cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dinitrosyliron complexes are the most abundant nitric oxide-derived cellular adduct: biological parameters of assembly and disappearance.

Abstract It is well established that nitric oxide (•NO) reacts with cellular iron and thiols to form dinitrosyliron complexes (DNIC). Little is known, however, regarding their formation and biological fate. Our quantitative measurements reveal that cellular concentrations of DNIC are proportionally the largest of all •NO-derived adducts (900 pmol/mg protein, or 45–90 μM). Using murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), we measured the amounts, and kinetics, of DNIC assembly and disappearance from endogenous and exogenous sources of •NO in relation to iron and O2 concentration. Amounts of DNIC were equal to or greater than measured amounts of chelatable iron and depended on the dose and duration of •NO exposure. DNIC formation paralleled the upregulation of iNOS and occurred at low physiologic •NO concentrations (50–500 nM). Decreasing the O2 concentration reduced the rate of enzymatic •NO synthesis without affecting the amount of DNIC formed. Temporal measurements revealed that DNIC disappeared in an oxygen-independent manner (t1/2 = 80 min) and remained detectable long after the •NO source was removed (> 24 h). These results demonstrate that DNIC will be formed under all cellular settings of •NO production and that the contribution of DNIC to the multitude of observed effects of •NO must always be considered.
Comparison of viscoelastic and dielectric relaxations as a function of carbon black loading in butyl and chlorobutyl rubber

Abstract Dynamic mechanical and dielectric spectra have been measured for a number of the simpler amorphous polymers such as acrylate compounds. Many complex polymer systems such as synthetic rubbers have not been as extensively studied. A transfer function technique and time-temperature superposition were used to measure the frequency-dependent Young's modulus and loss tangent as a function of carbon black loading and type in chemically cross-linked butyl and chlorobutyl rubbers. Dielectric permittivity and loss were measuerd as functions of frequency and temperature. The dielectric behavior was significantly influenced by the type of cross-linking system and by filler loading. The Williams-Watts ‘stretched exponential’ function was found to be a reasonable fit to the dielectric spectra of the unfilled systems. The effects of molecular motions and rubber-filler interactions on the two types of relaxations are discussed.
Welfare Economics, Morality, and the Law

This paper contains the chapters on welfare economics, morality, and the law from a general, forthcoming book, Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law (Harvard University Press, 2003). I begin in chapter 26 with a discussion of the normative foundations of economic analysis, namely, the subject of welfare economics. I also describe notions of morality and fairness, which play an important, if dominant, role in much normative discourse about law, and I discuss the connections between welfare economics and morality. A theme of this discussion is that notions of morality have functional aspects, and that, for a complex of reasons, they also take on importance in their own right to individuals. Then in chapter 27, I consider the observed relationship between law and morality, and comment on what might be thought to be the optimal relationship between law and morality. In chapter 28, I discuss issues concerning income distributional equity and the law, including the question of whether the distributional effects of legal rules should influence their selection. The answer to this question will be a qualified no, given that society has an income tax system that can serve to redistribute income or to correct problems with distribution that arise due to the effects of legal rules.
Outcomes with premature rupture of membranes at 32 or 33 weeks when management is based on evaluation of fetal lung maturity.

Objective: To assess outcomes of patients with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at 32 or 33 weeks gestation. Methods: This historical cohort study included all immune competent patients managed at our institution from October 1, 1999 to March 31, 2003 with singleton gestations and PROM at 32 or 33 weeks, and without clinical chorioamnionitis at presentation or antenatal diagnosis of a fetal anomaly. If amniotic fluid studies revealed pulmonary maturity, patients were intentionally delivered. Otherwise, they were expectantly managed until intentional delivery at 34 weeks, or labor, chorioamnionitis, or nonreassuring testing led to delivery sooner. Results: For the groups with mature (n = 29) and immature or unobtainable (n = 60) fluid, respectively, rates of neonatal ICU admission (83% vs. 77%; p = 0.51), respiratory distress (41% vs. 45%; p = 0.75), mechanical ventilation (10% vs. 17%; p = 0.53), and proven neonatal infection (4% vs. 2%; p = 0.60) were similar, as were rates of other neonatal and mat...
Nonprofit organizations and pharmaceutical research and development

Not-for-profit or nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are playing an increasingly important role in providing solutions to the significant challenges faced by both large pharmaceutical and smaller biotechnology companies in today's world. NPOs chartered for the public benefit are common in the United States and in selected other parts of the world. The largest NPOs in the U.S. with bioscience programs include Battelle, the Midwest Research Institute, the Research Triangle Institute, Southern Research, and SRI International. To provide a perspective on NPO business models, 10 SRI case studies spanning a broad range of technical and business initiatives are summarized herein, including basic and contract research, discovery of new drugs and biologics, pharmaceutical and biotech R&D services, technology pivots, company spin-ins and spin-outs, and the creation of new NPOs. The article concludes with lessons learned and food for thought for both pharmaceutical companies and outsourcing participants. Drug Dev Res 70: 461–471, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Off-chip actuation for angular position control of MEMS mirrors

