cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition during Lactation

A resurgence in breast feeding in the US especially among more affluent and educated women has produced interest in the composition of human milk and its function in the newborn infant. A National Academy of Sciences expert panel on nutrition during lactation concluded that mothers are able to provide milk of sufficient quantity and quality to support infant growth and health even when the mothers supply of nutrients and energy is limited. This chapter presents an overview of the Academys findings and summarizes subsequent research in the areas of milk composition and volume. Although the amount and composition of carbohydrate and protein in human milk are relatively constant fat composition is highly variable affected by factors such as length of gestation and lactation parity volume maternal diet and pregnancy weight gain. In general healthy infants have an average daily intake of 750-800 ml of breast milk in the first 4-5 months after birth. At present there are no established standards for assessing the nutritional status of lactating women.
Patient navigation based on predictive modeling decreases no‐show rates in cancer care

BACKGROUND Patient adherence to appointments is key to improving outcomes in health care. “No-show” appointments contribute to suboptimal resource use. Patient navigation and telephone reminders have been shown to improve cancer care and adherence, particularly in disadvantaged populations, but may not be cost-effective if not targeted at the appropriate patients. METHODS In 5 clinics within a large academic cancer center, patients who were considered to be likely (the top 20th percentile) to miss a scheduled appointment without contacting the clinic ahead of time (“no-shows”) were identified using a predictive model and then randomized to an intervention versus a usual-care group. The intervention group received telephone calls from a bilingual patient navigator 7 days before and 1 day before the appointment. RESULTS Over a 5-month period, of the 40,075 appointments scheduled, 4425 patient appointments were deemed to be at high risk of a “no-show” event. After the patient navigation intervention, the no-show rate in the intervention group was 10.2% (167 of 1631), compared with 17.5% in the control group (280 of 1603) (P<.001). Reaching a patient or family member was associated with a significantly lower no-show rate (5.9% and 3.0%, respectively; P<.001 and .006, respectively) compared with leaving a message (14.7%: P = .117) or no contact (no-show rate, 21.6%: P = .857). CONCLUSIONS Telephone navigation targeted at those patients predicted to be at high risk of visit nonadherence was found to effectively and substantially improve patient adherence to cancer clinic appointments. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term impact on patient outcomes, but short-term gains in the optimization of resources can be recognized immediately. Cancer 2015;121:1662–1670. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Mothers and Daughters

ABSTRACT In many inner-city households, children are simultaneously exposed to substance use, violence, and sexual exploitation. Sadly, these youths often seek solace and escape in the inner-city street subculture, only to find the same problems there. As young adults, these persons typically reproduce the household norms and the street subculture they experienced in their own childhoods. This paper illustrates the processes behind these interconnected phenomena based on detailed ethnographic accounts of two generations of females' experiences from two separate households.
Regulation of EGFR Protein Stability by the HECT-type Ubiquitin Ligase SMURF2

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a variety of epithelial tumors and is considered to be an important therapeutic target. Although gene amplification is responsible for EGFR overexpression in certain human malignancies including lung and head and neck cancers, additional molecular mechanisms are likely. Here, we report a novel interaction of EGFR with an HECT-type ubiquitin ligase SMURF2, which can ubiquitinate, but stabilize EGFR by protecting it from c-Cbl-mediated degradation. Conversely, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of SMURF2 destabilized EGFR, induced an autophagic response and reduced the clonogenic survival of EGFR-expressing cancer cell lines, with minimal effects on EGFR-negative cancer cells, normal fibroblasts, and normal epithelial cells. UMSCC74B head and neck squamous cancer cells, which form aggressive tumors in nudemice, significantly lost in vivo tumor-forming ability on siRNA-mediated SMURF2 knockdown. Gene expressionmicroarray data from 443 lung adenocarcinoma patients, and tissue microarray data from 67 such patients, showed a strong correlation of expression between EGFR and SMURF2 at the messenger RNA and protein levels, respectively. Our findings suggest that SMURF2-mediated protective ubiquitination of EGFR may be responsible for EGFR overexpression in certain tumors and support targeting SMURF2-EGFR interaction as a novel therapeutic approach in treating EGFR-addicted tumors.
Isolation and characterization of human Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor).

Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) has been purified approximately 500-fold from the cryoprecipitate fraction of human plasma. The isolation procedure involves adsorption of contaminants with A1(OH)3, column chromatography on tricalcium citrate-cellulose, precipitation with concanavalin A, and an agarose gel filtration step. The final product is homogeneous when examined by zone electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium, and immunoelectrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by sedimentation equilibrium is 1.12 million ± 98,000. After reduction of the protein with 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, subunits are formed which migrate as one band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zone electrophoresis. The subunits are heterogeneous, however, in the ultracentrifuge, apparently due to substantial aggregation. The smallest species which could be detected has a molecular weight of 105,000 ± 5,000. The molecular weight of the subunit determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis was 240,000. The latter value may be high, however, due to the fact that human Factor VIII contains approximately 6% carbohydrate (hexose, hexosamine, and neuraminic acid) and the molecular weights of glycoproteins determined by SDS gel electrophoresis tend to be high. Antibodies prepared in rabbits against human Factor VIII inhibit both human and bovine Factor VIII activity. Antibodies to the highly purified human Factor VIII also form a precipitin line in immunoelectrophoresis experiments with the cryoprecipitate fraction prepared from hemophilic plasma, indicating that an abnormal Factor VIII molecule is present in the plasma of individuals with classic hemophilia. Other general properties of human Factor VIII, including its amino acid composition, thrombin modification, and turnover in hemophilic dogs, are also reported.
Hodgkin’s Disease

Hodgkin’ s disease is a unique cancer of the lymphoid system, first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832 and later, independently by Samuel Wilks in 1856. Despite its relative rarity, Hodgkin’ s disease is one of the most intensively studied of all malignancies. These studies have led to a detailed understanding of the clinical and pathologic features of the disease and have rendered Hodgkin’ s disease one of the most curable cancers. It is now generally accepted that the characteristic malignant cell of Hodgkin’s disease, the Reed-Sternberg cell, is of B-lymphoid lineage. Continually improved and refined treatment regimens, often tested in randomized controlled trials, result in a cure for more than 80% of newly diagnosed patients. Moreover, these improvements in treatment have been accompanied by reductions in the late effects of the therapy.
Development and axonal outgrowth of identified motoneurons in the zebrafish

We have observed the development of live, fluorescently labeled motoneurons in the spinal cord of embryonic and larval zebrafish. There are 2 classes of motoneurons: primary and secondary. On each side of each spinal segment there are 3 individually identifiable primary motoneurons, named CaP, MiP, and RoP. The motoneurons of the embryo and larva are similar in morphology and projection pattern to those of the adult. During initial development, axons of primary motoneurons make cell-specific, divergent pathway choices and grow without error to targets appropriate for their adult functions. We observed no period of cell death, and except for one consistently observed case, there was no remodeling of peripheral arbors. We have observed a consistent temporal sequence of axonal outgrowth within each spinal segment. The CaP motor axon is the first to leave the spinal cord, followed by the axons of the other primary motoneurons. The Mauthner growth cone enters the spinal cord after all the primary motoneurons of the trunk spinal cord have begun axonal outgrowth. Secondary motor growth cones appear only after the Mauthner growth cone has passed by. Our results suggest that this stereotyped temporal sequence of axonal outgrowth may play a role in defining the contacts between the Mauthner axon and the motoneurons; the behavior of growth cones in the periphery suggests that interactions with the environment, not timing, may determine path-finding and peripheral connectivity of the motoneurons.
An environment simulator for a KBS controlled underwater vehicle

The inconvenience of using a submersible vehicle in an ocean environment to test the vehicle software has created the need for an environment simulator which allows for testing of the vehicle software on a convenient development system. The architecture and capabilities of such a simulator which has been implemented for the EAVE submersible, a knowledge based system (KBS) controlled vehicle developed by the Marine System Engineering Laboratory, are described. The simulator features include the ability to simulate multiple vehicles, a graphics display which shows the movement of the vehicle in three dimensions, numerical display of sensor values generated, and an interactive menu system which allows the user to cause vehicle failures during simulation. The vehicle-simulator interface appears to the software to be identical to the vehicle-sensors interface so no modifications must be made to the software to use the simulator. A generic architecture allows for flexibility in the types of data generated and in the scenarios defined by the user. The use of the simulator to test the software in a complex demonstration which will subsequently be performed by the vehicle is discussed.
Science, Technology and Political Development1:

Modernization has a special appeal for youth in its projection of rapid socio-economic changes and the image of a modern societal structure as an obtainable goal. Education is identified as an intrinsic part of the modernization process, through which social mobility and the achievement of political power are envisaged. The young educated elites of the developing countries are generally characterized by a growing sense of “performance-orientation” and an increasing degree of involvement in politics. Preoccupation with ideological concerns is still common among university students. Young people educated in technological fields tend to be more task oriented but often insecure due to the lack of clearly defined social status. General attitudinal patterns suggest a preoccupation with authority and its role in development, a general lack of patience for political mediation, and the subordination of political means to economic goals.
Studying customer evaluations of electronic commerce applications: a review and adaptation of the task-technology fit perspective

