cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tight junction development between cultured hepatoma cells: possible stages in assembly and enhancement with dexamethasone.

Freeze-fracture and thin-section methods were used to study tight junction formation between confluent H4-II-E hepatoma cells that were plated in monolayer culture in media with and without dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid. Three presumptive stages in the genesis of tight junctions were suggested by these studies: (1) “formation zones” (smooth P-fracture face ridges deficient in intramembranous particles), apparently matched across a partially reduced extracellular space, develop between adjacent cells; (2) linear strands and aggregates of 9–11 nm particles collect along the ridges of the formation zones. The extracellular space was always reduced when these structures were found matched with pits in gentle E-face depressions; (3) the linear arrays of particles on the ridges associate within the membranes to form the fibrils characteristic of mature tight junctions. The formation zones resemble tight junctions in terms of size, complexity and the patterns of membrane ridges. Although some of the beaded particle specialization may actually be gap junctions, it is unlikely that all can be interpreted in this way. No other membrane structures were detected that could represent developmental stages of tight junctions. Dexamethasone (at 2 × 10−6 M) apparently stimulated formation of tight junctions. Treated cultures had a greater number of formation zones and mature tight junctions, although no differences in qualitative features of the junctions were noted.
Study of hot electron transport in foil, wedge, and cone targets irradiated with ultraintense laser pulses

We investigate hot electron transport in foil, wedge, and cone targets irradiated with ultraintense femtosecond laser pulses by observing the transition radiation emitted from the targets rear side. Two-dimensional images and spectra of coherent transition radiation along with x-ray detection have revealed the spatial, temporal, and temperature characteristics of hot electron micropulses. Various patterns from different target and laser configurations suggest that hot electrons were guided by the strong static electromagnetic fields at the target boundary.
Structures, textures, and cooling histories of Columbia River basalt flows

Flood basalt flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group commonly exhibit well-developed colonnade and entablature structures formed during cooling of individual flows. The colonnade refers to the well-defined columnar structure of many flows, which appears in the lowermost 10% to 30% and, in places, the uppermost 10% to 20%. Entablature refers to those parts of a flow that have smaller column diameters and more irregular pattern fractures than those of colonnade. Entablature commonly occupies the central 60% to 70% of a flow. In some cases, however, the entablature is interrupted by colonnade; in such cases, the entablature and colonnade may be repeated once or twice within a single flow. In other cases, flows may lack an entablature entirely. Petrographic examination reveals a pronounced correlation between structural and textural features. Thin sections of colonnade basalt have relatively coarse cruciform or octahedral Fe-Ti oxide crystals and ∼20% glassy mesostasis. The central entablature basalt, in contrast, has much more mesostasis (as much as 60%) and has textural features such as feathery Fe-Ti oxide crystals indicative of more rapid cooling. These features are the reverse of what might be expected for normal conductive cooling because cooling rates at the flow margins should be greater than those in the flow interior. We reconciled the observed basalt textures with thermal models by taking into account rainfall and deranged drainage during crystallization of the flow. Downward migration of water through cracks would cause convective cooling of underlying, unsolidified lava. This effect and its consequences have been modeled numerically in order to clarify the physical constraints on the mechanism by which the central part of the lava can be quenched. We have found that a water infiltration front can explain the presence of a thick, quenched, flow interior, provided that the infiltration front moves downward just behind the lava solidification front. Despite heavy rainfall on Hawaii (for example, ∼250 cm/yr at Kilauea Iki), exposed, prehistoric lava flows on that island exhibit only colonnades. We deduce from this that heavy rainfall alone is inadequate to quench flow interiors. Extensive flooding by deranged drainage, or perhaps extremely heavy rainfall (>>250 cm/yr), is apparently required to produce entablatures. The model also can be used to explain the occurrence of repeated entablature and colonnade by considering the effects of intermittent inundation. The imposition of boundary conditions that mimic the removal and reoccurrence of flooding yields cooling histories that are consistent with the development of multiple colonnades and entablatures.
Comparisons between poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks filled with particles of poly(dimethylsiloxane) thermosets and unfilled bimodal networks prepared from the same components

Very short, non-elastomeric chains of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) were incorporated in samples of a long-chain PDMS elastomer in two ways: (i) end linking the short chains into a thermoset, cryoscopically grinding it into fine particles, and then mixing them into much longer PDMS chains which were then also end linked, and (ii) end linking mixtures of the short and long chains simultaneously. The short chains introduced by the first method do give some increases in ultimate strength, but these increases are more than offset by decreases in maximum extensibility and the resulting filled elastomers are very weak. On the other hand, end linking the short chains directly into the longchain network gives much larger increases in ultimate strength and smaller decreases in maximum extensibility; as a result these bimodal elastomers are much tougher than the corresponding filled networks.
Rhetorical Criticism and Foucault's Philosophy of Discursive Events.

