cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of liquid films on mercury vapor loss from dental amalgam.

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous liquid films on Hg emission from of dental amalgam. Methods: Amalgam specimens (4 mm dia. ×4 mm long) made from ten alloys were uniformly abraded on wet ASTM 600 grit SiC paper, quickly dried and covered by liquid films of a thickness that approximated the thickness of saliva films on tooth surfaces in vivo. Distilled water and two formulations of artificial saliva were tested. After abrasion and film placement, the specimens were immediately inserted in a plastic tube which was then closed. After 30 min, the Hg vapor that had collected in the tube was measured using a Jerome 411 Hg analyzer. Hg emission from abraded surfaces exposed to air was also measured and used for comparative purposes. The test results were compared using ANOVA and Tukey's contrast test ( p =0.05). Results: Hg emission from abraded surfaces under liquid films was one to two orders of magnitude less than Hg emission from abraded surfaces exposed to air. Significance: In vitro measurement of Hg vapor emission from abraded surfaces exposed to air should not be used to estimate directly the Hg vapor release from dental amalgam restorations in vivo.
A collaborative study on temperature diurnal tide in the midlatitude mesopause region (41°N, 105°W) with Na lidar and TIMED/SABER observations

The na lidar-observed temperature diurnal tidal perturbations, based on full-diurnal-cycle observations from 2002 to 2008, are compared with tidal wave measurements by the TIMED/SABER instrument to elucidate the nature of diurnal tidal-period perturbations observed locally. The diurnal amplitude and phase profiles deduced by the two instruments are in very good agreement most of the year. However, the lidar-observed diurnal amplitudes during winter months and early spring are considerably larger than SABER observations, leading to the existence of a significant amplitude maximum of 12 K near 90 km in February and a different seasonal structure of temperature diurnal amplitude from the two instruments. The lidar-observed diurnal phase shows propagating wave characteristics during equinoctial months, but exhibit ‘‘evanescent wave’’ behavior in winter months, whereas SABER diurnal tidal phase exhibits propagating diurnal tidal character all year long with small seasonal variation. This anomalous tidal characteristic from the lidar observations repeats almost every winter. The exact mechanism behind this tidal feature is not fully understood, therefore further investigation and more experimental observations are necessary.
An exploratory study of two KA methods

: Empirical research into knowledge acquisition (KA) issues is important in the effort to improve the productivity of expert system developers. From an experimental perspective, the few studies that have been reported suffer from certain control and measurement difficulties. Here we conduct a study to demonstrate the feasibility of a new KA experimental strategy. The results of this study partially confirm and partially question results of earlier KA experiments.
Error-Resilient Video Communications Over CDMA Networks With a Bandwidth Constraint

We present an adaptive video transmission scheme for use in a code-division multiple-access network, which incorporates efficient bandwidth allocation among source coding, channel coding, and spreading under a fixed total bandwidth constraint. We derive the statistics of the received signal, as well as a theoretical bound on the packet drop rate at the receiver. Based on these results, a bandwidth allocation algorithm is proposed at the packet level, which incorporates the effects of both the changing channel conditions and the dynamics of the source content. Detailed simulations are done to evaluate the performance of the system, and the sensitivity of the system to estimation error is presented
Power and particle exhaust in tokamaks

The status of power and particle exhaust research in tokamaks is reviewed in the light of ITER requirements. There is a sound basis for ITER's nominal design positions; important directions for further research are identified.
Recent developments of the applications of polyspectral analysis to transitioning fluid flows

Higher-order spectral analyses of the velocity fluctuations in a transitioning mixing layer are presented. The phase of the auto-bispectrum is used to measure the phase difference between the fundamental and subharmonic modes. The normalized magnitude of the auto-bispectrum is used as an indication of the goodness of the measured phase difference. Wavenumber mismatch of interacting frequency domain components are obtained from the 'cross-correlation' of the auto-bispectrum at two closely spaced points. Results show that bispectral analysis provide an effective tool to provide crucial information on the transitioning mixing layer. >
Effect of fructose supplementation on sorbitol accumulation and myo-inositol metabolism in cultured neuroblastoma cells exposed to increased glucose concentrations.

