cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Progressive Reform to Research and Competition: Higher Education from the Turn of the Twentieth Century Through the Great War

As the institution faced struggles alongside the nation through the Great Depression and ideological adversaries abroad, higher education did not lose its reputation as a supporter of national interests. The focus was on how citizens should be educated to be contributors to the nation in its time of peril. Although nation lost its domestic economic stability, the identity of superiority was still supported by presidential discourse. This discourse represented the nation as morally and culturally superior, a nation of people who supported one another and their nation’s growth and endeavor to return to economic superiority, thus maintaining American superiority more broadly. Higher education was still considered as capable of contributing to the production of citizen-leaders to make this recovery a reality for the nation-state.
Bilingual/bisexual: Linguistic and sexual fluidity in fictional accounts of bilingualism and language learning

Recent work in language and sexuality has emphasized globalization and multilingualism as important areas of investigation ( Bucholtz & Hall 2006 , Leap & Boellstorff 2003 , Murray 2014 ). Concomitantly, other scholars have employed the construct of sexual fluidity as a metaphor for linguistic fluidity ( Otsuji & Pennycook 2010 , Pennycook & Otsuji 2015 ). Few studies, however, have examined how sexual and linguistic fluidity intersect in individual experience. This paper examines metalinguistic discourse in three fictional novels involving bisexual, bilingual characters in order to understand how talk about language informs representations of sexualities. In these texts bilingualism functions in constructing access to queer communities, authenticity, belonging, and emotional control for bisexual characters. Further, sexual and linguistic fluidity are portrayed as lifespan processes embedded in specific time periods. Such understandings point to a need for historical approaches to fluidity that capture longer timescales and multiple dimensions of linguistic and sexual desire, practice, and identity.
Increasing service user participation in local planning. A how-to manual for macro practitioners, by J. M. Dunlop & M. J. Holosko: (2016). Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books, Inc. (222 pp., ISBN: 978-1-9358771-77-4).

This is a hands-on practical manual designed for service users to use in planning for local community service system reform, using a community development-planning model (CDPM). The United States a...
Exploring Integration and Disintegration Mechanisms of Social Mixing Using Agent-Based Model

Social mix is creating socio-economically mixed community to avoid the problems from poverty concentration, and to enhance social interaction among various groups. However, research on the effects of social mix policies is divided, and much research casts doubts on the effectiveness of social mix policies. This strongly implies that we need more knowledge about the unexpected "disintegration" mechanism from social mix policies. This research tries to explore how the social integration and disintegration mechanisms emerge from social mix. By adopting agent-based modeling and simulating diverged scenarios, this research shows how these mechanisms are distinguished by different conditions, and influence unemployment rates. These results help us build empirical evidence that shows how each factors work in these mechanisms, which contributes to create social mix policy, based on more sophisticated and effective policy tools.
Cohesive Zone Law Extraction from an Experimental Peel Test

The measurement of interface mechanical properties between an adhesive layer and a substrate is significant for optimization of a high-quality interface. A common method for measuring these properties is the peel test. Although analytical models exist for the peeling of elastic adhesives from smooth surfaces, there is a need for rigorous experiments in this area. Tests are conducted using a peel arrangement capable of peel angles from 0° to 180°. Experimental validation is achieved through a series of displacement-controlled tests using elastic adhesive tapes. The steady-state peel force is measured at each angle and compared to the predicted values based upon the governing relations of Kendall and Rivlin.
κB-RAS: A Small Gtpase That Influences NF-κB Signaling

#x003BA;B-Ras1 and #x003BA;B-Ras2 are two small proteins that display similarity at the amino acid level to Ras-like small GTPases. Although little is known about the function of the #x003BA;B-Ras proteins, they have been shown to interfere with activation of transcription factor NF-#x003BA;B. They accomplish this by binding to I#x003BA;B proteins, natural inhibitors of NF-#x003BA;B, and delaying their stimulus-dependent degradation. In this chapter, we consider the #x003BA;B-Ras proteins in light of their NF-#x003BA;B regulatory properties. Three fundamental questions about #x003BA;B-Ras function are addressed: 1) Does #x003BA;B-Ras regulate NF-#x003BA;B in vivo? 2) Does #x003BA;B-Ras selectively regulate specific NF-#x003BA;B/I#x003BA;B complexes? 3) Does #x003BA;B-Ras function as a true GTPase, that is, with molecular switching properties that correlate with the phosphorylation state of bound guanine nucleotide? Finally, we detail the methods currently used to study the #x003BA;B-Ras proteins as regulators of NF-#x003BA;B activation
ASYMPTOTIC REACTOR THEORY

