cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for shedding of Salmonella enterica among hospitalized large animals over a 10-year period in a veterinary teaching hospital.

BACKGROUND Transmission of Salmonella in veterinary hospitals is typically associated with environmental contamination. Links between isolates recovered from hospitalized large animals and environment suggest animals as the likely source. Therefore, understanding factors influencing shedding is key in control. Shedding in hospitalized animals has been investigated, but many studies focused on subsets of animals limiting generalizability. OBJECTIVE (1) Investigate factors associated with fecal shedding of Salmonella among hospitalized large animals at a veterinary hospital. (2) Compare results obtained using 2 comparison groups for risk factor analysis-large animals with high confidence in negative shedding status and those with potential for misclassification of shedding status. ANIMALS Large animals admitted from March 2002 through December 2012. METHODS A case-control study was conducted among all hospitalized large animals that were routinely cultured as part of infection control efforts. Animal and hospital factors were evaluated. Data on factors of interest were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between animal factors and fecal shedding of Salmonella enterica. RESULTS During the study period, 5.9% (648/11 061) of hospitalized large animals were culture positive for Salmonella, with the majority being cattle (72%; 467/648) and horses (22%; 143/648). Although the odds of shedding varied by comparison group, overall, 69.4% of animal shedding could be attributed to systemic illness (population attributable fraction) in this study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Findings of this study inform our understanding of factors affecting Salmonella shedding in hospitalized large animals, thus improving our ability for implementation of evidence-based control measures.
Teaching Civil Procedure in the 21st Century: An Annotated Bibliography of U.S. Books and Articles, 2000–2019

An annotated bibliography of articles and books on teaching civil procedure published in the United States from Winter 2000 through Spring 2019.
Outcomes of Cartilage-Sparing Wide Local Excision for Primary Melanoma of the External Ear.

ObjectiveTo describe outcomes after cartilage-sparing wide local excision for primary melanoma of the external ear.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of patients undergoing external ear melanoma ex...
Chapter 4 – Homeostasis and Time Budgets

Homeostasis is the maintenance by an animal of a relatively constant state, which in turn increases efficiency of physiological processes. From a behavioral perspective, homeostasis can be as simple as moving back and forth between sun and shade to keep body temperature constant. Assessment and behavioral response to internal state, such as hunger, thirst, and searching for mates are all homeostatic processes, many of which are regulated by feedback loops. Adjusting time investment in activities—time budgeting—allows animals to accomplish the various tasks required for survival. Biological clocks help animals to adjust their homeostatic activity. Topics such as sleep, fear, and pain fall within the general realm of this topic as well. Within a species, animals may vary in their responses to a particular set of circumstances; this variation is an expression of personality, or behavioral syndrome. Oftentimes, behavioral syndrome is expressed as a shy to bold continuum, with some animals in a population behaving more boldly than others. Homeostasis is the key to understanding why an animal performs a specific behavior at a given time.
Smoking Cessation: Breaking the Strong Addiction

Tobacco dependence is the primary cause of early mortality in adults. While rates of smoking cessation are increasing, people who have stopped smoking tobacco are underrepresented by individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES). Other groups such as women and African Americans are less likely to stop smoking tobacco. Furthermore, evidence-based treatment for tobacco dependence are largely tailored to patients ready to quit within 30 days, a group representing less than 30% of smokers. To improve tobacco cessation rates, conventional strategies need to be adapted to overcome the unique features that make these communities less likely to stop smoking. General and tailored strategies to increase adherence to guideline-recommended tobacco treatment in low SES populations, African Americans, women, and those not motivated to quit are discussed. Capitalizing on the multiple, potential teachable moments to promote smoking cessation in pulmonary practice is critical in preventing death and improving patient HRQoL.
Macromodel on the Wall, How Does Growth Occur, After All?

There are many recognized problems with neoclassical macroeconomic growth modeling. This chapter explores a small number of core criticisms that relate to how the theory does and does not consider the role of energy, or power more precisely. The chapter discusses key economic theories and assumptions that, unbeknownst to the vast majority of people, guide policies. The chapter focuses on (i) the concept of total factor productivity, which is an assumption input that dominates results of neoclassical growth models, and is a major flaw, and (ii) the lack of consideration of debt. The chapter discusses implications of using current macroeconomic theory to investigate the cost-benefit tradeoffs of a low-carbon energy transition. In essence models based on neoclassical theory are incapable, economically speaking, of distinguishing a 100% fossil from a 100% renewable energy future. The chapter introduces research findings that more accurately describe economic growth with respect to energy consumption. This shows how by modeling economic growth from both a biophysical perspective (e.g., tracking material flows as well as energy flows and conversions, using the concept of useful work as energy times its efficiency of use) and a stock-flow consistent economic approach, we can much more accurately match flows of energy to flows of money, such as GDP and wages, and stocks of money such as debt. These are the modeling ideas that are needed to guide energy and economic policies, such as those that inform a low-carbon energy transition.
Quality and Safety in Healthcare, Part LXXXIV: Using Patient Safety Culture Surveys to Improve High Reliability Organizations.

