cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speciation and Population Biology in Colletotrichum

The fungal genus Colletotrichum is composed of a number of saprophytic and plant pathogenic species of worldwide importance on a wide range of economic crops and ornamentals. In addition to economically important crop plants, several Colletotrichum species attack a variety of wild and weedy plants, and several host-specific strains have been utilized for biological weed control (Templeton 1992). Several species are noted for causing latent infections, particularly on tropical fruit crops (Simmonds 1963; Muirhead 1981; Jeffries et al. 1990). Most Colletotrichum species cause diseases known as anthracnoses, characterized by sunken necrotic lesions on leaves, stems, or fruit. Several species appear to exist exclusively as an asexual population and produce only the characteristic Colletotrichum anamorph. Other species also produce a Glomerella teleomorph and can reproduce both sexually and asexually (Fig. 1).
Automated analysis of microstructural effects on the failure response of heterogeneous adhesives

Abstract Adhesive bonding enables the joining of thin and dissimilar materials, which is one of the main requirements for manufacturing lightweight structures in the automotive and aerospace industries. However, due to the small thickness and complex microstructure of the adhesive layer, which is often reinforced with embedded heterogeneities to improve its mechanical behavior, simulating the damage process in the adhesive can be a challenging task. In this work, we implement a computational cohesive model to quantify the effects of microstructural features such as particles volume fraction, pre-existing flaws, and surface roughness of adherends on the failure response of a heterogeneous adhesive with embedded glass particles. The hierarchical interface-enriched finite element method (HIFEM) is implemented as the main computational engine for simulating the initiation and propagation of damage in the adhesive layer. This mesh-independent method allows for using finite element meshes that are completely independent of the problem morphology, which considerably facilitates conducting multiple damage simulations for adhesive models with different microstructural features. We also introduce a new virtual prototyping algorithm and integrate that with the HIFEM to enable the automated construction of realistic models of the adhesive microstructure based on digital data.
Environment-dependent sports emergencies

As more individuals participate in sports and outdoor activities, the frequency of environmentally related illnesses will increase. Participants in sporting events of long duration and those requiring particularly inclement weather and adverse conditions are especially prone to developing injury. Hypothermia, heat-related illnesses, and high-altitude illnesses are multisystem emergencies that require immediate, specific therapeutic maneuvers. Physicians must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of these medical emergencies and institute definitive care. Rapid core rewarming, airway control, and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation are the key factors in managing the hypothermic patient. Adequate cooling and volume resuscitation provide the basis for treating the hyperthermic patient. The patient with high altitude-related illness should be returned to a lower elevation and given supplemental oxygen. Specific intervention depends on the patient's presentation. Environmental illnesses cause severe morbidity and mortality and are frequently within the control of the sport participant. Thus physicians must educate their patients on basic preventive measures if they are going to participate in outdoor sporting activities. Language: en
Connexin 43 and connexin 40 gap junctional proteins are present in arteriolar smooth muscle and endothelium in vivo

The distributions of connexin 43 (Cx43) and connexin 40 (Cx40) in smooth muscle and endothelium of resistance vessels were examined using indirect immunofluorescence techniques coupled with confocal microscopy. Cx43 and Cx40 were found in smooth muscle and endothelium. Similar staining patterns were found in microvessel samples from brain and cremaster of the rat and from arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch. Double-labeling studies showed a high degree of colocalization of Cx40 with Cx43, suggesting the presence of multiple connexins within a single junctional plaque. Quantitative comparisons were made of the fluorescent patterns in the endothelium and smooth muscle of rat brain arterioles. Cx43 and Cx40 plaque diameters were 0.9 +/- 0.1 and 0.8 +/- 0.1 (SE) microns, respectively, in the endothelial layer and 0.5 +/- 0.1 and 0.5 +/- 0.1 microns, respectively, in the smooth muscle. There was no difference between mean plaque diameters of Cx43 and Cx40 in endothelium or smooth muscle. However, plaques were significantly larger in endothelium than in smooth muscle (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate the potential for cell-cell communication in both cell types of the wall of arterioles from three different tissues. The data also suggest a greater level of coupling within the endothelium.
An Orally Active Hypocholesteremic Steroid with Reduced Uterotrophic Effect

SummaryA series of reference and experimental estrogens has been evaluated in terms of the amount required to reduce total serum cholesterol 33% in mature male rats and the amount required to increase the uterine weights of weanling female rats 50 mg over those of the controls. The resultant hypocholesteremic: uterotrophic dissociations were: estrone 50, Premarin® 20, estrone methyl ether >3.2, 16α-chloroestrone methyl ether 2.4, 17-(4-hydroxy-1-butynyl)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5 (10)-trien-17β-ol 1.6, 17-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5 (10)-trien-17β-ol 0.2, and 17-(3-hydroxy-1-propynyl)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5 (10) -trien-17β-ol 17α-hydrocinnamate 0.015. The hydroxy propynyl compound thus has the best dissociation of any steroid noted.
Production Method of Porous Silica Compacts Containing Submicron Pores