This paper reports on semi-permanent angular positioning of hinged or compliant, polysilicon plates by using off-chip generated ultrasonic and electrostatic forces. Building upon our previous results of realizing 90° vertical assembly, we now show how intermediate angles can be realized by built-in stops for the moving plate. By novel lock-in structures and pulsed actuation, the mirrors can be trapped and freed from different rotation angles, such that zero static power is needed to maintain an angular position. Moreover, lack of on-chip actuators and electrical interconnects on the die enable the realization of very high-fill factors.
Labor Force Participation and Fertility: A Social Analysis of Their Antecedents and Simultaneity

The nature of the relationship between labor force participation and fertility is examined for 172 families comprising a marriage cohort. The results show that labor force participation and fertility are spuriously related in that they are under the common influence of sex-role norms, attitudes toward the wife working, and the value or importance of children for the spouses. Comparisons are made among social psychological models, wherein either the husband or wife provides information as they perceive their relationship, and a sociological model wherein group constructs are formed with the husband and wife acting as informants on the pattern of norms guiding their relation. A structural equation methodology is employed to better model measurement error and errors in equations simultaneously.
Identification of ZapD as a Cell Division Factor That Promotes the Assembly of FtsZ in Escherichia coli

The tubulin homolog FtsZ forms a polymeric membrane-associated ring structure (Z ring) at midcell that establishes the site of division and provides an essential framework for the localization of a multiprotein molecular machine that promotes division in Escherichia coli. A number of regulatory proteins interact with FtsZ and modulate FtsZ assembly/disassembly processes, ensuring the spatiotemporal integrity of cytokinesis. The Z-associated proteins (ZapA, ZapB, and ZapC) belong to a group of FtsZ-regulatory proteins that exhibit functionally redundant roles in stabilizing FtsZ-ring assembly by binding and bundling polymeric FtsZ at midcell. In this study, we report the identification of ZapD (YacF) as a member of the E. coli midcell division machinery. Genetics and cell biological evidence indicate that ZapD requires FtsZ but not other downstream division proteins for localizing to midcell, where it promotes FtsZ-ring assembly via molecular mechanisms that overlap with ZapA. Biochemical evidence indicates that ZapD directly interacts with FtsZ and promotes bundling of FtsZ protofilaments. Similarly to ZapA, ZapB, and ZapC, ZapD is dispensable for division and therefore belongs to the growing group of FtsZ-associated proteins in E. coli that aid in the overall fitness of the division process.
Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals.

Evidence from several species indicates that the initial stages of follicular growth proceed very slowly. In contrast, the stages after antrum formation are much more rapid. Atresia seems to be most prevalent as follicles approach the size at which they could be recruited for potential ovulation. Although most follicles become atretic around that stage, a few are recruited into a cohort or wave of follicles that continue to grow beyond the stage at which atresia normally occurs. Next, a species-specific number of follicles is selected for dominance. In some species (e.g. rats, primates, pigs), dominant follicles develop only during the follicular phase and are thus destined for ovulation. In another group of species (e.g. cattle, sheep, horses), recruitment, selection, and dominance occur at regular intervals, but only the dominant follicle present during the follicular phase ovulates. There is evidence that the mechanism that allows some follicles to be recruited for potential dominance/ovulation is a small elevation in basal FSH that, by chance, occurs around the time the follicle would normally begin atresia. Some recruited follicles are saved from atresia for only a short time. Only the dominant follicle(s) selected from among the recruited follicles grows to ovulatory or near-ovulatory size. What determines which follicle(s) becomes dominant is not known, but dominance appears to be maintained by negative feedback effects of products of the dominant follicle on circulating FSH. Selection and dominance are accompanied by progressive increases in the ability of thecal cells to produce androgen and granulosa cells to aromatize androgen to estradiol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of red-green equiluminance points in humans and macaques: evidence for different L:M cone ratios between species

