cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independence of water and solute pathways in human RBCs.

We have investigated the permeability of the human red blood cell to four di-hydroxy alcohols, 1,2PD (1,2 propanediol), 1,3PD (1.3 propanediol), 1,4BD (1,4 butanediol), and 2,3BD (2,3 butanediol), and to water by using a recently developed ESR stopped-flow method which is free from artifacts found in light scattering methods. Numerical solutions of the Kedem-Katchalsky equations fit to experimental data yielded the following permeability coefficients: P1,2PD = 3.17 × 10−5 cm sec−1, p1,3pd = 1.75 × 10−5 cm sec−1, P1,4BD = 2.05 × 105 cm sec−1, P2,3BD = 7.32 × 10−5 cm sec−1. Reflection coefficients (σ) were evaluated by comparing data fit with assumed values of σ = 0.6,0.8 and 1.0. In all four cases the best fit was obtained with σ = 1.0. Treatment of cells with PCMBS (para-chloro mercuri-benzenesulfonate) was followed by a large (> 10-fold) decrease in water permeability with virtually no change in alcohol permeability. We conclude that these alcohols do not permeate the water channels to any significant extent, and discuss some of the problems in light scattering measurements of reflection coefficients that could lead to erroneous values for σ.
Una Comparacion Del Control De Comprension En Lectores Mas Y Menos Competentes

RESUMENLos lectores poco competentes tienen dificultades para evaluar su propia comprension. El proposito de este trabajo es intentar definir los factores que contribuyen a este pobre control de la comprension comparando lectores competentes y menos competentes de grado medio, mediante una tarea de comprension de historias inconsistentes a las que falta una parte. Los lectores menos competentes eran significativamente peores en la tarea de identificar cual era la historia inconsistente, colocar la hoja que faltaba y arreglar la historia. Esto parece ser debido a una dificultad en la integracion del material del texto. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el recuerdo de la informacion crucial.
Applications of capillary electrophoresis for industrial analysis

Capillary electrophoresis techniques, particularly isotachophoresis and zone electrophoresis, are useful for the determination of various analytes in a wide range of sample matrices. This paper reports applications of capillary electrophoresis developed for detergent, food additive, herbicide, animal nutrition and biotechnology samples. Major advantages of capillary electrophoresis include versatility and speed of method development. Options for small ion analysis using modern, fused silica capillary instruments are discussed.
Relationship between catecholamines and serotonin in sympathetic nerves of the rat pineal gland.

Sympathetic nerves of the pineal gland contain both serotonin and norepinephrine. Inhibition of norepinephrine synthesis with a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine (αMPT), causes an elevation of pineal serotonin. The administration of dopamine or norepinephrine blocks the elevation of pineal serotonin by αMPT. When sympathetic nerves to the pineal are interrupted αMPT no longer causes a rise in pineal serotonin. Tryptophan causes a marked increase in pineal serotonin; αMPT enhances and norepinephrine blocks this rise.
Perceptions of Dialectical Contradictions in Turning Points of Development in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships

The current study sought to examine the perceived centrality or importance of six basic contradictions in the turning points of relationship development for heterosexual romantic pairs. A modified Retrospective Interview Technique was employed to elicit respondent accounts of the turning points of their relationship. For our sample of 100 males and females, drawn from 50 heterosexual romantic couples, the contradictions of Autonomy-Connection and Openness-Closedness were attributed greatest importance across a wide range of turning-point event types. The perceived importance of three other contradictions (Inclusion-Seclusion, Revelation-Concealment, and Predictability-Novelty) was localized in particular turning-point events. The contradiction of Conventionality-Uniqueness was lowest in perceived importance across turning point types.
In Vivo Imaging of Zebrafish Reveals Differences in the Spinal Networks for Escape and Swimming Movements

Most studies of spinal interneurons in vertebrate motor circuits have focused on the activity of interneurons in a single motor behavior. As a result, relatively little is known about the extent to which particular classes of spinal interneurons participate in different behaviors. Similarities between the morphology and connections of interneurons activated in swimming and escape movements in different fish and amphibians led to the hypothesis that spinal interneurons might be shared by these behaviors. To test this hypothesis, we took advantage of the optical transparency of zebrafish larvae and developed a new preparation in which we could use confocal calcium imaging to monitor the activity of individual identified interneurons noninvasively, while we simultaneously filmed the movements of the fish with a high-speed digital camera. With this approach, we could directly examine the involvement of individual interneurons in different motor behaviors. Our work revealed unexpected differences in the interneurons activated in swimming and escape behaviors. The observations lead to predictions of different behavioral roles for particular classes of spinal interneurons that can eventually be tested directly in zebrafish by using laser ablations or mutant lines with interneuronal deficits.
NF-κB activity affects learning in aversive tasks: possible actions via modulation of the stress axis

