cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE TESTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLLERS

The integrated electronic control system will provide a new method for the day-to-day management of environmental control of animal production systems. No standards are currently accepted for transient overvoltage protection of these controllers. To assess the adequacy of existing designs, a test circuit was designed and used for a transient open circuit over-voltage waveform (ANSI/IEEE C62.41-1980) of 16 environmental control units: a maximum spike of 770 V was applied to the power supplies, and a spike up to 100 V was applied to temperature sensor lines. For these relatively mild tests, no failures were noted due to power supply transients, but three units failed when subjected to transients on their temperature sensor lines. From this research it is suggested that an industry standard be adopted to define the minimum transient overvoltage design conditions by which environmental controllers should be tested.
Cocaine associated priapism

AbstractPurpose: Cocaine abuse is an ongoing epidemic in the United States. Priapism associated with cocaine use has been reported only twice in the urological literature. To our knowledge we report the first series of priapism associated with cocaine use and the first case associated with the use of this drug in its solid form, known as crack.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the presentation of 3 patients to our emergency department within the last year. Each patient presented with priapism and no identifiable predisposition other than the use of cocaine within 24 hours, as evident on positive urine toxicology.Results: Each patient delayed seeking treatment, which added to the complexity of therapy. Intracavernosal aspiration and irrigations failed in all 3 cases. Cavernous spongiosal shunting failed in the first 2 cases. Cases 2 and 3 were complicated by the high flow variant of priapism. Case 1 ultimately required partial penectomy for infected, gangrenous, distal penile tissue.Conclu...
Meticorten as Adjuvant Therapy in Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Emphysema

The action of prednisone on a group of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients was studied. Some unexpected effects were noted with Prednisone used as an adjuvant drug in the chemotherapy of chronic, pulmonary Tuberculosis. The effect of steroids in tuberculosis has been subjected to a great deal of experimentation and clinical study for the past several years. Controversy still rages as to its actual therapeutic value. The wide disagreement among qualified clinical workers is not surprising, when one considers the effect of steroids on host parasite relationships, the hormonal balance of the organisms, and more specifically, the action on connective tissue itself. Numerous previous studies have been primarily related to the effect of steroids on other forms of tuberculosis; meningeal and miliary tuberculosis and effusions. This study was initiated to determine the therapeutic value of prednisone with anti-microbial drugs on patients with chronic active, pulmonary tuberculosis with emphysema.
NMR based metabolomics study of Y2 receptor activation by neuropeptide Y in the SK-N-BE2 human neuroblastoma cell line

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its Y2 receptors (Y2R) play an important role in regulating growth of various tumors and are highly expressed in human neuroblastoma brain tumors. Cell lines derived from neuroblastoma brain tumors provide a good model to study the consequences of NPY activation of Y2R in tumor metabolism. In this study, the metabolic response to activation and inhibition of Y2R was examined in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE2 using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Three treatments were evaluated: (1) activation of Y2R with NPY, (2) blocking Y2R with BIIE0246, and (3) treatment of cells with both NPY and BIIE. The largest metabolic changes were observed for NPY activation of Y2R. The principal response to NPY activation of Y2R was increased glycolysis (Warburg effect). Our results also showed depleted intracellular nutrients in NPY activated cells, which may have been due to the high rate of conversion of glucose to lactate, glycine and alanine. All amino acids except glutamine were increased in response to Y2R activation, implying increased autophagic degradation of proteins. TCA cycle intermediates were not detected, possibly due to low steady-state concentrations, but the increase of glutamate and its high correlation with glucose provided evidence of increased TCA activity. The changes of most metabolites observed upon NPY treatment were reversed with BIIE treatment. In summary, our study indicates that NPY activation of Y2R in human neuroblastoma cells stimulates glycolysis, glutaminolysis and possibly TCA activity.
Sin, Confession, and the Arts of Book- and Cord-Keeping: An Intercontinental and Transcultural Exploration of Accounting and Governmentality

My objective is to examine an intriguing and heretofore unrecognized convergence in the history of bookkeeping. The story revolves around an extraordinary parallelism in the evolution of bookkeeping and the philosophical and ethical principles underlying the practice of accounting between southern Europe and Andean South America during the two centuries or so prior to the Spanish invasion of the Inka Empire in 1532. The event of the European invasion of the Andes brought these two similar yet distinct trans-Atlantic traditions of “bookkeeping” and accounting into violent confrontation.
Structural and Textural Descriptions of Marine Sediments: ABSTRACT

It is commonly difficult to make accurate structural and textural descriptions of marine sediments because of the plasticity of the material and the significant but subtle property differences. Several methods, however, can be applied. X-ray radiography, both stereo and normal, allows the nondestructive examination of the sample. Structures may be mapped and anomalous features identified before other tests are carried out. Electric-logging procedures, both in the laboratory and "at sea," are used to correlate cores and relate sample sites. Spontaneous potential, resistivity, and other logging techniques also can be used. Cholesteric liquid crystals are applied to the investigation of fine structural and textural changes. The ability of these solutions to delineate thermal conductivity differences is used to map structural, textural, and lithological differences. By changes in color in response to minor temperature changes, thermal resolution of 20 line pairs per millimeter is achieved. End_of_Article - Last_Page 711------------
The Origin of Stability Indeterminacy in a Symmetric Hamiltonian

