cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Privileged Status of Category Representations in Early Development

The ability to carve the world into broad categories (e.g., DOG) made up of distinct individuals (e.g., Lassie and Toto) is essential for adaptive behavior and has been the focus of extensive research in cognitive and developmental psychology. Classic work on the development of category representations has revealed that they emerge early: Even infants can conceive of distinct objects as equivalent members of the same category. However, more recently, research on conceptual development has begun to suggest a stronger conclusion, namely that mental representations of categories are privileged by our cognitive systems relative to representations of similar, but noncategorical, entities. According to this research, which I review in this article, our minds may be structured to facilitate the acquisition, retention, and manipulation of category-level information. This conclusion goes beyond current theories of conceptual development.
Organizational Commitment and International Competitiveness

This paper examines organizational commitment as an important ingredient to achieving international competitiveness. The nature of organizational commitment and its association to desirable outcomes is described, and the current state of commitment among younger managers in U.S., European, and Japanese organizations is highlighted. The waning loyalty of younger managers is overviewed and is postulated to be a serious threat to their organizations’ long term success Current marketing research germane to this topic is reviewed and future research directions are suggested.
Understanding Employee Engagement in the Public Sector The Role of Immediate Supervisor, Perceived Organizational Support, and Learning Opportunities

Supervisor support is often argued to be a meaningful predictor of employee engagement; however, existing research has yet to fully support this hypothesis. Drawing from the research on social exchange theory, organizational support theory, and job characteristics model, this study investigates the mediating role of perceived organizational support in the link between supervisor support and employee engagement. How this mediating effect might be moderated by learning opportunities in the job is also considered. Data from a sample of 1,251 employees from state and local government agencies show that supervisor support affects employee engagement both directly and indirectly through its influence on perceived organizational support. In turn, this influences the variance in employee engagement. Results further show that the path linking supervisor support to organizational support is moderated by learning opportunities, such that the positive relationships become invigorated among individuals who reported ha...
Studies on Nonoxynol-9. III. Effect on Fibroblasts and Spermatozoa *

Seven nonionic detergents of the Igepal CO series differing in molecular size and including nonoxynol-9 and a representative anionic (SDS) and cationic (Cepacol) detergent were tested as to their relative cytotoxicity. The biologic effects of these detergents on human W1--38 fibroblasts (DNA and glycosaminoglycans synthesis) and on the motility of human spermatozoa were studied. The relative order of cytotoxicities for both fibroblasts and spermatozoa was cationic greater than nonionic greater than anionic. The concentration of nonoxynol-9-inhibiting fibroblast activity was approximately 30 times less than the amount needed to immobilize spermatozoa. It is concluded that CO-630, used as a source of nonoxynol-9, is the most effective polymer to inhibit spermatozoa and also fibroblasts.
Regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase activity: studies with slices of rat brain stem and some in vivo treatments

The ability of 5-HT neurons to regulate 5-HT synthesis under different degrees of neuronal activity apparently resides in the initial, rate-limiting step in 5-HT formation, the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxtryptophan (5-HT) by tryptophan hydroxylase (Herr et al., 1975). One mechanism for producing rapid alterations in 5-HT synthesis of this kind, that seems likely to have a significant role in the short term regulation of 5-HT synthesis, is modulation of the kinetic behaviour of the tryptophan hydroxylase molecule. A great deal of evidence indicates that the kinetic properties of this enzyme can be altered in soluble preparations by a variety of agents including some that are known to be physiological regulators e.g. ATP, magnesium and calcium (Hamon, et al., 1978; Kuhn, et al., 1978). However, the evidence that the kinetic behaviour of tryptophan hydroxylase is actually regulated in vivo in response to nerve impulse flow remains largely indirect. The reason for this is that attempts to demonstrate an increase in tryptophan hydroxylase activity in vitro after in vivo stimulation have either been unsuccessful or have met with only limited success.
Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile (C. diff) colitis: Review of the literature and a perspective in gynecologic oncology

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhea with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. Colonization in a susceptible individual, with risk factors such as prior antibiotic use, advanced age, or medical comorbidities, may result in symptomatic infection. Although patients with a gynecologic malignancy may be at a higher risk of developing CDI due to an increased likelihood of having one or more risk factors, data do not consistently support the idea that chemotherapy or cancer itself are independently associated with CDI. For diagnosis of CDI, we recommended using a multi-step approach, with a highly sensitive initial rapid test such as the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) or nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), followed by confirmatory testing with of the above two tests or EIA toxin A/B, which has high specificity. Treatment varies based on the severity of disease. We recommend vancomycin as first-line therapy for an initial episode of mild/moderate or severe CDI, with consideration of fidaxomicin for patients at particularly high risk for recurrence. Rectal vancomycin may play an adjunctive role for some severe cases, while surgical intervention is indicated for fulminant CDI if no improvement six or more days after initiating medical therapy. For non-severe recurrent disease, the initial treatment regimen should be repeated, while subsequent episodes are more appropriately treated with a tapered and pulsed dose of vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or fecal microbiota transplantation.
Viral Lysis of Photosynthesizing Microbes As a Mechanism for Calcium Carbonate Nucleation in Seawater.

