cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallographic Characterization of Dipyridylamine Derivatives

Dipyridylamine has been coupled with phenyl groups to yield new organic ligands. During the course of one reaction a lithium salt of dipyridylamine was isolated as the product. These new compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, which reveals that π–π stacking interactions as well as hydrogen bonding permeate the isolated compounds in the solid state. BrPhDPA, compound 1, crystallizes in the monoclinic P21 space group with cell parameters a = 5.8291(1), b = 8.8504(2), c = 13.2341(3) A and β = 91.928(1)°. 3-ThPh(DPA)2, compound 4, crystallizes in the orthorhombic C2/c space group with cell parameters a = 14.8033(7), b = 11.4124(4), c = 16.11780(7) A and β = 115.911(3)°. Finally the lithium salt, [Li(HDPA)(H2O)2](H2DPA)(Cl)2(H2O), compound 5, crystallizes in the monoclinic Cmcm space group with cell parameters a = 14.043(3), b = 12.370(3) and c = 13.389(3) A. Aromatic derivatives of dipyridylamine have been isolated and crystallographically characterized, showing π–π stacking and C–H···π interactions and an interesting Li+ coordination compound.
Sensory transduction of the ischemic myocardium

reflex control of cardiac function is dependent on the transduction of the sensory milieu in cardiac tissues and within major intrathoracic and cervical blood vessels. Transduction can involve mechanosensitive and/or chemosensitive inputs. Reflexes for the control of autonomic efferent outflows to
The retropharyngeal prevertebral soft tissues revisited

Contour changes and widening of the retropharyngeal prevertebral soft tissues more than 7 mm are regarded as reliable signs of underlying cervical vertebral injury. Although these signs often are useful in identifying occult trauma, one should be aware that there are many other conditions that result in retropharyngeal widening. These entities include hematoma of other origin, abscess, vascular anomaly, intubation, crying child, and swallowing. This pictorial essay illustrates these entities. Trauma patients with wide retropharyngeal soft tissues, in the absence of other findings, should undergo cervical flexion and extension radiographs to rule out ligamentous disruption. In addition, the other causes of soft tissue widening should be sought.
Boolean combinations of r.e. open sets

In [2], [3], J. Grassin characterized those classes of sets which are expressible as a Boolean combination of open sets in the Baire topology on the power set of the natural numbers. From this characterization he deduced that if is a Boolean combination of recursive open sets, then the minimum length for any Boolean combination representing can be realized using recursive open sets.
A biologically inspired neural oscillator network for geospatial analysis

A biologically plausible neurodynamical approach to scene segmentation based on oscillatory correlation theory is investigated. A network of relaxation oscillators, which is based on the Locally Excitatory Globally Inhibitory Oscillator Network (LEGION), is constructed and adapted to geospatial data with varying ranges and precision. This nonlinear dynamical network is capable of achieving segmentation of objects in a scene by the synchronization of oscillators that receive local excitatory inputs from a collection of local neighbors and desynchronization between oscillators corresponding to different objects. The original LEGION model is sensitive to several aspects of the data that are encountered in real imagery, and achieving good performance across these different data types requires the constant adjusting of parameters that control excitatory and inhibitory connections. In this effort, the connections in the oscillator network are modified to reduce this sensitivity with the goal to eliminate the need for parameter adjustment. We assess the ability of the proposed approach to perform natural and urban scene segmentation for geospatial analysis. Our approach is tested on simulated scene data as well as real imagery with varying gray shade ranges and scene complexity.
General solution for flow and stress phenomena in elastic vessels (Navier-Stokes)

A method is developed for a full nonlinear evaluation of all velocities and stresses represented in the Navier-Stokes equations and in the general stress tensor. The information required is essentially that for solution of linearized forms. The solution is analytical except for the calculation of the axial velocity, which requires computer assistance to step through time and space. The treatment of the problem, although directed towards solutions involving fluid flow in elastic vessels, is also adaptable to solid deformations (strain vs rate of strain) where the general stress tensor applies. A special case for the distorting ellipse is presented as well as a limited, spatially analytic, solution.
Dominant Inheritance of Absence of the Breast

