cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing secondary infections among HIV-positive persons.

Abstract Secondary infectious diseases contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The authors developed comprehensive, practical recommendations for prevention of infectious complications in HIV-infected people. Recommendations are concerned with the pathogens that are more common or more severe in HIV-infected people. Several infectious complications can be prevented by avoiding ingestion of contaminated food or water. Zoonoses can be prevented by precautions to be taken in contacts with animals. The risk of several fungal diseases can be reduced if activities likely to lead to inhalation of spores are avoided. HIV-infected people should be advised how to lower adverse health effects of travel, especially international travel. The potential for infectious complications of sexual activity and illicit drug use should be stressed, and recommendations to reduce the risk are discussed. Recommendations for use of vaccines in HIV-infected people are reviewed. Blood CD4+ lymphocyte concentrations, tuberculin skin testing, Toxoplasma serology, and sexually transmitted disease screening should be performed in certain subsets of HIV-infected people. Guidelines for chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii and tuberculosis are presented. Recent data suggest that intravenous immunoglobulin therapy may prevent bacterial infections in HIV-infected children.
Asthma and overweight/obese: double trouble for urban children

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effects of overweight/obese versus normal weight on symptoms, activity limitation and health care utilization among a group of urban children with persistent asthma. Methods: Data were obtained from the School Based Asthma Therapy trial. We enrolled 530 children ages 3–10 with persistent asthma from 2006 to 2009 (response rate: 74%). We conducted in-home interviews to assess symptoms and health care utilization. We measured height and weight in school nurse offices to determine BMI percentile, and compared normal weight children to overweight/obese (BMI >85th percentile) children. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. Results: We collected BMI data from 472 children (89%); 49% were overweight/obese. When controlling for child race, child ethnicity, intervention group, caregiver age and screen time, overweight/obese children had more days with asthma symptoms (4.25 versus 3.42/2 weeks, p = 0.035) and more activity limitation (3.43 versus 2.55/2 weeks, p = 0.013) ...
Empowering the Next-Generation Analyst

Situation analysis for activities such as crisis management, military situation awareness, homeland security, or environmental monitoring is both enabled and challenged by access to enormous data sets. The advent of new sensing capabilities, advanced computing and tools available via cloud services, intelligent interconnections to mobile devices, and global interconnectivity with ever-increasing bandwidths provide unprecedented access to data and to computing. In addition, emerging digital natives freely share data and collaboration. Thus, on one hand situation analysts have great opportunities to access unprecedented amounts of information from sensors, human observers and online sources to assist in understanding an evolving situation. On the other hand, this access to huge data sources and computing can create a type of intelligence attention-deficit disorder, in which analysts are overwhelmed by the urgent, but lack the ability to focus on important data. This chapter provides a summary of this dilemma, describes a new analysis paradigm that links data-driven and hypothesis driven approaches, introduces a new prototype analyst workbench, and discusses an educational approach to empower the next generation of analyst.
The Canadian-American Trade Agreement of 1935

O N November 15, 1935 Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King signed a trade agreement that formally marked the return to economic sanity by the two countries after several years of commercial folly. The document's significance, however, goes beyond the termination of an unofficial trade war. It was both a product of forces which led to a new era in Canadian-American relations and a prelude to the close military and political cooperation during World War II. A positive response of Canadian and American leaders to potential world disorders, the trade pact facilitated the emergence of the joint North American security structure. In the healing of the economic breach between the United States and Canada are the seeds of a Roosevelt-King friendship from which grew not only the Ogdensburg Agreement and the Hyde Park Declaration, but also a Roosevelt-Churchill understanding. The Canadian Prime Minister later became an important interpreter between these two world figures prior to their own experiments in personal diplomacy. Canadian-American reciprocity had a centripetal effect in yet another way. It confirmed the belief of many Canadians that an American cognizant of their interests and feelings lived in the White House. The military and political collaboration of the later years made inevitable by German and Japanese aggression was much more palatable, thanks to the popularity of Roosevelt in the Dominion. The negotiation of this first really important trade agreement reflects a fundamental reality in American diplomatic history-the deterministic nature of the democratic process. More than any other factor, partisan politics shaped the policy decisions during the informal and formal discussions between the two governments. Nor was this political determinism confined to the United States. Canadian administrations, like the American, were careful not to antagonize elements of the voting public, or to promote political
Long-term Intake of Protein and Sucrose in Relation to Reproductive Behavior of Wild and Laboratory Cultured Rhagoletis pomonella

