cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of Session and Discussion on Electrical Excitability

The papers of the day showed that modern protists have many of the features needed for making neurons. In particular, they have a wide variety of voltage-gated Ca++ and K+ channels that are functionally very similar to those of neurons and they have several kinds of mechanoreceptive channels. Protists respond sensitively to chemicals and to touch. They can conduct Ca++ spikes and coordinate motor outputs with the underlying Ca++ fluxes. Actinocoryne makes a Na+/Ca++ spike. They have receptors coupled to GTP-binding proteins. However, no channel that gates open within milliseconds of binding a ligand (such as is found in fast chemical synapses) has been reported in protists.
Phase Ib clinical investigation of intraperitoneal ipilimumab and nivolumab in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis due to gynecologic malignancy.

TPS5606Background: The peritoneal cavity is a frequent site of metastasis and recurrence for gynecologic malignancy, including approximately 80% of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) that presents wit...
Acoustic Neuroma: Viewpoint—Surgery

Acoustic neuromas are the most common tumors to arise in the cerebello-pontine angle. Treatment options for these typically benign tumors include observation, radiosurgery, microsurgical excision, or a combination of these modalities. Ideally, complementary employment of each of these strategies can be selected to optimize individualized patient outcomes. Although radiosurgical techniques have improved over the past several decades, surgical excision continues to play a major, and sometimes preferable, role in the management of acoustic neuromas in many patients. In particular, microsurgical excision is typically recommended in our practice for patients with larger tumors (over 3 cm in diameter), patients with tumor progression following radiosurgery, younger patients, and patients who prefer to undergo tumor excision. Safety and efficacy rates associated with surgical resection are excellent in experienced centers, especially when more conservative strategies for facial nerve and brainstem preservation are employed.
Predictors of MRI Leakage Among Patients Attributed to an Academic Medical Center Commercial Risk-Shared Insurance Contract.

Abstract Purpose For health care organizations engaged in risk-shared insurance contracts, leakage of advanced diagnostic imaging to imaging sites not affiliated with the risk-sharing organization may undermine performance on financial and quality metrics. The goal of this study was to identify factors that are predictive of leakage of MRI examinations among patients attributed to an academic health care organization’s risk-shared commercial insurance contract. Methods Administrative claims data from 2015 through 2016 for patients attributed to a single risk-shared commercial insurance contract at a large academic medical center (AMC) were analyzed. Primary outcome was MRI leakage: an outpatient MRI study performed at a site not affiliated with the AMC’s integrated health care system. Ordering provider alignment with the AMC’s risk-shared insurance contract was categorized as strong, weak, or none. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between provider alignment and MRI leakage, while adjusting for selected covariates. Results Among 8,215 patients meeting inclusion criteria, there were 13,272 MRI encounters. The overall proportion of leaked MRI studies was 12.7%. MRI studies ordered by providers with weak AMC alignment (odds ratio, 3.16; 95% confidence interval, 2.49-4.02) or no AMC alignment (odds ratio, 3.68; 95% confidence interval, 3.12-4.33) were more likely to leak than MRI studies ordered by providers with strong AMC alignment. Conclusions An ordering provider with no alignment with an AMC’s commercial risk-shared insurance contract was the strongest predictor of MRI leakage. Population health management initiatives aimed at reducing leakage should consider the impact of provider networks and clinical referral patterns that drive imaging utilization.
Through a girl’s eyes: Social ontologies of citizen identity among Jordanian and refugee students in Jordan’s double-shift secondary schools

Jordan, along with Lebanon, has the greatest influx of Syrian refugees in the world. To address the issue of overcrowding in schools, a double-shift system operates in Jordan, whereby Jordanian students receive schooling in the morning; and Syrian and other refugee students, in the afternoon. The purpose of this article is to examine the social ontological perspectives of 92 Arab female youth (Jordanian and Arab refugee) through analysis of their views on citizen identity and the citizenship discourse promoted in 3 all-girl double-shift secondary schools in Amman. The youths’ ontologies are informed by a complex set of identity markers; namely, nationality, religion, culture, ethnicity (Arabness), gender, and developmental stage (youth). The study reveals that youth ontological security is rooted in Arab heritage, Islamic identity, and the state’s emphasis on preservation of peace over student reactions to contemporary political crises in the Middle East. This empirically grounded, qualitative scholarship serves as a call for more youth studies on citizen identity in the Arab world.
Antibodies and Immunity During Kawasaki Disease

