cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic characterization of PEEK/IM7 using coefficients of thermal expansion

Abstract Three-dimensional elastic properties of a PEEK/IM7 unidirectional lamina are determined by an approach using laminate coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurements and two known elastic constants. Specific relationships required to apply the technique and generate material elastic properties are derived from the general equations presented by the authors in a previous publication. The investigation emphasizes the feasibility and practical aspects of using CTE data to determine elastic properties. The room temperature elastic constants determined, based on measured CTEs, are compared with available data from the literature, obtained according to ASTM standard techniques. The approach, based on the CTE measurements, plus unidirectional tensile tests, allows the determination of all of the elastic constants, including the through-thickness Poisson's ratio ν23, which is not commonly quoted.
The Effect of Electric Fields on Autoionizing Resonances

We have observed electric fields to have pronounced effects on autoionization resonances in the continuum region above the first ionization threshold. These effects are observed between field-coupled levels of opposite parity which have significantly different widths in zero-field. For example, [1] a relatively sharp even parity level which is nearly degenerate with a much broader odd level causes an interference dip in the broad level which deepens as the field is increased, until at higher fields the broad level is split into two components. The two components become “plus and minus” mixtures of the zero-field states, and repel one another as the field increases further. See Figures below.
Secretin immunoreactivity in rat and pig brain

Secretin immunoreactivity in rat and pig brain has been identified and characterized utilizing a highly specific radioimmunoassay and fractionation on a high pressure liquid chromatographic system reverse phase column. One immunoreactive peak from each brain extract was observed. Secretin immunoreactivity from rat brain and duodenum coelute, but eluted slightly ahead of the immunoreactivity from pig brain and duodenum and from synthetic porcine secretin. Immunoreactive secretin is widely distributed in the thalamus, hypothalamus and olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, midbrain, septum, striatum, hippocampus, medulla and pons. The highest concentrations occur in the pineal and the pituitary gland.
Studies of the formation and structure of homomolecular and heteromolecular clusters

In order to follow the course of change from the gaseous to the condensed state, investigations of the formation and properties of hydrogen bonded clusters have been made utilizing a supersonic free-jet expansion method, coupled with modulated molecular beam detection techniques. Detailed studies of the cluster distributions for the systems (H2O)n, (H2O)n(D2O)m, and mixed clusters of the type (HNO3)x(H2O)y were undertaken. suggest that small clusters grow in the free jet to a point where they become vibrationally hot; with insufficient subsequent cooling collisions the clusters undergo unimolecular decomposition to the quasi-stable distribution detected in the mass spectrometer. A new finding of enhanced isotope effects in small clusters was made. Evidence was also obtained which suggests that clusters at very small sizes display properties normally associated with the condensed phase.
Inflammation and metabolic disorders

Metabolic and immune systems are among the most fundamental requirements for survival. Many metabolic and immune response pathways or nutrient- and pathogen-sensing systems have been evolutionarily conserved throughout species. As a result, immune response and metabolic regulation are highly integrated and the proper function of each is dependent on the other. This interface can be viewed as a central homeostatic mechanism, dysfunction of which can lead to a cluster of chronic metabolic disorders, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Collectively, these diseases constitute the greatest current threat to global human health and welfare.
Unhappy, Uninformed, or Uninterested?: Understanding “None of the Above” Voting

Elections send ambiguous signals to the political system, particularly when interpreting the meaning of various “nonvotes” (e.g., abstention, ballot spoiling, and roll-off). While a “none of the above” (NOTA) option may allow voters to better signal discontent, how NOTA voting is used is not well understood. The authors’ analysis of all races in Nevada, which has allowed for NOTA voting since 1976, suggests that NOTA voting is consistent with protest voting and limited information. Thus, while NOTA voting can be a less ambiguous signal of discontent than other nonvotes, the practice of NOTA voting is less clear.
Debye Series for Light Scattering by a Coated Nonspherical Particle

By using the extended boundary condition method, the Debye series is developed for light scattered by a coated nonspherical particle in order to interpret the angular dependence of the scattered intensity in terms of various physical processes. Numerical calculations are performed to study the influence of the coating thickness and the ellipticity of a coated spheroid on the angular position of the {alpha} and {beta} primary rainbows, which are produced by partial waves experiencing one internal reflection. The hyperbolic umbilic focal section is demonstrated and is analyzed for both the {alpha} and the {beta} rainbows.
Digestibility and nitrogen balance in lambs fed grain sorghum silage, sweet sorghum silage or fescue hay

