cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Health Beliefs on Adherence to COVID-19 Preventative Practices: International, Social Media-Based Survey Study.

Background: Health behavior is influenced by culture and social context. However, there are limited data evaluating the scope of these influences on COVID-19 response. Objective: This study aimed to compare handwashing and social distancing practices in different countries and evaluate practice predictors using the health belief model (HBM). Methods: From April 11 to May 1, 2020, we conducted an online, cross-sectional survey disseminated internationally via social media. Participants were adults aged 18 years or older from four different countries: the United States, Mexico, Hong Kong (China), and Taiwan. Primary outcomes were self-reported handwashing and social distancing practices during COVID-19. Predictors included constructs of the HBM: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. Associations of these constructs with behavioral outcomes were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: We analyzed a total of 71,851 participants, with 3070 from the United States, 3946 from Mexico, 1201 from Hong Kong (China), and 63,634 from Taiwan. Of these countries, respondents from the United States adhered to the most social distancing practices (χ23=2169.7, P<.001), while respondents from Taiwan performed the most handwashing (χ23=309.8, P<.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that self-efficacy was a positive predictor for handwashing (odds ratio [OR]United States 1.58, 95% CI 1.21-2.07; ORMexico 1.5, 95% CI 1.21-1.96; ORHong Kong 2.48, 95% CI 1.80-3.44; ORTaiwan 2.30, 95% CI 2.21-2.39) and social distancing practices (ORUnited States 1.77, 95% CI 1.24-2.49; ORMexico 1.77, 95% CI 1.40-2.25; ORHong Kong 3.25, 95% CI 2.32-4.62; ORTaiwan 2.58, 95% CI 2.47-2.68) in all countries. Handwashing was positively associated with perceived susceptibility in Mexico, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, while social distancing was positively associated with perceived severity in the United States, Mexico, and Taiwan. Conclusions: Social media recruitment strategies can be used to reach a large audience during a pandemic. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor for handwashing and social distancing. Policies that address relevant health beliefs can facilitate adoption of necessary actions for preventing COVID-19. Our findings may be explained by the timing of government policies, the number of cases reported in each country, individual beliefs, and cultural context.
Longitudinal stability of salivary microRNA biomarkers in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological condition with increasing prevalence. Few tools accurately predict the developmental trajectory of children with ASD. Such tools would allow clinicians to provide accurate prognoses and track the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Salivary RNAs that reflect the genetic-environmental interactions underlying ASD may provide objective measures of symptom severity and developmental outcomes. This study investigated whether salivary RNAs previously identified in childhood ASD remain perturbed in older children. We also explored whether RNA candidates changed with therapeutic intervention. Method A case-control design was used to characterize levels of 78 saliva RNA candidates among 96 children (48 ASD, 48 non-ASD, mean age: 11 years). Thirty-one children (22 ASD, 9 non-ASD developmental delay, mean age: 4 years) were followed longitudinally to explore changes of RNA candidates during early intervention. Saliva RNA and standardized behavioral assessments were collected for each participant. Associations between candidate RNAs and behavioral scores were determined in both groups via Spearman Correlation. Changes in candidate RNAs across two time-points were assessed in the younger cohort via Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results Seven RNAs were associated with VABS-II and BASC scores in the older group ([R] >0.25, FDR Conclusion Several salivary RNAs are strongly associated with autistic behaviors in older individuals with ASD and change as early as three months after therapy initiation in younger children. These molecules could be used to track treatment effectiveness and provide prognoses. Further validation is necessary.
Surrogate being

Surrogate Being is an interactive virtual environment, where I negotiate the discrepancy between memories and digital data of a nostalgic place, my hometown in Korea. Interweaving the heterogeneity of algorithmic digital images and affective memories, this project overcomes the binary opposition of humans and nonhuman and the anthropocentric perspective to investigate technology as a coevolving cognitive being and vital actor in the cognitive network. This project explores our experience and understanding of the world living in the Cognisphere - the globally interconnected cognitive system of humans and machines - and acknowledges nonlinguistic forces and experiential knowledge. Such affective dynamics among planetary cognitive beings are largely unnoticed and overshadowed by seemingly explicit and errorless digital information, and this project opens up interplays between tangible representations on the interface and underlying affects. Surrogate Being bridges the gap between my mind and digital technology and invites participants to navigate the mediated landscape with their curiosity. As memories remain indistinct and disintegrated until we recollect, the landscape is destructed and distorted when no participant is engaged. If a participant is approached the fragmented image and stands in front of it, it turns into a navigable landscape. As s/he moves her/his head to look at the other side of the landscape, the virtual camera in the scene changes its direction responding to the participants' movement - analyzing the image using computer vision. This interaction suggests a potential depth in this digital landscape we can look into, thus the monitor becomes a portal into a mediated digital-memory space. Furthermore, human and technological cognition become indistinguishable in this mediated space, collaboratively generated by affective memories and algorithmic decisions.
Erythropoiesis-independent effects of iron in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to alterations of iron metabolism, which contribute to the development of anemia and necessitates iron supplementation in patients with CKD. Elevated hepcidin accounts for a significant iron redistribution in CKD. Recent data indicate that these alterations in iron homeostasis coupled with therapeutic iron supplementation have pleiotropic effects on many organ systems in patients with CKD, far beyond the traditional hematologic effects of iron; these include effects of iron on inflammation, oxidative stress, kidney fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, CKD-mineral and bone disorder, and skeletal growth in children. The effects of iron supplementation appear to be largely dependent on the route of administration and on the specific iron preparation. Iron-based phosphate binders exemplify the opportunity for using iron for both traditional (anemia) and novel (hyperphosphatemia) indications. Further optimization of iron therapy in patients with CKD may inform new approaches to the treatment of CKD complications and potentially allow modification of disease progression.
Should commercial mortgage lenders care about energy efficiency? Lessons from a pilot study

