cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily Treatment with Diazepam Differentially Modifies Sensitivity to the Effects of γ-Aminobutyric AcidA Modulators on Schedule-Controlled Responding in Rhesus Monkeys

The present study examined how daily treatment with the benzodiazepine (BZ) diazepam modifies the effects of positive modulators acting at different sites on the gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor complex and negative modulators acting at BZ sites on the receptor complex. GABA(A) modulators were administered alone or in combination with acute or chronic diazepam to rhesus monkeys (n = 4) responding under a multiple fixed ratio (FR/FR) schedule of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination (SST). There was mutual antagonism between the rate-decreasing effects of diazepam (5.6 mg/kg, p.o.) and high efficacy BZ site negative modulators [ethyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCE), methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) and methyl-6,7-dimethoxyl-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM)]. Antagonism of beta-CCE, beta-CCM, and DMCM by diazepam was markedly reduced in monkeys receiving diazepam daily. In contrast, daily diazepam treatment enhanced the rate-decreasing effects of Ro 15-4513 (ethyl 8-azido-6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-alpha]-[1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate) and flumazenil. Chronic diazepam elicited cross-tolerance to the BZ triazolam and not to the barbiturate pentobarbital or the neuroactive steroid pregnanolone. These results suggest that tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of BZs is not accompanied by cross-tolerance to positive GABA(A) modulators acting at other sites on the receptor complex. Moreover, changes in sensitivity to negative GABA(A) modulators during chronic diazepam treatment appeared to be related to negative efficacy and not clearly related to the precipitation of withdrawal for all drugs. These results indicate that changes in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of drugs that act at different sites on the GABA(A) receptor complex might be especially useful for identifying and characterizing the functional consequences of GABA(A) receptor heterogeneity.
Poor Centrosomal Function of Cat Testicular Spermatozoa Impairs Embryo Development In Vitro after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

In the domestic cat, morula-blastocyst formation in vitro is compromised after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with testicular compared to ejaculated spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to determine the cellular basis of the lower developmental potential of testicular spermatozoa. Specifically, we examined the influence of sperm DNA fragmentation (evaluated by TUNEL assay) and centrosomal function (assessed by sperm aster formation after ICSI) on first-cleavage timing, developmental rate, and morula-blastocyst formation. Because the incidences of DNA fragmentation were not different between testicular and ejaculated sperm suspensions, DNA integrity was not the origin of the reduced developmental potential of testicular spermatozoa. After ICSI, proportions of fertilized and cleaved oocytes were similar and not influenced by sperm source. However, observations made at 5 h postactivation clearly demonstrated that 1) zygotes generally contained a large sperm aster after ICSI with ejaculated spermatozoa, a phenomenon never observed with testicular spermatozoa, and 2) proportions of zygotes with short or absent sperm asters were higher after ICSI with testicular spermatozoa than using ejaculated spermatozoa. The poor pattern of aster formation arose from the testicular sperm centrosome, which contributed to a delayed first cleavage, a slower developmental rate, and a reduced formation of morulae and blastocysts compared to ejaculated spermatozoa. When a testicular sperm centrosome was replaced by a centrosome from an ejaculated spermatozoon, kinetics of first cell cycle as well as embryo development quality significantly improved and were comparable to data from ejaculated spermatozoa. Results demonstrate for the first time in mammals that maturity of the cat sperm centrosome (likely via epididymal transit) contributes to an enhanced ability of the spermatozoon to produce embryos that develop normally to the morula and blastocyst stages.
Photoconductive probing and computer simulation of microwave potentials inside a SiGe MMIC

Electrical potentials inside a SiGe MMIC are measured at frequencies up to 20 GHz using a micro-machined photoconductive sampling probe and compared with values predicted using microwave CAD software. The results illustrate that this combination of simulation and in-circuit measurement technique is a powerful tool for performing diagnostics of the microwave performance of Si-based RF circuits. The methodology can be used for applications such as fault isolation and validation of device models, as well as for investigation of the sensitivity of performance to process variations.
Radiotherapy or Surgery for Prostate Cancer? Ten and Fifteen-Year Results of External Beam Therapy

Ten and 15-year outcome results are reviewed that demonstrate the role of radiation therapy in the management of prostate cancer. Patients with favorable T2a (B1) cancers of unknown nodal status are shown to have equal 15-year survival whether treated with external beam radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy. Patients of unknown nodal status treated for T2b (stage B2) cancer with external beam radiation therapy show superior survival and disease-free survival when compared to results with radical prostatectomy. The role of radical prostatectomy in these patients is unproven. Patients with lymph node dissection negative clinical stages T1b (A2) and T2 (B) treated with external beam radiation therapy exceed their expected survival at 10 years (65% vs 60%), and 70% are free of any failure at 10 years with the majority of failures due to metastasis, not local disease. Similar results are obtained in selected surgical centers with radical prostatectomy in highly selected patients. Patients with stage T3, 4 (stage C) prostate cancer show 10 and 15-year survivals that offer curative therapy and hope to patients with these locally advanced cancers. No long-term data support a role for radical prostatectomy in these patients.
Oxygen transport in the bullfrog retina.

