cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Quantitative Pain Assessment in Outpatient Oncology Practice

PURPOSE: Although physicians view failure to assess pain systematically as the most important barrier to outpatient cancer pain management, little is known about pain assessment in this setting. We sought to determine whether pain is routinely assessed and whether routine quantitative pain assessment is feasible in a busy outpatient oncology practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a pre- and postintervention chart review of 520 randomly selected medical and radiation oncology patient visits at a community hospital-based private outpatient practice. The intervention consisted of training health assistants (HAs) to measure and document patient pain scores by using a visual analog scale. The main outcome measures included HA documentation of patient pain scores, quantitative and qualitative mention of pain in the physician note, and analgesic treatment before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, HA documentation of pain scores increased from 1% to 75.6% (P < .0001). Physician doc...
Optimization problems in heterogeneously catalyzed systems

The Maximum Principle of Pontryagin has proved a very useful mathematical technique for determining optimum design and operating conditions in chemical reactions. A brief exposition of this result is given, and its application to the design of reactions with bifunctional catalysts and to the operation of reactions with catalysts subject to decay is described. Das Maximalprinzip von Pontryagin ist, wie gezeigt wurde, eine sehr nutzliche mathematische Technik zur Bestimmung der gunstigsten Konstruktion und Betriebsbedingungen bei chemischen Reaktionen. Es wird eine kurze Darstellung dieses Resultats gegeben und seine Anwendung auf die Planung von Reaktionen mit bifunktionellen Katalysatoren und auf den Ablauf von Reaktionen mit Katalysatoren, deren Wirksamkeit abnimmt, beschrieben.
Access to Private Coverage for Children Enrolled in CHIP.

Abstract Objective To provide updated information on the potential substitution of public for private coverage among low-income children by examining the type of coverage held by children before they enrolled in Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and exploring the extent to which children covered by CHIP had access to private coverage while they were enrolled. Methods We conducted a major household telephone survey in 2012 of enrollees and disenrollees in CHIP in 10 states. We used the survey responses and Medicaid/CHIP administrative data to estimate the coverage distribution of all new enrollees in the 12 months before CHIP enrollment and to identify children who may have had access to employer coverage through one of their parents while enrolled in CHIP. Results About 13% of new enrollees had any private coverage in the 12 months before enrolling in CHIP, and most were found to have lost that coverage as a result of parental job loss. About 40% of CHIP enrollees had a parent with an employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) policy, but only half reported that the policy could cover the child. Approximately 30% of new enrollees had public coverage during the year before but were uninsured just before enrolling. Conclusions Access to private coverage among CHIP enrollees is relatively limited. Furthermore, even when there is potential access to ESI, affordability is a serious concern for parents, making it possible that many children with access to ESI would remain uninsured in the absence of CHIP.
The study of magnetism of Mn clusters on Si surfaces

Abstract We have formed Mn clusters on Si(1 1 1) and Si(1 1 2) surfaces and we have examined their magnetic behavior using circularly polarized optical scattering. We show that Mn clusters of diameter 15–25 nm exhibit a temperature dependent ferromagnet-like behavior for temperatures below 10 K. As we use magnetic fields perpendicular to the plane of the surface, our results indicate that the magnetic moment of some of these clusters is out of the plane. In addition, our experiments verify previous theoretical suggestions that polarized optical scattering can be used to detect magnetism in small clusters.
Effect of uniaxial stress on the transport properties of TaSe 3

We have measured the effect of elastic, uniaxial stress on the resistance R, the thermoelectric power (TEP), and the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of ${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{3}$. We find that there is a nearly discontinuous change in R and in the TEP at a stress \ensuremath{\sigma} of about 1.2 GPa at 20 K. In this change R increases by several orders of magnitude, while the TEP changes sign and increases by several orders of magnitude. At higher temperatures this change becomes less pronounced and occurs over a larger range of \ensuremath{\sigma}. We suggest that this change is due to a Fermi-surface topology change, a structural phase transition, or a charge-density-wave transition. We found no evidence for a metal-to-nonmetal transition just above the normal-superconducting transition at ${T}_{c}$.
Stock market dispersion and unemployment

Abstract The sectoral shifts hypothesis, advanced by Lilien (1982) and Davis (1987), suggests that unemployment is, in part, the result of resources being reallocated from declining to expanding sectors of the economy. Using U.S. data from 1931 to 1987, we test this hypothesis by constructing an index measuring the dispersion among stock prices from different industries. We find that lagged values of this index significantly affect unemployment. We show that the stock market dispersion index is less contaminated by aggregate demand influences than Lilien's employment dispersion index, which makes our test less vulnerable to the Abraham and Katz (1986) critique.
Predicting Crystalline Packing Arrangements of Molecules That Form Hydrogen-Bonded Tapes

