cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response in Genotypic and Breeding Value to a Single Generation of Divergent Selection for Fresh Fruit Color in Strawberry

Four sets of selected strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) genotypes were generated from within a single breeding population to evaluate the correspondence between predicted and realized selection response for fresh fruit color traits. Genotypes were selected for extreme phenotypes, dark or light, of either internal or external color value (CIELAB L*). Genotypic selection response was evaluated empirically by scoring fruit from the clonal derivatives of these selected genotypes, and response for breeding value was estimated by scoring the offspring of crosses performed among a subset of the genotypes within each selected set. Realized selection response was slightly larger than predicted for internal and external L* when calculated for selected genotypes. Also, more than half of the selected genotypes had genotypic values for L* outside the range of the original parents, providing evidence for transgressive segregation. Realized selection response for breeding value in exterior and interior color was slightly less than predicted. Compared in a different way, genotypic selection response for external color was significantly greater than selection response for breeding value, whereas genotypic and breeding value responses did not differ for internal color. These observations suggest the presence of some nonadditive genetic variance for external color but support the conclusion that the heritabilities predicted previously were reasonably accurate. Estimates of variance components within each of the offspring populations demonstrated that genetic variances were modified substantially by one generation of selection. Selection for dark fruit color reduced genetic variance to nonsignifican t levels, with internal color more affected than external color. The total genetic variances within both of the offspring populations from parents selected for light color were changed little by one generation of selection, but substantial dominance variance was detected that had not been found in the original population. The rapid response to selection and large changes in the distribution of genetic variances may indicate the presence of a few genes with comparatively large effect in strawberry color expression. Additional divergent selection response can be expected, but primarily in the direction of light fruit color.
Outcome of surgical treatment for primary malignant melanoma of the female urethra.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluate tumor characteristics, recurrence and survival following surgical treatment for female urethral melanoma.Materials and Methods: A review of the records of all female patients with primary localized urethral melanoma (11, mean age 68 years) who underwent partial urethrectomy (7) or radical extirpation (4) from 1950 to 1999 was performed to determine disease specific survival and/or tumor characteristics correlating with survival. Clinical and pathological stage, tumor location, nodal status, adjuvant therapy and tumor pathological components including depth, width, necrosis and vascular/lymphatic invasion, were evaluated. Overall disease recurrence, crude and disease specific survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.Results: Malignant melanoma occurred in the distal urethra in all 11 cases with local extension into the vagina (T3) in 7. Mean depth of invasion was 6.1 mm and mean tumor width was 2.0 cm. No vascular/lymphatic invasion or tumor necrosis was see...
The Role of Death Receptor Signaling in Testicular Germ-Cell Apoptosis Triggered by Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP)-Induced Sertoli Cell Injury and Its Implications for Risk Assessment

The focus of this review is to highlight the participation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of proteins, particularly FasL and Fas, in triggering apoptosis of distinct testicular germ-cell subtypes after mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP)-induced Sertoli cell injury. Despite the well-recognized expression of FasL and Fas in the testis, their functional role in this tissue and the cellular mechanisms that regulate germ-cell apoptosis in the testis remain poorly characterized. Over the last several years, evidence has been accumulating indicating the participation of the FasL/Fas signaling pathway in the testis as a key signaling event for triggering germ-cell apoptosis consequent to MEHP-induced Sertoli cell injury. It has also recently been revealed that the stability of the c-FLIP protein, a direct inhibitor of Fas signaling, in germ cells appears to be dependent on the activity of the p53 protein. Increased degradation of the c-FLIP protein is proposed to occur in distinct ger...
An Argument for Limbo

In this paper I argue from a number of positions that are, while not uncontested, at least common among analytic philosophers of religion for the possibility, and indeed the plausibility, of a doctrine of limbo. The account of limbo that I advocate is substantially different than the element of Catholic speculative theology that goes by the same name. According to that doctrine, the limbus infantium is a place or state of perfect natural happiness for those who, prior to the age of reason, die without baptism. Given the possibility of ‘baptism by desire’, the need for limbo, as I shall develop it, is not based on whether or not an agent has received the sacrament of baptism. Instead limbo is, I argue, a place where individuals who have not had sufficient opportunity to be reconciled to God in the present life will be given the opportunity to do so in the next life. Limbo, so understood, is a place which allows for the post-mortem healing and growth of individuals so that they are able to choose either for or against God in the way required for redemption in this life. On this view, limbo is not a place of ‘second-chances’, but rather a place of first-chances for those who were denied them in their terrestrial life.
Re: Reporting and Using Near-Miss Events to Improve Patient Safety in Diverse Primary Care Practices: A Collaborative Approach to Learning from Our Mistakes