The cause of Kawasaki disease (KD), the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, is currently unknown. Epidemiology studies support that an infectious disease is involved in at least starting the inflammatory cascade set off during KD. Clues from epidemiology support that humoral immunity can have a protective effect. However, the role of the immune system, particularly of B cells and antibodies, in pathogenesis of KD is still unclear. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and other therapies targeted at modulating inflammation can prevent development of coronary aneurysms. A number of autoantibody responses have been reported in children with KD and antibodies have been generated from aneurysmal plasma cell infiltrates. Recent reports show that children with KD have similar plasmablast responses as other children with infectious diseases, further supporting an infectious starting point. As ongoing studies are attempting to identify the etiology of KD through study of antibody responses, we sought to review the role of humoral immunity in KD pathogenesis, treatment, and recovery.
Femtosecond Welding of Glasses and Crystalline Materials to Metals

The use of epoxies in space-based instruments is often unavoidable in situations where the bonding of dissimilar materials such as glass and metal is required. While there are epoxies that exhibit low total mass loss (TML) and collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM) in vacuum, in some applications they can still be a source of problematic contamination. Epoxies can also be incompatible with exposure to chemical environments some space instrumentation may be exposed to. In high power laser instruments such as LIDAR systems where optical components must be securely bonded to metal mounts, the impact of epoxy outgassing can be especially acute. Even with very low outgassing levels, the intense laser can break down the outgassed material and preferentially deposit it on optics that handle high optical power. This laser induced contamination in turn leads to laser induced damage, leading to degradation of optical components and reducing the reliability and operational lifetime of laser instruments [1-6]. Alternative bonding methods that avoid introducing additional contaminants could greatly improve reliability and operational lifetime of space instruments. We present the results of our investigations of the use of femtosecond laser welding as an alternative to epoxies in the construction of spaceflight optical instruments. Unlike conventional laser welding, femtosecond laser welding uses extremely short (~100fs) low energy (10’s of micro-Joules) pulses- as a result there is negligible heating of the materials being welded. The bond is not created by melting of materials, instead it is created by the extremely rapid formation of a plasma in which the two materials being bonded are mixed and rapidly recombine. The process we used to create these bonds will be describes as well as analysis of the bond strength. Electron microscope images take of the resulting bonds show significant mixing between the metal and crystalline materials being welded. We have demonstrated that the bonds created via femtosecond welding can have strengths comparable to epoxy and can be hermetic. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the femtosecond laser welding process allows bonds that are not possible using traditional methods. We have bonded Calcium Fluoride to stainless steel, diamond to Invar, sapphire to titanium, sapphire to Invar, Zerodur to Invar and fused silica to copper to name just a few combinations. We plan to pursue this technique and demonstrate its utility in the fabrication of space-flight instrumentation.
Spectral Detection of Frequency-Sparse Signals: Compressed Sensing vs. Sweeping Spectrum Scanning

In cognitive radio (CR) systems, compressed sensing (CS) has emerged as a promising approach for detecting wireless spectrum that is underutilized (i.e., sparse in the frequency domain). The use of CS techniques is believed to reduce the sensing time at minimal hardware overhead compared to the traditional sweeping spectrum scanner, which is a simple energy detector that scans the frequency bins sequentially. Although the sweeping spectrum scanners can be parallelized to reduce the total scanning time, time-multiplexing is still necessary to cover the very large scanning bandwidth. By contrast, the CS spectrum scanner captures the entire spectrum concurrently to detect the occupied frequency bins. Despite the recent popularity of CS spectrum sensing techniques, no published work is available that rigorously compares the performance of these two sensing schemes under similar hardware constraints and same available total sensing time. This paper makes such a comparison and shows that the multi-channel sweeping spectrum scanner outperforms the CS scanner except at the high input signal-to-noise ratios when the two scanners become comparable. The advantage of the sweeping scanner is that although it observes each frequency bin for a shorter time, each sensing is more reliable and not corrupted by the folding of other frequency bins as in the CS scanner.
The Police Identity Crisis: Hero, Warrior, Guardian, Algorithm

This book provides a comprehensive examination of the police role from within a broader philosophical context. Contending that the police are in the midst of an identity crisis that exacerbates unjustified law enforcement tactics, Luke William Hunt examines various major conceptions of the police—those seeing them as heroes, warriors, and guardians. The book looks at the police role considering the overarching societal goal of justice and seeks to present a synthetic theory that draws upon history, law, society, psychology, and philosophy. Each major conception of the police role is examined in light of how it affects the pursuit of justice, and how it may be contrary to seeking justice holistically and collectively. The book sets forth a conception of the police role that is consistent with the basic values of a constitutional democracy in the liberal tradition. Hunt’s intent is that clarifying the police role will likewise elucidate any constraints upon policing strategies, including algorithmic strategies such as predictive policing. This book is essential reading for thoughtful policing and legal scholars as well as those interested in political philosophy, political theory, psychology, and related areas. Now more than ever, the nature of the police role is a philosophical topic that is relevant not just to police officials and social scientists, but to everyone.
An Empirical Bayes Approach to Topic Modeling

