cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translation and Literary Criticism: Regarding Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism for Rendition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

The task of translation is not simply about rendering individual words or sentences, but rather entire texts have to be rendered in order to faithfully represent the whole meaning and any aspect of the original work in another language. To that end, the translator should delve into the innermost layers of works and appreciate the details that might be a help in rendition of texts and reflect literary and philosophical aspects of works in another language. In doing so, the paper suggests that literary criticism as a means might assist translators in rendition of works of literature. Since, the domain of literary criticism is massive, the discussion is narrowed down to psychoanalytic literary criticism and the way the criticism elucidates some aspects of works. Meanwhile, to show the practicability of the discussion, the criticism is applied to Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland , and then three aspects attained by the criticism are elaborated in rendition of this story.
Bridging the cleft at GABA synapses in the brain

A fragile balance between excitation and inhibition maintains the normal functioning of the CNS. The dominant inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian brain is GABA, which acts mainly through GABAA and GABAB receptors. Small changes in GABA-mediated inhibition can alter neuronal excitability profoundly and, therefore, a wide range of compounds that clearly modify GABAA-receptor function are used clinically as anesthetics or for the treatment of various nervous system disorders. Recent findings have started to unravel the operation of central GABA synapses where inhibitory events appear to result from the synchronous opening of only tens of GABAA receptors activated by a saturating concentration of GABA. Such properties of GABA synapses impose certain constraints on the physiological and pharmacological modulation of inhibition in the brain.
Pulsus and electrical alternans due to the presence of a mitral caged ball-valve prosthesis.

Abstract Almost 2 years after a successful mitral valve replacement with a ball-valve prosthesis, a 54-year-old patient was found to have mechanical and electrical alternans. Evidence is presented to suggest that strong left ventricular contraction and, therefore, a small early diastolic chamber size can interfere with the functioning of the ball-valve and produce pulsus alternans. This is the first report of such a case.
Two Amino Acids within the α4 Helix of Gαi1Mediate Coupling with 5-Hydroxytryptamine1BReceptors

We previously reported that residues 299–318 in Gαi1 participate in the selective interaction between Gαi1 and the 5-hydroxytryptamine1B(5-HT1B) receptor (Bae, H., Anderson, K., Flood, L. A., Skiba, N. P., Hamm, H. E., and Graber, S. G. (1997)J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32071–32077). The present study more precisely defines which residues within this domain are critical for 5-HT1B receptor-mediated G protein activation. A series of Gαi1/Gαt chimeras and point mutations were reconstituted with Gβγ and Sf9 cell membranes containing the 5-HT1B receptor. Functional coupling to 5-HT1B receptors was assessed by 1) [35S]GTPγS binding and 2) agonist affinity shift assays. Replacement of the α4 helix of Gαi1 (residues 299–308) with the corresponding sequence from Gαtproduced a chimera (Chi22) that only weakly coupled to the 5-HT1B receptor. In contrast, substitution of residues within the α4-β6 loop region of Gαi1 (residues 309–318) with the corresponding sequence in Gαt either permitted full 5-HT1B receptor coupling to the chimera (Chi24) or only minimally reduced coupling to the chimeric protein (Chi25). Two mutations within the α4 helix of Gαi1 (Q304K and E308L) reduced agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, and the effects of these mutations were additive. The opposite substitutions within Chi22 (K300Q and L304E) restored 5-HT1B receptor coupling, and again the effects of the two mutations were additive. Mutations of other residues within the α4 helix of Gαi1 had minimal to no effect on 5-HT1B coupling behavior. These data provide evidence that α4 helix residues in Gαi participate in directing specific receptor interactions and suggest that Gln304 and Glu308 of Gαi1 act in concert to mediate the ability of the 5-HT1B receptor to couple specifically to inhibitory G proteins.
Contributions of orientation and hydrogen bonding to catalysis in Asn229 mutants of thymidylate synthase.

Abstract We have determined structures of binary and ternary complexes of five Asn229 variants of thymidylate synthase (TS) and related their structures to the kinetic constants measured previously. Asn229 forms two hydrogen bonds to the pyrimidine ring of the substrate 2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate (dUMP). These hydrogen bonds constrain the orientation of dUMP in binary complexes with dUMP, and in ternary complexes with dUMP and the TS cofactor, 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate. In N229 mutants, where these hydrogen bonds cannot be made, dUMP binds in a misoriented or more disordered fashion. Most N229 mutants exhibit no activity for the dehalogenation of 5-bromo-dUMP, which requires correct orientation of dUMP against Cys198. Since bound dUMP forms the binding surface against which the pterin ring of cofactor binds, misorientation of dUMP results in higher Km values for cofactor. At the same time, binding of the cofactor aids in ordering and positioning dUMP for catalysis. Hydrophobic mutants, such as N229I, favor an arrangement of solvent molecules and side-chains around the ligands similar to that in a proposed transition state for ternary complex formation in wild-type TS, and kcat values are similar to the wild-type value. Smaller, more hydrophilic mutants favor arrangements of the solvent and side-chains surrounding the ligands that do not resemble the proposed transition state. These changes correspond to decreases in kcat of up to 2000-fold, with only modest increases in Km or Kd. These results are consistent with the proposal that the hydrogen-bonding network between water, dUMP and side-chains in the active-site cavity contributes to catalysis in TS. Asn229 has the unique ability to maintain this critical network, without sterically interfering with dUMP binding.
On the Preeminent Role of Vitamin a Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Peripheral and Spinal, and in Psoriasis Vulgaris.

