cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovery and neurochemical screening of peptides in brain extracellular fluid by chemical analysis of in vivo microdialysis samples.

Endogenous peptides from brain extracellular fluid of live rats were analyzed using capillary liquid chromatography (LC)−tandem mass spectrometry (MS2). A 4-mm-long microdialysis probe perfused at 0.6 μL/min implanted into the striatum of anesthetized male rats was used to collect 3.6 μL dialysate fractions that were injected on-line into the capillary LC−MS2 system for analysis. A total of 3349 MS2 spectra were collected from 13 different animals under basal conditions and during localized depolarization evoked by infusion of a high-K+ solution through the microdialysis probe. Subtractive analysis revealed a total of 859 MS2 spectra that were observed only during depolarization. From these spectra, 29 peptide sequences (25 were peptides not previously observed) from 6 different protein precursors were identified using database searching software. Proteins identified include precursors to neuropeptides, synaptic proteins, blood proteins, and transporters. The identified peptides represent candidates for n...
Bulk polymerization of styrene in plate and frame batch reactors

Thermal bulk polymerization of styrene in the plate and frame batch reactor i.s simulated with a mathematical model which accounts for chain transfer to monomer and gel effect. The design parameters are: the frame thickness, the temperature policy, and the level of prepolymerization in the feed. The recommended frame thickness with 27% prepolymerization is 5 in. The resulting polydispersities and number average chain lengths range from 2.2–2.3 and 2000–2100 respectively. The implementation of temperature policy, particularly the timing of the application of the coolant, is critical to obtain satisfactory polymer quality. When pure styrene feed is used the reactor displays thermal ignition unless the frame thickness is less then 2 in. For a 5 in. frame prepolymerization should be at least 25 percent to permit adequate temperature control.
Domestic Food Programs and Their Related Impacts on Retail Food Prices

In 1977 over $7 billion in federal outlays were distributed through domestic food assistance programs. Because our food supply is relatively fixed in the short run, any demand expansion generated by the supplemental income of food assistance programs should exert some upward pressures on retail food prices. Assuming that federal food assistance programs do add positive increments to total food expenditures and that the increase in expenditures will have some positive impact on food prices, the question becomes one of quantifying the magnitude of the price increase. This paper links the findings of two independent studies which investigated this question. Schrimper constructs a theoretical model useful in placing bounds on retail price impacts under alternative assumptions about market conditions. Belongia and Boehm, in contrast, estimate four statistical models to isolate and quantify the variable price impacts of bonus food stamps on the consumer price indexes (CPI) for all food and major food groups. Although Belongia and Boehm deal only with the Food Stamp Program (FSP) while Schrimper considers four food assistance programs, FSP is clearly the focus for the analysis. Because FSP represents over 60% of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) outlays for food assistance, its impact on retail prices can be considered an upper bound on the effect that any single program may have on food prices. Finally this summary report also can provide guidelines for evaluating the effect of the elimination of the purchase requirement (EPR) and other welfare reforms. As restrictions on food assistance income are made less rigorous, the programs can be expected to generate smaller increases in food expenditures and thus have smaller impacts on food prices. The authors of both studies conclude that through 1977, U.S. food assistance programs have had a positive but very small impact on the retail price of food. Their results are compared and discussed here, followed by an interpretation of the findings in reference to EPR and welfare reform in general. Theoretical Considerations
Current-voltage characteristics of lattice-mismatched GaInAs(n+)/GaAs(p) diodes including thermal annealing effects

Abstract Current transport mechanisms and the effects of in-plane lattice-mismatch and thermal annealing were studied for Ga0.92In0.08As(n+)/GaAs(p) heterojunctions. We applied different models to fit the temperature dependent current-voltage characteristics in as-grown and the annealed heterojunctions. The results showed that thermionic emission or tunneling, or both processes combined, of the holes followed by interface recombination are the conduction mechanisms. The specific conduction mechanism is dependent upon the value of in-plane lattice mismatch and the thermal annealing. The interface charge was the main factor in controlling the hole conduction paths. The fact that the interface charge density is proportional to the in-plane lattice mismatch, which was observed in the as-grown samples, was no longer true for samples with a large in-plane mismatch (> 0.44%) after thermal annealing. The slow current transients were greatly reduced although the in-plane mismatch was increased in these large mismatched samples by the thermal annealing. The capture cross sections of interface states were all increased after a rapid thermal annealing at 800°C. The interface charge density in this material system was in the range of 1–7 × 1011 cm−2.
Partly Cloudy With a Chance of Entertainment: An Academic Library's Experience With a Popular Reading Ebook Resource

ABSTRACT Ebooks pose many challenges in library collection development, mostly due to the lack of standards and the many different platforms available. These challenges are faced by both public and academic libraries, but the challenges inherent in collecting popular reading ebooks can be different from the challenges that come with collecting scholarly ebooks. This article describes the purpose and processes behind an academic library, University of Wyoming Libraries, providing popular reading ebooks to its faculty and students, and focuses on the experience of being a 3M Cloud Library early adopter.
Subjective Probability and the Prisoner's Dilemma