Abstract Commercial mortgage underwriting practices currently do not fully account for energy risks to net operating income (NOI), especially changes in energy costs over the course of a mortgage term. This paper first introduces two metrics that can be used to characterize the increase in default risk due to increases in energy costs during a mortgage term: decrease in debt service coverage ratio (ΔDSCR); and increase in probability of default (ΔDP). Both these metrics were designed to be simple to calculate, utilizing data that are already being collected in loan applications. Next, we present results from a pilot study on the application of these metrics to five loans from three lenders. The results show that energy risks can vary between different properties and across different years within a given property, due to variations in energy usage. All three lenders concurred that these results suggest energy risks can in fact be material, and affirmed the metrics are a viable approach to incorporate energy risk analysis into mortgage underwriting. The policy implications include energy cost disclosure in loan applications; and incentives such as lower interest rates for energy efficient buildings and additional loan proceeds to improve efficiency and lower energy costs.
Testing the Green's function coupled cluster singles and doubles impurity solver on real materials within the framework of self-energy embedding theory

We apply the Green's function coupled cluster singles and doubles (GFCCSD) impurity solver to realistic impurity problems arising for strongly correlated solids within the self-energy embedding theory (SEET) framework. We describe the details of our GFCC solver implementation, investigate its performance, and highlight potential advantages and problems on examples of impurities created during the self-consistent SEET for antiferromagnetic MnO and paramagnetic $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. GFCCSD provides satisfactory descriptions for weakly and moderately correlated impurities with sizes that are intractable by existing accurate impurity solvers such as exact diagonalization. However, our data also shows that when correlations become strong, the singles and doubles approximation used in GFCC could lead to instabilities in searching for the particle number present in impurity problems. These instabilities appear especially severe when the impurity size gets larger and multiple degenerate orbitals with strong correlations are present. We conclude that, to fully check the reliability of GFCCSD results and use them in fully ab initio calculations in the absence of experiments, a verification from a GFCC solver with higher order excitations is necessary.
Laurence Carrington Grubbe (1854–1912)

This chapter is a major contribution to the study on the Household and suggests new sources and information from Laurence Carrington Grubbe, who was “behind the scenes” at the Household as well as a practitioner. Special attention is paid to his background, his homosexuality, and his connection to Oliphant.
Development of an Optimization/Simulation Model for Real-Time Flood-Control Operation of River-Reservoirs Systems

Real-time optimal operation models for river-reservoir systems, unfortunately, are not widely available. Such models are still in their infancy perhaps due to the complexity of the application. This paper presents the development and testing of a methodology for determining reservoir release schedules before, during, and after an extreme flood event in real time. The problem is formulated as a real-time optimal control problem in which reservoir releases represent the decision variables. The model consists of five major components: (1) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), which simulates rainfall-runoff processes of watershed systems; (2) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center - River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) for one-dimensional unsteady flow routing; (3) a reservoir release operation model; (4) a short-term rainfall forecasting model to project rainfall over the next few hours during a rainfall event; and (5) a genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer interfaced with the other components that determine the real time operation of a river-reservoir systems. An example application is used to test the development of the modeling framework, also illustrating the use of such a model. Each model component and its interface in the modeling framework was tested for quality assurance.
Scale and multiple psychologies of space

The importance of scale to the psychology of space (perception, thinking, memory, behavior) is discussed. It is maintained that scale has an important influence on how humans treat spatial information and that several qualitatively distinct scale classes of space exist. Past systems of classification are reviewed and some novel terms and distinctions are introduced. Empirical evidence for the need to distinguish between spatial scales is presented. Some implications of these scale distinctions are briefly considered and research needs identified.
Synchronous Collaboration Technology Use in Teamwork

