cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A compositional, constraint-based model of statics

The author presents a solution to a variety of statics problems using a declarative and executable model. The flexibility of this model is its ability to answer a variety of queries about a physical mechanism, providing the means for simulation, control or evaluation. This model possesses a well-defined compositional operator by which physical systems may be assembled from constituent parts. The model is achieved by means of a rule-based and constraint-based language. Constraint solving aids in flexibility by providing equations and inequalities without a specified order of evaluation. Rules provide additional flexibility by allowing nondeterminism, while providing ease-of-use through a declarative description of the model.
Spatial summation and conduction latency classification of cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaques

Cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the macaque monkey were investigated with microelectrodes in an attempt to develop an overall classification scheme. We classified cells in the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) layers according to (non)linearity of spatial summation, shock latency, and chromatic organization of center and surround. We also measured the spatial and temporal tuning to counterphasing and drifting sine wave gratings and tested for periphery effects. Our results showed that no strict laminar segregation existed for any cell property studied. Our results can be summarized as follows: 1. Most P layer cells showed a linear summation (98%) and color-opponent responses (80%), while other cells showed a nonlinear summation (Y-cells, 2%) and broad band responses (28%). In contrast, 37% of the M layer cells were linear summators and the remainder were nonlinear. Therefore, there are overlapping distributions of X- and Y- cells in P and M layers but not a strict segregation. 2. P layer cells had longer shock latencies than M layer cells. X-cells conducted more slowly (2.4 +/- 0.7 msec) than Y-cells (1.6 +/- 0.8 msec), but there were overlapping distributions. Latency shortened gradually, rather than abruptly, with increasing depth. 3. The first harmonic of X- and Y- cell responses was maximally sensitive to spatial frequencies of about 2 cycles/deg. Each type of cell modulated about a mean rate to a drifting grating, although Y-cells had higher distortion than X-cells. Response amplitudes to drifting gratings were higher for MX- and MY- than for PX-cells. No DC elevation to high spatial frequencies was seen. Spatial bandwidths averaged 2 to 5 octaves. X-cells were maximally tuned to temporal frequencies around 11 Hz, and Y-cells were tuned to about 19 Hz;. temporal bandwidths for both averaged 2.8 octaves. 4. Periphery effects were detected in 4% of the X-cells and 25% of the Y-cells. 5. These data indicate that gradual changes occur between dorsal and ventral layers: summation changes from linear to nonlinear; conduction latencies shorten; peak temporal tuning increases; response amplitudes increase; the periphery effect becomes more prevalent. Spatial tuning does not change. No strict laminar segregation or specificity exists for any of the properties that we studied.
Test for Wavevector Anisotropies in Plasma Turbulence Cascades

The frequency and wavevector matching conditions in nonlinear three-wave coupling are used to test whether the forward cascade of plasma turbulence may lead to wavevector anisotropies in a homogeneous, collisionless, magnetized plasma. Linear kinetic theory at β p = 0.01, 0.10, and 1.0 is used to determine the frequency-wavenumber dispersion of three normal modes: long-wavelength Alfven-cyclotron waves, long-wavelength magnetosonic waves, and intermediate-wavelength magnetosonic-whistler waves. Using linear dispersion in the nonlinear matching conditions, the test predicts with one exception that forward cascades are favored by fluctuations propagating nearly perpendicular to the background magnetic field B o . This is consistent with the typical development of wavevector anisotropies with k ⊥ k ∥ (subscripts refer to directions perpendicular and parallel to B o , respectively) in computer simulations of the forward cascade of various types of plasma turbulence. The exception is that, at β p = 1.0, the test predicts that the cascade of long-wavelength magnetosonic waves should be favored by modes at k ⊥ ~ k ∥.
Nuclear pre-mRNA metabolism: channels and tracks

We review new evidence suggesting that metazoan nuclear pre-mRNA metabolism occurs in a small subnuclear compartment consisting of a network of channels defined by exclusion from various condensed structures. Nuclear components, including mRNA en route from the gene to the nuclear surface, apparently move through these channels by conventional diffusion.
Theoretical treatment of evaporation front drying

Abstract A general formalism is presented for the combined diffusion and forced flow of a binary gas mixture through a porous medium. The resulting equations are then specialized to handle the vapor region of a porous material which is drying according to a receding evaporation front model. Solutions presented for various permeabilities and temperatures give the conditions under which air is present in the pores and allow one to investigate the usefulness of the ‘boiling’ concept for the drying of low permeability materials. Evaporation front motion together with the water loss rate is examined for different curvilinear geometries both analytically and numerically.
Model of the transient stratified flow into a chilled-water storage tank

This paper presents numerical solutions for the flowfield transients with a single jet of cold liquid entering horizontally at the bottom of a tall tank initially filled with hotter liquid which is removed at the top of the tank. Accurate solutions of the unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes and heat equations are computed for laminar flow conditions with the coupling between the flow and the temperature modeled through the Boussinesq approximation. Early in the filling process, the inflow of the higher density liquid produces a gravity current which propagates across the tank floor. When turned by the wall opposite the jet, the gravity current generates a range of internal wave phenomena which are apparent in oscillations of the thermocline. The region below the thermocline is initially filled with a complex pattern of recirculation cells, which evolves to a pattern dominated by the jet vortex as the thermocline moves away from the inlet.
COI policies: tax dollars should not be used to fund U.S. institutions not making the grade.

