cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Griffiths singularities in ferromagnetic metals

We present a theory of the quantum Griffiths phases associated with the ferromagnetic quantum phase transition in disordered metals. For Ising spin symmetry, we study the dynamics of a single rare region within the variational instanton approach. For Heisenberg symmetry, the dynamics of the rare region is studied using a renormalization group approach. In both cases, the rare region dynamics is even slower than in the usual quantum Griffiths case because the order parameter conservation of an itinerant ferromagnet hampers the relaxation of large magnetic clusters. The resulting quantum Griffiths singularities in ferromagnetic metals are stronger than power laws. For example, the low-energy density of states $\ensuremath{\rho}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ takes the asymptotic form $\mathrm{exp}[{{\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\mathrm{log}({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}/\ensuremath{\epsilon})}}^{3/5}]/\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ with $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ being nonuniversal. We contrast these results with the antiferromagnetic case in which the systems show power-law quantum Griffiths singularities in the vicinity of the quantum critical point. We also compare our result with existing experimental data of ferromagnetic alloy ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{x}{\mathrm{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$.
Hypervitaminosis A-induced premature closure of epiphyses (physeal obliteration) in humans and calves (hyena disease): a historical review of the human and veterinary literature

Vitamin A toxicity in the infant, which now occurs rarely from dietary overdosage, was recognized in the 1940s as painful periostitis with rare progression to premature closure of the lower limb epiphyses. Decades later, most cases of vitamin A-induced premature epiphyseal closure (physeal obliteration) occur in pediatric dermatologic patients given vitamin A analogues. This phenomenon resembles a strange disease discovered in more recent years in calves with closed epiphyses of the hind limbs, known as hyena disease. This was a mystery until proved to be caused by vitamin A toxicity from enriched grain that causes the calves to have short hind limbs that resemble those of a hyena and gait disturbance. This historical review links the human and veterinary literature in terms of vitamin A-induced epiphyseal closure using a case report format of a 16-month-old human infant with closed knee epiphyses and gait disturbance that is reminiscent of hyena disease seen in calves.
From ink bottles to e-beams: a historical perspective on diffractive optic technology

The history of diffractive optic technology is traced from the first hand-drawn computer-generated holograms created by Adolf Lohmann and Byron Brown to elements fabricated using electron beams that are smaller than a human hair. The influence of Adolf Lohmann on the field is recounted, as are the major developments in fabrication and computation. In particular we highlight the influence of technology on design techniques showing how the availability of computer plotters in the 1960s lead to early encoding techniques. The transition in the 1970s to photolithographic fabrication changed the nature of diffractive design from cell-oriented to point-oriented encoding. At the same time optimization routines were developed that incorporated these new fabrication constraints. The introduction of electron beam writing in the fabrication of diffractive optics in the 1980s brought diffractive design in the 1990s full circle to techniques that are again cell-oriented. Shrinking-features have also changed the applications for diffractive elements. First used primarily as filters for optical correlators, diffractive elements will play a critical role in telecommunications systems that are nearing deployment. However, the most visible impact of Adolf Lohmann's contributions are pattern generators sold with laser pointers. This history is dedicated to Adolf Lohmann on the occassion of his seventy-fifth birthday.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of the thrombin-induced desensitization of platelet activation by thrombin

Brief exposure of platelets to thrombin makes them less sensitive to subsequent activation by thrombin, a phenomenon demonstrated by Shuman, Botney, and Fenton [J. Clin. Invest., 63, 1211-1218, 1979] by incubating prostacyclin-inhibited platelets with thrombin; after removal of thrombin and prostacyclin, the platelets were selectively desensitized to subsequent activation by thrombin. The conditions for this desensitization have been further defined. Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet activation by prostacyclin was not absolute, it was only temporary, it could be overcome with higher thrombin concentrations, and it varied with platelet concentration and temperature. With low enough thrombin concentrations, high enough prostacyclin concentrations and short enough times of exposure, platelets could be pretreated with thrombin with no evidence of activation. After addition of hirudin to inhibit thrombin, the platelets were washed and tested for thrombin-induced secretion of ATP. Desensitization to thrombin depended on the concentration of thrombin during pretreatment and on the length of pretreatment, consistent with a catalytic modification of a receptor. A less extensive desensitization was observed when platelets without inhibitor were incubated with a sub-threshold level of thrombin before addition of an activating concentration of thrombin. This desensitization also varied with the time of pretreatment and the concentration of sub-threshold thrombin.
The contributions of Chester Barnard to strategic management theory

Chester Barnard’s The Functions of the Executive (1938) represents a book of historical significance to the study of management. Using the fundamental principles that Barnard outlines, an application of these principles is made to the area of strategic management. The analysis focuses specifically on two main areas: the movement from a static to a dynamic model and the role of the environment. Highlights the importance of returning to the work of early writers and their contribution to the future development of management disciplines.
High resolution imaging of dynamic surface processes from the ISS

