cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of Vectors and Matrices

The objective of this chapter is to familiarize those who have been accustomed to scalar computation with computations involving arrays. In the problems, in general, it is sufficient to take n = 5, to avoid excessive print out. The matrices A1 A3 … in Problem 1.2 are taken from a larger list of test matrices; it is suggested that the reader chooses one of these matrices and uses this throughout whenever a choice has to be made.
METABOLIC AND MORPHOLOGIC STUDIES ON THE RAT PINEAL ORGAN DURING PUBERTY.

This chapter discusses the studies of the morphology and physiology of rat cerebral epiphyses during puberty to obtain precise information indicative of functional relationships. The studies have yielded some interesting findings concerning the development of this organ. Concerning the growth of the pineal, a consistent increase was noted in the wet weight of the organ in both sexes from 25 to 50 days of age. Cytologically, this weight increase resulted from the hypertrophy of pineal parenchymal cells and not from the increase in cell numbers. Mitoses seldom occurred. These findings are consistent with those of Quay and Levine who found that the mitotic activity of pineal parenchymal cells was confined to the first two postnatal weeks; they also reported cellular hypertrophy during and immediately following puberty and correlated the increase in cell size with an increase in the total volume of the pineal. In addition to cellular growth during this period, evidence has been seen of nuclear differentiation consisting of the increased folding and indentation of the nuclear membrane and the enlargement of nucleoli. These changes are relative and variable from one animal to another.
A Computer-Based Self-health Monitoring System for the Elderly Living in a Low Income Housing Environment

The aging communities in the United States, and elsewhere, are presenting serious problems for the health delivery systems in many countries. Add to this the problems associated with being poor and having limited access to the health delivery, and the problem becomes one of even greater urgency. One solution to this problem is the distribution of health monitoring equipment to the patient rather than having the patient travel to the equipment. In some cases, this might mean the installation of the health monitoring equipment in the patient’s home, while in others it could mean the development of a centralized facility in a housing project that would be easily accessible by the residents. In the current work, the second model was built and tested in a low-income housing environment, the JL Young Center for Elderhealth Primary Care in Tampa.
Tu1700 Carbon Dioxide Versus Air Insufflation on Patient Comfort Post-Colonoscopy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). In the present study, we elucidated the indication criteria of ESD and examined its usefulness for early gastric cancer in elderly patients (65 years) by comparison with non-elderly patients. Methods: The subjects were selected from 515 consecutive lesions with early gastric cancer for which ESD was performed between June 2002 and February 2010. Results: In the elderly, four (1.0%) were from the elderly with a Performance Status: PS of 3. The number of PS increased to six (1.6%) after the procedure. None of the non-elderly had a PS of 3 before or after the procedure. In the elderly, 76.9% were from the elderly with preexisting comorbidity. In the non-elderly, 43.4% were from the non-elderly with preexisting comorbidity. There were no differences between the two groups in the distribution of the following: location of gastric lesions where ESD was performed, macroscopic type, tumor size, histological type, depth of invasion, and category of lesions. Overall, the two groups had no significant difference in their durations of hospitalization. However, the elderly with perforation had significantly longer duration of hospitalization compared to the elderly without perforation. The elderly and non-elderly groups also had no significant difference in their operating times for ESD or in the incidence rates of complications. In the elderly, 10.2% were from the elderly who had anti-coagulant therapy. In the non-elderly, 1.4% were from the non-elderly who had anti-coagulant therapy. The percentage was significantly higher in the elderly. In patients with anti-coagulant therapy, the durations of hospitalization were 15.5 and 10.0 days in the elderly and nonelderly groups, respectively. The duration tended to be longer in the elderly but no significant difference was found. Overall, there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage. There was postoperative hemorrhage in 5.1% of the lesions in the elderly group and 4.9% of the lesions in the non-elderly group. None of the non-elderly with postoperative hemorrhage had received anti-coagulant therapy. In the elderly with postoperative hemorrhage, 15.8% of the lesions were from the elderly who had received anticoagulant therapy, indicating a significantly higher percentage of such lesions in the elderly group. Conclusion: We conclude that the following should be considered when making the final decision of performing ESD in elderly patients. These patients should have a PS of 0, 1, or 2. One should determine whether or not anti-coagulant therapy can be discontinued and whether or not treatment can be performed reliably without complications.
Electrophysiological properties of two axonal sodium channels, Nav1.2 and Nav1.6, expressed in mouse spinal sensory neurones

