cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lichenoid Drug Eruption After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination

Lichenoid drug reactions have been linked to a long and growing list of medications, most of which are used mainly in adults, making these reactions exceedingly rare in children. To the best of our knowledge, this case report is the first of a lichenoid drug eruption in a child after human papillomavirus vaccination.
Diagnosis and Management of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome in the ICU

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is characterized by obesity, daytime hypercapnia, and sleep-disordered breathing in the absence of other known causes of hypercapnia. Because of the global obesity epidemic and the high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population, critical care physicians are likely to encounter patients who have acute-on-chronic respiratory failure attributable to OHS in their clinical practice. In this review we define the clinical characteristics of OHS, review its pathophysiology, and discuss the morbidity and mortality associated with OHS. Finally, we offer treatment strategies during ICU management using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation that may guide the physician in the care of these challenging patients.
Unveiling the Right Side: Sidmouth

Sidmouth seafront, Devon, England. ©Reproduced with permission, ImageStateRM, Fotosearch. > Sidmouth > > Stately seaside sentinel > > Splendidly set 'side secluded seabright seascape > > Stormswept sandstone surmounts stone strewn shore > > Seagull shrieked sky suborns shoreward surging seas > > Squall soaked spars straddle spume-spattered stumps > > Sea-splashed stanchions support salt streaked stays …
Regression after Open Valvotomy of Infundibular Stenosis Accompanying Severe Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Three patients operated upon under hypothermia for severe valvular pulmonic stenosis had right ventricular pressures in excess of 100 mm. Hg after open valvotomy. The residual obstruction, localized by pressure measurements to the subvalvular region, appeared to be due to greatly hypertrophied musculature in the outflow tract of the ventricle. Infundibular resection was not attempted. Electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular hypertrophy gradually disappeared, and cardiac catheterization about 1 year after surgery showed normal or nearly normal right ventricular pressures. Postoperative improvement is attributed to regression of hypertrophy of the right ventricle consequent to relief of obstruction at the valve.
It is a question of scholarship.

Scholarship is the opportunity for advanced learning. The new paradigm of scholarship, in addition to research, assimilates teaching, service, and integration scholarships. Many allied health professional organizations reward a variety of scholarly efforts with continuing professional education units (CPEUs). The Commission on Dietetic Registration implemented a new CPEU category that promotes research at the preclusion of non-research types of scholarship. One of the most important educational benefits of non-research scholarship is opportunities for professional writing that also supports the goal of lifelong learning encouraged by adult education theory. Allied health professions will benefit from a discussion of the criteria used to differentiate and evaluate academic and practitioner scholarship.
Chapter 8 Energy Metabolism of Cellular Activation, Growth, and Transformation

Publisher Summary Biological cells have the ability to regulate their energy metabolism such that, in the steady state, energy production equals energy consumption. Cells placed in culture require different amounts of energy when they are growing as compared to the quiescent state. Growth activation of quiescent cells causes a rapid increase in metabolic rate and substantial changes in metabolic patterns to sustain the increased metabolic demand. Similarly, differentiation and malignant transformation also elicit fundamental alterations in metabolic rates and patterns within the affected cells. This chapter provides examples of the metabolic control in a variety of tissues to discuss the changes in energy metabolism that occur during activation, growth, and differentiation. The chapter describes metabolic control in renal cells as an example of this process in cells that normally maintain a relatively constant metabolic rate. It also provides a variety of examples of energy activation used by adult cells that are quiescent most of the time but can be rapidly activated. The changes in energy metabolism are described that occur when cells are placed in culture and in cells that undergo malignant transformation.
Pharmacogenetic Risk Scores for Perindopril Clinical and Cost Effectiveness in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: When Are We Ready to Implement?

In this issue of the Journal of the American Heart Association , Oemrawsingh et al present a very interesting and well‐executed analysis of clinical and pharmacogenetic risk scores for perindopril effectiveness in 8726 patients with stable coronary artery disease.[1][1] Their results demonstrate
Near Field Acoustics of Core and Fan Chevron Nozzles

