cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in intracellular fatty acid transport: role of cytoplasmic binding proteins

Female liver clears long-chain fatty acids from plasma more rapidly than male liver, and yet the basis for this sex difference is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that cytosolic fatty acid binding protein (FABP), which is more concentrated in female liver, may enhance fatty acid utilization by increasing the rate of transport through the cytoplasm. We modified the technique of fluorescence recovery after laser photobleaching to measure the cytoplasmic diffusion rate of the fluorescent long-chain fatty acid 12-N-methyl-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol)aminostearate (NBD-stearate) in cultured hepatocytes from female and male rats. NBD-stearate was used because its hepatic handling is similar to natural fatty acids. After uptake, NBD-stearate distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm but was excluded from the nucleus. Intracellular transport occurred by diffusion with no detectable convective flux. The cytoplasmic diffusion rate at 37 degrees C was 65% greater in female cells than in male cells (mean +/...
Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide activate locus coeruleus neurons through a cGMP-dependent protein kinase: involvement of a nonselective cationic channel

Nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) have been identified as two diffusible signaling messengers in the brain, capable of stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase. Locus coeruleus (LC) is rich in the alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits of soluble guanylate cyclase. Therefore, the possible role of the cGMP pathway in the regulation of LC neurons was investigated with electrophysiological techniques in rat brain slices. Bath application of various NO donors or CO-containing solutions increased the firing rate of most LC neurons. This activation was reversed by the NO scavenger hemoglobin, but not by methemoglobin. Bath or intracellular application of selective activators of cGMP-dependent protein kinase also caused increases in LC cell firing rate. The actions of NO donors and kinase activators were mutually occlusive and reversed by H8, an inhibitor of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Hemoglobin and H8 reduced the firing rate of LC neurons, but no change was found with inhibitors or activators of the NO synthase. In intracellular and whole-cell recordings, NO effect was associated with an inward current and an increase in the input conductance (mean reversal potential = -27 mV); these effects were abolished using a low- sodium buffer. Spontaneous EPSCs of LC cells were not modified with the NO donor administration. Taken together, these data suggest that NO and CO activate noradrenergic neurons of LC via a cGMP-dependent protein kinase and a nonselective cationic channel. It also is proposed that these effects occur at the postsynaptic level and that there may be a tonic regulation of LC neuronal firing by the cGMP pathway.
COMPARATIVE RETURNS AND RISK OF CONVERTIBLE BONDS AND THEIR UNDERLYING EQUITY, DEBT, AND OPTION VALUES IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD*

THE OBJECTIVE of the study is to evaluate the relative return-risk performance of convertible bonds, the stock into which they are exchangeable, their straight debt value, and their conversion option value. The main emphasis is on the relative performance of the convertible bond and the stock. A subsidiary objective is to present a record of ex post yield data of 346 convertible bonds issued between 1951 and 1966. The purpose is to find out what past performance may tell us about present market conditions and what investors expect in the future. Expectations about growth, dividends, and price volatility are analyzed in a model of convertible bond premium determination. The examination of ex post yields required (1) computation of the various yields considered, (2) the development of histograms to show the distribution of yield outcomes, and (3) the computation of five statistics to measure return and risk. The mean and two types of weighted means were used to measure return, and the standard deviation and semi-standard deviation were used to measure risk. Multiple regression analysis was employed to explain convertible bond premiums by (1) the standardized theoretical value of the conversion option, (2) expected growth, (3) the dividend yield, and (4) stock price volatility. Multiple regression analysis was also used to explain the relationship between convertible bond and stock yields from which a breakeven yield was obtained. Finally, the appropriate statistics for return and risk were analyzed together on a year to year basis employing a linear model to determine whether convertible bonds or the common stock into which they are exchangeable performed better. The study shows that (1) convertible bonds are very much more like common stock than pure bonds in terms of both return and risk, (2) the similarity above was augmented by rising interest rates which served to reduce straight debt values, (3) the breakeven yield is estimated to have been approximately 8%, (4) convertible bonds outperformed common stock in more years than common stock outperformed convertible bonds,(5) the advantage of convertible bond performance increased when interest rates were relatively low and/or falling, (6) the advantage of common stock performance increased when interest rates were rising, (7) the relative performance of straight debt was particularly poor with risk-free securities yielding more as a general rule, and finally (8) the relationship between return and risk in the capital market appears to be curvilinear and concave to the origin reflecting higher required yields for increased risk taking.
External Cavity Diode Laser Sensor

Recent developments in an external cavity laser diode sensor are discussed. The sensor consists of an external reflector mounted such that the mirror to laser facet distance is smaller than the laser cavity. This device has micro-radian sensitivity and a large dynamic range. This sensor has been configured to sense acoustic waves, magnetic and electric fields, current, and temperature and acceleration.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Employee theft as social control

