cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A field study investigating effects of landmarks on territory size and shape

Few studies have examined how landmarks affect territories' fundamental characteristics. In this field study, we investigated effects of landmarks on territory size, shape and location in a cichlid fish (Amatitlania siquia). We provided cans as breeding sites and used plastic plants as landmarks. During 10 min trials, we recorded locations where residents chased intruders and used those locations to outline and measure the territory. In two experiments, we observed pairs without landmarks and with either a point landmark (one plant) or linear landmark (four plants) placed near the nest can. We alternated which trial occurred first and performed the second trial 24 h after the first. Territories were approximately round without landmarks or with a point landmark but were significantly more elongated when we added a linear landmark. Without landmarks, nests were centrally located; however, with any landmark, pairs set territory boundaries closer to the landmark and thus the nest. Territory size was significantly reduced in the presence of any landmark. This reduction suggests that a smaller territory with well-defined boundaries has greater benefits than a larger territory with less well-defined borders.
Beliefs about transmission risk and vulnerability, treatment adherence, and sexual risk behavior among a sample of HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

Abstract Advances in HIV treatment have generated optimistic beliefs about HIV transmission risk and sexually transmitted infection vulnerability, which can influence motivation to practice safer sex. This study sought to better understand the relationships between these beliefs and different types of sexual risk behavior. A second objective was to determine the association between treatment adherence and sexual risk behaviors. Data collected from 842 HIV-positive men who have sex with men on treatment were examined. Eleven questions measured beliefs regarding HIV transmission risk and vulnerability to other infections or negative health outcomes. The main outcomes were concordant and discordant unprotected anal sex with main and non-main male partners. Thirty-four percent reported concordant and 41% reported discordant unprotected anal sex in the past three months: 26% reported discordant insertive unprotected anal sex. In all multivariate logistic regression models predicting sexual risk behaviors, at l...
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June, 1996

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 199 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1996. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward (1992) (in: H. Emert and H.-P. Harjes (Editors), Acoustical Imaging, Vol. 19, Plenum, pp. 785–797). A new model of anelastic attenuation by Durek and Ekstrom (1996) (Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86: 144–158) is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Characteristics of noncarious cervical lesions: A clinical investigation

ABSTRACT Background The purpose of the authors' in vivo investigation was to analyze the characteristics of noncarious cervical lesions, or NCCLs, in adult patients who had a high incidence of them. Methods The patient pool consisted of a total of 57 patients and 171 teeth (three teeth per patient), with one NCCL per tooth. The characteristics the authors evaluated were shape, dimensions, sensitivity, sclerosis and occlusion. Results In terms of lesion characteristics, 91 percent of the lesions had axial depths of 1 to 2 millimeters, 49 percent had occlusogingival widths of 1 to 2 mm, 74 percent had an angular shape of 45 to 135 degrees, 76 percent had mild or moderate sclerosis, and 73 percent had no or mild sensitivity. In terms of occlusion, 75 percent of teeth had an Angle Class I occlusion on the involved side, 60 percent had group function or mixed excursive guidance, 82 percent had wear facets, and 99 percent had Type 0 or I mobility. In terms of tooth location, 70 percent of NCCLs were on posterior teeth, 65 percent were on maxillary teeth, and 46 percent were on premolars. Conclusions The evaluated NCCLs were found mainly to have small dimensions of depth and width ( Clinical Implications A knowledge of the NCCL characteristics and etiologic covariables aids in proper case selection for treatment, aids in selection of appropriate treatment protocols and improves assessment of prognosis.
Weight gain, hemoglobin uptake, and virus ingestion by Hyalomma truncatum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks after engorgement on viremic guinea pigs.

The ability of guinea pigs to serve as a source of an arbovirus for feeding ticks was examined with Hyalomma truncatum Koch and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Ticks fed on guinea pigs to varying degrees, as indicated by both low and high weight gain and hemoglobin uptake. Pools of larval ticks measured at drop-off with undetectable or very low hemoglobin levels (mean hemoglobin content = 0.05 mg per pool) contained the same amount of virus (> 10(3.0) plaque-forming units [PFU] per pool) as pools of ticks with high hemoglobin levels (mean hemoglobin = 0.15 mg per pool). A group of nymphs that ingested a mean of 0.13 mg of hemoglobin contained the same amount of virus (mean viral titer approximately 10(2.5) PFU) as a group of nymphs that ingested 0.32 mg of hemoglobin. Some adult ticks that ingested 4.7 mg of hemoglobin.
Limits on the Comprehension of Rotational Motion: Mental Imagery of Rotations with Oblique Components:

