cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orientational analysis, tensor analysis and the group properties of the SI supplementary units. II

Abstract An extension of the methods of dimensional analysis to include the orientations of physical quantities shows that a useful approach is to assign orientations to the supplementary units, radian and steradian, and to require that physical equations be orientationally as well as dimensionally homogeneous. Orientational symbols representing the intuitive orientational character are shown to form a noncyclic Abelian group with four members. The methods of dimensional analysis derives from the fact that the laws of physics must be independent of the units; orientational analysis derives from the fact that they must also be independent of the coordinate system, i.e. they are expressible as tensor equations.
The effects of colchicine, vinblastine and cytochalasins on the corticotropic responsiveness and ultrastructure of inner zone adrenocortical tissue in the Pekin duck

Tissue slices superfused with medium containing no ACTH released only traces of corticosterone. Addition of ACTH to the medium caused the rate of corticosterone release to increase to a maximum about 45 min after the addition of ACTH, after which time it either remained constant or started to wane slightly. The rate of release was affected by tissue thickness; the maximum rate of corticosterone release occurred when the tissue slices were 200 μm. Stimulated adrenocortical cells had large spherical nuclei, numerous mitochondria with tubular cristae, numerous lipid droplets, and a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Many cells had an extensive network of microfilaments adjacent to the plasma membrane and some microtubules. Prolonged superfusion caused degenerative changes in some of the cells. Both cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D, dissolved in DMSO before addition to the superfusion medium, inhibited the corticotropic responsiveness in a dose-dependent manner. Control tissue samples superfused with medium containing DMSO, but no ACTH and no cytochalasin, released significantly more corticosterone than corresponding unstimulated samples. Few or no microfilaments were observed in adrenocortical cells after treatment with cytochalasin. Neither colchicine nor vinblastine had any discernible effect on the corticotropic responsiveness. After treatment with colchicine, adrenocortical cells had an ultrastructure characteristic of inner zone stimulated cells except that they were mainly devoid of microtubules.
Therapeutic consequences of antitumour drug interactions: methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in the chemotherapy of C3H mice with transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma.

Summary Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil at fixed dosages of 1.5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, were employed in combination chemotherapy for transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma in C3H mice. Tumour regression analyses demonstrated the importance of drug sequence and scheduling. Significantly, a drug synergism and antagonism was exhibited under certain conditions. Results indicated a superior therapeutic efficacy when methotrexate was administered 6–12 h before 5-fluorouracil; the reverse proved antagonistic. However, at longer intervals a commutative additivity was apparent. Judicious scheduling of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil would seem appropriate, as both drugs are widely employed in the current management of neoplasms, such as breast carcinoma.
Oscillating Tangential Forces on Cylindrical Specimens in Contact at Displacements within the Region of No Gross Slip

The effects of oscillating tangential forces on cylindrical specimens at relative displacements within the no-gross-slip region have been studied experimentally. It is shown that within the no-gross-slip region there is a well-defined region at the onset of tangential displacement within which a primarily elastic deformation is indicated. Energy dissipation studies indicate that in this region the behavior is essentially visco-elastic, confirming the results of published work. This “limit of elastic behavior” has been found and measured for a number of metallic and non-metallic materials including diamond and plastics. At amplitudes below this limit no discernable wear is observed, even after millions of cycles of rubbing. However, at larger amplitudes, wear is rapid and characteristic of fretting corrosion, especially above the gross slip amplitude. Values of elastic tangential compliance at the limit of elastic behavior are determined which are in agreement with published theoretical work. Contributed b...
Development of VIRUS alignment and assembly fixtures

The Visible Integral-Field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) Instrument is a set of 150+ optical spectrographs to support observations for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). We plan to use a production line assembly process to construct the large number of VIRUS units. This allows each sub-assembly of a VIRUS unit to be interchangeable amongst all other VIRUS units. A production line manufacturing procedure will enable various sub-assemblies to be built and tested in parallel. Examples of alignment and assembly fixtures required for the VIRUS manufacturing process include a camera mirror alignment system, a collimator structure assembly device, a collimator mirror mounting tool, and a grating alignment system. In this paper we describe the design of these fixtures and their importance in the VIRUS assembly process.
Studies on tubercle bacillus-monocyte relationship. II. Induction of monocyte degeneration by bacteria and culture filtrate: specificity of serum and monocyte effects on resistance to degeneration.

