cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross Purposes & Unintended Consequences - Karl Llewellyn, Legal Realism and the Limits of Social Transformation

Despite attempts to reform the law to eliminate hierarchies that subordinate groups of people, the law usually ends up reinstantiating those hierarchies. This “preservation through transformation” phenomenon occurs consistently, over time and across legal disciplines. Karl Llewellyn’s efforts at drafting Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code are no different. Llewellyn attempted a paradigm shift in contract formation when he sought to decouple contract law from its formalistic roots and bring it back in touch with reality on the ground. But in so doing, the law-in-action strand of Legal Realism ended up working at cross purposes with the other, critical strand of Realism. As a result, Llewellyn’s paradigm shift only served to exacerbate structural problems built into the contract law system. This Essay attempts to explain why Llewellyn’s efforts to reform contract law have had such serious, long-term but unintended consequences for the modern contract law system. It does so in an unorthodox way. Instead of drawing from traditional contract-law scholarship, the Essay imports insights from two seemingly unrelated fields - civil rights law and social philosophy. The Essay’s central thesis is that revising existing doctrine will rarely if ever result in meaningful change in the modern contract law system. In fact, doctrinal reform will almost always be counter-productive, as reforms from within will only rebuild power, advancing and further protecting the interests of the privileged. Understanding and revealing this trap is essential to finding a path forward to lasting change. Contrary to traditional contract-law critiques, meaningful reform will only occur by understanding power - who has it, why they have it, and how they keep it.
Experimentally determined rare-earth element and Y partitioning behavior between clinopyroxene and basaltic liquids at pressures up to 20 kbar

A series of experiments using five natural basalts was conducted to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature and composition on REE and Y partitioning between clinopyroxene and melt. The starting materials span the compositional range from alkali basalt to island arc basalts to mid-ocean ridge basalt. They were doped with wt% levels of Y, La, Sm, Gd and Lu in order that the charges could be analyzed by electron microprobe. Our analysis showed positive correlations between DREE and a variety of parameters including Ca concentration in pyroxene, DTi, and Al concentrations in pyroxene and melt. Partition coefficients for the REE vary by over a factor of 2 for any given bulk composition, and by up to a factor of 10 over the range of compositions and conditions investigated. This wide range of partitioning behavior, and the sensitivity of partitioning to composition, demonstrates that care must be taken in selecting partition coefficients for petrogenetic models. To numerically describe REE partitioning behavior, we parameterized the data in terms of pressure, temperature and compositional variables using multiple linear regression analysis. The resulting equations reproduce the calibration data set within 10–32% relative error. The magnitude of the regression constants indicates that temperature and the phase composition have large effects on partitioning behavior. The regression constant for pressure was near zero, probably because the effects of pressure are included in the compositional and temperature regression constants.
Vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology of the upper Paleozoic Dunkard Group, Pennsylvania–West Virginia–Ohio, USA

Abstract The Dunkard Group is ~ 343 m of mostly clastic rocks exposed in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, USA. Correlation of the Dunkard Group to the Pennsylvanian–Permian boundary has long been debated. Fossil vertebrates from the Dunkard Group include paleoniscoids, dipnoans, a rhipidistian crossopterygian, selachians, lepospondyl and temnospondyl amphibians, diadectomorphs, primitive amniotes, eureptiles and eupelycosaurs. These vertebrates represent two biostratigraphically distinct assemblages, one from the Waynesburg and Washington formations and the other from the overlying Greene Formation. Comparison of the Dunkard vertebrate biostratigraphy to a vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology developed in New Mexico–Texas allows correlation to the Coyotean (= latest Virgilian–middle Wolfcampian) and Seymouran (late Wolfcampian–early Leonardian) land-vertebrate faunachrons. Tetrapod taxa from the Waynesburg and Washington formations include Edops and Protorothyris , Coyotean index taxa, as well as the characteristic Coyotean taxa Trimerorhachis , Diadectes , Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon . Significantly, these Dunkard taxa are best known from the Archer City Formation in Texas, which is late Coyotean (= middle Wolfcampian). The Greene Formation contains the eupelycosaur Ctenospondylus , an index taxon of the Seymouran land-vertebrate faunachron. Dunkard xenacanth selachians support the tetrapod-based correlations. Vertebrate biochronology thus indicates that the Waynesburg and Washington formations are late Coyotean, whereas the Greene Formation is Seymouran. Therefore, vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology indicate that the entire Dunkard Group is Early Permian and likely straddles the Wolfcampian–Leonardian boundary.
Extraction of naphthalene by block copolymer surfactants immobilized in polymeric hydrogels

