cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends over ten years in formal inpatient gastroenterology consultations at an inner city hospital.

Goals: Inpatient consultation is an important, but poorly understood, component of medical subspecialty practices. In a time when all services strive for cost-effective and efficient treatments, little is known about the epidemiology of inpatient subspecialty consultation. This study is designed to describe the nature and trends of formal inpatient gastroenterology consultations during the past decade. Study: All inpatient gastroenterology consultations at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, GA, in 1998 and 1988 were retrospectively reviewed. Percentages of inpatient gastroenterology consultations were calculated for each year accordingly. Top ten reasons for inpatient gastroenterology consultations were compared. Results: Formal inpatient gastroenterology consultations have steadily increased in the past 10 years (2.8% of all admissions in 1988 to 4.8% in 1998, p < 0.0001). Inpatient gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures have significantly increased over the past decade (30.9% of the total consultations in 1988 to 36.1% in 1998, p = 0.008). The leading reasons for formal inpatient gastroenterology consultations in 1998 were hematemesis, abnormal liver tests, hematochezia, anemia, and melena. Consultations for abnormal liver tests have significantly decreased in the past 10 years (27% of the total consultations in 1988 to 16% in 1998, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Formal inpatient gastroenterology consultations and inpatient gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures have significantly increased over the past 10 years, despite pressures to decrease costs of inpatient care. The main reason for formal inpatient gastroenterology consultations shifted from abnormal liver tests to gastrointestinal bleeding.
LXXIII. The theory of electrolytic dissociation. (A rectification of the “correction” by professor Harry C. Jones)

(1905). LXXIII. The theory of electrolytic dissociation. (A rectification of the “correction” by professor Harry C. Jones) The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 10, No. 60, pp. 662-664.
Synthesis of an optically active, bicyclic 2-pyridone dipeptide mimetic.

The eleven-step preparation of the bicyclic 2-pyridone dipeptide mimetic 1 [(3S)-6-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroindolizine-3-carboxylic acid] in optically active form (60% ee) is described. Key steps in the synthesis of 1 include the osmium-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefin 13 [(6-but-3-enyl-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester] and the intramolecular cyclization of protected diol 19 [(3‘R)-{6-[4‘-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-3‘-hydroxybutyl]-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl}carbamic acid benzyl ester] to afford the pyridinium salt 20 [(3S)-[3-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-indolizin-6-yl]carbamic acid benzyl ester trifuoromethanesulfonic acid salt]. Several alternate methods to prepare olefin 13 are also discussed.
American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1996 update: Facts, data, and information for potential candidates

Abstract Changes in the policies and procedures since 1990 for examination for the diplomate in Clinical Neuropsychology by the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN) are reviewed. Facts, figures, and answers to commonly asked questions about the examination and the organization of ABCN are also provided. Instructions for application and for obtaining further information are furnished.
The Psychology of Loss as a Lens to a Positive Psychology

This article argues for the development of a field concerned with the psychology of loss that is interdisciplinary in nature and focused on people's pervading sense of loss. The psychology of loss may be defined as broader than related fields such as traumatology, thanatology, and stress and coping. It focuses on the perception of major loss deriving from events such as death and divorce but also on this perception in connection with diverse phenomena. An important research topic for this field concerns people's imputed meanings to losses in their lives and their activities of developing stories of losses and confiding those stories to close others as they cope with the losses. This article describes basic principles of loss that may be observed across varied loss events. It is argued that this development of a psychology of loss will contribute invaluable perspective to developments in work on positive psychology.
Measurement of brake response time after right anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Abstract Gotlin RS, Sherman AL, Sierra N, Kelly MA, Pappas Z, Scott WN. Measurement of brake response time after right anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:201-4. Objective: Recommendations on safe driving after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have been largely intuitive. We studied brake response time in patients who participated in outpatient rehabilitation after right ACL reconstruction. Design: Prospective, repeated measures design comparing 14 patients post–ACL reconstruction with 21 subjects with normal knees. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: The following measures were assessed every 2 weeks for 10 weeks: brake response time, 6-meter walk time, knee range of motion, pain, and joint effusion. Statistical testing used analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Significant variables were analyzed separately and post hoc tests conducted using the least squares differences method. Both groups were compared with published norms from the American Automobile Association. Results: No significant gender differences across main effects were detected. Brake response times for men improved significantly after week 6 ( p p Conclusions: After right ACL reconstruction, brake reaction times of rehabilitated men and women matched those of established controls after 4 to 6 weeks. Measuring brake response times during rehabilitation may ensure that individual patients return to driving in a safe and timely manner. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Anaerobic digestion of animal waste: waste strength versus impact of mixing

