cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transonic equivalence rule: a nonlinear problem involving lift

The inviscid transonic flow past a thin wing having swept leading edges, with smooth lift and thickness distributions, is shown to possess an outer nonlinear structure determined principally by a line source and a line doublet. Three domains (the thickness-dominated, the intermediate, and the lift-dominated), representing different degrees of lift control of the outer flow, are identified; a transonic equivalence rule valid in all three domains is established. Except in one domain, departure from the Whitcomb-Oswatitsch area rule is significant; the equivalent body corresponding to the source effect has an increased cross-sectional area depending nonlinearly on the lift. This nonlinear lift contribution results from the second-order corrections to the inner (Jones) solution, but produces effects of first-order importance in the outer flow. Of interest is an afterbody effect dependent on the vortex drag, which is not accounted for by the classical transonic small-disturbance theory.
Key Compromise, Strand Spaces, and the Authentication Tests ⋆

Abstract Some cryptographic protocols are vulnerable to replay attacks, a type of weakness that was a focus of attention in the Burroughs-Abadi-Needham logic. Newer, more operational approaches to protocol analysis have not concentrated on this type of attack. This paper fills the gap for the strand space theory. The main technical point is to provide a definition of recency. Our candidate is convenient because we already have a powerful way to prove events recent, namely the incoming and outgoing authentication tests. A secondary purpose of this paper is to illustrate an easily mechanized pattern for using the authentication tests.
The FNIH Sarcopenia Project: Rationale, Study Description, Conference Recommendations, and Final Estimates

Background. Low muscle mass and weakness are common and potentially disabling in older adults, but in order to become recognized as a clinical condition, criteria for diagnosis should be based on clinically relevant thresholds and independently validated. The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Consortium Sarcopenia Project used an evidence-based approach to develop these criteria. Initial findings were presented at a conference in May 2012, which generated recommendations that guided additional analyses to determine final recommended criteria. Details of the Project and its findings are presented in four accompanying manuscripts.
John R. P. French, Jr.: A Lewinian's Lewinian

John R. P. French, Jr., was perhaps the most Lewinian of all of Lewin's students, as reflected in his career of basic and action research, institutional innovation and development, and stimulation and support of the work of colleagues and students. Like Lewin, he delighted in theoretical development, but also in its application to social problems; he was a psychologist and experimentalist, but also catholic in the substance and methods of his research; and he was both a forceful advocate and a supportive partner in collaborations with colleagues and students. These Lewinian qualities are evident in his analysis of the bases of social power and his development of theory, research, and a research program on the Social Environment and Health.
Embryology and Anatomy of the Breast

The embryology of the breast shows that the ectoderm and the mesenchyme are responsible for the genesis of the male and female breast, with the ectoderm responsible for the formation of the ducts and alveoli and the mesenchyme responsible for the connective tissue and its vessels. The milk ridge develops in the ventral area of the body, and the pectoral part of the milk ridge produces the right and left mammary. Very little is known about the molecular mechanisms that initiate breast formation. The chronology of breast development is discussed through its developmental and differentiation phases. Developmental anomalies can occur, such as bilateral amastia, unilateral amastia, and bilateral amastia with congenital ectodermal defects, athelia, polythelia, polymastia, and breast asymmetry. The anatomy of the breast is described.
Karyopherin α 3 and Karyopherin α 4 Proteins Mediate the Nuclear Import of Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 *

Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a nuclear protein with important roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression, and mutations in MECP2 cause Rett syndrome (RTT). Within the MeCP2 protein sequence, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) is reported to reside between amino acids 255-271, and certain RTT-causing mutations overlap with the MeCP2 NLS, suggesting that they may alter nuclear localization. One such mutation, R270X, is predicted to interfere with the localization of MeCP2, but recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that this mutant remains entirely nuclear. To clarify the mechanism of MeCP2 nuclear import, we isolated proteins that interact with the NLS and identified karyopherin α 3 (KPNA3 or Kap-α3) and karyopherin α 4 (KPNA4 or Kap-α4) as key binding partners of MeCP2. MeCP2-R270X did not interact with KPNA4, consistent with a requirement for an intact NLS in this interaction. However, this mutant retains binding to KPNA3, accounting for the normal localization of MeCP2-R270X to the nucleus. These data provide a mechanism for MeCP2 nuclear import and have implications for the design of therapeutics aimed at modulating the function of MeCP2 in RTT patients.
The Cost of ALS Care within the Veterans Health Administration (P03.172)

