cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The p and h—p versions of some finite element methods for Stokes' problem

Abstract We investigate discretizations of Stokes' problem (as a sample saddle point problem) from the point of view of stability of increasing order mixed finite element methods. For the cases of velocity—pressure space pairs where the stability can be characterized in terms of the growth of a right-inverse of the divergence operator, we exhibit algebraic instabilities of varying size depending on boundary conditions and the kind of element employed.
Prototyping of a portable data logging embedded system for naturalistic motorcycle study

The primary objective of this work is to design a highly portable data logging embedded system for naturalistic motorcycle study with capability of collecting many types of data such as images, speed, acceleration, time, location, distance approximation, etc. The proposed embedded system design is based on an Arduino microcontroller and is capable of storing up to 220 hours of text/image data during a one month study period. We have successfully designed and implemented the system. The data acquired has been validated and found to be accurate.
Failure of computerized treatment suggestions to improve health outcomes of outpatients with uncomplicated hypertension: results of a randomized controlled trial.

Study Objective. To assess the effects of evidence-based treatment suggestions for hypertension made to physicians and pharmacists using a comprehensive electronic medical record system. Design. Randomized controlled trial with a 2 times 2 factorial design of physician and pharmacist interventions, which resulted in four groups of patients: physician intervention only, pharmacist intervention only, intervention by physician and pharmacist, and intervention by neither physician nor pharmacist (control). Setting. Academic primary care internal medicine practice. Subjects. Seven hundred twelve patients with uncomplicated hypertension. Measurements and Main Results. Suggestions were displayed to physicians on computer workstations used to write outpatient orders and to pharmacists when filling prescriptions. The primary end point was generic health-related quality of life. Secondary end points were symptom profile and side effects from antihypertensive drugs, number of emergency department visits and hospitalizations, blood pressure measurements, patient satisfaction with physicians and pharmacists, drug therapy compliance, and health care charges. In the control group, implementation of care changes in accordance with treatment suggestions was observed in 26% of patients. In the intervention groups, compliance with suggestions was poor, with treatment suggestions implemented in 25% of patients for whom suggestions were displayed only to pharmacists, 29% of those for whom suggestions were displayed only to physicians, and 35% of the group for whom both physicians and pharmacists received suggestions (p=0.13). Intergroup differences were neither statistically significant nor clinically relevant for generic health-related quality of life, symptom and side-effect profiles, number of emergency department visits and hospitalizations, blood pressure measurements, charges, or drug therapy compliance. Conclusion. Computer-based intervention using a sophisticated electronic physician order-entry system failed to improve compliance with treatment suggestions or outcomes of patients with uncomplicated hypertension.
Metallic surface electronic state in half-Heusler compounds RPtBi (R= Lu, Dy, Gd)

Rare-earth platinum bismuth ($R$PtBi) has been proposed recently as a potential topological insulator. In this paper, we present measurements of the metallic surface electronic structure in three members of this family, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Our data show clear spin-orbit splitting of the surface bands and the Kramers' degeneracy of spins at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ and $\mathrm{M\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ points, which is reproduced nicely with our full-potential linearized augmented plane wave calculation for a surface electronic state. Topologically nontrivial behavior is signified by band inversion in the calculated bulk electronic structures, yet no direct indication of such behavior is detected by ARPES except for a weak Fermi crossing detected in close proximity to the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ point, making the total number of Fermi crossings odd. In the surface band calculation, however, this crossing is explained by a Kramers pair of bands that are very close to each other. The classification of this family of materials as topological insulators remains an open question.
MODELING CANCER AS AN EVOLUTIONARY GAME

We present two different mathematical models that examine the role of cellular evolution in the development and treatment of cancer. The first is a Lotka-Volterra model of an invasive cancer subjected to chemotherapy that demonstrates rapid evolution of drug-resistant phenotypes. The second model represents a major refinement of the first one with the objective of producing a simple, but realistic model of carcinogenesis. It is a consumer-resource model (consumers = normal + mutuant cells, resource = glucose). We conclude that if mutant cells are not allowed to evolve, they will not ordinarily progress to cancer. However, if accumulating mutations allow cellular evolution and successful adaptation to proliferation constraints, normal cells will develop into invasive cancer. We find this progression is possible because normal cellular populations are not at an evolutionarily stable state and so are subject to invasion by more fit phenotypes.
The influence of microstructure on the measurement of γ-γ′ lattice mismatch in single-crystal Ni-base superalloys

