cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of limited soil property data and modeling to estimate root zone soil water content

Abstract Estimation of soil water content in the root zone with time in different parts of a watershed is important for both strategic and tactical management of water resources, as well as of agricultural production, water quality, and soil resources. This estimation requires detailed knowledge of rainfall intensities and meteorological variables over space and time, as well as the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil horizons and plant growth information. However, all this detailed spatial information is extremely expensive and time consuming to obtain. New technologies are helping to increase the spatial sampling of rainfall and other meteorological variables, but spatially detailed measurement of soil properties is still not practical. The best we can obtain from the existing soil survey database is the spatial distribution of soil textural class. We investigated the use of a hierarchy of limited soil input data, ranging from soil textural class of soil horizons alone, to measured soil texture and bulk densities of horizons, additional lab or field measurement of −33 kPa soil water content, to additional field measurement of average saturated hydraulic conductivity. These five modeling scenarios, along with meteorological and plant information, were input to the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to estimate 0–60 cm soil water content over a 30-day period in 1997 at the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed in Oklahoma. The estimated water contents were compared with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) profile measurements and gravimetric samplings of soil surface moisture. In addition to the five scenarios using limited input data, a more detailed set of data based on laboratory measured soil water retention curves and field measured saturated conductivity was supplied to the model for all Brooks–Corey function parameters (full description mode). Estimates of root zone soil water content using detailed input were compared to estimates obtained using minimum input data. Adjustments in specific hydraulic parameters were also made in an effort to calibrate the model to the soils in this region. Overall, reasonable agreement was found between TDR-measured and RZWQM-predicted average water contents for 0–60 cm depths. Surprisingly, the smallest errors in the predicted water contents were achieved using either the textural class only or the hydraulic properties determined in situ, with root mean square errors ranging from 0.012 to 0.018 m 3 m −3 . Hence, the model provided adequate estimates of average profile soil water content based on textural class-name only which was considered the most limited input data condition.
Intralocus sexual conflict resolved through gene duplication

Gene duplication is mainly recognized by its primary role in the origin of new genes and functions. However, the idea that gene duplication can be a central player in resolving sexual genetic conflicts through its potential to generate sex-biased and sex-specifically expressed genes, has been almost entirely overlooked. We review recent data and theory that support gene duplication as a theoretically predicted and experimentally supported means of resolving intralocus sexual antagonism. We believe that this role is probably the consequence of sexual conflict for housekeeping genes that are required in males and females, and which are expressed in sexually dimorphic tissues (i.e. where sexually antagonistic selection is exerted). We think that these genes cannot evolve tissue-specific expression unless they duplicate.
Comparative resistance of idarubicin, doxorubicin and their C-13 alcohol metabolites in human MDR1 transfected NIH-3T3 cells

The anthracycline analog idarubicin (ID) is useful in the treatment of leukemias, and is of further interest because of the unique activity of its major circulating metabolite idarubicinol (IDOL). In vitro studies have shown that ID retains activity against tumor cells made resistant by prolonged exposure to substrates of the p-glycoprotein energy-dependent efflux pump. To selectively investigate multidrug resistance to ID in tumor cells, ID, IDOL, doxorubicin (DX) and doxorubicinol (DXOL) were evaluated for growth inhibitory activity when incubated with NIH-MDR1-G185 (MDR) cells or with the parent NIH-3T3 (3T3) cells. The MDR cells are transfected with the human multidrug gene mdr1, and express a functional p-glycoprotein. ID growth inhibitory activity was much less affected by p-glycoprotein-mediated efflux than was DX. ID IC50 values were only 1.8-fold greater in the MDR cell line than in the parental 3T3 cell line, while the IC50 value for DX was 12.3-fold greater in the transfected cell line. Verapamil (VRP) fully restored drug sensitivity of the MDR cell line to ID and DX. In studies with the alcohol metabolites, IDOL and DXOL IC50 values were 7.8- and 18.9-fold greater, respectively, for the MDR cell line than for the parental cell line. Intracellular concentrations of DX and DXOL, but not ID and IDOL, were substantially increased in the MDR cells when VRP was present in the incubation mixtures. ID and IDOL retain substantial growth inhibitory activity in mdr1-transfected cells, and ID may be of value in clinical settings where multidrug resistance mediated by p-glycoprotein is a potential limitation of therapy.
Hypoglycemic effect of Brassica juncea (seeds) on streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat

Objective To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Brassica juncea (seeds) on streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rats.
Sex hormones of the aquatic fungusAchlya

Fungi in the order Saprolegniales are known to contain varying proportions of sterols, such as cholesterol and fucosterol. In the caseAchyla, it has been found that fucosterol, the major sterol component, serves as the biosynthetic precursor of the hormones, antheriodiol and the oogoniols. Antheridiol is secreted by female strains ofAchlya and induces the formation of antheridial hyphae in male strains. It also causes the male to secrete the oogoniols which induce the formation of oogonial initials in female strains. Antheriodiol is responsible for the chemotropic growth of the antheridial hyphae to a developing oogonium which results in sexual conjugation. The structures, biosynthesis, and functions of these hormones are discussed in this paper.
Endoscopic method for large-depth optical imaging of interior body organs

