cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow Control Research at NASA Langley in Support of High-Lift Augmentation

The paper describes the efforts at NASA Langley to apply active and passive flow control techniques for improved high-lift systems, and advanced vehicle concepts utilizing powered high-lift techniques. The development of simplified high-lift systems utilizing active flow control is shown to provide significant weight and drag reduction benefits based on system studies. Active flow control that focuses on separation, and the development of advanced circulation control wings (CCW) utilizing unsteady excitation techniques will be discussed. The advanced CCW airfoils can provide multifunctional controls throughout the flight envelope. Computational and experimental data are shown to illustrate the benefits and issues with implementation of the technology.
California’s Minimum-Nurse-Staffing Legislation And Nurses’ Wages

ABSTRACT: In 2004, California became the first state to implement minimum-nurse-staffing ratios in acute care hospitals. We examined the wages of registered nurses (RNs) before and after the legisl...
Adenovirus type 3 outbreak in connecticut associated with a novel variant

An adenovirus outbreak occurred in New Haven, Connecticut in 2006-2007. Molecular typing revealed a 2-fold increase in adenovirus type 3 infections. Restriction enzyme analysis indicated that the CT outbreak was largely due to a marked increase in the novel Ad3a51 strain. This outbreak represents the first detection of Ad3a51 in the United States. While most infections were mild, children under 3 were at increased risk for severe disease and one patient with underlying disease died.
Generation of fuzzy rules involving spatial relations for computer vision

Rule-based systems are commonly used in computer vision for scene analysis. In this paper, we propose a method for generating fuzzy IF-THEN type rules involving spatial relationships between labeled regions automatically from training data. The proposed method consists of five stages: I) determination of membership functions for representation of spatial relations, II) extraction of training data that represent spatial relations, III) estimation of class relation membership functions, IV) elimination of redundant relations, and finally V) generation of rules. Results are shown for two examples. >
Numerical algorithm for noise analysis of switched-capacitor networks

An algorithm for computerized noise analysis of switched-capacitor networks is presented. The analysis is entirely performed in the frequency domain and the passage from the continuous-time domain to the discrete-time domain is accomplished through numerical integration. The algorithm offers the capability of analyzing circuits incorporating correlated double-sampling or more generally multiple sampling. Numerical calculations consist of standard linear noise analysis and post-processing of the data to account for sample-and-hold and tracking effects. The assumptions fundamental to the analysis are fast and complete charge transfer and also stationarity or cyclostationarity of continuous-time noise sources. Numerical results for stray-insensitive and correlated double-sampling integrators are provided to illustrate the algorithm performance.
Summarizing scrambled stories

Subjects read stories 1,400 words long and wrote 60- to 80-word summaries of these stores. Reading time was either unrestricted or limited, and the stories were either presented in natural order or with their paragraphs scrambled. Reading times were longer for the scrambled stories, but the same kind of summaries were produced whether stories were presented in natural or scrambled order. When a well-structured story was used, judges were unable to distinguish the two types of summaries and rated the adequacy of summaries based upon the scrambled version about as high as that of summaries based upon normal stories. For a less well-structured story, judges could differentiate between the summaries from natural and scrambled stories. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the story schema which permits subjects to comprehend scrambled stories by reorganizing them.
Soft magnetic properties and microstructures of FeRhN high moment thin films

High moment FeRhN films with soft magnetic properties have been fabricated by reactive RF sputtering. The magnetic properties and microstructures of the FeRhN films are similar to those of FeN films, but the sputtering parameters for the minimum coercivity are somewhat shifted. The addition of Rh results in slightly increased saturation magnetostriction at a given N/sub 2//Ar flow rate ratio. It is confirmed by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HREM) that small grains are important to obtain soft magnetic properties in FeRhN films deposited on alumina coated Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-TiC (AlTiC) composite substrates. It is also observed that the grain size of the /spl gamma/'-(FeRh)/sub 4/N phase does not differ much from that of the /spl alpha/-(FeRhN) solid solution phase near the optimized N/sub 2//Ar flow rate ratio.
Irisin mRNA and circulating levels in relation to other myokines in healthy and morbidly obese humans

