cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonon selective low temperature photochemistry in alcohol glasses

Abstract The molecule dihydroxyanthraquinone, which exhibits reversible, light-induced proton transfer is chosen for photo-chemical hole burning experiments in alcohol glasses. The experiments show the novel feature of a phonon selective photo-chemical mechanism, which verifies experimentally that the different sites in glasses have rather large variations in electron-phonon coupling strength.
Photon Dissociation Model for Vector-Meson Photoproduction

We show how the diffraction-dissociation approach can be formulated and used to yield detailed results for photoproduction of photon-like states such as $\ensuremath{\rho}$, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and $\ensuremath{\phi}$. The model is shown to yield a coherent description of both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the relevant experiments, including the size and behavior of the cross sections, the mass shifting of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ peak, and the nuclear $A$ dependence. We are able to extract from experiment scattering cross sections for the vector mesons and their effective photon couplings which are in accord with other data, insofar as they are available. We suggest a number of interesting experiments that can be used to test the model and the $\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega}$ mixing theory for the $S{U}_{3}$ structure of the photon.
Immobilization of proteins on aldehyde-activated polyacrylamide supports

A method has been developed for the immobilization of proteins on derivatized polyacrylamide gels. Aminoethyl Bio-Gel P-150 was converted to its stable N-2,3-dihydroxypropyl derivative by borohydride reduction of the Schiff base formed with glyceraldehyde. Periodate oxidation of the modified gel provided a reactive aldehyde, which was subsequently coupled to protein by reductive amination with sodium cyanoborohydride. Coupling efficiencies were found to be >90% for concanavalin A and bovine serum albumin, and the gels contained as much as 5 and 20 mg of protein/ml of gel, respectively. Immobilized concanavalin A retained 89% of its binding capacity and was demonstrated to be chemically stable with variations in pH, and changes in concentrations of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (at concentrations <0.1%). Bovine β-hexosaminidase and β-glucuronidase, higher molecular weight proteins, were also bound with retention of activity, but with less efficiency. This procedure provides an efficient method for the covalent immobilization of proteins.
IS-enabled performance improvement at the individual level: evidence of complementarity

Based on a survey of 246 individuals, we provide empirical evidence of the role of complementarity in influencing IS-enabled performance improvement at the individual level. Our results show that the marginal contribution of unit change in the degree of IS use to IS-enabled performance improvement is enhanced considerably with improvement in the way IS is used. This research contributes to IS value research by providing empirical evidence of effect of complementarity between determinants of IS-enabled performance improvement on realized performance improvement. It also highlights the significance of nature of IS use in influencing IS-enabled performance improvement.
Accumulation of phenothiazine tranquilizers in rat brain and plasma after repeated dosage.

Abstract After a single i.p. dose to rats, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, promazine, triflupromazine and trimeprazine achieve brain/plasma ratios > 1, with half-lives in brain and plasma of
Possible Existence of Anti-Matter in Bulk

OF the many craters on the Earth known to have been produced by fallen meteors, a few have left no signs of the meteor which caused them, apart from the huge holes created in the Earth's crust. Large meteorite fragments have been found in or near most craters. A possible explanation of the lack of meteorite fragments in the other cases is that the meteors concerned were of contraterrene constituency (anti-matter). In this case no traces of the meteors would remain, due to the annihilation process. One of these events, from which no fragments appear to have survived, has occurred in recent years. In 1908 a meteor1, apparently of great size, was seen passing over western Russia; a few minutes later it crashed in the Siberian wastes with an explosion, effects of which were felt for hundreds of miles around, and seismographs thousands of miles away registered its impact. Descriptions of its effects at the time indicated a release of power equivalent to that which might have been obtained from a thermonuclear explosion. No expedition to the site of its landing was undertaken until 1927, when the devastation found even at 40 miles from the site was almost inconceivable; but no fragments of the meteor were located despite the several huge though shallow craters which it had caused. If this meteor consisted of anti-matter an obvious explanation is at hand for the devastation found, the lack of meteoric material, and the great size reported in eye-witness accounts of its passage.
Sensitivity of ERS-1 and JERS-1 radar data to biomass and stand structure in Alaskan boreal forest

