cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computational study of Floyd's algorithm

Abstract This paper studies the empirical computational complexity of five different computer codes for realizing Floyd's shortest path algorithm, using classes of randomly generated test problems. The present work investigates objective and reproducible measures of computational effort, and indicates how rather substantial reductions in this computational effort (as much as 30%, asymptotically) can be achieved. Both actual CPU time and predicted computation time are discussed and compared. Results indicate a strong interaction between code, computer, compiler, and several empirical measures of computational effort.
An Improvement in Partial Order Reduction Using Behavioral Analysis

Efficacy of partial order reduction in reducing state space relies on adequate extraction of the independence relation among possible behaviors. However, traditional approaches by statically analyzing system model structures are often not able to reveal enough independence for reduction. To address such a problem, this paper presents a behavioral analysis approach that uses a compositional reach ability analysis method to generate the over-approximate local state spaces for all modules in a system where a much more precise independence relation can be extracted for partial order reduction. Compared to the static analysis approaches, significantly higher reduction on complexity can be seen in a number of non-trivial examples, and as a consequence, dramatically less time and memory are required to finish these examples.
Effects of the abused solvent toluene on recombinant P2X receptors expressed in HEK293 cells.

Abstract ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral and central nervous systems by activating receptors in the P2Y and P2X families. P2Y receptors are coupled to intracellular signaling pathways, while P2X receptors contain an integral membrane-spanning pore and act as ion channels. Previous studies have established that certain abused drugs such as alcohol inhibit P2X receptors. In this study, we have examined the sensitivity of both homomeric and heteromeric P2X receptors to toluene, a commercial solvent widely used as a drug of abuse. P2X receptors were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells, and agonist-gated currents were measured using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. Toluene potentiated currents in cells expressing homomeric P2X 2 or P2X 4 subunits when ATP concentrations were near or below the EC 50 concentration. This potentiation was rapid in onset, voltage independent and was readily reversed upon washout of the toluene-containing solution. The toluene-induced potentiation of P2X 2 currents was not altered by lowering the pH of the recording media to 5.5 or by including the heavy-metal chelator EDTA in the recording solution. At maximal ATP concentrations, toluene did not affect ATP-gated currents in cells expressing P2X 2 or P2X 4 receptors. ATP-gated currents were also markedly potentiated by toluene in cells transfected with both P2X 4 and P2X 6 subunits. In contrast, P2X 3 receptor currents were inhibited by toluene at both low and high ATP concentrations. HEK293 cells transfected with both P2X 2 and P2X 3 subunits showed non-desensitizing currents when stimulated with α, β-methylene ATP. In these cells, toluene potentiated currents only at sub-maximal concentrations of α, β-methylene ATP. The results of this study suggest that the abused solvent toluene affects the function of P2X receptors in a subunit-dependent and agonist-dependent fashion.
Delay Discrimination and Reversal Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Abstinent Chronic Alcoholics

Evidence has shown that alcoholism leads to volume reductions in brain regions critical for associative learning using the eyeblink classical conditioning paradigm (EBCC). Evidence indicates that cerebellar shrinkage causes impairment in simple forms of EBCC, whereas changes in forebrain structures result in impairment in more complex tasks. In this study, the ability of abstinent alcoholics and matched control participants to acquire learned responses during delay discrimination and discrimination reversal was examined and related to severity of drinking history and neuropsychological performance. During discrimination learning, one tone (CS+) predicted the occurrence of an airpuff (unconditioned stimulus), and another tone (CS-) served as a neutral stimulus; then the significance of the tones was reversed. Alcoholics who learned the initial discrimination were impaired in acquiring the new CS+ after the tones reversed; this is a function that has previously been linked to forebrain structures. It is suggested that a factor important to alcoholic addiction may be the presence of alcoholic-related associative responses that interfere with the ability to learn new more adaptive associations.
Eudesmanolides and ent-pimaranes from Liatris laevigata

Abstract Liatris laevigata gave five new closely related 1β-hydroxy-8β-tigloxyeudesman-6α,12-olides as well as lupeol, lupeyl acetate and the new diterpenes ent-8,15R-epoxy-3-oxopimara-12α,16-diol, ent-8,15R-epoxypimara-3β,12α,16-triol and its 15S epimer.
Transcriptional signatures of environmentally relevant exposures in normal human mammary epithelial cells: benzo[a]pyrene

