cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirically Evaluated Suicide Prevention Program Approaches for Older Adults: A Review of the Literature from 2009-2021

Mental health in later life and suicide risk among older adults are important topics for social work. There is evidence-based research to support the use selective and indicated strategies for suicide prevention, yet, universal prevention approaches are also needed. However, the extent to which the broader contexts of suicide have been examined remains largely absent from the literature. This article presents findings from a systematic review of articles published between 2009 and 2021, focusing what types of empirically evaluated suicide prevention programs effectively prevent and reduce suicidality in older adults. Using the PICO and PRISMA guidelines, a final sample of 8 articles were reviewed in this systematic review. The articles were categorized into three types of programs: 1) primary and home health care, 2) community-based outreach, and 3) counseling. The articles also examined the involvement of social workers in these programs. Following a description of the articles, the authors assess each study using the GRADE rating system. Lastly, the authors discuss the role of the social worker in mental health promotion and prevention strategies.
Abstract 2124: Vitamin C enhances H3K36me3 via NSD1 promoter demethylation and sensitizes GBM stem cells to DNA damaging agents

Primary brain tumors are among the most devastating forms of cancer. Due to profound genetic, epigenetic, and morphologic heterogeneity, GBM represents the most aggressive and lethal form of the disease. GBM exhibits aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, resulting in a highly distorted epigenome, yet the molecular circuits responsible for this epigenetic dysregulation remain unknown. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are critical modulators of tumor propagation and therapeutic resistance in GBM, and epigenetic deregulation within this cell subpopulation is thought to play fundamental roles in GSC and GBM biology. Understanding and overcoming these tumorigenic epigenetic mechanisms in GSCs is crucial to developing more effective treatment protocols and improving clinical survival. DNA methylation is a reversible process involving the addition of methyl groups, typically, at cytosine residues and demethylation is catalyzed, in part, by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes. These enzymes function as deoxygenases that convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Multiple studies show negative correlations between 5hmC levels and glioma grade, and loss of 5hmC correlates with poor prognosis of GBM patients. These observations suggest that understanding the mechanisms of 5hmC deregulation in GBM and developing innovative ways to re-establish 5hmC levels in tumors can impact patient outcome. Ascorbate (Vitamin C) is a TET enzyme cofactor that has gained pre-clinical interest as an attractive antitumor agent for GBM due to its ability to regulate redox status, function as potent demethylating agent, and efficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier. We show through various molecular and biochemical endpoints, that low-dose Vitamin C significantly replenishes 5hmC and decreases stemness in GSCs. We found that, in addition to increasing global levels of 5hmC, low-dose Vitamin C acts synergistically with temozolomide (TMZ) and irradiation to induce cell death in GSCs. We also present a novel mechanism whereby Vitamin C regulates promoter demethylation of the histone methyltransferase NSD1 resulting in an increase in H3K36me3 in GSCs. We propose the increase in H3K36me3 results in euchromatin states that are more susceptible to DNA damage therapies. Our findings strongly indicate that Vitamin C can undo tumor-promoting DNA hypermethylation and sensitize GSCs to conventional radio- and chemotherapeutics and suggest it might serve as an adjunct to standard-of-care GBM treatment. Citation Format: Harmon Khela, Sweta Sudhir, Maria Fagundo-Lugo, Bachchu Lal, John Laterra, Hernando Lopez-Bertoni. Vitamin C enhances H3K36me3 via NSD1 promoter demethylation and sensitizes GBM stem cells to DNA damaging agents [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2124.
Edmund Hillary: Proofs and Mountain Climbing

This chapter draws analogies between mountain climbing and solving mathematical problems. Not just the solution but also the avenue of ascent must be carefully planned, and one must also learn when to turn back and try another path.
Learning from Ebola: Interprofessional practice in the Nebraska Biocontainment Unit

Caring for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Nebraska Biocontainment Unit (NBU) has necessitated and enabled extensive interprofessional relationships and the creation of a collaborative care model. Critical aspects of NBU functionality include a constructive leadership environment, staff inclusion and consideration during protocol development, and a culture of partnership and communication.
GABAB Receptors Inhibit Dendrodendritic Transmission in the Rat Olfactory Bulb