The production technique of porous compacts of ceramics containing fine pores have been developed. The mixtures of silica ultrafine particles (pre-treated with solvents) and liquid paraffin were pressed under 300kg/cm2 and then fired at 800°-920°C, and the characteristics of the compacts obtained were measured. Mixtures of ultrafine silica which was pretreated by colloidal solution of silica and liquid paraffin of large quantities gave porous compacts containing fine pores. Better results were obtained when 1-18% colloidal silica was added in pre-treatment and the firing temperature was about 850°C. Apparent porosity was 60-80% for the obtained compacts. The mean pore diameter was 0.04μm for the compacts fired at 800°C, which remained virtually with increasing firing temperature, but decreased with increasing content of colloidal silica. Specific surface area was 130m2/g for the compacts fired at 850°C, and decreased with an increase both in temperature and content of colloidal silica, respectively.
The dynamics of interlocus associations in the three locus hitchhiking model

The hitchhiking effects of a selected locus upon the dynamics of the pairwise association,D nn between two neutral loci is examined analytically for the special case where at least one of the neutral loci is in linkage equilibrium with the selected locus. The results apply approximately whenever the product of the pairwise associations between the selected locus and each neutral locus is negligible with respect to the three-way linkage disequilibrium. It is shown that precisely four broad classes of trajectories are possible, whether the selected locus is between (nsn) or to one side (snn) of the neutral loci, and whatever the mode of selection operating.D nn may: (1) decay rapidly to zero, at a rate faster in each generation than that expected for two isolated neutral loci; (2) monotonically decay to zero at a rate which is slower in every generation than under the usual neutral regime; (3) increase initially and/or in intermediate periods before eventually slowly decaying to zero; or (4) exhibit type 1 behavior in the first segment of the trajectory and either type 2 or 3 behavior in the subsequent generations, with the transition marked by a change in sign. The nature of a given trajectory is largely determined by the direction of gene frequency change at the selected locus, and the initial signs of bothD nn and the three-way linkage disequilibrium. The single most important consequence of these results is that there is no simple relation between the amount of pairwise association between two neutral markers and the recombination fraction between them. Several factors influencing the magnitude of the hitchhiking effect are also examined. It is shown that, all else being equal, the greater the three-way linkage disequilibrium, the greater the departure ofD nn from the expected neutral dynamic. Increased recombination among the loci reduces the hitchhiking effect onD nn . The dependence of the behavior upon the exact position of the selected locus is also determined both within and betweennsn andsnn chromosomal systems. An interesting discovery is that given equivalentnsn andsnn systems, with each having the same recombination between their two neutral loci,D nn will deviate more from the standard neutral dynamic in thesnn system if its selected locus is sufficiently tightly linked to the neutral loci.
DIMENSIONS OF ELITE OPPOSITION TO METROPOLITAN CONSOLIDATION

An important step in theory building is the construction of concepts and propositions which are comparable in both spatial and temporal terms. If properly used, a variety of statistical techniques can aid the researcher in the formulation of such concepts. This study examines the capability of factor analysis to delineate the dimensions of elite opposition to the recent consolidation of Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana.' Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana, on January 1, 1970 became one of an increasing number of metropolitan areas which have consolidated (either partially or completely) their separate and independent units of local government.2 Metropolitan consolidation in these other areas (although advocated by both political scientists and most urban administrators),3 was accomplished after a struggle with formidable and persistent opposition. In the case of Nashville, for example, two attempts, separated by a period of four years, were necessary to finally accomplish metropolitan consolidation.4 Given the strength and persistence of the opposition, it is surprising that only a few research attempts have attempted to generate hypotheses explaining opposition to consolidation. For our purposes,
Fichte: The Self as Creature and Creator

In the aftermath of Kant’s Copernican turn, philosophers set out to explain the relation between what is given to the senses (sensible intuition) and the way that we order our experience through concepts (the activity of the understanding). Kant rejected both the rationalists’ attempt to derive the whole of experience from our own faculties and the empiricists’ attempt to trace all of our ideas back to impressions, but this poses a problem: If the spontaneity of judgment is radically distinct from the material conditions of experience, then it is unclear how our empirical knowledge represents the world rather than fabricating a wholly subjective phantasy. In other words, if our understanding is responsible for how we organize our various perceptions, then how do we know that any of our objective claims are accurate indicators of the world — not as it is in itself, of course, but at least as it appears to people for whom thinking is judging? According to Kant, subjective activity is not reducible to objective reality; a materialistic account can never explain the normative constraint that makes experience possible in the first place.1 But we do not create the world out of whole cloth; we are not responsible for the matter of experience, only its form. Were either the case — that the object merely reflects the subject’s thinking, or that the subject is simply another object — how the world and our thoughts about the world are related would be readily intelligible.
Testing Minors for Inherited Cancer Risk

