cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditionally Defective Helper Adenoviruses and Satellite Virus Replication

ADENO-ASSOCIATED satellite viruses (ASV) are extremely defective in that they need a helper adenovirus to complete their replication cycle in susceptible cells1–3. Although the helper virus is usually not defective there have been reports of systems which are at least conditionally defective. Smith and Gehle4 found that a canine adenovirus, ICH, which did not seem to replicate in human amnion cells (essentially a non-permissive system) could be used to pass the satellite serially in these cells if the passage was reinfected each time with helper virus. Ito et al.5 reported that a temperature-sensitive mutant of human adenovirus type 31, ts 13, defective in viral DNA synthesis, could complement a cycle of satellite virus replication at the non-permissive temperature.
Birds as surrogates for biodiversity: An analysis of a data set from southern Québec

Surrogacy analysis consists of determining a set of biotic or environmental parameters which can be rapidly assessed in the field and reliably used to prioritize places for biodiversity conservation. Whether adequate surrogate sets exist remains an open and relatively unexplored question though its solution is central to the aims of conservation biology. This paper analyses the surrogacy problem by prioritizing places using surrogate lists and comparing these results with those obtained by using more comprehensive species lists. More specifically, it explores (i) the possibility of using bird distributions, which are often easily available, as surrogates for species at risk (endangered and threatened species), which are presumed to be an important component of biodiversity; and (ii) the methodological question of how spatial scale influences surrogate success. The data set analysed, from southern Quebec, is one of the most complete biotic data sets available at the regional scale. Contrary to some previous analyses, the results obtained suggest that the surrogacy problem is potentially solvable.
Femur length and trisomy 21: impact of gestational age on screening efficiency.

Objective This study assesses two methods used to define relatively short femur in screening for trisomy 21 and examines changes in performance of screening with gestational age. Design Retrospective analysis of data on menstrual age, femur length (FL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) in 49 trisomy 21 pregnancies and 6069 normal controls. Reference ranges were derived for BPD/FL versus menstrual age and for FL versus BPD. Two methods of defining short femur (BPD/FL and observed-to-expected FL ratio) were examined for false-positive rates and detection rates for trisomy 21 at different gestational ages. Results In the control group the BPD/FL ratio and its standard deviation decreased with menstrual age. Trisomy 21 was associated with a significantly higher BPD/FL ratio (P < 0.001) and the deviation increased significantly with menstrual age (P < 0.05). Eleven percent of 28 fetuses examined at 15–17 weeks had a BPD/FL above the 95th centile compared with 24% of 21 fetuses examined at 18–20 weeks (P = 0.40). The median observed-to-expected FL ratio in the control group was 1.0 throughout the gestational age range but the standard deviation decreased significantly with menstrual age (P < 0.01). Trisomy 21 was associated with a significantly reduced observed-to-expected FL ratio (P < 0.001) and the deviation increased significantly with menstrual age (P < 0.05). A fixed cut-off of 0.91 for observed-to-expected FL ratio provided a false-positive rate of 12% at 15–17 weeks compared with 6% at 18–20 weeks of gestation (P < 0.001) with detection rates of 29 and 38%, respectively (P = 0.73). Conclusion Irrespective of the definition used to define the condition, relatively short femur is a poor marker for trisomy 21 particularly when the assessment takes place before 18 weeks of gestation. Copyright © 2000 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Numerical simulations of undulatory swimming at moderate Reynolds number

We perform numerical simulations of the swimming of a three-linkage articulated system in a moderately viscous regime. The computational methodology focuses on the creation, diffusion and transport of vorticity from the surface of the bodies into the fluid. The simulations are dynamically coupled, in that the motion of the three-linkage swimmer is computed simultaneously with the dynamics of the fluid. The novel coupling scheme presented in this work is the first to exploit the relationship between vorticity creation and body dynamics. The locomotion of the system, when subject to undulatory inputs of the hinges, is computed at Reynolds numbers of 200 and 1000. It is found that the forward swimming speed increases with the Reynolds number, and that in both cases the swimming is slower than in an inviscid medium. The vortex shedding is examined, and found to exhibit behavior consistent with experimental flow visualizations of fish.
Just passing through.

