cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic order in the van der Waals antiferromagnet CrPS4: Anisotropic H-T phase diagrams and effects of pressure

Single crystalline samples of the van der Waals antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{CrPS}}_{4}$ were studied by measurements of specific heat and comprehensive anisotropic temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent magnetization. In addition, measurements of the heat capacity and magnetization were performed under pressures of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}21$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}14$ kbar, respectively. At ambient pressure, two magnetic transitions are observed: second order from a paramagnetic to an antiferromagnetic state at ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\sim}37$ K, and a first-order spin reorientation transition at ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}34$ K. Anisotropic $H\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ phase diagrams were constructed using the $M(T,H)$ data. As pressure is increased, ${T}_{N}$ is weakly suppressed with $d{T}_{N}/dP\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}0.1$ K/kbar. ${T}^{*}$, on the other hand, is suppressed quite rapidly, with $d{T}^{*}/dP\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}2$ K/kbar, extrapolating to a possible quantum phase transition at ${P}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}15$ kbar.
Cystatin C- vs. Creatinine- Based Assessment of Renal Function in Patients Admitted with Heart Failure: Insights from DOSE, ROSE and CARRESS-HF

Purpose Reduction in serum creatinine (sCr) generation due to muscle wasting, which is commonly observed in heart failure (HF), may lead to overestimation of renal function using sCr-based equations. Cystatin C (CysC) is an endogenous protease inhibitor that is produced by all nucleated cells and, in contrast to sCr, is less influenced by muscle mass. Prolonged or recurrent hospitalizations may promote muscle wasting and further undermine the accuracy of sCr-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We compared CysC- and sCr-based eGFR in pts admitted with HF at serial time points before and after discharge. Methods We pooled data from 3 trials performed in pts admitted with HF (DOSE, ROSE and CARRESS-HF). eGFR was calculated using CysC- (eGFRCysC) and sCr- (eGFRsCr) CKD-EPI equations. The discrepancy between eGFRCysC and eGFRsCr was calculated as ΔeGFR = (eGFRCysC-eGFRsCr)/ eGFRsCr. Linear mixed models regressed ΔeGFR at multiple time points. In a subset of 301 pts sampled after discharge, we investigated the association of ΔeGFR at 60 days with a composite of prolonged initial HF admission (length of stay ≥ 10 days) or subsequent readmission. Results 2849 samples were available in 841 pts (age 68 ± 13, 26% F, ejection fraction 36 ± 17%). Compared with eGFRsCr, eGFRCysC reclassified 50% of the samples to different eGFR categories, mainly to more advanced renal dysfunction (Fig A). ΔeGFR widened during HF admission and remained significantly different at 60-day follow-up when compared to the day of admission (Fig B). Pts who experienced prolonged initial HF admission or subsequent readmission had wider ΔeGFR at 60 days (p Conclusion CysC reclassifies a large proportion of pts admitted with HF to more advanced renal dysfunction when compared to sCr. The discrepancy between CysC- and sCr-based eGFR accentuates during HF admission and is sustained at 60-day follow-up, particularly in pts with prolonged or recurrent hospitalizations.
Bureaucratic Incorporation or Abdication? Public Health with Latinx Immigrants in New Destinations

Latinx immigrants in new destinations – small communities with fast-growing immigrant populations – present challenges for human service agencies lacking the bilingual professionals and experience ...
The 2019 Government Shutdown Increased Uncertainty in Major Agricultural Commodity Markets

Abstract In January 2019, a government shutdown prevented the U.S. Department of Agriculture from publishing information about the situation and outlook for major U.S. agricultural commodities. We show that, as a result, Chicago Mercantile Exchange markets for corn and soybeans experienced heightened uncertainty, elevating the cost of managing risk using options. We use historical options data to estimate that, on the first day of trading following the normally scheduled USDA publication time, the additional commodity market uncertainty caused by the government shutdown increased the price of managing risk using ATM corn and soybean options by 2.95 % and 1.66%, respectively, using an approach that assumes a normal January report impact. Using a different counterfactual approach -- assuming that the observed, abnormally large implied volatility reduction following the February 2019 publication would have been experienced in January -- we find that the increase in risk management costs due to missing information was actually about 11.5% for corn and 4.4% for soybeans.
Unobtrusively Detecting Apnea and Hypopnea Events via a Hydraulic Bed Sensor

Disordered breathing during sleep impacts sleep quality and the perceived amount of rest obtained while also serving as a potential indicator of other health conditions or risks. Apneas and hypopneas are leading indicators of disordered breathing, often quantified by an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Polysomnography is the gold standard for detecting apnea and hypopnea events (and thus calculating a subject’s AHI), but despite the inconvenience of sleeping in a strange place with numerous instruments attached, polysomnography delivers only a snapshot in time and is not practical for long-term monitoring. In this work, we describe a method of detecting apnea and hypopnea events during sleep using a hydraulic bed sensor, which has proven valuable for other dimensions of long-term monitoring and early detection of illness. We compare our results to those produced by a polysomnography lab, including calculation of respiratory disturbance indices. We successfully detect 73.6% of apneas with 77.2% precision, and our calculations for apnea index (AI) and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) are precise enough to indicate the appropriate severity of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) for each of our subjects.
The Origins of Tyranny: From the War Chief and Shaman to Divine Kingship

