cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Montane refuges and topographic complexity generate and maintain invertebrate biodiversity: recurring themes across space and time

If a common set of landscape characteristics seem to predict spatial patterns of biodiversity in several regions with different biogeographic histories and community compositions, these could inform conservation. Two papers recently published in Journal of Insect Conservation provided evidence that topographic heterogeneity can play a major role in harbouring invertebrate community biodiversity, and that upland areas potentially function as refugia from infrequent but severe climatic conditions that occur over ecological timescales. Similar findings are being echoed in the growing body of phylogeographic literature on terrestrial invertebrates from montane landscape settings. The purpose of this short communication is to place the two recently published papers into a broader context. Phylogeographic studies usually focus on genetic diversity within and among populations, and at relatively deep evolutionary timescales. The parallels that appear to be emerging across different levels of biological organisation and temporal spectra suggest that (1) microevolutionary processes operating at the level of populations may ‘scale-up’ to macroevolutionary processes operating at the level of species or higher, and (2) certain landscape features—particularly topography—may be particularly important when formulating strategies to protect terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity.
Feedback Theory of Ferroelectricity

It is shown that the application of feedback theory to ferroelectrics gives all the essential features of ferioelectricity and is equivalent to the earlier thermodynamic theory.
Fractional weak discrepancy and split semiorders

The fractional weak discrepancywd"F(P) of a poset P=(V,@?) was introduced in Shuchat et al. (2007) [6] as the minimum nonnegative k for which there exists a function f:V->R satisfying (i) if [email protected]?b then f(a)[email protected]?f(b) and (ii) if [email protected]?b then |f(a)-f(b)|@?k. In this paper we generalize results in Shuchat et al. (2006, 2009) [5,7] on the range of wd"F for semiorders to the larger class of split semiorders. In particular, we prove that for such posets the range is the set of rationals that can be represented as r/s for which [email protected][email protected]?r<2s.
Particle and field observations from Explorer 45 during the December 1971 magnetic storm period.

Measurements of magnetic field variations and proton energy densities on Explorer 45 during the double magnetic storm of Dec. 16 through 19, 1971. Data are given for the magnetic signature of the ring current and for the proton ring current up to distances of 5.24 earth radii. Diagrams are included for orbits 99, 101, 102, and 103.
Quantitative assessment of exposure to dog (Can f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens: Relation to sensitization and asthma among children living in Los Alamos, New Mexico

Background Our objective was to identify the allergens associated with asthma among schoolchildren in an area of the United States where dust mite growth is expected to be poor. Los Alamos, N.M., was chosen because it has low rainfall and is at high altitude (7200 feet) making it very dry. One hundred eleven children (12 to 14 years old) from the middle school who had been previously classified according to bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine (BHR) were studied. Methods Sera were assayed for IgE antibodies to mite, cat, dog, cockroach, Russian thistle, and grass pollen, with both CAP system fluoroimmunoassay (Kabi Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and conventional RAST. Allergens were measured in dust samples from 108 homes with two-site assays for mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1), cat (Fel d 1), dog (Can f 1), and cockroach (Bla g 2). Results Concentrations of dog and cat allergens were elevated in almost all houses with pets but were also high in a significant proportion of the houses without pets. Levels of mite allergen were less than 2 micrograms/gm in 95% of the houses, and cockroach was undetectable in all but two of the houses. Among the 21 with BHR who had symptoms, 67% had IgE antibody to dog and 62% had IgE antibody to cat. For these allergens IgE antibody was strongly associated with asthma (p Conclusion The high prevalence of IgE antibody to cat and dog allergens among these children is in keeping with the presence of cat and/or dog allergen in most of the houses. Furthermore, sensitization (as judged by IgE antibodies) to cat and dog allergens was strongly associated with asthma. On the other hand, no clear relationship was found between sensitization or symptoms and the current level of allergen in individual houses. The results show that in this mite-and cockroach-free environment sensitization to domestic animals was the most significant association with asthma.
Olfactory control of sexual behavior in the male and early-androgenized female hamster

Abstract Thirty-seven female hamsters, treated with either sesame oil or testosterone postnatally on days 2, 4, or 10 of life, and 25 male hamsters were given either olfactory bulbectomies or sham operations and tested for mounting behavior in adulthood. Extensive lesioning of the olfactory bulbs eliminated mounting in all subjects, suggesting that the mounting of early androgenized females is dependent upon the same sensory channels as the mounting of the males.
NBS-SURF II: A Small, Versatile Synchrotron Light Source

