cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface structural study of poly-hydroxy-aniline

Abstract The technique of atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the surface structure of poly-hydroxy-aniline thin films. The large scale structure showed individual domains of average size 15 microxcfm2. Within these domains are partially oriented grains or bundles of average dimension ranging from 50 A2 to over 2000 A2. The orientation of these polymer bundles ranges from horizontal to the surface to perpendicular. Comparison with previous STM studies results in a growth model in which individual polymer islands initially nucleate on the substrate, then grow outward from the substrate to form elongated polymer bundles.
Tumor promoters inhibit morphological differentiation in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells

When added to mouse neuroblastoma cultures, the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits spontaneous neurite formation as well as that induced in response to serum deprivation, prostaglandin E1, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and papaverine. Other tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes also inhibit neurite formation, whereas nonpromoting diterpenes do not. Inhibition by TPA was reversible and was unrelated to toxicity.
Biology of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2).

This article is focused on platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a lipoprotein bound, calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 or PLA2G7. PAF-AH catalyzes the removal of the acyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and truncated phospholipids generated in settings of inflammation and oxidant stress. Here, I discuss current knowledge related to the structural features of this enzyme, including the molecular basis for association with lipoproteins and susceptibility to oxidative inactivation. The circulating form of PAF-AH is constitutively active and its expression is upregulated by mediators of inflammation at the transcriptional level. This mechanism is likely responsible for the observed up-regulation of PAF-AH during atherosclerosis and suggests that increased expression of this enzyme is a physiological response to inflammatory stimuli. Administration of recombinant forms of PAF-AH attenuate inflammation in a variety of experimental models. Conversely, genetic deficiency of PAF-AH in defined human populations increases the severity of atherosclerosis and other syndromes. Recent advances pointing to an interplay among oxidized phospholipid substrates, Lp(a), and PAF-AH could hold the key to a number of unanswered questions.
Strategies in pathogenesis: mechanistic specificity in the detection of generic signals

The virulence genes of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens are induced by more than 40 low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds. The prevailing opinion is that (i) wound-derived phenols produced on breach of the integrity of the cell wall act as the initiating signal in a series of events which results in host cell transformation, and (ii) a classical membrane receptor, putatively VirA, is responsible for the recognition of all such phenolic inducers. Here, we argue that the discovery of the subset of inducers that are relatives of the dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG) growth factors redirects our attention to work on the plant wound as a site of cell division, and suggests that we further explore the implications of early work on the relationship between transformation efficiency and the status of the cell cycle of the host. In addition, we argue that the significant structural diversity allowed in the para position of the phenol ring of inducers suggests that a receptor-ligand interaction based solely on structural recognition is insufficient, but that recognition followed by a specific proton transfer event may be sufficient to explain vir induction activity. Hence, the specificity of the response of A. tumefaciens may be a consequence of the features required for a chemical reaction to occur on the receptor surface. Finally, we review affinity labelling studies which exploit this phenol detection mechanism and which provide evidence that the phenol receptor may be other than VirA, the sensory kinase of the two component regulatory system implicated in Agrobacterium virulence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Influence of viscous friction heating on the efficiency of columns operated under very high pressures.

When columns packed with very fine particles are operated at high mobile phase velocities, the friction of the mobile phase percolating through the column bed generates heat. This heat dissipates along and across the column and axial and radial temperature gradients appear. The wall region of the column tends to be cooler than its center, and due to the influence of temperature on the mobile phase viscosity and on the equilibrium constant of analytes, the band velocity is not constant across the column. This radial heterogeneity of the temperature distribution across the column contributes to band broadening. This phenomenon was investigated assuming a cylindrically symmetrical column and using the general dispersion theory of Aris, which relates the height equivalent to the theoretical plate (HETP) contribution due to a radial heterogeneity of the column to the radial distribution of the linear velocities of a compound peak and to the radial distribution of its apparent dispersion coefficients in the col...
De‐Territorialised threats and global dangers: Geopolitics and risk society

(1998). De‐Territorialised threats and global dangers: Geopolitics and risk society. Geopolitics: Vol. 3, Boundaries Territory and Postmodernity, pp. 17-31.
The AMPTE CCE Spacecraft

The flight segment of the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers (AMPTE) Program consisted of three separate spacecraft which were launched "piggyback" into orbit aboard a Delta 3924 launch vehicle, from Cape Canaveral, FL, on August 16, 1984. The three spacecraft are the Charge Composition Explorer (CCE), built for NASA by the Applied Physics Laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University (APL/ JHU); the Ion Release Module (IRM), built in the Federal Republic of Germany; and the United Kingdom Subsatellite (UKS), built in the United Kingdom. This paper describes the CCE Spacecraft design, development, and early performance in orbit.
Biexciton quantum yield heterogeneities in single CdSe (CdS) core (shell) nanocrystals and its correlation to exciton blinking.

