cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-transfer processes: The electrochemical and chemical behavior of nitrosobenzene

Summary The electrochemical and chemical reduction of nitrosobenzene has been studied in acetonitrile and dimethylformamide. The reduction has been shown to be a kinetically controlled process which initially gives rise to the corresponding radical anion. In the absence of proton donors the radical anion is suggested to dimerize to a dianion intermediate; the dianion subsequently abstracts a proton from a component of the solvent system and expels hydroxide ion to yield the final product, azoxybenzene. Exhaustive, controlled-potential electrolyses of nitrosobenzene produce azoxybenzene in approximately 73% yield in acetonitrile and 85% yield in dimethylformamide; the corresponding n -values are typically 0.3 and 0.7. The unusually small n -values have been shown to result from the reaction of nitrosobenzene with the base which is generated during the formation of azoxybenzene. Reaction of nitrosobenzene with hydroxide ion alone affords azoxybenzene in approximately two-thirds yield in both solvent systems. Complete consumption of nitrosobenzene in acetonitrile could be effected by a mole ratio of hydroxide ion to nitroso compound of 0.3.
Compositions of dikes and lavas from the Pito Deep Rift: Implications for crustal accretion at superfast spreading centers

[1] The northwest trending walls of the Pito Deep Rift (PDR), a tectonic window in the southeast Pacific, expose in situ oceanic crust generated ∼3 Ma at the superfast spreading southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR). Whole rock analyses were performed on over 200 samples of dikes and lavas recovered from two ∼8 km2 study areas. Most of the PDR samples are incompatible-element-depleted normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (NMORB; (La/Sm)N < 1.0) that show typical tholeiitic fractionation trends. Correlated variations in Pb isotope ratios, rare earth element patterns, and ratios of incompatible elements (e.g., (Ce/Yb)N) are best explained by mixing curves between two enriched and one depleted mantle sources. Pb isotope compositions of most PDR NMORB are offset from SEPR data toward higher values of 207Pb/204Pb, suggesting that an enriched component of the mantle was present in this region in the past ∼3 Ma but is not evident today. Overall, the PDR crust is highly variable in composition over long and short spatial scales, demonstrating that chemically distinct lavas and dikes can be emplaced within the same segment over short timescales. However, the limited spatial distribution of high 206Pb/204Pb samples and the occurrence of relatively homogeneous MgO compositions (ranging <2.5 wt %) within a few of the individual dive transects (over distances of ∼1 km) suggests that the mantle source composition evolved and magmatic temperatures persisted over timescales of tens of thousands of years. The high degree of chemical variability between pairs of adjacent dikes is interpreted as evidence for along-axis transport of magma from chemically distinct portions of the melt lens. Our findings suggest that lateral dike propagation occurs to a significant degree at superfast spreading centers.
Economic Interdependence and Foreign Policy in the Seventies

A Casual reading of contemporary news reports suggests that during the past decade economic issues have taken on growing importance in the relations of non-Communist developed countries. The disputes between the United States and Japan over textiles, between the United States and the European Economic Community over agricultural trade, and between France and Germany over currency alignments come readily to mind. It is perhaps symbolic of the enormous success of early postwar foreign policy that issues no graver than these play such a prominent part in relations among countries that, earlier in the century, were sporadically at each other's throats.
Analysis of self-reported eating and related behaviors in an adolescent population

A seventy-eight item questionnaire was constructed to collect data from adolescents about behaviors and attitudes regarding eating, food, weight, and physical appearance. It was administered to 2276 students between the ages of 13 and 18. One objective of the research was to identify clusters of behavioral and attitudinal characteristics which may be indicative of disturbed eating and other food-related behaviors. Another was to describe a large sample of adolescents in terms of such characteristics as weight for height and age, perceived ideal weight, and perceived physical attractiveness. Frequencies are reported, as well as the results of a factor analysis. A principal components factor analysis using varimax rotation defined eight orthogonal factors with eigenvalues greater than one. A number of these factors have implications for the increasing incidence among adolescents of such serious eating disorders as bulimia and anorexia nervosa.
GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN INTERLEUKIN-12-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF MOUSE MAMMARY CARCINOMA

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has potent antitumor activities via natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby IL-12 induces tumoricidal activities are poorly understood. Here, we report the genome-wide analysis of gene expression in a primary murine mammary carcinoma model that resembles human breast cancer, following the therapeutic application of recombinant IL-12, which restricted tumor growth and metastasis. IL-12 was able to curtail neovascularization in the tumor as well as enhance the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Comprehensive examination of global gene expression revealed IL-12-induced molecular changes associated with tumor regression and reduced lung metastasis, thus providing a high-resolution snapshot of a host response against a developing malignancy and a rich source of potential targets for therapeutic intervention of breast cancer.
“Remote” dianions-I. Utility of 4-phenylsulfonylbutanoic acid in the mild conversion of aldehydes and ketones to lactones.

