cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed model methods for genomic prediction and variance component estimation of additive and dominance effects using SNP markers.

We established a genomic model of quantitative trait with genomic additive and dominance relationships that parallels the traditional quantitative genetics model, which partitions a genotypic value as breeding value plus dominance deviation and calculates additive and dominance relationships using pedigree information. Based on this genomic model, two sets of computationally complementary but mathematically identical mixed model methods were developed for genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and genomic restricted maximum likelihood estimation (GREML) of additive and dominance effects using SNP markers. These two sets are referred to as the CE and QM sets, where the CE set was designed for large numbers of markers and the QM set was designed for large numbers of individuals. GBLUP and associated accuracy formulations for individuals in training and validation data sets were derived for breeding values, dominance deviations and genotypic values. Simulation study showed that GREML and GBLUP generally were able to capture small additive and dominance effects that each accounted for 0.00005–0.0003 of the phenotypic variance and GREML was able to differentiate true additive and dominance heritability levels. GBLUP of the total genetic value as the summation of additive and dominance effects had higher prediction accuracy than either additive or dominance GBLUP, causal variants had the highest accuracy of GREML and GBLUP, and predicted accuracies were in agreement with observed accuracies. Genomic additive and dominance relationship matrices using SNP markers were consistent with theoretical expectations. The GREML and GBLUP methods can be an effective tool for assessing the type and magnitude of genetic effects affecting a phenotype and for predicting the total genetic value at the whole genome level.
The role of the Tim8p-Tim13p complex in a conserved import pathway for mitochondrial polytopic inner membrane proteins.

Tim23p is imported via the TIM (translocase of inner membrane)22 pathway for mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. In contrast to precursors with an NH2-terminal targeting presequence that are imported in a linear NH2-terminal manner, we show that Tim23p crosses the outer membrane as a loop before inserting into the inner membrane. The Tim8p–Tim13p complex facilitates translocation across the intermembrane space by binding to the membrane spanning domains as shown by Tim23p peptide scans with the purified Tim8p–Tim13p complex and crosslinking studies with Tim23p fusion constructs. The interaction between Tim23p and the Tim8p–Tim13p complex is not dependent on zinc, and the purified Tim8p–Tim13p complex does not coordinate zinc in the conserved twin CX3C motif. Instead, the cysteine residues seemingly form intramolecular disulfide linkages. Given that proteins of the mitochondrial carrier family also pass through the TOM (translocase of outer membrane) complex as a loop, our study suggests that this translocation mechanism may be conserved. Thus, polytopic inner membrane proteins, which lack an NH2-terminal targeting sequence, pass through the TOM complex as a loop followed by binding of the small Tim proteins to the hydrophobic membrane spanning domains.
Extraction of driver behavior information from traffic video to support microscopic traffic simulation

Microscopic traffic simulators capture the effects of driver behavior and so provide results not available from other types of traffic simulation. In order to fulfil this potential though, the behavior related models in the simulator must use parameters based on real measured driver behavior. We have turned to analyzing locally collected video traffic data to support our simulation of a new network in Boston. We used a recently developed software tool to extract the driver behavior information. This paper discusses the important tradeoffs in camera sitting and how they affect the subsequent data processing.We also describe the calibration procedures and field measurements necessary to extract information using this software. We present some of the driver behavior data we developed in this effort. The procedures described here can successfully generate the driver behavior information to support accurate microscopic modeling of vehicular traffic.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of thrombospondins 1 and 2 in the regulation of cell-matrix interactions, collagen fibril formation, and the response to injury.

Abstract Thrombospondins (TSPs) 1 and 2 are extracellular modular glycoproteins that are best known for their anti-angiogenic properties and their ability to modulate cell–matrix interactions. However, these proteins, and in particular TSP2, are pleiotropic in function and affect processes as disparate as bone growth and hemostasis. In recognition of their ability to influence a wide variety of cell functions, and in the absence of convincing evidence for their participation as integral components of extracellular structures, the term ‘matricellular’ has been applied to these and a small group of functionally related proteins. In this review, we focus on the role of TSP1 and 2 in two forms of injury in mice, excisional skin wounds and subcutaneously implanted biomaterials, and take advantage of mice with targeted disruptions of one or both genes to identify likely biochemical mechanisms that could account for the characteristics of the injury response in these knockout mice. In work that stems largely from our own laboratory, we show that pericellular levels of the matrix metalloproteinase, MMP2, are controlled to a large extent by TSP2 (and potentially also by TSP1), and that elevated levels of MMP2 are likely to account in part for defects as diverse as reduced cellular adhesion, abnormal collagen fibril structure, and increased endothelial cell and vascular proliferation.
Colonoscopic perforation management by laparoendoscopy: an algorithm.

