cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Root distribution patterns of reticulatus and inodorus melon (Cucumis melo L.) under subsurface deficit irrigation

Information on root growth patterns is crucial to understand cultivar adaptations to deficit irrigation, particularly for subsurface drip-irrigated crops, where root systems are more confined than furrow or sprinkler systems. A 2-year field experiment evaluated the effect of deficit irrigation (50% vs. 100% crop evapotranspiration, ETc) on root growth of melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars (Mission, Da Vinci, and Super Nectar) on a mollisol soil in southwestern Texas, USA. Root length intensity (La; mm cm−2), and root length density (RLD; cm cm−3) were measured at different growth stages using the minirhizotron and soil core methods, respectively. A higher La was recorded in 2012 than in 2011 (3.71 mm cm−2 vs. 0.50 mm cm−2), due to differences in temporal distribution of rainfall between years. Overall, deficit irrigation increased La as compared to 100% ETc, but significant effects occurred at depth (> 40 cm below the soil surface and > 25 cm below the subsurface drip tape). In 2012, moderate water deficit promoted deep root growth at the fruit setting stage but not in 2011, while root growth responses to cumulative deficit varied with cultivar. In 2012, deficit irrigation enhanced root growth in cv. Mission (cantaloupe; reticulatus) throughout the season, it was maintained in cv. Da Vinci (Tuscan; reticulatus), while it decreased in cv. Super Nectar (honeydew; inodorus) at the final harvest stage. Thus, the reticulatus melon cvs. Mission and Da Vinci can better adjust to moderate water-deficit conditions as compared to the inodorus melon cv. Super Nectar. Minirhizotron data provided useful information on root growth dynamics in deeper soil layers in a non-destructive way, which makes it a valuable tool in screening cultivars for water deficit adaptation.
§5.19 Client Identity; Fee Arrangements

This article addresses the question of whether the attorney-client privilege covers the identity of the client and fee arrangements with the client. It discusses five recurring patterns where this issue arises and the holdings of courts in those situations.
LIGHT: Enabling Instant Communication for Web Surfers with Momentary Needs

In the real physical world, people visit same places for same or similar purposes, where they meet, talk, exchange ideas/feelings/emotions, help each other, develop relationships, and form communities. On the web, web surfers also visit various places that are web resources such as pages, images, and videos. However, normally they do not get to meet and interact because the web is "dark" and they cannot see each other. In this paper we describe the LIGHT project that aims at "lighting up" the web so that web surfers can meet and interact spontaneously at random places. In particular, LIGHT provides a universal solution based on a browser extension, enabling convenient and instant online communication for web surfers visiting the same or similar URLs. A URL contains instance-level information precisely describing a very specific interest. Thus LIGHT complements the communication facilities provided by online community portals, which exist to serve the social needs and general/long-term interests of online community members. This complementation is significant because there are far more momentary/situational/specific human needs and interests than those long-term/general ones.
Abstract WP77: Automated Accurate Determinations of Acute Infarct Core Volumes From CT Angiography Using Machine Learning

Background: Guideline-based acute ischemic stroke (AIS) evaluations require the use of advanced parenchymal imaging including CT perfusion (CTP) to determine the presence of large vessel occlusion ...
Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire. By Leslie Peirce. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2017. Pp. xii, 368. $19.99.)

Leslie Peirce is well‐known for the ground‐breaking work she has done on the institution of the Ottoman harem and on gender, identity, and law in the provincial capitals of the Ottoman Empire. Both...
Polymer and modified chitosan-based nanocomposite: impending material for technical application

This article highlights research endeavors on various aspects of polymer/modified chitosan nanocomposite counting their fabrication, features, application, and future prospects. Chitosan is biocomp...
Healing of thermocapillary film rupture by viscous heating

Thin liquid films sitting on a heated solid substrate and surrounded by a colder ambient gas phase are strongly affected by surface-shear stresses induced by surface tension and temperature gradients, as well as by viscous and capillary forces. The temperature dependence of surface tension may lead to thinning of liquid-film depressions promoting instability which takes place when a critical temperature difference between the substrate and the ambient gas phase is exceeded. In this article we show theoretically that viscous heating, previously neglected in related literature, may delay or suppress the thermocapillary instability and leads to film healing. The viscous heating effect, by inhibiting heat transfer, prevents the system from reaching the critical value required to bring about instability. As a consequence, the system remains within the stability region, suppressing film rupture. The presence of the viscous heating effect leads to a persistent circulating motion of two counter-rotating vortices lying diametrically opposite to a depression of the liquid–gas interface reducing the wavelength of disturbances to one half of its initial value. This effect has yet to be observed in experiment.
The Lies of Donald Trump: A Taxonomy