Objective: Skeletal muscle is considered to be an endocrine organ that secretes a number of myokines including follistatin (FST), myostatin (MSTN), activin A, and the newly identified irisin. Irisin’s biology and function exhibit similarities with the functions of the FST‐MSTN‐activin A axis. It remains unknown whether there is any interplay among these molecules. The aim of this study is to examine potential associations of irisin with the FST, MSTN, and activin A axis. Methods: Two observational studies were performed to evaluate the associations of irisin with the other three peptides. Study A included 150 healthy males aged 18.48G0.16 years with BMI 23.18G3.75 kg/m 2 . Fasting serum samples were used to measure the levels of the molecules of interest. Study B included 14 morbidly obese individuals, candidates for bariatric surgery, aged 53.14G8.93 years with BMI 50.18G10.63 kg/m 2 . Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. Eight out of the 14 participants consented to an optional thigh biopsy during their bariatric surgery. Using the above blood and tissue samples, we measured circulating levels and muscle mRNA of irisin, FST, MSTN, and activin A. Results: We report that FNDC5 mRNA in muscle is positively correlated with FST mRNA expression in morbidly obese subjects (rZ0.93, P!0.001). We also found that circulating irisin is positively correlated with FST circulating levels among lean subjects (rZ0.17, PZ0.05) while this association was suggestive among the obese (rZ0.56, PZ0.07). Conclusion: The newly identified myokine irisin may be positively associated with FST at both the mRNA and circulating protein level.
Trichinella spiralis: Acquired immunity in swine

The ability of domestic pigs to develop protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis in response to inoculation with different doses of muscle larvae was assessed. Adult worms developing from the inoculations of 112, 500, and 10,000 larvae were expelled from the intestine about 6 weeks after inoculation. Inoculation with 25,000 larvae, however, resulted in more rapid intestinal worms expulsion, indicating that gut expulsion is dose dependent. Secondary expulsion also tended to be dependent upon primary infection level. Pigs initially inoculated with 500 to 10,000 larvae expelled the challenge infection of adult worms after 22 to 25 days; in contrast, infection by inoculation of only 112 larvae failed to induce significant enchanced gut expulsion of the challenge infection intestinal worms. However, all primary infection levels, including inoculation with 112 larvae, induced nearly absolute resistance to the muscle establishment of larvae from challenge adult worms. The fecundity of female worms recovered from immune pigs was reduced 75% in comparison to controls. These results show that, in contrast to some host species, very rapid gut expulsion does not occur in domestic swine. Yet, immune responses at the gut level are important, perhaps responsible for much of the inhibition reflected as reduction in the establishment of muscle larvae.
“Greening Up” Cross-Coupling Chemistry

New methodologies that enable palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to be performed under environmentally benign conditions (in water and/or at room temperature) have been developed. Described approaches involve in situ activation of carbon–halogen or carbon–hydrogen bonds using zinc metal, or cationic palladium, respectively.
Turbulence Patterns Around A Large Wind Farm

A wind-tunnel investigation was performed at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel to study fundamental properties of the turbulent flow around a perfectly staggered wind turbine array. The staggered wind farm consisted on a series of 10 rows by 2-3 columns of miniature wind turbines spaced 5 and 4 rotor diameters in the streamwise and spanwise directions, respectively. The wind turbine array was placed in a boundary layer flow developed over a smooth surface under neutrally stratified conditions. Cross-wire anemometry was used to obtain high resolution measurements of streamwise and vertical velocity components at locations within and above the wind farm. Results show that the staggered configuration is much more efficient in terms of momentum transfer from the background flow to the turbines compared to the case of an aligned wind turbine array under similar turbine separations in the streamwise and spanwise directions. This lead to improved power output of the overall wind farm. A simplified analysis suggests that the change of power in the two configurations is on the order of 10%. Maximum levels of turbulence intensity in the wind farm were found to be very similar to that of observed in the wake of a single wind turbine, differing substantially with that observed in an aligned configuration under similar spacings. The dramatic changes in momentum and turbulence characteristics in the two configurations shows the importance of turbine layout in engineering design. Lateral homogenization of the turbulence statistics above the wind farm allows the development of simple parameterizations for the adjustment of flow properties, similar to the case of a surface roughness transition. The development of an internal boundary layer was observed above the wind farm. In this layer, flow statistics are affected by the background flow and wind turbines. The adjustment of the flow in this layer is much slower in the staggered situation (respect to its aligned counterpart) which implies change in the momentum/power available at turbine locations.
Materials Origins of Decoherence in Superconducting Qubits

Superconducting integrated circuits incorporating Josephson junctions are an attractive candidate for scalable quantum information processing in the solid state. The strong nonlinearity of the Josephson effect enables one to tailor an anharmonic potential and thus to realize an artificial quantum two-level system (ldquoqubitrdquo) from a macroscopic superconducting circuit. Josephson qubits can be made to interact strongly and controllably, and it should be straightforward to fabricate circuits incorporating hundreds or even thousands of Josephson qubits using standard thin-film processing techniques. Work over the last several years has shown that qubit performance is limited by spurious coupling of the qubit to microscopic defect states in the materials that are used to implement the circuit. Here we discuss the materials origins of dissipation and dephasing in superconducting qubits. A deeper understanding of the underlying materials physics that governs decoherence in superconducting quantum circuits will guide the search for improved, low-noise materials and fuel continued progress in the field of superconducting quantum computing.
Effect of regional myocardial ischaemia on left ventricular isovolumic contraction

In anaesthetised, open-chest dogs, global isovolumic contractility indices were reduced by acute regional ischaemia involving 12 to 14% or more of left ventricular mass. These effects were not altered by controlled reduction of blood flow to the non-ischaemic region, but were exaggerated by isoprenaline during normal perfusion of the non-ischaemic region. The results were consistent with a contraction model characterised by simple reduction of the effective length of the contractile elements.
Healing through social and spiritual affiliation.