Synchrotron radiation sources do not have to be large multi-megadollar installations. SURF II is based on a compact electron storage ring with a radius of only 0.84 m, an operating energy of 250 MeV, and useful light output down to 5 nm. Small beam size, high brightness and wide-angle light ports give SURF II unique capabilities. Presently five beamlines are instrumented and operational, supporting experiments in atomic and molecular physics, surface science and materials studies, as well as providing optical calibration services. Nearing completion is a large facility for calibrating optical instruments, especially those intended for space flight. The capability of determining the absolute light flux emitted by SURF II has recently been improved and is now operational. The technique employs ultralinear silicon photodiodes to detect and count individual electrons in the stored beam. Other user conveniences include close access to the machine, flexible scheduling and close interaction with the operations staff. The machine's simplicity contributes to reliability and a high ratio of beamtime to down-time.
Mössbauer Effect in Dilute Alloys of Iron in Aluminum

The M\"ossbauer spectrum of dilute alloys of $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ in aluminum has been studied. In the concentration range from 0. 005 to 1.2-at.% Fe, the spectrum consists partly of a single-line component due to Fe in solid solution in aluminum metal and partly of a multiple-line component associated with Fe in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}$. These two components can be distinguished from each other by the differences in their behavior when either concentration or temperature is varied. In the course of this investigation we achieved some understanding of two peculiar observations that had led us to undertake this study. (i) Bara et al. had obtained a succession of unusual spectra for excited $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ nuclei formed by the decay of $^{57}\mathrm{Co}$ which had been diffused into aluminum metal. We can explain their results on the assumption that the $^{57}\mathrm{Co}$ first went into solid solution in the aluminum, was then converted to metallic cobalt during further heat treatments, and finally became oxidized. (ii) From recoil-implanted $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ in aluminum, Sprouse et al. had obtained a M\"ossbauer spectrum that appeared to consist of two poorly resolved broad lines instead of the expected single sharp line. We believe this modification of the spectrum must be attributed to radiation damage produced by the implantation of the $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ atoms. In the vicinity of the final position of each implanted atom this damage is probably in the form of lattice vacancies.
The Formation of Communities of Practice in a Network of Schools Serving Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students.

Culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students comprise the most rapidly expanding, and among the most educationally marginalized, group in the United States. CLD students’ opportunities to learn are often diminished through service delivery models that are deficit-oriented, viewing linguistic diversity as a challenge to overcome, not a strength on which to build. Such models frequently leave CLD students clustered and segregated within underresourced schools. Moreover, schools that effectively educate CLD students frequently operate in isolation from one another. In this context, this article provides a counternarrative. It reports the formation of a network of schools transforming their service delivery model from monolingual English immersion to bilingual 2-way immersion. Through a nested case study, we examine how learning among educators within communities of practice occurs in and across networked schools. We discuss this at the network level, and highlight one school's use of courageous conve...
Emergency preparedness and planning for nuclear power plant accidents

Abstract The current level of emergency preparedness and planning for off-site releases of radioactivity from nuclear power plants in the United States and public reactions to it are reviewed. The major assumptions in these plans involving the responses of the public are highlighted and provide the context for a critique of such plans. Five major deficiencies in the planning efforts are discussed in detail. As currently developed, emergency response plans are far short of insuring maximum protection of the public health and safety of residents living around these facilities. More importantly, the plans simply may not work if implemented.
Inside the klavern : the secret history of a Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s

This is an annotated collection of the minutes of a thriving Ku Klux Klan in La Grande, Oregon, between 1922 and 1924. The most complete set of Klan minutes ever uncovered, these documents illustrate the inner workings of a Klan chapter of more than 300 members at the time when the national membership reached into the millions and the Invisible Empire was at the peak of its power. Through an extensive introduction and conclusion as well as brief notes previewing each installment of the minutes, the author seeks to place these documents in historical perspective. The La Grande minutes demonstrate Klan hostility to Roman Catholics, Jews, blacks and "hyphenated" Americans. But they also explain how the chapter exercised requirements for admission, how officers were selected, and how Klansmen encountered difficulties enforcing the moral standards of their order. Because the Klan kligrapp (recording secretary) Harold R. Fosner recorded not only the official proceedings but also volunteered extemporaneous comments and gossip, readers should get a feeling for what it was like to attend the meetings. Horowitz concludes that "although it is tempting to judge Jazz Age Klansmen by the standards of later generations, the story provided by the minutes is a complex one - a chronicle of both compassion and complicity in cruelty, of positive social accomplishment and arbitrary and dysfunctional divisiveness".
Mathematical model of a three-stage innate immune response to a pneumococcal lung infection