: Aldose reductase activity is increased in neuroblastoma cells grown in media containing 30 mM fructose and/or 30 mM glucose. Neuroblastoma cells cultured in media supplemented with increased concentrations of glucose and fructose amass greater amounts of sorbitol than do cells exposed to media containing only high glucose concentrations. The increase in sorbitol content is dependent on the fructose and glucose concentration in the media. The increase in sorbitol content caused by exposing neuroblastoma cells to media containing 30 mM glucose/30 mM fructose is due to a protein synthesis sensitive mechanism and not to an alteration in the redox state. The addition of sorbinil to media containing 30 mM glucose blocks the increase in sorbitol content. In contrast, sorbinil treatment of media containing 30 mM glucose/30 mM fructose does not totally block the increase in sorbitol levels, myo-lnositol accumulation and incorporation into inositol phospholipids and intracellular myo-inositol content are decreased in cells chronically exposed to media containing 30 mM glucose or 30 mM glucose/ 30 mM fructose compared to cells cultured in unsupplemented media or media containing 30 mM fructose. However, maximal depletion of myo-inositol accumulation and intracellular content occurs earlier in cells exposed to media containing 30 mM glucose/30 mM fructose than in cells exposed to media supplemented with 30 mM glucose. Sorbinil treatment of media containing 30 mM glucose/30 mM fructose maintains cellular myo-inositol accumulation and incorporation into phospholipids at near normal levels, myo-Inositol content in neuroblastoma cells chronically exposed to media containing 30 mM glucose or 30 mM glucose/30 mM fructose recovers within 72 h when the cells are transferred to unsupplemented media or media containing 30 mM fructose. In contrast, the sorbitol content of cells previously exposed to media containing 30 mM glucose or 30 mM glucose/30 mM fructose then transferred into media containing 30 mM fructose remains elevated compared to the sorbitol content of cells transferred into unsupplemented media. These data suggest that fructose may be activating or increasing sorbinil-resistant aldose reductase activity as well as partially blocking sorbitol dehydrogenase activity. The presence of increased concentrations of fructose in combination with increased glucose levels may enhance alterations in cell metabolism and properties due to increased sorbitol levels.
The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. VI. Analysis by F-statistics (including a comparison with the Makiritare and Xavante).

ABSTRACT The infra-structure of three relatively undisturbed tribes of American Indians (Yanomama, Makiritare, Xavante) has been investigated by means of the F-statistics of Wright, using 8, 9 and 6 codominant systems respectively. The data for the first two mentioned tribes are much more extensive (37 and 7 villages) than for the third (3 villages), and much of the argument is based on the first two. An additive model partitioning FIS into an average effect (FA) and deviations due to deme size, systems effects, village effects, and random error has been employed. The Cannings-Edwards formulation suggests that the small size of the demes alone would result in an FIS of —0.008 for the Yanomama and —0.007 for the Makiritare. There is no evidence for significant village or systems effects. Despite considerable scatter, FA values are not significantly heterogeneous and tend to be negative (—0.012 to —0.023). On the basis of a computer simulation model, it appears that there is an excess of consanguineous marriage over random expectation, i.e. the negative FA values are probably not due to avoidance of close inbreeding in a subdivided population in which demes are small. Aspects of population structure which could contribute to negative FA values are identified. These include unequal gene frequencies in the sexes and occasional marked differential fertility. It is at this point unnecessary to introduce overdominance as a cause of the negative FA values, since a computer simulation program which does not incorporate selection satisfactorily reproduces the observed FIS values. If population breeding structure alone can result in negative FIS values, then this may constitute a mechanism for retarding random fixation.—Mean FST values are 0.063 for the Yanomama and 0.036 for the Makiritare. While truly comparable data are lacking, it seems likely these will be found to be relatively high values for human populations. FIT values have been calculated by both direct and indirect approaches. The direct approach yields a value of 0.045 for the Yanomama and —0.009 for the Makiritare; the respective indirect values are 0.085 and 0.017. The primary identifiable reason for this difference between tribes is the greater genetic heterogeneity among Yanomama villages. The assumptions underlying the indirect approach to the calculation of FIT do not appear to be met in these populations.
Scope Economy And Issues In Technology Management

In the 1980s, studies of technology transfer in dual-use industries have suggested a slow down in military technology spillovers to the civilian sector. This paper takes an econometric approach to measuring the bilateral spillover effect using the airframe manufacturing industry as a case study. The diffusion of technology benefits the industrial art regardless of where technological innovation is originated. When horizontal spillover is measured as a bilateral flow of technology transfer regardless of the direction of the flow, i.e., either from military to civilian or from civilian to military, we find no evidence of a slow down, in airframe manufacturing at least, between 1961 and 1985, a period of rapid technological change in both military and commercial aircraft production . We also trace the flow of technological development in aircraft engine and measure its effect downstream on aircraft manufacturing productivity to obtain an estimate for any vertical spillover. We find a negative relationship between upstream innovation and downstream manufacturing cost, but the linkage effect is statistically insignificant. We suggest that further study should be pursued in a framework incorporating some concepts from organizational theory to better understand the differences in institutional structure that affect the adaptation and development of dual-use technologies, and the social setting that become necessary to achieve dual-use.
Abstract 18683: Satellite Cells are a Major Source of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in the Ischemic Leg and Play a Role in Collateral Growth

