cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osmolyte Depletion and Thirst Suppression Allow Hibernators to Survive for Months without Water.

Summary Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) are obligatory hibernators who can survive over 6 months of the year in underground burrows or laboratory hibernaculum without access to food or water [1]. Hibernation consists of prolonged periods of torpor, lasting up to 18 days, which are characterized by low body temperature and suppressed metabolism. This torpidity is interspersed with short periods of interbout arousal, lasting up to 48 h, during which squirrels temporarily return to an active-like state and lose small amounts of water to urination and evaporation [2]. Water is also lost during torpor due to a positive vapor pressure difference created by the slightly higher temperature of the body compared to its surroundings [2, 3]. Here, we investigate the physiological mechanism of survival during prolonged water loss and deprivation throughout hibernation. By measuring hydration status during hibernation, we show that squirrels remain hydrated during torpor by depleting osmolytes from the extracellular fluid. During brief periods of arousal, serum osmolality and antidiuretic hormone levels are restored, but thirst remains suppressed. This decoupling of thirst and diuresis enables water retention by the kidney while suppressing the drive to leave the safety of the underground burrow in search of water. An acute increase in serum osmolality reinstates water-seeking behavior, demonstrating preservation of the physiological thirst circuit during hibernation. Better mechanistic understanding of internal osmolyte regulation and thirst suppression could translate to advancements in human medicine and long-term manned spaceflight. Video Abstract
Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-speed, three-dimensional optical imaging technique that provides cross-sectional images of tissue microstructure with contrast based on the changes in the optical properties (refractive index) of the tissue. In contrast to conventional microscopy, OCT provides the ability to image tissue with resolution on the order of 10 μm within the first 1–2 mm from the tissue surface to provide nondestructive tissue analysis. The ability to acquire non- and minimally invasive depth-resolved microscopic images at speeds ≥ 100 frames per second has propelled OCT as a viable clinical and research tool for various fields including the assessment of ophthalmic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary diseases. In this article, we describe image formation and important considerations required to read and utilize OCT imaging and then review the ability to visualize pathology and pathophysiology within these organ systems in vivo.
False economies in health care payment policy.

If you live in the United States, you pay a lot for health care. This is true for those who are sick or healthy, who see their doctor or not. We pay for health care in our insurance premiums, taxes, and in direct payments to providers, hospitals, and pharmacies. We pay for health care indirectly in the costs of domestic goods and services. There is more health insurance than steel in the price of US automobiles. In 2018, total national health care costs grew to $3.6 trillion—17.7% of US gross domestic product or about 1 out of every 6 dollars spent in the US economy.1
Prejudice and Tolerance in US Presidential Politics: Evidence from Eight List Experiments in 2008 and 2012

Using list experiments on the 2008 and 2012 Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project, we investigated whether respondents are more likely to vote against presidential candidates from marginalized groups. We show that conservative and Republican respondents are disinclined to support Muslim and gay candidates. However, neither Right- nor Left-leaning respondents are significantly opposed to female candidates. Surprisingly, we uncovered asymmetric prejudices toward Mormons and African Americans. In both 2008 and 2012, Republicans were far more uncomfortable with gay or Muslim candidates than with African American candidates (per se). However, Democrats in 2012 were deeply uncomfortable with Mormon candidates. These findings illustrate that prejudice in presidential politics is not confined to right-wing pathologies alone but is present on both sides of the partisan–ideological divide.
3D Printed One-shot Deployable Flexible “Kirigami” Dielectric Reflectarray Antenna for mm-Wave Applications

This paper presents a first-of-its-kind fully 3D-printed mm-wave reflectarray with one-shot deployability. It consists of an array of kirigami-inspired flat-foldable dielectric-based unit cells featuring an unprecedented reduction in volume as compared to its conventional counterparts. The prototype is fabricated with high-resolution stereolithography 3D printing together with flexible photosensitive resin. The outcome of this work demonstrates a low-cost, high-performance dielectric reflectarray design that can be folded to 1/3 of the full-scale volume which can be used for outer-space, 5G and various other terrestrial applications.
Redirecting sediment and rearranging social justice

Efforts to manage the Mississippi River have produced hydrologic, geomorphic, and social change. Sediments have been the focus of contentious litigation; and engineers in the mid-nineteenth century argued for returning sediment to the city to raise land. Levees, built of sediment, protected the city and also guarded the powerful planter class. By forcing the sediment-bearing discharges into the Gulf of Mexico, the levee system denied sediment to most of the floodplain which allowed the delta to subside at a pace that was faster than land building caused by crevasses, and also permitted the intrusion of salt water into the valuable fisheries in the adjacent bays and estuaries. Further manipulations in the form of massive spillways followed the 1927 flood. This hydrologic re-plumbing disrupted the ecology and economy of floodplain and coastal areas. Current plans to restore the disappearing delta using sediment diversions will further disrupt the re-established economies. Upstream, reservoirs now capture much of the river-borne sediment which limits the viability of restoration efforts. The redirection of sediment has produced both geomorphic and social change in the lower delta and efforts to restore coastal wetlands, as previous alterations, will impose disruptions on the state’s marginalized residents.
Thermoelectric Nondestructive Evaluation of Residual Stress in Shot-Peened Metals

