cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mujeres Levantándose con la Iglesia Morava, la guerra y los ONGs

Este articulo se centra en la situacion actual de las mujeres indigenas y afrodescendientes y la participacion politica y su acceso a puestos de liderazgo. La investigacion exploro el proceso desde el cual las mujeres miskitu y kriol en Nicaragua han catapultado posiciones de liderazgo en el grupo matrilocal en altos cargos politicos. Los datos recogidos en Bilwi-Puerto Cabezas demuestra que mujeres las miskitu y kriol lideresas en los ultimos 30 anos han accedido a puestos de liderazgo politico a traves de su participacion con la Iglesia Morava, la revolucion sandinista, y despues de 1990 las organizaciones de desarrollo. Estas etapas de empoderamiento pueden combinarse para favorecer el liderazgo de mujeres. Summary This article focuses on the current situation of indigenous and afrodescendant women, their political participation and access to leadership posts. The research explored the process from which the Miskitu and Creole women in Nicaragua have catapulted leadership positions in the matrilocal group in high political posts. Data collected in Bilwi-Puerto Cabezas shows that Miskitu and Creole women leaders, in the past 30 years have had access to political leadership positions through their involvement with the Moravian Church, the Sandinista revolution, and after 1990 due to the development organizations. These stages of empowerment can be combined to promote women leadership.
Importance of vertical variations of velocity for shear dispersion in rivers.

AbstractAn expression for the dispersion coefficient in a rectangular channel is derived to evaluate the importance of transverse and vertical variations in velocity for dispersion. The contribution of vertical variations to dispersion depends not on the ratio of the width B and depth H of the channel—as is usually assumed—but on the ratio of mixing times, τ=(H2/Dz)/(B2/Dy), where Dy and Dz are the transverse and vertical mixing coefficients, respectively. The analysis allows the role of vertical variations to be assessed quantitatively as a function of the time scale ratio and the shape of the velocity profile. The time scale ratio is estimated using data sets compiled by others and several empirical formulas for Dy. In almost all cases, vertical variations contribute a small amount to the overall dispersion. The results support the usual practice of considering only transverse variations in computing the dispersion coefficient, and the analysis provides an approach for including vertical variations in c...
Experimental Implementation of a Hybrid Nonlinear Control Design for Magnetostrictive Actuators

Abstract : A hybrid nonlinear optimal control design is experimentally implemented on a ferromagnetic Terfenol-D actuator to illustrate enhanced tracking control at relatively high speed. The control design employs a homogenized energy model to quantify rate-dependent nonlinear and hysteretic ferromagnetic switching behavior. The homogenized energy model is incorporated into a finite-dimensional nonlinear optimal control design to directly compensate for the nonlinear and hysteretic ferromagnetic constitutive behavior of the Terfenol-D actuator. Additionally, robustness to operating uncertainties is addressed by incorporating proportional-integral (PI) perturbation feedback around the optimal open loop response. Experimental results illustrate significant improvements in tracking control in comparison to PI control. Accurate displacement tracking is achieved for sinusoidal reference displacements at frequencies up to 1 kHz using the hybrid nonlinear control design whereas tracking errors become significant for the PI controller for frequencies equal to or greater than 500 Hz.
Time plotting framework for remote display of flight data

This paper describes the design and implementation of a framework for real time plotting offering complete flexibility. The author attempts to synthesize answers to the problem of plotting and modifying the graphical aspects of real time data streamed remotely from an uninhabited aerial system (UAS). The paper is organized into two parts: design and implementation. The design section is divided into three main topics: a) data description and representation in general; b) how it is transformed for primary graphical purposes, and c) how it can be altered for advanced graphical representation purposes. The implementation section discusses code organization and how it can be enhanced by the use of design patterns. In the design section, the way data is represented is briefly discussed at the technical level, but emphasis is mostly put on how data can be described in a generic form, regardless of its nature. Such description encompasses the physical way data is delivered (e.g. serial port, Ethernet et cetera), and how to decode it. The simple data visualization section lays down some basic but useful ideas. There, several aspects are discussed, ranging from digits displaying on a graph, common ways of scaling, zooming it, and mostly how to do so in an efficient way. The third section is an attempt to solve the issue of generic time invariant graphic transformation (zooming, scaling) when applied to a real time context. There, differences between the two display contexts are enlightened. The analysis provides useful information, such as the additional computing requirements needed for a real time plotting software to deliver the same basic graphic features as those present de facto in a classic time invariant one. It is shown that in general, performing graphic operations on real time data is more challenging than doing so on a recorded data file. Such complexity usually translates into an increase in processing time as compared with the same operations performed on differed data. In order to account for such issues, a classification of potential overhead is created. The implementation section provides the reader with an object oriented paradigm tailored for complex graphic user interface (GUI) design, separating logic from event driven action chains. Following that is an extensive method of factoring functionality by mean of design patterns. The theory presented in this paper is then corroborated by the development of an application designed for real time plotting of data streaming from uninhabited aerial system.
Studies on activation energy of superplastic dynamically recrystallized aluminum-lithium alloys

