cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics of Propellant Options for High -Power Hall Thrusters

Krypton, cadmium, iodine, cesium, mercury, and bismuth are compared with xenon in several areas of performance, including thrust, specific impulse, probability of ionization, maximum theoretical efficiency, and sputter yield. The lighter propellants such as krypton and cadmium are favorable for high-Isp, low-thrust applications, whereas heavier propellants such as mercury and bismuth are preferable for low-Isp, high-thrust missions. Calculations of the ionizing collision rate show that cesium had the highest ionization probability (and lowest ionization energy), krypton had the lowest probability (and highest ionization energy), with the other propellant falling between cesium and krypton. Sputter erosion calculations show that for a carbon surface, heavier atoms will sputter less at low ion energies (less than 2000 eV) than light atoms, and will sputter much less on a kilograms-per-kilogram basis.
Target image tracking using a nonlinear filter based on Pontryagin minimum principle

The major contribution of this technical note is the introduction of a new nonlinear filter, based on Pontryagin minimum principle and the method of invariant imbedding, as applied to spatial filtering of FLIR image sequences. This filler is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each frame. The target center is then estimated using different approaches. It is shown, through Monte Carlo simulation, that the proposed methods improve the accuracy of the estimate of the target center by 100 pecent on the average, compared to the correlation algorithm.
Give Macroeconomic Stability and Growth in Russia a Chance

This paper identifies and investigates conceptual and empirical links among Russia's disappointing growth performance of the mid-1990s, its costly and eventually unsuccessful stabilization, the macroeconomic meltdown of 1998 and the spectacular rise of non-payments. Non-payments developed into a system that flourished in an atmosphere of fundamental inconsistency between a macroeconomic policy geared at sharp disinflation and a microeconomic policy of bailing-out enterprises through soft budget constraints. It embodies a large volume of untargeted, implicit subsidies in the order of 7–10 per cent of GDP, which has stifled growth, contributed to the 1998 meltdown through its impact on public debt and made at best a questionable contribution to equity. The overwhelming priority at this point is to dismantle this system, thereby promoting enterprise restructuring and growth (by hardening budget constraints) and medium-term macroeconomic stability (by reducing the size of the subsidies).
Solid-State NMR Studies of the Structure, Dynamics, and Assembly of β-Sheet Membrane Peptides and α-Helical Membrane Proteins with Antibiotic Activities

β-Sheet antimicrobial peptides and α-helical channel-forming colicins are bactericidal molecules that target the lipid membranes of sensitive cells. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these proteins requires knowledge of their three-dimensional structure in the lipid bilayer. Solid-state NMR has been used to determine the conformation, orientation, depth of insertion, oligomerization, mobility, and lipid interaction of these membrane peptides and proteins. We review the NMR methods developed and applied to study the structure and dynamics of these antibiotic membrane proteins. These studies shed light on how these peptides disrupt lipid membranes and provide fundamental insights into the folding of β-sheet and α-helical membrane proteins.
SOI-KF: Distributed Kalman Filtering With Low-Cost Communications Using The Sign Of Innovations

We derive and analyze distributed state estimators of dynamical stochastic processes, whereby low communication cost is effected by requiring the transmission of a single bit per observation. Following a Kalman filtering (KF) approach, we develop recursive algorithms for distributed state estimation based on the sign of innovations (SOI). Even though SOI-KF can afford minimal communication overhead, we prove that in terms of performance and complexity it comes very close to the clairvoyant KF which is based on the analog-amplitude observations. Reinforcing our conclusions, we show that the SOI-KF applied to distributed target tracking based on distance only observations yields accurate estimates at low communication cost.
Time-Varying Input and State Delay Compensation for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems

A robust controller is developed for uncertain, second-order nonlinear systems subject to simultaneous unknown, time-varying state delays and known, sufficiently small time-varying input delays in addition to additive, sufficiently smooth disturbances. An integral term composed of previous control values facilitates a delay-free open-loop error system and the development of the feedback control structure. A stability analysis based on Lyapunov-Krasovskii (LK) functionals guarantees uniformly ultimately bounded tracking under the assumption that the delays are bounded and slowly varying. Numerical simulations illustrate robustness of the developed method to various combinations of simultaneous input and state delays.
How universities promote economic growth

This study was initiated in 1999 with the objective of identifying the most promising path to development in light of emerging global and regional changes. The purpose of this volume is to examine the role of universities in enhancing technological capability in Asian as well as other industrial countries. This volume also discusses the University-Industry Links (UIL) policies of national governments, corporations and sub national governments. Case studies, policies, strategies and conclusions for Switzerland, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Japan, Thailand, United States, China, Singapore, and India are all individually examined. The volume also covers topics such as knowledge transmission, knowledge production, knowledge sharing, research and development, lessons learned, best practices and innovation initiatives and their roles for economic growth in relation to UIL.
Early accurate results for advanced analytics on MapReduce