SummaryPretreatment determination of vitamin A blood levels in the internal (rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral and spinal) and in the cutaneous manifestations (psoriasis vulgaris) of the permanent endoparasitism, revealed the existence of a high incidence of hypovitaminosis A.In a total of 58 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral and spinal, it was found that 52, i.e., 89.6 per cent, had an initial vitamin A blood level between 10—40 I.U. Among 244 cases of psoriasis vulgaris, 188, i.e., 77.1 per cent, have similarly shown an initial vitamin A blood level between 10—40 I.U.Lack of response of the vitamin A blood level determined every four to six weeks, while the patient is under specific therapy with the vaccine of B. endoparasiticus, along with the simultaneous administration of vitamin A intragluteally, is an index of a poor prognosis early in the disease, both in the cutaneous and internal manifestations of the permanent endoparasitism.The vitamin A determination was carried out according to the co...
A new method for generating Hamiltonian cycles on the n -cube

A method of Gilbert [1] for constructing Hamiltonian cycles on the n-cube is modified. The new method provides a simpler way than that of Mills [2] of producing complete cycles which do not traverse any r-cube for 2 ⩽ r ⩽ n − 1.
Ultra-High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Carbon Nanotube Walls

The resolution in scanning transmission electron microscopy may be enhanced by taking advantage of the information contained in the nanodiffraction patterns recorded for each position of the scanning incident beam. We have demonstrated the first production of ultrahigh resolution, better than 0.1 nm, by this method, in the imaging of an essentially one-dimensional object, the wall of a multiwalled carbon nanotube, using an instrument for which the resolution for normal imaging is about 0.3 nm.
ELECTRON SPIN ECHO ENVELOPE MODULATION OF THE TRANSIENT EPR SIGNALS OBSERVED IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC ALGAE AND CHLOROPLASTS

Phase memory decays were obtained from the transient signals sampled within 50 ns of laser excitation by time resolved electron spin echo (ese) spectroscopy in normal protonated, deuterated, deuterated 15N photosynthetic algae and broken chloroplasts. Previously, it has been shown that application of time resolved ese to study these systems, in particular, gives rise to two kinds of signals (standard and special ese). The standard ese signal at g = 2.0023 and the special ese signal exhibit similar electron spin echo envelope modulation (eseem). The modulation frequency and pattern can be identified with that obtained from stable oxidized P700 in the same system. The two lower field resonances of the standard ese signal do not show eseem. The results support the proposed mechanism for formation of special ese and the notion that the standard ese is due to at least two radicals. It is also demonstrated that we can observe eseem of P+700 under ambient temperature conditions.
Efficient compression of medical images through arithmetic coding

A new method for the noiseless compression of medical images is described. The method uses the wellknown DPCM technique (i.e. , linear prediction) for decorrelating a given image. However, instead of encoding the pixels of the decorrelated image using a memoryless model as in the conventional method, a source model with several conditioning events (or contexts) is employed. The contexts are based on the horizontal and vertical components of the gradient in the given image as well as the predicted value of a pixel. The statistics under each context of the model are obtained adaptively. In order to encode the decorrelated image as an outcome of such a complex source model, the powerful arithmetic coding technique is employed. Experimental results show that the new method can compress typical medical images 20% to 30% better than the conventional method.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Postoperative Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients With Previous Exposure to Bleomycin

Abstract Objective To determine the incidence and risk factors for postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a large cohort of bleomycin-exposed patients undergoing surgery with general endotracheal anesthesia. Patients and Methods From a Mayo Clinic cancer registry, we identified patients who had received systemic bleomycin and then underwent a major surgical procedure that required more than 1 hour of general anesthesia from January 1, 2000, through August 30, 2012. Heart, lung, and liver transplantations were excluded. Postoperative ARDS (within 7 days after surgery) was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Results We identified 316 patients who underwent 541 major surgical procedures. Only 7 patients met the criteria for postoperative ARDS; all were white men, and 6 were current or former smokers. On univariate analysis, we observed an increased risk of postoperative ARDS in patients who were current or former smokers. Furthermore, significantly greater crystalloid and colloid administration was found in patients with postoperative ARDS. We also observed a trend toward longer surgical duration and red blood cell transfusion in patients with postoperative ARDS, although this finding was not significant. Intraoperative fraction of inspired oxygen was not associated with postoperative ARDS. In bleomycin-exposed patients, the incidence of postoperative ARDS after major surgery with general anesthesia is approximately 1.3% (95% CI, 0.6%-2.6%). For first major procedures after bleomycin therapy, the incidence is 1.9% (95% CI, 0.9%-4.1%). Conclusion The risk of postoperative ARDS in patients exposed to systemic bleomycin appears to be lower than expected. Smoking status may be an important factor that modifies the risk of postoperative ARDS in these patients.
Application of kalman filters to identify unexpected change in blogs