Recent advances in the technology of molecular genetics have extended the powers of individuals and health care professionals to control the ravages of genetic disease. These powers now include a spectrum of genetic tests that can predict future disease or disease susceptibility. Accurate prediction of future disease was first realized when detection of the gene for Huntington disease became a medical reality.1 This first step was subsequently expanded to include tests for some cancers, including familial ademomatous polyposis2 and Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.3 Particularly dramatic in determining disease susceptibility has been the development of tests for genes that cause breast and ovarian cancer—tests that determine an increased probability, though not a certainty, of developing these dreaded diseases.4 These and other molecular genetic tests are now used for determining the genetic status of current patients as well as for pre-conception and prenatal testing for the purpose of avoiding the birth of children destined to suffer serious genetic diseases.
Incentive Pay in the Public Sector: A Discriminant Analysis of Professional Employee Responses

This study examines an incentive pay system designed for professional employees in the public sector. During a two-year trial period, 73.6 percent of the subjects reached production goals and earned the maximum pay (10 percent above base). Despite the employees’ ability to attain maximum earnings, only a slight majority expressed a desire for continuation of the incentive pay program. Examination of survey responses indicates that those earning the maximum were the least likely to favor continuation of the program. This study uses multiple discriminant analysis to identify respondent characteristics exerting the greatest influence on their acceptance of this incentive pay system. Implications for designing pay for performance plans for professionals are discussed.
Variability in measures of health and health behavior among emerging adults 1 year after high school according to college status

Objective: To examine changes in health behaviors among US emerging adults 1 year after high school. Participants: The national sample of participants (N = 1,927), including those attending 4-year college/university (n = 884), 2-year colleges/technical schools (n = 588), and no college (n = 455), participated in annual spring surveys 2013–2014. Methods: Health behaviors were assessed the last year of high school and first year of college; differences by college status controlling for previous-year values were estimated using regression analyses. Results: Relative to 4-year college attendees, those attending technical school/community college were less likely to binge drink (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, confidence interval [CI] = 0.38–0.86) but more likely to speed (OR = 1.26, CI = 1.0–2.84), consume sodas (OR = 1.57, CI = 1.0–2.47), and report lower family satisfaction (p < .01), with marginally more physical and depressive symptoms. College nonattendees reported more DWI (driving while intoxicated; OR = 1.60, CI = 1.05–2.47), soda drinking (OR = 2.51, CI = 1.76–3.59), oversleeping (OR = 4.78, CI = 3.65–8.63), and less family satisfaction (p < .04). Conclusions: Health risk behaviors among emerging adults varied by college status.
Macroeconomic Announcements and the Distribution of Price‐Endings in the U.S. Treasury Market

We investigate how new information impacts quote clustering in the bond market. We find that clustering, along with quote activity, price volatility and bid‐ask spreads, increases sharply in the minutes following releases of macroeconomic news. Each returns to near‐normal levels within the hour. Effects are strongest for more liquid on‐the‐run notes and for the announcements typically associated with substantial information flow. The strong positive comovement of clustering, quote activity, price volatility, and bid‐ask spreads supports the conclusion that innovations of these variables are endogenous to the arrival and incorporation of information into prices.
Distinct association of an alphasatellite and a betasatellite with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in field-infected cucurbit

Leaf samples of Cucurbita pepo with yellow mosaic disease symptoms were collected in 2012. Rolling circle amplification and PCR amplification with begomovirus-specific primers confirmed the presence of an Old World bipartite begomovirus, an alphasatellite and a betasatellite. Molecular analysis of full-length sequences showed that Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (DNA-A) is associated with its cognate DNA-B, Papaya leaf curl betasatellite and a novel alphasatellite. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an alphasatellite and a betasatellite associated with a bipartite begomovirus.
Jomon Collectors and Foragers

The purpose of this chapter is to expand the utility of the forager/ collector model (Binford 1980, 1982) by examining the dynamics of longterm system change on an interregional scale. Among numerous models of hunter-gatherer behavior, Binford’s (1980, 1982) forager—collector continuum has been one of the most frequently cited models of subsistence and settlement organization during the past two decades. As with most formal models of subsistence and settlement (such as optimal foraging models), the forager/collector model assumes that economic rationality is the basic principle that determines hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies and residential mobility. However, unlike optimization models, which are deductive and formal in their structure, Binford’s model was inspired by ethnographic examples. Because of its informal and inductive origins, the forager/collector model is flexible enough to account for various anomalies. The concept of serial foragers (Binford 1980: 16–17), which refers to cold-environment hunter-gatherers who adopt “mapping-on” strategies to position themselves so that they can exploit seasonally fluctuating resources, is a good example of this.
Are professional basketball players reference-dependent?