As project teams have become dispersed and communication technology has evolved, organizations have increasingly moved towards usage of synchronous communication technologies such as video/web/audio conferencing and instant messaging to facilitate collaboration among team members although usage of asynchronous communication technologies such as electronic mail, wikis, blogs, and social networks continue to play an important role in the exchange of information within teams. Little however is known about the relationships among a team member's task characteristics, the member's task outcomes, and extent of usage of such contemporary collaboration technologies. To explore this gap in literature, this paper draws upon media richness theory to understand the impacts of a project team member's task characteristics on the member's task outcomes and extent of usage of synchronous collaboration technologies. This paper also has practical implications that guide the adoption and use of collaboration technologies in organizations.
Regulation of Membrane Transport Sites for Amino Acids in Myogenic Cells: A Differentiation Dependent Phenomenon

Myoblasts from 12-day chick embryos in cell culture transport the nonmetabolizable amino acid alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) two to three-fold more rapidly than multinucleated myotubes which form from them. This decrease in transport is due to a relative decrease in the number of transport sites per unit area of cell surface suggesting a compositional change in the plasma membrane during myogenesis. In studies reported here, AIB transport was monitored throughout myogenesis and correlated with other aspects of differentiation. During myogenesis the number of amino acid transport sites remains constant per myotube nucleus. As myogenesis proceeds, there is a marked increase in cellular protein and cell surface without a commensurate increase in amino acid transport sites. The net consequence of the surface area change is fewer amino acid transport sites per unit area of myotube membrane surface. The decrease in membrane transport sites for AIB per unit area of membrane is not a result of length of time in culture per se, medium depletion, or cell density, but is a result of differentiation, since blocking myoblast fusion by deprivation of calcium delays the decrease in AIB transport sites per unit cell surface area while reversal of the calcium deprivation block is accompanied by a rapid decrease in the number of AIB transport sites per unit cell surface area. Thus, the decrease in AIB transport sites is an aspect of differentiation which accompanies the marked elaboration of surface membrane during myogenesis.
Rosanna Hertz, Single by Chance, Mothers by Choice: How Women are Choosing Parenthood Without Marriage and Creating the New American Family

society and seek to dispense with men? My own answer is better informed after reading ‘‘Single By Chance, Mothers By Choice: How Women Are Choosing Parenthood Without Marriage And Creating The New American Family, a useful text for upper division classes and graduate seminars on family, the law, women’s studies, nursing and other fields such as medical anthropology. It will likely be useful to give to friends contemplating parenthood as well as to place in family courts, and clinician offices. Rosanna Hertz, Luella LaMer Professor of Sociology and Women’s Studies at Wellesley College, has written this telling book on motherhood in nine chapters, an epilog, detailed chapter notes and a methods appendix. Her work lets us look into, more than at, some of the complex and heartfelt processes of single women’s womanhood, motherhood, and parenthood. I say parenthood rather than motherhood, because many of the 65 women interviewed take on both the performance of motherhood and a sort of ‘‘Imagineering’’ of fatherhood. Indeed while the interviews were with women-becomemothers, fathers (their absence, their biological and social roles, their imagined, wished-for, contractual, emergent and departing presence, and even these mothers own fathers) are also a focus throughout the book and especially in chapters four ‘‘The Father as an idea’’ and seven ‘‘A world without men, Amen?’’ In the earlier chapters and introduction, the author reviews feminist notions and many women’s standoffish acceptance of feminist values. This stance appears in the informants’ acceptance of feminist goals such as more nearly equitable pay and opportunity and more acceptance as well as respect for, women’s decisions. Even decisions like single mothering that a generation ago would have lead to stigmatization and public rebuke.
The One-Dimensional Wave Equation

In this chapter we study a simple but quite interesting equation for which the initial-value problem is well-posed. The ideas which we introduce here will be used in various places throughout the book, albeit at a “higher dialectical” level. The equation is derived from physical considerations, and in the case we consider here, the solution u(x, t), may be thought of as describing the position of a vibrating string at a point x at a time t.
Path planning for a differential drive robot: minimal length paths - a geometric approach

This work presents the minimal length paths, for a robot that maintains visibility of a landmark. The robot is a differential drive system and has limited sensing capabilities (range and angle of view). The optimal paths are composed of straight lines and curves that saturate the camera pan angle.
An over-expression system for characterizing Ppt1 function in Drosophila.