Approximate results based on samples often provide the only way in which advanced analytical applications on very massive data sets can satisfy their time and resource constraints. Unfortunately, methods and tools for the computation of accurate early results are currently not supported in MapReduce-oriented systems although these are intended for 'big data'. Therefore, we proposed and implemented a non-parametric extension of Hadoop which allows the incremental computation of early results for arbitrary work-flows, along with reliable on-line estimates of the degree of accuracy achieved so far in the computation. These estimates are based on a technique called bootstrapping that has been widely employed in statistics and can be applied to arbitrary functions and data distributions. In this paper, we describe our Early Accurate Result Library (EARL) for Hadoop that was designed to minimize the changes required to the MapReduce framework. Various tests of EARL of Hadoop are presented to characterize the frequent situations where EARL can provide major speed-ups over the current version of Hadoop.
Quantum potential approaches for nano-scale device simulation

With the progress of integrated technology, the feature size of experimental electron devices have already been scaled down deeply into the sub–0.1 μm region. For such ultra-small devices, it is increasingly important to take quantum mechanical effects into account for device simulation. In this paper, we present a new approach for quantum modeling, applicable to multi-dimensional ultra-small device simulation. In this work, the quantum effects are represented in terms of quantum mechanically corrected potential in the classical Boltzmann equation. We apply the Monte Carlo method to solve the quantum transport equation, and demonstrate that the quantum effects such as tunneling and quantum confinement effects can be incorporated in the standard Monte Carlo techniques.
Chloroquine resistance in the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.

Malarial parasites remain a health problem of staggering proportions. Worldwide, they infect about 500 million, incapacitate tens of millions, and kill approximately 2.5 million (mostly children) annually. Four species infect humans, but most deaths are caused by one particular species, Plasmodium falciparum. The rising number of malarial deaths is due in part to increased drug resistance in P. falciparum. There are many varieties of antimalarial drug resistance, and there may very well be several molecular level contributions to each variety. This is because there are a number of different drugs with different mechanisms of action in use, and more than one molecular event may sometimes be relevant for resistance to any one class of drugs. Thus, "multidrug" resistance in a clinical setting likely entails complex combinations of overlapping resistance pathways, each specific for one class of drug, that then add together to confer the particular multidrug resistance phenotype. Nonetheless, rapid progress has been made in recent years in elucidating mechanisms of resistance to specific classes of antimalarial drugs. As one example, resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine, which has been the mainstay therapy for decades, is becoming well understood. This article focuses on recent advances in determining the molecular mechanism of chloroquine resistance, with particular attention to the biochemistry and biophysics of the P. falciparum digestive vacuole, wherein changes in pH have recently been found to be associated with chloroquine resistance.
Inferring Labor Income Risk and Partial Insurance From Economic Choices

This paper uses the information contained in the joint dynamics of individuals' labor earnings and consumption-choice decisions to quantify both the amount of income risk that individuals face and the extent to which they have access to informal insurance against this risk. We accomplish this task by using indirect inference to estimate a structural consumption�savings model, in which individuals both learn about the nature of their income process and partly insure shocks via informal mechanisms. In this framework, we estimate (i) the degree of partial insurance, (ii) the extent of systematic differences in income growth rates, (iii) the precision with which individuals know their own income growth rates when they begin their working lives, (iv) the persistence of typical labor income shocks, (v) the tightness of borrowing constraints, and (vi) the amount of measurement error in the data. In implementing indirect inference, we find that an auxiliary model that approximates the true structural equations of the model (which are not estimable) works very well, with negligible small sample bias. The main substantive findings are that income shocks are moderately persistent, systematic differences in income growth rates are large, individuals have substantial amounts of information about their income growth rates, and about one-half of income shocks are smoothed via partial insurance. Putting these findings together, the amount of uninsurable lifetime income risk that individuals perceive is substantially smaller than what is typically assumed in calibrated macroeconomic models with incomplete markets.
Video Registration Using Dynamic Textures

We consider the problem of spatially and temporally registering multiple video sequences of dynamical scenes which contain, but are not limited to, nonrigid objects such as fireworks, flags fluttering in the wind, etc., taken from different vantage points. This problem is extremely challenging due to the presence of complex variations in the appearance of such dynamic scenes. In this paper, we propose a simple algorithm for matching such complex scenes. Our algorithm does not require the cameras to be synchronized, and is not based on frame-by-frame or volume-by-volume registration. Instead, we model each video as the output of a linear dynamical system and transform the task of registering the video sequences to that of registering the parameters of the corresponding dynamical models. As these parameters are not uniquely defined, one cannot directly compare them to perform registration. We resolve these ambiguities by jointly identifying the parameters from multiple video sequences, and converting the identified parameters to a canonical form. This reduces the video registration problem to a multiple image registration problem, which can be efficiently solved using existing image matching techniques. We test our algorithm on a wide variety of challenging video sequences and show that it matches the performance of significantly more computationally expensive existing methods.
Is timely information always better? The effect of feedback frequency on decision making ☆

