cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study Design and Logistics

Reliable knowledge is critical for management and conservation of wetlands. Essential to the scientific method and achieving reliable knowledge is study design. The primary purpose of study design is the collection of data in an unbiased and precise manner for an accurate representation of a population. Proper study design includes formulation of study questions and objectives, hypotheses to explain an observed pattern or process, conceptual models, appropriate methodology, and a data management plan. Inference of study results and conclusions can be explicitly bounded by defining an appropriate target population. Deductive, Inductive, and Retroductive reasoning are used to infer study results to target populations. Development of multiple competing hypotheses capable of being tested is at the core of the hypothetico-deductive approach that maximizes potential knowledge from a study. Selection of independent and dependent variables to test hypotheses should be done with cost, efficiency, and understanding of the wetland system being studied. Study type (e.g., experimental, observational, and assessment) influences the certainty of results. Randomization and replication are the foundation of any study type. In wetlands, impact studies (e.g., BACI [before-after/control-impact] design) are common and usually follow unforeseen events (e.g., hurricanes, wild fire, floods). Sampling design is dictated by study objectives, target population, and defined study area. A robust sampling effort is essential for accurate data. Reduction in statistical and mechanical errors and data management protocols are overlooked features of study design. In addition to statistical tests, estimation of the magnitude (i.e., effect size) of an effect is crucial to interpretation of study results. When judging the merits of results from a study, investigators should independently assess the hypothesis, methodology, study design, statistical approach, and conclusions without regard to how they would have conducted the study. Doing so will facilitate the scientific process.
A Neo-Lewinian Action Research Method

Though Kurt Lewin’s action research has never had a recognized place in psychological research methodology, it has a proud history among its users. In recent years, the basis of this special status has broadened, as intervention inquiry has taken new forms. In Reason and Rowan’s book on new paradigm research, for example, R. Tandon gives Lewin credit for originating a forerunner, and says, “However, there is beginning to emerge some consensus among action researchers and participatory researchers that inquiry can be conceptualized and practiced as an intervention process” (Tandon, 1981).
Pectoralis Flap Reconstruction in Resection of Anterior Skull Base Tumors

Prognosis was once considered hopeless for many patients with malignant neoplasms of the anterior skull base. Craniofacial resection of these lesions has now been found curative for many patients. However, massive resections of the anterior skull base pose many potentially lifethreatening complications. Cerebrospinal fluid fistula with meningitis is especially troublesome when previous radiation therapy compromises wound healing. In such circumstances local tissue flaps and skin grafting may not provide reliable separation of the brain from the nose. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was utilized in nine patients undergoing antero-lateral resection of the skull base. Several major ad vantages of this technique include: 1) Reliable closure of the subarachnoid space. 2) Acceptable cosmesis. 3) Rapid wound rehabilitation, allowing early postoperative radiation therapy when necessary.
Initiation of Cytomegalovirus Infection at ND10

As a large double-stranded DNA virus, CMV replicates in the nucleus, a highly structured environment. Diffusional and solid phases exist as interdependent sets of interactions between many components that determine either replicative success of an infecting virus or the defensive success of the host cell. In their extremes, cell death may be part of the lytic release of viral particles, or, in defense terms, the ultimate sacrifice preventing virus release. Between these extremes exists an evolutionarily derived standoff between virus and cell. Exogenous shifts in homeostasis can disturb this balance, diminishing the cell's defensive powers and reactivating the silenced viral genome. Many of the solid-phase aspects of this process can be seen in situ and analyzed. This review evaluates structural information derived from CMV-infected cells in situ at very early times of infection and the conceptional advances derived from them, mostly centering on the major immediate early gene products, specifically IE1. A scientific basis for considering the major immediate early proteins as potential targets in suppressing CMV disease is discussed.
A risk score assessment tool for peripheral arterial disease in women: From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) carries a significant morbidity and mortality. Women are more commonly affected with this condition and are mostly asymptomatic, and undertreated. The objective of the study was to develop and validate a simple risk score to identify women with PAD. Hypothesis Identifying those at early stage of the disease could help reduce the risk of complications. Methods Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004, we identified women who had data on ankle brachial index. The cohort was divided into development (70%) and validation (30%) groups. Using variables that are self-reported or measured without laboratory data, we developed a multivariable logistic regression to predict PAD, which was evaluated in the validation cohort. Results A total of 150.6 million women were included. A diagnosis of PAD was reported in 13.7%. Age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, non-oral contraceptive pill usage, and parity were all independently associated with PAD. The C-statistics was 0.74, with good calibration. The model showed good stability in the validation cohort (C-statistics 0.73). Conclusion This parsimonious risk model is a valid tool for risk prediction of PAD in women, and could be easily applied in routine clinical practice.
The linda crane lecture from silos to bridges: preparing effective teams for a better delivery system.

