcal/kg/d at term. Over 60% of the caloric accretion was due to fat accretion. Caloric values of fat and non-fat dry weight were 9.5 and 4.5 kcal/g respectively. Amino acids represented 80% of the total body nitrogen and 46% of the total body carbon. These data represent the first systematic study of chemical growth during fetal life in any experimental animal, provide accretion measurements unavailable in human studies and demonstrate the importance of fat accretion in caloric demands of fetal growth.
Data-gathering wireless sensor networks: organization and capacity

In this paper we study the transport capacity of a data-gathering wireless sensor network under different communication organizations. In particular, we consider using a flat as well as a hierarchical/clustering architecture to realize many-to-one communications. The capacity of the network under this many-to-one data-gathering scenario is reduced compared to random one-to-one communication due to the unavoidable creation of a point of traffic concentration at the data collector/receiver. We introduce the overall throughput bound of λ = W/n per node, where W is the transmission capacity, and show under what conditions it can be achieved and under what conditions it cannot. When those conditions are not met, we constructively show how λ = Θ(W/n) is achieved with high probability as the number of sensors goes to infinity. We also show how the introduction of clustering can improve the throughput. We discuss the trade-offs between achieving capacity and energy consumption, how transport capacity might be affected by considering in-network processing and the implications this study has on the design of practical protocols for large-scale data-gathering wireless sensor networks.
Regular Castaing Representations of Multifunctions with Applications to Stochastic Programming

We consider set-valued mappings defined on a topological space with closed convex images in $\mathbb R ^n$. The measurability of a multifunction is characterized by the existence of a Castaing representation for it: a countable set of measurable selections that pointwise fills up the graph of the multifunction. Our aim is to construct a Castaing representation which inherits the regularity properties of the multifunction. The construction uses Steiner points. A notion of a generalized Steiner point is introduced. A Castaing representation called regular is defined by using generalized Steiner selections. All selections are measurable, continuous, resp., Holder-continuous, or directionally differentiable, if the multifunction has the corresponding properties. The results are applied to various multifunctions arising in stochastic programming. In particular, statements about the asymptotic behavior of measurable selections of solution sets via the delta-method are obtained.
Current algebra,. pi pi. scattering lengths, and the S*(980) background contribution

We demonstrate that the recently measured S*(980)..--> pi pi.. decay width implies an S* background contribution in addition to the Weinberg low-energy ..pi pi.. amplitude which significantly improves the agreement between the current-algebra theory for ..pi pi.. scattering lengths and experiment.
Multidimensional Aspects of Adoptive Family Social Disclosure Patterns

ABSTRACT This qualitative study of adoptive parents demonstrates the multidimensional nature of the social disclosure patterns of 44 couples who have adopted at least one child during the past decade. Three main types of social disclosure patterns were found: Advocates, Moderates, and Reluctants. Each type varied on several dimensions: open communication patterns, social networks, internal/external family distinctions, motives, and tactics. This article suggests that despite the binary, dichotomous nature that has previously been asserted in the literature, contemporary adoptive families represent extensive diversity within the adoption community in regards to their multidimensional social disclosure patterns.
AC conductivity parameters of graphene films with THz spectroscopy

The complex conductivity of CVD-grown graphene films between 0.1 and 1.6 THz are obtained using a non-destructive THz etalon transmittance technique. Critical parameters such as ionized-impurity scattering width and chemical potential are derived. The technique can be extended to extract the complex ac conductivity parameters of other thin conducting films or 2DEG materials with high sheet conductance.
Protect thee from the sins of thy fathers

Hepatic fibrosis results from chronic liver injury due to viral infection, metabolic diseases, toxins such as alcohol, or immune attack. Now, a heritable epigenetic determinant of fibrosis has been uncovered, providing evidence that sperm from male rats with liver injury confers reduced fibrosis in their male offspring (pages 1369– 1377).
PHOTOPERIOD EFFECTS ON 2N POLLEN PRODUCTION, RESPONSE TO ANTHER CULTURE, AND NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF A DIPLANDROUS CLONE OF SOLANUM PHUREJA