Superplasticity is observed in several groups of alloys, each group processed in a different way. These alloys are processed to have a fine grain size with the aid of dispersoids, which prevent grain growth during deformation. Fine grains may be obtained prior to superplastic deformation by static recrystallization, or during the early stages of superplastic deformation. An alloy formed in the latter type is commonly known as a Dynamically Recrystallized'' alloy. This type is processed by heavily cold (or warm) working and left unrecrystallized prior to superplastic deformation. The thermo-mechanical energy supplied during the early stages of superplastic deformation produces a fine equiaxed microstructure, which is preserved during further deformation with the aid of dispersoids. The features in the interior of the grains, however, undergo dynamic changes during the deformation. The present authors have observed that dislocation networks with low angle boundaries, similar to those observed by Bieler and Mukherjee, are formed in the grains and these networks undergo continuous changes in dimensions as deformation progresses. As the networks grow and get dissipated, new networks are nucleated which would bring about stress relief, in a similar manner to what happens when new grains are nucleated during recrystallization. If hardening andmore » softening events are balanced, extensive superplasticity would be observed. Thus the evolution of microstructure in dynamically recrystallized alloys controls the superplastic deformation. Unfortunately, this is a complex phenomenon leading to irregular behavior of such factors as the activation energy. The authors will show in this paper that the activation energy values undergo dynamic changes in keeping with the dynamic changes in the microstructure. One indication of the change in activation energy during deformation is the serration observed in flow stress-strain curves.« less
Hypertrophic Labia Minora

Increasing numbers of girls and young women are seeking medical attention due to concerns about the appearance of their external genitalia. One particular area of concern is hypertrophic labia minora, which remains a poorly defined clinical diagnosis. Once it was considered a variant of normal anatomy, but in recent times, increasing numbers of health care providers are being consulted for labioplasty. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic labia minora will be reviewed.
Agonist regulation of gene expression of adrenergic receptors and G proteins.

Abstract: Study of transmembrane signaling via G proteins has focused to a large extent upon investigations of individual G protein-linked receptor-effector systems. Agonist-induced desensitization and down-regulation of β-adrenergic receptors, for example, have been studied extensively and adopted as a general model for G protein-linked receptor regulation. This review focuses not only on agonist regulation of adrenergic receptor gene expression, but also on how agonists regulate opposing adrenergic receptor-mediated pathways. This important feature of G protein-mediated pathways, i.e., cross-regulation and integration of information among several pathways, will be discussed in the context of what has been learned in the adrenergic receptor-coupled pathways.
Regulation of Daily Locomotor Activity and Sleep by Hypothalamic EGF Receptor Signaling

The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is thought to drive daily rhythms of behavior by secreting factors that act locally within the hypothalamus. In a systematic screen, we identified transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) as a likely SCN inhibitor of locomotion. TGF-α is expressed rhythmically in the SCN, and when infused into the third ventricle it reversibly inhibited locomotor activity and disrupted circadian sleep-wake cycles. These actions are mediated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors on neurons in the hypothalamic subparaventricular zone. Mice with a hypomorphic EGF receptor mutation exhibited excessive daytime locomotor activity and failed to suppress activity when exposed to light. These results implicate EGF receptor signaling in the daily control of locomotor activity, and identify a neural circuit in the hypothalamus that likely mediates the regulation of behavior both by the SCN and the retina.
Land use and nuclear power: an introduction☆

Abstract This article introduces Land Use Policy's special feature on land use and nuclear power. After outlining the world status of nuclear power the author examines the nuclear power-land use nexus. There are many connections between land use and nuclear power and, although the prime focus is on the UK and USA, the issues discussed are recognized as important policy matters in most nuclear states. The issues addressed in the main articles are then introduced—site selection, emergency planning, waste disposal and decommissioning.
Toward an Innovation Typology of Entrepreneurs

Abstract Rejecting the “trait” approach to entrepreneurs, this paper analyses the relationship between the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship through an examination of Gartner’s (1990) “What Are We Talking About When We Talk About Entrepreneurship?” and some recent entrepreneur typologies. Similarities, differences, and weaknesses are discussed, especially in regard to the innovation themes inherent in entrepreneurship and entrepreneur typologies. A conceptual typology of entrepreneurs is offered that attempts to offer a broad concept of the entrepreneur while establishing clearer, more researchable categories of entrepreneurs based on innovation-type.
Tamoxifen enhances choline acetyltransferase mRNA expression in rat basal forebrain cholinergic neurons

