cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WHO GETS IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA) IN INFANCY

The purpose of the proposed study was to identify nutritional and social influences on IDA in infancy. A community project in Costa Rica on the behavioral effects of IDA provided an unusual opportunity to examine such influences, since the 191 12-to 23-month-old infants were all healthy, with birth weights ≥ 2.5kg, without previous iron therapy, and living in a country in which breast feeding was the norm and iron-fortified formula or cereal extraordinarily rare. Factors that were hypothesized to effect IDA (defined as a Hb ≤ 10.5 g/dl and a low ferritin and either a high FEP or low transferrin saturation) were grouped conceptually into five stages on the basis of their remote to immediate influence on IDA: family background, neonatal factors, age and sex, caregiving conditions, and current physiologic status of the child, using weight/length percentile and whole blood lead level. Structural modeling (LISREL) was used to develop and test a model of direct and indirect effects. Direct effects were that infants with IDA had lower birth weights (p=0.03), consumed greater amounts of cow's milk/day (p=0.01), were breast fed for shorter times (p=0.02), had poorer home environments (HOME scale) (p<0.01), and had their grandparents in the home (p=0.02). Indirect effects were that the lower the mother's IQ the poorer the quality of home and the more likely for grandparents to be living in the household; younger mothers were more likely to live with their parents. These results suggest that preventing and treating IDA requires not only appropriate doses of medicinal iron but also attention to feeding practices and disadvantaged conditions in the home environment.
Precision lifetimes for the Ca+ 4p 2P levels: Experiment challenges theory at the 1% level.

The mean lifetimes \ensuremath{\tau} of the ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ 4p $^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ and $^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ levels have been measured to \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.3% precision using a variant of the collinear laser-beam\char21{}ion-beam spectroscopy technique. Like previously measured precision lifetimes of light alkali-metal-like systems, these data fall significantly higher than calculations by the most recent multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock and relativistic many-body perturbation theories. Discrepancies between experiment and theory for alkali-metal-like systems have implications for the interpretation of parity-violation research.
Capstone Senior Design: A Small Engineering Program Experience

This paper presents the author’s experience in the development and coordination of capstone senior design at a small engineering program. The mechanical engineering program at Purdue University, Fort Wayne is relatively small and only undergraduate. The capstone senior design in the mechanical engineering program at Purdue University, Fort Wayne has gone through several modifications and upgrades over the last few years. Before these changes, the capstone senior design at our program was criticised by the ABET accrediting teams and was cited as weak. Because of this the faculty developed and implemented a new approach and new guidelines to strengthen the capstone senior design. This effort resulted in a much stronger capstone senior design and the mechanical engineering program was commended and praised in this area.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Nitric Oxide and Nitrovasodilators: Similarities, Differences, and Interactions

The endothelium functions as a semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the body and allowing the transport of macromolecules from the blood to the interstitial space. The endothelium secretes a number of diffusible substances. These include endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), and prostacyclin, in addition to vasoconstrictors including endothelin, angiotensin, and endothelium-derived contracting factor. EDRF is now known to be nitric oxide, or a closely related molecule, which affects signaling by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase, causing increased intracellular levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), in turn leading to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle as well as a variety of additional effects that include altered function of platelets and cardiac myocytes. Nitric oxide can be made available to cellular elements in two ways: by endogenous synthesis via one or more of the three nitric oxide synthases now known to exist in mammalian species; or by exogenous administration of pharmacologic sources of nitric oxide, usually as organic nitrate vasodilators that can be metabolically converted to biologically activated nitric oxide. This process appears to require free sulfydryl groups. The metabolic machinery necessary to convert organic nitrates to a biologically active form exists mainly in the vasculature and not in the myocardium. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the presence of coronary artery disease is associated with interruption of the endogenous production of nitric oxide. Under these circumstances, exogenous nitrates still produce coronary vasodilation as well as relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in the periphery. Other articles in this supplement will focus on the vascular effects of nitric oxide and nitrovasodilators; this article will conclude with a brief discussion of the role of the nitric oxide pathway in the control of cardiac autonomic responsiveness and the potential role of cytokines and the nitric oxide pathway to impair the ability of the myocardium to respond to catecholamines or other stimuli with a normal increase in contractile function.
Relationships of Temperature to Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Development and Damage in the Field

The effect of heat accumulation on elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), development and damage to English elm ( Ulmus procera Salisbury) and Siberian elm ( Ulmus pumila L.) was investigated in 9-11 northern California cities from 1986 to 1988. First generation egg density peaked at 275 degree-days (DD) above 11°C (DD11°C) accumulated since 1 March. Weekly sampling on four dates beginning at 200 DD11°C should encompass the date of maximum egg number which can be used to predict foliage damage. First generation egg, and first and second instar development times in the field, were 97, 84, and 76 DD11°C respectively. A strong, positive, linear correlation was found at each site between heat accumulation and apparent damage to foliage. This relationship between DD and early season damage may be useful in predicting cumulative foliage damage by the end of the season.
Insulin Modulates Growth and Growth Plate Igf-I Gene Expression in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) † 1822

Insulin Modulates Growth and Growth Plate Igf-I Gene Expression in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) † 1822
Patients treated by physicians and folk healers: a comparative outcome study in Taiwan.