ABSTRACT An important approach to improve the reliability of healthcare organizations is the use of patient safety culture surveys to identify areas that need improvement. Commonly found areas that need development include having more superior leadership regarding safety, improving communications such as with the Ticket to Ride Program and WalkRounds, enhancing teamwork, and using certain collections of "reliability-enhancing work practices."
Assessing pharmacy students' knowledge and perceptions of urine drug testing following a pharmacy skills laboratory.

Abstract Introduction Urine drug tests (UDTs) are commonly used in the healthcare setting to monitor adherence, abuse, and diversion of controlled substances. The goal of our study was to assess the knowledge and perceptions of third-year pharmacy students on UDTs following an educational experience. Methods Third-year pharmacy students completed pre- and post-questionnaires following a skills laboratory focused on the use of UDTs in clinical settings. The 34-item questionnaires consisted of three domains: demographics, knowledge regarding UDTs, and personal perceptions of UDTs. A pre-lab teaching podcast was assigned prior to the laboratory session, and two clinical cases were discussed during the live UDT segment. Descriptive statistics were used to assess demographics, and changes in knowledge and perceptions of UDTs were evaluated using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U, respectively, with an a priori alpha of 0.05. Results One hundred twenty students were included in the analysis. Students in the laboratory were predominately female (n = 72, 60%), Caucasian (n = 84, 70%), and had no prior training with UDTs (n = 104, 86.7%). Student knowledge of UDT interpretation significantly increased from 57% to 71% (four and five correct answers out of seven, respectively). Confidence interpreting UDTs and answering questions related to UDTs also increased significantly. Students felt the laboratory experience was valuable, with 84.2% agreeing or strongly agreeing. Conclusions Educational programming focused on UDTs improves student confidence interpreting results and knowledge related to the use of UDTs.
Trends in Craniofacial Injuries Associated with the Introduction of Electric Scooter Sharing Services

Electric scooters are an increasingly common and convenient mode of transportation worldwide and have effectively revolutionized the shared micromobility industry. As electric scooter sharing compa...
Disproportionate Bullying Victimization and Perpetration by Disability Status, Race, and Gender: A National Analysis

Bullying is a widespread problem in schools that has been linked to poor psychological, social, and academic outcomes for school-aged children. Individual risk factors such as disability status, race/ethnicity, and gender increase the likelihood of involvement in bullying behaviors. The purpose of this study was to explore disproportionate bullying victimization and perpetration utilizing data from all US public schools as reported to the US Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights. We used data from over 90,000 US public schools. All schools reported bullying-related incidents by race, gender, and disability status. We calculated school-level risk ratios and estimated a series of robust variance estimation models to evaluate disproportionate bully-related discipline incidents. We found that students with disabilities, Black students, and Hispanic students were significantly more likely to be victims of bullying (e.g., students with disabilities were 32% more likely of being a victim of bullying than their peers without disabilities). Students with disabilities, Black, Hispanic, and male students were all also significantly more likely to be disciplined for bullying (e.g., students with disabilities were over 41% more at risk than their peers without disabilities). The results reiterate that youth from traditionally marginalized backgrounds are at escalated risk for bullying involvement, and they are more likely to experience bullying and be disciplined as a function of their disability, race or ethnicity, or gender.
The Indo-European Controversy: Facts and Fallacies in Historical Linguistics

Over the past decade, a group of prolific and innovative evolutionary biologists has sought to reinvent historical linguistics through the use of phylogenetic and phylogeographical analysis, treating cognates like genes and conceptualizing the spread of languages in terms of the diffusion of viruses. Using these techniques, researchers claim to have located the origin of the Indo-European language family in Neolithic Anatolia, challenging the near-consensus view that it emerged in the grasslands north of the Black Sea thousands of years later. But despite its widespread celebration in the global media, this new approach fails to withstand scrutiny. As languages do not evolve like biological species and do not spread like viruses, the model produces incoherent results, contradicted by the empirical record at every turn. This book asserts that the origin and spread of languages must be examined primarily through the time-tested techniques of linguistic analysis, rather than those of evolutionary biology.
Wetting resistance of heterogeneous superhydrophobic coatings with orthogonally layered fibers