The paradox involved in sequences of Prisoner's Dilemma games is due to the fact that game theoretic definitions of optimality rarely coincide with any natural meaning of the word. Decision makers should incorporate their beliefs and experience into any mathematical analysis of the games. Once this has been done, via subjective probabilities, use of the cooperative move in iterated Prisoner's Dilemma games can often be justified. The paper provides a simple algorithm for determining an optimal strategy, once the decision maker's subjective probabilities have been specified.
Nanophotonic Devices for the Generation and Manipulation of Quantum States of Light

We review recent experiments on quantum frequency conversion of single photons produced by a semiconductor quantum dot, and describe efforts to develop frequency converters using four-wave-mixing and cavity optomechanics in the Si3N4 platform.
Valuation and hedging of European contingent claims on power with spikes: a non-Markovian approach

A new approach to modeling spikes in power prices proposed earlier by the author is presented and further developed. In contrast to the standard approaches, power prices with spikes as a non-Markovian stochastic process are modeled that allows for modeling spikes directly as self-reversing jumps. It is shown how this approach can be used to value and hedge European contingent claims on power with spikes. It is also shown that the values of European contingent claims on power with spikes satisfy the Cauchy problem for a certain linear evolution equation. In this way, the values of European contingent claims on power with spikes can be represented in terms of the Green's function for this Cauchy problem and the Green's function itself can be interpreted in terms of the values of the Arrow-Debreu securities on power with spikes.
Role of the influenza virus nonstructural 1 protein in evasion of immunity

The influenza virus nonstructural (NS)1 protein is a potent immune modulator that has multiple inhibitory functions in the infected cells. The NS1 protein blocks the production of interferon in infected cells by multiple actions, including the inhibition of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3, and the cytoplasmic RNA sensor, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I. Additionally, our recent studies have demonstrated that the NS1 protein of influenza virus is able to inhibit both innate and adaptive immunity by targeting a very specific set of genes and proteins in dendritic cells (DCs). These genes are crucial for the activation of DCs and facilitate their interaction with T cells for the initiation of antiviral immune responses in the infected host. Thus, the NS1 protein is a dual-immune modulator that affects DC function profoundly.
Sequential triage of transmembrane segments by Sec61α during biogenesis of a native multispanning membrane protein

During polytopic protein biogenesis, the Sec61 translocon must rapidly orient and integrate multiple transmembrane segments (TMs) into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. To understand this process, we examined interactions between Sec61α and all six TMs of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel at defined stages of synthesis using incorporated photo-cross-linking probes. Each TM interacted with and moved through the translocon in a highly ordered and sequential fashion. Strong asymmetric Sec61α cross-linking was observed for only one helix at a time, suggesting the presence of a single primary binding site. However, up to four TMs simultaneously contacted Sec61α from different molecular environments. Thus, AQP4 integration by Sec61α involves sequential triage of TMs from their initial portal of entry into multiple secondary sites within the translocon. This mechanism provides a means to facilitate early folding events before release into the lipid bilayer.
Systems biology and heart failure: concepts, methods, and potential research applications

Dramatic advances in molecular biology dominated twentieth century biomedical science and delineated the function of individual genes and molecules in exquisite detail. However, biological processes cannot be fully understood based on the properties of individual genes and molecules alone, since these elements act in concert to enable the specific functions that make for living cells and organisms. The discipline of systems biology provides a novel conceptual framework for understanding biological phenomenon. Systems biology synthesizes information concerning the interactions of genes and molecules and allows characterization of the supramolecular networks and functional modules that represent the most essential aspects of cell organization and physiology.
Abnormal structure-function relationships in hereditary dystonia

Abstract Primary torsion dystonia (PTD) is a chronic movement disorder manifested clinically by focal or generalized sustained muscle contractions, postures, and/or involuntary movements. The most common inherited form of PTD is associated with the DYT1 mutation on chromosome 9q34. A less frequent form is linked to the DYT6 locus on chromosome 8q21-22. Both forms are autosomal dominant with incomplete (∼30%) clinical penetrance. Extensive functional and microstructural imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) has been performed on manifesting and non-manifesting carriers of these mutations. The results are consistent with the view of PTD as a neurodevelopmental circuit disorder involving cortico-striatal-pallido-thalamocortical (CSPTC) and related cerebellar–thalamo-cortical pathways. Studies of resting regional metabolism have revealed consistent abnormalities in PTD involving multiple interconnected elements of these circuits. In gene carriers, changes in specific subsets of these regions have been found to relate to genotype, phenotype, or both. For instance, genotypic abnormalities in striatal metabolic activity parallel previously reported reductions in local D2 receptor availability. Likewise, we have identified a unique penetrance-related metabolic network characterized by increases in the pre–supplementary motor area (SMA) and parietal association areas, associated with relative reductions in the cerebellum, brainstem, and ventral thalamus. Interestingly, metabolic activity in the hypermetabolic areas has recently been found to be modified by the penetrance regulating D216H polymorphism. The DTI data raise the possibility that metabolic abnormalities in mutation carriers reflect adaptive responses to developmental abnormalities in the intrinsic connectivity of the motor pathways. Moreover, findings of increased motor activation responses in these subjects are compatible with the reductions in cortical inhibition that have been observed in this disorder. Future research will focus on clarifying the relationship of these changes to clinical penetrance in dystonia mutation carriers, and the reversibility of disease-related functional abnormalities by treatment.
Characterization of Micelles of Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants as Reaction Media I: Dodeclytrimethylammonium Bromide and Chloride