A 54-year-old man presented to his primary care physician with a 6-foot-long tapeworm in a jar after noting the specimen in a bowel movement the previous day. For several days prior to passing the worm, he had loose, non-bloody stools without abdominal pain or nausea. His past medical history was remarkable for a remote beef tapeworm infection. He denied travel, but regularly dined on sushi at various San Francisco restaurants several times a week. Diphyllobothrium latum, the largest type of tapeworm, is associated with eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish. Sushi is not typically prepared with freshwater fish, but other preparations of freshwater fish, including gefilte fish and smoked fish, have been associated with D. latum infection. Infected patients usually remain asymptomatic for years, becoming aware of infection after passing segments in stool, as with this patient. Non-specific symptoms, obstructive symptoms or B12 deficiency can also occur. Diagnosis in this case was based on clinical history and identification of characteristic proglottids, linked segments containing central darker uterine stalks (see above). Identifying D. latum eggs in stool could also confirm the diagnosis. The patient was treated with one dose of praziquantel. Cure rates with single-dose therapy are approximately 85–93%1.
An Experimental Study of the Time Dependence of the Beta Energy Spectrum From Uranium-235 Fission Fragments

An absolute experimental measurement has been made of the time dependence of the beta energy spectrum from fission fragments, specifically beta particles of energies greater than 0.75 MeV produced ...
Decreased triiodothyronines in depression: A preliminary report

Several abnormalities of thyroid function tests have been reported in patients with primary affective disorder. In particular, a blunted thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in approximately one-third of depressed patients (Loosen and Prange 1982), elevated baseline TSH levels in rapid cycling bipolar patients (Cowdry et al. 1983), and elevated reverse triiodothyronine (T3) levels in the serum (Kirkegaard and Faber 1981; Linnoila et al. 1979, 1982) and cerebrospinal fluid (Linnoila et al. 1983) of unipolar depressed patients, as compared with bipolar depressed patients and normal controls, have been reported. Recently, Orsulak and colleagues (1984) have demonstrated that free triiodothyronine, but not total T3, is reduced in unipolar depressed patients as compared with normals. In view of this finding and the potential differential effects of T3 and thyroxine (T4) on depression (Joffe et al. 1984), we have attempted to further evaluate alterations of circulating T3 in depression by measuring both total and free T3 in depressed and euthymic patients and normal controls.
The osteocalcin propeptide is not secreted in vivo or in vitro

Osteocalcin is initially synthesized as an 11 kD molecule consisting of a 23-residue translocation signal peptide that is cleaved during translation, a 26-residue propeptide that targets the protein for gamma-carboxylation, and the 49-residue mature protein. Although the majority of newly synthesized osteocalcin is deposited into bone matrix, a small amount can be detected in blood, and it is this characteristic that has led to its current clinical use as a specific index of osteoblastic activity. Nothing is known, however, about the fate of the propeptide. If osteocalcin and the propeptide are cosecreted, then the concentration of the propeptide could also be useful as a marker of osteoblastic function and, further, may be superior to osteocalcin because it would be unaffected by binding to bone. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized a peptide corresponding to 21 residues of the osteocalcin propeptide from humans and produced a polyclonal antibody to this peptide. Human sera were screened for the presence of the propeptide, and the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 was tested for secretion of the propeptide. We could not detect any osteocalcin propeptide in sera from normal adults or individuals with renal failure or primary hyperparathyroidism or those on long-term coumadin therapy. Likewise there was no propeptide present in media from cells grown in the presence of vitamin K, 1,25-(OH)2D3, warfarin, or warfarin plus 1,25-(OH)2D3. In contrast, the cell extract, characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, contained mature osteocalcin, free propeptide, and the proosteocalcin precursor when cells were grown in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Honey bees and humans: shared innovation.

In her discussion of the sequencing of the genome of the honey bee (“Honey bee genome illuminates insect evolution and social behavior,” 27 Oct., p. 578), E. Pennisi concludes by noting that “[i]n a few respects, the honey bee shares more similarities with humans than with the other insects whose genomes have been sequenced,” pointing to presumably ancient genes that were “lost in a few lines.” ![Figure][1] A European honey bee (right; Apis mellifera ) is shown next to an Africanized honey bee. CREDIT: SCOTT BAUER, USDA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, [WWW.FORESTRYIMAGES.ORG][2] There is another remarkable property that honey bees share with humans, perhaps reflecting a common innovation. Karl von Frisch was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973 for his work illuminating the capacity of Apis mellifera to use the sun's position as a point of reference and identify the direction and distance of nectar outside the hive through a tail-wagging “dance” that is to some extent genetically based and to some extent learned. He showed that the dance has a slightly different form in bees in different locations and that bees can adapt to local conditions. So far, the Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium has not identified a genetic source for this capacity shared with humans. [1]: pending:yes [2]: http://www.forestryimages.org
Consumption and investment under constraints

Abstract We study the problem of an investor who is endowed with a deterministic level of initial capital and must use this endowment to consume and invest in a financial market. The investor is constrained to consume at a minimum rate throughout the period and has to maintain his wealth over a lower bound at all times. Both these minimal requirements may be stochastic. An example of such an investor would be an investment firm with cash flow commitments and subject to regulatory capital constraints. In addition, the investor's portfolio choices are limited to a convex constraint set. This accounts for prohibitions on short-selling and incompleteness of the market. Using the space of associated risk-neutral measures, we construct portfolio policies to support target consumption-investment plans. We also consider a utility maximization problem for the investor and provide a related dual minimization problem over the space of measures. The solution of this dual problem provides a price system under which the investor can solve for his optimal consumption investment policy. In general, however, we are not assured of existence due to the fact that the investor's minimal requirements may themselves be beyond the span of the constrained portfolios.
Autoimmunity in Myocarditis: Models and Mechanisms