Abstract The role of altered activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in specific aspects of motivated behavior and learning and memory was examined in mice lacking the p50 subunit of the NF-κB/rel transcription factor family. Nfkb1-deficient mice are unable to produce p50 and show specific susceptibilities to infections and inflammatory challenges, but the behavioral phenotype of such mice has been largely unexamined, owing in large part to the lack of understanding of the role of NF-κB in nervous system function. Here we show that Nfkb1 (p50) knockout mice more rapidly learned to find the hidden platform in the Morris water maze than did wildtype mice. The rise in plasma corticosterone levels after the maze test was greater in p50 knockout than in wildtype mice. In the less stressful Barnes maze, which tests similar kinds of spatial learning, the p50 knockout mice performed similarly to control mice. Adrenalectomy with corticosterone replacement eliminated the differences between p50 knockout and wildtype mice in the water maze. Knockout mice showed increased levels of basal anxiety in the open-field and light/dark box tests, suggesting that their enhanced escape latency in the water maze was due to activation of the stress (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal) axis leading to elevated corticosterone production by strongly but not mildly anxiogenic stimuli. The results suggest that, as in the immune system, p50 in the nervous system normally serves to dampen NF-κB-mediated intracellular activities, which are manifested physiologically through elevated stress responses to aversive stimuli and behaviorally in the facilitated escape performance in learning tasks.
Exact Sample Conditioned MSE Performance of the Bayesian MMSE Estimator for Classification Error—Part II: Consistency and Performance Analysis

In Part I of a two part study on the MSE performance of Bayesian error estimation, we have derived analytical expressions for MSE conditioned on the sample for Bayesian error estimators and arbitrary error estimators in two Bayesian models: discrete classification with Dirichlet priors and linear classification of Gaussian distributions with normal-inverse-Wishart priors. Here, in Part II, we examine the consistency of Bayesian error estimation and provide several simulation studies that illustrate the concept of conditional MSE and how it may be used in practice. A salient application is censored sampling, where sample points are collected one at a time until the conditional MSE reaches a stopping criterion.
Robust and Reconfigurable Flight Control by Neural Networks

A linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) framework for developing robust, adaptive nonlinear flight control systems is presented. The controller structure is that of a feedfor- ward sigmoidal neural network that is both adaptive and reconfigurable, since the control law it approximates can be modified by updating its parameters during operation. The neural network controller is designed via LMIs to meet multiple control objectives, that include but are not limited to LQG and H1 performance, pole placement, and closed-loop stability, as dictated by the application of interest. Prior knowledge of the linearized equations of motion is utilized in order to guarantee that the neural network controller meets these objectives when the aircraft is operating in its linear-parameter varying (LPV) regime, or steady-state flight envelope. However, should unex- pected changes or failures occur during flight, the controller also is capable to reconfigure according to the new and, possibly, nonlinear dynamics. The adaptation consists of a constrained optimization problem that is computationally feasible because it takes place incrementally over time, accounting for the new dynamics only if and when they arise. The LPV performance of the controller is preserved and guaranteed throughout adaptation, by means of a novel constrained-training technique for neural networks.
FPGA Implementation of the Interior-Point Algorithm with Applications to Collision Detection

The interior-point algorithm is a powerful method for solving a Linear Program (LP). A variety of optimization problems can be formulated as LPs. Often times the limiting factor of deploying an algorithm to solve LPs in a high performance system is the run-time efficiency. In this paper, we present the FPGA implementation of an affine interior-point algorithm that is designed to solve LPs. Specifically, we present the application of this algorithm to solving the LP for the real-time collision detection. The most important feature that distinguishes this particular algorithm from other collision detection methods is its superior ability to perform detection between pairs of objects undergoing fast rotational and translational motions.
Finite Element Method of Analyzing Steady Seepage with a Free Surface

A new iterative approach to steady seepage of ground water with a free surface has been developed using the finite element method. This approach eliminates a number of difficulties that were inherent in the iterative procedures previously used to solve this problem and rapid convergence is now assured in all cases. The method is applicable to heterogeneous porous media with complex geometric boundaries and arbitrary degrees of anisotropy. It can handle problems where the free surface is discontinuous and where portions of the free surface are vertical or near vertical. In addition, infiltration or evapotranspiration at the free surface can be handled with ease. Several examples are included to demonstrate the power of this new approach and to show how it can apply to a wider variety of free surface problems than has been possible before.
Statistical and Formative Delay Times for Sub-Nanosecond Breakdown at Sub-Atmospheric Pressure

