cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Oxide/Nitride Interface: a study for gate dielectrics and field passivation

The study of the effects of substrate surface preparation of GaN, both in-situ and ex-situ and the subsequent deposition of dielectric materials is necessary to create a viable GaN FET technology. Surface preparation techniques have been explored using RHEED, AES, SIMS and C-V measurements to produce films of low interface trap density, 1–2E11 eV−1cm−2. A similar study of the as-fabricated HEMT surface was carried out to create a cleaning procedure prior to dielectric passivation. Dielectric films of Sc2O3 and MgO were deposited via gas-source MBE. Post-deposition materials characterization included AES, TEM, XRR and XPS, as well as gate pulse and isolation current measurements for the passivated HEMT devices. From this study, the relationship between the interface structure and chemistry and the quality of the oxide/nitride electrical interface has been determined. The resulting process has led to the near elimination of the current collapse phenomenon. In addition, the resulting oxide/nitride interface quality has allowed for the first demonstration of inversion in GaN.
Enhancing theory development in marketing

It is an honor and a privilege to serve as Editor ofAMSReview. As I start my term, I would like to discuss my views about the journal, the challenges and opportunities it faces, and its future prospects. I would also like to describe initiatives that build on the efforts of the founding Editors, Vicky Crittenden and Bob Peterson, and the Academy of Marketing Science (AMS). These initiatives, over time, can play an important role in significantly elevating AMS Review’s stature in the marketing discipline and set the stage for the journal to reach its full potential. AMS Review aspires to become a premier academic journal that is focused exclusively on conceptual articles in the marketing discipline. It will take time; however, with the support of marketing scholars who wish to elevate our discipline’s impact, this aspiration can be realized. The marketing discipline, historically, has had a very healthy appetite for theory development work. Unfortunately, over the past few decades, the discipline’s deep-seated tradition of publishing highquality conceptual articles has been broken (MacInnis 2011; Yadav 2010). As a result, there has been a steady decline of conceptual articles published in our major journals. Recent commentaries suggest that these trends are perhaps emblematic of deeper, more systemic problems in the marketing discipline (see, e.g., Reibstein et al. 2009). Systemic problems necessitate systemic solutions; clearly there are no silver bullets. Although concerted, imaginative efforts are needed on multiple fronts, I believe that a renewed focus on developing impactful theory is essential. AMS Review is uniquely positioned to play an important role in this regard. The journal can rejuvenate interest in crafting conceptual articles and facilitate the growth of a new generation of theory development scholars in our discipline. By accomplishing these goals, the journal has the potential to carve out a very special place for itself in the discipline. Of course, before that happens, much remains to be done. My comments below focus on three fundamental issues: (1) the supply of high-quality conceptual articles; (2) the scope of conceptual articles; and (3) initiatives planned for moving forward with AMS Review and enhancing theory development work in marketing.
Structured Decompositions for Solving Sparse Nonlinear Systems of Equations on Parallel Computers

The structured decompositions for solving sparse nonlinear systems of equations are to transform the sparse systems into some special structures so that the computations can be decomposed efficiently for parallel processing. A group of structured nonlinear systems by decoinpositions and their parallel methods for solutions are overviewed.
You'll see what you mean: Students encode equations based on their knowledge of arithmetic

This study investigated the roles of problem structure and strategy use in problem encoding. Fourthgrade students solved and explained a set of typical addition problems (e.g., 5 + 4 + 9 + 5 = ) and mathematical equivalence problems (e.g., 4 + 3 + 6 = 4 + or 6 + 4 + 5 = + 5). Next, they completed an encoding task in which they reconstructed addition and equivalence problems after viewing each for 5 s. Equivalence problems of the form 4 + 3 + 6 = 4 + overlap with a perceptual pattern found in traditional arithmetic problems (i.e., answer blank in final position), and students’ encoding was poorest on problems of this type. Individual differences in encoding the equivalence problems were related to variations in strategy use. Some students solved blank-final equivalence problems using the standard arithmetic strategy of performing all given operations on all given numbers. These students made more errors in encoding problem structure, but fewer errors in encoding the numbers, than did students who solved the problems using correct or other incorrect strategies. Moreover, students who expressed many strategies for solving the blank-final equivalence problems made fewer errors in encoding problem structure, but more errors in encoding the numbers, than did students who expressed only a single strategy. Results highlight that encoding is intended to guide action and that prior experience can simultaneously facilitate and interfere with accurate encoding. © 2003 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAZING AND SUBSTRATE INTERACT TO AFFECT NATIVE VS. EXOTIC DIVERSITY IN ROADSIDE GRASSLANDS