*† ‡ Tests were conducted to assess the effect of core and fan chevrons on near field jet acoustics. A separate flow exhaust system was used to accurately simulate the discharge of a modern, medium bypass, turbo fan engine. Four nozzle configurations were tested; baseline (conical nozzles on both streams), core chevrons (chevrons on core nozzle and conical fan nozzle), fan chevrons (chevrons on fan nozzle and conical core nozzle), core and fan chevrons (chevron nozzles on both nozzles). Far-field measurements using the same configurations and cycle condition were reported previously 1 . It was shown that configurations with either core or fan chevrons can reduce jet noise. It was also shown that a configuration with both core and fan nozzles chevrons reduces jet noise to a greater degree. Additionally, that reduction was shown to be approximately additive when measured in dB. That is, the reduction due to core chevrons plus the reduction due to fan chevrons was approximately equal to the reduction due to both chevrons. It was suggested that chevrons modify the noise associated with the shear layer upon which they act; core nozzle chevrons affect the noise associated with the core/fan (inner) shear layer, fan nozzle chevrons affect the noise associated with the fan/free stream (outer) shear layer. The mixing region, which is created by the merging of the inner and outer shear layer, can be affected by either chevron nozzle. The total far field noise is thus a superposition of the two sources. The current work seeks to explain these observations by examining the modification of the noise sources within the jet plume. Core chevrons significantly reduce the noise generation region that is typically associated with the inner shear layer. Fan chevrons reduce the noise generation region that is typically associated with the outer shear layer. Both chevrons reduce noise from the mixing region. These effects were observed when chevrons were used separately and when chevrons were used together.
Vector Gaussian multi-decoder rate-distortion: Trace constraints

The problem of a lossy compression of a vector Gaussian source with correlated side information at decoders is considered. We characterize the rate-distortion function when the decoders' reconstructions are subject to small trace error covariance distortion constraints.
High-Speed Laser-Launched Flyer Impacts Studied with Ultrafast Photography and Velocimetry

Pulsed lasers can launch thin metal foils at km s−1, but for precision measurements in shock compression science and shock wave spectroscopy, where one-dimensional shock compression is vital, flyer plate impacts with targets must have a high degree of flatness and minimal tilt, and the flyer speeds and impact times at the target must be highly reproducible. We have developed an apparatus that combines ultrafast stroboscopic optical microscopy with photon Doppler velocimetry to study impacts of laser-launched Al and Cu flyer plates with flat, transparent glass targets. The flyer plates were 0.5 mm in diameter, and ranged from 12 to 100 μm thick, with flyer speeds up to 6.25 km s−1. The velocity variations over 30–60 launches from the same flyer plate optic can be as low as 0.6 %, and the impact time variations can be as low as 0.8 ns. Stroboscopic image streams (reconstructed movies) show uniform, flat impacts with a glass target. These stroboscopic images can be used to estimate the tilt in the flyer-target impact to be <1mrad.
Inflammation and Localization of Infection

A great deal of information has accumulated concerning the individual components of the inflammatory response and how they might be mediated. This has provided insight into why certain patients show enhanced susceptibility to infection, thus enabling us to take precautionary measures to minimize the risk of infection in such individuals.
Pretesting mHealth: Implications for Campaigns among Underserved Patients.

BACKGROUND For health campaigns, pretesting the channel of message delivery and process evaluation is important to eventual campaign effectiveness. We conducted a pilot study to pretest text messaging as a mHealth channel for traditionally underserved patients. AIMS The primary objectives of the research were to assess 1) successful recruitment of these patients for a text message study and 2) whether recruited patients would engage in a process evaluation after receiving the text message. METHODS Recruited patients were sent a text message and then called a few hours later to assess whether they had received, read, and remembered the sent text message. RESULTS We approached twenty patients, of whom fifteen consented to participate. Of these consented participants, ten (67%) engaged in the process evaluation and eight (53%) were confirmed as receiving, reading, and remembering the text message. CONCLUSION We found that traditionally underserved and under-researched patients can be recruited to participate in a text message study, and that recruited patients would engage in a process evaluation after receiving the text message.
IMMUNOREGULATORY CELL INTERACTIONS THAT GOVERN THE GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MURINE MYELOMA CELLS

Hapten-specific plasmacytomas of BALB/c mice have been employed to visualize and analyze two distinct populations of immunoregulatory suppressor T cells: 1) One suppressor T cell is an idiotype-specific, Ly t 1 − 2 + cell that mediates a rapid, total and reversible inhibition of immunoglobulin biosynthesis. The target cell of this suppressor T cell is the actual antibody-secreting cell.
Lectins as Innate Immune Recognition Factors: Structural, Functional, and Evolutionary Aspects

Abstract The key roles of soluble and cell-associated lectins as recognition/effector factors in immune responses of both invertebrates and vertebrates are now widely recognized. Unlike immunoglobulins, most lectins do not generate diversity in recognition by genetic recombination. However, the presence of multiple isoforms with distinct binding specificity, the relative recognition plasticity of the carbohydrate binding sites, and the expression of chimeric polypeptides housing multiple recognition and effector domains, considerably expand the functional properties of the lectin repertoires in any given species. Based on the presence of unique sequence motifs and structural folds, lectins have been classified within several families that considerably differ in their evolutionary history. Among the lectin families present in both invertebrate and vertebrate species, the galectins (formerly, S-type lectins) have been highly conserved through evolution, whereas the F-type lectins are largely heterogeneous from the structural standpoint. A comparative analysis of the structural and evolutionary aspects of galectins and F-type lectins will be discussed in this review to illustrate their functional diversification, with particular focus on their roles in innate immune recognition.
Toward the Extended Phenomenology of the Soul

