cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“It's ok — Not everyone can be good at math”: Instructors with an entity theory comfort (and demotivate) students

article i nfo Can comforting struggling students demotivate them and potentially decrease the pool of students pursuing math- related subjects? In Studies 1-3, instructors holding an entity (fixed) theory of math intelligence more readily judged students to have low ability than those holding an incremental (malleable) theory. Studies 2- 3f urther revealed that those holding an entity (versus incremental) theory were more likely to both comfort students for low math ability and use "kind" strategies unlikely to promote engagement with the field (e.g., assigning less homework). Next, we explored what this comfort-oriented feedback communicated to students, compared with strategy-oriented and control feedback (Study 4). Students responding to comfort-oriented feedback not only per- ceived the instructor's entity theory and low expectations, but also reported lowered motivation and lower expec- tationsfortheirownperformance.Thisresearchhasimplicationsforunderstandinghowpedagogicalpracticescan lock students into low achievement and deplete the math pipeline.
Meningiomas in children : MR and histopathologic findings

PURPOSE To present the MR and histopathologic findings in five children with meningiomas. METHODS Five children aged 3 months to 16 years with pathologically proved meningiomas underwent preoperative contrast enhanced MR. Tissue in four patients was sent for chromosomal analysis in addition to routine histopathologic studies. RESULTS All five tumors were extra-axial, two supratentorial and three in the posterior fossa. MR showed variable signal intensity on precontrast T1-weighted images. All of the tumors were hyperintense on proton density- and T2-weighted images and showed intense contrast enhancement. Histopathologic analysis showed two meningotheliomatous, one transitional, one chordoid, and one hemangiopericytic variant of meningioma. Chromosomal analysis showed deletions involving chromosome 22 in two of four tumors studied. CONCLUSION Meningiomas in children have a higher incidence of posterior fossa location and different histologic types than seen in adults. MR showed the tumors in our patients to be extra-axial, hyperintense on proton density- and T2-weighted images with intense enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted images. Chromosomal aberrations were noted in two patients.
High Performance Particle/Polymer Nanofiber Anodes for Li‐ion Batteries using Electrospinning

Electrospun nanofiber mats containing carbon nanoparticles in a poly(vinylidene fluoride) binder were prepared and characterized as Li-ion battery anodes. The mats exhibited an initial capacity of 161 mAh g(-1) with 91.7% capacity retention after 510 cycles at 0.1 C (1 C=372 mA gcarbon (-1)). Whereas many nanoscale electrodes are limited to low areal and/or volumetric capacities, the particle/polymer nanofiber anodes can be made thick with a high fiber volume fraction while maintaining good rate capabilities. Thus, a nanofiber anode with a fiber volume fraction of 0.79 exhibits a volumetric capacity of 55 mAh cm(-3) at 2 C, which is twice that of a typical graphite anode. Similarly, thick nanofiber mats with a high areal capacity of 4.3 mAh cm(-2) were prepared and characterized. The excellent performance of electrospun anodes is attributed to electrolyte intrusion throughout the interfiber void space and efficient Li(+) transport between the electrolyte and carbon nanoparticles in the radial fiber direction.
SEMI-CONTINUUM MODEL FOR PLATE-LIKE NANOMATERIALS

A semi-continuum model is presented for nano- structured materials possessing a plate-like geometry, such as ultra-thin films. In contrast to the classical continuum theory, the current model directly accounts for the discrete nature in the thickness direction. In- plane Young's modulus is investigated with this model and it is found that the value of the Young 's modulus depends on the number of atom layers in the thickness direction and approaches the asymptote of the bulk value. A nanoplate model is also developed based on this model. Cylindrical bending of a three-atom-layered nanoplate is analyzed with the nanoplate model, the lattice model, and the continuum Mindlin plate theory. It is found that the nanoplate model predicts the deflection with reasonable accuracy while the continuum plate theory with the bulk Young's modulus tends to under predict the deflection. This result indicates that, if the classical continuum theory is used to extract Young's modulus of a nanomaterial, the value will be significantly underestimated.
PRESENTING CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES OF PAINLESS TYPE A AORTIC DISSECTION

Approximately 6% of all Type A dissection patients have no pain symptoms, making rapid diagnosis difficult. A better understanding of how painless patients present to the emergency room will help improve recognition of dissection in this subset of patients. Type A patients enrolled in the
Current efforts in standardization of composite materials testing for crashworthiness and energy absorption

As part of the design for vehicle crashworthiness, energy-absorbing structural elements have been successfully used in every field of transportation, and composites have shown great advantages in energy absorbed per unit mass of material. One of the key factors preventing the widespread adoption of composites in primary crashresistant structures is the absence of specialized test methods for the characterization of energy absorption. A relatively simple and inexpensive method is required to compare candidate material systems, laminate designs, fiber architectures, and processing methods. This paper reviews the existing body of literature concerned with the development of flat laminate coupon tests, and identifies the areas that require the most attention before being considered for adoption as test methods.
Reproduction of Bacteria from the Large Bodies of Streptobacillus moniliformis.