For subnanosecond switching, physical phenomena as well as basic breakdown data, such as delay times and breakdown voltages, are of interest. With a RADAN Pulser as source for voltage pulses with up to 180 kV amplitude and risetimes at a test gap of 180 ps, we investigate statistical and formative delays for argon and dry air at sub-atmospheric pressure, for gap widths of 1 and 11 mm. Formative times have minima between 50 and 200 torr, and range from 70 ps at 1.5 MV/cm to 200 ps at 50 kV/cm. For this range of electric fields, this dependence on pressure and applied field can be explained by the behavior of ionization coefficient and electron drift velocity for homogeneous discharges. For higher fields exhibiting a narrow ionization zone in cathode vicinity with pronounced electron runaway conditions, the experimental data agree with results of Monte-Carlo simulations. Statistical delays are about the same as formative delays at fields of 50 kV/cm, and are reduced with increasing field amplitude to less than 50 ps at 1.5 MV/cm. It appears that field emission is the major source for starting electrons, influencing the statistical delay time near the field emission threshold only.
Demonstration of oncogenic potential of mammalian cells transformed by dna-containing viruses following photodynamic inactivation

The oncogenic properties of hamster embryo cells transformed by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) and SV40 virus following photodynamic inactivation using neutral red were determined by subcutaneous inoculation into newborn Syrian hamsters. Cells transformed by all three viruses produced palpable tumors after different latent periods. Histopathological examination showed that HSV-2 tumors were fibrosarcomas and metastases were often seen in the lungs. HSV-2 primary tumors were reinoculated subcutaneously into weanling hamsters; they developed palpable tumors within 2 weeks. HSV-specific antigens were detected in the cytoplasm and/or on the surface of both the HSV-1 and HSV-2 tumor-cell cultures by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The same method revealed SV40 tumor antigen in the nuclei of the SV40 tumor cells. Sera from HSV or SV40 tumor-bearing hamsters gave positive reactions when tested against HSV-infected hamster cells or SV40-infected monkey cells, respectively. These results demonstrate that herpes simplex virus and SV40, whose infectivity was lost following photodynamic inactivation, retained the virus genetic information necessary for transformation of normal cells to an oncogenic phenotype.
Sex differences and the role of IL-10 in ischemic stroke recovery

Females experience poorer recovery after ischemic stroke compared to males, even after controlling for age and stroke severity. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by T regulatory cells and Th2 CD4+ helper T cells. In ischemic stroke, an excessive IL-10 response contributes to post-stroke immunosuppression, which worsens outcomes. However, it is unknown if sex differences exist in IL-10 levels after ischemic stroke. In this study, we found that higher levels of IL-10 were associated with poor acute and long-term outcomes after ischemic stroke in female patients but not in males. After controlling for confounders, IL-10 was not an independent predictor of functional outcomes. This suggests that higher serum IL-10 levels may reflect factors that interact with sex such as age and stroke severity.
Cre-mediated excision of Fgf8 in the Tbx1 expression domain reveals a critical role for Fgf8 in cardiovascular development in the mouse

Tbx1 has been implicated as a candidate gene responsible for defective pharyngeal arch remodeling in DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome. Tbx1 +/ mice mimic aspects of the DiGeorge phenotype with variable penetrance, and null mice display severe pharyngeal hypoplasia. Here, we identify enhancer elements in the Tbx1 gene that are conserved through evolution and mediate tissue-specific expression. We describe the generation of transgenic mice that utilize these enhancer elements to direct Cre recombinase expression in endogenous Tbx1 expression domains. We use these Tbx1-Cre mice to fate map Tbx1-expressing precursors and identify broad regions of mesoderm, including early cardiac mesoderm, which are derived from Tbx1-expressing cells. We test the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) functions downstream of Tbx1 by performing tissue-specific inactivation of Fgf8 using Tbx1-Cre mice. Resulting newborn mice display DiGeorge-like congenital cardiovascular defects that involve the outflow tract of the heart. Vascular smooth muscle differentiation in the great vessels is disrupted. This data is consistent with a model in which Tbx1 induces Fgf8 expression in the pharyngeal endoderm, which is subsequently required for normal cardiovascular morphogenesis and smooth muscle differentiation in the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Studies on Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Tetraethyl Ammonium Ion (Etamon) Methods of Reviving Dogs after a Lethal Dose