Good afternoon and thank you for attending this session. It is an honor to be this year's recipient of the Dr. Linda Crane Memorial Lecture Award. When this award was created about 15 years ago, I served as the Editor for the Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal and was very pleased when the decision was made to publish these lectures in the Journal. I knew this would bring some meaningful contributions to our publication and I remember thinking there were many deserving recipients in the cardiopulmonary, pediatric, and education sections. I truly did not expect to be one of them. Before beginning, I would like to thank the selection committee and Drs. Michael Puthoff, Jane Eason, Ellen Hillegass, and Dianne Jewell for their respective roles in nominating me. Also, I would like to extend a special thank you to my colleagues, alumni, and current students from St. Ambrose University who are here today. My work with these individuals, in some cases for over 20 years, was an inspiration for the topic I chose to discuss. Like many of the past Linda Crane Award recipients, I had the honor of knowing Dr. Linda Crane. I remember the very first time I met Linda. It was back in the late 1980s and I was attending one of my first Combined Sections Meetings. A doctoral student at the University of Iowa, I came to CSM to present a poster and found myself at the cardiopulmonary research platform presentations one afternoon. I really did not know many people at that time but came in and sat on the end of one of the rows. I think Linda recognized me as a newcomer and slid down several empty spaces between us to introduce herself to me. As we talked, she inquired about my interest in cardiopulmonary physical therapy. It was great to meet someone who was so excited about cardiopulmonary physical therapy. She encouraged me to come to the Section business meeting later that day and then proceeded to introduce me to others in the Section. I remember feeling as though someone had just opened a door for me. If Linda was here with us today, I doubt these generous actions would stand out to her but, her kindness certainly made a positive impact on me. I have listened to almost every Linda Crane Lecture given since the first one by Meryl Cohen in 2000.2 The speakers have covered a wide range of topics important to physical therapy practice and education. They have also provided an opportunity for us to learn more about Linda. She has been described as passionate, outgoing, someone who lived her life to the fullest and someone many physical therapists enjoyed working with … she was the type of person you want on your team. Some of my colleagues are worried that I will be using this opportunity to talk about common structures in the Iowa landscape. While it is true we have many silos and bridges in Iowa, including the famous Bridges of Madison County,3 that is not my intended focus. As I proceed, I hope the purpose of the title becomes more obvious. I'd like to begin by talking about teams.
Examining Construct Validity of the Student Online Learning Readiness (SOLR) Instrument Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis

This study examines the construct validity of the Student Online Learning Readiness (SOLR) instrument. The SOLR instrument consists of 20 items to evaluate social competencies, communication competencies, and technical competencies in online learning. A large Midwestern university was selected to test the construct validity of the SOLR instrument. A total of 347 undergraduate students participated in this study. Confirmatory factor modeling approach was used to assess the construct validity of the SOLR instrument for this study. As a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the hypothesized model of 20-item structure of the SOLR instrument was verified as a good fit for the data (χ2 (164, N=347)=1959.94, p<.001, IFI=.81, CFI=.81, GFI=.55, RMSEA=.016).
Paraneseuthia Franz of Japan: two new species and rediscovery of the enigmatic P. holzneri Franz (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae).

To date, three nominal species of the eutheiine genus Paraneseuthia were known to occur in Japan (in Honshū and Kyūshū). A female of an undescribed species was also recorded from Iriomote Island of the Ryūkyū Archipelago. Two new species are here added to this list: P. ishigakiana s p. n. (Ishigaki Is.) and P. ehimensis sp. n. (Shikoku). Paraneseuthia holzneri (Franz), described on the basis of a single male with erected and distorted aedeagus, is recorded from a new locality and its aedeagus is illustrated.
Cell Cycle-Regulated Transcription of CENP-A by the MBF Complex Ensures Optimal Level of CENP-A for Centromere Formation

The centromere plays an essential role in chromosome segregation. In most eukaryotes, centromeres are epigenetically defined by the conserved histone H3 variant CENP-A. Proper centromere assembly is dependent upon the tight regulation of CENP-A level. Cell cycle regulation of CENP-A transcription appears to be a universal feature across eukaryotes, but the molecular mechanism underlying the temporal control of CENP-A transcription and how such regulation contributes to centromere function remains elusive. CENP-A in fission yeast has been shown to be transcribed before S phase. Using various synchronization methods, we confirmed that CENP-A transcription occurs at G1, leading to an almost twofold increase of the protein during S phase. Through a genetic screen, we identified the MBF (MluI box-binding factors) complex as a key regulator of temporal control of CENP-A transcription. The periodic transcription of CENP-A is lost in MBF mutants, resulting in CENP-A mislocalization and chromosome segregation defects. We identified the MCB (MluI cell cycle box) motif in the CENP-A promoter, and further showed that the MBF complex binds to the motif to restrict CENP-A transcription to G1. Mutations of the MCB motif cause constitutive CENP-A expression and deleterious effects on cell survival. Using promoters driving transcription to different cell cycle stages, we found that timing of CENP-A transcription is dispensable for its centromeric localization. Our data instead indicate that cell cycle-regulated CENP-A transcription is a key step to ensure that a proper amount of CENP-A is generated across generations. This study provides mechanistic insights into the regulation of cell cycle-dependent CENP-A transcription, as well as its importance on centromere function.
The Antitrust Case Against Facebook

