cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization dependent absorption spectra in quantum wire structures

Abstract The band mixing effect in the valence band of quantum wire structures (QWS) was analyzed. The effective mass of the lowest subband in the wire-axis direction was found to be as small as 0.027 m0 at the band edge for the first time. This reduced effective mass and the related nonparabolicity of the subband structure play a significant role in determining the exciton properties. The influence of the subband nonparabolicity is shown to be larger for the QWS with a larger cross section because of the reduction of the energy separations and the resultant interactions among the subbands. The dependence of the exciton matrix element on the polarization of the incident photon is discussed.
Determination of the sensory attributes of wheat sourdough bread

A lexicon for describing the flavor of wheat sourdough bread (WSB) was developed. A highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined, and referenced 32 flavor attributes for WSB. To determine the flavor characteristics of WSB, 37 samples were selected or prepared to represent a wide range of both commercial and laboratory variations. Crust and crumb of sourdough bread had different flavor properties; thus, they were evaluated separately. Twenty six attributes described the characteristics of sourdough bread crumb, and 28 attributes described the characteristics of crust. Some attributes were found in most or all samples, but many attributes were found in only one or a few samples. All 37 samples had distinctly different flavor attributes and intensities in both crumb and crust samples. The principal components analysis for crumb and crust indicated that the number of attributes could not be reduced into a smaller set of components that completely described the wide range of breads used in this study. However, reducing the number of attributes measured might be possible when only a few WSB samples are evaluated.
Effects of three conditioning paradigms on visual attention to alcoholic stimuli.

3 aversive conditioning paradigms and a control group (N = 36) were compared to determine the paradigm most effective in modifying visual attention to alcoholic stimuli. An outcome criterion of corrected difference scores was a combination of visual attention in seconds to viewed alcohol and non-alcoholic slides. An analysis of covariance with age as the covariate on the criterion yielded a statistically non-significant F.
Ionic conductivity mechanism of network polymers containing lithium perchlorate

Abstract Amorphous network polymer electrolytes were derived from poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) and phenyl isocyanate complexed with lithium perchlorate. Two ionic relaxation processes were found in the complex impedance spectra. Dynamic mechanical spectra showed two relaxation peaks in the high cross link density samples and T 1 P as a function of the temperature obtained by 7 Li-NMR study has a well defined minimum. The peak position and the half width of D-LAM band obtained by FT-Raman spectra were found to depend on the salt concentration. These results strongly suggest the interaction of lithium cation and network chains.
Theology of Paradox: A Pauline Contribution to the Understanding and Treatment of Addictions

ABSTRACT The Biblical text of 2 Corinthians 4 presents Paul's rejoinder to a theological controversy which had arisen within the Corinthian Christian community. Paul suggests that his opponents were espousing an errant theology which insisted upon the capacity for transcendent experiences without the reality of suffering and limitation. In contrast, Paul argues that the human condition is characterized by the paradox of the fact of human finitude and limitation together with the reality of the capacity for transcendent experiences. The theological perspective offered by Paul in 2 Corinthians 4:6–12 is brought to bear on the problem of addictions in contemporary society. It is suggested that the desire to escape human finitude underlies the addictive problem. Paul's theological ‘remedy’ is offered as an approach for clergy and laypersons who work in ministry settings with addicted people.
Parental teaching strategies and children’s cognitive style

Abstract A total of 83 mothers and 74 fathers worked with their respective 4-year-old sons or daughters on four problem-solving tasks. Observers evaluated the interaction between parent and child with a 49-item teaching strategy Q-sort (TSQ). As measures of field dependence–independence (FDI), the Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) were administered when the children were 4, 7, 11, and 14 years of age, thus permitting an examination of concurrent and long-term effects (up to 10 years). Distinctive differences in parental teaching strategies were observed contingent on the child’s FDI status. Parents of FI children granted them autonomy in the task and assisted with its cognitive aspects. A positive emotional ambience characterized the teaching situation. Parents of FD children were controlling and quite critical of their children’s performance. Effects of gender were noted. Whereas outcomes for the father–son and father–daughter pairing were comparable, the mother–son dyad generated more powerful effects than were observed in the mother–daughter dyad. Results point to consistencies between beliefs and behaviors of parents of FI and FD children. Interpretation is offered within the FDI theoretical framework and linkages to other theories of parent–child interaction are considered.
Further observations on the floral anatomy and pollen morphology of Oncotheca (Oncothecaceae)

A study of the floral anatomy and pollen morphology of both species of the endemic New Caledonian genusOncotheca was undertaken to provide a more thorough and accurate generic description and to make additional comparisons of the two species. In general, flowers of the species are histologically similar, althoughO. macrocarpa has a strong tendency to possess more numerous and widely distributed tanniferous cells and druses.Oncotheca macrocarpa also differs fromO. balansae in possessing the important feature of unfused ventral carpellary bundles. The unspecialized, 3-colporate pollen type of the two species is very similar in size and surface pattern, has clearly delineated wall layers, and is in harmony with the recent consensus opinion thatOncotheca is most closely related to the Theaceae and allies, although the genus is probably best interpreted as an isolated taxon linking the orders Theales, Ericales, and Celastrales.
Development and validation of a dissolution method for warfarin sodium and aspirin combination tablets.