Information on the Internet, especially blog content, changes rapidly. Users of information collections, such as the blogs hosted by technorati.com, have little, if any, control over the content or frequency of these changes. However, it is important for users to be able to monitor content for deviations in the expected pattern of change. If a user is interested in political blogs and a blog switches subjects to a literary review blog, the user would want to know of this change in behavior. Since pages may change too frequently for manual inspection for "unwanted" changes, an automated approach is wanted. In this paper, we explore methods for indentifying unexpected change by using Kalman filters to model blog behavior over time. Using this model, we examine the history of several blogs and determine methods for flagging the significance of a blog's change from one time step to the next. We are able to predict large deviations in blog content, and allow user-defined sensitivity parameters to tune a statistical threshold of significance for deviation from expectation.
Circum-Pacific Plutonism Project Meetings in South America

The Circum-Pacific Plutonism project was organized in 1970 and 1971 under the International Geological Correlations Program (IGCP), which is sponsored jointly by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The purpose of the Circum-Pacific Plutonism project is to increase understanding of the role the great circum-Pacific batholiths played in the evolution of the Pacific Basin; this understanding is promoted through mutual exchange of data, ideas, and hypotheses and through examination of representative batholiths around the Pacific. Participation in the project is open to all geologists actively engaged in study of plutonic rocks around the margins of the Pacific. The project actually got underway in 1972 with meetings at Santa Cruz, California, and a field trip into the Sierra Nevada batholith. A South American field trip was part of the second phase of the project program; it consisted of three days of meetings in Santiago, Chile, followed by six days of field excursions in Chile and Argentina and another six days in Peru.
A Stochastic Transmission Planning Model With Dependent Load and Wind Forecasts

This paper introduces a two-stage stochastic program for transmission planning. The model has two dependent random variables, namely, total electric load and available wind power. Given univariate marginal distributions for these two random variables and their correlation coefficient, the joint distribution is modeled using a Gaussian copula. The optimal power flow (OPF) problem is solved based on the linearized direct current (DC) power flow. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) network model and its load and wind data are used for a test case. A 95% confidence interval is formed on the optimality gap of candidate solutions obtained using a sample average approximation with 200 and 300 samples from the joint distribution of load and wind.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein and keratin expression by benign and malignant nerve sheath tumors

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 59 ultrastructurally confirmed nerve sheath tumors (NSTs) that included 27 benign schwannomas, five neurofibromas, and 27 malignant schwannomas were studied by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method using antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), keratin, S-100 protein, vimentin, and desmin. GFAP was expressed by 33% of the benign schwannomas, 40% of the neurofibromas, and 7% of the malignant schwannomas. Keratin was expressed by 7% of the benign schwannomas and 4% of the malignant schwannomas. S-100 protein was expressed by 100% of the benign NSTs and by 40% of the malignant schwannomas. Vimentin was observed in 100% of the benign NSTs and in 85% of the malignant schwannomas. None of the cases stained for desmin. GFAP and cytokeratin expression could not be predicted on the basis of tumor light microscopy or ultrastructure. These findings are of practical importance in routine surgical pathology, particularly with respect to the differential diagnosis of gliomas located in the central nervous system and in immunohistochemical studies of peripherally located, poorly differentiated neoplasms.
Outside in: Inversion of cell polarity controls epithelial lumen formation

Establishment of cell polarity is important for epithelial lumen formation, and the molecular mechanisms directing this process are only partially understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Bryant et al. (2014) show that disassembly, membrane translocation, and reassembly of podocalyxin complexes controls epithelial cell polarization and lumen formation in 3D matrices.
The role of disulphide bonds in Heinz body attachment to membranes.

