cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Significance of Perihepatic Lymphadenopathy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection

Patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection commonly have perihepatic lymph node enlargement (PLNE). We investigated the prognostic value of PLNE in the development of complicated cirrhosis and death, as well as the clinical and laboratory factors associated with the presence of PLNE in a cohort of HCV-infected veterans. Using a retrospective cohort design, we compared the rate of development of decompensated cirrhosis and/or death in a group of HCV-infected patients who did not have evidence of decompensated cirrhosis stratified by the presence or absence of PLNE. We used Kaplan–Meier survival curves. We then evaluated which factors were predictive of detection of PLNE using logistic regression. A total of 131 patients were included in the study. Fifty-nine patients had PLNE and 72 patients did not. After a mean follow-up of 42 months, survival in the absence of progression to decompensated cirrhosis and/or death was not significantly different between the two groups (log-rank test, p = 0.27). The only factor predictive of progression to decompensated cirrhosis and/or death was the presence of cirrhosis at baseline (HR 13.13, 95% CI 2.21–79.41). In addition, cirrhosis was the only factor predictive of the detection of PLNE on CT scan (OR 3.09: CI 2.1–25.9). Presence of PLNE in patients with chronic HCV infection is strongly associated with subclinical cirrhosis. However, PLNE does not independently predict the progression of liver disease to decompensated cirrhosis and/or death in HCV-infected patients.
Allosteric regulation of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase: a comparative study

The mechanisms of allosteric regulation of the Ca-ATPases of cardiac and skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum by ATP have been compared. Although both enzymes showed stimulation of ATPase activity by ATP, the cardiac enzyme did not show the plateau in ATPase activity at 10–100μM ATP seen with the skeletal enzyme. Likewise the phosphoenzyme (EP) levels did not plateau with the cardiac enzyme as they did with the skeletal enzyme. The apparent negative cooperatively which was seen in the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis at low ATP concentrations was not due to negative cooperatively in substrate binding to either enzyme. The cardiac enzyme did show, however, much higher affinity for the ATP analog, AMPPCP, which helps explain how AMPPCP blocks ATPase activity in the cardiac enzyme and stimulates ATPase activity in the skeletal enzyme. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was used to determine if allosteric regulation takes place through site-site interactions in oligomers. The 1 to 1 ratio between AMPPCP binding sites and FITC binding sites eliminated allosteric regulation by effector sites in both enzymes. The allosteric mechanism which remained was one in which the active-site becomes an effector-site by the early departure of ADP in the reaction mechanism. The step stimulated by the binding of ATP at the active-site turned effector-site was a nonphosphorylated form of the enzyme in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and a phosphorylated form in skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A Reference for Judging the Quality of Publications in Special Education and Related Services Journals

A survey was conducted to determine selected characteristics of special education and related services journals. The results of the survey can be used as a reference by authors choosing journals for submissions of manuscripts and decision-makers at institutions of higher education when evaluating the quality of articles for review purposes. The pros and cons of using factors in this reference and others for annual performance reviews and tenure and promotion decisions are discussed.
Virological Importance of the Protease-Cleavage Site in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Is Independent of both Intravirion Processing and CD4 Down-regulation

Abstract The HIV-1 Nef protein is present within the virion and is processed there by the viral protease. Mutational analysis indicated that residues 54–60 in HIV-1 Nef were required for intravirion cleavage. When viruses were produced using T cell lines or primary lymphoblasts, these residues were also required for optimal viral infectivity. However, substitution of native Nef residues with those of a functional Gag cleavage site demonstrated that intravirion cleavage was insufficient for the virological function of this domain. Furthermore, the importance of certain cleavage site residues to infectivity was conditional on the producer cell type. In particular, a mutant containing a deletion of residues 54–57 was phenotypically nef defective when produced using T cells (CEM, A2.01, or primary lymphoblasts) but was minimally impaired when produced from 293 or HeLa cells. This mutant was cleavage resistant, indicating that proteolytic processing of Nef was dispensable for infectivity enhancement when virions were assembled in certain non-T cells. Residues 54–61 of the cleavage site, including 54–57, were also required for Nef-mediated down-regulation of CD4. However, the surface expression of CD4 on HeLa cells in amounts comparable to that on the surface of primary T lymphoblasts did not create a producer cell environment in which residues 54–57 acquired greater virological importance. Furthermore, these residues were required for optimal infectivity even during virion assembly in T cells (A2.01) that expressed a CD4 molecule that is unable to respond to Nef. These data suggested that in producer T cells, certain cleavage site residues (54–57) contribute to a Nef-mediated virological effect that is unlikely to be linked causally to CD4 down-regulation. Conversely, in the context of 293 cells as viral producers, the Δ54–57 mutant separated genetically down-regulation of CD4 (for which it was defective) from enhancement of infectivity (for which it was functional). Together, these data indicate that the virological function of the cleavage site domain is both independent of intravirion proteolytic processing of Nef and independent of CD4 down-regulation.
Radiation Dosimeter Utilizing the Thermoluminescence of Lithium Fluoride