Given a corpus of documents, we consider the problem of finding latent topics, and introduce a novel Empirical Bayes based framework that allows us to choose the optimal topic modeling algorithm given observed variables in the data. We specifically consider three disparate algorithms - LDA, graph clustering, and non-negative matrix factorization - and provide a standardized framework that compares statistical and generative assumptions each algorithm makes. We then provide a model selection algorithm that quantifies each model based on how well assumptions match the data. We illustrate the efficacy of our approach by applying our framework to different sets of document corpuses and empirically measuring results.
Identity Inclusion: A Digital National Identification for All

Governments offer civil services to their citizens if the citizen can identify themselves using a government-issued identification document. Several documents are often required, such as a national ID and driving license. These identification documents do not share data, or even validity, between different civil entities. Organizations like Sovrin, SecureKey, and ShoCard have presented solutions to ease identification using digital identification based on blockchain technology because of the benefits of immutability, transparency, reliability, and secure sharing of identity data. The solutions, however, all require the use of Internet-enabled devices to access the solution. To accommodate developing countries where smartphones and computers are not prevalent, we designed a proof of concept digital national identification based on the Ethereum blockchain that utilizes Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) for end-user communications. The solution gives governments control over lawfully required data while allowing the citizen to retain sovereignty over personal data using trust zones. Consequently, a citizen can use a single identity across multiple civil service providers, even with a feature phone.
Clinical autism subscales have common genetic liability that is heritable, pleiotropic, and generalizable to the general population

Abstract The complexity of autism’s phenotypic spectra is well-known, yet most genetic research uses case-control status as the target trait. It is unclear whether clinical autism instruments such as the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Repetitive Behaviors Scale-Revised (RBS-R), and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) are more genetically informative than case-control. We employed the SPARK autism cohort (N = 5,696) to illuminate the genetic properties of these twelve subscales. In comparison to the heritability of autism case-control at 0.12, the RBS-R subscales were increased, ranging from 0.18 to 0.35 (all p 0.05). We also found evidence for genetic correlations among the RBS-R, SCQ, and DCDQ. GWAS followed by estimation of polygenic scores (PGS) in ABCD revealed significant associations with CBCL social and thought problems, while the autism case-control PGS did not significantly associate. In phenotypic correlation analyses, the autism case-control PGS did not positively predict the subscales in SPARK, and sex-stratified correlations showed no effect in males and a surprising negative effect in females. Notably, other PGS did predict the subscales, with the strongest being educational attainment negatively correlated, while ADHD and major depression were positively correlated. Overall, our analyses suggest that clinical subscales are more genetically powerful than case-control, and that of the three instruments investigated, the RBS-R shows the greatest evidence of common genetic signal in both autistic and general population samples.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)

As a general rule, all organizations are legally liable for causing personal injury as a result of their own negligence or the negligence of their employees and agents. However, a major exception has resulted from judicial interpretation of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), which has been deemed to grant health benefit plans provided by employers or unions (and the managed-care organizations that sell or administer them) immunity from ordinary tort liability for their own negligence with respect to members of the plan.1 ERISA was originally enacted to create comprehensive and uniform federal regulation of employee welfare and benefit plans. To ensure consistent regulations of these plans and to avoid having them caught up in the often-conflicting laws of various state and local governments, ERISA contains a preemption clause that requires it to supersede all state laws so far as they “relate to” any employee benefit plan.2 Activities that “relate to” an ERISA plan include determining eligibility for claims, calculating and paying benefits, monitoring available funds, and keeping records.3
Towards a Vaccine

As Americans were becoming progressively more deeply involved in Vietnam, first as “advisors” but subsequently in the mid-1960s as full-fledged combatants, the Army Medical Department was developing plans and organizing health priorities in order to fulfill its mission to “conserve the fighting strength.” As we have seen, outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis had occurred during both world wars, and the disease remained a significant cause of mortality and lost duty time among recruits at basic training sites in the USA in between wars. Additionally, meningitis was known to occur worldwide in both its epidemic and sporadic forms, making it an ongoing health threat wherever the military might deploy in the future.
Oblivious vs. distribution-based sorting: an experimental evaluation