Abstract Lattice mismatch in multicomponent high refractory single-crystalline Ni-base superalloys has been measured in situ by hot-stage X-ray diffraction. Prior to X-ray examination, all samples were subjected to long-term aging treatments at 1120 °C to relieve coherency stresses. The resolution of the individual γ and γ′ peaks at high Bragg angles in the X-ray spectra and the magnitude of the misfit was found to be sensitive to the microstructure of the material. When the precipitation of coherent γ′ during cooling from the aging temperature could largely be suppressed, the corresponding matrix peaks were narrower and of higher intensity as compared with samples where cooling γ′ was present. Also, a slightly larger misfit, 0.04%, was measured in the microstructures where the cooling γ′ was not present. Procedures for deconvoluting X-ray data are outlined in detail, and the experimental results are discussed in terms of changes in phase compositions and misfit strains produced by the cooling γ′.
SPATIAL INFORMATION AND TEMPORAL REPRESENTATION IN MEMORY

This study examined the effect of spatial cues on memory for temporal order. Improved performance for temporal order with added spatial cues was found only for certain directions and orientations. Dependent measures included memory for items, order, and response latency. The presence of a spatial cue had a significant effect on memory for order but not on memory for an item. For response latency, there were significant main effects for visual field and direction. There were also several significant interactions of visual field, direction, and orientation. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the relationship of spatial and temporal information in memory are discussed.
Multi-field packet classification using ternary CAM

A new method for multi-field packet classification using a ternary CAM (TCAM) is presented. It is based on a preprocessing step that encodes classification rule information in the form of prefixes within an intermediate search key. The scheme enables TCAMs to handle larger rule sets more efficiently.
Dynamics of Polymer Molecules with Sacrificial Bond and Hidden Length Systems: Towards a Physically-Based Mesoscopic Constitutive Law

We investigate the entropic force-elongation behavior of a polymer chain in the presence of the sacrificial bond and hidden length (SBHL) system observed experimentally in many biomaterials. We show that in most cases the SBHL system leads to a significant increase in toughness. However, the presence of a large number of bonds or relatively strong bonds in the SBHL system can reduce the net gain in toughness. We also incorporate the polymer model into a network of polymers with random properties (e.g., contour length, number and strength of sacrificial bonds, length of hidden loops). This allows us to derive a physically-based mesoscopic force-displacement law that governs the collective behavior.
Prisoners and chickens: gaze locations indicate bounded rationality

Eye-tracking was used to predict choices made during play of a series of computer-generated simultaneous normal-form games. Four normal-form games were used as the test bed for the eye-tracking experiment: the Coordination Game, Battle of the Sexes, the Game of Chicken, and Prisoner's Dilemma. These games are abstractions of real-life scenarios where a person must make a choice to either cooperate with another person for some common good, or not cooperate, given a specific "payoff" for cooperating or not cooperating. The other player was always an automated agent whose goal was to predict the choice of the human player. Players were found to cluster into different types according to a numeric index specific to the game played. An eye-tracking experiment confirms that attention deployed to particular areas of interest varies according to the game played and the type to which a player belongs. This enabled a decision tree to be created from the eye-tracking data which was used by the agent to classify each player as a specific type, allowing a prediction to be made about a player's likely choice.
The smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene exhibits smooth muscle subtype-selective modular regulation in vivo.

Abstract Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that the transgene consisting of the −4.2 to +11.6 kilobase (kb) region of the smooth muscle (SM) myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene was expressed in virtually all SM tissue typesin vivo in transgenic mice and that the multiple CArG elements within this region were differentially required in SMC subtypes, implying that the SM-MHC gene was controlled by multiple transcriptional regulatory modules. To investigate this hypothesis, we analyzed specific regulatory regions within theSM-MHC −4.2 to +11.6 kb region by a combination of deletion analyses of various SM-MHC transgenes as well as by DNaseI hypersensitivity assays and in vivo footprinting in intact SMC tissues. The results showed that SM-MHCtransgene expression depended on a large number of required regulatory modules that were widely spread over the −4.2 to +11.6 region. Moreover, the results revealed several unexpected novel features of regulation of the SM-MHC gene including: 1) unique combinations of regulatory modules were required for SM-MHCexpression in different SMC-subtypes; 2) repressor modules as well as activator modules were both critical for SMC specificity of the gene; 3) certain modules were required in certain contexts but were dispensable in others within a given SMC-subtype (i.e. the net activity of the module was determined by interaction between modules not simply by the sum of module activities); and 4) we identified a highly conserved 200-base pair transcriptional regulatory module at +8 kb that was required in the large arteries but dispensable in the coronary arteries and airways in transgenic mice and contained multiple potential cis-elements that were occupied by nuclear proteins in the intact aorta based on in vivofootprinting. Taken together, the results suggest a model of complex modular control of expression of the SM-MHC gene that varies between SMC subtypes. Moreover, the studies establish the possibility of designing derivatives of the SM-MHC promoter that might be used for targeting gene expression to specific SMC subtypes in vivo.
SU‐D‐12A‐03: Improve Scatter Correction in CBCT Reconstruction to Improve the Image Quality for Large Patients