Over two billion dollars was awarded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in research funding from 2010 to March 2012 to institutions receiving a grade of “C,” “D,” or “F” on their conflict of interest policies, as determined by the American Medical Student Association's scorecard on conflict of interest policies. More institutional oversight is needed with regard to assuring conflict of interest policies at U.S. research institutions are adequate. As stewards of public funds, HHS should require a minimum standard which institutional conflict of interest policies should meet, beyond current regulatory requirements, before granting funding.
Free radical theory of aging: A hypothesis on pathogenesis of senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type

Senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT) is the major cause of dementia. It is a spontaneous, i.e. sporadic, systemic disorder whose major manifestations are in the brain. It is hypothesized that SDAT may be the result of one of a number of potential mutations in a mitochondrial DNA molecule, early in development and after germ cell segregation, that impairs oxidative phosphorylation and increases production of $$O\mathop \cdot \limits_2^ -$$ and H2O2. Replicative segregation distributes the mutated mtDNA to the cells of the developing organism in such a manner that with advancing age cellular dysfunction occurs first in areas of the brain associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Cell damage and death is attributed to random free radical damage secondary to falling ATP production and increasing formation of $$O\mathop \cdot \limits_2^ -$$ and H2O2 due to aging of the normal and defective mitochondria. The increasing oxidative stress contributes to cell damage and eventual death in part by impairing cellular control of Ca2+ concentration; sustained increases in cellular Ca2+ disrupts the cytoskeleton and activates calcium dependent catabolic enzymes. SDAT is essentially due to acceleration of normal neuronal aging. The amyloid associated with SDAT is apparently a consequence of normal neuronal metabolism and of the changes associated with normal neuronal death. The incidence of SDAT may be decreased by efforts to prevent mutation of a mtDNA molecule early in development, for example, possibly by decreasing maternal deleterious free radical reactions by dietary modulation and/or antioxidant supplements. Similar efforts by the general population may also decrease the incidence by disproportionately slowing the rate of production of free radical damage in those individuals destined to develop Alzheimer’s disease owing to their higher rate of initiation of deleterious free radical reactions. The function of SDAT patients may be temporarily improved by “ rescuing” some impaired neurons, and the underlying mitochondrial decline slowed, by measures similar to those employed with other mitochondrial disorders.
R-tools: mediawiki extension for full-scale statistical computing

Wikisystems are proven to be good for producing text and knowledge in collaborative manner but they are not designed to handle large amounts of numerical data. We needed a system that is capable for producing text and run calculations from datasets. For this purpose we created Opasnet which is a Mediawiki with integrated statistical computing extension and an external database for data. In our demonstration we will show how R (statistical software) can be integrated into Mediawiki as an extension (R-Tools) and how it can be used directly from wiki pages. This extension enables users to write R-code, run it and see the results of the calculation on the wiki page. R-tools can use data from external databases and this functionality is also demonstrated. First R-Tools demonstration was held at Wikisym 2012 in Linz. Now we will focus on its new features developed within this year.
Development of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in rat kidney.

Abstract The developmental pattern of phenylalanine hydroxylase was studied in rat kidney and compared with that of liver from the same animal. Traces of activity were observed from 19 to 21 days of gestation in the liver and on Day 20 and 21 of gestation in the kidney. Significant amounts of activity were noticed on Day 22 of gestation. Kidney on Day 21 of gestation showed slightly higher values than that seen in corresponding liver. Fetal liver and kidney showed about 30% and 90% activity of newborn animals, respectively. Both synthetic cofactor and organic reductant were necessary for optimal activity of liver and kidney enzymes. pH studies showed an optimum at pH 7.0 in both liver and kidney. Storage at −15 °C resulted in loss of activity in both liver and kidney to the same extent at a given time. No evidence of inhibition of either liver or kidney enzyme by phenylalanine was noticed up to a concentration of 4 μmoles per assay. Heat denaturation studies at 50 °C showed the kidney enzyme to be slightly less stable than the liver enzyme though a similar pattern was observed in both tissues at all ages studied.
Insights into alpine moraine development from cosmogenic 36Cl buildup dating

