cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Theoretical Results Concerning the Convergence of Compositions of Regularized Linear Functions

Recently, sample complexity bounds have been derived for problems involving linear functions such as neural networks and support vector machines. In this paper, we extend some theoretical results in this area by deriving dimensional independent covering number bounds for regularized linear functions under certain regularization conditions. We show that such bounds lead to a class of new methods for training linear classifiers with similar theoretical advantages of the support vector machine. Furthermore, we also present a theoretical analysis for these new methods from the asymptotic statistical point of view. This technique provides better description for large sample behaviors of these algorithms.
Multiple-wavelength conversion with gain by a high-repetition-rate pulsed-pump fiber OPA

The authors propose and demonstrate a novel multiple-wavelength converter with gain, based on a pulsed-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier (OPA). It generates multiple replicas of the signal, as well as spectrally inverted versions. The device is modeled by using quasi-steady-state OPA gain equations, as well as by the split-step Fourier method. Predicted conversion gains of up to 20 dB have been confirmed by experiments. A 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) input signal was converted into several replicas, with penalties ranging from 0.26 to 1.24 dB for frequency shifts of /spl plusmn/k/spl times/100 GHz (k=1, 2, 3, 4).
The Effects of Non-Response in a Prospective Study of Cancer: 15-Year Follow-Up

Out of 11,136 Japanese men identified on the island of Oahu, Hawaii in 1965 by the Honolulu Heart Program, 8006 responded to a mailed questionnaire and were examined. Some 1871 responded only to the mailed questionnaire, and 1259 did not respond at all. After 15 years of follow-up, the examined men had significantly lower risk of death from all causes and death from cancer. Minor differences were also noted between the two groups in the risk of cancer of the lung, stomach, colon, and rectum. However, the examined men had a significantly higher risk of prostate cancer. In general, the strength of these non-response effects was mainly due to risk differences in the first five years of the 15-year follow-up period. The relative risk (RR) of each of the seven endpoint events tended towards 1.0 as each of the three successive five-year follow-up intervals were considered. An exception to this was the prostate cancer incidence RR which favoured the unexamined men throughout the entire 15 years, but significantly so only in the last five-year follow-up interval. When the 8006 examined and 1871 unexamined men who responded to the mailed questionnaire were evaluated with respect to the association of cigarette smoking with lung cancer incidence, the RR for smokers was 9.77 for the examined men, and 6.73 for the unexamined men. Since these RRs are not significantly different, there should be little bias in RR estimates of cigarette smoking for lung cancer if the observation was limited to only the examined men. With regard to the association of body mass index (BMI) with colon cancer in older men, the RRs for men in the highest BMI quintile were quite comparable, at 1.37 for the examined group and 1.60 for the unexamined men. We conclude that although some non-response effects on cancer incidence exist in this cohort, they do not appear to be serious enough to have changed conclusions drawn about risk relationships.
Nutrient shielding in clusters of cells.

Cellular nutrient consumption is influenced by both the nutrient uptake kinetics of an individual cell and the cells’ spatial arrangement. Large cell clusters or colonies have inhibited growth at the cluster's center due to the shielding of nutrients by the cells closer to the surface. We develop an effective medium theory that predicts a thickness l of the outer shell of cells in the cluster that receives enough nutrient to grow. The cells are treated as partially absorbing identical spherical nutrient sinks, and we identify a dimensionless parameter ν that characterizes the absorption strength of each cell. The parameter ν can vary over many orders of magnitude between different cell types, ranging from bacteria and yeast to human tissue. The thickness l decreases with increasing ν, increasing cell volume fraction ϕ, and decreasing ambient nutrient concentration ψ∞. The theoretical results are compared with numerical simulations and experiments. In the latter studies, colonies of budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are grown on glucose media and imaged under a confocal microscope. We measure the growth inside the colonies via a fluorescent protein reporter and compare the experimental and theoretical results for the thickness l.
How to Share Korean Language and Culture with Pre-Service Teachers in the United States.

Many teacher educators believe that pre-service teachers should be aware of their future classroom environment including students who have linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds. This paper is a description of how two teacher educators helped pre-service teachers develop their multicultural awareness in preparation for careers in Early Childhood Education. 74 pre-service teachers participated in the 8-week-long intervention, learning about 8 different topics of Korean language and culture during the 2012 Institute of Early Childhood Education Forum. The authors’ and presenters’ reflections, and participants’ survey data were collected, analyzed, and summarized for the intervention. The study results indicated that considering a variety of instructional strategies could help teacher educators prepare a forum to teach about Korean language and culture in Early Childhood Education and that pre-service teachers could receive benefits from the information offered.
Spin Forces in Large-P⊥2 p-p Elastic Scattering

