cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders

Abstract The liver and gastrointestinal (GI) tract are central to homeostasis, with highly interdependent functions. The concerted action of the liver and GI tract is required for complete digestion and absorption of dietary nutrients. These actions include the production and secretion of bile from the liver, enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas, and the enzymes and transport systems of the intestinal tract. Control is exerted by a complex hormonal system, including a range of hormones produced by the gut and pancreas, and by neuronal mechanisms. The nutrients thus absorbed from the gut are first directed to the liver via the portal vein. The liver is a large, complex organ with a diverse array of functions ranging from energy metabolism to detoxification of drugs. Hepatocytes are the main site of metabolic processes and comprise approximately 80% of total liver cells. Other cells include hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), lymphocytes, endothelial lining cells, biliary epithelial cells, and stellate cells. The liver receives a dual blood supply consisting of oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich blood via the portal vein from the gut and oxygen-rich blood via the hepatic artery. The arterial and venous blood mixes within the sinusoids and flows over the hepatocytes before draining away via the hepatic venous system.
Expression of 4E-BP1 in juvenile mice alleviates mTOR-induced neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy.

Hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway during fetal neurodevelopment alters neuron structure and function, leading to focal malformation of cortical development (FMCD) and intractable epilepsy. Recent evidence suggests a role for dysregulated cap-dependent translation downstream of mTOR in the formation of FMCD and seizures. However, it is unknown whether modifying translation once the developmental pathologies are established can reverse neuronal abnormalities and seizures. Addressing these issues is crucial with regards to therapeutics since these neurodevelopmental disorders are predominantly diagnosed during childhood, when patients present with symptoms. Here, we report increased phosphorylation of the mTOR effector and translational repressor, 4E-BP1, in patient FMCD tissue and in a mouse model of FMCD. Using temporally regulated conditional gene expression systems, we found that expression of a constitutively active form of 4E-BP1 that resists phosphorylation by mTOR in juvenile mice reduced neuronal cytomegaly and corrected several neuronal electrophysiological alterations, including depolarized resting membrane potential, irregular firing pattern, and aberrant expression of HCN4 channels. Further, 4E-BP1 expression in juvenile FMCD mice after epilepsy onset resulted in improved cortical spectral activity and decreased spontaneous seizure frequency in adults. Overall, our study uncovered a remarkable plasticity of the juvenile brain that facilitates novel therapeutic opportunities to treat FMCD-related epilepsy during childhood with potentially long-lasting effects in adults.
Direct and Homogeneous Numerical Approaches to Multiphase Flows and Applications

We have studied two approaches to the modeling of bubbly and cavitating fluids. The first approach is based on the direct numerical simulation of gas bubbles using the interface tracking technique. The second one uses a homogeneous description of bubbly fluid properties. Two techniques are complementary and can be applied to resolve different spatial scales in simulations. Numerical simulations of the dynamics of linear and shock waves in bubbly fluids have been performed and compared with experiments and theoretical predictions. Two techniques are being applied to study hydrodynamic processes in liquid mercury targets for new generation accelerators.
Theoretically good distributed CDMA/OVSF code assignment for wireless ad hoc networks

We present several distributed CDMA/OVSF code assignment algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks modelled by unit disk graph (UDG). We first give a distributed code assignment whose total throughput is within a constant factor of the optimum. Then we give a distributed method such that the minimum rate achieved is within a constant factor of the optimum. A distributed method that can approximate both the minimum rate and total throughput is also presented. All our methods use only O(n) total messages (each with O(log n) bits) for an ad hoc wireless network of n nodes modelled by UDG.
Vietnam War representations

(1989). Vietnam War representations. Critical Studies in Mass Communication: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 81-90.
First countable, countably compact spaces and the continuum hypothesis

We build a model of ZFC+CH in which every first countable, countably compact space is either compact or contains a homeomorphic copy of ω 1 with the order topology. The majority of the paper consists of developing forcing technology that allows us to conclude that our iteration adds no reals. Our results generalize Saharon Shelah's iteration theorems appearing in Chapters V and VIII of Proper and improper forcing (1998), as well as Eisworth and Roitman's (1999) iteration theorem. We close the paper with a ZFC example (constructed using Shelah's club-guessing sequences) that shows similar results do not hold for closed pre-images of ω 2 .
A Review of “Digital Curation: A How-To-Do-It Manual”

An addition to the series of handy manuals by Neal-Schuman Publishers, Digital Curation: A How-To-Do-It Manual covers this emerging field of library activity from the ground up. Author D. R. (Ross)...
Dynamic buckling of liquid-filled shells under horizontal excitation

