cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can There Be Religion Without Gender

Is religion always formed along gendered lines? Or can we find—or at least imagine—religion in which gender plays little or no role? And if religion is inevitably gendered, what does this tell us about the nature of religion? This article explores these questions, drawing on both cross-cultural examples and the author’s own research experience. In so doing, it critiques both Western concepts and anthropological approaches to religion in order to move beyond stereotypes regarding women’s religious roles in both Western and non-Western societies. It concludes by suggesting ways that new forms of spirituality and religious experience can both take account of and transcend gender.
Head movement and ellipsis in the expression of Russian polarity focus

This paper argues, based on the interaction of head movement and ellipsis possibilities in Russian, that certain types of head movement must take place in the narrow syntax. It does so by examining a variety of Russian constructions which are unified in several ways: they express some type of polarity focus; they involve head movement of the verbal complex to a high position (Pol), resulting in discourse-marked vso orders; and some of them involve ellipsis (of either vP or TP). Investigation of the interaction of the head movement and ellipsis possibilities of the language yields three of four logically possible patterns. I argue that the unattested pattern should be explained using reasoning that invokes MaxElide (Merchant 2008)—a principle normally used to explain why the larger of two possible ellipsis domains must be chosen if Ā-movement has occurred out of the ellipsis site. Extending this logic to the interaction of head movement and ellipsis requires that we take head movement to be a syntactic phenomenon.
Identification of both bipolaron and electron-hole pair contributions to organic magnetoresistance in a regioregular polythiophene device

Abstract We study organic diodes of regioregular polythiophene (RR-P3HT) fabricated with various anode and cathode materials to determine the importance of bipolarons and electron-hole pairs for magnetoconductance (MC). RR-P3HT is selected because it can display both negative or positive MC depending on the electrodes used to fabricate the devices. Near-unipolar, electron-only, devices show negative MC at all voltages. We attribute this to the bipolaron mechanism. Both a negative (low voltage) and positive (high voltage) MC are measured in bipolar devices. The positive and negative MC are attributed to the electron-hole pair mechanism and the bipolaron mechanism, respectively. This conclusion is supported by an analysis of the electroluminescence efficiency versus voltage and the magnetic field effect on the electroluminescence quantum efficiency.
Magnesium homeostasis protects Salmonella against nitrooxidative stress

The PhoPQ two-component regulatory system coordinates the response of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to diverse environmental challenges encountered during infection of hosts, including changes in Mg2+ concentrations, pH, and antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, PhoPQ-dependent regulation of gene expression promotes intracellular survival of Salmonella in macrophages, and contributes to the resistance of this pathogen to reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated from the nitric oxide produced by the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase of macrophages. We report here that Salmonella strains with mutations of phoPQ are hypersensitive to killing by RNS generated in vitro. The increased susceptibility of ∆phoQ Salmonella to RNS requires molecular O2 and coincides with the nitrotyrosine formation, the oxidation of [4Fe-4S] clusters of dehydratases, and DNA damage. Mutations of respiratory NADH dehydrogenases prevent nitrotyrosine formation and abrogate the cytotoxicity of RNS against ∆phoQ Salmonella, presumably by limiting the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) arising from the diffusion-limited reaction of exogenous NO and endogenous superoxide (O2•-) produced in the electron transport chain. The mechanism underlying PhoPQ-mediated resistance to RNS is linked to the coordination of Mg2+ homeostasis through the PhoPQ-regulated MgtA transporter. Collectively, our investigations are consistent with a model in which PhoPQ-dependent Mg2+ homeostasis protects Salmonella against nitrooxidative stress.
Using continuum robots for force-controlled semi autonomous organ exploration and registration

To perform semi-automated surgical tasks or to assign virtual fixtures for telemanipulated surgical procedures, accurate correspondence between preoperative and intraopera­tive organ geometry is required. To overcome organ deformation and shift relative to pre-operative images, this paper proposes using force-controlled exploration to update organ geometry using a deformable registration of a pre-operative model to the surgical scene. Since continuum robots can offer deep access into the anatomy, we explore the unique challenges associated with their use to achieve force-controlled exploration. A mixed feedback control law is proposed whereby joint-level and end-effector position measurements are used to satisfy a reference motion trajectory. A hybrid force/position controller is presented using sensory input from magnetic tracking and force sensing. Validation of the proposed control algorithms is achieved on the IREP (a single port access surgical system). Experimental results show that, despite deformation of an organ, the surgical plan can be deformably registered using force-controlled exploration data via an implementation of coherent point drift registration. Future work includes integrating intrinsic force sensing, updating virtual fixture laws in the presence of organ deformations or swelling, and semi-automation of surgical tasks.
School connectedness for students in low-income urban high schools.