Background and Objectives: The role of laparoscopy in the management of iatrogenic colonoscopic injuries has increased with surgeons becoming facile with minimally invasive methods. However, with a limited number of reported cases of successful laparoscopic repair, the exact role of this modality is still being defined. Drawing from previous literature and our own experiences, we have formulated a simple algorithm that has helped us treat colonoscopic perforations. Methods: A retrospective review was undertaken of patients treated for colonoscopic perforations since the algorithm’s introduction. For each patient, initial clinical assessment, management, and postoperative recovery were carefully documented. A Medline search was performed, incorporating the following search words: colonoscopy, perforation, and laparoscopy. Twenty-three articles involving 106 patients were identified and reviewed. Results: Between May 2009 and August 2012, 7 consecutive patients with colonoscopic perforations were managed by 2 surgeons using the algorithm. There were no complications and no deaths, with a mean length of stay of 4.43 days (range, 2–7 days). Of the 7 patients, 6 required surgery. A single patient was managed conservatively and later underwent an elective colon resection. Conclusions: Traditionally, laparotomy was the preferred method for treating colonoscopic perforations. Our initial experience reinforces previous views that laparoendoscopic surgery is a safe and effective alternative to traditional surgery for managing this complication. We have formulated a simple algorithm that we have found helpful for surgeons considering a laparoscopic approach to managing this condition.
Nowhere-Zero Flows in Random Graphs

A nowhere-zero 3-flow in a graph G is an assignment of a direction and a value of 1 or 2 to each edge of G such that, for each vertex v in G, the sum of the values of the edges with tail v equals the sum of the values of the edges with head v. Motivated by results about the region coloring of planar graphs, Tutte conjectured in 1966 that every 4-edge-connected graph has a nowhere-zero 3-flow. This remains open. In this paper we study nowhere-zero flows in random graphs and prove that almost surely as soon as the random graph G(n, p) has minimum degree two it has a nowhere-zero 3-flow. This result is clearly best possible.
A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior. This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel and a bottom microgrooved substrate. To fabricate the microgrooved channels, a top poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold containing the impression of the microfluidic channels was aligned and bonded to a microgrooved substrate. Using this device, mouse fibroblast cells were immobilized and patterned within microgrooved substrates (25, 50, 75, and 100 μm wide). To study apoptosis in a microfluidic device, media containing hydrogen peroxide, Annexin V, and propidium iodide was perfused into the fluidic channel for 2 hours. We found that cells exposed to the oxidative stress became apoptotic. These apoptotic cells were confirmed by Annexin V that bound to phosphatidylserine at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the apoptosis process. Using this microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns, the apoptosis process was observed in real-time and analyzed by using an inverted microscope containing an incubation chamber (37°C, 5% CO2). Therefore, this microfluidic device incorporated with microgrooved substrates could be useful for studying the cellular behavior and performing high-throughput drug screening.
Infrared surveillance. 2: Continuous-time signal processors

A number of infrared passive surveillance receivers are analyzed with the theory developed in a previous paper. The specific problem of interest is the detection of low-contrast point source targets against high-contrast structured backgrounds. A new and promising approach to signal processing is proposed for minimizing background-induced false alarms while retaining maximum target detection sensitivity. We show that time-delay and integration detector technology may afford us excess detector sensitivity that we can intentionally sacrifice in the interest of enhanced performance against structured scenes.
An enzymic synthesis of purine d-Arabinonucleosides

Abstract A method is described for the synthesis of purine d -arabinonucleosides that uses purine bases and 2,2′-anhydro-(1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine), AraC-an, as the starting materials. AraC-an was chosen as the precursor to the d -arabinosyl donor, because it is more readily available than any of the products that may be sequentially derived from it, namely, 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC), 1-β- d -arabinofuranosyluracil (AraU), and α- d -arabinofuranosyl-1-phosphate (Ara f 1-P), a d -arabinofuranosyl donor. Four reactions were involved in the overall process; ( a ) AraC-an was nonenzymically hydrolyzed at alkaline pH to AraC which was then ( b ) deaminated by cytidine deaminase to AraU, a nucleoside, ( c ) phosphorylyzed by uridine phosphorylase to Ara f 1-P, and ( d ) this ester caused to react with a purine base to afford a purine d -arabinonucleoside, the reaction being catalyzed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. All four reactions occurred in situ , the first and second being performed sequentially, whereas the third and fourth were combined in a single step. The three enzyme catalysts were purified from Escherichia coli . The efficiency of the method is exemplified by the synthesis of the d -arabinonucleosides of 2,6-diaminopurine and adenine; the overall yields, based on AraC-an, were 60 and 80%, respectively.
Petrologically diverse basalts from a fossil oceanic forearc in California: The Llanada and Black Mountain remnants of the Coast Range ophiolite