Two very different approaches can be employed to promote recovery from psychiatric disorders. One approach is grounded in an understanding of individual psychopathology, and it is clearly central to contemporary care. The second approach to recovery, which is based on group psychology and the support derived from participation in a group, can also be valuable in promoting recovery. In examining this second approach, I consider Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and other movements that operate through social and ideologically grounded support. The term “spiritual recovery movement” (1) can be applied to them. On the basis of studies that I and my colleagues have conducted, I describe a psychological model to clarify the operation of such groups. Charismatic groups Social and spiritual recovery can be considered from the perspective of naturally occurring, highly cohesive, and religiously oriented cultic groups, two of which I have studied. One was the Divine Light Mission, headed by a guru who began preaching at the age of six in his native India. Members’ responses to a research questionnaire indicated a reduction in their symptoms of psychological distress after they joined the group, and the extent of the reduction was significantly correlated with the intensity of the social cohesiveness a member felt toward the group (2). Further clarification of the psychology of cultic groups emerged from our studies of the Unification Church, the “Moonies.” Using two scales I found that the stronger an individual’s affiliative feelings toward the group, the greater his or her psychological wellbeing (3). A study of long-term members who were matched to their future spouses by the Reverend Moon
Versorgung des deprimierten Neugeborenen

Bei Asystolie oder einer Herzfrequemz von unter 80 Schlagen/min nach 30 Sekunden positiver Druckbeatmung mit 100% Sauerstoff und Thoraxkompressionen sollte Adrenalin endotracheal oder intravenos in einer Dosis von 0,1 bis 0,3 ml/kg Adrenalin1:10.000 verabreicht werden. Diese Dosis kann nach Bedarf alle funf Minuten wiederholt werden.
Review of Gabriel Zucman, The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens (U. Chicago Press, 2015)

Tax havens cost the world’s governments hundreds of billions of dollars a year, promote corruption, and undermine the rule of law. They are part of a larger worrisome pattern in which the world’s corporations outrun the governing capacity of states. A tax haven is a nation that refuses to cooperate with major countries in order to lure multinational corporations and investors to nominally book transactions in its locale. These transactions can be outright illegal, or borderline, but beyond the reach of legitimate tax authorities.Gabriel Zucman, a young French economist now at the London School of Economics and the University of California at Berkeley, has written a masterful survey of the origins, importance, and dangers of tax havens. The Hidden Wealth of Nations is a tremendously important contribution to the current discussion of how to adjust the world’s income-tax systems, which are over a century old, to the realities of the 21st century.Zucman makes three crucial contributions. First, he offers an absorbing account of how tax havens came into being in the period between the two world wars, and how they became much more important after exchange controls were relaxed in the 1980s. Second, Zucman delivers a far-reaching and rigorous quantitative evaluation of the scale and dynamics of tax havens in today’s global economy. And third, Zucman proposes remedies.
World energy consumption pattern as revealed by DMSP-OLS nighttime light imagery

Remotely sensed nighttime light (NTL) from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) provides a spatially consistent and cost-effective mean to estimate energy consumption pattern. While previous researches have documented the application of NTL to predict electric power consumption (EPC) with varying degrees of success, few have systematically studied the possible factors affecting the EPC-NTL relationship. Moreover, no substantial research effort has been made to relate overall energy consumption (OEC) to NTL. This study investigated key factors governing the EPC/OEC-NTL relationship by examining the influences of affluence, urbanization, technology, temperature, and NTL pattern. Results show that EPC increased with higher per capital GDP, urbanization rate, and high-technology exports, and lower agricultural development, both globally and regionally. Meanwhile, EPC generally reduced with higher temperature and more agglomerate human activities. A strong OEC-N...
Development and Application of Land Mammal Ages in North America and Europe, a Comparison

During the last century the geologic time scale was developed from a sequential array of fossiliferous marine deposits, primarily in Europe. Prior to the last century the concept of geologic time was addressed by numerous natural scientists, including Steno, Buffon, Hutton, and Smith. With subsequent refinements, this time scale is now widely accepted as the chronologic framework for all geologic and biologic events in earth history. However, with rare exceptions (e.g., the Paris Basin) the application of this framework to continental sediments has been difficult because continental deposits are usually less extensive, superposition is more difficult to demonstrate, and interdigitation of marine and nonmarine rocks are rare. Because of these factors, vertebrate paleontologists have made few contributions to the development of the geologic time scale, even though their contributions to the concept of organic evolution has been significant.
Multiple myeloma associated with a basic abnormal protein and unusual plasma cell inclusions.