We studied the effect of mode of mixing (biogas recirculation, impeller mixing, and slurry recirculation) and waste strength on the performance of laboratory scale digesters. The digesters were fed with 5% and 10% manure slurry, at a constant energy supply per unit volume (8 W/m3). The experiments were conducted in eight laboratory scale digesters, each having a working volume of 3.73 L, at a controlled temperature of 35+/-2 degrees C. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was kept constant at 16.2 days, resulting in a total solids (TS) loading rate of 3.08 g/Ld and 6.2 g/Ld for 5% and 10% manure slurry feeds, respectively. Results showed that the unmixed and mixed digesters performed quite similarly when fed with 5% manure slurry and produced biogas at a rate of 0.84-0.94 L/Ld with a methane yield of 0.26-0.31 L CH4/g volatile solids (VS) loaded. This was possibly because of the low solids concentration in the case of 5% manure slurry, where mixing created by the naturally produced gas might be sufficient to provide adequate mixing. However, the effect of mixing and the mode of mixing became prominent in the case of the digesters fed with thicker manure slurry (10%). Digesters fed with 10% manure slurry and mixed by slurry recirculation, impeller, and biogas recirculation produced approximately 29%, 22% and 15% more biogas than unmixed digester, respectively. Deposition of solids inside the digesters was not observed in the case of 5% manure slurry, but it became significant in the case of 10% manure slurry. Therefore, mixing issue becomes more critical with thicker manure slurry.
Management of intracranial meningiomas secondarily involving the infratemporal fossa: radiographic characteristics, pattern of tumor invasion, and surgical implications.

OBJECTIVE: Intracranial meningiomas extending into the infratemporal fossa (ITF) are uncommon. This series describes the radiographic characteristics, histological pattern of invasion, and implications for surgical treatment of intracranial meningiomas. METHODS: Nine patients (median age, 52 yr) underwent resection of a transcranial meningioma extending into the ITF. Five patients (56%) had undergone a previous resection; however, none had involvement of the ITF. Four patients (44%) had received prior radiation therapy to the area. RESULTS: Preoperative neuroradiography uniformly showed erosion of the middle fossa floor and extension of the tumor through cranial base foramina. Histological results indicated tumor invasion of the middle fossa floor and skeletal muscle in all patients. Perineural invasion was present in four patients. Mucosal invasion was observed in six patients. A middle fossa/zygomatic approach provided access to the intra- and extracranial components of the tumor, as well as the cavernous sinus, ITF structures, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. Reconstruction was performed using the temporalis muscle, which provides a vascularized flap between exposed mucosa and the carotid artery and intradural structures. A gross total resection was performed in seven patients (78%). Postoperative complications included soft tissue ischemia (one patient), worsening of preoperative cranial neuropathy (two patients), and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (two patients). One patient died 2 months postoperatively from a pulmonary embolus. Two patients had recurrence of intracranial meningiomas extending into the ITF at 2 and 3 years postoperatively, necessitating further resection. CONCLUSION: Understanding the pertinent clinical and morphological aspects of meningioma transcranially involving the ITF is essential to surgical treatment of patients with this condition.
The State of American Federalism 2010–2011: The Economy, Healthcare Reform and Midterm Elections Shape the Intergovernmental Agenda

The slow and jobless economic recovery, the midterm elections and the passage of healthcare reform legislation dominated the political landscape in 2010. The growing momentum behind federal deficit reduction and budget cuts provided a stark juxtaposition to the previously active federal role in stimulating the economy. Consequently, state and local budgets face significant belt-tightening. The cross-cutting impacts of these and other significant federal and state policy changes are expected to affect future cost sharing in government programs, place a higher burden on state and local governments over the long term and influence the balance of intergovernmental relations. Many of the important developments in politics, policy, and law during 2010–2011 are more notable for their potential future impact as opposed to immediate impact on American federalism.
Quantification of Bax/Bak-Dependent Morphological Changes by Textural Analysis of Optical Scatter Images

We investigate the role of Bax/Bak in altering the morphology of iBMK cells under baseline and apoptosis conditions. Bax/Bak-null cells have more predictable structure measured with entropy textural features of time-lapse optical scatter images.
INCIDENTAL DIAGNOSIS AND TEMPESTIVE THERAPY IN A CASE OF NEONATAL ALLOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA DUE TO ANTI-HPA-5b

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is usually attributable to HPA-1a antibodies. The authors report a case of incidentally diagnosed thrombocytopenia in a small for gestational age infant. A NAIT was suspected and she was successfully treated with intravenous IgG. The direct and indirect platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT) in maternal blood suggested alloimmunization to HPA-5b. Empiric treatment with IgG could be useful in case of clear suspect even in absence of confirmed diagnosis.
QUANTUM TUNNELING AND STOCHASTIC RESONANCE

Stochastic resonance (SR) occurs in nonlinear dynamical systems when the response to a weak coherent input is enhanced by the presence of noise. While classical SR presently is an intensely studied phenomenon, the role of quantum fluctuations has only started to be explored. We study SR in the temperature range where quantum tunneling corrections to the classical rate of activation are relevant. For a particle subject to moderate-to-large friction, we show that the semiclassical SR can be enhanced considerably by quantum fluctuations, as compared to the predictions of a classical analysis. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Heart in Periarteritis Nodosa

