cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of carbaryl in aqueous solution by membrane anodic fenton treatment.

Carbaryl, a commonly used insecticide, was used in this study as a probe to investigate a new Fenton treatment technology, ion exchange membrane anodic Fenton treatment (membrane AFT). It was found that the degradation kinetics of carbaryl by membrane AFT obeys a previously published AFT model quite well. The NaCl (electrolyte) concentration in two half-cells was optimized for two kinds of membrane. Effects of the H2O2/Fe2+ ratio and the Fenton reagent delivery rate were also investigated. The treatment efficiency for anion membrane AFT is higher than for salt-bridge AFT under the same operating conditions. Decreasing the delivery rate of Fenton reagents and increasing the treatment temperature also increase the treatment efficiency. The activation energy for carbaryl degradation by anion membrane AFT was estimated to be 14.7 kJ·mol-1. 1-Naphthol, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and (phthalic acid-O-)yl N-methylcarbamate were detected by GC-MS as the degradation products of carbaryl by Fenton treatment. No decrease i...
“Some,” and possibly all, scalar inferences are not delayed: Evidence for immediate pragmatic enrichment

Scalar inferences are commonly generated when a speaker uses a weaker expression rather than a stronger alternative, e.g., John ate some of the apples implies that he did not eat them all. This article describes a visual-world study investigating how and when perceivers compute these inferences. Participants followed spoken instructions containing the scalar quantifier some directing them to interact with one of several referential targets (e.g., Click on the girl who has some of the balloons). Participants fixated on the target compatible with the implicated meaning of some and avoided a competitor compatible with the literal meaning prior to a disambiguating noun. Further, convergence on the target was as fast for some as for the non-scalar quantifiers none and all. These findings indicate that the scalar inference is computed immediately and is not delayed relative to the literal interpretation of some. It is argued that previous demonstrations that scalar inferences increase processing time are not necessarily due to delays in generating the inference itself, but rather arise because integrating the interpretation of the inference with relevant information in the context may require additional time. With sufficient contextual support, processing delays disappear.
The kinetics of ultrafiltration during peritoneal dialysis: The role of lymphatics

The kinetics of ultrafiltration during peritoneal dialysis: the role of lymphatics. Net ultrafiltration was measured directly during hypertonic peritoneal dialysis exchanges in rats. Simultaneously, lymphatic absorption was measured by monitoring the disappearance of albumin in the instilled dialysis solution from the peritoneal cavity. The albumin method for measuring lymphatic absorption was also tested in rats absorbing Lactated Ringer's solution from the peritoneal cavity where absorption rate could also be measured directly. The findings suggest the following: 1.) lymphatic absorption rate is similar with both hypertonic dialysis solutions and Lactated Ringer's solution; 2.) lymphatic absorption is substantial and net ultrafiltration is well below true transcapillary ultrafiltration; and 3.) in our model, lymphatic absorption occurs at a relatively constant rate over six hours of dwell time.
Sacrococcygeal teratoma in children.

Abstract In 24 sacrococcygeal teratomas, three, or 13 per cent were malignant before the age of two. All three of the patients with malignancy had bowel or bladder dysfunction, and two of the three developed pulmonary and hepatic metastases. The operative mortality rate was less than four per cent. Survival rate in the benign tumors was 100 per cent. There were no survivors in the malignant group. Sacrococcygeal tumors in infants can usually be resected, even if extremely large, with appropriately aggressive surgery. Intraoperative monitoring is vital in these procedures. The coccyx from which these teratomas originate should be excised en bloc with the mass. Certain cases require a combined abdominosacral approach.
Scheduling sensors for monitoring sentient spaces using an approximate POMDP policy

We present a framework for sensor actuation and control in sentient spaces, in which sensors are used to observe a physical phenomena. We focus on sentient spaces that enable pervasive computing applications, such as smart video surveillance and situational awareness in instrumented office environments. Our framework utilizes the spatio-temporal statistical properties of an observed phenomena, with the goal of maximizing an application-specified reward. Specifically, we define an observation of a phenomena by assigning it a discrete value (state) and we model its semantics as the transition between these values (states). This semantic model is used to predict the future states in which the phenomena is likely to be at, based on partially-observed past states. To accomplish real-time agility, we designed an approximate, adaptive-grid solution for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) that yields practically good results, and in some cases, guarantees on the quality of the approximation. We use our framework to control and actuate a large-scale camera network so as to maximize the number and type of captured events. To enable real-time control, we implement an action schedule using a table lookup and make use of a factored probability model to capture state semantics. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to address the problem of actuating a large-scale sensor network based on a real-time POMDP formulation.
Mean Separation and Reattachment in Turbulent Pipe Flow Due to an Orifice Plate

