cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Academic Achievement in Kindergarten and First Grade from Prekindergarten Scores on the Lollipop Test and Dial

The focus of the present study was on the multivariate relationship of two predictors of school readiness administered four months prior to kindergarten to two groups of criteria. A sample of 110 children from rural Georgia were followed longitudinally. The overall results indicate a high degree of commonality between the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning and the Lollipop Test. Both predictors demonstrated equivalent ability to predict students' grades and standardized test scores over two years of investigation. Canonical correlations ranged from .68 to .83 and suggested that the predictor scores accounted for approximately half of the variance in the grades and test scores of kindergarten and first-grade children.
A monoclonal antibody marker for the paraboloid region of cone photoreceptors in turtle retina.

Monoclonal antibodies that specifically label one or more cell types in retina have been produced; however, only a few antibodies that, in addition, recognize distinct subcellular structures in these cells have been reported. During a search for monoclonal antibodies that bind to specific cell types in the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) retina, we obtained an antibody (20–93; an IgG) that labels the inner segment of cone photoreceptors. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using immunogold and avidin/biotinperoxidase techniques showed that 20–93 antigen is localized to the paraboloid, a region specifically involved in glycogen metabolism in cones. In addition, a few bipolar cells were found to be labeled. The monoclonal antibody showed limited species cross-reactivity and failed to stain mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cow, Anolis, and human retinas. Immunoblotting showed that monoclonal antibody 20–93 binds to a 40 KDa protein that is present in the retinal membrane. The antibody should be useful in immunological studies of the cone paraboloid.
Changes in the glycoprotein concentration of the extracellular matrix between lens and optic vesicle associated with early lens differentiation.

The glycoproteins of the extracellular interface between the lens rudiment and the optic vesicle of the chicken embryo were demonstrated histochemically and their concentration was measured by microspectrophotometry through-out the period of lens induction. The concentration reaches a peak immediately preceding the maximum elongation of the lens cells and the onset of the synthesis of lens-specific proteins, suggesting the involvement of matrix density increase in lens induction.
Algorithm 908: Online Exact Summation of Floating-Point Streams

We present a novel, online algorithm for exact summation of a stream of floating-point numbers. By “online” we mean that the algorithm needs to see only one input at a time, and can take an arbitrary length input stream of such inputs while requiring only constant memory. By “exact” we mean that the sum of the internal array of our algorithm is exactly equal to the sum of all the inputs, and the returned result is the correctly-rounded sum. The proof of correctness is valid for all inputs (including nonnormalized numbers but modulo intermediate overflow), and is independent of the number of summands or the condition number of the sum. The algorithm asymptotically needs only 5 FLOPs per summand, and due to instruction-level parallelism runs only about 2--3 times slower than the obvious, fast-but-dumb “ordinary recursive summation” loop when the number of summands is greater than 10,000. Thus, to our knowledge, it is the fastest, most accurate, and most memory efficient among known algorithms. Indeed, it is difficult to see how a faster algorithm or one requiring significantly fewer FLOPs could exist without hardware improvements. An application for a large number of summands is provided.
Modified ureterosigmoidostomy (Mainz Pouch II): a nonrefluxing stented vs unstented laparoscopic porcine model.

OBJECTIVE To describe a rapid and reproducible pure laparoscopic cystectomy and nonrefluxing modified continent urinary diversion (Mainz Pouch II), and to determine whether ureteric stenting decreases ureteric obstruction after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS After institutional review and approval, six female pigs (51-55 kg) had a laparoscopic cystectomy and urinary diversion using a modified Mainz Pouch II. Imbricating bowel over the extra-intestinal ureteric segment created the nonrefluxing mechanism. All pigs had the same bowel preparation before a standard four-port transperitoneal laparoscopic procedure, but three pigs received bilateral J ureteric stents and three did not. Body weights, radiographic imaging, serum electrolytes and renal function were monitored during the 6-week survival period. RESULTS One stented pig developed bilateral pyelonephritis, renal obstruction and was killed. Including this pig, four of 12 renal units were obstructed, occurring more often in the stented pigs. There were no significant differences between the serum electrolytes before and after surgery or between the stented or unstented pigs. The surgery was quicker as experience increased. No pig developed hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis. The nonrefluxing modification appeared to be effective, as reflux was only present in one renal unit. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic ureterosigmoidostomy, specifically the modified Mainz Pouch II, represents a viable and reasonable continent urinary diversion. The results suggest that there was no benefit in stenting in this pig model.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Chemistry of 9-Methylanthracene. Substrate as Both Electron Donor and Acceptor in the Presence of the 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Ion