This paper presents a noncontacting thermoelectric method that can be used to characterize the prevailing residual stress in shot-peened specimens. This novel method is based on magnetic detection of local thermoelectric currents in the compressed near-surface layer of metals when a temperature gradient is established throughout the specimen. Besides the primary residual stress effect, the thermoelectric method is also sensitive to the secondary ``material'' effects of shot peening (local texture, increased dislocation density, hardening), but it is entirely insensitive to its ``geometrical'' by-product, i.e., the rough surface topography. Our experimental results in copper indicate that the developed method is more sensitive to residual stress effects than to the secondary material effects, but unequivocal separation of residual stress relaxation from the parallel decay of secondary cold-work effects is generally not feasible. However, since the ratio of residual stress to cold work is primarily determined by the material and the specific surface treatment used, the thermoelectric method still offers the unique capability of nondestructively monitoring thermomechanical relaxation below the treated surface. Preliminary results on IN100 nickel-base superalloy are also presented to demonstrate that the proposed method might be applicable to a wide range of alloys including high-strength, high-temperature engine materials.
Multilevel L4 and L5 Corpectomy for Burst Fracture via an Anterior Transperitoneal Approach Followed by Posterior Stabilization: Technical and Anatomic Considerations.

Lower lumbar spine burst fractures make up only 1% of all lumbar spine fractures. A burst fracture with neurological compromise, ligamentous injury, severe kyphotic deformity, or loss of anterior column support typically requires surgical stabilization. Treatment options at the L4 and L5 levels are challenging and often require an anterior/posterior approach. Very little has been reported on anterior approaches to the L4 and L5 levels when a corpectomy is required. Hence, we present a patient with a complex burst fracture of L4 and L5. She underwent a corpectomy of L4 and L5 and placement of an expandable cage through a window created between the aorta and the inferior vena cava via an anterior transperitoneal abdominal approach followed by posterior stabilization and fusion from L2 to the pelvis.
Electronic Theory of the Cylindrical Magnetron

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a summary of the theory for cylindrical magnetrons. Solutions of the general equation for “selfconsistent trajectories” in the static case are obtained either by approximations or by numerical integration on the differential analyzer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The magnetron structure is supposed to contain a cylindrical cathode of radius surrounded by a coaxial cylindrical anode of radius with a constant magnetic field in the direction of the axis of symmetry of the structure. The cathode is maintained at potential zero and emits electrons without velocity. In the cylindrical magnetron, only two cases can be realized in a static case: (1) one virtual cathode where all electrons stop and start backwards, and (2) no virtual cathode. The static characteristic of a magnetron is important information to be obtained, since it represents the practical summary needed by the technicians. These characteristics are completely discussed in this chapter and some important results are underlined.
Winnie Won Yin Wong, Van Gogh on Demand: China and the Readymade

Winnie Won Yin Wong’s book Van Gogh on Demand: China and the Readymade is a tour de force that critically engages with some of the core theories in art history and cultural studies, such as creativity, authenticity, authorship, and labor, through the unlikely lens of a “village” (Dafen, a suburb of Buji in South China’s Guangdong Province) that specializes in creating reproductions of Western paintings. It also captures, using Dafen as a microcosm of China, the central dilemma and hope of the nation at this particular historical conjuncture as it aspires to move beyond the “factory of the world” to become a “creative” agent. However, unlike many Western and Chinese scholars and policy makers who take for granted the teleological path from copy to creativity (Keane, 2007), Wong pursues an alternative route by deconstructing creativity/copy and the stereotypical image of China as the nation that “makes and fakes” (Pang, 2012)—cultural tropes that often mask rather than illuminate power inequalities and ongoing transformations.
Three-dimensional motion model of loads on the lumbar spine: II. model validation

A three-dimensional motion model has been developed that estimates loads on the lumbar spine under laboratory conditions that simulate manual materials handling conditions. Eleven subjects experienced spinal loading during an experiment in which conditions of trunk velocity, trunk torque output, and trunk asymmetric posture were varied in a series of isokinetic velocity trunk extensions. The electromyographic activity of 10 trunk muscles, subject anthropometry, and trunk kinetics were used as input to a biomechanical simulation model described in Part I of this study. The model calculated estimates of compression, shear, and torsion loading in the lumbar spine, as well as the torque production of the trunk, continuously throughout the exertion. Trunk torque estimates derived from this model were compared with measured trunk torque. The effects of trunk motion, posture, and torque level on spine loading as estimated by the model are discussed. It was concluded that this approach provides a straightforward means of assessing loading of the spine attributable to laboratory simulations of workplace conditions. Language: en
Distance-2 Edge Coloring is NP-Complete