ABSTRACTModels with reference-dependent preferences suggest that agents exert considerable effort to avoid falling below a reference point and ‘losing’. We provide visual and statistical evidence that player performances in the National Basketball Association (NBA) bunch at salient, normatively extraneous round numbers. Using data on nearly three million shot attempts with precise (x, y) coordinates, we find that players improve free throw accuracy and attempt shots closer to the hoop when shooting for a round number. The results are strongest for players on home teams, suggesting that the reference-dependent enters preferences through an external, social evaluation channel.
Tumor-stage mycosis fungoides in palmoplantar localization with large-cell transformation and partial CD30 expression shows complete response to brentuximab vedotin

Mycosis fungoides in palmoplantar localization (MFPP) is a rare variant of MF that is confined to the hands and feet. Patients commonly receive treatment over many years for suspected palmoplantar dermatitis before the diagnosis is made. Most MFPP patients remain at patch or plaque stage, and often respond to treatment with radiotherapy. Herein, we describe a 77-year-old man who suffered 6 years of hand and foot dermatitis that failed multiple treatments, most notably TNF-α inhibitors and mycophenolate mofetil. He eventually developed a tumor on the hand, which was biopsied to reveal a dense dermal infiltrate of large lymphocytes (CD3+/CD4-/CD8-/TCR-BetaF1+/partial CD30+). A subsequent biopsy of an eczematous patch from his hand revealed an epidermotropic and syringotropic infiltrate comprised of smaller lymphocytes with a concordant immunophenotype and matching clonal peak with TCR gene rearrangement. He was diagnosed with MFPP and started on radiotherapy with a modest response; therefore, a decision was made to start brentuximab vedotin, which resulted in a complete response. MFPP is an exceedingly rare variant of MF that can show large-cell transformation and progress in stage. We highlight a possible association between disease progression and immunosuppressants and the potential role for treatment with brentuximab.
Identifying appropriate methodologies and strategies for vertical mining with incomplete data

Many data mining methods are dependent on recognizing frequent patterns. Frequent patterns lead to the discovery of association rules, strong rules, sequential episodes, and multi-dimensional patterns. All can play a critical role in helping corporate and scientific institutions to understand and analyze their data. Patterns should be discovered in time and space efficient manner. Discovered patterns have authentic value when they accurately describe data trends; and, do not exclusively reflect noise or chance encounters. Vertical data mining algorithms key advantage is that they can outperform their horizontal counterparts in terms of both time and space efficiency. Little work has addressed how incomplete data influences vertical data mining. Consequently, the quality and utility of vertical mining algorithms results remains ambiguous as real data sets often contain incomplete data. This paper considers how to establish methodologies that deal with incomplete data in vertical mining; additionally, it seeks to develop strategies for determining the maximal utilization that can be mined from a dataset based on how much and what data is missing.
Urinary N-Telopeptide as Predictor of Onset of Menopause-Related Bone Loss in Pre- and Perimenopausal Women.

The menopause transition (MT) is a period of rapid bone loss and has been proposed to be a time-limited window for early intervention to prevent permanent microarchitectural damage and reduce the risk of subsequent fracture. To intervene early, however, we first need to be able to determine whether menopause-related bone loss is about to begin, in advance of substantial bone loss. The objective of this study was, therefore, to assess whether urinary N-telopeptide (U-NTX) in pre- or early perimenopause can predict the onset of menopause-related bone loss. Repeated U-NTX measurements were obtained during pre- and early perimenopause in 1243 participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). We examined the ability of U-NTX to predict the onset of significant menopause-related bone loss (categorical outcome, yes versus no) at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN), defined as annualized bone mineral density (BMD) decline at a rate faster than the smallest detectable change in BMD over the 3 to 4 years from the time of U-NTX measurement. Adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, urine collection time, starting BMD, and study site in multivariable, modified Poisson regression, every standard deviation increment in U-NTX, measured at baseline in early perimenopausal women, was associated with an 18% and 22% greater risk of significant bone loss at the LS (p = 0.003) and FN (p = 0.003), respectively. The area under the receiver-operator curve for predicting LS and FN bone loss was 0.72 and 0.72, respectively. In mixed-effects analysis of all repeated measures of early perimenopausal U-NTX over follow-up, U-NTX predicted onset of bone loss at the LS (p = 0.002) but not at the FN. We conclude that U-NTX can be used early in the MT to determine if a woman is about to experience significant LS bone loss before there has been substantial skeletal deterioration. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
(Re)Imagining Elementary Social Studies: A Controversial Issues Reader: edited by Sarah B. Shear, Christina M. Tschida, Elizabeth Bellows, Lisa Brown Buchanan, and Elizabeth E. Saylor, Charlotte, NC, Information Age Publishing, v + 374 pp., ISBN 978-1-6411-3073-8

