cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alteration in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesizing capacity in bacteria: an in vivo-in vitro study.

Abstract A study has been made of the DNA synthesizing activity in vitro of Escherichia coli following treatments which lead to a loss of DNA synthesis activity. Following challenge with chloramphenicol, amino acid deficient growth or X-ray exposure, treatments which lead to DNA synthesis suppression in vivo , cells were disrupted and the extracts assayed for deoxynucleotide polymerase and dCTP, dGTP, dATP and thymidine triphosphate kinase. None of the treatments in vivo led to sufficient loss of any of these enzymes to account for the effects observed in vivo . It was concluded that the treatments in vivo leading to loss of DNA synthesizing capacity were not primarily effecting the deoxynucleotide kinases or DNA polymerase. The possibility that the state of the primer was more likely the site of action was discussed.
Provoked and unprovoked aggressiveness in athletes

Abstract In a factorial design, athletic involvement (no varsity sport, varsity noncontact sport, varsity contact sport) was varied with induced disposition (unprovoked, provoked). Under conditions of no provocation, no significant differences in aggressiveness were observed between nonathletes and athletes, nor between noncontact- and contact-sport athletes. In contrast, under conditions of provocation, nonathletes displayed more aggressiveness than athletes. Non-contact-sport athletes behaved significantly less aggressively than both nonathletes and contact-sport athletes. Contact-sport athletes failed to behave significantly less aggressively than nonathletes, however. The findings were explained as the result of an acquired superior ability in athletes to cope with provocation under competitive circumstances, which is partially counteracted in contact-sport athletes by their aggressiveness habits and disinhibition training.
The stability of silver iodide sols in methanol-water media in the presence of HfCl4

The stability of a negatively charged silver iodide sol in the presence of hafnium chloride in methanolwater media varied with pH and methanol content. At a constant pH, the critical coagulation concentrations (c.c.c.) and the critical stabilization concentrations (c.s.c.) go through a maximum as the alcohol content is increased from 0% to 80% w/w. This is explained as being due to methanol dipole adsorption with subsequent increase in the point of zero charge on the one hand, and by a decrease in counterion adsorption and a change in the chemical potential of the constituent Ag+ and I− ions on the other hand. At constant methanol concentration, the c.c.c. and c.s.c. values increase with increasing pH, as does the counterion adsorption, showing the formation of lower charged species due to hydrolysis. The hydrolysis seems to be less extensive as the alcohol concentration is increased.
Mechanisms controlling soil carbon turnover and their potential application for enhancing carbon sequestration

In addition to increasing plant C inputs, strategies for enhancing soil C sequestration include reducing C turnover and increasing its residence time in soils. Two major mechanisms, (bio)chemical alteration and physicochemical protection, stabilize soil organic C (SOC) and thereby control its turnover. With (bio)chemical alteration, SOC is transformed by biotic and abiotic processes to chemical forms that are more resistant to decomposition and, in some cases, more easily retained by sorption to soil solids. With physicochemical protection, biochemical attack of SOC is inhibited by organomineral interactions at molecular to millimeter scales. Stabilization of otherwise decomposable SOC can occur via sorption to mineral and organic soil surfaces, occlusion within aggregates, and deposition in pores or other locations inaccessible to decomposers and extracellular enzymes. Soil structure is a master integrating variable that both controls and indicates the SOC stabilization status of a soil. One potential option for reducing SOC turnover and enhancing sequestration, is to modify the soil physicochemical environment to favor the activities of fungi. Specific practices that could accomplish this include manipulating the quality of plant C inputs, planting perennial species, minimizing tillage and other disturbances, maintaining a near-neutral soil pH and adequate amounts of exchangeable base cations (particularly calcium), ensuring adequate drainage, and minimizing erosion. In some soils, amendment with micro- and mesoporous sorbents that have a high specific surface - such as fly ash or charcoal - can be beneficial.
Case mix in HMOs and fee-for-service systems: the ratio of routine visits to total visits in adult primary care.

Abstract To estimate differences between HMOs and fee-for-service systems with respect to one aspect of case mix in adult primary care, data from a Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program (K-P) were compared with data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). The ratio of routine office visits to total office visits appears to be five percentage points higher for K-P. The figure there is 83%, as opposed to 78% for NAMCS. The differential appears to reflect differences in patient and system characteristics, with possible implications for national policy.
Colorimetric study of absorption and excretion of 4-(p-dimethyl-aminostyryl) quinoline methiodide and related compounds.

