cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical Experimentation

The importance of research in the growth of any profession is beyond question. In physical therapy, the major goal of research activity is ultimately an improvement in the quality of patient care. In recent years, we have witnessed a significant increase in research efforts and productivity as evidenced by the growing number of physical therapists presenting papers at scientific meetings and contributing to the scholarly literature. This observation can only be interpreted as a significant and positive step in our individual and collective professional development. Much of the research carried out by physical therapists is clinical in nature and involves the use of human subjects. It is important, therefore, for physical therapists involved in clinical research projects to recognize the ethical and legal rights of persons serving as subjects in these studies.…
Molecular mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity: a chemical perspective.

Aldehydes are electrophilic compounds to which humans are pervasively exposed. Despite a significant health risk due to exposure, the mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity are poorly understood. This ambiguity is likely due to the structural diversity of aldehyde derivatives and corresponding differences in chemical reactions and biological targets. To gain mechanistic insight, we have used parameters based on the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) theory to profile the different aldehyde subclasses with respect to electronic character (softness, hardness), electrophilic reactivity (electrophilic index), and biological nucleophilic targets. Our analyses indicate that short chain aldehydes and longer chain saturated alkanals are hard electrophiles that cause toxicity by forming adducts with hard biological nucleophiles, e.g., primary nitrogen groups on lysine residues. In contrast, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives, alkenals, and the α-oxoaldehydes are soft electrophiles that preferentially react with soft...
Magnetic Moment of Fe 57

An electron-nuclear double resonance study was made on the spectrum of neutral iron atoms in silicon. These measurements give a value of +0.0903 plus or minus 0.0007 nm for the magnetic moment of Fe/sup 57/. (auth)
Advance in research on antibacterial activity of extract in lotus leaf

Lotus leaves are rich in flavonoids and alkaloids,which have good antibacterial activity.In order to provide reference for lotus leaf development and utilization in the fields of medicine and health products,advance in antibacterial activity,extraction,separation and quantitative analysis were reviewed.
Clinico-bacteriological study of diabetic foot: an observational study

Background: Diabetic foot is the most important surgical manifestation of diabetes. With foot infection a major cause of morbidity bacterial infection play an important role in diabetic foot ulcers. Aim of this study was proposed to establish the bacterial profile and anti-microbial pattern of ulcer in an attempt to evaluate the role of infection in the foot lesions of diabetic patient. Associated factors like incidence, age, sex, predisposing factors, duration of diabetes, ulcer grade, hospital stay, modes of treatment, antibiotics sensitivity and other outcomes were also evaluated. Methods: This is a Prospective cohort study. The patients were admitted in surgical ward as provisional diagnosed cases of diabetic foot, were subjected to investigations including blood sugar (fasting, P.P, random), renal function test, x-ray of affected foot, fundus examination, grading of ulcer and various modes of treatment was given. Gross examination and culture from ulcers were done. Study was done in 104 patients over 1 year period. Results: One hundred four patients with diabetic foot were evaluated. Incidence of diabetic foot was 1.26%. Majority of cases were from rural areas (82.7%). Newly diagnosed cases of diabetes at admission (22.11%), majority of cases culture was positive (94.1% of 85). Staphylococcus was the predominant organism (61.17%), there were patients who were not on any mode of treatment (29.8%). Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus a gram positive cocci was the most common micro-organism grown on culture from the ulcer (61.17%), next common micro-organism was Klebsiella (16.47%) gram negative bacilli. Piperacillin and metronidazole were most commonly used antibiotics. Diabetes was controlled by human actrapid (human regular insulin) in majority of the patients. Majority belonging to rural areas (82.7%). Most of the cases were relieved (77.88%). Only two cases fatality (1.92%) occurred during study period.
Feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, hormones, and metabolites in steers actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor.

Large-framed Simmental and Charolais steers were actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to evaluate the effect on growth, carcass characteristics (especially intramuscular fat deposition), and concentrations of somatotropin (ST) and IGF-I. Primary immunizations of 1.5 mg of GRF-(1-29)-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 conjugated to 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (GRFi, n = 12) or 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (HSAi, n = 12) were given at approximately 10 mo of age. Booster immunizations of .5 mg of the appropriate antigen were given at d 49 and 125. Weights of steers administered GRFi were less (P < .05) than those given HSAi at 126 d (34.6 kg) or at 262 d (48.2 kg) after treatment. Carcass weights were 28.2 kg less (P < .01) for GRFi than for HSAi steers. Dry matter intake was not affected by immunization treatment, whereas feed efficiency was reduced in GRFi steers. Marbling scores were higher (P < .05) for HSAi than for GRFi steers but similar percentages (83.3) of both treatments graded Low Choice or higher. Rib sections of GRFi steers contained more fat (31.2 vs 25.0%) and less lean (63.3 vs 68.4%) than those of HSAi steers (P < .05). A breed x treatment interaction was observed for percentage of fat within the trimmed longissimus muscle (P < .05); percentage of fat was similar for Charolais and Simmental steers when immunized against HSAi but was higher for Simmental than for Charolais when immunized against GRFi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Internal combustion engine cycles and concepts