The intake of protein and sucrose by male and female apple maggot flies was highest during week 1, decreased slightly during weeks 2 and 3, and remained at a lower level until day 45 (= end of experiment). These changes were closely associated with maturation of the reproductive system and changes in adult reproductive behavior. Females consumed greater amounts of protein and more sucrose than males, reflecting their greater need of protein for egg production and sucrose to support the greater biomass. Also, there were significant quantitative differences between wild and laboratory-cultured flies in food intake, arrival of flies on ceresin domes, mating, and fecundity.
Abstract 83: MicroRNAs associated with the p53 tumor suppressor signaling network are differentially expressed in triple negative breast cancer cell lines

“Triple-negative” breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that appears prevalently in African American women below the age of 35, and has no known biomarker that can be targeted for drug therapy. This aggressive breast cancer phenotype is due to its high mitotic index and high metastatic potential, and may be due to the fact that up to 80% of TNBC has a mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The p53 tumor suppressor gene signaling pathway can be mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) which are short sequences of RNA (∼22nt) that target protein coding mRNA and mark them for degradation. Characterization of the miRNA profiles in TNBC cells compared to normal breast cell lines may provide potential targets in treating TNBC. In this study, microarray analysis was performed on TNBC cell lines HCC1806, HCC70, and MB157 and the normal breast cells AG11132. The expression levels of miRNAs found to play a role in the p53 tumor suppressor gene signaling pathway were compared between the normal and TNBC cell lines. The miRNAs let-7b, let-7a, miR-29a, miR-100, let-7f, miR-34a, miR-15b, miR-21, miR-16, and miR-22 displayed the greatest differences in expression levels between the normal and TNBC cell lines, thereby implicating them as potential biomarkers for TNBC and potential drug treatment targets. These miRNAs can be studied further to determine their role in mediating the p53 tumor suppressor gene signaling pathway in these cells for their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of TNBC. Citation Format: Malcolm M. Moses, Sherette S. Godfrey, Niageria Q. Lusk, Checo J. Rorie. MicroRNAs associated with the p53 tumor suppressor signaling network are differentially expressed in triple negative breast cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 83.
Modeling and cycle optimization

Supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2 ) cycles take advantage of the variation in CO 2 properties near its critical point. However, the same variation in properties present challenges for accurate modeling, design, and performance predictions of sCO 2 cycles and their individual components, such as heat exchangers and turbomachinery. This chapter discusses these modeling challenges and the specifics of the sCO 2 cycle modeling for steady-state design, off-design, and transient performance prediction of sCO 2 systems. Particular attention is given to modeling of components operating close to the CO 2 critical point, such as compressors, coolers, recuperators, and valves.
Synthesis and characterization of a dipyriamethyrin–uranyl complex

The reaction between non-aqueous uranyl silylamide (UO2[N(SiMe3)2]2·2THF) under anaerobic conditions or uranyl acetate (UO2(OAc)2·2H2O) under standard laboratory conditions and dipyriamethryin affords a bench-stable uranyl complex. Competition studies as well as DFT calculations provide support for the observed selectivity for the uranyl cation over trivalent lanthanide and multiple transition metal precursors.
Two kinds of moraic nasal in Ciyao

A problematic issue in a number of Bantu languages concerns the phonological analysis of "preconsonantal nasality", i.e., the question of whether NC entities should be analyzed as single prenasalized consonants or as sequences of nasal + (homorganic) consonant. In this paper, the authors examine two kinds of moraic nasal---one syllabic, one not-in Ciyao, a Bantu language spoken in East Africa. They further demonstrate that there is a third type of preconsonantal nasality in Ciyao which is neither moraic nor syllabic.
Cutaneous toxicities of antiretroviral therapy for HIV Part I. Lipodystrophy syndrome, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors

Antiretroviral medications for the treatment of HIV are common drugs with diverse and frequent skin manifestations. Multiple new cutaneous effects have been recognized in the past decade. Dermatologists play an important role in accurately diagnosing and managing the cutaneous toxicities of these medications, thereby ensuring that a patient has as many therapeutic options as possible for life-long viral suppression. Part I of this two-part series on the cutaneous adverse effects of antiretroviral medications will discuss HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome, which can be seen as a result of many antiretroviral medications for HIV, and the specific cutaneous effects of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors.
The Conceptualization of Relevance

What is relevant to the individual determines how much mental time any subject or object gets. What gets hold of a person’s mental time has relevance for them, and what is relevant to them gets their time. The production of knowledge is always relevant. Survival advantage is based on the human cognitive niche derived from the co-evolution of intelligence, sociality, and language. Learning is social, and knowledge is necessarily relevant. Higher education gets much of the individual’s mental time because it shapes the cognitive capacity to survive. Identity is shown to be negatively constituted within logics of difference and equivalence. While circa 46% of 25–34-year-olds in America have a higher education, this also means that 54% of people do not have access to a life-enhancing resource. Higher education’s importance in contributing to how well people survive is identity defining and deserves a constitutional amendment enshrining it as a right everyone should have.
Kinetic energy flux budget across air-sea interface

