cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CampusPartner: An Assistive Technology for Mobility Impaired Pedestrians

CampusPartner is an assistive technology that we are developing to support people with mobility impairments in planning and view their walking routes in advance. By viewing the route in advance, users can see an overview and detailed information about it as well as turn-by-turn instructions. CampusPartner will be a mobile application that will integrate existing services to provide navigation functionality. Users will be able to create a profile, which will include information such as obstacles and road types they would like to avoid, as well as their favorite or most commonly used routes. Additionally, users will be able to correct missing or inaccurate information, such as the absence of stairs on the map or temporary obstacles.
Efficient multi-material continuum topology optimization considering hyperelasticity: Achieving local feature control through regional constraints

Abstract We introduce a general and efficient multi-material topology optimization framework considering hyperelasticity with many local constraints, which enables flexible control of the design’s local features. The proposed framework can effectively distribute multiple candidate materials described by distinct constitutive models according to their respective nonlinear behaviors, and efficiently handle a flexible setting of volume constraints, either global or local. To ensure computational efficiency of the proposed framework, we present a virtual element-based formulation in conjunction with a tailored adaptive refinement and coarsening scheme for multi-material problems, and we adopt the ZPR scheme to update the design variables associated with each constraint in parallel. Three design examples are presented, demonstrating the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed framework in distributing multiple candidate materials with distinct nonlinear elastic behaviors and handling both global and many (e.g., 1024) local constraints. We envision that the proposed framework enables unique computational capabilities for designing next-generation composite metamaterials and structures with nonlinear behaviors and multi-functionalities.
Patch-type granuloma annulare: An institution-based study of 23 cases.

Background Granuloma annulare (GA) is a skin disorder of uncertain etiology. Patch (type) GA is an uncommon variant of GA with a paucity of data characterizing it. We describe the features of 23 cases of patch GA. Methods The archives of dermatopathology were searched for cases of patch GA. The clinical history and morphology for each patient were reviewed. Only cases with patch clinical morphology were included. The clinical and histopathologic features were assessed including the pattern of granulomatous inflammation and presence of other inflammatory cell types. Results Most patients were female (19/23) with erythematous patches on the trunk and proximal extremities. The most common clinical differential diagnosis included mycosis fungoides (MF), morphea and contact dermatitis. Dyslipidemia was the most common comorbidity (30%), followed by diabetes (15%) and hypertension (15%). Histopathologic features included interstitial lymphocytes and histiocytes with dermal mucin. Two cases showed focal palisaded granulomas. Eosinophils and plasma cells were present in 1/3 of cases. Conclusion Patch GA is an uncommon GA variant with an interstitial granulomatous histopathologic pattern that predominantly affects women over 50. It can mimic interstitial MF and early morphea both clinically and histopathologically. Awareness of this GA variant can help prevent misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment for these patients.
Deep learning for topology optimization of 2D metamaterials

Abstract Data-driven models are rising as an auspicious method for the geometrical design of materials and structural systems. Nevertheless, existing data-driven models customarily address the optimization of structural designs rather than metamaterial designs. Metamaterials are emerging as promising materials exhibiting tailorable and unprecedented properties for a wide spectrum of applications. In this paper, we develop a deep learning (DL) model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) that predicts optimal metamaterial designs. The developed DL model non-iteratively optimizes metamaterials for either maximizing the bulk modulus, maximizing the shear modulus, or minimizing the Poisson's ratio (including negative values). The data are generated by solving a large set of inverse homogenization boundary values problems, with randomly generated geometrical features from a specific distribution. Such s data-driven model can play a vital role in accelerating more computationally expensive design problems, such as multiscale metamaterial systems.
UNIT 15J.1 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage

Described in this unit are basic protocols frequently used in the research of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs). Provided are methods for propagating and quantifying HIV, as well as recommendations for long-term storage. Background information about these methods is also provided and includes their advantages, disadvantages, and troubleshooting. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 28:15J.1.1-15J.1.24. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: HIV-1; HIV-2; retroviruses; primary isolates; T cell line–adapted (TCLA) viruses; molecular clones; reporter viruses; focus-forming unit; radioactive reverse transcriptase assay; p24 ELISA
Comparison of free vascularized fibular flaps and allograft fibular strut grafts to supplement spinopelvic reconstruction for sacral malignancies

Aims Orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeons are faced with large defects after the resection of malignant tumours of the sacrum. Spinopelvic reconstruction is advocated for resections above the le...
Two-dimensional photonic crystals at visible wavelengths

Photonic crystal slabs are experimentally demonstrated at visible wavelengths. These consist of freestanding silicon nitride membranes, patterned with square lattices of holes. Measured transmission spectra are in good agreement with finite difference time domain calculations.
Relation of myocardial perfusion at rest and during pharmacologic stress to the PET patterns of tissue viability in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction

