cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of nanoscale nuclear refractive index changes during the cell cycle

Intrigued by our recent finding that the nuclear refractive index is significantly increased in malignant cells and histologically normal cells in clinical histology specimens derived from cancer patients, we sought to identify potential biological mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena. The cell cycle is an ordered series of events that describes the intervals of cell growth, DNA replication, and mitosis that precede cell division. Since abnormal cell cycles and increased proliferation are characteristic of many human cancer cells, we hypothesized that the observed increase in nuclear refractive index could be related to an abundance or accumulation of cells derived from cancer patients at a specific point or phase(s) of the cell cycle. Here we show that changes in nuclear refractive index of fixed cells are seen as synchronized populations of cells that proceed through the cell cycle, and that increased nuclear refractive index is strongly correlated with increased DNA content. We therefore propose that an abundance of cells undergoing DNA replication and mitosis may explain the increase in nuclear refractive index observed in both malignant and histologically normal cells from cancer patients. Our findings suggest that nuclear refractive index may be a novel physical parameter for early cancer detection and risk stratification.
BREASTFEEDING AND THE GOOD MATERNAL BODY

Breastfeeding remains an understudied topic in research and theorizing about reproductive experience and women's bodies. This article reports on women's experiences of breastfeeding in public as revealed through in-depth interviews with 51 women. The current construction of the good maternal body requires women to carefully manage the performance of breastfeeding in specific ways and with particular attention to the dominant notion of a sexualized rather than nurturing breast. Women accommodate to, and resist, the perceived boundaries of the good maternal body through their breastfeeding behaviors.
Accounting for various register allocation schemes during post-synthesis verification of RTL designs

This paper reports a formal methodology for verifying a broad class of synthesized register-transfer-level (RTL) designs by accommodating various register allocation/optimization schemes commonly found in high-level synthesis tools. Performing register optimization as part of synthesis process implies that the mapping between the specification variables and RTL registers is not bijective. We propose a formalization of dynamic variable-register mapping, and techniques based on symbolic analysis and higher-order logic theorem proving for verifying synthesized RTL designs. The proposed verification methodology has been successfully implemented using the PVS theorem prover.
Logic synthesis using power-sensitive don't care sets

The Boolean space spanned by the primary input vectors of a combinational function may contain a large variance in minterm probabilities. By partitioning the Don't Care set into regions strongly and weakly influential upon switching activity we exploit this variance to bias area-optimization rewards reduced power dissipation. Experimental results indicate that our method can reduce power dissipation of a combinational CMOS circuit with no penalty in area.
Labor Practices in China and its Effect on the Country’s Economy

Cin’in ekonomideki genel basarisinin arkasindaki faktorler; uretimi destekleyen altyapilari, nispeten ucuz is gucu ve dolayisi ile ucuz uretimdir. Bu arastirma Cin’de is gucu ile ilgili bazi uygulamalarin illegal ve ise alma uygulamalarinin seffaf ve yasal olmadigini gosteriyor. Cin’de isgoren haklari hergun ihlal ediliyor ve bu konudaki mevcut yasalar gerektigi gibi uygulanmiyor. Buna ragmen, sonuc olarak Cin gunumuz dunya ekonomisine onderlik eden imparatorluklardan biri haline geldi. Ayrica, bu arastirma gosteriyor ki Cin 'in ekonomideki onderligini ve en hizli buyuyen ekonomi olma ozelligini koruyabilmesi icin ticari ve finansal modeller olusturmak zorundadir. Bu calisma ayrica Cin'in ekonomik tabakalari gelistirmek icin ucuz isgucune guvenmek yerine, radikal idari ve finansal uygulamalari adapte etmesi ve desteklemesi gerektigini belirtir.
Neuropathology of viral infections

Abstract Advancements in diagnostic methods, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing of cerebrospinal fluid for viral nucleic acids, have diminished the role of neuropathologic examination in the diagnosis of viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, neuropathologic examination of CNS tissue remains important in the diagnosis of atypical viral encephalitides and in the exclusion of non-infectious etiologies. In addition to routine hematoxylin and eosin stains on tissue sections, the neuropathologist may utilize immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, and PCR-based testing of the tissue specimen. In this review, we cover the general pathologic features of viral infections of the CNS as well as the specific features of CNS infections caused by poliovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, rabies virus, West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, measles virus, JC virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T lymphotropic virus type 1.
Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny: A Classic Formula of Organicism

