cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beliefs and Behaviors of Two High School Principals in Developing a Sense of School Community for Students

This qualitative study investigated two high school principals’ articulation of establishing a sense of community. The principals’ narratives, values, beliefs, and behaviors are examined through th...
Navigating the Chasm between Curiosity- and Impact-Driven Research

Being in academia provides a unique opportunity to explore one's curiosity and build cool systems that advance human understanding of engineering and science. System researchers however also have a responsibility to build systems that can impact practice in the near-term and perhaps, even create a brand new industry. In my talk, I will focus on my efforts so far navigating this chasm between curiosity and impact driven research. Specifically, I will share two research themes I have been working on as an assistant professor at UW CSE, where what initially began as curiosity-driven projects were transformed by the urge to make immediate practical impact as well as be unique. In particular, I will first talk about our journey going from a science-driven project on ambient backscatter (Sigcomm'13) to building wireless backscatter systems that work reliably and address a key pain-point in the industry. Next, I will talk about how we shifted gears from working on wireless gesture recognition (WiSee, Mobicom'13) to addressing a medical need of millions of people in the United States that go undiagnosed from sleep apnea (ApneaApp, Mobisys'15) and our experience licensing our technology to a multi-national medical corporation. Finally, I will share my thoughts on how our research community can help us better navigate this chasm.
Secondary acute leukemia in sarcoma patients: a population-based study

Purpose To compare rates of secondary acute leukemia between sarcoma patients and the general population, using data from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, and to examine whether various patient, tumor, and treatment factors were associated with development of a secondary acute leukemia. Methods and Materials Patients with a primary diagnosis of connective tissue malignancy between 1973 and 2008 in the SEER database were included. Multivariable competing risk analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with subsequent development of acute leukemia. Using observed-to-expected ratios, we compared incidence rates of secondary acute leukemia between sarcoma patients and the general population. Results A total of 72,945 patients were identified, with median follow-up of 131 months. On multivariable competing risk analysis, factors associated with increased risk of secondary acute leukemia included receipt of radiation therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 1.67, P=.02), distant disease (HR 2.67, P=.004), male gender (HR 1.53, P=.03), year of diagnosis (HR 0.98, P=.049), and Ewing sarcoma histology (HR 9.95, P Conclusions Patients treated for sarcoma, in particular those with Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma histology, seem to have a higher incidence of secondary acute leukemia as compared with the general population. Treatment factors including radiation therapy and chemotherapy seem to play a role in this increased risk, although the absolute incidence nevertheless remains very small.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-based UC-112 analogs as potent and selective survivin inhibitors.

Abstract The anti-apoptotic protein survivin is highly expressed in cancer cells but has a very low expression in fully differentiated adult cells. Overexpression of survivin is positively correlated with cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, cancer cell metastasis, and poor patient prognosis. Therefore, selective targeting survivin represents an attractive strategy for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Herein, we reported the extensive structural modification of our recently discovered selective survivin inhibitor UC-112 and the synthesis of thirty-three new analogs. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study indicated that replacement of the benzyloxy moeity in UC-112 with an indole moiety was preferred to other moieties. Among these UC-112 analogs, 10f, 10h, 10k, 10n showed the most potent antiproliferative activities. Interestingly, they were more potent against the P-glycoprotein overexpressing cancer cell lines compared with the parental cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies confirmed that new analogs maintained their unique selectivity against survivin among the IAP family members. In vivo study using 10f in a human A375 melanoma xenograft model revealed that it effectively inhibited melanoma tumor growth without observable acute toxicity. Collectively, this study strongly supports the further preclinical development of selective survivin inhibitors based on the UC-112 scaffold.
The loyal treatment.

Despite employees' diminished loyalty to health care organizations, you can earn their devotion and transfer the benefits to the organization.
Abstract 19504: Three Common Mental Status Scoring Systems are Predictive of Adverse Events in the Inpatient Setting

Introduction: Altered mental status has been shown to be one of the most accurate predictors of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Many early warning scores utilize the Alert-Verbal-Painful-Unresponsive (AVPU) scale to characterize mental status. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) have both been validated in critically ill and trauma patients but are not well-characterized in the general inpatient ward population. We sought to compare GCS, RASS, and AVPU in their association with adverse outcomes in hospitalized ward patients. Methods: The nursing staff at the University of Chicago Medical Center began documenting GCS and RASS on adult ward patients once per 12-hour shift in August 2011. We conducted an electronic chart review of these hospitalizations up through February 2012. AVPU was abstracted from the eye subscale of the GCS. The primary outcome was the composite of ICU transfer, cardiac arrest, or mortality within 24 hours of an observation. Predictive accuracy was calculated and compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: A total of 107,944 paired observations were made in 11,383 patients, of which 757 experienced at least one adverse outcome. The raw data are shown in the figure. GCS, RASS and AVPU were highly correlated with each other (Spearman’s rho of 0.57 for GCS vs. AVPU, 0.26 for RASS vs. AVPU and 0.12 for GCS vs. RASS, p<0.001 for all three pair-wise comparisons). The AUROCs for AVPU, GCS, and RASS were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.54-0.56), 0.59 (95% CI: 0.58-0.60), and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.59-0.61), respectively. Simultaneous use of RASS and GCS produced an AUROC of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.60-0.63). Conclusions: GCS and RASS are both significantly better predictors of adverse events on the wards than the more commonly used AVPU scale, and may be worth collecting routinely in hospitalized ward patients. In addition, the combination of GCS and RASS may be more predictive than either alone. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
The Justice/Morality Link