Both coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease are growing health concerns that can lead to impaired blood flow and tissue ischemia, though neovascularization and growth of collateral vessels can help to restore blood flow and preserve tissue function, thus improving outcomes. Collateral formation is a complex process which includes both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis and involves cytokine signaling, inflammatory cells, cell proliferation and migration, and matrix remodeling. One factor that has been associated with negative effects on collateral growth is the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE); however, the cellular source and the mechanism of RAGE regulation in ischemic regions is not fully understood. The goal of this study was to determine if RAGE is increased in the ischemic leg using the hind limb ischemia (HLI) model of collateral growth and to investigate the mechanism regulating its expression using both in vivo and in vitro systems. Following ligation of the femoral artery in the HLI model, RAGE mRNA expression was increased 12.2 ± 3.9 fold in the ischemic versus non-ischemic leg at day 5 (n=6, p=0.007). However, the infusion of PEG-Catalase to decrease hydrogen peroxide significantly blunted the increase (1.4 ± 0.5 versus 12.2 ± 3.9 fold increase (ischemic/non-ischemic) in the PEG-Catalase treated versus control mice, n=6, p=0.0007). These results suggest that RAGE expression is increased by hydrogen peroxide. In situ hybridization revealed that satellite cells are the source of RAGE in the ischemic limb. A primary cell line of satellite cells was established and stimulation with exogenous hydrogen peroxide showed a 2.3 ± 0.3 fold increase in RAGE mRNA expression at 4 hours, as quantified by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, cultured satellite cells also have a 4.0 ± 1.9 fold increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) at 4 hours and osteopontin was increased 4.5 ± 2.0 fold at 18 hours. Thus, in addition to being a major source of RAGE in the ischemic limb, satellite cells may serve as a novel source of paracrine factors that regulate collateral vessel formation.
Cross-Modal Plasticity in Sensory Cortex

The evolution of the mammalian brain has involved marked degrees of encephalization, and this trend is particularly spectacular in the neocortex (see Jenson, Finlay, this volume). An important question in understanding neocortical evolution is how this expansion may be exploited by structures which form afferent connections with the expanded cortical populations. For example, what happens when additional cortical processing circuitry becomes available to sensory inputs as a result of mutation or duplication? Does the newly acquired circuitry replicate the existing mode(s) of information processing, or does it process sensory input in a new way? The latter change would be more likely to increase the animal’s behavioral repertoire and hence reproductive “fitness”. Certainly in the visual system, the number of separable visual cortical areas increases from hedgehogs to rats to cats and monkeys (Kaas et al., 1970; see Kaas, 1987 for review), and there is a large body of evidence that the different areas perform different transformations on their sensory input. Whether this segregation of function derives from differences inherent in cortical circuitry, or from parcellation of subtypes of afferent input (or both) is unknown from either an evolutionary or developmental perspective.
It's Time to Forget About Cuba and Really Focus on Terrorism

The Cuban embargo is a prime example of a U.S. unilateral economic sanctions program that has failed to achieve its stated aims, and is now maintained purely for domestic political purposes. Since the tragic events of 2001, the world has changed. The tools that once merely augmented foreign policy objectives - such as asset/transaction blocking and blacklisting designated agents of sanctions targets - are being redirected and the credibility of these programs is more important than ever. The Cuban embargo, along with these anti-terrorist controls and many other economic sanctions programs, is administered by the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Asset Controls, which is a relatively small office with limited resources to devote to improving the blacklisting process at the heart of these sanctions. What resources it does have are often focused - perhaps largely for domestic political reasons - on the Cuban embargo, rather than on the war on terror. The country can no longer afford to maintain failed sanctions policies that focus more on domestic politics than on achieving their stated aims. Stronger enforcement and a realignment of the government's sanctions priorities are required to address the new threats to our national security. Perhaps one consequence of Castro's failing health is that real attention can now be focused on the serious threats posed by terrorism and trade in weapons of mass destruction.
Professing Accounting: A Portrait of the Accountant as a Young Man

In 1972 the author joined the accounting faculty of a private urban university which had an established reputation for quality in professional accounting education. This paper describes the evolution of accounting education at that university as well as selected aspects of the author's professional experience over the ensuing thirty years. Programmatic highlights include the achievement of accounting accreditation under the standards of the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business as well as the subsequent abandonment of that accreditation. Aspects of faculty development are discussed from the perspective of an accounting faculty member, a department chair, and an associate dean. Lessons derived from these experiences may be helpful to other accounting academics in responding to continuous change in higher education, in planning successful and fulfilling careers, and in advancing the cause of professional accounting education.
Review of "Executive Functions: What They Are, How They Work, and Why They Evolved," by Russell A. Barkley

The Guilford Press, 2012, $35.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 1-4625-0535-X. The purpose of this book is to address four interrelated problems that currently exist in the research and clinical assessment of ...
Colloidal Nanocrystals with Inorganic Halide, Pseudohalide, and Halometallate Ligands

