cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Xenobiotics: Interaction with the Intestinal Microflora

The human body is host to 100 trillion gut microbes, approximately 10-times more than all human cells. It is estimated that the approximately 500-1000 species residing in the human gut encode 150-fold more unique genes than the human genome. The gut microbiota has important functions in metabolic processing, such as energy production, immune cell development, food digestion, and epithelial homeostasis. It has been increasingly recognized that a dysregulated gut microbiome contributes in a significant way to a variety of diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease. In particular, accumulating evidence indicates that functional interactions between the gut microbiome and xenobiotics play a role in mediating chemical toxicity and causing or exacerbating human disease. This review summarizes emerging evidence that illustrates how xenobiotics can affect the gut microbiome structure, create functional changes to the gut microbiome, and become biotransformed by the gut microbiome.
Hydrothermal stress drops and convective patterns at three mid-ocean spreading centers

Abstract Near-bottom deep-tow surveys of the East Pacific Rise 21°N, the Galapagos Spreading Center 86°W and the East Pacific Rise 8°24′N reveal discrete hydrothermal phenomena localized at or near the axial central highs and adjacent to the marginal zones of the inner rifts. At the center, primary discharge is localized at discrete vents. Here the recharge zone may totally surround the discharge. Away from the center, where the crust cools and contracts, secondary permeability rapidly increases. Tension cracks serve both as entrances and exits to secondary water circulation. Water may circulate along the strike of the fissures. When fluid pressures build up above hydrostatic, the increase of stress might initiate seismic responses with stress drops within the range of microseismic activity.
Re-Examining Patriotism in Japanese Education: Analysis of Japanese Elementary School Moral Readers.

In 1947 the Fundamental Law of Education (FLE) defined the pacifist principles for post-war Japanese education and was revised in 2006 for the first time in nearly 60 years. The revised FLE stipulates the importance of teaching love for country and region and Japanese culture and traditions with special emphasis on moral education. Today, this moral education is regarded as an essential program for promoting patriotism among children in line with the revised FLE. Critics, however, fear that the revision is a revival of pre-war patriotism and a rightward shift in Japan’s education. Their fear resurfaced more recently when Shinzō Abe, who carried out the revision of FLE during his first term as prime minister, was elected to his second term in December 2012. As Abe emphasized the importance of teaching patriotism in schools, the international media came to report that Japan’s education was taking a turn to the right under his administration. While critics expressed their concern that Japan’s education was b...
Crystal growth and controlled doping of epitaxial Ge films on (100)GaAs by sputter deposition

Abstract Heteroepitaxial Ge films have been grown on (100)GaAs substrates by RF sputter deposition. A new technique for controlled doping during sputtering was used to obtain In-doped p-type films with room temperature hole concentrations between 5 × 10 16 and 5 × 10 18 cm -3 . The films exhibited hole mobilities equal to the best reported values for Ge films on GaAs grown by other techniques. Moreover, films grown at temperatures ≳ 500°C with thicknesses ≳ 2.5 μm had mobilities comparable to those obtained in bulk samples with similar doping concentrations.
Effect of a delta tab on fine scale mixing in a turbulent two-stream shear layer

The fine scale mixing produced by a delta tab in a shear layer has been studied experimentally. The tab was placed at the trailing edge of a splitter plate which produced a turbulent two-stream mixing layer. The tab apex tilted downstream and into the high speed stream. Hot-wire measurements in the 3-D space behind the tab detailed the three velocity components as well as the small scale population distributions. These small scale eddies, which represent the peak in the dissipation spectrum, were identified and counted using the Peak-Valley-Counting technique. It was found that the small scale populations were greater in the shear region behind the tab, with the greatest increase occurring where the shear layer underwent a sharp turn. This location was near, but not coincident, with the core of the streamwise vortex, and away from the region exhibiting maximum turbulence intensity. Moreover, the tab increased the most probably frequency and strain rate of the small scales. It made the small scales smaller and more energetic.
Compatibility of Leptothrips mali with Stethorus punctum and Orius insidiosus : Predators of Panonychus ulmi

The individual or joint potential impact of Leptothrips mali (Fitch) with Stethorus punctum LeConte or Orius insidiosus (Say) on the European red mite ( Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) was evaluated in the laboratory. At a mite density of 45/arena, L. mali with S. punctum killed significantly more P. ulmi than L. mali or S. punctum alone. No difference was observed in total mites killed when the combination of L. mali or O. insidiosus was compared with individual L. mali and O. insidiosus . In 75% of replicates where L. mali was combined with O. insidiosus , the latter killed and consumed the thrips.
On the use of Green's functions for approximating nonlinear parabolic PDE's

Abstract We present a scheme for approximating solutions to certain nonlinear parabolic equations, using the Green's function for the heat operator as the basis for the computation.
Microbial Evasion of Complement-Mediated Clearance

