cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse: VI. Suppression of IgE and IgG antibody responses to ovalbumin following the administration of high dose urea-denatured antigen☆

Abstract The major antigenic determinants in ovalbumin molecules (OA) were lost following denaturation in 8 M urea. The urea-denatured antigen (UD-OA) failed to combine with anti-OA antibody, but was capable of priming mouse T cells specific for OA. BDF 1 mice primed with alum-precipitated OA were given three intravenous injections of 100 μg UD-OA at 3, 5, and 7 days after the primary immunization. The treatment with UD-OA suppressed both IgE and IgG antibody responses to OA. The same treatment of OA-primed animals with intravenous injections of OA resulted in suppression of IgE antibody response but enhanced IgG antibody response. Intravenous injections of either OA or UD-OA suppressed both IgE and IgG anti-DNP antibody responses of DNP-OA-primed animals but failed to suppress anti-hapten antibody responses to DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The effect of the treatment on helper T cells and B memory cells in OA-primed animals was studied by adoptive transfer experiments. The results showed that the OA-treatment as well as UD-OA-treatment suppressed the development of both helper function of T cells and B memory cells in the spleen, but the UD-OA treatment was more effective than OA-treatment for the suppression of B cell development. Possible mechanisms for the suppression of the development of immunocompetent cells were discussed.
Charge-Ordering in Manganates

A. K. Cheetham Several compounds are known to exhibit magnetoresistance, a change in electrical resistivity in the presence of magnetic field. Such materials are of interest both for technology and basic science. In their Perspective, Rao and Cheetham discuss recent results on magnetoresistance in rare-earth manganate materials, which exhibit especially interesting fundamental physical phenomena.
Development of a Brief Multidimensional Aversion to Women Who Work Scale

A brief multidimensional measure of aversion to women who work (MAWWWS) was developed using data collected from 175 predominantly lower income Anglo American undergraduate and graduate students attending a medium-sized university located in the southern United States. Findings indicated that the 10-item measure exhibited acceptable reliability, as well as adequate convergent and criterion validities. Consequently, the MAWWWS may be a useful measure of employment-related gender attitudes.
George Beadle's other hypothesis: one-gene, one-trait.

THREE decades before he was awarded the Nobel prize for his work on the model organism, Neurospora, and the “one-gene, one-enzyme” hypothesis, George Beadle cut his scientific teeth on a distinctly nonmodel organism, teosinte, a wild grass that is closely related to maize. This early work on
A Transformational Melancholy: One Law Professor's Journey Through Depression

In the fall 2007 issue of the Journal of Legal Education, Professor James Jones shared his deeply personal, remarkable, ongoing, story of living, struggling and succeeding as a law professor with bipolar disorder (James T.R. Jones, Walking the Tightrope of Bipolar Disorder: The Secret Life of a Law Professor, 57 J. LEGAL ED. 349 (2007). His essay ended with an invitation to other members of the legal academy to contact him or Professor Elyn Saks, author of an extraordinary memoir about her life with schizophrenia, (ELYN R. SAKS, THE CENTER CANNOT HOLD (2007)) if interested in forming a confidential support group for legal academics with mental illness. This is my public response to Professor Jones’ invitation. I, too, have struggled with a mental disorder. Luckily, however, unlike that of Professor James Jones or Elyn Saks, my story is one of episodic, not chronic, mental illness. Over the course of more than three decades, I have suffered six episodes of major clinical depression. However, I have been blessed with a combination of compassionate, loving people, wise professionals, a fair amount of good luck, and a basically optimistic and resilient personality. With the consistent support of family, friends, empathetic employers, and caring psychiatrists, I have, despite it all, thrived. I share my story for several reasons. One is to join Professor Jones’ and Dean Saks’ brave campaigns to help de-stigmatize, to normalize, mental illness generally, and among the legal academy in particular. Another is my supposition that there are more law professors who have suffered from clinical depression similar to what I have experienced than have coped with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Finally, I hope to inspire others who have born mental illness to use their own experiences, when feasible, to help their students, colleagues, and the practicing bar.
Raman scattering in monodomain RbCoF3

Polarized Raman spectra are reported for scattering from a single oriented antiferromagnetic domain in RbCoF3. Monodomain samples were achieved by the application of a small [100] uniaxial stress. Spectra were recorded at 2 K using non-absorbed, orange laser light. The D4h symmetry assignments for the principal features are: 34(Γ+5), 335 (Γ+1 and Γ+1), 420 (Γ+1), 950 (Γ+3) and 1050 cm-1 (Γ+1). These results are not consistent with the prediction of previous models for magnetic exciton scattering.
Study of electron solvation in polar solvents using path integral calculations

A path-integral Monte Carlo algorithm for the simulation of electrons solvated in polar liquids is briefly outlined, and results are presented for the electron solvated in liquid water.
Dynamics of Charged Macromolecules in Solution

