cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Work on Punishment and Criminogenic Disadvantage

In the 1970s and 1980s, a handful of legal theorists addressed the problem of criminal justice for offenders who faced criminogenic social disadvantages. Their discussions were provocative but alternatively unpersuasive and underdeveloped. More recently, in the wake of mass incarceration in America, philosophers have put forth new analyses that make important headway but remain scattered, partial, and in need of a systematic and integrated review. In this article, I reconstruct and critique the most prominent and well-developed explanations yet offered of the distinctive moral problems that offenders’ criminogenic social disadvantages may pose for criminal justice. I conclude that some views are misguided, others are unduly limited, and one – based on the ideals of fair opportunity to avoid crime and punishment – is particularly promising but as yet underdeveloped.
Interactional Scaffolding for Reading Comprehension: A Systematic Review

Understanding how to support student reading comprehension has long been a goal for education research. Yet no existing literature review links interactional scaffolding, defined as the responsive in-person support an expert reader offers to a novice, and reading comprehension. This review employed theories of scaffolding and reading comprehension to establish a theoretical framework, used an iterative search process to account for the terminological diversity of research on interactional scaffolding, and coded the resulting 57 studies according to their research designs and findings. Conclusions about research designs indicate that the observational studies predominate with fewer experimental, mixed methods, and correlational studies. In addition, study populations are overwhelmingly in K–5 settings. Synthesizing the studies’ findings produced four themes: (a) diversity in taxonomies of scaffolding, (b) a focus on contingency, (c) ways contextual and mediational resources shape scaffolding, and (d) poten...
First Report of Botrytis mali Causing Gray Mold on Strawberry in California

Gray mold of strawberry is caused by Botryotinia ricini, Botrytis caroliniana, Botrytis cinerea, Botrytis fragariae, and Botrytis mali, but only B. cinerea has been reported in California (Amiri et al. 2016; Dowling et al. 2017). In 2016, spores of Botrytis spp. were collected from strawberry fruit symptomatic of gray mold from 40 fields distributed throughout California’s strawberry production acreage. A PCR-based assay of variability within the NEP2 gene was used to differentiate a proportion of these isolates between B. cinerea, B. fragariae, and B. mali (Dowling et al. 2017). Out of 80 isolates, one isolate collected from Coachella Valley was B. mali. In vitro colony morphology was slightly different from B. cinerea with more pronounced aerial mycelium. Conidia measured 10.5 to 13.5 x 8.7 to 10.2 µm (average 10.5 x 8.8 µm). This isolate was also characterized as resistant to fludioxonil, reduced sensitivity to polyoxin D, and sensitive to boscalid, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, iprodione, isofetamid, penthi...
Conservation of Themes in Vertebrate Blood Development

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the current understanding of the developmental biology of hematopoiesis and showcases several experimental approaches taken to dissect the process. It examines common themes of blood development in five vertebrate species—human, mouse, chick, Xenopus, and zebrafish—and highlights the unique experimental advantages of each model organism. Distinct components of the hematopoietic program are conserved throughout vertebrate ontogeny. The hematopoietic tissue initiates from mesoderm early during development, in a ventral location. This ventral mesoderm is patterned by a BMP cascade, involving MAD and Mix molecules. The resulting cells are likely to be bipotential for their ability to form hematopoietic or vascular tissue. Subsequent events which are environmentally regulated lead to the fate decision between vasculogenesis and hematopoietic (primitive or definitive) lineages. With respect to hematopoiesis, the primitive lineage is highly favored in the yolk sac environment and only embryonic red cells are formed. Progress in our understanding of hematopoiesis not only reveals molecular mechanisms underlying fate determination and lineage restriction but also has direct relevance for therapy of a number of blood disorders and cancers.
Radiotherapy for Cancers of the Lip

The lip is one of the most commonly affected sites for squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. Since these cancers are often detected early, they are cured in over 80 % of patients. Surgery is commonly used for the definitive management of this disease. Still, radiotherapy is equally effective as a definitive modality and improves outcomes after surgery for high-risk features. Here, we will present the indications for definitive and adjuvant radiotherapy to treat both the primary site and the neck. In addition, we will discuss the techniques including orthovoltage photons, megavoltage electrons, as well as low-dose-rate and high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Finally, we will cover the outcomes for each treatment modality. Thus, we intend this review to cover the necessary information to successfully irradiate lip cancers.
74 – Blood Substitutes in Surgery

