cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The geography of post-disaster mental health: spatial patterning of psychological vulnerability and resilience factors in New York City after Hurricane Sandy

Only very few studies have investigated the geographic distribution of psychological resilience and associated mental health outcomes after natural or man made disasters. Such information is crucial for location-based interventions that aim to promote recovery in the aftermath of disasters. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate geographic variability of (1) posttraumatic stress (PTS) and depression in a Hurricane Sandy affected population in NYC and (2) psychological vulnerability and resilience factors among affected areas in NYC boroughs. Cross-sectional telephone survey data were collected 13 to 16 months post-disaster from household residents (N = 418 adults) in NYC communities that were most heavily affected by the hurricane. The Posttraumatic Stress Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was applied for measuring posttraumatic stress and the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used for measuring depression. We applied spatial autocorrelation and spatial regimes regression analyses, to test for spatial clusters of mental health outcomes and to explore whether associations between vulnerability and resilience factors and mental health differed among New York City’s five boroughs. Mental health problems clustered predominantly in neighborhoods that are geographically more exposed towards the ocean indicating a spatial variation of risk within and across the boroughs. We further found significant variation in associations between vulnerability and resilience factors and mental health. Race/ethnicity (being Asian or non-Hispanic black) and disaster-related stressors were vulnerability factors for mental health symptoms in Queens, and being employed and married were resilience factors for these symptoms in Manhattan and Staten Island. In addition, parental status was a vulnerability factor in Brooklyn and a resilience factor in the Bronx. We conclude that explanatory characteristics may manifest as psychological vulnerability and resilience factors differently across different regional contexts. Our spatial epidemiological approach is transferable to other regions around the globe and, in the light of a changing climate, could be used to strengthen the psychosocial resources of demographic groups at greatest risk of adverse outcomes pre-disaster. In the aftermath of a disaster, the approach can be used to identify survivors at greatest risk and to plan for targeted interventions to reach them.
Diversity and Dynamics in Late-Life Mother-Daughter Relationships

SUMMARY We employed gerontological and feminist frameworks in an investigation of normative late-life mother-daughter relationships. Building on previous research, we used data from a representative sample of older mothers to explore in depth the predictors of relationship quality and the satisfactions and complaints prevalent in relationships with mothers in later life. Structured interview data revealed that the intimacy dimension of relationship quality is influenced by contact satisfaction, past conflict, control issues, and amount of discretionary contact whereas the antagonism dimension is affected by present conflict, control issues, and mother's education. Analysis of semistructured interview data showed that elements of companionship, cohesion, and conflict underscore perceptions of relationship quality. The discussion and conclusion locate the findings within the gerontology-feminist literature and provide implications for researchers and practitioners.
Mitochondrial remodeling following fission inhibition by 15d-PGJ2 involves molecular changes in mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1.

Abstract We showed earlier that 15 deoxy Δ12,14 prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) inactivates Drp1 and induces mitochondrial fusion [1] . However, prolonged incubation of cells with 15d-PGJ2 resulted in remodeling of fused mitochondria into large swollen mitochondria with irregular cristae structure. While initial fusion of mitochondria by 15d-PGJ2 required the presence of both outer (Mfn1 and Mfn2) and inner (OPA1) mitochondrial membrane fusion proteins, later mitochondrial changes involved increased degradation of the fusion protein OPA1 and ubiquitination of newly synthesized OPA1 along with decreased expression of Mfn1 and Mfn2, which likely contributed to the loss of tubular rigidity, disorganization of cristae, and formation of large swollen degenerated dysfunctional mitochondria. Similar to inhibition of Drp1 by 15d-PGJ2, decreased expression of fission protein Drp1 by siRNA also resulted in the loss of fusion proteins. Prevention of 15d-PGJ2 induced mitochondrial elongation by thiol antioxidants prevented not only loss of OPA1 isoforms but also its ubiquitination. These findings provide novel insights into unforeseen complexity of molecular events that modulate mitochondrial plasticity.
Reaction of Peroxynitrite with Melatonin: A Mechanistic Study

