cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport of europium colloids in vadose zone lysimeters at the semiarid Hanford site.

The objective of this study was to quantify transport of Eu colloids in the vadose zone at the semiarid Hanford site. Eu-hydroxy-carbonate colloids, Eu(OH)(CO3), were applied to the surface of field lysimeters, and migration of the colloids through the sediments was monitored using wick samplers. The lysimeters were exposed to natural precipitation (145–231 mm/year) or artificial irrigation (124–348 mm/year). Wick outflow was analyzed for Eu concentrations, supplemented by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Small amounts of Eu colloids (<1%) were detected in the deepest wick sampler (2.14 m depth) 2.5 months after application and cumulative precipitation of only 20 mm. We observed rapid transport of Eu colloids under both natural precipitation and artificial irrigation; that is, the leading edge of the Eu colloids moved at a velocity of 3 cm/day within the first 2 months after application. Episodic infiltration (e.g., Chinook snowmelt events) caused peaks of Eu in the wick outflow. ...
Unifite muds in intraslope basins, northwest gulf of Mexico

Uniformly structureless clayey muds, very much like those termed unifites or homogenites in the Mediterranean and other basins, occur in intraslope basins in the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Their organic carbon and carbonate contents indicate a terrigenous source. Their age (about 17,000 B.P.) approximates the time when large-scale slumping of terrigenous delta fronts formed the Mississippi Canyon (Trough). Their compositional dissimiliarity to nearby hemiplagic mud precludes a homogenite-like origin involving a tsunami. However, it is uncertain whether they are end-products of bypassing (unifites) or entrapments of entire flows of sandless clays from deltaic facies of the same composition.
Slow light in bulk materials and optical fibers

This study investigates slow light in bulk materials and optical fibers. Progress in developing new slow-light techniques and applications are also presented. Slow light techniques hold great promise for applications in telecom and quantum information processing.
Classroom Public Speaking Assessment: Reliability and Validity of Selected Evaluation Instruments.

In this article, the researchers investigate reliability and validity of a variety of speech evaluation instruments used in public speaking classes. Raters from diverse backgrounds and experience evaluated videotaped speeches using various evaluation forms. Results indicate student speeches can be evaluated reliably and validly using any of a number of different evaluation forms that address the fundamental speech constructs of content and delivery. In addition, lack of extensive rater training and experience do not appear to have a major negative impact on the evaluation process.
Self-Determination and International Order

Towards the end of the first world war, a “principle of self-determination” was proposed as a foundation for international order. In the words of its chief advocate, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, it specified that the “settlement of every question, whether of territory, of sovereignty, of economic arrangement, or of political relationship” is to be made “upon the basis of the free acceptance of that settlement by the people immediately concerned and not upon the basis of the material interest or advantage of any other nation or people which may desire a different settlement for sake of its own exterior influence or mastery” (Wilson 1927, 233). The principle was prominent in deliberations about lands newly liberated by the first world war, and, in the aftermath of the second, it was enshrined within Article 1 of the United Nations Charter which called upon member nations “to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples.” Its status within international law was further heightened by the 1966 Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, whose first articles specify the following: “All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.” In 1970, General Assembly Resolution 2625 added that, “every state has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provision of the Charter.”
The use of multidimensional liquid-phase separations and mass spectrometry for the detailed characterization of posttranslational modifications in glycoproteins.

The goal of characterization of the proteome, while challenging in itself, is further complicated by the microheterogeneity introduced by posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation. A combination of liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and mass spectrometry (MS) offers the advantages of unique selectivity and high efficiency of the separation methods combined with the mass specificity and sensitivity of MS. In the current work, the combination of liquid-phase separations and mass spectrometry is demonstrated through the on-line coupling of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and off-line coupling with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF-MS). LC/ESI-MS yields real-time results while maintaining the separation obtained from the LC analysis. CE/MALDI TOF-MS offers high-mass detection and extremely low detection limits. The unique separation selectivity of CE relative to reversed-phase HPLC separations of the ...
Interactive visualization techniques for optical system design and alignment

ABSTRACTWe have developed a software package for interactive design of optical systems. This software has extensive graphic visualization methods to interactively study the alignmentcharacteristics of an optical system. The optical system layout, the multi-dimensional opticalparameter spaces, and the image space can be displayed on a computer screen. The user can interactively vary one or more design and alignment parameters and analyze the corresponding behavior of the system. This results in a very powerful design tool. In thispaper we present some details of the software package and preliminary results in optical system design and alignment. 1. INTRODUCTION Optical system design (OSD) is based on well-known optical principles expressed as a set of well defined mathematical expressions. These mathematical operations have been incorporated into software and are commercially available as optical design codes, CODEV, ACOS, etc. An expert optical designer defines a 'figure of merit' and then guided by heuristicrules, uses one of the optical codes in an iterative manner to arrive at a design to optimize the'figure of merit'.
Spatio-temporal Patterns of Pre-harvest Brown Rot Epidemics within Individual Peach Tree Canopies