Although efforts to create alternatives to homologous blood transfusion have been ongoing for decades, the effort to develop safe and efficacious blood substitutes accelerated in the 1980s. Although the impetus for this rapid development was driven by concerns about disease transmission, it is now recognized that blood transfusions have additional consequences, such as immunosuppression with impaired host defenses, and alloimmunization and its implications for future organ transplantation. Furthermore, despite the significant reduction in the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis infections, improvements that resulted from antibody and antigen screening, there still remains an ongoing public concern over even a low risk of infection. Approximately 60% of blood transfusions are infused in conjunction with surgical blood loss. Consequently, there remains an important place in the field of surgery and its subspecialties for safe and efficacious blood substitutes. An ideal blood substitute should be available in large quantity and should not have associated disease transmission risks. It should be nontoxic for administration in large doses, and it should not require typing or cross-matching. It should be readily available for immediate infusion, particularly for use in settings such as trauma, and should be stable under nominal storage conditions. Most importantly, it should carry and release oxygen under average physiologic conditions, and it should help maintain the circulating blood volume.
Trust and Self

What is the nature of trust? This chapter attempts to tie together the experiential knowledge elucidated in the previous chapters with the growing theoretical insights provided by philosophical deliberations on interpersonal trust. Trust is an important socially constructed force at work in the interpersonal realm of friendship and romantic love relationships. The accomplishment of trust leads to fulfilling friendships and love relationships whose intimacy cannot be denied; the destruction of trust leads to despair; reconciliation and subsequent trust reconstruction emerge from selves and relationships that are profoundly changed. That trust is a social construct that is interactionally accomplished, is the insight that underlies the following discussion. The everyday actions of people in their everyday lives work to produce trust; once produced, trust becomes a fact of the relationship as found in the statement “I trust you.” This fact subsequently frames the kinds of interactions that follow. Such is the power of trust.
Phase I/II clinical trial of ibrutinib and buparlisib in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma.

7520Background: Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and PI3K inhibitors synergize effectively in both in vitro and in vivo models of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Griner, et al, PNAS, 2014; Erdmann et al...
Catalogs of Wide Binaries and their Impact on Galactic Astronomy

Wide binaries, particularly in large numbers and as free from selection biases as possible, constitute a largely overlooked tool for studying the Galaxy. The goal of this review is to highlight the potential inherent to large samples of field wide binaries for research on problems as varied as star formation in the early Galaxy, the nature of halo dark matter, the evolution of the stellar halo, new geometric distances, metallicities, masses, and ages of field stars and white dwarfs, and much more. Using the Revised NLTT as an illustrative example, I review the main steps in the assembly of a large catalog of wide binaries useful for multiple applications. The capability of cleanly separating between the Galactic disk and halo populations using good colors and proper motions is emphasized. The critical role of large surveys for research on wide binaries as well as for the better understanding of the Galaxy in general is stressed throughout. Finally, I point out the potential for assembling new samples of wide binaries from available proper-motion surveys, and report on current efforts of using the SDSS towards this goal.
Associations of unsafe, unsupportive, and underdeveloped neighborhoods with atopic dermatitis in US children.

Abstract Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is influenced by multiple emotional and environmental factors. Yet, little is known about the impact of neighborhood environment characteristics on AD. Objective To determine the association of neighborhood characteristics with AD prevalence and severity in US children. Methods We analyzed data from the 2007-2008 National Survey of Children's Health, including a representative sample of 79,667 children and adolescents (age 0-17 years) in the United States. Multivariable weighted logistic regression models that adjusted for sociodemographics were constructed to determine the associations of neighborhood characteristics with AD prevalence and severity. Results Atopic dermatitis prevalence or severity were significantly increased in children residing in neighborhoods where people reportedly definitely do not help each other out (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.32 [1.15-1.52]), watch out for each other's children (1.26 [1.10-1.45] and 1.66 [1.14-2.41], respectively), have people to count on (1.28 [1.13-1.45]), and trusted adults to help the child (1.16 [1.01-1.32] and 1.54 [1.05-2.27], respectively). Children also had increased odds of AD if their caregiver felt that the child was never (1.52 [1.27-1.82]) or sometimes (1.23 [1.12-1.36]) safe in his/her neighborhood. Severe AD was less common in children residing in a neighborhood with a bookmobile or library (0.68 [0.52-0.90]). Conclusion US children residing in unsafe, unsupportive, or underdeveloped neighborhoods have higher prevalence and severity of AD.
Case 37-2018: A 23-Year-Old Woman with Vision Loss

A Woman with Vision Loss A 23-year-old woman presented with vertigo and vision loss affecting the right eye. Hearing loss and tinnitus of the right ear developed. Fluorescein angiography revealed d...
Solar PV as a mitigation strategy for the US education sector