Elementary social studies programs customarily avoid injecting controversial topics into primary and intermediate classrooms. These programs typically focus on communities, civics and citizenship, ...
Landmarks of pharmacogenomics and some considerations for clinical practice

Since the completion of the Human Genome Project 28 years ago, myriad genomics applications have risen in areas such as agriculture, livestock, infectious agents, forensics, bioenergy, ancestry, he...
A Night Float System in Nephrology Fellowship: A Mixed Methods Evaluation

Background: Johns Hopkins was an early adopter of an in-house nephrology fellowship night float to improve work-life balance. Our study aimed to elucidate attitudes to guide fellowship structuring. Methods: We performed a mixed-methods study surveying Johns Hopkins fellows, alumni, and faculty and conducting one focus group of current fellows. Surveys were developed through literature review, queried on a 5-point Likert scale, and analyzed with t- and ANOVA tests. The focus group transcript was analyzed by two independent reviewers. Results: Survey response rates were 14 (100%) fellows, 32 (91%) alumni and 17 (94%) faculty. All groups felt quality of patient care was good to excellent with no significant differences among groups (range of means (SD) 4.1 (0.7) - 4.6 (0.7), p=0.12), although fellows had a statistically significantly more positive view than faculty on autonomy (4.6 (0.5) vs. 4.1 (0.3), p=0.006). Fellows perceived a positive impact across all domains of night float on the day team experience (range 4.2 (0.8) - 4.6 (0.6), p
Deletion of bone marrow myeloperoxidase attenuates chronic kidney disease accelerated atherosclerosis

Increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression and activity are associated with atherosclerotic disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the causal relationship between MPO and the development and progression of atherosclerosis in patients with CKD is unknown. Eight-week-old male low-density-lipoprotein-receptor–deficient mice were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy, irradiated, and transplanted with bone marrow from MPO-deficient mice to induce bone marrow MPO deletion (CKD-bMPOKO) or bone marrow from WT mice as a control to maintain preserved bone marrow MPO(CKD-bMPOWT). The mice were maintained on a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. As anticipated, both groups of mice exhibited all features of moderate CKD, including elevated plasma creatinine, lower hematocrit, and increased intact parathyroid hormone but did not demonstrate any differences between the groups. Irradiation and bone marrow transplantation did not further affect body weight, blood pressure, creatinine, or hematocrit in either group. The absence of MPO expression in the bone marrow and atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta in the CKD-bMPOKO mice was confirmed by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Decreased MPO activity was substantiated by the absence of 3-chlorotyrosine, a specific by-product of MPO, in aortic atherosclerotic lesions as determined by both immunohistochemistry and highly sensitive LC-MS. Quantification of the aortic lesional area stained with oil red O revealed that CKD-bMPOKO mice had significantly decreased aortic plaque area as compared with CKD-bMPOWT mice. This study demonstrates the reduction of atherosclerosis in CKD mice with the deletion of MPO in bone marrow cells, strongly implicating bone-marrow-derived MPO in the pathogenesis of CKD atherosclerosis.
Comparative Policy Analysis: The Next 20 Years: Looking Forward and New Challenges

The 20th anniversary celebration of the contribution of the Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis provided the celebrants in Montreal with a workshop opportunity to step back and take a look at wh...
Clinical evaluation of emission- and segmentation-based MRI-guided attenuation correction in whole-body PET/MRI

1839 Objectives The joint maximum likelihood reconstruction of activity and attenuation (MLAA) has recently gained attention, particularly in the context of emission-based attenuation correction in time-of-flight PET/MRI. Recently, we improved the performance of the MLAA algorithm using a multi-class Gaussian mixture model (GMM) constrained with MRI spatial and CT statistical information. In this work, we compare the performance of the proposed MLAA-GMM algorithm with standard 4-class MRI-based attenuation correction (MRAC) and reference CT-based AC. Methods Five head and neck 18F-FDG patients were scanned on the Philips TF PET/MRI and Siemens mCT PET/CT scanners. Dixon fat and water MR images were coregistered to CT images. Standard 4-class MRAC maps were then derived by segmenting the MR images into background air, lung, fat and soft tissue followed by assignment of predefined attenuation coefficients. For MLAA-GMM, MR images were segmented into the same 4 classes plus an unknown MR low-intensity class encompassing cortical bones, air cavities and metal artifacts. To eliminate the mis-classification of bones into surrounding tissues, a co-registered bone probability map is included in the unknown tissue class. Finally, the GMM prior was constrained over known tissue classes of attenuation maps using uni-modal Gaussians parameterized over a patient population. Results The results show that the MLAA-GMM algorithm outperforms the MRAC method by differentiating bones from air gaps and estimating more accurately the patient-specific attenuation coefficients of soft tissue and lungs. The MRAC method resulted in average SUV errors of -5.4 ± 12.0%, -7.4 ± 6.6% and -18.4 ± 7.9% in lungs, soft tissues/lesions and bones, whereas the MLAA-GMM algorithm reduced the errors to -3.5 ± 6.6%, -5.0 ± 5.5% and -10.2 ± 6.5%, respectively. Conclusions The proposed algorithm MLAA-GMM outperforms the standard MRAC technique and is promising for deriving accurate attenuation maps in TOF PET/MR imaging. Research Support This work was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation under Grant SNSF 31003A-149957 and by the Indo-Swiss Joint Research Programme ISJRP 138866.
The electricity production cost curve during extreme winter weather