We compared the native and exotic species composition of ungrazed roadside verges with that of adjacent grazed interiors in the grasslands of California's inner northern coast range (Napa and Lake Counties). We sampled 72 pairs of verge and interior quadrats at five sites representative of the region's grasslands, on both fertile (loam) and infertile (serpentine) soils, avoiding all obvious forms of roadside physical disturbance. We found that, on serpentine soils, ungrazed verges had a higher proportion of exotic species than grazed interiors; on nonserpentine soils, the reverse was true. Within serpentine soils, native species were more prevalent in quadrats with lower biomass; within nonserpentine, natives were more prevalent in quadrats receiving less radiation. Overall, the total species diversity was higher in grazed interiors than on ungrazed verges, regardless of the fertility of the substrate. Our results indicate that the ecological role of roadside verges depends on the interactive effects of community composition and history, environmental gradients, and land use practices that characterize a region.
The putative sigma factor KatF has a central role in development of starvation-mediated general resistance in Escherichia coli.

KatF is required for the expression of some 32 carbon starvation proteins in Escherichia coli including 6 previously identified as Pex. Mutants with the katF gene survive carbon and nitrogen starvation poorly. Many of the KatF-regulated starvation proteins are common to those induced by other stresses, and the mutant failed to develop starvation-mediated cross protection to osmotic, oxidative, and heat stresses. Furthermore, thermal resistance was not induced in the mutant by heat preadaptation, and it exhibited an altered pattern of protein synthesis at elevated temperature. Thus, KatF is a major switch that controls the starvation-mediated resistant state in E. coli. Images
Negative growth control of mitotically active imaginal cells (histoblasts) of the abdominal epidermis during metamorphosis of the housefly.

On the ventral side of each pupal abdominal segment of the housefly, there is a pair of histoblast nests, each containing about 600 diploid cells. These cells, during adult development, divide, replace intervening polytene larval epidermal cells (LEC), and form both the median sternite and the surrounding pleura of the adult segment. Since the histoblast nests and the LEC form a contiguous layer, we examined the role of these two types of cells in regulating the mitotic potential of the histoblasts during development of the median sternite. Two experimental approaches were used: deletion of one of the nests by thermocautery; and by disturbance of the continuity of the monolayered epidermis by thermocautery of, or topical application of heptanol on, the midventral LEC. Ablation of one of the contralateral nests resulted in a mirror image duplication of the hemisternite and pleura by the surviving nest. Disturbance of the continuity of the LEC produced mirror image duplication of the hemisternal pattern by each of the contralateral nests. From these results, we propose that the contralateral ventral nests mutually downregulate their mitotic potential by secreting regulatory factor(s) to produce the normal median sternite pattern and surrounding pleura. We also suggest that these chemicals act in a paracrine fashion, possibly through gap junctions in the LEC. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Power dependent loss from a ytterbium magneto-optic trap

Summary form only given. Magneto-optic trapping of Yb is facilitated by use of a strong transition of the 555.6 nm (6s/sup 2/)/sup 1/S/sub 0/-(6s6p)/sup 3/P/sub 1/ inter-combination line. This line is not radiatively closed, however, and some the decay channels terminate in metastable states, resulting in magneto-optic trapping (MOT) lifetimes that depend on the fraction of atoms in the upper level of the cooling transition. We describe a quantitative study of trap lifetime versus trapping beam power that complements earlier predictions and qualitative experimental results. Our work constitutes the first use of MOT loss rates to measure an excited-state radiative branching ratio.
DEVALUATION AND THE INCOME TERMS OF TRADE

SUMMARY Previous contributions to the theory of devaluation have concentrated on its effect on the country's balance of trade (the ‘stability conditions’) and the commodity terms of trade. This paper is concerned with the conditions under which devaluation would improve the country's incometerms of trade defined as: Percentage change in the value of exports./Percentage change in the price of imports. An algebraic formula is developed, which expresses the conditions in terms of the elasticities of export-supply and import-demand. The results are then presented in geometric terms, and applied to some current problems. It turns out that while an industrial country is likely to improve its income terms of trade by devaluing its currency, the opposite is true for a primary-materials producing country.
Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: treatment implications.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus was considered an exclusive disease of adulthood until the late 1970s, when reports of an increased prevalence in the pediatric age group emerged in the literature. The concerning upswing in the rate of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents has continued, parallel to the increasing rates of obesity. The disease is not specific to the U.S.; it has proven to be a global problem. The current information on type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents is mostly extrapolated from studies in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, due to the paucity of studies conducted in youth. Obesity, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, minority ethnicity and race, polycystic ovary syndrome, maternal diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance during gestation, and acanthosis nigricans are the major risk factors and markers of youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology, which involves both an insulin secretion defect and resistance to insulin, needs further clarification in pediatric studies. Current management approaches involve lifestyle modification (nutritional and exercise) along with pharmacologic agents, such as insulin and oral antihyperglycemic medications, as indicated. A recent study on the use of metformin in childhood-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrated the drug to be effective and to have a good safety profile in this population. However, the outcomes of ongoing studies and future studies focusing on type 2 diabetes mellitus in the pediatric age group will be crucial in terms of fine-tuning management plans and setting up appropriate prevention strategies.
Review of Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1974