A procedure based on simulated annealing Monte Carlo (SAMC) was used to predict the crystal structures of hydrogen-bonded organic molecules that form molecular tapes. This procedure was optimized to select structures with good hydrogen-bond geometries; it allowed for deformations in molecular conformation due to packing pressures. Biasing the SAMC procedure to select structures with good hydrogen bonds improves the efficiency of generating hydrogen-bonding motifs significantly. This procedure, written in the syntax of the CHARMM molecular modeling program, correctly predicted the crystalline structures of three test molecules derived from diketopiperazine: (C5DKP = 3,6-(cyclotetramethylene)-2,5-diketopiperazine; Me4DKP = 3,6-(tetramethyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine; (Me2C6)2DKP = 3,6-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexane)-2,5-diketopiperazine). The computational and experimental results were compared using powder diffraction patterns, visualization, and values of Ck* (a measure of the crystalline packing efficiency).
Mitochondria: gatekeepers of response to chemotherapy

Mitochondria are cellular organelles that regulate commitment to and execution of apoptosis. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway culminates in the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and dismantling of the cell. Apoptosis of cancer cells is a favorable outcome when administering chemotherapeutic treatment, yet the basis for why some cancers are sensitive to chemotherapy whereas others are not has historically been poorly understood. In this review, we present recent work that has demonstrated the importance of mitochondrial apoptotic priming, or how close a cell is to the threshold of apoptosis, in determining whether a cell will undergo apoptosis after chemotherapy treatment. Differential levels of apoptotic priming in tumors create bona fide opportunities and challenges for effective use of targeted and cytotoxic chemotherapies.
Myosin filament ATPase is enhanced by intramolecularly cross-linked actin.

Reaction of rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin with the lysine-directed photolabile cross-linker, N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxy succinimide was limited to Lysine-328 and Lysine-326, with Lysine-328 being labelled to a greater extent. Photolysis of the modified actin enhanced the actin-activated MgATPase activity of filamentous scallp myosin 3-4-fold more than unmodified actin, without affecting calcium sensitivity. Unphotolysed modified actin behaved as untreated actin, indicating that photolysis was essential for the effect. The actin-activated ATPase of filamentous rabbit myosin was similarly increased by photolysed N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxy succinimide-modified actin. After photolysis in either the monomeric (G-) or filamentous (F-) form, N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxy succinimide-modified actin moved as a monomeric (42 kDa) species on SDS gels, and depolymerized and polymerized readily, demonstrating that any cross-linking event produced by photolysis must be intramolecular. In contrast to the substantial increase in actin-activated ATPase activity observed when photolysed ANB-NOS-modified actin was added to filamentous myosin, the enhancement was not observed with the soluble HMM and S-1 fragments of myosin. Photolysed modified actin showed only poor movement on a rabbit HMM-coated surface in vitro motility assays. These results can be explained if the internally cross-linked G-actin subunits which comprise only a fraction of the actin population, either weaken the actin-actin contacts or have an increased affinity for myosin.
Effects of methionine-enkephalin and substance P on the chemosensory discharge of the cat carotid body.

Abstract The effects of methionine enkephalin (ME) and substance P (SP) were tested on the chemosensory discharge of the cat carotid body-nerve preparation in vitro. ME superfused in concentrations of 10−8 to 10−5 M depressed the sensory discharge, an effect followed by receptor excitation (rebound). Bolus application of ME (30 ng to 3.0 μ) induced variable effects (excitation or depression) on the discharge, excitation being more pronounced with the smaller doses. Superfusions with SP (10−8 to 10−5 M) either excited or depressed the discharge, excitation being more pronounced with higher SP concentrations (i.e. 10−6 M). Bolus applications of SP (43 ng to 0.5 μg) also excited or depressed the sensory discharge. These variations may be dose-dependent. Superfused ME (10−6 M) significantly depressed the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia (100% N2) and hypercapnia (6% CO2, pH 7.43). The responses to NaCN and acidity (pH 6.0) were marginally depressed. Superfused SP (10−6 M) clearly depressed the responses to hypoxia, those to hypercapnia and NaCN were marginally affected but the effects of acidity were not altered. When the peptides were tested against the receptor responses to exogenously applied putative neurotransmitters (ACh, dopamine — DA), it was found that ME tended to depress both the ACh and DA actions whereas SP (10−6 M) tended to increase their effects. Superfusions with naloxone (10−6 M) increased the basal chemosensory discharge and this enkephalin blocker partially relieved the depressant effect of ME on the ACh-induced response. It is concluded that carotid body chemoreceptors have excitatory and inhibitory reactive sites to both ME and SP although their precise location is still unknown.
Biology of fetal repair: the presence of bacteria in fetal wounds induces an adult-like healing response.

