cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of viable myocardium by low dose dobutamine cine MRI: experimental study in pigs

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging (MR) for myocardial viability Methods Miniswine ( n =10) underwent left ventriculography and coronary angiography, followed by stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) using ameroid constrictor More than 1 month later left ventriculography and coronary angiography were performed again, followed by cine MR at rest and during stress with incremental dose of dobutamine 5-20 μg·kg -1 · min -1 Traditional and/or breath hold cine MR were used to evaluate regional left ventricular wall motion, corresponding to basal, midventricular and apical short axis tomograms Regional wall motion score index (WMSI) was calculated Miniswine were finally sacrificed for pathological examination Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assessed myocardial infarction Microscopy was used to identify myocardial cellular changes Results One pig died, 1 pig suffered from aneurysm and another 1 showed negative findings The other 7 pigs were found with hypokinetic( n =4) or akinetic( n =3) myocardial regions related to stenosed LCX, their mean WMSI at rest for the lateral and posteroinferior walls (ischemic regions) of the left ventrcle was 2 27±0 32 compared with 1 00±0 00(χ 2 =106 27, P 0 01) for the corresponding nonischemic anteroseptal regions Further, the mean WMSI for ischemic regions was 2 27±0 32 at rest compared with 1 40±0 39(χ 2 =20 57, P 0 01) at the dose of dobutamine 5 ug·kg -1 ·min -1 However, the mean WMSI at the dose of dobutamine 10 and 20 μg·kg -1 · min -1 was 1 70±0 76,1 75±0 83, respectively, compared with the mean WSCI at rest (χ 2 =3 25 versus 2 33, P 0 05) The pathologic examination showed viable myocardium at the ischemic regions Conclusion Low dose dobutamine (5 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 ) can recover hypokinetic or akinetic myocardial regions, Dobutamine stress MR can detect myocardial viability
Activities of Occupational Health Professionals in Academic Environments

We surveyed American and Canadian medical schools to assess the extent to which occupational health professionals provided services to their own institutions. Ninety-two of 155 schools (60 percent) responded to a mailed questionnaire. Forty-six (51 percent) of the respondents had an occupational health service distinct from an employee health service. Two thirds of the respondents provided occupational health services to business and industry. Such professionals based in nonclinical departments were more likely to provide educational and epidemiologic services for hospital employees than were professionals based in clinical departments. In those institutions with risk management, biohazards, or health and safety committees, less than one half of the occupational health professionals in those institutions were members of those committees. Five respondents felt that there were financial disincentives to providing occupational health services to their institution’s employees. We conclude that academic-based occupational health professionals have inadequate input into the provision of such services at their own institutions.
Chemical kinetics of octane sensitivity in a spark-ignition engine

Abstract This paper uses a chemical kinetic modeling approach to study the influences of fuel molecular structure on Octane Sensitivity (OS) in Spark Ignition (SI) engines. Octane Sensitivity has the potential to identify fuels that can be used in next-generation high compression, turbocharged SI engines to avoid unwanted knocking conditions and extend the range of operating conditions that can be used in such engines. While the concept of octane numbers of different fuels has been familiar for many years, the variations of their values and their role in determining Octane Sensitivity have not been addressed previously in terms of the basic structures of the fuel molecules. In particular, the importance of electron delocalization on low temperature hydrocarbon reactivity and its role in determining OS in engine fuel is described here for the first time. The role of electron delocalization on fuel reactivity and Octane Sensitivity is illustrated for a very wide range of engine fuel types, including n-alkane, 1-olefin, n-alcohol, and n-alkyl benzenes, and the unifying features of these fuels and their common trends, using existing detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms that have been collected and unified to produce an overall model with unprecedented capabilities.
The Epidemiology of Chronic Abdominal Pain

Chronic abdominal pain is a frequently encountered problem of primary care physicians, gastroenterologists, and pain physicians. Generally it is defined as a continuous or intermittent abdominal discomfort lasting for at least 6 months. This chapter will discuss the epidemiology of a wide variety of etiologies ranging from organic to functional causes of chronic abdominal pain. The chapter will be divided based on three clear delineations of chronic abdominal pain, which include visceral, chronic somatosensory, and primarily functional abdominal pain. The incidence, prevalence, demographics, and environmental associations of these disorders will be discussed in detail.
Analysis of Debond Fracture Specimens

Several test methods for determining the fracture toughness of the face/core interface in sandwich specimens have been proposed. All debond specimens are beam specimens where a debond typically is implanted in the form of a thin Teflon sheet between face and core during manufacture of the sandwich panel, or in some cases the debond is machined or cut with a thin blade or knife. This and several other experimental issues will be discussed in Chapter 11. In this chapter, we will introduce some of the most popular sandwich debond tests and outline analysis of compliance and energy release rate.
Legacies of Punk Rock in Socialist Hungary

With a slight shrug of the shoulders, a middle-aged, middle-class man describes his teenage years as a member of the Hungarian punk scene: ‘we were right-wing punks. Because this was full communism’. This sentiment is echoed throughout Lucile Chaufour's documentary stroll down communist memory lane. We were angry teenagers, her interview partners tell the camera; we were unhappy, we hated communism, we hated the Soviet Union, but we loved Hungary, and anti-government sentiment in a left-wing regime turns a hard right.
Early Effects of Prolonged Cardiac Arrest and Ischemic Postconditioning during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Cardiac and Brain Mitochondrial Function in Pigs.

