cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Microwave Phase Contour Plotter

A simple, easily built rf phase contour plotting device is described. This phase plotter differs from the conventional plotter in that two field-sampling probes are used instead of one. Instead of a fixed reference signal taken directly from the source, a phase reference is taken from the field itself. This technique offers several practical advantages over conventional methods.
Isolation and characterization of a Chinese hamster lung cell tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase mutant

A novel type of temperature-sensitive protein synthetic mutant was isolated from V-79 Chinese hamster lung cells using an amino acid analog suicide selection. The expression of the temperature sensitive phenotype of the mutant is greatly affected by the concentration of tryptophan in the culture medium. In addition, the activity of tryptophanyltRNA synthetase is undetectable in cellfree extracts prepared from the mutant cells. The results suggest that the mutant has an alteration in the structural gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase.
The Effects of Travel Barriers and Age on the Utilization of Alcoholism Treatment Aftercare

Objective: The objective of this research was to ascertain whether geographical accessibility (in conjunction with other patient characteristics) reduced the probability of participating in alcoholism aftercare treatment. Methods: A sample of 4,621 United States male veterans discharged with an outpatient appointment from one of 33 Department of Veterans Affairs inpatient Alcohol Dependency Treatment Programs was identified. The outpatient records of each patient were obtained to determine whether aftercare services were utilized following discharge. Binary choice analysis was used to model the decision to enter aftercare treatment as a function of travel distance, age, marital status, ethnicity, severity of illness, and urbanization. Results: Travel barriers significantly reduced aftercare participation, especially for elderly and rural veterans. Both younger and older veterans were less likely to keep their aftercare appointment than middle-aged veterans. Married patients were more likely to utilize out...
Residential living at rural community colleges

Although most community colleges do not have on-campus housing, many rural two-year colleges do. Relying on federal institutional survey data, this chapter discusses issues related to the operation of residence halls and implications for both students and rural community college leaders. The chapter concludes with recommendations for policy and practice.
Professional development of medical students: problems and promises

Observers and critics of the medical profession, both within and without, urge that more attention be paid to the moral sensibilities, the characters, of medical students. Passing on particular moral values and actions to physicians has always been an essential core of medical training, and this call for renewal is not new in modern medicine. Some of the structures and characteristics of modern medical education, however, often work directly against the professionalism that the education espouses. For example, medical students are socialized into a hierarchy that has broad implications for relations among health care professionals, other health care workers, and patients, and academic medicine has not promoted and taught critical reflection about the values and consequences of this hierarchy. Further, behind the formal curriculum lies the "hidden curriculum" of values that are unconsciously or half-consciously passed on from the faculty and older trainees. Two resources for thinking anew about professional development for medical students are feminist standpoint theory and critical multicultural theory, each of which raises important and fundamental questions about defining the role of medicine in society and the role of the physician in medicine. The author discusses these two theories and their implications for medical education, showing how they can be used to move discussions of professional development into analysis of the widespread social consequences of how a society organizes its health care and into critical reflection on the nature of medical knowledge.
POSTMODERN THOUGHT AND CRIMINOLOGICAL DISCONTENT: NEW METAPHORS FOR UNDERSTANDING VIOLENCE*

Although postmodern theory has virtually exploded throughout the social sciences, thus far it has only begun to touch criminology. This piece identifies some of the principal themes associated with postmodern thought, reasons for the current interest in it, and its potential relevance for criminology. There are many postmodernisms, but special attention is paid here to the popular models borrowed from literary and linguistic analysis. Violence is used as a concrete example to explore these issues. The postmodern critique is a challenge not only to the philosophical underpinnings of traditional and empirical criminology, but also to the basic premises of both mainstream and progressive social policy responses to criminal violence.
Rider/bicycle pose estimation with IMU/seat force measurements

Unstable bicycle provides an excellent platform to understand human sensorimotor mechanism for balancing control. We present an instrumented bicycle system to study the dynamic interactions between the human rider and the bicycle. A dynamics model is presented to capture the energetic interactions between the rider and the bicycle. We use and integrate the measurements from the seat force sensor and the rider body-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate both the rider's and bicycle's poses. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the pose estimation development.
Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Use among HIV-Infected Individuals: A Review and Critique of the Literature