Abstract The minimal acute inflammatory response to tissue injury is one of the most dramatic differences between fetal and adult wound healing. Considering the prominent role of inflammation in adult tissue repair, this study tested the hypothesis that the minimal fetal inflammatory response to tissue injury plays a central role in the “scarless” fetal repair process. Sponge implants were treated with lethally irradiated or live bacteria and placed subcutaneously in fetal rabbits to test the ability of the fetus to mount an acute inflammatory response to bacterial antigens present at the wound site and to analyze the effects of this inflammatory response on fetal fibroplasia and neovascularization. After harvest, these implants were examined histologically for inflammation, fibroblast infiltration, collagen deposition, and neovascularization, and collagen deposition was measured using hydroxyproline quantitation by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bacteria-treated implants showed dose-dependent acute inflammatory responses and significant increases in collagen deposition compared with control sponges. Implants containing live bacteria demonstrated maximal fibroplasia and neovascularization. These findings suggest that, despite neutropenia and immaturity of the fetal immune system, the fetus is capable of mounting an acute inflammatory response to avirulent bacteria present at the wound site. Fetal inflammatory cells which respond to this bacterial stimulus appear capable of initiating an adult-like healing response. Thus, by failing to provide a bacterial stimulus for leukocyte recruitment at the site of tissue injury, the sterile fetal environment appears to play a role in effecting “scarless” fetal wound healing.
GIS and spatial analysis in the media

It is not uncommon to see maps and more advanced statistical or spatial analysis reported in the media. Geographical information systems (GIS) have no doubt facilitated access to and analysis of spatial information. This article is the outgrowth of contact by the Boston Globe and subsequent published articles examining structure fires and the location of fire stations in Massachusetts. The questions asked by the Boston Globe are important geographical ones regarding location specific urban/rural service provision issues, and to answer these questions requires the use of spatial analysis. This article focuses on the use of methods for answering the questions raised in the context of applying academic research, an issue that continues to be a challenge.
Messages on pregnancy and family planning that providers give women living with HIV in the context of a Positive Health, Dignity, and Prevention intervention in Mozambique.

BACKGROUND: Family planning is an important HIV prevention tool for women living with HIV (WLHIV). In Mozambique the prevalence of HIV among women of reproductive age is 13.1% and the average fertility rate is high. However family planning and reproductive health for WLHIV are under-addressed in Mozambique. This study explores provider descriptions of reproductive health messages in order to identify possible barriers and facilitators to successfully addressing family planning and pregnancy concerns of WLHIV. METHODS: In 2006 a Positive Health Dignity and Prevention program was introduced in Mozambique focused on training health care providers to work with patients to reduce their transmission risks. Providers received training on multiple components including family planning and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 providers who participated in the training in five rural clinics in three provinces. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Analysis showed that providers clinical messages on family planning pregnancy and PMTCT for WLHIV could be arranged along a continuum. Provider statements ranged from saying that WLHIV should not become pregnant and condoms are the only valid form of family planning for WLHIV to suggesting that WLHIV can have safe pregnancies. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that many providers continue to believe that WLHIV should not have children and this represents a challenge for integrating family planning into the care of WLHIV. Also not offering WLHIV a full selection of family planning methods severely limits their ability to protect themselves from unintended pregnancies and to fully exercise their reproductive rights. Responding to the reproductive health needs of WLHIV is a critical component in HIV prevention and could increase the success of PMTCT programs.
Artisanal gold and transformational exchange: toward a public–private partnership in Tanzania

Abstract Human rights abuses, environmental predations and governance failures plague artisanal gold mining in Tanzania. Gold's exchange value and the illegality of most artisanal gold product challenge the traditional fair trade model, a potential solution. Additionally, memories of the government's earlier failed effort to serve as a sole purchaser of artisanal gold undercut enthusiasm for statist interventions. This paper presents an alternative: a public–private partnership (PPP) that would engage one or more private banks, an agency within the Ministry of Energy and Minerals and NGOs or international initiatives specifically aimed at improving conditions for artisanal mine operators. The concept of transformational exchange, wherein a set of business transactions substantially affects societal expectations, modifies behavior and promotes sustainable mechanisms, frames the proposal.
Overweight and obesity in lesbian and bisexual college women.

Abstract Objective: To estimate and compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity among self-identified lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual college age women. Methods: A secondary analysis of the Spring 2006 National College Health Assessment was conducted with 31,500 female college students (aged 18 to 25 years) to compare body mass index (calculated from self-reported height and weight) among lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual college women. Results: Compared to heterosexuals female college students, lesbians and bisexual women were both significantly more likely to be overweight or obese. Lesbians were also less likely to be underweight compared to heterosexual college women. Conclusions: Self-identified lesbian and bisexual college women were more likely to be overweight or obese than their heterosexual counterparts. Health care professionals and educators should target these high-risk populations for obesity prevention programs. This study highlights the need for additional research examining the ...
Jabberwocky: you don't have to be a rocket scientist to change slides for a hydrogen combustion lecture