Abstract: This chapter discusses the various internal combustion engine operating cycles, including the standard two and four-stroke cycle, along with alternative cycles such as over-expanded and split-cycle engines. additionally, real engine operating strategies are reviewed including spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. The cycle performances are compared and limitations are addressed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on future trends for internal combustion engine operating cycles.
Surface Analysis of WSe2 Crystals: Spatial and Electronic Variability

Layered semiconductor compounds represent alternative electronic materials beyond graphene. WSe2 is one of the two-dimensional materials with wide potential in opto- and nanoelectronics and is often used to construct novel three-dimensional architectures with new functionalities. Here, we report the topography and the electronic property of the WSe2 characterized by means of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The STM images reveal the presence of atomic-size imperfections and a variation in the electronic structure caused by the presence of defects and impurities below the detection limit of XPS. Both STS and photoemission reveal a spatial variation in the Fermi level position. The analysis of the core levels indicates the presence of different doping levels. The presence of a large concentration of defects and impurities has a strong impact on the electronic properties of the WSe2 surface....
Graphene-based electronics for ubiquitous RF communications and sensing

Since the first isolation of graphene in 2004, graphene research has generated great excitement among device engineers due to the outstanding material properties of this single layer of sp2-bonded carbon atoms. Mobilities in excess of 100,000 cm2/Vs, perfect carrier confinement within one monolayer, and ballistic transport over unprecedented distances make graphene an almost ideal candidate for the next generation of electronic circuits and systems. In addition to being quantitatively better than conventional semiconductors, graphene is qualitatively different. Its one monolayer thickness confers to this material unique structural and optical properties that allows its use in flexible electronics, and ease its integration with arbitrary substrates and materials, including kapton, plastic and fabrics. In this talk, we will discuss some of the opportunities that graphene technology offers for a new class of electronic systems, flexible, transparent and, potentially, cheap enough to become ubiquitous.
Force Inside Identity: Self and Other in Améry’s “On the Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew”

In a statement too strong even to summarize his own views, Jean-Paul Sartre famously declares in “Existentialism is a Humanism” that “man is nothing other than what he makes of himself.” It is bad faith, according to him, to attribute what I am to my family, culture, condition, etc., because through awareness of what I am and have been, I can determine whether what I am will continue into the future. Human being, as a result, is nothing but what he or she has chosen or decided. In “On the Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew,” Jean Amery rejects that view.He explicitly rejects the idea that “I am what I am for myself and in myself, and nothing else.” In doing so, he is one of a group of Jewish thinkers, including Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, who reject Sartre’s ideas about Jewish identity and identi ty more generally, ideas expressed particularly in Reflections on the Jewish Question but amplified by views expressed in “Existentialism is a Humanism” and Being and Nothingness .Those in the group go out of their way to express their gratitude to Sartre f or writing on “the Jewish question” after the war --Sartre who wrote because he saw no mention of the 77,000 Jews in France who were deported and murdered by the Nazis.
RecutClub.com: An Open Source, Whole Slide Image-based Pathology Education System.

Background: Our institution's pathology unknown conferences provide educational cases for our residents. However, the cases have not been previously available digitally, have not been collated for postconference review, and were not accessible to a wider audience. Our objective was to create an inexpensive whole slide image (WSI) education suite to address these limitations and improve the education of pathology trainees. Materials and Methods: We surveyed residents regarding their preference between four unique WSI systems. We then scanned weekly unknown conference cases and study set cases and uploaded them to our custom built WSI viewer located at RecutClub.com. We measured site utilization and conference participation. Results: Residents preferred our OpenLayers WSI implementation to Ventana Virtuoso, Google Maps API, and OpenSlide. Over 16 months, we uploaded 1366 cases from 77 conferences and ten study sets, occupying 793.5 GB of cloud storage. Based on resident evaluations, the interface was easy to use and demonstrated minimal latency. Residents are able to review cases from home and from their mobile devices. Worldwide, 955 unique IP addresses from 52 countries have viewed cases in our site. Conclusions: We implemented a low-cost, publicly available repository of WSI slides for resident education. Our trainees are very satisfied with the freedom to preview either the glass slides or WSI and review the WSI postconference. Both local users and worldwide users actively and repeatedly view cases in our study set.
Physiologic changes of pregnancy: impact on critical care.

