cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of vinyl chloride in ground water at the Woodlawn landfill Superfund site, northeastern Maryland, USA

Since landfill operations ceased in the early 1980s at the Woodlawn landfill Superfund site in northeastern Maryland, USA, the carcinogen vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) has persisted in the site ground water at concentrations in places greater than 100 ppb. Investigations of VCM concentrations from monitoring well data from 1981 through 1991, which were published in 2001, concluded that concentrations were cyclic and were not dissipating. Data from 1991 to 2000 confirm VCM persistence, showing concentration peaks as late as 1997 in the eastern part of the site. These values are significantly above both drinking water standards (>MCL of 2 ppb) and lifetime excess cancer risk (E-6 risk level) from exposure since birth (>0.024 ppb). Sources for VCM are landfill wastes (PVC-sludge) and effluent from an on-site transfer station. In addition to direct release of VCM from wastes, other chlorinated hydrocarbons, trichloroethene and perchloroethene (TCE and PCE) are also present in the ground water, and these compounds can degrade into VCM. Persistence of VCM concentrations is the result of leachate generation, mostly from multi-source wastes in the vadose zone, with subsequent infiltration into the regional aquifer. Increases in VCM concentrations (new leachate generation) alternated with decreases in VCM concentrations (infiltration without leachate) in a cyclic fashion, during this 20-year period.
Random telegraph-switching noise in coplanar current measurements of amorphous silicon

Resistance fluctuations are reported for n-type doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) using a coplanar electrode configuration with effective sample volumes of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6--}$${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Random telegraph-switching noise is observed with fluctuations as large as \ensuremath{\delta}R/R\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ for the temperature range 350T425 K. Comparison of two-probe and four-probe measurements confirms that these results are not due to contact noise. The switching noise may result from inhomogeneous current paths arising from the hydrogen microstructure in the a-Si:H which change their resistance value as hydrogen atoms hop from one bonding configuration to another.
Change Of SI(111) Surface Reconstruction Under Noble Metal Films

Interface structures between Si(111) and thick noble metal overlayers are studied by grazing-angle-incidence x-ray diffraction and crystal truncation rods. The 7×7 reconstruction is only preserved under a Ag film deposited at room temperature. This capped 7×7 structure changed to a 1×1 structure upon annealing over 250°C. A thick overlayer of room temperature deposited Au film destroyed the 7×7 reconstruction and changed the interface structure to 1×1. Our results are compared to a thick Cu/Si(111) interface structure 1 .
Delayed neuronal loss after administration of intracerebroventricular kainic acid to preweanling rats

Abstract Excitotoxins, such as kainic acid (KA), have been shown to produce both immediate and delayed neuronal degeneration in adult rat brain. While preweanling rats have been shown to be resistant to the immediate neurotoxicity of KA, the presence of delayed neuronal loss has not been investigated in such animals. To determine whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of KA would produce delayed neuronal loss, preweanling rats were administered 5 nmol or 10 nmol KA i.c.v. on postnatal day 7 (P7) and then examined at P14, P45, and P75. Using three-dimensional, non-biased cell counting, neuronal loss was observed in the CA3 subfield of the hippocampal formation at P45 and P75 in animals administered 10 nmol KA, as compared to animals administered 5 nmol KA or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Further, the amount of immunoreactivity to jun, the protein product of the immediate early gene, c- jun , adjusted for the number of remaining neurons was increased in the same brain areas. Antibody labeling of inducible heat shock protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein was not similarly increased in animals administered i.c.v. KA. The data suggest that while i.c.v. KA does not produce immediate neuronal loss in preweanling rats, the hippocampus is altered so that neuronal loss occurs after a delay, perhaps through apoptosis. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, that are characterized by early limbic–cortical deficits but onset of illness in young adulthood.
Substrate metabolism in the developing heart

The developing heart undergoes a remarkable metabolic transformation as it adjusts to the higher-oxygen, extrauterine environment. During gestation, glycolysis and lactate oxidation constitute the major sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the fetal heart. After birth, however, there is a rapid shift from carbohydrate to fatty acid utilization. Despite the transition to primarily aerobic metabolism, the neonatal heart retains an enhanced capacity for anaerobic energy production. This unique metabolic adaptation is important when assessing the immature heart's responses to states of oxygen insufficiency, such as ischemia, hypoxia, and tachycardia. This article reviews the dramatic changes in enzyme activities, mitochondrial morphology and function, and substrate availability that underlie this change in metabolism in the maturing heart.
The mechanical properties of saline-doped and carbamide (urea)-doped model ice