Tree canopies are architecturally complex and pose several challenges for measuring and characterizing spatial patterns of disease. Recently developed methods for fine-scale canopy mapping and three-dimensional spatial pattern analysis were applied in a 3-year study to characterize spatio-temporal development of pre-harvest brown rot of peach, caused by Monilinia fructicola, in 13 trees of different maturity classes. We observed a negative correlation between an index of disease aggregation and disease incidence in the same tree (r = −0.653, P 10 blossom blight symptoms per tree showed a significant positive spatial association of pre-harvest fruit rot to blossom blight within the same canopy. Spatial association analyses further revealed one of two outcomes for the association of new fruit rot symptoms with previous fruit rot symptoms in the same tree, whereby the relationship was either not significant or exhibited a significant negative association. In the latter scenario, the newly diseased fruit were farther apart from previously symptomatic fruit than expected by random chance. This unexpected result could have been due to uneven fruit ripening in different sectors of the canopy, which could have affected the timing of symptom development and thus led to negative spatial associations among symptoms developing over time in a tree.
Pion-nucleus multiple scattering using separable t matrices. I. Multiple scattering formalism

The theory of pion-nucleus multiple scattering is developed in the fixed nucleon approximation, using a separable form for the pion-nucleon $t$ matrices. The solution of the set of equations represents multiple scattering to all orders. The extension of the theory to describe charge-exchange pion scattering is discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Pion-nucleus multiple-scattering theory, separable pion-nucleon $t$ matrices, fixed nucleon approximation.
Heterologous Expression and Characterization of the Manganese-Oxidizing Protein from Erythrobacter sp. Strain SD21

The manganese (Mn)-oxidizing protein (MopA) from Erythrobacter sp. strain SD21 is part of a unique enzymatic family that is capable of oxidizing soluble Mn(II). This enzyme contains two domains, an animal heme peroxidase domain, which contains the catalytic site, followed by a C-terminal calcium binding domain. Different from the bacterial Mn-oxidizing multicopper oxidase enzymes, little is known about MopA. To gain a better understanding of MopA and its role in Mn(II) oxidation, the 238-kDa full-length protein and a 105-kDa truncated protein containing only the animal heme peroxidase domain were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Despite having sequence similarity to a peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide did not stimulate activity, nor was activity significantly decreased in the presence of catalase. Both pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and hemin increased Mn-oxidizing activity, and calcium was required. The Km for Mn(II) of the full-length protein in cell extract was similar to that of the natively expressed protein, but the Km value for the truncated protein in cell extract was approximately 6-fold higher than that of the full-length protein, suggesting that the calcium binding domain may aid in binding Mn(II). Characterization of the heterologously expressed MopA has provided additional insight into the mechanism of bacterial Mn(II) oxidation, which will aid in understanding the role of MopA and Mn oxidation in bioremediation and biogeochemical cycling.
Experiments with Parallelizing Tribology Simulations

Different parallelization methods vary in their system requirements, programming styles, efficiency of exploring parallelism, and the application characteristics they can handle. For different situations, they can exhibit totally different performance gains. This paper compares OpenMP, MPI, and Strings for parallelizing a complicated tribology problem. The problem size and computing infrastructure is changed to assess the impact of this on various parallelization methods. All of them exhibit good performance improvements and it exhibits the necessity and importance of applying parallelization in this field.
Event-based re-training of statistical contention models for heterogeneous multiprocessors

Embedded single-chip heterogeneous multiprocessor (SCHM) systems experience frequent system events such as task pre-emption, power-saving voltage/frequency scaling, or arrival of new events/data from the outside world. Traditionally, the designers model these events by explicitly coupling them to corresponding simulation events within environments such as SystemC. However, this approach places a burden on the designer to identify which events are important enough to be captured by simulation, resulting in an overly conservative selection of events to model. This work presents a technique for de-coupling of system events from simulation events, removing the burden from the designer to determine which events significantly affect the system performance model, while decreasing simulation runtime. Enabling this de-coupling is a prediction model that quantifies the magnitude of changes introduced by system events, and identifies those important enough to be considered simulation events. The prediction model is evaluated by over 4000 separate scenarios featuring dynamic event changes to processor speed, bus speed, application type, and application input data, finding that almost 70% of tested events impacted contention modeling by less than 10%. Without resorting to detailed simulation, the prediction model captures the system event effects to within 5% of actual measured error, while staying within 18% in 95% of all tests.
COEXISTENCE OF SIMILAR SPECIES IN A SPACE-LIMITED INTERTIDAL ZONE