Background/ContextIn this article, we explore school connectedness for students in a high-poverty urban school. Current approaches to measuring connection conflate behavior and attitudinal measures...
First Order Bounded Arithmetic and Small Boolean Circuit Complexity Classes

A well known result of proof theory is the characterization of primitive recursive functions ƒ as those provably recursive in the first order theory of Peano arithmetic with the induction axiom restricted to Σ1 formulas. In this paper, we study a variety of weak theories of first order arithmetic, whose provably total functions (with graphs of a certain form) are exactly those computable within some resource bound on a particular computation model (boolean circuits, with possible parity or MOD 6 gates, or threshold circuits, or alternating Turing machines, or ordinary Turing machines). To establish these kinds of results for small complexity classes, we provide a recursion-theoretic characterization of the complexity class, prove how one can encode sequences in very weak theories, and use the witnessing technique of [7].
Initial Stage Nucleation and Growth of Epitaxial SrRuO 3 Thin Films on (0 0 1) SrTiO 3 Substrates

We have investigated the initial stage nucleation and growth of epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films grown on both polished (as received) and buffered HF (BHF) etched single crystal (0 0 1) SrTiO3 substrates by 90° off-axis sputtering. Atomic force microscopy indicates a dramatic difference in the initial stage growth of SrRuO3 films on the two substrates. The films on polished substrates nucleate as rectangular islands, which merge together to form a continuous film as the thickness increases. Complete coverage is obtained at film thickness of ∼20 nm. In contrast, the film on BHF etched substrate nucleates as finger-shaped islands at the step sites and continues to grow by adatom diffusion to the step sites. Complete coverage is obtained at a film thickness of ∼10 nm. This difference in the initial stage nucleation is attributed to the difference in surface morphology and termination layer of the two substrates. However, the thicker films on both as received and BHF etched substrates have identical surface morphologies. Such studies on the initial stage nucleation will also help us understanding the growth kinetics and development of surface morphology and interfaces in multilayered perovskite thin film heterostructures and devices.
Overtransfusion of Autologous Blood Identifies Opportunities for Improving Patient Blood Management.

Background Preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) has been declining in use nationally. A subset of patients scheduled for elective surgery, however, continue to be offered and choose this option. Our study aimed to understand the current impact of PABD before scheduled surgical procedures. Study design and methods A retrospective review was conducted in a single large academic center. Medical records associated with autologous units received in the transfusion service over a two-year period (1/1/2016-12/31/2017) were reviewed. Demographics, units donated, units transfused, wastage, pre-donation hemoglobin (Hb), pre-operative Hb, estimated blood loss (EBL), and clinical specialty were collected. Results During the study period, 118 patients underwent PABD, donating a total of 141 autologous red blood cell units. Patients who donated autologous units and were subsequently transfused had lower pre-donation Hb compared to patients who were not transfused (13.3 ± 1.4 g/dL vs. 14.3 ± 1.5 g/dL, p=0.004). Pre-operative Hb was lower than pre-donation Hb among both groups (12.1 ± 1.2 g/dL for patients receiving transfusion; 12.9 ± 1.5 g/dL, p=0.011 for patients who were not transfused). The majority of PABD patients (71%) had an estimated blood loss of less than 500 mL. Wastage rate of autologous units was 67%. PABD was disproportionately associated with a minority of surgeons and clinical services. Conclusion Within our institution, PABD is heavily used amongst a small subset of physicians across multiple surgical specialties and is associated with lower pre-operative Hb, tendency towards overtransfusion, and high rates of wastage of donated units. Our findings reinforce reports of inefficiencies in patient blood management and increased risks to patient health associated with PABD.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS-CORRELATION AND MICROBIAL ANALYSIS

This report gives the correlation and microbial analyses of groundwater, in a rural community, in the South-South of Nigeria for wet and dry season monitoring. Sampling of borehole (BH) and hand-dug well (HDW) water samples was done for eight (8) consecutive months, beginning from May 01 2016 to January 31, 2017; to cover for wet and dry seasons. In line with standard methods of APHA (2012), over thirty (30) water quality properties were measured and correlated. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the prominent mineral groups responsible for total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) in the groundwater are Mg-Ca (0.98), Ca-Fe (-0.98), Na-K (0.97) and Na-Mg (0.96) groups and hence, control the chemical properties of the study area groundwater. The correlation analysis also showed that while Cl - and SO4 2- did not exhibit strong preferential affinity for any of the cations, NO3 - was perfectly correlated with Mg (-0.91) and Cd (0.98), and very strongly with Ca (-0.85) and Ba (0.84). The microbial analysis result revealed that BHs were cleaner sources of potable water in the community, compared with hand-dug wells. Keywords: Groundwater, monitoring, quality parameters, microbial and correlation
Deterministic Versus Stochastic Consensus Dynamics on Graphs

We study two agent based models of opinion formation—one stochastic in nature and one deterministic. Both models are defined in terms of an underlying graph; we study how the structure of the graph affects the long time behavior of the models in all possible cases of graph topology. We are especially interested in the emergence of a consensus among the agents and provide a condition on the graph that is necessary and sufficient for convergence to a consensus in both models. This investigation reveals several contrasts between the models—notably the convergence rates—which are explored through analytical arguments and several numerical experiments.
A review of the species, community, and ecosystem impacts of road salt salinisation in fresh waters

Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are threatened by salinisation caused by human activities. Scientific attention on the ecological impacts of salinisation from road deicing salts is increasing exponentially. Spanning multiple trophic levels and ecosystem types, we review and synthesise the ecological impacts of road salt in freshwater ecosystems to understand species‐, community‐, and ecosystem‐level responses. In our review, we identify knowledge gaps that we hope will motivate future research directions. We found that road salts negatively affect species at all trophic levels, from biofilms to fish. The concentration at which road salt triggered an effect varied considerably. Species‐level impacts were generally sub‐lethal, leading to reductions in growth and reproduction, which can be magnified by natural stressors such as predation. Community‐level impacts including reductions of biodiversity were common, leading to communities of salt‐tolerant species, which may have implications for disease transmission from enhanced recruitment of salt‐tolerant host species such as mosquitoes. At the ecosystem level, road salts alter nutrient and energy flow. Contaminated wetlands could see greater export of greenhouse gases, streams will probably export more nitrogen and carbon, and lakes will encounter altered hydrology and oxygen dynamics, leading to greater phosphorus release from sediments. While it is necessary to keep roads safe for humans, the costs to freshwater ecosystems may be severe if actions are not taken to mitigate road salt salinisation. Cooperation among policy makers, environmental managers, transportation professionals, scientists, and the public will be crucial to prevent a loss of ecosystem services including water clarity, drinkable water, recreation venues, and fisheries.
Comparison of a 2D iPad application and 3D body scanner to air displacement plethysmography for measurement of body fat percentage.

BACKGROUND Novel and innovative imaging methods that rapidly estimate body fat percentage (%BF) are publicly available, yet little is known about their accuracy. The present study evaluated the test-retest reliability of a two-dimensional iPad (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) application (2D APP) and a three-dimensional body scanner (3D SCAN) for estimating %BF and compared both imaging methods with air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod; Cosmed USA, Inc., Concord, CA, USA). METHODS Seventy-nine adults (37 female, 42 male) varying widely in age [mean (SD), range] [32.9 (12.4), 18-65 years] and body mass index [25.0 (4.9), 18.2-41.8 kg m-2 ] were measured with the Bod Pod and twice with the 3D SCAN and the 2D APP in a repeated-measures design. RESULTS Test-retest reliability was excellent for both the 2D APP (intraclass correlation = 0.993) and the 3D SCAN (intraclass correlation = 0.993) with the SEM <1% BF for both methods. Although the three methods were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.857-0.923), the mean %BF estimations were significantly different (P = 0.001). The 2D APP [19.9 (8.2)%BF] underestimated the Bod Pod value [21.9 (9.4)%BF] and the 3D SCAN [24.0 (6.8)%BF] overestimated. Additionally, the SE of estimate and total error exceeded 4% BF for both 2D APP and 3D SCAN, and both methods tended to overestimate lean participants and underestimate fat participants. CONCLUSIONS Although highly reliable, neither the 2D APP, nor the 3D SCAN provided valid estimates of %BFBod Pod .
Evaluation of skin dose calculation factors in interventional fluoroscopy.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure fluoroscopic dose calculation factors for modern fluoroscopy-guided interventional (FGI) systems, and to fit to analytical functions for peak skin dose (PSD) calculation. Methods Table transmission factor (TTF), backscatter factor (BSF), and a newly termed kerma correction factor (KCF) were measured for two interventional fluoroscopy systems. For each setup, air kerma rates were measured using a small ionization chamber in fluoroscopic service mode while selecting kVp, copper (Cu) filter thickness, incident angle, and x-ray field size at the assumed patient skin locations. Angle dependency on KCF was measured on the GE system at isocenter for angles of 0, 15, 30, and 40 degrees, using a range of kVp, Cu filters, and one field size. An analytical equation was created to fit the data to facilitate PSD calculation. Results For the GE system, oblique incidence measurements show KCF decreased by about 2%, 8%, and 13% for incident angles of 15, 30, and 40°, respectively, relative to KCF at 0 degree. The GE and Siemens systems' KCFs ranged from 0.89 to 1.45, and 0.64 to 1.44, respectively. The KCFs increased with a power of field size, and generally increased with kVp and Cu filter. The average percentage difference between TTF × BSF × f and KCF was 16% at normal incidence. The KCF data were successfully fitted to function of angle, field size, kVp, and Cu filter thickness using seven parameters, with an average R-squared value of 0.98 and maximum percentage difference of 6.0%. Conclusions This study evaluated scatter factors for two fluoroscopy systems, and dependencies on angle, kVp, Cu filter, and field size, with emphasis on under table beam orientations. Analytical fitting of the data with exposure parameters may facilitate PSD calculations, and more accurately determine the potential for radiation-induced skin injury.
A Modern C++ Parallel Task Programming Library