Abstract Thirty-two boreal forest sites were identified and sampled in the central region of Alaska to evaluate the sensitivity of the C-band ERS-1 and the L-band JERS-1 radar platforms to site biophysical properties. A growing body of research has shown a significant radar backscatter response to biomass in a variety of forest systems. Alaskan boreal forests may be well suited to radar remote sensing. The sites selected represent black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) stands in a post-fire chronosequence. Black spruce biomass ranged from less than 1 kg/m2 to 5.6 kg/m2 and white spruce from 8.8 to 21.5 kg/m2. Results indicate both ERS-1 and JERS-1 backscatter is responsive to biomass, density, and height, though other factors, principally surface moisture conditions, are often a stronger influence. Sensitivity to forest biomass and structure appears greatest when surface moisture conditions are minimized as a factor. Biomass correlations with the radar backscatter were strongest in the late winter imagery when all sites had a snow cover, and late summer when the surface is most dry. ERS-1 data may be more sensitive to surface moisture conditions than the JERS-1 data due to the shorter wavelength of the C-band sensor, though this is inconclusive because of limited JERS-1 L-band data for comparison. Also, though the ERS-1 platform has proved to provide a very stable signal, results must be interpreted with caution as the dynamic range for our study sites is often less than 4 dB, and the uncertainty of the backscatter estimate is ±1.5 dB.
An ethyl-cobalt complex with a buckled equatorial ligand

The synthesis and structure are reported for [(imidazole)Co(DO)(DOH)bn(ethyl)]ClO4 (I), where R=ethyl, L = imidazole and (DO)(DOH)bn is the equatorial ligand N2,N2′-butanediylbis(2,3-butanedione 2-imine 3-oxime). The molecule contains a CoC bond trans to an imidazole N donor atom, and a macrocyclic tetraimine equatorial ligand with a ′built-in′ fold, features which are similar to those of coenzyme B12. The crystal structure belongs to the monoclinic system, space group Pc, with a = 11.839(2), b = 13.151(3), c= 15.048(3) A, β= 101.13(2) , Z = 4, Rw = 0.078. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit, which show some interesting variations in structure. In both molecules the four-carbon bridge in the equatorial (DO)(DOH)bn ligand bends toward the imidazole ligand. The equatorial ligand is folded or buckled toward the ethyl ligand in both molecules, but the fold angles are different: 4(1) and 9(1)°. The four-carbon bridge in the equatorial ligand forms part of an unusual seven-membered chelate ring, which is flattened in one molecule and twisted in the other.
An investigation of false memory in perceptual implicit tasks

Reports of critical lure priming in perceptual implicit tasks [e.g., McKone, E., & Murphy, B. (2000). Implicit false memory: Effects of modality and multiple study presentations on long-lived semantic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 89-109] using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott [Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814] procedure have suggested availability of the lexical form of lure items at study. Three experiments were conducted to further explore "false" implicit priming in perceptual tests. In Experiments 1 and 3, implicit and explicit stem completion tests were given in the DRM procedure with semantic lists; in Experiment 2, a graphemic response test was used in a similar design. For all experiments, explicit instructions resulted in reliable false memory, while implicit instructions resulted in priming for list items and no priming for lure items. Priming for lure items was evident for "test-aware" subjects only in Experiment 1 and in a combined analysis for all three experiments. These results establish boundary conditions for priming for critical lures and indicate that access to the lexical form of critical lures may not occur under incidental learning conditions when strong controls against explicit retrieval are implemented.
Ceramide-induced neuronal apoptosis is associated with dephosphorylation of Akt, BAD, FKHR, GSK-3β, and induction of the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic caspase pathway

Neuronal apoptosis has been implicated as an important mechanism of cell death in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Ceramide is a product of sphingolipid metabolism which induces neuronal apoptosis in culture, and ceramide levels increase in neurons during various conditions associated with cell death. In this study we investigate the mechanism of ceramide-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neuronal cells. We show that ceramide treatment initiates a cascade of biochemical alterations associated with cell death: earliest signal transduction changes involve Akt dephosphorylation and inactivation followed by dephosphorylation of proapoptotic regulators such as BAD (proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member), Forkhead family transcription factors, glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta, mitochondrial depolarization and permeabilization, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, and caspase-3 activation. Bongkrekic acid, an agent that inhibits mitochondrial depolarization, significantly reduces ceramide-induced cell death and correlated caspase-3 activation. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic pathway of caspase activation for ceramide-induced neuronal apoptosis.
Chromosomal localization of the genes encoding the p50/p105 subunits of NF-κB (NFKB2) and the IκB/MAD-3 (NFKBI) inhibitor of NF-κB to 4q24 and 14q13, respectively

The regulation of expression of a variety of genes involved in immune function, inflammation, and cellular growth control, as well as control of expression of certain viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is dependent on the transcription factor NF-kappa B. In many cells, NF-kappa B is found in the cytoplasm where it is associated with an inhibitor protein known as I kappa B. Recently the genes encoding the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappa B, as well as one form of I kappa B/MAD-3 (NFKBI), have been cloned. As part of our goal to determine the chromosomal organization of members of the REL/NFKB family, as well as their inhibitors, we localized the NFKBp50/p105 (NFKB2) and I kappa B/MAD-3 (NFKBI) genes to human chromosome bands 4q24 and 14q13, respectively.
Emotionality and self-regulation, threat appraisal, and coping in children of divorce