Twelve Suffolk wether lambs, averaging 47.3 kg BW, were fed in a four-treatment digestion trial: 1. Fescue hay (FH); 2. Grain sorghum silage (GSS); 3. Brandes sweet sorghum silage (BS); and 4. Theis sweet sorghum silage (TS). Grain and sweet sorghums were harvested at the late dough stage. Lambs had ad libitum access to their respective feeds. In addition, they received 454 g concentrate daily. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, ash, GE, and NDF was comparable (P > 0.05) among treatment groups. Lambs fed GSS had lower (P < 0.05) digestibility of ether extract (EE) than those fed BS, TS, or FH. Higher (P < 0.05) digestibility of ADF occurred in lambs fed BS compared to those fed GSS or TS. Both sweet sorghum silages had higher (P < 0.05) cellulose digestibility than GSS. Percent absorbed N retained was comparable among treatment groups. Plasma urea N was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed BS than in those fed TS. Higher (P < 0.05) rumen ammonia N was found in lambs fed FH and BS than in those fed GSS or TS. Ruminal VFA was comparable among treatment groups. Results of this study suggest that nutrients in the diets were utilized similarly.
A planning module for performing grid search, factorial design, and related combinatorial studies on an automated chemistry workstation

Abstract The investigation of combinations of factors in a defined search space has broad application in chemistry experimentation. The factors can involve continuous variables such as concentration and temperature, or discrete variables such as chemical reactants or reagents. The number of data points rapidly becomes quite large in such factorial experimentation, which can be adequately handled through the use of an automated chemistry workstation. The automated chemistry workstation utilizes experiment templates for implementation of factorial designs. Experimental templates represent generic plans that are used repetitively with slight variation of designated parameters for the chemical system under investigation. A linkage is established between the dimensions of the search space and the variables in the experimental template. Various patterns of points can be selected, enabling the composition of full factorial or partial factorial designs. The search space points are inscribed in the experimental template, giving rise to one experimental plan per point in the search space. The experimental plans are assessed for resource availability and those for which resources are sufficient are then scheduled for parallel implementation on a microscale automated chemistry workstation. An adaptive feature allows unproductive experiments to be terminated early, de-allocating resources for use in other experiments. Experimental plans can be readily composed and implemented for fundamental studies of chemical reactions, generating response surfaces, performing parallel screening procedures, and creating indexed combinatorial chemical libraries.
Energy flow and power phenomena in electrical circuits: illusions and reality

Common opinions respective to the nature of the reactive power, energy flow and oscillations, as well as the notion of the apparent power in single- and in three-phase systems are discussed in this paper. It is shown that some interpretations of powers and energy flow in linear, single-phase circuits are often generalized for more complex situations where these interpretations are not longer valid. Consequently, power phenomena in electrical systems are often misinterpreted. This relates to the reactive power which occurs in three-phase systems without energy oscillation between the supply source and the load, as well as it occurs in time-variant systems without energy storage capability. Also, it was demonstrated in the paper that the arithmetic and geometric apparent powers, commonly used in three-phase systems, do not characterize the supply loading correctly when the load is unbalanced.
Is there a relationship between political orientation and cognitive ability? A test of three hypotheses in two studies

Two studies tested one linear and two curvilinear hypotheses concerning the relationship between political conservatism-liberalism and cognitive ability. Study 1, focusing on students at a selective US university (n = 7279), found support for the idea that some dimensions of conservatism are linked to lower verbal ability, whereas other dimensions are linked to higher verbal ability. There was also strong support for political extremists both on the left and right being higher in verbal ability than centrists. Study 2 employed aggregate data pertaining to the 50 US states and demonstrated that conservatism was linked to lower cognitive ability in states with high political involvement, but found conservatism to be correlated with higher average ability in states with low political involvement. The discussion addresses potential implications and criticisms of this research.
A mouse model of human L1 retrotransposition

The L1 retrotransposon has had an immense impact on the size and structure of the human genome through a variety of mechanisms, including insertional mutagenesis. To study retrotransposition in a living organism, we created a mouse model of human L1 retrotransposition. Here we show that L1 elements can retrotranspose in male germ cells, and that expression of a human L1 element under the control of its endogenous promoter is restricted to testis and ovary. In the mouse line with the highest level of L1 expression, we found two de novo L1 insertions in 135 offspring. Both insertions were structurally indistinguishable from natural endogenous insertions. This suggests that an individual L1 element can have substantial mutagenic potential. In addition to providing a valuable in vivo model of retrotransposition in mammals, these mice are an important step in the development of a new random mutagenesis system.
Neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis. 1. Central neurologic disorders