Studies of virulent, attenuated, and avirulent strains of tubercle bacilli have demonstrated the proficiency of virulent strains to effect degeneration of normal monocytes cultivated in the presence of normal serum. Attenuated strains were less active in this respect, and avirulent bacilli failed to induce monocytic degeneration. Comparison of the effects of virulent H37Rv with O.T., P.P.D., and a culture filtrate of H37Rv revealed a similarity in action of H37Rv and its filtrate. The action of O.T. and P.P.D. differed from that of H37Rv in that the greatest effect of H37Rv was upon normal cells as opposed to the effect of O.T. and P.P.D. upon immune cells. Additionally, it was demonstrated that immune serum (anti-BCG) protected immune cells against H37Rv but not against O.T. or P.P.D. The protection of immune cells by heterologous antisera (anti-Salmonella and anti-ovalbumin) as well as by homologous antiserum (anti-BCG) against the degenerative effects of H37Rv indicated a non-specificity in action of serum factors. The ability of the monocytes of animals immunized with BCG and the failure of monocytes of animals immunized with Salmonella rutgers to withstand parasitization with H37Rv, when both types of monocytes were cultivated in immune (anti-BCG) serum, indicated a specificity of cellular resistance.
Nox2-derived reactive oxygen species mediate neurovascular dysregulation in the aging mouse brain.

Aging is associated with cerebrovascular dysregulation, which may underlie the increased susceptibility to ischemic stroke and vascular cognitive impairment occurring in the elder individuals. Although it has long been known that oxidative stress is responsible for the cerebrovascular dysfunction, the enzymatic system(s) generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) have not been identified. In this study, we investigated whether the superoxide-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase is involved in alterations of neurovascular regulation induced by aging. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was recorded by laser-Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized C57BL/6 mice equipped with a cranial window (age = 3, 12, and 24 months). In 12-month-old mice, the CBF increases evoked by whisker stimulation or by the endothelium-dependent vasodilators acetylcholine and bradykinin were attenuated by 42, 36, and 53%, respectively (P 0.05). These cerebrovascular effects were associated with increased production of ROS in neurons and cerebral blood vessels, assessed by hydroethidine microfluorography. The cerebrovascular impairment present in 12-month-old mice was reversed by the ROS scavenger Mn (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride or by the NADPH oxidase peptide inhibitor gp91ds-tat, and was not observed in mice lacking the Nox2 subunit of NADPH oxidase. These findings establish Nox2 as a critical source of the neurovascular oxidative stress mediating the deleterious cerebrovascular effects associated with increasing age.
Diversity Experiences and College Student Learning and Personal Development.

Using responses to The College Student Experience Questionnaire (CSEQ) from 53,756 undergraduates at 124 American four-year colleges and universities, this study examines the effects of interactional diversity experiences on a range of desirable outcomes for White students and students of color in different types of higher education institutions. Though White students had less contact with students from different backgrounds, such experiences positively affected the self-reported gains for both Whites and students of color at all types of colleges. These effects differed in magnitude, however, for White students and students of color, depending on the respective outcome measure and institutional type.
Accuracy of Staff-Initiated Emergency Department Tracking System Timestamps in Identifying Actual Event Times

Study objective Managers use timestamps from computerized tracking systems to evaluate emergency department (ED) processes. This study was designed to determine how accurately these timestamps reflect the actual ED events they purport to represent. Methods An observer manually timestamped patient and provider movement events during all hours. The observed timestamps were then systematically matched to equivalent timestamps collected by an active tracking system (timestamps created by staff with keyboard/mouse) and a passive tracking system (timestamps created by sensor badge worn by staff members). The deviation intervals between the matched timestamps were analyzed. Results The observer noted a total of 901 events; 686 (76%) of these were successfully matched to active system timestamps and 60 (6.7%) were matched to passive system timestamps. For the active system, the median event was recorded 1.8 minutes before it was observed (interquartile range 30.7 minutes before to 2.9 minutes after). Protocol execution difficulties limited the study of the passive system (low number of successfully matched events). The median event was recorded by the passive system 1.1 minutes before it was observed (interquartile range 1.3 minutes before to 0.9 minutes before) (n=60). Conclusion The timestamps recorded by both active and passive tracking systems contain systematic errors and nonnormal distributions. The active system had much lower precision than the passive system but similar accuracy when large numbers of active system observations were used. Medians should be used to represent timestamp and interval data for reporting purposes. Site-specific data validation should be performed before use of data in high-profile situations.
Pseudopregnancy in the Rat from Brief Treatment with Progesterone: Effect of Isolation

THE fact that pseudopregnancy can be induced in the rat by administration of œstrogen has long been known1. If given during œstrus, that is, on the day after ovulation, only a single moderately large injection is necessary2,3. Alloiteau and Vignal4 have reported that one large dose of progesterone during œstrus would similarly induce pseudopregnancy in the majority of case The same results were obtained with 5 daily injections of 2 mg beginning with œstrus. They further reported5 that 4–5 daily injections of prolactin starting in œstrus initiated pseudopregnancies that were self-sustaining after the injections were stopped, presumably the combined result of the luteotrophic action of prolactin and the positive feed-back action of progesterone with respect to secretion of prolactin by the animals' own pituitaries. Rothchild and Schubert6 recently confirmed the effect of the single 10-mg dose of progesterone. While that work was in progress, the experiment was repeated in my colony and the results were again confirmed. However, as the number of trials increased, a lower frequency of pseudopregnancy became apparent in animals having 4-day cycles compared with those in which the cycles lasted 5 days.
Responses measured in the exhaled breath of human volunteers acutely exposed to ozone and diesel exhaust.