Summary1. A substantial portion, usually less than half, of the 4M2M, 4M2MCL 2E2E, and 2M2PM administered to rats and mice in the diet, was found by colorimetric measurements, in the feces. 2. Only a trace of dye color was detected in urine of rats that had received 4M2M or 4M2MC1 orally or subcutaneously. 3. Heating, or prolonged exposure to air, of samples of urine from animals that received 4M2M, 4M2MC1 or 2E2E orally, not subcutaneously, produced a pink color. The trace of material responsible for this color seemed to be formed from the dye in the digestive tract. 4. Very little unchanged dye was found in the tissues of rats and mice that had received 4M2M or 4M2MC1 orally. 5. A large part of the 4M2M or 4M2MC1 administered orally is evidently converted into other substances.
The importance of renal net acid excretion as a determinant of fasting urinary calcium excretion.

The importance of renal net acid excretion as a determinant of fasting urinary calcium excretion. To evaluate the effects of changing rates of fixed acid production on fasting urine Ca/creatinine, we studied five healthy men fed constant diets during control conditions (serum HC0 3 27.3 ± 2.6 SD mEq/liter and blood H+ 40.4 ± 1.5 µEq/liter) and then during the administration of NH4C1 3.0 mEq/kg/day (serum HC0 3 22.5 ± 4.9 mEq/liter; P
Exposure to asbestos: psychological responses of mesothelioma patients

Thirty-eight patients with a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma participated in a semi-structured interview to evaluate asbestos exposure, acquisition of increased risk information, and retrospective reporting of cognitive and behavioral reactions (particularly smoking behavior) to risk information. Twenty-eight patients (74%) had direct occupational contact with asbestos, and six patients (16%) reported indirect nonoccupational exposure to asbestos. Only two (10%) of the directly exposed patients acquired risk information from professional sources prior to diagnosis of mesothelioma. The most frequently reported reaction to learning of increased risk of cancer was a denial of the risk by minimizing personal exposure. Few patients reported being concerned about the information of increased risk. Smoking behavior did not change as a result of risk information, nor was there any increase in visits to physicians. Guidelines for psychosocial management of at-risk groups are recommended.
Momentum-Transport Studies in High E×B Shear Plasmas in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Experiments have been conducted at the National Sperical Torus Experiment (NSTX) to study both steady state and perturbative momentum transport. These studies are unique in their parameter space under investigation, where the low aspect ratio of NSTX results in rapid plasma rotation with $E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B$ shearing rates high enough to suppress low-$k$ turbulence. In some cases, the ratio of momentum to energy confinement time is found to exceed five. Momentum pinch velocities of order $10--40\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ are inferred from the measured angular momentum flux evolution after nonresonant magnetic perturbations are applied to brake the plasma.
Overview of the Khronos Group

The Khronos Group is a large and extremely successful standards organization whose mission is to define the APIs and technology required to support the authoring and playback of dynamic media on a wide variety of platforms and devices. Over the past several years, this organization has focused primarily on sorting out the issues to support developers in the wild and wooly mobile media market.This presentation describes the organization of the Khronos Group, the current set of working groups, how the technologies fit together to create a cohesive platform for development and deployment, and how your organization can use these technologies and become involved in the effort.
The Structure of a Receptor with Two Associating Transmembrane Domains on the Cell Surface: Integrin αIIbβ3

Summary Structures of intact receptors with single-pass transmembrane domains are essential to understand how extracellular and cytoplasmic domains regulate association and signaling through transmembrane domains. A chemical and computational method to determine structures of the membrane regions of such receptors on the cell surface is developed here and validated with glycophorin A. An integrin heterodimer structure reveals association over most of the lengths of the α and β transmembrane domains and shows that the principles governing association of hetero and homo transmembrane dimers differ. A turn at the Gly of the juxtamembrane GFFKR motif caps the α TM helix and brings the two Phe of GFFKR into the α/β interface. A juxtamembrane Lys residue in β also has an important role in the interface. The structure shows how transmembrane association/dissociation regulates integrin signaling. A joint ectodomain and membrane structure shows that substantial flexibility between the extracellular and TM domains is compatible with TM signaling.
L‐6: Late‐News Paper: Achromatic Diffraction Using Reactive Mesogen Polarization Gratings

