cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Significant Contribution of a Newly Identified Monoamine Transporter (PMAT) to Serotonin Uptake in the Human Brain

Abstract The high affinity serotonin transporter (SERT) constitutes the principal pathway for removal of serotonin (5-HT) from extracellular fluid of brain, but evidence indicates that other transporters may also be involved in this process. We recently reported the cloning of a novel plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), which is abundantly expressed in the human brain and avidly transports 5-HT [Engel K, Zhou M, Wang J. Identification and characterization of a novel monoamine transporter in the human brain. J Biol Chem 2004;279:50042–9]. In this study, we evaluated whether PMAT contributes to total human brain uptake of 5-HT using a hybrid depletion approach in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We also examined whether PMAT interacts with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) using MDCK cells stably expressing recombinant human PMAT. Microinjection of total human brain poly(A) + mRNA into oocytes elicited ∼2.5–3-fold increase in 5-HT uptake. Pre-hybridization of poly(A) + mRNA with PMAT or SERT antisense oligonucleotides significantly reduced mRNA-induced 5-HT uptake. An additive inhibitory effect was observed when poly(A) + mRNA was co-hybridized with both PMAT and SERT antisense oligonucleotides. In contrast, mRNA-induced 5-HT uptake was not affected by pre-hybridization with sense oligonucleotides. These data suggest that functional transcripts of PMAT are present in the human brain, and the PMAT transporter may be significantly involved in brain uptake of 5-HT. All five tested SSRIs inhibited PMAT with IC 50 values ranging from 11 to 116 μM, which are much greater than clinically encountered concentrations, suggesting that PMAT activity is minimally affected by SSRI therapies.
Increase in Translaryngeal Resistance during Phonation in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Laryngeal involvement by RA is a common finding, but there have been no studies of laryngeal function in RA patients. This study was undertaken to determine if patients with rheumatoid arthritis have functional abnormalities of the upper airway during phonation which may be the result of synovitis of the laryngeal joints caused by RA. Translaryngeal resistance was measured in six patients with RA and six matched control subjects using an interrupter method to measure P sg and V ˙ during vocalization. Patients with RA had a higher R (65.0 ±8.15 cm H 2 O/L/s) than control subjects (38.4 ±7.43 cm H 2 O/L/S [p sg . We conclude that abnormalities of the larynx in RA patients are common and cause measurable physiologic abnormalities.
The Effects of Catecholamines and Drug Treatment on the Fetus and Newborn

: The fetus is capable of producing catecholamines from early in gestation. Normal concentrations of these compounds are necessary for fetal and neonatal homeostasis, and for successfully completing the transition from fetal to neonatal life. Fetal and neonatal stress result in marked elevations of catecholamine levels, causing a large number of physiologic derangements. While fetal catecholamines are endogenously produced, maternal illness and anxiety can initiate the chain of maternal catecholamine production, causing dysfunctional labor and uterine hypoperfusion, and through this mechanism, fetal distress. Measures to reduce maternal anxiety should have a high priority in the management of labor. While nonpharmacologic methods may suffice, the use of analgesic agents in moderate doses may be protective to the fetus in selected circumstances.
Effect of two connector designs on the fracture resistance of all-ceramic core materials for fixed dental prostheses.

Statement of problem Most all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fail at the connectors. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 2 connector designs on the fracture resistance of core materials used for all-ceramic FDPs. Material and methods Three materials were tested: (1) heat-pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max Press (Press)), (2) milled lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max CAD (CAD)), and (3) milled yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) (IPS e.max ZirCAD (ZirCAD)). Specimens were made into 30 × 4 × 4-mm bars to represent 3-unit FDPs. Two connector designs, round (0.60 ±0.01-mm radius of curvature) and sharp (0.06 ±0.001-mm radius of curvature), with a 3.00 ±0.05-mm cross-section for each connector, were studied (n=5). Each specimen was loaded to fracture in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.1 mm/min. Data were analyzed with a 2-way univariate ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (α=.05). Results Mean (SD) failure loads for round connector designs were 684.2 (70.1) N for ZirCAD, 260 (7.8) N for CAD, and 172.9 (35.5) N for Press. Mean (SD) failure loads for sharp connector designs were 386.3 (51.5) N for ZirCAD, 87.9 (7.0) N for CAD, and 125.1 (15.1) N for Press. The 2-way univariate ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences ( P Conclusions Fracture resistance of ceramic core materials is affected by fabrication technique and connector design. Connector design affected fracture resistance of the milled ceramic, but not the pressed ceramic. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;101:166-173)
Detection of Molecular Oxygen on Mars

