cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic drift and effective population sizes of hatchery-propagated stocks of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

Abstract Using starch-gel electrophoresis, we scored genetic differences for 14 polymorphic enzymes among individuals from three Pacific oyster populations: natural set from Dabob Bay, Washington, and two cultivated stocks. The stocks were each derived from the Dabob Bay wild population and reproductively isolated from this population and from each other for three generations via hatchery propagation and separate rearing on commercial growout beds in Willapa Bay, Washington, and Humboldt Bay, California. Compared with the wild population, one of the two cultivated stocks had significantly fewer alleles per locus, but proportions of polymorphic loci and average heterozygosities were not statistically different among the three population samples. Hatchery-propagated stocks differed markedly in allelic frequencies from each other and from the wild population at most loci. Allelic frequencies in the Dabob Bay sample are assumed to represent those in the progenitors of the hatchery stocks. Average per locus allele-frequency variances between the progenitor and derived hatchery populations are normally distributed after appropriate transformation, indicating that divergence of hatchery stocks from Dabob Bay population owes to random genetic drift. Based on the inverse relationship between the magnitude of random genetic drift and effective population size (Ne), the per-generation effective sizes of the two commercial oyster stocks are calculated to be only 40.6±13.9 (s.d.) and 8.9±2.2 (s.d.) for the Willapa Bay and Humboldt Bay stocks, respectively. These estimates account well for the loss of alleles in these hatchery-propagated stocks. Analysis of allele-frequency drift is recommended over simple comparisons of genetic diversity for revealing the extent and nature of genetic change in reproductively isolated aquaculture stocks.
Analysis of Factors Associated with Outcome in Patients Undergoing Isolated Hepatic Perfusion for Unresectable Liver Metastases from Colorectal Center

To define the indications for hyperthermic isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) in patients with unresectable liver metastases (LM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) with particular focus on IHP’s utility as a second-line option for patients whose tumors have progressed following combination systemic chemotherapy treatment. From June 1994 through July 2005, 120 patients with unresectable CRC LM underwent IHP with melphalan (n = 69), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (n = 10) or both (n = 41). Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) with floxuridine started 6–8 weeks post IHP in 46 (38%). Patients were followed for toxicity, radiographic response, and overall survival (OS). Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare parameters by response category; survival and hepatic progression-free survival were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Of 79 males and 41 females, 96 (80%) received prior chemotherapy. There were five (4%) operative/treatment mortalities. There were 69 responses in 114 evaluable patients (61%). Total melphalan dose and combination melphalan/TNF were each associated with response; age, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prior chemotherapy for established LM, tumor burden, and post-IHP HAI therapy were not. Median overall survival was 17.4 months and 2-year survival was 34%. Factors found to be independently related to survival were preoperative CEA <30 ng/mL and use of post-IHP HAI (P < 0.015). IHP results in marked tumor regression and prolonged survival in patients with CRC LM. Continued development of IHP in this clinical setting is warranted.
Cyclooxygenase-2 is highly expressed in carcinoma in situ and T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We describe cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression patterns in patients with carcinoma in situ and/or stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma. We determined whether expression is associated with clinical outcome in these patients.Materials and Methods: Immunostaining for COX-2 was performed on paraffin embedded bladder biopsy specimens from 2 independent groups of patients without muscle invasive carcinoma, including 39 with carcinoma in situ and 34 with stage T1 tumors. Immunoreactivity was scored as the percent of carcinoma in situ cells with cytoplasmic staining for COX-2 in the carcinoma in situ group and as the percent of stage T1 cells expressing COX-2 in the stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma group. We evaluated other molecular alterations, including E-cadherin, p21 and p53, because evidence suggests a biological association of COX-2 with alterations in these molecular markers.Results: In the carcinoma in situ group 5 patients (13%) had no immunoreactivity, while 2 (5%), 5 (13%) and 27...
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE

Abstract The performance of welded connections in special moment resisting frames (SMRF) during the Northridge, California earthquake in January 1994 was influenced by many variables. The actual ground motions experienced by the buildings, the design details employed in the connections, material properties, fabrication workmanship and inspection practices. The evidences of workmanship-related problems were primarily the result of lack of conformance to the requirements specified in the AWS Structural Welding Code D1.1. Lack of emphasis on in-process visual inspection may have permitted questionable fabrication practices to go undetected. A fundamental expectation regarding the performance of the SMRF is that of ‘ductility’. In concept, the seismic energies are to be absorbed by the formation of plastic hinges within the structure. The pre-Northridge connection detail is examined in light of quality, fracture and multi-directional stresses, and its relative performance regarding expectations of ductile behavior. Post-Northridge research specimens are examined with respect to the same factors, along with their relative level of ductile behavior. Details that enhance ductile behavior and the reasons that this behavior can be expected are presented.
SU-FF-J-33: Using CT Cine Data as An Alternative Method for Respiratory Phase Analysis and a Potential Method for Tumor Motion Study