The pH profile of the peroxynitrite/melatonin reaction suggests that both peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH) and its anion (ONOO-) are reactive toward melatonin, but at physiological pH most of the reaction with melatonin involves ONOOH and the activated form of peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH). The formation of hydroxylated products (mainly 6-hydroxymelatonin) suggests that melatonin also reacts with ONOOH. The overall peroxynitrite/melatonin reaction is first-order in melatonin and first-order in peroxynitrite, but the hydroxylation of melatonin is presumed to be zero-order in melatonin. Melatonin is metabolized in the liver, mainly to 6-hydroxymelatonin, so we do not think this metabolite is a useful biomarker for melatonin's antioxidant activity; however, 6-hydroxymelatonin is a better chain-breaking antioxidant than melatonin and may contribute to the beneficial effects of melatonin in vivo. As is now well-known, CO2 modulates the reactions of peroxynitrite. The reaction of peroxynitrite with melatonin in the absence of added bicarbonate produces mainly 6-hydroxymelatonin and 1,2,3,3a,8, 8a-hexahydro-1-acetyl-5-methoxy-8a-hydroxypyrrolo[2,3-b]indole, with some isomeric 1,2,3,3a,8, 8a-hexahydro-1-acetyl-5-methoxy-3a-hydroxypyrrolo[2,3-b]indole. In the presence of added bicarbonate, product yields decrease and 6-hydroxymelatonin is not formed. These facts suggest that melatonin scavenges reactive species (such as CO3*- and *NO2) that are produced from the peroxynitrite/CO2 reaction. The spectrum of the melatoninyl radical cation is observed both in the absence and in the presence of added bicarbonate, suggesting that the melatoninyl radical cation is the initial product and the hydroxypyrrolo[2, 3-b]indole products are derived from it. Unlike tyrosine, where both nitrated and hydroxylated products can be isolated, nitromelatonin is not found in the final products from the melatonin/peroxynitrite reaction in either the absence or presence of added bicarbonate. However, we suggest that 2-hydroxy-3-nitro- and/or 2-hydroxy-3-peroxynitro-2,3-dihydromelatonin are formed as intermediates and subsequently decompose to give 1,2,3,3a,8, 8a-hexahydro-1-acetyl-5-methoxy-8a-hydroxypyrrolo[2,3-b]indole. Since peroxynitrite/CO2 governs the reactions of peroxynitrite in vivo, we suggest that the hydroxypyrrolo[2,3-b]indole products are the main products from the oxidation of melatonin by peroxynitrite-derived species in vivo, and that these products may serve as indexes for melatonin's antioxidant activity.
Imaging Proteins, Cells, and Tissues Dynamics during Embryogenesis with Two-Photon Light-Sheet Microscopy

Two-photon light sheet microscopy combines nonlinear excitation with the novel sheet-illumination, orthogonal to the detection direction, to achieve high penetration depth, high acquisition speed, and low photodamage, compared with conventional imaging techniques. These advantages allow unprecedented observation of the processes that govern embryogenesis, where the ability to image fast the dynamic three dimensional structure of the developing embryo, over extended periods of time, is critical. We present a selection of applications where two-photon light sheet microscopy is utilized to observe the dynamics of proteins, cells, and tissues, toward an understanding of the construction program of the developing embryos.
The effect of anxiety‐arousing messages when related to personal, familial, and impersonal referents

(1965). The effect of anxiety‐arousing messages when related to personal, familial, and impersonal referents. Speech Monographs: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 102-106.
The biological roots of morality

The question whether ethical behavior is biologically determined may refer either to thecapacity for ethics (e.i., the proclivity to judge human actions as either right or wrong), or to the moralnorms accepted by human beings for guiding their actions. My theses are: (1) that the capacity for ethics is a necessary attribute of human nature; and (2) that moral norms are products of cultural evolution, not of biological evolution. Humans exhibits ethical behavior by nature because their biological makeup determines the presence of the three necessary, and jointly sufficient, conditions for ethical behavior: (i) the ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions; (ii) the ability to make value judgements; and (iii) the ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Ethical behavior came about in evolution not because it is adaptive in itself, but as a necessary consequece of man's eminent intellectual abilities, which are an attribute directly promoted by natural selection. Since Darwin's time there have been evolutionists proposing that the norms of morality are derived from biological evolution. Sociobiologists represent the most recent and most subtle version of that proposal. The sociobiologists' argument is that human ethical norms are sociocultural correlates of behaviors fostered by biological evolution. I argue that such proposals are misguided and do not escape the naturalistic fallacy. The isomorphism between the behaviors promoted by natural selection and those sanctioned by moral norms exist only with respect to the consequences of the behaviors; the underlying causations are completely disparate.
Integration of interim quality status information in discrete-part process control modelling

Abstract This paper deals with the modelling of a class of discrete-part production control problems that explicitly joins product quality with optimal production control actions. A multistage production system is the basis for modelling, each stage consisting of a processing aspect and a rework/repair aspect. It is assumed that the “quality state” of a part can be measured with certainty at several points within each stage and that control actions can be exercised over each aspect. The state transition function depends on the control action taken and follows a predetermined distribution. Within this general framework, two related problems are studied: (1) independence both stage-to-stage and between states and (2) independence only between states. Both problems can be formulated in a {0, 1} nonlinear mathematical programming format, and numerical examples of each are provided.
Competition between spiders and pitcher plants? Prey availability and trophic interactions in bogs