Abstract We propose and experimentally demonstrate an achromatic polarization grating, with ~100% diffraction efficiency over nearly the entire visible spectral range. This five-fold enhancement (~34.3% versus ~6.8%) is produced by two chiral liquid crystal layers with modest twist angle and opposite twist sense. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations support the experimental phenomena. 1. Introduction Our objective is to design diffractive optical elements with unprecedented control of the direction and polarization state of transmitted light over a broad spectral range. Elements such as these have high potential benefit to display applications, including efficient outcoupling from backlights, polarization-independent pixel designs, and light recycling. To this end, we employ a novel anisotropic periodic structure, known as a polarization grating (PG) [1]. PGs can manifest unique diffraction properties – only three possible orders (0 and ±1) with special polarizations and up to 100% efficiency – and supports a wide range of applications. However, the spectral range over which the conventional PG ideally diffracts with high efficiency is at best ~7% of the center wavelength. Here we report our development of an achromatic PG which shows a five-fold increase in this bandwidth, and which diffracts with ~100% efficiency even with broadband illumination (e.g. white light). Since PGs were introduced as elemental polarization holograms [1], many researchers have studied their diffraction properties and utility. For example, early applications of PGs included polarization measurement [2] and spectropolarimetry [3,4]. Nematic liquid crystals (LCs) were recently discovered to advantageously create a continuous-texture PGs with linear birefringence [5,6]. This approach was subsequently used to create defect-free, switchable PGs [7] with ideal diffraction properties and very low scattering when carefully reduced to experiment. Since these were highly-efficient, they could be configured as a polarization-independent modulator. A prototype of a Schlieren projection system based on an LC polarization grating (LCPG) microdisplay was demonstrated at the 2006 SID Symposium [8]. The conventional (“Circular”-type) PG is composed of a spatially-variant uniaxial birefringence (i.e.
Structure prediction of protein-solid surface interactions reveals a molecular recognition motif of statherin for hydroxyapatite.

A molecular description of protein−surface interactions could open new avenues in bionanotechnology and provide a deeper understanding of in vivo phase boundary biophysics. However, current experimental techniques can provide only inferential or incomplete information about the protein−surface interface. We present a novel computational method for modeling the interactions of proteins with solid surfaces using comprehensive sampling and an atomistic description. The approach relies on an all-atom Monte Carlo plus-minimization search algorithm that rapidly and simultaneously optimizes rigid-body and side-chain conformations. We apply the method to the statherin−hydroxyapatite system, an evolved protein−surface interaction that is likely to have one or a few specific structural solutions. The algorithm converges on a set of low energy, entropically favorable structures that are consistent with previous experimental results, namely protein−surface intermolecular distances acquired by solid-state NMR. The sim...
Yeast glucan particles activate murine resident macrophages to secrete proinflammatory cytokines via MyD88- and Syk kinase-dependent pathways

Abstract The therapeutic benefits of fungal β-glucans have been demonstrated as immuno-stimulating agents. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanisms used by yeast β-glucan-rich particles to activate murine resident macrophages for cytokine secretion. We demonstrated that resident macrophages were effectively activated by whole yeast β-glucan particles (WGPs), such as with the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the secretion of cytokines. The binding ability of WGPs and the levels of cytokine secretion in resident macrophages were significantly inhibited by soluble yeast β-glucan but not by blockade of zymosan glucan receptor dectin-1. In addition, WGP-stimulated cytokine secretion was partially dependent on the MyD-88 pathway but was not significantly affected in CR3-deficient (CR3−/−) mice. Furthermore, we showed that Syk kinase was recruited upon WGP stimulation and was required for the production of cytokines. Taken together, these observations suggest that β-glucan recognition is necessary but not sufficient to induce inflammatory response on resident macrophages. In addition, β-glucan particles may use differential mechanisms for cytokine secretion in resident macrophages that may modulate both innate and adaptive immunity.
Systems Theory and the Development of Sexual Identity for Individuals with Intellectual/Developmental Disability

The purpose of this paper is to examine social systems theory as it relates to the inclusion of disenfranchised populations into the larger social system by enabling these populations to receive education and resources which can allow them to develop skills needed to achieve inclusion. Specifically this study is concerned with using elements of social systems theory to develop a sexual education program for a population identified with an Intellectually/Developmentally Disability (ID/DD). In order to do this, it is necessary to work within the family or caregiver system where these individuals live and function. Caregivers must be helped to recognize the potential for inclusion in this area of life for this population, and educational tools appropriate to the developmental and cognitive levels of the participants must be made available. Acknowledgment of the individual’s role within the system and understanding of the individual’s experience of that systems interaction with the environment and with other systems is primary in developing effective programming which can increase the quality of the participants’ interactions and relationships, making life a more productive and more satisfying experience.
When Dreams Wither and Resources Fail: The Social-Support Systems of Poor Single Mothers

Recent political decisions to redesign the welfare system compels single mothers to work. With concern for the women and children so effected, this qualitative study explores the views of 42 poor single mothers regarding (1) their aspirations and dreams in relation to work and (2) the helpfulness of their social support networks in enabling them to make transitions to work or to study. Analysis was performed on both the sample as a whole and on subgroups of respondents who were divided by work category, e.g. employed fulltime, employed part-time, women who were students and full-time mothers. Developing meaningful subgroupings of single mothers may help avoid the dangers inherent in lumping all single mothers into a large and potentially inaccurate category.
Novel high‐solids pigmented coatings prepared from a new‐synthesized isophthalate‐based oligoester, a melamine resin, and various fillers