Novel estrogen-like molecules known as SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) produce many of the beneficial estrogen-like actions without the detrimental side-effects. The SERM, tamoxifen, an estrogen-like molecule with both agonist and antagonist properties, is widely prescribed for the treatment of breast cancer. While the effects of tamoxifen are being evaluated in many peripheral tissues, its effects in the central nervous system (CNS) have been largely ignored. In the present study, we begin to evaluate the effects of tamoxifen in the rat basal forebrain, a region known to be highly responsive to estrogen. We compared the effects of short-term (24 h) tamoxifen treatment to that of estrogen on ChAT mRNA expression in cholinergic neurons. In addition, we examined the effect of tamoxifen in the presence and absence of estrogen. Our results indicate that tamoxifen enhances ChAT expression in a manner similar to that of estrogen in several basal forebrain regions. In contrast, tamoxifen exhibits antagonist properties with respect to estrogen-induction of progesterone receptor mRNA in the medial preoptic nucleus. These results indicate tamoxifen has estrogenic properties with respect to cholinergic neurons, suggesting a previously unidentified effect of this agent in the CNS.
Psychophysiological Reactivity to Stress in Nail Biters

Heart rate and skin conductance were measured for 83 college students (20 male nail biters, 19 male non-nail biters, 22 female nail biters, and 22 female non-nail biters) during baseline, task, and 3 stressors. Psychodiagnostic measures included the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. A significant nail-biting status x sex interaction was found in skin conductance reactivity (task minus baseline) for all tasks. Male nail biters were significantly more reactive than the other 3 groups. There was no significant difference in heart rate reactivity in any of the tasks. None of the psychodiagnostic measures differentiated among any of the subgroups. Nail biting, for males, is associated with psychophysiological changes during stress, although the implication of this relationship remains to be clarified.
Vibration transmission through rolling element bearings. Part III: Geared rotor system studies

The bearing matrix formulations proposed by Lim and Singh (1990) are extended to analyze the overall dynamics of a geared rotor system which includes a spur gear pair, shafts, rolling-element bearings, a motor, a load, a casing, and flexible or rigid mounts. For this purpose, discrete vibration models are developed and used to predict vibration transmission through the bearings and to investigate the effects of the bearing, casing, and mount dynamics on the dynamic characteristics of the internal rotating system. Analytical predictions show that the theory is capable of predicting the bearing and mount moment transmissibilities in addition to the force transmissibilities. The predicted flexural vibrations of the casing plate are in good agreement with measurements conducted on an experimental set-up that consisted of a high-precision beam and pinion, and four identical rolling element bearings contained in a flexible casing mounted rigidly on a massive foundation.
Examining Change Within Interlibrary Loan

Technological innovations have changed the interlibrary loan landscape, leading many of its practitioners to wonder what the future holds for interlibrary loan. Examining the way in which change is discussed can reveal some insecurities on the part of interlibrary loan workers and can also provide direction as to where interlibrary loan is going.
Error analysis for the National Bureau of Standards 1016 mm guarded hot plate

An error analysis is given for the 1-meter Guarded Hot Plate at the National Bureau of Standards. This apparatus is used to measure the thermal resistance of insulation materials. The individual co...
Conficker: Lessons in Secure Software and System Design

The Conficker worm is one of the most sophisticated malware programs ever created. Each new version of the worm included additional methods of propagation, detection avoidance, and self-defense. This article examines useful practices employed by the worm that would benefit many organizations.
Liver transplantation: from Child to MELD.

SUMMARY Improved outcomes and increased availability have made liver transplantation thedefinitivetherapeuticoptionforpatientswithend-stageliverdisease.Asmostpatientswith liver disease are cared for by primary care providers, it is important for cliniciansto be aware of the main indications and contraindications to transplantation, havea general understanding of the pretransplant evaluation process, and be able to referpatients to a transplant center in a timely fashion.In recent years the organ allocation system in the United States has undergonemodifications that have benefited patients awaiting liver transplantation. Furtherresearch in this area will certainly result in improvements in the current system. Livingdonor liver transplantation is now carried out in many transplant centers as a way todecrease mortality on the waiting list for selected candidates. This procedure posesunique clinical, technical, and ethical problems that will have to be resolved by themedical community. REFERENCES
Structure-function relations are subtle in genetic regulatory networks.

Abstract Recent studies have yielded insights into structure–function relations in genetic regulatory networks. Models of feed-forward loops show that the input–output behavior depends critically on the input signal as well as transcription interactions. Models of induction of the lac operon in Escherichia coli reveal the importance of metabolism in determining genetic regulatory network behavior. Combined experimental and computational studies of activation by MarA in E. coli show how mechanisms of transcription regulation, hidden at the level of genetic regulatory networks, can influence behavior. Together these studies illustrate that gene regulation is critically influenced by factors beyond the topology of genetic regulatory interactions. Prediction of the specific information processing roles of gene circuits is more difficult than we would like, but it is still possible. Thinking about evolution of proteins and networks might make it easier.
Energy expenditure and deposition of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during early infancy.