Removal of carbon through the precipitation and burial of calcium carbonate in marine sediments constitutes over 70% of the total carbon on Earth and is partitioned between coastal and pelagic zones. The precipitation of authigenic calcium carbonate in seawater, however, has been hotly debated because despite being in a supersaturated state, there is an absence of persistent precipitation. One of the explanations for this paradox is the geochemical conditions in seawater cannot overcome the activation energy barrier for the first step in any precipitation reaction; nucleation. Here we show that virally induced rupturing of photosynthetic cyanobacterial cells releases cytoplasmic-associated bicarbonate at concentrations ~ 23-fold greater than in the surrounding seawater, thereby shifting the carbonate chemistry towards the homogenous nucleation of one or more of the calcium carbonate polymorphs. Using geochemical reaction energetics, we show the saturation states (Ω) in typical seawater for calcite (Ω = 4.3), aragonite (Ω = 3.1) and vaterite (Ω = 1.2) are significantly elevated following the release and diffusion of the cytoplasmic bicarbonate (Ωcalcite = 95.7; Ωaragonite = 68.5; Ωvaterite = 25.9). These increases in Ω significantly reduce the activation energy for nuclei formation thresholds for all three polymorphs, but only vaterite nucleation is energetically favored. In the post-lysis seawater, vaterite’s nuclei formation activation energy is significantly reduced from 1.85×10-17 J to 3.85×10-20 J, which increases the nuclei formation rate from highly improbable (<< 1.0 nuclei cm-3 sec-1) to instantaneous (8.60×1025 nuclei cm-3 sec-1). The proposed model for homogenous nucleation of calcium carbonate in seawater describes a mechanism through which the initial step in the production of carbonate sediments may proceed. It also presents an additional role of photosynthesizing microbes and their viruses in marine carbon cycles and reveals these microorganisms are a collective repository for concentrated and reactive dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that is currently not accounted for in global carbon budgets and carbonate sediment diagenesis models.
Courting Women Using Sports Marketing: A Content Analysis of the US Open

As surprising as it may sound, sales to the female sports market are almost equal to sales to the male sports market. Also, an increasing percentage of viewers of various broadcast sports events consist of females, even in male-dominant sports like football and baseball. Couple these with the increasing role that females play in purchasing decisions for a variety of products, and sports marketing emerges as an effective vehicle to reach this lucrative market. To investigate the extent to which marketers are taking advantage of this promotion strategy, a two-step project was conducted. First, gender differences with regard to advertising were delineated based on an extensive literature review. Second, a content analysis of commercials shown during the men's and women's tennis final in the 1990 US Open was performed. The results of the content analysis were contrasted with the expected findings indicated by the literature review. Only one product was found to be specifically targeted to women. Moreover, ver...
Comparison of Acute Thrombogenicity for Metallic and Polymeric Bioabsorbable Scaffolds: Magmaris Versus Absorb in a Porcine Arteriovenous Shunt Model.

Background—A comparison in acute thrombogenicity between the Magmaris sirolimus-eluting bioabsorbable magnesium scaffold and the Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold has not been performed. This ...
Abstract 17353: Effectiveness and Safety of Digoxin in Adults with Incident Systolic Heart Failure

Background: Current clinical guidelines endorse digoxin use for patients with symptomatic systolic heart failure (HF) on optimal medical therapy, but this recommendation is based on limited, older clinical trial data. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of digoxin in a contemporary cohort of patients with incident systolic heart failure and stratified by patient sex and serum digoxin concentration (SDC). Methods: We identified patients with incident systolic HF between 2006 and 2008 in the Kaiser Permanente of Northern California health system. We used multivariable extended Cox regression to examine the association between incident digoxin use and death and hospitalization for HF, controlling for patient medical history, physical exam, diagnostic tests, laboratories, and medications. Longitudinal drug use, patient characteristics and outcomes were identified based on validated algorithms using health plan automated databases. Analyses were also conducted stratifying by sex and SDC. Results: Among 2891 patients with incident systolic HF followed for a mean 2.4 years, digoxin users had higher rates of death (14.2% vs 11.3%) and HF hospitalization (28.2% vs 24.4%). In adjusted analysis, digoxin was associated with excess mortality (odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-2.17) and HF hospitalization (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05-1.86). Compared with non-use, new digoxin use with SDC ≥1.2 ng/mL had higher odds of HF hospitalization and borderline higher odds of death (Table); SDC ≤0.8 ng/mL had higher odds of death. Digoxin use was associated with higher adjusted rates of HF hospitalization and death in men but not in women (Table). Conclusions: Digoxin was associated with a higher risk of death and HF hospitalization, however these risks were dependent on SDC. Digoxin was linked to a higher risk of adverse events in men but not significantly so for women.
Photovoice as a Pedagogical Tool to Increase Research Literacy Among Community Members