Abstract Superhydrophobic coatings comprised of electrospun nanofibers are a low-cost alternative to micro-fabricated surfaces, and can be applied to substrates of any arbitrary geometry. Such coatings with orthogonally oriented layers have properties that allow their wetting resistance to be predictable for a range of solid volume fractions, fiber diameters, and contact angles. In this paper, we have presented a modeling strategy that solves for the air–water interface shape over several layers of such coatings to predict the resistance of superhydrophobic fiber coatings to hydrostatic pressures and to quantify the relationship between microstructure, meniscus penetration depth, and wetted surface area of the fibers. Slip length predictions are also provided to shed some light on the performance of such coatings in drag reduction applications. It was found that while failure pressure for a coating rises with reducing fiber spacing, there is a tradeoff with wetted fiber surface area relative to a bare substrate. This tradeoff can be offset, however, by using smaller fibers for an intended coating. This results in a higher failure pressure for the same wetted area fraction. The results generated in this work are discussed in relation to those reported in the literature whenever possible.
Branch guided functional test generation at the RTL

In this paper, we propose a functional test generation method for Register Transfer Level circuits. A popular metric for measuring the effectiveness of an RTL test suite is branch coverage. The challenge in exercising a hard-to-reach branch is in the understanding of the semantics of the design. Without a good guidance, hard branches might require unnecessarily long test sequences or missed altogether. In our method, we extract such semantics from the circuit using a lightweight static analysis of the code in order to guide the search. Experimental results show that a high level of coverage can be obtained for several benchmark circuits, while reducing the test vector lengths by up to two orders of magnitude in some circuits.
Colombia & the New Global Economy: Implications of Tratado de Libre Comercio for Colombian Industry, Engineers and Engineering Educators

The landscape of the world economy has changed significantly over the last twenty five years. The inter-connectedness of national economies, the rapid ascent of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) in the global engineering environment and the pro-active role of organizations such as the World Trade Organization, regional alliances such as the EU, and Mercosur are factors that have synergized this movement towards a new order. The completion of the Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) agreement is a major milestone for the Colombian economy. These developments have serious and opportunistic implications for organizations, engineers, and engineering educators. We focus here on the drivers and consequences for engineering practitioners and educators. Corporate strategies, along with the need for engineering curriculum reform to ensure that Colombian engineers will effectively compete in the global marketplace, are detailed.
ANTIBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC ACID, A FACTOR IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL ANTIBIOSIS OF POLAR MARINE ANIMALS.

Sieburth, John McNeill (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va.). Antibiotic properties of acrylic acid, a factor in the gastro-intestinal antibiosis of polar marine animals. J. Bacteriol. 82:72–79. 1961.—Observations were made on acrylic acid to study some of the antibiotic, chemical, and physical properties of this volatile acid which occurs at a concentration of 8% (dry weight) in the marine alga Phaeocystis pouchetii. The sodium salt inhibited both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by filter paper disc assays at concentrations of 0.012–12.0 mg/ml. Activity was enhanced by acid reactions approximating those of the avian gut. In an attempt to explain the absence of typical strains of Escherichia coli and the suppression of the atypical coliform microflora in the anterior gastrointestinal segments of pygoscelid penguins in areas where the phytoplankton was dominated by P. pouchetii, chick trials were conducted with sodium acrylate. Acrylate supplementation of chicken feed at levels as low as one-fifth (0.01%) of those estimated to be ingested by penguins under natural conditions, suppressed the E. coli population and permitted its partial replacement by Aerobacter aerogenes. This latter phenomenon was explained by an increase in acrylate resistance by the A. aerogenes population. Acrylate feed levels between 0.01 and 1.0% caused an apparent increase in the growth rate of chicks, whereas 10% levels caused anorexia and death.
Energy metabolism, nitrogen balance, and substrate utilization in critically ill children

BACKGROUND Critically ill patients are characterized by a hypermetabolic state, a catabolic response, higher nutritional needs, and a decreased capacity for utilization of parenteral substrate. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze the relation between a patient's metabolic state and their nutritional intake, substrate utilization, and nitrogen balance (NB) in mechanically ventilated, critically ill children receiving parenteral nutrition. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study in which resting energy expenditure (REE) and NB were measured and substrate utilization and the metabolic index (MI) ratio (REE/expected energy requirements) were calculated. RESULTS Thirty-three children (mean age: 5 y) participated. Their average REE was 0.23 +/- 0.10 MJ x kg(-1) x d(-1) and their average MI was 1.2 +/- 0.5. Mean energy intake, protein intake, and NB were 0.25 +/- 0.14 MJ x kg(-1) x d(-1), 2.1 +/- 1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1), and -89 +/- 166 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), respectively. Patients with an MI >1.1 (n = 19) had a higher fat oxidation than did patients with an MI <1.1 (n = 14; P < 0.05). Patients with lipogenesis (n = 13) had a higher carbohydrate intake than did patients without lipogenesis (n = 20; P < 0.05). Patients with a positive NB (n = 12) had a higher protein intake than did patients with a negative NB (n = 21; P < 0.001) and lower protein oxidation (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Critically ill children are hypermetabolic and in negative NB. In this population, fat is used preferentially for oxidation and carbohydrate is utilized poorly. A high carbohydrate intake was associated with lipogenesis and less fat oxidation, a negative NB was associated with high oxidation rates for protein, and a high protein intake was associated with a positive NB.
A NON-MARKOVIAN MODEL FOR PARTICLE MOTION IN FLUIDIZED BEDS

