cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Prior Experience and the Location on the Severity of Supply Chain Disruptions

This study examines relationships between the location of supply chain disruptions (SCDs) within the supply chain, a firm’s experience with SCDs, and the disruption severity. Using organizational learning theory, we propose that an organization’s prior experience with SCDs will reduce the negative influence of future disruptions. However, the location of disruption occurrence (internal to the firm vs. external to the firm) also plays a vital role in the severity of future disruptions. We consider two measures of SCD severity to quantify the extent of negative influence on firms: (1) the initial loss of return on assets (ROA) and (2) the total loss of ROA over time. We empirically evaluate the performance of 262 publicly traded U.S. firms that experienced an SCD. Our study shows that the influence of internal and external SCDs on firms can be different when firms do and do not have experience with similar events. More specifically, the results show that when firms have not experienced a similar event in the past, internal SCDs are associated with a higher disruption severity than are external SCDs. The results also show that prior experience significantly decreases the disruption severity suffered by firms after internal SCDs.
BAM, BOOM, BUST: ANALYSIS OF A RAILWAY'S PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

The author analyzes, from an international perspective, reasons behind the boom and bust history of the Baykal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railway. BAM, a pet project of Leonid Brezhnev, was viewed by the former Soviet leader as both a lasting legacy to his memory and a means for “quick profit.” Ultimately, the decision to construct the railroad and develop its hinterland reflected a gross misunderstanding of the long-range cyclical nature of resource markets. The likely future of BAM is assessed in light of the fact that BAM will not be a paying proposition until after the year 2000.
SU-E-T-639: Proton Dose Calculation for Irregular Motion Using a Sliding Interface

Purpose: While many techniques exist to evaluate dose to regularly moving lung targets, there are few available to calculate dose at tumor positions not present in the 4DCT. We have previously developed a method that extrapolates an existing dose to a new tumor location. In this abstract, we present a novel technique that accounts for relative anatomical shifts at the chest wall interface. We also utilize this procedure to simulate breathing motion functions on a cohort of eleven patients. Amplitudes exceeding the original range of motion were used to evaluate coverage using several aperture and smearing beam settings. Methods: The water-equivalent depth (WED) technique requires an initial dose and CT image at the corresponding tumor position. Each dose volume was converted from its Cartesian geometry into a beam-specific radiological depth space. The sliding chest wall interface was determined by converting the lung contour into this same space. Any dose proximal to the initial boundary of the warped lung contour was held fixed, while the remaining distal dose was moved in the direction of motion along the interface. Results: V95 coverage was computed for each patient using the updated algorithm. Incorporation of the sliding motion yielded large dose differences, with gamma pass rates as low as 69.7% (3mm, 3%) and V95 coverage differences up to 2.0%. Clinical coverage was maintained for most patients with 5 mm excess simulated breathing motion, and up to 10 mm of excess motion was tolerated for a subset of patients and beam settings. Conclusion: We have established a method to determine the maximum allowable excess breathing motion for a given plan on a patient-by-patient basis. By integrating a sliding chest wall interface into our dose calculation technique, we have analyzed the robustness of breathing patterns that differ during treatment from at the time of 4DCT acquisition.
The power of ageism on physical function of older persons: reversibility of age-related gait changes.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that age-associated changes in physical function, particularly walking performance, are influenced by ageism and that the activation of positive stereotypes of aging can partially reverse these changes. DESIGN: Randomized intervention study. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven community-dwelling men and women (63–82 years old) who walked independently and described themselves as healthy. INTERVENTION: Thirty-minute exposure to the subconscious reinforcement of either a positive or negative stereotype of aging while subjects played a computer game. MEASUREMENTS: Pre- and post intervention measures of gait speed and percent swing time (the time spent with one foot in the air during walking). Health and psychosocial status were also evaluated. RESULTS: Significant increases in walking speed (9% ± 2%; P < .001) and percent swing time (percent change: 1.1% ± 0.4%; P = .023) were observed in subjects who received reinforcement of positive stereotypes of aging. Gait speed and swing time did not change in those who received reinforcement of negative stereotypes of aging. The observed improvements in gait were related to the positive intervention, but were not related to age, gender, health status, or psychosocial status. CONCLUSIONS: Stereotypes of aging apparently have a powerful impact on the gait of older persons. Interventions designed to enhance perceptions of old age may prove beneficial in helping to improve gait and functional independence among older persons. In the future, positive changes in society's view of aging may also help to reduce and prevent age-related declines in function and the associated deleterious consequences. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:1346–1349, 1999.
FLUORESCENT TAUTOMERS AND THE APPARENT PHOTOPHYSICS OF ADENINE AND GUANINE