Molecular oxygen was detected in Martian spectra near 7635 A and its abundance was measured both during and after the 1971 dust storm. Its column abundance in the clear Martian atmosphere is about 10.4 plus or minus 1.0 cm/amagat, giving a mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon dioxide 0.0013. The mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon monoxide (1.4 plus or minus 0.3) is quite different from the value of 0.5 that would result from the photolysis of a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere, which indicates that there is or was a net source of oxygen relative to carbon (probably water) in the Martian atmosphere.
Finding a basis for flipping bases

Rotation of a DNA nucleotide out of the double helix and into a protein binding pocket ('base flipping') was first observed in the structure of a DNA methyltransferase. There is now evidence that a variety of proteins use base flipping in their interactions with DNA. Though the mechanism for base flipping is still unclear, we propose a three-step pathway: recognizing the target site and increasing the interstrand phosphate-phosphate distance nearby, initiating base flipping by protein invasion of the DNA, and trapping the flipped DNA structure.
Evaluating the Bottom-Up Method for Functional Decomposition in Product Dissection Tasks

The purpose of this study is to continue to explore which function identification methods work best for specific design tasks. Prior literature describes the top-down and bottom-up approaches as equivalent methods for functional decomposition. Building on our prior work, this study tests the bottom-up method against the top-down and enumeration methods. We used a 3factor within-subject study (n=136). While most of our diagramoriented metrics were not statistically different, we found statistical support that: 1.) students reported that the dissection activity was more useful when using bottom-up, and 2.) that student engineers committed many more syntax errors when using the bottom-up method (by listing parts instead of functions). We believe that both these results are due to the increased focus on individual parts. We do not know if an increased attention to the parts would increase novelty or fixation, and recommend future studies to find out.
High Energy Gamma Ray Beams from Compton Backscattered Laser Light

Collisions of light photons with relativistic electrons have previously been used to produce polarized ?-ray beams with modest (~10%) resolution, but relatively low intensity. In contrast, the LEGS project (Laser+Electron Gamma Source) at Brookhaven will produce a very high flux (>2×107 s-1) of background-free polarized ? rays whose energy will be determined to a high accuracy (?E =2.3 MeV). Initially, 300(420) MeV ? rays will be produced by backscattering UV light from the new 2.5(3.0) GeV X-ray storage ring of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). The LEGS facility will operate as one of many passive users of the NSLS. In a later stage of the project, a Free Electron Laser is expected to extend the ?-ray energy up to 700 MeV.
Study of sulfur-containing molecules in the EUV region. V. CS2+ (Ã → X̃) and COS+ (Ã → X̃) fluorescence excitation functions☆

Abstract The fluorescence excitation functions of the CS 2 + ( A 2 Π u → X 2 Π g ) fluorescence in the 4300–5800 A region and the COS + ( A 2 Π → X 2 Π) fluorescence in the 3100–5400 A region was measured throughout the synchrotron radiation continuum from 175 to 740 A. The fluorescence quantum yields for CS 2 + ( A → X ) and COS + ( A → X ) are typically less than 0.25 and 2 × 10 −3 , respectively, in the wavelength region under study. The low fluorescence quantum yield of the COS + ( A → X ) and the broad dip in the 650–700 A region of the CS 2 + ( A → X ) excitation function are attributed to predissociation and dissociation processes.
Vision-guided robotic grasping: issues and experiments

Many researchers have turned to sensing, and in particular computer vision, to create more flexible robotic systems. Computer vision is often required to provide data for the grasping of a target. Using a vision system for grasping presents several issues with respect to sensing, control, and system configuration. This paper presents some of these issues in concert with the options available to the researcher and the trade-offs to be expected when integrating a vision system with a robotic system for the purpose of grasping objects. The paper includes experimental results from a particular configuration that characterize the type and frequency of errors encountered while performing various vision-guided grasping tasks. These error classes and their frequency of occurrence lend insight into the problems encountered during visual grasping and into the possible solution of these problems.
The timing of liver transplantation in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis, the most common chronic cholestatic liver disease in adults, usually progresses to cirrhosis and its complications. Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy delays disease progression, but most patients will ultimately succumb. Liver transplantation is now accepted as the standard treatment for end-stage PBC. Development of major complications of portal hypertension and liver failure, poor quality of life and short survival without transplantation are the major indications for this surgical intervention in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Resource use is another key variable to be considered in the timing of liver transplantation. Prognostic models have been developed to predict survival and resource utilization with and without liver transplantation. Prognostic models aid the clinician in the selection and timing of liver transplantation in the patient with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Alternate promoters and alternate splicing of human tenascin-X, a gene with 5' and 3' ends buried in other genes