Flow-cytometric analysis of pollen samples obtained fromSolanum phureja, clone PP5, grown under 10, 14, and 18 hour photoperiods at the Southeastern Plant Environment Laboratories of North Carolina State University yielded two populations of pollen based on size parameters. These populations corresponded to pollen separation based on propidium iodide staining of DNA. Anther culture response from plants grown under 14 and 18 hour photoperiods for 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks was greatest from 8 week old plants grown under a 14 hour photoperiod. Net photosynthesis was significantly higher for plants grown under a 10 hour photoperiod than for plants grown under either a 14, or 18 hour photoperiod. A significant positive correlation was found between net photosynthesis and tuber yield. Results suggest that vegetative growth is increased under short photoperiods, floral development is favored under long photoperiods, and androgenesis is greatest from young plants grown under an intermediate photoperiod.
Increased longevity in offspring of mothers with Alzheimer's disease.

Life expectancy is a familial trait. However, the effectiveness of using the age at death of a deceased parent to estimate life expectancy in their offspring can vary depending on whether death in the parent was due to extrinsic versus intrinsic causes, as well as demographic characteristics such as sex. While Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk increases with increased age, mortality for individuals with AD is increased in contrast to comparably aged individuals without AD. Yet in most cases it is not the defining neuropathology of AD that directly terminates life but instead conditions and illnesses extrinsic to AD pathology that nevertheless have increased likelihood in its presence. For this reason, we hypothesized that offspring of AD mothers would have greater longevity than offspring of mothers without AD (insufficient numbers prevented a comparable analysis using fathers with AD). The longevity of 345 offspring of 100 deceased 60+ year old AD mothers was compared with 5,465 offspring in 1,312 deceased 60+ year old non-AD mothers. We used a proportional hazards model that accounted for clustered (nonindependent) observations due to the inclusion of several offspring from the same family. In both an unadjusted model and one that adjusted for the age at death in the mother, and the sex and birth year in the offspring we found evidence for increased longevity in the offspring of AD mothers. The results suggest that, in addition to genes that might directly affect pathways leading to AD, there may be familial/genetic factors not connected to specific pathophysiological processes in AD but instead associated with increased longevity that contribute to the familial aggregation observed in AD.
Power system stability analysis of synthesized complex impedance loads on an electric ship

Initial design considerations of shipboard power distribution grids require a priori load dynamics assumptions for size assessment, power/energy requirements, and system stability considerations. For the analysis of dc micro-grids, power processing units and dynamic loads are often assumed destabilizing constant power loads for simplified stability studies. The constant power load is shown to be valid under certain load conditions, and other potential destabilizing load forms are introduced and discussed. As an example, a hydrodynamic load on a typical shipboard motor is shown to influence the stability characteristics of the power grid. Additionally, a model reduction analysis is proposed for early stage power system stability analysis.
Cellular regulation of immune interferon production

Abstract Spleen cells obtained from mice injected 24–72 h previously with a T-cell mitogen were poor producers of immune interferon (IFNγ) when restimulated with the same mitogen in vitro. The reduced response appeared to be due to a suppressor cell population, since virgin spleen cells also gave a reduced response when cultured with the cells from injected mice. Through the use of different concentrations of monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibody, the mitogen-induced suppressor cell population was shown to contain a relatively high density of the Thy-1 antigen. The IFN-producing cell population contained a relatively low density of the Thy-1 antigen, and either evolved from cells with a high density of Thy-1 antigen or required such cells as helpers in production of IFNγ. A model is proposed according to which the induction of T cells in mice for IFNγ production then involves a cell population with a relatively high density of Thy-1 antigen. The induced cells appear to evolve into IFN-producing cells of low density of Thy-1 antigen. IFN production by the cells with low density of Thy-1 antigen is suppressed or regulated by another stimulated cell population that, like the virgin T cells, possesses a high density of Thy-1 antigen. The IFN-producing cells with low density of Thy-1 antigen appear to represent a small portion of the total T-cell population.
Shape memory alloy resetable spring lift for pedestrian protection