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights the medical treatment and rehabilitation intervention of certain central neurologic disorders encountered in physiatric practice. It is part of the chapter on neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article contains sections on multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Information covered in these sections includes discussions of the current medical management and the benefits of comprehensive rehabilitation and interventions for specific impairments seen in these conditions.
Energy Policy and Research: Discussion from the USDA Perspective

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has had funding difficulties because its energy research requires a longer research period compared with ERDA's orientation to rapid development and commercialization. Not enough money has come from ERDA to support the traditional method of research done by USDA, whose general research funds are committed to other priority programs. The USDA and state agricultural experiment station (SAES) need continuity in their funding if they are to follow up new technologies by modifying present systems or developing new systems for the food industry. Although the problem may soon be resolved, it is important to develop faster ways of applying new technologies and to improve interagency responses to priority needs. Several priority items are suggested.
Localization of antigenic determinants in whole Drosophila embryos

Procedures are described for removal of the vitelline membrane from gently fixed Drosophila embryos en masse. The resulting embryos retain excellent structural integrity and are now suitable for a variety of immunocytochemical and biochemical characterizations.
Dependence of Eigenvalues of Sturm–Liouville Problems on the Boundary

Abstract The eigenvalues of Sturm–Liouville (SL) problems depend not only continuously but smoothly on boundary points. The derivative of the n th eigenvalue as a function of an endpoint satisfies a first order differential equation. This for arbitrary (separated or coupled) self-adjoint regular boundary conditions. In addition, as the length of the interval shrinks to zero all higher eigenvalues march off to plus infinity. This is also true for the first (i.e., lowest) Dirichlet eigenvalue but not for the lowest Neumann eigenvalue. The latter has a finite limit.
Office of Minority Health Resource Center Digitization Project: Unexpected Benefits for Hospital Librarians

The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of Minority Health Resource Center maintains a collection of resources on health disparities in its Knowledge Center Library, which are of part...
Pharmacologic Symptom Control During the Withdrawal of Life Support: Lessons in Palliative Care

The withdrawal of life support is now a common practice in the critical care setting. This treatment provides patients and families with greater opportunities for positive end-of-life experiences. It also challenges critical care nurses to promote patient comfort without inducing death by overdose. Dyspnea, pain, anxiety, and excessive secretions are troubling symptoms that often occur during the withdrawal of life support. In this article, the author reviews pharmacologic interventions that control these symptoms, focusing on the titration of potentially lethal drugs using patient responses and the ethical principle of double effect to guide nursing practice.
Ring formation in rotating protostellar clouds

The formation of a ring during the dynamic collapse of a rotating gas cloud is shown to be an understandable physical phenomenon. By analytically integrating the equation of motion for particles in the equatorial plane of a rotating cloud which collapses in a gravitational potential well defined by a (1 - r-squared) mass density distribution the mechanism which initiates the growth of the toroidal structure is demonstrated. An analysis of the ring formation process indicates that the ring should develop in rotating, self-gravitating gas clouds which collapse from a wide range of axisymmetric intial conditions; the degree of central condensation and the initial distribution of angular momentum in a cloud should affect only the position and size of the developing ring. Ring formation, being a dynamic process in collapsing gas clouds, cannot be explained in terms of the classical ring instability that arises in rapidly rotating, equilibrium spheroids. Conditions in a cloud which should inhibit ring formation are also discussed.
Existence of the Bands 2963, 2977 in Night Sky Spectra

THE list of wave-lengths in the light of the night sky, which was reported by Gauzit1 two years ago, includes the two second positive bands of nitrogen 2963 and 2977 with an intensity ratio of 2 to 1. Since those bands lie in the region of the great Hartley absorption band of ozone, the reality of those observations could readily be open to question. The importance of additional evidence concerning this problem is understood when it is pointed out that the shortest auroral radiation which has been reported is the second positive band at 3110.
AFFINITY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN BIOMOLECULAR RECOGNITION

Affinity capillary electrophoresis is a new method for studies of biomolecular recognition. Applications reported in the literature include chiral separation of racemic biomolecules, measurement of binding constants, estimation of kinetic on- and off-rate constants, determination of binding stoichiometries (a useful tool in examining electrostatic interactions), estimation of effective charges and molecular weights of proteins, characterization of enzymatic activities and library screening for tight-binding drug candidates in solution. This technique demands only small amounts of sample (nanolitre injection volumes, picograms of proteins), involves no radiolabelled materials or chemically immobilized ligands, and does not require changes in spectroscopic characteristics upon binding. This paper reviews the most recent applications of affinity capillary electrophoresis and its use in the analysis of biomolecules.
Looking back, looking forward: a metadata standard for LANL's aDORe repository