A patient with extensive multiple myeloma and an unusually basic IgG (type kappa) serum M-component is described. This M-component had a pre-gamma electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6. Its isoelectric point was at pH 9.0. Similar basic M-components have been reported previously in association with the rare skin disorder, lichen myxedematosis. The present patient to date has shown no evidence of dermatologic abnormality. Many of the plasma cells in the bone marrow contained single, large, homogeneous, eosinophilic and PAS-positive inclusions. These inclusions appear to be morphologically unique, and are thought to represent a storage form of the abnormal protein. The morphologic and staining characteristics of these inclusions suggest a relationship to Russell bodies.
Peer victimization, caregiver restriction of food intake, and degree of overweight in youth.

Objective: Although caregiver restriction of child food intake is a common weight control strat- egy, factors that make a caregiver more likely to engage in restriction have not been fully explored. This study examined the relations between child weight, peer victimization, and restriction. Peer victimization was expected to serve as a mechanism through which child weight was associated with restriction. Method: Two hundred fourteen youth (6-17 yr) were recruited from pediatric primary care clinics in the South. Youth reported their levels of peer victimization, and caregivers reported on their use of restriction of child food intake. Child height and weight were obtained from medical records. Results: Ethnic minority adolescent females were more likely to be obese than nonethnic minority adolescents/children. Greater child body mass index (BMI)-z was associated with increased caregiver restriction (B 5 0.86, p < .05) and peer victimization (B 5 0.66, p < .05). When peer victimization was entered into the model of BMI-z predicting caregiver re- striction of child food intake, the relationship between these 2 variables decreased from 74% to 46% and was no longer significant (B 5 0.68, p 5 .08). However, the test of the indirect effect was not significant. Conclusions: Greater degree of overweight was associated with increased peer victimization, which in turn related to caregiver restriction of food intake. Children's social relationships may serve as an impetus for caregivers to engage in child weight control practices. Clinicians should regularly screen for weight-related peer difficulties and provide caregivers with guidance on healthy versus unhealthy weight control practices to promote overall child health. (J Dev Behav Pediatr 35:411-418, 2014) Index terms: peer victimization, weight, restriction, children, pediatric obesity.
Blocking as a friend of induction in verbal category learning

We conducted an experiment to investigate the influences of interleaved versus blocked presentation of disparate verbal exemplars on the induction of category concepts. The practice schedules of four experimental groups were juxtaposed such that sets of exemplar–category associations were either solved in succession (i.e., blocked), systematically intermixed (i.e., interleaved), or presented with an incremental transition from blocked to interleaved practice. Counter to current trends in the literature, in which interleaving alone has been facilitative of induction in some tasks, we found that participants whose initial exposure to the category exemplars involved blocked presentation performed better in both implicit and explicit tests of concept learning. The results are discussed with respect to the impacts of task type, task difficulty, and exemplar relatedness on induction.
Large cross section for super energy transfer from hyperthermal atoms to ambient molecules

The experimentally measured cross section for super energy transfer collisions between a hyperthermal H atom and an ambient molecule is presented here. This measurement substantiates an emerging energy transfer mechanism with significant cross section, whereby a major fraction of atomic translational energy is converted into molecular vibrational energy through a transient collision-induced reactive complex. Specifically, using nanosecond time-resolved infrared emission spectroscopy, it is revealed that collisions between hyperthermal hydrogen atoms (with 59 kcal/mol of kinetic energy) and ambient ${\mathrm{SO}}_{2}$ result in the production of vibrationally highly excited ${\mathrm{SO}}_{2}$ with $g14\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of internal energy. The lower limit of the cross section for this super energy transfer process is determined to be $0.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ \AA{}${}^{2}$, i.e., 2% of all hard-sphere collisions. This cross section is orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by the exponential energy gap law, which is commonly used for describing collisional energy transfer through repulsive interactions.
Innovations in the Analysis Code SAMMY

The complexity and sophistication of modern experimental techniques require that similarly complex and sophisticated analysis procedures be used to interpret and understand experimental data. One tool which is often used in the analysis of neutron (and other projectile) time-of-flight data is the computer code SAMMY. An overview of the capabilities of this code is presented here, with emphasis on recent enhancements and improvements.
Evaluation of the Level of Food Safety Protection Provided by the U.S. Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance and Its Associated Cooperative Grade “A” Milk Safety Program