The advantages arising from the emergence of electronic commerce (EC) are manifold. From automating inventory replenishment to replacing traditional sales channels with Web-based interfaces, the concept of electronic commerce presents a number of research challenges and opportunities. A key prerequisite for leveraging EC applications is a thorough understanding of how customers interact with these applications. A primary challenge for the successful design and implementation of these applications is managing not only the increasingly heterogeneous nature of the task performed in the context of EC, but the wide variety of interaction devices (e.g., wireless phones, PDAs, etc.) that customers use to execute these tasks. The significance and primary contribution of this research effort is to adapt and apply task-technology fit (TTF) theory to an EC domain. Using the techniques outlined by Goodhue (1995), TTF constructs for an EC task domain are derived by applying factors/principles from Web usability research. The TTF determinants of task, technology, and individual characteristics are modified to fit an EC domain. An electronic commerce TTF instrument is presented along with a research model for better understanding the relationships between independent and dependent variables. Finally, plans and implications for future research are discussed.
A theory of libration

It is shown here that many problems of libration in celestial mechanics can be reduced to a perturbation of anintermediary defined by the Hamiltonian $$F = B\left( y \right) + 2\mu ^2 A\left( y \right)f\left( x \right).$$ This generalization of the Ideal Resonance Problem, with a periodic functionf(x) replacing sin2 x, is solved here toO(μ 2) by an algorithm that is essentially the same as the one used in the original formulation. The solution is of the formx=x(u), u=u(t), y=y(x), with the functionx(u) commonly involving the inversion of a hyperelliptic integralu(x), evaluated by quadrature. Libration may be simple or multiple, depending on the nature of the functionf(x) and on the initial conditions. Double libration is illustrated here by the horseshoe-shaped orbits enclosing two libration centers.
New approaches to and current treatment of leptomeningeal metastases

Leptomeningeal metastases (LM), a common problem in neurooncology, occur in approximately 5% of all patients with cancer. Aside from frequent focal signs and symptoms, LM affects the entire neuraxis; therefore, staging and treatment must encompass all cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Central nervous system staging of LM includes contrast-enhanced cranial computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, contrast-enhanced spine magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomographic myelography, and radionuclide cerebrospinal fluid flow study. Treatment of LM includes involved-field radiotherapy of bulky or symptomatic disease and intracerebrospinal fluid drug therapy. At present, intracerebrospinal fluid drug therapy is confined to three chemotherapeutic agents (methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and thiotepa) and is administered in a variety of schedules by either intralumbar or intraventricular drug delivery. Although treatment of LM is palliative, with an expected median patient survival of 6 months, it often provides stabilization and protection from further neurologic deterioration in patients with LM.
Existing restorations duplicated for an immediate denture.

Abstract A technique has been described which offers an easy and practical approach to the duplication of a patient's existing dentition with a cast restoration for immediate denture esthetics.
Address extraction using hidden Markov models

This paper presents the implementation and evaluation of a Hidden Markov Model to extract addresses from OCR text. Although Hidden Markov Models discover addresses with high precision and recall, this type of Information Extraction task seems to be affected negatively by the presence of OCR text.
Between inspection and innovation the central role of the peer review in systems engineering

Few would argue against the idea that the dominant focus for both researchers and practitioners in the decades following World War II centered on quality control and operational efficiency. In the last twenty years, however, this focus has shifted to organizational innovation and product differentiation strategies in an increasingly competitive market environment. However as this pendulum has swung from one side to the other it passed over organizational activities that I will argue are no less important to organizational effectiveness. In this paper the engineering peer review is presented as an organizational activity that is critical to the success of products in highly complex systems engineering or systems-of-systems environments. Empirical data from peer reviews and a cybernetic framework are used to highlight the unique role these reviews play in the design of complex systems as well as helping to differentiate these activities from quality control (inspection) and innovation. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed.
Community-partnered needs assessment: a strategy to teach college students about health disparities.

Partnering with communities to provide service-learning opportunities for undergraduates can be an effective strategy to teach college students about health disparities. In the current study, undergraduates partnered with a public K–8 school to conduct a participatory needs assessment. College students worked directly with teachers, parents, public school students, and key stakeholders to identify and prioritize health needs, and they awarded the partnership school a grant to address physical activity and bullying. Undergraduates rated the class highly favorably and reported a deeper understanding of health disparities resulting from the service-learning activity. Health disparities research is increasingly becoming a national priority and service learning can attract future talent by providing undergraduates with the opportunity to engage in the material in a meaningful way with clear community benefit.
A Numerical Investigation on the Volute/Impeller Steady-State Interaction due to Circumferential Distortion