Abstract We have used cosmogenic 36Cl surface exposure dating to determine apparent construction ages of late Pleistocene moraines in the Sierra Nevada, the White Mountains, and the Wind River Range, all in the western United States. The inferred glacial chronologies from the various localities all exhibit certain characteristics: (1) Local records are fragmentary and deposits of some glacial advances are always missing; no location has deposits of all glaciations and no glacial advance is recorded at all locations. This is due either to unfavorable conditions for glacier development at some times or to obliteration of earlier deposits by later, more extensive glaciers. (2) Most moraines have young apparent exposure ages, with only a few older than the last glacial cycle. This may be due to young true ages of these deposits, erosion of moraine surfaces, or obliterative overlap and covering of older deposits by younger ones. (3) Many deposits that were previously correlated (e.g., based on their stratigraphic positions) are not correlative; they may represent different stades and, sometimes, even different glaciations. Similarly, some previously uncorrelated deposits have the same exposure ages and may be correlative. (4) Clusters of several distinct moraines of nearly the same age are present at most locations. These clusters suggest that alpine moraines are formed during short deposition episodes that last between several hundred and several thousand years.
Lusternik–Schnirelmann category, complements of skeleta and a theorem of Dranishnikov

In this paper, we study the growth with respect to dimension of quite general homotopy invariants Q applied to the CW skeleta of spaces. This leads to upper estimates analogous to the classical “dimension divided by connectivity” bound for Lusternik–Schnirelmann category. Our estimates apply, in particular, to the Clapp–Puppe theory of A–category. We use cat1(X) (which is A–category with A the collection of 1–dimensional CW complexes), to reinterpret in homotopy-theoretical terms some recent work of Dranishnikov on the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category of spaces with fundamental groups of finite cohomological dimension. Our main result is the inequality cat(X)≤ dim(Bπ1(X))+ cat1(X), which implies and strengthens the main theorem of Dranishnikov [Algebr. Geom. Topol. 10 (2010) 917–924].
Simultaneous determination of total organic carbon and total nitrogen in waters by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract An apparatus with a pyrolysis unit, gas chromatograph and quadrupole mass spectrometer was assembled for the simultaneous determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in waters. The mass numbers used for the determination of TOC and TN were m/e 44 ( CO 2 + ) and m/e 30 (NO + ), respectively. The short-term stability (relative standard deviation) was 3.3% for TOC, and 5.0% for TN. The detection limits were 0.076 μg ml −1 for TOC and 1.3 μg ml −1 for TN. TOC and TN in water samples were determined by this method, and the results agreed well with those obtained by a combustion-infrared method for TOC and a combustion-coulometric method for TN.
Operative and interventional procedures in 1039 neonates with pulmonary valvular atresia and intact ventricular septum A multi-institutional study

Abstract Pulmonary atresia with an intact septum (PAIVS) presents a therapeutic challenge and the initial decisions about following a univentricular pathway or creating a biventricular circulation are critical. The data of 1039 neonates reported to the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium from 1982 to 2006 were analyzed. As with other reports, the overall mortality has remained high (20% in-hospital deaths). Despite continuing difficulties with these patients, however, the treatment approaches remained variable and have not changed over this period. The variable surgical and interventional approaches presumably reflected the anatomy at the initial evaluation and, as expected, were important in determining whether the patient followed a single or two ventricle repair track. Opening the atrial septum, for example, as an initial procedure resulted in a greater frequency of subsequent Glenn and Fontan procedures than did opening the right ventricular outflow tract. The only procedure change has been the more frequent use of balloon pulmonary valvotomy in the past 15 years to open the pulmonary valve when the anatomy was favorable.
Inter-basin dynamics on multidimensional potential surfaces. I. Escape rates on complex basin surfaces

In this report, we present a general prescription for computing the escape rate of the system from a basin with full consideration of the topographical fingerprint of that basin. The method is based on a solution of the reduced Fokker–Planck equation and built up to allow the separation of the inter-basin dynamics from that of the intra-basin motion. The main result is that when local well populations thermalize within a basin, local minima, especially those of higher energy, enhance the escape rate from the basin. Also, numerical analyses lead to the inference that kinetic traps of “wrong” structures are distinctive topographical patterns which may produce kinetic properties similar to those of the primary basin, i.e., that containing the global minimum, but lie in other basins.
A novel framework for 3D reconstruction and analysis of ancient inscriptions