Abstract Background Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) is a prevalent medical crisis resulting in severe injury to the heart and brain and an overall survival of less than 10%. Mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted to be a key determinant of poor outcomes following prolonged CA. However, the onset and severity of mitochondrial dysfunction during CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not fully understood. Ischemic postconditioning (IPC), controlled pauses during the initiation of CPR, has been shown to improve cardiac function and neurologically favorable outcomes after 15 min of CA. We tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction develops during prolonged CA and can be rescued with IPC during CPR (IPC-CPR). Methods A total of 63 swine were randomized to no ischemia (Naive), 19 min of ventricular fibrillation (VF) CA without CPR (Untreated VF), or 15 min of CA with 4 min of reperfusion with either standard CPR (S-CPR) or IPC-CPR. Mitochondria were isolated from the heart and brain to quantify respiration, rate of ATP synthesis, and calcium retention capacity (CRC). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was quantified from fresh frozen heart and brain tissue. Results Compared to Naive, Untreated VF induced cardiac and brain ROS overproduction concurrent with decreased mitochondrial respiratory coupling and CRC, as well as decreased cardiac ATP synthesis. Compared to Untreated VF, S-CPR attenuated brain ROS overproduction but had no other effect on mitochondrial function in the heart or brain. Compared to Untreated VF, IPC-CPR improved cardiac mitochondrial respiratory coupling and rate of ATP synthesis, and decreased ROS overproduction in the heart and brain. Conclusions Fifteen minutes of VF CA results in diminished mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, CRC, and increased ROS production in the heart and brain. IPC-CPR attenuates cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction caused by prolonged VF CA after only 4 min of reperfusion, suggesting that IPC-CPR is an effective intervention to reduce cardiac injury. However, reperfusion with both CPR methods had limited effect on mitochondrial function in the brain, emphasizing an important physiological divergence in post-arrest recovery between those two vital organs.
Review: Anne Tyng: Inhabiting Geometry; by Graham Foundation

Anne Tyng: Inhabiting Geometry. Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, 13 January–20 March 2011. Graham Foundation, Chicago 15 April–18 June 2011 “The life cycle of the butterfly is clearly defined in four phases: the rotational symmetry of its eggs, the helical symmetry in its form as a caterpillar or larva, the spiral symmetry of the pupa of chrysalis form and its dramatic rebirth in a magnificent form of bilateral symmetry… . Bilateral man evolved from numberless hierarchies of cycles of form … goes through the cycle again.”1 Such statements about the cycle of rotational, helical, spiral and bilateral symmetry abound in Anne Tyng's 1969 article “Geometric Extensions of Consciousness,” in which she attempted to reveal the geometric order she believed to be fundamental to the evolution of everything from plants, animals, and even the psyche, to history, architecture, and matter itself. Published in Zodiac 's “Geometry” issue, which was edited by Maria Bottero, Tyng's article accompanied contributions by Buckminster Fuller, Alfred Neumann, Virgil Thomson, John McHale, Walter Kuhn, and Moshe Safdie. The exhibition Anne Tyng: Inhabiting Geometry was powered by a gratifying representation of Tyng's progress toward this article. Simultaneously, an episode in the institutional history of its Chicago venue was also displayed (Figures 1, 2). Since Tyng wrote this text as the outcome of a fellowship that she received in 1965 from the Graham Foundation, twenty-two illustrated pages of Tyng's fellowship application constituted the first section of the exhibit on display. They provide clear evidence of her curiosity and the conceptual rigor in her treatment of advanced geometry. Figure 1 Icosahedron with nested cube, Anne Tyng: Inhabiting Geometry , Dining Room, Madlener House, Chicago, 2011 (© Graham Foundation, photo: James Prinz Photography) Figure 2 View of Anne Tyng: Inhabiting Geometry , East Gallery, Madlener House, Chicago, 2011 (© Graham Foundation, photo: James Prinz Photography) Anne Tyng: Inhabiting Geometry testifies to the Graham Foundation's …
A High-Temperature Gate Driver for Silicon Carbide mosfet

SiC MOSFET can operate at a junction temperature of 200–250 $^{\circ }$ C due to its improved material properties and thermal stability. However, successful realization of SiC MOSFET based high-temperature (HT) converter requires HT gate drivers. This paper presents a low-cost HT gate driver developed with discrete transistors and signal diodes rated at 180–200 $^{\circ }$ C. The gate driver has a robust overcurrent and undervoltage lock out protection circuit. The propagation delay of the protection circuit and gate driving circuit is greatly reduced compared to commercial HT gate drivers. A comparative analysis of the developed HT gate driver using discrete components and the commercially available silicon-on-insulator technology based HT gate driver is presented. The performance of the HT gate driver is evaluated for both hard switched fault and fault under load condition at an ambient temperature of 180 $^{\circ }$ C.
Effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetics of oral minocycline in healthy adult horses