Author(s): Hanus, NL; Wong-Parodi, G; Vaishnav, PT; Darghouth, NR; Azevedo, IL | Abstract: Solar photovoltaic (PV) is an important strategy to de-carbonize the energy sector in the United States and to reduce the health, environmental, and climate change damages associated with the production of electricity from fossil fuel sources. While the potential for solar PV in the residential and commercial sectors has been widely studied, the potential in educational buildings is largely unknown. Educational institutions account for 11% of total US building electricity consumption and 14% of building floorspace. These buildings also contribute to approximately 4% of total US CO2 emissions, thus playing a potentially important role in climate mitigation strategies. We estimate the electricity use for 132k educational institutions across the US and estimate electricity generation, greenhouse gas and health damaging air emissions reductions, and private and social costs and benefits that would result from adopting rooftop solar PV. We find that solar PV in US educational institutions could provide 100 TWh of electricity services annually, meeting 75% of these buildings' current electricity consumption. We estimate the highest generation potential in Texas, California, and Florida with K-12 public educational institutions comprising the bulk of that generation. The provision of electricity services from rooftop solar PV on educational institutions could reduce health, environmental, and climate change damages by roughly $4 billion per year (assuming a social cost of carbon of $40/ton and value of statistical life of $10M in 2018 USD). Two key findings from this study are that: (i) the private costs of solar for educational institutions still exceed the private benefits from reduced electricity consumption across the entire country (unless a third party operation model is used, in which case some locations can have net-benefits), and (ii) with the exceptions of California and New York, the social health, environmental and climate change benefits exceed the levels of current incentives provided by the state and retail subsidies.
An Experimental Investigation of Stability of Microemulsions and Polydispersity Effects Using Light-Scattering Spectroscopy and Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Laser light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering were used to study W/O and O/W microemulsions formed by n-tetradecane, sodium dodecyl sulfate, n-pentanol and water. Three of the four W/O systems were stable for long periods of time showing only small changes in size. These systems were fairly monodisperse. The fourth system studied was not stable, changing from a microemulsion to a molecular solution in a few days. The O/W system showed ordering due to strong charge interactions, and also had micelles coexisting with the microemulsion droplets. In all the systems studied, the disperse phase droplets were found to be spherical in shape.
United Nations Commission on the Status of Women

This paper, written for the Oxford Encyclopedia of Human Rights, provides an overview of the history, structure and work of the UN Commission on the Status of Women (CSW). The paper discusses the establishment of the commission; the evolution of its work from 1946 on; its membership and meetings; how it handles petitions concerning the rights of women; the little-known appointments by the CSW of special rapporteurs; the interaction of the commission with other UN bodies; the role the commission has played in gender mainstreaming; its development of international treaties and other legal standards; and the studies it had conducted over the years. The paper also provides commentary on the status of the CSW within the UN system, and assesses of the impact of the commission.
Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy

T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have proven — and impressive — therapeutic activity in patients with certain subtypes of B cell leukaemia or lymphoma, with promising efficacy also demonstrated in patients with multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, various barriers restrict the efficacy and/or prevent the widespread use of CAR T cell therapies in these patients as well as in those with other cancers, particularly solid tumours. Key challenges relating to CAR T cells include severe toxicities, restricted trafficking to, infiltration into and activation within tumours, suboptimal persistence in vivo, antigen escape and heterogeneity, and manufacturing issues. The evolution of CAR designs beyond the conventional structures will be necessary to address these limitations and to expand the use of CAR T cells to a wider range of malignancies. Investigators are addressing the current obstacles with a wide range of engineering strategies in order to improve the safety, efficacy and applicability of this therapeutic modality. In this Review, we discuss the innovative designs of novel CAR T cell products that are being developed to increase and expand the clinical benefits of these treatments in patients with diverse cancers. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, the first approved therapeutic approach with a genetic engineering component, holds substantial promise in the treatment of a range of cancers but is nevertheless limited by various challenges, including toxicities, intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms, and manufacturing issues. In this Review, the authors describe the innovative approaches to the engineering of CAR T cell products that are providing solutions to these challenges and therefore have the potential to considerably improve the safety and effectiveness of treatment.
Microfabricated bolometer based on a vertically aligned carbon nanotube absorber

We have designed a microfabricated planar absolute radiometer based on a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) absorber and an electrical power substitution method. The radiometer is designed to operate at room temperature and to be capable of measuring laser powers up to 300 mW from 300 nm to 2300 nm with an expected expanded uncertainty of 0.06% (k = 2). The electrical power substitution capability makes the radiometer absolute and traceable to the international system (SI) of units. The new bolometer is currently under construction and will replace NIST's 50 year old detector standard for free-space CW laser power measurements. We also study the possibility of reducing background temperature sensitivity by optimizing the spectral selectivity of the VACNT forest with a photonic crystal structure.
Better marketing for female marketers: Gendered language in the Forbes CMO list

Abstract Published in 26 languages across 68 countries, Forbes is one of the most-read business periodicals globally, and in 2019, its annual Top 50 World’s Most Influential CMOs list highlighted 31 female CMOs and 19 male CMOs who demonstrate industry-shaping leadership. In this article, we analyze the language used to describe the male and female CMOs on the list to determine whether certain words are commonly seen as gendered characteristics, as leadership traits, or as compliments. Using this data, we find that Forbes presents female CMOs in a gendered way and argue for the importance of strategically choosing leadership words for female marketing leaders.
Current situation of epidemiology and transmission study in hand foot and mouth disease

Hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by enterovirus.It usually happened in children younger than 5 years old.Patients with HFMD can have hand,foot and/or oral cavity skin rashes or herpes,a few patients even have complications like myocarditis,pneumonedema,aseptic meningitis and so on.Individual severe patients would be dead for quick disease development.As a global epidemic,HFMD had large-scale outbreak in many countries.Because of its threaten to children's health,people pay more and more attention to HFMD.In this article,the current situation of epidemiology and transmission study in HFMD is overviewed. Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease; Epidemiology; Transmission
$sup 13$B NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT.

Polarized $^{13}\mathrm{B}$ nuclei have been produced through the $^{11}\mathrm{B}(t,p)^{13}\mathrm{B}$ reaction using the 3.5-MeV Van de Graaff accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The recoiling nuclei were stopped in Au, Pd, and Pt foils, and the effective dipole moments of $^{13}\mathrm{B}$ in these metals were measured by a resonant depolarization technique. From earlier measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation times of $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ in the same metals, the magnetic effects of the stopping foils were estimated. Using a common enhancement factor for the three metals, the $^{13}\mathrm{B}$ magnetic dipole moment was found to be $\ensuremath{\mu}(^{13}\mathrm{B}=+3.17712(51){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, the plus sign being inferred from the Schmidt limits for odd-proton spin $\frac{3}{2}$ nuclei.
Post-Operative Morbidity and Mortality Following Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Versus Conventional Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) (stage II/III) includes preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) followed by resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is a new treatment paradigm that delivers systemic therapy prior to CRT aimed at improving outcomes for high-risk patients. Here we analyzed the national cancer database (NCDB) comparing short-term post-operative outcomes between patients receiving TNT and CRT. The NCDB was queried to identify patients with LARC between the 2004 and 2014 treated with TNT or CRT. Primary outcomes included post-operative 30-day mortality and readmissions between TNT and CRT which were analyzed via logistic regression. Secondary outcomes included post-operative length of stay (LOS) and OS which were compared with two-tailed t-test and Kaplan-Meier with log rank testing, respectively. A total of 9066 patients met inclusion criteria with a median age at diagnosis that was 57 years (IQR, 19–65); 62.3% were male and 87.8% white. Neoadjuvant therapy consisted of either standard CRT (97.2%) or TNT (2.8%). Patients treated at academic programs and those with N1 [p < 0.001, OR 2.34, 95%CI 1.71–3.19] or N2 [p < 0.001, OR 3.29, 95%CI 2.19–4.94] disease were associated with increased utilization of TNT. TNT was not significantly associated with either 30-day mortality (p = 1.0) or readmissions (p = 0.82). Further, there was no significant difference identified between CRT and TNT for hospital LOS or OS (p = 0.18). This large-scale analysis of patients with LARC demonstrates increased utilization of TNT in patients harboring node-positive disease. Further, TNT does not appear to increase 30-day post-operative mortality, readmissions, or hospital LOS.
Demanding development. The politics of public goods provision in India’s urban slums

Millions of people across the world live in urban slums. Enduring cramped living conditions and poor basic services, slum residents are often depicted as helpless and lacking in agency, forced to d...
Parametric Stochastic Programming with One Chance Constraint: Gaining Insights from Response Space Analysis

We consider stochastic programs with discrete scenario probabilities where scenario-specific constraints must hold with some probability, which we vary parametrically. We thus obtain minimum cost as a function of constraint-satisfaction probability. We characterize this trade-off using Everett’s response space and introduce an efficient construction of the response space frontier based on tangential approximation, a method introduced for one specified right-hand side. Generated points in the response space are optimal for a finite set of probabilities, with Lagrangian bounds equal to the piece-wise linear functional value. We apply our procedures to a number of illustrative stochastic mixed-integer programming models, emphasizing insights obtained and tactics for gaining more information about the trade-off between solution cost and probability of scenario satisfaction. Our code is an extension of the PySP stochastic programming library, included with the Pyomo (Python Optimization Modeling Objects) open-source optimization library.
The Politics of Expertise with Thomas J. Whitley

What are the professional limits of a graduate degree in religious studies? According to Thomas J. Whitley, these limits solely depend on one’s ability to interpret their skills outside the realm of academia. Having received four postsecondary degrees in religious studies, Whitley, rather than pursuing work in the precarious academic job market, took his skills into the world of politics, ultimately becoming Chief of Staff for the city of Tallahassee, Florida. In this interview with the Bulletin, Whitley shares his journey into marketing his degree, stressing the importance for humanities students to be able to articulate their skills beyond the scope of academia.
Introduction to High-Order Harmonic Generation

Laser invented in 1960 has opened up new research areas in atomic and molecular physics [1-6]. Based on this technology, Franken et al. [7] first demonstrated the frequency doubling in a crystal in 1961, New and Ward [8] observed the third-harmonic generation in gases in 1967, and a few years later Reintjes et al. [9] generated the higher-order harmonic such as the fifth order.
Scaffolding emotions in classrooms.