Abstract— Fluorescence, absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra, and quantum yields of 0.02 mM solutions of adenine, 7-methyladenine (7-MA), guanine and 7-melhylguanine (7-MG) are presented for excitation with240–300 nm light. The solvent is neutral ethylene glycol-water (70:30 v/v) in the temperature range140–165 K. Phosphorescence spectra of adenine and 7-MA at 140 K are also presented. The excitation spectrum of adenine shows vibrational structure, whereas the absorption does not. However, the fluorescence of adenine shows the vibrational structure, as do the absorption, fluorescence and excitation spectra of 7-MA. The results confirm (and reinforce) the notion that luminescence from adenine under these conditions is from the N7–H tautomer, instead of the more abundant N9–H form. In a similar fashion, the data from guanine and 7-MG strongly suggest that the luminescence from guanine is also mostly from the N7–H tautomer.
The decay of 44Pm and the energy levels of 144Nd

Abstract The γ-rays from 144 Pm have been studied with 6 cm 3 and 30 cm 3 Ge(Li) detectors in singles and in coincidence with a 7.6 cm × 7.6 cm NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. Nine γ-rays were observed. It is proposed that 144 Pm decay populates levels in 144 Nd at 2093 and 2203 keV in addition to the known levels at 696.6, 1314.4, 1510.2 and 1791.2 keV. The combined results now available on the even-parity states of 144 Nd from decay and reaction studies show limited agreement with the core-particle calculations of Heyde and Brussaard. The negative-parity states at ∽ 2.1 MeV may be members of a quintuplet formed by coupling an octupole phonon to a quadrupole phonon.
Graduate remedial training in computing for educators

For both practical and transcendent reasons, large numbers of school personnel should be trained in computing as soon as possible. Given the educational backgrounds of most such personnel, that training will have to be largely remedial from the computer scientist's point of view. At the same time, to be attractive to such personnel, the training has to carry a graduate label. This paper suggests what these practical and transcendent reasons are and briefly describes an example of the sort of training program needed.
Age-associated increase in aneuploidy and changes in gene expression in mouse eggs

An increase in the incidence of aneuploidy is well documented with increasing maternal age, in particular in human females. Remarkably, little is known regarding the underlying molecular basis for the age-associated increase in aneuploidy, which is a major source of decreased fertility in humans. Using mouse as a model system we find that eggs obtained from old mice (60–70 weeks of age) display a six-fold increase in the incidence of hyperploidy as assessed by chromosome spreads. Expression profiling of transcripts in oocytes and eggs obtained from young and old mice reveals that ~5% of the transcripts are differentially expressed in oocytes obtained from old females when compared to oocytes obtained from young females (6–12 weeks of age) and that this fraction increases to ~33% in eggs. The latter finding indicates that the normal pattern of degradation of maternal mRNAs that occurs during oocyte maturation is dramatically altered in eggs obtained from old mice and could therefore be a contributing source to the decline in fertility. Analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts also indicated that the strength of the spindle assembly checkpoint is weakened and that higher errors of microtubule-kinetochore interactions constitute part of molecular basis for the ageassociated increase in aneuploidy in females. Last, BRCA1 expression is reduced in oocytes obtained from old females and RNAi-mediated reduction of BRCA1 in oocytes obtained from young females results in perturbing spindle formation and chromosome congression following maturation.
Peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites in Nb 2 node lymphoma cells: effects on prolactin-stimulated proliferation and ornithine decarboxylase activity.

[3H]Ro 5-4864 binds to Nb 2 node lymphoma cells in a specific saturable and reversible fashion. Scatchard analysis of specific binding data reveals a single, homogeneous class of whole cell binding sites with a Kd of 3.94 ± 0.22 nM and a Bmax value of 155 ± 11 fmol (Ro 5-4864 bound)/2 × 106 cells. Ro 5-4864, a reported peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonist both inhibits (10−6 M) and potentiates (10−9 M the mitogenic action of prolactin on the Nb 2 node lymphoma cells. Interestingly, PK 11195, an antagonist, potentiates (10−9 M) the mitogenic activity of prolactin in these cells. The actions of both Ro 5-4864 and PK 11195 seem to be mediated through a common receptor type since a 10−6 M concentration of either agent will block the others potentiating action. Furthermore, the simultaneous addition of a 10−9 M concentration of Ro 5-4864 and PK 11195 does not further increase the effect on prolactin stimulated mitogenesis. Clonazepam, a central benzodiazepine receptor agonist has no effect on prolactin-stimulated mitogenesis in this system. These data suggest that the Nb 2 node lymphoma cells possess a peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor. In these cells, this receptor seems to serve the function of modulating the ability of the growth factor, prolactin to initiate the mitogenic process. These studies also suggest that Ro 5-4864 is functioning as a partial agonist rather than a ‘pure’ agonist for the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in this system.
Antiferromagnetic exchange in β-FeF3 · 3H2O

Abstract The temperature dependence of the electron spin resonance integrated intensity of powder samples of β-FeF3 · 3H2O was studied from 100 K to room temperature. The data indicate that the ferric ions are arranged in linear chains and coupled antiferromagnetically within the chains. The best fit to the data was obtained with a temperature-dependent exchange constant which had a magnitude around J/k ∼ −20 K. The linewidth increases when the temperature is lowered, indicating the existence of exchange narrowing.
Association of donor-specific blood transfusion enhancement of rat renal allografts with accelerated development of antiidiotypic antibodies and reduced alloantibody responses.