Photovoice is a community-based participatory research method that engages individuals to use photographs to reflect on the strengths and issues affecting their community as well as advocate for positive change. This article presents using photovoice as a pedagogical tool to introduce qualitative research methods to community members enrolled in the 15-week Community Research Fellows Training Program in Saint Louis, Missouri. Seventy-eight community members across two cohorts completed individual homework assignments examining social capital and health. Completed assignments were categorized into six general themes and participants took part in facilitated small group discussions by theme. Pre- and posttest surveys were completed; statistically significant improvements were seen in participants’ knowledge of qualitative methods. On a scale of 1 to 5, participants rated the qualitative methods session positively with an overall score of 4.48 (Cohort I) and 4.80 (Cohort II). Qualitative data from session ev...
Drug-Resistant Miliary Tuberculosis in a Child

Drug-Resistant Miliary Tuberculosis in a Child An 8-year-old girl presented to the hospital with a 3-month history of fever and dry cough. A chest radiograph showed miliary tuberculosis.
Signal reconstruction over switching channels: a model matching approach

In this paper we consider signal reconstruction over communication network channels that can be modeled as input switching systems. Such systems can be associated with a variety of applications including wireless communication. In particular, we formulate the signal reconstruction problem as a prototypical model matching problem where the various mappings involved belong to a class of input switching systems. The design interest is placed on minimizing the worst case or stochastic average performance of this model matching system over all possible switchings with an H2 norm as the performance criterion. This minimization is performed over all stable receivers R in the class of input switching systems. For the particular setup at hand and in the case of matched switching, two convergent sequences to the optimal solution from above and below respectively are formulated in terms of quadratic programs. An approximate solution with any a priori given precision is possible by finite truncation. Also, it is shown that in the cases of arbitrary, partially matched or unmatched switching the optimal receiver R need not depend on the switching sequence and that it can be obtained as a linear time-invariant (LTI) solution to an associated H2 norm optimization.
Distributed Control for Distributed Energy Resources: Long-Term Challenges and Lessons Learned

Recently, the academic and industrial literature has arrived at a consensus in which the electric grid evolves to a more intelligent, responsive, dynamic, flexible, and adaptive system. This evolution is caused by several drivers including: decarbonization, electrified transportation, deregulation, growing electricity demand, and active consumer participation. Many of these changes will occur at the periphery of the grid, in the radial distribution system, and its potentially billions of demand-side resources. Such spatially distributed energy resources naturally require equally distributed control and electricity market design approaches to enable an increasingly active “smart grid.” In that regard, this paper serves to highlight lessons recently learned from the literature and point to seven open long-term challenges facing the future design of electricity markets. They are: 1) simultaneously manage the technical and economic performance of the electricity grid; 2) span multiple operations time scales; 3) enable active demand side resources; 4) activate the power grid periphery; 5) promote synergies with interdependent infrastructures; 6) respect organizational jurisdictions; and 7) promote resilient self-healing operation. For each challenge, some recent contributions are highlighted and promising directions for future work are identified.
Mitotic Spindle Assembly Mechanisms

The mitotic spindle consists of dynamic microtubules and many associated factors that form an antiparallel, bipolar array. Duplicated chromosomes are attached to microtubules of the spindle and then are physically separated by the spindle to opposite ends of the dividing cell. Spindles vary in their morphology and assembly pathway depending on the cell type and organism, but common underlying mechanisms derive from the dynamics of the microtubules and microtubule-based motor proteins, and the activities of chromosomes themselves. In this chapter, we describe the multiple mechanisms that promote assembly of the dynamic mitotic spindle.
Modelling a Student’s Inconsistent Beliefs and Attention

A student may hold inconsistent beliefs, buthas a tendency to avoid those inconsistencies that have been recognized. In this research we assume that a student can recognize inconsistencies in the beliefs under attention, so a tutor can lead the student to remove the inconsistencies and the misconceptions behind them by bringing the inconsistent subset of beliefs to the student’s attention. We present a logic of attention to capture the student’s inconsistent beliefs and attention, and show how the logic could be used to model multiple viewpoints of a student and be used in a Socratic tutoring system.
EUS fine-needle pancreatic core biopsy can determine eligibility for tumor-agnostic immunotherapy.