A dissolution method for warfarin sodium-aspirin combination tablets was developed which utilizes USP Apparatus 1 (baskets) at 50 rpm with 900 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 6.8; 0.05 M) medium at 37°C. A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was also developed for the simultaneous determination of warfarin sodium, aspirin and salicylic acid on an octadecylsilica column using acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-glacial acetic acid-water (23:5:5:67, v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase with UV detection at 282 nm. Validation data were obtained which demonstrate that the dissolution methodology is accurate, precise, linear and rugged for the combination tablets.
The Third Law of Thermodynamics and the Degeneracy of the Ground State for Lattice Systems

The third law of thermodynamics, in the sense that the entropy per unit volume goes to zero as the temperature goes to zero, is investigated within the framework of statistical mechanics for quantum and classical lattice models. We present two main results: (i) For all models the question of whether the third law is satisfied can be decided completely in terms of ground-state degeneracies alone, provided these are computed for all possible “boundary conditions.” In principle, there is no need to investigate possible entropy contributions from low-lying excited states. (ii) The third law is shown to hold for ferromagnetic models by an analysis of the ground states.
Chemical and enzymatic oxidation of alkylated benzo[a]pyrenes

Abstract The chemical and enzymatic oxidations of 6-, 7- and 10-methylbenzo[a]pyrenes, 6,10- and 7,10-dimethylbenzo[a]pyrenes and benzo[a]pyrene (BP) itself have been investigated to study the effects of alkyl substitution on the pathways of oxidation. The chemical oxidizing systems employed were Fenton's reagent ( FeSO 4 H 2 O 2 ); trifluoroacetic acid-hydrogen peroxide (TFA/H2O2); thallium tristrifluoracetate in trifluoroacetic acid (TTFA/TFA) and H2SO4. The enzymatic systems were horseradish peroxidase (HRP/H2O2) and rat liver microsomes. The oxidations were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to detect radical intermediates and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the products. All the compounds studied produced radicals, identified as cationic species, in both H2SO4 and TTFA/TFA. In addition the 7-methyl-, 10-methyl- and 7,10-dimethyl-BP's produced 6-oxy radicals in some or all of the remaining oxidizing systems. Both chemically and enzymatically these same three compounds were observed to produce quinones as stable products. Microsomal oxidations gave the broadest range of products exhibiting HPLC peaks in the diol, quinone and phenol regions of the chromatograms, however, there were considerable differences between products from the individual derivatives and those from the parent molecule. 6-Methyl and 6,10-dimethyl-BP's showed no evidence of oxy radical intermediates or quinones under any set of conditions, the 6-substituent effectively blocking this oxidation pathway. The observations are consistent with the expected effects of alkyl substituents at particular positions and indicate that studies such as this one are potentially useful in better understanding oxidation and possible activation pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Characterization of Time-Varying Properties and Regional Strains in Myocardial Ischemia

Mechanical dysfunction plays an important role in the pathological progress of myocardial ischemia and is directly related to the prognosis of the patient. The crucial index of myocardial mechanics, regional time-varying elastance, and stress, however, could not be measured directly in clinical practice. This review outlines the steps to deduct myocardial mechanical performance from medical imaging modalities and modeling. The first step is to reconstruct three-dimensional cardiac motion by combining image data and geometric model of the heart. SPAMM-MRI (spatial modulation of magnetization) image, because of its high spatial–temporal resolution and ability to track material point of moving myocardium, is an ideal image modality for such a task. Several geometry models focused on SPAMM-MRI data analysis are discussed in detail, including some that assume cardiac shapes and some that extract the motion information from the tagging and subsequent model building by interpolation. Once the geometry of the heart at different time point is established, the second step is to calculate motion index from it. While different indices have been proposed, such as endocardium excursion, heart wall thickening, cardiac torsion, regional myocardial strain has the advantage of less affected by global heart motion and neighborhood myocardium. It is a key index to bridge cardiac MRI image and regional myocardial mechanical model. Finally, the three-dimensional strain distribution is used to compute myocardium stress and marterial property. Animal experiment, however, has shown that myocardial elastance changes throughout the cardiac cycle. The use of time-varying elastance model instead of elastic solid continuum model can thus provide a more accurate description of regional myocardium mechanics.
Thermal conductivity of compressed H 2 O to 22 GPa: A test of the Leibfried-Schlömann equation