Employee theft is generally regarded as a serious offense not only by those responsible for assuring organizations operate as efficiently as possible, but by social scientists studying this phenomenon. Futhermore, in most modern settings, it is defined as criminal and subject to punishment. Although usually classified as deviant, theft is in many instances also a reaction to what employees consider is deviant behavior on the part of their employer. Consequently, a theory of social control, rather than a theory of crime, is more appropriate in explaining such theft by employees. This paper suggests that theft, as a mode of social control, is most likely among employees who occupy marginal positions in organizations, including those at the bottom of the organizational hierachy, those with little tenure, and those with few social lies. Ways of reducing employee theft consistent with this hypothesis are explored. It is concluded, however, that theft by employed members of organizations is in many cases inevit...
WE-E-AUD B-04: Commissioning and Validation of the BrainLab Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Algorithm

Purpose: To validate the accuracy of photon beam modeling for a new commercially available Monte Carlo tool and to assess its performance in clinical settings. Method and Materials: The XVMC photon dose calculation algorithm has been commissioned for 6 MV and 15 MV Varian Trilogy beams with BrainLAB M3 and Varian Millennium MLC devices. Depth doses, profiles, and beam output factors were measured in water with photon diode and results were compared with those calculated by XVMC algorithm in the same geometry. The MLC characterization of beam models were tested in homogeneous phantoms for various combinations of MLC patterns using film and ion chambermeasurements. The effects of leaf thickness, intra/inter‐leaf transmission, rounded leaf transmission have been investigated using film and ion‐chamber dosimetry. The accuracy of XVMC dose predictions in tissue inhomogeneities and near interfaces have been investigated with TLD, ion‐chamber, and film measurements in various inhomogeneous phantoms after measurements were corrected for dose in‐medium. Results: XVMC dose calculations in homogeneous phantom predicted the depth doses and profiles within 1%, indicating accurate modeling of beam energy spectra and penumbra, for both 6MV and 15 MV photon beam models using either collimating systems. The rounded leaf end and intra‐leaf transmission were modeled accurately within 2% as determined with film measurements. XVMC dose calculations in tissue inhomogeneities and near interfaces have been verified within 2–3% with TLD and ion chambermeasurements, after the measurements were corrected for dose in medium. Conclusion: XVMC algorithm commissioned for 6 and 15 MV photon beams was shown to accurately predict dose buildup/down effects in tissue interfaces in clinically relevant situations increasing the ability to accurately calculate patient dose. Conflict of Interest: XVMC/iPlanDose4.0beta was provided under a clinical cooperation agreement with BrainLAB.
Characterisation of a fatty acid and retinol binding protein orthologue from the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum.

Abstract Hookworms, bloodfeeding intestinal nematodes, infect nearly one billion people in resource limited countries and are a leading cause of anaemia and malnutrition. Like other nematodes, hookworms lack the capacity to synthesise essential fatty acids de novo and therefore must acquire those from exogenous sources. The cDNA corresponding to a putative Ancylostoma ceylanicum fatty acid and retinol binding protein-1 (AceFAR-1) was amplified from adult hookworm mRNA. Studies using quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR demonstrate that AceFAR-1 transcripts are most abundant in the earliest developmental stages of the parasite, and greater in females than males. Using in vitro assays, the recombinant AceFAR-1 (rAceFAR-1) was shown to bind individual fatty acids with equilibrium dissociation constants in the low micromolar range. The pattern of fatty acid uptake by live adult worms cultured ex vivo was similar to the in vitro binding profile of rAceFAR-1, raising the possibility that the native protein may be involved in acquisition of fatty acids by A. ceylanicum . Animals vaccinated orally with rAceFAR-1 and the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin exhibited a statistically significant (40–47%) reduction in intestinal worm burden compared with controls immunized with antigen or adjuvant alone. Together, these data suggest a potential role for AceFAR-1 in hookworm biology, making it a potentially valuable target for drug and vaccine development.
Empirical correlations between black carbon aerosol and carbon monoxide in the lower and middle troposphere

[1] Single-particle measurements of black carbon (BC) aerosol and simultaneous measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) were acquired aboard the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS). Observed average BC mass loadings, estimated to account for ∼90% of the ambient BC mass, decreased by more than 2 orders of magnitude from the polluted boundary layer to the clean middle troposphere (6 km). A strong positive, but non-linear, correlation was observed between simultaneous measurements of BC and CO. Based on an analysis of all the data below 1 km, we report a compact relationship between BC and CO with a slope of 5.8 ± 1.0 ng BC (kg dry air)−1 (ppb CO)−1 that is representative of regional urban and industrial emissions from Houston and Dallas. The BC/CO emission ratio for a fresh biomass-burning plume was estimated at 9 ± 2 ng kg−1 ppb−1.
A molecular and cytogenetic survey of major repeated DNA sequences in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