We compare two algorithms for sorting out-of-core data on a distributed-memory cluster. One algorithm, Csort, is a 3-pass oblivious algorithm. The other, Dsort, makes two passes over the data and is based on the paradigm of distribution-based algorithms. In the context of out-of-core sorting, this study is the first comparison between the paradigms of distribution-based and oblivious algorithms. Dsort avoids two of the four steps of a typical distribution-based algorithm by making simplifying assumptions about the distribution of the input keys. Csort makes no assumptions about the keys. Despite the simplifying assumptions, the I/O and communication patterns of Dsort depend heavily on the exact sequence of input keys. Csort, on the other hand, takes advantage of predetermined I/O and communication patterns, governed entirely by the input size, in order to overlap computation, communication, and I/O . Experimental evidence shows that, even on inputs that followed Dsort’s simplifying assumptions, Csort fared well. The running time of Dsort showed great variation across five input cases, whereas Csort sorted all of them in approximately the same amount of time. In fact, Dsort ran significantly faster than Csort in just one out of the five input cases: the one that was the most unrealistically skewed in favor of Dsort. A more robust implementation of Dsort—one without the simplifying assumptions—would run even slower.
Multi-Mev Li° Beam as a Diagnostic for Fast Confined Alpha Particles

The authors discuss a method of probing the velocity distribution of confined energetic alpha particles resulting from deuterium-tritium fusion reactions in a magnetically contained plasma. They calculate the characteristics of the signals to be expected from injecting multi-MeV Li/sup 0/ into the plasma to undergo double charge-exchange reactions with the alpha particles. Neutralized alpha particles then escape from the plasma to be detected by a charge-exchange analyzer. They also examine the feasibility of producing a Li/sup 0/ beam of the required current and energy, and discuss a conceptual design for an appropriate beam system.
Going on an antedate

In the mid-1700s, the English language was rather out of control. In the absence of a satisfactory reference, word meanings were unclear. Even Shakespeare had already become somewhat obscure to most readers. So the intellectual-abouttown, Samuel Johnson, convinced investors that an English dictionary based on improved principles would be commercially successful. Existing dictionaries were based on ‘‘a genealogy of sentiments,’’ as author had copied author over time. Instead, Johnson argued for an approach that reflected ‘‘intellectual history,’’ a term he appears to have coined (Fig. 1). Appearing in 1755, ‘‘Johnson’s’’ became the standard dictionary for about a century. He showed a word’s evolving meaning by using historical examples of its usage. In science as well as literature, meaning can become blurred over time. Perhaps even more problematic and harder to trace than word definitions are changes in concepts. An interesting example is the HardyWeinberg principle (HW). After teaching the essentials of Darwinian evolution, Mendelian inheritance, molecular biology, and speciation, students are routinely introduced to HW. We teach it as a stable genetic baseline, the HW equilibrium, deviation from which leads to the changes that define evolution. However, since it will be on the test, many students (even those who are awake) see HW only as an algebraic threat to their grade-point average. As one student griped, ‘‘Let me get this straight. When nothing happens . . . nothing changes? Duh.’’ Over decades of textbooks, HW appears to be taught largely because it always has been taught. It’s part of our pedagogic heritage, but its meaning and rationale have become hidden in the dusty volumes of past journal articles. It seems unthinkable to omit it. But why? To see that, we have to go back to the origin of modern genetics.
Optical Studies of Quasars and BL LAC Objects

Quasistellar objects must count as one of the great discoveries of radio astronomy. In the late 1950’s, as radio source positions became more accurate, a number of blue stellar objects were identified with radio sources. The first was 3C 48 which was identified with a 16m object by Mathews and Sandage; it was also found to have an unusual spectrum. Several other sources of this type were located, found to be variable and deduced on that basis to be local objects, i.e. within our galaxy. Following the classical lunar occultation measurement of 3C 273 by Hazard, Mackey and Shimmins (1963) a spectrum was obtained by Schmidt (1963) who, in recognizing a Balmer series spectrum shifted by a redshift z = Δλ/λο = = 0.158, provided the breakthrough in interpreting the spectra of these objects. Other redshifts followed in quick succession, 3C 48 turning out to have a redshift z = 0.367 and 3C 9 yielding the unprecedented value of z = 2.02. Almost immediately the QSOs were transformed from variable local radio sources to the most luminous objects in the universe. With this realization came great hopes of using the QSOs as probes of the universe out to redshifts where non-linear geometrical effects are large. Again the lesson had to be relearned that one needs to understand one’s probes before using them to derive astronomical information. In these lectures I shall therefore be dealing with the objects themselves rather than what they may be able to tell us about the geometry of space-time.
A Mandate for Mandates: Is the Individual Health Insurance Mandate Case a Slippery Slope?

