cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical control and enhancement of boiling heat transfer during quenching

Heat transfer associated with boiling degrades at elevated temperatures due to the formation of an insulating vapor layer at the solid-liquid interface (Leidenfrost effect). Interfacial electrowetting (EW) fields can disrupt this vapor layer to promote liquid-surface wetting. We experimentally analyze EW-induced disruption of the vapor layer and measure the resulting enhanced cooling during the process of quenching. Imaging is employed to visualize the fluid-surface interactions and understand boiling patterns in the presence of an electrical voltage. It is seen that EW fields fundamentally change the boiling pattern, wherein a stable vapor layer is replaced by intermittent wetting of the surface. Heat conduction across the vapor gap is thus replaced with transient convection. This fundamental switch in the heat transfer mode significantly accelerates cooling during quenching. An order of magnitude increase in the cooling rate is observed, with the heat transfer seen approaching saturation at higher voltages. An analytical model is developed to extract voltage dependent heat transfer rates from the measured cooling curve. The results show that electric fields can alter and tune the traditional cooling curve. Overall, this study presents an ultralow power consumption concept to control the mechanical properties and metallurgy, by electrically tuning the cooling rate during quenching.
Prevention of Bacterial Overgrowth

For years it has been recognized that one of the hazards of the use of antibiotics is gross alteration in the normal pattern of bacterial flora. Secondary to this is overgrowth with organisms not commonly found in significant proportions at the study site [1-4]. Such overgrowth may be followed by superinfection, a complication with a high mortality rate [4]. In an earlier report [5], we discussed the importance of interrelationships among bacterial species in maintaining the status quo of bacterial flora in the oropharynx. Data were presented which suggest that members of the viridans group of streptococci, the predominant strains of the oropharyngeal flora in most individuals, can inhibit the growth of enteric gram-negative bacilli, the organisms that commonly overgrow at this site following therapy with massive doses of penicillin. It was proposed that suppression (or elimination) of these streptococci by massive doses of antibiotics suppresses (or eliminates) their inhibitory action and permits multiplication of the previously inhibited (or newly introduced) bacilli. During parenteral therapy with large doses of penicillin, individuals carrying streptococci that were resistant to the levels attained in the pharynx * and that persisted, therefore, while the antibiotic was being given, did not demonstrate overgrowth [5]. In retrospect, such patients had recently received penicillin orally. Such exposure to the antibiotic is known to favor the selection of resistant
Adaptive Model-Independent Tracking of Rigid Body Position and Attitude Motion with Mass and Inertia Matrix Identification using Dual Quaternions

Copyright © 2013 by the authors. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
Complement-requiring neutralizing antibody in guinea pigs with primary and recurrent genital herpes.

Guinea pigs inoculated intravaginally with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) strain 1868 produced a serum complement-requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody during primary acute infection, i.e., 10 days postinoculation. The CRN antibody titers in the guinea pig sera decreased to less than 1:10 after heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. It was found that 32 units of complement were necessary to obtain a satisfactory HSV-2 neutralizing antibody titer. Nonheated sera significantly reduced virus infectivity titers when mixed with 3.5 log10 PFU of HSV-2 and incubated at 37 degrees C for 20 to 60 min (P less than 0.001), whereas the same sera after heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min showed no inhibitory effect. Only 27.3% of infected guinea pigs had low serum non-CRN antibody titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:40. In addition, no evidence of increase in CRN antibody titers was noted during spontaneous recurrent genital herpes infection.
Abstract A57: High‐dose resveratrol modulates drug and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in a healthy volunteer study

Purpose: Resveratrol (RES) or 3, 4′, 5‐trihydroxystilbene has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis by affecting various molecular events in the initiation, promotion and progression stages. The cancer chemopreventive activity of RES has been demonstrated in vivo in a wide variety of tumors including skin, mammary, gastrointestinal, and liver cancer models. Modulation of Phase I and Phase II enzymes has been suggested to be one of the mechanisms responsible for the cancer preventive effect of RES. We conducted a clinical study to determine the effect of pharmacological doses of RES on drug and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes. Methods: Forty‐two healthy volunteers underwent baseline assessment of Phase I and Phase II enzymes. A cocktail of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic probe drugs, including caffeine, dextromethorphan, losartan, and buspirone, were administered to assess the activity of CYP1A2, 2D6, 2C9, and 3A4, respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected for 8 hours after probe drug administration to determine parent probe drug and metabolite concentrations for measurements of CYP enzyme activities. Blood lymphocyte glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity and GST‐π level, and serum total and direct bilirubin, a surrogate for UDP‐glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 1A1 activity, were measured to assess Phase II enzymes. After the baseline evaluation, study participants took 1 gm of RES once daily for 4 wks. Enzyme assessment was repeated upon intervention completion. Results: RES intervention was found to suppress the activity of CYP3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. The geometric mean change of the activity index of CPY3A4, 2D6, and 2C9 was 33% (p = 0.01), 70% (p = 0.01), and 171% (p Conclusion: We conclude that high doses of RES administration may modulate enzyme systems involved in carcinogen activation and detoxification, which may be one mechanism by which RES inhibits carcinogenesis. However, high doses of RES administration may lead to clinically relevant metabolic drug interactions. Further clinical studies are needed to determine whether lower doses of RES could be used to achieve cancer preventive activities. (Supported by N01CN35158 from the National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention) Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A57.
Gamma-linolenic acid, Dihommo-gamma linolenic, Eicosanoids and Inflammatory Processes

