cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational frequencies and structural determinations of tetraisocyanatogermane

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of Ge(NCO) 4 are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of six types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (Ge–N stretch, N–C–O symmetric stretch, N–C–O asymmetric stretch, N–C–O bend, Ge–N–C bend, and N–Ge–N bend) utilizing the T d symmetry of the molecule. Uniform scaling factors were derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.
Modeling nonlinearity in a modified uni-traveling-carrier (MUTC) photodetector

We study the nonlinearity in a modified unitraveling-carrier (MUTC) photodetector with a drift-diffusion model. We show that the Franz-Keldysh effect has a strong effect on the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3).
Platelet membrane glycoprotein V: Characterization of the thrombin-sensitive glycoprotein from human platelets

Abstract Human platelets contain a single membrane glycoprotein which is susceptible to thrombin proteolysis, glycoprotein V. We have purified 1 mg of glycoprotein V from 1013 platelets using a combination of gel filtration, hydroxylapatite and ion-exchange chromatographies. Glycoprotein V has a blocked amino-terminus. Following proteolysis by human α-thrombin, a major fragment, termed glycoprotein Vfl, had the sequence Gly-Pro-Phe-X-Arg-Pro-Ala-Ala-Asp-Glu-Ser-Val-Glu-Ala-Pro-Val-Asn-Gln-Ala-Glu-Ala-Pro-. The purified glycoprotein was not a substrate for human γ-thrombin. Glycoprotein V contained 17.5% carbohydrate, with the majority of the carbohydrate consisting of neutral hexoses. Deglycosylated glycoprotein V had a molecular weight of 57.5 kDa compared to the glycosylated protein's 82 kDa and the deglycosylated protein was recognized by polyclonal antibodies raised against glycoprotein V. Immunoelectrophoresis of human and rat platelets and megakaryocytes gave a single immunoreactive band, with the rat glycoprotein having a slightly larger molecular mass. Glycoprotein V is most likely an integral membrane protein.
Estimation of Satellite Rainfall Error Variance Using Readily Available Geophysical Features

The present study addresses the estimation of error variance (mean square error, MSE) of three satellite rainfall products: i) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product of 3B42RT; ii) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Morph (CMORPH); and iii) Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS). Nonlinear regression model is used to fit the response variable (satellite rainfall error variance) with explanatory variable (satellite rainfall rate) by grouping them as function of three key geophysical features: topography, climate, and season. The results of the study suggest that the error variance of a rainfall product is strongly correlated with rainfall rate and can be expressed as a power-law function. The geophysical feature based error classification analysis helps in achieving superior accuracy for prognostic error variance quantification in the absence of ground truth data. The multiple correlation coefficients between the estimated and observed error variance over an independent validation region (Upper Mississippi River basin) and time period (2007-2010) are found to be 0.75, 0.86, and 0.87 for 3B42RT, CMORPH, and PERSIANN-CCS products, respectively. In another validation region (Arkansas-Red River basin), the correlation coefficients are 0.59, 0.89, and 0.92 for the same products, respectively. Results of the assessment of error variance models reveal that the type of error component present in a satellite rainfall product directly impacts the accuracy of estimated error variance. The model estimates the error variance more accurately when the precipitation error components are mostly hit bias or false precipitation, while for a product with extensive missed precipitation, the accuracy of estimated error variance is significantly compromised. The study clearly demonstrates the feasibility of quantifying the error variance of satellite rainfall products in a spatially and temporally varying manner using readily available geophysical features and rainfall rate. The study is a path finder to a globally applicable and operationally feasible methodology for error variance estimation at high spatial and temporal scales for advancing satellite rainfall applications in ungauged basins.
Effects of analogs of (pyro)Glu-His-Gly-OH on food consumption and gastric acid secretion in rats

The effects of administration of (pyro)Glu-His-Gly-OH and its analogs on food consumption and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG)-induced gastric acid secretion were examined in rats. (Pyro)Glu-His-Gly-OH and (pyro)Glu-His-EA significantly reduced food consumption, but not gastric acid secretion as compared with controls. The tripeptides: (pyro)Glu-3Me-His-Gly-OH, (pyro)Glu-His-D-Ala-OH, and (pyro)Glu-Phe-Gly-OH were found to significantly inhibit 2-DG-induced gastric acid secretion. Our results indicate that some analogs of (pyro)Glu-His-Gly-OH cause a greater inhibition of food consumption or gastric acid secretion in rats than the original tripeptide, in analogy to findings obtained in dogs.
Interactive effects of multiple stressors and restoration priorities in a mined Appalachian watershed