A method for the investigation of the dynamic buckling of liquid-filled shells under horizontal excitation has been developed. Strikingly good agreement has been obtained in comparison to available experimental results. This provides guidelines for a better understanding of stability phenomenon of liquid-filled shells. The importance of modal interaction in the axial as well as circumferential directions is also demonstrated. In particular, the coupling between the nth and (n + 1)th circumferential modes is found to be the major cause for the instability of fluid-structure systems under horizontally applied ground motion. For failure conditions in which the buckling modes are not exactly known from the shaking table experiment, the significant bifurcation solutions can be identified from the present analysis.
Capacity on Demand advancements on the IBM system z10

Capacity on Demand (CoD), a key feature of the IBM System z® B. D. Valentine platform, allows customers to adjust their processing and memory capacity to their specific needs without having to shut down and restart the machine and with no interruption to the complete software stack running on it. The first System z CoD functions, introduced with the IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server™ 9672 G5 in 1998, were concurrent upgrade on demand for permanent capacity and capacity back up for temporary capacity. Since then, the functionality has been continuously enhanced, but CoD still had a number of limitations that needed to be addressed to better meet customer requirements. The IBM System z10™ platform introduces a completely new architecture for CoD that provides more flexibility, granularity, and responsiveness. In addition, the System z10 platform provides an enhanced set of CoD application programming interfaces for use by systems management or automation software. This paper describes the new capabilities from both a business and a customer perspective as well as from a technical perspective.
Eliminating distortion in the Beylkin-Coifman-Rokhlin transform

A systematic approach is presented for the elimination of distortion in the Beylkin-Coifman-Rokhlin (BCR) transform, a technique that requires only O(N) operations to apply an N*N matrix to an arbitrary vector. Since these matrices and vectors are of finite length, implementations of the BCR transform require the application of some extension technique, and these extension methods result in an additional O(N) nonzero terms. The resulting algorithm retains O(N) complexity while eliminating all distortion in a perfect reconstruction sense. The only distortion remaining is in the wavelet coefficients, and that is due to the particular extension method chosen. >
Using a hybrid method for accessing broadcast data

Broadcasting is an important means of data dissemination in wireless environments. Data access methods are used to provide power efficient access to broadcast channels. In this paper, we propose a hybrid data access method which is built on the combination of an existing index tree based data access method and hashing techniques. Cost models are derived for the proposed method. Simulation experiments are also conducted to compare the hybrid method with the index tree based methods. We show that under a range of parameters the hybrid method exhibits better performance over the index tree based methods.
Influence of defects and defect distributions in multicrystalline silicon on solar cell performance

We describe results of our theoretical and experimental studies performed to investigate the influence of defects and defect distributions in multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers on the solar cell's performance. Dislocation distributions were measured on wafers from various bricks of a mc-Si ingot. Solar cells were fabricated on sister wafers and characterized by a variety of methods. Cell performance can be accurately predicted from dislocation distribution of a mc-Si wafer using local N/P junction characteristics in a distributed network model. This analysis is applied to investigate changes in cell performance caused by dislocation propagation within a brick of mc-Si ingot. The theoretical results agree well with the measured performance of cells fabricated on wafers taken from different places in a brick.
How do readers handle incorrect information during reading

How do readers deal with information that is inconsistent with what they know? This question has typically been addressed by examining whether carefully designed texts can help readers revise inaccurate beliefs. However, texts sometimes present incorrect information that runs counter to readers’ accurate knowledge. Three experiments were performed to examine how individuals process incorrect information during reading. Participants read stories describing familiar historical scenarios. These scenarios included historically accurate or inaccurate outcomes. The scenarios also included contexts that either supported accurate outcomes or utilized suspense to call into question the likelihood of those events. Overall, participants took longer to read inaccurate outcomes than to read accurate outcomes, but suspenseful contexts attenuated this difference. This pattern held even with a task that encouraged readers to consider their prior knowledge. Story contexts were particularly influential when modified to present novel scenarios. These results provide insight into the role of prior knowledge when readers encounter incorrect information, and into the consequences of such experiences.
Curriculum in biomedical optics and laser-tissue interactions

This presentation outlines our development of a curriculum in Biomedical Optics and Laser-Tissue Interactions. Topics cover issues of medical diagnostics and therapeutic uses of lasers and light. Emphasis is on computer modeling, experimental labs, and creating business plans for novel devices and techniques.
Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, not protective in the presence of homocysteinemia.

Abstract Homocysteinemia may increase atherosclerosis risk by a variety of mechanisms. 6–9 The disorder can be diagnosed by fasting, or postmethionine load homocyst(e)ine values. An abnormal postload range (>95th percentile) has been suggested to be 20 to 40 nmol/ml. 10,11 Twenty-eight percent of patients with peripheral vascular and cardiovascular disease have an abnormal response to the methionine load tests compared with 1% of the healthy population. Therapy is relatively low risk and involves folate or pyridoxine supplementation. Despite the protective effects of very high HDL cholesterol, atherosclerosis can still occur in the setting of hyperhomocysteinemia.
Biological control of Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia with inundative releases of Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): do release rates affect parasitism?

