cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE FRESHNESS OF FISH1 2

Various objective methods to estimate the degree of freshness of fish and fishery products were compared. The total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and ammonia-nitrogen of carp flesh reached values of 30–33 mg% when carp stored at 0.4°C. and 25–27°C. began to have a bad odor. For catfish stored at 0–4°C. and 25–27°C. these values reached 20–30 mg%. Trimethylamine was not found in fresh and spoiled carp and catfish. The determination of trimethylamine as an index of spoilage cannot be used for these fresh-water fish. The determinations of tyrosine and volatile reducing substances (VRS) cannot be used to estimate the degree of freshness of fish if the temperature at which the fish had been stored is not known. If these two methods were combined with TVN and ammonia-nitrogen one could determine the degree of freshness of fish and the temperature at which the fish were stored. The determination of tyrosine combined with TVN and ammonia-nitrogen can give further support as to whether fish are absolutely fresh. If the ...
Aortic Valve Disease

Aortic valve disease imposes significant challenges upon the circulatory system during exercise. However, during the pediatric years, left ventricular dilation and the decline in systemic vascular resistance that accompanies exercise tend to effectively mitigate the effects of aortic regurgitation. Similarly, in pediatric patients with less than severe aortic stenosis, compensatory hypertrophy often mitigates the hemodynamic impact of the stenosis. Hence the exercise function of most pediatric patients with aortic valve disease is usually remarkably well preserved. Exercise testing can help identify the subset of patients in whom the compensatory mechanisms are no longer effective.
Sensor-Based Upper-Extremity Frailty Assessment for the Vascular Surgery Risk Stratification.

Abstract Background Available methods for determining outcomes in vascular surgery patients are often subjective or not applicable in nonambulatory patients. The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between vascular surgery outcomes and a previously validated upper-extremity function (UEF) method, which incorporates wearable motion sensors for the physical frailty assessment. Materials and methods Patients (≥50 y old) undergoing vascular surgery were recruited. Participants performed the 20-s UEF test, which involved rapid elbow flexion. This technology quantifies physical frailty features including slowness, weakness, exhaustion, and flexibility, which allows grouping individuals into nonfrail, prefrail, and frail categories. Surgical outcomes included length of hospital stay, discharged disposition, and 30-d mortality, complications, readmission, and reintervention(s). Associations between outcomes and frailty were assessed using nominal logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and wound classification. Results Thirty-seven participants were recruited: eight nonfrail (age = 62.0 ± 10.6); 22 prefrail (age = 65.6 ± 11.6); and seven frail (age = 68.0 ± 8.0). Significant associations were observed between frailty and length of hospital stay (three times longer among frail participants, P = 0.03), mortality after surgery (two incidents among frail participants, P Conclusions This is the first study to validate the utility of UEF among patients undergoing any vascular surgery. Findings suggest that UEF may provide an objective and simple approach for assessing frailty to predict adverse events after vascular surgery, especially for nonambulatory patients.
Injectable Silk-Based Hydrogel as an Alternative to Cervical Cerclage: A Rabbit Study

Background: Preterm birth is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants. Cervical insufficiency (CI) is a significant cause of preterm birth. The treatment for CI is cerclage, whi...
The Partitioning of Meridional Heat Transport from the Last Glacial Maximum to CO2 Quadrupling in Coupled Climate Models

AbstractMeridional heat transport (MHT) is analyzed in ensembles of coupled climate models simulating climate states ranging from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to quadrupled CO2. MHT is partitione...
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and its variants: a case series and literature review.

Over the years, Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TCMP) has become increasingly apparent, now comprising a significant portion of patients presenting with suspected acute coronary syndrome. The most common...
Low Peak VO2 and Pulse Pressure Augmentation on Exercise in LVAD Patients with Recovery and Pump Explant

Purpose Recovered LVAD patients have normal EF and hemodynamics, but knowledge of their exercise response is scarce. We compared exercise responses in LVAD vs. HF and normal subjects. Methods In 2016-20, 25 LVAD patients had upright ergometer CPET with first-pass radionuclide imaging (n=20), with (n=13) or without (n=12) invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Five had pump explant for recovery after exercising at low pump speeds. LVAD patients were compared to HFrEF (EF Results Median EF was 55% (explant), 19% (no-explant), 23% (HFrEF), and 63% (normal) (p Conclusion Explant patients had higher peak CO, peak HR and lower PAWP/CO slope than no-explant group. Despite normal EF and hemodynamics, explant patients did not completely normalize peak VO2 or pulse pressure augmentation on exercise. Efforts aimed at improving CO (e.g. pump speed modulation) and reducing chronotropic incompetence may help improve exercise tolerance for LVAD patients.
Hierarchical Tree-based Sequential Event Prediction with Application in the Aviation Accident Report