Time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were employed to characterize micelles of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and chloride (DTAB and DTAC) as reaction media. For DTAB, the aggregation numbers, N, and the quenching rate constant of pyrene by hexadecylpyridinium chloride, kq, were measured with TRFQ. Both these aggregation numbers for DTAB and those for DTAC taken from the literature depend only on the concentration of counterions in the aqueous phase, Caq, whether these counterions are supplied by the surfactant alone or by surfactant plus added salt. Both surfactants conform to the power law N = N0(Caq/cmc0)γ where N0 is the aggregation number at the critical micelle concentration in the absence of any additives (cmc0). N0 and γ differ for the two surfactants and vary with temperature in DTAB. EPR is employed to investigate the microviscosity and the hydration of the polar shell using a spin probe. The hydration is expressed by the nonempirical polarity p...
Psychometric Evaluation of the Mountain Shadows Phonemic Awareness Scale With a Kindergarten Sample

This study investigated the psychometric properties of a group-administered early literacy measure, the Mountain Shadows Phonemic Awareness Scale (MS-PAS), using a kindergarten sample (N = 213). The MS-PAS was compared to the Test of Phonological Awareness—Second Edition: Plus (TOPA-2+). Results indicated excellent internal consistency for the MS-PAS, as well as adequate convergent and predictive validity. The MS-PAS was found to be an adequate measure for determining which students are unlikely to need additional instructional services in reading. The MS-PAS and TOPA-2+ had highly similar psychometric properties. Recommendations are provided for using the MS-PAS in a multistep screening process.
Searching for the magic bullet

Abstract A powerful statistical tool, paired-comparison, was tested as a method to determine the relative value American people place on two possibly competing paradigms in the United States Space Program: “Space as a Place to Explore” and “Civil and Commercial Uses of Space”. A limitation of the results, but not the methodology, is the participants were college students, not “voting” adults. Reliability and validity of items were developed and tested in two studies suggesting that the paired-comparison method is a reliable and powerful tool for measuring the relative value the public may place on programs within the US Space Program.
Frequency encoding in excitable systems with applications to calcium oscillations.

Abstract A number of excitable cell types respond to a constant hormonal stimulus with a periodic oscillation in intracellular calcium. The frequency of oscillation is often proportional to the hormonal stimulus, and one says that the stimulus is frequency encoded. Here we develop a theory of frequency encoding in excitable systems and apply it to intracellular calcium oscillations that results from increases in the intracellular level of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate.
Evaluation of treatment effects in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases by MRI and MRS.

Neurodegeneration refers to a large clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disease entity associated with slowly progressive neuronal loss in different anatomical and functional systems of the brain. Neurodegenerative diseases often affect cognition, e.g. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia, or different aspects of the motor system, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and ataxic disorders. Owing to increasing knowledge about the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, the development of treatments able to modify the neurodegenerative process becomes possible for the first time. Currently, clinical outcome measures are used to assess the efficacy of such treatments. However, most clinical outcome measures have a low test–retest reliability and thus considerable measurement variance. Therefore, large patient populations and long observation times are needed to detect treatment effects. Furthermore, clinical outcome measures cannot distinguish between symptomatic and disease-modifying treatment effects. Therefore, alternative biomarkers including neuroimaging may take on a more important role in this process. Because MR scanners are widely available and allow for non-invasive detection and quantification of changes in brain structure and metabolism, there is increasing interest in the use of MRI/MRS to monitor objectively treatment effects in clinical trials of neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly volumetric MRI has been used to measure atrophy rates in treatment trials of AD because the relationship between atrophic changes and neuron loss is well established and correlates well with clinical measures. More research is needed to determine the value of other MR modalities, i.e. diffusion, perfusion and functional MRI and MR spectroscopy, for clinical trials with neuroprotective drugs.
Regulation of L-type Calcium Channels in Pituitary GH4C1 Cells by Depolarization