Mental imagery of rotational motion across variation in the orientation of a square to an axis of rotation, the orientation of the axis to the environment/viewer, and the starting orientation of the rotation were investigated in three experiments. The experimental method included specifying the particular rotations that subjects should consider and obtaining exact predictions of the outcomes of the rotations. When the square was normal to the axis and the axis was normal to the environment/viewer, performance was excellent. When either of these relationships was oblique, performance was quite good. When both of these relationships were oblique, nearly every subject made large errors on every problem. The difficulty of the double-oblique rotations was reduced when the initial orientation of the square was not canonical. Current views of the comprehension of rotational motion are discussed. It appears that the comprehension of rotational motion can be understood as an organization of the symmetric space tra...
Gas flow and heat transfer in a pancake chemical vapor deposition reactor

Abstract Gas flow and heat transfer in a pancake reactor for silicon epitaxial film growth are discussed based on a gas flow visualization technique, numerial calculations and a growth rate profile of silicon epitaxial film. In the gas flow visualization, motions of NH4Cl or SiO2 particles are observed using a high-sensitivity analogue camera. The observed gas flow motions are compared with those obtained by three-dimensional calculations of the transport equations of the mass, momentum and energy. At room temperature and the epitaxial growth temperature of 1423 K, a large recirculation in the reactor chamber exists. The gas flow direction near the susceptor at the epitaxial growth temperature is nearly the same as that at room temperature, that is, from the outside toward the center of the susceptor. The profile of the epitaxial film growth rate observed agrees qualitatively with that predicted by visualization and calculations. The gas flow motions near the susceptor in the pancake reactor are parallel to the susceptor, in agreement with that of a horizontal reactor.
Effect of membrane lipid composition and microtubule structure on lectin interactions of mouse LM cells.

Concanavalin A (Con A) binding and Con A-mediated hemadsorption to LM cells were found to decrease significantly at both 5–7°C and 15–19°C. The higher of these critical temperatures responds to a change in state of the membrane lipids and can be increased or decreased in cells where the membrane phospholipids contain less or more double bonds, respectively. The lower critical temperature for Con A binding or Con A-mediated hemadsorption does not respond to these changes in membrane lipid composition. Though the amount of Con A bound to the cell surface is a determinant of Con A-mediated agglutinability, the major components of the decreases in Con A-mediated hemadsorption which occur at both these critical temperatures do not have their origin in the decreases in Con A binding which occur over these same temperature ranges – that is 5–7°C and 15–19°C. Con A-mediated hemadsorption measured at 22°C was dramatically inhibited when LM cells were first incubated at 7°C or less. Reversal of this inhibition required 20–30 min of subsequent incubation at 22°C, indicating that factors other than membrane lipid “fluidity” are determinants of agglutinability. LM cells treated with the microtubule-disrupting alkaloids colchicine, colcemid, or vinblastine at concentrations as low as 10−6 M were as much as fourfold more agglutinable with Con A. By contrast, lumicolchicine, an inactive derivative of colchicine, had a slight inhibitory effect on Con A-mediated hemadsorption. Colchicine, vinblastine, or lumicolchicine treatment of LM cells did not alter the quantitative binding of labeled lectin. The results suggest that membrane lipid “fluidity” and the cell cytoskeleton (microtubule/microfilament system) are important determinants of lectin interactions with cell surfaces. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of cell–cell and cell–lectin interactions which assigns a central role to the Con A receptor.
Genetic analysis of transcription factors implicated in B lymphocyte development

The transcription factors Oct-2, NF-ϰB and PU. 1 have been implicated in regulating the development of B lymphocytes. Genetic approaches have been used to analyze the developmental functions of these regulatory proteins. Using gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells, PU. 1 is shown to be required for the development of progenitor B cells. Strikingly, PU. 1 is also essential for the development of T lymphoid, granulocytic and monocytic progenitors. Transcription factors of the NF-ϰB/Rel family, which appear to regulate immunoglobulin kappa gene expression, are shown to be a target of the viral transforming protein (v-abl) which arrests B lineage development at the precursor B stage. This suggests a mechanism by which v-abl blocks precursor B cell differentiation. The Oct-2 transcription factor was considered to represent a development regulator of immunoglobulin gene expression. Using gene targeting in a murine B cell, Oct-2 is shown to be dispensable for immunoglobulin gene expression. This suggests the existence of an alternate pathway, involving the ubiquitous related protein, Oct-1, in immunoglobulin gene regulation.
Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the mouse gene Punc.

