cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crisis in Caregiving: When Home-Based End-Of-Life Care is No Longer Possible:

Understanding the factors that precipitate caregiving crises that cannot be resolved at home is central to improving options for care at life's end. The purpose of this study was to explore caregivers' perceptions of the crises that preceded and were resolved by relocation during end-of-life care. In-depth interviews were conducted with 36 caregivers of people who died in a hospice house. The results illuminate a conceptual model of the caregiving crisis, which has three stages: (a) precipitating factors--the interrelationship between illness trajectory and reciprocal suffering (physical, psychological, emotional and social distress), (b) crisis, and (c) resolution (settled or unsettled). Relocation presents an opportunity for families to relinquish the burden of end-stage care so that they can resume and complete a lifelong relationship. Careful recognition of and attention to the intimate dynamics that accompany suffering and dying are essential elements of palliative care, which aims to uphold the dignity of the dying person and the integrity of the family in both caregiving and bereavement.
Household Everyday Functioning in the Internet Age: Online Shopping and Banking Skills Are Affected in HIV−Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Objectives: The Internet is a fundamental tool for completing many different instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), including shopping and banking. Persons with HIV−associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) are at heightened risk for IADL problems, but the extent to which HAND interferes with the performance of Internet-based household IADLs is not known. Methods: Ninety-three individuals with HIV disease, 43 of whom were diagnosed with HAND, and 42 HIV− comparison participants completed Internet-based tests of shopping and banking. Participants used mock credentials to log in to an experimenter-controlled Web site and independently performed a series of typical online shopping (e.g., purchasing household goods) and banking (e.g., transferring funds between accounts) tasks. Results: Individuals with HAND were significantly more likely to fail the online shopping task than neurocognitively normal HIV+ and HIV− participants. HAND was also associated with poorer overall performance versus HIV+ normals on the online banking task. In the HAND group, Internet-based task scores were correlated with episodic memory, executive functions, motor skills, and numeracy. In the HIV+ sample as a whole, lower Internet-based task scores were uniquely associated with poorer performance-based functional capacity and self-reported declines in shopping and financial management in daily life, but not with global manifest functional status. Conclusions: Findings indicate that HAND is associated with difficulties in using the Internet to complete important household everyday functioning tasks. The development and validation of effective Internet training and compensatory strategies may help to improve the household management of persons with HAND. (JINS, 2017, 23, 605–615)
The Role of Supervision in Youth Work: Perceptions of Students Preparing to be Youth Workers

Working with youth involves mentoring and guiding youth through development of their physical, emotional, intellectual, and social skills, as they become adults. One would assume a great responsibility of working with young people comes with extensive training in one particular field; however, this is not always the case (Barcelona, Hurd, & Bruggeman, 2011). The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions expressed by undergraduate students preparing for a career in youth work regarding their knowledge and competence of supervision in a park and recreation setting. It was found in the pre- and post- surveys that future youth workers believe they are confident in supervision. There was statistically significant difference in confidence levels and abilities to take a supervisory role. In addition, students indicated significant growth in their confidence and ability to properly follow risk management procedures. Furthermore, three themes emerged: first, future youth workers welcome the challenge and responsibility of supervision duties; second, risk management is important to future youth workers; and third, future youth workers want to engage in supervision responsibilities and practices. The findings of the study suggest future youth workers may not realize the gravity of their decisions to combat issues of victimization among youth participants or may not fully understand what it looks like to be negligent as it relates to supervision responsibilities.
On the Occurrence of Miltha (Eomiltha) Megameris (Dall) in the Dominican Republic

In the summer of 1982, while we were working on the Paleontology and Geology of the Cibao Valley area of the northwestern section of the Dominican Republic, Mrs. Vokes collected six paired-valve internal molds of an exceedingly large lucinid bivalve that prove upon examination to be referable to "Lucina" megameris Dall, 1901, described from the late Eocene of Jamaica.
Expression of specific isoforms of protein 4.1 in erythroid and non-erythroid tissues.