The Facebook, Inc. (“Facebook”) social network, this era’s new communications service, plays an important role in the lives of 2+ billion people across the world. Though the market was highly competitive in the beginning, it has since consolidated in Facebook’s favor. Today, using Facebook means to accept a product linked to broad-scale commercial surveillance — a paradox in a democracy. This Paper argues that Facebook’s ability to extract this qualitative exchange from consumers is merely this titan’s form of monopoly rents. The history of early competition, Facebook’s market entry, and Facebook’s subsequent rise tells the story of Facebook’s monopoly power. However, the history which elucidates this firm’s dominance also presents a story of anticompetitive conduct. Facebook’s pattern of false statements and misleading conduct induced consumers to trust and choose Facebook, to the detriment of market competitors and consumers' own welfare.
Abstract 666: Klotho Suppresses the Protein Kinase R-mediated Inflammatory Response to Soluble Matrilin-2 in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease. Soluble extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and may...
Teaching in Context: From Socialization to Redemption

I don’t know how anyone can begin with the question of teaching. It is so profound a question that it must be an end point, a destination that one arrives at from somewhere else.
Role of multigrain structure on friction of graphene layers

Abstract Graphene is a one-atom thick two-dimensional material and has a huge potential as a solid lubricant for industrial application. Graphene is often synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) because of its simplicity and scalability. However, CVD-grown graphene sheets have the multigrain structure, which may have detrimental effects on the superior properties of single-crystal graphene. In particular, the effects of this polycrystalline structure on graphene friction remain far from completely understood. In this study, we investigate the friction between multigrain graphene layers using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD simulations examine key factors such as grain size and orientation, and morphology of grain boundaries with several different multigrain configurations. The simulation results reveal that multigrain graphene layers exhibit low, but not completely negligible, friction. The observed frictional behaviors are analyzed in terms of the interactions between grains and grain boundaries (GB). In most models, the contribution of the grain-to-grain interaction to the total friction force is negligible, but some grain pairs exhibit relatively large friction if they configure the commensurate interface due to small mismatch in orientation. The interactions involving grain boundaries often exhibit large friction with the largest at the direct GB-to-GB contacts. An analysis shows that the increase in friction near the grain boundary region is directly related to the decrease in interlayer distance, which is caused by the warping of layers in the vicinity of grain boundaries.
Impacts of Harvesting and Associated Practices on Off-Site Environmental Quality

Since the inception of forestry as a profession and science, foresters have pondered over and debated the effects of tree harvesting on site productivity. That particular topic is the major focus of this volume. However, in the past four decades, the harvesting of trees for production of wood products or biomass fuels has grown increasingly more controversial for other reasons. Debates over the environmental and ecological consequences of harvesting in forest ecosystems have intensified despite research investments to identify and quantify these impacts. Initially much of the controversy centered around easily-viewed and conceptualized on-site phenomena such as aesthetics, wildlife habitat, and erosion. Beginning in the 1970’s, awareness of the potential off-site effects of forest harvesting and associated practices became more apparent. This led to examination of landscape-scale environmental impacts and the development of the concept of cumulative effects [1]. Now the debate encompasses off-site effects which occur over tremendous spatial scales ranging from local to global.
A Note on Price Behavior in Urban Pakistan

This article examines the price behavior of consumer goods in the strategically vital country of Pakistan. Results show that prices converge both temporally and spatially. A wage‐adjusted Consumer Price Index shows that Pakistani cities have converging costs of living. Finally, a novel measure of cointegration ranks the most and least economically integrated cities. Divergence does not occur along provincial, linguistic, or ethnic boundaries.
Phase I Study of Combination Therapy With Weekly Nanoparticle Albumin-bound Paclitaxel and Cyclophosphamide in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients.

Background/aim The objective of this phase I study was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) of combination therapy with weekly nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) and cyclophosphamide (CPA) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Patients and methods Five patients who had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative MBC were recruited in this study. They received nab-paclitaxel at dose levels of 100-150 mg once a week for three weeks, repeated every 4 weeks, and CPA (600 mg/m2) administered on day 1. Results No patient had grade 4 toxicity, however, two patients discontinued protocol treatment due to adverse events at level 2. Thus, the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee recommended the MTD of nab-paclitaxel and CPA to be determined at level 2. Conclusion The combination therapy with weekly nab-paclitaxel and CPA was tolerable, and the RD for these drugs for MBC were 100 and 600 mg/m2, respectively.
Cannabis Use and Stressful Life Events during the Perinatal Period: Cross-sectional Results from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) Data, 2016.