The International Symposium on Immunologically Mediated Heart Disease highlighted a number of controversial issues about the etiology and pathogenesis of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. They include the role of virus infection in initiating the disease, genetic regulation in the host, the interplay between virus persistence and autoimmunity in producing the later phases of disease, the antigenic determinants responsible for inducing autoimmune disease, and the pathogenetic effector mechanisms. Most of these questions can best be explored by detailed analysis of animal models followed by careful correlation with clinical, epidemiological, and pathological studies of human cases of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Based on the new insights gained from these studies, future therapies for immunologically mediated heart disease may emerge.
Robotic-locomotor training as a tool to reduce neuromuscular abnormality in spinal cord injury: The application of system identification and advanced longitudinal modeling

In this study, the effect of the LOKOMAT, a robotic-assisted locomotor training system, on the reduction of neuromuscular abnormalities associated with spasticity was examined, for the first time in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. Twenty-three individuals with chronic incomplete SCI received 1-hour training sessions in the LOKOMAT three times per week, with up to 45 minutes of training per session; matched control group received no intervention. The neuromuscular properties of the spastic ankle were then evaluated prior to training and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of training. A parallel-cascade system identification technique was used to determine the reflex and intrinsic stiffness of the ankle joint as a function of ankle position at each time point. The slope of the stiffness vs. joint angle curve, i.e. the modulation of stiffness with joint position, was then calculated and tracked over the four-week period. Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM), an advanced statistical method, was then used to classify subjects into subgroups based on similar trends in recovery pattern of slope over time, and Random Coefficient Regression (RCR) was used to model the recovery patterns within each subgroup. All groups showed significant reductions in both reflex and intrinsic slope over time, but subjects in classes with higher baseline values of the slope showed larger improvements over the four weeks of training. These findings suggest that LOKOMAT training may also be useful for reducing the abnormal modulation of neuromuscular properties that arises as secondary effects after SCI. This can advise clinicians as to which patients can benefit the most from LOKOMAT training prior to beginning the training. Further, this study shows that system identification and GMM/RCR can serve as powerful tools to quantify and track spasticity over time in the SCI population.
The Effects of Perceived Fairness on Customer Responses to Retailer SST Push Policies

Abstract Many retailers are implementing policies that encourage customer adoption of self-service technology (SST) offerings, such as self-checkout lanes, in order to enhance profitability. Instead of explicitly forcing customers to use SST, retailers create situations in which patrons are subtly pushed toward SST adoption. The authors examine the effects of fairness perceptions of these SST “push” policies on relationships between established antecedents of SST adoption and customer behavioral intentions toward the provider in a retail context. The results suggest fairness perceptions exert a significant influence on the relationships between these antecedents and customer patronage, future spending, and negative word of mouth intentions. Consistent findings across both users and nonusers of SST underscore the importance of fairness perceptions in the context of retailer SST push policies.
Electrical properties of the membrane of denervated mammalian sympathetic ganglion cells.

Abstract The electrical membrane properties of acutely isolated and chronically denervated rabbit superior cervical ganglion cells were investigated with intracellular microelectrode techniques. The resting membrane potential, total neuronal resistance and membrane time constant of chronically denervated ganglion cells were not significantly different from those of the control ganglion cells. The amplitude, time course and configuration of ganglion cell action potentials and after-hyperpolarizations elicited by either direct intracellular stimulation or by antidromic stimulation were not appreciably altered after chronic denervation. Tetrodotoxin (10−8M–10−6M) abolished the ganglion cell action potentials in control as well as denervated ganglion cells. Total replacement of extracellular Na ions with an isomolar amount of Tris prevented the initiation of action potentials in both control and denervated ganglion cells. In the presence of tetraethylammonium (5–10 mM), the falling phase of action potentials was markedly prolonged in both control and denervated ganglion cells. The results indicate that the passive and active membrane properties of mammalian sympathetic ganglion cells are not affected by chronic preganglionic denervation and that the presence of an intact preganglionic nerve is not essential for maintaining the integrity of Na and K ionic channels of the postganglionic cell membrane.
Enacting Ecological Sustainability in the MNC: A Test of an Adapted Value-Belief-Norm Framework