We surveyed benthic macroinvertebrate communities, water chemistry, and thermal regime in the Cheat River, WV, USA in an attempt to quantify the interactive effects of multiple stressors on ecological condition and identify priorities for restoration in this mined Appalachian watershed. We used a novel approach, which combined use of the West Virginia Stream Condition Index (WVSCI) to quantify ecological losses and community similarity analysis to assign specific levels of ecological loss to AMD, thermal effluent, and their interaction. Finally, we developed an ecological currency to quantify the relative benefits of a restoration program that focused either on AMD remediation or heat reduction and to identify spatially explicit restoration priorities. Variation in ecological condition was strongly correlated to variation in water quality when AMD and heat stress occurred in isolation. Acute inputs of AMD or heat caused predictable reductions in condition followed by rapid recovery downstream. However, benthic communities failed to recover from combined inputs of heat and AMD even when these stressors occurred at relatively low levels. Over the course of an entire year, AMD alone was over two times more responsible than heat alone for ecological loss. Consequently, AMD is the dominant factor limiting ecological condition and should be the primary target for restoration. Nevertheless, an AMD × heat interaction also was responsible for extensive ecological loss in lower reaches of the river. Consequently, full restoration of the lower Cheat River mainstem will require an approach that integrates AMD remediation with effective management of thermal effluent. Our results provide some of the first field evidence of the interactive effects of multiple stressors on biological communities in a mined watershed. This approach may be valuable for quantifying impacts from multiple interacting stressors and for prioritizing restoration efforts in other mined watersheds.
On the methanolysis of KBBL, an immunostimulant derived from ascorbic acid

Abstract Treatment of the immunostimulant KBBL (1a) in dry methanol with Amberlyst® 15 as catalyst yielded the epimeric spiro ketals 4a and 4b along with a minor amount of the pyranoid ketal 2. Contrary to a literature report, treatment of KBBL in 2% methanolic HCl gave the rearranged methyl ester 3 rather than ketal 2. Ketals 2, 4a, and 4b are potentially useful intermediates for the further elaboration of the ascorbic acid nucleus of KBBL because the ketone and one hydroxyl of the butyrolactone nucleus (derived from ascorbic acid) are simultaneously protected as an internal ketal. X-Ray structures of these compounds were obtained, contributing to our knowledge of the structure of the KBBL family of immunostimulants.
Factor structure of the Wechsler memory scale-revised in relation to age and educational level.

Abstract The factor structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised was examined for 3 age groups (⩽39, 40–55, ⩾ 56) and three educational levels ( 12) in a large group of patients (n = 434) referred for examination at two large medical centers. The subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised were subjected to principal components factor analyses. A separate set of analyses were performed that included the Verbal IQ and Performance IQ scores from the WAIS-R. Consistent with previous reports of age related changes in spatial function there appeared to be somewhat greater loading of nonverbal memory tests on verbal factors with increasing age. Inclusion of IQ scores appeared to have an affect on the content and relative prominence of the various factors in those subgroups formed on the basis of educational level. The results are discussed in regard to clinical use of the WMS-R and directions for future research.
Multiple conformations in polyampholytes

We study the configurational statistics of a ring polyampholyte chain made of N randomly charged monomers with elementary charge .To a large extent, the overall structure of a polyampholyte is controlled by a total sum Q of all charges. When the total charge is smaller than , the polyampholyte has a compact globular structure. At charges larger than , the configuration has the form of a ring of small globules (beads) connected by strings. Between Q1 and Q2 we find a remarkable diversity of meta-stable configurations having the shapes of irregular clusters of small globules connected by the strings. We estimate the number of these configurations and the energy barriers between them. Between Q1 and Q2, the minimum energy configurations are completely controlled by randomness in the charge distribution along the chain. There are hysteresis effects in the shapes of the clusters. As the total charge increases, the linearly extended configurations become dynamically more preferable. When the charge decreases, the circular shapes are preferred. We remark on the probable connection with the multiple phase transitions observed in polyampholyte gels.
Paddock Rites: Integrative Ritual in the Racing Community*

This paper explores a focal ritual in the community of horseracing known as the paddock. Using data gathered through participant observation, the author interprets the paddock ritual within the context of the racing community and its status hierarchy. The ritual integrates members of the racing community in relation to their social prestige and thus contributes to the social order. The paddock accomplishes this integrative function by according marginal members of the racing community temporary public recognition and acknowledgement of their contributions, both of which mitigate the alienation these individuals routinely experience.
A numerical comparison of time and frequency‐domain marine electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon exploration in shallow water