A model of the effects of children’s temperament (negative and positive emotionality, impulsivity and attention focusing) on post-divorce threat appraisals, coping (active and avoidant), and psychological symptoms (depression and conduct problems) was investigated. The study utilized a sample of 223 mothers and children (ages 9 to 12 years) who had experienced divorce within the last two years. Evidence was found of direct effects of child-report negative emotionality on children’s threat perceptions and of child-report positive emotionality and impulsivity on children’s coping. Indirect effects of negative emotionality on active and avoidant coping through threat appraisal were found. Direct effects of the temperament variables on symptoms were also found. Cross group analyses indicated that the models were robust to age differences, but gender differences were found in the relation between negative emotionality and depression. The results of this study indicate that temperament and threat appraisals are important predictors of children’s post-divorce symptoms, and that temperament is a predictor of children’s appraisal and coping process.
Induced Response Bias on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Responses on both state and trait scales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were examined as a function of experimenter-provided instructions. Instructions which presented a simulated real-life situation containing competitive and evaluative cues without directly suggesting, faking preceded the completion of an interpolated task, which was followed by re-administration of the instrument under standard instructions. The hypothesis that Ss would respond consistently on the A-trait scale, while demonstrating increased levels of A-state was confirmed. Results were interpreted as consistent with the distinction between anxiety as a state as well as a trait, but conflicted with traditional notions of social desirability response bias, which imply that "faking good" should lead to consistent changes on both scales.
Increased glomerular and urinary malondialdehyde in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced proteinuria in rats.

Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced proteinuria in rats may be mediated by reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), which are injurious to several cell components including membrane lipids. Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) production is indicative of lipid peroxidation. We examined if MDA content of glomeruli and its urinary excretion were increased in rats administered PAN. Of three groups of 8 Sprague-Dawley rats each, group 1 served a control, group 2 animals received a single intravenous injection of PAN (5 mg/100 g body weight) and group 3 animals PAN with intraperitoneal injections of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a free radical scavenger of oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals, for 4 days. The rats were sacrificed on day 8 after PAN injection. Increasing proteinuria, starting on day 4, developed in animals in group 2 but not in the others. The glomerular MDA (nmol/mg protein) in group 2 animals was 2.93±1.91, significantly higher than 0.87±0.63 and 1.26±0.76 in groups 1 and 3, respectively. urinary levels of MDA markedly increased in group 2 rats on day 3 and remained high thereafter, but no such increase occurred in the control animals and those administered PAN with DMTU; the latter was thus protective against PAN toxicity. Our observations support the view that ROM are involved in PAN-induced glomerular injury and that increased urinary MDA excretion can be a marker of ROM-mediated lipid peroxidation.
Draining an Anatolian desert: overcoming water, wetlands, and malaria in early republican Ankara

Past scholarship on the origins of Turkey’s forward capital has contributed both to insightful critical analysis of modernity, nationalism, and urbanization in the republic but also to a tradition of work that is too often quite narrow in conceptualization and shallow in historical depth. In this article, I address the promise and the shortcomings of this tradition by incorporating both views of nature and novel primary documents from the city’s early republican pasts. Focusing on problems within 1920s Ankara as depicted in both foreign and nationalist narratives, on the one hand, and perspectives from public health and other state officials, on the other hand, I engage with water as a key problem not only in its scarcity but also in its excess. This research shows that not only planning but also the attainment of public health objectives (as framed in terms of place and nature) were established unambiguously as preconditions to the project of urban – and hence national – development. Additionally, as a s...
Baby Talk in Six Languages

O CCASIONALLY linguists have turned their attention to the description of marginal systems within languages, such as animal calls, hesitation forms, or baby talk. Such phenomena have sometimes been studied because of purely linguistic interest in synchronic description: they often have elements of sound or form which do not occur in the "normal" central system of the language or have unusual arrangements or frequencies of occurrence of elements which do occur in the central system. This kind of study is of particular relevance to the question of the monosystemic nature of languages versus polytypical analyses of "coexistent" systems. These marginal phenomena have also sometimes been studied from a psychological point of view, in relation to questions of language acquisition or language function. The present paper approaches the analysis of baby talk from a rather general taxonomic, linguistic interest. The intention is to initiate cross-language studies of marginal phenomena of this kind which will lead to a general characterization of them and to a framework for the characterization of single-language marginal phenomena in such a way that synchronic classification and historical explanation become possible. By the term baby talk is meant here any special form of a language which is regarded by a speech community as being primarily appropriate for talking to young children and which is generally regarded as not the normal adult use of language. English examples would include choo-choo for adult train, or ittybitty for little. In most cases the baby-talk item can also be used in some other situation with special value; in some cases (e.g., peek-a-boo) the item has no counterpart in normal language since it refers to an activity or object appropriate chiefly for children. The method used here will be the comparison of baby-talk phenomena in six languages, selected for variety of linguistic structure and sociolinguistic setting within the limits of available material: (Syrian) Arabic, Marathi, Comanche, Gilyak, (American) English, Spanish. The first two are major languages of Asia with millions of speakers and strong literary traditions; the second two are of small nonliterate communities, one New World, one Old World; the last two are major European languages. The primary source materials for the first four languages are the articles of Ferguson (1956), Kelkar (1964), Casagrande (1948), and Austerlitz (1956); the material on English and Spanish was compiled from informants for this study."
Anomalous temperature-dependent transport in YbNi 2 B 2 C and its correlation to microstructural features

