cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2α on electromyogram of cat colonin vitro

Prostaglandins cause diarrhea, and their production by the gut increases in diarrheal states. We studied the effects of PGF2α and PGE2 on the electromyogram recorded from the cat colonin vitro to determine if these prostaglandins might produce electromyographic changes similar to those seen in diarrheal states. PGF2α decreased slow wave frequency and uncoupled slow wave propagation in the proximal colon. It increased the frequency of migrating spike bursts. PGE2 had no effect on slow waves, but increased the frequency of the migrating spike burst. PGF2α produced electromyographic changes similar to those recorded from the colon of cats with spontaneous diarrhea or after exposure to diarrhea-producing agents such as ricinoleate or quinidine. Some diarrhea-producing agents are likely to act by increasing prostaglandin production.
Momentum and Collisions

This chapter continues our focus on conservation principles. Here the conserved quantity is momentum. Like energy, which was discussed in Chapter 5 , momentum is a composite of fundamental quantities, in this case, mass and velocity. In this chapter we will define momentum and develop the conservation principle associated with it. We will specify the conditions under which momentum is conserved and illustrate the usefulness of the conservation of momentum. In particular, we will use momentum conservation to investigate collisions and explosions, interactions within systems that involve more than one particle. We will also introduce the concept of impulse, which is associated with changes in momentum.
A Diverse Large-Scale Dataset for Evaluating Rebroadcast Attacks

We describe the acquisition of a large, diverse set of rebroadcast images captured by a screen-grab, scanning a printed photo, or rephotographing a displayed or a printed photo. This dataset consists of 14,500 rebroadcast images captured from a diverse set of devices: 234 displays, 173 scanners, 282 printers, and 180 recapture cameras. The diversity of this dataset-across devices and types of rebroadcast-poses significant challenges to detecting rebroadcast attacks. We evaluate the efficacy of four different classifiers trained to simultaneously detect all types of rebroadcast images.
The law and ethics of big data analytics: A new role for international human rights in the search for global standards

Abstract The Economist recently declared that digital information has overtaken oil as the world’s most valuable commodity. Big data technology is inherently global and borderless, yet little international consensus exists over what standards should govern its use. One source of global standards benefitting from considerable international consensus might be used to fill the gap: international human rights law. This article considers the extent to which international human rights law operates as a legal or ethical constraint on global commercial use of big data technologies. By providing clear baseline standards that apply worldwide, human rights can help shape cultural norms—implemented as ethical practices and global policies and procedures—about what businesses should do with their information technologies. In this way, human rights could play a broad and important role in shaping business thinking about the proper handling of this increasingly valuable commodity in the modern global society.
Plenary talk: Technology and the intelligibility-based classroom, given at the Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching conference, August 2016, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Abstract Second language pronunciation is undergoing dramatic changes in research visibility, in the intelligibility-centered goals that drive the field, and in the ways that technology is being deployed to address new needs. This plenary delineates problems that face the field as it has grown. I suggest the reasons that technology must be a critical part of the future of L2 pronunciation and the ways in which technology use can help to address problems facing future growth. These reasons include providing the support teachers need, individualizing instruction, providing ways to ensure that intelligibility-based instruction adheres to effective goals, combining information in unusual and innovative ways, taking advantage of multi-modality in instruction and delivering varied types of feedback, and researching pronunciation learning and teaching processes.
Acute coronary syndrome after cannabis use: Correlation with quantitative toxicology testing.

Abstract Excluding ethanol, cannabis is the most commonly used drug in the United States and worldwide. Several published case series and reports have demonstrated an association between cannabis use and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We report the first ever published case of ACS precipitated by cannabis use that was confirmed with concomitant rising quantitative plasma levels of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a secondary metabolite of cannabis. A 63-year-old non-tobacco smoking male with no prior medical history presented to the emergency department with chest pain immediately after smoking cannabis, and anterior ST-segment elevation pattern was observed on his electrocardiogram. He was taken to the cardiac catheterization lab for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of his left anterior descending artery, whereupon he developed hemodynamically significant accelerated idioventricular rhythm necessitating intra-aortic balloon pump placement. He underwent two further PCI procedures during his inpatient stay and was discharged in improved condition after eight days. Two sequential quantitative plasma cannabis metabolite assays at time of arrival then 6 h later were 24 ng/mL then 39 ng/mL, an increase of 63%, which implicated the patient's acute cannabis use as a precipitant of ACS. We also discuss the putative pharmacologic mechanisms behind cannabis use and ACS. Clinicians caring for patients using cannabis who have vascular disease and/or risk factors should be aware of this potentially deleterious association, as cessation of cannabis use could be important for their cardiac rehabilitation and long-term health.
The impact of weight loss on physical function in overweight or obese breast cancer survivors.

