cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color Priming Affects Stroop Interference

The effect of prior word and/or color activation on subsequent color naming was examined in a discrete-trials Stroop task. Both word and color primes increased color-word interference, and the magnitude of the priming effect increased as the number of priming dimensions increased. The maximal interference usually produced by incongruent Stroop stimuli was reduced when such stimuli were preceded by primes which activated both word and color dimensions. The results were discussed in terms of models which attribute color-word interference to the relative speed of word reading and color naming.
Microglial expression of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins is regulated by cytokines and the extracellular matrix: β5 Integrin null microglia show no defects in adhesion or MMP‐9 expression on vitronectin

As the primary immune effector cells in the CNS, microglia play a central role in regulating inflammation. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein vitronectin is a strong inducer of microglial activation, switching microglia from a resting into an activated potentially destructive phenotype. As the activating effect of vitronectin is mediated by alphav integrins, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the requirement of the alphavbeta5 integrin in mediating microglial adhesion and activation to vitronectin, by studying these events in beta5 integrin-null murine microglia. Surprisingly, beta5 integrin null microglia were not defective in adhesion to vitronectin. Further analysis showed that microglia express the alphavbeta3 integrin, in addition to alphavbeta5. Flow cytometry revealed that microglial alphav integrin expression is regulated by cytokines and ECM proteins. alphavbeta3 integrin expression was downregulated by IFN-gamma, TNF, LPS, and TGF-beta1. alphavbeta5 expression was also reduced by IFN-gamma, TNF, and LPS, but strongly increased by the antiactivating factors TGF-beta1 and laminin. Gel zymography revealed that beta5 integrin null microglia showed no deficiency in their expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in response to vitronectin. Taken together, these data show that microglia express two different alphav integrins, alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5, and that expression of these integrins is independently regulated by cytokines and ECM proteins. Furthermore, it reveals that the alphavbeta5 integrin is not essential for mediating microglial adhesion and MMP-9 expression in response to vitronectin.
Delirium in Palliative Medicine: A Review

Delirium is a devastating complication of general medical and surgical populations but of particular importance in palliative medicine. It is a clinical syndrome that is often not recognized and, therefore, not treated appropriately. The presence of delirium is a predictor of increased morbidity and mortality, longer hospitalization, and more likely discharge to a nursing facility. This article reviews the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of delirium in the palliative medicine population.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TETRACYCLINE AND RECONSTITUTED GUINEA-PIG-SKIN COLLAGEN IN VITRO.

Abstract Every site of new bone formation throughout the skeleton preferentially incorporates and retains tetracyclines. Under certain conditions the tetracyclines can inhibit mineralization. Because of the possibility that one or both of these phenomena may be related to an interaction between tetracycline and collagen, the interaction of these two substances has been studied in vitro. It was found that collagen fibrils bind tetracycline from solution, and that the reaction product is dissociable. The reaction itself is reversible and follows the law of mass action. Moreover this reaction was found to be dependent on the presence of Ca2+. An order of magnitude for the number of binding sites and the association constant, are given. Two possibilities, that the binding to the protein occurs via the metal end of the calcium-tetracycline complex, or that the binding occurs via the free tetracycline portion of the complex, have been examined by the method of KLOTZ et al. and by thermodynamic analysis. the results of these analyses have shown that neither interaction per se is consistent with the experimental results. The very high value of the calculated association constant indicates that further interaction must occur. This may be due to the fact that in addition to the metal mediated interaction with the protein, the organic ligand either displaces low entropy water or interacts chemically with the protein forming a ring structure.
The unique stresses of user services

Ever wonder why staff from other units of your computer center aren't madly trying to obtain positions in your User Services unit? Or why the turnover rate in your User Services unit is so high?The obvious answer is working in User Services is highly stressful and no one in their right mind chooses to work in a stressful environment. If talented, sane individuals momentarily take leave of their senses and accept positions in the User Services unit, they quickly begin applying for other positions within the organization. A lateral move from User Services to another part of the organization is always viewed by our staff as a promotion because of the ten years such a move adds to one's life expectancy.What causes this stress? According to organizational theory, unclear expectations, change, coping with job demands, and problems surrounded with personal development cause stress at the workplace. How do these theoretical factors relate to User Services? What does the stress of User Services mean for the successful management of the User Services unit?Half the battle of the stress of User Services may be identifying those unique events in day-to-day service delivery that increase stress. For example, why do we let ourselves get more upset by a complaint from a full professor than from an assistant instructor? Why do we get more upset when the network goes down for just 10 seconds than we were the day before when the network was down for 24 hours? And why, in this age of the paperless office, do we get more upset when the Xerox machine breaks down than when the network goes down?This paper focuses on the unique stresses of User Services. Hopefully recognition of these stresses will reduce ambiguity and uncertainty about what causes stress, allowing us to focus on strategies to reduce this stress. By anticipating the unique stresses of User Services, maybe we can defuse a situation before it gets out of hand.What are the unique stresses of User Services?
The combination of platelet-enriched autologous plasma with bovine collagen and thrombin decreases the need for multiple blood transfusions in trauma patients with retroperitoneal bleeding