We investigate simple halides and pseudohalides as an important class of inorganic ligands for nanocrystals (NCs) in solution phase ligand exchange. These short, robust, and easy to model ligands bind to the NC surface and provide electrostatic stabilization of NC dispersions in N-methylformamide. The replacement of organic ligands on NCs with compact halide and pseudohalide ligands greatly facilitates electronic communication between NCs. For example, a high electron mobility of μ ≈ 12 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) has been observed in thin films made of I(-)-capped CdSe NCs. We also studied charge transport properties of thin films based on the pseudohalide N3(-)-capped InAs NCs, suggesting the possibility of obtaining "all III-V" NC solids. In addition, we extend the surface chemistry of halometallates (e.g., CH3NH3PbI3), which can stabilize colloidal solutions of lead chalcogenide NCs. These halide, pseudohalide, and halometallate ligands enrich the current family of inorganic ligands and can open up more opportunities for applications of NCs in the fields of electronics, optoelectronics, and thermoelectrics.
Toward cell-inspired materials that feel: measurements and modeling of mechanotransduction in droplet-based, multi-membrane arrays

The droplet interface bilayer (DIB) was recently used to show that a 5 nm thick lipid membrane placed near a vibrating synthetic hair could transduce hair motion into electrical current. Herein, we study for the first time mechanoelectrical transduction of hair motion using multi-membrane DIB arrays formed with more than 2 droplets connected in series, and we introduce a transduction model to investigate how airflow across the hair generates current in a membrane-based hair cell. Measurements of sensing currents across every membrane in serial chains of up to 5 connected droplets demonstrate that perturbation of a single hair creates vibrations that propagate across several droplets, allowing for membranes that are not directly attached to the hair to still transduce its motion. Membranes positioned closest to the hair generate the largest currents, while those farther away produce less current due to energy loss from fluid damping. Inserting multiple hairs of different lengths into different droplets in the array yields sensing currents that exhibit multiple characteristic frequencies in addition to location specific current intensities, features that can be used to spatially localize mechanical perturbations. We also develop a transduction model that provides an order-of-magnitude approximation of the sensing current generated by a membrane in response to airflow across the hair. This model provides physical insights into how membrane-based materials can be used for sensing mechanical stimuli--just like nature does.
Analysis on Short Circuit of Power Transmission Line Based on Matlab

This article introduces the power system model and the major functions of the simulation analysis software especially for power system design,SimPowerSystems,in MATLAB/SIMULINK briefly.On MATLAB simulation flat,after introducing the basic components,we can get ideal simulation results by designing,simulating and analyzing short circuit fault of a simple power system transmission line.
Designing a Probabilistic Index for Improving the Diagnostic Accuracy of Troponin in Patients With Acute Coronary Events

We hypothesize that inclusion of pretest modifiers as an index in the reporting of troponin results can improve the diagnostic accuracy of troponin in identifying acute coronary events. The medical records of patients presenting to the emergency department with a clinical suspicion of acute coronary event were reviewed. All patients who had had troponin levels checked were included in …
Progress in photorefractive polymers

Polymers exhibiting the photorefractive (PR) effect have attracted interest lately because this new class of photorefractive materials offers potentially large improvements in photorefractive figures of merit due to the low dielectric constant of these materials. They also possess other advantages over inorganic materials, such as compositional flexibility and ease of sample preparation and processability.
Radiative Temperature Changes in the Ozone Layer

The term “ozone layer” as used here refers to that part of the atmosphere that lies above the tropopause and below about 60 km. The bulk of the atmospheric ozone lies in this region. The physical characteristics of the ozone layer have been studied, principally from the surface of the earth, by various indirect methods. Some of the conclusions reached by these methods, however, have been verified by a few direct measure­ments obtained by means of manned and unmanned sounding balloons and rockets.
Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders in Medical Rehabilitation

Individuals with comorbid alcohol and substance use disorders (AUD-SUD) require unique skills and sensitivities of providers working in medical rehabilitation, and successfully treating both AUD-SUD and medical rehabilitation needs can pose significant challenges. Adding many rehabilitation providers also have not received specialized training in AUD-SUD treatment, and many SUD treatment providers also have not had specialized training in medical rehabilitation. However, rehabilitation practitioners treat the “whole person” and already possess many of the skills and abilities needed to provide evidence-based forms of screening, assessment, and treatment in medical rehabilitation for many populations and problems. This chapter reviews special considerations, resources, and practical tips to help you assess, treat, and support patients with AUD-SUD in medical rehabilitation.
Integrating analytics and surveys to understand fully engaged learners in a highly-technical STEM MOOC

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) offer the ability to educate large numbers of diverse learners who might not have access, time, or the financial resources necessary for more formal coursework. While some studies have focused primarily on understanding MOOC learners purely through their access rates to course materials, others have sought to understand learners through surveys. We combined these two sources of data to address two research questions: (1) What are the patterns of user behavior in an advanced, technical MOOC? and (2) What are the characteristics of fully engaged learners? By analyzing clickstream and pre-survey data for a nanotechnology-related MOOC, we identified differences and similarities between fully engaged learners and other groups. The lack of strong indicators to predict fully engaged learners suggests a need for improved data from pre-course surveys.
Etalon Array Reconstructive Spectrometry