Although often disparaged or dismissed in the library community, the MARC standard, notably the MARCXML standard, provides surprising flexibility and robustness for mapping disparate metadata to a vendor-neutral format for storage, exchange, and downstream use.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Localization of the second gene to chromosome 4q13–q23

At least two loci are known to exist for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). One was localized to 16p, but the second less common locus has remained unlinked. Over 100 microsatellite markers, distributed across all chromosomes, have been typed on informative family members from the large Sicilian kindred in which the genetic heterogeneity was first discovered. Both the affected and the unaffected status of every family member used in the study were confirmed by renal ultrasonography. This search has resulted in the successful localization of a second ADPKD gene to chromosome 4q. It was found to be flanked by the markers D4S231 and D4S414, defining a segment that spans about 9 cM. The new locus has been designated PKD4. This second localization will allow researchers to target another ADPKD gene for isolation in an effort to understand the pathogenesis of this common disorder. Furthermore, when flanking markers for the second ADPKD gene are used in conjunction with flanking markers for PKD1, the accuracy of the diagnosis of the subtype of ADPKD present in any particular family will be enhanced. This will improve the accuracy of linkage-based presymptomatic diagnoses by reducing the error due to genetic heterogeneity.
Accounting for Victimization: Social Constructionist Perspectives

This paper reviews research and theory on the social construction of victims and victimization. There are four areas of inquiry: victims’ self-processes, the collaborative accomplishment of victimization, social problems claims-making, and social movement framing. Scholars in each area take a symbolic interactionist perspective. Because victimization is potentially stigmatizing, much of this research and analysis draws on the literature on vocabularies of motive, aligning activities, and accounts. Literature on self-processes examines how victims come to see themselves as victims and their situations as deviant. Often, when they try to establish their victim identities with others, they can be discredited or blamed if they do not meet expectations of typical victims. When people want to show that a social problem exists, they use images of victims to evoke sympathy and other emotions. Sometimes, collective identities may not be sympathetic, and also need to be managed, through the framing work of activists.
BDNF Val66Met Allele Is Associated with Reduced Hippocampal Volume in Healthy Subjects

Background: A frequent polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (val 66 met) has been suggested to modulate hippocampal neuronal plasticity and has been associated with individual variations in emotional reactivity traits and episodic memory. Methods: The hippocampal formation was outlined in high-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data in a sample of 36 healthy volunteers and compared between individuals as a function of the presence of the met-BDNF allele. Both whole-brain volume corrected and uncorrected data were tested for effects of genotype, sex, and age. Results: The met-BDNF allele was associated with an 11% reduction in the volume of the hippocampal formation. Conclusions: In spite of a relatively small sample size, the presence of the met-BDNF allele was found associated with a reduced volume of the hippocampal formation in healthy volunteers and may represent a vulnerability factor for the development of disease processes associated with the dysfunction of this brain region.
Using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Treat Adolescent-Onset Bulimia Nervosa: A Case Study

This case study describes the treatment of an adolescent female, referred to as Susan, who presented for evaluation at the Eating Disorders Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Stanford University. Susan presented with symptoms of body image disturbance, dietary restriction, binge eating, self-inducted vomiting, and overexercise, and was diagnosed with bulimia nervosa (BN). She was treated with 20 sessions of manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for BN adjusted for adolescents. Susan's progress throughout treatment is detailed in this case study report. Results lend support to a scant body of case series studies attesting to the efficacy of CBT for use with adolescents with BN. Large-scale, randomized studies are needed to corroborate preliminary conclusions that have been promulgated in this case study.
Synthetic, structural and reactivity studies with new group 4 transition-metal silyl complexes

Abstract The silyl chloride complexes (η5-C5H4SiMe3)Zr[Si(SiMe3)3]Cl (1) and Cp2M[SiMe3)3]Cl (M = Ti (2); Zr (3); Hf (4)) were prepared by reaction of the appropriate metallocene dichloride with a silyl lithium reagent. The X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 3 are described. Methylation of 1, 3, and 4 with Grignard reagents afford (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2Zr[Si(SiMe3) 3]Me (5) and Cp2M[Si(SnMe3)3]Me ( M = Zr ( 6 ); Hf ( 7 ) ). Complex 1 is a catalyst for the dehydropolymerization of both PhSiH3 and nBu2SnH2 to relatively low molecular weight polymers. Whereas 3 and 4 do not react with carbon monoxide, 2 undergoes CO-induced reductive elimination to Cp2Ti(CO)2 and ClSi(SnMe3)3.
Pliocene sea surface temperatures of the north atlantic ocean at 3.0 Ma