The mean flow in a pipe with turbulent separated flow due to an orifice plate is experimentally studied. Measurements of time-mean length of separation and reattachment regions, made using a surface fence gauge are presented for a range of orifice sizes. In a limited range of Reynolds number (based on orifice radial height) 3 [times] 10[sup 4] to 7.3 [times] 10[sup 4] studied, reattachment point location decreased from 12 to 9 step heights. The lengths of separation and reattachment regions are a function of orifice size and the Reynolds number based on the radial height of the orifice plate.
Ecdysteroid titers and developmental expression of ecdysteroid-regulated genes during metamorphosis of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Abstract Ecdysteroid titers and expression profiles of ecdysone-regulated genes were determined during the last instar larval and during the pupal stages of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Three peaks of ecdysteroids occurring at approximately 24, 30–33 and 45–48 h after ecdysis to the fourth instar larval stage were detected. In the pupa, a large peak of ecdysteroids occurred between 6 and 12 h after ecdysis to the pupal stage. A small rise in ecdysteroids was also detected at the end of the pupal stage. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses of the expression of ecdysone receptors and ecdysone-regulated genes showed that the peaks of expression of most of these genes coincided with the rise in ecdysteroid levels during the last larval and pupal stages. In the last larval stage, ecdysteroid titers and mRNA expression profiles of ecdysone-regulated genes are similar to those observed for Drosophila melanogaster. However, in the early pupal stage, both ecdysteroid titers and the expression of ecdysone-regulated genes are somewhat different from those observed in D. melanogaster, probably because the duration of the pupal stage in D. melanogaster is 84 h while in Ae. aeqypti the duration is only 48 h. These data which describe the relationship between ecdysteroid titers and mRNA levels of Ae. aegypti ecdysteroid-regulated genes lay a solid foundation for future studies on the hormonal regulation of development in mosquitoes.
Interactive solutions for the linear multiobjective transportation problem

Abstract Mathematical programming problems that exhibit the mathematical structure of a transportation problem often arise in settings with multiple conflicting objectives. Existing procedures for analyzing these problems fall into two general categories. These methods either generate all nondominated solutions or they construct a single compromise solution. This paper presents two interactive algorithms which take advantage of the special form of the multiple objective transportation problem. Two examples are included to illustrate these algorithms and to demonstrate their viability.
Aging-specific expression of Drosophila hsp22.

hsp22 is among the least abundantly expressed Drosophila heat shock (hs) genes during both development and heat stress. In contrast, hsp22 was found to be the most abundantly expressed hs gene during Drosophila aging. During aging, hsp22 RNA was induced 60-fold in the head, with somewhat lower level induction in abdomen and thorax. Induction of the other hs gene RNAs was 150-fold, with particularly abundant expression in eye tissue. Aging-specific induction of hsp22 was reproduced by hsp22:lacZ fusion reporter constructs in transgenic flies. Analysis of specific promoter mutations in transgenic flies indicated that functional heat shock response elements are required for hsp22 induction during aging. Finally, comparison of hsp22 RNA and protein expression patterns suggests that aging-specific expression of hsp22 is regulated at both the transcriptional and the posttranscriptional levels. Aging-specific induction of hsp22 is discussed with regard to current evolutionary theories of aging.
The Unstable Spectrum of the Surface Quasi-Geostrophic Equation

We study the unstable spectrum of an equation that arises in geophysical fluid dynamics known as the surface quasi-geostrophic equation. In general the spectrum is the union of discrete eigenvalues and an essential spectrum. We demonstrate the existence of unstable eigenvalues in a particular example. We examine the spectra of the semigroup and the evolution operator. We exhibit the structure of these spectra for general flows and prove that a spectral mapping theorem holds. We observe that the spectral properties of the SQG equation are closely analogous to those of the two-dimensional Euler equation.
Psychological Care Provided by the Church: Perceptions of Christian Church Members

Spirituality and religion are integral parts of a person’s belief system and support network. Although there are many avenues a person can take when seeking mental health care, conservative Protestant clients have a tendency to seek assistance through their church. There is a paucity of literature about conservative Protestant church members’ perceptions of mental health care. The authors used phenomenology to understand participants’ perceptions of mental health care provided by the church. Themes found within participants’ stories included the importance of the relationship when seeking care, the use of knowledgeable practitioners, and the use of religious practices in counseling.
Encephalitogenic T lymphocytes develop from SJL/J hematopoietic cells transplanted into severe combined immimodeficient ( SCID) mice

Previously, we constructed chimeras by injecting hematopoietic cells from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-susceptible SJL (H-2s) strain mice into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) C.B-17scid/scid (H-2d) mice. These SCID mouse-SJL mouse hematopoietic cell chimeras developed passive EAE following adoptive transfer of PLP S139-151-specific SJL T lymphocyte line cells, but were resistant to active EAE induced by primary immunization with PLP S139-151. In order to gain an understanding of the encephalitogenic potential of transplanted hematopoietic progenitors in SCID mouse-SJL mouse chimeras, we attempted to induce EAE in hematopoietic chimeras constructed with or without an additional SJL fetal thymus implant. Chimeras with the thymus implant were susceptible to passive and active EAE while chimeras without the thymus implant were susceptible to passive but not active EAE. Encephalitogenic, CD4+, TCR+ T lymphocytes were selected in vitro from PLP S139-151-immunized, thymus-implanted chimeras. These results showed that hematopoietic SJL progenitors developed into antigen-presenting accessory cells and immunocompetent encephalitogenic T lymphocytes following transplantation into SCID mice. The development of primary immune reactivity depended on a fetal thymus implant for expression in SCID mouse-SJL mouse chimeras.
Five Factions, Two Parties: Caucus Membership in the House of Representatives, 1994–2002