Abstract Ketones and aldehydes are converted to lactones in high yield by stepwise treatment with the dianion of 4-phenylsulfonylbutanoic acid and trifluoroacetic anhydride.
Antigenic Differences in Congenic Chicken-Colonizing and Noncolonizing Strains of Campylobacter jejuni

A congenic pair ofCampylobacter jejuni has been previously developed in our laboratory that will (strain A74/C) and will not (strain A74/O) colonize 2-day-old chicks dosed with 105 colony forming units. Outer membrane protein (OMP) extracts of these organisms were prepared and studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analyses. No consistent differences between the colonizer and noncolonizer were detected by SDS-PAGE. However, an antigen of 28 kD molecular weight was consistently found in the noncolonizer, but only at greatly reduced levels or not at all in the colonizer by Western blot analysis with rabbit anti-OMP serum. After affinity purification and cross absorption of serum against OMP from the colonizer, an antigen of 69 kD molecular weight was found unique to the colonizing strain. Exclusive association of the 69 kD antigen with the colonizing strain suggests that it may be a colonization factor.
Probabilistic approaches to the use of higher order clone relationships in physical map assembly.

UNLABELLED Physical map assembly is the inference of genome structure from experimental data. Map assembly depends on the integration of diverse data including sequence tagged site (STS) marker content, clone sizing, and restriction digest fingerprints (RDF). As experimentally measured data, these are uncertain and error prone. Physical map assembly from error free data is straightforward and can be accomplished in linear time in the number of clones, but the assembly of an optimal map from error prone data is an NP-hard problem. We present an alternative approach to physical map assembly that is based on a probabilistic view of the data and seeks to identify those features of the map that can be reliably inferred from the available data. With this approach, we achieve a number of goals. These include the use of multiple data sources, appropriate representation of uncertainties in the underlying data, the use of clone length information in fingerprint map assembly, and the use of higher order information in map assembly. By higher order information, we mean relationships that are not expressible in terms of neighbouring clone relationships. These include triplet and multiple clone overlaps, the uniqueness of STS position, and fingerprint marker locations. In a probabilistic view of physical mapping, we assert that all of the many possible map assemblies are equally likely a priori. Given experimental data, we can only state which assemblies are more likely than others given the experimental observations. Parameters of interest are then derived as likelihood weighted averages over map assemblies. Ideally these averages should be sums or integrals over all possible map assemblies, but computationally this is not feasible for real-world map assembly problems. Instead, sampling is used to asymptotically approach the desired parameters. Software implementing our probabilistic approach to mapping has been written. Assembly of mixed RDF and STS maps containing up to 60 clones can be accomplished on a desktop PC with run times under an hour. AVAILABILITY http://stl.wustl.edu/software/gibbsmap/.
The concept of interstitial bonding

Abstract Molecular orbital valence bond (MOVB) theory suggests that, in addition to the well-known covalent and ionic mechanisms, there exist two distinct types of bonding: overlap dispersion (discussed in a previous paper) and ionic overlap induction where overlap is assisted by an overlap-independent coulomb binding mechanism. Ionic overlap induction is exemplified by the RLi tetramer in which the Li 4 unit relinquishes, e.g. one electron to the R 4 unit setting up an electric field which glues the four Li species in Li + 4 by interstitializing the remaining three electrons. As a result, three R radicals can now make three interstitial covalent bonds with the Li + 4 fragment with one R − becoming bound to the same fragment by ionic forces. Our analysis implies that there exists a well-defined and separate bonding mode which can exist only when electropositive metals are combined with electronegative nonmetals. One of the additionally cited illustrative examples is a CuO dimer of biological significance. This sets the stage for the eventual presentation of a theory of high temperature superconductivity based on these ideas.
A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for quantal responses with thiopental.

The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model developed here characterizes the relationship between simulated plasma concentrations of thiopental and two dichotomous endpoints determined at induction of anesthesia: loss of voluntary motor power (clinical endpoint), and burst suppression of the electroencephalogram (EEG endpoint). The model incorporated data from two separate thiopental patient studies: a pharmacokinetic study with 21 males, and a pharmacodynamic study with 30 males. In the pharmacodynamic study, cumulative quantal dose-response curves for the clinical and EEG endpoints were developed from observations made during a constant-rate infusion of thiopental. Population mean parameters, derived from the bolus pharmacokinetic thiopental study, were used to simulate concentration-time data for the 150 mg·min1 thiopental infusion rate used in the dose-response study. A single biophase model incorporating the two endpoints was generated, combining the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from the two groups. Estimates of the mean effective thiopental concentrations affecting 50% of the population (EC50s) for the clinical and EEG endpoints were 11.3 and 33.9μg·ml−1, respectively. The half-time for equilibration between arterial thiopental and the effect compartment was 2.6 min. These results are in reasonable agreement with previously described quantal concentration-response data, and with pharmacodynamic models developed for graded EEG responses. Simulation of bolus doses of thiopental with the new model provided ED50s for the clinical and EEG endpoints of 265 mg and 796 mg, respectively; the dose predicted to produce loss of voluntary motor power in 90% of an adult male population was 403 mg. A model combining population pharmacokinetics with cumulative dose-response relationships could prove useful in predicting dosage regimens for those drugs with responses that are categorical.
Daughters of women with breast cancer have elevated mean 24-hour prolactin (PRL) levels and a partial resistance of PRL to dopamine suppression.