The major families of repeated DNA sequences in the genome of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were isolated from a sheared DNA library. One thousand clones, representing one million base pairs, or 0.15% of the genome, were surveyed for repeated DNA sequences by hybridization to total nuclear DNA. Four major repeat classes were identified and characterized with respect to copy number, chromosomal localization by in situ hybridization, and evolution in the family Solanaceae. The most highly repeated sequence, with approximately 77000 copies, consists of a 162 bp tandemly repeated satellite DNA. This repeat is clustered at or near the telomeres of most chromosomes and also at the centromeres and interstitial sites of a few chromosomes. Another family of tandemly repeated sequences consists of the genes coding for the 45 S ribosomal RNA. The 9.1 kb repeating unit in L. esculentum was estimated to be present in approximately 2300 copies. The single locus, previously mapped using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, was shown by in situ hybridization as a very intense signal at the end of chromosome 2. The third family of repeated sequences was interspersed throughout nearly all chromosomes with an average of 133 kb between elements. The total copy number in the genome is approximately 4200. The fourth class consists of another interspersed repeat showing clustering at or near the centromeres in several chromosomes. This repeat had a copy number of approximately 2100. Sequences homologous to the 45 S ribosomal DNA showed cross-hybridization to DNA from all solanaceous species examined including potato, Datura, Petunia, tobacco and pepper. In contrast, with the exception of one class of interspersed repeats which is present in potato, all other repetitive sequences appear to be limited to the crossing-range of tomato. These results, along with those from a companion paper (Zamir and Tanksley 1988), indicate that tomato possesses few highly repetitive DNA sequences and those that do exist are evolving at a rate higher than most other genomic sequences.
Randomly branched styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers. I. Preparation, molecular weight characterization, and GPC analysis

A series of randomly branched copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene were prepared using a benzoyl peroxide-initiated free-radical bulk polymerization at 78°C. DVB contents were varied from 0.01% to 2%. Two samples were polymerized with 0.4% DVB to different conversions: series 9A at 6% conversion and series 9B at 15% conversion (just short of the gelation point). Both samples were fractionated and the fractions characterized by ultracentrifugation, light scattering, osmometry, viscometry, and gel permeation chromatography. The data indicated that the fractions were not of narrow MWD and that the breadth of the MWD of the fractions from series 9B were greater than those of 9A. GPC calibration curves of M, [η], and M [η] were generated for both 9A and 9B fractions by employing curve-fitting techniques to the GPC data. For all of the fractions 9B, the molecular weight calibration provided accurate values of Mz, Mw, and Mn, suggesting that no serious peak spreading had occurred in the GPC experiments. The universal calibration parameter M[η] for the 9A fractions agreed with that of linear polystyrene, while that of the high-conversion series 9B did not. It will be shown in a later paper that series 9B is highly branched, while 9A is lightly branched. Consequently, it is recommended that any GPC analysis of branching units make an allowance for the deviation of highly branched polymers from the linear M[η] calibration curve.
Measurement Characteristics of the Finding Embedded Figures Test.

The study investigated the measurement characteristics of both forms of a multiple choice measure of field independence: the Finding Embedded Figures Test. Subjects (n = 302) completed both forms of the FEFT or one form of the FEFT and the Group Embedded Figures Test. Item performance was evaluated by computing classical item difficulty and item-by-total-score correlation coefficients; FEFT-by-GEFT concurrent validity correlation coefficients; and test-retest and alpha reliability coefficients. Results suggest that the FEFT forms provide reasonably reliable and valid data.
Random fracture of a brittle solid

A brittle solid may be defined as one having a tenacity small in comparison with its rigidity. Such a material readily yields new surface by shattering under random impulsive or crushing forces producing deformation by action at the boundary. Many solids upon which the crushing or grinding mill acts fall into this category. The problem of the mill may be defined as one which concerns itself with the relations between the fragment statistics, the properties of the material, and a set of random mechanical boundary conditions. The production of cracks and fissures in brittle solids under random and organized boundary conditions has been studied by Suzuki,14 Terada l1 and Hirata.12 Hirata has shown that a fundamental statistical attack on the problem is possible by his use of the Poisson series to describe fracture statistics. The grinding mill has been studied extensively by empirical methods and attempts have been made to relate the fragment statistics to the boundary work. The names of Martin 8* g and Gaudin lo are identified with much painstaking work here. The need for a rational approach to the task of specifying and predicting the probable size and shape of the fragment is widely felt. The purpose of this paper is to map out such an approach. Despite numerous complications of the general case, the applicability of three general principles is quite clear. In all discussions “ chance ” must be assumed to play a dominant role.
Technical Challenges and Utility of Anterior Exposure for Thoracic Spine Pathology