In most strains of Streptobacillus moniliformis the bacteria develop by gradual swelling into large round forms. These forms transplanted under appropriate conditions germinate by the growth of small soft granules and diphtheroid-like forms and produce a pleuropneumonia-like, L1, colony.1 Similar enlargement of bacteria and development to pleuropneumonia-like colonies was observed in the cultures of B. funduliformis, B. coli, and B. influenza.1 In a culture of B. coli2 and in the cultures of several strains of B. funduliformis3 the large bodies went through another type of development and produced bacteria of the usual shape and size. A similar process was observed recently in a strain of Streptobacillus moniliformis.The strain which showed this phenomenon was received from Doctor Heilman. It was preserved without being transplanted in CO2 refrigeration. The strain grew in small colonies which after 24 hours consisted of intertwined filaments with relatively few large bodies. After 48 hours the colonies c...
Allozyme variability and genetic structure of Compsilura concinnata (Diptera: Tachinidae) populations in the northeastern United States

Following outbreaks of Lymantria dispar (L.) and Euproctis chnjsorrhoea (L.) in New England in the early 1900s, the tachinid Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) was collected from western Europe and released in northeastern Massachusetts in 1906 as a biological control agent. To determine the genotypic variation in populations of C. concinnata in the United States, we surveyed the allozymes in populations endemic to different geographic areas. We examined the genetic structure of C. concinnata populations from Pennsylvania, New York, Maine, Connecticut, and Michigan by electrophoretic analysis of their allozymes. We evaluated genetic variability at 35 loci and found 7 polymorphic loci with 2 alleles per locus. The variability among northeastern populations of C. concinnata was greatest in 3 of 7 polymorphic loci (i.e., I²- esterase, hexoseaminidase , and phosphoglucomutase ). There were no alleles unique to sites and only slight variation in allelic frequencies between sites. The low genetic variability within and among C. concinnata populations suggests there was much homogeneity in the genotypes of the founding colonies. Nonetheless, C. concinnata has established successfully and colonized new habitats.
A forkhead gene related to HNF-3beta is required for gastrulation and axis formation in the ascidian embryo

We have isolated a member of the HNF-3/forkhead gene family in ascidians as a means to determine the role of winged-helix genes in chordate development. The MocuFH1 gene, isolated from a Molgula oculata cDNA library, exhibits a forkhead DNA-binding domain most similar to zebrafish axial and rodent HNF-3beta. MocuFH1 is a single copy gene but there is at least one other related forkhead gene in the M. oculata genome. The MocuFH1 gene is expressed in the presumptive endoderm, mesenchyme and notochord cells beginning during the late cleavage stages. During gastrulation, MocuFH1 expression occurs in the prospective endoderm cells, which invaginate at the vegetal pole, and in the presumptive notochord and mesenchyme cells, which involute over the anterior and lateral lips of the blastopore, respectively. However, this gene is not expressed in the presumptive muscle cells, which involute over the posterior lip of the blastopore. MocuFH1 expression continues in the same cell lineages during neurulation and axis formation, however, during the tailbud stage, MocuFH1 is also expressed in ventral cells of the brain and spinal cord. The functional role of the MocuFH1 gene was studied using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), which transiently reduce MocuFH1 transcript levels during gastrulation. Embryos treated with antisense ODNs cleave normally and initiate gastrulation. However, gastrulation is incomplete, some of the endoderm and notochord cells do not enter the embryo and undergo subsequent movements, and axis formation is abnormal. In contrast, the prospective muscle cells, which do not express MocuFH1, undergo involution and later express muscle actin and acetylcholinesterase, markers of muscle cell differentiation. The results suggest that MocuFH1 is required for morphogenetic movements of the endoderm and notochord precursor cells during gastrulation and axis formation. The effects of inhibiting MocuFH1 expression on embryonic axis formation in ascidians are similar to those reported for knockout mutations of HNF-3beta in the mouse, suggesting that HNF-3/forkhead genes have an ancient and fundamental role in organizing the body plan in chordates.
Stochastic optimization of nonlinear energy sinks