Background Stress perfusion imaging can assess effectively the amount of jeopardized myocardium, but its use for identifying, underperfused but viable myocardium has yielded variable results. We evaluated the relation between measurements of myocardial perfusion at rest and during pharmacologic stress and the patterns of tissue viability as determined by positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging.
WiP abstract: Coordinated autonomous driving with 100 connected vehicles

Summary form only given. This study investigates a number of control and coordination aspects of autonomous navigation in real-life urban traffic, focusing on connected vehicles as the means to achieve the required coordination. The proposed architecture includes a mixture of human driven, partial and fully autonomous experimental vehicles that are equipped to seamlessly interact with each other and the virtual traffic around them. Challenges to achieve a coherent implementation for a cyber-physical system are investigated and novel test methods are developed.
The impact of whole genome sequence data on drug discovery--a malaria case study.

Identification and validation of a drug discovery target is a prominent step in drug development. In the post-genomic era it is possible to reevaluate the association of a gene with a specific biological function to see if a homologous gene can subsume this role. This concept has special relevance to drug discovery in human infectious diseases, like malaria. A trophozoite cysteine protease (falcipain-1) from the papain family, thought to be responsible for the degradation of erythrocyte hemoglobin, has been considered a promising target for drug discovery efforts owing to the antimalarial activity of peptide based covalent cysteine protease inhibitors. This led to the development of non-peptidic non-covalent inhibitors of falcipain-1 and their characterization as antimalarials. It is now clear from sequencing efforts that the malaria genome contains more than one cysteine protease and that falcipain-1 is not the most important contributor to hemoglobin degradation. Rather, falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 appear to account for the majority of cysteine hemoglobinase activity in the plasmodium trophozoite. We have modeled the falcipain-2 cysteine protease from one of the major human malaria species, Plasmodium falciparum and compared it to our original work on falcipain-1. As with falcipain-1, computational screening of the falcipain-2 active site was conducted using DOCK. Using structural superpositions within the protease family and evolutionary analysis of substrate specificity sites, we focused on the commonalities and the protein specific features to direct our drug discovery effort. Since 1993, the size of the Available Chemicals Directory had increased from 55313 to 195419 unique chemical structures. For falcipain-2, eight inhibitors were identified with IC50’s against the enzyme between 1 and 7 µM. Application of three of these inhibitors to infected erythrocytes cured malaria in culture, but parasite death did not correlate with food vacuole abnormalities associated with the activity of mechanistic inhibitors of cysteine proteases like the epoxide E64. Using plasmodial falcipain proteases, we show how a protein family perspective can influence target discovery and inhibitor design. We suspect that parallel drug discovery programs where a family of targets is considered, rather than serial programs built on a single therapeutic focus, will become the dominant industrial paradigm. Economies of scale in assay development and in compound synthesis are expected owing to the functional and structural features of individual family members. One of the remaining challenges in post-genomic drug discovery is that inhibitors of one target are likely to show some activity against other family members. This lack of specificity may lead to difficulties in functional assignments and target validation as well as a complex side effect profile.
Standardized bench method for evaluating the efficacy of phototherapy devices

Aim: As phototherapy (PT) devices employ a variety of broadband light sources, we developed and tested a standardized bench method for evaluating the efficacy of some devices. Methods: To evaluate efficacy, we quantified the in vitro photodegradation rate (expressed as t1/2) of unconjugated bilirubin in solution at 37°C during exposure to a given light source at its mean delivered irradiance to the 2D body surface area (BSA) of newborn models. Reproducibility (between-day variation) of the method was determined at irradiance levels from 10 to 70 μW/cm2/nm on three different days. Results: Between-day t1/2 measurements had coefficients of variation from 3% to 10%. When t1/2 values were normalized to the exposable 2D horizontal BSA, halogen lamp devices, without and with fiberoptics, were least effective (t1/2= 60–108 min and 100–126 min for preterm and term models, respectively). Fluorescent tube devices had t1/2= 19–78 min and 25–78 min, for preterm and term models, respectively. Light-emitting diode (LED)-based devices yielded the shortest t1/2 values (16–24 min) for preterm and term newborn models. Conclusions: We demonstrated the applicability of the method through the determination of the efficacy of several commercially available PT devices. This standardized method is reproducible and effectively evaluates the relative in vitro efficacy of various devices and may guide further in vitro and in vivo evaluations of devices.
Platelet factor 3 in plasma fractions: Its relation to microparticle size and thromboses

Platelet factor 3 (PF3) was assayed by Russell's viper venom (RVV) in three plasma fractions, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet poor plasma (PPP), and 0.1 microns particle-filtered plasma (PFP), in 42 healthy controls, 34 patients with recent cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and 28 with recent ischemic events from coronary artery disease (CAD). Platelet microparticles (PMP) were assayed in PPP by flow cytometry. Relative to controls, the RVV clotting times were shortened in all three plasma fractions in both patient groups, p 0.1 microns. The RVV time was superior to routine coagulation tests in discriminating thrombotic patients from healthy controls.
Transparent CPU-GPU collaboration for data-parallel kernels on heterogeneous systems

