cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IV.6 Tamoxifen and endometrial cancer: most cancers are early stage and highly curable

Abstract A large randomised trial comparing tamoxifen with placebo for breast cancer treatment has demonstrated an average annual hazard rate for endometrial cancer in the placebo group of 0.2 1000 compared to 1.6 1000 for the tamoxifen-treated group, with tamoxifen causing a 7.5-fold increase in the relative risk of endometrial cancer. If the effect of tamoxifen on the endometrium is that of a weak oestrogen agonist, one could expect associated endometrial cancers to have clinical characteristics comparable to those associated with unopposed oestrogen i.e. low stage, well differentiated tumours that are highly curable.
Improved Syntactic Models for Parsing Speech with Repairs

This paper introduces three new syntactic models for representing speech with repairs. These models are developed to test the intuition that the erroneous parts of speech repairs (reparanda) are not generated or recognized as such while occurring, but only after they have been corrected. Thus, they are designed to minimize the differences in grammar rule applications between fluent and disfluent speech containing similar structure. The three models considered in this paper are also designed to isolate the mechanism of impact, by systematically exploring different variables.
In vitro responses and acclimatization of Prunus serotina with paclobutrazol

Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a triazole growth retardant known to improve tolerance of various species to stress, was incorporated into the in vitro rooting medium of Prunus serotina var. virens at rates of 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 mg/L with and without 1.0 mg/L indolebutyric acid (IBA). PBZ significantly reduced shoot growth in vitro but increased/improved the quality and coloration. The percentage of water loss from detached leaves of in vitro plantlets was significantly reduced by PBZ and IBA. At 4 weeks after transfer to the greenhouse, survival was significantly improved by PBZ, IBA, and the combination. Incorporation of PBZ in vitro better enables Prunus serotina plantlets to withstand the stresses associated with acclimatization.
The developmental health examination

Summary 1. A medical health examination is an assessment of constitutional status; a developmental health examination is an assessment of specific progress in physical growth and maturation, in mental expansion, in emotional stability, and in other aspects of normal healthy childhood. 2. The conduct of a developmental health examination calls for certain types of measurement which are discussed in some detail in the body of this paper. 3. Some of these determinations may readily be incorporated in the routine pediatric serial examinations, especially the determinations of physical growth and maturation which, properly interpreted, throw a very significant light on the progress of growth in childhood. 4. Of these determinations now available the roentgenographic investigation holds the greatest immediate promise. 5. Greater precision in definition of the superior type of childhood is easily attainable as well as in the segregation of simple and self-rectifying types of retardation from the pathological forms which call for medical supervision to restore metabolic integrity. 6. The developmental health examination opens up a new vista of understanding in the problems and personality of the healthily growing child.
Use of near-term terminal automation capabilities for meeting an evolving operating environment

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) will use technological updates and systems engineering methods to improve the efficiency, safety, and capacity of the National Airspace System (NAS). While some of these changes may be centered in the Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) or the Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT), it is important to evaluate the operational effects on Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) Air Traffic Control (ATC) tasks so that TRACON automation investment planning will proceed in the most effective manner. Controller task changes and new operational challenges may be a result, with some addressed by using automation capabilities in the current baseline or planned near-term automation capabilities. In order to identify potential operational challenges, The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (MITRE/CAASD) worked with TRACON ATC Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) to analyze planned NextGen improvements, and discuss how the future operating environment would differ from the current one [1]. Additionally, the group identified ways in which current and/or near-term automation capabilities could be used to address the identified challenges. Some findings from this effort are detailed in this paper.
Reflective Paper: GL Versus BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community

Heterosexism against bisexuals and transgenders exists not only in the straight community but in the gay and lesbian community as well. Are ‘biphobia’ and ‘transphobia’ examples of ‘phobias’—irrational fears? No, such heterosexist attitudes are all too rational, mirroring social tensions, which only appear to be an ahistorical psychological phenomenon. Rather, as the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender (GLBT) community developed, power relations arose which resulted in the four different groups (G/L/B/T), assigning them different social locations. Prejudice in gay and lesbian communities against bisexuals and transgenders is heterosexism because it is, among other things, an accommodationist attempt to discover these more ‘radical’ forms of sexuality.
A graphical environment for user-interface design and development