In shallow water the frequency domain controlled source electromagnetic method is subject to airwave saturation that strongly limits the sensitivity to resistive hydrocarbon targets at depth. It has been suggested that time-domain CSEM may offer an improved sensitivity and resolution of these deep targets in the presence of the airwave. In order to examine and test these claims, this work presents a side-by-side investigation of both methods with a main focus on practical considerations, and how these effect the resolution of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Synthetic noisy data for both time-domain and frequency domain methods are simulated using a realistic frequency dependent noise model and frequency dependent scaling for representative source waveforms. The synthetic data studied here include the frequency domain response from a compact broadband waveform, the time-domain step-response from a low-frequency square wave and the time-domain impulse response obtained from pseudo-random binary sequences. These data are used in a systematic resolution study of each method as a function of water-depth, relative noise and stacking length. The results indicate that the broadband frequency domain data have the best resolution for a given stacking time, whereas the time-domain data require prohibitively longer stacking times to achieve similar resolution.
Challenges in adopting speech recognition

Although progress has been impressive, there are still several hurdles that speech recognition technology must clear before ubiquitous adoption can be realized. R&D in spontaneous and free-flowing speech style is critical to its success.
Cetirizine versus Hydroxyzine and Placebo in Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria

OBJECTIVE:To compare the safety and efficacy of cetirizine with that of hydroxyzine and placebo in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria.DESIGN:A 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy study.SETTING:Patients were treated in a variety of allergy practice settings.PATIENTS:The study population consisted of 188 patients who were at least 12 years of age, with symptomatic chronic idiopathic urticaria that had occurred episodically for at least 6 weeks.INTERVENTIONS:Patients were given either cetirizine 10 mg once daily, hydroxyzine 25 mg tid, or placebo for 4 weeks.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Patients and investigators used a 4-point scale to evaluate symptoms of urticaria and adverse effects of treatment. Ratings were compared among those taking cetirizine, hydroxyzine, or placebo.RESULTS:After 1 day of treatment, patients randomized to receive cetirizine 10 mg/d exhibited a reduction in the number of episodes of urticaria (and a reduction in prur...
Efficient and accurate likelihood for iterative image reconstruction in x-ray computed tomography

We report a novel approach for statistical image reconstruction in X-ray CT. Statistical image reconstruction depends on maximizing a likelihood derived from a statistical model for the measurements. Traditionally, the measurements are assumed to be statistically Poisson, but more recent work has argued that CT measurements actually follow a compound Poisson distribution due to the polyenergetic nature of the X-ray source. Unlike the Poisson distribution, compound Poisson statistics have a complicated likelihood that impedes direct use of statistical reconstruction. Using a generalization of the saddle-point integration method, we derive an approximate likelihood for use with iterative algorithms. In its most realistic form, the approximate likelihood we derive accounts for polyenergetic X-rays and poisson light statistics in the detector scintillator, and can be extended to account for electronic additive noise. The approximate likelihood is closer to the exact likelihood than is the conventional Poisson likelihood, and carries the promise of more accurate reconstruction, especially in low X-ray dose situations.
Placing the Migrant

This article presents a review of geographic research literature on migration locations and theoretical conceptions of migrants. This focus reveals important continuities in themes of migration theories of development identity and culture and illustrates the options for exploring new issues. The literature indicates a broad range of research methods that have benefited understanding over time. A more critical perspective on development as a discourse has evolved that focuses on migrants as "agents negotiating the material and discursive dimensions of development." New questions are being raised about power dynamics of migrants within places and related to race class gender sexuality and nationality. Feminist and post-structural theories reveal more differences than continuities but new theories offer contributions to the literature rather than replacements of the literature. This analysis explores points of overlap and addresses longstanding debates in geography over the relationship between theoretical and empirical research exogenous and endogenous factors reality and abstraction and general and concrete processes. It is argued that methodological distinctions between quantitative modeling and qualitative and ethnographic research are very misleading.
Using inherited cosmogenic 36Cl to constrain glacial erosion rates of the Cordilleran ice sheet

Cosmogenic 36 Cl/Cl ratios measured from glacially eroded bedrock provide the first quantitative constraints on the magnitude, rate, and spatial distribution of glacial erosion over the last glacial cycle. Of 23 36 Cl/Cl ratios, 8 yield exposure ages that predate the well-constrained deglaciation of the Puget Lowland, Washington, and are inferred to result from 36 Cl inherited from prior exposure during the last interglaciation where ice did not erode enough rock (~1.80‐2.95 m) to reset 36 Cl/Cl ratios to background levels. Surfaces possessing inherited 36 Cl
Medicalizing Alcoholism One Hundred Years Ago

Today, strictly speaking, “alcoholism” is not a medical term. Instead, the latest versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders1 (DSM-IV-TR) and the International Statistica...
Planning Your Global Strategy

Sound conventional thinking and due diligence aren't enough for international initiatives. When you do business abroad, you've got to grapple with additional cultural, legal, and other challenges. What should you consider before doing business internationally? The authors offer solid advice for planning your global strategy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A note on the nutritive value and acceptability of peat in the diet of lambs