Few social psychologists who study justice would deny its roots in moral philosophy. Yet, explicit linkages between justice and morality have been relatively rare until recently. This chapter first examines how conceptualizations of justice and morality reveal common abstract characteristics. A description of the evolution of the study of justice in social psychology then provides a basis for understanding why the linkage was ignored for many years as scholars investigated distributive, procedural, and interactional justice processes largely from a “rational” perspective. Recent theoretical formulations, however, identify the pivotal roles of moral communities, moral emotions, and moral convictions, especially in analysis of justice situations involving potential harms to others. After reviewing bodies of research focused on moral emotions and observers’ responses to others’ injustices, we outline an agenda for research on the revitalized and inevitable justice/morality link that integrates motivational, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes.
The Nature of Active Oxygen in Selective Oxidation Reactions

Temperature programmed reoxidation (TPROX) of prereduced bismuth molybdate catalysts yield profiles which can be related to various changes which occur in the catalyst during the reoxidation. The TPROX profile for γ-Bi 2 Mo0 6 of a large, low-temperature peak and a small, high-temperature peak. Using 18 0 in conjunction with TPROX, Raman and XPS investigations indicate that during low-temperature reoxidation oxygen incorporation is accompanied by reoxidation of Bi 0 to Bi 3+ and that during high-temperature reoxidation oxygen incorporation is accompanied by reoxidation of Mo 4+ to Mo 6+ . The hightemperature reoxidation process is related to the rate-limiting step for propylene oxidation to acrolein at temperatures below 400°C and is identified as the reoxidation of reduced Mo centers by lattice oxygen diffusion. The oxygen inlet site is reduced Bi. The oxygen outlet site is associated with Mo. The type of oxygen which is incorporated into acrolein from γ-Bi 2 Mo0 6 is the bridge-bonded oxygen which exists in the γ-Bi 2 Mo0 6 structure.
Age-Dependence of Neuronal Apoptosis and of Caspase Activation

A widely accepted morphological classification of cell death divides it into three types: apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Research into the biochemical basis of cell death began with apoptosis, and in recent years the programmed mechanisms contributing to cell death and apoptosis became synonymous. This has created confusion, because “apoptosis” refers to a particular morphology and not to a biochemical pathway. Within the central nervous system, both naturally occurring and pathologically induced neuronal apoptosis occurs during the neonatal period in rodents, and becomes virtually undetectable in adult rodents. In the same way, the caspase-dependent programmed cell death pathways are also most prominent in neonatal rodents, and also disappear in adult rodents, although there are earlier studies to the contrary. In adult rodents, acute neuronal injury induces neuronal necrosis, which involves caspase-independent programmed cell death mechanisms.
Role of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors on secretion of surfactant in guinea pig alveolar type II cells.

Granular type II cells located in the alveolar epithelium synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactant and have specialized ion transport system. Alveolar type II cells are stimulated to secrete pulmonary surfactant by a variety of agonists. One mechanism by which extracellular signals are perceived by cells is the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are present in both peripheral tissues and central nervous system. We have previously reported the presence of high density PBRs in lung and alveolar type II cells. It is known that both PBRs and beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) play an important role in cellular Ca2+ transport. Furthermore, we have suggested earlier that PBRs are someway functionally associated with the beta-ARs. The objective of the present study was to determine whether PBRs play any role in the secretion of surfactant by alveolar type II cells. Alveolar type II cells were isolated from normal weanling guinea pigs by panning method and incubated with 3H-palmitic acid in minimum essential medium to synthesize labelled dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). After washing, the cells were treated at 37°C for one hour with 10 μM isoproterenol (IP) in the presence and absence of 10 μM Ro 5-4864, an agonist for PBRs. After one hour, the release of labelled DPPC in the medium was analyzed. The control cells released DPPC without any addition of a ligand. However, the treatment of cells with IP, Ro 5-4864 and IP + Ro 5-4864 caused 24, 52 and 171% increase in the secretion of DPPC, respectively. In another experiment, type II cells were loaded with Fura-2 dye and treated with either IP or epineprine or Ro 5-4864. Both isoproterenol and epinephrine caused a significant increase in the level of cytosolic free Ca2+. However, Ro 5-4864 caused not only a decrease in the level of cytosolic free Ca2+ but also counteracted the stimulatory effect of IP. This may suggest that while ligands for ARs stimulate Ca2+ release into cytosol, the ligand for PBRs stimulates efflux of Ca2+ in alveolar type cells. Thus, the increased secretion of surfactant by the ligand of PBRs in alveolar type II cells may be mediated through its effects on increased Ca2+ efflux.
Uncommon Presentations of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) typically presents acutely with liver test abnormalities, sometimes with associated symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fevers, and rash. Histologic abnormalities in such cases of DILI typically range from lobular or portal hepatitis to hepatocyte necrosis. However, sometimes the drug-related liver injuries present with clinical and/or histological features atypical of garden variety DILI and they may be related to uncommon mechanisms of injury, histologic features, or clinical presentation. Multiple agents or classes of agents can result in uncommon forms of liver injury that are phenotypically unique and differ from commonly recognized acute DILI. These include unusual presentations of drugs commonly associated with typical acute DILI, such as drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Atypical DILI also includes histologically atypical manifestations of DILI, such as nodular regenerative hyperplasia, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, granulomatous hepatitis, and steatosis/steatohepatitis. Atypical DILI encompasses recognized patterns of injury associated with specific agents or drug classes. These can manifest by atypical biochemical, clinical, and histopathological signatures. An understanding of these types of liver injury is important for the timely recognition of such atypical DILI.
Photovoltaic waste assessment of major photovoltaic installations in the United States of America