Purpose: To demonstrate the use of cine images from 4D-CT imaging as an alternative method to obtain respiratory signal for sorting of the 4D-CT data, and as a tool to understand the relationship between the externally measured respiratory signal and the internal tumor motion. Method and Materials: Six lung patients were scanned in the tumor region with coverage of approximately 8 cm. The respiratory trace for each patient was clinically acquired using the RPM system placing the RPM block near the diaphragm. The cine images were used as an alternative method to obtain respiratory signal by measuring CT density variation versus time in a region of interest chosen at the boundary of tissues with high CT density contrast. We also placed a region of interest to measure the CT number changes as a way to describe the tumor motion in either superior-inferior or anterior-posterior direction. We compared the respiratory signal from RPM and the respiratory signal from cine images and correlated the two respiratory signals with the internal tumor motion (also from cine images). Results: Images can be sorted to become 4D-CT data using the respiratory signal measured from cine images. When compared to the RPM signal, the respiratory traces measured using the cine images, showed phase differences ranging from 2% to 25%. Tumor motions observed using the cine data for three patients showed 50% phase difference in S-I direction and 0% and 25% phase differences in A-P direction from the respiratory signal of the RPM block. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that cine data can be used as an alternative way of acquiring respiratory waveform for 4DCT images registration. The tumor motion can also be studied using the cine data. The 4D-CT data can also help us understand the relationship between internal tumor motion and the externally measured respiratory signal.
Concurrent mutations of coding and regulatory sequences of the Ha-ras gene in urinary bladder carcinomas

Abstract This report concerns the study of Ha- ras gene mutations and ras p21 expression in primary tumors of the urinary bladder. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques and computerized image analysis were used. The data obtained were related to tumor grade, DNA ploidy, and tumor invasion. A point mutation (G→T) at Ha- ras codon 12 was found in 30 of 67 tumors. The mutation frequency was greater in grade III (65%) than in grade II (44%) tumors; no mutations were observed in grade I tumors. The mutation was observed more often in aneuploid (58%) than in diploid (28%) tumors. No other substitution at codon 12 was seen and no codon 61 mutation was detected. The tumors were also tested for the A→G mutation at position 2719 of Ha- ras intron D. Concurrent codon 12 and intron D mutations were identified in seven high-grade aneuploid tumors; six were invasive. The levels of the ras gene product p21 were approximately 10 times higher in tumors with intron D mutation than in those without. These findings confirm on human bladder tumors the observations of the effect of synchronous exonintron mutations reported on the bladder cancer cell line T24. Our results are the first demonstration of Ha- ras intron D alterations in human tumor tissues and suggest that concurrent mutations at codon 12 and intron D of this gene within the same tumor may contribute to the aggressive behavior of human bladder carcinomas.
Effects of schoolwide cluster grouping and within-class ability grouping on elementary school students’ academic achievement growth

We evaluated the effects of one year of schoolwide cluster grouping on the academic achievement growth of gifted and non-identified elementary students using a piecewise multilevel growth model. Scores from 186 non-identified and 68 gifted students’ Measures of Academic Progress Reading and Math scores were examined over three school years. In 2008–2009 within-class ability grouping was used. In 2009–2010 schoolwide cluster grouping was implemented. In 2010–2011 students once again were grouped only within classrooms by ability and students identified as gifted were spread across all classrooms at each grade level. Results suggest that schoolwide cluster grouping influenced student performance in the year following its implementation, but only for mathematics and not the area of reading.
Functional expression of CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 in glycosphingolipid-deficient mouse melanoma GM95 cells and susceptibility to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-triggered membrane fusion.

Abstract We had previously reported that glycosphingolipids (GSL) support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry. In this study, we further examined this issue by expressing HIV-1 receptors in GSL-deficient GM95 cells. GM95 cells expressing low levels of CD4 and CXCR4 or CCR5 did not support HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion. However, higher expression of these receptors rendered GM95 cells highly susceptible to fusion with cells expressing appropriate HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (HIV-1 Envs). The GM95 cells exhibited a different fusion phenotype when compared with GSL+ NIH3T3 cells bearing similar receptor levels. Fusion of GM95 targets expressing higher levels of CD4 and coreceptors occurred at 25°C and was sensitive to cholesterol depletion or disruption of the cytoskeleton. In contrast, the fusion threshold of NIH3T3CD4X4/R5 targets was at ≥28°C as previously reported and was insensitive to cholesterol depletion or cytoskeletal network disruption. On the basis of these observations, we propose that target membrane GSLs support HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion at low density of receptors by stabilizing receptor pools in natural targets.
Geographic characteristics of the growth of informetrics literature 1987–2008