It is shown that the results of -- asymptotic reactor theory may be derived simply from the condition that an infinite medium (rather than the correct finite medium) diffusion equation be used to describe the thermal neutron fiux in a reactor. In an asymptotic (bare, homogeneous, thermal) reactor, it is possible to describe the thermal flux through such an equation if the kernel of the infinite medium equation is defined properly, even when the reactor is not ''large.'' The relation between the kernels of the two equations is explicitly derived, and the conditions examined under which the kernel of the infinite medium equation can be interpreted physically as the Green' function of the infinite medium slowing-down problem. It is found that this interpretation is not restricted to the case in which the infinite medium, slowing-down problem can be treated accurately by diffusion theory. Rather, the restriction is that the '' asymptotic'' portion of the flux give a reasonably accurate description of the finite medium Green's function. Thus, the use of transport kernels in asymptotic reactor theory is meaningful. (auth)
Very Special Case; The Theorem for n+1 Even and m+1 Odd

In this chapter we want to show that a (nonplanar) weak relative minimizer\(\hat{X}\)of Dirichlet’s integralDthat is given in the normal form cannot havew=0 as a branch point if its ordernis odd and its indexmis even. Note that such a branch point is not exceptional since n+1 cannot be a divisor of m+1. We shall give the proof only under the assumptions n≥3 since n=1 is easily dealt with by a method presented in the next section. (Moreover it would suffice to treat the case m≥6 since 2m−2<3n is already treated by the Wienholtz theorem. So 2m≥3n+2≥11, i.e. m≥6 since m is even.)
Creativity and Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Global and Knowledge Based Economy: An Ontological Analysis

The paper presents an ontological analysis to capture the complex problem of managing creativity and entrepreneurship for sustainable global and knowledge based economy. The analysis yields a comprehensive natural language elucidation of the problem using a structured terminology. The analysis can be used to systematically develop creative and innovative policies and development strategies.
Plague in the Early Modern World : A Documentary History

Plague in the Early Modern World presents a broad range of primary source materials from Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, China, India, and North America that explore the nature and impact of plague and disease in the early modern world. During the early modern period frequent and recurring outbreaks of plague and other epidemics around the world helped to define local identities and they simultaneously forged and subverted social structures, recalibrated demographic patterns, dictated political agendas, and drew upon and tested religious and scientific worldviews. By gathering texts from diverse and often obscure publications and from areas of the globe not commonly studied, Plague in the Early Modern World provides new information and a unique platform for exploring early modern world history from local and global perspectives and examining how early modern people understood and responded to plague at times of distress and normalcy. Including source materials such as memoirs and autobiographies, letters, histories, and literature, as well as demographic statistics, legislation, medical treatises and popular remedies, religious writings, material culture, and the visual arts, the volume will be of great use to students and general readers interested in early modern history and the history of disease.
Morally Injurious Experiences and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Self-Compassion

Introduction Military veterans are at heightened risk for developing mental and behavioral health problems. Morally injurious combat experiences have recently gained empirical and clinical attention following the increased rates of mental and behavioral health problems observed in this population. Objective Extending extant research, the current investigation assessed the relationship between morally injurious experiences and mental and behavioral health outcomes. Furthermore, it examined the potential protective role of self-compassion in these relationships. Method Participants were 203 military veterans (M age = 35.08 years, 77.30% male) who completed online questionnaires. Results Analyses indicated that self-compassion significantly moderated the relationship between exposure to morally injurious experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder, depression severity, and deliberate self-harm versatility. Conclusions These results highlight the potential clinical utility of self-compassion in military mental health, particularly in the context of morally injurious experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Atrial Fibrillation Increases Risk for 30-Day Hospital Readmission in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Introduction Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) constitutes half of all HF hospitalizations. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common co-morbid condition in HFpEF and an independent predictor of mortality in patients with HFpEF. The effect of AF on hospitalized HFpEF, however, has not been well described. Here, we report the effect of AF on response to acute HF treatment and 30-day hospital readmissions in a hospitalized HFpEF cohort. Methods Subjects enrolled in the Randomized Evaluation of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Dopamine (ROPA-DOP Trial; NCT 01901809) were analyzed for baseline demographic and clinical variables stratified by AF status. Post-hoc analysis was performed with multivariable linear and logistic analyses to assess the association between AF and clinical outcomes. Results Of a total 90 subjects enrolled, 35.6% (n=32) had AF. HFpEF subjects with AF were significantly older (72.5 yr v. 60.5 yr; p Conclusion AF is a common comorbidity in HFpEF and is associated with older age and male sex in a hospitalized HFpEF cohort. The presence of AF was associated with increased risk of 30-day hospital readmission in adjusted analysis. Focused studies on best practice management strategies of AF in HFpEF are warranted.
Design of an Efficient Dual-Resonator Electro-Optic Frequency Comb Generator