Protein 4.1 in red cells is an important submembrane linking protein that binds to spectrin actin complexes at one end of its structure and to transmembrane proteins, such as glycophorin, at the other. Protein 4.1 thus contributes to the strength and flexibility of the erythrocyte membrane, a fact dramatically exemplified by the appearance of hereditary hemolytic anemias in patients with absent or abnormal protein 4.1. Recently, protein 4.1 forms have been discovered in many non-erythroid tissues. Their intracellular locations raise the possibility that these isoforms might have different functions. We have thus conducted comparative analysis of erythroid and non-erythroid protein 4.1 forms by cloning and sequencing erythroid and lymphoid protein 4.1 cDNAs. The lymphoid protein 4.1 isoforms exhibit at least five nucleotide sequence motifs that appear to be either inserted or deleted relative to the erythroid mRNA sequence by alternative splicing of a common mRNA precursor. One of these motifs, located within the spectrin-actin binding domain, is found only in erythroid cells and is specifically produced during erythroid cell maturation. The selective expression of this alternatively spliced mRNA during erythroid maturation implies the existence of a lineage specific splicing mechanism whose activity is triggered by terminal maturation. Two motifs alter the 5’ untranslated region of the “prototypical” erythroid mRNA in such a way as to permit synthesis of a novel larger isoform. This form appears to localize preferentially in the nucleus. We thus conclude that a single gene gives rise to multiple protein 4.1 isoforms with potentially diverse locations and functions.
Introduction: “Biological Responses to Biomaterials”

Complications of biomaterials and medical devices are largely a consequence of biomaterial–tissue interactions, which all implants have with the environment into which they are placed. Most implants serve their recipients well for extended periods by alleviating the conditions for which they were implanted. Several key concepts of biomaterials–tissue interactions are emphasized in this chapter.
A Content Analysis of Local Media Framing of Intimate Partner Violence

Abstract The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cited intimate partner violence (IPV) as a serious, yet preventable public health problem that affects millions of Americans in our cou...
Relative Performance and Impacts of the Psyllid Arytinnis hakani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Nontarget Plants and the Target Weed Genista monspessulana (Fabales: Fabaceae)

No-choice tests can help select weed biological control agents with a high degree of host specificity but may exclude potentially effective agents that can develop on nontarget plants under laboratory conditions. The actual amount of damage to nontarget plants often goes unstudied, even though agents may exploit nontarget plants without inflicting significant harm. Furthermore, tests typically assess whether prospective agents can complete one generation on nontarget plants, and rarely examine whether agents are likely to persist on the nontarget plants over the long term. Pre-release assessments that occur over multiple generations of the agent could help determine whether prospective agents pose a threat to nontarget plants under field conditions. This study focused on the psyllid Arytinnis hakani Loginova (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), which is under consideration in California for release against the invasive shrub French broom, Genista monspessulana (L.) LAS Johnson. We examined the host suitability of seven nontarget Lupinus spp. (Fabales: Fabaceae) for the psyllid using no-choice tests, and assessed psyllid impacts on Lupinus arboreus Sims, which consistently supported psyllid oviposition and development. The psyllid oviposited on all of the tested Lupinus spp., and completed two generations on five of the Lupinus spp., although numbers of psyllids were highest on French broom. In an additional experiment, A. hakani did not affect growth or survival of L. arboreus, but reduced growth and dramatically reduced survival of French broom. Taken together, these results indicate that Lupinus spp. are suboptimal hosts for the psyllid and are unlikely to be significantly impacted by its feeding.
Factors Associated With Extended Length of Stay and 90-Day Readmission Rates Following ACDF.

Study Design:Retrospective.Objective:Identify patient risk factors for extended length of stay (LOS) and 90-day hospital readmissions following elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACD...
Professionals' Perceptions: "Why is Lead Poisoning Prevalent in Lancaster County?"

Background: The prevalence of lead poisoning in children under the age of six years living in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania continues to be greater than the state-wide prevalence for this age group. This study aims to determine the factors that contribute to the high lead poisoning rates. Methods: For this qualitative study, the researchers recruited a convenience sample of professionals providing healthcare and social welfare services in the county. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with participants. The research team audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed each interview using NVivo 12 software. Results: The 16 interviewed participants identified factors that contribute to high lead poisoning rates including knowledge levels, housing status, and competing interests. Specifically, low knowledge levels, renting as opposed to home ownership, and having competing interests seemed to minimize the attention directed towards preventing lead poisoning. The experts offered recommendations to address the high lead poisoning rates including increasing lead knowledge levels of both community members and landlords, through creating and distributing health promotion material, enacting policies to empower renters, and systematically collaborating to streamline lead poisoning related information and services. Conclusions: Findings provide insights to factors that Lancaster can address to achieve a decrease in lead poisoning rates. This study provides information that can be utilized by public health professionals to develop appropriate interventions.
Evaluating phase separation in live cells: diagnosis, caveats, and functional consequences