Studying ancient inscriptions is based up to date mostly on observation and manual analysis by means of which epigraphists attempt to establish a geographical and chronological classification as well as to analyze the lettering techniques. In this paper we propose a novel framework for efficient 3D reconstruction of inscriptions and for statistical analysis of their reconstructed surfaces. The proposed framework employs a shape-from-shading technique to reconstruct in 3D the shape of the inscribed surfaces. The obtained surfaces are segmented into smaller box-shaped regions containing single letters. These letters are classified into groups of same characters or symbols and then an atlas (average) letter shape is created for each character. For the construction of those atlases we employ a functional minimization method that registers the surfaces of same letters to the unknown average surface, which is also estimated simultaneously. Using the estimated atlases, an automated analysis of the inscribed letters is performed. This framework can be effectively used for the study of the variations of the lettering techniques within an inscription or a set of inscriptions. We applied our framework to five ancient Greek inscriptions. Our results are reported in detail and the variations found in lettering techniques are commented on by archaeologists who also validate the accuracy of our proposed method.
On the Nature of the Adsorbed Hydrogen Phase in Microporous Metal―Organic Frameworks at Supercritical Temperatures

Hydrogen adsorption measurements on different metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) over the 0−60 bar range at 50 and 77 K are presented. The results are discussed with respect to the materials’ surface area and thermodynamic properties of the adsorbed phase. A nearly linear correlation between the maximum hydrogen excess amount adsorbed and the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area was evidenced at both temperatures. Such a trend suggests that the adsorbed phase on the different materials is similar in nature. This interpretation is supported by measurements of the adsorbed hydrogen phase properties near saturation at 50 K. In particular it was found that the adsorbed hydrogen consistently exhibits liquid state properties despite significant structural and chemical differences between the tested adsorbents. This behavior is viewed as a consequence of molecular confinement in nanoscale pores. The variability in the trend relating the surface area and the amount of hydrogen adsorbed could be explained by dif...
Surgical treatment of a rostral mandibular complex odontoma in a 3‐year‐old horse

Summary Complex odontomas are rare odontogenic tumours in horses comprised of a combination of mesenchymal and epithelial tissues. Examination, radiographic and histopathological findings in this patient all represent the typical behaviour of a complex odontoma. Oral tumours in horses may have treatment limitations due to tumour size and location. Similar to treatment in other species, surgical enucleation was curative for this type of tumour.
Deoxynucleotides—models for studying mechanisms of strand breakage in DNA—I protection by sulphydryl compounds

Abstract The γ-radiation-induced release of inorganic phosphate from deoxynucleotides was used as a model system for strand break production in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Yields of phosphate are similar for deoxycytidylic (dCMP), thymidylic, deoxyguanylic and deoxyadenylic acids with G values of 0·2–0·4. The total yields of phosphate (labile+inorganic) are almost independent of the presence of oxygen. Impurities can markedly increase the yield of phosphate. Cysteamine present during the irradiation of dCMP solutions reduced the phosphate yield in the absence of oxygen. This decrease was correlated to the repair of sugar damage by donation of a hydrogen atom from the sulphydryl compound. Other radiation modifiers, cysteine, thiolactic acid and N-ethyl maleimide also reduced the phosphate yield in the absence of oxygen. The relative rates of eaction of these radiation modifiers with the deoxyriboseradicals could be compared: thiolactic acid, 1·45; cysteamine, 1·18, N-ethyl maleimide, 1·09; cysteine, 1·00. Variation of dose rate showed that the radicals on the sugar moiety of deoxycytidylic acid decompose unimolecularly in the absence of oxygen to form a product which releases phosphate.
Analytical method for designing turbine nozzle partitions

other conditions for providing a system circuit flow and keeping "hot spots" from occurring, it is anticipated that the hydraulic system would probably use a series of bleeds. That is, high-pressure fluid is diverted to the low-pressure side to produce system circulation. Usually -J to \ gpm flows are sufficient to accomplish the desired system temperature stabilizations. These system bleeds are now being used in certain present subsonic turbine-powered aircraft. Although some present high-temperature systems are using the MLO-8200 series of fluids, it is felt that these disiloxane based fluids have lower lubricity values than the petroleum based fluids. More than 4000 hr of operation have been conducted in laboratory tests with the MLO-7277 fluid in the 550°F range. Of this time, more than 250 hr were conducted on one test pump. The fluid used for this high-speed transport will be required to have thermal stability, inasmuch as there may be as many as four thermal cycles, or four Mach 3 flights/ 24-hr period. Care must be given to eliminate both air and water from the system to provide the correct system response and eliminate any possibilit}^ of "spongy" system operation.
Expression of homeobox gene transcripts in trophoblastic cells

Abstract Objective: This study was conducted to examine the dynamics of homeobox gene expression in the differentiation of trophoblasts as a key to the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in placental development. Study Design: Expression of homeobox genes was examined in primary trophoblastic cells and in the BeWo choriocarcinoma model cell lines by molecular and immunocytochemistry techniques. Results: We demonstrated the expression of 3 homeobox genes (HOX B6, HOX C6, and HOX A11) in primary trophoblastic cells. BeWo cells showed an expression pattern similar to that of the primary cell lines. In both primary trophoblasts and BeWo cells, the HOX A11 gene, but not the HOX B6 or HOX C6 genes, were found to down-regulate with differentiation from single- to multinucleate giant cells. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a novel expression pattern for HOX A11 gene in trophoblastic differentiation and suggests that the down-regulation of HOX A11 may be necessary for the differentiation of cytotrophoblasts into syncytiotrophoblasts. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:24-32.)
Stories from the Workplace: Using Mini-Modules Online to Increase Student Motivation and Learning