Etude de la stabilite et de la bifurcation de mouvements periodiques dans un systeme hamiltonien symetrique a deux degres de liberte par une reduction a un plan de phase bidimensionnel angle-action, par l'intermediaire de la theorie canonique des perturbations. Les resultats expliquent pourquoi l'analyse de stabilite lineaire est toujours indeterminee pour le mode en phase dans une classe d'oscillateurs couples non lineaires
Extending B-spline tools and algorithms to geometrically continuous splines: a study of similarities and differences

Abstract This paper continues the exploration of geometrically continuous splines begun in (Dyn and Micchelli, 1988; Barry et al., 1991; Barry et al., 1993). Here we consider the question “to what extent are the fundamental tools and algorithms derived for arbitrary degree geometrically continuous splines in (Seidel, 1993; Barry et al., 1993) similar to the tools and algorithms for B-spline curves, and to what extent are they different?” To explore this question we present new results in four areas — (i) explicit formulas for dual dunctionals for geometrically continuous B-splines, (ii) complexity of the combinations in the algorithms, (iii) recurrences induced by these algorithms, and (iv) progressive curves in the geometrically continuous setting. Each of these areas illustrates the similarities and differences between the tools and algorithms for geometrically continuous splines and tools and algorithms for B-spline curves.
The selective removal of H2S over CO2 from biogas in a bubble column using pretreated digester effluent

Abstract Raw biogas purification can be achieved using various physicochemical techniques. Unfortunately, techniques for the simultaneous absorption of CO2 and H2S are susceptible to the corrosive nature of H2S. Furthermore, the absorbents utilized are often expensive, thus requiring regeneration. Concurrently, on farm digesters are now moving toward the incorporation of NH3 recovery. One such process, air stripping, requires elevation of pH, which as a result produces an alkaline effluent. Due to this, a physicochemical H2S removal process was investigated in a bubble column reactor using this manure based alkaline absorbent. Selective removal of H2S over CO2 increased nearly 50% by altering the sparger configuration. Additional selectivity was achieved by decreasing the effluent height in the bubble column and increasing the superficial gas velocity. Continuous countercurrent mode of operation was tested and relatively high H2S removal efficiency (84%) was achieved at a biogas-to-effluent ratio (v/v) of 20:1, close to that typically found on dairy digesters.
Research Needs of the Dairy Foods Industry—Introduction

Abstract Total research productivity in the U.S. has grown substantially during the last 20 yr, but research efforts devoted to dairy products have decreased markedly during the same time. Some factors which may have contributed to this decrease are lack of adequate financial support by state and federal governmental agencies and by the industry, changes in the dairy industry (both in production and processing), decrease in consumption of milk and milk products, and organizational changes in many land-grant universities.
The Demise of Jolt: The Politics of Being "Scared Straight" in Michigan:

Michigan's Department of Corrections recentl y completed an evaluation of Project JOLT, a "Scared Straight" type of program. The evaluation failed to find any' benefits to juveniles from the program, and therefore the department recommended its cancellation. This, in turn, resulted in a public hearing at which this recommendation was challenged b y raising a number of considerations that went beyond the evaluation study. This paper clarifies the debate between the tvo sides and raises some theoretical, methodological, and political issues surrounding the Scared Straight approach.
In quest of the psychoanalytic datum

Some defenses work so early and so massively that the experiences they lie athwart of or repress are difficult to find in the later transference. This paper deals with a method of reconstructing these by means of a systematic analysis of the analyst's own urges to make interpretations or other interventions. The conceptual foundation for this rationale, a differentiation of experiences when the individual is a member of the couple and when the pair, is provided.
Use of Corticosteroids During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Possible Lysosome Stabilization

1. These studies suggest that massive doses of dexamethasone may stabilize the lysosome membrane during periods of circulatory stress. 2. Some of the postoperative complications following cardiopulmonary bypass may be related in part to lysosome damage incurred during bypass.
Simultaneous administration of glucose and hyperoxic gas achieves greater improvement in tumor oxygenation than hyperoxic gas alone.