The notion of modeling particle motion in fluidized beds by stochastic methods is extended to include non-Markovian behavior. The inclusion of such “memory” terms should more adequately represent the key physical considerations. A general memory equation is first introduced. Two expressions for the so-called memory function are then suggested and subsequently used to generate autocorrelation functions which favorably represent the available experimental data.
Antecedents and outcomes: theories of fit and the study of doctoral education

This paper explores fit as an important theoretical construct in the study of doctoral education and doctoral student development. We discuss how research based on three types of fit (person–environment fit, person–culture fit, person–vocation fit) may provide critical insights into the doctoral student experience, and offer a framework based on antecedents and outcomes to support future research. We conclude with an application of this framework to two understudied populations of doctoral students and future research directions.
Suppressed anger, evaluative threat, and cardiovascular reactivity: a tripartite profile approach

Despite decades of theory and research implicating suppressed anger in the development of cardiovascular disorders involving cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), to date the theoretical components of low anger expression, guilt feelings over agonistic reactions, and defensive strivings to avoid social disapproval have not been used conjointly to profile suppressed anger for the prediction of CVR. The purpose of this study, then, was to cluster analyze measures of anger expression, hostility guilt, and social defensiveness to create a suppressed anger profile (low anger expression, high hostility guilt, high social defensiveness) and a non-suppressed profile from a sample of college males. Social evaluative threat may be a potent stressor for people who defensively suppress anger expression. Thus, to examine the combined effects of suppressed anger and social evaluative threat, participants, prior to telling a story to a Thematic Apperception Card (TAT), were randomly assigned to either a high-threat (story will be compared to stories created by the mentally ill) or a low-threat condition (story used to study effects of talking on cardiovascular responses). Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored during a rest period and the subsequent TAT card period. As predicted, suppressed anger males in the high-threat condition showed the highest levels of diastolic BP and HR change from the rest period. The suppressed anger group's systolic BP reactivity was independent of threat manipulation. Research implications are discussed.
Discussion of Klassen & Burnaby and McKay & Weinstein-Shr: Beyond Assimilationist Literacy Policies and Practices

The preceding articles by Burnaby and Klassen and by McKay and Weinstein-Shr help point out the disjunction between the assumptions underlying literacy policies and program practices and the experiences of those for whom-but frequently not with whomthey have been developed. These authors demonstrate that the key to understanding language and literacy policies is based upon deconstructing the common assumptions and contradictions which underlie policy formation and program practices. Both articles underscore the importance of ethnographic research as a means of informing policy, particularly regarding those students who would benefit from literacy instruction but who are not enrolled in any program. The examples cited demonstrate that because there is life, language, and literacy beyond the world of English, there are many reasons to acknowledge, maintain, and promote native-language literacy and biliteracy. McKay and Weinstein-Shr's brief historical discussion of language and literacy policies as instruments of gatekeeping offers one example of how these policies have functioned as instruments of social control (Leibowitz, 1974). I will add an interpretive commentary to McKay and Weinstein-Shr's historical discussion, before returning to the articles because an historical-structural approach (see Tollefson, 1991) helps to further understand this function of social control. It also provides a framework for understanding educational remedies as well as the experiences and problems of language minorities. Historical and contemporary English language and literacy policies can have a number of functions including representing responses of dominant groups to subordinate groups. Official policies and program practices are established through institutions controlled by dominant groups. Thus, the individual experiences of language minorities, as they attempt to acquire literacy and a second language, can also be understood within the context of struggles between groups with un-
Prolonged hypercarbia in the awake newborn piglet: effect on brain blood flow and cardiac output.