In this article, we describe the incorporation of video modules into three professional communication classrooms. These modules were designed to give both teachers and students access to professional practitioners and their views about the changing role of communication in the 21st century workplace. We incorporated these modules into professional communication courses (junior/senior level technical communication course) and courses in the disciplines (freshman and senior engineering design courses). The article discusses how content designed to simulate the language conventions of friendly conversation can impact student motivation and foster greater participation in the professional communication classroom.
Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach

The importance of developing evaluative standards for judging the acceptability of impacts caused by recreation is common to all recent natural resource management frameworks. A normative model has been advanced as a useful way to conceptualize, collect, and organize empirical data representing standards for resource management issues. This article summarizes the findings from social and ecological research to illustrate the utility of the normative approach from a manager's perspective. The social data (e.g., encounter norms, proximity norms, and tolerances for launch wait times) were obtained from 13 different study sites, while the ecological data (e.g., tolerances for the amount of bare ground, size of fire rings, instream flows, and wildlife management practices) were collected at three specific sites and from one statewide survey, Findings from the social research indicated that encounter norms exist for particular types of contacts with certain types of visitors at particular places and for certain types of experiences. The recreationists reported norms for acceptable distances between individuals, encounters with others at campsites or attractions, and waiting times to run rapids. These social norm evaluation techniques were also shown to be transferable to normative evaluations of ecological impacts. The users had opinions about ecological impacts and were willing to express them. In addition, the ecological norms were of moderate to high intensity. It is argued that the usefulness of normative approaches lies in their ability to characterize group agreement about appropriate use conditions or impact levels for a particular recreation experience, thus providing the evaluative information needed to establish management standards.
A comparison of suboxone and clonidine treatment outcomes in opiate detoxification.

Purpose This retrospective quality improvement study was to evaluate if Suboxone therapy reduced the risk of terminating treatment against medical advice compared with the use clonidine in men aged 18–-55 years. Methods Data were collected through chart review for all opioid-addicted male clients admitted voluntarily to a community-based treatment center between July 1, 2009, and December 30, 2009. Findings The chi-square test of independence between treatment completion and treatment noncompletion was found to be significant at the 5% critical level ( P = .027) for Suboxone therapy. Conclusions Suboxone treatment decreased premature termination of opioid detoxification completion when compared with clonidine.
Effect of left ventricular sphericity on the evolution of ventricular dysfunction in rats with diffuse isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis.

Abstract Background: Previous studies in heart failure have suggested that increased left ventricular (LV) sphericity is a precursor to hemodynamic deterioration, although these studies have predominantly used models with segmental damage due to coronary vessel occlusion and have only made baseline assessments of LV function. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between LV geometry and hemodynamic compromise through time in heart failure due to graded, diffuse myocardial injury with a patent coronary circulation. Methods and Results: Rats received two injections of either 0,85, 170, or 340 mg/kg isoproterenol. At 2, 6, and 16 weeks after injection, baseline hemodynamics, peak pressure-generating (aortic occlusion) and flow-generating (Tyrode's volume loading) capacities, and ventricular pressure-volume curves, dimensions, and histological scoring were measured. Increased LV sphericity preceded deterioration in baseline cardiac output, although it was the most powerful correlate of the dose-dependent decreases in peak cardiac output and ejection fraction. Time-dependent increases in pressure-generating capacity at a given volume were also due to compensatory increases in LV sphericity. The extent of right ventricular damage was also a strong correlate of peak flow-generating capacity. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis resulted in progressive hemodynamic dysfunction of the left ventricle which most closely correlated with alterations in LV geometry. Although increases in LV sphericity preceded decrements in baseline function, techniques that assessed peak LV function demonstrated that increased LV sphericity was directly correlated with decreased peak flow-generating capacity, underscoring the clinical importance of these geometric alterations.
Microbiological problems of poultry at refrigerator temperatures—a review

The microbiological condition and changes which may occur during the storage of uneviscerated (New York dressed) and eviscerated chicken and turkey carcasses are described. Whilst a number of different types of organisms which can grow at low temperatures are generally found on an eviscerated carcass, it is the pseudomonads which are the most important in spoilage. The effect of temperature, gaseous environment, pH and type of muscle on the growth of the spoilage organisms and hence the shelf-life of the carcass is discussed.
Reversible effects of olfactory nerve section on behavior and biochemistry in mice