Basalts from two geographically separated fragments of the California Coast Range ophiolite are very different petrographically, mineralogically, and geochemically. Pillow lavas from the Llanada Coast Range ophiolite remnant are mostly Cr-rich and TiO 2 -poor basalts in which Ti does not increase with increasing Fe/(Fe + Mg); some Cr-poor siliceous rocks are also present. Most Llanada rocks are depleted in light rare earth elements (REE), although a few show slight light REE enrichment. Ti/V ratios are arc-like. The Llanada basalts appear to be island-arc tholeiites that have limited boninitic affinities—i.e., products of suprasubduction zone magmatism. Basalts from the Black Mountain Coast Range ophiolite remnant near St. Helena are TiO 2 -rich relative to those from most other Coast Range ophiolite fragments, and TiO 2 increases with increasing Fe/(Fe + Mg). Black Mountain basalts are light REE depleted, REE enriched overall relative to Llanada lavas, and have mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB)-like Ti/V ratios. These characteristics are similar to those of MORB, but elevated Th/Ta ratios suggest a suprasubduction-zone origin for the Black Mountain lavas. These results show that the Coast Range ophiolite is highly diverse, containing island-arc tholeiites and possibly suprasubduction zone–related MORB-like components. In the Coast Range ophiolite as a whole, the apparent preponderance of island-arc tholeiite lavas such as those at Llanada over MORB-like lavas such as those at Black Mountain favors a forearc over a backarc setting for the origin of the ophiolite. Other data suggest that the Coast Range ophiolite locally contains ocean-island basalts (OIBs). Moreover, serpentinite-rich ophiolitic detritus overlying Coast Range ophiolite serpentinite suggests that, in some areas, the basaltic section of the oceanic crust was missing completely, and serpentinized harzburgite was exposed at the sea floor. These relationships are similar to those in the modern Mariana forearc, which exposes a complex amalgam of boninitic and arc-tholeiitic suprasubduction zone–related crust, MORB and OIB crust, and serpentinized harzburgite.
Race, Gender, and Maternal Education Differences on Three Measures of the Early Screening Profiles

The records of 979 preschool children were used to determine if differences in early childhood development can be accounted for by differences in performance on three measures of the Early Screenin...
Molecular genetics of dopa decarboxylase and biogenic amines in Drosophila.

The gene Ddc encodes two isoforms of the enzyme dopa decarboxylase in Drosophila. These gene products catalyze the final steps in the synthesis of the biogenic amines sero-tonin and dopamine. This article summarizes recent progress in understanding the tissue- and cell-specific regulation of Ddc, which occurs at both the transcription and alternate splicing levels. In addition, results that are pertinent to understanding the roles of biogenic amines in the neurophysiology of Drosophila are discussed.
Diffusion, self-diffusion and counter-diffusion of benzene and p-xylene in silicalite

Abstract This paper reports the results of a detailed experimental study of transport diffusion and tracer diffusion of benzene and p -xylene in large crystals of silicalite. The measurements were carried out by the zero length column (ZLC) method. Benzene behaves as a textbook example of an idealized system in which the self-diffusivity is essentially independent of loading and coincides, in the low loading limit, with the limiting transport diffusivity. The behavior of p -xylene is more complex. The self-diffusivity is smaller than the (corrected) transport diffusivity by a factor of about 2.5–3.0, and this difference persists even as the zero loading limit is approached, implying a difference in mechanism between the self-diffusion and transport diffusion processes. A tentative explanation for the difference in behavior between benzene and p -xylene is suggested on the basis of the difference in the length of the molecule.
Perturbation analysis of a continuous system for desalination by reverse osmosis

Blasius perturbation solutions are developed for the incompressible laminar boundary layer at high Schmidt numbers. The eigenvalues have been found to be multiples of 3/2 and the eigenfunctions can be expressed as confluent hypergeometric functions. The eigenfunctions are employed in analyzing a continuous desalination system. The reverse-osmosis boundary condition leads to an integral equation which is, in turn, solved by iterative techniques. The first-order calculations show that the results are most accurate for large ratios of osmotic to applied pressures. For medium ratios, the results are reasonably good.
In Situ Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerization Using Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy

The feasibility of a direct quantitative analysis of styrene by Raman spectroscopy during an emulsion polymerization is examined. A dispersive spectrometer fitted with an intensified diode array detector is used with excitation from the 514.5-nm line of an Ar-ion laser. The limits of detection are 0.26 weight percent styrene in the reaction mixture. Raman measurements are compared with those obtained by UV absorption measurements on extracted samples and found to give essentially the same results.
Photoemission Observation of a Surface State of Tungsten

Photoelectron energy distributions from clean, polycrystalline tungsten reveal a surface-sensitive peak about 0.4 eV below the Fermi energy. This peak, which is identified as a surface state, rapidly decays during gas adsorption, and concomitant growth of a new peak at \ensuremath{\sim}2.5 eV below the Fermi energy is observed. Over the energy range of the surface-state peak, the strength of surface-state emission relative to bulk emission decreases with increasing photon energy. These results quantitatively substantiate existing field-emission data and qualitatively agree with model photoemission calculations.
The predictive value of indium-III leukocyte scans in the diagnosis of infected total hip, knee, or resection arthroplasties