In the mammalian olfactory bulb, mitral cell dendrites release glutamate onto the dendritic spines of granule cells, which in turn release GABA back onto mitral dendrites. This local synaptic circuit forms the basis for reciprocal dendrodendritic inhibition mediated by ionotropic GABA A receptors in mitral cells. Surprisingly little is known about neurotransmitter modulation of dendrodendritic signaling in the olfactory bulb. In this study, we examine whether metabotropic GABA B receptors modulate dendrodendritic signaling between mitral and granule cells. We find that the selective GABA B agonist baclofen reduces mitral cell recurrent inhibition mediated by dendrodendritic synapses. GABA B receptor activation causes only a weak inhibition of field EPSCs in the external plexiform layer and only slightly reduces glutamate-mediated mitral cell self-excitation. Although GABA B receptors depress mitral cell glutamate release only weakly, baclofen causes a marked reduction in the amplitude of granule-cell-evoked, GABA A -mediated IPSCs in mitral cells. In addition to reducing the amplitude of granule-cell-evoked IPSCs, baclofen causes a change from paired-pulse depression to paired-pulse facilitation, suggesting that GABA B receptors modulate GABA release from granule cells. To explore the mechanism of action of GABA B receptors further, we show that baclofen inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium currents in granule cells. Together, these findings suggest that GABA B receptors modulate dendrodendritic inhibition primarily by inhibiting granule cell calcium channels and reducing the release of GABA. Furthermore, we show that endogenous GABA regulates the strength of dendrodendritic inhibition via the activation of GABA B autoreceptors.
Structure of the Carbohydrate Units of IgE Immunoglobulin: I. OVER-ALL COMPOSITION, GLYCOPEPTIDE ISOLATION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH MANNOSE OLIGOSACCHARIDE UNIT

Abstract The total carbohydrate composition of an IgE myeloma protein has been determined. Mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, sialic acid, and fucose were found to be present in the amount of 16, 12, 7, 5, and 4 moles, respectively, per mole of heavy chain. Previously it had been determined that all of the carbohydrate moieties were located on the heavy chain of the IgE protein (Kochwa, S., Terry, W. D., Capra, J. D., and Yang, N. L. (1971) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 190, 49). Five major glycopeptide-containing fractions were isolated after pronase degradation of the protein. The type designated B contained sialic acid, fucose, mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine in the molar ratios of 1 to 2:1:3:2:4. Three of the B-type oligosaccharide units were found to be present per heavy chain. The complete structure of these glycopeptides is presented in the following paper (Baenziger, J., Kochwa, S., and Kornfeld, S. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 1897). In addition, a high mannose glycopeptide, termed C-1, was isolated which contained only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine in the ratio of 6:2. Only one chain of this type was present per heavy chain. The complete sequence of this glycopeptide was determined using a combination of sequential enzymatic degradation, periodate oxidation, and methylation. After removal of 4 of the 6 mannose residues with α-mannosidase, a core with the following sequence remained. Man (β1,4)/→ GlcNAc(α1,3)/→ Man (β1,4)/→ GlcNAc (β)/→ Asn This is the first example of an α-linked N-acetylglucosamine to be described in a circulating glycoprotein. This glycopeptide is also unusual in that it does not have the more commonly found chitobiose core unit (GlcNAc (β1,4)/→ GlcNAc (β)/→ Asn) and gives no evidence of microheterogeneity.
Characterization of a Thermolabile Sulfite Reductase from Salmonella pullorum

The biochemical basis for sulfite accumulation by sulfate-using revertants of Salmonella pullorum was determined. All of the sulfate-using mutants isolated from wild-type S. pullorum accumulated sulfite when grown at 37 but not at 25 C. The specific activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH)-dependent sulfite reductase (H 2S-NADP oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.1.2) and of reduced methyl viologen (MVH)-dependent sulfite reductase (H 2S-MV oxidoreductase), in extracts prepared from cells incubated at 37 C, declined as the incubation period lengthened. However, the specific activity of both reductases from cells incubated at 25 C did not decline. Thermolability of cell-free NADPH-dependent sulfite reductase from cells of S. pullorum incubated at 37 C was greater than the lability of this enzyme either from cells of S. typhimurium incubated at 37 C or from cells of S. pullorum incubated at 25 C. Cells cultured at 37 C continued to accumulate sulfite when the incubation temperature was shifted to 25 C; cells cultured at 25 C and shifted to 37 C accumulated no sulfite, whereas these cells shifted to 41 C accumulated sulfite. It was concluded that the configuration of the sulfite reductase of S. pullorum strain 6–18 is a function of the incubation temperature at which synthesis occurs.
Migratory patterns of B lymphocytes. II. Fate of cells from central lymphoid organs in the chicken.

Abstract Studies were made of the fate of 3H-nucleoside-labeled chicken bursa, thymus and bone marrow cells after intravenous injection into 8-day-old, irradiated chickens. A higher rate of proliferation of bursa cells was indicated by the fact that bursa cells incorporated more 3H-thymidine and 3H-adenosine than thymus cells, while 3H-uridine incorporation was similar for these two cell types. Homing patterns in recipient spleen tissue were similar for all three nucleoside-labeled bursa cells. Bursa cells localized in follicular and periellipsoidal areas, whereas thymus cells preferentially homed to periarteriolar sheaths. Bone marrow cells were found in all these locations. Bursa cells from chickens aged 4 weeks and older showed a greater tendency to home to the spleen than did bursa cells from 8-day-old donor chickens. Homing to other tissues appeared independent of donor age.
Sensing and Sensor Fusion for the 2005 Desert Buckeyes DARPA Grand Challenge Offroad Autonomous Vehicle