Rhetorical theory has long recognized the importance of eventfulness to rhetoric. This essay explores Foucault's notion of discursive events by reviewing his philosophy of incorporeal materialism and suggesting how his view contrasts with those of other rhetoricians. Nixon's “Checkers Speech” is used as a representative rhetorical event to illustrate the direction that Foucault's notion of event leads rhetorical critics.
Velocity slip and translational nonequilibrium of ternary gas mixtures in free jet expansions

An aerodynamic isotope separation technique based on the velocity slip between gases in a rarefied flow has been proposed. To evaluate the efficiency of this separation technique, the velocity and translational temperature of the individual species in binary and ternary gas mixtures of argon and neon in helium have been studied in a low density hypersonic free jet. The velocity and temperature of the gas were determined from the Doppler shift and broadening of the fluorescence excited by an electron beam. Velocity slip and translational nonequilibrium were observed over a range of source pressures. A separation factor based on the velocity slip and temperatures was also determined. A comparison of the velocity slip, temperatures, and separation factor with the results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the flow field is presented.
Whole-animal imaging and flow cytometric techniques for analysis of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses after nanoparticle vaccination.

Traditional vaccine adjuvants, such as alum, elicit suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. To address this major challenge in vaccine development, various nanoparticle systems have been engineered to mimic features of pathogens to improve antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes and increase antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells, leading to new vaccine formulations optimized for induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. In this article, we describe the synthesis of a “pathogen-mimicking” nanoparticle system, termed interbilayer-crosslinked multilamellar vesicles (ICMVs) that can serve as an effective vaccine carrier for co-delivery of subunit antigens and immunostimulatory agents and elicitation of potent cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. We describe methods for characterizing hydrodynamic size and surface charge of vaccine nanoparticles with dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analyzer and present a confocal microscopy-based procedure to analyze nanoparticle-mediated antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, we show a new bioluminescence whole-animal imaging technique utilizing adoptive transfer of luciferase-expressing, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells into recipient mice, followed by nanoparticle vaccination, which permits non-invasive interrogation of expansion and trafficking patterns of CTLs in real time. We also describe tetramer staining and flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for longitudinal quantification of endogenous T cell responses in mice vaccinated with nanoparticles.
Erratum to: “Epithelial mesenchymal transition and hedgehog signaling activation are associated with chemoresistance and invasion of hepatoma subpopulations” [J Hepatol 2011;55:838–845]

Erratum to: ‘‘Epithelial mesenchymal transition and hedgehog signaling activation are associated with chemoresistance and invasion of hepatoma subpopulations’’ [J Hepatol 2011;55:838–845] Xiaoli Chen, Shilpa Lingala, Shiva Khoobyari, Jan Nolta, Mark A. Zern, Jian Wu1,2,3,⇑ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Stem Cell Program, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Cancer Center, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
Reply to Kamide and Richmond

Detailed empirical models of the ionospheric convection electric field and auroral-latitude conductance are used to show that at 04 magnetic local time (MLT) the electric field magnitude peaks at least 5° poleward of the Hall conductance and is the stronger contributor to the poleward half of the westward electrojet current in the morning sector. At 20 MLT the eastward electrojet current is centered on the electric field and conductance profiles, which have a similar peak latitude and extent.
Risky Drinking in College Changes as Fraternity/Sorority Affiliation Changes: A Person-Environment Perspective

This study aimed to resolve the direction of the relation between Greek affiliation and substance use by taking advantage of the quasi-experimental nature of change in college fraternity/sorority affiliation. Precollege individual differences and college substance use were examined as a function of time-varying Greek status to characterize self-selection (by which heavy substance users opt into Greek systems) and socialization (by which Greek systems foster heavy substance use). Prospective data on continuously enrolled college students (N = 2,376), assessed at precollege and in the first 6 semesters of college, were used. Latent class analysis indicated 4 discrete groups of status: constant Greek members (30%), constant nonmembers (64%), late joiners (2%), and droppers (4%). Random coefficient models demonstrated disaffiliation with Greek systems is associated with decreases in risky drinking and alcohol-conducive environmental factors (peer norms and alcohol availability), whereas affiliation is associated with increases, indicating Greek socialization via sociocognitive and physical environments. Future Greeks differed from nonmembers in diverse individual characteristics and heavier substance use at precollege, suggesting multiple selection paths into Greek systems. Findings suggest a reciprocal relation between Greek environment and individuals in determining the trajectories of college drinking and heterogeneity in drinking as functions of changes in Greek affiliation.
Use of osmotically permeabilized plant protoplasts to study DNA synthesis