Light scattering provides a sensitive tool for the study of solutions of charged macromolecules. This chapter deals with three separate problems involving polyelectrolyte solutions. The first problem is to interpret the spectrum of solutions in which the coulombic interactions between highly charged spherical polyions leads to long range spatial and dynamic correlations. The second problem is to provide a general irreversible thermodynamic framework for the description of electrophoresis experiments, and the third problem is to show how number fluctuation experiments can be used to study the correlation lengths as well as electrophoresis in charged systems. All of these problems are connected.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Stanton Survey Honesty Test:

The test-retest reliability of the Stanton Survey honesty test was examined. Data were collected in two rounds of testing of 51 and 35 college students with at least 6 mo. work experience. Each student took the Stanton Survey on 2 occasions separated by 6 wk. The over-all test-retest reliability of the combined groups was .90. This high reliability is also reflected in subscore correlations of .89 and .86, indicating that test takers respond very consistently in both their attitudes and admissions of past dishonesty and drug usage.
CHILD-REARING ATTITUDES OF CHINESE, CHINESE-AMERICAN, AND ANGLO-AMERICAN MOTHERS

Abstract Three groups of mothers with different cultural backgrounds, 397 Chinese living in Taiwan, 95 Chinese-Americans immigrated from Taiwan, and 213 Anglo-Americans, were administered the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). Significant differences were found on all three attitudinal factors and on all 23 attitudinal scales. The results showed that (1) the Chinese mothers were most restrictive, the Anglo-American mothers were least restrictive, and the Chinese-American mothers were intermediate on the continuum of authoritarian-control; (2) the Chinese-American mothers were more likely lo approve the expression of hostility or rejection than the Chinese or Anglo-American mothers; (3) the Chinese-American mothers were more democratic than the Chinese mothers, and the Chinese mothers, more democratic than the Anglo-American mothers.
Calcineurin/Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells and MAPK Signaling Induce TNF-α Gene Expression in Pancreatic Islet Endocrine Cells

Cytokines contribute to pancreatic islet inflammation, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetic diseases. A plethora of data shows that proinflammatory cytokines are produced in pancreatic islets by infiltrating mononuclear immune cells. Here, we show that pancreatic islet α cells and β cells express tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other cytokines capable of promoting islet inflammation when exposed to interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Cytokine expression by β cells was dependent on calcineurin (CN)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and MAPK signaling. NFAT associated with the TNF-α promoter in response to stimuli and synergistically activated promoter activity with ATF2 and c-Jun. In contrast, the β-cell-specific transcriptional activator MafA could repress NFAT-mediated TNF-α gene expression whenever C/EBP-β was bound to the promoter. NFAT differentially regulated the TNF-α gene depending upon the expression and MAPK-dependent activation of interacting basic leucine zipper partners in β cells. Both p38 and JNK were required for induction of TNF-α mRNA and protein expression. Collectively, the data show that glucose and IL-1β can activate signaling pathways, which control induction and repression of cytokines in pancreatic endocrine cells. Thus, by these mechanisms, pancreatic β cells themselves may contribute to islet inflammation and their own immunological destruction in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Rapid Unexpected Brain Herniation in Association with Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Brain Injury: Caution in the Neurocritical Care Unit

Introduction We aim to raise awareness for the potential for rapid brain edema and herniation in acutely braininjured patients undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT), including one case undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) may have been a possible cause for the brain edema. Methods We retrospectively reviewed four consecutive neurocritically ill patients in acute renal failure undergoing RRT between 2011 and 2013. Imaging, blood pressure, and laboratory data pre-, during, and post-RRT are presented in graphical form. We performed an extensive literature review. Results All patients suffered rapidly progressive herniation and death from global brain edema closely related in time to RRT, without other identifiable causes even after detailed review by three neurointensivists. Common clinical symptoms included sudden onset fixed and dilated pupils with apnea, consistent with brain stem compression. Herniation was not reversed by high-dose osmotherapy, and all patients died. Our detailed literature review provides plausible mechanisms for DDS as the most likely cause for our patients’ brain edema. Conclusions Even today, sudden brain edema and herniation may occur in association with RRT in neurocritically ill patients. We call for the establishment of RRT guidelines in patients with acute neurological injuries.
Refracting articulations of citizenship, delicuencia and vigilantism in boys’ sociodramatic play in postwar Guatemala

Abstract In this paper I examine the intersection of cultural citizenship and Guatemalan childhoods in boys’ sociodramatic play within a single peer network. Specifically, I focus on their enactment of expressions of delincuencia (social delinquency) and linchamientos (lynchings) associated with Guatemalan forms of “new violence” characterizing the postwar era. I argue that through their engagement with these overdetermined images, new meanings and identifications inhered not only in the ways children tacitly expressed their understandings of duplicitous relations and malign acts, but also in the forms of social organization that were actualized in play. In particular, in these playfully keyed exchanges boys refracted circulating discourses characterizing neoliberal citizenship and racialized and gendered representations of postwar violence.
Bismuth(III) coordination compounds. Synthesis, characterization, and X-ray structures of [Bi(Cl)(μ-Cl)2(THF)2]∞, Bi(O2CMe)3(Solv)x (Solv = py, x = 2 or MeIm, x = 4) [1], and [Bi(μ-OCH2CMe3)(OCH2CMe3)2(Solv)]2 (Solv = HOCH2CMe3 or py)

