cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transmission of substituent effects in isomeric dichloroethano-bridged anthracene derivatives

Abstract The syntheses and characterization of the syn ( 2b ) and anti ( 2a ) isomers of methyl- cis -11,12-dichloro-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethano 2-anthroate as well as methyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethano 2-anthroate ( 2c ) are described. Geometric assignments for 2a and 2b were based upon dipole moments and chemical degradation. The rates of base-catalyzed hydrolyses of the three esters in aqueous ethanol are reported. The acid dissociation constants for the corresponding three bridged-anthracene carboxylic acids 3a , 3b and 3c in aqueous methanol and their rates of reaction with diphenyldiazomethane in ethanol and in toluene have been measured. The angular dependence of the substituent effects in this system is discussed.
Furanocoumarins in Florida Celery Varieties Increased by Fungicide Treatment

Florida celery cultivars Florida 2-14, Florimart, M9, Florida 296, M68, and Junebelle contained total psoralen + bergapten + xanthotoxin + isopimpinellin ranging from about 12 to 50 μg/g. Treatment of the commercial Florida cultivar 2-14 with Bravo 500, Manzate-D, or Kocide 101 fungicides increased bergapten 2−4 times in leaves and stalk, xanthotoxin 2−3 times in stalk, and isopimpinellin about 2−3 times in leaves but did not increase psoralen levels. These increases represent increased calculated biological activity toward human skin. This is the first report of fungicide induction of furanocoumarins in celery. Keywords: Apium graveolens; plant breeding; induction; fungicide; allelochemical; phototoxin; dermatitis; maneb; chlorothalonil; cupric hydroxide; phytoalexin; food safety
Infrared multiphoton dissociation of duplex DNA/drug complexes in a quadrupole ion trap.

Noncovalent duplex DNA/drug complexes formed between one of three 14-base pair non-self-complementary duplexes with variable GC content and one of eight different DNA-interactive drugs are characterized by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), and the resulting spectra are compared to conventional collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectra in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. IRMPD yielded comparable information to previously reported CAD results in which strand separation pathways dominate for complexes containing the more AT-rich sequences and/or minor groove binding drugs, whereas drug ejection pathways are prominent for complexes containing intercalating drugs and/or duplexes with higher GC base content. The large photoabsorptive cross section of the phosphate backbone at 10.6 μm promotes highly efficient dissociation within short irradiation times (<2 ms at 50 W) or using lower laser powers and longer irradiation times (<15 W at 15 ms), activation times on par with or shorter...
Extracellular matrix substrata alter adipocyte yield and lipogenesis in primary cultures of stromal-vascular cells from human adipose.

The stromal-vascular fraction of human adipose was subjected to in vitro adipogenesis on different extracellular matrix substrata. Adipose tissue was harvested from the breast of 25 to 45 year-old female patients undergoing elective surgery. After 24 d, less than 5% of stromal-vascular cells had converted to adipocytes on fibronectin, 13% to 28% on tissue culture plastic and collagen I; and 59% ± 7% on Matrigel. Lipid volume surpassed 4.5×103 μm3 cell−1 for Matrigel and was 30% lower for the other substrata. Cell proliferation was evident for Matrigel and fibronectin, and cell spreading was most pronounced for fibronectin with a projected area exceeding 3×103 μm2 cell−1. These results are relevant to the design of an adipose implant, providing insight into its feasibility and scaffold composition.
Binary encoded small-molecule libraries in drug discovery and optimization

A variety of small-molecule combinatorial libraries have been prepared on solid support using a binary encoding strategy employing non-sequenceable encoding molecules. Library members are attached to the support using photolabile linkers which permit their release for assay free in solution. The encoding molecules are attached using a carbene insertion reaction and are released via oxidation. A wide variety of synthetic reactions have been utilized for library synthesis including, for example, cyclocondensations, reductive aminations, and heteroaromatic halide displacements, as well as acylations and sulfonylations. Initial screening of two such libraries identified lead structures for the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. Subsequently, based upon these leads a smaller focused combinatorial library was constructed and used to analyze the structure-activity relationships (SARs) governing enzyme inhibition and isozyme selectivity. The combination of random screening with a broad diversity of compounds, followed by focused libraries for detailed SARs and selectivity, demonstrates the power of binary encoded small-molecule combinatorial libraries for drug discovery.
The concentrations of lithium, potassium, rubidium and cesium in some western American rivers and marine sediments

Abstract Lithium, potassium, rubidium and cesium in river water, suspended matter, and bottom sediments have been measured by a flame photometric method in samples from three western American river systems; concentrations in four marine sediments are given for comparison.
Component analysis of rigid polyurethane foams