Abstract Sea-surface temperature (SST) estimates based on quantitative analysis of planktic foraminifer faunas in North Atlantic deep sea cores suggest that high-frequency, low-amplitude variability related to orbital forcing was superimposed on long-term changes that delineate intervals within the Pliocene that were both warmer and cooler than today. SST estimates from several DSDP and ODP sites, as well as land sections, have been combined into a synoptic view of SST during a Pliocene warm interval centered at about 3.0 Ma. The Pliocene North Atlantic warm interval SST estimates show little evidence for warming in tropical regions whereas mid- to high-latitude areas show moderate to strong warming. SST estimates for the last interglacial (Isotope Stage 5e) show a similar pattern, but warming during the last interglacial was not as pronounced as the Middle Pliocene warming. The regional distribution of SST estimates during these past warm events suggests an increase in ocean circulation.
Transmission of swelling characteristics by mitochondria of regenerating liver.

As an outcome of previous work on the fine structural changes of cell particles during induced hepatic carcinogenesis1–3 and rapid liver growth3, it has been found that the mitochondria isolated from regenerating rat liver transmit their swelling characteristics to the hepatic mitochondria of the host rats following intraperitoneal injection.
Using Children's Created Cultures: Culturally Appropriate Practice in the Primary Grades.

In discussions about developmentally appropriate practice, the term “social and cultural context” is typically used to refer to the culture of children, their families, and their community. Those discussions do not usually address the unique cultures children sometimes create among themselves. Those cultures have values, rules, and norms that frequently exclude adults. As outsiders, we teachers often react to children’s created cultures by discounting them as something that interferes with education rather than something we can use. However, teachers can incorporate those cultures into their classrooms in effective ways that can enhance children’s motivation and facilitate learning.
Comment on ‘‘Approximate solution of the hydrogenlike atoms in intense laser radiation’’

Rashid (Phys. Rev. A 40, 4242 (1989)) proposes an approximate solution for the relativistic hydrogen atom in a laser field. The error he quotes is such that the solution becomes {ital exact} in the nonrelativistic limit. It is shown here to be in error.
Institutional racism in child welfare

Abstract Three reasons are most often provided to explain the persistent overrepresentation of black children in the child welfare system. One, since black families have more risk factors (unemployment, single-parent families, poverty, etc) that cause them to abuse and neglect their children more than white families, the higher representation of blacks is appropriate. Two, since blacks are more highly concentrated among the poor than whites, blacks are expected to be overrepresented in child welfare due to their lower class status—not because of their race. But this article focuses on a third explanation—institutional racism. This thesis holds that systemic discrimination, which emanates from decision-making processes in child welfare, is a major contributor to the disparate representation of black children. This analysis examines how institutional racism influences the operation of the child welfare system to result in disparate adverse effects on black children and their families. The evolution of blacks in child welfare is viewed from an historical perspective. It assesses the impact of other systems (notably mental health, special education and juvenile justice) on the child welfare system. It examines the extent to which decision-making processes at various stages of child welfare screen in black children and screen out white children. It describes how systemic racism denies vital social and economic supports to kin caregivers who are responsible for their related children. This assessment ends with practice, policy and research recommendations to reduce the overrepresentation of black children in child welfare.
Potential Antineoplastic Agents: N-(2-Benzoxazolyl)amino Acid Esters

The investigation of the preparation of N-(2-benzoxazolyl)aminoacids and esters from the reaction of aminoacids and esters with either 2-chlorobenzoxazole or 2-benzoxazolinone is described.
Longer wavelength EUV lithography (LW-EUVL)

Extreme UV Lithography (EUVL) is generally accepted as the leading candidate for next generation lithography. Several challenges remain for EUVL, especially as its insertion point is pushed to finer resolution. Although diffractive scaling may suggest a transition to shorter EUVL wavelengths, several issues arise that would make that difficult. Challenges involve issues such as flare, multilayer (ML) bandwidth, and reflector throughput which tend to worsen with decreasing wavelength. In this study, we have evaluated the tradeoff between flare scaling effects and diffractive scaling effects for EUVL, where flare induced image degradation is likely to dominate as sub-13.5 nm wavelengths are considered. With surface scatter effects scaling as 1/λ2, the idea of longer wavelength (LW-EUVL) becomes interesting. Since a working wavelength is driven by the selection of ML materials (which are molybdenum and silicon for 13.5 nm), the identification of suitable alternatives is an initial challenge. We have optimized aluminum and various refractory metals at 17.2 nm and present results. The optimized combination of aluminum with yttrium, zirconium, and other metals result in theoretical reflectivity values above 75%. We also describe possibilities for alternative LW-EUVL sources for 17.2 nm operation as well as the impact on resist absorption, especially through halogens of higher molar absorption (such as fluorine). The impact on mask absorber materials is also presented, which may also exhibit increased absorbance, leading to a lowering of film thickness requirements.
A Discovery-Based Hydrochlorination of Carvone Utilizing a Guided-Inquiry Approach To Determine the Product Structure from 13C NMR Spectra

This experiment describes a discovery-based method for the regio- and stereoselective hydrochlorination of carvone, appropriate for a 3-h second-semester organic chemistry laboratory. The product is identified through interpretation of the 13C NMR and DEPT spectra are obtained on an Anasazi EFT-60 at 15 MHz as neat samples. A guided-inquiry approach is used to aid the students with the interpretation of the NMR spectra.
Hemoglobin cleavage site-specificity of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteases falcipain-2 and falcipain-3.

