cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Snowpack Properties and Estimation of Snow Grain Size using CLPX Data

In this study, we focus on analysis of snow grain size behavior with respect to other snow parameters such as snow depth, density, and temperature. We derive a pattern which can be used to approximate the range of grain size variations. NASA Cold-Land Process Experiment data includes measurements of the grain size, density, and temperature in different layers of snowpack profile. The analysis showed that the snow density and temperature usually increase towards the snow-ground interface. The grain size profile shows an increase as well towards the bottom. Overall, the snow grain size variation is highly correlated with both snow density and temperature. The correlation is generally higher between snow grain size and temperature as compared with grain size and density. Thus, snowpack temperature profile might be estimated by a linear function having the top and bottom temperature. Using snowpack temperature, the grain size evolution can be approximated.
Rotavirus Vaccination: Cost-Effectiveness and Impact on Child Mortality in Developing Countries

Background. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children !5 years of age and is responsible for 1500,000 deaths annually; 85% of this burden is in low-income countries eligible for financial support from the GAVI Alliance. We projected the uptake, health impact, and cost-effectiveness of introducing rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries to help policy makers in prioritizing resources to gain the greatest healthimprovements for their constituencies.Methods. A demand forecast model was used to predict adoption of rotavirus vaccine in the poorest countries in the world. We then modeled health outcomes and direct costs of a hypothetical birth cohort in the target population for scenarios with and without a rotavirus vaccine with use of data on health outcomes of rotavirus infection, vaccine effectiveness, and immunization rates.Results. Vaccination would prevent 2.4 million rotavirus deaths and 182 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 64 of the 72 GAVI-eligible countries introducing vaccine from 2007 through 2025. The cost per DALY averted decreases over time, from a high of US$450 per DALY averted in the first year to a sustained low of $30 per DALY during 2017–2025, with a cumulative figure of $43 per DALY averted during 2008–2025. By applyingthe baseline scenario with an initial vaccine price of $7 per dose for a 2-dose vaccine, with a gradual decrease beginning in 2012 and stabilizing at $1.25 per dose by 2017, vaccination was very cost-effective in all GAVI-eligible countries with use of each country’s gross domestic product per DALY averted as a threshold. Conclusions. Introduction of rotavirus vaccines into the world’s poorest countries is very cost-effective and is projected to substantially reduce childhood mortality
Gender schemata: Individual differences and context effects

Although individual differences have often been ignored, children do differ in the stereotyping of their gender identities and attitudes (gender schemata). For example, children with traditionally stereotyped gender schemata process information about gender differently from children who have less stereotyped schemata.
Consumer recycling goals and their effect on decisions to recycle: A means-end chain analysis

Means-end chain theory and the laddering methodology were used to derive the goals relevant to consumers for recycling, as well as the interrelations among goals. The importance of the goals and their hierarchical structure were also tested, and their effects on attitudes, subjective norms, and past behavior determined. Data were collected on 133 consumers in a moderate-size metropolitan community by use of a random digit dialing procedure. The overall framework emerging from the analyses is one where concrete goals lead to more abstract goals, and attitudes and past behavior intervene between goals and intentions in decision making. Nineteen total goals were uncovered, with 15 ultimately found to be salient. The topmost goals in the hierarchy were “promote health/avoid sickness,” “achieve life-sustaining ends,” and “provide for future generations.” The key lower-order goals—“avoid filling up landfills,” “reduce waste,” “reuse materials,” and “save the environment”—work through such intermediary goals as “reduce messy trash,” “curtail pollution,” “save resources,” and “save the planet.” Two important terminal goals that were also at intermediate levels in the hierarchy were “save/earn money” and “it's the right thing to do.” © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Hierarchical Linear Modeling Analysis of Working Memory and Implicit Prosody in the Resolution of Adjunct Attachment Ambiguity

An eye-movement monitoring experiment investigated readers' response to temporarily ambiguous sentences. The sentences were ambiguous because a relative clause could attach to one of two preceding nouns. Semantic information disambiguated the sentences. Working memory considerations predict an overall preference for the second of the two nouns, as does the late closure principle (Frazier, On comprehending sentences: Syntactic parsing strategies. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut. West Bend, IN: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1979). Previous studies assessing preferences for such items have obtained mixed results. On-line assessments show that working memory affects the degree of preference for the first noun, with lower capacity readers having a greater preference for the second noun (Felser et al., Language Acquisition: A Journal of Developmental Linguistics, 11, 127-163, 2003; Traxler, Memory & Cognition, 35, 1107-1121, 2007). Off-line assessments indicate the opposite pattern of preferences when the test sentences are displayed on a single line (Swets et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 64-81, 2007). However, when implicit prosody is manipulated by displaying the sentences with a break between the second noun and the relative clause, the off-line assessments indicate that readers prefer to attach the relative clause to the first noun. In this experiment, readers' undertook a working memory assessment and then read test sentences that were displayed across two lines, with a break appearing after the second noun and before the relative clause. The eye-tracking data indicated an overall preference to attach the relative clause to the first noun, and there was little indication that working memory moderated the degree of preference for this configuration. Hence, it appears that readers' implicit prosodic contours rapidly affect resolution of adjunct attachment ambiguities.
Mass transfer during freezing in rat prostate tumor tissue