We propose and characterize a novel resonator-enhanced electro-optic frequency comb generator that utilizes a second resonator to increase comb conversion efficiency by over 30% (corresponding to a 14-dB increase in average comb power).
Reimagining “Kink”: Transformation, Growth, and Healing Through BDSM:

This article introduces the special issue “Reimagining ‘Kink’: Transformation, growth, and healing in BDSM.” The article provides a description of the atypical sexual/erotic or leisure practices an...
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced acute kidney injury; A review and case study

Introduction: The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly therapeutic classes and are responsible for ten percent of medications dispensed annually. Twelve percent of individuals currently report taking a NSAID daily. Renal injury caused by these agents can present in various forms, resulting from either acute or chronic use. Historically approximately five percent of patients initiated on NSAIDs experience a kidney-related adverse event. Drug-induced renal injury accounts for twenty percent of episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI). Patients requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) have experienced an increased length of stay with associated healthcare costs per incident. The adverse effects of NSAIDs contribute to a significant economic burden, both to the patient and to the healthcare system. Methods: A medical literature review was composed. Results: Numerous risk factors contribute to the development of drug-induced renal injury and disease. Patient specific factors include volume depletion and comorbid conditions. External risk factors such as use of high-risk medications and diagnostic contrast dyes contribute to the increased risk. Implementation of risk mitigation and educational strategies targeting healthcare professionals has the potential to decrease negative clinical and economic outcomes. Conclusion: Healthcare providers’ understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and risk factors associated with AKI is vital to improve patient outcomes. Proactively screening high risk patients and utilizing appropriate mitigation strategies contributes to limiting the incidence and severity of injury. When the use of NSAIDs cannot be avoided, utilization of lower doses may be a suitable alternative.
Why Hepatic CYP2E1-Elevation by Itself Is Insufficient for Inciting NAFLD/NASH: Inferences from Two Genetic Knockout Mouse Models

Hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 is an enzyme engaged in the metabolic biotransformation of various xenobiotics and endobiotics, resulting in both detoxification and/or metabolic activation of its substrates to more therapeutic or toxic products. Elevated hepatic CYP2E1 content is implicated in various metabolic diseases including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), diabetes and obesity. While hepatic CYP2E1 elevation is considered essential to the pathogenesis of these liver diseases, our findings in two mouse models of E3 ubiquitin ligase genetic ablation fed a regular lab chow diet, argue that it is not sufficient for triggering NAFLD/NASH. Thus, albeit comparable hepatic CYP2E1 elevation and functional stabilization in these two models upon E3 ubiquitin ligase genetic ablation and consequent disruption of its ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation, NAFLD/NASH was only observed in the mouse livers that exhibited concurrent SREBP1c-transcriptional upregulation of hepatic lipogenesis. These findings reinforce the critical complicity of an associated prolipogenic scenario induced by either an inherently upregulated hepatic lipogenesis or a high fat/high carbohydrate diet in CYP2E1-mediated NAFLD/NASH.
The crime decline in cross-national context: a panel analysis of homicide rates within latent trajectory groups

During the 1990s, the United States and other wealthy democracies experienced a decline in homicide rates. However, not all nations shared this trend. Despite disparate homicide patterns, researche...
Radiation From a Monopole Antenna Array on an Electrically Large Conducting Convex Surface

Asymptotic solutions based on the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) are well developed and efficient for analyzing radiation, mutual coupling, and scattering associated with electrically large conducting convex surfaces. Relevant UTD solutions are available mostly for infinitesimal sources on or far away from the surface. Hence, UTD solutions have been extensively used to analyze radiation from conformal antennas and antenna arrays on an electrically large convex surface. In this letter, it is proposed to predict far and near field radiations from a monopole antenna array on an electrically large conducting convex surface as a nonconformal array. A UTD solution that allows sources to be on or slightly off the surface is employed after identifying ray paths. UTD results are validated with those of the multilevel fast multipole method.
A Note Concerning Boundary Effects and Long Time Vibrations of Layered Media

In this work, we study the vibration of, and wave propagation in, a periodically laminated composite slab. Special emphasis is given to the long time behavior of the vibration. It is found that a phase shift phenomenon occurs as a result of the interaction of the disturbance with the microstructure and the boundaries of the slab. We provide an asymptotic analysis to explain this phenomenon which we also illustrate by numerical calculations.
Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan

(1999). Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 85-85.
Time-frequency decompositions: Bayesian model-based approaches

Summary form only given. A range of developments in Bayesian time series modelling in prevoius years has focussed on issues of identifying latent structure in non-stationary time series, particularly driven by applications in which time-varying spectral structure of time series is an inherent and prime feature. This article reviews some of these developments, including the theoretical and methodological basis of decomposition methods in state-space models. The resulting methods can be viewed as providing a time-domain representation of changing spectral characteristics. Examples are drawn from problems in clinical EEG studies, where the assessment of changes over time in the frequency structure of components of EEG signals is key to characterising brain seizures under various treatments.
A Numerical Comparison of Rule Ensemble Methods and Support Vector Machines