Abstract We have isolated and structurally characterized several novel bismuth coordination compounds. Dissolution of Bi(NO3)3 · 5H2O in concentrated HCl, followed by crystallization from THF lead to the isolation of [Bi(Cl)(μ-Cl)2(THF2]∞ 1. Each bismuth metal center of 1 adopts a 7-coordinated pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. One THF solvent molecule and one terminal chloride ligand are located in each of the axial positions. A terminal THF solvent molecule and four bridging chlorides reside in the equatorial positions. Dissolution of Bi(O2CMe)3 in pyridine (py) or N-methylimidazole (MeIm) results in the isolation of the appropriate amine adduct, either Bi(O2CMe)3(py)2, 2 or Bi(O2CMe)3(MeIm)3 · (MeIm), 3. Compound 2 uses two py molecules to adopt an unusual (for bismuth acetate species) 8-coordinated triangular dodecahedral geometry. In contrast, 3 incorporates three MeIm molecules to adopt the 9-coordinated tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry typically observed for bismuth acetate compounds (a “free” MeIm molecule is located in the lattice). The reaction of Bi[N(SiMe3)2]3 with HOCH2CMe3 (HONp) yields [Bi(μ-ONp)(ONp)2(HONp)]2, 4. An alternative synthetic route to 4 is the metathical exchange between BiCl3 and 3 equivalents of NaONp in the presence of HONp. The bismuth atoms of 4 are 5-coordinated and adopt an apical-shared, square base pyramidal (SP) arrangement. Recrystallization of 4 from py yields the dinuclear complex [Bi(μ-ONp)(ONp)2(py)]2, 5. The Bi atoms of 5 also adopt a 5-coordinated SP geometry; however, the two metal centers are linked through a basal-shared arrangement. The apical ONp ligands are in an up-down relationship to each other.
Antiparkinson Drug Use and Adherence in Medicare Part D Beneficiaries With Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract Background Antiparkinson drugs (APDs) are the mainstay of managing Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there is paucity of evidence documenting patterns of APD use and examining factors associated with adherence to APDs. Objectives Our goal was to provide updated, comprehensive population-based data on APD use and adherence and to examine characteristics associated with adherence behaviors. Methods We analyzed data from 7583 beneficiaries with PD who had ≥2 APD prescription fills and were continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A, B, and D for up to 19 months (from June 1, 2006, through December 31, 2007) or until death in 2007. We assessed 5 patterns of APD use: (1) concurrent use of ≥2 APD classes for ≥30 days; (2) switching of APDs from 1 to another; (3) augmentation of the existing regimen with a new APD; (4) duration of therapy, defined as days of APD treatment; and (5) adherence measured by using the medication possession ratio (MPR). We corrected for sample selection bias inherent in patients’ self-selection into either a Part D plan or a Medicare Advantage Prescription Plan by using Heckman’s 2-stage procedures. Results APD users were pre-dominantly aged ≥65 years (93.6%), female (59.9%), and white (89.3%). Almost one half (43.2%) of APD users concurrently used ≥2 APD classes. One in 4 APD users experienced changes in their APD regimen, with 16.4% switching medications and 21.1% augmenting their current regimen. Three quarters of APD users had therapy lasting ≥436 days (75.3%) and an MPR ≥0.8 (72.7%). Multivariate analyses revealed that patients aged ≥65 years, of non-white race, non–low-income subsidy recipients, late Part D enrollees, cognitively impaired, highly comorbid, and who experienced multiple changes in APD therapy were less likely to adhere to APD therapy. We were able to generalize our findings to all Part D enrollees by correcting for sample selection bias using the Heckman approach. These population-level, generalizable observations provide better understanding of APD use and adherence and assist in the design of interventions for poor adherence. Limitations include cross-sectional study design and constraints in administrative data that preclude measurement of other potential factors related to adherence. Conclusions A substantial proportion of these Medicare beneficiaries with PD used multiple APDs concurrently, experienced switching and/or augmentation of APDs, and had poor adherence to APDs. Patient characteristics and clinical and drug-related factors were important predictors of APD adherence.
Stability of Axisymmetric Thermocapillary Flows in an Open Vertical Cylinder With Lateral Heating

Instability of Marangoni-Rayleigh-Benard convection of low Prandtl number fluid in an open vertical cylinder subjected to lateral heating is investigated using higher order finite difference scheme. Radiative boundary condition is applied to the free surface and bottom of the cylinder is adiabatic. The axisymmetric base flow is solved and then linear stability analysis is conducted to determine the critical points at which the flow becomes asymmetric. It is revealed that the Marangoni flow plays a stabilizing role to the Rayleigh-Benard convection.© 2005 ASME
ODVBA-C: Optimally-Discriminative Voxel-Based Analysis of Continuous Variables