Outcome of 118 patients treated by shamans in Taipei, Taiwan, is compared with that of 112 roughly matched patients treated by physicians. Impressive among the chief findings at time of follow-up evaluation, more than three-fourths of patients in both groups across five distinctive sickness types perceived their health problems as improved and were so evaluated by the research staff. Patient attributions of source of threapeutic efficacy were more complex and ambivalent. Counter to our hypothesis a higher proportion of patients were dissatisfied with shamanistic treatment than with biomedical care, and this held true even for somatization patients with psychiatric problems. The findings are interpreted with respect to serious limitations on research design and methods that pertain to this and, we believe, any other study of indigenous healing. These limitations call into question certain of the findings in particular, and illustrate why assessments of therapeutic outcome, besides reflecting biological constraints, should be recognized as differential cultural construals of socially constructed reality.
Articulating media arts activities in art-science contexts

This paper discusses the conflicting expectations for media artists taking part in art-science collaborations. Despite the increasing opportunity to participate in these interdisciplinary projects, it can be unclear how media arts activities are best articulated, or even if they need to be defined at all. Additionally, this paper examines a methodological framework widely used in the visualization community for identifying different visualization tasks within research activities. Inspired by its success, this paper proposes a new methodological framework for media arts activities in art-science contexts. This framework splits media arts activities into overlapping areas: generation, augmentation, provocation and mediation, providing a useful way to articulate the broader importance of media arts in interdisciplinary collaboration.
Foreword to special section on the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE)

: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0330Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles; 0365 Atmospheric Composition andStructure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 1640 Global Change: Remote sensing; 3399Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General or miscellaneous; K
Optimization of a Viscoelastic Structure: The Seat-Belt Problem

Optimization of the parameters of elementary linear viscoelastic models is considered for the design of a lap seat belt in automobiles. The vehicle is assumed to stop abruptly on impact. The parameters are optimized to allow the speed of the vehicle before impact to have the largest permissible value consistent with constraints imposed for the safety of the user of the belt. The constraints chosen here are: (a) the maximum displacement of the body after impact is equal to or less than a prescribed critical displacement; (b) the forward speed of the body at the critical displacement does not exceed a prescribed maximum value; (c) the force exerted by the belt on the body during the motion following impact does not exceed a prescribed maximum value. It is found that the optimized Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model is nearly 40 percent more effective than the purely elastic material. It is nearly as effective as constant deceleration. An additional and advantageous property is proposed, moreover, for belts of viscoelastic materials. This is that the material should have a relatively low spring rate at relatively small strain rates. The optimized belts for the elementary viscoelastic models are shown to be quite stiff at low strain rates, however.
Electron Beam Computed Tomography Screening and Heart Disease Risk Factor Modification

The authors examined the effect of electron beam computed tomography screening on perceived risk, behavior change, and medical intervention among community-dwelling adults with no history of heart disease. Participants were 184 men and 180 women aged 55 years and older who had electron beam computed tomography scans in 2000-2001 and responded to a questionnaire 6 months later. They were classified as low-, medium-, or high-risk based on coronary artery calcification score, an indicator of coronary artery plaque burden. Overall, only 5% of participants were alarmed or quite worried about developing heart disease. Compared with those with lower risk, high-risk participants were more likely to discuss scan results with a physician, undergo further cardiac testing, have a cholesterol test (all p < 0.001), and begin cholesterol-lowering medication (p < 0.001), aspirin (p = 0.009), and multivitamins (p = 0.018). The authors conclude that electron beam computed tomography screening motivates initiation of measures to prevent clinical heart disease without causing undue alarm among older men and women.
The Mechanical Behavior of Engineered Hydrogels

Agarose and poly(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) are commonly used as scaffolds for cell and tissue engineering applications [1]. Agarose is a natural biomaterial that is thought to be inert [2] and permits growing cells and tissues in a three-dimensional suspension [3]. Gels synthesized from photoreactive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomers are well suited as cell carriers because they can be rapidly photopolymerized in vivo by a chain radical polymerization that is not toxic to cells, including chondrocytes. This paper explores the differences in mechanical behavior between agarose, a physically cross-linked hydrogel, and PEG, a chemically cross-linked hydrogel, to set the foundation for choosing hydrogel properties and chemistries for a desired tissue engineering application.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Are we evaluating osteonecrosis adequately