The mouse gene Punc encodes a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins. It is highly expressed in the developing embryo in nervous system and limb buds. At mid-gestation, however, expression levels of Punc decrease sharply. To allow investigation of such a regulatory mechanism, the genomic locus encompassing the Punc gene was cloned, characterized, and mapped. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to determine the chromosomal location of the Punc gene of mouse and human. Mouse Punc maps to Chromosome (Chr) 9 in the region D-E1, whereas the human PUNC gene is localized to Chr 15 at 15q22.3-23, a region known to be syntenic to mouse 9D-E1. The human PUNC gene therefore maps close to a genetic locus that is linked to Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, an autosomal recessive human disorder. Confirmation for the location of human PUNC was obtained through sequence relationships between mouse Punc cDNA, human PUNC cDNA, genomic sequence upstream of the murine Punc gene, and human STS markers that had been previously mapped on Chr 15. The STS sequence WI-14920 is in fact derived from the 3′-untranslated region of the human PUNC gene. WI-14920 had been placed at 228cR from the top of the Chr 15 linkage group, which provided positional information for the human PUNC gene at high resolution. Thus, this study identifies PUNC as the gene corresponding to a previously anonymous marker and serves as a basis to investigate its role in genetic disorders.
Transamination reactions of rat brain.

Abstract The spectrum of transamination reactions of rat brain involving α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate have been quantitatively estimated employing an extremely sensitive, fast and simple technique of assay. Evidence is presented in support of the separate identities of enzymes catalyzing the transaminations from phenylalanine, tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan to α-ketoglutarate.
Suicide in Vietnam Veterans: The Suicide Wall

Although official data have reported an average number of suicides in the veterans of the Vietnam War, the veterans themselves estimate that the death toll from suicide may be 8 to 10 times the official toll. Attention is drawn to a website honoring those veterans of the war who have committed suicide: www.suicidewall.com
Domatically critical and domatically full graphs

Abstract A subset, D , of the vertex set of a graph G is called a dominating set of G if each vertex of G is either in D or adjacent to some vertex in D . The maximum cardinality of a partition of the vertex set of G into dominating sets is the domatic number of G , denoted d ( G ). G is said to be domatically critical if the removal of any edge of G decreases the domatic number, and G is domatically full if d ( G ) assumes the known lower bound of δ ( G ) + 1. An example is given to settle a conjecture of B. Zelinka concerning the structure of a domatically critical graph. We also prove that a domatically critical graph G is domatically full if d ( G ) ⩽ 3 and provide examples to show this does not extend to the cases d ( G )>3.
Why are Chinese partners passive innovators? National culture, organisation processes and innovation propensity in cross-border alliances

China is striving to transform its economy from one that relies on imitation to one that is based on innovation. This shift creates an opportunity for both domestic and foreign partners of cross-border alliances to engage in innovation cross-pollination. However, a challenge remains since Chinese partners are not quite ready as indigenous innovators. This paper intends to develop a theoretical framework to examine the obstacles related to national culture and organisation processes that impede Chinese partners’ propensity to innovation. It elaborates on how cultural moderators influence the mechanisms of innovation in international alliances, covering issues such as identity change, legitimacy, diffusion pattern, group identity, task accomplishment, uncertainty assessment, and resource preparation. Chinese partners under the influence of a culture with high power distance, collectivism, and low uncertainty avoidance are more likely to play a passive role in innovation. Theoretical and practical implicatio...
“Azioni in modo l’una dall’altra”: action for action's sake in Machiavelli's The Prince: [Political Action, Machiavelli, Virtù and Fortuna, The Prince, Political Causality]

It has come to be increasingly recognized that The Prince fails to offer a viable and practical guide to successful political action. Violent force provides Machiavelli's theory with the only even tentative form of purposive action he can theoretically sustain. In violence, elements of the action itself seem to appear as consequences, thus restoring a semblance of connection between deliberate action and outcomes. As a result, successful political action becomes less a question of examples and precepts than a matter of improvisational daring, a kind of action that arises directly from the immediate situation itself. In this connection, Machiavelli's representation of Cesare Borgia serves as an inspirational example of the improvisatory prince. In the final analysis, action per se emerges as the only rival to fortuna. Impetuosity replaces skill and wisdom, meeting the capriciousness of fortuna with a form of action equally riotous. This seems less discouraging from the perspective of the theory once we recognize that Machiavelli's point of view has shifted from that of an imagined individual prince to the interests of the political field of action itself. From there, it is action itself that sustains the possibility of politics.
CSST: Preventing distribution of unlicensed and rejected ICs by untrusted foundry and assembly

