cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Two-source Trapezoid Model for Evapotranspiration (TTME) from satellite imagery

article This study develops a Two-source Trapezoid Model for Evapotranspiration (TTME) from satellite imagery by interpreting the remotely sensed fractional vegetation cover (fc)-radiative surface temperature (Trad) space and the concept of soil surface moisture availability isopleths superimposed on the space. The theoretical upper boundary condition of TTME is determined by solving for temperatures of the driest bare surface (Ts,max) and the driest fully vegetated surface (Tc,max )b oth implicit in radiation budget and energy balance equations. Air temperature (Ta) constitutes the lower boundary of TTME. Trad of a pixel within the fc-Trad space is decomposed into temperature components (Tc and Ts) by interpolating the slope of the theoretical boundaries and interpreting variation in Trad with fc for each isopiestic line going across the pixel. Vegetation transpiration and soil surface evaporation are then separately parameterized. TTME was applied to the Soil Moisture-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) site in central Iowa, U.S., on three days in 2002 during the period of rapid growth in corn and soybean when three scenes of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced ThematicMapperPlus (ETM + ) imagesand one scene of the AdvancedSpaceborneThermal Emission and Reflec- tion Radiometer (ASTER) image were acquired. Results indicate that TTME is capable of reproducing latent heat flux (LE) with a mean absolute percentage difference (MAPD) of ~10%, and a root mean square difference (RMSD) of 45.6 W m −2 and 63.1 W m −2 for Landsat TM/ETM
POLITICS THROUGH POTTERY: A VIEW OF THE PRECLASSIC-CLASSIC TRANSITION FROM BUILDING B, GROUP II, HOLMUL, GUATEMALA

Building B of Group II at Holmul, Guatemala, is well known in Maya archaeology for its unique series of superimposed tombs, some of which contain rare large deposits of ceramic material dating to the Terminal Preclassic period (a.d. 1–250). However, the building also contains large deposits of early facet Early Classic (a.d. 250–400) material, as well as the remains of a potential title holding elite. This article presents the current ceramic sequence for the Holmul region and a re-evaluation of the ceramic material from all rooms in Building B Group II in light of new discoveries at sites within the Holmul region and the greater Maya lowlands. The result is a new hypothesis about what social processes are manifested through Terminal Preclassic period orange slipped pottery, which suggests that the vessels associated with deposits in Buidling B may represent changes in elite diacritical feasting events during this period. These feasts, and the preparations made for them, may have simultaneously integrated social groups within a polity while also reinforcing differences between them during two turbulent epochs of Maya political history—namely, the late facet of the Terminal Preclassic period (a.d. 150–250) and the early facet of the Early Classic period (a.d. 250–400).
FRACTIONATION OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS BY FLOW SEDIMENTATION-ELECTROPHORESIS

A separation of spinach chloroplasts in vitro into fractions according to size (volume) and activity (light-dependent shrinkage and NADP reduction) has been achieved by stable-flow free boundary sedimentation-electrophoresis. The salient features of this chloroplast study are: (a) separation is achieved within 30 min; (b) only small density gradients are required, thus minimizing osmotic effects; (c) the fractions are collected continuously, with size fractionation being evidenced; and (d) particles are separated into fractions of higher and lower activities as compared with the control population.
Characterization of grouted low-level waste to support performance assessment

The work reported herein supports a performance assessment (PA) of a system designed to isolate contaminants from LLW liquids by solidification in cementitious, grout-forming solids for times up to 10,000 years. The PA predictions rely upon diffusion controlled-release models to quantify the leaching of contaminants from grout and their subsequent migration through the concrete vault and asphalt/aggregate diffusion barrier. This paper concentrates on presenting the data on contaminant diffusion out of grout used in PA analysis and discusses potential limitations caused by relying upon simple diffusion concepts. This paper lists effective diffusion coefficients for numerous radionuclides and regulated chemicals for four different grout formulations. More importantly, it describes several laboratory experiments that evaluate whether diffusion in fact does control the release of contaminants and explores the effects of leachant composition, leachant replacement rate, sample size, contaminant inventory, grout curing temperature, and curing time on the empirical effective diffusion coefficients. The report concludes with recommendations for more detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses of unleached, leached, and aged cements and waste forms, chemical analyses of their respective pore waters, and fundamental thermodynamic studies of the solubility of cementitious solid phases and solid solution phases for which data are lacking. The laboratory tests lead to several key conclusions: (a) effective diffusion coefficients for Tc, Cr, Mo, NO3−, NO2−, and Na do not vary with changes in specimen size; (b) leaching of selenate, iodide, and pertechnetate from Hanford grouts are not controlled by solubility but rather by adsorption/diffusion; (c) increases in both the grout curing time and curing temperature increased the leachability of sodium and nitrate (and by inference of soluble contaminants such as TcO4−) possibly caused by crystallization (densification) of amorphous hydration products and perhaps microcracking; and (d) the effective diffusion coefficients of all species decrease significantly after the first 28 days of testing for specimens cured for short times (<100 days) at room temperature. This suggests that hydration reactions may not be near completion for grouts cured at the stated conditions.
Use of Large-Eddy Simulation to Characterize Roughness Effect of Turbulent Flow Over a Wavy Wall

Large-eddy simulation is used to study turbulent flow over a sinusoidal wavy wall from the perspective of surface roughness effects. Simulation results are averaged in time and space to obtain the so-called roughness function (shift in the logarithmic law), the equivalent sand-grain roughness and the virtual origin, and the dependence of these quantities on the amplitude-to-wavelength ratio
Dihydropyridines modulate K+-evoked amino acid and adenosine release from cerebellar neuronal cultures.