Sequential event prediction is a well-studied area and has been widely used in proactive management, recommender systems and healthcare. One major assumption of the existing sequential event prediction methods is that similar event sequence patterns in the historical record will repeat themselves, enabling us to predict future events. However, in reality, the assumption becomes less convincing when we are trying to predict rare or unique sequences. Furthermore, the representation of the event may be complex with hierarchical structures. In this paper, we aim to solve this issue by taking advantage of the multi-level or hierarchical representation of these rare events. We proposed to build a sequential Encoder-Decoder framework to predict the event sequences. More specifically, in the encoding layer, we built a hierarchical embedding representation for the events. In the decoding layer, we first predict the high-level events and the low-level events are generated according to a hierarchical graphical structure. We propose to link the encoding decoding layers with the temporal models for future event prediction. In this article, we further discussed applying the proposed model into the failure event prediction according to the aviation accident reports and have shown improved accuracy and model interpretability.
Effects of simulation dimensionality on laser-driven electron acceleration and photon emission in hollow microchannel targets.

Using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) kinetic simulations, we examine the impact of simulation dimensionality on the laser-driven electron acceleration and the emission of collimated $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray beams from hollow microchannel targets. We demonstrate that the dimensionality of the simulations considerably influences the results of electron acceleration and photon generation owing to the variation of laser phase velocity in different geometries. In a 3D simulation with a cylindrical geometry, the acceleration process of electrons terminates early due to the higher phase velocity of the propagating laser fields; in contrast, 2D simulations with planar geometry tend to have prolonged electron acceleration and thus produce much more energetic electrons. The photon beam generated in the 3D setup is found to be more diverged accompanied with a lower conversion efficiency. Our paper concludes that the 2D simulation can qualitatively reproduce the features in 3D simulation, but for quantitative evaluations and reliable predictions to facilitate experiment designs 3D modeling is strongly recommended.
Multiple representations and mathematical creativity

Abstract The primary purpose of this study is to reveal how multiple representations and/or visualizations can be used as an intervention to promote students’ mathematical creativity. The second purpose is to observe how multiple representations and/or visualizations can be used as a psychometric tool to measure students’ creative thinking abilities in mathematics. Pre-service teachers (n = 71) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: multiple representations or control. Results showed the mathematical creativity for the multiple representations group increased more than pre-service teachers in the control group (d = 0.98). Results also showed that multiple representations and/or visualizations of mathematical concepts, ideas, and problems can be employed as an effective psychometric tool that measure pre-service teachers’ creative thinking abilities in mathematics. One implication is that instructors can provide more multiple representations and/or visualizations of mathematical concepts during instruction so that pre-service teachers can find opportunities to develop their creative thinking in mathematics. Another important implication is that employing multiple representations as a psychometric tool to measure pre-service teachers’ creative thinking abilities in mathematics can eliminate the required mathematical content knowledge individuals need to know to manifest their creative insights in mathematics.
An extension of pseudolinear functions and variational ineqaulity problems

In optimization, objective functions which are both pseudoconvex and pseudoconcave have been studied extensively. Generalizing these results, we characterize pseudomonotone maps F where -F is also pseudomonotone and explore their properties in variational inequality problems. In particular, we extend recent results by Jeyakumar and Yang which were derived for optimization problems.
A systems approach to improving medication reconciliation in an academic medical center

Medication reconciliation decreases errors in patient medication lists by comparing patient medication orders with other medications a patient is currently taking. Discrepancies in medication lists can lead to adverse drug effects that are harmful to patients. Lack of standard procedures and best practices leads to miscommunication, procedural variability, and lack of accountability, especially given time and resource constraints. Nationwide, hospitals must comply with the regulations for medication reconciliation set forth in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Observations in four ambulatory clinics at the University of Virginia Medical Center reveal patientspecific and clinic-specific factors contributing to variation in the medication reconciliation process. Current literature and studies of medication reconciliation offer a foundation for studying clinic workflows. Observations within the four ambulatory clinics focused on clinic-specific factors: engagement, procedural, and technological. The team observed the hospital staff interactions, clinic workflow, and electronic medical record use throughout the process. Comparisons reveal inconsistencies among clinicspecific factors, which affect the accuracy of medication reconciliation. These insights provide clinic managers with evidence to facilitate more accurate medication reconciliation and decrease medication errors.
The Character of Scientific Change

The prime intellectual achievement of modern science is a body of views of nature at once general in their conceptions and specific and precise in their explanations. Those views have, over the course of the history of science, become increasingly coherent, in the sense both of constituting a more and more unified perspective on a larger and larger body of detailed beliefs, and of providing an intelligible picture of the world we experience.1 Although problems remain that can be expected to alter our present scientific picture, even in fundamental ways, some of its claims must qualify as knowledge and understanding of, or at least as well-grounded beliefs about, the way things are. They have been arrived at by an increasingly sophisticated and systematic process of investigating nature, a process roughly describable as being, or at least as having come to be, one of collecting evidence on the basis of observation and experiment, and of formulating hypotheses whose purpose is both to account for the observations and experimental results and to provide bases for further observation and experiment leading to new discoveries and broadened and deepened understanding. It is the responsibility of the philosophy of science to show, by an analysis which preserves the spirit of this achievement, how the achievement has been possible (allowing both for the possibility of knowledge at present and the possibility that current views might be wrong), and to interpret the processes by which that body of views has been arrived at.
Haemangiosarcoma in the horse