We address the nature of the ligandal disorder leading to local redistributions of Kondo temperatures, manifested as annealing-induced changes in the transport behavior of the heavy fermion system ${\mathrm{YbNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}\mathrm{C}.$ The anomalous transport behavior was fully characterized by temperature dependent resistivity measurements in an extended range of $0.4lTl1000\mathrm{K}$ for as-grown and optimally annealed single crystals, and microstructural changes between these two types of samples were investigated by single-crystal x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Our results point to lattice dislocations as the most likely candidate to be affecting the surrounding Yb ions, leading to a distribution of Kondo temperatures. This effect combined with the ability to control defect density with annealing offers the possibility of further understanding of the more general problem of the enhanced sensitivity of hybridized Kondo states to disorder, particularly above the coherence temperature.
Physicians for Human Rights and the Kurdish Refugee Crisis-Reply

In Reply. —Dr Bradt has distorted our statements. The full sentence to which he refers reads as follows: "Along with reports from other nongovernmental organizations and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the PHR report contributed to a governmental decision to mount a more effective relief effort and declare a 'no-fly zone' in northern Iraq so that refugees could move into lower and more accessible regions." In our PHR report on the Kurdish refugee crisis in April 1991, 1 we do indeed assert that PHR contributed to the governmental decision to improve the relief effort. Our estimate of 600 to 1000 deaths a day and our report on refugee conditions were immediately given to the US embassy in Ankara and relayed to the State Department in Washington—that agency, not the military, was then mounting the relief effort— and cited thereafter in the announcement of the political decision to declare
Dural arteriovenous fistula of the anterior condylar confluence and hypoglossal canal mimicking a jugular foramen tumor : Case report

The anterior condylar confluence (ACC) is located on the external orifice of the canal of the hypoglossal nerve and provides multiple connections with the dural venous sinuses of the posterior fossa, internal jugular vein, and the vertebral venous plexus. Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) of the ACC and hypoglossal canal (anterior condylar vein) are extremely rare. The authors present a case involving an ACC DAVF and hypoglossal canal that mimicked a hypervascular jugular bulb tumor. This 53-year-old man presented with right hypoglossal nerve palsy. A right pulsatile tinnitus had resolved several months previously. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an enhancing right-sided jugular foramen lesion involving the hypoglossal canal. Cerebral angiography revealed a hypervascular lesion at the jugular bulb, with early venous drainage into the extracranial vertebral venous plexus. This was thought to represent either a glomus jugulare tumor or a DAVF. The patient underwent preoperative transarterial embolization followed by surgical exploration via a far-lateral transcondylar approach. At surgery, a DAVF was identified draining into the ACC and hypoglossal canal. The fistula was surgically obliterated, and this was confirmed on postoperative angiography. The patient's hypoglossal nerve palsy resolved. Dural arteriovenous fistulas of the ACC and hypoglossal canal are rare lesions that can present with isolated hypoglossal nerve palsies. They should be included in the differential diagnosis of hypervascular jugular bulb lesions. The authors review the anatomy of the ACC and discuss the literature on DAVFs involving the hypoglossal canal.
Information-Theoretic Latent Distribution Modeling: Distinguishing Discrete and Continuous Latent Variable Models.

Distinguishing between discrete and continuous latent variable distributions has become increasingly important in numerous domains of behavioral science. Here, the authors explore an information-theoretic approach to latent distribution modeling, in which the ability of latent distribution models to represent statistical information in observed data is emphasized. The authors conclude that loss of statistical information with a decrease in the number of latent values provides an attractive basis for comparing discrete and continuous latent variable models. Theoretical considerations as well as the results of 2 Monte Carlo simulations indicate that information theory provides a sound basis for modeling latent distributions and distinguishing between discrete and continuous latent variable models in particular.
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in a Living Donor Left Lateral Segment Liver Transplant Recipient: Technical Considerations