My talk will have four parts. I will first define the various spin dependent cross sections that can be measured. I will then describe the hardware that is necessary to measure these cross section. Third, I will show some of our recent results on spin effects at large transverse momentum. Finally I will try to say how these results affect our understanding of the short range nucleon-nucleon interaction.
Dynamic modeling and control design of microturbine distributed generation systems

Distributed generation draws increasing attention because of the energy shortage and environmental protection considerations. Furthermore, distribution power generation can improve the power system stability and reliability, providing the local power supply economically. Microturbine based power generation has many applications in distributed generation. In this paper, a mathematical model of a microturbine distributed generation system connected to the utility grid is presented. Two back-to-back power converters are connecting the synchronous generator to the grid. The models of microturbine, synchronous generator, and back-to-back power converters are presented and the corresponding control methods are analyzed and designed. The model is developed in MATLAB and simulation results are shown to verify the system performance.
Broad Shear Range Viscometry of High Polymer Solutions: Polystyrene and Polyisobutene in Decalin

The flow behavior at 25°C for decalin solutions of polystyrenes (PS) of molecular weights up to 7 x 106 and polyisobutenes (PIB) of molecular weights up to 3 x 106 was examined over a wide range of shear rate up to about 105 sec-1 for several polymer concentr: ations. Measurements involved conventional glass capillary viscometers, a Rheometric Mechanical Spectrometer, and custombuilt high-shear concentric cylinder viscometer. Low shear Newtonian viscosities for the higher concentration entanglement region follow the forms η0 = CM0.57 for PS and η0 = CM0-68 for PIB. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine polymer molecular weight, its distribution, and possible change on shearing. Shear degradation was observed for polymers at high values of concentration, molecular weight, and shear stress.
A Behavioral Explanation for Nominal Wage Rigidity During the Great Depression

Nominal wages in manufacturing were left unchanged by the large decline in nominal demand that marked the first two years of the Great Depression. This rigidity in nominal wages is explained using the tools of the behavioral theory of the firm. The emphasis is on the reasons firms changed their decision rules linking fluctuations in final sales to changes in nominal wages.
Transcription Originating in the Long Terminal Repeats of the Endogenous Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus MTV-3 Is Activated in Stat5a-Null Mice and Picks Up Hitchhiking Exons

The enhancer within the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of acquired somatic mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) can activate juxtaposed genes and induce mammary tumors. In contrast, germ line proviral MMTV genomes are integrated in the host genome and considered to be genetically confined transcription units. Here we demonstrate that transcription initiated in an MMTV provirus proceeds into flanking host sequences. We discovered multiple polyadenylated transcripts which are induced in Stat5a null mice. These range from 1.5 kb to more than 8 kb and are specifically expressed in mammary tissue from pregnant and lactating mice from the 129 but not C57BL/6 strain. The RNAs emanate from both LTRs of the endogenous MTV-3 provirus on chromosome 11 and proceed at least 10 kb into the juxtaposed genomic territory. Transcripts originating in the 5′ LTR splice from the native splice site within the MMTV envelope gene into at least six exons, three of which contain functional internal splice sites. The combination of alternative splicing and the use of several polyadenylation sites ensure the generation of multiple transcripts. To date no significant open reading frame has been discovered. Furthermore, we demonstrate that transcription from the MMTV 5′ LTR is highly active in the absence of Stat5a, a transcription factor that had been shown previously to be required for transcription from the MMTV LTR.
Industrial emissions of greenhouse gases

Abstract The global industrial sector accounts for approximately 47% of energy related carbon dioxide emissions, and significant quantities of additional greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released as industrial process gases. CO 2 development trajectories of emissions relative to GDP growth are found to vary considerably among countries. A survey of individual subsectors finds wide discrepancies among countries in releases per unit of production. GHG industrial emissions are currently lower than they were in the mid-1970s in most industrialized countries, and while absolute levels have grown in newly industrializing (developing) countries, the rate of growth has slowed and CO 2 per unit of GDP has dropped in most cases. A number of technical approaches that account for past reductions and future options are identified. For mature industrial economies opportunities for introducing new, lower emitting technologies occur on time scales of a decade or two during natural capital stock turnover, but few policies exist to assure their adoption. Making low emission technologies available to developing countries as they expand their industrial sectors, and to Central and Eastern European economies as they restructure and reindustrialize is essential if industrial GHG emissions are to be curtailed.
Valuations on Functionally Closed Sets of Quantum Mechanical Observables and Von Neumann’s ‘No-Hidden-Variables’ Theorem

Every modal interpretation of quantum mechanics has the following distinctive feature: Given the (pure or mixed) quantum state W of a system with Hilbert space H, the interpretation specifies those self-adjoint operators on H which correspond to observables with definite values in state W.
Hydrochemical modeling of Emerald Lake watershed, Sierra Nevada, California: Sensitivity of stream chemistry to changes in fluxes and model parameters

