cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of different castration methods on growth performance and behavior responses of postpubertal beef bulls

Fifty mixed-breed, 790 lb (359 kg) preconditioned bulls were utilized to examine the effect of different castration methods on animal performance and behavior response. Cattle were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of five treatments: non-castrated control (CNT); castrated using high-tension rubber bands (BND); castrated using high-tension rubber bands with lidocaine local anesthesia (BNDL); castrated surgically (SURG); and castrated surgically with lidocaine local anesthesia (SURGL). Cattle were fed individually for 28 days post-castration. Castrated cattle tended to have lower dry matter intake (DMI) than CNT cattle throughout the study (P=0.12). BND/BNDL cattle had higher DMI than SURG/SURGL cattle during the first week post-castration (P=0.04), however, SURG/SURGL cattle had higher DMI than BND/BNDL cattle during the last week of the study (P=0.05). Castrated cattle had lower average daily gain (ADG; P<0.01) and gain efficiency (GE; P<0.01) than CNT cattle. SURG/SURGL cattle had more favorable ADG (P<0.01) and GE (P<0.01) than BND/BNDL cattle during the study. There were minimal to no behavioral differences observed post-castration between treatment groups. Use of local lidocaine anesthesia had no effect on performance, post-castration behavior or vocalization during castration, regardless of castration method utilized. A positive correlation was found between scrotal circumference and vocalization (P=0.05); however, the correlation between body weight and vocalization was not significant.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in liver transplant recipients: a case series.

Background Malignancy is one of the known leading causes of death among long-term liver transplantation (LT) survivors. Pancreatic cancer has an incidence of 7.6/100,000 in North America and constitutes a diagnostic challenge post-LT. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective review of the electronic health records (EHRs) of LT recipients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (1990-2019). The prevalence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in our institutional non-LT population was assessed using an institutional de-identified database (Synthetic Derivative). Results Six out of 2,232 (0.27%) LT recipients were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Median age at diagnosis was 66.0 years (IQR, 57.8-71.8 years). Median time from LT to pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosis was 8.9 years (IQR, 4.7-16.2 years), the median size on imaging was 3.2 cm (IQR, 3.1-4.7 cm), and all tumors were located on the head of the pancreas. Three patients underwent surgical resection (one with adjuvant chemotherapy), two underwent palliative care, and one palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine and abraxane. Over a median follow-up of 220.5 days (IQR, 144.8-399.5 days), all six patients died due to disease progression (100%). Pancreatic adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 5,033 out of 2,484,772 (0.20%) individuals in the Synthetic Derivative. Conclusions Our findings identified an increased incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma following LT compared to the general population.
Management of complete vagino-uterine septum in patients seeking fertility: Report of two cases and review of literature

Abstract Septate uterus is the most common congenital uterine anomaly encountered clinically. It is associated with infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes including miscarriages and preterm births. Over the past few decades, the diagnosis and surgical management of uterine septum has changed significantly. Here, we present two women with complete vagino-uterine septum presenting with infertility. The diagnoses of septate uterus were made through three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, and they were treated with thin-gauge bipolar electrocautery (VERSAPOINT) through hysteroscopy. A literature review of the approach to managing complete vagino-uterine septum suggests the use of combinatorial imaging modalities such as hysterosalpingography, three-dimensional ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging to accurately define the anatomy. Furthermore, compared with open surgery, treatment through hysteroscopic approaches are associated with shorter operating times and good fertility outcomes. With the use of concomitant laparoscopic and ultrasound monitoring, the incidence of uterine perforation and visceral injury may be reduced. However, referral to a center with such expertise is essential.
Co-interference between military radars and 802.11a WLAN networks

The 802.11a wireless local area network standard allocates the frequency ranges of 5150 to 5350 and 5470 to 5725 MHz for wireless communication between the computer and components such as LAN hubs, printers and cameras. Unfortunately these frequencies overlap the C band military radar frequency range of 5250 to 5925 MHz. This can lead to degraded performance in the WLAN network and also possibly interfere with the radar's ability to detect weak echoes. It is shown in this paper how the WLAN network can be accurately modeled and simulated. Its simulated performance is then compared with measured results to verify the accuracy of the simulation model. Once this is done the radar signal can be applied to the WLAN network either by simulated signal sources, measured signal data or a combination of these. The effects on the WLAN performance can be quickly evaluated for a large number of conditions such as frequency, power level, hopping parameters, etc. In addition, radiated RF signals from the WLAN network can be measured. This collected signal data can be used by the military to see what effect it may have on radar operation.
Thrombosis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Neonates have the highest risk for pathologic thrombosis among pediatric patients. A combination of genetic and acquired risk factors significantly contributes to this risk, with the most important risk factor being the use of central venous catheters. Proper imaging is critical for confirming the diagnosis. Despite a significant number of these events being life- and limb-threatening, there is limited evidence on what the appropriate management strategy should be. Evaluation and treatment of any neonate with a clinically significant thrombosis should occur at a tertiary referral center that has proper support.
Antiferromagnetic-spin-flop critical field in MnxZn1-xF2