Abstract Recent studies have concluded that American contributions to science literature have been in relative decline, whereas contributions from other parts of the world such as the European Union and Asia have increased. Is the same true for the areas of bibliometrics, informetrics and scientometrics? This study investigates the growth and geographic distribution of metrics research for the period 1987–2008. Similar to studies of other disciplines or science in general, the findings reveal that the United States continues to dominate, but there has been a recent relative decline in North American contributions overall. European and Asian contributions have grown substantially. National and institutional collaborations that contribute to this growth do not necessarily follow close geographic proximity, although European nations have been more active with international collaborations overall, both within Europe and elsewhere.
Refusing Subjects and (Dis)owning America in Asian American Studies

Given the myriad historical and cultural trajectories of Asian America as a political coalition, Asian American Studies continually interrogates the terms of its coalitional unity as it foregrounds and theorizes “difference.” The challenge for Asian American Studies is to question identity with nation as the endpoint to anti-racist politics in order to create a space for theoretical inquiries of belonging beyond nation and racial identity to foreground other ways of imagining affinity, communities, and political alliances.
How do tumors make ends meet

When Barbara McClintock irradiated strains of Indian corn in the early 30s, she identified ring chromosomes, which she soon realized were a special case of chromosomes broken by radiation; the broken ends sometimes fused to one another and formed a ring (1, 2). This discovery led McClintock to hypothesize the existence of a special structure at the chromosome tip that would maintain chromosome stability. In 1941 she described the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle, a model for a repeating pattern of chromosome behavior that is triggered by an initial breakage (3). Normally, each chromatid strand has one centromere, and the chromosome ends remain capped by the telomeres that protect the ends from sticking to one another. But sometimes, harmful substances or radiation damage a chromatid and cause it to break. Without telomere caps, the new ends stick to each other, and the resulting fused chromosome has two centromeres as well as a duplication of some of the genes from that chromosome. When cell division occurs, the two centromeres of this unusual chromosome may be pulled to the opposite spindle poles of the cell, forming an irregular, long chromosome bridge between the two newly forming daughter cells (Fig. 1 A and B). Eventually, the abnormal chromatid breaks in two or may be left behind during cell division. If the chromosome ends are broken, they are likely to rejoin again, reforming a chromosome bridge at the next division.
Serotonin Receptors and Heart Valve Disease – it was meant 2B

Carcinoid heart disease was one of the first valvular pathologies studied in molecular detail, and early research identified serotonin produced by oncogenic enterochromaffin cells as the likely culprit in causing changes in heart valve tissue. Researchers and physicians in the mid-1960s noted a connection between the use of several ergot-derived medications with structures similar to serotonin and the development of heart valve pathologies similar to those observed in carcinoid patients. The exact serotonergic target that mediated valvular pathogenesis remained a mystery for many years until similar cases were reported in patients using the popular diet drug Fen-Phen in the late 1990s. The Fen-Phen episode sparked renewed interest in serotonin-mediated valve disease, and studies led to the identification of the 5-HT2B receptor as the likely molecular target leading to heart valve tissue fibrosis. Subsequent studies have identified numerous other activators of the 5-HT2B receptor, and consequently, the use of many of these molecules has been linked to heart valve disease. Herein, we: review the molecular properties of the 5-HT2B receptor including factors that differentiate the 5-HT2B receptor from other 5-HT receptor subtypes, discuss the studies that led to the identification of the 5-HT2B receptor as the mediator of heart valve disease, present current efforts to identify potential valvulopathogens by screening for 5-HT2B receptor activity, and speculate on potential therapeutic benefits of 5-HT2B receptor targeting.
Production of low temperature active lipase from the pink snow mold, Microdochium nivale (syn. Fusarium nivale)

The pink snow mold, Microdochium nivale (syn. Fusarium nivale) SUF 1377 strain produced an extracellular low temperature active lipase during growth at 4°C. The lipase had the highest activity at 20°C, and retained 19% of its maximum activity at 0°C.
Structure of an Accurate ab Initio Model of the Aqueous Cl- Ion at High Temperatures

