cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probabilities and odds in hot pursuit: A benefit-cost analysis

Abstract This article provides a cost-benefit assessment of pursuits initiated for five separate reasons. It calculates the probabilities and odds that each pursuit type will result in an arrest and that damages, injuries, and deaths will occur during the pursuit. It develops a “pursuit trade-off ratio” for use in specifying the cost effectiveness of each type of pursuit. The usefulness of the analysis for pursuit policy-making is discussed.
SOCIAL NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS AND NETWORK SATISFACTION OF PEOPLE WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISABILITIES LIVING IN THE COMMUNITY

Objectives: To understand the social network characteristics and network satisfaction of people with psychiatric disabilities living in the community in Hong Kong. Method: A modified scale was administered to 251 service users attending 5 Community Mental Health Link (LINK) Services measuring the above variables. Findings: The study suggested that people with psychiatric disabilities living in the community have a small social network. Moreover, network satisfaction is related to network size and physical proximity. The results are discussed in terms of their consistency with overseas findings and the implications for social work practice in network building for people with psychiatric disabilities. Conclusion: The results provided an initial understanding of social network characteristics and network satisfaction of service users receiving LINK service, with particular reference to network size and physical proximity. 目的：探討本地精神病康復者的社交網絡特質及他們對社交網絡的滿意程度。方法： 共251名來自5個「精神健康連網」的服務使用者填寫一份問卷，量度他們的社交網絡特質及對社交網絡的滿意程度。結果： 在社區生活的精神病康復者的社交網絡較小，而他們對社交網絡的滿意程度與其網絡的大小及地域的距離有明顯的關係。研究結果與海外的研究結果一致，爲社會工作實務上提供初步的討論。結論： 研究結果爲探討精神病康復者社交網絡的特質及他們對社交網絡的滿意程度提供初步的了解，更爲研究網絡的大小及地域的距離提供參考。.
Interprofessional collaboration: Implications for Combined‐Integrated doctoral training in professional psychology

Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) is becoming best practice in the field of professional psychology and other health care professions. It was named as a core competency at Competencies 2002 and the Consensus Conference and has been endorsed by the American Psychological Association on several occasions. The authors provide a definition of IPC, present conceptual, scholarly, and pragmatic support for IPC, and offer guidance on how Combined-Integrated (C-I) doctoral programs in professional psychology can include IPC to ensure students are well equipped to respond to a client's complex needs. Furthermore, although C-I programs might be particularly well prepared to incorporate IPC into their training, it is argued that programs in the single practice areas of clinical, counseling, and school psychology also may benefit from the inclusion of IPC.
The ground support equipment for the transient gamma-ray spectrometer

Abstract We describe the function and implementation of the ground support equipment (GSE) for the transient gamma-ray spectrometer (TGRS), to be flown on-board
The absorption spectrum of 4,4'-dimethyldiphenylmethylene dm 4,4'-dimethylbenzophenone crystals

Abstract A polarized absorption study of the low-lying excited triplet states of 4,4'-dimethyldiplicnylmethylene dispersed in single crystals of 4,4'-dimethylbenzophenone at 4.2 K is presented. Polarization measurements of the visible absorption spectrum, commencing at 4841.7 A. yield an electronic configuration of (pσ) 1 (π * ) 1 for the first cxcited triplet state. A second cxcited triplet state, (pπ) 1 (π * ) 1 , lies ≈ 800 cm −1 above this.
A Gibbs-Donnan-based interpretation of the effect of medium counterion concentration levels on the acid dissociation properties of alginic acid and chondroitin sulfate

Abstract The sensitivity of the acid dissociation equilibria of alginic acid and chondroitin sulfate to changes in the counterion concentration levels of their aqueous solutions has, on the basis of earlier detailed studies of linear weak-acid polyelectrolytes and their crosslinked gel analogs, been attributed to the development of a counterion-concentrating solvent sheath circumscribing the surface of each charged molecule. A Gibbs-Donnan based approach to the use of this model has, as in the earlier studies, facilitated a meaningful and useful interpretation of this sensitivity. Estimates of solvent uptake by these hypothetical, counterion-concentrating regions of the alginic acid and the chondroitin sulfate, during their neutralization with standard base, have been resolved through use of this approach and yield insight with respect to their conformational properties.
Long-term outcomes confirm the superior efficacy of extended Heller myotomy with Toupet fundoplication for achalasia.