12053Background: In the prospective POWER-remote trial, 51% and 12% of overweight/obese breast cancer survivors randomized to either a remotely delivered behavioral intervention or self-directed ap...
The Gut Microbiota Impact Cancer Etiology through “Phase IV Metabolism” of Xenobiotics and Endobiotics

The human gut microbiome intimately complements the human genome and gut microbial factors directly influence health and disease. Here we outline how the gut microbiota uniquely contributes to cancer etiology by processing products of human drug and endobiotic metabolism. We formally propose that the reactions performed by the gut microbiota should be classified as “Phase IV xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism.” Finally, we discuss new data on the control of cancer by the inhibition of gut microbial phase IV enzymes responsible for tumor initiation and progression.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SALINE WATER QUALITIES ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ZOYSIAGRASS (Zoysia tenuifolia WILLD.)

Salinity of irrigation water is one of the main environmental constraints limiting the geographical distribution of several species. In order to understand and to cope with critical environmental constraint, a pot experiment was undertaken to investigate the potential effect of irrigation with various natural saline waters gathered from arid and semiarid regions; on rooting of stem cuttings, growth and on the physiological responses of Mascarene grass (Zoysia tenuifolia Willd.). The obtained results indicate that rooting of stem cuttings was successfully established even under a relatively high salinity. Moreover, growth under saline conditions was not inhibited as indicated by the no significant effect of the various treatments applied neither on aerial nor on root dry weights. Although the continued irrigation of Zoysia plantlets with saline waters, the photochemical efficiency of PSII and the Na+ and K+ uptake were not altered. Platelets kept almost a K+/Na+ ratio > 1. Results suggest that Zoysia tolerate the various applied treatments which will ease their agro management and optimize their production in arid and semi arid regions.
Determining the refractive index and the dielectric constant of PPDT2FBT thin film using spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Despite the recent increase in PPDT2FBT polymer thin film applications for optoelectronic devices, a comprehensive study of this material's optical dispersion properties is unavailable. The optical properties of the PPDT2FBT thin film is investigated using variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) at ambient conditions. Knowledge of optical dispersion properties is essential for designing and fabricating optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, and photodiodes. In this research, we determined the dielectric function of PPDT2FBT thin film using the B-spline model and then reproduced the dielectric function using Psemi-Tri oscillators. We estimated the refractive index (n) of the thin film to be between 2.00 and 2.15 and the extinction coefficient (k) to be in the range of 1.14–1.39 at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. We further verified the estimated optical properties from the model using directly measured quantities such as transmission and absorption data obtained using the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrometer and thicknesses obtained using a surface profilometer. In addition, we determined the optical band gap of PPDT2FBT using the absorption coefficient.
Accurate Inference with Inaccurate RRAM Devices: Statistical Data, Model Transfer, and On-line Adaptation

Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is a promising technology for in-memory computing with high storage density, fast inference, and good compatibility with CMOS. However, the mapping of a pre-trained deep neural network (DNN) model on RRAM suffers from realistic device issues, especially the variation and quantization error, resulting in a significant reduction in inference accuracy. In this work, we first extract these statistical properties from 65 nm RRAM data on 300mm wafers. The RRAM data present 10-levels in quantization and 50% variance, resulting in an accuracy drop to 31.76% and 10.49% for MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, respectively. Based on the experimental data, we propose a combination of machine learning algorithms and on-line adaptation to recover the accuracy with the minimum overhead. The recipe first applies Knowledge Distillation (KD) to transfer an ideal model into a student model with statistical variations and 10 levels. Furthermore, an on-line sparse adaptation (OSA) method is applied to the DNN model mapped on to the RRAM array. Using importance sampling, OSA adds a small SRAM array that is sparsely connected to the main RRAM array; only this SRAM array is updated to recover the accuracy. As demonstrated on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, a 7.86% area cost is sufficient to achieve baseline accuracy for the 65 nm RRAM devices.
A Maize (Zea mays L.) BIK1-Like Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase Contributes to Disease Resistance

Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) form a large subfamily of proteins in plants. RLCKs are known to regulate plant immunity to bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this study, we analyzed the genome-wide complement of maize RLCK genes and conducted detailed studies on one maize RLCK. The maize genome encodes 192 RLCKs that largely mirror the RLCK family in other plants. Previous studies implicated Arabidopsis BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) and TOMATO PROTEIN KINASE 1b (TPK1b) in plant resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. A novel maize RLCK, Zea Mays BIK1-LIKE KINASE 1 (ZmBLK1), was identified based on sequence similarity to the tomato and Arabidopsis RLCKs. We demonstrated that ZmBLK1 displays protein kinase activity in vitro and the protein localizes to the plasma membrane. Importantly, expression of ZmBLK1 partially rescued the growth and disease phenotypes of the Arabidopsis bik1 mutant plants. The expression of ZmBLK1 was induced in maize at 12 h after inoculation with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (CMN), the bacterial pathogen causing Goss’s wilt. Interestingly, overexpression of ZmBLK1 in transgenic maize increased resistance to CMN but did not impact resistance to Aspergillus ear rot caused by the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus and the associated aflatoxin contamination. These findings support our hypothesis that ZmBLK1 contributes to plant resistance to bacterial pathogens likely by modulating events early after pathogen infection, implying that the protein may interact with other membrane proteins early in the immune response pathway.
A Comparison of Middle and Junior High Science Teachers' Levels of Efficacy and Knowledge of Developmentally Appropriate Curriculum and Instruction

(1999). A Comparison of Middle and Junior High Science Teachers' Levels of Efficacy and Knowledge of Developmentally Appropriate Curriculum and Instruction. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 21-42.
Securing the Intangible: The Continuing Need to Improve Morale at DHS

This essay briefly examines the problems of staff morale at the Department of Homeland Security and what has been, and needs to be done to correct it. As this piece was written for the 2008 Center for Homeland Defense and Security Essay Competition, which limited entries to five single-spaced pages, the examination does not include in-depth analysis of public management principles, but instead attempts to shed new light on the results of the Partnership for Public Service's "Best Places to Work in Government" survey, looking at DHS in two ways: 1) as a unique federal department in its focus on "proving a negative," i.e. its mission to prevent terrorist attacks, yet at the same time 2) as an organization not insulated from its sister departments, but instead has crucial interrelationships with the national security operations of other agencies. Both of those characteristics of the nature of DHS should be taken into account in the comprehensive strategy needed to improve workforce morale and efficiency.
Using connected components to guide image understanding and segmentation

In this paper, we propose a method for understanding an image with help of the theory of parameter-dependent connected components developed by us in a previous work. We may study various properties of an image at the connected components level, from the low level vision to an intermediate level vision. Using the information obtained from various component histograms and certain pre-knowledge, we describe how to select suitable values of the parameters so that an object in a gray image may be represented by a parameter-dependent component. Segmentation of the object could be conducted by locating the corresponding component. Our approach can be applied to a wide variety of images as we do not make any assumptions about the image formation model, and the method is independent of the type of the grid system used for the digitization process and the type of pixel adjacency relation.
Varieties of Mathematical Experience

THERE IS A LIMITIED amount of knowledge, practice, and aspiration which is currently manifested in the thoughts and activites of contemporary mathematicians. The mathematics that is frequently used or is in the process of emerging is part of the current consciousness. This is the material which—to use a metaphor from computer science—is in the high speed memory or storage cells. What is done, created, practiced, at any given moment of time can be viewed in two distinct ways: as part of the larger cultural and intellectual consciousness and milieu, frozen in time, or as part of a changing flow of consciousness.
Analytics for Noisy Unstructured Text Data I

The importance of text mining applications is growing proportionally with the exponential growth of electronic text. Along with the growth of internet many other sources of electronic text have become really popular. With increasing penetration of internet, many forms of communication and interaction such as email, chat, newsgroups, blogs, discussion groups, scraps etc. have become increasingly popular. These generate huge amount of noisy text data everyday. Apart from these the other big contributors in the pool of electronic text documents are call centres and customer relationship management organizations in the form of call logs, call transcriptions, problem tickets, complaint emails etc., electronic text generated by Optical Character Recognition (OCR) process from hand written and printed documents and mobile text such as Short Message Service (SMS). Though the nature of each of these documents is different but there is a common thread between all of these—presence of noise. An example of information extraction is the extraction of instances of corporate mergers, more formally MergerBetween(company1,company2,date), from an online news sentence such as: “Yesterday, New-York based Foo Inc. announced their acquisition of Bar Corp.” Opinion(product1,good), from a blog post such as: “I absolutely liked the texture of SheetK quilts.” At superficial level, there are two ways for information extraction from noisy text. The first one is cleaning text by removing noise and then applying existing state of the art techniques for information extraction. There in lies the importance of techniques for automatically correcting noisy text. In this chapter, first we will review some work in the area of noisy text correction. The second approach is to devise extraction techniques which are robust with respect to noise. Later in this chapter, we will see how the task of information extraction is affected by noise.
All Rights Reserved: Does Google's 'Image Search' Infringe Vested Exclusive Rights Granted Under the Copyright Law?