Abstract A procedure is described for the analysis of the component parts of a rigid polyurethane foam. The technique can be used to identify the polyol, isocyanate, fire retardant, and blowing agent used in foam manufacture when less than 0.5 g of material is available. Techniques of pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (CI-MS), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were essential for component characterization and identification. Foam samples were base-hydrolyzed and the resulting polyols and amines were identified by EI and CI-MS, and HPLC. A combination of CI-MS, Py-GC-MS, and halogen and phosphorus-sensitive chromatographic detectors were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fire retardant. The blowing agent was determined by Py-GC-MS. The composition of the foam was confirmed by the synthesis and characterization of a chemically identical foam using known starting materials.
Preactivated monocytes from hypertensive patients as a factor for atherosclerosis

Recently, we reported our findings regarding the elevated secretion patterns of proinflammatory cytokines obtained from peripheral blood monocytes of hypertensive patients. To investigate the direct impact of these preactivated monocytes, the adhesion of monocytes from normal controls and hypertensive patients to vascular endothelial cell monolayers was determined spontaneously and after in vitro stimulation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or angiotensin II (Ang II), with or without preincubation with the AT1 receptor antagonist eprosartan. Peripheral blood monocytes from 20 patients and 20 healthy individuals were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and plastic adherence; endothelial cells were obtained from human umbilical cords by collagenase digestion. The adhesion was determined by an assay with 51Cr-radiolabeled monocytes. Oxygen species release induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as a further activation marker was analyzed for monocytes and HUVEC by chemiluminescence (CL). Spontaneous adhesion of monocytes from patients and the adhesion after stimulation with Ang II were significantly increased compared with normal controls (P<0.05). Preincubation with eprosartan diminished the adhesion in both groups to comparable levels. In monocytes, peak levels of PMA and Ang II induced CL analysis were significantly higher in patients (P<0.005). These data indicate that preactivated monocytes from hypertensives may be of pathogenic importance in atherosclerosis.
Estimating the impact of entertainment on the restaurant revenues of a Las Vegas hotel casino: An exploratory study

Abstract Considering the growing presence of non-gaming amenities in a mature casino market such as the Las Vegas Strip, this study examined the indirect contribution of showroom entertainment to casino-operated restaurant business volumes. Using the internal data of a Las Vegas hotel casino, this research found a statistically significant and positive relationship between daily showroom headcounts and food and beverage revenues. For each additional show attendee, daily food and beverage revenue increased $6.96. This finding suggests that casino executives should consider leveraging show traffic with additional revenue-enhancing venues such as restaurants.
Endometriosis of the small intestine, producing intestinal obstruction or simulating neoplasm.

Although endometriosis involves the small intestine only rarely, when present, this condition may stimulate a neoplasm clinically by producing intestinal obstruction or by forming a mass lesion. Five cases of ileal endometriosis are reported in this study. Three had produced localized intramural masses, resembling a neoplasm; one of these had also caused partial intestinal obstruction. Two other patients had diffuse involvement of a segment of ileum with mural thickening and luminal narrowing, leading to obstruction. The literature on small bowel endometriosis is reviewed and the clinical and pathological features are discussed.
Association of ABC (HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol) goal attainment with depression and health-related quality of life among adults with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Aims To determine the relationship between ABC goal attainment, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among a national sample of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was performed examining 808 non-pregnant patients ≥20years old with T2DM from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2012. ABC goals were defined as HbA1c Results Overall, 23.7% of participants achieved simultaneous ABC goals. Severe depression was significantly associated with lower rates of ABC goal attainment compared to those with no depression (5.0% vs. 25.4%, p =0.048). ABC goal attainment rates were lower among females, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black minority groups, and patients with a duration of diabetes over five years, while increased visits with health care professionals were significantly associated with meeting all three ABC goals for patients with T2DM. Conclusions The relationship between simultaneous ABC goal attainment, depression and HRQoL is complex. Patients with T2DM unable to meet ABC goals may benefit from increased contact with health care professionals.
Visual avoidance in specific phobia