The human spectral luminosity function (Vλ) can be modeled as the linear sum of signals from long-wavelength-selective (L) and middle-wavelength-selective (M) cones, with L cones being weighted by a factor of ∼2. This factor of ∼2 is thought to reflect an approximate 2:1 ratio of L:M cones in the human retina, which has been supported by studies that allow for more direct counting of different cone types in the retina. In contrast to humans, several lines of retinally based evidence in macaques suggest an L:M ratio closer to 1:1. To investigate the consequences of differences in L:M cone ratios between humans and macaques, red–green equiluminance matches obtained psychophysically in humans (n=11) were compared with those obtained electrophysiologically from single neurons in the extrastriate middle temporal visual area of macaques (M. mulatta, n=5). Neurons in the middle temporal visual area were tested with sinusoidal red–green moving gratings across a range of luminance contrasts, with equiluminance being defined as the red–green contrast yielding a response minimum. Human subjects were tested under analogous conditions, by a minimally distinct motion technique, to establish psychophysical equiluminance. Although red–green equiluminance points in both humans and macaques were found to vary across individuals, the means across species differed significantly; compared with humans, macaque equiluminance points reflected relatively greater sensitivity to green. By means of a simple model based on equating the weighted sum of L and M cone signals, the observed red–green equiluminance points were found to be consistent with L:M cone ratios of approximately 2:1 in humans and 1:1 in macaques. These data thus support retinally based estimates of L:M cone ratios and further demonstrate that the information carried in the cone mosaic has functional consequences for red–green spectral sensitivity revealed perceptually and in the dorsal stream of visual cortex.
Different Requirements of the SWI/SNF Complex for Robust Nucleosome Displacement at Promoters of Heat Shock Factor and Msn2- and Msn4-Regulated Heat Shock Genes

The stress response in yeast cells is regulated by at least two classes of transcription activators-HSF and Msn2/4, which differentially affect promoter chromatin remodeling. We demonstrate that the deletion of SNF2, an ATPase activity-containing subunit of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex, eliminates histone displacement, RNA polymerase II recruitment, and heat shock factor (HSF) binding at the HSP12 promoter while delaying these processes at the HSP82 and SSA4 promoters. Out of the three promoters, the double deletion of MSN2 and MSN4 eliminates both chromatin remodeling and HSF binding only at the HSP12 promoter, suggesting that Msn2/4 activators are primary determinants of chromatin disassembly at the HSP12 promoter. Unexpectedly, during heat shock the level of Msn2/4 at the HSP12 promoter declines. This is likely a result of promoter-targeted Msn2/4 degradation associated with transcription complex assembly. While histone displacement kinetic profiles bear clear promoter specificity, the kinetic profiles of recovery from heat shock for all analyzed genes display an equal or even higher nucleosome return rate, which is to some extent delayed by the deletion of SNF2.
An optically integrated microfluidic cell counter fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation and anodic bonding

We describe a method for integrating fiber optics in substrates by femtosecond laser ablation. In a first demonstration, we fabricate an optically integrated microfluidic device that counts cells by small angle light scattering.
Error statistics in data transmission over fading channels

We investigate the behavior of block errors which arise in data transmission on fading channels. Our approach takes into account the details of the specific coding/modulation scheme and tracks the fading process symbol by symbol. It is shown that a Markov approximation for the block error process (possibly degenerating into an identically distributed (i.i.d.) process for sufficiently fast fading) is a good model for a broad range of parameters. Also, it is observed that the relationship between the marginal error rate and the transition probability is largely insensitive to parameters such as block length, degree of forward error correction and modulation format, and depends essentially on an appropriately normalized version of the Doppler frequency. This relationship can therefore be computed in the simple case of a threshold model and then used more generally as an accurate approximation. This observation leads to a unified approach for the channel modeling, and to a simplified performance analysis of upper layer protocols.
The Influence of Early Malnutrition on Subsequent Behavioral Development: I. Degree of Impairment in Intellectual Performance

The intellectual performance of 129 Barbadian children (52 girls and 77 boys), aged 5 to 11 years, with histories of moderate to severe protein-energy malnutrition in the first year of life was compared to that of matched comparison cases with no such history, using a modified version of the WISC. IQ scores of boys and girls with a history of malnutrition were significantly lower than those of the comparison children. IQ was examined in relation to current socioeconomic conditions of the family, including degree of crowding, income and physical resources of the home. In this study, socioeconomic differences between the two groups were not significantly associated with the reduction in IQ performance. This study supports the important relationship between the early history of malnutrition and conditions associated with this event with later IQ deficits at school age.
Design and implementation of a Jini-J2EE bridge to enable access to enterprise services

Jini provides a plug-and-play network architecture suitable for network configurations used in dynamic computing environments. The advent of the Java 2 platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE) enables a component-based approach to designing, developing, assembling and deploying multi-tier enterprise applications and services. We demonstrate by design and implementation how Jini and J2EE technologies can be used together to provide flexible, dynamic access to enterprise services in mobile computing environments such as those involving mobile handheld devices. We have designed and implemented a Jini-J2EE bridge architecture, which enables wireless handheld devices spontaneous access to J2EE services by exploiting the plug-and-play features of Jini. We present an empirical performance evaluation of the Jini-J2EE bridge implementation. Our results show that the Jini-J2EE bridge introduces negligible overheads on the end-to-end performance of user applications and demonstrate that the bridge enables a viable, cost-effective approach in providing flexible access to enterprise services by handheld devices used in mobile computing environments.
Prediction of systolic blood pressure using peripheral pulse palpation in cats