In this paper, we propose a new method that utilizes a novel spatially adaptive scheme for detection of multivariate neuroimaging patterns relating to a continuous subject-level variable, aiming to effectively determine the optimal spatially adaptive filtering of neuroimaging data from the perspective of finding relationships between imaging and continues (e.g. clinical and cognitive) variables. Analyses employ local pattern analysis using regularized least square regression with nonnegativity constraints within a spatial neighborhood around each voxel. Within each neighborhood, we determine the optimal regression coefficients that relate local patterns to the continuous variable of interest. As each voxel belongs to multiple overlapping neighborhoods, the statistic for a given voxel is determined by combining weights from all neighborhoods to which the voxel participates. Finally, non-parametric permutation testing is used to obtain a voxelwise significance map. Using both simulated and real fMRI data, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Data and Software Preservation for Open Science (DASPOS)

Data and Software Preservation for Open Science (DASPOS), represents a first attempt to establish a formal collaboration tying together physicists from the CMS and ATLAS experiments at the LHC and the Tevatron experiments with experts in digital curation, heterogeneous high-throughput storage systems, large-scale computing systems, and grid access and infrastructure. Recently funded by the National Science Foundation, the project is organizing multiple workshops aimed at understanding use cases for data, software, and knowledge preservation in High Energy Physics and other scientific disciplines, including BioInformatics and Astrophysics. The goal of this project is the technical development and specification of an architecture for curating HEP data and software to the point where the repetition of a physics analysis using only the archived data, software, and analysis description is possible. The novelty of this effort is this holistic approach, where not only data but also software and frameworks necessary to use the data are part of the preservation effort, making it true “physics preservation” rather than merely data preservation.
Micro–macro-discrepancies in nonlinear microrheology: I. Quantifying mechanisms in a suspension of Brownian ellipsoids

Active and nonlinear microrheology experiments involve a colloidal probe that is forced to move within a material, with the goal of recovering the nonlinear rheological response properties of the material. Various mechanisms cause discrepancies between the nonlinear rheology measured microrheologically and macroscopically, including direct probe?bath collisions, the Lagrangian unsteadiness experienced by the material elements, and the spatially inhomogeneous and rheologically mixed strain field set up around the probe. Here, we perform computational nonlinear microrheology experiments, in which a colloidal probe translates through a dilute suspension of Brownian ellipsoids, whose results we compare against analogous computational experiments on the macroscopic shear rheology of the same model material. The quantitative impact of each of the mechanisms for micro?macro-discrepancy can thus be computed directly, with additional computational experiments performed where the processes in question are ?turned off?. We show that all three discrepancy mechanisms impact the microrheological measurement quantitatively, and that none can be neglected. This motivates a search for microrheological probes whose geometry or forcing is optimized to minimize these impacts, which we present in a companion article.
Compact and portable open-path sensor for simultaneous measurements of atmospheric N2O and CO using a quantum cascade laser.

A compact and portable open-path sensor for simultaneous detection of atmospheric N2O and CO has been developed with a 4.5 μm quantum cascade laser (QCL). An in-line acetylene (C2H2) gas reference cell allows for continuous monitoring of the sensor drift and calibration in rapidly changing field environments and thereby allows for open-path detection at high precision and stability. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is used to detect simultaneously both the second and fourth harmonic absorption spectra with an optimized dual modulation amplitude scheme. Multi-harmonic spectra containing atmospheric N2O, CO, and the reference C2H2 signals are fit in real-time (10 Hz) by combining a software-based lock-in amplifier with a computationally fast numerical model for WMS. The sensor consumes ~50 W of power and has a mass of ~15 kg. Precision of 0.15 ppbv N2O and 0.36 ppbv CO at 10 Hz under laboratory conditions was demonstrated. The sensor has been deployed for extended periods in the field. Simultaneous N2O and CO measurements distinguished between natural and fossil fuel combustion sources of N2O, an important greenhouse gas with poorly quantified emissions in space and time.
Correction: Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an Antiemetic in Methotrexate Treatment

Excerpt To the editor: I want to correct a statement published in our article in December 1979 (1). In the Results section, we said: "In placebo trials, where the plasma concentrations were 0 ng/mL...
The Methodology of Economic Model Building : Methodology after Samuelson

Acknowledgements Preface Prologue: Methodology vs Applied Methodology Part I: Applications of the Popper-Samuelson Demarcation 1. Economic understanding and understanding economics 2. On the methodology of economic model building 3. Implementing the Popper-Samuelson demarcation in economics Part II: Popper-Samuelson Demarcation vs the Truth Status of Models 4. Conventionalism and economic theory: methodological controversy in the 1960s 5. Methodology as an exercise in economic analysis Part III: Exploring the Limits of the Popper-Samuelson Demarcation 6. Uninformative mathematical economic models 7. On the impossibility of testability in modern economics 8. Model specifications, stochasticism and convincing tests in economics Epilogue: Methodology after Samuelson: Lessons for Methodologists Bibliography Names Index Subject Index
Progress on developing a recombinant coccidiosis vaccine

