cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Many roads lead to Rome: Implications of geographic scope as a source of isolating mechanisms

Studies examining the competitive implications of geographic scope have largely focused on creating competitive advantage. In an attempt to investigate a less-illuminated role of geographic scope – that of sustaining competitive advantage – this paper investigates the sources of and relationships among the causal factors leading to creation of isolating mechanisms or barriers to imitation. This paper first distinguishes two sources of causal factors linked to the creation of isolating mechanisms, intrinsic characteristics of knowledge, and geographic scope of knowledge acquisition, and then investigates the relationships among the causal factors from the two sources. Employing the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method, this paper examines equifinality and functional equivalence of causal factors from the two sources. Empirical analyses with United States Patent and Trademark Office patent data of the semiconductor industry corroborate the main thesis of the paper that multiple paths can lead to the creation of isolating mechanisms and, in these paths, causal factors from the two sources of isolating mechanisms can be functionally equivalent. The results also provide managerial implications that firms with different sets of resources and capabilities can implement different types of isolating strategies to sustain their competitive advantage.
Community Oriented Policing

This bibliography describes the evolution of community oriented policing from the turn of the century to the present and provides citations in a general list and in eight topical lists. The topical lists include case studies/program evaluation, citizen participation/police-community partnerships, efficacy of community policing and crime prevention methods, gangs/ juvenile delinquency, law enforcement and citizen reactions to community oriented policing, police officer training/education/ management, program implementation, public housing, theories of crime and policing, and policing models/studies/surveys. Intended for a broad readership, the bibliography contains citations from academic sources and from publications targeted to specific practitioners in the criminal justice system.
Characterization of a ∑9 grain boundary in Fe-45%Cr

Abstract An atom probe field ion microscopy characterization has been performed on a ∑9 grain boundary in an Fe-45at%Cr alloy that was aged for 500 h at 500°C. This boundary was decorated with a semicontinuous film of chromium nitride precipitates. The interior of the grains consisted of an ultrafine mixture of chromium-enriched α phase that were produced by spinodal decomposition. The scale of this isotropic α-α' microstructure was found to be constant up to the grain boundary. A 5 to 10 nm thick chromium-depleted zone that was denuded in the α' phase was observed adjacent to the chromium nitride precipitates.
Management of atrial flutter after the fontan procedure

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to review the management of atrial flutter occurring after the Fontan procedure. Background. Atrial flutter occurs frequently after the Fontan procedure and is often hemodynamically poorly tolerated. Methods. The patients9 charts were reviewed for relevant information. Results. Between 1984 and 1992, 18 patients had atrial flutter after the Fontan procedure. The underlying heart defect was tricuspid atresia in nine, mitral atresia in six and double inlet left ventricle in three. All but three patients had undergone previous palliative surgery. The time interval from Fontan operation to atrial flutter was 1 flutter configuration. Digoxin and a variety of other antiarrhythmic agents (mean 2.7 drugs/patient) were tried with poor results. Only digoxia, amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone showed some benefit when used alone or in combination. Antitachyrardia pacemakers were implanted in 16 patients (endocardial 14, epicardial 2) and, with drugs, were useful in 8 (50%). Because atrial flutter was resistant to treatment, right atriectomy was performed in three patients (with benefit in two, one death), successful radiofrequency catheter His bundle ablation in one patient and catheter ablation of atrial flutter in three patients (two failed, one partial success). One patient underwent heart transplantation, and two died suddenly. Another died of complications after an elective epicardial pacemaker replacement procedure. Conclusions. Atrial flutter after the Fontan procedure is difficult to control. Aggressive drug and antitachycardia pacemaker therapy help about half of the patients. When these measures fail, other options, such as atriectomy, His bundle ablation or catheter ablation of atrial flutter, need consideration. The risk of sudden death justifies the use of such aggressive treatment methods.
Uses of political computer bulletin boards

Research was conducted to investigate electorate motivations for using political computer bulletin board systems (BBSs) and the satisfactions obtained from use. Results from a telephone survey of 117 political BBS users indicated that surveillance and curiosity were the most commonly mentioned motivations for political BBS use. Overall political BBS use was motivated equally by surveillance, personal identity, and diversion motives. The BBS was evaluated most highly for satisfying surveillance needs.
Should "atypical follicular cells" in thyroid fine-needle aspirates be subclassified?