Minocycline is commonly used to treat bacterial and rickettsial infections in adult horses but limited information exists regarding the impact of feeding on its oral bioavailability. This study's objective was to compare the pharmacokinetics of minocycline after administration of a single oral dose in horses with feed withheld and with feed provided at the time of drug administration. Six healthy adult horses were administered intravenous (2.2 mg/kg) and oral minocycline (4 mg/kg) with access to hay at the time of oral drug administration (fed) and with access to hay delayed for 2 hr after oral drug administration (fasted), with a 7-day washout between treatments. Plasma concentration versus time data was analyzed based on noncompartmental pharmacokinetics. Mean ± SD bioavailability (fasted: 38.6% ± 4.6; fed: 15.7% ± 2.3) and Cmax (fasted: 1.343 ± 0.418 μg/ml; fed: 0.281 ± 0.157 μg/ml) were greater in fasted horses compared to fed horses (p < .05 both). Median (range) Tmax (hr) in fasted horses was 2.0 (1.5-3.5) and in fed horses was 5.0 (1.0-8.0) and was not significantly different between groups. Overnight fasting and delaying feeding hay 2 hr after oral minocycline administration improve drug bioavailability and thus plasma concentrations.
The N terminus of α-ENaC mediates ENaC cleavage and activation by furin

Epithelial Na+ channels comprise three homologous subunits (α, β, and γ) that are regulated by alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage. Here, we determine the basis of the reduced Na+ current (INa) that results from expression of a previously identified, naturally occurring splice variant of the α subunit (α-ENaC), in which residues 34-82 are deleted (αΔ34-82). αΔ34-82-ENaC expression with WT β and γ subunits in Xenopus oocytes produces reduced basal INa, which can largely be recovered by exogenous trypsin. With this αΔ34-82-containing ENaC, both α and γ subunits display decreased cleavage fragments, consistent with reduced processing by furin or furin-like convertases. Data using MTSET modification of a cysteine, introduced into the degenerin locus in β-ENaC, suggest that the reduced INa of αΔ34-82-ENaC arises from an increased population of uncleaved, near-silent ENaC, rather than from a reduced open probability spread uniformly across all channels. After treatment with brefeldin A to disrupt anterograde trafficking of channel subunits, INa in oocytes expressing αΔ34-82-ENaC is reestablished more slowly than that in oocytes expressing WT ENaC. Overnight or acute incubation of oocytes expressing WT ENaC in the pore blocker amiloride increases basal ENaC proteolytic stimulation, consistent with relief of Na+ feedback inhibition. These responses are reduced in oocytes expressing αΔ34-82-ENaC. We conclude that the α-ENaC N terminus mediates interactions that govern the delivery of cleaved and uncleaved ENaC populations to the oocyte membrane.
Optically-Based Affinity Biosensors for Glucose

The first biosensor was developed by Leland Clark who enhanced his oxygen electrode technology (Clark and Lyons, 1962) by interposing another membrane bound region between the detector and the sample that contained an enzyme (glucose oxidase) to produce the first “biosensor” for glucose. This paradigm has been followed for most of the biosensor developments to date. Leland Clark has been recently recognized for his breakthrough technology by receiving the Russ Prize from the National Academy of Engineering in 2005. A brief review of the early research on biosensors was provided by Schultz (1991).
Heavy-Traffic Insensitive Bounds for Weighted Proportionally Fair Bandwidth Sharing Policies

We consider a connection-level model proposed by Massouli\'{e} and Roberts for bandwidth sharing among file transfer flows in a communication network. We study weighted proportionally fair sharing policies and establish explicit-form bounds on the weighted sum of the expected numbers of flows on different routes in heavy traffic. The bounds are linear in the number of critically loaded links in the network, and they hold for a class of phase-type file-size distributions; i.e., the bounds are heavy-traffic insensitive to the distributions in this class. Our approach is Lyapunov-drift based, which is different from the widely used diffusion approximation approach. A key technique we develop is to construct a novel inner product in the state space, which then allows us to obtain a multiplicative type of state-space collapse in steady state. Furthermore, this state-space collapse result implies the interchange of limits as a by-product for the diffusion approximation of the equal-weight case under phase-type file-size distributions, demonstrating the heavy-traffic insensitivity of the stationary distribution.
The development and initial validation of the Fatigue Sensitivity Questionnaire

ABSTRACTCurrently, there is poor understanding of fatigue and the possible psychological conditions that may underlie chronic fatigue. Although substantial work has been directed to better clinical...
Mesoporous Composite Nanomaterials for Dye Removal and Other Applications