In this paper we present Cpp-Taskflow, a C++ parallel programming library that enables users to quickly develop parallel applications using the task dependency graph model. Developers formulate their application as a task dependency graph and Cpp-Taskflow will manage the task execution and concurrency control.The task graph model is expressive and composable. It can express both regular and irregular parallel patterns, and developers can quickly compose large programs from small parallel modules. Cpp-Taskflow has an intuitive and unified API set. Users only need to learn the APIs to build and dispatch a task graph and no complex parallel programming concept is required. We have conducted experiments using both micro-benchmarks and real-world applications and Cpp-Taskflow outperforms state-of-the-art parallel programming libraries in both runtime and coding effort. Cpp-Taskflow is open-source and has been used in both industry and academic projects. From our users' feedback, we believe Cpp-Taskflow can benefit the industry and research community greatly through its ease-of-programming and inspire new research directions in multimedia system/software design.
An Initial Implementation of a Direct Digital Synthesizer Module for Radar Applications

This paper presents an implementation of a DDSbased waveform synthesizer design using a wave table. The wave table contains 1024 8-bit points of a single period segment of a waveform. Using a constant access rate to read from the table, the frequency and shape of the waveform can be altered by either reading some points multiple times or skipping over some points. The waveform synthesizer was designed with Verilog HDL and implemented through the Altera DE1-SoC board. The program was designed to produce sawtooth, sine, square, and triangle waves in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz. Future iterations of this design will implement frequency modulation for use in radar applications in the Remote Sensing Center at the University of Alabama.
Estimating the Impact of COVID-19 on the Individual Lifespan: A Conceptual Detour and an Empirical Shortcut

The impact of COVID-19 on the individual lifespan can be measured by the difference in period life expectancy at birth (PLEB), an intuitive indicator of mortality conditions during a reference period. When mortality conditions are changing rapidly, however, that intuitive interpretation of the PLEB for short reference periods and of its change conflict with the assumptions under which the PLEB is derived. To avoid assumptions about future mortality, I propose measuring instead the Mean Unfulfilled Lifespan (MUL), defined as the average difference between the actual and otherwise expected ages at death in a recent death cohort. For fine-grained tracking of the pandemic, I also provide an empirical shortcut to MUL estimation for small areas or short periods. I estimate quarterly MUL values for the first half of 2020 in 142 national populations and 91 sub-national populations in Italy, Spain and the US. Across countries, the highest quarterly values were reached in the second quarter in Peru (3.90 years) and in Ecuador (4.59 years). Higher quarterly values still were found in New York and New Jersey, where individuals died respectively 5.41 and 5.56 years younger on average than their expected age at death. Using a seven-day rolling window, I estimate the MUL peaked at 7.32 years in Lombardy, 8.96 years in Madrid, and 8.93 years in New York, but reached 12.86 years for the entire month of April in Guayas (Ecuador). These results illustrate how the MUL provides an intuitive metric to track the pandemic without requiring assumptions about future mortality.
Informing Programmatic-Level Conversations on Mathematics Preservice Teachers' Problem-Solving Performance and Experiences.

Problem solving is an important aspect of the mathematics classroom and teachers should work to promote problem solving in their classrooms. The purpose of this explanatory mixed-methods study was to examine mathematics preservice teachers (PSTs) problem-solving performance and connect it with their K-16 problem-solving experiences. This was done under the guise of mathematics teacher education program evaluation and fostering conversations across faculties. PSTs from one mathematics teacher education program completed one problem solving measure. PSTs were also representatively sampled to participate in a structured interview investigating their problem-solving experiences. Based upon results from this study, we drew the conclusion that PSTs need more K-16 problem-solving experiences to prepare them for their future classrooms.
Surgeon decision-making for management of positive sentinel lymph nodes in the post-Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial II era: A survey study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Completion lymph node dissection (CLND) did not improve melanoma-specific survival for patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive melanoma in the second Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-II). We assessed surgeons' awareness of MSLT-II and its impact on CLND recommendations. METHODS An anonymous online cross-sectional survey of the Society of Surgical Oncology membership evaluated surgeon thresholds in offering CLND using patient scenarios and clinicopathologic characteristics ranking. RESULTS Of the 2881 e-mails delivered, 146 surgeons (5.1%) completed all seven scenarios. Most (129 of 131, 98%) were aware of MSLT-II and 125 (95%) found it practice-changing. Specifically, 52% (65 of 125) always, 40% usually, 6% rarely, and 3% never offered CLND before MSLT-II. Meanwhile, 4% always, 9% usually, 78% rarely, and 8% never offer CLND now, after MSLT-II (p < .0001). The most important clinicopathologic factors in determining CLND recommendations were extracapsular extension, number of positive SLN, and SLN tumor deposit size, while primary tumor mitotic index and nodal basin location were the least important. Surgical oncology fellowship training, melanoma patient volume, and academic center practice also influenced CLND recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Most surgeon respondents are aware of MSLT-II, but its application in practice varies according to several clinicopathologic and surgeon factors.
Development and Applications of the Four Points Probe (4PP) Electrical Resistivity Measurements for Anode Process Optimization