The design of an easy-to-use and flexible user-interface management system (UIMS) is described. The authors identify two major problems for UIMSs. The first problem is to find a way to make the UIMS easier to use without sacrificing important functionality. A design concept, behaviour abstraction, is described which allows important gains in ease-of-use, while retaining the kind of flexibility needed by user-interface designers. The second problem is to provide a user-interface design tool that allows easy and flexible runtime configuration. A traditional notation, the data-flow diagram, proves to be an appropriate organising principle for the design of the runtime connection between a user-interface module and application modules. An implementation, called the graphical specification system (GSS), provides an integrated environment for designing the user-interface component of interactive embedded system software. GSS provides two tools; an application display generator (ADG) for designing screen objects and a data-flow editor (DFE) for specifying runtime connections. GSS demonstrates the smooth integration of a drawing environment for display design and a data-flow editor for runtime specification. The results provide a platform for future work in extending the behaviour abstraction concept and for building in usability engineering tools.< >
Performance of cytology and human papillomavirus testing in relation to the menstrual cycle

Cervical smears prepared around the time of menses have been linked to unsatisfactory specimens and false negative results; however, it is unclear whether liquid-based cytology is similarly affected and data relating date of last menstrual period (LMP) to human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing are conflicting. Accordingly, we evaluated liquid-based cytology and HPV test results using Hybrid Capture 2 and PCR by LMP (days 0–10; 11–21; 22–28). We studied 5060 participants in ALTS, the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) Triage Study. On average, women had 3.4 examinations (median 4, range 1–5) during a 2-year period of observation permitting an examination of intra-individual variation in cytology and HPV by LMP. Although uncommon, unsatisfactory cytology specimens were most likely on days 0–10. For satisfactory specimens, the frequency with which cytologic categories were reported varied by time since LMP, although differences were modest and did not affect the chance of abnormal cytology or its severity among women diagnosed with CIN2+. The frequency of positive HC2 tests did not vary with date of LMP. Among HPV infected women, independent of eventual diagnosis and the number of viral genotypes present, mid-cycle specimens yielded the highest frequency of LSIL cytologic interpretations and the highest HPV load; however, the magnitude of these effects were small. Intraindividual correlations of cytology or HPV by LMP were generally weak. We conclude that mid-cycle specimens yield slightly higher HPV DNA loads and slightly increased LSIL interpretations, but the clinical impact is marginal. Standardizing collection times would slightly improve interpretation of trends in HPV load. Finally, these data are consistent with the view that the biological properties of the HPV-infected cervix vary with the date of the LMP.
Microfabricated Flexible Electrodes for Multiaxis Sensing in the Large Plasma Device at UCLA

As conventional sensors are scaled down in size for proper usage in high-density laboratory plasmas, they become harder to construct reliably by hand. Devices fabricated utilizing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques are superior to hand-made devices in terms of size scale, process control, and precision. Microprobes give experimentalists the ability to take direct measurements under controlled conditions. This paper discusses flexible MEMS multiaxis probes that have been developed for use in the Large Plasma Device, a cathode-discharge plasma, at UCLA. The probes are custom built and tailored to fit the unique specifications of individual experiments. Postfabrication assembly also allows for simultaneous sensing in multiple axis. MEMS electric-field probes have been successfully used to detect electron solitary structures in a high-density plasma that are predicted in theory but never seen before except in low-density space plasmas.
Cross-layer optimization of sensor networks based on cooperative MIMO techniques with rate adaptation

We consider energy-constrained networks where we need to transfer information with minimum energy consumption and delay. For such networks, cross-layer design coupled with node cooperation and rate adaptation can significantly reduce both energy consumption and delay. In this paper, we propose a cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique where multiple nodes within a cluster cooperate in signal transmission and reception with optimal rate. In our scheme, local information exchange within the cluster is not necessary if Alamouti codes are used with appropriate transmission scheduling. A cross-layer design framework is then applied that optimizes routing and rate to minimize the energy consumption and delay. For the cooperative MIMO scheme, routing is optimized based on an equivalent non-cooperative system, where each cooperating cluster is treated as a super node. We derive the best energy-delay tradeoff curve under this optimization model and show that the cooperative MIMO approach dramatically improves energy and delay performance, especially when rate adaptation is used.
The Portrayal of Stuttering on YouTube

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the portrayal of stuttering on YouTube and gage the popularity and tone of the user-generated comments. Method: A search of stuttering videos on Yo...
General Physical Examination

It is impossible to discuss the physical examination without a consideration of the interview that precedes it. The interview broadly generates data concerning the individual patient which permits the examiner to formulate hypotheses to be tested through the physical examination, laboratory testing, and further investigations.
OPTIMIZATION AND ANNUAL AVERAGE POWER PREDICTIONS OF A BACKWARD BENT DUCT BUOY OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN DEVICE USING THE WELLS TURBINE