Energy Expenditure and Deposition of Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Infants during Early Infancy
Statistics and thermodynamics of luminescent radiation.

We have investigated luminescent radiation produced by semiconductor lasers. By using the grand canonical ensemble for the radiation field produced by the recombination of electron-hole pairs, the power spectrum and thermodynamic functions (i.e., total energy, entropy, and radiation pressure) are derived in the context of quantum statistics. The correlation function of the luminescent radiation field is also calculated and compared with blackbody radiation. Numerical calculations are performed to study the effect of the band gap and chemical potential of the luminescent material on the correlation function and various thermodynamic functions; for example, we consider the deviation of the total-energy density from the predictions of the Stefan-Boltzman law. The stimulated emission case is discussed with the introduction of negative temperature. Finally, the probability distribution and fluctuations of the photon numbers in the radiation field are discussed.
Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from bovine alveolar macrophages stimulated with bovine respiratory viruses and bacterial endotoxins.

The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from cultured bovine alveolar macrophages (BAM) was evaluated following stimulation of BAM with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin, Pasteurella haemolytica type 1 endotoxin, Pasteurella multocida endotoxin, and virus/endotoxin combinations. A cytotoxic assay system using Georgia bovine kidney cells as targets was used to measure TNF-α activity. The cytotoxic activity was neutralized by an anti-human TNF-α monoclonal antibody. Stimulation of BAM with 1 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of live or ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated PI-3 virus/cell resulted in release of TNF-α in significantly (P<0.05) higher amounts than sham-induced BAM. The quantities of TNF-α released after live or UV-inactivated BHV-1 or BRSV induction were not significantly higher than sham-induced BAM. E. coli 0111:B4, P. haemolytica type 1 and P. multocida endotoxins stimulated TNF-α release in a dose-dependent manner. Sequential exposure of BAM to 1 TCID50 per cell of either live BHV-1, PI-3 virus or BRSV and then 5 μg ml−1 of either E. coli 0111:B4, P. haemolytica type 1 or P. multocida endotoxin caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in detectable TNF-α in seven of nine virus/endotoxin combinations tested, when compared with 5 μg ml−1 of endotoxin alone. Parainfluenza-3 virus/endotoxin combinations stimulated higher TNF-α release when compared with other virus/endotoxin combinations. Five out of six test animals had serum-neutralizing antibodies to PI-3 virus, one out of six had serum-neutralizing antibodies to BHV-1, and two out of six had serum-neutralizing antibodies to BRSV, suggesting a possible relationship between serum neutralizing antibodies and TNF-α release from in vitro cultivated BAM.
ACID PENETRATION INTO LIVING TISSUES.

The threshold concentrations for sourness of nine acids have been determined with an accuracy of about 8 per cent, and the H+ ion concentration of these acids measured. Calculations have been made of the relative concentration gradients of the undissociated acid across the cell membrane for a series of acids having equal sourness and also for a series of acids having equal penetration velocity as determined from experiments by Crozier on Chromodoris and on Allolobophora . For solutions of equal pH a high degree of sourness has been found to be associated with a high penetration velocity of the undissociated acid or of the anion. A comparison of these gradients with the results of adsorption experiments on charcoal indicates that the acids are taken into the tissues by an adsorption process. Polar groups such as OH and Cl and Br are found to have a very marked effect in reducing the ability of organic acids to penetrate living tissues. The important role of optical activity of the acids in determining their physiological action has been noted.
Quantifying how fine-grained environmental heterogeneity and genetic variation affect demography in an annual plant population

The ability of plant species to colonize new habitats and persist in changing environments depends on their ability to respond plastically to environmental variation and on the presence of genetic variation, thus allowing adaptation to new conditions. For invasive species in particular, the relationship between phenotypic trait expression, demography, and the quantitative genetic variation that is available to respond to selection are likely to be important determinants of the successful establishment and persistence of populations. However, the magnitude and sources of individual demographic variation in exotic plant populations remain poorly understood. How important is plasticity versus adaptability in populations of invasive species? Among environmental factors, is temperature, soil nutrients, or competition most influential, and at what scales and life stages do they affect the plants? To investigate these questions we planted seeds of the exotic annual plant Erodium brachycarpum into typical pasture habitat in a spatially nested design. Seeds were drawn from 30 inbred lines to enable quantification of genetic effects. Despite a positive population growth rate, a few plants (0.1 %) produced >50 % of the seeds, suggesting a low effective population size. Emergence and early growth varied by genotype, but as in previous studies on native plants, environmental effects greatly exceeded genetic effects, and survival was unrelated to genotype. Environmental influences shifted from microscale soil compaction and litter depth at emergence through to larger-scale soil nutrient gradients during growth and to competition during later survival and seed production. Temperature had no effect. Most demographic rates were positively correlated, but emergence was negatively correlated with other rates.
A direct proof of Yu. A. Rozanov's factorization theorem from the method of D. Lowdenslager☆