Electrical resistivity (ER) measurements for anodes have been around for more than 50 years. These measurements, as well as any other voltage drop measurement methods on green or baked anodes, can be used for quality control (QC). However, correlations between these QC criteria, especially on green anodes, and their behavior in the pots have not been established. It is difficult to determine absolute pass/reject thresholds, and hence the benefits are hard to quantify. However, it is possible to use those methods for process control and monitoring. A non-destructive (NDT) measurement method of ER based on the 4PP technique was developed by Alcoa for that purpose. It can be used on both green and baked anodes. The development and the capabilities of the equipment for pitch optimization of the green anode is described. Observations on QC for green and baked anodes are also discussed based on the results obtained during the development and trial experiments.
Speech and noise levels measured in occupied K-12 classrooms.

This project acquired sound levels logged across six school days and impulse responses in 220 classrooms across four K–12 grades. Seventy-four percent met reverberation time recommendations. Sound levels were processed to estimate occupied signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), using Gaussian mixture modeling and from daily equivalent and statistical levels. A third method, k-means clustering, estimated SNR more precisely, separating data on nine dimensions into one group with high levels across speech frequencies and one without. The SNRs calculated as the daily difference between the average levels for the speech and non-speech clusters are found to be lower than 15 dB in 27.3% of the classrooms and differ from using the other two methods. The k-means data additionally indicate that speech occurred 30.5%–81.2% of the day, with statistically larger percentages found in grade 3 compared to higher grades. Speech levels exceeded 65 dBA 35% of the day, and non-speech levels exceeded 50 dBA 32% of the day, on average, with grades 3 and 8 experiencing speech levels exceeding 65 dBA statistically more often than the other two grades. Finally, classroom speech and non-speech levels were significantly correlated, with a 0.29 dBA increase in speech levels for every 1 dBA in non-speech levels.
Factors That May Influence Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) Scores: An Examination of the Spanish and English SCQ in School-Aged Students

This study examined child and family factors that may influence the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) in English- and Spanish-speaking samples. A total of 199 English- or Spanish-speaking mo...
An Effortful Approach to Social Affiliation in Schizophrenia: Preliminary Evidence of Increased Theta and Alpha Connectivity during a Live Social Interaction

People with schizophrenia often experience a profound lack of motivation for social affiliation—a facet of negative symptoms that detrimentally impairs functioning. However, the mechanisms underlying social affiliative deficits remain poorly understood, particularly under realistic social contexts. Here, we investigated subjective reports and electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity in schizophrenia during a live social interaction. Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 29) completed a face-to-face interaction with a confederate while having EEG recorded. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Closeness condition designed to elicit feelings of closeness through self-disclosure or a Small-Talk condition with minimal disclosure. Compared to controls, patients reported lower positive emotional experiences and feelings of closeness across conditions, but they showed comparably greater subjective affiliative responses for the Closeness (vs. Small-Talk) condition. Additionally, patients in the Closeness (vs. Small-Talk) condition displayed a global increase in connectivity in theta and alpha frequency bands that was not observed for controls. Importantly, greater theta and alpha connectivity was associated with greater subjective affiliative responding, greater negative symptoms, and lower disorganized symptoms in patients. Collectively, findings indicate that patients, because of pronounced negative symptoms, utilized a less efficient, top-down mediated strategy to process social affiliation.
IL-1β Promotes Expansion of IL-33+ Lung Epithelial Stem Cells Following RSV Infection During Infancy.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced immunopathogenesis and disease severity in neonatal mice and human infants have been related to elevated pulmonary IL-33. Thus, targeting IL-33 has been suggested as a potential therapy for respiratory viral infections. Yet, the regulatory mechanisms on IL-33 during early life remain unclear. Here, using a neonatal mouse model of RSV, we demonstrate that IL-1β positively regulates but is not required for RSV-induced expression of pulmonary IL-33 in neonatal mice early after the initial infection. Exogenous IL-1β upregulates RSV-induced IL-33 expression by promoting the proliferation of IL-33pos lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells (EpiSPC). These cells are exclusively detected in RSV-infected neonatal rather than adult mice, partially explaining the IL-1β-independent IL-33 expression in RSV-infected adult mice. Furthermore, IL-1β aggravates IL-33 mediated Th2 biased immunopathogenesis upon reinfection. Collectively, our study demonstrates that IL-1β exacerbates IL-33 mediated RSV immunopathogenesis by promoting the proliferation of IL-33pos EpiSPC in early life.
The Sonographic Pattern of Infantile Polycystic Kidney