We prove that it is NP-complete to determine whether there exists a distance-2 edge coloring (strong edge coloring) with 5 colors of a bipartite 2-inductive graph with girth 6 and maximum degree 3.
Quasi-Kalman Decomposition and its Relation to State Feedback

We discuss some numerical aspects in control theory. Using as the particular example the problem of computing the controllable subspace of a linear time invariant linear system, we show how some classical methods can lead to numerical problems and give some recent results giving bounds on the errors in terms of results obtainable from classical methods.
Dreaming big dreams: the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine.

The University of Alabama School of Medicine has a rich legacy dating back almost 150 years to Antebellum Mobile and the original Medical College of Alabama. The school's success helped transform Birmingham from a city rooted in the steel industry to one of the U.S.'s major biomedical research centers. Today the school is an internationally acclaimed leader in research and education and serves as the anchor of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the UAB Health System.
A Mead-Chomsky Comparison Reveals a Set of Key Questions on the Nature of Language and Mind

The social psychologist George Herbert Mead and the cognitive linguist Noam Chomsky both investigated the nature of language and mind during the 20th century. They approached the issues broadly, pursuing both philosophical and scientific lines of reasoning and evidence. This comparative analysis of Mead and Chomsky identifies fourteen questions that summarize their collective effort, and which animated much of the debate concerning language and mind in the 20th century. These questions continue to be relevant to 21st century inquiries. This paper identifies which questions have been resolved and which have not, and discusses each in the context of relevant literature. The net result is a set of questions that inform interdisciplinary-minded inquiries today into the nature of language and mind.
Active and Sterile Neutrino Emission and SN1987A Pulsar Velocity

Recently estimates have been made of the velocities of pulsars produced by the emission of sterile neutrinos during the first 10 seconds and by active neutrinos during the second 10 seconds after a supernova event reaches thermal equilibrium. Neutrinos produced with electrons in the lowest Landau level are emitted in the direction of the magnetic field, and the resulting pulsar velocity depends mainly on the temperature. Using measurements of the neutrino energies emitted from SN1987A, the temperature can be estimated, and from this we estimate the velocity of the resulting pulsar from both active and large mixing-angle sterile neutrinos.
Spurring adoption of DHTs with openhash, a public DHT service

The past three years have seen intense research into Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs): both into algorithms for building them, and into applications built atop them. These applications have spanned a strikingly wide range, including file systems [1–3], event notification [4], content distribution [5], e-mail delivery [6], indirection services [7,8], web caches [9], and relational query processors [10]. While this set of applications is impressively diverse, the vast majority of application building is done by a small community of DHT researchers. If DHTs are to have a positive impact on the design of distributed applications used by real users outside this research community, we believe that the community of DHT-based application developers should be as broad as possible. Why, then, has this community of developers remained narrow? First, keeping a research prototype of a DHT running continually requires effort, and experience with DHT code. Second, significant testbed resources are required to deploy and test DHT-based applications. A hacker can download the code for Chord, but she cannot run that code alone; recall that only a tiny fraction of would-be developers has access to a testbed infrastructure like PlanetLab [11]. Consequently, most application developers would turn to ad hoc application-specific solutions rather than attempt to use a DHT.
On the perturbation analysis of a Prony-based algorithm

A Prony-based algorithm for the estimation of frequencies embedded in noise is discussed. The performance of this algorithm is known to depend on the signal-to-noise ratio. A perturbation analysis of this algorithm is carried out to assess this performance. The estimation accuracy, measured in terms of the bias and variance of the estimated frequencies, is discussed. The expressions for the variance are obtained for cases when L=M and L>M, where L is the order of the coefficient polynomial and M is the number of complex sinusoidals. It is found that as L increases the variance decreases and thus improves the frequency estimates. >
UNDERSTANDING HETEROGENEITY IN PRICE ELASTICITIES IN THE DEMAND FOR ALCOHOL FOR OLDER INDIVIDUALS

This paper estimates the price elasticity of demand for alcohol using Health and Retirement Study data. To account for unobserved heterogeneity in price responsiveness, we use finite mixture models. We recover two latent groups, one is significantly responsive to price, but the other is unresponsive. The group with greater responsiveness is disadvantaged in multiple domains, including health, financial resources, education and perhaps even planning abilities. These results have policy implications. The unresponsive group drinks more heavily, suggesting that a higher tax would fail to curb the negative alcohol-related externalities. In contrast, the more disadvantaged group is more responsive to price, thus suffering greater deadweight loss, yet this group consumes fewer drinks per day and might be less likely to impose negative externalities.
The Doctrine of Propositions, Internalism, and Global Supervenience