Cognitive models of anxiety postulate that fear and anxiety serve as programs for avoidance of threat-relevant stimuli. We hypothesized that exposure to phobia-relevant stimuli would lead to visual avoidance in specific phobics. Spider phobic, blood-injection-injury phobic, and nonphobic participants were asked to view spider, injection, and neutral photographs through a three-channel tachistoscope that measured viewing time for each picture. Despite experimenter instructions to study the pictures carefully for a subsequent recognition test, phobic subjects showed decreased viewing times for threat-relevant pictures as compared to neutral pictures. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive models of anxiety disorders and implications for exposure-based therapies.
Prevention of complicated ulcer disease among chronic users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the use of a nomogram in cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with an increased risk of clinical upper gastrointestinal tract (UGI) events, namely, symptomatic ulcer, perforation, bleeding, and obstruction. Our objective in this study was to compare the costeffectiveness of several strategies aimed at reducing the risk of clinical UGI events in NSAID users. Methods: A decision tree model was used for patients requiring long-term treatment with NSAIDs to compare conventional NSAID therapy alone with 7 other treatment strategies to reduce the risk of NSAID-related clinical UGI events (cotherapy with proton-pump inhibitor, cotherapy with misoprostol, cyclooxygenase [COX]-2– selective NSAID therapy, or Helicobacter pylori treatment followed by each of the previous strategies, including conventional NSAID treatment, respectively). The outcome measure is the incremental cost per clinical UGI event prevented compared with conventional NSAID treatment over 1 year. Results: The use of a COX-2–selective NSAID and cotherapy with proton-pump inhibitors were the 2 most costeffective strategies. However, the incremental cost associated with these strategies was high ($35000) in persons with a low risk of clinical UGI event with conventional NSAIDs (eg, 2.5% per year). If the baseline risk of clinical UGI events is moderately high (eg, 6.5%), using a COX2–selective NSAID becomes the most effective and least costly (dominant) treatment strategy, followed closely by cotherapy with a daily proton-pump inhibitor. Because small changes in costs or assumed efficacy of these drugs could change the conclusions, the incremental costeffectiveness ratios between any 2 strategies were presented in a nomogram that allows the flexible use of a wide range of values for costs and rates of clinical UGI events. Conclusions: The risk of clinical UGI events in NSAID users depends on their baseline risk, the added risk associated with the individual NSAID, and the protection conferred by cotherapy. A nomogram can be used to incorporate these factors and derive estimates regarding costeffectiveness of competing strategies aimed at reducing the risk of clinical UGI events. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2105-2110
Loss of HX from 2‐haloethanol ions

Contrary to the behavior of 1-haloalkanes, the loss of HX from 2-chloro-and 2-bromo-ethanol involves a 1,2 elimination.
Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder: I. Continuity into young adulthood.

Abstract Objective To examine the course of adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) by comparing rates of mood and non-mood disorders between age 19 and 24 years in participants with a history of adolescent MDD versus participants with adolescent adjustment disorder with depressed mood, nonaffective disorder, and no disorder. Method Participants from a large community sample who had been interviewed twice during adolescence completed a third interview assessing Axis I psychopathology and antisocial and borderline personality disorders after their 24th birthday: 261 participants with MDD, 73 with adjustment disorder, 133 with nonaffective disorder, and 272 with no disorder through age 18. Results MDD in young adulthood was significantly more common in the adolescent MDD group than the nonaffective and no disorder groups (average annual rate of MDD=9.0%, 5.6%, and 3.7%, respectively). Adolescents with MDD also had a high rate of nonaffective disorders in young adulthood (annual nonaffective disorder rate=6.6%) but did not differ from adolescents with nonaffective disorder (7.2%). Prevalence rates of dysthymia and bipolar disorder were low (1%). Adolescents with adjustment disorder exhibited similar rates of MDD and nonaffective disorders in young adulthood as adolescents with MDD. Conclusions This study documents the significant continuity of MDD from adolescence to young adulthood. Public health implications of the findings are discussed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1999, 38(1):56–63.
Strategic Teaching for Active Learning

This paper presents a model of strategic teaching for active learning to help teachers develop active learning exercises for their classes and to better understand the role of active learning in achieving students' learning goals. Teachers should approach teaching the same way that organizations approach the task of strategic planning. Instead of focusing on course content, strategic teaching begins by first identifying students' long-term career goals, academic goals, and life goals, and then identifying the skills, behaviors, and abilities needed to achieve those goals as well as the specific course content needed to master those skills, behaviors, and abilities. By identifying students' long-term career and life goals, active learning exercises can be developed to simulate the types of decisions students will be required to make in their future professional and academic careers. This paper also describes numerous types of active learning activities and tips for increasing the effectiveness of active le...
MICROSEISMS AND WEATHER FORECASTING

Microseisms are more or less regular elastic surface waves recorded continuously by sensitive seismo-graphs. They may be propagated to great distances except where the energy is dissipated at geological discontinuities. Microseismic waves arriving at a seismographic station can be used to locate the direction of the source. The accuracy of such azimuth determination from differences in arrival times at three stations on a triangle with sides one or two miles long is investigated. Certain types of microseisms are correlated with atmospheric disturbances and can be used in weather forecasting and especially in locating tropical disturbances. Publications referring to this method are mentioned. The method's routine application by the U. S. Navy Department in locating hurricanes in the Caribbean area is discussed, as well as the precautions which must be taken in drawing conclusions from the amplitudes of microseisms.
Comb-Shaped Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s as Proton Exchange Membranes†