Abstract Mesoporous composite nanomaterials arise from the need to hierarchically combine mesoporous and microporous properties that yield multifunctionality. Mesoporous materials have large surface areas that are capable of adsorbing large molecules while nanomaterials provide added magnetic, electrochemical, and/or catalytic properties, which improve the overall performance of the composites, compared to their unimodal counterparts. These combined functionalities have been shown to lead to environmentally sustainable applications ranging from adsorption to catalysis. Herein, we review different types of mesoporous materials (e.g., TiO2, Zeolites, COFs, MOFs, POPs) and describe their primary synthetic methods and their composite assembly with several different substrates (e.g., magnetite, silica, graphene). We discuss the material improvement, and the novel functionalities afforded upon compositing, as well as their dye adsorption and energy-related applications.
Visualizing Classic Synchronization Problems: Dining Philosophers, Producers-Consumers, and Readers-Writers

Classic synchronization problems are often used to introduce students to the subtleties of concurrency and synchronization mechanisms, such as semaphores, monitors, locks, and condition variables. The Dining Philosophers, Producers-Consumers, and Readers-Writers are all classic problems in which a correct solution requires the actions of multiple processes or threads to be synchronized. In this paper, we present visualizations for these three problems and describe their use as pedagogical tools to help students build accurate mental models of concurrency abstractions such as starvation, deadlock, livelock, and correct execution. We also present the results of an experiment that indicate students find using these visualizations to be significantly more engaging than reading a textbook, with no significant difference in learning. We do not claim that our visualizations should replace a course text; rather we present them as engaging pedagogical tools to complement the textbook in courses on Operating Systems, Programming Languages, and other courses where concurrency and synchronization are covered.
Velocity Correction Coefficients in Pressure Correction–Type Model

AbstractVelocity correction methods are often used in numerical models simulating fluid flows. This paper presents a new method to evaluate the velocity correction coefficient: an equation construc...
UV perspective on mixed anomalies at critical points between bosonic symmetry-protected phases

Symmetry-protected phases are gapped phases of matter which are distinguished only in the presence of a global symmetry $G$. These quantum phases lack any symmetry-breaking or topological order and have short-range entangled ground states. Based on this short-range entanglement property, we give a general argument for the existence of an emergent antiunitary (and sometimes also a unitary) ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry at a critical point separating two different bosonic symmetry-protected phases in any dimension. Often, the emergent symmetry group at criticality has a mixed global anomaly. For those phases classified by group cohomology, we identify a criterion for when such a mixed global anomaly is present, and write down representative cocycles for the corresponding anomaly class. We illustrate our results with a series of examples and make connections to recent results on $(2+1)$-dimensional beyond-Landau critical points.
“Old Town Dentonites”: Community members’ competing constructions of hydraulic fracturing and land use in Denton, Texas

Abstract This analysis of in-depth interviews with members of Frack Free Denton and Denton Taxpayers for a Strong Economy explores the dynamic divide caused by hydraulic fracturing in Denton, Texas. The most vocal and persuasive groups involved in the debate have discursive power to influence public opinion, which in turn shapes policies and practices. This analysis shows that pro- and anti-fracking groups conveyed an attachment to and ownership of the local land and engaged in harsh “othering” discourse to describe the opposing group. This study contributes to scholarly understandings of the relationship(s) between public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing, land use, and proximity.
Influence of irrigation and maturity group on the seasonal abundance of soybean arthropods.

The effects of irrigation and soybean maturity group (Group V ‘Forrest’ variety vs Group VII ‘Braxton’ variety) on the seasonal abundance of arthropod pest and beneficial population densities were examined in large-plot field tests at the Attapulgus Research Center in Attapulgus, GA, in 1987 through 1990. In general, soybean plant growth was more abundant, yields were higher, and canopy closure indices were lower in irrigated than in non-irrigated plots for both varieties. Irrigation and the resultant increased soybean vegetation supported a greater overall seasonal abundance of all five of the insect pests monitored: stink bugs, primarily Nezara viridula (L.), velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), threecornered alfalfa hoppers, Spississtilus festinus (Say), and green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.). No overall varietal effects were noted for N. viridula; however, each year, population densities were higher in the early-maturing ‘Forre...
Robust pseudo-measurement modeling for three-phase distribution systems state estimation

Abstract Trending integration of distributed energy resources calls for state estimation at the distribution level for providing reliable power systems information. In contrast to transmission systems, distribution systems are sparsely monitored, and consequently difficult to estimate states. To address measurement scarcity problem in distribution systems, this paper proposes a distribution system state estimation framework that relies on robust pseudo-measurement modeling. User-level metering data is used to train gradient boosting tree models for generating pseudo-measurements. A ladder iterative state estimator is then applied on the pseudo-measurements to solve for system states. Simulation studies are performed on the IEEE 13-bus and 123-bus test feeders. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed state estimation scheme outperform two benchmark approaches in terms of accuracy (error), consistency (error variance) and robustness (high accuracy subject to load changes).
Distinct algorithms for combining landmarks and path integration in medial entorhinal, visual and retrosplenial cortex