Nonlinear energy sinks (NES) are a promising technique to achieve vibration mitigation. Through nonlinear stiffness properties, NES are able to passively and irreversibly absorb energy. Unlike the traditional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD), NES absorb energy from a wide range of frequencies. Many studies have focused on NES behavior and dynamics, but few have addressed the optimal design of NES. Design considerations of NES are of prime importance as it has been shown that NES dynamics exhibit an acute sensitivity to uncertainties. In fact, the sensitivity is so marked that NES efficiency is near-discontinuous and can switch from a high to a low value for a small perturbation in design parameters or loading conditions. This article presents an approach for the probabilistic design of NES which accounts for random design and aleatory variables as well as response discontinuities. In order to maximize the mean efficiency, the algorithm is based on the identification of regions of the design and aleatory space corresponding to markedly different NES efficiencies. This is done through a sequence of approximated sub-problems constructed from clustering, Kriging approximations, a support vector machine, and Monte-Carlo simulations. The refinement of the surrogates is performed locally using a generalized max-min sampling scheme which accounts for the distributions of random variables. The sampling scheme also makes use of the predicted variance of the Kriging surrogates for the selection of aleatory variables values. The proposed algorithm is applied to three example problems of varying dimensionality, all including an aleatory excitation applied to the main system. The stochastic optima are compared to NES optimized deterministically.
Automaticity of the interpersonal attitude effect on facial mimicry: It takes effort to smile at neutral others but not those we like

People often mimic others more if the other is liked, a member of an ingroup, or in a cooperative relationship with the observer; we call this the interpersonal attitude effect. This study examines the degree to which this attitude effect on mimicry is an automatic or an effortful process. While under cognitive load or no load, participants observed positive, negative, and neutral others making emotional expressions. Electromyography measured corrugator supercilii (knits brow) and zygomaticus major (raises corners of mouth) activity. Under load, participants mimicked smiles of positive individuals but not neutral or negative individuals. During no-load trials, participants did not mimic negative individuals, but did mimic smiles of neutral and positive individuals. Participants enhanced their smiles in response to the smiles of liked others without effort, but smiling at neutral others’ smiles required greater cognitive resources.
Dynamic Economic Systems: A Post-Keynesian Approach

(1984). Dynamic Economic Systems: A Post-Keynesian Approach. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 1240-1244.
Smokefree implementation in Colombia: Monitoring, outside funding, and business support.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze successful national smokefree policy implementation in Colombia, a middle income country. Materials and methods: Key informants at the national and local levels were interviewed and news sources and government ministry resolutions were reviewed. Results: Colombia’s Ministry of Health coordinated local implementation practices, which were strongest in larger cities with supportive leadership. Nongovernmental organizations provided technical assistance and highlighted noncompliance. Organizations outside Colombia funded some of these efforts. The bar owners’ association provided concerted education campaigns. Tobacco interests did not openly challenge implementation. Conclusions: Health organization monitoring, external funding, and hospitality industry support contributed to effective implementation, and could be cultivated in other low and middle income countries.
Changing the Paradigm in Type B Acute Aortic Dissection: Combining Clinical and Imaging Markers of Risk.

For a half century, the standard treatment of uncomplicated type B acute aortic dissection (AAD) has been medical management and careful surveillance, with interventions reserved for cases that develop complications or experience significant progression.1 Although short-term outcomes of this approach are generally good, late complications are common.2 Thoracic endovascular aortic repair may prevent late complications, but also introduces a risk of serious procedural complications, such as stroke. As a result, the role for early thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with uncomplicated type B AAD remains controversial and under investigation.3 If we could define a cohort of patients at higher risk of late complications, we may be able to identify individuals who could benefit from early thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Such an approach—if successful—could change our management strategy and improve patient outcomes. See Article by Sailer et al In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging , Sailer et al4 examined 83 patients from 2 registries of individuals with initially uncomplicated type B AAD. They evaluated the relationship between clinical and imaging findings and adverse events, including fatal or nonfatal aortic …
Oxidation of Polysaccharides with Lead Tetraacetate in Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the oxidation of polysaccharides with lead tetraacetate in dimethyl sulfoxide. Oxidations in this process proceed at rates that are much faster than periodate oxidations in aqueous solutions. Analytical oxidations to determine the number of glycol groups in a polysaccharide can, therefore, be done more quickly by this procedure. However, the major advantage of this method is the ease with which the oxidized products can be recovered in good yield on a preparative scale. Structural investigations of polysaccharides often require the recovery and analysis of the products from oxidation of all the glycol groups. In the lead tetraacetate–dimethyl sulfoxide system, the oxidized polysaccharides can be recovered directly by precipitation with ethanol in which the other reactants are soluble.
High self-monitors modulate their responses as a function of relevant social roles

We reasoned that high self-monitors’ responses may be influenced by the characteristic traits and behaviors associated with social roles. Results across four studies confirmed expectations. The findings from Experiments 1, 2, and 3 demonstrated that exposure to a particular role (e.g., nurse) led high self-monitors to respond in a manner consistent with the relevant role. Results from Experiment 4 showed that the effect found in the first three experiments was attenuated when the behavioral guidance of the particular role was reduced. Low self-monitors’ responses were not influenced by exposure to the role. Showing that high self-monitors use information embedded in a social role to tailor their behavior provides a novel finding that has heretofore been absent from the literature.
Python and HPC for High Energy Physics Data Analyses