Abstract In a recent paper by the author (POAC 79 Proceedings, Vol. I, pp. 719–739), it was reported that the use of an alternative dopant to sodium chloride in refrigerated modelling basins would significantly improve the important strain modulus (E) to flexural strength (δf) ratio to well above the minimum acceptable value of 2000. In particular, wet-seeded ice grown from solutions containing 1.3% carbamide (urea) gave E δ f ratios of ≈2400 for flexural strengths to less than 20 kPa. It is known from the modelling laws, however, that in addition to the flexural strength and strain modulus, the other physical properties of the ice should be scaled to meet the specific modelling criteria. As such, an experimental investigation into the structure, strain modulus, flexural, shear, compressive and tensile strengths, static frictional coefficients and density of both saline-doped and carbamide (urea)-doped model ice has been carried out to determine their values for model ice. By choosing representative prototype values of these properties for sea ice, the appropriateness of both of these types of model ice as scale representations of sea ice is analyzed.
The evolving uroradiographic evaluation of the lower urinary tract in neonates with myelomeningocele.

Radiographic cystography (VCUG) has been advocated to detect dynamic and anatomic abnormalities of the lower urinary tract in the neonate with myelomeningocele (MM). We reviewed the VCUG in 120 neonates and the radionuclide cystograms (RNC) or cystometrograms (RNCMG) in 30 neonates to reevaluate the role of cystography in this population. Surgery was not required to treat the anatomic abnormalities detected by VCUG. The absence/presence of reflux and a bladder residual volume of >15 cc were the two most important criteria in determining the neonatal voiding regimen. Because RNC provides this information equally well with a much smaller radiation dose and because of the additional functional information available from RNCMG, we now recommend that RNC or RNCMG be used to evaluate the lower urinary tract of neonates with MM.
IDENTIFICATION OF A LUMAZINE PROTEIN FROM PHOTOBACTERIUM LEIOGNATHI BY COHERENT ANTI‐STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

The vibrational fingerprint in the frequency region 1700-1100 cm-1 has been obtained for a fluorescent protein purified from the bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi. using the technique of resonance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. The frequencies of the 4 prominent modes are the same as for lumazine protein purified from Photobacterium phosphoreum, and for an authentic sample of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. The fluorophore in the new protein, therefore, must have the same chemical structure. The absence of frequency shifts between the free and bound ligand, in contrast to observations of fiavoproteins, implies that the lumazine ring undergoes no changes in hydrogen bonding between the free and protein-bound ligand in its ground electronic state. However, changes in relative intensities of two modes are seen, arising from differences in interactions in the excited state, and this is also reflected by differences in fluorescence properties.
Exploring Intersections of Identity With Native American Women Leaders

How do Native American women in social welfare leadership roles construct their identities as women, indigenous people, and human service professionals, and from what sources do they draw strength to remain resilient in the face of personal and political challenges? From this qualitative study conducted with four Native American women leaders working in a reservation community in Colorado, five major themes were identified: (a) knowing “who I am,” (b) turning points, (c) walking in two worlds (biculturalism), (d) call to service, and (e) women are the backbone (gender and matrilineality). The intersections of race, gender, and place are highlighted. Implications for social work research, practice, and education are also explored.
Solution growth of CdGeAs2

Single crystals of CdGeAs2, a material important for IR nonlinear optical applications, have been prepared by crystallization from solution using bismuth as a solvent. Two growth techniques were utilized: free crystallization and unidirectional solidification in a temperature gradient. The CdGeAs2—Bi phase diagram shows that CdGeAs2 crystals can be obtained over a wide range of compositions, although at Bi concentrations greater than 46 mole %, GeAs was found to crystallize from solution first. A modified Bi solvent containing small amounts of Cd and As was developed to eliminate the GeAs phase field. Various crystal characteristics, including morphology, structural integrity, inclusions, twinning and optical transparency were studied as a function of growth conditions.
Cynoglossum officinale toxicity in calves

Summary Six calves were given dried, ground Cynoglossum officinale daily in a dose which provided 15 (two calves) or 60 (four calves) nag per kg per day of total pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Those calves given 60 mg per kg of total pyrrolizidine alkaloids per day died following a single dose of plant material. These calves had a marked elevation of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities and serum bile acid and total bilirubin (TBili) concentrations. These four calves all had massive hepatoce[lular necrosis and haemorrhage of the liver. Of the two calves that were given 15 mg per kg of total pyrrolizidine alkaloids per day, one died on day 34 and the other survived until day 35 when it was painlessly killed. There were significant elevations in serum AST and GGT activities in these calves. The histological lesions of the calf surviving until 35 days were compatible with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity, that is megalocytosis, karyomegaly and necrosis of hepatocytes with karyomegaly of biliary epithelium. The pyrrolizidine base present in CynogIossum officinale (heliotridine) and its esters have a similar type of toxicity to the highly toxic and more familiar macrocyclic diester pyrrolizidine alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine base (retronecine), present in Senecio or Crotolaria species.
Hedgehogs and Foxes Among Educational Researchers