The lower intertidal zone (0.0 to +1.0 m mean low water [MLW]) of rocky shores in New England is a space-limited community occupied by two similar rhodophyte seaweeds, Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus, that overlap broadly in their use of three essential resources: space, light, and nutrients. C. crispus coexists primarily with the prostrate-crust generation of M. stellatus lower on the shore (less than +0.35 m MLW) and with the alternate upright-frond generation higher on the shore (greater than +0.35 m MLW). Our objectives were to determine (1) whether these two species compete and (2) if so, what process(es) enable their coexistence. Upright fronds of M. stellatus transplanted to the lowest intertidal zone (less than +0.25 m MLW) where C. crispus predominates grew faster and showed higher survivorship after 2 yr than those transplanted to areas where M. stellatus predominates. However, the failure of upright fronds of M. stellatus to consistently recruit limits their abundance in the lowest z...
Hypocrisy and the Standing to Blame

Hypocrites are often thought to lack the standing to blame others for faults similar to their own. Although this claim is widely accepted, it is seldom argued for. We offer an argument for the claim that nonhypocrisy is a necessary condition on the standing to blame. We first offer a novel, dispositional account of hypocrisy. Our account captures the commonsense view that hypocrisy involves making an unjustified exception of oneself. This exception-making involves a rejection of the impartiality of morality and thereby a rejection of the equality of persons, which we argue grounds the standing to blame others.
The Influence of Feeder Space upon Chick Growth

ABSTRACT POULTRY producers use a variety of feed space allowances for their chicks during the brooding period and different recommendations may be found in publications. A standard recommendation frequently given is that of the Nutrition Council of the American Feed Manufacturers Association which allows the following feeder spaces: 0–2 weeks of age—1” per chick 3–6 weeks of age—1¾” per chick 7–12 weeks of age—3” per chick Additional space during warm weather A search of the literature reveals a number of reports on feeder space studies with laying stock but a relative scarcity of feeder space studies with chicks. Lanson et al. (1956) reporting a study comparing types of feeders in which different amounts of feeder space were used indicated that feeders and spaces as reported did not influence growth. Krueger et al. (1957) reported that broiler birds provided 3 linear inches of feeder space per . . .
The effect of area, density, and number of background characters on visual search

In a search task, area of search field, density of background characters, and number of background characters are not independent. Many authors have found increases in search times with each of these factors but have not adequately controlled all three together. In this experiment, eight subjects searched a set of search fields covering combinations of all three variables. Search time was found to depend most heavily on number of background characters, but there were significant effects due to the other two variables. For a constant number of background characters, search time decreases as density increases. Direct visual lobe measurements confirmed these findings, which could have importance in visual inspection tasks.
Elastic properties of cast films from propylene elastomers

Propylene-rich ethylene–propylene copolymers (P-E elastomers) made using metallocene catalysts exhibit excellent elastic properties, including high elongation to break and low tension set, particularly when blended with polyethylene or polypropylene and then compression molded. During film casting, the orientation imposed on a P-E elastomer lowers the extensibility and elastic recovery of films prepared from either neat P-E or P-E blends. A reduction in elongation to break of P-E films, with or without blending, was found to correlate with an increase in planar birefringence. The presence of dispersed phases of PP or high density polyethylene in P-E blends, which are drawn into elongated ellipsoids aligned in the machine direction, further reduces the recovery of these P-E blends. This reduction in elastic recovery for films made from P-E blends with aligned ellipsoidal dispersions was attributed to strain amplification around the dispersed particles in accordance with finite element simulation results, and was directly related to the dispersion tip radius. Films from P-E elastomer blended with high density polyethylene (high interfacial tension) were demonstrated to have lower planar orientation in addition to reduced dispersion deformation, and, therefore, better elastic properties, versus films in which the P-E elastomer was blended with PP (low interfacial tension). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Transonic shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions in a circular duct

Detailed pitot, static, and wall pressure measurements have been obtained for a transonic normal shockwave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction at freestream Mach numbers of 1.28, 1.37, and 1.48, and at a constant unit Reynolds number of 4.92xl0 6/m in an axisymmetric, internal flow. Measurements have also been obtained at a unit Reynolds number of 9.84xl0 6/m at a freestream Mach number of 1.29. The interaction depends very strongly on the Mach number. The effect of Reynolds number on the unseparated interaction is small. Flow blockage due to the wind tunnel wall boundary layer produces a weaker interaction and a much larger supersonic tongue than observed for planar flows. Comparisons are made with solutions to the timedependent, mass-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations incorporating a two-equation, Wilcox-Rubesin turbulence model. The computations are in agreement with the experimental results.
Real-time loading of the isolated heart with a wave transmission arterial model