To understand the volute/impeller interaction at off-design conditions, the steady-state interaction between volute and impeller is investigated in this paper using CFX-TASCflow’s frozen rotor model. This model is applicable to the compressor flow where the acoustic Strouhal number is close to zero. The gentle circumferential pressure distortion is confirmed at the exit of the vaneless diffuser; but the radical pressure distortion is found around the tongue, resulting from the incidence to the tongue. The circumferential pressure distortion, which is lagged in phase to the total pressure distortion, is predicted to propagate upstream over the vaneless diffuser without significant decay. It is found that the impeller exit flow pattern depends on the slope of the circumferential variation of the static pressure at exit. This explains why the impeller efficiency is reduced at off-design conditions. Therefore, this study suggests that the undersized volute is beneficial to the impeller.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Practical Considerations in the Use of Rotated Principal Component Analysis (RPCA)in Diagnostic Studies of Upper-Air Height Fields

Abstract Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) is a powerful tool for studying upper air height data because of its ability to distill information about the variance existing in a large number of maps to a much smaller set of physically meaningful maps which together explain a large fraction of the variance of she input dataset. However, in order to achieve this, one faces the problem of deciding how many eigenmodes to rotate. A discussion of the dangers of incorrectly choosing the rotation point and a quasi-objective technique that leads to a good compromise between over- and underrotation are presented. Finally, the use of RPCA for detecting errors and inconsistencies in upper air data along with two examples is discussed.
Evaluation of Canning Quality Traits in Black Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by Visible/Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) processing pre- sents unique challenges because of discoloration, breakage, development of undesirable textures, and off-flavors during canning and storage. These quality issues strongly affect processing standards and consumer acceptance for beans. In this research, visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) reflectance data for the spectral region of 400-2,500 nm were acquired from intact dry beans for predicting five canning quality traits, i.e., hydration coefficient (HC), visual appearance (APP) and color (COL), washed drained coefficient (WDC), and texture (TXT), using partial least squares regression (PLSR). A total of 471 bean samples harvested and canned in 2010, 2011, and 2012 were used for analysis. PLSR models based on the Vis/ NIR data showed low predictive performance, as measured by correlation coefficient for prediction (Rpred )f or APP (Rpred= 0.275-0.566) and TXT (Rpred=0.270-0.681), but better results for predicting HC (Rpred=0.517-0.810), WDC (Rpred=0.420- 0.796), and COL (Rpred<0.533-0.758). In comparison, color measurements from a colorimeter on drained canned beans showed consistently good predictions for COL (Rpred=0.796- 0.907). In spite of the low or relatively poor agreement among the sensory panelists as determined by multirater Kappa analysis (Kfree of 0.20 for APP and 0.18 for COL), a linear discriminant model using the Vis/NIR data was able to classify the canned bean samples into two sensory quality categories of "acceptable" and "unacceptable", based on panelists' ratings for APP and COL traits of canning beans, with classification accuracies of 72.6 % or higher. While Vis/NIR technique has the potential for assessing bean canning quality from intact dry beans, improvements in sensing and instrumentation are need- ed in order to meet the application requirements.
A Fast Poisson Solver Amenable to Parallel Computation

The matrix decomposition Poisson solver is developed for the five-point difference approximation to Poisson's equation on a rectangle. This algorithm's suitability for parallel computation, its simplicity, its performance relative to successive overrelaxation, and its generality are then discussed.
The relationship between computerization and performance: A strategy for maximizing the economic benefits of computerization

Abstract The relationship between computerization and several measures of overall firm performance is examined. Sample firms consisted of 138 wholesalers in a single industry with annual sales between one million and over ten million dollars. Three performance comparisons are presented: users versus non-users of computers, three levels of usage, and class of computer usage. Results indicate that computerization is related to overall performance. Non-users tend to be small firms with about average overall performance. On the other hand, firms owning computers and making extensive use of them in a variety of ways tend to be either very high or low performers. Possible explanations for these bi-modal results are presented.
Poisons in the land.

In 1967, under pressure from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Congress appropriated $5.3 million to spray pesticides in several southeastern states. The target was the imported fire ant, the weapon was Mirex, and the ARS soon announced that $200 million spent over twelve years would eliminate the nasty little biter from the southern landscape. Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman had recently declared Mirex "the perfect pesticide" because it seemed less toxic than other fire ant killers such as heptachlor, dieldrin, and DDT. Freeman's statement was laden with irony. Only a few years before, Freeman had declared the ARS's efforts to eradicate the fire ant in the late 1950s "a classic case of how not to
Dynamics of feeding and growth of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in Lake Wingra and Lake Mendota, Wisconsin

Adult bluegil grew faster in Lake Mendota than in Lake Wingra. Once and two year old fish from both lakes had similar growth patterns and grew at a rate similar to that of fish from other lakes. Small fish from the two lakes (averaging 10 g) had comparable rations in July but larger fish (averaging 50 g) had daily ration of 3% in Lake Mendota compared to 1% for Lake Wingra fish. Mean number of benthic organisms varied from 364 to 80 per m2 in Lake Wingra as opposed to 1560 to 450 organisms per m2 in Lake Mendota. Fish in Lake Wingra fed selectively on Daphnia and Cyclops, which, although small in size, were relatively larger than the other plankton species. Bluegill from Lake Mendota, on the other hand, fed mainly on large macroinvertebrates such as Hyalella and insects.
Amyloid β-Protein Is Degraded by Cellular Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) and Elevated by an ACE Inhibitor

