cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Unspoken Dilemma: Disparities in Resident Interactions with Patients with Limited English Proficiency

Background: Patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) experience worse health outcomes compared to fluent English speakers. Although the use of interpretation services helps mitigate these disparities, it has been well documented that these resources are underutilized. Residents are often the front-line communicators with patients with LEP. However, the frequency of and barriers to resident use of interpreter services have not been well-characterized. Objective: Our objectives were (1) to characterize resident behaviors regarding interpreter use …
Efficient and scalable cache coherence schemes for shared memory hypercube multiprocessors

Large scale shared memory multiprocessors use a directory based cache coherence scheme. The basic directory scheme, called full-map, is efficient but has a large memory overhead. Therefore, limited directory schemes have been proposed which limit the number of pointers in the directories. These schemes tradeoff smaller memory overhead for larger memory access latencies. We propose a new limited directory scheme, which achieves lower memory overhead as well as smaller memory access latencies. The scheme uses ring embedding in a hypercube in conjunction with wormhole routing to reduce the invalidation delays. The proposed scheme performs as good as full-map for smaller degree of sharing and performs better than full-map for larger degree of sharing.
FoGS provides a public FAQ repository for social and behavioral genomic discoveries.

Here we introduce ‘FAQs on Genomic Studies’ (FoGS), an open-access repository of explanatory documents that accompany genomic analyses in social and behavioral genomics. For fields such as social and behavioral genomics that are shaped by an ugly history and uncertain future, socially and ethically responsible research and research communication are crucial. FoGS amplifies one such approach towards responsible research communication.
In-depth analysis of crash contributing factors and potential ADAS interventions among at-risk drivers using the SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study

OBJECTIVE Motor vehicle crashes remain a significant problem. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to reduce crash incidence and severity, but their optimization requires a comprehensive understanding of driver-specific errors and environmental hazards in real-world crash scenarios. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to quantify contributing factors using the Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS), identify potential ADAS interventions, and make suggestions to optimize ADAS for real-world crash scenarios. METHODS A subset of the SHRP 2 NDS consisting of at-fault crashes (n = 369) among teens (16-19 yrs), young adults (20-24 yrs), adults (35-54 yrs) and older adults (70+ yrs) were reviewed to identify contributing factors and potential ADAS interventions. Contributing factors were classified according to National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey pre-crash assessment variable elements. A single critical factor was selected among the contributing factors for each crash. Case reviews with a multidisciplinary panel of industry experts were conducted to develop suggestions for ADAS optimization. Critical factors were compared across at-risk driving groups, gender, and incident type using chi-square statistics and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Driver error was the critical factor in 94% of crashes. Recognition error (56%), including internal distraction and inadequate surveillance, was the most common driver error sub-type. Teens and young adults exhibited greater decision errors compared to older adults (p < 0.01). Older adults exhibited greater performance errors (p < 0.05) compared to teens and young adults. Automatic emergency braking (AEB) had the greatest potential to mitigate crashes (48%), followed by vehicle-to-vehicle communication (38%) and driver monitoring (24%). ADAS suggestions for optimization included (1) implementing adaptive forward collision warning, AEB, high-speed warning, and curve-speed warning to account for road surface conditions (2) ensuring detection of nonstandard road objects, (3) vehicle-to-vehicle communication alerting drivers to cross-traffic, (4) vehicle-to-infrastructure communication alerting drivers to the presence of pedestrians in crosswalks, and (5) optimizing lane keeping assist for end-departures and pedal confusion. CONCLUSIONS These data provide stakeholders with a comprehensive understanding of critical factors among at-risk drivers as well as suggestions for ADAS improvements based on naturalistic data. Such data can be used to optimize ADAS for driver-specific errors and help develop more robust vehicle test procedures.
Analysis and Design of Multi-Phase Combined Windings for Bearingless Machines

A multi-phase (MP) combined winding design procedure for bearingless machines is proposed and developed. Using this procedure, new bearingless motor windings can be designed and conventional motor designs with MP windings can be transformed into bearingless motors by simply modifying the phase currents. The resulting MP winding is excited by two current components – one responsible for torque creation and another for suspension force creation. By applying the appropriate Clarke transformation, independent control of force and torque can be achieved. Although there are numerous papers in the literature studying bearingless machines with MP windings and their advantages, this is the first paper to provide a formal design procedure that can be applied to any MP winding configuration. The proposed approach can be used to realize popular winding designs, including concentrated- and fractional-slot windings. The paper uses the Maxwell stress tensor to formulate the force/torque model for the MP combined winding and uses the results to derive design requirements for the MP combined winding. A sequence of winding design steps is proposed and used to design example MP combined windings.
Time in a Box: Advancing Knowledge Graph Completion with Temporal Scopes