We explore biexciton (BX) nonradiative recombination processes in single semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) using confocal fluorescence microscopy and second-order photon intensity correlation. More specifically, we measure the photoluminescence blinking and BX quantum yields (QYs) and study the correlation between these two measurements for single core (shell) CdSe (CdS) nanocrystals (NCs). We find that NCs with a high “on” time fraction are significantly more likely to have a high BX QY than NCs with a low “on” fraction, even though the BX QYs of NCs with a high “on” fraction vary dramatically. The BX QYs of single NCs are also weakly dependent upon excitation wavelength. The weak correlation between exciton “on” fractions and BX QYs suggests that multiple recombination processes are involved in the BX recombination. To explain our results, we propose a model that combines both trapping and an Auger mechanism for BX recombination.
Fiber coupler for generating orbital angular momentum modes

We propose a fiber coupler consisting of a central ring and four external cores to generate up to ten orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. Four coherent input lights are launched into the external cores and then coupled into the central ring waveguide to generate OAM modes. By changing the size of the external cores, one can selectively excite a high-order OAM mode. The quality of the generated OAM modes can be enhanced by adjusting the polarization state and the phase of input lights. We show the generation of OAM modes with odd charge numbers of −9 to +9 (i.e., 10 modes totally) with mode purity of >99% using <2 mm long fiber. This fiber coupler design can be extended to enable all-fiber spatial-mode (de)multiplexing.
The Trial of Lenin: Legitimating the Revolution through Political Theater, 1920–23

On 17 April 1920 the railroad workers in a Moscow suburb held what Pravda called a "Trial of Lenin." It was a Saturday night and an audience of three hundred came to see what was going on. The court called witnesses for the prosecution and the defense. Local Communists brought charges against Lenin and the Communist party. Ultimately, Lenin was acquitted, and the audience applauded.' The anonymous report in Pravda never explicitly states that this was a mock trial. In fact, however, it was one of the very first of a new form of propaganda known as agitation trials (agitatsionnye sudy). These were plays that were improvised or scripted in the form of courtroom scenes. In the 1920s such dramatized trials became an important part of the political fabric, helping to illuminate political, social, and cultural values of the new regime.2 The presentation of this mock trial contains elements of both the ordinary and the extraordinary. On the one hand, the account matter-of-factly describes how the local railway organization and the local political organization "organized" a trial (ustroili sud). The report appears not on the front page of Pravda under a banner headline but rather on page two, under the rubric "Workers' Lives." No officials of Lenin's government presided over the trial, only the local political organizations of the railroad and the neighborhood. One contemporary observer, himself a dramatist and theater director, referred to "The Trial of Lenin" as "an ordinary event."3
Validation of radioimmunoassay systems for the measurement of 11-keto- and 11β-hydroxytestosterone in teleost blood☆

1. 1. Highly specific antisera for 11-keto- and 11β-hydroxytestosterone have been raised in sheep. 2. 2. Assay systems for the simultaneous measurement of 11-ketotestosterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, testosterone, progesterone and estradiol-17β were validated for Ictalurus nebulosus plasma and Carassius auratus serum. 3. 3. In males of both species 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone were the major steroids detected. In females, testosterone and estradiol-17β were the predominant steroids measured. 4. 4. Data from samples taken at different stages of the annual cycle suggest that seasonal fluctuations in gonadal steroid secretion occur in l. nebulosus and C. auratus.
Walking and cognition, but not symptoms, correlate with dual task cost of walking in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Background Performing a cognitive task while walking results in a reduction of walking performance among persons with MS. To date, very little is known about correlates of this dual task cost (DTC) of walking in MS. Purpose We examined walking performance, cognitive processing speed, and symptoms of fatigue, depression, anxiety, and pain as correlates of DTC of walking in MS. Methods 82 persons with MS undertook a 6-min walk test (6MWT) and completed the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Short-form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and self-reported Expanded Disability Status Scale (SR-EDSS). The participants completed 4 trials of walking at a self-selected pace on an electronic walkway that recorded spatiotemporal parameters of gait. The first 2 trials were performed without a cognitive task, whereas the second 2 trials were completed while performing a modified Word List Generation task. Results There were significant and large declines in gait performance with the addition of a cognitive task for velocity ( p η 2 =.52), cadence ( p η 2 =.49), and step length ( p η 2 =.23). 6MWT and SDMT scores correlated with DTC for velocity ( r =−.41, p r =−.32, p r =−.45, p r =−.37, p R 2 =.11, p R 2 =.13, p Conclusion Walking performance might be a target of interventions for reducing the DTC of walking in MS.
Synthesis of Segmented Anisotropic-Isotropic Poly(Aryl Ester)Poly(Arylene Ether) Copolymers,