Pretransplant donor-specific blood transfusion (DSBT) has been shown to enhance renal allograft survival in man and indefinitely prolong renal transplants among various MHC-disparate rat strains. Using PVG (RT1c) recipients and ACI (RT1a) donor-strain rats, DSBT alone was found to elicit complement-dependent cytotoxic IgM antibody (Ab) to donor class I (RT1.Aa) alloantigens that peaked at 7 days. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure host Ab against allospecific (idiotypic) determinants on the anti-RT1.Aa monoclonal Ab R2/10P, R2/15S, and YR1/100. Following DSBT alone, antiidiotypic Ab were detected in the circulation within 7-11 days after transfusion. Transplantation of a donor strain kidney in the presence of antiidiotypic Ab at day 7 or 11 post-DSBT resulted in enhanced graft survival and a rapid decline in circulating alloantibody, such that by days 4-6 posttransplantation little IgM or IgG alloantibody was detected. In contrast, all 6 PVG rats that were transplanted 4 days after DSBT (prior to development of detectable antiidiotypic Ab) rejected their grafts within 30 days, and 4 of 6 showed elevated alloantibody titers within 3 days posttransplantation. Control PVG rats receiving autologous blood transfusion (ABT) alone developed no alloantibody response but developed high titers of donor-specific alloantibody by 6 days posttransplantation, at the time of irreversible rejection. ABT alone did not elicit antiidiotypic Ab and ABT pretreated graft recipients developed antiidiotypic Ab only after the onset of rejection at day 4. In both DSBT and ABT groups, the antiidiotypic Ab were primarily IgM, IgG1, and IgG2c. These findings indicate that DSBT induces production of cytotoxic alloantibodies followed by an antiidiotypic Ab response at days 7-11, during which time transplanted renal allografts are not rejected and there is a reduction in circulating alloantibody. In contrast, renal allografts placed in DSBT-treated rats prior to antiidiotypic Ab development (less than or equal to 4 days) or in ABT-treated rats that do not develop any antiidiotypic Ab, elicit a rapid rise in alloantibody and are rejected.
Finite Element Modeling of the July 12, 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Tsunami

A fault plane model and a finite element hydrodynamic model are applied to the simulation of the Hokkaido Nansei-Oki tsunami of July 12, 1993. The joint performance of the models is assessed based on the overall ability to reproduce observed tsunami waveforms and to preserve mass and energy during tsunami propagation. While a number of observed characteristics of the waveforms are satisfactorily reproduced (in particular, amplitudes and arrival times at tidal gauges relatively close to the source, and general patterns of energy concentration), others are only marginally so (notably, wave periods at the same gauges, and wave heights along Okushiri); differences between observations and simulations are traceable to both the fault plane and the hydrodynamic models. Nonnegligible losses of energy occur throughout the simulated tsunami propagation. These losses seem to be due to a combination of factors, including numerical damping and possible deficiencies of the shallow water equations in preserving energy.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of severe venoocclusive disease following bone marrow transplantation

Hepatic venoocclusive disease (VOD) is a common, life-threatening complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Portal hypertension is usually present and accounts for many of the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. We describe the results of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for the management of VOD after BMT TIPS was performed in six patients with histologically confirmed VOD who had progressive jaundice and ascites. Portal hypertension was improved by TIPS in all patients (mean portal pressure gradient before TIPS, 20.2 +/- 4.6 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.9 mm Hg post-TIPS, P < .004). Three patients who underwent TIPS late in the course of VOD did not demonstrate any clinical improvement after TIPS and expired within 2 weeks of the procedure. The remaining three patients had less advanced disease and demonstrated decreases in serum bilirubin, improvement in coagulopathy, and decreased ascites after TIPS. Two patients subsequently expired, one with persistent histological changes of VOD. The lone survivor continues to do well with resolution of ascites, jaundice, and coagulopathy as of her last outpatient visit. TIPS was an effective method for portal decompression in patients with VOD after BMT, and was associated with clinical improvement in some patients. However, these effects may be transient and may not improve overall survival.
Use of the surface EMG signal for performance evaluation of back muscles