Edmund Husserl brought the notion of the “soul” into particular prominence within the transcendental constitutive system when he set out, in Ideas II,1 to improve upon Descartes’ conception of consciousness. In fact, in a radical contrast to what has been considered to be the upshot of the Cartesian doubt, namely, the division between the mind and the body, between human functions — intellectual, on the one hand, and affective, sentient, on the other — Husserl assumed from the start that all human functioning remains under the organizing transcendental system of the intellect (Vernunft). From this system, as the center of constitutive consciousness, he maps out four functional zones which ground the life of consciousness subservient to it. With this analysis of consciousness, approached precisely from its object-constituting center, Husserl believes he has overcome any division within the transcendental schema of man and the life-world; he diversifies in this schema several constitutive “territories”: first, my body as organism (that is, objectified); second, my body as experienced by myself; third, the soul, which is intertwined with the functions of the body and yet consists of a sui generis distinctive complex; and lastly, the soul/the spirit, which is intertwined with the soul complex but nevertheless stands out as an autonomous functional system.
Overcoming the Static Learning Bottleneck - the need for adaptive neural learning

Amidst the rising impact of machine learning and the popularity of deep neural networks, learning theory is not a solved problem. With the emergence of neuromorphic computing as a means of addressing the von Neumann bottleneck, it is not simply a matter of employing existing algorithms on new hardware technology, but rather richer theory is needed to guide advances. In particular, there is a need for a richer understanding of the role of adaptivity in neural learning to provide a foundation upon which architectures and devices may be built. Modern machine learning algorithms lack adaptive learning, in that they are dominated by a costly training phase after which they no longer learn. The brain on the other hand is continuously learning and provides a basis for which new mathematical theories may be developed to greatly enrich the computational capabilities of learning systems. Game theory provides one alternative mathematical perspective analyzing strategic interactions and as such is well suited to learning theory.
Sustained, not habituated, activity in the human amygdala: A pilot fMRI dot-probe study of attentional bias to fearful faces

AbstractThe human amygdala consciously and nonconsciously processes facial expressions and directs spatial attention to them. Research has shown that amygdala activity habituates after repeated exposure to emotionally salient stimuli during passive viewing tasks. However, it is unclear to what extent the amygdala habituates during biologically relevant amygdala-mediated behaviors, such as the orienting of attention to environmentally salient social signals. The present study investigated amygdala habituation during a dot-probe task measuring attentional bias to backward masked fearful faces. The results suggest that across the duration of the 50 min (1,098 trial) task both attentional bias behavior and amygdala activity were sustained—rather than habituated. Thus, these initial findings indicate that when biologically relevant behavior is sustained, so too is amygdala activation.
Black cohosh extracts: a potential phytoestrogen for treatment of menopausal symptoms

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5188 Background: Menopausal symptoms are a serious health problem in postmenopausal women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is prescribed to ameliorate menopausal symptoms, but has been associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Natural estrogens (phytoestrogens) present in a variety of plants are thought to be safer than synthetic estrogen for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Black cohosh extract (BCE), the largest selling dietary supplement in the U.S. used to treat menopausal symptoms, is claimed to be effective but its mechanism of action is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if BCE administered to symptomatic postmenopausal women would 1) alleviate menopausal symptoms and 2) act in an estrogenic fashion to stimulate the breast as measured by changes in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and serum levels of estradiol (E2) and the estrogen regulated protein (pS2). Methods and Materials: 19 Postmenopausal women were enrolled in the study. Patients took a capsule containing 40 mg of BCE twice daily for 12 weeks, followed by a 12 week washout period. The Kupperman Menopausal Index (KMI) was used to grade menopausal symptoms before BCE intervention and at 4, 12, 24 weeks. NAF and blood specimen collections were performed at 0, 4, 12, 24 weeks. E2 and pS2 levels in NAF and serum were measured using commercially available radioimmunoassays. Results were calculated after controlling for total NAF protein. Results and Conclusion: KMI scores significantly declined (p<0.001) at both 4 and 12 wks after starting BCE, and partially rebounded by 24 wks. Median baseline values for NAF E2 and pS2 in NAF were 261pg/ml and 1.55μg/g, which did not significantly change after BCE. The results of this investigation suggest that BCE is effective in relieving menopausal symptoms, and does not cause estrogen stimulation in the breasts of postmenopausal women at the dose ingested, suggesting that BCE may be a safe alternative to HRT for women with menopausal symptoms.
Promoting a Healthy Weight After Delivery