Summary. The mechanism of binding of oxidant-induced Heinz bodies to red cell membrane was studied. Heinz bodies induced by acetylphenylhydrazine in intact cells or in the presence of membrane remained attached to membrane when separated by a sucrose gradient. Incubation with sulphydryl reagents failed to free intact Heinz bodies from or prevent attachment to membranes, although the amount of haem was reduced. Thus disulphide bonds do not appear to be a major mechanism of attachment of Heinz bodies to red cell membrane.
Hard and Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Investigation of Aqueous Fe(III)−Hydroxamate Siderophore Complexes

Microorganisms release organic macromolecules, such as siderophores, to obtain Fe(III) from natural systems. While the relative stabilities of Fe(III)−siderophore complexes are well-studied, the structural environments of Fe(III) and ligands in the complex are not well-understood. Using the X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Fe- and N-K absorption edges, we characterized the nature of Fe(III) interactions with a hydroxamate siderophore, desferrioxamine B (desB), and its small structural analogue, acetohydroxamic acid (aHa), as a function of pH (1.4−11.4). These experimental studies are complemented with DFT calculations. The Fe-XAS studies suggest that Fe(aHa)3 is the dominant species in aqueous solutions in the pH range of 2.8−10.1, consistent with thermochemical information. However, the N-XAS and resonance Raman studies show that the chemical state of the ligand in the Fe(aHa)3 complex changes significantly with pH, and these variations are correlated with further deprotonation of the Fe(aHa)3 ...
An analog network for continuous-time segmentation

A common goal in computer vision is to segment scenes into different objects sharing common properties such as depth, motion, or image intensity. A segmentation algorithm has been developed utilizing an absolute-value smoothness penalty instead of the more common quadratic regularizer. This functional imposes a piece-wide constant constraint on the segmented data. Since the minimized energy is guaranteed to be convex, there are no problems with local minima, and no complex continuation methods are necessary to find the unique global minimum. This is in sharp contrast to previous software and hardware solutions to this problem. The energy minimized can be interpreted as the generalized power (or co-content) of a nonlinear resistive network. The network is called thetiny-tanh network since the I-V characteristic of the nonlinear resistor must be an extremely narrow-width hyperbolic-tangent function. This network has been demonstrated for 1-D step-edges with analog CMOS hardware and for a 2-D stereo algorithm in simulations.
Proposed structure of hydrogen on Ni(111)

Abstract Recent observation of an order-disorder transition in H on Ni(111) is interpreted as indicating a transition to a (2 × 2) honeycomb state. Comparison with theoretical calculations leads us to infer that third neighbor attractions in addition to first and second-neighbor repulsions are present. The magnitude of the latter repulsion is estimated.
Differential effects of depression and anxiety on recall of feedback in a learning task

Previous studies of recall of performance feedback by depressed subjects have not controlled for the possibility that depressed-nondepressed recall differences may be related to the elevated anxiety found among depressed persons. The possibility was examined in two studies in which groups of depressed-anxious (D-A), nondepressed anxious (ND-A), and nondepressed-nonanxious (ND-NA) female college students were asked to recall the number of times they had received positive and negative feedback during a “mental maze” learning task. Neither of the studies provided evidence that the tendency of depressed persons to underestimate positive feedback received is related to their elevated anxiety. However, results for recall of negative feedback suggested that high levels of anxiety may be at least partly responsible for depressed persons' tendency to be more accurate than nondepressed persons in recalling negative feedback. In the first study, both D-A and ND-A subjects gave recall estimates of negative feedback that were not significantly different from actual feedback levels, while the estimates of the ND-NA group were significantly lower than the actual amount of feedback they had received (p
Er 3+ :Y 3 Al 5 O 12 laser dynamics: effects of upconversion

Room-temperature 1.532-μm pumped 1.645-μm laser action in the Er3+:Y3Al5O12(Er:YAG) 4I13/2y3 (6602-cm−1) ⇒ 4I15/2z7 (523-cm−1) transition was demonstrated and was analyzed. Laser action at 1.645 μm was achieved in Er:YAG crystals with Er concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 4%. Slope efficiencies as high as 40% were obtained with 0.5% Er:YAG. For concentrations up to 4%, measurements of laser thresholds indicate that upconversion losses were small.
Parents, professionalism, and partnership in school-community relations

Abstract Finding a balance for the competing needs of parents and educators represents a classic challenge in school-community relations. Current reform efforts renew the challenge by simultaneously suggesting expanded professionalism for educators and increased parent involvement for improved schools. Given the changing demographics and declines in the numbers of families rearing children, the perceptions parents hold about school community relations are particularly important. To explore these perceptions, parents in four elementary schools (2 public and 2 parochial), representing both lower and middle socioeconomic status communities, were interviewed. The findings of the study suggest that the greater professionalism now being sought for educators needs to be tempered and transformed by a recognition that a truly collaborative partnership between parents and teachers is more imperative than ever, because of the decline of the nuclear family and of cohesive, neighborhood communities.
Social welfare support and homicide: longitudinal analyses of European countries from 1994 to 2010.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to explore the extent to which retrenchment in welfare support is related to homicide trends across European countries between 1994 and 2010. Using a longitudinal decomposition design that allows for stronger causal inferences compared to typical cross-sectional designs, we examine these potential linkages between social support spending and homicide with data collected from a heterogeneous sample of European nations, including twenty Western nations and nine less frequently analyzed East-Central nations, during recent years in which European nations generally witnessed substantial changes in homicide rates as well as both economic prosperity and fiscal crisis. Results suggest that even incremental, short-term changes in welfare support spending are associated with short-term reductions in homicide—specifically, impacting homicide rates within two to three years for this sample of European nations.
Time-resolved X-ray diffraction investigation of primary weld solidification in Fe-C-Al-Mn steel welds

In situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TRXRD) using synchrotron radiation was used to monitor the phase evolution during welding of Fe-C-Al-Mn steel with 0.05 s resolutions. The primary solidification phase under rapid- and slow-cooling rate conditions was examined. The results showed nonequilibrium austenite solidification during rapid cooling; in contrast to the equilibrium δ-ferrite solidification that occurs under slow cooling conditions. These experimental results were analyzed using computational thermodynamics and interface-response function models. Results of the interface response function calculations considering the effect of carbon alone, predicted a change from primary δ-ferrite to primary austenite solidification with an increase in solid-liquid interface velocity.
Preferential Inactivation of the p53 Tumor Suppressor Pathway and Lack of EGFR Amplification Distinguish de novo High Grade Pediatric Astrocytomas from de novo Adult Astrocytomas

Classification of high grade astrocytomas of children into genetic subtypes similar to the adult remains to be defined. Here we report an extensive characterization of 29 high grade pediatric astrocytomas, 7 WHO grade III and 22 WHO grade IV, for genetic alterations frequently observed in high grade adult astrocytomas occurring in either the p53/MDM2/p14ARF or Rb/CDK4/p16INK4a tumor suppressor pathways. In addition, we have assessed the contribution of EGFR overexpression and amplification and LOH for chromosome 10, two genetic alterations commonly associated with the development of de novo adult glioblastoma for their roles in the development of de novo astrocytomas of childhood. Our results suggest two major differences in the genetic pathway(s) leading to the formation of de novo high grade astrocytomas in children compared with those of the adult. Our findings show preferential inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in >95% of pediatric astrocytomas versus inactivation of the Rb tumor suppressor pathway in <25% of the same tumors. In addition, de novo high grade pediatric astrocytomas lack amplification of the EGFR gene compared with EGFR amplification in one-third of adult glioblastomas. Since drug treatments and gene therapy strategies exploit specific genetic alterations in tumor cells, our findings have important implications for the future development of treatments for high grade pediatric astrocytomas.
Geochemistry of the oldest Atlantic oceanic crust suggests mantle plume involvement in the early history of the central Atlantic Ocean

Controversy has surrounded the issue of whether mantle plume activity was responsible for Pangaean continental rifting and massive flood volcanism (resulting in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province or CAMP, emplaced around 200 Ma) preceding the opening of the central Atlantic Ocean in the Early Mesozoic. Our new Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic and trace element data for the oldest basalts sampled from central Atlantic oceanic crust by deep-sea drilling show that oceanic crust generated from about 160 to 120 Ma displays clear isotopic and chemical signals of plume contamination (e.g., 87Sr/86Sri=0.7032–0.7036, ϵNd(t)=+6.2 to +8.2, incompatible element patterns with positive Nb anomalies), but these signals are muted or absent in crust generated between 120 and 80 Ma, which resembles young Atlantic normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. The plume-affected pre-120 Ma Atlantic crustal basalts are isotopically similar to lavas from the Ontong Java Plateau, and may represent one isotopic end-member for CAMP basalts. The strongest plume signature is displayed near the center of CAMP magmatism but the hotspots presently located nearest this location in the mantle reference frame do not appear to be older than latest Cretaceous and are isotopically distinct from the oldest Atlantic crust. The evidence for widespread plume contamination of the nascent Atlantic upper mantle, combined with a lack of evidence for a long-lived volcanic chain associated with this plume, leads us to propose that the enriched signature of early Atlantic crust and possibly the eruption of the CAMP were caused by a relatively short-lived, but large volume plume feature that was not rooted at a mantle boundary layer. Such a phenomenon has been predicted by recent numerical models of mantle circulation.
INHIBITION OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN CHLOROPLASTS BY CHAOTROPIC AGENTS AND THE USE OF MANGANESE AS AN ELECTRON DONOR TO PHOTOSYSTEM II

Abstract— Incubating spinach chloroplasts with various chaotropic agents results in inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport between water and Photosystem II similar to the inhibition caused by washing chloroplasts with a high concentration of Tris buffer. Partial restoration of NADP photoreduction and fluorescence of variable yield is achieved by adding hydroquinone or Mn2+, either of which donates electrons to Photosystem II in the inhibited chloroplasts. The inhibitory treatments cause the release of Mn from its bound state in the chloroplast, thus allowing the measurement of the ESR signal of Mn2+. The ESR measurement is used to follow the photooxidation of Mn2+ as it donates electrons to photosystem II.
Manipulation of apoptosis in the host-parasite interaction.