ABSTRACT: In adults, exposure to prolonged hypercarbia results in a normalization of the extravascular brain pH associated with a reduction in brain blood flow (BBF). Following prolonged hypercarbia, sudden normalization of the arterial PCO2 also produces a change in the extravascular brain pH to an alkaline state, resulting in a marked decrease in BBF. We examined these physiologic phenomena in newborn subjects by exposing seven awake, spontaneously breathing newborn piglets to 4 h of sustained hypercarbia (PaCO2: 60-70 mm Hg) followed by a 45-min normocarbic period. Total and regional BBF, cardiac output (radionuclide-labeled microsphere method), arterial blood pressure, plasma catecholamine and lactate concentrations, blood gases, oxygen contents, and hematocrits were measured during a baseline period, at ½, 2, and 4 h of sustained hypercarbia and ¼ and ¾ h following an abrupt onset of normocarbia. The initial 2.5-fold increase in total BBF during hypercarbia persisted for 2 h and at 4 h decreased significantly below the level of the 30-min hypercarbic measurement, although the values still remained 2-fold above the baseline values. Brain tissue pH was reduced at the onset of hypercarbia, remaining unchanged throughout the hypercarbic period. Both total BBF and brain tissue pH returned to baseline values following the return to normocarbia. Changes in regional BBF were similar to that of total BBF with the exception of the boundary zone (periventricular area in the frontoparietal region of the cerebrum, adjacent to the caudate nucleus) and the parietal area (site of the brain tissue pH electrode), where a significant decrease from the peak hyperemia was not observed. Choroid plexus blood flow demonstrated a small initial increase over normocarbic baseline values. Plasma bicarbonate concentrations did not change during the studies. Following the onset of hypercarbia, heart rate and cardiac output increased significantly whereas plasma lactate concentrations decreased significantly. There was also an increase in the percentage of cardiac output distributed to the brain. The increase in cardiac output persisted throughout the hypercarbic period and returned to baseline levels during normocarbia. Mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly at the 4-h hypercarbic period and this increase persisted during normocarbia. We conclude that in newborn piglets 1) hypercarbia resulted in cerebral hyperperfusion, accompanied by marked fall in brain tissue
Reversible changes in the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase in neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus after experimental stroke

Abstract The effect of experimental stroke, produced by right middle cerebral artery ligation, on central noradrenergic neurons was determined by following the changes in the activities of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). The anterograde reaction in noradrenergic nerve terminals was characterized by a permanent 40% decrease in DBH activity in the frontoparietal cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. The retrograde reaction in the ipsilateral neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus was characterized by a reversible 15% decrease in the activities of both TH and DBH. Such widespread changes in the activities of the neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes may play a part in the diverse motor, sensory, and emotional consequences of stroke lesions.
Public Administration in Search of a Theory The Interdisciplinary Delusion

Public administration has, during recent decades, been widely held to be a study in disarray, without an integrating theory, neither a discipline nor a component of a discipline. The orthodox solut...
Intraperitoneal chromic phosphate in ovarian cancer: Risks and benefits

Between March 1977 and December 1985, 59 patients were treated with intraperitoneal chromic phosphate at The University of Alabama Birmingham Hospitals and its affiliates. Twenty-seven patients received primary adjuvant therapy. Thirty-two patients were treated "secondarily" after tumor recurrence or after a "positive" second-look laparotomy. Associated morbidity was noted to be 12% with reoperation required in 7%. Early stage and grade tumors demonstrate a good prognosis. Little, if any, benefit was demonstrated in "secondary" therapy of advanced stage and grade tumors.
Purification, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray analysis of L-A: a dsRNA yeast virus.

TheL-A virus (LAV) particle is a specialized compartment for the transcription and replication of double-stranded RNA. It is 390 A in diameter and infects yeast. The particle is formed by a capsid containing 120 copies of a 680-residue gene product arranged with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry, approximately two copies of an RNA-directed RNA polymerase, and a 4.6-kb linear, duplex RNA. LAV crystals diffracting to at least 4.5-A resolution were grown in a combination of polyethylene glycol 8000, ethylene glycol, and lithium chloride. Following crystallization the reservoir solution was replaced by a 2x concentrated reservoir solution in order for ethylene glycol to function as a cryoprotectant even though initial crystals would not grow at sufficiently high concentrations of ethylene glycol for cryoprotection. A complete data set was collected to 6-A resolution from a frozen crystal obtained with this procedure. The crystals belong to space group P2(1). The unit cell dimensions are a = 406.7 A, b = 403.3 A, c = 572.5 A, beta = 90.3 degrees with two virus particles in the unit cell. The particle orientation was determined with the rotation function and the particle center was estimated on the basis of packing considerations.
Moisture transport in a soil-plant system: a mathematical model and finite element analysis

Abstract A mathematical model and approximate analysis using finite elements are developed to simulate the transport of moisture from a soil medium through a small seedling or plant to the atmosphere. An intrinsic part of the mathematical model is analysis of the characteristic diffusion rates of different components in the soil-plant system. This leads to consideration of the non-linear coupling of the component soil and plant regimes and effective numerical solution of the problem using a Galerkin semi-discrete finite element method: Details concerning the mathematical model and approximate analysis are described. Numerical experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the model. Relaxation and iterative acceleration techniques and an adaptive timestepping strategy are devised to improve the solution algorithms. Comparisons of model predictions with results of laboratory and field experiments indicate that the model provides useful information on plant-water relations.
Ultrastructural studies on sporogony of Babesia microti in salivary gland cells of the tick Ixodes dammini

