cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Molecule FRET Studies of Lysine Riboswitch Folding

Riboswitches, found in the 5′ untranslated regions of bacterial messenger RNA (mRNA), regulate gene expression through secondary or tertiary structural changes induced by metabolite binding. Localized conformational changes near the metabolite-binding site alter downstream secondary structure, ultimately determining gene expression. This ribo-regulation of gene expression depends significantly on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the structural changes of the mRNA and metabolite binding, and therefore a thorough understanding of these dynamics is crucial to developing a complete knowledge of the riboswitch functionality. In an effort to probe the folding interactions of riboswitches, the 208-nucleotide metabolite-binding domain of the Bacillus subtilis lysine riboswitch was prepared by transcription and hybridization to a dual fluorescent label RNA strand, which allowed FRET monitoring of structural changes. Ensemble measurements revealed structural sensitivity to monovalent (Na+, K+) and divalent (Mg2+) cations. The RNA construct was also studied using time-resolved-single-molecule FRET (smFRET) methods that allow for thorough characterization of the riboswitch-folding dynamics under equilibrium conditions. The effects of cations on the tertiary folding/unfolding of the lysine riboswitch were investigated. Single-molecule studies were performed on freely diffusing riboswitches, as well as, riboswitches tethered to surfaces. The freely diffusing studies allow one to investigate and resolve conformational populations in solution, while the surface tethered experiments allow one to resolve the individual folding and unfolding rate constants.
SUPER-CERAMIC BUILDING MEMBERS*

Ceramic masonry units, properly formed of suitable raw materials and well fired, are characterized by high compressive strengths. When assembled into building members their usefulness ordinarily is limited by the weakness of mortar joints; even the inclusion of reinforcing in a mortar joint fails to develop the potentialities of the high compressive strengths and stiffness available in the units. Prestressing does, in effect, change part of the excess compressive strength into tensile strength, permitting much better application of materials, whether in beams or in columns. In the former, the underside is placed initially under compression while, even in columns, suitable prestressing reduces the buckling tendency of slender members which otherwise would cause failure far short of the compressive-strength potentialities. Analysis of the prestressing and loading operations is secured with the aid of celluloid models and polarized light.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN WOMEN: GENERATIVITY '

Personality development, in terms of generativity, was investigated in 50 women who were mothers of young children. Generativity was positively associated with several aspects of personality including self-esteem, locus of control, expressiveness, and instrumentality. The findings support and extend prior work
Characteristic studies of loop problems for structural test generation via symbolic execution

Dynamic Symbolic Execution (DSE) is a state-of-the-art test-generation approach that systematically explores program paths to generate high-covering tests. In DSE, the presence of loops (especially unbound loops) can cause an enormous or even infinite number of paths to be explored. There exist techniques (such as bounded iteration, heuristics, and summarization) that assist DSE in addressing loop problems. However, there exists no literature-survey or empirical work that shows the pervasiveness of loop problems or identifies challenges faced by these techniques on real-world open-source applications. To fill this gap, we provide characteristic studies to guide future research on addressing loop problems for DSE. Our proposed study methodology starts with conducting a literature-survey study to investigate how technical problems such as loop problems compromise automated software-engineering tasks such as test generation, and which existing techniques are proposed to deal with such technical problems. Then the study methodology continues with conducting an empirical study of applying the existing techniques on real-world software applications sampled based on the literature-survey results and major open-source project hostings. This empirical study investigates the pervasiveness of the technical problems and how well existing techniques can address such problems among real-world software applications. Based on such study methodology, our two-phase characteristic studies identify that bounded iteration and heuristics are effective in addressing loop problems when used properly. Our studies further identify challenges faced by these techniques and provide guidelines for effectively addressing these challenges.
The Central Paradox of the New Digital Age

The recent scandal of the National Security Agency (NSA) “Hoovering” up the metadata on US and foreign citizens from Google, Facebook and Yahoo exposes in the full light of day the central paradox of the new digital age: The Internet enables us to know and learn more than ever before, but enables more to be known and learned about us by both snooping governments and monetizing information corporations alike. In this section, Google's Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen discuss this paradox. We also reprint an interview from 2009 with Mike McConnell, a former chief of the National Security Agency and the driving force behind Booz, Allen, Hamilton's digital security operation. Edward Snowden, the systems administrator who blew the whistle, was employed by the NSA as a subcontractor from Booz, Allen, Hamilton.
Two-phase flow regimes in round, square and rectangular tubes during condensation of refrigerant R134a