In designing Jabberwocky—a speech-based interface to Microsoft PowerPoint—we have tried to go beyond simple commands like “Next slide, please” and make a tool that aids speakers as they present and even learns as they rehearse their presentations. Jabberwocky looks at the contents of the slides, extracting key words and phrases and associating them with their places in the presentation. By listening for these phrases (and synonymous phrases derived using syntactic rules) Jabberwocky is able to follow along with the presentation, switching slides at the appropriate moments. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of this system—a component of our Intelligent Classroom project—and look at how we are using it.
Hormonal response to surgical stress in prepubertal children

The hormonal response to stress has not been previously studied in prepubertal children. We determined plasma cortisol, growth hormone (GH), prolactin, insulin, and glucose prior to anesthesia, 10 min after induction of anesthesia, 10 min after surgery began, and 60 min after anesthesia and surgery had ended, in 14 healthy children aged 5–9 years undergoing elective surgical procedures. Blood glucose rose significantly during surgery without a synchronous rise in insulin, which increased only in the immediate postoperative period. Prolactin values increased during anesthesia, remained high during surgery, and started to decline in the postoperative period. Cortisol also rose during anesthesia but remained at high levels throughout the study period. GH did not change during anesthesia; it increased during surgery and continued to rise during the postoperative period. In some children relatively high levels of cortisol or prolactin were detected preoperatively, possibly caused by psychological stress. The findings indicate that profound hormonal changes occur in prepubertal healthy children after even minor surgical procedures. This knowledge may lead to measures that could improve the outcome in sick or metabolically abnormal children undergoing surgical procedures.
Revised h index for biomedical research.

Proposed by Hirsch as a quantitative measure of the total output of a researcher, the h index does not work well in the field of life sciences, where an author’s position on a paper typically depends on the author’s contribution. We revise the h index by weighing first and last authorship papers four times heavier than middle authorship papers. The revised index (r) signifies a shift in how we evaluate the research output in biology and medicine: it places more value on conducting and directing original, independent investigations as compared with contributing to projects conducted and directed by others.
Embryonic development and fetal growth

Abstract Embryos and fetuses of domestic animals grow and develop at a very orderly rats. At the beginning cell numbers increase followed by differentiation and finally development of organs and systems. Although the rate of development and growth are orderly, they can be influenced by a number of factors. Genetic potential of both parents, plane of nutrition of the mother, environmental temperature, size of the mother, toxicants, number of litter-mates, and uterine space are among the many factors that can have an affect on the fetus. Because the prenatal period constitutes a significant portion of the total post-conception life of many domestic animals and because of the profound effect that prenatal conditions can have on postnatal life it is very important to consider all the possible implications of management decisions that affect prenatal growth and development.
The Effects of Feedback Equivocality on Escalation of Commitment: An Empirical Investigation of Decision Dilemma Theory1

The effects of feedback equivocality on escalation of commitment were examined in a laboratory study. Subjects had multiple opportunities to allocate money to market a software product. During the initial phase, subjects received feedback that was of either low or high equivocality. Half of the subjects in each equivocality level were given a standard by which to judge the feedback. In the second phase, all subjects received negative feedback. Consistent with Bowen’s ( 1987) decision dilemma theory, subjects who received low equivocality feedback did not escalate allocations, and subjects who received high equivocal feedback escalated allocations. The presence of a standard or goal attenuated escalation. These results are consonant with a dynamic, temporally based account of escalation and are discussed in a synthesis of the literatures in behavior analysis, economics, forecasting, and psychology.
Use CCT and lighting distribution control algorithm for optimized energy saving with human factor lighting

In this study, a process for optimizing the color temperature and lighting distribution on indoor LED lighting for human factor and energy saving is proposed. Based on the features of LED lighting, the diversified fixture design is more possibilities, such as the fixture with color-temperature and lighting distribution tunable. Therefore, the generalized reduced gradient optimization method is used to calculate the corrected color temperature of the fixture for the seat near the window affected by sun light. This research result could be used in the LED lighting design for more energy saving.
The children of alcoholics: An exploratory study☆

This study explored the relation of parents alcoholism to the health, behavior, and learning problems of their children. To control for the impact of hospitalization on the children, two control samples were obtained. In general, the problems among children of alcoholics were the same as for children in the control group except in the area of behavioral problems. The implication of these results for further research and for clinical practice were discussed.
Population analyses of Amblyomma maculatum ticks and Rickettsia parkeri using single-strand conformation polymorphism