For well over a decade my associates and I have been developing an objective, noninvasive technique to evaluate the performance of low-back muscles, with emphasis on being able to distinguish between healthy and dysfunctioned backs. Our approach is based on the well-known fact that the EMG signal undergoes a compression in the frequency domain during a sustained muscle contraction. In particular we track the median frequency of EMG signals detected from six muscles in the lower back during an isometric extension of the trunk. The measurements are taken with the Back Analysis System which consists of a postural restraining device, special electrodes for detecting the EMG signals, a muscle fatigue monitor which calculates the median frequencies, and the appropriate software. We have found that the pattern of fatigue exhibited by the six median frequency curves can be used to distinguish individuals who have low-back pain from those who do not with an accuracy of at least 84%. An even more relevant and timely application of our technique is for quantifying the progression of the performance of low-back muscles during a rehabilitation program. Although more work is required to explore the intricacies of the technique, present results provide a convincing indication that it is reliable and that it is ready to be placed into practice.
Eating, Then and Now:

Sociologist Tracy E. Ore explores how transformations in American social practices of work and life changed and were changed by what and how people ate at the turn of the century, and how these trends continue today. She reviews Buying into Fari Trade and Repast.
Deafferentation‐induced alterations in the rat dorsal horn: I. Comparison of peripheral nerve injury vs. rhizotomy effects on presynaptic, postsynaptic, and Glial processes

Light microscopical degeneration and ultrastructural alterations in the rat spinal dorsal horn were studied following either cutting of the sciatic nerve or rhizotomy at L4 and L5; survival time for both procedures was 3 weeks. Fink-Heimer silver methods showed minimal degeneration of afferent central processes after sciatic section, and limited ultrastructural changes were present. Both rhizotomy and nerve section resulted in degenerating terminals. Most were swollen and electron lucent, with loss of vesicles; some electron-dense terminals were present, particularly after rhizotomy. Both procedures also produced significant degeneration of postsynaptic dendrites and soma, evidenced by either increases in electron density, or loss of organelles and cavitation, or accumulation of osmiophilic floccular material. Glial processes frequently were expanded and extended to engulf single degenerating terminals and dendrites, or terminal-dendrite units; in other cases glial tongues separated terminals from their postsynaptic dendrite. Glial processes often wrapped around degenerating profiles or groups of profiles in several layers, sometimes forming complex labyrinths. These results confirm past descriptions of pre- and postsynaptic changes resulting from peripheral nerve section, but newly reveal that dendritic destruction and increased glial activity are also significant following rhizotomy. Documentation of these changes is relevant for studies of reorganization following nerve and spinal cord damage, as well as providing an ultrastructural basis for evaluation of effects of neurotoxins that affect primary afferents, as described in a companion paper.
Estimates and scaled judgements of subjective probabilities

Abstract Subjects made paired comparison judgements about the relative probabilities of pairs of nine hypothetical probabilities statements. Afterwards, the same subjects made subjective probability estimates for the statements. Then the estimates were used to generate pseudo paired comparison judgements, i.e., what the subjects would have said if their estimated subjective probabilities actually determined their paired comparison judgements. Subjective probability scales were derived from both kinds of data using Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgement. Both derived scales closely corresponded to the estimates and to each other. It was concluded that both the paired comparison judgements and the estimates reflected subjects' underlying subjective probabilities for the statements but that estimates are a more efficient measure than are judgements.
Methodological issues in genetic studies of human substance abuse.

This paper described a number of critical assumptions and methodological issues that influence the interpretation of data from family, twin and adoption studies of substance abuse. Also, using data from a recent study, it examined the tole of one methodological issue (method of zygosity determination) and one critical assumption (representativeness of twins as research subjects) to determine the validity of data in twin studies of substance abuse. The accuracy of the questionnaire methods for zygosity determination in alcoholic twins was similar to that previously reported for nonalcoholic twins. Also, alcoholic twins were found to be representative of both nonalcoholic twins and alcoholics in general.
In Vivo Molecular Imaging to Diagnose and Subtype Tumors through Receptor-Targeted Optically Labeled Monoclonal Antibodies

Molecular imaging of cell surface receptors can potentially diagnose tumors based on their distinct expression profiles. Using multifilter spectrally resolved optical imaging with three fluorescently labeled antibodies, we simultaneously imaged three different cell surface receptors to distinguish tumor types noninvasively. We selected tumors overexpressing different subtypes of EGFR receptor: HER-1 (A431) and HER-2 (NIH3T3/HER2(+)), or interleukin-2 receptor alpha-subunit receptor (IL-2Ralpha; SP2/Tac). After tumor establishment, a cocktail of three fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies was injected: cetuximab-Cy5 (targetingHER-1), trastuzumab-Cy7(HER-2),anddaclizumab-AlexaFluor-700 (IL-2Ra). Optical fluorescence imaging was performed after 24 hours with both a red filter set and three successive filter sets (yellow, red, and deep red). Spectrally resolved imaging of 10 mice clearly distinguished A431, NIH3T3/HER2(+), and SP2-Tac tumors based on their distinct optical spectra. Three-filter sets significantly increased the signal-to-background ratio compared to a single-filter set by reducing the background signal, thus significantly improving the differentiation of each of the receptors targeted (P < .022). In conclusion, following multifilter spectrally resolved imaging, different tumor types can be simultaneously distinguished and diagnosed in vivo. Multiple filter sets increase the signal-to-noise ratio by substantially reducing the background signal, and may allow more optical dyes to be resolved within the narrow limits of the near-infrared spectrum.
A Modified Model of Power in the Marketing Channel

A modified model for examining power and its sources in marketing channels is developed and tested. The results of testing this model indicate that its predictive ability is no better than that of ...
Effect of extracellular volume expansion on renal cortical and medullary Na + -K + -ATPase.