Abstract Purpose: To test the feasibility of hyperglycemic reduction of oxygen consumption combined with oxygen breathing (O 2 ), to improve tumor oxygenation. Methods and Materials: Fischer-344 rats bearing 1 cm R3230Ac flank tumors were anesthetized with Nembutal. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, tumor blood flow ([TBF], laser Doppler flowmetry), pH, and pO 2 were measured before, during, and after glucose (1 or 4 g/kg) and/or O 2 . Results: Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were unaffected by treatment. Glucose at 1 g/kg yielded maximum blood glucose of 400 mg/dL, no change in TBF, reduced tumor pH (0.17 unit), and 3 mm Hg pO 2 rise. Glucose at 4 g/kg yielded maximum blood glucose of 900 mg/dL, pH drop of 0.6 unit, no pO 2 change, and reduced TBF (31%). Oxygen tension increased by 5 mm Hg with O 2 . Glucose (1 g/Kg) + O 2 yielded the largest change in pO 2 (27 mm Hg); this is highly significant relative to baseline or either treatment alone. The effect was positively correlated with baseline pO 2 , but 6 of 7 experiments with baseline pO 2 Conclusion: We demonstrated the feasibility of combining hyperglycemia with O 2 to improve tumor oxygenation. However, some cell lines are not susceptible to the Crabtree effect, and the magnitude is dependent on baseline pO 2 . Additional or alternative manipulations may be necessary to achieve more uniform improvement in pO 2 .
Multiresolution analysis of electronic structure: semicardinal and wavelet bases

This article reviews recent developments in multiresolution analysis that make it a powerful tool for the systematic treatment of the multiple length scales inherent in the electroniic structure of matter. While the focus is on electronic structure, the advances described herein are useful for nonlinear problems in the physical sciences in general. Among the reviewed developments is the exact construction of multiresolution representations from extremely limited samples of physical fields in real space. This new and profound result is the critical advance in finally allowing systematic, all electron calculations to compete in efficiency with state-of-the-art electronic structure calculations that depend for their celerity upon freezing the core electronic degrees of freedom. This review presents the theory of wavelets from a physical perspective, provides a unified and self-contained treatment of nonlinear couplings and physical operators, and introduces a modern framework for effective single-particle theories of quantum mechanics.
Influence of Age at Revision Cochlear Implantation on Speech Perception Outcomes

Importance This study reviewed whether advanced age should be a consideration when revision cochlear implantation is warranted. Objective To examine whether age at revision cochlear implantation is related to postrevision speech perception performance. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective analysis was performed in an academic tertiary care center. Participants included 14 younger adults ( Intervention Revision cochlear implantation. Main Outcomes and Measures Speech perception performance, as measured with consonant-nucleus-consonant [CNC] words in quiet, at the best prerevision interval as well as the 3- and 6-month postrevision intervals were compared between the 2 cohorts. The CNC word test consists of 10 lists of 50 phonemically balanced monosyllabic words, scored with a range of 0% to 100% correct. Results Both cohorts experienced a restoration in speech perception scores after revision cochlear implantation compared with their best performance before the revision (mean [SD] CNC word test scores for the younger cohort: 43.9% [25.6%] before revision and 47.7% [21.3%] at 3 months and 47.6% [19.8%] at 6 months after revision; for the older cohort: 36.3% [19.1%] before revision and 35.3% [17.2%] at 3 months and 39.9% [16.3%] at 6 months after revision; F 2,54 = 0.93; P = .40). There was no interaction between age at revision surgery and speech perception performance at each assessment interval ( F 2,54 = 0.51; P = .60). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, age at revision cochlear implantation was not related to postrevision speech perception performance. Advanced age should not be considered a contraindication to revision cochlear implantation.
How Consistently are Good Parents Good Parents? Repeatability of Parental Care in the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus

P. L. Schwagmeyer & Douglas W. MockDepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOklahoma,Norman,OK,USAAbstractIn many avian species, substantial individual variation occurs in parentalfood-provisioning levels, which often is assumed to reﬂect variation in parentalquality. Parental quality also has often been invoked as a key element in matechoice among biparental species, and many sexually-selected traits have beeninvestigated as potential predictors ofparental quality. In recent studies ofhousesparrow (Passer domesticus) parents, we found that individuals behavedremarkably consistently across time, regardless oftemporary manipulations ofthe nestling provisioning oftheir partners. This suggests that variation in parentalcompetence may be attributable to quality diﬀerences among individuals. Oneprediction oftheparental quality diﬀerences hypothesis is that individuals alsoshould show consistency in their provisioning behavior across broods. To testthis, we compared the parental delivery rates ofindividual house sparrows acrossbroods. Parents ofboth sexes reduced their per-chick delivery rates as the seasonprogressed; parents ofboth sexes were also responsive to changes in their broodsizes. Despite these sources ofenvironmental variation in provisioning rates, theparental care ofindividual males was highly repeatable across broods. Bycontrast, female parental care showed extremely low repeatability, and standard-ized measures ofamong-individual variation in parental behavior revealedfemales to be much less variable than males. These results indicate that females inthis multi-brooded species have much to gain from mate-choice decisionspredicated on male parental quality or accurate indicators ofsuch, whereasmales are less likely to proﬁt from being highly selective about the parentalquality oftheir partners.Corresponding author: P. L. Schwagmeyer, Department ofZoology,University ofOklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. E-mail: plsch@ou.eduIntroductionIn species in which males contribute actively to the rearing ofoﬀspring,females commonly are expected to base their choice of mate at least partially on
How wetting and adhesion affect thermal conductance of a range of hydrophobic to hydrophilic aqueous interfaces.