An optical imaging method is described, that offers imaging depth of the order of 1 cm and can be realised utilising existing medical endoscopes with the incorporation of appropriate modifications. This imaging method employs polarisation and spectral light discrimination in combination with image processing to remove a large portion of the image information from the outer layers of the tissue which leads to enhancement of the contrast and visibility of subsurface tissue structures.
Sulfatides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: synthesis of the core α,α-trehalose 2-sulfate

Abstract α,α-Trehalose 2-sulfate, the core carbohydrate of sulfatides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the 3-sulfate isomer were synthesized by sulfation of 4,6:4′,6′-di-O-benzylidene-α,α-trehalose with pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex to give the 2- and 3-sulfates, which were separated by column chromatography. The ammonium 2-sulfate salt was identical with the natural product obtained from the principal sulfatide (SL-I) of M. tuberculosis.
Fast maximum likelihood algorithm for localization of fluorescent molecules.

A common task in microscopy is to fit an image of a fluorescent probe to a point spread function (PSF) in order to estimate the position of the probe. The PSF is often approximated as a Gaussian for mathematical simplicity. We show that the separable property of the Gaussian PSF enables a reduction of computational time from O(L2) to O(L), where L is the width (in pixels) of the image. When tested on realistic simulated data, our algorithm is able to localize the probes with precision close to the Cramer–Rao lower bound.
An approximate three-dimensional theory of plates with application to crack problems☆

Elastic plate uniform extension with rectangular crack by three dimensional bending theory, using variational principle
Activity of praziquantel (0.5 mg kg-1) against Anoplocephala perfoliata (Cestoda) in equids.

Praziquantel injectable formulation was administered at 0.5 mg kg−1 per os to 24 equids naturally infected with 1–183 (average 40) Anoplocephala perfoliata. Drug activity was evaluated by a modified critical test method with necropsy 24 h after treatment. There was variable efficacy of 0–100% (aggregate average 85%); for 18 equids, 93–100% for three equids, 70–85%, and for three equids, 0–20%.
Overview and Direction in the Tandem Mirror Program

There are two main thrusts to the tandem mirror program at the present time. One is to gather the experimental data base to verify the axicell thermal-barrier concept and the other to improve the end plugs for tandems. With such improvements one might approach the ideal fusion reactor, a simple solenoid of modular elements whose ends are but a modest perturbation on the configuration from both a cost and technological viewpoint. Progress toward these two goals is discussed here, and the directions to be taken in the immediate future are described.
Substituting Disk Failure Avoidance for Redundancy in Wide Area Fault Tolerant Storage Systems

The primary mechanism for overcoming faults in modern storage systems is to introduce redundancy in the form of replication and/or error correcting codes. The costs of such redundancy in hardware, system availability and overall complexity can be substantial, depending on the number and pattern of faults that are handled. In this paper, we describe a system that seeks to use disk failure avoidance to reduce the need for costly redundancy by using adaptive heuristics that predict such failures. While a number of predictive factors such as hard drive utilization rate, age, SMART errors, and model can be used, the initial work we present here focuses on SMART errors. Our approach can predict where near term disk failures are more likely to occur, enabling proactive movement/replication of at-risk data, thus maintaining data integrity and availability. Our strategy can reduce costs due to redundant storage without compromising these important requirements.
Growing up is hard to do: Rock and roll performers as cultural heroes

This paper describes the changing nature of the rock and roll artist as a cultural symbol. The first rock stars (e.g., Elvis) were heroes for the young but decidedly antiheroic to adult society. Transitional ones (e.g., Beatles, Bob Dylan) contributed to the commercial viability of rock and more sharply defined their antiheroism in the 1960's. Contemporary artists are drawn from a wider variety of backgrounds (e.g., Tina Turner, Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen) and their cultural significance extends beyond their musical talents. The Live Aid, USA for Africa, and Farm Aid efforts illustrate the latter point. The contemporary heroic status of rock stars is due to two factors: 1) Over the years rock and roll has gradually become pop music; and 2) The antiheroic protests that rock was originally identified with have become more acceptable, even institutionalized. Rock stars are a kind of “new” hero. Their link to the mass media ensures visibility and discloses their antiheroism as well. In a complex proce...
HERMAPHRODISM. BILATERAL OVOTESTES WITH SUPRARENAL-LIKE REMNANTS