The effectiveness of inundative releases of the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus n. sp. Rose & Zolnerowich for control of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring on poinsettia in replicated experimental greenhouses was determined. We evaluated two release rates of E. eremicus: a low release rate (one female per plant per week, released in two greenhouses, in spring 1995) and a high release rate (three females per plant per week, released in two greenhouses, in spring 1994), each over a 14 week growing season. Each release trial had either one (1995) or two (1994) control greenhouses in which B. argentifolii developed on poinsettia in the absence of E. eremicus. Life-tables were constructed for B. argentifolii in the presence and absence of E. eremicus by using a photographic technique to follow cohorts of whiteflies on poinsettia leaves. Weekly population counts of whiteflies were also made. In the absence of E. eremicus, egg to adult survivorship of B. argentifolii on poinsettia was 75–81%. At the low release rate, egg to adult survivorship of B. argentifolii was 12% and parasitism was 34%. At the high release rate, egg to adult survivorship of B. argentifolii was 0.9% and parasitism was 10%. The average net reproductive rates (Ro) for populations of B. argentifolii in the absence of E. eremicus ranged from 20.5 to 26.1, indicating a rapidly increasing population density. Net reproductive rates for whitefly populations subject to parasitoid releases were 3.7 in the low release rate greenhouses, and 0.25 in the high release rate greenhouses, indicating substantially reduced B. argentifolii population growth. At week 14 of the trial, densities of immature whiteflies were lower in greenhouses at the low release rate when compared to the high release rate greenhouses. This was attributed to high levels of in-house reproduction by parasitoids at the low release rate.
Characterizing the semantic information loss between geospatial sensors and geospatial information systems (GIS)

Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) collect, integrate, store, edit, analyze, share, and display geographic information. Naturally, GIS analysts rely on external data coming from disparate sensors to associate the sensor content (e.g. imagery) with relational databases. Inherently, these GIS sensors present differences in their data structures, labelling, ontologies, and resolution. Given different data structures, information may be lost in the transfer of information, alignment, and association of related context, which yields uncertainty in the meaning of the conveyed information. Ontology alignment typically consists of manual operations from users with different experiences and understandings and limited reporting is conducted in the quality of mappings. To assist the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in development of information quality assessment, we propose an approach using information theory for semantic uncertainty analysis. Information theory has widely been adopted in communications and provides uncertainty assessment for quality of service (QOS) analysis. Quality of information (QOI) or Information Quality (IQ) definitions for semantic assessment can be used to bridge the gap between ontology (semantic) uncertainty alignment and information theory (symbolic) analysis. Utilizing a measure of semantic information loss, analysts can improve the information fusion process, predict data needs, and appropriately understand the GIS product. This paper aims at developing a semantic information loss measure based on information theory relating GIS sensor processing uncertainties and GIS analyst syntactic associations. A maritime domain situational awareness example with waterway semantic labels is shown to demonstrate semantic information loss.
American Social Attitudes and Popular Culture of the 1950s: A Selected Annotated Bibliography

Recently, American social behavior during the 1980s has been compared, both favorably and unfavorably, with the attitudes and culture of the United States during the years 1950–1959. The past two decades of rebellion, student protest, liberal sexual practices, radical politics, and strong civil and women's rights movements have all passed.
Detection of trace melamine in raw materials used for protein pharmaceutical manufacturing using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with gold nanoparticles.

Melamine, a nitrogen-rich molecule, was found as an adulterant in pet foods in 2007 in North America and in milk products in 2008 in China. These scandalous abuses of melamine have alarmed the biopharmaceutical industry and the FDA and alerted them to potential adulteration and contamination of melamine in raw materials used to make protein therapeutics. Highly sensitive analytical methods are needed to screen melamine adulteration and contamination in raw materials. We conducted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) experiments to test trace melamine spiked in three raw materials commonly used for protein pharmaceutical formulation and purification, including sucrose, urea, and arginine, with a portable Raman device and gold nanoparticles. The detection limit of 10 ppb in raw material dissolved in 30:70% water/acetonitrile is equivalent to 0.5 ppm in solid raw material. It has excellent linearity in the concentration range measured. The cross-validation regression coefficient R2 and the standard error of prediction (SEP) are 0.960 and 7.18 ppb, respectively, in sucrose. The R2 and SEP are 0.958 and 9.15 ppb in urea. It has a relatively lower R2 = 0.630 and a SEP of 35.0 ppb in arginine, which could be due to the competitive adsorption of arginine molecules to the surfaces of gold nanoparticles. The detection of melamine using the SERS technique is rapid (within 3 minutes), convenient, and requires no extraction procedure, offering an alternative method for screening melamine in raw materials at biopharmaceutical manufacture sites.
Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management ☆ ☆☆