Abstract This investigation analyzes the characteristics of the largest US wholesale electricity market’s production cost curve and supply curve during the most extreme winter weather event in modern meteorological history. The experience of this event demonstrates that the annual-summer-peak-centric nature of the Northeast US’ PJM capacity planning process does not address the adequacy of supply during the winter. The production cost curve is estimated and compared across recent winter season peak months to understand how large the price responsiveness to load changes can be during extreme winter weather events and how winter weather events can reduce system reliability for a summer-capacity-planning-centric power market. Therefore, PJM and other power pool markets have not considered secondary peak seasons in capacity planning. The shape of the production cost curve discussed herein is a critical component of the structural model and determinant of spot and forward market electricity prices.
Waksman In-Stent Restenosis Classification: A Mechanism-Based Approach to the Treatment of Restenosis.

Abstract Despite contemporary advances in stent technology, in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a common issue following percutaneous coronary intervention. A novel classification system based on underlying mechanism of action of restenosis was recently introduced. The Waksman In-Stent Restenosis Classification characterizes different patterns of ISR to best delineate the type of restenosis and help guide treatment. Intravascular imaging with either intravascular ultrasound or optical coherence tomography allows for real-time evaluation of ISR. We herein provide an illustrative review of the Waksman In-Stent Restenosis Classification.
Multi-omic analysis of lung tumors defines pathways activated in neuroendocrine transformation.

Lineage plasticity is implicated in treatment resistance in multiple cancers. In lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) amenable to targeted therapy, transformation to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recognized resistance mechanism. Defining molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine (NE) transformation in lung cancer has been limited by a paucity of pre-/post-transformation clinical samples. Detailed genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and protein characterization of combined LUAD/SCLC tumors, as well as pre-/post-transformation samples, support that NE transformation is primarily driven by transcriptional reprogramming rather than mutational events. We identify genomic contexts in which NE transformation is favored, including frequent loss of the 3p chromosome arm. We observed enhanced expression of genes involved in PRC2 complex and PI3K/AKT and NOTCH pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway delayed tumor growth and NE transformation in an EGFR-mutant patient-derived xenograft model. Our findings define a novel landscape of potential drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities of neuroendocrine transformation in lung cancer.
Experimental investigation into tool wear, cutting forces, and resulting surface finish during dry and flood coolant slot milling of Inconel 718

Abstract Inconel 718 superalloy is a widely used material in aerospace due to its high strength, corrosion resistance, and high resistance to thermal fatigue. Excellent mechanical and thermal properties also make Inconel 718 one of the most difficult-to-machine alloys. This study aims to take a different approach of analyzing tool wear during machining of Inconel 718 by measuring worn-out area on each flute from three different faces of flute. This paper also includes analysis of cumulative tool wear, cutting forces, surface roughness, topography, burr formation, and chip morphology at various machining parameters and cooling conditions. The cutting speed was kept constant at 60 m/min due to the goal of machining at highest possible speed and the limitation in maximum spindle speed of the machine tool. Experiments were carried out in dry and flood coolant machining using uncoated carbide tools by varying depth of cut and feed rate for four different settings each. It was found that the amount of tool wear varied for different flutes when measured from top, rake, and back faces of each flute, even for the same tool. The back and rake faces exhibit more chipping wear when machining is carried out at higher depth of cut, irrespective of the cooling conditions. At the same machining conditions for the range of parameters selected in this study, flood coolant machining resulted in slightly higher tool wear at the back and rake faces of cutting flutes and generated higher cutting speed, which may be interrelated. The gradual increase in tool wear over time resulted in an increase in surface roughness from entry to exit of a 76.2 mm machined slot. Flood coolant machining resulted in slightly smoother surface finish at the lower settings of depth of cut and feed rate, while the burr formation was marginally higher in flood coolant machining during machining at higher feed rate and depth of cut. The amount of serration was found to increase specifically with the increase of feed rate and was found to be higher for dry machining compared to flood coolant machining at the same parameter settings. Finally, the new approach of tool wear analysis from different faces of individual cutting flute could provide important guidelines for predicting tool life or potential catastrophic tool failure during machining of Inconel 718.
Feasibility of Assessing Adolescent and Young Adult Heart Transplant Recipient Mental Health and Resilience Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures.