Gulf Coast ticks, Amblyomma maculatum, and the zoonotic agents they transmit, Rickettsia parkeri, are expanding into areas in the United States where they were not previously reported, and are emerging threats for public and veterinary health. The dynamics of this tick-pathogen system and implications for disease transmission are still unclear. To assess genetic variation of tick and rickettsial populations, we collected adult A. maculatum from 10 sites in Mississippi, 4 in the northern, one in the central, and 5 in the southern part of the state. PCR amplicons from tick mitochondrial 16S rRNA and rickettsial ompA genes as well as 5 intergenic spacer regions were evaluated for genetic variation using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Frequencies of the 4 tick 16S haplotypes were not significantly different among regions of Mississippi, but within sites there were differences in distribution that can be explained by high migration rates. Phylogenetically, one lineage of tick haplotypes was a species-poor sister group to remaining haplotypes in the species-rich sister group. No genetic variation was identified in any of the 6 selected gene targets of R. parkeri examined in the infected ticks, suggesting high levels of intermixing.
Monoterpene biosynthesis: mechanism and stereochemistry of the enzymatic cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-cis- and (+)-trans-sabinene hydrate.

Abstract The conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-cis- and (+)-trans-sabinene hydrate by a partially purified cyclase from sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) is considered to proceed by the initial ionization and isomerization of the substrate to (−)-(3R)-linalyl pyrophosphate and the subsequent cyclization of this enzyme-bound tertiary allylic intermediate to the monocyclic (+)-(4R)-α-terpinyl cation. A 1,2-hydride shift and a second cyclization with water capture of the resulting cation complete the reaction sequence. [63H, 14C]Geranyl pyrophosphate, coupled with selective chemical degradation of the resulting sabinene hydrate products, was employed to demonstrate the hydride shift, while separate testing of the linalyl pyrophosphate enantiomers confirmed the involvement of the (3R)-antipode in the cyclization and indicated the cyclization of linalyl pyrophosphate to be faster than the coupled isomerization-cyclization of the geranyl substrate. (1R)- and (1S)-[1-3H,14C]geranyl pyrophosphates, in conjunction with stereoselective degradations of the biosynthetic products to locate the 3H, were exploited to deduce that configuration at C1 of the substrate was retained in the reaction. These findings suggest the isomerization of the geranyl substrate to be a suprafacial process and the cyclization of the (3R)linalyl intermediate to proceed via the anti,endo-conformation consistent with the stereochemistry of other monoterpene cyclizations and with chemical model studies. Sulfonium ion analogs of the presumptive linalyl and α-terpinyl cationic intermediates of the isomerization-cyclization sequence were shown to be potent inhibitors of the enzymatic reaction (Ki = 0.3 and 2.8 μ m , respectively), and inhibition was synergized by the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate, indicating that the enzyme recognized and bound more tightly to these ion-paired species than to either cationic or anionic partner alone. Additionally, the enzyme was capable of ionizing (solvolyzing) the noncyclizable substrate analogs 6,7-dihydrogeranyl pyrophosphate and 2,3-methanogeranyl pyrophosphate. These results define the overall stereochemistry of the coupled isomerization-cyclization to sabinene hydrate, demonstrate the 1,2-hydride shift, and confirm the electrophilic nature of this enzymatic reaction type.
Cell Mergers and Their Impact on Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Over the Houston Area

A previous hypothesis advanced from observational studies such as METROMEX suggests that the intensity, frequency, and organization of cumulus convection may be impacted by the forcing of enhanced merger activity downstream of urban zones. A resulting corollary is that cities may exert an indirect anthropogenic forcing of parameters related to convection and associated phenomena such as lightning and precipitation. This paper investigates the urban merger hypothesis by examining the role of convective cell mergers on the existence and persistence of the Houston lightning "anomaly", a local maximum in cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity documented to exist over and east of Houston. Using eight summer seasons of peak columnar radar reflectivity, CG lightning data and a cell-tracking algorithm, a two-dimensional cell merger climatology is created for portions of eastern Texas and Louisiana. Results from the tracking and analysis of over 3.8 million cells indicate that merger-driven enhancements in convection induce a positive response (O 46%) in ground-flash densities throughout the domain, with areas of enhanced lightning typically being co-located with areas of enhanced merger activity. However, while mergers over the Houston area (relative to elsewhere in the domain) do result in more vigorous convective cells that produce larger CG flash densities, we find that CG lightning contributions due to mergers are distributed similarly throughout the domain. Hence while we demonstrate that cell mergers do greatly impact the production of lightning, the urban cell merger hypothesis does not uniquely explain the presence of a local lightning maximum near and downstream of Houston.
Marc B. Shapiro. Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy: The Life and Works of Rabbi Jehiel Jacob Weinberg, 1884–1966 . London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1999. 283 pp.