Gel/micelle materials, comprising hydrogels containing block copolymer micelles, have the potential to be very useful in a variety of extraction and controlled release applications. It is demonstrated that block copolymer surfactants can be immobilized in calcium alginate gels and that the resulting composite material preferentially solubilizes the model hydrophobic solute naphthalene. Five different polyethylene oxide-polyropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide triblock copolymer surfactants are considered, and the qualitatively different properties exhibited are interpreted in light of the properties of these surfactants in solution. Alginate gel concentrations of 22.5 and 52.5 g/L and surfactant concentrations ranging from 20.4 to 136 g/L are considered. The data indicate that micelles can be permanently immobilized for purposes of extraction or controlled release and that the extent of solute uptake or release can be altered by varying gel and surfactant concentration and the type of surfactant employed.
IS “CLEAN CATCH” URINE COLLECTION NECESSARY? A COMPARISON OF A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF COLLECTION AND TRADITIONAL CLEAN CATCH METHODS

IS “CLEAN CATCH” URINE COLLECTION NECESSARY? A COMPARISON OF A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF COLLECTION AND TRADITIONAL CLEAN CATCH METHODS
Effect of urogastrone on intestinal regeneration is dose-dependent.

Urogastrone (UG) increases the rate of intestinal regeneration in intestinal defects patched with adjacent serosal surfaces by increasing the rate of epithelial cell migration and proliferation. It also inhibits contraction of the patched intestinal defect. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the dose of UG on these processes. Twenty male New Zealand white rabbits (1.9-2.9 kg) had 2 x 5 cm ileal defects patched with adjacent caecal serosal surface. Group I (n = 6) served as the control group. Group II (n = 5), Group III (n = 5) and Group IV (n = 4) received UG 0.15, 1.5 and 4.5 micrograms/kg/h i.v. via mini-osmotic pumps. Seven days after patching, both epithelialization of the patched defect and neomucosal surface area were significantly increased by UG and the increases were dose-dependent. Contraction was not inhibited by the lowest dose of UG but was diminished by 1.5 micrograms/kg/h. Proliferative activity in both neomucosa and adjacent normal mucosa were increased in UG-treated animals with the greatest increase in rabbits receiving 1.5 and 4.5 micrograms/kg/h UG. The effect of UG on both epithelialization and contraction of patched intestinal defects is dose-dependent. Since the lowest dose of urogastrone increased epithelialization without increasing proliferative activity, stimulated cell migration appears to be the earliest effect of UG.
AI/learn: an interactive videodisk system for teaching medical concepts and reasoning

This paper describes AI/LEARN, an educational videodisk system designed to teach clinical observational skills and reasoning in medicine. The AI/LEARN system uses a learning conditions approach to teaching. To teach visual concepts, we use the principle of exemplar/nonexemplar pairs and immediate feedback. To teach If-Then problem solving we use the format of minicases with delayed feedback. The software to operate the system has been custom developed and is domain independent. The result is a prototype of a new authoring package for videodisk teaching which operates on IBM compatible microcomputers. The medical domain selected for this prototype system was rheumatic diseases; the knowledge used to teach reasoning skills is derived from the knowledge base of an expert system: AI/RHEUM.
Vortex ring/viscous wall layer interaction model of the turbulence production process near walls

An experimental simulation of the interaction of vortex ring-like eddies with the sublayer of a turbulent boundary layer is investigated. An artificially generated vortex ring interacting with a Stokes' layer enables investigation of the interaction with reproducible initial conditions and in the absence of background turbulence. All of the observed features in the turbulent boundary layer production process such as the streaky structure, the pockets, the hairpin vortices, streak lift-up, oscillation, and breakup, have been observed to form. The model shows us that hairpin vortices can pinchoff and reconnect forming new vortex ring-like eddies. Interestingly, the model includes interactions that occur with low probability in the turbulent boundary layer, but which contribute significantly to transport, and may be the events most readily controllable.
The influence of androgenic and estrogenic hormones on sexual behavior in castrated adult male pigs

The objectives of these studies were to evaluate the influence of testosterone propionate (TP), estradiol cypionate (EC), dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), EC + TP, EC + DHTP, and TP + DHTP on traits of masculine sexual behavior in castrated adult male pigs of different breeds. Masculine sexual behavior was restored and maintained by TP, whereas EC initially activated sexual behavior, including copulation and ejaculation, but was unable to sustain copulatory behavior for the 8- to 18-week periods that were evaluated. Treatment with DHTP was ineffective for stimulation of sexual behavior; thus, it is suggested that testosterone promotes some aspects of masculine sexual behavior in male pigs via aromatization to estrogen, but both androgen and estrogen are required for maintenance of the full complement of masculine sexual behavior traits.
Measurement of protein fractional synthesis and breakdown rates in the skin of rabbits using a subflooding dose method