Purpose: CBCT images by pelvis scan of larger patients often have lower soft tissue perceptibility, larger amount of artifacts, and lower image intensity uniformity than images of smaller patients. We hypothesize that the poor image quality is related to inaccurate or non-optimal scattering correction during image reconstruction. To test the hypothesis, we implemented a new scattering correction algorithm and optimized its coefficients in order to understand if pelvis CBCT image qualities can be improved with better scattering correction methods and more optimal coefficients. Methods: A scatter correction algorithm using a fast scatter kernel superimposition with multiple kernel groups was implemented. The kernel parameters are the same as Varian TrueBeam machine, including 3 thickness groups, detector point-scatter function parameters. Detector scatter correction and bowtie filter correction were also implemented. A 48 cm wide phantom and another 43 cm wide phantom were simulated by enclosing a 38 cm pelvis phantom with 5 cm thick plastic flaps. A comparison was made between the phantom CBCT images reconstructed by the TrueBeam machine and the ones reconstructed by our in-house reconstruction program with the new scattering correction method. Results: CBCT images reconstructed using our in-house program with the new scattering correction method showed much less streaking artifacts, better intensity uniformity and comparative soft tissue contrast. The standard deviation of a soft tissue region is 17.1 HU for the 48 cm phantom and 16.8 for the 43 cm phantom using our program, compared to 36.9 HU for the 48 cm phantom and 25.9 for the 43 cm phantom using the TrueBeam machine. Conclusion: Our results suggested that a better scattering algorithm could improve the pelvis CBCT scan image quality considerably for larger patients.
Teaching computer literacy to human service students

Summary This paper explores the reasons for the continuing resistance to computer use among human service workers and argues that an elementary level of computer literacy should be required of all human service students. Various teaching methods that facilitate the transition from computer ignorant to computer literate are presented. Hands-on experience is essential throughout the curriculum, including word processing in methods classes, statistical analysis in research, and data management in field experience.
Behavior therapy and encopresis: A selective review of the literature

Abstract This paper considers the general nature of childhood encopresis and reviews published studies to date which have employed behavioral approaches to treatment. Although few controlled studies were found, a number of published case reports suggest that behavioral approaches may be of value in treating the encopretic child. Suggestions for future research in this area as well as suggestions regarding the clinical application of behavioral procedures to the problem of encopresis are presented.
Acute spatiotemporal changes in neuronal density surrounding microelectrode arrays implanted in rat motor cortex

Neuronal density and proximity to recording electrodes is perhaps the best indicator of recording longevity from chronically implanted microelectrodes. However, little is known about this important parameter in the hours following implantation. In this study, 1 hour, 24 hours, and 2 weeks post implantation with Si "Michigan" arrays, rats were sacrificed and cortical sections were obtained and immunostained with the neuron-specific marker NeuN. Images were quantified and compared between time points within a zone of interest (0-100 mum from the insertion sites) and examined as a function of depth below the cortical surface. Differences in neuronal density between these three time points were dependent on cortical depth. These data strongly suggest that neuronal density in the cortex respond differently to injury based on their location within the cortical column. The need to account for depth information in evaluating tissue reaction to microelectrode implantation is highlighted.
Positioning of the First Extracellular Loop of CFTR Has Significant Effects on CFTR Gating

The first extracellular loop (ECL1) of CFTR contains several residues involved in stabilizing the open state of CFTR. D110 is positioned on the side of ECL1 nearest to the CFTR pore, extracellular to several amino acids in the first transmembrane helix important for chloride permeation. In the present study, we utilized cysteine mutagenesis and electrophysiology to observe real time effects of chemical manipulation on D110C-CFTR and on a double mutant of D110C with K892C in ECL4, across the CFTR pore. Via whole Xenopus oocyte TEVC recording, we found that the reducing agent DTT increased the conductance of D110C-CFTR 3.21 +/− 1.16 fold and D110C/K892C-CFTR 13.0 +/−3.5 fold. Treatment of both variants after DTT with Copper (II) Phenanthroline quickly inhibited them to a similar extent (∼75%). Single channel recordings without DTT showed that both mutants contain full conductance comparable to WT-CFTR, but significantly decreased mean burst duration. We previously reported modification of D110C/K892C channels with DTT led to increased openings in multichannel patches, without apparent effects on single channel conductance or open burst duration, indicating that DTT likely breaks a closed-state linkage between D110C and K892C. Modification of D110C-CFTR with DTT resulted in an increase in mean burst duration from 154ms to 369ms. Finally, via TEVC, we found that 20uM Cadmium inhibited DTT-treated D110C-CFTR that reversed within 30s of washout, whereas D110C/K892C-CFTR was inhibited irreversibly in the same context. WT, K892C-, D112C/K892C-, and E115C/K892C-CFTR were unaffected by DTT or Cd2+. We interpret our results to indicate the positioning of the pore-facing end of ECL1 is important for CFTR gating, and the more profound effects of DTT and Cd2+ on D110C/K892C-CFTR versus D110C-CFTR may also indicate ECL1 and ECL4 must separate during CFTR channel opening. Support: NIH 5R01DK56481
Cellular interactions and biomechanical properties of a unique vascular-derived scaffold for periodontal tissue regeneration.