Abstract The kinetic energy (KE) fluxes into subsurface currents (EFc) is an important boundary condition for ocean circulation models. Traditionally, numerical models assume the KE flux from wind (EFair) is identical to EFc, that is, no net KE is gained (or lost) by surface waves. This assumption, however, is invalid when the surface wave field is not fully developed, and acquires KE when it grows in space or time. In this study, numerical experiments are performed to investigate the KE flux budget across the air-sea interface under both uniform and idealized tropical cyclone (TC) winds. The wave fields are simulated using the WAVEWATCH III model under different wind forcing. The difference between EFair and EFc is estimated using an air-sea KE budget model. To address the uncertainty of these estimates resides in the variation of source functions, two source function packages are used for this study: the ST4 source package (Ardhuin et al, 2010), and the ST6 source package (Babanin, 2011). The modeled EFc is significantly reduced relative to EFair under growing seas for both the uniform and TC experiments. The reduction can be as large as 20%, and the variation of this ratio is highly dependent on the choice of source function for the wave model. Normalized EFc are found to be consistent with analytical expressions by Hwang and Sletten (2008) and Hwang and Walsh (2016) and field observations by Terray et al. (1996) and Drennan et al. (1996), while the scatters are more widely in the TC cases due to the complexity of the associated wave field. The waves may even give up KE to subsurface currents in the left rear quadrant of fast moving storms. Our results also suggest that the normalized KE fluxes may depend on both wave age and friction velocity (u*).
Priming students for whole-class interaction: using interdependence to support behavioral engagement

Student interaction at a whole-class level is tied to learning outcomes, but encouraging students to engage with their peers at a whole-class level is difficult. While little research has sought to promote student engagement with one another at this level, one factor that has been shown to increase student interaction in pairs and small groups is student–student interdependency. Yet, to date, no studies have attempted to examine the impact of prior interdependency at this smaller scale on students’ interactions as a whole-class. The current study tested this relationship in an undergraduate class learning science content (n = 19) through structuring interdependency (task and resource) during science learning. Students completed six science learning sessions each of which included a science learning activity followed by a whole-class concept mapping task. Students were audio and video recorded during the whole-class task, and then individual student behavior was coded in 10 s intervals during the first 10 min of each session. Generalized regression results showed that adding small group interdependency during learning predicted significantly more student science discussion (R2 = .05) and supportive interactions (R2 = .16), while predicting decreased expressions of science misunderstanding (R2 = .07) during the whole-class task. Additionally, the combination of task and resource interdependency predicted a further decrease in student expressions of misunderstanding (R2 = .07), but also increased student social distraction in comparison to task interdependency alone (R2 = .28). Together these findings suggest that prior interdependency can be leveraged to increase student behavioral engagement at the whole-class level.
The Epigenetic State of PRDM16-Regulated Enhancers in Radial Glia Controls Cortical Neuron Position.

Summary The epigenetic landscape is dynamically remodeled during neurogenesis. However, it is not understood how chromatin modifications in neural stem cells instruct the formation of complex structures in the brain. We report that the histone methyltransferase PRDM16 is required in radial glia to regulate lineage-autonomous and stage-specific gene expression programs that control number and position of upper layer cortical projection neurons. PRDM16 regulates the epigenetic state of transcriptional enhancers to activate genes involved in intermediate progenitor cell production and repress genes involved in cell migration. The histone methyltransferase domain of PRDM16 is necessary in radial glia to promote cortical neuron migration through transcriptional silencing. We show that repression of the gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase PDZRN3 by PRDM16 determines the position of upper layer neurons. These findings provide insights into how epigenetic control of transcriptional enhancers in radial glial determines the organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex.
Induction and Innateness

One of the deepest problems in philosophy concerns how we learn about the world, and whether there are right or wrong ways to go about it. In this chapter I introduce this problem—the “problem of induction”—and describe its relevance to understanding learning in intelligent agents, and brains in particular. One consequence of the problem of induction is that there can be no such thing as a universal learning machine; it is not even possible that brains could enter the world as blank slates equipped with universal learning algorithms. The goal of the chapter is to provide a kind of solution to the problem of induction, and also to put forth something I call a theory of innateness. The latter would be a mathematical framework in which we are able to make sense of the kinds of structures that must be innately generated in a brain in order for that brain to have its own innate way of learning in the world. I present a theory called Paradigm Theory (Changizi and Barber, 1998) that purports to do these things.
The erlin2 T65I mutation inhibits erlin1/2 complex-mediated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor ubiquitination and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding.