The 2010 Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate has given rise to one of the most important constitutional disputes in recent decades. The provision in question requires that most Americans purchase health insurance by 2014. Both sides in the mandate litigation have argued that we will be sliding down a dangerous slippery slope if their opponents prevail. Despite the prominent role of slippery slope arguments on both sides of the case, the extensive academic commentary on the mandate litigation does not yet include a comprehensive analysis of this aspect of the dispute. This article seeks to fill the gap in the literature. Part I considers the slippery slope arguments against the individual health insurance mandate. I conclude that the federal government’s arguments really do lead to an unlimited congressional power to impose almost any mandate. The same result occurs under all three of the government’s major arguments for the constitutionality of the mandate: claims that the mandate is authorized by the Commerce Clause, the Tax Clause, and the Necessary and Proper Clause. In addition, there is a substantial likelihood that Congress will take advantage of an unconstrained power to impose mandates for the purpose of benefiting favored interest groups. Part II provides a similar assessment of slippery slope arguments put forward by defenders of the mandate, focusing on fears that striking it down would lead to the restoration of Lochner, the unraveling of precedents upholding major post-New Deal government programs, and prevent Congress from enacting important regulatory measures in the future. Such logical implications do not arise from the most likely path by which the Court might strike down the mandate: holding that Congress cannot use the Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause to regulate “inactivity,” defined as imposing mandates merely on the basis of one’s presence in the United States. Such a decision would leave intact all existing precedents and major government programs. And it would not even come close to restoring Lochner. It is, however, possible that a decision striking down the mandate would lead to incrementally more vigorous enforcement of structural limits on congressional power at the margin. Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 75-106, 2012 (Symposium on the Constitutional Challenges to the Affordable Care Act: Ideas from the Academy)
Cinchona alkaloids: Quinine and quinidine

For 400 years, quinine has been the effective antimalarial. From a pulverized bark, which stopped cyclic fevers, to an easily isolated crystal alkaloid, which launched many pharmaceutical companies, tons of quinine are still purified for medicinal and beverage use. The quest for quinine synthesis pioneered early medicinal dyes, antibacterials, and other drugs. In a specialized Plasmodium lysosome for hemoglobin degradation, quinine binds heme, which inhibits heme crystallization to kill rapidly. Although quinine drug resistance was described 100 years ago, unlike chloroquinine or the antifolates that have been rendered ineffective by the spread of resistant mutants, quinine has only a few persistent, resistant parasites worldwide. The artemisinin drugs, superior to quinine for severe malaria, have greatly reduced the use of quinine as an antimalarial. Evidence for prolonged artemisinin parasite clearance times both renews the quest for rapidly parasiticidal drugs for severe malaria and possibly holds a place for quinine.
BMP expression in duck interdigital webbing: a reanalysis.

In 1996, two of us (H.Z. and L.N.) reported that expression of a dominant-negative form of BMP receptor ( dnBMPR-IB ) in the embryonic chick hindlimb inhibited interdigital apoptosis and led to webbing of the digits ([1][1]) (BMPs are signaling molecules of the transforming growth factor–β
Psychotherapy of the depressions in spousal bereavement

Depression is a frequent complication of grief. As for other depressions in nonbereaved populations, the treatment of choice for these depressions often involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. The goal is ameliorating the acute episode as well as prevention of further episodes. Through case vignettes of four individuals with spousal bereavement, this article describes ways depression may be masked (and therefore inadequately treated) by grief, may require multiple interventions over time, and may require treatment of depression with psychotherapy alone. At times, optimal treatment may dictate that the therapist actively disregard grief as a therapeutic issue. Though potentially a serious and debilitating complication of bereavement, depression generally responds favorably to appropriate and timely treatment. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of CT in the evaluation of patients with intracranial CNS infectious-inflammatory disorders☆

Infections of the CNS may be caused by diverse etiologies. These include bacteria, viruses, mycoses, protozoa, helminths. In these CNS infections there is a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier. The most common clinical forms of intracranial CNS infections include meningitis, cerebritis-abscess formation, and dural infections. These conditions may be complicated by infarction, hydrocephalus, brain atrophy unless the CNS infection in detected early. The introduction of CT has markedly enhanced our ability to diagnose early and initiate therapy rapidly. In most disorders early diagnosis has caused a dramatic decrease in mortality and morbidity. Since the introduction of CT, clinical outcome in patients with cerebritis-brain abscess has markedly changed. In this paper the role of CT in the evaluation of intracranial CNS infection will be reviewed.
Perceptions of Students about Younger and Older Men and Women who May Be Homeless

ABSTRACT Future human service providers will interact with homeless persons in health, mental health, and social service practice contexts. This study investigated the perceptions of students enrolled in social work courses who are pursuing degrees in human service programs toward older and younger female and male homeless individuals. Respondents (N = 207) were given one of four vignettes in which a character was identified as an older male, a younger male, an older female, or a younger female who was frequently seen near an interstate highway, talking to him/herself and appearing unkempt, thin, and frail. Most respondents perceived the vignette character as mentally ill, neglectful of health, likely to have HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis A and/or hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C, likely to experience suicidal thoughts/ideation, and to have head lice/scabies/body lice. Older men were more likely to be perceived as military veterans with a history of mental illness and substance abuse. Older women were least ...
BIOMARKERS TO IDENTIFY THE PATHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION

Recent findings assessing the utility of biomarkers are reviewed that help identify the basis for disease in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum pathology. Biofluid studies identify about 15% of patients with FTLD due to a genetic mutation that is associated with the specific histopathologic features of TDP-43 or a tauopathy. Other genetically based risk factors and targeted proteomic searches of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid have suggested additional markers that may be useful in sporadic cases of FTLD. While progress has been made in developing biomarkers for FTLD, additional work is needed to extend these advances so that the histopathologic abnormality causing FTLD can be specified in an individual patient.
A 150 K channelless gate array design in 0.5- mu m CMOS technology

The chip presented was designed as a vehicle to investigate the advantages and tradeoffs of using 0.5- mu m technology for semicustom VLSI devices. The use of 0.5- mu m technology requires that a 3.3-V supply be used. Several architectures were investigated for maximum efficiency and ease of use with place and route software, keeping in mind tradeoffs between routability, performance, and density. The problem of providing an adequate power distribution system that did not hinder array efficiency was addressed, and the provision of high-speed high-integrity clock signals to provide system speeds up to 100 MHz was a major consideration. The unique core cell, designed for this array to fully utilize the advantages of the technology, is discussed. System considerations such as synchronous data operations and testability were met by the inclusion of level-sensitive set-scan registers as an integral part of the I/O. Results highlight the observation that system performance is often limited by the device and interconnect parasitics, which have become increasingly more dominant with smaller geometries. >
Quantifying the association between personality similarity and marital adjustment using profile correlations: A cautionary tale

Profile correlations are sometimes used to quantify personality trait similarity between relationship partners. These coefficients are then used to test whether similar couples are happier couples. The current paper describes several different methods of calculating profile correlations and outlines procedures for testing whether these coefficients are related to marital adjustment in a sample of 1,643 couples. There was little evidence that profile correlations were related to marital adjustment after accounting for normativeness (i.e., the degree to which individual's matched the typical personality profile) and when accounting for each individual's personality attributes. Results suggest that researchers using profile correlations should be cautious given that the interpretation and psychological meaning of results often depend on how the coefficients are calculated.
Understanding ‘appropriateness’ in multinational organizations

Assessments of the appropriateness and inappropriateness of behaviors may influence conflict, cohesion, and goal attainment in multinational organizations (MNOs). We develop a model of appropriateness that illustrates how various arrangements in MNOs (e.g., geocentric staffing) may work to influence the likelihood of (in-) appropriateness assessments as well as the magnitude of the reactions (positive or negative) to such assessments via their influence on members' ingroup-outgroup categorizations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE EFFECTS OF INDOMETHACIN ON LONG-WAVE ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED DELAYED ERYTHEMA

Indomethacin, a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, administered topically as a 2.5% solution, intradermally in 10-μg doses, and orally in a dose of 150 mg/day for 2 days, did not diminish the delayed erythema produced by long-wave ultraviolet light (320-400nm). The delayed phototoxic erythema produced by 8-methoxypsoralen and subsequent exposure to long-wave ultraviolet light was similarly unaffected. By comparison, topical and intradermal indomethacin treatment produced sustained decrease in the erythemal response to ultraviolet radiation in the UVB range (290-320 nm).
Work in progress — Programs for recruitment and retention of STEM majors

This paper describes a new program, STEM Recruitment, Retention, and Graduation (STEM-RRG), geared toward increasing the number of low-income minority students pursuing degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics fields. STEM-RRG consists of several projects that implement a number of activities, including enrichment programs, scholarships, internships, research experiences, mentoring and tutoring, advising and career counseling, experiential training, recruitment of high-potential students, and faculty professional development. The paper will briefly describe the overall program and present details about two projects: (a) Pre-engineering Cohort, and (b) Mathematics Enrichment Project.
Evaluation of awakening and recovery characteristics following anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and halothane fentanyl or both for brief outpatient procedures in infants.