Abstract In an isolated bullfrog retina preparation, macro- and micropolarographic techniques were used to measure retinal oxygen consumption in (1) the presence of active sodium transport, in light and darkness, and (2) conditions in which Na + transport was inhibited by iso-osmotic Na + replacement or ouabain. Total retinal consumption was measured as 4·2±0·1×10 −11 mol O 2 /cm 2 retina/sec. Light intensities, which saturate the rod system, reduced total retinal oxygen consumption by 57%. Removal of extracellular sodium results in a decrease of 83%; similarly introduction of 10 −4 m -ouabain decreases it by 86%. The greater decrease in oxygen consumption following sodium removal or ouabain was accounted for by sodium dependent oxygen utilization by cells other than the photoreceptors. The major oxygen consumption of the retina was demonstrated to occur at the level of the photoreceptor inner segments; this high oxygen consumption being necessary to maintain the high levels of active sodium transport at the photoreceptor inner segment and the concomitant interstitial dark current. The present study showing the high oxygen consumption by the photoreceptor's active sodium transport system demonstrates that the photoreceptor is important in modulating the oxygen transport from the choroidal blood to the inner retina.
Spear receives 1997 Norman L. Bowen Award

Frank S. Spear was given the Norman L. Bowen Award by the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology Section of AGU. The award is given for a single outstanding contribution to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology made during the preceding 5 years. Ladies and gentlemen, I am delighted to have the honor of introducing Frank Spear as the 1997 recipient of AGU's Norman L. Bowen Award. The Bowen Award is given by the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology section for a single outstanding contribution to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology made during the preceding 5 years. Frank Spear is a remarkable metamorphic petrologist, who literally “wrote the book” on how quantitative petrologic analysis can be used to gain insight into the tectonic evolution of crystalline orogenic belts. Like Bowen, the father of modern petrology, Frank believes that the key to understanding rocks lies in a thorough understanding of physical chemistry, equilibrium relationships, and field and experimental observations.
Longitudinal cohort analysis of lethal prostate cancer progression in transgenic mice.

AbstractPurpose: Human prostate cancer is variably lethal, shows heterogeneous progression, and exhibits a spectrum of histopathology. Traditional rodent models of prostate cancer lack these characteristics. An alternative, autochthonous model of prostate cancer consists of transgenic mice which develop prostate cancer due to prostatic expression of SV40 T antigen. Lethal progression of such cancers in individual mice has not been previously characterized. Studies were undertaken to characterize the longitudinal progression of prostate cancers in these transgenic mice.Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort study was undertaken to characterize prostate cancer volume, progression, lethality, and histological heterogeneity in a transgenic mouse model of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Fifty-one transgenic mice were followed prospectively to determine the age at onset of palpable tumor and age at cancer-related death. Tumor volume was followed longitudinally by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a subset of th...
Cardiac tuberculoma presenting as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS) is a unique multisystem syndrome. It can present with either chronic or subacute infections. Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infection that has been reported to present with TTP-HUS as tuberculous endocarditis in the presence of immunodeficiency and implanted medical devices in regions where TB is endemic. Tuberculomas are space occupying lesions most commonly found in the brain in immunocompromised individuals. Herein, we present a rare association of tuberculosis with endocarditis manifesting as a tuberculoma and presenting as TTP-HUS in an immunocompetent patient and resident of the United States.
Foraging behavior predicts age at independence in juvenile Eurasian dippers (Cinclus cinclus)

Timing of foraging independence may be controlled by parents, offspring, or both and may have consequences for dispersal, reproduction, and survival. In a study of juvenile Eurasian dippers {Cinclus cinclus), I examined the relationship between individual differences in parental provisioning, the development of foraging, and the liming of independence. Young dippers forage very differently from adults, specializing on small, stationary prey, such as simuliid larvae (Diptera), and avoiding energetically costly and highly skilled foraging techniques, such as diving, by which adults obtain larger prey. In my Welsh study area, age at independence varied substantially within and between broods. Juveniles that relied more on simuliids and less on larger prey were independent sooner, as were juveniles with higher rates of intake while foraging; the effect was obvious 3—4 days after fledging. Provisioning rate and total caloric intake over the dependent period was unrelated to age at independence, although greater reliance on parental feeding was associated with higher total caloric intake. Higher rates of intake from begging were correlated with reduced foraging time. The results demonstrate that the acquisition of the adult foraging strategy is not a prerequisite for independence or, hence, dispersal. In fact, mastering the skills necessary to capture larger prey may delay independence. Individual juvenile dippers seem to find different solutions to the trade-off between gaining sufficient food (either from begging or from foraging for simuliids) and the eventual necessity of learning to forage like an adult. Kty words: Cinclus cinclus, development, Eurasian dippers, foraging, individual differences, parental provisioning, passerines, skill acquisition. [Bthav Ecol 9:471-477 (1998)]
Cultivation of adult teleost tissues in vitro.