Heterogeneous computing on CPUs and GPUs has traditionally used fixed roles for each device: the GPU handles data parallel work by taking advantage of its massive number of cores while the CPU handles non data-parallel work, such as the sequential code or data transfer management. Unfortunately, this work distribution can be a poor solution as it under utilizes the CPU, has difficulty generalizing beyond the single CPU-GPU combination, and may waste a large fraction of time transferring data. Further, CPUs are performance competitive with GPUs on many workloads, thus simply partitioning work based on the fixed roles may be a poor choice. In this paper, we present the single kernel multiple devices (SKMD) system, a framework that transparently orchestrates collaborative execution of a single data-parallel kernel across multiple asymmetric CPUs and GPUs. The programmer is responsible for developing a single data-parallel kernel in OpenCL, while the system automatically partitions the workload across an arbitrary set of devices, generates kernels to execute the partial workloads, and efficiently merges the partial outputs together. The goal is performance improvement by maximally utilizing all available resources to execute the kernel. SKMD handles the difficult challenges of exposed data transfer costs and the performance variations GPUs have with respect to input size. On real hardware, SKMD achieves an average speedup of 29% on a system with one multicore CPU and two asymmetric GPUs compared to a fastest device execution strategy for a set of popular OpenCL kernels.
The Role of Symptom Induction in the Treatment of Panic and Anxiety Identifiable Domains, Conditional Properties, and Treatment Targets

Although the importance of affectively charged material in the treatment of panic and anxiety has been emphasized and implicitly viewed as essential for effective therapeutic change, a general framework for organizing, understanding, implementing, and evaluating symptom induction techniques has yet to be offered. This article offers a framework for organizing symptoms induction techniques, categorizing treatment targets, and, accordingly, assessing therapeutic change in the treatment of panic and anxiety. Symptom induction techniques are examined in three exposure domains: physiological, cognitive, and situational/circumstantial; treatment targets fall into five categories: (a) poor symptom tolerance and resultant hypersensitivity and hypervigilance, (b) avoidance of internal and external triggers, (c) the emergence of specific catastrophic thoughts and related misinterpretations, (d) diminished adaptive coping skills, and (e) a reduction in general self-efficacy. Additionally, a distinction is proposed between conditional and unconditional properties of symptom induction, with an emphasis on the potential deleterious role conditional properties play during the course of treatment.
Localization of the kappa opioid receptor gene to human chromosome band 8q11.2.

Using the cloned mouse kappa opioid receptor cDNA clone as a probe, screened a human genomic library and isolated a clone containing part of the human kappa opioid receptor gene (OPRK1), designated [lambda]hSR4-1. To determine the chromosomal localization of OPRK1, [lambda]hSR4-1 DNA was labeled with biotin by nick-translation in the presence of bio-11-dUTP and hybridized to human metaphase cells prepared from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes as described previously. Hybridization of the OPRK1-specific probe [lambda]hSR4-1 DNA to normal human metaphase chromosomes resulted in specific labeling only of chromosome 8. Specific labeling of 8q11 was observed on all 4 (6 cells), 3 (9 cells), 2 (9 cells), or 1 (1 cell) chromatid of the chromosome 8 homologs in 25 cells examined. Of 72 signals observed, 70 were located at 8q11. 1 signal was located at 7q11 and at 12p11. In most cells, the signal on 8q was located at 8q11.2. 7 refs., 1 fig.
Effects of hydrazine and its derivatives on the development of intestinal brush border enzymes.

Abstract Pregnant hamsters were exposed by intubation to a single oral dose of hydrazine hydrate (260 mg/kg) or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (150 mg/kg) as a neutralized solution on Day 12 of gestation (4 days before birth). Similarly, doses of methylazoxymethanol acetate (340 and 85 mg/kg) were given and found to be lethal to the dams within a 24- to 48-hr period. Groups of these animals ( N = 3) were sacrificed 1 or 2 days before birth and 3 or 4, 10, 17, 24 or 25, and 53 or 60 days after birth to evaluate the development of intestinal brush border enzymes. lactase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase, as compared to the enzyme development in control animals. The results indicate that exposure to hydrazine diminished neonatal lactase activity, elevated postnatal and young adult sucrase activity, and elevated the neonatal and postnatal activity of alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, after prenatal exposure to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, the postnatal level of sucrase activity and all levels of alkaline phosphatase activity were elevated. There was no significant effect of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on the development of lactase activity. A screen for teratogenic effects revealed no incidence of cleft palate formation in the offspring. While there are no apparent teratogenic events, biochemical alterations reveal more subtle effects of these environmental toxins on this developing organ system.
A Close Encounter Model for Reference Services to Adult Learners: The Value of Flexibility and Variance

