cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical approach to the external auditor's evaluation of the internal auditing function*

Abstract. The objective of this study was to examine the external auditor's evaluation of the internal audit function. A hierarchy of the attributes that enter into this decision process was developed based on prior research and with the assistance of Big 8 audit managers. An experiment which used the Analytic Hierarchy Process was conducted with 22 audit supervisors and managers. Contrary to previous studies, the results indicated that the competence of the internal auditors was the most important factor, followed by the objectivity and work of the internal auditors. The AHP methodology allowed us to assess which specific attributes were most important to the external auditor's assessment of these factors. However, the variability of the weights of these attributes indicates low agreement among the practitioners as to which attributes are most important. Resume. Les auteurs de la presente etude avaient pour objectif d'examiner l'evaluation de la fonction de verification interne par le verificateur externe. La hierarchie des attributs qui entrent en ligne de compte dans ce processus de decision a ete dressee a partir de travaux de recherche anterieurs et avec la collaboration de chefs de groupe en verification des huit grands cabinets. Vingt-deux chefs d'equipe et chefs de groupe ont participe a une experience faisant appel au processus de hierarchie analytique. Contrairement aux resultats des etudes precedentes, les resultats de cette etude ont revele que la competence des verificateurs internes etait le facteur primordial, suivi de l'objectivite et du travail des verificateurs internes. La methodologie du processus de hierarchie analytique a permis d'evaluer quels attributs precis etaient les plus importants dans l'evaluation de ces facteurs par les verificateurs externes. Toutefois, l'importance des ecarts releves dans la ponderation de ces attributs indique que l'unanimite est loin d'etre faite chez les praticiens quant a l'importance relative des attributs.
Corticotropin-releasing factor suppresses the afterhyperpolarization in cerebellar Purkinje neurons

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is present in climbing fibers and their terminations on Purkinje neurons. To determine whether CRF may have a postsynaptic action in this pathway, CRF effects on the electrophysiological properties of cultured cerebellar Purkinje neurons were studied. CRF produced a dose-dependent reduction of the amplitude of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) which follows a current-induced spike train. The effect of CRF on the AHP was specific in that CRF did not significantly alter input resistance, membrane potential, amplitude of the depolarizing-off response produced at the termination of a hyperpolarizing current pulse, or the number of depolarization-induced simple spikes. Suppression of the AHP by CRF may be one mechanism by which CRF regulates the response of Purkinje neurons to other transmitters in the climbing fiber pathway or in other inputs to Purkinje neurons.
Prediction of Fatality Rates for Comparison Between States

Comparisons using raw fatality rates (per vehicle miles traveled or per population, or both) are likely to lead to biased pictures of relative traffic safety in the states. This study attempts to provide better pictures for a state-by-state comparison by using random intercept models based on the state-level panel data from 2000 through 2004. The data include demographic economic characteristics and roadway characteristics of 46 U.S. states. Predicted fatality rates were computed with the estimated models and fixed factors tuned to the values for Virginia as a reference. New rankings were generated on the basis of predicted rates and compared with raw rankings based on the raw rates. About half of the top 10 safest states in the raw rankings dropped out of the top 10 in the new rankings, which took into account control factors. However, the uncertainty of the estimated random intercepts suggests that the new rankings can be varied considerably; this implies that the rankings should not be used as stable t...
Contact angle calculations from the contact/maximum diameter of sessile drops

We present two algorithms for computing the contact angle of sessile liquid drops given data about the drops. The first yields the contact angle given the volume, surface tension and maximum diameter (or contact diameter) of a single drop. This algorithm is an extension of existing algorithms based on knowledge of the maximum diameter or of the contact diameter of a drop. A sensitivity analysis is included for this algorithm, allowing estimates to be made of the error in computed contact angle caused by errors in the measurement of the volume and/or diameter. The second algorithm requires only the volume and maximum or contact diameter of two different drops as input, and it produces both the contact angle and surface tension as output. Both algorithms are based on Newton's method applied to a function whose value is computed by solving a system of ordinary differential equations obtained from the Laplace equation of capillarity. The techniques are applicable to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces
Two-Dimensional Contribution Map for Fault Identification [Focus on Education]

All control engineers should be able to detect and iden-tify faults (that is, abnormal conditions in a system) from the analysis of large heterogeneous time-series data sets. This "Focus on Education" column provides an introduction to multivariable data-based methods for fault detection and fault identification, with the latter being the determination of system variables that contribute the most to a detected fault. For fault identification in statistical process monitoring, the contribution plot is the most com-monly used tool for quickly identifying the most affected variables. Contribution calculations are revisited in the context of principal component analysis (PCA) and T2 statistics, and a two-dimensional (2-D) contribution map is illustrated for the examination of time-series data under faulty conditions. The 2-D contribution map is compared to the traditional one-dimensional (1-D) contribution plot using simulated data from a realistic chemical process. The 2-D contribution map demonstrates the potential to enable a greater understanding of the fault and how its effects are propagated through the system.
Making Hands-On Science Learning Accessible for Students Who Are Blind or Have Low Vision