To the Editor: Near-miss reporting systems are a valuable tool for identifying errors that could cause patient harm.[1][1] Crane et al[2][2] demonstrated the feasibility of implementing these systems in diverse ambulatory care settings. However, the large financial incentives of both implementation
Organization for Policy Planning in the U. S. Department of Agriculture

T HE U. S. Department of Agriculture has probably had a more varied experience of planning than has any other agency of government with the exception of the military. It has-to illustrate with only a few examples-been the socialist manager of some 73 million acres of forest land for many years; it has carried on what was, until the recent war, the largest public program of scientific research; it has participated directly in the making of more than a million "farm and home plans" and an even larger number of production control and conservation farm plans, and it has set annual production goals by states and counties for scores of commodities. (In fact, it is to a significant degree through the planning activities of the Department that nearly six million farm firms and households are integrated into something that is often called an industry.) These and other planning undertakings of the most diverse kinds have yielded a great deal of experience that should be valuable to the student of planning. It is not the purpose of this paper to review this diversity, however, or even to note the high points of it. The purpose here is to describe and evaluate the organizational arrangements that have been made within the Department for the formulation of long-term departmental programs. This excludes from consideration all types of farm planning, all operational planning, all bureau planning (except as a bureau may have been the vehicle of departmental planning), and all war production planning.' It focuses on the organization of planning to "solve" the "farm problem" or to contribute to the making of a longterm national agricultural policy. Throughout most of the article, the word "planning" is used to mean those activities which have been called planning by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. A review of these activities reveals that they have frequently had little connection with the process by which important decisions have actually been reached. Indeed, a study of real policy formation might involve only slightly the so-called planning bodies discussed in this paper.
A Reassessment Of The Excess Return Phenomenon For Initial Public Offerings Of Common Stock

This study examines the relationship between underpricing for new issues of common stock and issue size (offer price and number of shares) after controlling for an issues risk. Both risk and offer price are found to be significant factors in explaining underpricing. Offer price dominates as an explanatory variable in cold issue markets, while risk dominates in hot issue markets.
What Do You Mean by Medical Home

Dozens of studies on medical homes, including Kern and colleagues' study in this week's Annals, published over the past few years have frequently disagreed with each other. The editorialist believe...
Green Strategy Guided by Raman Spectroscopy for the Synthesis of Ammonium Carboxylated Nanocrystalline Cellulose and the Recovery of Byproducts

A one-pot green procedure for the treatment of cellulosic biomass with ammonium persulfate (APS) was developed for the synthesis of highly crystalline carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC–COOH), an emerging nanomaterial with a plethora of diversified applications. Raman spectroscopy proved applicable for monitoring the fate of APS and its two byproducts during the production of NCC–COOH from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The two main byproducts were then identified and quantified as ammonium sulfate (AS) and H2SO4 with the latter accounted for 60% of the total sulfate ions in solution. On the basis of such findings, one-step neutralization of H2SO4 and NCC with NH4OH immediately after reaction was implemented for the formation of additional AS, followed by its quantitative recovery by precipitation. This was a very effective and critical step in waste stream management and cost reduction for the large scale production of NCC. In addition, the process resulted in highly crystalline NCC with COO–...
Impact of a high-maintenance lawn-care program on nontarget invertebrates in Kentucky bluegrass turf

Replicated plots (112.2 m2) of Kentucky bluegrass turf were maintained for 4 yr on a schedule of fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide treatments, or were unmanaged except for mowing. Impact of the high-maintenance program on predators, decomposers, and nontarget herbivorous insects was determined from pitfall-trap collections, soil and thatch extractions, and sweep-net and formalin-drench samples. Trap catches of predaceous arthropods, specifically Araneae, Staphylinidae, and Carabidae, were significantly reduced by insecticides, particularly late-summer soil treatment with diazinon. Predators repopulated treated plots by the following spring. Chrysomelidae were more abundant on high-maintenance plots in spring. Soil and thatch pH decreased significantly and thatch accumulation more than tripled under the high-maintenance program. However, earthworms were relatively unaffected, and oribatid mites were generally more abundant in high-maintenance plots. This suggests that thatch accumulation was probably more a consequence of increased vegetative production than of decreased decomposition due to depletion of soil invertebrates. Although high-maintenance lawn-care programs affect many groups of nontarget invertebrates, this study suggests that the effects are variable and in some cases less severe than would be expected, given the quantity and frequency of pesticide and fertilizer use.
Capillary Stability in Tilted Square Cylinders