A Numerical Comparison of Rule Ensemble Methods and Support Vector Machines Juan Meza ∗ Mark Woods † December 18, 2009 Abstract Machine or statistical learning is a growing ﬁeld that encompasses many scientiﬁc problems including estimating parameters from data, identifying risk factors in health studies, image recognition, and ﬁnding clusters within datasets, to name just a few examples. Statistical learning can be described as “learning from data”, with the goal of making a prediction of some outcome of interest. This prediction is usually made on the basis of a computer model that is built using data where the outcomes and a set of features have been previously matched. The computer model is called a learner, hence the name machine learning. In this paper, we present two such algorithms, a support vector machine method and a rule ensemble method. We compared their predictive power on three supernova type 1a data sets provided by the Nearby Supernova Factory and found that while both methods give accuracies of approximately 95%, the rule ensemble method gives much lower false negative rates. Introduction Machine or statistical learning is a growing ﬁeld that encompasses many scientiﬁc problems includ- ing estimating parameters from data, identifying risk factors in health studies, image recognition, and ﬁnding clusters within datasets, to name just a few examples. In the recent book on statistical learning by Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman [9], they describe this ﬁeld as “learning from data”, with the goal of making a prediction of some outcome of interest. This prediction is usually made on the basis of a computer model that is built using data where the outcomes and a set of features have been previously matched. The computer model is called a learner, hence the name machine learning. In this paper, we present two such algorithms and compare their predictive power on three supernova type 1a data sets provided by the Nearby Supernova Factory [1]. The general form of a machine learning problem can be described as follows: given a set of training data {x i , y i } N where each x i ∈ n is an observation with a set of n attributes, each y i is the ith observation’s response, and N is the number of observations, ﬁnd a mapping that will predict the response y. That is, the goal is to produce a function F (x) that minimizes the risk over all future predictions deﬁned as: R R(F (x)) = E xy L(y, F (x)), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 50B-4230, Berkeley, CA 94720, JCMeza@lbl.gov; Supported in part by the Director, Oﬃce for Advanced Scientiﬁc Computing Research, Division of Computational Science Research and Partnerships(SciDAC) of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MWoods@lbl.gov
Discovering long range properties of social networks with multi-valued time-inhomogeneous models

The current methods used to mine and analyze temporal social network data make two assumptions: all edges have the same strength, and all parameters are time-homogeneous. We show that those assumptions may not hold for social networks and propose an alternative model with two novel aspects: (1) the modeling of edges as multi-valued variables that can change in intensity, and (2) the use of a curved exponential family framework to capture time-inhomogeneous properties while retaining a parsimonious and interpretable model. We show that our model outperforms traditional models on two real-world social network data sets.
Energy for 500 Million Homes: Drivers and Outlook for Residential Energy Consumption in China

E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Energy for 500 million Homes: Drivers and Outlook for Residential Energy Consumption in China Nan Zhou, Michael A. McNeil, Mark Levine Environmental Energy Technologies Division June 2009 This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- AC02-05CH11231.
A method for teaching problem assessment [engineering education]

In practice, engineers face open-ended problems that they must define and solve. In contrast, engineering class assignments are often well defined. In order to facilitate student learning in exploring and formulating problems, an interactive assignment structure is proposed. In this paper, a project assignment structure is presented to encourage students to ask questions, to cross disciplines in seeking information, and to be creative in defining a problem and developing solution alternatives. A specific implementation of the proposed method is described.
Analysis of lossless data compression using multirate filter banks

This paper presents a comparison of the results of performing lossless data compression on individual signals with the results of performing lossless data compression on the signals generated by separating the individual signals into multiple frequency bands. The lossless data compression on each signal or on each signal subband is performed using linear predictive coding combined with arithmetic coding of the residual signals. The comparison includes both computer time required and resulting compression ratios, and is accompanied by an energy distribution analysis of the eight seismic signals used in the analysis.
Fracture and Fatigue Failure Behavior of Fluoroelastomers

Fluoroelastomers (FEs) are a class of elastomers with very high chemical resistance and wide service temperature which are being used in chemically harsh environments. In the present work, the fatigue failure characteristics of FEs have been studied. Fatigue Crack Propagation (FCP) experiments were conducted on single edge notch (SEN) specimens in displacement control. The strain range was kept constant at about 14% with a frequency of 0.5 Hz. FCP data such as, the number of cycles, crack length, and hysteresis loop, were recorded in order to correlate the crack speed to the energy release rate. In addition, the static behavior of the material has been examined in view of both notched and un-notched specimens. Post failure analysis was performed on the fractured samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The fractographic features associated with different FCP stages were identified. As the FCP speed increased, the roughness of the fracture surface decreased. Multiple cracks and fracture lines, at ...
RNA polymerase II pauses at the 5' end of the transcriptionally induced Drosophila hsp70 gene.