Abstract Nearly all animal cells possess the capacity to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) when stimulated by an appropriate trigger. Apoptosis is crucial for maintaining social order among the cells comprising metazoans, but it also has other functions: the existence of apoptosis in single-celled organisms implies a degree of interaction between individuals and could perform the role of an ‘immune' response. To survive within their hosts, parasitic protozoa and helminths demonstrate an ability to modulate host apoptosis pathways to their own advantage – preventing apoptosis in host cells that are inhabited by parasites and promoting apoptosis in host immune cells programmed to attack them. The manipulation of apoptotic pathways by parasites, as these relate to the interaction between parasite and host, forms the core of this review. The discussion concludes by suggesting that irradiated vaccines succeed in part as a result of apoptotic mechanisms.
Fast dissolution and soldering reactions on Au foils

Abstract Thin films of Au have been widely used as surface passivation layers and soldering layers to enhance the wetting of molten solders in the electronic packaging industry. A unique feature of Au is that it has a high dissolution rate in most Pband Sn-based solder alloys. We have studied the wetting behavior and interfacial reactions of two Pb-containing (63Sn-37Pb, 95Pb-5Sn) and four Pb-free solders (pure Sn, 96Sn4Ag, 57Bi-43Sn, 77.2Sn-20In-2.8Ag) on Au foils, using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The 95Pb5Sn, having the highest dissolution rate of Au among them, formed sunken interfaces which show a double curvature (positive and negative) near the wetting tip. The formation of Au2Pb is everywhere within the solder cap. Pure Sn/Au showed less compound formation compared to 96Sn-4Ag/Au, but both formed a smaller sunken interface compared to 95Pb-5Sn/Au. The SnInAg showed an inhomogeneous interfacial reaction initially with two different types of interface (flat and curved or sunken interfaces). However, the flat interfaces disappeared after a slightly longer reflow. The only solder which formed a relatively flat interface with Au is the eutectic SnBi, which also showed a very slow rate of intermetallic compound formation. Owing to the sunken interface, we measured the wetting angles from the cross-sections.
Binding of PurH to a Muscle-specific Splicing Enhancer Functionally Correlates with Exon Inclusion in Vivo

Regulated alternative splicing of avian cardiac troponin T (cTNT) pre-mRNA requires multiple intronic elements called muscle-specific splicing enhancers (MSEs) that flank the alternative exon 5 and promote muscle-specific exon inclusion. To understand the function of the MSEs in muscle-specific splicing, we sought to identify trans-acting factors that bind to these elements. MSE3, which is located 66–81 nucleotides downstream of exon 5, assembles a complex that is both sequence- and muscle-specific. Purification and characterization of the MSE3 complex identified one component as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotideformyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (PurH), an enzyme involved in de novo purine synthesis. Recombinant human PurH protein directly binds MSE3 RNA and PurH is the primary determinant of sequence-specific binding in the native complex. Furthermore, we show a direct correlation between the in vitro binding affinity of both the MSE3 complex and recombinant PurH with functional activation of exon inclusion in vivo. Together, these results strongly suggest that PurH performs a second function as a component of a complex that regulates MSE3-dependent exon inclusion.
The Science, Practice, and Morality of Work Psychology

Weiss and Rupp (2011) make a compelling case for the promotion of an individualistic (person-centric) perspective for research in work psychology. My response is ‘‘Yes, and . . . .’’ In other words, I believe that they have called attention to an issue and some of its attendant limitations on our field that are considerably more complex, multifaceted, and even more important than they have articulated. I argue below that a ‘‘full and focused appreciation of the individual at work’’ must extend beyond the perspective of descriptive scientific research to include social, normative, and moral matters.
Determination of epithelial tissue scattering coefficient using confocal microscopy

Most models of light propagation through tissue assume the scattering properties of the various tissue layers are the same. The authors present evidence that the scattering coefficient of normal cervical epithelium is significantly lower than values previously reported for bulk epithelial tissue. They estimated the scattering coefficient of normal and precancerous cervical epithelium using measurements of the reflectance as a function of depth from confocal images. Reflectance measurements were taken from ex vivo cervical biopsies and fit to an exponential function based upon Beer's law attenuation. The mean scattering coefficients derived were 22 cm/sup -1/ for normal tissue and 69 cm/sup -1/ for precancerous tissue. These values are significantly lower than previously reported for bulk epithelial tissues and suggest that scattering of bulk tissue is dominated by the stroma. They also suggest that computational models to describe light propagation in epithelial tissue must incorporate different scattering coefficients for the epithelium and stroma. Further, the lower scattering of the epithelium suggests greater probing depths for fiber optic probes used by optical diagnostic devices which measure reflectance and fluorescence in epithelial tissue. The difference in scattering between normal and precancerous tissue is attributed to increased nuclear size, optical density, and chromatin texture. The scattering coefficients measured here are consistent with predictions of numerical solutions to Maxwell's equations for epithelial cell scattering.
Test Data Compression Using Golomb Codes