Abstract Changes in gene expression in a panel of primary normal human mammary epithelial cell strains, developed from healthy breast tissue obtained at reduction mammoplasty from different donors, in response to benzo[a]pyrene exposure have been investigated. It was expected that both gene expression changes common to cell strains derived from different donors as well as inter-individual variation would be observed. Therefore, the strategy that has been adopted is to identify potentially important changes, or useful changes from a biomonitoring perspective, using gene-array technology and a small number of donors; then investigate selected transcription responses using a large number of tissue donors and a cheaper method of transcript detection (real-time polymerase chain reaction). Here we report results from four primary normal human mammary epithelial cell strains that were treated with benzo[a]pyrene in vitro for either 6 or 24 h. Transcription was monitored using high-density oligonucleotide arrays (Affymetrix HuGeneFL). Total RNA was used for the preparation of labeled targets that were hybridized to microarrays containing probes representing more than 6800 human genes and expressed sequence tags. Gene expression data were analyzed using the GeneChip® software (MAS 5.0). Altered gene expression patterns were observed in response to benzo[a]pyrene in human mammary epithelial cell strains from different donors. Specifically, the dioxin inducible cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 was consistently induced in response to 6 and 24 h exposure to benzo[a]pyrene in cell strains from all four donors. Two other genes that were relatively consistently induced were IL1β and MMP1. Less consistent changes in other metabolism genes (CYP1A1, CYP11B2, and NQO1) and certain cell cycle control genes GOS2 and AF1Q were also induced, while EGR1 was suppressed. Although no change in p53 transcription was observed, an accumulation of p53 protein was detected using antibodies. A similar accumulation of Waf1 (p21) was also observed using immunohistochemistry, this was expected since p53 is p21's transcription factor. Significant inter-individual variations in both the levels and patterns of gene expression were observed, in response to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. These studies provide a complementary approach to molecular epidemiology for the investigation of differential susceptibility to chemical carcinogens, and specifically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Dilleniaceae Novae Neotropicae, V. The genus Doliocarpus in Colombia

Sixteen species of the genus Doliocarpus (Dilleniaceae) are currently known from Colombia. Two species ( D. foreroi and D. lopez-palacii ) are described and illustrated. Descriptions of the genus and all the species and keys to the genera of Dilleniaceae and species of Doliocarpus are included. Information about the ecology and geographical distribution of each species is provided.
Magnetohydrodynamic Models of the Bipolar Knotty Jet in Henize 2-90

A remarkably linear, bipolar, knotty jet was recently discovered in Hen 2-90, an object classified as a young planetary nebula. Using two-dimensional, magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we investigate periodic variations in jet density and velocity as the mechanism for producing the jet and its knotty structures.
Thermodynamic study of high-pressure adsorption of methane on activated carbons: The effect of oxidation on pore structure and adsorption energy heterogeneity

Abstract The effects of oxidation of activated carbons are studied by means of high-pressure methane adsorption. Decreases in amounts adsorbed and adsorption enthalpies after oxidation are observed. Thermodynamic analysis of adsorption isotherms using the virial-type thermal equation of adsorption is presented. The calculated adsorption energy distributions are shifted to lower adsorption energies for oxidized carbons. The mean adsorption energies decrease, indicating that oxidized carbon surfaces have lower affinity for methane adsorption.
Additional considerations concerning the effects of 'warm' and 'cool' wall colours on energy conservation.

The possibility of wall colours mediating thermal comfort was examined. Potential colour constancy problems in previous research were eliminated by painting laboratory walls either red, blue, or white. A total of 72 male and 72 female undergraduate college students were used in the study; each subject was exposed in a carrel to one of the possible combinations of the three colours and four room temperatures, 18, 22, 29 and 35°C. Data from forms completed by subjects under these conditions indicated that temperature influenced personal comfort, arousal, and perceived ambient temperature, and that colour influenced personal comfort and perceived environmental quality. However, colour did not influence perceived temperature, suggesting that energy conservation may not be facilitated by selected wall colours.
Mucosal Immunology of Food Allergy

Food allergies are increasing in prevalence at a higher rate than can be explained by genetic factors, suggesting a role for as yet unidentified environmental factors. In this review, we summarize the state of knowledge about the healthy immune response to antigens in the diet and the basis of immune deviation that results in immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization and allergic reactivity to foods. The intestinal epithelium forms the interface between the external environment and the mucosal immune system, and emerging data suggest that the interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal dendritic cells is of particular importance in determining the outcome of immune responses to dietary antigens. Exposure to food allergens through non-oral routes, in particular through the skin, is increasingly recognized as a potentially important factor in the increasing rate of food allergy. There are many open questions on the role of environmental factors, such as dietary factors and microbiota, in the development of food allergy, but data suggest that both have an important modulatory effect on the mucosal immune system. Finally, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of immune mechanisms of clinical manifestations of food allergy. New experimental tools, particularly in the field of genomics and the microbiome, are likely to shed light on factors responsible for the growing clinical problem of food allergy.
Framing the Issues of Cloud Computing & Sustainability: A Design Perspective