In the opening sentence of his essay on the “Philosophy of Organic Life” (1925), Moritz Schlick wrote that “the ultimate and most basic question of organic life concerns the relation of living to nonliving matter.”1 He went on to list important changes in the development of matter theory, he gave the arguments for and against “vitalism” and “mechanism,” and he mentioned significant events such as Friedrich Wohler’s (1800–1882) laboratory production of urea in 1828, an event which refuted the view that the synthesis of organic compounds required a special “vital force.” The questions raised in Schlick’s essay are representative of the issues found in studies on organic life, issues about the relationship of mind and body, about organic teleology, about vitalism and non-physical processes of life. It is such issues which lie at the heart of the present discussion of organicism in science and literature.
Another path for the emergence of modified galactic dynamics from dark matter superfluidity

In recent work we proposed a novel theory of dark matter (DM) superfluidity that matches the successes of the LambdaCDM model on cosmological scales while simultaneously reproducing MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) phenomenology on galactic scales. The agents responsible for mediating the MONDian force law are superfluid phonons that couple to ordinary (baryonic) matter. In this paper we propose an alternative way for the MOND phenomenon to emerge from DM superfluidity. The central idea is to use higher-gradient corrections in the superfluid effective theory. These next-to-leading order terms involve gradients of the gravitational potential, and therefore effectively modify the gravitational force law. In the process we discover a novel mechanism for generating the non-relativistic MOND action, starting from a theory that is fully analytic in all field variables. The idea, inspired by the symmetron mechanism, uses the spontaneous breaking of a discrete symmetry. For large acceleration, the symmetry is unbroken and the action reduces to Einstein gravity. For small acceleration, the symmetry is spontaneously broken and the action reduces to MONDian gravity. Cosmologically, however, the universe is always in the Einstein-gravity, symmetry-restoring phase. The expansion history and linear growth of density perturbations are therefore indistinguishable from LambdaCDM cosmology.
NMR characterization of the formation kinetics and structure of di-O-benzylidene sorbitol gels self-assembled in organic solvents.

The molecule 1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene sorbitol (DBS) is a common "gelator" that forms thermally reversible gels in diverse organic solvents. Solid-state 13 C and 1 H NMR techniques, along with electron microscopy, are utilized in an exploratory study of DBS in the gelled state where we consider both in situ and dried gels. The gels were formed in either acetone or benzene, with the former being a better solvent for DBS. We find the in situ or dried DBS gels to be composed of rigid twisted nanofibrils (∼15 to 21 nm in diameter). The fibrils show local molecular ordering, but not crystalline order, and they contain no trapped solvent. The molecular mobility at the fibril surface is modestly enhanced, and all the free hydroxyl groups of the sorbitol moiety are involved in strong hydrogen bonding. We also attempted to find a truly crystalline form of DBS whose structure, as judged by the similarity of 13 C spectra, is close to that of the fibrils. We partially succeeded in this quest, employing melt crystallization followed by slow cooling. However, this sample was a mixed crystal having small domains, where only one type of domain was structurally similar to the fibrils. We also investigated the long-time evolution of the in situ DBS gel network. Specifically, high-resolution NMR kinetic studies were performed over periods of days where the residual concentration of DBS in acetone solution was monitored during and after gel formation. The DBS concentration on these long timescales evolved slowly, and we introduce a simple mathematical model and equation to describe this phenomenon.
Embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with polyvinyl alcohol particles: Experience in 14 patients

PURPOSE To assess the effectiveness, initial and long term, of embolization using polyvinyl alcohol particles (PVA) particles in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF). METHODS The initial treatment in 14 patients with SDAVF was embolization with PVA particles. Postembolization occlusion of the SDAVF was documented angiographically in all cases. RESULTS All 14 patients initially showed an improvement in clinical symptoms, but the neurologic status of 11 patients subsequently deteriorated. Of the 11 patients who had recurrence of symptoms, nine had angiographically proven recurrences of their SDAVF while two had negative follow-up of spinal angiography. PVA embolization is ineffective for the treatment of SDAVF and is not without risk. CONCLUSION On the basis of a literature review of the other two alternative treatments (operation or liquid adhesive embolization) available for SDAVF and our preliminary experience with N-butyl cyanoacylate (NBCA) embolization, we suggest that NBCA embolization be the initial treatment of choice for SDAVF; if that procedure is not possible, or is unsuccessful, then operation is recommended.
Doing Something about It

You say that when what appears to you to be unnecessary and irrational human suffering is involved you are ‘swept by floods of emotion and feelings of inadequacy’. I agree. And the only reason I would suggest for keeping your emotions in rein is that they may not play themselves out or make you tired of them. A much worse condition is recognizing that the suffering is ‘irrational and unnecessary’ and being unable to feel any particular emotion, or recognizing that your emotions are not genuine.
La CEPAL, las empresas transnacionales y la búsqueda de una estrategia de desarrollo latinoamericana