Abstract Partial depolarization of primary cerebellar neuronal cultures with K + evoked the release of aspartate, glutamate, adenosine, serine, taurine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alanine and proline. The dihydropyridine calcium channel agonist, BAY K 8644, significantly augmented the K + -induced release of adenosine, aspartate, glutamate and GABA, but not that of serine, taurine, alanine or proline. However, in all cases the dihydropyridine antagonist nifedipine decreased this BAY K 8644-enhanced, K + -evoked efflux to below control levels. Neither BAY K 8644 nor nifedipine alone affected basal efflux levels. The phenylalkylamine calcium channel antagonist, verapamil, was ineffective in antagonizing K + -evoked amino acid release except at very high concentration (100 μM). These findings suggest that L-type Ca 2+ channels are present in both excitatory (glutamatergic granule cells) and inhibitory (GABAergic stellate and basket cells) neurons in these cultures, and that they appear to be involved in regulating the release of not only neuroactive amino acids, but also some neutral amino acids and adenosine.
Kinetics of methionine influx into various regions of chicken intestine.

Abstract o 1. The intestinal absorption of methionine has been studied by an in vitro tissue-accumulation technique in the chicken. 2. Carrier-mediated transport for this amino acid was found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon in week-old chicks the affinity and capacity of the small intestine for methionine absorption are relatively constant from proximal duodenum through the ileum. 3. The colon in hens can absorb methionine by a saturable process, suggesting that the large intestine functions in the adult. 4. The caecum in day-old chicks transports methionine by way of two kinetically distinct processes, one with high affinity and low capacity, and another with low affinity and high capacity. 5. By the end of the first week of life, the caecum no longer possesses the ability to transport methionine or alanine by a carrier mechanism. 6. A comparison of specificity limits of methionine uptake at low substrate concentration in the colon and caecum revealed a contrasting order of maximal inhibitions brought about by a series of amino acids. This information, along with the kinetic findings, suggests the presence of different mechanisms for methionine absorption in the caecum and colon.
Performance measurements of superconducting current leads with low helium boil-off rates

A performance-measurement facility for current leads has been developed as a part of Argonne National Laboratory's program to develop applications for high-temperature superconductors. The facility measures the rate of helium vapor boil-off due to current-lead heat input to liquid helium and the pressure drop across a current lead for a pair of leads operating at currents up to 100 A. The facility's major components are a liquid-helium dewar with low background-heat input; a dewar insert that incorporates the current leads and associated instrumentation or connections for flow, pressure, level, temperature, and voltage measurements; and a computer-driven data-acquisition system. Background heat input is low enough so that boil-off rates one-tenth that of an optimized conventional lead can be characterized. The facility has been operated with conventional leads, and with leads incorporating high-temperature superconductors at their cold ends. Details of the facility design, construction, and operating experience are presented. >
The effects of labour strikes on consumer demand in professional sports: revisited

Previous research has concluded that the 1981 and 1994–1995 Major League Baseball (MLB) strikes have caused short-term losses in attendance but have not resulted in any long-term effects on attendance. While total attendance at MLB games following the 1994–1995 strike has recovered to its pre-strike levels, this has been done only through the construction of new stadiums at an unprecedented pace which cannot continue into the future. After accounting for stadium effects, average MLB baseball attendance has dropped significantly since the 1994–1995 strike.
Ventral Surgical Fixation and Fusion for Atlanto‐occipital Subluxation in a Goat

Atlanto-occipital subluxation causing tetraplegia in a mature Pygmy goat was treated by ventral surgical fixation and fusion. Radiographic evidence of fusion and clinical improvement were noted two months after surgery.
An Integrated Planning System for Managing the Refurbishment of Thermoluminescent Badges

ABC Worldwide Dosimetry Service provides a high-quality service for measuring and reporting radioactive exposure at its customers' sites. It leases thermoluminescent badges that record radioactive exposure over a prespecified time period. As each recording cycle ends, ABC must send refurbished (or new) badges to the customers before they return the old badges to ensure continuous monitoring. It then measures, recalibrates, and refurbishes the returned badges for future use. We developed an integrated system that could help ABC to manage its purchasing schedule for new badges so it can meet a target customer service level with minimal inventory. We ran our integrated system using the data ABC provided and found that our system could have helped ABC to reduce its inventory level by 17.7 percent and its costs by $820,000 within a six-month period.
The effect of low-k dielectrics on RFIC inductors