Recent advances in information technology make it possible for decision makers to track information in real-time and obtain frequent feedback on their decisions. From a normative sense, an increase in the frequency of feedback and the ability to make changes should lead to enhanced performance as decision makers are able to respond more quickly to changes in the environment and see the consequences of their actions. At the same time, there is reason to believe that more frequent feedback can sometimes lead to declines in performance. Across four inventory management experiments, we find that in environments characterized by random noise more frequent feedback on previous decisions leads to declines in performance. Receiving more frequent feedback leads to excessive focus on and more systematic processing of more recent data as well as a failure to adequately compare information across multiple time periods. These results suggest that caution be used in the design and implementation of real-time information systems.
A dielectric superfluid of polar molecules

We show that, under achievable experimental conditions, a Bose-Einstein condensate of polar molecules can exhibit dielectric character. In particular, we derive a set of self-consistent mean-field equations that couple the condensate density to its electric dipole field, leading to the emergence of polarization modes that are coupled to the rich quasi-particle spectrum of the condensate. While the usual roton instability is suppressed in this system, the coupling can give rise to a phonon-like instability that is characteristic of a dielectric material with a negative static dielectric function.
Diamond microelectronic gas sensors

Abstract Diamond-based microelectronic gas sensors using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technology have been explored in our laboratory. This paper presents a new gas sensor using Pd/i-diamond structure for hydrogen detection. Hydrogen sensitivity of the device has been characterized and analyzed as a function of hydrogen partial pressure and temperature by using current-voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage-frequency (C-V-F) methods. The hydrogen sensitivity is high, reproducible, and repeatable over a wide temperature range including room temperature.
Parity Proofs of the Kochen-Specker Theorem Based on the 24 Rays of Peres

A diagrammatic representation is given of the 24 rays of Peres that makes it easy to pick out all the 512 parity proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem contained in them. The origin of this representation in the four-dimensional geometry of the rays is pointed out.
Total Synthesis of Motuporin and 5-[L-Ala]-Motuporin.

Total synthesis of the cyclic peptide hepatotoxin motuporin is described, including an efficient synthesis of the constituent amino acid Adda. Three strategies to motuporin are outlined with their relative strengths and weaknesses. Cyclization of the linear peptide precursor was found to proceed moderately well for peptides containing the N-methyldehydrobutyrine residue masked as a threonine, but significant C-terminal epimerization occurred in the presence of the dehydroamino acid. Replacement of the N-methyldehydrobutyrine residue by l-alanine was explored to assess the contribution of this dehydroamino acid to the biochemical activity of motuporin. Some epimerization also was observed during cyclization of the alanine-containing peptide. Synthetic motuporin and both isomers of 5-[l-Ala]-motuporin inhibit the activity of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) in rat adipocyte lysates with comparable IC50 values. These results indicate that the N-methyldehydrobutyrine residue is not essential for PP1 inhibition.
PUBLIC DEBT UNDER LIMITED PRIVATE CREDIT

There is a conventional wisdom in economics that public debt can serve as a substitute for private credit if private borrowing is limited. The purpose of this paper is to show that, while a government could in principle use such a policy to fully relax borrowing limits, this is not generally optimal. In our economy, agents invest in a short-term asset, a long-term asset, and government bonds. Agents are subject to idiosyncratic liquidity shocks prior to the maturity of the long-term asset. We show that a high public debt policy fully relaxes private borrowing limits and is suboptimal. This is because agents expecting such a policy respond by investing less than is socially optimal in the short asset which can protect them in the event of a liquidity shock. The optimal policy is more constrained and it induces a wedge between the technological rate of return on the long asset and the rate of return on bonds. In such a regime, agents subject to liquidity shocks are also borrowing constrained, and this expectation of being borrowing constrained induces them to invest the optimal level in the short asset. (JEL: H63, E62, G20)
Sensitivity considerations in the control of generalized plants

A comparison sensitivity matrix is derived for a generalized plant for which the controlled and measured variables are not necessarily the same. The sensitivity of the control signal to plant and controller parameter variations is characterized. It is shown that sensitivity reduction is possible only when the controlled and measured variables are appropriately related. A relationship between comparison sensitivity and exogenous signal attenuation is shown. >
Fabrication of 50–100 nm Patterned InGaN Blue Light Emitting Heterostructures