BACKGROUND: Recently reported Bethesda terminology suggests the use of the term “atypical follicular cells” for thyroid fine-needle aspirates. Previous work has suggested that some types of “atypical follicular cells” have different risks of malignancy. METHODS: The author reviewed the results of all thyroid aspirations with surgical resection performed during the past 13 years at our institution, subclassified the “atypical follicular cells,” and compared their relative risk of malignancy. RESULTS: During the 13 years in question, a total of 7089 cases were aspirated with 1331 resections. A total of 548 (14%) of all cases were classified as “atypical follicular cells,” and 204 (37%) were resected with an overall risk of malignancy of 25%. The risk of malignancy for atypical follicular cells subclassified as “rule out papillary carcinoma” was significantly higher (38%) than the other atypical cells. The risk of “rule out Hurthle cell neoplasm” was, at 7%, significantly lower than the other cases of atypical follicular cells (P<.001 and P<.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Different types of “atypical follicular cells” have significantly different risks of malignancy. This disparity of risk should be communicated by the cytologist. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Infrared spectroscopy of AgI doped Ag2S+B2S3 fast ion conducting thioborate glasses

Abstract The infrared (IR) spectra of binary silver thioborate xAg2S + (1 − x)B2S3 glasses (0.3⩽x⩽0.56) and ternary zAgI + (1 − z) [0.5Ag2S + 0.5B2S3] glasses (0⩽z⩽0.3) are reported. The structure of the binary glasses changes with an increase in modifier content as observed by a monotonic decrease in the fraction of tetrahedrally coordinated boron units and an increase in the fraction of orthothioborate units. This reduction in four coordinated boron and increase in tri-coordinated orthothioborate boron units has been seen in the alkali thioborates and analogous silver borate glasses. The structure of the ternary glasses shows little to no change in the IR spectra with an increase in AgI (z) up to 30 mol%. This result agrees with previous studies performed on alkali thioborate and silver borate glasses.
Environmental markets in the year 2000

This article examines the prospects for marketable emissions permits in the coming decade. We identify both the reasons that politicians are reluctant to embrace marketable emissions permits as a solution to environmental problems and also changes in the political landscape that could lead to the increased use of this approach. Over the next decade, we believe there is reason to be cautiously optimistic. Selective experimentation with market-based approaches is likely to continue; however, we are not optimistic about the prospects for widespread application of this tool. Moreover, applications of this tool will necessarily reflect important political constraints, thus rendering the tool substantially less effective than the textbook applications examined by economists. An important intellectual challenge is to work on the design of market-based approaches that address political concerns, enhance efficiency, and promote innovation, so that it will be easier to meet the environmental challenges that lie ahead.
Peer and teacher ratings of third- and fourth-grade children's social behavior as a function of early maternal employment

Background: One of the more controversial issues related to maternal employment in the United States concerns the timing of entry into the workforce and its effect on children, particularly during the first year of the child's life. Some studies show deleterious effects on children, such as increases in aggression and noncompliance, while others document few negative and even positive effects of early employment. Methods: This study examined the long-term effects of maternal employment during the child's first year of life on the social behavior of 171 third- and fourth-grade children in two-parent families. The moderating effects of child gender and social class were investigated. The extent to which stability in alternative care arrangements statistically explained links between early maternal employment and child outcomes was tested. Results: After controlling for child gender, and maternal ethnicity, social class, and current employment status, third- and fourth-grade children whose mothers were employed during their first year of life evinced more acting out and less frustration tolerance and were nominated more often by peers for ‘hitting’ and ‘being mean’ than children whose mothers were not employed. There was some evidence that these associations were moderated by child gender and social class: boys, but not girls, whose mothers were employed during the first year were subsequently rated by teachers as acting out more than other children, and were also more likely to be nominated by peers for hitting. Higher nominations for hitting were only found in the working class. Finally, there was partial evidence that the number of alternative child-care arrangements during the first year accounted for the links between early maternal employment and subsequent child outcomes. Conclusions: These results are congruent with extant research that posits a risk of early employment on socioemotional development, but show that this risk is partially attributable to child-care instability.
Environmental Health Ethics

While the fields of biomedical ethics and environmental ethics have received a great deal of philosophical attention in recent years, the intersection of these fields—environmental health ethics—ha...
Nanomechanical coupling between microwave and optical photons

A nanomechanical interface between optical photons and microwave electrical signals is now demonstrated. Coherent transfer between microwave and optical fields is achieved by parametric electro-optical coupling in a piezoelectric optomechanical crystal, and this on-chip technology could form the basis of photonic networks of superconducting quantum bits.
Shaking a forced string to rest

Abstract In [1] Parks showed that there exists a minimum time T within which a free, taut, vibrating string of finite length can be brought to rest. The string is fastened at the end χ = 0, and the position of the string at the end χ = 1 is assumed to be controlled as a given continuously differentiable function of time. In this paper we show that if, in addition, the string is under an external force F(χ, t), a similar result can be obtained provided that F satisfies a certain condition.
Dependency and brain damage in alcoholics