Photolysis of 9-methylanthracene (2a; 9-CH3An) in a deoxygenated molten salt consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (1; EMIC) (55 mol %) and AlCl3 at room temperature yielded, in addition to the anti 4 + 4 dimer (3), six products, four of which are dimeric (two oxidized [8 and 9]; two neutral [4 and 5]) and two of which are monomeric (one reduced [7]; one neutral [6]). The same products were produced in CH3CN containing 1. These six products arose by initial electron transfer from 9-MeAn*1 to EMI+ to form the radical cation of 9-MeAn and EMI•. The reduced product 7 arose by electron transfer from EMI• to 9-MeAn. This system thus contained both the radical cation and radical anion of 9-MeAn at different stages of the reaction. Experiments using 9-CD3An, 2-deuterioEMIC, and 2,4,5-trideuterioEMIC in the molten salt and 9-CH3An in the presence of N-1-butylpyridinium chloride (BPC) (BPC/CH3CN) and the molten salt BPC [55 mol %]/AlCl3 clarified mechanistic details.
The reactions of carbon monoxide with series of dirhenium species [Re2Cl4(PMe2Ph)4]n+ (n = 0, 1, 2) possessing rhenium—rhenium bond orders of 4, 3.5 and 3

Abstract The complexes [Re 2 Cl 4 (PMe 2 Ph) 4 ](PF 6 ), n , where n = 1, 1 or 5, which possess ReRe multiple bonds of orders 3, 3.5 and 4, respectively, react with carbon monoxide in 2-methoxyethanol to afford the reductive cleavage product ReCl(CO) 3 (PMe 2 Ph) 2 in high yield. In other solvents (ethanol and toluene), these reactions are complicated by competing side reactions which can result in redox chemistry at the dirhenium units without the incoporation of CO into the products. The reactions in ethanol and toluene lead to the formation of Re 2 Cl 5 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 , Re 2 Cl 6 (PMe 2 Ph) 2 , trans-ReCl 4 (PMe 2 Ph) 2 , ReCl(CO) 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 and/or ReCl 3 (CO)(PMe 2 Ph) 3 , in addition to ReCl(CO) 3 (PMe 2 Ph) 2 , depending upon the reaction conditions. The electrochemical properties of the carbonyl containing prosducts ReCl(CO) 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 , ReCl(CO) 3 (PMe 2 Ph) 2 and ReCl 3 (CO) 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 , as well as those of the previuosly described rhenium(II) dicarbonyl complex ReCl 2 (CO) 2 (P-n-Pr 3 ) 2 , have been studied using the cyclic voltammetry technique.
Acute toxicity of paralytic shellfish poison in rats of different ages.

Summary Age of the animal modifies the toxicity of paralytic shellfish poison administered orally to rats. This influence is of less importance when the toxin is administered intraperitoneally. Weanlings and young adults receiving lethal doses of the toxin exhibit an anoxic type of convulsion before death, whereas newborns die without exhibiting a convulsive seizure. However, newborn rats exhibit seizures when treated with strychnine or pentylenetetrazole. Although paralytic shellfish poison given orally is more toxic to newborn and weanling animals, these rats are able to survive a significantly longer period of time than the young adults. When changes in the electrocardiogram are followed in the three groups of rats receiving a lethal dose of toxin orally, bradycardia is found to occur more rapidly and to a greater degree in the newborns than in the older animals. Auricular conduction defects are also more prominent in newborns. Ventricular conduction time is not significantly altered in any age group. Partial to complete A-V dissociation occurs prior to death in all groups.
Developing Student Attitudes Toward Environmental Protection

(1974). Developing Student Attitudes Toward Environmental Protection. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 5, Social Studies and the Environment, pp. 29-30.
Design and performance of nitride-based UV LEDs

We overview several of the challenges in achieving high efficiency nitride-based UV ( 0.1 mW, but present designs suffer from internal absorption effects. InGaN/AlInGaN quantum well LEDs with 370 nm 1 mW output power are also presented.
Working together: mental health and special education collaboration

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of interactions between special educators and mental health professionals providing services to students with behavioral disorders. Seventy-two surveys were sent to contact persons for programs for students with behavioral disorders in the state of Florida. Content analysis was used to code individual responses to three open-ended questions regarding benefits of service provision by mental health professionals, difficulties resulting from interactions between mental health professionals and educators, and advice to mental health professionals for improving service delivery. Data suggest that although service provision by mental health professionals is important, barriers impeding effective communication and collaboration among professionals exist. Suggestions are offered for overcoming barriers in our current delivery system and incorporating collaborative skill building activities into training programs for special education and mental health professionals.
Tumoral calcinosis with unusual dental radiographic findings

Tumor calcinosis is a rare disease of unknown cause, manifesting itself as abnormal calcifications of cystic masses in the fibrous tissues adjacent to, but not involving, the joint spaces. A family with multiple siblings affected by tumoral calcinosis and found to have unusual dental radiographic findings consistent with varying degrees of expression of dentinal dysplasia is described.
The effect of temperature and substrate concentration on the kinetics of [6-3H]uridine incorporation into RNA of toad bladder epithelial cells: The role of aldosterone