SummaryNormal tissues from trout—a coldwater teleost—have been successfully cultured for as long as 65 days at 19°C or lower in 20% serum, 30% SM 199, 45% Earle's solution and 5% embryo extract. Excellent results were obtained with human cord, human, homologous sera or bovine amniotic fluid when used at 20% level by volume. Manipulation and incubation temperatures below 22°C are thought to be essential.
MoCSYS: A Multi-Clock Hybrid Two-Layer Router Architecture and Integrated Topology Synthesis Framework for System-Level Design of FPGA Based On-Chip Networks

Complex system-on-chip designs targeted for FPGAs merit sophisticated communication architectures to support a host of high performance applications. In this research we implement a hybrid two-layer router architecture for FPGA based NoCs and quantify its area and performance tradeoffs by characterizing a network component library (Mo-Clib). Results from the VHDL and SystemC models of the advanced router architecture show an average improvement of 20.4% in NoC bandwidth (maximum of 24% compared to a traditional NoC). As a part of the CAD flow, we develop an algorithm that utilizes the above NoC framework and includes bandwidth capacity and area as a cost during an automatic NoC topology synthesis phase. Experimental results for a set of real applications and synthetic benchmarks show an average reduction of 21.6% in FPGA area (maximum of 26%) for equivalent bandwidth constraints when compared with a baseline approach.
First-In–First-Out Item Replacement in a Model of Short-Term Memory Based on Persistent Spiking

Persistent neuronal firing has been modeled in relation to observed brain rhythms, especially to theta oscillations recorded in behaving animals. Models of short-term memory that are based on such persistent firing properties of specific neurons can meet the requirements of spike-timing-dependent potentiation of synaptic strengths during the encoding of a temporal sequence of spike patterns. We show that such a spiking buffer can be simulated with integrate-and-fire neurons that include a leak current even when different numbers of spikes represent successive items. We propose a mechanism that successfully replaces items in the buffer in first-in-first-out (FIFO) order when the distribution of spike density in a theta cycle is asymmetric, as found in experimental data. We predict effects on the function and capacity of the buffer model caused by changes in modeled theta cycle duration, the timing of input to the buffer, the strength of recurrent inhibition, and the strength and timing of after-hyperpolarization and after-depolarization (ADP). Shifts of input timing or changes in ADP parameters can enable the reverse-order buffering of items, with FIFO replacement in a full buffer. As noise increases, the simulated buffer provides robust output that may underlie episodic encoding.
Transcription factors TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin negatively regulate SII-induced nascent transcript cleavage by non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates.

TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin belong to a class of RNA polymerase II transcription factors that function similarly to activate the rate of elongation by suppressing transient pausing by polymerase at many sites along DNA templates. SII is a functionally distinct RNA polymerase II elongation factor that promotes elongation by reactivating arrested polymerase. Studies of the mechanism of SII action have shown (i) that arrest of RNA polymerase II results from irreversible displacement of the 3′-end of the nascent transcript from the polymerase catalytic site and (ii) that SII reactivates arrested polymerase by inducing endonucleolytic cleavage of the nascent transcript by the polymerase catalytic site thereby creating a new transcript 3′-end that is properly aligned with the catalytic site and can be extended. SII also induces nascent transcript cleavage by paused but non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates, leading to the proposal that pausing may result from reversible displacement of the 3′-end of nascent transcripts from the polymerase catalytic site. On the basis of evidence consistent with the model that TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin suppress pausing by preventing displacement of the 3′-end of the nascent transcript from the polymerase catalytic site, we investigated the possibility of cross-talk between SII and transcription factors TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin. These studies led to the discovery that TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin are all capable of inhibiting SII-induced nascent transcript cleavage by non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates. Here we present these findings, which bring to light a novel activity associated with TFIIF, ELL, and Elongin and suggest that these transcription factors may expedite elongation not only by increasing the forward rate of nucleotide addition by RNA polymerase II, but also by inhibiting SII-induced nascent transcript cleavage by non-arrested RNA polymerase II elongation intermediates.
ISE03-4: Passive Duplicate Address Detection for the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

During a layer-3 (L3) handoff, address acquisition via DHCP is often the dominant source of handoff delay, with duplicate address detection (DAD) responsible for most of the delay. We propose a new DAD algorithm, passive DAD (pDAD), which we show to be effective, while introducing only a few milliseconds of delay. Unlike traditional DAD, pDAD also detects the unauthorized use of an IP address before it is assigned to a DHCP client.
A divisive information theoretic feature clustering algorithm for text classification