Cryosurgery for treating prostate cancer is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms whereby tissue destruction is achieved during freezing. The two known biophysical mechanisms of injury, intracellular ice formation and cellular dehydration injury (solute effects), have not been quantified within tumor tissue. Freeze substitution microscopy and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to quantify freeze-induced dehydration within Dunning AT-1 rat prostate tumor tissue. Stereological analysis of histological tumor sections was used to obtain the initial cellular (Vo), interstitial, and vascular volumes of the AT-1 tumor tissue. A Boyle-van´t Hoff (BVH) plot was then constructed by examining freeze substituted micrographs of equilibrium cooled tissue slices to obtain the osmotically inactive cell volume, Vb = 0.25Vo. Obtaining dynamic cellular water transport information from the freeze substitution microscopy data proved difficult because of the artifact added by the high interstitial volume (∼35%). Since the DSC technique does not suffer from this artifact, a model of water transport was fit to the DSC water transport data at 5°, 10° and 20°C/min to obtain the combined best fit membrane permeability parameters of the embedded AT-1 tumor cells, assuming either a Krogh cylinder geometry or a spherical cell geometry. Numerical simulations were also performed to generate conservative estimates of intracellular ice volume (IIV) in the tumor tissue at various cooling rates typical of those experienced during cryosurgery (≤100°C/min). Water transport data in tumor systems with significant interstitial spaces can be obtained by using histology and the low-temperature microscopy methods to obtain the initial and final tissue cell volumes, respectively, and the DSC technique to obtain the dynamic volume changes during freezing.
The Cauchy Problem for Linear Hyperbolic Equations in General

We begin with the second order linear equation in two independent variables $$a{u_{xx}}\; + \;2b{u_{xy}}\; + \;c{u_{yy}}\; + \;d{u_x}\; + \;e{u_y}\; + \;f\; = \;g,\;$$ (1) where the coefficients a,b,c,... are given functions of x and y in a domain D, having continuous second derivatives in D and satisfying the condition for being hyperbolic, ac — b2 < 0.
Circulating Antibodies to Bovine Albumin in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease: Characterization of the Antibody Response

Abstract The presence of antibodies against a dietary protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was investigated in the serum of normal subjects and patients with inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Antibodies to BSA were demonstrated in 28 of 30 patients with ulcerative colities (93%), 30 of 35 with Crohn's disease (86%), 5 with untreated celiac disease and in 12 of 28 normal subjects (43%). In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, antibodies to BSA were present in greater amounts in those with severe and moderate disease than in those with mild disease. Moreover, in those patients with high titers of circulating antibody, the serum anti-BSA activity was always associated with IgG and sometimes with IgA. These findings suggest that an increased absorption of antigenic material and stimulation of antibody production may occur in association with intestinal mucosal damage, not only in ulcerative colitis and celiac disease, but also in Crohn's disease.
Preface to the special issue on “Thin films and fluid interfaces”

Free-surface problems, where the boundary of a moving body of fluid evolves as part of the dynamics, are one of the most interesting and challenging areas in the field of fluid dynamics. Such problems are ubiquitous in natural settings over a wide range of physical scales, from the propagation of surface waves on oceans to the spreading of raindrops on plant leaves. These systems exhibit intricate behaviors and have inspired many different types of applied studies in physics and engineering such as using fluid wetting to test substrate material properties, improving transport in designs of microfluidic devices, and investigating self-assembly of patterned materials. Likewise, free-surface problems have been a long-standing source of fundamental mathematical questions on how to formulate models, analyze systems of nonlinear partial differential equations, and compute efficient numerical simulations. Within the broad spectrum of free-surface problems, one of the most developed branches concerns the behaviors produced by slender bodies of fluids, such as jets and thin sheets [1]. These problems are fundamental to many physical situations including coating processing that involve the spreading of thin films of fluids on solid substrates [2]. The governing equations for these flows are derived through the use of longwave asymptotics and lubrication theory. The resulting mathematical models are higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations that include the influences of surface tension and the geometry of the problem. Some notable papers have given overviews of physical [3–10], mathematical [11–14], and computational [15,16] aspects of this field. Contributing to this rich and active field of research, the motivation for this special issue of the Journal of Engineering Mathematics came from the workshop on “Thin Liquid Films and Fluid Interfaces: Models, Experiments and Applications” held at the Banff International Research Station (BIRS) on December 9–14, 2012 [17]. The workshop added to the growing list of focused meetings organized by various members of this research community. Some of the other conferences in the field were held at BIRS in 2003–2010 [18–21], UCLA’s IPAM center in 2006 [22], the EUROMECH 490 workshop in London in 2007 [23], two meetings at ICMS in Edinburgh in 1999 and 2009 (EUROMECH 497) [24,25], at the Fields Institute in 2012 [26], and the 2013 programme at the Newton Institute at Cambridge University [27]. Several of these meetings have inspired special issues of journals containing new research results on thin film problems [28–32]. An international and interdisciplinary array of researchers in physics, engineering, and applied mathematics attended the 2012 BIRS workshop. Physical problems discussed at the meeting spanned applications from nanoscale to geophysical settings and physiological to industrial contexts. Mathematical questions on modeling of complex fluids and fluid–structure interactions also led to spirited interactions among the conference participants.
Why the Crisis Was Unavoidable and Why TARP Didn’t Help