Abstract To evaluate the usefulness of the indium-1 1 1 scan in detecting actually or potentially infected total hip, knee, and resection arthroplasties, 153 scans were performed on 143 patients who underwent reoperation for a loose or painful total joint arthroplasty or a resection arthroplasty between 1990 and 1996. Scans were interpreted as infected, not infected, or equivocal by an experienced nuclear medicine radiologist. Patients were considered to be infected if they met any 2 of the following criteria: i) positive intraoperative cultures, ii) final permanent histologic section indicating acute inflammation, and iii) intraoperative findings of gross purulence within the joint. Twenty-six patients (17%) met the infection criteria at the time of reoperation. Indium scans were found to have a 77% sensitivity, 86% specificity, 54% and 95% positive and negative predictive values, and 84% accuracy for the prediction of infection. Of 6 equivocal scans, none were infected. The results of this study suggest limited indications for the use of the indium-1 1 1 scan in the evaluation of painful hip, knee, or resection arthroplasties. A negative indium scan may be helpful in suggesting the absence of infection in cases in which the diagnosis is not otherwise evident.
Structure of the Fat Globule Membrane

Abstract An electron photomicrograph of a shadowed fat globule membrane fragment is presented. The structural characteristics are interpreted to represent a protein layer on which lipoprotein micelles are adsorbed.
Microsurgical Hydrocelectomy: Rationale and Technique

Abstract Introduction Hydrocelectomy may be complicated by hematoma, infection, testicular atrophy, epididymal injury and recurrence. Microsurgical hydrocelectomy allows for better visualization of epididymal tubules and testicular vasculature. We investigated the clinical outcomes of microsurgical hydrocelectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all men who underwent microsurgical hydrocelectomy from 1999 to 2013. All operations were performed through a scrotal incision. The spermatic vessels, vas deferens and epididymis were identified under an operating microscope at 6× to 25× magnification. The hydrocele sac was excised under the microscope. Assessment of operative outcomes included postoperative physical examination, need for subsequent fertility treatment and recurrence. Pathology reports were reviewed and descriptive analysis was performed. Results Mean ± SD patient age was 44.4 ± 17.4 years. Mean hydrocele volume was 275.5 ± 260 ml. The etiology was prior inguinal hernia repair in 21% of patients, nonmicrosurgical varicocelectomy in 16%, recurrent hydroceles in 14%, epididymitis or orchitis in 7%, trauma or scrotal surgery in 7% and an idiopathic cause in 35%. Surgery was performed on 70 units (12 bilateral) in a total of 58 men. There was a 12% postoperative complication rate and all complications were Clavien grade I. No recurrence developed during a mean followup of 68.8 months. At hydrocelectomy concomitant surgical procedures were done in 60% of cases, of which 50% were spermatocelectomy. In 69 hydrocele sac pathology specimens no epididymal tubules were identified. In an older man in whom fertility was not an issue part of the epididymis was intentionally transected with the sac. Conclusions Microsurgical hydrocelectomy minimizes the risk of injury to the epididymis, vas deferens or testicular blood supply as well as the risk of infection or hematoma.
Minireview: The Versatile Roles of Lysine Deacetylases in Steroid Receptor Signaling

Lysine deacetylases have been known to regulate nuclear receptor function for many years. In the unliganded state, nuclear receptors that form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors, such as the retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, associate with deacetylases to repress target genes. In the case of steroid receptors, binding of an antagonist ligand was initially reported to induce association of deacetylases to prevent activation of target genes. Since then, deacetylases have been shown to have diverse functions in steroid receptor signaling, from regulating interactions with molecular chaperones to facilitating their ability to activate transcription. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies on the role of deacetylases in steroid receptor signaling, which show deacetylases to be highly versatile regulators of steroid receptor function.
Probability-matched Reflectivity-Rainfall Relations for a Hurricane from Aircraft Observations

The relation between the distribution of equivalent reflectivity, Z(sub e), measured by an airborne C-band radar and that for rain rate, R, measured concurrently by a disdrometer on the same aircraft in the eyewall and outer bands of Hurricane Anita (1977) was investigated using the probability-matching method (PMM). It was found that the pdf of R is much narrower in the outer rainbands of Hurricane Anita than in the eyewall, and that the mean rain rates are also much smaller. It is shown that the use of PMM provides more realistic relations than the conventional power-law Z-R regression relations based upon scatter-plots of disdrometer measurements, showing higher eyewall reflectivities for the same rain rates at rates in excess of 6.3 mm/h.
Upper bounds on expected hitting times in mostly-covered delay-tolerant networks