In this paper, I present two short arguments concerning the views named in the title. First, I argue that the Doctrine of Propositions, according to which the contents of our psycho logical attitudes are always propositions, is incompatible with Internalism, understood as a doctrine endorsing the intrinsic character of mental content.1 The sort of argument that I give is, perhaps, lurking beneath the surface in some discussions of the nature of mental content; but I have never seen it explicitly stated. The second argument might be a bit more surprising. I try to show that the Doctrine of Propositions is also incompatible with the claim that psychological properties supervene globally on physical properties (i.e., that there can be no mental difference without some physical differ ence). The upshot is that the Doctrine of Propositions is inconsistent with each of two important supervenience principles. Although I shall not provide a thoroughgoing defense of my position in this paper, I suggest that we reject the Doctrine of Propositions and retain the other two views. The three views under consideration in this paper may be stated somewhat more precisely as follows:
Photoelectron escape from the ionosphere.

Abstract Photoelectron fluxes escaping from the ionosphere into the magnetosphere are calculated including the effect of photoelectron diffusion for a range of solar activity. The method employs a two dimensional matrix of continuity equations. In the region where the mean free path of the photoelectrons is small compared with the scale height the predominant term in the transport equation is the upward diffusion flux. As the altitude increases three components of the flux can be considered, an upward escaping component, an upward non-escaping component and a downward component. The relation between these fluxes, the heating of the protonosphere, and the photoelectron fluxes at the far end of the field line are examined.
Characterization of the Helicobacter pylori urease and purification of its subunits

Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is the causative agent of gastritis in man. Helicobacter pylori cells contain a large amount of an extremely active urease (E.C.3.5.1.5). This enzyme is suspected to be a virulence factor since the ammonium ion produced from urea may be responsible for tissue injury and/or survival of H. pylori in the gastric environment. Helicobacter pylori urease, native relative molecular mass approximately 600,000, was purified by agarose gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. DEAE-purified urease is highly active and has a Km of 0.48 mM for urea. The enzyme has a pI of 5.93 and is active from pH 4.0 to 10.0, with an optimum at pH 8.0. The purified urease contains nickel and is composed of two protein subunits, with relative molecular masses of 66,000 and 31,000. The subunits were separated and purified and the first 30 N-terminal amino acid residues were determined. A remarkably close relationship was found between both H. pylori urease subunits and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease, the subunit of which is a single 840 amino acid polypeptide. This subunit is also largely identical to the high molecular mass subunits of the ureases of Klebsiella aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis, evidence that these four ureases are derived from a common ancestral protein.
OLDER WOMEN: AN EXAMINATION OF POPULAR STEREOTYPES AND RESEARCH EVIDENCE*

The older woman in our society is socially devalued and is subject to a number of harmful, negative stereotypes that picture her as sick, sexless, uninvolved except for church work, and alone. Moreover, when researchers study the aged, they too often fail to analyze the data for females separately from that of males, thus glossing over the differences and losing valuable information. It is possible, however, using data from studies which have used sex as an independent variable, to demythologize the older woman somewhat by separating the characteristics which are uniquely female from those of males and those common to the sexes. This paper, then, examines stereotypical images of the older woman in three major areas: (1) health and longevity; (2) marital status and family roles; and (3) leisure activity. Several unresolved questions and areas for future research are suggested, and the implications of this analysis for such research is discussed.
DISTRIBUTING SCARCE LIVERS: THE MORAL REASONING OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC

The transplant system has been criticized for not paying enough attention to efficiency in distributing scarce organs. But little research has been done to see how the general public views tradeoffs between efficiency and equity. We surveyed members of the general public to see how they would distribute organs among patients with varying chances of benefiting from them. In addition, we asked subjects to explain their decisions and to tell us about any other information they would have liked in order to make the decisions. We found that the public places a very high value on giving everyone a chance at receiving scarce resources, even if that means a significant decrease in the chance that available organs will save people's lives. Our results raise important questions about whether the aims of outcomes research and cost-effective studies agree with the values of the general public.
Immunotoxin therapy of small-cell lung cancer. N901-blocked ricin for relapsed small-cell lung cancer