This paper presents work completed by The Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University, in conjunction with Sandia National Labs, on the optimization of the power conversion chain (PCC) design to maximize the Average Annual Electric Power (AAEP) output of an Oscillating Water Column (OWC) device. The design consists of two independent stages. First, the design of a floating OWC, a Backward Bent Duct Buoy (BBDB), and second the design of the PCC. The pneumatic power output of the BBDB in random waves is optimized through the use of a hydrodynamically coupled, linear, frequencydomain, performance model that links the oscillating structure to internal air-pressure fluctuations. The PCC optimization is centered on the selection and sizing of a Wells Turbine and electric power generation equipment. The optimization of the PCC involves the following variables: the type of Wells Turbine (fixed or variable pitched, with and without guide vanes), the radius of the turbine, the optimal vent pressure, and the sizing of the power electronics.
Sex differences in jealousy: Misinterpretation of nonsignificant results as refuting the theory

Studies examining sex differences in jealousy using continuous measures have produced inconsistent findings. To explain these inconsistencies, this study critically evaluates the criterion used to test the sex difference in jealousy, demonstrating that the Participant SexInfidelity Type interaction is the only relevant effect. Then, using a U.S.- based sample, the sex difference is investigated using 14 continuous-measure response formats, revealing a highly significant overall sex difference (p , .001, g ¼ .300), despite the sex difference being nonsignificant for 9 of 14 individual formats. Results highlight the danger of falling prey to the belief in the law of small numbers, manifest in this debate as the erroneous interpretation of individual nonsignificant results as refuting the theory.
Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Motivational Forces that Drive Social Behaviors

The motivation to engage in social behaviors is influenced by past experience and internal state, but also depends on the behavior of other animals. Across species, the oxytocin (Oxt) and vasopressin (Avp) systems have consistently been linked to the modulation of motivated social behaviors. However, how they interact with other systems, such as the mesolimbic dopamine system, remains understudied. Further, while the neurobiological mechanisms that regulate prosocial/cooperative behaviors have been extensively examined, far less is understood about competitive behaviors, particularly in females. In this chapter, we highlight the specific contributions of Oxt and Avp to several cooperative and competitive behaviors and discuss their relevance to the concept of social motivation across species, including humans. Further, we discuss the implications for neuropsychiatric diseases and suggest future areas of investigation.
Methodology for the formation of functional, cell-based cardiac pressure generation constructs in vitro

We have previously described a model to engineer three-dimensional (3-D) heart muscle in vitro. In the current study, we extend our model of 3-D heart muscle to engineer a functional cell-based cardiac pressure generating construct (CPGC). Tubular constructs were fabricated utilizing a phase separation method with chitosan as the scaffolding material. Primary cardiac cells isolated from rat hearts were plated on the surface of fibrin gels cast in 35 mm tissue culture dishes. CPGCs (N = 8) were formed by anchoring the tubular constructs to the center of the plate with primary cardiac cells seeded in fibrin gels wrapped around the tubular constructs. Intraluminal pressure measurements were evaluated with and without external electrical stimulation and histological evaluation performed. The fibrin gel spontaneously compacted due to the traction force of the cardiac cells. By 14 d after original cell plating, the cardiac cells had completely formed a monolayer around the tubular construct resulting in the formation of a cell-based CPGC. The spontaneous contractility of the CPGC was macroscopically visible and resulted in intraluminal pressure spikes of 0.08 mmHg. Upon electrical stimulation, the CPGCs generated twitch pressures of up to 0.05 mmHg. In addition, the CPGC constructs were electrically paced at frequencies of up to 3 Hz. Histological evaluation showed the presence of a continuous cell monolayer around the surface of the tubular construct. In this study, we describe a novel in vitro method to engineer functional cell-based CPGCs and demonstrate several physiological metrics of functional performance.
Thalidomide for the treatment of chronic refractory pruritus

Pruritus is a common and often times difficult to treat symptom in many dermatologic and systemic diseases. For pruritus with an inflammatory or autoimmune origin, therapies such as topical corticosteroids and antihistamines are often initiated. However, in the case that these and additional systemic therapies are ineffective, thalidomide, an immunomodulator and neuromodulator, may be a useful alternative treatment. Considerable relief of chronic pruritus has been demonstrated with thalidomide in case reports, case series, and controlled trials. Double-blind controlled studies demonstrated thalidomide's efficacy as an antipruritic agent in patients with uremic pruritus, primary biliary cirrhosis, and prurigo nodularis. In case reports, case series, and open-label trials, thalidomide significantly reduced pruritus associated with conditions such as actinic prurigo and paraneoplastic pruritus. Because of variations in study design and evaluation of antipruritic effect, it is difficult to fully understand thalidomide's role based on the evidence described to date in the medical literature. In this review, we provide an overview of the reported findings and evaluate thalidomide's utility in managing refractory pruritus in the context of its adverse risk profile. We propose that thalidomide can be an alternative or combination antipruritic treatment for patients who do not obtain enough relief from conservative therapy.
Abstract 83: Long-Term Blood Pressure Trajectories and Stroke Risk