This paper describes the sensor suite and the sensor fusion algorithms used for external environment sensing in the Ohio State University Desert Buckeyes 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge autonomous off-road vehicle entry. The external environment sensor suite included laser rangefinders, a stereo vision system, a radar system, and ultrasonic rangefinders. The positioning and orientation sensor suite included a precision GPS receiver, a vertical gyroscope, a digital compass, and dead reckoning wheel speed sensors. Sensor fusion was accomplished on a cell-based map using multiple confidence measures and estimated object height. Issues arising from terrain and the estimation of a ground profile ahead of the vehicle are also discussed
Homeostasis and Gauss statistics: barriers to understanding natural variability

Rationale In this paper, the concept of knowledge is argued to be the top of a three-tiered system of science. Aims and objectives The first tier is that of measurement and data, followed by information consisting of the patterns within the data, and ending with theory that interprets the patterns and yields knowledge. Thus, when a scientific theory ceases to be consistent with the database the knowledge based on that theory must be re-examined and potentially modified. Results Consequently, all knowledge, like glory, is transient. Methods Herein we focus on the non-normal statistics of physiologic time series and conclude that the empirical inverse power-law statistics and long-time correlations are inconsistent with the theoretical notion of homeostasis. Conclusions We suggest replacing the notion of homeostasis with that of Fractal Physiology.
Identification of the structural gene encoding maltase within the MAL6 locus of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.

Saccharomyces yeast strains able to ferment maltose carry at least one member of a family of MAL loci: MAL1, MAL2, MAL3, MAL4, and MAL6. The MAL6 locus has been cloned and shown to be a cluster of at least three transcribed regions, all of which are required for maltose fermentation. Transcription at two of these genes, MAL61 and MAL62, is both induced by maltose and repressed by glucose. The third gene, MAL63, appears to encode a regulatory product controlling maltose fermentation. In this report, we demonstrate that the MAL62 gene is the structural gene coding for the enzyme maltase. Strain 332-5A is a maltose fermenter of the genotype MAL6 mal1(0). Integrative disruption of the MAL62 gene of the MAL6 locus produces a strain which is still capable of fermenting maltose, but which synthesizes a more heat-labile form of maltase than the undisrupted strain. Synthesis of this more heat-labile maltase was shown to be linked to the mal1(0) locus present in the strain. Integrative disruption of both the MAL62 gene and the MAL62-homologous sequence present at the mal1(0) locus produces a nonfermenter which is unable to synthesize maltase. These results identify MAL62 as the maltase structural gene. Images
Rous sarcoma virus enhancer factor I is a ubiquitous CCAAT transcription factor highly related to CBF and NF-Y.

We have characterized enhancer factor I (EFI), a trans-acting factor present in avian nuclear extracts which binds to the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat enhancer and promoter. Through deletion and point mutagenesis, we show that EFI is a member of the CCAAT family of transcription factors. Although the CCAAT motif is essential for protein-DNA recognition, EFI shows surprising latitude in the nucleotide sequences flanking the CCAAT motif to which it will bind with high affinity. EFI will cross-bind to the binding sites of a number of previously described CCAAT factors, including CBF, NF-Y, CP2, CP1, CTF/NF-1, and c/EBP, with a range of affinities that is at most 10-fold lower than the high affinity binding site for EFI in the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat. We present evidence, however, that EFI is probably identical or very closely related to CBF and NF-Y. This is based on the fact that EFI in avian nuclear extracts binds with equal or 2-fold greater affinity to the binding sites of NF-Y and CBF, despite less than 50% homology (outside the CCAAT motif) between the EFI, NF-Y, and CBF recognition sequences. Moreover, radiolabeled EFI, NF-Y, or CBF DNAs give rise to identical gel retardation patterns in extracts from a variety of different cell types. EFI, CBF, and NF-Y appear to fractionate identically upon ion exchange chromatography, separating into two heterologous components (A and B) which must be recombined to recover substantial DNA binding activity. Molecular weight estimates for the two heterologous components of EFI, CBF, and a Y-box binding protein (Celada, A., and Maki, R.A. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 3097-3100) are very similar. EFI DNA binding activity has recently been shown to be induced by serum and the oncogene v-src (Dutta, A., Stoeckle, M.Y., and Hanafusa, H. (1990) Genes & Dev. 4, 243-254). The close relationship or identity between EFI, CBF, and NF-Y, thus has important implications regarding the mechanisms by which serum or the oncogene v-src may affect changes in gene expression.
Tropical component of the Moss Flora of China