In this paper, we describe the present lack of understanding about if the potential environmental effects of transitions to cloud computing are positive or negative. We describe that research about the human interactivity implications of and for cloud computing has yet to enter the arena of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) in a significant way. We describe a short inventory of what is presently in the HCI literature apropos of cloud computing and interactivity. In addition, we offer a description of how we think the issues of cloud computing in the perspective of HCI may be framed, as well as an inventory of social issues implicated in cloud computing. Finally, we suggest some projects and problems that may be appropriate for advancing cloud computing in the perspective of HCI with sustainability as a key goal.
The effect of 3D structure on motion segmentation.

A smooth surface imaged on the retina produces a smooth flow field. Thus, the visual system may group regions of smoothly varying flow to segment surfaces. We tested this idea by having observers perform a segmentation task on several stimuli that differed in their 3D interpretations but were all matched in the smoothness of their 2D flow fields. Performance varied across conditions with the best performance occurring when the stimulus simulated a rigid plane. This result suggests that while observers may use deviations from smoothness to segment a broad class of motion stimuli, they use a more precise strategy to segment stimuli with a familiar 3D interpretation.
Training for nutrition support dietitians.

Nutrition support dietitians have expanded their scope of practice steadily over the last 20 y.’ Technological advances, economic retrenchment, and evolving practice patterns will dictate continued changes over the next decade. These changes will offer abundant opportunities for dietitians who display creativity, continue to be adaptable, and are well trained. Advances in nutrition support knowledge have already resulted in complex guidelines to optimize nutrient intake.2*3 In addition, pharmacologic doses of nutrients are being used to treat or modify the response to disease. Detailed monitoring of nutrient intake will be needed as patients receive increasingly complex, multimodal nutrition therapy. As the demand for multi skilled health care workers increases, dietitians are expanding their skills. Dietitians are currently being trained to perform physical examinations and to insert feeding tubes.4 Other skills will be acquired as needed to provide comprehensive nutrition care. To meet the current economic challenges in health care, hospitals are implementing standard patient care protocols sometimes called clinical pathways or critical pathways.5 As pharmacists have used these vehicles to achieve greater autonomy, 6~7 so too will dietitians. As hospitals reduce physician training programs, dietitians may take advantage of the opportunity to adopt the physician extender’ model pioneered by nurses. To prepare for these challenges, dietitians will need advanced-level nutrition support skills. However, training dietitians in advanced-level nutrition support
UHV transmission electron microscopy structure determination of the Si(111)-(√3 × √3)R30°Au surface

Abstract Details of the average atomic structure and the possible nature of the surface domain walls of the Si(111)-√3 × √3)R30°Au surfaces are presented. Transmission electron diffraction data supports the missing top layer twisted trimer [Surf. Sci. 256 (1991) 135] model in which gold and silicon atoms in the top two layers form sets of like-atom trimers rotated in the same direction about p3 symmetry centers. However, the average degree of trimer rotation and the interatomic spacings within the structure vary significantly with the sharpness of the structure's diffraction spots. These variations in structure parameters among data sets as well as large values of the fitted Debye-Waller terms indicate substantial static disorder in the structure and hence any parameters determined can only be averages of locally varying parameters. Silicon displacements from the bulk positions continue through the second silicon double layer. Charge transfer in the structure is evident from a better fit obtained using Au + scattering factors than with those for neutral gold, confirming a total energy cluster calculation [Surf. Rev. Lett. 1 (1994) 273]. The presence of gold trimers is confirmed by the local symmetry seen in high resolution micrographs which also show surface domain morphology differences between diffuse and sharp diffraction spot regions. These images additionally indicate that the surface domain walls must be either vacancy type, or the gold-to-gold spacing in and near the walls must be close to 3.84 A. From these observations, models for the Si(111)-(√3 × √3)R30°Au domain walls and the Si(111)-(6 × 6) Au structure are proposed.
Jacques Rancière’s Lesson on the Lesson

Abstract This article examines the significance of Jacques Ranciere’s work on pedagogy, and argues that to make sense of Ranciere’s ‘lesson on the lesson’ one must do more but also less than merely explicate Ranciere’s texts. It steadfastly refuses to draw out the lessons of Ranciere’s writings in the manner of a series of morals, precepts or rules. Rather, it is committed to thinking through the ‘lessons’ of Ranciere in another sense. Above all, Ranciere wants to ‘teach’ his readers something absolutely crucial about teaching. In making this claim the article emphasizes the extent to which Ranciere advocates an utterly radical pedagogy, one that completely reconceives all the central elements of ‘schooling’, including teacher, student, intelligence and knowledge. Ranciere thinks it possible to teach without knowing; he believes that the best schoolmasters can operate not on the assumption of their expertise, but on the equality of intelligence; and this means ultimately that Ranciere contends that we can...
"Time-driven priority" flow control for real-time heterogeneous internetworking