A family is described in which congenital absence or hypoplasia of one or both breats was reported in 7 individuals throughout 4 generations. As far as is known, the affected individuals had no other significant anomalies and no evidence of generalized ectodermal dysplasia. Failure of breast development in this family is most likely an autosomal or X-linked dominant disorder.
A macrophage migration inhibitory factor promoter polymorphism is associated with high-density parasitemia in children with malaria.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses to bacterial and parasitic infections. Functional promoter variants in the MIF gene influence susceptibility to inflammatory diseases in Caucasians. As the role of genetic variation in the MIF gene in conditioning malaria disease outcomes is largely unexplored, the relationship between a G to C transition at MIF −173 and susceptibility to high-density parasitemia (HDP) and severe malarial anemia (SMA) was examined in Kenyan children (aged 3–36 months; n=477) in a holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission region. In a multivariate model, controlling for age, gender, HIV-1 status, and sickle-cell trait, MIF −173CC was associated with an increased risk of HDP compared to MIF −173GG. No significant associations were found between MIF −173 genotypic variants and susceptibility to SMA. Additional studies demonstrated that homozygous G alleles were associated with lower basal circulating MIF levels relative to the GC group. However, stimulation of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells with malarial pigment (hemozoin) increased MIF production in the GG group and decreased MIF production in the GC group. Thus, variability at MIF −173 is associated with functional changes in MIF production and susceptibility to HDP in children with malaria.
Inviscid separation in steady planar flows

This paper addresses the unsolved classical problem of the indeterminacy of steady, inviscid, incompressible vortical planar flows due to inviscid separation. We prove that any inviscid steady flow is "totally nonunique" in the following sense: there are a continuum of possible solutions involving recirculation zones that can be always inserted into such a flow satisfying the same boundary conditions. For sufficiently large inflow vorticity (a flow past a smoothing screen gives an example of inflow vorticity generation), the formation of a separation zone is inevitable. Various additional phenomenological conditions to achieve uniqueness and to determine the flow in the separation zone are evaluated, including the frequently used analytic continuation method. We reveal a new 'measure paradox' in inviscid hydrodynamics: as inflow of discontinuous vorticity increases, one streamline transforms into a stagnation zone of finite area. We focus on this new steady stagnation zone flow model with continuous velocity distribution. We prove existence and uniqueness theorems for stagnant separation zones and show that the kinetic energy of the entire flow domain is minimized when it contains a separation zone which is stagnant. We consider vortical channel flows with different inflow vorticity distributions and show that a totally quiescent stagnation zone model occurs in the limit as the inflow vorticity becomes discontinuous. For a smooth, but large-gradient vorticity distribution a quasi-stagnant zone occurs. It is shown that the analytic continuation model applied to an irrotational channel flow with a slender vortical core (the planar analog of the Rankine vortex) yields "vorticity breakdown" – a phenomenon somewhat similar to vortex breakdown in swirling flows. Nonuniqueness and hysteresis-related multiple solutions are inherent to those solutions with recirculation zones where very large (physically unrealistic) reversed flow appears. Being free from these drawbacks, the stagnation zone model appears to be superior. A numerical investigation of a vortical flow in a square domain confirms the existence of a critical value of inflow vorticity, leading to steady or permanently unsteady flow regimes.
Suicide Attempts Among Formerly Hospitalized Adolescents: A Prospective Naturalistic Study of Risk During the First 5 Years After Discharge

ABSTRACT Objective To examine risk for suicide attempts among 180 consecutively referred adolescents during the first 5 years after discharge from an inpatient psychiatry unit. Method In a prospective naturalistic study, adolescents were assessed at psychiatric hospitalization and semiannually thereafter for up to 5 years with semistructured psychiatric diagnostic interviews and self-report questionnaires. Results Approximately 25% of the adolescents attempted suicide and no adolescents completed suicide within the first 5 years after discharge. The first 6 months to 1 year after discharge represented the period of highest risk. The number of prior attempts was the strongest predictor of posthospitalization attempts. Affective disorders by themselves did not predict later suicide attempts but were related to posthospitalization attempts when accompanied by a history of past suicide attempts. Independent of psychiatric diagnoses, severity of depressive symptoms and trait anxiety also predicted suicide attempts. Similar to the effect with affective disorders, depressive symptoms were most strongly related to posthospitalization suicidality among adolescents with a prior history of suicide attempts. Conclusions Particularly among youths with prior suicidal behavior, clinicians should be alert to the above constellation of psychiatric predictors of posthospitalization suicidal behavior.
Women's roles in a disaster

Abstract In this study I examine women's roles in the 1997 Grand Forks flood. Based on field research and sixty in-depth interviews, I explore women's community, family, and work roles before, during, and after the disaster. By examining the ways in which women's roles shifted and the meanings the women attached to the roles, I find that the women experienced role accumulation, which resulted in an expansion of both their roles and their sense of self. By successfully performing the “greedy” family role, the emergent community role, and expanding work roles the women often discovered a new sense of confidence, self-worth, and competence.
A frequency-domain training approach for equalization and noise suppression in discrete multitone systems

In discrete multitone (DMT) transceivers, a time-domain equalizer (TEQ) is used to shorten the effective channel impulse response such that a shorter cyclic prefix can be used. In this paper, we pose the TEQ design problem completely in the frequency domain by defining a frequency-domain weighted least-squares cost function. The definition of the frequency-domain TEQ design criterion, we show, allows for the introduction of a weighting function to control the spectral shape of the TEQ, and facilitates important extensions particularly useful for the DMT system. The TEQ can be used to suppress the noise and interference in the DMT system, a feature especially useful in the frequency division multiplexing-based DMT system. Also, in the echo-cancellation-based DMT system, the TEQ can be used to jointly shorten the echo response thus reducing the complexity of the echo canceler. We present corresponding algorithms for these two objectives and simulation results, which show that the weighted frequency-domain least-squares algorithm and the two extensions we derive can achieve the shortening (channel or channel and echo) as well as noise suppression objectives effectively.
Surgeons who test positive for hepatitis C should be transferred to low risk duties.