Spaceborne persistent multi-angle imaging allows staring at selected targets during an orbit pass. From its vantage point on the International Space Station (ISS) a persistent Earth imaging telescope would provide hundreds of high-resolution images simultaneously. Observations could be in visible and SWIR bands as it stares at a scene of interest. These images provide rich multi-angle stereo views enabling understanding of rapidly changing Earth features with many applications to Earth science and disaster response. Current academic state-of-the-art is driven by single images taken with a near nadir view. Persistent imaging could address NASA's goal of understanding how and why the Earth's environment is changing, and could be used for forecasting and mitigating the effects of natural disasters. Specifically such a mission could be used to answer the questions: 1) How are Earth's vulnerable systems reflecting changes in climate? and 2) What processes and features characterize the magnitude and extent of disasters? A mission would meet geomorphologists' requirements observing changing features such as landslides, earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, and glaciers.
SIMULTANEOUS DEBT AND EQUITY ISSUES AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE TARGETS

Numerous empirical studies find evidence that managers behave as if they pursue target debt ratios. A possible alternative to the use of conventional, separate issuances of debt and equity to effect desired adjustments toward a target ratio is the simultaneous issuance of such securities. We extend prior research on such issues by exploring their use in the pursuit of capital structure targets. We find that the issuance of securities in general and the use of simultaneous issues of debt and equity in particular are at least partially influenced by where a firm's capital structure is relative to the average position in its industry. Further, shareholders' reactions to the announced plan to issue and to the issuance of securities are influenced, in part, by whether the issue moves the firm toward or away from the average capital structure in the industry. We also find evidence that the infrequent use of simultaneous issues relative to unaccompanied debt and equity issues is explained by their comparative flotation costs.
A Parallel-Vector Simplex Algorithm on Distributed-Memory Computers

In this paper, a parallel-vector simplex algorithm is developed for solving large-scale linear programming problems on distributed-memory computers. The algorithm uses the column storage scheme to enhance its overall performance. The effect of using different pivot rules on the performance of the simplex method on high-performance computers is also studied in this paper.
Protective Factors for Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Among Second and Third Generation Holocaust Survivors

The current study explored whether differentiation of self and family communication styles were protective factors of secondary traumatic stress (STS). A sample of 215 Jewish Americans/Canadians whose families emigrated from Europe prior to or after World War II completed an online survey consisting of self-report measures. Four groups were created based on the participants’ Holocaust background and demographics: Second generation (2G; n 77) and third generation (3G; n 52), who self identified as having at least one parent or grandparent, respectively, who is/was a Holocaust survivor, and a matched control group for each generation (n 50; n 36, respectively) consisting of Jewish Americans/Canadians of European descent with no direct relatives who were Holocaust survivors. 2G and 3G referenced the Holocaust as the traumatic event on the STS measure, while the control group referenced non-Holocaust events. Results showed that levels of STS were generally within the normal range for all groups; however, 2G and 3G reported significantly higher levels of STS, lower levels of differentiation of self, and poorer family communication compared to their control groups. Greater differentiation of self and better family communication were associated with lower levels of STS. Differences between groups were consistent with other studies suggesting a mixture of resilience and vulnerability factors among 2G and 3G.
Sex differences in the modulation by ethanol of lung chemotaxis

Abstract We studied the influence of sex on the modulation by acute ethanol intoxication of lung polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) recruitment, production of chemotactic factors, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation in alveolar macrophages (AMs) of rats receiving an intrapulmonary challenge with endotoxin (ET). Male and female Charles River rats were given an intratracheal ET challenge [100 μg in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)], followed by an intravenous infusion of ethanol or saline for 2.5 h. At that time, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained, and AMs and recruited PMNs were isolated. Acute ethanol treatment [primed 2.5-h intravenous infusion of ethanol, priming dose of 0.87 ml per 100 grams of body weight of 20% (vol./vol.) ethanol, followed by a continuous infusion of 20% ethanol at 0.15 ml per 100 grams of body weight per hour] suppressed ET-induced lung PMN recruitment equally in female and male rats. However, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in BAL fluid were suppressed only in female rats. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes of untreated female rats responded to MIP-2 and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) with lower chemotactic activity than did PMNs of male rats. Activation of NF-κB in AMs of female rats treated with ET or with ET plus ethanol was less than that in male rats, supporting the suggestion of transcriptional regulation of chemoattractant production, leading to reduced PMN recruitment. Because excessive PMN recruitment with subsequent release of granular contents is associated with tissue damage, these results indicate a potential protective mechanism against pulmonary damage in female rats.
Effects of different types of diet and sodium saccharin on proliferation at the limiting ridge of the rat forestomach