Objective: To determine the cost of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) care within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Background A 2006 report by the Institute of Medicine revealed that individuals that have served in the military have a 1.5 to 2 times increased risk of developing ALS. Based on this study, ALS became a compensable illness within the VHA in 2008. The cost of ALS care is considerable as patients require close monitoring of respiratory and nutritional needs as well as continued assessment of mobility and proper functional equipment. The VHA is a unique system in that patients receive all their care within a single payer system, which allows for reliable cost analysis. Design/Methods: Data was obtained retrospectively for fiscal years (FY) 2005-2010 from the Corporation Data Warehouse (CDW). Data merging and analysis were done through scrambled SSN; no patient identifiable information was used. ALS patients were identified by ICD-9 codes from the inpatient, outpatient and fee files. Results: There were 1522 patients with a diagnosis of ALS within the VHA in FY05 which increased to 2752 patients in FY10. The total cost of care increased from $35,890,466 to $114,288,333, respectively. The average total cost per patient in FY05 was $23,581 and $41,529 in FY10. The average inpatient, outpatient and fee basis costs per patient were $8,901, $11,566 and $3,115 in FY05, respectively. In FY10 these costs were $15,421, $19,272 and $6,836, respectively. Conclusions: The cost per patient and total cost of ALS care within the VHA has increased substantially from FY05 to FY10. The total cost dramatically increased in 2008 after ALS was declared a compensable illness. The cost per patient has also steadily increased, likely related to increased utilization of services within the VHA by veterans. The share of outpatient and inpatient costs in relation to overall total costs have remained stable. Disclosure: Dr. Khokhar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patwa has nothing to disclose.
FLOW FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF PARAELECTRIC, PERISTALTIC, AND COMBINED PLASMA ACTUATORS BASED ON THE ONE ATMOSPHERE UNIFORM GLOW DISCHARGE PLASMA (OAUGDP)

The EHD approaches tested in the past included drag reduction from the ion wind associated with atmospheric corona discharges, but the induced velocity was small, of the order of one meter per second, and the drag reduction effect weak 5, 6 . In this paper, we extend previous results to document with Pitot tube measurements the flow fields associated with both paraelectric and peristaltic plasma actuators, and with a combination of both in which paraelectric flow acceleration provides a boost to increase the peristaltic plasma flow velocity. We have found that the flow field of the plasma actuators can be modeled as a classical Glauert wall jet, and have compared the plasma actuator flow field to that of the Glauert wall jet. In addition to documenting these EHD flow fields, we report on exploratory research designed to improve the electrode configuration of both peristaltic and paraelectric plasma actuators, and to make the induced flow velocities laminar rather than turbulent. Finally, we report tests made on a 25x25 cm panel covered with plasma actuator electrode strips to determine the effects on the actuator plasma of water spray, walking on the actuator panel, and direct contact (touching) with the panel while energized. The development of the One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP) 7, 8 has made it possible to install on the wings and fuselage of aircraft mechanically robust glow discharge plasma actuators that require only a few watts per linear foot. These actuators can provide, through Lorentzian collisions, a purely electrohydrodynamic (EHD) coupling between the electric field in the plasma and the neutral gas in the boundary layer
The Cesàro Operators and their Generalizations: Examples in Infinite-Dimensional Linear Analysis

(1973). The Cesaro Operators and their Generalizations: Examples in Infinite-Dimensional Linear Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 654-661.
Evolution of the rDNA spacer, ITS 2, in the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Evolution of the rDNA spacer, ITS 2, is examined by comparing 17 DNA sequences of the ticks, Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus. The distribution of fixed interspecific differences and the relative frequency of base changes vs. insertions/deletions (indels) matches the distribution and relative frequency for intraspecifically variable sites. This suggests that most intraspecific variation is not effectively selected against. The base composition of the ITS 2 transcript is G- and U-biased. But, 5-base regions enriched (> 80 per cent) for A or U occur more frequently than expected while G-and C-enriched regions occur less frequently than expected. Enriched sequences may be prone to replication slippage, accounting for the A/T bias in insertions. Slippage-mediated gains and losses of A/T-rich tandem repeats apparently account for most indels. Minimum-energy conformations of the two species' folded transcripts share major structural features. Structural inertia arises from intramolecular base pairing within stems that allows most mutations to be absorbed as new bulges off stems. Yet, there is evidence of selection to maintain the conformation. First, intraspecifically variable sites are concentrated at the ends of stems in loops and intersections, structures that do not contribute to intramolecular base pairing. Moreover, some indels that have become fixed in one species compensate for the presence of conformation-destabilizing indels. However, high rates of sequence evolution within stems and absence of compensatory base evolution contraindicates selective constraint. Degenerate dispersed and tandem copies of two subrepeats, each approximately 20 bases long, may account for much of the ITS 2 sequence. These are approximate inverses of each other and are, consequently, capable of significant intramolecular hydrogen bonding to produce folded transcripts of low energy. Evolution of the ITS 2 sequence may largely entail replication slippage-mediated gains and losses of these repeats or their composite subrepeats.
Calcining natural zeolites to improve their effect on cementitious mixture workability