We consider real-time traffic in a heterogeneous internetworking environment with IP routers, MAC bridges, hubs, switched LANs etc. We assume that the current routing protocols remain unchanged. However in this environment, in order to provide quality of service (QoS): bandwidth, delay, constant-bounded jitter and no-loss due to congestion, we suggest a new flow control function called time-driven priority, which is an internal traffic shaping mechanism. We show how it supports two classes of connections: constant bit rate (CBR) with deterministic guarantees, and variable bit rate (VBR) with statistical multiplexing. The mechanism does not require to identify and separate the packet flows of different real-time sessions/connections inside the network. As a result, it achieves lower switching complexity when compared with other internal traffic shaping methods. As consequences of the time-driven priority mechanism we further achieve: (1) QoS parameters which are independent of the connection bandwidth, (2) QoS parameters which are independent of the existing heterogeneous internetworking asynchronous data traffic and (3) the capability for policing and securing the network QoS.
Scattering by inhomogeneous particles: microwave analog experiments and comparison to effective medium theories

Abstract It is common practice to use effective medium theories (EMT) to estimate average, “effective” optical constants of inhomogeneous materials. A variety of EMTs were developed for different internal structures of the medium and for a variety of shapes, size distributions and physical properties of the inhomogeneities. The most popular EMTs (Maxwell Garnett, Bruggeman, Looyenga, etc.) consider inhomogeneities that are much smaller than the wavelength. The so-called extended EMTs were developed to find effective optical constants in the case of inhomogeneities comparable and slightly larger than the wavelength. This paper compares angular distribution and wavelength dependence of intensity and polarization of scattered light obtained from calculations using the most popular EMTs and extended EMTs with the results of microwave analog measurements at the microwave facilities of the University of Florida. We simulated the light scattering by organic grains with silicate inclusions of size parameter x=0.075 (≈0.01 μm ) , 0.60 (≈0.1 μm ) , and 1.24 (≈0.2 μm ). The conclusion is that for inclusions of a small size and for a small volume fraction of them in the mixture all EMTs yield similar results and show reasonable agreement with experimental results. The accuracy is better for the angular dependencies of the intensity and of the polarization of the scattered light than for their wavelength dependencies. For inhomogeneities comparable and larger than the wavelength extended EMTs work better but for smaller inclusions non-extended EMTs show more accurate results. Large volume fractions of the inclusions in the mixture (>10%) essentially reduce the accuracy of the results obtained with EMTs. Based on our study we do not recommend to use EMTs in the back-scattering domain and at the scattering angles 30°
Musical piano performance by the ACT Hand

In the past, the music community conducted research on what makes music more musical or expressive. Much of this work has focused on the manipulation of phrasing, articulation and rubato to make music more expressive. However, it has been difficult to study neuromuscular control used by experts to create such musical music. This paper took a first step toward this effort by using the Anatomically Correct Testbed (ACT) Robotic Hand to mimic the way expert humans play when they are instructed to perform “musically” or “robotically.” Results from 22 human subjects showed that musical expression contained a larger range of dynamics and different articulation than robotic expression, while there was no difference in the use of rubato. The ACT Hand was controlled to the level of precision that allowed the replication of expert expressive performance. Its performance was then rated by 17 human listeners against music played by a human expert to show that the ACT Hand could play as musically as an expert human. Furthermore, articulation, phrasing, and rubato were tested in isolation to determine the importance of articulation over phrasing and rubato. This type of study will lead to understanding how to implement future robots to perform musically without preprogramming them, finding ways to teach novice pianists strategies in controlling their muscles to become expressive musicians more quickly, and understanding why humans feel expressiveness or even emotion in music.
Harmonic functions in quasicircle domains

Let G be a bounded plane domain whose boundary consists of finitely many disjoint quasicircles. Let u be a harmonic in G and continuous in \(\bar G\),the closure of G. We assume that the modulus of continuity of u is majorized by a suitable type of function on the boundary of G and obtain estimates for the modulus of continuity ofuin\(\bar G\).We show by examples that in a certain sense these estimates are best possible.
Event gazetteers for navigating humanities resources