Infantile polycystic kidney is accepted as a distinct entity separate from adult polycystic kidney. Although it is likely on a genetic basis that there are four separate types of infantile polycystic kidney, they all have a similar pathological appearance. Children born with this disease have bilateral flank masses which occupy most of their abdomen and which represent the grossly enlarged kidneys. In the commonest type prognosis is poor and patients with infantile polycystic disease generally die within the first days of life. In the less common varieties onset is later in life and survival may be quite lengthy. There is a strong association with hepatic fibrosis. A distinctive intravenous pyelogram pattern is seen. In the papilla at the apex of each calyx, one sees contrast within the hugely dilated tubules. The pathological appearance of the condition correlates well with the intravenous pyelogram. No large cysts are present and the condition selectively involves the collecting tubules where sacular and diverticular enlargement of the proximal braches occurs. Dilated collecting tubules are so large that they are visible to the naked eye when the kidney is transected at autopsy. The medullary area of the kidney is greatly expanded.
A (0,1)-matrix existence theorem and equivalent tiling problems with dimers and monomers

Abstract Let R = ( r 1 , r 2 , … , r m ) and S = ( s 1 , s 2 , … , s n ) be nonnegative integral vectors. The class A 1 ( R , S ) of ( 0 , 1 ) -matrices with row sum vector R , column sum vector S , and no two consecutive 1's in any column is introduced. Matrices in this class correspond to certain tilings of rectangles by vertical dimers and monomers and arise in the inverse eigenvalue problem for graphs. The main theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the class A 1 ( R , S ) to be nonempty. The conditions can be expressed as a system of majorizations in the spirit of the Gale–Ryser theorem. The class A 1 ( R , S ) is associated with a type of interchange graph, which is proved to be connected. Also, in the case when A 1 ( R , S ) contains a single matrix, the structure of this matrix is identified.
Friend Bank: The Time for Hope (TN)

In 2010, Friend Bank was entering the fifth year of Hope Harris Johnson's ambitious 20-year growth plan to transform her family's one branch community bank into an institution with a substantial presence in southeastern Alabama. Harris Johnson was pleased, so far, with the results. Strategically they had exceeded expectations in opening a second office and execution of the plan was going well. And while the financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 had affected the financial results, it also presented Friend with competitive opportunities. Nonetheless, realizing her ultimate goals for Friend would not come easily. Learning Objective: Evaluate the strategic, operational and cultural challenges that result from an ambitious long term growth plan.
Santa Rosalia revisited: Why are there so many species of bacteria?

The diversity of bacteria in the world is very poorly known. Usually less than one percent of the bacteria from natural communities can be grown in the laboratory. This has caused us to underestimate bacterial diversity and biased our view of bacterial communities. The tools are now available to estimate the number of bacterial species in a community and to estimate the difference between communities. Using what data are available, I have estimated that thirty grams of forest soil contains over half a million species. The species difference between related communities suggests that the number of species of bacteria may be more than a thousand million. I suppose that the explanation for such a large number of bacterial species is simply that speciation in bacteria is easy and extinction difficult, giving a rate of speciation higher than the rate of extinction, leading to an ever increasing number of species over time. The idea that speciation is easy is justified from the results of recent experimental work in bacterial evolution.
Vela Satellite Measurements of Particles in the Solar Wind and the Distant Geomagnetosphere

The satellite orbit chosen for the Vela Satellite Program was such as to avoid the primary regions of particle radiation trapped in the earth’s magnetic field. The orbit was chosen to be circular at about 17 earth radii distance from the center of the earth in order to be outside the regions of durable trapping of particles. During each orbit the satellites traverse a region of interplanetary space on the sunward side of the earth beyond the influence of the earth’s magnetic field. Then they pass into the transition region, through the magnetospheric boundary, across the tail of the magnetosphere, and back out through the transition region into interplanetary space again. It appears likely that particles in these regions of space constitute sources or sinks of particles for the trapped radiation zones, and are therefore valid subject matter for the present discussions of the trapped radiations.
SLIP: a software environment for system level interactive partitioning

SLIP (system-level interactive partitioning), a framework for algorithms that partition and implement complex VLSI-based systems as a hierarchy of electronic packages, is described. SLIP provides a policy for representing hierarchical systems on the OCT data model as well as an attribute mechanism which is used to annotate the representation and to build models of the system. Modifications to the hierarchy are made with routines which maintain the consistency of both the data representation and the attributes. >
Constructing Δ30 using topologically restrictive countable disjoint unions.

In a zero-dimensional Polish space, the Borel sets are generated from the clopen sets by repeatedly applying the operations of countable disjoint union and complementation. Here we look at topologically restrictive versions of the general countable disjoint union of sets, and obtain ``construction principles'' for $\mathbf{\Delta} \begin{smallmatrix} 0 \\ 3 \end{smallmatrix}$, i.e., sets which are both $\mathcal{F}_{\sigma\delta}$ and $\mathcal{G}_{\delta\sigma}$.
Effect of ethacrynic acid on aqueous outflow dynamics in monkeys.