The role of renal Na+−K+-ATPase in the acute changes in sodium reabsorption caused by isotonic volume expansion was evaluatedin vivo andin vitro in the rat and the dog. Duringin vivo volume expansion with isotonic saline in the rat, renal medullary Na+−K+-ATPase specific activity increased, while the simultaneously determined cortical Na+−K+-ATPase specific activity and kinetics remained unchanged. Furthermore, experimentsin vitro failed to demonstrate a circulating inhibitor of renal Na+−K+-ATPase both in plasma dialysates from volume-expanded rats and in plasma dialysates concentrated 20-fold by ultrafiltration from volume-expanded dogs. These results suggest that the decreased proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium during volume expansion is not mediated by inhibition of renal cortical Na+−K+-ATPase. The acute increment in medullary Na+−K+-ATPase observed could represent an adaptive response to increased sodium reabsorption by the loops of Henle, and raises the possibility that this enzyme may participate in relatively rapid adjustments in the transport of sodium by the renal tubule.
Prestack Plane-wave Kirchhoff Depth Migration Using a Cluster of Workstations

We describe here a method of prestack migration that is based on a Kirchhoff Helmholtz formulation for the propagation of the wavefield. Both the source and receiver wave fields can be expanded in terms of plane waves and their interaction to a material discontinuity can be expressed by a surface integral over the discontinuity. A similar formulation can also be used to propagate the wavefield from the recording surface to the subsurface where they originated. We use plane wave transformed data and geometrical ray theory to model the source wavefield and propagate the receiver plane waves to the subsurface using an appropriate phase shift. The source travel time and the receiver plane wave travel time are computed at each grid point in the subsurface using finite difference approximation of the Eikonal equation. Thus the method is valid for a general inhomogeneous medium, but we restricted our travel time calculations to first arrivals only. The support of the plane wave is arbitrary and thus a constant plane wave gather can be migrated rapidly. Since each plane wave section can be migrated independently, the method is ideal for implementation on parallel computer architectures. We illustrate the method with several numerical examples and note that the method has the potential of being used effectively as a migration velocity analysis tool. Several constant ray parameters migrated images can be compared to estimate subsurface velocity structure in a laterally varying medium.
Comparing membership interest group networks across space and time, size, issue and industry

We compare and contrast the network formation of interest groups across industry and issue area. We focus on membership interest groups, which by virtue of representing the interests of voluntary members face particular organizational and maintenance constraints. To reveal their cooperative behavior we build a network dataset based on cosigner status to United States Supreme Court amicus curiae briefs and analyze it with exponential random graph models and multidimensional scaling. Our methodological approach culminates in a clear and compact spatial representation of network similarities and differences. We find that while many of the same factors shape membership networks, religious, labor, and political organizations do not share the same structure as each other or as the business, civic and professional groups.
Osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the hand: Arthroplasty or fusion?

Forty-three procedures on the proximal interphalangeal joint in 24 patients are retrospectively reviewed. A diagnosis of erosive osteoarthritis accounted for 83% of the joints that had operation. Flexible silicone interposition, cemented Biomeric arthroplasty, or arthrodesis were done based on the individual functional needs of each patient and involved digit. All cemented Biomeric devices, preferentially implanted in the radial digits for optimal lateral stability, failed through the elastomer hinge at an average of 2.25 years after operation. Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the radial digits provided greatest improvement in lateral pinch strength. Flexible silicone interposition arthroplasty in the ulnar digits provided an average flexion arc of 56 degrees with satisfactory pain relief. Although none required revision, radiographically evident bone resorption adjacent to the silicone implant was progressive over time; 35% of implants followed-up longer than 2 years demonstrated periarticular erosion and 20% followed-up beyond 4 years had extensive endosteal resorption along the intramedullary prosthetic stems. Surgical treatment of the osteoarthritic proximal interphalangeal joint remains an unsolved problem.
High-affinity Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in kidney of euryhaline Gillichthys mirabilis: kinetics, subcellular distribution and effects of salinity

l. Two components of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase are observed in kidneys of G. mirabilis. The high-affinity component has a K0.sc a of 0.23#M; the low-affinity activity K0.sc a is 90-110#M. The high-affinity activity requires Mg 2+, displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics, has peak activity at 1.2 #M Ca 2+ , and is insensitive to ouabain and Na + azide. 2. In subcellular fractions, the high-affinity component segregates with Na+-K+-ATPase and is localized predominantly in BLM. The low-affinity component is broadly distributed among membranous organelles, including brush border, and may be equivalent to alkaline phosphatase. 3. Specific activity of the high-affinity Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase is modestly increased following adaptation of fish to FW, but total renal high-affinity activity is greatest in the hypertrophied kidneys of FW-adapted fish and is least in kidneys of fish adapted to 200% SW. 4. High-affinity Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase may be associated with active Ca 2+ transport or with regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration of tubular cells.
Filtering without Phase Shift