Summary Neoplasms arising from vascular endothelial cells include benign haemangioma and malignant haemangiosarcoma, both of which are rare in the horse. Haemangiosarcoma can arise as a solitary mass, typically involving the eye or skin, or as disseminated tumours throughout multiple organs. There is no sex, breed or age predilection but most cases are found in middle aged horses. Clinical presentations of haemangiosarcoma in the horse include the presence of a visible mass or reflect dysfunction of the organ involved, thus making it difficult to differentiate from other neoplasms. Ante mortem diagnosis through clinicopathological findings, cytological findings of body cavity effusions or fine needle aspirates are often unrewarding. Biopsy or mass submission for histopathological examination may aid in diagnosis of haemangiosarcoma. A majority of cases are diagnosed post mortem; however, if the mass is poorly differentiated additional diagnostics such as immunohistochemical staining may be needed. Unfortunately, treatment of haemangiosarcoma is often unrewarding and limited based on the location of the mass and the aggressive nature of this neoplasm.
Leucyl-tRNA synthetase is an amino acid sensor for the activation of Vps34 upstream of mTORC1 (1012.5)

Amino acids availability regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex, mTORC1, a master regulator of cell growth. We previously reported that a pathway consisting of the class III PI-...
Memorializing Jefferson: Imperial Designs and the Battle of the Cherry Blossoms.

The article reports on the issue concerning the construction of a memorial to commemorate Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. Topics covered include the amount of budget allotted by the Congress for the program. Also mentioned is the grant and contract awarded to architect John Russell
Incorporating the Common Core's Problem Solving Standard for Mathematical Practice into an Early Elementary Inclusive Classroom.

Mathematics curriculum designers and policy decision makers are beginning to recognize the importance of problem solving, even at the earliest stages of mathematics learning. The Common Core includes sense making and perseverance in solving problems in its standards for mathematical practice for students at all grade levels. Incorporating problem solving into inclusive classrooms, in which some students may struggle with the self-regulation skills involved in problem solving, can be challenging. This article offers several problem solving procedures, as well as examples of problem solving in the classroom, that can provide young children with learning disabilities the support they need to meaningfully engage in mathematical problem solving.
New light on an age-old issue

Abstract In this issue, Varadhan and colleagues propose a methodologic framework that seeks to quantify impaired resiliency in dynamic systems underlying the frailty syndrome. We view this work, which is based on modeling stimulus–response data, as an exciting expansion of longstanding theories of age-related decline in physiologic reserve across systems. We outline ways in which this methodology might make substantial contributions in frailty research and clinical practice, and we discuss potential obstacles in its operationalization.
Ouabain (or salt solution lacking potassium) mimics the effects of dark pulses on the circadian pacemaker in cultured chick pineal cells.

Abstract Chick pineal cells in static culture display a persistent, photosensitive circdian rhythm of melatonin production and release. Pulses of white light or darkness, in otherwise constant red light, induce phase shifts in subsequent cycles whose magnitude and direction depend on the phase at which the pulse is given. Such ‘phase-dependent phase shifts’ are mediated by effects on the underlying pacemaker. Here, we describe the effects of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase, and of salt solutions lacking potassium (SS-K), which also inhibit the pump, on the melatonin rhythm. Pulses of ouabain, or of SS-K, induced phase advances and phase delays that were phase and concentration-dependent. The relationship between time of treatment and effect on the subsequent phase of the rhythm (the phase-response curve) for these treatments was essentially the same as that for pulses of darkness.
Continuous endoscopic pancreatocholedochal catheterization

The authors describe their technique and experience of inserting and maintaining peroral catheters, placed by endoscopic guidance, in the pancreatic and bile ducts. Such indwelling catheters have permitted extended chemical and cytologic examinations. Further, such catheters have been used for therapeutic lavage and drainage.
Hydrologic and nutrient dynamics of a coastal bay and wetland receiving discharge from the Atchafalaya River