Objective To evaluate the ability of peripheral pulse palpation to predict systolic blood pressure (SBP) in cats presenting as emergencies. Design Prospective observational study performed over an 8-month period. Setting University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals One hundred two cats presenting to the emergency service. Eligibility for inclusion in the study included a physical examination and a SBP via Doppler technique performed prior to treatment. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Femoral and metatarsal pulses were digitally palpated and the quality of the pulses was assessed as either strong, moderate, poor, or absent. A concurrent SBP was also recorded. The median SBP for all cats was 92.5 mm Hg (range, 30–240 mm Hg). Femoral pulse quality was found to strongly correlate with the admission SBP (P < 0.001, rho = 0.6755). The median SBP for each femoral pulse quality category (strong, moderate, poor, or absent) was significantly different (P < 0.05). For metatarsal pulses, the median SBP for cats with either absent or strong pulses was significantly different (P < 0.001). Cats with absent metatarsal and femoral pulses had a median SBP of 30 mm Hg (range, 30–105 mm Hg), whereas cats with strong metatarsal pulses had a median SBP of 135 mm Hg (range, 58–210 mm Hg). Absent metatarsal pulses correctly identified cats with a blood pressure of 75 mm Hg or less 84% the time (area under the curve: 0.89, confidence interval 0.81, 0.97). Conclusions In cats, peripheral pulse quality assessment by emergency room veterinarians correlates with SBP. With progressive decreases in blood pressure, metatarsal pulses will disappear and it is only with severe hypotension that femoral pulses are absent. An assessment of both dorsal metatarsal pulse and femoral pulse quality during triage may be useful in identifying abnormalities in blood pressure.
Dr Uresk’s Response

My response to comments by Lamar Smith on my article published in the August 2010 issue of Rangelands, “Cattle Weights on USDA Forest Service Lands by State With Cow and Calf Forage Consumption,” are as follows: Current cattle weights from 30 states with USDA-Forest Service managed lands have, for most states, increased since 1980.1,2 Dr Smith referred to Table 1 entries as suspect. However, he presented no supportive data or citations to refute the data in Table 1. I leave it to Rangelands readers to decide which source is more authoritative. Models based on dry matter forage consumption with cow and calf weights were developed from data cited in the article by D.C. Church, the National Research Council, and Oregon State University. These models, though linear for ease of use, account for metabolic weights and other variables when determining dry matter consumption for both cows and calves. Dr Smith refers to adjusting for larger cow and calf weights as a “haystack approach” with limited value. I agree with Dr Smith in preferring the “stock and monitor” approach—if effective monitoring actually occurs. In my experience, it does not always occur—for reasons good and bad.3–7 My paper addresses only the “stock” part of “stock and monitor” and is meant to encourage range managers to account for current cattle weights in establishing initial stocking rates and adjustments of current stocking. It is essential to adjust up front for larger cows and calves to reduce overgrazing. If monitoring does occur, then only small adjustments in stocking should be required; if it does not, then the likelihood of overgrazing will be reduced. In summary, increased cattle and calf weights is a serious, not a trifl ing, issue when it comes to maintaining range quality. Accommodating increasing cattle weights was fi rst recommended in Rangelands by R.T. Hinnant in 1994.8 Hopefully, I have made it easier for range managers to adopt through monitoring over time to ensure progress toward desired resource conditions.” (bold emphasis added)2
Integrated remote sensing for multi-temporal analysis of anthropic activities in the south-east of Mt. Vesuvius National Park

Abstract This work shows a downscaling approach for environmental changes study using multi- and hyper-spectral remote sensing data. The study area, located in the south-east of Mt. Vesuvius National Park, has been affected by two main activities during the last decades: mining and consecutive municipal solid waste dumping. These activities had an environmental impact in the neighbouring areas releasing dust and gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere and leachate into the ground. The approach integrated remote sensing data at different spectral and spatial resolutions. Landsat TM images were adopted to study the changes that occurred in the area using environmental indices at a wider temporal scale. In order to identify these indices in the study area, two high spatial and spectral resolution MIVIS aerial images were adopted. The first image, acquired in July 2004, describes the environmental situation after the anthropic activities of extraction and dumping in some sites, while the second image acquired in 2010 reflects the situation after the construction of new landfill in an old quarry. The spectral response of soil and vegetation was applied to interpret stress conditions and other environmental anomalies in the study areas. Some Warning Zones were defined by “core” and “neighbouring” of the anthropic area. Different classification methods were adopted in order to characterize the study area: Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification provided local covers, while Linear Spectral Unmixing Analysis (LSMA) identified main fractions changes of vegetation, substrate and dark surfaces. The change detection of spectral indices, supported by thermal anomalies, highlighted potential stressed areas.
Gambling in the European Union: Problems and Prospects