The present study was conducted to evaluate the level of food safety protection provided to consumers of Grade “A” milk and milk products in the United States by the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) Grade “A” Milk Safety Program through its implementation and enforcement of the U.S. Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO). The number of reported illnesses associated with Grade “A” milk and milk products in the United States was obtained from state and federal agencies and published articles. The consumption of Grade “A” milk and milk products in the United States was estimated from food consumption survey data for individuals. The level of food safety protection was measured quantitatively using the metric of annual illness attack rate. During a 15-year period (1999 through 2013), the estimated annual illness attack rate was 0.41 reported illnesses per 1 billion exposures (estimated using person-day intake data) or 0.52 reported illnesses per 1 billion lb (454 million kg) of Gra...
Sleep and postpartum depression.

Purpose of reviewThe perinatal period introduces a myriad of changes. One important but often overlooked change is the increased risk for sleep disturbance. Although casually regarded as a consequence of pregnancy or postpartum, there is emerging evidence to suggest that women with significant sleep
Illustration, Historicism, and Travel: The Legacy of Sir Walter Scott

In this final chapter, I take up again the story of long Romanticism, tracing a neglected line of literary history from the eighteenth century to the Victorian period. The chapter delineates generative interactions between travel, antiquarian texts, and book illustrations. The central figure in this story is Walter Scott, who inspired many of the nineteenth century’s most groundbreaking illustration projects. To engage with Scott-inspired illustration requires stretching this account beyond Scott’s death, beyond even the mid-century moment of Brown, Hawthorne, and Stowe, in order to highlight the persistence of necromanticism in the age of photography.
Coffee anyone?: How marketing classes helped develop a business plan for a college library café

Quand les bibliotheques du Moravian College ont decide d'ouvrir un cafe en un lieu d'ou sont traditionnellement bannis conversation, boisson et nourriture, ce sont les etudiants qui ont mis au point le plan marketing du cafe. L'ouverture du cafe a transforme l'image stereotypee de la bibliotheque en la montrant comme un lieu convivial et accueillant.
Just Another Gibbs Sampler (JAGS) Flexible Software for MCMC Implementation

A review of the software Just Another Gibbs Sampler (JAGS) is provided. We cover aspects related to history and development and the elements a user needs to know to get started with the program, including (a) definition of the data, (b) definition of the model, (c) compilation of the model, and (d) initialization of the model. An example using a latent class model with large-scale education data is provided to illustrate how easily JAGS can be implemented in R. We also cover details surrounding the many programs implementing JAGS. We conclude with a discussion of the newest features and upcoming developments. JAGS is constantly evolving and is developing into a flexible, user-friendly program with many benefits for Bayesian inference.
Parent perceived challenges to treatment utilization in a publicly funded early intensive behavioral intervention program for children with autism spectrum disorder.

Background: In recent years, the delivery of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States has significantly changed. More children with ASD than ever before are eligible to use publicly funded EIBI. Yet, the challenges to large-scale implementation of EIBI remain unclear.Specific Aims: We examined parent perceived challenges to treatment utilization, predictors of increased challenges to treatment utilization, and parent recommendations for increasing utilization in a statewide EIBI program.Method: Using a cross-sectional design, we surveyed parents of children with ASD receiving EIBI through South Carolina’s Pervasive Developmental Disorder Program (N = 145). To examine the contributions of parent demographic characteristics, parent social support, and child challenging behaviors to perceived challenges to utilization, we used multiple linear regression. Parent recommendations were collected using a single open-ended question.Finding...
A Guided Wave Resonance Matching Technique for in Situ Monitoring of Powder Injection Molded Products

Advances have been made in manufacturing high performance metallic and non-metallic components via powder injection molding (PEM) approaches [1,2,3]. Considerable progress has been made in bringing ΡIM technology into an era where complex shapes (Figure 1) can be achieved with changes in cross-sectional area by an order of magnitude [4,5]. This has been accomplished by novel approaches in instrumentation, feedback control, and process condition optimization [6,7].
Insensitive Munitions Formulations: Their Dissolution and Fate in Soils

New explosive compounds that are less sensitive to shock and high temperatures are being tested as replacements for TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine). Two of these explosives, DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole) and NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), have good detonation characteristics and are the main ingredients in a suite of insensitive munitions (IM) explosives. Both compounds, however, are more soluble than either TNT or RDX. Data on their fate could help determine if DNAN and NTO have the potential to reach groundwater and be transported off base, an outcome that could create future contamination problems on military training ranges and trigger regulatory action. In this chapter, we describe how quickly IM constituents (DNAN, NTO, nitroguanidine, RDX and ammonium perchlorate) dissolve from three IM formulations (IMX-101, IMX-104 and PAX-21) and how solutions of IM compounds interact with different types of soils. This information, coupled with the mass of IM formulations scattered on a range, will allow estimates of the dissolved IM mass loads, their subsequent transport and fate, and their likelihood of reaching groundwater.
Abstract 16207: RNA Polymerase II-associated Factor 1 Complex Drives Cardiac Progenitor Formation and Differentiation