This paper examines the extent of ideological cohesion and distinction of two Republican congressional factions (the conservative Republican Study Committee and the moderate Republican Main Street Partnership) and three Democratic congressional caucuses (the moderate Blue Dog Coalition, the liberal Congressional Black Caucus, and the liberal Congressional Progressive Caucus) in the House of Representatives from 1994 to 2002. Whereas much of the literature on congressional caucuses has focused on the reasons members join such groups and the policy and political orientations of those groups, this paper examines how much unity exists in the voting behavior of the members of Congress who join caucuses in comparison to their fellow partisans not in a faction. Although political parties are still a major unifying force for their respective party members, we do find that factional members are more ideologically cohesive than are nonfactional members. Joining a faction is not an insignificant activity for members...
Ty1 Proteolytic Cleavage Sites Are Required for Transposition: All Sites Are Not Created Equal

The retroviral protease is a key enzyme in a viral multienzyme complex that initiates an ordered sequence of events leading to virus assembly and propagation. Viral peptides are initially synthesized as polyprotein precursors; these precursors undergo a number of proteolytic cleavages executed by the protease in a specific and presumably ordered manner. To determine the role of individual protease cleavage sites in Ty1, a retrotransposon from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cleavage sites were systematically mutagenized. Altering the cleavage sites of the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon produces mutants with distinct retrotransposition phenotypes. Blocking the Gag/PR site also blocks cleavage at the other two cleavage sites, PR/IN and IN/RT. In contrast, mutational block of the PR/IN or IN/RT sites does not prevent cleavage at the other two sites. Retrotransposons with mutations in each of these sites have transposition defects. Mutations in the PR/IN and IN/RT sites, but not in the Gag/PR site, can be complemented in trans by endogenous Ty1 copies. Hence, the digestion of the Gag/PR site and release of the protease N terminus is a prerequisite for processing at the remaining sites; cleavage of PR/IN is not required for the cleavage of IN/RT, and vice versa. Of the three cleavage sites in the Gag-Pol precursor, the Gag/PR site is processed first. Thus, Ty1 Gag-Pol processing proceeds by an ordered pathway.
A two-particle representation of front propagation in diffusion-reaction systems

A two-particle model is formulated which approximates the motion of the forwardmost particle in a lattice gas, which has recently been analyzed and numerically simulated. The lattice gas, which evolves on a linear chain, consists of particles which jump to each vacant nearest neighbor site with rate γ/2 and also create new particles at these sites with rate 1/2. This model is known to exhibit statistically steady propagation of the forwardmost particle, with mean propagation velocity converging to (2γ)1/2 for large γ. Here, a two-particle representation is used to estimate the propagation velocity for finite γ. The results are in good agreement with numerical simulations of the lattice gas. Implications concerning front propagation in diffusion-reaction systems are discussed.
Temperature response of photosynthesis in different drug and fiber varieties of Cannabis sativa L.

The temperature response on gas and water vapour exchange characteristics of three medicinal drug type (HP Mexican, MX and W1) and four industrial fiber type (Felinq 34, Kompolty, Zolo 11 and Zolo 15) varieties of Cannabis sativa, originally from different agro-climatic zones worldwide, were studied. Among the drug type varieties, optimum temperature for photosynthesis (Topt) was observed in the range of 30–35 °C in high potency Mexican HPM whereas, it was in the range of 25–30 °C in W1. A comparatively lower value (25 °C) for Topt was observed in MX. Among fiber type varieties, Topt was around 30 °C in Zolo 11 and Zolo 15 whereas, it was near 25 °C in Felinq 34 and Kompolty. Varieties having higher maximum photosynthesis (PN max) had higher chlorophyll content as compared to those having lower PN max. Differences in water use efficiency (WUE) were also observed within and among the drug and fiber type plants. However, differences became less pronounced at higher temperatures. Both stomatal and mesophyll components seem to be responsible for the temperature dependence of photosynthesis (PN) in this species, however, their magnitude varied with the variety. In general, a two fold increase in dark respiration with increase in temperature (from 20 °C to 40 °C) was observed in all the varieties. However, a greater increase was associated with the variety having higher rate of photosynthesis, indicating a strong association between photosynthetic and respiratory rates. The results provide a valuable indication regarding variations in temperature dependence of PN in different varieties of Cannabis sativa L.
Diffraction of light from an aperture on a spherical surface