Critical care nurses must have knowledge of normal physiologic changes during pregnancy to assess the obstetric patient appropriately. Multiple adaptations occur during pregnancy that place the woman at risk should medical or obstetric complications occur. At no time in a woman’s life does she undergo the vast system changes that she experiences during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Intake of dairy foods and risk of Parkinson disease.

Objective: To prospectively examine the association between commonly consumed dairy products and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in women and men. Methods: Analyses were based on data from 2 large prospective cohort studies, the Nurses9 Health Study (n = 80,736) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n = 48,610), with a total of 26 and 24 years of follow-up, respectively. Both US-based studies were conducted via mailed biennial questionnaires. Dietary intake was assessed with food frequency questionnaires administered repeatedly over the follow-up period. Incident cases of PD (n = 1,036) were identified via questionnaires and subsequently confirmed by reviewing medical records. We also conducted a meta-analysis to combine our study with 3 previously published prospective studies on total milk intake and PD risk and 1 study on total dairy intake and PD risk. Results: While total dairy intake was not significantly associated with PD risk in our cohorts, intake of low-fat dairy foods was associated with PD risk. The pooled, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) comparing people who consumed at least 3 servings of low-fat dairy per day to those who consumed none was 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.79, p trend = 0.04). This association appeared to be driven by an increased risk of PD associated with skim and low-fat milk (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12–1.73, p trend p for heterogeneity >0.05). In the meta-analysis, the pooled relative risk comparing extreme categories of total milk intake was 1.56 (95% CI 1.30–1.88), and the association between total dairy and PD became significant (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04–1.55). Conclusions: Frequent consumption of dairy products appears to be associated with a modest increased risk of PD in women and men.
All Communists go to Heaven: the Construction of a Marxist Kingdom of God on Earth

Since its birth in the mid-nineteenth century, Marxism has had a contentious relationship with religion and Christianity. From the Marxist critique of religion as the “opium of the people” to the secularism of the Soviet Union to the Catholic Church’s “Decree Against Communism , ” the two schools of thought have widely been considered incompatible. Despite this tension, many of the critiques leveled by both sides do not attack the real substance of their opponents’ ideas. As such, this paper sets out to answer two questions: first, whether Christian morality and Marxist thought can be made consistent on the basis of their ideological foundations, and second, what a Christianity consistent with Marxism would look like. It finds that on the level of ideological foundation, there are important consistencies between Christian morality and Marxism. Given these consistencies, a Christianity aligned with Marxist thought is possible, and this paper will conclude by exploring Liberation Theology as a possible avenue for the actualization of that consistency.
Plasmonic Open-Ring Nanoarrays for Broadband Fluorescence Enhancement and Ultrasensitive DNA Detection

Fluorescence enhancement and quenching can be switched by regulating the separation distance between a fluorophore and a metal surface in the near field. The switchable luminescence provides a suit...
Hybrid CMOS System-on-Chip/InP MMIC systems for deep-space planetary exploration at mm-Wave and THz

This paper discusses the applicability of hybrid CMOS/InP-MMIC mm-Wave systems to remote sensing instrumentation for space exploration in Earth and Planetary science. We review the need for lower power and lighter weight instruments to accommodate the limited payload resources of exploration spacecraft, and then demonstrate how hybrid systems can address these challenges. An example hybrid 65nm CMOS-InP radiometer operating at 100 GHz is discoursed in detail including circuit & system design, interfacing and packaging techniques. Measurements are presented showing that the hybrid approach does not compromise instrument sensitivity.
Cellular and Animal Model Studies on the Growth Inhibitory Effects of Polyamine Analogues on Breast Cancer.

Polyamine levels are elevated in breast tumors compared to those of adjacent normal tissues. The female sex hormone, estrogen is implicated in the origin and progression of breast cancer. Estrogens stimulate and antiestrogens suppress the expression of polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylate (ODC). Using several bis(ethyl)spermine analogues, we found that these analogues inhibited the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells in culture. There was structure-activity relationship in the efficacy of these compounds in suppressing cell growth. The activity of ODC was inhibited by these compounds, whereas the activity of the catabolizing enzyme, spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase (SSAT) was increased by 6-fold by bis(ethyl)norspermine in MCF-7 cells. In a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer, bis(ethyl)norspermine reduced the formation and growth of spontaneous mammary tumor. Recent studies indicate that induction of polyamine catabolic enzymes SSAT and spermine oxidase (SMO) play key roles in the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of polyamine analogues and their combinations with chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and paclitaxel. Thus, polyamine catabolic enzymes might be important therapeutic targets and markers of sensitivity in utilizing polyamine analogues in combination with other therapeutic agents.
Staff matter: Gender differences in science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) career interest development in adolescent youth