The antiferromagnetic resonance in MnxZn1-xF2, measured recently by Wiltshire (1977), gives information about the antiferromagnetic-spin-flop critical field Hc(x). The authors calculate Hc(x) on the basis of known exchange and anisotropy parameters of the MnF2 system. The concentration dependence of the anisotropy is determined through a separation between short-range and long-range parts of the dipolar forces while the Mn-Mn exchange interactions are assumed to be unaffected by the zinc dilution. The theoretical treatment is based on an extension of the Izyumov type of perturbation theory (1966) to non-magnetic impurity problems. Coherent potential approximation (CPA) analyses are also carried out. Results are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
YOU CAN'T GET THERE FROM HERE: SHALLOW WATER SOUND PROPAGATION AND WHALE LOCALIZATION

Sound propagation in summer conditions in the Bay of Fundy is modelled here for the case of a shallow source (a whale at 10 m depth) communicating with a bottomed receiver (an ocean bottom hydrophone at 163.1 m depth). It is shown that the signal strength along the direct path at long ranges (5-8 km) is extremely weak, for three reasons: (1) destructive interference of the shallow source and its image in the sea surface, (2) destructive interference between paths arriving at the bottom and their bottom-reflected counterparts, and (3) upward refraction by the positive sound speed gradient at the seabed. The first significant signals arriving at long ranges are paths that reflect from the surface and the bottom several times, the number of times increasing with range. Consequently, localization algorithms based on the assumption of direct straight-line paths are prone to bias and error. It is suggested that a simple straight-line, average-speed model could be made to work if the algorithm were to admit the hypothesis that the paths could be reflected paths, which could be accommodated simply by using the method of images.
HIGH SPEED THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIAGNOSTICS IN COMBUSTION

Recent research in turbulent combustion has shown the important role played by coherent structures in the onset of complete reactants mixing. An understanding of their three dimensional, time-histories would be an essential step into better combustor design and the study of turbulence fundamentals. A new diagnostics technique – optical tomography – is described, with its capability for high speed, three-dimensional resolution of temperature and concentrations.
Data Organization and Retrieval on Parallel Air Channels

Broadcasting has been suggested as an effective mechanism to make public data available to the users while overcoming the technological limitations of the mobile access devices and wireless communication. In broadcasting, however, attempt should be made to reduce access latency at the mobile unit. Broadcasting over parallel channels and application of indices can be used to address these issues. This discusses how to order access to the data objects on parallel channels in order to improve access latencies. Several schemes have been proposed, simulated, and analyzed.
The Daneri-Loinger-Prosperi quantum theory of measurement

The Daneri-Loinger-Prosperi theory may be regarded as a completion of the programme of Ludwig and Jordan, which is an attempt to prove that quantum mechanics can «stand on its own feet»,i.e. that the measurement problem disappears with the development of a quantum ergodic theory of macrosystems (which in principle replaces classical mechanics as the fundamental theory of the macrolevel). It is argued that the D-L-P theory can not resolve the measurement problem independently of the Copenhagen interpretation. Since the Copenhagen interpretation is presented as a complete solution to the measurement problem in the first place, the quantum theory of macrosystems is irrelevant to this problem.
Exchange rates forecasting using nonparametric methods

The existence of non-linear deterministic structures in the dynamics of exchange rates has already been amply demonstrated in the literature. With my research, I try to explain if we can exploit these non-linear structures in order to improve our predictive ability and, secondly, if we can use these predictions to generate profitable strategies in the Foreign Exchange Market. To this purpose, I employ different nonparametric forecasting methods such as Nearest Neighbors, Genetic Programming, Artificial Neural Networks, Data-Fusion or an Evolutionary Neural Network. My analysis will be center on the specific case of the Yen/US$ and Pound Sterling/US$ exchange rates and it considers both point predictions and the anticipating of either depreciations or appreciations. My results reveal a slight forecasting ability for one-period-ahead which is lost when more periods ahead are considered, and my trading strategy obtains above-normal profits. However, when transaction costs are incorporated, the profits practically disappear or become negative.
Enhanced macrophage activity in granulomatous lesions of immune mice challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In this study, we evaluated the cellular influx and cytokine environment in the lungs of mice made immune by prior vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin compared with control mice after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis to characterize composition of protective lesions in the lungs. Immune mice controlled the growth of the M. tuberculosis challenge more efficiently than control mice. In immune animals, granulomatous lesions were smaller and had a more lymphocytic core, less foamy cells, less parenchymal inflammation, and slower progression of lung pathology than in lungs of control mice. During the chronic stage of the infection, the bacterial load in the lungs of immune mice remained at a level 10 times lower than control mice, and this was associated with reduced numbers of CD4P(+P) and CD8P(+P) T cells, and the lower expression of protective (IL-12, IFN-gamma), inflammatory (TNF-alpha), immunoregulatory (GM-CSF), and immunosuppressive (IL-10) cytokines. The immune mice had higher numbers of CD11b- CD11c(high) DEC-205(low) alveolar macrophages, but lower numbers of CD11b+ CD11c(high) DEC-205(high) dendritic cells, with the latter expressing significantly lower levels of the antiapoptotic marker TNFR-associated factor-1. Moreover, during the early stage of chronic infection, lung dendritic cells from immune mice expressed higher levels of MHC class II and CD40 molecules than similar cells from control mice. These results indicate that while a chronic disease state is the eventual outcome in both control and immune mice infected with M. tuberculosis by aerosol exposure, immune mice develop a protective granulomatous lesion by increasing macrophage numbers and reduced expression of protective and inflammatory cytokines.
PDE11A negatively regulates lithium responsivity in mice possibly due to an interaction with AKT/PKB (1144.8)