A new sulfonated side-chain grafting unit containing two or four sulfonic acid groups was synthesized using sulfonated 4-fluorobenzophenone (FBP) and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-((4-fluorophenyl)thio)phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (3FBPT). A conventional aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) was used for copolymerization of poly(arylene ether sulfone) containing a methoxy group. After converting the methoxy group to the reactive hydroxyl group, this functionalized copolymer was reacted to graft the sulfonated side chains to make the comb-shaped sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers. All the polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the water uptake, and proton and methanol transport for fuel cell applications. These comb-shaped sulfonated polymers had good properties as polyelectrolyte membrane materials. The comb-shaped copolymers with two or four sulfonic acid groups show high proton conductivity in the range of 34−147 and 63−125 mS/cm, respectively. The met...
Influence of the amplitude of a solid wavy wall on a turbulent flow. Part 1. Non-separated flows

Measurements of the shear-stress variation along and the velocity profiles above a solid wavy wall bounding a turbulent flow are presented for waves with height-to-length ratios of 2a/λ = 0·0312 and 0·05. These are compared with previous measurements of the wall shear stress reported by Thorsness (1975) and by Morrisroe (1970) for 2a/λ = 0·012. The investigation covered a range of conditions from those for which a linear behaviour is observed to those for which a separated flow is just being initiated.Pressure measurements indicate a linear response in that the spatial variation is described quite well by a single harmonic with a wavelength equal to that of the surface. However, the variation of τw for waves with 2a/λ = 0·0312 and 0·05 can be more rapid on the leeward side of the wave. The degree of departure from a sinusoidal variation increases with increasing wave height and fluid velocity and, from the results reported in this paper, it is suggested that nonlinear behaviour will become evident when au*/v [ges ] 27.Many aspects of the flow for all three waves are described by a solution of the linear momentum equations previously presented by Thorsness (1975) and by Thorsness & Hanratty (1977). These include the phase and amplitude of the pressure profile and the first harmonic of the shear-stress profile and the velocity field outside the viscous wall region.These results suggest that up to separation the flow is approximated quite well by linear theory. Nonlinearities affect the flow only in a region very close to the wave surface and are manifested by the appearance of higher harmonics in the variation of τw.
Allograft pancreatectomy after pancreas transplantation with systemic‐bladder versus portal‐enteric drainage

From 1989 to 1997, we performed 159 pancreas transplantations (PTXs), including 117 simultaneous kidney–PTX (SKPT), 25 PTXs alone (PTA), and 17 sequential PTXs after kidney transplantations (PAKT). A total of 73 PTXs were performed with systemic-bladder (S-B) and 86 with portal-enteric (P-E) drainage. The need for allograft pancreatectomy (PCTY) may be considered as an index of technical morbidity after PTX. A total of 37 PCTYs (23%) were performed at a mean of 4.7 months after PTX. Twenty-seven PCTYs were performed within 1 month, 30 (81%) within 3 months, and the remaining seven more than 6 months after PTX. The incidence of PCTY did not differ according to type of transplantation: simultaneous kidney–PTX (SKPT) (23%), PTA (24%), and PAKT (23.5%). Indications for PCTY were thrombosis (23), rejection (9), infection (3), and pancreatitis (2). During the study, a total of 70 pancreas grafts were lost, with PCTY performed in 37 (53%). PCTY was directly related to the timing of graft loss; 77% of grafts lost within 3 months of PTX required PCTY, while 25% of grafts lost after 3 months resulted in PCTY (p<0.01). The incidence of graft failure resulting in PCTY was similar according to type of transplantation: SKPT (55%), PTA (46%), and PAKT (50%). The incidence of PCTY was also similar according to technique of transplantation: 26% S-B versus 21% P-E, p=NS. However, the incidence of graft failure resulting in PCTY was higher in P-E (69%) versus S-B (43%) (p<0.05) PTX recipients. Patient and kidney graft survival and pancreas retransplant graft survival rates were higher in PTX recipients with P-E drainage.Conclusions: PCTY is performed in over half of cases of pancreas allograft loss and is directly related to the timing and cause of graft loss. The incidence of PCTY is neither related to the type nor technique of PTX. The lower overall incidence of graft loss after PTX with P-E drainage is offset by a higher incidence of PCTY in these grafts that fail. These results suggest that whole-organ PTX with P-E drainage does not place the patient at an increased risk for PCTY and does not preclude successful pancreas retransplantation.
Macro and Microfluidic Flows for Skeletal Regenerative Medicine