Web-building spiders (e.g. Frontinella communis and Neriene radiata) and northern pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea) are co-occurring sit-and-wait predators that may compete for shared arthropod prey. We evaluated prey availability and capture rates by web-weaving spiders and pitcher plants in a headwater stream box complex (Harvard Pond) in central Massachusetts. We established 40 plots with spider and pitcher plant removal treatments, and collected arthropod prey captured by open pitcher plants, pitfall traps, and sticky traps in those plots. The removal of web-building spiders significantly changed the distribution of prey captured by the pitcher plants (Chi-square test: P = 2.2 × 10-16 at Harvard Pond). Plugging pitcher plants yielded no difference in prey capture by sticky traps or pitfall traps. In pitcher plants, the total number of Odonata, Diptera, and Hemiptera captured more than doubled when web-weaving spiders were removed from the plots. In pitfall traps in web-weaving spider removal plots, the total number of ants decreased by more than 50%. Hunting spider capture by sticky traps showed moderate increase (P = 0.08) when web-weaving spiders were removed, suggesting an unforeseen interaction between these groups of spiders. The increased predation risk of hunting spiders on ants may explain the marked decrease in ant activity when web-weaving spiders were removed.
The solitary lymphomatous papule, nodule, or tumor

Background Lymphoma and reactive lymphoid infiltrates presenting as solitary lesion pose a diagnostic and prognostic dilemma for the clinician. Objective We sought to review prognosis and treatment of suggestive solitary lymphoma lesions. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted in 27 patients who presented with a single solitary lesion suggestive of lymphoma at a cancer center. Results Eighteen of 27 patients' (66.7%) lesions were diagnosed as lymphoma by histology and the remainder was classified as reactive lymphoid infiltrates. Only one patient's lymphoma was systemic at presentation and one progressed later. In all, 23 patients (85.2%) subsequently experienced prolonged, complete remissions. The treatments used varied from none or conservative to chemotherapy, with the more aggressive treatments directed especially against lymphomas or recurrent diseases. Limitations This study is limited by the number of patients and follow-up duration (average 36.8 months, range 3-133 months). Conclusion Patients presenting with a solitary lesion suggestive of lymphoma and negative staging work-up results generally have a good prognosis. Excellent prognosis is usually expected for benign lesions.
Sampling and Analytical Method Development for Qualitative Assessment of Airborne Mycobacterial Species of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex

This article presents a novel, qualitative approach for detecting airborne M. tuberculosis. Culturing or sample purification is not required. A DNA diagnostic method involving the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled to an enzymatically generated color reaction was used for direct detection of M. bovis BCG (Bacillus of Calmette-Guerin), a surrogate for pathogenic M. tuberculosis. Fewer than 10 mycobacteria were detected with no culturing using this bioanalytical method. Analysis was completed in 1 to 1.5 days, in contrast to traditional culturing methods requiring a minimum of 2–3 weeks. To evaluate an air sampling method coupled to a PCR bioanalytical method, liquid cultures of the surrogate were aerosolized and collected for PCR analyses using 37-mm filter cassettes containing polytetrafluoroethylene filters. An Andersen six-stage (viable) particle sizing sampler was employed as a reference sampler. Aerosolized BCG impacted onto Andersen agar plates required incubation periods of 6–8 weeks before sma...
Duplication Process in Machine Cells Formation in Group Technology

Duplication in the machine cells formation process is the assignment of one machine type to more than one cell. It is done to reduce the number of intercellular moves. While the existing machine cells formation models employ the duplication process to reduce the machine cells interdependence, none of tem considers its economic consequences. This paper presents a cost-based duplication procedure which uses the duplication cost and the associated reduction in intercellular material handling cost as a basis for decision making in the duplication process.
Response of broiler chicks to essential and non-essential amino acid supplementation of low crude protein diets

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate individual and combined responses of broiler chicks to non-essential crystalline amino acid supplementation of a low crude protein starter diet. Five-hundred-and-forty Ross 508-day-old male chicks were placed in 90 Petersime battery cages (6 chicks/cage). Birds were fed a pre-starter diet from placement until day 5 formulated to meet or exceed NRC (National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. (revised). National Academy Press, Washinngton, DC) recommendations. They were subsequently fed dietary treatments from 5 to 21 days of age. Treatments consisted of a control diet (220 g/kg CP), a low crude protein (180 g/kg) diet supplemented with l -Lys, dl -Met, l -Thr, and l -Ile, six treatments composed of individual additions of Gly, l -Ala, l -Asp, l -Glu, l -Pro or l -Leu to the low crude protein diet, and the low crude protein diet with the combined supplementation of the aforementioned amino acids. At day 13, the control and low crude protein diet supplemented with all the non-essential amino acids resulted in chicks with higher BW gain and feed conversion than all other treatments. At day 21, supplementation with Gly, Leu or Asp to the low crude protein diet resulted in similar BW gain of chicks fed the control diet. Supplementation with Gly or Leu to the low crude protein diet resulted in similar feed conversion to that of chicks fed the control diet. Feed intake was unaffected by dietary treatments. Chicks fed the low crude protein diet or the low crude protein diets supplemented with individual amino acids, except Leu, had lower blood plasma uric acid concentration than chicks fed the control. Nitrogen retention was lowest with the control diet. Results indicate that when feeding chicks a starter-phase diet reduced by 4% points in crude protein, there is additional need for non-essential nitrogen.
Strategic decision making