Lithium is a first line mood stabilizer for patients with bipolar disorder, but for unknown reasons approximately half of all patients do not respond to lithium. Lithium responsiveness in patients ...
Safety Considerations for Sample Analysis Using a Near-Infrared (785 nm) Raman Laser Source

Raman spectroscopy is often considered a nondestructive analytical technique; however, this is not always the case. The 300-mW 785-nm near-infrared (NIR) laser source used with many commercially available instruments has sufficient power to burn samples. This destructive potential is of special concern if the sample is irreplaceable (e.g., fine art, forensic evidence, or for in vivo medical diagnostics) or a hazardous energetic material (explosive or pyrophoric samples). This study quantifies the heat resulting from illuminating an extensive color array with a 785-nm NIR laser and relates these values to the hazards associated with Raman analysis. In general, darker colors were found to be more problematic. Since visible colors are not ideally correlated with absorptive characteristics at 785 nm, predictions based on thermography are not perfect; however, this approximation gives a useful method for predicting the thermal response of unknown samples to NIR exposure. Additionally, experimental studies evaluated the analysis of flammable organic solvents, propellants, military explosives, mixtures containing military explosives, shock-sensitive explosives, and gunpowders (i.e., smokeless, black, and Pyrodex powders). Safety guidelines for analysis are presented.
Professionalization in public child welfare: Historical context and workplace outcomes for social workers and non-social workers

Abstract This article recaps the historic role of the U.S. Children's Bureau in the development and professionalization of public child welfare services. A review of the empirical literature explores relationships between professional preparation and outcomes in service delivery, job performance and preparedness, social work values, and retention of staff. This review informs the evaluation study, which draws from a longitudinal appraisal of almost 10,000 child welfare workers in Texas, about one third with degrees in social work. The study found significant differences between the experiences and perceptions of those with social work degrees and those with degrees in other fields.
L-band high power silicon p-i-n diode switch

An extremely high power silicon p-i-n diode switch was developed for operation over the 1255- to 1385-MHz frequency range. It was successfully tested at 4-MW peak power with 100-µs pulsewidth. and 2.5-MW peak and 100-kW average power with 200-µs pulsewidth in a balanced duplexer configuration.
Enhanced Force Generation by Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle in Rabbits With Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction

Purpose: Growing clinical evidence suggests that benign prostatic hyperplasia induced partial bladder outlet obstruction is associated with an increased incidence of erectile dysfunction. We determined whether corpus cavernosum smooth muscle from rabbits with partial bladder outlet obstruction show any molecular or functional differences versus controls.Materials and Methods: Force generation and relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle 2 weeks after partial bladder outlet obstruction by 125 mM. KCl, phenylephrine and field stimulation were determined. Expression of total smooth muscle myosin and alternatively spliced smooth muscle myosin isoforms were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative competitive RT-PCR, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. Corpus cavernosum smooth muscle from sections of the penis were analyzed morphologically by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to smooth muscle myosin a...
3-Phenylpropenes as mechanism-based inhibitors of dopamine beta-hydroxylase: evidence for a radical mechanism.