Abstract A method has been developed to measure DNA synthesis in protoplasts freshly isolated from bromegrass cell suspension culture. The method involves exposing the protoplasts to a transient hypotonic shock in the presence of magnesium, substrate deoxyribonucleotides and ATP as an energy source. Incorporation was linear for up to 45 min and was not reduced by addition of thymidine. The optimal pH was 6.5. Incorporation was decreased by over half in the presence of aphidicolin, a potent inhibitor of replication.
External versus internal triggering of substorms: An information‐theoretical approach

The role of external triggering of substorms through northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field has been examined in a number of recent studies. While Hsu and McPherron (2002, 2004) argue that the strong association between external triggers defined by Lyons et al. (1997) and substorm onsets could be responsible for most substorms, Morley and Freeman (2007) argue that the association between northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) turnings and substorm onsets are coincidental rather than causal, because the same external triggers are also closely associated with an artificial list of substorm onsets generated with the Minimal Substorm Model, which has no requirement of northward IMF turning. We examine an expanded list of substorms using conditional redundancy, an entropy-based measure of conditional dependency, to examine whether northward IMF turning as an external trigger provides any additional information about substorm onset beyond knowing that there has been a period of sustained loading of energy flux (southward IMF). Our analysis reveals that only a few percent additional information is provided by the northward turning criterion, which is consistent with the statistics of surrogate data sets of external triggers constructed to coincide with 2% of substorms. We therefore conclude that northward turning of the IMF is, in general, coincidentally, rather than causally, associated with substorm onsets.
RECENT TECTONICS OF TAIWAN

Taiwan represents a very young arc-continental margin collision zone in a long subduction boundary. The collision started in Late Pliocene and is still vigorously taking place. Off coast of NE Taiwan a northward subducting slab, extending west at depth to northern Taiwan, can clearly be defined; although most parts of Taiwan have been rising steadily at about 5mm/year for the last 8, 500 years, northern Taiwan has had periods with no uplift. The intensity of the collision decreases toward the south off the island, and an east-dipping subduction zone can be delineated there. Thus Taiwan can be viewed as a transform zone in between two subduction zones with quite different geometries.Seismically Taiwan is much more active than its neighbors, the Ryukyus and Luzon. Large earthquakes reveal the nature of the intense on-going intra-plate deformation; on land, EW compression or left-lateral shear occur along NNE faults and right-lateral shear occur along nearly EW faults; offshore to the southeast of Taiwan, left-lateral shear along NWW or NW faults and thrusts in several directions coexist; to the northeast, the focal mechanisms agree well with other subduction zones. The Ryukyus are terminated at about 123° E by a number of NNE striking right-lateral faults. Focal mechanisms to the southeast of Taiwan are consistent with a tectonic stress direction of S46° E to S76° E and plunging at -2°to 15°.
Concerted motion of a protein-peptide complex: backbone dynamics studies of an (15)N-labeled peptide derived from P(21)-activated kinase bound to Cdc42Hs.GMPPCP.

Cdc42Hs is a member of the Ras superfamily of GTPases which, when active, initiates a cascade beginning with the activation of several kinases, including P(21)-activated kinase (PAK). We previously determined the structure of a complex between a 46 amino acid fragment peptide derived from the PAK binding domain (PBD46) and Cdc42Hs.GMPPCP (Gizachew, D., Guo, W., Chohan, K. K., Sutcliffe, M. J., and Oswald, R. E. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 3963-3971). Previous studies (Loh, A. P., Guo, W., Nicholson, L. K., and Oswald, R. E. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 12547-12557) suggest that the regions of Cdc42Hs that bind effectors and regulators have distinct dynamic properties from the remainder of the protein. Here, we describe the backbone dynamics of PBD46 bound to Cdc42Hs.GMPPCP. T(1), T(2), T(1)(rho), and steady-state nuclear Overhauser effects were measured at 500 and 600 MHz. An extension of the Lipari-Szabo model-free analysis was used to determine the order parameters (S(2)) and local correlation times (tau(e)) of the N-H bond vectors within PBD46. Both Cdc42Hs and PBD46 exhibit increased mobility in the free versus the bound state, suggesting that protein flexibility may be required for high-affinity PBD46 binding and, presumably, the activation of PAK. Different backbone dynamics were observed in different regions of the peptide. The beta-strand region of bound PBD46, which makes contacts with beta2 of Cdc42Hs, exhibits low mobility on the pico- to nanosecond timescale. However, the part of PBD46 that interacts with Switch I of Cdc42Hs exhibits greater mobility. Thus, PBD46 and Cdc42Hs form a tight complex that exhibits concerted dynamics.
Targeting myocardial infarction-specific protein interaction network using computational analyses