The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteases falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 degrade host hemoglobin to provide free amino acids for parasite protein synthesis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis has been described as an ordered process initiated by aspartic proteases, but cysteine protease inhibitors completely block the process, suggesting that cysteine proteases can also initiate hemoglobin hydrolysis. To characterize the specific roles of falcipains, we used three approaches. First, using random P1 – P4 amino acid substrate libraries, falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 demonstrated strong preference for cleavage sites with Leu at the P2 position. Second, with overlapping peptides spanning α and β globin and proteolysis-dependent 18O labeling, hydrolysis was seen at many cleavage sites. Third, with intact hemoglobin, numerous cleavage products were identified. Our results suggest that hemoglobin hydrolysis by malaria parasites is not a highly ordered process, but rather proceeds with rapid cleavage by falcipains at multiple sites. However, falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 show strong specificity for P2 Leu in small peptide substrates, in agreement with the specificity in optimized small molecule inhibitors that was identified previously. These results are consistent with a principal role of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 in the hydrolysis of hemoglobin by P. falciparum and with the possibility of developing small molecule inhibitors with optimized specificity as antimalarial agents.
Mechanisms of osteoporosis in adult and adolescent women with anorexia nervosa

Osteoporosis is a known consequence of anorexia nervosa (AN) in adults, but the mechanism of bone loss is not established, and there have been no studies of bone mass in women developing AN before attaining peak bone mass. To investigate the causes of bone loss in AN and to determine the consequences of developing AN during adolescence on bone mass, we compared the effects of AN on cortical and trabecular bone in 26 women with AN (19 adults, 18–42 yr old, and 7 adolescents, 14.9–17.0 yr old) using direct radial photon absorptiometry and both single and dual energy spinal computed tomography. The adult AN patients had marked spinal osteopenia [mean bone density, 120 ± 28 (±sd) mg K2HPO4/cm3] compared with age-matched normal women (mean, 176 ± 26 mg K2HPO4/cm3; P = 0.0001), which was severe (>2 sd below the normal mean) in 50% of patients. Adult AN patients with the onset of amenorrhea before age 18 yr had significantly (P = 0.04) lower spinal bone density than those developing amenorrhea later (mean, 103 ±...
Semivolatile organic compounds in the ambient air of Denver, Colorado

Abstract A filter-polyurethane foam plug high volume air sampler was used to collect the particle (P) and vapor (V) phases of four classes of semivolatile organic compounds (SOC) in Denver, CO: n -alkanes. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and organochlorine pesticides. The carbon preference index (CPI) of n -alkanes in the V or P phases alone was skewed by temperature-dependent V/P partitioning; a combined gaseous + particulate CPI was preferred. The CPI suggested that the alkanes in Denver air were predominently petrogenic. Total PCB were calculated as the sum of individual congeners and also as Aroclor equivalents, with good agreement between the two methods. Apparent V/P distributions of these compound classes were expressed as A(TSP)/F , were A and F are the adsorbent- and filter-retained SOC concentrations (ng m −3 ) and TSP is the total suspended particle concentration (μg m −3 ). Values of A(TSP)/F were related to the average sampling temperature ( T , K) through: log [ A ( TSP )/ F ] = m / T + b . Fitted log A(TSP)/F at 5°C correlated well with p L 0 at 5°C, the SOC liquid vapor pressure. No differences were observed in partitioning behavior among the four SOC types.
Extraction Phenomena in Synchronous TAG Syntax and Semantics

We present a proposal for the structure of noun phrases in Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammar (STAG) syntax and semantics that permits an elegant and uniform analysis of a variety of phenomena, including quantifier scope and extraction phenomena such as wh-questions with both moved and in-place wh-words, pied-piping, stranding of prepositions, and topicalization. The tight coupling between syntax and semantics enforced by the STAG helps to illuminate the critical relationships and filter out analyses that may be appealing for either syntax or semantics alone but do not allow for a meaningful relationship between them.
Youth Resilience: Can Schools Enhance Youth Factors for Hope, Optimism, and Success?