Background The infantile onset form of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (INCL) is the earliest and most severe form of NCL, with neurological symptoms that reflect massive neurodegeneration in the CNS and retina. INCL is due to recessively inherited mutations at the CLN1 locus. This locus encodes the evolutionarily conserved enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), indicating an essential role for protein palmitoylation in normal neuronal function.
Serological Comparison of Ten Glycolytic Mycoplasma Species

Seventeen strains of mycoplasmata representing 11 named species were compared serologically by three parameters: growth inhibition on agar, double immunodiffusion, and complement fixation. In growth-inhibition studies, a strain labeled Mycoplasma histotropicum was found related to and perhaps best classified as M. pulmonis, a relationship confirmed by double immuno-diffusion studies. A comparison of the remaining 10 species demonstrated that two pairs of species could be shown to be closely related by complement fixation and double immunodiffusion but not by growth inhibition; these were: M. granularum-M. laidlawii and M. felis-M. canis. M. pneumoniae and M. gallisepticum were the most serologically unique organisms in this study, showing very few cross-reactions with each other or other species. Overall, taxonomic groupings obtained by comparative serology appeared to correlate with the groupings obtained when the guanine plus cytosine contents of the deoxyribonucleic acid of mycoplasmata were employed as classification criteria. The group of organisms having a guanine plus cytosine content of 23 to 28% (M. canis, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. neurolyticum, and M. pulmonis) appeared to be generally serologically related. Thus the remarkable heterogeneity observed in the base composition of the deoxyribonucleic acid of order Mycoplasmatales is also reflected and apparently paralleled by a corresponding serological heterogeneity.
National Institute on Aging Mycoplasma Testing Service.

Abstract The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has established a Mycoplasma Contamination Testing Service for NIA grantees studying cellular aging in cell-culture systems. The contractor is the Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey.
On being informed

Although the principles of democracy have commanded near universal assent, at least since World War II, its modern history is still brief, fragmented, and inconclusive. Unfortunately, the familiarity of the first point has often served to distract attention from the importance of the second. That "we are all democrats today" may say something about our good intentions, or about our conceptual confusion, or about our hypocrisy, but it says very little about the future prospects either of the ideal or of efforts to realize it. Certainly we have too much evidence of the fragility of the democratic impulse to continue to hold any Whiggish confidence in its promise as our appointed destiny. The problems of realizing democratic rule are put into useful perspective by recalling some of the arguments that were employed, not so very long ago, when we were not all democrats. One of the most influential of the arguments brought against suffrage expansion in the nineteenth century amounted essentially to a rather simple claim: the elimination of political privilege threatened, indeed it promised, the elimination of socioeconomic privilege as well. An equal distribution of the right to vote would lead directly and rapidly to a redistribution of property from the wealthy few to the impecunious many. Here, for example, is the warning issued by Robert Lowe to the House of Commons (and to the entire propertied elite of Britain) in 1866 on the consequences to be expected from extending the franchise to working men:
The risky use of the MMPI hostility scale in assessing risk for coronary heart disease.

The early identification of potential risk factors associated with later coronary heart disease (CHD) has obvious importance for early intervention. Some studies have found scores from the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Index (MMPI) to be significantly correlated with CHD. To understand and apply the results of Ho scale research, the expected pattern of responses from normal people and medical patients needs to be ascertained. To develop such norms, the MMPI was administered to 1,408 normal men and women age 18 to 99 years. Contrast samples were obtained from 2461 women and 2462 men being seen for outpatient medical evaluation who completed the MMPI as part of an MMPI research study; 4206 women and 2838 men whose physicians had requested an MMPI as part of their general medical examination; 211 women and 525 men undergoing inpatient treatment for alcoholism; and 122 women and 92 men hospitalized for psychiatric reasons. The data revealed significant overlap in Ho scale scores among normal subjects, medical patients, and CHD studies reported in the literature. A more conservative interpretation of Ho scores as predictors of CHD is indicated.
Equilibrium in economies with infinitely many consumers and infinitely many commodities

Abstract This paper examines the existence of equilibrium in an economy with a countable infinity of consumers in which the commodity space is L ∞ . We prove the existence of a quasi-equilibrium when preferences are Mackey continuous. We also explore the relationship between equilibria and optima in the model.
Locations of Medians on Stochastic Networks

The definition of network medians is extended to the case where travel times on network links are random variables with known discrete probability distributions. Under a particular set of assumptions, it is shown that the well known “facilities at nodes” theorems of Hakimi and of Levy can be extended to such stochastic networks. The concepts are further extended to the case of stochastic oriented networks. A particular set of applications, as well as mathematical programming formulations of the problem, are also discussed briefly.
Reproductive strategies and behavioural attributes in some sporophagous Idolothripinae (Tubulifera: Thysanoptera)

An analysis of the behavioural aspects of some sporophagous Idolothripinae in terms of the diversity of reproduction is presented, involving aspects such as oviparity, grades of ovoviviparity and viviparity inTiarothrips subramanii, Elaphrothrips denticollis, andElaphrothrips procer. Reproductive diapause inLoyolaia indica is also reported.
Photon echo modulation in ruby

