cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Update of Recursive Agent Models

We present a framework for Bayesian updating of beliefs about models of agent(s) based on their observed behavior. We work within the formalism of the Recursive Modeling Method (RMM) that maintains and processes models an agent may use to interact with other agent(s), the models the agent may think the other agent has of the original agent, the models the other agent may think the agent has, and so on. The beliefs about which model is the correct one are incrementally updated based on the observed behavior of the modeled agent and, as the result, the probability of the model that best predicted the observed behavior is increased. Analogously, the models on deeper levels of modeling can be updated; the models that the agent thinks another agent uses to model the original agent are revised based on how the other agent is expected to observe the original agent‘s behavior, and so on. We have implemented and tested our method in two domains, and the results show a marked improvement in the quality of interactions with the belief update in both domains.
Experimental constraints on melt generation in the mantle wedge

Experimental studies show that H 2 O affects most aspects of melt generation in the sub-arc mantle wedge. For example, dissolved H 2 O modifies the major element composition of peridotite partial melt by increasing the ratio of SiO 2 to MgO + FeO, mimicking the effect of decreasing pressure during anhydrous partial melting. Comparison of the normalized (anhydrous) compositions of experimentally produced hydrous and anhydrous melts shows that SiO 2 increases by ∼1 wt% with addition of 3 to 6 wt% dissolved H 2 O, while FeO + MgO decreases by ∼2 wt%. Furthermore, mobility of partial melt in mantle peridotite may increase due to the influence of H 2 O. Orthopyroxene-melt dihedral angles are ∼70° under anhydrous conditions, trapping small amounts of melt at 4 grain junctions, but they decrease to ∼52° under hydrous conditions, allowing connectivity down to very low melt fractions. Dissolved H 2 O also decreases melt density and viscosity that, combined with enhanced connectivity, allows hydrous melt to segregate very efficiently from residual peridotite. Less melt is produced by hydrous peridotite, relative to anhydrous peridotite, for a given temperature increase or pressure decrease, because of the monotonic decrease of dissolved H 2 O with increasing extent of melting. Primitive arc magmas with high pre-eruptive H 2 O contents may form when a peridotite partial melt that is initially near fluid saturation percolates upward through the mantle wedge, maintaining equilibrium with hotter, overlying peridotite by dissolving the surrounding rock (reactive porous flow). Adiabatic decompression melting may occur in regions where hot mantle flows from the back arc into the wedge corner, generating nearly anhydrous partial melt.
Failed Rescue: Why Davis v. FEC Signalsthe End to Effective Clean Elections

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1266II. The Development of Public Funding in U.S. Elections and the Federal Election Campaign Act 1269A. Public Campaign Funding's U.S. Origins and the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 1269B. Watergate and the 1974 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments 1271III. Buckley v. Valeo and RNC v. FEC: Campaign Finance's Constitutional Framework 1272A. Buckley's Standards for Contribution and Expenditure Limits 12731. Expenditure Limits Substantially Burden Fundamental First Amendment Rights 12732. The Compelling State Interest in Preventing Political Corruption and the Appearance of Such Corruption 1274B. Buckley and RNC Establish Public Funding Standards ....... 1277IV. The Rise of State and Local Public Funding Programs, Clean Elections, and Rescue Funds 1278A. State and Municipal Public Campaign Funding Systems 1278B. Clean Elections Programs 1279C. Rescue Funds in Clean Elections 1281V. The Circuit Court Dispute over Rescue Funds' Constitutionality 1282VI. Davis v. FEC: A New Standard? 1289A. BCRA and the Millionaire's Amendment 1289B. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia Upholds the Millionaire's Amendment Against a First Amendment Challenge 1292C. The Supreme Court Reverses and Declares the Millionaire's Amendment a First Amendment Violation .... 12931. Davis's First Amendment Burden Analysis 12932. Davis's Strict Scrutiny Review 1295VII. How Does Davis Bear on the Assessment of Rescue Funds' Constitutionality? 1296A. Burden Analysis 12971. Davis Undermines the Prevailing Arguments that Rescue Funds Do Not Burden a Nonparticipating Candidate's Speech 12982. Summary of Why Rescue Funds Burden Speech 1309B. Strict Scrutiny Review 1310VIII. Conclusion 1313I. Introduction"[P]ublic financing . . . as it exists today is broken."1 Then-Senator Barack Obama offered this revealing assertion on June 19, 2008 as he declared his intent to become the first major party general election candidate to opt out of the voluntary system for public funding of presidential elections in the nearly thirty-five years since the program's establishment in the wake of Watergate.2 At first, Obama received heavy criticism for rescinding his (unofficial) earlier pledges to accept public money.3 These opening chides, however, later morphed into debate about the efficacy and sustainability of the current presidential election public financing system after Obama's campaign fundraising efforts vastly exceeded the subsidy granted to his publicly funded opponent, Senator John McCain. …
Putting a charge in leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a a response to an opinion piece by James Clawson on leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The paper extracts from the author's managerial and consulting experience.Findings – The paper concludes that the concept of leadership gets in the way of understanding what is really needed to lead; leaders are constantly on stage, and everything they do counts, not just behavioral attempts to “lead.” Numerous dilemmas face all leaders.Practical implications – This paper should help understand the difficulty of most leadership training, and give a new perspective to action.Originality/value – The paper takes a different view from traditional research papers on leadership and points to the heart of the complexities that make it hard to “teach.” It addresses a number of seldom researched or discussed leadership topics.
Effects of age and stage of lactation on type classification.

