cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Complications of Inguinal Hernia Surgery

Hernia repair is a frequent elective surgical operation. Unsatisfactory results in some cases have led to the persistence of a variety of different operative methods. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of postoperative complications with different surgery methods and evaluate the correlation of complications with patient characteristics and health. Materials and methods: We examined 403 patients with an inguinal hernia who underwent hernioplasty, including 98 by the method of Liechtenstein, 74 by the method of Gvenetadze, 231 by the laparoscopic method. Patients were aged 18-80 years with a mean age of 56.914.6 years. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22. Results: The frequency of total perioperative complications of surgery was 52 (53.06 %), according to the method of Lichtenstein, 13 (17.57%) according to the method of Gvenetadze, and 23 (9.96 %) according to laparoscopic surgery. The following postoperative complications were observed: damage to the colon, bleeding from the lower epigastric vessels, urinary retention, neuralgia, hematomas, and delayed postoperative wound healing, higher in patients undergoing Lichtenstein surgery (p <0.05). The Liechtenstein method significantly increases the likelihood of complications; odds ratio OR=8.23 (95% CI: 4.87-13.94), with the Gvenetadze method, the relative chance decreases insignificantly OR=0.722 (95% CI: 0.30-1.39), with the laparoscopic method, the relative chance of complications are significantly reduced OR=0.20 (95% CI: 0.12- 0.34). Conclusions: The odds ratio of postoperative complications of hernioplasty increases with the Liechtenstein method and decreases with laparoscopy. A comparison of the open methods of hernioplasty shows an advantage of the Gvenetadze method over the Liechtenstein method.
Addressing anti-semitism in social work education

Antisemitism, one of the oldest forms of prejudice and oppression is surging throughout the world. It ranges from verbal abuse to the destruction of property to murder. In the last two years, attac...
Increasing diversity in leadership: perspectives of four Black women educational leaders in the context of the United States

This paper is a collation of the experiences of four Black women, all senior-level educational leaders in the United States of America. Considering the predominance of White males in educational le...
Sustaining indigenous geographies through world heritage: a study of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park

In this article, the author will argue that development of the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa nomination dossier involved collaborations between multiple actors, involved the recognition of indigenous knowledge systems, and resulted in the co-creation of hybrid mapping representations. This empirical research examines data sources like World Heritage dossiers and state/UNESCO correspondence letters held at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre archives in Paris, France and cultural site dossiers archived at the International Council on Memorials and Sites (ICOMOS) in Charenton-le-Pont, France. Actor-network theory informs this research and will act as a heuristic tool for collection, organizing, and analyzing the archival documents. A framework called postcolonial centers of calculation will be introduced to untangle technoscientific processes associated with World Heritage nomination documents. A case study of the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa nomination dossier reveals historical cycles of accumulation geographic information around Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa, a strong network of indigenous and state collaborations, and the creation of hybrid geographic representations. The discussion and conclusion section relate this research to sustainability science and indigenous geographies, and suggest future research directions.
EXPLOITING FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITIES WITH MARKET DRIVING CAPABILITIES

The following is based on a presentation given by the author at the Second International Conference on the Automotive Industry and the Environment. His main theme was to stress that the challenge of solving environmental problems also presented companies with the opportunities to gain competitive advantage.
Concepts and Implementations in X-Ray Intensification

X-ray image intensification (XRII) is discussed from a historical perspective in terms of the input scintillator, the electron optics, and the output phosphor screen. The basic concept and physical appearance of XRII has changed little since its introduction nearly 30 years ago. It is characterized by a minified output image. The minified output image was chosen so that additional brightness gain of approximately 100 times could be obtained. However, this design choice of obtaining additional brightness gain through the minification of the output image size has locked the XRII to inverting-type electrostatic-focused electron optics which require cylindrical symmetry, long electron trajectories, weak cathode field strength, and curved input screen. Nevertheless, significant improvements in the preformance of XRII have been made in the past 10 years. Primarily, these improvements were made through the use of improved X-ray-sensitive input screen phosphors, electron optics, and output screens. The improvements have led to the consideration, design, and construction of a novel proximity-type XRII. This device has the main advantage of fewer sources of unsharpness so that this advantage can be traded for higher MTF performance or dose reduction performance. In addition, the size and shape of this device are not restricted as in the case of current minifying-type X-ray image intensifier tubes. Various systems applications employing this device, such as in simple direct-view intensified panel-like fluoroscopy, low-dose TV fluoroscopy, and direct radiographic miniaturization, are discussed.
Shoreline Ecology Program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Part 3—Biology