Background Although adolescents and young adults may be particularly prone to mental health symptoms after heart transplant, screening practices are variable. Objective To assess the feasibility of using patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures to assess mental health, functional status, and resiliency in posttransplant adolescents and young adult patients. Methods Patients transplanted between ages 15 and 25 years at 3 centers completed 6 PRO instruments via web-based platforms: PROMIS instruments for anxiety, depression, satisfaction with social roles, and physical functioning; the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5; and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10. Feasibility (completion, time to completion, and measure missingness) and PRO results were described and compared between patients with congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Results Nineteen patients (median age at transplant 17.7 y [interquartile range 16.3, 19.2 y], 84% male) were enrolled at an average of 3 ± 1.8 years after transplant. Enrollment was 90% among eligible patients. Measure missingness was zero. The average completion time was 12 ± 15 minutes for all instruments. Timely PRO completion was facilitated by in-clinic application. The PRO results indicated that 9 patients (47%) had at least mild posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (≥11 points on Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5). Among them, 4 patients had scores >28 suggestive of probable posttraumatic stress disorder. Two (11%) and 6 (32%) patients had anxious and depressive symptoms, respectively. The cardiomyopathy cohort had a higher median Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5 score than that of the congenital heart disease subgroup (11.0 vs 6.0; P = 0.015). Twelve (63%) had resiliency scores that were lower than the population average. No significant differences were found in PRO results between patients with cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease apart from the posttraumatic stress disorder assessment. Conclusions This novel PRO-based approach to psychiatric screening of adolescents and young adult patients after transplant appears feasible for assessing mental health, functional status, and resiliency, with excellent enrollment and completion rates. These instruments characterized the burden of mental health symptoms within this adolescents and young adult heart transplant cohort, with a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Resiliency scores were lower than in a comparison population. Electronically-administered PRO administration could facilitate more consistent mental health screening in this at-risk group.
Evaluating the association between antidepressant dose trajectories and treatment augmentation in pediatric depression.

PURPOSE To identify antidepressant dose trajectories in the first 6-months of antidepressant initiation and to evaluate the association between antidepressant dose trajectories and augmentation with another psychotropic medication. METHODS Using the IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus database, we identified 5655 commercially insured youth (3-18 years) with depression who newly initiated an antidepressant anytime from January 2007 to June 2015. No antidepressant use within 1 year prior to the index prescription defined new use. Latent class growth analysis of antidepressant dosing in the 6 months after initiation defined the exposure groups. The outcome was any regimen change, that is, antidepressant augmentation with another psychotropic or discontinuation of the antidepressant, with and without switching to another psychotropic. Baseline covariates measured in the 6 months before antidepressant initiation included demographic factors, psychiatric comorbidities, and health service use. Multinomial logistic regression tested the association between antidepressant dose trajectories and the odds of an antidepressant regimen change. RESULTS Five dose trajectories were sharp decline (n = 897; 16%), slow decline (n = 1029; 18%), stable minimum dose (n = 1397; 25%), stable maximum dose (n = 1783; 32%), and increasing high dose (n = 549; 10%). Relative to the stable minimum dose group, the sharp and slow decline groups were more likely to discontinue the antidepressant, either switch to another psychotropic (OR [odds ratio]: 5.91; 95%CI: 3.23-10.80 and OR: 1.67; 95%CI: 1.04-2.68, respectively) or stop all psychotropic medication (OR: 6.64; 95%CI: 4.24-10.39 and OR: 1.62; 95%CI: 1.22-2.13, respectively). However, the stable maximum and increasing high-dose groups were less likely to discontinue, either switch (OR: 0.38; 95%CI: 0.24-0.61 and OR: 0.30; 95%CI: 0.16-0.59, respectively) or stop all psychotropic medications (OR: 0.15; 95%CI: 0.12-0.20 and OR: 0.02; 95%CI: 0.01-0.03 respectively) than augment with another psychotropic. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this cross-sectional study demonstrate an association between antidepressant dose trajectories within 6 months of initiating treatment and the odds of augmenting with another psychotropic.
Democratic Revolution in Ukraine : From Kuchmagate to Orange Revolution

1. Introduction Taras Kuzio 2. Ethnic Tensions and State Strategies: Understanding the Survival of the Ukrainian State Paul D'Anieri 3. Oligarchs, Tapes and Oranges: 'Kuchmagate' to the Orange Revolution Taras Kuzio 4. State Institutions, Political Context and Parliamentary Election Legislation in Ukraine, 2000-2006 Erik S. Herron 5. Revolutionary Bargain: The Unmaking of Ukraine's Autocracy through Pacting Serhiy Kudelia 6. Patriotism, Order and Articulations of the Nation in Kyiv High Schools: Before and After the Orange Revolution Anna Fournier 7. Rock, Pop and Politics in Ukraine's 2004 Presidential Campaign and Orange Revolution Bohdan Klid 8. Anti-Orange Discourses in Ukraine's Internet: Before the Orange Split Olga Filippova 9. Gender and the Orange Revolution Alexandra Hrycak
On using an associative memory for improving digital color images: color characterization, enhancement, and color balancing