A new-synthesized hydroxyl-terminated isophthalate-based liquid oligoester (L-311), an hexakis(methoxymethylol)melamine resin, and various inert pigments (fillers) such as either kaolins (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O) of different particle sizes (1.50 and 4.80 μm) or calcium metalsilicate (CaSiO3) were used to prepare high-solids pigmented coatings (PA and PW series, respectively). The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties (pencil hardness, Knoop hardness, flexibility, impact resistance, adhesion, gloss, solvent, and mar resistance) of the new-formulated pigmented coatings were correlated to the chemical species of the filler, the filler's load and particle size, the quantity of the crosslinker, and the introduction of large particle size colloidal silica into the coating. For measuring the mar resistance of the pigmented coatings, the Taber abrasion method was applied and the inverse wear index, F [=I−1, cycles/cg (wear index l, weight loss (cg) per number of cycles)], was directly related to the mar resistance. Either when kaolins or calcium metalsilicates were used as fillers, the Knoop hardness, the impact, and mar resistance of the films were affected from the filler's load, whereas the quantity of melamine resin (crosslinker) affected the knoop hardness, the gloss, and the mar resistance. The fillers' particle size and the introduction of large particle colloidal silica affected mainly the mar resistance and the gloss, respectively. The pencil hardness of the PW-pigmented coatings series (F-2H) was higher than that of the PA-series (B-HB). The chemical composition of the inert pigment proved to be a very important parameter in the preparation of pigmented coatings with specific properties that aim to meet modern and particular demands for various end-up uses. All the new-formulated high-solids (nonvolatiles by weight ∼ 70%) pigmented coatings (PA and PW series) presented excellent adhesion (5B), flexibility (> 32%), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) resistance (>200 rubs), high pencil hardness, good knoop hardness, and very good impact resistance (from 100 up to 160 in.-lb), independently of the species of the filler (kaolins or calcium metalsilicate). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 576–590, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10309
Bulk and surface electron states in ruthenium

Abstract Using ab initio pseudopotentials and a mixed basis, we have examined the electronic structure of ruthenium. We have concentrated on the bulk and surface energy bands with specific emphasis on the close packed (0 0 0 1) surface. We present energy band spectra for the surface and bulk bands, and compare these bands to experiment and to other calculations. We find good agreement between our bulk bands and recent photoemission measurements. With respect to our surface bands, the results are in good accord with other calculations both for ruthenium and for “analogous” transition metal surfaces.
Phosphorus and Potassium Placement Methods for Corn and Soybeans Managed with No-Till and Chisel Plow Tillage

Introduction Compared with tillage, no-till management can change many soil properties and crop yields. Broadcast phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization may be inefficient in no-till because both nutrients accumulate near the soil surface. Banded fertilization could be more effective. A study was initiated in 1994 to compare no-till and chisel plow tillage and fertilizer placement methods for corn-soybean rotations. The study included four trials: P for corn, P for soybeans, K for corn, and K for soybeans. Both crops are grown each year by alternating them between adjacent field areas. The soil is mainly Floyd series, and initially tested Very High in P and High in K. Treatments were applied for both crops, which were planted in 30-in. row spacing. Cornstalks of plots managed with tillage were chisel plowed in the fall and field cultivated in the spring, whereas soybean residue was only field cultivated in the spring.
Imaging C-Fos Gene Expression in Burns Using Lipid Coated Spion Nanoparticles

MR imaging of gene transcription is important as it should enable the non-invasive detection of mRNA alterations in disease. A range of MRI methods have been proposed for in vivo molecular imaging of cells based on the use of ultra- small super-paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles and related susceptibility weighted imaging methods. Al-though immunohistochemistry can robustly differentiate the expression of protein variants, there is currently no direct gene assay technique that is capable of differentiating established to differentiate the induction profiles of c-Fos mRNA in vivo. To visualize the differential FosB gene expression profile in vivo after burn trauma, we developed MR probes that link the T2* contrast agent [superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)] with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) sequence complementary to FosB mRNA to visualize endogenous mRNA targets via in vivo hybridization. The presence of this SPION-ODN probe in cells results in localized signal reduction in T2*-weighted MR images, in which the rate of signal reduction (R2*) reflects the regional iron concentration at different stages of amphetamine (AMPH) exposure in living mouse tissue. Our aim was to produce a superior contrast agent that can be administered using sys- temic as opposed to local administration and which will target and accumulate at sites of burn injury. Specifically, we developed and evaluated a PEGylated lipid coated MR probe with ultra-small super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparti- cles (USPION, a T2 susceptibility agent) coated with cationic fusogenic lipids, used for cell transfection and gene de- livery and covalently linked to a phosphorothioate modified oligodeoxynucleotide (sODN) complementary to c-Fos mRNA (SPION-cFos) and used the agent to image mice with leg burns. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring burn injury using MR imaging of c-Fos transcription in vivo, in a clinically relevant mouse model of burn injury for the first time.
Tackling the phosphoproteome: tools and strategies