The influences of phase shifts are extremely important in the determination of filtered waveforms and therefore in the interpretation of many biosignals. Low frequency shifts from high pass filtering, for example, are significant because large time displacements result from small phase deviations in the vicinity of the corner frequency. If a filter with a symmetric time response is employed, no phase shift will ensue. The time symmetry in this example is achieved with a tape recorder, first recording a high pass filtered signal and then playing back with time reversal to a second recorder through the high pass filter again. Real time processing is not achievable.
Deploying Parasite Profilin on a Mission of Invasion and Danger

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is important in inducing Th1 responses during infection with microbial pathogens such as the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Plattner and colleagues describe an engineered Toxoplasma strain that lacks profilin, an actin-binding molecule previously implicated in Toll-like receptor-11-dependent IL-12 induction and now shown to be important in parasite motility and host cell invasion.
THE EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS : I. INFLUENCE OF HIGH-FREQUENCY X-RAY RADIATION UPON THE DURATION OF THE PREPUPAL PERIOD OF DROSOPHILAE.

The effect of high-frequency x-ray irradiation in prolongation of the larval stage of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied further, and evidence presented of the attainment of a maximum effect followed by a decrease to an almost level plateau in the course curve of average (median) prepupal period (phi) as a function of the period of irradiation (t) under otherwise fixed conditions. The variation of effects of the experimental treatment with age of the larvae at the time of irradiation has been demonstrated in both control and irradiated lots, and a strikingly decreased effect observed when ventilation was not supplied as usual. Means of employment of a living system of this type as an indicator of effectiveness of radiation as in phantom depth or other distributional experiments have been presented and their use illustrated.
Effects of random external background stimulation on network synaptic stability after tetanization: a modeling study.

We constructed a simulated spiking neural network model to investigate the effects of random background stimulation on the dynamics of network activity patterns and tetanus induced network plasticity. The simulated model was a “leaky integrate-and-fire” (LIF) neural model with spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and frequency-dependent synaptic depression. Spontaneous and evoked activity patterns were compared with those of living neuronal networks cultured on multielectrode arrays. To help visualize activity patterns and plasticity in our simulated model, we introduced new population measures called Center of Activity (CA) and Center of Weights (CW) to describe the spatio-temporal dynamics of network-wide firing activity and network-wide synaptic strength, respectively. Without random background stimulation, the network synaptic weights were unstable and often drifted after tetanization. In contrast, with random background stimulation, the network synaptic weights remained close to their values immediately after tetanization. The simulation suggests that the effects of tetanization on network synaptic weights were difficult to control because of ongoing synchronized spontaneous bursts of action potentials, or “barrages.” Random background stimulation helped maintain network synaptic stability after tetanization by reducing the number and thus the influence of spontaneous barrages. We used our simulated network to model the interaction between ongoing neural activity, external stimulation and plasticity, and to guide our choice of sensory-motor mappings for adaptive behavior in hybrid neural-robotic systems or “hybrots.”
Computer-aided Detection of Endobronchial Valves Using Volumetric CT

Rationale and Objectives The ability to automatically detect and monitor implanted devices may serve an important role in patient care by aiding the evaluation of device and treatment efficacy. The purpose of this research was to develop a system for the automated detection of one-way endobronchial valves that were implanted for less invasive lung volume reduction. Materials and Methods Volumetric thin-section computed tomographic data was obtained for 194 subjects; 95 subjects implanted with 246 devices were used for system development and 99 subjects implanted with 354 devices were reserved for testing. The detection process consisted of preprocessing, pattern recognition based detection, and a final device selection. Following the preprocessing, a set of classifiers was trained using AdaBoost to discriminate true devices from false positives. The classifiers in the cascade used two simple features (either the mean or maximum attenuation) of a local region computed at multiple fixed landmarks relative to a template model of the valve. Results Free-response receiver-operating characteristic analysis was performed for the evaluation; the system could be set so the mean sensitivity was 96.5% with a mean of 0.18 false positives per subject. If knowledge of the number of implanted devices were incorporated, the sensitivity would be 96.9% with a mean of 0.061 false positives per subject; this corresponds to a total of 12 false negatives and six false positives for the 99 subjects in the test dataset. Conclusion Software was developed for automated detection of endobronchial valves on volumetric computed tomography. The proposed device modeling and detection techniques may be applicable to other devices as well as useful for evaluation of treatment response.
A NEW SPECIES OF PAINTED SNIPE (CHARADRIIFORMES: ROSTRATULIDAE) FROM THE EARLY PLIOCENE AT LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTHWESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