En este articulo se analiza el papel que la CEPAL ha asignado a la inversion extranjera directa y a las empresas transnacionales en su propuesta de desarrollo, examinando la historia de la institucion y sus publicaciones mas representativas. Con impresionante continuidad en su vision y en sus recomendaciones de politica, la CEPAL ha reconocido que la inversion extranjera es necesaria para apuntalar el desarrollo latinoamericano, pero ha aconsejado cautela ante sus consecuencias. Ha insistido en la regulacion y vigilancia de las actividades de las transnacionales; tras tales recomendaciones esta la idea de que el desarrollo economico de America Latina debe ser liderado por industrias de propiedad latinoamericana. Y ha destacado las ventajas de la integracion latinoamericana, que contribuye a expandir las industrias de la region, promueve la investigacion y el desarrollo autoctonos y brinda a los gobiernos de America Latina informacion y poder de negociacion frente a las empresas transnacionales.
Enterolactone Induces G1-phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Downregulating Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent Kinases

Flaxseed is a rich source of the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which is metabolized into mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in the digestive tract. The anticancer properties of these lignans have been demonstrated for various cancer types, but have not been studied for lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of EL for several nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines of various genetic backgrounds. EL inhibited the growth of A549, H441, and H520 lung cancer cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. The antiproliferative effects of EL for lung cancer cells were not due to enhanced cell death, but rather due to G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Molecular studies revealed that EL decreased mRNA or protein expression levels of the G1-phase promoters cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-2, -4, and -6, and p-cdc25A; decreased phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-pRb) protein levels; and simultaneously increased levels of p21WAF1/CIP1, a negative regulator of the G1 phase. The results suggest that EL inhibits the growth of NSCLC cell lines by downregulating G1-phase cyclins and CDKs, and upregulating p21WAF1/CIP1, which leads to G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Therefore, EL may hold promise as an adjuvant treatment for lung cancer therapy.
Representational Patterns of English Language Learners Receiving Special Education Services in South Texas

This study examined the representational patterns of English language learners (ELLs) receiving special education services in school districts in South Texas and school district charecteristics that were related to the probabilityÂ that an english language learner might be placed in special education programs.Â Results indicated that 77% of the school districts in the South Texas area showed overrepresentation of ELLs in special education classes.Â Data indicated that ELLs in South Texas and the three Education service Centers (ESC) that comprise South Texas were anywhere from two times to to and one-half times more likely to be identified as needing special services than their non-english language learner peers.Â The districts with overrepresentation concerns were overwhelmingly located in ESC Region 1, where 92% of the districts demonstrated overrepresentation.Â Finally, results indicated that relative risk ratios indicating overreprensentations of ELLs were inversely correlated with low percentages of poor/underderserved students, Latino students, ELLs, Latino teachers, and students in bilingual/English as a second language programs.
Cross, Contestation and Consummation: An Engagement with Ted Peters’ God – The World's Future

The third edition of Peters’ systematic theology provides an opportunity to assess his contextual theology, descended from Tillich's ‘method of correlation’, from the perspective of my own textual theology, descended from Karl Barth's revelation theology, on the common ground of a shared Trinitarianism and positive retrieval of the twentieth-century's rediscovery of the New Testament eschatology. The article affirms Peters’ sharply focused cognitive claim to truth about God as the world's future, but asks a series of questions about how this claim is actually sustained in Peters’ capacious work. It concludes with the ‘apocalyptic’ judgement that Peters’ ‘progressive’ method is not fully adequate to the challenge of our present spiritual situation.
A HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY OF ACCOUNTING HISTORIANS: 1989–1998

This paper describes the evolution of The Academy of Accounting Historians from 1989 through 1998. It is a continuation of a history of the first 15 years of The Academy that appeared in the December 1989 issue of this journal by the same authors.
Utilizing Concept Mapping in Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Concept mapping is a tool used in many classrooms and highly researched in the field of education. However, there are fewer concept mapping studies in the field of artificial intelligence in education, specifically within intelligent tutoring systems. Two studies highlight the important roles that concept maps and other non-linear organizers play in learning. Concept maps provide students with a macrostructure view of the information as well as allow students to easily see relationships between concepts. Students generating material for a concept map has shown high learning gains; however, students creating maps from scratch or students being provided a completed map has not seen such positive effects. The proposed study looks at the importance of the links, or relationships between concepts, within concept maps. We plan to provide students with partially filled in concept maps as note-taking devices to investigate how much and what kind of assistance or scaffolding is needed.
Distance and Density Clustering for Time Series Data