Despite the benefits to long-term concrete durability, the use of natural zeolites as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is uncommon due to their high water demand. The motivation of the research presented here was to better understand how the physical and chemical characteristics of natural zeolites influenced the workability of cementitious mixtures and whether those properties could be modified through calcination to mitigate the high water demand of natural zeolites. In this research, three different natural zeolites were characterized in their original and calcined states using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements. Rheology experiments were then conducted on cementitious pastes containing these natural zeolites, in their original and calcined states, to assess mixture viscosity and yield stress. Results showed that calcination destabilized the structure of the natural zeolites and reduced their surface area, which led to an improvement in mixture viscosity and yield stress.
Simulation Analysis on the Commutation Failure and Power Recovery Characteristic of an Actual DC Transmission System

In order to evaluate the security and stability of AC/DC hybrid power systems,it is necessary to explore the interaction between the DC transmission systems and the embedded AC system during commutation failure and DC power recovery.By using a real-time simulaton tool,which can precisely simulate the DC main circuit and its control and protection system,and taking an actual HVDC system in China Southern Power Grid as a test case,this paper evalutes the influence factors on the occurrence of commutation failure of inveter after AC system faults.The results show that the magnitude of three-phase or single-phase voltage drop is the key factor for the occurrence of commutation failure of DC system after three-phase or single-phase to ground faults occur.
FDI and Economic Growth

After discussing the drivers of inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI), in this chapter we will briefly discuss the relationships between economic growth and FDI, and point to some avenues of the role of absorptive capacity in shaping the effects of FDI on economic development.
Use of Copyright Content on the Internet: Considerations on Excludability and Collective Licensing

The Internet has been a catalyst for problems latent within the copyright system. Fundamentally, the question is to determine under what circumstances should a copyright holder have a right to exclude others from using her copyright work on the Internet? This is the topic of this chapter. The underlying hypothesis is that policy analysis concerning copyright has shifted because it is now facing a number of formidable opponents, in most cases for the first time on that scale. Those opponents are other rights, including privacy. Copyright is not or no longer a closed system with exceptions looping back to a set of exclusive rights in which an appropriate equilibrium in the regulation of knowledge creation and dissemination was supposed to be reached. After an analysis of the problems that have emerged in trying to use copyright to exclude use on the Internet, the Chapter suggests possible solutions articulated along three types of use: those that should be free; those that should be licensed collectively (i.e., where the power to exclude is replaced with a remuneration system accompanied by standard conditions) and a small set of uses that can be licensed transactionally. In suggesting a greater role for collective (as opposed to individual) licensing, the paper considers the introduction of an Extended Repertoire System in Canada.
Non-binary coded modulation and iterative detection for high spectral efficiency in MIMO

Non-binary low density parity check codes (LDPC) have been shown to outperform their binary counterparts and attain the best-known performance among error-correction codes. At the same time, it has also been established that wireless communication using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) schemes dramatically increases system capacity and reliability when information symbols are appropriately coded and modulated across transmit antennas. Recent works have studied techniques for applying non-binary LDPC codes to MIMO systems and demonstrated near-capacity performance. However, the constellation sizes in the proposed approaches are limited by the Galois field (GF) size of the non-binary LDPC code, thus limiting the maximum spectral efficiency of the proposed joint modulation-coding approaches. In practice, the GF size may be limited by computational complexity reasons but high spectral efficiencies are desired. Thus, we study iterative coded modulation based techniques for applying non-binary LDPC codes to higher order modulations. These methods have been well-studied for binary codes but not for non-binary codes. It is demonstrated that performance of the technique is dependent on the mapping of GF symbols to constellations, but applying the appropriate mapping attains near-capacity performance. To reduce the error floor region for smaller field sizes, while maintaining steep waterfall curves, we combine a nonbinary-based accumulator with a parallel concatenated coding scheme.
Women and the Goddess

This chapter provides a historical perspective on women’s traditional roles in Hindu society (including Tamil variations) and the influence of goddess traditions in South Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil societies. This chapter introduces the cultural foundations both broad and specific, in which the Adhiparasakthi tradition is situated, and accounts for notions of the goddess Sakthi Devi as a paradigm of sovereignty within the Tamil ethos respectively.
Reconciliation between ecumenical and evangelical theologies and theologians of mission

When a person confesses that Jesus Christ is Lord, all other Christians must take that confession seriously. Such a confession represents the manifest inworking of the Spirit of God (1 Cor 12:3). And it is a call to receive that person as a brother indeed, and to seek to express with him the oneness for which our Lord prayed (John 17:21-23). This is our ecumenical obligation. Indeed, one measure of our obedience to Christ is the extent to which we reach out and identify ourselves with all those who make up the household of faith, regardless how seriously we may disagree with them on matters of faith and practice.
Pharmacologic Considerations during the Preoperative Evaluation of Neurologic Patients.