There are over 1.4 million overweight or obese women who become pregnant each year in the United States. The postpartum period may be a critical period for postpartum weight retention, long-term weight gain, and chronic obesity for young women. Achieving a healthy weight after delivery in women who were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy should be possible, but will require the use of relevant, evidence-based lifestyle interventions. There is a lack of consensus from medical and public health policy organizations about how lifestyle interventions should be implemented in the postpartum period. Differences in recommendations may be due in part to limited and inconsistent evidence of the effectiveness of postpartum interventions on weight loss. Larger-scale trials with rigorous methodology, diverse study samples, and consistent outcome measures are needed to confirm intervention effectiveness in the postpartum period. The translation and dissemination of evidence-based interventions to high-risk populations deserves further attention.
Performance and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) in older adults with Complicated Grief

Abstract Background Complicated Grief (CG) is a recently recognized bereavement-related mental health disorder. Social support is commonly measured with the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), a 40-item, 4-factor, self-report measure. Though the ISEL has been well-studied, no identified research has examined its psychometric properties or performance in older adults with CG. Methods We examined the psychometric properties of the ISEL in adults age ≥60 who enrolled in a psychotherapy treatment study for CG in New York City. We also examined the association of ISEL scores with CG severity, and with clinical and sociodemographic variables. Results Internal consistency of the ISEL was high (α=0.95). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that most of the ISEL items loaded strongly (>0.45) on the original 4 factors. Mean ISEL score was 68.1, which indicated lower social support than population norms. ISEL scores were significantly but modestly negatively correlated with grief severity. ISEL total scores also varied by sociodemographic and clinical variables; never being married, depression or anxiety diagnosis, and living alone were all associated with lower ISEL scores. Limitations A clinical help-seeking sample, with low sociodemographic and geographic variability, may limit the generalizability of the findings. Also, analyses were cross-sectional and directionality of associations could not be determined. Conclusions The 40-item ISEL may be a useful measure for those studying social support in the context of CG. Given the strikingly low levels of social support, intervention strategies for CG should include components addressing social support.
Bradykinin antagonizes the effects of alpha-thrombin.

α-Thrombin (AT) and bradykinin (BK) are endogenous mediators that are released during an inflammatory response, and could have a synergistic effect on endothelial permeability. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were grown on Transwell membranes and then tested for alterations in permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled human serum albumin. Addition of 1μM AT produced a significant increase in the permeability coefficient at 30 minutes from control levels of 1.59 × 10−6 cm/sec to 4.92 × 10−6 cm/sec. BK (1μM) produced a similar increase to 4.46 × 10−6 cm/sec. For both compounds, permeability remained elevated for 90 minutes. Pre-treatment of the HUVEC with the bradykinin receptor antagonist, Na-adamantaneacetyl-bradykinin (NA-BK) (1μM), prior to addition of AT, reduced the AT permeability coefficient to 2.69 × 10−6 cm/sec. Addition of NA-BK (1 μM) for 5 minutes, then BK (1 μM) for 5 minutes, inhibited the effect of BK and of AT (1 μM) on permeability, decreasing the permeability coefficient of the endothelial monolayer to control levels (1.62 × 10−6 cm/sec). AT (1 μM) increased HUVEC intracellular calcium mobilization, as monitored by FURA-2, to 245 nM from control (70 nM), however, pre-treatment with either BK or the bradykinin receptor antagonist decreased the AT induced intracellular calcium mobilization compared to AT alone. Pre-treatment of the HUVEC with bradykinin (1 μM) for 2 minutes also inhibited the effects of α-thrombin (1 μM) on f-actin distribution examined by BODIPY-phallodin staining and increased the clotting times for an α-thrombin dependent fibrinogen to fibrin clotting assay. However, incubation of bradykinin (1 μM) with α-thrombin (1 μM) for either 10 minutes or 100 minutes produced no detectable hydrolysis products. These data strongly suggest that the inflammatory mediators α-thrombin and bradykinin when released together, rather than being synergistic, are antagonistic.
Note: Student Cheating in Studying Programed Material

Some students studying programed books “cheat” by copying the comparison answers. In this study students who cheated were identified. When compared to those who completed the lessons as instructed, the students who cheated achieved significantly lower scores on a test. An advantage of teaching machines is that they can prevent both inadvertent and deliberate cheating which is usually permitted by programed books.
The presence of a stable “Megablock” in the southwestern North American Proterozoic craton in northern Mexico