The standard Heller myotomy (SM) for achalasia extends 1 to 2 cm on to the stomach. The authors perform an extended myotomy (EM) (>3 cm) with the goal of reducing postoperative dysphagia. This study examines the long-term efficacy and durability of EM compared with SM. Patients with achalasia who underwent a laparoscopic Heller myotomy were identified from a prospective database that includes symptom evaluation and results of esophageal functional studies. From September 1994 to August 1998, the authors performed SM with Dor fundoplication, and from September 1998 through 2003, they performed EM with Toupet fundoplication. In 2001, they performed a telephone survey of all available patients. This was repeated in 2005 for the EM group. The survey included scales of symptom frequency (0 [never], 1 [once per month], 2 [once per week], 3 [once per day], 4 [more than once per day]) and severity (0 [no symptoms] to 10 [symptoms equal to preoperative state]) as well as the need to undergo postoperative intervention for dysphagia. For this study, 52 patients underwent SM with Dor fundoplication (median follow-up period, 46 ± 24 months), and 63 patients underwent EM with Toupet fundoplication (median follow-up period, 45 ± 17 months. Postoperative dysphagia severity was significantly better in the EM group (4.8 ± 2.3 vs 3.1 ± 2.6; p < 0.005). There was no significant difference in postoperative heartburn frequency, esophageal acid exposure, or lower esophageal sphincter pressure. In the SM group, 9 patients (17%) required reintervention for dysphagia: 14 endoscopic interventions for 5 patients (10%) and reoperation for 4 patients. Three patients (5%) in the EM group required reintervention for dysphagia: one endoscopic intervention each and no reoperations (p < 0.05). A total of 30 patients in the EM group were contacted in both 2001 (median follow-up period, 19 ± 11 months) and 2005 (median follow-up period, 63 ± 10 months). There was no significant change over time in dysphagia severity (2.6 ± 1.9 vs 3.7 ± 2.0; p = 0.19). For the treatment of achalasia, EM with Toupet fundoplication provides excellent durable dysphagia relief that is superior to SM with Dor fundoplication.
How “Commonsense” Notions of Race, Class and Gender Infiltrate Families Formed across the Color Line

This research presents data from in-depth interviews of sixty adults in Southern California who have formed families across the black/white color line. In a societal context where normative family formation remains mono-racial, many adults in multiracial families manage their social performances to mitigate the stigma associated with their unusual family pattern or to challenge social expectations associated with race, class, and gender. Their stories reveal how they deploy strategic exaggerations of gender and stereotypes of social class in their day to day lives. These deployments operate to manage social interactions when confronting commonsense expectations about what it means to be a man or woman who trespasses the color line in family formation.
Three-cocycle in quantum mechanics. II

We offer a new topological interpretation of the three-cocycle in a consistent quantum mechanics. Our basis is homotopy theory. We show how higher cocycles may appear in quantum mechanics. Moreover, a three-cocycle gives rise to a nonassociative algebra describing defects in a quantum-mechanical system. We also show the relation of the three-cocycle to axions in string theory.
Resolution of wide-angle X-ray scattering from a thermoplastic composite

Wide-angle X-ray scattering from a polyetheretherketone/carbonaceous-fiber composite has been resolved using a curve-fit procedure. This resolution yielded under-curve areas for crystalline, amorphous, and fiber scatter which could be used as the basis for an estimation of crystallinity.
Electrophysiological evidence for reciprocal connectivity between the nucleus accumbens septi and ventral pallidal region

Responses of nucleus accumbens (NAS) neurons to ventral pallidum (VP) stimulation were examined in anesthetized rats. Results demonstrated: (1) NAS to VP projection neurons reside primarily in the relatively lateral aspects of the NAS, and (2) substantial VP to NAS feedback also exists. These feedback projections are widely distributed throughout the NAS. Moreover, functionally identifiable NAS neuronal subpopulations were revealed by analysis of unit responses to concurrent VP and fimbria stimulation: (1) most, but not all NAS units responded to VP and fimbria stimulation in qualitatively divergent ways; (2) many NAS units demonstrated monosynaptic convergence of fimbria and VP terminations onto individual NAS units; and (3) in other cases, identified NAS-VP projection neurons were also monosynaptically activated by fimbria stimulation.
Regeneration of silicic acid following adsorption of soybean oil pigments

The effectiveness of sequential washes (isopropanol/hexane) of increasing polarity for desorbing soybean oil pigment (lutein) from silica was studied. Increasing the polarity promoted desorption of pigment, as the amount of adsorbed pigment increased. The evidence suggests that silicic acid has adsorption sites of variable accessibility. Lutein adsorption isotherms show that much of the adsorption capacity was regained after desorption.
Public health nursing care for adolescent mothers: Impact on infant health and selected maternal outcomes at 1 year postbirth

Abstract Purpose: To compare effects of an early intervention program (EIP) of intense home visitation by public health nurses (PHNs) with effects of traditional public health nursing care (TPHN) on infant health and selected maternal outcomes of adolescent mothers. Methods: EIP adolescents ( N = 102) received preparation-for-motherhood classes and individual home visits (from pregnancy through 1 year postpartum) from PHNs employed in a county health department. Participants were predominantly Latina (64%) and African-American (11%) and from impoverished backgrounds. Infant health outcomes were determined based on medical record data; interviews and standardized questionnaires evaluated other program effects (e.g., maternal educational achievement and psychological status). Data were analyzed using Chi-square and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Infants of EIP mothers experienced significantly fewer total days ( n = 74) and actual episodes ( n = 14) of hospitalization during the first year of life than those receiving TPHN ( n = 154, n = 24, respectively). Similarly, positive program effects were found for immunization rates. There were no group differences in emergency room visits or repeat pregnancy rates. Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use significantly increased from pregnancy through 1 year postpartum in both groups but remained markedly lower than rates prior to pregnancy (lifetime rates). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the positive effects of a PHN home visitation program on health outcomes for children of adolescent mothers. Days of infant hospitalization were substantially reduced and immunization rates increased during the first year of life for children of EIP mothers. Greater efforts need to be directed toward preventing repeat pregnancy and return to substance use following childbirth in at-risk adolescent mothers.
Looking at High School Mathematics Education From the Inside Out