Abstract A direct proof of a recent factorization theorem of Rozanov is given using the comparison theorem of D. Lowdenslager.
Variable Perception Time in Car Following and Its Effect on Model Stability

The functional variation of perception time T in car following is studied for the purpose of introducing a variable time delay into a previously proposed nonlinear model. The basic hypothesis is that the ratio of a just noticeable difference in visual angle (??) to the visual angle (?) is a constant. This hypothesis leads to a model in which perception time T is proportional to relative spacing and inversely proportional to relative speed. Experimental results agree very closely with the model for negative relative speeds between 3 and 18 ft/s. A second-order approximation is used to explain behavior for relative speeds of less than 3 ft/s in absolute value. This second-order approximation also agrees well with data taken previously with relative acceleration varying between 1 and 4.7 ft/s2 and initial relative speed between ? 1.9 and 2.9 ft/s. A brief discussion of "ideal" following distance b is presented to clarify the stability analysis. The introduction of a variable time delay and ideal following distance into the proposed car-following model changes the size of the minimum asymptotic stability region but not the basic properties of the model. The word "asymptotic" is used in the dynamic stability sense as in the classical control theory literature, not in the sense of platoon stability.
H-2 compatibility requirements for T suppressor cell functions induced by Friend leukaemia virus.

GENE products of the major histocompatibility complex (H–2 in the mouse) regulate cellular interactions between various immunocompetent cell types1–4 as well as interactions between thymus-dependent (T) killer cells and chemically altered or virus-infected target cells5,6. Identity of certain determinants of H–2 seems to be necessary for effective interaction between any two participating cell types. We have investigated the H–2 compatibility requirement for the suppressive interaction between T suppressor cells and mitogen-responsive cells in cultures infected with Friend leukaemia virus and find that there is an H–2D compatibiilty requirement. However, the H–2 restriction we observe is mediated by a third cell type which we term an ‘interfering cell’. The two principal cell types, that is, T suppressor cells and mitogen-responsive cells, can interact even if they do not share any H–2 determinants provided that the interfering cells are functionally absent. This may provide an alternative explanation for the role the major histocompatibility complex in regulating other immune cellular interactions.
Modulation of protein delivery from modular polymer scaffolds.

Abstract Growth factors are increasingly employed to promote tissue regeneration with various biomaterial scaffolds. In vitro release kinetics of protein growth factors from tissue engineering scaffolds are often investigated in aqueous environment, which is significantly different from in vivo environment. This study investigates the release of model proteins with net-positive (histone) and net-negative charge (bovine serum albumin, BSA) from various scaffolding surfaces and from encapsulated microspheres in the presence of ions, proteins, and cells. The release kinetics of proteins in media with varying concentrations of ions (NaCl) suggests stronger electrostatic interaction between the positively charged histone with the negatively charged substrates. While both proteins released slowly from hydrophobic PCL surfaces, plasma etching resulted in rapid release of BSA, but not histone. Interestingly, although negatively charged BSA released readily from negatively charged collagen (col), BSA released slowly from col-coated PCL scaffolds. Such electrostatic interaction effects were abolished in the presence of serum proteins and cells as evidenced by the rapid release of proteins from col-coated scaffolds. To achieve sustained release in the complex environment of serum proteins and cells, the model proteins were encapsulated into poly( d , l -lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, which were embedded within col-coated PCL scaffolds. Protein release from microspheres was modulated by changing the lactide-to-glycolide ratio of PLGA polymer. BSA adsorbed to col released faster than histone encapsulated in microspheres in the presence of serum and cells. Collectively, the data suggest that growth factor release is highly influenced by scaffold surface and the presence of ions, proteins, and cells in the media. Strategies to deliver multiple growth factors and studies which investigate their release should consider these important variables.
Functional MRI-navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over supplementary motor area in chronic tic disorders.

Abstract Background Open label studies have shown repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to be effective in reducing tics. Objectives To determine whether 8 sessions of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over supplementary motor area (SMA) given over 2 days may reduce tics and motor cortical network activity in Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorders. Methods This was a randomized (1:1), double-blind, sham-controlled trial of functional MRI (fMRI)-navigated, 30 Hz cTBS at 90% of resting motor threshold (RMT) over SMA in 12 patients ages 10–22 years. Comorbid ADHD ( n = 8), OCD ( n = 8), and stable concurrent medications ( n = 9) were permitted. Neuro-navigation utilized each individual's event-related fMRI signal. Primary clinical and cortical outcomes were: 1) Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) at one week; 2) fMRI event-related signal in SMA and primary motor cortex (M1) during a finger-tapping motor task. Result Baseline characteristics were not statistically different between groups (age, current tic/OCD/ADHD severities, tic-years, number of prior medication trials, RMT). Mean YGTSS scores decreased in both active (27.5 ± 7.4 to 23.2 ± 9.8) and sham (26.8 ± 4.8 to 21.7 ± 7.7) groups. However, no significant difference in video-based tic severity rating was detected between the two groups. Two-day post-treatment fMRI activation during finger tapping decreased significantly in active vs. sham groups for SMA ( P = 0.02), left M1 ( P = 0.0004), and right M1 ( P Conclusion Active, fMRI-navigated cTBS administered in 8 sessions over 2 days to the SMA induced significant inhibition in the motor network (SMA, bilateral M1). However, both groups on average experienced tic reduction at 7 days. Larger sample size and protocol modifications may be needed to produce clinically significant tic reduction beyond placebo effect.
Real-time PCR assays for detection and quantitation of porcine and bovine DNA in gelatin mixtures and gelatin capsules