An appropriate Green’s function is constructed by use of the eigenfunctions of the Helmholtz equation for spherical geometry such that it vanishes on the sphere. The diffracted amplitude is expressed as an integral on the surface of the sphere that involves only the amplitude distribution in the aperture. In terms of the Laplace coefficients, the integral reduces to a product relation that allows us to define the transfer function of free space. The normal derivative of the Green’s function plays the role of the impulse response of the diffraction problem.
Photolysis method for determination of the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant of deoxyhemoglobin

Abstract A new method for determination of the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant K 4,2 u of deoxyhemoglobin is described. The method involves photolysis of hemoglobin solutions containing a few percent of bound CO (e.g. less than 3%). Under these conditions the nature of the observed CO rebinding is primarily determined by the properties of the dominant species, deoxyhemoglobin. The method makes use of the 30-fold difference in the rate constant describing CO binding to hemoglobin dimers and deoxyhemoglobin tatramers. Becuase of this large difference in rate constants CO rebinding is made significantly more rapid by the presence of even small concentrations of dimers. Treating this reaction as CO binding to a mixture of hemoglobin dimers and tetramers allows the determination of K 4,2 u . Data is presented showing application of the method to human deoxyhemoglobin in the range from pH 9.5 to 11.2.
Insulin-like growth factor system and the kidney: Physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, consisting of IGF-I and IGF-II, their binding proteins, and their receptors, is expressed in a spatial organization in the nephron, but circulating IGFs also affect the kidney. Renal and systemic IGF-I and the binding proteins are regulated by growth hormone and nutritional status. In the kidney, IGF-I dilates the resistance-regulating microvasculature, increases glomerular filtration rate, and promotes tubular phosphate and possibly sodium absorption. IGF-I contributes to compensatory renal growth in a variety of experimental models and may modestly contribute to progressive glomerular sclerosis. In chronic renal failure and the nephrotic syndrome, there are several abnormalities in the IGF system. In chronic renal failure, IGF-I increases renal function and may improve nutritional status due to its anabolic effects. IGF-I accelerates the recovery of renal function in animal models of acute renal failure, but results from clinical trials were less salutary. Several questions regarding the role of the IGF system in normal and abnormal renal biology and potential therapeutic applications in kidney diseases remain unanswered.
Condensed phase photochemistry of acetic acid in the vacuum UV

Abstract The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis of acetic acid (HAC) in Ar, N2, CO and CO-doped argon matrices was performed at 10 K by systematically exciting into specific absorption bands with various VUV resonance line sources. The major overall processes which occur as a reuslt of photoexcitation are (1) CH3COOH + hν → CH4 + CO2, (2) and (3) CH3COOH + hν → CH3 + CO2 + H and (4) CH3COOH + hν → CH3OH + CO. All three of these overall processes occur to varying extents as a result of excitation into the four VUV bands of HAC. The results of experiments performed in CO and N2 matrices suggest that reactions (2) and/or (3) dissociate from triplet states corresponding to n′ → π* and n → σ* (3s) transitions. Isotopic CD3COOH experiments were performed and assisted in confirming previously proposed gas phase mechanisms.
The HTLV-1-encoded protein HBZ directly inhibits the acetyl transferase activity of p300/CBP

The homologous cellular coactivators p300 and CBP contain intrinsic lysine acetyl transferase (termed HAT) activity. This activity is responsible for acetylation of several sites on the histones as well as modification of transcription factors. In a previous study, we found that HBZ, encoded by the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), binds to multiple domains of p300/CBP, including the HAT domain. In this study, we found that HBZ inhibits the HAT activity of p300/CBP through the bZIP domain of the viral protein. This effect correlated with a reduction of H3K18 acetylation, a specific target of p300/CBP, in cells expressing HBZ. Interestingly, lower levels of H3K18 acetylation were detected in HTLV-1 infected cells compared to non-infected cells. The inhibitory effect of HBZ was not limited to histones, as HBZ also inhibited acetylation of the NF-κB subunit, p65, and the tumor suppressor, p53. Recent studies reported that mutations in the HAT domain of p300/CBP that cause a defect in acetylation are found in certain types of leukemia. These observations suggest that inhibition of the HAT activity by HBZ is important for the development of adult T-cell leukemia associated with HTLV-1 infection.
Chronic stimulation of the hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor lengthens circadian period in mice and hamsters

Evidence suggests that circadian rhythms are regulated through diffusible signals generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is located in SCN neurons posit...
Using Temporal Neighborhoods to Adapt Function Approximators in Reinforcement Learning

To avoid the curse of dimensionality, function approximators are used in reinforcement learning to learn value functions for individual states. In order to make better use of computational resources (basis functions) many researchers are investigating ways to adapt the basis functions during the learning process so that they better fit the value-function landscape. Here we introduce temporal neighborhoods as small groups of states that experience frequent intra-group transitions during on-line sampling. We then form basis functions along these temporal neighborhoods. Empirical evidence is provided which demonstrates the effectiveness of this scheme. We discuss a class of RL problems for which this method might be plausible.
Delay in reperfusion with transradial percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Might some delays be acceptable?