Abstract HARDING, J. W. AND J. W. WRIGHT. Reversible effects of olfactory nerve section on behavior and biochemistry in mice . BRAIN RES. BULL. 4 (1) 17–22, 1979.—Coincident with the sectioning of the primary olfactory nerves in mice there is a dramatic loss of both olfactory-mediated behavior and the ability of the primary olfactory neurons to synthesize and transport the neuron specific marker, carnosine. These deficiencies are only temporary, and the ability of food deprived mice to locate buried food pellets returns within 21 days after olfactory nerve section. The ability of the primary olfactory neurons to synthesize and transport carnosine appears to increase between 8 days and 45 days after surgery. These data support the notion of behaviorally significant functional regeneration of olfactory neurons.
Group embedded figures test performance in different instrumental behavior styles

Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT) performance of male psychiatric clinic outpatients differed significantly between persons with active and those with passive styles of instrumental behavior as measured by the Millon-Illinois Self Report Inventory. Actives were able to identify the simple figure within a complex ground significantly better than passives and thus demonstrated an independence from field not found in passives.
Photonics-based millimeter-wave generation and transmission for wireless/fiber links

Millimeter-waves have found wide application in various fields. In this paper, three ways of millimeter-wave generation are discussed. By modeling these three systems and applying different situations of transmission links and fixed bit rate of 2.5 Gb/s, different results were found. These results showed that each system has its own strengths and weaknesses based on the type of link and distance.
THE AIMS OF MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHING A FEW SUGGESTIONS

FEW years ago I happened to be on a coasting vessel northward bound from Copenhagen. A young man spoke to me in English; at first I thought that he was an Englishman, his English was not merely good, it was excellent, not only in accentuation, but in construction and in the choice of words. It was probably ten minutes before I detected anything suggesting a foreign origin. With some hesitation I asked whether he was an Englishman; he replied that he had never been either in England or in the United States, but that he was a Cuban who had learned English in Germany, and he added that he had never studied English except on the Continent. He of course had great linguistic ability, but granting this I could not help comparing him with gifted American students I had known and I could not recall a single American student of American parentage who at the end of his collegiate course and without having been in France could carry on a conversation with a Frenchman for ten minutes before any foreign influence could be detected in his speech. It is probably in this respect, that is, in teaching students to speak the language, that in both preparatory schools and colleges our work is weakest. We have felt this strongly at Princeton and, hoping to develop this side of modern language instruction, we introduced a few years ago an aural test which we give to all Freshmen offering a modern language for entrance. We did not feel that we could go very far at first, consequently we began with what were really aural rather than oral tests, for many boys can be taught to understand a spoken language while they still have great difficulty in expressing themselves in any language but their own. We hope soon to change the nature of these tests so that they may be really oral. We should prefer to have the College Entrance Examination Board take over such oral tests, just as the Board has taken over the written examinations, but the Board feels that at present the difficulty and expense to be incurred insupplying
A filamentous component of protozoan fibrillar systems.

A filament, measuring 21 mμ in diameter, ranging from 18 to 28 mμ, and having a dense outer zone and a less dense center, is proposed to occur generally in the protozoa as a fundamental filament in most protozoan fibrillar systems. Typically, these filaments form either bundles which interconnect ciliary or flagellar bases or systems of parallel filaments arranged just beneath pellicular or vacuolar membranes. Similar structures have been observed in studies of snail, grasshopper, toad, and cat spermatozoa.
Effect of petrolatum coating on the rate of occlusion of ameroid constrictors in the peritoneal cavity.

Objective— To document rate of closure and degree of inflammation associated with petrolatum coated (PCA) and non-coated ameroid constrictors (NCA) in the peritoneal cavity. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— 18 Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods— Thirty-six ameroid constrictors (AC; 5 mm) were digitally scanned and luminal area measured. Rats were anesthetized, and 1 PCA and 1 NCA were inserted in the peritoneal cavity by median celiotomy. Rats were euthanatized at 2 weeks (6 rats), 4 weeks (6), or 6 weeks (6) after surgery. AC were harvested, digitally scanned, and luminal area determined. Inflammation associated with the AC was subjectively graded (1–5). The effects of petrolatum coating on luminal area measurements and inflammatory score were statistically analyzed. Results— Closure of AC occurred most rapidly during the first 2 weeks, but luminal area decreased only 32% at 6 weeks after implantation. There was no significant difference in rate of closure for PCA compared to NCA at 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Inflammation scores were not significantly different between PCA and NCA. Conclusions— Petrolatum coating did not slow the rate of closure of AC in the peritoneal cavity. Clinical Relevance— The lack of closure of AC supports the conclusion that vascular attenuation is not dependent on luminal constriction alone. Petrolatum coating did not slow the rate of casein expansion and is unlikely to be clinically useful.
Commentary: True blood--changes in blood management in pediatric deformity surgery.