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in human milk and several botanical seed oils and is typically consumed as part of a dietary supplement. While there have been numerous in vitro and in vivo animal models which illustrate that GLA-supplemented diets attenuate inflammatory responses, clinical studies utilizing GLA or GLA in combination with omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs have been much less conclusive. A central premise of this review is that there are critical metabolic and genetic factors that affect the conversion of GLA to dihommo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), which consequently affects the balance of DGLA- and AA- derived metabolites. As a result, these factors impact the clinical effectiveness of GLA or GLA/(n-3) PUFA supplementations in treating inflammatory conditions. Specifically, these factors include: 1) the capacity for different human cells and tissues to convert GLA to DGLA and AA and to metabolize DGLA and AA to bioactive metabolites; 2) the opposing effects of DGLA and AA metabolites on inflammatory processes and diseases; and 3) the impact of genetic variations within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster, in particular, on AA/DGLA ratios and bioactive metabolites. We postulate that these factors influence the heterogeneity of results observed in GLA supplement-based clinical trials and suggest that "one-size fits all" approaches utilizing PUFA-based supplements may no longer be appropriate for the prevention and treatment of complex human diseases.
Multi-dimensional Meaning and the Linear Translation

The paper integrates the neurocognitive theory on meaning with translating practice.It concludes that the nature of understanding in translation is to restore the original multi-dimensional meaning map and to infer the motive behind the original text,while the expressing in translation is a reverse process in which the restored multi-dimensional meanings and inferred writing motive are to be transformed into inner speech before they finally get into the target language as visual signs.
Advocacy for refugees.

NCMed JMarch/April 2009, Volume 70, Number 2 efugees are a population distinct from other immigrants in that they have been forced to leave their homes and relocate in other countries out of fear of persecution based on race, religion, ethnicity, political opinion, or social group. The UnitedStates admitsmore refugees forpermanent resettlement than any other nation and data from the North Carolina Refugee Health Program at the Department of Health and Human Services indicate that refugees are increasingly being resettled in North Carolina. In order to appropriately address the acute and long-term health issues of refugees arriving in North Carolina, physicians will be required to augment their current understanding of cultural competency to include topics of conflict-related violence and psychological evaluation. Studies report that refugees experience higher risk of psychiatric conditions, including depression, suicide, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse, all of which are directly related to their past trauma. Given that 5-10% of refugeeswho have come forwardwith their stories have experienced physical and psychological abuse, the need for mental health evaluation and treatment is crucial to healing. This information is particularly salient to discussions of societal well-being, as children exposed to torture are vulnerable to destructive habits and abuse as adults, as well as to neuropsychiatric disorders caused by brain injury and malnutrition. Thecurrent cultural competency curricula being used in many medical schools do not sufficiently train doctors to meet the health needs of their refugee patients. Gavagan and colleagues recommend coverage of the following four points in a clinical evaluation, depending on the refugee’s area of origin: (1) nutritional status, including children’s growthanddevelopment; (2) mental health, focusing on PTSD, anxiety, physical abuse, and substanceabuse; (3) infectiousdiseases; and (4)preventive screening. The strategies for implementing more comprehensive and culturally competent care require changes at the national policy level as well as the organizational and individual levels. On the policy level, an augmented curriculum that stresses recognition of refugees’ unique needs should be universally disseminated, implemented, and tested.There are institutions, such as Harvard and the University of Washington, that advocate for the use of amore thorough evaluation ofmedical history and psychological state, one that inquires about the person’s life story, medical history, path to host country, infectious diseases, traditional medicine, substance use, sexual history, and traumahistory. This comprehensive evaluation, in addition to Harvard’s TraumaQuestionnaire, gives the provider
Using Data Analytics to Drive Performance and Instructional Decision-Making

Data is automatically generated in many of the common behaviors that we engage in on a daily basis. However, while we may carry out analytics in an attempt to make meaning from this “incidental” data, there is a need at many levels to conceptualize the types of data that would deliberately inform decision-making. There are well-grounded processes that may be followed to identify the “strategic” data that are needed in order for analytics to effectively and strategically inform performance and instructional decision-making.
Raman spectroscopy in vivo: evidence on the structure of dipicolinate in intact spores of Bacillus megaterium.