In history and the other humanities, events and narrative sequences of events are often of primary interest. Yet while named events sometimes appear as subject headings, systems for knowledge organization generally do not provide facilities for identifying and disambiguating events as they do for person or place names. As a result opportunities for collocating resources that pertain to specific events have been limited, and support for navigating among related resources by way of the various relationships represented by events has been weak. The accelerating digitization of document and artifact collections and the ongoing development of digital metadata infrastructure make this an excellent time to address this oversight. This paper describes ongoing research to develop gazetteers for representing events and their relationships and best practices for using such gazetteers to enhance digital resources and information services.
Androgen receptor and mating-induced Fos immunoreactivity are co-localized in limbic and midbrain neurons that project to the male rat medial preoptic area

Two studies were designed to document neuronal colocalization of androgen receptor immunoreactivity and mating-induced Fos immunoreactivity (AR-ir, Fos-ir) in brain of male rats and to examine the extent to which limbic and midbrain neurons that project to the preoptic area are androgen sensitive and activated by mating. Brains from male rats, killed 1 h after ejaculating with receptive females, were examined for Fos-ir and AR-ir and compared with those from control rats not given access to females. PG21 anti-AR and anti-c-fos primary antibodies were visualized by fluorescence microscopy using cyanine-conjugated and fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies. In mated males (Expt. 1), Fos-ir and AR-ir were colocalized in neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), the dorsal medial amygdala (dMEA), the central tegmental field (CTF), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the anterior hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, and the ventral premamillary nucleus. In Expt. 2, male rats received a unilateral injection of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) in the preoptic area and four days later were killed after ejaculating with receptive females. Brains were subsequently examined for FG transport, Fos-ir and AR-ir. Fluorogold-containing neurons were present in dMEA and CTF as well as in other hypothalamic and limbic regions known to project to the MPN. In dMEA and CTF, nuclear colocalization of AR-ir and mating-induced Fos-ir was present in a proportion of FG-containing neurons. Sexually relevant information may be carried through the brain by an interconnected network of hormone-sensitive neurons.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure

The weight of evidence supporting the routine use of cardiac resynchronization therapy, or atrial-synchronized biventricular pacing, as a treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe chronic systolic heart failure and ventricular dyssynchrony is now quite substantial. Results from mechanistic studies, observational evaluations, and randomized, controlled trials have consistently demonstrated significant improvement in quality of life, functional status, and exercise capacity in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV heart failure who are assigned to active resynchronization therapy. 1–3 In these patients, cardiac resynchronization has also been shown to improve cardiac structure and function while significantly reducing the risk of worsening heart failure. 1,2 In 2001, the first resynchronization device became commercially available in the United States. The following year, 2 devices that combine biventricular pacing capability with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) were approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration. Recently updated ACC/AHA/ NASPE Pacemaker and ICD Guidelines included cardiac resynchronization therapy as a class IIA recommendation for pacing. 4 Since that time, preliminary results from another large-scale trial have suggested a significant reduction in the combined end point of all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization with cardiac resynchronization therapy in an advanced heart failure population. 5 The present article briefly reviews the rationale for and mechanisms of cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure as background to a more in-depth discussion of landmark clinical trials. Patient selection and limitations/pitfalls of resynchronization therapy are also discussed. Rationale for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Approximately one third of patients with systolic heart failure have a QRS duration greater than 120 ms, which is most commonly seen as left bundle-branch block (LBBB).6,7 In LBBB, the left ventricle is activated belatedly through the septum from the right ventricle, resulting in a significant delay between the onset of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular contraction. 8,9 Activation of the anterior septum
Temporally silent stores

Recent work has shown that silent stores--stores which write a value matching the one already stored at the memory location--occur quite frequently and can be exploited to reduce memory traffic and improve performance. This paper extends the definition of silent stores to encompass sets of stores that change the value stored at a memory location, but only temporarily, and subsequently return a previous value of interest to the memory location. The stores that cause the value to revert are called temporally silent stores. We redefine multiprocessor sharing to account for temporal silence and show that in the limit, up to 45% of communication misses in scientific and commercial applications can be eliminated by exploiting values that change only temporarily. We describe a practical mechanism that detects temporally silent stores and removes the coherence traffic they cause in conventional multiprocessors. We find that up to 42% of communication misses can be eliminated with a simple extension to the MESI protocol. Further, we examine application and operating system code to provide insight into the temporal silence phenomenon and characterize temporal silence by examining value frequencies and dynamic instruction distances between temporally silent pairs. These studies indicate that the operating system is involved heavily in temporal silence, in both commercial and scientific workloads, and that while detectable synchronization primitives provide substantial contributions, significant opportunity exists outside these references.
The Local as the Global: Study Abroad Through Place-Based Education in Costa Rica