Actual observed scenes usually produce a wide dynamic range. Currently available visual systems use low dynamic range light detector that provide only 8 bits of brightness information at each pixel. This greatly limits what visual systems can do for surveillance applications such as face detection and face recognition. A color image enhancement procedure based on the concept of color characterization, enhancement, and color balancing is proposed in this paper. The enhancement technique directly operates on pixels using a hyperbolic tangent function to increase the dynamic range of the pixel. The global and local statistics of the image is used to control the curvature of the hyperbolic tangent function. The color characterization and color balancing processes are based on a new nonlinear line attractor network to create a color manifold to restore the relationship of red, green, and blue components of the pixels. The proposed enhancement approach greatly improves the dynamic range compression and color rendition of an image.
Use of the Immunodiffusion Test in the Serodiagnosis of Aspergillosis

The diagnostic value of an immunodiffusion (ID) test with standardized precipitinogens derived from five Aspergillus species was determined with sera from 60 proven and 12 suspected cases of aspergillosis. The data demonstrated that the greatest number of aspergillosis cases were detected by the concurrent use of A. fumigatus and A. niger precipitinogens. With these precipitinogens, the ID test permitted the serodiagnosis of aspergillosis in 82% of the 60 proven cases and in 83% of the 12 suspected cases. The presence of one or more precipitins was indicative of aspergilloma, of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, or of invasive aspergillosis. Precipitins were detected in 93% of the sera from patients with aspergilloma, in 50% of the sera from patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and in 88% of the sera from patients with invasive aspergillosis. Although the presence of one or two precipitin bands could indicate any form of aspergillosis, the presence of three or four was strong evidence of either aspergilloma or invasive aspergillosis. The ID test was found to be 100% specific in an evaluation of its effectiveness with 65 sera from individuals with other systemic mycotic infections, bacterial or neoplastic diseases, and from apparently normal humans. In diagnosed cases of aspergillosis, the examination of serial serum specimens provided information about the clinical course of the disease. A reduction in the number of precipitin bands and significant titer changes were noted as the patients responded to therapy.
Advanced Solid-State Components for Millimeter Wave RADARs

Low power components for use in W-band (75-100 GHz), chirp RADARs have been developed. The development was based on a chirp bandwidth of 1.5 GHz. The components included resistive mixers for frequency conversion and generation of the chirp waveform at the RADAR output frequency and for bandwidth compression in the receiver front end, varactor multipliers, phase stabilized power sources to provide basic RF power for RADAR processing, and IMPATT amplifiers to boost the output power from the low power levels available from the mixers.
Maintenance of service oriented architecture composite applications: static and dynamic support

SUMMARY Several authors have suggested that service-oriented architecture (SOA) applications will present new program comprehension challenges for future software maintainers. We review the literature on program comprehension for SOA and describe exploratory work on static and dynamic program analysis, using two prototype tools to aid in addressing these challenges. SOAMiner is a static search tool to extract information from XML-structured SOA files such as Web Services Description Language, XML Schema Definition Language, and Business Process Execution Language. Feature sequence viewer is a dynamic message trace analysis tool that extracts a sequence diagram highlighting the path of messages involved in processing a particular Web service request. Several case studies were conducted involving both static and dynamic analysis. Use of these tools has helped to clarify what SOA maintainers will need to know and how software tools might help them. Results revealed various types of static and dynamic information that can be useful to maintainers of SOA composite applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technical Note: New developments in forecasting techniques

Uncertainty is a major problem for management in the environment of today. The ability to predict the future and minimize this uncertainty is a key in the success of a company. That is why forecasting is such an important management tool. In forecasting there are several considerations, such as time horizon, technical sophistication, cost, data availability and variability and consistency of data. Once these factors are weighed, a method can be chosen. There are three major categories of methods to choose from: judgmental methods, counting methods, and time series methods. In choosing these methods, the following guidelines have recently been examined: 1) Simple may be better than complex. 2) Updating forecasts based on actual results enhances accuracy. 3) Combining methods enhances accuracy. 4) Judgmental methods (using a 'gut' feel) are popular. An understanding of these concepts will lead to a more accurate forecast and more control of the future.
Precharged CMOS quaternary logic encoder-decoder circuits

Multiple-valued buses have been proposed as a way of overcoming the interconnection complexity of VLSI. In this paper we present efficient new encoder-decoder circuits for four-valued bus signalling in clocked CMOS VLSI systems. The important advantages of our designs are that they can be implemented by standard binary CMOS processes, and are considerably simpler than earlier designs. Furthermore, they have no static power dissipation. The circuits have been extensively simulated using SPICE and have been found to operate reliably.