This article reviews the strategic decision making literature by focusing on the dominant paradigms–i.e., rationality and bounded rationality, politics and power, and garbage can. We review the theory and key empirical support, and identify emergent debates within each paradigm. We conclude that strategic decision makers are boundedly rational, that power wins battles of choice, and that chance matters. Further, we argue that these paradigms rest on unrealistic assumptions and tired controversies which are no longer very controversial. We conclude with a research agenda that emphasizes a more realistic view of strategic decision makers and decision making, and greater attention to normative implications, especially among profit-seeking firms in global contexts.
Predictions for High-Energy Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings in ϕ 3 Theory

We study high-energy elastic and inelastic processes in a ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{3}$ theory based on the $s$-channel iterations of $t$-channel ladder diagrams. The main results are the following: (a) The total cross section goes to zero, a constant, or $\ensuremath{\sim}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{2}$ for the coupling constant being smaller than, equal to, or larger than a critical value. (b) Inelastic differential cross sections are computed and the $s$-channel unitarity is explicitly verified. (c) One-particle spectrum, multiplicity, number distribution, etc. are presented. The implications of these results to hadron physics are discussed.
Relations Économiques et Rapports Sociaux: Établir Une Cohérence Nationale au Pays D’utopie

The topic of this article is the relationship between utopias – fictitious travel narratives including descriptions of societies perceived as sensibly better than the world of reference – and the various political and social examples offered by France between 1600 and 1715. This presentation examines the solution offered by 17th-century utopias to the various problems known in the Kingdom of France during the reign of Henri IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV, in particular in the field of economy and politics. The goal of this article is to expose the solutions offered by several utopias to the employment and production problems, particularly acute in an exceptionally populated pre-industrial France. My most recent research shows that four archetypes can be identified. All these archetypes are at the base of many utopias of 18th century, a century especially prolific in this genre. In order to better present this classification, I illustrate each archetype with one example: Republican Slave Utopias (Fontenelle (?), La Republique des Philosophes); Monarchical Slave Utopias (Denis Veiras, L’Histoire des Sevarambes); Republican Free Utopias (Campanella, la Cite du Soleil); and finally Monarchical Free Utopias (Lesconvel, Voyage du prince de Montberaud).
Measurement Of Ethiofos (Wr 2721) In Plasma: Preliminary Pharmaco-Kinetics in the Beagle

Abstract A specific, sensitive high performance liquid Chromatographie method for ethiofos [S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethyl phosphorothioate, WR 2721, I] in plasma is described. The detection limit is 0.05 (μg/mL (0.23 (μM). Application of the method to the development of pharma-cokinetic parameters following IV administration of the drug to beagle dogs is demonstrated. Presented are pharmacokinetics of unchanged drug in plasma on 10-min constant-rate infusion of 150 mg/kg to two dogs, two studies in each dog. Following the cessation of drug infusion the plasma concentration versus time profile was best described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters were: terminal elimination half-life=16.0 min, volume of central compartment=120 mL/kg and clearance=11.0 mL/min/kg.
A novel broadcast technique for high-density ad hoc networks

Broadcasting in ad hoc networks is required for many routing and other network-layer protocols to request information like routes or locations about destination nodes. Most of these routing protocols use a simple flooding mechanism that can cause broadcast storms, particularly in high density environments. Although many techniques have been proposed to address the problem of broadcast storms, they require additional periodic location beacons or do not satisfactorily reduce transmission redundancy in high density environments.We propose Cell Broadcast, a broadcast protocol that significantly reduces redundancy without the use of beaconing and while maintaining complete reachability in a high density environment. The proposed technique divides a terrain into cells. These cells help a node to determine its geographic relationship with a broadcasting node. This geographic relationship can eliminate rebroadcasts not only from nodes close to a broadcasting node but also from a majority of nodes near the transmission edge of the broadcasting node. The effect is that, in a high density environment, only a few nodes located near the 4 diagonal corners of a transmission range need to rebroadcast to maintain 100% reachability. To the best of our knowledge, this technique is not present in any existing techniques that do not use location beaconing.
Development of pig embryos reconstructed by microinjection of cultured fetal fibroblast cells into in vitro matured oocytes.