Pneumococcal pneumonia is a leading cause of death and a major source of human morbidity. The initial immune response plays a central role in determining the course and outcome of pneumococcal disease. We combine bacterial titer measurements from mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae with mathematical modeling to investigate the coordination of immune responses and the effects of initial inoculum on outcome. To evaluate the contributions of individual components, we systematically build a mathematical model from three subsystems that describe the succession of defensive cells in the lung: resident alveolar macrophages, neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages. The alveolar macrophage response, which can be modeled by a single differential equation, can by itself rapidly clear small initial numbers of pneumococci. Extending the model to include the neutrophil response required additional equations for recruitment cytokines and host cell status and damage. With these dynamics, two outcomes can be predicted: bacterial clearance or sustained bacterial growth. Finally, a model including monocyte-derived macrophage recruitment by neutrophils suggests that sustained bacterial growth is possible even in their presence. Our model quantifies the contributions of cytotoxicity and immune-mediated damage in pneumococcal pathogenesis.
Detection and identification of heme c-modified peptides by histidine affinity chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and database searching.

Multiheme c-type cytochromes (proteins with covalently attached heme c moieties) play important roles in extracellular metal respiration in dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) characterization of c-type cytochromes is hindered by the presence of multiple heme groups, since the heme c modified peptides are typically not observed or, if observed, not identified. Using a recently reported histidine affinity chromatography (HAC) procedure, we enriched heme c tryptic peptides from purified bovine heart cytochrome c, two bacterial decaheme cytochromes, and subjected these samples to LC–MS/MS analysis. Enriched bovine cytochrome c samples yielded 3- to 6-fold more confident peptide–spectrum matches to heme c containing peptides than unenriched digests. In unenriched digests of the decaheme cytochrome MtoA from Sideroxydans lithotrophicus ES-1, heme c peptides for 4 of the 10 expected sites were observed by LC–MS/MS; following HAC fractionation, peptide...
Recovery of Two Sorghum Varieties from Sublethal Infestations of Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

In greenhouse and field tests in the USA, sorghum seedlings were initially stunted when exposed to infestations with Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) for 7 days. The forage variety Early Sumac incurred 28 and 61% plant mortality by infestation levels of 5 and 10 bugs/plant, respectively, but the final yields of surviving plants transplanted to the field did not differ significantly from that of the controls. All the plants of the grain hybrid DeKalb DK-61 survived and visually recovered but grain yields were reduced by 28 and 68% at the 2 infestation levels
Understanding the Process of Stereotype Threat: A Review of Mediational Variables and New Performance Goal Directions.

Stereotype threat is a situational experience in which an individual feels vulnerable and pressured by the possibility of confirming or being judged by a stereotype. This threatening experience leads to performance decrements, even among highly skilled individuals. This article chronicles empirically tested mechanisms for how stereotype threat negatively impacts performance outcomes. A review of relevant published investigations illustrate that a number of intuitive mediators have been suggested and tested, often with discouraging results. Thus, one objective of this article is to provide researchers with a comprehensive and straightforward account of such tested mechanisms to assist with future works. Indeed, there is much room for research in this area considering that to date, as measured, no individual mediator has completely explained the stereotype threat–poor performance relationship. As such, the second objective of this article is to propose a multiple mediator approach drawing from achievement goal theory. The Stereotyped Task Engagement Process Model is presented. This model hypothesizes that performance goal adoption can offer insights into the potential multiple processes involved in stereotype-threat effects on performance.
Optimal design of accelerated life testing plans for periodical replacement with penalty

Accelerated life testing (ALT), enhanced by optimal test plans, has been widely accepted in practice as a quick approach for estimating the reliability of a product. From the estimation result, preventive maintenance schedules can be determined to ensure the performance of the product under its normal operating conditions. By default, maintenance decision-making is regarded as the last and least rewarding step. However, sometimes the maintenance schedules, such as preventive maintenance intervals, are predetermined due to customer concerns and/or by various mandatory regulations and rules. Under such circumstances, how to accurately estimate the expenditure (e.g., on maintenance or spare parts management) associated with these maintenance requirements becomes an important issue. A viable solution is to incorporate the maintenance requirements into ALT plans. This paper provides an approach for the optimal design of ALT plans oriented by a mandatory periodical replacement schedule subject to a discounted penalty. The objective is to improve the estimation accuracy of the economic impact of this maintenance requirement. A numerical experiment is provided to demonstrate the approach in practical use. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009
A New Scleral Depressor

We have designed a scleral depressor that minimizes the area of depression, making it easier to find small retinal breaks and lesions.
A 50-cm-path-length spectrophotometer cuvette for enzyme kinetic studies.