Abstract Raman spectra of spores of B. megaterium are interpreted in terms of the predominant chemical component in the spores, the 2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate molecule (dipicolinate). The spectra show that the structure of dipicolinate within the spores is quite different from that of tridentate calcium dipicolinate, a previously proposed model for in-spore dipicolinate structure. Structural possibilities are discussed in light of the Raman evidence.
Complexity of Work‐Life Identities and Policy Development: Implications for Work‐Life in Higher Education

This chapter describes the themes that emerged in this volume with attention to important policy implications on the federal, state, and institutional levels. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Characterization of cannabidiol-induced increases in CD25 and FOXP3 expression on CD4+ T cells (IRC11P.421)

Cannabis sativa -derived cannabinoid compounds are being investigated as potential immunosuppressive agents and important drug candidates for immune related diseases. Our previous data demonstrated that under conditions of suboptimal T cell activation, cannabidiol (CBD) could increase interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Initially this result was surprising given that cannabinoids are immunosuppressive, but IL-2 can also contribute to regulatory T cell (Treg) induction. We tested the hypothesis that part of the mechanism for immunosuppression by CBD is induction of a Treg population in response to suboptimal activation. Splenocytes were treated with CBD or vehicle (VH; 0.1% ethanol) for 30 minutes, then stimulated with low concentrations of PMA and ionomycin (Io). CBD induced IL-2, TGF-β, CD25 and FOXP3 on CD4 + T cells in response to 4 nM PMA/0.05 µM Io after an overnight stimulation. Further characterization of this effect demonstrated that CBD also induced CD25 and FOXP3 on CD4 + T cells after a 5-day incubation with 1 nM PMA/0.01 µM Io. Interestingly, while CBD robustly induced IL-2 after an overnight incubation with 4 nM PMA/0.05 µM Io, the IL-2 in the culture supernatant dropped by day 5. Overall, these data suggest that the mechanism by which CBD is immunosuppressive might involve induction of Tregs in response to suboptimal activation of T cells.
Low distress tolerance predicts heightened drug seeking and taking after extended abstinence from cocaine self-administration.

Distress tolerance (DT), defined as the ability to persist in goal-directed behavior while experiencing psychological distress, is associated with greater frequency of substance use and poor treatment outcomes. To examine a potential causal role substance use may play in DT, we developed a rodent model of DT in which rats had to press a lever within a continuously decreasing time window for reward while receiving negative feedback on failure trials. DT was defined as the time rats continued to seek reward before quitting the task. We assessed the relationship of DT with cocaine seeking/taking by measuring DT before cocaine self-administration (SA), and after 1 week and 1 month of drug abstinence. We found that DT prior to cocaine SA did not predict cocaine seeking/taking, yet DT measured after 1 month abstinence significantly predicted subsequent high levels of early session cocaine taking. Additionally, high DT measured after abstinence protected against high cocaine seeking, but this protective effect was blocked in rats with high impulsivity. Finally, while a decrease in 1 month-abstinent DT was observed following SA across treatment conditions, among cocaine-exposed rats, greater cocaine SA correlated with a steeper decrease in DT. These results show that low DT after drug abstinence is associated with heightened levels of cocaine seeking and taking behavior and that impulsivity influences this effect. Collectively, these results support the validity of our rodent DT model while extending the human literature and set the foundation for future animal studies designed to determine neural mechanisms underlying DT.
When is it Socially Desirable for an Individual to Comply with the Law

When would an individual expect that adherence to the law would advance the social good? This time-honored question is not only of theoretical interest; it also holds practical importance to the degree that individuals wish to further social well-being. In the stylized model on which I focus, an individual’s knowledge of factors relevant to social welfare is inferior to that of lawmakers in some respects and is superior in others. Thus, in assessing whether obeying a legal rule would promote social welfare, an individual must take into rational account not only that the rule will impound certain superior information of lawmakers, but also that the rule will often fail to reflect his or her private information. A second issue that an individual must consider in deciding whether following the law would be socially desirable is a compliance externality: the potential influence of the witnessing of his or her compliance behavior on the compliance behavior of observers. The conclusions from the model of socially desirable conformance to the law are interpreted, including their implications for the moral obligation to obey the law.
Dynamic Free-Space Propagation of Interfering Composite Vortices

The generation and propagation of interfering coherent composite vortex beams are simulated and experimentally verified. Dynamic control of the resulting intensity profile is manipulated through interferometric phase modulation.
Statewide assessment of surgical outcomes and the acute care surgery model.