In this chapter1, we present a new test data compression method and decompression architecture based on variable-to-variable-length Golomb codes. The proposed method is especially suitable for encoding precomputed test sets for embedded cores in a system-on-a-chip (SOC). We then extend the decompression scheme to make effective use of Golomb coding and the internal scan chain(s) of the core under test. This provides significantly better results than a recent compression method that uses Golomb coding and a separate cyclical scan register (CSR). In addition, the novel interleaving decompression architecture allows multiple cores in an SOC to be tested concurrently using a single ATE I/O channel. The major advantages of Golomb coding of test data include very high compression, analytically predictable compression results, and a low-cost and scalable on-chip decoder.
Parallel algorithm for object recognition and its implementation on a MIMD machine

The PERFORM matching method, introduced by B. Modayur and I.G. Shapiro (1994), solves the recognition problem under a bounded error noise model by establishing correspondences between model and image features. PERFORM evaluates correspondences by intersecting error regions in the image space. The article describes the parallel formulation of the PERFORM matching method and the implications of a shared memory, MIMD implementation. When a single solution is sought, the time complexity of the sequential matching algorithm using point features is of the order O(I/sup 2/NI) for 2D-2D matching and O(I/sup 3/NI) for 2D-3D matching, where N is the number of model features and I is the number of image features. The corresponding parallel algorithm using O(I/sup 2/) processors for 2D-2D matching and processors for 2D-3D matching has O(NI) complexity. When line features are used, the sequential complexity is of the order O(I NI) for 2D-2D matching and O(I/sup 2/ NI) for 2D-3D matching. The corresponding parallel algorithm utilizing O(I) processors for 2D-2D matching and O(I/sup 2/) processors for 2D-3D matching has O(NI) complexity. When implemented in parallel, the method requires minimal memory and obviates load balancing overheads and communication between processors. The article describes parallel implementations of 2D-2D matching on a shared memory, MIMD machine (KSR-I). Results show that significant, close to linear speedups are achievable using multiple processors.
Endometriosis-associated nerve fibers and pain

The assessment and diagnosis of endometriosis remain elusive targets. Patient and medical-related factors add to delays in the detection and treatment. Recently, investigators have revealed specific nerve fibers present in endometriotic tissue, with existing parallels between density and pain severity. The aim of this review is to compile a comprehensive review of existing literature on endometriosis-related nerve fiber detection, and the effects of medical therapy on these neural fibers. We performed a systematic literature-based review using Medline and PubMed of nerve fibers detected in eutopic endometrium, endometriotic lesions, and the peritoneum. Various arrangements of significant medical terms and phrases consisting of endometriosis, pelvic pain, nerve fiber detection/density in endometriosis, and diagnoses methodology, including treatment and detection were applied in the search. Subsequent references used were cross-matched with existing sources to compile all additional similar reports. Similar nerve fibers were detected within lesions, endometrium, and myometrium, though at varying degrees of density. Hormonal therapy is widely used to treat endometriosis and was shown to be related to a reduction in fiber density. A direct result of specific nerve fiber detection within eutopic endometrial layers points to the use of a minimally invasive endometrial biopsy technique in reducing delay in diagnosis and subsequent possible preservation of fertility.
The interplay between interpersonal and electronic resources in knowledge seeking among co-located and distributed employees

In the information age, a common problem for employees is not lack of resources but rather how to sift through multiple resources, both electronic and interpersonal, to retrieve and locate true expert knowledge. The main objective of this study is hence to explore employees' simultaneous usage of both resources and to identify situations where employees showed a clear preference of interpersonal resources over electronic ones, and where employees found these two resources (a) (ir)replaceable and (b) complementary. Both qualitative interview data and quantitative social-network data were collected from a university-affiliated community educational office. Data analysis showed that (a) social relationships were crucial for seeking and gaining actual access to needed knowledge; (b) employees were task-driven in knowledge seeking and obtained different types of knowledge depending on availability; and (c) the choice between interpersonal and electronic resources was determined by the characteristics of the knowledge sought as well as such contextual factors as time, cost, and location. Additional interviews from other study contexts validated most of our findings, except those that require collection of complete social-network data. The article ends with a discussion on how organizations can better leverage their investment in human and technical resources to facilitate knowledge seeking. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GaInNAsSb based long-wavelength lasers