Abstract An experimental investigation of two-phase flow mechanisms during condensation of refrigerant R134a in six small diameter round (4.91 mm), square ( D h =4 mm, α =1), and rectangular (4×6 and 6×4 mm: D h =4.8 mm, α =0.67 and 1.5; 2×4 and 4×2 mm: D h =2.67 mm, α =0.5 and 2) was conducted. Unique experimental techniques and test sections were developed to enable the documentation of the flow mechanisms during phase change. For each tube under consideration, flow mechanisms were recorded over the entire range of qualities for five different refrigerant mass fluxes between 150 and 750 kg m −2 s −1 . The flow mechanisms were categorized into four different flow regimes: intermittent flow, wavy flow, annular flow, and dispersed flow. In addition, the large amount of data enabled the delineation of several different flow patterns within each flow regime, which provides a clearer understanding of the different modes of two-phase flow. Transition lines between the respective flow patterns and regimes on these maps were established based on the experimental data. It was found that for similar hydraulic diameters, flow regime transitions are not very strongly dependent on tube shape or aspect ratio. These maps and the transition lines can be used to predict the particular flow pattern or regime that will be established for a given mass flux, quality and tube geometry.
Comparison of perceived spatial frequency between the fovea and the periphery

A grating viewed in the periphery usually appears to be of higher frequency than the same grating viewed at the fovea, for frequencies below the Nyquist frequency of the periphery. Systematic shifts in perceived frequency between fovea and periphery were found under several experimental conditions: spatially localized or extended sine-wave patterns, test stimuli presented in the superior or the inferior visual field, and stimuli of high or low mean luminance at several different contrasts. A multiple-spatial-frequency channels model can qualitatively account for our results, if it is assumed that each channel has a receptive-field size that increases as a function of eccentricity but has a perceived frequency label that does not change as a function of eccentricity.
A process simulation model for the manufacture of a blade-stiffened panel by the resin film infusion process

An analytical model has been developed which can be used to simulate non-isothermal infiltration of a hot-melt resin into a textile preform of complex shape. In this study, the model was used to simulate the resin film infusion process of a single blade-stiffened panel. The development and application of the two-dimensional model are discussed. Results of the stiffened panel simulation were then used to study the effects of compaction pressure on the total resin infiltration time. Also described is the use of the model in the development of an extended processing cycle which ensures the complete infiltration of epoxy resin into the stitched graphite preform. Model predictions of temperature, resin viscosity, and extent of cure during infiltration and cure are presented and discussed.
A method for sub-optimal stabilization of spacecraft angular velocity

A now procedure for the synthesis of a control law for the stabilization of spacecraft angular velocity is presented. This control law approximately minimizes both the time required to drive the angular velocity of the spacecraft to zero and the integral of the square of the norm of the angular momentum. Synthesis of the control law in feedback form is discussed. In a computer simulation, results obtained by use of the proposed control are shown to compare favourably with those obtained by use of the optimal control.
Specific transcription and reinitiation of class III genes in wheat embryo nuclei and chromatin.

Chromatin isolated from wheat germ embryos has a transcription efficiency for RNA polymerase III (pol III) closely approaching that for isolated wheat germ nuclei. Transcription in nuclei and chromatin is inhibited 5–10-fold by the addition of heparin, suggesting that free pol III molecules bind to chromatin and initiate transcription during thein vitro incubation. Nuclei were shown to have similar transcriptional activity in potassium chloride and potassium acetate. Nuclei and chromatin exhibited different salt optima for transcription. Neither nuclei nor chromatin were strongly stimulated by exogenous protein fractions. The data presented here suggest that in wheat germ nuclei the complete transcriptional apparatus is stably bound to the chromatin. Wheat germ nuclei may serve therefore as an enriched source for a solublein vitro transcription system.
Moral theory and defective tobacco advertising and warnings (the business ethics of Cipollone v. Liggett Group )

Traditional moral theories help corporate decision-makers understand what position consumers, like Rose Cipollone, in Cipollone vs Liggett Group, will take against cigarette manufacturers who fail to warn of the dangers of smoking, conceal data about addiction and other dangers, from the public, as well as continue to neutralize the warnings on cigarettes by deceptive advertisements.
The Spin-Wave Theory as a Variational Method and Its Application to Antiferromagnetism

The spin-wave theory in a modified form is applied to antiferromagnetism. The interaction between different modes of spin-waves, which is due to the higher order terms omitted in the customary spin-wave treatment, is taken into account in a self-consistent manner. It is shown that the interaction terms cause a change of the frequency spectrum of spin-waves which is equivalent to the existence of an anisotropic field. The upper limits of the ground levels are calculated. The variational method can also be applied to the discussions of the stable configurations of magnetization vectors in anisotropic and external fields, and it is consistent with the molecular field theory.
Spectral-directional emittance of thermally oxidized 316 stainless steel