We applied a detailed hydrochemical model of watershed processes to assess the response of the Emerald Lake watershed in the southern Sierra Nevada to changes in inputs of water, chemicals, and energy and to changes in model parameters. Observations during the 1986 and 1987 water-years were used as base conditions. In 1986 snowfall in the Sierra Nevada was well above average, although chemical fluxes were lower than in 1987, which was a low-accumulation year. The chemical composition of stream water during the early part of snowmelt was sensitive to chemical loading in the snowpack and to snowmelt rate, both of which are subject to year-to-year natural variations and to anthropogenic perturbations. Stream-water chemical composition was also sensitive to uncertainties in the model, including rate of chemical release from the snowpack, nitrogen reactions, and flow routing in the catchment. The largest effects were limited to a period lasting up to a few days, coinciding with the ionic pulse in spring snowmelt. Some significant effects were also apparent during summer rains. Stream waters in late summer and fall were also affected by a faster snowmelt rate, primarily associated with soil drying and lower late-season streamflows. Overall, the analysis suggests that the Emerald Lake basin may be particularly sensitive to acidic loadings in precipitation and to faster snowmelt and thus earlier runoff associated with climate warming. Snowmelt dominates the fluxes of water and chemical species to the soil, streams, and lakes in many alpine areas. The change in snowmelt patterns in response to altered precipitation and energy fluxes affect both the timing and intensity of water and chemical fluxes in a basin. How the snowpack responds to anthropogenic perturbations, such as acid deposition and climate warming, will greatly influence the extent to which these perturbations affect aquatic and terrestrial biota. These effects should be particularly intense during the early spring snowmelt, when a significant fraction of the chemical content of the snowpack is released as an ionic pulse (Bales 1992). Although it may be only a few days in duration, this early, rapid flushing of acids and other ionic species out of the snowpack can result in sufficient lowering of stream pH to adversely affect stream biota. Altered patterns of summer rains and soil moisture may also be significant. Although a detailed hydrologic and geochemical model such as the alpine hydrochemical model (AHM) can serve as an assessment tool, it involves many parameters (Wolford et al. 1996). A good understanding of watershed
The absence of enhancer competition between Igf2 and H19 following transfer into differentiated cells

H19 and Igf2 are reciprocally imprinted genes that lie 90 kb apart on mouse chromosome 7. The two genes are coexpressed during development, with the H19 gene expressed exclusively from the maternal chromosome and Igf2 from the paternal chromosome. It has been proposed that their reciprocal imprinting is governed by a competition between the genes for a common set of enhancers. The competition on the paternal chromosome is influenced by extensive allele-specific methylation of the H19 gene and its 5′ flank, which acts to inhibit H19 transcription and thus indirectly leads to the activation of the Igf2 gene. In contrast, no allele-specific methylation has been detected on the maternal chromosome, and the basis for the preference for H19 transcription on that chromosome is unresolved. In this investigation, the mechanism controlling the silencing of the Igf2 gene on the maternal chromosome was explored by studying the transcriptional activity of a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing Igf2 and H19 following transfer into differentiated tissue culture cells. Contrary to expectations, both H19 and Igf2 were expressed from a single integrated copy of the YAC. Furthermore, Igf2 expression appeared to be independent of the H19 locus, based on deletions of the H19 gene promoter and its enhancers. These results suggest that an active process is responsible for the transcriptional bias toward H19 on the maternal chromosome and that the hypomethylated state of this chromosome cannot be viewed as a “default” state. Moreover, the active process is not reproduced in a differentiated cell and may require passage through the female germ line.
Elementary Teachers' Use of Formative Assessment to Support Students' Learning about Interactions between the Hydrosphere and Geosphere.

ABSTRACT Students' thinking should serve as the foundation of effective science curriculum and instruction. To promote science learning, particularly in the geosciences, teachers must attend to students' existing ideas about natural phenomena through the use of “high-leverage” instructional practices such as formative assessment. Elementary teachers need support to learn to implement formative assessment practices effectively. However, few studies have explored relationships between elementary teachers' content knowledge and formative assessment practices, analysis of students' thinking, and instructional decision making. To begin to address this gap in the literature, we conducted a convergent parallel mixed methods study to examine how elementary teachers employ formative assessment practices to scaffold elementary students' learning about interactions between water and the geosphere, which is a core, unifying concept in the Earth sciences. This research is embedded within a multiyear professional devel...
Income Taxation of Married Couples: Background and Analysis