Both democracy and tyranny are intrinsic to the human potential. In large tribes, the war chief becomes powerful when the war chief commands a large, loyal retinne, he becomes a “King.” In agricultural societies, the shaman becomes an organized priesthood. The priesthood creates the belief that the King is actually a God—the King is divine, he rules with the mandate from the gods. There are tyrannical kings and benevolent kings, but in divine kingships, democracy is inconceivable. History becomes the story of Kings and battles—the people and women are written out of history. The charisma of Kings is artificially manufactured—enhanced by the magnificent palaces and temples; glorious clothing and jewelry; scepters, crowns, and thrones, spectacular festivals; and well armored and regimented kingly royal regiments.
Improving perinatal depression screening and management: results from a federally qualified health center.

Introduction Perinatal depression affects 8.5-20% of women. In a systematic review 22% of women with a positive depression screen use mental health services. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of on-site management in the perinatal setting and barriers to care. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of 1042 women who received perinatal care between 1 January to 31 December 2019. Primary outcome was percentage of patients who were assessed after a positive depression screen. The secondary outcome was to determine factors affecting patients' receptiveness to assessment/treatment. Results 9.52% of women screened positive. Sixty-two (63.9%) met with an on-site social worker for assessment, 6 (6.2%) misunderstood the screening questions, and 33 (34.0%) met criteria for depression. Of those, 9 (27.3%) attended at least one follow-up, 8 (24.2%) were referred to or already in care, 7 (21.2%) no-showed, and 9 (27.3%) declined further care. English speaking patients were more likely to meet with a social worker for diagnostic assessment (69.9% versus 45.8%, P = 0.033). Conclusion On-site management of a positive depression screen yielded a follow-up rate of 64% versus 49% in other studies. Non-English language may be a barrier to accessing mental health car.
TRPM4 Contributes to Subthreshold Membrane Potential Oscillations in Multiple Mouse Pacemaker Neurons.

Select neuronal populations display steady rhythmic neuronal firing that provides tonic excitation to drive downstream networks and behaviors. In noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), circadian neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and CO2/H+-activated neurons of the brainstem retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), large subthreshold membrane potential oscillations contribute to the pacemaker-like action potential discharge. The oscillations and firing in LC and SCN involve contributions from leak sodium (NALCN) and L-type calcium channels while recent work from RTN suggested an additional pivotal role for a secondary calcium-activated and voltage-gated cationic current carried by TRPM4. Here, we tested whether TRPM4 contributes to subthreshold oscillations in mouse LC and SCN. By RNAscope in situ hybridization, Trpm4 transcripts were detected in both cell groups. In whole cell recordings from acute slice preparations, prominent voltage-dependent membrane potential oscillations were revealed in LC and SCN after blocking action potentials. These oscillations were inhibited by two chemically-distinct blockers of TRPM4, 9-phenanthrol (9-pt) and 4-Chloro-2-[[2-(2-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]amino]benzoic acid (CBA). Under whole cell voltage clamp, inward currents evoked by oscillation voltage waveforms were inhibited in LC by blocking L-type calcium channels and TRPM4. These data implicate TRPM4 in the large subthreshold membrane potential oscillations that underlie tonic action potential discharge in LC and SCN, providing a voltage- and calcium-dependent cationic current to augment the depolarizing inward Na+ and Ca2+ currents previously associated with this distinctive electroresponsive property. SIGNIFICANCE Large subthreshold membrane potential oscillations contribute to spontaneous action potential discharge in select neurons, including those of the locus coeruleus (LC) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The ionic mechanisms underlying these intrinsic membrane properties are incompletely understood. The present study identifies a role for the calcium-activated TRPM4 cation channel in mediating subthreshold oscillations and firing in LC and SCN, supporting previously described roles for NALCN leak sodium channels and L-type calcium channels while generalizing this TRPM4-dependent oscillatory mechanism to multiple pacemaker-type neurons.
What About Slowing Down Technology

“We ought to be thankful we have a food surplus problem. After all, it’s only because American farmers can produce so much food that we don’t need so many farmers.” This viewpoint is consoling. But it is only helpful if it reinforces our concern with helping farmers to higher incomes, encouraging more farmers to work in town, and making sure there are enough jobs for them in town. Even then, we concluded that reducing the number of farmers is not, of itself, likely to remove the food surplus.
From dispatch to air traffic control operations — Innovation in wind data uplink