HCV-infected surgeons may transmit HCV to patients during exposure-prone procedures. Current UK policy allows HCV-infected surgeons to practise unrestricted unless they have been associated with transmission, and, at present, surgeons are not routinely tested for HCV infection. The overall outcome for patients exposed to an HCV-infected surgeon may be worse than that for patients exposed to a surgeon who is an HBeAg negative carrier of HBV. However, because most acute HCV infections are anicteric, surgeon associated HCV transmission is less likely to be detected by surveillance. Surgeons have been observed to sustain intraoperative injuries in around 5% of procedures. If surgeons were required to report every intraoperative injury and to be tested to determine whether the patient could have been exposed to HCV, compliant surgeons would be tested for HCV at least annually. Investigations of HBV transmission, however, have suggested that patients may be exposed to a surgeon's blood in as many as 1 in 5 procedures, and that much surgeon to patient transmission is the result of inapparent intraoperative exposure, which the surgeon does not recognise. Thus, requiring surgeons to report intraoperative injuries would not identify all those patients who might have been exposed to HCV, and, since no vaccine or prophylaxis is available, could not prevent infection. A more satisfactory alternative is regular testing of surgeons for HCV, coupled with restriction of practice of those found to be infected. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The abortive revolution continues: East German civil-rights activists since unification

What has become of the groups and individuals that were so prominent in the movements that toppled Communist rule in Eastern Europe in 1989? In Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary, many of them such as Lech Walesa, Adam Michnik, Vaclav Havel, and Janos Kis have continued to play a leading part in the project of reconstruction. At the same time, many have been shoved aside in the post-revolutionary squabbling. The skills, attitudes, and values that proved so useful in opposition have lost their relevance in the nitty-gritty of party politicking. More broadly, intellectuals often lonely heroes revered as the standard-bearers of national redemption in the dark years of Communist rule have lost much of their cachet, as mass-market culture floods in from the West and the problems of economic reform take precedence over the vaunted freedoms of "civil society."
The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings. David F. Lancy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008. ix+466 pp.

In a 2002 article, provocatively titled, “Why Don’t Anthropologists Like Children?” Lawrence Hirschfield argues that anthropologists have curiously marginalized children within their ethnographic accounts (2002: 611). David Lancy’s The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings, began as a refutation of Hirschfield’s accusation. Lancy remarks that, as someone who had devoted his career to the study of childhood, he was personally affronted (2008: ix). He notes that, unlike Hirschfield, he found no difficulty in finding dozens of accounts of childhood in the ethnographic record. Why were others not aware of this “treasure trove” of material? Lancy’s suggestion is that this is due to the balkanization of the field in which “Anthropologists who study schools [...] may not pay much attention to the work of ethnographers studying children learning to farm or hunt. Anthropologists looking at language socialization; archaeologists studying mortuary practices; biobehavioral anthropologists studying fertility – these and numerous lines of inquiry run in parallel, rarely crossing” (2008: ix). This text is thus determinedly holistic in its approach, aiming to dismantle artificial disciplinary divides and presenting a comprehensive overview of the anthropological study of childhood.
The relative effectiveness of concept-based versus content-based video retrieval

Three video search systems were compared in the interactive search task at the TRECVID 2003 workshop: a text-only system, which searched video shots through transcripts; a features-only system, which searched video shots through 16 video content features (e.g., airplanes and people); and a combined system, which searched through both transcripts and content features. 36 participants each completed 12 video search tasks. The hypothesis that the combined system would perform better than both the text-only and the features-only systems was not supported, and large topic effects were found. Further analysis showed that concept-based video retrieval worked best for specific topics, whereas the hybrid retrieval techniques which combine both concept- and content-based video retrieval showed some advantage when searching for generic topics. The results have implications for topic/task analysis for video retrieval research, and also for the implementation of hybrid video retrieval systems.
Supply contracts in manufacturer‐retailer interactions with manufacturer‐quality and retailer effort‐induced demand