Abstract Almost 5 decades ago, Isaiah Berlin, in an essay on Leo Tolstoy's view of history, distinguished between writers and thinkers who were hedgehogs and those who were foxes. Hedgehogs cling to a central vision, a single organizing principle that makes sense of what they do, write, and think. Foxes, however, chase many ends, often unconnected, even contradictory, seizing varied experiences, bridging different domains as they live, write, and think. Although there are faintly negative connotations associated with each figurative animal (single minded, lumbering vs. cunning and dilettantish), Berlin avoids pejoratives by calling such luminaries as Plato, Doestoevsky, and Nietzsche hedgehogs, while naming as foxes Aristotle, Shakespeare, Pushkin, and Balzac (Berlin, 1957, p. 8).
Theory of evolution of crystal lattice orientation density and state variables in euler space

A simple, easily visualized covariant basis spanning (curved) Euler space is presented (in the context of generalized tensors). Invariant forms of the partial differential equations, residing in this space, which govern the evolution of the crystal lattice orientation distribution function and the state variables describing a crystal, are given. Periodic boundary conditions for these equations applicable to cubically symmetric crystals are analyzed in detail. Difficulties associated with the numerical solution of the governing equations also, briefly, are discussed.
The reduction of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and L-methionine sulfoxide in turnip and bean leaves.

Abstract 1. 1. It has been established that S- ethyl- l -cysteine sulfoxide and methionine sulfoxide are reduced in leaf tissues. The development of methods for incubating leaf discs under anaerobic conditions and of handling thioethers with minimal oxidation was an essential prerequisite to this finding. 2. 2. Under anaerobic conditions, labeled methylcysteine sulfoxide and methionine sulfoxide were reduced in turnip leaves (Brassica rapa) to methylcysteine and methionine. Under either aerobic of anaerobic conditions, the same reductions were demonstrated in bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris). 3. 3. In the turnip, the (−) diastereoisomer of methylcysteine sulfoxide was reduced more rapidly than the (+) isomer. In the bean, the (+) diastereoisomer was reduced more rapidly than the (−) isomer.
New Method for Calculating Wave Functions in Crystals and Molecules

For metals and semiconductors the calculation of crystal wave functions is simplest in a plane wave representation. However, in order to obtain rapid convergence it is necessary that the valence electron wave functions be made orthogonal to the core wave functions. Herring satisfied this requirement by choosing as basis functions "orthogonalized plane waves." It is here shown that advantage can be taken of crystal symmetry to construct wave functions ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ which are best described as the smooth part of symmetrized Bloch functions. The wave equation satisfied by ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ contains an additional term of simple character which corresponds to the usual complicated orthogonalization terms and has a simple physical interpretation as an effective repulsive potential. Qualitative estimates of this potential in analytic form are presented. Several examples are worked out which display the cancellation between attractive and repulsive potentials in the core region which is responsible for rapid convergence of orthogonalized plane wave calculations for $s$ states; the slower convergence of $p$ states is also explained. The formalism developed here can also be regarded as a rigorous formulation of the "empirical potential" approach within the one-electron framework; the present results are compared with previous approaches. The method can be applied equally well to the calculation of wave functions in molecules.
Smoking and diabetes differ in their associations with subclinical atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease—the ARIC Study

Atherosclerosis, nearly universally present in major arteries of Western adults, is characterized in all affected arteries by cholesterol-laden plaques and consistently associated with blood cholesterol levels. Other risk factors are reported to have relatively stronger or weaker associations with different atherosclerotic manifestations, but such differences have never previously been quantified. Measuring them may offer fresh clues to atherogenic processes and their prevention. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) ascertained incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and measured subclinical atherosclerosis as carotid artery intimal medial thickness using ultrasound and as lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) using ankle-brachial blood pressure index. Blood cholesterol was associated with all endpoints. When standardized against LDL cholesterol associations, diabetes and smoking showed substantially different strengths of associations with different endpoints. Relative to associations with LDL cholesterol: (1) smoking, but not diabetes, increased in its strength of association with the severity of the underlying arterial disease; (2) the diabetes and smoking associations with CHD were much stronger in women than men, a phenomenon which, the standardization pattern suggests, is due to a gender difference in CHD pathogenesis, possibly attributable to arteriolar differences.
The Anatomy of Increased Inequality of U.S. Family Incomes

This essay explores various components of a measure of pretax U.S. family income after adjusting for the size of the family in the U.S. in 1975 and 2000. Using data from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics, an important stylized fact is revealed: The rising inequality of property incomes, particularly dividends, interest, and rent, have played the most important role in the increase of overall income inequality. Contrary to popular belief, increasing inequality of labor income plays only a secondary role. For property incomes a simple model shows why this determining role in income inequality should continue for the next decade and, most likely, even further in the future.
Mechanisms of Action of Cryptenamine