Sodium channels Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 are both normally expressed along premyelinated and myelinated axons at different stages of maturation and are also expressed in a subset of demyelinated axons, where coexpression of Nav1.6 together with the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is associated with axonal injury. It has been difficult to distinguish the currents produced by Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 in native neurones, and previous studies have not compared these channels within neuronal expression systems. In this study, we have characterized and directly compared Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 in a mammalian neuronal cell background and demonstrate differences in their properties that may affect neuronal behaviour. The Nav1.2 channel displays more depolarized activation and availability properties that may permit conduction of action potentials, even with depolarization. However, Nav1.2 channels show a greater accumulation of inactivation at higher frequencies of stimulation (20–100 Hz) than Nav1.6 and thus are likely to generate lower frequencies of firing. Nav1.6 channels produce a larger persistent current that may play a role in triggering reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange, which can injure demyelinated axons where Nav1.6 and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are colocalized, while selective expression of Nav1.2 may support action potential electrogenesis, at least at lower frequencies, while producing a smaller persistent current.
Automated case base creation and management

In this paper, we report on a scheme for automated case base creation and management. The scheme aims at reducing the difficulty and human effort required for case creation. This paper provides an overview of the proposed scheme and outlines its technical implementation as an automated case creation system for the Integrated Diagnostic System. Some experimental results for testing the scheme and an interactive tool for evaluating the constructed case base are presented.
Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Transducers

Direct electromagnetic generation is a relatively recent addition to the list of techniques available for the generation of ultrasonic waves for nondestructive evaluation purposes. The history and physics of the generation technique will be discussed. In addition, transducer designs for the generation of various types of sound waves (longitudinal, shear and surface) will be presented. In particular, surface wave transducer designs will be shown to be very similar to those used in piezoelectric SAW devices. This similarity has been exploited to obtain EM transducers with signal processing capabilities similar to the piezoelectric devices. Other applications of these devices as well as possible directions of future research efforts will be discussed.
Specificity of glycosphingolipid recognition by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites

The ability of purified glycosphingolipids to enhance liposome-stimulated Entamoeba histolytica actin polymerization was assessed as a means of defining the specificity of mammalian cell membrane lipid glycan recognition by this parasite. Synthetic liposomes containing a variety of individual glycosphingolipids bearing neutral, straight-chain oligomeric glycans with galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine termini stimulated rapid (90-s) polymerization of amoeba actin. Glycans with terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues were not stimulatory at all or were only weakly stimulatory. Glycans with glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine as the penultimate residue were recognized. Attachment of N-acetylneuraminate to the terminal residue of a stimulatory glycosphingolipid eliminated activity; attachment of fucose to the penultimate sugar reduced activity. Glycans with a terminal beta 1-4 or 1-3 glycosidic bond were most effective; glycans with terminal alpha 1-4 or 1-3 glycosides were less effective. The activity of glycans with both beta- and alpha-linked terminal glycosides was inhibited by lactose, suggesting recognition of both configurations by a single amoeba protein. The ability of liposomes to stimulate actin polymerization reflected the extent of liposome phagocytosis.
Clarifying phylogenetic relationships and the evolutionary history of the bivalve order Arcida (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia).

Abstract The systematics of the bivalve order Arcida constitutes an unresolved conundrum in bivalve systematics. The current definition of Arcida encompasses two superfamilies: Limopsoidea, which includes the recent families Philobryidae and Limopsidae, and Arcoidea, which encompasses the families Arcidae, Cucullaeidae, Noetiidae, Glycymerididae and Parallelodontidae. This classification, however, is controversial particularly with respect to the position and taxonomic status of Glycymerididae. Previous molecular phylogenies were limited either by the use of only a single molecular marker or by including only a few limopsoid and glycymeridid taxa. The challenging nature of Arcida taxonomy and the controversial results of some of the previous studies, prompted us to use a broad range of taxa (55 species), three nuclear markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and histone H3) and a wide range of algorithmic approaches. This broad but stringent approach led to a number of results that differ significantly from previous studies. We provide the first molecular evidence that supports the separation of Arcoidea from Limopsoidea, although the exact position of Glycymerididae remains unresolved, and the monophyly of Limopsoidea is algorithm-dependent. In addition, we present the first time-calibrated evolutionary tree of Arcida relationships, indicating a significant increase in the diversification of arcidan lineages at the beginning of the Cretaceous, around 140 Ma. The monophyly of Arcida, which has been supported previously, was confirmed in all our analyses. Although relationships among families remain somehow unresolved we found support for the monophyly of most arcidan families, at least under some analytical conditions (i.e., Glycymerididae, Noetiidae, Philobryidae, and Limopsidae). However, Arcidae, and particularly Arcinae, remain a major source of inconsistency in the current system of Arcida classification and are in dire need of taxonomic revision.
Learning “graph-mer” Motifs that Predict Gene Expression Trajectories in Development