Abstract An RNA polymerase II molecule is associated with the 5' end of the Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 gene under non-heat shock conditions. This polymerase is engaged in transcription but has paused, or arrested, after synthesizing about 25 nucleotides (A. E. Rougvie and J. T. Lis, Cell 54:795-804, 1988). Resumption of elongation by this paused polymerase appears to be the rate-limiting step in hsp70 transcription in uninduced cells. Here we report results of nuclear run-on assays that measure the distribution of elongating and paused RNA polymerase molecules on the hsp70 gene in induced cells. Pausing of polymerase was detected at the 5' end of hsp70 in cells exposed to the intermediate heat shock temperatures of 27 and 30 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, each copy of hsp70 was transcribed approximately five times during the 25-min heat shock that we used. Therefore, once the hsp70 gene is induced to an intermediate level, initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II remains more rapid than the resumption of elongation by a paused polymerase molecule.
Calculation of Judd-Ofelt parameters for Er3+ in β-NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ from emission intensity ratios and diffuse reflectance spectra

Abstract We report the calculation of Er3+ Judd-Ofelt (JO) parameters for β-phase NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+. The parameters were extracted from measured emission intensity ratios and the diffuse reflectance spectrum, augmented by a single radiative rate constant. The derived parameters were used to calculate the entire suite of radiative rate constants for the f–f transitions of Er3+ in the visible and near infrared (NIR) range and to calculate the absorbance spectrum. Two sets of JO parameter values, in units of pm2, were calculated using two available sets of reduced matrix elements (Ω2 2.36, Ω4 0.22, Ω6 1.24) and (Ω2 2.43, Ω4 0.21, Ω6 1.22).
Continuous fermentation of feed streams containing D-glucose and D-xylose in a two-stage process utilizing immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus.

In the U.S., forest and crop residues contain enough glucose and xylose to supply 10 times the country's usage of ethanol and ethylene, but an efficient fermentation scheme is lacking,(1,2,3) To develop a strategy for process design, specific ethanol productivities and yields of Pachysolen tannophilus NRRL Y-2460 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-2235 were compared. Batch cultures and continuous stirred reactors (CSTR) loaded with immobilized cells were fed glucose and xylose. As expected from previous reports, Y-2235 fermented glucose but not xylose. Y-2460 consumed both sugars but fermented glucose inefficiently relative to Y-2235, and it suffered a diauxic lag lasting 10-20 h when given a sugar mixture. Immobilized Y-2235 exhibited increasing productivity but constant yield with in creasing glucose concentration. In contrast, Y-2460 exhibited an optimum productivity at 30-40 g/L xylose and a declining yield with increasing xylose concentration. Immobilized Y-2235 tolerated more than 100 g/L ethanol while the productivity and yield of Y-2460 fell by 80 and 58%, respectively, as ethanol reached 50 g/L. A 38.8-g/L ethanol stream could be produced as 103 g/L xylose was continuously fed to Y-2460. If it was blended with a 274 g/L glucose stream to give a composite of 23.7 g/L ethanol and 107 g/L glucose, Y-2235 could en rich the ethanol to 75 g/L. Taken together these results suggest use of a two-stage continuous reactor for pro cessing xylose and glucose from lignocellulose. An immobilized Y-2460 CSTR (or cascade) would convert the hemicellulose hydrolyzate. Then downstream, an immobilized Y-2235 plug flow reactor would enrich the hemicellulose-derived ethanol to more than 70 g/L upon addition of cellulose hydrolyzate.
Triblock copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and delivery of a model protein.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize biodegradable and thermosensitive triblock copolymers for delivering protein at controlled rate in biologically active form for longer duration of time. A series of thermosensitive triblock copolymers with different block lengths (PLGA–PEG–PLGA) were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of d , l -lactide and glycolide with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the presence of stannous octoate. Compositions and molecular weight of triblock copolymers were characterized by 1 H NMR spectrometry and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. A single test-tube inverting method was employed to determine the sol–gel transition temperature. Lysozyme was used as a model protein. Lysozyme solution formulation was prepared with different triblock copolymers for in vitro release. Lysozyme concentration and its biological activity in the released sample were determined using a standard MicroBCA method and bacterial cell lysis method, respectively. The effects of varying block lengths and concentrations of copolymers on the in vitro release of lysozyme were evaluated. The release profiles from formulations showed a higher initial release followed by slower release up to 4 weeks. Increasing the block lengths of copolymers decreased burst release of lysozyme from 41.2 ± 5.4% to 16.1 ± 3.9%. Increasing copolymer concentrations decreased the drug release. Lysozyme in the 4 weeks released samples retained most of its biological activity (>80%). It is feasible to deliver protein in biologically active form for longer duration by varying block lengths and concentrations of triblock copolymers.
Activities of glycolytic enzymes during the early stages of differentiation in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Activities of fructose diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) and the enzymes in the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic sequence from hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) through lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) were estimated in extracts of starved myxamoebae and cells at the preculmination stage of Dictyostelium discoideum. The activities, in terms of μmoles of substrate or product/min per 100 mg soluble protein at 22°, ranged from 0.1 or less and 0.4 for fructose diphosphatase and hexokinase, resp., to 35 to 49 for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) and phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3), resp., in starved myxamoebae. Activities tended to increase slightly on progression to the preculmination stage, but in no case did the increase exceed a factor of 3, and in some instances (aldolase (EC 4.1.2.7) for example) a slight decline occured. Allowing the possible exception of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) the least active enzyme in the direction of gluconeogenesis was fructose diphosphatase, and there was no detectable increase in its activity during differentiation. It is concluded that any great acceleration in the rate of gluconeogenesis via glycolysis during culmination is brought about by changing substrate levels or by intracellular relocalization rather than by an increase in total enzyme activity. Comparison of the profile of glycolytic enzyme activities in the slime mold with those of liver, brain, and ascites tumor (literature values) revealed that the slime mold profile resembled that of liver most closely, but differed from all in its low lactate dehydrogenase activity.
Nanodispersions of bubbles and oil drops in water