Abstract 1. The effects of temperature and uridine substrate concentration during incorporation of [6-3H]uridine into RNA were studied in epithelial cells of the isolated urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, harvested after incubation. 2. Gross accumulation of newly synthesized RNA in the acid-insoluble fraction of whole epithelial cells was maximal at 33°C., even though net RNA synthesis, i.e. RNA specific activity, was significantly reduced compared to 24°C. Cold exposure at 8°C decreased accumulation of newly synthesized RNA when compared to warmer temperatures. 3. A uridine substrate concentration constant ( K′ m ), derived in a manner similar to the Michaelis-Menten constant ( K m ), was determined to be K′ m = 2.13 · 10 −5 mole/l at 24°C for non-hormonally treated urinary bladder. 4. The in vitro effect of the hormone, aldosterone, on RNA synthesis at 24°C was evaluated by quantitating the aldosterone-control difference of both RNA and RNA specific activity in paired samples of scraped epithelial cells. By minimizing dilution of the [6-3H]uridine due to variations in the endogenous uridine RNA precursor pool size, through the technique of providing a constant excess of exogenous uridine with the radioisotope, aldosterone stimulation of RNA specific activity can be reproducibly demonstrated. 5. Aldosterone significantly increased RNA specific activity but not bulk RNA, per se, even after 20 h of hormone exposure. 6. The mean weight ratio of epithelial cell RNA/DNA determined in 116 different bladder parts derived from 30 toads, was 2.5 ± 0.32 S.E. 7. A 1.5-h exposure to aldosterone produced a significant increase (31.5 %) in the incorporation of [6-3H]uridine into heterogenous RNA extracted from purified nuclei, but not in RNA extracted from either cytoplasm or whole cell. This primary nuclear response to aldosterone was followed by a significant increase in aldosterone-stimulated specific activity of whole cell RNA at 3 h (74 %) and 20 h (200 %).
Consequences of fleet diversification in managed and unmanaged fisheries

Biological diversity is known to play an important role in generating and maintaining ecosystem productivity and other functions and has consequently become a central focus of many efforts to prese...
On the Fracture Toughness of Pseudoelastic Shape Memory Alloys

A finite element analysis of quasi-static, steady-state crack growth in pseudoelastic shape memory alloys is carried out for plane strain, mode I loading. The crack is assumed to propagate at a critical level of the crack-tip energy release rate. Results pertaining to the influence of forward and reverse phase transformation on the near-tip mechanical fields and fracture toughness are presented for a range of thermomechanical parameters and temperature. The fracture toughness is obtained as the ratio of the far-field applied energy release rate to the crack-tip energy release rate. A substantial fracture toughening is observed, in accordance with experimental observations, associated with the energy dissipated by the transformed material in the wake of the growing crack. Reverse phase transformation, being a dissipative process itself, is found to increase the levels of toughness enhancement. However, higher nominal temperatures tend to reduce the toughening of an SMA alloy—although the material’s tendency to reverse transform in the wake of the advancing crack tip increases—due to the higher stress levels required for initiation of forward transformation. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4025139]
A new model for precipitation at moving interphase boundaries

A new model has been developed to describe precipitation in sheets at a moving, planar, interphase boundary. The model assumes that the diffusion profile developed by the growing sheet of inter-phase precipitates is similar to that resulting from the growth of a “pseudophase” of constant compo-sition equal to the average solute concentration in the sheet. It assumes that the solute lost by the depleted layer during growth is equal to the excess solute found in the sheet. Nucleation of a new sheet is determined by the local solute concentration at migrating ledges at the interphase boundary. The model provides a theoretical rationale for correlations among parameters important in interphase precipitation and gives a coherent description of this phenomenon, upon which further understand-ing can be based.
Prostate Brachytherapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract Purpose: There are minimal data to support the perceived contraindication of radiation therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because of widespread concern about the possibility of radiation-related morbidity in IBD patients, the posttreatment course for 6 patients with a history of IBD who were treated with 125 I prostate implantation for early stage prostate cancer are reported here. Materials and Methods: Six patients with a prior history of IBD and Stage T1c–T2c prostatic carcinoma underwent 125 I prostate brachytherapy from 1991–1996. Three patients had Crohn's disease and three had ulcerative colitis. The treatment plans were designed to treat the preimplant prostatic margin, as defined on planning CT scan, to 150 Gy. No special effort was made to minimize the rectal surface dose. Detailed records were available for all patients, and all patients were interviewed for this report. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 6 years (median: 3.7 years). Results: None of the 6 patients experienced unusual or significant gastrointestinal side effects following implantation. All 6 patients remain free of GI complications. The rectal surface area that received >100 Gy was kept below 10 mm 2 in all patients, in accordance with previously published guidelines. Conclusions: Based on the limited information available, it appears that prostate brachytherapy is safe in patients with a history of IBD.
Emerging technology for fermenting d-xylose

Abstract In the past four years, numerous yeasts which convert d-xylose to ethanol have been reported. The conversion occurs most readily under aerobic conditions. Various aspects of this conversion have provided new insight into the mechanisms and metabolic regulation of ethanol fermentation in yeasts. Although specific fermentation rates, product yields and product concentrations are significantly lower with d-xylose than with d-glucose, technology is emerging which may prove to be feasible for commercial fermentation of d-xylose-containing waste streams.
Dimer Opening of the Nucleotide Binding Domains of ABC Transporters after ATP Hydrolysis