Background and study aims The US FDA recently approved a cancer treatment with pembrolizumab based upon the tumor biomarker status of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) rather than a specific disease-based approach. We sought to determine if endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) could determine dMMR and quantification of PD-L1 expression to potentially guide the delivery of tumor agnostic immunotherapy. Patients and methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on archived pancreas core biopsy specimens. Tumors with absent nuclear staining of DNA mismatch repair proteins represented dMMR. Tumors were considered to have any or high PD-L1 expression, if expressed in ≥ 1 % or ≥ 50 % of tumor cells. Results Histologic specimen adequacy for MMR status assessment was satisfactory in 97.2 % of tumors. dMMR and high PD-L1 expression was identified in 3 % and 8.1 % of the cohort. Conclusion In the setting of tumor type agnostic immunotherapy, it is projected that at least 3 % of malignant pancreas lesions will be sensitive to pembrolizumab and up to 8 % sensitive to the family of immune checkpoint inhibitors. This highlights the expanding role of EUS-FNB in the field of precision immuno-oncology.
What Is “Worse Besides”? An Ecocritical Reading of Madness in Caribbean Literature

Madness has historically functioned as a powerful trope in postcolonial fiction, but as an aspect of characterization, it also has the potential to lead to unidimensional characters. This is a problem in a field like postcolonial studies in which identifying with characters is typically how Western readers engage the perspective of the “other.” Carine M. Mardorossian argues that one of the ways in which the issue of madness’ potential unidimensionality has been negotiated in Caribbean literature is through characters’ association with a multilayered environment and landscape. Specifically, this ecocritical reading highlights the role landscape plays in constructing a complex psychology for the characters in Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) and Shani Mootoo’s Cereus Blooms at Night (1996).
Studies of Braille Reading Rates and Implications for the Unified English Braille Code.

This article is the third in a series of three articles that address the concerns of the Braille Authority of North America (BANA) regarding the Unified English Braille Code (UEBC)--also known as Unified English Braille (UEB). The first article (Wetzel & Knowlton, 2006) focused on groups of transcribers, teachers, and users of braille who expressed their professional opinions and concerns about UEBC and proposed areas for future research. The second article (Knowlton & Wetzel, 2006) addressed differences in the length of text between UEBC and the English Braille American Edition (EBAE), the Nemeth code, and the braille computer code as used in the United States. This article addresses reading rates for different types of literary and mathematical text and relates the findings to the proposed UEBC.
Fast 3D subsurface imaging with stepped-frequency GPR

This paper investigates an algorithm for forming 3D images of the subsurface using stepped-frequency GPR data. The algorithm is specifically designed for a handheld GPR and therefore accounts for the irregular sampling pattern in the data and the spatially-variant air-ground interface by estimating an effective “ground-plane” and then registering the data to the plane. The algorithm efficiently solves the 4th-order polynomial for the Snell reflection points using a fully vectorized iterative scheme. The forward operator is implemented efficiently using an accelerated nonuniform FFT (Greengard and Lee, 2004); the adjoint operator is implemented efficiently using an interpolation step coupled with an upsampled FFT. The imaging is done as a linearized version of the full inverse problem, which is regularized using a sparsity constraint to reduce sidelobes and therefore improve image localization. Applying an appropriate sparsity constraint, the algorithm is able to eliminate most the surrounding clutter and sidelobes, while still rendering valuable image properties such as shape and size. The algorithm is applied to simulated data, controlled experimental data (made available by Dr. Waymond Scott, Georgia Institute of Technology), and government-provided data with irregular sampling and air-ground interface.
The Heat Is On: Complexities of Aquatic Endocrine Disruption in a Changing Global Climate

Abstract The planet is in the midst of a shift in global climate norms due to the anthropogenic addition of heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. As such, it is important to consider the significant alterations to environmental conditions occurring in aquatic ecosystems, when evaluating the responses of aquatic organisms to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). In this review we summarize the current body of literature on concurrent exposure to abiotic factors associated with global climate change (GCC; e.g., temperature, acidification) and selected EDCs in fish and invertebrates. Evidence suggests that the assessment of risk to aquatic organisms should be expanded to include evaluations across temperature, oxygen, pH, and salinity gradients, since responses differ depending on the environmental conditions at which exposures are conducted. Ultimately, fundamental homeostatic processes are challenged as environmental conditions become more stressful, reducing the ability to cope with chemical exposure, while chemical exposure simultaneously interferes with the ability to maintain homeostasis. Many effects are dependent on life stage, with early life stages being more sensitive to exposure than adults in many cases. Many organisms undergo physiological trade-offs when exposed concurrently to GCC-related stressors and EDCs, sometimes only possessing the resources to deal with the most immediate threat. Furthermore, responses are dependent on environmental fate, which can be influenced by factors associated with GCC. Ultimately, the aims of this review are to summarize the current state of knowledge on exposure to EDCs in a shifting climate, to highlight current gaps in knowledge, and to offer direction going forward for scientists and managers in this age of uncertainty.
Climate trends, the U.S. drought of 1988, and access to data