Explanations are suggested for the experimental observations that nanobubbles and oil nanodrops dispersions in water have a long life. The increased stability of nanobubbles occurs because their ascensional velocity, provided by the Hadamard–Rybczynski equation, is proportional to the square of their radius. As a consequence, for radii in the nanorange, the ascensional velocity is extremely low. In addition, the repulsive electrostatic interactions among them during their ascensional motion oppose coalescence. The presence of air in nanoemulsions increases the ascensional velocity of the nanodrops because it generates bubbles which being hydrophobic become attached to the hydrophobic drops, thus decreasing both the average density of the drop–bubble complex and the friction between the oil drop and water. As a result, the ascensional velocity is increased above the value provided by the Hadamard–Rybczynski equation. Consequently, by degassing the nanoemulsions one can increase their stability. In addition, evidence is brought for the existence of a hydrodynamic attractive force which generates coalescence.
A note on global taxes and aid for development

Purpose – The paper aims to investigate the possible crowding‐out of regular development aid by global taxes.Design/methodology/approach – The paper models cross‐country interactions in aid giving using a simple Cournot‐Nash framework.Findings – The paper argues that global taxes could lead to an increase in aid‐cum‐tax revenue if such taxes produce a globally net positive income effect. Whether this condition can be satisfied is very much an open empirical issue. An alternative to global taxes is cooperative aid‐giving among donors, which this paper shows will always result in more global aid.Originality/value – The paper highlights the need for a shift of policy focus from designing global taxes to designing viable mechanisms for effective aid coordination, for which multilateral institutions could play a crucial role.
Use of Public Records to Compare Respondents and Nonrespondents in a Study of Recent Widows

Little is known about bereaved persons who refuse to participate in bereavement research, although participants have been assumed to be representative of the bereaved. This assumption is examined in a study of older women in their first, second, or third year of widowhood. To identify sources of sample bias, data from deceased husbands' death certificates (N = 2,331) were used to compare respondents and nonrespondents at stages in the recruitment process: assumed located, returned reply card, agreed to hear more, wished to participate, eligible, and interviewed. The low participation rate (N= 376) did not produce a major bias, although small, statistically significant differences in deceased husband's age, race, education, place and cause of death were revealed. Differences by recruitment stage were observed, as were differences by cohort. Recent widows were more likely to participate. Implications for achieving representative samples are discussed.
Evidence for a disturbance of the body schema in neglect.

Abstract Subjects with left neglect often fail to use and, in some instances, recognize the left side of the body. We performed a series of investigations to determine if this deficit is, at least in part, attributable to an impairment in the “body schema,” an internal three-dimensional, dynamic representation of the spatial and biomechanical properties of one's body. First, subjects were shown a series of pictures of a single hand and asked to determine if the stimulus was a right or left hand. Subjects with neglect but not other subjects with brain lesions identified pictures of left (contralesional) hands significantly less reliably than pictures of right hands. On the basis of evidence demonstrating that the identification of pictured hands involves the matching of the stimuli to an on-line mental representation of one's body, these data suggest that neglect may be associated with a disruption of, or failure to attend to, the body schema. Data from subsequent investigations contrasting patients with left neglect and Gerstmann's syndrome argue for a distinction between a body schema and a “body image,” or conceptual representation of the body which articulates with language.
Aromatase expression in the human breast