A key problem in understanding transcriptional regulatory networks is deciphering what cis regulatory logic is encoded in gene promoter sequences and how this sequence information maps to expression. A typical computational approach to this problem involves clustering genes by their expression profiles and then searching for overrepresented motifs in the promoter sequences of genes in a cluster. However, genes with similar expression profiles may be controlled by distinct regulatory programs. Moreover, if many gene expression profiles in a data set are highly correlated, as in the case of whole organism developmental time series, it may be difficult to resolve fine-grained clusters in the first place. We present a predictive framework for modeling the natural flow of information, from promoter sequence to expression, to learn cis regulatory motifs and characterize gene expression patterns in developmental time courses. We introduce a cluster-free algorithm based on a graph-regularized version of partial least squares (PLS) regression to learn sequence patterns—represented by graphs of k-mers, or “graph-mers”—that predict gene expression trajectories. Applying the approach to wildtype germline development in Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that the first and second latent PLS factors mapped to expression profiles for oocyte and sperm genes, respectively. We extracted both known and novel motifs from the graph-mers associated to these germline-specific patterns, including novel CG-rich motifs specific to oocyte genes. We found evidence supporting the functional relevance of these putative regulatory elements through analysis of positional bias, motif conservation and in situ gene expression. This study demonstrates that our regression model can learn biologically meaningful latent structure and identify potentially functional motifs from subtle developmental time course expression data.
On unbiasedness of the empirical BLUE and BLUP

Abstract Let y = Xβ + Zα + ϵ be a mixed linear model, where β is a vector of fixed effects, α is a vector of random effects, and ϵ is a vector of errors. Kackar and Harville (1984) showed that the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) of β and the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of α remain unbiased if the true variance components at which the BLUE and BLUP are computed are replaced by nonnegative, even and translation-invariant estimators, provided the expectations of the resulting empirical BLUE and BLUP exist. In this short note, we show that when there is a single random effect factor in the model, those expectations do exist.
pH dependent thermodynamic and amide exchange studies of the C-terminal domain of the ribosomal protein L9: implications for unfolded state structure.

It is now recognized that unfolded states of globular proteins are not random coils but instead can contain significant amounts of residual structure. Here, we combine amide H/D exchange studies an...
Localization of the source of flare X-ray emission during the eclipse of 7 March, 1970

An occultation of X-ray emission from a solar flare occurred during the eclipse of 7 March, 1970 and was observed by an NRL instrument aboard the OSO-5 satellite. Ionization chamber photometers covering the wavelength ranges 0.5–3 A, 1–8 A, and 8–16 A provided flux measurements once every 15 s providing a spatial resolution of 20 arc sec at the solar surface. Within this limitation the X-ray flare was observed to be confined within a region 136 000 km in one dimension.
Modeling socio-cultural processes in network-centric environments

The major focus in the field of modeling & simulation for network centric environments has been on the physical layer while making simplifications for the human-in-the-loop. However, the human element has a big impact on the capabilities of network centric systems. Taking into account the socio-behavioral aspects of processes such as team building, group decision-making, etc. are critical to realistically modeling and analyzing system performance. Modeling socio-cultural processes is a challenge because of the complexity of the networks, dynamism in the physical and social layers, feedback loops and uncertainty in the modeling data. We propose an overarching framework to represent, model and analyze various socio-cultural processes within network centric environments. The key innovation in our methodology is to simultaneously model the dynamism in both the physical and social layers while providing functional mappings between them. We represent socio-cultural information such as friendships, professional relationships and temperament by leveraging the Culturally Infused Social Network (CISN) framework. The notion of intent is used to relate the underlying socio-cultural factors to observed behavior. We will model intent using Bayesian Knowledge Bases (BKBs), a probabilistic reasoning network, which can represent incomplete and uncertain socio-cultural information. We will leverage previous work on a network performance modeling framework called Network-Centric Operations Performance and Prediction (N-COPP) to incorporate dynamism in various aspects of the physical layer such as node mobility, transmission parameters, etc. We validate our framework by simulating a suitable scenario, incorporating relevant factors and providing analyses of the results.
Sisters, not demons: the influence of british suffragists on the American suffrage movement