This paper creates a simple model to describe the relationships between, banks, mortgage agencies, mortgage arrangers, and aspiring home owners. Using this model, the author illustrates how slight changes in real estate appreciation assumptions would reverberate through the collateralized debt market creating a reverse feedback loop which fed cheap credit. Building further on the model, the author then describes how the incentive structures of the collateralized debt market rationally incentivized over investment in high credit risk individuals. The author then explains how these two phenomena, in consort, created bank insolvency. By tracking the repercussions of these two phenomena through this simple model the author suggests that while the crisis may have been exacerbated by bad behavior, it may still not have been avoidable absent serious regulatory intervention. In addition, the author explains why TARP I failed and why TARP II, while correct in theory, was too late to stop the bleeding.
Dry Gas Operation of Ball Bearings at Cryogenic Temperatures

Previous work at the National Bureau of Standards Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory [1, 2] has shown the excellent endurance characteristics of some ball-bearing configurations while running submerged in liquid nitrogen.
Effect of patient comorbidities on filling of antihypertensive prescriptions.

Objectives To evaluate the extent of patient failure to fill antihypertensive prescriptions and to test the hypothesis that the presence of noncardiovascular disease is negatively associated with filling an antihypertensive prescription, and, conversely, that the presence of cardiovascular disease is positively associated with filling an antihypertensive prescription. Study design Cross-sectional. Methods We sampled prescriptions written for 327 African Americans aged >or=18 years. Patients were enrolled in a Medicaid managed care plan and treated in 6 primary care practices between January 1, 2003, and February 8, 2005. Prescription filling was defined as a match between a new or renewed electronic prescription and an insurance claim within the next 30 days. We assessed the association of comorbidity type with filling an antihypertensive prescription by using an adjusted logistic regression model that accounted for clustering of prescriptions within patients. Results Of 1742 antihypertensive prescriptions, 1309 (75.1%) were filled. Prescriptions written for persons with 5 or more noncardiovascular comorbidities were significantly more likely to be filled (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 +/- 2.36) versus those for persons with fewer noncardiovascular comorbidities. The presence of cardiovascular comorbidities was not associated with filling of an antihypertensive prescription (adjusted OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.45-1.14). Conclusion Many antihypertensive prescriptions were not filled. Different types of patient comorbidity may differentially impact prescription filling. Further studies should examine whether these results generalize to other populations.
The effect of implicit causality and consequentiality on nonnative pronoun resolution

We report two sentence-completion experiments investigating how nonnative speakers use universal semantic and discourse information, which are implicit causality and consequentiality biases associated with psychological verbs, to resolve pronouns. The results indicate that intermediate-advanced and advanced Chinese-speaking English learners show weaker implicit causality and consequentiality biases than native English speakers in pronoun resolution. Instead, nonnative speakers exhibit a general subject or first-mention bias. These findings suggest that nonnative speakers do not use semantic and discourse information in comprehension as effectively as native speakers.
Control of Dynamic Stall on a Pitching Airfoil Using High-Frequency Actuation