This article synthesizes several studies carried out at Fourleague Bay and connecting waterways of the western Terrebonne interdistributary basin of the Mississippi River delta plain, which is strongly impacted by the Atchafalaya River. Hydrologic and nutrient fluxes were measured over two tidal cycles in February, April, and September of 1982. Synoptic water quality sampling of nutrients, sediments, salinity, and chlorophyll a was carried out from April 1986 to August 1991 (17 events), during 1994 (12 events), and from 2000 to 2002 (8 events). Hydrology and nutrient dynamics of the region were controlled by winds associated with cold fronts and Atchafalaya River discharge during winter–spring, and tidal forces during summer–fall. Less than 5% of the water discharged from the Atchafalaya River entered Fourleague Bay, but nonetheless was the dominant source of nutrients, especially nitrate + nitrite (NO x ), and sediments. Nitrate + nitrite concentrations entering Fourleague Bay ranged from 33.3 to 118.0 μM, with highest levels occurring during peak river discharge. Fourleague Bay was a sink for DIN, with retention rates ranging from 184.4 to 704.2 μg-at m−2 h−1, but both a source and sink for DIP, with retention rates ranging from −2.7 to 14.9 μg-at m−2 h−1. Concentrations of DIN and DIP in the bay ranged from below detection limits to 49.0 and 29.1 μM, respectively, while chlorophyll a ranged from 6.1 to 49.4 μg/l. In the wetlands surrounding Fourleague Bay, chlorophyll a generally mirrored NO x and TSS, and generally peaked 2–15 km from riverine sources.
Inherent memory effects in ZnS:Mn thin film EL devices

Remarkable hysteresis were found to excist in a thin film multilayer EL device consisting of a ZnS:Mn active layer sandwiched between a pair of Y 2 )0 3 , insulating layers. Due to its particular construction, hysteresis was observed between the brightness vs. amplitude of the exciting alternating voltage, which is instrumental to realizing the memory function. Electrical Writing and Erasing are possible by the amplitude modulation of the sustaining voltage. The typical memory margin observed here is about 10 to 30 volts(rms) under operating voltage of 170 to 280 volts(rms) with frequency of 1 to 5 kHz. Gray scale display as well as Optical Writing are possible.
Evolutionary adaptations of gene structure and expression in natural populations in relation to a changing environment: a multidisciplinary approach to address the million-year saga of a small fish.

We have used an experimentally based strategy to address molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation in Fundulus heteroclitus. In an attempt to falsify the hypothesis that selection is a major driving force in the maintenance of genetic diversity, we employed a multidisciplinary approach including allelic isozyme and mtDNA phylogeography, kinetic analyses of allelic isozymes, analysis of variation in coding and regulatory DNA sequences, metabolic biochemistry, organismal physiology, and selection experiments. Observed differences in gene structure and expression led us to make testable predictions about differences in metabolic flux, whole organism performance, and differential survival between allotypes. We have shown that variation in the lactate dehydrogenase-B (Ldh-B) protein results in differences in physiological function and is correlated with differences in survival at high temperatures. Recent work has investigated the role of variation in Ldh-B expression. There are differences in the levels of Ldh-B protein, mRNA, and transcription rate. We have addressed the mechanisms responsible for differences in transcription rate by a combination of sequence comparison, Dnase I footprinting, and functional analyses both in vitro and in vivo. We have shown that variation in the regulatory sequence of Ldh-B is responsible for the differences in transcription rate between populations and that the patterns of variation are inconsistent with a neutral model of molecular evolution. This functional differentiation, coupled with departures from neutral expectations, suggests that natural selection has acted on the regulation of Ldh-B. This article illustrates the value of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing problems in gene structure, expression, and evolutionary adaptation. J. Exp. Zool. 282:71–94, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Campaigning Against Government in the Old Dominion: State Taxation, State Power, and the Virginia 1997 Gubernatorial Election

James S. Gilmore III (R) credited his election in 1997 as governor of Virginia to his attacks upon the size and taxation authority of state government, a twist on recent Republican attacks upon the size and taxation authority of the national government. Gilmore's plan to eliminate the personal property tax for nearly all cars and trucks was also seen as the key to his victory by independent analysts and by Virginia legislators. This quantitative analysis finds, however, that Gilmore's support was primarily the result of partisan orientations, evaluations of his character, the performance of the incumbent Republican gubernatorial administration, and background measures like the respondent's education and age. Variables that measured an individual's interest in smaller state government, his or her knowledge of which candidate proposed the car tax cut, and the importance he or she placed on tax issues did not achieve statistical significance.
Understanding Imaginative Thinking During Childhood: Sociocultural Conceptions of Creativity and Imaginative Thought

Understanding imagination as both a cognitive and affective endeavor is crucial in order for educators to promote creative and imaginative thinking in informal and formal learning environments. It is the primary aim of this paper to develop the theoretical discussion of Vygotsky’s writings on young children’s imaginative abilities launched by Gajdamaschko (Teach Educ 16(1):13–22, 2005) and Lindqvist (Res J 15(2&3):245–251, 2003). This paper illustrates Vygotsky’s writings on the cognitive processes involved in children’s imagination and creativity and concludes with a discussion focused on the components of an educational environment that can either support or stifle children’s imaginative abilities. It is through this continuing discussion that, as researchers, we hope to extend and challenge current conceptions of the role of imaginative thinking in early education.
Thermodynamics of Macroscopic and Microscopic Proton Ionization from Protonated 4-Aminobenzoic Acid in Aqueous Solution from 298.15 to 393.15 K