A dosimeter, with little wavelength dependence and large useful energy range for electromagnetic radiation, which is simple to use and read, has been developed. It appears to have applications in personnel monitoring as well as radiation research.
Extraction of spatial and spectral scene statistics for hyperspectral scene simulation

A method for extracting statistics from hyperspectral data and generating synthetic scenes suitable for scene generation models is presented. Regions composed of a general surface type with a small intrinsic variation, such as a forest or crop field, are selected. The spectra are decomposed using a basis set derived from spectra present in the scene and the abundances of the basis members in each pixel spectrum found. Statistics such as the abundance means, covariances and channel variances are extracted. The scenes are synthesized using a coloring transform with the abundance covariance matrix. The pixel-to-pixel spatial correlations are modeled by an autoregressive moving average texture generation technique. Synthetic reflectance cubes are constructed using the generated abundance maps, the basis set and the channel variances. Enhancements include removing any pattern from the scene and reducing the skewness. This technique is designed to work on atmospherically-compensated data in any spectral region, including the visible-shortwave infrared HYDICE and AVIRIS data presented here. Methods to evaluate the performance of this approach for generating scene textures include comparing the statistics of the synthetic surfaces and the original data, using a signal-to-clutter ratio metric, and inserting sub-pixel spectral signatures into scenes for detection using spectral matched filters.
Channeling in sulfate activating complexes

The synthesis of activated sulfate (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, APS) and inorganic pyrophosphate from ATP and SO4 is remarkably unfavorable: K(eq) approximately 10(-8) under presumed, near-physiological conditions. Consequently, ATP sulfurylases, which catalyze APS synthesis, suffer approximately 10(8)-fold losses in catalytic efficiency in the forward (APS-synthesis) versus reverse reaction. Losses of this magnitude place this catalyst at risk of being unable to supply its nutrients to the cell in a timely fashion. ATP sulfurylase domains are often embedded in multifunctional complexes that are capable of also catalyzing the second of two steps in the sulfate activation pathway: the phosphorylation of APS to produce PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate). The colocalization of these activities in a single scaffold suggests that evolution might have worked around the inefficiency problem by fashioning a system capable of transferring APS directly between the active sites of the complex, thereby avoiding the solution-phase energetics. For these reasons, representatives from each of the three types of sulfate activating complex (SAC) [Homo sapiens (type I); Mycobacterium tuberculosis (type II); and Rhodobacter sphaeroides (type III)] were tested for the ability to channel APS. A channeling assay that optically detects solution-phase APS was devised with APS reductase from M. tuberculosis, a previously uncharacterized enzyme. Channeling was not detected in two of the three types of SAC; however, the type III SAC channels with high efficiency. Structural models of type III reveal a 75 A-long channel that interconnects active-site pairs in the complex and that opens and closes in response to occupancy of those sites.
THE EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS ON GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF THE PECAN SCAB FUNGUS CLADOSPORIUM CARYIGENUM

Gas-liquid chromatography was employed to study the composition and concentration range of the indigenous fatty acids found in pecan involucre tissue which the pecan scab organism, Cladosporium caryigenum, comes in contact with during colonization. This range was 2-200 ppm. In general, at this concentration range, fatty acids had no effect on growth of the organism in vitro, but were inhibitory to sporulation. This inhibition increased with fatty acid concentration.
Significant Immunohistochemical Expression of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in High-Grade Osteosarcoma is Rare, But May Be Associated with Clinically Elevated Serum Levels

Survival rates have plateaued at 70% for osteosarcoma. Proteins ectopically produced by malignant tumors may provide insight into new therapeutic targets. Osteosarcomas secreting human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) have been suggested to have a worse prognosis. We examined the frequency of expression of β-subunit of hCG (β-hCG) in pretreatment osteosarcoma biopsies, and asked if it was associated with various clinical prognostic parameters, and the development of metastases. We subjected 51 pretreatment biopsies of high-grade osteosarcoma, from 51 patients, to β-hCG immunohistochemistry. In 19 of these patients, postchemotherapy metastatic biopsies also were examined for β-hCG expression. Clinical information (patient age, sex, survival status, and serum hCG in females only), and tumor characteristics (site, size, and presence of metastases) were recorded. The β-hCG positive and negative biopsies were separated and compared. Of 49 interpretable pretreatment biopsies, 28 (57%) showed positive cytoplasmic β-hCG expression: 27 with sparse positivity (1% of tumor cells) and 1 with frequent positivity (10% of tumor cells). The patient with frequent β-hCG positivity in her pretreatment biopsy had elevated serum hCG (88.2 mIU/mL) at diagnosis, decreasing to undetectable following chemotherapy and definitive resection. There was no difference in clinical parameters or rate of metastasis between β-hCG positive versus negative groups. Expression of β-hCG may be seen in high-grade osteosarcoma, but frequent β-hCG immunohistochemical expression by tumor cells, associated with clinically elevated serum β-hCG, is rare. Recognition that some nongerm cell tumors may produce β-hCG can prevent confusion with malignancies containing neoplastic syncytiotrophoblast cells, including germ cell and trophoblastic tumors.
Penile Weight and Cell Subtype Specific Changes in a Post-Radical Prostatectomy Model of Erectile Dysfunction