Abstract During the last decade, photovoltaic capacity in the United States has grown annually by 65% on average. Such rapid growth in capacity is naturally followed by an equally rapid growth of PV waste generation. This paper quantifies the future PV waste from the 69.7 GW reported as major PV projects (≥1 MW) in the U.S. at the end of 2015, including not only the modules but also the balance of system (BOS). Considering an average module lifetime of 30 years, 9.8 million metric tons (Mt) of PV waste are expected between 2030 and 2060. Of this, 6.6 Mt are PV modules, 2.7 Mt are BOS, 0.3 Mt are inverters, and 0.2 Mt are transformers. PV panel waste alone will grow from 1.3 Mt in 2040 to 5.5 Mt by 2050. The material value of metal in all PV installations is worth nearly 22 billion dollars, with aluminum, silicon, gold, steel, and copper making up 75% of the total value. It is estimated that 9.2 Mt of the metals contained in the PV systems can be recovered, including 1816 tons (t) of silver, 27 t of gold, 1073 t of gallium, 515 t of indium and 2010 t of tellurium.
Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Parathyroid Cancer Identifies Novel Candidate Driver Mutations and Core Pathways

Context Elucidating the genomic landscape of sporadic parathyroid carcinoma (PC) has been limited by low tumor incidence. Objective Identify driver mutations of sporadic PC and potential actionable pathways. Methods Patients undergoing surgical resection for sporadic PC between 1980 and 2016 at MD Anderson Cancer Center were identified. Patients with sporadic PC according to World Health Organization diagnostic criteria and with available formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PC tumor tissue were included and their clinical data analyzed to assess extent of disease. Patients with parathyroid tumors of uncertain malignancy or atypical parathyroid neoplasms were excluded. Thirty-one patients meeting diagnostic criteria had available tissue for analysis. FFPE PC tumors were subjected to DNA extraction and next-generation whole-exome sequencing. All variant calls are single-algorithm only. Twenty-nine samples passed quality assurance after DNA extraction. Main outcome measures Somatic or private germline mutations present in sporadic PC and identification of pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Results We identified 35 genes with considerable mutational load; only eight genes were previously identified in other PC cohorts. These genes mediate critical processes, including chromosome organization, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulations. Gene mutations involved in MAPK signaling and immune response are also heavily implicated. These findings are limited by inherent molecular artifacts in FFPE tissue analysis and the absence of matched germline DNA. Additionally, variant calls are only single algorithm and may include false-positive/negative calls. Conclusion We identified 33 candidate driver genes of sporadic PC, in addition to previously known driver genes CDC73 and MEN1.
The International Politics of Antarctica (Routledge Revivals)

First published in 1986, this book considers the nature of international interest in Antarctica and the positions of those involved. It looks at the significance of the historical dimension, the development of the treaty system, the management of marine and mineral resources, the role of the United Nations and the impact of such non-governmental organisations as Greenpeace International. The Antarctic implications of the Falklands War of 1982 are also discussed, as well as the underlying relationship between America and the Soviet Union during the 1980s. With a truly international scope, this reissue will be of particular relevance to students with an interest in the political, legal, economic and environmental concerns surrounding the Antarctic region, both in the present and historically.
Importance of Human Cadaver Studies in Education and Medical Device Research: Insights Derived from Various Imaging Studies and Modalities