We have developed fabrication approaches and studied the optical properties of arrays of submicrometer sized InGaN/GaN MQW posts, created by patterning and etching of epitaxially grown wafer material. Two approaches have been employed: a) electron beam lithography, by which posts of individual diameter of 100 nm have been realized; b) the use of nanometer-scale self-assembled templates of porous alumina as masks, to fabricate posts on a 50 nm scale. Robust violet light emission at room temperature has been observed in such nanoscale structures.
QED trace anomaly, non-local Lagrangians and quantum equivalence principle violations

We discuss the derivation of the trace anomaly using a non-local effective action at one loop. This provides a simple and instructive form and emphasizes infrared physics. We then use this example to explore several of the properties of non-local actions, including displaying the action for the full non-local energy-momentum tensor. As an application, we show that the long-distance corrections at one loop lead to quantum violations of some classical consequences of the equivalence principle, for example producing a frequency dependence of the gravitational bending of light.
Investment and poverty: The role of the International Financial Institutions: The Jacques de Larosière Lecture

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is a unique institution with an inspiring and challenging mandate. I look back on the six years I spent with you as a most productive and cheerful period of my working life. And it is a great honour to give a lecture bearing the name of Jacques de Larosiere. Like many of you, I learned enormously from him and owe him an immense debt. And even as bankers, we must recognize that there are some debts that it is a privilege to bear. Jacques is a very special figure in the international community. He is someone who, through his outstanding abilities, personality, dedication and charm, has changed the shape of development and progress in the global economy of the last fifty years. Giving this lecture in his name means a great deal to me, and I would like to thank Jean Lemierre and the Executive Committee of the EBRD for the invitation.
Continuous delay estimation with polynomial splines

Delay estimation is used in ultrasonic imaging to estimate blood flow, determine phase aberration corrections, and to calculate elastographic images. Several algorithms have been developed to determine these delays. The accuracy of these methods depends in differing ways on noise, bandwidth, and delay range. In most cases relevant to delay estimation in ultrasonics, a subsample estimate of the delay is required. We introduce two new delay algorithms that use cubic polynomial splines to continuously represent the delay. These algorithms are compared to conventional delay estimators, such as normalized cross correlation and autocorrelation, and to another spline-based method. We present simulations that compare the algorithms' performance for varying amounts of noise, delay, and bandwidth. The proposed algorithms have better performance, in terms of bias and jitter, in a realistic ultrasonic imaging environment. The computational requirements of the new algorithms also are considered
A domain decomposition algorithm for elliptic problems in three dimensions

Most domain decomposition algorithms have been developed for problems in two dimensions. One reason for this is the difficulty in devising a satisfactory, easy-to-implement, robust method of providing global communication of information for problems in three dimensions. Several methods that work well in two dimension do not perform satisfactorily in three dimensions. A new iterative substructuring algorithm for three dimensions is proposed. It is shown that the condition number of the resulting preconditioned problem is bounded independently of the number of subdomains and that the growth is quadratic in the logarithm of the number of degrees of freedom associated with a subdomain. The condition number is also bounded independently of the jumps in the coefficients of the differential equation between subdomains. The new algorithm also has more potential parallelism than the iterative substructuring methods previously proposed for problems in three dimensions.
On the tail of Jones polynomials of closed braids with a full twist

For a closed n–braid with a full positive twist and with ` negative crossings, 0 ≤ ` ≤ n, we determine the first n−`+1 terms of the Jones polynomial VL(t). We show that VL(t) satisfies a braid index constraint, which is a gap of length at least n−` between the first two nonzero coefficients of (1− t)VL(t). For a closed positive n–braid with a full positive twist, we extend our results to the colored Jones polynomials. For N > n−1, we determine the first n(N−1)+1 terms of the normalized N–th colored Jones polynomial.
Observation of the cesium clock transition in laser-cooled atoms

We have used the light from diode lasers to produce a nearly stationary (upsilon ~ 15 cm/sec) sample of atomic cesium in optical molasses that is entirely in the F = 3 hyperfine state. In this sample we excite the 9.2-GHz 6SF = 3, m = 0 to F = 4, m = 0 clock transition. Most of the atoms remain for ~20 msec in the 0.4-cm(3) observation region. We observe that transitions take place by monitoring the fluorescence when the atoms are illuminated with light tuned to the 6S F = 4 to 6P(3/2)F = 5 transition. Rabi resonance linewidths of less than 50 Hz are obtained.
Governance and Prison Gangs