Abstract The present study, based on combined geophysical, geochronological and isotopic data identifies a cratonic block which we call the Western Chihuahua-Mesa Central megablock (WCMB) in northern Mexico. New Bouguer and isostatic gravity anomaly maps revealed a conspicuously distinct, spatially-extensive gravity minima over a region extending from north western Chihuahua to as far south as the Mesa Central (MC). This region can be differentiated from the surrounding mobile belts with significantly higher gravity anomaly values. Gravity modeling combined with sparse seismically determined crustal thickness estimates indicate that the proposed WCMB region has crustal thicknesses ranging from 38 to 42 km. The regions surrounding WCMB are the spatially constrained mobile belts that are characterized by basinal and trough-like structures and are associated with A-type granites and bimodal volcanism. Spatial distribution of enriched initial Sr isotopic data (>0.706) confirms the sialic character of the crust associated with the gravity minimum at least in western Chihuahua. The mobile belts surrounding the WCMB contain geologic records of the events since 1.8–0.9 Ga. These ages from within and just adjacent to the block correlate well with the Rodinia Neoproterozoic supercontinent that was assembled 1.3–0.9 Ga. We propose that the northwest-southeast directed WCMB is a cratonic region underlain by Proterozoic crust. The WCMB is most likely separated from the deformed and active southwestern part of the North American Proterozoic craton by repeated thermotectonic activities within the surrounding mobile belts. These events have helped to dislocate and transport the block to its present location through processes of repeated compression, extension, and transform faulting.
Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modality

Despite the many advancements in liver transplantation (LT), mortality in patients with hepatic failure remains high, and to date, many patients die while awaiting LT. The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS®) is an extracorporeal liver support system intended to provide short-term metabolic detoxification, often as a vital bridge to LT. We report the case of a 41-year-old non-Hispanic White male who developed worsening multi-factorial encephalopathy in the setting of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis. He continued to deteriorate despite supportive medical therapy, and extensive investigation for alternative causes of encephalopathy aside from hepatic was unrevealing; as a result, there was concern that his encephalopathy was due to irreversible causes from which he may not recover appropriately following LT. We herein: i) describe the implementation of MARS as a diagnostic intervention for encephalopathy of uncertain etiology in a patient with end stage liver disease who, on the basis of prompt psychomotor improvement, underwent LT 19 days post-MARS implementation with an excellent clinical outcome and thus ii) propose the use of extracorporeal liver support not only as a short-term bridge but also as a diagnostic (and potentially therapeutic) measure in cases of cryptogenic encephalopathy, particularly in the setting of advanced liver disease.
Oscar Wilde Prefigured: Queer Fashioning and British Caricature, 1750–1900

Dominic Janes’s Oscar Wilde Prefigured does just that: prefigures the ambivalent link between male sartorial extravagance (‘queer fashioning’) and same-sex desire before the age of Oscar Wilde. The...
Cultural Generalists and Cultural Specialists: Examining International Experience Portfolios of Subsidiary Executives in Multinational Firms:

On the basis of the observation that today’s executives increasingly possess significant international experiences, this study of foreign subsidiary executive staffing strategies looks beyond the local/expatriate dichotomy and shifts the theoretical and empirical focus from executive nationality to a more nuanced examination of subsidiary executives’ international experience portfolios. The intended contribution of this study is to explore the relationship between home country–host country institutional differences and the quantity and quality of subsidiary executives’ previous international experience. I draw on executive cognition theory and the literature on international experience to hypothesize that variety and specificity of previous educational and professional international experiences facilitate subsidiary executives’ abilities to manage liabilities of foreignness arising from institutional distance. The findings indicate a positive relationship between home country–host country institutional di...
PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CHEMISTRY

W hen the first au tho r be gan work in chem ical edu cation , he be cam e inte rested in researchon problem solving for several reasons. First, problem solving is what chemists do,regardless of whether they work in the area of synthesis, spectroscopy, theory, analysis,or the characterization of compounds. Second, it was clear that individuals who weresuccessful in chemistry courses either developed good problem solving skills — more orless on their own —or brought these skills to their chemistry courses. Finally, it wasobvious that we weren’t doing as good a job as we could in helping less successfulstudents learn how to build problem solving skills.This chapter provides a review of the research literature devoted to the study of problemsolving in chemistry, including research on instructional strategies that might lead toimprovements in students’ problem solving ability. This literature runs the gamut fromstudies of high-school students working on stoichiometry or gas law problems throughstudies of problem solv ing by advanced graduate st udents in chemis try. Our primar y goalin writing this chapter is to point the reader toward appropriate literature, that can (andshould) be read for further details. We will also provide our biased perspective on someof this work.
Diversified Pattern Queries