The Leibfried-Schlomann (LS) equation, a commonly assumed model for the pressure dependence of thermal conductivity Λ, is tested by measurements on compressed H_2O using a combination of the time-domain thermoreflectance method with the diamond anvil cell technique. The thermal conductivity of ice VII increases by an order of magnitude between 2 and 22 GPa, reaching Λ≈25 W m^(-1) K^(-1). Over a large compression range of ≈4%–33%, the LS equation describes the pressure dependence of Λ of ice VII to better than 20%.
WEPP Simulation of Observed Winter Runoff and Erosion in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

The Palouse area of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region suffers high erosion throughout the winter season. The excessive soil loss is a result of a combination of winter precipitation, intermittent freezing and thawing of soils, steep land slopes, and improper management practices. Soil strength is typically decreased by the cyclic freeze and thaw, particularly during the period of thawing. When precipitation occurs during these freeze–thaw cycles, soil is easily detached and moved downslope. This study was aimed at improving the knowledge of winter hydrology and erosion in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) through combined field experimentation and mathematical modeling. Surface runoff and sediment were collected for three paired field plots under conventional tillage and no-till, respectively. Additionally, transient soil moisture and temperature at various depths were continuously monitored for two selected plots. These data were used to assess the suitability and performance of the USDA’s Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), a physically based erosion model, under the PNW winter conditions. Field observations revealed that minimal erosion was generated on the no-till plots, whereas erosion from the conventionally tilled plots largely exceeded the tolerable rates recommended by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The WEPP model could reasonably reproduce certain winter processes (e.g., snow and thaw depths and runoff) after code modification and parameter adjustment. Yet it is not able to represent all the complicated processes of winter erosion as observed in the field. Continued field and laboratory investigation of dynamic winter runoff and erosion mechanisms are necessary so that these processes can be properly represented by physically based erosion models.
Late thrombosis: a problem solved?

Late thrombosis (angiographic total occlusion associated with an acute coronary syndrome) is a potentially life-threatening complication after intracoronary radiation therapy. This review is intended to explore the preclinical and clinical evidence for late thrombosis, to discuss the etiology, and to provide guidelines for future management. Although we have gained a greater understanding of this complex entity, further research is required in a quest to curtail late thrombosis rates. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:9–13)
Interpretation of minimum-limiting radiocarbon dates for deglaciation of Mount Katahdin area, Maine

Radiocarbon dates from bog- and lake-bottom sediments commonly have been used to estimate the time of deglaciation, although many studies suggest that these dates may be too recent by several thousands of years. Three bog- and pond-bottom radiocarbon dates from Mount Katahdin, Maine, are about 5,000 to 9,000 yr more recent than the time of deglaciation suggested by independent evidence. A radiocarbon date from lake-bottom sediment from the lowland south of Mount Katahdin, however, probably is less than 800 yr more recent than deglaciation. Piping of sediment between large boulders during early stages of alpine bog and pond development may explain the lengthy time lag between deglaciation and accumulation of datable organic material on alpine bog and pond bottoms.
Structure of poly d(A).poly d(T).

Abstract On the basis of the x-ray data from polycrystalline and well oriented fibers of the sodium salt of poly d(A) · poly d(T) (Arnott et al, Nucl. Acids Res. 11,4141–4155 (1983)), a revised B′-DNA model incorporating B-like adenine and thymine strands is shown to give a much better x-ray agreement (R −0.25) than the previously assigned model consisting of mixed sugar conformations in the two strands. The narrowing of the minor and the widening of the major grooves are promiscuous features of B′-DNA, which are common to all poly d(purine) · poly d(pyrimidine) duplexes with two hydrogen bonded base-pairs and are in marked contrast with classical B-DNA. Due to modest propeller (-15°), the cross strand diagonal hydrogen bonds (0.37 nm) in this duplex are not as strong as those in A, T-rich oligonucleotide crystal structures.
The discriminating power of ecological variables in the recruitment of men and women rural politicians

The growth of political activism by women has been studied mostly in the urban environment. The rural environment and those factors which predict the recruitment of women in that environment were the focus in this study. A survey of 192 women and 113 men elicited the effect of sex on the political recruitment process in the rural parts of Oregon. The sample is composed of politicians at the local level as well as the lower house of the state legislature. The findings indicate that the traditional variables from the literature of political recruitment tend to be more supportive of men rather than women. Further, that the ecological setting is important in determining the recruitment pattern of men and women politicians.
The effects of facial control and facial mimicry on subjective reactions to comedy routines