This study compared recovery characteristics and postoperative ventilatory function when halothane, fentanyl or combination of halothane and fentanyl in addition to N2O were used for intraoperative anaesthesia in term infants undergoing hernia repair as outpatients. Sixty-six full term ASA PS I infants ages 1-12 months were studied. All received inhalation induction with N2O, O2 and halothane, followed by intravenous atropine and atracurium, tracheal intubation, and controlled ventilation. For anaesthesia maintenance, patients were randomized into one of three groups. Group I received 70% N2O, 30% O2 and halothane. Group II received 70% N2O, 30% O2, halothane and 2 micrograms.kg-1 fentanyl. Group III received 70% N2O, 30% O2 and 10 micrograms.kg-1 fentanyl. Awakening times were similar in all three groups, however, Group I patients had significantly shorter recovery and discharge times than those of Group II and III. None of the patients experienced postoperative apnoea or periodic breathing. One patient in Group III experienced two brief episodes of bradycardia not associated with apnoea or arterial desaturation (SpO2 > 90% for greater than 30 s). Decreased SpO2 occurred less frequently in Group I (5.9%) compared to Group II (22.7%) and Group III (19.0%) patients, however, the group differences were not significant. Transcutaneous CO2 (TcCO2) values were not statistically different among the three groups. Pain scores were initially lower in Groups II and III, but at 120 min the differences were not significant. Postoperative apnoea was not observed in this study. SpO2 9 kPa (70 mmHg) was more common in infants receiving 2 and 10 micrograms.kg-1 fentanyl than in infants receiving halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Infants 3 months old. Fentanyl in doses used in this study did not prolong awakening time but did prolong recovery and discharge times in outpatient infants.
The infrared absorption spectra of metal acetylacetonates

Abstract Infrared absorption data in the region 5000–290 cm −1 have been obtained for twenty-four metal derivatives of acetylacetone. Shifts in the absorption maxima as the metal ion is varied are more pronounced at frequencies lower than 600 cm −1 . Among the factors which appear to influence the changes in observed spectra are: (1) crystal structure; (2) ionization potential, ionic charge, mass and radius of the metal; (3) participation of inner orbitals in the metal-ligand bonding; and (4) covalent bonding. Spectral features which are consistent with ligand field theory are discussed.
The mechanism of meiotic homologue pairing.

Homologous chromosome pairing involves the moving together of matching chromosomes or chromosome segments across substantial distances within a nucleus. Although the time in the life cycle of initial association of homologues varies among organisms, it may well be that similar underlying mechanisms for its occurrence prevail throughout sexually reproducing eukaryotes. The means by which pairing its accomplished is in no case understood. In the apparent absence of a long range specific force of attraction, simple partial models have been proposed which relay for the most part upon interactions of chromosome ends (telomeres) with specialized portions of the nuclear envelope. While such interactions, as well as the persistence of chromosome orientation established by mitotic anaphase poleward movement of centromere regions, may provide in many cases for closer than random positioning of some parts of homologues, the distances remaining to be traversed are still long range in physical-chemical terms. Also, the specific pairing observed in some kinds of rearranged segments is not facilitated by such circumstances, even if synapsis is initiated at available homologous telomere pairs and proceeds to completion by a "zip-up" process. A unified, more complex model is considered which is designed to accommodate the various relevant findings. It invokes the interaction of intranuclear structures with intercalary and/or terminal chromosomal pairing sites, e.g. filamentous structures which specifically bind to these, and a contractile system involving proteins such as actin and myosin to draw homologues together.
A Revised Atomistic Model of the Cardiac Thin Filament and Application to a Specific Disease Causing Mutation

We have previously proposed an atomistic model of the thin filament which includes the troponin compex (cTn) and tropomyosin (Tm). We here discuss a newly revised model which includes twenty-nine actin subunits, four Tm chains, and the three cTn subunits. In addition, this model includes a corrected region of the Tm overlap based on more recent information. We develop this model to study genetic mutations in the proteins of the cardiac thin filament which can lead to familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. When calcium binds to the cardiac troponin C subunit (cTnC), subtle conformational changes propagate through the cTnC to the inhibitor subunit (cTnI), which detaches from actin. The detachment along with conformational propagation through to the cTnT subunit, moves Tm into the open position on actin. When Tm is in the open position, myosin binds to the seven open binding sites on actin, which upon hydrolysis of ATP eventually leads to muscle contraction. Molecular dynamics simulations of the full atomistic model reveal the conformational changes upon calcium activation of the cTnC. Comparison of the wildtype and the Tm D230N mutation sheds light the mutational effects in the Tm overlap region. It is critical to include actin in the model when studying this region. Simulations show mutation results in increased splaying of the Tm C-terminus end in the overlap region, in accord with recent experimental results from one of our labs.
Sex, Lies, and Statistics: Can Rural Sociology Survive Restructuring? (or) What Is Right with Rural Sociology and How Can We Fix It1