In this chapter we describe a general framework, called DivDB, for evaluation and optimization of methods for diversifying query results. In these methods, an initial ranking candidate set produced by a query is used to construct a result set. The elements in the result set are ranked with respect to relevance and diversity features, i.e., the retrieved elements should be as relevant as possible to the query, and, at the same time, the result set should be as diverse as possible. While addressing relevance is relatively simple and has been heavily studied, diversity is a harder problem to solve. One major contribution of this work is that, we adapt, implement and evaluate several existing methods for diversifying query results in the DivDB framework. We also propose two new approaches, namely the Greedy with Marginal Contribution (GMC) and the Greedy Randomized with Neighborhood Expansion (GNE) methods. Both methods iteratively construct a result set using a scoring function that ranks candidate elements using not only relevance and diversity to the existing result set, but also accounts for diversity against the remaining candidates. We also present the first thorough experimental evaluation of the various diversification techniques implemented in the DivDB framework. We examine the methods’ performance with respect to precision, running time and quality of the result. Our experimental results show that while the proposed methods have higher running times, they achieve precision very close to the optimal, while also providing the best result quality. While GMC is deterministic, the randomized approach (GNE) can achieve better result of the result if the user is willing to tradeoff running time.
An Introduction to the Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Data

The recent development of single-cell RNA sequencing has deepened our understanding of the cell as a functional unit, providing new insights based on gene expression profiles of hundreds to hundreds of thousands of individual cells, and revealing new populations of cells with distinct gene expression profiles previously hidden within analyses of gene expression performed on bulk cell populations. However, appropriate analysis and utilization of the massive amounts of data generated from single-cell RNA sequencing experiments are challenging and require an understanding of the experimental and computational pathways taken between preparation of input cells and output of interpretable data. In this review, we will discuss the basic principles of these new technologies, focusing on concepts important in the analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Specifically, we summarize approaches to quality-control measures for determination of which single cells to include for further examination, methods of data normalization and scaling to overcome the relatively inefficient capture rate of mRNA from each cell, and clustering and visualization algorithms used for dimensional reduction of the data to a two-dimensional plot.
An investigation on mechanical and microstructural properties of 316LSi parts fabricated by a robotized laser/wire direct metal deposition system

Abstract A robotized laser/wire direct metal deposition system was utilized to fabricate 316LSi coupons. The mechanical and microstructural properties were then characterized. Two types of coupons, thin-walled and block, of short and long inter-layer time intervals were considered. It was found that different thermal histories caused by different inter-layer time intervals have significant impact on mechanical and microstructural properties. The thin-walled samples with lower cooling rates showed coarser columnar grains, lower ultimate tensile strength, and lower hardness compared to the block samples. The melt pool was monitored in real-time. An empirical correlation between the melt pool area and cooling rate was achieved that could enable control of scale of the final solidification structure by maintaining the melt pool size in real-time. Further, to study the anisotropic behavior, tensile samples were loaded in parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the deposition direction. The results indicated that samples in the perpendicular direction had lower UTS and elongation for both coupon types, revealing a weaker bonding at inter-layer/bead interface due to the existence of lack-of-fusion pores.
A 1MW −101DB THD+N Class-AB High-Fidelity Headphone Driver in 65NM CMOS

This paper presents a class-AB driver for high-fidelity audio. It attains high-linearity at low-power by using an improved output stage biasing technique and a new frequency compensation scheme. Designed in standard 65nm CMOS, the driver delivers 5I.2mW peak power to $16\Omega\Vert 0.33\text{nF}$ load, while consuming 0.97mW. It achieves −101.4dB THD+N over full audio band, the lowest ever reported linearity among sub-milliwatt CMOS class-AB drivers. Compared to prior works, it has >12dB better linearity and >7x higher unity-gain bandwidth, resulting in 2.5x improvement in linearity FOM (=Peak Load Power/ (Quiescent Power $\times$ THD+N[%])).
A highly invasive chimeric ranavirus can decimate tadpole populations rapidly through multiple transmission pathways

Abstract A consequence of genetic recombination can be the evolution of highly virulent pathogen strains. Virulence can manifest through various mechanisms of host–pathogen interaction that facilitate transmission. We discovered a highly virulent chimeric ranavirus in Georgia, USA, estimated transmission parameters using controlled experiments, and developed compartmental disease models to examine potential consequences on tadpoles of a susceptible host species (Lithobates sylvaticus). Our models included three transmission pathways: direct transmission via host contact, environmental transmission via shed virions in water, and transmission via necrophagy of morbid individuals. Unlike previous models, we categorized individuals into multiple stages of infection (susceptible, latency, and infectious), where the probability of disease-induced mortality increased throughout the duration of infection following a gamma distribution with an integer shape parameter. Our simulations showed that accounting for pathogen incubation improved model predictions when compared to survival data from controlled experiments. We found that transmission due to direct contact of tadpoles was the dominant transmission pathway; however, environmental transmission played a larger role as tadpole density increased and the epidemic progressed. Estimated R 0 (basic reproduction number) values >570 for all transmission pathways indicate that targeting only one transmission pathway is unlikely to thwart invasion. Additionally, the high invasion potential and diseased-induced mortality associated with this chimeric ranavirus indicate that this pathogen is a substantial threat to amphibian biodiversity in the United States.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Sickle Cell Disease: Updated Results of the Multicenter Trial.