Abstract : Carboxyl functional poly(arylene ether) oligomers of controlled number average molecular weight were synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution step polymerization using p-hydroxy benzoic acid as the molecular weight and end group controlling reagents. The subsequent functionalized polyarylene ethers were copolymerized with acetoxy benzoic acid or acetoxy-phenoxy benzoic acid via melt acidolysis procedures. Successful copolymers were generated using chlorobenzene as a solvent for the first stage of the reaction followed by melt reaction at temperatures as high as 325 deg C. Resulting copolymer composition and segment size were investigated. it was possible to prepare improved solvent resistant copolymers through incorporation of the liquid crystal polyester (LCP) segment. Extraction tests using boiling chloroform showed that a high percentage of segmented copolymer were generated. Swelling characteristics were also noted and were observed to decrease as a function of the LCP concentration utilized. Multiple transitions were observed in differential scanning calorimetry consistent with Tg's, Tm's and possibly with liquid crystal transitions. optical microscopy showed an ordered microstructure developed which is consistent with the presence of liquid crystalline phases. The materials were successfully compression molded to afford tough coherent films at all compositions, implying the likelihood of improved compressive strength relative to the LCP homo- or copolyesters.
Extended tuning range in sampled grating DBR lasers

The authors demonstrate, for the first time, successful implementation of a distributed Bragg reflector laser with two sampled grating mirrors, which they previously predicted should give tuning range in excess of 50 nm. This device uses a uniform grating pitch throughout the structure, and relies on the same fabrication technology as a standard DBR laser. Initial results show 57 nm of mathematical tuning at 1.475 mu m with side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR)>30 dB over much of the tuning range. The observed change in operating wavelength versus mirror currents along with below threshold spectra agree with theoretical expectations. >
Significance of extreme leukocytosis in the evaluation of febrile children

Background: Emergency department evaluation of young febrile children often includes a white blood cell count. Although a high white blood cell count is associated with an increased likelihood of infection, the clinical significance of extreme leukocytosis (EL), defined as a white blood cell count of 25,000/mm 3 , has not been well-studied. Objective: To determine diagnoses associated with EL in febrile children evaluated in a pediatric emergency department and to compare rates of serious bacterial infection in those with EL and in those with more modest leukocytosis (LK) (15,000‐24,999/mm 3 ). Methods: A retrospective case-control study of children 2‐24 months of age was performed. Those with EL were frequency ageand gender-matched to controls with LK. Results: Sixty-nine patients with EL and 94 patients with LK were included. The mean age was 9.9 months, and 91 (56%) patients were male. The diagnoses were similar between the 2 groups, with otitis media, viral syndrome and pneumonia being the most common. The rates of proven serious bacterial infection were similar between EL (25%; 95% confidence interval, 15‐36%) and LK (17%; 95% confidence interval, 10‐26%) patients. Using different white blood cell cutoff points did not distinguish between patients with and without serious bacterial infection. Conclusion: Young febrile children whose emergency department evaluation revealed EL had diagnoses and rates of serious bacterial infection similar to those of children with LK.
MRSA: the problem reaches paediatrics

Commentary on the paper by Khairulddin et al The pattern of MRSA in UK hospitals nowadays is very different to that seen a decade or so ago. Then, MRSA was confined mainly to a relatively small number of hospitals in the southeast of England and some of the large provincial conurbations.1 However, new strains of epidemic MRSA, especially EMRSA-15 and EMRSA-16, have since emerged and spread to become established to some extent in virtually every hospital in the country.1 Between 1992 and 2002 the proportion of blood culture isolates of Staphylococcus aureus reported by microbiology laboratories to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre that were methicillin resistant increased from 3% to 43%.2 The pervasiveness of MRSA is underlined by the fact that MRSA now accounts for over 30% of S aureus bacteraemias in every health care region in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.3 MRSA are frequently not only resistant to methicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics, but to other classes of antibiotics as well.1 The glycopeptide antibiotics teicoplanin and vancomycin are currently the mainstay of treatment of infections with MRSA.1 However, strains of MRSA have emerged that exhibit higher than usual minimum inhibitory concentration values for these antibiotics: glycopeptide-intermediate S aureus (GISA), or vancomycin resistant S aureus (VISA).4 Although not fully glycopeptide resistant, infections with these isolates often respond poorly to treatment with these agents. Fortunately only a small number of infections with these bacteria have been reported so …
Two Starting Examples

The core of our work is the study of Zero-One Laws for sparse random graphs. We may think of this study as having two sources. The first is the Zero-One Law for random graphs with constant probability, as given in Section 0.1. The second is the notion of evolution of random graph as discussed in Section 1.1.1. In that evolution it is central that the edge probability p be taken not just as a constant but as a function p = p(n) of the total number of vertices. In Section 0.2 we examine such an evolution in the much easier case of a random unary predicate. To allow an easy introduction we avoid a plethora of notation in this chapter, the technical preliminaries — including many key definitions — are left for Chapter 1 and beyond.
Gene expression profiles linked to AT1 angiotensin receptors in the kidney