THE TERM, true hermaphrodism, is restricted to those individuals who have gonads characteris-tic of both sexes, that is both male and female formed elements in either one or both gonads. The (type of hermaphrodism seen in lower forms as a usual feature in reproduction does not occur in vertebrates, although non-functioning types are not infrequently reported for pigs and goats (2, 3) as well as man (4). Witschi (1) states “the true hermaphrodite is characterized by the co-existence of ovarian and testicular tissue … whether or not one requires the presence of spermatogonia for the recognition of testicular i character is purely a matter of terminology.” No functional hermaphrodite has been described in man. The patient herein presented was referred to the endocrine division in 1938 at the age of 20.
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury can be modulated with thymoglobulin induction therapy

Abstract Background Thymoglobulin induction therapy has been shown to ameliorate delayed graft function and possibly decrease ischemia reperfusion injury in cadaver renal transplant recipients. This controlled randomized trial was designed to assess whether thymoglobulin also protects liver transplant recipients from ischemia reperfusion injury. Patients and methods Twenty-two cadaver liver transplant recipients were randomized to receive either thymoglobulin (1.5 mg/kg per dose) during the anhepatic period and two doses every other day or no thymoglobulin. No differences in recipient or donor demographics were present. Maintenance immunosupression consisted of tacrolimus (or cyclosporine) and steroids for both groups. Donor biopsies were obtained during organ procurement, cold storage, and 1 hour after revascularization. Postoperative liver function tests were monitored. Early graft function, length of stay, patient and graft survival rates, incidence of primary nonfunction, and rate of rejection were assessed. Results Patient and graft survival at 3 months was 100%. There was no incidence of primary graft nonfunction and no need for retransplantation. The incidence of acute rejection was similar between the two groups. Although donor livers randomized to thymoglobulin had less optimal preimplantation biopsies, these recipients had significant decreases in ALT at day 1 compared to the control group ( P = .02), near significant decreases of total bilirubin at day 5, and shorter length of hospitalization. Conclusion Thymoglobulin allowed for more compromised liver grafts to be transplanted with less clinical evidence of ischemia reperfusion injury and improved function.
Gradients of spatial attention.

Abstract A reaction time technique was used to measure the distribution of attention following a cue to attend at a particular location. Reaction time to a target light increased with the distance of the target location from the cued location. This distance effect held both for targets that were more or less foveal than the cue. The increase in reaction time to targets at non-cued locations was generally less the more peripheral the cue. Neither the eccentricity of the target location nor the direction of the target with respect to the cue (whether it was more or less foveal) had significant effects on reaction time. However, there was a trend for less of a reaction time increase with less foveal targets. The effects of cue eccentricity and cue-target distance on reaction time are discussed in terms of their effects on the component processes that comprise the act of a shift of attention.
Microheterogeneity of the inner core region of yeast manno-protein.

Abstract The inner core linkage region fragment from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan has been fractionated into 6 components and their structures have been analyzed. They form a family of homologous oligosaccharides (Man12GNAc to Man17GNAc) with 6 or 7 mannose units in α1→6 linkage attached to N-acetylglucosamine by a β1→4 linkage, and with different amounts of side chain mannose units attached by α1→2 and α1→3 linkage.
Balancing domain decomposition for mortar mixed finite element methods

The balancing domain decomposition method for mixed finite elements by Cowsar, Mandel, and Wheeler is extended to the case of mortar mixed finite elements on non-matching multiblock grids. The algorithm involves an iterative solution of a mortar interface problem with one local Dirichlet solve and one local Neumann solve per subdomain on each iteration. A coarse solve is used to guarantee that the Neumann problems are consistent and to provide global exchange of information across subdomains. Quasi-optimal condition number bounds are derived, which are independent of the jump in coefficients between subdomains. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoporous Silver with Controllable Optical Properties Formed by Chemical Dealloying in Supercritical CO2

Nanoporous Ag was formed by selectively etching Cu from multiphase AgCu alloys using the oxidant hydrogen peroxide and the metal chelator hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfacH, 14 mM) dissolved in supercritical CO2 (60 °C and 16 MPa). The Ag films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet−visible absorption spectroscopy. Sequential oxidation and chelation produced 50−100 nm Ag ligaments that exhibited an asymmetric localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak in the green range (500−570 nm). Simultaneous oxidation and chelation produced 100−200 nm faceted Ag particles that exhibited a broader, symmetric LSPR peak centered in the red range (600−700 nm). Dealloying of phase domains containing Cu concentrations as low as 24 at % was possible. These results demonstrate a means for large-scale and low environmental footprint preparation of nanoporous metal...
Near infrared (NIR) achromatic phase retarder

The tunable near InfraRed Lyot filter (TNIRLF) is one of the focal plane instruments for Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) project of the National Solar Observatory (NSO). Achromatic half waveplate and quarter waveplates working from 1000 nm to 1700 nm will be used in this filter. In this paper, we give a description of the design and development for the synthesized achromatic waveplates using quartz plates. The retardance variation is within 1% over the full spectral range and we discuss the variance of optical axis.
Organic molecules formed in a “primordial womb”