The structure of an accurate ab initio model of aqueous chloride ion was calculated at two high-temperature state points (573 K, 0.725 g/cm3 and 723 K, 0.0098 g/cm3) by a two-step procedure. First, the structure of an approximate model was calculated from a molecular dynamics simulation of the model. Then the difference between the structure of the ab initio model and the approximate model was calculated by non-Boltzmann weighting of a sample of configurations taken from the approximate model simulation. Radial distribution functions, average coordination numbers, the distribution of coordination numbers, an analysis of orientations of water in the first coordination shell, and the free energy of hydration of the chloride ion are reported for both state points. The most common water structure has one hydrogen close to the chloride ion and one pointing away (46% at 573 K and 57% at 723 K). Waters in the first coordination shell that are not strongly bound to the chloride ions are common. Several variations...
Sanctioning Costs and Norm Enforcement: An Experimental Test

This article focuses on the relationship between the costs of norm enforcement and the extent to which such enforcement actually occurs. We predict that as costs increase, sanctioning of deviant behavior is less likely. In addition, however, costs have a positive effect on the strength of meta-norms that encourage sanctioning. These meta-norms, in turn, lead to more frequent enforcement. Hypotheses are tested using experimental methods and, for the most part, are supported.
MANAGING CUSTOMERS FOR VALUE: AN OVERVIEW AND RESEARCH AGENDA

This article provides an introduction to and overview of this special issue on “Managing Customers for Value.” The field of customer management has grown rapidly in recent years, with significant r...
IEEE802.11 sensor networking [wireless network]

This paper deals with a smart transducer wireless network for industrial applications. Thanks to its high popularity, a solution based on IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) is adopted. A master slave network organization is proposed to allow several sensors to be connected with generic Wi-Fi devices, like PCs: a proprietary protocol over IP/UDP has been also developed. Finally, some low cost prototypes have been build to test the network behaviour and to show its feasibility. Experimental results prove its applicability in a soft real-time industrial context.
Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation and exercise for the prevention of acute respiratory infection: possible mechanisms of action.

Background. A randomized trial suggests that meditation and exercise may prevent acute respiratory infection (ARI). This paper explores potential mediating mechanisms. Methods. Community-recruited adults were randomly assigned to three nonblinded arms: 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (), moderate-intensity exercise (), or wait-list control (). Primary outcomes were ARI illness burden (validated Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey). Potential mediators included self-reported psychophysical health and exercise intensity (baseline, 9 weeks, and 3 months). A Baron and Kenny approach-based mediational analysis model, adjusted for group status, age, and gender, evaluated the relationship between the primary outcome and a potential mediator using zero-inflated modeling and Sobel testing. Results. Of 154 randomized, 149 completed the trial (51, 47, and 51 in meditation, exercise, and control groups) and were analyzed (82% female, 94% Caucasian, 59.3 ± SD 6.6 years old). Mediational analyses suggested that improved mindfulness (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale) at 3 months may mediate intervention effects on ARI severity and duration (); 1 point increase in the mindfulness score corresponded to a shortened ARI duration by 7.2–9.6 hours. Conclusions. Meditation and exercise may decrease the ARI illness burden through increased mindfulness. These preliminary findings need confirmation, if confirmed, they would have important policy and clinical implications. This trial registration was Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01057771.
Penny-shaped crack in a fiber-reinforced matrix

Using a slender inclusion model developed earlier, the elastostatic interaction problem between a penny-shaped crack and elastic fibers in an elastic matrix is formulated. For a single set and for multiple sets of fibers oriented perpendicularly to the plane of the crack and distributed symmetrically on concentric circles, the problem was reduced to a system of singular integral equations. Techniques for the regularization and for the numerical solution of the system are outlined. For various fiber geometries numerical examples are given, and distribution of the stress intensity factor along the crack border was obtained. Sample results showing the distribution of the fiber stress and a measure of the fiber-matrix interface shear are also included.
Optimal Gaussian fingeprint decoders

This paper proposes codes that achieve the fundamental capacity limits of digital fingerprinting subject to mean-squared distortion constraints on the fingerprint embedder and the colluders. We first show that the traditional method of fingerprint decoding by thresholding correlation statistics falls short of this goal: reliable performance is impossible at code rates greater than some value C 1 that is strictly less than capacity. To bridge the gap to capacity, a more powerful decoding method is needed. The Maximum Penalized Gaussian Mutual Information decoder presented here meets this requirement. Finally, a mathematical framework and a capacity expression for fingerprinting of social networks are presented.
Inefficiency and complementarity in sharing games