Abstract The neurosecretory anterior pituitary GH4C1 cells exhibit the high voltage-activated dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type and the low voltage-activated T-type calcium currents. The activity of L-type calcium channels is tightly coupled to secretion of prolactin and other hormones in these cells. Depolarization induced by elevated extracellular K+ reduces the dihydropyridine (+)-[3H]PN200-110 binding site density and45Ca2+ uptake in these cells (22). This study presents a functional analysis by electrophysiological techniques of short term regulation of L-type Ca2+ channels in GH4C1 cells by membrane depolarization. Depolarization of GH4C1 cells by 50 mm K+ rapidly reduced the barium currents through L-type calcium channels by ∼70% and shifted the voltage dependence of activation by 10 mV to more depolarized potentials. Down-regulation depended on the strength of the depolarizing stimuli and was reversible. The currents recovered to near control levels on repolarization. Down-regulation of the calcium channel currents was calcium-dependent but may not have been due to excessive accumulation of intracellular calcium. Membrane depolarization by voltage clamping and by veratridine also produced a down-regulation of calcium channel currents. The down-regulation of the currents had an autocrine component. This study reveals a calcium-dependent down-regulation of the L-type calcium channel currents by depolarization.
Ascorbate-Deficient Mutants of Arabidopsis Grow in High Light Despite Chronic Photooxidative Stress

Acclimation to changing environments, such as increases in light intensity, is necessary, especially for the survival of sedentary organisms like plants. To learn more about the importance of ascorbate in the acclimation of plants to high light (HL), vtc2, an ascorbate-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis, and the double mutants vtc2npq4 and vtc2npq1 were tested for growth in low light and HL and compared with the wild type. The vtc2 mutant has only 10% to 30% of wild-type levels of ascorbate, vtc2npq4 has lower ascorbate levels and lacks non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) because of the absence of the photosystem II protein PsbS, and vtc2npq1 is NPQ deficient and also lacks zeaxanthin in HL but has PsbS. All three genotypes were able to grow in HL and had wild-type levels of Lhcb1, cytochrome f, PsaF, and 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin. However, the mutants had lower electron transport and oxygen evolution rates and lower quantum efficiency of PSII compared with the wild type, implying that they experienced chronic photooxidative stress. The mutants lacking NPQ in addition to ascorbate were only slightly more affected than vtc2. All three mutants had higher glutathione levels than the wild type in HL, suggesting a possible compensation for the lower ascorbate content. These results demonstrate the importance of ascorbate for the long-term acclimation of plants to HL.
Band structure and related properties of bcc niobium

We report self-consistent, all-electron calculations of the band structure of paramagnetic bcc niobium. Density-functional theory and the linear combination of Gaussian orbitals method were employed. Results are presented and discussed in the light of the existing theoretical and experimental data for the energy bands, density of states, Fermi surface, optical conductivity, x-ray form factors, and Compton profile. In addition, spin-polarized band-structure calculations were carried out to investigate a possible magnetically ordered state for large values of the lattice constant. A composite transition from a nonmagnetic to a low-spin ferromagnetic state and from a low to a high-spin state was found.
Selective inhibition of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity in vitro by compounds that inhibit catalase

The ability of a number of known inhibitors of catalase activity to affect cytosolic and microsomal epoxide hydrolase activities in vitro, measured as enzymatic trans-stilbene oxide hydrolysis and styrene oxide hydrolysis, respectively, was investigated. Catalase and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activities are inhibited by hydroxylated metabolites of 2-amino-4,5-diphenylthiazole (DPT). The metabolite hydroxylated on the 4-phenyl ring (4OH-DPT) and the metabolite hydroxylated on both phenyl rings (4,5-DIOH-DPT) are potent inhibitors of both enzymes; the metabolite hydroxylated on the 5-phenyl ring (5OH-DPT) is less potent. Unmetabolized DPT has no effect on either enzyme. 4OH-DPT inhibits, but 5OH-DPT enhances, microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity. 4,5-DIOH-DPT and DPT have no effect on this enzyme. Other compounds that inhibit both catalase and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activities, but do not inhibit microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity, are nordihydroguaiaretic acid and 2-aminothiazole. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity is enhanced by 2-aminothiazole and levamisole in vitro. Thus these inhibitors of catalase are selective epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in that they inhibit cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity in vitro, but have either no effect on, or increase the activity of, microsomal epoxide hydrolase in vitro. Conversely, the selective cytosolic epoxide hydrolase inhibitors 4-phenylchalcone oxide and 4'-phenylchalcone oxide do not inhibit catalase activity, nor does trichloropropene oxide, a selective microsomal epoxide hydrolase inhibitor.
Reposer la question du Québec? Notes critiques sur l’imagination sociologique

Au cours de la derniere annee, plusieurs ouvrages portant sur la trajectoire sociopolitique du Quebec moderne ont ete publies. A sa maniere, chacun propose un bilan du chemin parcouru depuis la Revolution tranquille et pose a nouveau « la question du Quebec ». A travers une lecture critique, le present texte tente d’evaluer dans quelle mesure ces ouvrages constituent un renouvellement de l’analyse sur le Quebec. Force est d’admettre que ces derniers produits de l’imagination sociologique quebecoise offrent peu qui permettrait de donner une tournure nouvelle aux debats.
Affinity purification and partial characterization of a yeast multiprotein complex for nucleotide excision repair using histidine-tagged Rad14 protein.