Studies were done using dogs to determine: (1) the ED50 of Etamon when given as an infusion over 30 minutes; (2) the possibility of an accumulative toxicity when Etamon is given in multiple small doses over long periods of time; and (3) the effect of various measures in preventing death after the administration of a lethal dose (LD100) of Etamon. The ED50 of Etamon given as an infusion was found to be nearly twice that of Etamon given as a fast injection intravenously. There seemed to be an accumulative toxic effect following the use of Etamon in multiple small doses over a long period of time as evidenced by the difference between the ED50 of those receiving a single large infusion and those receiving multiple small infusions. Intermittent controlled positive pressure respirations were found to be effective in preventing death after the infusion of a lethal dose of Etamon.
Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data

Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling—slope (S), specific catchment area (As) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [ln(As/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of bacteremia after pancreatic transplantation with enteric drainage.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to review the incidence, risk factors, and impact of bacteremia after pancreas transplantation (PTX). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantations (SKPTs) and solitary PTXs from January 2002 through April 2007. Positive blood cultures were correlated with other coexisting infections and parameters. Results One hundred ten PTXs with enteric drainage included 80 SKPTs and 30 solitary PTXs. Mean follow-up was 32 months. Bacteremia occurred in 29 (26%) patients with 5 (17%) being recurrent; it was seen during the first month after transplantation in 13 (12%), between 1 and 3 months in 12 (11%), between 3 and 12 months in 3 (3%), and after the first year in 3 cases (3%). Typical organisms were as follows: MRSE, MSSE, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli , vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and Acinetobacteri . Bacteremia was associated with coexisting site infection in 20 cases (69%): deep abdominal wound (31%); line (31%); urinary tract (34%); and pulmonary (7%). Similar bacterial species in blood and a coexisting site occurred in 15 cases (52%). No correlation was seen with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. In the first year, bacteremia was associated with more acute rejection episodes (32% vs 17%; P = .09), surgical complications (54% vs 42%; P = .267), mortality (11% vs 4%; P = .15), and death-censored pancreatic (14% vs 9%; P = .39) and kidney (4% vs 0; P = .08) graft loss. Fewer patients with bacteremia received alemtuzumab compared with rATG induction (14% vs 39%; P = .04). Conclusions Bacteremias were common within 3 months of PTX. A significant number (39%) were multidrug resistant. The majority were accompanied by abdominal, urinary, or line infections. Bacteremias were associated with slightly higher incidences of rejection, mortality, and graft loss.
Perspective on "Modified WFNS Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading System".

In the early years of open aneurysm surgery by craniotomy, which of course was done without the microscope, early surgery after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was performed frequently—and the results were disastrous! Then, Dr. Drake began to talk about the “red, angry, swollen brain” and taught us not to operate early. The results of aneurysm clipping began to improve, even before the microscope, in the hands of experienced surgeons. With the introduction of the microscope in neurosurgery, reports of very early surgery after aneurysmal SAH began to appear, particularly from Japan and then Europe. Neurosurgeons in North America began to understand that some patients who were in very good condition after SAH could be operated upon early, without the surgeon having to struggle with the swollen brain. It then became important to develop a grading scale that would allow us to communicate with each other about the condition of thepatient andtoanalyzeourresultsinrelationtothepreoperative
Carbon monoxide and cyanide toxicity: etiology, pathophysiology and treatment in inhalation injury

Inhalation injury is most commonly associated with damage to the mucosal surfaces of the small and large airways after exposure to smoke and other products of incomplete combustion. Yet, there are far deadlier things lurking within the smoke than just the heat and particulate matter: carbon monoxide and cyanide. These two toxic substances are found in varying concentrations within the fire room and are associated with early on-scene death and in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Patients suffering from carbon monoxide and/or cyanide poisoning present with vague symptoms requiring an astute physician to make the diagnosis. Fortunately, the toxic effects related to exposure to these agents can be reversed with readily available antidotes.
Ceftaroline fosamil for treatment of community- acquired pneumonia: findings from FOCUS 1 and 2 and potential role in therapy

Cephalosporins have been widely used over the last few decades (often as first-line antibiotic therapy) for numerous infections, owing primarily to their broad spectrum of microbiologic activity and favorable safety profile. Current Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines identify a third-generation cephalosporin in combination with a macrolide antibiotic as an option for treatment of hospitalized adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) outside the intensive care unit setting. Although ceftriaxone is a frequently used agent for CAP, increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and concerns regarding poor outcomes associated with ineffective therapy have prompted the search for a well-tolerated treatment alternative that is effective against bacteria that can cause CAP. Ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug of ceftaroline, is a new extended-spectrum cephalosporin that exhibits time-dependant bactericidal activity against numerous Gram-negative and Gram-positive o...
Genome Sequence of a Cellulose-Producing Bacterium, Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 23769