Almost all statements in knowledge bases have a temporal scope during which they are valid. Hence, knowledge base completion (KBC) on temporal knowledge bases (TKB), where each statementmay be associated with a temporal scope, has attracted growing attention. Prior works assume that each statement in a TKBmust be associated with a temporal scope. This ignores the fact that the scoping information is commonly missing in a KB. Thus prior work is typically incapable of handling generic use cases where a TKB is composed of temporal statements with/without a known temporal scope. In order to address this issue, we establish a new knowledge base embedding framework, called TIME2BOX, that can deal with atemporal and temporal statements of different types simultaneously. Our main insight is that answers to a temporal query always belong to a subset of answers to a time-agnostic counterpart. Put differently, time is a filter that helps pick out answers to be correct during certain periods. We introduce boxes to represent a set of answer entities to a time-agnostic query. The filtering functionality of time is modeled by intersections over these boxes. In addition, we generalize current evaluation protocols on time interval prediction. We describe experiments on two datasets and show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods on both link prediction and time prediction.
Historical Memory and Clerical Activity in Medieval Spain and Portugal

Contents: Preface By way of introduction: the Spanish Middle Ages and the 19th century A papal legation and its aftermath: Cardinal John of Abbeville in Spain and Portugal, 1228-1229 Dates and doubts about don Lucas Don Rodrigo and the government of the kingdom Don Juan de Soria: unas apostillas Juan de Soria: the chancellor as chronicler the case of the impugned chirograph and the juristic culture of early thirteenth-century Zamora Columpna firmissima: D. Gil Torres, the cardinal of Zamora La conquista de Sevilla y los historiadores The king's touch and the dean's ministrations: aspects of sacral monarchy "Quedam de quibus dubitans": on preaching the crusade in Alfonso X's Castile The invention of Toledo El cuatro de mayo de 1282 A misattributed tomb and its implications: Cardinal OrdoA+/-o A lvarez and his friends and relations (with M. Torres Sevilla) The English mission of Cardinal Petrus Hispanus, the Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, and news from Castile at Carlisle (1307) Patronage and indebtedness: Portugal, Castile and the papal court around the year 1300 Fiat A the earliest known roll of petitions signed by the pope (1307), with P.N.R. Zutshi) Index.
Mediational Processes in the Retarded: Implications for Teaching Reading

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes a research on the development of a theoretically and scientifically sound basis for the creation of specialized instructional materials for the mentally retarded. This research is regarded as the beginning of the development of a mnemonitechnic approach designed to teach retarded children and adults a basic reading vocabulary in which the central feature is the use of associative strategies to facilitate word recognition. The results of the research suggest that mentally retarded persons can be instructed in the use of mediating strategies and that these strategies have a facilitating effect upon verbal associative learning. The results also demonstrate that retarded subjects can learn faster and retain more information. The task analysis approach and inquiry into efficient ways of learning provide a fruitful approach for the diagnosis and remediation of learning difficulties.
A. W. McCoy (2009). Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State

Recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have revived interest in the idea of America as an empire. Indeed, members of George W. Bush's administration have celebrated the United States' global reach and...
Exogenous Valine Reduces Conversion of Leucine to 3-Methyl-1-Butanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Mutant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that require branched-chain amino acids must be supplemented with large concentrations (up to 10 mM) of these amino acids to satisfy their nutritional requirement. The utilization of one branched-chain amino acid, leucine, was examined in several leul strains of yeast grown aerobically in a glucose-ammonium salts minimal medium containing a limiting concentration (0.2 mM) of leucine. In this medium, the leucine requirement of the auxotrophic strains could be reduced by valine, another branched-chain amino acid. Increasing the valine concentration increased the cell yields of cultures and also reduced the levels of 3-methyl-1-butanol detected in the medium by gas chromatography. The concentration of 3-methyl-1-butanol was reduced from 122.0 to 48.9 μM when 5.0 mM valine was supplemented to limiting-leucine cultures. The amino acids isoleucine, threonine, norleucine, norvaline, α-amino-butyrate, alanine, and glycine also spared the leucine requirement of leucine auxotrophs, most likely because they resembled leucine and competed for its uptake. We propose that leucine analogs restrict the entry and degradation of leucine and thus reduce its conversion to 3-methyl-1-butanol, a major component of fusel oil.
Scepticism, Theology and the Scientific Revolution in the Seventeenth Century