Human genetic data have associated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with Alzheimer disease (AD), and purified ACE has been reported to cleave synthetic amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in vitro. Whether deficiency in ACE activity, arising from genetic alteration or pharmacological inhibition, can decrease Aβ degradation and allow Aβ accumulation in intact cells is unknown. We cloned ACE from human neuroblastoma cells and showed that it had posttranslational processing and enzymatic activity typical of the endogenous protease. Cellular expression of ACE promoted degradation of naturally secreted Aβ40 and Aβ42, leading to significant clearance of both species. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that both active sites within ACE contribute to Aβ clearance, and an ACE construct bearing mutations in each catalytic domain had no effect on Aβ levels. Pharmacological inhibition of ACE with a widely prescribed drug, captopril, promoted the accumulation of cell-derived Aβ in the media of β-amyloid precursor-protein expressing cells. Together, these results show that ACE can lower the levels of secreted Aβ in living cells and that this effect is blocked by inhibiting the protease's activity with an ACE inhibitor. This work, combined with the genetic studies, supports the hypothesis that ACE may modulate the susceptibility to and progression of AD via degradation of Aβ. Our data encourage further analyses of the ACE gene for disease association and raise the question of whether currently prescribed ACE inhibitors could elevate cerebral Aβ levels in humans.
Trends in the use of prenatal diagnosis in New York state and the impact of biochemical screening on the detection of down syndrome : 1984-1993

Our purpose was to examine trends over time in the use of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis by New York State women from 1984 to 1993 in the context of new technologies in prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy management. Data are from the New York State Chromosome Registry and represent 95-98 per cent of all New York State women tested. Utilization rates were calculated separately for women under 35 years of age and for those aged 35 years and over. Analysis of longitudinal trends also utilized data from 1979 to 1983. Utilization by women under age 35 increased steadily over time but levelled off after 1986 among older women. Each year, there was an increase in the proportion of tests performed during the first trimester. The proportion of first-trimester tests performed with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) decreased from a maximum of 68 per cent in 1987 to 10 per cent in 1993. The percentage of tests performed due to 'advanced maternal age' decreased over time while 'suspected fetal pathology' categories increased in frequency. The increase in prenatal diagnosis tests performed because of abnormal maternal serum markers was associated with an increase over time in the number and proportion of Down syndrome fetuses detected prenatally and a slight decrease in the prevalence of Down syndrome among live births. The trends reported here parallel improvements in biochemical screening for Down syndrome and published suggestions that all women aged 30 and over are offered prenatal diagnosis.
Urease from a sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: partial purification and kinetics.

Abstract 1. 1. Urease from a sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, was purified 300-fold, using heat precipitation, ethanol precipitation and gel filtration. 2. 2. The pH optimum is 8.0. 3. 3. The apparent Michaelis constant for urea is 0.13 mM at pH 8.0. 4. 4. The inhibitory effects of seven reagents on urease were evaluated. The pattern of inhibition is similar to other invertebrate ureases. 5. 5. L. variegatus urease is compared with that of several other invertebrates, and its possible significance in CaCO3 formation is discussed.
Decomposition Relationship Visualization for Executable Architecture Diagrams

Abstract Systems architecting tools assist in describing and analyzing complex systems and promote the design of better systems through structured analysis. As a system in and of itself, an architecting tool can be subject to betterments, adjustments, and improvements, which add to its usefulness for the architecting community. The implementation of architecting principles within a tool can increase the efficiency of that tool and its user. The research described in this paper provides a functional model comparison of some standard functional notations, and specifies an architect's need for additional graphical indicators on executable diagrams. These indicators are intended to deliver improved visualization of disconnects among various levels of functional decomposition on executable diagrams to improve the efficiency of the design process. This paper proposes small enhancements to current executable modeling notations to graphically identify decompositional disconnects on EFFBD and action diagrams. The suggested implementation detects and illustrates inconsistencies in decompositional relationships, which generate errors if these relationships are overlooked by the user during diagram construction. Several examples are shown to portray the lack of graphical indicators on executable diagrams, forcing the user to manually identify illogical relationships, and rerun the simulation until it succeeds in running to completion; this is a process that can be very time consuming as a result of user error. Proposed notational enhancements increase efficiency by lessening repetitive efforts and time troubleshooting these user errors causing discrepancies found in simulation.
Enforcing alcohol-impaired driving and seat belt use laws, Binghamton, NY☆