Milgram thinks that he has written a great book. The reviewer agrees. In addition to providing a comprehensive summary and interpretation of his earlier studies, he reports on studies that he has not published previously. An excellent survey is provided of relevant studies on obedience done by others, and the work is related very nicely to various real life situations, for example, the My Lai Massacre. The various ethical issues that arose after publication of Milgram's first papers are also discussed. Finally, Milgram knows how to write. The reviewer urges you to burn Chapter l from your favorite marketing text and begin anew in the study of social irresponsibility in marketing.
Night and day: Circadian rhythms and glucose tolerance

The time of day affects how our bodies manage glucose. People who work at night have an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes—thought to be a result, at least in part, of the offset between a normal sleep/wake cycle and the sleep/wake pattern required for night work, a situation known as
An Examination of the Benefits, Limitations, and Challenges of Conducting Randomized Experiments With Principals

Purpose: The past decade has seen considerable debate about how to best evaluate the efficacy of educational improvement initiatives, and members of the educational leadership research community ha...
Immune thrombocytopenia associated with consumption of tonic water

Thrombocytopenic purpura can develop from an induced antibody response that destroys platelets. Megakaryocyte production may also play a role. Although the inciting antigen is usually not identified, it is important to consider medications. This article presents the case of a man who developed sudden onset of severe thrombocytopenia associated with the ingestion of quinine-containing tonic water.
The ∑ (1385) hyperon

The first pion-hyperon resonance to be discovered was the ∑ (1385) or the Y 1 * . It appeared as a Λπ resonance which was seen by Alston et al. (1960) in the reaction $${K^ - } + p \to \Lambda + {\pi ^ + } + {\pi ^ - }.$$ (22.1) .
The Arithmetic of Even-Odd Trees

Even-Odd Trees are a canonical tree-based number representation derived from a bijection between trees defined by the data type equation T = 1+T *T* +T *T* and positive natural numbers seen as iterated applications of o(x) = 2x and i(x) = 2x + 1 starting from 1. This paper introduces purely functional arithmetic algorithms for operations on Even-Odd Trees. While within constant factors from their traditional counterparts for their average case behavior, our algorithms make tractable important computations that are impossible with traditional number representations.
Lipids of Bacteria Living in Extreme Environments

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the unusual lipid structures from obligately thermophilic, psychrophilic, acidophilic, thermoacidophilic, halophilic, and methanogenic bacteria. Bacteria from extreme environments contain many ordinary and unusual lipid structures. However, the most significant class of lipids is the isopranyl ether lipids. The isopranyl ether lipids serve as a chemical marker for identifying archaebacteria, and support the taxonomic relationship of these organisms that have evolved through a line of descent different from either eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. Moreover, the same range of archaebacterial isoprenoids (phytane and head-to-head linked biphytanes) are found in sediments, kerogen, shale, and petroleum. Thus, the fact that thermoplasma, sulfolobus, halophiles, and methanogens live in environments dominating earlier periods of the Earth's geological evolution, suggests that the isoprenoids found in sediments and petroleum were synthesized directly by archaebacteria. Maybe, some of these organisms are actively involved in petrogenesis. Similarly, the geochemical occurrence of hopanoids can be ascribed to a bacterial origin. In terms of molecular organization, the elevated content of carbohydrate containing lipids in many of the bacteria from extreme environments indicates that the neglected glycolipid class may have a significant function in controlling membrane stability.
Evidence for multiple, distinct ADAR-containing complexes in Xenopus laevis

ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) is an RNA-editing enzyme present in most metazoans that converts adenosines in double-stranded RNA targets into inosines. Although the RNA targets of ADAR-mediated editing have been extensively cataloged, our understanding of the cellular function of such editing remains incomplete. We report that long, double-stranded RNA added to Xenopus laevis egg extract is incorporated into an ADAR-containing complex whose protein components resemble those of stress granules. This complex localizes to microtubules, as assayed by accumulation on meiotic spindles. We observe that the length of a double-stranded RNA influences its incorporation into the microtubule-localized complex. ADAR forms a similar complex with endogenous RNA, but the endogenous complex fails to localize to microtubules. In addition, we characterize the endogenous, ADAR-associated RNAs and discover that they are enriched for transcripts encoding transcriptional regulators, zinc-finger proteins, and components of the secretory pathway. Interestingly, association with ADAR correlates with previously reported translational repression in early embryonic development. This work demonstrates that ADAR is a component of two, distinct ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain different types of RNAs and exhibit diverse cellular localization patterns. Our findings offer new insight into the potential cellular functions of ADAR.
The Influence of Temperature and Humidity Upon the Development of Myzus Houghtonensis Troop