Background— Previous studies have used blood pressure (BP) measurements at a single point in time to predict future CVD outcomes. We hypothesize that long-term BP trajectories are associated with s...
Vibrational and Collision-Induced Raman Scattering from Water and Aqueous Solutions

Vibrational and collision-induced (CI) Raman spectra were obtained from liquid water, and from aqueous solutions of NaClO4 (7.4 M), NaI (8.2 M), and sucrose (2.3 M). The inter- and intramolecular vibrational spectra were found to lie above the collision-induced (CI) Raman baselines which were approximated, above 20 cm−1, by dlnI/dlnw = −m, with m ≈ 1.2–1.3 (I = intensity, w = vibrational frequency in cm−1). Significant vibrational effects above the CI baselines, e.g., shape changes in the restricted translational, librational, H2O bending, and OH-stretching bands, including marked changes in the depolarization ratios, were observed for the solutions, compared to pure water.
Energy Utilization By Laying Hens.II. Energetic Efficiency and Added Tallow at 18.3 and 35 C.

Abstract A study was conducted with 13-month-old laying hens to evaluate the net energy (NE) of tallow and energetic efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) conversion to NE at 18.3 and 35C. Maintenance ME needs were 20.3% less at 35 than at 18.3 C (104 vs. 130 kcal/kg physiological body weight). The stabilized animal tallow used in this study had NE values of 7.7 to 7.8 kcal/g and its utilization was not affected by housing temperature. Dietary energetic efficiency was the same at the two temperatures. Conversion of ME to NE was 78.6% at 18.3 C and 78.5% at 35 C. There was a reduction in voluntary feed intake at the higher temperature. The birds consumed 42.6 to 49.3% less ME at 35 C. This reduction was only partially offset by the reduced maintenance requirement and consequently less energy was available above maintenance for egg production at 35 C.
Nanoscale strain engineering on the surface of a bulk TiO2 crystal.

Arrays of highly strained 5–25 nm-wide regions have been prepared on rutile TiO2(110) surface through a low energy Ar ion bombardment technique. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and an innovative STM tip-triggered nanoexplosion approach we show experimentally that the protrusions arise from subsurface Ar-filled pockets. Continuum mechanics modeling gives good estimates of the corresponding elastic deformation. Surface strain values of up to 4% have been deduced.
Pros and cons of dabigatran

As described in this issue of AJHP (see page 1506), dabigatran etexilate is the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor and the first oral anticoagulant since warfarin to become available in the United States. In contrast to warfarin, fixed twice- daily dosing of dabigatran offers predictable
The calculation of expected loss using probabilistic seismic hazard

Abstract The formulas for the estimation of expected loss from probabilistic seismic hazard are presented systematically by using the basics of calculating expected values and the concept of distributing the total loss between the insurer and the insured. The conversion from acceleration to intensity and then to loss factor (the ratio of damage value to the property value) is applied in the calculation. The seismic hazard used in the loss calculation is for four locations in California. These locations are representative of high and low hazards in California and of the two most populated areas in northern and southern California. The calculated loss values show a strong dependence on the hazard and the soil conditions. The deaggregation of total loss with respect to intensity, acceleration, and loss factor shows that a greater portion of the total loss in the high-hazard region is from large intensities and accelerations compared with the low-hazard region. The deaggregation with respect to loss factor reveals that most of the loss is from loss factors below 15-20%, even for the high-hazard regions. This result has a significant impact on the amount of the loss that is greater than the deductible. The calculation of loss to the insurer shows that a mere 5% deductible reduces the loss to the insurer by 40-50% for a high-hazard region and by more than that for a low-hazard region. Underinsurance and inflation have the effect of increasing the loss to the insurer but are less significant than the effect of deductible in reducing the loss to the insurer. These calculations suggest that updating the relation converting ground motion to loss factor is critical. In addition, the correction for soil condition needs to be calibrated with more recent strong-motion and earthquake damage data.
CareDB: A context and preference-aware location-based database system

In this paper, we aim to realize a context and preference-aware database system, CareDB, that provides scalable personalized location-based services to users based on their preferences and current surrounding context. Unlike existing location-based database systems that answer queries based solely on proximity in distance, CareDB considers user preferences and various types of context in determining the answer to location-based queries. To this end, CareDB does not aim to define new location-based queries, instead, it aims to redefine the answer of existing location-based queries. The PhD thesis topics covered in this paper solve novel, core systems issues that help realize CareDB. These issues are: (1) efficient and extensible core DBMS query processor support for numerous preference evaluation methods, (2) core dbms support for preference query processing in the face of expensive contextual data, and (3) support for continuous preference and context-aware query processing.
Numerical Study on Physical Mechanisms of Forced Dispersion for an Effective LNG Spill Mitigation