Abstract We report the measurement of photon echo modulation in ruby in the microsecond pulse separation regime. Experimental results are compared to a theoretical calculation of the modulation based on a hamiltonian whose interaction parameters were determined independently of this experiment by the echo ENDOR technique.
Constricted segments of faulted dipoles in germanium

Weak-beam transmission electron microscopy studies in Si and Ge have indicated dislocations which have recently been proposed to be dissociated when they lie on the glide plane but constricted when they lie on the shuffle plane. Reported observations of constricted segments rather than the isolated cusps or constrictions along faulted dipoles in Ge are recorded herein. Models of possible configurations for a faulted dipole with a constricted segment are presented, and at least three different mechanisms are proposed for the formation of the constricted length of the faulted dipole. (BLM)
I’m Not Voting for Her: Polling Discrepancies and Female Candidates

Although there is a large literature on the predictive accuracy of pre-election polls, there is virtually no systematic research examining the role that a candidate’s gender plays in polling accuracy. This is a surprising omission given the precipitous growth of female candidates in recent years. Looking at Senate and Gubernatorial candidates from 1989 to 2008 (more than 200 elections in over 40 states), we analyze the accuracy of pre-election polls for almost the complete universe of female candidates and a matched sample of white male cases. We demonstrate that pre-election polls consistently underestimate support for female candidates when compared to white male candidates. Furthermore, our results indicate that this phenomenon—which we dub the Richards Effect, after Ann Richards of Texas—is more common in states which exhibit traits associated with culturally conservative views of gender issues.
Nonverbal Reactions to an Attractive Stranger: The Role of Mimicry in Communicating Preferred Social Distance

The present study was conducted to determine the extent to which different nonverbal behaviors were associated with romantic interest in a highly attractive confederate and whether these behaviors differed as a function of relationship status and self-reported love for one’s partner. Mimicry was positively associated with romantic interest in the confederate, and consistent with the devaluation hypothesis, mimicry was negatively associated with self-reported love for one’s partner, suggesting that mimicry functions to signal preferred social distance. In addition, smiling and vocal pleasantness emerged as important affiliative nonverbal behaviors. The present results suggest that mimicry acts as a relationship-maintenance mechanism, one that is expressed automatically, unintentionally, and nonconsciously. Implications for the role of nonconscious mimicry in romantic attraction and relationship-maintenance processes are discussed.
Risky assessments: participant suicidality and distress associated with research assessments in a treatment study of suicidal behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of self-reported suicidality and distress during research assessments in a sample of 63 women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder and current and chronic suicidality. The risk management protocol we used during the two-year study period (University of Washington Risk Assessment Protocol; UWRAP) is described. Results indicated that changes in suicidality following assessments were small and relatively infrequent, and were just as likely to reflect decreases in suicidality as increases (17.5% versus 16.4% of sessions, respectively). Further, longitudinal analyses indicated that changes in suicidality became increasingly rare over the course of the 2-year study. Ratings of distress were more changeable than suicidality, underscoring the need for separate measurement of these constructs when assessing risk. With the aid of the UWRAP, our assessors judged 15 participants as high-risk status in 28 assessment sessions (3.7% of all sessions). In comparison to the rest of the sample, these individuals were of significantly greater clinical severity as measured by the HRSD 17-item, GAF scores, number and severity of previous suicide attempts, and number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations. Low-intensity risk intervention strategies (e.g., validating participant's feelings) were typically sufficient to reduce risk in these participants. Overall, our findings indicate that research with highly suicidal individuals can be done safely with the use of well-trained assessors and an appropriate crisis management protocol.
NOTES ON LINEAR EQUATING METHODS FOR THE NON‐EQUIVALENT‐GROUPS DESIGN

This paper focuses on three observed-score methods for linear equating in a Non-Equivalent-groups Anchor Test (NEAT) design—Tucker, Levine observed-score, and chain. The methods and their assumptions are described, and theoretical conditions under which the three methods give identical results are presented.
Preparation and EPR Spectroscopic Investigation of Conjugated Oligomers Containing Semiquinone Repeat Units

Three protected catechol-containing conjugated oligomers have been prepared using Pd-mediated coupling reactions. Two of the oligomers are poly[o-phenylenevinylene] type while the other is poly[o-p...
Power-aware design technique for PAC Duo based embedded system

Power consumption has been becoming one of the most important criteria for portable embedded devices. During application program development phase to estimate the power consumption is of great significance. In this paper, we propose a power evaluation methodology for PACDSP instruction set simulator. Programmers can easily observe the power consumption during the application development stage. The power modeling is compared with Synopsys PrimeTime PX, and the maximum deviation is less than 4% by executing the BDTI benchmarks. Furthermore, we also discuss the power consumption of the PAC Duo multimedia platform.
Delayed calcium dysregulation in neurons requires both the NMDA receptor and the reverse Na+/Ca2 + exchanger