AbstractThe success of microorganisms as pathogens in the vertebrate host depends, in part, on their ability to evade detection and elimination by intrinsic and acquired immune defenses. Instrinsic defense mechanisms are those components of the immune system that eliminate foreign invaders without the requirement of previous exposure to the microorganism. Phagocytic cells, the complement system, C-reactive proteins, and NK cells all contribute to intrinsic immune effector functions. Acquired immunity involves the elicitation of specific antibody- and cell-mediated effector mechanisms and has the capacity for the development of immunologic memory. Infectious agents have adapted to the hostile environment of the vertebrate host, and one of the critical virulence determinants of microorganisms is their ability to circumvent the host immune system. This review will focus on one aspect of immune evasion, that is, the means by which microorganisms evade destruction and removal by the complement system and retic...
Selective Destruction of Cultured Dopaminergic Neurons from Fetal Rat Mesencephalon by 1‐Methyl‐4‐Phenylpyridinium: Cytochemical and Morphological Evidence

Dopaminergic neurons in cultures of dissociated cells from fetal rat mesencephalon were exposed to the principal metabolite of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+), and several of its structural analogues. At concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 microM, MPP+ inhibited catecholamine accumulation as visualized by cytofluorescence. Between 0.1 and 10.0 microM, MPP+ resulted in disappearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity without affecting other cells in the cultures. At concentrations higher than 10 microM, MPP+ was toxic to all cells present in the cultures. The effect of low concentrations of MPP+ on catecholamine cytofluorescence of the dopaminergic neurons was partially reversible. The intermediate concentrations produced irreversible structural changes of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, resulting in complete disappearance of these neurons. The morphological changes were specific to the dopaminergic neurons and were not evident in other cells viewed with phase contrast microscopy. Of the structural analogues tested, the 1-ethyl analogue of MPP+ was effective in selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in our culture system. The antioxidants L-acetyl-carnitine, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol failed to protect against MPP+ neurotoxicity when co-incubated with the toxin.
MATLAB graphical interface for GPU based FDTD method

Graphical processing units (GPU) has been recently used for the implementation of the FDTD method for electromagnetics. These processors, found inside graphics cards, are able to execute numerical calculations at speeds many times faster than that of modern CPUpsilas. Such speed gains allow for many common FDTD simulations to be performed in as little as a few seconds for simple, but practical problems. This paper will detail how using a simple graphical user interface (GUI) with a customized GPU based FDTD solver can be used to simulate or explore the parameters used in designing microstrip patch antennas and planar filters.
Atomic L-shell Compton profiles: Calculations for atoms and comparison with experiment

The techniques we developed previously for calculating $L$-shell Compton profiles within the Born approximation are applied to the calculation of improved core Compton profiles for real atoms. The method is referred to as the exact hydrogenic (EH) method. We introduce a new method for determining effective nuclear charges ${Z}^{*}$ to use in hydrogeniclike wave functions and our EH method. These nuclear charges ${Z}^{*}(0)$ are determined by imposing the requirement for each atomic orbital that the impulse hydrogenic (IH) Compton profile at its center $q=0.0$ match the impulse Hartree-Fock (IHF) Compton-profile value at $q=0.0$. It is then demonstrated that the two $L$-shell impuse profiles are found to lie very close to one another as we go away from the profile center, the agreement improving as we go to atoms of higher atomic number. The wave functions for the $2s$ and $2p$ orbitals are studied and it is observed that hydrogenic wave functions with our values of ${Z}^{*}(0)$ fit the Hartree-Fock wave functions much more accurately than if a ${Z}^{*}$ associated with the binding energy is used. We demonstrate in the case of Mo $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation scattering from neon and aluminum that our EH method using ${Z}^{*}(0)$ gives results in better agreement with experiment than any impulse calculation. In the neon case, the EH correction to the IHF result is \ensuremath{\sim}2.4% at the profile center. Dependence of the Compton profile on incident photon energy is demonstrated theoretically and observed to be in agreement with experiment.
CULTIVATION OF MOUSE THYMUS IN ORGAN CULTURE.

SummaryThe cultivation of thymus glands of 2-week-old mice by an organ culture technique is described. The architecture of the gland was preserved, and, although gradual degeneration of most elements developed, large amounts of healthy lymphoid tissue persisted for periods of up to 12 weeks.
Social status and incidence of coronary heart disease.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that 5 types of incongruity in social status are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). It also investigated prospectively the relationship between 7 variables of social status and incidence of CHD. The cohort comprised 1472 married, middle-aged Caucasian men employed by an industry in metropolitan Chicago. All subjects were free of clinical CHD when social status was measured. Cases of CHD occurring in the subsequent 5 yr were detected by annual examinations. Results of this study support the hypothesis that incongruities in social status are associated with increased risk of CHD. Incidence of CHD increased as the number of incongruities per subject increased, and men with 4 or 5 incongruities were found to have about 6 times the risk of CHD as compared to men with none of the incongruities studied here. This association could not be explained by correlation between number of incongruities per subject and serum cholesterol, arterial pressure, blood glucose, age, educational status, relative weight, and cigarette smoking. This study also found that incidence of CHD in this cohort was associated with educational status, but that the form of the relationship varied according to the clinical form by which the disease was first manifested. Caution should be observed in generalizing these results beyond the specific social organization in which they were observed.
Hydrolysis of monomolecular films of trioctanoin by porcine pancreatic lipase.