These investigations describe the development of a novel ex vivo three-dimensional scaffold derived from the human umbilical vein (HUV), and its potential as a regenerative matrix for tissue regeneration. Unique properties associated with the vascular wall have shown potential to function as a surgical barrier for guided tissue regeneration, particularly with the regeneration of periodontal tissues. HUV was isolated from umbilical cords using a semiautomated machining technology, decellularized using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and then opened longitudinally to form tissue sheets. Uniaxial tensile testing, stress relaxation, and suture retention tests were performed on the acellular matrix to evaluate the HUV's biomechanical properties, followed by an evaluation of cellular interactions by seeding human gingival fibroblasts to assess adhesion, metabolic function, and proliferation on the scaffold. The scaffold's biomechanical properties were shown to display anisotropic behavior, which is attributed to the...
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 increases insulin‐like growth factor I and II transcripts and polypeptide levels in bone cell cultures

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II are among the most prevalent growth factors secreted by bone cells and are presumed to act as autocrine regulators of bone formation. Certain growth factors, synthesized by skeletal cells and known to stimulate the replication but not the differentiated function of cells of the osteoblastic lineage, have been shown to inhibit skeletal IGF-I and II synthesis. We postulated that growth factors with limited mitogenic activity and with differentiation-inducing properties, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, have the opposite effect and enhance IGF-I and II synthesis. We tested the effects of BMP-2 on IGF-I and II mRNA expression and polypeptide concentrations in cultures of osteoblast-enriched (OB) cells from 22 day fetal rat calvariae. Steady-state IGF-I and II mRNA levels were determined by northern blot analysis, and IGF-I and II concentrations were determined in acidified and fractionated culture medium by a specific radioimmunoassay. After 24-48 h of treatment, BMP-2 at 3.3 nM increased IGF-I and II transcripts by up to twofold and polypeptide levels by up to fourfold. BMP-2 was a more potent stimulator of IGF-II synthesis, and it was active at doses as low as 0.03 nM for IGF-II mRNA and 0.3 nM for IGF-II protein, whereas a dose of 3.3 nM was required to observe the effect on IGF-I synthesis. The effects of BMP-2 on IGF-I and II transcripts and polypeptide levels were dependent on protein synthesis and decreased in the presence of cycloheximide at 3.6 μM. In conclusion, BMP-2 increases skeletal IGF-I and II synthesis by increasing IGF-I and II transcript levels, and this effect may contribute to its actions on selected aspects of OB cell differentiated function.
Interest rate variability and economic performance: some international evidence

Using data for short-term and long-term interest rates across a major group of industrial countries, his paper studies the impact of interest rate variability on the cyclical behaviour of real output and the price level in these countries. Theory predicts that the increased variability of the interest rate stemming from a rise in the level of uncertainty has a negaive impact on he ouput demanded and supplied and, in turn, an ambiguous impact on the price level. The empirical evidence is, generally, consistent with this prediction. Next the investigation attempts to shed some light on major sources of uncertainty underlying the interest rate variability. Focus in on he variability of monetary growth, the exchange rate and the energy price. Some evidence on he relative contribution of these sources of uncertainty of the variability of the interest rate and, in turn, to the cyclical behaviour of real output and the price level across countries is provided.
Response of quaking aspen genotypes to enriched CO2: foliar chemistry and tussock moth performance