Summary Every reference encounter is an instructional encounter. Reference services to adult learners must be as flexible as the learners' technological savvy and learning styles. Furthermore, a variety of instructional methods must be used. This study presents survey results of a sample graduate student population which is outside the mainstream of traditional college students. We present a Close Encounter Model of reference services to meet this population.
Zero-shot video retrieval using content and concepts

Recent research in video retrieval has been successful at finding videos when the query consists of tens or hundreds of sample relevant videos for training supervised models. Instead, we investigate unsupervised zero-shot retrieval where no training videos are provided: a query consists only of a text statement. For retrieval, we use text extracted from images in the videos, text recognized in the speech of its audio track, as well as automatically detected semantically meaningful visual video concepts identified with widely varying confidence in the videos. In this work we introduce a new method for automatically identifying relevant concepts given a text query using the Markov Random Field (MRF) retrieval framework. We use source expansion to build rich textual representations of semantic video concepts from large external sources such as the web. We find that concept-based retrieval significantly outperforms text based approaches in recall. Using an evaluation derived from the TRECVID MED'11 track, we present early results that an approach using multi-modal fusion can compensate for inadequacies in each modality, resulting in substantial effectiveness gains. With relevance feedback, our approach provides additional improvements of over 50%.
Receptor-induced transient reduction in plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 concentration monitored in living cells

Although phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) is a well-characterized precursor for the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, diacylglycerol [1] and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [2], it also interacts with the actin-binding proteins profilin and gelsolin [3], as well as with many signaling molecules that contain pleckstrin homology (PH) domains [4]. It is conceivable that stimuli received by receptors in the plasma membrane could be sufficiently strong to decrease the PtdIns(4,5)P2 concentration; this decrease could alter the structure of the cortical cytoskeleton and modulate the activity of signaling molecules that have PH domains. Here, we tested this hypothesis by using an in vivo fluorescent indicator for PtdIns(4,5)P2, by tagging the PH domain of phospholipase C delta 1 (PLC-delta 1) with the green fluorescent protein (GFP-PH). When expressed in cells, GFP-PH was found to be enriched at the plasma membrane. Binding studies in vitro and mutant analysis suggested that GFP-PH bound PtdIns(4,5)P2 selectively over other phosphatidylinositol lipids. Strikingly, receptor stimulation induced a transient dissociation of GFP-PH from the plasma membrane, suggesting that the concentration of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the plasma membrane was effectively lowered. This transient dissociation was blocked by the PLC inhibitor U73122 but was not affected by the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, suggesting that it is mostly mediated by PLC and not by PI 3-kinase activation. Overall, our studies show that PtdIns(4,5)P2 can have second messenger functions of its own, by mediating a transient dissociation of proteins anchored in the plasma membrane.
Ohio's Balanced Growth Program: a case study of collaboration for planning and policy design

This paper describes the collaborative planning process for a new landscape planning programme in Ohio that seeks to influence land urbanisation patterns through joint local land use decision making on a watershed basis. The programme was developed through a collaborative process by a state agency-appointed task force that included agency staff and a wide range of stakeholders. The paper describes the process in terms of the collaborative mechanisms, the participants, the programmatic outputs, and the social and organisational outcomes that set the foundation for enhanced watershed quality through better land use decision-making practices. Key collaborations formed during the process were inter-agency collaborations, a non-profit organisation that partnered with the agencies, and that of state agencies with local governments to develop watershed-based land use plans. A most critical outcome was creation of a learning community, through an exploratory research process that used multiple methods of data gat...
UPTAKE OF CALCIUM-45 BY RAT DIAPHRAGM IN VITRO.

Abstract Rat diaphragm tissue accumulated calcium during incubation in bovine blood plasma to a greater degree than may be attributed to diffusion and exchange alone. The calcium content of diaphragm tissue was increased from 99 to 200 ppm during a 40-minute incubation at 37 °C in bovine plasma containing 82 ppm calcium. This calcium uptake was not greatly influenced by the addition of parathyroid extract to the incubation medium, and accumulation of calcium by diaphragm tissue from thyroparathyroidectomized rats followed the same trends as the accumulation by tissue from the intact animals.
Homeland Security and the U.S. Public Management Policy Agenda

The U.S. has been described as an “uninteresting laggard” in comparative public management policy. The passage of the Homeland Security Act in 2002 demands a reevaluation of this label. The Act created the Department of Homeland Security, but also marked a dramatic shift toward greater public personnel flexibility, both for the new Department and the entire federal government. It is tempting to suggest that the Act is an effort to “catch up” with the New Public Management benchmark countries. However, such an argument is overly simplistic and misleading. This article argues that the Act represents a triumph of a preexisting management agenda that was successfully tied to the issue of security during a political window of opportunity. The management agenda of the Bush administration pursues many of the concerns of the Clinton era, but does so with a more top-down and centralized interpretation of flexibility, reflecting an executive-centered philosophy toward government and a willingness to tackle the dominant stakeholder in this area, public service unions.
The spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV)-specific neoantigen shares cross-reactive determinants with mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus gp701☆