Background. Thoracic surgeons are frequently called upon to provide exposure to the anterior cervicothoracic, thoracic, and proximal lumbar spine. We reviewed our surgical experience and the perioperative outcomes of these spinal approaches. Relevant technical and anatomic considerations of each procedure are highlighted. Methods. A total of 213 patients (116 female, 97 male) undergoing anterior thoracic spinal exposures over an 11-year period at a single institution were analyzed. Primary endpoints include morbidity, mortality, and perioperative outcomes. Results. Mean age was 53.7 years. Surgical approaches were determined based on the location and length of spinal involvement, and included cervicothoracic (5), thoracotomy (117), and thoracoabdominal (91) techniques. Malignant etiologies were associated with the highest perioperative mortality (6.7%, p 0.08). Procedures for infection were associated with a significantly higher complication rate (p 0.041) and length of stay (p 0.033). Correction of scoliosis required longer operative times (p < 0.001) and resulted in a trend toward higher blood loss (p 0.16). Thoracoabdominal approaches were associated with increased operative times (386 vs 316 minutes) and length of stay (8 vs 6 days) compared with thoracotomy. Conclusions. The increased use of anterior approaches to spinal pathology necessitates greater involvement by thoracic surgeons. Familiarity with the anatomic and technical features of the anterior spinal exposure is required by thoracic surgeons to optimize surgical outcomes.
The Astronomy of the Qumran Fragments 4Q208 and 4Q209

This article puts forth a mathematical and astronomical model that helps explain the structure of the Aramaic Astronomical Book (aab; 4Q208–211), in particular the sequences of fractions in 4Q208 and 4Q209. The article confirms and builds upon Drawnel’s reconstruction of this highly formulaic composition. The model proposed here demonstrates that the numerous fractions of the aab, although they seem bewildering and incomprehensible to many readers today, constitute genuine and authentic astronomical knowledge. While there are parallels between the aab and Mesopotamian astronomical texts, especially the Enūma Anu Enlil, they do not necessarily indicate that the author of the aab had direct or extensive access to centers of astronomical knowledge in Babylon.
Model for a vendor study in a manual or semi-automated acquisitions system

Abstract The author discusses the principles underlying an equitable study of the overall performance of firm order vendors, and presents one method for making such a study in a manual or semi-automated acquisitions system. This method includes random sampling from the orders being processed by a department over a period of several months; recording data on pricing, speed, fulfillment, and service; and compiling numerical ratings for each vendor which reflect the needs of the library making the study. The method allows for contrasting individual wholesalers with publishers in general as well as with one another.
Shifting attention to neurons

Cavanagh et al.[1] challenge the traditional idea that neuronal activity caused by impending saccades alters receptive field (RF) locations. The authors argue, instead, that saccade-related signals cause shifts of attentional pointers that lack information about object identity but influence visual regions that encode object properties. We agree that the relationship between attention and remapping warrants additional study. However, we think that the authors’ proposal, although constructive, is incomplete given neurophysiological data.
Analysis of power consumption in memory hierarchies

In this paper, we note and analyze a key trade-off: as the complexity of caches increases (higher set-associativity, larger block size, and larger overall size), the power consumed by a cache access increases. However, because the hit rate also increases, the number of main memory accesses decreases and thus the power consumed by a memory access decreases. Recent papers which consider the power consumption of caches tend to ignore hit rates. This is unfortunate, because it is undesirable to have energy-efficient caches which are also very slow. Hit rates also play a key role in truly evaluating the energy efficiency of a cache, because low hit rates lead to more frequent main memory accesses which consume more power than cache accesses.
Liposarcoma of spermatic cord

Four patients with myxoid liposarcoma of the spermatic cord are presented, three of whom have survived longer than five years. Wide local excision is usually the treatment of choice with radiotherapy reserved for control of either extensive local disease or following incomplete removal of the lesion.
Inorganic chemistry: the past 100 years

It is impossible for anyone reading these words today to comprehend the state of chemistry or of its sub-discipline inorganic chemistry as it existed on Aug. 1, 1874, when a group of distinguished ...
Using Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent to Screen for Iron Deficiency May Be Problematic.