Twenty-four-hour luteal phase PRL secretion has been evaluated with a frequent sampling technique in 13 women whose mothers had breast cancer and in 13 age- and weight-matched control subjects. Significantly elevated serum PRL levels were noted throughout the day and night in the young women at risk for breast cancer. Also, 10 of the 13 daughters at risk for breast cancer had mean 24-h PRL levels above the highest mean PRL level of the control population. However, most of the hourly PRL levels in the at risk females were within the range of normal. Serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were not different between the two groups. Although stress cannot be excluded as playing a role in the differences in serum PRL levels, the midprofile plasma cortisol levels were similar between the two groups. Since dopamine is a primary regulator of serum PRL levels, the PRL response of the pituitray lactotrophs of those women at risk for breast cancer was studied with dopamine infusions. A dopam...
Rotational relaxation of CO in He, Ar, N2 and CO free jets

Abstract We report terminal rotational state distributions for CO in free jets employing buffer gases of helium, argon, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. These distributions are obtained from 2+2 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra of the CO A 1 Π state. All of the distributions show significant non-equilibrium character having excess population which increases as J increases. In He and CO buffers, for which CO translational temperature information is available, the lowest J CO rotational states appear to be in equilibrium with the CO parallel translation. It is suggested that rotational state populations in high moment of inertia molecules provide a convenient means to probe translational temperatures in free jet expansions.
MPPT control for a PMSG-based grid-tied wind generation system

Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are commonly used as a variable speed generator in wind energy systems. This paper describes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme for a PMSG-based wind energy conversion system (WECS) in which a buck-boost converter is used to handle a wide range of wind speeds. A closed-loop with a PWM inverter forces the WECS to extract the maximum power available from the wind turbine by shifting the phase angle of output voltage at a given wind speed. The output power is fed to the grid. The mathematical model of the wind power system is built and simulated by MATALB/SIMULINK software. Simulation results show that the proposed control scheme has a good dynamic performance and operates the wind generation system with the maximum efficiency.
Morphologic alterations of rat Leydig cells induced by ethanol.

Ultrastructural morphometric studies were employed to compare the morphology of Leydig cells found in the testes of rats fed ethanol, accounting for 36% of total calories for 6 weeks, and those found in the testes of rats isocalorically fed a diet in which ethanol was isocalorically replaced with dextrimaltose. The testes of alcohol-fed rats weighed significantly less (p<0.01) than those of the isocaloric controls. Moreover, plasma testosterone in the alcohol-fed animals was reduced (p<0.01), as compared to the controls. Morphologically, two main differences were encountered between the Leydig cells of alcohol-fed animals and those of the isocalorically-fed controls. These were: (1) an increase in the number of elongated and cup-shaped mitochondria; and (2) an increase in cytoplasmic protrusions in the form of pseudopods. Using morphometric techniques, the Leydig cells of alcohol-fed animals were smaller (p<0.05), had less cytoplasm (p<0.05), larger mitochondria (p<0.01), and less smooth endoplasmic reticulum (p<0.05) than did those of the isocaloric controls. These morphologic characteristics of Leydig cells of alcohol-fed animals are similar to those reported to occur in the liver and suggest that the biochemical mechanisms responsible for alcohol-induced cellular injury are similar in the testes and the liver.
Greater bone formation induction occurred in aged than young cancellous bone sites

We have determined the differences in the effects of continual prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment in aged (non-growing) and young (growing) cancellous bone sites in 7 month-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The sites involved are the aged Distal Tibial Metaphysis (DTM) with a closed epiphysis and the young Proximal Tibial Metaphysis (PTM) with a slow growing, open epiphysis. The study involved rats treated with 0, 1, 3 or 6 mg PGE2/kg/d for 60, 120 and 180 days. Static and dynamic histomorphometty of percent trabecular area, and tissue-referent bone formation rate (BFR/TV) were determined in both DTM and PTM. In pretreatment controls, the secondary spongiosa of the two metaphyses contain the same amount of cancellous bone (11% in DTM vs. 13% in PTM), but markedly less bone formation in DTM (0.6%/y in DTM vs. 41.5%/y in PTM). After 60 days of 6 mg PGE2/kg/d treatment, %Tb.Ar was increased 607% in DTM and 199% in PTM, BFR/TV was increased to nearly 14 fold in DTM and only 5 fold in PTM. These results indicated the aged metaphysis of the DTM was much more responsive to PGE2 treatment than young, growing metaphysis of the PTM. The results of 120 and 180 days treatment did not significantly differ from 60 days treatment in both sites, indicating that the effect of continuous daily PGE2 treatment were in equilibrium after 60 days. We concluded that aged metaphysis was much more responsive to PGE2 treatment than young growing metaphysis.
Glucocorticoids inhibit keratinocyte growth factor production in primary dermal fibroblasts