This paper outlines a potential, initial standardization framework for Aeronautical Telecommunication Network Baseline 2 (B2) ATC Wind messages, based in large part on the current, widely-used ARINC702 Advanced Flight Management System (FMS) standard and Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) for wind data exchanges between Airline Operational Control (AOC) facilities and airborne FMSs. Future advanced air traffic management concepts, such as Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO), may require all participants (e.g., Air Traffic Service (ATS) providers, AOCs and flight crews) to reference an accurate, single authoritative source of wind field data for flight planning and flight execution. Uplink of Air Traffic Control — Winds (ATC-Winds) has been suggested as a new ATS function in the B2 Final data communication standards to service this need. This paper introduces an approach that factors in current operational and FMS uses of wind field data, and provides recommendations on operational transition from current wind data uplinks to a future B2 ATC wind message set for trajectory-based operations support.
Adaptive symmetry reduction

Symmetry reduction is a technique to counter state explosion for systems of regular structure. It relies on idealistic assumptions about indistinguishable components, which in practice may only be similar. In this paper we present a generalized algebraic approach to symmetry reduction for exploring a structure without any prior knowledge about its global symmetry. The more behavior is shared among the components, the more compression takes effect. Our idea is to annotate each encountered state with information about how symmetry is violated along the path leading to it. Previous solutions only allow specific types of asymmetry, such as up to bisimilarity, or seem to incur large overhead before or during the verification run. In contrast, our method appeals through its balance between generality and simplicity. We include analytic and experimental results to document its efficiency.
The Scientific Study of Adolescent Development

The First Phase of the Scientific Study of Adolescence The Second Phase of the Scientific Study of Adolescence The Third Phase of the Scientific Study of Adolescence Conclusions: Adolescence as a Field of Scientist–Practitioner–Policy Maker Collaboration Keywords: sociocultural; evidence-based; plasticity; developmental science; diversity; relations; Positive Youth Development; PYD; reductionist models; deficit models; atheoretical research; descriptive research; multivariate longitudinal research
When Budgeting Was Easier: Eisenhower and the 1960 Budget

The paper looks back to time when budgeting was easier and budget outcomes were superior. Although it is impossible to replicate the past exactly, there are certain characteristics of past budgets that might be emulated. The paper focuses on Eisenhower's battles to balance the 1960 budget. The task was not easy and the result had to be bipartisan since Democrats had significant majorities in the House and Senate. But budgeting was less difficult than it is today, because almost all spending was controlled by annual appropriations, and popular, rapidly growing entitlements for the elderly were very much less important. The president's budget was also much more prestigious and influential. Approaches to gaining more control over entitlements are explored as is the more difficult task of restoring the influence of the president's budget.
Empirically-Based Practice

This paper reviews developments in the empirically based practice perspective over the past decade. The paper focuses on three major areas: epistemology and knowledge development in social work, availability of more precise framework for practice and evidence of effectiveness of many clinical techniques, and new developments in research and computer technology. The paper concludes that the empirically-based practice model seems well-positioned to be the dominant social work practice orientation of the 1990's and beyond.
Pursuit-Evasion Without Regret, with an Application to Trading

We propose a state-based variant of the classical online learning problem of tracking the best expert. In our setting, the actions of the algorithm and experts correspond to local moves through a continuous and bounded state space. At each step, Nature chooses payoffs as a function of each player's current position and action. Our model therefore integrates the problem of prediction with expert advice with the stateful formalisms of reinforcement learning. Traditional no-regret learning approaches no longer apply, but we propose a simple algorithm that provably achieves no-regret when the state space is any convex Euclidean region. Our algorithm combines techniques from online learning with results from the literature on pursuit-evasion games. We describe a natural quantitative trading application in which the convex region captures inventory risk constraints, and local moves limit market impact. Using historical market data, we show experimentally that our algorithm has a strong advantage over classic noregret approaches.
On the performance of Massive MIMO cellular systems with power amplifiers

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is the modulation of choice due to its robustness to time-dispersive radio channels, low-complexity receivers, and simple combining of signals from multiple transmitters in broadcast networks. However, the transmitter design for OFDMA is more costly, as the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of an OFDMA signal is relatively high, resulting in the need for highly linear RF power amplifiers (PA). This problem becomes more compounded when a large number of PAs is required, as in Massive MIMO. In this paper, we discuss the impact of PAs on cellular systems. We show the constraints that PAs introduce, and we take these constraints into consideration while searching for the optimum set of transmitter and receiver filters. Moreover, we highlight how Massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) cellular networks can relax PAs constraints resulting in low cost PAs, while maintaining high performance. The performance is evaluated by showing the probability of error curves and signal-to-noise-ratio curves for different transmit powers and different number of transmit antennas.
Intermediate depth pigment maxima in oxygen minimum zones