The globalization of the semiconductor design and fabrication industry (also known as the horizontal business model) has led to many well-documented issues associated with untrusted foundries and assemblies, including IC overproduction, cloning, and the shipping of improperly or insufficiently tested chips. Besides the loss in profits to Intellectual Property (IP) owners, such chips entering the supply chain can have catastrophic consequences for critical applications. We propose a new Secure Split-Test (SST) scheme called the Connecticut SST (CSST) in which the IP owner takes full control over testing. In CSST, each chip and its scan chains are locked during testing, and only the IP owner can interpret the locked test results and unlock passing chips. The new SST can prevent overproduced, defective, and cloned chips from reaching the supply chain. The proposed method considerably simplifies the communication required between the foundry/assembly and the IP owner compared to the original version of the SST. The results demonstrate that our new technique is more secure than the original and has lower communication overheads.
Growing and funding experiential learning programs: A recipe for success

This chapter describes ways in which institutions can develop thriving experiential learning programs despite challenging economic times. Stage-specific challenges and cost-effective solutions are outlined.
Quantum state reconstruction for rigid rotors

We describe a quantum state reconstruction scheme for dipolar rigid rotors based on determination of the expectation value of the molecular orientation. A key feature is the use of half-cycle pulses to excite the rotor prior to the orientation measurement. The set of expectation values obtained by varying the intensity and polarization of the laser and the time interval between excitation and measurement can be inverted directly to yield the rotor density operator. When the density operator corresponds to the admixture of relatively few rotor states, our procedure successfully reconstructs both pure and mixed states.
Association of annular pancreas and duodenal obstruction – evidence for Mendelian inheritance?

This report presents a family with two individuals in two successive generations who were affected by annular pancreas and high duodenal obstruction. An argument for autosomal dominant transmission and implications for appropriate team management are discussed.
Vitamin A is present as retinol in the tears of humans and rabbits.

Vitamin A is required for the normal growth maintenance and maturation of the corneal epithelium and is effective in the treatment of xerophthalmia and experimental corneal epithelial wounds when applied topically as retinoic acid. The normal route of delivery of vitamin A to the cornea has remained undefined. We collected tears from normal and vitamin A deficient rabbits and from humans and analyzed them by high pressure liquid chromatography. A peak corresponding to a retinol standard was eluted from normal rabbit and human tears but was absent from the vitamin A deficient rabbit tears. The retinol concentration in rabbit tears was 69 ng/ml (0.2 × 10−6M) and in human tears was 16 ng/ml (0.5 × 10−7M). This demonstration that vitamin A is present in the tears as retinol establishes the rationale for treatment of corneal disease with topical vitamin A.
Pension Funds in Infrastructure Project Finance: Regulations and Instrument Design

In most Latin American countries during the 1990s, private participation has developed in both pension fund management and infrastructure investment. These dual reforms have created a sizable, mostly domestic source of long-term funds and also a sizable need for domestic investment funds. Despite the potential benefits of a happy marriage, a relationship has not yet been developed, mostly because providers and users of funds do not yet understand each others needs. This article discusses the benefits of a closer relationship for both parties. It proposes ways to structure financial instruments to meet the needs of pension fund managers and consequent policy and regulatory reforms in pension fund management. The article also discusses the implications this can have for developed countries, such as the United States and most of Europe, where private participation lags in both mandatory pensions and infrastructure.
The analysis and design of Smith predictors using singular Nyquist arrays

A modified form of the Smith predictor (Smith 1957, 1959) for systems with significant dead times is proposed and analysed using singular Nyquist arrays. This new controller eliminates steady state offset errors using only proportional control elements. A design procedure for the predictor is developed using the methods of Rosenbrock (1969, 1974) and Kantor and Andres (1979). This procedure explicitly accounts for the effects of process modelling errors. An illustrative example comparing the new controller with the traditional Smith controller and with PI control shows the decided advantages of the predictor.
Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Anodes, Cathodes, and Separators for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries

Novel nanofiber technologies present the opportunity to design new materials for advanced rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Among the various existing energy storage technologies, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are considered as effective solution to the increasing need for high-energy electrochemical power sources. This review addresses using electrospinning technology to develop novel composite nanofibers which can be used as anodes, cathodes, and separators for lithium-ion batteries. The discussion focuses on the preparation, structure, and performance of silicon/carbon (Si/C) nanofiber anodes, lithium iron phosphate/carbon (LiFePO4/C) nanofiber cathodes, and lithium lanthanum titanate oxide/polyacrylonitrile (LLTO/PAN) nanofiber separators. Si/C nanofiber anodes have the advantages of both carbon (long cycle life) and Si (high lithium-storage capacity). LiFePO4/C nanofiber cathodes show good electrochemical performance including satisfactory capacity and good cycling stability. LLTO/PAN nanofibe...
Retinoic Acid Delays the Terminal Differentiation of Keratinocytes in Suspension Culture