Abstract During navigation, animals estimate their position using path integration and landmarks, engaging many brain areas. Whether these areas follow specialized or universal cue integration principles remains unknown. Here, we combined electrophysiology with virtual reality to quantify cue integration across thousands of neurons in three areas that support navigation: primary visual (V1), retrosplenial (RSC) and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). Path integration influenced position estimates in MEC more than in V1 and RSC. V1 coded position retrospectively, likely reflecting delays in sensory processing, whereas MEC coded position prospectively, and RSC was intermediate between the two. In combining path integration with landmarks, MEC showed signatures of Kalman filtering, and we report a distance-tuned neural population that could implement such filtering through attractor dynamics. Our results show that during navigation, MEC serves as a specialized cortical hub for reconciling path integration and landmarks to estimate position and suggest an algorithm for calculating these estimates.
Skeletal muscle-specific over-expression of the nuclear sirtuin SIRT6 blocks cancer-associated cachexia by regulating multiple targets.

Background During cancer cachexia, cytokines released from tumour cells can alter body's metabolism, which can lead to onset of this disease process. Biological basis of cachexia is multifactorial; hence, it is important to identify and modulate multiple targets to curtail the process of cachexia. Previously, we reported that the nuclear sirtuin, SIRT6, blocks expression of myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth, through modulation of the NF-κB signalling. This study was undertaken to test whether muscle-specific over-expression of SIRT6 can block the cancer-associated muscle wasting in vivo and to identify additional relevant targets of SIRT6, which can explain its ability to maintain muscle health. Methods We generated a skeletal muscle-specific SIRT6 over-expressing transgenic mouse line (Sk.T6Tg) expressing SIRT6 at a moderate (two-fold to four-fold) level, compared with its control littermates. To generate a cancer-cachexia model, B16F10 mouse melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously in the flanks of mice. Gastrocnemius muscle tissues from non-tumour and tumour controls and Sk.T6Tg mice (n = 5-20) were analysed by histology, immunoblotting, and RT-qPCR. Plasma samples of mice were evaluated using cytokine arrays and ELISA in both non-tumour and tumour conditions. Results Our results demonstrate dual benefits of muscle-specific moderate over-expression of SIRT6 in a mouse model of cancer-cachexia. In tumour-bearing mice, SIRT6 over-expression preserved muscle weight (P < 0.001) and fibre size (P < 0.005) as well as suppressed tumour growth (P < 0.05). SIRT6 over-expression significantly reduced myostatin expression and plasma free fatty acids levels but maintained plasma insulin levels in tumour-bearing mice. These positive effects of SIRT6 were associated with downregulation of the circulatory chemokine, CXCL10, and the myokine, WNT4. SIRT6 also upregulated expression of GLUT4, the major glucose transporter in the skeletal muscle. These results for the first time demonstrate that SIRT6 regulates multiple targets to limit tumour growth and cancer-associated muscle atrophy. Conclusion Given the multifactorial nature of cachexia, SIRT6, which concurrently controls multiple pathways, can be a valuable therapeutic target to overcome this debilitating syndrome.
‘Learning’ and Learning at Euthydemus 275d–278d

Early in Plato’s Euthydemus, sophistical arguments threaten the intelligibility of the process of learning. According to M. M. McCabe, Socrates resists the sophists’ arguments by resisting their pr...
Challenges in Studying Stem Cell Metabolism.

Summary The expanding field of stem cell metabolism has been supported by technical advances in metabolite profiling and novel functional analyses. While use of these methodologies has been fruitful, many challenges are posed by the intricacies of culturing stem cells in vitro, along with the distinctive scarcity of adult tissue stem cells and the complexities of their niches in vivo. This review provides an examination of the methodologies used to characterize stem cell metabolism, highlighting their utility while placing a sharper focus on their limitations and hurdles the field needs to overcome for the optimal study of stem cell metabolic networks.
Trends in Leadership and Award Recognition Among Women in the American Society of Retina Specialists

Purpose:This work evaluates trends in achievement of women in the retina field, through an analysis of gender representation in the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS).Methods:This retros...
Status of Current and Future Remote Sensing with EO-1 Hyperion

The Earth Observing-One (EO-1) satellite, launched in November of 2000, will complete six full years of operation near the end of this year. Observations from the Hyperion Imaging Spectrometer on board EO-1 have contributed to over 300 papers in refereed journals, conference proceeds and other presentations. Hyperion has been used to study a variety of natural and anthropogenic phenomena including hazards and catastrophes, agricultural health and productivity, ecological disturbance/development, and land use/land cover change. As an example, Hyperion has been used in hazard and catastrophe studies to monitor and assess effects of tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mudslides, tornadoes, hurricanes, wild-fires (natural and human ignited), oil spills, and the aftermath of world trade center bombing. This presentation summarizes the current status of EO-1 Hyperion in terms of key scientific findings to date and future plans for operation of this instrument through 2007.
Social Citizenship and Workfare in the United States and Western Europe: The US welfare reform: “ending welfare as we know it”