Abstract Monomolecular films of trioctanoin were hydrolyzed by lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). The rate of hydrolysis was linear with enzyme concentration at all film pressures above approximately 5 dynes cm−1, including the collapse pressure. Compression of the remaining substrate to the collapse pressure after hydrolysis or redeposition of triglyceride restored the maximum rate of hydrolysis. Comparison of the rates of hydrolysis of trioctanoin analogs modified in the glycerol moiety of the triester indicated that pancreatic lipase required a primary alcohol at position 1. If no substituent was present at position 2, or if there was disubstitution, the action of lipase was greatly reduced. Either an oxygen or aminc function on position 2 was necessary. Three carbon atoms were required in the alcohol portion of the substrate, but an ester function was not required at position 3.
Vowel recognition: Inferences from studies of forward and backward masking

The recognition of brief vowels was studied in forward and backward masking tasks. In a series of experiments in which both target and mask parameters were systematically varied, two populations of...
Photolysis of ozone at 308 and 248 nm: Quantum yield of O(¹D) as a function of temperature

The quantum yield of O( 1 D), Φ(T), in the 308 nm photolysis of ozone has been shown to decrease very slightly with temperature (T), from 0.79±0.10 at 298 K to 0.73±0.10 at 200 K. At 248 nm, Φ is (0.91± 0.06) independent of temperature (200-320 K). The rate constant for the reaction of O( 1 D) with O 3 was measured to be (2.3±0.5)x10- 10 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 , independent of temperature (200-350 K). The measured quantum yields suggest that the current recommendations over-estimate the effect of temperature on O( 1 D) quantum yields in O 3 photolysis at 308 nm.
Chinese Tourist Vacation Satisfaction and Subjective Well-being

While the effects of vacation on tourists have been frequently discussed in the Western context, research endeavors to understand such effects in a non-Western context are rather limited. The current study aimed at investigating Chinese tourists’ subjective well-being and its potential changes associated with vacation experiences. The survey of 302 Chinese tourists confirmed the positive effect of satisfaction with service aspects of travel/tourism phases on satisfaction with travel/tourism services, the positive effect of trip reflections and satisfaction with travel/tourism services on satisfaction with travel experiences, and the direct positive effect of satisfaction with travel experiences on travelers’ SWB. This study further explored the corresponding roles of travel duration and frequency. The results suggested a moderating effect of vacation duration on the link between tourist satisfaction and SWB; vacation frequency did not have such an effect. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings were discussed, followed by recommendations for future research.
A geophysical study of the southern continental margin of Australia: Great Australian Bight and western sections

Marine gravity, magnetic, bathymetric, and seismic reflection and refraction measurements, most of them made aboard U.S.N.S. Eltanin , were used to study the western and central sections of the southern continental margin of Australia. The data are presented as profiles across the margin. A magnetic quiet zone extends from west of Tasmania to the western border of the Great Australian Bight. In the Great Australian Bight area, the seaward quiet-zone boundary parallels the oldest marine magnetic lineation south of Australia, anomaly 22. An isostatic gravity high very nearly coincides with this isochron. There are no corresponding anomalous topographic features, but seismic profiler records generally show basement peaks occurring in the vicinity and seaward of anomaly 22. A conspicuous magnetic low is located near the landward boundary of the quiet zone; it separates the subdued signature of the magnetic quiet zone proper from high-amplitude, short-wavelength magnetic anomalies of shallow origin on its continentward side. It is associated with an isostatic gravity high and a significant topographic break of the continental slope. Most seismic profiler records show probable shallow basement corresponding to the rough magnetic signature landward of the prominent magnetic low. Seismic profiler and limited refraction data indicate greater depths to basement underlying the magnetic quiet zone than on either side. To the west of the Great Australian Bight, the magnetic lineations older than anomaly 19 are not well defined. The prominent magnetic low is continuous along the western and central margin, as are the isostatic gravity high and the topographic break in the slope associated with it. The area immediately seaward of the magnetic low is occupied by irregular, noncorrelatable magnetic anomalies. Available seismic data indicate a greater thickness of sediments for this zone than for the adjacent seaward area. We have examined several magnetics and gravity models to explain the geophysical anomalies of the Great Australian Bight area. One possible model assumes that non-oceanic subsided basement underlies the magnetic quiet zone, that the seaward quiet-zone boundary marks the juxtaposition of shallow oceanic and deeper non-oceanic basement, and the landward boundary represents a structural discontinuity, probably a normal fault, within continental-type basement. In this model, the basement subsidence of the magnetic quiet zone is isostatically compensated by a lateral change in density. It is not possible to eliminate all other models for the origin of the area occupied by the magnetic quiet zone.
Enteral arginine modulates inhibition of AP-1/c-Jun by SP600125 in the postischemic gut.