Jehiel Jacob Weinberg was, and remains, one of the outstanding figures of Modern Orthodoxy, along with David Zvi Hoffmann, Isaac Herzog, and Joseph B. Soloveitchik. Shapiro's exemplary biography marks the onset of a new stage in biographical scholarship about leading Orthodox personalities, moving beyond the hagiographies (which brought the figures to attention while affirming the Orthodox community) and the pioneer studies of Aharon Sorasky and Aharon Rakeffet-Rothkoff, and is a mandate for Judaic scholars to study the other greats (including the Hofets Hayim, Hayim Hirschensohn, Meir Shapiro of Lublin, Nathan Birnbaum, Hayim Ozer Grodzensky and Jakob Rosenheim). This book tells us what it takes to be a pathfinder in the world of twentieth-century Orthodox Judaism: the courage to carry a Hegelian-like dialectic about religious options to conclusion in a world of societal turmoil and historical trauma. As Weinberg moved from Slobodka to Pilwishki (Lithuania), to Giessen, Berlin, and then through the Warsaw ghetto, detention camp in Wulzburg, and finally to Montreux, he existentialized the struggle between the isolated talmudic culture of Eastern Europe and the Talmud cum secular culture of the West and its synthetic conclusion.
Lipid bilayer thickness varies linearly with acyl chain length in fluid phosphatidylcholine vesicles

The thickness of the lipid bilayer in vesicles made of pure phosphatidylcholines, with acyl chain lengths ranging from 10 to 24 carbons, has been determined by analysis of continuous X-ray scattering data from vesicle pellets at temperatures above the lipid phase transition temperature. Bilayer thickness was found to vary linearly with the number of carbons per acyl chain. The lines for saturated and monounsaturated acyl chains were slightly displaced but had similar slopes. For the saturated species di-12 : 0, di-14 : 0, di-16 : 0, and di-18 : 0 phosphatidylcholine the surface areas per molecule were all 65·7 to 66·5 A2, while the monounsaturated species and di-10 : 0 phosphatidylcholine all occupied 67·7 to 70·1 A2 per molecule.
Dielectric Constant, Dipole Moment, and Solubility Parameters of Some Cyclic Acid Esters

Dielectric constant, dipole moment, and solubility parameters are reported for ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and glycerin carbonate (GC). Dielectric constants have been determined from capacitance measurements using an auto-balancing bridge at 20, 25, and 40 °C. Values of permanent dipole moment of carbonates have been obtained from dielectric constant measurements on dilute solutions of carbonates in benzene and 1,4-dioxane. Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters of carbonates have been calculated using several different techniques.
Estimation of tool-specific isolation performance of antivibration gloves

Abstract A methodology to estimate vibration isolation effectiveness of antivibration gloves as a function of handle vibration of specific tools is proposed on the basis of frequency response characteristics of the gloves. The handle vibration spectra of six different tools are synthesized in the laboratory and attenuation performances of two different gloves are characterized under tools vibration, and M- and H-spectra defined in ISO-10819 (1996). The vibration characteristics of gloves are measured using three male subjects in the laboratory under different excitation spectra. The results suggest that tool-specific vibration isolation performance of a glove cannot be derived from the standardized M- and H-spectra. Frequency responses of the gloves are thus characterized under broad-band vibration excitations of two different magnitudes, and grip and feed forces recommended in ISO-10819. The results suggest that frequency response characteristics of gloves are relatively insensitive to magnitude of vibration but strongly dependent upon visco-elastic properties of the glove materials. The mean measured frequency response characteristics are then applied to derive an estimate of tool-specific isolation effectiveness of the gloves. The estimated acceleration transmissibility characteristics of gloves are compared with the mean measured responses to demonstrate validity of the proposed methodology. From comparisons, it is concluded that the isolation effectiveness of gloves for selected tools can be effectively predicted using the proposed methodology. The deviations between the predicted and measured transmissibility values are within 8% for majority of the glove–spectra combinations, well within the intra- and inter-subject variabilities reported in different studies. Relevance to industry The methodology proposed in this study and the results can be applied to effectively assess the antivibration performance of the gloves for specific tools, and thereby select near optimal gloves to reduce the health hazards posed by the hand-transmitted vibration.
Acute inferior myocardial infarction complicated by rupture into the coronary sinus: Diagnosis by two-dimensional echocardiography

Ventricular rupture is a catastrophic, often fatal complication of myocardial infarction. We present a unique case of left ventricular rupture into the coronary sinus that was diagnosed by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography in a patient with a recent inferior myocardial infarction. The echocardiographic findings essential to diagnosis were subsequently confirmed at autopsy and are reviewed in detail.
In defense of the vegan ideal: Rhetoric and bias in the nutrition literature

Much of the scientific literature on vegetarian nutrition leaves one with the impression that vegan diets are significantly more risky than omnivorous ones, especially for individuals with high metabolic demands (such as pregnant or lactating women and children). But nutrition researchers have tended to skew their study populations toward “new vegetarians,” members of religious sects with especially restrictive diets and tendencies to eschew fortified foods and medical care, and these are arguably the last people we would expect to thrive on vegan diets. Researchers also have some tendency to play up weakly confirmed risks of vegan dietsvis-a-vis equally weakly confirmed benefits. And, in spite of these methodological and rhetorical biases, for every nutrient which vegans are warned to be cognizant of, there is reason to believe that they are not at significantly greater risk of nutritional deficiency than omnivores.
The “Double Exposure” of History in Evan S. Connell's Mrs. Bridge and Mr. Bridge