This study describes the biological results of a comprehensive shoreline ecology program designed to assess ecological recovery in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill on march 24, 1989. The program is an application of the ``Sediment Quality Triad`` approach, combining chemical, toxicological, and biological measurements. The study was designed so that results could be extrapolated to the entire spill zone in Prince William Sound. The spill affected four major shoreline habitat types in Prince William Sound: pebble/gravel, boulder/cobble, sheltered bedrock, and exposed bedrock. The study design had two components: (1) one-time stratified random sampling at 64 sites representing four habitats and four oiling levels (including unoiled reference sites) and (2) periodic sampling at 12 nonrandomly chosen sites that included some of the most heavily oiled locations in the sound. Biological communities on rock surfaces and in intertidal and shallow subtidal sediments were analyzed for differences resulting from to oiling in each of 16 habitat/tide zone combinations. Statistical methods included univariate analyses of individual species abundances and community parameter variables (total abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity), and multivariate correspondence analysis of community structure. 58 refs., 13 figs., 9 tabs.
Timing-Based Mutual Exclusion with Local Spinning

We consider the time complexity of shared-memory mutual exclusion algorithms based on reads, writes, and comparison primitives under the remote-memory-reference (RMR) time measure. For asynchronous systems, a lower bound of Ω(log N/log log N) RMRs per critical-section entry has been established in previous work, where N is the number of processes. In this paper, we show that lower RMR time complexity is attainable in semi-synchronous systems in which processes may execute delay statements. When assessing the time complexity of delay-based algorithms, the question of whether delays should be counted arises. We consider both possibilities. Also of relevance is whether delay durations are upper-bounded. (They are lower-bounded by definition.) Again, we consider both possibilities. For each of these possibilities, we present an algorithm with either Θ(1) or Θ(log log N) time complexity. For the cases in which a Ω(log log N) algorithm is given, we establish matching Ω(log log N) lower bounds.
Microsomal metabolism of arylamides by the rat and guinea pig—II: Oxidation of 3-fluorenylacetamide at carbon atom 9 formation of 3-acetamido-9-fluorenone☆☆☆

Abstract Previous work on the oxidation of N-3-fluorenyl acetamide at carbon atom 9 yielded two products, 9-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide and 3-acetamido-9-fluorenone. The formation of the alcohol, 9-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide, was catalyzed by a microsomal heme protein. The present study deals with the formation of the ketone, 3-acetamido-9-fluorenone, and with the question of whether the alcohol-forming and the ketone-forming enzymes are identical. 3-Acetamido-9-fluorenone was formed from 9-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide, suggesting that 9-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide is an intermediate in the formation of 3-acetamido-9-fluorenone. Cofactor requirements, pH optimum, effect of carbon monoxide and intracellular distribution indicated that the alcohol-forming and the ketone-forming activities are not identical. Unlike the alcohol-forming enzyme, the ketone-forming utilized NADP+ and NAD+ and does not appear to be a heme protein.
Complex Litigation: The Art of Intervening

Commentary an analysis of the problem whether an objector to a shareholders’ derivative class action settlement must intervene in order to appeal from a court order approving the settlement. The article focuses on a case pending before the Supreme Court that raises this issue: California Public Employees’ Retirement System v. Felzen. The Felzen appeal raises the technical quandary of clarifying who are the parties to a shareholders’ derivative lawsuit and whether the ability to oppose a settlement confers a right to appeal without requiring the objector to intervene formally in the action. The appeal involves the convergence of three rules of civil and appellate procedure. Rule 23.1 governs shareholder derivative class action suits and vary slightly from other class actions pursued under Rule 23. Under Rule 23.1, if a plaintiff seeks to settle the action, then other shareholders have the right to notice of the settlement and to lodge objections to the settlement. The central issue in Felzen concerns whether these rights confer quasi-party status on shareholder objectors. Hence, while shareholders may object under Rule 23.1, it is uncertain whether they have a right to appeal approval of a settlement unless they formally seek party status under the intervention Rule 24. Federal courts are split over whether objectors in class or derivative litigation may appeal without intervening to gain formal party status. Felzen is further complicated by an arcane technical argument that Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c) states that a notice of appeal must specify the party or parties taking the appeal, naming each appellant either in the caption or the body of the notice of appeal. The Seventh Circuit has suggested that because objecting shareholders are not parties, an appeal cannot be proper under this appellate rule. The article concludes by discussing the significance of Felzen for class action settlements.
Issues and Problems in Teacher Computer Literacy Education.