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of deaths in the United States. Currently, the high mortality rate in MI is partially due to the lacking of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a framework to understand MI-specific protein interaction network and identify MI-specific biomarkers with public databases and literatures. We established an MI-specific protein interaction network, examined the statistical significance of the MI-specific network compared to random networks, and evaluated the importance of the MI-specified proteins with its network properties and research intensity. The established MI-specific protein interaction network had less sub-networks and more links in addition to higher measurements on closeness centrality, clustering coefficient and degree centrality, suggesting a strong connectivity of hub proteins, which confirmed the determination of key proteins based on structural evaluation. In summary, this study established a framework to integrate published data in literatures and provided a promising way to identify biomarkers post-myocardial infarction.
“Al was this land fulfild of fayerye”: The thematic employment of force, willfulness, and legal conventions in Chaucer's wife of bath's tale

(1985). “Al was this land fulfild of fayerye”: The thematic employment of force, willfulness, and legal conventions in Chaucer's wife of bath's tale. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 41-51.
Mibefradil: A Selective T-Type Calcium Antagonist

Mibefradil is the first of a new class of calcium antagonists with a unique structure and pharmacology. Its novel mechanism of action is characterized by L-type and selective T-type calcium channel blockade. Mibefradil is selective for smooth muscle over cardiac muscle and selectively dilates the coronary vasculature over the peripheral vasculature. In animal studies, mibefradil increases coronary blood flow during induced ischemia. In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated that mibefradil decreases smooth muscle proliferation in response to vascular injury. The most intriguing effects of mibefradil include a lack of negative inotropy and reflex tachycardia, as well as inhibition of pathologic hypertrophy and remodeling in response to vascular injury. In clinical trials, mibefradil (100 mg) was more effective than diltiazem dual-release capsules (360 mg) and as effective as amlodipine (10 mg) in treating mild-to-moderate hypertension; mibefradil (100 mg) also resulted in a greater reduction in sitting diastolic blood pressure than did nifedipine GITS (60 mg) in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension. In patients with chronic stable angina, mibefradil (100 mg) was as effective as diltiazem SR capsules (120 mg) twice daily and more effective than amlodipine (10 mg) in improving exercise tolerance and reducing ischemic episodes. Mibefradil improved survival in a rat model of heart failure as effectively as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, cilazapril. The apparent lack of negative inotropic activity and neurohormonal activity with mibefradil, as well as its favorable effects on cardiac remodeling in experimental models, suggest that this agent may be beneficial in congestive heart failure. This hypothesis is being tested in the ongoing Mortality Assessment in Congestive Heart Failure (MACH-1) trial.
Media Review: Intersections of Religious Privilege: Difficult Dialogues and Student Affairs Practice

, the editors sought to address issues related to the following three questions: “(a) What inequities exist between the religious and nonreligious, as well as the privileged and marginal-ized religions?, (b) What are the historical and potential conflicts caused by these inequities?, (c) And what can student affairs professionals do to cultivate an environment that supports productive dialogue on issues surrounding religious privilege” (p. 1)? The eight chapters in this book provide readers with responses to these important questions in an interesting and thorough manner.In the first chapter, Fairchild addressed the issue of Christian privilege by first defining and sharing examples of such privilege. While addressing “the fallacy of the United States as a Chris-tian nation” (p. 8), Fairchild discussed the diversity of religious and nonreligious perspectives of people residing in the United States. The chapter ended by encouraging readers to rethink customs and language that serve to facilitate Christian privilege in higher education. Although readers will find it helpful to learn of ways in which Christian students may experience privilege, some could argue that Fairchild’s discussion was unbalanced in that research was not reviewed that highlighted Christian students’ experiences of oppression and marginalization in public higher education (e.g., Moran, Lang, & Oliver, 2007).Siefert and Holman-Harmon, in Chapter 2, presented some of their own research and practi -cal implications for student affairs professionals’ work with students. The results of their research suggest that it is practitioners’ sense of purpose in life—rather than their spiritual, existential, and religious well-being—that influences their ability to assist students with investigating the “big questions” in life (p. 18). In part due to their research results, they recommended the use of more
Fabrication methods to manufacture isotropic Al-Li alloys and products for space and aerospace applications

Abstract After a description of the evolution of Al-Li alloys, this paper first reviews the subject of anisotropy in mechanical properties of Al-Li wrought products. In plane, through thickness and axisymmetric flow anisotropies present in Al-Li wrought products are defined. The root causes for these anisotropies are discussed. Pros and cons arising from anisotropic products are then discussed in the context of designing and manufacturing for space and aerospace structures. Numerous attempts aimed to reduce anisotropy in rolled and extruded products are summarized. It is concluded that ‘isotropic’ Al-Li products can be manufactured via the selection of appropriate process, composition and processing parameters.
Stage-specific gametocytocidal effect in vitro of the antimalaria drug qinghaosu on Plasmodium falciparum.