We previously demonstrated that enteral arginine increased c-Jun/activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA-binding activity and iNOS expression in a rodent model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The objective of this study was to specifically investigate the role of AP-1 in arginine’s deleterious effect on the postischemic gut. We hypothesized that AP-1 inhibition would mitigate the effects of arginine. Using a rodent model of mesenteric I/R we demonstrated that gut neutrophil infiltration, activity of c-Jun/AP-1, as well as iNOS expression were increased by I/R and further increased by arginine while lessened by inhibition of c-Jun using the pharmacologic c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, SP600125. Similar results were demonstrated using a cell culture model of oxidant stress in IEC-6 cells. Importantly, effects of SP600125 were comparable to those of c-Jun silencing. Lastly, the specific iNOS inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect on either AP-1 or c-Jun. In conclusion, SP600125 attenuated the activity of c-Jun/AP-1, iNOS expression, and neutrophil infiltration induced by arginine following mesenteric I/R. Our data suggest that AP-1 inhibition mitigates the injurious inflammatory effects of arginine in the postischemic gut. Further investigation into the pathologic role of enteral argninine in the postischemic gut is warranted.
Finite Hurwitz braid group actions on sequences of Euclidean reflections

Abstract We prove that if r 1 ,…, r n are Euclidean reflections corresponding to a linearly independent set of vectors, then the group 〈 r 1 ,…, r n 〉 is finite if and only if the natural Hurwitz braid group action on such ordered sets of reflections has finite orbit and we characterise the orbits for this action. We apply this to give a representation of the braid group on n strands onto the alternating or symmetric groups of degree ( n +1) n −2 (for most n ) which is related to the Morse theory of polynomials, as studied by Catanese, Paluszny and Wajnryb.
Highly ordered carbon nanotube arrays and IR detection

Abstract This review highlights the relevant fabrication process, physical features, electronic properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays in the context of potential infrared (IR) applications. Although experimental demonstration of the CNT array’s in IR detection operation is necessarily needed to pave the way for full scale development, it is perhaps more important, at this early stage of the exploration, to gain a better understanding of the fundamental aspects of the material, the underlying physics, and the base fabrication technology. Theoretical analysis and experimental evidences will be presented to show that the CNT array as an IR material can have a semiconducting bandgap that should be and is tunable with the tube diameter and can cover a broad range of spectral response from 1 to 10 μm. Moreover, the technology offers natural normal incident detection, a detection surface area that is not wafer-size limited and is conformable to curved surface, and low manufacturing cost. The highly ordered and uniform array and tube-to-tube insulation helps to suppress spatially random thermal noise, and gives rise to high resilience to defect-induced failure.
Expression of endogenous ALV antigens and susceptibility to subgroup E ALV in three strains of chickens (endogenous avian C-type virus).

Abstract Cells from three strains of Kimber Farms chickens, K16, K18, and K28, have been characterized for the expression of endogenous avian C-type virus (ALV) antigens and for susceptibility to subgroup E ALV. In K16 the coordinate dominant expression of chick helper factor ( chf ), the type specific antigen of endogenous subgroup ALV, and the group specific (gs) antigen of ALV was observed. The expression of chf and gs antigen in K16 chf + gs + cells was similar to that observed in SPAFAS and H & N gs + cells. In K18 chf but not gs antigen was expressed. The expression of chf in K18 chf + gs + cells was distinct from that observed for the chf + gs + pedigrees but similar to that found in SPAFAS chf + gs − helper extremely high (h E ) cells. Cells from K16 and K18 chickens were uniformly resistant to subgroup E ALV. In cells from K28 chickens, susceptibility to subgroup B virus correlated with susceptibility to subgroup E virus. The efficiency of plating of subgroup E virus on susceptible K28 cells was 10 3 –10 4 -fold lower on chf + cells than on chf − cells.
MDCT assessment of mechanical circulatory support device complications.

THE RISING NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED HEART FAILURE WHO RECEIVE DURABLE MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT (MCS) DEVICES requires improved recognition of device complications [(1)][1]. Imaging is invariably needed because the clinical presentation is nonspecific. In our institution, we perform
The effect of Obama saliency on individual-level racial bias: Silver bullet or smokescreen?