The spectral-directional emittance of thermally oxidized stainless steel is measured for angles from normal to grazing, wavelengths between 2 and 10μm, and temperatures between 773 and 973 K. The oxide is grown by holding the steel substrate at a high temperature over a long period while exposed to normal atmospheric conditions, until the measured emissive power of the surface achieves an asymptotic level. It is found that the emittance decreases with angle away from the surface normal at the lower end of the measured spectral range and increases with angle at the higher end. The emittance decreases with wavelength, although there is evidence of a peak near 2 pill. The variation with temperature within the measured range is insignificant. Overall higher values for the oxidized steel are measured than those reported in previous work.
Obesity and the incidence of skin cancer in US Caucasians

Background Limited information is available on the potential link between obesity and either melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancers.
Measurement of the noibium/sapphire interface toughness via delamination

Niobium films were deposited on sapphire substrates using both physical vapor deposition (PVD) and ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) at an ion energy of 1000 eV and an ion-to-atom arrival rate ratio of 0.4. The interface between the niobium film and the sapphire substrate was doped with up to 7.6 monolayers of silver. The films were patterned into fine lines using photolithography. During the photolithography process, curling and buckling were observed. The curling indicated a stress gradient in which the top of the film is tensile with respect to the bottom of the film, while buckling demonstrated that a portion of the film thickness must have been in compression. An analysis of the delamination showed that the critical energy release rate for the interface was on the order of 1 J m -2 , and that the compressive stress is of the order I GPa. The higher energy release rate of the IBAD samples confirmed that the stronger interface is due either to the orientation relationship between the ion beam textured niobium film and the (0001) sapphire surface or the interface mixing caused by ion bombardment.
Hybrid Multigrid/Schwarz Algorithms for the Spectral Element Method

We study the performance of the multigrid method applied to spectral element (SE) discretizations of the Poisson and Helmholtz equations. Smoothers based on finite element (FE) discretizations, overlapping Schwarz methods, and point-Jacobi are considered in conjunction with conjugate gradient and GMRES acceleration techniques. It is found that Schwarz methods based on restrictions of the originating SE matrices converge faster than FE-based methods and that weighting the Schwarz matrices by the inverse of the diagonal counting matrix is essential to effective Schwarz smoothing. Several of the methods considered achieve convergence rates comparable to those attained by classic multigrid on regular grids.
Interviewer specificity and topical focus in relation to interviewee productivity

An experimental interview was designed in which interviewer specificity and topical focus (neutral topic and anxiety-arousing topic) were the independent variables and interviewee productivity (number of words), the dependent variable. Fifty junior and senior nursing students, ages 20–22, were the Ss. A high level of significance was found for the effects of both independent variables on interviewee productivity. As predicted, the low-specificity questions and the anxiety arousing topic elicited greater productivity than the high-specificity questions and the neutral topic.
Allogeneic transplantation with myeloablative FluBu4 conditioning improves survival compared to reduced intensity FluBu2 conditioning for acute myeloid leukemia in remission.

The optimal intensity of conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains undefined. Traditionally, myeloablative conditioning regimens improve disease control, but at the risk of greater nonrelapse mortality. Because fludarabine with myeloablative doses of intravenous busulfan using pharmacokinetic monitoring has excellent tolerability, we reasoned that this regimen would limit relapse without substantially elevating toxicity when compared to reduced intensity conditioning. We retrospectively analyzed 148 consecutive AML patients in remission receiving T cell replete HCT conditioned with fludarabine and intravenous busulfan at doses defined as reduced (6.4 mg/kg; FluBu2, n = 63) or myeloablative (12.8 mg/kg; FluBu4, n = 85). Early and late nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was similar among FluBu4 and FluBu2 recipients, respectively (day + 100: 4 vs 0 %; 5 years: 19 vs 22 %; p = 0.54). NRM did not differ between FluBu4 and FluBu2 in patients >50 years of age (24 vs 22 %, p = 0.75). Relapse was lower in recipients of FluBu4 (5 years: 30 vs 49 %; p = 0.04), especially in patients with poor risk cytogenetics (22 vs 59 %; p = 0.02) and those >50 years of age (28 vs 51 %; p = 0.02). Overall survival favored FluBu4 recipients at 5 years (53 vs 34 %, p = 0.02), a finding confirmed in multivariate analysis (HR: 0.57; 95 % CI: 0.34–0.95; p = 0.03). These data suggest that myeloablative FluBu4 may provide equivalent NRM, reduced relapse, and improved survival compared to FluBu2, emphasizing the importance of busulfan dose in conditioning for AML.
Experimental determination of the rates of decomposition and cation desorption from AlN surfaces