Characterization of post-translational modifications in proteins is one of the major tasks that is to be accomplished in the post-genomic era. Phosphorylation is a key reversible modification that regulates enzymatic activity, subcellular localization, complex formation and degradation of proteins. Rapid advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation coupled to the development of analytical methods over the past several years now allow us to investigate the phosphoproteome on a global scale.
The rationality debate from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory

A problem with Stanovich & West's inference that there a nonintellectual processing system independent from an intellectual one from data in which they partialled out global intelligence is that they may have controlled for the wrong kind of intellectual intelligence. Research on cognitive-experiential self-theory over the past two decades provides much stronger support for two independent processing systems.
A Unit Cell Laboratory Experiment: Marbles, Magnets, and Stacking Arrangements

An undergraduate first-semester general chemistry laboratory experiment introducing face-centered, body-centered, and simple cubic unit cells is presented. Emphasis is placed on the stacking arrangement of solid spheres used to produce a particular unit cell. Marbles and spherical magnets are employed to prepare each stacking arrangement. Packing efficiency is calculated using simple measurements of marble or magnet diameters and the dimensions of the stacking arrangement. Edge effects are introduced. Packing efficiency is subsequently calculated for various metal samples employing density measurements and literature atomic radii values. The stacking arrangement for each metal and its corresponding unit cell are determined by comparing packing efficiency values. Estimated percent unoccupied space values for water and air are also determined.
Comparison of iodixanol with iohexol in excretory urography

Rationale and Objectives. We compared the safety and efficacy of iodixanol, a nonionic, dimeric, iodinated contrast agent, with that of iohexol, a monomeric agent, in adult excretory urography. Methods. The study used a randomized, double-blind, parallel-comparison design to evaluate image quality, vital signs, laboratory values, and adverse reactions. Seventy-five patients from each of two centers were included. One third received iodixanol at 270 mg I/ml, one third received iodixanol at 320 mg I/ml, and one third received iohexol at 300 mg I/ml. The dose for every patient was 1 ml/kg of body weight. The radiographs were interpreted and evaluated for quality by the primary investigator at each center. There were no important differences among the three groups in terms of demographics. Results. Evaluation of each phase of the radiographic study showed almost uniform good-to-excellent opacification, with no significant differences among the three agents. No significant differences existed for the three groups in terms of vital signs, hematology, blood and urine chemistry, and injection discomfort. There were no deaths or serious reactions during the study, nor was there a statistically significant difference among the number of adverse events for the three agents. Conclusion. Iodixanol at both 270 and 320 mg I/ml proved to be a safe and effective contrast material for intravenous urography. In this study, its profile was essentially indistinguishable from that of iohexol at 300 mg I/ml.
Decreased Prefrontal Cortical Volume Associated with Increased Bedtime Cortisol in Traumatized Youth

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate prefrontal cortex (PFC) volumes in youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and explore the relationship between cortisol secretion and PFC volumes. Methods Total brain tissue volumes, segmented areas of the PFC, and diurnal cortisol secretion were examined in a sample of 33 youth aged 10 to 16 years. Cerebral volumes were available for 45 subjects (30 PTSS and 15 control subjects). Results Youth with PTSS had significantly decreased total brain tissue and total cerebral gray volumes in comparison with healthy control subjects. While controlling for total cerebral gray volume, the PTSS group demonstrated decreased left ventral and left inferior prefrontal gray volumes. A significant negative association was found between prebedtime cortisol levels and left ventral PFC gray volumes for the full sample. Conclusions Findings suggest associations between posttraumatic stress and PFC neurodevelopment. Findings also suggest a link between PFC development and cortisol secretion.
The Lawc protein is required for proper transcription by RNA polymerase II in Drosophila

Genetic analysis of the Drosophila leg-arista-wing complex (lawc) gene suggests a role for the Lawc protein in chromatin-related processes based on its classification as a trxG gene but the molecular mechanisms of its function remain elusive. We have found that Lawc is a small, cysteine-rich protein that is present in most of the interbands of polytene chromosomes. In agreement with this observation, Lawc co-localizes with RNA polymerase IIo (Pol IIo) and it is recruited to transcribed loci after elongation by Pol IIo has begun. Lawc interacts with the nuclear proteasome regulator dREGgamma in a yeast two-hybrid assay and both proteins co-localize on polytene chromosomes. In addition, a mutation in lawc interacts genetically with a mutation in a component of the proteasome. lawc mutants show decreased expression of some genes, while the levels of Pol IIoSer2 increase. We conclude that Lawc is required for proper transcription by RNA polymerase II in a process that involves the nuclear proteasome.
N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 genotypes do not predict response or toxicity to treatment with mesalamine and sulfasalazine in patients with ulcerative colitis.