ABSTRACTWe explore the understudied role of program staff in an out-of-school time (OST) program at a large science museum, which may be especially relevant for supporting underrepresented minority (URM) youth’s interest in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) careers. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-method design, we surveyed 167 program alumni on their science attitudes, career interests, and memories about how the program compared to experiences at home, school, and with friends. We followed that with 49 interviews with alumni. Findings show that, while in the program, alumni who identify as women reported a much greater increase in their STEM career interest than those who identify as men. Interviews suggest this may be related to different types of staff relationships between the genders. We interpret results through the lens of positive youth development and offer recommendations for OST program providers and researchers.
Teaching the Psychotherapeutic Process to Medical Students: The Case Conference

A method of teaching the psychotherapeutic process to medical students is presented using the format of the clinical case conference. The case conference may be viewed as a process that parallels the psychotherapeutic process with the focus being on teaching and learning rather than therapy. Beginning, middle, and ending issues in the conference, the facilitation of an alliance (learning rather than therapeutic), and the assessment on an ongoing basis of those factors which facilitate and impede the learning process will be presented and conceptualized as they appear both overtly and covertly in the case conference setting and discussed in the perspective of the technique of teaching.
The First Postresidency Position: Correlations with Training Program Characteristics

The authors surveyed psychiatric residency directors to determine the first positions chosen by 1978 and 1979 graduates and any correlates to these choices. Over half of these graduates spend the majority of their time working in the public sector. Residents who chose academic careers were more likely to have trained at highly ranked programs and at large programs. Other correlates included completion of an internship and foreign medical graduate status. Two-thirds of the graduates remained in the geographic state where they trained. The findings have relevance for policy planners and those interested in academic manpower issues.
Complexes of Cobalt(II) And Nickel(II) With Bis(2-Diphenyl-Phosphinomethyl)Ether

The most widely studied chelating diphosphines have been those where a saturated carbon chain links two or more phosphine groups. Linear saturated diphosphines1–6 of the type R2P(CH2) n PR2 have been prepared where R = CH3, C2H5 and C6H5 for n = 0, 1 and 2, and where R = C6H5 and C6Hn for n = 0, 3, 4, and 5. In metal complexes of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) ions containing these ligands, as the number of CH2 groups increases (when R = C6H5) from 0 to 5, a distinct change from monodentate to bidentate1,2 coordination and from square planar to tetrahedral configuration has been reported.3-–6 When n = 3 and R = C6H5, planar ↔ tetrahedral equilibrium in solution has been observed.2
Analysis and Utilization of Conjoint Data (Ratings Based Methods)

We saw in the previous chapter various methods for designing and collecting data in conjoint studies. The data collection procedure used almost invariably dictates the type of analytical method used in conjoint analysis. In addition, analysis methods depend on two major factors: the nature of the scale used for the dependent variable (preference) and the desired level of data aggregation.
On Separating the Effect of Corrosion on Inter- Lamellar Fatigue of Thin Sheet AA7079-T6

AA7079-T6 was widely used in the 1960s for manufacturing aircraft due to its high mechanical strength. Subsequently, this alloy was discontinued due to very poor fracture toughness, crack growth resistance, and corrosion resistance. A large strategic cargo carrier has aft upper fuselage (crown) skin made of this alloy. Various cracks have been identified in this area which has led to significant inspection of the aircraft. Visual inspection of the complete crown skin is done at least three times a year to detect cracks. A detailed failure analysis of several cracks from a few replaced crown skins was conducted to understand the root cause of these cracks. The failure analysis revealed that initial propagation was along the thickness of the skin which then diverged and propagated along mid thickness parallel to the surface of the skin. This crack propagation was accompanied by branching along the grain boundaries in the propagation path. Such crack morphologies are typical of stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, study of the fracture surfaces revealed the presence of fatigue striations. Comprehensive analysis of the loading condition and operating environment does confirm that fatigue and corrosion occurs separately for these cracks. The fatigue crack propagation occurs while the aircraft is in flight and corrosion occurs while the aircraft is on ground. This corrosion weakens the material preferentially along the grain boundary leading to intergranular fatigue crack growth in flight. For rolled thin sheet product, this intergranular crack appears as an inter-lamellar crack as the grains are oriented in one line.
Mechanisms of the Maturation of the Reticulocyte