Search engines such as Google.com provide a tremendous public benefit by enhancing, improving, and mainstreaming information-gathering techniques on the Internet. After the dotcom bubble burst in 2001, Google claimed a domineering position in the marketplace, securing its niche as "the nexus of human curiosity." Google's corporate mission to make the world's information more accessible and more useful is revealing of its vast influence in today's world. Google provides an ever-improving search technology that is capable of scouring billions of web sites, news articles, literary works, images, and videos in the "Indexable Web." Google features not only search functionality, but also several Internet-based services that have further solidified its online empire. This Comment explores and seeks to derive a balance between public interest in the disclosure of a creative work and a copyright owner's exclusive rights granted under copyright law. It begins by providing a brief overview of the American copyright system and explaining the technology involved in Google's "Image Search." After an in-depth analysis of copyright infringement and fair use jurisprudence, it argues that Google's use of thumbnail images in its Image Search is fair and noninfringing. In order to preserve the usefulness of the Internet, this Comment proposes that courts recognize an interpretation of copyright jurisprudence that will promote easy access to information, while preserving copyright protections.
Planetary mission operations - an overview

An overview of the missions operations systems (MOS) used to support NASA planetary missions is given. The principal factors governing the design characteristics of MOS are discussed, including: the communications requirements of spacecraft over long distance from the earth, the fragility of the scientific payloads, and the inability to carry out planetary missions more than a few times a decade. The uplink and downlink parts of the MOS of Galileo and Voyager spacecraft are illustrated as examples of successful MOS design. A black and white photograph of the operations control center of JPL is provided.
Built-in reliability in the Ada programming language

It is pointed out that the Ada language has many built-in reliability mechanisms for supporting sophisticated real-time applications. These include: features provided by the language that can be used to make programming more reliable; predefined features that allow the user to built in reliabilities; and a numerical computing environment that increases accuracy and system reliability. Examples and performance constraints are given and discussed. >
Diffusional/Kinetic Analysis of the Neurotransmission Process at the Nerve‐Muscle Junction

Transmission at the neuromuscular junction is known to comprise the following steps: vesicular release of Ach pulses; transport across the synaptic cleft; partial hydrolysis by Ach-ase; binding to Ach receptors; ion channel opening and closure, and, thereby, alteration of sodium and potassium conductances. Combining these elements, a unified model has been constructed that is effective in describing the relation between neurotransmitter arrival at receptor sites and channel openings, leading to simple relationships for sodium and potassium conduction at the neuromuscular junction. Application of the model to mepc and epp data has been successful.
Optimized wakefield suppression & emittance dilution-imposed alignment tolerances in X-band accelerating structures for the JLC/NLC

In order to prevent electrical breakdown occurring in the JLC/NLC (Japanese Linear Collider/Next Linear Collider) X-band structures several new structures are under investigation. These accelerating structures represent an evolutionary design of the DDS series of structures. The phase advance per cell has been varied and the detailed elliptical shape of the cell has been varied in order to simultaneously minimize the group velocity, the surface electromagnetic fields and the pulse temperature rise on the copper surface. It is also important to ensure that the wakefield induced by multiple bunches traversing the accelerating structures does not disrupt trailing bunches. The long-range wakefield must be decreased adequately in order to prevent a BBU (beam break up) instability occurring and to ensure that emittance dilution due to the higher order modes is kept to acceptable levels. The long-range wakefield is forced to decohere by detuning all of the frequencies such that the mode density of frequencies is approximately Gaussian. In order to minimize the impact of the wakefield on the beam dynamics we change the bandwidth and the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution of frequencies such that a "cost function" is minimized. Interleaving of cell frequencies of adjacent structures is required to adequately damp the wakefield of each particular structure under consideration. The resulting alignment tolerances imposed on the cells and structures is significantly looser alignment tolerances with the use of the code.
Commercial applications of grid computing

This paper provides an overview of commercial applications of Grid computing. We discuss Web performance and present a Grid caching architecture. Our Grid caching architecture offloads requests to Grid caches when Web servers become overloaded. We describe performance and traffic modeling techniques which can enhance Grid applications such as caching. We also discuss how Grid computing can be applied to financial applications. A key requirement here is that fast response times are needed. We present a Grid services scheduler that is well suited to commercial applications requiting fast response times.
Preventing melt-water explosions

Explosive interactions between molten aluminum and water are being studied at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to determine the causes of explosion triggers and the extent of protection provided from various coatings in order to develop a fundamental, cost-effective methodology for prevention. The study includes experimentation and mathematical modeling of the interactions between molten metals and water on various coated and uncoated surfaces. Phenomenological issues related to surface wettability, gas generation from coatings, charring of coatings, inertial constraint, melt temperature, water temperature, and external shocks are being investigated systematically to gage their relative impact on the triggerability of surface-assisted steam explosions. A physics-based novel prevention methodology based on enhancing system stability via air (gas) injection at vulnerable locations has been developed and tested at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Can Virtual Reality Increase the Realism of Role Plays Used to Teach College Women Sexual Coercion and Rape-Resistance Skills?