The effect of retinoic acid (RA) on the terminal differentiation of guinea pig keratinocytes maintained in suspension culture was studied. Keratinocytes obtained from trypsinized guinea pig skin were suspended in medium containing 20% calf serum and 1.2% methyl cellulose. RA, which was added at the beginning of culture, delayed differentiation as judged by a decrease in the percent of cells that developed disulfide cross-linked keratin (sodium dodecyl sulfate insoluble cells) and cornified envelopes (sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol insoluble cells). RA inhibited differentiation maximally at 5 microgram/ml on day 3 of 5 day culture; concentrations as low as .005 microgram/ml were also inhibitory. Because the disulfide cross-linking of keratin and the formation of cornified envelopes are thought to occur when the cell membrane becomes permeable, we determined whether RA inhibited these processes by stabilizing the cell membrane. Two agents (ionophore X537A and Triton X-100) which permeate cell membranes rapidly reversed the inhibitory effect of RA on cornified envelope formation. In addition, when cultured with RA, the percent of cells which became permeable to trypan blue was reduced, also suggesting that RA acts on the cell membrane. These studies show that RA can inhibit keratinocyte differentiation by stabilizing the cell membrane thereby delaying transition from a living epidermal cell to a dead cornified cell.
Evaluation of 57 Teat Sanitirers Using Excised Cow Teats

Fifty-seven teat dip formulations were tested for germicidal activity with an excised teat assay. Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 27956), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29740), and Escherichia coli+ (a wild strain isolated from an Ohio cow 2956RR during the dry period) were used. Log reductions ranged from 5.6480 to 1.8330 for Strep. agalactiae compared with undipped controls. Staphylococcus aureus were reduced from 4.8972 to 1.0102. Escherichia coli were reduced from 5.8677 to 1.1450. The percentages of the products tested that had log reductions < 3 against Strep. agalactiae, Staph. aureus, and E. coli were 24, 30, and 61. Four teat dip formulations contained 4% sodium hypochlorite; all were effective against Strep. agalactiae, Staph. aureus, and E. coli. The three formulations containing glutaraldehyde were effective against the three mastitis pathogens. Formulations containing 1 and .5% iodine were not consistently effective against Strep. agalactiae, Staph. aureus, or E. coli. Teat sanitizers containing .5% chlorhexidine also showed inconsistency. Variations in formulation for products containing iodine or chlorhexidine affected germicidal activity.
A Novel Variant of the K-ω URANS Model for Spectral Element Methods: Implementation, Verification, and Validation in Nek5000

Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (uRANS) models can provide good engineering estimates of wall shear and heat flux at a significantly lower computational cost compared with LES simulations. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of two novel variants of the k-ω turbulence model, the regularized k-ω standard and the regularized k-ω SST model, in a spectral element code, Nek5000. We present formulation for the specific dissipation rate (ω) in the standard k-ω model, which would obviate the need for ad hoc boundary conditions of ω on the wall. The regularized approach is designed to lead to grid-independent solutions as resolution is increased. We present a detailed comparison of these novel methods for various standard problems including the T-junction benchmark problem. The two approaches presented in this work compare very well with the standard k-ω model and experimental data for all the cases studied.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Renew Town: Adaptive Urbanism and the Low Carbon Community by andrew Scott and Eran Ben-Joseph

Andrew Scott and Eran Ben-Joseph, ReNew Town: Adaptive Urbanism and the Low Carbon Community (New York: Routledge, 2012).ReNew Town reinforces the idea that unique local-scale, place-based, sustain...
Magnetic field dependence of the penetration depth of d-wave superconductors with strong isolated impurities

A d-wave superconductor with isolated strong non-magnetic impurities should exhibit an upturn in the penetration depth at low temperatures [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 147004]. Here we calculate how an external magnetic field supresses this effect.
The Complex and Unequal Impact of High Stakes Accountability On Untested Social Studies

This article contributes to research on the impact of high stakes accountability on social studies teaching where it is not tested by the state, and addresses the question of what is happening in middle and higher performing versus struggling schools (Wills, 2007). The author presents complex findings from a qualitative study in five California classrooms spanning grades four through seven. Different from previous accounts of social studies under high stakes accountability, teachers in these middle and higher performing, middle class settings were generally satisfied with their social studies teaching. Yet observations revealed that in combination with other factors, accountability did influence social studies gatekeeping, or teachers' curricular-instructional decision making, in both direct and indirect ways. Its impact varied according to school performance status and student demographics, combined with other factors. A few teachers embraced the goals of raising test scores and developing skills in lite...
8.9: Presentation session: Keynote speaker and brain injuries and neuro-regeneration panel: “Pathogenic mechanisms induced by exposure to blast overpressure”