This paper presents design, fabrication, and optimization of high quality factor (Q) inductors on low dielectric polymers implemented on a high resistivity silicon substrate. Both Benzocyclobutene (BCB) and SU-8/spl trade/ dielectrics were used as low dielectric material. A maximum Q > 20 at 8GHz was measured for a 2.5nH inductor on SU8/spl trade/ deposited on high resistivity Si.
Intracranial reduction of an intact mandibular condyle displaced into the middle cranial fossa

Although displacement of the condyle intracranially is a relatively rare event, 1 this type of injury should be suspected when there is a history of the following : 1) severe trauma to the chin ; 2) limitation of opening ; 3) inability to close into occlusion ; 4) deviation of the chin toward the side of the suspected injury ; 5) occlusion only on the side of the suspected injury ; 6) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak from the ear of the involved side ; 7) difficulty in interpreting condylar position on plain radiographs.6 The rarity of this injury, compared with subcondylar fractures, is related to the anatomy of the condylar neck, which is relatively weak compared with the rather dense posterior slope of the mandibular fossa. 2 Predisposing factors include : a thin condylar neck, 3 increased pneumatization of the temporal bone, lack of posterior teeth, or an open mouth position on impact. 4,5 Neurologic signs such as loss of consciousness, nausea, evidence of CSF leak, paresis of facial muscles, or deafness may indicate intracranial violation with resultant injury or edema. 6 Because of fibers from the inferior retina passing along the geniculocalcarine tract (Meyer's loop) within the temporal lobe, a contralateral superior quadrantanopsia may ensue. Damage to vascular structures may cause a temporal lobe hematoma, resulting in clinical symptoms of lethargy, restlessness, or combativeness soon after the initial injury. Within a few hours of the formation of the hepatoma, focal neurologic signs may develop. These usually begin with weakness in the face and progress to hemiparesis by about the third day. Pupillary dilitation occurs late in the clinical course of an expanding hematoma. 7 It is recommended that patients undergo a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and a neurosurgical consult be obtained in a case when there is clinical suspicion of intracranial injury.
Quantification of pH gradients and implications in insulator-based dielectrophoresis of biomolecules.

Direct current (DC) insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) microdevices have the potential to replace traditional alternating current (AC) dielectrophoretic devices for many cellular and biomolecular separation applications. The use of large DC fields suggest that electrode reactions and ion transport mechanisms can become important and impact ion distributions in the nanoliters of fluid in iDEP microchannels. This work tracked natural pH gradient formation in a 100 μm wide, 1 cm long microchannel under applicable iDEP protein manipulation conditions. Using fluorescence microscopy with the pH sensitive dye FITC Isomer I and the pH insensitive dye TRITC as a reference, pH was observed to drop drastically in the microchannels within 1 minute within a 3000 V/cm electric field; pH drops were observed in the range of 6 to 10 minutes within a 100 V/cm electric field and varied based on buffer conductivity. To address concerns of dye transport impacting intensity data, electrokinetic mobilities of FITC were carefully examined and found to be a) toward the anode and b) 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than H+ transport which is responsible for pH drops from the anode toward the cathode. COMSOL simulations of ion transport showed qualitative agreement with experimental results. Results indicate that pH changes are severe enough and rapid enough to influence the net charge of a protein or cause aggregation during iDEP experiments. Results also elucidate reasonable time periods over which the phosphate buffering capacity can counter increases in H+ and OH− for unperturbed iDEP manipulations.
A LARGE ANIMAL MODEL OF BLADDER EXSTROPHY: OBSERVATIONS OF BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE AND COLLAGEN CONTENT

Purpose: The development of adequate bladder capacity is not ensured in all patients with bladder exstrophy despite successful bladder closure and reconstruction. To determine the factors leading to the development and maturation of the exstrophic bladder we created a large animal model of exstrophy. We compared biopsies obtained from a cohort of experimentally induced exstrophic neonatal sheep bladders to those of normal control bladders and related the findings to a previously reported comparison of human neonatal normal and exstrophic bladders. Materials and Methods: Bladder specimens of 7 newborn lambs with experimentally induced exstrophy were compared to specimens of 10 newborn control lamb bladders. All specimens were stained with Masson's trichrome as well as with specific monoclonal antibodies to types I and III collagen. Stained sections were then analyzed using a morphometric image analysis system to quantify the amounts of smooth muscle and collagen present. Results: A significant increase in the ratio of collagen-to-smooth muscle was noted in exstrophic versus normal control bladders (p Conclusions: Overall changes in the ratio of smooth muscle-to-collagen in the sheep exstrophy model are similar to those in humans. However, the differences in collagen types I and III do not seem to be present.
Goodbye to the news: how out-of-work journalists assess enduring news values and the new media landscape

This article explores the cultural dimensions of the demise of legacy newspapers by looking at the words of journalists who have either been laid off, who have taken a ‘voluntary buyout,’ or who have left the industry in order to stay ahead of what they see as inevitable. Their voices are incorporated here through their goodbye letters, emails, speeches, columns and blog postings — their ‘final’ musings about the news industry in a new media world. This article performs a thematic analysis of the content of these texts. Findings reveal that these ‘goodbye’ journalists are wedded to an idea of journalism that no longer — and may have never — existed and blame their problems on Wall Street rather than self-reflexively examining the role of their own occupational values and practices in a changing media environment.
Nonviral heterogeneous sequences are present at the 5' ends of one species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus S complementary RNA.