Nuclear transfer as originally developed for use in amphibians involved microinjecting a nucleus directly into the cytoplasm of the oocyte. A major mammalian modification has been to use cell fusion to introduce the nucleus. Here we report using a microinjection method to introduce small and medium sized fibroblast cells into mature oocytes. Small cells were more likely to result in nuclear formation (30%) than larger cells (15%; P=0.013). Small, confluent and serum starved cells resulted in nuclear formation more often (P<0.048) than did cycling cells. The rate of nuclear formation was not dependent upon the media, (NCSU-23 or TL-Hepes without calcium) nor upon the duration of exposure to the media (1 h to 4 h) after microinjection but before activation. While such treatments did not have an effect on nuclear formation, treatment of parthenogenetically activated oocytes with calcium-free TL-Hepes reduced the percentage of blastocysts (P=0.068; 11.2% vs. 18.3%) and increased the percentage of morula stage embryos (P=0.007; 27.6% vs. 15.7%) as compared with culture in NCSU. Finally, small confluent cells were used for nuclear transfer and resulted in two presumptive blastocyst stage embryos [2/128 injected or 2/38 (5.3%) successful injections]. These results show that presumptive blastocyst stage embryos can result from microinjection of fibroblast cells to enucleated oocytes and thus may provide a method to create transgenic knockout animals.
Bending the Bolivian orocline in real time

Global positioning system (GPS) data from the central Andes record vertical axis rotations that are consistently counterclockwise in Peru and Bolivia north of the bend in the mountain belt, and clockwise to the south in southern Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. These geologically instantaneous rotations have the same sense as rotations that have accrued over millions of years and are recorded by paleomagnetic and geologic indicators. The change in sign of the rotation at both decadal and million-year time scales occurs across the axis of topographic symmetry that defines the Bolivian orocline. When extrapolated to a common time interval, the magnitudes of rotation from geologic features and from GPS are surprisingly similar, given that a significant part of the instantaneous deformation field is probably elastic and due to interseismic locking of the plate boundary. Some of the interseismic deformation field must reflect permanent deformation, and/or some of the current elastic deformation will be converted to upper-plate permanent deformation over time rather than be recovered by elastic rebound during interplate earthquakes. We suggest that the spatial patterns of the elastic and the permanent modes of bending are similar because they are driven by the same stress field.
The chemistry of γ-irradiated bisphenol-A polycarbonate

Abstract On exposure to sterilizing doses of 60 Co γ-rays, bisphenol-A polycarbonate (BPA-PC) turns a moderately intense yellow color. Product studies of γ-ray irradiated BPA-PC and a model compound, BPA-PC cyclic tetramer, were undertaken to define the major degradative process involved, and to try to identify the chemical species responsible for the color. The major irradiation products were isolated and identified using base hydrolysis followed by HPLC/MS analysis. These studies show that the principal degradative process induced by γ-ray irradiation involves Fries type free radical reactions leading to the destruction of the carbonate linkages and formation of a number of phenol coupling products and salicylate esters. Chromatographic/spectroscopic studies indicated that the yellow color was mainly due to the formation of two labile products having a broad λ max at ∼360 nm. However, numerous attempts to isolate and identify these compounds using HPLC/MS and GC/MS were unsuccessful.
Baseband Signals and Power in Load-Modulated Digital Backscatter

Passive digital backscatter signals in systems like radio frequency identification (RFID) are usually received along with strong interference from a leaked carrier. The simplest way to quantify the “useful” communication signal is to separate it as an amplitude-shift keying (ASK) or biphase-shift keying (BPSK) component. These definitions give different power normalizations, posing some complexity in comparison of link quantities. This letter investigates their suitability in terms of basic signal theory and conservation of energy to clarify relationships between the baseband signals and “backscattered power.” Defining received backscatter as BPSK guarantees energy conservation for arbitrary tag modulation loads.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREDICTION OF COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE MAPS USING ONE-DIMENSIONAL ROW-BY-ROW ANALYSIS

This article presents a new and simple method for the prediction of the compressor performance maps based on the geometry and the design point data. The method accurately calculates the compressor performance map based on a comprehensive one-dimensional row-by-row analysis. Off-design efficiency is determined using a modified diffusion factor and an advanced loss calculation method that allows for the accurate prediction of the operational characteristics of the compressor in the post-stall regime. Three different compressor performance maps are generated for low, intermediate and high pressure stage groups using the geometry of the multistage compressor of a power generation gas turbine engine. The results are compared with the maps obtained from experiment.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Two-dimensional turbulence in the inverse cascade range.

Numerical and physical experiments on forced two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations show that transverse velocity differences are described by "normal" Kolmogorov scaling proportional r(2n/3) and obey Gaussian statistics. Since nontrivial scaling is a sign of the strong nonlinearity of the problem, these two results seem to contradict each other. A theory explaining these observations is presented in this paper. The derived self-consistent expression for the pressure gradient contributions leads to the conclusion that small-scale transverse velocity differences are governed by a linear Langevin-like equation, stirred by a nonlocal, universal, solution-dependent Gaussian random force. This explains the experimentally observed Gaussian statistics of transverse velocity differences and their Kolmogorov scaling. The solution for the PDF of longitudinal velocity differences is based on the numerical smallness of the energy flux in two-dimensional turbulence. The theory makes a few quantitative predictions that can be tested experimentally.
Evidence for Failure of Millikan's Law of Particle Fall in Gases