Summary Olson, Storrs L., & Eller, K. G. 1989. A new species of painted snipe (Charadriiformes: Rostratulidae) from the Early Pliocene at Langebaanweg, Southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Ostrich 60: 118–121. A new species of Rostratula, intermediate in size between the two living species, is described from deposits of the early Pliocene Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg, Cape Province, South Africa. This constitutes the first valid fossil record for the family Rostratulidae. The fossil species may represent an extinct endemic African lineage. Its presence at Langebaanweg indicates at least temporary presence of freshwater marshes or swamp.
Nonagricultural micro-enterprise development among the Pennsylvania Amish: A new phenomenon

Abstract The economic character of Amish communities shows signs of considerable change. Amish traditionally have depended on farming, and until recently, nonagricultural work was cause for excommunication from the church. The traditional farming base, however, is increasingly unable to provide the jobs and income necessary for the growing population. In response, there has been a rapid growth in nonagricultural micro-enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of this phenomenon in the Lancaster Settlement in Pennsylvania, the largest Amish settlement in Pennsylvania, and the earliest and still second largest in North America. The paper analyzes the characteristics of the Amish entrepreneurs, their businesses and markets, with comparisons with the standard entrepreneurial literature. The Amish entrepreneurs are found to be quite similar in many ways to entrepreneurs in general, but differ considerably in other aspects. Also, they often differ from popular perception, especially the newer Amish entrepreneurs. Results indicate that the newer Amish entrepreneurs are more dynamic and outward looking than the previous generation; perhaps more in the mold of nonAmish entrepreneurs. The success of the Amish entrepreneurs holds potential lessons for general rural business development strategies.
Polycarboxyhydrazides with ferrocenylene groups in the main chain

Polycarboxyhydrazides essentially of the type are synthesized by low-temperature solution condensation of 1,1′-di(chlorocarbonyl) ferrocene with hydrazine or 1, 1′-ferrocenedicarboxyhydrazide and hexamethylphosphoramide as solvent. In an analogous manner the polycondensation of 1, 1′-di(chlorocarbonyl)ferrocene with oxalyldihydrazide leads to polyhydrazides essentially possessing the structure . Both polymer types exhibit inherent viscosities (0.08–0.19 dl./g.) considerably lower than reported for analogous aliphatic or benzene-aromatic polyhydrazides. This behavior points to premature chain termination via heterobridging imide groups as a result of the welldocumented tendency of appropriately substituted ferrocene compounds to undergo intramolecular cyclization. In addition, elemental analytical and spectroscopic evidence, coupled with the failure of both polymer types to undergo cyclodehydration to the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole polymers upon heat treatment, suggests some structural irregularities in the aliphatic connecting segments arising from ferrocenoylation of secondary amino groups with resultant branching. With the polyhydrazide prepared from 1, 1′-di(chlorocarbonyl)ferrocene and 1, 1′-ferrocenedicarboxyhydrazide it is shown spectroscopically that treatment with alkali results in conversation of the nonconjugated hydrazide structure of the connecting segments into the polyconjugated tautomeric enol form comprising azine groups.
Sensitivity enhanced recoupling experiments in solid-state NMR by γ preparation

In this paper, we introduce a class of dipolar recoupling experiments under magic angle spinning (MAS), which use gamma dependent antiphase polarization during the t1 evolution period. We show that this helps us to design dipolar recoupling experiments that transfer both components of the transverse magnetization of spin S to a coupled spin I in the mixing step of a 2D NMR experiment. We show that it is possible to design such transfer schemes and make them insensitive to the orientation dependency of the couplings in powders. This helps us to develop sensitivity enhanced 2D NMR experiments of powder samples under MAS.
Frameless Stereotactic Navigation in Transsphenoidal Surgery: Comparison with Fluoroscopy

Surgical navigation systems (frameless stereotaxy) have been used in addition to or instead of fluoroscopy during transsphenoidal surgery. This study compares the intraoperative localization by an opt
Infantile Hemangioma: Challenges, New Insights, and Therapeutic Promise

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common tumors of infancy. They follow a predictable clinical course, beginning in the first 2 weeks of life with a proliferative phase, dominated by rapidly proliferating endothelial cells, lasting for up to a year. Over the next 7 to 10 years (involuting phase), proliferation is reduced, apoptosis increases, and growth of the lesions slows down and finally stops. The regressed lesion may leave behind flabby fatty tissue in place of an often disfiguring lesion, but many involuted lesions will leave the patient without the need for any corrective surgery. About 20% of hemangiomas are extremely disfiguring and destructive to normal tissue and may even be life threatening. In the last several years, much has been learned about molecular features of hemangioma and hemangioma-derived endothelial cells cultured in vitro, but the specific etiology remains unclear. The abundance of molecular clues from educated guesswork, histology, molecular screening studies, and immunohistochemistry with antibodies against specific proteins have prompted much speculation about the biochemical defect underlying hemangiogenesis, and many pathogenetic mechanisms have been proposed. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about hemangioma, highlighting the proposed mechanisms that are best supported by the available data and the implications for therapeutic advances.
Variable evolutionary stability of Y chromosomal repeated sequences in the genus Mus.