Qinghaosu, an anti-malaria drug, has been found to kill not only asexual blood stages but also the early stages of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum. The effect of qinghaosu in vitro depends on the concentration of the drug as well as on the initial parasitemia level (IC50 = 10-20 nM with 1% initial parasitemia). Resistance of P. falciparum to other anti-malaria drugs, e.g., chloroquine and pyrimethamine, did not affect susceptibility of its asexual and sexual stages to qinghaosu. Gametocytocidal effect of qinghaosu may play a role in the interruption of malaria transmission.
Differential in vitro effects of physiological and atmospheric oxygen tension on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, cytokine and immunoglobulin production

Abstract Since the early work of Mischell & Dutton ( Science 153 , 1004–1008, 1966), it has been recognized that certain lymphocyte cultures are exquisitely sensitive to the harsh effects of atmospheric oxygen tension. The influence of oxygen partial pressure (pO 2 ) on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype, proliferative ability, cytokine, immunoglobulin production, and redox status was examined by culturing PBMC under ambient oxygen (high pO 2 ) or a more physiological pO 2 (5% O 2 ; low pO 2 ). Low pO 2 conditions promoted a significant increase in overall viable PBMC number and enhanced Concanavalin A (Con A)- or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated PBMC proliferation by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively. No differential pO 2 effects were apparent on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced proliferation. Both resting and Con A-stimulated lymphocytes incubated for 24 h under high pO 2 had a greater baseline carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin (C-DCF) fluorescence, and were less able to quench the effect of H 2 0 2 treatment compared to lymphocytes cultured under low pO 2 conditions. Supernatant γ-IFN, IL-2, and IL-4 concentrations were elevated 50–65% when PBMC were stimulated with Con A for 24 h under low pO 2 ; however, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IL-1β production was reduced by over 75%. PWM-stimulated IgM production by PBMC was significantly reduced in day 7 cultures incubated under low pO 2 , whereas IgG and IgA production remained relatively unaltered. Immunophenotyping analyses did not reveal any significant alterations in cell subset or marker distribution at the time points examined; however, an interesting trend of increased CD69 expression was observed for Con A-stimulated PBMC incubated under low pO 2 . These results demonstrate that O 2 is a critical parameter for the in vitro culture of lymphocytes, and suggests that varying pO 2 may differentially alter PBMC functionality.
The effects of word length and emotionality on hemispheric contribution to lexical decision

The effects of emotionality and length on lateralized lexical decision of abstract nouns were investigated in 41 normal and three commissurotomized subjects. Emotionality had the same effect in both visual fields: Emotional words were responded to more accurately than neutral words. Length had different effects in the two visual fields: The accuracy of lexical decisions in the left visual field was selectively higher for four-letter words and in the right visual field it was selectively lower for six-letter words. The latency of lexical decisions revealed equivalent length effects in both visual fields. Of the commissurotomy patients, only L.B.'s left hemisphere performed above chance and revealed a length effect. Length effects are interpreted to reflect a change from a parallel graphic analysis to a sequential parsing strategy when resources are limited. Such a change can occur for words or nonwords in either visual hemifield.
Physical and chemical changes in alpha-crystallin during maturation of lens fibers.

Abstract A mechanical separation of calf lens into three fractions composed of outer cortex, inner cortex and nucleus provided material representing three phases of fiber maturation. Separation of the lenticular proteins in each fraction was achieved by gel filtration on agarose 15 m . The amount of high mol. wt. alpha-crystallin aggregates was found to increase appreciably as the fibers age. The amount of low mol. wt. alpha-crystallin, however, decreases while the average size gradually increases as the fibers are displaced toward the center of the lens. An increase in sedimentation coefficient corresponding to an increase of 50% in mol. wt. was found when the low mol. wt. alpha-crystallin from the outer cortex was compared to that from the nuclear region. No detectable change in the amino acid or the subunit composition accompanied this increase in size. The circular dichroism (CD) of these crystallins also revealed no conformation changes of the polypeptide backbone. Unique to the CD spectrum for the nuclear alpha-crystallin are minima at 235, 214 and 206 nm. This observation was corroborated by far u.v. spectroscopy to 195 nm. The loss of these CD minima as well as changes in the u.v. profile that can be effected by 7 m -urea suggests the presence of chromophore(s) attached non-covalently to the nuclear protein. One or more other chromophore(s) common to all low mol. wt. alpha-crystallins were revealed by a 40% reduction in the extinction at 195 nm after urea treatment of the cortical alpha-crystallins with no associated change in the CD spectrum. The 20% reduction in extinction for the nuclear protein suggests the presence of similar chromophore(s). Deaggregation followed by reaggregation not only markedly diminished the size of the low mol. wt. alpha-crystallins but also drastically reduced the disparities in size of this protein among the three fiber fractions. These results suggest that chromophore(s) removed by urea treatment may play a decisive role in determining the size of the alpha-crystallin marcromolecule during the maturation of the lens fibers.
Interaction forces in charged colloids: Inversion of static structure factors