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the continued importance of studying cadavers for educational and research purposes and to describe how imaging of both fixed and fresh cadavers can enhance these experiences. Specifically, this chapter describes the (1) history of cadaver dissection and preservation, (2) importance of cadaver labs when training medical students about anatomy or physicians on novel medical devices, (3) need for cadaver studies when designing and developing medical devices, and (4) emerging field of high-resolution full-body imaging of cadavers as a means to enhance understanding of device–tissue interactions.
When are artificial intelligence versus human agents faulted for wrongdoing? Moral attributions after individual and joint decisions

Artificial intelligence (AI) agents make decisions that affect individuals and society which can produce outcomes traditionally considered moral violations if performed by humans. Do people attribu...
Prediction or interpretability

The journal published a review of the literature on recursive partition in epidemiological research comparing two decision tree methods: classification and regression trees (CARTs) and conditional inference trees (CITs). There are two sources of potential confusion in the paper for readers: one lies in the definition and the comparison of CITs and CARTs, while the other is more general and it refers to the use of hyper-parameters and their tuning through resampling techniques.
FORMULATION OF INSECT PHEROMONES: APPLICATION RATES AND PERSISTENCE

Abstract We have investigated the use of sex attractant pheromones for trapping and for disruption of mating of a number of lepidopteran pest species. Because most pheromones are unstable towards light and atmospheric oxidation, it is necesssary to devise formulations that will protect them during field use and emit pheromone vapor over a prolonged period. Sex attractant pheromones can be used at low dose rates if satisfactory formulations are available. Most pheromones are unlikely to persist in the environment. The expression of pheromone application rates in conventional terms of grams a.i./ha (active ingredient/hectare) may be misleading because a key factor in the performance of the formulation is the rate of emission. Candidate controlled-release formulations were selected for use in pest management programs on the basis of emission rate under environmental conditions and amount of residual pheromones. Laboratory evaluation was followed by field testing. Additionally, the quantity of pheromone in air was measured at several intervals after application of a formulation. As a selective method of control, mating disruption has many advantages. Pheromones are extremely specific and they affect the pest without adverse effects on other species, such as parasites or predators, that exert biological control. Pheromones may supplement conventional pest control techniques by providing detection methods or suppressing adult mating. However, widespread application must be accompanied by intensive research to reveal the subtleties of insect response to compounds that affect behavior.
Preventive efficacy of oral moxidectin at various doses and dosage regimens against macrocyclic lactone-resistant heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) strains in dogs.

Moxidectin has previously shown limited efficacy (≤ 44.4%) against confirmed macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant Dirofilaria immitis strains at 3 µg/kg after single and multiple oral dosages. Three studies were conducted to evaluate higher oral moxidectin doses for efficacy against confirmed ML-resistant D. immitis strains. Dogs were inoculated with 50 D. immitis L3 and randomly allocated to treatments. Study 1: 6 groups of dogs (n = 8) were inoculated with JYD-34 (Day − 30) and treated as follows: T01, negative control; T02–T05, moxidectin at 3, 6, 12 or 24 µg/kg, respectively, on Day 0 only; T06, moxidectin at 3 µg/kg on Days 0, 30 and 60. Study 2: 10 groups of dogs (n = 5) were inoculated (Day − 30) with either JYD-34 (T01, T03–05) or ZoeLA (T02, T06–T10) and treated as follows: T01 and T02, negative controls; T03–T05, moxidectin at 24, 40 or 60 µg/kg, respectively, on Days 0, 28 and 56; T06 and T09, moxidectin at 3 or 60 µg/kg on Day 0 only; T07, T08 and T10, moxidectin at 24, 40 or 60 µg/kg, respectively, on Days 0, 28 and 56. Study 3: 5 groups of dogs (n = 5) were inoculated with ZoeMO (Day − 28) and treated as follows: T01, negative control; T02, moxidectin at 3 µg/kg moxidectin on Day 0 only; T03–T05, moxidectin at 24, 40 or 60 µg/kg, respectively, on Days 0, 28 and 56. All dogs were necropsied for adult heartworm recovery ~ 4–5 months post-inoculation. All moxidectin-treated dogs showed significantly lower worm counts than controls. The efficacy of moxidectin administered once at 3 µg/kg was 19% (JYD-34), 44.4% (ZoeLA) and 82.1% (ZoeMO). Increasing both the dose and the number of dosages of moxidectin improved efficacy, with 100% protection obtained using three dosages of moxidectin at either 40 µg/kg (JYD-34, ZoeMO) or 60 µg/kg (ZoeLA). Three dosages of 24 µg/kg were also highly effective, providing ≥ 98.8% efficacy for all three strains. Increasing both the dose and number of consecutive monthly dosages of moxidectin improved the efficacy against ML-resistant heartworms. Based on these data and other technical considerations, the 24 µg/kg dose was considered the optimal dose for further commercial development.
ASPIRE Parachute Modeling and Comparison to Post-Flight Reconstruction