ABC transporters constitute one of the most abundant membrane transporter families. The most common feature shared in the family is the highly conserved nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) that drive the transport process through binding and hydrolysis of ATP. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the effect of ATP hydrolysis in the NBDs. Starting with the ATP-bound, closed dimer of MalK, four simulation systems with all possible combinations of ATP or ADP-Pi bound to the two nucleotide binding sites are constructed and simulated with equilibrium molecular dynamics for ;70 ns each. The results suggest that the closed form of the NBD dimer can only be maintained with two bound ATP molecules; in other words, hydrolysis of one ATP can lead to the opening of the dimer interface of the NBD dimer. Furthermore, we observed that the opening is an immediate effect of hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi rather than the dissociation of hydrolysis products. In addition, the opening is mechanistically triggered by the dissociation of the LSGGQ motif from the bound nucleotide. A metastable ADP-Pi bound conformational state is consistently observed before the dimer opening in all the simulation systems.
Preparation and evaluation of bonded linear polymethacrylate stationary phases for open tubular capillary electrokinetic chromatography

A new procedure for the preparation of thick polymethacrylate films bonded in 25 {mu}m i.d. fused-silica capillaries is developed. The etched silica surface is first modified with an unsaturated organosilane, which is later incorporated into the polymer film. The capillary is then filled with a monomer solution, and polymerization is initiated by incubation at elevated temperature. This thermoinitiation method enables the use of ordinary polyimide-jacketed capillaries in preparing the columns. The effect of monomer concentration on the resulting polymer film was studied by open tubular capillary electrokinetic chromatography using p-hydroxybenzoates (parabens) as test solutes. Good separations were achieved using short capillaries. Run-to-run retention time reproducibility was excellent, with RSDs of 2% (n = 50) being representative. For the linear polymer films produced, retention of analytes increased as the monomer concentration increased to a certain value, at which point the capacity factors level off with further increases in monomer concentration. The electroosmotic flow velocity decreases with increasing monomer concentration. The efficiency for an unretained test probe (acetone) reaches 270 000 plates/m. 13 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Rat Fetal Target Organ ∆55,3β–Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase: Effect of Cyanoketone and Cyproterone Acetate

The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone–7a–3H and testosterone–1,2–3H by the wolffian duct and genital skin of term rat male fetuses treated in utero with cyanoketone, cyproterone acetate or vehicle has been studied by a micro-method permitting enzymatic analysis on as little as 1 mg of tissue. The metabolic products have been quantitated by a novel partition system on thin—layer chromatography which separates most of the androgen metabolites formed from these substrates by these rat tissues. The present report demonstrates, both in the duct and in the genital skin of term fetuses, the presence of an active ∆5,3β–hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase capable of transforming dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione, testosterone, and 5––reduced metabolites. Cyanoketone inhibits the dehydrogenase both in the ducts and genital skin. In vivo administration but not in vitro inclusion of cyproterone—acetate and cyanoketone significantly reduces the conversion of testosterone–1,2–3H by term male genital skin to 5α–redu...
Adequacy assessment of endoscopic ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspirations of pancreatic masses for theranostic studies: Optimization of current practices is warranted

Context.—Novel chemotherapy regimens now provide the opportunity for “personalized” care in pancreatic cancer. Little is known about our ability to procure adequate cells for theranostic studies us...
Industrial Strength Software Components: Their Use in Teaching Advanced Topics in an Enterprise Java Course

Computer engineering courses are by nature heavily technology oriented. As a result course content can change on a year-to-year basis. More and more students are feeling the need to acquire relevant programming skills needed in the fast changing technological world. As a result it is becoming increasingly important for instructors to introduce realistic software into the classroom environment. In this article, we demonstrate the use of industrial strength software components in teaching advanced topics in an Enterprise Java course. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 13: 158–167, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20041
Mechanism of cholesterol gallstone dissolution. II. Correlation between the effect of the alkyl amines as cholesterol gallstone dissolution rate accelerators and the degree of binding of the alkyl amines to the bile acid micelles

Recent studies have shown that cholesterol monohydrate pellet dissolution rates in real and synthetic bile systems are enhanced dramatically in the presence of small concentrations of amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, and cationic surfactants. Furthermore, these studies have shown that the mechanism of action of these compounds involves reducing the interfacial resistance for cholesterol transfer in some manner. In the present study, data on cholesterol dissolution rates and data on the degree of binding of the amine accelerator to the bile micelle have been correlated. The micellar binding was determined using a dynamic method based upon the silicone rubber diffusion cell membrane system. It was found that the amount of bound amine correlated with the extent of cholesterol monohydrate dissolution rate acceleration and that the charged form of the amine was important. Thus, the data analysis shows that the predominant mechanism by which these amines enhance the dissolution rate involves reducing the electrical charge of the bile acid micelles (i.e., by charge neutralization).
Unpacking the effects of acupuncture.