Tick larvae were permitted to feed on infected hamsters and then allowed to molt. Nymphs were examined just prior to feeding on uninfected hamsters or at timed intervals thereafter. Invasion of the salivary gland by B. microti occurs before feeding of the nymph begins, and development of the parasite is further stimulated by feeding. The sporoblast forms a massive multinucleated meshwork which ramifies throughout the large host cell. No separation of the meshwork into multiple subdivisions, termed “cytomeres” by other workers, has been detected. Instead the specialized organelles characteristic of sporozoites, namely micronemes, rhoptries, and segments of double membrane appear in the meshwork itself and gradually become organized into sporozoite anlagen which protrude from its surface. At the same time the meshwork shortens and thickens giving rise to large compact undifferentiated bodies whose surface is also studded with sporozoite anlagen. Sporozoites thus originate either from the meshwork or from the undifferentiated bodies. In either case large lobate nuclei send projections into the anlagen as they protrude from the surface of the sporoblast. In a final step the mature sporozoites arise by simultaneous nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. There is no separate stage of schizogony and the process is one of true budding.
Reduced elution speed detection for capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry

A combined capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) method is described that provides an increase in the efficiency of analysis by decreasing the analyte elution rate into an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. The method is readily implemented by instituting a step change in the CE electric field strength for desired periods of time during a separation. As a result, the m/z range or the number of times an m/z range can be scanned while a solute elutes is increased by a factor proportional to the decrease in CE electric field strength. In addition, the method is shown not to cause any significant loss in separation quality as demonstrated for mixtures of proteins and peptides, while providing an effective gain in sensitivity. This allows an enhancement in the quality of mass spectra recorded while scanning wide m/z ranges. Mass spectra for a set of standard proteins were obtained for injections of 60 femtomole/protein, while analysis of an albumin tryptic digest was obtained for injections corresponding to 40 femtomoles of protein.
Toward smart manufacturing using decision analytics

This paper is focused on decision analytics for smart manufacturing. We consider temporal manufacturing processes with stochastic throughput and inventories. We demonstrate the use of the recently proposed concept of the decision guidance analytics language to perform monitoring, analysis, planning, and execution tasks. To support these tasks we define the structure of and develop modular reusable process component models, which represent data, decision/control variables, computation of functions, constraints, and uncertainty. The tasks are then implemented by posing declarative queries of the decision guidance analytics language for data manipulation, what-if prediction analysis, decision optimization, and machine learning.
Pericardial Involvement in End-Stage Renal Disease

Pericardial involvement in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is manifested most commonly as acute uremic or dialysis pericarditis and infrequently as chronic constrictive pericarditis. The causes of uremic and dialysis pericarditis remain uncertain. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis in patients with chronic renal failure are similar to those observed in nonuremic patients with similar pericardial involvement, except that chest pain occurs less frequently in those with ESRD. Therapeutic interventions for acute uremic or dialysis pericarditis with or without pericardial effusion include intensive hemodialysis, pericardiocentesis (infrequently used), pericardiostomy with or without instillation of intrapericardial glucocorticoids, pericardial window, and pericardiectomy. Chronic constrictive pericarditis is treated with pericardiectomy.
Self-Assembly of Silicotungstate Anions on Silver Surfaces

We report here the self assembly of {alpha}-dodecatungstosilicate anions, {alpha}-SiW{sub 12}O{sub 40}{sup 4-}, on Ag(111) surfaces from acidic aqueous solution. The ability of {alpha}-SiW{sub 12}O{sub 40}{sup 4-} to form self-assembled monolayers on Ag(111) offers great opportunity for generalization to other functionalized inorganic molecules on other surfaces. We find that the silicotungstate anions will also adhere to Cu surfaces, and we anticipate that they will bind to other oxophilic surfaces (e.g., Al, W, Ni) once the oxide layer is removed. Polyoxometalates function as superacids, ion exchangers, corrosion inhibitors, electron transfer reagents, catalysts, and photochemical oxidants. Since they can accommodate a wide range of organic, organometallic, and inorganic functional groups, we anticipate widespread exploration of these and other classes of inorganic molecules as self-assembled monolayers. 22 refs., 2 figs.
Department Chairs' Perceptions of the Importance of Business Communication Skills:

The purpose of this investigation was to determine business department chairs' rat ings of topics typically covered in the business communication course. A sample of 280 chairs provided administrat...
Nanolasers: Lasing from 2D atomic crystals