The Advanced Supersonic Parachute Inflation Research and Experiment (ASPIRE) was a series of sounding rocket flights aimed at understanding the dynamics of supersonic parachutes that are used for Mars robotic applications. Three flights for ASPIRE occurred off the coast of Wallops Island, VA in Oct. 2017, Mar. 2018, and Sept. 2018 and successfully demonstrated deployment and inflation of the Mars Science Laboratory and Mars 2020 mission parachute. Prior to all three flights, a multi-body flight dynamics simulation was developed to predict the parachute dynamics and was used, in conjunction with other tools, to target Mars-relevant flight conditions. After each flight, the reconstructed trajectory was used to validate the preflight dynamics simulation and recommend changes to improve predictions for future flights in the ASPIRE program. This paper describes the parachute models and flight mechanics simulation used to target conditions for the three flights and the post-flight comparison of the tools.
Anglican Christians and Modern Political Economy

This chapter focuses on three sets of ideas developed by three famous Anglican clergymen, George Berkeley, Josiah Tucker, and Jonathan Swift. George Berkeley provided the first integrated view of economic development. Josiah Tucker recognized with great clarity that richer countries possess a series of economic advantages which make it virtually impossible for the cheap-labor of poor countries to ever catch up. Jonathan Swift recognized that poor countries require more than simply good economic policies to grow, they also need a dedicated elite and that passive resistance was an effective tool in the hands of the populace to make their grievances known. These Anglicans clergymen were the primary theorists of modern economic development.
Critical Environmental Justice Studies Through the Veil

Environmental justice (EJ) scholarship is today more keenly focused on examining how intersectional forms of difference fuse with the production of EJ at multiple scales, via multiple epistemologie...
Are We Protecting Our History? A Municipal-Scale Analysis of Historic Preservation, Flood Hazards, and Planning:

Historic resources are important community assets that may be at risk from natural hazards, but few studies examine their risk or protection. We map the location of historic resources in municipal ...
Headache in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Narrative Review

Objective To summarize available literature regarding headache as a manifestation of coronaviruses and to describe potential underlying mechanisms. Review methods References for this review were identified by searches within PubMed without any date restrictions. The search terms used were coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical manifestation, COVID-19 epidemiology, neurologic findings in COVID-19, headache in COVID-19, neurologic manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and headache in SARS-CoV-2. Results Headache is one of the most common neurologic complaints in patients with SARS-CoV-2. While the pathophysiological connection between headache and SARS-CoV-2 is unclear, inflammatory mechanisms may play a key role. One of the mechanisms cited in the literature of migraine and other headache disorders is the activation of nociceptive sensory neurons by cytokines and chemokines. A similar mechanism has been reported in SARS-CoV-2 with the release of cytokines and chemokines by macrophages throughout the course of infection. Other mechanisms for headache in SARS-CoV-2 include (1) viral neuroinvasion as seen with viral encephalitis; (2) hypoxemia due to the well-described pulmonary manifestations of the disease; and (3) thrombosis secondary to COVID-19 induced hypercoagulable states. Conclusion According to the Centers for Disease Control, common symptoms of human coronavirus include fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, and headache. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, there are limited reports about headaches, one of the most common clinical manifestations. There are currently no studies that focus specifically on headache among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Cryptic and not-so-cryptic species in the complex “Holothuria (Thymiosycia) imaptiens” (Forsskål, 1775) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae)

Abstract Identifying accurately species is critical for our understanding of patterns of diversity and speciation. However, for many organisms with simple and variable morphological traits, the characters traditionally used by taxonomists to identify species might lead to a considerable under appreciation of their diversity. Recent advances in molecular-data based computational methods have considerably improved our ability to identify and test species limits. Here, we use an integrative approach to delineate species in a complex of sea cucumbers. We used a three-step approach to show that “Holothuria impatiens”, a common, shallow-water species, occurring across the Indo-Pacific, the Western Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, targeted locally by fisheries, is a complex of at least 13 species. (1) We used the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) model to identify putative species without a priori hypotheses. In the process, we also show that the number of putative species estimated with GMYC can be affected considerably by the priors used to build the input tree. (2) We assessed based on coloration patterns and distributional information, the most relevant hypothesis. This approach allowed us to identify unambiguously 9 species. However, some of the lineages consistently assigned to belong to different species using GMYC, are occurring in sympatry and are not differentiated morphologically. (3) We used Bayes factors to compare competing models of species assignment using the multispecies coalescent as implemented in *BEAST. This approach allowed us to validate that the species identified using GMYC were likely reproductively isolated. Estimates of the timing of diversification also showed that these species diverged less than 2 Ma, which is the fastest case of closely related species occurring in sympatry for a marine metazoan. Our study demonstrates how clarifying species limits contribute to refining our understanding of speciation.
Mistletoe Extract Viscum Fraxini-2 for Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Series.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide, and for advanced HCC the prognosis is poor. Preliminary studies indicate mistletoe extracts may have anticancer activity for HCC. Methods A prospective observational case series of advanced HCC patients that chose to take a mistletoe extract called viscum fraxini-2 (VF-2) alone for treatment. Time on treatment, imaging, and laboratory values were collected for descriptive analyses. Results A total of 12 patients with advanced HCC enrolled onto the protocol, and 10 patients had data available for evaluation. The majority were male (10/12) with a median age of 64 (SD 11). Most patients had received sorafenib therapy (9/12) and had varying Child-Pugh classes (A-4, B-6, C-2). Treatment with VF-2 ranged from 1 to 36 weeks with a mean of 12.3 weeks (SD 12). Six patients received 8 weeks of treatment, and 3 patients received 12 or more weeks of treatment. For patients that received at least 4 weeks of treatment, the average AFP value stabilized during the first 4 weeks of treatment. Two patients experienced an AFP decrease of >30%, approximately 37 and 40% decreases at the nadir. One patient had stable disease of 9 months. Major side effects were fever, fatigue, rash, and local injection site reaction of swelling, redness, and tenderness. Conclusion This case series of advanced HCC indicates that mistletoe extract VF-2 may have potential biological activity against HCC for selected patients. Research is needed to identify the active compound and predictive markers of response.
Preoperative Neck Disability Severity Limits Extent of Postoperative Improvement Following Cervical Spine Procedures.