A series of ring-substituted 3-phenylpropenes has been examined as mechanism-based inhibitors for the copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase. p-HO-, p-CH/sub 3/O-, m-HO-, m-CH/sub 3/O-, p-Br-, and p-CN-substituted phenylpropenes all inactivate the enzyme under turnover conditions, requiring ascorbate and oxygen. Replacement of the benzylic hydrogens in 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propene with deuterium results in a kinetic isotope effect of 2.0 on kinact/KO/sub 2/ but in no effect on the partition ratio, V /sub max//kinact, consistent with a stepwise mechanism for hydrogen abstraction and oxygen insertion. The partition ratio is unchanged in the pH range from 4.5 to 7.1. Determination of the kinetics of inactivation and the partition ratios for each of these ring-substituted phenylpropenes has allowed determination of the respective V/KO/sub 2/ values. A linear free energy plot of these values as a function of sigma+ gives a rho value of -1.2, while the partition ratios show only a slight decrease upon going electron-withdrawing groups. The results are consistent with a mechanism for dopamine beta-hydroxylase in which a hydrogen atom is abstracted to form a benzylic radical, which then partitions between hydroxylation and enzyme inactivation.
What health reform teaches us about American politics

The tumultuous journey of health reform from President Barack Obama's opening push in February 2009 to his bill signing in March 2010 may be inexplicable from afar. Swept into power on promises of change, Democrats controlled the White House and enjoyed the largest Congressional majorities in decades, and they agreed that the existing health care system cost too much and delivered too little—stranding over 30 million with no health insurance and leaving millions more with only inadequate coverage or dependent on emergency rooms for urgent care. Unified party control and programmatic agreement would seem like a veritable checklist of what was needed to pass health reform legislation.
Alpha-clustering in heavy nuclei

We present calculations of the spectra of the 88Ra and 90Th isotopes within the framework of an algebraic approach to clustering in nuclei.
Imaging the alternative silencing of FGFR2 exon IIIb in vivo

Alternative splicing multiplies genomic coding capacity and regulates proteomic composition. A well-studied example of this plasticity leads to the synthesis of functionally distinct isoforms of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2 (FGFR2). The regulation of this isoform diversity necessitates the silencing of FGFR2 exon IIIb, which is mediated by flanking intronic splicing silencers and the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB). To visualize this splicing decision in vivo, we developed mice harboring a green fluorescent protein construct that reports on the silencing of exon IIIb. The animals also harbor a red fluorescent protein reporter of constitutive splicing as an allelic control. This dual reporter system revealed that in various organs and cell types the silencing of exon IIIb required the intronic silencers. In neurons, which do not express PTB, we observed robust silencer-dependent repression of exon IIIb, suggesting that the neural paralog, brain PTB, can take over this function. In the epidermis, however, the intronic silencers were not required for efficient silencing. This work provides a first glimpse at splicing regulation among different cell types in vivo and promises the drafting of an anatomic map of splicing decisions.
The psychophysiological process of therapy in a case of injury-scene-elicited fainting☆

Abstract In a single case study, the psychophysiological process of change was studied during treatment of fainting with exposure to blood/injury stimuli. Therapy involved two procedures: a muscle-tensing maneuver and a cognitive strategy, each applied in A-B-A format. During therapy, bradycardia was associated with reports of greater fear. Muscle tensing brought higher heart rate and lower fear ratings. In contrast, the cognitive strategy produced lower fear ratings without affecting heart rate. At termination and at 6- and 30-month follow-up, the patient reported problem-free exposure to injury stimuli. Results supported the efficacy of the treatment approach, differentiated the effects of separate components of the intervention, and clarified its physiological basis.
Development of a triplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tyrobutyricum in milk.

Abstract Clostridium beijerinckii , Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tyrobutyricum are considered the leading bacteria implicated in late blowing defects affecting semi-hard and hard cheese production. The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex Real-Time PCR (qPCR) analysis for a rapid and simultaneous detection of C. beijerinckii , C. sporogenes and C. tyrobutyricum , using specific primers respectively targeting the nif H, ger AA and enr genes. The limits of detection in raw milk were 300 CFU/50 mL in the case of C. beijerinckii , 2 CFU/50 mL for C. sporogenes and 5 CFU/50 mL for C. tyrobutyricum spores. The qPCR method was applied to artificially contaminated raw milk samples, and molecular quantification showed good correlation (R 2 = 0.978) with microbiological counting. Our results demonstrate that this method, combined with a DNA extraction protocol optimized for spore lysis, could be a useful tool for the direct quantification of the considered clostridia species.
Paragenetic relationship of thermal maturation (coalification) and tectonic framework of some Canadian Rocky Mountain coals

Abstract Use of the attitude of the optical axis of vitrinite as an indicator of paragenetic relationship of thermal maturation/coalification and tectonics is discussed. A constant angular relationship between the optical axis and bedding plane of coals is observed in seven coal mines in the Canadian Rocky Mountain coal fields. This constant relationship suggests that thermal maturation predated tectonic structures.
Doppler shift studies with selected recoil directions

Abstract By utilizing a specific set of charged particle-gamma ray coincidence configurations and orienting a relatively thin target such that the ions recoil in the plane of the target, inherent difficulties often encountered in Doppler shift attenuation measurements are eliminated.
Looking proximally and distally: 100 years of limb regeneration and beyond