AbstractAs microcomputer technology becomes increasingly integrated into American education, teacher educators are faced with a number of issues and problems regarding computer literacy education for teachers. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss some of the issues and problems currently faced by those involved in teacher computer literacy education.
Long-term Change and Short-term Shifting in the Economy of Philippine Forager-Traders

When Europeans first made contact with mainland and island Southeast Asia populations, they found a complex amalgam of groups of extremely diverse economic orientations, levels of sociopolitical complexity, and linguistic and ethnic affiliations. Many researchers have stated that the considerable ecological diversity and geographic fragmentation of Southeast Asia contributed to the high degree of economic specialization and ubiquity of intensive interethnic exchange relations among various groups of tropical forest foragers, tribal swiddening populations, and complex chiefdoms and kingdoms focused on maritime trade and intensive rice farming (e.g., Dunn 1975; Hutterer,1974, 1976, 1983). The configurations of such interethnic trade systems in the historic period have been well documented by early texts associated with literate kingdoms of late first millennium A.D. and early second millennium A.n. Southeast Asia, Chinese trade records, and later European histories (Andaya 1975; Hall 1985:1-20, 80-89; 1992:257-259; Junker 1999:239-259; Miksic 1984; Wheatley 1983; Wolters 1971:13-14). Hunter-gatherer populations that generally inhabited the interior uplands of Southeast Asia include the Semang (Orang Ash) of Malaysia; the Punan and Penan of Borneo; the Kudu of Sumatra; the Agta, Ata, and Batak of the Philippines; the Togucil of Maluku (the Moluccas or “Spice Islands”), the Nuaulu of Scram (in eastern Indonesia), the Andaman Islanders in the Indian Ocean, and various smaller and lesser known groups in Thailand and Vietnam (see Fig. 11.1)
Fixing the Facts or Missing the Mark? Intelligence, Policy, and the War in Iraq

Abstract : The major national security controversies over the last decade have revolved around intelligence. Critics blamed the intelligence community for failing to alert policymakers before the September 11 attacks, but others argued that the White House ignored intelligence that warned of the looming danger. Critics of intelligence also blamed it for exaggerating Iraq s capabilities and terrorist links before the war, but others argued that White House pressure caused intelligence leaders to inflate the threat. And the continuing controversy over estimates of the Iranian nuclear program has convinced some observers that the intelligence community is deliberately seeking to constrain policy. As these examples attest, it is impossible to understand contemporary strategic debates without thinking about the role of intelligence in strategy. Yet despite its importance, the subject has received surprisingly little attention from scholars, and nothing like the gigantic body of research on civil-military relations. A great deal has been written on espionage, analysis, covert action, and deception. Much less has been written about the causes and consequences of intelligence-policy breakdowns. The irony is that the ongoing effort to reform intelligence will be all for naught if the intelligence community cannot build a productive relationship with policymakers. Even the perfect intelligence estimate is useless until it finds a receptive reader. This E-Note outlines a framework for understanding intelligence-policy relations. It begins by describing intelligence-policy relations in the ideal, and then explaining some of the recurring problems that get in the way of productive interaction. I conclude by returning to the most notorious and controversial case of intelligence-policy failure: the war in Iraq.
On the Uniform Distribution of Inverses modulo n

In this expository note we use uniform distribution to clarify a result on the difference of an element and its inverse in (Z/nZ)*. We then explain why our remarks apply to some other settings. In doing so we state and prove a couple of folklore theorems on uniform distribution.
Sepsis and Nutrition

Sepsis continues to be a common and serious problem. As the population ages, the incidence of sepsis in the United States continues to climb. It is estimated that in the United States, there are greater than 1.1 million cases of sepsis per year at an annual cost of $24.3 billion. Sepsis remains the leading cause of death in non-cardiac intensive care units (ICUs). In spite of extensive research, sepsis related mortality remains prohibitively high. In recent years, multiple professional organizations have developed evidence-based guidelines for the management of sepsis. The intent of such guidelines is to improve patient outcomes by aiding clinicians in the delivery of evidence-based care. Providing adequate nutritional support of critically ill patients, including those with sepsis, is a key factor in improving patient outcomes. The provision of early nutritional support via the enteral route can attenuate the metabolic response to stress, favorably modulate the host’s immune response, reduce the risk nosocomial infections, and reduce the risk organ dysfunctions associated with critical illness. In this chapter, we will review the current literature as it relates to the nutritional support of critically ill patients with sepsis.
Differences in severity-adjusted pediatric hospitalization rates are associated with race/ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: Racial/ethnic disparities in health care delivery have been well described, but little is known about such disparities for children who seek emergency care. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that severity-adjusted emergency department pediatric admission rates are associated with race/ethnicity. METHODS: Secondary analyses were conducted of an established database of 16 emergency departments that participated in a national study to validate the Pediatric Risk of Admission II score, which is used to measure severity of illness. Patients were randomly selected by the coordinating center from daily emergency department visit logs. Crude and severity-adjusted admission rates were compared among the 3 most common races/ethnicities: white, black, and Hispanic. Adjusted admission rates were calculated by using the standardized admission ratio, which was calculated by dividing the observed admissions by the predicted admissions, when predicted was calculated from the Pediatric Risk of Admission II score. Language: en
The well-being of social systems