We quantify the strength of interfacial thermal coupling at water-solid interfaces over a broad range of surface chemistries from hydrophobic to hydrophilic using molecular simulations. We show that the Kapitza conductance is proportional to the work of adhesion---a wetting property of that interface---enabling the use of thermal transport measurements as probes of the molecular environment and bonding at an interface. Excellent agreement with experiments on similar systems [Z. B. Ge et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186101 (2006)] highlights the convergence of simulation and experiments on these complex nanoscopic systems.
Characterizing the appearance of medium glossy surfaces

For characterizing the overall appearance of a coating system mainly two different techniques are used in the automotive and paint industry. The mechanical profilometry combined with Fourier techniques and the “wave-scan” instruments. In 2006 the new “wave-scan dual” was introduced by Byk-Gardner for detecting the appearance of surfaces with lower gloss (medium glossy), e.g. primer-surfacers and EC. Within the framework of different studies results of evaluations of applicability and limitations of the “wave-scan dual” for characterizing the appearance of medium glossy surfaces will be presented.
Three-Dimensional Structure of meso-Diaminopimelic Acid Dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum†,‡

Diaminopimelate dehydrogenase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of ammonia and l-2-amino-6-ketopimelate to form meso-diaminopimelate, the direct precursor of l-lysine in the bacterial lysine biosynthetic pathway. Since mammals lack this metabolic pathway, inhibitors of enzymes in this pathway may be useful as antibiotics or herbicides. Diaminopimelate dehydrogenase catalyzes the only oxidative deamination of an amino acid of d configuration and must additionally distinguish between two chiral amino acid centers on the same symmetric substrate. The Corynebacterium glutamicum enzyme has been cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity using standard biochemical procedures [Reddy, S. G., Scapin, G., & Blanchard, J. S. (1996) Proteins: Structure, Funct. Genet. 25, 514−516]. The three-dimensional structure of the binary complex of diaminopimelate dehydrogenase with NADP+ has been solved using multiple isomorphous replacement procedures and noncrystallographic symmetry averaging. T...
Fast GCaMPs for improved tracking of neuronal activity

The use of genetically encodable calcium indicator proteins to monitor neuronal activity is hampered by slow response times and a narrow Ca(2+)-sensitive range. Here we identify three performance-limiting features of GCaMP3, a popular genetically encodable calcium indicator protein. First, we find that affinity is regulated by the calmodulin domain's Ca(2+)-chelating residues. Second, we find that off-responses to Ca(2+) are rate-limited by dissociation of the RS20 domain from calmodulin's hydrophobic pocket. Third, we find that on-responses are limited by fast binding to the N-lobe at high Ca(2+) and by slow binding to the C-lobe at lower Ca(2+). We develop Fast-GCaMPs, which have up to 20-fold accelerated off-responses and show that they have a 200-fold range of K(D), allowing coexpression of multiple variants to span an expanded range of Ca(2+) concentrations. Finally, we show that Fast-GCaMPs track natural song in Drosophila auditory neurons and generate rapid responses in mammalian neurons, supporting the utility of our approach.
Body Mass Index in Young Men and the Risk of Subsequent Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis

Abstract PURPOSE: Obesity in middle age is associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis of the knees in later life. We sought to determine whether body mass index in young men was a risk factor for the subsequent development of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Body mass index was assessed in 1,180 male medical students at age 23 ± 2 (mean ± SD) years and at several times during follow-up. The incidence of knee and hip osteoarthritis was ascertained by self-report and corroborated with information on symptoms and radiographic findings. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 36 years, 62 participants developed knee osteoarthritis and 27 developed hip osteoarthritis. The incidence of knee, but not hip, osteoarthritis was strongly associated with body mass index assessed at ages 20 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years (both P 2 ), threefold greater than the incidence of 4.0% in the leanest (15.6 to 22.8 kg/m 2 ) category of body mass index ( P = 0.0001). Thus, for a man who was 180 cm (5′ 11″) tall, each 8 kg (18 lb) greater weight at ages 20 to 29 years was associated with an increased risk of subsequent knee osteoarthritis (relative risk=1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.1), after adjustment for year of birth, physical activity, and knee injury. Body mass index at ages 20 to 29 years was more predictive of future osteoarthritis than at ages 30 to 39 or 40 to 49 years. CONCLUSION: Greater body mass index in young men ages 20 to 29 years is associated with an increased risk of subsequent knee, but not hip, osteoarthritis, suggesting that cumulative exposure to greater weight during young adult life is an important cause of osteoarthritis.
Optimization of Muscle Wrapping Objects Using Simulated Annealing

Musculoskeletal models use wrapping objects to constrain muscle paths from passing through anatomical obstacles; however, the selection of wrapping object parameters is typically a manual, iterative, and time-consuming process. The purpose of this study was to use a data-driven optimization algorithm to determine wrapping object parameters. Wrapping parameters were determined using simulated annealing for two cases: (1) modeling the triceps at the elbow using a cylindrical wrapping object, and (2) modeling the middle deltoid using a spherical wrapping object. It was found that an optimization algorithm could be used to determine wrapping object parameters which produced moment arms that were similar to experimental data. The greatest benefit of this method is the efficiency at which model parameters were determined, thus eliminating much of the time required to manually refine the wrapping objects. Model development could be further improved by extending this method to other model parameters and combining various optimization techniques.
Childhood Emotional Abuse Predicts Late Adolescent Sexual Aggression Perpetration and Victimization