Objectives: Bleeding from blunt and penetrating retroperitoneal injuries during operative exploration are often difficult to control surgically and can be associated with significant blood loss. Our goals were to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a topical autologous platelet-enriched plasma combined with bovine collagen and thrombin (PCT) to Gelfoam/ thrombin (G/T) in relation to hemostatic control/blood transfusion (BTx) requirements and subsequent outcome. Methods: Prospective data were collected on all patients who underwent operative exploration for retroperitoneal injuries in which either PCT or G/T was applied with or without packing over a 2.5-year period. Patients were stratified by age, gender, mechanism of injury, preoperative international normalized ratio, pH, hematocrit, intraoperative blood loss, and BTx requirements. Subsequent BTx requirements were calculated within 48 hours of the surgical procedure. Outcome was measured by intensive care unit and hospital length of stay and mortality. Results: A total of 78 patients met study criteria. Patients who received G/T had a significantly greater number of early postoperative transfusions (p < 0.001) and a longer hospital (p < 0.001) and intensive care unit length of stay (p < 0.007). There was no difference in mortality. Conclusion: PCT is a rapidly available topical hemostat that is associated with a significant decrease in the need for postoperative blood transfusions and intensive care unit and hospital length of stay. A randomized prospective trial to confirm these results is warranted.
Ball-lens coupling efficiency for laser-diode to single-mode fiber: comparison of independent studies by distinct methods

Results of two recent studies representing distinct approaches to optimizing laser-diode to single-mode fiber ball-lens coupling efficiency are compared and revealed to be in close agreement. One method is based on a conventional optical analysis–design program combining geometrical and diffraction methods, merged with calculated coupling efficiency in terms of balanced spherical aberration. The other is based on exact solution of Maxwell’s equations for scattering of a beam from a dielectric sphere. The results suggest that optimum coupling efficiency may depend critically on sufficiently fine discretization of the distances of source and fiber from the lens. The studies compared here are synergistic with several other recently reported studies on coupling efficiency, and those studies are appropriately cross referenced. A graphic relationship is developed between coupling efficiency and Strehl ratio as an optical tolerance for the coupling system based on balanced spherical aberration.
Resolution of the identity for minimum-uncertainty coherent states: An example related to charged-boson coherent states

After arguing on intuitive grounds that the minimum-uncertainty coherent states for general potentials are complete, the resolution of the identity for a specific example Vproportional(z-1/z)/sup 2/ is explicitly derived. It is then shown that these states are a generalization to arbitrary (noninteger) charge of the charged-boson coherent states.
Does Spontaneous Blinking Increase Iris-Lens Contact?

The constant flow of aqueous humor (AH) in the anterior eye provides avascular tissues, notably the lens and cornea, with oxygen and nutrients (Fig. 1a). The hydrodynamics of AH and the iris contour are directly related to each other and abnormality of one may cause abnormal behavior in the other one. For example, in primary angle closure glaucoma, the abnormal anteriorly-located iris blocks the outflow pathway of AH. Increased AH pressure, in return, may push the iris more towards the anterior and worsen the blockage.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A theory for long-lived high-energy excitation of a local mode using two lasers

Abstract Quantum-mechanical calculations on a realistic system show that excitation of a local mode may be accomplished by using two lasers. More importantly, this local mode does not decay into the bath modes of the molecule even at very long times. This excitation is accomplished using two lasers tuned to two eigenstates whose wavefunctions interfere to give the local excitation. Most significantly, this observation for a model system implies that mode specific control of chemical reactions may be accomplished using two lasers to excite two overtone transitions.
STUDIES ON SALT ACTION : X. THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES UPON THE VIABILITY AND ELECTROPHORETIC MIGRATION OF BACTERIUM COLI.