Exhaled breath collection is used to identify and monitor inflammatory or oxidative components in breath. Exhaled breath sample collection is noninvasive and would greatly benefit human pollutant exposure research. We demonstrate the efficacy of exhaled breath collection and analysis in two human exposure studies to ozone (O3) and diesel exhaust, respectively. O3 study: we collected exhaled breath (gas phase) from healthy human volunteers (age 18–35 years, 12 subjects) immediately before and after exposure to filtered air or 0.4 ppm O3 for 2 h with and without intermittent exercise. Six subjects received antioxidant supplementation for 2 weeks before their O3 exposure, while the remaining six subjects received placebo treatments. We demonstrate increased amounts of non-polar carbonyls exhaled immediately post O3 exposure. The O3-induced increase in exhaled carbonyl concentrations was attenuated in the group receiving antioxidants. Our data demonstrate that exhaled exposure biomarkers can be measured in the breath gas phase in humans exposed to O3. Diesel study: we collected exhaled breath condensate (EBC; liquid phase) from healthy human volunteers (age 18–40 years; 10 subjects) immediately before, immediately after and 20 h post filtered air or diesel exhaust (106 ± 9 µg m−3) exposure. Clean air and diesel exposures were separated by 3 weeks to 6 months. We obtained reproducible intra-subject EBC volumes and total protein concentrations across our six collection time points. Diesel exposure did not affect either EBC volume or total protein concentrations. Our data demonstrated EBC volume and total protein reproducibility over several months. Volume and total protein concentration may serve as normalizing factors for other EBC constituents.
Learning by leading: Integrating leadership in public relations education for an enhanced value

Twin surveys of senior public relations executives and public relations majors compared perceptual similarities and differences in leadership qualities, skill development sources, and unique features of public relations leadership. The perceptual gap revealed what students believe to be important or less important in the self-actualization process as future leaders. The results offered pedagogical recommendations on how to integrate leadership training in public relations education to prepare students with a sustainable competitive advantage.
Searching for multiobjective preventive maintenance schedules: Combining preferences with evolutionary algorithms

Abstract Heavy industry maintenance facilities at aircraft service centers or railroad yards must contend with scheduling preventive maintenance tasks to ensure critical equipment remains available. The workforce that performs these tasks are often high-paid, which means the task scheduling should minimize worker idle time. Idle time can always be minimized by reducing the workforce. However, all preventive maintenance tasks should be completed as quickly as possible to make equipment available. This means the completion time should be also minimized. Unfortunately, a small workforce cannot complete many maintenance tasks per hour. Hence, there is a tradeoff: should the workforce be small to reduce idle time or should it be large so more maintenance can be performed each hour? A cost effective schedule should strike some balance between a minimum schedule and a minimum size workforce. This paper uses evolutionary algorithms to solve this multiobjective problem. However, rather than conducting a conventional dominance-based Pareto search, we introduce a form of utility theory to find Pareto optimal solutions. The advantage of this method is the user can target specific subsets of the Pareto front by merely ranking a small set of initial solutions. A large example problem is used to demonstrate our method.
S-ware πN scattering effects in the nuclear three-body force

We examine the contributions of the off-mass-shell,s-wave πN scattering amplitude terms in the Tucson-Melbourne two-pion-exchange three-body force to the trion binding energy. While thea andc terms are not as important as thep-wave terms, they comprise a nonnegligible part of the three-nucleon force which produces nonperturbative effects in the triton wave function.
A Characterization of Limit Cycle Oscillations in Membrane Wing Micro Air Vehicles at Low Angle of Attack

In this paper, a (three) batten-reinforced fixed wing membrane micro air vehicle is used to determine the effect of membrane pre-strain on flutter and limit cycle behavior of fixed wing membrane Micro Air Vehicles. For each configuration tested, flutter and subsequent limit cycle oscillations are measured in wind tunnel tests and predicted using an aeroelastic computational model consisting of a nonlinear finite element model coupled to a vortex lattice solution of the Laplace equation and boundary conditions. Agreement between the predicted and measured onset of limit cycle oscillation is good as is the prediction of the amplitude of the limit cycle at the trailing edge of the lower membrane. A direct correlation between levels of strain and the phase of the membranes during the limit cycle is found in the computation and thought to also occur in the experiment.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Analysis of crash severities using nested logit model—Accounting for the underreporting of crashes