To characterize gene expression networks linked to AT1 angiotensin receptors in the kidney, we carried out genome-wide transcriptional analysis of RNA from kidneys of wild-type (WT) and AT1A recept...
Flocs, flows, and mechanisms decoupling larval supply from settlement

Larval supply, settlement (24 h), and recruitment were measured simultaneously with flow and flocculated particulates (flocs) in a muddy, coastal embayment. Fortuitous observations indicated that flocs drifting above the bed touched down at slack tide. Unexpectedly, results showed that larval supply did not portend settlement for the two most abundant polychaetes, Mediomastus ambiseta (resident mud dweller) and Sabellaria vulgaris (nonresident sand dweller). Both variables fluctuated widely and were decoupled. Colonization of mud vs. sand trays was not significantly different, also due to high variances. A statistical power analysis indicated that resolving selectivity would require 45 (median) paired, replicate treatments. Time series of near-bed planktonic larvae showed sizeable and sporadic spikes. Even 24-h means failed to predict settlement. Sabellaria was numerous in zooplankton pump collections, rare in trays, and nonexistent in ambient sediments. In contrast, Mediomastus was absent from pump samples, but dominated mud trays and bottom cores. Floc contents, however, lend insight into these distributions. Densities (of order 105 m−3) of Sabellaria and Mediomastus in flocs greatly exceeded those in tray and pump samples (of order 103 m−3). Located between the water column and seafloor, organic-rich flocs may offer transient larvae food, shelter, transport, and perusal of settlement sites. When aggregates touch down, entrained Mediomastus might exit upon contact with suitable ambient sediments, whereas nonresident Sabellaria remain suspended. Flocs may thus play a critical role in shaping connectivity and structuring species distributions.
Mechanism of α-adrenergic regulation of expressed hKv4.3 currents

The transient outward potassium current (I to) is an important repolarizing current in the mammalian heart. I to is regulated by adrenergic stimulation; however, the effect of agonists on this curr...
Simultaneous treatment of hypertension and dyslipidaemia may help to reduce overall cardiovascular risk: focus on amlodipine/atorvastatin single-pill therapy

Single-pill amlodipine besylate/atorvastatin calcium (Caduet), Pfizer Inc, NY, USA) is the first therapy aimed at the simultaneous treatment of hypertension (HTN) and dyslipidaemia (DYS). The benefits of lowering blood pressure (BP) in patients with HTN and lowering cholesterol in patients with DYS are well known and well studied. However, worldwide, many patients with HTN have concomitant DYS, which places them at greater risk for cardiovascular disease compared with patients with just one of these risk factors. Clinical trials have demonstrated that amlodipine plus atorvastatin can be safely co-administered across the dose range. Single-pill amlodipine/atorvastatin reduces both BP and cholesterol and may help to improve the management of patients with concomitant HTN and DYS.
Amelioration of light-induced retinal degeneration by a calcium overload blocker. Flunarizine.

• Although free radical formation and lipid peroxidation have been implicated in photoreceptor degeneration following continuous light exposure, recent evidence led us to hypothesize that excessive stimulation of the photoreceptor cells in prolonged light exposure may cause intracellular calcium overload and consequent photoreceptor cell injury. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of flunarizine hydrochloride, a calcium overload blocker that inhibits the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-induced release of intracellular stores of calcium, in an established rat model of light-induced retinal degeneration. Light and electron microscopic examination of the flunarizine-treated retinas revealed remarkable preservation of the retinal pigment epithelium, rod inner and outer segments, nuclei, and synapses of the photoreceptor cells at all phases of the recovery period. This observation was further supported by morphometric evaluation of the outer nuclear layer thickness, which revealed a greater preservation of the photoreceptor nuclei in the drug-treated animals at 6 and 14 days after exposure. In addition, the rhodopsin levels in the flunarizine-treated retinas were also significantly higher than in the controls in all phases of recovery. The ability of flunarizine to ameliorate light-induced retinal degeneration in the rat supports our hypothesis that elevated intracellular calcium may indeed play a role in light-induced photoreceptor degeneration.
Scheduling Task Graphs Onto Distributed Memory Multiprocessors Under Realistic Constaints

We introduce a technique for scheduling task graphs onto distributed memory architectures factoring in the realistic constraints of interconnection, routing and channel allocation. We depart from conventional schedulers in our use of a bottom up approach for scheduling the tasks to get a better estimate of their scheduling weights. A variety of heuristics are employed for load balancing, routing and the minimization of channel contention. Although we present experimental results for a message switched hypercube and mesh connected system, our proposed scheme can be easily adapted to other topologies like fat trees and X-meshes, as well as other routing strategies such as wormhole routing and circuit switching.
Basic fibroblast growth factor does not prevent heparan sulphate proteoglycan catabolism in intact cells, but it alters the distribution of the glycosaminoglycan degradation products