Aims We aimed to determine the association between stressful life events (SLEs) in the year prior to childbirth with (1) pre-pregnancy cannabis use, (2) cessation of cannabis use during pregnancy and (3) postpartum relapse to cannabis use. Design We used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) 2016, a cross-sectional, population-based surveillance system. Setting Mailed and telephone surveys conducted in five states-Alaska, Colorado, Maine, Michigan and Washington-in the United States. Participants Women (n = 6061) who delivered a live infant within the last 6 months and had data on cannabis use. Measurements Self-reported data included SLEs (yes/no response for 14 individual events in the 12 months prior to childbirth) and cannabis use [yes/no prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and at the time of the survey (approximately 2-6 months postpartum)]. The associations between SLEs and cannabis use (primary outcomes) were examined in logistic regression models adjusted for maternal demographics (e.g. age, race, education), geography (i.e. state of residence) and cigarette smoking. Findings Pre-pregnancy, 16.4% (997/6061) of respondents endorsed using cannabis, with 36.4% (363/997) continuing cannabis use during pregnancy. Among the 63.6% (634/997) who did not report use during pregnancy, 23.2% (147/634) relapsed to cannabis use during the postpartum. Nine of the 14 possible SLEs were associated with increased odds of pre-pregnancy cannabis use [e.g. husband/partner or mother went to jail, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-3.62] and four were associated with increased odds of continued cannabis use during pregnancy (e.g. husband/partner lost job, aOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.21-3.96). The odds of postpartum relapse to cannabis were significantly associated with two SLEs (husband/partner said they did not want pregnancy, aOR = 2.86, CI = 1.10-7.72; husband/partner or mother went to jail, aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.13-1.00). Conclusions Stressful life events during the year prior to childbirth appear to be linked to greater odds of women's cannabis use during the perinatal period, especially during pre-pregnancy.
Automotive Ethernet System level Signal Integrity and Protocol Test using Software based Signal Separation

Reliability is the key requirement for Automotive Electronics as some of the components are used for safety purpose. Apart from component level test, System level testing is the key aspects of validation. Automotive Applications like ADAS, Infotainment demands faster speed communication link. Some of the In-Vehicle network standards used for Sensor to ECU or ECU to ECU communication uses Full-Duplex signaling to reduce number of cables. While Full-Duplex signaling is a great advantage for Automotive In-Vehicle Network standards, it adds Test and Measurement complexity for System level testing like Protocol Test or Physical layer Signal Integrity test. In this paper we will discuss about System level test challenges for Full-Duplex singling and test solution. This paper will describe a novel test procedure for separating the Full-duplex signal into simplex and enable to visualize, characterize, decode the Signal from respective ends at system level for Automotive Ethernet like 100 baseT1, 1000 BaseT1. This enables Test engineer to perform Signal Integrity and Protocol decode at System level with non-intrusive method of Signal Separation.
Effect of radiation damage and water radiolysis on corrosion of FeCrAl alloys in hydrogenated water

Abstract Ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys and coatings with varying Cr content were subjected to in-situ irradiation-corrosion with energetic protons or electron beams in hydrogenated water for 24 h. The resulting oxide microstructures were characterized to isolate the effects of defect damage and radiolysis products on corrosion. Both proton and electron irradiation induced transpassive dissolution of Cr-rich inner oxide.
Pore-pressure development near tunnel due to underwater explosion from centrifuge tests

An instrumented 1:70 scale model underground tunnel, located below a free water body, was subjected to explosions in centrifuge model tests. Utilising centrifuge scaling relations, each test at 70g...
Modern housing: by Catherine Bauer, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press, 2020, 384 pp., $35.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-5179-0906-2

Catherine Bauer’s classic book, Modern Housing, can be considered a manifesto for United States (U.S.) housing policies, especially for the development of better publicly-supported and multi-family...
Leveraging locus-specific epigenetic heterogeneity to improve the performance of blood-based DNA methylation biomarkers.