Recent studies in the area of highway safety have demonstrated the usefulness of logit models for modeling crash injury severities. Use of these models enables one to identify and quantify the effects of factors that contribute to certain levels of severity. Most often, these models are estimated assuming equal probability of the occurrence for each injury severity level in the data. However, traffic crash data are generally characterized by underreporting, especially when crashes result in lower injury severity. Thus, the sample used for an analysis is often outcome-based, which can result in a biased estimation of model parameters. This is more of a problem when a nested logit model specification is used instead of a multinomial logit model and when true shares of the outcomes-injury severity levels in the population are not known (which is almost always the case). This study demonstrates an application of a recently proposed weighted conditional maximum likelihood estimator in tackling the problem of underreporting of crashes when using a nested logit model for crash severity analyses.
Determinants of Public Services Provision in Rural Communities: Evidence from Voting on Hospital Referenda

There has been considerable recent research regarding the determinants of consumer demand for collectively provided goods, but relatively little of this research has focused on rural areas or issues that are particularly important to rural residents. In this paper, a public choice analytical framework is adopted to analyze voting behavior on rural hospital referenda. The results of the analysis aid in understanding support given by rural residents to low occupancy, rural hospitals and in predicting opposition to public sector efforts to close such facilities.
Anxiety and the differential adaptation hypothesis

Spence’s suggestion that high anxious individuals exhibit relatively less adaptation to threat or aversive forms of stimulation than low anxious individuals is examined and one of its implications for research is described. His suggestion is termed the differential adaptation hypothesis in the present paper.
Thermoelectricity and thermoelectric power generation

Abstract Thermoelectric phenomena result from the diffusion of electrons and phonons along a temperature gradient in electrically conducting solids. These diffusion currents are determined by the concentration of these particles, and their interaction with each other as well as with impurities and defects. By using simple physical arguments, expressions are derived for the basic thermoelectric transport parameters. These are the electrical and thermal conductivities and the Seebeck coefficient. For application of thermoelectricity to power generation, it is desirable to maximize the electronic diffusion and to minimize the phonon diffusion. The physical and materials requirements to achieve these desired transport properties will also be discussed, and particular attention will be given to a review of experimental data and the theoretical interpretation of these data on thermal transport and phonon scattering mechanisms in alloy semiconductors at high temperatures. Emphasis will be placed on the study of the thermoelectric properties in GeSi alloys, as well as their application in stable power generating devices operating at temperatures up to 1025°C. For completeness, the paper will also include the status of compound tellurides and their alloys for use up to 500°C, and recent research on the thermoelectric properties of selected III–V compound alloys to be used in a segmented thermocouple arrangement with GeSi alloys for improved power generating efficiency.
Distributions of cholesterol amongst liver subcellular fractions.

Der Cholesteringehalt der subzellularen Komponenten von Lebergewebe verschiedener Tierarten wurde untersucht. Die subzellularen Fraktionen bestanden hauptsachlich aus Mitochondrien und waren relativ frei von Mikrosomen.
A modification of watson's statistic for goodness-of-fit

A modification of Watson's statistic is suggested for dealing with stochastically ordered alternatives in the goodness-of-fit setting.
Phase equilibria of a polymer-smectic-liquid-crystal mixture

Phase diagrams of nematic--liquid-crystal mixtures have been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally to improve the basic understanding of miscibility and phase separation behavior of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC's). To the best of our knowledge, the phase behavior of a PDLC composed of a polymer and a smectic liquid crystal is largely an unexplored area. We have developed a theoretical model for predicting phase diagrams of a polymer/smectic--liquid-crystal mixture by combining the Flory-Huggins (FH) theory for isotropic mixing and the Maier-Saupe-McMillan (MSM) theory for anisotropic ordering of liquid crystals (LC's). Our combined FH-MSM model is capable of predicting the phase diagrams of PDLC systems in which the LC component has either a smectic-A--nematic (Sm-A--N) transition and a nematic-isotropic (N-I) transition or a smectic-A--isotropic (Sm-A--I) transition. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Reactivity of basal surfaces, steps and edges of muscovite; an AFM study

The reactivity of basal surfaces, steps and edges of muscovite was studied by imaging surface precipitates of PbCl2 using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We reacted PbCl2 solution with freshly cleaved muscovite surfaces and found that PbCl2 precipitates were formed on the basal surfaces, steps and edges. It was observed that PbCl2 precipitated preferentially along the steps compared to the basal surfaces and that PbCl2 precipitates at multiple-layer edges were needle-shaped and oriented in different directions. One of the muscovite samples we cleaved had muscovite fragments sitting on the freshly cleaved surfaces. These fragments resulted from previously formed cracks. Thus, we were able to compare the reactivity of the weathered surfaces with that of freshly cleaved surfaces. It was found that PbCl2 was not precipitated along the edges of previously cracked muscovite fragments. These results clearly demonstrated that the edges of freshly cleaved muscovite are the most reactive surface sites, whereas the edges of weathered muscovite are not as reactive. We believe that the surface reactivity of the edges of freshly cleaved muscovite is likely due to terminal Al-OH 2 1/2+ or Al-OH1/2− groups on these crystalline surfaces, which favor adsorption of Pb2+ ions and the subsequent nucleation and precipitation reactions. We also investigated the effect of drying rate on the morphology of the surface precipitates. Fast drying resulted in a nearly complete covered surface with a leaflike morphology, whereas slow drying resulted in more isolated surface clusters.
The neurons of class ALD mediate thermotaxis in the parasitic nematode, Strongyloides stercoralis