A technique for studying the real-time effects of arterial wave reflections on the performance of the isolated left ventricle was investigated. Real-time arterial loading of an isolated ferret heart with an asymmetric T-tube wave transmission model was obtained with the use of a multiprocessor computer system and a volume control linear motor pump. The multiprocessor computer system was programmed to compute the instantaneous aortic flow from the instantaneous ventricular pressure. The time integral of the flow was used as a command to the linear motor pump to control the instantaneous ventricular volume. This loading system allows one to impose a wide variety of vascular impedances on the ventricle by changing the parameters of the asymmetric T-tube model. >
When Frame Extension Fails Operation Rescue and the “Triple Gates of Hell” in Orlando

In December of 1997 and June of 1998, the declining anti-abortion organization Operation Rescue attempted to extend its collective action frame of “saving babies” or “protecting children” by conducting a series of protests in Florida that included Barnes & Noble bookstores and Walt Disney World. While these activities made sense within the religious right's master frame of Christian Reconstructionism, the protests failed to help Operation Rescue improve its reputation or increase its membership. This article provides a contribution to the social movement framing literature by analyzing a case of failed frame extension and by taking the political context and tactics of the social movement organization (SMO) in question into account.
Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Blood Pressure in Subjects with Pre-Hypertension

Abstract: Pre-hypertension affects approximately 31% of the adult population of the United States over the age of 18 years. It is defined in the 7 th report of the Joint National Committee (JNC - 7) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg. JNC-7 also recommended that individuals considered to be prehypertensive require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent cardiovascular disease. This study was undertaken to determine whether a grape seed extract (GSE) which is a nutraceutical containing vasodilator phenolic compounds lowers blood pressure in subjects with pre-hypertension. The subjects were randomized into a placebo or an experimental group (GSE at a dose of 300 mg/day) and treated for 8 weeks. Serum lipids and blood glucose were measured at the beginning of the study and at the end. The blood pressure was recorded using an ambulatory monitoring device at the start of the treatment period and at the end. Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower after treatment with GSE. Treatment with the placebo had no effect on blood pressure. There were no significant changes in serum lipids or blood glucose values. These findings suggest that GSE could be used as a nutraceutical in a lifestyle modification program for patients with pre-hypertension. Keywords: Grape seed extract, pre-hypertension, human, polyphenolics.
Value of reserve pulse pressure in improving the risk stratification of patients with normal myocardial perfusion imaging

Aims To evaluate the incremental prognostic value of reserve-pulse pressure (reserve-PP: exercise-PP minus rest-PP) to standard risk factors among patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) but normal exercise myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Methods and results We studied 4269 consecutive symptomatic patients without known CAD who were referred for exercise MPI but had normal MPI results (mean age 58 ± 12 years, 56% females, 84% referred for evaluation of chest pain or dyspnoea, 95% with intermediate pretest likelihood of CAD). There were 202 deaths over 5.1 ± 1.4 years of follow-up. Reserve-PP was abnormal (<44 mmHg increase in PP from rest) in 1894 patients (44%). Patients with an abnormal reserve-PP had a higher risk of death compared with patients with normal reserve-PP [hazard ratio (HR): 2.47, 95% CI, 1.8–3.3]. In multivariable models adjusting for age, sex, ejection fraction, medications, heart rate recovery, Duke treadmill score (DTS), and rest-PP, each 10 mmHg lower reserve-PP was associated with a 20.6% increase in risk-adjusted mortality (adjusted HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.91). Models incorporating reserve-PP significantly reclassified risk compared with models without these parameters (net reclassification index 14.3%, P = 0.0007; integrated discrimination index 0.69, P = 0.01). Conclusion In patients without a history of CAD and a normal MPI, an abnormal reserve-PP identified and reclassified those at higher risk of death independent of known risk factors and DTS.
Effects of E-Mailed Versus Mailed Invitations and Incentives on Response Rates, Data Quality, and Costs in a Web Survey of University Faculty

While a large literature indicates that using a mixed-mode approach to notify or contact potential respondents can be effective in increasing response rates, surprisingly little research examines the impact the mode of invitation has on participation in a web survey. To assess the effects of invitation mode on response rates, costs, and demographic representativeness, university faculty members (N = 280) were randomly assigned to experimental groups and sent a mailed invitation letter and a $2 cash incentive; a mailed invitation letter only; or an e-mailed invitation. Nonresponding faculty received up to two reminders to participate, by e-mail. Results indicated that the response rates were higher for the groups invited using a postal letter, but the inclusion of $2 did not significantly increase the response rates. Consistent with expectations, while costs were higher for the mailed invitation groups, the mailed invitations improved the demographic representativeness of the respondents, especially for the $2 incentive group. This study builds on a small body of literature that explicitly examines the mode of invitation on survey participation in web surveys and adds to previous findings by examining costs and effects on the demographic representativeness of the respondents.
Spatial Evolution of Resonant Harmonic Mode Triads in a Blasius Boundary Layer