The hypotensive effect of cryptenamine has been reported to be markedly attenuated by adrenalectomy or by treatment with N,N-diisopropyl-N′-isoamyl-N′-diethyl-aminoethylurea (P-286) in atropinized animals. Cryptenamine also appeared to potentiate the response of isoproterenol on β-adrenergic receptors. This present study was conducted to further investigate these two phenomena. Cryptenamine potentiated the response of epinephrine on the β-adrenergic receptors in the intact dog heart, partially blocked the effect of isoproterenol on the isolated guinea pig auricle, and had no effect on the isoproterenol-induced relaxation of the isolated guinea pig tracheal chain. Cryptenamine produced positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the isolated guinea pig heart and potentiated the inotropic effect of epinephrine and inhibited its chronotropic effects in this preparation. These data suggest that the effects of cryptenamine on β-adrenergic receptors are variable and that either potentiation or inhibition may be observed depending on the effector organ and on the species of animal studied. Cryptenamine also significantly decreased the epinephrine content of the adrenal venous blood while increasing the norepinephrine content suggesting that the drug may inhibit the methylation of norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla.
CD5-Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

CD5-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an exceedingly rare entity, with only a single case report in the literature. We report 2 additional cases of CD5-positive B-cell ALL in a 16-year-old male and a 15-year-old female. The 1st case was initially misdiagnosed as Ewing sarcoma due to a lack of CD45 expression and weak expression of CD99. Cytogenetic analysis of the 2nd case revealed trisomy 22, the 1st time this finding has been reported in ALL. Both patients had poor outcomes, as did the patient in the previously published case report. We conclude that CD5-positive B-cell ALL is a rare, aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis that presents in adolescence. Pathologists and clinicians should be aware of this entity to avoid confusion with other small blue-cell tumors.
The influence of salinity and copper exposure on copper accumulation and physiological impairment in the sea anemone, Exaiptasia pallida

Abstract Copper is a common pollutant in many aquatic environments, particularly those surrounding densely populated areas with substantial anthropogenic inputs. These same areas may also experience changes in salinity due to freshwater discharge and tidal influence. Biota that inhabit near-shore coastal environments may be susceptible to both stressors. Although copper is a noted concern in marine environments, effects of copper and varying salinity on symbiotic cnidarians are only scarcely studied. The sea anemone, Exaiptasia pallida, was used to investigate effects of copper on physiological impairment (i.e. activities of anti-oxidant enzymes) at two different salinities (20 and 25 ppt). E. pallida was exposed to a control and three elevated copper concentrations for up to 21 d, and copper accumulation and activity of the enzymes: catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and carbonic anhydrase were measured in the anemones. Photosynthetic parameters in E. pallida's symbiotic dinoflagellate algae were also quantified. Over the course of the exposure, E. pallida accumulated copper in a concentration-dependent manner. Higher tissue copper concentrations were observed in anemones exposed to the lower salinity water (20 ppt), and physiological impairment was observed as a consequence of both increased copper exposure and decreased salinity; however, changes in salinity caused a greater response than copper exposure, at the levels tested. In general, antioxidant enzyme activity increased as a consequence of decreased salinity and/or increased copper exposure. These results clearly demonstrated the influence of two local stressors, at environmentally realistic concentrations, on a sensitive cnidarian, and highlight the importance of characterizing combined exposure scenarios.
Effective charges for radiative and Auger transition probabilities

Abstract Analyses of higher-order resonant, atomic collision processes require many accurate radiative and Auger transition probabilities, Ar and Aa. Numerical evaluation of these probabilities for high Rydberg states and for large angular momenta is difficult. We develop here Coulombic expressions for Ar and Aa, with effective charges for the individual orbitals involved. Simple formulas for the effective charge are proposed and tested against the more accurate data obtained with Hartree—Fock wave functions.
Cancer Cell Cycles

Uncontrolled cell proliferation is the hallmark of cancer, and tumor cells have typically acquired damage to genes that directly regulate their cell cycles. Genetic alterations affecting p16(INK4a) and cyclin D1, proteins that govern phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) and control exit from the G1 phase of the cell cycle, are so frequent in human cancers that inactivation of this pathway may well be necessary for tumor development. Like the tumor suppressor protein p53, components of this "RB pathway," although not essential for the cell cycle per se, may participate in checkpoint functions that regulate homeostatic tissue renewal throughout life.
Computer-aided simulation study of photomultiplier tubes

A computer model that simulates the response of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and the associated voltage divider circuit is developed. An equivalent circuit that approximates the operation of the device is derived and then used to develop a computer simulation of the PMT. Simulation results are presented and discussed. >
Prediction via Orthogonalized Model Mixing