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses skepticism, theology, and the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century. There is an age-old tension between man's natural curiosity about his world and the acceptance of the religious traditions of his society. Intellectuals have, as far back as we have written records, caused difficulties in the easy acceptance of mythologies or religions by confronting these traditional views with information or reasonable beliefs that do not seem to fit. When Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler broke down the accepted Ptolemaic astronomy, and replaced the Alphonsine tables with the Rudolphine, they saw no real problem in reconciling their theories and their data with Christian theology. The skeptical reconciliation of mechanistic theories and faith was quite successful in many quarters during the seventeenth century. Probably the strongest presentation of the skeptical interpretation of mechanism as part of a religious view is that of Pascal, both in his achievements and in his writings. In his studies on the nature of the vacuum and on the theory of atmospheric pressure, Pascal pointed out the hypothetical-probabilistic nature of scientific reasoning.
Distance field illumination: a rendering method to aid in navigation of virtual environments

In this paper we introduce a new use for distance fields: lighting of three dimensional environments to assist in navigation. Studies on visual search have shown that it is easy to locate an object if it has contrast in color or luminance with other elements in the scene. Since luminance and color guide visual attention, their application to aid in navigation is a natural extension. A user study comparing distance field illumination with existing navigational aids verifies the effectiveness of the new technique.
Implementational Reflection in Silica

The value of computational reflection has been explored in a number of programming language efforts. The major claim of this paper is that an ostensibly broader view of reflection, which we call implementational reflection, can be applied to the design of other kinds of systems, accruing the same benefits that arise in the programming language case. The domain of window systems in general, and the Silica window system in particular are used to illustrate how reflection can be applied more broadly. Silica is a CLOS-based window system that is a part of the Common Lisp Interface Manager, an emerging user interface programming standard for Common Lisp.
Radiation from accreting magnetized neutron stars

Some recent development on the understanding of accreting magnetized neutron stars are reviewed. A brief summary of the observations is given, on which current phenomenological models are based. The main part of this paper is a discussion of recent work by several groups on the radiative transfer problem in a strong magnetic field and its application to models of the structure and properties of self-consistent neutron star polar cap emission regions. The assumptions and uncertainties involved are discussed, recent progress is evaluated, and current and future problems are indicated.
Sacrifice Along the Energy Continuum: A Call for Energy Justice

Abstract The confluence of energy supply- and demand-side dynamics links vulnerable communities along the spectrum of energy production and consumption. The disproportionate burden borne by vulnerable communities along the energy continuum are seldom examined simultaneously. Yet, from a justice perspective there are important parallels that merit further exploration in the United States and beyond. A first step is to understand links to vulnerability and justice along the energy continuum by way of theoretical constructs and practical applications. The present article posits energy as a social and environmental justice issue and advances our current understanding of the links between energy and vulnerability, particularly in the U.S. context. Drawing on several emerging concepts including, “energy sacrifice zones,” “energy insecurity” and “energy justice,” this article lays a foundation for examining critical sacrifices along the energy continuum. To conclude, four basic rights are proposed as a starting ...
The meaning of weaning in wild Phayre's leaf monkeys: Last nipple contact, survival, and independence

In primates and other mammals, weaning is an equivocal concept, as is reflected in the numerous ways it is measured: a) first intake of solid food, b) conflict over access to the nipple, c) ability to survive without mother, d) maternal resumption of cycling, or e) the cessation of nipple contact. The lack of a consistent definition means that weaning age, although it falls between gestation (fetal growth) and age at first reproduction (most energy diverted from growth), is currently not a reliable life history variable capturing offspring independence. Using data for wild Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (51 offspring, four groups), we asked whether the end of nipple contact indicates offspring independence as measured by survival to 3 years. To establish a baseline for the onset of independence, we assessed the youngest age at which individuals were orphaned (15-17 months) but then survived to 3 years. Next we determined that offspring age at last nipple contact (19.0 months) was comparable to two other independently calculated measures: offspring age at mother's first postpartum ovulation (11.5 months), and age at mother's re-conception (15.6 months). Using these separate "starting points," we arrived at similar ages for nipple contact cessation (18.4 and 19.2 months, respectively). Overall, in wild (but not in provisioned) Asian colobines, age at last nipple contact was allometrically related to adult female body mass, supporting its designation as a life history variable. Future comparisons need to show if this holds for other taxa.
Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover

A large source of uncertainty in present understanding of the global carbon cycle is the distribution and dynamics of the soil organic carbon reservoir. Most of the organic carbon in soils is degraded to inorganic forms slowly, on timescales from centuries to millennia1. Soil minerals are known to play a stabilizing role, but how spatial and temporal variation in soil mineralogy controls the quantity and turnover of long-residence-time organic carbon is not well known2. Here we use radiocarbon analyses to explore interactions between soil mineralogy and soil organic carbon along two natural gradients—of soil-age and of climate—in volcanic soil environments. During the first ∼150,000 years of soil development, the volcanic parent material weathered to metastable, non-crystalline minerals. Thereafter, the amount of non-crystalline minerals declined, and more stable crystalline minerals accumulated. Soil organic carbon content followed a similar trend, accumulating to a maximum after 150,000 years, and then decreasing by 50% over the next four million years. A positive relationship between non-crystalline minerals and organic carbon was also observed in soils through the climate gradient, indicating that the accumulation and subsequent loss of organic matter were largely driven by changes in the millennial scale cycling of mineral-stabilized carbon, rather than by changes in the amount of fast-cycling organic matter or in net primary productivity. Soil mineralogy is therefore important in determining the quantity of organic carbon stored in soil, its turnover time, and atmosphere–ecosystem carbon fluxes during long-term soil development; this conclusion should be generalizable at least to other humid environments.
Van Hove exciton-cageons and high-Tc superconductivity XA. Role of spin-orbit coupling in generating a diabolical point