A simple, easily usable 'predictor-corrector' inversion method is presented for extracting the effective pair potential u(r) from static structure factor S(q) of colloidal dispersions and liquids. The method, based on the Ornstein-Zernike integral equation, replaces the unknown bridge function B(r) in the closure with an iteratively obtained hard-sphere bridge function ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{d}}$(r). The accuracy of the method is examined by direct determination of B(r) using simulations for extreme examples of pair potential appropriate for charged dispersions. An example of the application of the method to liquid metals is also presented. The results demonstrate the need for using S(q) over the full range of q's [especially S(q)"s for sufficiently low values of q] for obtaining the crucial details of u(r). They further show the fallacies associated with the previous analyses of S(q) that have fueled the controversy concerning the nature of interaction forces in charged colloids and suggest the types of data needed for extracting u(r) for colloidal, Coulombic, and simple fluids.
Reversal of cycloheximide-induced amnesia by adrenergic receptor stimulation.

Abstract Amnesia for a multiple trial appetitive spatial discrimination habit induced by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CXM) was reversed by peripheral injections of both alpha (clonidine) and beta (isoproterenol) norepinephrine receptor stimulators. Stimulation of dopamine receptors with piribedil and acetycholine receptors with pilocarpine was ineffective in reversing amnesia. The clonidine-induced recovery was blocked by phentolamine and the isoproterenol recovery by propranolol. Examination of the temporal parameters of clonidine-induced recovery indicated that the amnesia was prevented if the agonist was injected either before training and CXM treatment, up to 1 hr after training and up to 3 hr prior to testing. Clonidine also alleviated amnesia induced by another protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, for a shock motivated brightness discrimination habit. These data suggest that the transient amnesia induced by CXM may be a consequence of disruption of adrenergic mechanisms and more specifically that norepinephrine may play an important role in memory retrieval.
Does gender predict performance of novices undergoing Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) training

Abstract Background This study was performed to assess the hypothesis that performance levels for Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) tasks were not dependent on trainee gender. Methods Initial and final task completion times for 4 FLS tasks performed by 132 novices (4th-year medical students and 1st-year residents) were collated by task type and compared by gender. Results All novices improved significantly with training ( P > .001) on all tasks. Initial performance by men was better than by women but only reached significance for peg transfer and intracorporeal knot tying ( P > .05). With training, women's performance became equivalent to that of men but showed a comparable or greater response to training. Conclusions The gender-related differences noted in initial FLS task performance disappeared after training. Gender displayed no effect on FLS training outcomes. The use of initial FLS task performance levels, seemingly objective selection criteria, would introduce gender bias into the ranking process.
A Visually Based Developmental Reading Deficit

Abstract This study describes a developmental reading disability and identifies a deficit of visual perception as the underlying cause. A.H., a university student with apparently normal reading comprehension, was severely impaired in reading aloud isolated words (e.g., dear → “pear”) and sequences of unrelated words (e.g., pouch cedar culture jacket → “cedar pouch jacket culture”). Eight experiments involving several visual presentation conditions convincingly linked her impaired reading performance to a developmental deficit in perceiving the location and orientation of visual stimuli. Four additional experiments demonstrated that A.H. achieves good comprehension for meaningful material by exploiting knowledge-based constraints (e.g., syntactic constraints) to “repair” the errors introduced by her visual system. These results have implications for research on developmental dyslexia, normal reading, and normal vision.
Scanning electron microscope investigation of in vivo performance of eight composite resins.

The materials were mixed and placed by one dentist in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations. The instruments were nonmetallic. As" suggested by Hayashi," 20 minutes were added to the recommended curing time to achieve more esthetic color properties. The restorations were finished with the recommended instruments. Color photographs and silicone impressions* were used to record baseline conditions (immediately after finishing) and postoperative performance at intervals of 6 months, up to the date of this report."' ,3 The silicone impressions were poured with low-viscosity epoxy resin'{" and permitted to cure. Replicas, once removed from the mold, were coated with palladium-gold by vapor deposition for viewing with tile scanning electron microscope (SEM). For the purpose of this study the dislodgement of the restoration, other than by surface wear, was scored as retention failure. Two categories of retention failure were established: primar); in which loss occurred during normal mastication, and secondao,,
Arthroscopic repair of a posterior cruciate ligament avulsion

Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries are rare and their management is controversial. Bony avulsion fractures have commonly been repaired with open reduction and internal fixation using the posterior approach described by Trickey. However, this approach does not lend itself to detection and repair of associated injuries. We report the case of a posterior cruciate ligament avulsion that was arthroscopically reduced and stabilized with cannulated screws. This technique provided rigid fixation for early rehabilitation and allowed concomitant arthroscopic examination of the knee for any associated injuries.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of SN 2009ip's 2012 brightening reveals a dusty pre-supernova environment