Abstract A 10-cm cuvette that can be used in a commercial spectrophotometer and that uses internal reflections to produce a light path up to 50 cm is described. The apparent light path can be varied from 30 to 50 cm by adjusting the proportion of the entering light undergoing two, four, or more reflections. The cuvette allows use of substrate concentrations as low as 60 n m when reduced pyridine nucleotide concentrations are monitored at 340 nm in enzyme kinetic studies.
Soft ferromagnetism in nanostructured mechanical alloying FeCo-based powders

Abstract FeCo-based nanostructured powders were prepared by mechanical alloying and subsequently heat treated in an attempt to optimize their magnetic properties. Although the annealed powders had grain sizes smaller than the magnetic exchange length, a low coercivity, H C , as expected from Herzer's model, did not occur. All the possible causes for the larger than expected H C were analyzed. The magnetic measurements on the dilute and concentrated powder samples, as well as the temperature dependence of the magnetic properties from 10 to 300 K, indicate that the degree of magnetic interaction between the individual powder particles, along with the particle morphology and size, causes the relatively high H C of 10–20 Oe at room temperature.
Local Rectangular Refinement in Three Dimensions (LRR3D): Development of a Solution-Adaptive Gridding Technique with Application to Convection-Diffusion Problems

The local rectangular refinement (LRR) solution-adaptive gridding method, developed a decade ago to solve coupled nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations in two dimensions, has been extended to three dimensions. Like LRR2D, LRR3D automatically generates orthogonal unstructured adaptive grids, discretizes governing equations using multiple-scale finite differences, and solves the discretized system at all points simultaneously using Newton's method. The computational/programming challenges overcome in developing LRR3D are described. Next, a three-dimensional convection-diffusion-reaction problem with a known solution is used to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of LRR3D versus a Newton solver on a structured grid. Finally, natural convection within a tilted differentially heated cubic cavity with perfectly conducting nonisothermal walls is examined for a range of Rayleigh numbers (103 to 4 × 104) and for two inclinations (45° and 90°) of the isothermal walls. Excellent agreement with publis...
TRIM13 Is a Negative Regulator of MDA5-Mediated Type I Interferon Production

ABSTRACT Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are essential intracellular detectors of viral RNA. They contribute to the type I interferon (IFN) response that is crucial for host defense against viral infections. Given the potent antiviral and proinflammatory activities elicited by the type I IFNs, induction of the type I IFN response is tightly regulated. Members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of proteins have recently emerged as key regulators of antiviral immunity. We show that TRIM13, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is expressed in immune cells and is upregulated in bone marrow-derived macrophages upon stimulation with inducers of type I IFN. TRIM13 interacts with MDA5 and negatively regulates MDA5-mediated type I IFN production in vitro , acting upstream of IFN regulatory factor 3. We generated Trim13 −/− mice and show that upon lethal challenge with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), which is sensed by MDA5, Trim13 −/− mice produce increased amounts of type I IFNs and survive longer than wild-type mice. Trim13 −/− murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) challenged with EMCV or poly(I·C) also show a significant increase in beta IFN (IFN-β) levels, but, in contrast, IFN-β responses to the RIG-I-detected Sendai virus were diminished, suggesting that TRIM13 may play a role in positively regulating RIG-I function. Together, these results demonstrate that TRIM13 regulates the type I IFN response through inhibition of MDA5 activity and that it functions nonredundantly to modulate MDA5 during EMCV infection. IMPORTANCE The type I interferon (IFN) response is crucial for host defense against viral infections, and proper regulation of this pathway contributes to maintaining immune homeostasis. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are intracellular detectors of viral RNA that induce the type I IFN response. In this study, we show that expression of the gene tripartite motif 13 ( Trim13 ) is upregulated in response to inducers of type I IFN and that TRIM13 interacts with both MDA5 and RIG-I in vitro . Through the use of multiple in vitro and in vivo model systems, we show that TRIM13 is a negative regulator of MDA5-mediated type I IFN production and may also impact RIG-I-mediated type I IFN production by enhancing RIG-I activity. This places TRIM13 at a key junction within the viral response pathway and identifies it as one of the few known modulators of MDA5 activity.
Exploratory analysis of deficits in DRL performance induced by medial and lateral fornix damage

A reanalysis was conducted of DRL performance in rats with medial or lateral fornix damage. The reanalysis used multivariate procedures proven effective in analyzing DRL performance in normal rats. The original analysis found a deficit after medial fornix damage. The reanalysis of the data revealed more specifically that the deficit following medial fornix lesions was in the animals’ failure to suppress short-latency responses. On the other hand, animals with lateral fornix damage demonstrated a slight deficit in their ability to localize responding to the earliest period in which reinforcement was available. Alternative interpretations of these data are presented in terms of response inhibition and discrimination deficits.
Distinctions between implicit and explicit memory : Significance for understanding cognitive development

This research was designed to explore developmental trends for implicit and explicit memory as well as relations between memory measures and other aspects of cognitive development for preschool and...
Inhibition of In Vitro Lymphocyte Response by Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rat Serum: A Function of Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins

Immune function is generally reported to be impaired in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. We have previously reported that very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) from diabetic rat serum injure endothelial cells in vitro. Thus, we wanted to determine if VLDL would also injure lymphocytes and impair the immunity of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. The immunologie functions of spleen cells from normal and diabetic rats were studied using the in vitro mitogenic stimulation assay and mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR). The effects of diabetic serum and VLDL isolated from diabetic rat serum on normal spleen cells were also determined. Both the absolute peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) and spleen cell numbers of diabetic rats were significantly decreased from those of normal rats (P 1.006) with the VLDL fraction (d < 1.006) restored the toxic activity. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of diabetic rat serum on the mitogenic responses of normal rat spleen cells is due to the toxicity Of VLDL.
Extracting interdiffusion coefficients from binary diffusion couples using traditional methods and a forward-simulation method

Abstract A MatLab program is developed to allow effective extraction of both interdiffusion coefficients and impurity diffusivities from concentration profiles of binary diffusion couples. In addition to implementing the Boltzmann–Matano method, the Sauer–Freise method, the Hall method, and the Wagner method, a forward-simulation method was developed and implemented in the program. Eight binary systems (Fe–Ni, Co–Ni, Nb–W, Ni–W, Ni–Mo, Co–Mo, Fe–Nb and Ni–Nb) were used to test the program and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. The forward-simulation method shows advantages including the ability to extract the impurity diffusion coefficients. Valuable impurity diffusivities and interdiffusion coefficients data at 1100 °C for the eight binary systems are obtained and they are in good agreements with available literature data. The successful diffusivity extraction from several complicated composition profiles with several intermetallic compounds demonstrates the reliability and robustness of the program.
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia: How to Select Patients for Invasive Treatment

Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) remains a well-described disease process that is difficult to diagnose. Since its initial description more than a century ago, a myriad of diagnostic and treatment modalities have been applied to ameliorate the classic symptoms of postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss. It is estimated that mesenteric occlusive disease affects ∼1% to 18% of the population, with a majority of these patients manifesting no symptoms of CMI. While associated with a small prevalence, the potential economic impact of this disease process, with the increasing age of the population and the catastrophic outcomes associated with no treatment, is significant. The primary etiology of CMI is atherosclerotic occlusive disease involving the ostia of the mesenteric arteries. Several studies have investigated the pathophysiology of the postprandial abdominal pain associated with ischemia focusing on transport mechanisms, claudication of the intestinal musculature, and ischemia of the visceral nerves. The process of diagnosing CMI involves assimilation of the presentation, typical history and physical examination findings, and results of imaging modalities. At the end of this diagnostic process, the decision to offer a patient surgical intervention is primarily based on symptomatology and results of duplex and other imaging modalities. There are specific criteria for which to offer symptomatic patients interventions. Patients who are asymptomatic do not need to undergo revascularization, which may disrupt collateral arterial circulation to the mesentery. They should be followed conservatively.
Phenotypic plasticity in adult sympathetic neurons: changes in neuropeptide expression in organ culture

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity is present at low levels in the superior cervical ganglion of the adult rat, where immunostained neural processes, but only an occasional immunostained cell body, are found. However, when ganglia are maintained for 24 or 48 hr in organ culture, their content of VIP-like immunoreactivity increases 6- or 31-fold, respectively. When examined at 24 hr, the increase in VIP-like immunoreactivity is totally blocked by an inhibitor of RNA or protein synthesis. Many neuronal cell bodies and processes with immunoreactivity for VIP and the related peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) are seen in cultured ganglia. In addition, VIP/PHI mRNA is abundant in cultured ganglia but only barely detectable in ganglia prior to culture. Under the same culture conditions, neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity increases to a small extent, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity and total ganglion protein remain unchanged. These results support the idea that adult sympathetic neurons exhibit plasticity in neuropeptide expression and that this plasticity, in the case of VIP, depends on changes in gene expression.
Radiation-Induced Increase of Mobile Sodium in MOS Capacitors

MOS capacitors fabricated from commercially-grown gate and field oxides were examined for sodium ion concentrations before and after radiation using the high-temperature voltage ramp technique. The gate oxides were found to have much lower sodium ion concentrations than the field oxides. Mobile sodium levels at 295°C in both gate and field oxides increased as a result of exposure to 1 MRad (SiO2) Co60 gamma radiation. During prolonged exposure to the high-temperature ramp, a further increase in the amount of mobile sodium was detected. A temperature-bias stress experiment on irradiated and unirradiated type 4007 integrated circuits showed much larger numbers of failures in irradiated devices which had received temperature-bias stress compared with those which received stress only or radiation only.
Preliminary investigation of instructor effects on gender gap in introductory physics