Mitigation techniques for liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities require further investigation to minimize the uncertainty in determining the impact and consequence of an LNG spill on public safety and security. Water curtain systems have been proven to reduce the hazard zone by diluting the vapor concentration below the flammability limits when directly applied to LNG vapors. Currently, no definitive engineering criteria for designing effective water curtains applicable to LNG facilities are available, mainly due to a lack of understanding of the complex interaction between the droplets and LNG vapor. This work applies LNG forced dispersion modeling to study the physical mechanisms involved in enhancing vapor dispersion. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes have been utilized to examine the effects of momentum imparting from the droplets to the air–vapor mixture, the thermal transfer between the two phases (droplet/vapor), and various air entrainment rates on the behavior of the LNG vapor. This work ...
Rapid analysis of 31 kinds of volatile organic compounds in drinking water by automated purge and trap coupled with GC/MS/SIM

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 31 volatile organic compounds in drinking water by purge and trap-GC/MS/SIM. Methods Purge and trap sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for determination of 31 kinds of volatile organic compounds in drinking water,with full scan mode for qualitative analysis,while selective ion mode and the internal standard method were used for quantitative analysis. The proposed method was adjusted to meet the testing requirements of GB/T5750-2006 by changing the volume of purge and desorption time. Results The method had good linearity in the experimental concentration range(r 0. 9976) and the detection limits of the method for the VOCs were 0. 001 μg/L ～ 0. 034 μg/L. The average recoveries of the method were 95% ～ 103% with relative standard deviation of2. 4% ～ 6. 0%. Conclusion The method has the advantages of rapidity,accuracy,sensitivity and noninterference,so it is suitable for routine analysis of 31 volatile organic compounds in drinking water.
Production, consumption, and protection: perspectives from North America on the multifunctional transition in rural planning

ABSTRACTRural areas encompass landscapes that range from peri-urban to very isolated ‘deep rural’ areas; from rapidly growing high amenity retirement and second home communities to dilapidated near-ghost towns; from those with strong economies in agriculture, natural resource extraction, tourism, and high tech to those with shrinking economies. In addition, such global issues as climate change, food security, and future energy supply have enormous implications for rural places. In these circumstances planning thought and action are confronted – often simultaneously – with physical development – planning for growth and change; production – of traditional agricultural and natural resource outputs but also new outputs such as renewable energy and ecosystem services; and protection – of the natural environment, cultural resources, and social systems. This article draws from the literature and interviews of rural specialists to explore the current tensions between production, consumption, and protection and em...
Real Domain Iterative K-Best Detector

The chapter begins with a description of K-Best detector for real domain. As shown in ( 2.3), the real domain tree search is twice as deep resulting in larger latency in terms of hardware implementation. Hence, for the real domain, the number of the possible children of a node is twice that of the complex domain. In this chapter, we present the proposed soft decision-based iterative LR-aided K-Best MIMO decoder [13, 14].
A Content Analysis of Gendered Research in the Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy

There is increased awareness of but limited quantification of the lack of published scholarship about boys and men in counselling. We conducted a content analysis on articles published in the Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy from 2000 to 2013 to examine gender differences in research participants and to explore the topics published. After reviewing 293 articles, we found that female-topic-specific articles outnumbered male-topic-specific articles by 3:1 and research studies based on exclusively female client/ student samples outnumbered those based on exclusively male samples by about 4:1. When examining only gender-specific articles that were intentionally seeking to look at a particular gender—not including the four articles in Vol. 46, No. 4 (2012), the special issue on boys/men—the ratio of female-specific articles to male-specific articles is about 5:1; for research studies that ratio is about 15:1. This leaves clinicians with a small Canadian research base from which to provide gender-sensitive and evidence-based interventions with boys/men.
Assessing Flipped Classrooms

We discuss a mixed methods approach for assessing the flipped classroom, which we applied to a school-wide initiative starting in the fall of 2013. Assessment of a flipped classroom is, in many ways, no different than rigorous assessment of any good pedagogy. Assessment planning must first consider the objectives of the pedagogical initiative. The critical question we asked was “What educational gains or advantages should students experience as a result of course flipping?” We then focused on the selection of instruments and protocols for measurement. To study student learning and achievement, we analysed pre-flip versus flip exam and homework results and formally interviewed instructors. To investigate in-class engagement and active learning, we conducted classroom observation using a validated protocol. Using web analytics video access data, we investigated preparation with the flipped classroom and its relationship to achievement. Finally, to assess student perceptions, we used an evaluation survey tailored to the flipped classroom and a research-based classroom environment instrument. A comprehensive and thorough assessment plan provides the advantage of both formative and summative data for an initiative and can guide future directions with it.
Complicitous Liability in War