Laboratory and clinical investigations over the past two decades have demonstrated that food allergy plays a pathogenic role in a subset of patients, primarily infants and children, with atopic dermatitis (AD). Approximately 40% of infants and young children with moderate to severe AD have food allergy, but identifying this subset of patients and isolating the relevant food allergens requires a high index of suspicion, the use of appropriate laboratory tests, and, in some cases, physician-supervised oral food challenges. Removal of the causal food protein(s) leads to clinical improvement but requires a great deal of education because most of the common causal foods (egg, milk, wheat, soy, peanut, and so forth) are ubiquitous in the food supply, and food elimination diets risk causing nutritional deficits. Fortunately, most food allergies resolve in early childhood, and food allergy is not a common cause for AD in older children and adults.
Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar study of the Tsaoling landslide generated by the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake, Taiwan

[1] We employ L-band airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) polarimetry to detect surface changes produced by the Tsaoling landslide, the largest slope failure triggered by the September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in central Taiwan. Imaging polarimeters provide a complete description of the scattering properties of radar target materials. Resurfacing of forested hillslopes by landslides alters scattering mechanisms from those dominated by backscatter from trees to mechanisms associated with scatter from rough, bare surfaces. Scattering mechanism information on a per-pixel basis is extracted by decomposing matrices formed as the outer product of the complex scattering vector measured for each resolution cell. We classify surface cover type and thereby identify the extent of the landslide, using such polarimetric parameters as scattering entropy, anisotropy, and pedestal height, derived from the eigenvalues of the decomposition, as well as the weighted average scattering mechanism derived from the eigenvectors. We address the utility of full polarimetry versus dual polarimetry for landslide mapping purposes and show that fully polarimetric SAR is necessary for distinguishing water surfaces of varying roughness from the bare surfaces created by landsliding. We show that scattering entropy and average scattering mechanism, for example, can be used to identify the Tsaoling landslide source, run out area and impounded lakes as proficiently as maps obtained using satellite optical sensors, such as Landsat and the Indian Research Satellite. However, the operational advantages of radar over optical sensing techniques (namely, its day-night, all-weather data acquisition capability) suggest that SAR polarimetry could play a leading role in the rapid assessment of landslide disasters.
Structural proteins in the calcified egg shell of the giant land snail, Strophocheilus oblongus (Becquaert)

Abstract 1. 1. The egg shell of Strophocheilus oblongus contains a water-insoluble matrix amounting to 1% of the total shell weight and 0.03% water-soluble matrix; the rest of the egg shell is CaCO3. 2. 2. The water-insoluble matrix consists of 73% protein, 10% carbohydrate, 13% ester sulfate, 2% uronic acid and 2% glucosamine. 3. 3. Amino acid analysis of the water-insoluble material shows a high content of glycine, aspartate and glutamate. A high ammonia content suggests that these latter two are mainly in the form of asparagine and glutamine. 4. 4. Most of the water-insoluble matrix can be dissolved and analyzed by electrophoresis in a solution of 0.1% SDS and 1% 2-mercaptoethanol in 8 M urea. The major component is a glycoprotein of 53,000 mol. wt with an isoelectric point of 6.9.
Sense and Nonsense in Politics

I take my cue for the title of this paper from Merleau-Ponty, the French phenomenologist, who wrote in 1948 that "the political experience of the past thirty years oblige us to evoke the background of non-sense against which every universal undertaking is silhouetted and by which it is threatened with failure."' Merleau-Ponty refers to the experience of that generation of intellectuals for whom Marxism was a "mistaken hope" because it lost "confidence in its own daring when it was successful in only one country."2 But this criticism is equally relevant for a new generation of intellectuals in America for whom the ideals of
GreenCache: augmenting off-the-grid cellular towers with multimedia caches

The growth of smartphones combined with advances in mobile networking have revolutionized the way people consume multimedia data. In particular, users in developing countries primarily rely on smartphones since they often do not have access to more powerful (and more expensive) computing devices. Unfortunately, cellular networks in developing countries have historically had low reliability, due to grid instability and lack of infrastructure. The situation has led network operators to experiment with running cellular towers "off the grid" using intermittent renewable energy sources. In parallel, network operators are also experimenting with co-locating server caches close to cell towers to reduce access latency and back-haul bandwidth. In this paper, we study techniques for optimizing multimedia caches for intermittent renewable energy sources. Specifically, we examine how to apply a blinking abstraction proposed in prior work, which rapidly transitions servers between an active and inactive state, to improve the performance of a multimedia cache powered by renewables, called GreenCache. Our results show that GreenCache's staggered load-proportional blinking policy, which coordinates when servers are active over brief intervals, results in 3X less buffering (or pause) time by the client compared to an activation blinking policy, which simply activates and deactivates servers over long periods as power fluctuates, for realistic power variations from renewable energy sources.
Thermal re-design of the Galileo spacecraft for a Venus-earth-earth-gravity assist (VEEGA) trajectory