The impact of facial control on subjective reactions to dubbed (created with inserts of smiling people) and undubbed comedy routines was examined. The presence of dubs increased EMG activity over thezygomaticus major andorbicularis oculi muscle regions for spontaneous-condition subjects, but not for inhibit-condition subjects. Analyses also showed that spontaneous-condition subjects exhibited increased smiling at dub points, a finding that is consistent with the notion that subjects mimicked the inserted facial displays. Self-report findings revealed that spontaneous-condition subjects reported significantly greater amusement to the dubbed compared with the undubbed routines, whereas inhibit-condition subjects' self-reports of amusement did not differentiate dub conditions. Furthermore, spontaneous-condition subjects reported significantly more amusement to the dubbed routines than did inhibit-condition subjects. Despite strong facial control effects on facial EMG activity, no main effect of facial condition on self-reported amusement was found, and therefore, the data provide no support for a general version of facial feedback theory. The data are consistent with the view that mimetic responses enhanced subjective reactions, and they are compatible with the Leventhal and Tomkins versions of facial feedback theory.
NO2/NO partitioning as a test of stratospheric ClO concentrations over Antarctica

Physical conditions in the 10-20 km region of the Antarctic stratosphere make the (NO2)/(NO) ratio particularly sensitive to high chlorine levels in the form of ClO. According to simple known photochemical relationships between NO2, NO, ClO, and O3, high ClO levels of 1 ppbv over Antarctica must be accompanied by large values of the (NO2)/(NO) ratio. At high ClO abundances, the (NO2)/(NO) ratio is approximately proportional to the ClO concentration. It is proposed that in-situ measurements of the (NO2)/(NO) ratio could be used to test the high chlorine hypothesis.
Gorbachev and the Korean Peninsula

Soviet policy in Northeast Asia in general and towards the Korean Peninsula in particular has opened a new chapter since the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in March 1985. Compared with his predecessors' diplomatic stagnation and failures in the region, Gorbachev's diplomatic initiatives, accompanied by his internal glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), have been highly significant. Equally profound changes appear to be taking place in Seoul under Roh Tae Woo, the first president in modern Korean history to inherit the leadership peacefully, who has ushered in a new era of expanding contacts with many socialist states, including China and the Soviet Union. What is the nature of Gorbachev's new initiatives towards the Korean Peninsula? How is Gorbachev responding to Roh's own initiatives? How is Pyongyang reacting, and how will Moscow's relations with Pyongyang be affected? The purpose of this essay is to analyse Moscow's basic dilemma-that of reconciling its past obligations to Pyongyang with the fresh opportunities in Seoul, within the context of Soviet relations with China, Japan, and the USA. The past obligations largely result from perceived mutual interests within the socialist community; whereas the fresh opportunities arise from the newly emerging Pacific
The pineal gland and geographical distribution of animals.

A detailed analysis of the occurrence of parietal eye component of the pineal complex in families of lizards has revealed that those in which the parietal eye is absent in most genera (e.g. Gekkonidae, Teiidae) tend to be restricted to low latitudes, whereas families in which the parietal eye is present in most of the genera (e.g. Agamidae, Iguanidae) extend to higher latitudes. Those few genera which lack parietal eyes in the families where the very great majority have parietal eyes are confined to ranges rather close to the equator. The parietal eye may be important in thermoregulatory or reproductive adaptations at higher latitudes where seasons are more severely varied than at lower latitudes. A pineal body is reported to be absent in crocodilians, edentates and, perhaps, dugongs. All these animals tend to inhabit tropical regions. In contrast, seals and walruses have remarkably large pineal glands and are found at very high latitudes. These few fragments of information cannot be used to support any conclusions, but they do suggest that it might be productive to consider the pineal complexes of animals in the context of their geographical distribution.
A B and C in Uganda: the roles of abstinence monogamy and condom use in HIV decline.

Uganda is often cited as a role model in the fight against HIV/AIDS because of its success in reducing both prevalence and incidence of HIV infection since the late 1980s. Although an increase in sexual abstinence has been highlighted as a primary cause of the declines, large increases have also been recorded in monogamy and condom use. The extent to which each of these factors actually influenced the overall decline in Uganda's HIV rates has become a highly charged political issue in the United States, leading to restrictions on how US development funding for combatting HIV is allocated. The Alan Guttmacher Institute investigated changes that occurred in abstinence, monogamy and condom use in Uganda in the 1990s, using nationally representative data from Uganda's Demographic and Health Surveys of 1988 (women only), 1995 and 2000 (women and men), and national-level findings from two surveys by the Global Programme on AIDS in 1989 and 1995 (women and men). Reduction of infection risk by lowering numbers or types of partners among people with more than one relationship was not covered. Here we reprint the chapter on "Implications" from the AGI report, a commentary on the lessons that can and cannot be taken from the data, published in a 2003 Guttmacher Report on Public Policy.
Specific proteoglycans as potential causative agents and relevant targets for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidosis

(1997). Specific proteoglycans as potential causative agents and relevant targets for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidosis. Amyloid: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 135-141.
Understanding the Mechanism of Amino Acid-Based Au Nanoparticle Chain Formation

Understanding the surface orientation and interactions between biomolecules and nanoparticles is important in order to determine their effects on the final structure and activity. At present, limited analytical techniques are available to probe these interactions, especially for materials dispersed in solution. We recently demonstrated that arginine, a simple amino acid, is able to bind to the surface of Au nanoparticles in a segregated pattern, which produces an electronic dipole across the structure. As a result, the formation of linear chains of Au nanoparticles occurred that was dependent upon of the concentration of arginine. Here, we present new information concerning the mechanism of assembly and demonstrate unique reaction conditions that can be used to directly control the assembly rate, and thus the size of the final superstructure that is produced. The assembly process was modulated by the arginine/Au nanoparticle ratio, the temperature of the system, the dielectric of the solvent, and the solution ionic strength, all of which can be used in combination to control the process. These effects were monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. From these results, it is suggested that the second step of the assembly process, which is the formation of nanoparticle chains mediated by Brownian motion, controls the overall assembly rate and thus the size and orientation of the final superstructure produced. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics of the system have been studied from which rate constants and activity energies have been extracted for electrostatic-based nanoparticle assembly. This analysis indicates that the assembly/organization step is likely broken into two substeps with the formation of nanoparticle dimers occurring in solution first, followed by the oligomerization of the dimers to form the linear and branched chains. The dimerization step follows traditional second-order kinetics and is relatively fast, while the oligomerization process is quite complex and is anticipated to be slower than the dimerization step. These results are important, as they lay the basis for the subsequent use of this technique for the possible fabrication of electronic device components or as sensitive assays to probe the surface structure of nanomaterials.
Finite total three-particle scattering rates

It is shown that, despite the double-scattering infinities of the differential scattering rates for three particles, the total scattering rates for three particles are unambiguous and finite. These rates are expressed in terms of T-matrix elements by means of a well-defined principal value of an integral whose integrand has a double pole. We also derive an expression for the double-scattering rate. (AIP)
An Approximate Numerical Model for Simulation of Long-Distance Near-Ground Radiowave Propagation over Random Terrain Profiles

A numerical solver for analyzing long-distance near-ground radiowave propagation over a randomly rough terrain surface is described. As the rough terrain section located in between but in the far field of the transmitter and receiver points appears to be electrically flat to the forward propagating wave, an approximate simplified model is derived with the replacement of this section with a physically flat section of an effective height, resulting in a problem with three physical sub-domains. This model implies that the mean received power and its fluctuation are primarily dictated by the statistics of the rough terrain local to the transmitter and receiver. Wave propagation over the three sub-domains is solved using a recursive, 2D Nystrom-discretized-integral-equation-based forward marching scheme. Since the majority of the final terrain profile is flat and over which field interactions can be cast in terms of a block-Toeplitz matrix, large memory savings and computational speedup are achieved. The accuracy of the three-sub-domain model is demonstrated, and simulation results for the path-loss of LOS and NLOS (non-line-of-sight) links are presented for rough terrain with various random statistics. The new solver as detailed here is an attractive tool for simulating radio coverage for near-ground wireless networks.
Linear and non-linear measures of the human neonatal EEG

Abstract Non-linear measures (Kolmogorov entropy, correlation dimension and a surrogate based “z” score) of the underlying structure of the human neonatal EEG were made and compared to linear measures (eigenvalues) and to EEGs obtained from older children (greater than 3 years of age). Strong age-dependent differences were noted for Kolmogorov entropy, the surrogate-based measure of non-linearity and eigenvalues. The eigenvalues decrease with age and the Kolmogorov entropy increases with age. The measure of global non-linearity decreased with age so that it was positive in only a small fraction of the greater than 3-year-old subjects.
Effect of oxygen on vacancy cluster morphology in metals

The extensive literature on oxygen chemisorption and solubility in metals is briefly reviewed, with special emphasis on the reduction of surface tension associated with oxygen adsorption. A thermodynamic model based on the adsorption equations of Gibbs and Langmuir is developed to determine the relative stability in the presence of oxygen of the void compared to the dislocation loop and stacking fault tetrahedron. Representative calculations are performed for copper, nickel, and austenitic stainless steel. Atomistic and elastic continuum calculations predict that void formation should not occur in most pure face-centered cubic metals during quenching or irradiation. However, the thermodynamic model predicts that oxygen concentrations of 30 to 1000 appm will stabilize void formation in copper, nickel, and stainless steel. Foils of copper and several Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steels containing various amounts of oxygen have been examined with electron microscopy following ion bombardment. The presence of 30 to 1000 appm O resulted in significant amounts of void formation, whereas no voids were observed in low-oxygen specimens, in agreement with the model predictions. Oxygen introduced by ion implantation was more effective in promoting void formation than residual oxygen. Solutes such as phosphorus in stainless steel reduced the effectiveness of oxygen as a void-stabilizing agent.
Critical Thinking in Introductory Psychology Texts and Supplements