Abstract Analyses of the 5' ends of snowshoe hare bunyavirus plus sense S RNA species (including mRNA) recovered from infected cells have revealed two types of termini. These include ends that are essentially exact copies of the 3' end of the viral S RNA and others that are similar, but additionally have 13-14 nucleotide extensions that are heterogeneous in sequence. The former probably represent replicative plus sense RNA species, the latter mRNA species that have host cell derived primer sequences.
Analysis of Surface-Exposed Outer Membrane Proteins in Helicobacter pylori

More than 50 Helicobacter pylori genes are predicted to encode outer membrane proteins (OMPs), but there has been relatively little experimental investigation of the H. pylori cell surface proteome. In this study, we used selective biotinylation to label proteins localized to the surface of H. pylori, along with differential detergent extraction procedures to isolate proteins localized to the outer membrane. Proteins that met multiple criteria for surface-exposed outer membrane localization included known adhesins, as well as Cag proteins required for activity of the cag type IV secretion system, putative lipoproteins, and other proteins not previously recognized as cell surface components. We identified sites of nontryptic cleavage consistent with signal sequence cleavage, as well as C-terminal motifs that may be important for protein localization. A subset of surface-exposed proteins were highly susceptible to proteolysis when intact bacteria were treated with proteinase K. Most Hop and Hom OMPs were susceptible to proteolysis, whereas Hor and Hof proteins were relatively resistant. Most of the protease-susceptible OMPs contain a large protease-susceptible extracellular domain exported beyond the outer membrane and a protease-resistant domain at the C terminus with a predicted β-barrel structure. These features suggest that, similar to the secretion of the VacA passenger domain, the N-terminal domains of protease-susceptible OMPs are exported through an autotransporter pathway. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the repertoire of surface-exposed H. pylori proteins that may mediate bacterium-host interactions, as well as the cell surface topology of these proteins.
High efficiency and high resolution prism-based pulse shaper

A novel method for shaping ultrashort pulses is demonstrated using a high resolution, high efficiency (85%), reflective, 4096 element liquid crystal SLM in a prism-based apparatus. We demonstrate dispersion correction and pulse-shaping with this device.
Analyticity of the angular spectrum amplitude of scattered fields and some of its consequences

Analytic properties of the angular spectrum amplitude of the field scattered from a finite object with a continuous scattering potential are established, and some of its consequences are discussed. In particular, it is shown that the scattered field must contain both homogeneous and evanescent waves, unless it vanishes everywhere outside the scattering volume.
Checkbook Democracy: How Money Corrupts Political Campaigns. By Darrell M. West. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2000. 220p. $47.50 cloth, $16.95 paper.

Darrell West argues that elections, rather than stimulate debate over ideas and policies, have degenerated into con- tests in which candidates try to raise more and more money. The cost of campaigns has skyrocketed, the level of cynicism and apathy among voters has increased, and the perceived accountability of elected officials has been placed at risk.
Sodium restriction in heart failure: how low should you go?

Several guidelines now recommend that patients with heart failure limit their sodium intake. Many physicians are unaware, however, that there is controversy about the degree to which they should encourage patients with heart failure to restrict their sodium intake.
Here is the Problem: An Introduction

Last summer the Journal of American History invited several historians to write short essays on the nexus of self and subject, on the stories we tell about our own lives and the stories we write about history. In other disciplines-anthropology, for exampleauthors increasingly include personal vignettes in their scholarly books and articles. Historians have for the most part avoided such explicit self-reflection. But the questions remain: Do the ways we imagine and narrate our own pasts shape the histories we write, or are our own lives and our constructions of them mostly irrelevant? Is self-revelation a useful way to acknowledge our standpoints, interests, and assumptions, or more often a route to self-indulgence? Should we reflect on ourselves-on or off the printed page-as we write a less personal past? In the round table that follows, our essayists grapple with these and other questions.
What Basis for Morality? A Minimalist Approach

Principles are not less sacred because their duration cannot be guaranteed. Indeed, the very desire for guarantees that our values are eternal and secure in some objective heaven is perhaps only a craving for the certainties of childhood or the absolute values of our primitive past. "To realize the relative validity of one's convictions," said an admirable writer of our time, "and yet stand for them unflinchingly, is what distinguishes a civilized man from a barbarian." ?Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," 1958
Micro Vascular Plug (MVP)-assisted vessel occlusion in neurovascular pathologies: technical results and initial clinical experience