Abstract Classification records on 2,518 Holstein-Friesian cows in 41 Wisconsin herds were used to determine the effects of age, stage of lactation, and age times stage of lactation interaction on type classification. All cows were rescored every 16 months. A total of 4,656 observations was available for the study. The final score, as well as ratings for general appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mammary system were recorded for each classification. Differences due to age (divided into yearly intervals) and stage of lactation (divided into ten monthly intervals) were highly significant (P
Teaching United States v. O’Brien : Three Conversations and The Wisdom of John Hart Ely

In United States v. O’Brien (1968), the Supreme Court rejected a First Amendment challenge to a conviction for knowing destruction (by burning) of a draft card. In this brief essay, I describe and reflect upon the ways in which I taught the decision by relying on three real-life conversations in which I took part -- one with a college classmate in 1966, the second with a first year law student in 1974, and the third in 1979 with Judge Bailey Aldrich (U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit), who had written the panel opinion which the Supreme Court reversed. Like the pedagogy portrayed, the piece weaves the conversations together in ways that set up the late John Hart Ely’s remarkably astute take on the generic problem represented by O’Brien.
UPt5-xAux: A heavy-fermion system with a selectable m.

Measurements of the resistivity, susceptibility, and specific heat on ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{5\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ (x\ensuremath{\le}3) and related compounds are reported. The reported heavy-fermion behavior in ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{4}$Au is confirmed by high-field measurements of the magnetization and specific heat. The high \ensuremath{\gamma} (\ensuremath{\sim}800 mJ/mol ${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$) for ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{4}$Au is found to be extremely composition dependent, decreasing by 40% for a 2% change in the non-f-atom site occupation. The ${\mathrm{AuBe}}_{5}$ structure of ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{5}$ is found to be preserved up to ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{3}$. For xg1, the Wilson ratio climbs dramatically and the materials enter into a spin-glass-like magnetic state around 4 K.
Enzymatic Degradation of Polygalacturonic Acid by Yersinia and Klebsiella Species in Relation to Clinical Laboratory Procedures

As scored by several specified plating procedures, clinical and environmental strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae "Oxytocum" showed detectable, albeit generally weak, ability to digest polygalacturonic (pectic) acid. None of these bacterial strains had the vigorous and rapid pectolytic activity on these polygalacturonic acid-containing media that is typical of soft-rot Erwinia species, although some of the Oxytocum strains came fairly close. Analyses of the pectolytic enzyme contents of the cells and culture supernatants of the Yersinia and Klebsiella species revealed that readily detectable quantities of cell-bound polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase and hydrolytic polygalacturonase were formed by the Yersinia and Klebsiella species; however, the total units of enzyme activity produced by these bacteria were, in general, lower than were produced by soft-rot Erwinia species. Furthermore, unlike the situation in soft-rot Erwinia cultures, these pectolytic enzymes of Yersinia and Klebsiella species were not excreted rapidly and massively into the growth medium. Cultures of other enterobacteria (Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia herbicola, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Salmonella typhimurium, and Serratia marcescens) showed no pectolytic ability whatsoever by any of the plating procedures used and (to the extent they were so examined) produced no pectolytic enzymes detectable either in their cells or culture supernatants. This slow or weak release of pectolytic enzymes by Yersinia and Klebsiella species has a bearing on clinical laboratory procedures suitable for detecting their pectolytic activity; methods adequate for this purpose are detailed.
Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Leadership for School-Community Culture.

The purpose of this article is to explore concepts related to culturally relevant pedagogy and connect them to nascent theoretical work in the field of educational leadership. The article begins with a review of literature on educational leadership and culture and then suggests shortcomings in the way these concepts are currently conceptualized. This is followed by a critique of literature on culturally relevant pedagogy. The article concludes with a discussion of meaningful conceptual overlap and with suggestions for further exploration and development along conceptual and empirical lines.
Making Their Way: Four Books on Youth, Culture, and Identity

Peer Power: Preadolescent Culture and Identity. Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998. 257 pp. Angels' Town: Chero Ways, Gang Life, and Rhetorics of the Everyday. Ralph Cintron. Boston: Beacon Press, 1997. 264 pp. Everyday Courage: The Lives and Stories of Urban Teenagers. Niobe Way. New York: New York University Press, 1998. 310 pp. At Home in the Street: Street Children of Northeast Brazil. Tobias Hecht. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 267 pp.
The Evolution of Boilerplate Contracts: Evidence from the Sovereign Debt Market