Abstract In situ fluorescence profiles from 0 to 1500 m recorded at 63 stations showed three subsurface pigment maxima in the eastern tropical North Pacific and two maxima in the central North Pacific. In addition to the well-known primary maximum, two additional maxima were observed west of Mexico and one additional maximum was observed in the central North Pacific. The secondary maximum was found west of Mexico at the upper boundary of the oxygen minimum zone (near 120 m). Broad tertiary maxima occur in the center of the oxygen minimum at 450 m off Mexico and near 950 m in the central North Pacific. These secondary and tertiary pigment maxima appear to be related to increased microbial activity in the oxygen minimum and probably occur throughout the world ocean.
Areas of the U.S. wildland–urban interface threatened by wildfire during the 2001–2010 decade

The wildland–urban interface (WUI) is defined in terms of housing density and proximity to wildlands, yet its relevance seems to be only in conjunction with wildland fire threats. The objective of this paper is to (1) identify the WUI areas threatened from wildfire during the 2000’s and (2) quantify the values that were threatened. We use 1 km fire detection data generated using MODIS satellite imagery over a 10-year period combined with population densities to identify threatened areas of the WUI. We then use data on structures, structure content, and population to identify the people and property threatened from identified fires within the WUI. We find that 6.3 % of the U.S. population (17.5 million) resided within these areas and that 2.1 % of the population lived in WUI areas where more than one fire has occurred. However, we find that only a third of the affected population was threatened during daytime hours, as most leave the threatened portion of the WUI during peak ignition hours. The threatened area comprised 4.1 % of the coterminous USA and 44.9 % of the WUI. Within these areas were 7.8 million residential, commercial, industrial, governmental, religious, and educational structures, with a building and building content value estimated at $1.9 trillion. Overall, 7.3 % of residential structures in the USA were found within the WUI with wildfire activity; however, for some states, this number was as high as 25.4 %.
Radionuclide diagnosis of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.

We hypothesized that infradiaphagmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (ITAPVD), because of its unique physiology, could be diagnosed with radionuclide angiography. Seven neonates with severe respiratory distress were injected intravenously with 3 mCi technetium-99m pertechnetate. In each of four neonates demonstrated to have ITAPVD by pulmonary angiography, nuclide recirculation through the right atrium occurred 3–6 s after initial passage. In addition, direct visualization of the anomalous common pulmonary trunk with nuclide as a “tail” below the diaphragm was obvious in the third infant studied. This prompted review of the first two infants with ITAPVD; in retrospect the anomalous trunk was also visualized with nuclide in both of these infants. All three were injected via the upper extremity. In the fourth ITAPVD infant, nuclide was injected via the lower extremity. In that infant, preferential streaming of the inferior vena caval flow and nuclide across the foramen ovale into the left heart led to simultaneous opacification of anomalous trunk and descending aorta, obscuring the “tail” sign.
Compact blue light sources based on grating coupled surface emitting lasers

Recent achievements in second harmonic generation (SHG) from mid-IR diode lasers have made the realization of compact blue-light sources with high power a reality. Moreover, narrow linewidth control of IR sources based on broad stripe high power devices makes it possible to achieve a wide range of wavelengths throughout the blue region. This paper summarizes recent results utilizing a novel Master Oscillator Power Amplifier configuration for blue light generation.
Epinephrine infusion induces hyporesponsiveness of vascular smooth muscle.

Exposure to vasoactive drugs may lead to desensitization of vascular smooth muscle responsiveness. We have explored this phenomenon by infusing epinephrine into awake rabbits for 2h and then assessing smooth muscle contraction, both in vivo and ex vivo. Epinephrine was infused at a rate of 1 μg.min−1 which resulted in a 15-fold increase in the plasma epinephrine concentration. The dose of phenylephrine required to cause a 25 mmHg increase in mean arterial pressure significantly increased from 109±56 μg prior to the infusion to 261±143 at the end of the 2h infusion (p<0.01). The sensitivity to phenylephrine remained decreased when reassessed 2h later. Untreated rabbits displayed no change in α-adrenergic responsiveness when assessed at 2 hourly intervals over the time-course of the experiment. Contraction of aortic rings removed from both epinephrine-treated and control rabbits was determined in vitro in tissue baths. The EC50 of norepinephrine-induced contraction increased from 31±6 to 210±20 nM while there was also a 30% decrease in the maximal force of contraction (EMax) in treated vessels. The EC50 only partially recovered after 4h of incubation ex vivo, while the EMax was restored to the control value. The EC50 for histamine in the aortic rings from epinephrine-treated rabbits was not different from controls although there was a 25% reduction in the EMax at 2h. We conclude that desensitization of α-adrenergic mediated vascular contractility develops rapidly in vivo and is only slowly reversible after removal of the agonist.
Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus Followed by Myoclonic‐Astatic Epilepsy: A Case Report