How can people who lack access to effective government institutions establish property rights and facilitate exchange? The illegal narcotics trade in Los Angeles has flourished despite its inability to rely on state-based formal institutions of governance. An alternative system of governance has emerged from an unexpected source—behind bars. The Mexican Mafia prison gang can extort drug dealers on the street because they wield substantial control over inmates in the county jail system and because drug dealers anticipate future incarceration. The gang's ability to extract resources creates incentives for them to provide governance institutions that mitigate market failures among Hispanic drug-dealing street gangs, including enforcing deals, protecting property rights, and adjudicating disputes. Evidence collected from federal indictments and other legal documents related to the Mexican Mafia prison gang and numerous street gangs supports this claim.
Design and Analysis of PM Fractional Slot Machine Considering the Fault Operation

Electromechanical actuators for automotive chassis applications such as active/semiactive suspensions, electric power steering, and electric brakes require high-performance electric machines. This paper analyzes the practicality of fractional slot permanent-magnet electric machines for these applications based on the full investigation of five candidate machines in terms of electrical, mechanical, and also fault performances. Machine designs that simultaneously achieve high torque/ampere, high torque/inertia, low torque ripple, and fast response required for these applications are presented. Two prototype machines were built and tested and found to meet the performance requirements.
Enhancing the Primary Care Team to Provide Redesigned Care: The Roles of Practice Facilitators and Care Managers

Efforts to redesign primary care require multiple supports. Two potential mem- bers of the primary care team—practice facilitator and care manager—can play important but distinct roles in redesigning and improving care delivery. Facilita- tors, also known as quality improvement coaches, assist practices with coordinat- ing their quality improvement activities and help build capacity for those activi- ties—refl ecting a systems-level approach to improving quality, safety, and imple- mentation of evidence-based practices. Care managers provide direct patient care by coordinating care and helping patients navigate the system, improving access for patients, and communicating across the care team. These complemen- tary roles aim to help primary care practices deliver coordinated, accessible, com- prehensive, and patient-centered care.
Characteristic Generators and Dualization for Tail-Biting Trellises

This paper focuses on dualizing tail-biting trellises, particularly KV trellises. These trellises are based on characteristic generators, as introduced by Koetter-Vardy (2003), and may be regarded as a natural generalization of minimal conventional trellises, even though they are not necessarily minimal. Two dualization techniques will be investigated: the local dualization, introduced by Forney (2001) for general normal graphs, and a linear-algebra-based dualization tailored to the specific class of tail-biting Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) trellises, introduced by Nori-Shankar (2006). It turns out that, in general, the BCJR dual is a subtrellis of the local dual, while for KV trellises these two coincide. Furthermore, making use of both the BCJR construction and the local dualization, it will be shown that for each complete set of characteristic generators of a code there exists a complete set of characteristic generators of the dual code such that their resulting KV trellises are dual to each other if paired suitably. This proves a stronger version of a conjecture formulated by Koetter-Vardy.
Strategies for the design and synthesis of boronated nucleic acid and protein components as potential delivery agents for neutron capture therapy.

Abstract Purpose : Strategies for the design and synthesis of boronated nucleosides, amino acids, and peptides as potential delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) are described. Methods and Materials : For BNCT to be a useful treatment modality, there is a need to design and synthesize nontoxic boron compounds that selectively target tumor cells, accumulate insufficient amounts (20–30 μg 10B/g of tumor) and persist at therapeutic levels for a sufficient time prior to neutron irradiation. Boronated nucleosides, amino acids and peptides are such promising target compounds. Such structures may be selectively used by proliferating neoplastic cells compared with mitotically less active normal cells and therefore achieve the tissue differentials necessary for BNCT. Results : The rationale for synthesis of boronated nucleic acid and protein components is discussed. Results of biological and clinical studies of some boronated nucleosides, nucleotides, amino acids and peptides are presented. Conclusion : Boronated nucleosides, amino acids and peptides can be considered as potential targeting agents for BNCT.
A link between sequential semi-anonymous nonatomic games and their large finite counterparts

We show that obtainable equilibria of a multi-period nonatomic game can be used by players in its large finite counterparts to achieve near-equilibrium payoffs. Such equilibria in the form of random state-to-action rules are parsimonious in form and easy to execute, as they are both oblivious of past history and blind to other players’ present states. Our transient results can be extended to a stationary case, where the finite multi-period games are special discounted stochastic games. In both nonatomic and finite games, players’ states influence their payoffs along with actions they take; also, the random evolution of one particular player’s state is driven by all players’ states as well as actions. The finite games can model diverse situations such as dynamic price competition. But they are notoriously difficult to analyze. Our results thus suggest ways to tackle these problems approximately.
Activity-Driven Time in Computerized Gaming Simulations