The records of 66 necropsied cases of periarteritis nodosa in which there was no associated collagen disease were reviewed with reference specifically to the heart. Clinically, congestive heart failure and its manifestations were the most important cardiac findings. Congestive heart failure developed some time during the illness in 57 per cent of the patients, and 44 per cent died as a direct result of this cardiac condition. Myocardial infarction was diagnosed clinically in only three cases. The electrocardiogram was abnormal in 35 of 41 cases but was diagnostic of left ventricular hypertrophy in only six cases and of acute myocardial infarction in only three cases; in the other cases the changes were of a nonspecific nature. Pathologically, 41 of the 66 hearts had evidence of necrotizing arteritis of the coronary arteries; in 39 of these the arteritis had been acute, and in two it had healed. Forty-one of the 66 hearts exhibited myocardial infarcts. Evidence of acute pericarditis was found in 22 hearts;...
Calmodulin stimulates DNA synthesis by rat liver cells.

Abstract Incubation in low (0.02 mM)-calcium medium prevented T51B rat liver cells from initiating DNA synthesis. Raising the calcium concentration in the medium from 0.02 to 1.25 mM caused these arrested cells to initiate DNA synthesis 1–2 hours later. The possibility of this rapid DNA-synthetic response to calcium addition being mediated through Ca-calmodulin complexes was suggested by the following observations: It was blocked by the putative Ca-calmodulin blockers chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine; the trifluoperazine-inhibited cells were stimulated by purified rat calmodulin; and purified rat calmodulin itself (10 −7 to 10 −6 moles/l) mimicked calcium action, unless the already low ionic calcium concentration in the calcium-deficient medium was reduced further by adding the specific calcium chelator EGTA.
A Common Diaryl Ether Intermediate for the Gram‐Scale Synthesis of Oxazine and Xanthene Fluorophores

Common ground: copper-catalyzed coupling reactions can be used for the high-yielding preparation of widely used oxazine and xanthene fluorophores from a common diaryl ether intermediate on a gram-scale. This general approach may facilitate the future development of novel fluorophores and probes with unique properties.
Rule‐governed approaches to physics: Conservation of mechanical energy

This article reports on a study conducted to investigate the methods individuals use to make predictions about five situations involving the conservation of mechanical energy. The subjects in the study came from two different populations—science majors and nonscience majors. The technique used to determine the strategies subjects employed was a paper-and-pencil version of Siegler's Rule-Assessment technique. Each subject worked five task sets, although the order in which they did the sets varied. The task sets had simple situations involving carts moving on inclines or horizontal paths. The situations had energy transformations from: (1) kinetic energy to thermal energy via work against friction, (2) potential energy to thermal energy via work against friction, (3) potential energy to potential energy, (4) potential energy to kinetic energy, and (5) kinetic energy to potential energy. The major findings of the study were: (a) the subjects did employ identifiable strategies in over 97% of the cases, (b) the sequencing of the task sets did affect the way subjects worked the problems, (c) there was a difference in the way science majors and nonscience majors worked the problems, and (d) the effect of the variation in sequence differed for the two populations.
Microengineered Liver Tissues for Drug Testing

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition. Significant and well-documented differences between animals and humans in liver pathways now necessitate the use of human-relevant in vitro liver models for testing new chemical entities during preclinical drug development. Consequently, several human liver models with various levels of in vivo-like complexity have been developed for assessment of drug metabolism, toxicity, and efficacy on liver diseases. Recent trends leverage engineering tools, such as those adapted from the semiconductor industry, to enable precise control over the microenvironment of liver cells and to allow for miniaturization into formats amenable for higher throughput drug screening. Integration of liver models into organs-on-a-chip devices, permitting crosstalk between tissue types, is actively being pursued to obtain a systems-level understanding of drug effects. Here, we review the major trends, challenges, and opportunities associated with development and implementation of engineered liver models created from primary cells, cell lines, and stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. We also present key applications where such models are currently making an impact and highlight areas for improvement. In the future, engineered liver models will prove useful for selecting drugs that are efficacious, safer, and, in some cases, personalized for specific patient populations.
Mechanically Induced Intravascular and Extravascular Hemolysis in Dogs

The endogenous production of carbon monoxide and the flow of hemoglobin to and from plasma were measured in 11 anesthetized dogs after pumping blood through an extracorporeal circuit for short periods. Two different pumps were used. In all animals the increase in CO production was greater than could be explained by catabolism of hemoglobin lost from plasma, an average of 11.4 times greater with one pump and 2.49 times greater with the other pump. Evidence is presented that this discrepancy could not be explained by catabolism of heme other than that of hemoglobin, and we therefore concluded that rates of hemoglobin catabolism were much greater than indicated by plasma hemoglobin kinetics and that extravascular hemolysis is a major cause of erythrocyte destruction during mechanically induced hemolysis. Extravascular hemolysis apparently caused an average of 72.9% and 37.2% (with the two pumps) of the total quantity of erythrocytes destroyed during pumping and for 3 hours after pumping.
Disruption of grazer populations as a contributing factor to the initiation of the Texas brown tide algal bloom