United States schools are not providing students with the mathematical background necessary to compete on an international level and become successful adults. Recently, educators and researchers have focused on learning what factors might attribute to this lack of mathematical knowledge. However, few studies have searched for answers from the students themselves.The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of how recent high school graduates, enrolled in college developmental mathematics courses, perceived the mathematics education they received from their K-12 institution.
Cross-link in Fibrin Polymerized by Factor XIII: ε-(γ-Glutamyl)lysine

(epsilon)-((gamma)-Glutamyl)lysine has been isolated from enzymatic hydrolyzates of cross-linked human fibrin. This compound was not detected in "non-cross-linked" fibrin prepared with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which inhibits factor XIII; intermediate amounts were observed when the fibrin was prepared with glycine ethyl ester, which inhibits factor XIII competitively. These and ancillary experiments furnish conclusive evidence that epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links form in human fibrin during polymerization catalyzed by factor XIII.
Streptococcus mutans-derived extracellular matrix in cariogenic oral biofilms.

Biofilms are highly structured microbial communities that are enmeshed in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Within the complex oral microbiome, Streptococcus mutans is a major producer of extracellular polymeric substances including exopolysaccharides (EPS), eDNA and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). EPS produced by S. mutans-derived exoenzymes promote local accumulation of microbes on the teeth, while forming a spatially heterogeneous and diffusion-limiting matrix that protects embedded bacteria. The EPS-rich matrix provides mechanical stability/cohesiveness and facilitates the creation of highly acidic microenvironments, which are critical for the pathogenesis of dental caries. In parallel, S. mutans also releases eDNA and LTA, which can contribute with matrix development. eDNA enhances EPS (glucan) synthesis locally, increasing the adhesion of S. mutans to saliva-coated apatitic surfaces and the assembly of highly cohesive biofilms. eDNA and other extracellular substances, acting in concert with EPS, may impact the functional properties of the matrix and the virulence of cariogenic biofilms. Enhanced understanding about the assembly principles of the matrix may lead to efficacious approaches to control biofilm-related diseases.
Making Young from Old: How is Sex Designed to Help?

Gametogenesis and syngamy are shown to incorporate, as key elements in their design, structures and processes that help to prevent age-related deterioration that accumulates in adult somas from being transferred directly to newly formed offspring. As such, in addition to producing new gene combinations, sex increases the separation of germ and soma. It follows as a central prediction that offspring of a species that has recently abandoned sex will manifest early in life some of the dysfunctions that formerly manifested only much later in life. These dysfunctions, which can include early onset of age-linked diseases such as cancer, should impede transitioning to non-sex, and therefore would help to account for sex’s maintenance. Evidence is reviewed, and found generally to support the hypothesis.
Electrochemical catalysis of styrene epoxidation with films of MnO2 nanoparticles and H2O2

Films of polyions and octahedral layered manganese oxide (OL-1) nanoparticles on carbon electrodes made by layer-by-layer alternate electrostatic adsorption were active for electrochemical catalysis of styrene epoxidation in solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. The highest catalytic turnover was obtained by using applied voltage −0.6 V vs SCE, O2, and 100 mM H2O2. 18O isotope labeling experiments suggested oxygen incorporation from three different sources: molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and/or lattice oxygen from OL-1 depending on the potential applied and the oxygen and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide activate the OL-1 catalyst for the epoxidation. The pathway for styrene epoxidation in the highest yields required oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and a reducing voltage and may involve an activated oxygen species in the OL-1 matrix.
Low-background Ge(Li) detector systems for radioenvironmental studies☆

Abstract Two Ge(Li) detector systems designed to measure low-level radioenvironmental samples are described. The materials used in the construction of these systems and the effect of these materials on the background radioactivities are discussed. One system, designed to count mid-range specific activities, contains a closed, coaxial, 10% Ge(Li) detector that is housed in electrolytic magnesium and operated within a standard lead cave. Continuum background levels in this system vary from 0.1 c/min keV at 200 keV to 0.01 c/min keV at 1 MeV. The second system, designed for maximum sensitivity, contains a 15%-relative-efficiency Ge(Li) detector housed in electrolytic magnesium and operated in anticoincidence with a large plastic detector. This entire system is placed inside a lead-and steel armor plate shield located in a counting room below ground level. For single gamma-ray emitters from point sources, the maximum continuum suppression factor is greater than 8. Under suppression conditions the background continuum, as well as the usual contaminant peaks, are the lowest yet reported for Ge(Li) environmental counting systems. Continuum values decrease from about 6 × 10 −3 c/min keV at 200 keV to less than 3 × 10 −4 c/min keV at 1 MeV. A 1000 min count of 250 g of soil shows that this system can measure a 137 Cs specific activity of 20 fCi/g with a precision of 15%. The lowest specific activity per gram detectable in a one-week count under threshold conditions (± 50%) for a single gamma-ray emitter with E γ >500 keV is several hundred aCi/g.
Carbon nanotube based aliphatic hydrocarbon sensor.