The coupling of monolayer tungsten diselenide and a photonic-crystal cavity leads to ultralow-threshold lasing.
GROWTH FAILURE: STATISTICS APPLIED TO MEDICAL THERAPY

To minimize subjective bias and to shorten control and trial-treatment periods, especially when using hazardous or scarce medications, we applied statistical methods to evaluate the influence of treatment upon the growth rates of children with growth disturbances. Utilization was encouraged by programming techniques for a desk-top calculator and demonstrating uses with six questions. The program assumes linearity of data and requires groups of paired variables, i.e. age and height. Section 1 describes growth statistically: 1. By my measurements, what is the child's growth rate? (linear regression and correlation) 2. What is my average error when measuring this child? (standard error of measurement) 3. How can I know when I have sufficient measurements to permit a therapeutic change? (F-test for regression) 4. What do I use to compare this child's growth to “normal” growth? (t test for confidence limits of slope). Section 2 compares growth periods statistically: 1. Are growth periods 1 and 2 different? (linear covariance for comparison of slopes).2. If different, how do they differ? (linear covariance discriminates change in rate from parallelism due to difference in measurement techniques or non-consecutive periods). The program can also be used to facilitate evaluation, retrospective or prospective, of a wide variety of influences on linear functions ranging from pharmacokinetics to applications in behavioral science, e.g. comparison of teaching techniques on rates of learning.
Intraneural cyst of the peroneal nerve

A 15-year-old girl was referred to us because of foot drop. The motor deficit was characterized by a peculiar fluctuating course related to sporting activity: improvement of symptoms during no-sport periods and worsening during sport training. Neurophysiological examination revealed marked global impairment of muscles innervated by the peroneal nerve. Ultrasound and MRI showed a mass in close proximity to the neck of the fibula extending in a tubular fashion. At operation an intraneural lesion was found and was totally removed. Histology revealed that it was an intraneural cyst. A hypothesis on the pathogenesis was drawn up. One year after the operation a clinical and neurophysiological follow-up was performed.
Postmaterialism and the Emerging Soviet Democracy

This paper evaluates whether postmaterialist theory helps explain the democratization movement in the Soviet Union. The findings are based on two public opinion samples conducted in the USSR: one conducted in the Moscow Oblast in February/March, 1990, and the other in the European USSR (May, 1990). Our approach to the measurement of postmaterialism follows closely the work of Ron Inglehart. We find that postmaterialist value orientations seem to play an important role in Soviet mass politics. Postmaterialists, though small in number, are unusually supportive of basic democratic institutions and processes, and are more likely to engage in unconventional, regime challenging political behavior. There is some evidence in our data that postmaterialism is concentrated among younger Soviets, although the relationships are not strong. In general, we think it fair to conclude that postmaterialist value orientations are affecting Soviet politics in much the same way they have affected Western politics.
An inexpensive interface for the IBM PC/XT and compatibles

An inexpensive interface designed for IBM PCIXTs or compatibles, potentially useful for con­ trolling behavioral/neural experiments, is presented. Descriptions of basic machine language rou­ tines for the control of input/output functions, timing, and data acquisition by the interface are provided. Also, a briefdescription of available Forth routines for controlling the delivery ofstimuli and the acquisition of behavioral/neural data during classical conditioning experiments is presented. In this article, we describe an interface for the IBM PC/XT that has been used for several years to control and collect data in classical conditioning experiments (e.g., Lavond, Steinmetz, Yokaitis, & Thompson, 1987). The system can be used on-line, providing immediate display of responses, or off-line. Although IBM no longer makes the PC/XT computer, there is still a large market for their clones at reasonable prices. Given the availability and power of these models, the interface and software de­ scribed in this article may serve as an attractive alterna­ tive to the KIM-l system developed by Solomon and col­ leagues (Solomon & Babcock, 1979; Solomon, Weisz, Clark, Hall, & Babcock, 1983) and to the system devel­ oped by Gormezano and colleagues for classical condi­ tioning with the Apple II series of computers (Scandrett & Gormezano, 1980). The retail cost of parts for this interface is less than $100 (including chips, board, wire, sockets, and cables), and it takes about 8-10 h to wire wrap by hand. In designing and programming this inter­ face, we found books by Eggebrecht (1983), National Semiconductor (1981), Rector and Alexy (1980), Royer (1987), and Willen and Krantz (1984) to be very useful.
Abstract P6-07-37: Impact of body mass index on recurrence risk in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) has been correlated with risk of recurrence in invasive breast cancer, but the association between BMI and recurrence in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is less clear. Recent retrospective data indicates that local recurrence is not related to BMI at initial diagnosis. Here we examine the relationship between initial BMI and recurrence in a separate cohort of patients with DCIS. Methods: One hundred eighty-nine patients with DCIS treated between the years of 1999 and 2005 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham were analyzed. BMI was divided into 4 categories as follows: underweight (BMI Results: There were 199 cases of DCIS identified in our cohort of 189 patients (10 patients had bilateral disease). Of these 189 patients, 1.1% (2/189) were underweight, 31.2% (59/189) were normal weight, 22.7% (43/189) were overweight, and 21.7% (41/189) were obese. BMI could not be obtained for 23.3% (44/189) of patients. With a median follow-up of 87.2 months, there were 28 total recurrences identified in the 199 cases (14.1%) with 85.7% of these including a local recurrence. No significant associations were found between the likelihood of overall or local recurrence and any of the four BMI categories. Further, analysis of recurrence-free survival did not show any significant associations between BMI and recurrence. Conclusions: Our data supports recently reported evidence that BMI at diagnosis does not affect the risk of overall or local recurrence in patients with DCIS. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-07-37.
Ethanol-induced changes in lipid composition of Escherichia coli: Inhibition of saturated fatty acid synthesis in vitro☆