Clustering is an important branch in the field of data mining as well as statistical analysis and is widely used in exploratory analysis. Many algorithms exist for clustering in the Euclidean space. However, time series clustering introduces new problems, such as inadequate distance measure, inaccurate cluster center description, lack of efficient and accurate clustering techniques. When dealing with time series data, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is an accepted and effective distance measure. For cluster updates and representation, DTW Barycenter Averaging (DBA) algorithm being a global averaging method using DTW and has proven to be an effective averaging method for time series data. In this paper, we propose a Distance Density clustering method that is a medoid-based clustering with time series data density consideration which provides clustering results in a hierarchy fashion. First, we introduce two clustering initialization techniques, from the time series similarity matrix we use majority voting to determine either the nearest or the furthest time series as the initial clustering seed. By doing so, our clustering method is deterministic, and the clustering results can always be reproduced. In the Distance Density clustering algorithm, we use medoids because it is a more representative alternative to the statistical mean, especially with time series data where the mean value is often non-existent. The time series density is a virtual density based on time series similarity; this can find more natural splits in a dataset and also the number of clusters does not need to be determined a priori. Experiments using the Distance Density clustering technique on the UCR dataset demonstrates that clustering initialization is crucial in obtaining stable and better results than random initialization on average, and is also more accurate than traditional distance clustering.
A primer on traumatic brain injury for nursing faculty.

Abstract Incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasing on campuses. Despite growing media attention and athletic program protocols to address the issue, many are unaware of the potential effects such an injury can cause. This may be true for nursing faculty who teach or advise students recovering from TBI. This article will examine relevant aspects of injury and recovery, as well as ways faculty can advocate for and support students who struggle during what can be a protracted period of recovery. Students' symptoms while recovering from TBI may diminish cognitive, emotional, and physical resources. Because individual responses to similar injuries may vary significantly, an individualized plan of academic support is important. A key component to academic support for students with TBI is integrated communication between athletic department staff, students, faculty, and administration.
Inside Story of a Landmark Study on the Religious and Spiritual Lives of Emerging Adults: An Interview with Christian Smith:

The National Study of Youth and Religion has been a highly influential research effort for those who teach youth ministry in higher education or lead youth ministry in church and parachurch setting...
Trauma and Resilience Among Deaf Individuals

Resilience in the face of trauma is an important yet elusive construct in human development. While there are prevalent data suggesting high rates of trauma among deaf individuals, valuable insight on how resilience evolves among deaf individuals within the context of trauma has yet to be explored sufficiently. This study explored the concept of resilience through semi-structured interviews with a total of 19 experienced mental health providers. Using an applied thematic analysis approach, the following five themes were identified as crucial protective factors in resilience processes: individual assets, identity development, access to language and communication, access to information, and supportive networks. Findings both confirm previous findings about resilience as well as identify unique protective factors for deaf individuals with trauma. The discussion explores those protective factors and their role as resources for social services professionals and deaf individuals in efforts to support resilience.
AB1267 Bio-similar to bio-originator switchback: not a reliable quality indicator

Background SB4 in an etanercept biosimilar which was licensed by the EMA in January 2016 for clinical use. Switching etanercept treated patients from reference etanercept (ETN) to SB4 can delivera substantial saving in drug costs. The SB4 to ETN switchback rate is often scrutinised by commissioners and clinicians, as it may be a quality indicator for the switch process. Objectives To evaluate SB4 drug survival andthe SB4 to ETN switchback rate in our cohort of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Axial Spondyloarthropathy and Psoriatic Arthritis. Methods This was a retrospective observational study of 56 patients who were switched from ETN to SB4 in December 2016 at Kings College Hospital. Clinical data was collected 8 months post-switch to establish the number of patients in whom SB4 had been discontinued, the reasons for discontinuation, and the switchback rate. Results 84% (n= 47) of patients remained on SB4 at 8 months following the switch. Of the 9 patients who discontinued SB4, 89% (n=8) was due to loss of efficacy, whilst 11% (n=1) reported side effects. Of these, 78% (n=7) were switched over to a 3rd biologic agent, whilst 22% (n=2) were switched back to ETN. The median pre-SB4 switch DAS score for patients with RA who were switched to a 3rd biologic agent was 4.23 (Range: 2.59–7.65), whilst that of those switched back to ETN was 4.08 (Range: 3.35–4.81). Conclusions This switch back rate to ETN is considerably lower than what has been reported in the literature.1–3 There appears to be a preference for switching patients to an alternative biologic agent, rather than switching patients back to the bio-originator. This could be explained by inadequate disease control on etanercept, which has been unmasked under the scrutiny of the biosimilar switch process. An alternative explanation could be that our local clinical commissioning group offers financial incentives if the department maintains a high percentage of etanercept treated patients on SB4. Hence, as prescribing practice can beinfluenced by both clinical factors and external targets, utilizing the switchback rate from biosimilar drugs to bio-originators is not a reliable indicator of the quality of biosimilar switch process. References [1] Hendricks O, Horslev-Petersen K. When etanerceptswitch fails: Clinical considerations [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol2017;69(suppl 10). [2] Dyball S, Hoskins V, Christy-Kilner S, Haque S. Effectiveness and tolerabilityof Benepali in rheumatoid arthritis patients switched from enbrel [abstract]. ArthritisRheumatol 2017;69(suppl 10). [3] Holroyd C, Wallis D, Bennett S, et al. AB0377 Switching from bio-original etanercept to biosimilar etanercept sb4: Patient acceptability and outcomes inthe real world. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2017;76:1180. Acknowledgements We thank the Rheumatologydepartment at Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust for their kindassistance. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Dirac-like cone modulation for phononic crystals using deaf band