Despite its initial chemosensitivity, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is rarely cured with chemotherapy alone, and fewer than 5% of patients are alive at 5 years. Immunotoxin therapy appears to offer promise in treating the minimal residual disease that remains after induction chemotherapy. We have studied N901-bR in patients with relapsed SCLS. N901-bR consists of the N901 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and blocked ricin, an altered ricin molecule in which the galactose binding sites of the ricin B-chain which mediate nonspecific binding of the toxin are blocked through the covalent binding of ligands. N901 is an anti-NCAM (CD56) MoAb which binds to SCLC tumors and cell lines, cardiac muscle, natural killer (NK) cells, and peripheral nerve. N901-bR showed a 2.7 log greater in vitro cytotoxicity to the CD56-positive cell line SE-2 than to the antigen-negative Namalwa cell line. Nineteen patients with relapsed antigen-negative Namalwa cell line. Nineteen patients with relapsed and/or refractory SCLC have been entered into a phase I study at doses ranging from 5 to 40 micrograms/kg/day given as a 7-day continuous infusion. The dose-limiting toxicity is capillary leak syndrome observed in two thirds of the patients treated at 40 micrograms/kg/day. One patient at the maximum tolerated dose, 30 micrograms/kg/day x 7 days, has achieved a partial response to N901-bR. No patient has developed clinically significant peripheral or central neuropathy. We plan to begin a phase II study of N901-bR following induction chemotherapy in patients with SCLC.
Movement of the Mitral Ring: A Study in Ultrasoundcardiography

An identifiable ultrasound “echo” can be received, it is believed, from the mitral ring. Ring movement may thus be recorded in the intact subject. The recording shows a ventricular dimension type of curve, characteristically different from the well-known mitral valve echo pattern. Recorded from the apical area in 25 normal subjects, the movement amounted to 1·6 ± 0·4 cm, and the curve contour was remarkably constant. Deviations from normal were seen in heart disease.
Marriage and Modernization: How Globalization Threatens Marriage and What to Do about It

Marriage and Modernization: How Globalization Threatens Marriage and What to Do About It. Don S. Browning. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2003.272 pp. ISBN 0-8028-1112-4. $30.00 (paper). It is Don Browning's contention that (a) the institution of marriage is in danger because of forces of modernization and globalization, (b) that it must be reformed and saved, and (c) that the major world religions should be central players in its revival. In Marriage and Modernization, Browning attempts to synthesize theology, ethics, and social science in support of these premises. A leading spokesperson for the contemporary marriage movement in the United States, Browning calls for the movement's expansion in pursuit of a worldwide cultural transformation of marriage, supported by both the market and the state, and most important, undergirded by a new religious consensus of morality that is ecumenical and interreligious. Setting aside the monumental improbability of achieving this goal, there is something in this book to please and provoke every reader. Browning's position is not new. He has expressed it in numerous articles and books cited throughout this work. Once again, Browning attempts to walk a middle way, which is sure to make no one happy. For example, he supports progressives who seek better government supports for families in poverty and conservatives who look to use schools and churches to form solid moral citizens who in turn create strong families. Most important in this regard is Browning's call to reform marriage such that it portrays an ethic of equal regard that he sees represented in all major religions, if not in reality, in their intentions. He describes this love as sacrifice within mutuality: self-regard balanced with equal regard for the other. Browning is clear, though: Reform is absolutely necessary. Marriage cannot be promoted unless it is transformed, because as currently practiced in many places, it is "highly disadvantageous to women" (p. 219). Browning's argument that religious discourse should be at the center of such reformation is intriguing but ultimately unconvincing. Throughout history, marriage has been at least partly a religious matter. There is little question as to whether religion should be included in dialogues regarding the meaning and future of marriage. On the other hand, Browning is much too optimistic about what religion is likely to offer. Although it is true that the great world religions tend to be liberating in their official teachings, the reality has been quite the opposite. …
Hydrothermal alteration in the Bosumtwi impact structure: Evidence from 2M1-muscovite, alteration veins, and fracture fillings

Drill-core samples from the Bosumtwi impact structure (1.07 Myr old and 10.5 km in diameter) in Ghana exhibit mineralogical evidence for post-impact hydrothermal alteration. Nine samples of drill core obtained through the 2004 International Continental Scientific Drilling Project (ICDP) were studied, including an uppermost fallback layer overlying impactite breccias, and partly deformed massive meta-graywacke bedrock. The petrographic study revealed alteration veins containing secondary sericitic muscovite (comparable to 2M1-muscovite) crosscutting original bedding in meta-graywacke and forming a matrix between clasts in impactite breccias. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that these impactite samples are rich in 2M1-muscovite, consistent with post-impact fluid deposition and alteration. Optical analysis indicates the presence of a pre-impact stratiform chlorite in meta-graywacke samples and a secondary alteration chlorite occurring in all samples. Secondary illite was detected in upper impactites of drill core LB-08A and samples containing accretionary lapilli. The lower temperature constraint for the hydrothermal event is given by 2M1-muscovite, secondary chlorite, and illite, all of which form at temperatures greater than 280 C. An absence of recrystallization of quartz and feldspar indicates an upper temperature constraint below 900 C. The presence of alteration materials associated with fractures and veins in the uppermost impactites of drill cores LB-07A and LB-08A indicates that a post-impact hydrothermal system was present in and adjacent to the central uplift portion of the Bosumtwi impact structure. A sample containing accretionary lapilli obtained from drill core LB-05A exhibits limited evidence that hydrothermal processes were more widespread within the impactites on the crater floor.
Antibiotic Use for Emergency Department Patients With Upper Respiratory Infections: Prescribing Practices, Patient Expectations, and Patient Satisfaction