Publisher Summary The idea of scaffolding emotions is not new, although the focus on supporting emotions and using emotions to support other classroom goals is novel. Within instructional interactions, scaffolding is identified as temporary teacher support to achieve two interrelated goals—to provide support only as necessary, and to move from a position of shared responsibility to one in which the student takes ownership. It is this balance between teacher support and student autonomy that has linked the scaffolding metaphor to Vygotsky's theoretical construct of “zone of proximal development,” defined as an interpersonal space within which a teacher provides support as needed while negotiating the gradual transfer of responsibility to students. Achieving the multiple goals of scaffolding during whole-class instruction, providing assistance only as needed, and increasing independence, means inviting students to take risks publicly. Moreover, classroom-level scaffolding requires a broad context of trust and support for every student's well-being.
Lifting baselines to address the consequences of conservation success

Biologists and policymakers are accustomed to managing species in decline, but for the first time in generations they are also encountering recovering populations of ocean predators. Many citizens perceive these species as invaders and conflicts are increasing. It is time to celebrate these hard-earned successes and lift baselines for recovering species.
A scalable heterogeneous solution for massive data collection and database loading

Massive collection of data at high rates is critical for many industries. Typically, a massive stream of records is gathered from the business information network at a very high rate. Because of the complexity of the collection process, the classical database solution falls short. The high volume and rate of records involved requires a heterogeneous pipeline comprised of two major parts: a system that carries out massive collection and then uploads the information to a database, and a subsequent data analysis and management system consisting of an Extract Transform and Load component. We developed a massive collection and loading system, based on a highly scalable heterogeneous architecture solution. The solution has been applied successfully for Telco revenue assurance, and can be applied to other industrial areas. The solution was successful in scaling up a Telco client system to handle streams of records ten times larger than was previously possible.
Space bionanorobotic systems: design and applications

This paper describes novel concepts of space bionanorobotic systems that are based on revolutionary bio-nano-mechanisms formed by protein and DNA based nano-components. Nano-robots are controllable machines at the nano (10/sup -9/) meter or molecular scale that are composed of nanoscale components. With the modern scientific capabilities, it has become possible to attempt the creation of nanorobotic devices and interface them with the macro world. There are countless such machines that exist in nature and there is an opportunity to build more of them by mimicking nature. A roadmap towards the progression of this field is proposed and some design concept and philosophies are illustrated. Two macroscale devices with important space application that will be using bio-nano-component assemblies are proposed. These are the Networked TerraXplorer (NTXp) and The All Terrain Astronaut Bio-Nano Gears (ATB).
Prevalence, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from US dairy cattle.

Aims: To estimate prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci in faeces collected in 2007 from U.S. dairy cattle. Methods and Results: A total of 718 faecal samples from 122 dairy cattle operations from 17 US States were collected and cultured for the presence of enterococci. One hundred and eighteen of the 122 operations (96·7%) had at least one dairy cow positive for enterococci and 88·7% (637 of 718) of the faecal samples were positive. At least ten different enterococcal species were found on the dairy operations and 90·7% (107 of 118) of the operations were positive for Enterococcus hirae followed by E. faecalis (40·7%; 48 of 118) and E. faecium (39%; 46 of 118). The highest percentage of resistant isolates were to lincomycin (92·3%; 587 of 636), flavomycin (71·9%; 457 of 636) and tetracycline (24·5%; 156 of 636). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) (resistance ≥ 2 antimicrobials) was observed to as many as seven antimicrobials regardless of class. Conclusion: In contrast to previous studies, faecal shedding of enterococci in dairy cattle occurred in almost 90% of cows sampled and represented a variety of enterococcal species. Significance and Impact of Study: Although this study demonstrated a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci from dairy cattle faeces in the United States, the contribution of dairy cattle as a source of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci that can be transmitted to humans remains unclear.
Development of a cartographic language

The development of a cartographic language for topographic maps is presented. Map components are identified as part of the analytical study of maps and based on these components the elements of the language, alphabet and grammar, are identified. Then, the alphabetic symbols together with the components of the grammar: operations, rules and writing mechanism, are discussed in detail.
Role of Secondary Vorticity in Parallel Blade-Vortex Interactions