Jeff McMahan has argued against the moral equivalence of combatants (MEC) by developing a liability-based account of killing in warfare. On this account, a combatant is morally liable to be killed only if doing so is an effective means of reducing or eliminating an unjust threat to which that combatant is contributing. Since combatants fighting for a just cause generally do not contribute to unjust threats, they are not morally liable to be killed; thus MEC is mistaken. The problem, however, is that many unjust combatants contribute very little to the war in which they participate — often no more than the typical civilian. Thus either the typical civilian is morally liable to be killed, or many unjust combatants are not morally liable to be killed. That is, the liability based account seems to force us to choose between a version of pacifism, and total war. Seth Lazar has called this ‘‘The Responsibility Dilemma’’. But I will argue that we can salvage a liability-based account of war — one which rejects MEC — by grounding the moral liability of unjust combatants not only in their individual contributions but also in their com- plicit participation in that war. On this view, all enlistees, regardless of the degree to which they contribute to an unjust war, are complicitously liable to be killed if it is necessary to avert an unjust threat posed by their side. This collectivized liability based account I develop avoids the Responsibility Dilemma unlike individualized liability-based accounts of the sort developed by McMahan.
HBM (High Bandwidth Memory) DRAM Technology and Architecture

HBM (High Bandwidth Memory) is an emerging standard DRAM solution that can achieve breakthrough bandwidth of higher than 256GBps while reducing the power consumption as well. It has stacked DRAM architecture with core DRAM dies on top of a base logic die, based on the TSV and die stacking technologies. In this paper, the HBM architecture is introduced and a comparison of its generations is provided. Also, the packaging technology and challenges to address reliability, thermal dissipation capability, maximum allowable package sizes, and high throughput stacking solutions are described. Test technology and testability features are discussed for KGSD and 2.5D SiP.
System-Subsystem Dependency Network for Integrating Multicomponent Data and Its Application to Health Sciences

Two features are commonly observed in large and complex systems. First, a system is made up of multiple subsystems. Second there exists fragmented data. A methodological challenge is to reconcile the potential parametric inconsistency across individually calibrated subsystems. This study aims to explore a novel approach, called system-subsystem dependency network, which is capable of integrating subsystems that have been individually calibrated using separate data sets. In this paper we compare several techniques for solving the methodological challenge. Additionally, we use data from a large-scale epidemiologic study as well as a large clinical trial to illustrate the solution to inconsistency of overlapping subsystems and the integration of data sets.
How Europe Is Seen From Outside (and Inside) the European Union: A Discussion Paper

This paper presents the foundation for an assessment of the current views of Europe as seen from inside and outside of the European Union. The discussion paper introduces some of the factors that contribute to these perceptions, and how these perceptions are understood and seen by the residents inside and outside of the European Union. Once these opinions are identified, what future research and debates can be developed from this exploratory assessment? The present discussion carefully provides some of the factors that contribute to these perceptions of Europe by those living inside and outside of the European Union.
UBD modifies APOL1-induced kidney disease risk.

People of recent African ancestry develop kidney disease at much higher rates than most other groups. Two specific coding variants in the Apolipoprotein-L1 gene APOL1 termed G1 and G2 are the causal drivers of much of this difference in risk, following a recessive pattern of inheritance. However, most individuals with a high-risk APOL1 genotype do not develop overt kidney disease, prompting interest in identifying those factors that interact with APOL1. We performed an admixture mapping study to identify genetic modifiers of APOL1-associated kidney disease. Individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) have significantly increased African ancestry at the UBD (also known as FAT10) locus. UBD is a ubiquitin-like protein modifier that targets proteins for proteasomal degradation. African ancestry at the UBD locus correlates with lower levels of UBD expression. In cell-based experiments, the disease-associated APOL1 alleles (known as G1 and G2) lead to increased abundance of UBD mRNA but to decreased levels of UBD protein. UBD gene expression inversely correlates with G1 and G2 APOL1-mediated cell toxicity, as well as with levels of G1 and G2 APOL1 protein in cells. These studies support a model whereby inflammatory stimuli up-regulate both UBD and APOL1, which interact in a functionally important manner. UBD appears to mitigate APOL1-mediated toxicity by targeting it for destruction. Thus, genetically encoded differences in UBD and UBD expression appear to modify the APOL1-associated kidney phenotype.
Diagnostic Value of Lingual Tonsillectomy in Unknown Primary Head and Neck Carcinoma Identification After a Negative Clinical Workup and Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography.