Undoubtedly, multinational corporations must play a significant role in the advancement of global ecological ethics. Our research offers a glimpse into the process of how goals of ecological sustainability in one multinational corporation can trickle down through the organization via the sustainability support behaviors of supervisors. We asked the question “How do supervisors in a multinational corporation internalize their corporation’s commitment to ecological sustainability and, in turn, behave in ways that convey this commitment to their subordinates?” In response, we created a theoretical framework for supervisor sustainability support behavior based on Stern et al., Human Ecology Review 6(2), 81-97 (1999) value-belief-norm (VBN) theory. We then tested our framework by performing a survey-based field study of supervisors in a multinational pharmaceutical company that has publicly professed a goal of ecological sustainability.
Thermal Analysis of Some Environmentally Degradable Polymers

The thermal characteristics of a series of degradable polymers have been investigated using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. While the results of the thermogravimetry experiments suggest that the thermal stability of the polymers should not pose any problems at the temperatures that can be expected in a commercial composting process (60°C), phase changes associated with some of the polymers investigated may cause problems in the interpretation of data from composting degradation studies. Several biodegradable polymers were observed to have melt transitions at temperatures similar to those found in a composting environment. Consequently, under the controlled composting conditions used to evaluate biodegradable polymers, degradation of a polymer may be inferred, while actually the polymer has merely undergone a phase change.
Endotoxemia and tumor necrosis factor activity in dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis.

A prospective, nonrandomized study was performed to evaluate the role of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Seventeen dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis were enrolled in the study. Plasma samples were obtained for quantification of endotoxin and TNF on presentation and at 3 and 6 hours after therapy with either fluids prior to antibiotics, or fluids concurrently with antibiotics. All dogs received standard supportive therapy. Fourteen of 17 dogs had endotoxin in their plasma during the study period; 7 of 17 dogs had measurable TNF. No endotoxin or TNF was detectable in plasma from normal puppies. An increase in TNF activity was predictive of mortality (P = .041). There was a trend for increasing endotoxin activity to predict mortality (P = .0769). Animals that received antibiotics with fluids were significantly older than those that received fluids prior to antibiotics, and there was a trend for animals that received antibiotics with fluids to have a decrease in endotoxin activity after treatment (P = .054). Endotoxin and activation of the cytokine cascade are integral to the pathophysiology of parvoviral enteritis. Measures to limit endotoxemia and the systemic inflammatory response may improve survival.
Sol–gel simulation—I: Scattering response

Abstract Scattering of sol–gel structures is investigated computationally. Sol-gels are recreated through an aggregation algorithm incorporating Brownian motion and chemical reactions. Using the fractal character of sol–gels, the concept of recursion is introduced as a tool to perform multi scale computation of the response of sol–gels through the different scales from the molecular level to the macro scale. The concept is illustrated with the prediction of scattering intensity. The relationship between scattering intensity and functionality is investigated, noting that the latter is a function of the Brownian motion and chemical reactivity. Computational simulation tools are developed to predict scattering intensity as a function of density and reactivity, the former represented by the number of particles, or clusters, in the simulation box. Then, the results are correlated to an analytical model that reveals the critical wave number, or critical scale, at which percolation occurs.
Sexual health risks and protective resources in gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual homeless youth.

issues and purpose. To compare sexual health risks and protective resources of homeless adolescents self-identified as gay (G), lesbian (L), or bisexual (B), with those self-identified as heterosexual, and to determine the differences between these two groups and the differences within the GLB group. design and methods. A secondary analysis of survey data collected from a nonprobability sample of 425 homeless adolescents between 16 and 20 years of age. results. Sexual health risks and protective resources differed between those self-identified as GLB and those self-identified as heterosexual. More G/L youth reported a history of sexual abuse and being tested and treated for HIV, and more scored lower on the assertive communication measure than did bisexual or heterosexual youth. Moreover, there were gender differences within the GLB group; more males than females self-identified as homosexual and more females than males self-identified as bisexual. practice implications. Sexual health interventions for this population should be both gender- and sexual orientation-specific.
Glycolytic Dependency of High-Level Nitric Oxide Resistance and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a prolific human pathogen capable of causing severe invasive disease with a myriad of presentations. The ability of S. aureus to cause infection is strongly linked with its capacity to overcome the effects of innate immunity, whether by directly killing immune cells or expressing factors that diminish the impact of immune effectors. One such scenario is the induction of lactic acid fermentation by S. aureus in response to host nitric oxide (NO·). This fermentative activity allows S. aureus to balance redox during NO·-induced respiration inhibition. However, little is known about the metabolic substrates and pathways that support this activity. Here, we identify glycolytic hexose catabolism as being essential for S. aureus growth in the presence of high levels of NO·. We determine that glycolysis supports S. aureus NO· resistance by allowing for ATP and precursor metabolite production in a redox-balanced and respiration-independent manner. We further demonstrate that glycolysis is required for NO· resistance during phagocytosis and that increased levels of extracellular glucose limit the effectiveness of phagocytic killing by enhancing NO· resistance. Finally, we demonstrate that S. aureus glycolysis is essential for virulence in both sepsis and skin/soft tissue models of infection in a time frame consistent with the induction of innate immunity and host NO· production. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a leading human bacterial pathogen capable of causing a wide variety of diseases that, as a result of antibiotic resistance, are very difficult to treat. The frequency of S. aureus tissue invasion suggests that this bacterium has evolved to resist innate immunity and grow using the nutrients present in otherwise sterile host tissue. We have identified glycolysis as an essential component of S. aureus virulence and attribute its importance to promoting nitric oxide resistance and growth under low oxygen conditions. Our data suggest that diabetics, a patient population characterized by excess serum glucose, may be more susceptible to S. aureus as a result of increased glucose availability. Furthermore, the essential nature of S. aureus glycolysis indicates that a newly developed glycolysis inhibitor may be a highly effective treatment for S. aureus infections.
Proteolytic inactivation of the leukocyte C5a receptor by proteinases derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis.

The anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as a primary causative agent in adult periodontitis. Several proteinases are produced by this bacterium, and it is suggested that they contribute to virulence and to local tissue injury resulting from infection by P. gingivalis. Cysteine proteinases with specificities to cleave either Arg-X or Lys-X peptide bonds (i.e., gingipains) have been characterized as predominant enzymes associated with vesicles shed from the surface of this bacterium. It has recently been demonstrated that these proteinases are capable of degrading the blood complement component C5, resulting in the generation of biologically active C5a. By using an affinity-purified rabbit antibody raised against residues 9 to 29 of the C5a receptor (C5aR; CD88), we demonstrate that noncysteinyl proteinases associated with vesicles obtained from P. gingivalis cleave the C5aR on human neutrophils. Proteolytic attack of the C5aR by enzymes from the P. gingivalis vesicles was inhibited by TPCK (tolylsullonyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone), PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), and dichloroisocoumarin, suggesting that serine proteinases are primarily responsible for this degradative activity. The purified vesicle proteinase Lys-gingipain but not Arg-gingipain also cleaved the N-terminal region of the C5aR on the human neutrophils. Lys-gingipain activity was essentially resistant to these inhibitors but was inhibited by TLCK (Nalpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone) and iodoacetamide. A synthetic peptide that mimics the N-terminal region of C5aR (residues 9 to 29; PDYGHY DDKDTLDLNTPVDKT) was readily cleaved by chymotrypsin but not by trypsin, despite the presence of two potential trypsin (i.e., lysyl-X) cleavage sites. The specific sites of cleavage in the C5aR 9-29 peptide were determined by mass spectroscopy for both chymotrypsin and Lys-gingipain digests. This analysis demonstrated that the C5aR peptide is susceptible to cleavage at both potential Lys-gingipain sites (i.e., between residues 17 and 18 [K-D] and 28 and 29 [K-T]) and at two chymotrypsin sites (between residues 14 and 15 [Y-D] and 20 and 21 [L-D]), respectively. These studies suggest that P. gingivalis contains at least two enzymes capable of cleaving the C5aR, Lys-gingipain and a second nontryptic serine proteinase that is distinct from either Arg- or Lys-gingipain.
Using semantics for automatic enforcement of access control policies among dynamic coalitions

In a dynamic coalition environment, organizations should be able to exercise their own local fine-grained access control policies while sharing resources with external entities. In this paper, we propose an approach that exploits the semantics associated with subject and object attributes to facilitate automatic enforcement of organizational access control policies while resource sharing occurs among coalition members. Our approach relies on identifying the necessary attributes required by external users to gain access to a specific organizational object (or service). Specifically, it consists of extracting user attribute sets that semantically match with the attributes of the objects for which a role has permissions. This relies on a closer examination of why a user is assigned a specific role. These attribute sets are first pruned based on their significance in characterizing a role, which are then checked against those submitted by an external user to decide whether to allow or deny access to the specific object. While our goal in this paper is to support coalition based access control, the proposed approach can also aid in automating the process of role engineering.
Depositional History of Smackover Carbonates in Manila Embayment of South Alabama: ABSTRACT