From psychological test data of 50 hospitalized alcoholics and 50 control Ss absence of differences suggested heterogeneity of personality characteristics of alcoholics. There was some evidence for central nervous system damage in the alcoholic S and a suggestion that his world-view may differ from that of the non-alcoholic.
Neurodevelopmental anomalies in children with neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND Case reports have associated neuroblastoma, a cancer derived from the embryonal neural crest, with aganglionosis coli and neurofibromatosis type I. The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that neuroblastoma is part of a global defect in neurodevelopment. METHODS Neuropathologic findings from autopsies of children who died of neuroblastoma during the period 1980-1995 at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh were reviewed for macroscopic and microscopic abnormalities. As controls, autopsies of children who had died of other primary extracranial cancers over the same time period also were studied. Medical records of neuroblastoma patients for whom autopsies were available were reviewed for clinical evidence of preexisting nonmalignant neurologic disease. RESULTS Of 145 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma, 49 had died, and autopsies not restricting examination of the brain had been performed on 13. Macroscopic anatomic abnormalities (a small cerebellum and the absence of the corpus callosum) were noted in one patient who was known to have been mentally retarded without having a defined syndrome. Microscopic abnormalities of cytoarchitecture were noted in that patient as well as 3 of the 12 other patients (focal cortical dysplasia [fcd], n = 3; leptomeningeal heterotopia, n = 1; abortive sulcation or flattened gyri, n = 2). None of 3 patients with only microscopic abnormalities had clinical evidence of problems with neurodevelopment. Of the 26 children with nonneuroblastoma cancers for whom complete autopsies were available, 1 infant had major macroscopic structural abnormalities of the brain. None of these patients had microscopic abnormalities (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Children with neuroblastoma have an increased incidence of abnormalities of brain cytoarchitecture, particularly fcd. These abnormalities are generally asymptomatic and are diagnosed by histologic examination. Such abnormalities cannot be attributed to chemotherapy and are not observed in other children with non-central nervous system tumors. These findings are consistent with the concept that neuroblastoma may occur in the setting of a more global defect in neurodevelopment. A blinded review of larger numbers of cases will be needed to verify these data. Cancer 1998;82:1603-8. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Statin therapy, lipid levels, C-reactive protein and the survival of patients with angiographically severe coronary artery disease.

Abstract OBJECTIVES The joint predictive value of lipid and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as well as a possible interaction between statin therapy and CRP, were evaluated for survival after angiographic diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia increases risk of CAD and myocardial infarction. For first myocardial infarction, the combination of lipid and CRP levels may be prognostically more powerful. Although lipid levels are often measured at angiography to guide therapy, their prognostic value is unclear. METHODS Blood samples were collected from a prospective cohort of 985 patients diagnosed angiographically with severe CAD (stenosis ≥ 70%) and tested for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and CRP levels. Key risk factors, including initiation of statin therapy, were recorded, and subjects were followed for an average of 3.0 years (range: 1.8 to 4.3 years) to assess survival. RESULTS Mortality was confirmed for 109 subjects (11%). In multiple variable Cox regression, levels of TC, LDL, HDL and the TC:HDL ratio did not predict survival, but statin therapy was protective (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.49, p = 0.04). C-reactive protein levels, age, left ventricular ejection fraction and diabetes were also independently predictive. Statins primarily benefited subjects with elevated CRP by eliminating the increased mortality across increasing CRP tertiles (statins: HR = 0.97 per tertile, p-trend = 0.94; no statins: HR = 1.8 per tertile, p-trend CONCLUSIONS Lipid levels drawn at angiography were not predictive of survival in this population, but initiation of statin therapy was associated with improved survival regardless of the lipid levels. The benefit of statin therapy occurred primarily in patients with elevated CRP.
Business students' and practitioners' ethical decisions over time

This paper compares the ethical decisions and attitudes of business students and practitioners. Recent unpublished data from a national study of over 1600 students are contrasted with information reported previously. Students are found consistently to make less ethical choices than practitioners, and there is some indication that students are making less ethical choices in the 1980s than in the 1960s. In addition, both students and practitioners agree that buyers should beware, view the role of business more narrowly, and find fewer incentives to behave ethically over time. Codes of ethics appear to be less influential than the individual's strong personal value system and one's superiors behaving ethically; support for codes is declining. The paper concludes with observations about the limitations and possibilities for survey research in this area drawing on other studies that used the same instrument utilized for this paper. Some implications for future research are suggested.
Influences of different resuscitation regimens on acute early weight gain in extensively burned patients