Variation in intercellular methylation patterns can complicate the use of methylation biomarkers for clinical diagnostic applications such as blood-based cancer testing. Here, we describe development and validation of a methylation density binary classification method called EpiClass (available for download at https://github.com/Elnitskilab/EpiClass ) that can be used to predict and optimize the performance of methylation biomarkers, particularly in challenging, heterogeneous samples such as liquid biopsies. This approach is based upon leveraging statistical differences in single-molecule sample methylation density distributions to identify ideal thresholds for sample classification. We developed and tested the classifier using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) data derived from ovarian carcinoma tissue DNA and controls. We used these data to perform in silico simulations using methylation density profiles from individual epiallelic copies of ZNF154, a genomic locus known to be recurrently methylated in numerous cancer types. From these profiles, we predicted the performance of the classifier in liquid biopsies for the detection of epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC). In silico analysis indicated that EpiClass could be leveraged to better identify cancer-positive liquid biopsy samples by implementing precise thresholds with respect to methylation density profiles derived from circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis. These predictions were confirmed experimentally using DREAMing to perform digital methylation density analysis on a cohort of low volume (1-ml) plasma samples obtained from 26 EOC-positive and 41 cancer-free women. EpiClass performance was then validated in an independent cohort of 24 plasma specimens, derived from a longitudinal study of 8 EOC-positive women, and 12 plasma specimens derived from 12 healthy women, respectively, attaining a sensitivity/specificity of 91.7%/100.0%. Direct comparison of CA-125 measurements with EpiClass demonstrated that EpiClass was able to better identify EOC-positive women than standard CA-125 assessment. Finally, we used independent whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) datasets to demonstrate that EpiClass can also identify other cancer types as well or better than alternative methylation-based classifiers. Our results indicate that assessment of intramolecular methylation density distributions calculated from cfDNA facilitates the use of methylation biomarkers for diagnostic applications. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EpiClass analysis of ZNF154 methylation was able to outperform CA-125 in the detection of etiologically diverse ovarian carcinomas, indicating broad utility of ZNF154 for use as a biomarker of ovarian cancer.
Usability Evaluation of the Novel Smartphone Application, HPV Vaccine: Same Way, Same Day, Among Pediatric Residents

Abstract Objective Scalable, deliberate practice training strategies to administer evidence-based recommendations are necessary to improve human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates. We sought to characterize resident clinicians’ perceptions regarding the usability of the HPV Vaccine: Same Way, Same Day smartphone application (app). Usability, a critical aspect of digital programs to promote behavior change, was evaluated. Methods Fifteen third-year pediatric residents were recruited to complete a usability evaluation of the HPV Vaccine: Same Way, Same Day app, which includes simulated role-play scenarios in which users interact, as a pediatrician avatar, with an animated parent hesitant to accept the vaccine for her child. The app provides information about the vaccine and utilizes deliberate practice, a purposeful and systematic approach to improve performance, to teach evidence-based vaccine recommendation practices, including motivational interviewing skills. Data were derived from in-depth, semistructured interviews with pediatric residents. We used a constructivist general inductive approach to illuminate perspectives via inductive coding and pattern identification. Garrison's theoretical construct on self-directed learning was used to cluster themes into conceptual categories. Results We classified interview data in 3 conceptual categories: self-management, internal monitoring and motivational principles. Residents described the app as interactive, easy to use, succinct, informative, engaging, and practical. All residents would recommend the HPV Vaccine: Same Way, Same Day app to a colleague. Residents suggested adding more complex cases for future iterations. Conclusions From their perspective, pediatric residents reported that an app using deliberate practice principles has the potential to inform and advance providers’ counseling skills regarding the HPV vaccine.
Models of Wet Basin Design Response with Residence Time Metrics for Presumptive Guidance

AbstractWet basins manage hydrologic quantities, particulate matter (PM), and chemicals. Residence time (RT) and hydraulic residence time (HRT) are common metrics to index presumptive water chemist...
Chapter 8 – Bipedalism

Bipedalism evolved in a stagewise fashion. There is some evidence that prehominins were more bipedal than living African apes, perhaps similar to orangutans or gibbons. Australopiths had cone-shaped rib cages, gorilla-like scapulae, short but chimpanzee-like fingers, and long, curved toes, all consistent with adaptation to arm-hanging. Australopiths lack chimpanzee vertical-climbing adaptations such as gripping great toes and stiff backs. Chimpanzees are bipedal when feeding from the short trees that are common in dry habitats, where the feed by reaching up from the ground and with an arm-hanging, bipedal posture in the trees. The small-diameter branches in short trees discourage sitting and encourage arm-hanging; lateral toes grip the flexible branches, the body is balanced bipedally over the gripping feet, and short fingers are adequate for the small branches. Such trees can be entered without hand-over-hand climbing and opposable toes that allow it. Two million years ago hominins evolved longer legs and narrower hips that allowed a more modern human locomotion.
Effective Thinking: An Active-Learning Course in Critical Thinking