Rural Sociology faces increasing threats of marginalization from social and economic restructuring of academia and of the larger society in which it is embedded. Contrary to some recent analyses, the problem lies more in the inadequacies of data conceptualization, production, and collection than in the theoretical vitality of the discipline. The failure to match theoretical and conceptual advances with appropriate data leaves sociologists grappling with “modern data to study a postmodern world.” Research on the impact of restructuring on social and spatial divisions of labor and the contributions of feminist theory and research to the conceptualization of work and household illustrate the theoretical advances and the empirical deficiencies faced by the discipline. Disciplinary survival and development depend on meeting the challenge of matching theoretical progress with an appropriate empirical base.
Occupational and environmental medicine in the United States

The history and the current status of occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) research, educational resources, clinical practice patterns, and regulatory framework in the United States are reviewed. Current or anticipated changes in health-care financing, clinical practice patterns, occupational safety and health regulations and enforcement, and funding for research and medical education at the national level are already having an impact on OEM activities in this country.
A mediation infrastructure for digital library services

Digital library mediators allow interoperation between diverse information services. In this paper we describe a flexible and dynamic mediator infrastructure that allows mediators to be composed from a set of modules (``blades''). Each module implements a particular mediation function, such as protocol translation, query translation, or result merging. All the information used by the mediator, including the mediator logic itself, is represented by an RDF graph.We illustrate our approach using a mediation scenario involving a Dienst and a Z39.50 server, and we discuss the potential advantages and weaknesses of our framework.
In vitro prostanoid release from spinal cord following peripheral inflammation: effects of substance P, NMDA and capsaicin

1 Spinal prostanoids are implicated in the development of thermal hyperalgesia after peripheral injury, but the specific prostanoid species that are involved are presently unknown. The current study used an in vitro spinal superfusion model to investigate the eAect of substance P (SP), Nmethyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), and capsaicin on multiple prostanoid release from dorsal spinal cord of naive rats as well as rats that underwent peripheral injury and inflammation (knee joint kaolin/ carrageenan). 2 In naive rat spinal cords, PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1a, but not TxB2, levels were increased after inclusion of SP, NMDA, or capsaicin in the perfusion medium. 3 Basal PGE2 levels from spinal cords of animals that underwent 5‐72 h of peripheral inflammation were elevated relative to age-matched naive cohorts. The time course of this increase in basal PGE2 levels coincided with peripheral inflammation, as assessed by knee joint circumference. Basal 6-keto-PGF1a levels were not elevated after injury. 4 From this inflammation-evoked increase in basal PGE2 levels, SP and capsaicin significantly increased spinal PGE2 release in a dose-dependent fashion. Capsaicin-evoked increases were blocked dose-dependently by inclusion of S(+) ibuprofen in the capsaicin-containing perfusate. 5 These data suggest a role for spinal PGE2 and NK-1 receptor activation in the development of hyperalgesia after injury and demonstrate that this relationship is upregulated in response to peripheral tissue injury and inflammation.
Toward a Reformulation of Community Theory

Few students of the community are satisfied with current theoretical approaches to this perplexing social group. Little advance has been made in the decades since MacIver gave theoretical formulation to the concept of the community; since Park, Burgess, and others of the Chicago school made their rich strike of valuable ore in the veins of the ecological approach; or since Wilson, Galpin, and Sanderson devised ways for operationally defining, delineating, and describing the rural community in a way which lent itself to useful research.
Computational model of maximal-height single-joint jumping predicts bouncing as an optimal strategy.

Abstract Maximal-height single-joint jumping, in which only the ankle muscles are used for propulsion, is a useful paradigm for joint-specific investigation of the mechanisms underlying optimal performance. In this study, we used a combination of computational modeling and experiments to determine the optimal strategy for this task. We hypothesized that our computer simulation and subjects would use a countermovement in order to maximize jump height. Our model was actuated by only a lumped plantarflexor and a lumped dorsiflexor, and we simulated maximal-height jumping using parameter optimization to determine the control excitations driving these muscles. Experimental data were collected from eight subjects who wore braces to limit knee motion during jumps. The model did not jump as high as the subjects did, but its jump height (12.8 cm) was similar to that found for subjects, 16.3±4.6 cm. The model jumped highest when it “bounced” by executing several countermovements in succession. Four of the subjects jumped highest when they also bounced; these subjects were also the highest jumpers and they bounced at 2.53±0.47 Hz, a value similar to that employed by the computational model, 2.78 Hz. The other four subjects, who failed to jump highest when bouncing, bounced at only 1.46±0.45 Hz when they attempted to do so. Simulation results indicated that subjects who used a bouncing strategy to record their highest jump made use of mechanical resonance to facilitate elastic energy storage in the Achilles tendon. Simulation results also showed that multiple bounces allowed the model to reach an optimal state in which potential energy was maximized prior to the final pushoff.