Fluid flow has a great potential as a cell stimulatory tool for skeletal regenerative medicine, because fluid flow-induced bone cell mechanotransduction in vivo plays a critical role in maintaining healthy bone homeostasis. Applications of fluid flow for skeletal regenerative medicine are reviewed at macro and microscale. Macroflow in two dimensions (2D), in which flow velocity varies along the normal direction to the flow, has explored molecular mechanisms of bone forming cell mechanotransduction responsible for flow-regulated differentiation, mineralized matrix deposition, and stem cell osteogenesis. Though 2D flow set-ups are useful for mechanistic studies due to easiness in in situ and post-flow assays, engineering skeletal tissue constructs should involve three dimensional (3D) flows, e.g., flow through porous scaffolds. Skeletal tissue engineering using 3D flows has produced promising outcomes, but 3D flow conditions (e.g., shear stress vs. chemotransport) and scaffold characteristics should further be tailored. Ideally, data gained from 2D flows may be utilized to engineer improved 3D bone tissue constructs. Recent microfluidics approaches suggest a strong potential to mimic in vivo microscale interstitial flows in bone. Though there have been few microfluidics studies on bone cells, it was demonstrated that microfluidic platform can be used to conduct high throughput screening of bone cell mechanotransduction behavior under biomimicking flow conditions.
Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection in U.S. children ages 6-19, 2003-2010

Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common herpesvirus linked to infectious mononucleosis and multiple cancers. There are no national estimates of EBV seroprevalence in the United States. Our objective was to estimate the overall prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of EBV among U.S. children and adolescents aged 6–19.
Pulse shaping based two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy in a background free geometry.

We demonstrate a “drop-in” modification of the pulse-shaped pump-probe geometry two-dimensional Fourier transform spectrometer that significantly improves its performance by making the measurement background-free. The modification uses a hybrid diffractive optic/pulse-shaping approach that combines the advantages of background-free detection with the precise timing and phase-cycling capabilities enabled by pulse-shaping. In addition, we present a simple new method for accurate phasing of optically heterodyned two-dimensional spectra. We demonstrate the high quality of data obtainable with this approach by reporting two-dimensional Fourier transform electronic spectra of chlorophyll a in glycerol/water at 77 K.
Suppression of Mitochondrial Function by Oxidatively Truncated Phospholipids Is Reversible, Aided by Bid, and Suppressed by Bcl-XL*

Oxidatively truncated phospholipids are present in atherosclerotic lesions, apoptotic cells, and oxidized low density lipoproteins. Some of these lipids rapidly enter cells to induce apoptosis by the intrinsic pathway, but how such lipids initiate this process is unknown. We show the truncated phospholipid hexadecyl azelaoyl glycerophosphocholine (Az-LPAF), derived from the fragmentation of abundant sn-2 linoleoyl residues, depolarized mitochondria of intact cells. Az-LPAF also depolarized isolated mitochondria and allowed NADH loss, but did not directly interfere with complex I function. Cyclosporin A blockade of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore partially prevented the loss of electrochemical potential. Depolarization of isolated mitochondria by the truncated phospholipid was readily reversed by the addition of albumin that sequestered this lipid. Ectopic expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL in HL-60 cells reduced apoptosis by the truncated phospholipid by protecting their mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from these cells were also protected from Az-LPAF-induced depolarization. Conversely mitochondria isolated from Bid−/− animals that lack this pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member were resistant to Az-LPAF depolarization. Addition of recombinant full-length Bid, which has phospholipid transfer activity, restored this sensitivity. Thus, phospholipid oxidation products physically interact with mitochondria to continually depolarize this organelle without permanent harm, and Bcl-2 family members modulate this interaction with full-length Bid acting as a co-factor for pro-apoptotic, oxidatively truncated phospholipids.
Whole-system Estimates of Nitrification and Nitrate Uptake in Streams of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Although they drain remarkably similar forest types, streams of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) vary widely in their NO3 − concentrations during the growing season. This variation may be caused by differences in the terrestrial systems they drain (for example, varying forest age or composition, hydrology, soil organic matter content, and so on) and/or by differences between the streams themselves (for example, contrasting geomorphology, biotic nitrogen [N] demand, rates of instream nitrogen transformations). We examined interstream variation in N processing by measuring NH4 + and NO3 − uptake and estimating nitrification rates for 13 stream reaches in the HBEF during the summers of 1998 and 1999. We modeled nitrification rates using a best-fit model of the downstream change in NO3 − concentrations following short-term NH4 + enrichments. Among the surveyed streams, the fraction of NH4 + uptake that was subsequently nitrified varied, and this variation was positively correlated with ambient streamwater NO3 − concentrations. We examined whether this variation in instream nitrification rates contributed significantly to the observed variation in NO3 − concentrations across streams. In some cases, instream nitrification provided a substantial portion of instream NO3 − demand. However, because there was also substantial instream NO3 − uptake, the net effect of instream processing was to reduce rather than supplement the total amount of NO3 − exported from a watershed. Thus, instream rates of nitrification in conjunction with instream NO3 − uptake were too low to account for the wide range of streamwater NO3 −. The relationship between streamwater NO3 − concentration and rates of instream nitrification may instead be due to a shift in the competitive balance between heterotrophic N uptake and nitrification when external inputs of NO3 − are relatively high.
Economic, Demographic, and Anthropometric Correlates of First Marriage in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century United States