Study objective Physicians often prescribe antibiotics to patients even when there is no clear indication for their use. Previous studies examining antibiotic use in acute bronchitis and upper respiratory infections have been conducted in primary care settings. We evaluate the factors that physicians in the emergency department (ED) consider when prescribing antibiotics (eg, patient expectations) and the factors associated with patient satisfaction. Methods Ten academic EDs enrolled adults and children presenting with symptoms consistent with upper respiratory infection. Enrolled patients were interviewed before their physician encounter and were reinterviewed before discharge and 2 weeks later. Physicians were interviewed about factors that influenced their management decisions, including their perceptions of patients' expectations. Patients with a single diagnosis of uncomplicated acute bronchitis or upper respiratory infection were included for analysis. Results Of 272 patients enrolled, 68% of bronchitis patients and 9% of upper respiratory infection patients received antibiotics. Physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics when they believed that patients expected them (odds ratio [OR] 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9 to 9.6), although they were able to correctly identify only 27% of the patients who expected antibiotics. Satisfaction with the ED visit was reported by 87% of patients who received antibiotics and 89% of those not receiving antibiotics. Satisfaction with the visit was reported by 92% of patients who believed they had a better understanding of their illness but only by 72% of those who thought they had no better understanding (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.0 to 8.4). Conclusion Physicians in our academic EDs prescribed antibiotics to 68% of acute bronchitis patients and to fewer than 10% of upper respiratory infection patients. Physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who they believed expected them, although they correctly identified only about 1 in 4 of those patients. Patient satisfaction was not related to receipt of antibiotics but was related to the belief they had a better understanding of their illness.
Methodology for Performance Analysis of Aerospace Vehicles Using the Laws of Thermodynamics

Theory, methodology, and example applications are developed and shown for the systematic analysis of overall vehicle forces in terms of irreversibility and heat. The methodology presented involves analyzing and deconstructing vehicle forces using individual stream tubes as components within the overall fluid control volume in which the vehicle is embedded. This provides the capability for the complete fluid/thermodynamic "audit" of vehicle performance in terms of irreversibility, combustion (heating), and fluid dynamic flow turning and area change. Sample results are shown for a simplified hypersonic vehicle configuration modeled with constant specific heats and Rayleigh heating. The role of overall entropy generation and wake mixing processes in the production of vehicle forces in atmospheric flight is next discussed and clarified. Specifically, the direct analytical relationship between entropy, wake mixing processes, and overall force production for the vehicle is developed from fundamental considerations of the global control volume with inclusion of the wake in the analysis. This analysis is demonstrated using the same simplified high-speed configuration and is finally developed for the completely general problem of an aerospace vehicle with variable specific heats, thermal loading, variable composition, fuel injection, and chemical reaction.
Hall-effect devices

The Hall effect and magnetoresistance in solids is discussed in terms of the Lorentz force on current carriers. The advances in thin-film high-mobility semiconductors are related to the increased utilization and developments of Hall-effect devices. The design of such devices depends, in most cases, on the associated magnetic structures. Several examples of applications of Hall-effect and magnetoresistive devices to measurements, communications, and controls are presented. Limitations in performance due to magnetic structures, current noise, and various other galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects are discussed to indicate the range of capabilities of the devices.
Recurrent "Pericardial Pain" after Pericardiectomy for Recurrent Acute Benign Pericarditis

Two cases of recurrent acute benign pericarditis are presented. Both were characterized by recurrent "pericardial type" pain after nearly total pericardiectomy, a previously unreported occurrence. A plausible explanation for this paradox is presented.
Functional Organelles in Prokaryotes: Polyhedral Inclusions (Carboxysomes) of Thiobacillus neapolitanus

The polyhedral inclusions of Thiobacillus neapolitanus have been isolated; they contain ribulose diphosphate carboxylase.
Effect of a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Plasma Membrane Protein Glycosylation