Abstract 1 Genetic variation in the phytochemical responses of plants to CO2 enrichment is likely to alter trophic dynamics, and to shift intraspecific selection pressures on plant populations. We evaluated the independent and interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) genotype on chemical composition of foliage and performance of the whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma J. E. Sm.). 2 This research was conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) site in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. Leaf samples were collected periodically from each of three genetically variable aspen genotypes growing under ambient and elevated CO2, and analysed for levels of primary and secondary metabolites. Tussock moth larvae were reared in situ on experimental trees, and development times and pupal masses were recorded. 3 Foliar chemical composition varied among aspen genotypes and in response to CO2 enrichment. However, chemical responses of trees to elevated CO2 were generally consistent across genotypes. 4 Larval development times varied among host genotypes and increased slightly for insects on high-CO2 plants. Enriched CO2 tended to reduce insect pupal masses, particularly for females on one of the three aspen genotypes. 5 CO2 × genotype interactions observed for plant chemistry and insect performance in this study with a small number of genotypes are probably too few, and too weak, to shift selection pressures in aspen populations. These results differ, however, from earlier work in which more substantial CO2 × genotype interactions were observed for plant chemistry.
Hormone Binding by Protein Disulfide Isomerase, a High Capacity Hormone Reservoir of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a folding assistant of the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum, but it also binds the hormones, estradiol, and 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)). Hormone binding could be at discrete hormone binding sites, or it could be a nonphysiological consequence of binding site(s) that are involved in the interaction PDI with its peptide and protein substrates. Equilibrium dialysis, fluorescent hydrophobic probe binding (4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid (bis-ANS)), competition binding, and enzyme activity assays reveal that the hormone binding sites are distinct from the peptide/protein binding sites. PDI has one estradiol binding site with modest affinity (2.1 +/- 0.5 microm). There are two binding sites with comparable affinity for T(3) (4.3 +/- 1.4 microm). One of these overlaps the estradiol site, whereas the other binds the hydrophobic probe, bis-ANS. Neither estradiol nor T(3) inhibit the catalytic or chaperone activity of PDI. Although the affinity of PDI for the hormones estradiol and T(3) is modest, the high local concentration of PDI in the endoplasmic reticulum (>200 microm) would drive hormone binding and result in the association of a substantial fraction (>90%) of the hormones in the cell with PDI. High capacity, low affinity hormone sites may function to buffer hormone concentration in the cell and allow tight, specific binding to the true receptor while preserving a reasonable number of hormone molecules in the very small volume of the cellular environment.
Optical and physical requirements for fluid particles marking trailing vortices from aircraft

A theoretical study of the optical and physical requirements of marking trailing vortices that emanate from aircraft wings was carried out by considering particulate light-scattering properties, ability of particles to follow trailing vortices, and survival time of particles to vortex dissipation. Liquid droplets undergoing evaporation and molecular dispersion were investigated. Droplets should have lifetimes of about 300 sec. Droplet size should be about 1 micron to maximize light scattering with the minimum mass of liquid required. Droplets of this small size would spiral outward very slowly and essentially remain in the vortex cores. Nontoxic hygroscopic liquids, having an affinity for moisture in the air, have been identified. These liquids have relatively low vapor pressures of order 10 to the -5 mm Hg that would insure droplet persistence long enough to mark trailing vortices.
Inhibition of agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group by P-arsenobenzamide.

Summaryp-Arsenobenzamide and its dithioglycollate have a definite inhibitory activity against the viruses of mouse pneumonitis and cat pneumonitis in the lungs of mice. The dithiogly collate also inhibits growth of the agents of meningopneumonitis and cat pneumonitis in the allantoic sac of chick embryos.
Emergent plant decomposition and sedimentation: response to sediments varying in texture, phosphorus content and frequency of deposition

The impact of sedimentation on the decay of Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia and Sparganium eurycarpum litter was evaluated in two Michigan wetlands. In one wetland, T. latifolia decay was studied among replicates of three treatments (unsedimented treatment, one-time sediment application (sandy loam) and multiple sediment applications). In the second wetland, decomposition of T. angustifolia and S. eurycarpum, exposed to phosphorus-enriched clay and unenriched clay applications, was assessed in contrast to an unsedimented control treatment. A one-time application of coarse sediment was sufficient to inhibit decay of T. latifolia by about 10% over 470 days. Application of unenriched and phosphorus-enriched clay suppressed S. eurycarpum decay by about 6–8% over 117 days; however, T. angustifolia decomposition was diminished by only 2% during the same time period. Neither the net flux of nitrogen nor phosphorus mass from decaying tissues was influenced by sediment application. Averages of %N concentration in T. latifolia tissues, however, were higher under unsedimented regimes than sedimented regimes. Among measures of water quality (dissolved oxygen, NH4-N, NO3-N, total P and suspended solids concentrations), only NH4-N demonstrated a significant difference among treatments at the T. latifolia field site (0.13 mg NH4-N l−1 higher in the unsedimented treatment than the sedimented treatments).
Crystallization Kinetics of a Lithia–Silica Glass: Effect of Sample Characteristics and Thermal Analysis Measurement Techniques

DTA and both isothermal and nonisothermal DSC techniques are presently used to investigate the crystallization kinetics of a 40 (mol) percent Li2O-60 percent SiO2 glass as a function of glass powder particle size, the use of either alumina or Pt as the crucible material, the use of N, O, or Ar atmospheres, and surface pretreatments of the glass powder with deionized water, HCl, or HF. Neither the furnace atmosphere nor the crucible material had a significant effect on activation energy, frequency factor, or Avrami exponent. Washings of the glass with the three different fluids decreased the crystallization temperature by 25 to 30 C.
Short-term Forces and Partisan Change in Canada: 1974-1980