The idea that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) may be a general mechanism by which molecules in the complex cellular milieu may self-organize has generated much excitement and fervor in the cell biology community. While this concept is not new, its rise to preeminence has resulted in renewed interest in the mechanisms that shape and drive diverse cellular self-assembly processes from gene expression to cell division to stress responses. In vitro biochemical data have been instrumental in deriving some of the fundamental principles and molecular grammar by which biological molecules may phase separate, and the molecular basis of these interactions. Definitive evidence is lacking as to whether the same principles apply in the physiological environment inside living cells. In this Perspective, we analyze the evidence supporting phase separation in vivo across multiple cellular processes. We find that the evidence for in vivo LLPS is often phenomenological and inadequate to discriminate between phase separation and other possible mechanisms. Moreover, the causal relationship and functional consequences of LLPS in vivo are even more elusive. We underscore the importance of performing quantitative measurements on proteins in their endogenous state and physiological abundance, as well as make recommendations for experiments that may yield more conclusive results.
COMPARISON OF BONE-PATELLA TENDON-BONE (BTB) AND QUADRICEPS AUTOGRAFT FOR ACL RECONSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE:

Background:Graft choice for ACL reconstruction in patients under 18 years old remains controversial. BTB autograft has long been considered for young athletes who are at or near skeletal maturity. ...
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Single Ventricle Heart Disease: A Common Problem Associated With Progressive Deterioration and Mortality

The Fontan procedure has provided patients with single ventricle physiology extended survival into adulthood and in many cases has improved their quality of life. Atrioventricular valve regurgitation (AVVR) is common in single ventricle patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. AVVR is more common in patients with a systemic tricuspid or common atrioventricular valve but is generally progressive irrespective of underlying valve morphology. AVVR can be attributable to diverse structural and functional abnormalities at multiple levels of the valvar apparatus, as well as ventricular dysfunction and dilation. Multiple imaging modalities including recent advances in 3-dimensional echocardiography and cross-sectional imaging have been used to further understand AVVR. Surgery to address AVVR must be tailored to the underlying mechanism and the timing of surgical repair should be chosen carefully. In this review, we discuss the etiologies, treatment options, surgical timing, and outcomes of valve repair or replacement for AVVR in patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease, with a focus on those with a Fontan circulation as AVVR is associated with increased risk for Fontan failure and mortality. In-depth understanding of the current literature will help guide clinicians in their approach and management of AVVR in this population.
Periodontal disease classifications and incident coronary heart disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study

Background Periodontal disease has been linked to coronary heart disease (CHD), but studies have been inconclusive. This study investigates the link between periodontal disease and incident CHD. Methods Baseline periodontal data from a full-mouth periodontal exam (N = 6,300) and CHD outcomes through 2017 were obtained from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Periodontitis was defined by the Periodontal Profile Class System adapted to Stages (PPC stages) and the Centers for Disease Control/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) index. Competing risk models were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) for incident CHD, congestive heart failure (CHF), and other causes of death. Secondary analysis included myocardial infarction (MI) and fatal CHD. Results Females comprised 56% of participants and males 44% with a combined mean age of 62.3 years (range: 52 to 74). Participants were followed for an average of 16.7 (SD: 5.5) years. In a fully adjusted model, PPC stage VII (Severe Tooth Loss) was moderately significantly related to incident CHD, (HR 1.51 [1.11 to 2.09]). PPC stage V (Mild Tooth Loss/High Gingival Inflammation) was significant for fatal CHD (HR, 5.27 [1.80 to 15.4]) and PPC stage VII was significant for incident MI (HR, 1.59 [1.13 to 2.23]). The CDC/AAP definition was not significantly associated with incident CHD. Conclusions Incident CHD was moderately significantly associated with a specific stage of periodontal disease characterized by severe tooth loss, while none of the categories of the CDC/AAP were significantly associated. Thus, while periodontal therapy may improve oral health, it may be effective at impacting CHD incidence in only certain groups of people.
Associations Between Mean Arterial Pressure and Poor ICU Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With Cirrhosis: Is 65 The Sweet Spot?

OBJECTIVES Mean arterial pressure is critically important in patients with cirrhosis in the ICU, however, there is limited data to guide therapies and targets. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING Tertiary care ICU. PATIENTS Two hundred and seventy-three critically ill patients with cirrhosis. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We performed a comprehensive time-weighted mean arterial pressure analysis (time-weighted-average-mean arterial pressure and cumulative-time-below various mean arterial pressure-thresholds) during the first 24-hours after ICU admission (median: 25 mean arterial pressure measurements per-patient). Time-weighted-average-mean arterial pressure captures both the severity and duration of hypotension below a mean arterial pressure threshold and cumulative-time-below is the total time spent below a mean arterial pressure threshold. Individual univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were assessed for each time-weighted-average-mean arterial pressure and cumulative-time-below mean arterial pressure threshold (55, 60, 65, 70, and 75 mm Hg) for ICU-mortality. Time-weighted-average-mean arterial pressure: for 1 mm Hg decrease in mean arterial pressure below 75, 70, 65, 60, and 55 mm Hg, the odds for ICU-mortality were 14%, 18%, 26%, 41%, and 74%, respectively (p < 0.01, all thresholds). The association between time-weighted-average-mean arterial pressure and ICU-mortality for each threshold remained significant after adjusting for model for end-stage liver disease-sodium score, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, renal replacement therapy, grade 3/4 hepatic encephalopathy, WBC count, and albumin. Cumulative-time-below: odds for ICU-mortality were 4%, 6%, 10%, 12%, and 12% for each-hour spent below 75, 70, 65, 60, and 55 mm Hg, respectively. In the adjusted models, significant associations only remained for mean arterial pressure less than 65 mm Hg (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00-1.14; p = 0.05) and < 60 mm Hg (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that maintaining a mean arterial pressure of greater than 65 mm Hg may be a reasonable target in patients with cirrhosis admitted to the ICU. However, further prospective randomized trials are needed to determine the optimal mean arterial pressure-targets in this patient population.
Classic Psychotherapy for PTSD