The participation of growth factors in wound healing and tissue repair has been well established. Previous studies demonstrated that the expression of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) was greatly elevated shortly after injury and that topical application of KGF accelerated healing. Steroidal antiinflammatory agents, specifically glucocorticoids, markedly impair wound healing. The participation of KGF in wound healing led us to examine the effect of glucocorticoids on KGF production. The addition of dexamethasone significantly reduced the level of constitutively produced KGF messenger RNA, protein, and bioactivity in conditioned medium from dermal fibroblasts. This inhibitory effect was observed with a variety of glucocorticoids, whereas nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds had little effect on KGF synthesis. The mechanisms by which dexamethasone decreased KGF production include a combination of a diminished transcriptional rate and destabilization of the KGF messenger RNA. Cytokines such as interleukin-1 alpha, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and transforming growth factor-alpha, typically up-regulated during wound healing, augment KGF expression by dermal fibroblasts. We determined that dexamethasone also blocked this inductive effect. These results suggest that glucocorticoids could inhibit KGF production in the setting of wound repair, which may contribute to the impairment of healing associated with glucocorticoid use.
Magnetic field-modulated magnetoreflectance in germanium at 1.7°K

Abstract The effects of magnetic field modulation on the magnetoreflectance spectra of the direct edge (Γ 3 2 25′ → Γ 2′ ) in germanium at 1.7°K have been studied. The results of this experiment demonstrate that magnetic field modulation, which enhances high quantum number transitions, is a very useful technique for the study of interband magnetooptical properties of semiconductors.
Factorization-Algebraization-Path Integration and Dynamical Groups

Schrodingerl proposed an elegant method of factorization of a quantum-mechanical second-order linear differential equation into a product of two first-order differential operators often referred to as ladder operators. These ladder operators when acting on respective eigenfunctions create new eigenfunctions with a quantum number raised or lowered by one unit. Schrodinger’s method was further systematically studied for a class of second-order linear differential equations in particular by Infeld and Hull2 who have shown that a second-order differential equation which may be brought into the form: (0.1) may be factorized into products of two first-order ladder operators such that (0.2)
Lifetime characteristics of electrically and thermally preaged polypropylene films

Constant stress voltage aging studies were conducted on electrically and thermally preaged 25- mu m-thick capacitor-grade polypropylene (PP) films, and lifetime characteristics were determined at room temperature. The electrical preaging level was 70% of the breakdown voltage applied for one and two hour durations. For thermal preaging, the film was heated at 90 degrees C for five hours and ten hours, respectively. It is noted that both modes of prestressing seem to affect the lower end of the test field region, where nonlinear failure mechanisms predominate. The results are presented and analyzed on the basis of available theoretical aging models, and possible new interpretations are discussed. A thermodynamically favorable breakdown, is indicated for electrically preaged data, while no such consistent relation was obtained for the thermally preaged data. >
Dark-matter-induced violation of the weak equivalence principle.

A long-range fifth force coupled to dark matter can induce a coupling to ordinary matter if the dark matter interacts with standard model fields. We consider constraints on such a scenario from both astrophysical observations and laboratory experiments. We also examine the case where the dark matter is a weakly interacting massive particle, and derive relations between the coupling to dark matter and the coupling to ordinary matter for different models. Currently, this scenario is most tightly constrained by galactic dynamics, but improvements in Eotvos experiments can probe unconstrained regions of parameter space.
Property studies of a hydrophosphate cement

Results of a study to compare a zinc phosphate cement that has a distilled water liquid component with a commercially available zinc phosphate cement that has a phosphoric acid liquid component showed the hydrophosphate cement inferior to the control zinc phosphate cement in almost all properties investigated.
Can State and Local Revenue and Expenditure Enhance Economic Growth? A Cross-State Panel Study of Fiscal Activity

The slow economic recovery since the 2008 financial crisis and Great Recession requires state and local governments to continue to make difficult decisions concerning which taxes to raise and which expenditures to decrease in order to maintain a balanced budget. As expenditures usually raise economic growth and taxes generally hinder it, seeking the optimum combination of taxes and expenditures encourages prosperity in a state. In this paper, we study the effects of various expenditures and revenue combinations on growth in real state personal income per capita, using a sample of annual observations from 1977 to 2010 for 49 states and the District of Columbia. We find that state and local governments overfund education and parks, recreation, and natural resources while they underfund hospitals and health spending, once netted for charges and user fees. State and local governments also underutilize corporate income taxes as a source of revenue. Finally, we also estimate non-linear and short- and long-run specifications, which generally support prior findings.
William McKinley and Us