Tenascin-X (TN-X) is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by a large gene that overlaps the steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) gene in the HLA locus on chromosome 6p21.3. This may be the most complex locus in the human genome identified to date, containing 13 overlapping transcription units in 160 kb of DNA. Previous studies determined the sequence of 39 TN-X exons, encoding a 12 kb open reading frame, but the promoter(s) of the gene had not been located. We identify the principal TN-X promoter and a previously unknown 5' untranslated exon that lies more than 10 kb upstream from the previously known exons. This promoter, which is substantially different from the promoter for TN-C, initiates transcription in human fetal adrenal and muscle, but expression in human NCI-H295 adrenocortical carcinoma cells is initiated by two other promoters lying further upstream. One of these is the same as the promoter for a recently identified Creb-related protein (Creb-rp), but transcripts initiated form this promoter in human adrenal NCI-H295 tumor cells are spliced differently from Creb-rp, and are largely retained in the nuclei of these cells. By analogy with the other two members of the tenascin family, TN-C and TN-R, it has been predicted that TN-X should undergo alternate splicing in its fibronectin-like domains. RACE cloning and RNase protection experiments reveal no such alternate splicing. The TN-X gene appears to be unique in having both its 5' and 3' ends buried in other genes.
Routing around decoys

Decoy Routing is a new approach to Internet censorship circumvention that was recently and independently proposed at FOCI'11, USENIX Security'11 and CCS'11. Decoy routing aims to hamper nation-state level Internet censorship by having routers, rather than end hosts, relay traffic to blocked destinations. We analyze the security of these schemes against a routing capable adversary, a censoring authority that is willing to make routing decisions in response to decoy routing systems.We explore China, Syria, Iran, and Egypt as routing capable adversaries, and evaluate several attacks that defeat the security goals of existing decoy routing proposals. In particular, we show that a routing capable adversary can enumerate the participating routers implementing these protocols; can successfully avoid sending traffic along routes containing these routers with little or no adverse effects; can identify users of these schemes through active and passive attacks; and in some cases can probabilistically identify connections to targeted destinations.
Epitaxially Driven Assembly of Crystalline Molecular Films on Ordered Substrates

Crystalline, molecularly thick organic films mimicking layer motifs observed in bulk crystals of conducting (ET)2X charge-transfer salts (ET = bis(ethylenedithiolo)tetrathiafulvalene, X = I3, ReO4)...
In Vivo and In Vitro Availability of Commercial Warfarin Tablets

Rate of absorption and bioavailability of warfarin following oral administration of four different commercial warfarin tablets was assessed by measurement of plasma concentrations of warfarin followed by pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis of the resulting data. In Study No. 1, results obtained with five 5-mg. tablets were compared with those obtained with one 25-mg. tablet, all tablets being made by the same manufacturer. The rate of absorption was about twice as fast from the five 5-mg. tablets as from the one 25-mg. tablet. Relative absorption from the one 25-mg. tablet was only about 80%, compared with 100% from the five 5-mg. tablets. In Study No. 2, three 5-mg. tablets, prepared by three different manufacturers, were compared in a crossover study in 12 normal subjects at a two-tablet (10-mg.) dose. The rate constant for absorption varied over about a fourfold range, but all three tablets were equally available and the entire dose of warfarin was absorbed, apparently, after each treatment. Results obtained in man correlated excellently with results of in vitro rate of dissolution tests but not with disintegration times of the tablets. The results will aid in delineating the critical area for in vitro dissolution rates of warfarin tablets prepared similarly to the commercial products and in quality control procedures.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA

The emphasis on record setting during the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration meant that the scientific accomplishments of these expeditions often went overlooked (Larson, 2012). Many people know the story of the ill-fated (and second-place) return of Robert Falcon Scott from the South Pole, but few people are aware that 45 kg of Permian Glossopteris fossils were found with him and his deceased colleagues. Refusal to jettison the material suggests their recognition of its importance for understanding past life on the frozen continent. Since that time, great advances have been made in understanding the ancient life and environments of Antarctica. Here, I review some of these developments in the context of recent vertebrate paleontological research in the Transantarctic Mountains. In 1967 the first terrestrial vertebrate from the central Transantarctic Mountains, a small amphibian jaw, was discovered in Lower Triassic rocks at Graphite Peak (Barrett et al., 1968). Subsequent work has yielded three distinct Mesozoic faunas from the region. Early Triassic vertebrates have been collected at numerous localities in the lower Fremouw Formation around the Beardmore and Shackleton glaciers (Barrett et al., 1968). The Beardmore Glacier region has also produced an early Middle Triassic assemblage at two localities in the upper Fremouw Formation (Hammer et al., 1987; Sidor et al., 2007), and an Early Jurassic assemblage from the Hanson Formation on Mt. Kirkpatrick (Hammer and Hickerson, 1994). Early discoveries from the lower Fremouw Formation (Fig. 1) prompted comparisons to similar faunas from the Karoo Basin of South Africa, and the presence of taxa such as Lystrosaurus provided compelling support for the nascent theory of plate tectonics (Elliot et al., 1970). Antarctic faunas were often considered to represent taxonomic subsets of those found in the Karoo Basin, …
Maintaining knowledge currency in the 21st century