The study reported here is an examination of the organization and evolution of three Y chromosomal repeated sequences, designated pBC10–0.6, pBC15–1.1, and pBA33–1.8, in five closely related species of the genus Mus . The species distributions of major restriction fragment length polymorphisms produced with a panel of restriction enzymes is used to develop the phylogenetic relationships between the five species studied. However, the apparent degree of relatedness among these species varied a great deal with each of the three probes and was also highly dependent on the particular restriction enzyme used. The usefulness for phylogenetic studies of closely associated sequences varying in evolutionary stability is discussed.
Age differences and schema effects in memory for crime information.

Background/Study Context: This study investigated age-related differences in memory for crime information. Older adults have been found to rely more than young adults on schema- and stereotype-based processing in memory, and such age differences may have implications in the criminal justice system. Some prior research has examined schema-based processing among older adults in legal settings, but no studies have tested for schema effects on older adults' memory for specific details of a crime. Methods: Older adults (N = 56, ages 65–93) and young adults (N = 52, ages 18–22) read a passage about a criminal suspect's “bad” or “good” childhood, and then read a crime report containing incriminating, exonerating, and neutral details with regard to the suspect. Participants were subsequently tested on recognition of accurate versus altered details from the crime report. Participants also rated the suspect“s guilt, and completed a battery of neuropsychological tests. Correct and false recognition rates were analyz...
Nitrogen Abundances in Chondritic Meteorites

Carrier-gas fusion extractions of total nitrogen in 22 chondritic meteorites indicate a wide variation in total nitrogen contents, ranging from 660 parts per million for an enstatite chondrite to 18 parts per million for an ordinary chondrite. Total nitrogen and total carbon contents of individual chondrites do not show a positive correlation.
On asymptotic behavior of oscillatory solutions of operator differential equations perturbed by a fast Markov process

We study the asymptotic behavior of the distributions of the solution of the differential equation of the form du e (t)/dt=A(y(t/e))u e (t), u e (0)=u 0 in a separable Hilbert space H where y(t) is an ergodic homogeneous Markov process in a measurable space (Y,C) satisfying some mixing conditions and {A(y), y ∈ Y} is a family of commuting closed linear operators with the same dense domain. Using the spectral representation of the solution we construct an H-valued process u e (t) which is expressed in terms of the solution of the averaged equation du(t)/dt= Au(t), u(0)u 0 where A = ∫A(y)ρ(dy) and ρ is the ergodic distribution of Y(t), and some Gaussian random fields with independent increments. We show that the distributions of u e (t/e) and u e (t) asymptotically coincide.
Scaling at the Selective Withdrawal Transition through a Tube Suspended above the Fluid Surface

In the selective withdrawal experiment fluid is withdrawn through a tube with its tip suspended a distance S above an unperturbed two-fluid interface. At low withdrawal rates, Q, the interface forms a steady state hump and only the upper fluid is withdrawn. When Q is increased (or S decreased), the interface undergoes a transition so that the lower fluid is entrained with the upper one, forming a thin steady-state spout. Near this discontinuous transition the hump curvature becomes very large and displays power-law scaling behavior. This scaling is used to show that steady-state profiles for humps at different flow rates and tube heights can all be scaled onto a single similarity profile.
Social Comparison Framing in Health News and Its Effect on Perceptions of Group Risk

News about health disparities often compares health risks faced by different demographic groups. Does this social comparison produce a contrast effect? It was hypothesized that when two racial groups are compared, people would perceive the relatively more at-risk group to be more, and the less at-risk group to be less, at-risk than if the same risk information was presented without the comparative reference group. Three experiments with Black and White respondents tested effects of intergroup social comparison framing (SCF) on perceptions of risk for sexually transmitted infections and skin cancer. SCF (including one White and two Black disparity frames) did not raise respondents’ perceived risk regarding the more at-risk racial group, but consistently lowered respondents’ risk ratings for the less at-risk racial group. The finding that the same statistic was perceived differently in comparative and noncomparative contexts underscores the importance of considering effects of communication about disparities.
ESR spectra of V4+ ions in the semiconductor V3O7

Abstract ESR studies on the semiconductor V3O7 reveal the existence of intrinsic paramagnetic V4+ ions. Computer simulations of spectra suggest that the unpaired electron wavefunction extends over ca. 12–14 lattice sites. This partial delocalization of the wavefunction is assumed to arise from minor crystallographic distortions at low temperatures.