A sharing game is a very simple device for partially reconciling an organization’s goal with the interests of its members. Each member chooses an action, bears its cost, and receives a share of the revenue which the members’ actions generate. A (pure-strategy) equilibrium of the game may be inefficient: surplus (revenue minus the sum of costs) may be less than maximal. In a previous paper, we found that for a wide class of reward functions, no one squanders at an inefficient equilibrium (spends more than at an efficient profile) if the revenue function has a complementarity property. In the present paper, we examine the “opposite” of the complementarity property (Substitutes) and we study a class of finite games where squandering equilibria indeed occur if Substitutes holds strongly enough. Squandering equilibria play a key role when one traces the effect of technological improvement on a sharing game’s surplus shortfall. We then turn to the question of choice among reward functions in a principal/agents setting. We find that if we again assume complementarity then strong conclusions can be reached about the reward functions preferred by “society”, by the players (agents), and by the principal.
Three-dimensional inversion of multitransmitter electromagnetic data based on the localized quasi-linear approximation

SUMMARY Three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic (EM) inversion is increasingly important for the correct interpretation of EM data sets in complex environments. To this end, several approximate solutions have been developed that allow the construction of relatively fast inversion schemes. We have developed a localized quasi-linear (LQL) approximation that is source-independent and, therefore, appropriate for multisource array-type surveys, typical in many geophysical applications, such as airborne EM, cross-well tomography, and well logging. This method is based on the assumption that the anomalous electric field within an inhomogeneous domain is linearly proportional to the background electric field through an electrical reflectivity tensor λ^. This tensor is determined by solving a source-independent minimization problem based on the integral equation for the scattering currents. We have also developed a new, fast 3-D EM inversion method, based on this new approximation, and applied it to synthetic and real helicopter-borne EM data. The results demonstrate the stability and efficiency of the method and show that the LQL approximation can be a practical solution to the problem of 3-D inversion of multitransmitter frequency-domain EM data.
Polarization of water molecules at a charged interface: second harmonic studies of the silica/water interface

Abstract Surface second harmonic generation was used to probe the silica/water interface. At pH values where the silica surface is charged, we found that the water molecules near the interface are polarized by the interfacial electric field and are responsible for the observed second harmonic light. Two types of silanol sites having pKa values of 4.5 and 8.5 were inferred from the data. A promising result of the studies was the development of a new method for obtaining electric potentials at charged liquid interfaces.
Physical Exercise and Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer in Young Women

Background: Epidemiologic evidence strongly suggests that cumulative exposure to ovarian hormones is a determinant of breast cancer risk. Because physical activity can modify menstrual cycle patterns and alter the production of ovarian hormones, it may reduce breast cancer risk; yet few epidemiologic studies have assessed this relationship. Purpose: The major objective of this study was to determine whether young women (aged 40 and younger) who regularly participated in physical exercise activities during their reproductive years had a reduced risk of breast cancer. Methods: Using a case-control design, we conducted personal interviews of a total of 545 women (aged 40 and younger at diagnosis) who had been newly diagnosed with in situ or invasive breast cancer between July 1, 1983, and January 1, 1989, and a total of 545 control subjects. Case patients and control subjects were individually matched on date of birth (within 36 months), race (white), parity (nulliparous versus parous), and neighborhood of residence. Lifetime histories of participation in physical exercise activities on a regular basis were obtained during the personal interview. Results: After adjustment for potential confounding factors, we found that the average number of hours spent in physical exercise activities per week from menarche to 1 year prior to the case patient's diagnosis was a significant predictor of reduced breast cancer risk (two-sided P for trend /= 3.8 hours/wk of exercise) women to inactive women, the ORs were 0.28 (95% CL = 0.16, 0.50) for parous and 0.73 (95% CL = 0.38, 1.41) for nulliparous women. Conclusions: Most previously identified risk factors for breast cancer are reproductive and menstrual events that cannot be readily altered. The protective effect of exercise on breast cancer risk in the women whom we studied suggests that physical activity offers one modifiable lifestyle characteristic that may substantially reduce a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. Implications: Whether the protective effects of exercise on breast cancer risk are due to alterations in ovarian function and whether they extend into women's menopausal years need to be established. Our results suggest that implementation of regular physical exercise programs as a critical component of a healthy lifestyle should be a high priority for adolescent and adult women.
Dietary aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester delays osteoarthritis and prevents associated bone loss in STR/ORT mice

Objective. STR/ORT mice provide a well-known model for murine idiopathic OA, with histological joint lesions resembling those of human OA. This model was used to investigate protective effects of the dipeptide aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester (Asp-Phe-OMe or aspartame) via the oral route vs a regular diet. Methods. STR/ORT mice were housed individually and fed diets with or without Asp-Phe-OMe (4 mg/kg), after weaning at the age of 3 weeks, until 15 months of age (average of 20 animals per group). The study groups were kept blinded to the investigators, who measured food consumption and body weight and performed gait mobility tests. Radiographic scans were also performed at regular time intervals to evaluate differential radiographic anomalies associated with progress of OA in response to oral Asp-Phe-OMe therapy. Results. The Asp-Phe-OMe-fed animals presented a pattern of significantly delayed disease onset. In addition, their muscle and bone mass were highly preserved, even at later time points after OA was established. Moreover, control animals presented a higher variability in gait motility in comparison with the Asp-Phe-OMe-fed animals, suggesting a protective effect from movement limitations associated with advanced OA. Conclusion. Asp-Phe-OMe, given orally, delays OA in the spontaneous STR/ORT model, improves bone cortical density and muscle mass, and may contribute to a better quality of life for these diseased animals.
Role of Reduced Hemochromes in Pink Color Defect of Cooked Turkey Rolls

