cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cutting Off Your Nose to Spite Your Face: A Justice Perspective on Damaging an Alma Mater's Reputational Ranking

Although economic self-interest and self-enhancement theory predict that graduates will maximize their alma maters' reputational rankings, anecdotal evidence indicates that some graduates denigrate their alma maters' reputations when surveyed by the external media. Using organizational justice theories to motivate our hypotheses, we conducted a longitudinal investigation of 161 graduates from one university and predicted their intentions to badmouth their school to the external media. Results suggest that, controlling for perceptions of school quality, graduates used badmouthing to “punish” their alma maters when they perceived the fairness of job-search processes and outcomes to be low. Moreover, the relationship between justice and badmouthing was interactive, such that procedural justice mattered most when distributive justice was low, highlighting the role of career offices in universities' reputational rankings.
Postcolonial Servitude: Interiority and System in Daniyal Mueenuddin's In Other Rooms, Other Wonders

This article focuses on Pakistani-American writer Daniyal Mueenuddin's notable first collection of interlinked short stories In Other Rooms, Other Wonders (2009) as an example of an emergent wave of contemporary transnational fiction that foregrounds the figure of the domestic servant as central, not marginal, emphasizing diverse servants' vulnerability and agency as stigmatized subaltern individuals locked within cultures of domestic servitude. Situating his fiction in the contexts of Anglophone South Asian literary history and Pakistan's postcolonial feudal system, it argues that Mueenuddin makes a significant intervention by crafting strategies of subaltern representation that explore a servant's interiority, and highlighting the interlocking systems of power that dehumanize or constrain him or her. It explores the intersections of gender, sexuality, and class evoked in these stories, the psychic complexities of individuals who struggle against habitual abjection, subordination, and disempowerment, and the ways servants, working in the intimacy of an employer's home, strive to ameliorate their lot within frameworks of patriarchy, corruption, and violence. Mueenuddin's cultural work is to urge shifts in ways of seeing, to defamiliarize the familiar, and to encourage empathetic ways of thinking about ethical action in specific postcolonial contexts.
Dynamic modes of one-dimensional Josephson tunnel junctions.

A study that combines experimental measurements of the effects of a focused laser beam on the current-voltage characteristics and computer simulations of Josephson tunnel junctions shows that there are different dynamic modes which are responsible for the zero-field current steps at finite voltages. One of the modes is associated with the soliton-antisoliton propagation. The dc tunneling current in this case is found to be predominantly the zero-voltage pair current flowing near the junction edges. The other mode can be attributed to the standing-wave excitations of electromagnetic waves. The dc tunneling current of this mode is spatially oscillatory.
Pulmonary Capillaritis and Alveolar Hemorrhage: Update on Diagnosis and Management

Pulmonary vascular inflammatory disorders may involve all components of the pulmonary vasculature, including capillaries. The principal histopathologic features of pulmonary capillaritis include capillary wall necrosis with infiltration by neutrophils, interstitial erythrocytes, and/or hemosiderin, and interalveolar septal capillary occlusion by fibrin thrombi. Immune complex deposition is variably present. Patients often present clinically with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, which is characterized by dyspnea and hemoptysis; diffuse, bilateral, alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph; and anemia. Pulmonary capillaritis has been reported with variable frequency and severity as a manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyarteritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary renal syndrome, Behcet syndrome, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, IgA nephropathy, antiphospholipid syndrome, progressive systemic sclerosis, and diphenylhydantoin use. In addition to history, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies, certain ancillary laboratory tests, such as antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies, may help diagnose an underlying disease. Diagnosis of pulmonary capillaritis can be made by fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy, but thoracoscopic biopsy is often employed. Since many disorders can result in pulmonary capillaritis with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, it is crucial for clinicians and pathologists to work together when attempting to identify an underlying disease. Therapy depends on the disorder that gave rise to the pulmonary capillaritis and usually includes corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide or azathioprine. Since most diseases that result in pulmonary capillaritis are treated with immunosuppression, infection must be excluded aggressively.
Bacteria Deliver a Genotoxic Hit

The adult human intestine contains up to 100 trillion bacteria that are beneficial to our metabolism and health ( 1 ). This microbiota is separated from the intestinal wall anatomically and functionally, thus preventing bacterial invasion and inflammatory responses. However, control mechanisms that ensure a symbiotic relationship between host and microbiota can fail in many diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease ( 2 ), complications of which may lead to colorectal cancer. On page 120 of this issue, Arthur et al. ( 3 ) provide evidence for a molecular link between the host immune response, the bacterial microbiota, and genotoxic events in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer.
Structural characterization of a proline-driven conformational switch within the Itk SH2 domain