Background Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) suggest benefits for the transradial approach to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, transradial PCI may delay reperfusion, leading to its avoidance. We sought to quantify the delay in reperfusion from transradial PCI (“transradial delay”) that would need to be introduced to offset the potential mortality benefit of transradial PCI, compared with transfemoral, observed in RCTs. Methods We developed a decision-analytic model to compare transfemoral and transradial PCI in STEMI. Thirty-day mortality rates were estimated by pooling STEMI patients from 2 RCTs comparing transfemoral and transradial PCI. We projected the impact of transradial delay using estimates of the increase in mortality associated with door-to-balloon time delays. Sensitivity analyses were performed to understand the impact of uncertainty in assumptions. Results In the base case, a transradial delay of 83.0 minutes was needed to offset the mortality benefit of transradial PCI. When the mortality benefit of transradial PCI was one-quarter that observed in RCTs, the delay associated with equivalent mortality was 20.9 minutes. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, transradial PCI was preferred over transfemoral PCI in 97.5% of simulations when transradial delay was 30 minutes and in 79.0% of simulations when delay was 60 minutes. Conclusions A substantial transradial delay is required to eliminate even a fraction of the mortality benefit observed with transradial PCI in RCTs. Results were robust to changing multiple assumptions and have implications for operators reluctant to transition to transradial PCI in STEMI because of concern for delaying reperfusion.
Real-time measurement of dielectric relaxation of biomolecules: kinetics of a protein-ligand binding reaction.

Some chemical reactions involving biomolecules are known to be accompanied by measurable changes in electric properties. The binding of long-chain fatty acids and similar ligands to human serum albumin (HSA) is one such reaction; a change in the dipole vector of the protein has been documented.’ We have used this property to develop a new probe to study the kinetics of these binding reactions. The probe consists of a measurement of the dielectric properties of a reacting mixture, made by recording the response in real time to a single electric pulse. This technique has the advantage of providing several parameters from each measurement, which, in the experiments we are reporting here, provided us with simultaneous access to two separable measures of reaction progress. This resulted in identification of two distinct steps in the binding reaction. The observations are made on rapidly mixed solutions of HSA and ligand, with use of stop-flow methods. Each observation requires the recording of data for an interval of 20-50 wsec, and is repeated at intervals from I msec to 20 sec after mixing.
Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: consideration of embolization, anticoagulation, prophylactic pacemaker, and long-term success.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias. Not surprisingly, clinicians are frequently confronted with certain basic questions regarding the management of this ubiquitous electrical disturbance. Perhaps the most nettlesome problems arise concerning conversion of AF to sinus rhythm. Among the most frequent questions raised in this regard are the following. (1) What is the risk of systemic embolization following conversion? (2) Should all patients be anticoagulated before and after cardioversion and, if so, for how long? (3) Should patients with AF and a slow ventricular response be converted to sinus rhythm, and is a temporary pacemaker required in such cases? (4) Finally, what is the likelihood of successfully converting AF to sinus rhythm in various subgroups of patients? The purpose of this report is to critically review data pertinent to these questions. Unfortunately, as will be clear from the ensuing discussion, despite the importance and commonplace nature of the problems, definitive answers are, for the most part, still lacking.
Reconstitution of chemotactic peptide-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) oxidase activation in transgenic COS-phox cells

A whole-cell-based reconstitution system was developed to study the signaling mechanisms underlying chemoattractant-induced activation of NADPH oxidase. This system takes advantage of the lack of formyl peptide receptor-mediated response in COS-phox cells expressing gp91 phox , p22 phox , p67 phox , and p47 phox , which respond to phorbol ester and arachidonic acid with O⨪2 production. By exogenous expression of signaling molecules enriched in neutrophils, we have identified several critical components for fMLP-induced NADPH oxidase activation. Expression of PKCδ, but not PKCα, -βII, and -ζ, is necessary for the COS-phox cells to respond to fMLP. A role of PKCδ in neutrophil NADPH oxidase was confirmed based on the ability of fMLP to induce PKCδ translocation and the sensitivity of fMLP-induced O⨪2 production to rottlerin, a PKCδ-selective inhibitor. Optimal reconstitution also requires phospholipase C-β2 and PI3K-γ. We found that formyl peptide receptor could use the endogenous Rac1 as well as exogenous Rac1 and Rac2 for NADPH oxidase activation. Exogenous expression of p40 phox potentiated fMLP-induced O⨪2 production and raised the level of O⨪2 in unstimulated cells. Collectively, these results provide first direct evidence for reconstituting fMLP-induced O⨪2 production in a nonhemopoietic cell line, and demonstrate the requirement of multiple signaling components for optimal activation of NADPH oxidase by a chemoattractant.
Toward professional integration in the humanities: One teacher-researcher’s experience with portraiture

