cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ureteral obstruction after ureteroneocystostomy in dogs assessed by technetium TC 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) scintigraphy.

Objective— To use technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) renal scintigraphy to monitor ureteral obstruction after ureteroneocystostomy in a canine model of partial ureteral obstruction. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Eight normal adult dogs. Methods— Partial ureteral obstruction was created in 8 dogs by incomplete ligation of the terminal right ureter. Two weeks later, ureteroneocystostomy was performed in 7 dogs with unilateral partial ureteral obstruction and in 1 dog that had developed bilateral partial ureteral obstruction. 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy was performed intermittently for 2 weeks after ureteroneocystostomy. Renal transit time of each kidney, as assessed by the time to maximal uptake (time of peak), and glomerular filtration rate, as assessed by percentage of kidney uptake of the radiopharmaceutical between 1 and 3 minutes, were estimated. Comparison between affected and nonaffected kidneys was performed with the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results— Unilateral partial ureteral obstruction was induced successfully in 7 dogs. In 1 dog, bilateral partial obstruction was induced inadvertently. After ureteroneocystostomy, percentage of kidney uptake of 99mTc-DTPA was low in 4 affected kidneys. The uptake returned to within normal limits in 2 of the kidneys during the observation period. The time activity curve had a more rounded appearance or was increasing continuously for all affected kidneys. A significant increase in renal transit time was observed 2 and 4 days after ureteroneocystostomy. Transit time progressively returned to normal by 4 to 11 days for all affected kidneys except 1. Conclusion— Ureteroneocystostomy resulted in persistent partial ureteral obstruction for 4 to 11 days as determined by 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy. Clinical Relevance—99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy may be a useful procedure for monitoring renal function and ureteral obstruction after ureteroneocystostomy. Persistent partial ureteral obstruction may be seen 1 to 2 weeks after ureteral reimplantation in dogs with previously existing dilated ureters.
A broader view of membranes

Membranes that get fatter when they are stretched are considered counterintuitive, but may be more common than we think. They might even turn up in human tissue.
Accurate Thermochemical Properties for Energetic Materials Applications. I. Heats of Formation of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles and Energetic Precursor Molecules from Electronic Structure Theory

The heats of formation of 1H-imidazole, 1H-1,2,4-trizazole, 1H-tetrazole, CH3NO2, CH3N3, CH3NH2, CH2CHNO2, HClO4, and phenol, as well as cations and anions derived from some of the molecules have been calculated using ab initio molecular orbital theory. These molecules are important as models for compounds used for energetic materials synthesis. The predicted heats of formation of the heterocycle-based compounds are in excellent agreement with available experimental values and those derived from proton affinities and deprotonation enthalpies to <1 kcal/mol. The predicted value for the tetrazolium cation differs substantially from the experimental value, likely due to uncertainty in the measurement. The heats of formation of the nitro and amino molecules, as well as phenol/phenolate, also are in good agreement with the experimental values (<1.5 kcal/mol). The heat of formation of CH3N3 is predicted to be 72.8 kcal/mol at 298 K with an estimated error bar of ±1 kcal/mol on the basis of the agreement between...
A test of the hypothesis that Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient is the same for two tests administered to the same sample

In measurement studies the researcher may wish to test the hypothesis that Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient is the same for two measurement procedures. A statistical test exists for independent samples of subjects. In this paper three procedures are developed for the situation in which the coefficients are determined from the same sample. All three procedures are computationally simple and give tight control of Type I error when the sample size is 50 or greater.
Affective state and EEG sleep profile in response to rapid tryptophan depletion in recently recovered nonmedicated depressed individuals.

Abstract Background The current study examines whether a tryptophan-free amino acid drink (TFD) causes a transient mood relapse in unmedicated patients recently recovered from major depression. TFD is thought to reduce cerebral serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in depression. Some studies report that TFD reverses the antidepressant and REM-suppression effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Methods Following an average of 10 weeks of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), 13 recovered patients who achieved 50% or greater reduction on the initial Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HRSD) underwent a double-blind challenge with the TFD and a control drink. In order to demonstrate the central physiological effects of the TFD on REM sleep in these patients, all night polygraphic sleep recordings were obtained before and after the TFD and control drink. Results Relative to the control drink, TFD decreased REM latency and plasma concentrations of tryptophan but had no statistically significant effect on mood symptoms as measured by the HRSD, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Limitations High participant attrition, a physiologically active control drink, physical side effects in response to both drinks, and low statistical power may be methodological considerations that limit interpretation of findings. Conclusions The failure to find a transient mood relapse after the TFD may suggest that: (a) nonpharmacological recovery from depression does not occur via serotonergic mechanisms, (b) participant variables may be operating, or (c) CBT alters psychological responses to unfavorable biological states.
A comparative analysis of business structures suitable for farmer-owned wind power projects in the United States