The experimental study of amphibian limb regeneration spans most of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. We first review the major questions investigated over this time span: (1) the origin of regeneration blastema cells, the mechanism of tissue breakdown that liberates cells from their tissue organization to participate in blastema formation, (3) the mechanism of dedifferentiation of these cells, (4) how the blastema grows, (5) how the blastema is patterned to restore the missing limb structures, and (6) why adult anurans, birds and mammals do not have the regenerative powers of urodele salamanders. We then look forward in a perspective to discuss the many unanswered questions raised by investigations of the past century, what new approaches can be taken to answer them, and what the prospects are for translation of basic research on limb regeneration into clinical means to regenerate human appendages.
DNA-protein cross-linking by chromium salts

Abstract DNA-protein cross-links were detected in several types of mammalian cells in culture when they were exposed to chromate salts. The cell types included human bronchial epithelial cells — the apparent cell type of origin of the malignancies reported in chromate workers. The level of cross-linking was proportional to the concentration of chromate used. These cross-links appeared to be persistent since no removal was seen after 12 h of repair incubation. A low level of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) were also induced after exposure of the cells to chromate but were rejoined after 4 h of repair incubation. The active form of chromium appears to be the trivalent since chromic but not chromate salts induced DNA-protein cross-links in isolated nuclei. Chromic salts also produced cross-linking between DNA and protein in solution while the hexavalent form was inactive. These data imply that chromate crosses the cell membrane, is reduced to the trivalent form and induces stable linkages of DNA to protein.
Ureteroscopic Placement of Ureteric Catheter for Obstructing Calculus

Observation d'une femme de 57 ans. L'association de l'ureteroscopie et du catheterisme ureteral peut fournir un drainage adequat en cas de calcul ureteral obstructif
Sub‐mesoscale lateral density structure in the oceanic surface mixed layer

[1] We investigate the horizontal scales of density variability in the surface mixed layer (SML) in the North Pacific Subtropical Front (STF) during a period of highly variable atmospheric forcing. Wavelet analysis shows that horizontal density variability is not restricted to scales, L, ≥10 km as previously suggested but extends to L = 2 km. The limiting L varies strongly with location and corresponds to a local internal Rossby radius that accounts for transient stratification above the seasonal thermocline. Density compensation in the SML, achieved when temperature and salinity effects cancel in their effect on density, occurs at 30°N at the climatological front associated with the northern boundary of the STF where large thermohaline gradients are observed. At 28°N, however, temperature gradients within the SML are not compensated by salinity, and horizontal density gradients result in 2 ≤ L ≤ 10 km. Our observations suggest dynamic processes restratify the SML at scales rarely resolved by numerical models of the SML.
Could supplementary dietary tryptophan and taurine prevent epileptic seizures

Roles for melatonin, taurine, and the pineal gland in epilepsy are examined. Cerebrospinal fluid melatonin and taurine may be natural anticonvulsants. The flow of cerebrospinal fluid may bathe the medial and lateral geniculate ganglia and the superior and inferior colliculli with these anticonvulsant substances. Supplemental dietary taurine and tryptophan could be of value in the treatment and prevention of seizures.
Presence of stop bursts and multiple bursts in individuals with Parkinson disease.

AbstractStudies have reported that individuals with Parkinson Disease (PD) have imprecise articulation of stop consonants due to either slowness of articulators or decreased closure strength. The moment of release for stop consonants, called the burst, has been previously studied in individuals with PD and in other disorders. Multiple bursts (MBs) on the same stop consonant have been reported previously in some motor speech disorders, but no studies are known to have examined MBs in individuals with PD. The current study looked at the occurrences of bursts and MBs in initial stop consonants produced by nine individuals with PD (ON and OFF medication) and nine control speakers. Individuals with PD produced fewer overall bursts compared to control participants. In terms of place of articulation, individuals with PD primarily had loss of bursts in bilabial stops. In addition, individuals with PD had more MBs than control speakers, primarily in alveolars. Finally, no dopamine-related medication effects were f...
Efficacy and safety of epidural opioids for postoperative analgesia.