Primordial organic molecules may have evolved in seafloor hydrothermal systems by mineral catalysis. Most organic compounds decompose in >300 °C vent fluid; however, we show that smectite-type clays can protect and promote development of diverse organic compounds that may be precursors to biomolecules. Smectite provides a safe haven for the synthesis of organic molecules, essentially like a “primordial womb.” Our experiments simulated seafloor hydrothermal conditions (300 °C, 100 MPa) and reacted common clays (montmorillonite, saponite, illite) with dilute methanol as a source of C. Montmorillonite reacts under these conditions to illite, while the other clays do not change. We observed increased organic synthesis over time with montmorillonite during mineralogical reaction. Approaching equilibrium, smectite contracts and organic molecules are expelled. Organic compounds unstable in hot fluid where the smectite reacts may survive in cooler waters outside the vent.
Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors: The Proximal and Distal Effects of Affective Variables on Behavioral Expression

This paper reports on 2 studies designed to examine the contribution of affective variables on the expression of body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs; e.g., skin picking, nail biting). The first study revealed that persons engaging in a BFRB experienced significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression than those without BFRBs. The second study was conducted to determine if repetitive behaviors were differentially affected across various emotional states and across those persons with and without BFRBs. Participants were randomly exposed to anxiety, depression, boredom, and control conditions. Results showed no differential effects on the occurrence of repetitive behaviors within the no-BFRB group; however, the BFRB group engaged in more repetitive behaviors in the Bored condition than in the Control condition. This study offers the first experimental evidence that emotional variables can have a differential impact on the expression of BFRBs.
Cytotoxicity mediated by the Fas ligand (FasL)-activated apoptotic pathway in stem cells.

Whereas it is now clear that human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) can be immunosuppressive and escape cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro and in vivo, the mechanisms of this phenomenon remain controversial. Here, we test the hypothesis that BMSCs suppress immune responses by Fas-mediated apoptosis of activated lymphocytes and find both Fas and FasL expression by primary BMSCs. Jurkat cells or activated lymphocytes were each killed by BMSCs after 72 h of co-incubation. In comparison, the cytotoxic effect of BMSCs on non-activated lymphocytes and on caspase-8(−/−) Jurkat cells was extremely low. Fas/Fc fusion protein strongly inhibited BMSC-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Although we detected a high level of Fas expression in BMSCs, stimulation of Fas with anti-Fas antibody did not result in the expected BMSC apoptosis, regardless of concentration, suggesting a disruption of the Fas activation pathway. Thus BMSCs may have an endogenous mechanism to evade Fas-mediated apoptosis. Cumulatively, these data provide a parallel between adult stem/progenitor cells and cancer cells, consistent with the idea that stem/progenitor cells can use FasL to prevent lymphocyte attack by inducing lymphocyte apoptosis during the regeneration of injured tissues.
A network thermodynamic analysis of the heat pipe

Abstract This work provides a unique view into the physics behind the heat pipe operation which was considered a thermal network of various components. Transient heat pipe behavior was described by first-order, linear, ordinary differential equations. The working fluid undergoes a thermodynamic cycle which was analyzed by T-s diagrams. The heat pipe dimensions must be “thermally compatible” with the heat pipe materials to establish the thermodynamic cycle. This was illustrated by a dimensionless number proposed here for the first time. Validated by comparisons with previous experimental and numerical studies, the present thermodynamic theory may lead to simplified heat pipe design schemes.
The Effects of Hydrolysis Conditions, and Acid and Base Additions, on the Gel-To-Ceramic Conversion in Sol-gel Derived PbTio3

Lead titanate was prepared by the sol-gel processing of metal alkoxide solutions. The effects of hydrolysis level (i.e., moles H2O/mole PbTiO3) and acid and base additions (HNO3 or NH4OH) on the properties of desiccated gels, and the gel-to-ceramic conversion, were studied. Microstructural, structural, and physical properties were characterized at three stages of the processing cycle: (i) the desiccated gel state; (ii) the amorphous state, following organic pyrolysis; and (iii) the crystalline state. Differences in the physical and structural properties for the desiccated gels, which were induced through manipulation of the hydrolysis conditions, persisted in the amorphous state after organic pyrolysis. Minor differences remained after crystallization. Variations in material properties, with low temperature processing (e.g., the gel-to-glass transformation), were considered from the standpoint of hydrolysis and additive effects on the gel network structure and consolidation behavior. Data are reported for the densification and crystallization behavior for the gels. Through proper control of hydrolysis conditions, relatively dense ceramics were obtained at temperatures as low as 700°C.
Distinct adhesive properties of ciliary and choroid neurons from the avian ciliary ganglion