The importance of critical thinking to education in psychology prompted us to examine the coverage of critical thinking in the 37 full-lenght introductory psychology textbooks published during the period 1995 to 1997. In addition, we checked for coverage of scientific thinking, cognitive biases in thinking, and difficulties in statistical reasoning. We also reviewed critical thinking supplements. The findings should guide and facilitate the review and decision process for teachers interested in incorporating critical thinking into the introductory course.
Effects of Feeding Aureomycin to Dairy Calves

Abstract Aureomycin was fed for 3 mo. to dairy calves in two herds with different feeding and management practices. Increased body weight gain was obtained in both herds. However, the greatest increase occurred after the milk-feeding period in the herd where no milk was fed after 2 mo. of age. An increase in feed consumed (mosty roughage), efficiency of feed utilization, and a decrease in the incidence of diarrhea were observed when aureomycin was fed. When aureomycin was removed from the ration, the calves gained less and had a lower efficiency for the following 1 or 2 mo. than calves that had not received aureomycin. Heifers that had been fed aureomyein as calves weighed no more at .5 to 1 yr. of age than calves that had not been fed aureomycin. Therefore, the major advantage in feeding aureomyein to calves is the reduction in the incidence of diarrhea and not the temporarily increased growth rate. There was an indication that the aureomycin growth response varied in calves from different sires.
A new balanced operation for complex gastroesophageal reflex disease

Twenty-seven patients with advanced gastroesophageal reflux disease have been treated with combined transthoracic parietal cell vagotomy and Collis-Nissen fundoplication. Gastric acid analyses (n = 20) obtained preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively demonstrated a significant late reduction in gastric acid output. Twenty-six patients (96%) have experienced relief of gastroesophageal reflux disease at a mean of 13.3 months (range, 6 to 25 months) without postvagotomy symptoms. Transthoracic parietal cell vagotomy may be considered as an adjunct to mechanical surgical control of advanced gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Cytokine-Mediated Programmed Proliferation of Virus-Specific CD8+ Memory T Cells

Summary During infection, CD8 + T cells not only respond to antigenic signals through their T cell receptor (TCR) but also incorporate inflammatory signals from cytokines produced in the local infected microenvironment. Transient TCR-mediated stimulation will result in programmed proliferation that continues despite removal of the antigenic stimulus, but it remains unclear whether brief exposure to specific cytokines will elicit similar effects. Here, we have demonstrated that brief stimulation of memory T cells with interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) results in tightly regulated programmed proliferation, in addition to acquisition of enhanced virus-specific cytokine production and cytolytic activity. CD8 + T cells briefly exposed to IL-12 and IL-18 in vitro showed improved antiviral activity in vivo, as demonstrated by increased proliferation and reduced viremia. These results indicate that even transitory exposure to inflammatory cytokines can provide a selective advantage to infiltrating CD8 + T cells by triggering a developmental program that is initiated prior to direct contact with virus-infected cells.
Parental gender, single-parent families, and delinquency: Exploring the moderating influence of race/ethnicity

Abstract Despite the great interest in the relationship between family structure and delinquent behavior generally, very little research has explored variation within the family form of single parenting and its implications. The present study examines whether parental gender is associated with delinquent behavior and marijuana, alcohol, and other illicit drug use, and whether the magnitude of an association between parental gender and delinquency is moderated by race/ethnicity. The analyses can be interpreted as supporting either the structural or maternal hypotheses, with parental gender (namely living with a father) being found to increase the risk of alcohol use generally, while females living with their fathers are at an increased risk of being involved in delinquent behavior. The only evidence of race/ethnicity conditioning the relationship between parental gender and deviant behavior was for marijuana use—living with one’s father increases the risk of Hispanic/Latino adolescents engaging in marijuana use. While these finding provide further evidence that children living with single fathers may be at an increased risk of being involved in delinquent behavior (under certain conditions), additional research is needed to further evaluate the conditional nature of the single-father–delinquency association.
Iterative three-dimensional image reconstruction from tomographic projections