The stability of a liquid mass above a capillary surface, as in the left sketch of Fig. 1, in a circular cylinder began to be examined long ago.1,2 Later, in 1968 Concus3 used a axisymmetric numerical shooting method that integrates the curvature defined by the pressure fields to solve for equilibrium interface shapes as functions of contact angle and Bond number. The limits of existence for these solutions give us the critical Bond number as a function of contact angle. Note that while Concus did not perform a stability analysis, his limits of static equilibrium solutions agree with analytical work at 90 degrees contact angle1,2 and with Surface Evolver computations.4 The stability limit is generally given in terms of a critical Bond number. Figure 2, from Collicott and Weislogel in 2004,4 shows both original and collected results for the critical Bond number for the classical case: liquid in the circular cylinder aligned with gravity (top line). This figure also presents results for a square cylinder with the axis aligned with gravity are shown as the solid black diamonds between contact angles of 45 and 135 degrees (for contact angles outside of this range, critical wetting eliminates the possibility of the free-surface configuration needed for this type of stability analysis.) See again the left side of Fig. 1 for the geometry. Note that the results are symmetric about 90 degrees contact angle. For reference, though not relevant to the present work, Fig. 2 also presents two-dimensional and rectangular channel results. Cylinders with liquid giving Bond numbers less than the critical Bond number will have a stable state with liquid above air. With B = ρgR2/σ, then for a given liquid in earth’s gravity, this means that the critical Bond number dictates a critical tube radius above which the stable solution can not exist. When gravity and the axis of circular cylinder are not aligned, as sketched on the right in Fig. 1, the equilibrium interface is no longer an axisymmetric surface and thus both analysis and numerical shooting methods are impractical in most cases. This geometry is also that of a tube in a spacecraft with a steady acceleration of general orientation. This was addressed in a January, 2009 AIAA conference paper5 for only a circular cylinder. Those results generate questions about how similar or different is the behavior of other cross-section cylinders. Thus, here the capillary stability in a tilted square cylinder is considered. Again, a critical Bond number specifies the stability limit. Unlike the circular cylinder case, the square can be tilted in different directions relative to the cross section, as sketched in Fig. 3. For example, the square cylinder can be tilted such that one edge of the square faces down (called zero cant angle in this work) or with a vertex facing down (called 45 degrees cant angle in this work). Both of these limits, and all cases between them, are
Therapeutic Targeting of the Bcl2 Family

Many, perhaps most, cancer chemotherapy agents kill cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis that is controlled by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Bcl-2 family proteins regulate commitment to cell death by controlling mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). To better understand how cancer cells commit to apoptosis, and what drugs might make them commit to apoptosis, we have studied perturbing mitochondria with BH3 peptides that are derived from pro-death Bcl-2 family proteins. Using this provocative test, which we call BH3 profiling, we are able to measure how close a cell is to the threshold of apoptosis, a property we call “priming”. Priming corresponds to sensitivity to chemotherapy. Moreover, BH3 profiling can be used to detect dependence on Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL for survival, which predicts cytotoxic response to small molecule antagonists such as ABT-199 and ABT-263. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we find that dependence on either Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL varies from case to case, with very important consequences for sensitivity to ABT-199 and ABT-263. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, ABT-199 has already demonstrated significant clinical activity that corresponds to its on-target activity in mitochondria in vitro . We have been testing how this in vitro mitochondrial activity in BH3 profiling assays might be translated into a useful clinical predictive biomarker. Finally, we can measure how short term incubation with many kinds of drugs, including targeted pathway inhibitors, can increase cancer cell priming, including for primary lymphoid malignancy cells. This short term increase in priming predicts subsequent cancer cell death, including in clinical treatment. We call this method “Dynamic BH3 Profiling” and are exploring how it might best be utilized in the clinic. Disclosures: Letai: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Patents & Royalties; AbbVie: Consultancy.
Wideband delay-sum digital aperture using Thiran all-pass fractional delay filters

A delay-and-sum wideband beamforming architecture is proposed employing digital fractional delays realized via Thiran recursive all-pass filters. FIR filter based fractional delay approximation blocks that are used in standard delay-and-sum beamformers are replaced by Thiran all-pass fractional delay filters. Thiran filters — which are of IIR type — provide maximally flat group delay compared to other IIR fractional delay approximations. The digital hardware complexity for wideband beamformers is dominated by parallel multipliers in the signal processing system. Proposed wideband beamformer provides better performance in terms of the bandwidth and the flatness of the magnitude response, compared to FIR-filter based beamformers for a given level of digital hardware circuit complexity. It shows a 20% increase in the operational bandwidth compared to the method that calculates filter coefficients using the Lagrange interpolation. The proposed Thiran-filter based beamformer is realized on the ROACH-2 FPGA hardware platform for 16- and 8-element antenna arrays. A Xilinx Virtex-6 based FPGA prototype operates at a clock frequency of 357 MHz for full-band beamforming.
Changing Relations between Inventories and Bank Loans