High level abstractions in Python that can utilize computing hardware well seem to be an attractive option for writing data reduction and analysis tasks. In this paper, we explore the features available in Python which are useful and efficient for end user analysis in High Energy Physics (HEP). A typical vertical slice of an HEP data analysis is somewhat fragmented: the state of the reduction/analysis process must be saved at certain stages to allow for selective reprocessing of only parts of a generally time-consuming workflow. Also, algorithms tend to to be modular because of the heterogeneous nature of most detectors and the need to analyze different parts of the detector separately before combining the information. This fragmentation causes difficulties for interactive data analysis, and as data sets increase in size and complexity (O10 TiB for a "small" neutrino experiment to the O10 PiB currently held by the CMS experiment at the LHC), data analysis methods traditional to the field must evolve to make optimum use of emerging HPC technologies and platforms. Mainstream big data tools, while suggesting a direction in terms of what can be done if an entire data set can be available across a system and analysed with high-level programming abstractions, are not designed with either scientific computing generally, or modern HPC platform features in particular, such as data caching levels, in mind.Our example HPC use case is a search for a new elementary particle which might explain the phenomenon known as "Dark Matter". Using data from the CMS detector, we will use HDF5 as our input data format, and MPI with Python to implement our use case.
A human workload assessment algorithm for collaborative human-machine teams

Mass casualty events caused by a biological weapon require fully capable first response teams. However, human first responders are equipped with protective gear, which limits their capabilities to complete tasks. Robots can be employed to work collaboratively with the first responders in order to augment the human's reduced abilities. The robot needs to understand and adapt to the human's workload level in order for the human-machine team to effectively complete tasks. The automatic detection of human workload levels can provide valuable insight into the human's capabilities, as workload has a direct relationship with task performance. The robot can monitor the objective metrics of the human's workload level in order to accurately estimate workload via a workload assessment algorithm. The algorithm must be able to assess overall workload and the components of workload, in order for the robot to correctly adapt its interactions or reallocate tasks among the team. A novel workload assessment algorithm that provides an accurate estimate of overall workload and each workload component is presented and evaluated. The algorithm is capable of distinguishing between high and low workload conditions; however, the algorithm's workload values correlate poorly to a generated workload model. Modifications to enhance the algorithm's capabilities are discussed and will be investigated in future work.
Chaos Theory–Inspired Evolutionary Method to Refine Imperfect Sensor Data for Data-Driven Construction Simulation

AbstractIn construction planning, inherent uncertainties in activity sequences and variations of work packages can often cause deviations from project plans. In order to effectively study and preem...
Rethinking burns for low & middle-income countries: Differing patterns of burn epidemiology, care seeking behavior, and outcomes across four countries.

Abstract Purpose Low-and middle-income (LMIC) countries account for 90% of all reported burns, nevertheless there is a paucity of providers to treat burns. Current studies on burns in LMICs have not evaluated the gap between care seeking and receiving. This study explores this gap across socioeconomically similar populations in a multi-country population based assessment to inform burn care strategies. Methods The Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) instrument is a cross sectional national, cluster random sampling survey administered in Nepal, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Uganda from 2011 to 2014. The survey identifies burn etiology, demographics, timing, disability, and barriers to receiving care. Results Among 13,763 individuals surveyed, 896 burns were identified. Rwanda had the highest proportion of individuals seeking and receiving care (91.6% vs 88.5%) while Sierra Leone reported the fewest (79.3% vs 70.3%). Rwanda reported the largest disability while Nepal reported the highest proportion with no disability (47.5% vs 76.2%). Lack of money, healthcare providers, and rural living reduce the odds of receiving care by 68% and 85% respectively. Conclusions Despite similar country socioeconomic characteristics there was significant variability in burn demographics, timing, and disability. Nevertheless, being geographically and economically disadvantaged predict lack of access to burn care.
Class and Campus Life: Managing and Experiencing Inequality at an Elite College

In Class and campus life: Managing and experiencing inequality at an elite college, Lee contributed to the conversation around the difficulties and opportunities of cross-class interactions in coll...
Kerr–Newman black holes cannot be over-charged or over-spun

I describe research done in collaboration with J. Sorce showing that one cannot over-charge and/or over-spin an initially slightly nonextremal Kerr–Newman black hole via the type of gedanken experi...
Educational Process in Supervision

Supervision in social casework is an educational process and teaching, therefore, is the primary function of the supervisor. According to this view, all the aspects of supervision—administering, te...
"Multiple chemical sensitivities:" immunologic critique of clinical ecology theories and practice.