The technical aspects of placing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in liver transplant recipients with full allografts have well been described. In the era of live related hepatic donors, and the growing population of their recipients, it is likely that TIPS shunts will be placed in failing transplant lobes/segments. Growing allografts that are initially undersized can have an unconventional orientation of the hepatic and portal veins, which may also change with remodeling and rotation of the graft during their growth. The authors review the technical differences for TIPS procedures in transplants, particularly split grafts. They describe a technically successful TIPS procedure in an undersized and remodeled left lateral segment liver recipient and the additional difficulty this may pose.
Methyl butanoate inhibition of n-heptane diffusion flames through an evaluation of transport and chemical kinetics

Abstract The extinction limits of methyl butanoate, n-heptane, and methyl butanoate/n-heptane diffusion flames have been measured as a function of fuel mole fraction with nitrogen dilution in counterflow with air. On a mole fraction basis, methyl butanoate diffusion flames are observed to have a much lower extinction strain rate than n-heptane diffusion flames and the extinction strain rate of n-heptane/methyl butanoate diffusion flames is observed to increase significantly as the n-heptane fraction is increased. Based on previous works, detailed chemical kinetic models to describe the high temperature oxidation of these fuel mixtures are assembled, tested and reduced. When the transport properties of ester species are re-evaluated by means of a thorough literature review, numerical computations of extinction generally reproduce experimental results for the pure fuels as well as for mixtures. An in-depth analysis of the kinetic model computations reveals that the extinction behaviour of both fuels is due to (1) fuel energy content affects and (2) the chemical kinetic potential of each fuel to produce the hydroperoxy radical. Comparatively, in n-heptane flames reactive ethyl radicals and ethylene are the major intermediates formed, but in methyl butanoate flames the major intermediates are formyl radicals and formaldehyde. In all flames studied, increased strain rates affect an increased interaction of formyl and/or vinyl radicals with molecular oxygen leading to a transition from hydrogen atom production at low strain rates, to the production of large quantities of the hydroperoxy radical at higher strain rates. The formation of the hydroperoxy radical induces extinction in each flame by directly interfering with the important radical chain branching and exothermic elementary reactions of H atoms and OH radicals that are dominant in weakly strained flames. It is postulated that the similar inhibitive effect of methyl butanoate fuelled flames will also be observed for more biodiesel like, larger n-alkyl esters when compared to equivalent n-alkanes. The diffusive extinction limits of methyl decanoate diffusion flames are also measured and show reactivity comparable to n-heptane diffusion flames by a molar comparison.
Road surveillance using a team of small UAVs

Monitoring roads is an important task for missions such as base security. This paper describes a road monitoring system composed of a team of small UAVs equipped with gimballed cameras. Given a fine description of the target road, algorithms for waypoint approximation, sensor steering, and UAV spacing are developed to allow N UAVs to survey stretches of road for activity. By automating the route generation and road tracking, human operators are freed to study the sensor returns from the vehicles to detect anomalous behavior. The spacing algorithm is robust to retasking and insertion/deletion of UAVs. Hardware results are presented that demonstrate the applicability of the solution.
Modeling and control of hysteresis

The five articles in this special issue focus on the modeling and control of hysteresis. Hysteresis is a nonlinear effect that arises in diverse disciplines ranging from physics to biology, from material science to mechanics, and from electronics to economics.
Rethinking the Role of Escuelas Nuevas and Social Capital in Colombia Through the Lens of Peace-Building and Reconciliation:

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) endorse social capital to solve poverty and inequality. Colombia proposes urban school reform (Escuelas Nuevas) to increase its social capit...
Transfer in discrimination learning: Do children mediate more than adults?

Abstract A series of four-dimensional, discrimination-learning problems were presented to second-, sixth-, eighth-, and twelfth-grade students (ages 7, 11, 13, and 17 years, respectively). One pretraining problem, using different dimensions, preceded the four experimental problems; these employed identical dimensions and stimulus values. Solutions were selected without dimensional replacement. Blank-trial probes enabled detection of initial predictions. Results clearly indicated that (1) older subjects made dramatically fewer intradimensional predictions (utilizing the solution dimension from the preceding problem) than did younger subjects, (2) all age groups demonstrated systematic changes over problems; these reflected the specific solution sequence experienced, and (3) there were consistent developmental differences in the speed with which subjects noted and utilized regularities across problems. The pattern of data is not congruent with the expectations of mediation theory. However, it is in accord with the transfer hypothesis, which is a recent extension of hypothesis theory. The transfer hypothesis provides a theoretical framework which suggests when we should observe “mediational” behavior (i.e., intradimensional transfer) and when to expect the inverse.
A New Innate Cell on the Block

The intestine serves as a bouncer for the body, allowing entry to materials that we want (such as food) and restricting others to behind the velvet rope (such as commensal bacteria). A single cell layer of epithelium is all that stands in the way of the undesirables, which although potentially
Chemistry of the genus Sequoia—V. Cyclitols from the heartwood of Sequoia gigantea