Epidural narcotic analgesia was assessed in 66 patients after surgery under epidural and light general anesthesia. Changes of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) were measured after upper abdominal or thoracic surgery in 41 patients, and comparisons were made with results in an additional 17 upper abdominal surgery patients who received general anesthesia and muscle relaxants followed by intravenous morphine for postoperative pain relief. Methadone, 1.0 mg, hydromorphone, 1.0 mg, or morphine sulfate, 5 mg, was administered epidurally and increments were repeated as necessary until satisfactory analgesia was reported, with the following results (mean ± SD): intravenous morphine: latency 3 to 10 min, duration 3.1 ± 1.6 h; epidural methadone: latency 17.2 ± 4 min, duration 5.6 ± 2.7 h; epidural hydromorphone: latency 22.5 ± 6 min, duration 9.8 ± 5.5 h; epidural morphine: latency 36 ± 6 min, duration 16.4 ± 7 h. Duration of action was slightly longer after lower abdominal surgery. Addition of epinephrine 1/200,000 to the epidural narcotic solutions did not prolong duration. Narcotic requirements for satisfactory analgesia were approximately the same by the intravenous route as by the epidural route and equivalent to 8.5 to 9 mg of morphine. FEV 1 was reduced to 36.8 ± 13.2% of preoperative control values after general anesthesia and muscle relaxants and to 46 ± 12% of control after epidural and general anesthesia. Intravenous morphine improved FEV 1 to 45.3 ± 12% of control, whereas epidural narcotics and local anesthetics produced a greater increase of FEV, in the following amounts: epidural local anesthetic to 68.7 ± 9.1% of control and epidural narcotics to 67.1 ± 14.7% of control. Epidural narcotics did not cause sympathetic depression or bladder dysfunction, and analgesia was segmental. We conclude that epidural narcotics in adequate dosage are an effective means for production of prolonged and segmental postoperative analgesia.
A theoretical description of nitrate uptake kinetics in marine phytoplankton based on bisubstrate kinetics

Abstract Using well known equations for bisubstrate enzyme kinetics, a model for nitrate uptake in marine phytoplankton is generated. The model attempts to include both extracellular nitrate concentrations and incident light intensities as substrates required by the cells to take up nitrate. An affinity constant, K LN , is defined which relates nitrate uptake kinetics to light intensities and extracellular nitrate concentrations simultaneously.
Tobramycin solution for inhalation in cystic fibrosis patients: a review of the literature

Cystic fibrosis patients suffer increased sputum production and a notable decline in respiratory function throughout the progression of their disease. Patients are left vulnerable to respiratory colonization/infection from a number of pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At present, the only antibiotic formulation that is FDA approved for aerosolized delivery is tobramycin solution for inhalation (TSI). TSI allows for targeted antibiotic delivery to the lungs and is indicated for maintenance therapy in cystic fibrosis patients infected with P. aeruginosa. Studies demonstrate that cyclical treatment with TSI is associated with an increase in respiratory function and a decrease in sputum density in cystic fibrosis patients. Additional benefits include fewer hospitalizations and a decreased need for systemic antibiotics. However, because of the need for chronic administration, issues such as emergence of resistant organisms and toxicity are a potential concern and have also been evaluated. This review details the pharmacology of TSI and literature involving its use in cystic fibrosis patients.
Molecular dynamics of detonation. I. Equation of state and Hugoniot curve for a simple reactive fluid

A simple microscopic model of chemical reactions is explored for diatomic exchange reactions 2AB?${\mathit{A}}_{2}$+${\mathit{B}}_{2}$. A pair of atoms bind chemically when they lie within a ``square'' attractive well. The presence of a bond, however, leaves the bound atoms in a state in which they have only hard-sphere repulsion for other atoms. A calculation combining the canonical-ensemble Monte Carlo technique with molecular dynamics is used to determine the equilibrium composition and thermodynamic properties of equimolar binary mixtures of A and B atoms, subject to this square-well, hard-sphere interaction potential for temperatures and densities accessible to detonation waves in a fluid consisting of metastable AB molecules at an initial temperature ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{A}\mathit{B}}$/20${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$ (in which ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{a}\mathit{b}}$ is the well depth of the ab interaction and ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant), with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{A}\mathit{A}=3}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{A}\mathit{B}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{B}\mathit{B}}$=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{A}\mathit{B}}$. The calculations for systems of both 216 and 1728 atoms include the pressure, the internal energy, and the mean free times for various types of collisions. The Hugoniot curve for states behind detonation waves is determined for six values of the density for the smaller systems and one value for the larger; finite-system effects are found to be small. The Hugoniot curve is shown to have a concave shape in the pressure-volume plane, typical of exothermic materials, and the Chapman-Jouguet state is determined.
An All-Consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America

Preface 1. The Irony of a Century 2. Setting the Course, 1900--1930 3. Promises of More, 1930--1960 4. Coping with Abundance 5. A New Consumerism, 1960--1980 6. Markets Triumphant, 1980--2000 7. An Ambiguous Legacy Index
Legal systems, institutional environment, and food safety