In this chapter, I sketch the historical development of the US welfare state. This will provide the background for the current welfare reform, and, in particular, American-style workfare. The major point of US welfare is to get families off of the welfare rolls and into the paid labor market. There is little or no concern about poverty or their well-being. It is simply assumed that with a job, they will be better off. I then present various reform proposals that address both the low-wage labor market and welfare support. The chapter ends with two sections that serve as a bridge to the remaining chapters. One deals with the US conception of social citizenship, or, I should say, the social contract. This contrasts with the Western European conception of social citizenship developed in the post-World War II period which is now undergoing change in the direction of the US model. The concluding section discusses lessons from the US experience that might be applicable to Western Europe as they continue along their present path. THE “UNDESERVING POOR” Perhaps nowhere – at least among the advanced democratic societies – is the contradiction between the ideals of social citizenship and the reality greater than in the United States. The roots of this contradiction go back at least to the Middle Ages. The starting point is usually the Statute of Laborers (1349).
Signaling Pathways Involved in Megakaryocyte-Mediated Proliferation of Osteoblast Lineage Cells

Recent studies suggest that megakaryocytes (MKs) may play a significant role in skeletal homeostasis, as evident by the occurrence of osteosclerosis in multiple MK related diseases (Lennert et al., 1975; Thiele et al., 1999; Chagraoui et al., 2006). We previously reported a novel interaction whereby MKs enhanced proliferation of osteoblast lineage/osteoprogenitor cells (OBs) by a mechanism requiring direct cell–cell contact. However, the signal transduction pathways and the downstream effector molecules involved in this process have not been characterized. Here we show that MKs contact with OBs, via beta1 integrin, activate the p38/MAPKAPK2/p90RSK kinase cascade in the bone cells, which causes Mdm2 to neutralizes p53/Rb-mediated check point and allows progression through the G1/S. Interestingly, activation of MAPK (ERK1/2) and AKT, collateral pathways that regulate the cell cycle, remained unchanged with MK stimulation of OBs. The MK-to-OB signaling ultimately results in significant increases in the expression of c-fos and cyclin A, necessary for sustaining the OB proliferation. Overall, our findings show that OBs respond to the presence of MKs, in part, via an integrin-mediated signaling mechanism, activating a novel response axis that de-represses cell cycle activity. Understanding the mechanisms by which MKs enhance OB proliferation will facilitate the development of novel anabolic therapies to treat bone loss associated with osteoporosis and other bone-related diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 578–586, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Characterization of a novel N-terminal peptide in human aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. Roles in the transfer of aminoacyl-tRNA from aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to the elongation factor 1 alpha.

The kinetics of the N-terminal 32 residue-deleted human aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (hDRS delta 32) was analyzed. The kinetics of aspartyl-adenylate formation and Asp-tRNA synthesis by hDRS delta 32 were indistinguishable from those of hDRS. However, the dissociation of Asp-tRNA from hDRS delta 32 was much faster than that of hDRS. Unlike hDRS delta 32-catalyzed aspartylation of tRNA was not affected by the elongation factor 1 alpha. Two N-terminal peptides of hDRS, hDRS(T5-E26) and hDRS(D12-R27), were synthesized. Both peptides bind to tRNA-Sepharose. Both peptides, hDRS(T5-E26) and hDRS(D12-R27), are monomeric and oligomerize at high peptide concentration or in 50% propylene glycol. The peptide hDRS(T5-E26) showed little alpha-helical content as analyzed by CD spectroscopy, while hDRS(D12-R27) showed appreciable alpha-helical contents in nonpolar solvents. These results suggest that the N terminus in hDRS may mediate the slow release of Asp-tRNA and facilitate the interaction of the hDRS.Asp-tRNA complex with the elongation factor 1 alpha. The demonstration of alpha-helix formation of the hDRS N-terminal peptide is consistent with the hypothetical amphiphilic helix of the N-terminal extension in hDRS. A model for the transfer of Asp-tRNA from hDRS to elongation factor 1 alpha is presented.
Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control Theory: A Concise Introduction

This textbook offers a concise yet rigorous introduction to calculus of variations and optimal control theory, and is a self-contained resource for graduate students in engineering, applied mathematics, and related subjects. Designed specifically for a one-semester course, the book begins with calculus of variations, preparing the ground for optimal control. It then gives a complete proof of the maximum principle and covers key topics such as the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory of dynamic programming and linear-quadratic optimal control. Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control Theory also traces the historical development of the subject and features numerous exercises, notes and references at the end of each chapter, and suggestions for further study.Offers a concise yet rigorous introduction Requires limited background in control theory or advanced mathematics Provides a complete proof of the maximum principle Uses consistent notation in the exposition of classical and modern topics Traces the historical development of the subject Solutions manual (available only to teachers)Leading universities that have adopted this book include: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 553: Optimum Control Systems Georgia Institute of Technology ECE 6553: Optimal Control and Optimization University of Pennsylvania ESE 680: Optimal Control Theory University of Notre Dame EE 60565: Optimal Control
Dissolved methane concentration profiles and air‐sea fluxes from 41°S to 27°N