Lifehistory studies of the Houghtongooseberry aphis in Ohio show a decided variation in the development and length of life cycle of individuals in different generations. Climatic factors seem to affect this development. A high humidity and a low temperature apparently retard development very greatly. High temperature and low humidity seem to accelerate development. Most rapid development occurred when the temperature curve was above the humidity curve.
Linear scheduling with multiple crews based on line-of-balance and productivity scheduling method with singularity functions

Abstract Scheduling repetitive work by multiple crews is a typical mission for schedulers, who must arrange the productivity, number, and size of crews and their lead or lag. Currently, the Linear Scheduling Method (LSM) and Line-of-Balance (LOB) can analyze repetitive work. These two related methods possess virtues, but lack a unified theory so that they could complement each other. Therefore, this paper explores a new approach. Its contribution to the body of knowledge is threefold: First, dissimilarities in activity representation, start point, and velocity measurement are reviewed and their causes are explained graphically and mathematically. Second, multiple crews are expressed with singularity functions in a three-part model—crew assignment, crew utilization, and crew linear schedule. The model is automatically updated when parameters are modified for “what-if” analyses. Third, LSM and LOB are united so that crews can be optimized seamlessly. This research advances theory on deploying multiple crews on construction projects.
Lithium granule ablation and penetration during ELM pacing experiments at DIII-D

Abstract At DIII-D, lithium granules were radially injected into the plasma at the outer midplane to trigger and pace edge localized modes (ELMs). Granules ranging in size from 300 to 1000 microns were horizontally launched into H-mode discharges with velocities near 100 m/s, and granule to granule injection frequencies less than 500 Hz. While the smaller granules were only successful in triggering ELMs approximately 20% of the time, the larger granules regularly demonstrated ELM triggering efficiencies of greater than 80%. A fast visible camera looking along the axis of injection observed the ablation of the lithium granules. The duration of ablation was used as a benchmark for a neutral gas shielding calculation, and approximated the ablation rate and mass deposition location for the various size granules, using measured edge plasma profiles as inputs. This calculation suggests that the low triggering efficiency of the smaller granules is due to the inability of these granules to traverse the steep edge pressure gradient region and reach the top of the pedestal prior to full ablation.
Tort Law and Social Morality: An Integrated Normative Analysis

My aim in this part of the book is to explore the normative basis for requiring an actor to think about the well-being of others in a way that advances social cohesion – that is, to think about others in a way that leads to a balance of rights and obligations that is efficient, fair, and stable. This obligates me both to defend social cohesion (in the way that I have defined it) as an appropriate goal of the law and to defend a theory of morality that allows us to determine when actors have thought appropriately about the well-being of others. Under the theory that I advance, the two tasks are interrelated. Social cohesion serves as an appropriate goal of the law because it rests on a theory of human interaction and value formation that itself responds to those decisions of individuals that can be said to be moral. AN OUTLINE OF THE MAIN ARGUMENT At the level of community, social cohesion requires a mechanism to ensure that the clashing projects and preferences of individuals are adjusted in accordance with values that are endorsed by the community (and that therefore support social cohesion) and have been formed by decisions that might themselves be called moral. As we have seen, the law serves to mediate between conflicting claims to resources in accordance with socially derived and morally mediated values that coordinate and transcend individual projects and preferences.
Alterations of gabaergic activity by amino-oxyacetic acid influence barbiturate- and ethanol-induced sleep time in long-sleep and short-sleep mice

Recently, it has been suggested that differences between the Long-Sleep and Short-Sleep selected mouse lines are related to the GABAergic system. To explore this possibility, the indirect GABAergic agonist amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) was administered to mice from both lines in conjunction with a sedative-hypnotic agent: thiopental, phenobarbital, barbital, or ethanol. The results clearly show that, when hypnosis occurred, the effect of AOAA was to enhance sleep time. Further, the results also confirm that the two lines of mice respond differentially to each of the sedative-hypnotics, and the same separation between the two lines almost always occurred even when the animals were pretreated with AOAA.
Exhaled nitric oxide in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic sclerosis