Scholarship on the subject of innovation in financial products is sparse. And research on innovation by lawyers writing financial contracts, particularly the boilerplate contracts that dominate many markets, is sparser still. The central theoretical debate in the literature on boilerplate contracts is over whether contract language responds immediately and effectively to external changes or whether nonlinearities in the form of network effects prevent these efficient transitions. Depending on the view one takes, there is a different role for official sector involvement. This debate over the responsiveness of contract language has taken center stage in recent discussions in the sovereign debt area. Recent occurrences in the world of sovereign debt contracts provide a ripe data set for the examination of the contract responsiveness question. Prior to 2000, all the N.Y. issued sovereign bond contracts were viewed as functionally identical in terms of being restructuring proof. Then, in 2000, Ecuador used an ambiguity in the contract language to argue that its contracts are indeed susceptible to restructuring. After Ecuador's successful restructuring, contracts that earlier looked to be homogenous, now differed in significant ways. Small differences in contract language that were previously viewed as unimportant, after Ecuador's restructuring, impacted the ease with which the Ecuador style restructuring technique can be used. So, all of a sudden, Argentina might find itself with contracts that are hard to restructure and Belize might have contracts that are easy to restructure. In February 2003, following the lead of Mexico, the contracts in this market begin to move to a new (and, once again, relatively homogenous) restructuring friendly standard. Our article examines what happened in between 1996 and 2004, with respect to the heterogeneity that the Ecuador shock in 2000 created. Did the sovereign issuers converge to a single new intermediate standard? Or did they move back to the old restructuring proof standard? Or did they do nothing? The answers to these questions shed light on the above mentioned debate over the ability of markets for boilerplate contracts to effectively respond to changes in their environment.
Role of endogenous opiates in glucoprivic inhibition of the luteinizing hormone surge and fos expression by preoptic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurones in ovariectomized steroid-primed female rats.

In female mammals, the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) 'surge' elicits ovulation and the subsequent transformation of Graafian follicles into corpora lutea, and is thus a critical component of successful reproduction. In light of evidence that this surge is impaired as a consequence of caloric restriction, the following experiments utilized pharmacological strategies to determine whether glucose substrate homeostasis influences the magnitude and/or duration of this pivotal hormonal event. Groups of oestrogen-and progesterone-primed ovariectomized (OVX) rats were injected intravenously (i.v.) with the glucose antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG: 100 or 400 mg/kg), or the vehicle, saline, prior to onset of the expected LH surge. Other rats were pretreated with 2DG (100 microg/rat) or saline by an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) route. While glucoprivation did not abolish the afternoon LH surge in these animals, mean plasma LH levels were significantly decreased in groups injected with the higher i.v. dose of 2DG or treated with this drug by an i.c.v route, relative to their vehicle-injected controls. In other studies, i.c.v delivery of the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone (NALT), partially reversed the inhibitory effects of 2DG on the gonadal steroid-induced LH surge. Dual-label immunocytochemistry of tissue sections from the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus of OVX, steroid-primed rats revealed nuclear Fos-immunoreactivity (-ir) in a subpopulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-(GnRH-)immunopositive neurones prior to maximal preovulatory LH release. Animals pretreated with 2DG i.c.v showed a significant decrease in mean numbers of GnRH neurones exhibiting Fos-ir, whereas coadministration of 2DG and NALT resulted in numbers of double-labelled neurones that were similar to those detected in the non-drug-treated controls. These studies show that magnitude of the LH surge is decreased by glucose substrate imbalance, and that regulatory effects of this metabolic challenge on the reproductive neuroendocrine axis is correlated with alterations in the transcriptional activation of preoptic GnRH neurones by gonadal steroid positive feedback. The present results also support a role for central opiatergic neurotransmission in glucoprivic regulation of cyclic LH secretion in this animal model.
Human pancreatic cationic trypsin as a possible mediator of pancreatic shock as inferred from a study of its interaction with serum and α2-macroglobulin

Abstract 1. (1) The study of the interaction between human pancreatic proteases and human serum shows that cationic trypsin binds preferentially to α2-macroglobulin, whereas chymotrypsin II binds preferentially to α1-proteinase inhibitor. 2. (2) One molecule of α2-macroglobulin is able to combine with two molecules of cationic trypsin to form a complex which is 80, 10, and 0.17% active on benzoyl- dl -arginine-p-nitroanilide, casein, and chymotrypsinogen, respectively. 3. (3) From these results it is inferred that cationic trypsin may be a major mediator of the shock observed during acute pancreatitis.
Lily pollen alkaline phytase is a histidine phosphatase similar to mammalian multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (MINPP)