Congress has considered equity in the taxation of married couples, with three "goals of marriage neutrality, progressivity, and equal taxation of couples with equal incomes," according to Esenwein. In this report, the author reminds readers that though under federal income tax law a married couple is one tax unit, this can mean some married couples pay more income tax than two unmarried taxpayers, penalizing the couple, while other married pairs do not pay as much as two unmarried singles, resulting in a marriage bonus. A table in the report illustrates that marriage tax bonuses are far larger than marriage tax penalties, except for the highest-income-level taxpayers. Potential legislative solutions to equalize the tax treatment of marrieds and singles include two-earner marital deductions, filing of separate returns, and increasing the amount of the standard deduction and width of tax brackets for those filing joint returns. Because there is no solution that will satisfy everyone, compromises and "trade-offs between competing equity goals" are needed, Esenwein suggests.
Incomplete lung recovery following sub-acute inhalation of combustion-derived ultrafine particles in mice

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the six criteria pollutant classes for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exposures to PM have been correlated with increased cardio-pulmonary morbidity and mortality. Butadiene soot (BDS), generated from the incomplete combustion of 1,3-butadiene (BD), is both a model PM mixture and a real-life example of a petrochemical product of incomplete combustion. There are numerous events, including wildfires, accidents at refineries and tank car explosions that result in sub-acute exposure to high levels of airborne particles, with the people exposed facing serious health problems. These real-life events highlight the need to investigate the health effects induced by short-term exposure to elevated levels of PM, as well as to assess whether, and if so, how well these adverse effects are resolved over time. In the present study, we investigated the extent of recovery of mouse lungs 10 days after inhalation exposures to environmentally-relevant levels of BDS aerosols had ended. Female BALB/c mice exposed to either HEPA-filtered air or to BDS (5 mg/m3 in HEPA filtered air, 4 h/day, 21 consecutive days) were sacrificed immediately, or 10 days after the final BDS exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for cytology and cytokine analysis. Lung proteins and RNA were extracted for protein and gene expression analysis. Lung histopathology evaluation also was performed. Sub-acute exposures of mice to hydrocarbon-rich ultrafine particles induced: (1) BALF neutrophil elevation; (2) lung mucosal inflammation, and (3) increased BALF IL-1β concentration; with all three outcomes returning to baseline levels 10 days post-exposure. In contrast, (4) lung connective tissue inflammation persisted 10 days post-exposure; (5) we detected time-dependent up-regulation of biotransformation and oxidative stress genes, with incomplete return to baseline levels; and (6) we observed persistent particle alveolar load following 10 days of recovery. These data show that 10 days after a 21-day exposure to 5 mg/m3 of BDS has ended, incomplete lung recovery promotes a pro-biotransformation, pro-oxidant, and pro-inflammatory milieu, which may be a starting point for potential long-term cardio-pulmonary effects.
The myosin filament. III. C-protein.

Antibody labeling for C-protein observed in fluorescence microscopy shows that C-protein is located only in the middle one-third of each half of the A-band. In electron microscopy the labeling shows up as stripes spaced 430apart. The restricted location of C-protein to these stripes cannot be determined by electron microscopy alone. The earlier assumption that the stripes reflect the axial repeat of the myosin in the myosin filament ( Pepe, 1967 a ) is valid, since C-protein binds to the filaments with the repeat of the underlying molecules ( Pepe et al. , 1975 ; Rome et al. , 1973 ; Pepe, 1972 ). The labeling pattern for C-protein occurs in the same position as part of the labeling pattern for myosin. This explains why similar anti-myosin labeling patterns are observed in fluorescence microscopy regardless of the presence or absence of contaminating antibody to C-protein. In electron microscopy the labeling patterns are clearly different. This can be explained by the difference in detectability of antibody protein in fluorescence and electron microscopy. The antibody labeling experiments show that proteins other than C-protein are also present on the myosin filaments. Although antibody to these other proteins is detectable by antibody labeling, it is not detectable by immuno-diffusion against even the initial crude myosin extract.
Horse-race coverage includes candidates’ policy positions:

This study examines the use of policy issues within horse-race coverage of the 2012 presidential election to determine how such issues were reported in two national newspapers.
Energetics of concurrent pregnancy and lactation in cotton rats and woodrats

Concurrent pregnancy and lactation is common among rodents in spite of the high energetic cost of lactation alone. We compared energy allocation during concurrent pregnancy and lactation in Sigmodon hispidus and Neotoma floridana , species that differ in the extent of overlap between lactation and pregnancy. For females concurrently pregnant and lactating (pregnant group) and for females only lactating (control group), we measured resting metabolism and changes in body mass of females and litters, food consumption, digestive efficiency, and urinary-energy loss of females, and energy equivalents of pup tissue. For both species, pregnant females had significantly higher resting metabolic rates than control females, but allocated the same amount of energy to production of the suckling litter. No other differences were detected for cotton rats. Pregnant woodrats assimilated more energy and produced smaller second litters than controls. Pregnant woodrats also delayed implantation of the litter in utero.
Legerioides, a new genus of Harpellales in isopods and other Trichomycetes from New England, USA