Reflectance and absorbance spectrophotometric studies on commercial and laboratory samples showed that the pigments responsible for a pink color defect sometimes observed in freshly cut surfaces of cooked turkey rolls were reduced hemochromes, possibly nicotinamide-denatured globin hemochromes, rather than nitrosyl pigments. Oxidation-reduction potential measurements of meat systems showed that hemochrome formation was promoted by reducing conditions and prevented by oxidizing conditions. All constituents necessary for the production of pink color defect were present in turkey meat. The variable most affecting its appearance was the redox potential of the meat.
Fundamental Power-Allocation for Cooperative Relay Networks

This paper develops a optimal power-allocation strategy for the general multi-hop cooperative relay systems. The systems allow a different number of hops for different paths and different destinations for different paths. When the orthogonality of channels is guaranteed for each hop, and when the systems want to minimize the total system power to transmit the data to the destinations, it is shown that the optimal power-allocation satisfies the following condition: the summation of all water-levels of a path should be the same as those of others.
Ex Ante Investments and Ex Post Externalities

Whenever the use of an asset by one party imposes an externality on another party’s use of an asset, entitlements must be allocated. Does an upstream firm have a right to use a river’s water or does a downstream firm have a right not to have the water used? And if the downstream firm is to be protected, should the protection come in the form of a property right or a liability rule? This paper focuses on how the allocation of entitlements affects ex ante investments and actions. Even when ex post bargaining is easy, the ex post allocation of entitlements, by affecting the distribution of ex post value, can have significant efficiency effects ex ante. By identifying the ex ante effects of alternative rules, the analysis provides a framework for determining allocations of entitlement that would perform best from the perspective of ex ante efficiency. As far as ex ante effects are concerned, liability rules are not generally superior to property rights. The analysis has implications for a broad range of legal and policy questions.
Causation in History

Herodotus starts his work by saying he has two purposes. The first is to preserve the memory of Greeks and barbarians in their struggles; and the second, “In particular, beyond everything else, to give the cause of their fighting one another.” While I share this viewpoint, there are grave difficulties with such a causal understanding of history.
Organellar proteomics: the prizes and pitfalls of opening the nuclear envelope

Proteomic studies have the potential to comprehensively define the composition of organelles but are limited by the organellar cross-contamination that arises during subcellular fractionation. Comparative proteomics of organellar subfractions can mitigate these problems, as demonstrated by a recent study involving the nuclear envelope.
Ensemble Classifier for Combining Stereo Matching Algorithms

Stereo matching, as many problems in computer vision, has been addressed by a multitude of algorithms, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Instead of following the conventional approach and trying to tune or enhance one of the algorithms so that it dominates the competition, we resign to the idea that a truly optimal algorithm may not be discovered soon and take a different approach. We present a novel methodology for combining a large number of heterogeneous algorithms that is able to clearly surpass the accuracy of the most accurate algorithms in the set. At the core of our approach is the design of an ensemble classifier trained to decide whether a particular stereo matcher is correct on a certain pixel. In addition to features describing the pixel, our feature vector encodes the agreement and disagreement between the matcher under consideration and all other matchers. This formulation leads to high accuracy in disparity estimation on the KITTI stereo benchmark.
The Effect of Reptating Species on the Tear Strength of Elastomeric Networks

Abstract The “snake-like” motion which an unattached polymeric chain undergoes as it diffuses through a molecular network has been termed “reptation”. Several studies of the low-strain dynamic properties of networks containing reptating chains have been carried out. At relatively high temperatures or low rates of deformation, reptating species may contribute greatly to the mechanical loss of elastomeric networks because the reptating chains are sufficiently mobile to adjust their conformations greatly, and this motion causes the dissipation of mechanical energy into heat. On the other hand, at sufficiently low temperatures or high rates of testing, entanglement couplings of the reptating chains with the network (or with themselves) behave essentially as crosslink points. In this case, the dynamic mechanical properties of networks containing reptating chains are virtually the same as those without reptating chains. Although the low-strain viscoelastic properties of networks containing reptating chains have...
Optimal Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles for a Car-Park Infrastructure