Abstract Spin-orbit coupling plays a large role in stabilizing the low-temperature orthorhombic phase of La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 . It splits the degeneracy of the van Hove singularities (thereby stabilizing the distorted phase) and completely changes the shape of the Fermi surfaces, potentially introducing diabolical points into the band structure. The present paper gives a detailed account of the resulting electronic structure. A slave-boson calculation shows how these results are modified in the presence of strong correlation effects. A scaling regime, found very close ti the metal-insulator transition, allows an analytical determination to be made of the crossover, in the limit of zero oxygen-oxygen hopping, t oo →0. Extreme care must be exercised in choosing the parameters of the three-band model. In particular, t oo is renormalized from its LDA value. Furthermore, it is suggested that the slave-boson model be spin corrected, in which case the system is close to a metal-insulator transition at half filling.
Finite-size effects in thin-film composites

Abstract Many formulations of the mechanical response of thin-film composites consider the film layers to extend to infinity in the surface plane of the composite. These layers are also assumed to be much thinner than the substrate. Under these assumptions the stress in the substrate becomes negligibly small and the stress transfer between layers does not depend on the elastic moduli of the interfaces. Consequently, in most studies of blanket thin films these terms have received little attention. For thin-film composites with finite dimensions, these terms may be important and they can be calculated from the traditional shear lag model and its extensions. In this paper we show that these models provide widely divergent results when applied to the same structure. These differences arise from the initial stress state and geometry assumptions implicitly contained in such models. Comparison with experimental observations shows that further work is required before these models can be applied to patterned thin-...
Diabetes, Dialysate Losses, and Serum Lipids During Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

We evaluated changes in dialysate losses of protein and absorption of glucose, serum chemistries including protein electrophoresis, and serum lipids among patients who had undergone continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for at least 1 year. The patients' race, sex, and the presence of diabetes mellitus did not influence the results. Over a 2-year period, daily protein losses and glucose absorption from dialysate were constant, serum protein electrophoresis did not show changes consistent with the nephrotic syndrome, serum cholesterol increased after 1 year of therapy but stabilized thereafter, and concentrations of high density lipoproteins did not decrease.
Carbon and Nitrogen Decoupling Under an 11-Year Drought in the Shortgrass Steppe

The frequency and magnitude of drought is expected to increase in the US Great Plains under future climate regimes. Although semiarid systems are considered highly resistant to water limitation, novel drought events could alter linkages among biogeochemical processes, and result in new feedbacks that influence the timescale of ecosystem recovery. We examined changes in carbon and nitrogen cycling in the last 2 years of an 11-year drought manipulation in the shortgrass steppe, and under the first 2 years of recovery from drought. We measured plant production, plant tissue chemistry, soil trace gas flux, and soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics to test the extent that this magnitude of drought altered carbon and nitrogen fluxes and how these changes affected post-drought dynamics. We found that soil inorganic nitrogen was up to five times higher under severe drought than under control conditions, but that this nitrogen may not have been accessible to plants and microbial communities during drought due to diffusion limitations. Drought plots had higher N2O flux when they received equal rainfall pulses, showing that this accumulated N may be vulnerable to loss. In addition, plants in drought plots had higher tissue nitrogen for 2 years following drought. These results show that decadal-length droughts that may occur under future precipitation regimes are likely to alter ecosystem properties through interactions among precipitation, vegetation, and N cycling. Shifts in plant N, vulnerability of nitrogen to loss, and rainfall use efficiency that we observed are likely to affect the recovery time of semiarid systems subject to droughts of this magnitude.
Imaging informatics: lead, follow, or become irrelevant.