Between 1991 and 2000, 59 children with symptomatic sickle cell disease (SCD) were enrolled in a multicenter investigation of myeloablative HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Patients had stroke (N=30) or other significant central nervous system disease (CNS) (N=1), recurrent episodes of acute chest syndrome (ACS) (N=20), or recurrent painful episodes (N=8) before study entry. Currently, 55 patients survive, and 50 survive free of sickle cell disease. Four patients died of complications of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)(N=3) or intracranial hemorrhage (N=1). Five patients had graft rejection accompanied by return of SCD. With a median follow-up of 5.2 years, the Kaplan-Meier probabilities of survival and event-free survival are 93% and 85%, respectively. To investigate the toxicity of transplantation and to assess its impact on the natural history of SCD, long-term follow-up evaluations of the CNS, pulmonary function, and gonadal function were performed. As reported previously, engrafted patients with stroke had no subsequent stroke events after BMT, and cerebral MRI and MRA exams demonstrated stable or improved appearance. One patient with graft rejection experienced a second stroke when the Hb S fraction reached 60% after BMT. Forty-three of 55 surviving (78%) patients had pulmonary function testing (PFT) performed at least 1 year after BMT, and 24 were tested 3 or more years after BMT. Seven of the 12 who lacked follow-up testing had normal baseline testing. Of the 43 with follow-up exams, 30 had stable, and 8 had improved PFTs. Five had worsened pulmonary function, 4 with restrictive changes, and 1 with obstructive changes. Three of the 4 with progression of restrictive changes had a history of ACS before BMT. One patient with a history of ACS died of pulmonary complications caused by graft-versus-host disease. Currently, 24 males and 19 females treated by BMT are >14 years of age. Of these, 15 males (63%) and 14 (74%) females had post-BMT gonadal function studies performed. Eleven of 15 males had normal LH and FSH levels, however, a normal testosterone level was observed only in 4. In contrast, 9 of 14 females had elevated gonadotropin and decreased estradiol levels that mimicked a post-menopausal state. Six females had primary or secondary amenorrhea. In summary, patients with stable engraftment of donor cells had cessation of clinical complications of SCD after BMT. In addition, most had stabilization or improvement in sub-clinical markers of disease. However, a limited number of patients who had progression of PFT abnormalities also had a history of ACS before BMT. In addition, gonadal toxicity was observed commonly in females after BMT. Together, these data confirm that BMT is a suitable intervention for patients with severe sickle cell disease, however efforts to reduce the toxicity of BMT should be pursued.
Symposium: the achievement of David Martin

This brief introduction notes some of the salient aspects of David Martin’s career and thought. It further presents and frames the following eight essays in this symposium devoted to different aspects of David Martin’s work.
PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ON ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE PATIENTS TREATED WITH THROMBOLYSIS

The impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombolysis remains unclear, largely limited by confounding factors including age and comorbidities (anticoagulation (AC), antiplatelets, etc). We aim to investigate this with a large, population-based database.
Inflammation in CF: Key Characteristics and Therapeutic Discovery

Inflammation is a cardinal feature of CF lung pathophysiology with a wide range of contributing factors. In addition to chronic airway infection leading to pulmonary inflammation, mechanisms of imbalanced oxidative stress response and pro-inflammatory lipid homeostasis as well as exuberant cytokine responses all contribute to a dysregulated inflammatory milieu in the CF host. Previous studies of anti-inflammatory steroidal and nonsteroidal interventions in CF have proven clinical benefit, but intolerance, side effects, and challenges in proper dosing have hampered their widespread use. Widely adopted in CF clinical care, azithromycin confers anti-inflammatory benefits through a variety of putative mechanisms. Current preclinical and clinical research in this area seeks to leverage endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms, promoting resolution of inflammation in the CF host. CFTR modulator drugs and efforts to develop gene-based therapies agnostic to CFTR mutations are key advances in the current era of CF science and medicine. It is exciting to consider how these interventions may influence the inflammatory state within the CF airway, but a need for direct anti-inflammatory interventions appears likely to persist. This chapter reviews several key pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to CF pulmonary inflammation, along with previous and existing therapeutic strategies to mitigate this host response without impairing host defense to infection or environmental insult.
Effects of medial longitudinal arch flexibility on propulsion kinetics during drop vertical jumps.