Differentiation is generally conceived to be a program of gene expression, primarily determined by regulation of transeriptional processes. In some cell types, however, including those constituting the erythron, one can distinguish a subprogram which involves practically exclusively posttranscriptional e vents. This phase of differentiation may be designated as maturation. During the differentiation of the erythron the activity of the nucleus ceases after the stage of the basophilic erythroblast. There ensues pyknosis of the nucleus with cessation of new formation and export of ribonucleic acids. The pyknotic nucleus of the late erythroblast (normoblast) is expelled in the mammalia, but is retained in an inactive form in all other vertebrates. The transition from the basophilic erythroblast to the normoblast defines clearly the end of the transscriptional phase of differentiation and the beginning of its maturational phase.
A Tool to Characterize Delays and Packet Losses in Power Systems With Synchrophasor Data

This paper describes the implementation of a tool to estimate latencies and data dropouts in communication networks transferring synchrophasor data defined by the C37.118 standard. The tool assigns a time tag to synchrophasor packets at the time it receives them according to a global positioning system clock and with this information is able to determine the time those packets took to reach the tool. The tool is able to connect simultaneously to multiple phasor measurement units (PMUs) sending packets at different reporting rates with different transport protocols such as user datagram protocol or transmission control protocol. The tool is capable of redistributing every packet it receives to a different device while recording the exact time this information is re-sent into the network. The results of measuring delays from a PMU using this tool are presented and compared with those of a conventional network analyzer. The results show that the tool presented in this paper measures delays more accurately and precisely than the conventional network analyzer.
Temporal trends and regional variation in the utilization of low-value breast cancer care: has the Choosing Wisely campaign made a difference?

Since 2012, about 80 specialty societies have released Choosing Wisely (CW) recommendations aimed at reducing the use of low-value, unproven, or ineffective medical services. The extent to which these recommendations have influenced the behavior of physicians and patients remains largely unknown. Using MarketScan Commercial Claims and Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefits databases, we identified annual cohorts of women with incident, early-stage breast cancer and estimated the prevalence of four initial treatment and six surveillance metrics deemed as low-value breast cancer care by CW. Multivariable logistic regressions were subsequently used to estimate temporal trends and regional variation in the use of these metrics, with a special focus on the year of CW’s publication. There were 122,341 women identified as undergoing treatment for incident breast cancer between 2010 and 2014. Two of the four low-value initial treatment metrics and four of the six low-value surveillance metrics declined significantly over time. The temporal trend of declining use, however, preceded the release of CW’s guidelines. Declines ranged from 11.0% for follow-up mammography to 40.6% for receipt of surgical biopsy without an attempted needle biopsy. There were marked regional differences in use of low-value breast cancer care for all metrics, much of which persisted after publication of CW. With two notable exceptions, use of low-value breast cancer care has declined steadily since 2010. The declines, however, were not accelerated by the publication of CW recommendations.
Prediction of Organ-confined Disease in High- and Very-high-risk Prostate Cancer Patients Staged with Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Implications for Clinical Trial Design.

Abstract Background High-risk (HR) prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease leading to difficulties in designing appropriate inclusion criteria for clinical trials. Objective To describe clinical predictors of organ-confined disease in HR or very-high-risk (VHR) PCa patients staged with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging with endorectal coil (mp-MRI-ER). Design, setting, and participants We reviewed 366 HR/VHR PCa patients who had preoperative mp-MRI-ER, and underwent radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection between 2006 and 2015. Intervention Radical prostatectomy with preoperative mp-MRI-ER. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We used multivariable logistic regression modeling to assess for associations with ≤ pT2N0 stage and multivariable cox modeling to assess for associations with biochemical failure. Results and limitations Of 366 patients, 132 had ≤ pT2N0 disease. For the entire cohort, negative staging mp-MRI-ER (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–2.83, p = 0.03), lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA; OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–1.00, p = 0.02), and fewer cores of Gleason ≥8 cancer (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.93, p = 0.0002) were associated with ≤pT2N0 disease. In HR patients only, negative mp-MRI-ER (OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.73–6.72, p = 0.0004) and fewer than four cores of Gleason ≥8 disease (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.20–9.56, p = 0.02) were still associated with ≤pT2N0 disease. Lack of non–organ-confined disease on MRI was associated with superior biochemical recurrence-free survival (p = 0.02). Limitations of this study include lack of a central review or quality control of the MRI reporting. Conclusions In HR PCa, negative staging mp-MRI-ER, fewer positive cores of Gleason >8, and lower PSA were significant predictors of pathologic organ-confined disease. Improved prediction of organ-confined disease in HR patients may allow for their inclusion into studies evaluating treatments from which they would otherwise be excluded based solely on their HR status. Patient summary In patients with high-risk prostate cancer, prostate magnetic resonance imaging along with other clinical parameters may help determine which patients are likely to have disease confined to the prostate and thus be eligible for clinical trials that they otherwise might be excluded from based on their high-risk status alone.
Associations between screen time and short sleep duration among adolescents varies by media type: evidence from a cohort study.