Abstract We introduce an approach and algorithms for model mixing in large prediction problems with correlated predictors. We focus on the choice of predictors in linear models, and mix over possible subsets of candidate predictors. Our approach is based on expressing the space of models in terms of an orthogonalization of the design matrix. Advantages are both statistical and computational. Statistically, orthogonalization often leads to a reduction in the number of competing models by eliminating correlations. Computationally, large model spaces cannot be enumerated; recent approaches are based on sampling models with high posterior probability via Markov chains. Based on orthogonalization of the space of candidate predictors, we can approximate the posterior probabilities of models by products of predictor-specific terms. This leads to an importance sampling function for sampling directly from the joint distribution over the model space, without resorting to Markov chains. Compared to the latter, ortho...
Evidence of linkage and association on chromosome 20 for late-onset Alzheimer disease

Recently, we reported evidence of linkage on chromosome 20 for Alzheimer disease (AD) using a novel statistical approach to incorporate covariates (e.g., age, ApoE genotype) into the analysis. These results suggest that very elderly subjects (>85 years), and individuals who carry an e2 allele at the ApoE locus are more likely to be linked to this candidate region. The region on chromosome 20 includes a strong candidate gene, cystatin C (CST3), which has previously been associated with AD in case-control studies. We investigated these findings further by genotyping additional markers to narrow the candidate region, and to identify evidence of linkage disequilibrium as additional support for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 20. We selected 43 elderly sibships (89 subjects) from the NIMH AD Genetics Initiative based on current age older than 84 years, and identified 129 unrelated control subjects who were older than 84 years from the Oregon Brain Aging Study to conduct linkage and association studies in this region. Fourteen additional markers were evaluated, including 4 markers located within or near CST3. We narrowed the candidate region on chromosome 20 to an 11.8-cM region between markers D20S174 and D20S471, which includes the CST3 candidate gene. In addition, we observed evidence of association for markers located near the CST3 candidate gene, with P values between 0.002 and 0.08 for two-locus haplotypes. These results support the presence of a susceptibility locus for AD in the vicinity of CST3 for very elderly subjects with AD.
Fatigue in the Automated Vehicle Do Games and Conversation Distract or Energize the Driver

As vehicle operation becomes increasingly automated, driver fatigue appears to be an increasingly pressing safety issue. Trivia games have been suggested as a fatigue countermeasure, but, like cell...
Developmental Expression of the Sea Urchin Egg Receptor for Sperm

Little is known about the biochemical changes underlying the morphological differentiation of the sea urchin egg during oogenesis. Because of this and the essential role of gamete recognition in fertilization, we studied the developmental expression of the recently identified egg surface receptor for sperm during oogenesis. Consecutive stages of ovaries undergoing oogenesis over a 4-month time course were examined morphologically and assessed with respect to content of sperm receptor mRNA, as well as the content and subcellular distribution of the sperm receptor glycoprotein. Although in early oocyte stages neither mRNA encoding for the receptor nor receptor glycoprotein was detectable, at the last two stages of development the level of receptor mRNA accumulation increased dramatically. This finding correlated well with immunoblot analyses which established that sperm receptor protein was only detectable at the last two stages of egg maturation. Interestingly, immunocytochemistry showed that the formation of the receptor correlated temporally and spatially with the formation of cortical granules. In the earlier of these two stages of maturation, the receptor population identified by immunoblotting was found by immunocytochemistry to be restricted to the cortical granules and small vesicles in the cytoplasm. In contrast, at the last stage of egg maturation, sperm receptor was also detected at the surface of the oocyte, localized predominantly to the microvilli. Two receptor populations appear to exist, one in cortical granules and a second at the cell surface that may be formed via secretory vesicles. The late appearance of the receptor on the plasma membrane during oogenesis is consistent with its biological role in binding sperm to the mature egg cell surface.
Sunlight: Fine-grained Targeting Detection at Scale with Statistical Confidence

We present Sunlight, a system that detects the causes of targeting phenomena on the web -- such as personalized advertisements, recommendations, or content -- at large scale and with solid statistical confidence. Today's web is growing increasingly complex and impenetrable as myriad of services collect, analyze, use, and exchange users' personal information. No one can tell who has what data, for what purposes they are using it, and how those uses affect the users. The few studies that exist reveal problematic effects -- such as discriminatory pricing and advertising -- but they are either too small-scale to generalize or lack formal assessments of confidence in the results, making them difficult to trust or interpret. Sunlight brings a principled and scalable methodology to personal data measurements by adapting well-established methods from statistics for the specific problem of targeting detection. Our methodology formally separates different operations into four key phases: scalable hypothesis generation, interpretable hypothesis formation, statistical significance testing, and multiple testing correction. Each phase bears instantiations from multiple mechanisms from statistics, each making different assumptions and tradeoffs. Sunlight offers a modular design that allows exploration of this vast design space. We explore a portion of this space, thoroughly evaluating the tradeoffs both analytically and experimentally. Our exploration reveals subtle tensions between scalability and confidence. Sunlight's default functioning strikes a balance to provide the first system that can diagnose targeting at fine granularity, at scale, and with solid statistical justification of its results. We showcase our system by running two measurement studies of targeting on the web, both the largest of their kind. Our studies -- about ad targeting in Gmail and on the web -- reveal statistically justifiable evidence that contradicts two Google statements regarding the lack of targeting on sensitive and prohibited topics.
EARLY PERFORMANCE PREDICTS CANOPY ATTAINMENT ACROSS LIFE HISTORIES IN SUBALPINE FOREST TREES