Abstract The past 10 years of research aimed at developing subunit vaccines against a number of apicomplexans, including Eimeria, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, have, if anything, revealed the complex nature of parasite host interactions. The knowledge gained from this research has shown why developing a subunit vaccine based on a single recombinant antigen from one developmental stage of the parasite was an overly optimistic approach. Many apicomplexan parasites have acquired unique strategies to evade host immunity. The variable expression of genes encoding erythrocyte membrane protein 1 of Plasmodium falciparum [1] (Berendt et al. Parasitology 1994;108:S19–S28) exemplifies one such strategy. The particular mechanism for evading immune destruction depends on a number of interrelated factors, not least of which is the parasite life-cycle and the availability of susceptible hosts. The goal of any vaccine, be it an attenuated organism or a recombinant antigen, is to break the cycle of infection. The development of a recombinant vaccine against apicomplexan parasites will depend on identifying those antigens and intracellular processes that are vital to the parasite survival and those which exist merely as a way of evading immunity. The information that follows is a review of both molecular biology:biochemistry of eimerian parasites and factors that influence host immune responses to coccidia.
Analysis of InSb Photodiode Low Temperature Characteristics

The quantum efficiencies of front and back illuminated indium antimonide photodiodes have been calculated with the aid of a computer model. This model describes the photodiode quantum efficiency, resistance, capacitance and responsivity for any given doping profile and temperature. The calculations show that front and back illuminated devices optimized for high resistance-area products at 77K have low quantum efficiencies when operated at 4.2K. These photodiodes are fabricated diffusion or ion implantation of a p-type layer in an n-type base with ~1 x 1015 cm-3 donors. The mechanism limiting the quantum efficiencies of these "normal" InSb photodiodes at low temperatures is reduced minority carrier diffusion lengths in the base layer. This effect is minimized by reducing the donor concentrations of the n-type base layer to ~ 1 x 1014 cm-3, thereby increasing the depletion layer width, carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths of photogenerated minority carriers. High quantum efficiencies from 1-5 microns can then be achieved at 4.2K with front illuminated photodiodes provided that the p-type layer thickness < 2 microns. High quantum efficiencies may also be achieved at low temperature with back illuminated devices fabricated from high purity base layers as thick as ~10 microns provided that the surface recombination velocity < 102 cm/sec. or the base layer is depleted by reverse biasing the photodiode.
Characterization of the electric potential distribution and large scale auroral zone flows in the ionosphere

[1] In this investigation, we examine the latitude distribution of convective F region ion drifts at latitudes below the convection reversal boundary. We express latitude variations in terms of an electrostatic potential distribution to determine the sensitivity to interplanetary conditions, magnetic activity, and local time. We use a Gaussian curve segment to best represent the distribution of the potential equatorward of the polar cap and find the Gaussian half width is dependent on the potential at the convection reversal boundary with the half width being larger on the duskside than on the dawnside. We also find this parameter is dependent on local time as well as Kp. In all cases, the half width shows a greater variability on the duskside than on the dawnside.
Fluorescence spectroscopy and spectral diffusion of single impurity molecules in a crystal

MOTIVATED by the possibility of studying individual local environments in the solid state, there have been attempts to observe the optical absorption spectra of single impurity molecules trapped in crystals1,2. For example, time-dependent shifts in spectral features (spectral diffusion) are expected to result from motions of the molecules surrounding the impurity species. Recent advances in high-efficiency fluorescence excitation spectroscopy using ultra-thin sublimed crystals3 have now removed the earlier obstacle of low signal-to-noise ratios. Here we report the observation of jumps in the resonance frequency, on timescales of seconds to minutes, in the fluorescence excitation spectrum of single molecules of pentacene in crystals of p-terphenyl cooled to 1.5 K. These effects are seen only for some impurities, which probably correspond to pentacene molecules in particularly strained local environments; most impurities show no time-dependent behaviour. We speculate on the possible causes of these spectral jumps, although further work will be required to draw definitive conclusions about the molecular motions involved.
The standard enthalpy of solution of NH4NO3(c, IV) in water at 298.15 K. (A search for the standard thermodynamic state.)

Abstract The standard enthalpy of solution for NH 4 NO 3 (c, IV) was measured on different batches of material which had been dried by several different procedures and which had been brought to the standard crystalline state (phase IV) by different physical and thermal treatments. The results yield ΔH soln o = (25544±30) J mol −1 at 298.15 K. Evidence is produced that this result is free from effects of strain or surface energy and that the standard thermodynamic state had been attained in preparing the solid samples. The preparative strategies may be applicable in other cases involving ionic crystals but may not apply to molecular crystals.
Reading the Fools' Mirror: Reconstituting Identity against National and Transnational Political Practices