Although most presidents have lied to the public, Pfiffner argues that President Trump’s lies differ in volume and kind. He distinguishes four types of Trump’s lies: (1) trivial lies, (2) exaggerations and self-aggrandizing lies, (3) lies to deceive the public, and (4) egregious lies.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Tissue and Periphery in Juvenile Dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE Neutrophils are key immune cells participating in host defense through several mechanisms, including the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). This study was undertaken to investigate the role of neutrophils in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). METHODS Electron microscopy was used to identify neutrophils in tissue. NETs were also imaged using fluorescence microscopy and quantified using a myeloperoxidase-DNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma obtained from healthy children (n = 20), disease controls (n = 29), JDM patients (n = 66), and JDM patients with history of calcifications (n = 20). Clinical data included disease activity scores and complement C4 levels. Levels of immune complexes (ICs) and calprotectin were analyzed using ELISA. RESULTS Using electron microscopy, neutrophils were found to infiltrate affected muscle tissue, engulfing deposited calcium crystals. Uptake of the crystals led to neutrophil activation (P < 0.01) and subsequent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and NADPH oxidase-dependent but peptidylarginine deiminase 4-independent formation of NETs, which contained mitochondrial DNA (P < 0.05), as confirmed in vivo (P < 0.001) and in vitro (P < 0.01). Peripheral NET levels were associated with calcinosis (P = 0.01), ICs (P = 0.008), and interleukin-8 levels (P = 0.004). Children with JDM had impaired NET clearance (P = 0.01), associated with autoantibody profiles including melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (P = 0.005), and depressed complement C4 levels (r = -0.72, P = 0.002). Furthermore, children with JDM showed evidence of neutrophil activation, with elevated levels of peroxidase activity (P = 0.02) and calprotectin (P < 0.01), which were associated with disease activity (P = 0.007), and dyslipidemia (odds ratio 4.7, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We found novel mechanisms of both calcium crystal-mediated neutrophil activation and cell death in JDM pathophysiology. Targeting this pathway may reduce the frequency and extent of calcinosis, as well as prevent long-term development of comorbidities, including atherosclerosis.
Recent developments with defibrotide for the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS) is a potentially life-threatening condition associated with endothelial cell damage due to hematopoiet...
Counter-Intuitive Consequences of

One of the most currently popular ideas in jurisprudence is that legal rules should be interpreted according to their plain or ordinary meaning. A boost has been given to this position by Justice Scalia in his decisions and addresses. The plain meaning approach fits hand-in-glove with legal formalism, defined by Frederick Schauer as characterizing a decision-maker who, “reaches the result indicated by some legal rule, independent of that decision-maker's own best judgment, and independent of the result that might be reached by direct application of the justifications lying behind the rule.”
Assessment of a student peer-tutoring program focusing on the benefits to the tutors

Context The University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine incorporates a voluntary student peer-tutoring program as 1 resource available to pre-doctoral students. It uses peer-tutoring in didactic and preclinical courses in order to provide additional help to struggling students. Objective The goal of this article is to describe an initial program assessment using data collected between 2015 and 2017. In addition to assessing the program, this report also investigates the benefits of the program to the tutors. Design Data were collected using surveys from tutors (N = 133) and tutees (N = 115), as well as reflective journals written by the tutors (response rate varies across instruments and questions). Responses to the surveys were analyzed using quantitative analysis, and content analysis was completed for coding the open-ended short responses and reflective journals. Results Results show tutors' increased preparedness at the end of the term to provide tutoring, an increase in communication and teaching skills due to participation in the program, and other cited benefits to the tutor. Conclusions In addition to academic credit, tutors benefit from reviewing the course materials and practicing skills relevant to their future careers. Tutees provided overwhelmingly positive feedback on the tutors' strengths and effectiveness, the program in general, and the extent to which tutoring helped their performance in the class. Based on the initial program assessment, the program provides benefits to both tutors and tutees; the tutors gain a valuable experience impacting them both academically and personally.
Fostering hope in the face of death

I contend that hope can be of significant value to individuals even as they acknowledge that there is no cure for their affliction. In particular, I argue that it is good for such patients to hope ...
Peroneal Tendonitis and Tendonopathy

Tendinopathy is a broad encompassing term that is often used to describe both inflammatory and noninflammatory disorders. The cellular processes involved in the most common tendinopathies are poorly understood, but injury is thought to occur secondary to altered cellular signaling that directly changes tendon microstructure. Clinically, the causes of these alterations can be classified into intrinsic and extrinsic factors specific to each patient. Therefore, practitioners should consider these factors when developing patient treatment strategies, with a particular emphasis on risk factors that are modifiable.
Specific populations of urinary extracellular vesicles and proteins differentiate type 1 primary hyperoxaluria patients without and with nephrocalcinosis or kidney stones.