Abstract Glutamate-induced delayed calcium dysregulation (DCD) is a causal factor leading to neuronal death. The mechanism of DCD is not clear but Ca 2 + influx via N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and/or the reverse plasmalemmal Na + /Ca 2 + exchanger (NCX rev ) could be involved in DCD. However, the extent to which NMDAR and NCX rev contribute to glutamate-induced DCD is uncertain. Here, we show that both NMDAR and NCX rev are critical for DCD in neurons exposed to excitotoxic glutamate. In rat cultured hippocampal neurons, 25 μM glutamate produced DCD accompanied by sustained increase in cytosolic Na + ([Na + ] c ) and plasma membrane depolarization. MK801 and memantine, noncompetitive NMDAR inhibitors, added shortly after glutamate, completely prevented DCD whereas AP-5, a competitive NMDAR inhibitor, failed to protect against DCD. None of the tested inhibitors lowered elevated [Na + ] c or restored plasma membrane potential. In the experiments with NCX reversal by gramicidin, MK801 and memantine robustly inhibited NCX rev while AP-5 was much less efficacious. In electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments MK801 and memantine inhibited NCX rev -mediated ion currents whereas AP-5 failed. Thus, MK801 and memantine, in addition to NMDAR, inhibited NCX rev . Inhibition of NCX rev either with KB-R7943, or by collapsing Na + gradient across the plasma membrane, or by inhibiting Na + /H + exchanger with 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) and thus preventing the increase in [Na + ] c failed to preclude DCD. However, NCX rev inhibition combined with NMDAR blockade by AP-5 completely prevented DCD. Overall, our data suggest that both NMDAR and NCX rev are essential for DCD in glutamate-exposed neurons and inhibition of individual mechanism is not sufficient to prevent calcium dysregulation.
Interannual variability of seasonal phytoplankton blooms in the north polar Atlantic in response to atmospheric forcing

[1] The year-to-year variability of timing, intensity, and spatial distribution of surface phytoplankton during spring-summer seasons is examined in the north polar region of the Atlantic using satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) over 7 years (1998–2004). Each year phytoplankton bloom differed in onset, temporal evolution, and intensity. This interannual variability is to a large degree controlled by local weather, as indicated by the analysis of coincident meteorological data. The atmospheric forcing was parameterized in terms of the generation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKERT) supplied from the atmosphere to the ocean. Timing of the bloom is delayed in years with high TKERT supplied to the ocean in March. In April, Chl (local and regionally averaged) and TKERT are inversely related to one another. The late winter and early spring atmospheric conditions influence the seasonal Chl patterns. The seasonal (April–August) Chl correlates well with net heat flux, wind energy, and TKERT in March and April, but the correlation can be negative or positive in different areas of the north polar Atlantic. The correlation between TKERT and seasonal Chl is positive in the Greenland Gyre (higher seasonal Chl corresponds to higher TKERT in March–April) and negative in the regions of East Greenland and North Atlantic/West Spitsbergen Currents. The most likely explanation for the positive correlation between TKERT and Chl within the Greenland Gyre is that higher TKERT in spring increases the seasonal supply of nutrients into surface waters.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Association of 1,1'-Binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogenphosphate Enantiomers with a Chiral Molecular Micelle.

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the binding of 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl hydrogenphosphate (BNP) enantiomers to the molecular micelle poly-(sodium undecyl-(L,L)-leucine-valine) (poly(SULV)). Poly(SULV) is used as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis separations. Four poly(SULV) binding pockets were identified and either (R)-BNP or (S)-BNP were docked into each pocket. MD simulations were then used to identify the preferred BNP binding site. Within the preferred site, both enantiomers formed hydrogen bonds with poly(SULV) and penetrated into the poly(SULV) core. Comparisons of BNP enantiomer binding to the preferred poly(SULV) pocket showed that (S)-BNP formed stronger hydrogen bonds, moved deeper into the binding site, and had a lower poly(SULV) binding free energy than the (R) enantiomer. Finally, MD simulation results were in agreement with capillary electrophoresis and NMR experiments. Each technique showed (S)-BNP interacted more strongly with poly(SULV) than (R)-BNP and that the site of chiral recognition was near the poly(SULV) leucine chiral center.
Isolation and characterization of cidofovir resistant vaccinia viruses.