The flooding dose method continues to be useful in measuring protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) in a tissue. However, flooding of free amino acid pools eliminates enrichment difference between plasma and tissue free amino acid pools, which makes it impossible to concomitantly measure protein fractional breakdown rate (FBR). We hypothesized that a subflooding dose of an amino acid reduces the enrichment difference between plasma and tissue free amino acid pool to a minimal measurable level, thus allowing concomitant measurement of protein FSR and FBR. Phenylalanine (40% enriched) at 50 mg/kg was intravenously injected as a bolus in 6 anesthetized rabbits. Arterial blood and chest skin samples were taken before the injection and for 120 minutes after the injection. Fractional breakdown rate of skin protein calculated from 15-60-120–minute sampling times was 11.3%/d ± 2.0%/d, which was close (P = .66) to the corresponding FSR of 10.0%/d ± 2.3%/d. The subflooding dose injection did not disturb the FBR approach because modifications on the FBR equation to account for the changes of plasma phenylalanine concentration resulted in the same value (11.5%/d ± 1.4%/d). The FBR was positively correlated with the FSR (r = 0.80, P < .05). These findings indicate maintenance of protein mass in the skin, which is a metabolic characteristic of the skin. This subflooding dose method provides a methodological choice to concomitantly measure both FSR and FBR in a tissue.
Simultaneous dual-frequency phase-sensitive flow cytometric measurements for rapid identification of heterogeneous fluorescence decays in fluorochrome-labeled cells and particles

In frequency-domain lifetime spectroscopy, the apparent fluorescence lifetimes obtained from phase-shift measurements are independent of modulation frequency only in the special case of a single exponential fluorescence decay. For heterogeneous fluorescence decay, the apparent fluorescence lifetimes measured by the phase-shift methods are functions of the modulation frequency. This modulation-frequency dependent property of apparent fluorescence lifetimes may be used to identify heterogeneous fluorescence decays by measuring lifetimes at multiple frequencies. In this article we explore the requirements and experimental design considerations for making such measurements in flow. We report a phase-sensitive flow cytometric method that allows one to probe the excited state-lifetimes of labeled cells by using multiple simultaneous modulation frequencies. Application of this method is demonstrated by measuring fluorescence lifetimes of labeled cells at two frequencies simultaneously, using a continuous-wave, dual-frequency modulated excitation in flow. The dual-frequency method presented herein can be used to rapidly identify heterogeneity in the fluorescence decay on a cell-by-cell basis in real time. Information on the nature of the fluorescence decay is important in biological measurements because it can provide insight into intermolecular interactions at the subcellular level.
Towards the geometrization of physics

The concept of symmetry breaking may be expressed mathematically by the reduction of a structure group, for example, choosing a point on a sphere reduces its symmetry group from the group of all rotations to the subgroup of rotations fixing that point. A systematic analysis of Penrose's twistor equation1,2 has revealed that twistor theory embodies a truth of nature: that interactive gravitational field theories in space-time correspond to such a symmetry breakdown—a breakdown that occurs, not in space-time, but in twistor space–the space of null geodesies of space-time. In particular, twistor theory lies at the heart of supergravity.
Utilization of strong motion data for damage assessment of reinforced concrete bridges

This study investigates the performance of a vibration-based technique for damage assessment of reinforced concrete bridges from non-stationary and incomplete acceleration response measurements during high amplitude earthquakes. The proposed damage assessment technique is targeted to be used in the aftermath of a major earthquake event to rapidly and remotely assess the functionality status of the bridge and identify potential hazards to the public safety. As the first step of the procedure, time-frequency representation of the response of the bridge is achieved by applying stochastic subspace system identification technique to successive and overlapping windows of the response measurements. The timefrequency representation is then used to identify the longest ending segment of the response with relatively stable modal properties. Post-earthquake experimental modal properties of the bridge are subsequently extracted from the identified stable portion of the response. These properties are used to estimate the amount of degradation in stiffness of the structural elements through an optimization-based finite element model updating technique. The Genetic Algorithm optimization technique is used to update the stiffness properties of the structural elements by minimizing the error between analytical and experimental modal properties of the bridge. The proposed damage assessment procedure is applied to experimental data from a large-scale shake table test during which a quarter-scale model of a reinforced concrete bridge was subjected to a series of earthquake and low-amplitude white noise base excitations. The meaningful agreement between the stiffness correction factors identified from both types of motions at the same damage state of the bridge demonstrates that the proposed procedure can effectively be applied for post-earthquake damage assessment of the bridges from nonlinear responses during high amplitude earthquakes.
Reaction of tellurium(iv) with dithizone

Abstract With an excess of dithizone over tellurium, the extraction of Te(IV) from 1 M perchloric acid solutions into a carbon tetrachloride solution (o) of dithixone follows the relation When the acidity is varied, again with a sufficiently large excess of dithissone, the following relation seems to be approached; (μ=1.0).
Secondary breast cancer in patients presenting with osteosarcoma: Possible involvement of germline p53 mutations

Second malignancies following treatment for osteosarcoma are unusual. Breast cancer occurring in patients with osteosarcoma has been reported following therapeutic chest irradiation. We now report three cases of breast cancer occurring in young women who were successfully treated for osteosarcoma. These women had not received therapeutic chest irradiation and in two of the three women there was no family history of breast cancer. Peripheral blood was available for study from one case. Of import, this case demonstrated a germline mutation in exon 7 of the tumor suppressor gene, p53. The mutation was detected by constant denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and confirmed by DNA sequencing. In this particular patient, inactivation of the p53 gene may be involved in the development of both the first and second malignancy. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organization and expression of a second chromosome follicle cell gene cluster in Drosophila.