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated neurogenic erectile dysfunction, focusing on the post-radical prostatectomy model. We investigated changes in DNA, protein and apoptotic cells of the rat penis after denervation. Gross morphometry was measured to elucidate the impact of chemical changes.Materials and Methods: Postpubertal male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to bilateral or unilateral cavernous nerve transection, or sham operation. Wet weight, DNA content and protein content were measured. Tissue sections were stained for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling and the apoptotic index was calculated. Dual staining was performed for endothelial and smooth muscle cells to identify apoptotic cells.Results: Penile wet weight was significantly decreased at all time points after bilateral neurotomy (p <0.0005). Unilateral neurotomy allowed much greater preservation of penile weight. DNA content was significantly decreased in bilaterally denervated ...
Potential energy matrix elements between non-overlapping wave functions

Matrix elements of the potential energy of interaction are calculated for the case of two spherically symmetric, localized and non-overlapping wave functions. The result is expressed as a power series, and is applicable to a wide class of central force potential energies, and non-overlapping wave functions. As an illustration, a discussion is given of the diagonal matrix elements of the potential energy corresponding to a Van der Waals law of force.
The visual discrimination of bending.

The sensitivity of observers to nonrigid bending was evaluated in two experiments. In both experiments, observers were required to discriminate on any given trial which of two bending rods was more elastic. In experiment 1, both rods bent within the same oriented plane, and bent either in a frontoparallel plane or bent in depth. In experiment 2, the two rods within any given trial bent in different, randomly chosen orientations in depth. The results of both experiments revealed that human observers are sensitive to, and can reliably detect, relatively small differences in bending (the average Weber fraction across experiments 1 and 2 was 9.0%). The performance of the human observers was compared to that of models that based their elasticity judgments upon either static projected curvature or mean and maximal projected speed. Despite the fact that all of the observers reported compelling 3-D perceptions of bending in depth, their judgments were both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the perf...
Shifts in categorization and identifiability of visual stimuli by rhesus monkeys

Four monkeys, trained to match to sample, were asked to judge seven stimuli which differed in lightness, in terms of five response categories. The sample stimulus was presented on a black or white background, and all responses were made on a gray background. The mean judgment category for a stimulus was a function of the adaptation reflectance, and, in general, the ease of categorization depended upon the distance of the stimulus from the adaptation level.
Brief bursts of pulse stimulation terminate afterdischarges caused by cortical stimulation

Objective: To determine whether cortical electrical stimulation can terminate bursts of epileptiform activity in humans, we used afterdischarges (ADs) as a model of epileptiform activity. Methods: Cortical stimulation was performed for clinical localization purposes using subdural electrodes implanted in patients undergoing preresection evaluations for treatment of medically intractable seizures. We used 0.3-millisecond pulses of alternating polarity, repeated at 50 pulses/second. When stimulation produced AD, we often applied short additional brief bursts of pulse stimulation (BPS). We examined the effectiveness of BPS in aborting ADs in 17 patients using survival analysis. Results: With BPS, ADs stopped within 2 seconds in 115 cases, 2 to 5 seconds in 22 cases, and in more than 5 seconds in 89 cases. Without BPS, ADs stopped within 2 seconds in 21 cases, 2 to 5 seconds in 114 cases, and in more than 5 seconds in 340 cases. BPS was an effective method to abort ADs (Cox proportional hazards model: p Conclusions: Afterdischarges significantly decreased in duration after we applied brief bursts of pulse stimulation. Although afterdischarges are not identical to spontaneous epileptiform activity, these results support the idea that electrical stimulation, applied in an appropriate manner at seizure onset, could abort seizures in humans.
The Buddhist political rhetoric of Aung San Suu Kyi

This paper traces the development of the political rhetoric of Aung San Suu Kyi in order that her message of democratic transition in Burma could become consonant with traditional Buddhist beliefs....
Modulation of Phosphoinositide Monolayer Compressibilities by Physiological Levels of Ca2