Abstract President Obama's election has been construed as a potentially positive force for intergroup relations, but this issue has not been previously addressed experimentally. In experiment 1, conducted 4–5 months after the election, White participants were primed with either President Obama or nature before completing a variety of race-related measures. Results indicated that priming Obama did not influence implicit racial bias or internal motivation to control prejudice. However, consistent with exemplar and symbolic racism theories, participants primed with President Obama expressed greater agreement with the tenets of symbolic racism and were more reluctant to accept the possibility that they personally harbored subtle racial bias. Experiment 2, conducted 21 months after the election, replicated the Obama effects from experiment 1 and showed that priming another Black exemplar (Oprah) also increased symbolic racism. Results suggest that highly successful Black exemplars currently serve as a smokescreen for symbolic and subtle racial biases.
Waiting to Inhale: The Demographics of Toxic Air Release Facilities in 21st-Century California*

Objectives. We examine the spatial distribution of toxic air releases and residential demographics in California using 2000 Census data and coeval information from the Federal Toxic Release Inventory for evidence of disproportionate exposure. Methods. We use spatial analysis using GIS, and multivariate regression analysis, including ordered and multinomial logit regressions, in our study. Results. Analytical results suggest a pattern of disproportionate exposure based on race, with the disparity most severe for Latinos, which holds in a series of multivariate regressions, including attempts to test for varying levels of pollution risk and to control for spatial dependence. Conclusions. The study corroborates earlier research focused in the Los Angeles area, and suggests that recent concerns about environmental inequities affecting Latinos in California may be well founded.
SU-GG-J-39: Assessment of Early Vascular Response to Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in a Murine Model Using Acoustic Radiation-Mediated Multimodal Optical Spectroscopy

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of using acoustic radiation force (ARF) combined with optical spectroscopy to assess early effects of anti‐angiogenic therapy on changes in oxy‐hemoglobin saturation in a human glioblastoma xenograft model.Method and Materials: Pilot experiments were carried out with nude mice bearing human U87 glioblastoma xenografts. Acoustic field intensities were generated using a focused transducer operating below the FDA diagnosticultrasound limits. During each experiment, ultrasound was administered for 5‐second bursts, with 55‐second relaxation periods between bursts and a total of five bursts per data collection per tumor position. A broadband light source was used for tissue illumination; diffuse reflectance spectra were collected from the tumor using an optical probe and a room‐temperature spectrometer. Baseline measurements were taken on Day‐0 before injecting a VEGF blocker drug to the mice. After drug administration, multimodal ARF‐optical measurements were taken each day at the same locations of each tumor for 4 consecutive days (Day1–4). Results: Preliminary results revealed that the mean values of the spectroscopic signals reflecting oxy‐ vs. deoxy‐hemoglobin concentrations increased over a period of 4 days, which suggest an increase in oxygen level over time during treatment with the VEGF blocker in the tumortissue. On Day‐2, post‐ischemic reactive hyperemia was highly significant, a phenomenon previously observed in normal vasculature only, which suggests that the drug effects on blood vessel normalization were most significant at this treatment time‐point. On Day‐4, the multimodal ARF‐optical signal starts to display the behavior of flow stasis in benign vessels, which corresponds to the expected schedule of the drug on vessel normalization. Conclusion: This is the first pilot study to demonstrate the feasibility of using multimodal imaging to monitor and assess early changes of blood vessel normalization due to anti‐angiogenic therapy. Ongoing experiments are being carried out for further mechanistic investigation.
STORAGE FUNCTION FOR PASSIVITY ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS WITH FINITE HEAT TRANSFER IN HUMAN-INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS

The power density and variable compliance in pneumatic actuators makes them an attractive option for actuation in human assistive devices. Interaction safety in these devices can be robustly achieved through energetically passive controllers. Efficacy of these controllers depends on appropriate definition of actuator energy function. In previous works, the energy function was defined by assuming the thermodynamic process in the actuator to be either isothermal or adiabatic. In the current paper an estimate of work potential suitable for passivity analysis of a single chambered pneumatic actuator with finite heat transfer is reported. The energy function is developed by maximizing the work done on the actuator to reach an equilibrium position. Optimal conditions show that the maximal solution is attained if the thermodynamic process is a combination of adiabatic and isothermal processes. Through this storage function it is shown that the heat transfer has dissipative affect on the power flow in the pneumatic actuator, irrespective of the chamber air temperature.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Learning Geometric Design Knowledge From Conceptual Sketches and Its Utilization in Shape Creation and Optimization

In current product design, significant effort is put into creating aesthetically pleasing product forms. Often times, the final shape evolves in time based on designers’ ideas externalized through early design activities primarily involving conceptual sketches. While designers negotiate and convey a multitude of different ideas through such informal activities, current computational tools are not well suited to work from such forms of information to leverage downstream design processes. As a result, many promising ideas either remain under-explored, or require restrictive added effort to be transformed into digital media. As one step toward alleviating this difficulty, we propose a new computational method for capturing and reusing knowledge regarding the shape of a developing design from designers’ hand-drawn conceptual sketches. At the heart of our approach is a geometric learning method that involves constructing a continuous space of meaningful shapes via a deformation analysis of the constituent exemplars. The computed design space serves as a medium for encoding designers’ shape preferences expressed through their sketches. With the proposed approach, designers can record desirable shape ideas in the form of raw sketches, while utilizing the accumulated information to create and explore novel shapes in the future. A key advantage of the proposed system is that it enables prescribed engineering and ergonomic criteria to be concurrently considered with form design, thus allowing such information to suitably guide conceptual design processes in a timely manner.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Symmetric solutions for the oscillatory channel flow with arbitrary suction