†Blasius boundary layer evolution is studied by means of bicoherence calculations. The layer is acoustically excited at the T-S frequency to provide a controlled transition. Measurements are made using a smooth surface as well as various roughness patterns. The bicoherence calculations are used to determine the extent to which frequency resonant velocity fluctuation waves can participate in energy exchange. The emphasis is on downstream variation of the individual interactions among harmonic modes. A limited picture of the role of quadratic wave interactions is revealed.
New Developments in Reduction-in-Force: A Brief Historical Analysis of a Business Strategy

After nearly three decades of corporate restructurings and reorganizations, the modern organization has continued to resort to reductions-in-force (RIF) strategies. This article presents an overview and a brief historical analysis of some of the most popular RIF concepts that have been adopted by firms and governmental agencies on a global scale since the late 1970s. The review found that most RIF tools have their root in the core-periphery model. While some of the more traditional RIF strategies have remained popular, the paper showcased two contemporary practices; the traditional (nonselective) layoffs and stealth layoffs. A discussion of modern-day restructuring and RIF practices was deemed timely given the high levels of layoffs currently occurring in the global automotive, retail, and finance-related industries. Finally, a particular focus is placed on presenting practical implications of the conduct of RIF for the firm, the managers, and the individual employees.
The New Uniform Power of Attorney Act: Balancing Protection of the Principal, the Agent, and Third Persons

In the current climate of power of attorney legislative reform, there exists an inherent tension between two objectives: 1) preservation of the effectiveness of durable powers as a low-cost, flexible, and private form of surrogate decision making and 2) protection of incapacitated principals from financial abuse. Achieving the first objective is further complicated by fear of liability on the part of trustworthy agents and the third parties who are asked to accept their authority. This article examines these policy intersections and analyzes how the new Uniform Power of Attorney Act balances competing interests to enhance the usefulness of powers of attorney while at the same time protecting the principal, the agent, and third parties who accept powers of attorney.
Will Retroactive Proposition 30 Ever Be Challenged

Professor Doti's article challenges the constitutionality of California Proposition 30. California voters passed Proposition 30 in 2012 to increase for seven years the income tax rates for those making more than $250,000. The highest tax bracket for individuals with more than $500,000 in taxable income was increased from 9.3% to 12.3%. Proposition 30 was approved by voters on November 6, 2012, but the increased rates were made retroactive — without effective notice — to January 1, 2012.Retroactive tax laws eviscerate respect for the law and may result in a deprivation of due process of law under the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Proposition 30 exemplifies the inherent unfairness of a retroactive tax and may be unconstitutional. But challenging it may be a tough battle, as the United States Supreme Court has been deferential to retroactive taxes.
Review of Per-Olof Wikstrom et al., Breaking Rules: The Social and Situational Dynamics of Young People’s Urban Crime

In Breaking Rules: The Social and Situational Dynamics of Young People’s Urban Crime, the authors examine the interactive elements that attempt to explain the commission of crime among youth within the context of specific locations. By examining the social structure of an urban setting in the United Kingdom, the text offers insightful information and research associated with the relative value of the Situational Action Theory within the context of criminological theory. This includes a number of methodological aspects including the descriptive and research characteristics related to criminological exposure and propensities. A key component of the text underscores the relationship between youth activity, exposure to criminogenic settings, and the existence of criminal activity within certain locations through the use of space-time analysis and perception-choice processes. In chapter 1, entitled Situational Action Theory, the authors establish a premise for the efficacy associated with the situational action theory (SAT) by discussing the incoherent and fundamental deficiencies that exist within criminological theory. To begin this assessment, various concepts and assumptions of the SAT are identified along with a number of individual, environmental, and situational factors related to the commission of crime and delinquent behavior. The basis of utilizing the SAT theory in relation to youth crime offers a perspective which proposes that the commission of offensive behavior is a result of perception, interaction, criminal propensity, and exposure. This lends itself into a more extensive description of the causes of deviant behavior through the analysis of perception and social interaction. The chapter concludes by comparing the use of the SAT along with a number of key foundational theories (i.e., social disorganization, routine activity) as well as the importance of incorporating both social and situational aspects in the explanation of deviant behavior. Chapters 2 and 3, entitled The Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study and Young People’s Crime, Crime Propensity, and Criminogenic Exposure: Key Constructs and Basic Findings, presents the research methods associated with the investigation of the behavior of youth within a city (Peterborough) in the United Kingdom. This begins with a discussion regarding the rationale associated with the selection of the location Asian Criminology (2014) 9:245–248 DOI 10.1007/s11417-013-9171-5
Signs of protest rhetoric: From Logos to logistics in Luther's Ninety-Five Theses