N -acetyltransferase 1 and 2 genotypes do not predict response or toxicity to treatment with mesalamine and sulfasalazine in patients with ulcerative colitis
Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900 – By Kristin Mann

This study is an impressive addition to the several books on slavery and the Atlantic slave trade in West Africa previously written by scholars such as Robin Law, Paul Lovejoy, and Martin A. Klein....
A new critical dimension metrology for chrome-on-glass substrates based on S-parameter measurements extracted from coplanar waveguide test structures

The technical objective of the work reported here is to assess whether radio-frequency (RF) measurements made on coplanar waveguide (CPW) test structures, which are replicated in conducting material on insulating substrates, could be employed to extract the critical dimension (CD) of the signal line using its center-to-center separation from the groundlines as a reference. The specific near-term objective is to assess whether this CPW-based CD-metrology has sensitivity and repeatability competitive with the other metrology techniques that are now used for chrome-on-glass (COG) photomasks. An affirmative answer is encouraging because advancing to a non-contact and non-vacuum implementation would then seem possible for this application. Our modeling of specific cases shows that, when the pitch of the replicated lines of the CPW is maintained constant, the sensitivity of its characteristic impedance to the CDs of the signal and ground lines is approximately 60 Ω/μm. This is a potentially useful result. For the same implementation, the quantity ∂C/∂w has a value of approximately 45 (pF/m)/μm, which appears to be large enough to provide acceptable accuracy.
Biochemical analyses of muscles from poultry bred for rapid growth

Abstract In the current study, commercial broiler breeder hens were mated with either commercial broiler breeder males (B/B) or artificially inseminated with semen from Leghorn cockerels (B/L). Embryos and chicks from each mating were used to study the effects of paternal genotype on breast muscle myosin expression without the confounding effects of differences in egg size and embryo development due to maternal genotype. Specifically, the temporal transitions of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms within the pectoralis (P.) major and P. minor were measured. The relative concentration of the embryonic MyHC isoform increased from d 17 through 21 in ovo in both genotypes and was higher in B/B embryos than in B/L embryos (P
Achievements and Challenges I: A Five-Year Report on Consumer and System Outcomes from the Supported Employment Initiative.

This article presents results from the 1990 fiscal year survey of state supported employment implementation conducted by the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Supported Employment at Virginia Commonwealth University, and a longitudinal analysis of findings from the 5-year course of this investigation. State vocational rehabilitation agencies reported a total of 74,657 supported employment participants and 2,647 provider agencies for 1990. Persons with mental retardation continue to be the primary service group, but there has been a dramatic increase in the proportion of supported employment participants with mental illness. Among participants with mental retardation, those with mild retardation continue to be the primary recipients of services. Use of the individual placement model has also increased substantially, with a corresponding decrease in the use of most group options. The availability of extended services funding was found to be limited across a number of disability groups. Findings...
Performance analysis of message prioritization in delay tolerant networks

A variety of network deployments in disaster recovery, fire fighting and military scenarios create networks that do not form a connected network all the time. In such scenarios, paths between a source and destination may be created over time when nodes encounter each other due to node mobility. Many routing algorithms that can route messages in such delay-tolerant networking (DTN) settings have been proposed. Currently, these protocols do not differentiate between the messages that are being routed through the network treating all messages equally. But, there are DTN scenarios, in particular in military situations, where it is critical that messages are differentiated based on their importance to the task being supported. In this paper, we propose extensions to two popular DTN routing protocols, Epidemic and PROPHET, to implement such message prioritization. We implemented the proposed extensions in ONE (Opportunistic Network Emulator) and studied the performance of these extensions. Results from our simulation analysis demonstrate that it is possible to implement message prioritization in non-deterministic delay tolerant networks and provide us with insights into configuring message prioritization in DTN. In particular, the importance of selecting optimal queue lengths at each node to mitigate congestion in such networks.
Preparation and partial characterization of iron-sulfur, iron-selenium, and iron-tellurium complexes of bovine serum albumin.