The increased incidence and severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by exposure to blast overpressure (BOP) observed in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) has significantly contributed to combat morbidity. The research efforts described here establish animal models to examine responses to BOP exposure and analyze the potential mechanisms of injury. The objective is to identify novel strategies for preventing or mitigating blast-related trauma. Overall, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of BOP-induced TBI remain poorly understood but are believed to be shared by other forms of neurotrauma and involve excitotoxicity, inflammation, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Recently, is evidence suggests that ROS are a major component of the BOP-induced pathogenic responses and that treatment with antioxidants is associated with protection. In animal models, both genomic and proteomic responses associated with blast are investigated to enhance our understanding of the basic mechanisms of injury and identify prophylactic and treatment modalities.
Photodissociation dynamics of the thiophenoxy radical at 248, 193, and 157 nm.

The photodissociation dynamics of the thiophenoxy radical (C6H5S) have been investigated using fast beam coincidence translational spectroscopy. Thiophenoxy radicals were produced by photodetachment of the thiophenoxide anion followed by photodissociation at 248 nm (5.0 eV), 193 nm (6.4 eV), and 157 nm (7.9 eV). Experimental results indicate two major competing dissociation channels leading to SH + C6H4 (o-benzyne) and CS + C5H5 (cyclopentadienyl) with a minor contribution of S + C6H5 (phenyl). Photofragment mass distributions and translational energy distributions were measured at each dissociation wavelength. Transition states and minima for each reaction pathway were calculated using density functional theory to facilitate experimental interpretation. The proposed dissociation mechanism involves internal conversion from the initially prepared electronic excited state to the ground electronic state followed by statistical dissociation. Calculations show that SH loss involves a single isomerization step ...
Using the Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, Reinforcement Model to build a shared governance culture

Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:普通表格; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} A legacy of shared governance experience at Houston Methodist Hospital (HMH) has yielded many lessons regarding the leadership support, staff engagement, structures, and processes essential to successful implementation of a shared governance model. Shared governance is described as an effective vehicle for optimizing care delivery. Nurses play an integral role in improving the quality of care and must be competent and have access to tools, education, and resources that increase their capacity to think creatively when designing and optimizing care delivery. Creating a learning environment that instills competency and confidence enables nurses to provide care within their full scope of practice. In our experience, it was imperative that the Board of Directors and senior management understood the concepts and benefits of shared governance to receive buy-in. With their approval, the next challenge was obtaining support from nursing leaders and shared governance chairs. Implementation strategies included adaptation of the Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, Reinforcement ( ADKAR ) Model, identification of shared governance core competencies, and education of nursing leaders and governance chairs through ongoing educational modalities. Education on shared governance principles, concepts, competencies, roles, council structure, and processes in addition to a clinical competency focus were vital to the implementation and integration of shared governance and set the pace for success. Shared governance is a cultural change that promotes bedside clinicians’ ownership of practice and positively impacts patients, families, staff, and organizational outcomes. Over a 13-year period, the shared governance structure matured, which resulted in higher registered nurse satisfaction, improved registered nurse retention, and patient outcomes that outperformed national benchmarks.
The oxidative burst in plant defense: Function and signal transduction

The rapid production and accumulation of active oxygen species (AOS), the oxidative burst, has been shown to occur in a variety of plant/pathogen systems. In particular, two species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide radical anion O2− have received considerable attention. H2O2 and O2−, while acting directly as antimicrobial agents, may also serve as second messengers or catalysts in plants to activate a more diverse set of defense responses. Some of the better studied downstream responses promoted by AOS are (1) the cross-linking of cell wall proteins, (2) the induction of defense-related genes, (3) the stimulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis and (4) promotion of the hypersensitive response (HR). A useful model for studying the oxidative burst in plants is the neutrophil NADPH ox-idase complex, the primary source of AOS production in mammals. Several of the subunits of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase complex have been immunologically identified in plants. Furthermore, many of the components known to be involved in the signal transduction pathway in neutrophils have also been found to play a role in the oxidative burst in plants. Just as various ligands activate the oxidase complex in neutrophils, several ligands (elicitors or pathogens) also lead to induction of the oxidative burst in plant cells. The similarities between the neutrophil and plant oxidative bursts will be elaborated in this review. Following stimulation with elicitors, different signal transduction pathways are activated in plants, depending on the source of elicitor used. While the identities and chronologies of the major intermediates in these pathways remain largely unknown, there is strong evidence at least for participation of phospholipases, H+/K+ exchange, Ca2+ influxes, protein kinases and phosphatases, and GTP binding proteins. In an effort to integrate these various signaling events into a single scheme, we have constructed a hypothetical model that proposes how different elicitors might induce the oxidative burst in the same cell by different pathways.
Sleep-disordered breathing may be under-recognized in patients who wean from prolonged mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of SDB in patients admitted to a long-term acute care (LTAC) hospital who weaned from PMV. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted of all PMV patients who had in-patient polysomnography (PSG) between January 2007 and May 2010. Main outcome measures included the frequency of SDB and tracheostomy decannulation. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were studied, age 53.4 ± 13.4 years, 11 males (57.9%), with mean body mass index of 44.0 ± 12.7 kg/m2 (range 27.3–75.7). Eighteen patients (94.7%) demonstrated SDB as evidenced by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with a median respiratory disturbance index (RDI) of 24.2 events/h (range 5.9–82.0 events/h). Fourteen patients underwent successful positive airway pressure titration, with improvement in the median RDI to 0.9 events/h (range 0.0–9.1 events/h) ( P < .001). Seventeen patients (89.5%) were decannulated without adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: There may be a high prevalence of unrecognized SDB in patients who are candidates for decannulation after weaning from PMV.
Emission‐Considered Diesel Blending Optimization