Abstract British suffragettes were an important, if controversial, influence on the American suffrage movement, for the successful achievement of the franchise in 1920 was helped by the adoption of the suffragettes' militant tactics in the final stage of the campaign. When Harriot Stanton Blatch returned to the USA in 1902 after living for twenty years in England, she found that the suffrage movement her mother, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, had helped to found was stagnant. Blatch energized the movement in New York City by recruiting working-class women and organizing colorful parades and other dramatic events, strategies she had learned from Emmeline Pankhurst. Blatch arranged a successful tour of the USA for Pankhurst in 1909.
Cardiac Motion and Deformation Recovery From MRI: A Review

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly advanced and sophisticated imaging modality for cardiac motion tracking and analysis, capable of providing 3D analysis of global and regional cardiac function with great accuracy and reproducibility. In the past few years, numerous efforts have been devoted to cardiac motion recovery and deformation analysis from MR image sequences. Many approaches have been proposed for tracking cardiac motion and for computing deformation parameters and mechanical properties of the heart from a variety of cardiac MR imaging techniques. In this paper, an updated and critical review of cardiac motion tracking methods including major references and those proposed in the past ten years is provided. The MR imaging and analysis techniques surveyed are based on cine MRI, tagged MRI, phase contrast MRI, DENSE, and SENC. This paper can serve as a tutorial for new researchers entering the field.
Integrating Design and Construction with Wearable Computers

Wearable computers can help bridge the gap between design and construction. They can integrate these traditionally separate cultures by improving the flow of information between them. Using a wearable computer, design and construction personnel can now exchange design information quickly and continuously between the point of work on the construction site and the remote design office. The improved iteration between design and construction and much stronger connection between design personnel and construction site afforded by wearable computers may point the way to a new kind of integrated architectural process. In this study, the goal was to determine the value of wearable computers in integrating design and construction by measuring specific performance characteristics. The results include findings on productivity, rework and communication quality. They reveal that wearable computers can improve communication quality and reduce rework, but may have an initially negative impact on productivity. These findi...
A non-parametric approach to behavioral device modeling

This work proposes a non-parametric methodology for quick and effective behavioral macromodeling of complex digital and analog devices. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) learning algorithms are used to generate simple, robust, and widely applicable time-domain models without specifying device equations or parameters. SPICE simulations expose device dynamics to train behavioral models while exhaustive validation ensures accurate and efficient models are generated. Average speedups of 97X are observed over SPICE simulation maintaining accurate outputs within 95% confidence intervals.
Analysis of impact response in composite plates

The problem of impact is of considerable interest in laminated composite materials. Although important contributions have been made in the understanding the impact problem through numerical solutions, an analytical solution has not been available for the problem of impact of laminated plates. The present work gives an analytical solution to this problem, based on the usual Fourier series expansion for simply-supported plates, combined with Laplace transform techniques for the impact problem solution.
SENSITIVITY, ACCURACY, AND SAFETY OF AN AUTOMATIC EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR: Report of a Field Evaluation

An automatic external defibrillator (AED) was used by paramedics to detect ventricular fibrillation and deliver countershocks in 39 people with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. The AED identified and delivered at least 1 countershock to 13 of the 16 people in ventricular fibrillation (81% sensitivity). The AED responded correctly to all 21 of the non-ventricular-fibrillation rhythms (8 other electrical rhythms, 13 asystole) with no countershocks (100% specificity). In 2 patients the rhythm could not be assessed. The device caused no injuries to patients or personnel. The performance of the AED was also analysed by considering each 15 s segment of ventricular fibrillation as a separate challenge; the device delivered a countershock in 19 of 29 such segments (66%).
An Unusual Cause of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Crohn's Disease

*Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh; ‡Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Center for Womens’ GI Health, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/MAGEE, Pittsburgh; § Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Establishment and characterization of a human non-secretory plasmacytoid cell line and its hybridization with human B cells

A human non-secretory plasmacytoid cell line has been established for 6 years in more than 170 passages. Over 300 passages have been made from several early and late passages. The cell line is karyotypically normal, easily grown and has the characteristic features of a non-secretory plasmablast. Its characteristics suggest its use for hybridization by new methods as well as a study of its secretory defect. HPRT-negative phenotypic mutants can be derived from this line and a single polyploid clone has also been isolated. Hybridization with the HPRT+ and HPRT- lines X human B cells is described.
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in rat prostate: Characterization of LHRH peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid expression, and molecular processing of LHRH in intact and castrated male rats