Abstract Four genes expressed during the period of vitelline membrane formation are clustered within 8 kb of DNA in region 26A of the second chromosome. Temporal and quantitative differences in the profiles of accumulated RNA suggest that the genes are independently regulated although they are all selectively expressed during the stages of vitelline membrane biosynthesis. In situ hybridization and S1 analyses of RNAs from fractionated eggchambers established that these genes are active only in the follicle cells. S1 mapping with in vitro synthesized RNA probes shows that three of the genes are tandemly oriented. All four appear to be intronless. In vitro translation products from hybrid-selected RNAs indicate that two of these genes code for major vitelline membrane proteins. Sequence analysis of these two genes supports this conclusion. The cell- and stage-specific expression of the other two genes, encoding less abundant RNAs, suggests that they also play a role in early eggshell production.
A test of task influences in uncertainty measurement

Abstract Three experiments were carried out to test the hypothesized effect of response mode and event-type factors on measured uncertainty for frequentistic events observed within a realistic task setting. Subjects served as emergency vehicle dispatchers for a hypothetical city and gained experience with events (emergency calls) generated by a stationary stochastic process over a number of sessions. Experiment I compared two forms of judgment (frequency and probability estimation) over eight different kinds of observed events. Subsequently it compared subjects' predictive choice performance on selected event pairs with and without the benefit of prior estimation requirement. The results demonstrated a superiority of frequency over probability judgment and a reliable event-type influence on the quality of estimations produced. Moreover, prior judgment (frequency or probability estimation) seemed to facilitate predictive choice performance. Experiment II sought to clarify the relation between judgment and choice by manipulating the quality of prior estimations via combinations of instructional set and response requirement. Despite the differences in quality of frequency and probability judgments, choices were not directly affected by this variable. Rather, estimations served to cue frequentistic information in storage that was accumulated similarly by all experimental groups. This cuing hypothesis was tested further in Experiment III by comparing an estimation group with a directly cued group on predictive choice accuracy. The similarity of performance by the two groups was considered evidence in support of this cuing hypothesis.
NASA Research in Aircraft Propulsion

A broad overview of the scope of research presently being supported by NASA in aircraft propulsion is presented with emphasis on Lewis Research Center activities related to civil air transports, CTOL and V/STOL systems. Aircraft systems work is performed to identify the requirements for the propulsion system that enhance the mission capabilities of the aircraft. This important source of innovation and creativity drives the direction of propulsion research. In a companion effort, component research of a generic nature is performed to provide a better basis for design and provides an evolutionary process for technological growth that increases the capabilities of all types of aircraft. Both are important.
Analytical and finite element model pull-in study of rigid and deformable electrostatic microactuators

A general theory and method are presented and employed to analyze the static behaviors of rigid and deformable electrostatic actuator systems with various electrode configurations. This method utilizes capacitance-based generalized equations and provides an easy and time-saving platform over complicated coupled finite element method (FEM) simulations for pull-in analysis of a complex system. Analytical results show that the travel range of rigid electrostatic actuators can be extended by manipulating the shape of the electrode. Even a full travel range (100%) can be realized by a general power function shaped electrode. It is found that the partial actuation can avoid pull-in and reach full travel ranges with the sacrifice of the bias voltage. Analytical results of cantilever rectangular and circular actuators with a partial electrode are in good agreement with simulation results. Actuation curves of various actuators are also derived using this method. It is found that partial actuation curves are exactly the same as full actuation curves, and all types of cantilever torsion actuators with various electrode shapes follow the same actuation curve. Analytical and FEM simulations are carried out to study the pull-in behavior of deformable electrostatic actuators of three electrode configurations. The analytical results agree with FEM simulation results. It is found that the normalized deformation curves of these three electrode configurations are independent of geometry and voltage. The fringing field is considered in this analytical method.
Stability of hydrocortisone in polyethylene glycol ointment base.