In the presidential campaign of 2004, George W. Bush's advisor Karl Rove repeated to journalists his long-standing explanation of why he admires William McKinley and expects Bush to reproduce what Rove regards as McKinley's successes. In 2003, Kevin Phillips, a Bush critic, wrote a book explaining how much he also admires McKinley. Eric Schlosser, a muck-raking journalist, saw his play Americans debut in London in the fall of 2003 to a theater full of Britons drawn to a play about the assassination of McKinley. Schlosser explains his interest in McKinley by invoking William Faulkner: “The past is never dead. It isn't even past.” By saying so he raises anew the old question of how much our interest in present events ought to inflect our study of the past, but he also raises a question of peculiar interest to historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. The McKinley of Rove, Phillips, and Schlosser—the McKinley whom Rove wants the President to emulate—may sound dimly familiar to us. But does the work of professional historians sustain this gloss on current affairs?
A proline-rich protein binds to the localization element of Xenopus Vg1 mRNA and to ligands involved in actin polymerization

A 340 nucleotide element within the 3′ untranslated region of Vg1 mRNA determines its localization to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes. To identify protein factors that bind to this region, we screened a cDNA expression library with an RNA probe containing this sequence. Five independent isolates encoded a protein (designated Prrp for proline-rich RNA binding protein) having two RNP domains followed by multiple polyproline segments. Prrp and Vg1 mRNAs are co-localized to the vegetal cortex of stage IV oocytes, substantiating an interaction between the two in vivo. Prrp also associates with VegT mRNA, which like Vg1 mRNA uses the late localization pathway, but not with Xcat-2 or Xwnt-11 mRNAs, which use the early pathway. The proline-rich domain of Prrp interacts with profilin, a protein that promotes actin polymerization. Prrp can also associate with the EVH1 domain of Mena, another microfilament-associated protein. Since the anchoring of Vg1 mRNA to the vegetal cortex is actin dependent, one function of Prrp may be to facilitate local actin polymerization, representing a novel function for an RNA binding protein.
From the Depths of Despair: Performance, Counterperformance, and “September 11”

*After introducing a perspective on terrorism as postpolitical and after establishing the criteria for success that are immanent in this form of antipolitical action, this essay interprets September 11, 2001, and its aftermath inside a cultural-sociological perspective. After introducing a macro-model of social performance that combines structural and semiotic with pragmatic and power-oriented dimensions, I show how the terrorist attack on New York City and the counterattacks that immediately occurred in response can be viewed as an iteration of the performance/counterperformance dialectic that began decades, indeed centuries, ago in terms of the relation of Western expansion and Arab-Muslim reaction. I pay careful attention to the manner in which the counferperformance of New Yorkers and Americans develops an idealized, liminal alternative that inspired self-defense and outrage, leading to exactly the opposite performance results from those the al-Qaeda terrorists had intended.
LAS AMBICIONES DE LA NEUROÉTICA: FUNDAR CIENTÍFICAMENTE LA MORAL

The recent progress in neuroscience has led to ethical questions. The neuroscience of ethics investigates the neural mechanisms that may possibly underlie ethical concepts and practices. The modern scientific method rules out in advance as possible objects of scientific investigation all phenomena that cannot be reduced to observable and measurable sensory phenomena. But the essence of man is not "entity" as such (present) but "existence". Like no other creature awareness of be- ing characterizes him most profoundly. As being-in-the-World humans are lost in their everyday life in ontic dissipation. He listens to the voice of conscience when this call to authenticity, that is, unto its own proper potentiality, and unto accepting his constitutive finitude.
SOLVING TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEMS IN PACIFIC GIGARTINACEAE (RHODOPHYTA) USING DNA FROM TYPE MATERIAL