ABSTRACTOur paper conceptualizes protest rhetoric in order to theorize the underlying relationship between communication and subjectivity. We do this by highlighting how rhetorical protest challenges the sovereignty of voice. Our argument is that Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses is an example of a sign that protests. To make this argument, we use a materialist method from media studies that simultaneously examines the formal capacities of a sign that protests and maps its historical transformation. Our analysis opens with the two prevailing accounts of Luther's theses: disputation and dissemination. We extend both disputation and dissemination by placing them in a “universal history” of protest rhetoric that grounds many accepted critical rhetorical theories in specific systems of representation. Drawing together our findings, we conclude by urging the replacement of logos and logocentrism with the logistics of protest rhetoric in order to link together disputation and dissemination as a mechanism for b...
Susceptibility of Young Leghorn Chickens to an Ornithosis Agent Isolated from Turkeys

species of birds under natural conditions (Meyer, 1965). Among commercially raised birds, pigeons, turkeys, ducks and geese have been associated with ornithosis in man, but only rarely have chickens been implicated. In 1942 Meyer and Eddie described the disease in a woman who tended a flock of chickens from which the virus was isolated. Since that time Karrer et al (1950), Mandel and Jordan (1952), Irons et al (1951), and Meyer (1965) have isolated ornithosis agents from chickens associated with the disease in man. More recently, Storz et al (1963) isolated an ornithosis-like agent of relatively low virulence from 2-day-old chickens submitted for diagnosis because of a nervous disorder.
Efficacy of end-only-functionalized oligo(arylene-ethynylene)s in killing bacterial biofilms

Cationic end-only-functionalized oligo(arylene-ethynylene)s (EO-OPEs) have recently been found to be broad-spectrum and effective antimicrobial agents because of their unique structure and optical properties. In this study, we investigated their potential use for preventing and reducing Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilms. The Calgary biofilm device (CBD) was used to form bacterial biofilms of E. coli; in these studies, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were determined. E. coli biofilms uniformly grow on pegs of the CBD device lid. The MIC values determined for EO-OPEs are comparable to those found for standard antibiotics such as kanamycin (MIC = 11.2 μg/mL). About 10-30 times the concentration of EO-OPEs was required to eradicate E. coli biofilms and prevent regrowth in the dark. Near-UV irradiation of EO-OPEs enhanced their efficacy in killing biofilms.
Will Moving to a Better Neighborhood Help? Teenage Residential Mobility, Change of Context, and Young-Adult Educational Attainment:

Research suggests that growing up in more affluent neighborhoods improves educational attainment. But would it help adolescents to move to relatively more affluent neighborhoods, as theories of nei...
Integrated house fly control: populations of fly larvae and predaceous mites, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, in poultry manure after larvicide treatment.

The populations of 3rd-instar larvae of house fly, Muscadomestica L., and adults of Macrocheles muscaedomestirae (Scopoli) (Acarina: Macrochelidae), which are predaceous on the eggs and 1st-instar larvae of the house fly, were determined at intervals before and after the application of 12 insecticides to the manure under caged laying hens. Selective toxicities which could be used to advantage in larviciding for fly control were not found. The few chemicals which did not destroy the mite population gave very little control of fly larvae, while those which gave some control of fly larvae (for periods up to 2 weeks) were deleterious to the mite population. The mite population increased very slowly following decimation by insecticide treatment, while the numbers of fly larvae increased rapidly. It was concluded that larviciding of the manure with nonselective insecticides is detrimental to mite predators of the immature stages of the house fly and should not be practiced. Selective application methods for adult fly control are preferable and efforts to refine these methods should be intensified.
Test Research on Characteristics of Emergency Shut-down of Cylindrical Valve for Xiaowan Hydropower Station

In order to test the properties of cylindrical valve of Xiaowan hydropower station in application of large capacity and high head units,we send state date to digital recorder with continuous acquisition in the process of the valve closing on the basis of site test method.The influencing factors such as closing time,servomotor synchronism,cylinder pressure rising and stability of oil cylinder are presented by analyzing the test date.The amplitude and change trend of hydraulic pulling force with servomotor range are calculated in the process of dynamic hydraulic closing cylindrical valve.Thus,it provides a reliable data support for application of the related technology.
Outdoor-based leadership training and group development of family practice interns.