The erlin1/2 complex is a ∼2-MDa endoplasmic reticulum membrane–located ensemble of the ∼40-kDa type II membrane proteins erlin1 and erlin2. The best defined function of this complex is to mediate the ubiquitination of activated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and their subsequent degradation. However, it remains unclear how mutations of the erlin1/2 complex affect its cellular function and cause cellular dysfunction and diseases such as hereditary spastic paraplegia. Here, we used gene editing to ablate erlin1 or erlin2 expression to better define their individual roles in the cell and examined the functional effects of a spastic paraplegia–linked mutation to erlin2 (threonine to isoleucine at position 65; T65I). Our results revealed that erlin2 is the dominant player in mediating the interaction between the erlin1/2 complex and IP3Rs and that the T65I mutation dramatically inhibits this interaction and the ability of the erlin1/2 complex to promote IP3R ubiquitination and degradation. Remarkably, we also discovered that the erlin1/2 complex specifically binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, that erlin2 binds this phospholipid much more strongly than does erlin1, that the binding is inhibited by T65I mutation of erlin2, and that multiple determinants within the erlin2 polypeptide comprise the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate–binding site. Overall, these results indicate that erlin2 is the primary mediator of the cellular roles of the erlin1/2 complex and that disease-linked mutations of erlin2 can affect both IP3R processing and lipid binding.
The association of morning serum cortisol with glucose metabolism and diabetes: The Jackson Heart Study

Abstract Background Serum cortisol levels have been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the role of cortisol in glycemia and T2D is not fully elucidated among African Americans (AAs). We hypothesized that among AAs morning serum cortisol would be positively associated with glycemic measures and prevalent T2D. Methods We examined the cross-sectional association of baseline morning serum cortisol with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function (HOMA-β), and prevalent T2D in the Jackson Heart Study. Linear regression models were used to examine the association of log-transformed cortisol with glycemic traits, stratified by T2D status. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of log-transformed cortisol with prevalent T2D. Models were adjusted for age, sex, education, occupation, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking, beta-blocker/hormone replacement medications and cortisol collection time. Results Among 4,206 AAs (mean age 55 ± 13 years, 64% female), 19% had prevalent T2D. A 100% increase in cortisol among participants without diabetes was associated with 2.7 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.0, 3.3) higher FPG and a 10.0% (95% CI: -14.0, -6.0) lower HOMA-β with no significant association with HbA1c or HOMA-IR. In participants with diabetes, a 100% increase in cortisol was associated with a 23.6 mg/dL (95% CI: 13.6, 33.7) higher FPG and a 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3, 0.9) higher HbA1c. Among all participants, quartile 4 vs. 1 of cortisol was associated with a 1.26-fold (95% CI: 1.75, 2.91) higher odds of prevalent T2D. Conclusion Higher morning serum cortisol was associated with higher FPG and lower β-cell function among participants without T2D and higher FPG and HbA1c in participants with diabetes. Among all participants, higher cortisol was associated with higher odds of T2D. These findings support a role for morning serum cortisol in glucose metabolism among AAs.
Glomerular filtrate proteins in acute cardiorenal syndrome

Acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS-1) is a morbid complication of acute cardiovascular disease. Heart-to-kidney signals transmitted by "cardiorenal connectors" have been postulated, but investigation into CRS-1 has been limited by technical limitations and a paucity of models. To address these limitations, we developed a translational model of CRS-1, cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR), and now report findings from nanoscale mass spectrometry proteomic exploration of glomerular filtrate 2 hours after CA/CPR or sham procedure. Filtrate acquisition was confirmed by imaging, molecular weight and charge distribution, and exclusion of protein specific to surrounding cells. Filtration of proteins specific to the heart was detected following CA/CPR and confirmed with mass spectrometry performed using urine collections from mice with deficient tubular endocytosis. Cardiac LIM protein was a CA/CPR-specific filtrate component. Cardiac arrest induced plasma release of cardiac LIM protein in mice and critically ill human cardiac arrest survivors, and administration of recombinant cardiac LIM protein to mice altered renal function. These findings demonstrate that glomerular filtrate is accessible to nanoscale proteomics and elucidate the population of proteins filtered 2 hours after CA/CPR. The identification of cardiac-specific proteins in renal filtrate suggests a novel signaling mechanism in CRS-1. We expect these findings to advance understanding of CRS-1.
Comparison of DNA Methylation in Vibrio vulnificus Cells Grown in Human Serum with Those Grown in Seawater

ABSTRACT The chromosomal methylation statuses of the highly virulent Vibrio vulnificus strain CMCP6 grown in human serum and in seawater are compared here. Growth in seawater resulted in ∼4 times as much methylation as that in human serum, primarily N4-methylcytosines.
Asymptotic behavior for critical Patlak–Keller–Segel model and a repulsive–attractive aggregation equation