The emergence of drug resistant viruses, together with the possibility of increased virulence, is an important concern in the development of new antiviral compounds. Cidofovir (CDV) is a phosphonate nucleotide that is approved for use against cytomegalovirus retinitis and for the emergency treatment of smallpox or complications following vaccination. One mode of action for CDV has been demonstrated to be the inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase. We have isolated several CDV resistant (CDVR) vaccinia viruses through a one step process, two of which have unique single mutations within the DNA polymerase. An additional resistant virus isolate provides evidence of a second site mutation within the genome involved in CDV resistance. The CDVR viruses were 3–7 fold more resistant to the drug than the parental viruses. The virulence of the CDVR viruses was tested in mice inoculated intranasally and all were found to be attenuated. Resistance to CDV in vaccinia virus can be conferred individually by at least two different mutations within the DNA polymerase gene. Additional genes may be involved. This one step approach for isolating resistant viruses without serial passage and in the presence of low doses of drug minimizes unintended secondary mutations and is applicable to other potential antiviral agents.
AGE AND AREA FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

When Darwin began developing in his mind the general principles of his theory of natural selection, he kept his ideas well to himself and did not offer them to a critical public until they had become well aged and seasoned, so that they were then able to offer a very sturdy resistance to the determined attacks of scores of critics. Dr. Willis, on the other hand, seems to have allowed the age-and-area hypothesis no more than five years to grow and develop its strength before turning it out into the world to suffer the slings and arrows of numerous critics. But it was not left entirely to the sport of its foes; Willis stood, and still stands, always behind it, ready and willing at any time to spring to its defense. A score or more papers in its support show his activity during the past sixteen years. In some of them he appeals to our logic, in some to our philosophy, and in others to our common sense. In ma-ny he relies on figures, and marshals columns of numbers and pages of statistics. He deals with square kilometers and archipelagoes; he juggles land bridges and oceanic currents, but in every case he ends, in effect, with such a statement as this: "Here are my figures, gentlemen. They can all be verified. How can you account for these facts except on the basis of Age and Area?" Far be it from me to object to the use of statistics in matters of plant distribution. I would do it myself, and so have done the numerous critics of Age and Area. They too have brought into action their shock troops of figures, tables, continental floras, Tertiary fossils, and glacial periods, and hurled them against the theory. These criticisms have not been entirely without effect. Each new attack has caused Willis to erect a new defense, which has usually taken the form of an exception to his general statement. These show plainly in his recent book on the subject, in his formal definition of Age and Area. Originally it was, in essence at least, "The area of a species depends on its age;" but now, since one exception after another has been added, it reads:
On the viscous dissipation in the boundary layer of a high Prandtl number fluid in laminar flow over a flat plate

An asymptotic expansion for large Prandtl number fluids has been obtained for the recovery factor in a laminar flow over flat plate. The expression underestimates the recovery factor by no more than 1% as long as the Prandtl number is greater than seven.
Site-Selective Surface Reactions: Nitric Oxide Reduction on Mo(110)

The catalytic reduction of NO(x) compounds formed in combustion processes is a critical factor in maintaining a clean environment. The introduction of the "catalytic converter" has been extremely effective in reducing these pollutants in automobile exhaust over the last two decades. Nevertheless, new environmental regulations have necessitated the development of processes that operate over a wider range of conditions and that are more efficient, so that NOx emissions can be reduced further. The need for new catalysts and processes has motivated a considerable number of studies of NO reduction using metal oxides as catalysts. In order to better understand the mechanisms for NO reduction on oxides, we have systematically studied the reactions of NO on thin-film oxides grown on Mo(110). By using a thin-film oxide, we are able to change the type of coordination sites that are available for NO binding and to use surface-sensitive spectroscopies to identify intermediates on the surface. We specifically explore the role of low-temperature NO coupling to a dinitrosyl species in our work and contrast this reaction to the higher temperature process, NO dissociation followed by nitrogen atom coupling.
Incidence of coliforms and enterococci in field populations of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus)

Abstract In a preliminary study during the summer of 1963, an examination of adults of the biting stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus), from a farm, a beach near the farm, and a distant beach showed that few harbored the bacterium Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (5.0 percent of the total of 300 flies examined). More flies were positive for bacteria at the farm than at the beaches. Enterococci were found in 19.7 percent of the total of 295 flies examined and their frequency was also greatest among farm flies. In a more extensive study during the summer of 1964 coliforms were found in 10.5 percent of 1293 flies examined and E. coli in 6.1 percent of these flies. Enterococci were isolated from 18.0 percent of 1307 flies. In farm flies coliforms and enterococci were found in 21.6 and 32.8 percent respectively, of the flies tested, whereas at a beach 3 4 mile from the farm the incidence dropped to 6.8 percent for coliforms and 11.6 percent for enterococci. At a beach 8 miles from the farm coliforms occurred in 3.6 percent and enterococci in 13.8 percent of the flies tested.
Spatial distributions of the softstem bulrush,Scirpus validus, across a salinity gradient