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is associated with nephrocalcinosis (NC) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones (KS). Populations of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) can reflect kidney pathology. The aim of this study was to determine whether urinary EVs carrying specific biomarkers and proteins differ among PH1 patients with NC, KS or with neither disease process. Mayo Clinic Rare Kidney Stone Consortium bio-banked cell-free urine from male and female PH1 patients without (n = 10) and with NC (n = 6) or KS (n = 9) and an eGFR > 40 mL/min/1.73 m2 were studied. Urinary EVs were quantified by digital flow cytometer and results expressed as EVs/ mg creatinine. Expressions of urinary proteins were measured by customized antibody array and results expressed as relative intensity. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA adjusting for sex, and biomarkers differences were considered statistically significant among groups at a false discovery rate threshold of Q < 0.20. Total EVs and EVs from different types of glomerular and renal tubular cells (11/13 markers) were significantly (Q < 0.20) altered among PH1 patients without NC and KS, patients with NC or patients with KS alone. Three cellular adhesion/inflammatory (ICAM-1, MCP-1, and tissue factor) markers carrying EVs were statistically (Q < 0.20) different between PH1 patients groups. Three renal injury (β2-microglobulin, laminin α5, and NGAL) marker-positive urinary EVs out of 5 marker assayed were statistically (Q < 0.20) different among PH1 patients without and with NC or KS. The number of immune/inflammatory cell-derived (8 different cell markers positive) EVs were statistically (Q < 0.20) different between PH1 patients groups. EV generation markers (ANO4 and HIP1) and renal calcium/phosphate regulation or calcifying matrixvesicles markers (klotho, PiT1/2) were also statistically (Q < 0.20) different between PH1 patients groups. Only 13 (CD14, CD40, CFVII, CRP, E-cadherin, EGFR, endoglin, fetuin A, MCP-1, neprilysin, OPN, OPGN, and PDGFRβ) out of 40 proteins were significantly (Q < 0.20) different between PH1 patients without and with NC or KS. These results imply activation of distinct renal tubular and interstitial cell populations and processes associated with KS and NC, and suggest specific populations of urinary EVs and proteins are potential biomarkers to assess the pathogenic mechanisms between KS versus NC among PH1 patients.
5D.003 Regulating commercial motorcycle fleets – A survey in Tanzania

Background In Tanzania, the number of registrations for two- or three-wheeled vehicles has been climbing since 2006. In 2016, more than 50% of registered vehicles were motorised two- or three-wheelers; 23% of the deaths caused by traffic accidents were riders of this kind of vehicle. One of the great challenges for countries like Tanzania is to produce and enforce policy and regulation to improve road safety indicators. Understanding the behaviour of road users like commercial (called ‘Bodaboda’) and recreational African motorcycle drivers is an important step towards this goal. Methods This study is the second part of a traffic psychology project for Bodaboda drivers of the Arusha city in Tanzania. The questionnaire, written in Swahili, was distributed to 513 Bodaboda drivers in December 2016. The 513 subjects replied to 46 questions to investigate seven different aspects: demographic information, protective equipment, passengers, motorcycle maintenance, police fines and bribes, and driver’s crash history. Results Forty-eight per cent of the respondents had been involved in a crash since they started driving. Perceived crash factors were external: the most frequent cause mentioned was the poor driving skills of other drivers (56.1%). For 10.5% of the subjects, crash-avoidance was impossible because crashes are predestined, thus unavoidable. Conclusion This data gives us important insights into road safety experience and perceptions of professional motorcycle drivers in Arusha, Tanzania. This data, combined with other observational data, is useful to design better policies and regulations in the sector.
Resistivity of mesopore-confined ionic liquid determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Ordered carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays with pore diameter 24.4 ± 4.6 nm formed within anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) bonded to Si were used as electrodes for supercapacitors with neat EMIM-BF4 ionic liquid as the electrolyte. A series of devices with increasing AAO thickness (equal to CNT length) were tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Data were fit using the de Levie model of porous electrodes to determine the electrochemically active surface area and the in-pore electrolyte resistivity. The results indicate that uncatalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of CNTs in AAO can lead to blocked CNTs and reduced active area. The average resistivity of the electrolyte within the pores across the four devices tested was determined to be approximately 383 Ω cm, more than five times higher than the reported bulk resistivity of 70.9 Ω cm. It is possible that the enhanced resistivity is due to hydrophilic surface functionalities on the surface of the CNTs.
Evaluation of yield sensors for site-specific management