Phosphoinositides (PIs) play a crucial role in many cellular processes that occur at the plasma membrane such as exocytosis and endocytosis. These processes not only locally enrich the membrane with PIs and are often accompanied by intracellular calcium release, but they also involve mechanical membrane deformations. Thus, the question arises how mechanical properties such as compressibility of highly negatively charged lipids such as phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) are modulated by physiological levels (0-1000nM) of Ca2+ ions. Using pure monolayers and a Langmuir film balance, we investigated the effect of bivalent ions on the compressibility of Phosphatidylinositol (PI), Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (DOPG)and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). In addition, we also present a theoretical framework that describes the relationship between electrical surface potentials and compressibilities which shows good agreement with our experimental findings.
A Numerical Method for Predicting Thermoelastic Damping in Micromechanical Resonators

This paper presents a numerical method for predicting thermoelastic damping (TED) in micromechanical resonators with any arbitrary structural geometry. In this numerical method, TED is interpreted as the generation of thermal energy per cycle of vibration from the viewpoint of thermal field. Consequently, TED is mathematically expressed in terms of entropy — a parameter measuring the irreversibility in heat conduction, and then numerically calculated in ANSYS/Multiphysics. The validity of this numerical method has been verified using the well-known solution to TED in a beam resonator and experimental data in the literature. Compared to the commonly used interpretation of TED in the elastic field-complex frequency, this numerical method does not involve complex values and thus offers the advantages of simplicity and compatibility with finite element modeling software.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Net exports, consumption volatility and international business cycle models ☆

Abstract Conventional two-country RBC models interpret countercyclical net exports as reflecting primarily the dynamics of capital. I show that, quantitatively, theoretical economies rely on counterfactual terms of trade effects: trade fluctuations, on the contrary, are driven by consumption smoothing, thus generating procyclical net trade in goods. I then consider a class of preferences that embeds home production in a reduced form: consumption volatility increases so that countercyclical net exports reflect primarily a strong relation between consumption and imports, as in the data. The major discrepancy between theory and data concerns the variability of international prices.
Factors influencing attitudes among all-terrain vehicle users on the island portion of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Abstract This study examined the underlying factors that influence the attitudes of ATV users toward the recreation environment. Data were collected through a quantitative survey of 600 residents of the Burin Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess how the attitudes of ATV users are affected by specific beliefs about the environmental and social impacts of the activity, social influences, length and frequency of participation, socio-demographic circumstances, and whether ATV use is motivated by recreational or subsistence goals. Seven variables explained 41% of the total variance in attitudes. Results showed that the attitudes of ATV users were primarily driven by beliefs about the environmental and social outcomes of the activity, type of ATV use, social involvement in the ATV-related activities, frequency of participation, and whether they reside in a rural or urban area. Findings support the belief–attitude relationship and suggest that efforts to predict ATV behavior must focus on cognitions, social influences, and type and frequency of participation rather than on external factors such as socio-demographic indicators and length of participation. Management implications The findings of this research can assist resource managers in developing motorized recreation policies that not only satisfy the needs of a broader spectrum of ATV users, but also support conservation objectives. The following aspects should be considered: • In the planning phase, management should consider replacing traditional public meetings with focus group sessions and quantitative surveys which were effective in uncovering a more nuanced range of attitudes among ATV users. • In the implementation phase, managers must be cautious not to implement overly-restrictive regulations or all-out bans which could have a detrimental effect on the vast majority of compliant riders. • In the management phase, managers should be aware that ATV enthusiasts have a significant knowledge gap about the environmental impact of the activity. This represents an opportunity for managers to initiate targeted communication campaigns to educate participants on the potential impacts of the activity. • The results of this research call attention to the socio-economic and cultural importance of ATV riding.
DISCIPLINARY INCIDENTS IN PRISON: EFFECTS OF RACE, ECONOMIC STATUS, URBAN RESIDENCE, PRIOR IMPRISONMENT

This article examines the effects of race, economic deprivation, urban background, and criminal justice experience on officially recorded violent and non-violent disciplinary incidents for inmates (n = 2496) released from a northern state prison system. Results of regression analysis indicate that after controlling for important predictor variables, race and prior prison incarceration have no significant main effects on incident rates. Urban background is significantly related to non-violent misconduct only. Economic deprivation is significantly related to nonviolent and violent misconduct. Differential effects by race for prior prison incarceration and employment status are found.
Possible Mechanisms in Infants for Selective Basal Ganglia Damage From Asphyxia, Kernicterus, or Mitochondrial Encephalopathies

Magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathologic studies have demonstrated remarkably selective patterns of injury to subregions of the basal ganglia in children. Examples are kernicterus and certain mitochondrial encephalopathies, which cause selective injury to the globus pallidus, and near-total perinatal asphyxia, which causes lesions in the putamen and thalamus. To explain the differential vulnerability of nuclei within millimeters of each other, we hypothesize that their locations within the neurotransmitter-specific circuitry of the basal ganglia motor loop are important. In severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, excitatory glutamatergic pathways into the putamen and thalamus are overactive, but the globus pallidus might be protected because its activity is silenced by inhibitory neuronal activity. In contrast, the relatively high resting neuronal activity in the globus pallidus might make it more vulnerable to less intense, subacute oxidative stresses from mitochondrial toxins such as bilirubin or from genetic mitochondrial disorders. This hypothesis has implications for designing neuroprotective therapies and for treating associated chronic movement disorders.
Measurement of the Proton-Neutron Elastic-Scattering Polarization from 2 to 6 GeV/ c

Left-right asymmetries from a deuterium target in a polarized-proton beam were observed with the Argonne National Laboratory effective-mass spectrometer. Results were obtained for both $\mathrm{pp}$ and $\mathrm{pn}$ elastic scattering from $\ensuremath{-}t=0.15 \mathrm{to} 1.0$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ at 2, 3, 4, and 6 GeV/c. For $\ensuremath{-}t\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.6$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ the $\mathrm{pn}$ polarization was found to have the same sign as for $\mathrm{pp}$, but with faster energy dependence, the ratio $\frac{P(\mathrm{pn})}{P(\mathrm{pp})}$ at $\ensuremath{-}t=0.3$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ falling from 0.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 at 2 GeV/c to 0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 at 6 GeV/c.
Flammability Aspects of Foams

Abstract The growth of both flexible and rigid foams in the last decade has been very spectacular due to a combination of factors such as light weight, excellent physical properties and relatively low costs. The wide acceptance of foams in many diversified industries has led to the necessity of developing foams of low combustibility, often combined with low smoke evolution in case of fire, particularly in industries such as building and construction, transportation, bedding, etc. This paper deals with commonly used methods to impart varying degrees of flame retardance to foams and discusses effects of elemental constituents, synergism, fillers as well as some more recent approaches in changing the chemical structure to yield foams with inherent low combustibility and low smoke. Methods for incorporating flame retardants are reviewed. Finally, some aspects of government and code regulations concerning plastic foams are briefly discussed.
Identification of a Transcriptional Repressor Involved in Benzoate Metabolism in Geobacter bemidjiensis

Subsurface environments contaminated with aromatic compounds can be remediated in situ by Geobacter species. A transcription factor that represses expression of bamA, a benzoate-inducible gene, in Geobacter bemidjiensis during growth with acetate was identified. It is likely that this repressor also regulates other genes involved in aromatic compound metabolism.
INTERNET ICT USE IN AGRICULTURE: MICRO-ENTERPRISES AND SMEs

To date, relatively few studies have examined information and communication technologies (ICT) use in the subset of SMEs known as micro-enterprises. Even fewer have looked at agricultural micro firms. The study presented here compares ICT use among micro-enterprises and SMEs in the agricultural sector. Results indicate extensive use of computers and the Internet, especially for basic ICT functions like email, online purchasing and online business-related research, regardless of firm size. Website ownership is less widespread; larger SMEs are more likely than micro-enterprises to have a website. A number of other ICTs are used similarly by both groups. Among different sized micro-enterprise firms, larger micro-enterprises are more likely than smaller ones to have a website and to conduct financial activities online. However, growth does not result in different adoption rates among micro-enterprises for most internet ICTs. The study also investigates micro-enterprise use of emerging social technologies such as instant messaging, chat, blogging, etc. Perceptions of ICT benefits are also discussed.
A developmental perspective on individual differences in inhibition

Abstract Our thesis is that differences in the efficiency of inhibition and interference sensitivity contribute to individual differences in cognitive processing. We argue that inhibition models from the developmental literature may also be applied to the study of individual differences. We review evidence from a variety of psychological literatures that suggests that inhibitory efficiency varies among people. This review examines inhibition in individuals differing in frontal-lobe functioning, including individuals with attention-deficit disorder, conduct disorder, psychopathology, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia; and inhibition in individuals differing in cognitive skills or abilities, including individuals with mental retardation, reading and learning disabilities, giftedness and creativity, various cognitive styles, and interference sensitivity in everyday life. Following our review, we discuss the role of inhibition in models of cognitive development, and how inhibitory efficiency might be related to working memory capacity, strategy use, and knowledge. Finally, we speculate on the underlying causes of inhibitory processes, the cognitive benefits of inefficient inhibition, and inhibition as a stable component of intelligence.
Two-phase limiting flux in high-shear rotary ultrafiltration of oil-in-water emulsions