The present study evaluated whether virtual reality (VR) can enhance the realism of role plays designed to help college women resist sexual attacks. Sixty-two female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either the Role Play (RP) or Virtual Role Play (VRP) conditions, which were differentiated only by the use of VR technology in the VRP condition. A multimethod assessment strategy was used to evaluate the effects of VR on the experienced realism of sexually threatening role plays. Realism was assessed by participant self-reports of negative affect and perceptions of realism, direct observation of participants' verbal displays of negative affect during the role plays, and measurements of participant heart rate during the role plays. Results indicated that VR can indeed heighten the realism of sexually threatening role plays. Discussion focuses on issues regarding the use of VR-enhanced role plays for helping college women resist sexual attacks.
Structural and functional consequences of inactivation of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 mediated by the catechol metabolite of equine estrogens, 4-hydroxyequilenin.

The inactivation mechanism(s) of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (hGST P1-1) by the catechol metabolite of Premarin estrogens, 4-hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN), was (were) studied by means of site-directed mutagenesis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis, titration of free thiol groups, kinetic studies of irreversible inhibition, and analysis of band patterns on nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS−PAGE). The four cysteines (Cys 14, Cys 47, Cys 101, and Cys 169 in the primary sequence) in hGST P1-1 are susceptible to electrophilic attack and/or oxidative damage leading to loss of enzymatic activity. To investigate the role of cysteine residues in the 4-OHEN-mediated inactivation of this enzyme, one or a combination of cysteine residues was replaced by alanine residues (C47A, C101A, C47A/C101A, C14A/C47A/C101A, and C47A/C101A/C169A mutants). Mutation of Cys 47 decreased the affinity for the substrate GSH but not for the cosubstrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrob...
SYNTHESIS AND 31P NMR STUDY OF DIHYDRONAPHTHALENO- AND NAPHTHALENO-DERIVATIVES OF PHOSPHOLENE OXIDES

Abstract Naphthalenophospholenes (dihydrobenzo[e] and [g]-phosphindoles) represent a new heterocyclic type that forms in 65-80% yield on dehydrogenation with Pd–C of the corresponding dihydronaphthaleno derivatives. The latter are readily accessible from hydrolysis of cycloadducts of certain vinyldihydronaphthalenes with P(III) chlorides. Six members of this family, as well as some derived phosphines and phosphonium salts, have been prepared. A phenanthrenophospholene oxide, also a new system, was synthesized similarly. 31P nmr chemical shifts were appreciably (5-10 ppm) upfield in aromatized phosphine oxides relative to the dihydro forms. It is proposed that this shift results more from a change in the steric environment about phosphorus, as the carbon beta- to it in the adjacent ring changes from tetrahedral to planar geometry, rather than from a change in the degree of interaction of a carbon p-orbital with phosphorus. The upfield shift was even more pronounced (13 ppm) for a phosphine. Most of the new...
Spanish and French Mission Music in Colonial North America

Despite the many negative aspects of European colonization endured by indigenous peoples throughout North America, music served as a powerful and positive force. This study demonstrates that musical life in the Franciscan and Jesuit missions throughout Spanish North America was fully developed, was a most important part of the evangelization process, and involved music similar to that performed in other mission areas in Spanish America. Musical life in New France and Louisiana is summarized here to show that the French operated a parallel system of musical evangelization and that the establishment of French settlements in North America corresponded in certain ways to Spanish practices.
Coordinate Transformations Via Multifacet Holographic Optical Elements

Arbitrarily prescribed space variant operations can be carried out with high efficiency by multifacet holographic optical elements recorded in dichromated gelatin. In this paper, such elements are used to perform coordinate transformations from Cartesian to polar coordinates. Theoretical calculations of resolution limits and experimental results are given.
The effects of situational factors and leadership style on leader behavior

Abstract Simulated leadership situations were employed to test Fiedler's hypothesis ( Fiedler, F. E., Human Relations, 1972 , 25, 391–412) that relationship-motivated [High Leader's Esteem for the Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) score] and task-motivated (low LPC) persons differ in their responses to favorable and unfavorable leadership situations. The subjects responded to simulated, prerecorded situations which varied in their degree of situational favorableness. As predicted, when the situation was unfavorable the relationship-motivated leaders behaved in a more interpersonally oriented and less task oriented manner than did the task-motivated leaders; when the situation was favorable the task-motivated leaders emphasized interpersonal behavior more and task behavior less than the relationship-motivated leaders. Leader LPC by situation interactions indicate that both leader personality and the situation are important determinants in leader behavior and that LPC and situational favorability may be helpful in understanding this interaction.
HIF-1 in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and tumor progression