New England (northeastern USA), essen- tially, has not been surveyed for Trichomycetes. Dur- ing two trips to this region, samples of aquatic ar- thropods were collected and dissected for identifica- tion of their gut fungi. Exploratory collections in Massachusetts and New Hampshire yielded a new ge- nus and species of Harpellales found in the hindguts of a common freshwater isopod. Legerioides tumidus is described with comments on the possible range of distribution of this species. As a preliminary assess- ment of the Trichomycetes in New England, the gut fungi associated with various aquatic arthropods are also presented. This paper includes the first report of a Harpellales in Isopoda, the first report of Tri- chomycetes from Trichoptera, the first report of Ec- crinales in Plecoptera, and a new record of Astrepto- nema gammari in North America.
Positioning a Carbon–Fluorine Bond over the π Cloud of an Aromatic Ring: A Different Type of Arene Activation

It is known that the fluoro group has only a small effect on the rates of electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Imagine instead a carbon–fluorine (C−F) bond positioned tightly over the π cloud of an aryl ring—such an orthogonal, noncovalent arrangement could instead stabilize a positively charged arene intermediate or transition state, giving rise to novel electrophilic aromatic substitution chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis and study of molecule 1, containing a rigid C−F⋅⋅⋅Ar interaction that plays a prominent role in both its reaction chemistry and spectroscopy. For example, we established that the C−F⋅⋅⋅Ar interaction can bring about a >1500 fold increase in the relative rate of an aromatic nitration reaction, affording functionalization on the activated ring exclusively. Overall, these results establish fluoro as a through-space directing/activating group that complements the traditional role of fluorine as a slightly deactivating aryl substituent in nitrations.
Investigation on ehinococcosis prevention and treatment knowledge in 72 counties in Gansu province and how to planning the strategy

Objective To investigate the ehinococcosis prevention and treatment knowledge in 72 counties, and provide basis evidence for launching synthetical ehinococcosis prevention and treatment. Methods With stratified-cluster random sampling, 16 administrative villages were selected within 72 ehinococcosis prevalence counties and 20 residents selected randomly in the every villages. Four schools of each county were selected randomly and all the students of higher grade above fourth also employed. Questionnaire investigation was preformed and twenty residents selected randomly and make interview on their general knowledge on ehinococcosis and health behavior. Source of drinking water and the slaughter of livestock were also investigated. Results Right behavior rates in students and residents were 53.72% and 48.19%, respectively. Correct rates of general knowledge on ehinococcosis in students and residents were 56.30% and 43.57%, respectively. The rate of drink water direct from river and pond in all the families of investigated counties was 28.56%. About 24.88% families slaughter livestock in their courtyard. Conclusion Students and residents in all the investigated counties had low general knowledge of ehinococcosis, and incorrect behavior on taking protect measures. The risk factors were still existed. Health education on the population of students and residents should be enhanced.
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in intestinal disease.

Purpose of reviewSeveral gastrointestinal diseases including the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and malignancy are associated with elevated expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). IDO1 initiates tryptophan catabolism along a pathway that generates several bioactive kynurenine-based m
Community-deliverable exercise and anxiety in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Introduction While anxiety is a major public health problem in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases (AORD), the effects of exercise on anxiety in adults are not well established despite numerous studies on this topic. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review with an aggregate data meta-analysis to determine the effects of community-deliverable exercise interventions (aerobic, strength training or both) on anxiety in adults with AORD. Methods and analysis Randomised controlled exercise intervention trials ≥4 weeks and published in any language up to 31 December 2016 will be included. Studies will be retrieved by searching 8 electronic databases, cross-referencing and expert review. Dual selection and abstraction of data will occur. The primary outcome will be changes in anxiety. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment instrument while confidence in the cumulative evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) instrument. Standardised effect sizes for anxiety will be calculated from each study and then pooled using the inverse variance heterogeneity (IVhet) model. Meta-regression based on the IVhet model will be used to examine the relationship between changes in anxiety and selected covariates. Dissemination The results of this study will be presented at a professional conference and published in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number CRD42016048728.
Total Disc Arthroplasty