The degradation of 1% hydrocortisone in polyethylene glycol ointment USP was investigated. The stability tests were conducted on two different batches of ointments at 23, 45, and 60o for about 4 months. Decomposition occurred at the C-17 side chain as assayed by the blue tetrazolium reaction, as well as in ring A as determined by UV spectroscopy. The decomposition of the C-17 side chain was much faster (average half-life of 186 days at 60o) as compared with ring A (average half-life of 505 days at 60o). Decomposition of the C-17 chain appeared to be first order but was zero order for ring A. The energy of activation was determined to be 9.7 kcal/mole. Based on these studies, the shelflife for a 1% hydrocortisone ointment in polyethylene glycol base is suggested to be about 6 months. The shelflife may be extended to about 9 months with the addition of a 5% excess of the active ingredient at the time of manufacture.
Clouds with turbulence; the role of entrainment

Abstract Cloud physics has grown up with concentrated efforts focused on compartmentalized topics in the subject, where researchers have studied specific problems with little regard to other areas. The developing understanding of turbulent entrainment and the understanding that turbulence is best described in the atmosphere by circulating self-contained entities, which are often buoyant and carry fluid from one level to another, has led to a unifying picture of clouds wherein all clouds and convective processes can be seen as one phenomenon in which various conditions decide the final form. The microphysical processes are described and the controlling effects of entity type entrainment mixing are shown to provide an explanation for many of the observations. The inadequacy of most computer calculations in providing viable models is pointed out. The need for self-consistent conceptual structures as a basis for adequate models is stressed. Improved instruments for remote sensing and aircraft measurements, along with the present conceptual developments and computational capabilities, suggest that adequate models of clouds may be soon developed.
IDIOPATHIC ANTERIOR HYPOPITUITARISM IN ONE OF IDENTICAL TWINS.

An identical twin boy had a slow pace of growth from 4 years of age while his twin continued to grow at a normal rate. Evidence of anterior pituitary insufficiency was demonstrated at 15 years of age. Replacement therapy with hydrocortisone was associated with increased activity and psychological improvement. The lack of concordance for hypopituitarism in his monozygotic twin indicates that a defect in peptide hormone formation is not the etiologic mechanism.
Patient's perceptions and uses of a pediatric emergency room

Abstract The patient population utilizing the emergency room (ER) of St. Louis Children's Hospital (StLCH) was analyzed for social attributes relating to ER utilization. Contrary to prevailing belief, concern that the patient's condition was worsening governed selection of the time of visit for the majority (63%), not availability of transportation nor other enabling factors. Families headed by single women were especially likely to identify the ER as their regular source of care in contrast to two parent families. Escort's perceptions of the illness differed markedly from those of physicians. Increased understanding of this area may help solve problems of ambulatory care.
Los Angeles Street Kids: New Occupations for Life Program

Abstract In the same sense that health intervention focused on the daily occupations of the well‐elderly can promote successful ageing, programs aimed at the daily occupations of at‐risk youth may act as a potential deterrent to street gang activity. In the city of Los Angeles, thousands of young people come under the influence of gang culture and in turn, lead lifestyles destructive to themselves and society. This paper begins with a few statistics which paint a grim picture of the existence of street gang members and the impact of street gang involvement. Following, there is a story of one youth's path from immigration to the United States to his involvement with a street gang which eventually led to his participation in the New Occupations for Life Program. This pilot program, developed by the University of Southern California Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, targeted the harmful occupations of 100 Hispanic and African‐American teenagers at‐risk for gang involvement. The pro...
Towards Quality of Service for Peer-to-Peer Video Multicast

Peer-to-peer streaming is a novel, low-cost, paradigm for large-scale video multicast. Viewers contribute their resources to an overlay network to act as relays for a real-time media stream. Early implementations fall short of the requirements of major content owners in terms of quality, reliability, and latency. In this work we show how adding a limited number of servers to a peer-to-peer streaming network can be used to enhance performance while preserving most of the benefits in terms of bandwidth cost savings. We present a theoretical model which is useful to estimate the number of servers needed to ensure fast connection times and improved error resilience. Experimental results show the proposed approach achieves 10times to 100times bandwidth cost savings compared to a content delivery network, and similar performance in terms of quality and startup latency.
An unusual combination of myocardial bridging and coronary artery aneurysm identified on 64-detector coronary angiography

Coronary artery aneurysm is an uncommon finding. It is defined as a dilated coronary artery which exceeds the diameter of the normal adjacent vessel by 1.5–2 times. Although theorized mechanisms include atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) and iatrogenic causes such as the use of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), the natural history and prognosis of this disease remain obscure. We describe a case of a 75 year old man who was found to have a long segmental myocardial bridge immediately followed by a 5 mm inner diameter aneurysm in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) detected on 64-detector cardiac computed tomography (64-CT). The post myocardial bridge aneurysmal dilatation in this case is unique, and has not been previously described. With the advent of 64-CT, more incidental cardiac anomalies and irregularities are likely to be found. In the end, the question as to the clinical significance of these findings and their treatment remains controversial. We report this novel case and review the literature for recommendations on treatment and management of patients with coronary aneurysms.
Violence and the social sciences: Guest Editor’s comment

When David Freeman and I planned this special issue on violence several years ago we were concerned with producing an issue that highlighted the contribution the social sciences make to the general...
Cloud-Chamber Evidence for a Charged Counterpart of the θ 0 Particle