The 2011 National Federation of the Blind Youth Slam event at Towson University enabled a large group of blind youth to participate in a five day long science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) academy. Enrichment experiences such as this one may generate interest in STEM subjects for students with visual impairments. For decades, persons with disabilities have been discouraged from considering career paths in STEM-related fields. This manuscript addresses the relationship between science faculty, teachers of visually impaired students, students with visual impairments, and the students’ parents or legal guardians. Working together, these key stakeholders can draw on their strengths and expertise to better develop an implementation plan for students with visual impairments to have a successful hands-on science learning experience. The 2011 National Federation of the Blind Youth Slam event served as the venue for a new access technology, developed by researchers at Independence Science and Pu...
Performance of the halogen immunoassay to assess airborne mouse allergen-containing particles in a laboratory animal facility

Performance of the halogen immunoassay to assess airborne mouse allergen-containing particles in a laboratory animal facility
ALH85085: a unique volatile-poor carbonaceous chondrite with possible implications for nebular fractionation processes

The characteristics and possible origin of the chondrite ALH85085 are discussed. It is found that the metal silicate, and sulfide compositions of ALH85085 are similar to those in CM-CO and Al Rais-Renazzo chondrites. High siderophile abundances and volatile depletion are observed. It is found that ALH85085 agglomerated when temperatures in the nebula were near 1000 K, in the same region where Renazzo, Al Rais, and the CI chondrites formed. It is suggested that ALH85085 was annealed and lightly shocked after agglomeration. C1 and other clasts were subsequently incorporated during late-stage brecciation.
The use of a preconditioned bi-conjugate gradient method for hybrid plasma stability analysis

Abstract The numerical stability analysis of compact toroidal plasmas using implicit time differencing requires the solution of a set of coupled, 2-dimensional, elliptic partial differential equations for the field quantities at every timestep. When the equations are spatially finite-differenced and written in matrix form, the resulting matrix is large, sparse, complex, non-Hermitian, and indefinite. The use of the preconditioned bi-conjugate gradient method for solving these equations is discussed. The effect of block-diagonal preconditioning and of incomplete block-LU preconditioning on the convergence of the method is investigated. For typical matrices arising in our studies, the eigenvalue spectra of the original and preconditioned matrices are calculated as an illustration of the effectiveness of the preconditioning. We show that the preconditioned bi-conjugate gradient method converges more rapidly than the conjugate gradient method applied to the normal equations, and that it is an effective iterative method for the class of non-Hermitian, indefinite problems of interest.
Remedies for noise degradation due to active Q-Enhancement Circuit

Noise cancelation characteristic of Capacitive Cross-Coupling (CCC) and Cross-Coupled Transistor Pair (CCTP) circuit configurations to remedy noise degradation caused by active Q-Enhancement Circuit is analyzed theoretically and demonstrated via simulation. Differential common-gate low-noise amplifier (LNA) has been utilized as the reference circuit for this work. The simulation has been carried out using 0.12µm CMOS process. Compared to prior publications, the proposed LNA demonstrated superior noise performance with good linearity and low power consumption.
Interactions between cellulose and N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide

Abstract Cellulose II structure was obtained when cellulose precipitated from NMMO/H 2 O/cellulose solution by adding excess water. The regenerated cellulose was three times more reactive than that of untreated cellulose in hydrolysis reactions. X-ray diffraction (XRD), 13 C Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy were used to investigate interactions between N -methylmorpholine- N -oxide (NMMO) and cellulose. Cellulose NMMO solid mixtures were heated to various temperatures and cooled to room temperature. The presence of cellulose in cellulose NMMO solid mixture decreased the NMMO melting point by 80–110 °C and hampered NMMO recrystallizing during cooling process. NMMO crystal structure collapsed between 70 and 100 °C in cellulose NMMO mixture and became very mobile (liquid like form). Mobile NMMO molecules transformed crystalline cellulose into amorphous cellulose. When the cellulose NMMO mixture was heated to 150 °C, cellulose started to replace H 2 O molecules that hydrogen-bonded to NMMO. Our FTIR spectra results suggest that released H 2 O molecules exist as both adsorbed H 2 O molecules on cellulose and unbound H 2 O molecules that are physically confined in cellulose matrix.
Wave Forces on Biloxi Bay Bridge Decks with Inclinations under Solitary Waves