We derive theoretical bounds on expected hitting times in densely covered delay-tolerant networks (DTNs). We consider a number of fixed (data collector) nodes deployed in the DTN region, and a number of mobile (data generator) nodes that move freely in the region according to Brownian motion. As it moves, each mobile node is assumed to continuously generate and buffer data. When a mobile node comes within the communication coverage range of a data collector node, it downloads its buffered data to it. Otherwise, it keeps generating and buffering its data. In this paper, we derive analytic bounds on the amount of time a mobile node spends without communication coverage. Then, using these derived bounds, we derive sufficient conditions on node density that statistically guarantee that the expected hitting times remain below a given threshold.
The role of comparative costs for determining inter- and intra-industry trade with developing countries☆

Abstract The paper studies intra-industry trade of Sweden with developing countries. It uses a neoclassical two-factor multi-sector model, where it is assumed that goods are differentiated with respect to country of origin. In this model the share of intra-industry trade between countries with different relative factor prices will be low in sectors with extreme factor requirements, i.e., with very high or very low capital intensity. This hypothesis is tested on the share of intra-industry trade in Sweden's trade with developing countries for a cross-section of industries, and largely confirmed by the statistical results.
Production of hadrons at large transverse momentum in 200-, 300-, and 400-GeV p − p and p -nucleus collisions

Measurements of the invariant cross section $\frac{E{d}^{3}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{{d}^{3}p}$ are presented for the production of hadrons ($\ensuremath{\pi}$, $K$, $p$, and $\overline{p}$) at large transverse momentum (${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$) by 200-, 300-, and 400-GeV protons incident on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, Be, Ti, and W targets. The measurements were made at a laboratory angle of 77 mrad, which corresponds to angles near 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the c.m. system of the incident proton and a single nucleon at rest. The range in ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ for the data is $0.77\ensuremath{\le}{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\le}6.91$ GeV/c, corresponding to values of the scaling variable ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=\frac{2{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{\sqrt{s}}$ from 0.06 to 0.64. For $p\ensuremath{-}p$ collisions, the pion cross sections can be represented in the region ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}g35$ by the form $(\frac{1}{{{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{n}}){(1\ensuremath{-}{x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})}^{b}$, with $n=8$ and $b=9$. The ratio of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production grows as a function of ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ to a value larger than 2 at ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.5$. The ratios of the production of ${K}^{+}$ and protons to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and of ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and antiprotons to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ also scale with ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ for $p\ensuremath{-}p$ collisions. The ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $p$, and $\overline{p}$ fitted values for $n$ and $b$ are given. Particle ratios are also presented for ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, Be, Ti, and W targets and the dependences on atomic weight ($A$) are discussed.
Activity patterns of nesting Mexican spotted owls

We collected 2,665 hr of behavioral information using video surveillance on 19 Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) pairs between 25 April and 26 July 1996. Prey deliveries per day increased as the nesting season progressed, with an average of 2.68 prey deliveries during incubation, 4.10 items during brooding, and 4.51 items during the nestling phase. The highest delivery rates were concentrated between l-3 hours before sunrise (02:00-05:00) and l-3 hours after sunset (18:00-21:00). Trip duration during diurnal hours increased 14 fold from incubation through the nestling phase, compared with a 7.2 fold increase during nocturnal hours. Nest bout duration decreased during both diurnal (36%) and nocturnal hours (76%) across the nesting season. Nest attentiveness decreased as the nesting season progressed, from 97% during the incubation phase to 47% during the nestling phase. Owls attended nests at higher rates during diurnal hours than nocturnal hours across all nesting phases. Activity patterns of Mexican Spotted Owls showed marked cyclical changes in response to ecological factors. Fluctuations in nesting behavior were related to changes in nesting phase and time of day.
Pulmonary gas exchange in anaesthetised horses mechanically ventilated with oxygen or a helium/oxygen mixture.

Summary Reason for performing study: It is unknown whether administration of gas-mixtures high in inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) under general anaesthesia may increase formation of pulmonary atelectasis and impair gas exchange. Objective: To evaluate the effects of different FiO2 on pulmonary gas exchange in isoflurane-anaesthetised horses breathing a helium/oxygen (He/O2) mixture. Methods: Thirty healthy mature horses were sedated with i.v. acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg bwt), detomidine (0.002 mg/kg bwt) and xylazine (0.2-0.4 mg/kg bwt). General anaesthesia was induced with i.v. 5% guaifenesin to effect, diazepam (0.1 mg/kg bwt) and ketamine (2 mg/kg bwt), and maintained with isoflurane. Fifteen horses (Group HX) were ventilated mechanically with gas mixtures of successively increasing FiO2 (0.25-0.30, 0.50-0.55, >0.90), obtained by blending O2with Heliox (70% He/30% O2). The other 15 horses (Group O) were ventilated immediately with 100% O2(FiO2>0.90). After 20 min of ventilation at the different FiO2levels in Group HX and after 60 min in Group O, PaO2 and PaCO2 were measured and the alveolar to arterial PO2gradient (P(A-a)O2) was calculated. Data analysis included robust categorical regression with clustering on horse (P<0.05). Results: Inhalation of a He/O2 mixture with FiO2 as low as 0.25-0.30 ensured adequate arterial oxygenation and was associated with a smaller P(A-a)O2 gradient than inhalation of pure O2 (P 0.90 (P<0.05). Conclusions and potential relevance: Administration of a He/O2gas mixture low in FiO2 can better preserve lung function than ventilation with pure oxygen. A step-wise increase of FiO2 using a He/O2 gas mixture might offer advantages with respect to pulmonary gas exchange over an immediate exposure to 100% O2.
Theoretical study of stereoselective reduction controlled by NADH analogs