Interleukin-2 tyrosine kinase (Itk) is a T cell-specific kinase required for a proper immune response following T cell receptor engagement. In addition to the kinase domain, Itk is composed of several noncatalytic regulatory domains, including a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain that contains a conformationally heterogeneous Pro residue. Cis-trans isomerization of a single prolyl imide bond within the SH2 domain mediates conformer-specific ligand recognition that may have functional implications in T cell signaling. To better understand the mechanism by which a proline switch regulates ligand binding, we have used NMR spectroscopy to determine two structures of Itk SH2 corresponding to the cis and trans imide bond-containing conformers. The structures indicate that the heterogeneous Pro residue acts as a hinge that modulates ligand recognition by controlling the relative orientation of protein-binding surfaces.
Simple approximations and symmetry measures for model interactions

Abstract The operation of a central limit theorem in large model spaces yields a shape close to Gaussian for the smoothed eigenstate density distribution. This establishes the centroid and the width of the energy spectrum as quantities of fundamental importance and gives credence to a geometry associated with averages of the product of pairs of operators acting within a model space. The space is partitioned according to different group symmetries and simple approximations to the interaction Hamiltonian which reproduce the subspace centroids correctly and have a large fraction of the total width, are constructed, first in terms of the group invariants and then extended to include projections along other well-known operators to generate even a larger fraction of the full width. In the process a measure for the goodness of the group symmetries is developed. Numerical results for six ds shell interactions and for scalar-isospin, configuration-isospin, space symmetry, supermultiplet and SU(3) group structures are presented.
Two-body and three-body effective interactions in nuclei

Abstract Finite-range two-body and zero-range three-body effective forces for use in spin unsaturated systems are determined so as to reproduce the total binding energies, rms radii, and single-particle energies of 16 O, 40 Ca, 48 Ca and 90 Zr; the saturation of nuclear matter; and experimental two-body matrix elements extracted by Schiffer and True. In addition to the Skyrme three-body force which acts only in spatially even states, a spatially odd force is introduced to obtain sufficient generality. The Landau parameters and the effective mass specified by this force are also discussed.
TH-E-211-09: X-Ray Air Kerma at the Eye, Thyroid, and Scalp in CT Stroke Imaging Protocol Studies

Purpose: To determine air KERMA (Ka) at the scalp, orbit, and thyroid in patients undergoing a strokeimaging protocol that includes CT cerebral perfusion, pre‐ and post‐contrast head CT, and CTangiography scans. Method and Materials: IRB exemption was obtained to retrospectively review patient dosimetry information for 81 patients who were imaged under a strokeimaging protocol. Patients had OSL dosimeter chips placed on the head above the ear, at the lateral canthus, and approximately one inch above the sternal notch to measure Ka at the scalp, eye lens, and thyroid, respectively. To account for the different response of the chips exposed at both 80 and 120 kVp, experiments were performed to determine a correction factor to apply to the OSL Ka values, which were all read using a 120 kVp calibration. Results: A 5.5% reduction was used to correct the measured Ka. Ka at the thyroid ranged from 1.8 to 92.6 mGy, with a mean of 13.6 mGy and standard deviation of 18.3 mGy. Ka at the canthus was 22.7 to 393.3 mGy with mean of 185.8 mGy and standard deviation of 61.4 mGy. Ka at the scalp showed a bi‐modal distribution, as patients receiving Diamox therapy received two CT perfusion scans. Overall mean was 289 mGy, with peaks at 190 and 380 mGy. The range was 67.8 mGy to 575 mGy. Conclusions: Although the scan parameters (kVp, mA, rotation speed, etc.) show little variation for adult head CT scans, doses to patients undergoing strokeimaging protocols span a large range due to differences in the number of scans in each patient, and to some extent differences in patient size. Doses for a single study were below the threshold for deterministic effects, however for repeat studies the potential exists to exceed thresholds for erythema and epilation.
Facial Cellulitis and Pseudomonas luteola Bacteremia in an Otherwise Healthy Patient

Pseudomonas luteola is an aerobic, Gram negative rod, formerly classified as CDC group Ve-1 and Chryseomonas luteola. It is an uncommon clinical isolate. A previously healthy 59-year-old homosexual man with facial cellulitis and Pseudomonas luteola bacteremia is reported. Previously reported cases of P. luteola bacteremia have occurred in association with pancreatic abscess, prosthetic valve endocarditis, cardiac surgery, granulomatous hepatitis, peritonitis, and indwelling vascular catheters. This case suggests that the spectrum of disease caused by this bacteria may continue to expand.
Legal Truth and Consequences for a Failed ERP Implementation