Lambs were fed diets in which peat replaced equivalent alfalfa hay. Gains were depressed by proportionately 0·14, 0·32 and 0·56 due to 100, 200 and 300 g peat per kg, respectively, during a 63-day feeding period. Lambs fed peat required more dry matter per unit gain. Necropsy examination of heart, kidney, liver, spleen, lung, and pancreas revealed no gross abnormalities from feeding of peat. Rib eye area was reduced at 200 and 300 g dietary peat per kg. There were no differences in taste of cooked loin sections due to peat. These studies support the safety of feeding peat for use as a dietary carrier at 20 to 30 glkg diet or as a dietary diluent at higher levels.
Instructional Leadership in the Era of No Child Left Behind: Perspectives from the United States

Most large-scale urban school reform efforts of the last three decades in the United States have centered on providing incentives and sanctions for aligning educational practice to standards set at the district, state, or national level. Incentives typically have been provided for educators and schools to meet standards, and accountability has been enacted through various punitive sanctions when schools and educators have not met benchmarks or showed gains in outcome indicators. As pressure for improving student achievement in the current standards-based accountability environment continues to intensify and test results are scrutinized with unprecedented attention, school leaders are urged to focus their leadership efforts on the core purpose of schooling—teaching and learning (Kohn 2000). This chapter discusses the impact of assessment/standards-based reform on instructional leadership within the policy context of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB; Chrismer et al., Harvard Education Review 76(4):461–473, 2006; Supovitz, Developing communities of instructional practice, 2001; Supovitz and Poglino, Instructional leadership in a standards-based reform, 2001) and how leadership, not just by the principal but by a wider cast of individuals in both formal and informal leadership roles, plays a critical role in reinforcing instructional improvement and instructional quality that lead to accountability and improved student achievement.
Visualization of Segregation in Granular Flows Inside Silos

We study the segregation of multi-sized granular matter inside a quasi-two dimensional silo discharging from an orifice at the bottom. We visualize the flow and show that poly disperse and bi-disperse beads segregate with larger particles found at the center of the silo surrounded by smaller particles. In case of bi-disperse particles we measure the relative concentrations of the particles as a function of position and time, and obtain quantitative information of the evolution and extent of segregation as a function of size ratio and the weight fraction of the particles.
Analyzing programming projects

Retaining students in Computer Science may be improved by engaging them in the learning process while preventing them from becoming overly frustrated. While engaging students during lecture is certainly important, most students spend a significant amount of time working on programming projects outside of class. Gaining a deep understanding of student engagement in programming is difficult, since the instructor is seldom present during the process. This paper presents the results of student surveys administered after each programming project for multiple sections of two courses: CS2, and Data Structures and Algorithms. We analyze the data in terms of engagement, frustration and niftiness.
Selection and Control of Individual Domain Walls in Nanowire Arrays via Asymmetric Depinning Fields

Artificially inscribed notches are often used to pin domain walls (DWs) in ferromagnetic nanowires. The process of selecting and moving the trapped DW in nanowire arrays is an important step for potential applications. The chirality of a DW leads to a pair of pinning positions at the inscribed notches, which can be modeled by a symmetric double well. The depinning field depends on the side of the well, the DW is trapped with respect to the applied field direction, and the DWs can also be transitioned between the two wells without depinning. We demonstrate how manipulating the double well improves the DW selectivity and control in wire arrays containing multiple DWs.
Long-term facilitation of upper airway muscle activities in vagotomized and vagally intact cats

The primary purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether long-term facilitation (LTF) of upper airway muscle activities occurs in vagotomized and vagally intact cats. Tidal volume and diaphragm, genioglossus, and nasal dilator muscle activities were recorded before, during, and after one carotid sinus nerve was stimulated five times with 2-min trains of constant current. Sixty minutes after stimulation, nasal dilator and genioglossus muscle activities were significantly greater than control in the vagotomized cats but not in the vagally intact cats. Tidal volume recorded from the vagotomized and vagally intact cats was significantly greater than control during the poststimulation period. In contrast, diaphragm activities were not significantly elevated in the poststimulation period in either group of animals. We conclude that 1) LTF of genioglossus and nasal dilator muscle activities can be evoked in vagotomized cats; 2) vagal mechanisms inhibit LTF in upper airway muscles; and 3) LTF can be evoked in accessory inspiratory muscles because LTF of inspired tidal volume was greater than LTF of diaphragm activity.
Number of Alternatives per Choice Point and Stability of Likert-Type Scales:

Due to several previous replications of increased internal consistency reliability associated with increases in the number of alternatives per choice point, alternate forms test-retest reliability of self-ratings on a noncognitive scale was studied. Increased stability reliability associated with increases in the number of alternatives per choice point is discussed in terms of past research, theory and practical concerns.
Make 'em Laugh Humor as a Teaching and Coaching Tool