This chapter summarizes early total disc replacement designs and current cervical and lumbar disc replacements. The chapter focuses on three historical disc replacement designs evaluated in patients: Fernstrom spheres, the AcroFlex artificial disc, and the Charite artificial disc. From a historical and implant design perspective Fernstrom was the first pioneer of disc arthroplasty. His work introduced the notion that a motion-preserving interbody prosthesis might possibly avoid undesirable complications of spine fusion procedures. Fernstrom's work also provides some evidence, albeit extremely limited, that metallic disc replacement components were biocompatible when implanted as bearing materials in the intervertebral disc space to articulate against the end plates. The AcroFlex artificial disc represents a major evolutionary step in the conceptual design of total disc arthroplasties, especially when juxtaposed against the much simpler design of the Fernstrom sphere. The Charite design, formally known as the SB Charite artificial disc by its inventors, basically consists of two metallic end plates fixed to the adjacent vertebral bodies, which articulate against a central core fabricated from ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).
Light-Emitting Diodes for Solid-State Refrigeration

Electroluminescence, the conversion of electrons into externally emitted photons, is an intrinsic cooling process in a light-emitting diode as long as the applied voltage is less than the photon energy. When the diode is sufficiently efficient so that cooling due to electroluminescence surpasses heating due to internal losses, it becomes a solid-state refrigerator. We present the theoretical performance limits of a solid-state refrigerator that combines an optimized GaAs light-emitting diode and a GaAs photovoltaic cell. We show that at moderate power densities, this optoelectronic refrigerator can outperform thermoelectric coolers in cooling efficiency and is also a viable technology for cryogenic cooling applications.
Functions with Continuous Upper and Lower Envelopes

Given a real-valued upper semicontinuous function h and a real-valued lower semicontinuous function g on a metric space such that (1) h ≥ g pointwise and (2) h(x) = g(x) at each isolated point of the space, it is not in general possible to find a real-valued function f whose upper envelope is h and whose lower envelope is g, even if the space is compact and dense-in-itself. The purpose of this note is to show that such an f exists in the case that both h and g are continuous, and that f can be chosen to be a Borel function.
The emergence of top-down, sensory prediction during learning in infancy: A comparison of full-term and preterm infants

Prematurity alters developmental trajectories in preterm infants even in the absence of medical complications. Here, we use fNIRS and learning tasks to probe the nature of the developmental differences between preterm and full-term born infants. Our recent work has found that prematurity disrupts the ability to engage in top-down sensory prediction after learning. We now examine the neural changes during the learning that precede prediction. In full-terms, we found modulation of all cortical regions examined during learning (temporal, frontal, and occipital). By contrast, preterm infants had no evidence of neural changes in the occipital lobe selectively. This is striking as the learning task leads to the emergence of visual prediction. Moreover, the shape of individual infants' occipital lobe trajectories (regardless of prematurity) predicts subsequent visual prediction abilities. These results suggest that modulation of sensory cortices during learning is closely related to the emergence of top-down signals and further indicates that developmental differences in premature infants may be associated with deficits in top-down processing.
Assessment of nanoparticles dispersion in asphalt during bubble escaping and bursting: Nano hydrated lime modified foamed asphalt

Abstract Saving mixing energy by using escaping and bursting bubbles during the production process of nanomaterial-modified water-foamed asphalt is a novel preparation idea, which can be taken as one type of cleaner physical warm-mix asphalt technology. The objective of this study is to assess the dispersal of nano hydrated lime (NHL) particles in the asphalt using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test, and to evaluate the physical properties of NHL modified water-foamed asphalt (NMFA). In this study, the NHL and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (C12H25C6H4SO3Na) were added to the water to form suspensions, and the suspensions were mixed with asphalt to form NMFA. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) test was used in order to understand the NMFA’s microstructure and dispersal of NHL in water-foamed asphalt. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and the asphalt binder cracking device (ABCD) were also used to evaluate the high temperature and low temperature performance of NMFAs, respectively. The SEM images show that the NHL particles were well dispersed in the water-foamed asphalt while the XRD test results confirmed it and demonstrated that the NMFAs may form an intercalated microstructure. In addition, the presence of NHL reinforcement in the water-foamed asphalt stiffens the asphalt, consequently decreasing the rutting potential. The addition of NHL also increased the low temperature cracking resistance of NMFAs, i.e. decreased the cracking temperature and increased the fracture stress.
THE PROCESS CAPABILITY MATRIX: A TOOL FOR MANUFACTURING VARIATION ANALYSIS AT THE SYSTEMS LEVEL

This paper introduces the concept of a process capability matrix – an ordered set of dimensionless parameters that capture information on a manufacturing system’s response to noises. The matrix captures information on the magnitude of noise, sensitivity to noise, and tolerance to variation. Algorithms and equations are presented that use the matrix to compute the yield of a manufacturing system. The method proves to be accurate on real engineering problems for which existing techniques are inadequate due to statistical correlation among product acceptance criteria. The process capability matrix also proves useful in a new type of block diagram of production systems. The block diagrams are shown to be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of feedforward control strategies for variation reduction. An electronics assembly process serves as an example of the algorithms and their use in design decision
Some Properties of Eutectic “Crystals” of MnO-MnS