This work incorporates viscous effects and the no-slip criterion in analyzing the blade-vortex interaction (BVI) problem with the discrete vortex model. Most previous BVI investigations have been purely potential in nature, so that only the zero normal velocity criterion was imposed on the body surface. In the current work, a boundary-layer code that predicts separation on an infinite flat plate under the influence of a line vortex is adapted to the BVI problem, so that it may be used with a semi-infinite plate in a flowfleld composed of a freestream and numerous discrete vortices. Although a steady, laminar boundary-layer assumption is used to predict separation, the kinematics resulting from the interaction of the primary vortex and the shed vorticity are in agreement with previous observations.
Behavioral reactivity to emotion challenge is associated with cortisol reactivity and regulation at 7, 15, and 24 months of age

Emotionally arousing stimuli have been largely unsuccessful in eliciting cortisol responses in young children. Whether or not emotion challenge will elicit a cortisol response, however, may in part be determined by the extent to which the tasks elicit behavioral reactivity and regulation. We examined relations of behavioral reactivity and regulation to emotional arousal in the context of fear and frustration to the cortisol response at 7, 15, and 24 months of age in a low income, rural population based sample of 1,292 families followed longitudinally from birth. At each age, children participated in fear and frustration inducing tasks, and cortisol samples were taken at three time points (before the tasks began, 20 min following peak emotional arousal or after the series of tasks ended, and 40 min after peak arousal or the tasks ended) in order to capture both increases (reactivity) and subsequent decreases (regulation) in the cortisol response. Using multilevel models, we predicted the cortisol response from measures of behavioral reactivity and regulation. At 7 months of age, cortisol reactivity and recovery were related to behavioral reactivity during a frustration-eliciting task and marginally related to behavioral reactivity during a fear-eliciting task. At 15 and 24 months of age, however, cortisol reactivity and recovery were related only to behavioral reactivity during a fear-eliciting task. Results indicate that while behavioral reactivity is predictive of whether or not infants and young children will exhibit a cortisol response to emotionally arousing tasks, behavioral and cortisol reactivity are not necessarily coupled. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 474–488, 2014.
The lysP gene encodes the lysine-specific permease.

Abstract Escherichia coli transports lysine by two distinct systems, one of which is specific for lysine (LysP) and the other of which is inhibited by arginine ornithine. The activity of the lysine-specific system increases with growth in acidic medium, anaerobiosis, and high concentrations of lysine. It is inhibited by the lysine analog S-(beta-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (thiosine). Thiosine-resistant (Tsr) mutants were isolated by using transpositional mutagenesis with TnphoA. A Tsr mutant expressing alkaline phosphatase activity in intact cells was found to lack lysine-specific transport. This lysP mutation was mapped to about 46.5 min on the E. coli chromosome. The lysP-phoA fusion was cloned and used as a probe to clone the wild-type lysP gene. The nucleotide sequence of the 2.7-kb BamHI fragment was determined. An open reading frame from nucleotides 522 to 1989 was observed. The translation product of this open reading frame is predicted to be a hydrophobic protein of 489 residues. The lysP gene product exhibits sequence similarity to a family of amino acid transport proteins found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including the aromatic amino acid permease of E. coli (aroP) and the arginine permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CAN1). Cells carrying a plasmid with the lysP gene exhibited a 10- to 20-fold increase in the rate of lysine uptake above wild-type levels. These results demonstrate that the lysP gene encodes the lysine-specific permease.
Separatrices and basins of stability from time series data: an application to biodynamics

An approach is presented for identifying separatrices in state space generated from noisy time series data sets which are representative of those generated from experiments. We demonstrate how these separatrices can be found using Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), ridges in the state space distribution of the maximum finite-time Lyapunov exponent. As opposed to the current approach which requires a vector field in the state space at each instant of time, this method can be performed using only trajectories reconstructed from time series. As such, this paper forms a bridge connecting methods for evaluating time series data with methods used to evaluate LCSs in vector fields. The methods are applied to a problem in musculoskeletal biomechanics, considered as an exemplar of a class of experimental systems that contain separatrices. In this case, the separatrix reveals a basin of stability for a balancing task, outside of which is a zone of failure. We demonstrate that LCSs calculated from only trajectory data, which samples only portions of the state space, align well with LCSs found using a known vector field. In general, we believe this method provides a fruitful approach for extracting information from noisy experimental data regarding boundaries between qualitatively different kinds of behavior.
Fibrosis of the omohyoid muscle—An unusual cause of torticollis

An 11-year-old boy had a left neck mass with torticollis. On exploration, a fibrotic mass in the superior belly of the left omohyoid muscle was found, which shortened the muscle and pulled the hyoid bone downward. Resection of the fibrotic muscle was performed. The patient recovered well after the operation with resolution of his torticollis.
A Comparison of Procedures for Marking Adult Endoparasitic Wasps with P32