Macroscopic and microscopic thermodynamic quantities (equilibrium constants and enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes) for proton ionization from protonated 4-aminobenzoic acid in aqueous (H2O and D2O) solutions at temperatures from 298.15 to 393.15 K have been determined by a combination of NMR, potentiometric, and calorimetric methods. There are mathematical relationships between the thermodynamic quantities associated with the macroscopic and microscopic reactions. The reactions occurring during the proton ionization are much better understood by examining the thermodynamic quantities for the microscopic rather than for the macroscopic reactions. The changes of the ΔH° and ΔS° values for the microscopic reactions with temperature give insight into the interactions that occur during proton ionization since the trends of these quantities for a given ionization with temperature vary depending on whether the other functional group is protonated. There is a direct relationship between the temperature...
Effectiveness of an educational approach in treating psychiatric inpatients

Abstract A hospital-based psychiatric unit that utilizes an educational approach to therapy is evaluated. The results are presented and compared to a previous study. The similarly successful results tend to support the contention that in the evaluated setting an educational approach toward therapy is effective. Factors involved are considered.
Optical activity and birefringence in the incommensurate phase of thiourea

Abstract Thiourea {SC(NH2)2} is an optically transparent insulator which undergoes several structural phase transitions. We report here the results of a polarization study over the incommensurate temperature range. The results are interpreted in terms of a model in which thiourea is both birefringent and optically active.
Battle of Animal Models

This is a brief summary of the animal models session held during the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Santa Fe, NM, USA. This session provided important information for participants on availability and utility of animal models for the studies of HIV-1 central nervous system infection and drug abuse. It highlighted animal model relevance to human disease/condition, its utility for the studies of pathogenesis, potential importance for the development of therapeutics, and demonstrated limitations/pitfalls.
Seasonal and episodic moisture controls on plant and microbial contributions to soil respiration

Moisture inputs drive soil respiration (SR) dynamics in semi-arid and arid ecosystems. However, determining the contributions of root and microbial respiration to SR, and their separate temporal responses to periodic drought and water pulses, remains poorly understood. This study was conducted in a pine forest ecosystem with a Mediterranean-type climate that receives seasonally varying precipitation inputs from both rainfall (in the winter) and fog-drip (primarily in the summer). We used automated SR measurements, radiocarbon SR source partitioning, and a water addition experiment to understand how SR, and its separate root and microbial sources, respond to seasonal and episodic changes in moisture. Seasonal changes in SR were driven by surface soil water content and large changes in root respiration contributions. Superimposed on these seasonal patterns were episodic pulses of precipitation that determined the short-term SR patterns. Warm season precipitation pulses derived from fog-drip, and rainfall following extended dry periods, stimulated the largest SR responses. Microbial respiration dominated these SR responses, increasing within hours, whereas root respiration responded more slowly over days. We conclude that root and microbial respiration sources respond differently in timing and magnitude to both seasonal and episodic moisture inputs. These findings have important implications for the mechanistic representation of SR in models and the response of dry ecosystems to changes in precipitation patterns.
Retrograde Intraflagellar Transport by Cytoplasmic Dynein-2 Is Required for Outer Segment Extension in Vertebrate Photoreceptors but Not Arrestin Translocation

PURPOSE. Anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for photoreceptor outer segment formation and maintenance, as well as for opsin trafficking. However, the role of retrograde IFT in vertebrate photoreceptors remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate zebrafish photoreceptors lacking the retrograde IFT motor, cytoplasmic dynein-2. METHODS. Morpholino oligonucleotides against the heavy chain (dync2-h1), light intermediate chain (dync2-li1), and intermediate chain (dync2-i1) subunits of cytoplasmic dynein-2 were injected into zebrafish embryos. Retinas and ciliated cells of these zebrafish morphants were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Whole-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed on dynein morphants at 5 to 6 days after fertilization (dpf). RESULTS. Zebrafish lacking cytoplasmic dynein-2 function exhibited small eyes, kidney cysts, and short photoreceptor outer segments, some of which were disorganized with accumulated vesicles. Morphant photoreceptor connecting cilia were swollen, but neither opsin nor arrestin was mislocalized, although IFT88 accumulated in the distal region of the connecting cilium. Nasal cilia were shortened and displayed cytoplasmic swelling along the axoneme. Loss of cytoplasmic dynein-2 function resulted in a significant reduction in the amplitude of ERG a-, b-, and d-waves but no change in threshold response. CONCLUSIONS. Retrograde IFT is essential for outer segment extension and IFT protein recycling in vertebrate photoreceptors. The results show, for the first time, that the dync2-i1 subunit of cytoplasmic dynein-2 is necessary for retrograde IFT. In addition, arrestin translocation does not require retrograde IFT. Finally, the ERG results indicate that loss of cytoplasmic dynein-2 reduces the photoreceptor light response. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5463‐5471) DOI:10.1167/iovs.093828
DIVERSIFICATION THROUGH ACQUISITION, Malcolm Salter and Wolf Weinhold, Free Press, New York, 1979. No. of pages: 330. Price: $24.95