Dissatisfaction with the massive weight gain that commonly followed crystalloid resuscitation of extensively burned patients dictated the need for a study to determine if acute weight gain could be minimized with an alternative form of resuscitation. Three groups of ten patients each with statistically similar age and burn size (mean BSA 46 per cent) were resuscitated with lactated Ringer's solution (LR), hypertonic saline solution (HPT), or fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The volume of infused fluid and the patient weight gain were measured over the first 48 h of treatment. The mean urine output of the three groups was comparable (P greater than 0.05). The volume of infused resuscitation fluid to maintain urine output was a mean of 4.8 ml/kg/per cent BSA in the LR group, 3.16 in the HPT group and 2.68 in the FFP group. The difference in infusion rate between the FFP group and the LR group was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). All patients gained weight with resuscitation. The median percentage weight gain at the end of the first day of treatment was 10.69 per cent in the LR group, 7.88 per cent in the HPT group and 2.38 per cent in the FFP group. Weight gain at the end of the second day of treatment was 13.9 per cent in the LR group, 11.99 per cent in the HPT group, and 4.37 per cent in the FFP group. The differences between FFP, HPT and LR groups were statistically significant (P less than 0.01). In our study the use of fresh frozen plasma for resuscitation of extensively burned patients has been associated with minimal weight gain and minimal oedema. We believe that fresh frozen plasma resuscitation is an attractive alternative to crystalloid infusion and that further comparative studies should be performed.
A Math-Related Decrement Stereotype Threat Reaction Among Older Nontraditional College Learners

It is important to address quality of life issues, such as education participation, with a growing aging population. The focus for the present research was on possible reactions among a broad age range of nontraditional learners. The present study found significant aging-related issues in perceived willingness to be involved in math-related learning and associated assessment contexts. Although nontraditional male and female learners differed in their characterization of personal past social role models' messages toward gender-related math ability, there was no significant differences in math test performance. This finding supports a possible decrement stereotype threat belief among relatively older learners.
Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases.

MAP kinases are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are activated by a protein kinase cascade, including a MAP kinase kinase kinase, which phosphorylates a MAP kinase kinase, which in turn activates the MAP kinase by phosphorylation on Thr and Tyr residues. The primary sequence surrounding these phosphorylation sites serves to distinguish three major groups of mammalian MAP kinases. These include the Ras-activated ERK MAP kinases, which are characterized by the sequence TEY and the two stress-activated MAP kinases: p38 with the sequence TGY, and the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK) with the sequence TPY. This review will focus on the JNK group of MAP kinases.
Rapid Adhesive Bonding of Thermoplastic Composites and Titanium with Thermoplastic Adhesives

ADHESIVE bonding processes are often used in the aerospace industry for joining structural elements. Fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials are particularly amenable to adhesive bonding because of load transfer uniformity. However, certain drawbacks in current adhesive bonding technology, including relatively long heating and bonding cycles, have limited its application. Advanced thermoplastic adhesives are candidates for adhesive bonding of titanium or composite structures. These thermoplastics do not require long processing times, but usually require processing temperatures above 600 °F to achieve strong bonds. However, because of the thermal inertia of fixtures and equipment, at least several hours in presses or autoclaves are required. Rapid adhesive bonding (RAB) concepts have been developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LARC) to utilize a toroid induction technique to provide heat directly to the bondline and/or adherends, without heating the entire structure, tooling, and support fixtures of a bonding assembly. Bonding times for specimens can be decreased by a factor of 10 to 100 compared to standard press or autoclave bonding.1 This paper focuses on rapid adhesive bonding of titanium and an advanced composite material (graphite-fiber-reinforced PEEK) using advanced thermoplastic adhesives. Bonding parameters, bond strengths at room and elevated temperatures, and the effect of thermal cycling or water boil exposures on bond strength are described. A promising nondestructive technique for evaluation of bond strength is also described.
Effect of Pregnant Mare’s Serum (PMS) on RNA Polymer ase Activity and Protein Synthesis in Ovaries of Immature Rats1

There is considerable evidence which indicates that gonadotropins influence ovarian tissue at the level of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. In the present study the amounts of nucleic acids and protein and the activity of RNA polymerase in the ovaries of immature rats were determined at intervals during 48 hr following a single injection of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMS). Increases in ovarian weight, RNA and protein content were detectable after 6 hr and continued in more or less parallel fashion during the time of study. DNA did not exhibit a significant increase until 12–18 hr after PMS administration. The specific activity of RNA polymerase increased measurably in 3 hr, reached a peak in 12 hr and declined thereafter at a time when the RNA content continued to increase markedly. Possible interpretations of these findings are indicated. Cyclohexi-mide administered in vivo markedly inhibited the in vitro activity of the enzyme and the in vivo synthesis of RNA. (Endocrinology 83: 107, 1968)
Umbilical cord blood lacks circulating B lymphocytes expressing surface IgG or IgA.