Background Deconstructive approaches may be necessary to treat a variety of neurovascular pathologies. Recently, a new device has become available for endovascular arterial occlusion that may have unique applications in neurovascular disease. The Micro Vascular Plug (MVP, Reverse Medical, Irvine, California, USA) has been designed for vessel occlusion through targeted embolization. Purpose To report the results from our initial experience with eight consecutive patients in whom the MVP was used to achieve endovascular occlusion of an artery in the head and neck. Methods Eight consecutive patients treated over a nine-month period were included. The patients’ radiographic and electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Specifically demographic information, clinical indication, site of arterial occlusion, size of MVP, time to vessel occlusion, clinical complications, use of other secondary embolic agents, and clinical outcome were recorded. Follow-up information when available is presented. Results The MVP was used in eight patients for the treatment of neurovascular disease. Indications for treatment included post-traumatic head/neck bleeding (n=3), carotid–cavernous fistula (1), vertebral–vertebral fistula (1), giant fusiform vertebral aneurysm (1), stump-emboli after carotid dissection (1), and iatrogenic vertebral artery penetrating injury (1). One device was used in five patients, two in two patients, and one patient with extensive vertebral–vertebral venous fistula required three plugs to effectively trap the fistula from proximal and distal aspects. Vessel occlusion was obtained in Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first series reporting the use of MVP in neurovascular disease. Use of this device may be associated with shorter procedural times and cost savings in comparison with the use of microcoils for vessel occlusion. Our experience shows that MVP can have unique applications in neurovascular pathologies and it complements other occlusive devices.
GENERIC BLUFF BODIES WITH UNDETERMINED SEPARATION LOCATION

The parameters governing forced attachment of flow to a flat, inclined surface, were determined by Nishri 1 . The addition of convex curvature is investigated presently using the circular cylinder as a model. In both flows the forcing consisted of two-dimensional, periodic oscillations emanating from a narrow slot. Naturally the flow separates from the surface of a smooth circular cylinder around 70° from the leading stagnation point when the Reynolds number is approximately 40,000. Periodic excitation from a slot located some 40° further downstream from the natural separation location altered very significantly the pressure distribution on that surface. On the opposite side of the cylinder neither the location of separation on the opposite side nor the pressure distribution was substantially affected, but a major change in the base pressure was observed. The cylinder started to lift and the typical vortex shedding from the cylinder was altered if not entirely eliminated. Experiments were carried out using both pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Numerical simulations were also carried out using an unstructured mesh finite element method with dynamic and constant coefficient Smagorinsky large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models.
Predation by American White Pelicans and Double-Crested Cormorants on Catchable-Sized Hatchery Rainbow Trout in Select Idaho Lentic Waters

AbstractIn southern Idaho, population growth of American white pelicans Pelecanus erythorhynchos at the Blackfoot Reservoir and Lake Walcott colonies since the early 1990s has generated concerns about whether pelican predation is impacting angler catch of hatchery trout stocked in Idaho waters. To evaluate this concern, we estimated rates of pelican predation (i.e., the proportion of fish consumed by pelicans) and angler catch (i.e., the proportion of fish caught by anglers) for 19 unique springtime fish stocking events over 3 years across 12 study waters; where feasible we also estimated double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predation. Stocked Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss averaged 247 mm in length and were internally PIT-tagged (to monitor bird predation) and externally anchor-tagged (to monitor angler catch) before stocking. Additional hatchery trout were PIT-tagged, euthanized, and fed directly to pelicans to estimate PIT tag deposition rates at the colonies; feeding was unsuccessful for ...
Uprooting the Pruneyard

If, in the description of one constitutional scholar, text, history, structure, prudence, and doctrine are the building blocks of constitutional argument, then the California Supreme Court's landmark 1979 decision in Robins v. Pruneyard constructed a building without a supporting foundation, sturdy walls, or a covering roof. The court invoked the Liberty of Speech Clause in the California Constitution to impose duties upon private landowners, not merely upon government, to facilitate the political speech of others. But Pruneyard was a disembodied policy decision, severed from constitutional text, history, context, and developed legal reasoning. In this Article, the author revisits the Pruneyard decision, through a scrupulous analysis of the text and the context of the typical state constitutional speech clause, together with a fresh examination of original historical sources in state constitutional drafting. The author further addresses the continuing interplay in constitutional law between freedom of speech and guarantees for private property, insisting that weakening the latter ultimately compromises the former. Because Pruneyard has received persistent attention in ongoing constitutional debates for more than two decades, because more than thirty states share a similar text for (and much of the same history of) a constitutional liberty of speech clause, because Pruneyard is a period piece from a particular epoch in American constitutionalism, and because the jurisprudence of constitutional interpretation has progressed beyond that stage, the story of Pruneyard is a cautionary tale with national resonance.
A Closer Look at the Patients Who Present to the Emergency Department with Headache (P5.204)