Phytic acid is the most abundant inositol phosphate in cells; it constitutes 1-5% of the dry weight of cereal grains and legumes. Phytases are the primary enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of phytic acid and thus play important roles in inositol phosphate metabolism. A novel alkaline phytase in lily pollen (LlALP) was recently purified in our laboratory. In this paper, we describe the cloning and characterization of LlALP cDNA from lily pollen. Two isoforms of alkaline phytase cDNAs, LlAlp1 and LlAlp2, which are 1467 and 1533 bp long and encode proteins of 487 and 511 amino acids, respectively, were identified. The deduced amino acid sequences contains the signature heptapeptide of histidine phosphatases, -RHGXRXP-, but shares < 25% identity to fungal histidine acid phytases. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that LlALP is most closely related to multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (MINPP) from humans (25%) and rats (23%). mRNA corresponding to LlAlp1 and LlAlp2 were expressed in leaves, stem, petals and pollen grains. The expression profiles of LlAlp isoforms in anthers indicated that mRNA corresponding to both isoforms were present at all stages of flower development. The expression of LlAlp2 cDNA in Escherichia coli revealed the accumulation of the active enzyme in inclusion bodies and confirmed that the cDNA encodes an alkaline phytase. In summary, plant alkaline phytase is a member of the histidine phosphatase family that includes MINPP and exhibits properties distinct from bacterial and fungal phytases.
Colony-stimulating factor-1 stimulates the formation of multimeric cytosolic complexes of signaling proteins and cytoskeletal components in macrophages

Stimulation of macrophages with colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) results in the protein tyrosine phosphorylation of the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) and many other, primarily cytosolic, proteins. Stimulation by CSF-1 at 4 degreesC was used to facilitate the purification and identification of the proteins of the cytosolic anti-phosphotyrosine (PY)-reactive fraction (alphaPY-RF) involved in downstream signaling pathways. Confocal microscopy revealed that the PY proteins are in close proximity to the CSF-1R at the plasma membrane. The alphaPY-RF contained pre-existing complexes of PY proteins and non-PY proteins which generally increased in size and PY protein content following CSF-1 stimulation. PY proteins identified by microsequencing and Western blotting include Cbl, STAT3, STAT5a, STAT5b, SHP-1, Shc, and two novel proteins pp57 and pp37. Other proteins included cytoskeletal/contractile proteins (paxillin, vimentin, elongation factor-1alpha, F-actin, tropomyosin, and myosin regulatory light chain), Ras family signaling proteins (p85 (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), Vav, Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein, and Grb2), DnaJ-like protein, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. CSF-1 induced the de novo recruitment of Cbl, STAT3, STAT5a, STAT5b, p85, SHP-1, Shc, vimentin, and Grb2 to complexes and caused pre-existing complexes involving Vav, elongation factor-1alpha, and F-actin to increase in size. These studies indicate that CSF-1-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with the reorganization of complexes of cytoskeletal, signaling, and other proteins that mediate CSF-1-regulated motility and growth.
Characterization of clinical CSF dynamics and neural axis compliance using the pressure‐volume index: I. The normal pressure‐volume index

The pressure-volume index (PVI) technique was used to measure neural axis compliance, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation (If), and CSF absorption (Ro) in 23 children and 7 adults, all free from intracranial masses, who were undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Using bolus manipulation of CSF, If was 0.36 +/- 0.08 ml/min and Ro was 2.8 +/- 0.8 mm Hg/ml/min in both adults and children. PVI, as a measure of neural axis compliance or volume buffering capacity, was 25.9 +/- 3.7 ml for the adults. Measured PVI in the children varied from 8.2 to 30.1 ml but correlated well (r = 0.93) with predicted PVI based on estimates of intracranial and spinal volumes obtained from external measurements. This study provides normal reference data in humans for assessing CSF hydrodynamics and neural axis compliance using the PVI technique in pathological settings.
MF band compact helical antenna design and imaging techniques for hydraulic fractures detection

In this paper we present medium frequency (MF) band imaging systems to estimate the sub-surface hydraulic fractures. We propose a helical dipole antenna for the borehole imaging application. The proposed antenna is loaded with a ferrite-bundle and is optimized to achieve an ultra-compact size to fit within a volume of λ 0 /1400 × λ 0 /1400 × λ 0 /35 while maintaining a relatively high efficiency of about 10%. The feeding network is designed to match the antenna input impedance with the frequency tunability. Based on the proposed antenna, radio-wave techniques for detecting fractured regions in subsurface rock layers are developed. Compared with conventional high frequency mapping system, the penetration distance has increased to kilometers range due to the low propagation loss at MF band. Multi-hole and single-hole setups with different imaging algorithms are studied in the paper. Many methods such as beam-forming, adaptive null-generating and time-gating are performed to minimize the direct-link. Post-processing maps the conductivity contrast in the target area with a two-dimensional resolution.
Effects of temperature, feeding and acridine on development and mortality of eggs and nauplh of Diaptomus clavipes schacht☆