The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway of eukaryotes involves ∼30 polypeptides. Reconstitution of this pathway with purified components is consistent with the sequential assembly of NER proteins at the DNA lesion. However, recent studies have suggested that NER proteins may be pre-assembled in a high molecular weight complex in the absence of DNA damage. To examine this model further, we have constructed a histidine-tagged version of the yeast DNA damage recognition protein Rad14. Affinity purification of this protein from yeast nuclear extracts resulted in the co-purification of Rad1, Rad7, Rad10, Rad16, Rad23, RPA, RPB1, and TFIIH proteins, whereas none of these proteins bound to the affinity resin in the absence of recombinant Rad14. Furthermore, many of the co-purifying proteins were present in approximately equimolar amounts. Co-elution of these proteins was also observed when the nuclear extract was fractionated by gel filtration, indicating that the NER proteins were associated in a complex with a molecular mass of >1000 kDa prior to affinity chromatography. The affinity purified NER complex catalyzed the incision of UV-irradiated DNA in an ATP-dependent reaction. We conclude that active high molecular weight complexes of NER proteins exist in undamaged yeast cells.
On a quantitative approach to improving document retrieval performance

Abstract The problem of modifying retrieval system performance by utilizing user-provided feedback information is considered and some attending difficulties discussed. With a simple linear retrieval system as a model, the strategy of perturbing the system so as to satisfy the maximum number of respondents is found to lead to the formulation of a mixed integer-continuous variable programming problem with linear constraints and objective function. The importance of the ability to formulate reasonable and meaningful retrieval system goals as problems amenable to solution by known quantitative techniques is pointed out, and some discussion of computational feasibility and solution implementation is given.
Public health aspects of volcanic hazards; Evaluation and prevention of excessive morbidity and mortality due to natural disasters.

This is a summary of the proceedings of sessions on Volcanic Hazards at the First International Symposium on Public Health in Asia and the Pacific Basin, held 3-11th March 1983, in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Symposium was sponsored by the Association of Schools of Public Health, the U.S. Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the South Pacific Commission, and the East-West Center of the University of Hawaii. The full proceedings are being prepared for publication. The Symposium was supported in part by: The Pan American Health Organization and The Amoco Foundation.
Demonstration of parasitism in tissues by electrophoretic definition of parasite enzymes in host tissues.

munity in the lower respiratory tract to tuberculin and mumps and influenza viruses, J Inf Dis 128:730, 1973. 7. Ogra PL: Effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on nasopharyngeal antibody response to poliovirus, N Engl J Med 284:59, 1971. 8. Oettgen HF, Silber R, Niescher PA, and Hirschhorn K: Stimulation of human tonsillar lymphocytes in vitro, Clin Exp Immunol'l:77, 1966. 9. Schwarz MR: Response of thymus and other human lyre10.
On earlier states of the biochemical system

Similarities between essential enzymes indicate homology and therefore origin from a smaller number of ancestral genes, but there are also indications that the immediately preceding biochemical system was of about the same complexity as the present one. It is argued that to maintain function with a smaller number of enzymes, earlier enzymes must have been less specific, catalyzing classes of reactions. Lower specificity also resulted in ambiguous translation, each cistron producing a family of related proteins. Though individual protein molecules need not have been less specific, each family as a whole functioned as a catalyst of lower specificity. The number of kinds of amino acids incorporated into proteins may have been larger than at present. The evidence supporting this, some of its implications, and the kinds of additional data that would be useful in such problems are discussed.
Defending against Frequency-Based Attacks on Distributed Data Storage in Wireless Networks

As wireless networks become more pervasive, the amount of the wireless data is rapidly increasing. One of the biggest challenges of wide adoption of distributed data storage is how to store these data securely. In this work, we study the frequency-based attack, a type of attack that is different from previously well-studied ones, that exploits additional adversary knowledge of domain values and/or their exact/approximate frequencies to crack the encrypted data. To cope with frequency-based attacks, the straightforward 1-to-1 substitution encryption functions are not sufficient. We propose a data encryption strategy based on 1-to-n substitution via dividing and emulating techniques to defend against the frequency-based attack, while enabling efficient query evaluation over encrypted data. We further develop two frameworks, incremental collection and clustered collection, which are used to defend against the global frequency-based attack when the knowledge of the global frequency in the network is not available. Built upon our basic encryption schemes, we derive two mechanisms, direct emulating and dual encryption, to handle updates on the data storage for energy-constrained sensor nodes and wireless devices. Our preliminary experiments with sensor nodes and extensive simulation results show that our data encryption strategy can achieve high security guarantee with low overhead.
Behavioral science in translational research and cancer control.