Strongyloides stercoralis, a skin-penetrating nematode parasite of homeotherms, migrates to warmth. In nematodes, the amphids, anteriorly positioned, paired sensilla, each contain a bundle of sensory neurons. In the amphids of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a pair of neurons, each of which ends in a cluster of microvilli-like projections, are known to be the primary thermoreceptors, and have been named the finger cells (class AFD). A similar neuron pair in the amphids of the parasite Haemonchus contortus is also known to be thermosensory. Strongyloides stercoralis lacks finger cells but, in its amphids, it has a pair of neurons whose dendrites end in a multi-layered complex of lamellae, the so-called lamellar cells (class ALD). Consequently, it was hypothesised that these lamellar cells might mediate thermotaxis by the skin-penetrating infective larva of this species. To investigate this, first stage S. stercoralis larvae were anaesthetised and the paired ALD class neurons were ablated with a laser microbeam. The larvae were then cultured to the infective third stage (L3) and assayed for thermotaxis on a thermal gradient. L3 with ablated ALD class neuron pairs showed significantly reduced thermotaxis compared with control groups. The thermoreceptive function of the ALD class neurons (i) associates this neuron pair with the host-finding process of S. stercoralis and (ii) demonstrates a functional similarity with the neurons of class AFD in C. elegans. The structural and positional characteristics of the ALD neurons suggest that these neurons may, in fact, be homologous with one pair of flattened dendritic processes known as wing cells (AWC) in C. elegans, while their florid development and thermosensory function suggest homology with the finger cells (AFD) of that nematode.
A Clinical Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Service: Operational Considerations and the Basic Examination

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is now considered the "gold standard" for the assessment of regional and global systolic function, myocardial infarction and viability, and congenital heart disease. At specialized centers, CMR has become a clinical workhorse for the evaluation of ischemic heart disease and for heart failure and cardiomyopathies. Despite this versatility, general acceptance of CMR in cardiovascular medicine has progressed slowly. This article provides a basic understanding of important operational considerations when starting a CMR service and describes a conceptual framework of the components of a CMR examination.
EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION ON OVARIAN FUNCTION IN THE PREGNANT HAMSTER.

Whether antral follicles are essential for luteal progesterone secretion in the hamster was assessed by eradicating follicles in an exteriorized ovary with 3000 rads on day 1 of pregnancy. Various parameters were compared between the irradiated (I) ovary and non—irradiated (N) ovary at different stages of gestation. When both ovaries were present, the N ovary showed an excessive increase in wt because of compensatory follicular development and the growth of corpora lutea (CL) at their normal rate. In contrast, the I ovary was reduced in size because of the stunted growth of the CL and the absence of antral and large multilayered follicles. Despite their different size in the second half of pregnancy, the CL and the I and N ovaries had the same content of progesterone, suggesting that under these circumstances, size per se of the CL did not reflect their functional capacity to produce the steroid. When the N ovary was removed at day 10 of pregnancy, the I CL commenced to grow and almost doubled their wt by...
On the mechanism for the red-cell accumulation of mefloquine, an antimalarial drug

The accumulation of the antimalarial drug mefloquine by human red blood cells has been studied by 19F-NMR spectroscopy. The uptake process was nonlinearly dependent on the external drug concentration. Concentrations inside cells as high as 60-times greater than those in the extracellular phosphate-buffered-saline were observed. Red-cell ghosts were also found to accumulate mefloquine with high-affinity binding sites for the drug. Hemoglobin was found to bind mefloquine with low affinity, but due to the high concentration of this protein it is a significant drug compartment in the red cell. Analysis of the 19F-NMR chemical shifts and linewidths of mefloquine in the presence of red cells, red-cells ghosts and hemoglobin indicates restricted mobility of the drug in the membrane-bound state and slow exchange with the extracellular medium. This is a significant characteristic of the reaction in connection with the prophylactic activity of the drug. Exchange of the drug between hemoglobin and the red-cell membrane, however, is fast and may play an important role in the bioavailability of the drug to the parasite.
The opportunity for collaborative care provision: the presence of nursing home/hospice collaborations in the U.S. states