Dilute nitride GaInNAs alloys grown on GaAs have quickly become excellent candidate materials for lower cost 1.3 /spl mu/m vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and high power edge emitting lasers. Despite the relative immaturity and challenges of this new materials system the results have been very promising. The major remaining challenges include the limited solubility of nitrogen in GaAs, non-radiative defects that may be caused by nitrogen incorporation, and phase segregation at high In compositions. A new component, Sb, has been added in order to improve epitaxial growth and optical properties at wavelengths longer than 1.3 /spl mu/m. By adding Sb to the alloy, luminescence has been greatly enhanced between 1.3-1.6 /spl mu/m where normally poor quality material results. Lasers fabricated from this new pentenary alloy have produced the lowest threshold lasers operating beyond 1.4 /spl mu/m on GaAs. Progress and the remaining challenges of this materials system are described.
Perfusion Imaging of Acute Stroke: Its Role in Current and Future Clinical Practice

This commentary is focused on the role of advanced imaging (ie, CT angiography, diffusion-weighted imaging) and perfusion imaging (ie, CT and MR perfusion) in patient selection for acute stroke treatments.
Expressive haptic rendering with cartoon-inspired effects

Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) rejects a rigid adherence to physically accurate creation of visual imagery in favor of expressive styles that can enhance information transfer or create an artistic feeling. This paper considers those goals in the context of haptic rendering. Expressive haptic rendering techniques are developed for cartoon-inspired haptic rendering effects and demonstrated in three classic cartoon scenarios: super-slippery surfaces, exaggerated recoil and vibration upon hitting an object, and falling from a height based on a character's awareness of danger. Subjectively, these effects create increased interest in a scene and can facilitate transfer of artistic goals to a user. The value of expressive haptic rendering derives from this enhanced interaction experience.
Moving and stationary actin filaments are involved in spreading of postmitotic PtK2 cells

We have investigated spreading of postmitotic PtK2 cells and the behavior of actin filaments in this system by time-lapse microscopy and photoactivation of fluorescence. During mitosis PtK2 cells round up and at cytokinesis the daughter cells spread back to regain their interphase morphology. Normal spreading edges are quite homogenous and are not comprised of two distinct areas (lamellae and lamellipodia) as found in moving edges of interphase motile cells. Spreading edges are connected to a network of long, thin, actin-rich fibers called retraction fibers. A role for retraction fibers in spreading was tested by mechanical disruption of fibers ahead of a spreading edge. Spreading is inhibited over the region of disruption, but not over neighboring intact fibers. Using photoactivation of fluorescence to mark actin filaments, we have determined that the majority of actin filaments move forward in spreading edges at the same rate as the edge. As far as we are aware, this is the first time that forward movement of a cell edge has been correlated with forward movement of actin filaments. In contrast, actin filaments in retraction fibers remain stationary with respect to the substrate. Thus there are at least two dynamic populations of actin polymer in spreading postmitotic cells. This is supported by the observation that actin filaments in some spreading edges not only move forward, but also separate into two fractions or broaden with time. A small fraction of postmitotic cells have a spreading edge with a distinct lamellipodium. In these edges, marked actin polymer fluxes backward with respect to substrate. We suggest that forward movement of actin filaments may participate in generating force for spreading in postmitotic cells and perhaps more generally for cell locomotion.
Pioneering Women in the Spectral Classification of Stars

Spectra reveal more about the constitution of stars than can be ascertained by any other means. About 1867 Angelo Secchi classified stellar spectra into five distinct categories. No significant improvements in his system could be made until the advent of dry-plate photography. Then both Henry Draper in New York and Edward C. Pickering at Harvard began taking hundreds of spectrum plates. After Draper's death in 1882, his widow endowed The Henry Draper Memorial at Harvard for the analysis of stellar spectra. Pickering then employed mainly women to help him devise a more detailed system of classification than Secchi's. Ultimately, the most appreciated lady became the one who dutifully carried out the routine work of classifying exactly as she was told, while another slowly made independent new discoveries that Pickering would not accept even after other astronomers proved them to be highly significant.
Preparation, characterization, and dissolution kinetics of two novel albuterol salts.

Abstract The possibility of producing slowly dissolving albuterol salts was investigated as a potential means of extending the duration of action of the drug following aerosol delivery to the lung. Albuterol adipate and stearate were precipitated from alcoholic solutions of albuterol and adipic or stearic acids, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage microscopy showed that albuterol adipate and stearate produced single melting endotherms at 182 and 116 °C, respectively, which were distinct from those of albuterol (158 °C), adipic acid (152 °C), and stearic acid (70 °C). The aqueous solubilities of albuterol free base, sulfate, adipate, and stearate were 15.7,250,353, and 0.6 mg ⋅ mL -1 , respectively, at room temperature. Only the solubilities of the adipate and the stearate increased significantly when the temperature was elevated to 37 °C (452.5 and 1.4 mg ⋅ mL -1 , respectively). With a rotating disk dissolution method, albuterol free base, sulfate, and adipate were found to have intrinsic dissolution rates of 1.1, 20.4, and 24.0 mg-min -1 ⋅ cm -2 , respectively, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37 °C. Albuterol stearate dissolved much more slowly and in a nonlinear fashion; this was explained by the deposition of a stearate-rich layer on the dissolving surface of the compacted salt.