Despite the importance of marriage for the economic and demographic history of the nineteenth-century United States, there are few published estimates of the timing and incidence of marriage and no published studies of its correlates before 1890, when the Census Office first tabulated marital status by age, sex, and nativity. In this article I rely on the 1860 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series census sample to construct national and regional estimates of white nuptiality by nativity and sex and to test theories of marriage timing. I supplement this analysis with two new public use samples of Civil War soldiers. The Gould sample, collected by the U.S. Sanitary Commission between 1863 and 1865, allows me to test whether height and body mass influenced white men’s propensity to marry. Additionally, a sample of Union Army recruits linked to the 1860 census, created as part of the Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death project, allows me to combine suspected economic, demographic, and anthropometric correlates of marriage into a multivariate model of never-married white men’s entrance into first marriage. The results indicate that nuptiality was moderately higher in 1860 than it was in 1890. In contrast to previous studies that emphasize the primary importance of land availability and farm prices, I find that single women’s opportunity to participate in the paid labor force was the most important determinant of marriage timing. I also find modest support for the hypothe sis that height affected men’s propensity to marry, consistent with the theory that body size was a sign to potential marriage partners of future earnings capacity and health.
Systemic and Cell-Type Specific Profiling of Molecular Changes in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disorder although it is of-tentimes defined by clinical motor symptoms originated from age dependent and pro-gressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathogenesis of PD involves dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons in many brain regions and the molecular mechanisms underlying the death of different cell types still remain to be elucidated. There are indications that PD causing disease processes occur in a global scale ranging from DNA to RNA, and proteins. Several PD-associated genes have been reported to play diverse roles in controlling cellular functions in different levels, such as chromatin structure, transcription, processing of mRNA, translational modulation, and posttrans-lational modification of proteins. The advent of quantitative high throughput screening (HTS) tools makes it possible to monitor systemic changes in DNA, RNA and proteins in PD models. Combined with dopamine neuron isolation or derivation of dopamine neu-rons from PD patient specific induced pluripotent stem cells (PD iPSCs), HTS techonolo-gies will provide opportunities to draw PD causing sequences of molecular events in pathologically relevant PD samples.Here I discuss previous studies that identified molecular functions in which PD genes are involved, especially those signaling pathways that can be efficiently studied using HTS methodologies. Brief descriptions of quantitative and systemic tools looking at DNA, RNA and proteins will be followed. Finally, I will emphasize the use and potential bene-fits of PD iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons to screen signaling pathways that are initiated by PD linked gene mutations and thus causative for dopaminergic neurodegn-eration in PD.
Time-varying feature selection and classification of unvoiced stop consonants

A feature set that captures the dynamics of formant transitions prior to closure in a VCV environment is used to characterize and classify the unvoiced stop consonants. The feature set is derived from a time-varying, data-selective model for the speech signal. Its performance is compared with that of comparable formant data from a standard delta-LPC-based model. The different feature sets are evaluated on a database composed of eight talkers. A 40% reduction in classification error rate is obtained by means of the time-varying model. The performance of three different classifiers is discussed. A novel adaptive algorithm, termed learning vector classifier (LVC) is compared with standard K-means and LVQ2 classifiers. LVC is a supervised learning classifier that improves performance by increasing the resolution of the decision boundaries. Error rates obtained for the three-way (p, t, and k) classification task using LVC and the time-varying analysis are comparable to that of techniques that make use of additional discriminating information contained in the burst. Further improvements are expected when an expanded time-varying feature set is utilized, coupled with information from the burst. >
Growth Depression in Mycorrhizal Citrus at High-Phosphorus Supply (Analysis of Carbon Costs)