This case is inspired by a complaint and response filed in the U.S. court system. One of the case's authors served as an expert witness in the case. Because the suit settled before going to trial, some of the details of the case are not part of the public record; therefore, the names of the companies involved have been changed and certain details disguised to protect the identity of the litigants. However, the essentials of the case remain faithful to the actual circumstances and provide a basis for analysis of decision points and a discussion of costs and responsibilities for the issues in the case. A leading manufacturer of building materials in the United States selected an integrated enterprise resource planning ERP system to install on its existing hardware infrastructure. This case describes the ERP selection, implementation and migration challenges, impaired functionality, and the business and legal issues that ensued due to the software's incompatibility with the hardware. With the software not performing as expected, the vendor withdrawing its software support, and costs escalating, the manufacturer sought legal counsel.
Selection and implementation of a ternary switching algebra

During the last few years there has been a growing interest in non-binary switching algebras. A number of such algebras have been proposed, but so far they have had little practical application. Requirements for a practical switching algebra include economical circuits for the basic operations, the ability to implement an arbitrary function with a resonable number of basic circuits, and a suitable set of rules to allow the logic designer to form and manipulate expressions without undue mathematical gymnastics. These are rather vague criteria for a "practical" switching algebra, but they do serve as guidelines for attempts to establish suitable algebras.
Efficient Huffman Decoding with Table Lookup

We describe an efficient algorithm for Huffman decoding using table lookup. The algorithm is optimized for ROM-based Huffman decoding. It is a two-step process of prefix template matching followed by a direct table access. We propose an efficient algorithm for choosing the prefix templates according to different optimization criteria. Also, we propose different implementations for the prefix template procedure.
Photoswitchable Fluorescent Proteins: Ten Years of Colorful Chemistry and Exciting Applications

Reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) are fluorescent proteins whose fluorescence, upon excitation at a certain wavelength, can be switched on or off by light in a reversible manner. In the last 10 years, many new RSFPs have been developed and novel applications in cell imaging discovered that rely on their photoswitching properties. This review will describe research on the mechanisms of reversible photoswitching and recent applications using RSFPs. While cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore is believed to be the general mechanism for most RSFPs, structural studies reveal diversity in the details of photoswitching mechanisms, including different effects of protonation, chromophore planarity, and pocket flexibility. Applications of RSFPs include new types of live-cell superresolution imaging, tracking of protein movements and interactions, information storage, and optical control of protein activity.
Pulmonary mechanics and energetics of normal, non‐ventilated low birthweight infants

Pulmonary mechanics and energetics were determined in 33 healthy low birthweight infants (less than 1,500 g, 28-34 weeks gestation) who had never received ventilatory support. Tidal volume, dynamic pulmonary compliance, pulmonary resistance, pressure-volume relationships, and tidal flow-volume measurements were obtained by pneumotachography and the esophageal balloon technique. Standardized data collection and software data analysis by least mean squares technique yielded data at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 weeks postnatally, as a function of gestational age (less than 30, 30-32, and greater than 32 weeks gestation). Relatively stable values were obtained for tidal volume and minute ventilation (normalized for body weight); these were associated with values of peak-to-peak esophageal pressure significantly (P less than 0.001) increasing from 4.4 +/- 0.3 SEM cmH2O at 0.5 weeks to 8.1 +/- 0.8 SEM cmH2O at 4 weeks of age. Dynamic pulmonary compliance ranged from 2.0 to 2.4 mL/cmH2O in the first 4 weeks of life. When normalized for weight, compliance decreased with age, which may suggest a slower pulmonary maturation as compared to increase of body weight. Mean pulmonary resistance decreased from 62.9 cmH2O/L/s at less than 30 weeks gestation to 32.5 cmH2O/L/s at greater than 32 weeks gestation, 0.5 weeks postnatally. Pulmonary resistance peaked at 2 weeks postnatally (P less than 0.05), at all gestational ages, then decreased. Changes in pulmonary mechanics resulted in increasing resistive work of breathing. Our findings suggest a postnatal retardation of pulmonary and airway growth, relative to gestation maturation. These data can provide an objective base of comparison for data in sick, low birthweight neonates.
Complex signal theory and the cross correlation of two nonstationary signals

Using complex/analytic signal theory to determine the covariance of two nonstationary random signals can, in general, require an extension to the procedures for stationary random signals. These modifications are formulated for application to either stationary or nonstationary situations where the signals have zero "dc" content so that their Hilbert transforms are unique.
Conservative Split-Explicit Time Integration Methods for the Compressible Nonhydrostatic Equations