(1996). Make 'em Laugh Humor as a Teaching and Coaching Tool. Strategies: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 12-14.
Effect of pharmacist interventions on medication use and cost in hospitalized patients with or without HIV infection

Pharmacotherapeutic interventions and drug acquisition costs in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients on a hospital medical service were studied. In November and December 1995, HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients were randomly selected and matched on the basis of admission date. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions were recorded by a pharmacist until the time of discharge. Drug acquisition costs were obtained through records of medications ordered. The two patient groups were compared with respect to length of stay (LOS), number and cost of medications, and number of interventions. HIV-positive patients had significantly more medication orders and required more interventions than HIV-negative patients. Mean LOS was not significantly different. HIV status and number of medications were significantly associated with requiring five or more interventions. Drug acquisition costs were significantly higher in the HIV-positive group. The mean pharmacist-attributed cost saving per patient was $134 for HIV-positive patients and $27 for HIV-negative patients. HIV-positive patients required more interventions and consumed more medication resources than HIV-negative patients. Pharmacist interventions produced drug acquisition cost savings for both groups, with more savings being realized for positive patients.
Interrelationships of human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, and pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein throughout normal human gestation

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), and pregnancy-specific β 1 -glycoprotein (PSBG) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 270 samples of serum from women with uncomplicated pregnancies. All three proteins were significantly correlated with each other in individual samples of serum and with the estimated trophoblastic mass during the first trimester. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between the concentrations of hCG and PSBG in maternal serum during the second or third trimesters or between the concentrations of hCG and hPL during the second trimester. Levels of PSBG and hPL in serum were significantly correlated throughout all three trimesters. These findings suggest that the secretion of hCG, hPL, and PSBG may be regulated by similar control mechanisms during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, after this period, the factors that modulate the production of hCG differ from those that regulate the production of hPL and PSBG.
Spatial Quantification of White-tailed Deer Habitat of a Wetland-dominated Landscape in Central Lower Michigan

ABSTRACT White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), can be a keystone herbivore that can greatly impact conditions in forest ecosystems. Results of previous deer herbivory research could cause biologists concern when managing wetlands as suitable habitat for migratory waterfowl because intense herbivory can negatively impact plant communities. Biologists at Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), Saginaw, Michigan, observed obvious effects of white-tailed deer herbivory within wetland plant communities. Our objective was to evaluate white-tailed deer habitat suitability within a landscape dominated by wetland vegetation types used by deer during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons to help inform deer and water bird habitat management decision making. We classified 1m x 1m aerial imagery data in ArcGIS v10.0 and developed a white-tailed deer habitat suitability index (HSI) model. Moist soil units, lakeplain prairie, and bottomland hardwood forests demonstrated high habitat suitability for white-tailed d...
H Abstraction Channels in the Crossed-Beam Reaction of F + 1-Propanol, 1-Butene and 1-Hexene by DC Slice Imaging.

We report a crossed molecular beam study of the reaction dynamics of fluorine atom with 1-propanol, 1-butene, and 1-hexene. The product alkoxy and alkenyl radicals were detected via dc slice imaging by 157 nm single photon ionization at collision energies around 10 kcal mol–1. The analyzed data is interpreted with the aid of theoretical investigation of the relevant potential energy surfaces. The translational energy distribution and center-of-mass angular distribution of F + 1-propanol is quite similar to our previous results for F + n-butane, albeit with an increased fraction of the available energy in translation. In F atom reaction with alkenes, we also detected the HF formation channel. The low translational energy release and presence of significant backward scattering suggests the importance of an addition/elimination mechanism. Our selective single photon ionization probe allows us to examine the dynamics in minor channels in these systems. Although the probe is not sensitive to reaction at vinyli...
No way back for Pluto

Pluto is still an ex-planet, no matter what its fans think A fresh attempt to revive full planet status for Pluto is a non-starter. Astronomer Michael Brown explains why hopes of a comeback are futile.
Debunking White Supremacy

Describing the US as a white supremacy isn’t an ad hominem attack. It is simply a statement of fact. The only people in the room when the founders mapped out the contours of American democracy were greedy white guys. Is it any wonder that the only people who have enjoyed unrestricted access to American democracy throughout its history are greedy white guys?
Unraveling Synaptic GCaMP Signals: Differential Excitability and Clearance Mechanisms Underlying Distinct Ca2+ Dynamics in Tonic and Phasic Excitatory, and Aminergic Modulatory Motor Terminals in Drosophila