The concept of multiple chemical hypersensitivities as a disease entity in which the patient experiences numerous symptoms from numerous chemicals and foods caused by a disturbance of the immune systems lacks a scientific foundation. Published reports of such cases are anecdotal and without proper controls. There is no convincing evidence for any immunologic abnormality in these cases. Diagnostic methods have been shown to be unreliable. Diagnosis, treatment, and theoretical concepts underlying the purported disease are not consistent with current immunologic knowledge and theory. As defined and presented by its proponents, multiple chemical hypersensitivities constitutes a belief and not a disease. 33 references.
Cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions

This article reviews hepatic P450-drug-metabolizing cytochromes (CYPs). Starting with the nomenclature and development of CYPs, the authors discuss concepts necessary to understand clinically relevant CYP-based drug interactions. Polymorphisms, substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2El, and the CYP3A subfamily are reviewed. Case histories, CYP lists, and CYP websites are provided to highlight drug interactions relevant to child psychiatrists.
La violencia y lo infausto. Vivencias de los rotos chilenos en las faenas carrilanas en la línea Arequipa-Puno, 1871-1872, a la luz de dos documentos inéditos. Con introducción y notas

espanolResumen: Se reproducen, precedidos de introduccion y notas, dos documentos ineditos depositados en el Fondo Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Archivo Nacional que muestran a las claras el clima de violencia, excesos y hechos infaustos que debieron capear miles de carrilanos chilenos contratados para trabajar en la linea de Arequipa-Puno en los anos de 1871 y 1872, todo en el marco de los 25.000 a 30.000 mapochinos reclutados para una gigantesca obra ingenieril ferroviaria dirigida por Enrique Meiggs, el cual auspicio y fomento junto con ingenieros y mayordomos como Campbell, Mayo, Tomas, Wiman, Retamal, Anrique todo tipo de excesos y tropelias contra los nuestros, contando ademas con la complicidad de las fuerzas de orden y los jueces peruanos para denegar todo tipo de justicia. EnglishAbstract: Two unpublished documents under the custody of the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs have been reproduced including an introduction and notes. These clearly evidence the violence, excesses and infamous events that thousands of Chilean railroad workers suffered when working in the railroad of the Arequipa-Puno railway between 1870 and 1871. This event corresponds to the 25.000 to 30.000 Mapochinos that were hired to build an enormous railway engineering work directed by Enrique Meiggs who, along with other engineers and administrators such as Campbell, Mayo, Tomas, Wiman, Retamal, Anrique, allowed all sorts of excesses and outraging situations against fellow Chileans, also with the complicity of the forces of law and order and the Peruvian judges to deny any type of unfair treatment.
Metagenomic analysis of DNA viruses from posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders.

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs), 50%-80% of which are strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), carry a high morbidity and mortality. Most clinical/epidemiological/tumor characteristics do not consistently associate with worse patient survival, so our aim was to identify if other viral genomic characteristics associated better with survival. We extracted DNA from stored paraffin-embedded PTLD tissues at our center, identified viral sequences by metagenomic shotgun sequencing (MSS), and analyzed the data in relation to clinical outcomes. Our study population comprised 69 PTLD tissue samples collected between 1991 and 2015 from 60 subjects. Nucleotide sequences from at least one virus were detected by MSS in 86% (59/69) of the tissues (EBV in 61%, anelloviruses 52%, gammapapillomaviruses 14%, CMV 7%, and HSV in 3%). No viruses were present in higher proportion in EBV-negative PTLD (compared to EBV-positive PTLD). In univariable analysis, death within 5 years of PTLD diagnosis was associated with anellovirus (P = 0.037) and gammapapillomavirus (P = 0.036) detection by MSS, higher tissue qPCR levels of the predominant human anellovirus species torque teno virus (TTV; P = 0.016), T cell type PTLD, liver, brain or bone marrow location. In multivariable analyses, T cell PTLD (P = 0.006) and TTV PCR level (P = 0.012) remained significant. In EBV-positive PTLD, EBNA-LP, EBNA1 and EBNA3C had significantly higher levels of nonsynonymous gene variants compared to the other EBV genes. Multiple viruses are detectable in PTLD tissues by MSS. Anellovirus positivity, not EBV positivity,was associated with worse patient survival in our series. Confirmation and extension of this work in larger multicenter studies is desirable.
Quantum mechanics and nonabelian theta functions for the gauge group SU(2)

In this paper we initiate a study of the non-abelian theta functions of the SU(2)-Chern-Simons theory with the methods used by A. Weil for studying classical theta functions. As corollaries, we obtain a description of the Reshetikhin-Turaev representation of the mapping class group of a closed surface, which identifies it as a Fourier transform, we prove a Stone-von Neumann theorem on the torus, and we give a general formula for the Reshetikhin-Turaev representation on the torus. Additionally, we outline a skein theoretic description of classical theta functions, the action of the finite Heisenberg group and the discrete Fourier transform.
An Academic Library Utilization of Research Guides to Disseminate Consumer Health Resources

The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries (UT Libraries) utilizes research guides as supplemental training resources, educational tools, and community enrichment aids to support health liter...
The ‘time-release’, crime-reducing effects of education spending