Historically, time-split schemes for numerically integrating the nonhydrostatic compressible equations of motion have not formally conserved mass and other first-order flux quantities. In this paper, split-explicit integration techniques are developed that numerically conserve these properties by integrating prognostic equations for conserved quantities represented in flux form. These procedures are presented for both terrain-following height and hydrostatic pressure (mass) vertical coordinates, two potentially attractive frameworks for which the equation sets and integration techniques differ significantly. For each set of equations, the linear dispersion equation for acoustic/gravity waves is derived and analyzed to determine which terms must be solved in the small (acoustic) time steps and how these terms are represented in the time integration to achieve stability. Efficient techniques for including numerical filters for acoustic and external modes are also presented. Simulations for several idealized test cases in both the height and mass coordinates are presented to demonstrate that these integration techniques appear robust over a wide range of scales, from subcloud to synoptic.
Does Chi give or take

In lytic cycle crosses with Red-Gam- λ phage, particles were examined that had undergone an Int-mediated exchange. It was assumed that this exchange dimerized the circular λ, making it packageable. Among these Int-mediated recombinants, particles were identified that had, in addition, enjoyed a close double exchange mediated by the RecBC pathway. Such close double exchanges indicate localized negative interference and are analogous to eukaryotic conversions that have retained parental configuration of flanking markers. These events are stimulated by Chi, a recombinator specific to the RecBC pathway. When Chi is present in only one parent in the cross, the complementary double exchange recombinants are Chi stimulated to the same degree. This behavior of Chi contrasts with that of characterized eukaryotic recombinators.
Sensitivity of berry productivity to climatic variation in the Cabinet–Yaak grizzly bear recovery zone, Northwest United States, 1989–2010†

Berry-producing shrubs are culturally, economically, and ecologically important for both people and animals in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. We examined huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) and serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) productivity across the Cabinet–Yaak grizzly bear recovery zone in Northern Idaho and Western Montana. An index of annual berry productivity was measured at field plots from 1989 to 2010. Temperature, precipitation, and snow indices were derived from nearby Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations. Huckleberry production was highest during cool springs with high July diurnal temperature ranges. April–June growing-degree days and July temperature range explain 70% of the inter-annual variability in huckleberry productivity. Serviceberry production was correlated with maximum snow-water equivalent and April–June growing-degree days, which explained 86% of the variance in annual serviceberry production. These models show potential to forecast annual berry production and to anticipate potential bear–human interactions. Further development of models is essential to better predict the potential changes in important wildlife resources in the context of climate change. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Modeling and control of a micro-grid set up using photovoltaic arrays

This paper presents a complete mathematical model of a micro-grid set up with PV arrays. The model consists of mathematical design and development of PV module and arrays, power conditioning DC/DC converter and the inverter set up. These designs are integrated with an inverter controller that controls the voltage at a power system bus. The complete system is used as a micro-grid set up connected to a power grid. Testing and evaluations of the micro-grid is then conducted using off-grid and on-grid studies. The uniqueness of the proposed modeling and control includes a complete model's details of micro-grid set up with PV system, power conditioning devices and load model, the utilization of an MPPT and feedback controller to control the output voltage and current. Thus it provides an appropriate real-life testing platform for micro-grid connections to power grid. Simulation results show the effectiveness and the accuracy of this micro-grid model to emulate real-life scenarios.
Nitroureas 1. Synthesis, scale‐up and characterization of K‐6

The synthesis and characterization of 2-oxo-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (K-6), a cyclic dinitrourea, is described. The laboratory synthesis was scaled-up to provide 1.6 kilograms of crystalline K-6 which was used for performance testing. K-6 was formulated with 5% Viton A and pressed to 96.5% theoretical maximum density (TMD). Performance measurements in the form of front surface velocity measurements (tantalum plate push) and 1-inch cylinder expansion experiments indicate K-6 will out-perform HMX by 4% at early volume expansions. Thermal response and shock sensitivity experiments on K-6 are also described.
Abstract No. 61: CT guided placement of fiducial marker and lung biopsy for small pulmonary nodules referred for radiosurgery through single pleural puncture technique

had undergone percutaneous CT-guided lung biopsies at our institution from March 1, 2006 to September 24, 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of various patient-, lesion-, and biopsy technique-related variables on the pneumothorax and chest tube placement rates. Results: The study included 3,184 biopsies (2304 with 18-gauge and 880 with 19-gauge guide needle) in 2913 patients. The rates of pneumothorax and chest tube placement were 31.75% and 15%, respectively. Pneumothorax rates in the 18-gauge and 19-gauge needle groups were 34% and 25%, respectively (p .0001). Chest tube insertion occurred in 16% and 12% of procedures in the 18and 19-gauge needle groups, respectively (p .0041). Multivariate logistic regression model showed that the following factors were associated with higher rates of pneumothorax: 18-gauge needle (p 0.0001), smaller lesion size (p 0.0001), longer needle path length (p 0.0001), increased number of pleural punctures (p 0.0049), emphysema in needle path (p 0.0001), increased age (p 0.0015), and anterior needle approach (p 0.0001). A similar multivariate analysis for chest tube placement showed that emphysema in needle path (p 0.0001), older age (p 0.0002), smaller lesion size (p 0.0001) and longer path length (p 0.0001) were significant predictors of chest tube placement. On multivariate analysis, needle gauge was found be significant predictor for pneumothorax but not for chest tube placement. Conclusion: Use of a smaller (19-gauge) guide needle significantly reduces the risk of pneumothorax after percutaneous lung biopsy performed using a coaxial method. However, needle caliber is not a significant predictor for chest tube placement. Other variables that affect the pneumothorax and chest tube rates after lung biopsy include patient age, lesion size, needle path, and emphysema.
Central adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible

A patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma arising centrally within the mandible, a rare location for this malignant salivary gland tumor, is described. Current concepts regarding the etiology, diagnosis, histology, and treatment of central intramandibular salivary gland tumors are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Integrating Replenishment Decisions with Advance Demand Information

There is a growing consensus that a portfolio of customers with different demand lead times can lead to higher, more regular revenues and better capacity utilization. Customers with positive demand lead times place orders in advance of their needs, resulting inadvance demand information. This gives rise to the problem of finding effective inventory control policies under advance demand information. We show that state-dependent ( s, S) and base-stock policies are optimal for stochastic inventory systems with and without fixed costs. The state of the system reflects our knowledge of advance demand information. We also determine conditions under which advance demand information has no operational value. A numerical study allows us to obtain additional insights and to evaluate strategies to induce advance demand information.
Data interoperability via surrogate API libraries

This paper presents how a client-server system can be used to create an efficient and interoperable data delivery system for accessing local and remote data through various existing data analysis tools. The system is based on a a series of servers that provide data over the network through a data access protocol (DAP). Each server will read the data from its original format and deliver it to the client according to the DAP specifications. New client software can be developed around this DAP and existing software packages can become a client by a re-link. During the re-link the standard application programmer interface (API) library is substituted with a surrogate API library which has been developed with the DAP. Therefore, the translation, selection, extraction, and transport of the data is hidden from the client software. Basically, each client software sees the data available from all the servers as local files in its native format where the file names are changed to a fully qualified Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The fully qualified URL adds power and flexibility to the system by not only simplifying where to access the data, but also by providing a general mechanism for passing arguments to the server side functions which extract, process, and convert the data on the server before delivering it to the client.
Classifying points for sweeping solids

Many diverse engineering problems can be modeled with solid sweeping in a conceptually simple and intuitive way, and sweeps are considered to be one of the basic representation schemes in solid modeling. However, many properties of sweeps as well as their ''informational completeness'' are not well understood, which is the primary reason why computational support for solid sweeping remains scarce. We propose a generic point membership classification (PMC) for sweeping solids of arbitrary complexity moving according to one parameter affine motions. The only restrictive assumption that we make in this paper is that the initial and final configurations of the moving object do not intersect during the sweep. Our PMC test is defined in terms of inverted trajectory tests against the original geometric representation of the generator object, which implies that this test can be implemented in any geometric representation that supports curve-solid intersections. Importantly, this PMC test provides complete geometric information about the set swept by 3-dimensional objects in general motions. At the same time, it establishes the foundations for developing a new generation of computational tools for sweep boundary evaluation and trimming, as well as a number of practical applications such as shape synthesis, contact analysis and path planning.
Characteristics of the Residential Neighborhood Environment Differentiate Intimate Partner Femicide in Urban Versus Rural Settings

Purpose: A growing body of work examines the association between neighborhood environment and intimate partner violence (IPV). As in the larger literature examining the influence of place context on health, rural settings are understudied and urban and rural residential environments are rarely compared. In addition, despite increased attention to the linkages between neighborhood environment and IPV, few studies have examined the influence of neighborhood context on intimate partner femicide (IPF). In this paper, we examine the role for neighborhood-level factors in differentiating urban and rural IPFs in Wisconsin, USA. Methods: We use a combination of Wisconsin Violent Death Reporting System (WVDRS) data and Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence (WCADV) reports from 2004 to 2008, in concert with neighborhood-level information from the US Census Bureau and US Department of Agriculture, to compare urban and rural IPFs. Findings: Rates of IPF vary based on degree of rurality, and bivariate analyses show differences between urban and rural victims in race/ethnicity, marital status, country of birth, and neighborhood characteristics. After controlling for individual characteristics, the nature of the residential neighborhood environment significantly differentiates urban and rural IPFs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a different role for neighborhood context in affecting intimate violence risk in rural settings, and that different measures may be needed to capture the qualities of rural environments that affect intimate violence risk. Our findings reinforce the argument that multilevel strategies are required to understand and reduce the burden of intimate violence, and that interventions may need to be crafted for specific geographical contexts.
A fundamental limit on the performance of correlation based phase correction and flow estimation techniques