Abstract Selected climate trends are presented, together with information about selected data sets, and where a scientist can find more data for climate research. One source of plots of climatic indices is referenced. Plans for reanalysis of the atmosphere for 35 years are summarized. The greenhouse effect and the U.S. drought of 1988 are discussed.
Theoretical Modeling of Multi-frequency Tomography Radar Observations of Snow Stratigraphy

Traditionally, a snow stratigraphy is characterized through a snow pit study. It only represents a snapshot view of the snow vertical properties and cannot capture the continually evolving snow process. This type of study is also destructive and time-consuming. Recent studies show that by using multi-baseline SAR configuration, the tomographic processing can provide the vertical image of the snowpack and monitor temporal variability. In this study, the full wave solution of the forward model will be used to reconstruct the tomograms and relate snow properties with the images.
Building Multidisciplinary Teams in the Digital Age

Richard Buckminster Fuller was an American architect, designer and inventor who amongst his many accomplishments in 1982 came up with the concept of the “knowledge-doubling curve” [1]. He noted that until the year 1900, human knowledge doubled approximately every century. By the end of World War II, knowledge was doubling every 25 years. Today, the rate of knowledge doubling is every 12 months, with predictions of 12 h in 2020 with the launch of the ‘Internet of Things’. It is impossible for a single human being to be a content expert in every facet of their field without help.
Listeria monocytogenes contamination of turkey franks: evaluation of a production facility.

A facility which produced turkey franks that had been microbiologically linked to a case of human listeriosis was evaluated to establish prevalence of contamination and identify potential points for intervention. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from only two of 41 environmental samples obtained in the plant. Among production line product samples analyzed by the Centers for Disease Control, 0 to 8% of samples from the production stages before the peeler-conveyor belt apparatus were positive for the case strain of L. monocytogenes , whereas 12 of 14 (86%) samples collected from this apparatus were positive (p 1100 per gram. These data suggest that systematic culturing and analysis of products and production facilities may help identify appropriate interventions to reduce L. monocytogenes contamination in food processing plants and contribute to control of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products.
Navigating the System

Stepped Care 2.0 is flexible. It is not a staging or pathways model. In keeping with recovery principles and values, clients are able to chart their own course. Preference is guided by establishing clear expectations. As part of the informed consent process, clients learn what they can expect from the wide variety of available options. They also learn what is expected of them. In this way, preference is honoured in the context of more shared responsibility for treatment planning and decision-making. Choices are also guided by data. Stepped Care 2.0 expands the concept of evidence, by emphasizing the value of practice-based outcomes obtained through continuous and transparent therapeutic measurement, otherwise known as feedback informed treatment. System navigation is then steered by both preference and the emerging evermore comprehensive dataset obtained through continuous tracking of symptoms, wellness, strengths and capacities.
Healthy diets can create environmental trade-offs, depending on how diet quality is measured

There is an urgent need to assess the linkages between diet patterns and environmental sustainability in order to meet global targets for reducing premature mortality and improving sustainable management of natural resources. This study fills an important research gap by evaluating the relationship between incremental differences in diet quality and multiple environmental burdens, while also accounting for the separate contributions of retail losses, inedible portions, and consumer waste. Cross sectional, nationally-representative data on food intake in the United States were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2016), and were linked with nationally-representative data on food loss and waste from published literature. Survey-weighted procedures estimated daily per capita food retail loss, food waste, inedible portions, and consumed food, and were summed to represent Total Food Demand. Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010. Data on food intake, loss, and waste were inputted into the US Foodprint Model to estimate the amount of agricultural land, fertilizer nutrients, pesticides, and irrigation water used to produce food. This study included dietary data from 50,014 individuals aged ≥2 y. Higher diet quality (HEI-2015 and AHEI-2010) was associated with greater per capita Total Food Demand, as well as greater retail loss, inedible portions, consumer waste, and consumed food (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Consumed food accounted for 56–74% of agricultural resource use (land, fertilizer nutrients, pesticides, and irrigation water), retail loss accounted for 4–6%, inedible portions accounted for 2–15%, and consumer waste accounted for 20–23%. Higher diet quality was associated with lower use of agricultural land, but the relationship to other agricultural resources was dependent on the tool used to measure diet quality (HEI-2015 vs. AHEI-2010). Over one-quarter of the agricultural inputs used to produce Total Food Demand were attributable to edible food that was not consumed. Importantly, this study also demonstrates that the relationship between diet quality and environmental sustainability depends on how diet quality is measured. These findings have implications for the development of sustainable dietary guidelines, which requires balancing population-level nutritional needs with the environmental impacts of food choices.
Hemostatic Balance in Severe Trauma.