OBJECTIVE Our study aims to evaluate the impact of severity of preoperative Neck Disability Index (NDI) on postoperative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). METHODS A retrospective review of primary, elective, single or multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion or cervical disc arthroplasty procedures between 2013 and 2019 was performed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) neck and arm, NDI, 12-item Short Form physical and mental composite score (SF-12 PCS and MCS), Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System physical function, and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were collected preoperatively and postoperatively. Patients were categorized by preoperative NDI: none-to-mild disability ( < 30); moderate disability ( ≥ 30 to < 50); severe disability ( ≥ 50 to < 70); complete disability ( ≥ 70). The impact of preoperative NDI on PROM scores and minimum clinically important difference (MCID) achievement rates were evaluated. RESULTS The cohort included 74 patients with none-to-mild disability, 95 moderate, 76 severe, and 17 with complete disability. Patients with greater preoperative disability demonstrated significantly different scores for NDI, VAS neck, SF-12 MCS, and PHQ-9 at all timepoints (p < 0.001). Patients with more severe disability demonstrated different magnitudes of improvement for NDI (all p < 0.001), VAS neck (p ≤ 0.009), VAS arm (p = 0.025), and PHQ-9 (p ≤ 0.011). The effect of preoperative severity on MCID achievement was demonstrated for NDI and for PHQ-9 (p ≤ 0.007). CONCLUSION Patients with severe neck disability demonstrated differences in pain, disability, physical and mental health. MCID achievement also differed by preoperative symptoms severity. Patients with more severe neck disability may be limited to the degree of improvement in quality of life but perceive them as significant changes.
The climate and health benefits from intensive building energy efficiency improvements

Intensive building energy efficiency improvements can reduce emissions from energy use, improving outdoor air quality and human health, but may also affect ventilation and indoor air quality. This study examines the effects of highly ambitious, yet feasible, building energy efficiency upgrades in the United States. Our energy efficiency scenarios, derived from the literature, lead to a 6 to 11% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and 18 to 25% reductions in particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions in 2050. These reductions are complementary with a carbon pricing policy on electricity. However, our results also point to the importance of mitigating indoor PM2.5 emissions, improving PM2.5 filtration, and evaluating ventilation-related policies. Even with no further ventilation improvements, we estimate that intensive energy efficiency scenarios could prevent 1800 to 3600 premature deaths per year across the United States in 2050. With further investments in indoor air quality, this can rise to 2900 to 5100.
Statistical Metamorphic Testing of Neural Network Based Intrusion Detection Systems

Testing computationally complex neural network-based applications (i.e. network intrusion detection systems) is a challenging task due to the absence of a test oracle. Metamorphic testing is a method to potentially solve the oracle problem when the correctness of individual output is difficult to determine. However, due to the stochastic nature of these applications, multiple runs with the same input can produce slightly different results; thus rendering traditional metamorphic testing technique inadequate. To address this problem, this paper proposes a statistical metamorphic testing technique to test neural network based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (N-IDSs) in a nondeterministic environment. We also performed mutation analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed method has a strong defect detection capability and is able to kill 100% implementation bugs in two neural network-based N-IDSs, and 66.66% in a neural network-based cancer prediction system.
A Priori Knowledge