A study was conducted to assess the effect(s) of high oil concentration on the pressure-independent ‘limiting’ permeate flux and the ability of a thin film model to adequately predict the flux in the treatment of synthetic and waste metal working fluids using the high-shear rotary ultrafiltration (HSRUF) system. Two distinct limiting flux regions were ascertained, in contrast to a discrete flux decline with concentration predicted from the thin film model. Additionally, widely different gel layer oil concentrations were predicted based on data from each discrete region. Thus, it was not possible to predict the occurrence of the two-phase limiting flux or the closest packed arrangement of emulsified oil droplets using a thin film model. The net effect of the unique ‘wagon wheel’ turbulence promoters was to enhance hydraulic turbulence in the HSRUF system; thus, the transition from laminar to turbulent hydraulic flow occurred at lower Rer in the HSRUF system than reported previously for a solid plate turbulence promoter. Further, it was demonstrated that the occurrence of the two-phase limiting flux resulted in operating conditions under which high feed oil concentrations could be attained while maintaining acceptable limiting flux.
Stark-Effect Broadening of Hydrogen Lines. II. Observable Profiles

The hydrogen-line profiles previously derived for the case of single encounters are integrated over all encounters to yield the observable profiles. The encounters are assumed to be uniformly distributed over different distances of closest approach, and the ions are assumed to have a Maxwellian velocity distribution. Approximation functions allow the integration to be carried through with rigor in the two limiting cases of very fast and very slow encounters, and with a probable error not exceeding ten percent in the more general case. The resultant profiles illustrate quantitatively Margenau's effect---the transition from impact to statistical broadening with increasing line width. The effect of fast electron encounters is shown to be negligible, in general, in comparison with the effect produced by an equal density of slowly moving ions. An evaluation is made of the error produced by the neglect of the inhomogeneity of the ionic field. The final formulas have a probable error of less than 12 percent for most cases of astrophysical interest.
The Lives of Proteins

Biologists have traditionally studied gene regulation through a transcriptional lens. This is due in part to the influence of Jacob and Monod's early work on transcription and, more recently, to the availability of high-throughput messenger RNA (mRNA) quantification by microarrays and sequencing. Libraries of fluorescently tagged proteins ( 1 ) and advances in mass spectrometry ( 2 ) have since allowed quantification of protein abundances, and revealed that as much as 30% of the variation is governed by posttranscriptional processes ( 3 ). Still, most systematic studies have focused on steady-state amounts of mRNAs and proteins. A new technique called “bleach chase,” described by Eden et al. ( 4 ) on page 764 of this issue, accurately quantifies protein half-lives in living cells, an innovation that shifts the focus to the dynamic role of protein removal in regulating cell physiology.
In-vitro dry matter digestibility and chemical composition of autumn-accumulated tall fescue, orchardgrass and red clover

Summary The objective of this study was to compare the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and chemical composition at various cutting dates of autumn-accumulated tall fescue and orchard-grass. The effect of time on the digestibility and chemical composition of accumulated red clover was also studied. Tall fescue had significantly higher (P< 0.01) IVDMD and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) levels and lower crude protein (CP), acid-detergent fibre (ADF). lignin (LIG) and cellulose (CEL) levels throughout autumn and winter than orchardgrass. The effects of accumulation period were similar on both grasses; TNC concentrations increased up to November but then declined, with a large drop in levels after December while IVDMD decreased slowly in autumn and fell rapidly in December. Overall there was a significant (P< 0.01) increase with advancing time in ADF and CEL levels in both grasses, but LIG levels declined with age in tall fescue between 15 September and 15 November, whilst there was a general increase in LIG in orchardgrass. In both tall fescue and orchardgrass IVDMD and TNC levels were higher (P< 0.001) and CP, ADF and CEL levels lower (P< 0.001) in the stem than in the leaf. LIG concentrations were higher in orchardgrass leaves than in the stem but the levels were similar in both fractions in tall fescue. Similar patterns of change in IVDMD and composition were evident in red clover but the legume had completely senesced by early winter.
The association of hydrogenase and dithionite reductase activities with the nitrite reductase of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.