Sodium saccharin, at high doses in the diet, has been reported to cause hyperplasia of the forestomach (squamous portion of stomach), at the limiting ridge in F344 rats, in addition to its potential to induce proliferative effects on the urinary bladder epithelium. We have characterized this hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium of the forestomach at the limiting ridge in F344 and Sprague-Dawley rats given various doses of sodium saccharin for 4 to 95 wk. With increasing doses of sodium saccharin, the limiting ridge of the forestomach showed dose-related morphological changes: basal-cell hyperplasia, early papillary hyperplasia with basal-cell hyperplasia and papillary hyperplasia. Calcium saccharin in Prolab diet caused hyperplasia of the forestomach at the limiting ridge, similar to that caused by sodium saccharin. The severity of hyperplasia was influenced by the type of diet and by the strain of rats. AIN-76A diet without added sodium saccharin caused basal-cell hyperplasia in F344 rats, whereas Prolab, Purina and NIH-07 diets without added sodium saccharin had little or no effect on the forestomach. The effect of AIN-76A diet alone persisted through 95 wk of feeding without any evidence of tumour formation. In Sprague-Dawley rats, which appeared more sensitive to effects on the forestomach than F344 rats, Prolab 3200 and Purina diets without sodium saccharin caused basal-cell hyperplasia in more than half of the treated rats. The forestomach hyperplasia associated with AIN-76A or saccharin administration appears to be mild, limited in extent to the limiting ridge, and not associated with carcinogenesis.
Ultralow power carbon monoxide microsensor by micromachining techniques

Abstract Ultralow power tin oxide carbon monoxide microsensors were designed and fabricated using micromachining technology and thick film materials. A microsensor chip, 1.6 mm ×1.6 mm in size contains 12 microsensors at most were designed with no heaters and functioned with a mechanism involving self-heating. The structure of the microsensor composed of suspended planar membrane ( 75 μm ×75 μm ×1 μm) attached by bridging beams or double crossed bridging beams to the silicon substrate was made of silicon rich nitride and fabricated by front side etching. At the surface of the membrane metal electrode was deposited, and gas sensing film of tin oxide and palladium as catalyst were coated on top of the electrode. Power consumption of the packaged sensor was in 5–10 mW range with applied voltage of 5 V. The response time of the microsensor at 6–111 ppm CO was within 1 min including the equilibrium time of the chamber. The sensing characteristic curve in the concentration range up to 1300 ppm was parabolic. The effect of the environmental temperature from 0–55°C was significantly large on CO sensing, and the effect of the humidity from 40 to 90%RH affected only ∼10% sensor output voltage at most for CO detection up to 1300 ppm. The response to the interference gases was in the order of ethanol>hydrogen>CO, and there was almost no sensitivity to butane and methane. Sensor characteristic response curves with lower applied voltage (
Brainstem amino acid neurotransmitters and hypoxic ventilatory response

The ventilatory response to acute hypoxia in mammalian species is biphasic, an initial hyperventilatory response is followed by a reduction in ventilation within 2-3 min below the peak level (roll-off). Brain amino acid neurotransmitters also change during hypoxia. This study explores the role of neurotransmitters in anesthetized adult Sprague Dawley rats mechanically ventilated during 20 min of 10% O2 breathing. Phrenic nerve activity was recorded, and microdialysate concentrations of selected amino acids were determined at 3- to 5-min intervals in respiratory chemosensitive areas of the ventrolateral medulla (VMS) 1.25-2.00 mm below the surface. Phrenic nerve output was biphasic during hypoxia, concurrent with a rapid glutamate and gradual GABA increase. Taurine first decreased, then increased. In both intact and chemodenervated animals, time-dependent change in phrenic nerve activity during hypoxia was associated with corresponding changes in glutamate, GABA, and taurine concentrations, suggesting that cumulative effects of changes in the concentration of these three amino acids could account for response of the phrenic nerve to hypoxia.
Mars W cloud: Evidence of nighttime ice depositions

[1] Water clouds on Mars, their current and past connections with other forms of water, along with surface features that suggest the early existence of flowing water, continue to be intriguing aspects of the red planet. Discrete afternoon mountain clouds were one of the earliest atmospheric features to be observed on Mars. Their exclusive formation near the high mountains led to the common belief that air lifting associated with local circulation induced by the mountains underlies their formation. We demonstrate that an additional local source of water vapor is needed for the formation of opaque discrete afternoon clouds on the mountains of Mars, including the so-called W-formation. We suggest that the possible deposition of ice from the thick aphelion cloud belt during the night is capable of providing this additional source. This direct cloud water deposition on mountains on Mars bears many similarities with the well-known interception of water by mountains frequently immersed in fogs on Earth.
Stock market timing effects on individual retirement plans: All holding period returns are not ‘average’

This paper suggests a win-win approach to dealing with stock market uncertainty in the advisory role of financial planning. It gives historical examples of holding periods where the stock market returns were above and below ‘average’ as suggested by Ibbotson Associates, Inc. stock return data. Examples are used to illustrate how conservative return estimates can provide safety for individual retirement plans and more assets under management for financial advisers. Suggesting conservative planned rates of return also protects the adviser against the many ‘accountability’ lawsuits that emerge during market declines.
Biophysical simulation models: recommendations for users and developers☆

Abstract Biophysical simulation models provide a means for data generation and possess unrealized potential. A few practical considerations, however, can aid in realizing this potential. Selected issues, questions and recommendations concerning practical aspects of developing and implementing biophysical simulation models are presented. Unfortunately, there are no definitive answers to all the questions. Adoption of standard programming style, preparation of documentation and interaction between users and developers during the development usage process are recommended actions for developers.
Chemical characteristics of Leptotrichia buccalis endotoxin.