1. The strain of Bacterium coli used in these experiments multiplies in distilled water at pH 6.0 and pH 8.0 and in Ringer-Locke solution at pH 6.0. Under all the other conditions studied the numbers decrease with the passage of time. 2. The electrophoretic charge of the cells is highest in distilled water at pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. Under all other conditions studied the velocity of migration is decreased, but the decrease is immediate and is not affected by more prolonged exposure. 3. A strongly acid solution (pH 2.0) causes a rapid death of the cells and a sharp decrease in electrophoretic charge, sometimes leading to complete reversal. 4. A strongly alkaline solution (pH 11.0) is almost as toxic as a strongly acid one, although in distilled water the organisms survive fairly well at this reaction. Electrophoretic charge, on the other hand, is only slightly reduced in such an alkaline medium. 5. In distilled water, reactions near the neutral point are about equally favorable to both viability and electrophoretic charge, pH 8.0 showing slightly greater multiplication and a slightly higher charge than pH 11.0. In the presence of salts, however, pH 8.0 is much less favorable to viability and somewhat more favorable to electrophoretic charge than is pH 6.0. 6. Sodium chloride solutions, in the concentrations studied, all proved somewhat toxic and all tended to depress electrophoretic charge. Very marked toxicity was, however, exhibited only in a concentration of .725 M strength or over and at pH 8.0, while electrophoretic migration velocity was only slightly decreased at a concentration of .0145 M strength. 7. Calcium chloride was more toxic than NaCl, showing very marked effects in .145 M strength at pH 8.0 and in 1.45 M strength at pH 6.0. It greatly depressed electrophoretic charge even in .0145 M concentration. 8. Ringer-Locke solution proved markedly stimulating to the growth of the bacteria at pH 6.0 while at pH 8.0 it was somewhat toxic, though less so than the solutions of pure salts. It depressed migration velocity at all pH values, being more effective than NaCl in this respect, but less effective than CaCl(2). 9. It would appear from these experiments that a balanced salt solution (Ringer-Locke's) may be distinctly favorable to bacterial viability in water at an optimum reaction while distinctly unfavorable in a slightly more alkaline solution. 10. Finally, while there is a certain parallelism between the influence of electrolytes upon viability and upon electrophoretic charge, the parallelism is not a close one and the two effects seem on the whole to follow entirely different laws.
Adiabatic dynamics for a class of quantum Hamiltonians

We establish the existence of a special class of unitary transformations that act on the parameter space of a broad class of physical Hamiltonians (including externally imposed electromagnetic fields). For this class, we calculate the quantum amplitudes for adiabatically induced transitions. Processes described include transitions between bound states and transitions from a bound state to the continuum. The leading terms of the adiabatic limit are evaluated in closed form.
Parallel Incremental Scheduling

Parallel incremental scheduling is a new approach for load balancing. In parallel scheduling, all processors cooperate together to balance the workload. Parallel scheduling accurately balances the load by using global load information. In incremental scheduling, the system scheduling activity alternates with the underlying computation work. This paper provides an overview of parallel incremental scheduling. Different categories of parallel incremental scheduling are discussed.
The Validity of Communication Experiments Using Human Subjects: A Review.

Sixty-eight experiments published in 1973 and 1974 in the Journal of Communication, Speech Monographs, and Human Communication Research were analyzed. It was concluded that: reports of communication experimentation rarely provide sufficient information to allow critical evaluation of crucial aspects of validity: the validity of communication experimentation may be severely limited by the nature of subjects studied and by failures to eliminate, account for, or acknowledge experimental reactivity.
One-dimensional assembly of chalcogenide nanoclusters with bifunctional covalent linkers

Even though different approaches have been developed to achieve various 1D assemblies of nanocrystals, few studies have been done on the assembly of crystallographically well-defined chalcogenide nanoclusters. Here, by using bifunctional organic ligands as the directional linker, a series of one-dimensional assemblies of semiconducting chalcogenide nanoclusters have been prepared and characterized. The synthetic method allows for the preparation of differently sized tetrahedral nanoclusters that are joined together with organic linkers of different length and rigidity. Multiple linking modes between nanoclusters and organic ligands are revealed in four different assemblies that also exhibit size-dependent optical properties.
The vibration modes of concentrically supported free circular plates

Abstract Vibration of a circular plate internally concentrically supported is basic in structural mechanics. The complete first six frequencies and mode shapes are determined for clamped, simply-supported, sliding, and ring supports using exact characteristic frequency equations. Complex mode switches occur as the support radius is varied. Asymptotic formulas for large support radii are derived. Different types of singularities as the support radius shrinks to zero are distinguished and classified.
Manual Characterization of Sleep Spindle Index in Patients with Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia

This is a retrospective review of PSG data from 8 narcolepsy patients and 8 idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) patients, evaluating electrophysiologic differences between these two central hypersomnias. Spindles were identified according to the AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events; and counted per epoch in the first 50 epochs of N2 sleep and the last 50 epochs of N2 sleep in each patient's PSG. Spindle count data (mean ± standard deviation) per 30 second-epoch (spindle index) in the 8 narcolepsy patients was as follows: 0.37 ± 0.73 for the first 50 epochs of N2; 0.65 ± 1.09 for the last 50 epochs of N2; and 0.51 ± 0.93 for all 100 epochs of N2. Spindle index data in the 8 IH patients was as follows: 2.31 ± 2.23 for the first 50 epochs of N2; 2.84 ± 2.43 for the last 50 epochs of N2; and 2.57 ± 2.35 for all 100 epochs of N2. Intergroup differences in spindle count in the first 50 N2 epochs, the last 50 N2 epochs, and all 100 epochs of scored N2 were significant (P < 0.01) as were the intragroup differences between the first 50 N2 epochs and the last 50 N2 epochs.
Novel packet-loss free reconfiguration scheme for GMPLS optical networks