Accidental degeneracy is the only known reason behind the degeneration of 3 or more modes, giving a Dirac cone or Dirac-like cone, depending on the position of the occurrence. The generation of triply degenerate points at the center of the Brillouin zone (where the wave number k→ = 0) is rare and only happens accidentally. In this article, it is proposed to execute triple degeneracy using the simplest geometric microarchitecture of phononic crystals (PnCs). The modulation of the crystals can be performed to demonstrate multiple Dirac-like cones at Γ point by using the nondispersive deaf band obtained from the periodic structure. Thus, a deaf band based predictive model of PnCs can be realized, by proving the existence of the deaf band both numerically and experimentally. The claims have been proved and validated using a squared array of cylindrical polyvinylchloride (PVC) inclusions in an air matrix. This phenomenon yields multiple wave guiding patterns that can be practically used in many research fields.
The Contextualization of Self and Place within a Second-Grade Study of Recent Immigration.

Immigration is a public issue that needs student exploration. This cross-disciplinary study brings awareness of diverse cultures by studying immigration through personal history in a multiethnic ur...
Targeted Synthesis of Uranium(IV) Thiosilicates.

Two new uranium(IV) thiosilicates, Cs2Na4[U2(SiS4)2(Si2S8)] and Cs2.12Na3.88[U2(SiS4)2(Si2S7)], were obtained by flux crystal growth using SiS2 as a silicon source. The former compound contains a novel Si2S86– unit that features a terminal persulfide group. The magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on this compound revealed paramagnetic behavior with a moment of 3.49 μB per uranium atom as obtained from a Curie–Weiss law fit and showed no magnetic transition down to 2 K. The structures are based on closely related isomeric planar and 3D topologies that can be transformed into one another by a rotation of the structural units.
I Earn It, But They Just Get It: Loyalty Program Customer Reactions to Unearned Preferential Treatment in the Social Servicescape:

Hospitality and tourism firms use two different strategies in customer relationship management: rewarding loyalty program customers with earned rewards (earned preferential treatment) and delightin...
Peritoneal Dialysis Does Not Carry the Same Risk as Hemodialysis in Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty.

Background Dialysis has been associated with increased complication rates following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The current literature on this issue is limited and does not distinguish between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the differences in the infection and other complication rates after THA or TKA between patients on peritoneal dialysis and those on hemodialysis and (2) the differences in complication rates after THA or TKA between patients on peritoneal dialysis and matched controls without dialysis dependence. Methods Patients who had undergone primary THA or TKA from 2005 to 2014 were identified in the 100% Medicare files; 531 patients who underwent TKA and 572 patients who underwent THA were on peritoneal dialysis. These patients were matched 1:1 to patients on hemodialysis and 1:3 with patients who were not receiving either form of dialysis. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine several adverse events, including the prevalence of infection at 1 year and hospital readmission at 30 days. Results The infection rates at 1 year after THA were significantly lower in the peritoneal dialysis group than in the hemodialysis group: 1.57% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7% to 3.0%) and 4.20% (95% CI = 2.7% to 6.2%), respectively, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.30 (95% CI = 0.12 to 0.71). This was also the case for the infection rates 1 year after TKA (3.39% [95% CI = 2.0% to 5.3%] and 6.03% [95% CI = 4.2% to 8.4%], respectively; OR = 0.67 [95% CI = 0.49 to 0.93]). Peritoneal dialysis appears to result in a similar infection rate when compared with matched controls. The rates of other assessed complications, such as hospital readmission, emergency room visits, and mortality, were very similar between the peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis groups but were often significantly higher than the rates in non-dialysis-dependent controls. Conclusions The increased risk of complications in dialysis-dependent patients following THA or TKA depends on the mode of the dialysis. Whereas patients on hemodialysis have a significantly higher risk of infection, patients on peritoneal dialysis do not appear to have this same risk when compared with non-dialysis-dependent patients. These results suggest that the mode of dialysis should be considered when assessing the risk associated with THA or TKA. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Accumulation of Stress Among Black Men in the Health and Retirement Study.