Behavioral science plays an integral, essential role in cancer control. This review examines that role in two broad areas: (1) in the development and implementation of cancer control technologies, and (2) in the emerging focus on the process of translating cancer research into clinical practice. In developing and implementing cancer control technologies, what we know of human processes as a result of behavioral science is identified as the common link in all stages of the cancer process (prevention, detection, treatment, rehabilitation, terminal care). The value of behavioral science is shown in conservative projections (incorporating likely rates of patient noncooperation) of the health benefits obtainable by the year 2000 if effective behavioral strategies in three key areas were broadly implemented
Comparative efficacy of expression of genes delivered to mouse sensory neurons with herpes virus vectors.

To achieve gene delivery to sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, thymidine kinase-negative (TK−) herpes simplex viruses (HSV) containing the reporter gene lacZ (the gene for E. coli β-galactosidase) downstream of viral (in vectors RH116 and tkLTRZ1) or mammalian (in vector NSE-lacZ-tk) promoters were inoculated onto mouse cornea and snout. Trigeminal ganglia were removed 4, 14, 30, and 60 days after inoculation with vectors and histochemically processed with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3 indolyl-beta-galactoside (X-Gal). With vector tkLTRZ1, large numbers of labeled neurons were observed in rostromedial and central trigeminal ganglion at 4 days after inoculation. A gradual decline in the number of labeled neurons was observed with this vector at subsequent time points. With vectors RH116 and NSE-lacZ-tk, smaller numbers of labeled neurons were seen at 4 days following inoculation than were observed with vector tkLTRZ1. No labeled neurons could be observed at 14 days after inoculation with vectors RH116 and NSE-lacZ-tk. Immunocytochemistry for E. coli β-galactosidase and in situ hybridization to HSV latency-associated transcripts revealed labeled neurons in regions of the trigeminal ganglion similar to that observed with X-Gal staining. A comparable distribution of labeled neurons in trigeminal ganglion was also observed after application of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold to mouse cornea and snout. These data provide evidence that retrogradely transported tk− herpes virus vectors can be used to deliver a functional gene to sensory neurons in vivo in an anatomically predictable fashion. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extrapolation of seismic waveforms by Fourier methods

The problem of constructing a cross section of reflectivity from the wave field recorded at the surface of the medium is discussed with particular reference to migration of seismic records. The numerical procedures are formulated in the frequency and wavenumber domain. The operations are defined in a fixed coordinate system, whereas finite difference methods require a downward-moving reference frame. The numerical algorithms in the frequency wavenumber domain are simpler and give more accurate results than finite difference methods. This is particularly true when the lateral velocity variation in the medium can be neglected. In this case the downward wave extrapolation is accomplished by implementing a phase change in the Fourier coefficients. Numerically, this is equivalent to a multiplication by a complex number of unit modulus. There is no stability condition associated with this operation. This means that the source and recorder positions can be lowered by any amount within one computational step.
Signalling in light-controlled development.

Plants continuously analyze the nature of environmental light signals using an array of at least eight informational photoreceptors, each with differential functional roles. Molecular and genetic studies are identifying an increasing assembly of potential or established signalling intermediates involved in transducing perceived signals from these photoreceptors to photoresponsive genes. The emerging picture suggests a complex network with both separate and shared early signalling pathway segments which appear to converge to regulate developmentally important genes through a set of master regulators.
Ice elevations and surface change on the Malaspina Glacier, Alaska

[1] Here we use Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)-derived elevations and surface characteristics to investigate the Malaspina Glacier of southern Alaska. Although there is significant elevation variability between ICESat tracks on this glacier, we were able to discern general patterns in surface elevation change by using a regional digital elevation model (DEM) as a reference surface. Specifically, we report elevation differences between ICESat Laser 1–3 observations (February 2003 – November 2004) and a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)-derived DEM from February 2000. Elevation decreases of up to 20–25 m over a 3–4 year time period were observed across the folded loop moraine on the southern portion of the Malaspina Glacier.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis diagnosed through newborn screening: Assessment of clinic exposures and microbial genotypes