The emphasis is on social systems that are intentionally created to accomplish one or more purposes and, by design, size, and/or intention, are highly vulnerable to their membership. Such systems tend to prosper and evolve in desirable directions as long as they measure up to certain criteria. At the most basic and immediate level, such systems need to achieve their purposes, effectively perform their appointed tasks, and satisfy their stakeholders. Effectiveness reports try to focus on criteria such as these. But, limiting measures to these, though publicly desirable, present only part of the system picture. Ignored are the implications of the presence of certain system characteristics that have a profound effect on the system's evolution and well-being. This paper explores a more comprehensive set of variables believed to be useful for both the immediate and longer-range time frame. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acceleration of the Jacobi iterative method by factors exceeding 100 using scheduled relaxation

We present a methodology that accelerates the classical Jacobi iterative method by factors exceeding 100 when applied to the finite-difference approximation of elliptic equations on large grids. The method is based on a schedule of over- and under-relaxations that preserves the essential simplicity of the Jacobi method. Mathematical conditions that maximize the convergence rate are derived and optimal schemes identified. The convergence rate predicted from the analysis is validated via numerical experiments. The substantial acceleration of the Jacobi method enabled by the current method has the potential to significantly accelerate large-scale simulations in computational mechanics, as well as other areas where elliptic equations are prominent.
Speaking up: A conceptual model of voice responses following the unfair treatment of others in non-union settings

Bridging the literature of procedural justice, social identification, and voice, we present a conceptual model of observers' voice responses to injustices perpetrated on coworkers. Based on social identity theory, we contend that similarity to the target of injustice influences observer identification with the target, as moderated by the observer's scope of justice, which then influences the observer's perceptions of injustice and decision to express voice. Additionally, we posit that the link between observers' perceptions of injustice and expressed voice is moderated by the observer's perceived opportunity to express voice. Finally, we propose that the decision to express voice individually or collectively depends on the justice climate along with the costs and benefits associated with each option. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variation in and covariation between leaf gas exchange, morphology, and development in Polygonum arenastrum, an annual plant

We present evidence of genetic variation in and covariation between leaf-level gas exchange properties and leaf size among family lines of Polygonum arenastrum. This self-fertilizing annual had previously been shown to vary genetically in developmental phenology and in morphology (size of leaves, internodes, flowers and seeds) (Geber 1990). Significant family differences were found in photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate (A), lcaf conductance to water vapor (g), instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE), and leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). A strong positive genetic correlation between A and g suggested that there was stomatal limitation on A. In addition, higher g led to relatively greater increases in transpiration, E, than in assimilation, A, so that families with high rates of gas exchange had lower instantaneous WUE and/or higher carbon isotope discrimination values. Leaf size and gas exchange were genetically correlated. In earlier studies leaf size was found to be genetically correlated with developmental phenology (Geber 1990). The pattern that emerges is one in which small-leaved families (which also have small internodes, flowers, and seeds) tend to have high gas exchange rates, low WUE, rapid development to flowering and high early fecundity, but reduced life span and maximum (vegetative and reproductive) yield compared to large-leaved families. We suggest that this pattern may have arisen from selection for contrasting suites of characters adapted to environments differing in season length.
90 Mbit/s Digital Performance of Canada's 14/12 GHz ANIK C Earth Stations

The design and performance aspects of Canada's first commercial 14/12 GHz ANIK C earth stations are reviewed, with particular reference to the satellite link degradations of the 90 Mbit/s digital message service. Following design considerations based on computer simulations, extensive test data are presented with respect to BER, jitter, and other performance characteristics of the loop closed via. an ANIK C satellite simulator (SS). An analysis of the effects of linear and nonlinear distortions is applied to the formulation of a model that provides insight into the practical quantitative assessment of field tolerance and maintenance limits and of tradeoffs for new digital transmission systems.
Using AirMISR data to explore moisture-driven land use–land cover variations at the Howland Forest, Maine — A case study

Surface moisture stress and vegetation condition can be derived from spectral vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The combination of thermal infrared data with these vegetation indices is often plotted as a triangular scatterplot. One such relationship uses the radiant temperatures versus the NIR/blue ratio developed for a semiarid area from Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Given that the thermal range of this index was invalid when applied to a humid temperate region, this study evaluated the utility of using the NIR/blue ratio alone as an indicator of land use/land cover (LULC) separability under spatially varying moisture conditions. It also explored the additional information gained from using multiple view angles (MVA) of this ratio. Results indicate that for the Howland Forest, Maine study site in August 2003, the MVA version of the NIR/blue ratio discriminated among moisture-driven LULC variations, wetland types and moisture stress extent. Separability was best captured by forward view angles and the optimum multi-angular composite was the An/Af/Bf RGB. The multi-angular ratio was sensitive to variations in species type and vigour, water/vegetation proportions and moisture gradients across emergent wetlands. The study extends the original NIR/blue ratio to include wetlands, aquatic vegetation and other temperate LULC types and has the potential to avoid false change detection while contributing to improved mapping and land cover classifications.
Development and application of a new approach to testing the bipolarity of semantic differential items