The fractional exhaled concentration of nitric oxide (FENO) has been shown to be reduced in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) but has not been adequately studied in PAH associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We measured FENO at an expiratory flow rate of 50 mL/s in 21 treatment-naive patients with SSc-associated PAH (SSc-PAH), 94 subjects with SSc without pulmonary involvement, and 84 healthy volunteers. Measurements of FENO at additional flow rates of 100, 150, and 250 mL/s were obtained to derive the flow-independent nitric oxide exchange parameters of maximal airway flux (J'awNO) and steady-state alveolar concentration (CANO). FENO at 50 mL/s was similar (P = 0.22) in the SSc-PAH group (19 ± 12 parts per billion [ppb]) compared with the SSc group (17 ± 12 ppb) and healthy control group (21 ± 11 ppb). No change was observed after 4 months of targeted PAH therapy in 14 SSc-PAH group patients (P = 0.9). J'awNO was modestly reduced in SSc group subjects without lung disease (1.2 ± 0.5 nl/s) compared with healthy controls (1.64 ± 0.9; P < 0.05) but was similar to that in the SSc-PAH group. CANO was elevated in individuals with SSc-PAH (4.8 ± 2.6 ppb) compared with controls with SSc (3.3 ± 1.4 ppb) and healthy subjects (2.6 ± 1.5 ppb; P < 0.001 for both). However, after adjustment for the diffusing capacity of CO, there was no significant difference in CANO between individuals with SSc-PAH and controls with SSc. We conclude that FENO is not useful for the diagnosis of PAH in SSc. Increased alveolar nitric oxide in SSc-PAH likely represents impaired diffusion into pulmonary capillary blood.
“Green” nano-filters: fine nanofibers of natural protein for high efficiency filtration of particulate pollutants and toxic gases

Particulate and chemical pollutants are ubiquitous in polluted air. However, current air filters using traditional polymers can only remove particles from the polluted air. To efficiently filter both particulates and chemical pollutants, development of multi-functional air filter materials with environmental friendness is critically needed. In this study, gelatin is employed as an example to study the potential of natural proteins as high-performance air-filtering material. Based on an optimized composition of a “green” solvent, uniform gelatin nanofiber mats were fabricated via an electrospinning approach. For the first time, it is found that the resulting nanofabrics possess extremely high removal efficiencies for both particle matter (with a broad range of size from 0.3 μm to 10 μm) and various toxic chemicals (e.g. HCHO and CO). Moreover, these high efficiencies are realized by the protein nanofabrics with a much lower areal density (3.43 g m−2) when compared with that of commercial air filters (e.g. 164 g m−2 for high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA)). This study reveals that nanofabrics of natural proteins hold great potential for application in “green” and multi-functional air filtering materials.
A Criterion for Convergence of Weak Greedy Algorithms

We find a class V of sequences such that the condition τ∉V is necessary and sufficient for convergence of weak greedy algorithm with weakness sequence τ for each f and all Hilbert spaces H and dictionaries D. We denote by V the class of sequences x={x k k=1 ∞, x k ≥0, k=1,2,..., with the following property: there exists a sequence 0=q 0<q 1<⋅⋅⋅ such that ∑ s=1 ∞2 s /Δq s )<∞ and ∑ s=1 ∞2−s ∑ k=1 q s x k 2<∞, where Δq s :=q s −q s−1.
Rumination and posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and objectives: Rumination is a correlate of increased posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. This study quantitatively reviewed the literature on rumination and PTS symptoms in trauma-exp...
Curious true facts about people and location

We are all people who have a definite location, but our intuitions about people and their locations are not always correct. Fortunately, researchers have been looking at how people behave with respect to location, and they have discovered surprising facts that do not necessarily match our assumptions. For example, as technologists, we tend to assume that people have strong concerns about their location privacy. But is this really true? As another example, researchers have tried to show that the same models of location behavior apply to both people and animals. Does this survive scrutiny? And if people exhibit complex behavior in terms of location, does this mean it is difficult to predict where they will go in the future? Not necessarily. The last few decades have seen principled answers to these and other questions, with research driven by growing demand for mobile computing, increasing availability of location data, and expanding problems in transportation. In this talk I will present several ways that our intuition about people and location does not match reality.
Reversibility of Ketone Reduction by SmI2–Water and Formation of Organosamarium Intermediates

The reduction of ketones by SmI2–water has long been thought to proceed through a reversible initial electron transfer with the formation of organosamarium intermediates in a follow-up step. Kinetic experiments on the reduction of two model ketones and structurally similar ketones with a pendant alkene are shown to be consistent with a rate-limiting reduction by SmI2–water through a proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET). Literature values for the rates of radical cyclizations and reduction of radicals by SmI2 and thermochemical data for radical reduction by SmI2–water further support a rate-limiting initial step for ketone reductions. These data suggest that discrete organosamarium species may not be intermediates in ketone reductions by SmI2–water.
Metabolic syndrome is associated with exposure to organochlorine pesticides in Anniston, AL, United States