A photograph obtained in a Wilson cloud chamber, operated in a magnetic field, shows the following unusual event: A positive particle, produced in an interaction above the cloud chamber, decays in flight into a positive particle less massive than a $K$ meson. Four other lightly ionizing particles also originate from the decay point; these appear in the form of two small-angle pairs, each pair consisting of one positive and one negative particle. The observed momenta and ionizations are consistent with three of these four particles being either electrons or mesons; the fourth must be an electron.The event may be interpreted as the decay: ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\left({{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}}\right)+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+Q \mathrm{Mev},$ followed by the decay of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ meson into four electrons (a possible but hitherto unobserved mode of decay): ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}.$This interpretation leads to a remarkable internal consistency of the data and is supported by the following experimental facts: (i) There is good overall transverse-momentum balance in two mutually perpendicular planes.(ii) If we assume that all the particles in the above group of four are electrons resulting from the decay of a neutral particle the mass of the latter, determined from energy-momentum balance, is $({{255}_{\ensuremath{-}10}}^{+15}){m}_{e}$, in good agreement with the known mass of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ meson.(iii) A transformation to the rest system of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ meson shows that in this frame the four electrons come off as two small-angle pairs traveling in opposite directions. This is the most probable configuration in the four-electron decay of a ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ meson.The $Q$ values calculated for the ${K}^{+}$ decay are: $Q({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}, {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=({{213}_{\ensuremath{-}10}}^{+15})$ Mev and $Q({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}, {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=({{207}_{\ensuremath{-}10}}^{+15})$ Mev. Comparison of the first $Q$ values with that for the ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{0}$ particle $Q({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}, {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=214\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5$ Mev, suggests that the unstable meson observed in this event and designated phenomenologically above as a ${K}^{+}$ meson may be a charged counterpart of the ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{0}$ particle.This interpretation may explain at least some of the cases, observed by other workers, in which $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays appear to be associated with $S$ particles.Other possible interpretations of the event are considered.
Development of an Optimization Methodology for Adaptive Traffic Signal Control at Diamond Interchanges

This research develops a methodology and a corresponding implementation algorithm to provide optimal signal control of diamond interchanges in response to real-time traffic fluctuations. The problem is formulated as to find a phase sequencing decision with a phase duration that makes a prespecified performance measure minimized over a finite horizon that rolls forward. The problem is solved by a forward dynamic programming (DP) method. The optimal signal switches over each 2.5 s interval are found for each horizon of 10 s. The optimization process is based on the advanced vehicle information obtained from loop detectors set back a certain distance from the stop line. Vehicle trajectories from detections till future arrivals and departures is modeled at the microscopic level to estimate the traffic flows at the stop-line for each horizon. The DP algorithm is coded in C++ language and dynamically linked to AIMSUN, a stochastic microsimulation package, for evaluation. The simulation results have exhibited that the DP algorithm is superior to PASSER III and TRANSYT-7F in handling demand fluctuations for medium to high flow scenarios when the field demand is increased from the one used in off-line optimization. The performance of the three algorithms is almost identical if the simulation demand is similar to off-line demand situation and does not vary much.
Comparison of artifacts on coronal reformation and axial CT pulmonary angiography images using single-detector and 4- and 8-detector multidetector-row helical CT scanners.

Rationale and objectives The aim of this study is to compare the degree of stair-step artifact on coronal reformation computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiography images obtained using single-detector helical CT (SDCT), four-detector (4-MDCT), and eight-detector multidetector-row CT (8-MDCT) and compare the degree of motion artifact on the corresponding axial CT images. Materials and methods Three groups of consecutive patients imaged by means of CT angiography for suspected pulmonary embolus were retrospectively identified by using CT records at our institution: (1) group A (n = 38), SDCT; (2) group B (n = 36), 4-MDCT; and (3) group C (n = 74), 8-MDCT. For each case, coronal multiplanar volume reformation maximal intensity projection images were created by using a standard technique. All images were reviewed in a randomized fashion by two thoracic radiologists who were blinded to the type of CT scanner. Stair-step artifact of pulmonary arteries on coronal reformation images was graded by consensus agreement using a four-point scale (0 = no artifact to 3 = severe artifact). Axial images were assessed for six parameters of motion artifact. The sum of these grades resulted in a total motion score, with a potential range of 0 (no motion) to 12 (severe motion). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results Stair-step artifacts were significantly higher for SDCT (mean, 2.9; median, 3) compared with 4-MDCT (mean, 2.2; median, 2; P Conclusion Stair-step artifacts are significantly higher with SDCT compared with MDCT. For MDCT, eight-detector scanners produce images with significantly less artifact than four-detector scanners.
Do we have a "best practice" for treating high altitude pulmonary edema?