AbstractHurricane Katrina in 2005 displaced or washed away a number of coastal bridges, including the Biloxi Bay Bridge. Although some experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to reveal the failure mechanisms of bridges under extreme nature disasters, very few previous studies are focused on the bridge decks with inclinations. In the present study, the wave forces on the bridge decks with inclinations (−10°–10°) under solitary waves have been investigated using the Biloxi Bay Bridge as the prototype bridge. Seven different structure elevations are considered to represent different conditions in field. Wave forces under the prescribed conditions, including the horizontal forces, vertical forces, and moments are analyzed in detail. The results show that the characteristics of wave forces under solitary wave conditions vary with different deck inclinations and structure elevations.
Interactions between native oat phytochrome and tetrapyrroles.

Abstract The suggestion, that the increase in the far-UV CD signal of the 124 kDa oat phytochrome upon phototransformation of the Pr to Pfr form is possibly due to the chromophore interaction with the N-terminus segment of the phytochrome protein in the Pfr from (Chai, Y.G., Song, P.S., Cordonnier, M.-M. and Pratt, L.H. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 4947–4952), has been investigated by measuring the circular dichroism in the absence and presence of exogenous tetrapyrrolic chromophores (bilirubin, biliverdin, chlorophyllin and hemin). Open tetrapyrrolic chromophores (bilirubin and biliverdin) did not have any significant effect on the phototransformability of the far-UV CD signal of the phytochrome, whereas closed tetrapyrroles (chlorophyllin and hemin) almost completely blocked the increase in the far-UV CD signal upon Pr to Pfr phototransformation. However, closed tetrapyrroles had no effect on the decrease in the CD signal upon Pfr to Pr photoconversion. Secondary structure analysis showed that the α-helix content of both Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome (with 53 and 56% α-helical content, respectively) increased to 62% when a 50-fold molar excess of chlorophyllin was added to them separately. Spectral phototransformation of phytochrome was not affected in the presence of tetrapyrroles, except in the case of hemin. A 50-fold molar excess of hemin caused a significant bleaching of the Pfr form of phytochrome but not that of the Pr form. These results suggest that the chromophore-protein interaction is significantly altered during the phototransformation of phytochrome.
Spoken language production in adults: Examining age-related differences in syntactic complexity

AbstractThe use of complex syntax in the spoken discourse of young, middle-aged, and older adults was examined. The purpose of the study was to determine if syntactic complexity would show an age-related decline. Language samples were elicited from healthy adults in their 20 s, 40 s, and 60 s (n = 20 per group) using a conversational (CON) task and a peer conflict resolution (PCT) task. Each sample was transcribed, segmented into utterances, and coded for main clauses and all types of finite and non-finite subordinate clauses. The results indicated that all groups produced greater syntactic complexity during the PCR task than the CON task as measured by mean length of utterance, clausal density, and the use of left-branching clauses. Additionally, the groups did not differ on any syntactic measures for either task. It is concluded that syntactic complexity in spoken discourse remains stable during the years that span early, middle, and later adulthood.
Age-related deficits as working memory load increases: relationships with growth factors

Young and aged female rats were tested on a water radial-arm maze designed to measure performance as working memory load increased, followed by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT3) protein assessments in hippocampus and frontal cortex. Aged rats showed deficiencies in both working and reference memory. There were also profound age-related working memory load effects. Aged rats made more errors as working memory load increased and showed learning only during early trials when memory load was low, while young rats exhibited learning over all trials. Neurotrophin assessment showed that frontal cortex NGF and BDNF levels were positively, and hippocampal NT3 negatively, correlated with number of errors made during specific trials in aged animals. Comparison to untested rats showed that testing increased NT3, but not BDNF or NGF, protein levels in both age groups. Findings suggest that young rats learn to handle a higher working memory load as testing progresses, while aged rats do not, and that frontal cortex and hippocampal neurotrophin levels may relate to working memory proficiency in aged female rats.
Ecology and speciation

Recent studies on diverse taxa suggest that natural selection caused by shifts in ecology or invasions of novel habitats plays an important role in adaptive divergence and speciation. Exciting new studies integrating approaches from both the field and the laboratory suggest that ecological shifts can result in extremely rapid rates of evolutionary divergence. Although experimental approaches that link rapid ecological divergence to reproductive isolation and speciation are in their infancy, recent research indicates those approaches that will be most useful.
Assessing Direct and Indirect Effects in Multilevel Designs with Latent Variables

Researchers commonly ask whether relationships between exogenous predictors, X, and outcomes, Y, are mediated by a third set of variables, Z. Simultaneous equations decompose the relationship between X and Y into an indirect component, operating through Z, and a direct component, the relationship between X and Y given Z. Often, X, Y, and/or Z are measured with error. Structural equation modeling is widely used in this scenario. However, sociological data commonly have a nested structure (students within schools, residents within local areas). Hierarchical linear models represent such multilevel data well and can handle errors of measurement, but have not incorporated simultaneous equations for direct and indirect effects. This article incorporates the study of such mediated effects into the hierarchical linear model, naturally extending the analysis to include unbalanced, multilevel designs and missing data. The authors illustrate the approach by examining the extent to which neighborhood social control m...
In Peritoneal Dialysis, Is There Sufficient Evidence to Make “PD First” Therapy?