Nation-states have increasingly turned to gambling as a budgetary and economic development strategy. A recent study estimated that the global gambling market will reach $150 Billion US by 2012. In light of this apparent largess, a number of stern regulatory challenges confront government officials around the globe. The ongoing economic integration efforts of the European Union highlight a number of transnational regulatory challenges in this policy arena. Lotteries, horse racing, electronic (internet) gambling, casinos and the like are regulated much differently depending on geographic location, political culture, and governmental self interest. This paper examines the ongoing development of an internal market in the European Union as articulated in the recently ratified Treaty of Lisbon (EU Reform Treaty), with a particular focus on gambling activity as the quintessential example of the problems confronting market liberalization in the Free Movement of Services. A typology of gambling regulatory practices is proffered which may be generalized to other jurisdictions.
Variability in the Diphtheria Group of Bacilli

One of the most interesting questions in bacteriology at present is that of the mutual relationship borne by the organisms in the socalled " groups." In the case of the diphtheria group the problem is of particular importance because of its bearing on public health service methods, as these naturally must differ in many respects if the group consists of two or more distinct species instead of but one comprised of several types. The overwhelming majority of bacteriologists at present look upon the group as consisting of at least three definite species, B. diphtheriae (Klebs-Loffler1), B. pseudodiphthericus (Hofmann-Wellenhof2), and B. xerosis (Kuschbert and Neisser3), while opinion is divided in regard to the numerous other types, collectively known as diphtheroids, of which the most important are B. coryzae segmentosus (Cautley4), B. diphtheroides (Klein5), B. clavatus (Kruse and Pasquale6), B. septatus (Gelpke7), and Corynebacterium lymphae vaccinae (Levy and Fickler8). Some investigators consider all these forms as varieties of either B. pseudodiphthericus or B. xerosis, while others make separate species of some or all. On the other hand, Roux and Yersin9 and, more recently, Behring10 look upon the diphtheria group as hut a single species, regarding the morphological and biological differences between the types as insufficient to justify establishing new species. Their views, however, have found few adherents. The important features of typical examples of the three main forms may be summarized as follows: Morphology.
Tramadol treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder

Background Improved psychopharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is needed. Accruing evidence implicates pain-conducting signals in PTSD pathophysiology. Methods Four combat-related PTSD patients from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were treated with open-label tramadol hydrochloride (HCL), an atypical analgesic with opioid and non-opioid mechanisms of antinociception. Tramadol also inhibits neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Results The clinical outcomes show evidence of a positive effect of twice-daily immediate-release tramadol HCL in men with combat-related PTSD. Total daily doses were 200 to 300 mg/d, with individual doses ranging from 100 to 200 mg. Conclusions Given its unique mechanism of action, relatively low abuse potential, and ability to double as an analgesic for minor to moderate pain, tramadol is a promising candidate for clinical use in PTSD.
False Fire: Providence and Violence in Webster’s Tragedies

When Rosencrantz informs Gertrude and Claudius that ‘certain players’ have come to Elsinore, he adds that Hamlet, learning of their arrival, has exhibited ‘a kind of joy / To hear of it’.1 And little wonder. The players, in Hamlet’s view, are instruments of providence, lingering manifestations of a morally responsive universe in which ‘murder, though it have no tongue, will speak / With most miraculous organ’ (2.2.570–1). More precisely, they provide him with the occasion to oppose one form of feigning against another: what we might call imitating truth against imitating falsehood. And Hamlet’s operating premise — deeply suspect, to be sure — is that the players’ illusion of violence will ‘unkennel’ the guilt currently ‘occulted’ behind Claudius’ illusion of innocence (3.2.73–4).2 Hamlet assumes, in short, that a core of vulnerability exists in all humans, and that sufficiently cunning art can expose ‘that within which passeth show’ — at least if ‘that within’ constitutes a truth or state of being that has been deliberately withheld from the world.3 It is crucial to note, however, that it is precisely because a spectacle of violence is recognized as fictional that it can serve a purpose that authentic violence could never be trusted to serve: unkenneling guilt. Faced with a genuine act of poisoning, Claudius would be obliged to respond, to react in some way to the perpetration of violence — or else, as when Gertrude drinks the wine, to assume a facade of ignorance.
Simulating hydrological and nonpoint source pollution processes in a karst watershed: A variable source area hydrology model evaluation