We consider a decentralized distribution channel where demand depends on the manufacturer-chosen quality of the product and the selling effort chosen by the retailer. The cost of selling effort is private information for the retailer. We consider three different types of supply contracts in this article: price-only contract where the manufacturer sets a wholesale price; fixed-fee contract where manufacturer sells at marginal cost but charges a fixed (transfer) fee; and, general franchise contract where manufac- turer sets a wholesale price and charges a fixed fee as well. The fixed-fee and general franchise contracts are referred to as two-part tariff contracts. For each contract type, we study different contract forms including individual, menu, and pooling contracts. In the analysis of the different types and forms of contracts, we show that the price only contract is dominated by the general franchise menu contract. However, the manufacturer may prefer to offer the fixed-fee individual contract as compared to the general franchise contract when the retailer's reservation utility and degree of information asymmetry in costs are high. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 55: 200-217, 2008
Differential repetition of common versus uncommon word associations

The tendency to repeat common versus uncommon word associations was investigated using 127 Ss. Each had two administrations of a 100-word association list, with 86 Ss instructed on their second administration to repeat the responses made originally, and with 41 Ss not specifically instructed to repeat. For both groups, the mean number of common associations repeated was significantly greater than the mean number of uncommon associations.
Slow flow through a periodic array of spheres

Abstract Slow flow through a periodic array of spheres is studied theoretically, and the drag force by the fluid on a sphere forming the periodic array is calculated using a modification of the method developed by Hashimoto (1959). Results for the complete range of volume fraction c of spheres are given for simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic arrays and these agree well with the corresponding values reported by previous investigators. Also, series expansions for the drag force to 0( c 10 ) are derived for each of these cubic arrays. The method is also applied to determine the drag force to 0( c 3 ) on infinitely long cylinders in square and hexagonal arrays.
Power Dusting with Organophosphorus Insecticides to Control the Sheep Ked

Power dusting of shorn sheep in spring with 1% coumaphos eradicated infestations of Melophagus ovinus (L.) at our recommended application rates of 2.5–3 lb/min. Generally, high reductions but not eradication were provided by coumaphos 0.5%, crotoxyphos 3%, stirofos 3 and 5%, and phosmet 1%. Ronnel 1% applied below recommended rates did not eradicate infestations. Shearing sheep before lambing reduced populations of sheep keds an average 77% compared with the populations on flocks sheared after lambing.
Wetting of molten indium under short-time microgravity

The wetting of molten indium on quartz glass was investigated under short-time microgravity. The shape of molten indium under normal gravity was ellipsoidal and the shape under microgravity was spherical. The contact angles under microgravity were smaller than those under normal gravity and were constant during the microgravity condition. The contact angles under normal gravity and under microgravity decreased with increasing temperature. The contact angles decreased and the difference of contact area between normal gravity and microgravity increased with the amount of indium per droplet. Work of adhesion between molten indium and quartz glass was evaluated using the contact area and the potential energy of the droplet in the change from normal gravity to microgravity.
Preliminary investigation of the confidence of sport spectators: importance of time, difficulty of the game, and team identification.

Three factors believed to play a role in the confidence sport spectors have in their team were examined: time until the competition began, the difficulty of the competition, and the fans' scores on identification with the team. 31 college students were asked to complete the Confidence subscale of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 on five separate occasions: 3 days before, 12 hours before, 3 hours before, immediately prior to, and at half-time of two basketball contests. Subjects also completed the Sport Spectator Identification Scale during the first testing session. Analysis indicated that subjects' confidence changed significantly as the competition approached but only for the more difficult contest. Further, highly and lowly identified subjects exhibited different patterns of confidence as the difficult competition approached. Language: en
Measuring Public Corruption in the American States: A Survey of State House Reporters

We use a survey of State House reporters to measure corruption in state government and assess the priority federal prosecutors place on corruption investigations. The reliability and validity of the corruption measures are assessed, as are the relationships among corruption level, federal prosecutorial effort, and the number of federal prosecutions. Federal corruption prosecutions are positively correlated with both corruption and prosecutorial effort. Hence, we argue that federal prosecution data provide a potentially biased and unreliable measure of state public corruption.
A remote control room at DIII-D

Abstract This paper describes a remote control room built at DIII-D to support remote participation activities of DIII-D research staff. In order to create a persistent, efficient, and reliable remote participation environment for DIII-D scientists, a remote control room has been built in a 640-ft 2 dedicated area. The purpose of this room is to experiment and define a remote control room framework that can facilitate the remote participation needs of current and future fusion experiments such as ITER. A variety of hardware equipment has been installed and several remote participation and collaboration technologies have been deployed. Objectivity and practical consideration has been the key while designing the room and deploying the technologies. Although, the DIII-D remote control room is still a work in progress and new software tools are being implemented, it has been already useful for a number of international remote participation activities. For example, it has been used for remote support of the EAST Tokamak in China during the start up operation and proven effective for other collaborative experiment activities. The description of the remote control room design is given along with technologies deployed for remote collaboration needs. We will also discuss our recent experiences involving the DIII-D remote control room as well as future plans for improvements.
MICROSPHERE ATTACHMENT INDUCES GLYCOPROTEIN REDISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALING IN THE CHLAMYDOMONAS FLAGELLUM