A flow control strategy for the delay of unsteady separation and dynamic stall on a pitching NACA 0012 airfoil is explored by means of high-fidelity large-eddy simulations. The flow fields are computed employing a high-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) approach. The flow parameters are freestream Mach number M∞ = 0.1 and chord Reynolds numbers Rec = 5× 10. Both constant-rate and oscillatory pitching motions are considered. For the baseline cases, dynamic stall is initiated with the bursting of a contracted laminar separation bubble (LSB) present in the leading-edge region. This observation motivated a flow control approach employing high-frequency pulsed actuation imparted through a zero-net mass flow blowing/suction slot located on the airfoil lower surface just downstream of the leading edge. For the constant-rate pitching case, both pulsed and harmonic spanwise-nonuniform forcing are considered with a maximum non-dimensional frequency Stf = fc/U = 50.0 which corresponds to a sub-harmonic of the dominant natural LSB fluctuations for a baseline static case used for reference purposes. A significant delay in the onset of dynamic stall is demonstrated with pulsed forcing at high frequencies (Stf = 25.0, 50.0), however, control effectiveness diminishes with decreasing frequency. At Stf = 12.5, pulsed actuation is shown to be superior to harmonic forcing suggesting that the higher harmonic content present in the pulsed mode is still capable of energizing the LSB. For the oscillatory pitching motion, pulsed high-frequency flow control with Stf = 50.0) is considered for two cases exhibiting light and deep dynamic stall respectively. For light dynamic stall, flow actuation is capable of maintaining an effectively attached flow during the entire pitching cycle thereby inhibiting the formation of large-scale leading-edge and shear-layer vortical structures. For deep dynamic stall, control is found to also be very effective in eliminating leading-edge separation and the formation of a dynamic stall vortex. Nonetheless, trailing-edge separation eventually occurs at high incidence. For both cases, actuation provided a significant reduction in the cycle-averaged drag and in the force and moment fluctuations. In addition, the negative (unstable) net-cycle pitch damping found in the baseline cases was eliminated.
Stochastic Simulation and VaR Modeling for Asset Portfolio Optimization

The objective of portfolio is to optimize the asset allocation and maximize the expected return by balancing the profit and risk. A study on the asset portfolio optimization was proposed based on Monte Carlo simulation and VaR (Value at Risk) model. The Monte Carlo simulation approach was used to make the stock price prediction and calculate the portfolio risk from the standard deviation and correlation coefficient. The VaR constraint was introduced into the model to optimize asset allocation and have the portfolio return maximized under certain risk level. Through the case study of stock price trend and statistic test of the distribution assumption, it was found that the model was satisfactory to the investment decision.
Effects of multi-center interventions to hospital environment cleaning

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of the comprehensive interventions to the hospital environment cleaning so as to provide guidance for control of nosocomial infections.METHODS From Jul 2013 to Dec 2014,the education training was conducted for the health care workers and environmental cleaning workers of 4ICUs,then the comprehensive interventions were taken,including the replacement of cleaning supplies,introduction of disinfectant wipes,change of re-use mode of cleaning supplies,and results feedbacks.Totally 120 environmental specimens were respectively collected before and after the interventions were taken;the adenosine triphosphate(ATP)median(Md)relative light units value and interquartile range(IQR)bacterial colony counts and positive rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)were monitored.RESULTS Of 120 specimens collected from the environmental surfaces of the ICUs in 4hospitals,the Md under the monitoring of ATP was 320.5RLU/100cm2 before the interventions were taken,33.5RLU/100cm2 after the interventions were taken;the IQR was 565RLU/100cm2 before the interventions were taken,70RLU/100cm2 after the interventions were taken,and there were significant differences(P0.01).The Md of the bacterial colony counts was 50CFU/cm2 before the intervention,19 after the intervention;the IQR of the bacterial colony counts was 215CFU/cm2 before the intervention,84CFU/cm2 after the intervention the differences were significant(P0.01).CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive interventions to the control of the infections may contribute to the improvement of the environmental cleaning and to the reduction of detection rate of drug-resistant bacteria in the environmental surfaces.
Etiology of recurrent diabetes ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes

Objective To analyze the etiology of diabetes ketoacidosis(DKA) in children with type 1 diabetes.Methods Totally 850 person-time of type 1 diabetes children in recent 20 years in our hospital were selected as studied subjects. Two hundred and twenty-five person-time of them were hospitalized because of DKA.Fifty-six cases (131 person-time) were due to recurrent DKA.These patients were classified into 2 groups according to onset time: group 1(diagnosed from 1982 to 1991) and group 2(diagnosed from 1992 to 2001).Results The analysis of recurrent DKA suggested that 71.8 % of them was due to infection, 20.4 % of them did not obey diabetic diet and 9.2 % of them discontinued insulin injection. The etiology of DKA showed no difference in two groups. The number of recurrent DKA in two groups was significantly different (P0.01).Conclusion Systematic management and education of type 1 diabetic children is an important way of reducing the incidence of DKA.
Consumers or witnesses? Holocaust tourists and the problem of authenticity:

Each year, millions of people from around the world visit former extermination camps, ghetto memorials, and other museums and monuments dedicated to the remembrance of the Holocaust. Constituting a vast population of so-called “dark tourists,” these travelers are frequently characterized by researchers as consumers of macabre spectacles, susceptible to sensationalized and inauthentic representations of historical events. But does Holocaust tourism automatically position its participants as naive consumers of a commodified version of history? Based on field research conducted at numerous sites of Holocaust remembrance, this article considers how Holocaust tourists exercise agency, especially through the practice of photography. Through such agency, tourists to Holocaust memorial sites become active producers of historical knowledge as they generate their own representations of historical trauma. Ultimately, Holocaust tourists reflect on the authentic and inauthentic dimensions of their experiences, hold to...
Inferring Mechanics of Web Censorship Around the World.