Improved benefits in many treatment trials for knee osteoarthritis are due to placebo-associated effects. The well-blinded, high quality trial, by Suarez Almazor et al (3) in this issue provides further strong evidence that invasive procedures, with positive meaning, delivered in a supportive environment, result in significant benefits. However, given the strength of data demonstrating that the benefits related to acupuncture are likely fully explained by placebo-associated effects, recommending acupuncture for patients with knee osteoarthritis now raises real ethical concerns. What is sorely needed is a better understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and targeted treatment options which result in significant improvements over and above placebo-associated responses. Meanwhile, tomorrow in clinic, I will be as warm, positive and caring as possible as I inject corticosteroids into my patients’ knees!
Spatial patterns of primary production on the shelf, slope and basin of the Western Arctic in 2002

In the spring and summer of 2002 primary production in the Chukchi Sea was measured, using 14 C uptake experiments. Our cruise track encompassed the shelf and continental slope area of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas progressing into deep water over the Canada Basin. The study area experienced upwards of 90% ice cover during the spring, with ice retreating into the basin during the summer. Production in the spring was light-limited due to ice cover, with average euphotic zone production rates of o0.3 g C m � 2 d � 1 . Values of 8 g C m � 2 d � 1 were observed in association with surface bloom conditions during the initial ice breakup. Considerable nutrient reduction in the surface waters took place between the spring and summer cruise, and although not observed, this was attributed to a spring bloom. Decreased ice cover and increased clarity of surface waters in the summer allowed greater light penetration. The highest rates of production during the second cruise were found at 25–30 m, coincident with the top of the nutricline. Daily euphotic zone productivity in the summer averaged 0.78 g C m � 2 d � 1 on the shelf and 0.32 g C m � 2 d � 1 on the edge of the Canada basin. These data provide an estimated annual production of 90 g C m � 2 yr � 1 in the study area.
Vaporization thermodynamics of the tungsten silicides

Abstract Vaporization thermodynamics in the tungsten-silicon binary system has been studied by a Knudsen effusion-mass spectrometry technique. The equilibrium vapor pressure of silicon gas over two phase mixtures of WSi 2 + W 5 Si 3 and W 5 Si 3 + W has been measured over an approximate temperature range 1700–2050 K. Standard enthalpy and entropy changes for the dissociation reactions were determined from the temperature dependence of the measured vapor pressures. Estimated thermal functions were combined with the vapor pressure data and used in a thirdlaw evaluation of the standard enthalpies of formation of the intermediate compounds. The results obtained are −26.2 kJ (g-atom) −1 for WSi 2 and −17.2 kJ (g-atom) −1 for W 5 Si 3 . The results obtained in this work are compared with previous estimates and measurements of the thermodynamics of phase formation of the tungsten silicides.
Electron microscopy study of domain structure due to phase transitions in natural perovskite

Transmission electron microscopy on natural calcium metatitanate perovskite (dysanalyte) reveals the following twin laws in the orthorhombic (space group Pbnm) phase: reflection twins on the {110} and {112} planes, and 90° rotation twins about the [001] axis (referred to as [001]90° twin). Single crystals that were heattreated and quenched from above 1585 K exhibit a dramatic change in domain structure compared with the starting material and specimens quenched from T < 1470 K. Mutually perpendicular {110} and [001]90° twins are observed throughout the crystal, forming a cross-hatched domain texture. 1/2[001] antiphase domains, which are very rarely observed in the starting material, also become dominant in the crystal. This change in domain structure is interpreted as due to a structural phase transition in perovskite at a temperature below 1585 K. From the point symmetry elements that describe the twin laws and the translational elements that relate the antiphase domains, the most likely phase near 1585 K is tetragonal with space group P4/mbm. These results are consistent with high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction study. On the other hand, density of the {112} twins is increased significantly in the crystal quenched from 1673 K. Twin domains are either bound by mutually perpendicular {110} and (001) walls, or by {112} walls with {110} twin domains within the polygonal {112} domains. Both twin density variation and domain morphology suggest that the crystal may be cubic at this temperature. Microstructure of a single crystal deformed at 1273 K and 3.5 GPa (within the orthorhombic stability field) is morphologically quite distinct from that of the heat-treated specimens. Dislocations dominate the microstructure and often interact with twin domain boundaries.
Subgroup Differences in the Modus Operandi of Adolescent Sexual Offenders

The current investigation examined the predictability of adolescent sexual offenders' modus operandi based upon differences in victim, perpetrator, and offense characteristics. Questionnaires regarding modus operandi and history of victimization were completed by 179 male adolescent sexual offenders. Subgroups of perpetrators were delineated based upon their history of sexual abuse, as well as the gender, age, and relatedness of offenders' child victims. Results indicated that a history of sexual abuse was related to the selection of male victims and younger victims. Furthermore, subgroups of offenders differed significantly in the strategies they employed to build victims' trust, gain compliance with illicit sexual activity, and maintain victims' silence following the onset of sexual abuse. Implications are discussed for child sexual abuse theory and prevention, as well as for victim and offender treatment.
Pause relationships in multiple and chained fixed-ratio schedules.