Abstract The potential energy surfaces (PES) of 2-methyl-4-(R)-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide (4R-DM, 1), 2-methyl-4-(S)-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide (4S-DM, 2) and 2-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide (MM, 3) have been explored with ab initio calculations at the RHF/6-311G** and MP2/6-311G** levels of theory. In agreement with previous experimental and computational results, the PES provides three minima for each of the above molecules. The calculations reported herein indicate that the cisoid conformation is most favorable in gas phase and hydrophobic environments. Nevertheless, the preference of the cis conformation can be controlled by different solvents. The most favorable conformation in methanol, water, and probably in the polar (or water medicated) enzyme active sites, however, would be the one in which the carbonyl group is in a transoid position and is syn to Hsyn. In addition, our calculations suggest that the carbonyl group in the syn, rather than anti, position relative to Hsyn is preferred. These observations are in very good agreement with previous computational and experimental results. Our computational studies have provided an explanation as to why the transoid conformation is preferred in enzyme active sites as well as in many other NADH mimics. Furthermore, these new data imply that the stereoselectivity of NADH analogs can be controlled by means of changing solvents in which the reaction is carried out.
The Role of the Government in Work-Family Conflict.

Summary The foundations of the major federal policies that govern today’s workplace were put in place during the 1930s, when most families had a stay-at-home caregiver who could tend to the needs of children, the aged, and the sick. Seven decades later, many of the nation’s workplace policies are in need of major updates to reflect the realities of the modern workforce. American workers, for example, typically have little or no control over their work hours and schedules; few have a right to job-protected access to paid leave to care for a family member. Heather Boushey examines three types of work-family policies that affect work-family conflict and that are in serious need of repair—those that govern hours worked and workplace equity, those that affect the ability of workers to take time off from work because their families need care, and those that govern the outsourcing of family care when necessary. In each case Boushey surveys new programs currently on the policy agenda, assesses their effectiveness, and considers the extent to which they can be used as models for a broader federal program. Boushey looks, for example, at a variety of pilot and experimental programs that have been implemented both by private employers and by federal, state, and local governments to provide workers with flexible working hours. Careful evaluations of these programs show that several can increase scheduling flexibility without adversely affecting employers.
Assurance of high quality linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery.

Abstract Purpose : Stereotactic radiosurgery is generally a single , high-dose radiation treatment for the brain requiring targeting accuracy on the order of a millimeter. From the initial implementation of radiosurgery, therefore, quality assurance is an ongoing process of paramount importance. In this paper, we outline the basic elements of a quality assurance program for our linear accelerator that has been in use at Washington University Medical Center over the past 2 years. Methods and Materials : Various devices and procedures have been developed to verify the accuracy and safety of the stereotactic radiosurgery regimen. Specifically, we present methods for assessing the attainment of spatially correct patient images, the reliability of the computerized treatment planning system, achieving physical safety for the patient, as well as the proper operation of the radiation treatment device. Results : Our procedures have allowed us to assure quality patient treatments and, additionally, has permitted monitoring our performance for continual improvement. For example, a plot of targeting accuracy with the number of patients shows an asymptotic approach to a value within 0.6 mm of that ideally expected. Conclusion : To maintain high-quality patient care, one must review critical aspects of the treatment regimen on a periodic basis. Providing for the appropriate level of staff training, periodic reviews of procedures and maintenance of forms are also very important.
Cellular origins of bilateral symmetry in glossiphoniid leech embryos

In the embryos of glossiphoniid leeches, as in other spirally cleaving embryos, there is ambiguity as to how the early cleavages in the embryo relate to the bilateral symmetry of the adult. Traditionally, we have aligned the B–D axis of the 4-cell stage with the anterior–posterior (A–P) axis of the adult. This requires that the first cleavage be skewed with respect to the A–P axis. Here, we re-examine the fates and behaviours of early blastomeres and conclude that a more accurate representation of the embryo is to have the first cleavage plane transverse to the A–P axis.
Elastic modulus of viral nanotubes.