Psychoanalysis as originally developed was used to address war neurosis. Underlying trauma was proposed to be the underlying psychodynamic reason for psychiatric illness, with typical personality profiles proposed for those individuals developing symptoms of PTSD. Today, while generally rejected as an approach for treating psychiatric illness, the legacy of psychoanalysis has persistent effects on modern versions of psychotherapy. Positive effects include emphasis on self-awareness and creativity, as well as a developed one-on-one interaction between patient and therapist that includes an understanding of transference effects. Classic psychotherapy has, however, adopted less favorable psychoanalytic approaches including the requirement for highly trained practitioners, long-term and costly therapy, negative transference effects, and an aversion to empiric outcome testing. Recent work tends to indicate that in the setting of trauma and PTSD, better outcomes can be obtained acutely from the use of psychological first aid, from the utilization of different forms of cognitive behavioral therapy, and the appropriate use of medication.
T-Operator Bounds on Absorption, Scattering and Thermal Emission for Arbitrary Objects

We report bounds on angle-integrated absorption, scattering and far- and near-field radiative emission, capturing both per-volume material limits and geometric effects. We then describe potential extensions of this formalism to a variety of electromagnetic phenomena.
Changes in Ghrelin and Glucagon following a Low Glycemic Load Diet in Women with PCOS

CONTEXT Altered satiety hormones in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) may contribute to obesity. Diets with a low glycemic load (GL) may influence appetite-regulating hormones including glucagon and ghrelin. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that following a 4-week, eucaloric low vs high GL diet habituation, a low vs high GL meal will increase glucagon and decrease ghrelin to reflect greater satiety and improve self-reported fullness. METHODS Secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial. PARTICIPANTS Thirty women diagnosed with PCOS. INTERVENTION Participants were provided low (41:19:40% energy from carbohydrate:protein:fat) and high (55:18:27) GL diets for 8 weeks each. At each diet midpoint, a solid meal test was administered to examine postprandial ghrelin, glucagon, glucose, insulin, and self-reported appetite scores. RESULTS After 4 weeks, fasting glucagon was greater with the low vs high GL diet (P = .035), and higher fasting glucagon was associated with lesser feelings of hunger (P = .009). Significant diet effects indicate 4-hour glucagon was higher (P < .001) and ghrelin was lower (P = .009) after the low vs high GL meal. A trending time × diet interaction (P = .077) indicates feelings of fullness were greater in the early postprandial phase after the high GL meal, but no differences were observed the late postprandial phase. CONCLUSION These findings suggest after low GL diet habituation, a low GL meal reduces ghrelin and increases glucagon in women with PCOS. Further research is needed to determine the influence of diet composition on ad libitum intake in women with PCOS.
Sgr A* Companion S0-2: A Probe of Very High-Mass Star Formation

The star S0-2, which is orbiting Sgr A* with a 15-yr period, almost certainly did not form in situ. We propose that it was injected into this close orbit by the tidal disruption of a massive-star binary, whose primary was more massive than S0-2 and at least 60 Msun. From numerical integrations we find that 1-2% of incoming binaries with closest approach equal to 130 AU leave the secondary in an orbit with eccentricity within 0.01 of that of SO-2. If additional stars are found orbiting Sgr A* with relatively short periods, they could be used to probe the formation of massive stars in the Galactocentric region, even though the massive stars themselves have long since perished.
Generating Alerts to Assist With Task Assignments in Human-Supervised Multi-Robot Teams Operating in Challenging Environments