Cardiac differentiation from pluripotent progenitor cells requires well-orchestrated transcriptional and epigenetic regulations. The evolutionarily conserved RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 complex (PAF1C) functions as a transcription platform required for a wide range of cell signaling processes. From zebrafish genetic screens, we identify critical roles for PAF1C in the formation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells. Overexpression of Rtf1, a PAF1C component, activates cardiac transcription program and promotes the formation of cardiac progenitor cells in zebrafish. Conversely, knockdown of Rtf1 prevents cardiac differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells and Rtf1 ablation in zebrafish and mice eliminates the entire cardiac progenitor population resulting in a heartless embryo. Molecular dissection identifies the histone modification and DNA binding domains of Rtf1. Structure-function analysis in zebrafish reveals distinct requirements for these domains in heart development; the DNA binding domain of Rtf1 is essential for the specification of the cardiac fate whereas the histone modification domain is dispensable for the formation of cardiac progenitor cells, but is required for the maturation of cardiomyocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays show that Rtf1 regulates the expression of cardiac transcription factors such as Nkx2.5 and Tbx20 by direct interaction with these promoters via the DNA binding domain. In addition, mutations in the histone modification domain reduce the abundance of epigenetic marks associated with actively transcribed genes and compromise the maturation of cardiomyocytes. Together these findings demonstrate that Rtf1 regulates cardiac differentiation by controlling transcription and epigenetic modification.
Closing the Capacity-Ability Gap: Using Technology to Support Aging With Disability

There is a critical need to develop supports for older adults who have a wide range of abilities, including those aging with long-term impairments. Without appropriate support, many individuals will be functioning below optimal levels and will face participation barriers. Technology holds great promise to provide individualized support for a wide range of abilities and for a variety of domains. To ensure technology interventions are designed well and meet research-documented user requirements, we need more specific, actionable models to provide guidance for those developing and designing interventions. In this paper, we present the TechSAge Aging and Disability Model to bridge models from the aging and disability literatures and to disambiguate the population of individuals aging into disability from those aging with disability (i.e., pre-existing impairments). We also present the TechSAge Technology Intervention Model to support aging with pre-existing impairments, which provides direction and touch points for technology interventions. These models reflect the complex and dynamic interaction between age-related changes and an individual's prior capabilities and limitations. We describe the need for these models with respect to filling a gap in the disability and aging literature by highlighting the importance of differentiating between age-related changes and long-term impairments when designing interventions. We also show the need for quantitative and qualitative data to refine the models given complexities of the current state of the literature and survey data. The TechSAge Technology Intervention Model can be used to drive and inform technology redesign and development.
The Dynamics of the Cell Signaling Network; Implications for Targeted Therapies

Molecular targeted therapies against signaling molecules that are active in ­cancer have shown only incomplete and temporary clinical benefit when used as single agents. One explanation for the limited clinical benefit is that extracellular signals are transmitted through a network of proteins rather than through hierarchical signaling pathways; a network inhibition of a single component is insufficient to have dramatic effects on the treatment of cancer since the biological outcome of signals propagated through a network is inherently more resistant to perturbations. In this chapter, we discuss the major mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapeutics using alterations in the cell signaling network. We present specific examples of redundant (intrinsic) and compensatory (acquired) signaling leading to resistance. These include the redundant mechanisms of (1) mutation in a downstream effector rendering inhibition of an upstream activator ineffective and (2) the presence of redundant signaling pathways regulating cancer cell growth as well as the compensatory resistance mechanisms including (3) the upregulation of a second signaling pathway which substitutes for the targeted pathway, and (4) loss of feedback control when inhibiting a downstream effector which facilitates activation of upstream components of the signaling pathway. We also discuss the general implications of the cell signaling network on resistance and the design of effective drug treatments.
Nature and Science Literacy