On a multiple fixed-ratio 10 fixed-ratio 100 schedule, pigeons pause for relatively long periods of time before the fixed-ratio 100 schedule. Only a short pause occurs before the fixed-ratio 10 schedule. A chain fixed-ratio 10 fixed-ratio 100 schedule produces the reverse pattern, i.e., a short pause before the fixed-ratio 100 schedule and a long pause before the fixed-ratio 10 schedule. Procedurally, the only difference between the two schedules is that the fixed-ratio 10 component is always terminated by some unconditioned reinforcer in the multiple schedule but never in the chained schedule. In the present experiment, the percentage of fixed-ratio 10 components which included reinforcement was gradually decreased for birds on the multiple schedule and gradually increased for birds on the chained schedule. It was found that percentage reinforcement within the fixed-ratio 10 component was inversely related to the duration of the pause before the fixed-ratio 10 component and directly related to the duration of the pause before the fixed-ratio 100 component. Thus, the relative rate of reinforcement paired with a particular stimulus was seen to be an important factor in determining response latency to that stimulus.
Myogenic reprogramming of retina-derived cells following their spontaneous fusion with myotubes

Satellite cells are recognized as the main source for myoblasts in postnatal muscle. The possible participation of other cell types in myofiber maintenance remains a subject of debate. Here, we investigated the potential of vascular preparations from mouse retina to undergo myogenesis when cultured alone or with differentiated primary myogenic cultures. The choice of retina, an organ richly supplied with capillary network and anatomically separated from skeletal muscles, ensures that the vasculature preparation is devoid of satellite cells. We demonstrate that retina-derived cells spontaneously fuse with preexisting myotubes and contribute additional myonuclei, some of which initiate expression of muscle-specific genes after fusion. Myogenic differentiation of retinal cells prior to their fusion with preexisting myotubes was not detected. Although originating from vasculature preparations, nuclei undergoing myogenic reprogramming were contributed by cells that were neither endothelial nor blood borne. Our results suggest smooth muscle/pericytes as the possible source, and that myogenic reprogramming depends on the muscle specific transcription factor MyoD. Our studies provide insights into a novel avenue for myofiber maintenance, relying on nuclei of non-myogenic origin that undergo fusion and subsequent myogenic conversion within host myofibers. This process may support ongoing myofiber maintenance throughout life.
Cross-modal correlation of dichotic and tachistoscopic language laterality tasks: the importance of familial sinistrality.

Abstract Previous studies have found little if any correlation between dichotic and tachistoscopic language laterality task performance asymmetries. Problems with these studies have been that quite dissimilar auditory and visual tasks have often been used, and the reliability of the asymmetry measures has generally been unknown or, when known, relatively poor. We assessed the cross-modal correlation for two tasks, the Bilateral Object Naming Latency Task (BONLT) and the Dichotic Object Naming Latency Task (DONLT). These tasks are highly similar and have demonstrated high reliabilities. A significant, though rather small, cross-modal correlation was found (r = + .28). When cross-modal correlations were computed for FS− and FS+ subjects separately, no correlation was found for FS+ subjects (r = + .02), but the correlation for FS− subjects was highly significant (r = + .54, p (P. L. Van Eys and W. F. McKeever, 1988, Brain and Cognition, 4, 413–429) which had administered two highly reliable language laterality tasks (the BONLT and the Dichotic Consonant Vowel Task), but had not assessed cross-modal correlation. A significant cross-modal correlation was found for FS− but not for FS+ subjects. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of H. Hecaen, M. De Agnostini, and A. Monzon-Montes (1981, Brain and Language, 12, 261–284) which suggests that one effect of FS+ is to induce a greater heterogeneity of localizations of different language processes.
The function of response mode in the coordination of perspectives

Abstract Visual perspective taking has attracted research interest as a result of Piagetian formulations regarding its ontogenesis. Some investigators have interpreted failure as a consequence of egocentrism while others have hypothesized task variables as the source of failure. The present study directly compared the effects of a picture selection response with a rotational one. Forty 3-year-olds and forty 4-year-olds were compared on the response modes. Half the children indicated perspective inferences by selecting from a set of photographs while the others rotated a replica. Children were tested on three nonegocentric perspectives. The data were analyzed with a 2(age) × 2(response mode) ANOVA. Significant effects were found for response mode and the age × response interaction. It was concluded that while both 3- and 4-year olds were able to demonstrate perspective-taking competence, the 3-year-olds performed better with the turning task; 4-year-olds were equally successful in either mode.
Using Jackson diagrams to classify and define data structures