Despite the impressive technical acumen of the medical imaging industry, when one looks at the demands soon to be set upon us, radiology informatics is in its infancy. Over the past 20 years, imaging informatics systems, focusing on optimizing departmental efficiency and productivity, have been deployed at amazing rates [1]. However, as we advance toward a new era of government-influenced, interconnected, patient-centric health care, our maturing monolithic systems must be challenged if radiologists are to maintain their clinical significance. In this article, we describe the technologies that have, and will, become essential to maintain and improve our clinically relevant role in today’s evolving care process.
Acoustic resonance for nonmetallic mine detection

The feasibility of acoustic resonance for detection of plastic mines was investigated by researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory`s Instrumentation and Controls Division under an internally funded program. The data reported in this paper suggest that acoustic resonance is not a practical method for mine detection. Representative small plastic anti-personnel mines were tested, and were found to not exhibit detectable acoustic resonances. Also, non-metal objects known to have strong acoustic resonances were tested with a variety of excitation techniques, and no practical non-contact method of exciting a consistently detectable resonance in a buried object was discovered. Some of the experimental data developed in this work may be useful to other researchers seeking a method to detect buried plastic mines. A number of excitation methods and their pitfalls are discussed. Excitation methods that were investigated include swept acoustic, chopped acoustic, wavelet acoustic, and mechanical shaking. Under very contrived conditions, a weak response that could be attributed to acoustic resonance was observed, but it does not appear to be practical as a mine detection feature. Transfer properties of soil were investigated. Impulse responses of several representative plastic mines were investigated. Acoustic leakage coupling, and its implications as a disruptive mechanism were investigated.
Influence of Riboflavin on Susceptibility of Mice to Experimental Poliomyelitis.

SummaryMice fed an adequate diet, save for various levels of riboflavin, showed no consistent differences to infection with Theiler's encephalomyelitis viruses. In four similar series (totaling 234 mice) injected with Lansing strain poliomyelitis virus, the differences were slight but the greater resistance in each series was in the deficient group.
A field terminated diode

The field terminated diode is a new, medium power (650V, 20A) switching element. In the on condition, the FTD operates as a p-i-n rectifier with a correspondingly low forward voltage drop. The device owes its uniqueness to tis buried grid structure which gives it forward blocking capability. The FTD is not a regenerative device and is not "fired" into the on state. This results in both higher dv/dt and di/dt ratings than a conventional thyristor.
Elaborating polarity: PAR proteins and the cytoskeleton

Cell polarity is essential for cells to divide asymmetrically, form spatially restricted subcellular structures and participate in three-dimensional multicellular organization. PAR proteins are conserved polarity regulators that function by generating cortical landmarks that establish dynamic asymmetries in the distribution of effector proteins. Here, we review recent findings on the role of PAR proteins in cell polarity in C. elegans and Drosophila, and emphasize the links that exist between PAR networks and cytoskeletal proteins that both regulate PAR protein localization and act as downstream effectors to elaborate polarity within the cell.
Lateral Organization in Simulated Four-Component Non-equilibrium Model Membranes

Lateral organization in biomembranes plays a major role in membrane topology, and is thus implicated in many basic functions of biomembranes such as endocytosis and signal transduction. In this study, non-equilibrium Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate two related scenarios: 1. the effect of a rigid distribution of proteins on the lateral organization of lipids in a biomembrane, and 2. the degree to which lipid interactions influence the lateral organization of membrane-associated proteins that are free to translate laterally. Our model includes generic saturated and unsaturated lipids, proteins, and cholesterol, and is driven out of equilibrium through simulated endo- and exo-cytosis events. By varying the temperature, the protein mole fraction, and the interaction strengths, we examine the conditions under which various types of lateral organization occur. Simulation results are analyzed with pair-correlation functions and the Ripley K-test. We compare results from simulations of the two scenarios above and from simulations of biomembranes lacking protein.
Brain microemboli associated with cardiopulmonary bypass: A histologic and magnetic resonance imaging study

Emboli in brain tissue after cardiopulmonary bypass were reported in the literature 30 years ago, but there is little objective evidence confirming the presence of emboli in the brain after cardiopulmonary bypass with more modern equipment and techniques. Recently, with alkaline phosphatase vascular staining, we found an acellular fatty material in brain microvasculature from autopsy material of patients who died shortly after cardiopulmonary bypass. These fatty intravascular collections range in diameter from 10 to 70 μm, a size that lodges in the smallest vessels of the microvasculature. They have been found in numbers sufficient to cause detectable neurologic dysfunction and are believed, but not proved, to be emboli. By sequentially injecting colored microspheres, we can determine when emboli occur during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass. In ongoing related studies, magnetic resonance imaging was performed before cardiac valve replacement in 39 patients for whom preoperative and postoperative neurologic and neuropsychologic testing was available. Preliminary results suggest that magnetic resonance imaging evidence of prior stroke is not a significant risk factor for cognitive or motor decrement after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Chronic caffeine exposure enhances adenosinergic inhibition of cerebral cortical neurons.