Discovery of a new phenomenon is reported for submicron spheres undergoing a fall in nitrogen in the density range of 1 to 22 atm at 293 K. The measured fall rate of a single test particle increases with density if the particle is sufficiently small that its Brownian diffusion velocity becomes comparable to its velocity of fall, in contradiction to the Millikan law of fall embodying the concept of slip. The trend appears to reverse smoothly to that of Millikan's in the limit of large particle radius.
Spatio-temporal Variability of Groundwater Nitrate Concentration in Texas: 1960 to 2010

Nitrate (NO) is a major contaminant and threat to groundwater quality in Texas. High-NO groundwater used for irrigation and domestic purposes has serious environmental and health implications. The objective of this study was to evaluate spatio-temporal trends in groundwater NO concentrations in Texas on a county basis from 1960 to 2010 with special emphasis on the Texas Rolling Plains (TRP) using the Texas Water Development Board's groundwater quality database. Results indicated that groundwater NO concentrations have significantly increased in several counties since the 1960s. In 25 counties, >30% of the observations exceeded the maximum contamination level (MCL) for NO (44 mg L NO) in the 2000s as compared with eight counties in the 1960s. In Haskell and Knox Counties of the TRP, all observations exceeded the NO MCL in the 2000s. A distinct spatial clustering of high-NO counties has become increasingly apparent with time in the TRP, as indicated by different spatial indices. County median NO concentrations in the TRP region were positively correlated with county-based area estimates of crop lands, fertilized croplands, and irrigated croplands, suggesting a negative impact of agricultural practices on groundwater NO concentrations. The highly transmissive geologic and soil media in the TRP have likely facilitated NO movement and groundwater contamination in this region. A major hindrance in evaluating groundwater NO concentrations was the lack of adequate recent observations. Overall, the results indicated a substantial deterioration of groundwater quality by NO across the state due to agricultural activities, emphasizing the need for a more frequent and spatially intensive groundwater sampling.
On open ultrafilters and maximal points

Abstract In this work we expand upon the theory of open ultrafilters in the setting of regular spaces. In [E. van Douwen, Remote points, Dissertationes Math. (Rozprawy Mat.) 188 (1981) 1–45], van Douwen showed that if X is a non-feebly compact Tychonoff space with a countable π-base, then βX has a remote point. We develop a related result for the class of regular spaces which shows that in a non-feebly compact regular space X with a countable π-base, there exists a free open ultrafilter on X that is also a regular filter. Of central importance is a result of Mooney [D.D. Mooney, H-bounded sets, Topology Proc. 18 (1993) 195–207] that characterizes open ultrafilters as open filters that are saturated and disjoint-prime. Smirnov [J.M. Smirnov, Some relations on the theory of dimensions, Mat. Sb. 29 (1951) 157–172] showed that maximal completely regular filters are disjoint prime, from which it was concluded that βX is a perfect extension for a Tychonoff space X. We extend this result, and other results of Skljarenko [E.G. Skljarenko, Some questions in the theory of bicompactifications, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Ser. 2 58 (1966) 216–266], by showing that a maximal regular filter on any Hausdorff space is disjoint prime. Open ultrafilters are integral to the study of maximal points and lower topologies in the partial order of Hausdorff topologies on a fixed set. We show that a maximal point in a Hausdorff space cannot have a neighborhood base of feebly compact neighborhoods. One corollary is that no locally countably compact Hausdorff topology is a lower topology, which was shown previously under the additional assumption of countable tightness by Alas and Wilson [O. Alas, R. Wilson, Which topologies can have immediate successors in the lattice of T 1 -topologies? Appl. Gen. Topol. 5 (2004) 231–242]. Another is that a maximal point in a feebly compact space is not a regular point. This generalizes results of both Carlson [N. Carlson, Lower upper topologies in the Hausdorff partial order on a fixed set, Topology Appl. 154 (2007) 619–624] and Costantini [C. Costantini, On some questions about posets of topologies on a fixed set, Topology Proc. 32 (2008) 187–225].
Technical Advances in Cardiovascular Imaging

Cardiovascular imaging technology is continuously evolving and provides an increasing array of tests to evaluate cardiovascular morphology and function. A basic understanding of imaging technology is helpful to select the best modality to answer a specific clinical question. This article provides a brief overview of recent technical developments in computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and echocardiography, which have increased our diagnostic understanding and may modulate treatment planning of patients with cardiovascular diseases: electrocardiographically (ECG)-gated CT, 4D-flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography.
Amazons in the Underworld: Gender, the Body, and Power in the Novels of Don DeLillo

Abstract To deepen and expand the study of Don DeLillo, we need to acknowledge the role gender plays in his work. Since William Burke's “Football, Literature and Culture”—the first literary criticism on DeLillo—was published in the Southwest Review twenty-five years ago, scholars of DeLillo have addressed topics as diverse as postmodernity, historiography, systems theory, technology, film, and literary Naturalism. Work in these areas has been and may continue to be necessary, but the field of DeLillo studies should not limit itself to these well-traveled and, arguably, still fertile critical grounds.1 Fortunately, there are signs that critics are beginning to move into other areas of inquiry.
High‐resolution silicon patterning with self‐assembled monolayer resists