Reconfigurable optical network, the way of the future, can encounter serious packet loss problem during optical level reconfiguration. This paper presents a novel buffering scheme for GMPLS optical networks that minimizes packet loss during reconfiguration of optical nodes, consisting of both a reconfigurable optical cross-connects (OXCs), or an optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs), and a packet-capable layer-two switch [1]. In this scheme, buffering takes place whenever an optical path is altered due to either a node reconfiguration or protection/restoration. Packets are buffered in a distributed manner starting from the first O/E/O-capable node before the reconfigured optical node all the way to the ingress node, if needed. In the worst-case scenario, where the path is all-optical or buffers are full along the path, all incoming packets are buffered at the ingress node, or the edge router. Buffering is carried out at layer two so that the interruption of service is kept at a minimum (less than 50ms, if possible). Furthermore, if buffers are overflowed, packets dropping will be carried out in accordance with the QoS levels, which further ensure that QoS of the network is maintained. It is shown by both analysis and simulation methods that this scheme performs quite well on either a general local area network, such as the UMBC WDM optical testbed, or the MCI backbone network. It is also cost-effective in that, even at the worst-case scenario, the required buffer is quite small.
ANAEROBES IN SEWAGE

DESPITE THE FACT that anaerobes are widely distributed in nature, are found in large numbers in the intestinal tract of man and other animals, and have been isolated from soil in many parts of the world, there are few references to their isolation from sewage. Practically all the studies that have been made of sewage treatment have concerned aerobes, either their role in the purification of sewage or their reduction in numbers. Sewage purification by such processes as the Imhoff tank and septic tank is probably, however, of anaerobic nature, and in other processes also anaerobes may play an important part. The study of the anaerobes in sewage, as presented in this paper, is divided into three parts: 1. The historical review of the literature from the reports of Klein who reported anaerobes in the sewage of London, to the present time, including other sources which indicate their presence. 2. The description of the methods used for determining the numbers of anaerobes present and the identification and isolation of these anaerobes. 3. The study itself which deals with the sources of the samples, the number and species of anaerobes found in the several steps of sewage treatment by the activated sludge process, and a special study of the occurrence of B. coli and Cl. welchii.
Sampling rare events: Statistics of local sequence alignments

A method to calculate probability distributions in regions where the events are very unlikely (e.g., p approximately 10(-40)) is presented. The basic idea is to map the underlying model on a physical system. The system is simulated at a low temperature, such that preferably configurations with originally low probabilities are generated. Since the distribution of such a physical system is known, the original unbiased distribution can be obtained. As an application, local alignment of protein sequences is studied. The deviation of the distribution p(S) of optimum scores from the extreme-value distribution is quantified. This deviation decreases with growing sequence length.
Developing treatments for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: The challenge of translation:

Schizophrenia is a life-long debilitating mental disorder affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. The serendipitous discovery of antipsychotics focused pharmaceutical research on developing a better antipsychotic. Our understanding of the disorder has advanced however, with the knowledge that cognitive enhancers are required for patients in order to improve their everyday lives. While antipsychotics treat psychosis, they do not enhance cognition and hence are not antischizophrenics. Developing pro-cognitive therapeutics has been extremely difficult, however, especially when no approved treatment exists. In lieu of stumbling on an efficacious treatment, developing targeted compounds can be facilitated by understanding the neural mechanisms underlying altered cognitive functioning in patients. Equally importantly, these cognitive domains will need to be measured similarly in animals and humans so that novel targets can be tested prior to conducting expensive clinical trials. To date, the limited similarity of testing across species has resulted in a translational bottleneck. In this review, we emphasize that schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by abnormal cognitive behavior. Quantifying these abnormalities using tasks having cross-species validity would enable the quantification of comparable processes in rodents. This approach would increase the likelihood that the neural substrates underlying relevant behaviors will be conserved across species. Hence, we detail cross-species tasks which can be used to test the effects of manipulations relevant to schizophrenia and putative therapeutics. Such tasks offer the hope of providing a bridge between non-clinical and clinical testing that will eventually lead to treatments developed specifically for patients with deficient cognition.
THE ROLE OF AXIS II COMORBIDITY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION

A significant proportion of antidepressant nonresponders have personality disorders. The relationship between antidepressant resistance and personality pathology is far from straightforward, however, and reflects a disproportionate "burden" of negative prognostic correlates, psychosocial risk factors, and problems that compromise effective therapeutic relationships. An important clinical ground rule is to avoid the reductionistic logical tautology that explains antidepressant failure as a consequence of personality disorder and, by implication, that the patient may deserve to suffer. In evaluating antidepressant-resistant patients, identification of pathologic personality traits or disorders may help provide important clues for future trials of both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, particularly in combination.
Optical Methods for Single Molecule Detection and Analysis

As analytical chemists, the highest resolution measurement one can make is at the single molecule level; it just does not get any better than that. To determine the concentration of a molecule in s...
Displacement mapping using flow fields

Existing displacement mapping techniques operate only in directions normal to the surface, a restriction which limits the richness of the set of representable objects. This work removes that restriction by allowing displacements to be defined along curved trajectories of flow fields. The main contribution of this generalized technique, which will be referred to as flow mapping, is an alternative model of offset surfaces that extends the class of shapes that can be modelled using displacement maps. The paper also discusses methods for synthesizing homogeneous displacement textures. Finally, it introduces the concept of a texture atlas for efficient sampling and reconstruction of distorted textures.
‘Take a photon…’ (1965) by O.R. Frisch

Otto Frisch is of course best remembered for his work in nuclear fission, but earlier in his career (1933) he made a fundamental contribution to atomic and optical physics by performing experiments...
Theoretical aspects of high-speed supercavitation vehicle control

A control system based on feedback linearization is developed for a high-speed supercavitating underwater vehicle. The supercavitation bubble surrounding the body leads to reduced drag but is also responsible for the undesired switched, nonlinear and delay dependent behavior caused by the phenomena known as planing. The theoretical contributions of the switched control design are discussed in connection with the mathematical description of the system. Special attention is made to understand and handle the complex and novel dynamics of the vehicle.
Canonical generator states and their symmetry adaptation

Canonical generator states provide an overcomplete, nonorthonormal basis for the irreducible representation spaces of the unitary group. The matrix representation of any unitary-group operator in the generator basis can be directly computed by Lie algebra techniques and can be converted, if desired, to a representation over Gel'fand states by inverting the Moshinsky–Nagel transformation. Application is made to the symmetry adaptation of the Hubbard allyl radical with respect to reflection, guasispin, and R(3) symmetries.
Fully automated road network extraction from high-resolution satellite multispectral imagery

We present a fully automated technique for road network extraction from high-resolution multispectral satellite imagery of urban areas. Road segments are iteratively identified by examining contextual length-width features extracted from the multispectral imagery in conjunction with a vegetation index. A straight-line road segments are identified, the endpoints of these line segments are grown, allowing the road network extraction algorithm to track roads around curves and through area that are partially occluded. Long line segments are iteratively added to the road network, and a buffer is set up around them to exclude any line segments that are not close to perpendicular to the identified road network segments. This algorithm is fully automated and requires no interaction with the user after initial setting of several parameters controlling the identification pf potential road pixels, growth of the line segments, and the stopping criteria. The proposed approach yields an accurate road network with minimal interaction from the user. Extraction completeness measures of 82-85% and correctness measures of 71-84% are obtained.
hmChIP: a database and web server for exploring publicly available human and mouse ChIP-seq and ChIP-chip data

Summary: hmChIP is a database of genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data in human and mouse. Currently, the database contains 2016 samples from 492 ChIP-seq and ChIP-chip experiments, representing a total of 170 proteins and 11 069 914 protein–DNA interactions. A web server provides interface for database query. Protein–DNA binding intensities can be retrieved from individual samples for user-provided genomic regions. The retrieved intensities can be used to cluster samples and genomic regions to facilitate exploration of combinatorial patterns, cell-type dependencies, and cross-sample variability of protein–DNA interactions. Availability: http://jilab.biostat.jhsph.edu/database/cgi-bin/hmChIP.pl Contact: ude.hpshj@ijh Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A reducing redox environment promotes C2C12 myogenesis: Implications for regeneration in aged muscle

Intracellular redox potential of skeletal muscle becomes progressively more oxidized with aging, negatively impacting regenerative ability. We examined the effects of oxidizing redox potential on terminal differentiation of cultured C2C12 myoblasts. Redox potentials were manipulated by changing the culture O(2) environment, by free radical scavenging, or addition of H(2)O(2.) Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was higher in 20% environmental O(2) and in this condition, redox potential became progressively oxidized compared to cultures in 6% O(2.) Treatment with a ROS trapping agent (phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, PBN) caused reducing redox potentials and enhanced C2C12 differentiation, while addition of 25 micromolar H(2)O(2) to cells in 20% O(2) dramatically slowed differentiation. Under these most oxidative conditions, quantitative PCR showed a significant decrease in myogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expression compared to cultures treated with PBN or grown in 6% O(2). Thus, oxidative intracellular environments impair myoblast differentiation, while reducing environments favor myogenesis.
Assessment of thalamic perfusion in patients with mild traumatic brain injury by true FISP arterial spin labelling MR imaging at 3T.