This article is both an argument for and an example of portraiture, a methodology for conducting and presenting qualitative research which, though familiar to many social scientists and educational researchers, remains relatively unknown within the humanities. The author details one kind of practice within the scholarship of teaching and learning — a study of a transformational learning experience — that calls for the framework of the research portrait, and suggests further possibilities for this framework, particularly within area studies, cultural studies, and world languages and literatures. Numerous advantages of portraiture are demonstrated and discussed, including the de-marginalization of the research subject, the facilitation of interdisciplinary practice, and the further integration of the teacher—researcher’s professional responsibilities and identities.
Multi-power-level energy saving management for passive optical networks

Environmental concerns have motivated network designers to further reduce energy consumption of access networks. This paper focuses on reducing the energy consumption of the Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) as one of the most efficient transmission technologies for broadband access. In the EPON, downstream traffic is sent from the optical line terminal (OLT) located at the central office to all optical network units (ONUs). Each ONU checks all arrival downstream packets and selects the downstream packets destined to itself. Therefore, receivers at ONUs have to always stay awake, thus consuming a large amount of energy. On the other hand, an ONU transmitter can be triggered by the arrival of upstream traffic, so it can go to the low power mode when no traffic is observed. Putting ONUs into the low power mode during light traffic is a known strategy for energy saving. In this article, we address the downstream challenge and also improve the ONU transmitter sleep time by proposing a simple sleep control scheme. We also propose an upstream and a downstream sleep-aware traffic scheduling scheme to avoid missing packets during the sleep states. The proposed sleep control scheme does not need the handshake process and is based on the mutual inference at the OLT and the ONU. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can save energy by as much as 60% when network traffic is light.
Chemical recognition by hermit crabs of their symbiotic sea anemones and a predatory octopus

The ability of the hermit crabs Dardanus venosus and Pagurus pollicaris to recognize chemically their symbiotic sea anemone Calliactis tricolor and a common octopus predator, Octopus joubini, were studied. The crabs were tested for chemoreceptive responses using a Y-trough olfactometer, which prevented visual cues from being used. Choice tests showed that D. venosus could chemically detect Calliactis. If, however, D. venosus had a Calliactis on its shell at the time of the trial, it could not detect the test anemone. P. pollicaris (without a symbiotic anemone) did not locate the test anemone. Both species of crab avoided a water current carrying octopus chemical cues. Chemoreception may play an important role in the interaction of a hermit crab with its symbiotic anemone and an octopus predator.
A Note on Indestructibility and Strong Compactness

If • • is 2 - = - + supercompact, •'s supercom- pactness is indestructible under •-directed closed forcing which is also (• + ;1)-distributive, and for every measurable cardinal -, - is - + strongly compact ifi - is - + supercompact.
Toward the zero attention interface: wearable subliminal cuing for short term memory support

In this paper we summarize the results of an experiment showing that subliminal cuing using short-duration masked video fields on a head mounted display can be effective in improving short term memory performance. We found that our subjects did 1.8 times as well on subliminally cited memory trials as uncued trials, a result statistically significant at the /spl alpha/ = 0.1 confidence level. This suggests subliminal citing holds promise as a low-attention alternative to overt reminders for some wearable and mobile applications.
Identifying Safe Zones for Planetary Satellite Orbiters

This paper studies the dynamics of temporarily captured trajectories in the Hill 3-body problem, with application to orbits about Jupiter’s satellite Europa. Using a model that includes the tidal force of Jupiter, the phase space of capture trajectories is numerically determined and trajectories are identified that don’t impact with the planetary satellite or escape over long periods of time. These ‘safe zones’ in phase space are mapped out over dierent energy levels, identifying regions in phase space where an uncontrolled spacecraft would remain in orbit without impact or escape. The ‘distances’ of these safe trajectories from various frozen orbit trajectories are determined and the cost to transfer into these orbits is evaluated. Resulting from this analysis is the identification of robust capture trajectories and criteria on placing them into long-term stable orbits. I. Introduction In this paper, we study capture trajectories in the Hill 3-body problem. Capture trajectories are trajectories that begin in the exterior region of Hill’s problem and enter the region to orbit the planetary satellite at least one time. Previous work has been done on these types of orbits. In particular Villac and Scheeres 5 looked at escaping trajectories in the Hill 3-body problem, which are analogous to capture trajectories with time reversed. One particular feature of capture trajectories that we investigate is their lifetime. Unstabilized, these orbits can impact with the planetary satellite or exit the interior Hill region after vert short time spans. Koon et al. 2 investigated orbits that travel between the interior and exterior Hill regions and showed that the amount of time a trajectory spends orbiting the planetary satellite is controlled by chaotic dynamics. We develop a method which identifies sets of capture trajectories that do not impact or escape the planetary satellite for extended time periods. We call these ‘safe trajectories’ and the regions in which they lie ‘safe zones’. These safe low-energy trajectories may be useful for the proposed NASA Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) mission. The plan for this mission is to orbit three of Jupiter moons, Callisto, Ganymede and Europa. We focus our attention on Europa, however our results can be applied to the other moons as well. With the science goals of this mission being such that a low-altitude, high inclination stable orbit about Europa is desirable, we examine low-cost methods to transfer from a safe capture trajectory to a long-term stable orbit. In order to identify possible target long-term stable orbits, we turn to some previous work on orbits identified by using double averaging assumptions. There orbits are termed ‘frozen orbits’ and both circular and elliptic frozen orbits have been studied extensively. Broucke 1 identified and studied the long term eects
From theory to research: Contextual predictors of “ estar + adjective” and the study of the SLA of Spanish copula choice – a response to Woolsey