The cancellation of the Centaur upper stage program in the aftermath of the Challenger tragedy forced a redesign of the flight trajectory of the Galileo spacecraft to Jupiter, i.e., from a direct trajectory to the Venus-earth-earth-gravity-assist (VEEGA) trajectory on the lower energy two-stage inertial upper stage (IUS), with the result that the spacecraft would be exposed to more than twofold increase in peak solar irradiance. This paper describes the general system-level thermal redesign effort for the Galileo spacecraft, from the start of feasibility studies to its final implementation. Results indicate that the addition of sunshades and the generous utilization of second-surface aluminized Kapton surface material for reflecting high percentages of incident solar irradiation would 'harden' the spacecraft's existing thermal protection system adequately, provided that sun-pointing at the relatively higher solar irradiance levels could be maintained. The final miximum flight temperature predictions for the spacecraft's subsystem thermal designs are given.
Extrusion of Regular and Waxy Barley Flours for Production of Expanded Cereals

ABSTRACT Grains of two regular and two waxy barley cultivars were milled into break and reduction stream flours using a wheat milling mill, granulated to facilitate feeding and flow through the barrel, and extruded to form expanded products using a modified laboratory single-screw extruder. As moisture content of barley granules decreased from 21 to 17%, the expansion index of extrudates increased from 1.81 to 2.68, while apparent modulus of compression work (AMCW) decreased from 17.1 × 104 to 7.8 × 104 N/m2. Break stream flours of both regular and waxy barley produced extrudates with higher expansion index (2.72–3.02), higher water absorption index (WAI), and lower AMCW than extrudates from reduction stream flours. Extrudates produced from regular barley had generally higher expansion and lower density than those produced from waxy barley. The specific mechanical energy (SME) was greater during extrusion of regular than of waxy barley. Barrel temperatures of 130, 150, and 170°C for the feeding, compressi...
Iterative Assembly of Protein Fragments

MASH (Magical Assembly of Sheets and Helices) is a computational method for iterative assembly of protein secondary structure fragments into native-like tertiary structures. For a given pair of fragments, we select a pair of hydrophobic residues (in the case of helix assembly) or an H-bond donor/acceptor pair (in the case of beta strands). We then position the two fragments so that the selected residues are in close proximity to one another. Finally, we attempt to connect the two fragments with a robotics-based loop-closure algorithm. Fragment pairs that have steric clashes or unclosable loops are discarded. We repeat the above procedure to generate an ensemble of fragment pairings, which we then score on the basis of radius of gyration and solvent accessible surface area.
Reconstruction of scaphoid non-union and total scaphoid avascular necrosis in a pediatric patient: a case report.

Background The medial femoral condyle vascularized bone graft has grown in popularity for treating recalcitrant fracture non-unions and has become particularly useful in treating scaphoid non-union with avascular necrosis of the proximal pole. The medial femoral condyle is an excellent source of dense, well-vascularized bone and results in minimal donor site morbidity.
3. Cryo-immunology: The stimulatory and suppressive effects of cryoablation on the immune response

Cryoablation as a cancer therapy dates back over one hundred years, however recent advances in technology have greatly expanded its clinical potential. Much of the interest in cryoablation centers around early observations that after freezing a primary lesion, distant, un-treated sites of disease began to regress. It was believed that this was secondary to cryoablation stimulating an anti-tumor immune response. This prompted multiple pre-clinical studies examining the impact of cryoablation on the immune response and the mechanisms involved. While most of these studies validated the ability of cryoablation to stimulate a tumor recognition by the immune system, some studies demonstrated the opposite; tumor bearing animals treated by cryoablation had diminished responses and increased tumor growth compared to controls. As our knowledge of the components of the immune system and their interactions in the generation, or suppression, of an immune response has increased, as well as our understanding of the mechanisms by which freezing leads to cell death, the immunomodulation seen with cryoablation is becoming clearer. Many questions still remain, but given the tremendous clinical potential in having a local therapy that could also have systemic benefits, further research in this area is strongly warranted. This talk will review the history of cryosurgery for the treatment of cancer; detail the mechanisms by which cryoablation leads to cancer cell death, and how this can be altered by variations in cryosurgical technique; and describe the pre-clinical data examining the relationship between cryoablation-induced cell death and both stimulatory and suppressive immune responses.
Putting the lie on the control condition for moral responsibility

In “Control, Responsibility, and Moral Assessment” Angela Smith defends her nonvoluntarist theory of moral responsibility against the charge that any such view is shallow because it cannot capture the depth of judgments of responsibility. Only voluntarist positions can do this since only voluntarist positions allow for control. I argue that Smith is able to deflect the voluntarists’ criticism, but only with further resources. As a voluntarist, I also concede that Smith’s thesis has force, and I close with a compromise position, one that allows for direct moral responsibility for the nonvoluntary, but also incorporates a reasonable control condition.
Reactive sputtering of metals in oxidizing atmospheres