Continuous administration of LHRH agonist suppresses the pituitary-gonadal axis, achieving chemical castration. Thus, LHRH agonist has been used as an alternative (to surgical castration) for the treatment of steroid-dependent prostate cancer. However, recent reports have demonstrated that LHRH agonist had a direct inhibiting effect on prostate cancer cell proliferation and that cancerous prostate tissue contained a LHRH-like peptide. In this paper we are reporting for the first time that the normal rat ventral prostate contained immunoactive and bioactive LHRH as well as its precursor molecule, pro-LHRH. Our investigation showed that the LHRH concentration in prostate increased 2 weeks after castration from 1.68 +/- 0.09 to 3 +/- 0.2 pg/mg tissue (P < 0.001). At the same time, the concentration of pro-LHRH decreased from 149 +/- 6.5 to 68 +/- 6.8 pg/mg tissue (P < 0.001). Furthermore, intact rat prostate expressed LHRH mRNA, which increased 13-fold 2 weeks after castration. In summary, the prostate of intact Sprague-Dawley rats has the capacity to produce the LHRH precursor and process it to the mature decapeptide, and this production/processing increases significantly after castration.
Processes of Care and Outcomes for Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Abstract Background Although processes of care are common proxies for health care quality, their associations with medical outcomes remain uncertain. Methods For 2076 patients hospitalized with pneumonia from 32 emergency departments, we used multilevel logistic regression modeling to assess independent associations between patient outcomes and the performance of 4 individual processes of care (assessment of oxygenation, blood cultures, and rapid initiation [ Results Overall, 141 patients (6.8%) died. Mortality was 0.3% to 1.7% lower for patients who had each of the individual processes of care performed ( P ≥.13 for each comparison); mortality was 7.5% for patients who had 0 to 2 processes of care, 7.2% for those with 3 processes of care, and 5.8% for those with all 4 processes of care performed ( P =.39). Mortality was not significantly associated with either individual or cumulative process measures in multivariable models. Conclusion Neither the individual processes of care nor the cumulative number performed is associated with short-term mortality for pneumonia.
Plasma cell leukemia: detailed studies and response to therapy.

A case of plasma cell leukemia (PCL) was shown by immunoelectrophoretic and immunofluorescent studies to be producing kappa light chains. Cyto-chemical staining of the cells revealed strong β-glucuronidase, oil red 0, and acid phosphatase positivity. Electron microscopy demonstrated various stages in plasma cell development. A good partial remission was obtained following a combination regimen of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone (COAP). Intermittent high dosage melphalan and prednisone were used at a later stage. PCL may have an improved prognosis using aggressive combination chemotherapy.
Bench- and field-scale evaluation of chromium and cadmium extraction by electrokinetics.

Abstract The results of bench-scale laboratory tests and in situ, pilot-scale demonstration of electrokinetic extraction of chromium and cadmium from contaminated soil are presented. The laboratory tests were conducted using 10 cm long samples under current density of 5 A/m 2 for 1200 h. Tests were conducted with and without citric acid amendment at the cathode. The results showed that citric acid improved extraction, especially in the sections near the cathode. However, processing was not enough to result in complete cleanup. The field demo was conducted at the Naval Air Weapon Station (NAWS), Point Mugu, California. Three cathodes were centered between six anodes. The anode–cathode spacing was 4.45 m (15 ft). Constant voltage of 60 V (∼13 V/m) was applied for 20 days and then was reduced to 45 V (10 V/m) for 6 months. Citric acid was used to maintain the cathode pH at 4. After 6 months of treatment, 78% of the soil volume has been cleared of chromium or treated to below natural background levels. The results also indicated that 70% of the soil between the electrodes had been cleared of cadmium contamination. A comparison between the bench-scale and field demo showed that the field process was more effective than the lab tests. This indicated that small sample size will induce a negative effect on the efficiency of the process due to an increased impact of the boundaries on the overall process.
Queue-Architecture and Stability Analysis in Cooperative Relay Networks

An abstraction of the physical-layer coding using bit pipes that are coupled through data-rates is insufficient to capture notions such as node cooperation in cooperative relay networks. Consequently, network-stability analyses based on such abstractions are valid for non-cooperative schemes alone and meaningless for cooperative schemes. Motivated from this, this paper develops a framework that brings the information-theoretic coding scheme together with network-stability analysis. This framework does not constrain the system to any particular achievable scheme, i.e., the relays can use any cooperative coding strategy of its choice such as amplify/compress/quantize or any alter-and-forward scheme. The paper focuses on the scenario when coherence duration is of the same order of the packet/codeword duration, the channel distribution is unknown and the fading state is only known causally. The main contributions of this paper are two-fold: first, it develops a low-complexity queue-architecture to enable stable operation of cooperative relay networks, and, second, it establishes the throughput optimality of a simple network algorithm that utilizes this queue-architecture.
Lumber yield optimization software validation and performance review