Abstract This study examined the effects of medial longitudinal arch (MLA) flexibility on kinetics during the eccentric and concentric subphases of a drop vertical jump (DVJ). Physically active adults with flexible (n = 16) and stiff (n = 16) MLA completed DVJs onto a force platform from a height of 30 cm. Eccentric and concentric subphases of the DVJ were identified from the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) data. Jump height, ground contact time, reactive strength index (RSI), vertical center-of-mass depth, vertical stiffness and time of the eccentric and concentric subphases were evaluated. Amortization force, peak vertical GRF and vertical impulse were also obtained for the eccentric and concentric subphases of the DVJ. Dependent variables were compared between groups using independent samples t-tests (p
System-specific evaluation of the dual flip angle MRI technique for quantitative T1 measurement.

PURPOSE To investigate if the accuracy of the dual flip angle (DFA) technique for T1 measurement is affected by the system-specific RF excitation performance. METHODS A T1 phantom, made of 12 vials of unique T1 value ranging approximately from 200 ms to 2000 ms, was built and tested on seven different clinical scanners. For each experiment, the reference T1 of each vial was obtained by the inversion recovery-based technique, and the DFA technique was applied repeatedly with several flip angle (FA) pairs conventionally proposed as optimal. The accuracy of the DFA technique for each FA pair was then evaluated by comparing the measured T1 values for the vials to the references. Any variation of the accuracy was then evaluated across different FA pairs, and across different MRI systems. To improve accuracy with a selected FA pair, the signal ratio (SR) curve, obtained from the phantom, was utilized in a calibration strategy of the DFA technique. RESULTS When combined for all the vials, the average ratio of the measured T1 to the reference generally increased as the FA pair window gradually slid from the smaller to the larger FA values. Furthermore, among several optimal FA pairs, the pair of the best accuracy varied slightly by the MRI system. The accuracy for any FA pair could be improved when the calibration strategy was utilized. CONCLUSIONS The RF excitation performance may vary by the specific FA pair and by the specific MRI system, influencing the accuracy of the DFA technique. The system-specific evaluation, and, if needed, its calibration, would help improve the accuracy of the DFA technique.
Abstract IA06: Wearable sweat sensor for personalized health monitoring

The rising research interest in personalized and precision medicine promises to revolutionize traditional medical practices. This presents a tremendous opportunity for developing wearable devices toward predictive analytics and treatment. In this talk, I will introduce fully integrated flexible biosensors for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, which can selectively and accurately measure a wide spectrum of sweat analytes (e.g., metabolites, electrolytes, heavy metals, drugs, and other small molecules). This platform allows us to gain real-time insight into the sweat secretion and gland physiology. I will also demonstrate an integrated wearable sweat extraction and sensing system that can be programmed to induce sweat on demand with various secretion profiles. To demonstrate the clinical value of our wearable sweat-sensing platform, human subject studies were performed toward fitness monitoring, physiologic monitoring, disease diagnosis, and drug monitoring. These wearable and flexible devices open the door to a wide range of personalized monitoring and diagnostic applications. Citation Format: Wei Gao. Wearable sweat sensor for personalized health monitoring [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Modernizing Population Sciences in the Digital Age; 2019 Feb 19-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(9 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
RAFFMAN: Measuring and Analyzing Sentiment in Online Political Forum Discussions with an Application to the Trump Impeachment.

Given an online forum, how can we quantify changes in user affect towards a person or an idea over time? We argue that online political forums constitute an untapped opportunity for understanding sentiment toward aspects under discussion. However, the analysis of such forums has received little attention from the research community. In this paper, we develop RAFFMAN, a systematic approach to quantify the impact of external events on the affect of forum users towards a concept, such as a person or an entity. First, we develop an approach to capture and quantify the observed activity: we identify related keywords, filter threads, and establish correlations between events and spikes in the activity. Second, we modify and evaluate state-of-the-art NLP techniques to achieve high accuracy (74%) in a three-class sentiment classification problem. As a case study, we deploy our method to quantify the effect of President Trump’s impeachment on several concepts including: President Trump, Speaker Pelosi, and QAnon. Our data consists of 32M posts from Reddit and 4chan over a span of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020. This initial analysis hints at an increase in political polarization, especially for people’s affect towards the President. Overall, our work is a building block towards mining the affect of online forum user towards a concept, which constitutes a untapped, massive, and publicly-available source of information.