This article describes a college course in critical thinking. Offered in the Psychology Department at Arizona State University, this active-learning course provides instruction in how to apply principles of (scientific) methodological reasoning and optimum decision making to problems faced in everyday-life situations. Students learn to evaluate statistical and scientific evidence, clarify personal and societal values, and anticipate the consequences of their actions in dealing with personally significant issues. Crime and punishment, societal acceptance of the gay lifestyle, alcohol abuse, and racial stereotypes comprise a partial list of topics addressed in the class. Using Internet links to recorded classroom discussions archived on the World Wide Web, the article provides qualitative support for a three-level model of critical thinking. This model attempts to account for the progression of methodological reasoning skills and related dispositions that takes place over the course of the semester.
Inhibins and Activins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the isolation, structure, characterization, and biosynthesis of inhibins and activins. The two pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which regulate the development and maturation of the gonad, are identified. The ability to quantitate FSH and LH in serum revives the inhibin concept, which offers an explanation for the differential regulation of FSH and LH release often observed in humans and experimental animals. Inhibin activity is monitored by an in vitro bioassay using rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture. The message encoding each of the subunits of the inhibins is cloned from porcine and bovine ovarian complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries. DNA sequence analysis shows that the inhibin a subunit is initially synthesized as a large precursor protein with potential N-linked glycosylation sites. The two β subunits are also found to be derived from large polypeptide precursors and cleavage at the processing sites to yield the mature β subunits at the carboxy termini of the precursors. Using the porcine cDNAs as hybridization probes, the human and murine inhibin subunit precursors are also cloned and sequenced.
Children of Substance Abusing Parents: Dynamics and Treatment, by Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner and Christine Huff Fewell (Eds.)

Children of Substance Abusing Parents offers clinicians a comprehensive, updated addition to the literature on understanding and intervening with children of substance-abusing parents. Because most...
Widows under Zambian customary law and the response of the courts

The article considers the predicament of widows under customary law in modern Zambia. In traditional society, women were not allowed to inherit from the estate of their deceased husbands. There were perhaps sound reasons for this rule based on the structure of traditional society. In modern society this rule can but work injustice and cause hardship. Read has observed that, "the customary laws based upon the traditions of rural life and family authority, can not be applied to the conditions of life in modern cities." This is more so when the rule relating to inheritance is derived from the fact that African marriage treated a woman as inferior to the husband in the marriage relationship. This paper examines the traditional rule, the reasons for the rule, and shows that the premise on which the rule was founded no longer exists. It is contended that its survival is in part, due to the failure of the courts to look at the rule analytically and critically. This means that many of the gross inadequacies of the law will continue unless rectified by legislation.
Heparin, sulfated heparinoids, and lipoteichoic acids bind to the 70-kDa peptidoglycan/lipopolysaccharide receptor protein on lymphocytes

The same 70-kDa protein, present on the surface of mouse lymphocytes, served as the predominant binding site for heparin, heparinoids, and bacterial lipoteichoic acids, as well as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. This conclusion was supported by the following results: (a) all of these compounds photoaffinity cross-linked to one major 70-kDa 6.5-7.0 pI protein that co-migrated on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (b) peptide maps of the 70-kDa proteins digested with chymotrypsin, subtilisin, protease V, or papain yielded the same peptides for heparin-, lipoteichoic acid-, peptidoglycan-, and lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins; (c) cross-linking of peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and heparin was competitively inhibited by the same compounds with the same order of potency, i.e. carboxyl-reduced sulfated heparin > peptidoglycan > pentosan polysulfate > heparin > chitin > dextran sulfate > trestatin sulfate > polyanetholesulfonate > fucoidan > beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate > heparan sulfate > carrageenan lambda > lipoteichoic acids > Re-lipopolysaccharide > lipopolysaccharide > lipid A > polygalacturonic acid; and (d) cross-linking of each of these ligands was not inhibited by carboxyl-reduced heparin, dextran, beta-cyclodextrin, trestatin, carrageenan kappa, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, beta-D-glucan, carboxy-methylcellulose, levan, alpha-D-mannan, and glycogen. The minimum size of the molecule that bound was 7-9 glycan residues, whereas, di- and trisaccharides did not bind. There was a logarithmic linear relationship between the strength of the binding and the length of the polymer (up to > 1500 glycan residues), which indicates an avidity effect of the cooperative binding of one polymeric molecule to several receptor molecules on the cell surface. The 70-kDa receptor, therefore, has a broad, but limited specificity of binding for non-charged (peptidoglycan and chitin), highly negatively charged (heparin and heparinoids), and weakly negatively charged (lipoteichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and lipid A) ligands.
TIRE WET-PAVEMENT TRACTION MEASUREMENT: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW

In this paper, methods currently in use to measure tire-pavement friction are reviewed. The emphasis is on full-scale measurement systems operated at highway speeds, including systems that measure brake force coefficients(under slip or locked-wheel conditions or both) and side-force coefficients. A comparison is made of the data and information produced by each of these measurement methods. Attempts to relate the data produced by each of these methods are reviewed, and the reasons for their lack of agreement are discussed. In addition to direct traction measurement methods, texture measurements are discussed, and the reliability of texture-friction relationships is reviewed. The influence of texture on each of the full-scale measurement methods is investigated as a means of explaining the lack of agreement of the data produced by these methods. Tire-pavement traction measurements are used for evaluating pavement safety and for predicting vehicle performance. The procedures for characterizing tire-pavement friction for these two applications usually differ. In the United States, pavements are monitored in annual inventories by a single measurement of skid resistance at a single speed with a standard ribbed test tire. Additional tests at multiple speeds or tests with a blank test tire or both may be conducted at accident sites. In some European countries, side-force coefficients or slip tests, both of which have the advantage of providing continuous measurements, are used to monitor pavement networks. These measurements are generally used in conjunction with a minimum texture depth requirement. A comparison of these approaches with U.S. practice is discussed. In conclusion, the status of consensus standards within ASTM and the International Standards Organization (ISO) is summarized, and recommendations are made for future standards development.
On permeability determination of the erythrocyte

A procedure is indicated to test the assumptions underlying the theory of determination of the permeability coefficients of the erythrocyte from its volume changes.
An empire's great expectations: Museums in imperialist boy fiction

(1999). An empire's great expectations: Museums in imperialist boy fiction. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 21, Culturing childhood, pp. 235-258.
EFFECT OF COOKING METHOD AND SKEWERS ON QUALITY OF TURKEY ROLLS.

Abstract INTRODUCTION RECENTLY increased turkey production has resulted in the development of products such as turkey rolls. The palatability of roasted dark-and-light-meat turkey rolls was reported by Augustine et al. (1962) as similar in desirability to that of roasted whole turkeys. Turkey rolls offer advantages of lower transport costs, less storage space, shorter cooking time, lower cooking and serving losses, better portion control, and lower cost per serving than whole turkeys (Joule, 1957). Methods that will reduce cooking losses and time are of interest to commercial processors. Several workers (Griswold, 1955; Hood et al., 1955) have noted shorter cooking times, but similar or slightly greater cooking losses, for braised than for roasted beef cuts. Metal skewers, which are better conductors of heat than muscle fiber, help reduce cooking time by increasing the rate of heat penetration. Both cooking time and cooking losses have been reduced by using metal skewers in roasting…
White space, white privilege: Mapping discursive inquiry into the self

This study explores the role of communication in the strategic self‐definition of whiteness. The transcripts from two focus group interviews (with Whites from two Historically Black Universities) are used to map the discourses of “White” participants concerning the nature of whiteness. The maps, when analyzed, uncovered significant commentary about White space and White privilege. Five strategies of representation emerged from the discursive territories. They identify whiteness as: (1) incompletion, (2) uninterrogateable space, (3) metaphor for the universal insider, (4) guilty and fair space, and (5) situationally immutable. The results imply that the space that Whites occupy is unclearly constructed and defined, and therefore is enigmatic.
On graphs with many cycles

Abstract This note provides a construction of a family of graphs with a given cyclomatic number and the largest known number of cycles.
The Use of Narrative Evidence and Explicit Likelihood by Decisionmakers Varying in Numeracy

Decisionmakers are often presented with explicit likelihood assessments (e.g., there is a 10% chance that an attack will occur over the next three months) and supporting narrative evidence in forecasting and risk communication domains. Decisionmakers are thought to rely on both numerical and narrative information to the extent that they perceive the information to be diagnostic, accurate, and trustworthy. In two studies, we explored how lay decisionmakers varying in numeracy evaluated and used likelihood assessments and narrative evidence in forecasts. Overall, the less numerate reported higher risk and likelihood perceptions. In simple probabilistic forecasts without narrative evidence, decisionmakers at all levels of numeracy were able to use the stated likelihood information, although risk perceptions of the less numerate were more affected by likelihood format. When a forecast includes narrative evidence, decisionmakers were better able to use stated likelihood in a percentage as compared to frequency or verbal formats. The more numerate used stated likelihood more in their evaluations whereas the less numerate focused more on the narrative evidence. These results have important implications for risk analysts and forecasters who need to report the results of their analyses to decisionmakers. Decisionmakers varying in numerical ability may evaluate forecasts in different ways depending on the types of information they find easiest to evaluate.
Characteristics of accounting standards and sec review comments

SYNOPSIS: As mandated by Sarbanes-Oxley, the SEC reviews the financial reports of public companies and challenges the appropriateness of accounting that seems questionable or unclear. We investigate whether the likelihood of an SEC comment (challenge), and the time needed to resolve such comments, depends upon either of two characteristics of the underlying accounting standard—rules and accounting estimates. We find that the probability of an SEC comment increases with the rules-based characteristics in the standard, but find little evidence that time to resolution is related to such characteristics. We also find that the extent of estimates required to implement the standard is positively associated with both the probability of an SEC comment and the time to resolve the comment. Our findings should help inform the debate over the appropriate level of rules and estimates in GAAP, and are especially timely in light of the potential convergence between more rules-based U.S. GAAP and more principles-based IF...
Speed of Convergence and Stopping Rules in an Iterative Planning Procedure for Nonconvex Economies