Four algorithms are adapted to perform direct three-dimensional reconstruction from projections. The algorithms considered are summation, the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART), the Simtfltaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT), and the Iterative Least Squares Technique (ILST). The concept of tomographlc projections is introduced and shown to greatly simplify the calculations. This work represents the first time that these iterative algorithms have been applied to projections other than coaxial. The methods developed can be of benefit in electron microscopy, holographic interferometry, and nuclear medicine. To evaluate these methods an experimental investigation is can'ied out using computer-generated synthetic images. Using SIRT, direct 3-D reconstruction is shown to be superior to serial 2-D reconstruction from coaxial projections when the range of viewing angles is limited. The number of projections required for adequate reconstruction is also considered. Finally, the perf rmance of the algorithms is compared with respect to overall similarity of the reconstruction to the original test object, effects of noise, and computer time and memory requirements.
Should Exponentially Weighted Moving Average and Cumulative Sum Charts Be Used With Shewhart Limits

Traditional Shewhart control charts are usually considered effective for detecting large shifts in process parameters, but ineffective for detecting small shifts. For detecting small parameter shifts, it is much better to use exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts or cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts, but these charts are not considered as effective as Shewhart charts for large parameter shifts. It is frequently recommended that EWMA or CUSUM charts be used in combination with a Shewhart chart to gain the benefits of both types of charts, so that both small and large shifts can be detected quickly. Here we consider the problem of process monitoring when a continuous process variable is being observed and the objective is to detect small or large shifts in either the process mean μ or the process standard deviation σ. In this situation it is customary to use a combination of two control charts, one chart designed to monitor μ, and the other designed to monitor σ. For this situation...
A Sociography of German Academics, 1863–1938

During the 1950s, a team of Gottingen sociologists led by Helmut Plessner undertook a systematic survey of all faculty who taught at German university-level institutions during one or more of eleven selected sample years between 1864 and 1953. Drawing upon university catalogues (Vorlesungsverzeichnisse), scholarly handbooks (Minerva, Kurschners, Poggendorfs), and a variety of encyclopedias, members of the Gottingen group collected biographical and career data for almost twenty-four thousand individuals, which they entered by hand (though much of it in code) on manuscript sheets that were preserved at the Max Planck Institut fur Bildungsforschung in Berlin.
Tests and tolerances for high-performance software-implemehted fault detection

We describe and test a software approach to fault detection in common numerical algorithms. Such result checking or algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) methods may be used, for example, to overcome single-event upsets in computational hardware or to detect errors in complex, high-efficiency implementations of the algorithms. Following earlier work, we use checksum methods to validate results returned by a numerical subroutine operating subject to unpredictable errors in data. We consider common matrix and Fourier algorithms which return results satisfying a necessary condition having a linear form; the checksum tests compliance with this condition. We discuss the theory and practice of setting numerical tolerances to separate errors caused by a fault from those inherent in finite-precision floating-point calculations. We concentrate on comprehensively defining and evaluating tests having various accuracy/computational burden tradeoffs, and we emphasize average-case algorithm behavior rather than using worst-case upper, bounds on error.
A heuristic, real-time path planning for collision free navigation in a dynamic multiple robots unknown environment

The heuristic path planning of multiple autonomous robots in a dynamic two-dimensional unknown environment is discussed. Particular attention is given to the collision-free navigation of multiple autonomous robots using a heuristic human-like approach. The heuristic scheme uses the trial and error method, past navigation experience, and current extracted information from the surrounding environment in order to detect other moving objects in the same navigation space and to define the secure navigation path for an autonomous robot. Simulated results for two moving objects in the same environment are presented. The proposed heuristic scheme could be applied to an environment where the visual contact is very poor or impossible. >
Diabetes disease management in managed care organizations.

Recent clinical trials and disease management programs sponsored by managed care organizations have demonstrated achievements in limiting complications, improving health measures, reducing costs, and enhancing the quality of life of the person with diabetes. In one managed care organization, Group Health, Inc., persons with diabetes received discounted supplies and educational material as encouragement to participate in a diabetes disease management program [Disease Management Solutions (DMS)]. Health risk appraisals (HRAs) were provided at enrollment, and at 6-month intervals thereafter. Over 8,000 persons with diabetes participated in the DMS program over a 2½-year period. Claims data over a 3-year period (pre- and post-enrollment) for 1,368 persons with diabetes demonstrated that participation in DMS resulted in greater utilization of primary care services by enrolled persons than by non-enrolled, but a lower increase in costs for those enrolled. In addition to evaluating the program impact through cha...
Characterization of the human blood plasma proteome

We describe methods for broad characterization of the human plasma proteome. The combination of stepwise immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin protein depletion by affinity chromatography and ultrahigh-efficiency capillary liquid chromatography separations coupled to ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry enabled identification of 2392 proteins from a single plasma sample with an estimated confidence level of > 94%, and an additional 2198 proteins with an estimated confidence level of 80%. The relative abundances of the identified proteins span a range of over eight orders of magnitude in concentration (< 30 pg/mL to approximately 30 mg/mL), facilitated by the attomole-level sensitivity of the analysis methods. More than 80% of the observed proteins demonstrate interactions with IgG and/or albumin, and the human plasma protein loss in the affinity chromatography/strong cation exchange/reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology was investigated in detail. The results of this study provide a basis for a wide range of plasma proteomics studies, including broad quantitation of relative abundances in comparative studies of the identification of novel protein disease markers, as well as further studies of protein-protein interactions.
Secondhand smoke transfer in multiunit housing.