Childhood physical and sexual abuse are known risk factors for adult sexual aggression perpetration and victimization, but less is known about the role played by childhood emotional abuse. College sophomores were surveyed regarding their childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse victimization and their late-adolescent experiences of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration. Controlling for social desirability and childhood physical and sexual abuse, childhood emotional abuse was the strongest predictor of adolescent sexual perpetration for women and the strongest predictor of adolescent sexual victimization for men. Emotional abuse was a marginally reliable predictor of adolescent sexual victimization in women. These results show the importance of childhood emotional abuse victimization as a risk factor for sexual victimization and perpetration in adolescent intimate relationships.
Design and comparison of an optimized permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) with an induction motor with identical NEMA Frame stators

The performance of a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) depends on the direct axis inductance (L d ) and the quadrature axis inductance (L q ) of the machine. To achieve high torque density and power factor, increasing the saliency ratio L d /L q and making the difference of these inductances (L d -L q ) large enough are well known methods. Otherwise, the performance of the motor will remain below that of a similar induction machine using similar stator. By placing a proper amount of permanent magnets inside of the rotor in proper position it will be possible to achieve a significant improvement in performance of this permanent magnet assisted SynRM (PMa-SynRM) which will be comparable with induction machines with same stators. This PMa-SynRM will have benefit of reduced price due to use of conventional induction machines stators. This study investigates the characteristic of an optimized PMa-SynRM rotor for a specific 36-slot NEMA-Frame stator used in 7.5 HP induction motor and the paper presents the comparison results between the PMa-SynRM, SynRM, and the induction motor obtained from FEM analysis.
The Emperor Jahangir and the Pursuit of Pleasure

Les empereurs moghols se distinguent par la mobilite de leur cour, sans capitale unique, ce qui les rend moins vulnerables aux attaques. La cour de l’empereur Jahangir se distingue cependant parce que sa mobilite n’avait pas des buts politiques ou guerriers, mais visait essentiellement la quete de plaisir : les plaisirs de la vie au grand air, de la chasse, de la decouverte des paysages de l’empire. Cette mobilite n’excluait pas le raffinement de la vie de cour, les exces des psychotropes et de l’alcool, mais aussi une vie spirituelle, un interet, au dela de l’Islam, pour les differentes composantes religieuses de l’empire a travers differents pelerinages. En depit de ses exces, la cour itinerante de Jahangir semble avoir conforte sa legitimite sur le territoire, par les paralleles qu’elle offrait notamment avec le rituel du digjaya (conquete de l’espace) du souverain ideal hindou.
Seasonal Abundance of Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens Complex Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in California

Large-scale patterns in the seasonal abundance profiles of the arboviral mosquito vectors Culex tarsalis Coquillett and the species of the Culex pipiens complex were described based on a decade of counts from 868 New Jersey light traps located throughout the urban and agricultural areas of California. Mean seasonal abundance profiles varied markedly among hydrologic regions. For all species, abundance increased earlier and declined later in drier, warmer southern regions, but variation could not be explained fully by latitude. The observed patterns may be driven by temperature, availability of larval habitats, and for the Cx. pipiens complex, the taxonomic composition of local populations.
The development of phase-based property data using the CALPHAD method and infrastructure needs

Initially, the CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) method was established as a tool for treating thermodynamics and phase equilibria of multicomponent systems. Since then the method has been successfully applied to diffusion mobilities in multicomponent systems, creating the foundation for simulation of diffusion processes in these systems. Recently, the CALPHAD method has been expanded to other phase-based properties, including molar volumes and elastic constants, and has the potential to treat electrical and thermal conductivity and even two-phase properties, such as interfacial energies. Advances in the CALPHAD method or new information on specific systems frequently require that already assessed systems be re-assessed. Therefore, the next generation of CALPHAD necessitates data repositories so that when new models are developed or new experimental and computational information becomes available the relevant low-order (unary, binary, and ternary) systems can be re-assessed efficiently to develop the new multicomponent descriptions. The present work outlines data and infrastructure needs for efficient CALPHAD assessments and updates, highlighting the requirement for data repositories with flexible data formats that can be accessed by a variety of tools and that can evolve as data needs change. Within these repositories, the data must be stored with the appropriate metadata to enable the evaluation of the confidence of the stored data.
Effects of in vivo hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury on the hepatobiliary disposition of rhodamine 123 and its metabolites in isolated perfused rat livers.