Abstract In this paper we study the long time asymptotic behavior for a class of diffusion–aggregation equations. Most results except the ones in Section 3.3 concern radial solutions. The main tools used in the paper are maximum principle type arguments on mass concentration of solutions, as well as energy method. For the Patlak–Keller–Segel problem with critical power m = 2 − 2 / d , we prove that all radial solutions with critical mass would converge to a family of stationary solutions, while all radial solutions with subcritical mass converge to a self-similar dissipating solution algebraically fast. For non-radial solutions, we obtain convergence towards the self-similar dissipating solution when the mass is sufficiently small. We also apply the mass comparison method to another aggregation model with repulsive–attractive interaction, and prove that radial solutions converge to the stationary solution exponentially fast.
The legacy of Design with Nature : from practice to education

With the publication of Design with Nature—50 years ago—what Ian McHarg did was open up a new door; he established a “new rule” to guide planning and designing our towns, cities, and regions that would embrace human ecology. Influenced by the intellectual guidance of his mentor, Lewis Mumford, McHarg can be credited with advancing ecohumanism in planning and design, both in practice and in education. The connection between human systems and natural systems lies at the foundation of ecohumanism and that becomes both a theory and a method to accomplish designing with nature. This alone would be the underlying thesis of Design with Nature. Just as important McHarg’s dual roles as a practitioner of landscape architecture and regional planning and as an educator have, along with Design with Nature, secured a legacy that has stood the test of time—and remains so for the future.
An empirical $G$-Wishart prior for sparse high-dimensional Gaussian graphical models

In Gaussian graphical models, the zero entries in the precision matrix determine the dependence structure, so estimating that sparse precision matrix and, thereby, learning this underlying structure, is an important and challenging problem. We propose an empirical version of the $G$-Wishart prior for sparse precision matrices, where the prior mode is informed by the data in a suitable way. Paired with a prior on the graph structure, a marginal posterior distribution for the same is obtained that takes the form of a ratio of two $G$-Wishart normalizing constants. We show that this ratio can be easily and accurately computed using a Laplace approximation, which leads to fast and efficient posterior sampling even in high-dimensions. Numerical results demonstrate the proposed method's superior performance, in terms of speed and accuracy, across a variety of settings, and theoretical support is provided in the form of a posterior concentration rate theorem.
Predicting Mode Confusion Through Mixed Integer Linear Programming

Mode confusion, in which the human and the automation have a mismatch in intent, is a contributing factor in many aircraft incidents and accidents. Despite extensive work studying and documenting instances of mode confusion, methodological tools to predict and prevent mode confusion are still lacking. We propose a method to identify mismatches between the pilot and automation intents, in which the pilot intent is inferred from the pilot manual, and the automation intent is an abstraction of the underlying hybrid dynamical system representation of the aircraft and flight management system. We employ a mixed-integer linear programming framework to identify all trajectories from a known initial condition that will result in mismatches in discrete event abstractions which encode both pilot and aircraft intents. We then propose heuristics that use traces from failed trajectories to correct the mode confusion through modifications to the automation intent, via parameterization of guards. We demonstrate our method on the canonical kill-the-capture scenario for longitudinal aircraft dynamics.
Systemic vitamin intake impacting tissue proteomes

The kinetics and localization of the reactions of metabolism are coordinated by the enzymes that catalyze them. These enzymes are controlled via a myriad of mechanisms including inhibition/activation by metabolites, compartmentalization, thermodynamics, and nutrient sensing-based transcriptional or post-translational regulation; all of which are influenced as a network by the activities of metabolic enzymes and have downstream potential to exert direct or indirect control over protein abundances. Considering many of these enzymes are active only when one or more vitamin cofactors are present; the availability of vitamin cofactors likely yields a systems-influence over tissue proteomes. Furthermore, vitamins may influence protein abundances as nuclear receptor agonists, antioxidants, substrates for post-translational modifications, molecular signal transducers, and regulators of electrolyte homeostasis. Herein, studies of vitamin intake are explored for their contribution to unraveling vitamin influence over protein expression. As a body of work, these studies establish vitamin intake as a regulator of protein abundance; with the most powerful demonstrations reporting regulation of proteins directly related to the vitamin of interest. However, as a whole, the field has not kept pace with advances in proteomic platforms and analytical methodologies, and has not moved to validate mechanisms of regulation or potential for clinical application.
Comparison of Radiographic and Pathologic Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of radiography in diagnosing osteonecrosis of the femoral head with pathologic examination as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND ME...
Electron beam irradiation of gallium nitride-on-silicon betavoltaics fabricated with a triple mesa etch