Diversification Through Acquisition, Malcolm Salter and Wolf Weinhold, Free Press, New York, 1979. No. of pages: 330. Price: $24.95.
Electrochemically induced surface modification of titanols in a 'nanoglued' titania aerogel-silica aerogel composite film

Titania aerogel, thermally processed into its anatase form, has been bound as submicrometer particles to an electrode with silica sol. The resulting composite gel is supercritically dried to create a titania–silica composite aerogel film on the conducting substrate. Titania aerogel particles present in the mesoporous film are electrochemically addressable. In organic electrolyte containing isopropanol and added water, the electrochemical response negative of the flatband potential of TiO2 indicates that electrogenerated reactants (hydroxides and isopropoxides) induce condenzation reactions with surface titanols (Ti–OH). The data suggest that titania aerogels can be electrochemically modified in a controllable way with a wide variety of compounds that have reducible –OH moieties.
Unique decomposition into ideals for reduced commutative Noetherian rings

We say that a commutative ring R has the unique decomposition into ideals (UDI) property if, for any R-module which decomposes into a finite direct sum of indecomposable ideals, this decomposition is unique up to the order and isomorphism class of the ideals. In a 2001 paper, Goeters and Olberding characterize the UDI property for Noetherian integral domains. In this paper, we characterize the UDI property for reduced Noetherian rings.
A Coordinated Community Response to Intimate Partner Violence on the College Campus

Abstract Recent statistics indicate that intimate partner violence is magnified on college campuses. In the university setting, victims of intimate partner violence may encounter numerous agencies (e.g., campus police, local courts, victim advocates) following reporting of victimization. The need for a coordinated community response to intimate partner violence of college students has been emphasized in recent years, yet little research has been conducted. This qualitative, exploratory study examines perceptions of 15 service providers in a recently implemented, campus-based, coordinated community response. Narrative data from semistructured interviews indicate that service providers are generally satisfied with the current response, but report a need for increased training and resources. Implications for future research, education, and public policy are discussed. The authors would like to thank Merry Morash and the anonymous reviewers of Victims & Offenders for their helpful comments on earlier versions...
Bioavailability and intravenous toxicokinetic parameters for Pacific ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 in rats.

Ciguatoxins are sodium channel activator toxins responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning. In this study, we determined the toxicokinetic parameters of the Pacific ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 in rats after an intravenous (iv) dose of 0.13 ng P-CTX-1 per g of body weight. The ciguatoxin activity was assessed over time in blood using the sensitive functional Neuro2a assay. The data were analyzed with a two-compartmental model. After exposure, the ciguatoxin activity exhibited a rapid (alpha half-life of 6 min) and extensive distribution into tissues (apparent steady state volume of distribution of 7.8 L). Ciguatoxin elimination from blood was slower with a beta half-life estimated at 35.5 h. The toxicokinetic parameters determined from this study were compared to data previously obtained after oral and intraperitoneal exposure of rats to 0.26 ng P-CTX-1 per g of body weight. Maximal bioavailability was determined by the area under the concentration curve, and was used to calculate the absolute P-CTX-1 bioavailabilities for oral and intraperitoneal routes of exposures of 39% and 75%, respectively.
Musical box: draw it yourself

In this paper, two interaction designs are introduced. The first design empowers children to create music by drawing on papers. A real-time camera-based software is developed which performs the score in a spectrographic style. The second design enables children to build their own digital musical boxes that play the created music. The described webcam application is implemented and released, and the proposed musical box will be demonstrated in the conference.
The national versus the contextual: the controversy over measuring electoral change in Italy using Goodman flow-of-vote estimates

Abstract The analysis of electoral change has been dominated by two methods: swing and flow of the vote. In countries with proportional representation and many political parties the swing has numerous disadvantages. In Italy the Goodman method for estimating flows of votes between elections became popular in the 1980s. But the reporting of national flows became the subject of controversy. This paper reviews the controversy and points out the general lessons that can be drawn from it concerning the merits of national versus spatial-contextual analysis of electoral and other political behavior.
A multifrontal approach for simulating equilibrium-stage processes on supercomputers

For the simulation of complex equilibrium-stage operations, the overall computing time is often dominated by the solution of large, sparse systems of linear equations. If the modeling equations for such separation systems are grouped by equilibrium stage, the linear systems take on an almost banded form with relatively few off-band elements. We present a simple multifrontal approach for solving such linear systems on supercomputers. Like the frontal approach, these solvers exploit supercomputing technology by treating parts of the sparse matrix as full, thereby allowing arithmetic operations to be performed with highly vectorized and optimized BLAS dense matrix kernels. In addition, these solvers exploit the almost banded structure of the distillation matrices by using a modified threshold pivot search strategy that attempts to maintain the desirable structure of the matrix during the solution process. Results indicate that this multifrontal approach provides substantial savings in solution time compared to other techniques often used.
Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs

ABSTRACT Closure of neurocentral sutures in the crocodylian vertebral column follows a distinct caudal to cranial sequence during ontogeny. The sutures in most caudal vertebrae are fully closed at hatching, but closure of remaining sutures occurs later in ontogeny. Closure of cervical sutures is a consistent indicator of morphological maturity in Alligator mississippiensis, Alligator sinensis, Osteolaemus tetraspis, and Crocodylus acutus; the final transformation is the closure of the axial neurocentral suture, which occurs after the closure of the axis-odontoid suture. Because these transformations occur near the end of ontogeny in all three taxa, regardless of maximum size, closure of these sutures is a size-independent criterion of maturity; however, it is not certain if suture closure indicates the stoppage of growth. These transformations are readily identifiable in fossils, permitting the objective characterization of maturity in fossil crocodylians and possibly at least some of their closer extinct...
Extended horizon liftings for stable inversion of nonminimum-phase systems

The lifting of Lozano (1989) is generalized and shown to be one in a large class of liftings which enjoy the same zero annihilation properties (i.e., placement of transmission zeros to the origin). The new class of liftings allows for longer horizons and leads to plant-inverse controllers for nonminimum-phase systems having significantly reduced control gains and peak torque requirements. >
Inhibition of transcription by platinated triplex-forming oligonucleotides

Platinated triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) consisting of 2′-methoxythymidine and 2′-methoxy-5-methylcytidine and an N-7 platinated deoxyguanosine (PtG) at the 5′-(PtG-TFO), 3′-(TFO-GPt), or 3′- and 5′-(PtG-TFO-GPt) ends of the TFO form mono-(PtG-TFO and TFO-GPt) and interstrand (PtG-TFO-GPt) cross-links with target DNA as a result of reaction of the PtG with guanines adjacent to the homopurine TFO binding site in the target. The extent of cross-linking is greatest when the PtG is located on the 3′ end of the TFO and the target guanine is on the same strand as the TFO binding site. Multiple, contiguous deoxyguanosines in the TFO binding site or a cytosine adjacent to the GPt of the TFO significantly reduce cross-linking. DNA reporter plasmids in which platinated TFOs were cross-linked at a site in the transcribed region between a CMV promoter and a luciferase reporter gene were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells, and luciferase expression was compared with that for the corresponding non-cross-linked plasmid. Luciferase expression was inhibited 95 % when TFO-GPt was bound and cross-linked to the transcribed strand, demonstrating that the cross-linked TFO was able to block transcription elongation. Further inhibition (99 %) was observed in nucleotide excision repair (NER) deficient cells, suggesting that NER may repair this lesion. The 3′-GPt group of TFO-GPt protects the TFO from degradation by exonucleases found in mammalian serum. Taken together, these results suggest that platinated TFOs of the type TFO-GPt may find applications as agents for suppressing DNA transcription and consequently inhibiting gene expression in mammalian cells.
Development of eye-movement control

Cognitive control of behavior continues to improve through adolescence in parallel with important brain maturational processes including synaptic pruning and myelination, which allow for efficient neuronal computations and the functional integration of widely distributed circuitries supporting top-down control of behavior. This is also a time when psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and mood disorders, emerge reflecting a particularly vulnerability to impairments in development during adolescence. Oculomotor studies provide a unique neuroscientific approach to make precise associations between cognitive control and brain circuitry during development that can inform us of impaired systems in psychopathology. In this review, we first describe the development of pursuit, fixation, and visually-guided saccadic eye movements, which collectively indicate early maturation of basic sensorimotor processes supporting reflexive, exogenously-driven eye movements. We then describe the literature on the development of the cognitive control of eye movements as reflected in the ability to inhibit a prepotent eye movement in the antisaccade task, as well as making an eye movement guided by on-line spatial information in working memory in the oculomotor delayed response task. Results indicate that the ability to make eye movements in a voluntary fashion driven by endogenous plans shows a protracted development into adolescence. Characterizing the transition through adolescence to adult-level cognitive control of behavior can inform models aimed at understanding the neurodevelopmental basis of psychiatric disorders.
Contribution of animal source foods in improving diet quality and function in children in the developing world