The biflagellate green algaChlamydomonas can exhibit substrate-associated gliding motility in addition to its ability to swim through a liquid medium. The flagella are the organelles responsible for both forms of whole-cell locomotion although the mechanism in each case is very different. In this study, we demonstrate that the binding of polystyrene microspheres to the flagellar surface ofChlamydomonas initiates clustering of the major flagellar-membrane glycoprotein, which is known to be involved in motility-associated substrate adhesion. In addition, we demonstrate that microsphere binding to the flagellar surface initiates the same transmembrane signaling pathway that is initiated by antibody- or lectin-induced crosslinking of the major flagellar-membrane glycoprotein. In each case, the signaling pathway involves the activation of a calciumdependent protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates a flagellar phosphoprotein known to be associated with the major flagellar-membrane glycoprotein. Bound microspheres are translocated along the flagellar surface at approximately the same velocity as whole-cell gliding motility. Previous observations suggest that microsphere binding and translocation along the flagellar surface may be a reflection of the same force-transducing system responsible for whole-cell gliding motility. In which case, these observations suggest that the transmembrane signaling pathway initiated by crosslinking the major flagellar-membrane glycoprotein is the same one that is activated when the cell contacts a physiological substrate by its flagellar surface.
Characterization of a novel RNA regulator of Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora that controls production of extracellular enzymes and secondary metabolites

The enterobacterium Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora strain 71 (hereafter Ecc71) produces extracellular enzymes such as pectate lyase isozymes (Pels), cellulase (Cel), polygalacturonase (Peh) and protease (Prt). These enzymes degrade plant cell wall components and are largely responsible for the elicitation of soft-rot diseases in plants and plant products. Ecc71 also produces HarpinEcc, the elicitor of hypersensitive reaction (HR) and the quorum-sensing signal, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OHL). OHL controls extracellular enzyme and HarpinEcc production. The levels of these enzymes, as well as the expression of hrpNEcc, the structural gene for HarpinEcc, and ohlI, the gene specifying OHL synthesis, are negatively regulated by RsmA. rsmB, formerly aepH, on the other hand, positively regulates extracellular enzyme production. 6His–RsmA recombinant protein purified from E. coli binds rsmB RNA as indicated by gel mobility shift assays. rsmB comprises 547 bp DNA, which is transcribed from a single start site immediately after a σ70-like promoter. In Ecc71, two rsmB RNA species are detected: a full-length 479 base rsmB RNA and a 259 base rsmB′ RNA. rsmB′ DNA hybridizes with the 259 base and the 479 base transcripts. A 3′ RNase protection assay revealed that the 259 base and the 479 base RNA species end at the same position immediately after the putative rho-independent terminator. The expression of rsmB–lacZ transcriptional fusions established that the rsmB′ RNA is not produced because of the activation of an internal promoter. These data strongly suggest that the 259 base rsmB′ RNA is derived by processing of the primary rsmB RNA. In Ecc71, rsmB′ expression driven by the lac promoter causes overproduction of Pel, Peh, Cel and Prt, and accumulation of pel-1, peh-1, hrpNEcc and ohlI transcripts. By contrast, a plasmid with the rsmB′ DNA sequence deleted fails to cause overproduction of the extracellular enzymes in Ecc71. The rsmB′ effect also occurs in Escherichia coli as glycogen accumulation is stimulated in the presence of rsmB′. In vivo and in vitro translation as well as mutational analysis of rsmB′ have established that rsmB′ RNA does not yield a translational product. Therefore, we concluded that the rsmB′ RNA itself functions as the regulator. Indeed, the expression of rsmB′ DNA leads to neutralization of the negative effects of the RNA-binding protein, RsmA, in Ecc71 and Serratia marcescens strain SM274. We propose a model that explains how RsmA and rsmB control the expression of genes for extracellular enzymes.
The expected complexity of analytic tableaux analyses in propositional calculus.

The article continues a study of the complexity of an analytic tableaux algorithm for SAT. The main result is that the average number of branches in analytic tableaux of formulae of lengthn isΘ((1.09988...)n). The maximum number of branches is also studied. Both the average and worst case complexity measures are used to compare analytic tableaux and truth tables.
Statistical Modeling of Rarefied Gas Channel Flows