In the aftermath of the recent food scares, the United States and the United Kingdom face major challenges to maintain a safe food system. Regulators on opposite sides of the Atlantic are facing rapid product and process innovations, changes in consumption behaviors, expansion of international trade, and discovery of new food hazards. The U.K. and the U.S. demonstrate different approaches to manage safety risks. This article will focus on two issues: the reasons behind the differences in the American and English policy approaches to food safety, and how these differences impact U.S. safety outcomes. A comparative legal framework is provided to understand how food safety is elicited in the economy and the incentive implications of the different institutional settings. These two different lenses, because they differ so, teach us about the fundamental sources of safety. The U.K.’s prevalent doctrine is parliamentary sovereignty and leads to a regulatory framework, while the U.S. is based on constitutional supremacy and relies on a legal framework. The source of safety under a regulatory framework is the government bureaucracy, while the U.S. legal framework provides an important point of departure—the constitutional standing of the firm and the consumer. We argue that while the U.K. system is structured to work through a regulatory framework to enhance the supply of safety in the economy, the U.S. system is much less directed. The legal system, the subject of this article, plays an important role not only in discouraging breach but also in acting as a check on the discretionary authority of the regulator. In the end, the U.S. and the U.K. may have equally safe food systems, but what differs is the fundamental source of the safety supply. The practical implication is that safety in the food system emerges from several sources, not just through regulation. Therefore, direct importation of U.K.-style regulatory approaches may not be effective within a U.S. constitutional setting.
Predictability and limits to prediction in hydrologic systems

The National Research Council's (NRC's) Committee on Hydrologic Science (COHS) is engaged in studying the priorities and future strategies for hydrologic science. In order to involve a broad community representation, COHS is organizing three workshops on priority topics in hydrologic science: 1) predictability and limits-to-prediction in hydrologic systems, 2) integration of hydrological and ecological sciences, and 3) groundwater fluxes across interfaces [Entekhabi, 2000]. These efforts will culminate in reports from the NRC on the individual workshops, as well as a synthesis report on strategic directions in hydrologic science. The first workshop, entitled Predictability and Limits to Prediction in Hydrologic Systems, was held at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, on September 21 and 22, 2000. Thirteen technical presentations covered basic research and understanding, model formulations and behavior, observing strategies, and transition to operational predictions.
Incidence and host-parasite relationship of Leidya Bimini (Crustacea, Isopoda, Bopyridae) in the Brachyuran Crab Pachygrapsus transversus from Bermuda

Abstract Pachygrapsus transversus (N = 1814) from intertidal locations in eastern Bermuda were examined from 1973–78 for the branchially infesting bopyrid isopod Leidya bimini. In two main collecting areas, Whalebone Bay(N = 1280) and Ferry Reach (N = 489), the incidence of infestations with all life history stages was 9.0 and 29.5%, respectively. This difference is explained by the larger numbers of older crabs in the Ferry Reach samples. The mean width of crabs infested with mature female isopods was similar for both locations (14.4 versus 16.0 mm, respectively). Five-hundred and eleven isopods were recovered from 1814crabs: 106 (20.7 %) cryptoniscids, 45 (8.8 %) sexually undifferentiatedjuveniles, 152(29.7%) males, 112(21.9%) immature females, and 96 (18.8%) mature females. Limited data suggest that the main period for cryptoniscid invasion of crabs is from April through July. None of the 149 ovigerous crabs, among 857 females from the two main collecting areas, harbored mature isopods, indicating cast...
An invitation to join a controversy.

Excerpt Which medical tests and treatments are effective? Which patients will benefit most from them? The public is looking to the organizations such as the American College of Physicians (ACP) for...
Interpreting the Role of Climbing in Primate Locomotor Evolution: Are the Biomechanics of Climbing Influenced by Habitual Substrate Use and Anatomy?

Vertical climbing is widely accepted to have played an important role in the origins of both primate locomotion and of human bipedalism. Yet, only a few researchers have compared climbing mechanics in quadrupedal primates that vary in their degree of arboreality. It is assumed that primates using vertical climbing with a relatively high frequency will have morphological and behavioral specializations that facilitate efficient climbing mechanics. We test this assumption by examining whether time spent habitually engaged in climbing influences locomotor parameters such as footfall sequence, peak forces, and joint excursions during vertical climbing. Previous studies have shown that during climbing, the pronograde and semiterrestrial Macaca fuscata differs in these parameters compared to the more arboreal and highly specialized, antipronograde Ateles geoffroyi. Here, we examine whether a fully arboreal, quadrupedal primate that does not regularly arm-swing will exhibit gait and force distribution patterns intermediate between those of Macaca fuscata and Ateles geoffroyi. We collected footfall sequence, limb peak vertical forces, and 3D hindlimb excursion data for Macaca fascicularis during climbing on a stationary pole instrumented with a force transducer. Results show that footfall sequences are similar between macaque species, whereas peak force distributions and hindlimb excursions for Macaca fascicularis are intermediate between values reported for M. fuscata and Ateles geoffroyi. These results support the notion that time spent climbing is reflected in climbing mechanics, even though morphology may not provide for efficient mechanics, and highlight the important role of arboreal locomotor activity in determining the pathways of primate locomotor evolution.
Derivation of quenched momentum prescription by means of stochastic quantization