Summary The membrane bound respiratory nitrite reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans contains six c-type heme groups and catalyzes the six electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia. The purified enzyme required an excess of reducing equivalents for reduction relative to the amount of nitrite consumed in its reoxidation. The anomaly could be accounted for in terms of the presence of low levels of dithionite reductase and hydrogenase activity in the preparation. Dithionite reductase may be an alternate activity of nitrite reductase, whereas hydrogenase was shown to be a contaminant. The contaminating hydrogenase used nitrite reductase as electron acceptor in preference to cytochrome c 3 (M r = 13,000) or benzyl viologen.
Fraud: The root causes

In the popular imagination, management fraud and corruption seems to have spread almost everywhere; yet the facts show that mercantile fraud has been a perpetual scourge in many societies. It is nevertheless instructive to analyse the causes of fraud as a basis for appropriate risk management. These include economic recession, employee disaffection, indifference to internal control, a possible erosion of ethics, inability of obsolete systems to accommodate new transaction types and volumes, and often a time lag while organizational rules catch up with new ways of committing offences. Initial failure to detect fraud also tends to be likely to have been aggravated by failure to apply audit scepticism. Fraud and corruption are likely to gain even greater attention in the near future, as existing functions of public service are ‘outsourced’.
Electric vehicle-intelligent energy management system (EV-IEMS) for frequency regulation application

The world faces the unprecedented challenge of the need change to a new energy era. The introduction of distributed renewable energy and storage together with transportation electrification and deployment of electric and hybrid vehicles, allows traditional consumers to not only consume, but also to produce, or store energy. The active participation of these so called “prosumers”, and their interactions may have a significant impact on the operations of the emerging smart grid. However, how these capabilities should be integrated with the overall system operation is unclear. Intelligent energy management systems give users the insight they need to make informed decisions about energy consumption. Properly implemented, intelligent energy management systems can help cut energy use, spending, and emissions. This project aims to develop a consumer point of view, user-friendly, intelligent energy management system, that enables vehicle drivers to plan their trips, manage their battery pack and under specific circumstances, inject electricity from their plug-in vehicles to power the grid, contributing to frequency regulation.
IR Simulation Using The Liquid Crystal Light Valve (LCLV)

This paper reviews the present state of development of a high performance infrared image transducer for use in advanced real time infrared image simulation. This transducer is based on the Silicon Liquid Crystal Light Valve technology developed at Hughes Research Laboratories and consists of a high resistivity single crystal silicon photoconductor coupled with an oxide layer to form a MOS structure; a liquid crystal is used as the modulator. Results are presented for simulations in the 8 to 12 μm spectral region.
Chemical communication and reproductive isolation in two types of the fall webworm (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Two sympatric types of fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), were not cross-attractive in a laboratory wind tunnel and showed little propensity for intertype courtship in small arena bioassays. Both types of females called at dawn for about 1 h. Some adult males responded to calling females of the same type in the wind tunnel by wing fanning, taking flight, flying upwind, and making contact with cages containing calling females. Males did not complete this sequence of mate-finding behavior when responding to females of the other type. Under competitive and noncompetitive mating conditions, intratype matings occurred more frequently than intertype matings. If mating occurred, eggs were often laid and could be viable. Seasonal differences between the types are well known, but the present study indicates that pheromonal differences may contribute to reproductive isolation between the two types.
Damping operators in continuum models of flexible structures: Explicit models for proportional damping in beam bending with end-bodies

A convenient “working” model for passive damping in a flexible structure is proportional damping. Strictly proportional damping requires that the damping operator be (essentially) the square root of the stiffness operator. In this paper we present an explicit calculation of the square root for the case of the bending of a uniform Bernoulli beam clamped at one end and subject to control forces and moments at the other end, and we show that nonlocal terms are added in the interior as well as at the ends in contrast to the case where there are no end-masses and both ends are simply supported. We show that if strict proportionality is relaxed to require only asymptotic proportionality, then we can avoid the nonlocal feature although the boundary equations will still need to include additional terms.
A Review and Analysis of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders Using a Paradigm of Communication Competence

Research related to the use of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) with individuals having autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) was examined using a communication competence paradigm detai...
Feasibility and utility of an electronic diary to assess self-report symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: Self-report items from the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) are completed using a 7-day paper diary; however, there are reports of protocol deviations by both patients and researchers/clinicians. The self-report literature has demonstrated these deviations can distort the information collected by introducing recall bias, especially for subjective measures like pain and well-being.Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility of using an electronic diary to collect symptom self-reports.Methods: Sixteen patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease completed entries on the diary 12 times per day for 3 weeks. The diary included “user-friendly” features that made it easier to incorporate into their daily lives.Results: Despite 2 compliance outliers, the overall compliance was 88%; when these outliers were removed compliance increased to 92%. Participants used the diary features appropriately and completed a substantial number of assessments per day. Although overall compliance declined significantly over the 3-week study period, the number of prompts completed did not change significantly over time.Conclusions: Limitations include the small sample size, but despite this limitation this report supports the feasibility of collecting symptom information using an electronic diary. Future studies are needed to evaluate the possibility of using an electronic diary to collect the CDAI self-report information in both clinical and research settings.
Schedule-induced polydipsia: Another look at water-intake volume regulation