Abstract The heartwood of giant redwood, Sequoia gigantea, has been shown to contain three cyclitols. The principal cyclitol was sequoyitol, followed by myo-inostiol and pinitol. The possible taxonomic relevance of cyclitol composition is discussed.
Newton, observers and nonlinear discrete-time control

Development of exact asymptotic observers for nonlinear discrete-time systems is addressed. It is argued that instead of trying to imitate the linear observer theory, the problem of constructing a nonlinear observer can be more fruitfully studied in the context of solving simultaneous nonlinear equations. In particular, it is shown that Newton's algorithm, properly interpreted, yields an asymptotic observer for a large class of discrete-time systems. The utility of the observer for closed-loop, observer-based, feedback control is also established. Some non-local aspects of the results are also discussed. >
Deriving quantitative conclusions from microarray expression data

Motivation: The last few years have seen the development of DNA microarray technology that allows simultaneous measurement of the expression levels of thousands of genes. While many methods have been developed to analyze such data, most have been visualization-based. Methods that yield quantitative conclusions have been diverse and complex. Results: We present two straightforward methods for identifying specific genes whose expression is linked with a phenotype or outcome variable as well as for systematically predicting sample class membership: (1) a conservative, permutation-based approach to identifying differentially expressed genes; (2) an augmentation of K-nearest-neighbor pattern classification. Our analyses replicate the quantitative conclusions of Golub et al. (Science, 286, 531‐537,1999) on leukemia data, with better classification results, using far simpler methods. With the breast tumor data of Perou et al. (Nature, 406, 747‐752,2000), the methods lend rigorous quantitative support to the conclusions of the original paper. In the case of the lymphoma data in Alizadeh et al. (Nature, 403, 503‐511,2000), our analyses only partially support the conclusions of the original authors. Availability: The software and supplementary information are available freely to researchers at academic and nonprofit institutions at http://cc.ucsf.edu/jain/public.
Kaposi's sarcoma and immunosuppressive therapy: an appraisal

Summary Kaposi's sarcoma can probably be added to the list of tumours (lymphomas and squamous cell epitheliomas) that are especially prone to arise as a result of immunosuppressive therapy. Sixteen examples of this complication have been described in the literature and we report three further instances. These three patients had been on treatment with prolonged steroid therapy, but many of the previosly reported patients had been on aggressive immunosuppressive regimes to prevent rejection of kidney transplants. Kaposi's sarcoma associated with steroid and immunosuppressive therapy may show enhanced incidence in women (7 females as against 12 males) remembering that the spontaneous disease occurs ten times more frequently in men than women. We discuss the implications of these findings against the background of the high incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in parts of Africa where immunological derangement consequent on malaria may be significant.
Extrusion, fiber formation, and characterization of thermotropic copolyesters

The flow behavior and the effect of the spinning conditions on the fiber properties and structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified with 60 mol% p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PET/60PHB) were investigated. PET and its copolyesters with 28 and 80 mol% PHB were used as control samples. The melt of PET/60PHB at temperatures above 265°C exhibited extremely low viscosity and low flow activation energy. High birefringence, indicating the presence of a mesophase, was observed between 265 and 300°C on a hot-stage polarizing light microscope. The maximum tensile strength and initial modulus, 438 MPa and 37 GPa, respectively, were obtained at 275°C for a 0.69 IV polymer. The fiber strength and modulus were significantly lowered when extrusion was conducted at temperatures below 265°C. The fiber properties could also be improved when a high extrusion rate and/or a high draw down ratio was used. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fibers spun at temperatures above 265°C had a well-developed, highly oriented fibrillar structure. The fibers spun at lower temperatures, however, were poorly oriented and nonfibrillar in character. The high orientation and superior mechanical performance achieved at high temperatures were attributed to the presence of the nematic mesophase in the polymer melt.
Vortex shedding and frequency selection in flapping flight

Motivated by our interest in unsteady aerodynamics of insect flight, we devise a computational tool to solve the Navier–Stokes equation around a two-dimensional moving wing, which mimics biological locomotion. The focus of the present work is frequency selection in forward flapping flight. We investigate the time scales associated with the shedding of the trailing- and leading-edge vortices, as well as the corresponding time-dependent forces. We present a generic mechanism of the frequency selection as a result of unsteady aerodynamics.
Improving Memory and Mood Through Automatic and Controlled Procedures of Mind