Pedagogically and administratively critical to computerized gaming simulations, the treatment of time can differ along three dimensions: scale, synchronization, and drive. Time can be fixed or flexibly scaled, synchronized or unsynchronized among participants, and driven either by the administrator, the participants, the clock, or the level of activity. Fixed scaling is more easily programmed; flexible scaling gives participants more freedom. Synchronization coerces participants unnaturally, but assures that mindless activity is not rewarded. Administrator-driven time is administratively burdensome, participant-driven time is difficult to code when decisions among participants are interdependent, and clock-driven time is inherently inadaptable to an irregular schedule. Activity-driven time can involve counting either decisions or accesses. Counting decisions encourages the churning of decisions; counting accesses encourages revolving access and collusive access, and can give rise to in adaptive pacing. So...
Money, Kisses, and Electric Shocks: On the Affective Psychology of Risk

Prospect theory's S-shaped weighting function is often said to reflect the psychophysics of chance. We propose an affective rather than psychophysical deconstruction of the weighting function resting on two assumptions. First, preferences depend on the affective reactions associated with potential outcomes of a risky choice. Second, even with monetary values controlled, some outcomes are relatively affect-rich and others relatively affect-poor. Although the psychophysical and affective approaches are complementary, the affective approach has one novel implication: Weighting functions will be more S-shaped for lotteries involving affect-rich than affect-poor outcomes. That is, people will be more sensitive to departures from impossibility and certainty but less sensitive to intermediate probability variations for affect-rich outcomes. We corroborated this prediction by observing probability-outcome interactions: An affect-poor prize was preferred over an affect-rich prize under certainty, but the direction...
Design and construction of a low-velocity boundary-layer temperature probe

This paper presents the results of a study performed to determine the probe geometry and thermal characteristics for a low-velocity boundary-layer temperature probe capable of eliminating conduction errors. Design curves for four common thermoelectric pairs are presented, and an experimental turbulent boundary-layer temperature profile is compared with the theoretical laminar sublayer equation to verify that the probe eliminates conduction errors.
Panel LM Unit-root Tests with Level Shifts*

This paper proposes a new panel unit‐root test based on the Lagrangian multiplier (LM) principle. We show that the asymptotic distribution of the new panel LM test is not affected by the presence of structural shifts. This result holds under a mild condition that N/T→k, where k is any finite constant. Our simulation study shows that the panel LM unit‐root test is not only robust to the presence of structural shifts, but is more powerful than the popular Im, Pesaran and Shin (IPS) test. We apply our new test to the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis and find strong evidence for PPP.
Discovering graphical Granger causality using the truncating lasso penalty

Motivation: Components of biological systems interact with each other in order to carry out vital cell functions. Such information can be used to improve estimation and inference, and to obtain better insights into the underlying cellular mechanisms. Discovering regulatory interactions among genes is therefore an important problem in systems biology. Whole-genome expression data over time provides an opportunity to determine how the expression levels of genes are affected by changes in transcription levels of other genes, and can therefore be used to discover regulatory interactions among genes. Results: In this article, we propose a novel penalization method, called truncating lasso, for estimation of causal relationships from time-course gene expression data. The proposed penalty can correctly determine the order of the underlying time series, and improves the performance of the lasso-type estimators. Moreover, the resulting estimate provides information on the time lag between activation of transcription factors and their effects on regulated genes. We provide an efficient algorithm for estimation of model parameters, and show that the proposed method can consistently discover causal relationships in the large p, small n setting. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated favorably in simulated, as well as real, data examples. Availability: The proposed truncating lasso method is implemented in the R-package ‘grangerTlasso’ and is freely available at http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~shojaie/ Contact: [email protected]
Product-form stationary distributions for deficiency zero chemical reaction networks.

We consider stochastically modeled chemical reaction systems with mass-action kinetics and prove that a product-form stationary distribution exists for each closed, irreducible subset of the state space if an analogous deterministically modeled system with mass-action kinetics admits a complex balanced equilibrium. Feinberg’s deficiency zero theorem then implies that such a distribution exists so long as the corresponding chemical network is weakly reversible and has a deficiency of zero. The main parameter of the stationary distribution for the stochastically modeled system is a complex balanced equilibrium value for the corresponding deterministically modeled system. We also generalize our main result to some non-mass-action kinetics.
Proposal Rights and Political Power

In a canonical model of sequential collective bargaining over a divisible good we show that equilibrium expected payoffs are not restricted by players’ voting rights or their impatience. For all monotonic voting rules and discount factors, and for all divisions of the good among players, there exists a stationary proposal-making rule such that this division represents players’ expected payoffs in a Stationary Subgame Perfect Nash equilibrium in pure strategies. The result highlights the significance of proposal rights in determining political power in collective deliberations. T he purpose of this article is to further our understanding of political power in a committee environment. We consider the problem of a group of two or more agents who must split a fixed divisible good. Agents cannot use physical force to divide this good. Our goal is to clarify the role and relative significance of other features of the political environment such as voting rights, proposal rights, agents’ patience, etc. in determining political power. Following Shapley and Shubik (1954), we gauge political power in terms of expected outcomes, rather than a priori equate it with individual prerogatives. 1 In that spirit, political power is the share of the divisible good that agents can expect to obtain when their behavior conforms to an appropriately defined equilibrium notion. 2 We model committee interaction using a canonical sequential bargaining game. In each period, a member of the committee is recognized with some probability that is fixed across periods and proposes a division of the good. Committee members then vote on the proposal. If the proposal is approved in accordance with the underlying voting rule, the proposed division is implemented and the
Accurate estimation of solvation free energy using polynomial fitting techniques