Abstract Study objectives Different types of electronic screen media have repeatedly been linked to impaired sleep; yet, how different uses of electronic media are linked to sleep has received much less attention. Currently, the role of chronotype in these associations is understudied. To address these gaps, this study examined how different uses of screen media are linked to sleep, and whether these associations were accounted for or differed across chronotype. Methods Data were from 11,361 children aged 13 to 15 from the United Kingdom who participated in the 2015 wave of the Millennium Cohort Study. Results Heavy use of screen media was associated with shorter sleep duration, longer sleep latency, and more mid-sleep awakenings. The strongest associations emerged for using screen media to engage in social media or to use the internet. Overall, these associations were weakened, but remained after controlling for chronotype and tended to be the strongest amongst robins (children with an intermediate chronotype). Conclusions Spending too much time on electronic devices is associated with multiple dimensions of impaired sleep, especially if this time on devices is used for social media or surfing the internet. Chronotype does not account for the associations between screen media and sleep and can be used to identify children who may be particularly susceptible to the effects of screen media on sleep.
Charge-Transport Characteristics of a Plasma Membrane Proton Pump

In the mycelial fungus, Neurospora,the plasma membrane—like that of most other non-animal cells—is organized in a “chemiosmotic” fashion (Slayman, 1974; Eddy, 1978). This means that the major expenditure of metabolic energy at the membrane occurs via a proton efflux pump, which creates a standing difference of eletrochemical potential for protons (\(\vartriangle {{\tilde{\mu }}_{{{H}^{+}}}}\)). And it is this \(\vartriangle {{\tilde{\mu }}_{{{H}^{+}}}}\) that supplies energy for most other transport processes. A similar arrangement is found in animal cells, but there the major transport energy is used to create a \(\vartriangle {{\tilde{\mu }}_{N{{a}^{+}}}}\), which in turn drives other processes. (The structure and chemical properties of the membrane ATPase, which underlies H+ pumping in Neurospora,are described in Chapter 61.)
The Use of Virtual Reality to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety in First-Time Sternotomy Patients: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Abstract Objective To report the first randomized controlled trial to investigate if immersive virtual reality (VR) treatment can reduce patient perceptions of anxiety compared with a tablet-based control treatment in adults undergoing a first-time sternotomy. Methods Twenty first-time sternotomy patients were prospectively randomized (blinded to investigator) to a control or VR intervention. The VR intervention was a game module “Bear Blast” (AppliedVR) displayed using a Samsung Gear Oculus VR headset. The control intervention was a tablet-based game with comparable audio, visual, and tactile components. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered before and after the assigned intervention. Self-reported anxiety measures between the control and VR groups were evaluated using an unpaired t test. Changes in self-reported anxiety measures pre- and post-intervention were evaluated with a paired t test for both the control and VR groups. The study took place from May 1, 2017, through January 1, 2019 (Institutional Review Board 16-009784). Results Both control and VR groups were 90.0% male, with a mean ± SD age of 63.4 ± 9.11 and 69.5 ± 6.9 years, respectively. VR users experienced significant reductions in feeling tense and strained, and significant improvements in feeling calm when compared with tablet controls (P Conclusion Immersive VR is an effective, nonpharmacologic approach to reducing preoperative anxiety in adults undergoing cardiac surgery and shows the validity and utility of this technology in adult patients.
A Global Minimization Toolkit for Batch-Fitting and χ2 Cluster Analysis of CW-EPR Spectra.