Background Chronic pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Because of the limited studies evaluating early exposure and the progression of genetic variability of PA, our goal was to assess PA in young children with CF followed in two clinic types. Methods A total of 39 infants with CF diagnosed through newborn screening were randomly assigned to either a segregated (PA-free) or mixed (PA-positive) clinic at two different CF centers, one of which replaced an older, mixed clinic where nosocomial acquisition was suspected. Oropharyngeal (OP) swab cultures were examined with subsequent genotyping to characterize the strains of PA isolated. Results We found that 13/21 segregated clinic patients and 14/18 mixed clinic patients showed positive PA, with median acquisition ages of 3.3 and 2.2 years, respectively (P = 0.57). The median time to PA acquisition, however, was significantly longer in the new clinic with proper hygiene precautions compared to an old site (5.0 years vs. 1.7 years, P < 0.001). The majority of subjects isolated a single genotype of PA or AP-PCR types during the study period with eight subjects clearing the isolate after only one positive culture. The development of chronic colonization yielded the predominance of a single major genotype or AP-PCR type. Conclusions Segregation of infants and young children with CF in PA-negative or PA-positive clinics did not alter the time to first PA isolation in this randomized assessment of facilities with hygienic precautions. During the early infection period where PA is first isolated in young children with CF, patients cleared different PA strains until a predominant strain established permanent colonization. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:708–716. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conversion of lactones to the higher homologous α, β-unsaturated lactones v/a hypervalent iodine oxidation of 1-trimethylsilyloxy-2-oxa[n.1.0] cycloalkanes

Hypervalent iodine oxidation of 1-trimethylsilyloxy-2-oxabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes with (PhlO) n /(n-Bu) 4 N.F in dichloromethane yielded directly ring homologated α, β-unsaturated lactones. Similarly, 1-trimethylsilyloxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexane yielded 2-cyclohexen-1-one
Thermal conduction of stable graphite suspensions considering structural characteristics of graphite aggregations

In this article, a new simple approach that can investigate thermal conduction of graphite suspensions is discussed. Using the three-level homogenization model, the fractal dimension (df) of graphite suspensions is determined as df = 1.76 and 1.70 for graphite/EG and for graphite/PAO, respectively. From these values, the highly anisotropic heat conduction is expected to be dominant through aggregations of graphite flake. Based on these observations, a simple thermal expression is proposed to describe the anisotropic heat conduction of graphite suspensions incorporating the effect of the interfacial thermal resistance. The effects of aggregated sphere (AS) distribution on thermal irreversibilities of nanofluids are also investigated by comparing the entropy creations between spatially uniform and random distributions of AS.
The stereochemistry of 2-benzalcyclohexanones and 2-benzalcyclopentanones☆

trans-2-Benzal-6-methylcyclohexanone (III) and trans-2-benzal-5-methylcyclopentanone (VII) isomerize in the presence of acid to the endocyclic unsaturated isomers 2-benzyl-6-methyl-2-cyclohexenone (II) and 2-benzyl-5-methyl-2-cyclopentenone (VI) respectively. Structure proof and chemical conversions of II are described. Isomerization of III to its cis isomer IV was accomplished by light irradiation. It is shown how to distinguish by means of UV, IR and NMR spectra between isomeric trans benzalcyclohexanones, cis benzalcyclohexanones and cyclohexenones.
Separation, by G.L.C., of enantiomeric sugars as diastereoisomeric dithioacetals

Abstract The reaction between (+)-1-phenylethanethiol and each of a pair of enantiomeric sugars produced two acyclic, diastereoisomeric dithioacetals. These diastereomers were then separated by gas-liquid chromatography. This method was applied to separate the following pairs of enantiomers: d - and l -arabinose, d - and l -lyxose, d - and l -fucose, d - and l -rhamnose, d - and l -galactose, d - and l -glucose, and d - and l -mannose.
The influence of surface roughness on the lubrication breakdown in upsetting between overhanging dies

Abstract An isothermal model for the transport of lubricant in an upsetting operation with a rough workpiece is developed. It is shown that the workpiece roughness tends to increase the rate of outward lubricant transport. Experiments with rough aluminum workpieces lubricated with a silicone oil show a reduction in lubrication breakdown due to the improved lubricant transport. Transportation rates predicted by the model with a semi-empirical thermal correction show good agreement with experimentally determined transport rates.
Electron density images of the middle‐ and high‐latitude magnetosphere in response to the solar wind

[1] Electron density distributions and plasma dynamics in the middle- and high-latitude dayside magnetosphere are studied with observations from the IMAGE radio plasma imager. Remote measurements of the electron densities along magnetic field lines were made before and during a magnetic storm when the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) impinging on the magnetopause varied considerably. Several regions of different density distribution characteristics, including plasmasphere, plasma trough, subauroral/auroral density depletion, density enhancements in the aurora/cusp, and polar cap, are identified in “two-dimensional images,” i.e., along the satellite orbit and field lines. The plasma dynamics, such as the plasma refilling in the outer plasmasphere and the plasma acceleration in the aurora/cusp region, are inferred from density gradients along the field lines. It is shown that the densities and locations of the plasma regions vary in accordance with the solar wind, particularly with the IMF variations for the case examined. In the partial recovery phase of the magnetic storm when the IMF was northward, the density depletion region expanded to wider latitude range and extended to lower altitudes, with much lower densities than those in the density depletion regions of the other RPI measurement periods. The density enhancements associated with the aurora/cusp region were not visible, possibly because of the diffusive nature of the dayside aurora and higher-latitude location of the cusp during this period. At the peak of the storm, characterized by a persistent southward IMF Bz, all plasma regions moved to lower L shells. The results imply that the solar wind/IMF effects should be included in any statistical study of the electron density distributions in these regions.
Low-temperature preparation of nanocrystalline anatase films through a sol-gel route