This paper examines changes in inventories in the United States since 1950. It reports mat (i) a tight relation continues to exist between changes in inventories and changes in bank loans, (ii) inventories have fallen relative to net national wealth and gross domestic product, and (iii) the decline is concentrated in raw materials inventories of manufacturing firms. Proposed explanations for falling inventories are high real interest rates, speculation, outbasing of production to third-world countries, rationing of bank credit, and improved techniques of inventory control.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shock Wave Propagation through the Crystal–Melt Interface of (100)-Oriented Nitromethane

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to study shock wave passage with normal incidence through the equilibrium interface between (100)-oriented nitromethane and the melt. The simulations were performed using the fully flexible, nonreactive SRT force field (Sorescu, D. C.; Rice, B. M.; Thompson, D. L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000, 104, 8406–8419). The local kinetic energies (intermolecular, intramolecular, and total) and stress states differ significantly in the liquid and crystal regions, and depend on whether the shock is initiated in the crystal or liquid. The number and spatial distributions of shock-induced molecular disorientations in the crystal for shocks initiated in the crystal are similar to those obtained for analogous simulations for a completely crystalline sample; however, substantial differences in the extent and distribution of shock-induced molecular disorientations in the crystal region were observed when the shock was initiated in the liquid. All three measures of k...
Process control charts in infection prevention: Make it simple to make it happen

Background Quality improvement is central to Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) programs. Challenges may occur when applying quality improvement methodologies like process control charts, often due to the limited exposure of typical IPs. Because of this, our team created an open-source database with a process control chart generator for IPC programs. The objectives of this report are to outline the development of the application and demonstrate application using simulated data. Methods We used Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap Consortium, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN), R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), and R Studio Shiny (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) to create an open source data collection system with automated process control chart generation. We used simulated data to test and visualize both in-control and out-of-control processes for commonly used metrics in IPC programs. Results The R code for implementing the control charts and Shiny application can be found on our Web site (https://github.com/ul-research-support/spcapp). Screen captures of the workflow and simulated data indicating both common cause and special cause variation are provided. Conclusions Process control charts can be easily developed based on individual facility needs using freely available software. Through providing our work free to all interested parties, we hope that others will be able to harness the power and ease of use of the application for improving the quality of care and patient safety in their facilities.
Repeatability of Large-scale Room Fire Tests

Statistical analysis was performed on the experimental results of four full-scale room fire tests from a series of floor-ceiling assembly fire resistance tests conducted in a basement recreation room.
Explaining divergent outcomes of the Arab Spring: the significance of gender and women’s mobilizations

ABSTRACTThe Arab Spring has been extensively analyzed but the presence or absence of violent protests and the divergent outcomes of the uprising that encompassed the Arab region have not been explained in terms of the salience of gender and women’s mobilizations. I argue that women’s legal status, social positions, and collective action prior to the Arab Spring helped shape the nature of the 2011 mass protests as well as the political and social outcomes of individual countries. I compare and contrast two sets of cases: Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, which saw non-violent protests and relatively less repression on the part of the state; and Bahrain, Libya, Syria, and Yemen, where states responded to the protests, whether violent or non-violent, with force and repression, and where women and their rights have been among the principal victims. I also show why women fared worse in Egypt than in Morocco and Tunisia.
Adherence in the Cancer Care Setting: a Systematic Review of Patient Navigation to Traverse Barriers

Patient navigation is an evidence-based intervention involving trained healthcare workers who assist patients in assessing and mitigating personal and environmental factors to promote healthy behaviors. The purpose of this research is to systematically assess the efficacy of patient navigation and similar programs to improve diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting medically underserved populations. A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL to identify potential studies. Eligible studies were those containing original peer-reviewed research reports in English on patient navigation, community health workers, vulnerable and underserved populations, and healthcare disparity. Specific outcomes regarding patient navigator including the effect of the intervention on definitive diagnosis and effect on initiation of treatment were extracted from each study. The search produced 1428 articles, and 16 were included for review. All studies involved patient navigation in the field of oncology in underserved populations. Timing of initial contact with a patient navigator after diagnostic or screening testing is correlated to the effectiveness of the navigator intervention. The majority of the studies reported significantly shorter time intervals to diagnosis and to treatment with patient navigation. Patient navigation expedites oncologic diagnosis and treatment of patients in underserved populations. This intervention is more efficacious when utilized shortly after screening or diagnostic testing.
Psychological Disturbances in Thyroid Eye Disease