A process for growing gallium nitride (GaN) vertical p–i–n homojunctions on (111) silicon substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition was developed, and a triple mesa etch technique was used to fabricate efficient betavoltaic energy converters. Monte Carlo simulation platform CASINO was used to model beta radiation penetration into GaN to aid device design. The resulting devices were tested under irradiation from a scanning electron microscope electron beam (e-beam) tuned to imitate the energies of the 63Ni beta emission spectrum. Based on current–voltage measurements taken under e-beam illumination, a maximum open-circuit voltage of ∼412 mV and a maximum short-circuit current density of ∼407 nA/cm2 were measured. A high fill factor of ∼0.77 and power conversion efficiency of ∼6.6% were obtained. Additionally, the proposed triple mesa etch technique used to create these betavoltaics has the potential for further use in fabricating many types of electronic devices using a wide variety of material platforms.
Synthesis and redox properties of a para-borylated phenylxanthenium cation\m{1}

Reaction of 4-(lithiophenyl)dimesitylborane with xanthone followed by reaction of the resulting alcohol with HBF4 affords the cation 1-dimesitylboron-4-(9-xanthylium)-phenylene (1) + as a tetrafluoroborate salt. This salt has been fully characterized and its crystal structure determined. Cation (1) + can be reduced to produce a persistent radical that has been studied by EPR and whose reaction with dioxygen affords a peroxo derivative.
NUCLEAR RADIATION EFFECTS ON GAS LASERS

The irradiation of a gas laser via nuclear radiation (e.g., using γ-radiation, high energy ions from nuclear reactions, or emissions from radioisotopes) provides an important and unique means of energy input. As such, potential applications range from total pumping by the radiation to the use of relatively small radiation fluxes to enhance the performance of a laser operating primarily by electrical pumping. The former (direct pumping) is still somewhat speculative, but conclusive evidence for enhancement of CO2 laser operation has been reported. Both are briefly reviewed here and some recent results from CO2 enhancement experiments at the University of Illinois are presented.
Market Value of Culture: Quantifying the Risk of Antiquities Looting

The traditionally clandestine nature of the art market poses challenges to assessing looting and trafficking in developing nations. In the absence of direct information on transactions in source nations, sales at auction provide a sense of the market value and trade volume of antiquities and primitive art. Auction houses openly publish results of auctions and enable access to sales archives through web sites. On-line access to sales archives creates a substantive pool of data on hammer prices from auctions around the world. Sales archives also contain detailed descriptions of the artworks. The description that accompanies an auction lot can identify the geographic origin of the artwork. Data mining of sales archives for hammer price and origin enables analysis of market value by source nation. The analysis assesses relative market value and, thereby, contributes to an assessment of relative risks of looting across developing nations.
A Matter of Firn

Estimating ice sheet mass changes from elevation surveys requires adjustments for snow density variations at the ice sheet surface.
New beta-cells from old acini.

Pancreatic acinar cells have been reprogrammed in vivo into insulin-expressing cells by adenoviral delivery of three transcription factors.
The Modern Percussion Revolution: Journeys of the Progressive Artist edited by Gustavo Aguilar and Kevin Lewis

The idea of revolution lies somewhat uneasily at the heart of The Modern Percussion Revolution: Journeys of the Progressive Artist, but not as it relates to John Cage, whose 1939 declaration “percu...
Physical Activity and Prostate Tumor Vessel Morphology: Data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study

Vigorous activity is associated with lower risk of prostate cancer progression, but the biologic mechanisms are unknown. Exercise affects vascularization of tumors in animal models, and small, irregularly shaped vessels in prostate tumors are associated with fatal prostate cancer. We hypothesized that men who engaged in vigorous activity or brisk walking would have larger, more regularly shaped vessels in their prostate tumors. We prospectively examined whether physical activity was associated with prostate tumor microvessel morphology among 571 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study using ordinal logistic regression. Vessel size (μm(2)), vessel lumen regularity (perimeter(2)/4 · Π · area), and microvessel density (number/high-powered field) were ascertained in tumor sections stained for endothelial cell marker CD34. Vigorous activity [metabolic equivalent task (MET) ≥ 6], nonvigorous activity (MET < 6), and walking pace were assessed a median of 14 months before diagnosis. Prostate tumors from men who reported a brisk walking pace (3+ mph) had larger, more regularly shaped blood vessels compared with those of men who walked at a less than brisk pace [vessel regularity OR, 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-2.27; P value, 0.01; vessel size OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.04-2.12; P value, 0.03]. Brisk walking was not associated with microvessel density; total vigorous and nonvigorous activities were not associated with vessel size, shape, or number. Brisk walking may be associated with larger, more regularly shaped vessels in prostate tumors. Additional research elucidating the effect of physical activity on prostate tumor biology is needed.
African-American clients: clinical practice issues

African-American clients have in general been treated by mental health professionals who assess their behavior in terms of white culture and society. By failing to examine these clients in relation to their own culture, professionals may often arrive at distorted diagnoses that result in ineffective treatment.
The effect of extracellular Ca2+ and temperature on the induction of the heat-shock and glucose-regulated proteins in hamster fibroblasts