Abstract Exhaustive search algorithms in simulation models are used by the secondary wood industry to find the optimal cutting pattern to cut lumber into dimension parts. Finding the optimum cut-up solution is of paramount importance to the industry for controlling product costs. For this purpose, the USDA Forest Service created the ROugh MIll RIP-first simulator (ROMI-RIP), a simulation model providing near optimum lumber cut-up solutions. However, ROMI-RIP was never truly validated nor was its performance directly proven. This study used data derived from a state-of-the-art rough mill to validate the program and to show its performance. Results show that ROMI-RIP outperformed the rough mill by more than 7% yield (71.1% versus 64.0%). Manufacturers of solid-wood products can realize significant yield gains by using ROMI-RIP. Additional benefits include lower production costs and significant savings in raw materials.
Formation of detonation waves in flowing hydrogen-oxygen and methane-oxygen mixtures.

Detonation induction distances were determined in a 9-mm (i.d.) detonation tube at an initial pressure of 1 atm at ambient temperature for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures flowing at initial velocities ranging from 0-100 m/sec, and for methane-oxygen mixtures flowing at velocities from 0-30 m/sec. Some experiments with hydrogen-oxygen mixtures were conducted at 5 atm initial pressure. The induction distances for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures decrease linearly with the logarithm of the Reynolds number based on the initial linear gas velocity. Results show that the induction distance of the detonation wave propagating upstream is shorter than that of the wave propagating downstream. Induction distances in methane-oxygen mixtures were essentially constant over the range of flow velocities employed. Certain observations seem to indicate that higher turbulence levels in the initial gas flow cause an effective decrease in the quenching diameter.
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia: a comparative study of current diagnostic techniques.

Abstract Research into the prevalence, genetic transmission and pathophysiology of Type III hyperlipoproteinemia has suffered from the lack of a practical, specific diagnostic procedure. In this study, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) compositional criteria were established in a population lacking the β-migrating VLDL characteristic of this disorder. Diagnosis by these criteria was compared to diagnosis using current criteria for the Type III lipoprotein pattern. In addition two techniques for detecting Type III without preliminary VLDL isolation by ultracentrifugation were evaluated. Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration dependent outlines for the compositional criteria reduced false positives at low TG levels and false negatives at high TG levels. Furthermore, an agarose electrophoresis heparin-manganese precipitation technique was effective for screening for a possible Type III pattern in plasma whereas the combination agarose-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system was not effective.
WEBER AND THE LIMITS OF JUDICIAL POLICY-MAKING

In United Steelworkers of America v. Weber (1979), the U. S. Supreme Court engaged in one of the most blatant examples of judicial policymaking to date. This paper explores Weber (and, to a lesser degree, the other major cases that have addressed the question of ameliorative racial preference), and argues that the very attributes of the adjudicative process that make the courts so well-suited for the resolution of particular controversies and grievances also render them most ill-suited for general policy-making.
CLASS, STRAIN AND REBELLION AMONG ADOLESCENTS*

This investigation is a test of one hypothesis advanced in the work of Arthur Stinchcombe which states that higher rates of rebellion in a high school are to be found among academically unsuccessful (and therefore downwardly-mobile) middleclass boys than among working-class boys who similarly are poor performers in school. Drawing upon interview responses from 284 boys selected from a group of high schools in a county in the Pacific Northwest, we are not able to support Stinchcombe's argument. Using a number of measures of rebellion, no pattern emerges whereby white-collar boys who are performing poorly are more rebellious than blue-collar boys at the same level of academic performance. At the same time, levels of rebellion are much higher among those doing poorly in school. This suggests that while Stinchcombe has identified an important variable related to delinquency, i.e., academic failure, the theory he uses to weave together rebellion, failure, and social class background may require some revision.
Spice: speculative parallel iteration chunk execution

The recent trend in the processor industry of packing multiple processor cores in a chip has increased the importance of automatic techniques for extracting thread level parallelism. A promising approach for extracting thread level parallelism in general purpose applications is to apply memory alias or value speculation to break dependences amongst threads and executes them concurrently.In this work, we present a speculative parallelization technique called Speculative Parallel Iteration Chunk execution (Spice) which relies on a novel software-only value prediction mechanism. Our value prediction technique predicts the loop live-ins of only a few iterations of a given loop, enabling speculative threads to start from those iterations. It also increases the probability of successful speculation by only predicting that the values will be used as live-ins in some future iterations of the loop. These twin properties enable our value prediction scheme to have high prediction accuracies while exposing significant coarse-grained thread-level parallelism. Spice has been implemented as an automatic transformation in a research compiler. The technique results in up to 157% speedup (101% on average) with 4 threads.
Phase I study of gefitinib, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Purpose To determine the maximum tolerated doses (MTD), toxicities, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of gefitinib combined with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (IFL) in patients with previously untreated advanced colorectal cancer.
Standardized Testing in the 21st Century.