Abstract For years, farmers in the United States have looked with envy on their European counterparts’ ability to profitably farm the wind through ownership of distributed, utility-scale wind projects. Only within the past few years, however, has farmer- or community-owned wind power development become a reality in the United States. The primary hurdle to this type of development in the United States has been devising and implementing suitable business and legal structures that enable such projects to take advantage of tax-based federal incentives for wind power. This article discusses the limitations of such incentives in supporting farmer- or community-owned wind projects, describes four ownership structures that potentially overcome such limitations, and finally conducts comparative financial analysis on those four structures, using as an example a hypothetical 1.5 MW farmer-owned project located in the state of Oregon. We find that material differences in the competitiveness of each structure do exist, but that choosing the best structure for a given project will largely depend on the conditions at hand; e.g., the ability of the farmer(s) to utilize tax credits, preference for individual versus “cooperative” ownership, and the state and utility service territory in which the project will be located.
Evidence-based Methodology for Evaluation of Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography: Reflecting on a Self-Directed Learning Experience

Inspired by presentations on evidence-based medicine (EBM) and after relocating to an institution with a strong reputation of evidence-based approach to patient care, I share a first-time experience of self-directed learning and applying EBM methodology. By doing so, I hope to encourage others to do likewise, as the activity is not burdensome and provides an opportunity for fresh insights into the subject matter. Rather than a highly detailed “how I do it” article, what follows is some general information about the EBM process itself and one specific application of it, interleaved with other knowledge I’ve gained about EBM from this experience. The primary contemporary clinical application for cardiac computed tomography (CT) is the noninvasive diagnostic imaging evaluation of the coronary arteries, that is, coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Given recent rapid growth in clinical case volumes, research studies, and peer-reviewed publications, CCTA appears well-suited for evaluation with EBM methodology. EBM for diagnostic imaging is reviewed while demonstrating its application to a specific topic, namely, CCTA. The strengths and limitations of EBM methodology for this application are also discussed.
Occurrences of growth related target dissolved oxygen and ammonia in different catfish pond production systems in southeast Arkansas

Abstract Maintaining optimum water quality is vital for catfish pond production. Water quality performance was compared among traditional earthen ponds (TP), intensively aerated ponds (IP), and split-ponds (SP), from May to October, 2012, in southeast Arkansas. Overall mean DO concentrations were above the target DO level (3.0 mg/L) in all ponds without system difference. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the IP system always had higher values and the overall mean (4.2 mg/L) was higher than other systems ( 1.0 mg/L) and a significant higher percentage of NH 3 events above the target level (47% events > 0.6 mg/L) than the other two systems. But the high DO concentrations may have reduced the ammonia stress on fish growth in the IP system. Catfish farmers may consider adopting the two new production systems, especially the SP system, on their farms since the overall water quality performance is comparable to and even better than the traditional TP system, plus with higher feed inputs that rendered higher production from preliminary analysis in the new systems. More comprehensive production and cost analysis need to be conducted before the large scale full adoption.
A Benefit-Burden Analysis of Public School Financing: The Impact on Rural and Urban Taxpayers

Expenditure benefit-burden ratios were developed to analyze the implications for rural and urban taxpayers of several education finance alternatives. Equalizing expenditures through a statewide property tax would transfer net benefits to high income, suburban areas. Low Income rural taxpayers would benefit from greater reliance on the state income tax.
The effects of congenital brain serotonin deficiency on responses to chronic fluoxetine

The importance of reversing brain serotonin (5-HT) deficiency and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis in the mechanisms of action for antidepressants remain highly controversial. Here we examined the behavioral, neurochemical and neurogenic effects of chronic fluoxetine (FLX) in a mouse model of congenital 5-HT deficiency, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (R439H) knock-in (Tph2KI) mouse. Our results demonstrate that congenital 5-HT deficiency prevents a subset of the signature molecular, cellular and behavioral effects of FLX, despite the fact that FLX restores the 5-HT levels of Tph2KI mice to essentially the levels observed in wild-type mice at baseline. These results suggest that inducing supra-physiological levels of 5-HT, not merely reversing 5-HT deficiency, is required for many of the antidepressant-like effects of FLX. We also demonstrate that co-administration of the 5-HT precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), along with FLX rescues the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) anxiolytic-like effect of FLX in Tph2KI mice, despite still failing to induce neurogenesis. Thus, our results indicate that brain 5-HT deficiency reduces the efficacy of FLX and that supplementation with 5-HTP can restore some antidepressant-like responses in the context of 5-HT deficiency. Our findings also suggest that feeding latency reductions in the NSF induced by chronic 5-HT elevation are not mediated by drug-induced increments in neurogenesis in 5-HT-deficient animals. Overall, these findings shed new light on the impact of 5-HT deficiency on responses to FLX and may have important implications for treatment selection in depression and anxiety disorders.
A Matter of Relevance: Teaching Classics in the 21st Century