The blending of different refined, intermediate, or finished diesel products is a common practice for a petroleum refinery to maximize profit by reducing the giveaway of final diesel products with desired specifications and to avoid the reprocessing of in-stored off-spec products. Because the diesel combustion in engines has a significant impact on air quality in terms of NOx emission, diesel blending should also be evaluated with a new prospect of NOx emission. A comprehensive diesel blending model for petroleum refineries is developed which can simultaneously predict blending oil properties and potential NOx emissions and additionally optimize blending ratios among different blends to maximize the blending profit of diesel fuels subject to blending quantity, blending property, and potential NOx emission constraints. Based on the study, a Microsoft Excel tool has also been developed. The efficacy of the development is demonstrated by a comprehensive case study.
HELMINTHS IN MESASPIS MONTICOLA (SQUAMATA: ANGUIDAE) FROM COSTA RICA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ENTOMELAS (NEMATODA: RHABDIASIDAE) AND A NEW SPECIES OF SKRJABINODON (NEMATODA: PHARYNGODONIDAE)

Entomelas duellmani n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabdiasidae) from the lungs and Skrjabinodon cortagoensis n. sp. (Oxyurida: Pharyngodonidae) from the intestines of Mesaspis monticola (Sauria: Anguidae) are described and illustrated. E. duellmani is the sixth species assigned to the genus and is the third species described from the Western Hemisphere. It is easily separated from other neotropical species in the genus by pre-equatorial position of its vulva. Skrjabinodon cartagoensis is the 24th species assigned to the genus and differs from other neotropical species in the genus by female tail morphology.
Caregiver Substance Abuse and Children's Exposure to Violence in a Nationally Representative Child Welfare Sample

Using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II (NSCAW II), this article examines the impact of caregiver substance abuse on children's exposure to violence in the home in a nationally representative sample of families involved with child protective services (CPS). Logistic regression analyses indicate an increased risk of witnessing mild and severe violence in the home for children whose primary caregiver was abusing alcohol or drugs. However, analyses did not find statistically significant relationships between child report of direct victimization in the home by mild or severe violence and caregiver alcohol or drug abuse.
Use of exercise thallium-201 imaging for risk stratification of elderly patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract Although coronary artery disease (CAD) may be asymptomatic, It is the most common cause of death in elderly patients in the U.S. This study examined the prognosis of 449 patients with a mean age of 65 years using exercise thallium-201 imaging. At a follow-up of 25 months, 45 patients underwent coronary artery revascularization, 8 died of cardiac causes and 10 had nonfatal acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs). Thus the total of patients with “hard” events was 18. The events included 12 of 276 patients with atypical or non-anginal symptoms versus 6 of 128 with typical angina (p = not significant); 7 of 51 patients (14%) with Q-wave AMI versus 11 of 353 (3%) without Q-wave AMI (p
Code‐switching: a natural phenomenon vs language ‘deficiency’