While mechanics of Web censorship in China are well studied, those of other countries are less understood. Through a combination of personal contacts and Planet-Lab nodes, we conduct experiments to explore the mechanics of Web censorship in 11 countries around the world, including China. Our work provides insights into the diversity of modus operandi of censors around the world and can guide future work on censorship evasion.
Sepsis and the trauma patient.

Acute renal failure complicates the resuscitation of trauma patients. Nonoliguric renal failure is much more common than oliguric renal failure. Oliguric renal failure is associated with a high mortality rate. The creatinine clearance is the most useful diagnostic test to identify trauma patients who are at risk for developing acute renal failure. Aggressive treatment to prevent oliguric renal failure will reduce the morbidity and mortality from trauma.
Alfred Sturtevant and George Beadle Untangle Inversions

![Figure][1] Great articles often begin with an intriguing paradox, describe an elegant experimental approach, provide lasting and important data, and change the course of their discipline. [Sturtevant and Beadle (1936)][2] meets all of those criteria and stands as a paradigm for the genetic
The Changing Face of Intellectual Property: Global Forces and Compliance

Over the last three decades there has been constant pressure on developing nations to conform with the intellectual property ideals of the developed world, in particular, it can be argued, those of the United States of America. Despite this, many jurisdictions have managed to maintain at least some part of their own inherent approach to how intellectual creations, whether invention, expression, or marketing concept, should be dealt with in their state. It can be argued that some states where governance can be said to be in disarray are, on the other hand, readily adopting protectionist international norms to validate their statehood.
Middle East and Africa: Oil, Wealth and Poverty

This chapter is concerned with a vast area running from the oil-rich Arabian peninsula with its sparse population through Egypt and its North African neighbours and on to the diverse but relatively under-developed countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. The term ‘Middle East’ does not denote a clearly defined geographical area. It sometimes refers to the entire region from Afghanistan to Mauritania, including Turkey. Other designations separate the so-called Maghreb countries: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya; with Mauritania they are also referred to as North Africa as distinct from the Middle East. Whatever the grouping, these countries are mostly Islamic and, except for Iran and Turkey, make up a large part of the Arab world.
Helicopter Parenting, Autonomy Support, and College Students' Mental Health and Well-being: The Moderating Role of Sex and Ethnicity

Whereas parental involvement is consistently linked with positive child outcomes throughout development, parental involvement that is not developmentally appropriate and intrusive—a style of parenting called helicopter parenting—can be problematic for their child’s adjustment and well-being. Helicopter parenting can be particularly harmful during emerging adulthood when young adults are working toward developmental goals of self-reliance and autonomy. The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in the relation between helicopter parenting and autonomy support on college students’ mental health and well-being. A secondary aim was to explore the extent to which there were ethnic differences (non-Hispanic White vs. Hispanic) in associations between parenting and college students’ outcomes. We examined several domains of mental health, including dysphoria symptoms, social anxiety, and general well-being. A sample of 118 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.82 years, SD = 1.38; 83.1 % female; 57 % European American) completed measures of parenting and mental health and well-being. The results showed that higher levels of helicopter parenting predicted lower levels of well-being for females, whereas higher levels of autonomy support predicted lower levels of dysphoria symptoms and social anxiety among males. No ethnic differences were found. The findings highlight that parents’ behavior continues to predict their child’s well-being even in emerging adulthood, and that parenting may differentially predict male and female college students’ mental health outcomes.
Stochastic geometry for the analysis of wireless covert networks

Covert systems are designed to operate at a low probability of detection (LPD) in order to provide system protection at the physical layer level. The classical approach to covert communications hides the signal in noise; however, the increasing demand for modern covert systems that provides better protection against intercept receivers (IRs) has shifted the focus to the design of Ad-Hoc covert networks (ACNs) that can hide their transmission in the RF spectrum of primary networks (PNs), like mobile networks. In this paper, we use stochastic geometry to provide a comprehensive analysis for two covertness metrics, namely the aggregate metric and the ratio metric, which are used to quantify covertness from the perspective of the IR and the ACN, respectively. The metrics are used to determine the detectability limits of an ACN by an IR. We also demonstrate how the ratio metric can be used to estimate the average communication distance under certain covertness constraints. Additionally, we show how both metrics can be jointly used to analyze the design of the ACN.
“Stop Kremlin trolls:” Ideological trolling as calling out, rebuttal, and reactions on online news portal commenting