It is well recognised that to evaluate a patient with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) adequately, it is necessary that the size of the infarct and the extent of femoral head joint involvement be indicated, in addition to the type or stage of the pathological process. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with ONFH are being evaluated adequately in studies published during the past 25 years and to see if any trends can be identified. Articles describing treatment of patients with ONFH, published between 1985 and 2011, were reviewed to determine the methods used to indicate the type and extent of pathology present on radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. The classification systems cited were identified and divided between those which indicated only the stage and those which indicated both stage and extent of involvement. In 208 studies published between 1985 and 2011, specific classification systems were cited 237 times. During this period, non-quantitative systems, which only indicate stage, were cited 139 times (59 %) and quantitative systems, which indicate both stage and extent of involvement were cited 77 times (32 %). Between 2006 and 2011, non-quantitative systems were cited 30 times (48 %) and quantitative systems were cited 27 times (44 %). During the past 25 years there has been a trend towards the use of more comprehensive and effective methods of evaluating patients with ONFH. However, during the past five years, approximately half of the published studies continued to use limited, non-quantitative methods of evaluation. This should be brought to the attention of the orthopaedic community. Future investigations and publications on ONFH should employ comprehensive methods of classification which include not only the stage of disease but also measurements of the size of the necrotic segment and the extent of femoral head and joint involvement.
Ozonization products of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters

Low temperature ozonization of the methyl esters of all-cis nonconjugated fatty acids, containing 1 to 4 double bonds in pentane, gave high yields of normal ozonides of the parent ester as the major product of the reaction. Ozonization of all-cis methyl eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate under the same conditions gave a mixture of normal ozonides containing a large proportion of cross ozonides. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the normal ozonides of the methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids differing in the number and positions of ozonide groups and in chain length was demonstrated. Fractionation of the parent normal ozonides of methyl linoleate, linolelaidate, linolenate and arachidonate by low temperature crystallization indicated that the normal ozonides of these esters consisted of mixtures of geometric isomers. The ozonization of the methyl esters of all-trans nonconjugated fatty acids gave low yields of normal ozonides of the parent ester by comparison to the corresponding all-cis isomers, and the yield of these ozonides decreased with increasing unsaturation. Infrared spectral analysis showed that the major products of the reaction with these esters contained both hydroxyl and/or peroxy and normal ozonide groups.
The utility of the ten-point clock test as a screen for cognitive impairment in general hospital patients

The object of this work was to illustrate the utility of the ten-point clock test as a screen for cognitive impairment in the general hospital by examining a range of diagnoses and estimating sensitivity for each. A total of 195 consecutive medical and surgical inpatients were examined who were referred for psychiatric consultation and histories from patient, family, nurses, physicians, and hospital records were obtained. Seventy-six percent of these patients were administered the ten-point clock test at the initial evaluation. The percentages of patients scoring less than 8 points on the ten-point clock test for the following primary diagnoses were delirium (92%), dementia (90%), and adjustment disorder (5%). Thirty-nine to seventy percent of patients with a delirium, dementia, opioid intoxication, or a cognitive disorder n. o. s. scored lower than 5 points but none of the patients with a major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, or adjustment disorder did so. The sensitivities of the ten-point clock test and minimental state examinations appeared similar in a subset of patients. The ten-point clock test is a useful screen for cognitive impairment in general hospital patients.
Film-based pressure-sensitive-paint measurements

A technique to measure surface pressure distributions by use of pressure-sensitive paint and a novel film-based imaging system is described. An oxygen-permeable photoluminescent paint is excited by narrow-band light centered at 455 nm. The resulting red-shifted luminescence (>570 nm) is imaged with a 35-mm film camera and digitized with a film scanner. The luminescence is quenched by oxygen, resulting in a logarithmic relationship between film density and pressure. An image collected at a reference condition is subtracted from an image obtained at the test condition and calibrated with known pressures. The resulting images are, to our knowledge, the first quantitative global surface measurements made with pressure-sensitive paint by a film-based imaging technique.
Crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, Sr9(PO4)6.16H2O

The crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, nonastrontium hexakis(phosphate) hexadecahydrate, Sr9(PO4)6·16H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic,a=15.203(2),b=6.488(1),c=18.984(7) A, β=98.42(2)o, space groupP2/c (No. 13),Z=2,V=1852.3 A3,dc=2.951 Mg·m−3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques toR=0.038,Rw=0.051, for 2329 reflections with I≥3σ(I). The structure can be described in terms of a layer-type arrangement parallel to (100). One layer consists of a compact assembly of columns of Sr and PO4 ions in a pseudohexagonal arrangement resembling an apatitic structure. A second layer containing all the water molecules and one PO4 ion that occupies the interstitial space may be referred to as the hydrated layer. The structure has an overall similarity to that of octacalcium phosphate and can be considered as a model for amorphous calcium phosphate.
Experimental Measurement of the Binding Configuration and Coverage of Chirality-Sorting Polyfluorenes on Carbon Nanotubes

Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) exhibits exceptional (n,m) chirality and electronic-type selectivity for near-armchair semiconducting carbon nanotubes. To better understand and control the factors governing this behavior, we experimentally determine the surface coverage and binding configuration of PFO on nanotubes in solution using photoluminescence energy transfer and anisotropy measurements. The coverage increases with PFO concentration in solution, following Langmuir-isotherm adsorption behavior with cooperativity. The equilibrium binding constant (PFO concentration in solution at half coverage), KA, depends on (n,m) and is 1.16 ± 0.30, 0.93 ± 0.12, and 1.13 ± 0.26 mg mL(-1) for the highly selected (7,5), (8,6), and (8,7) species, respectively, and the corresponding PFO wrapping angle at low coverage is 12, 17, and 14 ± 2°, respectively. In contrast, the inferred KA for metallic nanotubes is nearly an order of magnitude greater, indicating that the semiconducting selectivity increases with decreasing PFO concentration. This understanding will quantitatively guide future experimental and computational efforts on electronic type-sorting carbon nanotubes.
The Role of Primary Care Clinicians in Diagnosing and Treating Bipolar Disorder

Because many patients with bipolar disorder seek treatment in primary care practices, physicians in these settings need to be able to diagnose bipolar disorder and common psychiatric and medical comorbidities and to initiate and manage treatment. Unfortunately, bipolar disorder is often underrecognized. The most common symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder are depressive, but these patients may also have anxiety, mood swings, sleep problems, irritability, difficulty concentrating, relationship issues, alcohol- or drug-related problems, and infections. Social and family history and screening tools can help clarify diagnosis. The goal of treatment should be recovery, but periodic relapse and medication nonadherence should be expected. Primary care physicians should decide what level of intervention their practices can support. To manage these patients effectively, practices may need to train office staff, set up monitoring and follow-up systems, establish links with referral and community support services, develop therapeutic alliances with patients, and provide psychoeducation for patients and significant others. Receiving comprehensive psychiatric and medical care and support can be life-changing for patients with bipolar disorder and their families.
Seeing and touching aesthetic objects: I. Judgments

An equivalence position on the senses holds that vision and touch provide similar information. Handcrafted ceramic vessels, with their potent visual and tactile properties, should therefore be similarly judged by vision and touch. Twelve affective, sensory, perceptual, and cognitive rating scales were used to compare visual, tactile, and combined visual-tactile input. In Experiment 1, subjects (N=58) were presented with aesthetic ceramic objects; in Experiment 2, subjects (N=24) were asked to imagine such objects; and in Experiment 3, subjects (N=29) were provided with broken ceramic scraps. In the latter experiment, unlike in Experiments 1 and 2, the same subjects were given all three modes of input. All studies found similarities rather than differences between the modes of presentation; and correlations between vision, touch, and vision-touch were high (i.e., equivalence between the senses was evident).
DiagHunter and GenoPix2D: programs for genomic comparisons, large-scale homology discovery and visualization

The DiagHunter and GenoPix2D applications work together to enable genomic comparisons and exploration at both genome-wide and single-gene scales. DiagHunter identifies homologous regions (synteny blocks) within or between genomes. DiagHunter works efficiently with diverse, large datasets to predict extended and interrupted synteny blocks and to generate graphical and text output quickly. GenoPix2D allows interactive display of synteny blocks and other genomic features, as well as querying by annotation and by sequence similarity.
An examination of predictors of nonverbal and verbal communication of pleasure during sex and sexual satisfaction

This study examined a model in which sexual communication apprehension and sexual self-esteem were expected to predict individuals’ verbal and nonverbal communication of pleasure during sex, which in turn were expected to predict participants’ sexual satisfaction. The data produced support for five of the six hypothesized relationships. Nonverbal communication during sex fully mediated the relationship between sexual self-esteem and sexual satisfaction, and partially mediated the relationship between sexual communication apprehension and sexual satisfaction. Verbal communication during sex did not predict sexual satisfaction. The findings draw attention to the need for scholars to examine both verbal and nonverbal forms of sexual communication, as well as factors that might influence the extent to which individuals’ communicate sexual pleasure during sexual encounters.
Regulation of CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes by coupled carbon and nitrogen availability