WE recently reported1 that washed, killed suspensions of Leptotrichia buccalis were lethal to rabbits on intravenous injection. Endotoxin, which possesses potent biological activity2,3, was extracted from L. buccalis with hot phenol according to the technique of Westphal and Luderitz4. Further purification was accomplished by differential centrifugation.
Coincident idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis collapsing variant and diabetic nephropathy in an African American homozygous for MYH9 risk variants

Familial clustering of disparate kidney diseases including clinically diagnosed hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy, idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and HIV-associated nephropathy are often observed in African Americans. Admixture mapping recently identified the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene (MYH9) as a susceptibility factor strongly associated with several nondiabetic etiologies of end-stage renal disease in African Americans, less strongly with diabetes-associated end-stage renal disease. MYH9-associated nephropathies reside in the spectrum of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis/focal global glomerulosclerosis. The renal histology in proteinuric African Americans homozygous for MYH9 risk variants with longstanding type 2 diabetes mellitus is unknown. We report a case of coincident idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis collapsing variant and diabetic nephropathy in an African American homozygous for the MYH9 E1 risk haplotype. This case demonstrates that diabetic African Americans with overt proteinuria can have mixed renal lesions, including those in the spectrum of MYH9-associated nephropathy. Careful interpretation of kidney biopsies in proteinuric African Americans with diabetes is necessary to exclude coincident nondiabetic forms of nephropathy, precisely define etiologies of kidney disease, and determine the natural history and treatment response in mixed lesions of diabetes-associated and MYH9-associated kidney disease.
ECS effects: An attempt to stimulate recovery of the PRE

Eighty naive male albino rats were trained to leverpress for sucrose on either continuous reinforcement (CRF) or partial reinforcement (PR). Following training, S experienced treatment consisting of either footshock plus ECS or footshock only. Four hours after original treatment, half of the Ss in each group received a “reminder” shock. Results of an extinction test 24 h after original treatment showed that: (1) ECS produced apparent amnesia for footshock, (2) ECS eliminated the partial reinforcement effect (PRE), (3) “reminder” shock produced at least partial recovery from ECS-induced amnesia, and (4) “reminder” shock did not reinstate the PRE. Results were interpreted as not supportive of a memory consolidation hypothesis.
Electron microscopic measure of virus particle dispersion in suspension.

Abstract A method is described whereby information regarding the degree of dispersion of a virus particle suspension may be derived from electron micrographs of the virus particles. It involves sedimentation of the particles on an agar-receiving surface and subsequent replication for electron microscopy. The pictures constitute a two-dimensional pattern from which the three-dimensional particle relationships in the liquid suspension can be derived by counting the number of free and of aggregated particles in a given area. From a consideration of the probability of chance superposition of particles when they are sedimented, a mesure of dispersion “ D ”, is obtained for aggregated suspensions which has been found to be substantially independent of the number of particles present in the picture. Examples are given of how “ D ” varies under some conditions commonly experienced in the study of purified virus suspensions.
Lagrangian-Eulerian advection for unsteady flow visualization

In this paper, we propose a new technique to visualize dense representations of time-dependent vector fields based on a Lagrangian-Eulerian Advection (LEA) scheme. The algorithm produces animations with high spatio-temporal correlation at interactive rates. With this technique, every still frame depicts the instantaneous structure of the flow, whereas an animated sequence of frames reveals the motion a dense collection of particles would take when released into the flow. The simplicity of both the resulting data structures and the implementation suggest that LEA could become a useful component of any scientific visualization toolkit concerned with the display of unsteady flows.
Effect of Mo/Cu Superconducting Bilayer Geometry on Ultra-Sensitive Transition-Edge Sensor Performance

We built membrane-isolated transition-edge sensors (TESs) for the background-limited infrared/sub-mm spectrograph using Mo/Cu superconducting bilayer thermistors of varying geometry and found that undesired proximity effects, including the so-called longitudinal proximity effect (LoPE) and the latitudinal inverse proximity effect, affect both the superconducting transition temperature TC and the sharpness of the transition α = dlogR/dlogT. The LoPE and latitudinal inverse proximity effect arise because of unintentional proximity effects between the bilayer thermistors, the superconducting wiring of the TES circuitry, and normal metal decorations added to mitigate the LoPE. We examined Mo/Cu bilayer films with widths of 120 μm and lengths of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 120 μm, and studied the variation of TC, α, and approximate 80% resistance per square (R0.8) with Ti (TC ~ 500 mK) and TiN (TC ~ 3.8 K) wiring to the devices. We found larger α values in general for the Ti wiring, where α was as high as 90 for 20-120 μm devices and decreased to 20 for 5-μm-wide devices. We then built arrays of TESs with bilayer thermistor lengths of 10 μm, Ti contacts, TiN wiring, and Au borders. The devices were expected to demonstrate a noise equivalent power less than or equal to 10-19 W/Hz1/2. We report a measured noise equivalent power at 87 mK of (0.95 ±0.2) × 10-19 W/Hz1/2 and a response time τ of (360 ± 30)ms on our best device with a thermal conductance x1/2 = (15 ±5)fW/K, TC = (120.5 ±3.5)mK, and stray power PD = (135 ±85)aW. The thermistor had a value of RN = 6 mΩ and value of α = dlogR/dlogT between 10 and 60 in the transition. We compare our measured performance with the performance specifications needed for ultrasensitive TESs on the Background-Limited Infrared/Sub-mm Spectrograph (BLISS) and discuss paths forward.
High expression of ILT3 and ILT4 is a general feature of tolerogenic dendritic cells.