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans on cell surfaces have been shown to mediate the degradation or recycling of several ligands. Since the interaction with ligand may affect proteoglycan catabolism once the complex is internalized, this could alter the cellular pool of heparan sulphate chains, with possible consequences for heparan sulphate-mediated cellular processes. We have recently demonstrated that the specific binding of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to heparan sulphate chains prevents the glycosaminoglycan from being degraded by partially purified heparanases from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [Tumova and Bame (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9078-9085]. The present study examines the effect of bFGF on heparan sulphate catabolism in intact cells. The distribution and size of the heparan sulphate degradation products in CHO cells was analysed in the presence and absence of bFGF using pulse-chase protocols. Although heparan sulphate molecules and bFGF are internalized through the same pathway, even relatively high concentrations of the growth factor do not have any inhibitory effects on glycosaminoglycan degradation. However, the interaction with the growth factor alters the distribution of heparan sulphate-degradation products, presumably by preventing secretion of the short heparanase-derived species. Our findings show that most of the free and bFGF-bound heparan sulphate chains are destined for lysosomes, which would be consistent with a recent hypothesis that the primary role of proteoglycan-mediated internalization of the growth factor is to remove bFGF from its site of action at the cell surface. However, in the presence of bFGF, a fraction of intracellular, heparanase-degraded heparan sulphate chains is delivered to the nucleus, suggesting that the glycosaminoglycan accompanies the growth factor to the organelle. It may be important for bFGF activity that the growth factor is protected from proteolytic degradation by its interaction with heparan sulphate. This work demonstrates that the internalization of a ligand along with the proteoglycan can affect the sorting of heparan sulphate-degradation products in endosomes, and the ultimate destination of the short glycosaminoglycan. It also provides evidence that formation of heparan sulphate-ligand complexes may regulate the recycling and degradation of both ligands and heparan sulphate chains and, consequently, affect their biological activities.
Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for Teaching the Central Limit Theorem

In this article, we present an evaluation of a Web-based, interactive tutorial used to present the sampling distribution of the mean. The tutorial allows students to draw samples and explore the shapes of sampling distributions for several sample sizes. To evaluate the effectiveness of the tutorial, 111 students enrolled in statistics or research methods courses used either the interactive tutorial or attended a lecture and a demonstration on the sampling distribution of the mean. Students in both groups improved from pretest to posttest and no statistically significant differences between improvement scores were found between groups. Additionally, students rated the tutorial as easy to use and understand. In this study, we provide evidence that an Internet tutorial can be comparable in effectiveness to standard lecture or demonstration techniques.
Channel catfish cytotoxic cells: a mini-review.

The use of allogeneic and autologous lymphoid cell lines has facilitated studies of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK)-like cells in channel catfish. Naive catfish leukocytes were shown to spontaneously kill allogeneic cells and virally-infected autologous cells without the need for prior sensitization, and allogeneic cytotoxic responses were greatly enhanced by in vitro alloantigen stimulation. Both catfish CTL and NK-like cells have been successfully cloned from these alloantigen-stimulated cultures, and represent the first cytotoxic cell lines derived from any ectothermic vertebrate. These cloned cytotoxic cells contain granules and likely induce apoptosis in sensitive targets via a putative perforin/granzyme mechanism. In addition, some catfish CTL clones may also kill targets by an additional mechanism, possibly by Fas/FasL-like interactions. Importantly, these cytotoxic cells do not express the marker for catfish nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCCs), and thus represent cell types distinct from NCCs. The use of monoclonal antibodies against the catfish F and G immunoglobulin light chain isotypes revealed the presence of a putative Fc receptor for IgM (Fc mu R) on some catfish NK-like cells that appears to 'arm' these cells with surface IgM. In addition, a potentially important monoclonal antibody (CC41) developed against catfish NK-like cells was found to recognize an approximately 150kDa molecule on the surface of catfish cytotoxic cells. These studies clearly demonstrate that catfish possess an array of different cytotoxic cells. The availability of various cloned cytotoxic cell lines should enable unambiguous functional studies to be performed in ways not currently possible with any other fish species.
Energy and Spatial Reuse Efficient Network-Wide Real-Time Data Broadcasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we present NB-TRACE, which is an energy-efficient network-wide voice broadcasting architecture for mobile ad hoc networks. In the NB-TRACE architecture, the network is organized into overlapping clusters through a distributed algorithm, where the clusterheads create a nonconnected dominating set. Channel access is regulated through a distributed TDMA scheme maintained by the clusterheads. The first group of packets of a broadcast session is broadcast through flooding, where each data rebroadcast is preceded by an acknowledgment to the upstream node. Nodes that do not get an acknowledgment for a predetermined time, except the clusterheads, cease to rebroadcast, which prunes the redundant retransmissions. The connected dominating set formed through this basic algorithm is broken in time due to node mobility. The network responds to the broken links through multiple mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of the connected dominating set. We compare NB-TRACE with four network layer broadcast routing algorithms (flooding, gossiping, counter-based broadcasting, and distance-based broadcasting) and three medium access control protocols (IEEE 802.11, SMAC, and MH-TRACE) through extensive ns-2 simulations. Our results show that NB-TRACE outperforms other network/MAC layer combinations in minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing spatial reuse, while producing competitive QoS performance
Importance of and Approaches to Quantification of Hepatocyte Apoptosis