Abstract Background The acute care surgery (ACS) model has been widely implemented with single institution studies demonstrating improved outcomes. Recent multicenter studies have raised questions about the economics and efficacy of ACS. This study compares traditional and ACS outcomes across an entire state. Methods A retrospective review of Virginia's Health Information administrative database was completed. Adults admitted with appendicitis or cholecystitis between 2008 and 2014 were included. Hospital administration was contacted to determine surgical model. To compare patient characteristics, t -test and chi-square analyses were used. Total charges and length of stay (LOS) differences between ACS and traditional were examined using generalized linear models, whereas logistic regression was used for the presence of complications and 30-day mortality. Results Overall, the ACS model showed an increased proportion of uninsured patients with a higher rate of comorbidities. In the appendicitis subgroup, ( n = 22,011; ACS n = 1993), ACS patients had higher total charges ($30,060 versus $28,460, P = 0.013), longer LOS (3.31 versus 2.92 d, P P = 0.016) and mortality (OR = 2.4, P = 0.029). After adjustment for comorbidities and insurance, mortality was no longer significantly different. In the cholecystitis group ( n = 6936; ACS n = 777), ACS patients had a longer LOS (4.55 versus 4.13 d; P = 0.009) without significant differences in mortality, complications, or cost. There were no significant differences after adjustment for patient characteristics. Conclusions ACS patients in Virginia have a higher rate of medical comorbidities and uninsured status, with slightly worse outcomes than the traditional model for appendicitis. Further studies to determine which patients benefit the most from ACS are warranted.
The World in Crisis: Implications for Mental Health

Dr. Stein has outlined in a measured yet clear manner what we need to contend with, even though each of us is but one person and the totality or threat is beyond comprehension. Dr. Stein has also given us hope that we, as individuals, can make a difference in a world where problems are so overwhelming, so complicated and so seemingly out of one’s reach. What he has not done in detail, because he is a gentleman — a gentle man — and because he does not wish to start our meeting in a querulous manner, is to raise the question: Can we in the mental health movement say that we’re doing a good job ourselves in efforts to end the crisis in our own fields? What would happen if we did our basic job well — really well? Would it make a difference in this world? I believe the answer is yes.
Delayed Complications After Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas.

Perioperative complications after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas have been well documented in the literature; however, some complications can occur in a delayed fashion postoperatively, and reports are sparse about their occurrence, management, and outcome. Here, we describe delayed complications after transsphenoidal surgery and discuss the incidence, temporality from the surgery, and management of these complications based on the findings of studies that reported delayed postoperative epistaxis, delayed postoperative cavernous carotid pseudoaneurysm formation and rupture, vasospasm, delayed symptomatic hyponatremia, hypopituitarism, hydrocephalus, and sinonasal complications. Our findings from this review revealed an incidence of 0.6%–3.3% for delayed postoperative epistaxis at 1–3 weeks postoperatively, 18 reported cases of delayed carotid artery pseudoaneurysm formation at 2 days to 10 years postoperatively, 30 reported cases of postoperative vasospasm occurring 8 days postoperatively, a 3.6%–19.8% rate of delayed symptomatic hyponatremia at 4–7 days postoperatively, a 3.1% rate of new-onset hypopituitarism at 2 months postoperatively, and a 0.4%–5.8% rate of hydrocephalus within 2.2 months postoperatively. Sinonasal complications are commonly reported after transsphenoidal surgery, but spontaneous resolutions within 3–12 months have been reported. Although the incidence of some of these complications is low, providing preoperative counseling to patients with pituitary tumors regarding these delayed complications and proper postoperative follow-up planning is an important part of treatment planning.
The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same: Race, Education, and Critical Race Theory After 20 Years: An Appraisal

We know that the permanence of racism emanates from the determination of whites to dominate blacks and other colored peoples with little regard to the hidden, but no less real, costs of that domina...
Environmental Toxicology, Introduction

Toxicology is the quantitative study of the effects of harmful substances or stressful conditions on organisms. This rather broad field is broken down into three major divisions: economic, forensic, and environmental toxicology. Economic toxicology is concerned with the deliberate use of toxic chemicals to produce harmful effects on target organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and insects. Forensic toxicology is concerned with the medical and legal aspects of the adverse effects of harmful chemicals and stressful conditions on humans.
Physiologic Approaches to the Mechanisms of Glomerular Immune Injury

The technique of renal micropuncture was first devised and utilized by A. N. Richards in the early 1930s (Richards and Walker, 1935), but this method did not come into vigorous use until the early 1960s. Since the early 1960s, renal micropuncture has been utilized primarily in the examination of normal renal physiology, further elucidation of mechanisms of epithelial transport and of the control of volume homeostasis. During this same period and up to the present, there have been major strides in understanding of the role of immune mechanisms as they apply to the pathogenesis of renal disease (Cochrane et al., 1965; Unanue and Dixon, 1965). These investigations have been based both upon models of experimental glomerulonephritis in animals and upon the application of sophisticated techniques to the examination of material from patients with renal disease.
Supportive Care for Amyloidosis