Chronic administration of caffeine (s.c. for a period of 14 days in escalating doses of 10–70 mg/kg) increased the sensitivity of rat cerebral cortical neurons to the inhibitory action of microiontophoretically applied adenosine. The sensitivity of spontaneously firing rat cerebral cortical neurons in caffeine-treated animals was compared with that of saline-treated controls using the same multiple-barrel micropepettes tested on the same day. Adenosine sensitivity was determined by the I·T50 method. The I·T50 value for 134 neurons in the caffeine-treated rats of 130.77 ± 4.33 (S.E.M.) was significantly (P < 0.001) different to that of 136 neurons in the saline-treated control rats (222.16 ± 6.68), indicating a supersensitivity to adenosine in neurons which had been chronically exposed to caffeine.
On the E-optimality of blocked main effects plans when n≡3 (mod 4)

Abstract In this paper we consider experimental situations in which m 2-level factors are to be studied using a main effects plan where n runs are partitioned into b block of size k . For the case n ≡ 3 (mod 4), we establish some sufficient conditions for a design to be E -optimal and then give a method for constructing designs satisfying the conditions given.
Integrated fuzzy controllers for aircrafts under faulty flight conditions

In this paper an intelligent control design methodology is presented for the design of controller for commercial aircrafts operating under abnormal flight conditions. The intelligent methodology is fuzzy logic based, i.e. a group of fuzzy controllers are designed and used as an adaptive control system to meet transient specifications determined by a desired reference model. A linearized aircraft model utilized to simulate failures in the aircraft and test the effective intelligent fuzzy controller. A baseline controller is used for performance comparison of the fuzzy logic control in its ability to operate the aircraft under abnormal flight conditions. First an individual fuzzy controller was developed for each state of the aircraft and then the controllers are integrated together to test their performance as an integrated control system. The testing was conducted in three phases: 1) Nominal flight conditions, 2) a stall of the right aileron at 0.2 radians, and 3) a stall of the right aileron at max upward level. The integrated fuzzy controller was interfaced with the left aileron only to observe its effectiveness in compensating the failed aileron of the other side of the aircraft wing. The results from the integrated fuzzy controller produced the desired results and at a faster rate compared with the baseline controller both under nominal and failure-1 flight conditions. The test results under failure-2 flight conditions were acceptable in terms of compensation speed and correcting the failed state. However, the time needed to completely identify and maintain the state was a little less than desired. Overall the performance of the integrated fuzzy controller was superior to that produced by the baseline controller.
Pharmacology and Efficacy of Netilmicin

Twenty-six patients, 20 to 77 years of age, were treated with netilmicin, mean dose 2 mg/kg every 8 h intramuscularly or in a 20-min intravenous infusion. The mean serum half-lives in patients with creatinine clearances of ≥90 ml/min and 60 to 90 ml/min were 3.2 and 3.4 h, respectively. In patients with serum creatinines of ≤1.4 mg/100 ml and creatinine clearances of ≥60 ml/min, mean serum levels were 9.0 and 1.2 μg/ml, respectively, 5 to 15 min and 7.5 h post-intravenous infusion, and 7.1 and 1.7 μg/ml, respectively, 1 and 8 h post-intramuscular injection. Twenty-five patients had acute pyelonephritis; 7 of the 25 had bacteremia. The infecting bacteria were Escherichia coli (15), Proteus mirabilis (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1), Enterobacter hafniae (1), and both Proteus rettgeri and Proteus morganii (1). All were inhibited by 6.3 μg of netilmicin per ml, except for the P. rettgeri, which required 25 μg/ml for inhibition. Of 23 patients who could be evaluated, 19 were bacteriologically and clinically cured at follow-up. Of the remaining four, one relapsed, two became reinfected, and one was lost to follow-up. Five patients developed nephrotoxicity; two of the five had previous renal insufficiency. Three patients, one with abnormal renal function, developed ototoxicity detected only with audiograms. These studies suggest that netilmicin is effective in serious gram-negative bacillary infections, but is nephrotoxic and ototoxic in humans.
Food consumption, iron intake and dietary patterns of urban pregnant women from different socioeconomic populations in central Iran.

Dietary pattern, food consumption and iron intake were assessed in 400 pregnant women from different socioeconomic populations in Shiraz, Iran from January 1980 to February 1981. The women reported the household food consumption and the subject's intake was estimated by dividing household consumption by an adjusted household size which considered caloric needs of different age groups. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the consumption of rice, meat, poultry, greens and herbs each was related positively to the household income and negatively to the household size while bread consumption increased as income decreased. Total iron intake from major food sources was similar between different income groups and was above 28 mg per day. Bread was the major source of dietary iron for all income groups; however, as household income increased the proportion of dietary iron provided by bread decreased and that provided by meat and poultry increased. This may indicate a better bioavailability of iron in the d...
Gluon self-energy in the Coulomb and temporal axial gauges via the pinch technique.