Mycorrhizal-induced growth depression of plants in high-P soil has been reported in many species. The carbon costs of factors contributing to this growth depression were analyzed in Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Tan. & Pasq.) colonized by the mycorrhizal (M) fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith. M and nonmycorrhizal (NM) plants were each grown at two P-supply rates. Carbon budgets of M and NM plants were determined by measuring whole-plant carbon assimilation and respiration rates using gas-exchange techniques. Biomass, M colonization, tissue-P concentration, and total fatty acid concentration in the fibrous roots were determined. Construction costs of the fibrous roots were estimated from heat of combustion, N, and ash content. Root-growth respiration was derived from daily root growth and root-construction cost. M and NM plants grown in high-P soil were similar in P concentration, daily shoot carbon assimilation, and daily shoot dark respiration. At 52 d after transplanting (DAT), however, combined daily root plus soil respiration was 37% higher for M than for NM plants, resulting in a 20% higher daily specific carbon gain (mmol CO2 [mmol carbon]-1 d-1) in NM than M plants. Estimates of specific carbon gain from specific growth rates indicated about a 10% difference between M and NM plants. Absolute values of specific carbon gain estimated by whole-plant gas exchange and by growth analysis were in general agreement. At 52 DAT, M and NM plants at high P had nearly identical whole-plant growth rates, but M plants had 19% higher root dry weight with 10% higher daily rates of root growth. These allocation differences at high P accounted for about 51% of the differences in root/soil respiration between M and NM plants. Significantly higher fatty acid concentrations in M than NM fibrous roots were correlated with differences in construction costs of the fibrous roots. Of the 37% difference in daily total root/soil respiration observed between high-P M and NM plants at 52 DAT, estimated daily growth respiration accounted for only about 16%, two-thirds of which was associated with construction of lipid-rich roots, and the remaining one-third with greater M root growth rates. Thus, of the 37% more root/soil respiration associated with M colonization of high-P plants, 10% was directly attributable to building lipid-rich roots, 51% to greater M root biomass allocation, and the remaining 39% could have been used for maintenance of the fungal tissue in the root and growth and maintenance of the extramatrical hyphae.
Where's my stuff?: design and evaluation of a mobile system for locating lost items for the visually impaired

Finding lost items is a common problem for the visually impaired and is something that computing technology can help alleviate. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a mobile solution, called FETCH, for allowing the visually impaired to track and locate objects they lose frequently but for which they do not have a specific strategy for tracking. FETCH uses devices the user already owns, such as their cell phone or laptop, to locate objects around their house. Results from a focus group with visually impaired users informed the design of the system. We then studied the usability of a laptop solution in a laboratory study and studied the usability and usefulness of the system through a one-month deployment and diary study. These studies demonstrate that FETCH is usable and useful, but there is still room for improvement.
Absence of Parasympathetic Control of Heart Rate After Human Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation

Background Partial reinnervation of cardiac sympathetic nerves has been observed after heart transplantation; we hypothesized that parasympathetic control to the heart after transplantation may ret...
Convergence and nonconvergence in the quality of adolescent relationships and its association with adolescent adjustment and young-adult relationship quality:

With the aim of identifying and examining both converging (matched relationship quality across one's set of relationships) and non-converging (mixed relationship quality across one's set of relationships), the present study used a pattern-centered approach to examine the different ways adolescent relationships pattern together among a large, national sample of U.S adolescents (aged 13-19). The study also examined how adolescent adjustment and young adult relationship quality varied across the different relationship patterns or constellations. The current study used latent class analysis and data from Add Health (n = 4,233), a national U.S. longitudinal study that spans adolescence and young adulthood, to uncover heterogeneity in adolescent relations with parents, friends, romantic partners, peers, and teachers. As predicted, patterns of both convergence and non-convergence were found, though patterns of non-convergence were more common than expected. Some patterns of non-convergence appear more stable (i.e., similar pattern found during both adolescence and young adulthood) than others. Also, no "high" converging pattern was found, indicating that few adolescents have "first-rate" relations in every relational domain.
Quasi-Resonant Interconnects: A Low Power, Low Latency Design Methodology

Design and analysis guidelines for quasi-resonant interconnect networks (QRN) are presented in this paper. The methodology focuses on developing an accurate analytic distributed model of the on-chip interconnect and inductor to obtain both low power and low latency. Excellent agreement is shown between the proposed model and SpectraS simulations. The analysis and design of the inductor, insertion point, and driver resistance for minimum power-delay product is described. A case study demonstrates the design of a quasi-resonant interconnect, transmitting a 5 Gb/s data signal along a 5 mm line in a TSMC 0.18-mum CMOS technology. As compared to classical repeater insertion, an average reduction of 91.1% and 37.8% is obtained in power consumption and delay, respectively. As compared to optical links, a reduction of 97.1% and 35.6% is observed in power consumption and delay, respectively.
Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation at Site 1002, Cariaco Basin (Venezuela)

Ocean Drilling Program Site 1002 in the Cariaco Basin was drilled in the final two days of Leg 165 with only a short transit remaining to the final port of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Because of severe time constraints, cores from only the first of the three long replicate holes (Hole 1002C) were opened at sea for visual description, and the shipboard sampling was restricted to the biostratigraphic examination of core catchers. The limited sampling and general scarcity of biostratigraphic datums within the late Quaternary interval covered by this greatly expanded hemipelagic sequence resulted in a very poorly defined age model for Site 1002 as reported in the Leg 165 Initial Reports volume of the Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Here, we present for the first time a new integrated stratigraphy for Site 1002 based on the standard of late Quaternary oxygen-isotope variations linked to a suite of refined biostratigraphic datums. These new data show that the sediment sequence recovered by Leg 165 in the Cariaco Basin is continuous and spans the time interval from 0 to ~580 ka, with a basal age roughly twice as old as initially suspected from the tentative shipboard identification of a single biostratigraphic datum. Lithologic subunits recognized at Site 1002 are here tied into this new stratigraphic framework, and temporal variations in major sediment components are reported. The biogenic carbonate, opal, and organic carbon contents of sediments in the Cariaco Basin tend to be high during interglacials, whereas the terrigenous contents of the sediments increase during glacials. Glacioeustatic variations in sea level are likely to exert a dominant control on these first-order variations in lithology, with glacial surface productivity and the nutrient content of waters in the Cariaco Basin affected by shoaling glacial sill depths, and glacial terrigenous inputs affected by narrowing of the inner shelf and increased proximity of direct riverine sources during sea-level lowstands.
Complexity in Strongly Correlated Electronic Systems