Compact spectrometers are crucial in areas where size and weight may need to be minimized. These types of spectrometers often contain no moving parts, which makes for an instrument that can be highly durable. With the recent proliferation in low-cost and high-resolution cameras, camera-based spectrometry methods have the potential to make portable spectrometers small, ubiquitous, and cheap. Here, we demonstrate a novel method for compact spectrometry that uses an array of etalons to perform spectral encoding, and uses a reconstruction algorithm to recover the incident spectrum. This spectrometer has the unique capability for both high resolution and a large working bandwidth without sacrificing sensitivity, and we anticipate that its simplicity makes it an excellent candidate whenever a compact, robust, and flexible spectrometry solution is needed.
Abstract 118: Role of Connecting Tubule Glomerular Feedback in Tubuloglomerular Feedback Resetting After Unilateral Nephrectomy

Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF) autoregulate nephronal afferent arteriolar resistance. In TGF, the macula densa signals the afferent arteriole to constrict when NaCl transport is enhanced by increased luminal NaCl, via sodium[[Unable to Display Character: –]]potassium-2-chloride cotransporter-2 (NKCC2). CTGF is mediated by connecting tubule sodium transport via epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and dilates the afferent arteriole. Attenuation or resetting of TGF occurs after unilateral nephrectomy (UNX), but the mechanism behind this resetting remains unclear. This TGF resetting after UNX has been implicated in progressive glomerular damage due to sustained increase in glomerular capillary pressure. Since TGF is attenuated after UNX, we sought to test the hypothesis that CTGF is enhanced and that it contributes to TGF resetting after UNX. To test this hypothesis, we performed right side UNX in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. 24 hours after surgery, we performed micropuncture of individual rat nephrons while measuring stop-flow pressure (PSF), which is an index of glomerular capillary pressure and afferent arteriolar tone. PSF decreases with an increase in afferent arteriolar tone. TGF response was measured as a decrease in PSF induced by switching late proximal perfusion from 0,10,20,30 and 40nl/min. Maximal TGF response was 1.3 ± 1.7 mmHg in UNX rats while 8.2 ± 0.9 mmHg in sham-UNX rats indicating a TGF resetting in UNX rats. When CTGF was inhibited with the ENaC blocker Benzamil (1μM), TGF response was 10±1.2 mmHg in UNX rats and 14.8± 1.3 mmHg in sham-UNX rats, indicating the restoration of TGF responses in UNX. We conclude that enhanced CTGF contributes to the TGF resetting after 24 hours of UNX. Enhanced CTGF may be responsible for glomerular damage post UNX.
Etomidate and Etomidate Analogues: Molecular Pharmacology and Behavioral Actions

Etomidate is an imidazole-based anesthetic induction agent that is highly valued for its ability to maintain respiratory drive and hemodynamic stability even in critically ill patients. However, its ability to potently suppress adrenocortical steroid synthesis significantly limits its clinical use. This suppression is long-lived, lasting for many hours or even days following a single etomidate bolus dose. Two molecular design strategies have been developed to produce etomidate analogues with reduced ability to suppress adrenocortical function. One strategy is pharmacokinetic in nature: to append a metabolically-labile ester moiety to etomidate’s structure so that it is ultra-rapidly metabolized by non-specific esterases. The other strategy is pharmacodynamic in nature: to modify etomidate’s molecular structure to selectively and substantially reduce its binding to 11s-hydroxylase, a critical enzyme in the steroid biosynthetic pathway that is very potently inhibited by etomidate. The goal of this chapter is to review the pharmacology of etomidate and to present recently published data obtained using novel etomidate analogues that were designed to have reduced impact on adrenocortical function.
AACN's DNP essential II prepares clinicians for academic leadership: Three DNP graduates share their leadership journey.

• DNP preparation adds value to academia through strong leadership skills and current practice expertise.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) result from intrauterine exposure to alcohol and are the most common nonheritable causes of intellectual disability. The percentage of women who drink or binge drink during pregnancy has increased since 2012. FAS is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. Diagnosis is based on the presence of the following clinical features, all of which must be present: prenatal and/or postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphology, central nervous system dysfunction, and neurobehavioral disabilities. FASD is a broader diagnosis that encompasses patients with FAS and others who are affected by prenatal alcohol exposure but do not meet the full criteria for FAS. Management is multidisciplinary and includes managing comorbid conditions, providing nutritional support, managing behavioral problems and educational difficulties, referring patients for habilitative therapies, and educating parents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other organizations recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence from alcohol. All women should be screened for alcohol use during preconception counseling and prenatal care, and alcohol use should be addressed with brief interventions.
The Burning Ring of Fire