We studied the effect of exposing cells (human fibroblasts and a rat osteosarcoma cell line) to a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into plasma membrane glycoproteins. Cells (5×105) were allowed to recover for 24 hours following trypsinization, [3H]glucosamine-containing medium was added, and the dishes were exposed for 48 hours to a PEMF. Plasma membranes isolated from these cells showed approximately a 100% increase in radioactivity incorporation as compared with control cells not exposed to a PEMF. A large part of the increased incorporation appeared to be the result of adding anionic constituents to existing oligosaccharide chains, rather than the result of alterations in the basic classes of oligosaccharides synthesized by the cell. These results suggest that PEMF-induced effects on protein glycosylation may mediate, in part, the alterations in cell behavior that occur in response to an electrical field.
Defect production and recovery in fcc metals irradiated at 4. 2 K

Abstract Four fee metals. Al, Cu, Ni, and Pt, have been irradiated at 4.2 K at the Livermore Rotating Target Neutron Source (RTNS-II) to fluences of 1–2 × 10 21 n/m 2 . The sample resistivities were monitored during the irradiation. Following irradiation, the sample resistivities were monitored after isochronal anneals to 320 K. The initial resistivity damage rates for all four metals could be predicted to within ± 10% from the results of irradiations in a pure fission spectrum by damage energy scaling. The results of isochronal annealing studies in Al and Cu were nearly identica to recovery curves obtained after fission spectra irradiations to comparable damage levels. On the other hand, both Ni and P exhibited less recovery than that observed after fission spectra irradiations, due primarily to less recovery in Stage 1.
At the Margins: A Distinctiveness Approach to the Social Identity and Social Networks of Underrepresented Groups

Using distinctiveness theory, this research showed that the relative rarity of a group in a social context tended to promote members' use of that group as a basis for shared identity and social interaction. Relative to majority group members, racial minorities and women in a master of business administration cohort were more likely to make identity and friendship choices within-group. The marginalization of racial minorities in the friendship network resulted both from exclusionary pressures and from minority individuals' own preferences for same-race friends. By contrast, the marginalization of women resulted more from exclusionary pressures than from their preferences for woman friends.
Characteristics of apolipophorin-III of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

Abstract Apolipophorin-III was isolated from the lipophorin-free fraction of larval plasma of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella , because significant amounts of apolipophorin-III were found to be present in the hemolymph not associated with lipophorin. Apolipophorin-III, purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation exchange chromatography, and gel filtration, was shown to be a nonglycosylated polypeptide with 17 kDa mol. wt, as determined by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. The amino acid composition of apolipophorin-III showed similarities to published compositions of apolipophorin-III isolated from other insects. The N-terminal sequence of apolipophorin-III (DAPSTTPPQDXEKKAAEFQKTFTEQXNQLANK), is highly homologous to that of apolipophorin-III of Manduca sexta . Antiserum raised against purified apolipophorin-III was used to demonstrate an immunochemical identity between the isolated apolipophorin-III and that associated with lipophorin. This antiserum cross-reacted with apolipophorin-III of M. sexta , and antiserum raised against M. sexta apolipophorin-III cross-reacted with apolipophorin-III isolated from D. grandiosella , demonstrating an immunochemical relationship between the proteins, and providing confirmatory evidence for the identity of the isolated protein. These antisera did not react with the putative apolipophorin-III of the cricket, Acheta domesticus . Using immunoprecipitation by the apolipophorin-III antiserum of D. grandiosella , the synthesis and secretion of [ 3 H]apolipophorin-III by the fat body in vitro was shown to be maximal in 13–15 day-old larvae, with a transit time of ca 23 min.
Measurements of the specific intensities of the auroral green line at College, Alaska

Abstract The specific intensities of the brightest part of the aurorae at College, Alaska, were found to range up to at least 3.8 × 10−5 ergs/cm2-sec-sq, degree for the 5577A line. This is approximately seventy-five times the intensity of the zenith night-sky with no moonlight. The frequency distribution of the intensities of the brighter aurorae are given. Data are also presented which indicate that the intensity of the aurorae increases with increasing zenith distance toward the magnetic north.
Suppression of galectin-3 in KSHV infected DMVEC cells and Kaposi's sarcoma: implications for tumorigenesis

The Galectins are a family of proteins that share an affinity for Beta-galactoside containing glycoconjugates. Galectin-3 has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. It is also known that in prostate, ovarian and breast cancer, down regulation of Galectin-3 is associated with malignancy. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is characterized as an angioproliferative tumor of vascular endothelial cells and produces rare B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in the form of primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) and some forms of Multicentric Castleman's Disease (MDC). Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus also known as KSHV or Human Herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8) is the etiological agent of KS. We have observed suppression of galectin-3 expression in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Here we demonstrate that galectin-3 protein expression is down-regulated 20-fold in KSHV infected dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVEC) cells. We show loss of Galectin-3 staining by dual labeled immunofluorescence in latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA) positive spindle cells. We also find reduced levels of galectin-3 expression in LANA positive spindle cell regions in archival KS tissue. There is also transcriptional suppression of Galectin-3 message in KSHV infected DMVEC cells compared to mock infected controls. We demonstrate that KSHV vFLIP is the likely viral gene that targets galectin-3 downregulation in HeLa cells. In pleural effusion lymphoma cell lines (PEL), we observe different levels of galectin-3 expression associated with varying levels of KSHV replication. The search for novel host cell factors that may contribute to the overall pathogenesis of KS is essential for early detection of KS and development of innovative therapies for treatment.
Trends and college-level characteristics associated with the non-medical use of prescription drugs among US college students from 1993 to 2001