Alcohol use disorders are common among HIV-infected individuals and are associated with adverse physiological complications and increased engagement in other health risk behaviors. This paper provides a review and critique of interventions to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected individuals, including a: (a) synthesis of core intervention components and trial designs; (b) summary of intervention efficacy to reduce alcohol use outcomes; and (c) methodological critique and guidance for future research. We reviewed 14 behavioral interventions that reported on alcohol use outcomes among HIV-infected individuals. Findings were mixed for intervention efficacy to reduce alcohol frequency and quantity. There was limited evidence that interventions reduced binge drinking frequency or alcohol abuse or dependence symptoms. Despite the prevalence of disordered alcohol use among HIV-infected individuals, there is lack of efficacious intervention approaches. Efficacious intervention approaches to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected individuals are urgently needed.
Comparison of glucose and lactate as substrates during NMDA-induced activation of hippocampal slices

It has been postulated that lactate released from astrocytes may be the preferred metabolic substrate for neurons, particularly during intense neuronal activity (the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis). We examined this hypothesis by exposing rat hippocampal slices to artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing either glucose or lactate and either N-methyl-D-aspartate, which activates neurons without stimulating astrocytic glucose uptake, or alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, which blocks monocarboxylate transport across plasma and mitochondrial membranes. When exposed to N-methyl-D-aspartate, slices lost synaptic transmission and K+ homeostasis more slowly in glucose-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid than in lactate-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid. After N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure, slices recovered synaptic transmission more completely in glucose. These results suggest that hippocampal neurons can use glucose more effectively than lactate when energy demand is high. In experiments with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, 500 microM alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate caused loss of K+ homeostasis and synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices during normoxia. When 200 microM alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate was used, synaptic activity and intracellular pH in slices decreased significantly during normoxia. These results suggest that alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate may have blocked mitochondrial oxidative metabolism along with lactate transport. Thus, studies using alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate to demonstrate the presence of a lactate shuttle in the brain tissue may need reevaluation. Our findings, together with observations in the literature that (1) glucose is available to neurons during activation, (2) heightened energy demand rapidly activates glycolysis in neurons, and (3) activation of glycolysis suppresses lactate utilization, suggests that glucose is the primary substrate for neurons during neuronal activation and do not support the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis.
Mesolimbic effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine in Holtzman rats, a genetic strain with increased vulnerability to stress

This is the first metabolic mapping study of the effects of fluoxetine after learned helplessness training. Antidepressants are the most commonly prescribed medications, but the regions underlying treatment effects in affectively disordered brains are poorly understood. We hypothesized the antidepressant action of fluoxetine would produce adaptations in mesolimbic regions after 2 weeks of treatment. We used Holtzman rats, a genetic strain showing susceptibility to novelty-evoked hyperactivity and stress-evoked helplessness, to map regional brain metabolic effects caused by fluoxetine treatment. Animals underwent learned helplessness, and subsequently immobility time was scored in the forced swim test (FST). On the next day, animals began receiving 2 weeks of fluoxetine (5mg/kg/day) or vehicle and were retested in the FST at the end of drug treatment. Antidepressant behavioral effects of fluoxetine were analyzed using a ratio of immobility during pre- and post-treatment FST sessions. Brains were analyzed for regional metabolic activity using quantitative cytochrome oxidase histochemistry as in our previous study using congenitally helpless rats. Fluoxetine exerted a protective effect against FST-induced immobility behavior in Holtzman rats. Fluoxetine also caused a significant reduction in the mean regional metabolism of the nucleus accumbens shell and the ventral hippocampus as compared to vehicle-treated subjects. Additional networks affected by fluoxetine treatment included the prefrontal-cingulate cortex and brainstem nuclei linked to depression (e.g., habenula, dorsal raphe and interpeduncular nucleus). We concluded that corticolimbic regions such as the prefrontal-cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, ventral hippocampus and key brainstem nuclei represent important contributors to the neural network mediating fluoxetine antidepressant action.
A new data base for syntax-directed pattern analysis and recognition

A new data base for syntax-directed pattern analysis and recognition is introduced by generalizing the notion of concatenation in representing patterns with a relationship matrix. The characteristics of relationship matrix are demonstrated in the context of formal language theory. It is shown that this data base will allow us to remove many of the present restrictions placed on the types of patterns that can be handled by syntax-directed systems.
Effects of dietary cholesterol on hepatic metabolism of free fatty acid and secretion of VLDL in the hamster