Software engineering is a rapidly changing discipline, and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. This pace of change brings both problems and opportunities to universities that teach software engineering. Engineers ore no longer satisfied with one or two initial university education experiences, but by necessity are becoming lifetime learners, with frequent trips back to educational providers. This recurring education is needed to update engineers' knowledge with new ideas and concepts, and to update engineers' skills. In this paper, we take the position that universities can and should respond to this situation with a new model for graduate software engineering education, which we call professional currency certificates. These courses should offer the depth of knowledge and university academic credit that traditional academic courses offer, but with the convenience and practical nature of corporate training courses. This hybrid model results in a new kind of course that more closely meets the needs of lifetime learners.
Adaptive process control using biologic paradigms

Researchers at the US Bureau of Mines have combined several biologically oriented techniques into a comprehensive approach to adaptive process control. The three specific techniques from the field of artificial intelligence used to produce the adaptive process control systems are: (1) fuzzy logic, (2) genetic algorithms, and (3) neural networks. Fuzzy logic is a technique in which the human "rule-of-thumb" approach to decision making is modelled. Genetic algorithms are search algorithms based on the mechanics of natural genetics that are able to rapidly locate near-optimum solutions to difficult problems. Neural networks are crude paradigms of the mammalian brain that have been used to model industrial systems. This paper provides an overview of the architecture used to achieve adaptive process control, and demonstrates its effectiveness in the control of an industrial motivated titration system. >
Architectural-level fault simulation using symbolic data

A fault simulation technique which uses architectural-level information is proposed. This approach allows one to simulate stuck-at faults in specific modules within the context of the overall design. Gate-level descriptions of all modules are not required, so this method can be applied early in the design phase. At the architectural level, the behavioral simulation uses symbolic data to simultaneously process the fault effects for groups of faults in the module under simulation in order to achieve speedup. The proposed techniques have been implemented, and several circuits described at a high level have been simulated successfully using different test sets. >
Methodology for on-line incipient fault detection in single-phase squirrel-cage induction motors using artificial neural networks

A novel approach for online detection of incipient faults in single-phase squirrel-cage induction motors through the use of artificial neural networks is presented. The online incipient fault detector is composed of two parts: (1) a disturbance and noise filter artificial neural network to filter out the transient measurements while retaining the steady-state measurements, and (2) a high-order incipient fault detection artificial neural network to detect incipient faults in single-phase squirrel-cage induction motors based on data collected from the motor. Simulation results show that neural networks yield satisfactory performance for online detection of incipient faults in single-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. The neural network fault detection methodology presented is not limited to single-phase squirrel-cage motors (used as a prototype), but can also be applied to many other types of rotating machines, with the appropriate modifications. >
Self-reported sleep duration associated with distraction analgesia, hyperemia, and secondary hyperalgesia in the heat-capsaicin nociceptive model

Although sleep deprivation is known to heighten pain sensitivity, the mechanisms by which sleep modifies nociception are largely unknown. Few studies of sleep-pain interactions have utilized quantitative sensory testing models that implicate specific underlying physiologic mechanisms. One possibility, which is beginning to receive attention, is that differences in sleep may alter the analgesic effects of distraction. We utilized the heat-capsaicin nociceptive model to examine whether self-reported habitual sleep duration is associated with distraction analgesia, the degree of secondary hyperalgesia and skin flare, markers implicating both central and peripheral processes that heighten pain. Twenty-eight healthy participants completed three experimental sessions in a randomized within subjects design. In the pain only condition, pain was induced for approximately 70-min via application of heat and capsaicin to the dorsum of the non-dominant hand. Verbal pain ratings were obtained at regular intervals. In the distraction condition, identical procedures were followed, but during heat-capsaicin pain, subjects played a series of video games. The third session involved assessing performance on the video games (no capsaicin). Participants indicated their normal self-reported habitual sleep duration over the past month. Individuals who slept less than 6.5 h/night in the month prior to the study experienced significantly less behavioral analgesia, increased skin flare and augmented secondary hyperalgesia. These findings suggest that reduced sleep time is associated with diminished analgesic benefits from distraction and/or individuals obtaining less sleep have a reduced ability to disengage from pain-related sensations. The secondary hyperalgesia finding may implicate central involvement, whereas enhanced skin flare response suggests that sleep duration may also impact peripheral inflammatory mechanisms.
Self-monitoring during whole group reading instruction: effects among students with emotional and behavioral disabilities during summer school intervention sessions