The expression of two stress-inducible protein families was examined in hamster fibroblast cells. These are the heat-shock and glucose-regulated proteins which have been shown to be highly inducible by heat and glucose-starvation, respectively. Our studies here demonstrate that the two sets of proteins can be induced simultaneously or separately. The enhanced synthesis of one set of proteins apparently does not affect the level of expression of the other set. We further show that pre-incubation of these fibroblast cells in calcium-free medium does not inhibit the synthesis of the 70 and 72-kilodalton heat-shock proteins at the elevated temperature. While extracellular calcium is apparently not involved in the activation of the heat-shock protein synthesis, its removal from the culture medium has a modest stimulative effect on the synthesis of the glucose-regulated proteins. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the expression of these two sets of proteins are regulated by separate control mechanisms.
Bulk Formulation of the Surface Heat Flux

An interpretive literature survey examines different approachesfor applying the bulk aerodynamic formulato predict the surface heat flux. The surface heat flux is often predicted in terms of the surface radiation temperature, which is also used to predict the upward longwave radiation and the heat flux into the soil. In models, the thermal roughness length based on the surface radiation temperature (radiometric roughness length) is often specified to be smaller than the roughness length for momentum for a number of distinct reasons. The definition of the radiometric roughness length depends on the way that the surface temperature is measured, the choice of stability functions and displacement height and inclusion of any additional resistances.
Oxygen fugacity of the diamond + CO fluid assemblage and CO2 fugacity at 8 GPa

Abstract We have bracketed the oxygen fugacity ( ƒ O 2 ) of the diamond + CO fluid buffer (CCO) relative to the wustite-magnetite (WM) and nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffers at 8 GPa and 950–1550°C using a Walker-style multi-anvil press. The intersection of CCO with WM is between 1050° and 1150°C and thus the log ƒ O 2 of CCO at 1100°C is constrained to be −5.10 ± 0.59. From 1100° to 1550°C CCO is between NNO and WM, and below 1100°C CCO is more oxidized than both NNO and WM. Although the intersection of CCO and NNO was not located, previous studies indicate that CCO has shallower slope than NNO and with this constraint the log ƒ O 2 of CCO at 1550°C is −1.76 ± 0.95. The ƒ O 2 of CCO at 8 GPa and 950–1550°C can be expressed as log ƒ O 2 = 8.4 ± 0.8 – 18570 ± 7000/T (°K) and is consistent with other recent experiments. The results of this study define the ƒ O 2 of experiments conducted in graphite capsules and regions of the mantle saturated with diamond and a CO fluid. CCO is more oxidizing than diamond-carbonate buffers and thus the existence of CO2-rich fluids in natural samples at ∼ 8 GPa probably requires an olivine-free local environment such as eclogite. CCO lies in the reduced half of the range of estimated mantle ƒ O 2 values and thus diamond will be stable only in the more reduced regions. CO2 fugacities estimated from these results are at the low end of the range predicted by equations of state at low temperature but show a greater thermal expansion for CO2 and, hence, a greater increase in ƒ CO 2 with temperature than the equations of state. This results in lower predicted decarbonation reaction temperatures near 8 GPa compared to existing equations of state.
1.3μm hybrid silicon electroabsorption modulator

A high speed, efficient hybrid silicon electroabsorption modulator working at 1.3μm is demonstrated. This device has a bandwidth of 32GHz, an extinction ratio of over 5dB/V across 30nm wavelength span and a footprint of 150μmx350μm.
Generic Integrated Maintenance Diagnostics

Maintenance Support for a weapon system involves both preventive and corrective maintenance actions. Preventive maintenance is normally associated with mechanical equipment, and requires prognostic maintenance techniques to predict failures before they occur. Corrective maintenance is more closely associated with electronic equipment, and requires diagnostic maintenance techniques to detect and isolate failures after they occur. To pursue a systems approach to weapon system maintenance using both prognostics and diagnostics, the Air Force has initiated a program entitled, ``Generic Integrated Maintenance Diagnostics (GIMADs)''. This paper provides insight into the GIMADS program at Aeronautical Systems Division.
Movement Science: Purposefulness and Cross Transfer in a Forearm Supination and Pronation Task

The effects of forearm cross-transfer training with materials-based (MB), rote exercise (RE), and control conditions were investigated using a pre-test, training-post test design. The pre- and post-test task involved cranking resistive wing nuts in and out with each hand. The MB participants were given a practice device and were assigned to one of four groups that involved cranking wing nuts in or out with their left or right limb. Participants in the RE group were not given a practice device, but were asked to supinate and pronate their assigned limb for a specified duration. The difference between the MB condition's pre- and post-test movement time (MT) was significantly better than that between the RE and control groups' movement time. Contrast analyses revealed that the MT difference for the MB condition was significantly greater than the control performance when the purpose of the pre- and post-test movements of the untrained limb was similar to the training purpose (cranking the wing nut in or out) ...
First name or last? Addressing the patient in psychotherapy