Since its introduction more than 3 decades ago, the use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) has increased greatly due to its simplicity, convenience, and low cost. Advances in technique, antibiotic prophylaxis, and the introduction of newer solutions have improved survival, quality of life, and reduced rate of complications with PD. In Hong Kong, approximately 80% end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients perform PD; in others, that is, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, 20%–30% patients use PD. However, in the United States, the annual rate of prevalent patients receiving PD has reduced to 8% from its peak of 15% in mid-1980s. PD as the initial modality is being offered to far less patients than hemodialysis (HD), resulting in the current annual incidence rate of less than 10% in USA. There are many reasons preventing the PD first initiative including the increased numbers of in-center hemodialysis units, physician comfort with the modality, perceived superiority of HD, risk of peritonitis, achieving adequate clearances, and reimbursement incentives to providers. Patient fatigue, membrane failure, and catheter problems are other reasons which discourage PD utilization. In this paper, we discuss the available evidence and provide rationale to support PD as the initial renal replacement modality for ESRD patients.
Age-related differences in measures of upper extremity impairment.

BACKGROUND: Upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) are among the most prevalent and costly occupational injuries. These disorders include nerve compression syndromes, tenosynovitis, epicondylitis, tendinitis, and arthritis. These have been related in the past to repetitive use of the upper extremity. The expected increase in the age of the American work force and the assumption that older workers are more susceptible to the disorders prompted this investigation of the relationship of age to signs and symptoms of upper extremity impairment. METHODS: A battery measuring seven objective signs and four reported symptoms of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders was administered to two stratified random samples of workers. One group (n = 157) processed cooked poultry and the second group (n = 118) performed data entry at VDT terminals. Workers were separated into three age groups (younger: 20-35 years, middle-aged: 36-50 years, and older: 51-71 years). RESULTS: A series of analyses of variance were computed to determine whether the older workers were more impaired. No significant age differences were found for sign, symptom, or total scores in either sample, and no significant Age x Gender interaction was present. Older workers were more impaired for vibratory sensation, cutaneous pressure, and motor latency. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hiring of older workers for general tasks in the workplace without significant worry of increased susceptibility to CTDs.
Design of an Agent-Based Model to Examine Population-Environment Interactions in Nang Rong District, Thailand.

Abstract The design of an agent-based model (ABM) is described that integrates Social and Land Use Modules to examine population–environment interactions in a former agricultural frontier in Northeastern Thailand. The ABM is used to assess household income and wealth derived from agricultural production of lowland, rain-fed paddy rice and upland field crops in Nang Rong District as well as remittances returned to the household from family migrants who are engaged in off-farm employment in urban destinations. The ABM is supported by a longitudinal social survey of nearly 10,000 households, a deep satellite image time-series of land use change trajectories, multi-thematic social and ecological data organized within a GIS, and a suite of software modules that integrate data derived from an agricultural cropping system model (DSSAT – Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer) and a land suitability model (MAXENT – Maximum Entropy), in addition to multi-dimensional demographic survey data of individuals and households. The primary modules of the ABM are the Initialization Module, Migration Module, Assets Module, Land Suitability Module, Crop Yield Module, Fertilizer Module, and the Land Use Change Decision Module. The architecture of the ABM is described relative to module function and connectivity through uni-directional or bi-directional links. In general, the Social Modules simulate changes in human population and social networks, as well as changes in population migration and household assets, whereas the Land Use Modules simulate changes in land use types, land suitability, and crop yields. We emphasize the description of the Land Use Modules – the algorithms and interactions between the modules are described relative to the project goals of assessing household income and wealth relative to shifts in land use patterns, household demographics, population migration, social networks, and agricultural activities that collectively occur within a marginalized environment that is subjected to a suite of endogenous and exogenous dynamics.
Reduced glutathione is highly expressed in white matter and neurons in the unperturbed mouse brain — Implications for oxidative stress associated with neurodegeneration