The Anniston Community Health Survey, a cross-sectional study, was undertaken in 2005-2007 to study environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides and health outcomes among residents of Anniston, AL, United States. The examination of potential risks between these pollutants and metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., hypertension, central obesity, dyslipidemia and dysglycemia) was the focus of this analysis. Participants were 548 adults who completed the survey and a clinic visit, were free of diabetes, and had a serum sample for clinical laboratory parameters as well as PCB and OC pesticide concentrations. Associations between summed concentrations of 35 PCB congeners and 9 individual pesticides and metabolic syndrome were examined using generalized linear modeling and logistic regression; odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Pollutants were evaluated as quintiles and as log transformations of continuous serum concentrations. Participants were mostly female (68%) with a mean age (SD) of 53.6 (16.2) years. The racial distribution was 56% white and 44% African American; 49% met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. In unadjusted logistic regression, statistically significant and positive associations across the majority of quintiles were noted for seven individually modeled pesticides (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB, β-HCCH, oxychlor, tNONA, Mirex). Following adjustment for covariables (i.e., age, sex, race, education, marital status, current smoking, alcohol consumption, positive family history of diabetes or cardiovascular disease, liver disease, BMI), significant elevations in risk were noted for p,p'-DDT across multiple quintiles (range of ORs 1.61 to 2.36), for tNONA (range of ORs 1.62-2.80) and for p,p'-DDE [OR (95% CI)] of 2.73 (1.09-6.88) in the highest quintile relative to the first. Significant trends were observed in adjusted logistic models for log10 HCB [OR=6.15 (1.66-22.88)], log10 oxychlor [OR=2.09 (1.07-4.07)] and log10 tNONA [3.19 (1.45-7.00)]. Summed PCB concentrations were significantly and positively associated with metabolic syndrome only in unadjusted models; adjustment resulted in attenuation of the ORs in both the quintile and log-transformed models. In conclusion, several OC pesticides were found to have significant associations with metabolic syndrome in the Anniston study population while no association was observed for PCBs.
High-pressure structural parameters and equation of state of osmium to 207 GPa

The most incompressible transition metal osmium (Os) has been studied under high pressure. There is significant interest in Os because of the structural anomalies attributed to topological transiti...
ConfChem Conference on Select 2016 BCCE Presentations: Specifications Grading in the Flipped Organic Classroom

Specifications Grading is a system of course-long student assessment based on the division of learning objectives into clearly defined skill tests or assignments. Each skill is evaluated at a mastery level, with opportunities for students to learn from their mistakes and then be re-evaluated for skill tests, or resubmit assignments. Specifications Grading was adapted into a previously flipped, first-semester organic chemistry course, with generally positive feedback from both the professor and the students. This Communication summarizes one of the invited papers to the Select 2016 BCCE Presentations ACS CHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education online ConfChem held from October 30 to November 22, 2016.
East LA Interchange : A Documentary Exploration of Boyle Heights

The documentary East LA Interchange (2015) has extraordinary potential to be used to increase awareness about our diverse, multicultural society and the specific challenges facing low-income communities of color. These communities’ residents are especially vulnerable to gentrification and displacement, and across the United States, we are currently seeing the impact of gentrification on our neighborhoods. One of the most important aspects of a documentary is what happens after the film is completed. We are in the process of creating a multiplatform strategic outreach campaign designed to engage youth and mobilize advocates around the issues addressed in the film. Our outreach and engagement goals are varied yet complementary to the themes in East LA Interchange. We believe that East LA Interchange’s message of empowerment through community action is one that can greatly benefit youth and adults in rapidly changing communities. Because Boyle Heights is one of the United States’ great places of diversity, inclusion, and tolerance, we would like the film to create momentum around social justice issues depicted in the film such as acceptance and appreciation of diversity, immigrant rights, environmental and transportation justice, urban development, and effective political representation.
Noise contamination from PET blood sampling pump: Effects on structural MRI image quality in simultaneous PET/MR studies

Purpose To fully quantify PET imaging outcome measures, a blood sampling pump is often used during the PET acquisition. With simultaneous PET/MR studies, a structural magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) may also be acquired while the pump is generating electromagnetic noise. This study investigated whether this noise contamination would be detrimental to the quantification of volume and cortical thickness measures obtained from automated segmentation of the MP-RAGE image. Methods MP-RAGE T1w structural images were acquired for a phantom and 10 healthy volunteers (five female, 27.2 ± 5.1 y old) with the blood sampling pump and without. The white matter signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was computed for all images. Region-wise cortical thickness and volume were extracted with Freesurfer 5.3.0. Results The phantom SNR and the white matter human subject SNR was degraded in the MP-RAGE images acquired with the pump (P = 0.005; white matter SNR: 43.9 and 50.8 with the pump and without). Intrasession, region-wise volume and cortical thickness estimates were significantly overestimated with the pump (percent difference: 1.14 ± 2.67% for volume (P = 0.0003) and 0.34 ± 1.59% (P = 0.02) for cortical thickness). Regions with percent differences greater than 5% between pump conditions were those close to tissue-air interfaces: entorhinal, frontal pole, parsorbitalis, temporal pole, and medial orbitofrontal. Synthetically adding Gaussian noise to the without pump MP-RAGE images yielded similar, significant detriments to cortical morphometry compared to without the pump. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the use of PET blood sampling pumps may generate unstructured, Gaussian-distributed noise in MP-RAGE images that significantly alters the accuracy of Freesurfer-derived volume and cortical thickness estimates. While many cortical regions showed a percent difference of less than 1% with the pump, regions close to tissue-air interfaces, subject to larger susceptibility artifacts, were significantly affected. This potential for decreased accuracy should be considered in PET/MR research studies utilizing blood sampling pumps, as well as any MRI study utilizing radiofrequency noise producing devices such as functional MRI task equipment and physiologic monitoring devices.
Instrumenting Open vSwitch with Monitoring Capabilities: Designs and Challenges