Abstract The decomposition rate of AlN thin films in vacuum, nitrogen gas and plasma is reported. The AlN thermal decomposition rate in vacuum is found to have an activation energy of 5.4 eV. The evaporation coefficient is inferred to be less than 0.001, indicating that this process is kinetically limited. Large kinetic energy ion bombardment (∼70 eV), which occurs in the plasma at low nitrogen pressures (0.02 mT), is found to enhance the decomposition rate by a factor of ∼2. In contrast, exposure to 0.3 mT nitrogen pressure or low kinetic energy plasmas (∼25 eV) at similar pressures diminishes the AlN evaporation rate by a factor of ∼3. This result can be attributed to the chemical reactivity of the desorption site, presumably at a kink or step edge. Plasmas containing predominantly excited atomic species do not significantly change the decomposition rate. Temperature-dependent measurements of the aluminum surface resident lifetime on AlN surfaces indicate that the Al desorption energy is 3.0 eV.
Daily Experiences With Heterosexism: Relations Between Heterosexist Hassles and Psychological Well-Being

Past research examining whether experiencing heterosexism is related to negative psychological outcomes has yielded mixed results. The present research used daily diary methods to assess the effects of heterosexist daily hassles on lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals (n = 69). The results indicated unique effects of heterosexist and nonheterosexist hassles on well-being. More experiences with heterosexist hassles increased high-arousal negative affect (i.e., increased anger and anxious mood) whereas more experiences with nonheterosexist hassles more generally increased negative affect (i.e., increased daily reports of anger, and depressed mood and decreased daily reports of relaxation and positive affect). Heterosexist hassles also uniquely predicted outcomes associated with being lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Specifically, experiencing heterosexism decreased private evaluation of being lesbian, gay, or bisexual and influenced meta-perceptions of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals. Lastly, being more strongly ...
Second-Order Effects on VHF Geostationary Satellite Ranging and Range Correction Systems

If accurate first-order corrections for ionospheric delay are applied to VHF ranging signals, the second-order terms become dominant. Only with abnormally large values of ionospheric electron content do the second-order terms lead to serious errors, however. Since these terms can be estimated to within 10 percent, further correction can lead to very small position errors.
Effects of salinity and feed temperature on permeate flux of an air gap membrane distillation unit for sea water desalination

This paper reports on an experimental study of the effect of feed water temperature and sea salt concentration on the permeate flux of an air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) unit developed by Scarab Development AB. In addition, the specific energy consumption is computed for two sea salt concentrations and different feed solution temperatures. The performance of the unit is evaluated by assessing the distillate flux and the thermal energy input. Our strategy involves capturing waste heat to raise the temperature of a saltwater solution (feed water) via a heat exchanger. This feed water of known sea salt concentration is pumped into the hot inlet of the membrane distillation module, while the cold side of the module is maintained at a lower temperature (~20°C) using an air-to-water heat exchanger. We report the system-level energy consumption per unit volume of purified water at different feed water temperatures and the permeate flux production for sea salt concentrations of 0 g/L, 35 g/L and 55g/L for feed water temperatures in the range 20°C to 90°C.
U.S. Army Missile Command imaging infrared system simulation (IIRSS)

The ability to thoroughly exercise and accurately predict the missile and/or submunition hardware and on-board software in a laboratory environment has always been preferred to reduce the number and costs of actual flight tests, to increase the probability of success of flight test using hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) simulation, and help assure the U.S. Army is a `smart' buyer. The U.S. Army Missile Command, responsible for providing all the simulation support for the U.S. Army's guided missiles and submunitions, has developed a HWIL Simulation Facility that supports several HWIL techniques including real time, closed-loop, `seeker-in-the-loop', `processor-in-the-loop', and `man-in-the-loop'. This paper provides an overview of the development, operation, and usage of one such HWIL facility called the Imaging Infrared System Simulation. The major technological components used to develop the IIRSS are presented individually and integrated as an integration and performance-level HWIL system simulation.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of Equivalent Energy and Energy Per Unit Area ( ¯W/A ) Data with Valid Fracture Toughness Data for Iron, Aluminum, and Titanium Alloys

Small specimens cut from large test specimens that had provided valid plane strain fracture toughness value KIc measurements were tested in slow bending at 25 and −196°C. The resulting load deflection curves were interpreted by the equivalent energy technique and two variations of the energy per unit area technique. The small specimen fracture toughness values resulting from all three methods produced good correlations with the valid, large specimen KIc values for the two test temperatures. For screening purposes the subsize specimen tests were considered to provide a relatively simple and reasonable estimate of the KIc of a material.
Improvement of insulin resistance by a new insulin secretagogue, nateglinide—analysis based on the homeostasis model