Abstract Luks, Andrew M. Do we have a “best practice” for treating high altitude pulmonary edema? High Alt. Med. & Biol. 9:111–114, 2008.—High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a rare, but potentially fatal, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that affects unacclimatized lowlanders ascending to altitudes above 2500 m. A review of the literature on the disease suggests that a wide range of strategies is employed for treatment purposes. This situation raises questions as to whether a “best practice” exists for treating HAPE and whether clinicians are using greater measures than necessary to ensure good outcomes. This review considers these issues in greater detail, examining the current state of research and clinical practice in HAPE treatment, addressing important questions raised by documented treatment practices, such as the utility of beta agonists, acetazolamide and diuretics and, finally, proposing reasonable, parsimonious treatment approaches that reflect the setting in which the patient is being treated.
Age of a Lunar Anorthosite

The crystallization age of an Apollo 15 anorthosite rock, 15415,9, returned from the lunar highlands has been measured to be 4.09 (plus or minus 0.19) b.y. The primitive lunar crust must have been formed in the first 300 to 400 m.y. The results give some credence to the hypothesis that the primitive lunar surface was molten and large-scale fractional crystallization occurred in the early history of the moon.
Experimental-based model for predicting the skid resistance of asphalt pavements

The skid resistance of asphalt pavement is a major characteristic of road safety. This study aimed at the development of a model that expresses skid resistance as a function of mixture gradation, aggregate texture and traffic level. The model was developed based on comprehensive measurements and analysis of asphalt mixture surface characteristics (friction, texture and skid resistance) in the laboratory and the field. In addition, aggregates were characterised using the aggregate imaging system after different polishing intervals in the Micro-Deval. The aggregate gradation was described using the two-parameter cumulative Weibull distribution function. The developed model provides an estimate of the skid number in the field. Consequently, this model can be used by engineers to select different combinations of aggregate types and mixture designs such that the desired level of skid resistance at a given traffic level is achieved.
Dideoxyinosine-induced pancreatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children

Dideoxynosine (ddI) is a widely used antiretroviral agent in treatment of HIV infection. Pancreatitis is a serious side effect. Two cases are reported, one with rapid development of a pseudocyst.
Vibrational excitation of water by electron impact

Experimental and calculated differential cross sections (DCSs) for electron-impact excitation of the (010) bending mode and unresolved (100) symmetric and (001) antisymmetric stretching modes of water are presented. Measurements are reported at incident energies of 1–100 eV and scattering angles of 10°–130° and are normalized to the elastic-scattering DCSs for water determined earlier by our group. The calculated cross sections are obtained in the adiabatic approximation from fixed-nuclei, electronically elastic scattering calculations using the Schwinger multichannel method. The present results are compared to available experimental and theoretical data.
Structure detection: a statistically certified unsupervised learning procedure

We present a class of structure detection procedures (SDPs) that can extract the characteristic structures in an arbitrary population of images. An SDP adaptively augments the power of a novel, statistical, structure test to reject the null hypothesis that a randomly chosen image is devoid of structure. The core of the structure test consists of an orthonormal basis B of receptive fields that is refined into an increasingly sensitive detector of characteristic image structures. Adaptive refinement is accomplished as follows: for each image x in a random training sequence, B is updated by a planar rotation that decreases the p-value of a statistical structure test for x. This image-by-image refinement procedure is very efficient, obeying time and space constraints similar to those that limit processes of perceptual organization in real organisms. SDPs' capabilities are demonstrated in three test populations: natural images, faulty random number generators, and artificial images composed of mixtures of basis functions. (1) An SDP succeeds in rejecting the null hypothesis that the UNIX random number generator rand() is truly random. (2) When images are composed by adding arbitrary pairs of orthogonal component images, an SDP extracts the components. (3) For a large set of natural image patches, an SDP yields a basis B1 that detects structure with p-value < 0.005 in 88% of a new set of patches. B1's elements resemble the receptive fields of V1 simple cells. (4) Of special interest are biconvergent SDPs that derive in parallel a basis B, as well as a pointwise transformation f, specifically sensitized to evaluate the response values that result from applying B to images in the target population. A biconvergent SDP applied to natural image patches yields a basis B2 similar to B1, as well as a pointwise transformation f with vastly heightened sensitivity to extreme response values. We conjecture that sensory neurons have evolved cooperatively to maximize their collective power to reject the null hypothesis that their input is devoid of structure, thereby evolving receptive fields that efficiently represent characteristic input structures.
Resistance to activation-induced cell death and bystander cytotoxicity via the Fas/Fas ligand pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T cell lymphomas.