An evaluation of an integrated enforcement program designed to reduce alcohol-impaired driving and increase seat belt use in Binghamton, NY, was conducted. The program's emphasis is on the publicized use of sobriety and seat belt use checkpoints, passive alcohol sensors, and seat belt law enforcement. A study of the program's first two years shows that a relative overall reduction of about 39% in the number of drivers who had been drinking and were stopped at police checkpoints was sustained from Fall 1988 to Fall 1990; evidence was also found of significantly fewer injury-producing crashes and significantly fewer late-night crashes during months when checkpoints were held. Drivers with high blood alcohol concentrations were relatively unaffected by the program. Seat belt use rose, especially at night. Results suggest that checkpoints may have to be both constant and visible features of enforcement for their benefits to be lasting.
New Hybrid Photoconductivity Technique for the Investigation of C O 2 -Laser-Induced Hot-Carrier and Free-Carrier Absorption Effects in Degenerate n -InSb at 1.8 K

Free-carrier absorption of tuned C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-laser radiation is shown to be a valuable new tool for the extraction of information on photoheated hot carriers and the free-carrier absorption coefficients in low-concentration, degenerate $n$-InSb at liquid helium temperatures. The technique exploits parallel photoheating and dc-heating experiments conducted in a regime where conductivity changes are unambiguously determined by mobility changes.
Combination of diaphragmatic eventration and microphthalmia/anophthalmia is probably nonrandom

Two sporadic cases of eventration of the diaphragm are reported; one had bilateral colobomatous microphthalmia and the other had anophthalmia. Absence of polydactyly and presence of eventration rather than diaphragmatic hernia helped to exclude Fryns syndrome. These cases together with published cases with overlapping features support the thesis that this combination of defects is nonrandom and of heterogeneous cause. Some cases are due to a pleiotropic gene defect. In other cases, a polytypic developmental field involving an unknown developmental cascade common to the eye and diaphragm may provide a basis for the combination.
Neandertal foraging during the late Mousterian in the Pyrenees: New insights based on faunal remains from Gatzarria Cave

Abstract This article presents the initial results of a new study of faunal remains from Gatzarria Cave, a Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition site the Pyrenees of southwestern France (department of the Pyrenees Atlantiques). This study attempts to document diet breadth during the late Mousterian, while paying due attention to recently identified problems regarding the stratigraphic context of the assemblages. The faunal analysis focuses on a subset of late Mousterian faunal remains from layer Cj at the site. Taphonomic analysis suggests that humans were the primary bone accumulators. The assemblage is dominated by a single large-bodied species, red deer; smaller-bodied ungulates are poorly represented. Skeletal part representation indicates that within-bone nutrients contained in marrow were probably a key resource for these foragers. The overall pattern of remains is interpreted as evidence of narrow-spectrum foraging, a pattern which appears to be repeated at other Mousterian sites in the Pyrenees region. This may mean that local Neandertal populations existed at relatively low densities. However, this suggestion must be tempered by the fact that settlement patterns, including occupation seasonalities and site functions, are not yet well understood for this region.
Macrophage response to methacrylate conversion using a gradient approach.

Abstract Incomplete conversion, an ongoing challenge facing photopolymerized methacrylate-based polymers, affects leachables as well as the resulting polymer network. As novel polymers and composites are developed, methods to efficiently screen cell response to these materials and their properties, including conversion, are needed. In this study, an in vitro screening methodology was developed to assess cells cultured directly on cross-linked polymer networks. A gradient in methacrylate double bond conversion was used to increase the experimental throughput. A substrate of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl] propane (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was prepared with a conversion ranging from 43.0% to 61.2%. Substrates aged for 7 days had no significant differences in surface roughness or hydrophilicity as a function of conversion. Leachables were detectable for at least 7 days using UV absorption, but their global cytotoxicity was insignificant after 5 days of aging. Thus, RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were cultured on aged substrates to evaluate the cell response to conversion, with possible contributions from the polymer network and local leachables. Conversions of 45% and 50% decreased viability (via calcein/ethidium staining) and increased apoptosis (via annexin-V staining). No significant changes ( p > 0.05) in tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β gene expression, as measured by quantitative, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were seen as conversion increased. Thus, conversions greater than 50% are recommended for equimolar BisGMA/TEGDMA. The ability to distinguish cell response as a function of conversion is useful as an initial biological screening platform to optimize dental polymers.
η-Valuations for some stunted trees

A tree with n edges is stunted if its edges can be linearly ordered e"1,...,e"n so that e"1 and e"2 share a vertex and, for all j=3,...,n, edge e"j shares a vertex with at least one edge e"k satisfying 2k=
Thyroid carcinoma uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin and negative 131I scintigraphy.