An artificial Fe-S∗ protein was prepared by the reaction of bovine serum albumin with FeSO4 and Na2S or with a synthetic Fe-S∗-1,4-butanedithiol complex. These improved methods enabled us to characterize the derivatives from serum albumin. The Fe-S∗ albumin complex has about 20 iron ions and 14 labile sulfur atoms per molecule of the protein, whose absorption spectrum closely resembled that of 2Fe-2S∗ proteins. Its electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum exhibited signals different from those of ferredoxins. The addition of p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate quenched the optical absorption in the visible region as well as the electron paramagnetic resonance signals. These properties of the albumin-iron complex are similar to those of iron-sulfur dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol complexes, suggesting that the albumin-iron complex has one or more protein ligands besides sulfur ligands. Presumably, the oxygen atom of the tyrosine residue, or other hydroxyamino acids participates in the complex formation. In this context, the albumin polypeptide appears to be incapable of forming an iron-sulfur cluster identical to those of ferredoxins. Yet, from the albumin-iron derivative, the extrusion of the iron-sulfur core with benzenethiol provided products similar to those from ferredoxins. The iron-selenium and iron-tellurium derivatives of the bovine serum albumin were prepared and partially characterized by optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. These results imply that both selenium and tellurium can be incorporated into the protein molecule as the respective labile components.
Chromosome replication in normal and transformed human lymphocytes

We analyzed the late-replication patterns of human B-lymphocyte chromosomes before and after transformation by Epstein-Barr virus. There were no statistically significant differences between normal cells and transformed cells derived from the same male individual; therefore, the order of termination of chromosome replication was unchanged by transformation. We also examined the replication patterns of T lymphocytes from the same donor and found no differences between normal B and T cells.
Historical Biogeography of Two Alpine Butterflies in the Rocky Mountains: Broad-scale Concordance and Local-scale Discordance

Aim We inferred the phylogeography of the alpine butterfly Colias meadii Edwards (Pieridae) and compared its genetic structure with that of another high elevation, co-distributed butterfly, Parnassius smintheus Doubleday (Papilionidae), to test if the two Rocky Mountain butterflies responded similarly to the palaeoclimatic cycles of the Quaternary. Location Specimens were collected from 18 alpine sites in the Rocky Mountains of North America, from southern Colorado to northern Montana. Methods We sequenced 867 and 789 nucleotides of cytochrome oxidase I from an average of 19 and 20 individuals for C. meadii and P. smintheus, respectively, from each of the same 18 localities. From the sequence data, we calculated measures of genetic diversity within each population (H, θ), genetic divergence among populations (FST), and tested for geographic structure through an analysis of molecular variance (amova). Population estimates were compared against latitude and between species using a variety of statistical tests. Furthermore, nested clade analysis was implemented to infer historic events underlying the geographic distribution of genetic variation in each species. Then, we compared the number of inferred population events between species using a nonparametric Spearman's rank correlation test. Finally, we ran coalescent simulations on each species’ genealogy to test whether the two species of Lepidoptera fit the same model of population divergence. Results Our analyses revealed that: (1) measures of within-population diversity were not correlated with latitude for either species, (2) within-site diversity was not correlated between species, (3) within a species, nearly all populations were genetically isolated, (4) both species exhibited significant and nearly identical partitioning of genetic variation at all hierarchical levels of the amova, including a strong break between populations across the Wyoming Basin, (5) both species experienced similar cycles of expansion and contraction, although fewer were inferred for C. meadii, and (6) data from both species fit a model of three refugia diverging during the Pleistocene. Main conclusions While our findings supported a shared response of the two butterfly species to historic climate change across coarse spatial scales, a common pattern was not evident at finer spatial and temporal scales. The shared demographic history of the two species is consistent with an expanding–contracting archipelago model, suggesting that populations persisted across the geographic range throughout the climate cycles, experiencing isolation on ‘sky islands’ during interglacial periods and becoming connected as they migrated down-slope during cool, wet climates.
Surface Based Anchor-Free Localization Algorithm for Underwater Sensor Networks

Localization in underwater environments has been constrained by the dependencies on the line of sight (LOS) due to the challenging variability's of the environment. This dependency hinders node discovery and ad-hoc formation in underwater networks and limits the performance of routing protocols. Most proposed algorithms in the literature rely on anchor nodes that are at fixed positions to serve as reference points, which is not practical in many applications. This paper introduces a novel approach to the localization problem that allows for node discovery without depending on the LOS and any fixed reference nodes. In the proposed surface-based reflection anchor-free localization (SBRAL) algorithm all nodes will apply homomorphic deconvolution to establish a water-surface-reflected communication link. SBRAL then creates a relative coordinate system where every node in the network identifies others nodes by increasing the SBRAL transmit angle and using the reflection points on the water surface as temporary reference points. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed SBRAL algorithm
Xenogeneic human anti‐pig cytotoxicity mediated by activated natural killer cells