In a mission with considerable uncertainty due to intermittent communications, degraded information flow, and failures, humans need to assess both the current and expected future states, and update task assignments to robots as quickly as possible. We present a forward simulation-based alert system that proactively notifies the human supervisor of possible, negatively-impactful events, which provides an opportunity for the human to retask agents to avoid undesirable scenarios. We propose methods for speeding up mission simulations and extracting alerts from simulation data in order to enable real-time alert generation suitable for time-critical missions. We present the results from a user trial and verify our hypothesis that the decision making performance of human supervisors can be improved by introducing forward simulation-based alerts.
Inpatient Strategies to Reduce Transportation Barriers Lead to Improved Attendance at Post-Hospitalization Appointments: An Interprofessional Quality Improvement Project

Introduction: Multiple factors for non-attendance at post-hospitalization appointments (PHA) have been identified in the literature (1). Transportation barriers have been associated with lower socioeconomic status, elevated levels of stress, and poorer general health (2,3). In 2017, while examining our pediatric hospital to home transition metrics, we discovered our patients missed 38% of their scheduled PHA, some due to transportation barriers. This inpatient quality improvement project aimed to …
Closed Reduction of an Irreducible Knee Dislocation: A Case Report.

Addition to orthopedic literature Posterolateral knee dislocations are extremely rare and generally require open reduction; however, we were able to provide closed reduction by reproducing mechanism of injury with a technique described in the literature. This is the second reported case of such accomplishment. Introduction Posterolateral knee dislocation is the most common form of "irreducible" knee dislocations. Buttonholing of the medial femoral condyle through medial soft tissues of the knee results in entrapment. We report the second known case of successful closed reduction. Case presentation A 51-year-old female with morbid obesity sustained a right posterolateral knee dislocation shown on plain radiograph. This was accompanied by lateral patella dislocation and a dimple sign at the medial joint line after a fall from standing height produced a rotational mechanism. Conclusion This is the second reported case of successful closed reduction to an injury that has been generally established to be "irreducible." The technique used closely matches that described in the only other reported case and involves reproduction of the mechanism of injury. This establishes additional evidence to a previously isolated report of successful acute treatment that counters the current narrative.
Logit-based Uncertainty Measure in Classification.

We introduce a new, reliable, and agnostic uncertainty measure for classification tasks called logit uncertainty. It is based on logit outputs of neural networks. We in particular show that this new uncertainty measure yields a superior performance compared to existing uncertainty measures on different tasks, including out of sample detection and finding erroneous predictions. We analyze theoretical foundations of the measure and explore a relationship with high density regions. We also demonstrate how to test uncertainty using intermediate outputs in training of generative adversarial networks. We propose two potential ways to utilize logit-based uncertainty in real world applications, and show that the uncertainty measure outperforms.
Pragmatic Screening of Anxiety, Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Substance Misuse in Older Adults

Abstract Older adults’ mental health needs are often unmet across care settings (e.g., primary or residential care) for a variety of reasons, such as mental health stigma and mental health care professionals’ lack of awareness of age-related changes in mental disorders. Screening, when coupled with access to evidence-based interventions, is effective at identifying and reducing anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance misuse in older adults across care settings. Unfortunately, due to lack of training many mental health care professionals may be unsure about what or how to screen, as well as which screening measures are available for use with older adults. Following professional guidelines recommended for older adults, we provide an overview of screening measures for anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance misuse that are evidence-based and meet pragmatic criteria identified by stakeholder research. Specific pragmatic criteria include screening measures developed with older adults (unless unavailable) as well as brief in length (items ≤30), time for administration (≤15 minutes), scoring (
Approach to Classifying Freight Data Elements Across Multiple Data Sources

Multiple freight data sources, both public and private, are available to practitioners for understanding freight demand and evaluating current and future freight transportation capacity. The challenge of working with multiple data sources is dealing with the syntactic and semantic heterogeneity in these sources. To assist practitioners in addressing this challenge, a unified perspective from which data elements from multiple sources can be examined is proposed. The role-based classification schema (RBCS) organizes and classifies data elements within their respective parent databases such that similar data elements across multiple sources can be grouped. RBCS is based on two levels of classification: a primary group that characterizes data elements according to the type of object that they describe and a secondary group that differentiates between elements that identify objects and those that describe features related to the objects. When similar data elements are ascertained, the subsequent process of res...
Techniques for Minimizing Radiation Exposure During Evaluation, Surgical Treatment, and Follow-up of Urinary Lithiasis

Patients receive significant radiation exposure during the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of urinary stone disease. This radiation exposure may result in patient harm and is believed to contribute to the risk for malignancy. This review will present current information to allow surgeons to optimize their diagnostic, treatment, and follow-up regimens to allow optimal care of stone disease patients at the lowest radiation dose possible.
Compression strength reduction in composites with in-plane fiber waviness