Cells in a low oxygen, or hypoxic, microenvironment must have the ability to sense oxygen levels in the nucleus in order to maintain oxygen homeostasis by gene regulation. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) serves as a molecular bridge between the sensation and utilization of oxygen, and thus functions as a key player in oxygen homeostasis. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor and is composed of two subunits, the oxygen-sensitive HIF-1alpha and constitutively expressed HIF-1beta. HIF-1 regulates the expression of a broad range of genes that facilitate acclimation to low oxygen conditions by changes in protein levels in circulation, metabolism, and proliferation. Appropriate temporal and spatial activation of HIF-1 is crucial not only in developmental and physiological processes, characterized by programmed cellular proliferation, but also in pathophysiological conditions such as tumorigenesis, which exhibit unregulated cellular proliferation. However, many contradictory reports as to the role of HIF-1 in the regulation of cellular proliferation have been put forward in recent years. In this review, our first aim is to summarize the current knowledge of oxygen-dependent HIF-1 activation mechanisms based on its structure. Then we will describe the proposed mechanisms through which HIF-1 regulates cellular proliferation of different cell types, including tumor cells as well as non-transformed, nonimmortalized cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
Contextual memory and encoding strategies in young and older adults with and without depressive symptoms

Objectives: This study examines the role of depressive symptoms associated with age on contextual memory and how this association could impair the use of strategic instructions during encoding. Method: Young and older controls and older adults with depressive symptoms performed memory recognition tests for item and context. Results: Memory results indicated that mild depressive symptoms did not aggravate the age-related contextual memory pattern, but interfered with the magnitude of the memory enhancement provided by specific encoding instructions when compared with young adults. These between-group differences in the use of memory strategies were eliminated with the inclusion of the performance on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as a covariate. Conclusion: Mild depressive symptoms were associated with an impaired ability to use incidental memory strategies at encoding, suggesting the need for further investigation on the effects of non-clinical depressive symptomatology on cognitive decline in aging.
Managing the Costs of Power

Executives generally desire more power because it is useful. Business firms like wise try to gain power overeach other. Yet power also has costs that should be considered and managed. There are costs of acquisition, storage, and maintenance of the resources that supply power, as well as costs of using those resources to gain influence. This article analyzes those costs and suggests ways of minimizing them.
Constitutively active c-Met kinase in PC-3 cells is autocrine-independent and can be blocked by the Met kinase inhibitor BMS-777607.

Background The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is aberrantly activated in many solid tumors. In a prior study we showed that prostate cancer PC-3 cells exhibit constitutively activated c-Met without exogenous hepatocyte growth factor (HGF); however whether this characteristic is due to an endogenous HGF/c-Met autocrine loop remains controversial. In the current study we examined the response of PC-3 cells to an anti-HGF neutralizing antibody or a small molecule Met kinase inhibitor (BMS-777607).
Weak levitation of delocalized states as a result of Landau level mixing

We study the effect of Landau level mixing on the energy positions of 2D delocalized states in a magnetic field. We show that a weak mixing can be incorporated into the Chalker-Coddington model by renormalization of parameters of the saddle-points. We demonstrate that after averaging over saddle-points, such a renormalization leads to floating of delocalized states upwards from the centers of Landau bands.
RESPIRATORY ALTERATIONS WITH INTRAPERICARDIAL PROCAINE IN THE CONSCIOUS RABBIT

SUMMARY 1 Intrapericardial procaine, used to produce cardiac nerve blockade in both conscious and anaesthetized animals, has been reported to also produce changes in respiration. This study systematically investigated the effects of two doses of intrapericardial procaine on respiration in the conscious rabbit. 2 Rabbits were pre-instrumented with a chronic diaphragm electromyogram (dEMG) recording electrode and intrapericardial catheter. Arterial pressure, heart rate, dEMG and respiratory excursions (recorded with a pneumograph) were monitored in the conscious rabbit before and after intrapericardial and intravenous infusion of 2 and 5% procaine. Efficacy of cardiac nerve blockade was tested by intravenous infusion of phenyl biguanide. Arterial blood gases were determined at rest and during changes in respiration. 3 Following a low dose of intrapericardial procaine (12 mg), dEMG and respiratory excursions increased (65 ± 13 and 65 ± 13%, respectively) with no change in breathing frequency or arterial blood gases. Following a high dose of intrapericardial procaine (30 mg), four of six animals exhibited a similar response. However, four of the six rabbits also exhibited a second type of response pattern characterized by a further increase in respiratory efforts (65 ± 13%), abolition of dEMG, and a mild hypoxaemia. 4 Intravenous infusion of a low dose of procaine was without effect, whereas intravenous infusion of a high dose of procaine produced minor behavioural responses. 5 In four additional anaesthetized rabbits, it was demonstrated that high doses of intrapericardial procaine anaesthetized the phrenic nerve to produce the observed alterations in respiration. 6 We conclude that if intrapericardial procaine is used to block cardiac nerves in conscious rabbits, it should be used in a low concentration and at the lowest possible total dose to avoid complications due to changes in respiration.
Surgical and long-term antifungal therapy for fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis

Background. Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis is an uncommon but serious disease. We have developed a strategy of treatment that includes perioperative amphotericin B, radical debridement of infected tissue, reconstruction using biologic tissue when possible, and prolonged oral suppressive antifungal therapy. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 12 patients reoperated on for fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis involving the aortic valve (10 patients: six porcine valves, two mechanical valves, two homografts) and the mitral valve (2 patients, both porcine valves). Prosthetic valve endocarditis developed in 7 within 12 months after the first valve procedure. The organisms included Candida species (9 patients), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (1), Saccharomyces cervisiae (1), and histoplasmosis (1). Results. At operation, all patients had prosthetic vegetations, 8 had abscesses, and 4 had sinus tracts. Seven received aortic homografts, 4 received porcine valves (two mitral), and 1 received a mechanical prosthesis. Two patients died in the hospital after prolonged illnesses (83% hospital survival). Four patients had recurrence an average of 25 months later and 3 underwent further surgical intervention. One patient had recurrence and died 17 months postoperatively. One other late death occurred 96 months after operation, and there was no evidence of recurrence. Eight patients (67%) are alive and well 51.5 ± 61.0 months (range, 1 to 189 months) after the first redo procedure for fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis. Conclusions. We conclude that preoperative treatment with amphotericin B, radical resection of all infected tissue, cardiac reconstruction using biologic tissue when possible, and life-long oral antifungal therapy is effective for fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis.
Do Surges in Less-Skilled Immigration Have Important Wage Effects? A Review of the U.S. Evidence

This paper reviews a small part of a vast professional literature on the labor market effects of new immigrants. It focuses on recent studies that have employed econometric techniques to estimate wage effects of less-skilled immigrants during the two great American immigration surges (roughly 1870-1914 and 1980 to the present). The literature is fairly consistent in finding that large long-term immigrant surges have at least small negative wage effects for less-advantaged members of the labor force, and that these are likely to be largest for foreign-born workers and less-educated African-Americans in major immigrant-receiving regions. While this is consistent with the simple textbook prediction in a largely deregulated labor market, we might have expected more robust negative effects. The explanation may be that these effects are inherently difficult to isolate, especially given the quality of the data. Many less-skilled new immigrants are undocumented workers who are employed by individuals or small family businesses under-the-table and are either not counted or counted poorly. The paper concludes that, while all consumers and many employers (both as households and as firms) have undoubtedly benefited substantially from the surge in undocumented low-skilled workers since the early 1980s, there are also some losers, and there is consequently a need for policy interventions designed to ensure that socially-acceptable wage levels, employment opportunities, and working conditions are maintained for our least advantaged workers, native- and foreign-born alike. David Howell is a professor at Milano The New School for Management & Urban Policy. He is the editor of Fighting Unemployment: The Limits of Free Market Orthodoxy.
Fast CMOS current amplifier and buffer stage

A novel CMOS current amplifier stage is described which provides a low impedance and an accurately controlled DC bias voltage at its input terminal, as well as an accurate current gain in a wide frequency range.
Identifiable Grief Responses in Persons With Alzheimer's Disease

Various dementias alter many aspects of the life and interactions between older adults and their families. This is particularly true even in a context in which the emotion is one that is expected. One such experience is the grief related to the loss of a family member. Physicians, nurses, and family members in long-term care report that they frequently have residents for whom a primary loved one, such as a spouse, has died. Questions quickly surface as to whether or not to tell the senior with dementia, how to tell the person, and how that person's response will impact the family. In two separate focus groups these questions were discussed with a group of family members and an interdisciplinary group of physicians, nurses, nurse aides, and social workers connected to long-term care facilities in one mid-sized community. Three patterns of resident response were identified. “Self-threat” describes situations in which the individual responds to the announcement of the death by questioning who will take care ...
Critical Exponents in 3.99 Dimensions

Critical exponents are calculated for dimension $d=4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ with $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ small, using renormalization-group techniques. To order $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ the exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is $1+\frac{1}{6}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ for an Ising-like model and $1+\frac{1}{5}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ for an $\mathrm{XY}$ model.
State Breastfeeding Worksite Statutes.…Breastfeeding Rates…and.….