The Gram-negative bacterium Gluconacetobacter hansenii is considered a model organism for studying cellulose synthesis. We have determined the genome sequence of strain ATCC 23769.
A Double notch RF filter architecture for SAW-less GPS receivers

A RF filter architecture is presented in a 130nm BiCMOS process, serving as replacement of the off-chip Surface Acoustic Wave filter in a GPS receiver front-end. The on-chip RF filter achieves a 3dB bandwidth of less than 12MHz at the GPS L 1 center frequency of 1575.42 MHz. It exhibits a steep roll-off characteristic resulting in more than 30dB attenuation at frequencies greater than 30MHz away from the center frequency, matching the performance of most commercial off-chip SAW filters. It is implemented as a single cascode stage and achieves a low power consumption of 8.7mW.
Secure Data Objects Replication in Data Grid

Secret sharing and erasure coding-based approaches have been used in distributed storage systems to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical information. To achieve performance goals in data accesses, these data fragmentation approaches can be combined with dynamic replication. In this paper, we consider data partitioning (both secret sharing and erasure coding) and dynamic replication in data grids, in which security and data access performance are critical issues. More specifically, we investigate the problem of optimal allocation of sensitive data objects that are partitioned by using secret sharing scheme or erasure coding scheme and/or replicated. The grid topology we consider consists of two layers. In the upper layer, multiple clusters form a network topology that can be represented by a general graph. The topology within each cluster is represented by a tree graph. We decompose the share replica allocation problem into two subproblems: the optimal intercluster resident set problem (OIRSP) that determines which clusters need share replicas and the optimal intracluster share allocation problem (OISAP) that determines the number of share replicas needed in a cluster and their placements. We develop two heuristic algorithms for the two subproblems. Experimental studies show that the heuristic algorithms achieve good performance in reducing communication cost and are close to optimal solutions.
Balanced Machine Workload Dispatching Scheme for Wafer Fab

A fab-wide dispatching scheme called balanced machine workload (BMW) which considers K-machine look ahead and J-machine look back is proposed. This research is motivated by the minimum inventory variability scheduling (MIVS) policy which considers the inventories at the next K-steps and the previous J-steps. Instead of looking at the fab flow from the step viewpoint, the BMW dispatching scheme looks at it from the machine viewpoint. The proposed dispatching scheme checks the workload of K-downstream machines and J-upstream machines for multiple products where K and J are dynamically calculated based on the current line status. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the BMW dispatching scheme over MIVS.
A cross‐cultural examination of Aboriginal and European Canadian mothers' beliefs regarding proactive and reactive aggression

The purpose of the present study was to examine the maternal beliefs and practices regarding preschool children's proactive and reactive aggression, within a cross-cultural framework. Participants included 30 Aboriginal and 45 European Canadian mothers of preschoolers who provided their emotional reactions, causal attributions, socialization strategies, and parenting goals in response to children's aggressive behaviours. Results supported previous research that both groups of mothers generally responded negatively to both types of aggression, although there were differences in the extent of negative emotional responses expressed by mothers in the two cultures depending on the type of aggression. Mothers believed that reactive aggression was due to more external causes than proactive aggression and generally used more power assertive strategies in response to proactive versus reactive aggression. Aboriginal mothers were less anxious and used less power assertive strategies than European Canadian mothers. These findings speak to the importance of examining both similarities and differences in mother's beliefs and practices across cultures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Developments in Human Odor Detection Technologies

Human odor detection technologies have drawn attention due to the wide possibility of potential applications they open up in areas such as biometrics, criminal investigation and forensics, search for survivors under rubble, and security checkpoint screening. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been the most successful and powerful analytical approach developed to date for human odor analysis, and hundreds of human odorants have been identified using this tool. GC/MS has already enabled a good understanding to be obtained regarding human odor composition. Over the past two decades, research and development of E-nose technologies has accelerated at a fast pace, and in time may provide a complementary technology to those based on GC/MS. During the past several years, proof of concept has been demonstrated on the application of E-noses for real-time human odor detection and classification. In this review, the current state of technologies will be given on human odor analysis, detection, and classification, along with a discussion of each technology with a specific focus on recent developments. Technologies covered in this article include: various E-nose technologies; as well as gas chromatography integrated with mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, or other gas detectors. Other technologies will also be described such as optical sensors that have recently emerged for human odor detection, and the possibilities of exploiting absorbance spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging.
Subjective reasons for adherence to psychotropic medication and associated factors among older adults with schizophrenia.

Rationale There are limited data examining subjective influences on medication adherence among older persons with schizophrenia. The subjective reasons for adherence to antipsychotic medication and associated clinical and psychosocial factors in this population are examined.
Unmet dental care needs among children with special health care needs: implications for the medical home.