The effect of fiber waviness, which develops during the processing and manufacture of fiber-reinforced composite structures, on compressive failure was investigated. Analytical and experimental evidence has shown that out-of-plane waviness (also referred to as layer or ply waviness) is a major contributing factor in compressive strength reduction; however, there is a paucity of data concerning the effects of in-plane waviness or wrinkling on the compressive response of composites. In this paper, we present data from a series of compression tests examining the effects of varying levels of in-plane fiber waviness. These tests used a novel combined shear/end loading compression test fixture (WTF combined loading compression test fixture) in order to ameliorate problems typically associated with pure end-loading (brooming and end-damage) and pure shear loading (tab debonding and high stress concentrations due to discontinuity stresses). The fixture performed adequately when testing wavy specimens, but we experienced repeated tab failures in the non-wavy specimens. The compression test results exhibit a distinct linear trend of decreasing compressive strength with increasing waviness severity as represented by the maximum off-axis angle of the wavy fibers. Optical microscopy revealed that kink bands, leading to catastrophic failure, initiate at the most severe fiber misorientation sites in the wavy regions.
Nuts and bolts of your evaluation practice

This chapter reviews the method for developing neuropsychological evaluation practice, from initial referral to timetables for completion of reports and billing. In every setting, it is vital to have records that document the reason for referral and past relevant medical history. Some practitioners do not schedule a patient for an evaluation appointment until relevant records are received. Fortunately, it is easy to modify certain requirements, such as all records in advance, that might function as hurdles to accessing one's services when building his or her practice. It is better to ask the referring provider's office for records and let them know that the records are needed before the testing date. One should set up a tickler file that reminds to check well in advance of the testing appointment, to make sure one has all of the information needed. There have certainly been occasions where the patients arrived to be seen before their records did. In those circumstances, it is prescribed to the patient that their complete records are needed before preparing a medical report.
The World Bank and financing higher education in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article critically examines World Bank andother donor agency's policy changes towardfinancing of higher education in Sub-SaharanAfrica. It concludes that policy vicissitudeshave adversely affected these institutions. Therecommendation is that the unique context ofeach state play a role in higher educationfinancial policy formation and implementation.
Barbosa et al. Reply

Yuan and Shields claim that our data-encryption protocol is entirely equivalent to a classical stream cipher utilizing no quantum phenomena. Their claim is, indeed, false. Yuan and Shields also claim that schemes similar to the one presented in Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 227901 are not suitable for key generation. This claim is also refuted. In any event, we welcome the opportunity to clarify the situation for a wider audience.
Funktion der Lungen (Ventilation, Perfusion, Diffusion)

Die Atmung umfast die ausere Atmung (Aufnahme von O2 und Abgabe von CO2 durch den Korper) und die innere Atmung (Gasaustausch zwischen den Zellen und deren Flussigkeitsmedium). Dieses Kapitel befast sich mit O2-Aufnahme und CO2-Abgabe in den Lungen (O2-Aufnahme und CO2-Bildung bzw. -Abgabe durch die Zellen, Kap. 17; O2- und CO2-Transport zu und von den Geweben, Kap. 35). In Ruhe atmet der Mensch 12- bis 15mal pro Minute. 500 ml Luft werden pro Atemzug (6–8 1/min) ein- und ausgeatmet. Diese Luft vermischt sich mit den Gasen in den Alveolen, und O2 tritt durch einfache Diffusion in das Blut der Lungencapillaren uber, wahrend aus diesen CO2 in die Alveolen diffundiert. Auf diese Weise kommen unter Ruhebedingungen etwa 11, 5 mmol = 250 ml O2 pro Minute in den Korper, wahrend etwa 9 mmol = 200 ml CO2 (RQ etwa 0, 8) abgegeben werden.
On improving partial information routing with segmented path protection

Changing trends in backbone transport networks towards dynamic path provisioning and evolving optical technologies have motivated the study of dynamic routing algorithms in the context of Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based networks. The author previously developed dynamic algorithms for source based routing with partial information (2002). Our studies showed that dynamic routing algorithms perform better than static routing algorithms using precomputed paths even when the path selection in static algorithms is based on optimizing a global network metric. Since we rely on partial information for making dynamic routing decisions, the capacity redundancy in the network is high. In this paper, we propose a dynamic routing algorithm that uses a simple segmented path protection scheme to improve capacity efficiency. We compare the performance of the partial information routing algorithm with and without segmented path protection through simulation studies, based on metrics such as the call blocking probability and capacity redundancy. Our results indicate that with a simple segmentation scheme, the capacity efficiency of partial information routing can be significantly improved, up to 20 to 30% depending on the topology. The capacity savings obtained leads to a modest improvement in call blocking. It is also observed that segmented protection offers better performance as compared to path protection under partial information scenario, which is contrary to the performance obtained with complete information. Hence, it would be a better alternative to employ segmented protection in large networks where obtaining complete network state information is impractical.
Local anesthetics: a study of some N-alkyl and N-dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of o-benzenedisulfonimide.