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional deficiency globally, with a prevalence of 9.2% among children age 12 to 35 months in the United States. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is found in 2.1% of children in this age group.1 The developmental delays associated with ID motivate pediatricians to diagnose the iron deficient child as early and accurately as possible,2 ideally before the development of IDA. Unfortunately, traditional markers of iron stores, such as transferrin saturation or serum ferritin, are not sensitive in this age group, and both can be affected by systemic inflammation.3,4 In 2010, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a clinical report recommending that children be screened for ID with either ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) or reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr).1 The report did not favor one testing strategy over another. Prior work has shown that CHr is an early and sensitive marker of ID,5,6 and as a result, our clinic transitioned to testing for ID exclusively with this test. Without refuting the potential utility of the test, this report aims to highlight some of the important challenges our clinic experienced while using a test of the hemoglobin in reticulocytes, as well as another important limitation of the test not discussed in the 2010 clinical report. Currently, 2 tests exist for assessing the amount of hemoglobin in reticulocytes. CHr is an older, more studied value resulted by Advia machines; reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) is a newer, less-documented value resulted by Sysmex machines. Several cutoff levels for the CHr test have been proposed,5,7 but pediatric data are lacking for the Ret-He test, and the manufacturer recommends normative testing for each machine and population (personal communication, Dr Meyers). Pediatric primary care clinicians at our urban safety-net hospital began using Ret-He to screen for ID in early 2013 when the test first became available at our institution. Subsequently, several clinicians noticed a high number of positive screens compared with their prior experience and given the estimated disease prevalence.1 The authors began a quality improvement initiative to standardize our clinic’s screening practice. A literature review established that normal values reported with the Ret-He test had been established for adults only, leading to concerns about the appropriateness of this test in our patients.
Is the wall of a cellulose fiber saturated with liquid whether or not permeable with CO2 dissolved molecules? Application to bubble nucleation in champagne wines.

In this paper, the transversal diffusion coefficient D of CO2 dissolved molecules through the wall of a hydrated cellulose fiber was approached, from the liquid bulk diffusion coefficient of CO2 dissolved molecules modified by an obstruction factor. The porous network between the cellulose microfibrils of the fiber wall was assumed being saturated with liquid. We retrieved information from previous NMR experiments on the self-diffusion of water in cellulose fibers to reach an order of magnitude for the transversal diffusion coefficient of CO2 molecules through the fiber wall. A value of about D 0.2D0 was proposed, D0 being the diffusion coefficient of CO2 molecules in the liquid bulk. Because most of bubble nucleation sites in a glass poured with carbonated beverage are cellulose fibers cast off from paper or cloth which floated from the surrounding air, or remaining from the wiping process, this result directly applies to the kinetics of carbon dioxide bubble formation from champagne and sparkling wines. If the cellulose fiber wall was impermeable with regard to CO2 dissolved molecules, it was suggested that the kinetics of bubbling would be about three times less than it is.
Restorative Justice and Wrongful Capital Convictions: A Simple Proposal

To date, little attention has been given to the problems associated with restoring or compensating persons who have been wrongfully convicted of serious crimes. Most of the discussion has focused on the legal system as the most appropriate remedy in a retributive justice system, ignoring the unintended consequences of judicial remedies that create barriers to adequately reintegrate individuals into society. This article reviews the strategies currently available to compensate thewrongfullyconvictedanduses therestorative justice framework to proposeanalternative approachthat is extrajudicial, groundedin the executive branch’s responsibilityto provide for the administration of justice.
Commentary on "possible effects on occupational lung cancer from smoking related changes in the mucus content of the lung"

THE HYPOTHESIS that smoking may protect workers from the adverse consequences of inhaling dusts, fumes or gases on the job is an interesting one. As Sterling points out, workers in dusty occupations do sometimes claim that they smoke because smoking helps them to get rid of the dust from their lungs. And doctors have on occasion been known to support this view. In the 1950s in Britain, it was found that elderly coal miners without radiographic evidence of dust in the lungs were sometimes more likely to be disabled than miners of comparable age with the most advanced stage of simple pneumoconiosis. The hypothesis was entertained that this might have been due to cigarette smoking causing bronchitis, which protected the lungs from pneumoconiosis but which resulted in obstructive airways disease and consequent disability. In the present paper, the focus is on lung cancer. Sterling advances the hypothesis that smoking by increasing the mucus content of the lung reduces the impact of respiratory carcinogens. The pathological concept is of a layer of mucus lining the respiratory passages, which either blocks the access of the carcinogens to the mucus membrane, or dilutes and clears them more effectively than normal. Three kinds of evidence are advanced to support this hypothesis. First, studies are cited that indicate that the lung dust burden is less in smokers than in non-smokers. Second, certain epidemiological studies have shown or been reported to show a higher risk of lung cancer in workers exposed to respiratory carcinogens who do not smoke compared to those who do. Third, an experimental study on Beagle dogs is quoted to support the contention that the incidence of cancers in the respiratory tract is greater in animals exposed to carcinogenic dusts alone than in animals exposed to carcinogenic dusts and cigarette smoke. I should like to comment on these studies. The study by Pinto et al. [l] on pensioners from a copper smelter, who had been exposed at work to arsenic was of particular interest to me, since, for the past few years, my colleagues and I have been trying to disentangle the relative importance of exposure to arsenic trioxide and smoking in the cause of lung cancer among smelter workers. Table 1 (Table 3 from Pinto’s paper), shows the appropriate comparison. It will be seen that the number of cancer cases was small-only 3 among the non-smokers and 3 more among the
Topological insulators: Topology and structural distortions