Background and objectives Among the multiple factors posited to drive the health inequities that black men experience, the fundamental role of stress in the production of poor health is a key component. Allostatic load (AL) is considered to be a byproduct of stressors related to cumulative disadvantage. Exposure to chronic stress is associated with poorer mental health including depressive symptoms. Few studies have investigated how AL contributes to depressive symptoms among black men. The purpose of the cross-sectional study was to examine the association between AL and depressive symptoms among middle- to old age black men. Research design and methods This project used the 2010 and 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study enhanced face-to-face interview that included a biomarker assessment and psychosocial questionnaire. Depressive symptoms, assessed by the endorsement of 3 or more symptoms on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression 8-item scale, was the outcome variable. The main independent variable, AL, score was calculated by summing the number values that were in the high range for that particular biomarker value scores ranging from 0 to 7. black men whose AL score was 3 or greater were considered to be in the high AL group. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results There was a larger proportion of black men in the high AL group who reported depressive symptoms (30.0% vs. 20.0%) compared with black men in the low AL group. After adjusting for age, education, income, drinking, and smoking status, the prevalence of reporting 3 or more depressive symptoms was statistically significant among black men in the high AL group (PR = 1.61 [95% CI: 1.20-2.17]) than black men in the low AL group. Discussion and implications Exposure to chronic stress is related to reporting 3 or more depressive symptoms among black men after controlling for potential confounders. Improving the social and economic conditions for which black men work, play, and pray is key to reducing stress, thereby potentially leading to the reporting of fewer depressive symptoms.
The growth of Ethics Bowls: a pedagogical tool to develop moral reasoning in a complex world

The first Ethics Bowl competition was established in the 1990s by Dr. Robert Ladenson of the Illinois Institute of Technology to help students reason through ethical challenges they will face in their personal and professional lives, and help them develop responsibilities as citizens of a democracy. Since then, the Ethics Bowl format and its pedagogical goals have been adapted to many other academic disciplines and a variety of student and professional populations. Our aim was to quantify the growth of the Ethics Bowl concept by enumerating and describing extant Ethics Bowl programs, outlining both pedagogical goals and operational aspects. Using respondent-driven sampling, we identified 20 Ethics Bowl programs across the globe, reaching tens of thousands of participants annually, and an additional two programs preparing to launch in the near future. We conclude by making recommendations for pedagogical and operational dimensions of the programs.
Woodchuck hepatic anatomy and vascular alterations due to hepatocellular carcinoma with angiographic atlas of the abdomen and pelvis.

PURPOSE To characterize hepatic and abdominal angiographic anatomy of woodchucks and vascular changes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine woodchucks (23 with viral-associated HCC, 6 without) underwent multiphasic CT. Fourteen (8 with HCC) also underwent diagnostic angiography. Hepatic arterial diameters were measured on CT. Woodchucks were divided into three groups: non-tumor-bearing, largest tumor supplied by the right hepatic artery (RHA), and largest tumor supplied by the left hepatic artery (LHA). Statistical analysis with repeated-measures model was performed to determine effects of tumor location (right, left), vessel measured (RHA, LHA), and interaction between the two on vessel diameter. Lobar arteries supplying HCC were compared to those that did not. RESULTS CT anatomy and normal and variant vascular anatomy were defined. In woodchucks with HCC, LHA and RHA supplying tumors had mean diameters of 2.0±0.3 and 1.6±0.3 mm vs. 1.5±0.3 and 1.1±0.2 mm for non-tumor-supplying arteries, p=0.0002 and p<0.0001, respectively. Lobar arteries supplying tumors were similarly ectatic. The right lateral lobe artery had the most profound mean diameter increase when supplying tumors, measuring 1.7±01 mm vs. 1.0±0.1 mm in the non-tumor-supplying artery (p<0.0001). There were no differences in the diameters of the aorta, celiac, common, and proper hepatic arteries between tumor- and non-tumor-bearing woodchucks. An angiographic atlas of the abdominal vessels was generated. CONCLUSIONS HCC tumoral vasculature in woodchucks was ectatic compared to normal vasculature. This phenomenon recapitulates human HCC and may facilitate investigation of transcatheter and drug delivery therapies in an HCC animal model.
Controls on Charcoal Distribution in Lake Sediments: Case Studies from Yellow-stone National Park and Northwestern Minnesota

The identification of past fires from sedimentary charcoal requires information on the processes that transport and deposit charcoal into lakes. Two case studies are presented that describe the taphonomy of lake-sediment charcoal. In Yellowstone National Park, charcoal accumulation was measured in eight lakes during the five years following large fires in 1988. Lakes in burned and unburned watersheds received charcoal as airborne fall-out during the fire, and secondary charcoal was transported from the littoral zone in subsequent years. In the fifth year, sites within burned watersheds accrued more charcoal in deep water than those within unburned watersheds. The lag before clear registration of a fire signal suggests that charcoal peaks in the stratigraphie record represent several years of sediment accumulation. At Elk Lake, Minnesota, sediment-trap studies and a transect of surface samples revealed that charcoal deposition in deep water occurred during times of strong spring circulation, when charcoal and other allochthonous material were moved from the littoral to the profundal zone. The transport mechanisms within the lake were not related to the fires that produced the charcoal. A record of sedimentary charcoal from Elk Lake showed that intervals with abundant charcoal generally coincided with decades of regional drought and burning. Both case studies demonstrate the importance of understanding charcoal depositional processes as an important step in fire history investigations.
The fluorescence of tyrosyl and tryptophanyl diketopiperazines.