Two methods of labeling adults of Phanerotoma flavitestacea Fischer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with P32 have been compared. Freshly emerged adult parasites fed on honey mixed with P32 acquired radioactivity that was detectable up to 36 days. Longevity was not seriously affected. Although ingested radiophosphorus was lost mostly through excretion, some was lost through oviposition. Host eggs parasitized by marked female parasites showed detectable levels of radioactivity. Marking adults by rearing them in hosts feeding on radioactive food is not a satisfactory technique with Phanerotoma . The higher concentrations of P32 in the host food adversely affected emergence of the adult parasites, while at the lower concentrations the emerging adults showed only very low levels of radioactivity.
Pharmaceutical Ads in Annals

Excerpt To the Editors:I am a loyal reader ofAnnals; however, I found your last issue (1) repulsively thick with pharmaceutical advertisements. I counted over 191 pages of full-page advertisements ...
Hypertensin, Hydroxytyramine and Action of Renal Hypertensor Extracts

SummaryThe vasoconstrictor action of hypertensin and of the vasoconstrictor principle formed anaerobically by the action of renal tissue on dopa have been the subjects of study. It was shown that hypertensin has no vasoconstrictor effect in the Loewen-Trendelenburg test at a level producing a marked hypertension effect in the cat. Renal hypertensinase behaves similarly both aerobically and anaerobically, and its activity is not affected by cyanide or octyl alcohol, from which it is concluded that there is a cleancut difference between this enzyme, amino oxidase and tyrosinase. These findings support the finding that hypertensinase has the characteristics of a polypeptidase (Croxatto and Croxatto6).
Effect of cigarette smoking on hepatic biotransformations in rats.

Abstract Adult male rats were nose-only exposed to cigarette smoke for 20 min each day for 6 months. Smoke inhalation was confirmed by urinary excretion of nicotine (4.5 μg/rat/day) and elevated blood carboxyhemoglobin (13.3%). Phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats were included as positive controls for assessing hepatic enzyme induction. Cigarette smoke did not induce statistically significant alterations in hepatic enzyme activity when measured in vivo (pentobarbital sleep time and zoxazolamine paralysis time) or in vitro (oxidation, hydrolysis, glucuronidation, and glutathione conjugation). In some cases, the smoke-exposed rats did exhibit higher microsomal enzyme activity than did the controls, but this increase was also evident in the sham-control group. Therefore, these increases were attributed to stress and not to smoking per se. Additional evidence of stress associated with manipulation of the animals was the smaller percentage weight gains of the smoke-exposed and sham control rats over the 6-month period as compared to the controls (12, 35, and 50%, respectively). Smoking reduced hepatic glutathione by as much as 15%, but the glutathione transferase activity was not affected. These studies showed that chronic exposure of rats to cigarette smoke did not alter hepatic biotransformation processes, but do suggest that smokers may be less efficient than nonsmokers in the deactivation of xenobiotics by glutathione conjugation mechanisms.
Emergence of resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in critically ill patients within an acute care teaching hospital and a long-term acute care hospital

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative, non-fermenting, coccobacillus found in water. This organism is commonly found in the hospital environment and has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen especially in critical care settings. In June 2003, a significant increase in the number of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDR-AB) isolates was recognized, primarily from critically ill patients located in an acute care hospital (ACH) and a long-term acute care (LTAC) facility contained within the same physical building. This report chronicles the initial appearance and dissemination of these MDR-AB strains. METHODS: A. baumannii was isolated from a total of 229 patients between January 2003 and December 2004. Of these 229 patients, 151(66%) were colonized/infected with MDR-AB. Most isolates were resistant to all antimicrobial agents tested except imipenem and ampicillian/sulbactam. Retrospective analysis of laboratory results found that MDR-AB were uncommon isolates in our hospital until May 2003. Between May 2003 and December 2004, 103/151 MDR-AB collected were studied using molecular-based methods. RESULTS: Sites of infection included: respiratory tract (108, or 72%), SSI (32, or 21%), blood (6, or 4%), and urine (5, or 3%). The index case appeared in March 2003, and the highest monthly occurrence of MDR-AB was in June 2003 (15 cases). The most frequent hospital ward locations were LTAC (70 isolates), ICU step-down (27 isolates), and ICU (26 isolates). Molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that 88/103 strains tested (85%) gave an identical banding pattern which was designated as clone A; 8 additional isolates were variants of clone A, and 7 isolates were unrelated to clone A. CONCLUSION: This epidemiologic history illustrates 1) epidemic clonal spread; 2) target patient populations in the critical care settings; 3) variable monthly prevalence; and 4) diminished prevalence with intervention. Infection control departments and laboratories must be vigilant in identifying MDR-AB. With intervention, the number of new isolates decreased in ACH, but not in LTAC. The interventions included dedicating an infection control professional to the critical care units in the ACH, daily surveillance, universal gloving in all affected units, and reporting results to the individual nursing units on a routine basis.
ENDICTYA HENDEYI SP. NOV., A NEW COASTAL DIATOM SPECIES FROM NORTH AMERICA