Abstract A hybrid multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based chemical sensor was designed and developed by integration of microfabrication techniques with nano-assembly. This integrated sensing mechanism on a chip, comprised of thiol functionalized MWCNTs that functioned as transducers which were integrated with micro-electrode array measurement sites. The detection of the four fundamental hydrocarbons belonging to the aliphatic hydrocarbon family—methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol was experimentally demonstrated. High degree of selectivity was demonstrated by repeated robust identification of individual hydro carbons belonging to the same family. The sensor demonstrated 1 ppm detection sensitivity. The detection mechanism was based on nano-scale transduction of the detection of the localized binding event between the functional binding sites and the chemical species of interest. Specific electrical signatures for each of these chemicals were identified using multiple levels of data analysis comprising of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and Power Spectral Density (PSD). The sensor demonstrated a rapid response time with portability, accuracy and versatility for the in situ detection of multiple chemical agents, with potential for automation.
A Criterion for ductile fracture in sheets under biaxial loading

A criterion for ductile fracture is developed based on the statistical process of shear joining of voids and on the assumption that the voids responsible for fracture have experienced considerable growth prior to this stage of shearing. From the knowledge of uniaxial flow properties and fracture strain measurement, this model is capable of predicting the strain at fracture for other strain states. The predicted data are in good agreement with experiments. Although this model assumes spherical inclusions, some quantitative estimates for elongated inclusions can also be made.
Hydrogen and oxygen from water—V. the ROC system

Abstract A thermodynamic analysis of a two-membrane reactor-separator system is presented. The system can be made to operate at a reduced oxygen concentration (ROC) in the reactor-separator, thus greatly increasing the number and kinds of materials that may be considered candidates for separation membranes. The range of operation, thermal efficiencies and operating characteristics of an idealized model are presented. Candidate materials for hydrogen passing membranes are discussed. The unique characteristics of the ROC system make materials which might ordinarily be considered unsuitable in a reactor-separator environment worthy of experimental investigation.
Self‐Efficacy, Perceptions of Barriers, Vocational Identity, and the Career Exploration Behavior of Latino/a High School Students

This study explored the potential relationship between the social cognitive variables of career decision-making self-efficacy and perceptions of barriers and the outcome variables of vocational identity and career exploration behaviors in a sample of 128 urban Latino/a high school students. The results indicated that higher levels of career decision-making self-efficacy were related to both a more differentiated vocational identity and a greater engagement with career exploration tasks. Perception of fewer barriers was also found to be related to a more integrated vocational identity. Implications for career counseling and future research are discussed.
The mechanism of modification by propranolol of the metabolism of phosphatidyl-CMP (CDP-diacylglycerol) and other lipids in the rat pineal gland

Abstract The mechanism underlying the alteration of phospholipid metabolism in rat pineal gland in vitro produced by propranolol and tertiary amine local anesthetics was investigated. 0.1 mM propranolol did not affect either the levels or specific activity of [32P]ATP in glands. In the presence of the drug, the incorporation of cytidine, but not of inorganic phosphate, into phosphatidyl-CMP (CDP-diacylglycerol) was dependent on the cytidine concentration. The incorporation of glycerol into phosphatidyl-CMP, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol was enhanced by propranolol, whereas labeling of phosphatidylcholine was decreased. When both 1 mM propranolol and 1 mM inositol were present, labeling of phosphatidylinositol was further increased, stimulation of phosphatidyl-CMP and phosphatidylglycerol labeling was reduced and incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol was depressed. The incorporation of [3H]inositol into pineal lipids was also enhanced by propranolol. 10 μM propranolol inhibited rat liver phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase by 50%, while local anesthetics were less potent in the decreasing order: dibucaine > tetracaine > lidocaine > procaine. The propranolol-induced accumulation of phosphatidyl-CMP was prevented by supplying adequate freely diffusible inositol in the medium. The phosphatidyl-CMP which accumulated was not utilized for the enhanced formation of phosphatidylinositol brought about by norepinephrine. The results indicate that propranolol and local anesthetics redirect pineal phospholipid metabolism in part by inhibition of phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase.
Power Microdebrider for Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Associate Editors Note: Readers should be aware that since the acceptance of this manuscript into our system, other companies have made available microdebriders. These companies include Linvotec an...
Salicylate Triggers Heat Shock Factor Differently than Heat