Abstract Mild to moderate protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is prevalent throughout the developing world. Children are particularly susceptible to malnutrition, which contributes to poor growth, diminished mental development, and illness. The recognition that micronutrient deficiencies frequently co-exist with PEM is receiving increasing attention. In this regard, diet quality, or the ability of a given diet to provide the entire complement of high-quality protein, energy, minerals, trace metals, and vitamins necessary to meet requirements, is as significant as diet quantity alone. Animal source foods supply not only high-quality and readily digested protein and energy, but are also a compact and efficient source of readily available micronutrients. This review covers information derived from field studies, both observational and interventions, regarding intake of animal products, such as meat and milk, and also the major constituent micronutrients, iron, zinc, vitamins B 12 and A and their role on child growth, cognitive development and health.
Damage Monitoring in Woven Composites Using Fiber-Bragg Grating Sensors on Multiple Time Scales

Low-velocity impact events occurring over the span of a few milliseconds cause changes in composite structures through relaxation and delamination propagation which manifest themselves over the span of several seconds. Changes in embedded fiber Bragg grating sensor response allow the damage in the composite structure to be measured in lieu of simply analyzing the impact event itself. By observing the damage progression and subsequent failure of the sample, the sensor signal response can thus be used to predict the lifetime of the structure. In this paper, we expand previous sensor interrogation and damage identification methodologies by using scanning instrumentation capable of operating over multiple time scales. 2D woven composite specimens are subjected to multiple low velocity impacts while the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor response is monitored in time scales of one millisecond to tens of seconds. A high frequency scanning spectrometer is used to determine the peak Bragg wavelength while scanning the FBG sensor at approximately 1 kHz during and immediately after the impact. Also, a high fidelity slow-scan laser source measures the quasi-static sensor response several seconds to minutes following the impact events. Features of the two measurement sets are used to identify the structural integrity of the laminate specimen after each impact event.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Extreme ultraviolet transmission grating monochromator.

A compact monochromator has been designed to utilize recently developed free-standing XUV transmission gratings. Tests using a condensed spark source of far UV radiation show that this monochromator, with 20-μm slits, is capable of 0.08-nm resolution at 30 nm in the first order. A physical description of the system and test results are presented.
Characterization of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase purified from mung bean hypocotyls

Summary Analysis of the properties of the key enzyme for ethylene production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase, isolated in pure form from hormonally induced etiolated mung bean hypocotyl segments, has revealed that the optimum pH for catalytic activity under normal assay conditions was pH 8.0 although maximal stability was noted at pH 6 to 7. The purified enzyme has an isoelectric point of 5.1 when analyzed by isoelectric focusing and the enzyme's content of pyridoxal phosphate was determined by two separate procedures to be one per subunit of molecular weight 65,000. Edman degradation provided the sequence of 26 residues from the N-terminal portion of the protein: V-A-H-A-K-D-D-A-Y-L-Q-A-A-I-P-K-R-I-K-L-F-E-T-I-Q-A-. Routine assays conducted for 5 minutes with the hydrogen sulfate salt of S-adenosyl methionine (AdoMet) revealed no apparent inhibition. Longer incubation time with substrate, however, indicated that AdoMet was irreversibly inactivating the enzyme and suggested the possibility that this might have important consequences for enzyme turnover. Aminooxyacetic acid was a potent competitive inhibitor of enzyme activity with a Ki of 2 µM. No inhibition was noted with L-homoserine, methylthioadenosine, 5'-AMP, 5'-ADP, 5'-ATP or fusicoccin. An investigation of the methods required to stabilize ACC synthase from mung beans, tomato and apple found that high concentration (>0.5M) of potassium phosphate buffer were effective. Activity remained unchanged during 48-hour storage at 4 °C, and after 10 days in storage, 50 % of the original activity remained for enzyme extracted from mung bean and tomato, while activity from apple tissue was lost after 7 days. Such findings should facilitate the comparative analyses of these important ACC synhases when all have been purified.
Water Use and Biomass Production of Oat–Pea Hay and Lentil in a Semiarid Climate

Suitability of alternative crops in the northern Great Plains remains a question because of water limitations. Objectives were to compare water use of an oat (Avena sativa L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L.) mix grown for hay (OPH) to that of black lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus cv. Indianhead) grown as green manure (BL). Water use and plant biomass for OPH and BL were measured near Culbertson, MT (Site 1), during 4 yr. Soil water was measured by neutron attenuation. Precision-weighing lysimeters were used at Site 2, located 65 km southeast of Site 1, to measure water use. Soil was a Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls). Biomass of crops was measured biweekly. Relative feed value (RFV) based on measured neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was calculated. Biomass under OPH was 34 and 46% greater than with BL at Sites 1 and 2, respectively. At Site 1, biomass accumulated at a rate of 14 kg ha -1 mm -1 water used under BL and 23 kg ha -1 mm -1 under OPH. Biomass accumulated at a rate of 21 kg ha -1 mm -1 under BL and 29 kg ha -1 mm -1 under OPH at Site 2. Hay RFV, at full bloom in pea, averaged 116 (Number 2 hay), and this did not change appreciably as the crop matured to soft dough stage in oat. Oat-pea hay fits the growing conditions in the northern Great Plains and meets the needs of producers for high quality hay.