The {ital S}-matrix pinch technique is used to derive an effective gluon self-energy to one-loop order, when the theory is quantized in the Coulomb gauge (CG) and in the temporal axial gauge (TAG). When the pinch contributions are added, the gluon self-energies calculated in the CG and TAG turn out to be identical and coincide with the result previously obtained with covariant gauges. The issue of gauge independence of several quantities in hot QCD is discussed from the pinch technique point of view. It is also pointed out that the spurious singularities which appear in TAG calculations cancel out once the pinch contributions are combined. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
High-dose combined alkylating agent therapy with autologous stem cell support and chest radiotherapy for limited small-cell lung cancer

although initially responsive to chemotherapy, patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) almost invariably suffer relapse. Recurrent SCLC responds poorly to treatment. Previous trials using high-dose chemotherapy with bone marrow support have commonly used single agents or combined alkylating agents without chest radiotherapy. Among patients with limited disease receiving dose-intensive chemotherapy, locoregional relapse remained the predominant site of first failure. Recent phase II trials using intensive locoregional therapy (aggressive concurrent chemoradiotherapy) have resulted in promising survival. Our trial used combined alkylating agents with autologous marrow support and chest radiotherapy in patients with limited disease in response to conventional-dose induction chemotherapy
Structural and functional analysis of Sendai virus nucleocapsid protein NP with monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies specific for Sendai virus nucleocapsid protein NP were used to map the antigenic structure of NP and to investigate the role of NP in transcription. Using nine anti-NP antibodies in competitive-binding (CB) assays, it was found that the NP molecule contained at least two topographically distinct antigenic sites. By Western blot analysis, one of the NP epitopes belonging to antigenic site I was localized to a Mr 34,000 (34K) trypsin digest fragment, and another to a Mr 48,000 (48K) fragment which remained associated with the nucleocapsid. The other antibodies which define antigenic site I did not react with either fragment; however, the results of CB would indicate that their epitopes were in a region on the tertiary structure of the NP molecule that is closely proximal to these fragments. The 48K and 34K fragments on the published NP amino acid sequence have been tentatively identified. Since the 34K and 48K fragments bind antibody, it appears that nucleocapsid-bound NP may be folded into a configuration which places at least some of these sequences on the surface of the nucleocapsid structure. Six antibodies representing both antigenic sites were purified for functional studies. All the antibodies inhibited nucleocapsid transcription in vitro to the same extent (>90%); however, they differed in the amount of antibody required to produce the same effect. Within site I, antibodies producing maximum inhibition were divided into three groups: three antibodies inhibited at relatively low concentrations (0.17 μg), one antibody inhibited at an intermediate range (0.43 μg), and another required a 10-fold higher concentration (1.73 μg) to produce the same effect. The antibody which detected the 48K trypsin digest fragment was the one which fell into the intermediate range for transcription inhibition, while the antibody that detected the 34K fragment was in the low range. Thus, antigenic site I, defined by CB and trypsin digestion studies, can be defined further into three subsites which appear to differ in their involvement in the transcription process. Antigenic site II was defined by a single antibody which also inhibited transcription by >90%.
The saga of XMRV: a virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was discovered in 2006 in a search for a viral etiology of human prostate cancer (PC). Substantial interest in XMRV as a potentially new pathogenic human retrovirus was driven by reports that XMRV could be detected in a significant percentage of PC samples, and also in tissues from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). After considerable controversy, etiologic links between XMRV and these two diseases were disproven. XMRV was determined to have arisen during passage of a human PC tumor in immunocompromised nude mice, by activation and recombination between two endogenous murine leukemia viruses from cells of the mouse. The resulting XMRV had a xentropic host range, which allowed it replicate in the human tumor cells in the xenograft. This review describes the discovery of XMRV, and the molecular and virological events leading to its formation, XMRV infection in animal models and biological effects on infected cells. Lessons from XMRV for other searches of viral etiologies of cancer are discussed, as well as cautions for researchers working on human tumors or cell lines that have been passed through nude mice, includingpotential biohazards associated with XMRV or other similar xenotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs).
Toward estimating concentration fields in biological hydrogels using point sensors

This paper is motivated by problems from biology involving estimation of concentration fields in a tissue sample using point measurements given by optical contactless biosensors. Due to biological constraints, the sensors may only be sparsely distributed and intermittently monitored. This paper proposes a nonbiological experimental platform, based on hydrogel and dye diffusion, for studying the problem of concentration field estimation using point sensors. A reduced order model for the diffusion system is derived using Karhunen-Loeve-Galerkin method and a discrete time Kalman filter is used to estimate the concentration field. The estimator is then applied to experimental data consisting of subsampled images from a diffusion process. Performance is evaluated by comparing the state estimates to the original images. Future work will use the experimental platform to study the effects of spatial distribution and timing of sensor measurements, to examine the effects of additional dynamics such as advection and reaction, and to perform online identification of process parameters.
The five cysteine residues located in the active site region of bovine aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase are not essential for catalysis