Abstract The direct interaction between antigen specific CD8 + CD28 − T suppressor cells (T S ) with dendritic cells (DC) results in the tolerization of DC by inducing the upregulation of immunologlobulin like transcript 3 (ILT3) and ILT4. We show here that such tolerogenic DC anergize alloreactive CD4 + CD45RO + CD25 + T cells converting them into regulatory T cells (T R ), which in turn, continue the cascade of suppression by tolerizing other DC. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-α (IFN-α) also induce ILT3 and ILT4 upregulation in DC, rendering them tolerogenic. This implies a common mechanism of DC-mediated suppression. This finding and the observation that in organ allograft recipients quiescence is associated with the presence in the circulation of donor-specific T S and T R emphasize the importance of the cross talk between tolerogenic DC and T cells in suppression of the immune response.
Inferences on the Outfluence – How do Missing Values Impact Your Analysis?

Incomplete data is a common complication of data analysis. Often researchers are interested in the impact of the missing data on their analysis (and therefore on their inferences). They might be interested in the impact of a single missing value, or a group of missing values on their inferences. The outfluence is a measure that can point to an observation or a group of observations that exert a disproportionate influence on the outcome of an analysis. In this article, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the outfluence and numerically show that the proposed asymptotic distribution agrees with a simulated one. We illustrate the major benefits of outfluence using a biomedical example.
Seed phosphorus and inositol phosphate phenotype of barley low phytic acid genotypes.

Abstract myo -Inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexa kis phosphate (Ins P 6 or “phytic acid”) typically represents ∼75% of the total phosphorus and >80% of soluble myo -inositol (Ins) phosphates in seeds. The seed phosphorus and Ins phosphate phenotypes of four non-lethal barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) low phytic acid mutations are described. In seeds homozygous for M 635 and M 955 reductions in Ins P 6 , ∼75 and >90% respectively, are accompanied by reductions in other Ins phosphates and molar-equivalent increases in Pi. This phenotype suggests a block in supply of substrate Ins. In seeds homozygous for barley low phytic acid 1-1 ( lpa 1-1), a 45% decrease in Ins P 6 is mostly matched by an increase in Pi but also accompanied by small increases in Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P 5 . In seeds homozygous for barley lpa 2-1, reductions in seed Ins P 6 are accompanied by increases in both Pi and in several Ins phosphates, a phenotype that suggests a lesion in Ins phosphate metabolism, rather than Ins supply. The increased Ins phosphates in barley lpa 2-1 seed are: Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P 5 ; Ins(1,2,4,6)P 4 and/or its enantiomer Ins(2,3,4,6)P 4 ; Ins(1,2,3,4)P 4 and/or its enantiomer Ins(1,2,3,6)P 4 ; Ins(1,2,6)P 3 and/or its enantiomer Ins(2,3,4)P 3 ; Ins(1,5,6)P 3 and/or its enantiomer Ins(3,4,5)P 3 (the methods used here cannot distinguish between enantiomers). This primarily “5-OH” series of Ins phosphates differs from the “1-/3-OH” series observed at elevated levels in seed of the maize lpa 2 genotype, but previous chromosomal mapping data indicated that the maize and barley lpa 2 loci might be orthologs of a single ancestral gene. Therefore one hypothesis that might explain the differing lpa 2 phenotypes is that their common ancestral gene encodes a multi-functional, Ins phosphate kinase with both “1-/-3-” and “5-kinase” activities. A putative pyrophosphate-containing Ins phosphate, possibly an Ins P 7 , was also observed in the mature seed of all barley genotypes except lpa 2-1. Barley M 955 indicates that at least for this species, the ability to accumulate Ins P 6 can be nearly abolished while retaining at least short-term (∼1.0 years) viability.
Visual and Nonvisual Auditory Systems in Mammals