Toward a logic of a priori knowledge, Anthony C. Anderson (1993) a priori knowledge and the scope of philosophy, George Bealer (1996) a priori knowledge - replies to William Lycan and Ernest Sosa, George Bealer (1996) analyticity reconsidered, Paul A. boghossian (1996) a tationalist manifesto, Laurence BonJour (1992) toward a moderate reaism, Laurence BonJour (1995) content preservation, Tyler Burge (1993) necessity, certainty and the a priori, Albert Casullo (1988) revisability, reliabilism and a priori knowledge, Albert Casullo (1988) causality, reliabilism and mathematical knowledge, Albert Casullo (1992) a priori knowledge for fallibilists, Aron Edidin (1984) the a prioricity of logic, Hartry Field (1995/6) non-analytical conceptual knowledge, M. Giaquinto (1996) is Platonism epistemologiclly bankrupt?, Bob Hale (1994) analyticity regained?, Gilbert Harman (1996) what mathematical knowledge could be, Jerrold J. Katz (1995) the role of perception in a priori knowledge - some remarks, Jaegwon Kim (1981) a priori knowledge, Philip Kitcher (1980) arithmetic for the millian, Philip Kitcher (1980) Bealer on the possibility of philosophical knowledge, William G. Lycan (1996) mathematical epistemology - what is the question?, Penelope Maddy (1984) how are a priori truths possible?, Christopher Peacock (1993) there is at least one a priori truth, Hilary Putnam (1978) rational intuition - Bealer on its nature and epistemic status, Ernest Sosa (1996) modest a priori knowledge, Donna Summerfield (1991).
Phosphoglucomutase is a Cytoplasmic Glycoprotein Implicated in the Regulated Secretory Pathway

Phosphorylation can have a profound effect on a protein’s functional capabilities. One strategy for identifying proteins whose behaviors change in response to an external stimulus is to determine those in which changes in phosphorylation correlate with the presentation of the stimulus. In Paramecium tetraurelia, which exhibits a regulated secretory pathway, this strategy led to the isolation of parafusin (Gilligan and Satir, 1982), a 63 kDa cytoplasmic phosphoprotein that loses its phosphate upon stimulation with secretagogue. It then regains its phosphate within seconds thereafter (Ziesness and Plattner, 1985).
A Selective Medium for the Isolation and Quantification of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii Strains from Soils and Inoculants.

The ecological examination of members of the family Rhizobiaceae has been hampered by the lack of a selective medium for isolation of root nodule bacteria from soil. A novel non-antibiotic-containing medium has been developed which allows selective isolation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains from soil and inoculants. The medium, BJSM, is based on the resistance of B.japonicum and B. elkanii strains to more than 40 μg of the metals ions Zn2+ and Co2+ per ml. BJSM does not allow growth of Rhizobium sp. strains. We used BJSM to isolate bacteria from a Hubbard soil and from several commercially prepared soybean inoculants. Ninety-eight percent of the isolates obtained from Hubbard soil nodulated Glycine max cv. Kasota, and between 55 and 95% of the isolates from the commercial inoculants had the ability to nodulate soybeans. Numbers of bradyrhizobia obtained by using BJSM, strain-specific fluorescent antibodies, and the most-probable-number plant infection assay indicated that the three techniques were comparable in quantifying B. japonicum strains in soils and inoculants, although most-probable-number counts were generally 0.5 order of magnitude greater than those obtained by using BJSM. Results of our studies indicate that BJSM is useful for direct isolation and quantification of B. japonicum and B. elkanii from natural soils and inoculants. This medium may prove to be an important tool for autecological and enumeration studies of diverse populations of bradyrhizobia and as a quality control method for soybean inoculants.
Pterin Carbinolamine Dehydratase/Dimerization Cofactor of HNF1

This article has no abstract. Keywords: pterin carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of HNF1
Implementation of multiple pagesize support in HP-UX

To reduce performance degradation from Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) misses without significant increase in TLB size, most modern processors implement TLBs that support multiple pagesizes. For example, Hewlett-Packard's PA-8000 processor allows 8 hardware pagesizes, in multiples of four, ranging from 4 Kbytes to 64 Mbytes. In implementing multiple pagesize support in HP-UX, we chose to create large pages at page-fault service time. We have a buddy system allocator that provides interfaces for allocating and freeing multiple pagesizes. We maintain the Virtual Memory (VM) data structures such as the pagetable entry, virtual page frame descriptor, and physical page frame descriptor based on the smallest pagesize, and represent a large pagesize as a collection of these base page-size structures. In our implementation, VM operations on a large pagesize such as 16KB are carried out by looping over the 4KB-based constituent VM data structures. Our system offers significant application performance improvement when using large pagesizes.
Agricultural policy and productivity: evidence from Brazilian censuses

Brazil’s economic strategy has shifted hesitatingly during the last several decades from one of producer protection to trade competitiveness. Exploiting the variations these shifts have afforded, we use a sequence of decennial agricultural censuses to examine Brazilian policy implications for agricultural competitiveness and efficiency. Total factor productivity is decomposed into best-technology and efficiency elements, each subject to policy influence. We find technology growth, at 4.5% per annum, to have been extraordinarily high, particularly in the south. But because productivity among average producers has fallen rapidly behind that on the technical frontier, total productivity growth has been a much more modest 2.6% per year. Public agricultural research programs most benefit the country’s technological leaders, widening the gap between frontier and average producer. Credit, education, and road construction policies instead narrow that gap. Credit and road programs especially enhance efficiency in the south, where efficiency losses have been greatest. JEL classification: O2, O3
Rural poverty in Latin America: Determinants and exit paths