Purpose. A few studies have shown that normothermic hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury may affect the mRNA and/or protein levels of canalicular transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2). However, the effects of the injury on the functions of these canalicular transporters with respect to the biliary excretion of drugs remain largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of warm hepatic IR on the hepatobiliary disposition of rhodamine 123 (RH-123), a P-gp substrate, and its glucuronidated metabolite (RH-Glu), an Mrp2 substrate, in rats. Methods. Twenty four or 72 h following a 60-min partial ischemia or sham operation in rats, livers were isolated and perfused ex vivo with a constant concentration (~100 ng/mL) of RH-123. The concentration of RH-123 and its glucuronidated (RH-Glu) and deacylated (RH-110) metabolites were determined in the outlet perfusate, bile, and the liver tissue using HPLC, and relevant pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. Results. Twenty-four-h IR caused a significant reduction in the hepatic extraction ratio of RH-123 (IR: 0.857 ± 0.078; Sham: 0.980 ± 0.017) and the biliary recovery of the parent drug and RH-Glu by 43% and 44%, respectively. The reductions in the biliary recovery were associated with significant reductions in the apparent biliary clearance of RH-123 and RH-Glu. Mass balance data showed that the formation of the glucuronidated or deacylated metabolite was not significantly affected by the 24-h IR injury. In contrast to the 24-h IR, the injury did not have any effect on the hepatobiliary disposition of RH-123 or its metabolites following 72 h of reperfusion. Conclusions. It is concluded that the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are subject to biliary excretion by the canalicular P-gp and Mrp2 transporters may be altered shortly after hepatic IR injury. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
A Comparison of Chemical Enhancements for the Detection of Latent Blood

Luminol, Bluestar(®), and Hemascein(®) were tested to compare detection sensitivities to latent blood. Untreated, EDTA-treated human blood, and a catalytically similar blood substitute were diluted (neat to 1:1,000,000) and pipetted onto a variety of substrates. Luminol and Bluestar(®) performed similarly on all surfaces and fabrics. Hemascein(®) yielded poor results on wood surfaces, but performed well in the detection of latent blood on fabrics. Results from untreated, EDTA-treated, and synthetic blood results indicate that EDTA-treated blood is similar or slightly less sensitive than untreated blood at all dilutions and on all substrates, and the synthetic blood is less sensitive than real blood, but consistent in detection threshold and thus is useful as a training aid. Additionally, some foods and household chemicals that have previously been shown to cross-react were tested with Bluestar(®), Hemascein(®), and luminol. Hemascein(®) cross-reacted with many substances, while both luminol reagents were more discriminating.
Analysis of continuous GPS measurements from southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Several years of continuous data have been collected at remote bedrock Global Positioning System (GPS) sites in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Annual to sub-annual variations are observed in the position time-series. An atmospheric pressure loading (APL) effect is calculated from pressure field anomalies supplied by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model loading an elastic Earth model. The predicted APL signal has a moderate correlation with the vertical position time-series at McMurdo, Ross Island (International Global Navigation Satellite System Service (IGS) station MCM4), produced using a global solution. In contrast, a local solution in which MCM4 is the fiducial site generates a vertical time series for a remote site in Victoria Land (Cape Roberts, ROB4) which exhibits a low, inverse correlation with the predicted atmospheric pressure loading signal. If, in the future, known and well modeled geophysical loads can be separated from the time-series, then local hydrological loading, of interest for glaciological and climate applications, can potentially be extracted from the GPS time-series. Citation: Willis, M. J. (2007), Analysis of continuous GPS measurements from southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, in Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World - Online Proceedings of the 10 th
Artificial enhancements and reductions in the PV efficiency

The researcher is under great pressure to improve the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) devices. This paper addresses methods of artificially enhancing or reducing the efficiency with respect to a given set of standard reference conditions. Artificial efficiency improvements can be caused by measurement procedures, the data acquisition system, device processing, and the definition of what the standard reference conditions are for a given device. Procedural methods of enhancing the efficiency include applying a static charge prior to measurement and improper contacting. The data acquisition system can change the efficiency by sweeping the device voltage too fast; allowing the calibration to drift; neglecting the spectral mismatch error; or having spatial nonuniformities in the illumination. PV devices can be processed to give a high initial efficiency at the expense of stability. The so-called active area is the most common definition-related method of artificially improving the efficiency. Efficiency differences for thermophotovoltaic devices are dominated by differences in the reference conditions caused by a lack of standardization.
Therapeutic Targeting of CPT-11 Induced Diarrhea: A Case for Prophylaxis

CPT-11 (irinotecan), a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor is one of the main treatments for colorectal cancer. The main dose limiting toxicities are neutropenia and late onset diarrhea. Though neutropenia is manageable, CPT-11 induced diarrhea is frequently severe, resulting in hospitalizations, dose reductions or omissions leading to ineffective treatment administration. Many potential agents have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies to prevent or ameliorate CPT-11 induced late onset diarrhea. It is predicted that prophylaxis of CPT-11 induced diarrhea will reduce sub-therapeutic dosing as well as hospitalizations and will eventually lead to dose escalations resulting in better response rates. This article reviews various experimental agents and strategies employed to prevent this debilitating toxicity. Covered topics include schedule/dose modification, intestinal alkalization, structural/chemical modification, genetic testing, anti-diarrheal therapies, transporter (ABCB1, ABCC2, BCRP2) inhibitors, enzyme (β-glucuronidase, UGT1A1, CYP3A4, carboxylesterase, COX-2) inducers and inhibitors, probiotics, antibiotics, adsorbing agents, cytokine and growth factor activators and inhibitors and other miscellaneous agents.
Antioxidant Vitamins and Lipid Therapy: End of a Long Romance?