High dimensionality of text can be a deterrent in applying complex learners such as Support Vector Machines to the task of text classification. Feature clustering is a powerful alternative to feature selection for reducing the dimensionality of text data. In this paper we propose a new information-theoretic divisive algorithm for feature/word clustering and apply it to text classification. Existing techniques for such "distributional clustering" of words are agglomerative in nature and result in (i) sub-optimal word clusters and (ii) high computational cost. In order to explicitly capture the optimality of word clusters in an information theoretic framework, we first derive a global criterion for feature clustering. We then present a fast, divisive algorithm that monotonically decreases this objective function value. We show that our algorithm minimizes the "within-cluster Jensen-Shannon divergence" while simultaneously maximizing the "between-cluster Jensen-Shannon divergence". In comparison to the previously proposed agglomerative strategies our divisive algorithm is much faster and achieves comparable or higher classification accuracies. We further show that feature clustering is an effective technique for building smaller class models in hierarchical classification. We present detailed experimental results using Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines on the 20Newsgroups data set and a 3-level hierarchy of HTML documents collected from the Open Directory project (www.dmoz.org).
Behavioral IR: Practical Suggestions

Mintz in the previous essay in this Forum advocates a potentially exciting addition to the disciplinary matrix of IR: the creation of Behavioral IR. Such a subfield would recognize the value of going beyond rational choice as a vision of human behavior, while at the same time seeking to complement rather than eliminate that way of looking at the world. Behavioral IR, according to Mintz, also would bring greater unity and coherence to approaches from political psychology that have proven to be valuable on an individual basis. Mintz identifies a range of “biases and anomalies” that continue to challenge rationality models of decision making, such as framing effects, wishful thinking, and groupthink, among others. For such reasons, he sees Behavioral IR as a way to bring together various strands from political psychology to enhance explanatory power. This essay, which is intended to extend Mintz's introduction to Behavioral IR, will proceed in three stages. Discussion will begin with a specific suggestion about what to do next in the promotion and development of this subfield. This proposal is followed by a consideration of some basic issues, such as the role of Behavioral IR in accounting for preference formation and problems related to scientific progress, which are critical to its becoming a subfield. Finally, some concluding thoughts will convey a positive position on the viability of Behavioral IR as a subfield of IR. What might be done to develop the subfield of Behavioral IR, now that it exists in the abstract? One possible step forward would be to create a new section in the International Studies Association (ISA) to enhance communication and synergy among a latent research community. Within ISA as it currently exists, some sections would appear to overlap significantly with the mandate of Behavioral IR, whereas others are more distant. Among …
Material Culture Across the Aleutian Archipelago

The material evidence from sites across the Aleutian Islands reflects colonization events, subsequent adaptations, and influxes of ideas and/or people from the east. The occurrence in the eastern Aleutians of bifacial technology around 7000 BP, of artifacts similar to the Arctic Small Tool tradition between 4000 and 3500 BP, and of slate and jet objects around 1000 BP reflects repeated surges of influence or movement of peoples from further east into the eastern end of the chain. In the central and western Aleutians, influence or perhaps colonization from east of the Aleutians is also marked by the occurrence of bifacial technology about 6500 BP and the appearance of slate artifacts after 1000 BP, suggesting the movement of ideas or people from further east. Basic trends across the archipelago include a decrease in formal chipped-stone tools, an increase in the use and the complexity of bone technology, and the increase in use and variety of ground-stone tools. In addition, increasing village site sizes and denser midden deposits are seen later in time throughout the archipelago. The similarity in sites and assemblages, albeit with regional variations, reflects trends that are seen across the chain and indicates that these island communities were not isolated from one another or from mainland Alaska.
Salt finger fluxes in a laminar shear flow

Subtropical ocean waters are susceptible to the occurrence of salt finger instability. The effect of salt fingers in modifying water mass properties may depend upon the ubiquitous presence of oceanic shear produced by internal wave motion. We present an experimental study of the buoyancy fluxes produced by sugar-salt fingers in the presence of a laminar shear flow. As is commonly done in the laboratory, sugar (the slower diffuser) was used as a proxy for salt, and salt (the faster diffuser compared to sugar) was used as a proxy for cold. Sugar-salt fingers, initially aligned vertically, were observed to tilt when a shear flow was imposed. A consistent decrease in the salt fluxes was measured as the Reynolds number (R e ) was increased by increasing the shear velocity magnitude. Through regression analysis, the salt fluxes were found to depend upon the Reynolds number as R -0025 e , R -0.1 e and R -0.34 e , for density ratio values (R ρ ) equal to 1.2, 1.54 and 2.1 respectively. The salt fluxes produced by the sheared fingers were also found to decrease by one order of magnitude when R ρ increased from 1.2 to 2.1. A computation of the salt Nusselt number revealed that the finger fluxes approach molecular flux values when R ρ = 2.1 and R e ≃ 140.
The Effects of Input-Based Practice on Pragmatic Development of Requests in L2 Chinese