: Even if hyperacute rejection, which is mediated by human natural antibodies (nAb) and complement, could be prevented, xenoreactive human anti-pig cellular responses may lead to delayed and/or chronic xenograft rejection. Among the cell populations participating in such rejection, NK cells have been proposed as an important component. In this study we report the in vitro cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells obtained from healthy human donors against porcine target cells. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and purified NK cells (CD16+/CD56+, CD3-, CD20-, CD33-) exhibited little or no cytotoxic activity when tested on porcine phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphoblasts or bone marrow- or aortic-derived endothelial cell lines in the presence of serum-free medium. Killing was considerably higher in the presence of human decomplemented plasma, containing xenoreactive nAb, or purified Gal(α1,3)Gal-reactive antibodies, suggesting that antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells is an important mechanism involved in xenogeneic cytotoxicity. After incubation of human PBMC for 6 days in the presence of irradiated xenogeneic porcine or allogeneic stimulator cells, or in the presence of exogenous interleukin 2 (IL-2), the cytotoxic activity of the bulk cultures as well as that of isolated NK cells (separated from stimulated bulk cultures) against xenogeneic targets increased considerably, and corresponded to an increased NK-specific lysis of K562 target cells. Cell surface staining and flow cytometry showed that CD16+/CD56+, CD3- NK cells composed ca. 25% of short-term (6 days) xenogeneic, allogeneic, or IL-2 stimulated bulk cultures. In summary, these data suggest that, in contrast to allogeneic cell- mediated killing, xenogeneic human anti-porcine cytotoxicity includes an important contribution from NK cells.
Religiosity, Spirituality, and the Subjective Quality of African American Men's Friendships: An Exploratory Study

The present study fills a crucial gap in literature surrounding the lives of African American men by exploring factors that shape the quality of these men's friendships. Drawing on data from a sample of 171 African American men, the study examines the relative utility of subjective religiosity, subjective spirituality, advice exchange, and affective sharing as predictors of the level of perceived support from male and female friends. Findings reveal age differences in subjective religiosity, subjective spirituality, and in level of advice and affective exchange in men's same-sex as well as cross-sex friendships. Age differences emerged in men's perceptions of the supportiveness of their friendships with women but not with men. Age was not a predictor of perceived supportiveness of same-sex or cross-sex friendships. Subjective religiosity did not predict support in same-sex or cross-sex friendships. Subjective spirituality positively predicted perceived support in men's same-sex friendships but not in cross-sex friendships. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Urban musical culture in late medieval southern France

D URING the late Middle Ages south-central France was a highly urbanized region with close ties to commerce and trade on the Mediterranean Sea. The archives of Provence and Languedoc contain numerous diverse documeifts that shed light on the little-explored urban musical culture of this area.1 For example, the municipal records of Montpellier, the leading city in the region with an estimated peak population of 30,000-40,000, include account books, contracts, ordinances, chronicles and a ceremonial book that reveal the importance of civic patronage for the urban musician in this city.2 Other types of archival sources from throughout the region, such as records of professional and charitable organizations, university statutes, private letters, tax records and property listings, all help to establish the professional activities of urban musicians and their role within society. In addition, private notarial contracts have proven to be an exceptionally valuable source of evidence concerning diverse aspects of urban musical culture in southern France during the late Middle Ages. The archives of south-central France, like those throughout Mediterranean Europe, preserve a large quantity of notarial records from the late 14th and 15th centuries; the archives of Provence alone contain approximately 14,0oo notarial registers dating from the period 1350-1520.3 While the vast number of these records makes them a highly useful source for the social historian, at the same time it creates difficulties in research. In a collection of articles based on notarial records from Mediterranean Europe, Egmont Lee writes, 'For the fifteenth century, and often for the fourteenth century as well, records survive in such large quantities that most archives have been unable to cope with them adequately.'4 Detailed inventories generally do not exist for notarial records, making it an unusually time-consuming and labour-intensive process simply to locate relevant contracts. Such documents can, however, supply details of both the personal and the professional lives of urban musicians that cannot be found in other archival sources.
Concurrent detection of software and hardware data-access faults

A new approach allows low-cost concurrent detection of two important types of faults, software and hardware data-access faults, using an extension of the existing signature monitoring approach. The proposed approach detects data-access faults using a new type of redundant data structure that contains an embedded signature. Low-cast fault detection is achieved using simple architecture support and compiler support that exploit natural redundancies in the data structures, in the instruction set architecture, and in the data-access mechanism. The software data-access faults that the approach can detect include faults that have been shown to cause a high percentage of system failures. Hardware data-access faults that occur in all levels of the data-memory hierarchy are also detectable, including faults in the register file, the data cache, the data-cache TLB, the memory address and data buses, etc. Benchmark results for the MIPS R300D processor executing code scheduled by a modified GNU C Compiler show that the new approach can concurrently check a high percentage of data accesses, while causing little performance overhead and little memory overhead.