Mainstream media sources have recently heightened public awareness to a phenomenon known as Russian troll farms. This research thematically analyzes “Kremlin troll” use and its variations found in user comments on a leading Lithuanian news portal. The main findings of this study indicate that “Kremlin troll” was used in two oppositional themes. The first one reveals accusations of paid commentators as “Kremlin trolls.” The second, in contrast, counter-argues “Kremlin troll” accusations through rebuttal. Sarcasm and humor, e.g. , by emergence of self-identification as a “Kremlin troll” furthermore downplays the “Kremlin troll” accusations and reclaims uncertainty of who is the real troll. Even if the offensive and defensive tactics might seem rather similar to overall Internet troll tactics found in the previous online research, the unique side of “Kremlin troll” use was the emergence of ideological trolling, charged with accusations of some commentators being paid by a foreign government, thus referring to “Kremlin trolling” as a form of astroturfing. We conclude that “Kremlin troll” in this study exemplifies politically charged ideological trolling, rather than the mere subcultural phenomenon that is prevalent in English-language contexts.
Blunted amygdala functional connectivity during a stress task in alcohol dependent individuals: A pilot study

Abstract Background Scant research has been conducted on neural mechanisms underlying stress processing in individuals with alcohol dependence (AD). We examined neural substrates of stress in AD individuals compared with controls using an fMRI task previously shown to induce stress, assessing amygdala functional connectivity to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Materials and methods For this novel pilot study, 10 abstinent AD individuals and 11 controls completed a modified Trier stress task while undergoing fMRI acquisition. The amygdala was used as a seed region for whole-brain seed-based functional connectivity analysis. Results After controlling for family-wise error (p = 0.05), there was significantly decreased left and right amygdala connectivity with frontal (specifically mPFC), temporal, parietal, and cerebellar regions. Subjective stress, but not craving, increased from pre-to post-task. Conclusions This study demonstrated decreased connectivity between the amygdala and regions important for stress and emotional processing in long-term abstinent individuals with AD. These results suggest aberrant stress processing in individuals with AD even after lengthy periods of abstinence.
L’Africa in casa. Propaganda e cultura coloniale nell’Italia fascista

In her monograph L’Africa in casa. Propaganda e cultura coloniale nell’Italia fascista, Valeria Deplano offers a detailed and concise history of colonial cultural institutions during the fascist ve...
The prevalence of house dust mites, Dermatophagoides spp, and associated environmental conditions in homes in Ohio

Abundance of the house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus, in various sites in the homes of dust-sensitive patients was sequentially monitored at approximately 3 wk intervals for 2 yr, and mite density was correlated with indoor physical and climatic factors. Significantly higher mite levels occurred on the most heavily used fabric-upholstered furniture and carpeted floor areas of the living/family room and bedrooms. Mattresses were not found to be the major foci for mites. No significant positive correlation was noted between mite abundance and frequency or thoroughness of cleaning, amount of dust, and age of furnishings or dwelling. Significantly higher mite levels occurred on carpeted floors than on noncarpeted floors. Successive vacuuming did not significantly reduce mite abundance. Mite density exhibited a seasonal fluctuation, with highest density occurring in the humid summer months and the lowest density during the dryer, late heating season. Live mites were more abundant than dead mites during the period when total abundance was high. In homes inhabited by both species, D. farinae was the dominant species, except in one home that had a significantly higher relative humidity.
Plane-strain compressive strength of columnar-grained and granular-snow ice

An ice cover impinging on a long straight structure is assumed to be under a condition of plane strain. A technique is described for performing plane-strain compression tests, and results are presented for the strain-rate dependence of strength. The plane-strain compressive strength of ice having anisotropic structure (columnar-grained ice) is at least two and a half times the uniaxial compressive strength, whereas the plane-strain compressive strength of ice having an isotropic structure (granular-snow ice) is at most 25% greater than the uniaxial case. The greater plane-strain compressive strength of columnar grained ice when the loading and confining directions are in the plane of the ice cover, can be attributed to its anisotropic structure, which leads to a different failure mechanism for the plane-strain case.
Admit Versus Discharge-A Cost Analysis of Infants 29 to 60 Days Old With Febrile Urinary Tract Infection at Low Risk for Bacteremia.