Abstract The theoretical attractiveness of party identification derives in large measure from its presumed stability at the level of the individual voter. Recent studies conducted in Great Britain and the United States suggest, however, that partisan attachments are less stable than originally believed, and respond to the impact of shortterm forces. This paper uses newly available, national panel surveys to consider the Canadian case. Between 1974 and 1980 party identification in this country is characterized by aggregate stability and individual change. The latter is not confined to particular groups of voters and is not strongly associated with time-related reinforcement effects, but rather reflects variations in party leader and party/issue preferences. Further, interaction effects suggest that extent of political interest and patterns of partisanship across levels of the federal system condition processes of partisan change.
From the population to society: The cooperative metaphors of W.C. Allee and A.E. Emerson

John Greene has dismissed the evolutionary ethics of Simpson as a case in which science was “only a tool, a weapon, in defense of positions that were essentially religious and philosophical.”57 This position adopts an amorphous view of science, in which a scientific theory can be construed to support practically any rhetorical position. The relationship between theory and rhetoric, however, is more complex; it is interactive, with the theory and the rhetoric influencing and supporting one another. It is no coincidence that Allee, Emerson, and Simpson all arrived at a biological basis of democracy and a naturalistic ethics during a period when the future of world politics and man's own morality were in question. Allee's commitment to world peace certainly antedated his theory of sociality, just as Simpson's commitment to democracy undoubtedly preceded his evolutionary views.
Practice guidelines and professional challenges: what psychotherapists need to do.

Drs Persons, Thase, and Crits-Christoph 1 are to be congratulated for a concise, thorough, and well-executed review of the empirical basis supporting or contradicting the various recommendations for the psychotherapy of depression in the American Psychiatric Association and Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines. The recommendations about guideline development given by the authors are eminently reasonable. What is most striking about the overall field of psychotherapy is the paucity of outcome research available. It behooves the mental health professions to understand this deficiency and to decide on a remedial course of action. Psychotherapy does not have a major research tradition. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy, the most widely practiced technique, has developed as a professional service delivered by psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers who have received training in graduate and postgraduate programs organized and operated by professional guilds. Therapeutic techniques have been taught by practicing professionals based on texts written by
Spinal NK-1 receptor expressing neurons mediate opioid-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance via activation of descending pathways

Opioids can induce hyperalgesia in humans and in animals. Mechanisms of opiate-induced hyperalgesia and possibly of spinal antinociceptive tolerance may be linked to pronociceptive adaptations occurring at multiple levels of the nervous system including activation of descending facilitatory influences from the brainstem, spinal neuroplasticity, and changes in primary afferent fibers. Here, the role of NK-1 receptor expressing cells in the spinal dorsal horn in morphine-induced hyperalgesia and spinal antinociceptive tolerance was assessed by ablating these cells with intrathecal injection of SP-saporin (SP-SAP). Ablation of NK-1 receptor expressing cells prevented (a) morphine-induced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity, (b) increased touch-evoked spinal FOS expression, (c) upregulation of spinal dynorphin content and (d) the rightward displacement of the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve (i.e., tolerance). Morphine-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance were also blocked by spinal administration of ondansetron, a serotonergic receptor antagonist. Thus, NK-1 receptor expressing neurons play a critical role in sustained morphine-induced neuroplastic changes which underlie spinal excitability reflected as thermal and tactile hypersensitivity to peripheral stimuli, and to reduced antinociceptive actions of spinal morphine (i.e., antinociceptive tolerance). Ablation of these cells likely eliminates the ascending limb of a spinal-bulbospinal loop that engages descending facilitation and elicits subsequent spinal neuroplasticity. The data may provide a basis for understanding mechanisms of prolonged pain which can occur in the absence of tissue injury.
Homebodies and army brats: Some effects of early linguistic experience and residential history on dialect categorization

Early linguistic experience has been shown to affect speech perception in a variety of ways. The present experiment investigated the effects of early linguistic experience on dialect perception. Two groups of participants listened to sentences read by talkers from six American English dialects and were asked to identify where they thought the talkers were from using a forced-choice categorization task. We found that "army brats," who had lived in at least three different states, performed better than "homebodies," who had lived only in Indiana, in terms of overall categorization accuracy. Army brats who had lived in a given region also categorized talkers from that region more accurately than army brats who had not lived there. Clustering analyses on the stimulus-response confusion matrices revealed significant differences in the perceptual similarity spaces for the two listener groups. These results suggest that early exposure to linguistic variation affects how well listeners can identify where unfamiliar talkers are from.
Flexible patch post‐processing recovery strategies for solution enhancement and adaptive mesh refinement