Because alkyl- and dialkylaminoalkyl- phthalimide and saccharin derivatives possess local anesthetic activity, similar derivatives of the related o-benzenedisulfonimide were synthesized. The compounds prepared were: N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N- n -propyl-, N- n -butyl-, N-beta-diethylaminoethyl-, N-gamma-diethylaminopropyl-, and N-(beta-di- n -butylaminoethyl)- o -benzenedisulfonimide. All of the compounds, with the exception of the beta-diethylaminoethyl derivative, were found to have local anesthetic properties. The activity was more pronounced on intradermal injection than by topical application. The compounds were irritating to guinea pig's eyes and skin.
Feature scale modeling of pulsed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

A two dimensional feature scale model has been developed to predict film profile evolution during pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The model employs a diffusion reaction framework with a spatially variable Knudsen diffusion coefficient to account for molecular transport in evolving feature geometries. The transient model accounts for the alternating atomic layer deposition (ALD) and PECVD growth modes that contribute to deposition. A scaling analysis is used to account for diffusion limitations that affect the ALD component in high aspect ratios due to insufficient precursor exposure. The model predictions have been validated using cross section micrographs of nanostructures produced by pulsed PECVD of aluminum oxide on patterned substrates. The model provides a tool to design the fabrication of nanostructures with digital precision. By varying the relative contributions of the two modes pulsed PECVD provides an opportunity engineer the degree of conformality to produce unique morphologies that are distinct from either steady state vapor deposition processes or conventional ALD.
Caraibical, a new aromatic sesquiterpene from the marine alga

Caraibical, a new aromatic sesquiterpene aldehyde, has been isolated from the marine marine red alga Laurencia caraibica. The structure, which possesses an ether cyclization differing from previous compounds, was defined on the basis of its spectral data.
Cerebrovascular Degeneration Is Related to Amyloid-β Protein Deposition in Alzheimer's Diseasea

Current evidence is not inconsistent with the suggestion that cerebrovascular functions decline during normal aging with pronounced effects in both sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). The primary causes of these changes remain unknown. It is possible that amyloid beta (A beta) protein is involved in the degeneration of both the larger penetrating vessels as well as the cerebral capillaries that represent the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A beta-induced endothelial changes could also alter muscular tone, resulting not only in increased expression of vascular amyloid precursor protein (APP) and production of A beta, but also in oxidative injury. We used immunochemical methods to examine the status of the perfusing cerebral vessels and the microvascular endothelium in relation to deposition of A beta in AD and non-AD aging control subjects. Double-immunostaining with antibodies to vascular markers revealed marked loss of smooth muscle in larger vessels and absence or attenuation of the endothelium in capillary profiles that still appeared to retain their basement membranes. These vascular changes were predominantly restricted to neocortical regions abundant in A beta deposits. Quantitative studies showed that the microvascular abnormalities were correlated to A beta deposition rather than neurofibrillary tangles or neuronal numbers. Our studies suggest that A beta, irrespective of its origin within vascular myocytes or brain parenchyma, is responsible not only for cerebral amyloid angiopathy, but also for the degeneration of the cerebral microvasculature, which may profoundly affect brain perfusion and BBB functions.
X-ray Absorption Spectra Of Water From First Principles Calculations

We present a series of ab initio calculations of the x-ray absorption cross section (XAS) of ice and liquid water at ambient conditions. Our results show that all available experimental data and theoretical results are consistent with the standard model of the liquid as comprising molecules with approximately four hydrogen bonds. Our simulations of ice XAS including the lowest lying excitonic state are in excellent agreement with experiment and those of a quasitetrahedral model of water are in reasonable agreement with recent measurements. Hence we propose that the standard, quasitetrahedral model of water, although approximate, represents a reasonably accurate description of the local structure of the liquid.
Molecular Phylogeny of a Potentially Parasitic Dinoflagellate Isolated from the Solitary Radiolarian, Thalassicolla nucleata