We report an experimental and theoretical study of the radial elasticity of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanotubes. An atomic force microscope tip is used to apply small radial indentations to deform TMV nanotubes. The initial elastic response of TMV nanotubes can be described by finite-element analysis in $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ indentation depths and Hertz theory in $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ indentation depths. The derived radial Young's modulus of TMV nanotubes is $0.92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ from finite-element analysis and $1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ from the Hertz model, which are comparable with the reported axial Young's modulus of $1.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ [Falvo et al., Biophys. J. 72, 1396 (1997)].
Coextruded PVC/wood-flour composites with WPC cap layers

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) can absorb moisture in a humid environment owing to the hydrophilic nature of the wood, thereby making the products susceptible to microbial growth and loss of mechanical properties. In this study, rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/wood-flour composites (core layer) were coextruded with either unfilled rigid PVC (cap layer) or rigid PVC filled with a small amount (5–27.5%) of wood flour (composite cap layers) in order to decrease or delay the moisture uptake. The thickness of the cap layer and its composition in terms of wood flour content were the variables examined during coextrusion. Surface color, moisture absorption, and flexural properties of both coextruded and noncoextruded (control) composite samples were characterized. The experimental results indicated that both unfilled PVC and composite cap layers can be encapsulated over rigid PVC/wood-flour composites in a coextrusion process. The moisture uptake rate was lower when a cap layer was applied in the composites, and the extent of the decrease was a strong function of the amount of wood flour in the cap layer but insensitive to cap layer thickness. Overall, coextruding PVC surface-rich cap layers on WPCs significantly increased the flexural strength but decreased the flexural modulus as compared with those of control samples. The changes in bending properties were sensitive to both cap layer thickness and wood flour content. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
A precision measurement of electroweak parameters in neutrino-nucleon scattering

The CCFR collaboration reports a precise measurement of electroweak parameters derived from the ratio of neutral-current to charged-current cross-sections in neutrino-nucleon scattering at the Fermilab Tevatron. We determine \(\sin^2\theta_W^{\rm \scriptstyle (on-shell)}=0.2236\pm0.0028{\rm\textstyle (expt.)}\pm0.0030{\rm\textstyle (model)}\) for \(M_{\rm \scriptstyle top}=175\) GeV, \(M_{\rm \scriptstyle Higgs}=150\) GeV. This is equivalent to \(M_W=80.35\pm0.21\) GeV. The good agreement of this measurement with Standard Model expectations implies the exclusion of additional \(\nu\nu qq\) contact interactions at 95% confidence at a mass scale of 1-8 TeV, depending on the form of the contact interaction.
Resources on tobacco prevention and control available to managed care organisations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In the United States, national health objectives are described in “Healthy People 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives”.1 2 These objectives are currently being updated for the year 2010, and include the following objectives related to tobacco use cessation: (1) increase to 75% the proportion of cigarette smokers who stopped smoking for at least one day during the previous year; (2) increase to 95% the proportion of smokers who received advice to quit smoking from a health care provider during the previous year; and (3) increase to 100% the proportion of health plans that offer treatment for nicotine addiction (for example, counselling or pharmaceutical interventions). The support of managed care organisations is critical if the nation is to achieve these objectives. This report describes …
EFFECTS OF WARNING STIMULI FOR REINFORCER WITHDRAWAL AND TASK ONSET ON SELF-INJURY

Results of a functional analysis of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in a child with autism showed that her SIB was maintained by access to preferred objects and escape or avoidance of task demands. Extinction and noncontingent reinforcement treatments were supplemented by presenting a statement combined with a picture cue at 30-s intervals indicating that a preferred object would be removed or a task would be presented. Warning stimuli in combination with extinction and noncontingent reinforcement reduced SIB to acceptable levels. SIB rates remained comparatively high in a control condition consisting of a 2-min delay to onset of reinforcer removal or task demands.
2-SRLG-connected partitioning in optical networks

Partitioning a large network into a connected hierarchy is a proven technique for scalability, manageability, and reliability. Although a significant body of works is devoted to this area of interest, a reference to partitioning schemes where each partition remains 2-connected is missing. In optical networks, a failure of a physical component disrupts multiple logical links that share the component. Such a shared risk link group (SRLG) failure is more common than a single link or node failure in the logical topology. In this paper, we introduce the k-SRLG-connected partitioning problem for optical networks, where k ≥ 1. A logical topology is said to be k-SRLG-connected if its nodes remain connected upon any k−1 SRLG failures. We particularly focus on k = 2. Without 2-SRLG-connectivity, a partition can neither provide protection by allocating two SRLG-disjoint paths, nor provide restoration after a failure. Moreover, a single SRLG failure can split the partition into multiple disconnected components, resulting in the failure of the hierarchical network organization itself. We show that finding a 2-SRLG-connected partitioning for a given network is NP-complete and provide a distributed heuristic approach. Simulation results verify that the proposed 2-SRLG-connected partitioning scheme performs better than traditional 1-connected partitioning approaches with regard to survivability and system stability.
Juan and Audrey–an environmental tale for transnational managers: corporate and individual culpability and liability under American environmental laws