Background Optimizing a patient for surgery is a central goal during the preoperative period. Patients with common neurologic disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis may require special attention in the perioperative management of their neurologic medications. Objective This review aims to organize the most current recommendations for neurologic medication management during the perioperative period to minimize the risk of postoperative neurologic decline. Methods A review of current literature present on PubMed and Medline of peer-reviewed research papers was conducted. The quality of the papers was assessed according to their research methodology and many of their sources were further analyzed in the same manner. A focused review question for each disease type was used, and, at times, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Results Manuscripts covered a wide range of medical subspecialties with the most common sources being anesthetic, neurologic, and pharmacologic journals. Conclusion The systemic inflammation that occurs in the perioperative period is detrimental to a patient's neurologic status. It is important to recognize that the proper management of neurologic medications can limit the negative effects of these stresses on a patient. Most medications appear safe to continue until the morning of surgery. Consultation with a neurologist regarding continuation of specific medications may be necessary to further ensure patient safety.
Learning the Behavior of a Dynamical System Via a “20 Questions” Approach

Using a graphical discrete dynamical system to model a networked social system, the problem of inferring the behavior of the system can be formulated as the problem of learning the local functions of the dynamical system. We investigate the problem assuming an active form of interaction with the system through queries. We consider two classes of local functions (namely, symmetric and threshold functions) and two interaction modes, namely batch mode (where all the queries must be submitted together) and adaptive mode (where the set of queries submitted at a stage may rely on the answers received to previous queries). We develop complexity results and efficient heuristics that produce query sets under both query modes. We demonstrate the performance of our heuristics through experiments on over 20 well-known networks.
An Empirical Study of the Settling Performance of Ring Amplifiers for Pipelined ADCs

This work presents a design example of how ring amplifier settling differs from a traditional operational amplifier. Ringamps posses dynamic bandwidth characteristics when amplifying discrete-time waveforms. The dynamic bandwidth of ringamps is demonstrated with transistor level simulations in an 180 CMOS process. That experiment shows increased performance when used in low feedback factors compared to operational amplifiers. This work includes a discussion on how the settling performance of ringamps affects system level analog-to-digital converter design.
The Small-Town Midwest: Resilience and Hope in the Twenty-First Century

Review of: "The Small-Town Midwest: Resilience and Hope in the Twenty-First Century", by Julianne Couch.
Responsibility for Health and Blaming Victims

If we are responsible for taking care of our health, are we blameworthy when we become sick because we failed to meet that responsibility? Or is it immoral to blame the victim of sickness? A moral perspective that is sensitive to therapeutic concerns will downplay blame, but banishing all blame is neither feasible nor desirable. We need to understand the ambiguities surrounding moral responsibility in four contexts: (1) preventing sickness, (2) assigning financial liabilities for health care costs, (3) giving meaning to human suffering, and (4) interacting with health care professionals. We also need to distinguish different kinds of blame, explore the interplay of justice and compassion in avoiding unjustified blaming of victims, and work toward a unified moral-therapeutic perspective that encourages individuals to accept responsibility while avoiding destructive forms of blaming.
Fourth Interlude Generality and Generic Definitions

After some experience with the definitions and use of Alphard, we realized that generic definitions — form and routine defintions that take types as parameters — provide a rich abstraction tool when coupled with careful specification of the properties of the generic parameters.
Tailoring Interface for Spanish Language: A Case Study with CHICA System

We developed a clinical decision support system (CDSS) --- Child Health Improvement through Computer Automation (CHICA) - to deliver patient specific guidance at the point of clinical care. CHICA captures structured data from families, physicians, and nursing, staff using a scannable paper user interface - Adaptive Turnaround Documents (ATD) while remaining sensitive to the workflow constraints of a busy outpatient pediatric practice. The system was deployed in November 2004 with an English language only user interface. In July 2005, we enhanced the user interface with a Spanish version of the pre-screening questionnaire to capture information from Spanish speaking families in our clinic. Subsequently, our results show an increase in rate of family responses to the pre-screening questionnaire by 36% (51% vs. 87%) in a four month time period before and after the Spanish interface deployment and up to 32% (51% vs. 83%) since November 2004. Furthermore, our results show that Spanish speaking families, on average, respond to the questionnaire more than English speaking families (85% vs. 49%). This paper describes the design, implementation challenges and our measure of success when trying to adapt a computer scannable paper interface to another language.
Some Fundamental Concepts in Ancient Astronomy

The aim of this lecture is not to give any kind of complete survey of the fundamental ideas or methods of ancient astronomy but, on the contrary, to show how one single fact, the variability of the length of the days, influenced the structure of ancient astronomy. I choose this kind of approach because I am convinced that real progress in the study of the history of science requires the highest specialization. In contrast to the usual lamentation, I believe that only the most intimate knowledge of details reveals some traces of the overwhelming richness of the processes of intellectual life.
Bayesian predictive inference for the proportion of eroded land in a small area in Iowa