Lattice distortions can be used to manipulate surface states in topological crystalline insulators. This discovery suggests new methods to control the motion of electrons in 2D electron systems.
American women's autobiography : fea(s)ts of memory

This collection of essays focuses exclusively on the contribution of American woman to the writing of autiobiography. The authors trace editions of women's life-writing through three and a half centuries, from the narratives of Puritan woman to contemporary multicultural literature. Contributers to the volume include scholars such as: Sidonie Smith, Catharine Stimpson, Ann Gordon, Mary Mason, Nancy Walker, Katheleen Sands, Arlyn Diamond and others whose essays all appear here for the first time. Reflecting recent theoretical approaches to autiobiography, these essays draw upon work in literature, history, American studies and religion, and treat both canonical writers of autobiography - Harriet Jacobs, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Gertrude Stein, Mary McCarthy, Maxine Hong Kingston and others - as well as lesser known and unknown writers. Through these lives we are offered a glimpse of the wider worlds of which they were a part, including the abolition and suffrage movements, western frontier life and the struggle for civil rights in the 20th century. In her introduction, Margo Culley traces the dominant tradition of American women's autiobiography back to the Puritan practice of "reading the self." Writing as women and expecting to be judged as such, authors from all periods exhibit ambivalence about the first person singular, yet give themselves "permission" to write in the hope that their stories will be useful to others, particularly other women. Such purpose allows these writers to indulge all the pleasures of autobiography - pleasures of language and imagination, of narrative, of reminiscence, and even egotism. Together these essays explore gender and genre as culturally inscribed, the construction of self within language systems, the nature of female subjectivity, and the shaping forces of memory and narrative as writers engage in the making of meaning and the making of history. Grounded in the multicultural reality that is America, these essays aim to celebrate women's lives, women's autobiographical writing (including criticism), and the fea(s)ts of reading women's writing.
Aspirin and Clopidogrel for Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

This review examines the role of platelets in ischemic stroke, platelet activation mechanisms, aspirin’s rise as an antithrombotic agent, clopidogrel’s appearance on the stage, a possible role for combination therapy, antiplatelet resistance, practical considerations, and future directions. Reviewed in this chapter are issues central to optimal antiplatelet therapy: efficacy, safety, resistance, and biochemical/laboratory testing. Current guidelines do not recommend combination aspirin and clopidogrel use, however recent research indicates dual antiplatelet therapy with combined aspirin and clopidogrel may have specific roles in secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. A cautious and analytical interpretation of the literature is advised before application of this knowledge to clinical practice. The best recommendation at this time is to follow the published guidelines for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.
Tunicamycin-induced alterations in basement membrane formation during odontoblast differentiation

Previous work has suggested that the basement membrane in the developing tooth functions as a trigger for the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts. Tunicamycin (TM), which is an antibiotic that selectively inhibits glycosylation of the asparagine residues in proteins, prevents the differentiation of odontoblasts. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of TM on the basement membrane. The enzymatic separation of the epithelial and mesenchymal components of the molar tooth germ from the day 16 mouse embryo results in removal of the basement membrane. When the epithelium and mesenchyme are recombined and cultured for 2 days in control medium, the basement membrane is restored, and the mesenchymal cells differentiate into odontoblasts and secrete predentin by day 4 of culture. Ultrastructural examination of the basement membrane of TM-treated explants after 2 days of culture showed that the basal lamina was discontinuous with very little fibrillar and granular material attached to its mesenchymal surface. Immunofluorescent localization of type IV collagen, laminin, basement membrane proteoglycan, and fibronectin revealed continuous, linear deposits present in the basement membrane region of control explants and discontinuous deposits in TM-treated cultures. The most marked change was seen in fibronectin, which was drastically reduced in the dental mesenchyme and basement membrane of the TM-treated explants. TM markedly reduced the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine but had little effect on [3H]leucine incorporation. SDS gel electrophoresis of the glucosamine- and leucine-labeled homogenates of control and TM-treated explants showed that glycosylation of a protein with a molecular weight similar to that of fibronectin was markedly reduced. We suggest that TM may affect the interaction of the various macromolecules that assemble the basement membrane in part by reducing the amount of fibronectin. The resulting abnormal structure and composition of the basement membrane, possibly accompanied by surface changes in the mesenchymal cells, may prevent the cell-matrix interactions necessary for odontoblast differentiation.
Targeting Civilians in Ethno-Territorial Wars: Power- and Preference-Based Sources of Ethnic Cleansing and Mass Killing Strategies