In a world literature course, an instructor faces the challenge of engaging the students in classical texts that are historically, geographically, and linguistically “alien” to them. Through a three-step instructional model that includes approximation, thematic relevance, and application, the instructor tries to help students identify, engage, and interact with the texts. Several trials of this strategy have shown that this approach is promising because it promotes the students' active participation in class and ownership of the course content. Therefore, its implications in praxis will extend beyond the discipline of literature to other disciplines in college teaching.
BIOETHICS SYMPOSIUM: The ethical food movement: What does it mean for the role of science and scientists in current debates about animal agriculture?

Contemporary animal agriculture is increasingly criticized on ethical grounds. Consequently, current policy and legislative discussions have become highly controversial as decision makers attempt to reconcile concerns about the impacts of animal production on animal welfare, the environment, and on the efficacy of antibiotics required to ensure human health with demands for abundant, affordable, safe food. Clearly, the broad implications for US animal agriculture of what appears to be a burgeoning movement relative to ethical food production must be understood by animal agriculture stakeholders. The potential effects of such developments on animal agricultural practices, corporate marketing strategies, and public perceptions of the ethics of animal production must also be clarified. To that end, it is essential to acknowledge that people's beliefs about which food production practices are appropriate are tied to diverse, latent value systems. Thus, relying solely on scientific information as a means to resolve current debates about animal agriculture is unlikely to be effective. The problem is compounded when scientific information is used inappropriately or strategically to advance a political agenda. Examples of the interface between science and ethics in regards to addressing currently contentious aspects of food animal production (animal welfare, antimicrobial use, and impacts of animal production practices on the environment) are reviewed. The roles of scientists and science in public debates about animal agricultural practices are also examined. It is suggested that scientists have a duty to contribute to the development of sound policy by providing clear and objectively presented information, by clarifying misinterpretations of science, and by recognizing the differences between presenting data vs. promoting their own value judgments in regard to how and which data should be used to establish policy. Finally, the role of the media in shaping public opinions on key issues pertaining to animal agriculture is also discussed.
ATP Binding to the Escherichia coli Clamp Loader Powers Opening of the Ring-shaped Clamp of DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme *

The Escherichia coli gamma complex serves as a clamp loader, catalyzing ATP-dependent assembly of beta protein clamps onto primed DNA templates during DNA replication. These ring-shaped clamps tether DNA polymerase III holoenzyme to the template, facilitating rapid and processive DNA synthesis. This report focuses on the role of ATP binding and hydrolysis catalyzed by the gamma complex during clamp loading. We show that the energy from ATP binding to gamma complex powers several initial events in the clamp loading pathway. The gamma complex (gamma2 delta delta'chi psi) binds two ATP molecules (one per gamma subunit in the complex) with high affinity (Kd = 1-2. 5 x 10(-6) M) or two adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)(ATPgammaS) molecules with slightly lower affinity (Kd = 5-6.5 x 10(-6) M). Experiments performed prior to the first ATP turnover (kcat = 4 x 10(-3) s-1 at 4 degreesC), or in the presence of ATPgammaS (kcat = 1 x 10(-4) s-1 at 37 degreesC), demonstrate that upon interaction with ATP the gamma complex undergoes a change in conformation. This ATP-bound gamma complex binds beta and opens the ring at the dimer interface. Still prior to ATP hydrolysis, the composite of gamma complex and the open beta ring binds with high affinity to primer-template DNA. Thus ATP binding powers all the steps in the clamp loading pathway leading up to the assembly of a gamma complex. open beta ring.DNA intermediate, setting the stage for ring closing and turnover of the clamp loader, steps that may be linked to subsequent hydrolysis of ATP.
Viscoelastic behavior in a normal Fermi liquid

Effective elastic coefficients for a normal Fermi liquid at finite frequency ω and wave vectorq are calculated microscopically from the Landau kinetic equation. We find in general that there are three elastic moduli in a normal Fermi liquid. One is just the usual bulk modulus and the other two are associated with the transverse and longitudinal shears of the liquid. This is in contrast to the viscoelastic model, in which a single modulus characterizes both transverse and longitudinal shear. The shear moduli that we have calculated are functions of ω/qv F, wherev F is the Fermi velocity, and they become equal only when ω/q is much larger thanv F. In this limit we show that a viscoelastic model provides a reasonable quantitative description of the propagation and attenuation of the collective modes of a normal Fermi liquid. We also consider the applicability of the viscoelastic model to3He and find that it provides a reasonable first approximation to longitudinal sound and only a crude first approximation to transverse sound.
Does varicocele grade predict vein number and size at microsurgical subinguinal repair