The use of social vs. cognitive approaches to the study of second language acquisition (SLA) has engendered considerable debate in the field. For instance, the recent Modern Language Journal Focus Issue (Lafford, 2007a) reviewed the ongoing debate between scholars espousing socially- and cognitively-grounded approaches to SLA research and explored the extent to which SLA scholars have answered Firth and Wagner's (1997, p. 286) call for a reconceptualization of SLA “as a more theoretically and methodologically balanced enterprise that endeavours to attend to, explicate, and explore, in more equal measures and, where possible, in integrated ways, both the social and cognitive dimensions of S/FL [second/foreign language] use and acquisition”. Firth and Wagner (1997, p. 286) specifically called for “(a) a significantly enhanced awareness of the contextual and interactional dimensions of language use, (b) an increased emic (i.e., participant-relevant) sensitivity towards fundamental concepts, and (c) the broadening of the traditional SLA data base”.
Are parental gender role beliefs a predictor of change in sexual communication in a prevention program

This study examined if pre-intervention maternal gender role beliefs predict change in sexual communication in a sexual risk behavior prevention program designed to increase parent-pre-adolescent communication about sex. A sample of 281 African American fourth and fifth graders and their mothers participated in the five-session program and completed computerized questionnaires at baseline, postintervention, and 6-month follow-up. Based on mother report, more egalitarian maternal gender role beliefs predicted greater increases in parent-pre-adolescent communication about sex at postintervention. Based on pre-adolescent report, similar findings emerged at the 6-month follow-up, but only for boys. The relationship of maternal gender role beliefs to changes in sexual communication was not accounted for by maternal comfort with sexual communication with their pre-adolescents. The implications of maternal gender role beliefs in a prevention program designed to increase communication about sexual topics are considered.
An upper bound on the domination number of n-vertex connected cubic graphs

In 1996, Reed proved that the domination number @c(G) of every n-vertex graph G with minimum degree at least 3 is at most 3n/8. This bound is sharp for cubic graphs if there is no restriction on connectivity. In this paper we show that @c(G)@?4n/11 for every n-vertex cubic connected graph G if n>8. Note that Reed's conjecture that @c(G)@[email protected]?n/[email protected]? for every connected cubic n-vertex graph G is not true.
Risk patterns of multiple myeloma in Los Angeles County, 1972–1999 (United States)

To describe the risk patterns of multiple myeloma in Los Angeles County (LAC). Incident multiple myeloma cases diagnosed from 1972 to 1999 were ascertained by the population-based cancer registry for LAC. Average annual age-specific and age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR), standardized to the 2000 US census age distribution, were calculated using age-, race-, sex- and socioeconomic status (SES)-specific denominators estimated for all years from US census data for 1970, 1980 and 1990. Odds ratios (ORs) for risk by birthplace and religion were estimated using multivariate logistic regression, comparing multiple myeloma patients with other cancer patients. All groups experienced increasing incidence with age; African-Americans experienced the steepest increase which began a decade earlier compared to other groups. Overall incidence rates were 50% higher among males (n = 4,692) than females (n = 4,343) (p < 0.05). AAIRs were highest for African-Americans, followed by Spanish-surnamed whites (SSW), non-Spanish-surnamed whites (NSSW), Filipinos and other Asian groups. Among African-Americans, incidence rates increased with increasing SES. US-born SSW had 14% lower risk compared to non-US born SSW (OR = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74–0.99]. Jews had an 11% higher risk compared to Protestants (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.99–1.24). Risk patterns suggest a role for both environmental and genetic factors.
Direct-Attached Disk Subsystem Performance Assessment

Direct-attached storage has historically had the reputation of being less capable than equivalently sized SAN installations. Here, we empirically demonstrate the performance achievable in multiple-terabyte, direct-attached disk subsystems. A number of parameters are explored, including file system, number of logical drives, and RAID configuration.
A low-voltage low-power wide-range CMOS variable gain amplifier