Background. Little is known about the characteristics of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) who have unmet dental care needs. Objective. We sought to describe the magnitude of unmet needs for dental care among CSHCN and to characterize those with unmet dental care needs. Design, Setting, and Subjects. We used data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, which used a telephone survey to identify 750 CSHCN from each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Families of 38 866 CSHCN were interviewed, and the data were weighted to represent 9.32 million CSHCN nationally. Outcome. Our primary outcome of interest was unmet dental care need, defined as whether CSHCN were said to have needed dental care but were unable to obtain it. We also considered reasons why a child had an unmet dental care need and compared other categories of health care service needs and unmet needs with dental care. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with unmet dental care needs. Results. Overall, 78% of CSHCN were reported as needing dental care in the past 12 months, which was second only to prescription medications in the frequency of need. Of those who reported a dental care need, an estimated 755 581 or 10.4% of CSHCN did not receive all of the dental care they needed. Relative to all other health care service categories, unmet dental care needs affected the most children. Poorer children, uninsured children, children with lapses in insurance, and children with greater limitations attributable to disability had significantly greater odds of unmet dental care needs in multivariate analyses. Children with a personal doctor or nurse were significantly less likely to have unmet dental care needs. Conclusions. Dental care is the most prevalent unmet health care need for CSHCN, affecting substantially more children than any other health care need category. Moreover, the perceived need for dental care for CSHCN exceeds the need for either preventive or specialty medical care. Given these findings, dental care should be an integral and explicitly stated part of the comprehensive coordinated services that the medical home aims to provide for CSHCN. Greater efforts to improve access to dental care for poor and more disabled CSHCN are needed.
The Effects of Diversity and Network Ties on Innovations The Emergence of a New Scientific Field

This study examines the influence of different types of diversity, both observable and unobservable, on the creation of innovative ideas. Our framework draws upon theory and research on information processing, social categorization, coordination, and homophily to posit the influence of cognitive, gender, and country diversity on innovation. Our longitudinal model is based on a unique dataset of 1,354 researchers who helped create the new scientific field of Oncofertility, by collaborating on 469 publications over a four-year period. We capture the differences among researchers along cognitive, country and gender dimensions, as well as examine how the resulting diversity or homophily influences the formation of collaborative innovation networks. We find that innovation, operationalized as publishing in a new scientific discipline, benefits from both homophily and diversity. Homophily in country of residence and working with prior collaborators help reduce uncertainty in the interactions associated with innovation, while diversity in knowledge enables the recombinant knowledge required for innovation.
Dietary exposure to furocoumarins

Natural furocoumarins, some of which are carcinogenic, are widespread components of the diet which are frequently consumed. Because of the paucity of samples, the wide scatter of analytical values, and other limitations in the data, only broad conclusions can be drawn. Most of the exposure is from limes, with smaller amounts coming from other citrus and umbelliferous food plants. The per capita exposure is estimated to be 1.3 mg per day. Exposure can be reduced through controlling stress in growing plants and stored food products. Because furocoumarins are one class of a large group of chemicals in a defensive system essential to plant survival, their total eradication is not possible. Further research is needed to assess their health risk.
Power and performance of read-write aware hybrid caches with non-volatile memories

Caches made of non-volatile memory technologies, such as Magnetic RAM (MRAM) and Phase-change RAM (PRAM), offer dramatically different power-performance characteristics when compared with SRAM-based caches, particularly in the areas of static/dynamic power consumption, read and write access latency and cell density. In this paper, we propose to take advantage of the best characteristics that each technology has to offer through the use of read-write aware Hybrid Cache Architecture (RWHCA) designs, where a single level of cache can be partitioned into read and write regions, each of a different memory technology with disparate read and write characteristics. We explore the potential of hardware support for intra-cache data movement within RWHCA caches. Utilizing a full-system simulator that has been validated against real hardware, we demonstrate that a RWHCA design with a conservative setup can provide a geometric mean 55% power reduction and yet 5% IPC improvement over a baseline SRAM cache design across a collection of 30 workloads. Furthermore, a 2-layer 3D cache stack (3DRWHCA) of high density memory technology with the same chip footprint still gives 10% power reduction and boost performance by 16% IPC improvement over the baseline.
When Is Shuttle Diplomacy Worth the Commute?: Information Sharing through Mediation