Summary: Neonatal sleep myoclonus documented poly-graphically during the second month of life and subsequent development of a seizure disorder are reported in a 3-year-old boy. Several generalized tonic-clonic seizures associated with febrile illnesses occurred during the first year of life; astatic and myoclonic attacks began at age 13 months. A complex partial seizure occurred for the first time at age 3 years. Differential diagnosis of age-related generalized myoclonic epileptic syndromes and various forms of neonatal myoclonus were considered in this unusual case.
Effects of hydrogen and water on the activity and selectivity of acetic acid hydrogenation on ruthenium

Kinetic flow reactor experiments have been carried out to study acetic acid hydrogenation on a Ru/C catalyst in both three-phase (catalyst, aqueous, and gaseous) and two-phase (catalyst and gaseous) regimes. In addition, density functional theory calculations have been performed and combined with microkinetic modeling to better understand the activity and selectivity observed in the experiments. Our experiments show that ethanol selectivity varies strongly from <10% to a maximum of ∼70% with increasing hydrogen partial pressure (pH2) at 185 °C in the three-phase reactor. Co-fed water also enhances ethanol selectivity, from ∼60% to ∼70% in the two-phase reactor and ∼40% to ∼65% in the three-phase reactor, at 185 °C, but only up to a certain concentration. The aqueous phase is not necessary for high ethanol selectivity. The first-principles microkinetic analysis is able to reasonably capture the apparent activation energy, ethanol selectivity, and reaction orders of acetic acid and ethanol with respect to pH2, providing a theoretical explanation for the crucial role that hydrogen plays in the selectivity of this reaction. Our findings provide insights into why high activity and selectivity for acetic acid hydrogenation to ethanol can be achieved on Ru, which may have general relevance to the catalytic hydrogenation of organic oxygenates on Ru and other metals.
Health Care Professionals' Attitudes Toward Lesbian Women and Gay Men

The purpose of this paper is to examine health care workers' attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men before and after the AIDS epidemic. Fifty-one studies which assessed attitudes using paper and pencil instruments were examined. Attitudes were assessed using primarily cognitive and affective questions about homosexuality, lesbian women, gay men, and AIDS patients. Less than 50% of the studies reported any evaluation of validity and reliability issues. Characteristics of subjects with more negative views and factors influencing responses are presented.
Peripheral erythrocyte levels, hemolysis and three vanadium compounds.

Three vanadium compounds of different valence states were administered to adult mice. Two, four, and eight days following treatment of vanadium, cardiac blood was collected. The blood sample was used to ascertain the peripheral erythrocyte count (cell/mm3) and to determine the in vitro hemolytic index of erythrocytes obtained from mice treated in vivo with either the tri-, tetra- or pentavalent vanadium compound. Data indicate that the tetravalent form was the most effective test substance in 1) promoting rupture of isolated erythrocytes compared to red cells retrieved from control mice and 2) depressing the erythrocyte count obtained from heart blood; maximum effects were manifest four days post-treatment. For all treatments there appeared to be a good correlation between the degree of vanadium-induced hemolysis and the peripheral erythrocyte count reduction following exposure to the vanadium.
The number of anaerobically regulated genes in Escherichia coli

A bank of 5000 random gene fusions to lacZ was screened for amino acid auxotrophs and for gene fusions in which β-galactosidase was only expressed anaerobically. Since the number of genes involved in the synthesis of amino acids is known, estimation of the number of anaerobically regulated genes is possible. This estimate that Escherichia coli contains about 50 anaerobically induced genes, is somewhat larger but of the same order as the number of anaerobically induced polypeptides seen on the 2-D gels of Smith and Neidhardt.
Aborted leiomyosarcoma after treatment with leuprolide acetate

Abstract Background: Leuprolide acetate has been used to decrease uterine size and shrink leiomyomata. In carefully selected patients, its treatment benefits are well recognized. However, if leuprolide acetate is inadvertently given to a patient with an unsuspected leiomyosarcoma, complications may occur. Case: A patient presumed to have leiomyomata was treated with monthly injections of leuprolide acetate. In the third month of treatment, unusual manifestations, including increased bleeding, aborting mass, urinary retention, and severe pain, occurred suggesting a possible malignancy and requiring immediate operation. Conclusion: The use of leuprolide acetate can delay the diagnosis and treatment of leiomyosarcoma and thus may increase the risk of morbidity and affect the treatment outcome of patients with leiomyosarcoma. The histologic changes ascribed to leuprolide acetate treatment in leiomyomata also were seen in this leiomyosarcoma.
Intrasplenic transplantation of allogeneic hepatocytes prolongs survival in anhepatic rats