Abstract In vitro umbilical cord blood B lymphocytes fail to form IgG and IgA secreting plasma cells when stimulated with Pokeweed mitogen. Since previous investigators have found percentages of B lymphocytes expressing surface IgG or surface IgA comparable to those seen in adults, this implies a defect in umbilical cord blood B-lymphocyte function. We have examined surface Ig expression on umbilical cord blood B lymphocytes by flow cytometry under conditions in which serum derived Ig are rigorously excluded. Under these conditions no B lymphocytes expressing surface IgG or IgA, which should serve as precursors for IgG and IgA secreting plasma cells, were observed. This finding was confirmed by comparing the ratio of mRNA levels for immunoglobulin γ-chain to μ-chain in mononuclear cells by quantitative mRNA-based PCR. The ratio in umbilical cord mononuclear cells was 10-fold less than that seen in adult cells. The inability of newborn peripheral blood to form IgG and IgA plasma cells may result from an absence of appropriate precursor cells and not a defect in B lymphocyte maturation.
Effect of Dietary Fiber Sources on Tissue Mineral Levels in Chicks

Abstract Dietary fiber may influence mineral status in chicks. Wheat bran, corn bran, soy bran, oat hulls, rice bran, and cellulose, were formulated into diets and fed to chicks for 4 weeks. Fiber-added diets contained additional 6% dietary fiber from the fiber sources. Body weights and feed intakes were recorded. Livers and tibias were analyzed for copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and magnesium. The rice bran diet resulted in significantly lowered body weights, feed intakes, and tibia concentrations of zinc, iron, and manganese. The other fiber-added diets did not produce significantly different values for the parameters examined. Dietary analyses showed that the rice bran diet did not have extremely high fiber levels as compared to the other diets. Addition of rice bran contributed the highest amount of phytic acid of all the fiber sources at 1.3% of the diet. It was concluded that when included at 6% of the diet, most fibers did not influence growth or tissue mineral levels. However, the addition of rice bran to the diet reduced body growth and deposition of zinc, iron, and manganese in tibias. It is possible that one fiber source may be beneficial while another is detrimental to nutritional status.
Behavioral journalism: beyond the marketing model for health communication.

As knowledge of the relationships between health and behavior has expanded, practitioners of public health and preventive medicine have become increasingly concerned with the promotion of behavior change in individuals and in whole populations. ] This has led to many new efforts to use mass communication media as agents of health promotion, for example, through public service advertising campaigns to change consumer behavior and publicity stunts intended to sway opinions about products or policies. I will briefly criticize the typical orientation of this work and present an alternative paradigm that I believe to be more sensitive to audiences’ real needs and more effective in reaching public health goals. Illustrations will be drawn from prevention studies concerned with cardiovascular disease, cancer, HIV infection, child abuse, and nuclear warfare. Public health communication activity has been dominated by the concept of "social marketing, ’’2,3 that is, the idea that public health agencies can "sell" healthier lifestyles by adopting the orientation and adapting the methods of commercial advertising and public relations agents who help sell products or politicians. Typical techniques include various types of advertisements and attempts to shape news coverage or to embed messages in entertainment formats such as soap operas or television situation comedies. The marketing approach has
Recovery of mare oocytes on a fixed biweekly schedule, and resulting blastocyst formation after intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Oocytes may be collected from live mares from either the stimulated preovulatory follicle or from all visible immature follicles. We evaluated the yield of mature oocytes, and of blastocysts after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), for both follicle types. In Experiment 1, mares were assigned to Progesterone (1.2g biorelease progesterone weekly) or Control treatments. Transvaginal aspiration of all follicles was performed every 14 d. Overall, 596 follicles were aspirated, with a 54% oocyte recovery rate. There was no difference between treatments in number of follicles punctured (9.0 to 9.1) or oocytes recovered (4.8 to 5.0) per mare per aspiration session. Of 314 oocytes recovered, 180 (57%) matured in culture. Thirty-six mature oocytes were subjected to ICSI; 33% formed blastocysts (63% per mare per aspiration session). In Experiment 2, the preovulatory follicle was aspirated every 14 d for three to four cycles. Prostaglandin F(2 alpha) was given on Days 6 and 7 after aspiration. A follicle >or=25 mm in diameter was present on Day 13, the day of deslorelin administration, in 23 of 24 cycles, and ovulatory response (granulosa expansion) was seen in 24 of 25 follicles aspirated. Blastocyst development after ICSI was 41% per injected oocyte, or an estimated 33% per mare per aspiration session. We concluded that both aspiration of immature follicles and aspiration of the preovulatory follicle can be performed effectively every 14 d without monitoring ovarian follicular growth. As performed in these separate experiments, aspiration of immature follicles provided more blastocysts per aspiration session.
Cumberland Falls chondritic inclusions—II. Trace element contents of forsterite chondrites and meteorites of similar redox state