The month of February is the month of the Alemannic Carnival throughout the mountainous region of the upper Black Forest.1 Most of the region's predominately Catholic communities undergo a metamorphosis during the ritualistic enchantment called Fasnet (Carnival),2 which the inhabitants anxiously await, for which they feverishly prepare, and which they enact culturally as a "time out of time" (Turner 1987) and as a "time of authentic freedom" (Bakhtin 1969). According to people I interviewed during my fieldwork,3 carnival became enormously important during the reign of the Austrian emperor Joseph II (1 765-90). For the Habsburg state, the carnival embodied a "medieval danger" to the ascending Enlightenment movement, causing the imperial state to impose prohibitions on ritual practices such as pilgrimages, village fests, and carnivals.4 People proudly asserted during my fieldwork, however, that their carnival "merely fled into the high valleys and hidden hamlets where, throughout the centuries, the Fasnet fools successfully continue to stick out their tongues at the ruling authorities." Reading rituals epistemologically, we learn that studies of rituals have often been situated in theoretical frameworks that either accept the rituals as a "hostage of custom," a "sacred practice," "formalized symbolic processes," or an "enactment of social structure" (Comaroff and Comaroff 1993 xvi).5 According to Comaroff and Comaroff, in such studies rituals became cultural means to "preserve tradition" and to reproduce "continuity" in theoretically constructed bounded communities. In contrast, these authors suggest that rituals, when conceptualized as practice and situated in history, will show that ritual, as an experimental technology intended to affect the flow of power in the universe, is an especially likely response to contradictions created and (literally) engendered by processes of social, material, and cultural transformation, processes re-presented, rationalized, and authorized in the name of modernity Previous identity studies have often been presented within a theoretical framework that overemphasizes either the micro or macro context but in which the interaction of both levels is inadequately considered. In this article I examine the conflictual relationship between these levels within a late-modern community in western Germany to show (1) how these national and transnational contexts affect local (micro) existence, and (2) how these effects are turned against national and transnational (macro) economic, political, and policies. I utilize the concept of ritual practice to analyze these unbounded relationships and to explore further how people in a mountainous border village in the Black Forest employ symbols and history in their regional carnival. I argue that these ritualistic practices demonstrate resistance to the national and transnational political and economic forces and the simultaneous reconstitution of local identities. [ritualistic practice, European transnational economic regulations, national policies, western Germany, identity]
Refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Difficult-to-manage mucosal candidal infection has been a hallmark of individuals with advanced infection due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. In this AIDS Commentary, Drs. Fichtenbaum and Powderly comprehensively review the literature and their experience with refractory candidiasis in such patients. Of interest is their delineation of resistance, a lack of susceptibility to an antifungal agent in vitro among patients with refractory or clinically unresponsive disease. These authors believe that the establishment of resistance should be based upon standards established by the National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards, which they propose to define as a failure to respond to systematic therapy with specific doses of itraconazole, fluconazole, or parenterally or orally administered amphotericin B within 14 days. There have been many definitions of "refractory candidiasis," and the one proposed by these authors will be debated; however, this definition has the advantage of establishing a standard by which to judge the efficacy of their proposed algorithm for the treatment of persistent or refractory oropharyngeal candidal infections. Drs. Fichtenbaum and Powderly have performed a useful service in their attempt to bring coherence to the management of this common and often vexing problem.
Predicted gas loss of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide during structural fumigation

Abstract Elimination of insects in grain-milling facilities requires the periodic use of a gaseous insecticide (fumigant) that can destroy pests. Ideally, the fumigant concentration within a treated building should remain constant during the fumigation process to enhance efficacy while minimizing the amount of fumigant required. However, fumigant is often slowly lost through cracks and crevices within the structure. Wind impact on this leakage loss and in natural ventilation is explored using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two surrogate enclosure geometries, based on actual commercial grain mills, are used in the analysis. Building materials are assumed impermeable to fumigants, and cracks within structures are approximated as square regions where permeability parameters can be specified (i.e., porous jumps). Half-loss times (HLT) for sulfuryl fluoride (SF) and methyl bromide (MB) within the structure can be simulated. When diffusion dominates (no wind), SF had increased leakage rates of ∼5.4% over MB. However, simulated HLT due to diffusion are in the order of years for both fumigants. If the wind is blowing at measurable rates, convection-driven losses dominate and leakage from the mill is independent of the fumigant being used. Predicted half-loss times for MB and SF are statistically indistinguishable for external wind velocities from 0.125to 8 m s -1 . Therefore, HLTs are insensitive to fumigant physicochemical properties when the wind is blowing. Representative and diverse wind-frequency analysis for California and Texas show limited intervals of calm wind periods, and median wind speeds at or above those investigated in this analysis. Thus, decisions for product use should be based on efficacy, cost, and environmental impact, since convective-induced leakage rates are similar.
Final state interactions and hadron quenching in cold nuclear matter