Gender differences in student learning in the introductory, calculus-based electricity and magnetism course were assessed by administering the Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism pre- and postcourse. As expected, male students outgained females in traditionally taught sections as well as sections that incorporated interactive engagement (IE) techniques. In two of the IE course sections, however, the gains of female students were comparable to those of male students. Classroom observations of the course sections involved were made over an extended period. In this paper, we characterize the observed instructor-student interactions using a framework from educational psychology referred to as wise schooling. Results suggest that instructor practices affect differential learning, and that wise schooling techniques may constitute an effective strategy for promoting gender equity in the physics classroom.
Chebyshev and L1 solutions of overdetermined systems of linear equations with bounded variables

Two algorithms are here presented. The first one is for obtaining a Chebyshev solution of an overdetermined system of linear equations subject to bounds on the elements of the solution vector. The second algorithm is for obtaining an L1 solution of an overdetermined system of linear equations subject to the same constraints. Efficient solutions are obtained using linear programming techniques. Numerical results and comments are given.
Exploring HECM counselors’ fraud awareness and training

Purpose – The purpose of this research was to explore the growth of Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM) fraud and the role of housing counselors in its identification and prevention. HECMs are the Federal Housing Administration endorsed version of a reverse mortgage and represent the majority of reverse mortgages on the market. Design/methodology/approach – To investigate HECM counselor’s training, and their ability to detect fraudulent activity, a survey was constructed and distributed nationwide using HUD’s publicly available roster of qualified agencies and counselors. The survey consisted of three main sections agency and respondent information including HECM certification process, typical interactions with clients, and mortgage fraud and HECM fraud. Findings – Responses indicate that HECM counselors have limited awareness of and training in identifying fraudulent activities. Originality/value – The case is made that additional training is needed to raise awareness among counselors so that they might better serve their clients. Given the sizable population that may legitimately need HECMs, it is important to improve awareness and provide training to detect fraudulent schemes and prevent this type of deception from occurring.
Leader Power Motive and Group Conflict as Influences on Leader Behavior and Group Member Self-Affect

Abstract An experiment examined leader need for power and group conflict as influences on leader behavior and on self-affect of group members. Winter′s (1973) Thematic Apperception Test measure was the means used to assess need for power. Leaders high in need for power who were in a situation of group conflict received significantly lower ratings on two leader behaviors than did leaders high in need for power not in a situation of group conflict and lower ratings than did leaders low in need for power in either the conflict or no-conflict condition of the experiment. These leader behaviors were the PF (works cooperatively with others) and F (analytical, task-oriented, problem-solving) interaction categories formulated by Bales and Cohen (1979). Leaders high in need for power produced lower self-affect in group members than did leaders low in the power motive.
Development of a simulator for use in the measurement of chain saw vibration

Abstract The measurement of vibration production of light, hand held power tools is important in the assessment of the potential for elicitation of vibration injury to the operators of these tools. The manner in which these measurements are made can greatly affect the results. The measured vibration production of the tool becomes a function of the operator holding the saw during the measurement and his physical characteristics. The objective of the work reported here was to develop a simulator of the operator which might be used in the vibration production analysis of chain saws. The operator was modelled in terms of the driving point mechanical impedance characteristics of humans for input to the hands. A simulator was developed based on the driving point impedance characterization of the operator and evaluated with chain saw vibration measurements.
Do laws restricting access to firearms by domestic violence offenders prevent intimate partner homicide

Domestic violence imposes a large cost on society. The authors exploit state variation in timing to examine the impact of three types of law on intimate partner homicides. These laws restrict access to firearms by individuals who are subject to a restraining order or have been convicted of a domestic violence misdemeanor or allow law enforcement officers to confiscate firearms at a domestic violence scene. The authors find that female intimate partner homicide rates decline 7% after a state passes a restraining order law. They find no effect from the domestic violence misdemeanor or confiscation laws.
Isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA from insects

A simple and rapid method for the isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA from insects is described. The method does not require CsCl ultracentrifugation or extensive dialysis. High-molecular-weight DNA was obtained within 24 h. Since the entire insect was used for DNA isolation, an initial nuclei-enriched fraction was required. Genomic DNA was extracted from lysed nuclei by organic phase separation (liquid/liquid extraction). This method has been successfully applied to the isolation and purification of DNA from eight different adult insects (Heliothis zea, Musca autumnalis, M. domestica, Blatta orientalis, Tenebrio molitor, Lymantria dispar, Ostrinia nubilalis, and Manduca sexta). The recovered DNA can be cleaved with restriction endonucleases, ligated efficiently using standard cloning vectors, and hybridized to synthetic oligonucleotides.
Yield maps for nanoscale metallic multilayers