This report details an approach to improve the accuracy of free energy difference estimates using thermodynamic integration data (slope of the free energy with respect to the switching variable λ) and its application to calculating solvation free energy. The central idea is to utilize polynomial fitting schemes to approximate the thermodynamic integration data to improve the accuracy of the free energy difference estimates. Previously, we introduced the use of polynomial regression technique to fit thermodynamic integration data (Shyu and Ytreberg, J Comput Chem, 2009, 30, 2297). In this report we introduce polynomial and spline interpolation techniques. Two systems with analytically solvable relative free energies are used to test the accuracy of the interpolation approach. We also use both interpolation and regression methods to determine a small molecule solvation free energy. Our simulations show that, using such polynomial techniques and nonequidistant λ values, the solvation free energy can be estimated with high accuracy without using soft-core scaling and separate simulations for Lennard-Jones and partial charges. The results from our study suggest that these polynomial techniques, especially with use of nonequidistant λ values, improve the accuracy for ΔF estimates without demanding additional simulations. We also provide general guidelines for use of polynomial fitting to estimate free energy. To allow researchers to immediately utilize these methods, free software and documentation is provided via http://www.phys.uidaho.edu/ytreberg/software. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
General WP-Bailey chains

Motivated by a recent paper of Liu and Ma, we describe a number of general WP-Bailey chains. We show that many of the existing WP-Bailey chains (or branches of the WP-Bailey tree), including chains found by Andrews, Warnaar and Liu and Ma, arise as special cases of these general WP-Bailey chains. We exhibit three new branches of the WP-Bailey tree, branches which also follow as special cases of these general WP-Bailey chains. Finally, we describe a number of new transformation formulae for basic hypergeometric series which arise as consequences of these new WP-Bailey chains.
Juvenile Incarceration, Human Capital, and Future Crime: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges*

Over 130,000 juveniles are detained in the United States each year with 70,000 in detention on any given day, yet little is known about whether such a penalty deters future crime or interrupts social and human capital formation in a way that increases the likelihood of later criminal behavior. This article uses the incarceration tendency of randomly assigned judges as an instrumental variable to estimate causal effects of juvenile incarceration on high school completion and adult recidivism. Estimates based on over 35,000 juvenile offenders over a 10-year period from a large urban county in the United States suggest that juvenile incarceration results in substantially lower high school completion rates and higher adult incarceration rates, including for violent crimes. In an attempt to understand the large effects, we found that incarceration for this population could be very disruptive, greatly reducing the likelihood of ever returning to school and, for those who do return, significantly increasing the likelihood of being classified as having an emotional or behavioral disorder. JEL Codes: K140, I210.
Entry by Spinoffs

Entry by spinoffs from incumbent firms is investigated for the laser industry. A model in which spinoffs exploit knowledge from their parents is constructed to explain the market conditions conducive to spinoffs, the types of firms that spawn spinoffs, and the relationship of spinoffs to their parents. The model is tested using detailed data on all laser entrants from the start of the industry through 1994. Our findings support the basic premise of the model that spinoffs inherit knowledge from their parents that shapes their nature at birth. Implications of our findings for organizational behavior, business strategy, entry and industry evolution, and technological change are discussed.
Infants of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome have Lower Cord Blood Androstenedione and Estradiol Levels

Context: Prenatal androgen excess can cause a phenocopy of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in mammals. Retrospective studies have suggested that girls at risk for PCOS have low birth weight, and prospective studies have suggested an increased prevalence of small-for-gestational-age offspring in women with PCOS. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether infants of women with PCOS have reduced birth weight or increased intrauterine androgen levels. Design: This was a prospective case-control study. Participants: Thirty-nine PCOS and 31 control women and their infants participated in the study. Main Outcome Measures: Birth weight and mixed cord blood testosterone, androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol (E2), and dihydrotestosterone levels were measured. Results: Mean birth weight did not differ, but there was a significant increase in the prevalence of large-for-gestational-age infants in the PCOS group. Cord blood E2 and A levels were lower (P < ...
Phase Relations in Crystalline Ceramic Nuclear Waste Forms: The System UO2+x-CeO2-ZrO2-ThO2 at 1200°C in Air