To examine whether hepatocytes transplanted in the spleen can function as an ectopic liver, we performed hepatocyte transplantation in rats that were rendered anhepatic. Total hepatectomy was performed by using a novel single-stage technique. Following hepatectomy, Group 1 rats (n = 16) were monitored until death to determine survival time without prior intervention. Group 2 anhepatic rats (n = 20) were sacrificed at various times to measure blood hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels. Group 3 (n = 16) rats received intrasplenic injection of isolated hepatocytes (2.5 × 107 cells/rat) followed by total hepatectomy after 3 days. Group 4 (n = 12) sham-transplanted rats received intrasplenic saline infusion, and after 3 days they were rendered anhepatic. Group 2, 3, and 4 rats were maintained on daily Cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg; intramuscularly). Group 1 anhepatic rats survived for 22.4 ± 5.2 hours (standard deviation). The anhepatic state was associated with a progressive and statistically significant rise in blood HGF and TGF-β1 levels. Rats that received hepatocyte transplantation before total hepatectomy had a significantly longer survival time than sham-transplanted anhepatic controls (34.1 ± 8.5 vs. 15.5 ± 4.8 hrs, P < .01). Additionally, at 12 hours post-hepatectomy, transplanted rats had significantly lower blood ammonia, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, and TGF-β1 levels when compared with sham-transplanted controls. In conclusion, intrasplenic transplantation of allogeneic hepatocytes prolonged survival, improved blood chemistry, and lowered blood TGF-β1 levels in rats rendered anhepatic. (Hepatology 1998;28:1365-1370.)
Effect of Training on Hormonal Responses to Exercise in Competitive Swimmers

The effects of 9 weeks of training on responses of plasma hormones to swimming were studied in eight competitive swimmers who had not trained for several months. Two types of swimming tests were used: (1) 200 yd, a high intensity, exhausting type of exercise in which maximal effort was required both before and after training, and (2) 1000 yd, a pace type of exercise in which subjects swam as fast as possible prior to training and at the same rate after training. Plasma levels of glucagon increased and of insulin decreased during 1000 yd of swimming, but were not altered by 200 yd of swimming. No training effects were apparent in responses of plasma insulin and glucagon to these short-term, high intensity exercise tests. During the 1000 yd swim, plasma adrenaline was 0.8 ng/ml before vs. 0.1 ng/ml after training. Plasma noradrenaline response decreased from 3.4 to 1.2 ng/ml as a result of training. In the 200 yd swim, adrenaline, but not noradrenaline, was lower after training.
SLOW CRACK GROWTH: MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC ASPECTS

ABSTRACT Modern engineering design against fracture in “safety -critical” structures generally is based on the concept of defect- or damage-tolerance, where projected life is estimated in terms of the time for an assumed initial defect to propagate to some critical size. Accordingly, from a materials standpoint, increased resistance to failure can be achieved by retarding the sub-critical growth of cracks prior to final failure. In the current paper, an overview is presented of several recent advances in the understanding of the salient mechanisms of such slow crack growth, involving fracture under both monotonie and cyclic loading at ambient and elevated temperatures.
Experimental demonstration of x-space magnetic particle imaging

We have developed a new systems theory for analyzing Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), x-space MPI, that motivates an image reconstruction technique requiring only a simple scaling and mapping of the raw signal to image space. As a result, reconstruction time scales linearly with image size. Moreover, we expect there to be no noise gain due to performing a matrix inverse. Reconstruction is simple and can be performed in real-time. Furthermore, there is no "System Function" and no requirement to pre-characterize the nanoparticle in the imaging system before imaging. So far, there has not been an experimental test of the x-space theory on an imaging system. In this paper we begin by describing the theoretical signal that we would expect from the imager for a SPIO nanoparticle source. We then construct a small scale MPI imager to test x-space. We conclude with images from the x-space scanner using the iron oxide tracer Resovist. Our preliminary images show 1.6 mm spatial resolution using a 6.0 T/m gradient that closely matches the expected image resolution from x-space theory. In conclusion, our data supports the theory that MPI can be considered a linear, shift invariant system. This bodes well for the future as we scale MPI scanners to human sizes as large images can be reconstructed simply and rapidly.
Knitting with Cotton and Cotton Blend Open-End Spun Yarns

Yam data, knitting performance, and fabric properties are examined when using open-end (OE) and ring yarns. A relationship between yarn problems in warp knitting and OE yarn characteristics is given. Results from warp knitting trials show that coarser OE yarns give significant improvements in knitting performance compared to ring yams, and ring yarns with a high twist multiple give better knitting performance than ring yarn with normal knitting twist. Single-knit and double-knit fabric properties of shrinkage, burst strength, abrasion, etc. are examined. Weaker OE yams do result in lower burst strength values, but the values from most knitted fabrics will meet existing standards for performance. An assessment is given on fabric characteristics such as appearance, spirality, and pilling.
Rough surface scattering

Abstract A summary of the theoretical and computational approaches to rough surface scattering is presented. For the Dirichlet problem new computational results are presented for the behaviour of the normal derivative of the field on the surface as well as the behaviour of coherent and incoherent intensities as a function of angle and surface height. Examples are given for surface reconstruction using scattered data as a function of surface height and as the scattered data window is narrowed.
A simple and fast method for cloning and analyzing polymerase chain reaction products