Evan S. Connell's Bridge novels, Mrs. Bridge (1959) and Mr. Bridge (1969), are products of a post-World War II culture set in a prewar Kansas City of the 1920s and 1930s. In this paper, I argue that these novels pointedly articulate their historically disjunct construction – remaining firmly planted in a carefully articulated history and geography of pre-World War II Kansas City and representing the alienation and dissipation of postwar suburban life – in both the presentation of the racial and social geography of Kansas City between the wars and in the gap between the novels' two generations of the Bridge family.
Isothermal coarsening of liquid inclusions in aluminium-copper alloys

An isothermal coarsening model was introduced for liquid inclusions in homogeneous aluminium-copper alloys. Discrepancies between experimentally measured and analytically predicted variations of the solid-liquid interface area per unit volume of liquid,Sv, the average inclusion diameter,¯D, and the number of inclusions per unit volume of solid,Nv, with isothermal coarsening time were attributed to experimental evaluation errors, to the inaccuracy of some assumptions made or values adopted for certain system variables and to the effect of melting and solidification kinetics. At constant fraction liquid, isothermal coarsening slows down with increasing copper concentration.
Sparrows discriminate between diets differing in valine or lysine concentrations.

Abstract White-crowned Sparrows (WCS) were given free access to pairs of semisynthetic diets that were either adequate or subadequate (25% of requirement) in valine or lysine. Within 2 to 4 days WCS chose a ratio of the paired diets that allowed them to maintain body mass or restore any losses quickly. On the initial choice days the birds transiently reduced total daily food intake (TDFI) roughly in proportion to their intake of the subadequate diet. The initial decrease of TDFI was greater and the latency in choosing an effective ratio of the paired diets was 2–3 days longer with valine than with lysine diets in well-nourished test birds. In malnourished birds fed only the subadequate test diet for 3 days, valine-deficient birds increased TDFI and body mass more promptly than did lysine-deficient birds when offered a choice of adequate and subadequate diets. The form of the test amino acid (CAA=crystalline, PB=protein-bound) had little effect on choice behavior, but sudden transfer of WCS from a PB acclimation diet to test diets with a large total CAA concentration increased the latency of effective choice by 2–3 days. A brief acclimation (2–3 days) to a CAA diet precludes any bias between nutritionally equivalent CAA and PB diets. The small differences in choice dynamics between valine and lysine and between dietary forms may help to identify mechanisms involved in food choice but are probably ecologically insignificant to free-living WCS. These birds are very adept at selecting diets that satisfy their amino acid requirements.
The hydrologic cycle: A major variable during earth history

Abstract Water plays a central role in nearly all Earth processes and in the evolution of the planet. However, despite the significance of water, our knowledge of it as part of the global system in meager. In fact, for paleoclimatology the primary focus on planetary evolution is centered on temperature variations and little attention is directed towards the role of the hydrologic cycle. Model analyses presented here based on a series of simulations utilizing the Community Climate Model (CCM) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research demonstrate that the hydrologic cycle is highly sensitive to climate change and to climatic forcing factors such as changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, plate tectonics, paleogeography, and orbital variations. The implications of the large sensitivity of the hydrologic cycle are of considerable importance. The role of water in explaining much of the Earth's record has probably been underestimated. The importance of water in global change in Earth history may also suggest that the hydrologic cycle should be of primary interest in studies of future global change.
Rhythmic motor outputs co-ordinating the respiratory movement of the gill plates of Limulus polyphemus

Abstract 1. 1. The rhythmic mechanical activity (respiratory movement) recorded from the gill plates of Limulus polyphemus was compared to the rhythmic electrical activity recorded from the ventral nerves and their branches in an isolated ventral nerve cord preparation. 2. 2. The rhythmic electrical activity is evoked following the termination of stimulation of the ventral nerve cord, and the duration of this activity is directly dependent upon the length of the stimulation. 3. 3. The mechanical and the electrical events occur in a sequential pattern from segment thirteen through segment nine. 4. 4. The mechanical activity of the respiratory movement is a direct result of the rhythmic motor output in the branches of the ventral nerves. 5. 5. Each opisthosomal ganglion, when isolated, is capable of maintaining a rhythmic output similar to the output of the intact ventral nerve cord preparation.
Filtered models for scalar transport in gas–particle flows