A new planning procedure is proposed for economies with free disposal in production and monotonic social welfare functions. No convexity of any kind is required. The procedure takes the novel approach of searching for an optimum in the region of the unknown production set that the central planning board knows the least about, instead of near the most preferred part of the current estimate of the production set. This makes it possible to calculate an upper bound on the speed of convergence, estimate the distance between the current tentative plan and the optimal plans, and define sensible stopping rules. J. Comp. Econom., December 1993, 17(4), pp. 737-767. University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61821.
Modification of amino acids and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A by kethoxal.

Abstract Kethoxal (3-ethoxy-2-ketobutanal) reacts with the guanidino group of N α -acetylarginine to produce four derivatives, reactive to periodate, stable at pH 7, with 15% reverting to arginine on acid hydrolysis. Other amino acids with blocked α-amino groups do not react, except the e-amino of lysine (slowly). The p K of the mixed Kethoxal- N α -acetylarginine derivatives is 5.8–6.1. Kethoxal reacts at neutral pH with arginyl residues of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. In the presence of an active-site ligand, arginine-39 and arginine-85 react at about equal rates. The loss of enzymic activity at pH 7 is proportional to the combined loss of these residues. The enzymic activity toward RNA is 20–25% of that of native RNAase at pH 7, and 90–100% at pH 5. In the absence of an active site ligand, arginine-10 is also modified with the loss of almost all enzymic activity, although arginine-10 is not an active-site residue. Arginine-33 is unreactive. Kethoxal-modified RNAase undergoes cross-linking in solution at pH 7 or in the freeze-dried state. Incubation at pH 9 in the presence of homoarginine results in partial regeneration of arginyl residues and activity at pH 7. Kethoxal modification of arginines-39 and -85 appears to raise the p K of lysine-41 by about 1 unit, as indicated by the pH dependence of arylation by 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrochlorobenzene. The claims of Patthy and Smith (J. Biol. Chem. (1975) 250, 565–569), and of Takahashi (J. Biol. Chem. (1968) 243, 6171–6179) that arginine-39 is a more important functional residue than is arginine-85 are questioned.
Abstract 4069: 2-deoxyglucose and compound C reversed acidification but enhanced growth inhibition in colon cancer cells treated with metformin and phenformin

A report that effects of butyrate on some cells may be mediated by activation of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) prompted us to examine if other AMPK activators can induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation of colon cancer cells in a manner similar to butyrate. Using induction of alkaline phosphatase as a marker, we observed that compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, could decrease the differentiating effect of butyrate or valproate on SW1116 and Caco-2 colon cancer cells. On the other hand, A769662, an activator of AMPK did not increase alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased the induction seen with butyrate. Metformin was observed to be less effective than butyrate in the induction of alkaline phosphatase but was more effective as a growth inhibitor. Phenformin was found to be a more potent growth inhibitor than metformin and both compounds cause acidification of the medium when incubated with colon cancer cells. pH changes were monitored with a pH electrode and by the decrease in absorbance of phenol red at 560 nm. Coincubation with compound C decreased the acidification caused by the biguanides. Combined incubation of 2-deoxyglucose with either of the biguanides prevented the acidification of the medium but enhanced the growth inhibitory effects. Growth inhibitory effects of biguanides appeared less with a tetrazolium reduction assay than with thymidine incorporation but supported the conclusion that combination with 2-deoxyglucose could increase growth inhibition caused by biguanides. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4069. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4069
Ethnicity Effects on Sentence Outcomes in Large Urban Courts: Comparisons Among White, Black, and Hispanic Defendants*

Objective. This study examines Hispanic-black-white differences in sentences imposed on offenders appearing in state felony courts. Methods. The present study uses data collected by the State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) program of the Bureau of Justice Statistics for the years 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996. Results. Hispanic defendants are sentenced more similarly to black defendants than white defendants. Both black and Hispanic defendants tend to receive harsher sentences than white defendants. Also, ethnicity effects are the largest in the sentencing of drug offenders, whereas race effects are largest in the sentencing of property offenders. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that the failure to consider defendants' ethnicity in comparing black-white sentence outcomes is likely to result in findings that misrepresent black-white differences. Conclusions. The results clearly demonstrate the necessity of considering not only defendants' race (i.e., black-white differences) in sentencing but expanding our focus to also include defendants' ethnicity (i.e., Hispanic-white and Hispanic-black differences).