In many ways, it is presumptuous for me to speak on the mosses of the tropical regions of China. Many consider the knowledge about the taxonomy, ecology, and geography of tropical bryophytes inadequate (Pocs 1982; Schuster 1983; Richards 1984), and this is certainly the case for the bryophytes of the tropical regions of China. The taxonomy of Chinese taxa is generally in a state of disarray. Early workers, both Chinese and others, have tended to describe new species based upon minor or inconsequential morphological characters and without apparent reference to related taxa found outside of China. This is clear from recent monographic studies that compared Chinese taxa with taxa throughout the world. For example, Su (1988) in his studies of Homaliodendron reduced the taxa of this genus for southeast Asia from over eighteen to four. Similar synonymizing has occurred in Forsstroemia (Stark 1987), Mniaceae (Koponen 1981), Grimmia and Schistidum (Cao & Vitt 1986) and the Calymperaceae (Lin & Reese 1989). Furthermore, monographers of groups have not always been able to study adequate collections from China as for example, Noguchi’s (1976) revision of the Meteoriaceae or Nyholm’s (1971) studies on the genus Atrichum. Even recent monographic or revisionary studies such as those on Leucodon (Akiyama 1988), Trachyloma (Miller & Manuel 1982), Glossadelphus (Tixier 1988), Entodon (Hu 1983), Ctenidium (Nishimura 1985), Forsstroemia (Stark 1987), Gollania (Higuchi 1985) or Fissidens (Li 1985) appear to have had only those collections from China for study that were available in herbaria outside of China. The cause for this probably rests with the difficulty of borrowing material from Chinese herbaria. Even when specimens are loaned by Chinese herbaria the borrower gets only a small sample of what may be present. Herbaria I have visited in China have huge backlogs of unprocessed or unidentified collections. In many cases these collections come from significant regions such as western Sichuan, Yunnan and the tropical regions of Xizang (Tibet).
Alumni Contributions to Academics

. The effect of intercollegiate athletics on alumni contributions to the academic endowment of an institution is analyzed empirically. Using time series data from a representative National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I university, a contribution function is estimated which incorporates various measures of success in the major sports programs. After controlling for the population of alumni, student enrollment, state appropriations, and per capita income, the results indicate that contributions are positively related to the overall winning percentage of the intercollegiate sports program. Post season play is not found to be a significant determinant of donations to academics while television appearances are positively related to contributions. The results also suggest that sanctions imposed by the NCAA for rules violation may slightly reduce contributions to academics.
An element stamp implementation of active device models is for symbolic simulation

A vast majority of VLSI systems contain active components. Therefore, any circuit simulation tool must analyze solid-state elements. The nonlinear nature of these devices poses a number of significant problems in the development of simulation tools. The non-iterative nature of symbolic analysis present a number of additional problems in the analysis of nonlinear elements. This paper presents algorithms and an implementation of hierarchical symbolic active device models based on Modified Nodal Analysis and an extension of the element stamp concept. This element stamp implementation may be generalized to include any user defined subcircuit.
Inoculation Response of Legumes in Relation to the Number and Effectiveness of Indigenous Rhizobium Populations

The response of legumes to inoculation with rhizobia can be affected by many factors. Little work has been undertaken to examine how indigenous populations or rhizobia affect this response. We conducted a series of inoculation trials in four Hawaiian soils with six legume species (Glycine max, Vigna unguiculata, Phaseolus lunatus, Leucaena leucocephala, Arachis hypogaea, and Phaseolus vulgaris) and characterized the native rhizobial populations for each species in terms of the number and effectiveness of the population for a particular host. Inoculated plants had, on average, 76% of the nodules formed by the inoculum strain, which effectively eliminated competition from native strains as a variable between soils. Rhizobia populations ranged from less than 6 × 100/g of soil to 1 × 104/g of soil. The concentration of nitrogen in shoots of inoculated plants was not higher than that in uninoculated controls when the most probable number MPN counts of rhizobia were at or above 2 × 101/g of soil unless the native population was completely ineffective. Tests of random isolates from nodules of uninoculated plants revealed that within most soil populations there was a wide range of effectiveness for N2 fixation. All populations had isolates that were ineffective in fixing N2. The inoculum strains generally did not fix more N2 than the average isolate from the soil population in single-isolate tests. Even when the inoculum strain proved to be a better symbiont than the soil rhizobia, there was no response to inoculation. Enhanced N2 fixation after inoculation was related to increased nodule dry weights. Although inoculation generally increased nodule number when there were less than 1 × 102 rhizobia per g of soil, there was no corresponding increase in nodule dry weight when native populations were effective. Most species compensated for reduced nodulation in soils with few rhizobia by increasing the size of nodules and therefore maintaining a nodule dry weight similar to that of inoculated plants with more nodules. Even when competition by native soil strains was overcome with a selected inoculum strain, it was not always possible to enhance N2 fixation when soil populations were above a threshold number and had some effective strains.
Stress-strain relations for materials with different moduli in tension and compression