Single crystal and polycrystalline silicon films have been patterned and etched with a novel high‐selectivity process using self‐assembled monolayer resists of octadecylsiloxanes (ODS). The highest resolution patterning of sub‐10 nm features has been demonstrated by scanning force microscopy imaging of ODS layers patterned with a focused electron beam. An all‐dry UV/ozone developer has been used to remove residual carbon from the electron beam exposed regions to improve etch selectivity. The positive tone pattern transfer process consisted of a short buffered hydrofluoric acid wet etch to remove the silicon native oxide followed by a high‐selectivity, low ion energy etch using Cl2 and BCl3 in an electron cyclotron resonance reactive ion etch. Features have been etched up to 90 nm deep into Si(100) wafers and minimum feature sizes obtained are ∼25 nm. Poly‐Si films on SiO2 insulator layers have been similarly patterned and have been used in a combined process with photolithographic definition of microbridg...
Remixing, Reposting, and Reblogging: Digital Media, Theories of the Image, and Copyright Law

Social media have changed the way we create, share, and experience visual media. Such collaborative exchanges defy traditional notions of ownership and do not conform to copyright's view of the image as a singularly “fixed” construct. In mobile contexts especially, images are dialogic, conveying far more complicated messages than ever before. This article relies on an examination of theories of the image to inform discussions about copyright reform in the digital age. It briefly explores visual culture theory and the status of visual media in copyright law, and it offers suggestions for how copyright law might adapt to encourage online visual expression, creativity, and economic gain.
Implementation of Low Computational Cost Nonlinear Formulation for Multibody Railroad Vehicle Systems

In a companion paper [1], a low computational cost nonlinear formulation was presented to for the analysis of the forces of long trains. The formulation allows systematically changing the number of degrees of freedom of each rail car and includes the force inputs that are typically found in railroad applications. In this paper, the implementation of this nonlinear formulation is described. A computer interface is also developed in order to allow the user to operate a virtual train model in real time and also change the model parameters and car connectivity conditions. Numerical results are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the formulation proposed and its computer implementation.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Iterative triangularization of updated finite element stiffness matrices

In many problems in nonlinear solid mechanics, the finite element method is executed incrementally, with the positive definite stiffness matrix updated after one or more load (or time) increments. In solving the resulting large linear perturbed systems, it is often attractive to use Cholesky triangularization, followed by forward and backward substitution. The present investigation introduces and demonstrates an iterative procedure for updating the triangular factors of the updated stiffness matrix. An approximate convergence criterion is formulated. Simple examples are presented indicating rapid convergence. In the scalar case this method exactly tracks the Taylor series.
Children can't wait: improving the future for the world's poorest infants.

Most of the research published in The Journal relates to pathophysiology or pediatric care in the advanced care systems in North America and Europe. Stoll and Measham review the opportunities for improving survival and outcomes in the poorest regions of the world. They identify the modest improvements in health care systems that would be of major benefit to the poor infants of the world. This article counterbalances our focus on complex pediatric care. (authors)
Insulin-like growth factors enhance phagocytosis by human neutrophils in vitro

Abstract Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were isolated from human blood, and PMN phagocytosis was assessed by measuring the chemiluminescence (CL) response in the presence of ZAP (opsonized zymosin particles containing luminol). The administration of 6.5 nM of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), des(1–3)-IGF-I, IGF-II or insulin to PMNs for 20 min resulted in significant increases of the CL response for all test preparations. Des(1–3)-IGF-I, a truncated IGF-I with low affinity binding to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), was the most potent CL stimulator. The CL production evoked by 6.5 nM of des(1–3)-IGF-I was inhibited significantly by both 0.25 and 1.0 mM of EGTA (Ca 2+ chelator), or 10 μM nifedipine (Ca 2+ channel inhibitor), pertussis toxin (0.05 and 1.0 μg/ml) or cholera toxin (5 μg/ml). These results suggest that IGF-I and its homologues are potent stimulators of phagocytosis and that this action is modulated by IGFBP, and may require extracellular Ca 2+ and/or IGF-I receptor G-protein coupling.
A Structure-Based Model for the Synthesis and Hydrolysis of ATP by F1-ATPase

Many essential functions of living cells are performed by nanoscale protein motors. The best characterized of these is F o F 1 -ATP synthase, the smallest rotary motor. This rotary motor catalyzes the synthesis of ATP with high efficiency under conditions where the reactants (ADP, H 2 PO 4 − ) and the product (ATP) are present in the cell at similar concentrations. We present a detailed structure-based kinetic model for the mechanism of action of F 1 -ATPase and demonstrate the role of different protein conformations for substrate binding during ATP synthesis and ATP hydrolysis. The model shows that the pathway for ATP hydrolysis is not simply the pathway for ATP synthesis in reverse. The findings of the model also explain why the cellular concentration of ATP does not inhibit ATP synthesis.
System analysis and the world food system