I examine the role of final state interactions in cold nuclear matter in modifying hadron production on nuclear targets with leptonic or hadronic beams. I demonstrate the extent to which available experimental data in electron-nucleus collisions can give direct information on final state effects in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. For hadron-nucleus collisions, a theoretical estimate based on a parton energy loss model tested in lepton-nucleus collisions shows a large effect on midrapidity hadrons at fixed target experiments. At energies currently available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, the effect is large for negative rapidity hadrons but mild at midrapidity. This final state cold hadron quenching needs to be taken into account in jet tomographic analysis of the medium created in nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Formaldehyde levels in FEMA‐supplied travel trailers, park models, and mobile homes in Louisiana and Mississippi

In 2006, area physicians reported increases in upper respiratory symptoms in patients living in U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)-supplied trailers following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. One potential etiology to explain their symptoms included formaldehyde; however, formaldehyde levels in these occupied trailers were unknown. The objectives of our study were to identify formaldehyde levels in occupied trailers and to determine factors or characteristics of occupied trailers that could affect formaldehyde levels. A disproportionate random sample of 519 FEMA-supplied trailers was identified in Louisiana and Mississippi in November 2007. We collected and tested an air sample from each trailer for formaldehyde levels and administered a survey. Formaldehyde levels among all trailers in this study ranged from 3 parts per billion (ppb) to 590 ppb, with a geometric mean (GM) of 77 ppb [95% confidence interval (CI): 70-85; range: 3-590 ppb]. There were statistically significant differences in formaldehyde levels between trailer types (P < 0.01). The GM formaldehyde level was 81 ppb (95% CI: 72-92) among travel trailers (N = 360), 57 ppb (95% CI: 49-65) among mobile homes (N = 57), and 44 ppb (95% CI: 38-53) among park models (N = 44). Among travel trailers, formaldehyde levels varied significantly by brand. While formaldehyde levels varied by trailer type, all types tested had some levels ≥ 100 ppb.
FT-EPR study of methyl radicals photogenerated from [Ru(Me)(SnPh3)(CO)2(iPr-DAB)] and [Pt(Me)4(iPr-DAB)]: an example of a strong excitation wavelength dependent CIDEP effect

The photoinduced methyl radical formation from the title complexes [Ru(R)(SnPh3)(CO)2(iPr-DAB)] (R = CH3, CD3; iPr-DAB = N,N‘-diisopropyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene) and [Pt(Me)4(iPr-DAB)] was the subject of a detailed time-resolved Fourier transform EPR (FT-EPR) study. The FT-EPR spectra of the radicals show pronounced chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) effects due to the ST0 and ST-1 radical pair mechanisms (RPM). The relative contributions of the two CIDEP mechanisms depend on solvent polarity and viscosity. In the case of the [Ru(R)(SnPh3)(CO)2(iPr-DAB)] complexes, the polarization pattern is also strongly excitation wavelength dependent. This effect is attributed to extremely fast reactions from different thermally nonequilibrated σ-bond-to-ligand charge transfer (SBLCT) excited states.
Chromophore channeling in the G-protein coupled receptor rhodopsin.

Rhodopsin serves as the prototype for studies of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) proteins as it is the only GPCR protein with known crystal structures, and its structure has been used as the template to model a large number of GPCR proteins, including many used as drug targets. Understanding ligand entrance routes is important for designing drugs with improved efficacy. Here we simulated the egress of the retinal chromophore from the protein by applying the random acceleration molecular dynamics (RAMD) method. The interhelical clefts near the extracellular side were identified to be the predominant egress, while the movement of retinal deep into the cytoplasmic side was also observed. These results suggest possible routes for ligands to enter into the binding pockets of GPCR proteins. In addition, the RAMD simulation results revealed the high stability of the interactions between helix 3 and other helices.
On‐line integration of PCR and cycle sequencing in capillaries: from human genomic DNA directly to called bases

A fully integrated system has been developed for genetic analysis based on direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. The instrument is based on a serially connected fused-silica capillary assembly. The technique involves the use of microreactors for small-volume PCR and for dye-terminator cycle-sequencing reaction, purification of the sequencing fragments, and separation of the purified DNA ladder. Four modifications to the normal PCR protocol allow the elimination of post-reaction purification. The use of capillaries as reaction vessels significantly reduced the required reaction time. True reduction in reagent cost is achieved by a novel sample preparation procedure where nanoliter volumes of templates and sequencing reaction reagent are mixed using a micro- syringe pump. The remaining stock solution of sequencing reaction reagent can be reused without contamination. The performance of the whole system is demonstrated by one-step sequencing of a specific 257-bp region in human chromosome DNA. Base calling for the smaller fragments is limited only by the resolving power of the gel. The system is simple, reliable and fast. The entire process from PCR to DNA separation is completed in approximately 4 h. Feasibilities for development of a fully automated sequencing system in the high-throughput format and future adaptation of this concept to a microchip are discussed.
Asymptotic normality of the number of small distances between random points in a cube

Abstract Draw n random points from a cube, and consider the number of distances smaller than r between those points. When n → ∞, r → 0 simultaneously, and within certain relations to each other, this number is seen to be asymptotically normal.
Dipolar magnetism in a diamond lattice: Direct observation of zero point motion effects