We study the conict mediation problem, sometimes called \shuttle diplomacy," when the mediator acts as a go-between and must gather information from the disputants. In the context of a general model of information mediation, we show that the incentive that disputants have to lie to the mediator undoes any advantage that might be gained by adding communication with a third party. In fact, our main result shows that any equilibrium outcome that is achievable through mediation is also achievable as an equilibrium outcome of a game with unmediated pre-play communication. This is true even when the mediator is allowed to have arbitrary preferences or biases. We then test our empirical prediction on dispute management eorts between 1937 and 1985. The analysis supports the hypothesis that information mediation has no eect in environments where the mediator has no independent source of information.
PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FOOD AROMAS BY PROFILING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING

Panelists evaluated 20 commercial food aromas by two procedures: Profiling and estimation of overall qualitative dissimilarity. The scaling procedure of magnitude estimation was used for each task. Profiling produced unique signatures of attributes for each aroma, and illustrated variations in quality. Estimates of qualitative dissimilarity were treated as‘inter-stimulus’ distances, and the method of multidimensional scaling was used to develop geometrical maps in which both aromas and descriptor terms were placed. These maps revealed that (a) aromas and descriptors (one's concept of an‘ideal’ aroma) were fairly close to each other for fruit aromas, but often diverged for meats; (b) a pictorial representation of the qualitative dissimilarity (and similarity) of aromas and descriptors can be easily produced; and (c) individuals perceive qualitative differences in aromas in similar ways.
Comparative mapping in Pinus: sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

The majority of genomic research in conifers has been conducted in the Pinus subgenus Pinus mostly due to the high economic importance of the species within this taxon. Genetic maps have been constructed for several of these pines and comparative mapping analyses have consistently revealed notable synteny. In contrast, little genomic research has been conducted on the Pinus subgenus Strobus, even though these pines have strong ecological relevance. We report a consensus genetic linkage map for sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) constructed with 399 single nucleotide polymorphisms markers derived from annotated genes. The map is 1,231 cM in length and organized into 19 linkage groups. Two of the mapping populations were derived from trees that were segregating for the major gene of resistance (Cr1 )t oCronartium ribicola, the fungal pathogen responsible for white pine blister rust. The third mapping population was derived from a full-sib cross segregating for partial resistance to white pine blister rust. In addition, we report the first comparative mapping study between subgenera Strobus and Pinus. Sixty mapped markers were found in common between sugar pine and the loblolly pine reference map with 56 of them (93%) showing collinearity. All 19 linkage groups of the sugar pine consensus map coaligned to the 12 linkage groups of the loblolly pine reference map. The syntenic relationship observed between these two clades of pines provides a foundation for advancing genomic research and genetic resources in subgenus Strobus.
Pipelined spatial join processing for quadtree-based indexes

Spatial join is an important yet costly operation in spatial databases. In order to speed up the execution of a spatial join, the input tables are often indexed based on their spatial attributes. The quadtree index structure is a well-known index for organizing spatial database objects. It has been implemented in several database management systems, e.g., in Oracle Spatial and in PostgreSQL (via SP-GiST). Queries typically involve multiple pipelined spatial join operators that fit together in a query evaluation plan. In order to extend the applicability of these spatial joins, they are optimized so that upon receiving sorted input, they produce sorted output for the spatial join operators in the upperlevels of the query evaluation pipeline. This paper investigates the use of quadtree-based spatial join algorithms and how they can be adapted to answer queries that involve multiple pipelined spatial joins in a query evaluation plan. The paper investigates several adaptations to pipelined spatial join algorithms and their performance for the cases when both input tables are indexed, when only one of the tables is indexed while the second table is sorted, and when both tables are sorted but are not indexed.
Efficient class-specific models for autoregressive processes with slowly varying amplitude in white noise

This paper describes an efficient model to describe an autoregressive (AR) signal with slowly-varying amplitude in additive white Gaussian noise (WGN). Even a simple low-order AR model becomes complicated by varying amplitude and additive white noise. However, by approximating the signal amplitude as piecewise-constant, an efficient filtering approach can be applied in order to compute the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate for the entire data record. The model is efficient both in terms of having a compact set of parameters and in the computational sense. Simulation results are provided. The algorithm has applications in signal modeling for underwater acoustic signals, particularly active wideband signals such as explosive sources.
Neutropenia: A nursing perspective.