The avian ciliary ganglion (CG) contains two populations of neurons: ciliary neurons, which innervate striated muscle, and choroid neurons, which innervate vascular smooth muscle. We used cell size (ciliary cells are larger) and somatostatin immunoreactivity (which is restricted to choroid cells) as markers to compare the adhesive properties of these two neuronal types. Similar numbers of freshly dissociated embryonic chick ciliary and choroid neurons adhered to laminin (laminin 1) and polylysine, consistent with the fact that each population comprises about half of the ganglionic neurons. In contrast, severalfold more ciliary neurons than choroid neurons adhered to a recombinant fragment of a synapsespecific basal lamina protein, s-laminin/laminin beta 2. Moreover, severalfold more ciliary neurons than choroid neurons adhered to a plastic surface when assayed by the method of Needels et al. in serum-free medium. Adhesion to s-laminin and plastic appears to be mediated by different cell surface components, as adhesion to recombinant s-laminin is inhibited by the tripeptide, LRE, and by Ca2+ ions, but not by heparin, whereas adhesion to plastic is LRE and Ca2+ insensitive but heparin sensitive. Both adhesive differences are apparent at embryonic day 8, soon after the ciliary and choroid neurons have begun to form synapses. Thus, two sets of neurons in the CG that send axons through different nerves and innervate different targets also show distinct adhesive behaviors.
Additional properties of an extended maximum principle

This paper establishes conditions of optimality for linear systems whoso control functions are quantized either in magnitude or in switching instants, or both. Optimization of such systems hitherto has been limited primarily to dynamic programming techniques and direct enumeration. The results are derived from the total variations of the cost functional. The main theorem provides sufficient conditions of optimality for linear systems with quadratic and positive semi-definite performance index. The results are significant for digital control systems, pulse-code-modulated control systems and some types of pulse-frequency-modulated systems which are subject to quantized variations only. For the special case where the control functions are not quantized, the optimality conditions provided by the extended maximum principle are shown to be necessary and sufficient.
Conceptual instruction and intervention as methods of acquiring teaching skills

Abstract The premise of conceptually based training is that teaching skills can be acquired through instruction or intervention directed at the acquisition or formation of concepts defining and delineating those skills. Past research shows that training based upon concepts results in gains in teaching skills. The evidence presented in the present paper shows that either instruction or intervention methods directed at conceptual change result in gains in complex teaching skills. Further evidence that level of concept acquisition and skill use are positively related is consistent with the hypothesis that concepts mediate skills. Direct and indirect implications for teacher education are drawn.
Fatty acid and carbohydrate storage in the annual reproductive cycle of Echinaster

Abstract 1. Levels of total fatty acid and carbohydrate were followed in digestive glands and gonads of the starfish, Echinaster, collected at monthly and bimonthly intervals throughout its annual cycle of growth and reproduction. 2. Fatty acid almost always occurs in the tissues at over ten times the concentration of carbohydrate and exhibits a more clearly defined systematic variation in the cycle. 3. The total content of fatty acid and carbohydrate in the bodies of both sexes increases gradually from summer until a month preceding spawning, the following May. Approximately one-half the accumulated reserves are lost in the final reproductive effort. 4. Females tend to have higher fatty acid contents than males because of low levels in the testes. The ovaries begin accumulation of fatty acids in the fall, whereas testes build up only a small amount in the late winter. 5. The annual variation in fatty acid content of the digestive glands is due to fluctuations of both the tissue concentration and the size of the organs. Concentration increases in early fall and then declines as the organs enlarge. It is suggested that digestive gland size is only indirectly related to nutritional state and may be under hormonal control.
Somatization is associated with deficits in affective Theory of Mind.

Abstract Objective To determine whether deficits in mental representation of emotion may constitute a mechanism for somatization. Methods In this case–control study, we obtained measures of cognitive and affective Theory of Mind, emotional awareness, positive and negative affect, depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms and determined psychiatric diagnoses in consecutive outpatients, aged 19 to 60, with Conversion Disorder (n = 29), Functional Somatic Syndromes (n = 30), or “explained” Medical Disorders (Controls) (n = 30). Main outcome measure was the Animations-L score, i.e., use of words describing emotional content while performing the Frith–Happe Animations (video) Task, an established Theory of Mind measure in which the emotional content of a story is conveyed through movement. Results Groups were similar in number of physical symptoms, negative affect, and ability to describe emotional experiences on a written measure that specifically solicited such descriptions. Conversion Disorder and Functional Somatic Syndrome groups scored lower on Animations-L, endorsed significantly less positive affect, and had more anxiety than Medical Controls. Animations-L and positive affect scores were predictive of group membership, with lower scores predicting somatizing conditions. Conclusions Relative to Medical Controls, a deficit in the encoding and reporting of emotion when the emotional content of the stimulus is conveyed in action occurs equally in Conversion Disorder and Functional Somatic Syndrome patients and is consistent with previous findings in somatoform disorder inpatients. Difficulty with “conversion” from implicit (action, somatic) to explicit (representational) processing of emotions, exacerbated by anxiety, may constitute a mechanism for somatization.
Rehabilitation and Preservation of the St. Lourdes Church, Tiruchirappalli