Sodium salicylate has the unusual property of partially inducing the human heat shock response (Jurivich, D. A., Sistonen, L., Kroes, R., and Morimoto, R. I.(1992) Science 255, 1243-1245). Salicylate induces the DNA binding state of the human heat shock transcription factor (HSF), but this is insufficient to elevate heat shock gene expression. Because it is not known how HSF enhances heat shock gene expression, further analysis of the transcriptionally inert, salicylate-induced HSF was undertaken to potentially identify components of the heat shock response that are necessary for full transcriptional induction. Like thermal stress, exposure of HeLa cells to salicylate led to the induction of HSF1 into a DNA-bound state. Despite continued exposure of cells to salicylate, HSF1•DNA binding attenuated much more rapidly than a continuous heat shock. Western blot analysis revealed that the salicylate-induced form of HSF1 was not hyperphosphorylated like the heat-induced form. Furthermore, supershifts of the HSF1 bound to an heat shock element (HSE) oligonucleotide by monoclonal antibodies to phosphoamino acids revealed that salicylate induced threonine phosphorylation of HSF1, whereas heat led to a predominance of HSF1 serine phosphorylation. These data suggest that salicylate-independent signals are necessary to convert HSF1 into a transactivator of heat shock gene expression and that brief acquisition of DNA binding by this factor is insufficient to maximally enhance transcription.
An Optimal Velocity-Planning Scheme for Vehicle Energy Efficiency Through Probabilistic Prediction of Traffic-Signal Timing

The main contribution of this paper is the formulation of a predictive optimal velocity-planning algorithm that uses probabilistic traffic-signal phase and timing (SPAT) information to increase a vehicle's energy efficiency. We introduce a signal-phase prediction model that uses historically averaged timing data and real-time phase data to determine the probability of green for upcoming traffic lights. In an optimal control framework, we then calculate the best velocity trajectory that maximizes the chance of going through green lights. The case study results from a multisignal simulation indicating that energy efficiency can be increased with probabilistic timing data and real-time phase data. Monte Carlo simulations are used to confirm that the case study results are valid, on average. Finally, simulated vehicles are driven through a series of traffic signals, using recorded data from a real-world set of traffic-adaptive signals, to determine the applicability of these predictive models to various types of traffic signals.
Boen remodelingin vitro: The effects of two diphosphonates on osteoid synthesis and bone resorption in mouse calvaria

Two Diphosphonates, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) inhibitin vitro bone resorption, which is either stimulated by parathyroid hormone or intrinsic in a bone remodeling culture system. While Cl2MDP is more effective than EHDP in inhibiting resorption, it also appears to result in a related diminution in osteoid formation. This effect causes a marked biochemical and morphological depression of bone remodelling with Cl2MDP at a concentration equivalent to 10-μg-phosphorus/ml of culture medium. The difference in activity between EHDP and Cl2MDP may be related to their relative affinities for the bone mineral surfaces and hence their effective free concentration in the bone extracellular fluid. It is hypothesized that diphosphonates may also affect bone formation indirectly if one assumes that the degree of mineralization of the matrix is important in the induction and regulation of osteoblastic activity in remodelling bone.
Central origins of cranial nerve parasympathetic neurons in the rat

The location of central neurons that contribute preganglionic parasympathetic axons to cranial nerves VII, IX, and X in rats has been identified using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing methods. Collectively, these neurons form an uninterrupted dorsal column that extends over the entire length of the medulla. The cephalic end of this column turns ventrally with neurons scattered in the parvicellular reticular formation between the rostral pole of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the facial motor nucleus. Applying HRP crystals to the cut cervical vagus labels neurons in the classically defined dorsal motor nucleus. Rostrally, this distribution continues along the medial edge of NST, ending just caudal to neurons exiting in the lingual-tonsilar branch of IX. At the rostral pole of the NST and ventral to it, neurons occur that serve the lingual-tonsilar and tympanic branches of IX, as well as the chorda tympani and greater superficial petrosal (GSP) branches of VII. Central neurons of the chorda tympani and tympanic nerves spread ventrally from NST into a sparse but largely coextensive distribution in the reticular formation lateral to the ascending radiations of the facial motor nucleus. Immediately ventral to this distribution, a dense accumulation of GSP efferent neurons appears rostrolateral to the facial motor nucleus. Although they vary considerably in number and packing density, the neurons of the dorsal efferent column and those extending from it into the reticular formation have similar morphological characteristics. The somata are medium-sized, fusiform, or multipolar, but with usually no more than five or six major processes.
Elucidating the role of 8q24 in colorectal cancer

Two new reports highlight the power of genome-wide association (GWA) studies to guide the functional annotation of genetic variants contributing to common diseases. The studies show that a common risk variant for colorectal cancer on chromosome 8q24 affects TCF4 binding to an enhancer that interacts with the MYC promoter, providing a mechanistic explanation for the association of this variant with disease risk.
Fluorescent peptides highlight peripheral nerves during surgery in mice