By engaging Fas, Fas ligand (FasL) on activated T lymphocytes induces activation-induced cell death (AICD), and also triggers apoptosis of target cells during immune downregulation. We previously showed that within cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) lesions, malignant CD4+ T cells expressing FasL accumulated, and were inversely distributed with CD8+ T cells. We thus determined the responses of human CTCL cells to AICD and their cytotoxic to Fas+ target T cells in vitro. CTCL cells expressing Fas were resistant to AICD following activation by CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) whereas still undergoing apoptosis if Fas was ligated to Fas mAb. CTCL cell lines, as well as Sezary Syndrome patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes, exhibited ratio-dependent cytotoxicity to Fas+ Jurkat cells. The kinetic study showed that FasL surface expression was absent before activation, and its expression was low and/or delayed after activation. We therefore hypothesize that CTCL cells express functional FasL possibly contributing to bystander cytotoxicity within tumor infiltrates. In addition, decreased and/or delayed FasL surface expression following activation may in part contribute to their resistance to AICD. Both bystander cytotoxicity and resistance to AICD are likely to contribute to the loss of cytotoxic anti-tumor CD8+ T cells as well as the accumulation of malignant T cells in CTCL.
Analysis of the Contrast Agent Iopamidol in Serum by Capillary Electrophoresis

A rapid method for the analysis of the contrast agent iopamidol (isovue)in serum by CE is described. The method involves deproteinzation with acetonitrile to remove serum proteins followed by direct capillary zone electrophoresis. It is rapid(about 10 min) and sensitive. Other contrast agents and compounds used for renal function tests such as iohexol, iothalamic acid and p-aminohippuric acid can be detected by the same method. The use of acetonitrile in this method to remove serum proteins results in sample stacking allowing the detection of levels less than 1 mg/L.
Improved Fluorescence Decay-Time Measuring Apparatus

An apparatus has been assembled which is capable of detecting and reproducing the fluorescence pulse contours from scintillation materials. In this report we are emphasizing two areas of our work: The recent modifications in our apparatus and the presentation of preliminary data. A comparison is made between the fluorescence decay time of ordinary and deuterated compounds. Also preliminary results indicate that in a series of similar type molecules each with a high quantum yield, the longer the molecule the shorter the fluorescence decay time.
The war on cancer: lessons from the war on terror

The war metaphor has become commonplace in discussions about our endeavor to find a cure for cancer. But beyond the power of imagery, this analogy offers the opportunity to highlight lessons that warriors of cancer can learn from the warriors of terror: that more efficient killing of the undesired cells may not always be better. Evidence suggesting that drug-stressed and dying cancer cells can drive tumor progression is almost as old as cancer therapy. But like in warfare until recently, the primary focus in cancer therapy has been, and still is, on how to more efficiently kill.
Na+ channel-dependent recruitment of Navβ4 to axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier

The axon initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier are the sites of action potential initiation and regeneration in axons. Although the basic molecular architectures of AIS and nodes, characterized by dense clusters of Na+ and K+ channels, are similar, firing patterns vary among cell types. Neuronal firing patterns are established by the collective activity of voltage-gated ion channels and can be modulated through interaction with auxiliary subunits. Here, we report the neuronal expression pattern and subcellular localization of Navβ4, the modulatory Na+ channel subunit thought to underlie resurgent Na+ current. Immunostaining of rat tissues revealed that Navβ4 is strongly enriched at the AIS of a select set of neuron types, including many characterized by high-frequency firing, and at nodes of Ranvier in the PNS and some nodes in the CNS. By introducing full-length and mutant GFP-tagged Navβ4 into cultured neurons, we determined that the AIS and nodal localization of Navβ4 depends on its direct interaction with Na+ channel α subunits through an extracellular disulfide bond. Based on these results, we propose that differences in the specific composition of the Na+ channel complexes enriched at the AIS and nodes contribute to the diverse physiologies observed among cell types.
Oxygenic photoautotrophic growth without photosystem I

Contrary to the prediction of the Z-scheme model of photosynthesis, experiments demonstrated that mutants of Chlamydomonas containing photosystem II (PSII) but lacking photosystem I (PSI) can grow photoautotrophically with O2 evolution, using atmospheric CO2 as the sole carbon source. Autotrophic photosynthesis by PSI-deficient mutants was stable both under anaerobic conditions and in air (21 percent O2) at an actinic intensity of 200 microeinsteins per square meter per second. This PSII photosynthesis, which was sufficient to support cell development and mobility, may also occur in wild-type green algae and higher plants. The mutants can survive under 2000 microeinsteins per square meter per second with air, although they have less resistance to photoinhibition.
Women's shoes and knee osteoarthritis

Summary We assessed whether wearing wide-heeled shoes has a similar effect on knee torque to narrow-heeled shoes by measuring the joint torques of 20 healthy women during walking. Wearing wide-heeled shoes had a 30% greater effect on peak external knee flexor torque than walking barefoot. Walking with wide-heeled and narrow-heeled shoes increased peak knee varus torque by 26% and 22%, respectively. Our findings imply that wide-heeled shoes cause abnormal forces across the patellofemoral and medial compartments of the knee, which are the typical anatomical sites for degenerative joint changes.