Objectives To correlate the varicocele grade on physical examination with the number and size of the veins present and ligated during surgery. Varicoceles are correctable causes of male factor infertility. No prior anatomic studies have correlated the preoperative clinical grade of a varicocele with the number of veins discovered and ligated during microsurgical subinguinal repair. Methods A total of 65 consecutive men (mean age 33.8 years) diagnosed during office evaluation with either unilateral left varicocele or bilateral varicoceles underwent microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy by one urologist. At surgery, the number and size (small, less than 1.0 mm; medium, 1.0 mm or greater to less than 4.0 mm; large, 4.0 mm or greater) of the spermatic cord veins present and ligated were recorded. These findings were correlated with the size of the preoperative varicocele grade. Results Of the 71 varicocele units, 65 qualified for analysis. Of the patients with a grade 1 varicocele, a mean (±SD) of 2.4 (±2.5) small veins, 4.7 (±2.1) medium veins, 0.3 (±0.58) large veins, and 7.5 (±3.0) total veins were ligated. Of patients with a grade 2 varicocele, a mean of 2.6 (±2.3) small veins, 5.3 (±3.1) medium veins, 0.47 (±0.78) large veins, and 8.3 (±3.2) total veins were ligated. Of patients with grade 3 varicoceles, a mean of 1.8 (±1.8) small veins, 4.6 (±2.3) medium veins, 1.0 (±0.75) large veins, and 6.9 (±2.6) total veins were ligated. Using analysis of variance, the grade 3 varicoceles had significantly more large veins than did grade 1 varicoceles (P <0.05). Conclusions Grade 3 varicoceles have a greater number of large veins compared with grade 1 varicoceles.
Improving the utilization of non‐traditional agricultural products through coordination during the registration process

Abstract During the historical development of the fertilizer registration and regulation process there has been considerable research and education so that the value of fertilizers received widespread understanding in agricultural production. Many non‐traditional products, particularly biological, which purport to alter the biological, chemical or physical characteristics of the soil often result in very little and inconsistent plant growth response. This lack of significant response in the minimal public research and largely user testimonial comments by manufacturers has provided insufficient information on which the regulatory authorities could grant registration. Even currently, most state regulatory agencies do not have a sufficient efficacy base or much less require any for registration of non‐traditional products. This paper traces the development of the non‐traditional product registration process since 1976 between the University of California and the California Department of Food and Agriculture.
The radiation belts of Jupiter

The cloud of relativistic electrons which forms the Jupiter radiation belts at a distance of a few Jovian radii from the planet is considered. The inner belt is shown to consist of electrons with about three times the energy of those in the outer zone, and to have an equatorial density which is about one half the peak density in the outer zone. The pitch angle distribution of the electrons in the outer zone becomes gradually more confined to the magnetic equator with increasing distance from the planet.
Academic growth trajectories and family relationships among African American youth

This study explored trajectories of African American youths' academic functioning and assessed whether changes in parent-adolescent relationships were associated with changes in youths' academic functioning. The data were drawn from a three-year longitudinal study of gender socialization and development in two-parent African American families and included 197 families. Findings revealed gender differences in achievement trajectories and indicated that boys not only had lower levels of academic achievement compared to girls, but also experienced steeper declines in school self-esteem during adolescence. Changes in parent-adolescent relationship quality were linked to changes in academic functioning: Increases in conflict were related to decreases in GPA, school bonding, and school self-esteem and increases in warmth were related to increases in school bonding and school self-esteem.
Patterning the fly eye: the role of apoptosis

Early development in many tissues is characterized by a rapid expansion in cell number. Excess cells are removed through activation of their intrinsic apoptotic machinery. This over-expansion followed by selective removal is important for the sculpting of these tissues, and how specific cells are selected to die is one of the central questions in development. The Drosophila eye is a unique example of such patterning through cell death. Because of its remarkable reiterative design, the fly eye lends itself to studies of mutants with increased or decreased apoptosis. We know that the process of elimination of lattice cells is highly regulated. And we have learned that each ommatidial unit is involved in the life-death decision of lattice cells through cell-cell signaling. But, we have yet to understand how this signaling is regulated spatially to result in such precision. In this article, we describe and speculate on the role of selective cell death during maturation of the fly eye.
Identification of an inhibitor of the MurC enzyme, which catalyzes an essential step in the peptidoglycan precursor synthesis pathway.