Nerve preservation is an important goal during surgery because accidental transection or injury leads to significant morbidity, including numbness, pain, weakness or paralysis. Nerves are usually identified by their appearance and relationship to nearby structures or detected by local electrical stimulation (electromyography), but thin or buried nerves are sometimes overlooked. Here, we use phage display to select a peptide that binds preferentially to nerves. After systemic injection of a fluorescently labeled version of the peptide in mice, all peripheral nerves are clearly delineated within 2 h. Contrast between nerve and adjacent tissue is up to tenfold, and useful contrast lasts up to 8 h. No changes in behavior or activity are observed after treatment, indicating a lack of obvious toxicity. The fluorescent probe also labels nerves in human tissue samples. Fluorescence highlighting is independent of axonal integrity, suggesting that the probe could facilitate surgical repair of injured nerves and help prevent accidental transection.
Zosteriform rash: another manifestation of "the internist's tumor".

Introduction Cutaneous metastases are a well-described manifestation of renal cell carcinoma, although papillary renal cell carcinoma appears to be less commonly associated with cutaneous metastasis than clear cell histology. Zosteriform rash has a papular or vesicular appearance in a dermatomal distribution, and it has been associated with primary cutaneous malignancies as well as metastases from hematologic and solid cancers. Zosteriform rash as a manifestation of cancer has been reviewed by other researchers; however, we are aware of no reports of renal cell carcioma that caused this unusual manifestation of malignancy, and we etail the clinical course of one of our patients in this report.
On partitioning graphs via single commodity flows

In this paper we obtain improved upper and lower bounds for the best approximation factor for Sparsest Cut achievable in the cut-matching game framework proposed in Khandekar et al. [9]. We show that this simple framework can be used to design combinatorial algorithms that achieve O(log n) approximation factor and whose running time is dominated by a poly-logarithmic number of single-commodity max-flow computations. This matches the performance of the algorithm of Arora and Kale [2]. Moreover, we also show that it is impossible to get an approximation factor of better than Ω(√log n) in the cut-matching game framework. These results suggest that the simple and concrete abstraction of the cut-matching game may be powerful enough to capture the essential features of the complexity of Sparsest Cut.
Diagnosis and Management of Barrett’s Esophagus: What’s Next?

The past decade has led to marked improvements in our understanding regarding the pathogenesis and risk of progression of Barrett's esophagus (BE), enhanced imaging technology to improve dysplasia detection, and the development and refinement of endoscopic techniques, such as mucosal ablation and endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR), to eradicate BE. However, many questions remain including identifying which, if any, candidates are most appropriate for screening for BE; how to improve current surveillance protocols; predicting which patients with BE will develop neoplastic progression; identifying the most appropriate candidates for endoscopic eradication therapy; developing algorithms for appropriate management posteradication; and understanding the potential role of chemoprophylaxis. This article describes potential future advances regarding screening, surveillance, risk stratification, endoscopic eradication therapies, and chemoprevention and provides a potential future management strategy for patients with BE.
Somatic embryogenesis in asparagus: the role of explants and growth regulators

The explant used to initiate embryogenic callus and the growth regulators used in subsequent induction (IM) and embryo development media (EDM) both influenced rate of somatic embryo development and conversion to plantlets in asparagus. Embryogenic callus derived from spear-cross sections (SS), in vitro crowns (IVC) and lateral buds (LB) was cultured on IM of MS salts and vitamins with 2, 4-D or NAA at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg/l and kinetin at 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg/l. The auxin 2,4-D at 1–10 mg/l, in combination with kinetin at 0–1 mg/l, in IM induced the highest frequency of embryos after four weeks; callus derived from SS, IVC and LB had means of 394, 382, and 344 small globular embryos, and 4, 11 and 9 bipolar embryos per gram of callus, respectively. After 6 weeks on EDM, 128, 116 and 51 bipolar embryos (4–7 mm in length) occurred per gram callus and 4.5, 1.4 and 2.1 embryos converted for IVC, SS and LB, respectively. NAA at 1–10 mg/l, in combinations with kinetin 0–1 mg/l, yielded means of 64, 175 and 225 small globular embryos per gram callus on IM for SS, IVC and LB, respectively. NAA promoted a higher rate of embryo development: means of 27, 54 and 91 bipolar embryos per gram callus for SS, LB and IVC, respectively, on EDM. There were 0.5, 9.4 and 11.9 plantlets from these respective callus sources. There was no difference between kinetin levels of 0–1 mg/l on callus growth and embryogenesis, whereas, 10 mg/l in IM was inhibitory.
Alkane Trapping onto Structured Alkane Monolayers on Pt(111) at Low Temperature

The trapping dynamics of methane and ethane onto preadsorbed methane-, ethane-, propane-, and n-butane-saturated layers on Pt(111) at 30 and 50 K have been investigated using supersonic molecular b...
The structure of tuna access agreements in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean: Lessons for Vessel Day Scheme planning