Endictya hendeyi E. Hemphill-Haley sp. nov. is described from Recent and Quaternary, estuarine and marine deposits along the west coast of the United States. This taxon is distinguished by its 1) consistently small valves; 2) areolae of uniform size on the valve face in linear tangential rows; 3) prominent, external spatulate extensions of the rimoportulae at the valve face/mantle junction; 4) externally projecting hyaline rim or flange at the interior edge of the mantle; and 5) discontinuous pattern of pores on the basal siliceous layer. The new species is compared to the generitype, E. oceanica Ehrenberg, as well as E. minor A. Schmidt and E. margaritifera A. Mann.
Organ-specific differences in the metabolism of N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenosine☆

Abstract N 6 -(Δ 2 -isopentenyl-adenosine (IPAR) is a modified ribonucleoside with antitumor activity limited at least in part by severe hepatotoxic effects observed in rodents and patients. Four hr after i.v. administration of IPAR[8 14 C] to rats, the drug is phosphorylated to the 5′-mono, di-, and triphosphates, and incorporated into RNA but not into DNA and protein of liver and small intestine. In contrast, in spleen and thymus, the drug is phosphorylated to the 5′-monophosphate (5′-IPAMP) only with no detectable incorporation of the drug into DNA, RNA or protein. The initial phosphorylation of IPAR to 5′-IPAMP in liver at 30 min is accompanied by a 70 per cent reduction in the ATP pool and an accumulation of 2.0 μmoles IPAMP/g. In thymus, the drug reduces the size of pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools, resulting in a 2- to 5-fold increase in the specific activity of [ 14 C]pyrimidine ribonucleotides. These effects may contribute to the understanding of the biochemical basis for selective cytotoxicity of N 6 -isopentenyl adenosine.
Orality and Literacy in the Workplace: Process- and Text-Based Strategies for Multiple-Audience Adaptation.

What is the role of interaction, or, more generally, orality, in multiple-audience analysis and adaptation? How does orality relate to literacy in the evolution of corporate documents? A qualitative study of how seven engineers in two divi sions of a large corporation wrote for multiple audiences revealed that, in the more rhetorically successful cases observed, interaction was the central means of analyzing and adapting discourse to multiple audiences, fulfilling rhetorical and social goals, and building and sustaining a corporate culture; and orality was more potent than literacy in the engineers'composing behavior and the au diences' acceptance of the engineers' ideas and documents.
The economics of dental public health--planning for the future.

The Vice Chancellor of Finance of the University of Pittsburgh presents, as the 1969 Keynoter, an orderly plan for progress in administrative planning.
Parsimonious prediction model for the prevalence of dental visits.

– Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of dental visits within the last year in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System or BRFSS (2003) national database by simple sociodemographic factors, and to predict prevalence in States that have not participated in BRFSS 2003. Methods: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a cross-sectional telephone survey conducted by the state-level authorities in the United States and based on a standardized questionnaire to determine the distribution of risk behaviors and health practices among noninstitutionalized adults. A multivariable logistic regression model considers the complex sample design of the BRFSS was used to predict the prevalence of dental visits based on four nonclinic parsimonious variables. Results: White race, high income (≥$35 000), education above high school, and marital status were associated with an annual dental visit with odds ratios of 1.38, 2.09, 1.61, and 1.18, respectively. Utah had the highest percentage (78%) of estimated annual users, while ‘Virgin Islands’ had the lowest percentage (59%). The model’s correct classification rate was 61.5%. Conclusions: State and local governments, health promotion organizations, insurance companies, and organizations that administer public health programs (such as Medicare and Medicaid in the U.S.) will benefit by applying this model to the available nonclinical databases, and will be able to improve planning of dental health services and required dental workforce.
Fluorescence of variant-3 scorpion neurotoxin: multiple decay components and multiple tryptophan conformers

The fluorescence intensity decay of variant-3 scorpion neurotoxin has an average lifetime of 510 picoseconds. The consensus of least squares, maximum likelihood, Pade-Laplace, and distributional analyses of this decay is that more than 90% of the initial intensity comes from short lifetime components with lifetimes in the range 0.05 to 0.5 nanoseconds and the remaining small fraction of initial intensity is essentially one component decaying with an average lifetime of about 2 nanoseconds. Both adiabatic mapping and combined thermodynamic perturbation and umbrella sampling simulations reveal the presence of two tryptophan-47 rotational isomers. One of the isomers corresponds closely to the crystallographic structure and the second is a new rotational isomer that is separated from the first by a rotation angle of about 220 degrees and an activation barrier of about 10 kcal/mole. We propose that the short lifetime components correspond to conformers with tryptophan-47 approximately in the crystallographic orientation and the long lifetime component is the new rotational isomer identified in the simulations.