Objective: To assess cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) using an arterial spin labelling (ASL) perfusion MRI and to investigate the severity of neuropsychological functional impairment with respect to haemodynamic changes.Materials and methods: Twenty-one patients with MTBI and 20 healthy controls were studied at 3T MR. The median time since the onset of brain injury in patients was 24.6 months. Both patients and controls underwent a traditional consensus battery of neurocognitive tests. ASL was performed using true fast imaging with steady state precession and a flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery preparation. Regional CBF were measured in both deep and cortical gray matter as well as white matter at the level of basal ganglia.Results: The mean regional CBF was significantly lower in patients with MTBI (45.9 ± 9.8 ml/100 g min−1) as compared to normal controls (57.1 ± 8.1 ml/100 g min−1; p = 0.002) in both sides of thalamus. The decrease of tha...
Soyhulls as an alternative feed for lactating dairy cows: a review.

Dairy producers use soyhulls, a byproduct of soybean processing, to replace either grain or forage in diets of lactating dairy cows. In view of the nutritional and economical value of soyhulls it is anticipated that this practice will continue to increase in popularity among nutritionists and producers of ruminant animals. This paper reviews information regarding the nutritional value of soyhulls and the effects of feeding this alternative feed on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion and utilization, and performance of dairy cows. Soyhulls can replace corn grain to supply about 30% of the dry matter (DM) in high-grain diets without negatively affecting either the fermentation or digestion of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract or the performance of dairy cows. Additionally, data suggest that soyhulls might successfully replace forage to supply ≤25% of the DM in diets of dairy cows when the supply of effective fiber, which includes a chemical and a physical component, remains adequate after including the hulls. However, caution should be exercised when data from different studies are extrapolated to practical situations because the response to feeding soyhulls appears to be largely affected by the type of carbohydrate being replaced by soyhulls; the amount, type, and physical form of the dietary forage; and the incidence of either negative or positive associative effects before and after the addition of soyhulls to the original diet. Unfortunately, the paucity of data from experiments in which soyhulls constituted more than 25 to 30% of the dietary DM restricts the ability to identify the maximum amount of soyhulls that can be used in diets of dairy cows. Information from studies in which ≥25 to 30% of dietary DM supplied as either cereal grains or forages are replaced with soyhulls is needed to better understand and predict the production of dairy cows fed diets containing the hulls. This knowledge is essential for maximizing the use of soyhulls in diets for dairy cows.
High performance, 70 kV third-harmonic smooth-bore gyroklystron amplifier

The design of a 95 GHz third-harmonic smooth-bore gyroklystron amplifier utilizing an axis-encircling electron beam is presented. Using a self-consistent simulation code, a parameter search was performed to determine the optimum device characteristics for a gyroklystron operating in the circular TE/sub 31/ mode. For a 70 kV, 5 A electron beam with v/sub /spl perp///v/sub /spl par//=2 and /spl Delta/v/sub z//v/sub z/=10%, the three-cavity gyroklystron is predicted to yield 70 kW with 20% efficiency, 0.2% bandwidth, and a saturated gain of 32 dB. CW operation would yield a tolerable wall loading of 2 kW/cm/sup 2/. >
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of transcription, longevity and disease

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a ubiquitous biological molecule that participates in many metabolic reactions. Recent studies show that NAD also plays important roles in transcriptional regulation, longevity, calorie-restriction-mediated life-span extension and age-associated diseases. It has been shown that NAD affects longevity and transcriptional silencing through the regulation of the Sir2p family, which are NAD-dependent deacetylases. Many human diseases are associated with changes in NAD level and/or the NAD : NADH ratio, raising the possibility that the Sir2p family might play a role in these diseases.
Gadolinium-conjugated TiO2-DNA oligonucleotide nanoconjugates show prolonged intracellular retention period and T1-weighted contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance images

Nanoconjugates composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, DNA oligonucleotides, and a gadolinium (Gd) contrast agent were synthesized for use in magnetic resonance imaging. Transfection of cultured cancer cells with these nanoconjugates showed them to be superior to the free contrast agent of the same formulation with regard to intracellular accumulation, retention, and subcellular localization. Our results have shown that 48 hours after treatment, the concentration of Gd in nanoconjugate-treated cells was 1000-fold higher than in cells treated with contrast agent alone. Consequently, T1-weighted contrast enhancements were observed in cells treated with nanoconjugates but not in cells treated by the contrast agent alone. This type of nanoconjugate with increased retention time, Gd accumulation, and intracellular delivery may find its use in Gd neutron-capture cancer therapy.
Queer Blogging in Indian Digital Diasporas A Dialogic Encounter