This paper proposes an intelligent workplace parking garage for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The system involves a developed smart power charging controller, a 75-kW photovoltaic (PV) panel, a dc distribution bus, and an ac utility grid. Stochastic models of the power that is demanded by PHEVs in the parking garage and the output power of the PV panel are presented. In order to limit the impact of the PHEVs' charging on the utility ac grid, a fuzzy logic power-flow controller was designed. Based on their power requirements, the PHEVs were classified into five charging priorities with different rates according to the developed controller. The charging rates depend on the predicted PV output power, the power demand by the PHEVs, and the price of the energy from the utility grid. The developed system can dramatically limit the impact of PHEVs on the utility grid and reduce the charging cost. The system structure and the developed PHEV smart charging algorithm are described. Moreover, a comparison between the impact of the charging process of the PHEVs on the grid with and without the developed smart charging technique is presented and analyzed.
Mental Health Among Military Personnel and Veterans

This commentary describes the prevalence of mental health problems affecting military service members and veterans in North Carolina and the rest of the nation, with a special emphasis on those who served in the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Approximately 1.9 million of these veterans have become eligible for Veterans Affairs health care since 2002, and an estimated 1.16 million veterans have registered for this care.
SPACES OF INTENTIONALITY: RACE, CLASS, AND HORIZONTALITY AT THE UNITED STATES SOCIAL FORUM

The World Social Forum process has sought to provide an "open space" for diverse movements to exchange ideas, interact, and coordinate as they build another world. Despite this inclusive impulse, many of the forums have been disproportionately white and middle class. Through an ethnographic account of the 2007 United States Social Forum (USSF) in Atlanta, I examine one high-profile attempt to overcome this lack of diversity by establishing what I refer to as an "intentional" space. I argue that the intentional strategy pursued by USSF organizers achieved a high level of diversity in racial and class terms, but de-emphasized the role of the forum as a "contact zone" for translation, sharing, and exchange among diverse movement sectors. However, given the strong desire to overcome past exclusions among participants, the privileging of intentionality over openness and horizontality was widely viewed as legitimate, which has important implications for democratic practice.
Trans Toronto: An Oral History. By Darryl B. Hill.

Darryl B. Hill’s Trans Toronto: An Oral History is not in fact an oral history as such but uses oral histories as qualitative research evidence in a close sociological reading of Toronto’s trans co...
A Research Note on Dreams and Aspirations of Black Families

In the postwar period, the dream of American families has not only been "for a decent home," as proclaimed in the 1949 Housing Act, but for a suburban house surrounded by green space. The dream has not only been a high school education for their children but, for growing numbers, a college degree. The dream has not been just for a job but for a managerial or high tech position. The postwar affluence of the 1960s and beyond has made many feel they should be able to fulfil this dream. The media daily portray the dimensions of fulfillment of their dream the ranch or split-level house, the three-car garage, and the educated, well-off family. The black family has been equally exposed to this and has assimilated the rhetoric of the civil rights movement that proclaims the doors of opportunity are now open to them.
The Evolution of Modern Behaviour and its Implications for Maritime Dispersal During the Palaeolithic

Oceans and seas are more frequently thought to have been barriers to than enablers of movement for archaic hominins. This interpretation has been challenged by a revisionist model which suggests that bodies of water facilitated the dispersal of pre-moderns. This paper addresses the revisionist model by defining maritime dispersal as a series of cognitive and organizational problems, the capacity to solve which must have arisen during the evolution of Homo. The central question posed is: knowing the type of social and cognitive configuration necessary for strategic maritime dispersal, and knowing the social and cognitive capacities of hominin species implied in the revisionist dispersal model, how likely is it that such species possessed the capacity to undertake purposive maritime colonization? Available data suggest that the evolution of modern cognitive architecture during the Late Pleistocene correlates positively with increasing evidence for maritime dispersal in the Upper Palaeolithic, and that behavioural modernity is implicated in the appearance of strategic maritime dispersal in Homo. Consequently, it is likely that deliberate trans-oceanic seagoing is restricted to Anatomically Modern Humans, and possibly Neanderthals.
Study on underwater wireless power transfer via electric coupling

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is important for battery charging in the IoT world. WPT via electric coupling is studied for apparatuses in water. Dielectric constant of water is about 80 times larger than that of air and the transfer ability will be higher. The experimental results of WPT with capacitors were compared with the simulation using the equivalent circuit.
Ten Years of Chronic Cough in a 64-Year-Old Man With Multiple Pulmonary Nodules.