Upper Jurassic Smackover carbonate deposition in south Alabama was significantly influenced by a number of paleotopographic highs which divided the region into several subbasins or embayments. The Manila embayment in Monroe, Conecuh, and Clarke Counties was bounded to the south by the Conecuh ridge and the Wiggins arch and to the west by diapiric salt ridges. These paleotopographic highs protected the interior of the embayment from wave and current energy and significantly influenced Smackover deposition. Initial carbonate deposition, represented by intertidal oncolitic and peloidal packstones and algally laminated mudstones, occurred in the deeper portions of the embayment, and was accompanied by the continuation of subaerial clastic deposition on the still-emergent highs. With sea level rise, these intertidal deposits graded upward into subtidal peloidal packstones containing sparse faunal assemblages indicative of the restricted circulation within the embayment. By middle Oxfordian time, sea level rise had inundated the paleohighs, eliminating restrictive conditions in the embayment. Deposition in the embayment is represented by peloidal, oolitic, and oncolitic packstones and grainstones containing open marine faunal assemblages, while the paleohighs became the site of oolitic shoal with local patch-reef development. A decrease in the rate of sea level rise during late Oxfordian time allowed the carbonate deposits to build toward sea level. The oolitic shoal deposits on the paleohighs pass upward into evaporitic sabkha deposits, whereas the deposits of the embayment grade into oolitic shoal and intertidal flat deposits and finally into sabkha and evaporitic lagoon deposits. End_of_Article - Last_Page 468------------
School Finance Reform: Do Equalized Expenditures Imply Equalized Teacher Salaries?

Abstract Kentucky is a poor, relatively rural state that contrasts greatly with the relatively urban and wealthy states typically the subject of education studies employing large-scale administrative data. For this reason, Kentucky's experience of major school finance and curricular reform is highly salient for understanding teacher labor market dynamics. This study examines the time path of teacher salaries in Appalachian and non-Appalachian Kentucky using a novel teacher-level administrative data set. Our results suggest that the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) provided a salary boost for all Appalachian teachers, resulting in a wage premium for teachers of low and medium experience and equalizing pay across Appalachian and non-Appalachian districts for teachers of high experience. However, we find that Appalachian salaries fell back to the level of non-Appalachian teachers roughly a decade following reform, at which point the pre-KERA remuneration patterns re-emerge.
Graduate Admissions in Pediatric Psychology: The Importance of Undergraduate Training

Objectives To determine the minimum and ideal undergraduate experiences in pediatric psychology expected by graduate faculty; to determine the experiences current trainees gained prior to graduate admission; to compare trainee experiences with faculty expectations. Methods Faculty and current trainees completed surveys. Results Faculty expectations of minimum and ideal undergraduate training were highest for research methods and evaluation, paralleling the highest level of undergraduate training reported by trainees. Research goodness of fit also emerged as a critical admissions factor. Conclusions The results offer empirical evidence for desirable undergraduate training related to pediatric psychology, particularly with respect to research experiences. The findings have implications for prospective trainees, faculty who mentor undergraduates, and graduate faculty serving on admissions committees.
Adhesion molecules in skeletogenesis: II. Neural cell adhesion molecules mediate precartilaginous mesenchymal condensations and enhance chondrogenesis.

Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) was expressed transiently by mesenchymal cells in precartilaginous condensations of the embryonic chicken limb but was lost upon differentiation into cartilage. Consequently, NCAM was present in the periphery of the limb anlagen but was absent in the cartilaginous center of the growing limb. To determine NCAM function in limb bud chondrogenesis we incubated dissociated stage 22/23 distal mesenchymal limb bud cells with Fab' fragments of antibodies to NCAM. Cell aggregation was inhibited by incubating the cells with anti-NCAM Fab'. These results suggest that NCAM may mediate the formation of precartilaginous condensations. This hypothesis was further tested using micromass cultures. NCAM expression in micromass cultures in vitro recapitulated that in vivo. NCAM was enriched in condensations of 2 day cultures, but was diminished and concentrically distributed around cartilage nodules in 4 day cultures. Anti-NCAM Fab' fragments reduced the area occupied by precartilaginous condensations and the degree of chondrogenic differentiation. Control antibody against chicken embryo fibroblasts had no effect. The effect of overexpressing NCAM was analyzed by electroporating expression vectors directing the synthesis of chicken NCAM. Limb bud cells cultured after electroporation with an NCAM expression vector displayed larger cartilage nodules and greater chondrogenic differentiation than cells electroporated with vector alone. The expression of NCAM in electroporated cells also increased. Control experiments using plasmids encoding β-galactosidase indicated that approximately 10% of the limb bud cells were transfected under these conditions. The results suggest that NCAM is involved in the chondrogenesis pathway by mediating the formation of precartilaginous condensations. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Complacency, Violence, and Gender On Being Female