There are 2 enduring items from my junior high school wood shop class, the first of which is a surprisingly well-constructed chessboard which may well be my most impressive accomplishment beyond finding a mate and not getting fired from my current job. The second item is the unshakeable memory of the wood shop class teacher (who we will call Vernon) who was not the first person, nor the last, to not be very fond of me. Or maybe he was; he did give me a lot of detention now that I think about it. Perhaps the second most memorable thing about him was his fondness for the phrase “smooth as a baby’s bottom,” that being our goal surface roughness after hours of rubbing our wood with sandpaper. Although we wood-shoppers knew what he meant, in retrospect it seems like a rather odd comment for a 35-year-old single male teacher to use with a group of pubescent boys.1 Vernon could, quite possibly, have been married and he could, quite possibly, have felt lots of babies’ bottoms, which brings me to the foremost of Vern’s memorable attributes: he was missing portions of several fingers and may not have worn a ring for safety reasons, although such measures were obviously a little tardy in their adoption. Another 12 years or so passed until I gazed at a baby’s bottom for the first time,2 which in no way made me think of wood or sandpaper. Another 5 years beyond that, I changed a poopy diaper for the first time, a diaper containing one of my son’s first deployments and most likely a large amount of urine, consistent with the diaper-swapping habits of an up-and-coming daddy. That diaper was deposited …
Prevalence of Germline Mutations in Cancer Susceptibility Genes in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Importance Identification of patients with hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is important for cancer screening and, in patients with advanced disease, for guiding treatment. The prevalence of cancer-related germline mutations in patients with advanced RCC and the phenotypes associated with some rare mutations are unknown. Objectives To examine the prevalence of germline mutations in both known RCC predisposition genes and other cancer-associated genes and to identify clinical and pathologic factors associated with germline mutations. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study conducted from October 1, 2015, to July 31, 2017, 254 of 267 patients with advanced (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III or IV) RCC who were seen in medical oncology or urology clinics agreed to germline sequencing and disclosure of results under an institutional protocol of matched tumor-germline DNA sequencing. Main Outcomes and Measures Mutation prevalence and spectrum in patients with advanced RCC were determined. Clinical characteristics were assessed by mutation status. Results Of the 254 patients (median age [range], 56 [13-79] years; 179 [70.5%] male; 211 [83.1%] non-Hispanic white), germline mutations were identified in 41 (16.1%); 14 (5.5%) had mutations in syndromic RCC-associated genes (7 inFH, 3 inBAP1, and 1 each inVHL,MET,SDHA,andSDHB). The most frequent mutations wereCHEK2(n = 9) andFH(n = 7). Of genes not previously associated with RCC risk,CHEK2was overrepresented in patients compared with the general population, with an odds ratio of RCC of 3.0 (95% CI, 1.3-5.8;P = .003). Patients with non–clear cell RCC were significantly more likely to have an RCC-associated gene mutation (9 [11.7%] of 74 vs 3 [1.7%] of 177;P = .001), and 8 (10.0%) had a mutation in a gene that could guide therapy. Of patients with mutations in RCC-associated genes, 5 (35.7%) failed to meet current clinical guidelines for genetic testing. Conclusions and Relevance Of patients with non–clear cell RCC, more than 20% had a germline mutation, of which half had the potential to direct systemic therapy. Current referral criteria for genetic testing did not identify a substantial portion of patients with mutations, supporting the role of a more inclusive sequencing approach.
OPTICAL GUIDING AND ELECTRO-OPTICMODULATION IN Ga As EPITAXIAL LAYERS*

Single mode TE or TM propagation is demonstrated in an optical waveguide consisting of a high resistivity semiconductor (GaAs) layer (τ= 10 μ) which is sandwiched between a metal film and a lower resistivity semiconductor. A reverse bias applied to the metal-semiconductor Schottky barrier causes an electro-optic retardation (or, in general, phase variation) which can be used for modulation purposes. Amplitude modulation with a “half-voltage” V1/2 = 84 volts is demonstrated at γo 1.15 μ with a sample 2.4 mm long.
Fast Algorithms for DR Approximation

In nonlinear dimensionality reduction, the kernel dimension is the square of the vector number in the data set. In many applications, the number of data vectors is very large. The spectral decomposition of a large dimensioanl kernel encounters difficulties in at least three aspects: large memory usage, high computational complexity, and computational instability. Although the kernels in some nonlinear DR methods are sparse matrices, which enable us to overcome the difficulties in memory usage and computational complexity partially, yet it is not clear if the instability issue can be settled. In this chapter, we study some fast algorithms that avoid the spectral decomposition of large dimensional kernels in DR processing, dramatically reducing memory usage and computational complexity, as well as increasing numerical stability. In Section 15.1, we introduce the concepts of rank revealings. In Section 15.2, we present the randomized low rank approximation algorithms. In Section 15.3, greedy lank-revealing algorithms (GAT) and randomized anisotropic transformation algorithms (RAT), which approximate leading eigenvalues and eigenvectors of DR kernels, are introduced. Numerical experiments are shown in Section 15.4 to illustrate the validity of these algorithms. The justification of RAT algorithms is included in Section 15.5.
The Use of Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in the Investigation of Electrode Phenomena in Sparks