Acute coagulopathy is prevalent in adult and pediatric trauma patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. While reasonable hypotheses have been created to explain the underlying perturbations of adult trauma coagulopathy (i.e., tissue factor-related increase in thrombin generation, protein C activation, hypoperfusion, and hyperfibrinolysis), only a small number of studies have been performed to prove whether these mechanisms can likewise be detected in pediatric trauma patients. In addition, severe hypofibrinogenemia ( 20%). Although the probability of life-threatening coagulopathy is low with minor to moderate injury, it is present in almost all patients with an injury severity score >25, hypotension, hypothermia, and acidosis. As these multifactorial changes in hemostasis cannot be adequately and rapidly measured using standard laboratory testing, the use of viscoelastic measurements has been established in adult trauma management, but prospective studies in children are urgently needed. Apart from diagnostic challenges, several studies have focused on the impact of blood product ratios on the treatment of massively bleeding pediatric trauma patients. The majority of these studies were unable to show improved survival by using higher plasma to red blood cell ratios or higher platelet to red blood cells ratios, but there are no published randomized trials to definitively answer this question. A goal-directed transfusion protocol using viscoelastic tests together with early substitution with an antifibrinolytic and fibrinogen replacement is a promising alternative to traditional ratio-based interventions. Another crucial factor in treating trauma-induced coagulopathy is the early detection of hypofibrinogenemia, a common condition in massively transfused patients. Early treatment of hypofibrinogenemia is associated with improved morbidity and mortality in adults, but needs to be further studied in future pediatric trials. Pediatric trauma patients are not only threatened by coagulopathy-related bleeding but are also at higher risk for venous thromboembolism. Pediatric trauma patients with brain injury, central venous catheters, immobilization, or surgical procedures are at highest risk for developing a deep venous thrombosis. There are no specific pediatric guidelines established to prevent venous thromboembolism in children suffering from traumatic injury.
Prevalence of SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies in Emergency Medicine Healthcare Workers.

Author(s): Wang, Ralph C; Murphy, Charles E; Kornblith, Aaron E; Kurtz, Theodore; Kohn, Michael A
Single Versus Dual Headless Compression Screw Fixation of Scaphoid Nonunions: A Biomechanical Comparison.

Background:Management of scaphoid nonunions with bone loss varies substantially. Commonly, internal fixation consists of a single headless compression screw. Recently, some authors have reported on...
Point-of-Care SERS Sensing of Illicit Drug Residue using In-situ Growth Silver Nanoparticles on Diatomaceous Photonic Crystals

Point-of-care sensing of illicit drug residue is demonstrated with a portable Raman spectrometer using in-situ growth silver nanoparticles on diatomaceous photonic crystals. By chemometric analyses, we achieved ultra-sensitive detection of fentanyl in tap water.
A METHOD FOR ACETONE BODIES IN BLOOD, APPLICABLE TO THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF MERCURY

3 years ago the author faced the need of a blood acetone body method that would be sufficiently delicate for use in determining the low values present during the onset of ketosis, sufficiently accurate for use with arteriovenous differences, and technically simple enough to allow a number of simultaneous determinations without inconvenience. The method described below is believed to meet these requirements and has proved itself saCsfactory in a number of studies on acetone body metabolism. It depends upon the determination of mercury in the DenigWs precipitate formed essentially according to the technique of Van Slyke (1). The suppression of ferric thiocyanate color in the presence of minimal amounts of thiocyanate and an excess of ferric nitrate is proportional to the amount of mercuric ion present, and permits determination of the mercury in the precipitate formed from the filtrate representing 1 ml. of normal blood. Reagents0.002 N mercuric nitrate standard solution. Dissolve 0.2166 gm. of red HgO in about 100 ml. of distilled water to which 5 ml. of concentrated nitric acid have been added, and make up to 1 liter with distilled water. Modified Denig& reagent. Dissolve 70 gm. of C.P. HgSOk in 6.0 N H&SO4 and make up to 1 liter with 6.0 N H&Sod. Merck’s brand of mercuric sulfate has been satisfactory, which makes it unnecessary to prepare this solution by dissolving red mercuric oxide in sulfuric acid as recommended by Van Slyke.
Calcium and gene expression.