Background and objectives Current trends in health care demand expanded competencies for future physicians, including group process skills that traditional medical curricula rarely address. One approach to enhancing group dynamics and teaching teamwork skills is outdoor-based experiential learning. This study examines the effect of an outdoor-based learning intervention on family practice interns' group problem solving, team building, and communication. Methods Two of 13 programs in the University of Washington Family Practice Residency Network included structured, outdoor-based experimental leadership training during intern orientation. The other 11 programs served as controls. Within 1 month following orientation, surveys were sent to all University of Washington Network interns. Respondents completed 27 questions designed to assess perceptions of trust, group awareness, group problem solving, group effectiveness, and interpersonal communication within an intern class. Results The survey response rate was 85%. Study and control groups were not significantly different with respect to age or gender. The study group scored higher on all individual questions and variables, with statistically significant differences on 10 questions and three variables. Conclusions Experiential, outdoor-based leadership training may positively influence intern class group formation and development. Experiential training early in residency may reduce intern stress by accelerating intra-class relationships and may represent a foundation on which to build effective group process curricula for residents.
Stress Ulcers: Their Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Stress ulcers are multiple, superficial erosions which occur mainly in the fundus and body of the stomach. They develop after shock, sepsis, and trauma and are ofter found in patients with peritonitis and other chronic medical illness. Stress ulcers should be differentiated from reactivation of chronic duodenal or gastric ulcers. Cushing's ulcer following head injury, or drug-induced gastritis. Digestive symptoms are usually absent, hemorrhage is the most common manifestation, and perforation and obstruction are rare. The presence of luminal acid and ischemia are necessary for the production of stress ulcer, while disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier by refluxed duodenal content may contribute to the pathogenesis. Endoscopy is the mainstay of the diagnostic procedure, and angiography should be used if endoscopy fails to identify the bleeding lesions. Medical management should include volume replacement, nasogastric aspiration, and the use of antacid. Selective intraarterial infusion of pitressin has shown encouraging preliminary results. Surgical treatment is reserved only for those patients who continue to bleed despite all medical management. The operation of choice is open to question. We prefer vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and oversewing the ulcers as an initial operation. Since the result of all forms of therapy has been poor, it seems resonable to try to prevent ulcer development. The use of vitamin A, hyperalimentation, and growth hormones is still in an experimental stage. Large clinical studies with case control are necessary before recommendations can be made. The use of potent and frequent antacid to buffer the gastric content has shown promising results; however, these observations need to be confirmed in a properly controlled and randomized study.
A likelihood approach for evaluating estimates of phylogenetic relationships among fossil taxa

Estimates of phylogenetic relationships among fossil taxa implicitly provide hypotheses about the quality of the fossil record. Phylogenetic inferences also provide hypotheses about character evolution. The likelihood of any hypothesis that makes predictions about two data sets is simply the likelihood of the hypothesis given the first data set times the likelihood of the same hypothesis given the second data set. In this case, data set 1 represents stratigraphy and data set 2 represents morphology. Statistical methods exist for determining the likelihood of hypothesized levels of sampling. The likelihood of a hypothesized amount of character change yielding a particular most-parsimonious solution (i.e, L[hypothesized length | parsimony length] can be evaluated with simulations. A reanalysis of hyaenid phylogeny based on published character and stratigraphic data is presented here, using the maximum likelihood method. Two trees are found, depending on assumptions about ambiguous species, which are 11 and 10 steps longer than the most parsimonious tree (61 or 60 vs. 50 steps). However, the trees invoke far less stratigraphic debt (9 or 12 units vs. 47 units as measured in Mammal Zones). An important feature of the results is that the most likely tree length given hyaenid character data is estimated to be 56 to 62 steps (depending on the model of character evolution) rather than 50 steps. The likelihood tree suggests stronger trends toward bone-crushing specializations than does the parsimony tree and further suggests that high levels of homoplasy caused parsimony to underestimate the true extent of those trends. Simulations based on the character data and fossil record of hyaenids suggest that the maximum likelihood method is better able to estimate correct trees than is parsimony and somewhat better able to do so than previously proposed phylogenetic methods incorporating stratigraphy.
Evidence to Support Screening Women in Their 40s

A large body of evidence demonstrates a 30% to 50% mortality benefit of screening mammography for women aged 40 to 49. Because of more rapid cancer growth rates in younger women, annual screening is more effective than biennial. Studies indicate that selective screening of women aged 40 to 49 would miss the majority of breast cancers. If implemented, recent US Preventive Services Task Force breast cancer screening guidelines, which recommend against routine screening of women in their 40s, could result in thousands of preventable breast cancer deaths per year. Vigilance is needed to safeguard younger women's access to screening mammography.
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) and Its Applications: The Initial Stage of Treatment, Interventions Repeated and Refined, and What Happens Over Time in the Therapy Model

Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) proceeds in a deliberate way following the assessment and contracting phase. The TFP therapist expects to encounter confusing and confounding material reflecting the patient’s underlying pathology. The therapist manages this confusion by “naming the actors” or putting into words the most prominent affects identified and the associated experiences of self and others that emerge in early sessions. The TFP therapist focuses on the dominant object relations dyad and the expectable role reversal to follow. The therapist uses techniques of clarification, confrontation, and, eventually, interpretation, to expand exploration with the patient over time. Managing “affects storms” and encouraging probing of paranoid elements in the transference are central components of the early stages of treatment. TFP proceeds with the goal of integration of “all good” and “all bad” experiences over time; the patient’s improvement is measured by an increasing capacity for a nuance experience of self and others and the capacity for guilt.
An evaluation of hydrocortisone dosing for neonatal refractory hypotension.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare blood pressure, vasoactive medication requirements and adverse outcomes after administration of high- versus low-dose hydrocortisone (HC) in preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective analysis of 106 infants ⩽28 weeks gestational age with hypotension requiring vasoactive infusions and high-dose (4 mg kg-1 per day, n=50), low-dose (1 to 3 mg kg-1 per day, n=20) or no HC (n=36) from 2011 to 2015. Groups were compared by two-tailed t-test or χ2, and correlation estimated by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS There were no differences in measured efficacy between the low- and high-dose groups. Infants with pre-treatment cortisol >15 mcg dl-1 who received HC therapy showed less improvement in vasoactive burden, increased hyperglycemia (P=0.015) and increased death independent of HC dose (odds ratio 26.3, 3.5 to 198.3, P=0.002). CONCLUSION These results support using the lowest effective HC dose in preterm infants. In addition, HC therapy should likely be avoided in infants who are not cortisol deficient.
Poster PresentationEvaluation of Diffusion-Weighted MRI to Differentiate Atelectasis From Lung Cancer in Radiation Therapy Planning: Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose/Objective(s): Differentiating atelectasis from active neoplasm in lung cancer has been shown to improve radiation therapy targeting. Currently, PET is the gold standard functional imaging technique for this purpose. We evaluated the ability of diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) to differentiate atelectasis from active tumor and compared it to PET/CTbased delineation for radiation therapy planning. Materials/Methods: In this pilot study, six patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer underwent DW-MRI and PET/CT prior to chemoradiation therapy. Respiratory navigated DW-MRIs were acquired on a 1.5T scanner in axial planes with eight b-values ranging from 0-1000 s/mm. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were derived using all b-value DW-MRI images. Primary tumor (PT) and atelectasis (A) were contoured on ADC maps and PET/CT images. Contours were drawn in consensus by 2 radiation oncologists using commercially available treatment planning software. For each patient, the mean ADC (ADCmean), max standard uptake values (SUVmax), and mean standard uptake values (SUVmean) were measured both for PT and A. The averages of all the parameters were calculated. Differences between PT and Awere calculated for both functional imaging modalities. Paired t test was used to evaluate difference of ADCmean, SUVmax and SUVmean values between PT and A. While SUVmax is used in clinical practice, SUVmean was also used in the analysis for better comparability with mean ADC values. Results: The mean standard deviation of ADCmean over the subject population for primary tumor and atelectasis are 1269 193 mm/s (range: 996-1490 mm/s ) and 1836 236 mm/s (range: 1513-2100 mm/s), respectively. The mean SUVmax for primary tumor and atelectasis are 27.9 12.7 (range: 18.052.5) and 8.8 5.0 (range: 4.2-18.0), respectively. The mean SUVmean for primary tumor and atelectasis are 10.5 2.4 (range: 7.9-14.3) and 2.5 2.1(range: 1.3-6.7), respectively. Using paired t test, the difference between ADCmean values of PT and A is highly significant (PZ.0014). For SUVmax and SUVmean, the differences between PT and A are significant as well (PZ.019 and PZ.0017, respectively). Conclusions: Results of this pilot study demonstrate that both DW-MRI and PET/CT show significant differences between PT and A. DW MRI provides relevant functional imaging information for radiation therapy planning that needs to be investigated further. Author Disclosure: S. Saraiya: None. G. Hugo: None. K. Karki: None. K. Olsen: None. R. Groves: None. J. Ford: None. E. Weiss: E. Research Grant; NIH, Varian and Phillips Medical Systems. P. Royalty; UpToDate.
Microsimulation models for cost-effectiveness analysis: a review and introduction to CEAM

In health policy and planning, decision-makers often need to consider the expected costs and population health outcomes of alternative choices. To aid in this effort, we developed a generalized microsimulation framework for estimating the cost-effectiveness of health interventions. We began by evaluating 18 existing microsimulation frameworks, including options based on the R programming language (e.g. msm, MicSim), Python (e.g. Liam-2, MIST) and standalone software (e.g. TreeAge, AnyLogic). We developed "hello, world" models in several frameworks and assessed them on computation speed, ease of use, and other criteria. This led us to develop a new framework in Python: a discrete-time Markov model called Cost-Effectiveness Analysis with Microsimulation (CEAM). In this paper, we present results from the review and demonstrate how to build a simple simulation with CEAM.