Patients with thyroid-associated eye disease (TED) are at increased risk of psychological disturbances such as anxiety and depression, resulting in impaired quality of life. Several standardized instruments, ranging from generic health-related questionnaires to those specific to TED, have been used to measure psychological changes and impact on quality of life. Altered appearance caused by TED seems to be most significant in decreasing quality of life by negatively influencing facial expression, communication, self-perception, and social interactions. However, deficits in visual functioning and the subsequent limitations in daily activities can also contribute. Diminished work productivity and healthcare costs may cause financial strain. Changes in quality of life scores do not always correlate with objective measures of clinical disease burden, supporting the argument for incorporating independent quality of life assessments into routine care. We propose that quality of life and psychological assessment be a routine component of multidisciplinary TED management.
Measurement of Children’s Preferences for Signals of Correctness Versus Pennies in Relation to Socioeconomic Status and Sex

Two experiments were conducted with 9-year-olds to examine (a) the motivational properties of signals of correctness (SOCs) as a function of socioeconomic status (SES) and sex, (b) criticisms of previous measures of preference, and (c) the effects of conflict upon choice times. After learning was measured with motivation held relatively constant, children’s preferences for SOCs versus pennies were measured repeatedly while holding learning level relatively constant. Neither SES nor sex influenced learning; as predicted, however, SES affected preferences, suggesting that it cannot be assumed that information feedback has the same motivational impact upon all children. An extinction hypothesis was advanced to account for the obtained decline over trials in low-status children’s preferences for SOCs. Conflict failed to influence choice times, thus lending little support to a mathematical model. Evidence is presented that previous failures to obtain significant SES preference differences may be the result of the insensitive measures employed.
A New Shock Delivery Method for Testing Preference for Signalled Shock

We present a method for delivering tail shock in which the electrodes cannot be dislodged and which allows the rat a full range of ambulatory behaviors. Using this method in a shuttle box environment, we have shown that a significant number of rats consistently prefer signalled over unsignalled shock.
MENIN loss as a tissue-specific driver of tumorigenesis

The MEN1 gene encodes MENIN, a tumor suppressor that plays a role in multiple cellular processes. Germline and somatic mutations in MEN1 have been identified in hereditary and sporadic tumors of neuroendocrine origins suggesting context-specific functions. In this review, we focus on the development of mutational Men1 in vivo models, the known cellular activities of MENIN and efforts to identify vulnerabilities in tumors with MENIN loss.
Information Source Selection Patterns as Determined by Small Business Problems

One hundred ninety three entrepreneurs (193) were surveyed to determine the types of problems which were most frequently encountered and the types of information sources likely to be utilized. Gene...
Dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type mediates understory plant invasions

Forest mycorrhizal type mediates nutrient dynamics, which in turn can influence forest community structure and processes. Using forest inventory data, we explored how dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type affects understory plant invasions with consideration of forest structure and soil properties. We found that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) dominant forests, which are characterised by thin forest floors and low soil C : N ratio, were invaded to a greater extent by non-native invasive species than ectomycorrhizal (ECM) dominant forests. Understory native species cover and richness had no strong associations with AM tree dominance. We also found no difference in the mycorrhizal type composition of understory invaders between AM and ECM dominant forests. Our results indicate that dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type is closely linked with understory invasions. The increased invader abundance in AM dominant forests can further facilitate nutrient cycling, leading to the alteration of ecosystem structure and functions.
Point-of-care ultrasound in the practice of nephrology.

Sonography is increasingly being performed by clinicians and has applications throughout the spectrum of nephrology, including acute and chronic renal failure, urinary obstruction, cystic disease, pain, hematuria, transplantation, kidney biopsy, temporary and permanent vascular access, and assessment of fluid status. The skill is relatively easily acquired, expedites patient care, and enhances the practice of nephrology. However, the lack of exposure in most training programs remains a major obstacle.
Economics of Outdoor Recreation. By Marion Clawson and Jack L. Knetsch

(1969). Economics of Outdoor Recreation. By Marion Clawson and Jack L. Knetsch. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 97-99.
Social Media in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery: An Analysis of Twitter and Instagram.