[1] Water column samples from a transect cruise from southern Chile through the Panama Canal to the Gulf of Mexico were used to determine dissolved methane depth profiles and air-sea methane fluxes. In the Gulf of Mexico, surface concentrations were approximately 40% supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere, whereas near the equator and in the Peru upwelling region, 10–20% supersaturation generally occurred. These saturation ratios translate into an average flux of methane from the sea surface to the atmosphere of 0.38 μmol m−2 d−1. In addition, water column profiles of dissolved methane indicate that subsurface maxima in dissolved methane concentrations are a consistent feature of the open ocean, except near the equator. At the equator, the subsurface peak at the base of the mixed layer may be bowed down by the Equatorial Undercurrent. The highest methane concentration (12 nM) was observed in the Peru upwelling region.
A New Pupil for Detecting Extrasolar Planets

The challenge for optical detection of terrestial planet is the 25 magnitude brightness contrast between the planet and its host star. This paper introduces a new pupil design that produces a very dark null along its symmetry axis. By changing the shape of the pupil, we can control the depth and location of this null. This null can be further enhanced by combining this pupil with a rooftop nuller or cateye nuller and an aperture stop. The performance of the optical system will be limited by imperfections in the mirror surface. If the star is imaged with and without the nuller, then we can characterize these imperfections and then correct them with a deformable mirror. The full optical system when deployed on a 6 $\times$ 10 m space telescope is capable of detecting Earthlike planets around stars within 20 parsecs. For an Earthlike planet around a nearby stars (10 parsecs), the telescope can characterize its atmosphere by measuring spectral lines in the 0.3 - 1.3 micron range.
Evaluation of potato proteins on the growth performance of early-weaned pigs

We conducted five experiments to evaluate conventional and low-glycoalkaloid potato protein (CPP and LGPP, respectively) in diets for early-weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 150 weanling pigs (initially 4.4 +/- .9 kg and 15.5 +/- 2 d of age) were fed either a control diet containing 3% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) or diets with additional SDAP (2.5 or 5% added; 5.5 or 8% total) or CPP (2.6% or 5.1%) substituted on a total lysine basis. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, increasing SDAP increased (linear, P .10) were observed in growth performance among pigs fed any of the protein sources within the experiment. However, pigs fed the LGPP had numerically greater ADG and better G/F than those fed CPP. In conclusion, these results suggest that LGPP can be an effective replacement for a portion of the SDAP in diets for weanling pigs.
Time-domaim validation for sample-data uncertainty model

Considers time-domain model validation for sampled-data systems with /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// compatible uncertainty models. These uncertainty models consist of a nominal continuous-time plant model together with given bounds for system uncertainty and signal disturbances. The validation problem is to determine whether or not a given discrete sampled input-output data record is consistent with a postulated uncertainty model. Based on continuous-time interpolation theorems, the authors provide validation algorithms for unstructured, additive uncertainty models that reduce to convex programming. The authors treat both linear time-invariant and linear time-varying modeling uncertainty sets.
Pulmonary Eosinophilia and Granulomatous Pulmonary Arteritis Induced in Rats by Intravenous Sephadex

Airway eosinophilia has been proposed as a major pathogenetic event in bronchial asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness. Intravenous injection of Sephadex G200 in rats induces pulmonary and blood eosinophilia and alters pulmonary responsiveness to 5-hydroxytryptamine. To characterize the early pulmonary inflammatory responses following Sephadex administration, and to determine the timing of the onset of pulmonary eosinophilia relative to blood eosinophilia, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with Sephadex G200 beads. Lungs and other tissues were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy at 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after injection. Blood eosinophil counts were determined at 0, 24, and 96 hours after injection. Sephadex beads were trapped initially in small caliber muscular pulmonary arteries associated with terminal bronchioles and in intra-acinar locations. There was marked infiltration of eosinophils and macrophages around the beads and into arterial walls and edematous periarterial and peribronchiolar connective tissue as early as 4 hours after injection. Periarterial-peribronchiolar eosinophil aggregates peaked in density at 24 and 48 hours. Macrophages and multinucleated cells dominated the inflammatory cell responses in arteries immediately surrounding partially degraded Sephadex beads from 24 to 96 hours. Bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis and blood eosinophilia were not detected until 96 hours. We conclude that Sephadex induces pulmonary eosinophilia prior to blood eosinophilia and suggest that Sephadex may induce pulmonary release of one or more eosinophil chemotactic substance(s). This model may prove useful in the study of factors that influence eosinophil migration into the lung in various disease states.
Could lipid infusion be a risk for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in low birth weight neonates?