This study considers local post-processing strategies on contiguous patches of cells (or elements) and the properties and applications of the resulting approximations. For instance, one is interested in accuracy of recovered gradients and in their use in constructing error estimators or error indicators for adaptivity. Hence, there are two distinct concepts: (1) The improved quality of recovered gradients on a local patch; and/or (2) the use of local recovered quantities to construct error indicators to guide adaptive refinement schemes. We present a framework generalizing existing strategies for averaging operators and discuss the advantages of this framework in a parallel computing environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is a Dollar Worth? The Market Value of Cash Holdings

A curious fact of financial markets is that some firms have cash holdings in excess of their market value. To highlight this point, the Wall Street Journal reported that several firms had negative enterprise values (the market value of a company plus its debt and preferred stock minus its cash). This phenomena raises the obvious question: What value do investors place on the cash holdings of a firm? This study addresses this phenomena by investigating the market value of cash held by firms. In general, we estimate the value of a marginal dollar of cash to be about $1.20. However, we find large cross-sectional differences consistent with existing theory on what investors think are most important in firm valuation. We document that the quality and volatility of the firm's investment opportunity set as well as the magnitude of stockholder-bondholder conflicts impact the value shareholders place on cash holdings. Firms with good growth options have their cash valued at a premium to those with poor growth prospects. Additionally, cash is valued less in firms with stable investment programs and those nearer to financial distress. We do not find that access to the capital markets affects shareholder's valuation of cash holdings. Overall, it appears that the investment opportunity set, rather than the financing opportunity set of the firm affects the value that shareholders place on a firm's cash holdings.
A logic-based framework for attribute based access control

Attribute based access control (ABAC) grants accesses to services based on the attributes possessed by the requester. Thus, ABAC differs from the traditional discretionary access control model by replacing the subject by a set of attributes and the object by a set of services in the access control matrix. The former is appropriate in an identity-less system like the Internet where subjects are identified by their characteristics, such as those substantiated by certificates. These can be modeled as attribute sets. The latter is appropriate because most Internet users are not privy to method names residing on remote servers. These can be modeled as sets of service options. We present a framework that models this aspect of access control using logic programming with set constraints of a computable set theory [DPPR00]. Our framework specifies policies as stratified constraint flounder-free logic programs that admit primitive recursion. The design of the policy specification framework ensures that they are consistent and complete. Our ABAC policies can be transformed to ensure faster runtimes.
Decreased macrophage adhesion on nanophase alumina

Extensive interactions of inflammatory cells (such as macrophages) with biomaterials at the host-implant interface are often blamed for failure of implanted biomedical devices. While previous studies have shown increased in vitro and in vivo bone cell responses on nanophase ceramics, few (if any) studies have been conducted elucidating inflammatory cell responses on such novel materials. Nanophase ceramics are intriguing materials for orthopedic implant applications since they mimic the nanometer grain size of natural bone. In this study, we report for the first time that macrophage adhesion on nanophase (97.7 nm grain size) alumina (AI2O3) was significantly less than conventional (187.4 nm grain size) alumina, after 4h. The present in vitro study provides evidence of the ability of nanophase alumina to down-regulate macrophage adhesion, which is imperative for the future consideration of nanophase materials for orthopedic and dental applications.
On the importance of matching strategic behavior and target market selection to business strategy in high-tech markets

Business strategy is fundamentally concerned with the actions required to create superior customer value in the firm’s target markets with the ultimate goal of achieving superior performance. Marketing theory suggests that two critical marketing activities required to achieve this end are: (1) the adoption of appropriate strategic behaviors (i.e., customer-oriented, competitor-oriented, technology-oriented) and (2) targeting of the appropriate market segments (i.e., innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards). This study builds on prior research which demonstrates that the strategic behavior—firm performance relationship is contingent on the firm’s strategy by examining this relationship in high tech markets and by considering the incremental contribution of appropriate target market selection. Responses from 160 senior marketing managers in high-tech firms reveal strong support for our framework. Thus, this study provides useful guidance to executives and managers in high-tech firms regarding the steps that they should take to increase their probability of success.
Increased inducible apoptosis in CD4+ T lymphocytes during polymicrobial sepsis is mediated by Fas ligand and not endotoxin