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method are used for analysis of moderate Knudsen number phenomena. Simulation results are presented for pressure-driven isothermal rarefied channel flow at various pressure ratios. Analytical equations for non-linear pressure distribution and velocity profiles along the channel axis are used to verify the present LBM and DSMC results. We conclude that the LBM method can be used as an alternative model to DSMC simulations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Sustained beneficial effects of intraprostatic botulinum toxin type A on lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE To present a comprehensive experience with intraprostatic botulinum toxin-type A (BoNT-A) injection in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and to assess the efficacy on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and quality of life (QoL). PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 41 men (mean age 69.1 years, sd 7.1 ) with an International Prostate Symptom Score of ≥ 8, peak flow rate of 30 mL) into the prostate transperineally under transrectal ultrasonography guidance. Study exclusion criteria were confirmed or suspected malignancy, previous pelvic surgery or trauma and previous invasive treatment for BPH. The clinical effects were evaluated at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS There were no significant local or systemic side-effects in any men. LUTS and QoL indices improved by >30% in 31 of the 41 men (76%), and four of five men with urinary retention for >1 month could void spontaneously at 1 week to 1 month after the BoNT-A injection. In 12 of 41 men (29%) there was no change in prostate volume, yet seven of these men still had a >30% improvement in maximum flow rate, LUTS and QoL. The efficacy was sustained at 12 months. CONCLUSION BoNT-A injected into the prostate is safe and effective for men with symptomatic BPH. The mechanisms of relief of symptoms might not depend totally on the volume shrinkage; the inhibitory effect on the smooth muscle tone and aberrant sensory function might also be important.
AIDS-related eosinophilic pustular folliculitis

To theEditor: Heviaet al, are correctin their assertion that fewpatients withAIDS-related eosinophilic pustularfolliculitis (EPF)havebeentreatedwithPUVA (JAM ACAD DERMATOL 1991;24:231-5). There has, in fact, beenonereported caseofa 35-year-old man treated with a totalof 221 joules/cm2 UVA in 28 PUVA treatments for whatwaspresumably AIDS-related EPF.\ They are incorrect in citing our study2 as a reference for this. We treatedsixpatients withUVB phototherapy, withreliefof pruritusand lesions, and recurrence whenphototherapy wasdiscontinued. At the timeofourstudy,AIDS-related EPF wasa newly recognized entity' and wedescribed the treatmentof thefirstsixpatientswhowereseenat our institution. We havecontinued to havesuccess in the treatment of AIDS-related EPF in more than 30 patients treated with UVBphototherapy.
Evidence regarding Stages in the Development of Conservation

Standardization data collected for the Goldschmid-Bentler conservation scales were analyzed for evidence of continuity or discontinuity in growth of conservation skills. At younger and older age groupings the resulting total score distributions were strongly unimodal, indicative of nonconservation and conservation, respectively. In age groupings containing extremes of nonconservers as well as conservers, children's scores were not obviously trimodal as a 3-stage hypothesis would predict. The score distributions appeared continuous but were clearly not normal in nature.
The Relationship Between Continued Smoking During Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain in a Culturally Diverse Population

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Participants will learn about the relationship between smoking and adequacy of weight gain during pregnancy. A direct effect of smoking on birth weight has been established, however, less research has examined the relationship between continued smoking during pregnancy and gestational weight gain; the latter having a known independent effect on size at birth. The purpose of this analysis is to assess the impact of continued smoking during pregnancy on gestational weight gain adequacy using the Massachusetts Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS), and to examine effects within three race/ethnic groups (total n=21,758): Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic. The WIC Program, which provides the data for this analysis and is the principal source of data for PNSS, serves over 32,000 pregnant/postpartum women per year from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. In addition to being a health and nutrition program, WIC promotes smoking cessation or reduction during pregnancy. As part of this effort, data on smoking status is collected at 2 points in time during pregnancy. Results, using a Chi-square, indicate that a significantly higher percentage of smokers (31.6%) exhibit inadequate gestational weight gain (adjusted for pre-pregnancy weight status) than non-smokers (24.8%, p
Developmental risk and young children's regulatory strategies: predicting behavior problems at age five.

Children with early developmental delays are at heightened risk for behavior problems and comorbid psychopathology. This study examined the trajectories of regulatory capabilities and their potentially mediating role in the development of behavior problems for children with and without early developmental delays. A sample of 231 children comprised of 137 typically developing children and 94 children with developmental delays were examined during mildly frustrating laboratory tasks across the preschool period (ages 3–5). Results indicated that children with delays had greater use of maladaptive strategies (distraction, distress venting) and lower use of adaptive strategies (constructive coping) than typically developing children. For both groups, strategies had similar rates of growth across time; maladaptive strategies decreased and adaptive strategies increased. The intercept of strategy use, but not the slope, was found to mediate the relation between developmental risk and externalizing behaviors. Findings support that dysregulation, rather than the developmental risk, may be responsible for the high levels of comorbid psychopathology.
An unintended consequence of the IGY: Eisenhower, Sputnik, the Founding of NASA