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term effect of ethacrynic acid (ECA) on aqueous outflow dynamics in ocular normotensive monkeys. METHODS: (1) Twelve cynomolgus monkeys received 10 microliters of 2.5 mM (= 7.5 micrograms) ECA intracamerally in one eye, vehicle in the other; outflow facility (perfusion) was determined at 1 hour, 24 hours, or 1 week, and intraocular pressure (IOP; applanation) at 24 hours, 1 week, and 6 to 7 weeks later. Six other cynomolgi received 10 microliters of 0.13 or 1.3 mM phalloidin in one eye 45 minutes before receiving ECA OU; facility was measured 1 hour after ECA. (2) Groups of five rhesus monkeys underwent intracameral injection of 2.5, 5.0, or 10 micrograms ECA in one eye, vehicle in the other, with IOP measured hours to weeks thereafter. (3) Five rhesus monkeys received 540 micrograms of ECA unilaterally as a 30-microliter topical drop once daily for 4 days. On the first and fourth treatment days, baseline IOP, pupil diameter, and refraction were measured immediately before and again at 2, 4, and 7 hours after topical treatment. RESULTS: (1) ECA divided by vehicle facility averaged 1.83 +/- 0.23 (SEM) (P < 0.02, n = 6), 1.50 +/- 0.27 (P < 0.11, n = 7), and 1.05 +/- 0.10 (n = 7) at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 1 week, respectively. IOP was 1 to 2 mm Hg lower in ECA eyes 24 hours (P < 0.05, n = 5) and 6 to 7 weeks (P < 0.05, n = 7) after treatment. Phalloidin did not diminish the 1-hour ECA facility effect. (2) Five (but not 2.5 or 10) micrograms of ECA lowered IOP 1 to 3 mm Hg, starting at 2 hours and lasting up to 48 hours. The maximum ECA effect (-2.6 +/- 0.25 mm Hg; P < 0.001, n = 5) occurred at 4 hours. IOP, corneal thickness and endothelial cell count, and anterior chamber depth were not significantly different 8 weeks after 5 micrograms ECA or vehicle. (3) Once-daily unilateral topical application of 540 micrograms of ECA induced no change in IOP, refraction, or pupil diameter compared to contralateral vehicle-treated control eyes. There were no significant ECA-related ocular bio-microscopic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: ECA may lower IOP and increase outflow facility longer than previously thought, but not by affecting meshwork actin filaments.
Secure outsourcing of DNA searching via finite automata

This work treats the problem of error-resilient DNA searching via oblivious evaluation of finite automata, where a client has a DNA sequence, and a service provider has a pattern that corresponds to a genetic test. Error-resilient searching is achieved by representing the pattern as a finite automaton and evaluating it on the DNA sequence, where privacy of both the pattern and the DNA sequence must be preserved. Interactive solutions to this problem already exist, but can be a burden on the participants. Thus, we propose techniques for secure outsourcing of finite automata evaluation to computational servers, which do not learn any information. Our techniques are applicable to any type of finite automata, but the optimizations are tailored to DNA searching.
Effect of inhaled dust mite allergen on regional particle deposition and mucociliary clearance in allergic asthmatics

Background Acute exacerbations in allergic asthmatics may lead to impaired ability to clear mucus from the airways, a key factor in asthma morbidity.
Large-port-count MEMS silicon photonics switches

Highly integrated optical circuit switch (OCS) with large port counts (∼100×100) is achievable by combining silicon photonics and MEMS technologies. We will review the design trade-offs, performance scaling, and the current state of the art.
Factors Affecting Germination and the Mode of Germination of Zygospores of Choanephora cucurbitarum

Treatment of zygospores of Choanephora cucurbitarum with KMnO 4 , NaClO or H 2 O 2 effectively activated the spores and induced their germination. The optimum concentration of KMnO 4 for activation of zygospores was 0.25 to 0.5%. Zygospores were not able to germinate in darkness even after activation by KMnO 4 . When zygospores from 40 to 50-day-old cultures were treated with 0.5% KMnO 4 solution for 60 min before incubation on water agar at 24% under light, about 50% germinated in 10 days. KMnO 4 treatment killed more than 99% of residual mycelial fragments, sporangiospores and sporangiola in the zygospore suspension. During germination disappearance of oil droplets in zygospores occurred prior to the cracking on zygospore wall. Both sporangial germination and mycelial germination were found. Moreover, sporangiole germination was observed for the first time.
Diarrhoea Morbidity and Mortality in Older Children, Adolescents, and Adults

Diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality yet diarrhoea specific incidence and mortality rates for older children, adolescents, and adults have not been systematically calculated for many countries. We conducted a systematic literature review to generate regional incidence rates by age and to summarize diarrhoea specific mortality rates for regions of the world with inadequate vital registration data. Diarrhoea morbidity rates range from 29.9 episodes/100 person-years for adults in the South East Asian region to 88.4 episodes/100 person-years in older children in the Eastern Mediterranean region and have remained unchanged in the last 30 years. Diarrhoea mortality rates decline as the child ages and remain relatively constant during adulthood. These data are critical for improving estimates worldwide and further highlight the need for improved diarrhoea specific morbidity and mortality data in these age groups.
Peripheral thermal injury causes early blood-brain barrier dysfunction and matrix metalloproteinase expression in rat.