Examination of the structural organization of the auditory system of the brain stem shows that the system is composed of a number of separate ascending pathways. This suggests that there may be at least two auditory systems, analogous to the rod and cone pathways in vision. We examined this possibility by investigating the variation in relative size of the medial and lateral superior olivary nuclei in a number of different mammalian species. The lateral superior olive is present in the hedgehog (an insectivore), cat (acarnivore), and squirrel monkey a(primate), but the medial superior olive is absent in the hedgehog. In a group of animals of the same taxonomic order (rodents) the lateral superior olive was present in all species examined, but the medial superior olive was almost wholly absent in the mouse and very prominent in the chinchilla and guinea pig. The absence of the medial superior olive in some animals is surprising because recent anatomical and physiological work has implicated the nucleus in auditory localization. Because of this implication, the medial and lateral olivary nuclei were examined in three species of bat and one dolphin, all echolocating animals. The medial superior olive was absent in these animals, and the lateral superior olive was prominent. These observations support the idea that the medial and lateral superior olives are nuclei on two different ascending auditory systems. It was also noted that the medial superior olive was always well developed in animals with well-developed eyes, and this suggested that the nucleus is in some way related to the visual system. We examined this idea by studying the relation between the numbers of cells in the medial superior olive and in the nucleus of the 6th cranial nerve (one of the motor nuclei concerned with eye movement) in a number of mammalian species. An approximately linear function was found between the sizes of the 6th nucleus and of the medial superior olive in three primates with cone-cell retinas (squirrel monkey, man, and macaque) and four rodents with rod-cell retinas (mouse, rat, guinea pig, and chinchilla). The cell numbers for the ground squirrel (a rodent with cone-cell retina) fitted an extension of the primate curve, and the cell numbers for the cat (in whose retina rods predominate) fitted an extension of the rodent curve. Thus, it is clear that the medial superior olive is related to the visual system, and that it is present in animals with cone-cell fovea and retina (diurnalanimals) and animals with rod-cell retina (that is, nocturnal animals) having good vision. In nonvisual nocturnal animals the nucleus is small or absent. The medial superior olive is probably not concerned with auditory localization in the psychophysical sense but is probably concerned with the movement of head and eyes in the direction of a sound in space. Localization in the psychophysical sense and fine auditory discrimination probably depend upon the ascending pathway which includes the lateral superior olive.
Genetic activity of bleomycin: Differential effects on mitotic recombination and mutations in yeast

The genetic effects of the antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin were studied in different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was observed that the drug induced a high frequency of mitotic recombination and gene conversion. In contrast, it produced only a few mutations from adenine independence to adenine dependence and histidine dependence (a missense mutant) to histidine independence. In the strains carrying ochre-suppressible auxotrophic markers, no prototrophs were induced by this drug. The results indicating the specific activity of bleomycin are discussed and, in this connection, the usefulness of yeast as a test organism in mutagenicity screening is emphasized.
Inter-generational role investments of great-grandparents: Consequences for psychological well-being

Identity theory suggests that individuals who perceive their family roles as salient and feel competent in their performance have greater psychological well-being than others. This paper assesses the ways in which aspects of parent, grandparent and great-grandparent role investments affect self-esteem, levels of depression and affect-balance. The 188 respondents with an average age of 73 years were participants in the University of Southern California Longitudinal Study of Generations and occupied all three roles at the time of measurement. They self-assessed quality of performance, importance to one's identity and satisfaction in their family roles. Overall, levels of role investment declined consistently with greater lineage distance from parent to great-grandparent. Latent correlations showed that parent role investment was most highly associated with well-being, followed by investment in grandparent and great-grandparent roles. Structural equation modelling, however, revealed no unique effects on well-being for any of the three roles (as a result of high inter-correlations). All three role structures formed a single meta-construct that was positively related to psychological well-being. It is concluded that the strength and consequences of inter-generational role investments were hierarchically structured by relational proximity, but also manifested in a single integrated family identity, which suggests that there are two competing and complementary views of family role structures in later life.
A computer analysis method for correlating knee X-rays with continuous indicators

Purpose To develop an image analysis method that can automatically find correlations between a set of plain radiographs and continuous clinical or physiological indicators.
Aircraft observations of aerosols, O3 and NOy in a nighttime urban plume

Abstract Nighttime measurements of aerosol surface area, O 3 , NO y and moisture were made downwind of Portland, Oregon, as part of a study to characterize the chemistry in a nocturnal urban plume. Air parcels sampled within the urban plume soon after sunset had positive correlations between O 3 , relative humidity, NO y and aerosol number density. However, the air parcels sampled within the urban plume just before dawn had O 3 mixing ratios that were highly anti-correlated with aerosol number density, NO y and relative humidity. Back-trajectories from a mesoscale model show that both the post-sunset and pre-dawn parcels came from a common maritime source to the northwest of Portland. The pre-dawn parcels with strong anti-correlations passed directly over Portland in contrast to the other parcels that were found to pass west of Portland. Several gas-phase mechanisms and a heterogeneous mechanism involving the loss of O 3 to the aerosol surface, are examined to explain the observed depletion in O 3 within the pre-dawn parcels that had passed over Portland.
Hypervalent ammonium radicals. Competitive N–C and N–H bond dissociations in methyl ammonium and ethyl ammonium