The appearance of spectral lines in a spark in approximately 10-8 sec after the spark begins indicates the possibility that some other method besides electron heating is responsible for sample vaporization. Somerville postulates a process similar to sputtering as a possible mechanism for sample vaporization. Experimental evidence shows metallic ions are excited only when the sample is the cathode during an oscillating discharge. Although these time-resolved spectra do not as yet uniquely explain the vaporization mechanism, the evidence supports Somerville’s postulate. Equipment for time-resolved spectroscopy is relatively uncomplicated and could be added to an existing spectrographic laboratory at reasonable cost. Additional research in this field will ultimately aid spectroscopy as an analytical tool.
Poincaré Inequalities—A Unified Approach

In Chapter 2, basic Sobolev inequalities were established for functions in the space W k,p 0 (Ω). We recall the following fundamental result which is a particular case of Theorem 2.4.2.
Atmospheric rivers melt Greenland

Recent years have seen increased melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, contributing to accelerated rates of sea-level rise. New research suggests that this melting occurred due to an increased frequency of atmospheric rivers, narrow filaments of moist air moving polewards.
Breaking the mold: Socio-ecologic factors to influence the development of non-harsh parenting strategies to reduce risk for child physical abuse

Abstract Corporal punishment (CP) continues to be a common form of discipline in the U.S despite indications of its long-term harm to children, including strong risk for child physical abuse. Parents that are exposed to CP or physical abuse in childhood are at heightened risk for using CP with their own children. In examining parenting practices relevant to preventing child physical abuse, Positive Deviance relates to those parents who choose effective, positive parenting strategies to discipline their children, despite being exposed to CP and physical abuse in childhood. Little is known about buffering or motivating factors that prevent parents from using CP, or how these factors are influenced by parental childhood history or CP social norms. Therefore, this study examines the motives for use of positive parenting practices, including non-use of CP, for mothers who were exposed to CP and physical abuse in childhood (Positive Deviance). Qualitative interviews were conducted with seventeen mothers with a history of childhood CP and physical abuse. Results indicate that participating mothers believe CP is not an effective discipline strategy and is harmful for children. Mothers opted to use positive parenting practices, rather than CP, with their own children based on empathy, knowledge of harm, as well as rejection of intergenerational transmission of CP and community norms. Findings provide evidence that a Positive Deviance approach can inform target areas for primary prevention strategies aimed at reducing child physical abuse. Directions for multi-level public health prevention approaches and educational campaigns are discussed.
Perceptions of career advancement in the hotel industry for African and Hispanic Americans.

Individuals associated with the hotel industry often perceive career advancement obstacles for African and Hispanic Americans. These perceived obstacles include a lack of mentorship and a lack of p...
Draft Genome Sequence of the Cyanotroph Pseudomonas monteilii BCN3.

ABSTRACT We report here the first draft genome of Pseudomonas monteilii BCN3, a cyanotroph isolated from sewage sludge. The genome consists of approximately 6,029,517 bp with a G+C content of 61.89% and 5,369 annotated protein-coding genes.
Universal low temperature theory of charged black holes with AdS$_2$ horizons

We consider the low temperature quantum theory of a charged black hole of zero temperature horizon radius $R_h$, in a spacetime which is asymptotically AdS$_{D}$ ($D > 3$) far from the horizon. At temperatures $T \ll 1/R_h$, the near-horizon geometry is AdS$_2$, and the black hole is described by a universal 0+1 dimensional effective quantum theory of time diffeomorphisms with a Schwarzian action, and a phase mode conjugate to the U(1) charge. We obtain this universal 0+1 dimensional effective theory starting from the full $D$-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory, while keeping quantitative track of the couplings. The couplings of the effective theory are found to be in agreement with those expected from the thermodynamics of the $D$-dimensional black hole.
Frontline Science: Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mobilizes Th17-promoting myeloid derived suppressor cells to the lung