Abstract High mortality incidence after serious systemic thermal injury is believed to be linked to significant increases in cerebral permeability, ultimately leading to irreversible blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether disruption of microvascular integrity in a rat thermal injury model is associated with early matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression.A total of 35 Sprague–Dawley rats were studied in thermal injury and control groups, each group containing two subgroups, one for brain edema and Evans blue analysis and another for MMP mRNA analysis. Thermally injured animals were anesthetized and submerged vertically in 85°C water to the neck for 6 seconds producing a third degree burn affecting 70% of the total body surface area. BBB integrity was determined by measuring amount of Evans blue after 7 hours of injury with a spectrophotometer. Brain edema was detected by calculating water content. Brain mRNA levels were determined with real-time PCR 3 and 7 h...
A practical analysis for coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra

In coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra for condensed phases, the shape and position of an isolated line depend on the Raman cross-section, the linewidth, the vibrational frequency and the nonresonant electronic susceptibility. Equations are presented here which relate these quantities to the measured maximum and minimum intesities and the associated frequency shifts, ωL — ωs. In the case of electronic resonance enhancement, where the Raman amplitude has real and imaginary parts, a complete analysis was obtained using the intensity Imid measured at the mid-frequency between the extrema as the fifth known quantity. However, when the electronic susceptibility is also complex, it is a completely general result that its real and imaginary parts are mixed with those for the Raman amplitude so that only certain combinations of quantities can be obtained. Equations are also presented to correct for the interference resulting from neighboring lines. The derivations are based on perturbation theory expressions for the third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3), and the results are interpreted in terms of susceptibility plots in the complex plane.
Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma in the Lungs: A Case Report

Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast is a rare, aggressive form of cancer occurring in less than 1% of all breast cancers. Spindle cell carcinoma is a rare variant of the metaplastic carcinoma seen in less than 10% of such cases. The prognosis of spindle cell breast cancers is poor, hence aggressive treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation is required. Here we report a case of a 62-year-old female with metastatic metaplastic breast cancer to the lungs.
Theory of interband Auger recombination in semiconductors

Some fundamental aspects of the issues underlying certain longstanding controversies concerning the Beattie-Landsberg theory of interband Auger recombination in semiconductors are studied. The participation of collective and single-particle excitations in the determination of the processes is clarified. The essential role played by collective electronic-density fluctuations as the mediating agent in the energy and momentum conservation for the Coulomb Auger processes is emphasized. The fundamental differences that exist in the physical pictures underlying the Coulomb and exchange Auger processes are brought out in detail by using a diagrammatic formulation of the recombination processes. The exact expression for the recombination rate is derived on the basis of the random-phase approximation.
Like Water for Chocolate: Action Theory for the OB Class:

Believing in the axiom that nothing is more practical than a good theory, the author incorporated Argyris’s action theory in the content of the organizational behavior (OB) course and the management of the class for more than 6 years. The implementation began with qualms pertaining to the actionability of action theory and whether it was Argyris-specific. The article provides a brief description and a model of Argyris’s theory, describes the process of incorporating it in the design and management of the class as an organization, and suggests implications for OB courses and teachers. The article also provides reflections from students on the nature and challenges of the implementation process and discusses similarities between implementing action theory in the class and in other manifestations of real life. Overwhelming evidence from a multiple method–multiple attribute assessment of the longitudinal experience documents that action theory is indeed actionable when it is given the opportunity to create th...
Memory Does Not Constrain Individual Recognition in a Bird With Song Repertoires

Summary We tested the hypothesis that memory or perceptual limitations imposed by song repertoires contrain the ability of song birds to recognize their neighbours by song. Using operant conditioning procedures, we trained male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) (median repertoire size = 8) to discriminate between two artificial song sparrow repertoires of 32 songs each (64 songs total). Both song sparrows learned to discriminate concurrently between all 32 song pairs. The birds learned later songs as quickly as they learned earlier songs. These results suggest that song sparrows are capable of memorizing the full song repertoire of their neighbours under natural conditions. In a second experiment we found that song sparrows readily generalize from one exemplar of a song type to other variations of that song type. We conclude that the evolution of song repertoires of song sparrows have neither constrained nor been constrained by individual recognition of neighbours by song.
CDP-diacylglycerol synthase from mammalian tissues

CDP-diacylglycerol resides at the branch point of glycerolipid biosynthesis as precursor of both the phosphoinositides and phosphatidylglycerol. The discovery of the phosphoinositide signal transduction pathway and the recognition of its prominent role in intracellular communication has focused new attention on CDP-diacylglycerol synthase. As a rate-limiting step in this pathway, it is a likely target for regulation. Exploration of this possibility will be facilitated by the recent cloning of mammalian CDP-DAG synthase.