A 64-year-old male former smoker with a history of prostate cancer presented to our pulmonary clinic, complaining of nonproductive cough for 10 years. Prior evaluation included treatment for upper airway cough syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux, stopping angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and initiation of inhaled β-agonists. Esophageal pH monitoring indicated silent reflux, and proton pump inhibitor therapy was started. He continued to cough and complain of dyspnea. Physical examination produced unremarkable results, with no evidence of lymphadenopathy. Pulmonary function tests showed a pseudo-restrictive pattern with air trapping, hyperreactivity, and incomplete bronchodilator responsiveness: FEV1, 2.48 L (69% of predicted); FVC, 3.57 L (75% of predicted); FEV1/FVC, 92%; total lung capacity, 7.00 L (100% of predicted); and residual volume, 3.05 L (136% of predicted). Laboratory studies, including a complete metabolic panel, prostate-specific antigen test, and complete blood count, yielded normal results.
Abandoning creativity: The evolution of creative ideas in engineering design course projects

Creativity training has been widely integrated into engineering education as a means to prepare students to be an innovative force in design industry. However, much of this research has focused on training students to be creative idea generators, with limited attention to what happens after this generation. Thus, the current study was developed to understand how creative ideas are promoted or filtered throughout the design process in order to focus our educational efforts. In order to accomplish this, an 8-week study with 136 engineering students was conducted. Our results point to the reduction in creativity throughout the design process and student abandonment of novel concepts. We also expose the influence of the design task on student creativity.
Freedom’s Right: Critical social theory and the challenge of neoliberalism:

My article offers a sustained critique of the idea of critical social theory presented by Axel Honneth in Freedom’s Right: The Social Foundations of Democratic Life. My article articulates three specific criticisms: (1) the focus on normative relations of recognition obscures the class-based forms of power that pervade contemporary advanced democracies, (2) the method of normative reconstruction cannot make sense of the open-ended nature of class struggle that drives social change in capitalist societies, and (3) Honneth’s political and social prescriptions ignore the consequences of the failure of traditional progressive politics. My article makes an important and original contribution to the literature on Honneth’s recent work in two major respects. First, I argue that Honneth’s descriptions of the fate of the family and the market today betray a failure to understand the configuration of class power in contemporary neoliberal societies. Second, I make the case that the basis for a more successful theor...
Intergenerational Education Mobility Trends by Race and Gender in the United States

Researchers have examined racial and gender patterns of intergenerational education mobility, but less attention has been given to the ways that race and gender interact to further shape these relationships. Based on data from the General Social Survey, this study examined the trajectories of education mobility among Blacks and Whites by gender over the past century. Ordinary least squares and logistic regression models revealed three noteworthy patterns. First, Black men and women have closed substantial gaps with their White counterparts in intergenerational education mobility. At relatively low levels of parental education, these gains have been experienced equally among Black men and women. However, Black men are most disadvantaged at the highest levels of parental education relative to Black women and Whites in general. Finally, the advantages in education mobility experienced by White men in the early and midpart of the 20th century have largely eroded. White women, in contrast, have made steady gai...
Fish community assessment with eDNA metabarcoding: effects of sampling design and bioinformatic filtering

Species richness is a metric of biodiversity that represents the number of species present in a community. Traditional fisheries assessments that rely on capture of organisms often underestimate true species richness. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is an alternative tool that infers species richness by collecting and sequencing DNA present in the ecosystem. Our objective was to determine how spatial distribution of samples and “bioinformatic stringency” affected eDNA-metabarcoding estimates of species richness compared with capture-based estimates in a 2.2 ha reservoir. When bioinformatic criteria required species to be detected only in a single sample, eDNA metabarcoding detected all species captured with traditional methods plus an additional 11 noncaptured species. However, when we required species to be detected with multiple markers and in multiple samples, eDNA metabarcoding detected only seven of the captured species. Our analysis of the spatial patterns of species detection indicated that ...
Dense Gray codes, or easy ways to generate cyclic and non-cyclic Gray codes for the first n whole numbers

The standard binary reflected Gray code gives a sequence of binary numbers in the range 0 to n − 1, where n is a power of 2, such that each number in the sequence differs from the preceding number in only one bit. We present two methods to compute Gray codes containing exactly n numbers in the range 0 to n − 1—that is, a permutation of 〈0, 1, …, n − 1〉 in which each number differs from the preceding number in only one bit—where n is unconstrained. The first method produces a Gray code that is not cyclic: the first and last numbers in the sequence differ in more than one bit. The second method produces a cyclic Gray code if n is even, so that the first and last numbers differ in only one bit, at the expense of a slightly more complicated procedure. Both methods are based on the standard binary reflected Gray code and, as in the binary reflected Gray code, each number in the output sequence can be computed in a constant number of word operations given just its index in the sequence.