Models in the form of stress-strain, or constitutive, relations are discussed for materials with moduli under tensile loading which are different from those under compressive loading. Criteria for consistent material models are given which are based on the principles of anisotropic elasticity and on the known behavior of such materials. The Ambartsumyan material model is compared with the criteria and found to violate the requirement of symmetric compliances. An improved model, called the weighted compliance matrix (WCM) material model, is shown to satisfy the criteria for isotropic and orthotropic bodies under plane stress. The new model can be extended by deduction to more complicated situations such as anisotropic bodies under general stress states.
Weighted holomorphic Besov spaces and their boundary values

We study weighted holomorphic Besov spaces and their boundary values. Under certain restrictions on the weighted function and parameters, we establish the equivalent norms for holomorphic functions in terms of their boundary functions. Some results about embedding and interpolation are also included.
The Probabilistic Argument for a Nonclassical Logic of Quantum Mechanics

The aim of this paper is simple. I want to state as clearly as possible, without a long discursion into technical questions, what I consider to be the single most powerful argument for use of a nonclassical logic in quantum mechanics. There is a very large mathematical and philosophical literature on the logic of quantum mechanics, but almost without exception, this literature provides a very poor intuitive justification for considering a nonclassical logic in the first place. A classical example in the mathematical literature is the famous article by Birkhoff and von Neumann (1936). Although Birkhoff and von Neumann pursue in depth development of properties of lattices and projective geometries that are relevant to the logic of quantum mechanics, they devote less than a third of a page (p. 831) to the physical reasons for considering such lattices. Moreover, the few lines they do devote are far from clear. The philosophical literature is just as bad on this point. One of the better known philosophical discussions on these matters is that found in the last chapter of Reichenbach’s book (1944) on the foundations of quantum mechanics. Reichenbach offers a three-valued truth-functional logic which seems to have little relevance to quantum-mechanical statements of either a theoretical or experimental nature. What Reichenbach particularly fails to show is how the three-valued logic he proposes has any functional role in the theoretical development of quantum mechanics It is in fact fairly easy to show that the logic he proposes could not possibly be adequate for a systematic theoretical statement of the theory as it is ordinarily conceived. The reasons for this will become clear later on in the present paper.
Molecular dynamics study of the displacement threshold surfaces and the stability of Frenkel pairs in β-SiC

Abstract The displacement energy threshold surfaces of Si and C atoms in β-SiC are determined using the molecular dynamics (MD) technique. Average displacement energies of 92.6 and 16.3 eV are calculated for Si and C atoms, respectively. Phase space analysis is used to determine Frenkel pairs separations and to study the effects of the pka initial energy and the initial crystal temperature on the stability of detects produced, within the framework of the nonlinear dynamics theory of systems of many degrees of freedom. For Si pkas a slight decrease in the displacement threshold energies is observed as the initial crystal temperature increases from 10 to 100 K. For C pkas no significant changes in displacement energies are observed. Channeling of C atoms along the [110] direction is observed to be the only mechanism of producing Frenkel pairs of large separation.
Inhibition of the growth of Salmonella typhimurium ST-10 by propionic acid and chloride salts

The ability of propionic acid and chloride salts to inhibit Salmonella typhimurium growth was determined. Brain–heart infusion (BHI) was supplemented with 0, 250, 500, or 750 m M of potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), or 0, 125, 250, or 375 m M of both KCl and NaCl. Propionic acid was added to the BHI and BHI salts to produce final concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 m M of propionic acid. The final pH of the media was 6·5. Supplemented BHI was inoculated with 103S. typhimurium ml−1and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Culture absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 625 nm, and colony forming units (cfu) ml−1were enumerated on plate count agar (PCA), BG sulfa agar (BGS), and bismuth sulfite agar (BS). Although propionic acid, KCl, and NaCl reduced S. typhimurium growth, mixtures of propionic acid and one or both salts were more effective in inhibiting S. typhimurium growth than either substance alone. Propionic acid and chloride salts produced no injury that reduced the ability of the bacterium to grow on BGS or BS. Absorbance and cfu ml−1measurements detected inhibition of S. typhimurium growth by propionic acid and the salts. Findings indicate that the synergistic reaction between propionic acid and KCl or NaCl may be a useful concept to apply in the formulation of products designed to inhibit S. typhimurium growth.
P 141. Global/local attention: Effects of tDCS on brain dynamics