The performance of an impact-based yield monitor was investigated via field and laboratory experiments. In another study. X-ray techniques were used to examine the potential use of x-rays for yield measurements of harvested crops. Field and laboratory experiments showed that proper yield sensor calibration is die most important factor to keep the error less than± 4% when individual grain tank loads are considered. Field and laboratory tests provided evidence of decreasing error with increasing harvest area. In field tests, the accuracy of yield monitors increased consistently when yield measurements were averaged over IS, 30, and 60 m long segments, respectively. In laboratory experiments, the fluctuations observed in instantaneous yield data suggested that yield signals should be averaged over 4 to 10 seconds to attain the accuracy found for individual grain tank loads. Therefore, the accuracy determined at the end of harvest strips, using a weigh wagon as a comparison reference, should not be considered as true accuracy for small area applications. Grain yield variations can have an impact on accuracy. The smallest error occurred at constant flow rates whereas yield monitor error increased when step changes and transient flow rates were induced using the laboratory test stand. Another factor affecting the accuracy of the yield monitor was the combine ground speed. Changing the ground speed, depending on yield variations, also increased the yield monitor error. The accuracy of a yield monitor then would change across a field due to spatial yield variability and changing combine ground speed. The yield sensor's response to sudden flow rate changes was quite satisfactory. X-ray techniques provided high accuracy in com flow rate measurements showing repeatable correlation coefHcients of 0.99 between gray scale values and mass flow rate ranging from 2 to 6 kg/s. It is possible to increase the dynamic range of flow rates by making proper arrangements in the test setup and using different algorithms.
The Teen Assessment Project Community-Based Collaborative Research

At public universities across the nation, scholars are increasingly being called upon to address community needs while also meeting the expectation for rigorous and sound research. For the scholar unfamiliar with action-research, accomplishing these tasks may seem difficult if not impossible. The Teen Assessment Project (TAP) demonstrates how collaborative research can be a rewarding process for both researchers and community partners, while also advancing scholarship in the area of adolescent development. Meeting these dual goals requires building trust and cooperation at the community level, sensitivity to the idiosyncracies and politics of a particular community, and employing a research design that is perceived as valid and relevant to the community while also being consistent with sound scientific methods.
Inland propagation of erosional escarpments and River profile evolution across the Southeast Australian passive continental margin

Denudation at passive continental margins occurs over time as erosional escarpments propagate inland, cutting through regions of elevated topography flanking ocean basins. Understanding the actual processes and time variability in propagation rates associated with the advance of escarpments across passive margins remains a largely unsolved problem for tectonic geomorphology. Here we report results from new analyses of detailed river longitudinal profiles and surface exposure age measurements using cosmogenic radionuclides from the New England Tableland portion of the southeast Australian passive margin. In that area, many plateau-draining tributaries of the Macleay River cascade into narrow gorges across large-scale river knickpoints that represent the tips of the leading edge of the inland-advancing escarpment. Previous river profile analyses showed most knickpoints to be the same distance, about 200 km, upstream from the mouth of the river, despite order-of-magnitude variations in the areas drained at the gorge heads. The implication is that all knickpoints have migrated upstream at a speed of about 2 km/Myr averaged over the ∼100 Myr history of the margin. The new profile analyses confirm that, in general, distance upstream from the Macleay River mouth of the knickpoints is not related to area drained at the gorge head. We conclude that if sufficient fluvial transport power is available, the rate of upstream knickpoint migration is governed by slope failure mechanisms and the frequency of resulting mass wasting events on the steep rock slopes in the gorge head vicinity. In terms of the stream power model for channel incision, Z t A m' S n (where A is drainage area and S is channel gradient), the river profile analyses imply that the drainage area exponent m' = 0 (i.e., no dependence on drainage area so long as a threshold is met), and the slope exponent n > 1. Average erosion rates calculated from Be and Al radionuclide concentrations in samples collected across the knickpoint on Baker's Creek indicate that the plateau surface and the channel upstream of the gorge head - knickpoint are eroding slowly, ∼5 m/Myr, whereas the channel at and downstream of the knickpoint is eroding much more rapidly, >100 m/Myr. The pattern of increasing erosion rates across the knickpoint in the downstream direction is consistent with the paradigm of inland escarpment retreat across passive continental margins.
Tetraploidy and the Evolution of Salmonid Fishes

Polyploidy has long been recognized to have played an important role in the evolution of plant species (Lewis, 1980). However, polyploidy has only recently been recognized as a potentially important process in the evolution of vertebrates (Ohno, 1974; Fisher et al.,1980; Bogart, 1980; Schultz, 1980). Mammals and birds generally possess more DNA per cell than do fish and other chordates. This observation and the existence of many duplicated gene loci have led Ohno and co-workers (Ohno,1967, 1970a, 1974; Ohno et al., 1968) to propose that genome doubling has taken place at least once in the evolution of vertebrates. One tetraploid event apparently took place about 500 million years (Myr) ago in a common ancestor of all vertebrates. Fisher et al. (1980) describe isozyme studies that are consistent with this idea. Other tetraploid events may have taken place in major lineages of vertebrate evolution, possibly including a genome doubling in a reptilian ancestor of mammals (Ohno, 1967; Comings, 1972).
Photodissociation dynamics studied via time-resolved coincidence imaging spectroscopy