Abstract A model is presented for the reactive sputtering of a metal in an oxygen-containing glow discharge. On this model spontaneous oxide formation on the target surface and a sharp decrease of the sputtering rate can occur at a definite oxygen partial pressure p∗ in the plasma. The pressure p∗ is essentially a function of the oxidation rate of the target relative to the sputtering rate. D.c. and r.f. sputtering experiments with iron and cobalt targets were found to be in good agreement with the given sputtering model. The experimental results of other authors can be understood in terms of the ideas of this work. The model, especially developed for the oxidation of a target, can be applied to other sputtering processes whenever a film is formed on the target surface consisting of a material different from the target material.
Implementation of chapter 2 in Washington State

Abstract This paper reviews the first two years of implementation of Chapter 2 in Washington State. It examines political and economic background factors, state responses to block grant authority and local implementation. It concludes that the state has adapted well and quickly to the shift in federal policy.
24-month neurobehavioral follow-up of children of methadone-maintained mothers*

To determine the effects of maternal methadone maintenance during pregnancy on the young child we have longitudinally followed 2 groups of children: one born to mothers on methadone maintenance and a second group born to drug-free mothers. The following report describes our findings during a follow-up assessment at 24 months of age and compares them with a previous assessment at 12 months of age. The findings in the methadone children include no differences in somatic growth except a higher incidence of head circumferences below the third percentile; neurological signs of nystagmus/strabismus, tone and coordination abnormalities and developmental delays; lower mean scores on the Bayley MDI and PDI at 12 months of age and PDI scores at 24 months of age with a greater number of scores below 85. Thus, maternal methadone maintenance places the infant at high risk for future neurobehavioral problems.
Agricultural encroachment and lack of enforcement threaten connectivity of range-wide jaguar (Panthera onca) corridor

The purpose of protected areas is to safeguard natural habitats and their biodiversity. However, few protected areas are large enough for the long-term conservation of resident species, making the landscapes surrounding protected areas equally important for species conservation. This is especially true for wide-ranging carnivores such as the jaguar (Panthera onca), for which conservation strategies stress the maintenance of range-wide habitat connectivity via protected areas and dispersal corridors. We used 587 interviews with local people in 441 36-km2 sampling units to assess the presence of jaguar and six prey species in a critical corridor in Central America, linking Bosawas Biosphere Reserve and Wawashan Nature Reserve in Nicaragua. We analyzed these data using single-season false-positive detection models in a site occupancy framework. We found that agricultural encroachment, particularly pervasive within a protected area, was the main factor limiting the presence of jaguar and three large-bodied prey species: white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and red brocket deer (Mazama americana). We suggest that improperly-managed protected areas can suffer the loss of apex predators and their prey, thereby jeopardizing range-wide conservation strategies for threatened species.
Construction of a dimeric repressor: dissection of subunit interfaces in Lac repressor.

Formation of the lactose repressor tetramer is postulated to involve two subunit interfaces, one primarily contributing to monomer-monomer assembly to dimer and the second to dimer-dimer association to tetramer. The latter interface requires a heptad repeat of three leucines at the C-terminus of lac repressor that is presumed to form an abbreviated coiled-coil motif [Chakerian, A. E., Tesmer, V. M., Manly, S. P., Brackett, J. K., Lynch, M. J., Hoh, J. T., & Matthews, K. S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 1371-1374; Alberti, S., Oehler, S., von Wilcken-Bergmann, B., Kramer, H., & Muller-Hill, B. (1991) New Biol. 3, 57-62; Chen, J., & Matthews, K. S. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13843-13850]. To strengthen the dimer-dimer interface, this motif was extended by the addition of one and two leucine heptad repeat units to the C-terminus by site-specific insertion mutagenesis. The tetrameric products displayed operator and inducer affinity essentially indistinguishable from the wild-type repressor. In order to probe the effect of the elongated coiled-coil on assembly of the repressor tetramer, the other of the two postulated subunit interfaces was disrupted by introducing a point mutation (Y282D) that yields a monomeric protein in the wild-type background. Both elongated mutant repressors were able to assemble into dimeric species, apparently due to the strengthened subunit association at the C-terminal region compared to the wild-type repressor. These results further confirm the role of a coiled-coil structure in the formation of tetramer in the lac repressor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonpermissive infection of lymphoblastoid cells by vesicular stomatitis virus. I. Synthesis and function of the viral transcripts.