Queering and transgendering practices have been visible across the Internet since the time of multiuser domains (MUDs), MUD object oriented domains (MOOs), e-mail lists, and Web bulletins. This article maps some themes of queering in the Indian digital diaspora through an intergenerational lens, produced in the acts of online and offline coauthoring, weblogging, and reading of instances of such online queering relationally. By way of a dialogic encounter on their own blogs and employing performative writing that simulates the blogsphere, the authors look at the interplay of codes of identity through the employment of themes, language, symbols, and cultural influences in their writing. Examining the themes emerging from the specific blogs they study, the authors ask how power is shifted and relayered in these articulations and what the inviting interactional features of their writer-audience communities are that allow for certain kinds of self-expression while also shaping their performance of sexuality in...
Chlorination of Poultry Chiller Water: Chlorine Demand and Disinfection Efficiency

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the general composition of equilibrated poultry chiller water (near maximum solids content) from a commercial operation, the chlorine consumption by its components, and the chlorine dosage necessary to achieve its disinfection. The equilibrated chiller water contained .35% (CV, 40%) solids, which consisted of lipids (56%), ash (33%), and total nitrogen (4.2%). Residual chlorine and survival of aerobic bacteria were determined in chiller water dosed with chlorine levels ranging from 0 to 400 ppm. Initially, the added chlorine was rapidly consumed by the components of chiller water. However, the consumption rate quickly decreased to 1/1,000 of the initial rate after about 50 min. The change of residual chlorine with time was found to fit mathematically to a two-term exponential equation. The equilibrated chiller water had a chlorine demand greater than the highest chlorine dosage tested (400 ppm). No free chlorine was detected in the water after 30 min of exposure to 300 ppm chlorine. Because of the high chlorine demand, dosages of 100 to 150 ppm chlorine were required to reduce the number of bacteria by at least 99% within 3 to 5 min in laboratory tests. Increasing the time of exposure to chlorine resulted in further reduction, although at a slow rate, of surviving bacteria from treatments that gave incomplete destruction with short exposure.
Further insight into gravitational recoil

We test the accuracy of our recently proposed empirical formula to model the recoil velocity imparted to the merger remnant of spinning, unequal-mass black-hole binaries. We study three families of black-hole binary configurations, all with mass ratio $q=3/8$ (to nearly maximize the unequal-mass contribution to the kick) and spins aligned (or counter-aligned) with the orbital angular momentum, two with spin configurations chosen to minimize the spin-induced tangential and radial accelerations of the trajectories, respectively, and a third family where the trajectories are significantly altered by spin-orbit coupling. We find good agreement between the measured and predicted recoil velocities for the first two families, and reasonable agreement for the third. We also reexamine our original generic binary configuration that led to the discovery of extremely large spin-driven recoil velocities and inspired our empirical formula, and find rough agreement between the predicted and measured recoil speeds.
HIV in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review of Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors, and Interventions

Epidemiological studies have found that young men who have sex with men (YMSM) represent the majority of young people infected with HIV annually in the United States. Further, they are one of the few risk groups to show an increase in the rate of infections in recent years. In addition to these disparities in prevalence and infection rates, there is an inequity in prevention and intervention research on this population. The purpose of this article is to review the existing YMSM literature on HIV epidemiology, correlates of risk, and intervention research. The article concludes that promising future directions for basic research include a focus on multiple clustering health issues, processes that promote resiliency, the role of family influences, and the development of parsimonious models of risk. In terms of intervention research, the article suggests that promising future directions include Internet-based intervention delivery, integration of biomedical and behavioral approaches, and interventions that g...
Cost-Effectiveness of Laboratory Testing

eral internal medicine, family practice, and radiology, laboratory medicine and pathology literature is a difficult source in which to find articles that address both clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. In the past, laboratorians and pathologists believed that striving for maximal sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reliability was sufficient and that clinicians would not want anything more from the laboratory. Few articles in the laboratory medicine literature address broader issues, such as cost-effectiveness, especially cost-effectiveness beyond dealing with direct and indirect costs in the laboratory.
Flight Simulation of a Wide-Body Transport Aircraft to Evaluate MLS-RNAV Procedures