Abstract Mineralogic study of black inclusions in the Cumberland Falls enstatite achondrite revealed that they constitute a highly unequilibrated chondritic suite distinct from other chondrite groups. This highly shocked suite, the forsterite (F) chondrites, exhibits mineralogic trends apparently produced during primary nebular condensation and accretion over a broad redox range. We analyzed these samples and possibly related meteorites for Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Rb, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, U and Zn, trace elements known to yield important genetic information. The results demonstrate the compositional coherence and distinctiveness of the F chondrite suite relative to other chondrites. The Antarctic aubrite, ALH A78113, may include more F chondrite material. Trace element contents do not vary with mineral compositions hence do not reflect redox variations during formation of F chondrite parental matter. Trace element mobilization—during secondary heating episodes in the F chondrite parent or during its disruptive collision with the enstatite meteorite parent body—is not detectable. Chemical trends in F chondrites apparently reflect primary nebular processes. Cosmochemical fractionation of lithophiles from siderophiles and chalcophiles occurred at moderately high temperatures, certainly higher than those existing during formation of primitive carbonaceous, enstatite and ordinary chondrites of petrologic type ≤3.
Concurrent design approach for designing space telescopes and instruments

At the Project Design Center at the JPL, a concurrent design environment is under development for supporting development and analyses of space instruments and telescopes in the early, conceptual design phases. This environment is being utilized by a Team I, a multidisciplinary group of experts. Team I is providing study and proposal support. To provide the required support, the Team I concurrent design environment features effectively interconnected high-end optics, CAD, and thermal design and analysis tools. Innovative approaches for linking tools, and for transferring files between applications have been implement. These approach together with effective sharing of geometry between the optics, CAD, and thermal tools are already showing significant timesavings.
Detecting Biomarkers in ExoPlanetary Atmospheres with Terrestrial Planet Finder

Current design concepts for an optical terrestrial planet-finding mission (TPF) are limited to the spectral range, 0.4–1.05 µm. However, there are good reasons to extend the spectral range of observation to shorter wavelengths such as higher angular resolution. But the most important reason is that the sensitivity to the presence of life on habitable exoplanets is increased over a hundred-fold by access to the ozone biomarker in the mid-ultraviolet.
Floristic biogeography of the Hawaiian Islands: influences of area, environment and paleogeography

Aim A detailed database of distributions and phylogenetic relationships of native Hawaiian flowering plant species is used to weigh the relative influences of environmental and historical factors on species numbers and endemism. Location The Hawaiian Islands are isolated in the North Pacific Ocean nearly 4000 km from the nearest continent and nearly as distant from the closest high islands, the Marquesas. The range of island sizes, environments, and geological histories within an extremely isolated archipelago make the Hawaiian Islands an ideal system in which to study spatial variation in species distributions and diversity. Because the biota is derived from colonization followed by extensive speciation, the role of evolution in shaping the regional species assemblage can be readily examined. Methods For whole islands and regions of each major habitat, species–area relationships were assessed. Residuals of species–area relationships were subjected to correlation analysis with measures of endemism, isolation, elevation and island age. Putative groups of descendents of each colonist from outside the Hawaiian Islands were considered phylogenetic lineages whose distributions were included in analyses. Results The species–area relationship is a prominent pattern among islands and among regions of each given habitat. Species number in each case correlates positively with number of endemics, number of lineages and number of species per lineage. For mesic and wet habitat regions, island age is more influential than area on species numbers, with older islands having more species, more single-island endemics, and higher species : lineage ratios than their areas alone would predict. Main conclusions Because species numbers and endemism are closely tied to speciation in the Hawaiian flora, particularly in the most species-rich phylogenetic lineages, individual islands’ histories are central in shaping their biota. The Maui Nui complex of islands (Maui, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i and Kaho‘olawe), which formed a single large landmass during most of its history, is best viewed in terms of either the age or area of the complex as a whole, rather than the individual islands existing today.
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease.

Background Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) are uncommon forms of interstitial lung disease and have been incompletely characterized. Study objectives To further characterize the clinical features and course of subjects with DIP and RB-ILD. Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary care, referral medical center. Patients Twenty-three subjects with DIP and 12 subjects with RB-ILD seen over a 12-year period between 1990 and 2001. Interventions None. Results The study population included 19 men (54%) and 16 women (46%). The mean (± SD) age at diagnosis was 46 ± 10 and 43 ± 7 years, respectively, for patients with DIP and RB-ILD. All subjects were either current or previous smokers except for three subjects with DIP. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by surgical lung biopsy. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial lung biopsy had been performed in 12 patients and was nondiagnostic in all. The most common pulmonary function abnormality was a reduced diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. A CT scan of the chest revealed ground-glass opacities bilaterally in most patients who had DIP and RB-ILD. No differences were observed between subjects with DIP and RB-ILD with respect to clinical features, radiologic findings, or pulmonary function test results. The clinical course was characterized by relative stability in the majority of patients in both groups and a partial response to corticosteroid therapy. Five deaths were observed, including three resulting from progressive diffuse lung disease, all in subjects with DIP. Conclusions We concluded that DIP and RB-ILD are chronic disease processes that in most patients are related to smoking. Persistent abnormalities can be seen on pulmonary function testing and radiologic studies despite smoking cessation and corticosteroid therapy. Corticosteroid therapy appeared to be associated with modest clinical benefit but usually not with resolution of disease. Progressive disease with eventual death can occur in subjects with DIP, especially with continued cigarette smoking.
A Bayesian approach to image expansion for improved definition