Femtosecond time resolved photoelectron-photoion Coincidence Imaging Spectroscopy was used to study the non-adiabatic photodissociation dynamics of the NO dimer at 209 nm. Correlated photoelectron-photofragment energy and angular distributions reveal new details of the dissociation dynamics.
Affirmative Action: The Constitution, Jurisprudence and the Formulation of Policy

The "reverse discrimination" controversy has, for many years, sparked a veritable deluge of comment. Indeed, it may well be that the extent of the sutained debate is exceeded only by the amount of comment provoked by the Supreme Court's abortion decisions.This article explores the "reverse discrimination" controversy in traditional equal protection terms. Threafter, the paper conducts a jurisprudential analysis of the "reverse discrimination" question. This article then explores the first principles undergirding applicable constitutional guarantees and finds such principles inconsistent with the notions of communal guilt and remediation on which many affirmative action programs are predicated. Finally, this article considers and finds a number of the public policy implications of "reverse discrimination" problematic in both the long and short terms.
The Spleen Contributes to Stroke-Induced Neurodegeneration

Stroke, a cerebrovascular injury, is the leading cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world. Recent reports indicate that inhibiting the inflammatory response to stroke enhances neurosurvival and limits expansion of the infarction. The immune response that is initiated in the spleen has been linked to the systemic inflammatory response to stroke, contributing to neurodegeneration. Here we show that removal of the spleen significantly reduces neurodegeneration after ischemic insult. Rats splenectomized 2 weeks before permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion had a >80% decrease in infarction volume in the brain compared with those rats that were subjected to the stroke surgery alone. Splenectomy also resulted in decreased numbers of activated microglia, macrophages, and neutrophils present in the brain tissue. Our results demonstrate that the peripheral immune response as mediated by the spleen is a major contributor to the inflammation that enhances neurodegeneration after stroke.
Two-dimensional modeling of stepped planing hulls with open and pressurized air cavities

A method of hydrodynamic discrete sources is applied for two-dimensional modeling of stepped planing surfaces. The water surface deformations, wetted hull lengths, and pressure distribution are calculated at given hull attitude and Froude number. Pressurized air cavities that improve hydrodynamic performance can also be modeled with the current method. Presented results include validation examples, parametric calculations of a single-step hull, effect of trim tabs, and performance of an infinite series of periodic stepped surfaces. It is shown that transverse steps can lead to higher lift-drag ratio, although at reduced lift capability, in comparison with a stepless hull. Performance of a multi-step configuration is sensitive to the wave pattern between hulls, which depends on Froude number and relative hull spacing.
Vocational Psychology and Ex-Offenders' Reintegration: A Call for Action.

Failure to find steady and rewarding employment and stabilizing economic resources are key contributors to recidivism among ex-offenders. Within 3 years of their release, almost two thirds of ex-offenders return to prison. Ex-offenders face formidable barriers to employment including legal limitations and those specific to their skills, education, and training. In addition to these real barriers and the stigma associated with having a criminal record, the ex-offender’s prospect of securing employment is further complicated by the high national unemployment rate that is characteristic of our current economic downturn. Furthermore, due to limited and or restricted hiring opportunities, ex-offenders may be unable to pursue jobs that best fit their interests. Discussion of the role of work in the lives of ex-offenders has been scarce in the vocational psychology literature. Hence, this article illuminates the ex-offender’s reintegration process and the vocational implications of having a criminal record. The ...
90nm Node CD Uniformity Improvement Using a Controlled Gradient Temperature CAR PEB Process

Writing fogging effect in chemically amplified resist process makes critical effect on global CD distribution in the advanced 90nm node photomask with higher pattern density and smaller geometries. High contrast feature of chemically amplified resist makes difficult to correct the global CD uniformity in resist develop process compared with conventional ZEP resist. In this paper we examine the fogging effect in the combination chemically amplified resist with 50KeV writing tool and the consequential problem for production mask with higher pattern density. We will present the feasibility of the global CD uniformity correction technique in post exposure baking process using gradient temperature hotplate.
Local and Global Existence for an Aggregation Equation

The purpose of this work is to develop a satisfactory existence theory for a general class of aggregation equations. An aggregation equation is a non-linear, non-local partial differential equation that is a regularization of a backward diffusion process. The non-locality arises via convolution with a potential. Depending on how regular the potential is, we prove either local or global existence for the solutions. Aggregation equations have been used recently to model the dynamics of populations in which the individuals attract each other (Bodnar and Velazquez, 2005; Holm and Putkaradze, 2005; Mogilner and Edelstein-Keshet, 1999; Morale et al., 2005; Topaz and Bertozzi, 2004; Topaz et al., 2006).
Fast Current Blinking in Individual PbS and CdSe Quantum Dots