Abnormal regulation of the life cycle of cells is a key feature of neoplasia. The net increase and growth of initiated cells, preneoplastic lesions, and tumors is highly dependent on rates of both cell proliferation and cell death. Studies of mechanisms involved in regulation of cell death and the development of methods to detect dying and dead cells thus appear to be as important as measurements of cell proliferation in understanding the growth of both normal, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. This article describes apoptosis in the mouse liver and its potential role in liver carcinogenesis. Quantitation of hepatocyte apoptosis is a emerging and evolving research area that will require evaluations as thoroughly as those performed with cell proliferation in order to understand all the variables that might influence its occurrence, measurement, and interpretations. Utilizing available data, various methodologies for identifying hepatocyte apoptosis are presented and compared, Aspects important for the ...
A rare case of ecthyma gangrenosum associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection

Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a well-recognized dermatological condition caused by gram-negative bacillary infection, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Association with gram-positive cocci is very rarely reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, we describe the third case of EG caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a patient with AIDS who presented with multiple typical necrotic lesions.
Nitrification potentials and landscape, soil and vegetation characteristics in two Central Appalachian watersheds differing in NO3− export

Two watersheds within 1 km of each other in the Central Appalachian mountains of West Virginia have similar management histories and receive 13 kg of N in atmospheric deposition, but NO3 � export from one watershed (W4) has increased over the last 30 years, and is now approximately five times greater than NO3 � export from the other (W10). We measured net nitrification potentials (NNP) and other landscape, soil, and plant community variables (1) to determine whether differences in leaching could be attributed to differences in NNP, (2) to identify other significant differences between the watersheds, (3) to identify variables that could account for both between- and within-watershed variability in NNP, and (4) to identify readily measured variables that distinguish plots with relatively high or low NNP. NNPs in W4 were 0.84 kg N ha � 1 per day, approximately three times higher than those on W10. Watershed 4 lay at a slightly higher elevation, had gentler slopes, a thinner forest floor, lower C:N in the 0‐10 cm soil layer, lower tree density, greater basal area in Acer saccharum, less basal area in Quercus prinus and Amelanchier arborea, more frequent occurrences of A. saccharum seedlings, Laportea canadensis, Polystichum acrostichoides, Trillium sp., Uvularia sessilifolia and Viola spp., and fewer occurrences of Gaultheria procumbens, and Viburnum acerifolum. NNPs were correlated with many soil characteristics related to base cation supply, C:N and water holding capacity (WHC). Several two- and three-variable regression models, which were mostly based on soil characteristics, accounted for a large proportion of the variability in NNP (adjusted R 2 > 0:60), as well as for the difference between watershed means (t-test of residuals indicate no significant difference). A regression model based on basal area of A. saccharum and A. rubrum and the presence or absence of Trillium accounted for 50% of the variability in NNP. At this highdeposition site, plots with soils that had higher pHs, greater base cation supply and WHC, and lower C:N were more susceptible to NO3 � leaching and N saturation. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Evidence that somatomedin-C is degraded by the kidney and inhibits insulin degradation.

Studies were undertaken to determine the site of somatomedin-C degradation and the characteristics of the enzyme(s) responsible for this degradation. It was found that in the rat an important site of degradation is the kidney and that somatomedin- C degradative activity occurs in two forms. The first, thought to be due to a sulfhydryl protease, is associated with the kidney plasma membrane and appears to be highly specific for somatomedin- C (Km = 1.6 × 10-8M). The second is found in cytosol and most effectively degrades reduced somatomedin- C (Km = 6.3 × 10-8M). The data suggest that the cytosol activity is attributable to the so called “insulin-glucagon protease,” since the two activities share characteristics consistent with a sulfhydryl protease and since both somatomedin-C and insulin have the capacity to inhibit the degradation of the other. In this regard, somatomedin-C appears to act as a competitive inhibitor of insulin degradation and has a Ki of 6 × 10-9M. Chemically modified somatomedin-C deri...
Endian-independent record representation clauses

Ada-83 record representation clauses can be written in a way that confines dependence on the compiler's bit-numbering scheme to a few lines of the program.
2010: Signaling Breakthroughs of the Year