Abstract The effects of acridine on mortality and development of the freshwater calanoid copepod, Diaptomus clavipes , were measured at temperatures of 16°C, 21°C and 26°C for both fed and unfed animals. Eggs and first instar nauplii were exposed to six concentrations of acridine (0.32–5.6 mg · l −1 ) in two experiments (egg to second naupliar stage, first naupliar to first copepodid stage) in a static-renewal system and observed for egg development, percent egg hatch, naupliar development and mortality. Acute toxicity (median lethal concentrations - LC 50 s) based on mortality from egg to second naupliar stage, increased with increasing temperature while toxicity based on mortality from the first naupliar to first copepodid stage was unaffected by temperature. No animals survived to the second naupliar stage at an acridine concentration of 5.6 mg · l −1 . Unfed nauplii died faster with increasing temperature and few ( Rates of egg and naupliar development increased with temperature. However, rates of egg development were unaffected by acridine. Percent egg hatch was unaffected by either temperature or acridine exposure. The effects of acridine on rates of naupliar development, however, were dependent on both temperature and developmental stage. Acridine exposure increased rates of naupliar development at all temperatures tested. Development times (first naupliar to first copepodid stage) in unfed controls were significantly longer (74%, 46%, and 56% at 16°C, 21°C, and 26°C, respectively) than in fed controls.
Induction Effects in Terrestrial Magnetism Part II. The Secular Variation

In Part I a method has been developed for the integration of the electromagnetic field equations in the presence of fluid motions in a spherical conductor. This analysis is here applied to an interpretation of the secular geomagnetic variations. A very brief survey of some of the observed features of the secular variation is first given. It is pointed out that not only the phases but also the magnitudes of the harmonic components, including the main dipole, are subject to large changes at the present time. There follows a brief study of the skin effect which indicates that the observed variations of the dipole terms originate in a layer adjacent to the core's boundary several hundred kilometers deep; those of the higher terms originate in a layer no more than 200 km deep. Next, the "coupling matrix" introduced in Part I is evaluated in form of a table of all matrix elements that contain vectors of dipole and quadrupole type but no higher harmonics. It is shown that a zonal fluid motion (zonal toroidal flow in the terminology adopted here) produces rotation of the tesseral magnetic dipole terms and also oscillatory changes in amplitude of these terms. There is one and only one type of matrix element that represents an interaction of the main magnetic dipole with itself; the corresponding fluid motion is a meridional flow (poloidal flow) of quadrupole symmetry. With this term amplification or de-amplification occurs, depending on the sign of the velocity. The theory thus can account for all the observed components of the secular variation.
Statistical simplification of neural nets

Harth and his co-workers have investigated the so-called “neuron gas” or “netlet” models of neuron nets in which pools of neurons are represented by statistical aggregates. Employing the theory of model simplification we have previously developed, we provide conditions under which such neuron gas models validly represent the dynamic behavior of the parent neural net.
CUAHSI supports workshops on the future of hydrologic science

With support from the National Science Foundation, the Consortium for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) was formed in 2001 to develop a broad-based research and education agenda for hydrologic science in U.S. universities, and to facilitate the acquisition of the resources needed to implement this agenda. At the time of this article, 60 universities had become members. Early in 2002, CUAHSI conducted a series of six regional workshops, in Chicago, Atlanta, Phoenix, San Francisco, Philadelphia, and Boston, to introduce the hydrologic research community to CUAHSI, solicit input to the CUAHSI committees developing infrastructure and science plans, and foster a sense of community among hydrologic scholars. CUAHSI also encouraged member universities to conduct local workshops patterned after the regional ones; to date, such workshops have been held at the University of Wisconsin, the University of Colorado, and the University of California at Riverside. Summaries of the activities at each of these workshops are posted on the CUAHSI Web site (www.cuahsi.org).
Carcinoma in Collagen Disease: With an Illustrative Case Report

The association of carcinomatous changes with lupus erythematosus of the skin has been recognised since 1886, when the first cases were described by Riessmeyer and also by Curie. In 1934 Uhlmann and Schambye’ were able to collect 107 cases from the literature. Kappesser2 analysed 140 cases in 1952 and calculated a maximal incidence of carcinomatous change of one in every 52 cases of lupus erythematosus of the skin. He found 81 of 87 of the tumours to be squamous cell carcinomas, four were basal-cell carcinomas and two were mixed-cell types. Schwarz3 (1953) found the incidence in the patients attending his clinic to be one in 213. Kopft demonstrated the first spindle-celled fibrosarcoma in such skin lesions in 1946 and Grasreiner and Sterba5 published a further spindle-celled fibrosarcoma in 1954. Tar carcinoma of a lupus erythematosus scar has been described by Rosmanith.#{176} Whether a specific etiologic relationship exists between these skin lesions and the malignant changes is controversial. Schwarz3 has outlined three possibilities: (a) the conjunction of the two conditions may be accidental; (b) the treatment of the lupus lesions by irritants such as caustics or irradiation, promotes the development of malignant change; (c) there is a specific predisposition to malignant change in the skin lesions of lupus erythematosus. In his series 10 per cent were previously untreated, and he concluded that the predisposition was not specific, but similar to that found with lupus vulgaris, burn scars, radiation damage, chronic light sensitivity, and other conditions in which skin atrophy occurs. In Montgomery’s7 experience there was a lower incidence of epitheliomatous change in lupus erythematosus than in lupus vulgaris. Whatever the ultimate conclusion about this relationship, there is no doubt that carcinomatous change is frequent in lupus erythematosus of the skin. We have not, however, been able to find a reference in any of the major publications on the subject to carcinomatous change occurring in other organs affected by the visceral changes of systemic lupus erythematosus. The association of malignant disease with other collagen diseases has been repeatedly noted in dermatomyositis. The first description of visceral changes in this disease by Urbach8 in 1930 was soon followed by Bezecny’s9 report of three cases with associated carcinoma of the ovary or breast.
PriorityCast: Efficient and Time-Critical Decision Making in First Responder Ad-Hoc Networks