Cross correlation and similar operations are used in ultrasonic imaging to estimate blood or soft tissue motion in one or more dimensions and to measure echo arrival time differences for phase aberration correction. These estimates are subject to large errors known as false peaks and smaller magnitude errors known as jitter. While false peaks can sometimes be removed through nonlinear processing, jitter errors place a fundamental limit on the performance of delay estimation techniques. This paper applies the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound to derive analytical expressions which predict the magnitude of jitter for 1-D and 2-D problems using both radio frequency (RF) and envelope detected data. One-dimensional simulation results are presented which closely match theoretical predictions. These results indicate that for typical clinical conditions axial jitter for detected data is approximately five times greater than that for RF data. Lateral jitter is approximately ten times greater than axial jitter for RF data. Examples are presented which utilize these results to predict the performance of phase aberration correction and flow estimation systems. >
PEAS: a robust energy conserving protocol for long-lived sensor networks

In this paper we present PEAS, a robust energy-conserving protocol that can build long-lived, resilient sensor networks using a very large number of small sensors with short battery lifetime. PEAS extends the network lifetime by maintaining a necessary set of working nodes and turning off redundant ones. PEAS operations are based on individual node's observation of the local environment and do not require any node to maintain per neighbor node state. PEAS performance possesses a high degree of robustness in the presence of both node power depletions and unexpected failures. Our simulations and analysis show that PEAS can maintain an adequate working node density in the face of up to 38% node failures, and it can maintain roughly a constant overhead level under various deployment conditions ranging from sparse to very dense node deployment by using less than 1% of total energy consumption. As a result, PEAS can extend a sensor network's functioning time in linear proportion to the deployed sensor population.
Bloodstream and non-invasive isolates of Candida glabrata have similar population structures and fluconazole susceptibilities.

We have compared multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and fl uconazole susceptibility profi les of Candida glabrata bloodstream isolates obtained during active, population-based surveillance to those obtained from non-sterile sites of individuals with no evidence of fungal disease (i.e., non-invasive isolates) in the same US city during an overlapping time period. In each of the two populations, different proportions of the same six major sequence types (STs) encompassed 82% of the isolates. One ST was more prevalent in the candidemia population and two other STs were more prevalent in the non-invasive population, but the overall allelic frequencies within the groups suggested little, if any, genotypic diversity between them. Fluconazole susceptibility profi les of isolates from the patients in the two groups were not signifi cantly different and were not associated with a particular sequence type. Our results support the hypothesis that C. glabrata strains causing bloodstream infections are genetically indistinguishable from those normally residing in/on the host, suggesting that relative pathogenicity may be closely tied to commensalism.
Multiple Identification Theory: Attitude and Behavior Change in a Simulated International Conflict

Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of Multiple Identification Theory (MIT) in changing the attitudes and behaviors of participants in simulations. However, these studies did not employ control groups, and their evidence of real-life behavioral change was self-reported. The present investigation attempts to improve upon previous MIT research in these areas. Participants either played an MIT game about international conflict twice (full MIT treatment) or watched a documentary and played the game once (control/half MIT treatment). Their attitudes and behaviors regarding conflict were measured before, during, and after the experimental sessions. Statistical tests reveal that the attitudes and behaviors of full MIT treatment participants became significantly more cooperative than those of control/half MIT treatment participants. The authors discuss the implications of this research for attitude change in simulation and for international relations.
INNER PRODUCTS IN COVOLUME AND MIMETIC METHODS

A class of compatible spatial discretizations for solving partial differential equations is presented. A discrete exact sequence framework is developed to classify these methods which include the mimetic and the covolume methods as well as certain low-order finite element methods. This construction ensures discrete analogs of the differential operators that satisfy the identities and theorems of vector calculus, in particular a Helmholtz decomposition theorem for the discrete function spaces. This paper demonstrates that these methods differ only in their choice of discrete inner product. Finally, certain uniqueness results for the covolume inner product are shown.
Duplicated zinc finger protein genes on the proximal short arm of the human X chromosome: isolation, characterization and X-inactivation studies

Two highly similar zinc finger genes, ZXDA (Zinc finger, X-linked, Duplicated) and ZXDB, have been isolated and characterized. Both map to the proximal short arm region of the human X chromosome, near locus DXS422 in Xp11.21. Both genes are expressed in several human tissues, revealing a approximately 6.5 kb mRNA by Northern blot hybridization, and both are subject to X-inactivation. A comparison of 1.2 kb of cDNA sequence from a single exon in the open reading frames of the two genes reveals 98.7% identity in nucleotide sequence. The predicted proteins include at least ten tandem C2-H2 zinc finger motifs. When cDNA probes from different parts of the genes are hybridized to a blot of different animal DNAs, two bands are seen in all placental mammals, suggesting that the duplication predates the radiation of placental mammals and is highly conserved. Furthermore, under conditions of lowered stringency, additional bands are seen in several species, suggesting that the two genes reported here may be members of a larger zinc finger gene family.
Quality assessment of diabetes online patient education materials from academic institutions

Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the readability of type 2 diabetes online patient education materials from academic institutions in the northeast USA and the American Diabetes Association. Many US residents utilise the Internet to obtain health information. Studies have shown that online patient education materials are often written above the recommended fifth grade reading level, and this may pertain to diabetes health information as well. As diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the USA and glycaemic control is related to health literacy, the readability of diabetic health information is pertinent.Methods:Many academic institutions provide type 2 diabetes online health information. A readability analysis was conducted of materials on the websites of academic institutions or affiliate hospitals with endocrinology fellowships in the northeast USA, and from the American Diabetes Association, using 10 quantitative scales: the Flesch Reading Ease Score, the Flesch–Ki...
Application of ground penetrating radar in the urban environment

Several nondestructive testing methods have been studied to detect subsurface voids. However, few focus on deploying nondestructive methods in the congested and complex subsurface environment found in typical urban locations. This research identifies the challenges with applying Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) techniques to locating subsurface voids and buried infrastructure in a complex urban environment. The study cataloged GPR signals representing reinforcements, concrete pipes, trolley tracks, and a large range of subsurface voids from surveys collected in downtown Louisville, Kentucky. Building upon this research, the team recreated a typical subsurface urban environment on the University of Louisville campus to develop a library of GPR images taken from known targets with defined parameters for training purposes.
The sensitivity of the pigeon’s keypeck to the differential reinforcement of long interresponse times

Keypecking of pigeons was studied under differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) and variable-interval (VI) schedules in which the interreinforcement times on the two schedules were equated by a yoking procedure. Each schedule was available for half of every session and a change of schedule was signaled by a change of key color. The value of the DRL schedule was varied from .5 to 300 sec. Response rates were always higher in the VI schedule, but within sessions there was a sharp change in response rate coincident with the change in schedule only under lower schedule values. A group without prior training was tested with a 180-sec schedule value, and it, too, developed a higher response rate during the VI schedule, showing that the effect was not dependent on prior experience under low schedule values. In all conditions except the .5- and 1-sec values of the schedule, the mean proportion of responses emitted during the VI schedule was approximately .85 of the responses emitted during both schedules. The conclusion was that the requirement of a minimum interresponse time for reinforcement may work its effect by determining which responses may occur just prior to the reinforced response and thus receive delayed reinforcement.
What do double dissociations prove

Brain damage may doubly dissociate cognitive modules, but the practice of revealing dissociations is predicated on modularity being true (T. Shallice, 1988). This article questions the utility of assuming modularity, as it examines a paradigmatic double dissociation of reading modules. Reading modules illustrate two general problems. First, modularity fails to converge on a fixed set of exclusionary criteria that define pure cases. As a consequence, competing modular theories force perennial quests for purer cases, which simply perpetuates growth in the list of exclusionary criteria. The first problem leads, in part, to the second problem. Modularity fails to converge on a fixed set of pure cases. The second failure perpetuates unending fractionation into more modules.
Are fortune 100 companies responsive to chronically ill workers

We conducted a survey of Fortune 100 companies to determine their response to the growing number of employees with chronic conditions. We found that although all companies cover some services that are particularly beneficial to persons with chronic conditions, gaps in coverage remain. We also found large variations in cost-sharing mechanisms, number of covered visits, and lifetime maximum benefit provisions, which are especially important to persons with chronic conditions. In general, for persons with chronic conditions the benefits offered by these Fortune 100 companies are superior to those offered by Medicare.
Positive feedback loops sustain repeating bursts in neuronal circuits

Voluntary movements in animals are often episodic, with abrupt onset and termination. Elevated neuronal excitation is required to drive the neuronal circuits underlying such movements; however, the mechanisms that sustain this increased excitation are largely unknown. In the medicinal leech, an identified cascade of excitation has been traced from mechanosensory neurons to the swim oscillator circuit. Although this cascade explains the initiation of excitatory drive (and hence swim initiation), it cannot account for the prolonged excitation (10–100 s) that underlies swim episodes. We present results of physiological and theoretical investigations into the mechanisms that maintain swimming activity in the leech. Although intrasegmental mechanisms can prolong stimulus-evoked excitation for more than one second, maintained excitation and sustained swimming activity requires chains of several ganglia. Experimental and modeling studies suggest that mutually excitatory intersegmental interactions can drive bouts of swimming activity in leeches. Our model neuronal circuits, which incorporated mutually excitatory neurons whose activity was limited by impulse adaptation, also replicated the following major experimental findings: (1) swimming can be initiated and terminated by a single neuron, (2) swim duration decreases with experimental reduction in nerve cord length, and (3) swim duration decreases as the interval between swim episodes is reduced.
Lessons from Wall Street: case studies in configuration, tuning, and distribution