Members of the Editorial Board nominated as signaling breakthroughs insights gained from the “mega”—large-scale systems analyses—and the “micro”—protein structures—along with new findings in metabolism and genetics. In addition, research studies that may lead to new therapeutic avenues for cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer9s disease were selected as breakthroughs, along with the identification of unexpected heterogeneity of innate immune cells.
Only Image I Ever See

Previous scholarship has demonstrated that Orientalist stereotypes pervade US and European photojournalism of the Middle East in general, and specifically of coverage of conflict, yet little work has investigated whether such ideology has been transmitted to audiences and incorporated into their personal worldviews. Therefore, this project investigates how media consumers negotiate Orientalist depictions of Iraqis. This qualitative analysis of focus group discussions between US college students at a large urban university sheds light on how media visuals shape consumers’ perceptions about these groups. Understanding if and how Orientalist stereotypes are transmitted to audiences is an essential first step in trying to eliminate them from photography and from US society.
Influence of the pressure on the properties of chromatographic columns .III. retention volume of thiourea, hold-up volume, and compressibility of the C18-bonded layer.

Abstract The influence of the average column pressure (ACP) on the elution volume of thiourea was measured on two RPLC columns, packed with Resolve-C18 (surface coverage 2.45 μ mol/m2) and Symmetry-C18 (surface coverage 3.18 μ mol/m2), and it was compared to that measured under the same conditions on an underivatized silica (Resolve). Five different methanol–water mixtures (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% methanol, v/v) were used. Once corrected for the compressibility of the mobile phase, the data show that the elution volume of thiourea increases between 3 and 7% on the C18-bonded columns when the ACP increases from 50 to 350 bar, depending on the methanol content of the eluent. No such increase is observed on the underivatized Resolve silica column. This increase is too large to be ascribed to the compressibility of the stationary phase (silica + C18 bonded chains) which accounts for less than 5% of the variation of the retention factor. It is shown that the reason for this effect is of thermodynamic origin, the difference between the partial molar volume of the solute in the stationary and the mobile phase, Δ V , controlling the retention volume of thiourea. While Δ V is nearly constant for all mobile phase compositions on Resolve silica (with Δ V ≃ − 4 mL/mol), on RPLC phases, it significantly increases with increasing methanol content, particularly above 60% methanol. It varies between − 5 mL/mol and − 17 mL/mol on Resolve-C18 and between − 9 mL/mol and − 25 mL/mol on Symmetry-C18. The difference in surface coverage between these two RP-HPLC stationary phases increases the values of Δ V by about 5 mL/mol.
A Little Acceptance Goes a Long Way Applying Social Impact Theory to the Rejection–Aggression Link

Social rejection hurts, causing aggression even against innocent people. How can the sting of social rejection be reduced? Based on social impact theory, the authors predicted that aggression would decrease as a power function of the number of people accepting the participant. In Experiment 1, participants included by 0, 1, 2, or 3 players in an online ball-tossing game could aggress against an innocent stranger by requiring him or her to eat very spicy hot sauce. In Experiment 2, participants socially accepted by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 other people could aggress against an innocent stranger by administering loud noise. In both experiments, aggression and unpleasant emotions decreased as a power function according to the number of people accepting the participants, with each additional acceptor having a decreasing incremental effect. Acceptance from others numbs the pain of social rejection, making rejected people less likely to lash out against innocent others.
Effects of magnetic field and twin domains on magnetostructural phase mixture in Mn 3 O 4 : Raman scattering studies of untwinned crystals

The ferrimagnetic spinel ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ exhibits large and anisotropic changes in electronic and structural properties in response to an applied magnetic field. These changes are thought to result from the field-dependent tuning---via strong spin-lattice coupling---between two nearly degenerate magnetostructural phases. Recent variable-magnetic-field studies of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have been performed on melt-grown crystals, which can exhibit twin domains due to a Jahn-Teller structural transition below the melting temperature. Because of the near degeneracy of the magnetostructural phases, however, strain associated with the twin domains likely affects the magnetic responses of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. In this report, we present a variable-magnetic-field Raman scattering study of untwinned ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ crystals grown out of a flux below the Jahn-Teller structural transition. We measure distinct $\mathbf{q}=0$ magnetic and vibrational excitation spectra for each isolated magnetostructural phase of untwinned ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ crystals and determine the symmetries of the observed excitations. We determine how the magnetostructural phase mixture changes in response to magnetic fields applied in the magnetic easy plane. Last, by comparing results on flux- and melt-grown ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ crystals, we show that the intrinsic mixture of the two magnetostructural phases is indeed strongly influenced by the presence of twin domains.
n- and p-Type HgTe Quantum Dot Films

Films of colloidal quantum dots of HgTe can be charged n- and p-type by electrochemistry. Infrared spectroscopy of the charged dots reveals interband bleach and intraband absorption. Similar mobilities, up to 0.1 cm2/(V s), are observed for both carriers, but p-type films show larger photocurrent while n-type films show larger magnetoresistance.
Pre-S observations at station SLK, NW of Long Valley caldera, California, and their relation to possible magma bodies