Abstract While rural poverty in Latin America has declined over the last three decades, success has been uneven across countries and rural poverty remains huge. Reduction in the number of rural relative to urban poor has been mainly the outcome of migration, not of successful rural development. We show that rural incomes are explained by the asset position of households and the characteristics of the context where assets are used. Given heterogeneity in asset positions and contexts, many strategies to escape poverty consequently exist. We identify four paths out of poverty: exit, agricultural, pluriactive, and assistance. Successful rural development to promote the agricultural and pluriactive paths requires a wholesale new approach based on regional development, decentralization and participation. Agricultural technology has a role to play in these two strategies. In Latin America, however, the bulk of the benefits from technological change has been captured through indirect effects via the price of food, employment creation and contributions to aggregate growth.
MENVIS: mobile environmental information system

Mobile information dissemination and sharing infrastructure is being proposed to support ubiquitous government. We report a Mobile Environmental Information System (MENVIS) that delivers auto-guided environmental tour information for New Jersey and New York city government agencies that take initiatives on restoring degraded environment in urban areas. MENVIS is intended not only to support staff engineers and scientists to collect data from the field using mobile devices, but also enhance the exploring, learning and discovery experience of visitors, eco-tourists and students, while moving in and around urban environmental preservation areas.
Papillomavirus E1 proteins: form, function, and features.

The E1 proteins are the essential origin recognition proteins for papillomavirus (PV) replication. E1 proteins bind to specific DNA elements in the viral origin of replication and assemble into hexameric helicases with the aid of a second viral protein, E2. The resultant helicase complex initiates origin DNA unwinding to provide the template for subsequent syntheses of progeny DNA. In addition to ATP-dependent helicase activity, E1 proteins interact with and recruit several host cell replication proteins to viral origin, including DNA polymerase α and RPA. This review will compare the basic structures and features of the human (HPV) and bovine (BPV1) papillomaviruses with an emphasis on mechanisms of replication function.
Liquid chromatographic separation of radiopharmaceutical ligand enantiomers

Abstract A unique cyclodextrin-based chiral separation is presented for enantiomers which do not fit the commonly held selection criteria for chiral separations
Coherent pulse and environmental characteristics of the intramolecular proton-transfer lasers based on 3-hydroxyflavone and fisetin

Abstract Coherent stimulated emission and laser beams of good quality are reported for 3-hydroxyfiavone (3-HF) and a polyhydroxyfiavone, risetin, acting as intramolecular proton-transfer lasers. The laser beam quality of these materials is comparable to that observed for rhodamine-6G. Studies of amplified spontaneous emission of 3-hydroxyflavone in highly polar solvents are also reported. The very large changes in dipole moment upon electronic excitation of 3-HF expected according to ZINDO semiempirical molecular orbital calculations fail to give rise to spectral shifts in the high dielectric constant solvents. The results are interpreted as a masking spectral effect caused by specific hydrogen bonding by the solvent.
Significantly fewer refractures after vertebroplasty in patients who engage in back-extensor-strengthening exercises.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether patients with osteoporotic compression fractures would have decreased fracture recurrence or a longer time before refracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) if they also participated in the Rehabilitation of Osteoporosis Program-Exercise (ROPE) instruction, which includes back-strengthening exercises. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed and collected data from the medical records of 507 patients with osteoporosis who were treated at Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, from July 1, 1998, through August 31, 2005. Patients older than 55 years with at least 1 radiographically confirmed nontraumatic vertebral compression fracture (VCF) were identified, and those with evidence of secondary osteoporosis, traumatically induced VCF, long-term oral corticosteroid use, or bone malignancy were excluded. The remaining 57 patients were categorized into 3 groups: those receiving treatment with ROPE only (n=20), PVP only (n=20), or both PVP and ROPE (n=17). The end point was the refracture date or date of the last recorded follow-up if no refracture occurred. Statistical analysis of time-to-recurrence data was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test (P RESULTS The median time before refracture for patients treated with PVP was 4.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]), 1.4-9.3 months; for patients treated with ROPE only, 60.4 months (95% CI, 27.6 months-upper limit undefined); and for patients treated with PVP-ROPE, 20.4 months (95% CI, 2.8 months-upper limit undefined) (P CONCLUSION This retrospective study showed that a targeted exercise program after PVP significantly decreased fracture recurrence. Refracture rates also were lower in the ROPE-only group vs the PVP-only group. A targeted exercise program after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) significantly decreased fracture recurrence; refracture rates also were lower in the back-extensor-strengthening-only group vs those in the PVP-only group.