In the current historical moment, efforts to globalize U.S. higher education abound. To judge from the language of institutional mission statements and strategic plans to the proliferation of new, globally-oriented centers, programs, and majors on U.S. college and university campuses, a central concern of U.S. higher education today is to equip students with the tools, knowledge, and dispositions for engaging in a globalized world. Yet what, exactly, institutions mean when they evoke the term, global, is often unclear. Learning goals across institutions may include “preparing students for global citizenship”; “increasing students’ global competencies”; or “educating students for global awareness,” among others (e.g., Lewin 2009). However, within these same learning goals, the global is rarely operationalized.
CYP3A Variation and the Evolution of Salt-Sensitivity Variants

Members of the cytochrome P450 3A subfamily catalyze the metabolism of endogenous substrates, environmental carcinogens, and clinically important exogenous compounds, such as prescription drugs and therapeutic agents. In particular, the CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes play an especially important role in pharmacogenetics, since they metabolize >50% of the drugs on the market. However, known genetic variants at these two loci are not sufficient to account for the observed phenotypic variability in drug response. We used a comparative genomics approach to identify conserved coding and noncoding regions at these genes and resequenced them in three ethnically diverse human populations. We show that remarkable interpopulation differences exist with regard to frequency spectrum and haplotype structure. The non-African samples are characterized by a marked excess of rare variants and the presence of a homogeneous group of long-range haplotypes at high frequency. The CYP3A5*1/*3 polymorphism, which is likely to influence salt and water retention and risk for salt-sensitive hypertension, was genotyped in >1,000 individuals from 52 worldwide population samples. The results reveal an unusual geographic pattern whereby the CYP3A5*3 frequency shows extreme variation across human populations and is significantly correlated with distance from the equator. Furthermore, we show that an unlinked variant, AGT M235T, previously implicated in hypertension and pre-eclampsia, exhibits a similar geographic distribution and is significantly correlated in frequency with CYP3A5*1/*3. Taken together, these results suggest that variants that influence salt homeostasis were the targets of a shared selective pressure that resulted from an environmental variable correlated with latitude.
Translating the Triumph: Reading Mark’s Cruciﬁxion Narrative against a Roman Ritual of Power:

Traces of the Roman triumph have been identiﬁed in the procession narratives in Mk 11 and 15, but how its themes should be understood to function in Mark’s telling has never achieved consensus. Rea...
Theory as Self-Portrait and the Ideal of Objectivity

This article addresses the epistemological issue of the theorist's subjectivity. I suggest that theories of human nature reflect the theorist's personality as he or she externalizes it or projects it onto humanity at large. This article extends this familiar proposition by proposing that there are two forms of externalization: static externalization, in which the theorist projects outward his or her own structures, and dynamic externalization, in which the theorist projects outward his or her needs. In the first, the theory of human nature is a selfportrait of the theorist as he or she is; in the second, the theory is a self-portrait emphasizing what the theorist needs.After a review of the philosophical positions on the issue of the fundamental subjectivity of knowledge, I consider Freud and Adler as instances of the contrasting styles of externalization. Their personal histories, peer relation-ships, and their clinical arrangements are reviewed for evidence that their theories are externalizations of th...
Long-Term Benefit of Primary Prevention With an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator An Extended 8-Year Follow-Up Study of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II

Background—The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT-II) showed a significant 31 reduction in the risk of death with primary implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy during a median follow-up of 1.5 years. However, currently there are no data on the long-term efficacy of primary defibrillator therapy. Methods and Results—MADIT-II enrolled 1232 patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction who were randomized to ICD and non-ICD medical therapy and were followed up through November 2001. For the present long-term study, we acquired posttrial mortality data through March 2009 for all study participants (median follow-up, 7.6 years). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was performed to calculate the hazard ratio for ICD versus non-ICD therapy during long-term follow-up. At 8 years of follow-up, the cumulative probability of all-cause mortality was 49 among patients treated with an ICD compared with 62 among non-ICD patients (P<0.001). Multivar...
The art of attraction: applications of multifunctional magnetic nanomaterials for malignant glioma

Introduction: Malignant gliomas remain one of medicine's most daunting unsolved clinical problems. The development of new technologies is urgently needed to improve the poor prognosis of patients suffering from these brain tumors. Magnetic nanomaterials are appealing due to unique properties that allow for noninvasive brain tumor diagnostics and therapeutics in one multifunctional platform. Areas covered: We report on the recent advances of magnetic nanomaterials for brain tumor imaging and therapy, with an emphasis on novel approaches and clinical progress. We detail their biomedical applications including brain tumor targeting, MRI contrast enhancement, optical imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, magnetomechanical destruction, drug delivery, gene therapy, as well as tracking of cell-based and viral-based therapies. The clinical cases and obstacles encountered in the use of magnetic nanomaterials for malignant glioma are also examined. Expert opinion: To accelerate the effective translation of these material...
The Moderating Effect of Physical Activity on the Association Between ADHD Symptoms and Peer Victimization in Middle Childhood.