First responders equipped with PDAs in disaster recovery scenarios may need to make decisions that select the best out of multiple options. Each of these options may originate from different parts of the network (e.g., risk assessment of various entrances to a collapsed building). Yet the highest priority option needs to be spread to all nodes within a time deadline and in an efficient manner, i.e., by preventing lower priority options from spreading too far. We define this problem as PriorityCast, and study a wide range of possible solutions. The emphasis is on solutions that are scalable, and resilient to unreliability and unpredictability. Our basic scheme, called Flood and Suppress, suppresses lower priority options from being forwarded by a node that has seen other higher priority options. We then augment this basic scheme using probabilistic approaches, background gossiping techniques, and delayed propagation. We quantify the impact of using various combinations of the mentioned approaches, by presenting mathematical analysis for the Flood and Suppress protocol, and evaluating a suite of composable PriorityCast protocols via simulations. The results provide insight into the feasibility and scalability of this class of solutions. While the focus of this paper is on the PriorityCast problem, these solutions are also relevant as potential building blocks for other distributed operations in ad-hoc networks.
The Single Source Weber Problem — Survey and Extensions

Alfred Weber reduced the problem of locating a firm under the conditions that all cost elements other than those which vary regularly with space are held constant, to that of determining the point(s) of minimum transportation costs. This paper presents a survey of the techniques used to solve this problem and gives an efficient Quadratic Approximation Search Technique which was coded in FORTRAN IV and tested on a number of problems for it.
Valvular closure prediction using anisotropic and hyperelastic tissue models and individualized anatomy derived from RT3DE

We describe a method for modeling the closure of the Mitral Valve (MV) and to compute realistic strain and stresses in MV tissues. This informs preoperative planning by allowing a surgeon to evaluate various MV repairs options. The modeling method exploits individualized (patient-specific) anatomical structure recovered from real-time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE). This study utilizes hyperelastic models of the MV tissues and employs patient specific leaflets, chordal length assessment and annulus shapes. We report experiments on ten intraoperative test cases, where we compute strain and stresses using several different tissue models from MV empirical studies by May-Newman [1] and Holzapfel [2].
Empirical Bayes estimation of median income of four-person families by state using time series and cross-sectional data

Abstract The Department of Health and Human Services uses estimates of the median income of four-person families for all the fifty states and the District of Columbia to formulate its energy assistance program for low income families. Such estimates are provided by the US Census Bureau on an annual basis. A hierarchical time series model is considered to combine information from three relevant sources: (a) Current Population Survey (CPS), (b) Decennial Censuses and (c) Bureau of Economic Analysis. An empirical Bayes (EB) method is used to smooth the CPS estimates of the median income of four-person families for the states. The proposed method is an advancement over the EB method currently used by the US Bureau of the Census in the sense that it uses a more realistic model, provides maximum likelihood and residual maximum likelihood method of variance components estimation and provides a valid measure of uncertainty of the proposed estimates which captures all different sources of variations. Compared to the corresponding hierarchical Bayes estimation, the method is very easy to implement and saves a tremendous amount of computer time. The proposed EB method is compared with rival estimators using the 1989 four-person median income figures obtained from the 1990 Census.
Urethroplasty after radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Objective To report urethroplasty outcomes in men who developed urethral stricture after undergoing radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Methods Our urethroplasty database was reviewed for cases of urethral stricture after radiation therapy for prostate cancer between June 2004 and May 2010. Patient demographics, prostate cancer therapy type, stricture length and location, and type of urethroplasty were obtained. All patients received clinical evaluation, including imaging studies post procedure. Treatment success was defined as no need for repeat surgical intervention. Results Twenty-nine patients underwent urethroplasty for radiation-induced stricture. Previous radiation therapy included external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), radical prostatectomy (RP)/EBRT, EBRT/brachytherapy (BT) and BT alone in 11 (38%), 7 (24%), 7 (24%), and 4 (14%) patients, respectively. Mean age was 69 (±6.9) years. Mean stricture length was 2.6 (±1.6) cm. Anastomotic urethroplasty was performed in 76% patients, buccal mucosal graft in 17%, and perineal flap repair in 7%. Stricture was localized to bulbar urethra in 12 (41%), membranous in 12 (41%), vesicourethra in 3 (10%), and pan-urethral in 2 (7%) patients. Overall success rate was 90%. Median follow-up was 40 months (range 12-83). Time to recurrence ranged from 6-16 months. Conclusion Multiple forms of urethroplasty appear to be viable options in treating radiation-induced urethral stricture. Future studies are needed to examine the durability of repairs.
Automatic identification of angiogenesis in double stained images of liver tissue