A new method of testing semantic differential scales for bipolarity is developed, using a new conceptualization of bipolarity that does not require unidimensionality. Using 63 subjects and multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedures, the investigation assessed Fiedler's Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) instrument and revealed it to suffer significant departures from bipolarity in 9 of 10 tested bipolar pairs. Future research implications are discussed.
Optimal worm-scanning method using vulnerable-host distributions

Most internet worms use random scanning. The distribution of vulnerable hosts on the internet, however, is highly non-uniform over the IP-address space. This implies that random scanning wastes many scans on invulnerable addresses and more virulent scanning schemes may take advantage of the non-uniformity of a vulnerable-host distribution. Questions then arise as to how attackers may exploit such information and how virulent the resulting worm may be. These issues provide 'worst-case scenarios'for defenders and 'best-case scenarios'for attackers when the vulnerable-host distribution is available. This work develops such a scenario, called importance scanning, which results from importance sampling in statistics. Importance scanning scans the IP-address space according to an empirical distribution of vulnerable hosts. An analytical model is developed to relate the infection rate of worms with the Importance-Scanning (IS) strategies. Based on parameters chosen from Witty and Code Red worms, the experimental results show that an IS worm can spread much faster than either a random-scanning worm or a routing worm. In addition, a game-theoretical approach suggests that the best strategy for defenders is to scatter applications uniformly in the entire IP-address space.
Gravimetric determination of palladium with 2-(o-Hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole

A method has been developed for the direct gravimetric determination of palladium. The method saves time and is reproducible and accurate. Of the several cations and anions studied, only a few of the cations interfered seriously with the determination of palladium.
Social welfare functions and fairness

A definition of a social state is proposed that incorporates the notion of procedural fairness into Harsanyi's (1955) analytical framework. We show that, within the new framework, a Harsanyi-type social welfare function is immune to Diamond's (1967) criticism. Moreover, the resulting social welfare function embodies the notion of procedural fairness held by individual members of the society.
Process Studies on Indirect Electrosynthesis of 1,4‐Naphthoquinone

A bench-scale investigation was carried out on the indirect electrolytic oxidation of 1-naphthol to 1,4-naphthoquinone by ceric ions. Chemical reaction of the naphthol (dissolved in methylene chloride) with ceric sulfate (dissolved in aqueous sulfuric acid) took place in a continuous flow static mixer. The immiscible liquids were separated, and the aqueous phase was recycled through a continuous flow electrolytic cell which regenerated the spent cerous ions. Measurements were made of chemical rate constant, liquid-liquid phase equilibria, mass-transfer coefficient, and reaction stoichiometry
Rabbit small-bowel response to cell-free filtrate of choleraic fluid.

SummaryIntestinal secretion fluid from donor rabbits experimentally infected with V. cholerae was sterilized by filtration. The nitrate was administered intraluminally to ligated small-intestinal loops of recipient rabbits. The volume of fluid accumulating in such loops was determined at various times, filtrate dilutions, and loop positions in the jejunoileum. Effluents were analyzed for potassium and chloride content. The time course of the volume response to filtrate (undiluted and diluted 1:10) was similar to that reported for experiments with crude enterotoxins prepared in vitro, as were mean effluent potassium and chloride concentrations. Regional variations in effluent volume and composition were not evident. Effluent chloride content increased substantially with time.
New insights into prion biology from the novel [SWI+] system

Our laboratory recently reported a novel prion [SWI+], in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [SWI+] is the prion form of Swi1, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Cells harboring [SWI+] exhibit a partial loss-of-function phenotype for SWI/SNF, which can be easily assayed by poor growth on some non-fermentable carbon sources such as raffinose.Swi1 is unique among yeast prion proteins for its nuclear localization and the fact that it comprises part of a large, multi-subunit protein complex. The discovery of [SWI+] demonstrates for the first time a link between prion function and chromatin remodeling,implying a possible role for prions in gene regulation. We believe that the unique features of this novel yeast prion will provide new insight into prion biology.
Folding and aggregation of backbone-rigidified oligo(m-phenylene ethynylenes) in polar and nonpolar media