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) interactions contribute to uncertainty in current biogeochemical models that aim to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG, including CO2 and N2O) emissions from soil to atmosphere. In this study, we quantified CO2 and N2O flux patterns and their relationship along with increasing C additions only, N additions only, a C gradient combined with excess N, and an N gradient with excess C via laboratory incubations. Conventional trends, where labile C or N addition results in higher CO2 or N2O fluxes, were observed. However, at low levels of C availability, saturating N amendments reduced soil CO2 flux while with high C availability N amendments enhanced it. At saturating C conditions increasing N amendments first reduced and then increased CO2 fluxes. Similarly, N2O fluxes were initially reduced by adding labile C under N limited conditions, but additional C enhanced N2O fluxes by more than two orders of magnitude in the saturating N environment. Changes in C or N use efficiency could explain the altered gas flux patterns and imply a critical level in the interactions between N and C availability that regulate soil trace gas emissions and biogeochemical cycling. Compared to either N or C amendment alone, the interaction of N and C caused ~60 and ~5 times the total GHG emission, respectively. Our findings suggested that the response of CO2 and N2O fluxes along stoichiometric gradients in C and N availability should be accounted for interpreting or modeling the biogeochemistry of GHG emissions.
Electrolyte concentrations, potassium flux kinetics, and the metabolic dependence of potassium transport in human platelets

concentrations of sodium (38.8 pEq per milliliter of platelet water), potassium (118 pEq per milliliter of platelet water), and water (74.6 per cent by weight) were determined by centrifugation of platelet-rich plasma and direct analysis of the packed platelets, with corrections for plasma trapped in the platelet buttons. The rate of flux of potassium across the platelet membrane was determined with radioisotopic potassium (K4a) with standard kinetic techniques. The flux rate was determined to be 110 gEq per milliliter of platelet water per hour. In 11 of 26 preparations, intracellular potassium appeared to be distributed in 2 compartments with different rates of exchange with K*a. All intracellular potassium appeared to be exdhangeable. The metabolic dependence of potassium flux was studied by metabolic inhibition achieved by the use of cyanide, iodoacetate, ouabain, and anoxia. It was concluded that an active transport mechanism is present in the platelet membrane that transports potassium inward against a concentration gradient with the use of ATP derived equally well from either glycolysis or respiration.
Linking 3D spatial models of fuels and fire: Effects of spatial heterogeneity on fire behavior

Crown fire endangers fire fighters and can have severe ecological consequences. Prediction of fire behavior in tree crowns is essential to informed decisions in fire management. Current methods used in fire management do not address variability in crown fuels. New mechanistic physics-based fire models address convective heat transfer with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and can be used to model fire in heterogeneous crown fuels. However, the potential impacts of variability in crown fuels on fire behavior have not yet been explored. In this study we describe a new model, FUEL3D, which incorporates the pipe model theory (PMT) and a simple 3D recursive branching approach to model the distribution of fuel within individual tree crowns. FUEL3D uses forest inventory data as inputs, and stochastically retains geometric variability observed in field data. We investigate the effects of crown fuel heterogeneity on fire behavior with a CFD fire model by simulating fire under a homogeneous tree crown and a heterogeneous tree crown modeled with FUEL3D, using two different levels of surface fire intensity. Model output is used to estimate the probability of tree mortality, linking fire behavior and fire effects at the scale of an individual tree. We discovered that variability within a tree crown altered the timing, magnitude and dynamics of how fire burned through the crown; effects varied with surface fire intensity. In the lower surface fire intensity case, the heterogeneous tree crown barely ignited and would likely survive, while the homogeneous tree had nearly 80% fuel consumption and an order of magnitude difference in total net radiative heat transfer. In the higher surface fire intensity case, both cases burned readily. Differences for the homogeneous tree between the two surface fire intensity cases were minimal but were dramatic for the heterogeneous tree. These results suggest that heterogeneity within the crown causes more conditional, threshold-like interactions with fire. We conclude with discussion of implications for fire behavior modeling and fire ecology.
Nuclear 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine (T3) in Brown Adipose Tissue: Receptor Occupancy and Sources of T3 as Determined by in Vivo Techniques*

The amount and sources of T3 associated with high affinity, low capacity cellular nuclear receptors in brown adipose tissue (BAT) have been estimated by in vivo pulse-labeling techniques. Maximal binding capacity was measured by in vivo saturation analysis. Nuclear receptor occupancy at endogenous levels of T3 and T4 in euthyroid rats was estimated from the equilibrium nuclear to serum ratio of tracer T3, and the locally generated nuclear T3 to serum T4 ratio after injecting tracer T3 and T4. These ratios were multiplied, respectively, by the endogenous concentrations of T3 and T4 as measured by RIA. The maximal binding capacity was 0.65 ng T3/mg DNA, and saturation was 71%. Fifty-five percent of the nuclear T3 was generated locally, and 45% was derived from circulating T3. BAT is, hence, comparable to the liver in number of receptors (approximately 5000/cell) and to the pituitary with regard to saturation and relative contributions of locally generated T3 and plasma T3 to nuclear T3. These results suggest that BAT may be an important target for thyroid hormones and, along with other data, that alterations in the activity of the type II 5'-deiodinase of this tissue may influence the saturation of nuclear T3 receptors.
k-Distributions for Gas Mixtures in Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Flows