Social media provide a unique method of analyzing outcomes and quality in medicine. The purpose of this observational study was to investigate the nature of social media content related to shoulder and elbow (S&E) surgery posted by patients, surgeons, and hospitals. A public search of Instagram for a two-year period yielded 1,177 patient-related posts. A categorical system assessed the perspective, timing, tone, and content of each post. Twitter accounts of 77 S&E specialists from the top five ranked U.S. News & World Report institutions were analyzed for activity and content. 5,246 Twitter and Instagram posts for the institutions were analyzed for frequency and content. Most patient-related posts were by patients (68%), postoperative (82%), positive (87%), and centered on return-to-play for Tommy John (34%), surgical site for shoulder arthroplasty (52%), and activities of daily living for rotator cuff repair (22%). 37% of surgeons had active accounts averaging 46 posts, 87% of which were practice advertisements. Hospitals averaged 273 posts over the 2-year period, focusing on education (38%) and community (18%). S&E patients share outcomes on social media in a positive tone with procedure-dependent emphases. Surgeons on social media use sites for practice augmentation. Hospitals often focused posts towards educating the community.
Content analysis of e-petitions with topic modeling: How to train and evaluate LDA models?

Abstract E-petitions have become a popular vehicle for political activism, but studying them has been difficult because efficient methods for analyzing their content are currently lacking. Researchers have used topic modeling for content analysis, but current practices carry some serious limitations. While modeling may be more efficient than manually reading each petition, it generally relies on unsupervised machine learning and so requires a dependable training and validation process. And so this paper describes a framework to train and validate Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), the simplest and most popular topic modeling algorithm, using e-petition data. With rigorous training and evaluation, 87% of LDA-generated topics made sense to human judges. Topics also aligned well with results from an independent content analysis by the Pew Research Center, and were strongly associated with corresponding social events. Computer-assisted content analysts can benefit from our guidelines to supervise every process of training and evaluation of LDA. Software developers can benefit from learning the demands of social scientists when using LDA for content analysis. These findings have significant implications for developing LDA tools and assuring validity and interpretability of LDA content analysis. In addition, LDA topics can have some advantages over subjects extracted by manual content analysis by reflecting multiple themes expressed in texts, by extracting new themes that are not highlighted by human coders, and by being less prone to human bias.
Herland and Zond: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Social Efficiency Educators

The social efficiency movement in education elevates technocracy over democracy, treating the individual as a cog in the social machine—and that is just what Charlotte Perkins Gilman likes about it. Scarred by too much lonely introspection and self-reliance in her youth, she develops a complex educational philosophy, building off of social efficiency premises, that would help people become more themselves by thinking about themselves, as individuals, less. In addition to classics like “The Yellow Wall-Paper” and Herland, this chapter includes readings of lesser-known Gilman texts such as the autobiographical bildungsroman Benigna Machiavelli and the psychological treatise Our Brains and What Ails Them. Educational theorists discussed include David Snedden and Franklin Bobbitt.
Software Components and Component-based Development

SOFTWARE has since its inception been packaged in self-contained pieces, for the obvious reason that only such pieces can be exchanged and used by others. Indeed, the original IBM user group whose purpose was to exchange code is called SHARE (Society to Help Avoid Redundant Effort according to one source); it was at first concerned with assembly-language subroutines for the 701/704 mainframes. A collection of subroutines is called a ‘library,’ and includes not only code but documentation.With the advent of FORTRAN, subroutine sources became far easier to read and understand—this goes by the misnomer of ‘self-documenting code.’
Classification of Open Globe Injuries

When describing ocular trauma, it is important to utilize consistent terminology and have a uniform classification system to provide optimal clinical outcomes. The Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) describes the accepted set of definitions used to unambiguously describe the nature (open vs. closed globe) and mechanism of an injury. A standardized classification system is then used to further categorize ocular trauma based on the mechanism of injury (type), initial visual acuity (grade), presence or absence of an afferent pupillary defect (pupil), and anatomic location of the injury (zone). This information can be applied to calculate the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS), a prognostic tool that provides reliable prognostic information that can help the clinician counsel patients on the final visual outcome after recovery.
Spectral Representations for Quantized Chemical Signals

A cardinal precept of management theory is that innovation comes from the outside. What, of relevance, can a spectroscopist learn from related disciplines? In this chapter we attempt to show how some well-known ideas in statistics, mathematics, and electrical engineering contribute to a better understanding of what a spectroscopist is attempting to measure, how certain traditional data-handling techniques are special cases of more general mathematical methods, and how modern signal-processing techniques relate to specific chemical signals. Most of the concepts in this chapter will be illustrated by application to FT NMR, in which the primary measured quantity is the free-induction decay signal (FID). The illustrations involve 13C FIDs but the techniques are applicable to other nuclei as well. In addition, most of what follows applies to FT-IR and the transform techniques discussed in the earlier chapters of this book.
Screening for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Screening for disease before the arrival of symptoms is an intuitive cornerstone of preventive medicine and good clinical practice in many cases. However, screening is not appropriate for all condi...
Enantiospecific Synthesis of (+)-Byssochlamic Acid, a Nonadride from the Ascomycete Byssochlamys fulva