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The depletion of glutathione (GSH) a powerful antioxidant renders cells particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Isolated neuronal and glial cell culture studies suggest that glia rather than neurons have greatest reserves of GSH, implying that neurons are most sensitive to oxidative stress. However, pathological in vivo studies suggest that GSH associated enzymes are elevated in neurons rather than astrocytes. The active, reduced form of GSH is rapidly degraded thus making it difficult to identify the location of GSH in post-mortem tissue. Therefore, to determine whether GSH is more highly expressed in neurons or astrocytes we perfused mouse brains with a solution containing NEM which reacts with the sulfhydryl group of GSH, thus locking the active form in situ, prior to immunostaining with an anti-GS-NEM antibody. We obtained brightfield and fluorescent digital images of sections stained with DAPI and antibodies directed against GS-NEM, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in regions containing the hippocampus, striatum, frontal cortex, midbrain nuclei, cerebellum and reticular formation neurons. GSH was most abundant in neurons and white matter in all brain regions, and only in occasional astrocytes lining the third and fourth ventricles. High levels of GSH in neurons and white matter, suggests astrocytes rather than neurons may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress.
Near-Infrared, Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence Using Silver Nanoparticle Aggregates in Solution

Fluorescence spectroscopy is used in many life science and clinical research diagnostic assays. Improvements in the sensitivity and limit-of-detection of these assays may have profound implications. Here, we demonstrate a near-infrared, surface-enhanced fluorescence technology that increases the signal of IRDye 800CW-labeled streptavidin by up to 2,530-fold while improving the limit-of-detection 1,000-fold. Citrate-stabilized, silver nanoparticles that aggregate in solution were used with the dye-protein conjugate to form plasmon-active nanostructures. The technique is straightforward to implement and fully compatible with commercially available immunoassay instrumentation and consumables.
Effect of crystalline vitamin B12 on experimental anemia in mice.

SummaryThe number of red blood cells per unit volume, but not hemoglobin concentration, was increased by crystalline vit. B12 injected intraperitoneally into mice rendered anemic by the administration of phenylhydra-zine hydrochloride. The mice were maintained prior to and during the experiment on a chemically-defined diet probably containing a relatively small amount of vit. B12 but adequate quantities of other hematopoietic substances. The increase in red blood cells, particularly during the first 4 days of severe anemia, was found to be directly proportional to the amount of vit. B12 administered. These results suggested the possible development of an assay procedure for the determination of vit. B12.
Network reconstruction in the presence of unmeasured neurons

We present a method to determine whether a correlation in the spikes of two neurons is due to a causal connection between the neurons or due to common input originating from unmeasured neurons. The distinction is based on a point-process model of how a neuron's spiking probability can depend on both its own spiking history and a stimulus (or other external variables). Although the results depend on selecting a parametric model that captures essential features of the neural response, a large class of models can be used with the network analysis. Hence, the analysis could be applied to probe circuitry in a large range of neuronal systems.
Low-temperature operation of ionic polymer metal composite actuators

There is currently a need for actuators that will operate in low temperature environments. Ideally, the Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) actuator should be able to operate in a temperature range of 0 to -50 degrees Celsius. IPMC can be a useful solution for cold temperature actuation because of its soft actuation with relatively low input voltages while the base polymeric material can undergo a multiple phase transition below 0 degree Celsius. Due to the complex nature of the material, the physics become increasingly difficult to predict in a low temperature environment on account of the IPMC/s dependency upon water and/or tightly bounded cations/water for effective actuation. In this paper, we provide experimental data and an apparatus that is constructed to obtain force feedback from an IPMC sample that is placed in a subzero chamber. The electric/thermal/mechanical data for this experiment is presented and assumptions are made and explained regarding the nature of the cold temperature actuation. Also, analytical tool used is DSC to reveal the true water structures in the IPMC. It should be noted that the use of IPMC in the temperature range of -50 to 0 degree Celsius is of importance for a number of engineering applications.
Hydrophobicity at a Janus Interface

Water confined between adjoining hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (a Janus interface) is found to form stable films of nanometer thickness whose responses to shear deformations are extraordinarily noisy. The power spectrum of this noise is quantified. In addition, the frequency dependence of the complex shear modulus is a power law with slope one-half, indicating a distribution of relaxation processes rather than any dominant one. The physical picture emerges that whereas surface energetics encourage water to dewet the hydrophobic side of the interface, the hydrophilic side constrains water to be present, resulting in a flickering, fluctuating complex.
The impact of sales management changes on new product success

Although the role of the sales force and sales management mix can be significant in influencing successful new product launch, the impact of specific sales management programs and tactics has not been examined in detail. This study explores whether firms that introduce new products were more successful in achieving their objectives when the new product introduction was accompanied by associated changes in sales management mix variables. Firms that were more successful in achieving their new product objectives accompanied their new product launches with significantly more changes in sales force quotas than did firms whose achievement of new product objectives was less successful. However, no significant differences in the number of changes in sales force structure, training, or sales support were found between firms with more successful versus less successful new products.
Students, Scientists, and Family Commemorate the Life and Diverse Works of Jack Eddy