Spatial distribution patterns ofScirpus validus were studied in tidal marshes of the lower Savannah River. The hypothesis that changes in spatial pattern forS. validus would accompany differences in environmental parameters was tested by sampling densities and biomass along environmental gradients of salinity and elevation. Coefficients of dispersion were calculated forS. validus and used to compare spatial patterns among freshwater, midly oligohaline, strongly oligohaline, and mesohaline tidal marshes. Results indicated significantly greater clumping ofS. validus in mesohaline marsh than in freshwater marsh. Only the mildly oligohaline site supported a random population ofS. validus, while the strongly oligohaline marsh supported a uniform spatial distribution. Spatial pattern and relative importance ofS. validus, as well as composition of co-occurring species, changed significantly with changing salinity. The relations between changes in relative importance ofS. validus and differences in soil organic matter and elevation were also significant.
SU‐FF‐J‐68: Motion‐Compensation in IMRT Employing Probability Distribution of Target Location: Phantom Tests and Computer Simulation

Purpose: To investigate potential utility of the probability density function (PDF) of target location in managing the detrimental effect of target motion on the delivered dose distribution. Method and Materials: Recent advances in 4-D imaging allowed for a more detailed and precise observation and description of internal organ motion due to respiration. Realistic average target trajectories and corresponding PDF were obtained from the analysis of 4D-CT data. It was assumed that these motion patterns were stable and reproducible during treatment delivery. Dose calculation and treatment plan optimization were performed with a modified “motion kernel”, obtained by superimposing pencil beam doses delivered to different instances of anatomy (phases of motion), or, in the first approximation, through convolution of the generic pencil beam kernel with the PDF of target location. With this approach, sample motion-compensated plans were optimized and delivered in fractions to a movable phantom, which reproduced preset motion patterns in two dimensions. Dose measurements were performed with diagnostic film for the linac rates of 100, 300 and 500 MU/minute. Robustness of treatment plans with respect to delivery errors and variations in target motion, as well as interplay with the MLC leaf movement, was further investigated in a computer simulation. Results: While optimized fluence patterns showed deviation of as much as 50% between standard and motion-compensated plans (for 2-cm peak-to-peak amplitude of target motion), the doses delivered in a single fraction deviated by less than 15% point-by-point, and were within 3% of prescription after 30 fractions (reduced approximately as the inverse square root of the number of fractions). Conclusion: Phantom tests showed that the use of motion kernel for treatment planning allowed maintaining the conformality of dose distribution delivered over multiple fractions, without expanding planning margins beyond the CTV. Supported in part by the NCI grant 5P01-CA21239-25, AAPM Summer Undergraduate Fellowship.
Behavior Problems of Preschool Children from Low-Income Families: Review of the Literature.

Research on the prevalence of behavior problems in preschool children from low-income families, and the risk factors associated with these behaviors, was reviewed. A systematic search of studies conducted between 1991 and 2002 yielded a total of 30 research reports that met all of the preestablished criteria. These studies yielded several findings. Children from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds were found to have a higher incidence of behavior problems as compared to the general population. Behavior problems were associated with multiple risk factors found in these children's lives related to child, parent, and socioeconomic characteristics. The results are discussed in terms of implications for early identification and intervention and directions for future research.
The Santiago Campaign of 1898: A Soldier's View of the Spanish-American War

The Die Is Cast The Invasion of Cuba and the Battle of Las Guasimas The Battles of San Juan Heights Private George Von Kromer's Story The Daiquiri Landing and the Battle of El Caney Private Edward L. Henry's Story Battle Day--July 2, 1898 The Siege of Santiago The Waiting and the Dying The Long Voyage Home Epilogue Appendix: Fifth Army Corps Index
Effect of defects and dopants in graphene on hydrogen interaction in graphene-supported NaAlH4

Abstract Carbon-based materials have attracted great attention over the past few years due to their role as a support for sodium alanate improving the kinetics of H 2 release/uptake. Herein, we used graphene with defects and various dopants to simulate the carbon materials and performed a periodic density functional theory study on the impact of the modifications in the graphene substrates on the hydrogen interaction in, and hydrogen desorption from, the highly dispersed sodium alanate. Our results showed that the impact of various defects and dopants can be categorized in groups: (i) Pristine graphene and pentagon–heptagon (5–7) pairs defective graphene, as well as N- and S-doped graphene substrates show a weak interaction with the supported sodium alanate cluster, as reflected in the geometry change of the supported cluster and charge transfer between the supported cluster and the substrate. These defects and dopants do not promote H 2 formation and desorption. (ii) Carbon vacancies, as well as B and Cl dopants, cause instantaneous H 2 formation in supported NaAlH 4 upon relaxation. (iii) O-, P-, F- and OH-doped graphene substrates led to the formation of a meta-stable di-hydrogen state with a H–H distance of ∼0.96 A. There is an activation barrier between the meta-stable di-hydrogen state and the most stable state with H 2 being formed. Furthermore, our results with the optB88-vdW functional show that van der Waals interaction strengthens the binding of the cluster on the substrates by 0.9–1.4 eV over the PBE results but does not alter the relative stability of the system.