Objective: To determine why patients with migraine present to an emergency department (ED). Background: While migraine accounts for over 800,000 ED visits annually, no prospectively gathered data characterizes patients’ reasons for presenting to an ED. Design/Methods: We prospectively interviewed 309 consecutive patients presenting to an urban ED for headache. Patients were asked 100 closed-ended questions regarding sociodemographics, headache history, and current headache attack. Patients completed the PHQ-9 depression screener. We performed descriptive analyses on patients fulfilling ICHD2 migraine criteria. Results: Of 186 patients who met migraine criteria, 77% (95%CI: 71, 83%) had a primary care provider (PCP), approximately 90% had medical insurance, and 83% had drug coverage. 53% (95%CI: 46, 60%) reported that they previously visited a doctor for headache. 55% (95%CI: 48, 62%) previously received a migraine diagnosis. 22% (95%CI:16, 28%) sought medical care for the current headache prior to ED presentation. 55% (95% CI: 48, 63%) took abortive medication for migraine on the day of the ED visit. Median headache duration was 24 hours (IQR: 12-72). Fewer than 10% had a headache duration of 2 similar prior headaches or preexisting migraine diagnosis were just as likely to say that they visited the ED because of self-perceived emergency condition. Conclusions: Most migraineurs presenting to the ED have a PCP and healthcare insurance. ED visits result from an inability to access care elsewhere and because patients consider pain to be an emergent condition. Missed opportunities for diagnosis and treatment likely contribute to ED visits. Many screened positive for depression. Disclosure: Dr. Friedman has nothing to disclose.
Queer Christian: The Catholic Homosexual Apologia and Lesbian/Gay Practice

This essay concerns recent positions on homosexuality taken by the Roman Catholic Church and places them with respect to historical documents engaging same-sex desire. Analyzing Aelred of Rievaulx's twelfth-century Spiritual Friendship, John Bloxam's 1894 “The Priest and the Acolyte,” and Marc-Andre Raffalovich's 1896 Uranisme et Unisexualite, this essay offers perspectives on contemporary lay and ecclesiastical apologias, defenses, and critiques of homosexual behavior. The relationship between past and present locates the Christian churches' response to the modern homosexual as a historically developed—rather than permanently fixed—model of identity and action.
The Sustainability Principle in Sustainable Energy

The Environmental & Energy Law & Policy Journal has established a solid tradition of bringing together scholars and practitioners to explore both theoretical and practical implications of important issues at the confluence of environment and energy law. This year’s symposium issue continues this tradition by addressing the principle of sustainability as an independent concept of the first order. The symposium topic of sustainability builds on the 2008 symposium issue topic of greenhouse gas legislation, stepping back to a theoretical inquiry into the need for a principle to address the global problem of greenhouse gas. This symposium topic of sustainability as a principle is particularly apt given the impasse on legislation to address growing problems that imperil sustainability. Global climate change has focused scholars, lawyers, and the public on the problem of unsustainable practices and the need for fundamental change in energy and environmental policy. In his introduction to last year’s issue, Professor Victor B. Flatt stated “[i]t is almost certain that the United States will pass some form of comprehensive federal legislation controlling the emission of heat trapping greenhouse gases within the next two years.”1 While both state and federal legislatures have focused significant attention on greenhouse gas, they have not passed comprehensive climate legislation despite significant public demand. Cap-and-trade legislation, which continues to be the most favored approach, presents a system of stunning complexity, raising questions about the ability of government to monitor such a system. The market and regulatory failures to
TRFLP Analysis of the Effect of a Forest-to-Gap Ectone on Soil Microbial Diversity

To investigate how soil microbial diversity is influenced by the formation of an experimental edge-creating gap within a southern New England oak-hickory forest, I used a molecular fingerprinting technique known as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). Sequence variability in the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene in soil bacterial communities is detected by differences in the length and abundance of fragments produced by digesting PCR products amplified from rRNA genes. The different patterns observed are assumed to represent unique phylotypes. How does the forest-gap ecotone influence soil bacterial diversity? Based on other studies, I hypothesized that the edge would contain the most diverse bacterial community, followed by the gap, and as distance from the gap into the forest increased, bacterial diversity would decrease. Soil samples were collected along 40m transects perpendicular to the northern edge of the gap. DNA was extracted from each sample, PCR was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene, and DNA fragments were cut by restriction enzyme digestion and separated via electrophoresis. The DNA fragments were analyzed by TRFLP. Environmental variables (soil pH, soil temperature and soil gravimetric moisture) were different in the gap compared to all other distances, but not significantly so. Phylotype richness and diversity (Simpson’s index) was greatest at the edge. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) produced a phylotype-by-distance ordination that supports my hypothesis and shows that the edge is an ecotone (transitional zone) between the gap and forest.
The Stereochemistry of Five- and Six-Membered Chelate Rings— Stereochemical Analysis of a Macrocyclic Complex Containing Six Asymmetric Centers

The two sets of isomers, Ni(1,4-CTH)2 + (5,7,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,1 l-tetraazacyclotetradecanenickel(II), Structure (I) and Ni(l,7-CTH)2 + (5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11 -tetraazacyclotetradecanenickel(II), Structure (II), are distinguishable primarily on the basis of methyl group positions.
Microwave Loss Measurements of Copper-Clad Superconducting Niobium Microstrip Resonators on Flexible Polyimide Substrates