[1] Eddy Cross-Disciplinary Symposium on Sun-Climate Research; Aspen, Colorado, 22–24 October 2010; In 1976, John Allen Eddy published a seminal article (see Science, 192(4245), 1189–1202) revealing a link between the Little Ice Age, which occurred during the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries, and a period of low sunspot activity, which Eddy called the “Maunder Minimum.” This work placed Sun-climate research on a firm scientific footing. Eddy passed away on 10 June 2009. Following Eddy's passions for education and cross-disciplinary research, a symposium was held to expose talented college students to the science and politics of Sun-climate research. Funding from NASA's Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology program and from the High Altitude Observatory, Advanced Study Program, and Integrated Science Program of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) supported keynote speakers and provided scholarships for 30 students (junior year to Ph.D.) from diverse disciplines. Eddy's wife, Barbara, led a session devoted to personal recollections. Spencer Weart (American Institute of Physics) gave an after-dinner tribute using recordings of Eddy from a 1999 interview.
Regulation of the potential marker for intestinal cells, Bmi1, by β-catenin and the zinc finger protein KLF4: implications for colon cancer.

B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi1) is a Polycomb Group (PcG) protein important in gene silencing. It is a component of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), which is required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes. Bmi1 was initially identified as an oncogene that regulates cell proliferation and transformation, and is important in hematopoiesis and the development of nervous systems. Recently, it was reported that Bmi1 is a potential marker for intestinal stem cells. Because Wnt signaling plays a key role in intestinal stem cells, we analyzed the effects of Wnt signaling on Bmi1 expression. We found that Wnt signaling indeed regulates the expression of Bmi1 in colon cancer cells. In addition, the expression of Bmi1 in human colon cancers is significantly associated with nuclear β-catenin, a hallmark for the activated Wnt signaling. Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc finger protein highly expressed in the gut and skin. We recently found that KLF4 cross-talks with Wnt/β-catenin in regulating intestinal homeostasis. We demonstrated that KLF4 directly inhibits the expression of Bmi1 in colon cancer cells. We also found that Bmi1 regulates histone ubiquitination and is required for colon cancer proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Our findings further suggest that Bmi1 is an attractive target for cancer therapeutics.
The one-to-one shortest-path problem: an empirical analysis with the two-tree Dijkstra algorithm

Four new shortest-path algorithms, two sequential and two parallel, for the source-to-sink shortest-path problem are presented and empirically compared with five algorithms previously discussed in the literature. The new algorithm, S22, combines the highly effective data structure of the S2 algorithm of Dial et al., with the idea of simultaneously building shortest-path trees from both source and sink nodes, and was found to be the fastest sequential shortest-path algorithm. The new parallel algorithm, PS22, is based on S22 and is the best of the parallel algorithms. We also present results for three new S22-type shortest-path heuristics. These heuristics find very good (often optimal) paths much faster than the best shortest-path algorithm.
The Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents (SAICA): testing of a new semistructured interview.

Abstract Recently, a number of authors have concluded that there are few suitable instruments for the systematic assessment of children's adaptive functioning. The Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents (SAICA) is a new semistructured interview that was designed for administration to school‐aged children as a self‐report, or to parents about their children, for use in clinical and epidemiological studies. The SAICA provides an evaluation of children's functioning in school, in spare time activities, and with peers, siblings, and parents. Data from a study of 124 children, ages 6 to 18, of parents with and without a history of major depression support the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity of the instrument. The children's own histories of DSM‐III, Axis I diagnoses, rather than major depression in their parents, were found to reliably distinguish their patterns of social functioning. Children with dysthymia had the poorest functioning in all areas by both children's and mothers' reports. These results suggest that the SAICA is a promising instrument for the assessment of social adjustment among children and adolescents.
DSM-5 and the five missions shouldered by chairs of psychiatry.

The author provides a department chairman’s perspective on the opportunities and challenges inherent in the DSM-5 transition. The author discusses these topics in relation to the missions of science, clinical innovation and service, education, community engagement, and leadership. To provide accurate information for their faculty, learners, and staff, chairs will need to provide venues for dialogue, minimize divisiveness, support departmental leaders to help with transition issues, and speak up for patients and the profession in the process.
Time-limit tests: Estimating their reliability and degree of speeding

Non-spurious methods are needed for estimating the coefficient of equivalence for speeded tests from single-trial data. Spuriousness in a split-half estimate depends on three conditions; the split-half method may be used if any of these is demonstrated to be absent. A lower-bounds formula,r c, is developed. An empirical trial of this coefficient and other bounds proposed by Gulliksen demonstrates that, for moderately speeded tests, the coefficient of equivalence can be determined approximately from single-trial data. It is proposed that the degree to which tests are speeded be investigated explicitly, and an indexτ is advanced to define this concept.
Optical third-harmonic generation in reflection from crystalline and amorphous samples of silicon.