Introduction Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been identified as a critical region for the control of spatial and non-spatial attention. Hierarchical letter stimuli (large letters composed of smaller letters) have been used to investigate the contribution of PPC to global/local processing of features in the visual field, and also to the switching of attention between the global and local level. Objectives We utilized transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-density EEG to characterize brain dynamics during global/local attentional switching. Materials and methods 128-channel EEG data was recorded from 14 healthy, right-handed adults who made motor responses to hierarchical letter stimuli. A cue before each block of 4–8 hierarchical stimuli directed attention to either global or local features. tDCS was applied over left posterior parietal cortex (electrode P3, forearm reference; 2mA for 20min) during separate anodal, cathodal and sham stimulation sessions. The EEG data were analyzed using Brainstorm (Tadel et al., 2011) to extract brain-based activation waveforms for regions defined in the BrainVisa Tzourio-Mazoyer Atlas. Time–frequency plots were computed for left and right superior and inferior parietal and mid occipital corteces. Results Behavioral responses differed for the first stimuli following switching of attention between global/local features, but not for visual processing per se . Attentional shifts from local-to-global features were degraded for at least 20min following anodal stimulation (Stone and Tesche, 2009). Practice effects were observed in the theta-band between baseline data and data recorded immediately after sham stimulation for both G/L cues to switch attention and for the first compound letter stimuli after the G/L cues. In left PPC, anodal and cathodal stimulation increased theta for global-to-local switches for the first hierarchical letters after a cue to switch, whereas anodal increased and cathodal decreased theta for local-to-global switches. In right PPC, anodal tDCS increased and cathodal tDCS decreased theta for both global-to-local and local-to-global switches. Differential time–frequency activations were observed in left (but not right) mid occipital cortex following tDCS; anodal stimulation enhanced theta/alpha activity for local-to-global, but not global-to-local, switches. Conclusion The data suggest that tDCS of left PPC induces changes in theta-band activity in a distributed network which includes left and right PPC and occipital cortex, and that theta-band activity may be salient for PPC control of early(100–300ms) global/local processing.
Oral History Project: Lithuanian Students Study the Past to Gain Skills for the Future

This paper focuses attention on international school reforms that position students to gain critical 21st century work skills such as critical thinking, communication, collaboration and creativity. Special attention is given to a category of instructional methodologies known as project-based learning (PBL). PBL aptly teaches standards-based curriculum while also challenging students to inquire, make decisions and communicate with others as they work collaboratively to complete a project. PBL comes in many forms from problem-based, more centered on student thinking processes, to activity-based, making a product, and, finally, place-based, which is generally focused in the community. This paper addresses the latter kind as it involves an Oral History community project in a Lithuanian secondary school. This particular project was selected, not only to showcase the many benefits of PBL, but also to highlight 21st century skills that students gained while working on the project. As the paper makes a case for incorporating 21st century skills into international school reforms, it also hopes to inspire other educators who may wish to consider incorporating PBL pedagogies in their own schools.
Effect of ethanol on lactic acidosis in experimental hemorrhagic shock

Many trauma victims who have hemorrhagic shock are also intoxicated. Ethanol could worsen the severity of shock and decrease the amount of blood loss necessary to reach or maintain the shock state, perhaps by increasing lactic acidosis. We examined the effect of ethanol on lactic acidosis in a group of rats that were intoxicated, then put in a state of hemorrhagic shock (MAP = 40 mm Hg). These animals were compared to a control group that were in a similar state of hemorrhagic shock but not intoxicated. The volumes of blood necessary to reach and maintain the predetermined model state of shock for two hours in each group were also measured. The animals were paralyzed and placed on controlled ventilation. The ethanol produced an expected baseline lactic acidosis, and it took significantly less blood volume loss to keep the intoxicated group in shock. However, during shock there was no significant difference in the state of lactic acidosis. These results suggest that acute ethanol intoxication made the animals more sensitive to hemorrhage. This effect was not mediated by an increase in lactic acidosis in our model.
Regulation of Cell-Specific Inositol Metabolism and Transport in Plant Salinity Tolerance

myo-Inositol and its derivatives are commonly studied with respect to cell signaling and membrane biogenesis, but they also participate in responses to salinity in animals and plants. In this study, we focused on L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (INPS), which commits carbon to de novo synthesis, and myo-inositol O-methyltransferase (IMT), which uses myo-inositol for stress-induced accumulation of a methylinositol, D-ononitol. The Imt and Inps promoters are transcriptionally controlled. We determined that the transcription rates, transcript levels, and protein abundance are correlated. During normal growth, INPS is present in all cells, but IMT is repressed. After salinity stress, the amount of INPS was enhanced in leaves but repressed in roots. IMT was induced in all cell types. The absence of myo-inositol synthesis in roots is compensated by inositol/ononitol transport in the phloem. The mobilization of photosynthate through myo-inositol translocation links root metabolism to photosynthesis. Our model integrates the transcriptional control of a specialized metabolic pathway with physiological reactions in different tissues. The tissue-specific differential regulation of INPS, which leads to a gradient of myo-inositol synthesis, supports root growth and sodium uptake. By inducing expression of IMT and increasing myo-inositol synthesis, metabolic end products accumulate, facilitating sodium sequestration and protecting photosynthesis.
Sensitizers as an adjunct in the treatment of bladder cancer