We reported previously that dietary cholesterol produces hepatic steatosis, increased secretion of the VLDL, and hypertriglyceridemia in the rat, the result of reduced oxidation of fatty acids, stimulation of fatty acid synthesis, and increased incorporation of fatty acid into hepatic triglyceride. The present study was conducted to determine whether these regulatory actions of dietary cholesterol on fatty acid metabolism also occur in the Golden Syrian hamster. In the hamster, dietary cholesterol (0.5%) induced hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Incorporation of [1-14C] oleate into plasma and hepatic triglyceride was enhanced by dietary cholesterol. Experiments with perfused livers confirmed the stimulatory effect of dietary cholesterol on synthesis and secretion of VLDL-triglyceride and other lipids. These data indicate that increased formation of triglyceride in response to dietary cholesterol is not confined to the rat but may be a more general phenomenon.
Antagonism between salicylic acid and glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Baker's yeast was used in a study showing a glucose-salicylic acid antagonism. Increasing concentrations of salicylic acid increasingly inhibited the transport of sugars into cells. At concentrations of salicylic acid sufficiently low so that transport of sugars was not totally inhibited, the metabolizable sugars, d -glucose, d -fructose, or d -mannose, lowered intracellular pH (pH i ) as they were metabolized, thus effecting an outward shift in the distribution of salicylic acid. Nonmetabolizable, transportable sugars, such as 3- O -methyl- d -glucose (3-OMG), affected neither pH i nor salicylic acid distribution. Metabolizable ethanol or acetic acid, like 3-OMG, had little or no effect on cellular salicylic acid or pH i . An antagonism thus existed between salicylic acid and metabolizable hexoses, e.g., glucose, for occupation of intracellular space-salicylic acid interfering with sugar entrance, while penetrating metabolizable hexose reduced pH i to shift distribution of the acid toward the cell exterior. Such an antagonism may be responsible for the reduced cellular toxicity when sufficient hexose (glucose in particular) is present and being metabolized. A parallel between the salicylate-glucose effects in yeast and those in man and other mammals is suggested.
Differential response of Streptococcus mutans towards friend and foe in mixed-species cultures.

In the oral biofilm, the ‘mitis’ streptococci are among the first group of organisms to colonize the tooth surface. Their proliferation is thought to be an important factor required for antagonizing the growth of cariogenic species such as Streptococcus mutans. In this study, we used a three-species mixed culture to demonstrate that another ubiquitous early colonizing species, Veillonella parvula, can greatly affect the outcome of the competition between a pair of antagonists such as S. mutans and Streptococcus gordonii. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that S. mutans responds differentially to its friend (V. parvula) and foe (S. gordonii). In the mixed culture with S. gordonii, all but one of the S. mutans sugar uptake and metabolic genes were downregulated, while genes for alternative energy source utilization and H2O2 tolerance were upregulated, resulting in a slower but persistent growth. In contrast, when cultured with V. parvula, S. mutans grew equally well or better than in monoculture and exhibited relatively few changes within its transcriptome. When V. parvula was introduced into the mixed culture of S. mutans and S. gordonii, it rescued the growth inhibition of S. mutans. In this three-species environment, S. mutans increased the expression of genes required for the uptake and metabolism of minor sugars, while genes required for oxidative stress tolerance were downregulated. We conclude that the major factors that affect the competition between S. mutans and S. gordonii are carbohydrate utilization and H2O2 resistance. The presence of V. parvula in the tri-species culture mitigates these two major factors and allows S. mutans to proliferate, despite the presence of S. gordonii.
Information systems vendor support and CQI

As we providers of health care use information technology more comprehensively in the information-intensive and labor-intensive work of health care, we are finding that the quality of daily, on-the-spot support for use of that technology has become a critical success factor. And, since we use a great range of vendor products, the quality of vendor support is especially critical. This article describes our practical application of CQI indicators of vendor responsiveness and quality, and the vendor responses to this new strategy.
A new colorimetric method for the determination of 6-aminopenicillanic acid.

A new, sensitive colorimetric method for the estimation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid is described. The procedure is based upon formation of a 2,4-pentanedione derivative of 6-aminopenicillanic acid followed by a second reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Ehrlich's reagent), resulting in a red product which absorbs at 538 nm. The absorbance response is linear from 0 to 350 μg of 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Penicillins do not interfere with the assay, but 6-aminopenicilloic acid does.
Improved performance of $(20\bar{2}1)$ long-wavelength light-emitting diodes grown with wide quantum wells on stress-relaxed InxGa1?xN buffer layers

Long-wavelength (>540 nm) single-quantum-well light-emitting diodes were grown pseudomorphically on stress-relaxed InxGa1−xN buffer layers on the orientation. Basal plane dislocation glide led to the formation of misfit dislocations at the bottom of the InxGa1−xN buffer layer. This provided one-dimensional plastic relaxation in the film interior, including the active region. For wider quantum wells (>3.5 nm), the efficiency of devices grown on relaxed buffer layers showed significant improvement compared to reference devices grown with no relaxation, indicating that degradation of thicker active regions can be prevented with partial relaxation via basal plane slip.
Multiple deoxyribonuclease activities in nuclei of HeLa cells