There is an increasing interest in the quality of soil, especially for small geographical areas. We present a method to estimate the percent of the area in a county or hydrological basin that is eroded. There are sample data (for several counties in eastern Iowa) from the National Resources Inventory and population data on land use, land capability class, rainfall and slope length and steepness. Using the Gibbs sampler we perform Bayesian predictive inference to obtain estimates for the non-sampled units. These estimates, together with the sample data, provide an estimate of the proportion of the total area that is eroded. We assess the quality of fit of our model using two cross-validation exercises and graphical methods.
Functional diversity and convergence in the evolution of plant reproductive structures.

Background and Aims Structures that simultaneously perform many functional roles are likely to show a variety of morphological solutions to these demands, and thus probably exhibit high morphological disparity. In contrast, specialization for a few simple functions should result in a more limited suite of morphologies. We explore this idea using lycopsid reproductive structures, which, throughout their history, have performed a limited set of functional roles compared with the reproductive structures of other plant groups such as seed plants. Methods We scored living and fossil lycopsid taxa for 18 discrete character measurements and several continuous traits, including sporangium size, supporting axis diameter, and strobilus length and width. We used the discrete characters to construct a multivariate morphospace for lycopsid reproductive morphology through time, and the continuous characters to test whether fossil and extant lycopsids show similar patterns of tissue allocation within reproductive structures. Results Lycopsids occupy similar areas of reproductive morphospace and show similar patterns of tissue allocation over most of their history, alternating between diffuse fertile zones with leaf-like sporophylls and compact strobili with specialized sporophylls that allow sporangia to be closely packed while also protected during their development. Growth habit also plays an important role in lycopsid reproductive evolution, broadly influencing the size and shape of reproductive structures. Conclusions Lycopsid reproductive structures are primarily specialized for densely packaging sporangia, and are consistent with the idea that performing limited functional roles is associated with reduced morphological disparity. Morphologies similar to lycopsid strobili are also found in other groups with simple, wind-dispersed propagules, suggesting that the same processes occur across plant lineages.
Perceptual-learning evidence for inter-onset-interval- and frequency-specific processing of fast rhythms

Rhythm is fundamental to music and speech, yet little is known about how even simple rhythmic patterns are processed. Here we investigated the processing of isochronous rhythms in the short inter-onset-interval (IOI) range (IOIs < 250–400 ms) using a perceptual-learning paradigm. Trained listeners (n=8) practiced anisochrony detection with a 100-ms IOI marked by 1-kHz tones, 720 trials per day for 7 days. Between pre- and post-training tests, trained listeners improved significantly more than controls (no training; n=8) on the anisochrony-detection condition that the trained listeners practiced. However, the learning on anisochrony detection did not generalize to temporal-interval discrimination with the trained IOI (100 ms) and marker frequency (1 kHz) or to anisochrony detection with an untrained marker frequency (4 kHz or variable frequency vs. 1 kHz), and generalized negatively to anisochrony detection with an untrained IOI (200 ms vs. 100 ms). Further, pre-training thresholds were correlated among nearly all of the conditions with the same IOI (100-ms IOIs), but not between conditions with different IOIs (100-ms vs. 200-ms IOIs). Thus, it appears that some task-, IOI-, and frequency-specific processes are involved in fast-rhythm processing. These outcomes are most consistent with a holistic rhythm-processing model in which a holistic “image” of the stimulus is compared to a stimulus-specific template.
Rectal Cancer Survivorship and Quality of Life

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. With advances in early cancer detection, multi-modality therapy and surgical techniques, the overall 5-year survival for colorectal cancer across all stages now averages 65% [1]. As a result, there are more than 1.2 million colon or rectal cancer survivors currently living in the United States [2, 3] and with this rapidly growing population of survivors, there is an increasing awareness that a more comprehensive cancer care management protocol needs to expand in order to account for the needs of colorectal cancer survivors and to equate the impact of treatment on quality of life outcomes.
Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA)-α-Alumina Composites: Effect of Environment on Tribological Performance

Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA)-α-phase alumina (α-Al2O3) composites have dramatically (~ 10,000 ×) improved wear resistance compared to unfilled PFA when tested in air. In this study, unfilled PFA and PFA-α-Al2O3 composites were tested using a linear reciprocating tribometer in dry nitrogen (< 2.5 ppm O2 and H2O), humidity-controlled air (15%, 30%, and 45% relative humidity), and submerged water. PFA-α-Al2O3 tested in dry nitrogen (N2) and in submerged water exhibited wear rates that were two to three orders of magnitude higher than those of PFA-α-Al2O3 composites tested in humidity-controlled air. Infrared spectra of the worn PFA-α-Al2O3 surfaces tested in air exhibited peaks attributed to carboxylate salts. These peaks were severely diminished on the PFA-α-Al2O3 sample tested in dry N2 and not observed for submerged water environments. The high wear rate of PFA-α-Al2O3 tested in dry N2 and submerged water was attributed to the lack of carboxylate salts, which require oxygen and water form. These carboxylate salts bond to the α-Al2O3 filler within the PFA matrix which reinforces the polymer wear surface. Additionally, these carboxylate salts form a transfer film on the stainless steel counterface, which protects both the composite and counterface from wear and abrasion.
Recovered memories and false memories

The concept of repressed memory has been around for at least a century. It is the notion that, as a defense mechanism, horribly traumatic experiences can be involuntarily banished into the unconscious, even for decades, yet at some later point return to awareness, unchanged, vivid, and accurate—protected from the ravages of time and immune to the normal laws of memory functioning and decay. The idea of repression is everywhere. Characters in television shows, movies, and books repress memories of their dark pasts and recover them with the help from fictional therapists—using memory recovery tools such as hypnosis, guided imagery, or age regression. Or memories return in fragments until the full story bursts into memory in time to solve a crime, to prompt a long awaited reckoning, or to allow recovery from psychological problems. And national media discuss claims involving repressed memories of satanic abuse, witnessing murder, alien abduction, and other fantastical events, some disclosed by celebrities. Psychologists are exposed to the concept of repression in introductory psychology classes and throughout their careers. Moreover, the police use memory recovery techniques with witnesses and suspects. And innocent suspects confess to crimes they did not commit and did not remember when the police convinced them they ‘repressed’ the memory of committing the heinous act.
Cost and Quality Incentives in Health Care: Altruistic Providers

This paper compares the cost and quality incentive effects of cost reimbursement and prospective payment systems in the health industry when providers are altruistic. Providers' behavioral rule is governed by a desire to maximize a weighted sum of profit and consumers' health benefit. When providers exert costly efforts to enhance quality and reduce cost, the first best--a regime in which efforts are contractible--can be implemented by prospective payment. Cost reimbursement does not implement the first-best efforts. Necessary conditions are derived for the implementation of the first best by a combination of prospective and cost reimbursement payments when the provider can refuse services to expensive patients.
Correlated variational treatment of ionization coupled to nuclear motion: Ultrafast pump and ionizing probe of electronic and nuclear dynamics in LiH

Author(s): Bello, RY; Lucchese, RR; Rescigno, TN; McCurdy, CW | Abstract: We demonstrate a theoretical treatment of dissociative single ionization of the LiH molecule using two-color UV-UV pulse sequences that makes use of a highly correlated description of both the ionization continuum and target molecular ion and neutral states to which it is coupled. The present results emphasize how the details of the ionization process at various internuclear distances combine to form a lens through which such experiments image the dynamics of intermediate electronic states populated by the pump pulse. While ionization yields (dissociative and nondissociative) provide information about the amplitudes and phases that build up the molecular wave packet in the neutral states, molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions exhibit the changing character of those states, i.e., from ionic to covalent. In addition, the time-dependent mean kinetic energy of the wave packet on neutral states is clearly mapped onto the kinetic energy release of the atomic fragments produced by the probe ionization pulse.
3D printed polylactic acid and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene fluidic structures for biological applications: Tailoring bio-material interface via surface modification

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly growing technology that best fits for cell culture and other biological applications due to its potential to build immensely complex structures from customized designs. However, use of 3D printed structures for cell adhesion, proliferation, and activation requires tailoring of surface characteristics. In this context, this work investigates the use of two biocompatible 3D printable polymer materials, Poly-L-lactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) for bio applications, and the effect of their post-printing surface modification processes to achieve desired bio functionality. Three post-printing surface modification techniques, alkaline hydrolysis, ultraviolet ozone plasma irradiation and gold thin film deposition are performed with the objective of introducing useful levels of surface functionalities. Poly-L-lysine (PLL) labelled with FITC chromophore is immobilized on the surface modified samples following standard protocols. The effect of surface roughness and porosity of the 3D printed structures on the polypeptide immobilization is compared on as-printed versus mechanically polished surfaces. Different characterization methods, viz., Fluorescence microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy, are used to study the efficacy of the surface modification and PLL immobilization techniques. Our results demonstrated denser PLL attachment on polished hydrolyzed PLA and ABS surfaces which enables the use of these printable polymers for a range of applications such as tissue scaffolds and microfluidics.
Values-Based Foundation for a U.S. Single Payer Health System Model