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects that a self-monitoring strategy, plus a tactile prompting device, had upon the on-task and oral reading fluency behaviors of students with emotional and/or behavioral disabilities in the general education setting when used during whole group reading instruction. A multiple-baseline across pairs of participants design was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention. The results show that all four participants increased their on-task behavior during whole group reading instruction after being taught how to use the self-monitoring strategy, and their on-task behavior results were more similar to their peers' during the intervention condition. In addition, all students showed meaningful gains in oral reading fluency after being taught to self-monitor during whole group reading instruction when compared to baseline levels. Generalization probe data were taken during teacher-led, small group reading instruction. Although there were slight increases in pe...
A Miniature Cable-Driven Robot for Crawling on the Heart

This document describes the design and preliminary testing of a cable-driven robot for the purpose of traveling on the surface of the beating heart to administer therapy. This methodology obviates mechanical stabilization and lung deflation, which are typically required during minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Previous versions of the robot have been remotely actuated through push-pull wires, while visual feedback was provided by fiber optic transmission. Although these early models were able to perform locomotion in vivo on porcine hearts, the stiffness of the wire-driven transmission and fiber optic camera limited the mobility of the robots. The new prototype described in this document is actuated by two antagonistic cable pairs, and contains a color CCD camera located in the front section of the device. These modifications have resulted in superior mobility and visual feedback. The cable-driven prototype has successfully demonstrated prehension, locomotion, and tissue dye injection during in vitro testing with a poultry model
The Ulster Unionist Party and the U. S. Role in the Northern Ireland Peace Process, 1994–2000

Since the beginning of the “Troubles,” Ulster unionists generally have viewed American involvement in Northern Ireland as biased towards nationalists and “unwanted interference” in their internal affairs. Yet despite vehement condemnations, unionists made virtually no attempt to counteract Irish-American perceptions or to explain unionism to U. S. audiences. But from 1994 onwards, mainly in response to the expanding involvement of the Clinton administration in the peace process, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) launched a sustained effort to engage the White House and get its views across in America. While some of these UUP initiatives got nowhere, others achieved a considerable degree of success, particularly the effort to convey unionist perspectives to the heart of White House policymaking.
von Hippel-Lindau Protein Induces Hypoxia-regulated Arrest of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Transcript Elongation in Pheochromocytoma Cells

Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were stably transfected with either wild type or mutated human von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (hpVHL). These proteins have opposing effects on regulating expression of the gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Whereas wild type hpVHL represses levels of TH mRNA and protein 5-fold, a truncated pVHL mutant, pVHL(1–115), induces accumulation of TH mRNA and protein 3-fold. hpVHL-induced inhibition of TH gene expression does not involve either a decrease in TH mRNA stability or repression of TH promoter activity. However, repression results from inhibition of RNA elongation at a downstream region of the TH gene. This elongation pause is accompanied by hpVHL sequestration in the nuclear extracts of elongins B and C, regulatory components of the transcription elongation heterotrimer SIII (elongin A/B/C). Hypoxia, a physiological stimulus for TH gene expression, alleviates the elongation block. A truncated pVHL mutant, pVHL(1–115), stimulates TH gene expression by increasing the efficiency of TH transcript elongation. This is the first report showing pVHL-dependent regulation of specific transcript elongation in vivo, as well as dominant negative activity of pVHL mutants in pheochromocytoma cells.
Single nucleotide in the MTF-1 binding site can determine metal-specific transcription activation

Cells respond to changes in environment by shifting their gene expression profile to deal with the new conditions. The cellular response to changes in metal homeostasis is an important example of this. Transition metals such as iron, zinc, and copper are essential micronutrients but other metals such as cadmium are simply toxic. The cell must maintain metal concentrations in a window that supports efficient metabolic function but must also protect against the damaging effects of high concentrations of these metals. One way a cell regulates metal homeostasis is to control genes involved in metal mobilization and storage. Much of this regulation occurs at the level of transcription and the protein most responsible for this is the conserved metal responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1). Interestingly, the nature of the changes in the gene expression profile depends on the type of exposure. The cell somehow senses the kind of the metal challenge and responds appropriately. We have been using the Drosophila system to try to understand the mechanism of this metal discrimination. Using genome-wide mapping of MTF-1 binding under different metal stresses we find that, surprisingly, MTF-1 chooses different DNA binding sites depending on the specific nature of the metal insult. We also find that the type of binding site chosen is an important component of the capability to induce the metal-specific transcription activation.
Boundary conditions at grain boundaries

Grain boundaries in polycrystalline semiconductor material are frequently idealized as surfaces possessing a characteristic surface recombination velocity. Minority carrier densities generated by external sources (electron beams, light, etc.) in polycrystalline p-n junctions must satisfy certain boundary conditions at these grain boundaries which will be derived. It will also be shown that a 'folding technique' introduced recently to deal with this problem is of limited value.
Feeding Ecology of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire

Studies pertaining to the feeding ecology of free-ranging common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are numerous, and have been carried out in a wide range of habitats (Reynolds and Reynolds, 1965; Goodall, 1968; Nishida, 1968; Suzuki, 1969; Jones and Sabater Pi, 1971; Hladik, 1977; Wrangham, 1977; McGrew et al., 1981). But field studies on the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniseus) began only in the early 1970s, and are still far less numerous than those on common chimpanzees (Nishida, 1972; Badrian and Badrian, 1977; Horn, 1977; Kano, 1979; Kuroda, 1979; Susman et al, 1980).
New Bounds on False-Name Manipulations in Weighted Voting Games

We consider false-name manipulation in weighted voting games (WVGs). False-name manipulation involves an agent, termed a manipulator , splitting its weight among several false identities in anticipation of power increase. False-name manipulation has been identified as a problem in WVGs. Indeed, in open anonymous environments, this manipulation can be easy and cheap to achieve. Previous works have considered false-name manipulation in WVGs using the well-known Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf indices to compute agents' power. Upper and lower bounds on the extent of power that a manipulator may gain exist for the case when a manipulator splits into k=2 false identities for both the Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf indices. The bounds on the case when an agent splits into k>2 false identities, until now, has remained open for the two indices. This paper answers this open problem by providing four non-trivial bounds on false-name manipulation in WVGs when an agent splits into false identities for both the Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf indices. One of the bounds is also shown to be asymptotically tight, i.e., there exists at least a game in which an agent achieves the proposed bound by splitting into several false identites.
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication

Passive transfer of antibodies has long been considered a potential treatment modality for infectious diseases, including HIV. Early efforts to use antibodies to suppress HIV replication, however, were largely unsuccessful, as the antibodies that were studied neutralized only a relatively narrow spectrum of viral strains and were not very potent. Recent advances have led to the discovery of a large portfolio of human monoclonal antibodies that are broadly neutralizing across many HIV-1 subtypes and are also substantially more potent. These antibodies target multiple different epitopes on the HIV envelope, thus allowing for the development of antibody combinations. In this review, we discuss the application of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) for HIV treatment and HIV eradication strategies. We highlight bNAbs that target key epitopes, such as the CD4 binding site and the V2/V3-glycan-dependent sites, and we discuss several bNAbs that are currently in the clinical development pipeline.
Perceptions of trust in the US construction industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to obtain an understanding of the perception of trust between US construction contracting parties. The research objectives were to identify the factors on construction projects that impact such trust and to identify how trust affects factors on construction project. Design/methodology/approach – A survey of construction professionals working for the Engineering News Record’s Top 400 US contractors was conducted. Findings – The findings showed that paying on time, competency, reliability and effective collaboration were the most important factors that affected contextual conditions trustworthiness. Factors perceived to strengthen trust included face-to-face communication, electronic documents, and timely and adequate responses to requests for information. The presence of construction managers on construction projects, and corrective changes orders from neutral third parties were perceived to weaken trust. Trust was perceived to assist leadership, team building, commun...
Female foraging and intranest behavior of a communal bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

Female Perdita portalis Timberlake are ground-nesting, partially bivoltine, communal bees that inhabit the deserts and arid grasslands of Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. From 2 to 29 adult females may share a single nest. Nests are commonly reused from year to year and may become very large, with >200 overwintering prepupae, although some new nests are started each year. By constructing artificial, below-ground observation nests, it was possible to observe the details of cell provisioning and of female (and male) nestmate interactions within the nest. The details of cell construction, pollen collection, pollen ball formation, and oviposition are described. There was no evidence of cooperation among female nestmates or reproductive division of labor, nor was there any indication of intraspecific cleptoparasitism. The behavior of female P. portalis is compared with the behavior of females in other species of Perdita and with what is known of the intranest behavior of other bees.
Subdural hematoma occurrence: comparison between ethanol and cocaine use at death.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to show that, in a medical examiner population, ethanol intoxication is associated with an increase in the occurrence of subdural hematoma (SDH), whereas the presence of cocaine is not associated with an increase in the occurrence of SDH. DESIGN This was a retrospective evaluation of 967 SDH including the investigative information, autopsy, and toxicological findings derived from 18,314 medical examiner cases over 8 years. RESULTS Subdural hematoma is found in 7% to 9% of cases with either no ethanol or less than 100 mg/dL of ethanol. Subdural hematoma is found in 18% of cases with ethanol levels of greater than 100 mg/dL. Subdural hematoma is found in 11% of cases negative for cocaine, whereas SDH is found in 9% of cases with any form of cocaine present at death.
Renal Calcification in NICU Patients