Nanocrystalline anatase (TiO2) films were prepared at very low temperature through a sol-gel route using titanium isopropoxide and hydrogen peroxide in ethanol. Crystallization occurred after film deposition at 35°C in an atmosphere saturated with water vapor. Both thin and thick films of nanocrystalline anatase were prepared. Observed particle size in crystallized films is approximately 20–40 nm as measured with AFM. No residual organic material was apparent through FTIR after crystallization occurred. Dynamic light scattering studies performed on this system indicate that particle size measured in solution is strongly dependent on the amount of agitation samples received prior to measurement.
Balancing Marketing and Manufacturing Objectives in Product Line Design

The product development process involves communication and compromise among interacting and often competing objectives from marketing, design, and manufacturing perspectives. Methods for negotiating these perspectives play an important role in the process. For example, design for manufacturing (DFM) analyses aim to incorporate manufacturing requirements into product design decision making to reduce product complexity and cost, which generally increases profitability. However, when design characteristics have market consequences, it is important to quantify explicitly the tradeoffs between the reduced cost and reduced revenue resulting from designs that are less expensive to manufacture but also less desirable in the marketplace. in this article we leverage existing models for coordinating marketing and design perspectives by incorporating quantitative models of manufacturing investment and production allocation. The resulting methodology allows a quantitative assessment of tradeoffs among product functionality, market performance, and manufacturing costs to achieve product line solutions with optimal profitability.
Enzymatic Characterization of ER Stress-Dependent Kinase, PERK, and Development of a High-Throughput Assay for Identification of PERK Inhibitors:

PERK is serine/threonine kinase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK is activated and contributes to cell survival in response to a variety of physiological stresses that affect protein quality control in the ER, such as hypoxia, glucose depravation, increased lipid biosynthesis, and increased protein translation. Pro-survival functions of PERK are triggered by such stresses, suggesting that development of small-molecule inhibitors of PERK may be efficacious in a variety of disease scenarios. Hence, we have conducted a detailed enzymatic characterization of the PERK kinase to develop a high-throughput-screening assay (HTS) that will permit the identification of small-molecule PERK inhibitors. In addition to establishing the K(m) of PERK for both its primary substrate, eIF2α, and for adenosine triphosphate, further mechanistic studies revealed that PERK targets its substrate via either a random/steady-state ordered mechanism. For HTS, we developed a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay that yielded a robust Z' factor and percent coefficient of variation value, enabling the successful screening of 79,552 compounds. This approach yielded one compound that exhibited good in vitro and cellular activity. These results demonstrate the validity of this screen and represent starting points for drug discovery efforts.
A REFORMULATION OF THE CONCEPT OF TRADITION

This paper addresses the status of the concept of tradition in social theory. Tradition, precisely defined, should be one of the ways sociologists understand the logic of social action, group identity, and collective memory (Coser 1992; Connerton 1989). To date, however, most social scientists are either dismissive or indiscriminate in their use of the notion. Those who disapprove of the concept tend to “treat tradition as a residual category”’ (Shils 1981 p. 8) or they see it as a type of false consciousness susceptible to manipulation by dominant elites (Hobsbawm 1983). Scholars who embrace tradition, such as Edward Shils, often do so by broadening the concept into something indistinguishable from any cultural inheritance. A nuanced ideal‐type theory is put forth here to enable us to identify and research the particular logic of a social tradition. This theory is extracted from a critical, and highly selective, reconstruction of the history of the concept of tradition.
Two-dimensional transport and wall effects in the thermal diffusion cloud chamber. I. Analysis and operations criteria

In this paper we present results of a two-dimensional (z,r) treatment of the mass and energy transfer processes that occur during the operation of a thermal diffusion cloud chamber. The location of the wall is considered in solving the mass and energy transport equations, in addition to the vertical distance, z, between the upper and lower plate surfaces. We examine the effect of aspect (diameter to height) ratio on chamber operation; the effects of operation with either a dry or a wet interior chamber wall on temperature, supersaturation, nucleation rate, and total density profiles in the chamber; the effect of overheating the interior of the chamber wall on these conditions within the cloud chamber; and the effects associated with using different density background gases on the operation of the chamber. In a second paper, immediately following, we apply the formalism and the solutions developed in this paper to address the important problem of buoyancy-driven convection that can accompany (seemingly normal) operation of thermal diffusion cloud chambers in nearly all ranges of total pressure and temperature.