Disruption of grazer populations, or mismatches between phytoplankton blooms and population dynamics of their planktonic and benthic grazers, may play an important role in the initiation of some harmful algal blooms. The Laguna Madre of Texas has experienced a persistent, nearly monospecific phytoplankton bloom since January 1990 commonly referred to as the “brown tide.” Whole-water samples collected in the area where the bloom began reveal the pattern of bloom initiation and dispersion during the first few months of the bloom. Enumeration of microzooplankton from these same samples also reveals that protozoan grazer populations were depressed and nearly eliminated before the bloom began. Benthic biomass and species diversity also declined before the onset of the bloom. The disruption of planktonic and benthic grazers may have been due to extreme hypersaline conditions caused by an extended period of drought (salinities > 60%0). A massive fish kill caused by an abnormal period of below freezing temperatures released a pulse of nutrients into an already disturbed environment allowing this nuisance bloom to become established. Planktonic and benthic grazers have been unable to contribute to the demise of this bloom, which has persisted for >7 yr without interruption. Harmful algal blooms in estuarine and neritic environments have been increasing in frequency in recent years (Anderson 1989; Smayda 1989; Hallegraeff 1993); this increase has been related to the increasing anthropogenic influences on coastal waters, especially alterations in nutrient supplies and nutrient ratios in coastal waters. The role of phytoplankton grazers in the population dynamics of these blooms is not well understood, but it seems likely that declines in grazer populations may contribute to the initiation of some harmful algal blooms and that grazers and pathogens may play a role in terminating blooms. Zooplankton grazing has often been suggested to play an important role in phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Early studies focused on copepods and diatom blooms. Fleming (1939) suggested that diatom populations could be controlled by grazers, and Riley (1946; 1947) produced a mathematical model that demonstrated the potential of grazer populations to maintain low populations of phytoplankton. Martin (1965) suggested that the spring bloom of diatoms in Narragansett Bay was able to become established in part due to low abundances of grazers and that the winter-spring bloom ended when rising spring temperatures become favorable to zooplankton reproduction. Benthic grazers may also help control phytoplankton biomass, especially in shallow environments (Cloern 1982; Officer et al. 1982). However, remarkably little is known about the role of grazers in the bloom dynamics of harmful algal bloom species. A dense bloom of a small unidentified alga has persisted
Indomethacin for Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Prematures

A controlled, double blind trial of indomethacin versus placebo was conducted in prematures of birth weight less than 1750 g, with a murmur of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The dose of indomethacin was 0.2 mg/kg for 2 doses, orally, 24 hours apart. Forty-seven patients entered the trial. Twenty-four received indomethacin and 12 of these met the criteria for response; 23 received the placebo and two met the criteria for response (p less than 0.01). Subsequent surgical ligation for symptomatic PDA was required in 13 of 23 in the placebo group and 4 of 24 in the indomethacin group (p less than 0.01). When administered early, indomethacin is moderately effective in closing PDA in premature infants.
Stoffwechselwirkungen von ω-3-Fettsäuren†

Biological effects of ω-3 fatty acids are related to their properties as structural components of cell membranes, their role as precursors of eicosanoids and their effects on lipoprotein metabolism. This is the basis for a great variety of metabolic effects, many of which of increasing medical interest. Particularly in the cardiovascular field, ω-3 fatty acids have been shown to have a wide spectrum of potentially antiatherogenic effects. Among these are the inhibition of platelet aggregation, reduction of blood viscosity, lowering of blood pressure and suppression of inflammatory reactions in the arteriosclerotic plaque. The principal actions in lipid metabolism are a reduction in triglycerides and a small increase in HDL 2
Clinical indicators of intracranial injury in head-injured infants

Objectives. 1) To determine whether clinical signs of brain injury are sensitive indicators of intracranial injury (ICI) in head-injured infants. 2) To determine whether radiographic imaging of otherwise asymptomatic infants with scalp hematoma is a useful means of detecting cases of ICI. 3) To determine whether head-injured infants without signs of brain injury or scalp hematoma may be safely managed without radiographic imaging. Methods. We performed a 1-year prospective study of all infants younger than 2 years of age presenting to a pediatric emergency department with head trauma. Data were collected on historical features, physical findings, radiographic findings, and hospital course. Follow-up telephone calls were made 2 weeks after discharge to assess for any late deterioration. Results. Of 608 study subjects, 30 (5%) had ICI; 12/92 (13%) infants 0 to 2 months of age had ICI, compared with 13/224 (6%) infants 3 to 11 months of age, and 5/292 (2%) infants 12 months of age or older. Only 16/30 (52%) subjects with ICI had at least one of the following clinical symptoms or signs of brain injury: loss of consciousness, history of behavior change, seizures, emesis, depressed mental status, irritability, bulging fontanel, focal neurologic findings, or vital signs indicating increased intracranial pressure. Of the 14 asymptomatic subjects with ICI, 13 (93%) had significant scalp hematoma. Among subjects who had head computed tomography, significant scalp hematoma had an odds ratio of 2.78 (95% confidence interval: 1.15,6.70) for association with ICI. A total of 265 subjects (43%) were asymptomatic and had no significant scalp hematoma. None (95% confidence interval: 0,1.2%) required specific therapy or had any subsequent clinical deterioration. Conclusions. Clinical signs of brain injury are insensitive indicators of ICI in infants. A substantial fraction of infants with ICI will be detected through radiographic imaging of otherwise asymptomatic infants with significant scalp hematomas. Asymptomatic infants older than 3 months of age who have no significant scalp hematoma may be safely managed without radiographic imaging.
Molecular Biology of the Estrogen Receptor Aids in the Understanding of Tamoxifen Resistance and Breast Cancer Prevention with Raloxifene

Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) (Fig. 1), a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, is the endocrine treatment of choice for all stages of breast cancer. The drug has ten million women-years of clinical experience and is described by the World Health Organization as an essential treatment for breast cancer. The clinical pharmacology of tamoxifen has been studied in great detail because it is currently being tested as a preventive for breast cancer in high-risk women (Jordan 1993). This strategy is based on three important facts. Firstly, tamoxifen prevents rat mammary carcinogenesis (Jordan 1974, 1976). Secondly, tamoxifen reduces the incidence of contralateral breast cancer (Cuzik and Baum 1985) and, thirdly, when the preliminary studies were started in 1986 (Powles et al. 1989), tamoxifen was believed to have a low incidence of side effects (Furr and Jordan 1984).
Block-circulant Gabor-matrix structure and discrete Gabor transforms

We develop the block-circulant structure of Gabor matrices, and establish that Gabor matrices are unitarily block-diagonalizable simultaneously. It opens a new way of implementing the discrete Gabor transforms. For the most interesting cases, if the product ab of the lattice constants divides the signal length N (in particular, in the critical-sampling cases), we prove that the Gabor operators are simultaneously unitarily equivalent to non-negative pointwise multiplication operators. This leads to fast computations of the inverse of the Gabor operator and the square root of the inverse of the Gabor operator, as well as the dual Gabor wavelet and the tight Gabor wavelet. Gabor syntheses turn out to be simple, and we can also easily predetermine the stability of Gabor reconstructions.
Denitrification from a swine lagoon overland flow treatment system at a pasture-riparian zone interface.

quality impacts, and sustainability before they can be implemented as a possible water quality best manageIn manure disposal systems, denitrification is a major pathway for ment practice (BMP). This study and the related studies N loss and to reduce N transport to surface and ground water. We measured denitrification and the changes in soil N pools in a liquid (Hubbard et al., 1998) are designed to test overland manure disposal system at the interface of a pasture and a riparian flow treatment as a manure disposal and treatment alterforest. Liquid swine manure was applied weekly at two rates (approxi- native. mately 800 and 1600 kg N ha 21 yr 21 ) to triplicate plots of overland Although it is the preferred method of handling maflow treatment systems with three different vegetation treatments. nure, land application of manures has been associated Denitrification (acetylene block technique on intact cores) and soil with (i) water quality degradation, (ii) air pollution N pools were determined bimonthly for 3 yr. The higher rate of through N gas emission, and (iii) other problems such as manure application had higher denitrification rates and higher soil odors and potential movement of pathogenic organisms nitrate. Depth 1 soil (0‐6 cm) had higher denitrification, nitrate, and
Film formation in two‐phase annular flow

The liquid film in annular two-phase flow is maintained by droplet movement to and from the gas core and by wave action. This work examines droplet movement and its effect on the liquid film. Film formation and movement both axially and circumferentially were investigated by using transient techniques.
Gene expression in response to multiple nutrient‐starvation conditions in Salmonella typhimurium

In nature, bacteria encounter a variety of environmental conditions, among the most frequent of these is the limitation or starvation of one or more essential nutrients. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that bacteria have evolved mechanisms to enhance their survival over prolonged periods of nutrient starvation. We have identified eight genetic loci in the enteropathogen Salmonella typhimurium, using Mu d-directed lacZ operon fusion technology, that were induced in response to two or more different starvation conditions (sti). In simultaneous studies, we also identified genetic loci, using Mu d-lac fusions, which respond to only phosphate-starvation conditions (psi). We further characterized these loci as to their induction-characteristics, kinetics of induction, expression during growth on different carbon sources, and approximate location on the S. typhimurium genetic map. In concurrent studies, we analyzed whole cell extracts of S. typhimurium grown under a variety of nutrients oxydation conditions as well as under nonlimiting conditions, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results from these studies correlated well with our gene fusion studies. In more recent studies, we have demonstrated a complex genetic regulation of a number of these starvation-inducible loci, and have implicated at least four of these loci in the long term starvation-survival of S. typhimurium.
Functional analysis of the pseudoknot structure in human telomerase RNA