In internal ethno-territorial conflicts, what explains why state or rebel group leaderships use civilian-targeting strategies—expulsion or mass killing strategies designed to punish enemy civilians or to decimate the enemy civilian presence on contested territory? One argument is that those living under the worst initial conditions—defined in terms of collective goods such as weak collective autonomy, policy outcomes, and material conditions—are most likely to target enemy group civilians. Another approach focuses on relative power—arguing that the enemy civilian population is targeted either because of weaker or stronger relative power. A third approach argues that differences in leadership preferences—in particular, more ideologically extreme or power-seeking preferences—are likely to drive direct assaults on enemy civilians. We examine these proposed mechanisms in terms of expected effects on benefits and costs in a simple ethno-territorial bargaining framework. We argue that relative power advantages ...
An Abstract Status Function Account of Corporations

In this article, I articulate and defend an account of corporations motivated by John Searle’s discussion of them in his Making the Social World. According to this account, corporations are abstract entities that are the products of status function Declarations. They are also connected with, though not reducible to, various people and certain of the power relations among them. Moreover, these connections are responsible for corporations having features that stereotypical abstract entities lack (e.g., the abilities to take actions and make profits).
A new approach to the BDI agent-based modeling

Intelligent agents have been regarded as a new notion to build complex software systems. In this paper, we propose an agent-based software development process based on Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) agent model as a new software development process. The Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model has been used as a fundamental ingredient to the new agent-based modeling method. In our agent system proposed here, each agent is made flesh by assigning its own belief, desire and intention. Here we have shown a seamless software development modeling technique consistently based on the BDI model. Even though there are many valuable arguments to define agents beside the BDI model, we currently use the BDI model only to simplify the agent modeling because we try to develop a more realistic agent-based modeling technique. We will extend this work to support other key concepts in agent computing.Here we propose a new approach comparing it with our previous approach to support the BDI agent-based modeling techniques. The previous approach finds intentions, desires and beliefs from two different kinds of use cases - external use cases and internal use cases - and supporting tools. The new approach finds in sequence desires, intentions and beliefs by using not only different kinds of use cases, sequence diagram, activity diagrams, and dataflow diagrams. To prove the usability of our software development process, we also provide a case study to clarify the description of our BDI agent software development process. This paper also introduces a brief structure of a CASE tool that we are currently developing to support the BDI agent software development process.
JANUARY RETURN SEASONALITY IN REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS: INFORMATION VS. TAX-LOSS SELLING EFFECTS

We examine the January return seasonality of real estate investment trust (REIT) common stock and underlying assets. Both stock returns and the National Assocation of Realtors median home price index exhibit January seaonals. However, the median home price index explains little of the seasonal stock returns, and a significant January effect in stock returns remains for small REITs. Thus, information effects are not the likely cause of the January effect in REITs. Further analysis indicates that tax-loss selling is the more likely cause of the January effect.
Antimicrobial properties of butanolamines and propanolamines in metal working fluids.

Seventeen propanolamines, six diisopropanolamines, and two butanolamines were studied for their antimicrobial properties against a mixed flora of fungi and bacteria in cutting fluids. All of the propanolamines showed inhibitory properties in the lubricants. Isopropanolamines were found to have very weak antimicrobial properties, and both butanolamine compounds were inhibitory. The most active compound found was L-2-methylamino-1-phenolpropanol, but other chemicals including DL-2-benzylamino-1-propanol, 3-diethylamino-1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-dimethylamino-3-propanol, and 3-amino-1-propanol all showed good antimicrobial properties in the products.
3D preform shape optimization in forging using reduced basis techniques

Three-dimensional preform shape optimization of complex forgings with a weighted summation of multiple basis shapes is presented in this article. Currently, 2D preform shape optimization is well developed; however, in cases in which the parts are neither axisymmetric nor plane strain, 2D assumptions do not hold well. The number of design variables required to define the 3D preform shape is high, making most iterative design methods impractical for shape optimization. The goal here is to make design optimization practical and efficient by developing reduced-order modeling techniques for 3D preform shape optimization. The preform shape is treated as a linear combination of various billet shapes, called basis shapes, with the weights for each basis shape used as design variables, thereby reducing the number of design variables. It is very difficult to obtain the necessary gradient information for 3D forging simulations, so a non-gradient method is used to build the surrogate model on which optimization is pe...
Specialized lactate dehydrogenase isozymes: The molecular and genetic basis for the unique eye and liver LDHS of teleost fishes