Aims The present study examines the prevalence trends and college-level characteristics associated with the nonmedical use of prescription drugs (i.e. amphetamines, opioids, sedatives, tranquilizers) and illicit drug use among US college students between 1993 and 2001. Design Data were collected from self-administered mail surveys, sent to independent cross-sectional samples of college students from a nationally representative sample of 119 colleges in 4 years between 1993 and 2001. Setting Nationally representative 4-year US colleges and universities in 1993, 1997, 1999 and 2001. Participants Representative samples of 15 282, 14 428, 13 953 and 10 904 randomly selected college students at these colleges in 1993, 1997, 1999 and 2001, respectively. Findings The results indicate that life-time and 12-month prevalence rates of non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMPD) increased between 1993 and 2001. Specific college-level characteristics were found to be correlated positively (marijuana use) and negatively (historically black college status and commuter status) with NMPD, consistently across the four cross-sectional samples. Significant between-college variation in terms of trajectories in the prevalence of NMPD over time was found in hierarchical linear models, and selected college-level characteristics were not found to explain all of the variation in the trajectories, suggesting the need for further investigation of what determines between-college variance in the prevalence trends. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that continued monitoring of NMPD and illicit drug use among college students is needed and collegiate substance prevention programs should include efforts to reduce these drug use behaviors.
The interaction of quinone and detergent with reaction centers of purple bacteria. I. Slow quinone exchange between reaction center micelles and pure detergent micelles

The kinetics of light-induced electron transfer in reaction centers (RCs) from the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides were studied in the presence of the detergent lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide (LDAO). After the light-induced electron transfer from the primary donor (P) to the acceptor quinone complex, the dark re-reduction of P+ reflects recombination from the reduced acceptor quinones, QA- or QB-. The secondary quinone, QB, which is loosely bound to the RC, determines the rate of this process. Electron transfer to QB slows down the return of the electron to P+, giving rise to a slow phase of the recovery kinetics with time tau P approximately 1 s, whereas charge recombination in RCs lacking QB generates a fast phase with time tau AP approximately 0.1 s. The amount of quinone bound to RC micelles can be reduced by increasing the detergent concentration. The characteristic time of the slow component of P+ dark relaxation, observed at low quinone content per RC micelle (at high detergent concentration), is about 1.2-1.5 s, in sharp contrast to expectations from previous models, according to which the time of the slow component should approach the time of the fast component (about 0.1 s) when the quinone concentration approaches zero. To account for this large discrepancy, a new quantitative approach has been developed to analyze the kinetics of electron transfer in isolated RCs with the following key features: 1) The exchange of quinone between different micelles (RC and detergent micelles) occurs more slowly than electron transfer from QB- to P+; 2) The exchange of quinone between the detergent "phase" and the QB binding site within the same RC micelle is much faster than electron transfer between QA- and P+; 3) The time of the slow component of P+ dark relaxation is determined by (n) > or = 1, the average number of quinones in RC micelles, calculated only for those RC micelles that have at least one quinone per RC (in excess of QA). An analytical function is derived that relates the time of the slow component of P+ relaxation, tau P, and the relative amplitude of the slow phase. This provides a useful means of determining the true equilibrium constant of electron transfer between QA and QB (LAB), and the association equilibrium constant of quinone binding at the QB site (KQ+). We found that LAB = 22 +/- 3 and KQ = 0.6 +/- 0.2 at pH 7.5. The analysis shows that saturation of the QB binding site in detergent-solubilized RCs is difficult to achieve with hydrophobic quinones. This has important implications for the interpretation of apparent dependencies of QB function on environmental parameters (e.g. pH) and on mutational alterations. The model accounts for the effects of detergent and quinone concentration on electron transfer in the acceptor quinone complex, and the conclusions are of general significance for the study of quinone-binding membrane proteins in detergent solutions.
Adaptive Power Conditioning for Solar Cell Arrays

This paper describes a technique for the design of power conditioning equipment which insures optimal power transfer from a solar cell array to its load. This new concept, called ?adaptive? power conditioning, forces a solar cell to operate at its maximum power point, regardless of its environment, its impedances, or changes in the source volt-ampere characteristics. When I autodemands decrease, the adaptive feature is automatically disabled and surplus energy remains in the solar array without contributing to satellite overheating or battery overcharging.