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by defects in the early phase of insulin secretion after meals and in insulin resistance at its early stage. A new insulin secretagogue, nateglinide, has been shown to elicit an acute insulin release and to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia. We have treated 30 patients with type 2 diabetes using nateglinide and performed a standard meal test at breakfast, both before and after the treatment. Insulin resistance and β-cell function was assessed by the HOMA model. Nateglinide, at 1 and 2 h after the test meal, significantly stimulated postprandial insulin secretion by 62.0 and 41.0% and improved blood glucose values by 17.3 and 21.9%, respectively, after the treatment. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycohemoglobin was significantly reduced by 9.8 and 10.3%, respectively. The reduction was significantly larger in postprandial glucose than in FBG (P<0.0005). A significant correlation was found in the HOMA-insulin resistant (IR) index and in the changes of fasting IRI. When the patients were divided into three groups, forming a markedly insulin resistant (MIR) group, an IR group and a non-insulin resistant (NIR) group, HOMA-IR levels improved significantly, from 7.0±4.3 to 4.5±2.8 (P=0.026) in the MIR group and showed a tendency toward improvement in the IR group, from 2.9±0.7 to 2.3±1.1 (P=0.062), but failed to exhibit such a positive response in the NIR group, changing from 1.2±0.2 to 1.9±0.9 (P=0.21). HOMA-β, on the other hand, improved significantly in the NIR group only, from 16.4±7.8 to 26.9±9.9 (P=0.017), but not in the IR nor MIR groups (M±S.D.). In conclusion, nateglinide improved the excessive excursion of postprandial glucose by the augmentation of early insulin secretion after a meal and differentially affected fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR indexes, depending on the degree of insulin resistance.
Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars in Low-mass X-Ray Binaries

The discovery of millisecond X-ray pulsars in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXRBs) with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) has resulted in the determination of the neutron star spin periods to be in a very narrow period range. Based on evolutionary models for LMXRBs, it is likely that these pulsars have accreted sufficient material to be at or close to their equilibrium spin periods. If this is the case, then the similar neutron star rotation periods over 2 orders of magnitudes in observed luminosity require a comparable magnetospheric radius in all these systems to give a similar spin period. This means that either there is a correlation between surface magnetic field strength and X-ray luminosity (BL$1{/}2{r X}$ --> for the commonly used magnetospheric scaling for a gas pressure dominated accretion disk) or, if the neutron star surface magnetic field is comparable in all cases, the magnetospheric radius is very weakly dependent on the accretion rate in the inner radiation-dominated disk relevant to this regime. We suggest that the anomalous case of Sco X-1, where there is an apparent change in the inferred neutron star spin period, may be understood in terms of the radiation-driven expansion of the neutron star photosphere by up to 30%.
Pascal on Belief and the Religious Life

At the end of his celebrated wager argument, Pascal advises the sceptic to whom it is addressed to take up a religious way of life in hope of thereby cultivating religious beliefs he does not presently hold, and this because of the immense advantage to him of believing. Many who have shown some sympathy with the wager argument or the understanding of religious belief on which it is based have found this advice, if not silly and dangerous, at least uninstructive. William James, for example, whose philosophy of religion has striking similarities to Pascal's, objected that the advice is unsound because the sceptic has no reason to believe that religious practice will have its promised result. The tone of James's discussion and the fact that he misrepresents Pascal's advice as a simple belief in the efficacy of ‘masses and holy water’, however, suggest that his rejection of it ran deeper than the force of this objection. In fact, the context of his remarks indicates that he regarded this part of Pascal's wager as a particularly clear example of the cases in which to base belief on volition is ‘simply silly’. Even one as sympathetic to Pascal's thought as Donald Baillie seems troubled by the advice. On the one hand, Baillie does not rule out the possibility that some cases of doubt or disbelief may be adequately treated by a measured dose of religious practice.
Fluorescence Characterization of the Cyclodextrin/Pyrene Complex Interaction with Chiral Alcohols and Diols

The chiral properties of cyclodextrins (CDs) facilitate the formation of diastereomeric complexes with a number of pesticides and pharmaceuticals which are also frequently composed of one or more chiral centers. The roles of chirality and structural volume in CD binding to a homologous series of linear, chiral alcohols and diols are evaluated by comparing the trend in the pyrene fluorescence I/III band ratio and the hydrophobicity for the CD/pyrene complex with CD/pyrene complexes incorporating achiral alcohols. Stronger hydrophobicity is observed for complexes capped by chiral alcohols relative to complexes formed with a similar achiral counterpart, suggesting the importance of the alcohol chiral center. Furthermore, the diols induce a more hydrophobic environment than their alcohol counterparts with the β-CD/pyrene complex, while the converse is the case for the γ-CD systems. The systems involving γ-CD were also compared by use of pyrene fluorescence lifetime measurements.
Baseline Markers of Inflammation Are Associated With Progression to Macroalbuminuria in Type 1 Diabetic Subjects

OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to determine in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications cohort whether or not abnormal levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction measured in samples collected at DCCT baseline were able to predict the development of macroalbuminuria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Levels of inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction biomarkers were measured in 1,237 of 1,441 patients enrolled in the DCCT study who were both free of albuminuria and cardiovascular disease at baseline. To test the association of log-transformed biomarkers with albuminuria, generalized logistic regression models were used to quantify the association of increased levels of biomarkers and development of abnormal albuminuria. Normal, micro-, and macroalbuminuria were the outcomes of interest. RESULTS In the logistic regression models adjusted by DCCT treatment assignment, baseline albumin excretion rate, and use of ACE/angiotensin receptor blocker drugs, one unit increase in the standardized levels of soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) was associated with an 87% increase in the odds to develop macroalbuminuria and one unit increase in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1; total and active), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR)-1 and -2 lead to a 30–50% increase in the odds to develop macroalbuminuria. Following adjustment for DCCT baseline retinopathy status, age, sex, HbA1c, and duration of diabetes, significant associations remained for sE-selectin and TNFR-1 and -2 but not for IL-6 or PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that high levels of inflammatory markers, mainly E-selectin and sTNRF-1 and -2, are important predictors of macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes.
CADMIUM(II) AND NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF PICOLINAMIDE, PICOLINATE AND IMIDAZOLE1

Abstract The formation constants of the following have been measured with a polarographic method: binary cadmium (II) complexes of pyridine-2-carboxamide (picolinamide) and pyridine-2-carboxylate (picolinate), binary nickel (II) complexes of picolinamide, and ternary cadmium-imidazole-B complexes, where B=picolinamide, picolinate, and 5,5′-diethyl barbiturate. The electrode reaction for the nickel complex is irreversible and the system was studied by using Cd2+ as an indicator ion. The highest order nickel (II) picolinamide complex is Ni (pa)6 2+.
Marxian perspectives and modern political economy

Taken together, the papers on Marx and Marxism appearing in this issue are apartial representation of a complex and growing literature, much of it characterized by critical reevaluations, reflecting a state of ferment not seen in the discipline since the Keynesian revolution. This intellectual ferment, though independent, coincides with the economic reforms occuring presently in the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union.
A gel electrophoresis method for determining the relative binding constants of biologically active, intercalating fluorescent stains

Abstract It is possible to correlate the relative binding tightness of a variety of biologically active, intercalating fluorescent stains through the use of a simple gel electrophoresis method. By prebinding the stains to a homologous series of oligodeoxyribonucleotides and subjecting them to electrophoresis, a size determination of the smallest oligomer to which they remain bound may be obtained from that oligomer's fluorescence using short-wavelength ultraviolet irradiation. This method may prove to be quite practical for the preclinical testing of certain drug derivatives used in cancer chemotherapy. An estimate of the relative effectiveness of new derivatives, as compared to previously tested drugs, might be obtained from this type of analysis.
Temperature and Phosphates as Ground-Water Tracers

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of recharging warm air conditioning and storm waters on ground-water temperatures in the West Lafayette, Indiana area and to establish the direction of flow of the recharged water out of the recharge pit. During 1961–62 Purdue University has discharged approximately 4.0 MGD (million gallons per day) of water at an abandoned gravel pit south of the campus. This water had a temperature averaging 77° F and a phosphate content of about 4 ppm. In order to obtain the proposed objective, weekly temperature measurements were taken at selected points throughout the area involved in the study. Water samples were collected at some of these locations every two weeks. The samples were analyzed for phosphate content. The research program extended over a period of twelve months. The results obtained indicated that the influence of ground-water recharge on ground-water temperatures appeared to be localized to a small area surrounding the pit. No evidence was found to indicate that recharge at the pit was causing any increases of ground-water temperatures for more than about 1,000 feet from the pit. Although the results of phosphate testing were not conclusive, they seemed to be in close agreement with the temperature measurements in indicating the direction and velocity of ground-water flow. The direction of flow of the recharged water was found to be south toward the Wabash River, but could only be established for a short distance (approximately 1,000 feet). Ground-water velocity was calculated to be about 1.7 feet per day using ground-water temperatures as the tracer, and 2.3 feet per day when phosphate concentration was the tracer used.
Intergenerational Hybrids: Spillbacks, Spillforwards, and Adapting to Technology Discontinuities