A k-distribution model is presented for gas mixtures in thermodynamic nonequilibrium, containing strongly radiating atomic species N and O together with molecular species of N2, N+2 , NO and O2. In the VUV range of the spectrum there is strong absorption of atomic radiation by bands of N2. For this spectral range, a multiscale model is presented, where RTEs are solved separately for each emitting species and overlap with other species is treated in an approximate way. Methodology for splitting the gas mixture into scales and evaluation of the overlap parameter between different scales is presented. Accuracy of the new model is demonstrated by solving the radiative transfer equation along the stagnation line flow field of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV).
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ACADEMIC OUTCOMES AMONG GHANAIAN YOUTH: THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE AND RISK FACTORS

Impoverished Ghanaian youth often experience minimal early learning opportunities and under-funded, over-crowded, and woefully inadequate schools. Female youth face even more formidable challenges as a result of sex stereotypes and other forms of gender discrimination in education. This combination of factors also predisposes them to significant risk for dropping out of school and reduces their chances to attaining postsecondary education. Using ecological theory and a risk and resilience framework, we examined gender differences in risk and protective factors for academic outcomes in a sample of 276 Ghanaian youth recruited from 4 colleges in the northern and southern regions of the country. t tests and regression analyses revealed significant gender differences in risk and protection in relation to the presence of a school mentor, parental educational values, and delinquency at p<.05 significance level. Presence of a school mentor and poor neighborhood safety were significant but inversely related to achievement while region of residence predicted female achievement (Beta = .360, p <.01). Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Unusual source of tachycardia in an adolescent

Mahaim fiber tachycardia is an uncommon cause of palpitations among the pediatric population. This case report describes an adolescent female who presented with recurrent episodes of tachycardia with chest pain and dizziness. Her ECG showed tachycardia with wide QRS complexes and left bundle branch block pattern. Repeat ECG after adenosine treatment revealed sinus rhythm with persistence of the left bundle branch block pattern. Metoprolol was started however she continued to have episodes of sustained tachycardia. Electrophysiologic study then confirmed the diagnosis of Mahaim fiber tachycardia. Treatment was successful with mapping of the accessory pathways followed by radiofrequency ablation.
Disseminated fusariosis in a recipient of a bone-marrow transplant.

A 58-year-old man, with acute myeloid leukaemia, had undergone matched-unrelated donor haemopoietic stemcell transplantation a month before, and was hospitalised having not engrafted, with an Enterobacter cloacae bacteraemia. During hospitalisation, he developed multiple nodular skin lesions. His blood pressure was 154/94 mm Hg, pulse was 65 beats per min, temperature was 36·7°C, and respirations were 20 breaths per min. He had multiple erythematous mildly tender nodules on his abdomen, thorax, and extremities (fi gure, A). A skin biopsy (fi gure, B) revealed numerous septate hyphae within the vessels and in the surrounding dermis. Tissue and blood cultures grew Fusarium spp, and treatment with voriconazole was subsequently started. The patient developed nasal congestion and headache. CT revealed pansinusitis and lung nodules, and endoscopic examination showed extensive necrotic pansinusitis, which was treated with surgical debridement. Sinus-tissue biopsy revealed numerous septated fungal hyphae. He was switched from voriconazole to amphotericin B and posaconazole, with terbinafi ne added as a third antifungal agent when antifungal susceptibilities were known. He also received 3 weeks of granulocyte transfusions. His skin and lung lesions improved, but pancytopenia persisted for the next 2 months. He was retransplanted from a diff erent matchedunrelated donor, but developed new skin lesions despite continued antifungal treatment. Blood cultures again grew Fusarium spp in addition to Klebsiella pneumoniae. He developed septic shock and died. Disseminated fusariosis typically presents in the setting of prolonged (longer than 10 days) and substantial (100 cells per μL) neutropenia, with fever, nodular skin lesions, and positive blood cultures for a mould in 40–50% of cases. Histopathological examination mimics that of Aspergillus sp, and thus culture confi rmation is required. Despite the vast array of new antifungal agents, the armamentarium against invasive Fusarium spp infections is still very limited. The newer azoles have increased activity against some, but not all, species of Fusarium spp. The net state of immunosuppression in conjunction with active antifungal treatments are the main determinants of outcome.
Graphene oxide derived carbons (GODCs): synthesis and gas adsorption properties