Accurate image expansion is important in many areas of image analysis. Common methods of expansion, such as linear and spline techniques, tend to smooth the image data at edge regions. This paper introduces a method for nonlinear image expansion which preserves the discontinuities of the original image, producing an expanded image with improved definition. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation techniques that are proposed for noise-free and noisy images result in the optimization of convex functionals. The expanded images produced from these methods will be shown to be aesthetically and quantitatively superior to images expanded by the standard methods of replication, linear interpolation, and cubic B-spline expansion. >
Theory of Chemisorption in Relation to Heterogeneous Catalysis

The theory of chemisorption is discussed within the LCAO framework in terms of the local and nonlocal density of electronic states of the coupled adsorbate-substrate system. The concept of a surface complex is developed and related to states split off from the substrate bands. Explicit calculations of the spatially dependent change of the density of states on chemisorption illustrate the quasi-localized nature of the chemisorption bond. Surface densities of states for (100) fee surfaces are shown to differ significantly from the bulk density of states. Finally, a simple model of a dissociation reaction is considered for a gas-phase complex and for the corresponding surface complex. The variation of the chemisorption energy and the activation energy with system parameters is discussed.
Preparation, surface characterization and performance of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst of cobalt supported on silica nanosprings

Abstract The reduction of cobalt (Co) catalyst supported on silica nanosprings for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has been monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and compared to FT catalytic activity. The cobalt is present in the starting catalyst as a Co3O4 spinel phase. A two-step reduction of Co3O4 to CoO and then to Co0 is observed, which is consistent with the results of H2-temperature programmed reduction. During the reduction the two steps occur concurrently. The deconvolution of the Co 2p core level state for the catalyst reduced at 385 °C and 1.0 × 10−6 Torr of H2 revealed signatures of Co0, CoO, and Co3O4. The reduction saturates at a Coo concentration of approximately 41% after 20 h, which correlates with the activity and lifetime of the catalyst during FTS testing. Conversely, at 680 °C and 10 Torr of H2, the catalyst is completely reduced after 10 h. The evolution of the Co d-band at the Fermi level in the valence band XPS spectrum definitively verifies the metallic phase of Co. FTS evaluation of the Co/NS catalyst reduced at 609 °C showed higher production rate (3-fold) of C6-C17 hydrocarbons than the catalyst reduced at 409 °C and is consistent with the XPS analysis.
The Behavior of Innovation: Inside Behavioral Biology and the Innovative Mind (Some Observations on Innovation in Times of Crisis)

Decision making in times of crisis can bring out both the best, and worst, in cognitive processes - with those characterizations generally determined by the outcome rather than the quality of the decision making process. Crises bring with them a need for action, felt by individuals as well as institutions. This need is driven by a number of factors, e.g. affect, justice, economics, and political considerations, and shaped by a variety of biases and heuristics commonly encountered in risk appreciation and decision making. Using the example of efforts to combat terrorism, this presentation will address the inherent tension between innovation and “science” when new approaches are sought to address a crisis, how affect influences the decision making process in such situations, the role a multidisciplinary analysis and decision making process can play in sparking innovation and arriving at solutions, and the importance of leadership in the problem solving process.
EPIC-OSM: A Software Framework for OpenStreetMap Data Analytics

An important area of work in big data software engineering involves the design and development of software frameworks for data-intensive systems that perform large-scale data collection and analysis. We report on our work to design and develop a software framework for analyzing the collaborative editing behavior of OpenStreetMap users when working on the task of crisis mapping. Crisis mapping occurs after a disaster or humanitarian crisis and involves the coordination of a distributed set of users who collaboratively work to improve the quality of the map for the impacted area in support of emergency response efforts. Our paper presents the challenges related to the analysis of OpenStreetMap and how our software framework tackles those challenges to enable the efficient processing of gigabytes of OpenStreetMap data. Our framework has already been deployed to analyze crisis mapping efforts in 2015 and has an active development community.
Adolescent Religious Development and Commitment: A Structural Equation Model of the Role of Family, Peer Group, and Educational Influences