The title hypervalent ammonium radicals were investigated by neutralization–reionization mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations. Methyl ammonium (1) forms a small fraction of metastable radicals from isotopomers CH3ND3 (1a) and CD3NH3 (1b) when these are produced by femtosecond electron transfer to vibrationally excited precursor cations. The branching ratios for dissociations of the N–C and N–(H,D) bonds in 1 favor the latter, kN–C/kN–H = 0.39. The experimental results are in accord with ab initio/RRKM calculations that quantitatively reproduce the branching ratios for dissociations of 1. A small fraction of high-energy 1 dissociates to form ammonium methylide, −CH2NH3+. Ethyl ammonium (2) and its CH3CH2ND3 isotopomer (2a) dissociate completely on the microsecond time scale. The branching ratios for dissociations of the N–C and N–(H,D) bonds favor the former, kN–C/kN–H = 2.04. This result is incompatible with the calculated potential energy surface of the ground doublet electronic state in 2 and is attributed to the formation and dissociations of excited electronic states.
A specific soluble protein from the catecholamine storage vesicles of bovine adrenal medulla II. Physical characterization

Abstract 50% of the soluble protein of the chromaffin granules consists of a homogeneous protein. The protein has a molecular weight of 81 200 in neutral salt solutions as measured by rapid equilibrium osmometry. Molecular weight measurement by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine·HCl with a reducing agent present shows that the protein is composed of two identical or nearly identical subunits of weight average mol. wt. 40 600. The protein is partially randomized at neutral pH at both ionic strengths 0.03 and 0.3, as indicated by a marked dependence of the sedimentation coefficient on protein concentration. However, at ionic strength 0.3, as the pH approaches the isoelectric pH (4.5), the protein is more compact and behaves in an almost globular manner.
68-Year-Old Woman With Hepatitis C and Abnormal Kidney Function

A 68-year-old woman with a history of hepatitis C (contracted from a blood transfusion in 1974) complicated by cirrhosis and portal hypertension came to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, for evaluation for possible liver transplantation. Her symptomatic ascites had been treated initially with furosemide and spironolactone, but this treatment regimen was limited because of an increase in her creatinine level. During evaluation, hypertension (an average blood pressure of 180/90 mm Hg on 6-hour ambulatory monitoring) and abnormal renal function were noted. She was referred to our institution for further evaluation of her blood pressure and abnormal urinalysis results.
Stories and Theories: A Scientific Challenge to Theology

Stories about the divine are meant to help our imagination cope with what is ultimately not fully imaginable. In the process we make use of metaphors that rely on quantitative relationships to express the qualitative difference between the reality accessible to us and the transcendent reality of God. For example, because we have no notion of what it would mean to «be outside of time», eternity tends to be explained in terms of infinite temporality. With the increasingly bizarre and unimaginable worldview of contemporary physics, it is perhaps no longer clear what the difference is between the unknown and the unknowable, or even whether it is possible to articulate a meaningful difference. Science appears to have outrun theology in creating stories that engage our imagination. How to overcome the difficulties this raises, particularly with respect to a widening gulf between academic analysis and popular belief, is at present not clear. A «flight from metaphor» into formalized theory, although apparently valid in science, leads to a dead end in theology. A rethinking of many traditional concepts, such as immanence and transcendence, seems to be indicated.
Tom1 Modulates the Endosomal Function of Tollip via a Folding-Upon-Binding Mechanism

Many cellular signaling processes require internalization of ubiquitylated cargo via endocytosis and early endosomes are the first sorting station for vesicular cargo. Adaptor protein complexes modulate signaling output in early endosomes by triggering cargo sorting for lysosomal degradation. Tollip, through its C2 domain, associates with endosomal membranes via phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and recruits ubiquitylated cargo to these compartments via its C2 and CUE domains. Interestingly, binding of Tollip to PtdIns(3)P is inhibited by ubiquitin. Tom1, through its GAT domain, is recruited to endosomes by binding to cargo and the Tollip TBD region by an unknown mechanism. NMR data revealed that Tollip TBD is a natively unfolded domain that partially folds when bound to Tom1 GAT. Furthermore, the association of Tom1 to Tollip inhibits Tollip's binding to PtdIns(3)P. We hypothesize that Tom1 GAT binding to Tollip TBD causes conformational changes in Tollip that impairs its binding to PtdIns(3)P, increasing its commitment to protein sorting. Tollip TBD-Tom1 GAT forms a stable heterodimer, whose association is mainly driven by hydrophobic contacts of high affinity. Nuclear spin relaxation studies demonstrate that the N-terminal half structure of Tollip TBD, which contacts Tom1 GAT, is ordered, whereas the C-terminal half is highly unstructured. Ubiquitin binds to Tom1 GAT at a site that does not overlap with that for the Tollip TBD following a fast exchange regime. Cytosolic Tom1 is recruited to endosomal compartments when co-expressed with Tollip in mammalian cells, but mutations, which reduce 90,000-fold the association of these proteins, revert this effect. Accordingly, we propose that association of Tom1 to Tollip facilitate Tollip release from endosomal membranes, allowing Tollip to commit to endosomal cargo trafficking.I respectfully request the Committee consider our work for oral presentation based on its interest to a broad audience.
Role of inversion symmetry and multipole effects in nonresonant x-ray Raman scattering from icosahedral B 4 C