_ Like the computer revo lution, competency testing also prom ises to imperil mass testing in fresh and intriguing ways, says this writer, who presents his view of the next _ century.
Storage stability of water-insoluble enzymes covalently coupled to organic and inorganic carriers

Abstract 1. 1. Water-insoluble enzymes prepared by covalent coupling to organic polymers have been compared for storage stability under various conditions with enzymes insolubilized by covalent coupling to inorganic carriers including glass, colloidal silica, alumina, and hydroxyapatite. 2. 2. Enzymes covalently coupled to inorganic carriers were found to have greater stability than enzymes covalently attached to organic polymers when stored for several weeks at 4° and 23° dry or in distilled water. 3. 3. Enzymes covalently coupled to the inorganic carriers by sulfonamide linkage were not as stable during storage as enzymes coupled by azo linkage.
Effects of polyimide chemical structure and environment on the diffusivity of copper

Abstract Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to study the diffusion of copper into three fully imidized polyimides of differing chemical structure, electrophilicity and T g . Samples were exposed to heat treatment in the different atmospheric environments of air, N 2 and vacuum (10 −8 Torr). The coefficients D of the diffusion of copper oxide into the polyimide hosts was −18 cm 2 s −1 when the samples were annealed under high vacuum conditions. In contrast, for samples annealed in a nitrogen atmosphere, the D value was orders of magnitude higher and its temperature dependence varied with T −1 . Under these conditions, comparable diffusivities of copper oxide were observed in each of the polyimides. Moreover, when the polyimide samples were annealed in air, still higher values of D were found. For these samples, however, we were able to show conclusively that the degradation of the polyimide was considerable.
The African Pandemic Hits Washington

The AIDS tragedy will reshape Africa and inexorably dominate U.S. foreign policy toward the continent. How we engage on the soft global issues stemming from HIV and AIDS in Africa will inevitably shape our future response elsewhere in the world.
Evidence for attentional bias in women exhibiting bulimotypic symptoms

Objective: One of the defining features of bulimia is a pervasive tendency to focus on and evaluate one’s own body. The extent to which bulimotypic symptoms are associated with biases in attention to other individuals in the social world is less well known. In the current study, we examined the relation between bulimotypic symptoms and biases in attention to other men and women. Method: A sample of undergraduate women performed a visual cueing task designed to assess attention to target faces varying in their gender and level of attractiveness. Results: Women with relatively high levels of bulimotypic symptomatology tended to dwell on attractive female faces, but not other faces. This attentional bias was not attributable to perfectionistic ideals, body dissatisfaction, or self-esteem. Conclusion: Findings could reflect a link between disordered eating and the perception of competitive threat in other attractive women. a 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Building the infrastructure for high performance computing in undergraduate curricula: ten Grand Challenges and the response of the NPACI education center

High performance computing (HPC) is a general term used to describe the wide range of hardware, programming techniques and applications that have played an important role in American researchers' pursuit of Grand Challenge Problems. Solid understanding of these ever-evolving technologies, their potential and effectiveness, should be an integral part of undergraduate curricula preparing learners for the work and research environment of the 21st century. As with any curriculum transformation, the incorporation of HPC technologies into contemporary undergraduate teaching faces a series of adjustment problems, in addition to making more visible the traditional pedagogical issues. The new model of conducting scientific investigation calls for multi-disciplinary, data- and computationally-intensive, collaborative research involving teams of scientists with diverse backgrounds and residing in different geographic locations, who use supercomputers and work cooperatively over the Internet. While this model becomes ubiquitous in leading edge research, its replication in education faces several challenges. In this paper, we identify and explore ten such "Grand Challenges," of pedagogical, psychological, organizational, and technical origins.Promoting the incorporation of high performance computing technologies into undergraduate curricula is the charge of the NPACI (National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure) Education Center on Computational Science and Engineering (EC/CSE), created on the campus of San Diego State University in October 1997. This paper reports on the Center's first year experience in tackling this challenging mission, when we experimented with various ways and formats of technology outreach. In this paper, we show that supporting HPC technologies in undergraduate teaching is a multi-faceted effort requiring a specially constructed comprehensive educational infrastructure.
Some conceptual problems in multivariable analyses of perinatal mortality