Abstract We recently reported that the spleen focus-forming virus [(SFFV), a replication-defective leukemogenic virus] coded for a cell surface neoantigen which could be detected by lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Because the SFFV genome has recently been characterized as a recombinant between both ecotropic and xenotropic viral information, we examined whether the SFFV-specific neoantigen, as defined by in vitro cytolysis, shared determinants with antigens coded for by mink cell focus (MCF)-inducing viruses (also xenotropic/ecotropic recombinants). As detected by direct cytolysis of SFFV- and MCF-infected target cells, the SFFV-specific neoantigen was found to be partially cross-reactive with determinants on the surface of MCF virus-infected cells. The cross-reactive determinants appeared to be coded for by the envelope region of both AKR and Moloney MCF viruses, in that antisera specific for MCF gp 70 were capable of blocking SFFV-specific neoantigen-directed cytolysis. These results provide further evidence in support of the recombinant nature of the SFFV genome and its close relationship to MCF viral genetic information. However, in that the SFFV-specific neoantigen was not totally cross-reactive with MCF gp70, it remains possible that additional antigenic determinants associated with SFFV-encoded transformation may be present.
Multiple Currents in the Gulf Stream System

A new interpretation of the accumulated temperature and salinity data from the Gulf Stream Area indicates that the System is made up of a series of overlapping currents. These currents are separated by relatively weak countercurrents. Data from a recent survey are presented as supporting this hypothesis. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00804.x
Hormonal control of receptivity, proceptivity and sexual motivation.

Abstract The results of three experiments using ovariectomized female rats are reported. In each experiment, females were individually tested in large arena with a partner (or partners) tethered so as to give the unrestrained female control over the occurrence of social interaction. In the first experiment we show that ovariectomized females will repeatedly approach a sexually active male and allow themselves to be mounted. Other forms of female initiated contact are common. These include “grooming” and “nosing” the male, crawling over or under the male, the “push-past” the male, genital sniffing, and following the male. For convenience we refer to these as feminine social contacts. Treatment with ovarian hormones induces sexual receptivity, increases the frequency with which females approach males, and increases the display of sexual soliciting behaviors such as hopping and darting. In this setting the frequency of feminine social contacts is decreased. In a second experiment we show that hopping/darting is frequently displayed by intensely receptive females when they are tested with sexually active males, but these beahviors are almost never displayed in the presence of either a sexually passive male or a female. The frequency of feminine social contacts varies predictably with the setting: contact frequency is low when receptive females are tested with active males; contact frequency is high when females are tested with a passive male or a female. In the third experiment we used a preference test paradigm to measure sexual motivation. This involved testing a female with a sexually active male and a sexually inactive castrate at the same time. Treatment with ovarian hormones increases a female's preference for the sexually active male over the castrate, and by this criterion hormonal stimulation can be said to increase sexual motivation. The results of this experiment, using a very simple test for sexual motivation, form the basis for a forthcoming series of papers dealing with the effects of brain damage upon reflexive and volitional components of feminine sexual behavior.
Lip Augmentation with Silicone

More and more patients are coming to cosmetic and dermatologic surgeons for augmentation of their lips. Filling substances are ideal for this procedure. Silicone is the best filling substance for several reasons. Careful attention to technique and aesthetics will reward both patient and doctor.
The glutamate decarboxylase-, leucine enkephalin-, methionine enkephalin- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the rat and cat: evidence for partial population overlap.

Abstract We have examined the populations of neurons in the neostriatum of both rat and cat that are immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase, [Leu]enkephalin, [Met]enkephalin and substance P. Neurons that were immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase made up 47% of the neurons in our samples from the rat and ranged from 39 to 49% of the neurons in the cat. Those immunoreactive for [Leu]enkephalin made up 44–49% of the neurons in rat neostriatum, and 38–47% in the cat, and those immunoreactive for [Met]enkephalin made up 36–41% of the neurons in rat and 43–49% of the neurons in the cat. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons made up 30–38% of neurons in rat and 32–39% in cat Most substance P neurons (particularly the most darkly staining ones) were, however, clustered such that they were most numerous in the patch compartment of neostriatum; within the patches the substance P neurons comprised 59% of neurons in the rat and 55% in cat, but in the matrix substance P neurons comprised only 32% of neurons in the rat and 25% in the cat. Samples taken from sections processed for two-color double labeling immunocytochemistry revealed that 12% of neurons label for both glutamate decarboxylase and [Leu]enkephalin, 12% for both glutamate decarboxylase and [Met]enkephalin, 11–12% for both glutamate decarboxylase and substance P, and 17% for both [Met]enkephalin and substance P. These results provide evidence for chemical heterogeneity within the medium-sized neostriatal neurons, and provide the first evidence for coexistence of glutamate decarboxylase and substance P within a single neuron, and the first evidence for the coexistence for substance P and [Met]enkephalin within single neurons of the central nervous system.
Mitigation of linear and nonlinear impairments in high-speed optical networks by using LDPC-coded turbo equalization