Recent studies suggest that increased lymphocyte apoptosis (Ao) detected in peripheral blood T cells from burn patients appears to contribute to decreased lymphocyte immunoresponsiveness. However, while it is known that sepsis induces a marked depression in the splenocyte immune response (i.e. decreased interleukin-2, interferon-gamma production and proliferation) in response to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A), it is unknown whether this depression is associated with an increase in inducible Ao and if so, which mediators control this process. To assess this, splenocytes were harvested from mice at 24 hr (a period associated with decreased Con A response) after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis [caecal ligation and puncture (CLP)] or sham-CLP (Sham) and then stimulated with 2.5 microg Con A/ml (24 hr). Septic mouse splenocytes stimulated with Con A, while not showing a change in their phenotypic make-up, did exhibit a marked increase in the percentage of splenocyte that were Ao+ which was associated with altered cytokine release. This appears to be due to an increase in the percentage of Ao+ cells in the CD4+ CD8- population and was associated with enhanced Fas antigen expression as well as an increase in mRNA for the Fas-FasL gene family. To determine if the changes in Ao are due to either endotoxin (a product of Gram-negative bacteria seen in CLP mice) or the expression of Fas ligand (FasL; a mediator of activation-induced lymphocyte Ao), a second set of studies examining Con A-inducible Ao was performed with splenocytes harvested from septic endotoxin-tolerant C3H/HeJ and the FasL-deficient C3H/HeJ-Fasl gld mice. The results show that increased splenocyte Ao detected following CLP is due to a FasL-mediated process and not to endotoxin. Thus the inadvertent up-regulation of FasL-mediated splenocyte Ao may contribute to the depression of splenocyte immune responses seen during polymicrobial sepsis.
Operational Calculus without Transforms

An operational calculus is outlined that enables the determination of the response of any lumped circuit to a general waveform. It is based on elementary notions of operator algebra (sum, product, and inversion of operators) and is rigorously deducible. All processes are carried out in the time domain, no transform or complex-variable theory being needed. The operators turn out to correspond to superposition integrals of impulse responses. Steady-state theory is derived easily as a special case. In particular, the response to any periodic waveform can be calculated by integrations over a single period and is a distinct improvement over the use of Fourier series or Laplace transforms for this problem. The analog of the calculus in the frequency domain is shown to correspond to the use of the bilateral Laplace transformation.
SCHEDULE THINNING FOLLOWING COMMUNICATION TRAINING: USING COMPETING STIMULI TO ENHANCE TOLERANCE TO DECREMENTS IN REINFORCER DENSITY

Functional communication training (FCT) is a widely used treatment for individuals with developmental disabilities who exhibit severe behavior problems. One inherent challenge of employing FCT as a treatment in the community is that reinforcement for appropriate communication cannot always be immediate or even possible in some circumstances. Of the few studies that have incorporated some form of schedule thinning for communication, most have reported disruption of communication or increases in problem behavior when the schedule of reinforcement is thinned. In the current study, we compared FCT with extinction to FCT with extinction and access to competing stimuli. After conducting a functional analysis, a competing stimulus assessment was performed to identify stimuli that produce reinforcement that ostensibly competes with reinforcement that maintains problem behavior. It was hypothesized that FCT with competing stimuli would result in more stable reductions in problem behavior during schedule thinning, which would ultimately result in quicker achievement of the treatment goal (low levels of problem behavior under the terminal reinforcement schedule for communication) than FCT without competing stimuli. Results confirmed this hypothesis.
One- and Two-Particle Microrheology

We study the dynamics of rigid spheres embedded in viscoelastic media and address two questions of importance to microrheology. First, we calculate the complete response to an external force of a single bead in a homogeneous elastic network viscously coupled to an incompressible fluid. From this response function we find the frequency range where the standard assumptions of microrheology are valid. Second, we study fluctuations when embedded spheres perturb the media around them and show that mutual fluctuations of two separated spheres provide a more accurate determination of the complex shear modulus than do the fluctuations of a single sphere.
Global Legal Pluralism: A Jurisprudence of Law Beyond Borders (Introduction)

We live in a world of legal pluralism, where a single act or actor is potentially regulated by multiple legal or quasi-legal regimes imposed by state, substate, transnational, supranational, and nonstate communities. Navigating these spheres of complex overlapping legal authority is inevitably confusing, and we cannot expect territorial borders to solve all the problems that arise because legal norms inevitably flow across such borders. At the same time, trying to create one universal set of legal rules is also often unsuccessful because the sheer variety of human communities and interests thwarts such efforts. Instead, we need an alternative jurisprudence, one that seeks to create or preserve spaces for productive interaction among multiple overlapping legal systems by developing procedural mechanisms, institutions, and practices that aim to manage, without eliminating, the legal pluralism we see around us. Such mechanisms, institutions, and practices can help mediate conflicts, and we may find that the added norms, viewpoints, and participants that are included actually produce better decision making, better adherence to those decisions by participants and non-participants alike, and ultimately better real-world outcomes. Global Legal Pluralism provides a broad synthesis across a variety of legal doctrines and academic disciplines and offers a novel conceptualization of law and globalization.
Synthesis and structures of luminescent ladder-like lanthanide coordination polymers of 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate

Reaction of sodium 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate dihydrate (NaL·2H2O) with LnCl3·6H2O (3 ∶ 1) in refluxing methanol gives the novel isomorphous 1-D framework compounds {[LnL3(H2O)2]·2H2O}∞ (Ln = Tb, Er and Yb) in 46–60% yields; the structures of the compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography and their luminescence properties determined.