The folding and chiral aggregation of backbone-rigidified oligo(m-phenylene ethynylenes) were examined using NMR, UV, circular dichromism (CD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in methanol and chloroform. Evidence from 2D NMR suggests that backbone-rigidifying intramolecular H-bonds persist in chloroform and methanol, suggesting that these molecules are stably folded in both nonpolar and polar solvents. Results from CD studies further confirmed that longer oligomers (pentamer and hexamer) adopted chiral (helical) conformations. DLS indicated that, in chloroform, the oligomers are fully solvated and exhibited no aggregation; in methanol, these molecules show a size-dependent aggregation, in which a pentamer and a hexamer formed large assemblies while a smaller tetramer showed no detectable aggregation.
Microstructural evolution of sol-gel derived ZnO thin films

Zinc oxide thin films, with thicknesses between ∼ 20 and 450 nm, were prepared by spin-coating a sol–gel precursor solution (zinc acetate dihydrate and monoethanolamine in an isopropanol solvent) onto glass substrates, followed by heat treatment at temperatures through 773 K. At 298 and 373 K, the films exhibited the structure of a lamellar ZnO precursor, Layered Basic Zinc Acetate (LBZA). At higher temperatures, LBZA released intercalated water and acetate groups and dehydroxylated to form zinc oxide nanograins with wurtzite structure, which were preferentially oriented in the c-axis direction. Both the degree of the films' c-axis orientation and the topography of their surfaces varied with heat treatment and precursor concentration. For films calcined at 773 K, a minimum of micron-scale surface wrinkles coincided with a maximum in c-axis preference at intermediate concentrations, suggesting that release of mechanical stress during densification of thicker films may have disrupted the ordering process that occurs during heat treatment.
Generations of user-interface management systems

The term user-interface management system (UIMS) is used to refer to a broad category of interface-development systems supporting interface development during all life-cycle phases. The evolution of UIMSs is presented, focusing on distinguishing characteristics that have emerged to delineate the significant differences in various types of UIMSs. Example systems that typify each generation are briefly described. The relationships (or lack thereof) of each generation to software engineering are explored. >
Long-wavelength equation for vertically falling films.

An equation is derived for describing wave evolution on the surface of a vertically falling viscous film. The traditional long-wavelength scaling is replaced by a new scaling to reduce the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations to a single evolution equation for the scaled film thickness $h(x,t)$. The scaling suggests that the Weber number ($\mathrm{We}$) must be used instead of the Reynolds number $(\mathrm{Re})$ to distinguish between viscous and inertia dominated regimes for vertically falling films. This equation includes viscous dissipation and pressure correction terms that are missing in the existing single evolution equations at the same order. Comparison of the neutral stability curves and growth rates predicted by different models to that of the Orr-Sommerfeld (OS) equation shows that our equation matches with the OS results better than the existing single evolution equations. However, our equation is not free from finite time blowup. Selective regularization leads to a two mode model in flow rate and film thickness. The regularized equation is free from finite time blowup and predicts two families of solitary waves. Numerical simulations of the derived equation and its regularized version in the traveling wave coordinate show the transition of wave structure from regular (periodic) to chaotic profiles. Model predictions on maximum wave amplitude on the low celerity branch show good agreement with experimental data.
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) can eliminate chiral organochlorine compounds enantioselectively.

Dietary accumulation of four chiral organochlorine compoundsα-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), trans-chlordane, and chlorobiphenyls (CBs) 95 and 136by immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was studied to determine if fish can accumulate and eliminate these compounds enantioselectively. Fish rapidly accumulated all four compounds from food spiked at micrograms per gram concentrations during a 40-d feeding period. Depuration half-lives were from 13 d for (±)-α-HCH to 375 d for (±)-CB 136. Fish preferentially eliminated (−)-trans-chlordane and (+)-CB 136, with significant nonracemic residues observed after 20 d. These results are consistent with field measurements of these compounds in fish as well as known metabolic pathways. Enantiomeric fractions (EFs) for these two compounds changed significantly over the course of the experiment, suggesting that trout were enantioselectively biotransforming the compounds during the 238-d depuration phase. CB 95 and α-HCH residues were racemic throughout the experim...
Adiabatic three-wave volume hologram: large efficiency independent of grating strength and polarization

A transmission hologram with two volume gratings is considered in the regime of wave A diffracted into wave B via an intermediate weakly excited wave C. In analogy to the phenomenon of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in nonlinear optics, this new scheme demonstrates diffraction efficiency with low sensitivity to the hologram's strength. A theory of three-wave adiabatic coupling has been developed and explored analytically. Numerical results show an example of a coupling profile that preserves high diffraction efficiency with almost no dependence on the hologram's strength, including the suppressed influence of polarization.
Hydrogen peroxide release from eosinophils: quantitative, comparative studies of human and guinea pig eosinophils