Pedestrian protection has become an increasingly important aspect of automotive safety with new regulations taking effect around the world. Because it is increasingly difficult to meet these new regulations with traditional passive approaches, active lifts are being explored that increase the "crush zone" between the hood and rigid under-hood components as a means of mitigating the consequences of an impact with a non-occupant. Active lifts, however, are technically challenging because of the simultaneously high forces, stroke and quick timing resulting in most of the current devices being single use. This paper introduces the SMArt (Shape Memory Alloy ReseTable) Spring Lift, an automatically resetable and fully reusable device, which couples conventional standard compression springs to store the energy required for a hood lift, with Shape Memory Alloys actuators to achieve both an ultra high speed release of the spring and automatic reset of the system for multiple uses. Each of the four SMArt Device subsystems, lift, release, lower and reset/dissipate, are individually described. Two identical complete prototypes were fabricated and mounted at the rear corners of the hood, incorporated within a full-scale vehicle testbed at the SMARTT (Smart Material Advanced Research and Technology Transfer) lab at University of Michigan. Full operational cycle testing of a stationary vehicle in a laboratory setting confirms the ultrafast latch release, controlled lift profile, gravity lower to reposition the hood, and spring recompression via the ratchet engine successfully rearming the device for repeat cycles. While this is only a laboratory demonstration and extensive testing and development would be required for transition to a fielded product, this study does indicate that the SMArt Lift has promise as an alternative approach to pedestrian protection.
Estrogen inhibits fetal thymocyte development in vitro

PROBLEM: Transient involution of the maternal thymus in mice is known to occur during pregnancy. We have previously reported that the hormone responsible for this involution is estrogen. Interestingly, although estrogen crosses the placenta, fetal thymus gland enlarges with advancing gestational age. It is not known if fetal thymocytes are resistant to estrogen or if there are other factors that prevent estrogen from exerting an effect on the development of fetal thymocytes. Therefore we studied the effect of estrogen on isolated fetal thymic glands in vitro. METHOD OF STUDY: Pregnant Balb/c mice were sacrificed at 15 days gestation and fetal thymic lobes were obtained from all fetuses. The glands were cultured in vitro using either control medium or medium to which estrogen was added in two concentrations of 0.5 mg/ 100 ml and 1.0 mg/100 ml. After 12 days of organ culture, total thymocyte counts and phenotypic analysis by three color flow cytometry were performed by using monoclonal antibodies to surface markers of T cell subsets. RESULTS: Estrogen treatment caused a marked suppression of the total number of fetal thymocytes. All CD4 and CD8 defined T cell subsets were reduced with a disproportionate loss of CD4+ single positive (SP), CD8+ SP; CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) cells. The early thymocyte developmental stages, based on CD44 and CD25 expression, revealed the CD4-CD8-CD3- triple negative compartment (TN) to be composed of almost entirely the earliest population (CD44+CD25-) with the remaining maturational stages depleted. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that fetal thymus removed from the intact fetus is susceptible to the inhibitory effects of estrogen. Since the fetal thymus enlarges with advanced gestational age, it is clear that the intact fetus invokes a regulatory mechanism which neutralizes the anti-lymphopoietic action of estrogen observed in the adult female.
Guidelines for Assessing Sediment-Related Effects of Dam Removal

Dam removal is becoming more common in the United States as dams age and environmental concerns increase. Sediment management is an important part of many dam removal projects, but there are no commonly accepted methods to assess the level of risk associated with sediment stored behind dams. Therefore, the interagency Subcommittee on Sedimentation (SOS) is sponsoring the development of a decision framework for assessing sediment-related effects from dam removals. The decision framework provides guidance on the level of sediment data collection, analysis, and modeling needed for reservoir sediment management. The framework is based on criteria which scale the characteristics of the reservoir sediment to sediment characteristics of the river on which the reservoir is located. To assist with the framework development, workshops of invited technical experts from around the United States were convened October 2008 in Portland, Oregon and October 2009 in State College, Pennsylvania. The decision framework developed at these workshops is currently being validated with actual dam-removal case studies from across the United States including small, medium, and large reservoir sediment volumes. This paper provides the latest thinking on key components of the guidelines. The paper represents contributions from over 26 entities who have participated in the development of the guidelines. After completion of the case study application, the framework will be finalized and published.
Degradation of perfluoropolyethers catalyzed by aluminum oxide