Growth of Escherichia coli in the presence of ethanol results in the synthesis of lipids containing elevated proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. Previous in vivo experiments indicated that the ethanol-induced changes in fatty acid composition result from a preferential inhibition of saturated fatty acid synthesis. In this study, the inhibition of saturated fatty acid synthesis by ethanol was confirmed in vitro. This inhibition was not membrane mediated and resulted from a direct action of ethanol on the soluble enzymes of fatty acid synthesis. The addition of ethanol resulted in a decrease in chain length of both saturated and unsaturated acyl products in vitro. Experiments with enzymes prepared from several fatty acid synthesis mutants of E. coli indicate that β-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydrase is not the site of the ethanol inhibition of saturated fatty acid synthesis. The two condensing enzymes are the probable sites for inhibition by ethanol.
A Hyaluronan Binding Link Protein Gene Family Whose Members Are Physically Linked Adjacent to Chrondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Core Protein Genes THE MISSING LINKS

We describe a vertebrate hyaluronan and proteoglycan binding link protein gene family (HAPLN), consisting of four members including cartilage link protein. The encoded proteins share 45–52% overall amino acid identity. In contrast to the average sequence identity between family members, the sequence conservation between vertebrate species was very high. Human and mouse link proteins share 81–96% amino acid sequence identity. Two of the four link protein genes (HAPLN2 and HAPLN4) were restricted in expression to the brain/central nervous system, while one of the four genes (HAPLN3) was widely expressed. Genomic structures revealed that all four HAPLN genes were similar in exon-intron organization and were also similar in genomic organization to the 5' exons for the CSPG core protein genes. Strikingly, all four HAPLN genes were located immediately adjacent to the four CSPG core protein genes creating four pairs of CSPG-HAPLN genes within the mammalian genome. Furthermore, the two brain-specific HAPLN genes (HAPLN2 and HAPLN4) were physically linked to the brain-specific CSPG genes encoding brevican and neurocan, respectively. The tight physical association of the HAPLN and CSPG genes supports a hypothesis that the first HAPLN gene arose as a partial gene duplication event from an ancestral CSPG gene. There is some degree of coordinated expression of each gene pair. Collectively, the four HAPLN genes are expressed by most tissue types, reflecting the fundamental importance of the hyaluronan-dependent extracellular matrix to tissue architecture and function in vertebrate species. Comparison of the genomic structures for the HAPLN, CSPG genes and other members of the link module superfamily provide strong support for a common evolutionary origin from an ancestral gene containing one link module encoding exon.
Separation of the glucose-6-phosphate independent and dependent forms of glycogen synthetase from yeast.

Abstract The glucose-6-P independent (I) and dependent (D) forms of yeast glycogen synthetase were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Transformation of the I form into the D form with the appropriate kinase led to the expected shift in position of the eluted synthetase peak, without effect on other proteins. The apparent molecular weights of the D and I forms as obtained from sucrose density gradient centrifugation were 270,000 and 230,000, respectively.
The ins and outs of body piercing

ABSTRACT •PATIENTS WITH BODY PIERCINGS present a challenge for today's perioperative nurses. The need to prepare these patients for surgery while promoting safety, preserving body image, and respecting cultural values has gone beyond the routine practice of jewelry removal. •BODY ART (ie, tattooing, piercing) has been practiced by men, women, and children from ancient times to the present. It was used then, as it is now, for many purposes, including personal expression, rite of passage, and fashion trends. •THE EXPANDING POPULARITY of body piercing increases the likelihood that patients will arrive for surgery with body jewelry in place. This article provides perioperative nurses with the proper tools to deliver culturally sensitive care to patients with body piercings. AORN J 79 (February 2004) 333–342.