For the past 25 years, there have been repeated efforts at improving the effectiveness of radiation therapy by combining it with various sensitizing agents. The problem has not been that these agents did not work, but rather that to be effective, they were associated with unacceptable side effects. Since certain chemotherapeutic agents are radiomimetic, and are administered over a more prolonged time period than radiation therapy, there is reason to believe that their effectiveness could be improved without undue toxicity by the addition of sensitizers. In this paper, we will review the mechanism of action of sensitizers and show that, against the MBT-2 mouse bladder tumor, a number of sensitizing agents increased the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide.
Effects of Chronic Cocaine Self-Administration on Cognition and Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Rhesus Monkeys

Background Chronic cocaine use is associated with neurobiological and cognitive deficits that persist into abstinence, hindering success of behavioral treatment strategies and perhaps increasing likelihood of relapse. The effects of current cocaine use and abstinence on neurobiology and cognition are not well characterized. Methods Adult male rhesus monkeys with an extensive cocaine self-administration history (∼ 5 years) and age-matched control animals ( n = 4/group) performed cognitive tasks in morning sessions and self-administered cocaine or food in afternoon sessions. Positron emission tomography and [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose were employed to assess cerebral metabolic rates of glucose utilization during cognitive testing. Results Cocaine-experienced monkeys required significantly more trials and committed more errors on reversal learning and multidimensional discriminations, compared with control animals. Cocaine-naive, but not cocaine-experienced, monkeys showed greater metabolic rates of glucose utilization during a multidimensional discrimination task in the caudate nucleus, hippocampus, anterior and posterior cingulate, and regions associated with attention, error detection, memory, and reward. Using a delayed match-to-sample task, there were no differences in baseline working memory performance between groups. High-dose cocaine self-administration disrupted delayed match-to-sample performance but tolerance developed. Acute abstinence from cocaine did not affect performance, but by day 30 of abstinence, accuracy increased significantly, while performance of cocaine-naive monkeys was unchanged. Conclusions These data document direct effects of cocaine self-administration on cognition and neurobiological sequelae underlying cognitive deficits. Improvements in working memory can occur in abstinence, albeit across an extended period critical for treatment seekers, suggesting pharmacotherapies designed to enhance cognition may improve success of current behavioral modification strategies.
Abstract 1406: Involvement of DNA repair pathways in DAG-lactone radiosensitization of human LNCaP cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We previously demonstrated that pre-treatment of human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP with either 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA, a known protein kinase C activator), or diacylglycerol-lactone (DAG-lactone) radiosensitized these cells. This effect was mediated by down-regulation of ATM protein levels, thus de-repressing the enzyme ceramide synthase (CerS), ceramide generation and apoptosis. Here we assessed whether ATM down-regulation affected DNA repair pathways. LNCaP cells were pretreated for 16 hr with 10μM DAG-lactone and irradiated with 20 or 40Gy. Pre-treatment with DAG-lactone significantly enhanced apoptosis at 48 hours from 1.1% to 13.9% (20Gy) and 19.9% (40Gy) respectively. γ-H2AX and BRCA1 foci formation at 1 and 8 hours post-radiation were scored. Immunofluorescent staining for γ-H2AX demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in γ-H2AX foci formation at 20Gy and 40Gy for both 1hr and 8 hr time points. Our data also shows that 40Gy alone produces the same amount of DNA double strand breaks (dsbs; as measured by γ-H2AX at 8 hr) as 20Gy+DAG-lactone, yet 40Gy alone does not induce apoptosis in LNCaP cells, while 20Gy+DAG-lactone does, indicating that ATM down-regulation is necessary for the apoptotic response. Similarly there was a dose-dependent response in the generation of BRCA1 foci at 20Gy and 40 Gy at 8hr post-radiation. There was no difference in the BRCA1 foci between pre-treatment with DAG-lactone either at 20Gy or at 40 Gy at both 1 hr or at 8 hr post-radiation. While apoptotic degradation is associated with γ-H2AX phosphorylation, in LNCaP cells these events would be expected at 24-48 hr. Therefore the foci observed here are unlikely to be associated with apoptotic DNA degradation and most likely result from DNA dsbs. Our recent data showed that unrepaired DNA dsbs trigger post-transcriptional activation of CerS via a mechanism that remains unknown. Accordingly MRE 11, ATM or DNA-PKcs (SCID) deficiencies sensitize mice towards CerS-mediated apoptosis in crypt stem cells clonogens. Although these studies indicate that HR is active, further experiments need to be carried out to explore whether non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is or is not functional in LNCaP treated with DAG-lactone and radiation. Hence, the trigger for CerS activation still needs to be established. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1406.
Mass fragmentographic determination of pyrazinamide and its metabolites in serum and urine.