Supportive measures for the care of amyloid patients are reviewed here. Cardiac issues include medical management of congestive heart failure and arrhythmias including the use of defibrillators and the use of pleural catheters for diuretic-refractory effusions. The indications for solid organ transplant are reviewed including heart transplant for AL and non-AL amyloid, liver transplant for ATTR and non-ATTR familial amyloid, and kidney transplant for AL, AA, and AFib. Medical management of renal issues including agents to reduce proteinuria and the use of eprodisate to slow progression of AA amyloid is discussed.
Abstract 5101: Characterization of a mouse model using the Sleeping Beauty transposon method to study diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)

Tumors in the brain-stem are difficult to diagnose and treat primarily owing to the location. Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal paediatric brain-stem tumor located in the ventral pons with 100% fatality. These tumors are often treated on the assumption that DIPGs are molecularly similar to adult high grade gliomas; however, they are molecularly distinct. The ACVR1G328V and the H3.1K27M mutations have been seen to recur in DIPGs and we hypothesis that these mutations play an important role in the disease progression. A mutation in the ACVR1 leads to kinase activation and induces downstream signal transduction by phosphorylation of Smads (1/5). H3.1K27M mutations cause genome wide H3K27me3 hypomethylation. We genetically engineered mouse DIPG models using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon (SBT) method to introduce plasmids containing NRASV12/p53-shRNA/ACVR1G328V or NRASV12/p53-shRNA/H3.1K27M into the 4th ventricle of 1-day old pups adjacent to the brain-stem. This generates DIPGs with specific genetic lesions. NRASV12 is a constitutively active oncogene belonging to the RAS family and p53-shRNA is a short hairpin for TP53 tumor suppressor gene. A control tumor model was engineered using plasmids encoding NRASV12 and p53-shRNA. Tumor growth is monitored periodically over time until animals become symptomatic due to tumor burden. At this time point, animals are euthanized and the tumors extracted. We characterized the model for upregulation of phospho-smad 1/5 and markers of neural precursor cells (nestin, Sox2, olig2, GFAP, PDGFRα). In conclusion, we generated a genetically engineered mouse model of DIPG which represents a novel platform to study the molecular pathways underlying disease pathogenesis. An understanding of the functions of mutations that lead up to the disease can help to develop novel therapies for DIPG. Citation Format: Ramya Ravindran, Flor M. Mendez, Felipe J. Nunez, Carl Koschmann, Marta Dzaman, Sheeba Pawar, Pedro R. Lowenstein, Maria G. Castro. Characterization of a mouse model using the Sleeping Beauty transposon method to study diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5101.
The Concept of Fundamental Solution

The first explicit encounter with the notion of fundamental solution takes place in this chapter. We consider constant coefficient linear differential operators and discuss the existence of a fundamental solution for such operators based on the classical Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem.
An assessment of provider satisfaction with the use of a standardized visual aid for informed consent for appendectomy in children

Abstract Purpose We previously validated a visual aid for the use in the consent process for an appendectomy showing improved parental satisfaction and understanding. In this study, we evaluated provider satisfaction and perceived value of using the visual aid. Methods An IRB approved survey was developed assessing provider experience with use of the visual aid. This was distributed and analyzed via Research Electronic Data Capture (RedCap) Database. Results We administered 58 surveys (45% response rate). Participants included faculty (n = 2), fellows (n = 1), residents (n = 6), and physician assistants (n = 17). The visual aid was used > 10 times by 50% of providers. The most common reason for not using the visual aid was not remembering it was available. Nearly half (40%) did not feel the visual aid added any time. 9/20 (45%) felt it added a small amount of time. Slightly over half of providers (52%) felt using the visual aid significantly increased family ability to give informed consent and made the consenting process easier for both providers and families. Conclusion Using a visual aid in consenting families for appendectomy does not add significant time and subjectively improves the process for providers and increases provider perception of parental understanding. Level of Evidence Cost effectiveness, Level IV.
UTILIZATION OF HEMODYNAMIC SUPPORT DEVICES IN HIGH-RISK PCI: EXPERIENCE FROM A HIGH VOLUME CENTER

High-risk candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) include patients with severe multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD), unprotected left main (LM) coronary artery stenosis, or last remaining patent conduit with a stenosis, especially in patients with a left ventricular ejection
American slavery and labour market power

In this article I discuss the micro-economics of American slavery in light of recent research on monopsonistic labour markets. I argue that the defining characteristic of coerced labour, the threat...
The Changing Family and Family Policy