During technological discontinuities, incumbents frequently develop hybrids of competing technical generations. Although some prior work implies that such intergenerational hybrids may be the result of organizational dysfunction, we propose that in some cases hybrids may be sophisticated learning tools that shape organizational adaptation to a technological discontinuity. In this paper, we suggest two mechanisms through which intergenerational hybrids may affect organizational adaptation: spillbacks and spillforwards. In an empirical test among the population of automobile carburetor manufacturers during a technological discontinuity, we observe that organizations developing intergenerational hybrids capture spillback benefits-knowledge spillovers from an emerging technology generation to the current generation. Furthermore, we find that these same organizations also capture spillforwards-spillover benefits from developing higher-performing intergenerational hybrids that improve their product performance in the future technology generation. These results suggest that intergenerational hybrids may be stepping-stones for organizations to learn about and adapt to technology discontinuities.
A Reevaluation of the 1958 Fairweather, Alaska, Earthquake Sequence

Abstract I have relocated aftershocks, performed waveform modeling, and modeled induced Coulomb failure stress to better determine rupture extent and controls on the rupture process of the 1958 Fairweather earthquake sequence in southeastern Alaska. I estimate a fault rupture length range from 260 km (source time function duration) to 370 km (aftershock zone length). I estimate an average slip of 3.5 m from waveform modeling, comparable to measured surface (2–3.5 m) slip. The largest pulses of moment release along the Fairweather fault zone may have occurred near Lituya Bay, where a huge landslide and subsequent water wave were produced, and near Dry Bay, the location of the mainshock’s intensity center. The region of high moment release near Lituya Bay correlates with a gravity high located northeast of the fault zone. Coulomb failure modeling suggests aftershocks were most likely to have occurred on northwest striking reverse faults. These new source parameters indicate the 1958 mainshock was comparable in size to the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake and shared other similarities with the 2002 event.
Improved Tubulars for Better Economics in Deep Gas Well Drilling using Microwave Technology

The main objective of the research program has been to improve the rate-of-penetration in deep hostile environments by improving the life cycle and performance of coiled-tubing, an important component of a deep well drilling system for oil and gas exploration, by utilizing the latest developments in the microwave materials technology. This is being accomplished by developing an efficient and economically viable continuous microwave process to sinter continuously formed/extruded steel powder for the manufacture of seamless coiled tubing and other tubular products. The entire program has been spread over three phases with the following goals: Phase I--Demonstration of the feasibility concept of continuous microwave sintering process for tubular steel products. Phase II--Design, building and testing of a prototype microwave system which shall be combined with a continuous extruder for steel tubular objects. Phase III--Execution of the plan for commercialization of the technology by one of the industrial partners. The criteria for the success of the program is based on the performance of coiled tubing made by the microwave process. It is expected that this product will have superior quality and performance to the standard product, and will be economically viable.
Thomas Bateman MD FLS 1778–1821

Thomas Bateman was a physician to the Carey Street Public Dispensary with Robert Willan in the first decade of the nineteenth century when the latter was developing the classification that would act as a foundation for modern dermatology. Following Willan's death with his work still incomplete, Bateman published a book, as an abstract of Willan's full concept, which was probably the most influential dermatology text of the nineteenth century. This was the first classification of dermatology that precisely defined the terms used and fitted individual diseases into a single class, rather than considering different stages of the same disease as maladies that belonged in different classes. This was the first attempt to link treatment to the disease process rather than to the clinical appearances and thus represents the origin of modern scientific clinical dermatology.
The measurement of body fat distribution using somatotype photographs and computer-assisted imaging techniques.

SummaryA computer-assisted image analysis technique has been devised which allows the measurement of body fat distribution from archived somatotype photographs. This report describes the technique, which enables useful measurements to be extracted from somatotype photographs which were taken over 50 years ago. This paper describes the process of digitization of photographs, the measurement of body diameters using computer-assisted edge detection, the quantitative analysis of measurement error in this procedure, and validation techniques employed.
Summarizations for Annotated Objects Using Semantic Similarity and Specificity

The QUOTA (querying with ontological terminologies and their annotations) system is being developed so that a user may query, summarize, and filter information on objects that are annotated using a vocabulary from a terminology structured as an ontology. QUOTA integrates a variety of functionality for analyzing and comparing annotated objects into one software tool and extends and enriches this functionality by examining how similarity measures and user preference selection for coverage and specificity affect the returned results. QUOTA is being developed so that it is applicable to all domains having an ontology of annotating terms and files or databases of annotated objects. The focus in this paper is the summarization query that allows a user to enter a set of annotated objects and produces a ranked list of terms taken from the ontology. This ranked list of terms is a representative description of the set of annotated objects.
THE DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA) AS PREDATORS ON MOLLUSCA THROUGH GEOLOGIC TIME