Telomerase is essential for maintaining telomere length and chromosome stability in stem cells, germline cells, and cancer cells. The telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex consists of two essential components, a catalytic protein component and an RNA molecule that provides the template for telomeric repeat synthesis. A pseudoknot structure in the human telomerase RNA is conserved in all vertebrates and is essential for telomerase activity. It has been proposed that this highly conserved structure functions as a dynamic structure with conformational interchange between the pseudoknot and a hairpin with intraloop base pairings. To examine the structural and functional requirements of the pseudoknot structure, we made mutations in the proposed base-paired regions in the pseudoknot. Although mutations that disrupted the pseudoknot P3 helix abolished activity as predicted, mutations that disrupted the intraloop hairpin base pairings did not reduce telomerase activity, indicating that the intraloop hairpin is not required for telomerase function. This functional study thus provides evidence against the previous proposed molecular-switch model of telomerase pseudoknot function and supports a static pseudoknot structure. The mutational analysis further suggests that telomerase RNA can function independent of the proposed intermolecular pairings between pseudoknot regions on two RNA molecules.
Integrating Hard/Soft Real-Time Tasks and Best-Effort Jobs on Multiprocessors

We present a multiprocessor scheduling framework for integrating hard and soft real-time tasks and best-effort jobs. This framework allows for full system utilization, and ensures that hard real-time deadlines are met and that deadline tardiness is bounded for soft real-time tasks. Dynamic slack reclamation is employed to reduce tardiness and to improve the response time of best-effort jobs. The approach is validated using an implementation within the Linux kernel.
A report on 2,798 vaginal hysterectomies

Abstract 1. Two thousand seven hundred ninety-eight vaginal hysterectomies and 898 abdominal hysterectomies are reported, and the mortality is compared with 4,482 vaginal and 40,587 abdominal cases reported in the literature. 2. The mortality rate of the collected cases of abdominal hysterectomies is 7.5 times greater than that of vaginal hysterectomies. 3. Therefore, vaginal hysterectomy should be chosen whenever feasible because: (a) It permits a more regular correction of all defects than do other procedures. (b) The vaginal route causes less discomfort to the patient. (c) No abdominal scar is produced. (d) Pulmonary complications and emboli are less frequent. (e) Thrombophlebitis and pelvic abscess are less common. (f) Trauma to the bowel, postoperative adhesions, ileus and bowel obstruction are infrequent. (g) Gas pains are less severe. (h) It is less radical and safer than irradiation. (i) It affords a safe approach to many forms of adnexal pathology. (j) Peritonealization can be accomplished as accurately as by the abdominal route. (k) Stump carcinoma and persistent cervical discharge are prevented. 4. We agree with many who have advocated vaginal hysterectomy rather than abdominal hysterectomy in poor operative risks. It then seems logical that vaginal hysterectomy is an even safer procedure in patients who are in better operative condition. 5. Previous abdominal surgery need not always contraindicate vaginal removal of the uterus. 6. The technical skill of the operator is of no greater importance than is the choice of method of approach or preoperative preparation of the patient, such as: (a) eradication of foci of infection; (b) correction of anemia, vitamin, protein and fluid balance; (c) restoration of the normal vaginal flora. 7. Meticulous hemostasis is vitally important. 8. Adequate training in vaginal hysterectomy will equip a surgeon with the confidence and ability to treat many other gynecologic conditions by vaginal surgery to the great benefit of the patient.
Individual variation in rapid eye movement sleep is associated with pain perception in healthy women: preliminary data.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep-deprivation experiments suggest that sleep loss increases pain sensitivity. It is unclear from preliminary studies, however, whether sleep-related processes are directly associated with pain perception or whether hyperalgesia is due to the secondary effects of sleep deprivation and/or demand characteristics. Consequently, we sought to evaluate relationships between sleep architecture and laboratory measures of pain processing in healthy women, sleeping under normal conditions. DESIGN Correlational, 2-night polysomnographic study with laboratory pain testing conducted on subsequent days. SETTING General clinical research center inpatient unit with private room. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen healthy, female, pain-free good sleepers, free from centrally acting agents (mean age = 24 +/- 4.5 years). MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS Standard polysomnographic sleep-continuity and architecture variables and subject responses to standard noxious thermal stimuli delivered to the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the forearm via thermal sensory analyzer. Ratings of thermal pain threshold as well as suprathreshold indices of central pain processing (mean/peak ratings and intensity of painful aftersensations) were obtained. Averaging across nights/days, we found significant negative relationships between rapid eye movement sleep latency and suprathreshold pain ratings, ie, measures of heightened central pain processing (r = -.64 to -.73, P < .01). Significant positive relationships were also found between percentage of rapid eye movement sleep and suprathreshold ratings(r = .56 to .66, P < .050). CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to demonstrate a relationship between individual variation in rapid eye movement sleep and pain-modulatory processes. The results have implications for the etiology of pain disorders and suggest that neurobiologic substrates regulating sleep may also play a role in central pain processing.
Bcl-3 expression and nuclear translocation are induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin in proliferating human erythroid precursors