To grow beyond certain size and reach oxygen and other essential nutrients, solid tumors trigger angiogenesis (neovascularization) by secreting various growth factors. Based on this fact, several researches proposed that density of newly formed vessels correlate with tumor malignancy. Vessel density is known as a true prognostic indicator for several types of cancer. However, automated quantification of angiogenesis is still in its primitive stage, and deserves more intelligent methods by taking advantages accruing from novel computer algorithms. The newly introduced characteristics of subimages performed well in identification of region-of-angiogenesis. The proposed technique was tested on 522 samples collected from two high-resolution tissues. Having 0.90 overall f-measure, the results obtained with Support Vector Machines show significant agreement between automated framework and manual assessment of microvessels. This study introduces a new framework to identify angiogenesis to measure microvessel density (MVD) in digitalized images of liver cancer tissues. The objective is to recognize all subimages having new vessel formations. In addition to region based characteristics, a set of morphological features are proposed to differentiate positive and negative incidences.
Comprehensive air pollution modeling on a multiprocessor system

Abstract Comprehensive air pollution models belong to the class of computationally-intensive coupled transport/chemistry problems, whose analysis remains restricted by today's computer technology. Results from the parallel implementation of a regional-scale acid deposition model on the Alliant FX/8 are presented and discussed. The Alliant FX/8 offers both multi-processing and vectorization on eight processors. Multi-tasking efforts are focused on the chemistry module. Exploitation of the spatial parallelism in the chemistry computations results in a speed-up ratio of 2.5. Most of the gain in speed-up is achieved through concurrent calculation rather than vectorization. Parallelization of the STEM-II comprehensive air pollution model was performed on the ALLIANT FX/8. Multi-tasking efforts focused on the chemistry module of the STEM-II model by restructuring the code and utilizing compiler directives. Exploitation of the spatial parallelism in the chemistry computations considerably reduced the total computing time. The speed-up ratios ranged from 1.8 to 2.5, depending on the meteorological conditions simulated. Most of the speed-up was obtained through concurrent calculation rather than vectorization. Even though vector processing is becoming commonplace for most large-scale scientific and engineering applications, it was difficult to vectorize the model because of data dependencies in the most critical section (radical and ionic species module), which consumes a large fraction of the total computing time. For more efficient vectorization, alternative algorithms, which do not impose any data dependency, must be sought, and short vectors must be rearranged to give long vectors. By combining vector processing and multi-tasking of independent processes, it should be possible to achieve higher speed-up ratios. It is clear that the computational requirements of comprehensive air pollution models will continue to increase as our knowledge of the atmospheric processes increases. The increased exploitation of parallel processing seems inevitable. An important question that remains is will this parallelism be of the finegrain mode (thousands of processors) (Carmichael et al ., 1989) or the coarse grain mode. The maximum theoretical speed-up using the present approach of parallelizing only the chemistry portions of the model is 7.1 (assuming 86% parallelized and a fixed size of the computational problem). This reflects the present limitations of the algorithm used. Further improvements in execution speed will require exploitation of the spatial parallelism in the horizontal dimensions as well as the transport portions of the code, and the implementation of new algorithms. The successful exploitation of multi-tasking in air pollution applications will depend on the degree to which new designs, software tools, and algorithms are developed.
Coated vesicle morphology and sub-populations at the neuromuscular junction

Serial sections of frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions were examined to determine if isolated coated vesicles in one section are connected to infoldings of the presynaptic membrane in adjacent sections or are truly pinched off from the plasmalemma. Twenty percent of the coated vesicles examined serially were isolated from plasmalemma. In addition, two populations of coated vesicles were observed: those the size of synaptic vesicles and a smaller population (8% of total) of larger diameter (100 nm).
Uterine secretions from different endometrial classifications affect the viability of early murine embryos cultured in vitro

Abstract An interspecies (murine-equine) bioassay system was employed to investigate the effect of equine endometrial secretions on embryonic survival. Uterine fluid was obtained from 15 diestrous mares by lavage with 150 ml of sterile Whitten's medium. Samples were grouped according to their Kenney score for endometrial type. Samples were sterilized and protein concentration was standardized to 4 mg/ml protein with BSA. Controls consisted of either 4 mg/ml BSA in Whitten's medium or 50% BSA-50% heat-treated equine serum. One hundred 2-cell mouse embryos were cultured in each sample and controls. Embryonic development was evaluated for 5 days and was expressed as the percent reaching the 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, blastocyst, expanded blastocyst, and hatched blastocyst stages. Embryonic development in Type I mare uterine fluid did not differ from controls. Development to the 4 cell, 8 cell, morula, blastocyst and expanded blastocyst stages in the Type II mare media was less (p .05) between endometrial types. Lymphocyte numbers were significantly different (p
How Training Affects Soldier Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Digital Command and Control Systems