COMMENTARY ON Long TR, Stans AA, Shaughnessy WJ, et al. Changes in red blood cell transfusion practice during the past quarter century: a retrospective analysis of pediatric patients undergoing elective scoliosis surgery using the Mayo database. Spine J 2012;12:455–62 ( in this issue ).
Connecting Science and Mathematics: The Nature of Proof and Disproof in Science and Mathematics

Disagreements exist among textbook authors, curriculum developers, and even among science and mathematics educators/researchers regarding the meanings and roles of several key nature-of-science (NOS) and nature-of-mathematics (NOM) terms such as proof, disproof, hypotheses, predictions, theories, laws, conjectures, axioms, theorems, and postulates. To assess the extent to which these disagreements may exist among high school science and mathematics teachers, a 14-item survey of the meanings and roles of the above terms was constructed and administered to a sample of science and mathematics teachers. As expected, the science teachers performed better than the mathematics teachers on the NOS items (44.1 versus 24.7%, respectively) and the mathematics teachers performed better than the science teachers on the NOM items (59.0 versus 26.1%, respectively). Nevertheless, responses indicated considerable disagreement and/or lack of understanding among both groups of teachers concerning the meanings/roles of proof and disproof and several other key terms. Therefore it appears that these teachers are poorly equipped to help students gain understanding of these key terms. Classroom use of the If/and/then/Therefore pattern of argumentation, which is employed in this paper to explicate the hypothesis/conjecture testing process, might be a first step toward rectifying this situation.
Metal/silicon interface formation - The Ni/Si and Pd/Si systems

The valence level spectra of the Ni/Si and Pd/Si systems have been investigated using high resolution x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Temperature dependence studies for Ni deposited on thin thermal SiO2 demonstrate the importance of metal aggregation effects in the interpretation of binding energies as chemical shifts. Temperature studies for the Ni/Si system indicate that substantial chemical interaction occurs at the interface at temperatures as low as 100 K. These studies also show the presence of Ni in interstitial voids in the Si near the interface. A comparative study of the core and valence band features for the Ni and Pd silicides provides many valuable insights and a self‐consistent picture of the attendent valence charge redistribution and its influence on the observed chemical shifts.
The crystal structure of Cu4(PO4)2O

Abstract Cu4(PO4)2O crystallizes in the space group P 1 with a = 7.5393(8) A, b = 8.1021(9) A, c = 6.2764(8) A, α = 113.65(1)°, β = 98.42(1)° and γ = 74.19(1)°. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques using automatic diffractometer data to R = 0.046 (Rw = 0.056). Four unique copper atoms are in six, five-, and four-coordinated polyhedra which are linked together to form a three-dimensional network. The structure is best described in terms of a cubic close-packed array of oxygen atoms with one-tenth of the possible anion sites vacant.
Electricity consumption by battery-powered consumer electronics: A household-level survey

Abstract The rapid proliferation of battery-powered consumer electronics and their reliance on inefficient linear transformers has been suggested to be an important part of the rapid growth in “miscellaneous” electricity consumption in recent years, but detailed data are scarce. We conducted a survey of 34 randomly selected households (HHs) in Northern California about the number, type, and usage of consumer electronics. We also measured the energy consumption of 85 typical consumer electronic devices through various parts of the charge cycle. These primary data were supplemented by national sales information for consumer electronics. Results indicate that typical HHs own 8.4 rechargeable devices, which have a total average demand of 12–17 W per HH. Statewide, this amounts to 160–220 MW of demand, with the peak occurring in the late evening, and about 1600 GWh per year. Only about 15% of this energy is used for battery charging, the rest is lost as waste heat during no-load and charge maintenance periods. Technical options to increase the efficiency of these devices, and the research and policy steps needed to realize these savings are discussed.
Poetics in the Field and on the Page

Poetry, as a special language, is particularly suited for those special, strange, even mys terious moments when bits and pieces suddenly coalesce. These moments arrive with a sharp poignancy in the field, when the ethnographer, away from home and in a strange culture, has a heightened sense of the frailty of being human. In such a sense, poetry ap pears to be a way of communicating instances when we feel truth has shown its face. Fi nally, poetry, although a special manner of speaking, may in fact be closer to what it is to be human than more ordinary talk—given that we humans, that is, you and I, are not ordinary facts stored away in nature's warehouse.
A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Ages of Unexploited Walleyes

Abstract Age estimation is an important diagnostic tool for fisheries managers. Previous studies on comparison of age estimation methods of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum have shown otoliths are the best method overall and that dorsal spine cross sections are a suitable alternative to scales, the most commonly used method. We compared ages estimated from scales, dorsal-spine cross sections, and otoliths for unexploited walleyes from Pymatuning Sanctuary, Pennsylvania. We collected these structures from fish sampled in trap nets during the spawning run in March and April 1997. Two readers independently examined these structures without knowledge of fish length or gender. Otoliths provided the best agreement between readers for both genders (94% for females, 86% for males) and dorsal-spine cross sections provided the poorest agreement (63% of females, 62% of males). Younger ages were estimated from scales than from spines, and this difference was greater for males than for females. Age estimates from both sc...
Clinical faceoff: Anterior total hip versus mini-posterior: which one is better?