GCaMP is an optogenetic Ca2+ sensor widely used for monitoring neuronal activities but the precise physiological implications of GCaMP signals remain to be further delineated among functionally distinct synapses. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a powerful genetic system for studying synaptic function and plasticity, consists of tonic and phasic glutamatergic and modulatory aminergic motor terminals of distinct properties. We report a first simultaneous imaging and electric recording study to directly contrast the frequency characteristics of GCaMP signals of the three synapses for physiological implications. Different GCaMP variants were applied in genetic and pharmacological perturbation experiments to examine the Ca2+ influx and clearance processes underlying the GCaMP signal. Distinct mutational and drug effects on GCaMP signals indicate differential roles of Na+ and K+ channels, encoded by genes including paralytic (para), Shaker (Sh), Shab, and ether-a-go-go (eag), in excitability control of different motor terminals. Moreover, the Ca2+ handling properties reflected by the characteristic frequency dependence of the synaptic GCaMP signals were determined to a large extent by differential capacity of mitochondria-powered Ca2+ clearance mechanisms. Simultaneous focal recordings of synaptic activities further revealed that GCaMPs were ineffective in tracking the rapid dynamics of Ca2+ influx that triggers transmitter release, especially during low-frequency activities, but more adequately reflected cytosolic residual Ca2+ accumulation, a major factor governing activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. These results highlight the vast range of GCaMP response patterns in functionally distinct synaptic types and provide relevant information for establishing basic guidelines for the physiological interpretations of presynaptic GCaMP signals from in situ imaging studies.
A Novel Hybrid Delay Unit Based on Dummy TSVs for 3-D On-Chip Memory

Delay units play an important role in bitline design for on-chip memory. Traditional delay units can be categorized into two types: passive ones and active ones. In this paper, a novel hybrid delay unit (combination of passive and active ones) using dummy through-silicon vias (TSVs) in 3-D on-chip memory is proposed for modern microprocessors. Dummy TSV delay units (DTDUs) are developed in multilevel bitlines of a 128-kB 3-D on-chip memory with 180- and 45-nm CMOS technologies. Experimental results show that DTDUs, with negligible power overhead, have higher immunity to supply voltage and process variations while taking less silicon area and enhancing heat dissipation, compared to traditional delay units.
Bring Your Friends to the Zoo

Because many of them did not know when or how to say "no" and ate too much and the wrong land of food?sometimes fatally. They spent the day begging and lost health, too, through lack of exercise. The NO FEEDING RULE has en abled us to establish balanced diets for them, preserve their health and encourage breeding. In one year, while visitors were offering food, the elephants seized no less than fourteen coats, twelve handbags, ten cameras, eight gloves and six re turn tickets to Leicester, damaging them beyond repair. In the same year one hundred eighty visitors were bitten by other animals?monkeys, parrots, cockatoos and ponies. We want it to be a happy day for you and all the animals. Present yourself at nme-thirty in the morning as the cashier slides his window up. It is advised that when you ask for two tickets, at eight shillings apiece, you calculate that there are twenty shillings in a pound and you are asking him to change a ten-pound note before he's done any business. Check your fly and clear your throat and look at all the bus stops while he turns his head away and then, because it is an English zoo, offers you apologies, and then commits re venge, smiling: nine pounds four in coin?half-pound pieces, two-shilling pieces, one-shilling pieces, a clanking lump in your sportcoat pocket. You should at this point sound like a sack of chains. Watch the bus stops. Take twenty-four thousand customers on an average summer's day?and one in four brought food for the animals. Six thousand paper bags of food was a very large "extra," seven days a week! We want it to be a happy day for you and all the animals. Please Do Not Feed Them, for we want it to be a happy day for you and all the animals. Please. Then close the guide and say "Good morning. Hi." At this time of year she wears a light tan raincoat that is stiff and clean. Her Liberty's scarf, a bright blue paisley, shows at the throat. Her hem is too long for fashion and her slender legs are not shown to her best advantage. Her hair blows in the harsh autumn wind that has risen in August, a warning of what the year is to be, but her hair is heavy and it settles about her as the wind wavers, and
Product Design Research: A Review

The second literary domain of design management research has to do with product design and consumer behavior. Product design refers to the process and outcomes of developing product (or service) offerings. This chapter summarizes the vast product design literature. Specifically, the literature review summarizes several product design streams: product form and consumer behavior, service design, cross-cultural design, and design analytics.
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Fourth Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security

It is our pleasure to welcome you to the ACM SIGPLAN Fourth Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security (PLAS 2009). The call for papers attracted 19 submissions: 15 full-length papers, and 4 formal short papers. Authors could choose to submit full-length papers, formal short papers, or informal short papers (which would not be included in the proceedings, and would not preclude publication in other conference venues or journals). Authors could choose to submit their work anonymously; one submission did so. Each submission received at least three reviews. All reviews were made available to all program committee members, and the final decision on which papers to accept was made after a three day on-line program committee meeting. Eight long papers and three short ones will appear in the proceedings and be presented at the Workshop.
Inhibitors of Tumor Angiogenesis