The relationship between predator and prey is a persistent theme in marine paleontology. Herein we focus on the decapod Crustacea, the shrimps, lobsters, and crabs, and their role as predators on the Mollusca through geologic time. Five major means by which decapods crush shells or eat shelled prey might be recorded in the body-fossil record, as they require specialization of the appendages. These include use of (1) heterochelous first pereiopods, (2) molariform teeth on the fingers of the chelae, (3) a curved proximal tooth on the movable finger of the chela, (4) calcified mandibles, and (5) flattened pereiopods (walking legs). Decapods have had adaptations for durophagous predation on mollusks since the early Triassic. Durophagous adaptations had appeared among multiple clades by the Late Cretaceous. The myriad means by which decapods prey upon Mollusca, and the multiple uses for which pereiopods and other appendages are adapted, suggests that predation studies should incorporate more decapod types and more types of predation when examining predation as a driver of evolution.
Prediction and characterization of enzymatic activities guided by sequence similarity and genome neighborhood networks

Metabolic pathways in eubacteria and archaea often are encoded by operons and/or gene clusters (genome neighborhoods) that provide important clues for assignment of both enzyme functions and metabolic pathways. We describe a bioinformatic approach (genome neighborhood network; GNN) that enables large scale prediction of the in vitro enzymatic activities and in vivo physiological functions (metabolic pathways) of uncharacterized enzymes in protein families. We demonstrate the utility of the GNN approach by predicting in vitro activities and in vivo functions in the proline racemase superfamily (PRS; InterPro IPR008794). The predictions were verified by measuring in vitro activities for 51 proteins in 12 families in the PRS that represent ∼85% of the sequences; in vitro activities of pathway enzymes, carbon/nitrogen source phenotypes, and/or transcriptomic studies confirmed the predicted pathways. The synergistic use of sequence similarity networks3 and GNNs will facilitate the discovery of the components of novel, uncharacterized metabolic pathways in sequenced genomes.
Creating Paths: Living With a Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infant

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe parents’ method of adaptation to the problems of caring for a very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infant at home. Design: Exploratory, involving three interview sessions, 1 month, 3 months, and 5 months after hospital discharge of a VLBW infant. Setting: A newborn intensive-care unit in a tertiary-care center. Participants: Fourteen parents of VLBW ( Results: A basic social process, Creating Paths, was identified. It is the continuous process experienced by parents living with a VLBW infant the first 5 months after hospital discharge. The process consists of three stages: gathering, emerging, and affirming. Conclusions: This grounded theory systematically tracks and describes the adaptation process of parents with VLBW infants during the first 5 months of living at home. The theory may be used to anticipate concerns and provide guidance and support to parents and their infants.
Tissue damage-associated "danger signals" influence T-cell responses that promote the progression of preneoplasia to cancer.

T-cell responses may be shaped by sterile “danger signals” that are constituted by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). However, whether and what type of adaptive immune responses are triggered in vivo by DAMPs induced by tumor progression are not well characterized. In this study, we report that the production of HMGB1, an established DAMP released by dying cells, was critical for tumor progression in an established mouse model of prostate cancer. HMGB1 was required for the activation and intratumoral accumulation of T cells that expressed cytokine lymphotoxinα 1 β 2 (LT) on their surface. Intriguingly, these tumor-activated T cells recruited macrophages to the lesion and were essential to promote the preneoplasia to invasive carcinoma in an LTβ receptor (LTβR)-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that the release of HMGB1 as an endogenous danger signal is important for priming an adaptive immune response that promotes malignant progression, with implications for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Res; 73(2); 629–39. ©2012 AACR .
Paired Tumor and Normal Whole Genome Sequencing of Metastatic Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Background Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare cancer of the sinonasal tract with little molecular characterization. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on paired normal and tumor DNA from a patient with metastatic-ONB to identify the somatic alterations that might be drivers of tumorigenesis and/or metastatic progression.
Effects of Salts on the Thermal Reversibility of Starch and Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl) Leaf Gum Mixed System

Two-cycle rapid-visco analysis was performed on the admixture of 1% hsian-tsao leaf gum and 2% wheat starch as a function of salt types and concentrations. The salt concentrations (C s ) studied were 5 to 75 mM for sodium and potassium chloride, and 3.4 to 8.5 mM for calcium and magnesium chloride. The gelling temperature, gelling rate and gel viscosity of the mixed system increased with increasing C s . In addition, the melting temperature increased, but melting rate and percentage of viscosity loss decreased with increasing C s . These results indicated the presence of appropriate amount of salts could facilitate and reinforce the formation of junction zones, and provided a more pronounced thermal resistance.
Dissent based K-System Analysis

This paper studies the use of the measures of dissention, instead of the Shannon entropy, in K-system analysis.