Eosinophils play an important role in host defense against parasitic infection, employing both oxidative and nonoxidative systems to effect damage. The active oxygen product, hydrogen peroxide, either alone or in combination with the enzyme eosinophil peroxidase, may damage parasites. These studies use a sensitive fluorometric assay to document the release of hydrogen peroxide from guinea pig peritoneal exudate eosinophils and human peripheral blood eosinophils. Guinea pig eosinophils released 0.13 +/- 0.02 (n = 10) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos/5 min under resting conditions which were markedly increased when stimulated by phorbal myristate acetate (PMA, 1 microgram/ml) [4.80 +/- 0.50 (19) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos/5 min], preopsonized zymosan [2.40 +/- 0.17 (4) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos/5 min], or latex beads [1.14 +/- 0.26 (5) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos/5 min]. Normal human peripheral blood eosinophils had greater resting release of hydrogen peroxide [0.34 +/- 0.05 (8) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos/5 min], but were less effectively stimulated by PMA [3.12 +/- 0.57 (9) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos/5 min], preopsonized zymosan [0.78 +/- 0.16 (8) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos/5 min] or latex beads [0.69 +/- 0.32 (6) nmol H2O2/10(5) eos] (p less than or equal to 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide release was markedly enhanced by the presence of exogenous glucose and was linearly dependent upon cell number when the soluble stimulus PMA was used. Particle-stimulated hydrogen peroxide was not necessarily enhanced by increases in the particle:cell ratio. The demonstration of the release of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide from eosinophils is further support for the concept that eosinophils play an active role in host defense.
Skull base Wegener's granulomatosis resulting in multiple cranial neuropathies.

Skull base Wegener’s granulomatosis resulting in multiple cranial neuropathies Sanjay P. Keni, MD, Elizabeth L. Wiley, MD, Jose C. Dutra, MD, Ann L. Mellott, MD, Walter G. Barr, MD, Kenneth W. Altman, MD, PhD* Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
Computation of transonic flow about lifting wing-cylinder combinations

Some results are described for a lifting rectangular wing centrally located on a circular-cylindrical body. This simple configuration has been utilized in order to assess the merits of a mapping technique for wing-body configurations. The procedure employed makes use of a coordinate transformation to simplify specification of the surface boundary condition in the computation of the flow about the wing. The method can be extended to incorporate wing sweep, finite length body of noncircular cross section, and arbitrary wing placement; however, these extensions involve a considerable increase in complexity of the problem.
Relative Amount of Albuterol Delivered to Lung Receptors from a Metered-dose Inhaler and Nebulizer Solution: Bioassay by Histamine Bronchoprovocation

The results of previous studies comparing bronchodilatation from beta agonists administered by metered-dose inhaler (MDI) and nebulizer solution have been conflicting. We therefore evaluated a range of albuterol doses administered by these two methods, using histamine bronchoprovocation as a bioassay for the amount of drug reaching the β 2 receptors in the lung. Twelve stable asthmatic volunteers received, in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design on different days, placebo or one, two, four, or six puffs from an MDI attached to an InspirEase device (90 µg per puff) or 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg of solution delivered in 2 ml of buffered saline through a Hudson Updraft II nebulizer. The histamine concentration required to decrease FEV 1 by 20 percent (PC 20 ) was measured 1 h before and 30 min after administration of each treatment and expressed as the increase in PC 20 from baseline. The dose-response curves for change in PC 20 indicated that the higher doses of the nebulizer solution delivered more drug to β 2 receptors in the lung than the lower doses from the MDI. For example, the geometric mean increase in PC 20 was 1.1 ± 1.6 (SD) after placebo, 7.5 ± 2.7 after two puffs from the MDI, and 20.0 ± 2.1 after 2.5 mg of nebulizer solution (p 2 receptors in the lungs and, thus, the clinical response.
Stillbirth and the small fetus: use of a sex-specific versus a non-sex-specific growth standard.

To determine if the use of a sex-specific standard to define small-for-gestational age (SGA) will improve prediction of stillbirth. We performed a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies excluding anomalies, aneuploidy, undocumented fetal sex or birthweight. SGA was defined as birthweight <10th percentile by the non-sex-specific and sex-specific Alexander standards. The association between SGA and stillbirth using these standards was assessed using logistic regression. Among 57 170 pregnancies meeting inclusion criteria, 319 (0.6%) pregnancies were complicated by stillbirth. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the prediction of stillbirth was greater for the sex-specific compared to the non-sex-specific standard (0.83 vs 0.72, P<0.001). Our findings suggest adoption of a sex-specific standard for diagnosis of SGA as it is more discriminative in identifying the SGA fetus at risk for stillbirth.
A Modeling Study on the Early Electrical Development of Tropical Convection: Continental and Oceanic (Monsoon) Storms