Abstract The current world agricultural system generates persistent hunger, economic instability, and ecological degradation. Quantitative analysis has been used primarily to predict or optimize small parts of this system, not to engage with its larger problems, and not to redesign the system to eliminate those problems. New questions are posed here about world agriculture; several systems studies are described that begin to deal with those questions; and a challenge is put forth to combine systems tools with transcendent human qualities, to bring forth a stable, sufficient, sustainable global food system.
THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF ART: VARIATION IN THE VALUATION OF ART WORKS IN A COMMUNITY ART MUSEUM*

This paper examines variation in the valuation of art works in a community art museum. It often is assumed that art objects collected and displayed by museums are treated as highly valued if not sacred objects. Research at a community art museum indicates that the value of art works varies. Frontstage at the museum, art works are treated with care by museum workers. Backstage, they may be destroyed, misplaced, lost, or stolen. In addition, when not engaged in playing the conventional role of museum visitor, visitors to the museum may disregard and even mistreat art objects. Data are based on observations and interviews conducted over a two-year period in a medium-sized community art museum.
Inclusive production of the X(3872)

If the $X(3872)$ is a loosely-bound ${D}^{*0}{\overline{D}}^{0}/{D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ molecule, its inclusive production rate can be described by the NRQCD factorization formalism that applies to inclusive quarkonium production. We argue that if the molecule has quantum numbers ${J}^{PC}={1}^{++}$, the most important term in the factorization formula should be the color-octet $^{3}S_{1}$ term. This is also one of the two most important terms in the factorization formulas for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{cJ}$. Since the color-octet $^{3}S_{1}$ term dominates ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{cJ}$ production for many processes, the ratio of the inclusive direct production rates for $X$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{cJ}$ should be roughly the same for these processes. The assumption that the ratio of the production rates for $X$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{cJ}$ is the same for all processes is used to estimate the inclusive production rate of $X$ in $B$ meson decays, ${Z}^{0}$ decays, and in $p\overline{p}$ collisions.
An S13 capsid mutant that makes no replicative-form DNA

Abstract A temperature-sensitive mutant of phage S13 (t1069) has been isolated that fails to complement mutants in six genes tested. The reversion frequency of t1069 indicates that it is a single mutation rather than a sextuple one. The parental single-stranded DNA of t1069 is not converted to the double stranded replicative-form DNA (RF) at restrictive temperatures. Since the RF is needed for most if not all of the phage protein synthesis, the lack of complementation is explained. Heat stability tests have shown that t1069 has an altered capsid protein, and genetic crosses have located the mutant in gene IIIb. Thus at restrictive temperatures the altered IIIb capsid protein of t1069 blocks the initial steps of the normal infectious process that either precede or coincide with the replication of parental single-stranded DNA to RF.
Bayesian Nonparametric Modeling for Comparison of Single‐Neuron Firing Intensities

We propose a fully inferential model-based approach to the problem of comparing the firing patterns of a neuron recorded under two distinct experimental conditions. The methodology is based on nonhomogeneous Poisson process models for the firing times of each condition with flexible nonparametric mixture prior models for the corresponding intensity functions. We demonstrate posterior inferences from a global analysis, which may be used to compare the two conditions over the entire experimental time window, as well as from a pointwise analysis at selected time points to detect local deviations of firing patterns from one condition to another. We apply our method on two neurons recorded from the primary motor cortex area of a monkey's brain while performing a sequence of reaching tasks.
Fatigue Margins Established by Unit and Spacecraft Protoqualification Tests

Protoqualification (PQ) testing, typically performed on the first assembled electronic units and spacecraft, establish random vibration and thermal cycling fatigue margins for subsequent builds that are only subjected to the acceptance test program (ATP). Considering the fatigue damage induced by both unit- and spacecraft-level testing, fatigue margins are calculated for equipment exposed to ATP-level testing. Probabilistic analyses are also performed to determine the relationship between the fatigue margin and the demonstrated reliability for the unit to survive the mission. Parameters such as the number of retests and the material dependent fatigue acceleration exponent are considered.Using MIL-STD-1540E,1 PQ random vibration test guidelines of three decibels (+3 dB) above the acceptance input level for 2-minute-per-axis duration, the assessment shows that the test establishes ample fatigue margin for units subjected to the less stringent ATP. The probabilistic analysis shows that the established reliab...
Disaster preparedness: an analysis of public safety agency and community preparedness during the northridge earthquake

It is a “given” within the emergency management field that preparedness is absolutely essential for disaster survival. It is also a “given” that preparedness for disasters is frequently accorded a low priority by public safety agencies and citizens, particularly in light of the low frequency over time that disasters impact the local community. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of preparedness by public safety first responders and community residents through analysis of the dynamics of the most costly disaster in the history of the United States. This article, through participant observation of the public safety agency response and through surveying of the community within the epicenter, illuminates the lessons learned during the Northridge earthquake in order to enhance the management of future catastrophic events by those destined for such experiences.