This Letter reports optical third-harmonic generation in reflection from ion-implanted samples of silicon. The third-harmonic signal is found to exhibit certain novel polarization and rotational dependences, which can be understood with the aid of measurements using electron and ion beam techniques. Our observations provide quantitative information on the transformation from the crystalline to the amorphous state of silicon.
Positive Mood and Math Performance

Two studies are reported that assessed the impact of positive moods on students' feelings of self-efficacy and math performance. In the first study, 32 black and Hispanic girls and boys in the third to fifth grades, who had been identified by teachers as at risk for school failure, and a control sample of normally achieving classmates served as subjects. In the second study, 15 males and 3 females in junior high and high school attending a private school for students with learning disabilities served as subjects. In both studies, students were randomly assigned to a positive-mood induction condition or a no-treatment control condition. Following this, they completed a measure of self-efficacy for math and were then given 5 minutes to do 50 math problems. In both studies, analyses of covariance using standardized math scores as the adjustor variable found that children in the positive-mood condition completed significantly more problems accurately than children in the no-treatment control condition. In addition, in the junior high and high school sample, students in the positive-mood induction condition expressed greater self-efficacy for math than students in the control condition. The results of these two studies raise many questions about the role of affect, positive and negative, in the learning and performance of students with learning disabilities that researchers and teachers might explore.
Corticolimbic dysregulation and chronic methamphetamine abuse.

Aims This review aims to present and interpret evidence that methamphetamine dependence is associated with disorder of brain function that is required for top-down control of behavior. Approach Presented here are findings from brain imaging studies of human research participants with histories of chronic methamphetamine abuse in the context of functional consequences and implications for treatment of their dependence on methamphetamine. Findings Brain imaging studies have revealed differences in the brains of research participants who have used methamphetamine chronically and then abstained from taking the drug, compared with healthy control subjects. These abnormalities are prominent in cortical and limbic systems, and include deficits in markers of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, differences in glucose metabolism and deficits in gray matter. These abnormalities accompany cognitive deficits, including evidence of impaired inhibitory control. Conclusion Cortical deficits in abstinent methamphetamine abusers can affect a wide range of functions that can be important for success in maintaining drug abstinence. These include but are not limited to modulation of responses to environmental stimuli as well as internal triggers that can lead to craving and relapse. Potential therapies may combine behavioral approaches with medications that can improve cognitive control.
The vibrational overtone spectrum of liquid methane in the visible and near infrared - Applications to planetary studies

The strengths of 10 bands in the absorption spectrum of liquid methane between 19,400 and 6190 A have been measured. After a small correction for the polarizability of the liquid is applied for the purpose of comparison with similar gas-phase measurements, it is found that there is no temperature dependence of the band strengths between 95 and 295 K. Changes of band shape with temperature cause the 95 K laboratory spectra to resemble Saturn more than room-temperature observations do. Gas-phase absorption clearly dominates the liquid in planetary spectra, so liquid methane cannot be detected in the outer solar system by earth-based observations.
Hybrid inversion of shallow geophysical data for the location of subsurface targets

In order to rapidly, safely and economically gather data about a waste site, nonintrusive shallow geophysical sensor technologies are used to map the surface of a site. The major thrust of this investigation is to locate buried man-made material (such as 55-gallon steel drums), using nonintrusive shallow geophysical methods. Two sensor data sets are dependently optimized to determine the six free parameters describing rectangular bounding boxes which totally encompass subsurface targets. A conservative bounding box approach is used to estimate the location and volume of the waste, but does not yield an unacceptably large volume to be remediated. This hybrid inverse approach has proven to facilitate solving problems involving nonuniqueness issues, as well as significantly reduce execution time. The two geophysical sensors employed in this investigation are the total field cesium vapor magnetometer and the EM61 time domain sensor. Results from data sets surveyed at a site at Sandia National Laboratories, in...
Bearing-only pursuit