A photoaddition−cycloreversion strategy applicable to enantiospecific synthesis of natural byssochlamic acid and its enantiomer was developed in which porcine liver esterase (PLE) catalyzed hydrolysis of 24 was used to desymmetrize this dimethyl ester to give (R)-25. Analogous PLE catalyzed hydrolysis of dimethyl ester 32 and bis(methylthio)methyl ester 48, while highly regioselective, gave racemic half acids 33 and 49, respectively. Stepwise coupling of (±)-49 and (R)-46, the latter derived from 25, afforded diolide 52, which upon irradiation gave exo,exo and exo,endo [2 + 2] photoadducts 53 and 54, respectively. The photoadducts underwent thermal cycloreversion to produce nine-membered bislactones 55 and 56. Conversion of these lactones via 1,5-cyclononadienes 57 and 58 to (+)-byssochlamic acid (3) was accompanied by acid-catalyzed epimerization of the n-propyl substituent. Stepwise coupling of (S)-60 (the enantiomer of 46) with (±)-49 led to diolide 63, which upon photoaddition−cycloreversion gave bis-...
Evolution of the Surgical Technique for "Breast in a Day" Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction: Transitioning from Dual-Plane to Prepectoral Implant Placement.

Background:Direct-to-implant breast reconstruction offers the intuitive advantages of shortening the reconstructive process and reducing costs. In the authors’ practice, direct-to-implant breast reconstruction has evolved from dual-plane to prepectoral implant placement. The authors sought to unders
Mechanism of the ZSM-5 Catalyzed Formation of Hydrocarbons from Methanol-Propanol

An equimolar mixture of methanol and [2-C-14]propan-l-ol were converted at 473K or 573K to hydrocarbons. The C-14 content of the products from the 573K conversion are consistent with chain initiation by propanol and chain growth by methanol. At 473K both propanol and methanol appear to initiate the reaction. This is most likely a result of depletion of the propanol by a rapid conversion to C 3 hydrocarbons that do not readily participate further in the reaction at this temperature.
Provider and community perspectives of dental therapists in Alaska’s Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta: A qualitative programme evaluation

Objectives Dental therapists deliver preventive and basic restorative care and have been practicing since 2006 in Alaska's Yukon-Kuskokwim (YK) Delta. In this qualitative programme evaluation, we documented health providers' and community members' experiences with dental therapy. The goal of the evaluation was to develop a conceptual model of dental care delivery in Alaska Native Communities centred on dental therapists. Methods We developed semi-structured interview scripts and used snowball sampling to recruit 16 health providers with experience providing care in the YK Delta and 125 community members from six YK Delta Communities in 2017 and 2018. The six communities were a stratified convenience sample based on community-level exposure to dental therapists (high, medium and no exposure). Interview data were digitally recorded, transcribed, verified for accuracy and coded inductively into conceptual domains using content analytic methods. Results Providers believed individuals living in the YK Delta have benefited from clinic-based restorative care and community-based education provided by dental therapists. The restricted scope of dental therapy practice limits the complexity of care that may be offered to patients. However, community members expressed high satisfaction with the quality of care provided by dental therapists. Community members noted more widespread knowledge and evolving norms about oral health and believed dental therapists are helping to prevent disease and improve quality of life. Participants believed access to dental care for children has improved over the years, but felt that many adults in the YK Delta continue to have unmet needs. A potential barrier to sustained programme effectiveness is low retention of dental therapists in the region, driven primarily by reports that dental therapists feel overworked, stressed and geographically isolated. Conclusions Dental therapists have contributed to the dental care delivery system in Alaska's YK Delta. Future opportunities remain within the system to address the needs of adults, develop strategies to retain dental therapists in the region and incorporate evidence-based, prevention-oriented strategies to improve oral health behaviours and reduce oral diseases.
Peer-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Training to Improve Functioning in Patients With Diabetes: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