This paper considers a porous channel in which a suction-driven flow is modulated by arbitrary levels of fluid extraction acting uniformly along its porous boundaries. When small longitudinal oscillations are enabled, a rotational wave motion is established that this study attempts to analyse. For an elongated channel, two asymptotic methods are used. The first technique is based on a two-variable multiple-scale expansion that takes into account the thin boundary layer near the wall. While retaining generality of expression, the multiple-scale procedure is carried out until a closed-form solution for the velocity field is obtained for an arbitrary mean-flow function. An alternative approach based on WKB exponentials is also employed. The WKB expansion is then pursued to arbitrary order. These asymptotic formulations are shown to agree with one another and with numeric simulations of the problem for three specific mean-flow functions.
Advances in rational combination chemotherapy

Due to the high frequency of micro- or macrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis of cancer, and to the increasing prevalence of cancer in this country, the use of chemotherapy to evoke cure or prolongation of survival has become critically important. In addition, the growth kinetics of large tumor burdens and the high probability of drug-resistant cells in a tumor mass at the time of diagnosis necessitate combinations of chemotherapeutic agents rather than single agents as the most effective mode of treatment. Since there are 40 to 50 active anticancer drugs now utilized, and since synergy between drug combinations is often dose and/or schedule dependent, the number of possible drug combinations and permutations is vast. Thus, screening for effective drug combinations requires a rational approach which will allow for accurate predictions of synergy. Most advances in this scientific approach have utilized biochemical modulation in conjunction with in vitro cytotoxicity assays, in particular, clonogenic assays. Such an approach has generated a number of drug combinations, such as sequential MTX-5FU, with widely applicable clinical efficacy. The continued use of biochemical modulation should rapidly generate new effective drug combinations which will, hopefully, allow us to cure even those cancers presently considered incurable.
Relationship of cosmetic procedures and drug use to hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in a low-risk population†‡

We conducted an anonymous cross-sectional seroprevalence study of a population with a low frequency of injection drug use to determine whether persons with a history of cosmetic procedures, such as tattooing and body piercing, or intranasal drug use were at increased risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Students 18 years and older from eight college campuses in Houston, Texas, were invited to participate in the study. Of the 7,960 who completed a self-administered questionnaire and provided a blood sample, 5,282 U.S.- or Canadian-born participants were analyzed. Their median age was 21, 62% were female, 42% were white, 26% black, 22% Hispanic, and 10% Asian or other. Two percent reported injection drug use, 13.7% intranasal drug use, 21.2% body piercings, and 25.2% tattoos. The overall prevalence of HCV infection was 0.9% and of HBV infection was 5.2%. Higher HCV prevalence was independently associated with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] per year = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-1.14), history of injection drug use (OR = 18.24; 95% CI = 7.74-42.92), blood transfusion before 1991 (OR = 3.21; 95% CI = 1.02-10.12), and incarceration (OR = 3.48; 95% CI = 1.45-8.37). Among 5,066 students who denied injecting drugs, HCV prevalence was 0.8% in those who reported intranasal drug use and 0.6% each in those who reported tattoos and those who reported body piercing. Increased HBV prevalence was associated with high-risk sexual behaviors and black or Asian race. In conclusion, there was no increased risk for HCV or HBV infection in low-risk adults based solely on history of cosmetic procedures or snorting drugs. However, proper infection control practices for cosmetic procedures should be followed, illegal drug use discouraged, and hepatitis B vaccination provided to adolescents and sexually active adults.
Dynamics of electron ejection: Fermi resonance and mode specificity in the vibrational autoionization of NO 2

Ionization-detected absorption spectra of autoionizing Rydberg series converging to (100), (010), (0200), and 0220) vibrational states of NO2+ have been recorded in three-color triple resonant excitation. Resonances associated with decay by relaxation in symmetric stretch are found to be much broader than those observed for the core excited in one quantum of the bending vibration, consistent with earlier findings on mode- specificity of vibrational autoionization in this system. Series excited in (0200), on the other hand, are found to behave much more like (100) than (010), indicating that the bending specificity that characterizes the fundamental is lost in the overtone. This loss of mode specificity with increasing vibrational energy is ascribed to (100) - (0200) Fermi resonance in the NO2+ core, exemplifying how even small vibrational coupling can redirect mode-specific fragmentation pathways in polyatomic molecules.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ISO 9001: traditions before and after

OCLC's implementation of ISO 9001 has helped the Documentation department to progress to the next level in the publishing process continuum. The implementation process is viewed positively by new staff in Documentation as well as those who worked in the pre-ISO 9001 era.
Influence of metal additions on silicon during hydrogen evolution