This study explores how classroom training affects soldier's behaviors and attitudes towards networked digital command and control systems; in particular, whether soldiers exhibited the same attitudes and behaviors towards these automated systems that have been seen in other areas. A set of questionnaires was administered to soldiers attending training for a digital system; 1 before and 1 after training. The participants were 24 enlisted and 12 officers. The questionnaire assessed soldier opinions and attitudes towards a specific digital system. Soldier responses before and after training were compared to assess the effect of training. Results suggest soldiers generally feel digital systems are useful and worth the additional effort required to learn to use them.
The competing impacts of geology and groundwater on electrical resistivity around Wrightsville Beach, NC

Abstract Measurements of electrical resistivity have long been used to find freshwater resources below the earth's surface. Recently, offshore resistivity and electromagnetic techniques have been used to map occurrences of submarine groundwater originating from the offshore extension of terrestrial aquifers. In many cases, observations of a high resistivity (low conductivity) anomaly in the seafloor are sufficient to suggest the presence of fresh (and less conductive) pore waters. Data from offshore Wrightsville Beach, NC show highly variable resistivity structure, with moderately high resistivity at depths of ∼20 m subsurface that is at least in part caused by lithologic complexity in an underlying limestone unit, the Castle Hayne. These offshore results suggest caution in the interpretation of resistivity anomalies simply in terms of groundwater volumes. In contrast, low onshore resistivities show evidence for intrusion of saltwater into the subsurface beneath the beach, adjacent to areas of pumping for water supply.
The nature and status of Lysimachia x producta (Primulaceae)

Data from chromosome numbers and from morphological variation in wild plants and artificial hybrids further support the hypothesis thatLysimachia Xproducta is of hybrid origin and the taxonomic judgment that it is best treated at the status of interspecific hybrid rather than as a species of hybrid origin. Additional distribution data are presented.
Abscess formation in recurrent liposarcomas of the abdomen and retroperitoneum: Relevance to treatment

Stimulated by the unexpected finding of gross abscesses in two cases of abdominal liposarcoma, we initiated a retrospective study to determine the incidence of this finding. Sixteen patients were analyzed, and correlations were made between histologic features and clinical course. Microscopic or macroscopic evidence of abscess was present in four cases. There appears to be an association between tumor necrosis or abscess and tumors with prognostically poor histology (e.g., pleomorphic tumors). Clinicians who treat patients with these tumors should be aware of the substantial risk of abscess and modify their therapy accordingly.
On the birthrate of galactic supernovae

The birthrate of galactic supernovae is estimated in three different ways: (i) on the basis of the historical record (eight events) the mean time interval between supernovae, τ, is considered to be in the range τ=60±40 yr; (ii) on the basis of an approximate total of 120 supernovae events in hundreds of other galaxies, considered similar to our own, the interval obtained is in the range τ=70±50 yr; (iii) on the (iii) on the basis of the 130 supernovae remnants in our own Galaxy, the interval is estimated to be in the range τ=80±30 yr. The three ranges overlap, and we suggest that 70±35 yr represents a more realistic estimate of the rate than some that have previously been made.
Genetic algorithms for spectral pattern recognition

Abstract The development of a genetic algorithm (GA) for pattern recognition analysis of spectral data is reported. The GA identifies a set of features (wavelengths) that optimize the separation of the classes in a plot of the two or three largest principal components of the data. Because principal components maximize variance, the bulk of the information encoded by the selected features is about differences between classes in the dataset. In addition, the GA focuses on those classes and or samples that are difficult to classify as it trains using a form of boosting to modify the fitness landscape. Boosting minimizes the problem of convergence to a local optimum since the fitness function of the GA is changing as the population is evolving towards a solution. Over time, samples that consistently classify correctly are not as heavily weighted in the analysis as samples that are difficult to classify. The pattern recognition GA learns its optimal parameters in a manner similar to a neural network. The algorithm integrates aspects of both strong and weak learning to yield a “smart” one-pass procedure.
A flexible futility monitoring method with time-varying conditional power boundary

Background In an ongoing multi-center randomized control clinical trial, the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS), the study protocol specifies multiple interim analyses whose results will be reviewed by an independent DSMB to determine if the trial needs to be stopped early due to either efficacy or futility. Conditional power is used as the decision rule for the DSMB to recommend stopping the trial for futility. An aggressive rule for futility stopping sets a relatively high threshold for the conditional power which may result in significant loss of overall power of the study. A conservative rule using a lower threshold may not be able to stop the trial early when there is indeed no treatment efficacy.Purpose The goal of this article is to develop a flexible futility monitoring plan with a time-varying conditional power boundary that maintains the overall power of the study well, but has a better chance to stop the trial earlier for futility compared to a futility stopping rule with a fixed value for ...