Tumor growth relies on formation of a vascular supply. In 1971, Judah Folkman was the first to propose that in order to grow beyond 2–3 mm in size tumors required a new vascular network [16]. Subsequent research has confirmed that growth of a tumor, both at the primary site and metastases, is dependent on neoangiogenesis [17, 24]. This development of a new vasculature, angiogenesis, is normally regulated by both activators and inhibitors (Table 18.1). Tumors can produce some of these activators or down-regulate expression of inhibitors, therefore altering the balance in favor of an “angiogenic switch” [23]. In addition, the tumor-associated blood vessels differ from normal blood vessels in a number of ways: the capillary network is not organized, loose perivascular cells lead to a leaky basement membrane and tumor cells may become integrated into the new blood vessel [2]. There is recent evidence to suggest that anti-angiogenic therapy may also alter the abnormal tumor blood supply resulting in blood vessels which are more normal, allowing for improved tumor perfusion and better delivery of chemotherapy [34].
Characterizing Distant Blue Galaxies with HST Images and Keck Spectra

Keck spectra and HST images have been used to derive characteristic velocity and length scales for an enigmatic component of the faint, blue, field galaxy population: the compact, narrow emission-line galaxies (CNELGs). These galaxies are very luminous, but have been found to be quite low mass systems (with typical masses ~ 109 M⊙). Their blue colors and strong emission lines indicate that they are undergoing a major burst of star formation. Following the completion of their current burst they will fade, becoming, in the absence of further major bursts, objects very similar to contemporary spheroidal galaxies. With mean sizes R e ~ 1.4 kpc and Gaussian velocity profiles with mean σ = 45 km s-1, the length scales and velocity widths of CNELGs are also quite consistent with the measured length scales and velocity widths of current spheroidals.
Presidential Spotlight: Reflection and Advocacy—Creating and Addressing Elements Central to Leadership and Higher Education

Drawing from my experiences as President of the Central States Communication Association, I examine how service allows for opportunities to create relationships, identity, and leadership in profoun...
Status marmoratus and Bielschowsky bodies

Intraneuronal inclusions, consisting of polyglucosan and having histochemical and ultrastructural features identical to Lafora body of familial myoclonic epilepsy (Unverrict-Lafora disease), have been found restricted to the lateral pallidum in five patients. Two of these patients were also found to have status marmoratus of the basal ganglia. These lateral pallidal inclusions have been named after Bielschowsky, their original discoverer.
Mechanisms for achieving high speed and efficiency in biomolecular machines

How does a biomolecular machine achieve high speed at high efficiency? We explore optimization principles using a simple two-state dynamical model. With this model, we establish physical principles-such as the optimal way to distribute free-energy changes and barriers across the machine cycle-and connect them to biological mechanisms. We find that a machine can achieve high speed without sacrificing efficiency by varying its conformational free energy to directly link the downhill, chemical energy to the uphill, mechanical work and by splitting a large work step into more numerous, smaller substeps. Experimental evidence suggests that these mechanisms are commonly used by biomolecular machines. This model is useful for exploring questions of evolution and optimization in molecular machines.
Processing overhead studies in resource reservation protocols

We study the signaling cost factors from two aspects: reservation retry process (or how to recover from reservation blocking), and one-pass signaling. Through simulation, we discover that the reservation retry mechanism used in RSVP is not only process intensive, but also the reservations are slow to converge. We thus explore several design options that can speed up reservation setup and quickly recover from partial reservations. To gain a better understanding of reservation overhead, we have implemented a lightweight one-pass reservation protocol, YESSIR. We show that with careful implementation and by using some of basic hashing techniques to manage flow states, we can achieve good performance with low processing cost. Our YESSIR implementation can support up to 10,000 flow setups per second (or about 300,000 active flows) on a commodity 700 MHz Pentium PC.
Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging of the human locus coeruleus