Recent advances in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) have enabled flexible and programmable network measurement. A promising trend is to conduct network traffic measurement on widely deployed Open vSwitches (OVS) in data centers. However, little attention has been paid to the design options for conducting traffic measurement on the OVS. In this study, we set to explore different design choices and investigate the corresponding trade-offs among resource consumption, measurement accuracy, implementation complexity, and impact on switching speed. For this purpose, we empirically design and implement four different measurement schemes in OVS, by either closely integrating forwarding and measurement functions into a pipeline, or decoupling them into parallel operations. Through extensive experiments and comparisons, we quantitatively show the various trade-offs that the different schemes strike to balance, and demonstrate the feasibility of instrumenting OVS with monitoring capabilities. These results provide valuable insights into which design will best serve various measurement and monitoring needs.
Utilization of Ambulatory Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy by the United States Population, 2009-2013.

Purpose The aging of the U.S. population and insurance reforms in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 have been postulated to increase future demand for physical therapy and occupational therapy. The purpose of this study was to develop population estimates for and describe the demographic characteristics of persons using ambulatory physical therapy and occupational therapy during 2009-2013. Method From data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Household Component, population estimates of the number of persons utilizing ambulatory therapy services were developed for the total U.S. population and by selected demographic characteristics: age, sex, census region, race/ethnicity and income category. Results The ambulatory therapy patient population grew by an average rate of 5.9% to a total of 13.2 million persons in 2013. The average annual growth rate was higher for persons aged 0-17, age over 64, Asian-Americans, Black Americans, and persons living in low income and near-poor households. The typical user was a working-age, Caucasian female living in a middle or high income household. Conclusions While the typical user of ambulatory therapy services represents persons who traditionally have good access to health care, the results of this study point to an aging of the population using therapy services and improved access to ambulatory therapy services for historically underserved populations.
Neuromodulation of Calcium Channels

Multiple mechanisms directly or indirectly modulate the function of voltage-gated (Ca v ) Ca 2 + channels. These include neurotransmitters acting through G-protein coupled receptors, alternative splicing of the pore-forming Ca v α 1 subunit, and direct interactions between Ca v channels and various neuronal proteins. Neuromodulators affect the ability of Ca v channels to open, close, or inactivate in response to membrane depolarization, and alter the localization or targeting of Ca v channels to the plasma membrane. This chapter reviews progress in the characterization of factors that modulate Ca v channels and the physiological consequences of these forms of modulation in the nervous system.
Resilience of Regional Transportation Networks Subjected to Hazard-Induced Bridge Damages

AbstractThe comprehension of network-level consequences resulting from disruptive events is a main gray area in the evaluation of transportation network resilience at the regional level. Explaining...
Serpentine Supravenous Hyperpigmentation

Typically seen following chemotherapeutic infusions, patients develop hyperpigmentation in the skin overlying the venous path through which the medication traveled creating a characteristic serpentine and branching rash.
THE COLLABORATIVE AGING RESEARCH USING TECHNOLOGY (CART) INITIATIVE: DATA

The CART initiative captures substantial amounts of data across multiple domains. CART data conforms to many of the classic characteristics of “Big Data” in that it is frequent or continuous, potentially large in volume, diverse in its variety, inherently unsupervised and subject to challenges in its verification or veracity. This presentation will review the diverse kinds of data collected and provide selected examples of the approach to the analysis of the CART data. Emphasis will be placed on the processes of data curation and preparation such as appropriate aggregation of time series data or accounting for missing data. Data methodologic approaches that have been and will be used for analysis will be reviewed ranging from variations on mixed effects and latent trajectory models to the many machine learning procedures that may be applied especially for prediction of functional outcomes.
Salt-driven evolution of a gas hydrate reservoir in Green Canyon, Gulf of Mexico