In this paper, a compact low-power (LP) low-voltage (LV) metal-oxide-semiconductor-only (MOS-only) variable gain amplifier (VCA) is introduced. This amplifier based on complementary MOS (CMOS) transistors operating in strong inversion is composed of a pseudo-exponential current-to-voltage converter, analog multiplier, and output stage. The gain of the amplifier is controlled exponentially by a novel wide-range pseudo-exponential current-to-voltage converter implemented with two back-to-back connected current mirrors exhibiting superb exponential characteristic. Also, a new LV/LP composite transistor is introduced to increase the input dynamic range of the multiplier. The amplifier is fabricated using a 2-/spl mu/m MOSIS n-well process, and its simulation and measurement results are shown in detail.
Stress Recognition In Law Enforcement Organizations

The study identified more critically the role of organizational stressors and impacts on police officer functions while on duty. Those aspects of stress-related responses were shown to be associated with agency managerial, administrative, and procedural responsibilities. Even so, while there appears to be some level of trepidation on a managerial level, the administrator has yet to effectively address problematic policies and procedures regarding stress recognition and supervisory accountability. In the study, the determinants of decision characteristics, perception characteristics, and motor act characteristics correlate with an officer’s control of complex tasks (Violanti 1995). The focus of this study was to measure an officer’s ability in stressful environments utilizing the Polar heart rate monitor during specific police activities. The highlighted areas of the study consisted of a physical agility test, firearm training, emergency vehicle operation, and voluntary exposure to taser deployment. The data collected were used for general observation into an officer’s optimal performance in both low and high stress incidents.
Social Dilemmas, Shared Resources, and Social Justice

Social dilemmas are pernicious interpersonal situations in which undesirable consequences are created by a group of people each of whom is sensibly trying to bring about desirable consequences. Why should secretaries or faculty members pay the dues to join labor unions the benefits of which they would enjoy whether they become members or not (Messick, 1973)? But, of course, if no one joins, there will be no union and no benefits to enjoy.
The Case | Azotemia without renal failure

A 75-year-old male was transferred to our facility from an outside hospital for the management of complications of acute pancreatitis. There he was diagnosed with a common bile duct stone and underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 6 weeks before transfer. His course was complicated by acute pancreatitis with a pseudocyst compressing the right ureter requiring ureteral stenting and by Clostridium difficile infection. All nutrition and hydration was given by tube feeds via a gastrojejunostomy tube, including 3 g/kg/day of protein in an attempt to reverse his 14 kg weight loss. At the time of transfer, laboratory abnormalities included blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration of 96 mg/dl, creatinine (Cr) of 0.88 mg/dl, albumin 2.8 g/dl, alkaline phosphatase of 238 U/l, and lipase 197 U/l. Other electrolytes were normal. At the time of admission to the outside hospital his BUN was 16 mg/dl, and Cr was 0.8 mg/dl. Three days before transfer his BUN was 77 mg/dl. The patient reported that his urine output was significantly reduced such that he was voiding very small amounts once or twice per day. Computed tomography at our facility showed pneumobilia and gas in the right renal collecting system (Figure 1), not seen on imaging 2 weeks prior. When asked directly, the patient admitted to pneumaturia.
Lithium Enolates Derived from Pyroglutaminol: Aggregation, Solvation, and Atropisomerism

Lithium enolates derived from protected pyroglutaminols were characterized by using (6)Li, (13)C, and (19)F NMR spectroscopies in conjunction with the method of continuous variations. Mixtures of tetrasolvated dimers and tetrasolvated tetramers in different proportions depend on the steric demands of the hemiaminal protecting group, tetrahydrofuran concentration, and the presence or absence of an α-fluoro moiety. The high steric demands of the substituted bicyclo[3.3.0] ring system promote dimers to an unusual extent and allow solvents and atropisomers in cubic tetramers to be observed in the slow-exchange limit. Pyridine used as a (6)Li chemical shift reagent proved useful in assigning solvation numbers.
S-Nitrosylated fetal hemoglobin in neonatal human blood

Abstract Background Nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives play important roles in the cardiopulmonary transition upon birth and in other oxygen-sensitive developmental milestones. One mechanism for the coupling of oxygen sensing and signaling by NO species is via the formation of an S-nitrosothiol (SNO) moiety on hemoglobin (Hb, forming SNO-Hb) and its release from the red blood cell in hypoxia. Although SNO-Hb formed on adult-type Hb (HbA, forming SNO-HbA) has been documented in physiological and pathophysiological human states, the fetal variant, SNO-HbF, has thus far not been isolated or characterized in human blood. Methods and results We developed a technique capable of separating Hbs A and F under conditions that preserve SNO. We then measured SNO-HbF in the blood of healthy and premature or otherwise ill neonates using the gold standard for SNO measurement, mercury-coupled photolysis-chemiluminescence. SNO-HbF levels were in the range of those previously reported for HbA in adults. We found that SNO-HbF was more abundant at earlier gestational age ( Conclusions The ability to monitor SNO-HbF could provide new insights into fetal development and the perinatal transition, and has potential as a biomarker relevant to the management of neonatal diseases.