In this work, we investigated how different under- and capping layers on patterned Nb films impacted the RF losses of flexible thin-film superconducting microstrip transmission line resonators measured in a frequency range from 2 to 20 GHz. We studied how different thicknesses of Ti(10 and 50 nm) under-layer, used for adhesion, impacts conductor losses. We also studied Cu(20, 50, 100, and 200 nm) capping layers and how they affect conductor loss. These studies were carried out on 20- $\mu$ m-thick spin-on polyimide (PI-2611) thin films and characterized at various cryogenic temperatures between 1.2 and 4.2 K. The results indicate normal-superconductor (Ti/Nb) and superconductor-normal (Nb/Cu) bilayer structures have increased surface resistance, which leads to an increase in microwave loss when compared to Nb-only signal traces. We quantified this additional loss by extracting resonator quality factors for weakly coupled resonators with various conductor stack-ups. Our experimental results can help inform decisions regarding material stack-ups when designing multiconductor multilayer superconducting flexible cables intended for use with ultralow-temperature electronic systems.
Clinical characteristics of complex aortic plaque in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background Although complex aortic plaque (CxAoP) is a component of the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), it is underestimated without detection by trans-esophageal echocardiogram (TEE). We have evaluated the incidence and significance of CxAoP among patients with non-valvular AF (NVAF). Methods We included 981 patients with NVAF who underwent catheter ablation (59.1±11.1years old, 73.7% male, 70.2% paroxysmal AF). All of the patients underwent pre-procedural TEE evaluation. Left atrial (LA)-cardioembolic (CE) milieu was defined as a dense spontaneous echo-contrast or LA appendage flow velocity≤20cm/s. Results CxAoP was present in 8.3% of patients, and independently associated with age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.10, p p =0.005), and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score≥2 (OR 3.33, 95%CI 1.42–7.77, p =0.005). The presence of LA-CE milieu overlapped with CxAoP in only 11% of patients. Patients with CxAoP had a higher prevalence of hypertension ( p =0.004), smoking history ( p =0.008), paroxysmal AF (PAF, p p p =0.014). CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score was underestimated in 11% of high-risk patients (CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score≥2) due to undetected CxAoP. Conclusions CxAoP may contribute to the risk of stroke by a different mechanism than LA-CE milieu in patients with NVAF. Imaging assessment for CxAoP affects thromboembolic risk stratification and decision making for stroke prevention in patients with NVAF.
Efficacy, safety, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering, and calculated 10-year cardiovascular risk reduction of alirocumab and evolocumab in addition to maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy: a post-commercialization study

Efficacy and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, alirocumab (ALI) and evolocumab (EVO) have previously been evaluated through controlled clinical trials with selective patient groups. Post-commercially, in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) with suboptimal LDL cholesterol (LDLC) lowering on maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy, we assessed efficacy and safety of ALI and EVO. Post-commercially, we started 25 patients on ALI 75 mg, 15 on ALI 150 mg, and 32 on EVO 140 mg bi-weekly added to entry LDLC lowering regimen, with follow-up for a median 24 weeks. History, physical exam, demographics, and adverse event data were collected. Changes in LDLC and AHA and NIH calculated 10-year CVD risks were assessed on ALI and EVO. Of 72 patients, 25 had HeFH only, 25 CVD only, 22 had both, median age was 65 years, 63% females, 38% males, 86% Caucasian, 11% African-Americans, 17% diabetics, 63% on anti-hypertensives, and 7% smokers. At entry, 30 (42%) were on a statin and 42 (58%) could not tolerate any statins. At 24-weeks, median LDLC decreased on ALI 75 mg from 117 to 62 mg/dL (−54%), on ALI 150 mg from 175 to 57 mg/dL (−63%), and on EVO 140 mg from 165 to 69 mg/dL (−63%), p .05) between ALI 150 and EVO 140 mg, but were less on ALI 75 mg vs ALI 150 mg and EVO 140 mg (p <.05). Percent reductions in 10-year CVD risks by AHA and NIH calculators, respectively were ALI 75 mg −22 and −44%, ALI 150 mg −31 and −50%, and EVO 140 mg −29 and −56%, p ≤.002 for all. The three most common adverse events included flu-like myositis 10%, respiratory tract symptoms 8%, and injection site reaction 6%. In patients with HeFH and/or CVD, LDLC was lowered by 63% on EVO and ALI 150 mg, and 54% on ALI 75 mg. Adverse events were minimal and tolerable. ALI and EVO represent paradigm shifts in LDLC lowering. Long term, post-commercial safety and efficacy remain to be determined.
Concussion-Like Symptom Reporting in Non-Concussed Collegiate Athletes