Abstract The influence of the peptide group on the quantum yield of phenol and indole has been evaluated from fluorescence measurements on the diketopiperazines of the two chromophores. Strong quenching of both groups occurs in water which is almost completely eliminated in dioxane and dimethyl sulfoxide. Polarization of fluorescence measurements indicate that the diketopiperazines have folded conformations in 95% glycerol solutions. It is suggested that the low yields of tyrosyl and tryptophanyl emission in the native state of proteins may be accounted for, in part, by their interactions with the peptide group.
Emergency Room and Acute Care of the Critically Ill Burned Patient

The natural history of serious burns is characterized by burn shock, which can be fatal within the first few hours to days, particularly in those with untreated large burns. Burn wound sepsis is the major cause of mortality among those who survive the burn shock. Survival and outcome after major burn injury have improved over the last 20 years due to improved understanding of the pathophysiologic nature of burn injury, better resuscitation, and advances in control of post-burn sepsis including early, aggressive surgical treatment [1].
Infant Sleep Position Following New AAP Guidelines

Objective. This report examines the response of families to the American Academy of Pediatrics June 1992 recommendation that healthy term infants be put to sleep on their back or side to decrease the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Parents at two clinics and private practices were interviewed to ascertain sleep position practices. Methods. Parents of infants from 1 to 6 months of age who were in the waiting room for a well-child visit were eligible for study. A total of 760 interviews were conducted using a closed-ended questionnaire. Parents were asked about sleep position, positional changes during sleep, and factors that influenced their decision to position their infant prone, side, or supine. Interviews were conducted from September 1993 through April 1994. This interval was divided into two equal, 4-month time intervals. Sleep practices were compared during the first and second time periods. Differences between practice and clinic groups were measured. Groups were compared using the chi-square test, with results considered significant at P Results. The number of infants placed side or supine for sleep increased significantly since the inception of the study, from 38.1% to 59.1%. Despite this increase, parents reported that the impetus for changing position came from family or the media, rather than from health professionals. Initially, the proportion of infants in private practices placed side or supine was greater than that of clinic patients. That difference disappeared by the end of the study. Prone positioning continued to be more prevalent in the 3- to 6-month-old infants than in the 1- to 3-month-old group. The majority of infants at all ages awoke in the same position that they were put to sleep. Conclusions. Side and supine positioning for sleep increased in all socioeconomic groups. A small number of infants placed side or supine for sleep are found prone on awakening. Health professionals need to increase their role in providing sleep position guidance. As the proportion of the population positioning their infants side or supine for sleep increases, it should be possible to examine the effect on the sudden infant death syndrome rate.
The Consequences of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

The development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is characterized by activation of innate immunity, resulting in an inappropriate release of inflammatory mediators leading to cellular damage in parenchymal organs and to inflammatory, metabolic, and neuroendocrine disturbances [1]. There is increasing evidence that autonomie dysfunction may contribute substantially to the development of MODS since continuous communication between all vital organs through autonomic nervous system signals is a fundamental feature in healthy humans [2, 3]. An ‘uncoupling’ of these neurally mediated organ interactions in MODS and sepsis may potentially alter neural reflexes and thus cause a disruption of appropriate interorgan communication, thereby advancing single organ dysfunction into MODS. There may also be a diminished reactivity of the organ to reflex stimuli. Taking into consideration the interference of the mediators and toxins with cardiac cellular signal transduction, blunted or dysfunctional cellular responses possibly contribute to decreased reflex responses of the target organ, leading to an impairment in the autonomic balance of the heart.
Remote Sensing of Directional Wave Spectra Using the Surface Contour Radar

A 36-GHz computer-controlled airborne radar is described which generates a false-color coded elevation map of the sea surface below the aircraft in real time and can routinely produce ocean directional wave spectra with off-line data processing. Data products are shown and the procedures for correcting the encounter spectra for platform effects are indicated. The nondirectional frequency spectrum and Fourier coefficients computed from the radar spectrum are in good agreement with those computed from the NOAA XERB pitch-and-roll buoy.
"I Don't Want to Write for Them": An At-Risk Latino Youth's Out-of-School Literacy Practices