Abstract A combined gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric technique is described for the simultaneous determination of pyrazinamide and its two main metabolites, pyrazinoic acid and 5-hydroxypyrazinoic acid. Serum (200 μl) is deproteinized and evaporated to dryness; urine (20 μl) is evaporated. The crude residues are silylated and selected ions are monitored in the chemical-ionization mode with isobutane as both chromatographic carrier and reagent gas. The sensitivity is 10 ng/ml for pyrazinamide and pyrazinoic acid and 20 ng/ml for the 5-hydroxy metabolite in a single analysis. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are internal standards. Both unchanged drug and metabolites were identified and quantified in the serum and urine of human subjects.
Identification of p130Cas as a substrate of Yersinia YopH (Yop51), a bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase that translocates into mammalian cells and targets focal adhesions

A number of pathogenic bacteria utilize type III secretion pathways to translocate virulence proteins into host eukaryotic cells. We identified a host target of YopH, a protein tyrosine phosphatase that is translocated into mammalian cells by Yersiniae. A catalytically inactive 'substrate-trapping' mutant, YopHC403S, was used as a probe to determine where YopH substrates localize in eukaryotic cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that YopHC403S localized to focal adhesions in human epithelial cells infected with Y. pseudotuberculosis. YopHC403S stabilized focal adhesions, as shown by its dominant-negative effect on focal adhesion disassembly mediated by YopE, a translocated protein which disrupts actin stress fibers. Conversely, YopH destabilized focal adhesions, even in the absence of YopE, as shown by loss of phosphotyrosine staining. Immunoprecipitation revealed that YopHC403S was trapped in a complex with a hyperphosphorylated 125-135 kDa protein, identified by immunoblotting as the focal adhesion protein p130Cas. YopHC403S bound directly to p130Cas in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner in vitro. Translocation of YopH into cells plated on fibronectin resulted in rapid and selective dephosphorylation of p130Cas. These results demonstrate that YopH targets focal adhesions in host cells and that p130Cas, a docking protein for multiple SH2 domains, is a direct substrate of this enzyme in vivo.
Nucleotide sequence of the genes encoding the major tail sheath and tail tube proteins of bacteriophage P2.

Abstract The major structural components of the contractile tail of bacteriophage P2 are proteins F 1 and F 11 which are believed to be the tail sheath and tube proteins, respectively. Both proteins were mapped previously to the P2 late gene F 1 based on the pattern of protein synthesis in various P2 amber mutants. In order to clarify the gene arrangement and to provide a basis for structural comparisons with other contractile phage tails, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the region of the P2 genome encoding these two proteins. The coding regions were confirmed by location of the F am4 mutation and by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of both proteins. The molecular weight and amino acid composition predicted by each of the coding regions correspond well to those determined experimentally for each protein. F 11 is encoded by a newly identified P2 late gene. These proteins bear little resemblance to their functional homologues in bacteriophage T4.
Heat-induced lethality and chromosomal damage in synchronized Chinese hamster cells treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine.

SummarySynchronous Chinese hamster cells exposed to heat treatments of 45·5°c were very sensitive during S phase when chromosomal damage could account for cell killing, i.e. as for x-irradiated cells, the 37 per cent survival value for heated cells was observed when there was about one aberration per cell. However, the aberration frequency was very low and could not account for cell killing when the cells were heated, either during mitosis when they were most sensitive in terms of lethality, or during G1 when they were most resistant. Furthermore, about 50 per cent of the deletions in these cells heated in mitosis or G, occurred at the secondary constriction of the X chromosome. Incorporation of BUdR into DNA prior to synchronizing the cells had only an additive interaction with heat administered during G1 or S. This interaction was characterized by a reduction in the shoulder of the dose-response curves observed for both chromosomal aberrations and cell killing.These findings contrast greatly with those ...
A Summary and Update of Fuzzy Logic

Basically, fuzzy logic is the logic of classes with unsharp boundaries. In human cognition, classes with unsharp boundaries are the norm rather than exception. Everyday examples are the concepts of red, small, near, fast, heavy, similar, etc. A major application area in fuzzy logic is Computing with Words (CW or CWW). Computing with Words is a system of computation which offers an important capability which traditional systems of computation do not have–the capability to compute with information described in natural language. This capability opens the door to a wide-ranging enlargement of the role of natural languages in scientific theories.
A malarial-ridden swamp: using Google Earth Pro and Corona to access the southern Balikh valley, Syria

Abstract This manuscript explores the benefit of satellite survey for archaeological landscapes where traditional cartographic and digital datasets are scarce, and ground reconnaissance is not possible due to modern vegetation overburden and/or geo-politics. The methods presented demonstrate a cost effective and integrative protocol for remote survey in an alluvial landscape. Using satellite survey methods merging data from different time periods, seasons and sensors, it was possible to recognize archaeological sites, reconstruct floodplain evolution, and present a provisional picture of the settlement landscape in the unsurveyed southern Balikh valley, Syria.