Previous research has demonstrated that symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with higher levels of victimization, but little is known about protective factors. The purpose of the study was to examine whether physical activity attenuated the associations among ADHD symptoms and physical and relational victimization 1.5 years later. Participants included 168 s through fourth grade students (M age = 8.43; 52.4 % boys) who completed self-reports of physical activity and victimization; teachers provided ratings of ADHD symptoms. ADHD symptoms predicted subsequent increases in physical, but not relational, victimization among children who reported engaging in moderate/high levels of physical activity, especially out of the school context (moderate: β = .26, p = .03; high: β = .55, p < .001). Findings suggest that children with ADHD symptoms may benefit from being taught the skills necessary to appropriately engage in physical activity and from being monitored while engaging in activity in order to limit physical victimization that they might experience.
Predicting Law School Success: A Study of Goal Orientations, Academic Achievement, and the Declining Self-Efficacy of Our Law Students

The study presented in this article asked 157 law students to respond to a survey about their learning goals and motivations for learning in law school. The student responses were correlated to different academic variables, including class rank, LSAT scores, and undergraduate GPA. The study also explored whether any relationships existed between goal orientations (mastery or performance) and law school success (class rank). The results were illuminating: Despite the performance-based curriculum of law school, the most successful students were mastery-oriented learners. In contrast, there was no statistical correlation between performance-oriented learning and law school success. Furthermore, the LSAT score was the weakest predictor of law school success. The results also illustrated something else about successful law students: There was a cost to their success. Despite high achievement and mastery-oriented learning styles, the more successful law students were also more likely to doubt their individual abilities to understand and apply the law. In this study, highly ranked law students rated themselves low on academic self-efficacy measures. Low self-efficacy is a trait more typically associated with performance-orientation. What accounts for this result? The answer may lie within legal education's goal structure: a structure completely oriented towards performance.
Fossil Treasures of the Anza-Borrego Desert by George T. Jefferson and Lowell Lindsay (eds.)

(2008). Fossil Treasures of the Anza-Borrego Desert by George T. Jefferson and Lowell Lindsay (eds.) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 584-585.
Rate-Regulated Enterprises and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of Electric Utilities and Postretirements Benefits Other Than Pensions (SFAS 106)

This paper investigates the reporting and contracting responses of electric utilities to SFAS 106. Expense-increasing accounting standards generally have no direct cash flow consequences for non-regulated firms, but they reduce these firms' reported net income and increase their reported liabilities. Past research documents that managers of non-regulated firms seek to avert potential contracting costs associated with such mandated accounting changes through operating financial or reporting decision that mitigate the financial statement impact of the accounting change. In contrast, expense-increasing accounting standards do not usually affect rate-regulated firms' net income, but do have a positive effect on their cash flows because the rate recovery mechanism is based on accounting numbers. Managers of rate-regulated firms therefore have incentives to respond to expense-increasing accounting standards in ways that enhance the financial statement impact of the accounting change. This study documents that managers of rate-regulated firms that face greater uncertainties about future rate recoveries have greater incentives to use discretionary choices that intensify the impact of expense-increasing accounting changes on current financial statements.
Interactive Multi-Objective Inverse Groundwater Modeling for the WIPP Site

This paper presents ongoing research on building an interactive and multiobjective framework to solve the groundwater inverse problem. Our research has shown that the inherent instability and non-uniqueness of this problem can be improved by incorporating expert knowledge about the hydro-geology of the site. The interactive multi-objective genetic algorithm (IMOGA) considers user preference (for different transmissivity fields) as an additional objective along with quantitative calibration measures, converging to a set of Pareto optimal solutions representing the best trade-off among all (qualitative as well as quantitative) objectives. An important part of groundwater inversion is assessing parameter uncertainty and its effect upon model predictions. To assess the uncertainty in prediction we a multi-level sampling approach is used that incorporates uncertainty in both large-scale trends and the small-scale stochastic variability. The large-scale uncertainty is modeled using a Bayesian approach where both calibration error and a prior transmissivity field (as specified by the expert through the interactive rankings of the IMOGA) are considered. A geostatistical approach is adopted for the small-scale uncertainty, which is considered to be unconditional and auto-correlated with a specified covariance structure. The prediction model is run using all simulated fields to get the distribution of predictions. This methodology is being applied to a field-scale case study based on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) situated in Carlsbad, New Mexico. This work is still in progress and results will be presented at the EWRI conference.
NEUTRAL THEORY OF QUANTITATIVE GENETIC VARIANCE IN AN ISLAND MODEL WITH LOCAL EXTINCTION AND COLONIZATION.