Abstract Extracts of purified HeLa nuclei contain DNase activities which can be separated by CM-Sephadex column chromatography into four distinct enzymes. These DNases differ in their resistance to thermal inactivation and relative activity on different substrates. Each of these DNases can increase the template-primer activity of native DNA for DNA polymerase action.
Estimation of the Faddeev-Popov spectral density and determinant☆

Abstract We construct a simple approximation for the Faddeev-Popov determinant in non-abelian gauge models by using sum rules for the density of ghost states. Values are presented for the spectral density and for the determinant, as calculated for the SU(2) gauge model formulated on the hypersphere S 3 .
Comparative analysis of BiP gene expression in maize endosperm

Abstract Binding protein (BiP) is the endoplasmic reticulum member of the highly conserved HSP70 (heat shock protein 70) family of molecular chaperones. We have isolated and characterized two different BiP cDNA clones corresponding to genes expressed in immature kernels. These two cDNAs share extensive sequence similarity but map to unlinked loci in the maize genome. A comparison of the aa sequences predicted from the cDNA clones revealed only six aa differences between them. Investigation of gene-specifc expression was carried out by RNA gel blot analysis. RNAs corresponding to both cDNA clones were present in increased amounts in the endosperm of floury-2 ( fl2 ), Mucronate (Mc) and Defective endosperm-B30 (De * -B30) maize mutants, which produce abnormal storage proteins. Similar increases in RNAs corresponding to both probes were detected in cells treated with either of two agents that interfere with protein folding, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC) and tunicamycin. Investigation of the genomic complexity of the BiP genes by Southern blot analysis revealed several cross-hybridizing bands. These results are suggestive that the BiP genes expressed in endosperm are coordinately regulated members of a more complex maize BiP multigene family.
Effect of atmospheric attenuation on temperature measurements made using IR scanning systems

The atmosphere attenuates IR radiation in certain frequency bands even at distances as short as 1 m. Within the 3–5-μm range used by many IR thermographic systems, H2O and CO2 absorb a finite fraction of the source radiation. To achieve reliable quantitative IR thermography, it is necessary to correct the received signal for this attenuation. This paper develops a simple model and presents numerical calculations of the attenuation expected at a few meters distance for one typical thermographic imaging system. (The extension to other equipment could easily be done by substituting different numerical data for the detector response.) The attenuation factors due to CO2 and H2O are 6 and 8%, respectively, at a 10-m range. A wide variety of target temperature and ambient humidity conditions were examined; representative curves selected from this output are presented. Because of the importance of precise IR measurements for industrial applications, the effect of varying CO2 concentrations was also studied.
Nondestructive magnetic measurements in weld and base metals of service exposed CrMo steel

Abstract Magnetic hysteresis and micromagnetic Barkhausen parameters were measured in base and weld metals of a service exposed CrMo steel. Although the coercivity was higher in the welds, the difference in hysteresis parameters between welds and base metals was small. Hence, hysteresis parameters were not suitable to distinguish service exposed weld and base metals. However, a significant variation in Barkhausen activity was most prominent at low magnetizing fields. The results of this study have been correlated with the microstructure of the samples.
The concentration-dependent membrane activity of cecropin A

Cecropin A is a naturally occurring, linear, cationic, 37-residue antimicrobial peptide. The precise mechanism by which it kills bacteria is not known, but its site of action is believed to be the cell membrane. To investigate the nature of its membrane activity, we examined the ability of cecropin A to alter membrane permeability in synthetic lipid vesicles and in Gram-negative bacteria. Cecropin A exerted distinctly different types of membrane activity depending on its concentration. In synthetic lipid vesicles, cecropin A dissipated transmembrane electrochemical ion gradients at relatively low concentrations, but much higher concentrations were required to release an encapsulated fluorescent probe. Cecropin A dissipated ion gradients whether or not the vesicle membranes contained anionic lipid, although the presence of anionic lipid dramatically increased peptide binding, and modestly increased the release of an encapsulated probe. Cholesterol did not prevent the dissipation of ion gradients by low con...
Piezomagnetic Effect at the Time of Local Earthquakes

THE magnetostrictive effects, or piezomagnetic properties, of rock under stress have been widely discussed and experimentally observed in the laboratory1–6. The results of these investigations indicate that a change in the sub-surface stress should manifest itself as a change in the susceptibility and remanent magnetization of rock and therefore in the local geomagnetic field. Wilson1 described laboratory observations of these effects with the suggestion that they be used to observe actual deformation of the Earth's surface. Direct observation of these effects under conditions such as those involving active fault stress, however, have never been reported.
Responding to society's needs: Prescription privileges for psychologists