Abstract Detection and quantitation of material from porcine and bovine species in gelatin and gelatin capsules is required for health safety concerns and for some religious practices. In this study, two species-specific qPCR assays were developed based upon repetitive elements. They allowed sensitive detection of porcine and bovine DNA at as low as 1 pg/mL. The lack of cross-reactivity when the sets were used to amplify DNA from the other species indicates high specificity of the assay. When binary gelatin blends containing various amounts of porcine and bovine gelatin were prepared and analyzed by the qPCR assays, the determined ratios of porcine material to bovine material were very close to their theoretical values, and a contamination level as low as 1% of the other species in the gelatin blends could be determined. When evaluated in gelatin capsules, although significantly less DNA was detected, determination of porcine and bovine species identities and estimation of the relative abundance of each species was possible. Therefore, the porcine and bovine species-specific qPCR assays described here represent simple, reliable and sensitive DNA-based tests for determination and quantitation of the species of origin from highly processed products.
Asthmador: a legal hallucinogen

The physical and psychological effects observed in these subjects are reported in Table 1, along with an indication as to the time span associated with the effects. Based on the review of the Asthm...
Early Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokine and Type I Interferon mRNAs Following Newcastle Disease Virus, Poly [rI:rC], or Low-Dose LPS Challenge of the Mouse

Numerous cytokines induce symptoms characteristic of the flu syndrome common to acute viral infections. To better characterize the cytokine mRNA profile associated with the early phase of this synd...
Street Homelessness Redux

Hobos, Hustlers, and Backsliders: Homeless in San Francisco, by Teresa Gowan. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2010. 340pp. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 9780816669677. There is one kind of homelessness, so deeply embedded in the slippages of work, family, and state aid as to have become a routine, unremarkable part of what it means to be poor in America today. This is the low-visi bility, serial displacement that plagues uncertain lives and patchworked liveli hoods, chronicled by journalists Adrien LeB lanc, David Shipler, Jason DeParle, and the occasional social scientist. There is another, more flagrant homelessness, lurid and alien, making its wretched way plain as life, here among right-thinking, god-fearing folks. Seemingly without shame or cover, its metier is what Mill called the "spectacle of pain." This latter type is the subject of the two books under review here: Righteous Dopefiend, by Philippe Bourgois and Jeff Schonberg, and Hobos, Hustlers, and Back sliders, by Teresa Gowan. Both are set in the present-day San Francisco. Both are lumi nous and unsettling—and for strikingly dif ferent reasons.
The 401(k) Society

The double whammy of job-displacing technological advance and wage-deflating globalization has demoted the American middle class, even as the rich get richer from access to global markets and from their slice of profits from managing massive global financial flows. The specter of growing inequality is haunting free-market capitalism as never before since the early days of the Industrial Revolution. What is happening? What is to be done? Top economists take a hard look at a hard reality.
Effects of delayed myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells on the macromolecular structure of axonal membrane in rat spinal cord.

The macromolecular structure of axonal membrane from dorsal funiculi of control and irradiated spinal cord of 45-day-old rats was examined with freeze-lracture electron microscopy. In control spinal cords, virtually all myelination is mediated by oligodendrocytes, and the internodal axonal membrane of these fibres displays highly asymmetrical partitioning of intramembranous particles (IMPs). The internodal P-face particle density is ∼2350 IMPs per μm2, whereas the E-face IMP density is ∼150 per μm2. In control dorsal spinal roots, myelination is mediated by Schwann cells, and the ultrastructure of the internodal axolemma of the myelinated fibres is similar to that displayed by myelinated fibres of dorsal funiculi. On the internodal P-face of Schwann cell-myelinated fibres the IMP density is ∼2350 per μm2, whereas on the E-face the density is ∼175 per μm2. Irradiation of the lumbosacral spinal cord at 3 days of age results in a glial cell-deficient region within the spinal cord such that myelination in irradiated dorsal funiculi is delayed and subsequent myelination is mediated by both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. By 45 days of age, dorsal funiculi of irradiated spinal cords are well populated with fibres myelinated by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. However, fibres myelinated by oligodendrocytes display very thin myelin sheaths whereas Schwann cell-myelinated fibres exhibit myelin sheaths with normal thicknesses. Internodal membrane of fibres myelinated by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes exhibit similar macromolecular structure, with ∼2400 IMPs per μm2 on P-faces and ∼150 IMPs per μm2 on E-faces. Occasional large (>1.5 μm diameter) axons without glial-Schwann cell ensheathment are observed. These axons display a high density of P-face particles (∼2000 per μm2) and a moderate density (∼350 per μm2) of E-face IMPs on their fracture faces. These results demonstrate that CNS fibres exhibit similar axonal membrane ultrastructure irrespective of whether they are myelinated by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes, or whether myelination is delayed. Moreover, when myelination does not occur, the axolemmal E-face IMP density, which may be related to the density of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, is not reduced.
WEIGHT REDUCTION THROUGH SUCCESSIVE CONTRACTS