A wide variety of experimental results and theoretical investigations in recent years have convincingly demonstrated that several transition metal oxides and other materials have dominant states that are not spatially homogeneous. This occurs in cases in which several physical interactions-spin, charge, lattice, and/or orbital-are simultaneously active. This phenomenon causes interesting effects, such as colossal magnetoresistance, and it also appears crucial to understand the high-temperature superconductors. The spontaneous emergence of electronic nanometer-scale structures in transition metal oxides, and the existence of many competing states, are properties often associated with complex matter where nonlinearities dominate, such as soft materials and biological systems. This electronic complexity could have potential consequences for applications of correlated electronic materials, because not only charge (semiconducting electronic), or charge and spin (spintronics) are of relevance, but in addition the lattice and orbital degrees of freedom are active, leading to giant responses to small perturbations. Moreover, several metallic and insulating phases compete, increasing the potential for novel behavior.
Estimated Frequency of Nonrecessive Bt Resistance Genes in Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Eastern North Carolina

In summer 2000, adult female bollworm moths, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), were collected from light-traps at four locations near the Tidewater Research Station, Plymouth, NC. Female moths were allowed to lay eggs, and at hatch, 72 larvae from each female were screened for growth rate on normal artificial diet and on diets containing 5.0 μg of either Cry1Ac or Cry2Aa Bt toxin per milliliter of diet. The growth rate bioassays were performed to isolate nonrecessive Bt resistance genes present in field populations of bollworm. We found one individual out of 583 screened that appeared to carry a major gene for resistance to Cry1Ac. Assuming four alleles per individual, the gene frequency is 1/2332 or 0.00043. Other females appeared to have minor genes for Cry1Ac resistance or major genes with lower levels of dominance. We also found one individual out of 646 screened that appeared to carry a major gene for resistance to Cry2Aa. The gene frequency for Cry2Aa resistance was estimated at 1/2584 or 0.00039. Again, other females seemed to carry additional minor resistance genes. Along with other results that indicate partially dominant inheritance of Cry1Ac resistance in bollworm, these allele frequency estimates are important for determining the rate of resistance evolution in H. zea to specific Bt toxins.
Development of International Water Law and the UN Watercourse Convention

The Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 21 May 1997 (UN 1997a). It was drafted to articulate and codify the prevailing state practice and opinio juris – an action taken out of a sense of legal rather than moral obligation – in the area of international water law. It was designed to serve as a framework for more specific bilateral and regional agreements relating to the use, management and preservation of transboundary water resources. It was also designed to help prevent and resolve conflicts over international water resources, and to promote sustainable development and the protection of global water supplies. The Convention was adopted by a vote of 103 for and three against, with 27 abstentions and 33 members absent (UN 1997b; see figure 1 for a more complete breakdown of the vote). Although the actual number of votes against the Convention was small, the numbers belie a voting pattern that manifests the complexity of the subject matter, as well as the fragility of the coalition favouring the Convention. Many upper riparian states, for example, voted against passage of the Convention or abstained from the vote, while lower riparian states typically supported its adoption. Many states that abstained or voted against the text contended that the document was not ready for a vote, and noted the lack of consensus on several key provisions, including those governing dispute settlement. Others, both upper and lower riparian states, argued that there was a lack of balance in the Convention’s provisions between the rights and obligations of upstream and downstream riparian states (UN 1997b). By 20 May 2000, the end of the signature period, only eight countries had ratified and another ten had signed the document1 (see figure 2). Clearly, the debate surrounding the UN Convention is a function of the competing interests of states and is political in nature. Especially telling is the fact that it took more than 25 years of continuous work, 13 reports and five special rapporteurs to finalise the text. This chapter examines the evolution of the UN Convention and analyses the vote on the text of the document in the UN General A s s e m b l y. It begins with a brief review of the development of international water law leading up to the creation of the Convention, and follows with an analysis of the diverging interests that, nevertheless, resulted in the adoption of the Convention. Finally, an assessment is presented of the voting and ratification patterns of the Convention, as well as a review of the document’s present status.