In a collaborative effort between the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NASA and the U.S. Air Force, a piloted simulation was conducted to look at the issues involved with flying a large, wide-body aircraft in the airport terminal area using Microwave Landing System Area Navigation (MLS)-RNAV procedures. A variety of approach paths, departure paths, and holding patterns were evaluated during the course of the study for operational use, flight technical errors, and safety. In addition, several methods for driving the horizontal situation indicator and flight director instruments were investigated along with needle sensitivity. The ultimate goal of the simulation was to develop and verify candidate paths and procedures prior to flight tests conducted in 1986/87. Subject pilots for the simulation study were provided by the FAA, NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and the airline industry.
Low-Latency Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks

Multimedia requirements of the 1990's drove wired and optical network architects to reconsider the inefficiencies of packet switching and consider long proven methods such as circuit-switching to implement traffic engineering in order to reduce end-to-end delay. This resulted in the development of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) technologies. Because both are mature and proven technologies for wired and optical network architectures, much research has been done to apply these methods to wireless mesh networks. But optimal performance improvement eludes wireless mesh network designers because of differences between the wired/optical and wireless environments in the provision of non-interfering unidirectional internodal links and lack of a wireless circuit switch. We propose a wireless mesh networking architecture that will provide low-latency and potentially higher throughput, based upon the availability of multiple channels, a circuit-switch implemented at the physical layer, and a reservation protocol that will assign channels to provide non-interfering unidirectional internodal links.
Antithyroid Drugs in the Management of Patients with Graves’ Disease: An Evidence-Based Approach to Therapeutic Controversies

Antithyroid drugs have been in use for over half a century, and much is now known about their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical pharmacology (1). Somewhat surprisingly perhaps, clinicians are still challenged on a regular basis by numerous questions related to their optimal use. Choice of antithyroid agent, duration of use, proper dosage, patient selection for primary antithyroid drug therapy, and pretreatment of patients before radioiodine administration are just some of the issues that confront busy practitioners on an almost daily basis. Although there have been published guidelines addressing the general subject of hyperthyroidism therapy (2–4), they are not evidenced-based, nor do they confront these specific, practical questions. To try to address these specific issues in a rigorous way, the following discussion will use an evidence-based approach. The American Academy of Family Physicians (5) and most other organizations rate levels of evidence according to the following scheme. • Level A: a high-quality randomized controlled trial (RCT) that considers all important outcomes, and high-quality metaanalysis (quantitative systematic review) using comprehensive search strategies. • Level B (other evidence): a well-designed, nonrandomized clinical trial; and a nonquantitative systematic review with appropriate search strategies and well-substantiated conclusions. Level B includes lower quality RCTs, clinical cohort studies, and case-controlled studies with nonbiased selection of study participants and consistent findings. Other evidence, such as high-quality, historical, uncontrolled studies, or well-designed epidemiological studies with compelling findings, is also included. • Level C: consensus viewpoint or expert opinion. The cases of two prototypical patients that are likely to be seen frequently in any busy clinical endocrinologist’s office will be presented. A series of questions about each case will be raised and then answered using level A evidence, wherever possible. Unfortunately, for many of the questions under consideration, the highest levels of evidence are not available, and data that are less rigorously obtained must be used. A 1998 British review (6) discussed some of the same issues using a similar format.
Effects of Chlorpromazine and Amytal on Hoarding in “Shy” and “Nonshy” Rats

Ss were classified into shy and nonshy groups by means of the cage-emergence technique. A series of trials in either open or closed alleys were given, the last 2 serving as saline control trials for the drug stage. An equal number of shy and nonshy Ss were randomly assigned to sodium amytal or chlorpromazine and 3 open test trials were given. Shy animals hoarded less in the open than in the closed alleys, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the closed alleys. Sodium amytal effectively increased hoarding in the shy Ss, but chlorpromazine failed to do so. Neither drug had a significant effect upon hoarding of nonshy Ss. The significance of these results was discussed in connection with hoarding levels of shy and nonshy Ss and the effects of the drugs on fear.
Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during April 1947 to April 1948

Emphasis is placed on the activities within the fields of submarine geology and physical and chemical oceanography, although extensive researches within the biological fields are carried on at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Walter Munk has worked out relationships for computing the travel time and distance of a storm from the characteristics of swell observed at the shore station. The paths for storms computed from wave records compare favorably to those shown on tho weather maps.
Fundamental and technological limitations of immersive audio systems

Numerous applications are currently envisioned for immersive audio systems. The principal function of such systems is to synthesize, manipulate, and render sound fields in real time. We examine several fundamental and technological limitations that impede the development of seamless immersive audio systems. Such limitations stem from signal processing requirements, acoustical considerations, human listening characteristics, and listener movement. We present a brief historical overview to outline the development of immersive audio technologies and discuss the performance and future research directions of immersive audio systems with respect to such limits. Last, we present a novel desktop audio system with integrated listener-tracking capability that circumvents several of the technological limitations faced by today's digital audio workstations.