A modified set of Jackson diagrams together with a classification scheme is proposed as a means for unifying the study of data structures. The diagrams have proven to be very useful for presenting complex concepts and relationships.
Selective emitters for thermophotovoltaics: erbia-modified electrospun titania nanofibers

Abstract Titania nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning and characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nanofibers were annealed to 773 K to achieve the anatase titania crystal structure, and to 1173 K to obtain the rutile phase. In order to create erbia-containing titania nanofibers, erbium (III) oxide particles were added to the pre-cursor solution before electrospinning. After pyrolysis the titania nanofibers supported and encapsulated the erbia particles. Temperature-dependent near-infrared emission spectra demonstrate that the erbia-containing nanofibers emit selectively in the range 6000–7000 cm −1 . Because of their large surface to volume ratios and narrow-band optical emission, these nanofibers can be used as selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic applications.
Serotonin regulates voltage-dependent currents in type Ie(A) and Ii interneurons of Hermissenda

Serotonin (5-HT) has both direct and modulatory actions on central neurons contributing to behavioral arousal and cellular-synaptic plasticity in diverse species. In Hermissenda, 5-HT produces chan...
Chemical shifts of N14 in the NMR spectra of ammonia and related compounds

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonances of N 14 in ammonia and related compounds have been studied in a field H 0 = 10,730 gauss. Shifts of the resonances relative to the peak associated with N 14 in the NH 4 + ions in a saturated aqueous solution of NH 4 NO 3 have been measured for the following compounds: NH 4 Cl, NH 4 Br, NH 4 I, NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 S, NH 4 SO 4 · ZnSO 4 · 6H 2 O, NH 4 SCN, ammonium hydroxide, NH 3 liquid, NH 3 dissolved in ethanol, Ag(NH 3 ) 2 NO 3 , Zn(NH 3 ) 5 Cl, Ca(NH 3 ) 8 Cl 2 , N(CH 3 ) 4 Cl, N(CH 3 ) 4 Br, and NH(CH 3 ) 2 . Mixtures of ammonium salt solutions with ammonium hydroxide have also been studied. The relative widths of the resonance peaks have been determined. Experimental details are given in the paper. The structure of ammonium hydroxide is discussed in the light of the data presented.
Perceived Parental Neglect, and Children’s Psychological Maladjustment, and Negative Personality Dispositions: A Meta-analysis of Multi-cultural Studies

The objective of this meta-analysis is to address three questions drawn from one of the basic postulates of parental acceptance–rejection theory: (1) To what extent is children’s perceptions of parental indifference/neglect related to their psychological maladjustment? (2) To what extent is children’s perceptions of parental indifference/neglect related to their negative personality dispositions? (3) Do relations found in these questions vary by the gender of parents? The meta-analysis was based on 33 studies from 15 countries on four continents involving 11,755 children (52 % boys and 48 % girls). All studies included in the meta-analysis, used child versions of the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire for Mothers and for Fathers, as well as the child version of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire. Results showed that perceived maternal and paternal indifference/neglect correlated significantly with the psychological maladjustment and negative personality dispositions of children across ethnicities, cultures, and geographical boundaries. There were no significant differences between the effect sizes of perceived maternal and paternal indifference/neglect on either psychological maladjustment, or negative personality dispositions of children.
Psychological assessment with American Indian children

Abstract This article addresses the major issues involved in the assessment of American Indian youth. Historical, psychosocial, and sociocultural perspectives are used to examine the interface between psychological assessment and American Indian children. A review of the literature on psychoeducational and personality testing with American Indian children is also provided. Many of the studies suggest that assessment devices have not been tested for their reliability and validity in this culture and that the culturally diverse needs of Indian children have not been considered in the assessment process. Specific recommendations are made to both researchers and practitioners for improving reliability in assessment devices, processes, and outcomes among American Indian youth.
A reevaluation of Stogryn's apparent temperature theory over the sea surface

The emission theory for the sea surface by Stogryn has been reevaluated. Results agree with Stogryn's paper except for small nadir angles where the apparent temperature versus win speed behavior is in reverse of what was reported by Stogryn. By plotting the change in contributions by the sea surface emission and sky temperature scattered toward the radiometer as a function of nadir angle at two different wind speeds, it is found that the sky temperature effect is dominating at small nadir angles, while the change in surface emission becomes increasingly more important at larger nadir angles. It is also found that at nadir higher emission is associated with the polarization where \overrightarrow{E} field is aligned along the upwind direction than the one along the crosswind direction.
Efficient biased random bit generation for parallel lattice gas simulations

Abstract Lattice gas methods are often used to model the kinetics of a variety of diffusive systems. One of the main advantages of these methods is the ease at which they can be parallelized using simple bit vector operations. However, to describe the kinetics of the lattice gas in a randomly biased fashion, it is necessary to efficiently generate a randomly biased bit vector. If one generates a random floating point number per bit, then this is very costly. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is developed that leads to a fully bit vector implementation of a lattice gas automation while significantly reducing the amount of needed generated random floating point numbers. The bit vector algorithm using the new random biased bit vector algorithm is tested on a lattice gas method whose solution is modeled by the solution of the 1-D Burgers' equation. This new lattice gas method is then implemented on the BBN TC2200 and CRAY 90 parallel processors.
Symmetry detection of 2-D figures