Through ongoing improvement of contractual agreements, a 30-pound weight loss was obtained with a bright, emotionally disturbed 10-year-old boy. Contracts, specifying goals and rewards, were rewritten after each loss of ten pounds. The weight loss, accomplished over seven weeks, suggests that the contracts were able to reverse his increasing obesity.
Utility of multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization in clinical cytogenetics.

Purpose: Multicolor FISH (M-FISH) was introduced in 1996 to scan all 24 chromosomes in different fluorescent colors by use of a specific filter set and computer software. However, the clinical utility of M-FISH has been limited because of the lack of commercial availability of reagents and hardware. We have evaluated M-FISH for identification of markers, derivative chromosomes, and complex karyotypes. Methods: We present our findings based on a representative sample of one normal and six abnormal cases from a variety of tissue types. The results of M-FISH were confirmed by other well-established FISH probes. Results: M-FISH analyses were successful in all six cases. The derivative chromosomes, ring, and a complex karyotype were resolved. Conclusions: We find M-FISH to be an invaluable tool for a high degree of accuracy and efficiency for chromosome identification. The limitations similar to spectral karyotyping system (SKY) include the inability to detect intrachromosomal anomalies, abnormalities involving the p-arms of acrocentrics and areas rich in highly repetitive DNA. In addition, there are some concerns of misinterpretation due to overlap of fluorophore combinations of different chromosomes, especially for subtle insertional translocations.
The therapist in child sexual abuse: The context of helping

Professional response to childhood sexual abuse has evolved through three stages: (1) discovery of the problem, (2) identification of abuse victims and support for disclosure, and (3) emphasis on forensic issues. The importance of treating victims and offenders is emphasized, as opposed to overinvestment in the validation and prosecution of abuse allegations.
Bacterial leaching of metals from sewage sludge

Thiobacillus thiooxidans is capable of oxidizing sulfur in digested sludge, while decreasing the pH value from about 5.5 to, say, 1.0 to 1.5. Insoluble metal sulfides can be solubilized through this acidification. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidises pyritic ore in the presence of 6% centrifuged sludge if the pH value is adjusted to about 2.5. When mixing T. thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans with sludge and 1% sulfur, the former acidifies the sludge and the latter oxidizes metal sulfides; together they solubilize more metal than T. thiooxidans alone. The following metals solubilized from their sulfides have been investigated so far: iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and cadmium. The possibility of recycling metals from sewage sludge with this method is discussed.
Comparison of four contingent valuation methods to estimate the economic value of a pneumococcal vaccine in Bangladesh.

Objectives: To compare four contingent valuation elicitation methods as a means to estimate the value of a pneumococcal vaccine in Bangladesh and to test if the elicitation methods are subject to bias and if they produce valid responses.Methods: Three hundred sixty-one households with at least one child under 5 years of age were recruited in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Subjects were cluster-randomized to various elicitation methods: open-ended, dichotomous choice (at one of two asking prices), payment card (one of two cards with differing ranges). The dichotomous choice method was then followed up with a bidding game methodology, with the dichotomous choice price acting as the starting price for the bidding game. Analysis focused on summary statistics, demand curve estimation and multivariate regression analysis to test for validity and bias.Results: Thirty-one households refused to participate, leaving a total of 330 participating households (a 91.4 percent response rate). Willingness to pay estimates varied significantly across the methods (p < .001), with average estimates varying between 18 (US). The open-ended elicitation method was found to produce highly inflated values that were insensitive to construct validity tests. The dichotomous choice method produced quantity (demand) estimates rather than value estimates, and there was some evidence of yea saying. The payment card elicitation method was found to be affected by range bias. The bidding game elicitation method was found to be less sensitive to starting point bias and yea-saying.Conclusions: Different elicitation format do give rise to different demand curves; however, this may be partially due to the fact that they do not measure the same outcome. For example, the dichotomous choice format produces a demand curve, while the payment card, open-ended and bidding game produce inverse demand curves. All formats are prone to multiple biases. When choosing an elicitation format, it is important to first consider the purpose and use of the data. Each elicitation method has strengths and weaknesses and can be used for different purposes in technology assessment.
NEW ENGLAND'S ROLE IN THE UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF CAPE BRETON ISLAND DURING THE FRENCH RÉGIME, 1713–1758