Abstract The authors describe and catalog 280 observations of a seismic phase taken at the single station SLK, NW of Long Valley caldera. These observations are observed to precede S by a more or less constant 1.6 sec in the distance range 30 to 90 km, and are closely fit by the least-squares line T SLK = (0.2853 ± 0.0009)Δ − (0.9029 ± 0.052). These observations can only be explained in terms of laterally heterogeneous velocity structure near the caldera. The model proposed here—that these so-called “ SLK phases” result from an S -to- P conversion across a dipping planar structure NW of the caldera in the vicinity of Inyo Craters—fits not only these observations, but is consistent with the data presented in two recent papers (Luetgert and Mooney, 1985; Zucca et al. , 1987). On the other hand, the data presented here are inconsistent with the models proposed by those authors involving deep reflections from magma bodies associated with the caldera. Furthermore, these observations are not related to the magma bodies within the caldera proposed by Sanders (1984), as suggested in previous abstracts. The original vertical-component observations at SLK are supplemented by three-component observations obtained on a small (several hundred meters aperture) array near SLK, which identify the SLK phase unambiguously as having longitudinal particle motion, consistent with the proposal that it is a S -to- P conversion occurring NW of the caldera boundary.
Measuring disability: The agency of an attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnostic questionnaire

Scholars in language and social interaction have long been concerned with the role of texts in institutional settings, studying, for example, how interview schedules actively shape conversational dynamics between participants. While texts have been acknowledged as active in this way, their generative capacity remains largely overlooked. This article argues that like human subjects, texts in interaction enact agency. One text in particular, a screening form used to diagnose the learning disability attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is analyzed to claim that this text brings about the very condition it is designed to measure: a learning disability. Drawing from work in discursive psychology, I show how the measurement requires the client to adopt certain speaking positions, which then enables the text to speak for the client. I also demonstrate how the text constructs otherwise normal behavior as pathological through punctuation and nominalization. Finally, I illustrate how the spatial organiz...
Antigenic Study of Certain Slow Lactose Fermenting Aerobacter cloacae Cultures

Summary1. Paracolon aerobacters represented by biotype 32011 and related cultures were subjected to antigenic study and comparison. 2. A single biotype was found to be extremely heterogeneous in respect to its thermostable somatic antigens. 3. The occurrence of phase variation in the flagellar antigens of this group is reported and H antigenic relationships are determined. 4. It is pointed out that the antigenic system of classification can be profitably utilized in further investigation of this group.
Sick or Fussy? Normal and Abnormal Findings in the First Week of Life

Abstract “Neonates are not just small children.” Health care providers in the emergency department should recognize presenting signs and symptoms of neonatal clinical problems in order to differentiate “sick” from merely “fussy” newborns. In this review, common neonatal presenting complaints will be discussed with the goal of recognizing normal and abnormal findings in the first 28 days of life. Topics will include respiratory distress, cyanosis, sepsis, meningitis, neonatal seizures, and feeding difficulties in the newborn.
Variation in Populations and in Size of Adults of Trichogramma Minutum Riley Emerging from Eggs of Heliothis Obsoleta Fab.

In rearing adults of Trichogramma minutum Riley from eggs of the corn ear worm moth ( Heliothis obsoleta Fab.) on corn during 1929, it was observed that the population of these parasites per host egg was variable and that there was considerable variation in the size of the adult parasites, possibly because some of these were depauperate. Collections of parasitized Heliothis eggs have been made since that time during periods of high parasitization and the adult parasites have been reared, and, in some instances, the forewings of these adults measured to determine the extent of their variation. The collections described herein were made in the following localities: Richmond, Va., in the summer of 1929 (292 Heliothis eggs); Savannah, Ga., in 1930 (400 eggs), and in June, 1933 (1,000 eggs); and in Sandersville, Ga., in September, 1933 (308 eggs, from soy beans). Parasites emerged from these 2,000 eggs, and in the first, third, and fourth collections (represented by 1,600 eggs) the forewings of each of the emerged parasites were measured. The Heliothis eggs were segregated individually in shell vials 25 by 5 mm. in size, cotton-plugged. After emergence, the parasites from each egg were mounted on a microscope slide, and the length of the forewings of each was measured by means of a micrometer eyepiece.
Optoelectronic tuning of organoborylazadipyrromethenes via effective electronegativity at the metalloid center.

Organoborylazadipyrromethenes were synthesized from free base and fluoroborylazadipyrromethenes and characterized with regard to their structural and electronic properties. B–N bond lengths, along with photophysical and redox behavior, appear dependent on the effective electronegativity at the boron atom as tuned by its substituents, with stronger electronegativity correlating to a shorter B–N bond length, red-shifted absorbance, enhanced fluorescence lifetime and yield, and positively shifted redox potentials.