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) is a uniquely powerful technique for characterizing conformational dynamics at specific sites within a broad range of molecular species in water. Computational tools for fitting EPR spectra have enabled dynamics parameters to be determined quantitatively. These tools have dramatically broadened the capabilities of EPR dynamics analysis, however, their implementation can easily lead to overfitting or problems with self-consistency. As a result, dynamics parameters and associated properties become difficult to reliably determine, particularly in the slow-motion regime. Here, we present an EPR analysis strategy and the corresponding computational tool for batch-fitting EPR spectra and cluster analysis of the χ2 landscape in Linux. We call this tool CSCA (Chi-Squared Cluster Analysis). The CSCA tool allows us to determine self-consistent rotational diffusion rates and enables calculations of activation energies of diffusion from Arrhenius plots. We demonstrate CSCA using a model system designed for EPR analysis: a self-assembled nanoribbon with radical electron spin labels positioned at known distances off the surface. We anticipate that the CSCA tool will increase the reproducibility of EPR fitting for the characterization of dynamics in biomolecules and soft matter.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is one of a number of scanned probe microscopy (SPM) techniques invented following the demonstration of the scanning tunneling microscope. The use of an electrochemical process for image formation defines SECM. In most applications of the method, an ultramicroelectrode (UME) is used as the probe and the probe signal is the Faradic current arising from the electrolysis of solution species. In other cases, the use of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) as the probe provides a probe signal proportional to the logarithm of the activity of an ion in solution (eg., pH). In SECM, the primary interaction between probe tip and sample is mediated by diffusion of solution species between the sample and the tip of the probe, which distinguishes SECM from other SPM methods that may use an electrochemically active probe. An electrochemically active probe permits a versatile range of experiments, an essential aspect of which is chemical sensitivity or control of chemical processes occurring at a substrate surface. Forming an image in an SPM technique requires that the probe signal be perturbed in a reproducible fashion by some aspect of the imaged substrate. There are two principal image-forming modes in SECM: feedback and generation/collection (GC). The feedback mode uses the Faradaic current that flows from electrolysis of an intentionally-added or naturally present mediator species at an UME probe. Imaging in the feedback mode provides topographic images of blocking or conducting surfaces. Images of many types of surfaces have been obtained in the feedback mode; examples include images of electrodes, polymer films, and immiscible liquid interfaces. It is possible to manipulate the SECM imaging conditions to produce images that representing chemical and electrochemical activity. The generation/collection (GC) mode uses the probe to detect changes in the concentration of a chemical species at the surface of the imaged material. Ideally, the probe acts as a passive sensor to produce concentration maps of a particular chemical species near the substrate surface. GC mode imaging is described further by the type of sensing probe used. In amperometric GC imaging, the probe is an UME, which detects species by electrolysis. First reported as a method to map electrochemically active areas on electrodes, amperometric GC is used to make high-resolution chemical concentration maps of corroding metal surfaces, biological materials, and polymeric materials. In addition, measurements of ion fluxes through porous materials, such as skin and dental material, are useful applications. In potentiometric GC imaging, the probe is an ISE, which has the advantage of increased sensitivity to nonelectroactive ions and improved selectivity for imaging a desired ion concentration. Keywords: scanning electrochemical microscopy (sem); signal transduction; feedback mode; reaction rate mode; generation/collection mode; corrosion science; probes; biological materials; polymeric materials; non-imaging applications; constant-separation imaging
Advanced Diagnostic Topic for Austere Providers: Ocular

Ocular point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasingly used by emergency department physicians and has significant potential in its application in pre-hospital and resource-poor settings where advanced imaging and/or an ophthalmologist capable of completing a full fundoscopic exam may not be available. In this chapter we review ocular anatomy, techniques used for ocular POCUS, the application of ultrasound to diagnose certain types of acute traumatic and non-traumatic ocular emergencies, including some of its limitations, and review literature to support its use. Ocular diagnoses reviewed include: vitreous hemorrhage, posterior vitreous detachment, retinal tear and detachment, optic nerve edema, globe rupture, penetrating ocular foreign body, and lens dislocation.
Conclusion and Remarks

The accurate diagnosis of bladder cancer along with the proper evaluation of prognostic and predictive factors is critical for pathology practice in bladder diseases and allows for appropriate disease management and increased rates of patient survival. With its high prevalence and an aging population, pathologists will face more bladder cancer cases in the coming years. Differentiating between benign mimickers and other types of malignancy is central to the practice of pathology. Incorporating molecular advances in pathology is the future trend for the practice. This book summarizes pathologic findings with important prognostic factors, including the staging and grading of bladder cancers and the most recent advances in bladder molecular pathology, and serves a tool for practicing pathologists, clinicians, and trainees.
Reducing the Minimal Representation Modulo &#120001;;An Exercise

Let G be a simply connected Chevalley group over a p -adic field, with the residue field of order q , corresponding to an irreducible simply laced root system. We show that the minimal representation V of G can be defined over ℚ. We show that the reduction of V modulo 𝓁≠p is minimal (in appropriate sense) and is irreducible for 𝓁 outside an explicit, finite set determined by q .
In Situ Climate Modeling for Analyzing Extreme Weather Events

The study of many extreme weather events requires simulations with high spatiotemporal data that can grow in size quickly. Storing all the raw data from such a large-scale simulation for traditional post hoc analyses is soon going to be prohibitive as the data generation speed is outpacing the data storage capability in supercomputers. In situ analysis has emerged as a solution to this problem; data is analyzed when it is being produced, bypassing the slower disk input/output (I/O). In this work, we develop a new in situ analysis pathway for Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) and propose an algorithm for analyzing the impacts of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), which can cause extreme cold temperature outbreaks at the surface, resulting in hazardous weather and disrupting many socioeconomic sectors. We detect SSWs and model the surface temperature data distributions in situ and show that post hoc analysis using the distribution models can predict the impact of SSWs in the continental United States.
Bayesian estimation of parametric uncertainties, quantification and reduction using optimal design of experiments for CO2 adsorption on amine sorbents