We report the synthesis of a range of high surface area graphene oxide derived carbons (GODCs) and their applications toward carbon capture and methane storage. We obtain largely increased surface areas up to nearly 1900 m2 g−1 for GODC samples from 10 m2 g−1 of precursor graphene oxide (GO). Our GODCs reveal favourable gas adsorption capacities compared to other high surface area carbons. We show that producing high surface area carbons from GO precursor is a viable method, and the porosity parameters are easily tuneable for their potential gas adsorption applications.
Specifying and managing role-based access control within a corporate intranet

In order for intranets to reach their full potential, access control and authorization management mechanisms must be in place that can regulate user access to information in a manner that is consistent with the current set of laws, regulations, and practices that face businesses today. The purpose of RBAC on the Web would be to provide this access control service, thereby enabling the use of the Web for new and more sophisticated applications -to allow access to information and other resources that would otherwise not be possible given the existing lack of operational assurance. This paper describes an approach at providing these assurances through the use of RBAC for networked Web servers.
Development of computer applications in Chinese information centers

This paper summarizes the development of computer appli cations in information services in China. Meaningful progress has been made only during the last ten years. Possible techni cal reasons, apart from the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, are discussed. China's automation endeavors have made a successful step forward due to efforts toward stan dardization and coordination for information computerization. There has been much experimental work involving computer processing of materials in Chinese scripts. Specific attempts at information retrieval with national and international databases have presented problems, some of which have been solved and some of which have not.
Bevacizumab and Erlotinib: A Promising New Approach to the Treatment of Advanced NSCLC

Biologic agents that target molecules involved in tumor growth, progression, and pathological angiogenesis--such as the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)--have demonstrated efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Erlotinib (Tarceva); OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Melville, NY, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland), a highly selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits EGFR, and bevacizumab (Avastin); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland), a VEGF-targeted recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, have displayed very encouraging activity in a randomized phase II trial in patients with previously treated NSCLC. Because erlotinib and bevacizumab act on two different pathways critical to tumor growth and dissemination, administering these drugs concomitantly may confer additional clinical benefits to cancer patients with advanced disease, by virtue of their complementary (or additive) antitumor activity. The combination of bevacizumab plus erlotinib may prove to be a viable second-line alternative to chemotherapy or erlotinib monotherapy in patients with NSCLC. The benefits of the combination may be further enhanced by selecting for patients who are likely to respond to this therapy. While a number of potential predictive markers have been identified for erlotinib, their value remains to be confirmed in prospective trials. In addition, the application of such personalized therapy will also depend on the availability of validated screening methods.
Non-Equilibrium Quantum Dot Transport

Advances in fabrication technology and the understanding of electronic transport in low dimensional structures have led to fascinating discoveries (Heinrich et al., 1988; Reed and Kirk, 1989). Structures such as electron waveguides and quantum point contacts are excellent laboratories to study fundamentals of electronic transport in the quantum ballistic regime. The creation of 3-dimensionally confined systems (“quantum dots”) (Hansen et al., 1990; Reed et al., 1988; Van Wees et al., 1989) is especially intriguing since these structures are analogous to semiconductor atoms, with energy levels tunable by the confining potentials. One method for creating these systems is the electrostatic confinement of an existing 2DEG. Unfortunately, electronic transport that reveals quantum size effects in these systems only occurs for low temperatures (<1 K) and voltages near equilibrium (typically of the mV level) (Williamson et al., 1990).
Self efficacy for fruit, vegetable and water intakes: Expanded and abbreviated scales from item response modeling analyses

Objective To improve an existing measure of fruit and vegetable intake self efficacy by including items that varied on levels of difficulty, and testing a corresponding measure of water intake self efficacy.
Micelle-supported electroenzymology: Succinate dehydrogenation by escherichia coli fumarate reductase in decylubiquinone and octyl glucoside micelles

The concept of micelle-supported electroenzymology is demonstrated using a system consisting of the membrane enzyme Escherichia coli fumarate reductase (FRD), the amphiphilic coenzyme analogue decylubiquinone (DU), the micelle-forming surfactant n-octyl glucoside (OG), and a gold electrode. The OG micelles provide a hydrophobic, membrane mimetic medium for FRD and DU to exchange electrons while the gold electrode serves to regenerate DU. When succinate is presented to the FRD/DU/OG micelle system, electroenzymatic oxidation of succinate to fumarate occurs as evidenced using cyclic voltammetry. DU is shown to be the only electroactive species in the system; and as increasing amounts of succinate are added, the expected increase in the peak anodic (oxidative) current and decrease in the peak cathodic (reductive) current are observed. The peak anodic current approaches a limiting value with succinate concentration in qualitative agreement with simple Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics. When the strong competitive inhibitor oxaloacetate is added, enzymatic oxidation of succinate is inhibited as indicated by no change in the peak anodic and cathodic currents with increasing succinate concentration. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pectic substances-water. I. Structural changes in the polygalacturonide chains during water adsorption