The health care revolution has contributed to the natural evolution of the role of psychologists. This has led to the necessity for future psychologists to have the authority to prescribe psychotropic medications in order to offer the best-available, comprehensive treatment to the public. Psychologists' training gives them a unique role in addressing the psychosocial aspects of medical problems, in collaboration with primary-care physicians. Prescribing psychologists are cost-effective, many practice in rural areas where people have no other access to mental health care, and they will be able to treat other underserved populations such as the poor, the elderly, the chronically mentally ill, children, and prisoners in the criminal justice system. Prescribing psychologists will have an increasingly prominent role in future health care policy decisions and practice.
Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents

Adolescents' propensity for risk-taking and reward-seeking behaviors suggests a heightened sensitivity for reward, reflected by greater feedback-related activity changes in reward circuitry (e.g., nucleus accumbens), and/or a lower sensitivity to potential harm reflected by weaker feedback-related activity changes in avoidance circuitry (e.g., amygdala) relative to adults. Responses of nucleus accumbens and amygdala to valenced outcomes (reward receipt and reward omission) were assayed using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging procedure paired with a monetary reward task in 14 adults and 16 adolescents. Bilateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens showed significantly greater activation when winning than when failing to win in both groups. Group comparisons revealed stronger activation of left nucleus accumbens by adolescents, and of left amygdala by adults. When examining responses to reward receipts and to reward omissions separately, the most robust group difference was within the amygdala during reward omission. The reduction of the fMRI BOLD signal in the amygdala in response to reward omission was larger for adults than for adolescents. Correlations showed a close link between negative emotion and amygdala decreased BOLD signal in adults, and between positive emotion and nucleus accumbens activation in adolescents. Overall, these findings support the notion that the signal differences between positive and negative outcomes involve the nucleus accumbens more in adolescents than in adults, and the amygdala more in adults than in adolescents. These developmental differences, if replicated, may have important implications for the development of early-onset disorders of emotion and motivation.
A tree-structured mean value analysis algorithm

In a recent paper, Lam and Lien described an algorithm called tree-convolution that can reduce the space and computation time required for evaluating sparse multiclass, product-form queueing networks. In this paper, we develop an exact algorithm based on mean value analysis (MVA) that is the counterpart of the tree-convolution algorithm. The order of reduction in storage and computation achieved by our new Tree-MVA algorithm compared to the standard MVA algorithm is the same order of reduction obtained by the tree-convolution algorithm over that of the standard convolution algorithm. Our Tree-MVA algorithm preserves the inherent simplicity of MVA based algorithms.
Depudecin induces morphological reversion of transformed fibroblasts via the inhibition of histone deacetylase.

Depudecin is a fungal metabolite that reverts the rounded phenotype of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts transformed with v-ras and v-src oncogenes to the flattened phenotype of the nontransformed parental cells. The mechanism of detransformation induced by this agent had not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that depudecin inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity effectively both in vivo and in vitro. Depudecin induces similar morphological reversion in v-ras transformed NIH 3T3 cells as do other naturally occurring HDAC inhibitors such as trichostatin A or trapoxin. It competitively inhibits the binding of [3H]trapoxin in vitro and the nuclear binding of a trapoxin–coumarin fluorophore in vivo, suggesting that depudecin shares a nuclear binding protein and site on that protein with trapoxin. Furthermore, depudecin induces hyperacetylation of histones in a dose-dependent manner and at concentrations comparable with that required for detransformation. An in vitro histone deacetylase assay, using purified recombinant HDAC1, reveals that depudecin inhibits 50% of the enzyme activity at a concentration of 4.7 μM. These results demonstrate that depudecin is a novel HDAC inhibitor and suggest that its ability to induce morphological reversion of transformed cells is the result of its HDAC inhibitory activity.
Employing think–pair–share in associate degree nursing curriculum

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of think–pair–share during instructional delivery with associate degree nursing students. think–pair–share is a 3-step and tiered instructional process that fosters individual, collaborative and, finally, full class input on questions posed by the educator. An overview of the traditional Think-Pair-Share cooperative learning technique is presented. Modifications employed for nursing students and student learning outcomes (as measured by the Assessment Technology Institute end of course assessment) are reported. Implications for employing think–pair–share in associate degree nursing education are explored.
A general approach to modeling CUSUM charts for a proportion