Sequential renal ultrasonographic studies have shown renal calcifications to be more common in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients than is commonly believed, especially in extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) infants. A family history of kidney stones is an independent risk factor for renal calcifications in ELBW infants. Understanding the role of inhibitors and promoters in crystal formation helps in understanding the pathophysiology of nephrocalcinosis. Identification of the presence or absence of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria is an effective method of directing the diagnostic evaluation of infants who have nephrocalcinosis. Fortunately, ultrasonographic renal calcifications resolve spontaneously in most NICU patients. Renal calcifications can be associated with persistent abnormalities in renal function if hypercalciuria continues, such as in the rare very low-birthweight (VLBW) infant who receives long-term furosemide therapy after hospital discharge. Only in rare cases, often inborn errors of metabolism, can renal calcifications in NICU patients progress to chronic renal injury, such as in infants who have primary hyperoxaluria that involves persistence of oxalate in the urine, a potent promoter of calcium crystal formation.
Coercive Structures:Theory and Testing

Though they are found in almost every society,too little attention has been paid to coercive relations.Based on Elementary Theory,this paper discusses the meaning,classification and effects of coercive relations and structures.In coercive relations the threat,for example"Your money or your life",is intended by the coercer to extract value from the coercees.The dyadic coercive relation and centralized coercive structures are differentiated,with the latter being further divided into the coercer central structure and coercee central structure.Studies have found that coercer in the former structure may exercise more power on the coercees,while coercees in the latter structure could negotiate with the coercer and will be coerced less.Secondly,strong-coercive structures are differentiated from the weak-coercive structures.In the former,coercers may exercise the maximum level of power over coercees.Thirdly,this paper differentiates direct coercion from indirect coercion,with the latter involving at least three actors.Based on that,models of direct coercion and indirect coercion were built but the discussion was directed at the effects of the indirect coercive structure in comparison with those of direct coercion in terms of strength and extension.The models were tested.Experimental results have indicated that direct coercive structure and indirect coercive structure have the same power effects under boundary conditions:they are equally effective in extent and strength.In both structures coercers earn maximum payoffs.Finally,the paper discusses factors affecting coercion,including information,coercer's desire and tactics,coercers' coalition,and coercees' coalition.
Discovery and treatment of new smear positive tuberculosis patients in Kunshan City

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis(TB)patients in Kunshan City and accelerate the process of TB control in order to provide scientific basis for making TB prevention and control measures. Methods The discovery and treatment outcome of new smear positive tuberculosis patients in Kunshan City from 2006 to 2010 were analyzed by using SPSS18.0 software. Results The registration rates of new discovered smear positive TB cases from 2006 to 2010 were 15.84/100 000,15.48/100 000,15.51/100 000,15.70/100 000,13.72/100 000. Significant differences were noticed in registered new smear positive rates between genders in each year(χ2=105.088,P0.001)The cure rates of new smear positive TB cases were 88.74%,92.24%,88.24%,89.02%,90.53%,respectively. Conclusions Both the registration rates and the cure rates of new smear positive cases meet the requirements. The main work of TB control should be focused on the propaganda of TB knowledge,monitoring to guarantee the quality of TB control and prevention.
Evaluation of Stacked and Single Rootworm-Traited and Refuge Corn Hybrids in Combination With Soil Insecticides at Planting for Larval Corn Rootworm Control, 2014

Corn hybrid family isolines possessing stacked rootworm traits, a single rootworm trait, or refuge traits, in combination with soil insecticides, were evaluated for effectiveness of larval CRW control near Clay Center, NE, during 2014. Trial site was in late-planted corn and pumpkins (insecticide free) during 2013. Experimental design was an RCB with three replicates. Plot size was 4 rows by 75 ft in length with 30-inch row spacing. Soil type was a Crete silt loam. ‘Golden Harvest G11U58-3122’ (3122, contains Agrisure RW and Herculex RW rootworm traits), ‘Golden Harvest G11U58-3111’ (3111, contains Agrisure RW rootworm trait), and ‘Golden Harvest G11U58-GT’ (GT, contains no rootworm …
6. Conclusion and Outlook

By now, technology development in IC test has a focus on off-line test. The test process after chip - respective wafer production is more and more intolerable from the financial and time point of view. In recent time, a trend is recognizably: the partial or full migration of test technology from off-chip to on-chip. The intention is to decrease of test time and costs by a combination of on-chip and external test (particularly for SOCs). Due to improved technologies, more silicon real estate becomes less a cost problem. It could and it is used for additional test facilities (e.g. test for embedded RAM). This offers also new possibilities for on-line testing or concurrent checking. The demand for on-line techniques exists partially in today’s integrated systems - especially with a safety critical relevance. For future systems with ‘nano-technology’, voltage levels below 1V, and clock-frequencies of several GHz, the necessity will arise for on-line check and also for fast error handling techniques. The reason will be the large part of errors caused by (today for the most part unimportant) transient effects, which cannot be handled anymore with reasonable costs.
Science policy in a time of tension