The concern for the loss of family functions ii, the process of social change has led some to call for a family policy to support the family to cope with stress in meeting its basic functions. Change in functioning of the family is inclusive of various spheres: economic, status giving, educational, religious, recreational, protective and affectional. These changes are seen as indicative of the decline in the family. This view is moderated by the spectrum of change in the family interactions. Support for family policy is essential though it can not be developed on the idea of the perilous decline in the family due to a loss of its functions. "All our lives long, every day and every hour, we are engaged in the process of accomodating our changed and unchanged selves to changed and unchanged surroundings; living, in fact, is nothing else but this process of accomodation; when we fail in it a little, we are stupid, when we fail flagrantly, we are mad, when we suspend it temporarily, we sleep, when we give up the attempt altogether, we die". Samuel Butler The Changing Family and Family Policy There are many who advocate for a national family policy to support the family in the performance of its basic functions during times of social change. The recent White House Conference on Families brought diverse groups together to advance their interests. The family is seen to be struggling in meeting its basic functions because of change and lack of support (Pardeck, 1979). There is a gap between social change and family policies in the United States as compared to various European countries indicative of unmet need (Kahn, Kamerman, 1975). A recent lead editorial in Social Work calls for a basis for the development of family policy to be incrementally initiated and decentralized (Gilbert, 1979). The theoretical basis in which many advocate a family policy derives assumptions of the loss of family functions. The following will address this theory in light of the classic sociological report of William Ogburn called "The Family and Its Functions" (1933), compare it with other more current research, and relate these findings to the process of the development of support for family policy. There is a loss of family functions but the loss is moderate and ideas of perilous decline in family functioning are not supportable and thus policy can not be developed from this vantage point. Ogburn's classic report on the family and its functions came to two major conclusions--one being a decline in the institutional functions of the family and the second is the resulting predominant importance of the family in the development of personality functioning. It is important to note that when discussing the family, we are talking of a general phenomenon--one which is not monolithic but varying according to race, lifestyle, geographics, culture and attitudes. The major focus of this paper will be on the loss of functions which Ogburn outlines: economic, status giving, education, religious, recreational, protective and affectional. It will emphasize the economic, as did Ogburn and his critics.
Dual Processing of Moral Conflicts in Media Entertainment and Their Effect on Moral Judgement and Moral Reasoning

Moral conflict occurs readily in everyday life. Rarely are moral decisions without some ambiguity. In part because moral conflict is so prevalent in life and in part because it seems to be intrinsically absorbing, moral conflict is often present in narrative entertainment as well. Prior research has used a dual-system model of cognitive processing to examine media narratives and has found that moral conflict results in more reflective and systematic processing. However, the research to date leaves several unanswered questions regarding how moral conflict narratives are processed and how that processing influences moral judgement and moral reasoning. Therefore, we utilize a moral conflict manipulation and a cognitive load experimental paradigm in two separate studies to specifically explore how 1) different cognitive processing systems are used to understand moral conflict narratives, and 2) how moral conflict then can influence moral judgement and moral reasoning . Results of these studies point to the fact that moral conflict is processed through a dual system but that these systems likely operate on different aspects of the narrative: we judge quickly and intuitively, and we reason slowly, offering complex reasons. Overriding our cognitive capacity, however, may result in a diminished ability to see moral complexity.
A simple, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for irinotecan quantification in human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage forms

Irinotecan is an anticancer drug for which significant benefits from personalised dosing are expected. Quick procedures are therefore essential for monitoring irinotecan in treated patients. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a rapid and simple visible spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of irinotecan in pharmaceutical dosage forms and to further investigate its usefulness for irinotecan analysis in plasma. Based on the shift of the irinotecan 355/368 nm-peak at very low pH (0.2) to 400 nm, we established a linear relationship between absorbance at 400 nm and irinotecan concentration in dilutions of an irinotecan solution for injection (R2 ≥ 0.999) and in plasma containing irinotecan (R2 ≥ 0.995). Background absorbance correction at 455 nm was essential to minimise background interference, solely in plasma samples. We fully validated the assay for quality control of the irinotecan solution in the injection dosage form: the standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.90 to at least 37.00 μg ml−1. The CV% on all quality control levels was determined to be ≤5.81% for repeatability and ≤6.62% for intermediate precision. Recovery was between 96.5% and 101.9%. Upon comparison with the LC/UV method, we demonstrated very good agreement and acceptable bias between the two methods (slope 0.973, y-intercept 0.0064). Similarly, the technical parameters of the assay in plasma satisfied international guidelines for method validation: the useful analytical range was determined to be between 0.93 and at least 10.00 μg ml−1. This is suitable for quantifying irinotecan in the plasma of treated patients, in the upper region of its therapeutic window, to decide whether dose adjustment is required. Repeatability and intermediate precision (CV%) were within 4.49% and 9.91%, respectively. Recovery was between 96.3% and 103.8%. There was a lack of significant interference by mild hemolysis or by icterus. Irinotecan extraction efficiency from plasma was within 77.9–68.5%. Our results indicated that the proposed method allows quantitative determination of irinotecan plasma levels with acceptable analytical characteristics. The advantages of the proposed method in both matrices, in terms of specificity, rapidity, simplicity, environmental impact and cost effectiveness, are discussed.
Modernist Literature and Modernist Mathematics I: Mathematics and Composition, with Mallarmé, Heisenberg, and Derrida