This investigation proposes and tests a conceptual model of adolescent religious belief and commitment which was informed by recent advances in measurement theory and scale constrution. The model is a partial conceptual replication of Cornwall's 1988 study of Mormon adult religious development. The model was examined by looking at the linear structural relations from the covariance matrix of relations in a large survey of adolescent religious attitudes and behavior conducted in late 1988 and early 1989. The proposed model was specified, modified, and re-specified. The final fit of the model to the data was quite good, especially when one considers that the survey used for this study was originally prepared for another purpose. Finally, the implications of this new model and additional research strategies and questions are suggested.
A New Chanterelle in California

Cantharellus Bonarii sp. nov. Pilei 3-7 cm. broad, fleshy, involute at first, regular in young plant, spreading and undulate at maturity, depressed at center; surface broken into thick, floccose more or less erect scales which fill the central depression. Scales orange colored at tips blending to lemon yellow at base, giving entire cap an orange-yellow color. Flesh white, firm, tapering in thickness to the margin. Gills thick, very narrow, merulioid, decurrent, in some cases extending downward to half the length of the stipe, usually less, milk white in color, subdistant. Stipe white, somewhat earth-stained, stout, solid, glabrous, 10-15 mm. in thickness, dilated upward into the pileus, mostly fused with other stipes from a common base, producing up to thirteen sporophores in one cluster?whole group 5-7 cm. tall. Spores elliptic, hyaline, smooth, apiculate, 10-12 (14) X 5-6 microns. Basidia 20-30 X 7-8 microns, 4-spored. Odor none, not tested for taste. Closely gregarious, partially hidden in deep humus under pine and fir. Type collected in two localities in General Grant National Park, California, September, 1927, by N. Nielsen and F. Mitchell.
Subwavelength imaging using phase-conjugating nonlinear nanoantenna arrays.

We investigate the use of nonlinear metasurfaces formed by plasmonic nanoantennas loaded with χ(3) nonlinear elements, in order to realize subwavelength imaging based on phase conjugation and time reversal. The nanoantennas’ plasmonic resonance is used to boost the nonlinear response over an ultrathin surface, meeting the conditions for efficient phase conjugation necessary for imaging applications. Pairing two such surfaces, we put forward a realistic design for a time-reversal ‘perfect lens’, which can overcome the limitations in resolution and sensitivity to losses typical of negative-index lenses.
Tipping the balance toward trophoblast development

Understanding the development of the human trophoblast lineage and placentation is a challenge. Ethical issues prevent the most direct experimentation. Animal models have provided considerable insight, but species differences exist and knowledge of key regulatory events in human development is missing, which precludes an appreciation of conserved processes. In the mouse, it is possible to capture trophoblast stem (TS) cells from the early embryo and propagate them ex vivo and investigate the regulation of their differentiation (1); however, these conditions are not conducive to establishing TS cell cultures from human embryos (2). At this juncture, there does not seem to be a consensus on the identity of factors required for maintaining self-renewal of human TS cells. Serendipitous observations over a decade ago offered a potential alternative strategy for investigating human trophoblast development. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) treatment of human ES cells yielded a cell population possessing a trophoblast cell-like phenotype (3). Over the ensuing years, modifications have been made to this differentiation procedure for facilitating trophoblast-like conversion of human ES cells, including the addition of BMP along with inhibitors for Activin/Nodal (A83-01) and FGF2 (PD173074) signaling (BAP; 4⇓–6). As these protocols have been elaborated, concerns have been noted about the identity of the cell derivatives and the physiological relevance of the BMP-directed process (7, 8). A recent study reported in PNAS using a simple yet elegant strategy for capturing subpopulations of cells from BAP-treated human ES cells provides further evidence of the trophoblastic potency of pluripotent stem cells (9). One of the challenges in analyzing differentiated cells from manipulated stem cell cultures is the resulting complex and often heterogeneous mixture of cell types. This heterogeneity could represent distinct differentiated cell types as well as cells at different stages of differentiation. Purification of specific subpopulations is … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: msoares{at}kumc.edu or jvivian{at}kumc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Management of Epilepsy Issues in Women

Management issues for women with epilepsy (WWE) are reviewed by a team of investigators in conjunction with the AAN Quality Standards Subcommittee.
Vibrational and electronic spectroscopy of ion-implantation-induced defects in fused silica and crystalline quartz

Defects produced by implantation of various atomic species in fused and crystalline SiO 2 were studied using infrared reflection spectroscopy (IRS) and UV-visible spectroscopy. We observe a new vibrational band at 830 cm -1 which is tentatively associated with the creation of two nonbridging O atoms in SiO 4 units. Numerous chemical effects were also observed, including evidence for chemical incorporation of Li and anomalously large O-vacancy production for Al + , B + and Si + implantation.