Science is properly recognised as the most international of all human activities and, at the same time, the greatest adventure to which we humans have access. Within the scientific community, physics has played a leading role throughout the 20th century and will continue to be an important contributor as we move into the 21st century. But our dominance is being challenged, and successfully challenged, by our friends in biology and biotechnology. This is no cause for alarm but rather for satisfaction because our physicist predecessors have made giant contributions to these two fields and to the life sciences generally. Physicists will continue to make such contributions, as is entirely appropriate for the most fundamental of the sciences.
Degradation of 17β-Estradiol and its Metabolites by Sewage Bacteria

Natural estrogens (e.g., 17β-estradiol or 1,3,5[10]-estratriene-3,17β-diol) have been suggested as one of the major groups of substances that cause endocrine disruption in wildlife. There is little information in the open literature on the fate of natural estrogens in the environment, a fact thathinders the assessment of their ultimate impact on the ecosystem. Aerobic and anaerobic batch experiments involving a 17β-estradiol-degrading culture and a supernatant of activated sludge from a local sewage treatment plant (Burlington, Ontario) were undertaken to assess the persistenceof 17β-estradiol (E2) and its 5 metabolites. The batch experiments showed that E2 and the metabolites werenot persistent and could be rapidly degraded by sewage bacteria.Biodegradation of E2 by sewage bacteria appeared to initiate at the D ring of E2, leading to the formation of the major metabolite estrone (E1). No other major degradation products were noted. However, during the very earlystages of E2 degradation by sewage bacteria, a previouslyunreported metabolite, X1 (5-hydroxy-15-methyl-13-oxatetracyclo[8.7.0.0 .0. ]-heptadeca-2(7),3,5-trien-14-one), was observed. X1 appeared to be a labilemetabolite with a lactone structure, but its significance in thebiodegradation of E2 remained to be elucidated. With theobservation of the new metabolite X1, a metabolic pathway of E2 by sewage bacteria was proposed. Conditions (e.g., aerobic and anaerobic environment) governing the persistence of E2 in sewage were also investigated. Results in this study suggest that the risk of extensive accumulation of natural estrogens normally found in sewage effluents in theenvironment is small, due to their ready biodegradation.
Advances in Exploring Mechanistic Variations in Thermal Aging of Polymers

All polymer aging processes, natural degradation, and weathering are dependent on temperature. An increase in temperature will normally accelerate the chemical reactions or physical relaxation phenomena that govern polymer degradation reactions. It is also widely accepted that excessively accelerating degradation reactions—for example, conducting aging experiments over a few days to predict lifetimes of “years”—may introduce unknown mechanistic changes and large uncertainties in the predictive value of such experiments. Similar issues are of concern when conducting accelerated photodegradation experiments with high short wave-length contributions or when conducting accelerated γ-irradiation experiments using high dose rates. It is not uncommon for experimentalists to be under pressure from their customers to provide fast feedback on materials performance, either via screening tests or otherwise limited studies. Lack of time, funding, and a limited understanding of the complexity of accelerated polymer Chapter 3
Azoospermia in a Male with Klippel–Feil Anomaly

Abstract Mullerian-duct aplasia, renal agenesis, and cervical somite dysplasia (MURCS) is a rare genetic disorder. Previously thought to be exclusive in females, there have now been a small number of case reports describing a male analogue. We describe a patient with obstructive azoospermia and Klippel–Feil anomaly.
User tracking mechanisms and counter measures

Online customers have lots of alternatives while making purchase or discovering information on websites. Now a day, tracking services and passive traffic check are widely used to collect knowledge about user’s internet activities and interests. For end users such tracking has significant privacy implications. So, Privacy becomes a sensitive issue which attracts a lot of user’s attention. Discrimination is a way to differentiate, isolate, or make a difference. User discrimination is a tactic used to present personalized content to the user, based on user profile. It helps the web owner to improve the content of web site. It also ensures that the content caters to largest population of user visiting their website. Our major contribution in this paper is to empirically show the tracking mechanism used for user discrimination on the Web, and also provide defense mechanism against these tracking mechanisms.
Image and Video Compression Fundamentals

Now that we have the basics of entropy, predictive coding, DCT, and quantization, we are ready to discuss image compression. Image compression, in contrast to video compression, deals with a still image, rather than a continuous sequence of images, which makes up a video stream. Following that, the basics of video compression are discussed. Video is made up of a stream of images, which can have high degrees of correlation that can be exploited to reduce the amount of data needed to transmit the video stream. Both image and video compression are lossy processes, which mean that information is permanently lost in the compression process.