Fast current intermittency of the tunneling current through single semiconductor quantum dots was observed through time-resolved intermittent contact conductive atomic force microscopy in the dark and under illumination at room temperature. The current through a single dot switches on and off at time scales ranging from microseconds to seconds with power-law distributions for both the on and off times. On states are attributed to the resonant tunneling of charges from the electrically conductive AFM tip to the quantum dot, followed by transfer to the substrate, whereas off states are attributed to a Coulomb blockade effect in the quantum dots that shifts the energy levels out of resonance conditions due to the presence of the trapped charge, while at the same bias. The observation of current intermittency due to Coulomb blockade effects has important implications for the understanding of carrier transport through arrays of quantum dots.
Is it clinically useful to repeat a pap smear at colposcopy

Objective. To assess the role of repeating a Pap smear at the time of colposcopy performed within 6 months of a referent Pap smear. Materials and Methods. A clinical database was queried to identify colposcopies performed within 6 months of a referent abnormal squamous Pap smear at which time a repeat Pap smear was obtained. All Pap smears and cervical biopsy specimens were interpreted at an affiliated hospital laboratory. Referent Pap smears, repeat Pap smears, colposcopic cervical biopsy results, patient age and ethnicity, and the interval since the referent Pap smear were tabulated. A hierarchy of Pap smear results was defined a priori to characterize the relative differences between the referent and repeat Pap smears. Results of repeat smears and cervical biopsies were contrasted with the referent Pap smears. An assessment was made of the clinical usefulness of the repeat Pap smear. Results. Four hundred ninety-eight patients contributed 536 colposcopies with repeat Pap smears within 6 months of the referent smear. Pap smears obtained at colposcopy predominantly were either of lower severity (52.2%) or unchanged (42%). Management of 8 of 498 patients (1.6%) was influenced by the results of the repeat Pap smear. The outcomes for six recommendations for a loop electrosurgical excision procedure included three cases of diagnoses of potentially reversible conditions. Conclusions. The evidence for the clinical usefulness of repeating a Pap smear at colposcopy for a squamous cytologic abnormality under the defined study parameters is noncompelling. Continued surveillance is a critical component of management.
Kinesiology in the Liberal Arts

Until recently, physical education and the liberal arts have taken divergent courses. The resurgence of the field as a cross-disciplinary study of human movement may revitalize the position of kinesiology in the liberal arts college. This paper assesses the nature of the liberal arts in higher education and suggests ways a kinesiology curriculum may be honed to the specifications of that model. The question of curricular centrality is a vital issue, particularly in times of recessionary budgets. Until a program of study reflects the knowledge objectives and imparts the skills dear to its parent institution, it will remain endangered. As the American Academy of Physical Education and others succeed in pushing open the window of opportunity, we may be greeted by a fresh breeze of intellectual integrity; institutions, each espousing their unique goals, may seek common ground and mutual growth.
Driving after traumatic brain injury: evaluation and rehabilitation interventions

The ability to return to driving is a common goal for individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury. However, specific and empirically validated guidelines for clinicians who make the return-to-drive decision are sparse. In this article, we attempt to integrate previous findings on driving after brain injury and detail the cognitive, motor, and sensory factors necessary for safe driving that may be affected by brain injury. Various forms of evaluation (both in clinic and behind-the-wheel) are discussed, as well as driver retraining and modifications that may be necessary.
Participatory geographic information systems for the co-production of science and policy in an emerging boundary organization

Abstract Boundary organizations are designed to stabilize the relationship between science and policy communities. The literature emphasizes that products (i.e., boundary objects) should be salient, legitimate, and credible to both communities. The related field of participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) focuses on creating useful products (i.e., maps and geographic information systems) in an explicitly political environment. PGIS focuses more directly on the ways in which people may engage with information and power dynamics between actors. We argue that the epistemological parallels between PGIS and boundary organization research create an opportunity to fuse approaches to the advantage of both fields. Combining approaches facilitates communication and provides opportunities to negotiate conflict between science and policy. We apply the frames to a public information project conducted in a water resource decision-making boundary organization in Phoenix, Arizona. Through participatory action research, we evaluate the extent to which relationships between saliency, legitimacy, and credibility across change through time and interact with one another. We find that the boundary organization framework provides a unique role for science in framing questions and evaluating the feasibility of environmental management solutions. However, it neither guides the process of generating boundary objects nor adequately conceptualizes heterogeneity within the policy community. PGIS highlights processes internal to the policy community driving low levels of political support for initial maps of public information programs. Credibility improved after participants discussed why they felt maps lacked legitimacy, and credibility. Discussion among policy makers at a meeting convened by scientists improved legitimacy and credibility. Despite policy involvement in the process of generating research questions, the saliency of the map remained low. Policy stakeholders viewed the map as a necessary precursor to more usable science in the future rather than a as boundary object per se. The framework developed and applied in this paper is relevant to research centers and projects that intend to link policy and science that have stronger formal ties of accountability to science through funding.
Intraoperative endovascular surgery for cerebral aneurysms