Abstract On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first Earth-circling artificial satellite and the United States responded by taking numerous actions aimed at “remediating” a Cold War crisis. This included the establishment of a separate civilian space agency charged with the conduct of an official program of scientific and technological space exploration, consolidation of Department of Defense space activities, the passage of the National Defense Education Act, the creation of a Presidential Science Advisor, and a host of lesser actions. The politics of these changes is fascinating, and has been interpreted as an appropriate political response to a unique crisis situation. Interest groups, all for differing reasons, prodded national leaders to undertake large-scale efforts, something the president thought unnecessarily expensive and once set in place impossible to dismantle. But was the Sputnik crisis truly a crisis in any real sense? Was it made into one by interest groups who used it for their own ends? This paper will trace briefly some of the major themes associated with the IGY and Sputnik and describe the political construction of the crisis as it emerged in 1957–1958. It will also discuss something about the transformation of federal science and technology that took place in response to this “crisis” and how it set in train a series of processes and policies that did not unravel until the end of the Cold War.
PECULIAR MORPHOLOGIES OF FOUR IRAS GALAXIES

Optical and radio data that reveal the peculiar morphologies of four IRAS galaxies are discussed. NGC 1620 is shown to have an off-center arclike structure of 3 kpc radius that may be the largest supernova-blown bubble known. UGC 2982 is an ongoing merger of two gas-rich galaxies. It is shown that the UGC 3004/3005 pair is not interacting despite the proximity of its components. UGC 3004 is a regular barred spiral galaxy. A second nucleus in the edge-on system UGC 3005 suggests a recent merger. Finally, IRAS 23385 + 0300 is one of the most infrared-luminous galaxies known.
Bias and Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI-II) diagnosis

In the current study, the degree of bias is calculated for each of the personality disorder and clinical syndrome scales of the MCMI-II. In general, most of the MCMI-II scales are prone to only mild or moderate biases. However, the paranoid personality disorder, somatoform, bipolar: manic, thought disorder, and delusional disorder scales are prone to severe biases. When the MCMI-II is utilized to make diagnostic decisions, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders are apt to be grossly underestimated. The implications of bias in diagnostic prevalence rates are discussed and an equation is offered which provides for adjustments to be made when the percentage of positive MCMI-II test results are used to determine prevalence rates for clinical or research populations. The observation is made that imperfect sensitivity and specificity for the MCMI-II scales will result in inaccurate estimates of personality disorders and clinical syndromes when the MCMI-II is used to survey various populations.
Intraoperative events diagnosed by expired carbon dioxide monitoring in children.

Expired carbon dioxide measurements (PECO2) were used (1) to assess the adequacy of initial alveolar ventilation, and (2) to document intraoperative airway events and metabolic trends. Three hundred and thirty-one children were studied. Thirty-five intraoperative events were diagnosed by continuous PeCO2 monitoring; 20 were potentially life-threatening problems (malignant hyperthermia, circuit disconnection or leak, equipment failure, accidental extubation, endobronchial intubation, or kinked tube); only two of these were also diagnosed clinically. The duration of anaesthesia may be a factor: 3.9 hours for cases with events vs. 2.5 hours for cases without events (p < 0.002). There was a higher incidence of hypercarbia (peak expired PeCO2≥ 50) in children who were not intubated (29 per cent) compared to those who had an endotracheal tube in place (12 per cent) (p = 0.0001). Hypocarbia (peak expired PeCO2≤30) was more frequent in intubated cases (11 per cent) than in unintubated cases (three per cent) (p = 0.03). There was a high incidence of hypocarbia in infants less than one year of age (p = 0.02). We conclude: (1) lifethreatening airway problems are common during anaesthesia in paediatric patients; (2) quantitative measurement of PECO2 provides an early warning of potentially catastrophic anaesthetic mishaps; (3) the incidence of events increases with duration of anaesthesia.
General acid catalysis of the cleavage of 2-(1-hydroxybenzyl)thiamin by a preassociation mechanism

Abstract Cleavage of racemic 2-(1-hydroxybenzyl)thiamin (HBT) to benzaldehyde and thiamin in aqueous solution, a retrograde aldol-type reaction, is catalyzed by substituted acetate ions and other oxygen-containing buffer bases at 40°C and ionic strength 1.0 m (KCl). The Bronsted β value is 0.61 for N(1′)-protonated HBT, but there is no significant solvent deuterium isotope effect for catalysis by acetate ion. The water and buffer base-catalyzed reactions are formulated as general acid catalysis of the departure of thiamin from the alcoholate anion (pKa′ROH = 10.7) of HBT (general base catalysis of thiamin attack in the reverse direction). It is concluded that this reaction proceeds by a concerted mechanism in aqueous solution that is determined by the short lifetime of the thiazolium C(2)-ylide even though the carbanion has a significant lifetime in aqueous solution and a stepwise pathway for the aldol-type addition reaction of the C(2)-ylide must exist. It is suggested that thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes could also use the lower energy, preassociation pathway.
Altering therapy of type II diabetes mellitus from insulin to tolazamide increases blood pressure in spite of weight loss