Le depot d'ilots de metal sur des surfaces de semiconducteurs influe fortement sur le degagement photoelectrochimique d'hydrogene. La presence du metal entraine un deplacement des courbes photocourant-potentiel du cote negatif ou positif, suivant e metal. Explication des phenomenes
Regulation of APG14 Expression by the GATA-type Transcription Factor Gln3p

Gln3p is a nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive GATA-type transcription factor. Its nuclear accumulation was recently shown to be under the control of TOR signaling. Gln3p normally resides in the cytoplasm. When cells are starved from nitrogen nutrients or treated with rapamycin, however, Gln3p becomes translocated into the nucleus, thereby activating the expression of genes involved in nitrogen utilization and transport. To identify other genes under the control of Gln3p, we searched for the Gln3p-binding GATAA motifs within 500 base pairs of the promoter sequences upstream of the yeast open reading frames in theSaccharomyces Genome Database. APG14, a gene essential for autophagy, was found to have the most GATAA motifs. We show that nitrogen starvation or rapamycin treatment rapidly causes a more than 20-fold induction of APG14. The expression ofAPG14 is dependent on Gln3p; deletion of Gln3p severely reduced its induction by rapamycin, whereas depletion of Ure2p caused its constitutive expression. However, overexpression ofAPG14 led to only a slight increase in autophagy in nitrogen-rich medium. Therefore, these results define a signaling cascade leading to the expression of APG14 in response to the availability of nitrogen nutrients and suggest that the regulated expression of APG14 contributes to but is not sufficient for the control of autophagy.
The Kitsch-Instrument: Hackable Robotic Music

We present a modular tangible user interface system and corresponding actuators for creating music with everyday objects. Users create percussive patterns by controlling algorithmic parameters, or by directly playing the interface. Various mechanical solutions allow users to investigate physical objects as sound sources. A standalone physical interface and an associated graphical programming environment enable different levels of user engagement and hardware/software transparency. We discuss a tool space in-between open and closed design concepts, as well as the physical and software design of the Kitsch-Instrument itself. We also describe recent interactions with the interface at a public event and discuss future plans.
Subsolidus Phase Relations in Part of the System Si,Al,Y/N,O

Subsolidus phase relationships in the region bounded by SiaN, ~, SiO 2, CaSiOa, 2CaO.AlzOa. SiO z, CaO.AI20 a, AI20 a and fl'-Si2AI404N4(fl6o) have been studied. A new quinary phase with composition near to CaO. I'33AlzO3.0"67Si2N20 (designated as S-phase) and a complete series of solid solution between S-phase and CaO.2AlzO 3 were found. Fourteen compatible tetrahedra, of which five contain S-phase, occur in the region explored. They are as follows: X~-SiO2-anorthite-mullite; Xt-anorthite-mullite--AlzOa; Xt-anorthite-AIzO3-fl6o; Xt-anorthite-fl6o-SisN4; Xt-anorthite-SiaN4-Si2N,O; Xt-anorthite-Si2N20-SiO2; anorthite-Si:N20-SiO2-CaSiOa; anorthite-Si2N20CaSiOa-gehlenite; anorthite-Si2N20-gehlenite--SiaN4; S-anorthite-Al203-fl6o; S-AI203-CaO. 2Al2Oa-gehlenite; S-AI2Oa-gehlenitc--anorthite; S-gehlenite-anorthite-SiaN,,; S-anorthite-SiaN4-fl6 o.
Quantum criticality for extended nodes on a Bethe lattice in the large connectivity limit

Theoretical description of anisotropic systems, such as layered superconductors and coupled spin chains, is often a challenge due to the different natures of interactions along different directions. As a model of such a system, we present an analytical study of $d$-dimensional ``nodes'' arranged as the vertices of a Bethe lattice, where each node has nonzero spatial dimension and is described by an $O(N)$ quantum rotor model, and there is hopping between neighboring nodes. In the limit of large connectivity on the Bethe lattice, the hopping can be treated by constructing a self-consistent effective action for a single node. This procedure is akin to dynamical mean field theory, but generalized so that spatial as well as quantum fluctuations are taken into account on each node. The quantum phase transition is studied using this effective action for both infinite and finite $N$. The importance of the Perron-Frobenius uniform mode on the Bethe lattice is discussed, and its elimination via an ``infinite-range hopping'' term shifts the transition, leading to nontrivial critical behavior. We calculate critical exponents and find that the internode hopping reduces the upper and lower critical dimensions each by 1, indicating that---at least for the purposes of quantum criticality---the large number of internode couplings is similar to adding a single extra dimension to the theory describing a single node.
Five-Factor Analysis of Buss--Durkee Hostility Inventory Neurotic Hostility and Expressive Hostility Factors: Implications for Health Psychology