OBJECTIVE: Non-concussed individuals may report a variety of concussion-like symptoms even in the absence of a diagnosed brain injury. Previous studies described concussion-like symptom reporting in adolescent athletes. This study provides complementary data on concussion-like symptoms in collegiate athletes. METHODS: We analyzed baseline symptom scales from 738 collegiate athletes (452 men and 286 women) who completed either the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, 3 Symptom Evaluation (S3SE; n = 377) or the Post-Concussion Scale (PCS; n = 361) and determined if subjects met criteria for diagnosis of International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) postconcussional syndrome. Symptoms were grouped as somatic, cognitive, emotional, or sleep-related. We analyzed associations with medical history factors using chi-square analyses, and examined recovery time of a subset of concussed athletes based on baseline symptomatology (n = 117) with independent samples t-test. RESULTS: Across all athletes, 120 (16.3%) reported baseline symptoms meeting criteria for ICD-10 postconcussional syndrome. Women were 1.7 times more likely to meet these criteria (21.7% vs. 12.8%, p =.002). Athletes completing the S3SE were 1.5 times more likely to meet criteria than those completing the PCS (p =.011). Previously diagnosed psychiatric disorder was significantly associated with emotional domain symptom reporting, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder diagnosis was associated with cognitive domain symptom reporting. On average, athletes meeting ICD-10 postconcussional syndrome criteria at baseline experienced longer recovery from concussion (t[115] = 2.35, p =.020). CONCLUSIONS: Non-concussed collegiate athletes report concussion-like symptoms at a clinically significant rate. Pre-injury medical history and reporting rates of concussion-like symptoms may explain variance in post-concussion symptom expression. Measured incidence of baseline postconcussional syndrome may, in part, depend on the symptom report measure that is used. Language: en
Low-cardiac-output-Syndrom: Pathophysiologie und Behandlung

Das sog. Low-cardiac-output-Syndrom stellt die kritischste Situation nach Herzoperationen dar. Das Bestreben des Herzchirurgen mus vor allem darauf gerichtet sein, das Auftreten dieser schwerwiegenden Komplikation durch grundliche Operationsvorbereitung, vorsichtige Narkosefuhrung, prazise Operationstechnik, konsequenten Myokardschutz und sorgfaltige postoperative Behandlung zu vermeiden. Bereits praoperativ kann jedoch eine myokardiale Insuffizienz vorliegen und postoperativ trotz entsprechender perioperativer Masnahmen fortbestehen. Die erfolgreiche Behandlung eines Low-cardiac-output-Syndroms setzt die genaue Kenntnis seiner pathophysiologischen Vorgange voraus.
Policy, System and Environmental Correlates of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in a Low-Income African American Population in the Southeast.

Objective: The current study seeks to iden­tify policy, system and environmental (PSE) correlates of fruit and vegetable consump­tion among a sample of low-income African Americans in two counties in Alabama (Jefferson and Mobile) and one county in Mississippi (Forrest). Design: A modified Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFFS) survey, which included multi-level ecological factors, was used to evaluate nutritional habits at the pre-intervention stage of a multi-state research study. We surveyed a total of 256 participants between May and August 2015. Local community coalitions established in each of the counties were instrumental in the planning and administration of the baseline survey. Results: Univariate analyses revealed that whether participants met the daily recom­mendation for fruit/vegetable consumption may be correlated with whether participants had children who attended schools/day care centers with health policies in place, received food assistance, and observed me­dia campaigns related to nutrition. Further, results of multivariate analysis indicated that meeting fruit/vegetable recommendations was correlated with personally participating or having a family member who participated in a health policy meeting in the past two years. Conclusion: These findings suggest that policy-based interventions have the po­tential to improve health outcomes among priority populations, such as low-income African Americans, who are at high risk of developing chronic diseases. Ethn Dis . 2017;27(Suppl 1):355-362; doi:10.18865/ed.27.S1.355.
Collective Periodic Motion Coordination

This chapter introduces a collective periodic motion coordination problem. Coordinated periodic motions play an important role in applications involving multi-agent networks with repetitive movements such as cooperative patrol, mapping, sampling, or surveillance. We introduce two types of algorithms. For the first type, we introduce Cartesian coordinate coupling to existing distributed consensus algorithms for respectively, single-integrator dynamics and double-integrator dynamics, to generate collective motions, namely, rendezvous, circular patterns, and logarithmic spiral patterns in the three-dimensional space. It is shown that the interaction graph and the value of the Euler angle in the case of single-integrator dynamics and the interaction graph, the damping gain, and the value of the Euler angle in the case of double-integrator dynamics affect the resulting collective motions. We show that when the nonsymmetric Laplacian matrix has certain properties, the damping gain is above a certain bound in the case of double-integrator dynamics, and the Euler angle is below, equal, or above a critical value, the agents will eventually rendezvous, move on circular orbits, or follow logarithmic spiral curves lying on a plane normal to the Euler axis. For the second type, we introduce coupled second-order linear harmonic oscillators with local interaction to generate synchronized oscillatory motions. We analyze convergence conditions under, respectively, directed fixed and switching interaction graphs. It is shown that the coupled harmonic oscillators can be synchronized under mild network connectivity conditions. The theoretical result is also applied to synchronized motion coordination in multi-agent systems as a proof of concept.