The focus of this book is the subcategory Nature in the category NonSelf. As stated above, the NonSelf is everything in the universe except the Self. The NonSelf can be divided into domains of equivalent, nonequivalent, or hierarchical taxonomic status (see Cobern, 1991b, Ch. 4). The simplest division is into domains of human environment and physical environment, or society and Nature. Most cultures, including Western culture, fall along the lines of Redfield’s (1952) tripartite division: Humanity (society), Nature, and God (the transcendent). Some of the bitterest controversies in public education can be traced to differences in the Self-NonSelf axis and domains of the NonSelf. For example, a group of citizens may believe that the education establishment is promulgating a worldview solely based on society and Nature. In opposition stands a group of educators who may believe that the citizen group is unjustly trying to promote in the schools a religious worldview. As one would expect, the aspect of the NonSelf of interest in the science classroom is Nature. From a worldview perspective, one would ask, what is the image of Nature projected in the science classroom? What is Nature like according to science instruction? There is a rich literature on what people in different societies and at different times have believed about Nature (see Glacken, 1967; Knopf, 1987).12 Is it wise for educators to assume that students coming into the science classroom will fully accept as both appropriate and important the image of Nature projected there, when the literature indicates that there are many views of Nature? Environmentalists have taken an interest in student beliefs about Nature and perceptions of Nature (e.g., Knopf, 1987). It is an interest that should be extended to all science educators.
Passengers and Hitchhikers

A 54-year-old woman with hepatitis C cirrhosis, status post deceased-donor orthotopic liver transplant 14 days ago, returns for outpatient follow-up with complaints of excessive fatigue, lightheadedness, and dyspnea on exertion. The patient had experienced an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged from the hospital in good condition on postoperative day #4. Laboratory studies show that the hemoglobin (Hgb) has decreased from 9.1 (hospital discharge) to 5.1 g/dL. A type and screen sample (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] anticoagulant) and a request for two units of red blood cells (RBCs) are submitted to the blood bank.
Characterizing chloride-dependent acidification in brain Clathrin-coated vesicles

Endocytic organelles maintain their acidic pH using the V-type ATPase proton pump. However, proton accumulation across the membrane generates a voltage and requires the movement of an additional io...
Pathologic Study of Supernumerary Orbital Band in Type I Duane Syndrome.

Background/aims Accessory orbital bands are relatively rare and very few reports detail histopathology. Cases in the literature describe the composition of the bands as muscular and/or fibrous. The composition of the supernumerary band lying deep in the medial rectus muscle in a patient with type I Duane syndrome was investigated. Methods Histochemical stains were used in conjunction with polarized light for differentiating compressed collagen from muscle. Immunohistochemistry was used for verification of the presence of muscle. Results Compressed collagen appeared red using Masson trichrome staining. Collagen was positively identified by illumination with polarized light on several stains including the underutilized Sirius red dye. Conclusions The findings of dense collagen fibers in the fibrotic band with focal striated muscle correlated with the restrictive strabismus. In concert with other cases in the literature, it is proposed that the fibrous bands are generally associated with restrictive strabismus. Bands that are muscular may or may not be associated with strabismus. Special techniques are needed to positively identify compressed collagen.
Activation of 1-hydroxymethylpyrene to an electrophilic and mutagenic metabolite by rat hepatic sulfotransferase activity.

Hydroxylation of meso-methyl groups with subsequent formation of reactive benzylic esters bearing a good leaving group (e.g., sulfate, phosphate, acetate, etc.) has been proposed as a possible activation pathway in the DNA binding and carcinogenicity of some methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Flesher, et al., 1971; Flesher, et al., 1973). The metabolic formation of such reactive esters has recently been reported by Watabe et al. (1982, 1986, 1987; Okuda, H. et al., 1986). Their studies demonstrated the formation of electrophilic and mutagenic sulfuric acid ester metabolites from 7-hydroxymethy1-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (HMBA) and related aromatic hydrocarbons by rat liver cytosolic sulfotransferase activity (reviewed in ref. 7). Non-enzymatic interaction of these reactive esters with the amino groups of guanine and adenine residues in calf thymus DNA produced the benzylic adducts. More recently we have noted the formation of such benzylic DNA adducts in vivo in the livers of infant rats and mice treated with HMBA, 6- hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene (HMBP), or their electrophilic sulfuric acid esters (Surh, Y.-J. et al., 1987, 1989). The chemically synthesized sulfuric acid ester of 1- hydroxymethylpyrene (HMP) was also found to be highly mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 (Watabe, T. et al., 1982) and this intrinsic mutagenicity increased dramatically in the presence of chloride ion (Henschler, R., et al. 1989). However, the biological formation of such a labile and reactive sulfuric acid ester of HMP has not been reported.
Dense SNP panels resolve closely related Chinook salmon populations

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are migratory fish that are highly valued for subsistence, sport, and commercial fisheries throughout their native range. Populations of Chinook salmon in ...
Novel Functions of IFI44L as a Feedback Regulator of Host Antiviral Responses.