Publisher Summary Neuronal differentiation and regeneration are regulated by diverse and complex processes. In such complexity, identification of simplifying underlying principles becomes an urgent goal. In all of these instances, stimuli either from the outside or the inside of the cell must activate second messenger systems that can lead to changes in gene expression and cytoskeletal reorganization. A striking observation has been that both during development and regeneration, transient elevations of intraceliular calcium serve to direct these critical functions in many systems Sustained shifts in steady-state levels of intracellular calcium are not prominent, perhaps because they would lead to inactivation or accommodation of responses. Calcium transients appear to satisfy the necessary requirement for second messenger machinery. Assessment of the kinds of spontaneously generated calcium transients and their regulation can be pursued by direct examination of differentiating and regenerating systems. However, questions of mechanism of generation and functional effect are addressed more rapidly by direct application of exogenous stimuli, directed to differentiating or regenerating systems in vivo or in culture. This has proven to be a useful approach, because it allows greater experimental control and clarity of interpretation.
Fundamental Techniques for Geometric and Solid Modeling

We review traditional and novel paradigms for representing solids and interrogating them. The traditional paradigms reviewed are the boundary, constructive, and spatial subdivision representations. The novel representation paradigms are the B-rep index, the dimensionality paradigm, and the skeleton (medial-axis transform). The B-rep index is a polyhedral representation that integrates boundary and subdivision representation. We show how to construct it and explain some of the advantages this representation offers for operations such as point/solid and line/solid classification. We also discuss how it can account for the robustness problem. The dimensionality paradigm is a technique for representing exactly complex surfaces that satisfy prescribed constraints, and we discuss some of the algorithmic infrastructure available to manipulate and interrogate this surface representation. This paradigm generalizes both implicit and parametric representations, and can deal with surfaces that otherwise could be obtained exactly only through elimination computations of forbidding complexity. The skeleton is a solid representation originally proposed in computer vision. It is an informationally-complete solid representation, and seems to facilitate operations such as automatic mesh generation for finiteelement computations, and geometric tolerancing. We show how the skeleton relates to the cyclographic map, a concept from classical descriptive geometry, and also explain the relationship between the skeleton and the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Finally, we review some algorithms for two-dimensional mesh generation based on the skeleton. ITo appear in Advance.!! in Conlroland Dynamic!, C. T. Leondes, ed., Academic Press.
Electrocardiographic responses of rat fetuses with clamped or intact umbilical cords to acute maternal uterine ischemia

Uterine ischemia results in severe cardiac disturbances in the fetus. It has been postulated that these effects are due to interaction between the fetus and the ischemic uterus or placenta, and not to hypoxia or buildup of metabolites in the fetus. Rat fetal cardiac responses to uterine clamping and umbilical cord clamping were compared by electrocardiography. On day 21 of gestation, fetuses in a total of 14 pregnant rats were exposed to umbilical clamping, uterine clamping, or no clamping. Electrocardiograms were recorded for each fetus immediately after clamping and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after clamping. Immediately after clamping, the uterine clamping group alone showed severe sinus bradycardia. At all other observation times, fetuses exposed to uterine or umbilical clamping showed bradycardia and other electrocardiographic changes typically associated with hypoxia. Therefore, umbilical clamping protected the fetuses from the adverse effects of uterine clamping for only a very short time.
Role of mTOR Inhibition in Preventing Resistance and Restoring Sensitivity to Hormone-Targeted and HER2-Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer

Even with hormone-targeted and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted anticancer agents, intrinsic resistance or acquired resistance are common occurrences in estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-positive breast cancers, respectively. Potential mechanisms for resistance to targeted agents include steric inhibition imposed by other cellular elements, molecular changes in the target receptor, alterations in the regulation of downstream signaling components, compensatory cross-talk with other signaling pathways, and pharmacogenetic alterations in the host. Evidence suggests that both hormone receptor-positive tumors and HER2-overexpressing tumors use the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to escape control of antihormone and anti-HER2 therapies. The combination of mTOR inhibitors with hormone-targeted or HER2-targeted therapies appears to be a promising strategy for overcoming resistant disease and preventing the development of resistance.
Practical issues in run by run process control

Several works have described the implementation of systems for the run by run (RbR) control of semiconductor fabrication processes. In this paper, we consider algorithmic issues not often discussed arising out of our experience in the RbR control of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). These issues include, first, limits on multiple input variables (machine settings). Such constraints must be implemented efficiently, and we compare a fast heuristic-based constraint method against a full optimization approach. Second, an input weight method enables the process engineer to manage which input parameters should be more readily modified and which should be changed less. Third, we have found that rounding off of suggested recipes before use on equipment (because of limited granularity in machine settings) can degrade the operational results compared to those ideally expected. We describe a heuristic that handles the quantization of input variables so as to improve the model based recipes suggested by the controller. This heuristic avoids the computational implication of a full integer optimization problem. Finally, we discuss methods for the selection of key controller parameters (e.g. the "forgetting factor" in an exponentially weighted moving average controller). Together, these and similar practical barriers must be understood and solved in order to have a usable run by run control strategy. These extensions to the MIT RbR algorithms have been implemented and successfully demonstrated in the control of CMP processes.
The relative salience of auditory motion cues