Few individuals in canopy tree species attain the canopy and reproduce. Understanding why these select few succeed is fundamental to tree population ecology and forest community dynamics. Yet our understanding remains poor, because the time required to reach the canopy is long relative to experimental and demographic studies. We used a simple, yet powerful, approach to examine the long-term process of canopy recruitment. We compared early growth in proven "winners" (extant canopy trees) with that of "con- tenders" (extant saplings 75 cm tall to 5 cm dbh). The resulting analyses relate early radial growth (after reaching 50 cm height) to survival, implicit in the long-term persistence of winners. We focused on the three major tree species of subalpine forests in the northeastern United States: shade-intolerant mountain birch (Betula cordifolia), shade-tolerant balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and highly shade-tolerant red spruce (Picea rubens). For all species, extant canopy trees grew faster than extant saplings at equivalent ages and sizes. For shade-intolerant B. cordifolia, no surviving canopy trees, or even saplings, had slow early growth. Even in shade-tolerant A. balsamea and P. rubens, surprisingly few individuals with slow early growth were represented in the canopy, even though both saplings and canopy trees survived slow growth for up to 50 years later in life. Thus, long- term success in reaching the canopy was strongly determined by fast early growth rates, across all species and life histories. We discuss implications for understanding the physi- ology of shade tolerance and for modeling forest dynamics. Most current models of forest tree population and community dynamics ignore individual growth history, but our results suggest that failure to account for growth history may overestimate long-term survival of shade-tolerant species.
Sequence of the rec-2 locus of Haemophilus influenzae: homologies to comE-ORF3 of Bacillus subtilis and msbA of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a 4243-bp PstI fragment containing the rec-2 gene of Haemophilus influenzae was determined. The amino acid (aa) sequences of four putative proteins were deduced from the corresponding open reading frames (ORFs). The 2400-bp ORF2 accounted for rec-2, based on the sequences of DNA fragments that contained rec-2::mini-Tn10 mutations. The rec-2 gene encoded a putative 800-aa protein with a Mr of 90561. Sequence analysis suggested that the rec-2 product contained nine highly probable integral membrane-spanning segments. Database searches showed that rec-2 was homologous to the comE-ORF3 gene of Bacillus subtilis. This hypothesis is consistent with the known involvement of both of these genes in the passage of transforming DNA through the competent-cell envelope. Although the sequences of the other three ORFs were incomplete, sufficient data were available to allow inferences about their homologies to other genes. ORF4, which overlapped ORF1, was homologous to the Escherichia coli dnaK suppresser gene, dksA, and therefore was named dsh-1 ( d naK s uppresser h omolog). Mutations in dsh-1 and its putative promoter region caused a mild sensitivity to UV light, but did not affect DNA recombination. ORF3, located downstream from rec-2, was homologous to msbA, an essential gene of E. coli with extensive similarity to the ATP-dependent translocators. ORF3 was named msh-1 ( ms bA h omolog). Mutations in msh-1 had no effects on genetic transformation. The close juxtaposition of rec-2 and msh-1 implied that the expression of msh-1 could be linked to the translation of the rec-2 ORF.
Authoritarianism, Statistical Rigidity, and a Sampling Control of Response Set

