cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malcolm Jeeves, ed., Rethinking Human Nature: A Multidisciplinary Approach

How should we understand ourselves as humans, as a species? And how ought scientific discoveries in biology, genetics, neuroscience, and evolutionary psychology change our understanding of humanity, human nature, or the human condition? This book consists of an Introduction and thirteen chapters that address these kinds of questions concerning human self-knowledge from different disciplinary perspectives. The underlying approach is that human being is so complex and rich that no single viewpoint is sufficient to capture its depth, therefore different perspectives must contribute their own insights for a more adequate, composite picture. Included in this book are contributions from history, philosophy, genetics, evolutionary science, neuropsychology, archaeology and palaeoanthropology, and theology. Most of the contributors to this volume are interested in the religious or spiritual dimension of humanity, and some explicitly engage the question of how science and religion do and may learn from each other (the publisher is a broadly-minded Christian press). The larger story that emerges from this volume is that ‘traditional’ views of human persons as ineliminably moral, divinely created, having souls or spirits, perhaps created ‘in God’s image’, and so on, are largely not incompatible with what modern science is telling us about human origins, capacities, psychology, and constitution. All of the authors seem to embrace a neo-Darwinian evolutionary perspective, not a ‘young earth’ creationism. Yet all are largely friendly to the idea that religion and science are not ‘at war’ with each other. Instead, the book takes a ‘compatibilist’ view of the relationship between religion and science, which I myself find to be sensible. Different chapters take on different pieces of the larger puzzle, ranging from the nature of aesthetic experience in human consciousness, to the
Nottingham grades of lobular carcinoma lack the prognostic implications they bear for ductal carcinoma.

Background Invasive lobular cancer (L) differs clinically and morphologically from invasive ductal cancer (D); differences notwithstanding, Nottingham grades are provided in both. This study compared 22,719 lobular carcinomas with 201,517 ductal carcinomas, dividing them into the grades: well differentiated (W), moderately differentiated (M), poorly differentiated (P), and ungraded to see if differences between comparable grades of lobular and ductal cancer were uniform, consistent with the notion the grading system provides similar information for both cancer subtypes. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was used to limn relationships among grades, as respects proportions of patients with T3 tumors and nodal metastases, as well as cancer-specific survival. Taken into account were age, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and the administration of radiotherapy. Results More lobular than ductal carcinomas were T3; grades were not homogenous, with the incidence rate ratio (IRR) comparing lobular and ductal carcinomas being 8.2 for well differentiated, 4.1 for moderately differentiated, and 2.48 for poorly differentiated. With respect to nodal metastases, the 1.16 W L:W D IRR (P 0.05) and the 0.96 P L:P D IRR (P > 0.05) could have been due to chance. As respects survival, neither the 1.4 P L:P D time ratio (TR) (P 0.05) might have been due to chance. Conclusion Grades of lobular carcinoma imply different meanings than do grades of ductal carcinoma. Studies of breast cancer should not assume commonality with respect to grade.
Recombinant peptide constructs for targeted cell penetrating peptide-mediated delivery

A recently designed nanoconstruct was engineered using recombinant technology to contain a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), i.e. Model Amphipathic Peptide (MAP), attached to a pH-sensitive masking peptide sequence. CPPs such as MAP exhibit unique internalization properties which enable them to deliver attached bioactive molecules, including proteins and peptides, into the cytosolic or nuclear compartment of cells. However, their application in drug delivery is limited due to lack of specificity, as they are widely distributed in most tissues following in vivo administration. In order to overcome this hurdle, a highly pH-sensitive histidine-glutamic acid (HE) copolymer sequence was linked to MAP to prevent non-specific internalization of the construct in non-target cells. Our results show that this nanoconstruct is highly pH-sensitive in a mildly acidic pH, exhibiting high binding and internalization at pH 6.8 and below, but low binding and internalization at pH>7. This unique sensitivity in the mildly acidic pH range can be applied to targeting the activation of membrane permeable properties in mildly acidic pH environments, such as the surface of tumor cells or in the early endosomes of target cells. Therefore, the design could lead to a significant advancement in the application of CPPs and in the therapeutic potential of the biotechnology field.
Biomass yield and nutrient removal by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as influenced by harvesting frequency