The lamellar eutectic structure of MnO and MnS has a [112] growth direction and a (111) interface plane for both phases. Thus the microstructure presents a two-phase “crystal” with one orientation. Slip bands were not noticeably influenced by phase boundaries. Hardness values vary with microstructural alignment. Wider lamellae introduced greater hardness. The thermal expansion of the eutectic is slightly less than either MnS or MnO alone.
Resveratrol-Inspired Bridged Bicyclic Compounds: A New Compound Class for the Protection of Synaptic Function from Acute Oxidative Stress

While resveratrol protects organisms from the deleterious effects of oxidative stress, its multifarious mechanism of action limits its potential as a selective medicinal agent. To address this shortcoming, we have designed a molecular scaffold that we have termed a resveramorph. The structure of this compound class possesses much of the functional group characteristics of resveratrol but in a nonplanar molecular arrangement, and, in the present work, we probe the neuroprotective activities of two resveramorph analogues. These novel compounds were found to protect neurotransmission from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrate that, at a subnanomolar level, one analogue, resveramorph 1, protects synaptic transmission from acute oxidative stress at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. These results position resveramorphs as potential lead compounds in the development of new drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Predictive Validity of a Caries Risk Assessment Model at a Dental School.

Caries risk assessment (CRA) is an essential component informing clinical decision making for personalized caries management. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive validity of the CRA model used at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Data from patients treated in the school’s adult integrated clinics between 2011 and 2014 who had a CRA documented were accessed from the electronic health record. Data extracted included caries risk category, date of reassessments, presence of caries risk indicators/factors, and treatments completed. Out of 2,449 patients who had a CRA completed in 2011, 447 had one or more reassessments at least 180 days after the initial CRA. Caries risk status was significantly associated (p
Using A-Train Observations to Evaluate Cloud Occurrence and Radiative Effects in the Community Atmosphere Model during the Southeast Asia Summer Monsoon

AbstractThe distribution of clouds and their radiative effects in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), are compared to A-Train satellite data in Southeast Asia during the summer monsoo...
The Stability of Wavelet-Like Expansions in $$A_\infty $$A∞ Weighted Spaces

We prove $$L^p$$ boundedness in $$A_\infty $$ weighted spaces for operators defined by almost-orthogonal expansions indexed over the dyadic cubes. The constituent functions in the almost-orthogonal families satisfy weak decay, smoothness, and cancellation conditions. We prove that these expansions are stable (with respect to the $$L^p$$ operator norm) when the constituent functions suffer small dilation and translation errors.
Genetic Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Bat-borne Hantaviruses.

The recent discovery that multiple species of shrews and moles (order Eulipotyphla, families Soricidae and Talpidae) from Europe, Asia, Africa and/or North America harbour genetically distinct viruses belonging to the family Hantaviridae (order Bunyavirales) has prompted a further exploration of their host diversification. In analysing thousands of frozen, RNAlater-preserved and ethanol-fixed tissues from bats (order Chiroptera) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), ten hantaviruses have been detected to date in bat species belonging to the suborder Yinpterochiroptera (families Hipposideridae, Pteropodidae and Rhinolophidae) and the suborder Yangochiroptera (families Emballonuriade, Nycteridae and Vespertilionidae). Of these, six hantaviruses are from Asia (Xuân Son virus and Dakrong virus in Vietnam; Laibin virus in China and Myanmar; Huangpi virus and Longquan virus in China; and Quezon virus in the Philippines); three are from Africa (Mouyassue virus in Cote d'Ivoire and Ethiopia; Magboi virus in Sierra Leone; and Makokou virus in Gabon); and one from Europe (Brno virus in the Czech Republic). Molecular identification of many more bat-borne hantaviruses is expected. However, thus far, none of these newfound viruses has been isolated in cell culture and it is unclear if they cause infection or disease in humans. Future research must focus on myriad unanswered questions about the genetic diversity and geographic distribution, as well as the pathogenic potential, of bat-borne viruses of the family Hantaviridae.
Understanding Which Teenagers Benefit Most From a Brief Primary Care Substance Use Intervention