We present a nonlinear ISI cancellation scheme based on LDPC-coded turbo equalization. This scheme is suitable for simultaneous suppression of intra-channel nonlinearities, chromatic dispersion compensation, and PMD compensation. LDPC coding is based on large girth block-circulant codes, and maximum a posteriori probability equalizer is based on Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BJCR) algorithm.
Fiscal Determinants of Inflation: A Primer for the Middle East and North Africa

Many countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have recently experienced surges in money growth that apparently have not generated significant inflationary pressures. Moreover, several MENA countries have followed monetary policy rules that according to standard monetary theory should have produced macroeconomic instability and possibly hyperinflation. We argue that the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level could usefully provide insights on these developments. Our main conclusion is that a sound fiscal position constitutes a necessary condition for macroeconomic stability whereas "sound" monetary policy is neither sufficient nor necessary. Hence, fiscal policy and public debt deserve particular attention for maintaining macroeconomic stability, by and large consistent with Fund policy advice to MENA countries.
Tradition and Cognitive Science Oakeshott's Undoing of the Kantian Mind

In this discussion, the author asks the question if Oakeshott’s famous depiction of a practice might be understood in relation to contemporary cognitive science, in particular connectionism (the contemporary cognitive science approach concerned with the problem of skills and skilled knowing) and in terms of the now conventional view of “normativity” in Anglo-American philosophy. The author suggests that Oakeshott meant to contrast practices to an alternative “Kantian” model of a shared tacit mental frame or set of rules. If cognitive science, in its connectionist forms, allows us to give a naturalistic though nonreductive sense to his words, Oakeshott, like other philosophers who have employed the concept of tradition, expanded his discussion into a broader reconsideration of the nature of theorizing, a metaphilosophy. And this extension can be understood in relation to such recent thinkers as McDowell and, in particular, to the problem of the acquisition of the normative.
RPB-MD: Providing robust message dissemination for vehicular ad hoc networks

To improve traffic safety and efficiency, it is vital to reliably send traffic-related messages to vehicles in the targeted region in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, relative position based message dissemination (RPB-MD), to reliably and efficiently disseminate messages to the vehicles in the zone-of-relevance. Firstly, the relative position based (RPB) addressing model is proposed to effectively define the intended receivers in the zone-of-relevance. To ensure high message delivery ratio and low delivery delay, directional greedy broadcast routing (DGBR) is introduced to make a group of candidate nodes hold the message for high reliability. Moreover, to guarantee efficiency, the protocol time parameters are designed adaptively according to the message attributes and local vehicular traffic density. The protocol feasibility is analyzed to illustrate the robustness and reliability of RPB-MD. Simulation results show that RPB-MD, compared with representative existing schemes, achieves high delivery ratio, limited overhead, reasonable delay and high network reachability under different vehicular traffic density and data sending rate.
Thickness dependent hierarchical meso/nano scale morphologies of a metal-containing block copolymer thin film induced by hybrid annealing and their pattern transfer abilities

In this paper we describe dewetting phenomena in organic (polystyrene, PS)/inorganic (polyferrocenyldimethylsilane, PFS) block copolymer thin films. Mesoscale dendritic structures are induced when the spin-cast thin film of this polymer is subjected to so-called hybrid annealing, which involves both thermal and solvent annealing. We show that the development and arrangement of these mesoscale dendritic structures depends on the initial film thickness in addition to the annealing time. Importantly, there are two criteria that must be fulfilled to achieve these mesoscale morphologies: (i) the film has to be subjected to hybrid annealing, i.e. either only thermal or only solvent annealing does not produce any notable mesostructures and (ii) both PS and PFS blocks must be present during the thermal and solvent annealing procedures; if one of the blocks, for instance PS, is removed before annealing then there is no mesostructure. Various possible mechanisms for the formation of these structures are discussed and results indicate that the PFS block dominates the structure formation. We also observe a ring- or worm-like nanostructure which develops only when the film is subjected to hybrid annealing at a particular film thickness. Apart from these results, here we demonstrate that mesoscale structures can be successfully transferred onto underlying substrates.
The Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Polymers:An Elementary Molecular Approach