Resilience research requires attention to the factors that promote youth development and success. Youth success is associated with youth having adults in their lives who care about them and set high expectations for them to succeed; oftentimes these adults are presumed to be the children's parents. Because youth spend a great deal of time in schools, school settings may be a place where youth resilience can be fostered. In 2004, 6th-grade youth in 5 schools in Maricopa County, Arizona, were surveyed to determine if they had factors to promote their resilience. In these schools, teachers had been trained by an agency called Kids at Hope. Kids at Hope presupposes that “all children are capable of success, no exceptions” and offers an alternative paradigm to kids at risk. The results of this research show that youth who believe that they are successful and who are optimistic about themselves and their schools are more likely to find their schools to be places where they can be successful and optimistic.
Self‐Assembly and Dispersion of Chromogenic Molecules: A Versatile and General Approach for Self‐Assessing Polymers

Self-assessing polymer blends based on poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) or linear low-density polyethylene and small amounts (0.5-2% w/w) of chromogenic sensor dyes are prepared and investigated. The cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) dyes employed in the study exhibit pronounced optical absorption changes upon self-assembly, because of charge-transfer interactions or conformation changes. The extent of dye aggregation (and therewith the optical absorption characteristics) in these blends is significantly influenced by exposure to external stimuli. Subjecting appropriately processed samples to either temperatures above their glass transition or mechanical deformation can significantly change the extent of aggregation, which in turn leads to a color change.
Molecular mechanism of chemotherapeutic drug(s)-, induced autoimmunity: a mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory.

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and their metabolic intermediates during aerobic metabolism is an essential step for a nonspecific immune defense mechanism in the mammalian host. The synchronous function of electron flow through a mitochondrial electron transport chain, and superoxide-generating system in phagocytosis is critical to eschew a partial reduction of oxygen. Defective functional coupling during this process would increase the formation of partial oxygen reduction, and thus, ROS formation [1]. Upon inactivation or loss of bioactivity of this antioxidant reserve, the ROS/RNS are prone to alter the macromolecule alteration in structural and functional proteins. The protein aggregation has been suggested to play a role in molecular mimicry, resulting in a sequence homology of structurally altered protein with auto (self) antigens inducing autoantibody formation while
Obesity, Identity and Community: Leveraging Social Networks for Behavior Change in Public Health

Obesity is a public health problem influenced by behavioral patterns that span an ecological spectrum of individual-level factors, social network factors and environmental factors. Both individual and environmental approaches necessarily include significant influences from social networks, but how and under what conditions social networks influence behavior change is often not clearly mapped out either in the obesity literature or in many intervention designs. In this paper, we provide an analysis of recent empirical work in obesity research that explicates social network influences on eating behaviors. We argue that a relational rather than individualistic view of personhood should help us better understand the content and context of social network relations that inform health behavior choices. We introduce the concept of ‘identity-constitutive affiliations’ as the glue that binds these social relationships together. Finally, we outline the implications for public health ethics in the development of effective interventions to address overweight and obesity, leveraging the content and context of social network ties to reinforce healthy (or alter unhealthy) eating. More complex treatment of positive and negative behaviors stemming from social network connections should lead to more comprehensive theoretical models of health behavior change and more effective public health interventions.
A Qualitative Comparison of Women’s Leadership Programs at Local and National Levels

A review of the most recent data maintained by the American Dental Education Association and its counterpart for medical education, the American Association of Medical Colleges, reveals that the number of women serving in significant administrative or leadership positions in medical and dental
Reducing the Complexity Gap: Expanding the Period of Human Nurturance

Socio-techno-cultural reality, in the current historical era, evolves at a faster rate than do human brain or human institutions. This reality creates a “complexity gap” that reduces human and institutional capacities to adapt to the challenges of late modernity. New insights from the neurosciences may help to reduce the complexity gap. This paper argues that an extension of the period of human nurturance is one element that may serve to reduce the complexity gap. The argument herein is a synthesis of a variety of literatures that serve to support the notion of rethinking how long humans must be nurtured and educated.
Decision-making, intermodal transportation, and sustainable mobility: towards a new paradigm

Contemporary transportation systems and policies are discussed in terms of their relationship to sustainable development. The current situation is generally characterised by policies that favour motorisation and violate fundamental elements of sustainability. Accordingly, a new vision of sustainable transportation is required, one that incorporates intermodalism for both passengers and freight. Creating a sustainable intermodal system necessitates overcoming many obstacles and can be achieved only with appropriate policy and decision‐making systems that incorporate genuine public participation. However, existing decision‐making processes and public involvement mechanisms are inadequate. New approaches need to be developed and implemented if the new transportation paradigm is to be realised.
Mutational fingerprints of aging