This study examined the effects of input-based practice on developing accurate and speedy requests in second-language Chinese. Thirty learners from intermediate-level Chinese classes were assigned to an intensive training group (IT), a regular training group (RT), and a control group. The IT and the RT groups practiced using four Chinese request-making forms via computerized structured input activities over 2 consecutive days. During this time, the IT group practiced using the request-making forms twice as much as the RT group. The control group did not practice. The results show that the input-based practice was effective in promoting accuracy in an Oral Discourse Completion Task and in enhancing speed in a Pragmatic Listening Judgment Task. No other effects of practice were observed.
The EEG in the Determination of Brain Death in Pediatric Patients The NIH Study

The National Institute of Health Collaborative Study of Cerebral Survival (CS) remains the largest prospective study on the outcome of patients with cerebral unresponsivity and apnea. One purpose of this investigation was to formulate a set of criteria that would identify a dead brain in an otherwise living body. Although patients under 1 year of age were excluded and only 43 of the 503 patients enrolled were between the ages of 1 and 9 years, the electroencephalographic (EEG) results of this study are relevant to the pediatric brain-death issue. Therefore, the EEG experiences and findings are reviewed and correlated with clinical data as well as with other investigations. Where potential problems or differences in the pediatric age group are seen, they are so commented on. Since the CS report was published, it has been criticized, and some of the criticisms are justified, particularly the working definition of apnea. However, the CS study serves as a prototype for future investigations.
Testicular trauma resulting in shock and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a case report

Acute painful scrotum in children may be associated with torsion of the testis, hematocele, epididymitis and direct testicular injury with hematoma formation. More frequently, however, acute scrotum occurs without a precipitating factor. While most traumatic testicular injuries resolve with conservative management, many require surgical exploration and some are life-threatening. A 13-year-old boy with a history of testicular trauma presented with severe scrotal swelling and shock. This case study examines the presentation and possible role of cytokines in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a child with acute traumatic epididymitis. Post-traumatic epididymitis presenting as shock in boys is rarely reported. We advocate early recognition of the chain of events leading to clinical presentation of shock and prompt treatment to preserve testicular viability.
Some Aspects of Parallel Resonant Circuits

Factors that determine whether the impedance of a parallel resonant circuit is a maximum or a minimum with respect to frequency are considered. Analysis is made of such a circuit determining the relation between inductance, capacity, and resistances for a maximum or a minimum of impedance.
Petrology and retrograde P-T path for eclogites of the Maksyutov Complex, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia

The Maksyutov Complex, situated in the southern Ural Mountains of Russia, is the first location where quartz aggregates within garnets exhibiting radial fractures were identified as coesite pseudomorphs (Chesnokov & Popov 1965). The complex consists of two tectonic units: a structurally lower eclogite-bearing schist unit and an overlying meta-ophiolite unit. Both units show evidence for multiple stages of metamorphism and deformation. The high-pressure metamorphism of the eclogite-bearing schist unit, discussed in this report, is suspected to be related to a collision between the Russian platform and a fragment of the Siberian continent during the early Cambrian. At least three stages of metamorphism (M1-3) and two stages of deformation (S1 and S2) were observed in thin sections: M1) garnet (Alm55-60, Prp22-28, Grs16-20) + omphacite (Jd46-56) + phengite (Si ≅ 3.5) + rutile; M2) garnet + glaucophane ± lawsonite + white mica; and M3) epidote + chlorite ± albite ± actinolite + white mica. Observed mineral parageneses define a retrograde P-T path for the eclogite. Mineral assemblages within the most representative eclogite from the lower unit of the Maksyutov Complex indicate minimum peak pressures of 15 kbar at temperatures of approximately 600°C. If the presence of coesite pseudomorph is confirmed, the peak ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism may be as high as 27 kbar at 615°C.
“A Devil in Petticoats” and Just Cause: Patterns of Punishment in Two New England Textile Factories

Professor Gersuny examines discipline and punishment of the workforce in two New England textile mills separated in time by almost a century and a half. He finds that, despite dramatic changes in the technological, social, and cultural context, the constraints governing factory discipline have shown remarkable continuity.
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance in Drosophila