This study estimated the proportion of U.S. nursing homes (NHs) collaborating with Medicare hospices and identified state-level factors associated with this collaboration. Collaboration was classified as present when at least one of a NH's residents dying in July through December, 2000 received hospice. Seventy-six percent of NHs (n = 12,174) had hospice collaborations, with proportions ranging from 37% in Wyoming to 96% in Florida. State-level factors associated with greater collaboration included having a lower proportion of persons 65+ residing in rural areas, lower NH occupancy and larger hospices, and Medicaid NH reimbursement which was not case-mixed and was paid directly to NHs (not to hospices) for hospice-enrolled residents. Considering the high amount of estimated NH/hospice collaboration, care provision by both NHs and hospices appears to be a potentially viable approach for providing comprehensive end-of-life care in the majority of U.S. NHs. Findings suggest the rural composition of a state as well as its policies and healthcare market characteristics either foster or discourage NH/hospice collaboration.
Foreign-Born Persons Diagnosed with HIV: Where are They From and Where Were They Infected?

We sought to calculate rates of HIV diagnoses by area of birth among foreign-born persons in a high-incidence US city with many immigrants, and determine probable place of HIV acquisition. Data from the New York City HIV surveillance registry and American Community Survey were used to calculate HIV diagnosis rates by area of birth and determine probable place of HIV acquisition among foreign-born diagnosed in 2006–2012. HIV diagnosis rates varied by area of birth and were highest among African-born persons; absolute numbers were highest among Caribbean-born persons. Probable place of acquisition was a foreign country for 23 % (from 9 % among Middle Easterners to 43 % among Africans), US for 61 % (from 34 % among Africans to 76 % among South Americans), and not possible to estimate for 16 %. HIV prevention and testing initiatives should take into account variability by foreign area of birth in HIV diagnosis rates and place of acquisition.
Bloch oscillations in lattice potentials with controlled aperiodicity

We numerically investigate the damping of Bloch oscillations in a one-dimensional lattice potential whose translational symmetry is broken in a systematic manner, either by making the potential bichromatic or by introducing scatterers at distinct lattice sites. We find that the damping strongly depends on the ratio of lattice constants in the bichromatic potential and that even a small concentration of scatterers can lead to strong damping. Moreover, collisional interparticle interactions are able to counteract aperiodicity-induced damping of Bloch oscillations. The discussed effects should readily be observable for ultracold atoms in optical lattices.
Pathways in type-B (U-shaped) metacontrast.

Rod and cone targets were crossed, in every combination, with rod and cone masks in flanking-bars metacontrast. Strong type-B (U-shaped) metacontrast was obtained in each condition, contrary to the claim that rod and cone masking are independent. In each condition, visibility declined steadily with stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) in trials in which target and mask appeared to be simultaneous, and increased with SOA in trials in which they appeared to be successive. The ‘U’ results from collapsing across these different types of trials, which may reflect distinct monotonic processes in masking. Under the light adaptation conditions used the time, Tmax, at which metacontrast was at a maximum was delayed by about 25 ms if rods, rather than cones, detected the target. Whether rods or cones detected the mask hardly altered Tmax.
Band Distortions and Inversions in FTIR Spectra of Silicon Dioxide on Silicon

We report the FTIR spectra as a function of incident angle and polarization of a 307 A layer of silicon dioxide on silicon substrate. Bands normally obscured in transmission spectra are revealed and can dominate the reflection spectra at incident angles away from normal. Strong band distortions were observed as the incident angle and polarization were varied. Our experimental results are in excellent agreement with calculations based on published optical constants. Thus, quantitative interpretations of IR spectra of silicon dioxide on silicon should be made with caution.
1329. X-Ray Structures of the Delta Opioid Antagonist TIPP and a Protected Derivative of the Delta Opioid Antagonist ICI 174,864

The solid state structures of two synthetic opioid peptides have been determined by X-ray single crystal analysis. The first X-ray structure is that of N,N-diallyl-(O-t-butyl)-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu-OMe (RTI02), a protected derivative of the δ-receptor selective antagonist ICI 174,864 (N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH. ICI 174,864 is one of a series of rationally designed Aib-substituted enkephalin analogs which have shown site-specific antagonist properties. The second compound, the tetrapeptide Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH (TIPP), is one of a family of linear peptides containing the conformationally restricted Tic residue (tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid). TIPP exhibits high affinity, selectivity and antagonism for the δ-receptor. Crystals of both peptides were obtained by slow evaporation and found to be monoclinic in space group P21. Unit cell dimensions for RTI02 were: a=13.619(4) A, b=12.467(3) A, c=13.750(4) A, β=96.03(4)o and V=2322(1) A3. The asymmetric unit contained one molecule of RTI02 and one molecule of methanol, giving a calculated density of 1.156 g cm-3. Unit cell dimensions for TIPP were: a=8.879(5) A, b=20.146(8) A, c=12.710(6) A, β=107.89(2)o and V=2164(2) A3. The asymmetric unit contained one molecule of TIPP and three molecules of acetic acid, giving a calculated density of 1.251 g cm-3. The RTI02 backbone has a double β-bend, stabilized by two intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The TIPP backbone is also folded, but with only a single bend, stabilized by one intramolecular hydrogen bond and several hydrogen bonds to solvent molecules. Both compounds contain aromatic rings in close vicinity (4–6 A).
Circuit methods for the integration of low voltage (1.1-1.8V) analog functions on system-on-a-chip IC's in a single-poly CMOS processes