Introduction: The home can represent a significant source of secondhand smoke (SHS), especially for individuals who live in close proximity to one another in multiunit housing (MUH). The objective of this study was to quantify real-time SHS transfer between smoke-permitted and smoke-free living units within the same MUH structure. Methods: Air monitors were used to assess PM 2.5 , an environmental marker for SHS, in 14 smoke-free living units and 16 smoke-permitted units within 11 MUH buildings in the Buffalo, New York, area between July 2008 and August 2009. Air monitors were operated concurrently in both smoke-permitted and smoke-free units within each building. When feasible, additional monitors were stationed in shared hallways and on outdoor patios. Participants completed logs to document activities that could affect air quality. Results: Evidence of SHS transfer from smoke-permitted units was detected in 2 of the 14 smoke-free units and 6 of the 8 hallways. Real-time PM 2.5 plots and participant logs suggest that SHS transfer is a function of many determinants, including ventilation and proximity between units. Following stratification by time of day, median PM 2.5 levels were greatest between 4:00 PM and 11:59 PM but varied by location: 10.2 mg/m 3 in smoke-free units, 18.9 mg/m 3
Race, prostate cancer survival, and membership in a large health maintenance organization.

Background: Population-based cancer registry data have shown that black men with prostate cancer have poorer stage-specific survival than white men, while studies in equal-access health care systems have not found racial differences in stage-specific survival. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that black men and white men with prostate cancer have equal stage-specific survival in equalaccess health care systems. Methods: We conducted a cohort study using cancer registry data from all incident cases of prostate cancer occurring in a five-county San Francisco Bay Area region. Incident cases occurred among members (5263 cases, from January 1973 through June 1995) and nonmembers (16 019 cases, from January 1973 through December 1992) of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, a large health maintenance organization. Death rate ratios (DRRs, black men versus white men) for Kaiser members and nonmembers were computed for all stages combined (adjusting for age and stage) and for each stage (adjusting for age). Results: Among Kaiser members, adjusted DRRs comparing black men with white men were as follows: all stages combined, 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14‐1.44); local stage, 1.23 (95% CI = 1.01‐1.51); regional stage, 1.30 (95% CI = 0.97‐1.75); and distant stage, 1.27 (95% CI = 1.07‐1.50). Corresponding DRRs for nonmembers were as follows: all stages combined, 1.22 (95% CI = 1.14‐1.30); local stage, 1.24 (95% CI = 1.09‐1.41); regional stage, 1.48 (95% CI = 1.29‐1.68); and distant stage, 1.01 (95% CI = 0.91‐1.12). Conclusions: These results show poorer prostate cancer survival for black men compared with white men in an equal-access medical care setting. The findings are most consistent with the hypothesis of increased tumor virulence in blacks. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:986‐ 90]
Pulsatile venous waveform quality affects the conduit performance in functional and "failing" Fontan circulations.

Objective: To investigate the effect of pulsatility of venous flow waveform in the inferior and superior caval vessels on the performance of functional and ''failing'' Fontan patients based on two primary performance measures - the conduit power loss and the distribution of inferior caval flow (hepatic factors) to the lungs. Methods: Doppler angiography flows were acquired from two typical extra-cardiac conduit ''failing'' Fontan patients, aged 13 and 25 years, with ventricle dysfunction. Using computational fluid dynamics, haemodynamic efficiencies of ''failing'', functional, and in vitro-generated mechanically assisted venous flow waveforms were evaluated inside an idealised total cavopulmonary connection with a caval offset. To investigate the effect of venous pulsatility alone, cardiac output was normalised to 3 litres per minute in all cases. To quantify the pulsatile behaviour of venous flows, two new performance indices were suggested. Results: Variations in the pulsatile content of venous waveforms altered the conduit efficiency notably. High- frequency and low-amplitude oscillations lowered the pulsatile component of the power losses in ''failing'' Fontan flow waveforms. Owing to the offset geometry, hepatic flow distribution depended strongly on the ratio of time-dependent caval flows and the pulsatility content rather than mixing at the junction. ''Failing'' Fontan flow waveforms exhibited less balanced hepatic flow distribution to lungs. Conclusions: The haemodynamic efficiency of single-ventricle circulation depends strongly on the pulsatility of venous flow waveforms. The proposed performance indices can be calculated easily in the clinical setting in efforts to better quantify the energy efficiency of Fontan venous waveforms in pulsatile settings.