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance involves the inheritance of a phenotype across at least one generation that does not involve any changes in the DNA sequence. The primary mark of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is thought to be DNA methylation, such as in imprinting in mammals and in the inheritance of coat color in agouti viable yellow (Avy) mice. However, while most studies of Drosophila melanogaster indicate that there is no DNA cytosine methylation, nevertheless several systems of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance have been demonstrated in this organism. In this chapter, we review several Drosophila transgenerational epigenetic systems, including a system that we developed in our laboratory that involves the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of an ectopic large bristle outgrowth (ELBO) in the eyes of D. melanogaster that can be passed from generation to generation for hundreds of generations. Understanding transgenerational epigenetic inheritance mechanisms in Drosophila can have a profound impact in understanding similar processes in humans in which environmental exposures can affect the health of future generations.
Revealing invisible rules in slums: The nexus between perceived tenure security and housing investment

Abstract This paper examines the link between the tenure security of slum dwellers and their housing investment behaviors in Pune, India. This study endeavors to disentangle the interplay of legal, de facto, and perceived tenure security by shedding light on the role of perceived property rights. The statistical analysis of original survey data reveals that slum residents' beliefs about the right to build well-structured housing reasonably reflect the level of tenure security. This research further delves into the relationship between slum residents and local political actors through a case study of a slum settlement in Pune. The analysis suggests that political interventions have profoundly influenced the formation of perceived property rights among slum dwellers and their housing activities, though the underlying legal and political systems have motivated, enabled, and limited such informal arrangements.
Geolocation and Locational Privacy

Radio frequency identification (RFID) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies are complementary strategies for determining a subject’s instantaneous location. Whereas RFID tracking requires readers positioned at appropriate choke points in a circulation network, GPS allows continuous tracking, especially if linked in real time to the wireless telephone system. But because of signal attenuation in buildings and multipath-corrupted signals in urban canyons, GPS does not guarantee reliable, uninterrupted tracking. Privacy issues raised by GPS tracking and its amalgamation with RFID include the retention period, the ownership of an individual’s locational history, and a “locate-me” button that would extend “opt-in” protection to cellular-telephone users. Potential for abuse heightens concern about locational privacy as a basic right.
Fast etching of microscale structures by bombardment with electrosprayed nanodroplets

In this article Si substrates protected by Shipley 1827 and Au masks are sputtered with electrosprayed nanodroplets to produce microscale structures. Silicon is used as a benchmark to assess the effect of the physical sputtering of nanodroplets on more interesting chemically inert materials such as SiC and GaN. The use of Shipley 1827 as a patterning mask provides a virtually infinite etching selectivity between substrate and photoresist at the cost of non-perpendicular wall profiles and debris redeposition. After 60 minutes of processing the target at a sputtering rate of 244 nm/min, a fraction of the sputtered material deposits back on the substrate forming a protective layer that stops any further sputtering. In a second set of experiments the selectivity between Si and Au to be used as a potential mask is studied. The maximum selectivity is 64.17, and is obtained at an etching rate of 385 nm/min. An increase of the etching rate produces a sharp drop on the selectivity between Au and Si.
Studies of Anaerobic Treatment of Sulfite Process Wastes

A series of laboratory studies of treatment of sulfite process wastes constitute a case study of application of high rate anaerobic biological treatment. Sulfite evaporator condensate (SEC) was evaluated in batch and continuous flow studies to find the efficiency of treatment that was possible and the conditions suitable for treatment. The role of sulfur and neutralization in the process were especially significant. Caustic extraction stage bleaching wastes (CE) were also studied for their use in neutralizing the evaporator condensate. Toxicity effects requiring dilution were found, but both CE and SEC can be treated, removing most of the BOD in a high rate process at detention times believed suitable for commercial application.
Current Status of Celiac Disease Drug Development

Celiac disease (CeD) is one of the most common immune-mediated diseases. Symptoms and disease activity are incompletely controlled by the gluten-free diet, which is currently the only available therapy. Although no therapies are yet approved, there is a growing field of candidates and an improving understanding of the regulatory pathway. In this review, we briefly discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and current treatment paradigm for CeD. We also review the major classes of therapies being considered for CeD and discuss extensively what is known and can be surmised regarding the regulatory pathway for approval of a CeD therapeutic. The coming years will see an increasing number and diversity of potential therapies entering clinical trials and hopefully the first approved agents targeting this significant unmet medical need. Although biomarkers including histology and serology will always be important in therapeutic clinical trials, they currently lack the necessary evidence linking them to improved patient outcomes required for use as primary outcomes for drug approval. For this reason, patient-reported outcomes will likely be primary end points in Phase III CeD trials for the foreseeable future.
Conditional Immune Escape during Chronic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