Abstract: The pathway for synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide is essential in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This pathway has been exploited in the recent past to identify potential new antibiotics as inhibitors of one or more of the Mur enzymes. In the present study, a high-throughput screen was employed to identify potential inhibitors of the Escherichia coli MurC (UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid:L-alanine ligase), the first of four paralogous amino acid-adding enzymes. Inhibition of ATP consumed during the MurC reaction, using an adaptation of a kinase assay format, identified a number of potential inhibitory chemotypes. After nonspecific inhibition testing and chemical attractiveness were assessed, C-1 emerged as a compound for further characterization. The inhibition of MurC by this compound was confirmed in both a kinetic-coupled enzyme assay and a direct nuclear magnetic resonance product detection assay. C-1 was found to be a low micromolar inhibitor of th...
Transfusion of Buffy Coat-Poor Red Cell Suspensions Prepared by Dextran Sedimentation: Description of Newly Designed Equipment and Evaluation of Its Use

Modified equipment is described for use in preparation of buffy coat-poor red cell suspensions by the dextran sedimentation procedure. The chief advantages over previously available equipment are: (a) Minimized contamination hazard, (b) Administration of the final red cell suspension from the original blood container, thereby assuring maintenance of correct donor identification. Experience with the modified equipment in preparation of 70 units of buffy coat-poor red cells for transfusion is described. Experience with transfusion of 297 units of buffy coat-poor red cell suspensions at Barnes Hospital during the past five years is briefly reviewed.
Path Analysis and Factors Affecting Primary Productivity

No cause-effect relationship of light and nutrients on primary productivity was found in Lake Monroe, Indiana, using path analysis, but sufficient light was indispensable to an increase in producti...
Hard won and easily lost: A review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood.

This article reviews evidence that manhood is seen as a precarious social status that is both difficult to achieve and tenuously held. Compared with womanhood, which is typically viewed as resulting from a natural, permanent, and biological developmental transition, manhood must be earned and maintained through publicly verifiable actions. Because of this, men experience more anxiety over their gender status than women do, particularly when gender status is uncertain or challenged. This can motivate a variety of risky and maladaptive behaviors, as well as the avoidance of behaviors that might otherwise prove adaptive and beneficial. We review research on the implications of men’s precarious gender status across the domains of risk-taking, aggression, stress and mental health, and work‐life balance. We further consider how work on precarious manhood differs from, and can add to, work on individual differences in men’s gender role conflict. In summary, the precarious manhood hypothesis can integrate and explain a wide range of male behaviors and phenomena related to the male gender role.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of rainfall and dripwater at DeSoto Caverns (Alabama, USA): Key to understanding past variability of moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The Southeast and the US Gulf Coast in particular are notably lacking isotope data in the water cycle despite the fact that moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) has a considerable influence on both regional and continental rainfall patterns. This study reports time-series of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes acquired over a 3-year period (2005–2008) from GOM-derived rainfall, cave dripwater and shallow groundwaters, and offers valuable insights on the links between factors controlling regional rainfall and the ubiquitous karst hydrology. Amount-weighted mean monthly rainwater δ18O and δD values in Tuscaloosa, Alabama range from −1.5 to −8.3‰ and −1.2 to −49.5‰, respectively, and show mean seasonal amplitudes of ∼4‰ (δ18O) and ∼25‰ (δD). In comparison d-excess values display large seasonal amplitudes of 10–20‰ resulting from differences in the degree of evaporation from falling raindrops between summer and winter months, and correlate well with the coeval air temperature (r2 = 0.59; p Dripwater samples from nearby DeSoto Caverns show weak δ18O and δD seasonal variations and record only 20% and 51% of the 18O and 2H enrichments, respectively, discerned in the rainwater 3-year time-trends. The seasonal and interannual amplitude attenuations in the dripwaters are attributed to a relatively thick overlying bedrock (∼30–40 m) and a relatively large, well-mixed, epikarst-storage reservoir. Residence time of water in the cave’s epikarst is estimated to be 1–3 months based on high-resolution flow-rate data. Our investigation suggests that global atmospheric circulation patterns (ENSO and Bermuda High) likely govern the interannual δ18O and δD isotope trends discerned in the water cycle compartments but much longer time-series are required to confirm our conjectures. The results of this study form a solid basis for future acquisition and interpretation of climate proxy records from regional speleothems.
Detection of antigenic differences and similarities between human transitional cell carcinoma cell lines using rabbit antisera.