This paper reports the rehabilitation of the historic St. Lourdes Church in Tiruchirappalli, India. The structure is a critical landmark and a significant representation of religious buildings in the area. Inspections of the Gothic style masonry church were completed in 1998, where distress and decay due to water damages were identified and repaired using lime-based materials. A subsequent inspection 10 years later indicated that remains a critical issue. This case study demonstrates the importance of rehabilitation of historic structures using appropriate construction techniques including possible alternative rehabilitation approaches to ensure the preservation of these structures.
Feminism and Profit in American Hospitals The Corporate Construction of Women's Health Centers

This article provides a critical analysis of the evolution and impact of hospital-sponsored women's health centers. Using original data gathered from interviews, participant observation, and content analysis of documents and brochures, the authors describe the development of four models of hospital-sponsored women's health centers and illustrate three specific mechanisms of the co-optation process. They show how many elements of feminist health care were used for the purpose of marketing and revenue production rather than for empowering women and transforming the delivery of care. Following Stratigaki's notion of negative countereffect, the authors show how the key feminist concepts of women-centered care and empowerment ended up contradicting their original meaning and purpose. Rather than being the subject of care, women became the object of treatment and revenue production.
Development of ultrasonically levitated drops as microreactors for study of enzyme kinetics and potential as a universal portable analysis system

Development of microfluidics has focused on carrying out chemical synthesis and analysis in ever-smaller volumes of solution. In most cases, flow systems are made of either quartz, glass, or an easily moldable polymer such as polydimethylsiloxane (Whitesides 2006). As the system shrinks, the ratio of surface area to volume increases. For studies of either free radical chemistry or protein chemistry, this is undesirable. Proteins stick to surfaces, biofilms grow on surfaces, and radicals annihilate on walls (Lewis et al. 2006). Thus, under those circumstances where small amounts of reactants must be employed, typical microfluidic systems are incompatible with the chemistry one wishes to study. We have developed an alternative approach. We use ultrasonically levitated microliter drops as well mixed microreactors. Depending on whether capillaries (to form the drop) and electrochemical sensors are in contact with the drop or whether there are no contacting solids, the ratio of solid surface area to volume is low or zero. The only interface seen by reactants is a liquid/air interface (or, more generally, liquid/gas, as any gas may be used to support the drop). While drop levitation has been reported since at least the 1940's, we are the second group to carry out enzyme reactions in levitated drops, (Weis; Nardozzi 2005) and have fabricated the lowest power levitator in the literature (Field; Scheeline 2007). The low consumption aspects of ordinary microfluidics combine with a contact-free determination cell (the levitated drop) that ensures against cross-contamination, minimizes the likelihood of biofilm formation, and is robust to changes in temperature and humidity (Lide 1992). We report kinetics measurements in levitated drops and explain how outgrowths of these accomplishments will lead to portable chemistry/biology laboratories well suited to detection of a wide range of chemical and biological agents in the asymmetric battlefield environment.
Binding of [3H]estradiol by brain cell nuclei and female rat sexual behavior: inhibition by antiestrogens

The antiestrogens MER-25, CI-628, and nafoxidine inhibit the uptake of [3H]-estradiol in whole homogenates and isolated cell nuclei tissues and the pituitary, and inhibit estradiol-induced female sexual behavior. The antiestrogens were injected intraperitoneally 2 h prior to an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol, and the animals were killed 2 h after the estradiol. CI-628 reduces radioactivity in whole homogenates and isolated cell nuclei of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, preoptic area -septum and pituitary. Nafoxidine reduces uptake in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus, preoptic area-septum and pituitary. In this paradigm, MER-25 inhibited uptake only in the pituitary. In the analogous behavioral experiments, with antiestrogens injected 2 h prior to an intravenous injection of unesterified estradiol, CI-628 and nafoxidine totally inhibited lordosis responding. MER-25 shows no inhibition of behavior in this paradigm. However, when MER-25 is injected 12 h prior to the estradiol, it inhibits retention of [3H]estradiol at 2 h in brain and pituitary cell nuclei, and lordosis responding is also inhibited. Additionally, the antiestrogens can apparently displace previously bound [3H]estrdiol. When the antiestrogens are injected 2 h prior to an injection of [3H]estradiol, MER-25, CI-628 and nafoxidine all show greater inhibition of nuclear estradiol retention at 12 h after the [3H]estradiol injection than 2 h. Analogously, when CI-628 is injected 2 h after an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol, it displaces most of the radioactivity present in hypothalamic-preoptic area nuclei at 12 h after the estradiol injection. These results indicate that antiestrogens can prevent or reverse the nuclear concentration of estradiol in brain cells and are consistent with a role of the cell nucleus in the induction of estrous behavior by estradiol.
Characterization of the private alternatives domains admitting arrow social welfare functions