The levels of violence experienced by women in the United States are at unacceptably high levels. Generations and generations of women are socialized to be afraid as they walk down streets and in dark parking lots. Women of all ages are aware of their need to be hypervigilant about their safety (Helliwell, 2000). In the United States, by age 17, one in four girls has experienced sexual assault by adults and peers (Finkelhor, Shattuck, Turner, & Hamby, 2014). This does not account for those young women who experienced physical violence alone. In either case, by late adolescence, women are exposed to violence based on their gender that is systematic, robs them of their feeling of safety, and interferes with their full participation in society (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013). We know based on women’s protective behaviors that violence is every woman’s problem and we theoretically believe that violence is every man’s problem. The latter issue, gender violence as every man’s problem is less clear. For instance, after several conversations among undergraduate and graduate students over the last several years about women’s protective behaviors when returning to their cars in dark parking lots, it is most often the case that college-aged men are unaware of the daily threat of violence felt by women. Some feminist theorists describe the social messaging regarding women’s experiences of violence in these way: Women are portrayed as vulnerable, weak, and incapable of protecting themselves from male assaults and that because of this, women must rely on the law enforcement or male family members or friends (Carlson, 2014). Embedded in this are several ironies. First, given the research on gender violence, by the age of 15, violence has already occurred often at the hands of male adults or peers known to the assaulted female teens. Second, that globally, intimate partners are responsible for the deaths of 38% of murdered women (WHO, 2013). In both these cases, the perpetrator of the violence is potentially the same people that the social messages deem as our protectors. Finally, police protection is available inconsistently, given social class and race. In other words, the reports of upperand middle-class women are more likely to be believed by the police than for poor women and women of color (Miller, 2008). Our college campuses have visible education campaigns about the sexual violence experienced by college women and men. These campaigns range from messages about what constitutes sexual violence, the ways that we can support friends who have been violated and banners with pictures of college-aged men pledging that they will be conscious of the safety of women. While it is difficult to pinpoint when women begin to become aware of their vulnerability to gender-based violence, it is
Outcomes and radiographic findings of anatomic press-fit radial head arthroplasty

Background Radial head arthroplasty (RHA) is a popular method of treatment for complex fractures of the radial head. The purpose of this study was to investigate patient outcomes and radiographic findings associated with a single anatomic monopolar press-fit radial head system commonly used for the treatment of radial head fractures. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed for a consecutive series of patients treated with a press-fit anatomically designed RHA between November 2007 and April 2014. The most recent radiographs were evaluated for loosening, stress shielding, and instability. Postoperative motion and outcomes were reported at most recent follow-up. Results At an average follow-up of 30 months, 6 of the 15 patients (40%) demonstrated radiographic loosening. Six of the 9 patients (67%) without loosening demonstrated stress shielding (average, 6 mm). Functional outcome scores included a mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score of 70, Mayo Elbow Performance Score of 85, visual analog scale score for pain of 2, visual analog scale score for function of 7, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score of 75. Average flexion-extension arc was 14° to 138°, and average pronation-supination was 75° to 74°. All 6 of the patients with radiographic loosening had undergone RHA with an associated ligamentous injury repair. Satisfaction among patients was high as no patient reported an unsatisfactory outcome. Conclusions The use of an anatomic, press-fit monopolar RHA in the management of acute complex radial head fractures has yielded excellent clinical outcomes despite high rates of radiographic loosening and stress shielding. Press-fit RHA in the setting of ligamentous injury warrants further investigation because of a high rate of implant loosening observed.
Plasticity of upper thermal limits to acute and chronic temperature variation in Manduca sexta larvae.

ABSTRACT In many ectotherms, exposure to high temperatures can improve subsequent tolerance to higher temperatures. However, the differential effects of single, repeated or continuous exposure to high temperatures are less clear. We measured the effects of single heat shocks and of diurnally fluctuating or constant rearing temperatures on the critical thermal maximum (CT max ) for final instar larvae of Manduca sexta . Brief (2 h) heat shocks at temperatures of 35°C and above significantly increased CT max relative to control temperatures (25°C). Increasing mean temperatures (from 25 to 30°C) or greater diurnal fluctuations (from constant to ±10°C) during larval development also significantly increased CT max . Combining these data showed that repeated or continuous temperature exposure during development improved heat tolerance beyond the effects of a single exposure to the same maximum temperature. These results suggest that both acute and chronic temperature exposure can result in adaptive plasticity of upper thermal limits.
Pseudosarcoma of the larynx.

In a series of 25 patients with pseudosarcoma and associated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, there was a predominance of elderly (average age 63 years) men (23 to two, male-to-female ratio). Most of the lesions originated from the vocal cord and most were polypoid or pedunculated. The pseudosarcomatous stroma generally predominated, with a relatively diminutive carcinomatous component. Electron microscopic features and enzyme histochemistry of the most recent case suggest that the pseudosarcomatous stroma is a reactive proliferation of histiocytes and fibroblasts, apparently in response to the squamous carcinoma. Follow-up studies indicated that four patients died with contiguous tumor (squamous carcinoma), another 15 died of unrelated causes, and six were alive and free of tumor.
The Biology of Cephalonomia Tarsalis (Ash.), a Vespoid Wasp (Bethylidae: Hymenoptera) Parasitic on the Sawtoothed Grain Beetle