To assess whether lipid infusion could be a risk factor for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) in low birth weight neonates, 22 newborns with cholestasis (29.8 ± 1.6 weeks, 1298 ± 217 g) were compared with 22 without cholestasis (29.5 ± 1.7 weeks, 1286 ± 363 g). The mean level of peak direct bilirubin for the cholestasis group was 4.6 mg/dl compared to 1.2 mg/dl for the noncholestasis group. A univariate analysis revealed that PNAC was significantly related to duration of fasting (p = 0.008) and parenteral nutrition (p < 0.0001), days of antibiotics use (p = 0.025), positive C-reactive protein (p = 0.018) or gastric culture (p = 0.018), and feeding intolerance (p < 0.0001). Total amino acid amount (p < 0.0001), total lipid amount (p < 0.0001), and average daily lipid amount (p = 0.002) were significantly higher in the cholestasis group than in the noncholestasis group. Conversely, prenatal administration of dexamethasone was a significant protective factor of PNAC (p = 0.008). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the cumulative amount of lipid infusion was an independent risk factor for PNAC (p = 0.041; OR 1.174; CI 1.007–1.369). We suggest that decreasing the cumulative load of amino acids and intralipids with early trophic feeding, control of infection, and prenatal administration of dexamethasone could possibly attenuate the severity of PNAC.
A challenge to the concept that ACTH affects growth hormone secretion in man.

Recent reports have suggested that growth hormone secretion might be stimulated by endogenous ACTH. This study was designed to clarify the role of endogenous and exogenous ACTH in the control of plasma growth hormone levels in man. Metyrapone was administered orally to 4 normal subjects resulting in an increase in plasma ACTH with no concomitant elevation in the plasma growth hormone. The effects of 1–24 ACTH and placebo on plasma growth hormone and cortisol were studied in 8 normal subjects according to a randomized balanced double-blind protocol. There was no consistent increase in growth hormone in response to ACTH and, in one subject, plasma growth hormone rose following placebo administration. We conclude that ACTH does not effect growth hormone secretion in man.
Practice Wisdom: New Guidance for Pediatric Palliative Care

ple suffering from various forms of pain. The book makes it clear that understanding the psychological factors affecting pain is not just for pain psychologists. Anyone who studies or treats individuals with pain needs to be aware of the profound impact of psychological phenomena upon the pain experience and to start thinking how his/her therapeutic interventions or research methods may facilitate, inhibit, or otherwise interact with people’s psychology and pain perceptions. The book provides a rich resource for pain researchers at all levels (from neurophysiology to clinical science) and pain clinicians with regard to the interaction between psychosocial factors and the endogenous painmodulatory system, the experiential aspect of the effects of emotion on pain, the psychological factors contributing to the developmental process of chronic pain, basic pain processing mechanisms, and the clinical implications of placebo analgesia and hypnosis.
Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation

Despite substantial advances made in controlling the effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, it remains the single most important pathogen in solid organ transplantation (SOT). Because CMV shares some characteristics with other human herpesviruses, it is also an important model system for understanding the actions of herpesviruses 6 and 7, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and, potentially, hepatitis C and B. As the lessons learned from HIV influenced our thinking about other viral infections (e.g. importance of viral load), so too what is learned about CMV will be applied to other herpesviruses. The pervasive nature of CMV and the common problems posed by this virus prompted the convening of a panel of experts in the field of SOT to discuss issues associated with CMV in transplant recipients. This supplement reflects the presentations and discussions at this symposium, including the clinical implications of CMV drug resistance, economic impact of CMV on transplant programs, the rationale for CMV hyperimmune globulin (CMW-IGIV, CytoGam) in SOT, antibody inhibition of CMV, hypogammaglobulinemia, role of CMV in allograft vasculopathy, and the clinical use of CytoGam therapy in a variety of SOT patients. A number of questions during the general discussion prompted the addition of other material to this Supplement, including the development of CMV-IGIV for clinical use in SOT recipients and resource utilization associated with CMV-related hospital readmissions.
What do we know about the mechanisms of aromatase inhibitor resistance

Clinical trials have demonstrated the importance of aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy in the effective treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancers. Yet, as with all prolonged drug therapy, resistance to aromatase inhibitors does develop. To date, the precise mechanism responsible for resistance to aromatase inhibitors is not completely understood. In this paper, several mechanisms of de novo/intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance to AIs are discussed. These mechanisms are hypothesized based on important findings from a number of laboratories. To better understand this question, our lab has generated, in vitro, breast cancer cell lines that are resistant to aromatase inhibitors. Resistant cell lines were generated over a prolonged period of time using the MCF-7aro (aromatase overexpressed) breast cancer line. These cell lines are resistant to the aromatase inhibitors letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane and the anti-estrogen tamoxifen, for comparison. Two types of resistant cell lines have been generated, those that grow in the presence of testosterone (T) which is needed for cell growth, and resistant lines that are cultured in the presence of inhibitor only (no T). In addition to functional characterization of aromatase and ERalpha in these resistant cell lines, microarray analysis has been employed in order to determine differential gene expression within the aromatase inhibitor resistant cell lines versus tamoxifen, in order to better understand the mechanism responsible for AI resistance on a genome-wide scale. We anticipate that our studies will generate important information on the mechanisms of AI resistance. Such information can be valuable for the development of treatment strategies against AI-resistant breast cancers.