This paper considers two CUmulative SUM (CUSUM) charts for monitoring a process when items from the process are inspected and classified into one of two categories, namely defective or non-defective. The purpose of this type of process monitoring is to detect changes in the proportion p of items in the first category. The first CUSUM chart considered is based on the binomial variables resulting from counting the total number of defective items in samples of n items. A point is plotted on this binomial CUSUM chart after n items have been inspected. The second CUSUM chart considered is based on the Bernoulli observations corresponding to the inspection of the individual items in the samples. A point is plotted on this Bernoulli CUSUM chart after each individual inspection, without waiting until the end of a sample. The main objective of the paper is to evaluate the statistical properties of these two CUSUM charts under a general model for process sampling and for the occurrence of special causes that change the value of p. This model applies to situations in which there are inspection periods when n items are inspected and non-inspection periods when no inspection is done. This model assumes that there is a positive time between individual inspection results, and that a change in p can occur anywhere within an inspection period or a non-inspection period. This includes the possibility that a shift can occur during the time that a sample of n items is being taken. This model is more general and often more realistic than the simpler model usually used to evaluate properties of control charts. Under our model, it is shown that there is little difference between the binomial CUSUM chart and the Bernoulli CUSUM chart, in terms of the expected time required to detect small and moderate shifts in p, but the Bernoulli CUSUM chart is better for detecting large shifts in p. It is shown that it is best to choose a relatively small sample size when applying the CUSUM charts. As expected, the CUSUM charts are substantially faster than the traditional Shewhart p-chart for detecting small shifts in p. But, surprisingly, the CUSUM charts are also better than the p-chart for detecting large shifts in p.
The development and evolution of hydrozoan polyp and colony form

Hydrozoans represent an extremely diverse group of mostly colonial forms. Despite this tremendous diversity, many of the morphological differences between hydrozoan species can be attributed to simple changes in the relative position of regions/structures along the axes of the polyp and the stolon or hydrocaulus from which polyps bud. Many genes have been implicated in the specification of positional information along the axis of the polyp. Knowledge from these studies in Hydra, and from comparative studies in Hydractinia polyp polymorphs, suggests that evolutionary changes in the regulation of axial patterning genes may be a prominent mechanism underlying hydrozoan evolution. Despite the paucity of interspecies comparative expression information, hypotheses can be formulated about the role of developmental regulatory genes in hydrozoan evolution from information available from Hydra.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems‐CCXXIX: Electron‐impact‐induced fragmentation of boric acid esters

The mass spectral decompositions of cyclic and acyclic borates have been examined. Straight chain trialkyl borates fragment by CO cleavage reactions accompanied by transfer of one or two hydrogen atoms, whereas tri-(sec-alkyl) borates primarily undergo α-cleavage reactions. Both types of cleavage are observed in the fragmentation of cyclic borates. BO bonds are not broken in the formation of most major fragment ions. The fragmentations of borates are compared with those of phenylboronates with special emphasis on the rearrangements leading to hydrocarbon ions in the spectra of the latter.
Single-Macromolecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Free-Energy Profiles

What is the dynamical and structural information contained in single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments where the donor and acceptor photons emitted during a fixed time window T are counted? To answer this question, a theory is developed to obtain the probability distribution of the energy-transfer efficiency obtained from trajectories of duration T. The efficiency is an explicit function of the distance between a fluorescent donor and acceptor attached to the macromolecule; thus, the efficiency can formally be converted to a distance. The resulting distance probability distribution or, equivalently, the potential of mean force or free-energy profile, however, depends on the size of the observation time window T. Illustrative calculations are presented for a random coil polymer and for a protein that exhibits two-state folding kinetics. It is found that the apparent free-energy profiles look physically reasonable, even for long observation times during which significant flu...
Real-Time Object Tracking for Augmented Reality Combining Graph Cuts and Optical Flow

We present an efficient and accurate object tracking algorithm based on the concept of graph cut segmentation. The ability to track visible objects in real-time provides an invaluable tool for the implementation of markerless Augmented Reality. Once an object has been detected, it's location in future frames can be used to position virtual content, and thus annotate the environment. Unlike many object tracking algorithms, our approach does not rely on a preexisting 3D model or any other information about the object or its environment. It takes, as input, a set of pixels representing an object in an initial frame and uses a combination of optical flow and graph cut segmentation to determine the corresponding pixels in each future frame. Experiments show that our algorithm robustly tracks objects of disparate shapes and sizes over hundreds of frames, and can even handle difficult cases where an object contains many of the same colors as its background. We further show how this technology can be applied to practical AR applications.
System Development and Management Methodology in Teaching E-Commerce Technology