Bcl-3 is a proto-oncogene involved in the chromosomal translocation t(14;19) found in some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It shares structural similarities with and is a member of the IkappaB family of proteins. In this report, involvement of Bcl-3 in hematopoietic growth factor-stimulated erythroid proliferation and differentiation was examined. In TF-1 cells, an erythroleukemia cell line, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin (Epo) greatly enhanced Bcl-3 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels in association with stimulation of proliferation. Bcl-3 protein was also highly expressed in early burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)-derived erythroid precursors (day 7) and decreased during maturation (days 10 and 14), suggesting that Bcl-3 is involved in normal erythroid proliferation. In these hematopoietic cells, Bcl-3 was hyperphosphorylated. GM-CSF and Epo modulated the subcellular localization of Bcl-3. Upon stimulation of TF-1 cells with GM-CSF or Epo, the nuclear translocation of Bcl-3 was dramatically enhanced. Overexpression of Bcl-3 in TF-1 cells by transient transfection along with the NF-kappaB factors p50 or p52 resulted in significant induction of an human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) kappaB-TATA-luceriferase reporter plasmid, demonstrating that Bcl-3 has a positive role in transactivation of kappaB-containing genes in erythroid cells. Stimulation with GM-CSF enhanced c-myb mRNA expression in these cells. Bcl-3 in nuclear extracts of TF-1 cells bound to a kappaB enhancer in the c-myb promoter together with NF-kappaB2/p52 and this binding activity was enhanced by GM-CSF stimulation. Furthermore, cotransfection of Bcl-3 with p52 or p50 in TF-1 cells resulted in significant activation of a c-myb kappaB-TATA-luceriferase reporter plasmid. These findings suggest that Bcl-3 may participate in the transcriptional regulation of certain kappaB-containing genes involved in hematopoiesis, including c-myb.
LISREL Models and Methods

In this Chapter we develop the LISREL model formally, and assume some knowledge of elementary statistics. While understanding the model will prove useful in the long run, it is not strictly prerequisite for the LISREL applications in this book. It provides a valuable reference section and guide to the statistical theory behind applied model-fitting, especially in conjunction with our first application of the package in Section 8.4. The less mathematically-minded reader may wish to skim this Chapter for now, and return to it when they feel more comfortable with the practical use of LISREL for simple models.
Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism by Eric Burns New York: Public Affairs, 2006, 467 pp

(2007). Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism by Eric Burns New York: Public Affairs, 2006, 467 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 112-113.
Comments on the Hamelman-Mazze Model for Product Abandonment Decisions:

There is a real need for sound, operational models which provide for improved product line evaluation and decision making. This article critically examines one such model, which was presented in the April 1972 issue of the JOURNAL OF MARKETING.
Reclaiming Halakhah: On the Recent Works of Aharon Shemesh

Bialik may have protested in “halakhah and aggadah” that aggadah had become too dominant in his day, but for countless generations it was halakhah that possessed greater gravitas, thanks to the geonim and their successors. Bialik was onto something, however, since even he succumbed to the power of aggadah—his most popular work was Sefer Ha-Aggadah. In the contemporary academy, aggadah continues to flourish. The encounter between midrash and literary theory in the 1980s, and between talmudic aggadah and stam -oriented source criticism in the 1990s and today, have firmly secured aggadah's territory on the academic map. Some aggadot have been scrutinized by so many scholarly eyes—the oven of Akhnai, the heresy of Elisha ben Abuya, the partnership of Rabbi Yoḥanan and Resh Lakish—that they seem to constitute a new Jewish core curriculum.
Monitoring and analysis on antibiotics resistance and biofilm production of coagulase negative staphylococci from children patients

Objective To explore antibiotics resistance,β-lactamase and biofilm production of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS)in children patients,which helped apply antibiotics reasonally.Methods The GPI and GPS cards on VITEK32 auto-microbi- ology analyzer were used for identifying species,detecting antibiotics resistance,β-lactamase and methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS).The biofilm production was detected by using the Congo Red agar method.Results Of 142 CNS,87.32% were MRCNS,and the proportion ofβ-lactamase and biofilm production were 95.07% and 5.63%,respectively. The resistance rates to ampicillin/sulbactam,amoxicillin/clavulanic acid,pennicillin G,cefazolin were over 99%, to erythromycin 86.29%,to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,trimeth/sulfa,clindamycin and tetracycline from 47.58% to 30.56%,to moxifloxacin,levofloxacin and rifampin from 8.87% to 1.14%,respectively.No CNS with resistance to vancomycin,nitrofurantoin and linezolid were found,there were statistically significant difference in resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam,amoxicillin/clavulanic acid,pennicillin G,cefazolin,gentamicin and erythromycin between MRCNS and MSCNS.Conclusion Most of CNS from children patients areβ-lactamase posotive and MRCNS with multi-drug-resistance.No important clinical value is found among biofilm product,pathogenecity and antibiotic re- sistance of CNS,because of the very low biofilm production rate of CNS in this study.
Severe acute coronary spasm following intracoronary radiation for in-stent restenosis: a case report.