Abstract Uncertainty quantification plays a significant role in establishing reliability of mathematical models, while applying to process optimization or technology feasibility studies. Uncertainties, in general, could occur either in mathematical model or in model parameters. In this work, process of CO2 adsorption on amine sorbents, which are loaded in hollow fibers is studied to quantify the impact of uncertainties in the adsorption isotherm parameters on the model prediction. The process design variable that is most closely related to the process economics is the CO2 sorption capacity, whose uncertainty is investigated. We apply Bayesian analysis and determine a utility function surface corresponding to the value of information gained by the respective experimental design point. It is demonstrated that performing an experiment at a condition with a higher utility has a higher reduction of design variable prediction uncertainty compared to choosing a design point at a lower utility.
Work ethic and grit: An examination of empirical redundancy

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work ethic and grit. Several direct relationships were examined at the dimension and broader construct-level, as well as each variable's relationships with external variables. Work ethic and grit were moderately correlated at the broader construct-level, both related to conscientiousness, and several dimensions of the constructs were related. Work ethic explained significant incremental variance in job satisfaction and turnover intentions above and beyond grit. However, grit explained incremental variance in stress above and beyond work ethic. Study implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Nonlinear Robust Control Applied to a Two Degree of Freedom SCARA Manipulator

Two classes of robot digital control schemes are proposed. The emphasis of the control design is the uncertainty. This includes friction forces and unknown payload for robot manipulator. Only the possible bound of the uncertainty is known. No statistical information of the uncertainty needs to be assumed and utilized. The first class of the control is in centralized form. That is, the state information for each link can be transmitted to the control. The second class of the control is in decentralized form. That is, the control for each link operates independently. The control is then applied to a two-link SCARA type robot as an illustrative example.
NOAA Fisheries At-Sea Volunteer Opportunities: Hands-On, Hard Work, and a Great Experience

For decades, volunteers have played an important role in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries at-sea research operations, working side by side with federal researchers d...
The impalpable testis

4 ABianchieffective only for those testes which would descendspontaneously at puberty anyway. Presently there doesnotappeartobeanyroleforhormonesintheinductionoftesticular descent and particularly for the high inguinaland intra-abdominal testis where the expected successrate is nil.Theoperative options whichare available for manage-mentofthe high inguinal andthe
Clinical Validity and Clinical Utility of Genetic Tests

In considering the appropriate use of new genetic tests, clinicians and health care policymakers must consider the accuracy with which a test identifies a patient's clinical status (clinical validity) and the risks and benefits resulting from test use (clinical utility). Genetic tests in current use vary in accuracy and potential to improve health outcomes, and these test properties may be influenced by the clinical setting in which the test is used. In addition, the relative importance of clinical validity and utility varies according to the proposed use of the test. This unit defines clinical validity and clinical utility, provides examples, and considers the implications of these test properties for clinical practice.
Combining geothermal energy capture with geologic carbon dioxide sequestration

[1] Geothermal energy offers clean, renewable, reliable electric power with no need for grid-scale energy storage, yet its use has been constrained to the few locations worldwide with naturally high geothermal heat resources and groundwater availability. We present a novel approach with the potential to permit expansion of geothermal energy utilization: heat extraction from naturally porous, permeable formations with CO2 as the injected subsurface working fluid. Fluid-mechanical simulations reveal that the significantly higher mobility of CO2, compared to water, at the temperature/pressure conditions of interest makes CO2 an attractive heat exchange fluid. We show numerically that, compared to conventional water-based and engineered geothermal systems, the proposed approach provides up to factors of 2.9 and 5.0, respectively, higher geothermal heat energy extraction rates. Consequently, more regions worldwide could be economically used for geothermal electricity production. Furthermore, as the injected CO2 is eventually geologically sequestered, such power plants would have negative carbon footprints.
Foreign Capital Penetration, State Intervention, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the growing debt crisis in sub-Saharan Africa, previous quantitative research on Africa has failed to investigate the association between foreign debt and development. This failure represents a glaring omission in development research because foreign debt and other types of foreign capital penetration may have an impact on various programs that facilitate economic growth and physical quality of life. This paper argues that Africa is influenced by a complex interaction among foreign capital penetration, state processes, and different types of development. The data analysis demonstrates that foreign capital affects African states, which, in turn, influence economic expansion and improvement in physical quality of life. Although substantively interesting, these findings also have broad theoretical implications for scholars conducting research on Africa and other Third World regions. Perhaps most important, the results indicate that contemporary Africa cannot be explained within the context of a single theoretical perspective. Instead, scholars must integrate and modify current theories of international political economy to reflect the uniqueness of modern Africa.