PURPOSE Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)–based programs delivered by trained community members could improve functioning and pain in individuals who lack access to such programs. We tested the effectiveness of a peer-delivered diabetes self-management program integrating CBT principles in improving physical activity, functional status, pain, quality of life (QOL), and health outcomes in individuals with diabetes and chronic pain. METHODS In this community-based, cluster-randomized controlled trial, intervention participants received a 3-month, peer-delivered, telephone-administered program. Attention control participants received a peer-delivered general health advice program. Outcomes were changes in functional status and pain (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), QOL (Short Form 12), and physiologic measures (hemoglobin A1c, systolic blood pressure, body mass index); physical activity was the explanatory outcome. RESULTS Of 195 participants with follow-up data, 80% were women, 96% African Americans, 74% had annual income CONCLUSION This peer-delivered CBT-based intervention improved functioning, pain, QOL, and self-reported physical activity despite pain in individuals with diabetes and chronic pain. Trained community members can deliver effective CBT-based interventions in rural and under-resourced communities.
New Insights Into Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in Children

Development of intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a common complication of long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) in children and adults. The molecular and cellular mechanisms and the phases of IFALD are now being delineated. Components of PN lipid emulsions, including plant sterols, interact with hepatic innate immune activation promoted by products of gut bacterial overgrowth/dysbiosis and altered intestinal barrier function (gut-liver axis) and by episodes of sepsis to cause cholestasis and IFALD. New therapeutic strategies, including modifications of intravenous lipid emulsions to reduce pro-inflammatory fatty acids and plant sterol content, can lower the risk of IFALD, reverse cholestasis, and reduce complications, although the significance of persisting hepatic fibrosis is unknown. This review will provide an update on advances in the pathogenesis of IFALD, newer therapeutic and preventative strategies, and challenges that confront managing patients with IFALD.
Nonorganizational Religious Involvement and Psychosocial Well-Being Among African American and Caribbean Black Youth:

Often cited as a developmental and cultural resource, religion has been widely studied. However, few studies have explored the relationship between nonorganizational religious involvement (NRI) and...
Enhanced Friedel-Crafts Benzylation Activity of Bimetallic WSn-KIT-6 Catalysts

Abstract A series of W and Sn-containing KIT-6 mesoporous silicates (designated as WxSn5) with similar Sn (~5 wt%) and varying W (x = 3–23 wt%) loadings were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method. No detectable bulk WO3 species were observed for W loading up to 14 wt% with preferential dispersion of WOx species near SnO2 sites. The WxSn5 materials exhibited superior performance for Friedel-Crafts anisole benzylation with intrinsic rate constants for all WxSn5 catalysts being greater than those without Sn. Based on results from DR-UV–Vis, XRD, XPS, EXAFS techniques, we postulate that the WxSn5 materials contain both isolated [WO4]2-/SnO2 and isolated [WO4]2-/SiO2 as active species, with the former being more active. The relative populations of these two highly dispersed species dictate the overall catalyst activity. The intrinsic activities of the WxSn5 catalysts are found to scale linearly with total acidity but are mainly dictated by the Lewis acid sites.
Alcohol and Sexual Risk among American College Students Studying Abroad

Recent studies show that during study abroad experiences, college students greatly increase their drinking behavior, experience multiple alcohol-related consequences, engage in sexual risk behaviors, and are at-risk for sexual violence victimization. These studies, however, have been limited by small sample sizes of students from single institutions who are often studying in a particular country or region. To better understand the extent of the risks experienced by college students studying abroad, we conducted a longitudinal survey study of 2630 students from 65 different US colleges and universities studying in 12 diverse locations abroad. Total drinks per week and heavy drinking days more than doubled while students were abroad, with heavier predeparture drinkers, men, and students under age 21 experiencing the greatest increases. There were few observed overall changes in alcohol-related consequences and risky sexual behaviors; however, specific groups, such as those with heavier predeparture consequences and sexual risk behaviors, men, and those on longer abroad programs reported greater consequences and risky sex abroad. One in five students (21%) experienced sexual violence abroad, with non-consensual physical contact the most prevalent form. Women, those under age 21, and those with a history of sexual violence were most likely to experience sexual violence abroad. Findings indicate that study abroad students may warrant targeted predeparture programming to help prevent heavy drinking and sexual violence experiences abroad.
Minimize Online Cheating for Online Assessments During COVID-19 Pandemic

When campuses across the world needed to transition to the online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were many challenges educators faced, and addressing academic integrity issues were some of the most important. Certain strategies, such as online proctoring or additional software, were not available to most institutions because the expenses and training were too much to overcome. A more pedagogical and cost-effective strategy involved modifying the assessment format in a way that minimized or discouraged cheating. This paper presents strategies that effectively minimize cheating while addressing learning outcomes.