The relative salience of auditory motion cues was measured in a series of four experiments. In the first three experiments, all combinations of three different auditory motion cues (intensity changes, Doppler frequency shifts and interaural time delays) were presented at various source trajectories, parallel to the listener's frontal plane. In the first experiment, the velocity of the source was varied from 7.5 to 100 miles per hour and the point of closest passing was varied from 1 to 100 meters. In the second experiment, the angular position of the source always moved from minus 30 degrees to plus 30 degrees and the minimal distance of the path was varied. In the third experiment, the simulated velocity was fixed at 33 miles per hour for all stimuli. The results of these experiments show that monaural acoustic cues of intensity and Doppler frequency changes had the greatest effect on the listeners' judgments of perceived velocity. The binaural cue of interaural time delays had little effect on the velocity judgments. The results also show that the distance traveled by the source was found to be a more salient velocity cue than actual sound source velocity. A fourth experiment was conducted to measure speed estimates of actual moving automotive sounds via dummy-head recordings. Actual sounds were estimated to travel at greater velocities than were simulated sounds, especially when the sounds were far away from the listener.
Beech Mountain Man: The Memoirs of Ronda Lee Hicks

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Thomas Burton Year: 2009 Pages: 133 Details: with a foreward by John Shelton Reed Publisher: University of Tennessee Press ISBN: 1-57233-665-X (hard cover).
Site-specific immunity to Leishmania major in SWR mice: the site of infection influences susceptibility and expression of the antileishmanial immune response.

Abstract Inbred strains of mice usually develop either of two divergent patterns of infection in response to Leishmania major. Resistant mice, which develop self-limiting infections, respond immunologically with the activation of gamma interferon-secreting Th1 helper T cells, while nonhealing infections in susceptible mice are characterized by the proliferation of interleukin-4-secreting Th2 cells. Development of these divergent responses is dependent primarily on the strain of mouse infected, although factors such as the infective dose, species, and strain of parasite can also influence the degree of resistance. In this study, we show that a single mouse strain, SWR, can develop totally divergent patterns of infection depending on the site of parasite inoculation. Both SWR mice and highly susceptible BALB/c mice developed progressive, ultimately fatal disease when inoculated in the dorsal skin over the base of the tail. However, SWR mice infected in the hind footpad developed far less severe infections, which were for the most part controlled, whereas BALB/c mice infected in this site developed severe, nonhealing lesions. Production of gamma interferon and interleukin-4 and measurement of immunoglobulin E levels in serum were used to assess the degree of Th1 and Th2 cell activation in infected mice. Cytokine profiles early in infection had characteristics of a mixed Th1-Th2 response and were similar in SWR mice infected at either site. These early cytokine responses were not predictive of the ultimate disease outcome, since lymph node cells from healing mice eventually produced higher levels of gamma interferon than did those from nonhealing mice, and healing mice had lower levels of immunoglobulin E in serum, suggesting a functional bias toward Th1 cell activity in these animals. The differential ability of SWR mice to heal infections at different cutaneous sites provides a new model for the study of resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis. Unlike traditional models of infection in which resistant and susceptible strains of mice are compared, this model allows for the study of factors that contribute to healing and nonhealing infections in a genetically identical strain of mouse.
Differences between Asian and White Americans' help seeking and utilization patterns in the Los Angeles area

This study examines help seeking and utilization patterns of 161 Asian or Pacific Islander Americans and 1332 White Americans randomly selected in the Los Angeles area, based on the first wave of the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study. Logistic regression analyses are performed to detect ethnic differences in disclosing mental health problems and utilizing mental health services. Results show that Asian Americans are more reticent than White Americans about mental distress regardless of whether they speak with professionals or family and friends, and that they are unwilling to use mental health services of any type. However, contrary to common assumptions, Asian Americans claim somatic discomfort as frequently as White Americans do, and the somatic discomfort is independent of Asian Americans' unwillingness to talk about mental health problems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mystery of the missing target.

In this issue of Blood , Fox et al report on their investigations of CD8+ T-cell targeting of extranodal natural killer (NK)/T lymphoma.[1][1] T cells that had been engineered to recognize the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency membrane protein 2 (LMP2) killed NK lymphoma cell lines. This is not
An ice rink floor thermal model suitable for whole-building energy simulation analysis

This paper presents a thermal model for an ice rink floor system that is integrated into EnergyPlus, a whole-building energy simulation tool, to improve design, evaluation, and operation of ice rink facilities. The developed ice rink floor thermal model, based on the conduction transfer function method, is validated against experimental data obtained under laboratory testing conditions. Two control strategies for indoor ice rink floor systems were modeled and evaluated including a brine temperature control strategy and an ice surface temperature control strategy.