Abstract The human B-lymphoblastoid cell line Raji is nonpermissive for infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (Nowakowski et al. (1973) J. Virol. 12, 1272–1278). Viral-specific transcription begins immediately after infection, but Raji cells synthesize only about one-twentieth as much viral RNA as is synthesized by a permissive host. The viral primary transcripts appear to be unstable in Raji cells when prevented from engaging in protein synthesis by the addition of cycloheximide. The messages are undermethylated in the 5'-terminal cap structure and have a relatively short 3'-polyadenylate tail. Nevertheless, the subcellular distribution of the messages indicates that many of these RNAs are present in large polyribosomes. Analyses of the effects of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the viral matrix protein indicate that mRNA synthesis in Raji cells is limited only by the amount of available nucleocapsid templates and not by a specific defect in transcription.
The thermal decomposition of organometallic heavy metal trihaloacetates in the presence of olefins

Abstract Thermolysis of trimethyltin and triphenyltin trichloroacetates in cyclooctene solution gave 9,9-dichlorobicylo [6.1.0] nonane in moderate yield, and these reactions could also be carried out using smaller amounts of olefin in chlorobenzene or digylme solution. 9,9-Dibromobicyclo [6.1.0] nonane was prepared in 35% yield in similar manner from triphenyltin tribromoacetate. A side reaction also gave benzene in the case of the triphenyltin compounds. The mechanism of these CX 2 transfer reactions was not established, but a process involving decarboxylation and CX 2 transfer from the R 3 SnCX 3 intermediate thus formed seems a reasonable possibility. The reaction of phenylmercuric chlorodifluoroacetate and trifluoroacetate with cyclooctene at the reflux temperature gave cyclooctyl chlorodifluoroacetate and trifluoroacetate, respectively, in high yield, as well as benzene and metallic mercury.
KW-class industrial diode lasers comprised of single emitters

Direct semiconductor diode laser-based systems have emerged as the preferred tool to address a wide range of material processing, solid-state and fiber laser pumping, and various military applications. We present an architectural framework and prototype results for kW-class laser tools based on single emitters that addresses a range of output powers (500W to multiple kW) and beam parameter products (20 to 100 mm-mrad) in a system with an operating efficiency near 50%. nLIGHT uses a variety of building blocks for these systems: a 100W, 105um, 0.14 NA pump module at 9xx nm; a 600W, 30 mm-mrad single wavelength, single polarization building block source; and a 140 W 20 mm-mrad low-cost module. The building block is selected to realize the brightness and cost targets necessary for the application. We also show how efficiency and reliability can be engineered to minimize operating and service costs while maximizing system up-time. Additionally we show the flexibility of this system by demonstrating systems at 8xx, 9xx, and 15xx nm. Finally, we investigate the diode reliability, FIT rate requirements, and package impact on system reliability.
Nuclear testing limits: Problems and prospects

(1991). Nuclear testing limits: Problems and prospects. Survival: Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 500-516.
Evaluating a nonionic surfactant as a tool to improve water availability in irrigated cotton.

Nonionic surfactants have been well researched in turf grass environments as a tool to ameliorate water-repellant conditions. However, few studies have evaluated the risks and benefits of nonionic surfactant applications in row-crop agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a nonionic surfactant on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production on a Faceville loamy sand (fine, kaolinitic thermic Typic Kandiudult) in the coastal plain region of Georgia. The experiment consisted of two components: (1) on-site rainfall simulation and (2) agronomic cotton field trials. Treatments were designed to test the impact of rate and frequency of surfactant applications using six combinations of application rates and timings. For the rainfall simulation component, only the control (0·0 L ha−1) and high rate (0·51 L ha−1) of surfactant applications were evaluated. During the field trial, soil water content, cotton stand counts, and yield were measured. Rainfall simulations showed that the addition of surfactant increased runoff, decreased infiltration, and promoted surface sealing. Despite the demonstrated potential for water loss, agronomic field trials showed that crop yields were not significantly different between surfactant-treated and untreated plots. No differences in soil water content were observed between treatments at 5 and 15 cm depths; however, soil water content was significantly higher in untreated control plots at the 30 cm depth. Data demonstrate the need for clarification of soil physical/chemical properties and surfactant interactions that may lend themselves to the creation of surface seals and how these seals impact soil/water conservation and crop yield. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations on Hilbert's Independence Theorem and Born's Quantization of Field Equations

Born recently proposed a quantization of the field equations which is based upon Hilbert's independence theorem of the calculus of ${\mathrm{variations}.}^{1}$ My intention here is to give, in the first purely mathematical Part A, a formulation as simple and explicit as possible of the independence theorem. The agreement between the principle of variation and the independence theorem, complete in the case of one independent variable and one unknown function, fails in two respects in the case of several variables and functions; the independence theorem specializes the extremal vector field on the one hand and it discards the assumption of integrability on the other ${\mathrm{hand}.}^{2}$ In Part B, I first suggest a modification of Born's scheme without which it would be in disagreement with ordinary quantum mechanics even in the one-dimensional case. After the modification, a comparison with Heisenberg-Pauli's quantization becomes possible under the simplest circumstances. Born's scheme proves to be too narrow. Finally I raise the principal objection that the quantum-mechanical equation should not be of the form: four-dimensional divergence of $\ensuremath{\psi}$ equals $H\ensuremath{\psi}$ with a scalar operator of action $H$ but that it should rather consist of four components stating that differentiation of $\ensuremath{\psi}$ with respect to the four space-time coordinates is performed by means of the operators: energy and momentum.
Operon Hypothesis: New Evidence from the ‘Constant Proportion’ Group of the Embden–Meyerhof Pathway