Molecular data obtained by a procedure for extracting PCR-amplifiable nuclear and chloroplast DNA from old and formalin-fixed red algal herbarium specimens were used to elucidate problems in the systematics of Pacific Gigartinaceae. Correspondence between nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region or the RUBISCO spacer from type specimens and modern collections supports the following conclusions. (1) The type of Fucus cordatus Turner, now Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory, came from the southern hemisphere (probably from Isla de los Estados, Argentina) rather than from Banks Island, B.C., Canada. (2) The type of Iridaea heterocarpa P. et R. [ Mazzaella heterocarpa (P. et R.) Fred.] represents the tetrasporangial phase of a species of Chondrus , possibly C. crispus Stackh. (3) The types of Iridaea lilacina P. et R., I. phyllocarpa P. et R., and Iridophycus furcatum S. et G. represent a single species from Alaska, Mazzaella phyllocarpa (P. et R.) Perest., currently but incorrectly called M. heterocarpa. (4) The type of Iridophycus oregonum Doty represents the tetrasporangial phase of the species from southern Alaska to southern California known incorrectly as M. heterocarpa . (5) Mazzaella splendens (S. et G.) Fred. is more closely related to M. linearis (S. et G.) Fred. than it is to M. flaccida (S. et G.) Fred. (6) Iridophycus coriaceum S. et G. is conspecific with M. splendens , whereas Rhodoglossum coriaceum E.Y. Dawson is an independent species: Mazzaella coriacea (E.Y. Dawson) Hughey. (7) Iridaea cornucopiae P. et R. is conspecific with Mazzaella laminarioides (Bory) Fred., and the type probably came from Chile rather than from the North Pacific. (8) Plants attributed to Iridaea cornucopiae in Pacific North America are referable to Mazzaella parksii (S. et G.) comb. nov. (9) Rhodoglossum parvum G. M. Smith et Hollenb. is an independent species: Mazzaella parva (G. M. Smith et Hollenb.) comb. nov. (10) Grateloupia squarrulosa S. et G., Grateloupia johnstonii S. et G., and Gigartina pectinata E.Y. Dawson represent a single species: Chondracanthus squarrulosus (S. et G.) comb. nov.
Multi-scale adaptive sampling for mapping forest fires

Distributed monitoring applications require wireless sensors that are efficiently deployed using robots. This paper proposes to deploy sensor nodes in order to estimate the time-varying spread of wildfires. We propose a distributed multi-scale adaptive sampling strategy based on neural networks, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and greedy heuristics, named ldquoEKF-NN-GASrdquo. This strategy combines measurements arriving at different times from sensors at different scale lengths, such as ground, air-borne or space-borne observation platforms. We use the EKF covariance matrix to derive quantitative information measures for sampling locations most likely to yield optimal information about the sampled field distribution. Furthermore, we reconstruct the spatio-temporal forest fire spread, based on parameterized radial basis functions (RBF) neural networks. To replicate the complexity involved in actual fire-spread we simulate it using discrete event cellular automata acting as our ldquotruth modelrdquo. Finally, we present experimental results with ground vehicles that navigate over a ldquovirtual firerdquo projected on the lab floor from a ceiling-mounted projector to emulate a sampling mission performed by aerial robots.
Cardiorespiratory effects of combined midazolam and butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.

The cardiorespiratory effects of midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) were evaluated in seven cats. Cats were induced in a chamber, removed and intubated, and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Cardiorespiratory data were recorded before and 3, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes after intravenous injection of midazolam-butorphanol. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and respiration rate were significantly (p < .05) decreased below baseline at various times throughout the study. Tidal volume and minute ventilation were unchanged. End-tidal carbon dioxide was significantly (p < .05) increased above baseline for 30 minutes. Midazolam-butorphanol administered intravenously induced significant alterations in several cardiorespiratory parameters in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.
Deriving international consensus on mentorship in doctoral education

Global collaboration to address issues in nursing is essential in the twenty-first century. Given the importance of doctoral education in the development of nursing as a discipline, understanding mentoring in doctoral education is significant. The International Network for Doctoral Education in Nursing appointed a taskforce to define and describe the complex process of mentoring and to develop a position paper on mentoring in doctoral education. This paper describes this collaborative global project with the following aims: 1) to develop an international consensus paper on the complex process of mentoring to improve doctoral education worldwide and 2) to explicate activities that can enhance collaboration globally. Effective collaborative activities include the taskforce and the conference work, as well as the survey data collection. Collaborative activities were distributed across global regions. Multiple strategies of communication were used; however, face-to-face appears to be key. A high level of agre...
Optimizing capacitance in SPWM converter/inverter for series hybrid electric bus systems

An accurate theory of calculating the DC link capacitor voltage ripple and current ripple for SPWM inverters and PWM rectifiers, which are most commonly used in series hybrid electric bus (SHEB) converter/inverter systems at low speed, is presented in the paper. Most of all, the results are analyzed and summarized into graphs, which helps to find the right capacitance value for a given voltage ripple tolerance and the rms ripple current that the capacitor has to absorb. An inverter prototype is built and experimental results are demonstrated to verify the theoretical calculation.
PAC vs. MAC for Decentralized Detection Using Noncoherent Modulation

In decentralized detection, local sensor observations have to be communicated to a fusion center through the wireless medium, inherently a multiple-access channel (MAC). As communication is bandwidth- and energy-constrained, it has been suggested to use the properties of the MAC to combine the sensor observations directly on the channel. Although this leads to an array-processing gain if the sensors' transmissions combine coherently on the channel, it has been shown that this is not the case when they combine noncoherently. We review known results for the coherent case and then analyze the noncoherent case based on a simple on/off scheme combined with optimal sensor ldquocensoring.rdquo Since the optimal forwarding function is not available, we also bound the performance using an equivalent communication problem and a centralized estimator to verify trends. We find that for noncoherent modulation, there is no processing gain using the MAC for decentralized detection, but compared to parallel-access channels (PACs) the MAC avoids the noncoherent combining loss. Still the performance of the MAC approach is only of diversity one, as the output of the MAC is approximately a zero-mean complex Gaussian random variable for a large number of sensor. The MAC performance can be increased by using multiple independent channels, each used as a MAC by all sensors, which we term diversity-MAC. This approach always outperforms the PAC scheme on Rayleigh fading channels, where the output is exactly Gaussian, but has inferior performance across random phase channels when few sensors are used, as the PAC does not create ldquoartificialrdquo fading.
Glycerol intake, blood cholesterol level and anemia in the guinea pig and rabbit.