Abstract In deciding how to address each other, psychotherapist and patient set the stage for their relationship to follow. Ambivalent wishes for closeness and distance, authority and equality, are reflected in conflicts over naming. This study presents data about the incidence, rationale, and utility of first and last naming in psychotherapy.
Numerical solutions of chemically reacting and radiating flows

The two-dimensional spatially elliptic Navier-Stokes equations are used to investigate the chemically reacting and radiating supersonic flow of the hydrogen-air system between two parallel plates and in a channel with a ten-degree compression-expansion ramp at the lower boundary. The explicit unsplit finite-difference technique of MacCormack is used to advance the governing equations in time until convergence is achieved. The chemistry source term in the species equation is treated implicitly to alleviate the stiffness associated with fast reactions. The tangent slab approximation is employed in the radiative flux formulation. Both pseudo-gray and nongray models are used to represent the absorption-emission characteristics of the participating species. Results obtained for specific conditions indicate that the radiative interaction can have a significant influence on the flow field.
6Li MAS NMR Studies of the Local Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Cr-doped Lithium Manganese and Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

6Li magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy has been used to probe the lithium local environments in a series of layered compounds, Cr-doped LiCoO2, Co-doped LiCrO2, Cr-doped LiMnO2, and the Li-rich material Li[Li0.2Cr0.4Mn0.4]O2. A series of resonances are seen for LiCrxCo1-xO2 due to Cr3+ occupancy of the first and second cation coordination sphere surrounding Li. The shifts, which are caused by a transferred hyperfine interaction, differ in size and sign, depending on the Li−O−Cr bond angle. The shift of LiCrO2 cannot be directly extrapolated from those measured in the magnetically dilute Cr3+-doped LiCoO2 compounds, and remains constant with temperature (from room to 283 °C). This behavior is ascribed to the strong antiferromagnetic couplings that exist in LiCrO2. The behavior of Cr3+-doped layered LiMn(III)O2 is qualitatively similar to that of Co3+-doped LiCrO2, both compounds showing additional resonances caused by the dopant cations. Dramatically different NMR spectra are seen for Li[Li0.2Cr0.4Mn0.4...
Evaluation of Data Reduction Methods

Results are presented from a combined numerical and experimental study to assess the accuracy of six different methods of data reduction for the mixed-mode bending test. These include two methods in the literature that use only the load data from the test, a modi® cation to one of these methods to improve accuracy, two variations of compliance calibration, anda newly proposed a load-de ection method.o First, the accuracy of the variousmethods were evaluated by comparison to ® nite element predictions for a typical laminate. Second, the various methods were applied to double cantilever beam and end-notched exure test data that had previously been reduced by well-established techniques. Finally, ® ve laminates were tested in the mixed-mode bending ® xture at each of ® ve mode ratios:GII/G = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0. The data from these tests were reduced by the variousdata reduction methods. The mean value of the critical energy release rate Gc at GII/G = 0.4 was compared to the mean Gc obtained by compliance calibration of a separate set of ® ve single leg bending test specimens, and Gc at GII/G = 1.0 was compared to the meanGc obtained by compliance calibration of a separate set of ® ve end-notched exure test specimens. By these comparisons, by physical considerations of the test results, and by examinations of the standard deviations of the various data pools, it was concluded that a method that uses only load data from the test is the most accurate. For improved accuracy, a modi® cation to this method is suggested that involves only the experimental determination of the bending rigidities of the cracked and uncracked regions and the use of these results in the reduction of data.
The Buchsbaum–Rim Polynomial of a Module☆

Abstract For a Noetherian local ring (R, m ), the Hilbert functions of m -primary ideals provide considerable information about constructions and singularities coded by the ideal. For a module E which is the analogue of such ideals (E is a proper submodule of a free module so that the quotient has finite length), Buchsbaum and Rim defined a similar function and introduced the notion of Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicity br(E) of the module. Unlike in the ideal case, the information about these functions is still scant. When R is Cohen–Macaulay of dimension d > 1 and E has rank r, we develop some of their properties sufficiently enough to establish the following bound for the reduction number of the module E, r(E) ≤ (d + r − 1) · (br(E) − 2) + 1. The same techniques lead to bounds on the number of generators of the integral closure of the powers of certain ideals and modules.
The Impact of Macroeconomic Announcements on Stock Prices: In Search of State Dependence

Federal bureaus make regularly scheduled public announcements of macroeconomic variables such as employment, the price level, and the money stock. Recently, several studies claim to establish an empirical relationship between the impact of these announcements on financial markets and the state of the business cycle. The present article estimates the impact of several announcement variables on daily closing values of the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500. Contrary to previous studies, this study finds no significant evidence that the marginal effects of announcements vary with the state of the economy.