Objective: Diagnostic rates of unknown primary head and neck carcinoma (UPHNC) using lingual tonsillectomy (LT) are highly variable. This study sought to determine the diagnostic value of lingual tonsillectomy in UPHNC identification using strict inclusion criteria and definitions to produce a more accurate estimate of diagnosis rate. Methods: In this retrospective chart review, records of patients who underwent LT for UPHNC were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included absence of suspicious findings on physical exam and PET-CT as well as negative biopsies after pan-endoscopy and palatine tonsillectomy. Following inclusion criteria, sixteen patients were reviewed. A systematic literature review on lingual tonsillectomy for the workup of CUP was also performed. Results: LT was performed using transoral robotic surgery (TORS), transoral laser microsurgery (TLM), or trans-oral microsurgery with cautery (TMC). Following LT, primary tumor was identified in four patients out of sixteen. Detection rate by technique was 1/6, 2/7, and 1/3 for TORS, TLM, and TMC respectively. Post-operative bleeding occurred in three patients (19%), however this was not related to the lingual tonsillectomy. Following literature review, twelve studies were identified, however only three had enough data to compare against. All three studies had a cohort with suspicious findings on clinical exam. A total of 34 patients had a negative workup, with no suspicious findings on clinical exam and subsequently received a LT. Conclusions: This study suggests that LT should be considered initially in the diagnostic algorithm for UPHNC. This study can increase the patient size in this cohort by approximately 47%.
Taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses in an experimental ocean-atmosphere mesocosm

Ocean-derived, airborne microbes play important roles in Earth's climate system and human health, yet little is known about factors controlling their transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere. Here, we study microbiomes of isolated sea spray aerosol (SSA) collected in a unique ocean-atmosphere facility and demonstrate taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses. These trends are conserved within taxonomic orders and classes, and temporal variation in aerosolization is similarly shared by related taxa. We observe enhanced transfer into SSA of Actinobacteria, certain Gammaproteobacteria, and lipid-enveloped viruses; conversely, Flavobacteriia, some Alphaproteobacteria, and Caudovirales are generally under-represented in SSA. Viruses do not transfer to SSA as efficiently as bacteria. The enrichment of mycolic acid-coated Corynebacteriales and lipid-enveloped viruses (inferred from genomic comparisons) suggests that hydrophobic properties increase transport to the sea surface and SSA. Our results identify taxa relevant to atmospheric processes and a framework to further elucidate aerosolization mechanisms influencing microbial and viral transport pathways.
Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with Ebola-Reston filoviruses from the 1989-1990 U.S. epizootic.

This study describes the pathogenesis of the Ebola-Reston (EBO-R) subtype of Ebola virus for experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. The disease course of EBO-R in macaques was very similar to human disease and to experimental diseases in macaques following EBO-Zaire and EBO-Sudan infections. Cynomolgus monkeys infected with EBO-R in this experiment developed anorexia, occasional nasal discharge, and splenomegaly, petechial facial hemorrhages and severe subcutaneous hemorrhages in venipuncture sites, similar to human Ebola fever. Five of the six EBO-R infected monkeys died, 8 to 14 days after inoculation. One survived and developed high titered neutralizing antibodies specific for EBO-R. The five acutely ill monkeys shed infectious virus in various bodily secretions. Further, abundant virus was visualized in alveolar interstitial cells and free in the alveoli suggesting the potential for generating infectious aerosols. Thus, taking precautions against aerosol exposures to filovirus infected primates, including humans, seems prudent. This experiment demonstrated that EBO-R was lethal for macaques and was capable of initiating and sustaining the monkey epizootic. Further investigation of this animal model should facilitate development of effective immunization, treatment, and control strategies for Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
United States Adopted Names for Drugs

The United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council is the United States committee responsible for negotiating nonproprietary names for the pharmaceutic industry. It is a nongovernmental organization sponsored by the American Medical Association, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, and the American Pharmaceutical Association. Nonproprietary names serve a useful function that cannot be supplanted by the chemical name or trademark. The goal of the Council is to produce simple, short, unique, and useful names that can be used without restriction in the public domain. The Council also has close liaison with the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Committee of the World Health Organization and works to establish Council-generated names as international names.
The Impact of Thyroid Disease on Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women.