Abstract Purpose To determine if FDG-PET results can predict for outcome in thyroid cancer patients with elevated Tg and negative I-131 imaging. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective review of 76 patients who had elevated serum Tg and negative 131 I scintigraphy and who underwent FDG-PET. After FDG-PET, patients underwent neck dissection or radiation. Results The 51 patients with positive FDG-PET had a 5-year survival of 63% compared to 100% (p Conclusions Negative FDG-PET with elevated Tg predicts an excellent outcome. FDG-avid disease isolated to the regional lymph nodes had a low likelihood of death due to thyroid cancer.
On the vibration of shells with timoshenko-mindlin type shear deflections and rotatory inertia

Equations of motion of shells are formulated in curvilinear co-ordinates that are consistent with assumptions made in the Timoshenko beam and also the Mindlin plate equations. This consistency is proven by obtaining the Timoshenko and Mindlin equations from the derived shell equations by geometrical reduction. The implication of the Timoshenko type shear is illustrated by constrasting the free vibration behavior of the special case of a cylindrical shell with the behavior of the Timoshenko beam and the Mindlin plate.
Should Children With Down Syndrome Be Screened for Atlantoaxial Instability

In 1995, the Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a position paper on atlantoaxial instability in children with Down syndrome in which a previous statement on the same subject published in 1984 (Table) was retired. The 1995 statement includes several arguments that disfavor screening of children with Down syndrome for atlantoaxial instability. Whereas some of these arguments are well founded, other lack substantive evidence that would support the statement. In the following discussion, I attempt to analyze some of these arguments made in the 1995 statement and provide a viewpoint that favors radiologic examinations of the cervical spine of children with Down syndrome.
Assessment of thermal tissue ablation with MR elastography.

An important part of thermal ablation therapy is the assessment of the spatial extent of tissue coagulation. In this work, the mechanical properties of thermally-ablated tissue were quantitatively evaluated using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). This study shows that the mechanical properties of focused ultrasound ablated tissue are significantly different from normal tissue, and the difference can be imaged and measured using MRE. Repeated experiments revealed a reproducible pattern of tissue mechanical property change during thermal ablation in ex vivo bovine muscle. This pattern may reflect changes in intrinsic tissue structure and could be used to evaluate tissue coagulation during thermal ablation therapy. Magn Reson Med 45:80–87, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Variations in Age Distribution of Poliomyelitis. Comparative Ratios of Younger and Older Age Groups.

Summary 1. The seasonal fluctuation in cases of poliomyelitis in New York City for those under 10 years of age and those over 10 years was examined from 1944 to 1952, inclusive. 2. Annual variations were observed in the seasonal occurrence of cases. The two age groups examined tended to conform to the pattern of incidence that prevailed in any given year. 3. The trend in the percentage distributionof cases by age and week of onset revealed differences between the two age groups considered. In the younger age group it decreased to a low point in the thirty-fifth week and then increased. In the older age group the reverse trend was noted. 4. The use of a decrease in reported cases of poliomyelitis in young age groups following administration of gamma globulin as a gauge of its effectiveness should be made with caution.
Decreased susceptibility of differentiated PC12 cells to oxidative challenge: relationship to cellular redox and expression of apoptotic protease activator factor-1

We previously showed that tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) induced apoptosis in naive rat pheochromocytoma (nPC12) cells that correlated with cellular redox imbalance and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that differentiation of nPC12 cells results in altered susceptibility to TBH utilizing a model of differentiated PC12 (dPC12) cells induced by nerve growth factor. TBH (100 μM) induced dPC12 apoptosis (12% at 24 h) at levels lower than naive cells (35%). This resistance was associated with elevated GSH, NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), TBH metabolism, redox enzyme activities, reduced cellular GSH/GSSG (glutathione disulfide) status and preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Altering cellular GSH with ethacrynic acid or N-acetylcysteine, respectively, exacerbated or protected against dPC12 apoptosis. dPC12 apoptosis was mediated by caspase-9 and -3 activation and apoptosis protease activator protein-1 (Apaf-1) expression. These results show that nPC12 transition to dPC12 cells afforded protection against oxidative challenge due to maintenance of reduced GSH/GSSG and decreased Apaf-1 expression.
DNA BASE COMPOSITION OF THE GENUS HANSENULA