(1962). Authoritarianism, Statistical Rigidity, and a Sampling Control of Response Set. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 47-53.
Control of late cornified envelope genes relevant to psoriasis risk: upregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and plant-derived delphinidin.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease featuring abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. A genetic risk factor for psoriasis (PSORS4) is a deletion of LCE3B and LCE3C genes encoding structural proteins in terminally differentiated keratinocytes. Because analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) are used in psoriasis treatment, we hypothesized that 1,25D acts via the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to upregulate expression of LCE 3A/3D/3E genes, potentially mitigating the absence of LCE3B/LCE3C gene products. Results in a human keratinocyte line, HaCaT, suggested that 1,25D, low affinity VDR ligands docosahexaenoic acid and curcumin, along with a novel candidate ligand, delphinidin, induce LCE transcripts as monitored by qPCR. Further experiments in primary human keratinocytes preincubated with 1.2 mM calcium indicated that 1,25D and 10 μM delphinidin upregulate all five LCE3 genes (LCE3A–E). Competition binding assays employing radiolabeled 1,25D revealed that delphinidin binds VDR weakly (IC50 ≈ 1 mM). However, 20 μM delphinidin was capable of upregulating a luciferase reporter gene in a VDRE-dependent manner in a transfected keratinocyte cell line (KERTr). These results are consistent with a scenario in which delphinidin is metabolized to an active compound that then stimulates LCE3 transcription in a VDR/VDRE-dependent manner. We propose that upregulation of LCE genes may be part of the therapeutic effect of 1,25D to ameliorate psoriasis by providing sufficient LCE proteins, especially in individuals missing the LCE3B and 3C genes. Results with delphinidin further suggest that this compound or its metabolite(s) might offer an alternative to 1,25D in psoriasis therapy.
The vocal repertoires of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Abstract The vocalizations of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) were studied in a captive setting. The three species' repertoires were similar and included whines, long-distance calls, and growls. The whines and growls varied in amplitude, duration, and repetition rate; these variations and the frequencies of occurrence probably were influenced by both social organization and habitat characteristics. The bush dog, which lives in family groups and inhabits rain forests, had an elaborate whine-scream continuum that at close distances conveyed a wide range of moods. On the other hand, the maned wolf, which is solitary and frequents open pampas, used amplitude variations of the growl to signal hostile intentions over short, medium, and long distances. The long-distance vocalizations of the three species were the least variable in structure; the bush dog and crab-eating fox used the call to promote contact with separated pairmates or family members. Based on recordings during development, these two calls appeared to arise from the repetitive whine, a variant of the basic whine syllable. The maned wolf also had a contact-promoting howl, apparently an extended whine of high amplitude, but it was rarely recorded during the present study. More prominent was the maned wolf roar-bark, which functioned to space individuals over large distances, and appeared to be a growl of high amplitude.
Critical temperature and energy gap for the BCS equation

We derive upper and lower bounds on the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ and the energy gap $\ensuremath{\Xi}$ (at zero temperature) for the BCS gap equation, describing spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ fermions interacting via a local two-body interaction potential $\ensuremath{\lambda}V(x)$. At weak coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}⪡1$ and under appropriate assumptions on $V(x)$, our bounds show that ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}A\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}B∕\ensuremath{\lambda})$ and $\ensuremath{\Xi}\ensuremath{\sim}C\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}B∕\ensuremath{\lambda})$ for some explicit coefficients $A$, $B$, and $C$ depending on the interaction $V(x)$ and the chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$. The ratio $A∕C$ turns out to be a universal constant, independent of both $V(x)$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$. Our analysis is valid for any $\ensuremath{\mu}$; for small $\ensuremath{\mu}$, or low density, our formulas reduce to well-known expressions involving the scattering length of $V(x)$.
AN EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPT OF CARRYING CAPACITY

(1969). AN EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPT OF CARRYING CAPACITY. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 104-107.
Lattice isomorphic solvable Lie algebras

Let L be a Lie algebra over a field κ of any characteristic, and consider the lattice ℒ( L ) of all subalgebras of L . In this paper we prove that if L and M are lattice isomorphic Lie algebras, over a field of any characteristic, and L ′ and M ′ are nilpotent, then the difference between the orders of solvability of L and M differs by at most one.
Improving Communication of Health Status Information

This research focused on developing a general health report that conveys an individual's health readings in a clear, concise and explanatory manner and demonstrating the report's usefulness. The research examined the need for such a report and focused the design on the determined need and communication through visual display. The designed “Individual Health Report (IHR)” was evaluated using data obtained from an online survey developed for this research. The analysis involved t-tests, McNemar's tests, linear regression and ANOVA. Results included the finding that the IHR significantly improved respondent's ability to correctly answer questions about their health status and preventive health in general (p < .0001, n = 61). The study also showed that introduction of the IHR by healthcare providers would significantly improve the respondents' view that they get the preventive healthcare information they need to make appropriate decisions (p = 0.0007, n = 61).
Proteolytic Processing in the Replication of Polio and Related Viruses

Recently we have begun to unravel the details of proteolytic processing in picornaviruses. At first, the similarities between these viruses allowed helpful analogies to be drawn between them. Now we are finding that the differences are also important. In the replication of poliovirus and presumably other enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, it appears that all of the processing of the polyprotein results from the activities of viral proteins. Understanding these events may lead to the design of clinically useful specific inhibitors of viral replication.
Assessment of medication compliance in alcoholics through UV light detection of a riboflavin tracer.