A method for symmetry detection of 2-D figures is presented. This approach uses eigenvector fitting to find the approximate directions of the axes of symmetry. A normalized error of distance-difference is used as the validity measure of candidate lines for symmetry axes. The complexity of the search space of lines of symmetry is a constant, while the complexity of the algorithm is O(n) where n is the number of pixels on the boundary of the figure.
Picturing data with uncertainty

NASA is in the business of creating maps for scientific purposes to represent important biophysical or geophysical quantities over space and time. For example, maps of surface temperature over the globe tell scientists where and when the Earth is heating up; regional maps of the greenness of vegetation tell scientists where and when plants are photosynthesizing. There is always uncertainty associated with each value in any such map due to various factors. When uncertainty is fully modeled, instead of a single value at each map location, there is a distribution expressing a set of possible outcomes at each location. We consider such distribution data as multi-valued data since it consists of a collection of values about a single variable. Thus, a multi-valued data represents both the map and its uncertainty. We have been working on ways to visualize spatial multi-valued data sets effectively for fields with regularly spaced units or grid cells such as those in NASA's Earth science applications. A new way to display distributions at multiple grid locations is to project the distributions from an individual row, column or other user-selectable straight transect from the 2D domain. First at each grid cell in a given slice (row, column or transect), we compute a smooth density estimate from the underlying data. Such a density estimate for the probability density function (PDF) is generally more useful than a histogram, which is a classic density estimate. Then, the collection of PDFs along a given slice are presented vertically above the slice and form a wall. To minimize occlusion of intersecting slices, the corresponding walls are positioned at the far edges of the boundary. The PDF wall depicts the shapes of the distributions very dearly since peaks represent the modes (or bumps) in the PDFs. We've defined roughness as the number of peaks in the distribution. Roughness is another useful summary information for multimodal distributions. The uncertainty of the multi-valued data can also be interpreted by the number of peaks and the widths of the peaks as shown by the PDF walls.
Giant intracranial aneurysms: endovascular challenges

The treatment of giant aneurysms remains a formidable challenge for endovascular and surgical strategies. The use of endovascular techniques in a deconstructive (e.g., parent vessel occlusion) and reconstructive (e.g., stent coiling) methodology is reviewed. The results of endovascular coiling as a primary therapy for giant aneurysm occlusion have been disappointing. Hunterian strategies have had more success in published series, but recent developments in coil, glue, and stent technology show great promise in allowing parent vessel reconstruction as a primary endovascular target, with acceptable morbidity, mortality, and durability. A literature review of giant aneurysm endovascular treatment strategies was undertaken after 1994, when Guglielmi detachable coils were approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Where possible, follow-up, durability, and occlusion rates are also reviewed.
New Growth Standards for the 21st Century: a Prescriptive Approach

Breast-fed babies have been shown to grow at a substantially different rate from the current international reference curves, with greater growth rates in height but with smaller body weight increases and substantially less variability in the growth patterns of a group. On this basis, the World Health Organization concluded that there was a need to undertake new studies to establish on a global basis the appropriate growth curves for exclusively breast-fed babies, their growth curves then being potentially seen as optimum standard curves rather than an arbitrary set of reference charts. The Multi-Country Growth Reference Study was therefore carried out from July 1997 to December 2003 as a population-based study covering the cities of Davis, California, USA; Muscat, Oman; Oslo, Norway; and Pelotas, Brazil, together with selected affluent neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana and South Delhi, India. These centers were considered conducive to a study of babies and children under optimum breast-feeding and weaning and early feeding conditions. These studies, to be reported shortly, confirm previous observations on breast-fed children, but also show that the greatest differences are within each population group rather than being international differences.
Synthesis of Chain End Functional Isotactic Polypropylene by the Combination of Metallocene/MAO Catalyst and Organoborane Chain Transfer Agent

This paper discusses a simple and effective route to prepare chain end functionalized PP and PP diblock copolymers, with high molecular weight and high purity. The reaction scheme involves a versatile “intermediate” of borane-terminated isotactic polypropylene (PP-t-B), which was prepared under a specific reaction condition, involving an iso-specific metallocene catalyst, purified MAO activator (without TMA), 9-borabicyclononane (9-BBN) dimmer chain transfer agent, and ambient reaction temperature. During the propylene polymerization mediated by the rac-Me2Si[2-Me-4-Ph(Ind)]2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst system, the PP propagating chain end (C−Zr active site) engages in a selective ligand exchange reaction with a B−H group in the 9-BBN dimmer. Evidently, the side reaction between the 9-BBN dimmer and the purified MAO is very slow at <35 °C, so that the normal polymerization-chain transfer reaction mechanism can effectively take place to form the PP-t-B polymer. The polymer molecular weight is inversely proportional ...