Memory procedures and emotional states function together. Affective tone permeates episodes of memory functioning. Memory functions centrally in episodes of emotional disturbance, serving to feed the episode with fuel from past events or to repress those events when one hopes to escape or avoid the episode. When cognitive procedures are impaired by emotional states such as depression and anxiety, people do not perform the tasks and achieve the goals that could help to repair their moods. In the context of these considerations, then, we must view the improvement of memory as not merely a possible outcome of change in emotional states, but as a factor in effecting such change. Memory improvement and mood improvement function together.
Influence of teleost abundance on the distribution and abundance of sharks in Florida Bay, USA

Understanding the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of predators, including sharks, is important for predicting the impacts of human changes to the environment. Such studies are particularly important in Florida Bay, USA where there are planned large-scale changes to patterns of freshwater input from the Everglades ecosystem. Studies of many marine predators suggest that links between predator and prey habitat use may vary with spatial scale, but there have been few studies of the role of prey distribution in shaping habitat use and abundance of sharks. We used longline catches of sharks and trawls for potential teleost prey to determine the influence of teleost abundance on shark abundance at the scale of regions and habitats in Florida Bay. We found that shark catch per unit effort (CPUE) was not linked to CPUE of teleosts at the scale of sampling sites, but shark CPUE was positively correlated with the mean CPUE for teleosts within a region. Although there does not appear to be a strong match between the abundance of teleosts and sharks at small spatial scales, regional shark abundance is likely driven, at least partially, by the availability of prey. Management strategies that influence teleost abundance will have cascading effects to higher trophic levels in Florida Bay.
Measurements on magnetostriction vibrators

The study of electromechanical vibrating systems through the measurement of motional impedance was first undertaken by Kennelly and Pierce in 1912, in their work on telephone receivers. The method was applied by K.C. Black in 1928 to the study of ferromagnetic rods centrally clamped and lying along the axis of a coil carrying alternating current superposed upon direct current. The work of Mr Black was done on rods of nickel, stainless steel, and stoic metal (invar steel), and also on nickel tubes. The natural frequencies of the rods he studied lay between 2300 and 3000 cycles per second. The present paper describes similar measurements carried out on rods with natural frequencies near 30,000 cycles per second. The study was made on rods of nichrome, monel metal, stainless steel, stoic metal, and nickel. The dependence of the vibratory characteristics on rod diameter was determined by making measurements on a nickel rod, as its diameter was reduced in successive steps. The rod was annealed before each set of measurements, by heating to redness and cooling in air. Another nickel rod cut from the same bar was bored axially with concentric holes of successively larger diameter, and measurements made at each step. This was done in an endeavor to determine something about the flux distribution across the section of the vibrating rod. The effects of annealing, and of changing the number of turns on the alternating-current coil (in which the rod was supported), were investigated. The effect on the vibratory characteristics of varying the alternating magnetic field on the rod was also measured.
War, politics, and voice: the vocal fold paralysis of George Orwell.

Background: In 1936, like many individuals who felt the menace of fascism, George Orwell traveled to Spain to lend his support to the cause of the Republic, battling a right-wing coup. Spain, during its Civil War, was an eye-opening experience for him, yielding insights that allowed, and even compelled him to write Animal Farm and 1984. Spain was also a close brush with death. In May of 1937, in a trench on a windswept ridge near Huesca, Orwell was shot through the neck by a sniper, leaving him with a paralyzed vocal fold. Design: A thorough review of firsthand accounts of Orwell's injury and subsequent care was made. These are presented in the context of current knowledge of ballistics, penetrating neck trauma, and vocal fold paralysis. Results and Conclusion: Orwell survived largely because of the nature of his wounding with a high-velocity jacketed military round. His recovery followed a course in many ways typical for patients with vocal fold paralysis. His writings leave us a unique and extraordinary account of the experience of being shot, of the medical care of the day, of the handicap of paralytic dysphonia, and of survival and heroism under extraordinary circumstances.
Monosomy1p36.3 and Trisomy 19p13.3 in a Child With Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia

Monosomy 1p36 is a clinically recognizable syndrome that is considered to be the most common terminal deletion syndrome. It has characteristic clinical features that include craniofacial dysmorphism, congenital anomalies, hearing deficits, developmental delay, mental retardation, hypotonia, seizures, and brain anomalies. Brain anomalies in patients with 1p36 deletion are frequent but inconsistent. To date, 2 cases with monosomy 1p36 associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) have been reported. We report a 2-month-old boy with multiple congenital anomalies; brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed PNH. The first 2 described cases were pure terminal deletions, whereas our patient carried unbalanced translocation due to an adjacent 1 segregation of a balanced maternal translocation, resulting in monosomy 1p36.3 and trisomy 19p13.3 identified by whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Our patient, with a smaller deletion that the 2 previously reported cases, can help narrow the critical region for PNH in association with the 1p36 deletion. Several potential candidate genes are discussed.
Assembly knowledge representation for assembly motion planning and execution