This chapter addresses the relationships between modernist literature and modernist mathematics, as each grounded in the double movement from ontology to technology, specifically the technology of composition, and toward the self-determination of itself as a field. Emerging from this double movement, modernist thinking is defined by the irreducible unthinkable, the irreducible multiple, and irreducible randomness or chance. Three cases, I argue, powerfully exemplify this situation: Stephane Mallarme (1842–1898) at the onset of literary modernism, Kurt Godel (1906–1978) at the height of mathematical modernism in the 1930s, and Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976), who pioneered the use of mathematical composition in physics, in the 1920s. I discuss Godel and Mallarme in the companion article in this volume, and here focus on Mallarme and Heisenberg, considered via Jacques Derrida’s ideas.
Mothers of children without disabilities’ conceptions of inclusive education: unveiling an exclusionary education system privileging normality and ableism

This study explores Turkish mothers of children without disabilities’ conceptions of inclusive education for students with disabilities, who have historically been faced with educational inequities...
Pancreatic stellate cells promote malignant potential in pancreatic cancer

1679 Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinomas contain a significant degree of tumor-associated stroma. In other solid tumors, such as breast and prostate cancer, carcinoma associated fibrosis contributes to the malignant phenotype by stimulating tumor proliferation, and increasing invasive and metastatic ability. However, the role of carcinoma-associated fibrosis in pancreatic cancer is not well understood. We hypothesize that pancreatic stellate cells in the stroma promote the malignant phenotype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Methods: Rat pancreatic stellate cells (RPSCs) were isolated and established in primary culture. Conditioned media from either RPSCs or immortalized rat pancreatic stellate (LTC-7) cells was added to Panc-1, MiaPaCa, or MPanc96 pancreatic cells and proliferation was assessed using a standard MTS assay. A survival assay was performed to assess whether conditioned media improved pancreatic cancer cell survival in the presence of gemcitabine. The rates of migration and invasion of the tumor cells were evaluated using a Transwell culture system in the presence of either concentrated conditioned media, or RPSC or LTC-7 cells in the lower chamber for 48 hours. Results: Panc-1 cells increased proliferation in the presence of conditioned media derived from RPSCs. Panc-1, MiaPaCa and MPanc96 cells showed statistically significant increased rates of migration in the presence of either RPSCs, LTC-7, or concentrated conditioned media (CCM) from LTC-7 cells. Table 1. Migration Rates. (Mean number of cells in three non-overlapping high powered fields at 20x magnification + Standard Deviation) * indicates p-value
Global Literature in Tandem with Study Abroad: Cultivating Intercultural Competence for Preservice Teachers

The purpose of this study was to examine how literature study and study abroad, in combination as methods of internationalization, influence preservice teachers’ (PSTs) intercultural competence and potential future classroom practices. Elementary education PSTs studied abroad in Germany for five weeks. As part of the preparation, they read a German novel identified as global literature. While abroad, they saw the corresponding movie and had conversations with German peers to better understand it within its cultural context. Three sources of data - My Cultural Awareness Profile, a Germany Questionnaire, and a Critical Blueprint novel reflection essay – were analyzed. To better connect experiential learning abroad to future teaching, faculty guided PSTs to critically examine their pre- and post-responses. The findings indicate global literature is effective to begin to shift PSTs cultural perspectives. In combination, literature study and study abroad bring a global perspective to teacher preparation that can cultivate PSTs’ intercultural competence.
Multidimensional conceptualization of identity and psychopathology: Assessing mental health disparities from an intersectional and dimensional framework.

Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) currently constitute 40% of the US population and will become the majority by 2045. Current mental health systems have not sufficiently accounted for disparities, inequities, and social determinants impacting BIPOC lives. We outline several advances that could improve mental health disparities research. Research on BIPOC requires mental health assessment accurately capturing multiple facets of one's identity, taking into account the complexities of multifaceted historical oppression. Assessing (personality) psychopathology in a dimensional and hierarchical manner could provide greater insight into mental health disparities between diverse identity individuals. We encourage studying moderators that are protective assets for BIPOC - such as resiliency and community factors - as opposed to deficit-dominant, category-based, and majority-dominant assessments.
GPR171, a Newly Deorphanized Hypothalamic G Protein-Coupled Receptor is Involved in the Regulation of Reward-Related Behaviors