Abstract An n -person social choice problem is considered in which the alternatives are n dimensional vectors with the i th component of such a vector being the part of the alternative effecting individual i alone. Assuming that individuals are selfish ( i is indifferent between any two alternatives that have the same i th component) we characterize all the families of permissible individual preferences that admit nondictatorial Arrow-type social welfare functions. We also show that the existence of such a function for a given family of preferences is independent of n provided that is greater than one.
Elastodynamic locomotion in mesoscale robotic insects

One of the critical problems in the design of autonomous insects is power consumption. The independent control of several legs is energetically expensive, while the energy capacity of typical electrochemical batteries is quite small. The net result is autonomous robotic insects that have extremely limited range. The authors propose an alternative approach to this problem that enables autonomous robot insects that exhibit extremely high movement efficiency, and thus are capable of long range missions. Specifically, the desired limb motion is obtained by designing a lightly damped skeletal structure and exciting the skeletal structure at an appropriate resonance. The approach is called elastodynamic locomotion. Rather than altering the open-loop dynamics of the machine, as is the case with conventional-scale machine control, the control actuator serves only as an excitation source that excites the open-loop dynamics of the skeleton structure. Since the motion of the insect limbs operate at their structural resonance, the acceleration and deceleration for each motion (i.e.: stride for a walking machine) requires no power, which results in a highly efficient machine. Since the motion of the insect limbs is determined by design and not by control, the primary focus of this work is in the design of a skeletal structure that will exhibit walking motion when vibrationally excited. This paper presents various insect designs that will generate a walking or flying motion with minimal actuation.
Regression analysis and problems of multicollinearity

Multicollinearity or linear dependence among the vectors of regressor variables in a multiple linear regression analysis can have sever effects on the estimation of parameters and on variables selection techniques. This expository paper examines the sources of multicollinearity and discusses some of its harmful affects. Several methods proposed in the literature for detecting multicollinearity and dealing with the associated problems are also presented and discussed.
Heterogeneity parameters by light scattering for statistical copolymers incorporating long side‐chain comonomers

Heterogeneity parameters were obtained by light scattering for a series of statistical copolymers incorporating long side-chain comonomers, by employing the method of Bushuk and Benoit. These copolymers were selected to exhibit varied compositional drift as required by copolymerization theory. The magnitude of the parameters found agreed qualitatively with the heterogeneity expected from the drift in composition with conversion. This was calculated using the treatment of Skeist, as modified by Kruse. However, values greater than the limit of unity were found in two instances for the heterogeneity index, Q/Qmax, which relates the compositional drift constant Q to the maximum value obtained for mixtures of homopolymers. These anomalies were attributed to the insensitivity of the method for heterogeneous copolymers having small differences in the refractive increaments of their respective homopolymers. The magnitude and sign of P, which reflects molecular weight effects on composition, was questionable because of experimental error. Both effects appear to be general deficiencies of the method, which limit its practical use. For solvents with high values of dn/dc (≈0.1), the observed weight-average molecular weight approached the true value.
A markov chain analysis of the size of hog production firms in the United States.

The U+S+ hog industry expanded rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s+ Along with this expansion, hog farms have become larger, partly due to economies of size and new business arrangements+ Using markov chain analysis, this study analyzes the movement of hog farms among three different size categories+ Results indicate that the hog‐corn price ratio has continued to affect the entry and exit of small hog farms, and has influenced the movement of hog farms among size categories+ Interest rates, processing capacity, and agglomeration economies have impacted new entry of hog farms in the Unites States @L110, L230#+ © 2001 John Wiley & Sons , Inc+
Retroviral Restriction Factor TRIM5α Is a Trimer

The retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5α targets the viral capsid soon after entry. Here we show that the TRIM5α protein oligomerizes into trimers. The TRIM5α coiled-coil and B30.2(SPRY) domains make important contributions to the formation and/or stability of the trimers. A functionally defective TRIM5α mutant with the RING and B-box 2 domains deleted can form heterotrimers with wild-type TRIM5α, accounting for the observed dominant-negative activity of the mutant protein. Trimerization potentially allows TRIM5α to interact with threefold pseudosymmetrical structures on retroviral capsids.
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE BIAS AND THE MARLOWE-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE

The reported studies investigated two issues of importance to researchers and practitioners interested in the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, the sensitivity or social desirability of the individual items comprising the scale and the continued appropriateness of the original scoring scheme presented in 1960. Analysis indicates that over half of the items may no longer be sensitive enough to be useful. Also, it appears that the original keying may no longer be appropriate for a number of items. Finally, based on these findings, implications for the continued use of the Marlowe-Crowne Scale are discussed.
Economic development and the university: A case study of a failed program

This paper summarizes the basis of university attempts in the United States to stimulate economic development. Next, the paper describes the background of a particular university's economic development program. The projects and especially the problems of that university's economic development program are enumerated in detail. The problems include financial losses in particular projects large enough to cause the university to terminate the program, corruption, widespread public criticism of the program and of the university, and criminal convictions of two top officers of the program. Perspectives from the study of university-business relationships as well as from the study of public finance and budgeting and of deviance and white-collar crime help interpret the problems of the program. Possible solutions to such problems are offered. These suggestions include budgeting and reporting requirements, as well as a variety of structural features that need to be part of university economic development programs.
Secondary Special Education Teachers as Teacher Leaders: Redefining Their Role.