We describe a novel function for the interferon (IFN)-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L) gene in negatively modulating innate immune responses induced after virus infections. Furthermore, we show that decreasing IFI44L expression impairs virus production and that IFI44L expression negatively modulates the antiviral state induced by an analog of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or by IFN treatment. The mechanism likely involves the interaction of IFI44L with cellular FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5), which in turn interacts with kinases essential for type I and III IFN responses, such as inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκB) kinase alpha (IKKα), IKKβ, and IKKe. Consequently, binding of IFI44L to FKBP5 decreased interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3)-mediated and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) inhibitor (IκBα)-mediated phosphorylation by IKKe and IKKβ, respectively. According to these results, IFI44L is a good target for treatment of diseases associated with excessive IFN levels and/or proinflammatory responses and for reduction of viral replication.IMPORTANCE Excessive innate immune responses can be deleterious for the host, and therefore, negative feedback is needed. Here, we describe a completely novel function for IFI44L in negatively modulating innate immune responses induced after virus infections. In addition, we show that decreasing IFI44L expression impairs virus production and that IFI44L expression negatively modulates the antiviral state induced by an analog of dsRNA or by IFN treatment. IFI44L binds to the cellular protein FKBP5, which in turn interacts with kinases essential for type I and III IFN induction and signaling, such as the kinases IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKe. IFI44L binding to FKBP5 decreased the phosphorylation of IRF-3 and IκBα mediated by IKKe and IKKβ, respectively, providing an explanation for the function of IFI44L in negatively modulating IFN responses. Therefore, IFI44L is a candidate target for reducing virus replication.
The Carbon Balance Observatory (CARBO) instrument for remote sensing of greenhouse gases from space

We present the current development of the Carbon Balance Observatory (CARBO). CARBO is a wide-swath mapping, low Earth orbit (LEO) new generation of instruments that expands on the ground-breaking CO2 and Solar Induced Fluorescence (SIF) measurements pioneered by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2/3) by adding CH4 and CO detection. The instrument’s spatial coverage is delivered at 2 km by 2 km resolution with a field-of-view of 10° to 15° from LEO for a ~200 km wide swath. It achieves roughly 20x better spatial coverage than the OCO-2 instrument, and 3x better Solar Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) detection sensitivity, in a smaller package. CARBO will measure CO2 at <1.5 ppm, CH4 at <7 ppb, CO at <5 ppb and SIF < 20%. The measurement of CO2/CH4/CO/SIF at these concentrations will significantly increase our ability to disentangle carbon fluxes into their constituent components. CARBO utilizes innovative immersion grating technology and enables high resolving power spectroscopy (roughly 20,000) in a smaller and lighter package that is more cost effective than current space-based CO2 remote sensing instruments. CARBO modules cover 4 different spectral ranges (from 740 nm to 2.3μm), where two channels will be built and field tested. CARBO’s modular architecture reduces implementation risk, accelerates access to space, and extends opportunities to a more diverse set of platforms and launch vehicles. CARBO significantly improves our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Here we discuss an overview of the design elements and focus on the expected radiometric performance of channels 1 (~760 nm) and 2 (~1600 nm).
Behavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms in Dementia (BPSD)

Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in dementia (BPSD) are common and will affect the majority of patients with dementia at some point during the course of their disease. Symptoms are fluctuating, unpredictable, and wide ranging and can change frequently in a particular patient. BPSD are costly to patients and society, can be taxing for caregivers, and are a major cause of placement in facilities. This chapter reviews the subtypes of dementia and the variety of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms commonly occurring at various stages of dementia. We present nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches, utilizing a multidisciplinary team to manage these patients. The ultimate goal of treatment being improving patient care and comfort, relieve caregiver stress, and avoid institutionalization.
Design, development and modelling of single actuated, compliant and symmetrical multi link hopping mechanism

In this study, we present the design and development of a compliant multi-link hopping mechanism actuated by a single DC motor. Mechanism consists of torsional spring, two symmetrically arranged six bar mechanism connected through the bottom gears and a compliant preloaded pinned-pinned buckling beam serving as a nonlinear spring. Kinematic and dynamical analysis are performed using both Newtonian dynamics, vector closure loop equations and geometric constrains of the design to predict the motion of the mechanism. Adams simulations are performed to obtain the force-deflection curve for flexible beam and torque-angular displacement curve for flat spiral spring. Mechanism is built by 3D printing all parts using thermoplastic based polylactic acid PLA filament. Continuous hopping motion is created without requirement of any hydraulic and pneumatic actuators or mechanical springs to store and release energy during the complete motion. The actuator is connected to a 3D printed flat spiral spring to control the speed and pinned-pinned buckling beam is attached in between two symmetrical multi-link mechanism to increase the effect of impact.
The arresting gaze: Artistic disruptions of antiblack surveillance:

This article analyzes a range of art and performance pieces that unearth and problematize the racist cultural underpinnings of surveillance. Drawing upon recent black studies scholarship, I probe t...