Steady-state phase relations in the system UO2+x-CeOz-ZrO2-ThO2 were determined for application to phase relations in high-level crystalline ceramic nuclear waste forms. Samples were treated at 1200°C at an oxygen partial pressure of 21.3 kPa and a total pressure of 101.3 kPa. Phase assemblages were found to be comprised of cubic solid solutions of the fluorite-structure type, solid solutions based on ZrO2, and orthorhombic solid solutions based on U3O8.
Performance-impact limited area fill synthesis

Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) and other manufacturing steps in every deep-submicron VLSI have varying effects on device and interconnect features, depending on the local density. To improve manufacturability and performance predictability, area fill features are inserted into the layout to improve uniformity with respect to density criteria. However, the performance impact of area fill insertion is not considered by any fill method in the literature. In this paper, we first review and develop estimates for capacitance and timing overhead of area fill insertions. We then give the first formulations of the Performance Impact Limited Fill (PIL-Fill) problem with the objective of either minimizing total delay impact (MDFC) or maximizing the minimum slack of all nets (MSFC), subject to inserting a given prescribed amount of fill. For the MDFC PIL-Fill problem, we describe three practical solution approaches based on Integer Linear Programming (ILP-I and ILP-II) and the Greedy method. For the MSFC PIL-Fill problem, we describe an iterated greedy method that integrates call to an industry static timing analysis tool. We test our methods on layout testcases obtained from industry. Compared with the normal fill method according to Y. Chen et al.(2002), our ILP-II method for MDFC PIL-Fill problem achieves between 25% and 90% reduction in terms of total weighted edge delay (roughly, a measure of sum of node slacks) impact while maintaining ideal quality of the layout density control and our iterated greedy method for MSFC PIL-II problem also shows significant advantage with respect to the minimum slack of nets on post-fill layout.
Exploratory orbit analysis

An attempt is made to describe an exploratory orbit analysis (EOA) environment. This would be an environment in which accelerator physicists who want to explore the behavior of particle orbits can quickly and easily use a variety of tools from perturbation theory, Lyapunov stability analysis, etc. without becoming experts on them. It is suggested that an EOA environment can be designed in analogy to EDA (exploring data analysis) environments so that physicists can explore dynamics, form hypotheses, and test them. Particular attention is given to AESOP (Analysis and Exploration of Simulated Orbits in Phase space), an attempt to create a prototype EOA graphics interface. EOA is also considered with respect to slicing and dicing, separatrix searchers and chaos measurement. >
Fluxes across double-diffusive interfaces: a one-dimensional-turbulence study

This work is a parametric study of the fluxes of heat and salt across unsheared and sheared double-diffusive interfaces using one-dimensional-turbulence (ODT) simulations. It is motivated by the need to understand how these fluxes scale with parameters related to the fluid molecular properties and background shear. Comparisons are made throughout with previous models and available measurements. In unsheared interfaces, ODT simulations show that the dimensionless heat flux Nu scales with the stability parameter Rρ, Rayleigh number Ra and Prandtl number Pr as Nu ~ (Ra/Rρ)0.37±0.03 when Pr varies from 3 to 100 and as Nu ~ (Ra/Rρ)0.31Pr0.22±0.04 when Pr varies from 0.01 to 1. Here Ra/Rρ can be seen as the ratio of destabilizing and stabilizing effects. The simulation results also indicate that the ratio of salt and heat fluxes Rf is independent of Pr, scales with the Lewis number Le as Rf ~ Le0.41±0.04 when Rρ is large enough and deviates from this expression for low values of Rρ, when the interface becomes heavily eroded. In sheared interfaces, the simulations show three flow regimes. When the Richardson number Ri ≪ 1, shear-induced mixing dominates, the heat flux scales with the horizontal velocity difference across the interface and Rf = Rρ. Near Ri ~ 1 the heat and salt fluxes are seen to increase abruptly as the shear increases. The flow structure and scaling of the fluxes are similar to those of unsheared interfaces when Ri ≫ 1.
Network capacity region and minimum energy function for a delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc network

We investigate two quantities of interest in a delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc network: the network capacity region and the minimum energy function. The network capacity region is defined as the set of all input rates that the network can stably support considering all possible scheduling and routing algorithms. Given any input rate vector in this region, the minimum energy function establishes the minimum time-average power required to support it. In this paper, we consider a cell-partitioned model of a delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc network with general Markovian mobility. This simple model incorporates the essential features of locality of wireless transmissions as well as node mobility and enables us to exactly compute the corresponding network capacity and minimum energy function. Furthermore, we propose simple schemes that offer performance guarantees that are arbitrarily close to these bounds at the cost of an increased delay.