AbstractAs the responsibilities and challenges of special education teachers at the secondary level increase, their roles are expanding to include mentor, coach, and facilitator for other teachers. In these roles, they lend their expertise and skills to become the new teacher leaders for today's inclusive secondary classroom settings.
Effects of auditory training on adult cochlear implant patients: a preliminary report

AbstractThe process of learning new electrically stimulated speech patterns can be difficult for many cochlear implant users, especially congenitally deafened patients. Some implant users receive little benefit from the device, even after long-term experience. While many factors may influence individual patient outcomes, the paucity of auditory rehabilitation resources, especially for adult users, may contribute to some implant patients' poorer performance. The present study examined whether moderate auditory training, using speech stimuli, can improve the speech-recognition performance of adult cochlear implant patients. Ten cochlear implant patients with limited speech-recognition capabilities used a recently developed computerbased auditory rehabilitation tool to train at home for a period of one month or longer. Before training began, baseline speech-recognition performance was measured for each patient; baseline performance was measured for at least two weeks, until performance asymptoted. After base...
On the Volume Conservation of the Immersed Boundary Method

The immersed boundary (IB) method is an approach to problems of fluid-struc- ture interaction in which an elastic structure is immersed in a viscous incompress- ible fluid. The IB formulation of such problems uses a Lagrangian description of the structure and an Eulerian description of the fluid. It is well known that some ver- sions of the IB method can suffer from poor volume conservation. Methods have been introduced to improve the volume-conservation properties of the IB method, but they either have been fairly specialized, or have used complex, nonstandard Eulerian finite-difference discretizations. In this paper, we use quasi-static and dynamic bench- mark problems to investigate the effect of the choice of Eulerian discretization on the volume-conservation properties of a formally second-order accurate IB method. We consider both collocated and staggered-grid discretization methods. For the tests con- sidered herein, the staggered-grid IB scheme generally yields at least a modest im- provement in volume conservation when compared to cell-centered methods, and in many cases considered in this work, the spurious volume changes exhibited by the staggered-grid IB method are more than an order of magnitude smaller than those of the collocated schemes. We also compare the performance of cell-centered schemes that use either exact or approximate projection methods. We find that the volume- conservation properties of approximate projection IB methods depend strongly on the formulation of the projection method. When used with the IB method, we find that pressure-free approximate projection methods can yield extremely poor volume con- servation, whereas pressure-increment approximate projection methods yield volume conservation that is nearly identical to that of a cell-centered exact projection method. AMS subject classifications: 65M06, 65M20, 65R10, 74F10, 76D05
E. O. Wooton: New Mexico's Pioneer Botanist

When Hiram Hadley first opened the doors of the Las Cruces College in southern New Mexico in 1888, several explorers, scientific collectors, botanists, and naturalists had already criss-crossed the Territory. A youthful William Gambel collected plants in the vicinity of Santa Fe in 1841 and 1842; physician Frederick Adolphus Wislizenus made a rather extensive exploration of the region in 1846; August Fendler botanized the environs of Santa Fe in 1847; and Charles Wright walked across Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona as part of the 1851 survey of the United States Mexico Boundary, resulting in the discovery of more than 75 New Mexico plants that now bear his name. But when the town of Las Cruces, in the southernmost reaches of New Mexico Territory, won the appointment for the Agricultural College mandated by the Morrill Act of 1862, Hadley's little Las Cruces College was converted to the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and in January 1890, Elmer Ottis Wooton began his appointment as the Territory's first resident plant scientist (Fig. 1). Born 19 September 1865 in Kokomo, Indiana, Wooton (known to all as E. O.) grew up in a Quaker family in the Indianapolis area. His father, William S. Wooton, was a devoted minister and exceptional furniture maker, who became famous for his patented Cabinet Office Secretary, an elaborate wheeled desk with a myriad of cubby-holes, drawers, nooks, and crannies (John D. Rockefeller, Ulysses S. Grant, Joseph Pulitzer, and Queen Victoria each owned one). The son's first full-time job after graduating from Earlham College in 1889 was his engagement by the fledgling New Mexico College as Professor of Chemistry and Botany, with a corresponding appointment as the Experiment Station Chemist and Botanist, at $1,000 per annum.