The DNA base ratio (GC content) of 46 cultures of Hansenula and allied yeasts which represented 26 species or varieties was studied. The GC contentof Hansenula DNA ranged from 28.5 to 46.3%. Intrageneric variation reached 15.6-17.8% in Hansenula sensu WICKERHAM, 14.4-15.8% in Hansenula sensu LODDER and KREGER-VAN RIJ, 13.4-14.8% in Hansenula emended by NOVAK and ZSOLT, and 11.0-12.7% in Hansenula group (genus) of TSUCHIYA et al. The frequency curve of the DNA base ratio demonstrated the presence of two large groups in the genus Hansenula. The first group had relatively high values of GC content with maximal frequency in a range of 40-42%. The second had relatively low values of GC content with the maximal frequency in a range of 32-34%. Species arranged in each line of the phylogenetic scheme of Hansenula proposed by WICKERHAM exhibited consistent DNA base ratios individually though exceptions were found, and so did the serological groups within Hansenula group (genus) of TSUCHIYA et al. A taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluation of DNA base ratio was discussed in relation to the delimitation of the genus Hansenula by several workers and the existence of several groups having similar DNA base ratio within the genus.
A cDNA sequence encoding a rabbit heavy chain variable region of the VHa2 allotype showing homologies with human heavy chain sequences.

There are only four positions in the amino acid sequences of immunoglobulin variable region domains of all species at which the same amino acid is always found1. The compiled sequences of rabbit heavy chain variable (VH) domains have 48 invariant positions1,2 and at 14 additional positions in the first and third framework segments the different amino acids found correlate with the rabbits' VHa allotype3–5. This VH allotypic system with three common ‘alleles’ VHa1, VHa2 and VHa3 inherited in simple mendelian fashion3,4 poses the question of how gene families with distinct sets of conserved codons have evolved and been maintained in the midst of information leading to hypervariability. Here we report a cDNA sequence that encodes a protein characteristic of the rabbit VHa2 allotype and we predict the allotype-associated codons that may be found in VHa1 and VHa3 genes. We have also found within the second hypervariable, complementarity-determining region (CDR2) encoded by our cDNA clone, a DNA sequence highly homologous to a human DH minigene6. This observation and a similar one of Wu and Kabat7, who identified a DH minigene sequence in the CDR2 of a cloned human VH gene8, lends support to their idea that D minigene information has contributed to CDR2 either during evolution or ontogeny7. Gene conversion9,10, minigene assortment11,12 or insertion13 mechanisms may be involved both in the generation of hypervariability and the conservation of allotype codons.
A compact holographic recording setup for tuning pitch using polarizing prisms

We introduce and demonstrate a new holographic recording technique based on birefringent prisms for creating polarization gratings (PGs). Conventional holographic arrangements for creating PGs consist of several polarization and collimating optics that are carefully aligned with each other, and often require substantial physical space. Both the size and the relative distance between these optics increase for large exposure areas, that limit the range of grating period achievable. Moreover, the cost and complexity associated with the mounting of the several elements also increases, and therefore such approaches are not viable for large area PGs and large volume manufacturing. To overcome the above limitations, we propose new approach using multiple polarizing prisms to record PGs that is compact, scalable for large areas, and enables easy tuning of the grating period by simple rotation of at most two elements.
Industry-sponsored weight loss programs: description, cost, and effectiveness.

Purpose To describe three commercial weight loss programs (Jenny Craig, LA Weight Loss, and Weight Watchers), including efficacy data when available, and to provide clinicians with information for patient counseling. Data Sources Personal interviews, journal articles, and Web site information. Conclusions Commercial weight loss programs provide weight loss services. Benefits are experience, planned menus, and psychological support. Limitations are cost, sales promotions that encourage on-the-spot commitment to prepaid contracts, and the cost of program food and additional vitamins. Implications for Practice Weight loss is a necessary goal for many patients. Clinicians are mandated to provide counseling regarding weight loss.
NMR structure of a bacteriophage T4 RNA hairpin involved in translational repression.

A high-resolution structure of a 16-nucleotide bacteriophage T4 RNA hairpin, 5'-GCCU[AAUAACUC]GGGC (loop bases in square brackets), has been determined in solution by proton, phosphorus, and carbon (natural abundance) NMR spectroscopy. This RNA hairpin is known to play a crucial role in the translational repression of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Ultraviolet absorbance melting curves indicate that the structure formed is unimolecular. The NMR spectra indicate that a single conformation consistent with a hairpin structure is formed. Strong imino-imino NOEs confirm the formation of the G.U base pair at the stem-loop junction. There is no evidence that A5 is protonated (at pH 6.0) and involved in an A+.C pair. However, the NMR data indicate that the stem is extended beyond the G.U pair and that A-form stacking continues for three nucleotides on the 5' side and one nucleotide on the 3' side. Structure calculations using restraints obtained from NMR data give a precisely defined structure with an average root mean square deviation (RMSD) of approximately 1.2 A for the entire molecule. The assignment of all the protons and most of the 31P resonances in the loop yielded a large number of distance and torsion angle restraints for these nucleotides. These helped obtain a well-defined loop with an average RMSD of 1.1 A for the loop nucleotides of 11 converged structures.