The application of a number of procedures that can be considered intraoperative endovascular neurosurgery has enhanced our ability to treat cerebral aneurysms from the abluminal surface. This study identifies a role for these techniques in the management of difficult aneurysms. A review of the last 1202 aneurysms undergoing direct clipping by the authors disclosed that these methods were used in 62 cases. Of these aneurysms, 36 arose from the internal carotid artery, 12 from the middle cerebral artery, eight from the vertebrobasilar distribution, and six from the anterior cerebral artery. The indications for applying these methods were large size (12-60 mm), intraluminal thrombus, broad neck, plaque at the neck, the potential compromise of branches at the base of the aneurysm, or a combination of these problems. The most frequently chosen intraoperative technique was suction decompression with direct removal of plaque and thrombus using suction, dissection, and/or ultrasonic aspiration. The application of temporary clips was required in all cases in which the aneurysm was opened before definitive clipping. No special pharmacological cerebral protective regimen was used. In one case in which a greater occlusion time was anticipated, cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermia was performed. A favorable outcome was achieved in 73% of these difficult cases. An increased neurological deficit after surgery was seen in 11%, and the mortality rate was 8%. These methods should be considered and can be anticipated before surgery for unusual aneurysms. Many cases now being considered for embolization may be more suitable for definitive surgical obliteration.
Potential Risk of Vasovagal Syncope for Motor Vehicle Driving

Vasovagal syncope is the most common cause of syncope, but its risk for driving remains uncertain. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients who had syncope during driving and subsequently underwent the head-up tilt test (HUTT). Of the 245 consecutive patients undergoing HUTT, 23 (9%) had ≥1 episode of syncope during driving. HUTT was positive in 19 (group A) and negative in 4 (group B) patients. No patient had structural heart disease. In group A, the driving incident occurred on the first syncope in 3 patients, and the other 16 patients had 1 to 4 episodes of prior syncope not associated with driving. In group B, the driving incident occurred on the first syncope in 1 patient, and the other 3 patients had prior syncope (3 episodes in each) not associated with driving. Seven group A and 1 group B patients had 2 syncope-related driving incidents, and the remaining patients had only 1 syncope-related driving incident. The syncope-related driving incidents caused personal injury in 7 group A and 2 group B patients. One incident in 1 group A patient caused the death of another driver. After HUTT, all but 1 patient in group A received medical treatment and only 1 patient in group B received empirical β-blocker therapy. During the follow-up of 51 ± 26 months, 1 patient died and another was lost to follow-up. Of the remaining patients, 4 patients had recurrence of syncope and 2 patients had presyncope in group A. One of these patients had another syncope-related driving incident. No group B patient had syncope recurrence. A second etiology of syncope was never found in any patient. We conclude that vasovagal syncope during driving is not uncommon in patients referred for syncope evaluation. Early medical attention to patients with vasovagal syncope may help reduce syncope-related driving incidents.
Absolute rate constants for O+NO+M(=He, Ne, Ar, Kr) →NO2+M from 217–500 K

Rate constants for the reaction O + NO + M yields NO2 + M have been obtained at temperatures from 217-500 K in four different rare gases by a method combining flash photolysis with time resolved detection of O(3-P) by resonance fluorescence. The measured rate constants in Arrhenius form are (10.8 plus or minus 1.2) x 10 to the -33rd exp(1040 plus or minus 60/1.987 T) for helium; (9.01 plus or minus 1.16) x 10 to the -33rd exp(1180 plus or minus 70/1.987 T) for argon; (9.33 plus or minus 1.10) x 10 to the -33rd exp(1030 plus or minus 60/1.987 T) for neon; and (9.52 plus or minus 1.10) x 10 to the -33rd exp(1140 plus or minus 70/1.987 T) for krypton in units of cm to the 6th/sq molecule/s.
Almost sure convergence analysis of autoregressive spectral estimation in additive noise

The almost sure convergence properties of autoregressive spectral estimates from noisy observations are derived. Sharp rates of almost sure convergence are established for the estimates of the autoregressive parameters, innovation variance, and spectral density function of the signal process. The distributions of the signal and noise processes are arbitrary. >
Preferential Interaction of the CD4+29+/45RA‐ Subset of Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes with an Antibody against the Cell‐Membrane Ganglioside GD3