Abstract We use the stochastic quantization method of Parisi and Wu to understand the quenched momenta prescription for large N theories. The main advantage of our procedure is its simplicity. It leads to the prescription in a straightforward manner without the explicit use of the perturbation expansion.
Cardiovascular imaging for the assessment of atherosclerotic disease: Implications for cardiac risk stratification

Cardiovascular imaging is applied in daily clinical practice to the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD). Imaging allows the clinician to non-invasively assess and risk-stratify patients to enable proper management and prevention of CAD, myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndromes, and angina. Radionuclide cardiac stress imaging, echocardiography and, increasingly, cardiac CT and cardiac magnetic resonance techniques play important roles in the diagnosis of coronary atherosclerotic disease, which is the leading cause of mortality for adults in the United States. While many guidelines are in place for the proper treatment of patients with and at risk for CAD, the risk stratification and treatment of patients ultimately is based on clinical judgment of the risk of a cardiac event. Cardiovascular imaging of atherosclerotic coronary disease is at the foundation of this all-important clinical decision.
Symptom factors in early-onset psychotic disorders.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the factor structure of symptom ratings in early-onset psychotic illnesses. Method Subjects were drawn from a 2-year prospective study of early onset psychotic disorders. Principal components analysis with orthogonal (varimax) rotation was used to create factors from baseline ratings on the Schedule for Positive Symptoms, the Schedule for Negative Symptoms, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children. Results Youths with schizophrenia (n = 27), bipolar disorder (n = 22), and psychosis not otherwise specified (n = 20) were included. Four symptom factors were identified: negative symptoms, positive symptoms, behavioral problems, and dysphoria. Negative symptoms were predictive of the diagnosis of schizophrenia and treatment with antipsychotic medications. Neither behavior problems nor dysphoria were predictive of diagnosis. In subjects who completed follow-up assessments at year 1 (n = 49) and year 2 (n = 39), negative symptoms and behavioral problems predicted poorer functioning. Conclusions The four factors are clinically relevant, with both treatment planning and prognostic implications. Negative symptoms best differentiated schizophrenia from the other disorders. Behavior problems and dysphoria were nonspecific problems that occurred in all three disorders, which likely leads to misdiagnosis in community settings.
Current rectification by simple molecular quantum dots: an ab-initio study

We calculate current rectification by molecules containing a conjugated molecular group sandwiched between two saturated (insulating) molecular groups of different lengths (molecular quantum dot) using an ab initio nonequilibrium Green's function method. In particular, we study $\mathrm{S}({\mathrm{CH}}_{2}{)}_{m}---{\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}---({\mathrm{CH}}_{2}{)}_{n}\mathrm{S}$ with naphthalene as the conjugated central group. The rectification current ratio $\ensuremath{\sim}35$ has been observed at $m=2$ and $n=10,$ due to resonant tunneling through the molecular orbital (MO) closest to the electrode Fermi level (lowest unoccupied MO in the present case). The rectification is limited by the interference of other conducting orbitals, but can be improved by, e.g., adding an electron withdrawing group to the naphthalene.
Can Web Seals Work Wonders for Small E-Vendors in the Online Trading Environment? A Theoretical Approach

Trust is a major issue in e-markets. It is an even more prominent issue when online shoppers trade with small, less-established e-vendors. Empirical studies on Web seals show that small e-vendors could promote consumersâ€™ trust and increase Web sales by displaying Web seals of approval. This article takes a theoretical approach to examine online trading when seals are used in e-markets. We establish an online shopperâ€™s decision-making model to reveal the online shopperâ€™s decision-making criteria. Criteria include when to trade with a well-established e-vendor and when to trade with a small, less-established e-vendor, with or without a Web seal. Based on our analysis of the research results, we reveal the price effect, the seal effect, the reputation effect, and their impact on a shopperâ€™s decision-making process. Meanwhile, a social welfare analysis is conducted to further demonstrate the positive impact of Web seals on small, less-established e-vendors.
A note on combining on-site samples and supplemental samples in a logit model of recreation demand

In recreation demand studies much of the data is collected via on-site samples. Thus, no data is collected for those not visiting the recreation site. The fact that no information is available for those not visiting the recreation area complicates statistical analyses because the result is an endogenously stratified sample. A supplemental sample contains information on the exogenous variables but no information on the response variable. A supplemental sample can be used, along with an on-site sample, to estimate a probability model for site visitation. In this article, we develop and apply the logit formulation of the model of Lancaster and Imbens (1996). We use an on-site sample from the Sipsey wilderness area in northwest Alabama. For our supplemental sample, we use the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series for corresponding counties in Alabama. Together, these samples are used to estimate factors influencing the probability of visiting the site.