Abstract Background: State worksite breastfeeding statutes are thought to play a role in increasing rates of breastfeeding duration, which remain below Healthy People 2010 goals. As of 2010 24 states including the District of Columbia had such worksite statutes. Of these only 18 required both break time and a site. This preliminary analysis assessed if infants born in states with worksite breastfeeding statutes had longer breastfeeding duration. Methods: Using the 2009 National Immunization Survey we analyzed infants comparing breastfeeding duration at 6 months with type of worksite breastfeeding statute in place, while adjusting for year enacted and other state characteristics (years since founding of state breastfeeding coalition, breastfeeding supportive hospital practices). Other covariates included maternal and infant characteristics. Only those infants whose mothers were at least 18 years old and who had not changed state of residence since birth were included (n=16,145). Results: Although requiring...
KL--> micro+ micro-, the top-quark mass, and other related topics.

The dispersive part of the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ amplitude due to the two-photon intermediate state is reconsidered, including vector-meson contributions in the hidden-symmetry scheme. We find that, contrary to the usual assumption $\mathrm{Re}{A}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\ll}\mathrm{Re}{A}_{\mathrm{EW}}$, these two tend to cancel each other, and $B({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ is rather insensitive to ${m}_{t}$. If $B({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})g7.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$, then a larger value of ${f}_{B}$ is preferred.
SIM: the space interferometry mission

SIM is the first of the new origins missions that combines major advances in technology to enable major advances in science. This paper is a brief overview of the project to serve as an introduction to the many other technical papers presented at this conference.
External-cavity semiconductor-laser array insensitive to paraxial misalignment

We report a tilted-mirror external-cavity gain-guided laser array whose output power is insensitive to small misalignments of the cavity elements. This novel configuration delivers a near-diffraction-limited (1.5 times diffraction-limited) single-lobed beam in the entire current range without the need for realignment of the cavity. The light-current characteristic is linear and kink free, with a higher efficiency compared with the free-running array. A compact graded-index lens design that can emit a collimated beam with a circular cross section is also described.
An assessment of the use of a continent catheterizable stoma in female tetraplegics

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the success of a continent catheterizable stoma in females with cervical spinal cord injury which resulted in neurogenic bladder dysfunction, the management of which may require clean intermittent catheterization despite altered hand function. PATIENTS AND METHODS Six female tetraplegic patients with a lesion at C7 or above (age range 12-22 years) had a continent catheterizable abdominal stoma formed as part of their bladder management. As an objective measure of effectiveness, the time to complete catheterization was assessed before and after surgery. A quality-of-life survey at a mean (range) of 44 (6-90) months was also evaluated. RESULTS All six patients can catheterize while in their wheelchair. The mean (range) time required for catheterization decreased from 27 (10-40) to 7.8 (1-15) min after surgery. All six reported a significant improvement in continence, body image, independence, convenience, time saving and satisfaction. CONCLUSION Constructing a continent catheterizable stoma is a valuable option in selected tetraplegic patients.
Participation in EHR based simulation improves recognition of patient safety issues

Electronic health records (EHR) are becoming increasingly integrated into the clinical environment. With the rapid proliferation of EHRs, a number of studies document an increase in adverse patient safety issues due to the EHR-user interface. Because of these issues, greater attention has been placed on novel educational activities which incorporate use of the EHR. The ICU environment presents many challenges to integrating an EHR given the vast amounts of data recorded each day, which must be interpreted to deliver safe and effective care. We have used a novel EHR based simulation exercise to demonstrate that everyday users fail to recognize a majority of patient safety issues in the ICU. We now sought to determine whether participation in the simulation improves recognition of said issues. Two ICU cases were created in our EHR simulation environment. Each case contained 14 safety issues, which differed in content but shared common themes. Residents were given 10 minutes to review a case followed by a presentation of management changes. Participants were given an immediate debriefing regarding missed issues and strategies for data gathering in the EHR. Repeated testing was performed in a cohort of subjects with the other case at least 1 week later. 116 subjects have been enrolled with 25 subjects undergoing repeat testing. There was no difference between cases in recognition of patient safety issues (39.5% vs. 39.4%). Baseline performance for subjects who participated in repeat testing was no different than the cohort as a whole. For both cases, recognition of safety issues was significantly higher among repeat participants compared to first time participants. Further, individual performance improved from 39.9% to 63.6% (p = 0.0002), a result independent of the order in which the cases were employed. The degree of improvement was inversely related to baseline performance. Further, repeat participants demonstrated a higher rate of recognition of changes in vitals, misdosing of antibiotics and oversedation compared to first time participants. Participation in EHR simulation improves EHR use and identification of patient safety issues.