An apparatus suitable for studying adsorption of water vapor both volumetrically and gravimetrically is described. Water vapor isotherms of highly esterified pectin, sodium pectate and pectic acid were determined. Equatorial and meridional spacings of the x-ray diffraction patterns were measured as a function of equilibrium water content in these materials. The interchain separations, as measured by the changes in the equatorial spacings of x-ray reflections, follow the shape of the adsorption isotherms. In esterified pectin and sodium pectate, the fiber repeat period increases until 5 molecules of water content per 3 galacturonide residues are adsorbed, thereafter remaining constant. The fiber period of pectic acid is constant throughout water adsorption.
On relations between geometries of microcontact clusters and their overall properties

Abstract Interaction between contacts in a cluster produces major effect on compliance of an interface between contacting surfaces and its thermal/electrical resistance. Several methods have been developed to account for this effect. Probably the easiest one [J.A. Greenwood, Constriction resistance and the real area of contact, Br. J. Appl. Phys. 17 (1966) 1621–1622] operates with Holm’s radius – microstructural parameter having the dimension of length. Being introduced in the context of electrical conductance, this parameter may be used in the compliance problem as well due to cross-property connection between the two properties. The present paper focuses on relating Holm’s radius to cluster geometry. Explicit formulas are derived and illustrated on several examples. The obtained results allow one to estimate the effect of interaction between individual contact spots directly from the cluster image.
Altruism in Survivors of Sexual Violence: The Typology of Helping Others

BACKGROUND: Sexual violence is a significant and prevalent problem that affects many people in the United States. Helping others is one way people cope with, or heal from, sexual violence. OBJECTIV...
Adsorption mechanism of guar gum at solid–liquid interfaces

Guar gum, a polysaccharide, is now widely used in many industrial areas such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, food and mineral industries. One important application is its use as a depressant for talceous gangue minerals in the flotation of nickel and platinum bearing ores. However, the mechanisms of gum adsorption on solids are not clearly established. In this work, adsorption of guar gum at the solid–liquid interfaces is investigated using spectroscopic and allied techniques. Guar gum adsorption on talc was found to be not affected significantly by changes in solution conditions such as pH and ionic strength, ruling out electrostatic force as the controlling factor. Electrokinetic studies showed that guar gum decreased the negative zeta potential of talc but did not reverse the charge. No desorption was observed, which suggests strong binding of this polymer on solid surfaces. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies conducted to investigate the role of hydrophobic bonding using pyrene and dansyl probes showed no evidence of the formation of hydrophobic domains at talc–aqueous interface. Urea, a hydrogen bond breaker, reduced the adsorption of guar on talc to the same extent as that for guar/alumina system, in which hydrogen bond plays an important role. All of the above results suggest that one of the main driving forces for guar adsorption on talc is hydrogen bonding rather than electrostatic or hydrophobic force.
Peroxisomal-microsomal communication in unsaturated fatty acid metabolism

The addition of 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC) to peroxisomes decreased the production of acid-soluble radioactivity formed by beta-oxidation of [1-(14)C]arachidonate due to substrate removal by esterification into the acceptor. This peroxisomal-associated acyl-CoA:1-acyl-GPC acyltransferase activity was due to microsomal contamination. The production of acid-soluble radioactivity from [1-(14)C]7,10,13,16-22:4, but not from [3-(14)C]7,10,13,16-22:4 was independent of 1-acyl-GPC, with and without microsomes. By comparing rates of peroxisomal beta-oxidation with those for microsomal acylation, it was shown that the preferred metabolic fate of arachidonate, when added directly to incubations, or generated via beta-oxidation, was esterification by microsomal 1-acyl-GPC acyltransferase, rather than continued peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
The occurrence of non-indigenous Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) in coastal Mississippi, USA: Ties to aquaculture and thermal effluent

We studied the distribution and abundance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus near two aquaculture facilities for two years in coastal wetlands in southeastern Mississippi, USA. In 280 collections, we represented 29 families, 65 taxa, and 86,415 fishes with a variety of gear types. Oreochromis niloticus ranked sixth in abundance overall and ranked second among those stations sampled in the Pascagoula River watershed and sixteenth among Coastal River stations. Water temperature downstream from the facility effluents was always warmer than ambient, and at the Pascagoula River facility, it never dropped below 15.1°C over the three years examined. Thus, normal environmental conditions, the presence of the downstream thermal refuge, and the generally low salinity of the bayous of our region all combine to provide a quality environment for continued survival of released fish. Furthermore, O. niloticus seem to spawn year-round, and fish as small as 79.9 mm TL were found to carry mature eggs, suggesting that, if they are born early in the season, they could reproduce during their first summer of life. Further spread of O. niloticus and introduction of new species are expected as aquaculture expands. The philosophy that allows the escape or release of non-indigenous taxa into our present landscape, justified by the belief that species will not survive or become established, is fallible.