Abstract Background Individually, thyroid disease and sexual dysfunction are common conditions that can have a detrimental effect on quality of life. Recent reports have documented an increased prevalence of sexual dysfunction among patients with thyroid disorders. As such, it is important for sexual medicine physicians to be primed on the presentation of patients with overlying sexual and thyroid dysfunction to allow for proper management. Aim To review the available literature exploring the relationship between thyroid disease and sexual dysfunction in men and women. Methods A PubMed review of existing clinical and pre-clinical studies from 1978 through 2018 was performed. Main Outcome Measures The prevalence, symptomatology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of patients with sexual dysfunction in the setting of thyroid disease were reviewed. Results The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with hypothyroid (59–63% and 22–46% in men and women, respectively) and hyperthyroidism (48–77% and 44–60% in men and women, respectively) has been estimated in select populations. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were strongly associated with erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction: hypothyroidism with delayed ejaculation, hyperthyroidism with pre-mature ejaculation. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been reported to impair libido in men and women; however, evidence of hypothyroidism’s impact on male libido is mixed. Hypothyroid and hyperthyroid women demonstrated impairments in desire, arousal/lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain during intercourse. Mechanistically, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism exert effects on circulating sex hormone levels through peripheral and central pathways and can indirectly provoke psychiatric and autonomic dysregulation that can impair sexual function. Correction to euthyroid state was associated with dramatic resolution of sexual dysfunction in both male and female patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Conclusion By improving awareness of the link between thyroid disease and sexual dysfunction, sexual medicine physicians may sooner identify patients whose sexual symptoms may be remedied by treating an underlying thyroid disorder. Gabrielson AT, Sartor RA, Hellstrom WJG. The Impact of Thyroid Disease on Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:57–70.
TCT-180 Incidence and Outcomes of Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Inferior versus Anterior ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a catastrophic consequence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with an in-hospital mortality rate of 30-50%. CS has been reported to be associated less often with inferior than anterior STEMI. We aimed to compare the contemporary incidence, management, and in-
Infestations in the Geriatric Patient

This article seeks to review the common infestations plaguing the geriatric population including scabies, lice, and bed bugs as incidence is on the rise in this growing population. These infestations can be debilitating, embarrassing, and burdensome to patients. We discuss classic clinical presentations, diagnostic features, first-line treatment, and management of each. A special focus is included on scabies infestations as its incidence is rapidly increasing, and unique considerations are given to the geriatric population regarding management and treatment. Furthermore, increased reports of post-scabetic pruritus pose a treatment conundrum to providers. We hope our review of common geriatric infestations including scabies, lice, and bed bugs better equips primary physicians to diagnose, treat, and manage complications following treatment.
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR REDUCES THE INCIDENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY FROM THE TREATMENT OF PRESERVED CARDIAC FUNCTION HEART FAILURE WITH AN ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST TRIAL

Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) share several risk factors including coronary artery disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and renal disease, as well as common pathophysiologic pathway involving activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, maladaptive atrial
An Automated Method for Identifying Inconsistencies within Diagrammatic Software Requirements Specifications

The development of large-scale, composite software in a geographically distributed environment is an evolutionary process. Often, in such evolving systems, striving for consistency is complicated by many factors, because development participants have various locations, skills, responsibilities, roles, opinions, languages, terminology and different degrees of abstraction they employ. This naturally leads to many partial specifications or viewpoints. These multiple views on the system being developed usually overlap. From another aspect, these multiple views give rise to the potential for inconsistency. Existing CASE tools do not efficiently manage inconsistencies in distributed development environment for a large-scale project. Based on the ViewPoints framework the WHERE (Web-Based Hypertext Environment for requirements Evolution) toolkit aims to tackle inconsistency management issues within geographically distributed software development projects. Consequently, WHERE project helps make more robust software and support software assurance process. The long term goal of WHERE tools aims to the inconsistency analysis and management in requirements specifications. A framework based on Graph Grammar theory and TCMJAVA toolkit is proposed to detect inconsistencies among viewpoints. This systematic approach uses three basic operations (UNION, DIFFERENCE, INTERSECTION) to study the static behaviors of graphic and tabular notations. From these operations, subgraphs Query, Selection, Merge, Replacement operations can be derived. This approach uses graph PRODUCTIONS (rewriting rules) to study the dynamic transformations of graphs. We discuss the feasibility of implementation these operations. Also, We present the process of porting original TCM (Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling) project from C++ to Java programming language in this thesis. A scenario based on NASA International Space Station Specification is discussed to show the applicability of our approach. Finally, conclusion and future work about inconsistency management issues in WHERE project will be summarized.
Infection of Select Pinaceae and Cupressaceae Seedlings to Phytophthora pinifolia

Phytophthora pinifolia caused a devastating disease on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile. This pathogen has not been reported in the United States, but there is concern should it arrive. There...