In habits this fossorial wasp very nearly approaches the dividing line between the true fossorial and true parasitic wasps. It was discovered at Urbana, Illinois, October, 1934, in cornmeal as a parasite of the common saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linn.). As very little work had ever been done on the habits of this parasite, it was considered appropriate to study its biology in detail. The problem was done under the supervision of Dr. C. L. Metcalf, Head of the Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, to whom the writer is greatly indebted for many valuable criticisms and suggestions.
Constraints on Small Fullerene Helices

A single heptagon together with a single pentagon can join two graphene semitubules together at a 30° angle so that all carbon atoms are three-fold coordinated and all other carbon rings are hexagons. This bend connects tubules of complementary classes. A tubule class is the set of all tubules having the same helicity. A tubule class has a uniform density of radii, which is the number of different tubules in the class per unit change in tubule radius. The classes that are joined by a heptagon and pentagon have smallest members whose radii differ by a factor of √3. Thus tubule segments joined by a heptagon and pentagon cannot have exactly equal circumferences. There are only a finite number of twist angles allowed between sequential bends along a tubule. Pentagons and heptagons should be isolated and separated as far as possible. These requirements particularly constrain the bends and twists that can occur in the smallest tubules. These considerations favor long-range order along a helix, given a driving force for curling during the formation process.
Coronary-artery vasoconstriction induced by cocaine, cigarette smoking, or both

Background In humans, the use of cocaine and cigarette smoking each increases the heart's metabolic need for oxygen but may also decrease the supply of oxygen. As cocaine abuse has proliferated, cocaine-associated chest pain, myocardial infarction, and sudden death have occurred, especially among smokers. We assessed the influence of intranasal cocaine and cigarette smoking, alone and together, on myocardial oxygen demand and coronary arterial dimensions in subjects with and subjects without coronary atherosclerosis. Methods In 42 smokers (28 men and 14 women; age, 34 to 79 years; 36 with angiographically demonstrable coronary artery disease), we measured the product of the heart rate and systolic arterial pressure (rate-pressure product) and coronary arterial diameters before and after intranasal cocaine at a dose of 2 mg per kilogram of body weight (n = 6), one cigarette (n = 12), or intranasal cocaine at a dose of 2 mg per kilogram followed by one cigarette (n = 24). Results No patient had chest pain o...
Reexamining Reexamination: Preventing a Second Bite at the Apple in Patent Validity Disputes

Throughout the centuries, patent law has developed and adapted to changing conditions. In particular, the growing importance of patents in innovation and economic performance has driven changes and advancement in patent law. As the number of patents filed has grown year after year, patent litigation has increased proportionately and placed strains on the judiciary. Preservation of judicial resources has necessitated an increasing reliance on administrative courts to help keep pace with the burgeoning caseload. At the same time however, the increase in patent litigation and the increasing reliance on administrative courts in supplanting the role of the judiciary has had problematic consequences. In the modern litigation climate, litigants who are found liable for infringement of a valid patent in a full trial before an Article III court are routinely attacking that patent post-litigation through reexamination proceedings at the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Though this arguably presents significant constitutional concerns and promotes economically inefficient gamesmanship, the Federal Circuit has continuously reaffirmed this practice and the Supreme Court has declined to intervene. To remedy this situation, this Note argues that Congress should amend the patent system to avoid concurrent reexamination and litigation proceedings. * Candidate for Juris Doctor, 2016, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. I’d like to thank my family for their unconditional love, support, and encouragement, as well as the members of Northwestern University’s Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property for their assistance in editing this Note. NOR TH WES TERN JO URN AL O F TECH NO LO GY AND IN TE LLEC TU A L PRO PER TY [ 2 0 1 6 218 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 219 I. Brief Background of the USPTO and Patent Reexamination 220 A. The Purpose 220 B. The Process 222 II. Judicial Review of the USPTO’s Reexamination Authority 223 A. Early Court Decisions 223 B. Recent Court Decisions 224 1. In re Swanson 224 2. In re Construction Equipment Co. 225 3. In re Baxter 226 III. Congress Should Intervene 228 IV. Proposed Solutions 231 A. Stays of Litigation 231 1. Create a Cut-Off-Point 232 2. “Any Person Any Time” Requirement 233 3. The Result 234 B. Estoppels 234 Conclusion 235 Vol. 14:2] Nick Messana
Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy: complications of premature nephrostomy tube removal

AbstractNephrostomy tube urinary drainage is important in the initial postoperative period after 1-stage percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. We report 2 cases in which nephrostomy tube drainage was not used after rapid removal of simple upper urinary tract calculi. The complications incurred resulted in prolonged hospitalization and marked patient discomfort.
Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis

Allenes from gem-dibromocyclopropanes which are installed by treatment of olefins with bromoform and alkoxide.