Abstract Intracoronary radiation therapy is currently the only available treatment for the prevention of recurrence of in-stent restenosis. We report a case of severe coronary spasm after excimer laser angioplasty, balloon angioplasty, and intracoronary gamma radiation in the right coronary artery (RCA) that resulted in an acute myocardial infarction. Treatment with 600 μg of intracoronary nitroglycerin resulted in minimal improvement; therefore, diltiazem 400 μg was administered intracoronary with total resolution of the spasm, restoring normal coronary blood flow without trace of acute dissection or thrombus inside the artery.
Bioluminescence as a novel method of monitoring retinal ganglion cell death associated with glaucoma

2602 Objectives Glaucoma is a leading causes of blindness in the United States and worldwide. Retinal ganglion cells that ultimately become the optic nerve are damaged as a result of the increased pressures associated with glaucoma. Convention animal models of glaucoma, although robust, require sacrificing large groups of animals as glaucoma progresses, thus limiting the ability to longitudinally follow ganglion cell loss. We hypothesize that using Bioluminescent Imaging (BLI) with a luciferin tagged adeno-associated virus Type 2 (AAV2-GFP-luc) to infect the retinal ganglion cells will allow longitudinal assessment of retinal ganglion cell damage induced via optic nerve crush. This technique will provide an opportunity to develop a novel animal model of glaucoma that will greatly reduce the number of animals used in future studies and be of great benefit to the glaucoma research community. Methods 10 adult Sprague Dawley male rats were allowed to acclimate ~1 week. Animals underwent intravitreal injections of 2x10^12 AAV2-GFP-luc dual construct while under isoflurane anesthesia. Animals were recovered, transferred to BSL 2 housing, and after 4 weeks animals returned for baseline luciferin imaging. Animals were anesthetized via isoflurane anesthesia, dosed with of 150 mg/kg d-luciferin SQ, and dynamically imaged using the IVIS SpectrumCT with an exposure time of ~2 min and a frame duration of ~2 min for a total of 20 images. Two days following baseline imaging, animals underwent optic nerve crushes to induce retinal ganglion cell death in one of the two eyes, and sham-crush in the contralateral eye, and were returned to their home cage for post-operative recovery. Dynamic BLI was repeated at time points 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 week post nerve crush/sham. Data was analyzed using both area under the curve and peak analysis after each time point, and animals were euthanized via isoflurane overdose and enucleated for further histological analysis. Results Results of dynamic BLI imaging revealed an initial increase in ocular emission during the AAV2 infective phase which platitude by week 4 post transfection. Post optic nerve crush, ocular emission decrease with time, while sham operated eyes remained largely the same through 8 week period when analyzed via both peak and area under the curve methods. Histological analyses were consistent with the dynamic BLI data. Conclusions These results indicate that the optic nerve crush procedure produced sufficient ganglion cell death as indicated by the decrease ocular emsission, and that BLI can be used as a minimally invasive way to quantitate retinal ganglion cell damage as it relates to glaucoma.
Modeling pulsed laser ablation of aluminum with finite element analysis considering material moving front

Abstract During the pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of solid materials, the surface of the target material progressively recedes which in turn necessitates to account for the moving front boundary in the formulation of the laser heat conduction problem. Hence, developing an accurate predictive simulation model that captures the material moving front and updates simultaneously the laser source boundary conditions is an important and yet challenging task. In this paper, the PLA of aluminum is formulated and modeled with finite element analysis (FEA) that considers the instant material removal during the ablation process. Here, the implementation of such an FEA enables a strong coupling between the progressive surface recession (i.e., the shape change of the target material) and the laser heat conduction. Moreover, the proposed numerical simulation model not only predicts the progressive surface recession due to the material evaporation in the low laser fluence regime, but it also captures the ablation depth due to the material phase explosion in the high laser fluence regime. In addition, the temperature-dependent material and optical properties of the aluminum target are considered in the simulation. With nanosecond Nd:YAG 266 and 193 nm laser pulses, simulations are performed for the PLA of aluminum under various laser fluence. The predicted ablation depths under low laser fluence clearly show better agreement with experimental data, when compared to other predictions based on the hydrodynamics simulation model. Furthermore, the predicted threshold of the material phase transition in the high laser fluence regime also shows a good degree of consistency with experimental data.
An Overview on Delayed Toxic Effects of Pre- and Perinatal Drug Exposure

ABSTRACT Pre- or perinatal exposure to certain drugs, primarily those which act on the central nervous system or endocrine glands, can produce permanent functional changes that are expressed only late in postnatal development. Delayed effects may occur in any organ system because of slowly developing degenerative or proliferative changes. Pre- or neonatally acquired chemically induced changes can affect the next generation via alteration in DNA or in other hitherto unknown ways.