SummaryA solution of either glycerol in saline or saline alone was administered by stomach tube to groups of guinea pigs and rabbits. Their plasma and cell cholesterol levels and their red blood ce...
Structural and Electrical Properties of ZnO Films Deposited on GaAs Substrates by RF Magnetron Sputtering

Sputter deposition of ZnO films on GaAs substrates has been investigated. ZnO Alms were deposited using a ZnO compound target in Ar or Ar/O2 (95/5) ambient. Deposition parameters such as RF power, substrate-target distance, and gas composition/pressure were optimized to obtain highly c-axis oriented and highly resistive films. Deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, capacitance, resistivity, and breakdown field strength measurements. X-ray diffraction measurements show a strong (0002)-plane peak with a full-width-half-maximum of less than 1°, indicating that the ZnO films deposited on GaAs substrates are highly c-axis oriented. DC resistivities of the films were measured to be on the order of 1011 Ω-cm.
Divine struggles: Links with body image concerns, binging, and compensatory behaviours around eating

Many people experience divine struggle – negative thoughts or feelings about God. This study examined connections between divine struggle (anger toward God; concern about God's disapproval), body image concerns, binge eating, and compensatory behaviours (purging, fasting, exercise) among undergraduates (N = 413; 47% women). Measures of divine struggle showed weak, inconsistent links with binge eating but consistent positive links with body image concerns and compensatory behaviours. These associations were not moderated by gender and remained significant when controlling 16 relevant variables (e.g., personality, self-concept, depression, religiousness). Body image/eating variables explained 9–11% of variance in current divine struggles. Binging correlated positively with protest and anger suppression toward God but also with approach behaviours. Compensatory behaviours correlated positively with protest, disengagement, and anger suppression. Spiritual grandiosity – seeing oneself as having a special/super...
103 COMPARATIVE VIRULENCE OF CANDIDA ALBICANS AND CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF SYSTEMIC INFECTION.

Background Candida species are important nosocomial pathogens in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), resulting in a relatively high rate of morbidity and mortality. While Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated species and considered most pathogenic, Candida parapsilosis accounts for approximately 25% of nosocomially acquired candidiasis on the NICU—a situation unique to the neonate. Unlike C. albicans, the epidemiology and virulence of C. parapsilosis have not been systematically evaluated. Objective To compare the virulence of C. parapsilosis and C. albicans, as well as to evaluate the pattern of organ involvement, following systemic infection in the mouse. Design/Methods Separate groups of mice were inoculated intravenously (IV) with 108C. parapsilosis, 108C. albicans, or 105C. albicans and monitored for mortality and morbidity. Mortality was determined by observation for 14 days following inoculation (n = 12/treatment, in each of two experiments). To determine morbidity, a separate series of mice were sacrificed on days 1, 7, and 14 following intravenous inoculation, with liver and kidneys cultured for viable microbes. (n = 4-5 mice/treatment/day, in each of three experiments). Results Mortality was highest following IV inoculation with 108C. albicans (> 50% by day 14). Significantly fewer mice died following injection with 108C. parapsilosis and 105C. albicans (≈8% by day 14, p Conclusions C. albicans is more virulent than C. parapsilosis when the outcome variable is death. However, the two organisms are equally virulent with respect to the ability to cause persistent infection in the kidney following IV inoculation.
Evaluating Firm-Specific Location Incentives: An Application to the Kansas PEAK Program

The use of financial incentives to attract and retain companies has become one of the most common economic development strategies of U.S. states and municipalities. Despite the widespread debate on the effectiveness of these programs, few systematic academic studies have examined how incentives affect job creation and local economic development. The result is that policymakers often lack objective data from which to draw conclusions about the benefits of these programs. At a time in which state and municipal budgets are increasingly strained, new tools that allow policymakers to evaluate and understand the costs and benefits of incentive programs are needed. This paper attempts to provide policymakers with such a tool by exploring the impact of the Promoting Employment Across Kansas (PEAK) incentive program and other incentives. The paper is part of a larger project funded by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation that seeks to examine the effects of incentives on job creation in the Kansas City region as part of a two-year study of incentive competition. The paper’s main finding is that, when comparing firms receiving PEAK incentives to a similar set of “control” firms, PEAK incentives recipients are statistically not more likely to generate new jobs than similar firms not receiving incentives. A secondary set of findings shows that firms relocating to Kansas, with or without incentives, do not experience job growth at higher rates than existing firms. More important than the specific analysis of the PEAK program, this paper provides a model for the evaluation of incentive programs that could be applied to both state and municipal incentive programs. In the conclusion, I offer some suggestions for reforms of both the reporting of incentives and the analysis of the economic impact of incentives, and alternative economic development strategies.
Peritoneal fluid from endometriosis patients affects reproductive outcome in an in vivo model