Compliance with the medication regimen in treatment trials for alcoholism appears to be a key determinant of treatment outcome. However, there is no consensus as to the best method to assess medication compliance. This study examines the feasibility of using ultraviolet light detection of a urinary riboflavin tracer to determine compliance with medication therapy. Six sets of urine specimens (with n ranging from 15 to 38) were rated independently by two judges. Test-retest reliability was high: 90 and 95% agreement for two judges. Inter-rater reliability ranged from 73 to 95% agreement between judges (mean = SSYO), with corresponding Kappa values ranging from 0.46 to 0.85 (mean = 0.69). Diaries, capsule counts, and spectrofluorimetric data were used to validate judges' ratings in four trials, including one in which subjects were alcohol-dependent participants in one of three pharmacotherapy trials. Rating accuracy was influenced by dosage, time interval between ingestion and urine collection, and previous dosing. Overall, ratings tended to be accurate, with incorrect judgments limited to specimens with low concentrations of urinary riboflavin. The results indicate that ultraviolet light detection of urinary riboflavin is a useful method for the assessment of patient compliance with medication regimens, including compliance of patients assigned to receive placebo in clinical trials of medications for alcoholism treatment.
Differential nucleoside recognition during Bacillus cereus 569 (ATCC 10876) spore germination

We have tested a series of inosine analogs for their effect on germinating B. cereus 569 spores. Our results showed that although inosine (hypoxanthine nucleoside) causes spore germination by itself, the kinetic pathway exhibited complex and strongly cooperative character. Contrary to inosine’s germinating effect, the purine pathway degradation products xanthine, xanthosine, uric acid, hypoxanthine, ribose, or ribose plus hypoxanthine failed to activate spore germination. Furthermore, even small modifications of inosine’s nucleobase or sugar moieties have deleterious effects on germination efficiency. In contrast to previous work with the B. cereus 3711 strain, incubation of B. cereus 569 spores with adenosine (6-aminopurine riboside) did not trigger germination, but prevented inosine-mediated germination. The inhibitory effect was lost if adenosine was substituted with adenine alone, or ribose plus adenine. Although adenosine is able to block inosine-mediated germination, it acts as a co-germinant in the presence of alanine. Nucleosides that have substitutions in the purine base are not able to trigger germination by themselves, but can act as co-germinants in the presence of sub-germinant concentrations of alanine. In contrast, modifications of the sugar moiety precluded germination activity under all conditions tested. The data suggests that only inosine can activate germination by itself. However, when alanine is present as a co-germinant, different germination receptors are activated that recognize a larger subset of nucleoside structures.
Impact of an Adherence Program on the Health and Outlook of HIV-Infected Patients Failing Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND We prospectively studied the impact of an adherence counselor on the outcome of patients failing antiretroviral therapy because of nonadherence. METHODS Forty-six patients, identified as chronically nonadherent were enrolled. Individual attention was provided using the information, motivation and behavioral methodology. HIV RNA (viral load, in copies/mL), CD4 count (in cells/mm(3)), and body weight before and after the adherence counselor were measured. Qualitative outcome and patient satisfaction were assessed by deidentified third-party interviews. RESULTS Over half completed at least 1 year; only 8 patients were lost to follow-up. Mean CD4 counts increased significantly (P < .05) for completers at 6 and 12 months. Viral loads decreased between baseline and 6 months. Most clients reported subjective benefit from working with the adherence counselor. CONCLUSION Although few clients showed complete virologic suppression, the value of an adherence counselor was validated. Longer term adherence programs should be evaluated.
Effects of liquid phases on intrinsic interfacial sliding of alkali halide crystals

Abstract The effects of liquids on intrinsic interfacial sliding have been studied in NaCl crystals. The primary liquids examined in the study were water, methanol, and mixtures thereof. Sliding experiments were performed using a simple specimen geometry in which shear and normal compressive forces were exerted on a planar interface. The geometry consisted of two single crystals joined at a boundary whose normal was inclined at an angle, θ, to an axis along which a compressive load, P, was applied. The specimens were found to deform in two distinct ways: (1) by sliding along the interface, and (2) by indenting into one another in a direction normal to the interface. The introduction of liquids into the interface through channel-like defects was found to increase both the rate of sliding and indentation, with the increases being much greater for liquids with higher water content. It was found that the overall rate of displacement along the axis of the specimen was for the most part independent of P but increased in roughly a linear fashion with θ. A model for the process is developed in which displacement is produced primarily by interfacial sliding, with the liquid acting to promote the rate by undercutting the boundary and reducing the effective area of contact. The area of contact is determined using concepts borrowed from friction theory which lead to the observed P and θ dependencies of the displacement rate.
Factors affecting children's participation and amount of labor on family farms.

Method: A two-stage decision-making model is estimated to explain children's participation and labor supply on family farms using unitary and cooperative bargaining frameworks. Results: Results indicate that parents have different preferences about whether their children work and how much they work. The models incorporate non-economic factors and allow for different stochastic processes in the participation and labor supply decisions. Conclusions: Concerns about children's social development appear to be crucial in deciding children's labor participation, while the child's economic contribution significantly influences both whether they work and how much they work. Some variables affect the two decisions differently. For instance, the higher the parents' education level, the higher the probability children will work but the fewer hours they will work.