Experiment 1 found that rats regulated the number of drinks per session during schedule-induced polydipsia, rather than volume intake when water was obtained from different sized water dipper cups. However, when water availability was manipulated during polydipsia sessions by changing the aperture size of the water bottle tube (Experiment 2), the rats regulated total water-intake volume per session. Experiment 3 demonstrated that this volume regulation was more precise during schedule-induced drinking than during water deprivation induced drinking. Also, it was shown that the different sized apertures were effective in manipulating the rates of water availability and ingestion. These experiments demonstrated that volume regulation during schedule-induced polydipsia occurs only when water is freely available via drinking tubes.
Fasting For Life: The Place of Fasting in the Christian Tradition

L'argument principal de l'A. consiste a affirmer que le jeune dans la tradition chretienne est authentique lorsqu'il realise la sacralite du corps. Dans sa perspective fondamentale qui veut que l'humanite soit creee pour l'incarnation, cet argument reste partiellement accepte et compris par la plupart des chretiens. Le jeune permet de comprendre pourquoi le corps et la vie humaine sont sacres et capable d'une transformation formidable. Le jeune chretien est cette capacite de transformation
Conventional wisdom: negotiating conventions of reference enhances category learning.

Collaborators generally coordinate their activities through communication, during which they readily negotiate a shared lexicon for activity-related objects. This social-pragmatic activity both recruits and affects cognitive and social-cognitive processes ranging from selective attention to perspective taking. We ask whether negotiating reference also facilitates category learning or might private verbalization yield comparable facilitation? Participants in three referential conditions learned to classify imaginary creatures according to combinations of functional features—nutritive and destructive—that implicitly defined four categories. Remote partners communicated in the Dialogue condition. In the Monologue condition, participants recorded audio descriptions for their own later use. Controls worked silently. Dialogue yielded better category learning, with wider distribution of attention. Monologue offered no benefits over working silently. We conclude that negotiating reference compels collaborators to find communicable structure in their shared activity; this social-pragmatic constraint accelerates category learning and likely provides much of the benefit recently ascribed to learning labeled categories.
Ethanol Blend Effects On Direct Injection Spark-Ignition Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions

Direct injection spark-ignition (DISI) gasoline engines can offer better fuel economy and higher performance over their port fuel-injected counterparts, and are now appearing increasingly in more U.S. vehicles. Small displacement, turbocharged DISI engines are likely to be used in lieu of large displacement engines, particularly in light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles, to meet fuel economy standards for 2016. In addition to changes in gasoline engine technology, fuel composition may increase in ethanol content beyond the 10% allowed by current law due to the Renewable Fuels Standard passed as part of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). In this study, we present the results of an emissions analysis of a U.S.-legal stoichiometric, turbocharged DISI vehicle, operating on ethanol blends, with an emphasis on detailed particulate matter (PM) characterization. Gaseous species, particle mass, and particle number concentration emissions were measured for the Federal Test Procedure urban driving cycle (FTP 75) and the more aggressive US06 cycle. Particle number-size distributions and organic to elemental carbon ratios (OC/EC) were measured for 30 MPH and 80 MPH steadystate operation. In addition, particle number concentration was measured during wide open throttle accelerations (WOTs) and gradual accelerations representative of the FTP 75. For the gaseous species and particle mass measurements, dilution was carried out using a full flow constant volume sampling system (CVS). For the particle number concentration and size distribution measurements, a micro-tunnel dilution system was employed. The vehicles were fueled by a standard test gasoline and 10% (E10) and 20% (E20) ethanol blends from the same supplier. The particle mass emissions were approximately 3 and 7 mg/mile for the FTP75 and US06, respectively, with lower emissions for the ethanol blends. During steady-state operation, the geometric mean diameter of the particle-number size distribution remained approximately the same (50 nm) but the particle number concentration decreased with increasing ethanol content in the fuel. In addition, increasing ethanol content significantly reduced the number concentration of 50 and 100 nm particles during gradual and WOT accelerations.
Real time: Unwinding technocratic and anthropological knowledge

"The Bank of Japan is our mother," bankers in Tokyo sometimes said of Japan's central bank. Drawing on this metaphor as an ethnographic resource, and on the example of central bankers who sought to unwind their own technocratic knowledge by replacing it with a real-time machine, I retrace the ethnographic task of unwinding technocratic knowledge from those anthropological knowledge practices that critique technocracy. In so doing, I draw attention to special methodological problems-involving the relationship between ethnography, analysis, and reception-in the representation and critique of contemporary knowledge practices.
Period-doubling route to chaos in an electrical power system

This in-depth introduction to chaos in an electrical power system presents techniques for recognising and classifying chaotic behaviour. A cascade of period-doubling bifurcation, which leads to chaos, is observed. Results on a sample power system are presented. The practical significance of chaos for power system operation is also discussed.