Narrates the discussion between Juan (a corporate executive of a multinational company) and Audrey (an independent environmental consultant) when they sit next to each other on a flight. Explains, through the dialogue, some of the environmental pitfalls companies can encounter when basing operations in the USA, such as regulations relating to clean air, clean water, emissions, toxic pollutants, land use restrictions, species protection plans etc.). Makes the point that it is individuals who face civil and criminal penalties for breaking these regulations, not the company. Provides an overview of US environmental regulations and recommends that companies can avoid falling foul of the law through education, training and taking legal advice. Mentions ISO 14000 and 14001 environmental standards as a potential way forward, although they do not yet carry any weight under US law.
A guided-wave optical crossbar switch: technology and applications

We discuss types of long-haul optical networks, and the optical crossconnects (OXCs) they require. We examine technologies for the switch fabrics in these OXCs, and argue that optical crossbar matrices are attractive in many applications.
Current Electoral College Reform Efforts Among the States

The chapter discusses various recent reform efforts at the state level, with special emphasis on the National Popular Vote Movement and the move to get a uniform state law forbidding "faithless" electors. The discussion includes an exploration of the political tensions in particular faced by proponents of those two reform efforts.
Reducing diffusion limitations in Ion exchange grafted membranes using high surface area nonwovens

Abstract Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) nonwovens can be readily grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) via UV induced radical polymerization to create uniform and conformal polymer brush networks around each fiber that can be chemically modified to function as anion or cation exchangers. Protein binding capacities achieved by these grafted materials are many times larger than monolayer coverage around the fibers, but require very long residence times to reach equilibrium due to diffusional limitations within the grafted layers. The rates of adsorption of proteins by ion exchange were measured in an islands-in-the-sea (I/S) PBT nonwoven with average fiber diameter of approximately 1 µm and in a commercially available PBT nonwoven with average fiber diameter of approximately 3 µm. Both nonwovens were grafted successfully with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) and they showed almost identical ion exchange equilibrium protein binding capacities at similar weight % grafting. However, the grafted I/S nonwoven membrane exhibited a substantially higher amount of protein binding at short times and it was able to reach equilibrium in a fraction of the time required by the grafted commercial nonwoven with larger fiber diameters. The faster rate of protein adsorption observed with the I/S PBT nonwoven is the result of the thinner PGMA graft layer thicknesses around the fibers compared to those in the commercial PBT with the same weight % grafting. The data for the rate of adsorption of protein through the functionalized PGMA grafted layers was analyzed using a shrinking core model.
The Choline-Devoid Diet Model of Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Rat

The notion that a choline-devoid (CD) diet is hepatocarcinogenic in the rat has already gone through two historical phases, and is at the beginning of its third (for a detailed account, see ref. 1). In 1946, Copeland and Salmon published the first of a series of papers showing the development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in rats chronically fed a CD diet2,3. The finding attracted much attention at the time, since the modalities of the experiments involved no addition to the diet of, or treatment of the animals with, chemical carcinogens. However, subsequent studies by Newberne et al.4,5 cast doubts on whether the diet, and the diet alone, was responsible for the genesis of the tumors, and attributed the latter, instead, to a likely contamination of the diet with aflatoxin B1, a newly discovered6 and most potent hepatocarcinogen in the rat7. In the last few years, the question was reopened by a repetition of the original findings of Copeland and Salmon in three different laboratories8–11. In these instances, both diets and rat’s environment were scrutinized for relevant contamination with chemical carcinogens, with negative results. At the present time, therefore, the conclusion seems unavoidable that CD diets are indeed hepatocarcinogenic, and that the genesis of the tumors resides in effects of these diets on rat liver. However, at least one primary issue awaits resolution, before the CD-diet model of hepatocarcinogenesis can be fully categorized; that is whether the diets act as complete carcinogens, able to initiate de novo liver cells, as well as to promote their evolution to cancer; or whether they merely promote the evolution to cancer of endogenous initiated cells.
Issues in Organics for Nonlinear Optics

The potential of organic materials for nonlinear optics was recognized early with the identification of charge transfer concepts for second order materials, and π-electron dercalization in conjugated polymers for third order effects.[l,2] Nevertheless, they have not been seriously considered for applications until the past five years over which applications to electro-optics have been vigorously pursued. At this point many of the relevant technological problems for electro-optics have been faced and solved. This progress has been driven by imminent applications in information processing and communications. Frequency conversion, specifically doubling of near infrared lasers into the blue for data storage etc., also relies on the second order nonlinearities. But progress towards efficient doublers has been dominated by other well-established materials such as KTP and LiNbO3 because of the short time window perceived for applications.[3,4] However, because of the inherently large nonlinearities associated with organic materials, one would expect that ultimately the most efficient doubling devices could be made from organic materials.