Abstract The effects of harvesting frequency on productivity, nutrient storage and uptake, and detritus accumulation by water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes /Mart/ Solms) cultured outdoors in nutrient-enriched waters were evaluated for a period of 13 months. Significant differences in hyacinth standing crop and productivity were measured with harvesting regimes of 1, 3 (harvest at maximum density) and 21 harvests over a 13-month period. The average plant standing crop decreased from 65 to 20 kg (fresh wt) m −2 for systems with 1 and 21 harvests, respectively. Total harvested plant biomass was 67 kg (fresh wt) m −2 , 110 kg (fresh wt) m −2 and 162 kg (fresh wt) m −2 for 1, 3 and 21 harvests, respectively. The mean net productivity increased from 7·7 to 16·5 and 24·5 g (dry wt) m −2 day −1 for 1, 3 and 21 harvests, respectively. Nutrient storage in water hyacinth biomass (live, dead and detrital) at the end of the study decreased from 93 to 46 and 30 g N m −2 , and from 20 to 12 and 5 g P m −2 , for 1, 3 and 21 harvests, respectively. For the system with one harvest, 46% of the stored N and 25% of the stored P were recovered in dedrital tissue at the bottom of the tank. For the systtem with 21 harvests, only 11% of the stored N and 15% of the stored P were recovered in detrital tissue at the bottom of the tank. Ammonium-N and soluble reactive P concentrations in the water column were significantly higher for the treatment with one harvest compared to the treatments with 3 and 21 harvests.
Cold Exposure Exacerbates the Development of Diabetic Polyneuropathy in the Rat

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and cold-induced nerve injury share several pathogenic mechanisms. This study explores whether cold exposure contributes to the development of DPN. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and controls were exposed to a room temperature (23 degrees C) or cold environment (10 degrees C). H-reflex, tail and sciatic motor, and sensory nerve conduction studies were performed. Analyses of sural nerve, intraepidermal nerve fibers, and skin and nerve nitrotyrosine ELISAs were performed. Diabetic animals exposed to a cold environment had an increased H-reflex four weeks earlier than diabetic room temperature animals (P = .03). Cold-exposed diabetic animals also had greater reduction in motor conduction velocities at 20 weeks (P = .017), decreased skin nerve fiber density (P = .037), and increased skin nitrotyrosine levels (P = .047). Cold exposure appears to hasten the development of DPN in the rat STZ model of diabetes. These findings support that further study into the relationship between ambient temperature and DPN is warranted.
CONVERGENCE THEOREMS FOR SEQUENCES OF CHOQUET INTEGRALS

Abstract The Choquet integral with respect to nonadditive monotone set functions, including imprecise probabilities and fuzzy measures, is a generalization of the classical Lebesgue integral. It is one kind of nonlinear functionals defined on a subspace of all real valued measurable functions. In this paper, several different types of convergence, including the mean convergence that is based on the Choquet integral, for sequences of measurable functions are considered, and the corresponding convergence theorems for sequence of Choquel integrals are demonstrated. Particularly, the theorem of convergence in measure is presented in a form of “necessary and sufficient condition” by using the structural characteristics of nonnegative monotone set functions. As an application of convergence theorems, the stability of a class of nonlinear integral systems is discussed.
First Report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Niger (Guizotia abyssinica)

Niger is a new crop being grown in North Dakota and Minnesota for the commercial birdseed market. In 2002, approximately 60 and 150 ha of niger were grown in North Dakota and Minnesota, respectively. In September 2002, niger plants in a field located near Prosper, ND showed the following symptoms and signs: bleached, shredded, and broken stems at the basal area, and presence of white mycelium and black sclerotia (2.2 ± 0.8 mm diameter) inside the pith cavity. Approximately 40% of plants in that field showed signs or symptoms of infection. Sclerotia were collected from the pith cavity, soaked in a 0.53% NaOCL solution for 30 s, air dried, and placed in petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungal colony grew out from the plated sclerotia that subsequently produced aerial white mycelium and black sclerotia characteristic of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. To confirm pathogenicity, 2 groups of 10 30-day-old niger seedlings each were inoculated using the straw test method (2) or petio...
Proton Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Clinically Challenging Cases of Centrally and Superiorly Located Stage I Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose To minimize toxicity while maintaining tumor coverage with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for centrally or superiorly located stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated passive-scattering proton therapy (PSPT) and intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Methods and Materials Fifteen patients with centrally or superiorly located (within 2 cm of critical structures) stage I NSCLC were treated clinically with three-dimensional photon SBRT (50 Gy in 4 fractions). The photon SBRT plan was compared with the PSPT and IMPT plans. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as the dose that exceeded the dose--volume constraints in the critical structures. Results Only 6 photon plans satisfied the >95% planning target volume (PTV) coverage and MTD constraints, compared to 12 PSPT plans ( p = 0.009) and 14 IMPT plans ( p = 0.001). Compared with the photon SBRT plans, the PSPT and IMPT plans significantly reduced the mean total lung dose from 5.4 Gy to 3.5 Gy ( p p p Conclusions For centrally or superiorly located stage I NSCLC, proton therapy, particularly IMPT, delivered ablative doses to the target volume and significantly reduced doses to the surrounding normal tissues compared with photon SBRT.
An overview of the VigilNet architecture