Abstract We analyze the response of violent and property crime to shocks in government education spending. The effects are significant, delayed, and persistent. This is consistent with government education spending working through the human capital channel in a time-release fashion.
Optimal timing and neural loci: a scoping review on the effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on post-stroke gait and balance recovery.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the optimal timing and neural loci for applying noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to promote gait and balance recovery after stroke. OBJECTIVE To identify the optimal timing and neural loci of NIBS for gait and balance recovery after stroke. METHODS We performed a PubMed search using keywords of stroke, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, NIBS, balance, and gait. Interventional trials with various designs published in English were selected. Both flowcharts and tables were used for the result presentation. RESULTS The majority of selected 31 studies included individuals with chronic stroke and primary motor cortex (M1) stimulation. Studies' quality ranged from 4 to 10 (max = 10) on the Pedro scale. NIBS led to improvements in gait and balance in individuals with chronic and subacute stroke, yet the evidence for the acute phase of stroke is limited. Further, stimulation over the ipsilesional M1 resulted in improvement in gait and balanced performance. Stimulation over non-motor regions such as the cerebellum has been limitedly explored. CONCLUSION Current evidence supports the use of NIBS to the M1 in conjunction with behavioral training to improve gait and balance performance in individuals with subacute and chronic stroke. Future research is recommended to evaluate the effect of NIBS during acute stroke and over neural loci other than M1, and to implement a more rigorous method.
Race: Prespectives and Crime

The empirical and theoretical literature surrounding the relationship between race and crime has found that in general, minorities (especially Blacks) are overrepresented as offenders compared to their representation in the general US population. Two potential explanations for this racial disparity are differential offending and selection bias. This article describes various theoretical perspectives of the relationship between race and crime, with a primary focus of why minorities may commit more crime/more serious crime and are overrepresented as offenders through both the juvenile and adult justice system.
Meta-analysis of Vitamin D and Colon Cancer

A meta-analysis was conducted to review the epidemiologic evidence supporting the protective role of vitamin D in colon cancer risk. There have been nine observational studies of the association of dietary vitamin D intake with estimated risk of colon cancer [1-9] and two prospective studies analyzing serum to examine the theory that vitamin D resulting from exposure to ultraviolet radiation or from dietary sources may reduce the risk of colon cancer [10,11].
Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample: Limb Proportion Evidence

The Lower Nubian Epipaleolithic site of Jebel Sahaba (Sudan) was discovered in 1962. From 1962 to 1966, a total of 58 intentionally buried skeletons were uncovered at the site. Diagnostic microliths indicative of the Qadan industry as well as the site's geology suggest an age of 14–12 ka for these burials. In this study, the body proportions of the Jebel Sahaba sample are compared with those of a large (max N = 731) sample of recent human skeletons from Europe, Africa and circumpolar North America, as well as to terminal Pleistocene ‘Iberomaurusian’ skeletons from the Algerian sites of Afalou-Bou-Rhummel and the later Capsian-associated Ain Dokhara specimen, as well as Natufian skeletons from the southern Levantine site of El Wad. Bivariate analyses distinguish Jebel Sahaba from European and circumpolar samples, but do not tend to segregate them from recent North or sub-Saharan African samples. Multivariate analyses (principal components analysis, principal coordinates analysis with minimum spanning tree and neighbour-joining cluster analyses) indicate that the body shape of the Jebel Sahaba humans is most similar to that of recent sub-Saharan Africans and different from that of either the Levantine Natufians or the northwest African ‘Iberomaurusian’ samples. Importantly, these results corroborate those of both Irish and Franciscus, who, using dental, oral and nasal morphology, found that Jebel Sahaba was most similar to recent sub-Saharan Africans and morphologically distinct from their penecontemporaries in other parts of North Africa or the groups that succeed them in Nubia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2.05 Propargyl and Allenyl Organometallics

Since the publication of the first edition of Comprehensive Organic Synthesis in 1992 a considerable number of useful applications of allenyl and propargyl organometallic compounds have been published; the synthetic potential of these reagents has noticeably expanded, in particular with respect to stereoselective applications. This chapter surveys some of the notable synthetic reports from 1990 to 2011 for the most common metals/metalloids. The focus has been given to methods that constitute a profound synthetic impact, provide new selectivity and reactivity profiles, or enable more experimentally convenient protocols compared to the previous approaches. The selection is guided by the authors’ preferences and is not supposed to be exhaustive. The reports that employ allenyl-/propargylboranes, stannanes, and silanes merely as substrates without a focus on their special reactivity were not included. For the areas that have previously been extensively reviewed in the literature the coverage is limited to a brief description with corresponding literature references provided.
Honeynet-based Botnet Scan Traffic Analysis