Abstract The tuna industry in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) is one of the largest and most valuable fisheries in the world. Since the 1980s, Pacific island countries have used licensing agreements with foreign fishing interests—known as access agreements—to earn tuna-related revenue and control the environmental impacts of fishing, with only minimal success. To date, there has been little work detailing the structure of access agreements and assessing how this structure relates to economic and environmental outcomes in the sector. This article helps to fill this gap by providing an overview of various access structures and a detailed empirical assessment of how these structures are applied in access agreements between Pacific island countries and the major foreign fishing interests active in the WCPO. This analysis is placed in the context of evolving regional fisheries management structures. The study reveals that while there is no uniform formula for access agreements, each structure is subject to distinct political, economic and environmental considerations that influence outcomes for Pacific island countries. As Pacific island countries develop the mechanism to allocate fishing rights under the new Vessel Day Scheme, drawing on their long history with access agreements will assist efforts to use access to achieve policy objectives. Improved transparency will enable Pacific island countries to identify successes and problems and adapt the Vessel Day Scheme allocation mechanisms accordingly.
Differences in tendency to hibernate among groups of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti)

1. 1. The amount of hibernation that occurred during their lifetime was compared in two groups of phenotypically—indistinguishable Turkish hamsters totalling 144 animals. 2. 2. Group A hamsters originated 125 km from Group B and have a diploid number of 42 chromosomes, compared to 44 in Group B. The groups inter-breed readily in the laboratory producing fertile pregeny with 43 chromosomes. 3. 3. Group A hamsters hibernated significantly less than Group B, and the females of Group A hibernated significantly less than the males. Other comparisons suggest that female Turkish hamsters hibernate less than males under these conditions. Using littermates of the entire colony, the variance in mean percentage of hibernation between families was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than the variance within families. 4. 4. Turkish hamsters are burrowing rodents which appear to occur in discontinuous isolated groups and thus are candidates for karyotypic variation. The evidence indicates that isolated groups, and even litters, may also vary in their tendency to hibernate.
Getting the sterics just right: a five-coordinate iridium trisboryl complex that reacts with C–H bonds at room temperature

Five-coordinate boryl complexes relevant to Ir mediated C–H borylations have been synthesized, providing a glimpse of the most fundamental step in the catalytic cycle for the first time.
Never, Sometimes, Always: The Multiple Temporalities of “Post-Race” Discourse in Convergence Television Narrative

Because convergence is a context in which programs are increasingly dispersed across channels and delivery technologies, attention to the television's multiple temporalities helps parse out differing investments vis-a-vis blackness in the production, distribution, and reception of its content. Programs that center on black characters demonstrate television's temporal pluralities in that they often make blackness a commodity pleasure but only raise issues of power and privilege endemic to racial difference in discrete, bounded ways. At the same time, television's representations of blackness demonstrate how television in the context of convergence enables unique viewing positions for minority audiences. Using Mary Ann Doane's notion of television's multiple temporal orders, I cast blackness as a contradiction throughout the narratives and distribution contexts characteristic of the contemporary medium.
Sex and Experience: Modeling the Public's Perceptions of Justice, Satisfaction, and Attitude Toward the Courts

The purpose of the present study is to examine the influence that sex has on the interconnection between justice, satisfaction with the courts, and attitudes toward the courts. Using national level polling data, the results show that different forms of justice coalesce into a latent measure of justice. Further, the results show that sex differences in our latent measure of justice do exist. In addition, those with experience with the course have a negative attitude toward the court system. Finally, the results show that the impact of justice on attitude toward the court system is partially mediated by satisfaction with the court. Policy implications are discussed.
Effective number of looks for a multilook interferometric phase distribution

Interferometric phases have fluctuations that result from decorrelation between the complex images in an interferometric pair. Recently it has been proposed that a PDF derived for multilook polarimetric copolar-phase data can also be applied to interferometric SAR data. This PDF is parameterized by the number of looks and the complex correlation coefficient. Such a PDF allows the authors to determine phase error as a function of decorrelation. Actual SAR data usually have an affective number of looks less than the nominal number of looks. As a result, the assumption that samples are independent does not hold. Rederivation of the PDF to account for the nonindependence of samples represents a challenging, if not intractable, problem. Using /spl chi//sup 2/-squared goodness-of-fit tests, however, the authors show that an effective number of looks can be chosen in place of the nominal number of looks. The authors initially test this model using simulated data that has the same spectral characteristics as ERS-1 data. In addition to the phase fluctuations caused by decorrelation, actual data also have fluctuations caused by the topography and the imaging geometry. As a result, it is difficult to compare the phase statistics predicted by the PDF with actual data. There are a few cases, however, where these additional fluctuations are negligible and statistical comparisons can be made. They find that with an effective number of looks less than the nominal number, this PDF provides a good statistical model for multilook interferometric phases from both simulated and actual ERS-1 data. >
Creating immigrant identities in cybernetic space: examples from a non-resident Indian website