This single-case study demonstrates one bilingual Latino youth's out-of-school literacy practices and how he has learned to disconnect them from his academic work. Qualitative data taken from interviews, the participant's social networking sites, poetry journal, and observations of him in community organizations demonstrate the frequency and purposes of his out-of-school literacy practices of writing poetry, language brokering, reading, technology use, and activism. The findings suggest that the participant has many sophisticated and bilingual literacy practices that were never viewed as funds of knowledge in his subtractive schooling environment, leading to his educational failure.
Bayesian species delimitation combining multiple genes and traits in a unified framework

Delimitation of species based exclusively on genetic data has been advocated despite a critical knowledge gap: how might such approaches fail because they rely on genetic data alone, and would their accuracy be improved by using multiple data types. We provide here the requisite framework for addressing these key questions. Because both phenotypic and molecular data can be analyzed in a common Bayesian framework with our program iBPP, we can compare the accuracy of delimited taxa based on genetic data alone versus when integrated with phenotypic data. We can also evaluate how the integration of phenotypic data might improve species delimitation when divergence occurs with gene flow and/or is selectively driven. These two realities of the speciation process are ignored by currently available genetic approaches. Our model accommodates phenotypic characters that exhibit different degrees of divergence, allowing for both neutral traits and traits under selection. We found a greater accuracy of estimated species boundaries with the integration of phenotypic and genetic data, with a strong beneficial influence of phenotypic data from traits under selection when the speciation process involves gene flow. Our results highlight the benefits of multiple data types, but also draws into question the rationale of species delimitation based exclusively on genetic data.
Proposed Panel: Black Politics and American Political Development

The panel will examine the impact of Black politics on the trajectory of American political development. It will also consider how the American political development approach will informs our understanding of current debates about the future of Black politics. Alvin Tillery (Northwestern) will chair the panel and serve as a discussant. The panel will consist of four papers. Christina Greer of Fordham University (greer13@gmail.com) will present a paper entitled "Symbolic Candidacies and the Significance of Alternative Party Candidates: The African American Road to the White House." Megan Francis of Pepperdine University (Megan.Francis@pepperdine.edu) will present a paper entitled "Black Mobilization and the end of Racial Violence in the U.S. South." Leah Wright of Wesleyan University (lmwright@wesleyan.edu) will present a paper called "More Shadow than Substance: Black Republican Solidarity Movements in the 1970s and Concessions of Power." Shayla Nunnally of the University of Connecticut (shayla.nunnally@uconn.edu) will present a paper entitled "The Black Class Reunion: Black High Schools, Black Classmates and the Struggle for Community Sustainability."
An expert system for real-time process characterization and control (photolithography)

An expert system for photolithography is described. It is designed to monitor, characterize, and control front-end photoresist cells towards optimal product throughput, quality, and yield. A key feature of this expert system is its ability to detect out-of-control products while continuously improving the process aim and tightening the process variation. Techniques of statistical process control combined with customer requirements and the expertise of photolithographic engineers make up the expert system's rule base. Technical aspects of the expert system are discussed, along with the problems involved in allowing a process to control itself. The physical computer implementation is explained, and detailed descriptions of major decision points are given. A discussion of statistical process control as implemented in this system is also included. >
Recovery coaches and substance exposed births: an experiment in child welfare.

Abstract Objectives Substance exposed infants present a major challenge to child welfare and public health systems. Prenatal substance exposure and continued substance abuse in the home are associated with a wide range of adverse social, emotional, and developmental outcomes. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the use of recovery coaches in child welfare. Methods The current study is longitudinal and utilizes an experimental design. The sample includes 931 substance abusing women enrolled in a Title IV-E Waiver Demonstration, 261 in the control group, and 670 in the experimental group. Women in the experimental group received traditional services plus the services of a recovery coach. Administrative records are used to indicate substance exposure at birth. Results Of the 931 women enrolled in the waiver demonstration, 21% of the control group and 15% of the experimental group were associated with a subsequent substantiated allegation indicating substance exposure at birth. Cox proportional hazards modeling indicates that women in the experimental group were significantly less likely to be associated with a new substance exposed birth. Conclusions The use of recovery coaches in child welfare significantly decreases the risk of substance exposure at birth. Integrated and comprehensive approaches are necessary for addressing the complex and co-occurring needs of families involved with child protection.
Effective internet education: a progress report

Our Internet-based project is developing two courses to demonstrate the viability of a virtual classroom environment where the on-line student can interact both with the instructor and "virtual classmates." Other course components include a hyperlinked textbook and laboratory experiences that stress learning-by-doing. We use Java on both the server side and the client side to support the classroom interaction and the laboratory activities. This paper illustrates some of the particular software technologies used. We discuss problems encountered, solutions found, and the ongoing development of materials.