Electrophoretic and immunochemical analysis of the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns of fishes indicates that these isozymes are the tetrameric products of three LDH loci — A, B, and C — which are present in virtually all teleost fishes. The A and B genes of fishes and their corresponding isozymes have previously been shown to be homologous to the A and B genes of other vertebrates. The eye-band LDH characteristic of many groups of teleosts, and the liver-band LDH of gadoid and cyprinid fishes are shown in this report to be encoded in the same LDH locus, designated C. In different groups of fishes this third LDH gene (C) is extremely varied both with regard to its tissue-specific regulation and with regard to the physical properties of its corresponding subunit. The electrophoretic mobility of the C4 isozyme ranges from highly anodal in some species to slightly cathodal in others while the mobilities of the A4 and B4 tetramers remain relatively constant. Most fish species express the A and B genes for LDH in nearly all tissues. In contrast, the C gene is highly restricted in tissue expression in most advanced teleosts where its isozymic products are found predominantly in the eye of some species or in the liver of others.
Learning in the land snail (Helix aspersa Müller)

A group of two experiments are discussed which demonstrate avoidance learning in land snails. Experiment I utilized the snail’s negative geotaxis and its chemoreceptive characteristics and required the snail to climb a vertical pole which contained a quinine-saturated loop of thread at the top. Experiment II substituted electric shock loops for the quinine. Snails in both experimental groups manifested progressively increasing climbing latencies and avoidance responses throughout five successive training sessions and a one week retention test. Control animals which received noncontingent quinine or shock did not show evidence of learning. These results provide evidence of rapid avoidance learning in gastropod mollusks.
The Effect of Typeface on the Perception of Onscreen Documents

This study investigated the effect that typeface has on a reader's perception of three different types of onscreen documents (business, email, and youth narrative stories). Participants read docume...
Corrigendum to “Electrical transport and structural study of CuCr1 − xMgxO2 delafossite thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition” [Thin Solid Films 517 (2009) 3211–3215]

The author regrets that during the publication of this paper an error occurred within the text of Section 3 andwithin figure. The corrected text and figure is reproduced below. Increasing the alloy percentage of Mg decreases the c-axis lattice parameter of the CuCr1− xMgxO2 phase in a basically linear fashion. Fig. 4 shows this trend, despite the fact thatMg forms a largerMg(II) cation in 6-fold coordination (with a 0.86 A radius) than the Cr(III) cation in 6-fold coordination (with a 0.75 A radius) otherwise sitting on its site. The c-axis lattice parameter is known to be almost independent of M(III) metal choice and this trend is thus likely a verification of the presence of holes sitting on Cu(I) lattice sites.
Statistical Analysis of Trends in Urban Ozone Air Quality

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of some statistical methods for examining trends in ambient ozone air quality downwind of major urban areas. To this end, daily maximum 1-hr ozone concentrations measured over New Jersey, metropolitan New York City and Connecticut for the period 1980 to 1989 were assembled and analyzed. This paper discusses the application of the bootstrap method, extreme value statistics and a nonparametric test for evaluating trends in urban ozone air quality. The results indicate that although there is an improvement in ozone air quality downwind of New York City, there has been little change in ozone levels upwind of New York City during this ten-year period.
T-NUCA - a novel approach to non-uniform access latency cache architectures for 3D CMPs

We consider a non-uniform access latency cache architecture (NUCA) design for 3D chip multi-processors (CMPs) where cache structures are divided into small banks interconnected by a network-on-chip (NoC). In earlier NUCA designs, data is placed in banks either statically (S-NUCA) or dynamically (D-NUCA). In both S-NUCA and D-NUCA designs, scaling to hundreds of cores can pose several challenges. Thus, we propose a new NUCA architecture with an inclusive, octal tree-based, hierarchical directory (T-NUCA-8), with the potential to scale to hundreds of cores with performance comparable to D-NUCA at a fraction of the energy cost. Our evaluations indicate that relative to D-NUCA, our T-NUCA-8 reduces network usage by 92%, energy by 87%, and EDP by 87%, at performance cost of 10%.
An FFT-based transient flash temperature model for general three-dimensional rough surface contacts

A transient flash temperature model was developed based on a Fast Fourier Transform method. An analytical expression for the heat partition function was obtained. Together, these substantially increase the speed of flash temperature calculations. The effect of surface topography on the flash temperature was examined. According to the simulation results, the surface with a longitudinal roughness produced a noticeably higher flash temperature than the surface with a transverse roughness. The simulation results also indicate that there is a significant cross-heating activity between the asperities; the temperature profiles appeared surprisingly gradual although their contact pressures had extremely sharp peaks.@S0742-4787~00!04002-9#
The contribution of prosody to spoken word recognition

The experiment reported here employed a word-onset gating technique to investigate the role of prosody in word recognition. Subjects were asked to identify words based on word onsets alone, word onsets followed by information about the word duration, or word onsets followed by information about full word prosody (i.e., both duration and stress). Results showed that words were correctly recognized with significantly less segmental onset information when word prosody was available to the subjects. Consistent with this finding, prerecognition error responses reflected correct length and prosody with less onset phonology when prosody information was provided in the stimulus than when only length information was provided. The findings of this experiment confirm the importance of word prosody for spoken word recognition.