Additive genetic variance maintained by mutation in a selectively neutral quantitative character is analyzed for an ideal population distributed on n islands, each with local effective size N, that exchange migrants at a small rate, m. In a stable population structure, the expected genetic variance maintained within islands is identical to that in a panmictic population of the same total size, regardless of the migration rate (m > 0). This result contrasts with Wright's classical conclusion, based on inbreeding coefficients, that at least one immigrant per island every other generation (Nm > ½) is necessary for the genetic variance within local populations to approach that under panmixia. The expected genetic variance maintained among islands is inversely proportional to m and increases with the number of islands, but is independent of N. Local extinction and colonization diminish the genetic variance maintained within islands by reducing the effective size of island populations through the founder effect, although the expected genetic variance within islands is nearly as large as that in a panmictic population of the same total effective size. If the founders of new colonies originate from more than one island, rates of local extinction and colonization larger than about twice the migration rate will substantially reduce the genetic variance maintained among islands. These results indicate the importance of mutation and migration in maintaining quantitative genetic variance within small local populations.
Empirical tests for NSF classroom programs.

The National Science Foundation's GK-12 program—a professional development program that places science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduates in K-12 classrooms with teachers—was recently canceled, much to the shock and surprise of its stakeholders ([ 1 ][1]). In response, GK
Estimates of Carrington-Class Solar Particle Event Radiation Exposures on Mars Behind Polyethylene Shielding

Radiation exposure estimates for crew members on the surface of Mars are made for solar particle event proton radiation environments comparable to the Carrington event of 1859. We assume that the proton energy distribution for this Carrington-type event is similar to that of the Band Function fit of the February 1956 event. In this work we use the BRYNTRN radiation transport code, originally developed at NASA Langley Research Center. The Computerized Anatomical Male and Female human geometry models were utilized to estimate exposures for polyethylene shield areal densities similar to those provided by a spacesuit, a surface lander, and a permanent habitat located at various altitudes in the Mars atmosphere. Comparisons of the predicted organ exposures are made with previously reported values obtained for aluminum shielding and current NASA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs).
Response of Starch-Encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis Containing Ultraviolet Screens to Sunlight

Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner spores and crystals, encapsulated together within a starch matrix containing no ultraviolet screens, lost all spore viability and insecticidal activity against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), within 4 d. Encapsulated crystals and spores with Congo red or folic acid as screens exhibited moderate spore viability and retained at least 50% of their original toxicity after 12 d. Congo red was the most effective protectant, followed by folic acid and para amino benzoic acid. Because Bacillus thuringiensis is likely sensitive to the entire ultraviolet-component in sunlight, ability to provide broad-band ultraviolet protection is required to prolong insecticidal activity effectively.
The prevalence and the related factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic complications in the community-based patients of Huangpu district,Shanghai

[Objective] To explore the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes with chronic complications in Huangpu district's community,and analyze their related risk factors. [Methods] Five hundred and sixteen cases with type 2 diabetes in the diabetic management system of Huangpu district's community were obtained by simple stochastic sampling.A self-designed questionnaire was employed to collect information concerning patients' chronic complications. [Results] The prevalence rate of the type 2 diabetic complication was 64.92% for cardiovascular disease,29.26% for sensory neuropathy,28.10% for eye disease,20.35% for autonomic neuropathy,20.15% for cerebrovascular disease,5.04% for kidney disease,3.10% for motor neuropathy,2.71% for lower extremity vascular disease,respectively.The prevalence rate of whole complications was 77.71%.The factors related to different kinds of the chronic complications were analyzed using univariate logistic regression analysis,then analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.It was found that that gender,age,disease course,medication,BMI,blood pressure,glucose abnormalities,diet control,physical activity,blood glucose measurement,cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were the major risk factors of the major complications. [Conclusion] The prevalence rate of the diabetes-related chronic complications is high.Intervention to the controllable risk factors might prevent the occurrence of the chronic complications of diabetes.
Analysis and Design of A Novel SCA Tactical Radio

JTRS(Joint Tactical Radio System) is the Department of Defense's(DoD) solution to the a family of tactical SDRs based on common open standards and architectures.JTRS accommodates all traditional and new mobile ad hoc networking waveforms.This novel SCA radio,based on generalized and multi-purpose hardware platform and through new tactical networking waveforms,improves the tactical communication capability and the use efficiency of tactical equipment system.This paper emphatically studies the application scenarios of typical implementation schemes and the disposition of tactical networking waveforms for the Joint Tactical Radio System under MANET environment,and proposes an analysis and design scheme of a novel SCA tactical radio.