During the past decade, the perception flourished that lipid and antioxidant therapy were 2 independent avenues for cardiovascular protection. However, studies have shown that commonly used antioxidant vitamin regimens do not prevent cardiovascular events. We found that the addition of antioxidant vitamins to simvastatin-niacin therapy substantially blunts the expected rise in the protective high density lipoprotein (HDL)2 cholesterol and lipoprotein(A-I) subfractions of HDL, with apparent adverse effects on the progression of coronary artery disease. To better understand this effect, 12 apolipoproteins, receptors, or enzymes that contribute to reverse cholesterol transport have been examined in terms of their relationship to HDL2 and lipoprotein(A-I) levels and the potential for antioxidant modulation of their gene expression. Three plausible candidate mechanisms are identified: (1) antioxidant stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression/activity, (2) antioxidant suppression of macrophage ATP binding cassette transmembrane transporter A1 expression, and/or (3) antioxidant suppression of hepatic or intestinal apolipoprotein A-I synthesis or increase in apolipoprotein A-I catabolism. In summary, antioxidant vitamins E and C and beta-carotene, alone or in combination, do not protect against cardiovascular disease. Their use for this purpose may create a diversion away from proven therapies. Because these vitamins blunt the protective HDL2 cholesterol response to HDL cholesterol-targeted therapy, they are potentially harmful in this setting. We conclude that they should rarely, if ever, be recommended for cardiovascular protection.
Graphene Epitaxial growth on SiC(0001) for resistance standards

Epitaxial growth of graphene layers on 6H-SiC(0001) substrates are studied to improve the performance of graphene for metrological applications. A face-to-face (FTF) annealing method at 2000 °C in an Ar background atmosphere are used to inhibit the rates of SiC decomposition and Si sublimation and thus control the graphene layer development. Sample surface morphology and its relation to changes in the growth conditions are described.
Zanamivir in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of zanamivir in the prevention and treatment of influenza.DATA SOURCES:Medical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–June 1999). Key search terms included zanamivir, GG167, and influenza. Additional information was obtained from GlaxoWellcome, Inc.DATA SYNTHESIS:Zanamivir is the first in a new class of drugs to be developed for the treatment of influenza. An evaluation of clinical trials using inhaled zanamivir was conducted to determine its efficacy.CONCLUSIONS:Zanamivir appears to shorten the median duration of influenza symptoms by up to 2.5 days when compared with placebo. It was well tolerated in clinical trials, with mild adverse effects occurring in a small percentage of subjects.
Hydrogen Concentration and Distribution in High-Purity Germanium Crystals

High-purity germanium crystals used for making nuclear radiation detectors are usually grown in a hydrogen ambient from a melt contained in a high-purity silica crucible. The benefits and problems encountered in using a hydrogen ambient are reviewed. A hydrogen concentration of about 2×1015cm-3 has been determined by growing crystals in hydrogen spiked with tritium and counting the tritium s-decays in detectors made from these crystals. Annealing studies show that the hydrogen is strongly bound, either to defects or as H2 with a dissociation energy > 3eV. This is lowered to 1.8eV when copper is present. Etching defects in dislocation-free crystals grown in hydrogen have been found by etch stripping to have a density of about 1×107cm-3 and are estimated to contain 108H atoms each.
CONTRAST-MATCHING ANALYSIS OF GRATING INDUCTION AND SUPRATHRESHOLD CONTRAST PERCEPTION

The effect that induced gratings [Vision Res. 22, 119 (1982)] exert on the perceived contrast of standard gratings situated within a 0.5 degrees test field was assessed for two observers by a contrast-matching procedure. Five levels of inducing-grating contrast, CI, ranged from 0.0 to 0.75. Functions relating matching contrast, CM, to standard-grating contrast, CS, were obtained at four levels of inducing-grating contrast across a range of standard contrasts, -0.90 or = 0.50. When the difference between the absolute values of matching and standard contrast, magnitude of CM-magnitude of CS, is plotted against the ratio of standard to inducing-grating contrast, CS/CI, the resulting functions are generally biphasic, revealing regions of both contrast overmatching (i.e., magnitude of CM > magnitude of CS) and contrast undermatching, magnitude of CM < magnitude of CS. A four parameter model is presented that accounts for many features of the raw matching functions and that is mathematically similar to Semmelroth's account of the crispening effect in brightness matching [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1685 (1970)]. The model describes matching contrast, CM, as the weighted sum of two nonlinear contrast-response functions whose inputs are CS and CS-CI. The results are discussed relative to the crispening effect (the effect of contrast adaptation on perceived contrast) and to similarities and differences in luminance and contrast-domain visual processing.
Impersonating the dead: mimes at Roman funerals.