Abstract Background Ninety percent of infants 29 to 60 days old presenting to the emergency department with fever and urinary tract infection are admitted due to fear of concomitant bacteremia. Many of these infants are at low risk for bacteremia and can be safely discharged with no heightened risk of adverse events. This study sought to estimate the potential savings from outpatient management of low-risk infants. Methods A comparative cost analysis was performed using bacteremia probability estimates from a previously published prediction model. We estimated costs using a national pediatric database coupled with retrospective chart review of infants who presented to our emergency department between 2011 and 2015. Results The relative cost savings for the discharge strategy were $80,333 ($19,127 vs $99,460; 80% savings) for each patient with bacteremia and $257,073 per 100 patients overall. Similar savings were found for charges—$304,949 ($71,421 vs $376,371; 80%) for each patient with bacteremia and $975,838 per 100 patients. Our institutional reimbursements provided an estimated savings of $148,924 ($73,280 vs. $222,204; 67%) and $476,533 per 100 patients overall. Conclusions The relative cost savings from discharging rather than admitting low-risk infants with febrile urinary tract infection were significant, even accounting for expenditures associated with the return emergency room visit of initially discharged bacteremic patients. These savings are achievable without an increase in adverse events. Similar outcomes were demonstrated for hospital charges and reimbursements, further strengthening these results. This study emphasizes how risk stratification in clinical decision-making can lead to substantial cost savings without compromising patient outcomes.
Surgical Management of Stylohyoid Pain (Eagle’s) Syndrome: A 5-Year Experience:

Objectives:(1) To define patient demographics and common symptoms in patients who undergo styloidectomy for stylohyoid pain syndrome (Eagle’s syndrome). (2) To evaluate the effectiveness of styloid...
Spack meets singularity: creating movable in-situ analysis stacks with ease

In-situ data analysis and visualization is a promising technique to handle the enormous amount of data an extreme-scale application produces. One challenge users often face in adopting in-situ techniques is setting the right environment on a target machine. Platforms such as SENSEI require complex software stacks that consist of various analysis packages and visualization applications. The user has to make sure all these prerequisites exist on the target machine, which often involves compiling and setting them up from scratch. In this paper, we leverage the containers technology (e.g., light-weight virtualization images) and provide users with Singularity containers that encapsulate ready-to-use, movable in-situ software stacks. Moreover, we make use of Spack to ease the process of creating these containers. Finally, we evaluate this solution by running in-situ analysis from within a container on an HPC system.
Abstract A80: Mapping immune landscape in clear cell renal carcinoma by single-cell genomics

Human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most immunologically distinct tumor types due to high levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells including T cells, yet not every patient responds to immunotherapy. Interestingly, in contrast to other cancers, infiltration with cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is associated with poorer overall survival in ccRCC, suggesting that subpopulations of CD8+ and other immune cells may underlie this observation. To characterize the tumor immune microenvironment of ccRCC, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing along with T-cell receptor sequencing to map the transcriptomic heterogeneity of 25,688 individual CD45+ lymphoid and myeloid cells in matched tumor and blood from patients with ccRCC. We identified multiple and distinct immune cell phenotypes for B and T (CD4 and CD8) lymphocytes, natural kill (NK) cells, and myeloid cells. Evaluation of T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences revealed limited shared clonotypes between patients, whereas tumor-infiltrating T-cell clonotypes were frequently found in peripheral blood, albeit in lower abundance. Evaluation of myeloid subsets revealed unique gene programs defining monocytes, dendritic cells, and tumor-associated macrophages. In summary, here we have leveraged scRNA-seq to refine our understanding of the relative abundance, diversity, and complexity of the immune landscape of ccRCC. This report represents the first such characterization of the ccRCC immune landscape using scRNA-seq. With further characterization and functional validation, these findings may identify novel subpopulations of immune cells amenable to therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Ajaykumar Vishwakarma, Nick Bocherding, Michael Chimenti, Purshottam Vishwakarma, Kenneth Nepple, Aliasger Salem, Russell W. Jenkins, Weizhou Zhang, Yousef Zakharia. Mapping immune landscape in clear cell renal carcinoma by single-cell genomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A80.
T3SS and alginate biosynthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa impair healing of infected rabbit wounds.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a Gram-negative bacterium) is an opportunistic pathogen found in many infected wounds and is known to impair healing. To test the hypothesis that knocking out P. aeruginosa genes that are overexpressed during wound infection can cripple a pathogen's ability to impair healing, we assessed two pathways: the Type III secretion system (T3SS) and alginate biosynthesis. We generated single- and double-mutant strains of ExsA (T3SS activator), AlgD (GDP- mannose 6-dehydrogenase of alginate biosynthesis) and their complemented strains and evaluated their pathogenicity in a rabbit ear full-thickness excision-wound infection model. Wounds were inoculated with different strains (wild type, mutants, and complementary strains) at 106 CFU/wound on post-wounding day 3. After 24 h, 5 days and 9 days post-infection, wounds were harvested for measuring bacterial counts (viable and total) and wound healing (epithelial gap). On day 9 post-infection, the viable counts of the double mutant, (exsA/algD)‾ were 100-fold lower than the counts of the wild type (PAO1), single mutants, or the complement double-mutant, (exsA/algD)‾/+. Also, when compared to wounds infected with wild type or control strains, wounds infected with the double-knockout mutant was less inhibitory to wound healing (p < 0.05). Additionally, the double mutant showed greater susceptibility to macrophage phagocytosis in vitro than all other strains (p < 0.001). In conclusion, compared to single gene knockouts, double knockout of virulence genes in T3SS pathway and alginate biosynthesis pathway is more effective in reducing P. aeruginosa pathogenicity and its ability to impair wound healing. This study highlights the necessity of a dual-targeted anti-virulence strategy to improve healing outcomes of P. aeruginosa-infected wounds.
Food Insecurity Is an Independent Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms in Survivors of Digestive Cancers.