Abstract A method describing a fast and efficient way for cloning polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products is presented that involves end repair and purification of the PCR product, followed by kinasing and ligation to the vector with the use of a temperature gradient. Efficiency of ligation was estimated to be 50%–70%. Following transformation, cells are plated on MacConkey agar. Bacteria from selected colonies are used directly from the plates for screening without any subsequent purification. Using this protocol, PCR products can be efficiently cloned quickly and economically.
Tropfen im Sandstrahl

Molekulare Anziehungskrafte sorgen dafur, dass Flussigkeiten Tropfen bilden. Experimente an der Universitat von Chicago haben jetzt gezeigt, dass Anziehungskrafte im Nanobereich auch in granularen Medien zu Tropfenbildung fuhren konnen, selbst wenn hier die Teilchen makroskopisch und mit blosem Auge sichtbar sind.
The Role of Learning Theory in Building Effective College Ethics Curricula

This theoretical paper provides a framework for developing a college ethics curriculum that emphasizes the development of moral reasoning skills and behaviors. The framework draws heavily from succ...
Formylation of glucose by cefamandole nafate at alkaline pH

An increase in the hydrolysis rate of the formyl moiety of cefamandole nafate was observed when the commercial product was reconstituted in 5% dextrose in water relative to the rate when the formulation was dissolved in water for injection or in 0.9% saline. The increase in ester cleavage was the result of nucleophilic attack of glucose on the formyl ester moiety. This transesterification produced small amounts of D-glucose-6-formate and other D-glucose diformates. The formation of these products is of no clinical significance since the antibiotic potency and stability of cefamandole are unaffected and no toxicological differences were observed in animal studies or in clinical trials when formulated cefamandole nafate was administered with or without glucose.
Characterization and Crystallization of BreR, the TetR Family Member Bile Response Repressor of Vibrio Cholerae

How does Vibrio cholerae sense its environment and alter expression of its genes accordingly? Gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of this process could lead to better strategies to prevent and treat cholera and other bacterial diseases.My focus is on characterizing a bile response transcription regulator BreR and its interaction with DNA using X-ray crystallography and other biophysical techniques. BreR was expressed and purified. BreR formed a homodimer in solution and was homogeneous, according to analytical ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. Crystallization trials of BreR protein alone and the BreR-DNA complex are being carried out. The cocrystals of the BreR-DNA complex have been produced and a dataset at 3A resolution has been collected.The structure of BreR-DNA complex along with other biophysical characterization will give us information about how BreR interacts with DNA and about the ligand binding pocket of BreR. Eventually we hope this information would provide us a foundation to study the network of bile-regulated genes and hopefully help us be better able to prevent and treat cholera.
Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Limits of Detection in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Air-Acetylene and Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flames

Limits of detection have been calculated for the air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames used in atomic absorption spectrometry using the theoretical treatment developed by Winefordner. Values for the parameters were chosen for these calculations to give the lowest possible limits of detection. These calculated values have been compared with experimentally determined limits of detection. Values of the atom fraction, β, are also estimated by means of this comparison. The values for the air-acetylene flame are in fair agreement; however, the comparison of the nitrous oxide flame showed anomalous behavior. An attempt to explain this is made, as well as a general discussion of the results.
Reactive power modulation for inter-area oscillation damping of DFIG-based wind generation

Oscillation damping via variable speed wind generators have been addressed in literature. Among the techniques, active power modulation has been studied. However, active power is closely related with electromagnetic torque. Modulating active power can introduce oscillations in the torque. This is undesired. The objective of this paper is to study an alternative technique - reactive power modulation for inter-area oscillation damping. A two-area four-machine power system with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farm is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. Vector control for rotor-side converter (RSC) of DFIG is modeled. A control scheme based on reactive power modulation for inter-area oscillation damping is proposed. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the control technique.
Analysis of the Multi-Pulsing Instability in Mode-Locked Lasers Using Dynamical Dimension Reduction

We introduce a dimension reduction method for determining the stability of mode-locked pulses and the onset of the multi-pulsing instability. Applying it to the master mode-locking model, operating regimes and high-energy pulses are demonstrated.
Perinatal Periods of Risk: A Community Approach for Using Data to Improve Women and Infants’ Health

This paper provides an overview of the origins, purpose, and methods of the Perinatal Periods of Risk (PPOR) approach to community-based planning for action to improve maternal and infant health outcomes. PPOR includes a new analytic framework that enables urban communities to better understand and address fetal and infant mortality. This article serves as the core reference for accompanying specific PPOR methods and practice articles. PPOR is based on core principles of full community engagement and equity and follows a six stage community-based planning process. In Stage 1, communities are mobilized and engaged, related planning efforts aligned, and community and analytic readiness assessed. In Stage 2, feto-infant mortality is mapped, excess mortality is estimated, likely causes of feto-infant mortality are determined, and appropriate actions are suggested. Stage 3 produces action plans for targeted prevention strategies. Stages 4 and 5 include implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Stage 6 fosters political will to sustain efforts. PPOR can be used in local maternal child health (MCH) practice for improving perinatal outcomes. MCH programs can use PPOR to integrate health assessments, initiate planning, identify significant gaps, target more in-depth inquiry, and suggest clear interventions for lowering feto-infant mortality. PPOR enables greater cooperation in improving MCH through more effective data use, strengthened data capacity, and greater shared understanding of complex infant mortality issues. PPOR offers local health departments and their community partners a comprehensive approach to address the health of women and infants in their jurisdictions.
Portable XRF analysis of zoomorphic figurines, “tokens,” and sling bullets from Chogha Gavaneh, Iran