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a diverse group of cells that are recognized for their remarkable suppressive effects on pro-inflammatory T cells. The pleiotropic nature of these cells, however, has been demonstrated by their differential effects on immune responses in different settings. Our and others' work has demonstrated suppressive effects of these cells. We previously demonstrated that these cells were mobilized to the lungs during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a murine model of multiple sclerosis, and potently inhibited CD8+ T cell responses against influenza infection. Interestingly, they appeared to have a lesser effect on CD4+ T cells, and in fact, others have demonstrated that spleen-derived MDSCs could actually promote Th17 differentiation. We sought to determine the role of lung-derived MDSCs on EAE pathogenesis, as excursion through the lungs by pathologic CNS-Ag targeted T cells was shown to be critical for EAE induction. Our results indicate a robust accumulation of granulocytic MDSCs in the lungs of mice during EAE, which could promote Th17 polarization, and which coincided with the trafficking of autoimmune-targeted T cells through the lungs. These studies underscore the pleiotropic effect of MDSCs on T cells and their potential pro-inflammatory phenotypes in neuro-inflammatory disease. Understanding both the intrinsic multifunctional nature of these cells and the ability to influence organ-specific targets such as the CNS from remote organs such as lungs will help to elucidate both mechanisms of disease and possible new therapeutic approaches.
Text Message Reminders and Intensive Education Improves Positive Airway Pressure Compliance and Cognition in Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: ANNIE Pilot Study (P1.097)

Objective: Our objective was to determine if intensive education and text message reminders improved positive airway pressure (PAP) compliance and cognition in veterans with OSA and TBI. Background: Previous research has shown that patients with both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have more cognitive problems than patients with TBI alone. Design/Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, nineteen veterans with chronic stage TBI and newly diagnosed OSA were assigned to receive intensive education at the initial visit and nightly text message reminders to use PAP (reminder group) or to a standard-of-care (SOC) group. Mean percentage overall PAP compliance was averaged over the first seven days and at one month. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and cognitive tests were administered at baseline and 1 month. Effect sizes that incorporated both pre/post and between group differences were calculated. Results: The reminder group was significantly more compliant with PAP over the first seven days compared to the SOC group (83.94% vs. 55.35%, p=0.04). Reminder group compliance was also greater at 30 days, although not significant (58.85% vs. 36.86%). Twelve patients completed the ESS and cognitive testing at 1 month. Compared to baseline, reminder group ESS scores improved to the normal range (10.14±5.08 to 7.29±4.89) with a medium effect size (dppc2 = −0.39). Medium effect sizes were observed in the cognitive domains of attention on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test List B (dppc2=0.52), verbal speed of information processing on the Stroop Color Naming test (dppc2=0.48), and speeded inhibition on the Stroop Color Word Test (dppc2=0.38), which is a measure of executive function. Conclusions: Intensive education and text message reminders significantly improved PAP compliance. The reminder group showed clinically relevant improvements on subjective sleepiness and on cognitive measures of attention, processing speed and executive function in veterans with TBI and OSA. Study Supported by: This research was supported by the 2015 Veterans Affairs VISN 5 New Investigator Grant. Disclosure: Dr. Kataria has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sundahl has nothing to disclose. Dr. Skalina has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pfeiffer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Balish has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chapman has nothing to disclose.
The Role of Cognitive Evaluation in Predicting Successful Audiometric Testing among Children

ObjectiveTo determine the role of cognitive testing in predicting age-appropriate audiometric responses among children aged 30 to 42 months.Study DesignProspective.SettingTertiary care audiology cl...
How college students evaluate and share “fake news” stories

Abstract The spread of “fake news” stories online has become a pressing concern in the United States and around the world in recent years. Social media platforms enable the rapid spread of such misinformation and also make evaluating the credibility of online information more difficult. Since college students are frequent users of social media, they are particularly likely to be exposed to fake news. A survey was conducted with 63 undergraduate students in which they identified and evaluated examples of both fake and real news stories and reported their associated information behaviors. Results showed correlations between accurate identification of fake news stories and specific critical evaluation behaviors and strategies. However, students were unable to accurately evaluate their own skills, and their willingness to share fake news stories on social media was not related to accurate identifications or evaluations of trustworthiness. This study contributes to the understanding of not just how accurately students evaluate fake news stories, but of the specific information-seeking behaviors and critical evaluation strategies that are associated with accurate identifications and evaluations and with willingness to share news stories on social media. Implications for educators and directions for future research are discussed.
Two Simple Tricks for Fast Cache-Aware Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization

Particle Swarm Optimization is an example of a trivially parallelizable algorithm where good performance gains can be achieved through the use of a few OpenMP pragmas. Writing an efficient parallel PSO algorithm, however, is much more challenging because although particle updates can occur independently, they rely on a shared global state (the globally best particle). The difficulty of maintaining this global state can be seen in the large body of work studying the parallelization of PSO – almost uniformly these algorithms rely on a global synchronization step, which can result in idle cores and reduced parallel efficiency. In this work, we explore two techniques for implementing a fast, cache-aware parallel PSO algorithm: batching the creation of the random weights and reducing critical section contention via a relaxed consistency guarantee. Our technique shows impressive performance improvements over prior work, seeing more than 60% speed-up over naive paral-lelization and more than 10% speed-up over the cache-aware algorithm. This speed comes at a cost; while our method quickly reaches an approximate solution, it struggles in environments requiring a high level of resolution. Despite these trade-offs, our method is both easy to understand and implement and is widely transferable to other swarm intelligence algorithms.