Background: Colorectal and other digestive cancer survivors are at increased risk of depression, which can negatively affect health outcomes. Food insecurity (FI), the lack of consistent access to enough food, can also contribute to these health complications. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between FI and depressive symptoms within this population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2007–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We included all adults (≥20 years) with a self-reported history of a digestive cancer (including colorectal, esophageal, stomach, liver, and pancreas cancer). Our primary exposure was household FI, and our outcome of interest was depressive symptoms, as measured by the validated 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression to test the association between FI and depressive symptoms, controlling for demographic and clinical covariates. Results: We included 229 adult digestive cancer survivors (weighted N = 1,510,579). The majority of the study sample was female and non-Hispanic White with mean of 11.0 years since cancer diagnosis; 14.3% reported FI. In multivariable models controlling for demographic and clinical covariates, we found that food insecure digestive cancer survivors had significantly higher odds of depressive symptoms than food secure digestive cancer survivors (OR: 3.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.24–8.55; P = 0.02). Conclusions: Among a nationally representative sample of colorectal cancer and other digestive cancer survivors, FI was associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms. Impact: This study adds further evidence to the negative impact FI may have on survivors9 physical and mental health.
The State of Restorative Justice in American Criminal Law

Restorative justice has been part of the American criminal justice system for more than three decades. Yet, it has only recently expanded into mainstream reform conversations—particularly those addressing mass incarceration and securing justice—and has gained a new urgency following nationwide protests in response to racial violence and anti-Blackness. Such increased attention necessitates that reformists think carefully about the existing legal landscape of restorative justice to ensure that the construction and refinement of restorative justice laws do not yield undesirable state and local practices. Drawing on a dataset of 264 laws, including statutes, court rules, and regulations in 46 jurisdictions, this Article sets forth a comprehensive empirical analysis of the legalization and operationalization of restorative justice within the American criminal justice system. Findings show that while some uniformity exists across the country, the vast majority of restorative justice laws are highly localized with significant discretion in decision-making. Additionally, given the absence of a universal definition of restorative justice, each jurisdiction must interpret what is or is not a “restorative” in its attempt to reach aspirational goals of system reform. This Article’s analysis affirms that there remain continued risks for participants (offenders, victims, and practitioners) in restorative justice processes, in part because of the significant absence of formal, state-level confidentiality protections. Results also indicate an emerging trend: the use of fees to access restorative justice (e.g., “pay to play”). In isolation, these findings would warrant consideration; however, when viewed in totality and contextualized in the contemporary social and political landscape, this study demands careful examination of the risks and benefits of the rapid legalization and expansion of restorative justice in law and policy. While current restorative justice schemes offer important alternatives to the status quo, in present form, restorative justice cannot be viewed as a panacea for all the ills that plague the criminal justice system or society at large. Rather, reformists must look to these laws as a basic infrastructure from which to begin to radically reorient the criminal justice system.
Salmonella Elimination from Recycled Poultry Bedding after Stacking

Recycled poultry bedding (RPB), also referred to as poultry litter, has long been used as a protein and mineral supplement for cattle. This product consists of the bedding material used in the poultry house, as well as feed, feathers and excreta. Concerns regarding the feeding of this product have been raised because of the perceived risks of transmitting potentially pathogenic enteric organisms to cattle and consumers. The primary objective of this study was to assess the survival of Salmonella in various areas of RPB stacked to a recommended height of 6-8 ft (deep) or stacked to height of 3 ft (shallow).
ENERGY DISSIPATION PROPERTIES OF LATERALLY CRUSHED TUBES AND TUBULAR CLUSTERS

This paper describes the energy dissipation characteristics of braced and unbraced tubes and tubular clusters when subjected to quasi-static and impact loadings causing large deformations. The effects of strain rate, stress waves and collapse mode on the impact response and energy dissipation characteristics are described and results of full-scale crash tests for the crash cushion application are shown. The large- scale deformation of metallic tubes is shown to be an effective method for dissipating the energy associated with an impact event. Such systems have a life saving potential when employed in safety applications where kinetic energy must be dissipated in a controlled manner such that decelerations remian within allowable limits. For the covering abstract see IRRD 863693.