The mechanical and electrical properties of polymers are discussed in terms of the properties of individual polymer molecules in such a way as to bring out principles and generalizations which may be of use to persons interested in applying polymeric materials in electronic devices. The emphasis is on polymers consisting of essentially linear chains. A few linear polymers derived from ethylene, and chemically substituted ethylene are chosen for purposes of illustrating basic concepts.
A rapid method for quantifying free sphingoid bases and complex sphingolipids in microgram amounts of cells following exposure to fumonisin B1

Fumonisins are potent inhibitors of sphingosine and sphinganine N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthase), key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate rapid methods for the determination of free sphingoid bases and total sphingolipids in small quantities of cells exposed to pure fumonisin B(1). The developed rapid methods were a modification of an earlier 'original' method and used a single CHCl(3) extraction subsequent to base or acid hydrolysis of cell suspensions. The average recovery of the C(20)-sphinganine internal standard using the rapid extraction method for free sphingoid bases was 48% and 84% for control and fumonisin B(1)-treated LLC-PK(1) cells (approx. 100 mug protein), respectively, while the recovery using the original extraction method was 1% or less. The average total sphingolipid concentrations (free sphingoid bases plus complex sphingolipids) determined by the rapid and original method were similar. The rapid extraction method provided simpler and shorter extractions with improved recovery, and was more economical by allowing experimental designs using smaller quantities of cells (10-100 mug protein) and fumonisins. In conclusion, the rapid method is useful for the study of fumonisin-induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism in cultured cells where free sphingoid base concentration increases and complex sphingolipids decrease markedly.
Working-out caregiving systems in African American families

This study focused on family caregiving of older people in the African American population. Specifically, it used the constant comparative method to describe caregiving processes in these families. In-depth interviews with 17 caregivers revealed that caregiving activities were initially difficult and stressful but became somewhat easier for the caregivers over time. This report describes the major process that accounted for this difference (working-out systems) and describes the steps involved in working-out systems.
Effect of Starches on Protein Utilization and Liver Lipid Composition in Rats

SUMMARY —The effect of starches on utilization of protein and lipid composition in the liver of rats was investigated. The carbohydrates tested were rice starch, corn starch, wheat starch, and arrow root starch. Criteria for evaluation of protein utilization were growth response, digestibility of protein, and availability of lysine. Arrow root starch was inferior to corn starch, rice starch, and wheat starch in effect upon protein utilization. Corn starch and wheat starch were similar in effects on protein utilization. Studies of growth and protein efficiency ratios indicated that rice starch is inferior to corn starch and wheat starch. The distribution of fatty acids in the liver lipid was somewhat different in rats fed arrow root starch from that in rats fed the other three starches. Lysine supplementation did not alter the fatty acid pattern in the liver lipid of rats from that in the unsupplemented group.
Effect of Average Phospholipid Curvature on Supported Bilayer Formation on Glass by Vesicle Fusion

The adsorption of large unilamellar vesicles composed of various combinations of phosphatidylcholine, phos- phatidylethanolamine (PE), monomethyl PE, and dimethyl PE (PE-Me2) onto a glass surface was studied using fluorescence microscopy. The average lipid geometry within the vesicles, described mathematically by the average intrinsic curvature, C0,ave, was methodically altered by changing the lipid ratios to determine the effect of intrinsic curvature on the ability of vesicles to rupture and form a supported lipid bilayer. We show that the ability of vesicles to create fluid planar bilayers is dependent on C0,ave and independent of the identity of the component lipids. When the C0,ave was ;� 0.1 nm � 1 , the vesicles readily formed supported lipid bilayers with almost full mobility. In contrast, when the C0,ave ranged from ;� 0.2 to ;� 0.3 nm � 1 , the adsorbed vesicles remained intact upon the surface. The results indicate that the average shape of lipid molecules within a vesicle (C0,ave) is essential for determining kinetically viable reactions that are responsible for global geometric changes.
Two tobacco DNA-binding proteins with homology to the nuclear factor CREB

THE 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) contains a tandem repeat of the sequence TGACG in the region −83 to −63. This 21-base pair (bp) sequence, called as-1, is involved in root expression of the 35S promoter. When inserted in a promoter of a gene expressed specifically in photosynthetic tissues, as-1 confers high level expression in roots13. We have described a factor, ASF-1, that binds specifically to as-1 in vitro. There is a good correlation between ASF-1 binding affinity to as-1 related sequences in vitro and the function of these sequences in vivo. These results strongly suggest that ASF-1 is responsible for the function of as-1 (ref. 13). Here we report the isolation of tobacco complementary DNA clones encoding two TGACG-sequence-specific binding-proteins (TGAla and TGAlb). Sequence analysis of the cDNA clones shows that both proteins contain a basic region that shows high homology to a stretch of basic amino acids in the nuclear factors CREB, GCN4, and c-Jun1-4 to a 'leucine-zipper' region5. On the basis of binding specificity we propose TGAla to be a good candidate for ASF-1.
Isolation of plasma membrane fragments from cultured murine melanoma cells