UNLABELLED Anti-HIV CD8 T cells included in therapeutic treatments will need to target epitopes that do not accumulate escape mutations. Identifying the epitopes that do not accumulate variants but retain immunogenicity depends on both host major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetics and the likelihood for an epitope to tolerate variation. We previously found that immune escape during acute SIV infection is conditional; the accumulation of mutations in T cell epitopes is limited, and the rate of accumulation depends on the number of epitopes being targeted. We have now tested the hypothesis that conditional immune escape extends into chronic SIV infection and that epitopes with a preserved wild-type sequence have the potential to elicit epitope-specific CD8 T cells. We deep sequenced simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCMs) that were homozygous and heterozygous for the M3 MHC haplotype and had been infected with SIV for about 1 year. When interrogating variation within individual epitopes restricted by M3 MHC alleles, we found three categories of epitopes, which we called categories A, B, and C. Category B epitopes readily accumulated variants in M3-homozygous MCMs, but this was less common in M3-heterozygous MCMs. We then determined that chronic CD8 T cells specific for these epitopes were more likely preserved in the M3-heterozygous MCMs than M3-homozygous MCMs. We provide evidence that epitopes known to escape from chronic CD8 T cell responses in animals that are homozygous for a set of MHC alleles are preserved and retain immunogenicity in a host that is heterozygous for the same MHC alleles. IMPORTANCE Anti-HIV CD8 T cells that are part of therapeutic treatments will need to target epitopes that do not accumulate escape mutations. Defining these epitope sequences is a necessary precursor to designing approaches that enhance the functionality of CD8 T cells with the potential to control virus replication during chronic infection or after reactivation of latent virus. Using MHC-homozygous and -heterozygous Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, we have now obtained evidence that epitopes known to escape from chronic CD8 T cell responses in animals that are MHC homozygous are preserved and retain immunogenicity in a host that is heterozygous for the same MHC alleles. Importantly, our findings support the conditional immune escape hypothesis, such that the potential to present a greater number of CD8 T cell epitopes within a single animal can delay immune escape in targeted epitopes. As a result, certain epitope sequences can retain immunogenicity into chronic infection.
LIGHTNING STROKE MECHANISM OF WIND TURBINE GENERATORS AND ITS LIGHTNING PROTECTION MEASURES

Along with the enlargement of capacity of wind turbine and the scale of wind farm, the attention is paid to the secure operation of wind power increasingly. In the factors influencing the secure operation of wind farm, the lightning stroke is an important one. According to the research achievements of lightning protection for wind turbine generators, the lightning stroke process and damage mechanism of wind turbine generators and its lightning protection technology are discribed comprehensively.
Why democracy is oppositional

For much of Western history, democracy was a bad word. Not a four-letter word, certainly, but a bad word nonetheless. Grousing about democracy was akin to blood sport for ‘great thinkers’ from Anci...
Correcting Ethnocentric Prototypes of Self and Other with Achebe’s Things Fall Apart

Things Fall Apart promotes Western readers’ recognition of their sameness with Africans by presenting African characters that Western readers can recognize as the same as themselves, along with European characters that possess negative traits that Westerners stereotypically ascribe to Africans but not to themselves. The novel also trains readers in more adequate information processing, by guiding and inducing them to repeatedly expect, attend to, infer, suppose, encode, and recall crucial information about self and Other—namely, negative qualities of Westerners and positive qualities of Africans—that their hegemonic prototypes cause them to routinely overlook, ignore, or discount. Teachers can engage students in specific reading and writing assignments that enhance their development of more the adequate information-processing routines and their acquisition of the more adequate exemplars.
The Transition to Socialism

The victors of the Cuban revolution of 1959 inherited the responsibility of directing the Cuban nation toward a more equitable political and economic system. The revolution’s victory symbolized the refutation of a malfunctioning and exploitative system that had successively failed to incorporate the masses into the capitalist structure. When the revolutionary leadership marched into Havana in January 1959, their victory symbolized the end of Cuba’s direct political and economic association with the United States.
Can the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale assess perfeccionismo

Although culture-based measurement bias threatens the validity of intergroup comparison research, measurement invariance is often assumed rather than demonstrated by researchers who draw conclusions about cross-cultural similarities or differences. The current article investigates the cross-cultural invariance of a popular measure of perfectionism, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (F-MPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990) for a Hispanic/Latina sample. Perfectionism, which encompasses high goal setting and sensitivity to critical evaluation, is a transdiagnostic risk factor for internalizing psychopathology that especially warrants focus among groups burdened by mental health disparities. Multiple samples were used in a series of analyses to construct a baseline first-order measurement model and test for cross-group equivalence. For model development, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used with 320 female participants (Mage = 19.61 years) who identified primarily (n = 301) as European/European American. Measurement invariance testing was conducted with multigroup CFAs using another sample of female adults (n = 574; Mage = 21.21 years), identifying either as European/European American (n = 217) or Hispanic/Latina/Latin American (n = 357). Evidence was found for invariance across the revised F-MPS factor structure, pattern of factor loadings, and factor variances/covariances. Results indicate that predictive relationships may be compared across these groups, but caution is suggested when interpreting raw mean score differences due to intercept nonequivalence. Further, second-order model testing demonstrated support for the bidimensional model of perfectionism cross-culturally. Future research on perfectionism within the Latino/a population is encouraged using this equivalent item set. (PsycINFO Database Record
Characterizing the systems of support for families of children with disabilities: A review of the literature