This study shows that the two major subpopulations of CD4+ T lymphocytes defined on the basis of differential expression of the CD29 and CD45RA antigens, show significant differences in reactivity with a monoclonal antibody against the GD3 ganglioside. Double staining studies showed that the GD3 ganglioside is predominantly expressed on cells from the CD4+29+/45RA subsets. The preferential interaction of the CD4+29+/45RA cell subset with the anti-GD3 MoAb was further confirmed by the proliferative and calcium-flux studies. Accordingly, the reciprocal, CD4+(29-)/45RA+ subset was unable to proliferate in response to the anti-GD3 MoAb alone. Although it did show a significant mobilization of calcium ions and proliferation to IL-2 when stimulated with the anti-GD3 MoAb, these response were much less pronounced than the responses of the CD4+29+/45RA- subset. Finally, when two T-cell stimulating monokines, IL-1 and IL-6, were tested for the ability to modulate the anti-GD3 mediated proliferation, only the former, but not the latter was able to enhance the proliferation. Although the natural ligand for the GD3 ganglioside remains unknown, the data presented here provide further evidence in support of the notion that the T-cell surface molecules different from the T-cell receptor MHC-antigen complex may contribute to the preferential activation of one of the CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets.
Medical outcomes research and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The relationship between physiologic and anatomic bladder outlet obstruction due to BPH and its symptoms, as well as quality of life, needs further study to elucidate how BPH affects health
Lepton g-2 in a dual gauge model

The weak correction to the lepton's magnetic moment is calculated in a gauge model which exhibits a form of duality. (AIP)
Effect of Estrogen Withdrawal on Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Apoptosis in the Rat Vagina

Abstract Objectives. The physiology of the female sexual response and its molecular mediators remain poorly understood. Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in neurons and is a potent relaxor of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle. In this study, we hypothesize that vaginal atrophy and declining sexual function during menopause may be NO dependent. Using the rat as an experimental model, we examined the expression and topologic localization of vaginal NO synthase (NOS) and the concomitant induction of apoptosis under normal and estrogen-depleted conditions. Methods. Thirty rats were categorized into six groups on the basis of phase of the estrous cycle or estrogen status after oophorectomy. The expression and cellular localization of NOS was examined in frozen sections using specific antibodies against neuronal (N-NOS) and endothelial NOS (E-NOS). Apoptotic cells were identified in situ using the terminal transferase technique (TUNEL). Trichome staining was performed in all specimens to determine smooth muscle/collagen ratios. Results. N-NOS immunoreactivity was localized to nerve fibers supplying vaginal smooth muscle, perivascular nerve plexuses, and lamina propria. E-NOS was localized to vascular endothelium and perivascular smooth muscle fibers. Both E-NOS and N-NOS expression in intact cycling animals was highest during proestrous and lowest during metestrous. After oophorectomy, levels of both N-NOS and E-NOS declined substantially compared with those of intact animals, and there was a parallel induction of apoptosis. Estrogen withdrawal also resulted in increased vaginal atrophy, intramural collagen accumulation, and perivascular wall thickening, as identified by trichome staining. Estrogen replacement resulted in a significant increase in E-NOS and N-NOS expression, as well as diminished apoptosis and vaginal atrophy. Conclusions. This cellular distribution of NOS in the rat vagina suggests that NO may modulate both vaginal blood supply and vaginal smooth musculature. Estrogen appears to play a critical role in concomitantly regulating vaginal NOS expression and apoptosis in nerves, smooth muscle, vascular endothelium, and epithelium of the rat vagina. These findings may have significant clinical implications for the pathophysiology of postmenopausal female sexual dysfunction.
CO oxidation over Pd and Cu catalysts I. Unreduced PdCl2 and CuCl2 dispersed on alumina or carbon

Abstract CO can be oxidized at 300–400 K by molecular oxygen over dispersed, unreduced PdCl 2 or CuCl 2 although rates were much lower than those obtained using both compounds together. PdCl 2 was much more active than CuCl 2 , and the addition of water vapor to the feed greatly enhanced the activity of the PdCl 2 catalysts but not the CuCl 2 catalysts. This system had not been previously characterized by IR spectroscopy, so this technique was employed to determine the Pd and Cu carbonyl and chloro-carbonyl species formed upon the introduction first of CO then, sequentially, of H 2O and O 2 to establish reaction conditions. The in situ spectra identified PdCl 2 CO, (PdClCO) n , and CuClCO species as well as a small amount of terminal and bridged CO adsorbed on metallic Pd particles. Based upon the IR results, a thorough kinetic study, and prior aqueous-phase studies in the literature, a reaction model is proposed that involves water as a reactant with the PdCICO species when water vapor is present. In its absence, molecular oxygen appears to interact with PdClCO to produce CO 2 .
Glomerular disease: perspectives on maintenance therapy in lupus nephritis.

Maintenance immunosuppressive drug therapy is necessary to counter the propensity of lupus nephritis to relapse. Claims that mycophenolate mofetil might be the magic bullet for both induction and maintenance therapies merit critical reappraisal due to inconsistent evidence of the superiority of mycophenolate mofetil over azathioprine, as well as its inordinately greater cost.
An empirical examination of the assumed job tenure-vocational maturity linkage in the industrial sales force

In the design of communication, motivation, and supervisory programs, conventional wisdom suggests that sales managers often assume a job tenure-vocational maturity linkage. This paper reports the results of a survey of 241 industrial salespeople that calls into question this assumption. Implications for sales administrators and academics are suggested.