Abstract We report the first observation of dipolar magnetic order in a diamond lattice, in the RPO 4 ( MO 3 ) 12 .30 H 2 O compounds ( R = Gd, Dy, Er ). Classical theories predict antiferromagnetic order for a diamond lattice of dipoles, with a constant susceptibility ξ 0 ⊥ below T N which depends only on lattice symmetry. Unusually large zero point motion effects reduce χ 0 tT by a factor which depends additionally only on spin. Experimental susceptibilities for ions with different effective spin provide an unusual direct measurement of the magnitude of zero point motion effects. We compare these quantitatively with theory.
APNEA CAUSED BY REGURGITATION IN INFANTS

Regurgitation (R) of gastric contents is presumed to cause apnea in some infants. The mechanism of such apnea is unclear and polygraphic documentation is lacking. We recorded nasal airflow (flowmeter), abdominal movements, oral CO2 and EKG in 13 infants. Group A (9 preterm infants, age 2-4 wk and 1 term, age 1 wk) had a history of idiopathic prolonged apnea and ordinary post-feeding R episodes ("spitting up"); Group B (3 term infants, age 3 mo) had R only. R episodes were recorded in all infants (43 episodes in Group A and 10 in Group B). In 37 of 53 R episodes pharyngeal pressure and pH were recorded to aid in detection of R. In Group A most R episodes (92%) were immediately followed by either a short apnea (S-apnea = absent airflow ≥3 sec) or prolonged apnea (P-apnea = absent airflow for ≥20 sec or absent flow with heart rate ≤100 or cyanosis). Although most of the 100 P-apneas recorded in Group A were unrelated to R episodes, 8 P-apneas (occurring in 4 preterm infants) coincided with R (a statistically significant association in 3 infants: p<.01, p<.05, p<.05). All Group A infants had S or P-apnea, or both, during R. There were no S or P-apneas during R in Group B. Most P-apnea (83%) and S-apnea (78%) consisted of obstructive inspiratory efforts or breathing pauses combined with obstruction. We conclude: 1) regurgitation has little effect on breathing in healthy term infants but often causes S-apnea and, occasionally, P-apnea in infants with a past history of apnea; and 2) the mechanism of this apnea involves both airway obstruction and respiratory depression. Funding: NIH HD 10993.
Fourier transform stimulated emission pumping spectroscopy

Abstract Theoretical and experimental results that demonstrate a new technique of non-linear interferometry based on stimulated emission pumping spectroscopy (SEPS) are presented. It is shown that splittings between the initial and final states in SEP processes can be measured by the method. Advantages and disadvantages of the technique relative to spectral domain SEPS are discussed.
Fluoxetine Exposure during Adolescence Alters Responses to Aversive Stimuli in Adulthood

The mechanisms underlying the enduring neurobiological consequences of antidepressant exposure during adolescence are poorly understood. Here, we assessed the long-term effects of exposure to fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during adolescence on behavioral reactivity to emotion-eliciting stimuli. We administered FLX (10 mg/kg, bi-daily, for 15 d) to male adolescent [postnatal day 35 (P35) to P49] C57BL/6 mice. Three weeks after treatment (P70), reactivity to aversive stimuli (i.e., social defeat stress, forced swimming, and elevated plus maze) was assessed. We also examined the effects of FLX on the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-related signaling within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adolescent mice and Sprague Dawley rats. Adolescent FLX exposure suppressed depression-like behavior, as measured by the social interaction and forced swim tests, while enhancing anxiety-like responses in the elevated plus maze in adulthood. This complex behavioral profile was accompanied by decreases in ERK2 mRNA and protein phosphorylation within the VTA, while stress alone resulted in opposite neurobiological effects. Pharmacological (U0126) inhibition, as well as virus-mediated downregulation of ERK within the VTA mimicked the antidepressant-like profile observed after juvenile FLX treatment. Conversely, overexpression of ERK2 induced a depressive-like response, regardless of FLX pre-exposure. These findings demonstrate that exposure to FLX during adolescence modulates responsiveness to emotion-eliciting stimuli in adulthood, at least partially, via long-lasting adaptations in ERK-related signaling within the VTA. Our results further delineate the role ERK plays in regulating mood-related behaviors across the lifespan.
Quantum lattice representation of dark solitons

The nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation in a self-defocusing Kerr medium supports dark solitons. Moreover the mean field description of a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which for a highly anisotropic (cigar-shaped) magnetic trap reduces to a one-dimensional (1D) cubic NLS in an external potential. A quantum lattice algorithm is developed for the dark solitons. Simulations are presented for both black (stationary) solitons as well as (moving) dark solitons. Collisions of dark solitons are compared with the exact analytic solutions and coupled dark-bright vector solitons are examined. The quantum algorithm requires 2 qubits per scalar field at each spatial node. The unitary collision operator quantum mechanically entangles the on-site qubits, and this transitory entanglement is spread throughout the lattice by the streaming operators. These algorithms are suitable for a Type-II quantum computers, with wave function collapse induced by quantum measurements required to determine the coupling potentials.