Abstract Numerical modeling studies of continental tropical and maritime tropical convection were conducted using the two-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, cloud electrification model developed at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. The model contains six classes of water (water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow, and graupel) and a full set of ion equations. All hydrometeors are permitted to exchange charge. Charge transfer between microphysical species is accomplished through a noninductive charging parameterization following Takahashi. The goal of the numerical experiments was to examine the kinematic and microphysical differences that lead to marked differences in observed electrification between the break (continental) and monsoon (oceanic) convective regimes observed near Darwin, Australia. The break regime is associated with deep, intense convection that forms in high-CAPE (convective available potential energy) environments. Normally, copious amounts of lightning accompany break per...
Effect of electrode surface area on chaotic attractor dimensions

An experimental study of the dynamics of electrodissolution of iron in sulfuric acid is reported. The experiments were done under potentiostatic conditions with a rotating disk electrode as a function of two parameters, potential and electrode diameter. The dynamic behavior depends strongly on the latter parameter; with increasing electrode size we observe transitions from periodic oscillations to low-order chaos to higher-order chaos. The attractor dimension increases with increasing electrode size. In addition, for the large electrodes at more positive potentials, a secondary higher frequency oscillation also arises.
Lattice models of biological growth.

We show that very simple iterative rules for the growth of cells on a two-dimensional lattice can simulate biological-growth phenomena realistically. We discuss random cellular automata models for the growth of fern gametophytes, branching fungi, and leaves, and for shape transformations useful in the study of biological variation and evolution. Although there are interesting analogies between biological and physical growth processes, we stress the uniqueness of biological automata behavior. The computer growth algorithms that successfully mimic observed growth behavior may be helpful in determining the underlying biochemical mechanisms of growth regulation.
New mobility-measurement technique on inverted semiconductor surfaces near the conduction threshold

A new experimental technique has been demonstrated which has a sensitivity of ${10}^{8}$ electrons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in a semiconductor surface inversion channel. Combined with surface-conductivity measurements, the electron (or hole) conductivity mobility can be determined unambiguously near the conduction threshold, which is not possible by previous measurement methods of conductance or transconductance versus perpendicular surface electric field (or gate voltage). The new technique measures the input admittance or impedance of the surface channel and interprets the result by a distributed-transmission-line model. The distributed capacitance element associated with the inversion layer electrons is a direct measure of the inversion electron density, ${C}_{N}=\frac{{q}^{2}{N}_{\mathrm{INV}}}{{k}_{B}T}$. Electron mobilities in the $n$-type surface inversion layers on $p$-type silicon with high and low densities of oxide charge scattering centers have been measured down to ${10}^{8}$ electrons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. A monotonic mobility decrease with decreasing electron densities has been observed in contrast to previous published data which showed unexplained mobility peaks near the conduction threshold.
THE CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE DIFFUSION OF WATER IN CLAYS

Drying tests were made on Florida clay under various conditions of temperature, relative humidity, and thickness of the specimen and on packed grains of Indiana shale of various grain sizes and water contents. The results show the effects of these variables on the rate of drying and indicate that the rates of evaporation are less than would be expected for free liquid evaporation; that no initial constant rate of drying, as proposed by Sherwood and his associates, exists in the drying of clays; that the diffusion coefficient in the diffusion equation is not a constant, as assumed; and that the equation, as used by Sherwood, Newman, and others, is not applicable to the drying of clays. In general, the drying of clays may be said to take place in two stages, an initial stage during which the rate of drying decreases slowly and approximately linearly until shrinkage is completed at the surface, and a second stage during which the rate of drying falls off rapidly because of increased resistance to diffusion of liquid and vapor from the interior of the ware. The rather sharp discontinuity separating the two branches of the rate curve has been called the critical point or the surface shrinkage limit.
Role Ethics or Ethics of Role-Play? A Comparative Critical Analysis of the Ethics of Confucianism and the Bhagavad Gītā

Both Confucianism and the Bhagavad Gītā emphasize the moral authority of social roles. But how deep does the likeness between these ethical philosophies run? In this essay I focus upon two significant points of comparison between the role-based ethics of Confucianism and the Gītā: (1) the interrelation between formalized social roles and family feeling, and (2) the religious dimension of moral action. How is it that Confucians ground their social roles in family feeling, while the Gītā emphasizes rupture between role and sentiment? Furthermore, are we to understand Confucianism as presenting a social philosophy that eschews religious concerns, whereas the Gītā denies the moral significance of family feeling in lieu of obtaining soteriological freedom? Examining the aesthetic and religious dimensions of the ethics of Confucianism and the Gītā clarifies a key distinction that both views implicitly make, albeit for divergent reasons: the difference between living one’s roles and playing one’s roles.