Several new building blocks are demonstrated, which enable low-power (1.1-1.8 V) analog functionality in a single-poly, digital CMOS process. These cells facilitate the integration of analog converters on system-on-a-chip IC's without adding any extra cost to the process. A voice A/D, designed with these circuits, exhibited an SNR of 68 dB at an analog supply voltage of 1.1 V, and 75 dB at 1..8 V. This is despite the noisy digital environment of an on-chip DSP operating at 60 MHz and a digital supply voltage of 2.5 V.
Tissue pressure and perfusion in the compartment syndrome

Three objective indicators of the need for muscle compartment decompression were evaluated in an animal model and in clinical studies. In the animal model, there was linear correlation between compartment pressure and graded external counterpressure (r = 0.99, p < 0.001) and between decreasing MBF and increasing compartment pressure (r = -0.85, p < 0.01). MBF was undetectable with external counterpressure greater than 80 mm Hg. In patients, Doppler evaluation of distal arteries was an inconsistent guide for compartment decompression. There was correlation between MBF and the difference between diastolic blood pressure and compartment pressure (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). All patients requiring decompression had MBF values less than 1 cc/min/100g. Determination of MBF and/or compartment pressure appear to be useful early indicators of the need for compartment decompression.
Evaluation of Censored Data Methods To Allow Statistical Comparisons among Very Small Samples with Below Detection Limit Observations

A simulation and verification study assessing the performance of 10 censored data reconstitution methods was conducted to develop guidance for statistical comparisons among very small samples (n < 10) with below detection limit observations in dredged sediment testing. Censored data methods were evaluated for preservation of power and nominal type I error rate in subsequent statistical comparisons. Method performance was influenced by amount of censoring, data transformation, population distribution, and variance characteristics. For nearly all situations examined, substitution of a constant such as one-half the detection limit equaled or outperformed more complicated methods. Regression order statistics and maximum likelihood techniques previously recommended for estimating population parameters from censored environmental samples generally performed poorly in very small-sample statistical hypothesis testing with more than minimal censoring, due to their inability to accurately infer distributional prope...
The papillary cystadenoma of minor salivary gland origin

This article reviews the literature of the papillary cystadenoma of minor salivary gland origin and discusses and attempts to clarify the true nature of these lesions. The criteria for diagnosis are presented, and classification of this lesion based on the Histological Typing of Salivary Gland Tumours (World Health Organization) is suggested. In addition, an interesting variant, which we have called the papillary cystadenoma, mucous-cell type, is presented.
An Approach for Measuring Information Content of Textual Engineering Requirements Using a Form-Neutral Representation

This paper demonstrates a generic approach for measuring the information content of artifacts produced and used in early stages of mechanical design. Engineering design requirements are selected for information content analysis for illustration. In this method, requirements in natural language are translated to an Entity-Relation-Attribute-Value (ERAV) model composed of well-defined elements. A protocol for this translation is proposed and validated. Four different metrics, based on raw element count, count weighted by arbitrary ordinal scale, count weighted by node cardinality, and Shannon’s entropy are then applied to the ERAV model for measuring information content. The method proposed is generic enough to be applied to most design documents that use natural language as the knowledge representation formalism.© 2014 ASME
Computerization of the branching process.

The branching process had its origin in Galton's curiosity about the extinction of family names; the mathematics developed for this original purpose has since found many applications in physical as well as social science. The present paper gives an elementary summary of the theory in the iterated function first developed, and then translates this theory into matrix terms. The main substance of the exposition is the matrices which are produced by the computer, each power of which corresponds to an iteration of the function. The results, expressed in the original terms of Galton's question, show that each of us is very unlikely to have a few descendants, say a dozen generations hence; either our line will die out altogether, or else we will have hundreds of descendants. (This counts descendants of one sex only.) The probability of extinction of the female line is calculated as 0.8209 for the United States 1960; 0.4066 for Mexico 1960; 0.5142 for Israel 1961.
Risk factors associated with poorly controlled diabetes in a rural population of Karnataka: a case-control study