While many business schools developed programs or courses on e-commerce, there is a need for a course that truly focuses on the technology. Specifically, the course should address the knowledge of tools, techniques, and developmental methodology of e-commerce systems. In this paper, we address the developmental methodology for an e-commerce technology course. We focus on the development of an infrastructure and management of an e-commerce application development environment. We also discuss a systems development methodology that addresses both the business and technology aspects of e-commerce.
Knowledge Management Revisited

A number of social, economic, technological, and scientific trends have led to the emergence of communities of practice centered on the notion of the knowledge-based organization. However, the scientific foundation (knowledge elicitation methodology) and the commercial growth of knowledge management (KM) have largely developed in parallel. So, the creation of human-centered systems faces lingering challenges. In the KM process, company management establishes a program whereby experts who possess valuable knowledge collaborate with a knowledge engineer. Working together, they elicit the expert's wisdom for inclusion in the organization's knowledge base.
Process optimization of injection molding using an adaptive surrogate model with Gaussian process approach

This article presents an integrated, simulation-based optimization procedure that can determine the optimal process conditions for injection molding without user intervention. The idea is to use a nonlinear statistical regression technique and design of computer experiments to establish an adaptive surrogate model with short turn-around time and adequate accuracy for substituting time-consuming computer simulations during system-level optimization. A special surrogate model based on the Gaussian process (GP) approach, which has not been employed previously for injection molding optimization, is introduced. GP is capable of giving both a prediction and an estimate of the confidence (variance) for the prediction simultaneously, thus providing direction as to where additional training samples could be added to improve the surrogate model. While the surrogate model is being established, a hybrid genetic algorithm is employed to evaluate the model to search for the global optimal solutions in a concurrent fashion. The examples presented in this article show that the proposed adaptive optimization procedure helps engineers determine the optimal process conditions more efficiently and effectively. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:684–694, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Maternal Illness and Drug/Medication Use during the Period Surrounding Pregnancy and Risk of Childhood Leukemia among Offspring

Maternal illness and drug/medication use (prescription, over-the-counter, and illicit) during pregnancy might be related to childhood leukemia risk. These issues were evaluated using data (1995-2002) from the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study. The authors selected 365 children under age 15 years who had been diagnosed with incident leukemia and birth certificate controls who were matched to them on age, sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and maternal race. Data on maternal illnesses and drug use from before pregnancy through breastfeeding were obtained by interview with the biologic mother and were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. Maternal history of influenza/pneumonia was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the offspring (odds ratio (OR) = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24, 2.89), although the risk was nonsignificant for common ALL (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.75, 2.63). A similar pattern of increased risk was found for history of sexually transmitted disease. Use of iron supplements was indicative of decreased ALL risk (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.94). Observing an increased risk of leukemia in children of mothers reporting a history of influenza/pneumonia and sexually transmitted disease around the time of pregnancy suggests that maternal infection might contribute to the etiology of leukemia. Furthermore, maternal iron supplement use may be protective against childhood leukemia.
Aggressive design of ultra-shallow junction for near-scaling-limit bulk planar CMOS by using raised source/drain extension structure and carbon co-implantion technology

An aggressive junction design concept is proposed for further scaling of bulk planar CMOS featuring selectively epi-grown raised source/drain extensions (RSDext) in conjunction with high temperature millisecond annealing (MSA) process and carbon co-implantation. The junction design window enlarged by introducing the RSDext enables us to elaborately control slight "intentional" diffusion through the newly developed MSA process rather than aiming complete-diffusion-less junctions. Such the "effective" ultra-shallow junctions under the RSDext realized both lower parasitic resistance and lower junction leakage by eliminating current bottleneck and implant defects while maintaining superior short-channel-effect suppression. Cluster carbon co-implanted RSDext structure, which enables high boron concentration at the silicide interface and low deep halo dosage, was also effective to reduce parasitic resistance and junction leakage. We demonstrated sub-30 nm gate length CMOSFETs with one decade reduction of junction leakage, and 10% Ion improvement for both N and PFET by adapting closely positioned silicide to the gate edge (about 5 nm).
Few-to-Many: Incremental Parallelism for Reducing Tail Latency in Interactive Services