RESUME En depit de l'importance que l'ile du Cap-Breton et sa forteresse, Louisbourg, pouvaient representer vis-a-vis des interets strategiques et commerciaux de la France en Amerique du Nord; en depit egalement des ressources assez substantielles en bois, en charbon et en terre arable que l'ile pouvait offrir; en depit enfin d'une deficience locale marquee et persistante dans le marche des aliments et du bois, deficience qui a souvent mis la colonie, et plus particulierement Louisbourg, en peril, le demi-siecle d'occupation francaise, qui s'est termine en 1758, n'a affecte que faiblement le paysage geographique de l'ile. Cet article tente un explication de ce phenomene. L'auteur souligne d'abord Pabsence d'immigration substantiate. De France, de la vallee du St-Laurent ou d'Acadie, tres peu de colons furent attires vers l‘ile. On fit meme un effort, mais sans grand succes, pour y interesser certains membres du groupe des “protestants etrangers” qui allerent eventuellement se fixer a Lunenburg. L'agriculture demeura en souffrance principalement a cause de la concurrence que lui faisait la peche, mais aussi parce que les bonnes terres etaient situees a l'ouest du Lac Brasd'Or, done a distance des anses et havres de peche des cotes est et sud, qui etaient mieux connues. Il faut egalement souligner l'importance exageree accordee aux tentatives de production de ble et de pois, au detriment de possibilites de culture et d'elevage beaucoup plus prometteuses. Par sa situation, l'ile du Cap-Breton etait toute designee pour faire fonction d'entrepot commercial de premiere importance. La France n'a pas su tirer plein parti de cette avantageuse position et, contrairement a la Grande-Bretagne, elle n'a pas reussi a asseoir cette activite commerciale sur la base d'une economie variee. L'auteur met l'accent sur l'importance du role qu'ont joue les marchands de la Nouvelle-Angleterre et y voit la raison principale de la faiblesse economique de l'ile du Cap-Breton. Ce furent eux surtout qui assurerent les approvisionnements de l'ile et de sa forteresse; ils y apportaient des merchandises recueillies en Acadie, en Nouvelle-Angleterre et dans certaines des colonies britanniques du sud et en rapportaient des denrees provenant de France ou des Antilles francaises. En ravitaillant ainsi a bon compte la forteresse et la population de l'ile, les marchands de Nouvelle-Angleterre contribuerent largement a maintenir la colonisation et Peconomie du Cap-Breton en debilite.
Stereochemistry of the Thermal Conversion of 1‐Vinyl‐2,3‐cis‐dideuteriocyclobutane to Butadiene and 1,2‐Dideuterioethylenes

This study has examined the stereochemistry of the decomposition at 900–1000 K in a single-pulse shock tube of 1-vinyl-2,3-cis-dideuteriocyclobutane to ethylenes and buta-1,3-dienes. The deuterated ethylenes formed during the decomposition, CHDCH2, (E)-CHDCHD, and (Z)-CHDCHD, were quantified via two independent techniques, FTIR and IR absorption spectroscopy using a tunable diode laser spectrometer. The results of both analyses indicated that equal amounts of (E)-CHDCHD and (Z)-CHDCHD were formed from the cis-labeled reactant. In an earlier shock tube study of the decomposition at 1000–1200 K of two deuterium-labeled cyclohexenes to ethylenes plus buta-1,3-dienes, a pathway via a vinylcyclobutane intermediate was implicated in a significant fraction of the decomposition events; the measured ratios of (E)-CHDCHD to (Z)-CHDCHD in that study were consistent with a complex mechanistic model in which the stereochemistry of deuterium labels in the cyclohexene reactant was lost in ethylene products formed via vinylcyclobutane. The present results provide additional support for that model.
Solvent-free direct cyclopalladation of sulfides on silica gel

Abstract Direct cyclopalladation of benzyl methyl sulfide, benzyl phenyl sulfide and 1,3-bis(methylthiomethyl)benzene using Pd(OAc)2 can be accomplished using silica gel instead of a solvent. The yields of the corresponding cyclopalladated complexes in these green transformations are very similar to those obtained using conventional solvent conditions. The X-ray crystallographic data for trans-Pd(HL)2Cl2 (HL = benzyl methyl sulfide) are reported.
Suzuki coupling reactions of 2,4,6-trialkoxyphenylboronic acids with enol triflates: asymmetric synthesis of a lactone template for calyxin assemblage

Suzuki coupling reactions between 2,4,6-trialkoxyphenylboronic acids and enol triflates have been found to occur in excellent yield, while the use of an enol tosylate failed to give any of the desired product. This coupling reaction has led to the synthesis of a lactone which could serve as a precursor to several calyxin analogues.