quality to them. We are told of the presence of musicians and dancing satyrs as part of the procession (pompd) and the excessive, even feigned grief, on the part of mourners, some of whom were professionals.1 Most striking of all was the performance of an actor (a "funerary mime") who donned a mask that portrayed the likeness of the deceased and wore clothing that represented the highest offices and honors that the de? ceased had achieved. While dressed in this manner, the actor impersonated the deceased, imitating, and sometimes mocking, his well-known physical characteristics and movements and his words.2 To our modern sensibilities such a custom might seem odd, but a recent commentator on Roman aristocratic funerals has pointed out how the tone of a single funeral celebration ranged from "the patriotic and somber, to sad, to joyous and festive."3 The performance of this funerary mime, in which the dead momentarily came back to life in vivid form, apparently could reflect the full range of emotions on display at a Roman funeral. Despite recent studies on the Roman funeral, we still lack an analysis of the funerary mime that draws together all of the ancient evidence. Such an
Combinatorial Filters: Sensor Beams, Obstacles, and Possible Paths

A problem is introduced in which a moving body (robot, human, animal, vehicle, and so on) travels among obstacles and binary detection beams that connect between obstacles or barriers. Each beam can be viewed as a virtual sensor that may have many possible alternative implementations. The task is to determine the possible body paths based only on sensor observations that each simply report that a beam crossing occurred. This is a basic filtering problem encountered in many settings, under a variety of sensing modalities. Filtering methods are presented that reconstruct the set of possible paths at three levels of resolution: (1) the possible sequences of regions (bounded by beams and obstacles) visited, (2) equivalence classes of homo-topic paths, and (3) the possible numbers of times the path winds around obstacles. In the simplest case, all beams are disjoint, distinguishable, and directed. More complex cases are then considered, allowing for any amount of beams overlapping, indistinguishability, and lack of directional information. The method was implemented in simulation. An inexpensive, low-energy, easily deployable architecture was also created which implements the beam model and validates the methods of the article with experiments.
Large-scale approaches for glycobiology

Glycosylation, the attachment of carbohydrates to proteins and lipids, influences many biological processes. Despite detailed characterization of the cellular components that carry out glycosylation, a complete picture of a cell's glycoconjugates remains elusive because of the challenges inherent in characterizing complex carbohydrates. This article reviews large-scale techniques for accelerating progress in glycobiology.
FIRST REPORT OF LASIODIPLODIA CITRICOLA ASSOCIATED WITH STEM CANKER OF PEACH IN CALIFORNIA, USA

In July 2009 and October 2012, stems of young peach (Prunus persica) trees with cankers from Kings, Fresno and Yuba Counties, respectively, in California were submitted to our diagnostic laboratory. The cankered areas were discoloured brown in comparison with the creamy healthy bark and covered with gum galls. More than 30 trees were killed in Fresno and Kings Counties, and 6 trees in Yuba County. Scraping the cankers revealed large black pycnidia and brown discoloured wood. A fungus consistently isolated from the cankers was identified as Lasiodiplodia citricola based on morphological characteristics (Abdollahzadeh et al., 2010) and analyses of ITS, and TEF-1α gene regions. The sequence showed high identity (ITS, 100%; TEF-1α, 99%) with reference sequence (isolate: IRAN 1522C = CBS 124707, ex-type of L. citricola; accession Nos.: ITS, GU945354; TEF-1α, GU945340; β- tubulin, not available) for L. citricola (Abdollahzadeh et al., 2010). Sequences were deposited to GenBank (isolates: 7F93, 7F94 and 7F95. Accession Nos.: ITS, KC357262–KC357264; TEF-1α, KC357268–KC357270; β-tubulin, KC357265–KC357267). Pathogenicity of L. citricola in P. persica variety nectarina cv. Summer Fire was tested using three isolates. Ten two-year-old branches for each isolate were inoculated. Inoculations were made in late Oct. 2012 as described by Chen et al. (2013). Lesion length was measured 3 weeks after inoculation. The three isolates of L. citricola produced 60–67-long lesions within 3 weeks, while wounds were covered with callus tissue in the control inoculations. L .citricola was reisolated from the inoculated branches and no fungus was re-isolated from the control branches. These results indicate the pathogenicity of L. citricola to P. persica.
Redescription of Cirriformia crassicollis (Kinberg, 1866) and Timarete hawaiensis (Hartman, 1956) new combination, (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae), endemic polychaetes to the Hawaiian Islands

Cirriformia crassicollis (Kinberg 1866) and Timarete hawaiensis (Hartman 1956), new combination are redescribed. Cirriformia hawaiensis is here referred to the genus Timarete Kinberg 1866, because the branchial filaments on chaetigers 10–18 are shifted dorsally forming a dorsolateral bulge over the notopodia. T. hawaiensis and C. crassicollis are presently known only from the Hawaiian Islands and are commonly associated with changing ecosystems such as harbors and dense populations of tube worms.