We report nonresonant x-ray Raman scattering (XRS) measurements for the icosahedral boron carbide ${\mathrm{B}}_{4}\mathrm{C}$ for transferred momentum q from 1 to 9 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The observed q-dependence together with site-specific ab initio calculations identify a near-edge peak in the XRS spectra as a p-type $(\ensuremath{\Delta}l=1)$ exciton due to dominant boron occupation at the sole atomic site in the unit cell having inversion symmetry. This result constrains models of substitutional disorder in ${\mathrm{B}}_{4}\mathrm{C},$ introduces a new application of XRS, and emphasizes the utility of full multiple scattering calculations of the site-specific projected density of states for interpretation of the near edge region of XRS spectra.
A two-stage model of e-government growth: Theories and empirical evidence for U.S. cities

Abstract This article examines the current stages of development of e-government growth in American cities. A two-stage model of e-government growth is applied to municipalities. Stage I is the cataloging of information online and Stage II is transactions being completed online. This article examines the development of these stages along with the e-government relationships being government to citizen (G2C), government to business (G2B), or government to government (G2G). The two-stage model is applied to data from the 2002 International City/County Management Association (ICMA) Electronic Government survey. The findings indicate that G2C Web sites are primarily in Stage I. There does not appear to be much movement outside of the information dissemination stage of e-government. In regards to the G2G relationships, cities are becoming more advanced with many transactions completed over the city's Intranet. However, the greatest advancement has taken place in the G2B relationship, in which procurement of equipment and office supplies was done by around half of the surveyed cities. These findings imply that e-government growth is more pronounced in some areas than others.
Anchoring of a nematic liquid crystal on a wettability gradient.

We have studied the anchoring of the nematic liquid crystal 5CB (4‘-n-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl) as a function of the surface wettability, thickness of the liquid crystal layer, and temperature by measuring the birefringence of a hybrid aligned nematic cell where the nematic material was confined between octadecyltriethoxysilane-treated glass surfaces, with one surface linearly varying in its hydrophobicity. A homeotropic-to-tilted anchoring transition was observed as a function of the lateral distance along the hydrophobicity gradient, typically in a region corresponding to a water contact angle of ∼64°. The effect of the nematic layer thickness was measured simultaneously by preparing a wedge cell where the thickness varied along the direction perpendicular to the wettability. The detailed behavior of the onset of birefringence was found to be consistent with a dual-easy-axis model that predicts a discontinuous anchoring transition from homeotropic to planar. The anchoring was independent of temperature, e...
A process‐outcome analysis of learning in group and individual settings

Models of behavior and achievement in small group and individual settings are presented. These models arc based on intensive analyses of observations of groups and individuals at work. For each setting the varieties of behavior observed, social‐psychological mechanisms hypothesized to influence observed behavior, and factors hypothesized to relate behavior to learning are described. A synthesis of the models suggests that neither the group nor the individual setting is best for all persons; the benefits of a particular setting depend upon the experiences of the learner within that setting.
CYP51 from Trypanosoma cruzi A PHYLA-SPECIFIC RESIDUE IN THE B′ HELIX DEFINES SUBSTRATE PREFERENCES OF STEROL 14α-DEMETHYLASE

A potential drug target for treatment of Chagas disease, sterol 14α-demethylase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TCCYP51), was found to be catalytically closely related to animal/fungi-like CYP51. Contrary to the ortholog from Trypanosoma brucei (TB), which like plant CYP51 requires C4-monomethylated sterol substrates, TCCYP51 prefers C4-dimethylsterols. Sixty-six CYP51 sequences are known from bacteria to human, their sequence homology ranging from ∼25% between phyla to ∼80% within a phylum. TC versus TB is the first example of two organisms from the same phylum, in which CYP51s (83% amino acid identity) have such profound differences in substrate specificity. Substitution of animal/fungi-like Ile105 in the B′ helix to Phe, the residue found in this position in all plant and the other six CYP51 sequences from Trypanosomatidae, dramatically alters substrate preferences of TCCYP51, converting it into a more plant-like enzyme. The rates of 14α-demethylation of obtusifoliol and its 24-demethyl analog 4α-,4α-dimethylcholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol(norlanosterol) increase 60- and 150-fold, respectively. Turnover of the three 4,4-dimethylated sterol substrates is reduced ∼3.5-fold. These catalytic properties correlate with the sterol binding parameters, suggesting that Phe in this position provides necessary interactions with C4-monomethylated substrates, which Ile cannot. The CYP51 substrate preferences imply differences in the post-squalene portion of sterol biosynthesis in TC and TB. The phyla-specific residue can be used to predict preferred substrates of new CYP51 sequences and subsequently for the development of new artificial substrate analogs, which might serve as highly specific inhibitors able to kill human parasites.