Abstract An ecohydrological watershed model can be used to develop an efficient watershed management plan for improving water quality. However, karst geology poses unique challenges in accurately simulating management impacts to both surface and groundwater hydrology. Two versions of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Regular-SWAT and Topo-SWAT (which incorporates variable source area hydrology), were assessed for their robustness in simulating hydrology of the karstic Spring Creek watershed of Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA. Appropriate representations of surface water – groundwater interactions and of spring recharge – discharge areas were critical for simulating this karst watershed. Both Regular-SWAT and Topo-SWAT described the watershed discharge adequately with daily Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies (NSE) ranging from 0.77 to 0.79 for calibration and 0.68–0.73 for validation, respectively. Because Topo-SWAT more accurately represented measured daily streamflow, with statistically significant improvement of NSE over Regular-SWAT during validation (p-value = 0.05) and, unlike Regular-SWAT, had the capability of spatially mapping recharge/infiltration and runoff generation areas within the watershed, Topo-SWAT was selected to predict nutrient and sediment loads. Total watershed load estimates (518 t nitrogen/year, 45 t phosphorus/year, and 13600 t sediment/year) were within 10% of observed values (−9.2% percent bias for nitrogen, 6.6% for phosphorous, and 5.4% for sediment). Nutrient distributions among transport pathways, such as leaching and overland flow, corresponded with observed values. This study demonstrates that Topo-SWAT can be a valuable tool in future studies of agricultural land management change in karst regions.
Fusion of Renewable Ring Resonator Lasers and Ultrafast Laser Inscribed Photonic Waveguides.

We demonstrated the monolithic integration of reusable and wavelength reconfigurable ring resonator lasers and waveguides of arbitrary shapes to out-couple and guide laser emission on the same fused-silica chip. The ring resonator hosts were patterned by a single-mask standard lithography, whereas the waveguides were inscribed in the proximity of the ring resonator by using 3-dimensional femtosecond laser inscription technology. Reusability of the integrated ring resonator – waveguide system was examined by depositing, removing, and re-depositing dye-doped SU-8 solid polymer, SU-8 liquid polymer, and liquid solvent (toluene). The wavelength reconfigurability was validated by employing Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 3,3′-Diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (CY3) as exemplary gain media. In all above cases, the waveguide was able to couple out and guide the laser emission. This work opens a door to reconfigurable active and passive photonic devices for on-chip coherent light sources, optical signal processing, and the investigation of new optical phenomena.
Cleaning House: Selective Autophagy of Organelles

The selective clearance of organelles by autophagy is critical for the regulation of cellular homeostasis in organisms from yeast to humans. Removal of damaged organelles clears the cell of potentially toxic byproducts and enables reuse of organelle components for bioenergetics. Thus, defects in organelle clearance may be detrimental to the health of the cells, contributing to cancer, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory diseases. Organelle-specific autophagy can clear mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, ER, chloroplasts, and the nucleus. Here, we review our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the clearance of organelles by autophagy and highlight gaps in our knowledge of these processes.
High-resolution modeling of indirectly driven high-convergence layered inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions

In this paper, we present the results of high-resolution simulations of the implosion of high-convergence layered indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion capsules of the type fielded on the National Ignition Facility using the xRAGE radiation-hydrodynamics code. In order to evaluate the suitability of xRAGE to model such experiments, we benchmark simulation results against available experimental data, including shock-timing, shock-velocity, and shell trajectory data, as well as hydrodynamic instability growth rates. We discuss the code improvements that were necessary in order to achieve favorable comparisons with these data. Due to its use of adaptive mesh refinement and Eulerian hydrodynamics, xRAGE is particularly well suited for high-resolution study of multi-scale engineering features such as the capsule support tent and fill tube, which are known to impact the performance of high-convergence capsule implosions. High-resolution two-dimensional (2D) simulations including accurate and well-resolved ...
MUNICIPAL ACCOUNTING REFORM c. 1900: OHIO'S PROGRESSIVE ACCOUNTANTS

Despite the fact that municipal accounting was a significant and permanent reform of the Progressive era, historians have failed to accord accountants proper credit for their leadership roles. Ohio was an important Progressive state and is particularly suited to an investigation of the contribution made by accountants. Ohio was the first state to require uniform municipal accounting and one of the first to inaugurate budgeting. Municipal research bureaus in major Ohio cities were among the most dynamic in the nation, inspiring important steps forward in cost accounting, budgeting, and the installation of accounting systems. Progressive municipal administrations came to depend increasingly on expert accountants to devise new systems and to audit the results.
Security screening queues with impatient applicants: A new model with a case study

Abstract Security screening policies are critical in military contexts, airports, ports, and visa issuance processes in order to minimize risks from terrorists, smugglers, fugitives, and others. However, such screening procedures also increase congestion and inconvenience for normal applicants, which may create a trade-off for the authorities balancing between risk and congestion. In this paper, we develop a game-theoretical model to investigate optimal screening policies that acknowledges the trade-offs between risk, congestion, and abandonment behavior of the applicants. To calculate the average waiting time in the screening queue with heterogeneous impatient applicants, we use a two-dimensional Markov chain model. As a case study, we tackle the security screening process of US visa applications by conducting an online survey. Collected data shows some key aspects of applicant preferences such as abandonment behavior. We conduct sensitivity analysis for our model. We show that if the authorities take the abandonment behavior of the applicants into account beforehand, they may achieve higher utility depending on the characteristics of applicants.
Double Buffering for MCDRAM on Second Generation \(\hbox {Intel}^{\circledR }\) Xeon Phi\(^{\text {TM}}\) Processors with OpenMP