Rabbit antisera to cell lines derived from transitional cell carcinomas were examined by complement dependent cytotoxicity, absorption analysis, and inhibition assays and the staphylococcal protein-A assay. Test cells were from cell lines derived from transitional cell carcinomas (TCC-CL), other tumours, and normal cells. Following several absorptions of the antisera with normal tissues and insolubilized FCS, activity was undet ectable against many carcinoma cell lines but remained against TCC-CL, a lung carcinoma derived line, and many of the non-carcinoma lines. Further absorption of anti-253J (a TCC-CL) antisera with non TCC lines resulted in specific activity against 253J. This selectivity was supported by SpA assay results. Inhibition and absorption experiments using cultured cells and supernatants disclosed a complex quantitative and/or qualitative antigenic relationship between cell lines. Absorption of antisera with tumour and normal tissue specimens and inhibition of cytotoxicity by patients' and controls' sera indicated possible clinical relevance of detected antigens.
Metabolism of 3,5-Diiodosalicylic Acid in Cattle and Rats

Abstract The metabolic fate of carboxyl 14 C-diiodosalicylic acid (DIS) was studied in cattle and rats. In three trials with cattle, approximately 95% of 14 C was excreted via the urine within ten days of dosing. Diiodosalicylic acid and 5-iodosalicylic acid were the only metabolites in cattle urine, with ratios of DIS:5-iodosalicylic acid from 1.1 to 7.8. There was considerable variation in excretion and relative amounts of metabolites of 14 C-DIS in rats. Radioactive DIS, 5-iodosalicylic acid, 3-iodosalicylic acid, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid were identified in rat urine. In some trials salicyluric acid and 5-iodosalicylic acid were the major metabolites, and approximately 80% of the dose was excreted via the urine within 72 hours after dosing. In other trials very little salicyluric acid was found, and DIS and 5-iodosalicylic acid were the major metabolites. In the latter case, the feces became an important excretory route as intake of stable DIS reached 5 mg/kg per day. Diiodosalicylic acid was the major fecal metabolite. Cattle have less ability than rats to remove iodine from DIS, explaining why it is unsatisfactory as an iodine carrier in trace mineral salt for cattle, even though it has proved effective in rats.
Topical application of mitomycin-C in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a well-established alternative to external DCR for treatment of obstruction of the lacrimal pathway and has a success rate of up to 95% in primary cases. D...
Food material properties and early hominin processing techniques.

Abstract Although early Homo is hypothesized to have used tools more than australopiths to process foods prior to consumption, it is unknown how much the food processing techniques they used altered the material properties of foods, and therefore the masticatory forces they generated, and how well they were able to comminute foods. This study presents experimental data on changes to food material properties caused by mechanical tenderization (pounding with a stone tool) and cooking (dry roasting) of two foods likely to have been important components of the hominin diet: meat and tubers. Mechanical tenderization significantly decreased tuber toughness by 42%, but had no effect on meat toughness. Roasting significantly decreased several material properties of tubers correlated with masticatory effort including toughness (49%), fracture stress (28%) and elastic modulus (45%), but increased the toughness (77%), fracture stress (50%–222%), and elastic modulus of muscle fibers in meat (308%). Despite increasing many material properties of meat associated with higher masticatory forces, roasting also decreased measured energy loss by 28%, which likely makes it easier to chew. These results suggest that the use of food processing techniques by early Homo probably differed for meat and tubers, but together would have reduced masticatory effort, helping to relax selection to maintain large, robust faces and large, thickly enameled teeth.
Surface analysis of sputtered stainless steel

Abstract The behaviour of 316 stainless steel during sputtering by Ar and H ions in the temperature range 25–500°C was studied by in situ surface analysis using a scanning electron microscope and Auger electron spectroscopy. The main differences between Ar and H sputtering are in the sputtering rates and in the relative amounts of surface impurities. Similar development of surface topography occurred during Ar and H sputtering. A lower limit to the H dose required to sputter through the impurity layers on stainless steel was obtained.
The Structure of the Large Cosmic-Ray Air Showers

A series of experiments on cosmic-ray air showers is described. Four "fast" ionization chambers, with electronic coincidence and photographic recording of pulse height, were used to investigate the structure of these showers in detail, at mountain altitudes. The experiments show that the showers have the structure characteristic of electron cascades. There is no evidence for unusually narrow showers. If the showers originate from the decay of neutral mesons, these mesons must be produced either singly, or in groups whose total angular divergence is not greater than \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ radian.The frequency of occurrence of showers which have particle density greater than $\ensuremath{\rho}$-particles per square meter at the point of observation is shown to be $1.05{(\frac{460}{\ensuremath{\rho}})}^{1.5}$ ${\mathrm{hr}.}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $300l\ensuremath{\rho}l2000$ particles/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, at 3050-m elevation. This frequency is also given for two points of observation with various distances separating them. Data on the angular distribution of the showers at 3050 m and the altitude variation between 3050 m and 4300 m are presented. The results of some theoretical calculations on altitude and angular variation are given, but they are not sufficiently accurate to indicate clearly the nature of the primary event which causes these showers. Absolute rates for the number of showers of a certain size, and for the number of primary events, are presented.Twenty-seven showers of more than ${10}^{16}$-ev total energy were recorded.
Identification and separation of two distinct contributions to the training effect in polycrystalline Co FeMn bilayers