Thermal stabilities of perfluoropolyethers, Fomblin Z, Fomblin Y, Krytox, and Demnum in the presence of Al2O3 were examined. Fomblin Z was found to degrade at 200°C in two stages, the slow first stage, and the vigorous second stage leading to complete loss of fluid. It is concluded that oxide-to-halide conversion occurs on Al2O3 surface during the first stage. The second stage is attributed to a catalytic process induced by Lewis acid AlF3. Based on NMR and mass spectroscopic evidences the following reaction mechanism is advanced for the second stage: (1) a bidentate linkage is formed between an acidic aluminum and two oxygen atoms of an acetal unit (-O-CF2-O-) of Fomblin Z chains, and (2) the partial positive charge thus developed at the acetal carbon induces a fluorine atom transfer from the adjacent CF2 unit onto the acetal carbon and results in chain scission with transformation of the acetal sector into a methoxy end-group (-O-CF3) and the adjacent unit into either an acylfluoride end-group (FCO-CF2-), or a fluoroformate end-group (FCO-O-CF2-). Lacking acetal units Krytox and Demnum are stable against this degradation process. In the case of Fomblin Y, owing to the paucity of acetal units, no reaction was observed when heated in the presence of Al2O3; when heated with AlCl3, removal of acetal units and consequential formation of functional end-groups were observed.
Palonosetron for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a distressing and common adverse event associated with cancer treatment. Patients consistently report that vomiting and nausea are among the most unpleasant and distressing aspects of chemotherapy [1]. Even one or two emetic episodes is associated with a significant deterioration in the quality of life, as well as physical and cognitive functioning, and may cause patients to delay or refuse potentially curative therapy [2–4]. The individual patient risk of CINV is associated with the type of chemotherapy administered [5] and specific patient characteristics [6]. Agents such as cisplatin and dacarbazine have high emetogenic potential with emesis in nearly all patients, while carboplatin, anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide (<1500 mg/m) are considered moderately emetogenic, with emesis occurring in more than 30% of patients. Etoposide, gemcitabine and mitoxantrone are of low emetogenic potential, with emesis occurring in 10–30% of patients. Age of less than 50 years, female gender, history of low prior chronic alcohol intake, history of motion sickness and emesis during pregnancy are significant risk factors for CINV. Studies on the prevention of CINV report on three distinct but related CINV periods [6]: Palonosetron for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer
Evaluation of the patient who has sleep complaints: a case-based method using the sleep process matrix.

There are four sleep symptoms that patients can have: difficulty with sleep onset, problems occurring during sleep, difficulty awakening from sleep, and daytime sleepiness. These symptoms develop when there is a problem in one or more of the nine fundamental process domains that control sleep. These fundamental sleep process domains are: circadian, homeostatic, ultradian, developmental, cardiorespiratory, neurological, psychiatric/behavioral, drugs/alcohol, and other medical problems. Successful treatment of the sleep problems depends on the correct identification of the underlying sleep processes that are causing the sleep symptom. The sleep process matrix is a way of organizing one's thinking to accomplish this task.
Occupational health and safety amongst municipal solid waste workers in Florida

Injury and disease distributions amongst municipal solid waste (MSW) workers in Florida were analyzed from data from the Florida Workers' Compensation scheme between 1993 to 1997. Municipal solid waste workers in Florida were most commonly exposed to musculoskeletal and dermal injury risks such as strains or sprains, contusions, fractures, and lacerations. Strains or sprains represented 47.7% of all the reported injuries, similar to the proportion found for other Florida industrial workers (45.7%). Waste collectors (drivers or helpers) had a higher risk of injury than other workers in the MSW industry. Whilst injury rates for all Florida industrial workers decreased, the injury rates of MSW workers almost doubled from 1993 to 1997. It was noted that workers' compensation claims represent only a fraction of total injuries. Possible reasons for the high risks were discussed. Occupational diseases amongst MSW workers are believed to be under reported. Further studies on different waste management worker subp...
Notch signaling regulates neural precursor allocation and binary neuronal fate decisions in zebrafish