The plasma levels of free estradiol are very low in postmenopausal women. However, concentrations of estrogens within breast tissue have been reported to be higher than in plasma and similar to plasma concentrations in premenopausal women. One mechanism by which this may occur is for breast cells to synthesize estrogens themselves and produce high concentrations locally. Thus, tumor aromatase may be a significant source of estrogen which stimulates tumor growth. To address the question of the importance of this pathway, we have investigated the expression of aromatase within the normal breast and breast cancers. Because conventional biochemical assays for measuring aromatase activity require relatively large amounts of tissue, we developed an immunocytochemical method using a monoclonal antibody to determine the expression of aromatase. The method can be applied to sections of tumors embedded in paraffin blocks as routinely prepared for pathology. Since we have previously shown that mRNA for aromatase (P450 arom) and the protein are expressed in the same cells of the human placenta, we used in situ hybridization of sequence specific probes to P450 arom mRNA in breast tissue as one method to verify the specificity of the immunocytochemical detection of the enzyme. Both immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization identified aromatase enzyme and mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the terminal ductal lobula units (TDLU) and surrounding stromal cells of the normal human breast, and in the tumor epithelial cells and stromal cells of breast cancers. In addition, evidence for the functional significance of tumor aromatase was indicated by a correlation between aromatase activity and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the tumor, and by increased thymidine incorporation into DNA in response to testosterone in tumors in histoculture which had high aromatase activity but not in those with low activity. The findings suggests that estrogen produced locally is important in enhancing proliferation of the tumor.
Concepts of Surgical Correction-Segmental Derotation and Translation Techniques

Current surgical tools and techniques allow for an unprecedented ability to correct even the most severe scoliotic deformities. The development of rigid segmental instrumentation devices (pedicle screw) has revolutionized the spine surgeon's capability to manipulate the spine and reduce its deformity. Rod rotation involves placing a preshaped rod in one or both sides of a curve and rotating it to achieve curve reduction. Rod translation comprises using specialized devices, such as a "persuader," to reduce a curve sequentially as vertebral segments are translated onto a rod maintained in normal position. Both maneuvers have become popularized to obtain triplanar correction using segmental instrumentation. In this article, the authors discuss and illustrate segmental derotation and translation techniques.
Apatite as a monitor of late-stage magmatic processes at Volcan Irazu ´ , Costa Rica

Apatite phenocrysts from the 1963 and 1723 eruptions of Irazu volcano (Costa Rica) record a volatile evolution history that confirms previous melt inclusion studies, and provides additional information concerning the relative and absolute timing of subvolcanic magmatic events. Measurements of H, Cl, and F by secondary ion mass spectrometry reveal multiple populations of apatite in both 1723 and 1963 magmas. Assuming nominal apatite/melt partition coefficients allows us to compare the pattern of melt inclusions and apatites in ternary space, demonstrating the fidelity of the record preserved in apatite, and revealing a complex history of magma mixing with at least two components. The preservation of heterogeneous populations of apatite and of internally heterogeneous crystals requires short timescales (days to years) for these magmatic processes to occur.
Geographically weighted spatial modelling of sediment quality in Lake Okeechobee, Florida

Lake Okeechobee is a large shallow lake with over 44% (as of 2006) being underlain with phosphorus-enriched mud sediments. Wind-induced sediment re-suspension may play a significant role in the nutrient cycling of this lake. It is critical to develop optimal models with low uncertainty to map the distribution and changes of total phosphorus (TP) over time. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a powerful spatial regression method that examines the details of relationship between the target variable and independent variables and their changes over space. The calibrated GWR models were applied to data sets of organic mud sediment from Lake Okeechobee collected in 1988, 1998 and 2006. Three sets of ancillary data were also used in the models: total iron (Fe), which was strongly and positively correlated to TP (0.69–0.72); mud thickness, which was moderately and positively correlated to TP (0.57–0.72); and site elevation, which was weakly but negatively correlated to TP (−0.46- −0.55). The GWR models we...
Extended Dislocation Barriers on {112} Planes in Anisotropic Body-Centered Cubic Crystals

Two glissile extended dislocations on intersecting {112} planes in a body-centered cubic crystal can interact to form various stair-rod configurations. The stability of these configurations has been determined on the basis of anisotropic elasticity theory for each of ten b.c.c. elements. The widths of the possible extended barriers in each element have been computed in terms of the stacking fault energy. Zwei ausgedehnte gleitende Versetzungen auf sich schneidenden {112} Ebenen eines k.r.z. Kristalls bilden miteinander verschiedene Treppengitterstrukturen (“stair-rod configurations”). Die Stabilitat dieser Strukturen wurde mit einer Theorie fur elastisch anisotrope Medien fur jedes von zehn k.r.z. Elementen bestimmt. Die Ausdehnung der moglichen Barrieren in jedem Element wurde aus der Stapelfehlerenergie berechnet.
Re-serviced females on commercial swine breeding farms.