We present low-resolution near-infrared (IR) 0.8–2.5 μm spectra of Supernova (SN) 2009ip, taken immediately before, during and just after its rapid brightening in late September/October 2012. The first epoch shows the same general spectral characteristics as the later epochs (smooth continuum, narrow H and He I emission lines), but the IR continuum shape is substantially redder than the later epochs. The epoch 1 continuum can be approximated by reddening the peak-luminosity (epoch 3) spectrum by E(B − V) = 1.0 mag, but the blue colour seen in visual-wavelength spectra at the same time indicates that strong wavelength-dependent extinction by circumstellar dust is not the correct explanation. Instead, we favour the hypothesis that the redder colour before the brightening arises from excess emission from hot ∼2000 K circumstellar dust. The minimum radius ( ≳ 120 au) deduced from the dust temperature and observed luminosity of the transient, combined with the observed expansion speed in the precursor outbursts of SN 2009ip, is consistent with an ejection at least 1.1 yr earlier. The mass of hot dust indicated by the IR excess is ∼4 × 10^(−7) M⊙, although this is only a lower limit since the near-IR data do not constrain the mass of cooler dust. Thus, the observed pre-SN outbursts of this object were able to efficiently form dust into which the SN ejecta and radiation now propagate. This is consistent with the notion that the same pre-SN eruptions that generally give rise to SNe IIn also give rise to the dust needed for their commonly observed IR echoes. We also discuss some aspects of the IR line profiles, including He I λ10 830.
Toward development of a computer-based methodology for evaluating and reducing medication administration errors

The number of people aged 65 years and older in the United States is increasing. This age group consumes 30% of all prescription drugs. Many elderly people require assistance from caregivers in taking their medication. Medication administration errors can result if caregivers cannot remember to give the medications or do not understand how to give them. This study aims to determine a more effective method of presenting prescription instructions and to determine if the multiple resource hypothesis holds in the context of prescription instructions by evaluating the effect a voice prescription label (which gives audio instructions) has on comprehension and memory of a drug regimen under varying training level, task condition and instruction format. In performing a multivariate ANOVA on data collected among 48 formal and 48 informal caregivers, training level, task condition, sound condition and instruction format were found to significantly affect caregivers' memory and comprehension. There is evidence that audio instructions and the matrix format reduce errors. These results could lead to the development of a medication scheduling management SYSTEM that effectively provides prescription instructions, organizes medicines according to administration time and incorporates decision rules to determine what action should be taken if a dose is missed.
A current-controlled electrically switched memory state in silver and copper-TCNQF4 radical-ion salts

Abstract An electric field is found to induce current-controlled memory switching in polycrystalline films of copper and silver complexed to the organic electron acceptor 2,3,5,6,-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQF 4 ). The effect occurs in a two-terminal lamellar structure with the organic semi-conductor between two metal electrodes. Switching is reproducible and insensitive to moisture, light, and temperature. A memory state is created in these materials when an external field surpasses a threshold value. At this critical field the impedance of the material drops by more than four orders of magnitude. Typical impedance values in a 1.87-μm thick Cu-TCNQF 4 film for the high and low states are 1.6 × 10 6 and 60 ohms, respectively. Fast-pulse measurements made on these materials show the switching from the low to the high conductivity state occurs with a combined delay and switching time of less than 4 ns. The memory cannot be “erased” by subsequent voltage pulses, yet the memory is not permanent; its duration is controlled by sample thickness and the amount of energy used to invoke the state. General properties of metal-TCNQF 4 films are compared with the corresponding TCNQ salts.
Open questions: genomics and how far we haven’t come

What have we learned from doing all those genome sequences? Go back to the genomics revolution of the last 15 years or so, and the promise of a whole new area of biology, and to me one of the most startling results of the genomic revolution is what we don’t know, rather than what we do. In general, for any genome that’s sequenced, we only really know what about a third of the genes do. For another third, we have some idea that the product might be, for example, a DNA binding protein, but we don’t know when, or where, or why it binds; or it might be a dehydrogenase, but we don’t know the substrate; and then for typically about a third of genes we have absolutely no idea of their function. And this is irrespective of the particular genome it’s the socalled conserved hypothetical set of genes in any given genome. Obviously some genomes have been studied better than others yeast or Escherichia coli genomes are clearly better charted than that of some bizarre organism from a deep sea vent. But the third to a third to a third ratio pretty much holds across all of them. So for between a third and a half of any given genome, we really have little to no idea of what the genes are doing: we may know when they’re turned on and when they’re turned off, but not what they are doing. So if we don’t know what a third or so of the genes are doing in the simplest organism, how are we ever possibly going to understand the human genome or the medical implications of its variants?
Understanding and applying tyrosine biochemical diversity