Abstract We employ a kinetic-theory based two-fluid model to develop a filtered two-fluid model for scalar transport in gas–particle flows. The filtering procedure gives rise to terms describing the filtered interphase heat/mass transfer and filtered scalar diffusion, which need to be constituted in order to close the filtered transport equations. In this work, the closure for these terms is accomplished by performing fine-grid simulations of the two-fluid model in a two-dimensional periodic domain. Filtered scalar diffusion is investigated by imposing a lateral mean gradient in the scalar for each phase. Interphase energy/mass transport is investigated by prescribing a heat/species source (sink) in the solids (gas) phase, such that the energy/species content of the mixture is preserved. The variation of the filtered transport coefficients with respect to filtered particle volume fraction, and scaling with respect to filter size, filtered scalar shear rate, and filtered slip velocity is discussed. We find the filtered interphase heat transfer coefficient to be as much as two orders of magnitude smaller than the microscopic interphase heat transfer coefficient. The model for filtered scalar diffusion is found to have a form very similar to that calculated for single phase turbulent flows. We also calculate the filtered Prandtl number for each phase.
The number of Ks,t‐free graphs

Denote by fn(H) the number of (labeled) H-free graphs on a fixed vertex set of size n. Erdős conjectured that whenever H contains a cycle, fn(H) = 2 (1+o(1)) ex(n,H), yet it is still open for every bipartite graph, and even the order of magnitude of log2 fn(H) was known only for C4, C6, and K3,3. We show that for all s and t satisfying 2 ≤ s ≤ t, fn(Ks,t) = 2 O(n), which is asymptotically sharp for those values of s and t for which the order of magnitude of the Turan number ex(n,Ks,t) is known. Our methods allow us to prove, among other things, that there is a positive constant c such that almost all K2,t-free graphs of order n have at least 1/12 ·ex(n,K2,t) and at most (1−c) ex(n,K2,t) edges. Moreover, our results have some interesting applications to the study of some Ramseyand Turan-type problems.
Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Mer-[RhBr3(Me2pzH)3] (Me2pzH = 3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole); Interpreting the Results with Density Functional Theory Calculations

Mer-RhBr3(Me2pzH)3 (Me2pzH = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.3300 (5) A, b = 16.2889 (9) A, c = 15.9299 (11) A, α = 90°, β = 100.217 (5)°, γ = 90°; V = 2,127.2 (2) A3; Z = 4) has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and electronic absorption spectroscopy, and modeled by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Mer-RhBr3(Me2pzH)3 is an octahedral complex with a HOMO → LUMO transition at 486 nm. The DFT and TDDFT calculations predicted mer-RhBr3(Me2pzH)3 to be an octahedral complex with a HOMO → LUMO transition at 540 nm. Mer-RhBr3(Me2pzH)3 (Me2pzH = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) has been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, spectroscopically characterized, and modeled by Density Functional Theory and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory.
Immigration Policy in the United States

A lot has changed over the past few years in social policy in the United States. Of course, the headliner in any account of policy change is the Affordable Care Act, but others are not far behind i...
Performance analysis for a convolutionally coded DPSK meteor-burst communication system

The performance analysis of a convolutionally encoded DPSK MBC system is based on the time-varying SNR model, and the statistical nature of the burst duration and the decaying time constant. The performance is evaluated in terms of the average bit error rate, the throughput, the average waiting time, and the, system complexity. The average bit error rate is stressed, whereas only maximum acceptable BER is used as a parameter in earlier literature. The results obtained by this method are more accurate than that obtained by the classical methods. The new results are about 1 dB more optimistic in terms of minimum SNR. The performance of the convolutional coding-DPSK combination is compared with that of a Reed-Solomon coding-DPSK combination. The comparison shows that,for similar performance, the CC-DPSK combination has a much smaller system complexity, and for similar complexity the soft-decision decoded-CC-DPSK has a much better performance.
Endogenous regional agricultural production technologies

Technical relationships between six productive factors for ten agricultural produvction regions in the continental United States are examined. The applied methodology provides a departure from conventional production methodologies contained in the literature by allowing aggregate technical relationships to be endogenized within the economic system.
Managing Reentrant Structures Using Reference Counts

Automatic storage management requires that one identify storage unreachable by a user's program and return it to free status. One technique maintains a count of the references from user's programs to each cell, since a count of zero implies the storage is unreachable. Reentrant structures are self-referencing; hence no cell in them will have a count of zero, even though the entire structure is unreachable. A modification of standard reference counting can be used to manaage the deallocation of a large class of frequently used reentrant structures, including two-way and circularly linked lists. All the cells of a potentially reentrant structure are considered as part of a single group for deallocation purposes. Information associated with each cell specifies its group membership. Internal references (pointers from one cell of the group to another) are not reference counted. External references to any cell of this group are counted as references to the group as a whole. When the external reference count goes to zero, all the cells of the group can be deallocated. This paper describes several ways of specifying group membership, properties of each implementation, and properties of mutable and immutable group membership.