Abstract The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major origin of norepinephrine in the central nervous system, and is subject to age-related and neurodegenerative changes, especially in disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies have shown that neuromelanin (NM)-sensitive MRI can be used to visualize the LC, and it is hypothesized that magnetization transfer (MT) effects are the primary source of LC contrast. The aim of this study was to characterize the MT effects in LC imaging by applying high spatial resolution quantitative MT (qMT) imaging to create parametric maps of the macromolecular content of the LC and surrounding tissues. Healthy volunteers (n = 26; sex = 17 F/9M; age = 41.0 ± 19.1 years) underwent brain MRI on a 3.0 T scanner. qMT data were acquired using a 3D MT-prepared spoiled gradient echo sequence. A traditional NM scan consisting of a T1-weighted turbo spin echo sequence with MT preparation was also acquired. The pool-size ratio (PSR) was estimated for each voxel using a single-point qMT approach. The LC was semi-automatically segmented on the MT-weighted images. The MT-weighted images provided higher contrast-ratio between the LC and surrounding pontine tegmentum (PT) (0.215 ± 0.031) than the reference images without MT-preparation (−0.005 ± 0.026) and the traditional NM images (0.138 ± 0.044). The PSR maps showed significant differences between the LC (0.090 ± 0.009) and PT (0.188 ± 0.025). The largest difference between the PSR values in the LC and PT was observed in the central slices, which also correspond to those with the highest contrast-ratio. These results highlight the role of MT in generating NM-related contrast in the LC, and should serve as a foundation for future studies aiming to quantify pathological changes in the LC and surrounding structures in vivo.
Association between Early Maternal Depression and Child Growth: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling Analysis.

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity have become a primary social and public health concern. Over the past 30 years, rates of childhood overweight and obesity in the United States have increased dramatically from 6% to 35%. A potential risk factor of interest is maternal depression. To date, there are mixed findings available on the association between maternal depression and childhood obesity development, and there is a dearth of longitudinal research available. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigated the association between maternal depression at age 1 and/or age 3 years and childhood obesity longitudinally. Methods: This study used data from the Fragile Families Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to investigate the research questions. FFCWS is a national dataset that has information on 4898 women, and their children, from predominantly nonmarital, low-income minority groups in the United States. This study used information collected at the birth of the child (wave 1) through age 9 years (wave 5). The analytic sample consisted of 3500 mother-children dyads. Group-based trajectory modeling and multivariable logistic regression were used. Results: The results indicated that there was no association between maternal depression and childhood obesity development in this sample of low-income and mostly minority participants. Maternal prepregnancy BMI, number of biological children in the house, and Latino ethnicity were significant predictors of risky growth trajectories in the full sample. Suggestions for designing childhood obesity prevention interventions based on research are discussed.
Effect of Nonuniform Emission on Miram Curves

Analysis of temperature-limited flow, space-charge-limited flow, and the transition between them using a simple planar diode with a thermionic cathode, in which the cathode surface has spatially nonuniform emission properties, is presented. Our theoretical results, which are derived from a model based on solutions to the Vlasov and Poisson equations, compare well with the results of particle-in-cell simulations. We find that the location and the shape of the knee in the anode current versus temperature characteristic (Miram or “rollover” curve) are significantly affected by non-uniformities in the space-charge density in the A–K gap, but are relatively unaffected by the electron motion parallel to the electrode surfaces. In particular, emission from an actively emitting region is strongly affected by the forces (or lack thereof) exerted by the space-charge of the electrons emitted by their neighbors. Perhaps, most remarkably, we find that the limiting current reaching the anode is approximately given by the classical 1-D Child–Langmuir law, even if a significant fraction of the cathode surface is non-emitting.
Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with worse cognitive control when exposed to misophonia trigger sounds.

The present study aimed to investigate the extent to which the severity of misophonia symptoms is linked with cognitive control under misophonia symptom-provocation circumstances in the general population sample. Participants (N = 79) completed a measure of cognitive control–a Stroop color naming task, which consists of congruent and incongruent stimuli, and requires inhibition of a prepotent response (reading a word) in the service of a less predominant response (naming a color), while listening to misophonia symptom-provocation or universally unpleasant sounds. Participants’ misophonia sound sensitivity, and emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds were assessed using the Misophonia Questionnaire. Stronger emotional behavioral reactions to misophonia trigger sounds were significantly associated with the larger Stroop effect when participants were exposed to the misophonia trigger sounds, but not when they were exposed to the universally unpleasant sounds. This effect held when controlling for the personality trait of Neuroticism and for baseline levels of anxiety. Both elevated misophonia sound sensitivity and emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds significantly correlated with higher self-reported anxiety when performing the Stroop task. However, only elevated emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds were linked with higher anxiety levels at baseline, suggesting that people who experience stronger emotions and behavioral reactions to misophonia trigger sounds may have higher anxiety at a trait level. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Robots as Furniture, Integrating Human-Computer Interfaces into the Built Environment

What will the universal remote control of the near future look like? What form will the next generation of human-computer interfaces take? Will they be conspicuous interfaces within the built envi- ronment, like a computer screen or a smart speaker? Will they resemble the ubiquitous, portable rectangles that we all carry in our pockets? We propose a third paradigm: interfaces that hide in plain sight, inconspicuously integrated into the furniture always al- ready around us, but ready to be called upon when needed in order to establish a user interface. Our furniture-robot prototype - tbo, the TableBot - demonstrates the viability of this furniture-based human-computer paradigm.