ABSTRACTDuring early childhood, children require major support that is tailored toward their specific needs. For children with disabilities, families play a crucial part in providing the needed services. However, families often lack the knowledge, resources, and skills that would help them in overcoming challenges that arise while raising a child with disability. Although much research has focused on defining the needs of families with children with disabilities and the impact of disability on the family system, many questions remain. A comprehensive perspective is needed to identify the types of support families provide to the child with a disability, the impact of providing that support on family members, the support systems that are available to families, and the impact of support on society. This review consolidates the empirical research to date on family support during early childhood and outlines areas of research that need further exploration.
Storie ‘vere’ ed eroine dei romanzi. Rappresentare la Somalia in 'Ilaria Alpi. La ragazza che voleva raccontare l’inferno' e 'Non dirmi che hai paura'

‘True’ Stories and Heroines in Novels: The Representation of Somalia in Ilaria Alpi: The Young Woman Who Wanted to Narrate Hell and Don’t Tell Me You Are Afraid This article analyses Gigliola Alvisi’s Ilaria Alpi: La ragazza che voleva raccontare l’inferno [ Ilaria Alpi: The Young Woman Who Wanted to Narrate the Hell ] (2014) and Giuseppe Catozzella’s Non dirmi che hai paura [ Don’t Tell Me You Are Afraid ] (2014), two novels that deal with two recent events in Somali and Italian history, the killing of the journalist Ilaria Alpi in Mogadishu in 1994 and the death of Samia Yosuf Omar while she was trying to reach the Italian shores from Libya by boat. Alvisi’s text is analysed in comparison with other fictional and journalistic representations of Ilaria Alpi, while Non dirmi che hai paura is examined through what Catozzella considers the two constitutive dimensions of the novel: documentation and identification. Drawing on Stefano Jossa’s reflections on the construction of literary heroes, the article challenges Alvisi’s and Catozzella’s claims that they represent ‘true stories’. The article also argues that the main characters of these literary works are portrayed as heroines and role models for the emancipation of Muslim women.
Interview About Legal Philosophy

This is the text of an interview with Brian Leiter that will appear in the book "Legal Philosophy: 5 Questions." The questions addressed are: 1. Why were you initially drawn to the philosophy of law? 2. For which of your contribution(s) to legal philosophy so far would you most like to be remembered, and why? 3. What are the most important issues in legal philosophy, and why are they distinctively issues of legal philosophy rather than some other discipline? 4. What is the relationship between legal philosophy and legal practice? Should legal philosophers be more concerned about the effect of their scholarship on legal practice? 5. To which problem, issue or broad area of legal philosophy would you most like to see more attention paid in the future?
Single-Center Retrospective Evaluation of Inhaled Corticosteroid Use for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Patients Receiving Systemic Corticosteroids

Purpose: To determine the frequency of inappropriate inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy when it is prescribed concurrently with systemic corticosteroids; to identify cost-savings potential in the setting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Methods: Patients admitted to 1 of 8 hospital locations utilizing an integrated electronic health record within the health system for COPD exacerbations treated with systemic corticosteroids (equivalent to at least 30 mg of oral prednisone) between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014 were included in a retrospective chart review. Endpoints assessed included number of ICS, with or without long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA), respiratory medications potentially wasted due to overlap therapy with systemic corticosteroids, as well as overall cost attributed to drug product, administration products, and respiratory therapy labor cost from potentially inappropriate overlap therapy. Results were extrapolated based on the number of admissions within the specified time period. Length of stay data were also compared between the 2 groups (overlap therapy vs no overlap therapy) to determine whether overlap therapy results in a reduction of hospital stay. Results: A total of 10,710 admissions were identified and 74 charts were randomly identified for review. Forty-six (62%) patients received at least one dose of overlapping ICS or ICS/LABA. One hundred forty-two nebulized budesonide vials were wasted along with 43 ICS or ICS/LABA inhalers. A total cost of $8,152.75 was attributed to drug product, administration products, and labor cost. Extrapolating to the 10,710 admissions identified, there would potentially be 20,551 wasted budesonide vials and 6,223 wasted ICS or ICS/LABA inhalers, resulting in an estimated annual cost savings of $1,180,090.03 for the health system. Additionally, length of stay was shorter in the group not receiving overlap therapy compared to the group receiving overlap therapy, but it was not statistically significant (6.8 ± 3.3 days vs 7.3 ± 4.8 days; p = .54). Conclusion: Significant cost savings could be accomplished through intervention and appropriate utilization of ICS or ICS/LABA therapy in patients admitted for COPD exacerbations treated with systemic corticosteroids.