This review highlights some of the recent advances made in our understanding of the diversity of tyrosine biochemistry and shows how this has inspired novel applications in numerous areas of molecular design and synthesis, including chemical biology and bioconjugation. The pathophysiological implications of tyrosine biochemistry will be presented from a molecular perspective and the opportunities for therapeutic intervention explored.
Physical Compatibility of Alprostadil with Commonly Used IV Solutions and Medications in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Objective To determine the physical compatibility of alprostadil with intravenous (IV) solutions, a parenteral nutrition (PN) solution, and other intravenous medications commonly used in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods To simulate y-site administration, each IV solution and the PN solution were slowly mixed 1:1 with alprostadil 15 μg/mL at 25°C. The mixtures were gently shaken and visually examined at 1, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes for physical incompatibility (gross precipitation, color change, haze, separation or gas production). In addition, each test tube was touched to assess for gross temperature change. The above mixtures were made a second time and each mixture was slowly mixed 1:1 with each of the test medications at 25°C. The ampicillin-parenteral nutrition and the chlorothiazide-parenteral nutrition solution mixtures were not tested with alprostadil. The mixtures were examined for physical incompatibility as described above. Results Alprostadil was visually compatible with D5W 0.45% NaCl, D5W 0.45% NaCl with 20 mEq KCl/L, D10W 0.45% NaCl, D10W 0.45% NaCl with 20mEq KCl/L, and a PN solution. Alprostadil was visually compatible with ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, chlorothiazide, dobutamine, dopamine, fentanyl, furosemide, gentamicin, methylprednisolone, tobramycin, vancomycin and vecuronium when mixed in D5W 0.45% NaCl, D5W 0.45% NaCl with 20mEq KCl/L, D10W 0.45% NaCl, and D10W 0.45% NaCl with 20mEq KCl/L. Alprostadil was visually compatible with cefazolin, cefotaxime, dobutamine, dopamine, fentanyl, furosemide, gentamicin, methylprednisolone, tobramycin, vancomycin and vecuronium when mixed in a PN solution. In addition, no gross temperature change was detected in any mixture. Conclusions Based on the results, alprostadil is physically compatible with the tested IV solutions and a PN solution, as well as commonly prescribed IV medications used in the NICU when mixed with the tested IV solutions and a PN solution.
Cost-Aware Cloud Bursting for Enterprise Applications

The high cost of provisioning resources to meet peak application demands has led to the widespread adoption of pay-as-you-go cloud computing services to handle workload fluctuations. Some enterprises with existing IT infrastructure employ a hybrid cloud model where the enterprise uses its own private resources for the majority of its computing, but then “bursts” into the cloud when local resources are insufficient. However, current commercial tools rely heavily on the system administrator’s knowledge to answer key questions such as when a cloud burst is needed and which applications must be moved to the cloud. In this article, we describe Seagull, a system designed to facilitate cloud bursting by determining which applications should be transitioned into the cloud and automating the movement process at the proper time. Seagull optimizes the bursting of applications using an optimization algorithm as well as a more efficient but approximate greedy heuristic. Seagull also optimizes the overhead of deploying applications into the cloud using an intelligent precopying mechanism that proactively replicates virtualized applications, lowering the bursting time from hours to minutes. Our evaluation shows over 100p improvement compared to naive solutions but produces more expensive solutions compared to ILP. However, the scalability of our greedy algorithm is dramatically better as the number of VMs increase. Our evaluation illustrates scenarios where our prototype can reduce cloud costs by more than 45p when bursting to the cloud, and that the incremental cost added by precopying applications is offset by a burst time reduction of nearly 95p.
Hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of absolute versus relative spatial frequency.

Observers indicated whether a stimulus presented to one visual field or the other consisted of two sine-wave gratings (the baseline stimulus) or those same two gratings with the addition of a 2 cycle per degree (cpd) component. When the absolute spatial frequencies of the baseline stimulus were low (0.5 and 1.0 cpd), there was a left visual field-right hemisphere (LVF-RH) advantage in reaction time (RT) to respond to the baseline stimulus which disappeared when the 2 cpd component was added (i.e., the stimulus consisted of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cpd components). When the absolute spatial frequencies of the baseline stimulus were moderate to high (4.0 and 8.0 cpd), a right visual field-left hemisphere advantage in RT to respond to the baseline stimulus approached significance and shifted to a significant LVF-RH advantage when the 2 cpd component was added (i.e., the stimulus consisted of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 cpd components. That is, adding the same 2 cpd component caused opposite shifts in visual laterality depending on whether 2 cpd was a relatively high or relatively low frequency compared to the baseline.
Meteoritic trace elements in lunar rock 14321, 184

Measurements are given for sixteen trace elements determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis in six samples of four components of lunar rock 14321, 184. The samples were of basalt (1B), matrix (9A), microbreccia-2 (15), and microbreccia-3 (14A, 16A, and 19A) components. The ancient meteoritic components in the samples were determined according to the ratios of siderophile elements (Ir/Au and Ge/Au) found in the samples.