The cause and importance of endometriosis-associated subfertility are a subject of dispute in reproductive endocrinology. To further study this phenomenon, we have established a model to test the effect of peritoneal fluid (PF) from endometriosis patients on early reproductive events in vivo. Sexually mature female golden hamsters were subjected to an ovarian hyperstimulation protocol and divided into groups that received the following intraperitoneal injections: (1) saline, (2) human serum albumin (HSA), (3) PF from fertile controls, and (4) PF from stage I/II endometriosis patients. Animals were killed on days 4 and 17; reproductive performance was assessed by the number of oocytes and embryos recovered on day 4 and the number of uterine swellings counted on day 17. Reproductive performance was significantly impaired by PF from endometriosis patients; animals treated with control PF and HSA did not differ from control. These data demonstrate a marked impairment of early in vivo reproductive performance under the influence of endometriosis PF. These results support a role for a soluble PF component as a mediator in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated subfertility.
Can a Course Change Social Work Students’ Attitudes toward Harm Reduction as a Treatment Option for Substance Use Disorders?

ABSTRACTWith the passage of the Affordable Care Act, health care workers will need skills in engaging and treating increased numbers of Americans seeking help for substance use disorders (SUDs). Unfortunately, students in social work and related fields have been found to hold negative views of persons experiencing an SUD. This study examined whether a 15-week course changed graduate social work students’ attitudes regarding persons with SUDs and the philosophy and practice of harm reduction. Results indicated that, though students’ beliefs about harm reduction approaches were more positive after completing the course, there was no change in student attitudes toward those who struggle with SUDs.
Wind shear and turbulence on Titan: Huygens analysis

Abstract Wind shear measured by Doppler tracking of the Huygens probe is evaluated, and found to be within the range anticipated by pre-flight assessments (namely less than two times the Brunt–Vaisala frequency). The strongest large-scale shear encountered was ∼5 m/s/km, a level associated with ‘Light’ turbulence in terrestrial aviation. Near-surface winds (below 4 km) have small-scale fluctuations of ∼0.1 m/s on 1 s timescales, indicated both by probe tilt and Doppler tracking, and the characteristics of the fluctuation, of interest for future missions to Titan, can be reproduced with a simple autoregressive (AR(1)) model. The turbulent dissipation rate at an altitude of ∼500 m is found to be ∼0.2 cm2/s3, which may be a useful benchmark for atmospheric circulation models.
Higher Education Governance in Central and Eastern Europe: A Perspective on Hungary and Poland.

This paper seeks to answer the question of what motivates governments to introduce and implement reforms in higher education (HE). The political and economic reasons why some governments in the cou...
Effect of carbon nanofiber concentration on mechanical properties of porous magnesium composites: Experimental and theoretical analysis

Abstract This study investigated the effect of the reinforcing phase – carbon nanofiber (CNF) concentration on mechanical properties of fabricated porous magnesium-matrix composites with 34% porosity. The average yield strength and the average ultimate compressive strength increased steeply when the CNF concentration increased from 0.05% to 0.2%, and increased gradually when the CNF concentration increased from 0.2% to 1.5% and from 2% to 5%. The mechanical properties of porous magnesium-matrix composite with 1.5% CNF are the highest among the studied composites, and the average yield strength, the average ultimate compressive strength, and the energy absorption capability were enhanced by 54%, 49%, and 43% respectively from those for porous magnesium without CNF. The Rule of mixture model, Strengthening factor model, and Zhang & Chen model provided the yield strength predictions that match well with the experimental data for the composites with less than 2% CNF, and the strengthening mechanism includes Orowan strengthening and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch strengthening. The Shear Lag model and Rule of mixture model provided the yield strength predictions that match well with the experimental data for the composites with more than 2% CNF, and load transfer from magnesium to CNF is the dominating strengthening factor.
Infectious complications of blood transfusion

Abstract Consequent to refined donor selection and laboratory screening, blood transfusion in the United States is remarkably safe. Nonetheless, emerging and reemerging pathogens may pose risk to the blood supply, underscoring the need for ongoing vigilance and development of innovative strategies to mitigate infectious risk. The following chapter is intended to provide a broad overview of the infectious complications of blood transfusion. This includes a description of the major transfusion transmitted pathogens, associated preventative strategies in use (donor risk-based deferral and donor and product laboratory testing), in addition to practical considerations surrounding how one responds to a suspected and/or confirmed transfusion transmitted infection (i.e., quarantine, look-back, and notification).