Abstract This manuscript presents maps for the macroscopic, in-plane, bi-axial tension to macroscopically yield a nanoscale multilayered thin film consisting of alternating phases that can plastically deform. The design parameters are volume fraction, bi-layer thickness, modulus mismatch, and lattice parameter mismatch.
HOWARD UNIVERSITY'S STUDENT PROTEST MOVEMENT

A questionnaire administered to a random sample of students attending liberal arts classes at Howard University on the first day after settlement of the 1968 strike revealed (1) a pattern of high agreement on academic grievance items, (2) relatively moderate support for the tactics used in the protest, and (3) lesser consensus on the black identity items. The authors review the 1968 findings and assess developments at Howard University a year later. The authors are, respectively, Assistant Professor, Instructor, and Research Associate in the Department of Sociology at Howard University.
A NEW TOOL FOR NUCLEATE BOILING RESEARCH

Abstract A new tool for the study of nucleate boiling heat transfer has been developed. Photographic etching was shown to be effective in the manufacture of copper lest surfaces containing precise arrays of artificial pits, with densities as high as 2742 pits/cm2. The pits were shallow segments of spheres, with depth: diameter ratios on the order of 0.1. Pit diameters were on the order of 0.003 cm. Data showed that the pits significantly affected the characteristic boiling curves and critical fluxes for the surfaces studied while boiling Freon 113 at one atmosphere pressure. Photoetching can be used in the future to produce a wide variety of test surface textures or site arrays. Careful control of such surface conditions may well lead to a better understanding of the nucleate boiling phenomena.
Satellite Rendezvous Terminal Guidance System

The terminal guidance system concept presented here is suitable for a variety of space rendezvous missions, such as the interrogation and possible negation of enemy satellites, maintenance and supply of space stations, and performance of space rescue. A distinguishing feature of this system is the intermittent instrumentation of the interceptor trajectory corrections. The velocity corrections tha t are made to the interceptor vehicle to achieve rendezvous are divided into two orthogonal channels. Each channel commands velocity corrections by intermittent operation of the constant thrust engine associated with tha t channel. The orthogonality of the channels is maintained by the at t i tude control system. The interceptor closing rate is controlled by the longitudinal channel and the lateral velocity of the interceptor by the normal velocity channel. A complete t reatment of the interchannel coupling effects is given, since these effects determine the parameters of the longitudinal channel. The optimization procedures employed in the design concept to achieve rendezvous in the minimum time consistent with a small fuel requirement are also discussed in detail. The logic employed in the terminal guidance system is relatively simple and easily mechanized.
What’s a Stream Without Water? Disproportionality in Headwater Regions Impacting Water Quality

Headwater streams are critical components of the stream network, yet landowner perceptions, attitudes, and property management behaviors surrounding these intermittent and ephemeral streams are not well understood. Our research uses the concept of watershed disproportionality, where coupled social-biophysical conditions bear a disproportionate responsibility for harmful water quality outcomes, to analyze the potential influence of riparian landowner perceptions and attitudes on water quality in headwater regions. We combine social science survey data, aerial imagery, and an analysis of spatial point processes to assess the relationship between riparian landowner perceptions and attitudes in relation to stream flow regularity. Stream flow regularity directly and positively shapes landowners’ water quality concerns, and also positively influences landowners’ attitudes of stream importance—a key determinant of water quality concern as identified in a path analysis. Similarly, riparian landowners who do not notice or perceive a stream on their property are likely located in headwater regions. Our findings indicate that landowners of headwater streams, which are critical areas for watershed-scale water quality, are less likely to manage for water quality than landowners with perennial streams in an obvious, natural channel. We discuss the relationships between streamflow and how landowners develop understandings of their stream, and relate this to the broader water quality implications of headwater stream mismanagement.
Changing the paradigm of software engineering

Software evolution, iterative, and agile development represent a fundamental departure from the previous waterfall-based paradigm of software engineering.
Infectious Complications in Patients With Chronic Bacteriuria Undergoing Major Urologic Surgery