A universal, single payer model for the American health system aligns with and should emanate from commonly held values contained within the country’s foundational religious teachings, morals, ethics and democratic heritage. The Affordable Care Act in its attempt to create expanded health access has met with significant challenges. The conservative Supreme Court decreases the likelihood of a federal mandated single payer model. As uncertainty of the structure of the healthcare system increases, this paper supports its transformation to a single payer model. Healthcare should be considered a duty within the framework of a Kantian approach to ethics and a social good. Evidently ignoring this duty, the American health system perpetuates a healthcare underclass, with underserved portions of the population, with unequal access to quality care and persistent health status and outcome disparities. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the effect of social determinants on optimal health outcome. A health insurance system based on the nation’s commonly held values has the potential to eliminate these disparities.
Monitoring of large B-cell lymphoma and T-zone lymphoma in a dog via flow cytometry:

A 12-y-old, castrated male Pomeranian dog was presented because of mandibular lymph node (LN) enlargement. Physical examination and a complete blood count revealed generalized lymphadenopathy and moderate lymphocytosis. Fine-needle aspirate cytology revealed expansion of medium lymphocytes in the right mandibular LN and expansion of large lymphocytes in the left popliteal LN. Flow cytometry identified 2 aberrant lymphocyte populations in both LNs, namely a CD5+CD45- T-cell population, and a large CD21+ B-cell population. Flow cytometry of the peripheral blood revealed an identical population of aberrant CD45- T cells. The patient was diagnosed with concurrent T-zone lymphoma and leukemia, and B-cell lymphoma. Multi-agent chemotherapy was instituted, and serial clinical and flow cytometric analysis revealed complete remission of the neoplastic B cells, but persistence of the neoplastic T cells and persistent lymphadenopathy. This case affirms the diagnostic value of flow cytometry and reveals a unique limitation of the RECIST criteria.
Bio-Mimetic Fish-Like Swimmers in a 2D Incompressible Fluid: Empiric Modeling

In this chapter we will describe a model of a bio-mimetic swimmer designed to imitate a swimming locomotion of a fish (or a sea snake) in a horizontal plane (see Figs. 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3). We will view this situation as the case of a swimmer in a 2D incompressible fluid. (Of course, a swimming motion in a horizontal plane in a 3D fluid is a much more complicated process, which we will also consider in Chap. 4.)
Failure-To-Safety in Turbine-Generator Control

Modern Steam Turbine-Generators in the UK have a unit rating which is typically 500 to 660 MW. Even higher ratings are now in prospect, and units up to 1300 MW have already been installed by utilities abroad. This contrasts with the early 1950s, when 60 MW was the largest machine in common use. One consequence of this increase in unit rating is that the torque-to-inertia ratio of modern machines has increased considerably. The acceleration capabilities are therefore much higher and, as an additional factor consequent upon the higher ratings, all the components tend to be stressed more closely to their ultimate limits.
Histamine augments gastric ulceration produced by intravenous aspirin in cats.

Abstract In unanesthetized cats, continuous intravenous infusion of aspirin for 36 hr did not produce gastric ulcers when given alone but did when combined with 160 μg kg −1 hr −1 of histamine-2HCl intravenously. The ulcers were mainly antral in location. The incidence and severity of ulcers increased with duration of the infusion up to 36 hr and with dose of aspirin up to 4 mg kg −1 hr −1 . With the highest doses and longest durations some of the antral ulcers perforated. Antral ulcers occurred in more than half of the cats getting 0.25 mg kg −1 hr −1 or more of aspirin for 36 hr or getting 4 mg kg −1 hr −1 of aspirin for 6 or more hr. Intravenous aspirin plus intragastric infusion of 40 ml hr −1 of 150 mm HCl for 16 hr also produced gastric ulcers. Plasma salicylate concentrations were less than 350 μg ml −1 with all doses and durations of aspirin used (400 μg ml −1 is regarded as the upper limit of the therapeutic range in man). These studies show that when the stomach is acidified by giving histamine intravenously or HCl intragastrically, intravenous aspirin produces large deep gastric ulcers. The mechanism of the ulcerogenic action of intravenous aspirin is not known.
Comparison of EKF- and PF-based methods in tracking maneuvering targets

In this paper we address the problem of tracking of a high-speed maneuvering target which moves along a two-dimensional space. We investigate and compare several approaches based on the Bayesian methodology and propose various strategies to cope with the two models that account for the different regimes of movement. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered algorithms are illustrated and discussed through computer simulations.
Monitoring sea lamprey pheromones and their degradation using rapid stream-side extraction coupled with UPLC-MS/MS