Anterior hip replacement surgery was a novelty only a few years ago, promoted by some early-adopter surgeons. Currently, the operation has found a wider audience both among private practice surgeons and academic medical centers. Residents and fellows are learning anterior hip replacement as a standard method; peer-review articles have appeared in the literature supporting improved early outcomes, and educational meetings are increasingly including anterior hip replacement techniques in their teachings. Accordingly, we have devoted this article to a debate about the pros and cons of anterior hip replacement. The participants are Drs. Thomas Sculco, and Kristaps Keggi. Both surgeons have an interest in less-invasive approaches to THA, although their perspectives on how to achieve this certainly differ.
Critical behavior of the n-vector model for 1<n<2.

The Migdal-Kadanoff position-space renormalization-group scheme is used to study the critical behavior of the isotropic n-component-vector model in the previously unexplored region, 1lnl2, 1ldl2, of the n-d plane (d is the dimensionality of the space). We find a continuous phase transition at a finite temperature if d\ensuremath{\ge}${d}_{l}$(n). The lower critical dimension ${d}_{l}$(n) increases continuously, but nonlinearly from 1 to 2 as n changes from 1 to 2. For ${d}_{l}$(n)\ensuremath{\le}d2, the low-temperature phase is characterized by a power-law decay of the two-point correlation function with a temperature-independent exponent.
A mechanism of injection of solar plasma into the magnetosphere

Abstract It is shown that the interface between the geomagnetic field and the solar plasma stream is subject to instabilities of the Rayleigh-Taylor type when a solar plasma burst of sufficient intensity and suddenness reaches the magnetosphere following a solar flare. It is shown that clouds of this plasma can penetrate into the geomagnetic field to perhaps 3 Earth radii and break up, leaving charged particles in geomagnetic orbits with energies which are comparable to their directed kinetic energies before penetration.
Sex Differences in the Daily Rhythm of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide But Not Arginine Vasopressin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

The timing of the preovulatory surge of LH in female rodents is tightly coupled to the environmental light/dark cycle. This coupling is mediated by the circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Studies indicate that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are synthesized in the SCN, transmit circadian information from the SCN to GnRH neurons, thereby regulating the timing of the LH surge. However, to date, the rhythmic expression of these two peptides in the SCN has only been examined in males. The pattern of VIP expression in males is difficult to reconcile with its role in the LH surge. The purpose of the present study was to assess the rhythm of VIP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the SCN of female rats under several endocrine conditions. We compared this rhythm to that in males and to AVP mRNA rhythms in all experimental groups. In all groups of females, VIP mRNA levels were rhythmic, with peak expression occurring during the light phase and ...
ARINC 660B CNS/ATM avionics architectures supporting NextGen/SESAR concepts

The equipage impacts described in ARINC Report 660B are intended to provide the airlines with the necessary information to evaluate modernization proposals, and to support the overall goal of fleet commonality while meeting operational requirements.
Functional and dysfunctional roles of quadruplex DNA in cells

Abstract A number of biological roles have been proposed for quadruplex, also referred to as G4 or tetraplex, DNA. The presence of quadruplex DNA may lead to errors in some biological processes and be required in others. Proteins that interact with quadruplex DNA have been identified including those that cause Bloom's and Werner's syndromes. There are small molecules that specifically bind to quadruplex DNA, inhibit telomerase, and are cytotoxic towards tumor cells indicating a role for quadruplex DNA in telomere function. It is now possible to make testable proposals for the possible biological implications of quadruplex DNA in replication, transcription, and recombination as well as possible routes to therapeutic intervention.
Two Routes to the Same Action: An Action Repetition Priming Study

ABSTRACT. Action selection can be influenced by preceding movements. The authors investigated how retrospective factors may interact with plan- versus rule-based action selection. Participants completed 2 tasks, both of which involved selecting a pronated or supinated posture. In the plan task, they chose the most comfortable hand orientation. In the rule task, they followed a learned prescription. Trials in both tasks comprised prime-probe pairs that were identical, or differed in the visual stimulus or required motor response. Both tasks showed a response-time advantage for probes that were preceded by identical primes. This effect was greater for the plan task suggesting that plan-based action selection is especially susceptible to recent history, fortifying the idea that differential mechanisms underlie a rule- versus plan-based approach to the same action.