Consider a setting in which Database speed and reliability can make the difference between prosperity and ruin.Money for information systems is no object.Data must be accessible from many points on the globe with subsecond response.The financial industry is exactly such an environment.This tutorial presents case studies in configuration, tuning, and distribution drawn from financial applications. The cases suggest both research and product issues and so should be of interest to the entire Sigmod community.
Proceedings on Appeal

After defining the term appeal (8.01), this chapter discusses what decisions are appealable (8.02), courts from which an appeal may be taken (8.03), appealability of final (8.04) and non-final (8.05) decisions, time limits within which an appeal must be taken (8.06–8.08), who may appeal (8.09–8.10), appeals in actions with multiple parties (8.11), intervention on appeal (8.12), the manner of taking an appeal (8.13), the effect of appeal on execution (8.14–8.15), the scope of the powers of the cours d’appel (8.16–8.18), the scope of appeal (8.19), procedure on appeal (8.20), appeals from decisions of specialized tribunals (8.21) and the impact of the 1965 reforms (8.22).
The effect of compressive strain on the performance of p-type quantum-well infrared photodetectors

A detailed study of the performance of compressively strained p-type III-V quantum-well infrared photodetectors (p-QWIPs) is presented in this work. Three device structures composed of InGaAs-GaAs, InGaAs-AlGaAs, and InGaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs for normal incidence absorption have been fabricated and analyzed, with the results being compared with similar reported unstrained p-QWIPs. In all three QWIP structures, the quantum-well layers are under biaxial compressive strain ranging from -0.8% to -2.8%, while the barrier layers are lattice-matched to the substrate. The detection peaks of the quantum-well infrared photodetectors ranged from 7.4 to 10.4 /spl mu/m. The detectors utilized the bound-to-continuum, bound-to-quasi-bound, and step bound-to-miniband intersubband transitions for infrared detection. The results showed that responsivities of up to 90 mA/W and detectivities from 10/sup 9/ to over 10/sup 10/ cm/spl radic/Hz/W are achieved under moderate applied bias and at reasonable operating temperatures (from 60 to 80 K), demonstrating the viability of the strained-layer p-doped quantum-well infrared photodetectors for staring focal plane array applications.
Diagnostic Potential of Serum Proteomic Patterns in Prostate Cancer

Purpose: The serum prostate specific antigen test has been widely used in the last decade as an effective screening tool for prostate cancer (CaP). However, the high false-positive rate of the serum prostate specific antigen test necessitates the development of more accurate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for CaP. Promising diagnostic potential of serum protein patterns detected by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for CaP has recently been reported. Independent evaluation of this new technology is warranted to realize its translational utility. We determined whether serum protein profiling by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and a decision tree algorithm classification system could accurately discriminate between patients with CaP and unaffected individuals. Materials and Methods: Proteomic spectra of crude serum were generated using the Ciphergen ProteinChip System and pattern detection was performed using Biomarker Patterns Software (Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, California). A total of 106 patients with CaP and 56 controls were randomly allocated to a training set and a test set. The training set, which consisted of 44 patients with cancer and 30 controls, was used to build a decision tree algorithm. The test set, which consisted of 62 patients with cancer and 26 controls, was used in blinded fashion to validate the decision tree. Results: Accuracy of classification using the test set was 67% and 42% for the weak cation exchange array and the copper metal affinity capture array, respectively. Combined spectral data from the weak cation exchange and copper metal affinity capture arrays generated an algorithm that achieved 85% sensitivity and 85% specificity for the detection of CaP. Conclusions: These preliminary findings support recent observations that complex protein profiles have promising potential for the early detection of CaP and warrant future studies with streamlined technology. Furthermore, the combined effect of using 2 array types can greatly enhance the ability of protein profile patterns, suggesting the potential usefulness of alternative approaches to evaluate this new emerging technology.
Scientific Realism and the Divide et Impera Strategy: The Ether Saga Revisited

Using the optical ether as a case study, this article advances four lines of consideration to show why synchronic versions of the divide et impera strategy of scientific realism are unlikely to work. The considerations draw from (a) the nineteenth-century theories of light, (b) the rise of surprising implication as an epistemic value from the time of Fresnel on, (c) assessments of the ether in end-of-century reports around 1900, and (d) the roots of ether theorizing in now superseded metaphysical assumptions. The typicality of the case and its impact on diachronic versions of the strategy are briefly discussed.