Pheromones guide adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to suitable spawning streams and mates, and therefore, when quantified, can be used to assess population size and guide management. Here, we present an efficient sample preparation method where 100 mL of river water was spiked with deuterated pheromone as an internal standard and underwent rapid field-based SPE and elution in the field. The combination of field extraction with laboratory UPLC-MS/MS reduced the sample consumption from 1 to 0.1 L, decreased the sample process time from more than 1 h to 10 min, and increased the precision and accuracy. The sensitivity was improved more than one order of magnitude compared with the previous method. The influences of experimental conditions were assessed to optimize the separation and peak shapes. The analytical method has been validated by studies of stability, selectivity, precision, and linearity and by the determination of the limits of detection and quantification. The method was used to quantify pheromone concentration from five streams tributary to Lake Ontario and to estimate that the environmental half-life of 3kPZS is about 26 h.
Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior: Hormones Versus Genes

Sex determination is the commitment of an organism toward male or female development. Traditionally, in mammals, sex determination is considered equivalent to gonadal determination. Since the presence or the absence of the testes ultimately determines the phenotype of the external genitalia, sex determination is typically seen as equivalent to testis determination. But what exactly does sex determine? The endpoint of sex determination is almost invariably seen as the reproductive structures, which represent the most obvious phenotypic difference between the sexes. One could argue that the most striking differences between males and females are not the anatomy of the genitals, but the size of the gametes-considerably larger in females than males. In fact, there could be many different endpoints to sex determination, leading to differences between the sexes: brain sexual differences, behavioral differences, and susceptibility to disease. The central dogma of sexual differentiation, stemming initially from the gonad-transfer experiments of Alfred Jost, is that sexual dimorphisms of all somatic tissues are dependent on the testicular secretion of the developing fetus. In this chapter, we will take the example of sex differences in brain and behavior as an endpoint of sex determination. We will argue that genetic factors play a role in sexually dimorphic traits such as the number of dopaminergic cells in the mesencephalon, aggression, and sexual orientation, independently from gonadal hormones.
Systems engineering theory: What needs to be done

This paper suggests seven areas that are ripe for theoretical research in systems engineering. The areas are verification and validation; requirements; contracting; risk management; abstraction and elaboration; organization design; and finally guidance technology in the context of model-based systems engineering.
Redox-dependent gene regulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1(T): effects on dimethyl sulfoxide reductase (dor) gene expression.

The ability of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1T to respire anaerobically with the alternative electron acceptor dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is manifested by the molybdoenzyme DMSO reductase, which is encoded by genes of the dor locus. Previously, we have demonstrated that dor expression is regulated in response to lowered oxygen tensions and the presence of DMSO or TMAO in the growth medium. Several regulatory proteins have been identified as key players in this regulatory cascade: FnrL, DorS-DorR, and DorX-DorY. To further examine the role of redox potentiation in the regulation of dor expression, we measured DMSO reductase synthesis and β-galactosidase activity from dor::lacZ fusions in strains containing mutations in the redox-active proteins CcoP and RdxB, which have previously been implicated in the generation of a redox signal affecting photosynthesis gene expression. Unlike the wild-type strain, both mutants were able to synthesize DMSO reductase under strictly aerobic conditions, even in the absence of DMSO. When cells were grown photoheterotrophically, dorC::lacZ expression was stimulated by increasing light intensity in the CcoP mutant, whereas it is normally repressed in the wild-type strain under such conditions. Furthermore, the expression of genes encoding the DorS sensor kinase and DorR response regulator proteins was also affected by the ccoP mutation. By using CcoP-DorR and CcoP-DorY double mutants, it was shown that the DorR protein is strictly required for altered dor expression in CcoP mutants. These results further demonstrate a role for redox-generated responses in the expression of genes encoding DMSO reductase in R. sphaeroides and identify the DorS-DorR proteins as a redox-dependent regulatory system controlling dor expression.
Micromethod (Spot-Plate) Determination of In Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility

The spot-plate method for determining in vitro antibiotic susceptibility is a modified version of the standard tube dilution technique, with the same principle of twofold dilution. Results of the spot-plate method are compared with those of the standard tube dilution technique. It is proposed that the spot-plate method is an equally accurate, but more rapid and economical, technique for determining in vitro antibiotic susceptibility.
Secular Autocracy vs. Sectarian Democracy? Weighing Reasons for Christian Support for Regime Transition in Syria and Egypt

With the spectre of post-Spring Islamist rule looming, Christians in Syria and Egypt were forced to choose between quasi-secular autocracy and sectarian populism. The status quo ante under al-Assad and Mubarak, though democratically deficient, temporarily contained civil hostilities and afforded Christians with a modicum of secular protection and even prosperity, the degree of which sheds light on the relative absence of Syrian Christian protestors and the salient Coptic presence during the Egyptian revolution. This article explores how socio-economic and religious peripheral designations intersected with state policy to determine political (in) action amongst Christian minorities in two crucial countries of the region.
A safety assessment tool for formulary candidates

Medication errors are at the forefront of discussion for government officials, health care professionals, and consumers. An analysis of these errors has led health care organizations to conclude that many of these problems occur within the medication-use process.[1][1] In 2004, the Joint Commission