Biostatisticians, epidemiologists and other researchers in maternal and child health have often used multivariable analysis to investigate associations with perinatal and infant mortality. A review of reports of such multivariable analyses published over the last 35 years revealed four problems that occur repeatedly. (1) Variables that are intermediate in the causal pathway between some study variables and perinatal death ('intervening variables') are controlled as though they were confounders. (2) When birthweight is analysed as an intervening variable, it is entered into the analysis in a few large categories, such as above and below 2500 g. This is not an adequate way of controlling for birthweight. (3) Social and demographic variables often interact statistically with birthweight in their effects on perinatal mortality, but these interactions have not been analysed in most multivariable studies. (4) Highly intercorrelated variables that represent similar theoretical constructs are entered simultaneously into one regression analysis. Solutions to these problems are suggested. Analytical approaches in which investigators use knowledge of biological and medical subject matter to make judgements about confounding and causal inference are encouraged.
Use of Logarithms in recording Serological Reactions

Vennes, MacDonald and Gerhardt1 have performed a useful service by pointing out again the potentially misleading effect of comparing serological titres expressed as actual dilutions, and their suggestion that logarithms to the base 2 (or a smaller base for finer work) should be used instead is a good one. I have earlier2 used powers of 10 in reporting titres obtained by diluting one reagent successively 1 : 10 and, by giving tube numbers3 merely, what amounted to logarithms to the base 1.5 when dilutions were made in these steps.
Scale Model Studies of AC Substation Electric Fields

Energized scale models of EHV/UHV substations can be used as design tools to detennine the electric field distribution. To prove the method, an energized scale model of an existing 345-kV substation has been designed and built. The paper reviews modeling and instrumentation problems and their solutions, calibration and verification tests, and discusses the accuracy of model measurements. Comparison of corresponding test points shows that the agreement between substation and model measurements is good: the mean of absolute values of errors is about 4.6%. In the course of the study, the electric field strength of the model was mapped, and the effects of a wide range of modifications were examined. The feasibility of short circuit (charging) current measurements on model vehicles was also proven.
Conditions for Optimality and Transition Surfaces Using the Reprisal Concept.

The concept of optimality in zero-sum, two-player differential games introduced by the authors in a previous paper is studied. Furthermore, a number of tools to aid in the study of differential games in which there exist ‘ non-terminating ’ strategies are developed. In the all-terminating case it is shown that for C(z)) strategies or for strategies containing a specified class of discontinuities, satisfying Isaacs' equation is both necessary and sufficient for optimality. In linear, all-terminating games, easily verifiable necessary and sufficient conditions are given and it is shown that, subject to one condition, points of transition surfaces must necessarily be in the zero-set of one of two switching functions. In ‘ non-terminating ’ games, satisfying Isaacs' equation is necessary for optimality but no longer sufficient. Sufficiency conditions for optimality in these games are then proven along with three alternative necessary conditions which points of transition surfaces must satisfy. An example illu...
High-Dimensional ODEs Coupled With Mixed-Effects Modeling Techniques for Dynamic Gene Regulatory Network Identification

Gene regulation is a complicated process. The interaction of many genes and their products forms an intricate biological network. Identification of this dynamic network will help us understand the biological processes in a systematic way. However, the construction of a dynamic network is very challenging for a high-dimensional system. In this article we propose to use a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE), coupled with dimensional reduction by clustering and mixed-effects modeling techniques, to model the dynamic gene regulatory network (GRN). The ODE models allow us to quantify both positive and negative gene regulation as well as feedback effects of genes in a functional module on the dynamic expression changes of genes in another functional module, which results in a directed graph network. A five-step procedure—clustering, smoothing, regulation identification, parameter estimates refining, and function enrichment analysis (CSIEF)—is developed to identify the ODE-based dynamic GRN. In the prop...
Investigation of Attributes Determining Trip Chaining Behavior in Hybrid Microsimulation Urban Freight Models

A hybrid microsimulation modeling framework is proposed to construct goods-related vehicle tours that satisfy a known commodity flow origin—destination (O-D) matrix in an urban freight network. One distinct issue of urban freight systems—trip chaining behavior—is addressed in the modeling procedure. To shed light on the variables that play significant roles in affecting trip chaining behavior, two types of discrete choice models are estimated by using a data set from the integrative freight market simulation. These models generate probabilities that help choose destination locations and make the decision about whether to return to the base or not for each tour until the known commodity O-D matrix is satisfied. The proposed modeling framework was applied to an 84-node test network. Results show that the estimated trip length distribution is consistent with the underlying data set. Meanwhile, several attributes are found to have significant effects on the trip chaining behavior. The choice of the next desti...