Abstract This study examines small finds from the site of Chogha Gavaneh, Iran, including zoomorphic clay figurines, geometric-shaped objects (often referred to as “tokens”), and sling bullets in order to investigate the possible social and economic functions of these artifacts. While Chogha Gavaneh has been occupied from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) (ca. 9000 B.C.E) period to the present, we focus on 87 small finds from the Early Chalcolithic period (ca. 5000–4000 B.C.E.). We explore how portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) provides a new line of data with which to test the conventional wisdom about the uses of these small finds. Our findings suggest that local production is unlikely to account for the diversity in the elemental composition of the small finds. We argue that this supports claims that Neolithic and Chalcolithic people exchanged “tokens”. The presence of non-local zoomorphic figurines also raises interesting questions regarding their possible role in past societies.
Carbon isotopic composition of legumes with photosynthetic stems from mediterranean and desert habitats.

The carbon isotopic compositions of leaves and stems of woody legumes growing in coastal mediterranean and inland desert sites in California were compared. The overall goal was to determine what factors were most associated with the carbon isotope composition of photosynthetic stems in these habitats. The carbon isotope signature (d13C) of photosynthetic stems was less negative than that of leaves on the same plants by an average of 1.51 ± 0.42 ;pp. The d13C of bark (cortical chlorenchyma and epidermis) was more negative than that of wood (vascular tissue and pith) from the same plant for all species studied on all dates. Desert woody legumes had a higher d13C (less negative) and a lower intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci ) (for both photosynthetic tissues) than that of woody legumes from mediterranean climate sites. Differences in the d13C of stems among sites could be entirely accounted for by differences among site air temperatures. Thus, the d13C composition of stems did not indicate a difference in whole-plant integrated water use efficiency (WUE) among sites. In contrast, stems on all plants had a lower stem Ci and a higher d13C than leaves on the same plant, indicating that photosynthetic stems improve long-term, whole-plant water use efficiency in a diversity of species.
Determination of the Interday and Intraday Reliability of Serum Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein in a Physically Active Population.

Objective:To determine the intraday and interday reliability of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP) in a physically active population with no history of lower extremity surgery.Design...
Invited talk: CMOS device scaling — Past, present, and future

CMOS technology ushered in the silicon VLSI era over thirty years ago. This talk reviews the history of CMOS devices and projects their future prospects. For any given technology node, CMOS performance is limited by the shortest channel length that can be made while maintaining the integrity of transistor action. The development of the MOSFET scale length theory will be tracked from the 1970s to the present, as it evolves from the one-region model for bulk MOSFETs, to the two-region model for dealing with thick, high-k gate dielectrics, then to the three-region model for multiple-gate MOSFETs such as FinFETs. It gives powerful guidelines that, along with quantum mechanical considerations, allow the projection of scaling limits for bulk, SOI, double-gate, and nanowire MOSFETs.
The Effect of Calcium and Inhibitors on Corn Mitochondrial Respiration

The effects of KCN, antimycin A, malonate, rotenone, and amytal on the oxidation of malate, succinate, and extramitochondrial reduced nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NADH) by corn mitochondria were studied. Potassium cyanide and antimycin A inhibited the oxidation of all three substrates. Rotenone and amytal inhibited only the oxidation of malate, and malonate inhibited only the oxidation of succinate. Rotenone, amytal, and malonate did not inhibit the oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH. The calcium stimulation of the oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH was prevented by KCN and antimycin A but not by amytal, rotenone, or malonate. It is suggested that corn mitochondria possess a flavoprotein specific for extramitochondrial NADH and that this flavoprotein is sensitive to divalent cations.
Photoconductivity of iodine-doped single crystals of phthalocyanine

Single crystals of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) and of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) were grown in the presence of iodine vapour. The presence of iodine enhances the spectral dependence of photoconductivity of H2Pc in the visible region but of CuPc in the near-IR region. The dark current is decreased but the photocurrent is increased by one order of magnitude in iodine-doped H2Pc but in the case of iodine-doped CuPc both currents are increased by nearly three orders of magnitude. Introduction of iodine results in about one order of magnitude decrease in response time for both modifications. Thus the introduction of iodine into Pc crystals decreases the energy barrier for conduction and increases the drift mobility of charge carriers thereby enhancing the conductivity of the material.