In a retrospective study we investigated the effects of altering treatment of type II diabetes mellitus from insulin to tolazamide on weight and blood pressure. In 17 patients, weight decreased from 136 ± 6 to 131 ± 6% of ideal body weight ( P = .01). Even though weight loss occurred, mean systolic blood pressure increased from 133 ± 3 mm Hg to 142 ± 4 mm Hg ( P = .025). There was no difference in diastolic blood pressure on the two treatments (79 ± 3 υ 78 ± 4 mm Hg). In an additional 10 patients whose treatment was changed from tolazamide to insulin, mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 136 ± 1 to 124 ± 2 mm Hg ( P
On-line user languages

The principal differences between on-line and off-line user languages are discussed in some detail. The characteristic features of the OPL programming language are mentioned together with experiences of Project MAC, pointing at increased efficiency in the use of computers.
Expansions of geometries

For n < ω, expand the structure (n,S,I,F) (with S the successor relation, I, F as the initial and final element) by forming graphs with edge probability n-α for irrational α, with 0< α < 1. The sentences in the expanded language, which have limit probability 1, form a complete and stable theory.
Transferable relativistic Dirac-Slater pseudopotentials

We present a method for constructing a scalar-relativistic pseudopotential that provides exact agreement with relativistic Dirac-Slater all-electron eigenvalues at the reference configuration. All-electron wave functions are self-consistently computed in the valence region at the exact all-electron scalar relativistic eigenvalues. This method improves transferability of the resulting pseudopotential and presents a better starting point for the designed nonlocal pseudopotential approach [Phys. Rev. B 59, 12 471 (1999)]. We present calculations for the gold atom as an example of this approach.
A solution to a problem of Gargano, Lewinter and Malerba

A labeled graph is an ordered pair (G, L) consisting of a graph G and its labeling L: V(G) → {1, 2, ..., n}, where n=|V(G)|. An increasing nonconsecutive path in a labeled graph (G, L) is a path (u1, u2, ..., uk), k≥1, in G such that L(ui)+1<L(ui+1) for all i=1, 2, ..., k−1. The total number of increasing nonconsecutive paths in (G, L) is denoted by d(G, L).
Resting myocardial perfusion quantification with CMR arterial spin labeling at 1.5 T and 3.0 T

The magnetic resonance technique of arterial spin labeling (ASL) allows myocardial perfusion to be quantified without the use of a contrast agent. This study aimed to use a modified ASL technique and T1 regression algorithm, previously validated in canine models, to calculate myocardial blood flow (MBF) in normal human subjects and to compare the accuracy and repeatability of this calculation at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. A computer simulation was performed and compared with experimental findings. Eight subjects were imaged, with scans at 3.0 T showing significantly higher T1 values (P < 0.001) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) (P < 0.002) than scans at 1.5 T. The average MBF was found to be 0.990 ± 0.302 mL/g/min at 1.5 T and 1.058 ± 0.187 mL/g/min at 3.0 T. The repeatability at 3.0 T was improved 43% over that at 1.5 T, although no statistically significant difference was found between the two field strengths. In the simulation, the accuracy and the repeatability of the MBF calculations were 61% and 38% higher, respectively, at 3.0 T than at 1.5 T, but no statistically significant differences were observed. There were no significant differences between the myocardial perfusion data sets obtained from the two independent observers. Additionally, there was a trend toward less variation in the perfusion data from the two observers at 3.0 T as compared to 1.5 T. This suggests that this ASL technique can be used, preferably at 3.0 T, to quantify myocardial perfusion in humans and with further development could be useful in the clinical setting as an alternative method of perfusion analysis.
Violating social norms when choosing friends: How rule-breakers affect social networks

Social networks rely on basic rules of conduct to yield functioning societies in both human and animal populations. As individuals follow established rules, their behavioral decisions shape the social network and give it structure. Using dynamic, self-organizing social network models we demonstrate that defying conventions in a social system can affect multiple levels of social and organizational success independently. Such actions primarily affect actors' own positions within the network, but individuals can also affect the overall structure of a network even without immediately affecting themselves or others. These results indicate that defying the established social norms can help individuals to change the properties of a social system via seemingly neutral behaviors, highlighting the power of rule-breaking behavior to transform convention-based societies, even before direct impacts on individuals can be measured.
Cooper pairs with broken time-reversal, parity, and spin-rotational symmetries in singlet type-II superconductors

We show that singlet superconductivity in the Abrikosov vortex phase is absolutely unstable with respect to the appearance of a chiral triplet component of a superconducting order parameter. This chiral component, p_x + i p_y, breaks time-reversal, parity, and spin rotational symmetries of the internal order parameter, responsible for a relative motion of two electrons in the Cooper pair. We demonstrate that the symmetry breaking Pauli paramagnetic effects can be tuned by a magnetic field strength and direction and can be made of the order of unity in organic and high-temperature layered superconductors.