Battlefield surveillance often involves a high element of risk for military operators. Hence, it is very important for the military to execute unmanned surveillance by using large-scale wireless sensor systems. This invited paper summarizes the architecture of the VigilNet system - a long-term real-time networked sensor system for military surveillance. Specifically, we review the design of several major subsystems within VigilNet including sensing and classification, localization, tracking, networking, power management, reconfiguration, graphic user interface, and the debugging subsystem. High-level programming abstractions are also presented. This is a balanced design to achieve realtime response, high confidence detection, accurate tracking and energy efficiency simultaneously.
Music and Memory: Predictors for Attained ESL Oral Proficiency.

This article presents the results of an empirical concurrent validation study in which measures of musical ability (pitch, loudness, and rhythm), auditory discrimination, and memory were used to account for variance in attained ESL oral proficiency. Memory was a significant, though tenuous, predictor of variance in the dependent variable. In addition, significant differences were noted for the different language groups and for the different tests. The article concludes with a proposed research program to determine whether training in musical abilities might be a profitable adjunct to ESL instruction.
Characterizing the microhabitats of exotic species in Illinois shale barrens

Like native species, exotics form part of the mosaic structure of plant communities. However, their role in these communities is unclear. Thus, we ask, are invading exotic species present in recognizable microhabitats within plant communities? We compared the microhabitat of exotic species and random locations to determine if exotic plants occupied a recognizable subset of habitats within three barren communities. Fourteen exotic species were identified. The factors that characterized their habitats varied between barrens and among species. Considered as a group, exotic microhabitats comprised a subset of available habitats within the barrens, specifically, edge habitats rather than the open conditions of the barrens interior. Soil properties such as low temperature or neutral pH, and high litter or woody species cover, were common factors associated with the occurrence of exotics. Individual exotic species occupied different habitats within those identified for exotics as a group, but the range of variation between the different species was not generally significant. Within each barren, exotics occupied a distinct subset of microhabitats. This distribution suggests that exotics are not widely dispersed within these areas. Site conditions may be restricting the establishment of exotics to specific microhabitats, and in addition, some exotics may be altering the microhabitats that they colonize. Therefore, management efforts toward maintaining open conditions in the barrens may also discourage further encroachment by exotics into these areas.
INCIDENCIA DEL IMPUESTO DE RENTA A LAS SOCIEDADES: REVISIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LAS ESTIMACIONES DE EQUILIBRIO GENERAL

Este articulo revisa la evidencia actual sobre la incidencia del impuesto de renta a las sociedades anonimas a partir de modelos de equilibrio general tipo Harberger, con especial atencion en la economia abierta. Identifica los principales inductores de los resultados de estos modelos y compara las estimaciones de cuatro importantes estudios que examinan la incidencia de este impuesto en una economia abierta. El ajuste de las estimaciones de los estudios para que reflejen las estimaciones empiricas centrales de las elasticidades claves sugiere que el capital soporta la mayor carga del impuesto. El articulo tambien presenta un metodo alternativo para asignar la carga del impuesto basado en la nueva vision de la incidencia del impuesto a la propiedad, que distingue los efectos globales de los impuestos a las sociedades y los efectos de los impuestos al consumo que varian entre naciones.
Concentrically Loaded Circular Steel Plates Bearing on Plain Concrete