Looking at the Internet from the perspective of ‘voice’ and ‘space’, an argument is presented that suggests that the Internet offers the unique opportunity for marginal voices to be uttered in the public sphere. Numerous such utterances can begin to create a discursive space that eventually can become a ‘safe’ place for such voices. Finding such a safe space is particularly urgent for non-European immigrants in the Western hemisphere who are finding their identities being challenged and questioned following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. Using examples from a website for non-resident Indians, it is possible to demonstrate that an unique cybernetic space is evolving in the synthesis of the ‘real’ spatial location of the immigrants from where the ‘virtual’ space is accessed thus offering the immigrants an opportunity to comfortably share their multi-faceted identity narratives using their unique and non-editorialized voices.
Anisokinetic Shrouded Nozzle System for Constant Low-Flow Rate Aerosol Sampling from Turbulent Duct Flow

An anisokinetic shrouded nozzle system was designed for sampling particles at a constant low flow rate from a ventilation duct to an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). Shrouded anisokinetic nozzles are a means for sampling from a moving airstream with higher particle transmission than with unshrouded isokinetic nozzles. This shrouded nozzle sampling system was evaluated in an experimental ventilation duct system. Aspiration and transport efficiency measurements were made for five particle sizes in the range 1–13 μm at each of three duct air speeds in the range 2.2–8.8 m/s. Under these conditions, the shrouded nozzle system showed improved performance compared to buttonhook isokinetic nozzles, especially for larger particles and higher air speeds. Measured transmission efficiencies through the shrouded nozzle sampling system were generally higher and more reliably predictable than those through buttonhook isokinetic nozzles. Model predictions of transport and aspiration efficiencies of the shrouded nozzle s...
41Ca and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Calcium Metabolism in End Stage Renal Disease Patients

Background: Monitoring bone resorption with measurements of bone density and biochemical markers is indirect. We hypothesized that bone resorption can be studied directly by serial measurements of the ratio 41Ca/Ca in serum after in vivo labeling of calcium pools with 41Ca. We report the preparation of an intravenous 41Ca dose suitable for humans, an analytical method for determining 41Ca/Ca isotope ratios in biological samples, and studies in human volunteers. Methods: 41Ca was formulated and aliquoted into individual vials, and to the extent possible, the 41Ca doses were tested according to US Pharmacopeia (USP) guidelines. A 10 nCi dose of 41Ca was administered intravenously to 4 end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis and 4 healthy control individuals. Distribution kinetics were determined over 168 days. Calcium was isolated with 3 precipitation steps and a cation-exchange column, and 41Ca/Ca ratios in serum were then measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Results: The dosing solution was chemically and radiologically pure, contained <0.1 endotoxin unit/mL, and passed USP sterility tests. Quantification of 41Ca/Ca ratios was linear from 6 × 10−14 to 9.1 × 10−10. The run-to-run imprecision (as CV) of the method was 4% at 4.6 × 10−11 and 6% at 9.1 × 10−10. The area under the curve of 41Ca in the central compartment vs time was significantly less for ESRD patients than for controls ( P <0.005). Conclusions: Isotope ratios spanning 5 orders of magnitude can be measured by accelerator mass spectrometry with excellent precision in the range observed in samples collected from patients who have received 10 nCi of 41Ca. The 41Ca at this dose caused no adverse effects in 8 volunteers. This is the first report of the use of 41Ca to monitor differences in bone turnover between healthy individuals and ESRD patients.
The effects of organizational culture and climate on the access to mental health care in child welfare and juvenile justice systems.

This study examined the effects of organizational culture and climate on the access to mental health care for 588 children referred to child welfare and juvenile justice systems in 21 Tennessee urban and rural counties. Cross-level, hierarchical linear models (HLM) analyses indicated that children served by child welfare and juvenile justice case management units with constructive organizational cultures were more likely to receive the needed mental health care. For example, controlling for the child’s need for mental health care and other child and family characteristics, the odds of a child receiving mental health care in a case management unit with the most constructive culture were 11 times the odds of receiving mental health care in a unit with the least constructive culture. Constructive cultures were characterized by organizational norms and expectations that case managers would be mutually supportive, develop their individual abilities, maintain positive interpersonal relationships, and be motivated to succeed. These findings suggest that efforts to improve access to mental health care for children referred to child welfare and juvenile systems should include the development of constructive organizational cultures in case management units responsible for the children’s care.
Multicast models and routing algorithms for high speed multi-service networks

The abstraction of tree structured communication channels used in wide-area packet multicasting are generalized by introducing the notions of acyclic graph and two user specifiable attributes, data directionality and transport quality of service. The abstraction is useful for multiservice networks in which applications have diverse transport requirements such as variable data rates and unidirectional data flow. Canonical multicast primitives suitable for a variety of data delivery requirements that allow flexible creation and removal of edges in a graph are presented. Simple and extensible routing algorithms to realize the primitives are also presented. >