Notch signaling plays a well-described role in regulating the formation of neurons from proliferative neural precursors in vertebrates but whether, as in flies, it also specifies sibling cells for different neuronal fates is not known. Ventral spinal cord precursors called pMN cells produce mostly motoneurons and oligodendrocytes, but recent lineage-marking experiments reveal that they also make astrocytes, ependymal cells and interneurons. Our own clonal analysis of pMN cells in zebrafish showed that some produce a primary motoneuron and KA′ interneuron at their final division. We investigated the possibility that Notch signaling regulates a motoneuron-interneuron fate decision using a combination of mutant, transgenic and pharmacological manipulations of Notch activity. We show that continuous absence of Notch activity produces excess primary motoneurons and a deficit of KA′ interneurons, whereas transient inactivation preceding neurogenesis results in an excess of both cell types. By contrast, activation of Notch signaling at the neural plate stage produces excess KA′ interneurons and a deficit of primary motoneurons. Furthermore, individual pMN cells produce similar kinds of neurons at their final division in mib mutant embryos, which lack Notch signaling. These data provide evidence that, among some postmitotic daughters of pMN cells, Notch promotes KA′ interneuron identity and inhibits primary motoneuron fate, raising the possibility that Notch signaling diversifies vertebrate neuron type by mediating similar binary fate decisions.
THE PATTERNS AND COSTS OF SERVICES USE AMONG HOMELESS FAMILIES

This study examines families’ use of behavioral health hospitalization and foster care placement before, during, and after shelter use, comparing families based on shelter pattern and type of housing exit. Results show that inpatient and foster care services use drops in the homelessness period, but rebounds after exit, regardless of pattern of shelter use and type of housing exit. Results suggest that shelters supplant use of services, but not on a sustained basis. Despite declines in concurrent services use, the homelessness period is overall more costly for episodically and long-term shelter users, primarily owing to the high costs of shelter. High rates of inpatient and foster care services use after the homeless spell suggest that providers of homeless assistance should systematically screen and refer homeless families to ongoing community-based service supports. Service use patterns indicate that homeless spells may disrupt continuity of care with community-based health and social services. C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Information dissemination management/advanced intelligent network services for Department of Defense

This paper describes DISA's requirements for a information dissemination management/advanced intelligent network that investigates new or emerging technologies associated with DISN and other DoD transmission networks. The primary thrust to develop a conversion path for the merging of data, video, and voice transmission. A secondary goal is to improve information awareness/information assurance while reducing the need for transmission of duplicative information. Lastly, a roadmap is developed to enable the ultimate end users to access the information in real-time with little or no wasted time and effort.
Halogen/methyl exchange in a series of isostructural 1,3-bis(m-dihalophenyl)ureas

The solid state structures of a family of 1,3-bis(m-di-X-phenyl)ureas where X = Cl, Br, I and their mono- and di-tolyl analogues were determined. Crystal growth from a variety of solutions yielded isostructural and isomorphous P21212 phases for all compounds. The molecules associate into infinite [R12(6)] hydrogen bonded urea chains which are reinforced through π–π stacking interactions of neighboring phenyl rings within the chain. Short halogen–halogen contacts between anti-parallel urea chains are also observed. Ab initio calculations indicate that the rotational barrier about the amide bond is small, and that the molecular conformations observed in the crystal structures are close in energy to the calculated minima. These calculations suggest that a variety of low energy geometric conformations may be present in solution. Using a small scale conventional polymorph screening protocol (∼9 crystallization solvents and combinations thereof), analysis of the phase purity of powders obtained from a variety of solutions revealed the orthorhombic phase to be the predominant form for all compounds in all solvents. However, additional peaks were observed in select powder X-ray diffraction patterns, leaving open the possibility that concomitant polymorphism or solvate formation occurs for some compounds under particular crystallization conditions.
Studies on Drug Toxicity in Chicks*1. The Influence of Various Levels of Megasul (Nitrophenide, M, M1 Dinitrodiphenyl Disulfide) on Growth and Development of Chicks