ABSTRACT: Code-switching is a very important aspect of bilingualism, and is a natural occurrence when two bilingual speakers engage in discourse. For the most part, such individuals are not consciously aware that they are code-switching. Nonetheless, it serves an important social function. Whenever there is more than one language spoken in a community, its population will code-switch. The purpose of this paper is to first examine the types of code-switches that bilingual speakers use and listener attitudes toward this behavior. Some linguists view code-switching as inevitable, and feel that it helps to express meanings more precisely, while others believe that code-switching can serve to pollute a language, rather than enhance the communication between bilingual individuals. Professionals in speech-language pathology have viewed the use of the amount and types of code-switching as indicators for relative language proficiency or, on occasion, as the lack thereof. Some practitioners view code-switching as a symptom of language deficiency. However, the authors contend that when code-switching is used to maximize communication and to strengthen not only the content but the essence of the message, it can be considered an asset, not a deficiency. However when used in great abundance, and to the degree that it interferes with communication, it can be considered a deficit. Second, this paper discusses the importance of collecting data based on the ethnographic approach in order to gain more insight into this phenomenon. Such data need to be analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The authors propose a framework for in-depth studies, i.e. cumulative studies of code-switching under various contexts. The following analyses of each instance of code-switching may then assist researchers to obtain a holistic and qualitative understanding of such behaviors.
Iterative identification of fault-prone binaries using in-process metrics

Code churn, the amount of code change taking place within a software unit over time, has been correlated with fault-proneness in software systems. We investigate the use of code churn and static metrics collected at regular time intervals during the development cycle to predict faults in an iterative, in-process manner. We collected 159 churn and structure metrics from six, four-month snapshots of a 1 million LOC Microsoft product. The number of software faults fixed during each period is recorded per binary module. Using stepwise logistic regression, we create a prediction model to identify fault-prone binaries using three parameters: code churn (the number of new and changed blocks); class Fan In and class Fan Out (normalized by lines of code). The iteratively-built model is 80.0% accurate at predicting fault-prone and non-fault-prone binaries. These fault-prediction models have the advantage of allowing the engineers to observe how their fault-prediction profile evolves over time.
Choosing replica placement heuristics for wide-area systems

Data replication is used extensively in wide-area distributed systems to achieve low data-access latency. A large number of heuristics have been proposed to perform replica placement. Practical experience indicates that the choice of heuristic makes a big difference in terms of the cost of required infrastructure (e.g., storage capacity and network bandwidth), depending on system topology, workload and performance goals. We describe a method to assist system designers choose placement heuristics that meet their performance goals for the lowest possible infrastructure cost. Existing heuristics are classified according to a number of properties. The inherent cost (lower bound) for each class of heuristics is obtained for given system, workload and performance goals. The system designer compares different classes of heuristics on the basis of these lower bounds. Experimental results show that choosing a heuristic with the proposed methodology results in up to 7 times lower cost compared to using an "obvious " heuristic, such as caching.
CIAM and the Communist Bloc, 1928–59

Despite a widespread perception of close linkages between CIAM (the International Congresses of Modern Architecture) and Soviet housing and planning, there was in fact very little direct overlap between the two after 1933. Although CIAM concepts of housing and urbanism were closely related to mostly theoretical developments in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and early 1930s, by the time the Soviet ‘Communist Bloc’ came into existence in the late 1940s, CIAM and other examples of Western avant-gardism had long been officially proscribed by the Soviet authorities. In that era of Stalinist ‘Socialist Realism’, various forms of modernised neoclassical planning became the official direction instead. After 1954, when Stalin's death and his successor Nikita Khrushchev's subsequent repudiation of Socialist Realism again made modernism possible in the USSR, Soviet architects began to build in a Western functionalist way, but without any involvement by CIAM architects. With a few exceptions, the same was largely...
UV Generation in Microcavity Plasma Devices with Encapsulated A12O3/Al Electrodes

Summary form only given. The efficient generation of ultraviolet in microscopic spatial scale is becoming significant as a key technology in applications such as displays, microchemical reactors and biomedical diagnosis or treatment. The microcavity plasma device is one promising candidate for miniaturized UV sources having high luminance and stability. In particular, we have recently observed that the extraordinary specific power loadings afforded by these devices in nanoliters volumes allow for stable glow discharge to be produced in a wide variety of gases and vapors including air at atmospheric pressure. In this presentation, we report the fabrication and performance of microdischarge arrays having electrodes encapsulated by a nanoporous dielectric. The device is a multilayer structure comprising Al foil electrodes and nanoporous Al2O3 as the dielectric. Having microcavities with diameters of 100-200 mum, these devices are excited by AC and generate uniform, spatially uniform glow discharges in Ar/N2 gas mixtures at total pressures of 400-800 torr. A 3times3 array of microdischarge devices, each having a microcavity diameter of 100-200 mum dia., also produce stable glow discharges for operating voltages (peak-to-peak) in the range of 800-1200 V at 400 torr of total pressure. In this voltage range, the array exhibits a linear increase in the plasma differential resistance and the total UV output intensities increases beyond several mW-cm-2