Recent neuropeptidomics studies have demonstrated that ProSAAS-derived peptides, including BigLEN (b-LEN) are abundant in the hypothalamus and enriched in the agouti related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Additional studies have implicated b-LEN in acute feeding. Recently we deorphanized GPR171, as a G protein-coupled receptor for b-LEN. Overexpression of GPR171 leads to an increase and knockdown to a decrease in b-LEN binding and signaling. In the hypothalamus GPR171 expression complements the expression of b-LEN. Lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown of GPR171 in the hypothalamus leads to alterations in food intake and metabolism. To further investigate the role of GPR171, we used a designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) approach to activate AgRP neurons leading to the release of b-LEN (and other neuropeptides). As expected, activation of these neurons with clozapine-N-oxide leads to increases in food intake. Interestingly, this increase is attenuated by co-admi...
Chapter 22 Differential games

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses differential games. In control theory, a certain evolutionary process (typically given by a time-dependent system of differential equations) depends on a control variable. A certain cost is associated with the control variable and with the corresponding evolutionary process. The goal is to choose the best control—that is, the control for which the cost is minimized. A similar evolutionary process is used in differential games, but it depends on two (or more) controls. Each player is in charge of one of the controls. Each player wishes to minimize its own cost (the cost functions of the different players may be related). However, at each time t , a player must decide on its control without knowing what the other (usually opposing) players intend to do. The strategy of each player at time t depends only on whatever information the player was able to gain by observing the evolving process up to time t only.
Insulin-zinc suspensions; further studies, with emphasis on lente insulin.

Abstract Further studies on a new series of long-acting insulin preparations, referred to as "insulin-zinc suspensions," are reported. These preparations, developed in the Novo Laboratories in Denmark by Hallas-Moller et al., are based on the principle that insulin in the presence of small quantities of zinc is insoluble at the pH of the blood. Insulin in simple combination with zinc can be precipitated from aqueous solutions in either the amorphous or crystalline form. Amorphous insulin-zinc suspensions have a time action only slightly more prolonged than that of unmodified insulin, whereas insulin-zinc crystals have a greatly prolonged effect. A mixture containing 70 per cent insulin-zinc crystals and 30 per cent amorphous insulin-zinc, designated "lente" insulin, was compared with NPH insulin in each of six patients with unstable diabetes. The blood and urinary sugar responses to successive single daily doses of lente insulin and NPH insulin over periods of several consecutive days were determined in each patient. The insulins were compared in each patient as to their ability to control the extent, or to influence the pattern, of variability of blood sugar response. There was no consistent tendency for one insulin to maintain intra- or inter-daily variability in blood sugar at levels higher or lower than the other. The patterns of intra-daily variability produced by the two insulins in the group as a whole suggest that the daily distribution of insulin activity of lente insulin is similar to but slightly slower than that of NPH insulin. However, the two insulins may not always be directly interchangeable in the individual patient. In those patients in whom NPH has a tendency to produce a concave pattern of response with lower sugar levels during the day and higher levels in the night and morning, lente may produce a more nearly level pattern. In those patients in whom NPH may produce a convex pattern of response with higher sugar levels during the day and lower levels at night, lente may exaggerate the pattern. The solubility properties of amorphous insulin-zinc, insulin-zinc crystals and mixtures of the two were studied in a standardized, serumcontaining, in vitro system. A graded series of solubility curves was obtained. Amorphous insulin-zinc dissolved rapidly whereas insulin-zinc crystals dissolved at a slow rate. The solubility curves of mixtures of the two were intermediate between these two extremes. The high correlation between the relative solubility properties and the relative clinical timing of an insulin preparation observed in these and in previous studies suggest that it is possible to obtain a variety of insulin-zinc suspensions with different durations of activity suitable for clinical use. The three major patterns of sugar response to successive single daily doses of any given insulin and some of the inter-relationships among type of response, type of patient and type of insulin are discussed. The potentialities of insulin-zinc suspensions as compared with long-acting insulins now on the market are considered in terms of these inter-relationships.
HEMOLYSIS OF RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES BY PURIFIED STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-TOXIN III. Potassium Release

Madoff, Morton A. (New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass.), Louis Z. Cooper, and Louis Weinstein. Hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin. III. Potassium release. J. Bacteriol. 87:145–149. 1964.—The reaction between staphylococcal alpha-toxin and erythrocytes was characterized by rapid release of K+ from the cells, early in the prelytic period; 50 to 75% of this loss occurred before leakage of hemoglobin was detectable. The addition of specific antitoxin early enough in the reaction to inhibit gross hemolysis also inhibited cation release. The presence of sucrose or polyethylene glycol prevented hemoglobin release, but was without effect on K+ leak. These observations suggest that K+ loss is a more specific indication of the progress of the reaction between alpha-toxin and erythrocytes than is the release of hemoglobin.