Emerging novel architectures for shared memory parallel computing are incorporating increasingly creative innovations to deliver higher memory performance. A notable exemplar of this phenomenon is the Multi-Channel DRAM (MCDRAM) that is included in the \(\hbox {Intel}^{\circledR }\) XeonPhi\(^{\text {TM}}\) processors. In this paper, we examine techniques to use OpenMP to exploit the high bandwidth of MCDRAM by staging data. In particular, we implement double buffering using OpenMP sections and tasks to explicitly manage movement of data into MCDRAM. We compare our double-buffered approach to a non-buffered implementation and to Intel’s cache mode, in which the system manages the MCDRAM as a transparent cache. We also demonstrate the sensitivity of performance to parameters such as dataset size and the distribution of threads between compute and copy operations.
STUDIES ON THE MICROTUBULES IN HELIOZOA : II. The Effect of Low Temperature on These Structures in the Formation and Maintenance of the Axopodia

When specimens of Actinosphaerium nucleofilum are placed at 4°C, the axopodia retract and the birefringent core (axoneme) of each axopodium disappears. In fixed specimens, it has been shown that this structure consists of a highly patterned bundle of microtubules, each 220 A in diameter; during cold treatment these microtubules disappear and do not reform until the organisms are removed to room temperature. Within a few minutes after returning the specimens to room temperature, the axonemes reappear and the axopodia begin to reform reaching normal length 30–45 min later. In thin sections of cells fixed during the early stages of this recovery period, microtubules, organized in the pattern of the untreated specimens, are found in each reforming axopodium. Reforming axopodia without birefringent axonemes (and thus without microtubules) are never encountered. From these observations we conclude that the microtubules may be instrumental not only in the maintenance of the axopodia but also in their growth. Thus, if the microtubules are destroyed, the axopodia should retract and not reform until these tubular units are reassembled. During the cold treatment short segments of a 340-A tubule appeared; when the organisms were removed from the cold, these tubular segments disappeared. It seems probable that they are one of the disintegration products of the microtubules. A model is presented of our interpretation of how a 220-A microtubule transforms into a 340-A tubule and what this means in terms of the substructure of the untreated microtubules.
The Social World of Self-Actualizing People: Reflections by Maslow’s Biographer:

Maslow’s concept of self-actualization has been a bulwark of humanistic psychology for more than 50 years, and has increasingly gained international appeal beyond its original nexus within the Unit...
Density and Temperature Variations in the Intervening Layer (90–150 Km)

The extent of our current knowledge of the atmospheric structure of the intervening layer is surveyed in terms of the integrated information that model atmospheres are able to provide. A severe test of the accuracy of this knowledge is available from studies of satellite reentry and impact predictions. By means of schematic examples, model atmospheres that are essentially empirical correlations are contrasted with those incorporating physical relations. Their relative applicability to basic and applied studies is discussed, and attention is drawn to such convenient, but probably inappropriate features, as monotonic temperature structures, simplified mesopause properties, and fixed boundary conditions.
Impacts of variable thermal conductivity on stagnation point boundary layer flow past a Riga plate with variable thickness using generalized Fourier’s law

Abstract This article explores the problem of two-dimensional, laminar, steady and boundary layer stagnation point slip flow over a Riga plate. The incompressible upper-convected Maxwell fluid has been considered as a rheological fluid model. The heat transfer characteristics are investigated with generalized Fourier’s law. The fluid thermal conductivity is assumed to be temperature dependent in this study. A system of partial differential equations governing the flow of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid, heat and mass transfer using generalized Fourier’s law is developed. The main objective of the article is to inspect the impacts of pertinent physical parameters such as the stretching ratio parameter ( 0 ⩽ A ⩽ 0.3 ) , Deborah number ( 0 ⩽ β ⩽ 0.6 ) , thermal relaxation parameter ( 0 ⩽ γ ⩽ 0.5 ) , wall thickness parameter ( 0.1 ⩽ α ⩽ 3.5 ) , slip parameter ( 0 ⩽ R ⩽ 1.5 ) , thermal conductivity parameter ( 0.1 ⩽ δ ⩽ 1.0 ) and modified Hartmann number ( 0 ⩽ Q ⩽ 3 ) on the velocity and temperature profiles. Suitable local similarity transformations have been used to get a system of non-linear ODEs from the governing PDEs. The numerical solutions for the dimensionless velocity and temperature distributions have been achieved by employing an effective numerical method called the shooting method. It is seen that the velocity profile shows the reduction in the velocity for the higher values of viscoelastic parameter and the thermal relaxation parameter. In addition, to enhance the reliability at the maximum level of the obtained numerical results by shooting method, a MATLAB built-in solver bvp4c has also been utilized.
Successful Utilization of Mechanical Thrombectomy in a Presentation of Pediatric Acute Ischemic Stroke