Thalassicolla nucleata, a solitary radiolarian, has been described as being parasitized by two dinoflagellates, Solenodinium (Syndiniales) and Caryotoma (Blastodiniales). Several T. nucleata were stripped of their extracapsular material and allowed to regenerate their rhizopodial structures without symbionts. Within a week, two were observed to disintegrate, leaving behind non-pigmented swimming dinoflagellate cells. Identical full-length ribosomal sequences were recovered from both samples. Upon alignment and phylogenetic analysis, it was determined that these putative parasite sequences were distinct from Scrippsiella nutricula (the dinoflagellate symbiont of the host), and also from all other dinoflagellate parasites sequenced to date.
Evaluation of a novel single-port robotic platform in the cadaver model for the performance of various procedures in gynecologic oncology.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this protocol was to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of a dedicated da Vinci® single-port robotic platform in cadavers for the performance of various gynecologic oncology procedures. Methods Three fresh frozen female cadavers were used to evaluate the feasibility, reproducibility, and to develop the correct docking of the robotic column and trocars. Procedures performed in this training protocol included (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, modified radical hysterectomy, six pelvic lymph node dissections, and one para-aortic node dissection). A data set was collected for each procedure, operative times were compared between cases and procedures by use of Wilcoxon rank sum test, a p -value Results All the procedures were technically successful with no need of additional ports or conversions to a standard laparoscopy. The median time of port insertion and BMI was 6min range (4–10) and 33min range (25–56) respectively. The median time for a left and right pelvic lymph node dissection was 22min range (22–23) and 28min range (26–38) respectively. There was significant difference in operating times for symmetrical procedures (pelvic lymphadenectomy), p =0.049. Conclusion This preliminary data demonstrates that the performance of various oncology procedures using the new da Vinci® single-site robotic platform is feasible, and more importantly, reproducible in the cadaver model.
A Hybrid IMM/SVM Approach for Wavelet-Domain Probabilistic Model Based Texture Classification

Fisher kernel method was recently proposed to incorporate probabilistic (generative) models and discriminative methods for pattern recognition (PR). This method use parameter derivatives of log-likelihood calculated from probabilistic model(s), "Fisher scores", to generate statistical feature vectors. It is followed by discriminative classifiers such as "support vector machine" (SVM) for classification. In this work we study the potential of Fisher kernel method on texture classification. A hybrid system of "independent mixture model" (IMM) and SVM is introduced to extract and classify statistical texture features in wavelet-domain. Compared to existing methods that apply Bayesian classification based on wavelet domain "energy signatures" (ES) and stand along IMM, the new hybrid IMM/SVM method is able to achieve superior performance. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this proposed method.
XAS and XPS Characterization of a Surface-Attached Rotaxane

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to characterize a surface-attached rotaxane on Au(111). Monolayers were prepared from an anthracene-stop...
Polynomial approximation to a non-local boundary value problem

In this paper, we construct a special class of polynomials which converge uniformly to the solution of a non-local boundary value problem (NBVP). The use of this special class is justified by the physics of the model which is described by this NBVP. This NBVP has been studied by Palamides et al. (2009) in [2], where the existence of solutions is established.
Seasonal and age-related differential mortality by sex in the Mantled Howler monkey,Alouatta palliata

Age-specific, differential mortality occurs between male and female mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata,on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. A peak in mortality between 5 and 7 years is seen in males but not infernales. Dates when howler cadavers have been found suggest a seasonal mortality, with peaks in July and perhaps also in December through January.
Loss of real characteristics for models of three-phase flow in a porous medium

In this paper we examine the generalized Buckley-Leverett equations governing threephase immiscible, incompressible flow in a porous medium, in the absence of gravitational and diffusive/dispersive effects. We consider the effect of the relative permeability models on the characteristic speeds in the flow. Using a simple idea from projective geometry, we show that under reasonable assumptions on the relative permeabilities there must be at least one point in the saturation triangle at which the characteristic speeds are equal. In general, there is a small region in the saturation triangle where the characteristic speeds are complex. This is demonstrated with the numerical results at the end of the paper.
Toward Discrete Axial p-n Junction Nanowire Light-Emitting Diodes Grown by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

In this paper we investigate axial p–n junction GaN nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), with particular attention to the effect of Mg doping on the device characteristics of individual nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We observe that a significant fraction of single-nanowire LEDs produce measurable band-gap electroluminescence when a thin AlGaN electron blocking layer (EBL) is incorporated into the device structure near the junction. Similar devices with no EBL typically yield below-detection-limit electroluminescence, despite diode-like I–V characteristics and optically measured internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) of ∼1%. I–V measurements of the p-regions in p–n junction nanowires, as well as nanowires doped with Mg only, indicate low p-type conductivity and asymmetric Schottky-like p-contacts. These observations suggest that imbalanced carrier injection from the junction and p-contact can produce significant nonradiative losses.
Cell proliferation during the development of stress erosions in mouse stomach.

THE surface of the gastric mucosa, which is continually replaced by rapidly proliferating epithelial cells1, is prone to erosion under stress. These lesions occur in man2,3 and are induced in animals by various experimental procedures4,5. Stress of short duration decreases the frequency of mitosis in the stomach of the rodent6.
Cue-based oral feeding clinical pathway results in earlier attainment of full oral feeding in premature infants.

Cue-based oral feeding clinical pathway results in earlier attainment of full oral feeding in premature infants