The base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) is a critical interface, providing a first-order estimate of gas hydrate distribution. Sensitivity to thermobaric conditions makes its prediction challenging, particularly in the regions with dynamic pressure–temperature regime. In Green Canyon Block 955 (GC 955) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, the seismically inferred base of the GHSZ is 450 m (1476 ft) below the seafloor, which is 400 m (1312 ft) shallower than predicted by gas hydrate stability modeling using standard temperature and pressure gradient assumptions and an assumption of structure I (99.9% methane gas) gas hydrate. We use three-dimensional seismic log data and heat-flow modeling to explain the factor of the salt diapir on the observed thinning of the GHSZ. We also test the alternative hypothesis that the GHSZ base is actually consistent with the theoretical depth. The heat-flow model indicates a salt-induced temperature anomaly, reaching 8°C at the reservoir level, which is sufficient to explain the position of the base of the GHSZ. Our analyses show that overpressure does develop at GC 955, but only within an approximately 500-m (∼1640-ft)-thick sediment section above the salt top, which does not currently affect the pressure field in the GHSZ (∼1000 m [∼328 ft] above salt). Our study confirms that a salt diapir can produce a strong localized perturbation of the temperature and pressure regime and thus on the stability of gas hydrates. Based on our results, we propose a generalized evolution mechanism for similar reservoirs, driven by salt-controlled gas hydrate formation and dissociation elsewhere in the world.
Isolation of ligand-centered borocations in molybdenum complexes containing a triaminoborane-bridged diphosphorus ligand

Metal complexes that form isolable, ligand-centered borenium ions (i.e. reactive three-coordinate boron cations) are rare, especially with highly-versatile diphosphorus ligands. Here we report the first structurally-characterized examples of ligand-centered borocations in a class of diphosphorus ligands derived from the bicyclic triaminoborane 1,8,10,9-triazaboradecalin (TBD). Treating (PhTBDPhos)Mo(CO)4 (1) with HOTf or HNTf2 resulted in protonation of the bridgehead α-nitrogen on the TBD backbone and formation of ligand-centered borenium ions (1-HOTf and 1-HNTf2, respectively), whereas reaction of 1 with HBF4·Et2O resulted in protonation of two α-nitrogen atoms and fluoride abstraction from BF4- to form a four-coordinate borocation in [1-H2F][BF4]. Single-crystal XRD data confirmed the formation of the borocations, and multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy studies were used to interrogate the electronic environment at molybdenum and boron. The 11B NMR resonances for the borenium ions in 1-HOTf and 1-HNTf2 (δ 29.5 and 29.6 ppm) were more deshielded than the resonance for 1 (δ 25.9 ppm), consistent with the decreased electron density at boron. The 31P NMR data revealed similar trends in response to increasing protonation on the TBD backbone, and aligned well with small, stepwise increases in Mo-CO stretching frequencies that followed the order borane (1) < borenium (1-HOTf and 1-HNTf2) < boronium ([1-H2F][BF4]). Density functional theory calculations conducted on 1, 1-HOTf, and [1-H2F][BF4] revealed subtle changes in boron and nitrogen atomic charges consistent with those calculated for more well-established borenium ions in metal-free systems. Overall, the results confirm previous observations of latent borenium ion reactivity in TBDPhos complexes.
Using acceptance and commitment training to enhance the effectiveness of behavioral skills training

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of acceptance and commitment training (ACT) to enhance the effectiveness of behavioral skills training (BST) used within a train-the-trainer model, in the context of an autism clinic. The study utilized an ABC design embedded within a multiple baseline across staff trainer participants, who were working in applied behavior analysis staff trainer jobs. Each participant received an initial BST training on how to use BST to train junior-level staff, for whom they were responsible for training. ACT training was then added in order to evaluate whether it would enhance the effectiveness of BST. The addition of ACT was found to be effective in enhancing the performance of staff trainers, the results generalized across staff and clients who were not present during ACT training, and maintained after ACT training was terminated.
Nutrition and Fertilization Practices for Southern Highbush Blueberry in Florida

Research and field experience have demonstrated that fertilization is necessary to achieve proper growth and high yields in cultivated production of blueberries. This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department provides guidance and management suggestions to Florida growers of southern highbush blueberry (SHB) for monitoring, supplying, and maintaining proper plant nutrition in commercial production operations. Written by Doug Phillips and Jeffrey G. Williamson. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1356
Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace

On November 19, 1977, the world watched in disbelief as Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat visited Jerusalem. In one dramatic stroke, Sadat met with Israel's leaders, promised “no more war,” and off...
Old Message in a New Bottle: Taking Gang Rivalries Online Through Rap Battle Music Videos on YouTube

The Internet is changing society, including criminal behavior. It has been shown that gangs are active online, but it is unclear how gangs are using the Internet. Most studies seem to conclude that gang members are not using the Internet instrumentally to commit or promote criminal behavior, but these same studies show that gang members use social media for flame wars—to insult and threaten one another. We argue that using social media in this way is actually an instrumental use of the Internet because it promotes violence. According to the code of the street, a diss requires a response, often a violent one. Using a set of six underground battle rap videos, we demonstrate a connection between online flame wars and street-level violence.