A feature-based representation for describing assemblies is introduced. The representation is such that the system has the ability to generate automatically CAD models of assemblies and parts, which are allowed to be articulated. The representation also permits automatic computation of spatial relations among assembled parts. The uncertainty information, such as the various tolerances involved and uncertainties in the initial positions of the parts, is easily incorporated in the representation. Built around this representation is an assembly motion planner, which works in two stages. In the first stage, it ignores the uncertainties present in the system and develops a motion plan that is later modified in the second stage by the incorporation of force/torque-guided motions. The force/torque-guided motions are automatically introduced only in those segments of the plan where there exist possibilities of collision on account of the various uncertainties. >
The influence of system developers' creative style on their attitudes toward and assimilation of a software process innovation

This study examined differences among IS developers' creative styles, based on Kirton's (1976) adaption-innovation theory. Propositions were developed and tested to identify whether IS developers creative styles were related to their attitudes toward a software process innovation which they had recently adopted (client/server development) and to their overall job satisfaction and performance. Based on Kirton's theory, it was expected that innovative software developers would exhibit more positive attitudes toward client/server development and to report higher levels of job satisfaction following several months of usage. It was also expected that developers attitudes to the innovation would influence their overall job satisfaction and job performance. The framework was evaluated through a survey of 200 IS developers in two firms that had recently adopted client/server development. The findings supported most of the propositions, however there were some unusual findings regarding the relationship of creative style and job performance.
The Urine Proteome as a Radiation Biodosimeter

The global rise in terrorism has increased the risk of radiological events aimed at creating chaos and destabilization, although they may cause relatively limited number of immediate casualties. We have proposed that a self-administered test would be valuable for initial triage following terrorist use of nuclear/radiological devices. The urine proteome may be a useful source of the biomarkers required for developing such a test. We have developed and extensively used a rat model to study the acute and late effect of total body (TBI) and partial body irradiation on critical organ systems. This model has proven valuable for correlating the structural and functional effects of radiation with molecular changes. Results show that nephron segments differ with regard to their sensitivity and response to ionizing radiation. The urine proteome was analyzed using LC-MS/MS at 24 h after TBI or local kidney irradiation using a 10 Gy single dose of X rays. LC-MS/MS data were analyzed and grouped under Gene Ontology categories Cellular Localization, Molecular Function and Biological Process. We observed a decrease in urine protein/creatinine ratio that corroborated with decreased spectral counts for urinary albumin and other major serum proteins. Interestingly, TBI caused greater decline in urinary albumin than local kidney irradiation. Analysis of acute-phase response proteins and markers of acute kidney injury showed increased urinary levels of cystatin superfamily proteins and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Among proteases and protease inhibitors, levels of Kallikrein 1-related peptidase b24, precursor and products of chymotrypsin-like activity, were noticeably increased. Among the amino acids that are susceptible to oxidation by free radicals, oxidized histidine levels were increased following irradiation. Our results suggest that proteomic analysis of early changes in urinary proteins will identify biomarkers for developing a self-administered test for radiation biodosimetry.
L-Function of an Elliptic Curve and Its Analytic Continuation

We introduce the L-function of an elliptic curve E over a number field and derive its elementary convergence properties. An L-function of this type was first introduced by Hasse, and the concept was greatly extended by Weil. For this reason it is frequently called the Hasse-Weil L-function.
Transcriptomic analysis of the hippocampus from six inbred strains of mice suggests a basis for sex‐specific susceptibility and severity of neurological disorders

Identifying sex differences in gene expression within the brain is critical for determining why multiple neurological and behavioral disorders differentially affect males and females. Several disorders are more common or severe in males (e.g., autism and schizophrenia) or in females (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and depression). We analyzed transcriptomic data from the mouse hippocampus of six inbred strains (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, C57BL/6J, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, and PWD/Ph) to provide a perspective on differences between male and female gene expression. Our data show that 1) gene expression differences in males vs. females varies substantially across the strains, 2) only a few genes are differentially expressed across all of the strains (termed core genes), and 3) >2,600 genes differ in the individual strain comparisons (termed noncore genes). We found that DBA/2J uniquely has a substantial majority (89%) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are more highly expressed in females than in males (female-biased); 129/SvImJ has a majority (69%) of DEGs that are more highly expressed in males. To gain insight into the function of the DEGs, we examined gene ontology and pathway and phenotype enrichment and found significant enrichment in phenotypes related to abnormal nervous system morphology and physiology, among others. In addition, several pathways are enriched significantly, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), with 32 genes implicated in AD, eight of which are male-biased. Three of the male-biased genes have been implicated in a neuroprotective role in AD. Our transcriptomic data provide new insight into the possible genetic bases for sex-specific susceptibility and severity of brain disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2696-2710, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.