Interactive services, such as Web search, recommendations, games, and finance, must respond quickly to satisfy customers. Achieving this goal requires optimizing tail (e.g., 99th+ percentile) latency. Although every server is multicore, parallelizing individual requests to reduce tail latency is challenging because (1) service demand is unknown when requests arrive; (2) blindly parallelizing all requests quickly oversubscribes hardware resources; and (3) parallelizing the numerous short requests will not improve tail latency. This paper introduces Few-to-Many (FM) incremental parallelization, which dynamically increases parallelism to reduce tail latency. FM uses request service demand profiles and hardware parallelism in an offline phase to compute a policy, represented as an interval table, which specifies when and how much software parallelism to add. At runtime, FM adds parallelism as specified by the interval table indexed by dynamic system load and request execution time progress. The longer a request executes, the more parallelism FM adds. We evaluate FM in Lucene, an open-source enterprise search engine, and in Bing, a commercial Web search engine. FM improves the 99th percentile response time up to 32% in Lucene and up to 26% in Bing, compared to prior state-of-the-art parallelization. Compared to running requests sequentially in Bing, FM improves tail latency by a factor of two. These results illustrate that incremental parallelism is a powerful tool for reducing tail latency.
Attributing Social Meaning to Ambiguous Visual Stimuli in Higher-functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome: The Social Attribution Task

More able individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome (AS) have been shown to pass relatively high level theory of mind (ToM) tasks without displaying commensurate levels of social adaptation in naturalistic settings. This paper presents a social cognitive procedure— the Social Attribution Task (SAT)—that reduces factors thought to facilitate ToM task performance without facilitating real-life social functioning. Sixty participants with autism (N fl 20), AS (N fl 20), and normally developing adolescents and adults (N fl 20) with normative IQs were asked to provide narratives describing Heider and Simmel’s (1944) silent cartoon animation in which geometric shapes enact a social plot. These narratives were coded in terms of the participants’ abilities to attribute social meaning to the geometric cartoon. The SAT provides reliable and quantified scores on seven indices of social cognition. Results revealed marked deficits in both clinical groups across all indices. These deficits were not related to verbal IQ or level of metalinguistic skills. Individuals with autism and AS identified about a quarter of the social elements in the story, a third of their attributions were irrelevant to the social plot, and they used pertinent ToM terms very infrequently. They were also unable to derive psychologically based personality features from the shapes’ movements. When provided with more explicit verbal information on the nature of the cartoon, individuals with AS improved their performance slightly more than those with autism, but not significantly so.
Cross-helix separation of tropomyosin molecules in acto-tropomyosin as determined by neutron scattering

The cross-helix separation of Tm molecules in acto-tropomyosin has been determined using neutron scattering. Deuterated Dictyostelium discoideum actin was density matched in a 93% D2O buffer so that effectively only the protonated tropomyosin was "visible" to neutrons. Analysis of the solution scattering pattern in the region of the first oscillation yielded a value for the cross-helix separation of 7.9 +/- 0.3 nm. The implications of this value for the mechanism of the regulation of muscle contraction are discussed in light of recent results by others.
Effects of watermarking on feature efficacy in remotely sensed data

Digital watermarking is gaining increasing popularity and attention in various research communities as a means of providing protection of ownership rights for multimedia data. Recently, researchers have begun to explore its feasibility for the same purposes for remotely sensed data. The suitability criterion for any watermarking algorithm is typically determined by the processing and analysis techniques to which the data is most likely to be subjected. In remotely sensed data, a primary application is target detection, which further leads to various secondary end products like land cover maps. In proposing a watermarking algorithm for remotely sensed data, it is necessary to minimize any adverse effect on classification, while simultaneously achieving reliable detection of the embedded watermark. This paper proposes two algorithms for this purpose
An investigation of differential skin colonization of neonates by staphylococci, using an artificial neural network-based system

An intelligent system to examine the influence of the demographic variables of gender, blood type, and race on the distribution of skin staphylococci bacteria on neonates was designed. The system was based on a supervised neural network. Our study suggests that demographic variables are major factors influencing staphylococcal distribution.
Multiple Realizations, Diverse Implementations and Antireductionism

It has been debated what implications multiple realizability has for reductionism. I claim that more explicit attention needs to be paid to the distinction between multiple realizations of kinds and diverse implementations of laws. In this paper, I distinguish two different theses on the relations between multiple realization and diverse implementation: one thesis states that multiple realizations imply diverse implementations and the other states the converse. I claim that although antireductionism might turn out to be false if the first thesis is accepted, this "realization-based" antireductionism is not the only option for antireductionism. For the antireductionists who accept the second thesis, multiple realizations only provide evidence for diverse implementations. I defend this "implementation-based" antireductionism again Shapiro's dilemma. I argue that one horn of the dilemma does not pose any problem and that the other horn simply begs the question.
RADARSAT‐1 interferometric baseline catalog at the Alaska satellite facility

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques are used in numerous applications, especially in long-term monitoring of surface deformations. For these studies, a large data volume is needed and the issue of careful data selection is critical. One of the main parameters to decide whether a particular data set is suitable for a certain application is the interferometric baseline. The knowledge of the baselines limits the extra processing efforts required to determine the usefulness of data sets for the application project.