A NUMBER of examples have now been reported in which a group of enzymes is synthesized in such a manner that the relative activity of each of the enzymes within, the group is constant. An important example of this is the ‘constant-proportion’ group in the Embden–Meyerhof pathway, which has been extensively investigated by Vogell et al.1 and by Pette et al.2. These workers examined a wide range of materials, extending from baker's yeast to various mammalian tissues, and found that the activity of the five enzymes, triosephosphate isomerase to enolase, formed a pattern which is quite reproducible. They suggest that this indicates a “co-ordinate control of enzyme synthesis” by the cell at the molecular level, a subject which has been the focal point of much recent attention.
Stochastic second-order cone programming: Applications models

Abstract Second-order cone programs are a class of convex optimization problems. We refer to them as deterministic second-order cone programs (DSCOPs) since data defining them are deterministic. In DSOCPs we minimize a linear objective function over the intersection of an affine set and a product of second-order (Lorentz) cones. Stochastic programs have been studied since 1950s as a tool for handling uncertainty in data defining classes of optimization problems such as linear and quadratic programs. Stochastic second-order cone programs (SSOCPs) with recourse is a class of optimization problems that defined to handle uncertainty in data defining DSOCPs. In this paper we describe four application models leading to SSOCPs.
Homogenization analysis of complementary waveguide metamaterials

Abstract We analyze the properties of complementary metamaterials as effective inclusions patterned into the conducting walls of metal waveguide structures. We show that guided wave metamaterials can be homogenized using the same retrieval techniques used for volumetric metamaterials, leading to a description in which a given complementary element is conceptually replaced by a block of material within the waveguide whose effective permittivity and permeability result in equivalent scattering characteristics. The use of effective constitutive parameters for waveguide materials provides an alternative point-of-view for the design of waveguide and microstrip based components, including planar lenses and filters, as well as devices with derived from a bulk material response. In addition to imparting effective constitutive properties to the waveguide, complementary metamaterials also couple energy from waveguide modes into radiation. Thus, complementary waveguide metamaterials can be used to modify and optimize a variety of antenna structures.
Vassiliev invariants and orientation of pretzel knots

We show that Vassiliev invariants of orders ≤ 10 do not detect the change of orientation in a large class of pretzel knots. We also show that for every n ∈ N there exist non-invertible knots that have the same Vassiliev invariants of orders ≤ n, with their inverses.
Canopy and Seasonal Profiles of Nitrate Reductase in Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Nitrate reductase activity of soybeans ( Glycine max L. Merr.) was evaluated in soil plots and outdoor hydroponic gravel culture systems throughout the growing season. Nitrate reductase profiles within the plant canopy were also established. Mean activity per gram fresh weight per hour of the entire plant canopy was highest in the seedling stage while total activity (activity per gram fresh weight per hour times the total leaf weight) reached a maximum when plants were in the full bloom to midpod fill stage. Nitrate reductase activity per gram fresh weight per hour was highest in the uppermost leaf just prior to full expansion and declined with leaf position lower in the canopy. Total nitrate reductase activity per leaf was also highest in the upper-most fully expanded leaf during early growth stages. Maximum total activity shifted to leaf positions lower in the plant canopy with later growth stages. Nitrate reductase activity of soybeans grown in hydroponic systems was significantly higher than activity of adjacent soil grown plants at later growth stages, which suggested that under normal field conditions the potential for nitrate utilization may not be realized. Nitrate reductase activity per gram fresh weight per hour and nitrate content were positively correlated over the growing season with plants grown in either soil or solution culture. Computations based upon the nitrate reductase assay of plants grown in hydroponics indicated that from 1.7 to 1.8 grams N could have been supplied to the plant via the nitrate reductase process. The harvested seed contained 1.1 to 1.2 grams N per plant. Thus, based on previous estimates of approximately 32% of the final N distribution being in the vegetative plant parts, the estimated input of reduced nitrogen via the enzyme assay was in agreement with the actual N accumulation. The amount of calculated N 2 -fixation by nodules per season with plants grown in hydroponics was less than 2% of the computed nitrate reduced via leaf nitrate reductase. Thus, the level of nitrate in the nutrient solution appeared to be quite inhibitory to N 2 -fixation.