In previous chemical modification studies on bovine aspartyl (asparaginyl) beta-hydroxylase, cysteines were implicated as critical catalytic residues. Using site-directed mutagenesis, the five cysteine residues located in a highly conserved region of the enzyme identified as the active site were individually mutated to alanine. Substitutions at cysteine 637, 644, 656, 681, and 696 resulted in active mutant enzymes indicating that these residues are not required for catalysis.
Pleiotropic effects of the GA-insensitive Rht dwarfing genes in wheat. 1. Effects on development of the ear, stem and leaves

Abstract Analysis of near-isogenic lines carrying Rht1, Rht2 or Rht3 in the genetic background of spring and winter wheat varieties showed that these dwarfing genes have no effects on the number of organs, or on the timing of developmental events. The characters studied included leaf and spikelet primordium initiation, leaf emergence and stem internode extension. The conclusion is reached that the genes do not directly affect developmental events, and that their effects on grain numbers and yield must be the result of an altered pattern of growth.
Single-cell mass cytometry adapted to measurements of the cell cycle.

Mass cytometry is a recently introduced technology that utilizes transition element isotope-tagged antibodies for protein detection on a single-cell basis. By circumventing the limitations of emission spectral overlap associated with fluorochromes utilized in traditional flow cytometry, mass cytometry currently allows measurement of up to 40 parameters per cell. Recently a comprehensive mass cytometry analysis was described for the hematopoietic differentiation program in human bone marrow from a healthy donor. The present study describes approaches to delineate cell cycle stages utilizing iododeoxyuridine (IdU) to mark cells in S phase, simultaneously with antibodies against cyclin B1, cyclin A, and phosphorylated histone H3 (S28) that characterize the other cell cycle phases. Protocols were developed in which an antibody against phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb) at serines 807 and 811 was used to separate cells in G0 and G1 phases of the cell cycle. This mass cytometry method yielded cell cycle distributions of both normal and cancer cell populations that were equivalent to those obtained by traditional fluorescence cytometry techniques. We applied this to map the cell cycle phases of cells spanning the hematopoietic hierarchy in healthy human bone marrow as a prelude to later studies with cancers and other disorders of this lineage.
Use of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Stroke in Young Women

A case-control study of women 18-44 years of age residing in western Washington state (US) in 1991-95 failed to document an increased risk of stroke among users of low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs). Random digit dialing identified 60 cases of ischemic stroke 102 cases of hemorrhagic stroke and 11 other types of stroke; an additional 485 age-matched women were selected as controls. The estimated incidences of hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke were 6.4 and 4.3 per 100000 woman-years respectively. Compared with women who had never used OCs (and after adjustment for stroke risk factors) current users of low-dose OCs had odds ratios of 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-2.31) for hemorrhagic stroke and 0.89 (95% CI 0.27-2.94) for ischemic stroke. Compared with past users of OCs current users had odds ratios of 1.41 (95% CI 0.67-2.96) for hemorrhagic stroke and 1.37 (95% CI 0.49-3.81) for ischemic stroke. For past users compared with never users the odds ratios were 0.59 (95% CI 0.30-1.18) for hemorrhagic stroke and 0.57 (95% CI 0.25-1.32) for ischemic stroke. The odds ratio for hemorrhagic stroke in current users of low-dose OCs containing the progestins norgestrel or levonorgestrel was 3.23 (95% CI 1.24-8.41). Finally among women with hemorrhagic stroke the odds ratio for aneurysmal bleeding associated with current use of low-dose OCs containing norgestrel or levonorgestrel was 4.46 (95% CI 1.58-12.53). These findings are consistent with those of other recent studies indicating that reductions in the estrogen content of OCs have greatly enhanced the cerebrovascular safety of these formulations. The slightly elevated risk of hemorrhagic stroke among users of OCs containing norgestrel requires further investigation.
New species of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) from the Guianas

Two new species,Dicliptera knappii from Guyana andD. granvillei from French Guiana, are described, illustrated, and compared with their closest relatives.
Quantitation of 5-Flucytosine in capsules using high-pressure liquid chromatography

AbstractA stability-indicating reversed phase HPLC method for the quantitation of 5-flucytosine in capsules (the only dosage form available) has been developed. The method requires the use of a mobile phase without any counterion and the samples can be assayed at room temperature. The method is simple, reproducible, precise and accurate with percent relative standard deviation of 0.77 based on 6 readings. There was no interference from the excipients present in capsules and from fluorouracil (the major product of decomposition of 5-flucytosine). The recovery of 5-flucytosine from the synthetic mixtures was quantitative. A simple extraction procedure for 5-flucytosine from the capsules has been developed.