We show that polycrystalline $\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{FeMn}$ bilayers display two distinct forms of training effect. The two can be identified and separated via their distinctive field cycle and antiferromagnet thickness dependences, in addition to their influence on the magnetization reversal. One mode is due to the biaxial anisotropy of the antiferromagnet and leads to an abrupt single cycle training (as seen in recent modeling), while the other is a gradual effect related to ``depinning'' of uncompensated antiferromagnet spins.
Surface structure studies of Cl adsorption on Ag{001} using energetic ion beams

Abstract Angle-resolved SIMS experiments have been employed to study the bonding geometry of Cl on Ag{001}. The procedure was to bombard the target with 2 or 3 keV Ar + ions in the low dose mode at various incident angles and to measure the desorption of Ag + or Cl − ions at various detection angles. For the case of the c(2 × 2)-Cl/Ag{001} structure, azimuthal angle distributions of both Ag + and Cl − ions indicate that the Cl atom binds in the four-fold hollow site. Measurement of the polar angle distributions suggests that the Cl overlayer is above the surface plane, ruling out the formation of an epitaxial AgCl layer. The AgCl bond-length was determined to be 2.60 ± 0.04 A using shadow-cone enhanced desorption. With this measurement the angle of incidence of the ion beam is varied until the shadow-cone created by a target Cl atom intersects a nearby Ag atom. The result is in agreement with earlier LEED experiments.
Chiefs as Critical Partners for Decentralized Governance of Fisheries: An Analysis of Co-Management Case Studies in Malawi

Centralized regulation and fisheries co-management institutions, when imposed on Malawian fisherfolk, have failed due to poor local legitimacy, resulting in de facto open access regimes for most Malawian fisheries. Case studies from a range of locations indicate that a key to success or failure in co-management lies in understanding the roles played by both traditional (chiefs) and representational (stakeholder) institutions. Formally instituted, conservation-driven co-management institutions are unlikely to be effective if they try to replace informally derived, consensus-based social and cultural institutions. Additionally, institutional legitimacy requires downward accountability, and both traditional and decentralized institutions must remain vigilant against the threat of elite capture. An analysis of fisherfolk and chieftain roles in Malawi's fisheries management regimes illustrates how these stakeholders may either promote or undermine socially and ecologically sustainable outcomes. We conclude tha...
The Accuracy of Self‐Reports of Condom Use and Sexual Behavior

In a study of the accuracy of self-reports of sexual behavior and condom use, 285 single, young adults in a large metropolitan area were interviewed once a week for 52 weeks, reporting on their sexual behavior each week. At 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month intervals, the individuals also provided self-reports of the number of times they had engaged in sex and the number of times they had used condoms since they began participating in the study. These self-reports were compared with aggregates of the weekly data, which served as a comparison standard for accuracy evaluation. The results indicate a fairly high level of accuracy in self-reports, but with 2% to 5% outliers who are highly inaccurate. The results tend to favor the assessment of sexual behavior over moderate time durations (3 or 6 months) rather than short or long durations (1 month or 12 months) when trying to maximize self-report accuracy. Accuracy was attenuated for individuals who tended to engage in sex frequently, especially at the 12-month time durations.
The Developmental Role of Agouti in Color Pattern Evolution

Animal color patterns can affect fitness in the wild; however, little is known about the mechanisms that control their formation and subsequent evolution. We took advantage of two locally camouflaged populations of Peromyscus mice to show that the negative regulator of adult pigmentation, Agouti, also plays a key developmental role in color pattern evolution. Genetic and functional analyses showed that ventral-specific embryonic expression of Agouti establishes a prepattern by delaying the terminal differentiation of ventral melanocytes. Moreover, a skin-specific increase in both the level and spatial domain of Agouti expression prevents melanocyte maturation in a regionalized manner, resulting in a novel and adaptive color pattern. Thus, natural selection favors late-acting, tissue-specific changes in embryonic Agouti expression to produce large changes in adult color pattern.
Does fit matter? the impact of fit on collaboration technology effectiveness over time

This research examines how different levels of task-technology fit can impact collaboration technology effectiveness and efficiency over time. The results of a longitudinal experiment indicate that initially, teams using poor-fitting collaboration technology had lower effectiveness and efficiency, satisfaction, and perceptions of fit than teams using fitting collaboration technology. Over time, however, poor-fit teams improved while fit teams remained consistent, thereby eliminating the initial differences in measured outcomes between poor-fit and fit teams. The results suggest that task-technology fit may be more relevant as a predictor of effectiveness and efficiency in contexts where the task and the collaboration technology are less malleable.
Professional Preparation of Clinical Educators in University Graduate Programs