Background: The worldwide prevalence of diabetes has risen dramatically over the past two decades. India with the highest absolute number of cases has become the diabetes capital of the world. The aim of the study was to identify the factors associated with poorly controlled diabetes and comparing them between poorly controlled and well controlled subjects. Methods: This is a case-control study carried out in a rural population of villages in Devanahalli Taluk, Karnataka. Study population included adults above 20 years having type II diabetes for a minimum of one year currently under treatment. 50 poorly controlled and 50 well controlled patients willing to participate were enrolled for the study. A pre-determined questionnaire was used after taking a verbal consent from each participant. Results: Long duration of diabetes, presence of co-morbidities, irregular visit to physicians and skipping medicines were the factors associated with poorly controlled diabetes. Conclusion: The study emphasizes that regular follow up and control of co-morbidities are important factors in optimal control of disease.
Using age of onset to distinguish between subforms of breast cancer

Information on family history and age of onset of breast cancer is examined in an attempt to distinguish between postulated early and late onset forms of breast cancer and to estimate the familial correlation between any subforms that may exist. Data are taken from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicentre, population-based, case-control study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The data set includes 4730 histologically confirmed breast cancer cases aged 20-54 and 4688 controls who were frequency-matched to cases by geographic region and five-year categories of age. Data regarding family history of breast cancer for mothers and sisters of cases and controls are used in this analysis. The methods of Smith (1976) are modified to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of heritability and familial correlation using 35, 40, 45, and 50 years of age as the dividing point between early and late onset. The heritabilities for both the early and late onset forms decrease and approach one another in size with increasing age cutpoint, although the heritability for the early group is always greater than that for the late group. Irrespective of cutpoint, the familial correlation between the two groups does not differ significantly from one, providing evidence for a single genetic form of breast cancer with familial cases increasingly represented among cases with earlier onset.
Meaning as Hypothesis: Quine’s Indeterminacy Thesis Revisited

ABSTRACT: Despite offering many formulations of his controversial indeterminacy of translation thesis, Quine has never explored in detail the connection between indeterminacy and the conception of meaning that he had supposedly derived from the work of Peirce and Duhem. The outline of such a conception of meaning, as well as its relationship to the indeterminacy thesis, is worked out in this paper; and its merits and implications are assessed both in the context of Quine’s own philosophical agenda, and also with a view to a very different approach to meaning and understanding exemplified by the work of Gadamer.
Studies on Specific Chemicals as Excysting Agents for Pleurotricha lanceolata

SYNOPSIS. Cysts of the hypotrichous ciliate Pleurotricha lanceolata were placed in dilute aqueous solutions of specific chemicals (carbohydrates, vitamins, L-amino acids, nucleic acids and derivatives, other organic acids and tweens) to assay the effectiveness of these chemicals as excysting agents. It was found that some of the amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and some other organic acids induce excystment at rates equal to or better than the control medium, 0.05% (w/v) aqueous lettuce extract. Preliminary experiments with chelating agents, tri- and tetra-sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Versenol 120 and Versene 100), indicate that they successfully initiate excystment, but support it inadequately thereafter so that most of the organisms die within the endocyst.
A Comparison of Embedded Total Task Instruction in Teaching Behavioral Chains to Massed One-on-One Instruction for Students With Intellectual Disabilities: Accessing General Education Settings and Core Academic Content

This study is a comparison of the embedded instruction of behavioral chains with more traditional (one-on-one massed trials in special education setting) instructional procedures for teaching behavioral chains to students with significant cognitive disabilities. Although embedded instruction has emerged as a promising potential instructional procedure, no literature has examined the efficacy of embedded instructional procedures to teach more complex chained behaviors. To date, all research on embedding instruction in general education settings has focused on teaching discrete skills. This study compares instruction of embedded total task chains with more traditional (one-on-one massed trials in special education setting) instructional procedures for teaching behavioral chains. The chains targeted for instruction were selected by state core educational needs and functional skill development.
Test Channels for Flow Characterization of Processed Plastic Microchannels

Characterization of the flow properties in microfluidic channels is important for designing and building biomedical microdevices, many of which depend on precise fluid flow for their operation. Similarly, in complex fluidic systems, it is important to identify flaws in processing which will potentially restrict, or short circuit the flow of the device. We explore the characterization of flow in plastic microfluidic systems through various test devices..
American Society of Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire 2013: transplantation.

The nephrology quiz and questionnaire remains an extremely popular session for attendees of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology. As in past years, the conference hall was overflowing with interested audience members. Topics covered by expert discussants included electrolyte and acid–base disorders, glomerular disease, ESRD/dialysis, and transplantation. Complex cases representing each of these categories along with single best answer questions were prepared by a panel of experts. Before the meeting, program directors of United States nephrology training programs answered questions through an Internet-based questionnaire. A new addition to the nephrology quiz and questionnaire was participation in the questionnaire by nephrology fellows. To review the process, members of the audience test their knowledge and judgment on a series of case-oriented questions prepared and discussed by experts. Their answers are compared in real time using audience response devices with the answers of nephrology fellows and training program directors. The correct and incorrect answers are then briefly discussed after the audience responds, and the results of the questionnaire are displayed. This article recapitulates the session and reproduces its educational value for the readers of CJASN. Enjoy the clinical cases and expert discussions.