Abstract MEGASUL is an anticoccidial compound. It is added to poultry feeds for the prevention, control or treatment of cecal and intestinal coccidiosis; i.e. Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix. Although the drug has been widely used in the poultry industry for a number of years, there is very little in the literature relative to the effects of feeds that contain levels above .0125% Many of the drugs that are used for the prevention and treatment of diseases in man and animals, as well as some of those which are used for their growth promoting properties in animals, have been found to cause adverse affects under certain conditions. Drug levels other than those recommended by the manufacturer are frequently reported to cause trouble. Extended periods of drug administration even at recommended levels may result in untoward effects. Endicott et al. (1944) reported bone marrow depression and scattered hemorrhage in rats consuming diets …
Quantification of Site-Specific Cation Exchange in Metal−Organic Frameworks Using Multi-Wavelength Anomalous X‑ray Dispersion

We employed multiwavelength anomalous X-ray dispersion to determine the relative cation occupation at two crystallographically distinct metal sites in Fe2+-, Cu2+-, and Zn2+-exchanged versions of the microporous metal–organic framework (MOF) known as MnMnBTT (BTT = 1,3,5-benzenetristetrazolate). By exploiting the dispersive differences between Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, the extent and location of cation exchange were determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data sets collected near the K edges of Mn2+ and of the substituting metal, and at a wavelength remote from either edge as a reference. Comparing the anomalous dispersion between these measurements indicated that the extent of Mn2+ replacement depends on the identity of the substituting metal. We contrasted two unique methods to analyze this data with a conventional approach and evaluated their limitations with emphasis on the general application of this method to other heterometallic MOFs, where site-specific metal identification is fundamental to tu...
Lessons Learned From the Clinical Trials of Novel Biologics and Small Molecules in Lupus Nephritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a ripe area for drug development. There are great unmet needs, especially for those with lupus nephritis, in which good responses occur only in the minority of treated patients. An expanded understanding of immunopathogenesis of SLE coupled with the availability of sophisticated bioengineering technologies has resulted in the ability to supply the lupus community with the reagents needed to perform clinical trials. However, drug development in SLE has proven to be particularly challenging. Only one drug, belimumab, has been approved for patients with SLE through the traditional route of randomized controlled trials. The basis for our failures is unknown, but most assuredly relates to trial design issues, confounding by background medicines, and the multiplicity of active biologic pathways in this disease. Off-label use of failed trial drugs such as mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab paradoxically has become routine in many parts of the world. Despite the obstacles, there currently is unprecedented clinical trial activity in lupus nephritis, which most likely will lead to at least one drug approval in years to come.
The use of model polymer networks to elucidate molecular aspects of rubberlike elasticity

Establishing quantitative structure-property relationships for elastomeric materials requires independent information characterizing the network structure crucial to their rubberlike behavior. Such information can be obtained by using highly selective cross-linking reactions instead of the usual indiscriminate joining of chain segments (such as occurs in sulfur or peroxide cures or in high energy irradiations). The present review shows how such selectively prepared “model” elastomers can be used to elucidate the dependence of a variety of elastomeric properties on network structure.
Rat sublingual gland as a model to study glandular mucous cell secretion

To study the regulation of mucous cell secretion, we have developed an in vitro cell model consisting of enzymatically dispersed mucous acinar structures (cell aggregates) from rat sublingual glands. Histological and ultrastructural evidence demonstrates that the cell aggregates are highly enriched in mucous cells, retain the morphological and ultrastructural features observed in intact glands, and undergo transition to an extensive secretory state when stimulated by 10 microM carbachol. The secretory responsiveness of the cell aggregates was verified in pharmacological studies. Carbachol stimulated secretion in a dose-dependent manner with high affinity (concentration causing half-maximal response = 0.3 microM) and was completely inhibited by atropine. Secretion was also stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P but not by alpha- or beta-adrenergic agonists. Biochemical characterization of secretion during nonstimulated and carbachol-stimulated conditions (after preincubation in [3H]glucosamine) demonstrated that, in response to carbachol, cell aggregates synthesized and secreted mucins which were similar to mucin glycoproteins isolated from whole glands. Collectively, our results establish that the rat sublingual cell aggregate model is a viable and pharmacologically responsive cell system to study the regulation of mucous cell secretion.