Neurotic and expressive hostility from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. Sixty-five male and 105 female students (mean age = 25.0 years) at a public university completed the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the revised NEO Personality Inventory, and measures of stress and depression. Correlations were computed between the hostility measures and all personality domains and facets. Profiles of participants classified into neurotic and expressive hostility groups were also produced using T scores based on normative samples. The results suggest that neurotically hostile individuals view others as distrustful, the world as threatening, and themselves as unable to cope. They experience frequent negative affect, including unexpressed anger. Expressive hostility predicts direct and positive engagement of the environment and others, but also a readiness to express anger in response to conflict. The lack of association between neurotic hostility and objective health problems may be due, in part, to an absence of exaggerated behavioral and physiological responses to stressors, whereas the positive association between expressive hostility and heart disease may result partly from frequent and intense behavioral engagement and accompanying physiological arousal.
Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Studies Of Aromatic Ketones Included In Silicalite

Diffuse reflectance (DR) infrared spectra of aromatic ketones included in the channel system of the hydrophobic zeolite silicalite have been obtained. These spectra reveal the existence of multiple inclusion and/or adsorption sites available in accord with previous NMR, crystallographic and photophysical studies. Photochemical reduction of included dibenzyl-ketone has been followed by in situ UV photolysis. Formation of products can thus be followed as the reaction proceeds with no need of chemical extraction. Comparison with the spectra obtained using silica gel as support has shown that the dibenzyl molecules included in the channel system are more reactive that surface-adsorbed species.
The epidemiology and clinical presentation of urinary tract infections in children 2 years of age through adolescence.

Urinary tract infections represent a common and potentially serious source of morbidity in children. The author reviews the current practice parameters for the management of these infections in older children and, based on epidemiologic parameters, suggests appropriate intervention techniques to prevent them.
On the number and shape of developmental/life-course violence, aggression, and delinquency trajectories: A state-of-the-art review

Abstract Purpose To comprehensively review the literature on the number and shape of latent group-based trajectories of violence, aggression, and delinquency. Materials and Methods A systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g., Criminal Justice Abstracts, Web of Knowledge, EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, PubMed) was conducted. Google Scholar searches were conducted to locate articles that are currently “in press.” Results This narrative meta-review identified 105 studies that used latent trajectory modeling to describe the number and shape of violence, aggression, and delinquency trajectories. The number of trajectory groups ranges from 2-7 groups. However, most studies report between 3 and 4 groups, loosely including life-course persistent or chronic offenders, a group of escalators or desistors, and one group that does not exhibit violent, aggressive, or delinquent behavior. Conclusions There is substantial variability in the number and shape of trajectory groups across samples, measurement, developmental phase of the life-course captured, length of observation, and geographical context. However, the studies are largely consistent with Moffitt's taxonomy. Future research should extend trajectory modeling beyond description to examine theoretically relevant risk and protective factors for violence, aggression, and delinquency, investigate empirically relevant outcomes associated with violence, aggression, and delinquency, and focus on policy-relevant research.
HOW THE INTERNET IS GIVING BIRTH (TO) A NEW SOCIAL ORDER

The expansion of technological access has led to substantial shifting in opportunities to connect geographically dispersed members of marginalized groups. Digital networks offer less powerful individuals access to challenging the social order. The Internet, believed to be inherently democratic, has produced a new shift in the politics of pregnancy. This study examines the culture of three public Internet forum sites dedicated to experiences of pregnant women. Where online support forums for breast cancer and other ‘ill’ communities have been researched previously, pregnancy falls into a unique divide between infirm and well. Pregnant women are not ill based on their status as pregnant, yet many suffer ailments and illnesses as a result of their pregnancies. Additionally, the burden of uncertainty shouldered by pregnant women, with fears of miscarriage, harming the fetus, and even personal death, haunt most throughout their pregnancies. Yet, previous research has shown that doctors are often found to be un...
Ionization-recombination instability and multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge in magnetic fusion devices

Recent experimental studies of MARFEs (Multifaceted Asymmetric Radiation From the Edge) in the Alcator C-Mod [I. H. Hutchinson et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994)] and TEXTOR-94 (upgraded Torus Experiment for Technology Oriented Research) [A. M. Messiaen et al., Phys. Plasmas 4, 1690 (1997)] tokamaks reveal low plasma temperature T∼0.7 eV, strong hydrogen radiation, and plasma recombination in the MARFE region. These results contradict a well-accepted model, based on low-Z impurity radiation, and can be better explained by a nonlinear stage of an ionization-recombination instability, discussed recently in the literature. In this paper, a qualitative analysis of the instability is performed, and its growth rate γ and the range of wavelengths of unstable perturbations are estimated. It is found that the instability exists for plasma temperatures near the wall T≲10 eV; and for lower temperatures, T∼1 eV, volumetric recombination becomes important and can increase γ considerably compared to the case without ...
The impact of consumer-directed health plans and patient socioeconomic status on physician recommendations for colorectal cancer screening.

Background Consumer-directed health plans are increasingly common, yet little is known about their impact on physician decision-making and preventive service use.