Using a lacZ plasmid transgenic mouse model, spectra of spontaneous point mutations were determined in brain, heart, liver, spleen and small intestine in young and old mice. While similar at a young age, the mutation spectra among these organs were significantly different in old age. In brain and heart G:C→A:T transitions at CpG sites were the predominant mutation, suggesting that oxidative damage is not a major mutagenic event in these tissues. Other base changes, especially those affecting A:T base pairs, positively correlated with increasing proliferative activity of the different tissues. A relatively high percentage of base changes at A:T base pairs and compound mutants were found in both spleen and spontaneous lymphoma, suggesting a possible role of the hypermutation process in splenocytes in carcinogenesis. The similar mutant spectra observed at a young age may reflect a common mutation mechanism for all tissues that could be driven by the rapid cell division that takes place during development. However, the spectra of the young tissues did not resemble that of the most proliferative aged tissue, implying that replicative history per se is not the underlying causal factor of age-related organ-specific differences in mutation spectra. Rather, differences in organ function, possibly in association with replicative history, may explain the divergence in mutation spectra during aging.
New Directions in Descriptive Set Theory

I will start with a quick definition of descriptive set theory: It is the study of the structure of definable sets and functions in separable completely metrizable spaces. Such spaces are usually called Polish spaces. Typical examples are R^n, C^n, (separable) Hilbert space and more generally all separable Banach spaces, the Cantor space 2^N, the Baire space N^N, the infinite symmetric group S_∞, the unitary group (of the Hilbert space), the group of measure preserving transformations of the unit interval, etc.
Suicide Bombing as a Strategic Weapon: An Empirical Investigation of Hamas and Islamic Jihad

Using twice-yearly data from 1991 to 2003, we analyze the incidents of suicide attacks by Hamas and Islamic Jihad within Israel and the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Given the exploratory nature of the question, we have first estimated the relevant coefficients by using a Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Ratio and then checked their robustness by reestimating the model with the help of a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) as an interrelated system. The results indicate that the two groups deliberately use suicide bombings as strategic weapons within the larger Israeli-Palestinian political milieu. With the Western world locked in an armed struggle with the militant extremists of Islam based on millenarian ideologies, this study emphasizes the need to develop appropriate analytical capabilities to distinguish among terrorist groups and their motivations, ideologies, and tactics. At times, Palestinian politics are dizzyingly incoherent,…at times bloody, at other times perfectly clea...
Compromised cytoarchitecture and polarized trafficking in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cells.

Cystogenesis associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by perturbations in the polarized phenotype and function of cyst-lining epithelial cells. The polycystins, the protein products of the genes mutated in the majority of ADPKD cases, have been described recently, but the pathological mechanism by which causal mutations result in the mislocalization of cell membrane proteins has remained unclear. This report documents the dissociation from the ADPKD cell basolateral membrane of three molecules essential for spatial organization and exocytosis. The adherens junction protein E-cadherin, the subcellular disposition of which governs intercellular and intracellular architecture, was discovered sequestered in an internal ADPKD cell compartment. At the same time, sec6 and sec8, components of a complex critical for basolateral cargo delivery normally arrayed at the apico-lateral apex, were depleted from the ADPKD cell plasma membrane. An analysis of membrane transport revealed that basolateral trafficking of proteins and lipids was impaired as a result of delayed cargo exit from the ADPKD cell Golgi apparatus. Apical transport proceeded normally. Taken together with recent documentation of an association between polycystin-1 and E-cadherin (Huan and van Adelsberg 1999), the data suggest that causal mutations disrupt E-cadherin–dependent cytoarchitecture, adversely affecting protein assemblies crucial for basolateral trafficking.
Higher order mode coupling effects in the feeding waveguide of a planar slot array

The effect of internal higher order modes in the feeding waveguide of a planar slot array is investigated. Both the centered-inclined coupling slot and the longitudinal-transverse coupling slot are considered. Method of moments solutions to pertinent coupled integral equations are investigated for arrays of coupling slots of the centered-inclined and longitudinal-transverse types between a main waveguide and crossed branch waveguides. It is demonstrated that, by including the TE/sub 20/ mode coupling in the analysis, most of the higher order mode effects can be accounted for in reduced height waveguides, whereas in waveguides of standard height there may be a small additional effect arising from the TE/sub 01/ mode coupling. >
Tu sabes que somos de calle The Role of Thirdspace in the Construction of a Street Child Identity

Drawing from eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, this article examines the distinctive interplay between the urban landscape, children living on the street, and outreach organizations in the d...