The objectives of this study were to observe subsequent reproductive performance of re-serviced females by the number of services within a parity, to measure mean days to re-service and culling intervals, to determine lifetime performance in re-serviced gilts, and to investigate re-serviced females across parities on commercial farms. Reproduction records on 539 U.S.A. farms were used to observe re-serviced females by the number of service groups at the herd level. Farrowing rate decreases by approximately 10%, and re-service occurrence increases by approximately 5% for each increase in the number of services increase within a parity group (P 50 days), a lower parity at culling (>0.5) and fewer lifetime pigs born alive (>2 pigs) than non-return gilts (P<0.05), but no difference in average pigs born alive per parity was found between re-serviced gilt groups and non-return gilts. Of 19,677 re-serviced females, 35.6% had two or more re-services across parities in pig life, 10.6% had 3 or more re-services, and 1.95% had four or more re-services. Accurate estrus detection with a boar and improved mating techniques on re-serviced females are suggested to improve herd productivity.
Selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons by low concentrations of 6-OHDA and MPP+: protection by acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

Abstract We optimized a mesencephalic cell culture system to employ low concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4 phenylpyrdium (MPP + ), neurotoxins known to trigger oxidative stress in dopaminergic cells. Both 6-OHDA and MPP + at 5 μM reproducibly reduced the survivial of dopaminergic neurons by 50–70% ( p p
First results from the ionospheric radio occultations of Saturn by the Cassini spacecraft

[1] The first set of near-equatorial occultations of the Saturn ionosphere was obtained by the Cassini spacecraft between May and September of 2005. The occultations occurred at near-equatorial latitudes, between 10°N and 10°S, at solar zenith angles from about 84° to 96°. The entry observations correspond to dusk conditions and the exit ones to dawn. An initial look at the data indicates that the average peak densities are lower and the peak altitude higher at dawn than at dusk, possibly the result of ionospheric decay during the night hours. There are also significant differences between individual dawn and dusk occultations; the initial thought is that this variation must be connected to changes in the water inflow into the upper atmosphere and/or variations in the particle impact ionization rates.
Reversal of epidermal hyperproliferation in essential fatty acid deficient guinea pigs is accompanied by rapid generation of inositol triphosphate

This study probes the extent of coupling between the reversal of epidermal hyperproliferation induced by essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in guinea pigs, the hydrolysis of epidermal phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns4,5P2), and the rapid formation of inositol triphosphate (InsP3). Our data revealed that the incorporation of free [3H]-inositol into phosphatidylinositol 4P and PtdIns4,5P2 of microsomal preparations from hyperproliferative epidermis was markedly elevated when compared with epidermis from normal-fed animals. The reversal of the hyperproliferating epidermis by dietary cross-over supplementations with safflower oil and primrose oil resulted in striking morphological normalization, cellular decrease in epidermal DNA synthesis, decrease in the biosynthesis of 14C-PtdIn4,5P2 from precursor 14C-inositol, and a significant increase in the rapid generation of transient InsP3 by epidermis from the crossover-fed animals. These findings taken together indicate that the reversal of epidermal hyperproliferation to normal in guinea pig skin and the increased capability of the tissue microsomal preparation to generate InsP3 are linked in this tissue, and raise the possibility that epidermal inositol-phospholipid metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous hyperproliferative disorders.
Reorganization Energy Induced by Noncovalent Bonding Interaction in Electron Transfer Reactions

A simple model is proposed to calculate a component of the electron-transfer reorganization energy derived from the reversible process of noncovalnt bond formation/dissociation between the reactant and hydrogen bonding donor or ligand. In the model, the reorganization of the formation/dissociation of the noncovalent-bonded complex is estimated by considering the chemical equilibrium change during the electron-transfer reaction. The effects of the hydrogen bonding and the ligand binding on the reorganization energies are calculated for the one-electron reduction processes of quinones, flavin, and the hem-fragment of cytochrome c based on the formation/dissociation constants of the noncovalent-bonded complexes in the liquid phase.
Atomic relaxations and thermodynamics on Cu(410)

Abstract Multilayer atomic relaxations and local thermodynamic properties around the steps on Cu(410) are studied using a many-body interaction potential based on the embedded atom method. The step atoms are found to relax at an angle of 38.6° with respect to the terrace normal, having a displacement of 0.13 A from their bulk terminated position, in good agreement with recent experimental data. Moreover, the mean square vibrational amplitudes of the surface atoms are found to be anisotropic.