The purpose of this research was to gather information regarding current practices in training clinical faculty for supervision in Communication Sciences and Disorders programs. The research was de...
Design and Implementation of a Control System for a Counter Gravity Casting Machine

In counter-gravity casting, pressure is used to draw molten metal, against gravity, into the flask in order to replace the foam pattern and form the final product. The performance of the current pressure controller needs improvement to increase the quality and repeatability of the final product. There are two major hardware difficulties that needed to be compensated for. The first is the nonlinear behavior of valves (hysteresis nonlinearity), which is addressed using a gain scheduling approach by decomposing the nonlinear system into approximate linear subsystems. Consequently, each linear sub-system is controlled using a PID controller. The second difficulty is the decrease of the plenum pressure responsible for creating the vacuum, which requires a new control approach. A PID controller with a gain scheduling scheme and a feed forward term was developed to overcome the nonlinear characteristic of the valves and to compensate for variation of the pressure inside the plenum. The new controller showed considerable performance improvements. Furthermore, the experimental results show how the control is robust in the presence of significant dynamic variations in the input profile.
Energy Metabolism in Capnocytophaga ochracea

Among the microflora of the gingival sulcus are members of the genus Capnocytophaga which have been implicated as possible etiological agents of juvenile periodontitis and systemic infectious diseases. In this study, the pathway used by C. ochracea strain 25 for generating energy from glucose was investigated. When grown in a complex medium supplemented with glucose and NaHCO3, the major end products formed were acetate (4.6 mmol), succinate (11.0 mmol), pyruvate (4.3 mmol), and oxalacetate (3.6 mmol), and the molar growth yield was 58. Addition of yeast extract to the growth medium caused (i) an increase in acetate (9.2 mmol) and succinate (14.3 mmol), (ii) a decrease in pyruvate (0 mmol) and oxalacetate (1.1 mmol), and (iii) the molar growth yield increased to 75. Glucose was transported by a phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase system and then catabolized to phosphoenolpyruvate by enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. No activities were detected for the key enzymes of the Warburg-Dickens, Entner-Douderoff, or hexose phosphoketolase pathways. During growth in the yeast extract-supplemented medium, approximately 37% of the phosphoenolpyruvate carbon was converted to acetate by pyruvate kinase, a pyruvate-decarboxylating enzyme activity, and acetate kinase; the remaining 63% was converted to succinate via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and fumarate reductase.
trans‐Bis(4,4,4‐tri­fluoro‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butane­dionato‐O,O′)­bis­(tri­phenyl­phosphine‐P)­nickel(II) at 173 K

In the title compound, [Ni(C15H6F3O2)2(C18H15P)2], the Ni atom occupies an inversion center and the complex has an all-trans configuration. The Ni—P distance is 2.5520 (5) A.
Binge Drinking and TMT: Evaluating Responses to Anti-Binge Drinking PSAs from a Terror Management Theory Perspective

An experiment was conducted with 264 college students whose self-esteem were highly linked or not to their binge drinking behaviors (i.e., high binge drinking-based self esteem or low binge drinking-based self-esteem). Participants were exposed to a mortality-salient/non-mortality-salient anti-binge drinking public service announcement (PSA), or a control ad. Cognitive and emotional responses to the ads were assessed. Results found an interaction between binge drinking-based self-esteem and mortality-saliency of the ad. Those with high binge drinking-based self-esteem reported significantly lower intentions to not binge drink, more negative evaluation of the ads, greater message avoidance, and more positive binge drinking attitudes in response to the mortality-salient PSAs compared to those exposed to non-mortality-salient PSAs, and those with low binge drinking-based self-esteem. Additionally, response costs associated with not binge drinking was tested within the EPPM framework and found to have an impact. Implications of the results for anti-binge drinking campaigns are discussed along with future research directions.
From Tree House to Barracks The Social Life of Guilds in World of Warcraft

A representative sample of players of a popular massively multiplayer online game (World of Warcraft) was interviewed to map out the social dynamics of guilds. An initial survey and network mapping of players and guilds helped form a baseline. Next, the resulting interview transcripts were reviewed to explore player behaviors, attitudes, and opinions; the meanings they make; the social capital they derive; and the networks they form and to develop a typology of players and guilds. In keeping with current Internet research findings, players were found to use the game to extend real-life relationships, meet new people, form relationships of varying strength, and also use others merely as a backdrop. The key moderator of these outcomes appears to be the game's mechanic, which encourages some kinds of interactions while discouraging others. The findings are discussed with respect to the growing role of code in shaping social interactions.