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The primary care (PC) setting provides an opportunity to address adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. We examined moderators of effectiveness for a PC brief motivational intervention on adolescents’ alcohol and marijuana use and consequences 1 year later. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 4 PC clinics from April 2013 to November 2015 and followed adolescents using Web-based surveys. We examined whether demographic factors and severity of use moderated 12-month outcomes. Adolescents aged 12 through 18 were screened by using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Screening Guide. Those identified as at risk were randomly assigned to the intervention (CHAT) or to usual care (UC). RESULTS: The sample (n = 294) was 58% female, 66% Hispanic, 17% African American, 12% white, and 5% multiethnic or of other race with an average age of 16 years. After controlling for baseline values of outcomes, teens in CHAT who reported more negative consequences from drinking or had an alcohol use disorder at baseline reported less alcohol use, heavy drinking, and consequences 1 year later compared with teens in UC. Similarly, teens in CHAT with more negative consequences from marijuana use at baseline reported less marijuana use 1 year later compared with teens in UC; however, teens in CHAT who reported fewer marijuana consequences at baseline reported greater marijuana use 1 year later compared with teens in UC. CONCLUSIONS: A brief intervention can be efficacious over the long-term for adolescents who report problems from alcohol and marijuana use. Findings emphasize the importance of both screening and intervention in at-risk adolescents in PC.
Strengthening the State

International law has always relied on States for its implementation. While international regulatory bodies have proliferated in recent years-in some cases even acquiring the power to impose sanctions for non compliance-the actual fulfillment of international commitments has remained with States. National legislatures, regulatory agencies, courts, and police forces translate increasingly complex international obligations into desired changes in behavior. International supervision, to the extent it exists, is supervision of compliant (or non-compliant) activity by States. With the explosion in multilateral treaty regimes since World War II, the sheer number of international obligations to be implemented has increased dramatically. The United Nations (UN) Secretary-General now acts as depository for some 486 multilateral treaties, only thirty-three of which predate 1945.1 Regional treaty regimes have also proliferated.2 This expansion in treaty obligations has been qualitative as well as quantitative. Recent instruments require States to alter law and practice in virtually every area of governance: from the environment, to criminal justice, to all manner of health and safety regulations potentially creating non-tariff barriers to trade.3 In some cases, these new obligations complement States' existing
CaMKII versus DAPK1 Binding to GluN2B in Ischemic Neuronal Cell Death after Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest

Summary DAPK1 binding to GluN2B was prominently reported to mediate ischemic cell death in vivo. DAPK1 and CaMKII bind to the same GluN2B region, and their binding is mutually exclusive. Here, we show that mutating the binding region on GluN2B (L1298A/R1300Q) protected against neuronal cell death induced by cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation. Importantly, the GluN2B mutation selectively abolished only CaMKII, but not DAPK1, binding. During ischemic or excitotoxic insults, CaMKII further accumulated at excitatory synapses, and this accumulation was mediated by GluN2B binding. Interestingly, extra-synaptic GluN2B decreased after ischemia, but its relative association with DAPK1 increased. Thus, ischemic neuronal death requires CaMKII binding to synaptic GluN2B, whereas any potential role for DAPK1 binding is restricted to a different, likely extra-synaptic population of GluN2B.
Flexible-Time Economic Iterative Learning Control: A Case Study in Airborne Wind Energy

This paper applies a unique variant of point-to-point iterative learning control, wherein total iteration times are made flexible in order to truly maximize an economic performance index, to the problem of crosswind flight control in an airborne wind energy system. The mathematical formulation relies on a lifted system representation that is specified without explicit reference to time, along with relaxed waypoint following constraints (termed region-to-region constraints) that ultimately allow for flexible waypoint arrival times. The approach is applied to a simplified 2D model of an airborne wind energy system that executes repetitive crosswind motions with the ultimate (economic) goal of maximizing its net energy output.
DNA Analogues Modified at the Nonlinking Positions of Phosphorus.

ConspectusChemically modified oligonucleotides are being developed as a new class of medicines for curing conditions that previously remained untreatable. Three primary classes of therapeutic oligo...
Nothing about us without us: community development as human resource development

This article reports the findings from an exploratory and qualitative case study to understand how 34 leaders from 17 community-based non-profit organizations located in a municipality within the U...
ABCA7 and the altered lipidostasis hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.

We propose the altered lipidostasis hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It holds that vulnerable neurons of the entorhinal region generate a neurodegenerative lipid during normal function, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7) protects from AD pathogenesis by removing it out of the cell, generation of the lipid increases with age, and the minimal amount of ABCA7 needed to dispose of the rising volumes of the lipid also increases with age. A survey of ABCA7 protein levels in the hippocampus or parietal cortex of 123 individuals with or without AD neuropathology showed that individuals with low ABCA7 developed AD neuropathology at a younger age, those with intermediate ABCA7 developed it later, and individuals who developed it very late had high ABCA7, the same as the youngest controls. ABC transporters closely similar to ABCA7 protect cells by removing toxic lipids. ABCA7 may have analogous functions. The hypothesis predicts lipidosis and membrane protein dysfunction in neurons with low ABCA7. Further work will identify the neurodegenerative lipid and determine approaches to exploit ABCA7 for therapeutic purposes.