Neutropenia is the most common dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapy. It is considered an unpreventable side effect of many types of cancer treatment. It may be a side effect of therapy or a planned aspect of a conditioning regimen for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The definition of neutropenia differs among institutions, ranging from an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 500 cells/mm to less than 1500 cells/mm. Neutropenia can lead to infection, increased length of stay (LOS), delay, reduction, or discontinuation of cancer treatment, and increased morbidity and mortality. More than 60,000 patients with cancer are hospitalized annually in the United States for chemotherapyinduced neutropenia (CIN). Older patients with cancer may be more vulnerable for infection and death than their younger counterparts. The typical duration of neutropenia is 7-10 days but will vary based on the patient’s age, chemotherapy agent(s) received, comorbidities, and bone marrow reserve. Although patients cannot prevent CIN from occurring, there are a number of actions nurses and patients can take in order to help mitigate developing an infection while neutropenic.
The Lichen Genus Sticta in the Great Smoky Mountains: A Phylogenetic Study of Morphological, Chemical, and Molecular Data

Abstract In this paper we segregate specimens from the genus Sticta in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park into phenotypic groups corresponding to putative species using traditional taxonomic methods, paying particular attention to specimens from the S. weigelii s. l. group, then employ phylogenetic analyses and rigorous statistics to test the robustness of these species groups. In order to circumscribe putative species and to resolve the S. weigelii complex, morphological, chemical, and molecular characters from the nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences of the entire Internal Transcribed Spacer region are analyzed separately and simultaneously using maximum parsimony or maximum likelihood. In addition to the bootstrap method, Bayesian statistics with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm are used to estimate branch robustness on the resulting reconstructed trees. Five out of six analyses recover the same five monophyletic putative species from the genus Sticta, indicating the concordance of DNA-based and ...
Role of Topotecan in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review of Literature

Topotecan (TPT), a chemotherapeutic agent, is a topoisomerase-I inhibitor. Topoisomerase-I is a nuclear enzyme that relieves torsion strain in DNA by opening single strand breaks which helps in DNA replication. TPT inhibits this enzyme, thus preventing DNA replication and causes cell death. TPT has demonstrated to have broad spectrum of antitumor activity in tumors like cervical, ovarian, endometrial and small cell lung cancers (SCLCs). The intravenous (IV) formulation of the drug is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with SCLC and ovarian cancer at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2 administered daily for five consecutive days, with treatment cycles repeated every 3 weeks. TPT has shown some promising activity in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with favorable side effect profile. Several clinical trials have been conducted with TPT in either IV or oral formulation for the treatment of NSCLC as a first or second-line treatment. Here we reviewed all the clinical trials done with TPT to date in the treatment of NSCLC both as a single-agent and combination therapy.
Impact of Prey Size on Prey Capture Success, Development Rate, and Survivorship in Perillus bioculatus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), a Predator of the Colorado Potato Beetle

Abstract Nymphs of Perillus bioculatus F., a specialist pentatomid predator of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), are smaller than comparable instars of their prey. In laboratory experiments, P. bioculatus fed small prey exhibited greater capture success, increased survivorship, and faster development to adulthood than individuals fed large prey. An increase of potato beetle prey stage by one instar lowered capture success and survival by 82 and 80%, respectively. Although multiple P. bioculatus are commonly found feeding on a single prey in the field, laboratory survival rates, and development times did not differ significantly between Perillus bioculatus reared individually and in groups. P. bioculatus presented with two prey sizes most commonly attacked the instar that was easiest to capture and that maximized survival. In the absence of augmentative release programs, P. bioculatus is unable to regulate L. decemlineata populations. At the study site in Yakima, Washington, L. d...
Gas-Phase Studies of Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase (Fpg) Substrates

Gas-phase thermochemical properties (tautomerism, acidity, and proton affinity) have been measured and calculated for a series of nucleobase derivatives that have not heretofore been examined under vacuum. The studied species are substrates for the enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg), which cleaves damaged nucleobases from DNA. The gas-phase results are compared and contrasted to solution-phase data, to afford insight into the Fpg mechanism. Calculations are also used to probe the energetics of various possible mechanisms and to predict isotope effects that could potentially allow for discrimination between different mechanisms. Specifically, (18) O substitution at the ribose O4' is predicted to result in a normal kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for a ring-opening "endocyclic" mechanism and an inverse KIE for a direct base excision "exocyclic" pathway.
fMRI data from Korean, Chinese and English subjects in a word rhyming judgment task

This article includes the description of data information from a visual word rhyming judgment task in native Korean, native Chinese and native English speakers. You will find fMRI data information including experimental design, MRI protocol, and brain activation results from a conjunction analysis of the three groups of subjects. Other results from the same study were published in “How does language distance between L1 and L2 affect the L2 brain network? An fMRI study of Korean–Chinese–English trilinguals” (Kim et al., 2015 [1]).
On the lack of women in academic science.

Reflecting on my own experiences in the 1950s and 1960s with discrimination against the hiring of women in physics and the foolish and transparent excuses that were offered to me, the report of the U.S. National Academies of Science on the paucity of women scientists in academia (“Universities