With the increasing importance of Internet in everyone’s daily life, Internet security poses a serious problem. Now-a-days, botnets are the major tool to launch Internet-scale attacks. A “botnet” is a network of compromised machines that is remotely controlled by an attacker. In contrast of the earlier hacking activities (mainly used to show off the attackers’ technique skills), botnets are better organized and mainly used for the profit-centered endeavors. For example, the attacker can make profit through Email spam [1], click fraud [2], game accounts and credit card numbers harvest, and extortion through DoS attacks. Although thorough understanding and prevention of botnets are very important. Currently, the research community gains only limited insight into botnets. Several approaches can help to understand the botnet phenomena:
Developing, using, and interacting in the flipped learning movement: Gaps among subject areas

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current video collection of an open-access video website (TED-Ed). The research questions focus on its content as evidence of development, its viewership as evidence of use, and flipping as evidence of interaction in informal learning. In late September 2013, 686 video lessons were posted on the TED-Ed website that spanned 12 academic subject categories and 60 academic subject subcategories, as labeled and sorted on the TED-Ed website itself. The findings of the analysis of the TED-Ed video collection indicate several gaps in the humanities, social science, and natural science academic areas in terms of the number of video lessons and viewership. Despite the gaps in the numbers of video lessons and the viewership across those three academic areas, the areas have very similar averages of daily flipped lessons. The future research agenda should focus on the motivation of viewers to create flipped lessons as evidence of learning in an open learning environment.
The Influence of Age on T Cell Generation and TCR Diversity

The ability to mount protective immune responses depends on the diversity of T cells. T cell diversity may be compromised by the declining thymic output of new T cells. The aging process imposes a threat to diversity, because thymic function deteriorates. In this study we have examined the relationship between thymic production, homeostatic T cell proliferation and TCR β-chain diversity in young (∼25 years), middle-aged (∼60 years), and elderly adults (∼75 years). TCR excision circles (TREC) as a marker of thymic output exponentially decreased by >95% between 25 and 60 years of age. The frequency of Ki67 + cycling CD4 T cells remained steady, and surprisingly, the diversity of the naive CD4 T cell repertoire was maintained at ∼2 × 10 7 different TCR β-chains. After the age of 70 years, TRECs only slightly declined, but homeostatic proliferation doubled. The diversity of the T cell pool drastically contracted to 200,000 TCR β-chains. Also, the phenotypic distinction between naive and memory CD4 T cells became fuzzy. The collapse in CD4 T cell diversity during the seventh and eighth decades indicates substantial T cell loss and implies that therapeutic measures to improve vaccine responses will have to include strategies for T cell replenishment.
Income Inequality and Asset Prices: A Cross-Country Study

In this paper I study the asset pricing implication of cross-country differences in income inequality. Using panel regression with year fixed effects, I document a strong negative relationship between cross-country stock market levels (as measured by each market’s P/D ratio) and cross-country income inequality levels after controlling for an extensive set of variables including conventional risk factors, country characteristics and degree of global market segmentation. I argue that this relationship should be interpreted as the negative impact of income inequality on market price. This effect is both statistically and economically significant: On average, one unit increment in inequality (a 0.01increment in income Gini, which ranges between 0 and 1) is shown to decrease the market P/D ratio by up to 2%. The inverse relationship between income inequality and price is stronger in developed countries than in developing countries. It is robust to alternative measures of stock market levels and income inequality. By decomposing price into expected excess returns and risk-free rates, I empirically identify the main channel through which inequality influences price: The inverse relationship observed between inequality and P/D ratio can almost be completely attributed to strong positive link between income inequality and interest rates; while I find no supporting evidence that cross-country excess returns are correlated with income disparities. These findings have important implications both for asset pricing modeling and for policy making.
Growth of ultrathin crystalline Al2O3 films on Ru(0001) and Re(0001) surfaces

Ultrathin aluminum oxide films (≤20 A thick) on Ru(0001) and Re(0001) surfaces have been grown by depositing aluminum in an oxygen ambient (0.5–1×10−5 Torr), and have been characterized by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy ion scattering (LEIS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. No LEED pattern is observed from the films of thickness ≳5 A deposited on either surface at 300 K. Long range order of the films is achieved by depositing aluminum in ambient oxygen at elevated substrate temperatures (≥970 K). The LEIS results indicate three‐dimensional growth for the films on these substrates at 1170 K. Films on Re(0001) show sharper LEED patterns than those on Ru(0001) substrates. Analysis of the XPS Al 2s/O 1s area ratios indicate that the films are stoichiometric.
Structured conceptualization: A framework for interpreting evaluation results