We study a variant of a well-known pursuit evasion game, the lion and man game. In this game a lion (the pursuer) tries to capture a man (the evader). The players move in turns. At each time step, they can move a unit distance. We focus on a version which takes place in an unbounded arena: the positive quadrant of the plane. The novelty of our formulation is in the sensor model. In the original formulation, the lion can sense the precise location of the man at all times. In our version, which is inspired by mobile robots equipped with monocular vision systems, the lion can only obtain bearing information about the man's location. We present a pursuit strategy which guarantees that the distance between the players is reduced to the step size in a bounded number of steps.
Using Fink's integrated course design: How a book changed our students' learning, our university, and ourselves

This chapter presents an interdisciplinary approach to course redesign that enhanced student learning across all six categories in Fink's taxonomy. A meta-analysis of the results provides evidence that integrated course design produces significant learning.
Increased Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated With Excessive Exercise in Heart Attack Survivors

Abstract Objective To test whether greater exercise is associated with progressively lower mortality after a cardiac event. Patients and Methods We used Cox proportional hazard analyses to examine mortality vs estimated energy expended by running or walking measured as metabolic equivalents (3.5 mL O 2 /kg per min per day or metabolic equivalent of task-h/d [MET-h/d]) in 2377 self-identified heart attack survivors, where 1 MET-h/d is the energy equivalent of running 1 km/d. Mortality surveillance via the National Death Index included January 1991 through December 2008. Results A total of 526 deaths occurred during an average prospective follow-up of 10.4 years, 376 (71.5%) of which were related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) ( International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes I00-I99). CVD-related mortality compared with the lowest exercise group decreased by 21% for 1.07 to 1.8 MET-h/d of running or walking ( P =.11), 24% for 1.8 to 3.6 MET-h/d ( P =.04), 50% for 3.6 to 5.4 MET-h/d ( P =.001), and 63% for 5.4 to 7.2 MET-h/d ( P P =.68). These data represent a 15% average risk reduction per MET-h/d for CVD-related mortality through 7.2 MET-h/d ( P P =.009). Relative to the risk reduction at 7.2 MET-h/d, the risk for ≥7.2 MET-h/d increased 3.2-fold ( P =.006) for all ischemic heart disease (IHD)–related mortalities but was not significantly increased for non–IHD-CVD, arrhythmia-related CVD, or non–CVD-related mortalities. Conclusion Running or walking decreases CVD mortality risk progressively at most levels of exercise in patients after a cardiac event, but the benefit of exercise on CVD mortality and IHD deaths is attenuated at the highest levels of exercise (running: above 7.1 km/d or walking briskly: 10.7 km/d).
Profiles for conveying the secure communication requirements of Web services

A fundamental theme of the services-oriented Grid paradigm is the collaboration of participants from different administrative and security domains. As such, constructing meaningful, interoperable security that brokers interorganizational trust as well as token syntax and semantics is crucial for fostering Grid adoption and buy-in. This is a lofty goal that must be tackled together by standards communities, middleware and platform software architects, and domain administrators. A crucial first step toward realizing this goal is the ability to normatively describe the secure communication requirements that affect message format. As such, we present two new OGF security profiles that provide guidance for the expression and conveyance of secure communication requirements. The Secure Communication Profile 1.0 is a refinement of the WS-SecurityPolicy specification. The goals of this profile are to impose more restrictive conformance requirements on the WS-Security mechanisms described by WS-SecurityPolicy assertions, to facilitate key distribution and policy timestamping, and to profile normative ‘well-known’ policy documents that identify commonly used security mechanisms. The Secure Addressing Profile 1.0 refines the WS-Addressing specification in order to profile the inclusion of security policy within endpoint references (EPRs). This approach of conveying security policy within EPRs is well suited to the Grid paradigms of stateful Web service resources and factory patterns. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test of the safety valve function of the renal lymphatic vessels.

SummaryRenal lymph pressure, intra-renal venous pressure, and subcapsular pressure were measured before and during complete renal lymphatic obstruction. These parameters were unchanged during lymph stasis. Further, the responses of these parameters to elevated renal venous pressure were unchanged following lymphatic obstruction. It is concluded that the renal lymphatic system generally does not function as a pressure “safety valve” but may function to relieve the renal interstitium of possibly toxic metabolic products.
A Premixed Powder for Preparation of Tissue Culture Media.

SummaryFive different tissue culture media prepared as a dry powder by blending the ingredients in a ball mill followed by desiccation were reconstituted and evaluated for their ability to support ...
Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context

Discussions of populism usually focus on Latin America, Western Europe, and Central-Eastern Europe, but the leading political parties in Ukraine all exhibit elements of populism, such as economic protectionism, ideological swings, and, in some cases, xenophobia.
Dactinomycin and vincristine toxicity in the treatment of childhood cancer: a retrospective study from the Children's Oncology Group.

Background Dactinomycin (AMD) and vincristine (VCR) have been used for the treatment of childhood cancer over the past 40 years but evidence-based dosing guidance is lacking.