Guidelines regarding the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the pediatric population using mechanical recanalization procedures are lacking. We present a case of a 14-year-old male diagnosed in the Emergency Department with an acute onset stroke who underwent successful mechanical clot removal by interventional radiology.
Biology of bone grafts

The need for bone grafting to replace skeletal defects or augment bony reconstruction has become more prevalent recently because of enhanced capability to salvage major bone loss. There are many bone graft options available for the surgeon, including autografts or allografts, either of a cortical or cancellous structure, each of which has specific biological and mechanical properties. Some grafts are more dependent on the host bed for successful incorporation, such as freeze-dried allografts, while others, such as vascularized autografts, are capable of incorporating into the host bone under adverse physiological conditions. An understanding of the biological events and biomechanical aspects of autografts and allografts is important in understanding the processes that influence the incorporation of the bone graft into the host skeleton.
Information is Physical, But Slippery

I am aiming to give the perspective of an outsider. I’m not really into quantum computing - in some ways, I’m a critic, although I am a friendly critic. To begin with the conclusion, I would like to point out that, in this field, people are always making comparisons with computing history, stating that quantum computing has reached this point, or that point. Currently, I believe, quantum computing is where Charles Babbage was: he had a relatively prophetic, far fetched and complete vision of what you could do in a mechanical way for handling data. He did not, however, have the remotest chance of actually doing it in his time. The real breakthrough came in 1890 or thereabouts when Herman Hollerith put together the right technology with the right application - tabulating US census data with electrical sensing of holes in punched card. That’s the combination that started us on the whole road towards automated data processing.
A robust incompressible Navier-Stokes solver for high density ratio multiphase flows

Abstract This paper presents a robust, adaptive numerical scheme for simulating high density ratio and high shear multiphase flows on locally refined staggered Cartesian grids that adapt to the evolving interfaces and track regions of high vorticity. The algorithm combines the interface capturing level set method with a variable-coefficient incompressible Navier-Stokes solver that is demonstrated to stably resolve material contrast ratios of up to six orders of magnitude. The discretization approach ensures second-order pointwise accuracy for both velocity and pressure with several physical boundary treatments, including velocity and traction boundary conditions. The paper includes several test cases that demonstrate the order of accuracy and algorithmic scalability of the flow solver. To ensure the stability of the numerical scheme in the presence of high density and viscosity ratios, we employ a consistent treatment of mass and momentum transport in the conservative form of discrete equations. This consistency is achieved by solving an additional mass balance equation, which we approximate via a strong stability preserving Runga-Kutta time integrator and by employing the same mass flux (obtained from the mass equation) in the discrete momentum equation. The scheme uses higher-order total variation diminishing (TVD) and convection-boundedness criterion (CBC) satisfying limiter to avoid numerical fluctuations in the transported density field. The high-order bounded convective transport is done on a dimension-by-dimension basis, which makes the scheme simple to implement. We also demonstrate through several test cases that the lack of consistent mass and momentum transport in non-conservative formulations, which are commonly used in practice, or the use of non-CBC satisfying limiters can yield very large numerical error and very poor accuracy for convection-dominant high density ratio flows. Our numerical scheme also uses well-balanced surface tension and gravity force discretizations. In the hydrostatic limit, we show that the well-balanced formulation mitigates spurious flow currents and achieves discrete force-balance between the pressure gradient and surface tension or gravity.
Integration of gene expression and brain-wide connectivity reveals the multiscale organization of mouse hippocampal networks.

Understanding the organization of the hippocampus is fundamental to understanding brain function related to learning, memory, emotions, and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Physiological studies in humans and rodents have suggested that there is both structural and functional heterogeneity along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. However, the recent discovery of discrete gene expression domains in the mouse hippocampus has provided the opportunity to re-evaluate hippocampal connectivity. To integrate mouse hippocampal gene expression and connectivity, we mapped the distribution of distinct gene expression patterns in mouse hippocampus and subiculum to create the Hippocampus Gene Expression Atlas (HGEA). Notably, previously unknown subiculum gene expression patterns revealed a hidden laminar organization. Guided by the HGEA, we constructed the most detailed hippocampal connectome available using Mouse Connectome Project ( http://www.mouseconnectome.org ) tract tracing data. Our results define the hippocampus’ multiscale network organization and elucidate each subnetwork’s unique brain-wide connectivity patterns.