Objectives To review our perioperative antibiotic management of patients with chronic bacteriuria who underwent urological procedures, and the relationship to postoperative infectious complications. Methods Between January 2002 and January 2007, 77 patients with chronic bacteriuria underwent 94 major open procedures, including ileocystoplasty (n = 53), ileal conduit (n = 19), and pubovaginal sling placement (n = 18). Admission urine cultures were classified as "sensitive" (sensitive to admission antibiotics or no growth), "resistant" (resistant to admission antibiotics), and "unknown" (multiple unspeciated organisms present or no admission culture data available). Results Our rate of multidrug resistance bacteriuria was 46.3%. There were 7 febrile urinary tract infections, 12 wound infections, 1 episode of sepsis, and no intra-abdominal abscesses, yielding an infectious complication rate of 20.2%. There was no statistical relationship between urine culture status and the rate of febrile urinary tract infections or sepsis, but wound infections were less common in patients with "sensitive" urine cultures. Of the patients who had urine cultures that demonstrated multiple unspeciated organisms, 32% were complicated by wound infections. On multivariate analysis, gender, age, and body mass index were associated with the development of infectious complications. Conclusions In a medically complex population of patients, those with neurogenic bladder and frequent catheterization undergoing major abdominal surgery, we demonstrate an infectious complication rate of 20.2%. Wound infections were as common in patients whose urine cultures revealed multiple unspeciated organisms as those that were resistant to the perioperative antibiotics, and in this population, further characterization may allow for more appropriate perioperative coverage and a decreased rate of wound infections.
1H, 13C, and 19F NMR studies of phencyclone adducts of N-(polyhalophenyl)maleimides: evidence for dynamic NMR in maleamic acidsAb initio calculations for optimized structures

Abstract NMR methods, including one- and two-dimensional techniques (at 7.05 T) for 1H, 13C and 19F, have been applied to studies of hindered rotations and magnetic anisotropy in some crowded Diels–Alder adducts of phencyclone (1). Symmetrically substituted N-aryl maleimides (2) bearing numerous halogens on the N-aryl ring, were employed as dienophiles to form the target adducts (3). The maleimides included: N-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl)maleimide (2a); N-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)maleimide (2b); N-(4-bromo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)maleimide (2c); N-(2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenyl)maleimide (2d); and N-(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)maleimide (2e). Maleimides (2a–2c) were prepared from the precursor N-aryl maleamic acids (5a–5c). Ambient temperature fluorine-19 NMR of these maleamic acids in d6-acetone showed substantial unusual peak broadening consistent with intermediate exchange rate processes, which may correspond to the N-aryl rotation process. Maleimides (2d) and (2e) were produced in one step from pentachloroaniline or 2,4,6-tribromoaniline, respectively, and maleic anhydride with anhydrous ZnCl2 at ca. 200 °C. For the adducts (3), we observed slow exchange limit spectra on the 1H, 13C, [and 19F, for (3a–3c)] NMR timescales for the rotation of the unsubstituted bridgehead phenyls about the C(sp3) C(sp2) bonds, and for the rotations of the N-aryl rings about the N(sp2) C(aryl sp2) bonds. Ab initio calculations for geometry optimizations at the Hartree–Fock level with 6-31G* (or LACVP*) basis sets were performed for the adducts. We believe that this is the first report of detailed 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR data for a substantial collection of N-aryl maleamic acids, maleimides and their phencyclone adducts bearing multiple fluorines or other halogens directly on the N-aryl ring, together with complementary quantitative geometric parameters from high-level HF/6-31G* (or LACVP*) calculations.
Right ventricular free wall ischemia: correlation of ischemic duration with extent of infarction in dogs.

Abstract The time dependence of myocardial necrosis has not been established for the right ventricle. In 16 dogs, we studied the temporal extension of ischemia-induced right ventricular free wall infarction for one hour (n = 8) and two hours (n = 8) followed by two hours of reperfusion, and quantitated segmental shortening, area at risk from ischemia, and area of necrosis. Stroke volume decreased 7.3 ± 0.5 mL/beat (± standard error of the mean) in one hour ( p p p
Survival and recovery of Phytophthora capsici and oomycetes in tailwater and soil from vegetable fields in Florida

Summary A current trend in Florida agriculture to conserve water is to irrigate with surface runoff water (tailwater) recovered in retention ponds and canals. Water filtration and lemon leaf baiting recovered Phytophthora capsici and other plant pathogenic Oomycetes in runoff water from ponds and canals. A total of 196 isolates of Phytophthora spp. and 471 isolates of Pythium spp. were recovered. Phytophthora spp. included P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, P. lateralis, P. nicotianae, P. citricola, P. cryptogea and P. erythroseptica. Species of Pythium were P. aphanidermatum, P. catenulatum, P. helicoides, P. irregulare, P. myriotylum, and Pythium‘group F’. Isolates of P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, P. myriotylum, and Pythium‘group F’ were pathogenic on pepper and tomato. Recovery of P. capsici propagules was related to soil moisture-holding capacity and time interval but not temperature. Recovery of P. capsici propagules at 100% soil moisture-holding capacity and 30° C was 57 days. In tailwater, recovery of propagules of P. capsici was 63 days at 24°C to 25°C. The potential exists to reintroduce and disseminate species of Phytophthora and Pythium when using tailwater for irrigation or other practices.