The various manipulations involved in the isolation of membrane fragments from culture fluids of murine melanoma cells were examined to discern their effect on membrane fragment structure. Ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography were compared using the presence of marker enzymes and the sensitivity to a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100). Fractionation of media by gel chromatography resulted in only one major form of membrane particles, while ultracentrifugation, followed by resuspension, produced at least two major populations from the identical material. These results indicate that the optimal procedure for membrane fragment isolation is fractionation by an agarose-containing gel, followed by concentration using PEG 20,000.
Thermal processing effects on ultra-thin ferromagnetic Fe layers grown on GaAs(0 0 1)

We used Brillouin light scattering and magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements to study the magnetic properties of ultra-thin 1.5 nm Fe layers undergoing various annealing and high temperature growth processes on GaAs(0 0 1). We found that the thermal processing has a profound effect on the form and magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy and value of the coercivity. In addition, in situ scanning tunneling microscopy revealed that high temperature post-deposition annealing results in the formation of rectangular pits, while high temperature growth results in a rough faceted microstructure.
Behavioral Psychopharmacology of MDMA and MDMA-Like Drugs: A Review of Human and Animal Studies

Since being classified as a Schedule I controlled substance, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; "ecstasy") has been the subject of controversy regarding its potential therapeutic usage, increased use by young people in the "Rave" culture, and issues of potential neurotoxicity. This review article summarizes much of the animal and human studies of the general behavioral effects of MDMA and MDMA-like drugs, as well as studies using specific locomotor activity and startle/prepulse inhibition paradigms. MDMA and related serotonergic drugs produce a unique behavioral profile in both humans and animals. The precise sites of action and mechanisms for these behavioral effects are still being studied. Carefully conducted studies of MDMA and related compounds in animal and human subjects will provide invaluable information that can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying drug abuse, cognition, arousal, and motor activity, as well as mechanisms of neurotoxicity and the possible therapeutic value of MDMA.
An Analysis of the Dust Halo and Extinction toward X Persei

Interstellar dust grain models are not sufficiently constrained by UV extinction curves to be able to distinguish between them. By testing grain models in the X-ray regime and applying elemental abundance constraints, we show to what extent the models can reproduce the observables in these regimes, and if they are capable of doing so while respecting the abundance limits. We tested the MRN and WD grain models. The fits to the X-ray data do not allow us to distinguish between MRN and WD; both models provide reasonable fits, but cannot do so while respecting the elemental abundance constraints. The situation in the UV regime is similar. Both MRN and WD underestimate the hydrogen column density NH. The model of ZDA provides promising results, as it finds NH much closer to the UV-measured value; further testing of this model is called for.
Mood metadata for video games and interactive media

Video games are becoming an important part of digital library collections due to increasing popularity and the acknowledgement of their significance as cultural artifacts. In order to support robust search and browse functions, it is imperative to develop a metadata schema to effectively represent this medium. The potential of mood metadata in the domain of video game classification is little explored, despite the value given to it by gamers in user studies. Here, we present a Controlled Vocabulary (CV) for moods related to video games with 17 defined mood terms, equivalent terms, and game examples. This CV will enable catalogers to organize video games by mood, allowing mood to be used for search and collocation. In order to evaluate the applicability of this CV and discover which terms are most relevant for video games, we annotated the mood of a sample collection of 617 video game titles. In this poster, we discuss the issues and challenges we encountered in the creation and evaluation of the current CV and our future research goals.
Perinephric abscess secondary to ruptured retrocecal appendix diagnosed by computerized tomography

Abstract A case of a perinephric abscess secondary to a ruptured retroappendiceal appendix was diagnosed preoperatively by computerized tomography of the abdomen. The radiologic anatomy of the retroperitoneum is reviewed along with a discussion of the origin of perinephric abscesses and the complication of acute appendicitis.
DNA synthesis in the giant salivary chromosomes of Drosophila virilis prior to pupation

Both two-wavelength microspectrophotometry of Feulgen-stained whole nuclei and autoradiography of H3-thymidine incorporation by giant salivary chromosomes in Drosophila virilis demonstrate a net decrease in the relative rate of salivary DNA synthesis during the late third instar and prepupal stages of development. Amounts of DNA-Feulgen per nucleus were distributed into several classes, the means of which closely approximated values projected as geometric multiples of the basic somatic DNA level estimated from hemocyte nuclei of the same larvae. Comparison of DNA polytene class frequencies showed no statistical difference between male larvae of different development stages, although female prepupae showed a greater frequency of nuclei in higher polytene classes when compared to male prepupae of the same age. Comparison of chromosomal H3-thymidine incorporation with previously described H3-histidine incorporation suggests that the amino acid labeling, which reaches a maximum during the prepupal period, has a physiological significance distinct from chromosomal endoreplication.