Abstract The structured conceptualization method can be used as a descriptive and interpretive tool for understanding results from evaluations and applied social research programs. A case study of women in Fordham University's EXCEL reentry program for adults demonstrates the use of this method in the descriptive and exploratory phase of research. Two groups of women were identified and contrasted on the California Q-set which contains 100 personality descriptors. ANCOVAs revealed few statistically significant differences between Integrators, women with focused career goals, and Seekers, women with unfocused career goals. However, when differences between Integrators and Seekers on each of 100 personality items are overlaid on a map of these items which was generated by the combined use of multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis procedures, a pattern is observed which is readily interpretable and indicates that these two groups are not homogeneous. Similarly, women who completed their first year of college were contrasted on all 100 personality items with women who did not complete their first year of study. The method of structured conceptualization is viewed as useful in helping evaluators make sensible inferences from findings even when statistically significant differences are not evident because of low statistical power due to small sample sizes or inadequate measures. Further, the method can serve as a tool for examining and strengthening statistical conclusion validity when multiple significance tests are used.
No Ma’am: Progressive Reform as an Obstacle to Gender Equality

In the four decades between 1897 and 1937, conservatives repeatedly skirmished with progressives, especially in the labor arena. The chief weapons were liberty of contract on the conservative side and the state’s police power on the progressive side. Since the 1970s, a growing body of scholarship has taken a critical look at Progressive Era Supreme Court cases with an eye toward evaluating the long-term legacy of women’s protective labor legislation. This paper seeks to add a critical piece to the conversation by looking at efforts by the Court to acquiesce to the progressive political agenda by perpetuating gender stereotypes and prolonging a period of indifference toward the rights of women. The courts’ already-deferential attitude toward women’s protective labor legislation was reinforced and enhanced by abandonment of meaningful rational basis review. Given a fair chance, the natural evolution of the liberty of contract doctrine might well have led to some fuller measure of gender equality, especially in the labor arena, considerably sooner than actually occurred. Ultimately, though, the structural subordination of women doomed their chances.
Uteroplacental bleeding disorders during pregnancy: do missing paternal characteristics influence risk?

Background Several studies have assessed the risks of uteroplacental bleeding disorders in relation to maternal characteristics. The association between uteroplacental bleeding disorders and paternal characteristics, however, has received considerably less attention. Data on paternal demographics, notably race and age, from birth certificate data are becoming increasingly incomplete in recent years. This pattern of increasingly underreporting of paternal demographic data led us to speculate that pregnancies for which paternal characteristics are partially or completely missing may be associated with increased risk for uteroplacental bleeding disorders. The objective of this study is to examine the association between placenta previa and placental abruption and missing paternal age and race.
Batch tests to determine activity distribution and kinetic parameters for acetate utilization in expanded-bed anaerobic reactors.

Batch tests to measure maximum acetate utilization rates were used to determine the distribution of acetate utilizers in expanded-bed sand and expanded-bed granular activated carbon (GAC) reactors. The reactors were fed a mixture of acetate and 3-ethylphenol, and they contained the same predominant aceticlastic methanogen, Methanothrix sp. Batch tests were performed both on the entire reactor contents and with media removed from the reactors. Results indicated that activity was evenly distributed within the GAC reactors, whereas in the sand reactor a sludge blanket on top of the sand bed contained approximately 50% of the activity. The Monod half-velocity constant (Ks) for the acetate-utilizing methanogens in two expanded-bed GAC reactors was searched for by combining steady-state results with batch test data. All parameters necessary to develop a model with Monod kinetics were experimentally determined except for Ks. However, Ks was a function of the effluent 3-ethylphenol concentration, and batch test results demonstrated that maximum acetate utilization rates were not a function of the effluent 3-ethylphenol concentration. Addition of a competitive inhibition term into the Monod expression predicted the dependence of Ks on the effluent 3-ethylphenol concentration. A two-parameter search determined a Ks of 8.99 mg of acetate per liter and a Ki of 2.41 mg of 3-ethylphenol per liter. Model predictions were in agreement with experimental observations for all effluent 3-ethylphenol concentrations. Batch tests measured the activity for a specific substrate and determined the distribution of activity in the reactor. The use of steady-state data in conjunction with batch test results reduced the number of unknown kinetic parameters and thereby reduced the uncertainty in the results and the assumptions made.
Effect of cataract surgery and intraocular lenses on diabetic retinopathy

We reviewed a series of 137 cataract extractions with intraocular lenses (IOLs) in patients with diabetes, mellitus between 1977 and 1983. All patients were followed for an average of 36 months to determine if they subsequently showed progression of diabetic retinopathy. Divided into groups according to the type of procedure and IOL received, they were compared for age, sex, duration of diabetes, treatment required for the diabetes, intraoperative complications, and follow-up period. Patients who had intracapsular cataract extractions with anterior chamber IOLs were three times as likely to show proliferative retinopathy as those who had extracapsular cataract extractions with posterior chamber IOLs. Insulin-dependent patients were three to four times more likely to show progression to proliferation than noninsulin dependent patients. We conclude that, while some procedures are riskier for the diabetic eye, extracapsular lens extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens does not imply an increased risk of development of proliferative retinopathy.