This paper presents an analytical study to determine the effects of bearing stress distributions on concrete bearing strength and bearing plate flexural demand, for concrete blocks loaded concentrically through nonanchored flexible steel plates. Finite-element (FE) analyses of concrete specimens tested in previous investigations are employed to determine the bearing strength of the concrete when loaded through flexible plates. An FE parametric study is performed to derive formulas for the calculation of the concrete bearing stress distribution for flexible circular steel bearing plates. The results of this parametric study are used to develop a procedure for the design of concentrically loaded circular steel bearing plates on plain (unreinforced) concrete. The proposed procedure is compared with a standard design procedure.
Violent Death: A Qualitative Study of Israeli and Palestinian Families

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to report on how the unexpected and violent death of a civilian family member in Israel and Palestine affected family functioning 3–5 years after the incident. The narrative analysis revealed similarities and differences between the Israeli and Palestinian families on how the death was perceived, on coping strategies, an on how it influenced various aspects of family interaction. Results cannot be generalized to the wider population, but the findings can provide new theoretical concepts about how such an event may impact the family system as a whole.
PERSISTENCE OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS IN IMMUNE ANIMALS AND ITS RELATION TO IMMUNITY

In some apparently healthy mice the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis persisted for a considerable period of time after recovery, in the blood, urine, and nasal secretions, while in other mice it soon became undemonstrable. It is possible that the persistence of the virus is due to lesions in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. The immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice does not seem to depend upon the presence of virus in the blood and the organs tested. No antivirus was detected in sera from several solidly immune mice, which fact suggests that circulating antivirus plays no important part in their immunity. Leucocytes also seem to be no essential factor in this immunity, which probably is closely linked with the tissues. The urine of guinea pigs which had recovered from severe attacks of lymphocytic choriomeningitis contained virus for a few weeks after recovery, while that from mild cases contained no virus. Virus was never demonstrated in the blood of immune guinea pigs. Antivirus was readily detected in it.
Space environment testbed (set): adaptable system for piggybacked satellite experiments

This paper introduces the concept of a flexible, adaptable subsystem for satellites that provides a platform for space-based experiments. The subsystem, called a carrier, comprises mechanical, electrical/electronic, thermal, data, and software components. We have performed a number of tradeoff studies and recommend a general type of architecture for the carrier that will satisfy many requirements and accommodate the constraints of space-based experimentation.
Agency and Communion in Naturalistic Social Comparison

The authors suggest that social comparison research has neglected communal feelings and concerns because it typically asks participants to compare objective characteristics that invite evaluative rankings (e.g., test scores) with acquaintances or strangers without any interaction. The authors asked 138 undergraduates to record their spontaneous social comparisons for 1 week; they found that participants often compared subjective characteristics (e.g., feelings), with close others, and during interactions. Comparing subjective characteristics, with close others, or during interactions increased the likelihood of communal outcomes (e.g., feeling connected, focusing on similarities as opposed to differences). Communal traits also predicted feeling connected during comparisons; agentic traits predicted feeling confident and comparing downward. The authors conclude that the basic interpersonal axes—agency and communion— together shape social comparisons as they occur in daily life.
Suicide attempts among substance use disorder patients: an initial step toward a decision tree for suicide management.

Background: Little empirical data are available to develop profiles of patients who attempt suicide or to formulate a decision tree for suicide management. This study identifies profiles of patients who have a high risk of suicide attempt and takes a first step toward developing a decision tree to classify high-risk patients. Methods: Based on a cross-sectional, nationwide cohort of substance use disorder patients (N 5 34,251) in 150 Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities, a total of 5,671 patients who reported suicidal ideation in the 30 days before intake assessment were included in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to identify the 30-day risk of an actual suicide attempt. Clinical diagnostic and Addiction Severity Index interview data were used. Results: Results provide an initial decision tree to classify high-risk patients with sensitivity ranging from 0.33 to 0.89, and specificity, from 0.42 to 0.87. The factors included in the decision tree encompass history of prior suicide attempts, current drinking to intoxication, current cocaine use, first occasion of suicidal ideation, and difficulty controlling violent behavior. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use empirical data to provide information to eventually establish a decision tree for clinical management of patients with suicidal ideation. The findings show that profiles of patients who are at high risk of suicide attempts can be effectively identified using ROC, with relatively good sensitivity and specificity.
Alterations of central GABAergic activity in neurologic and psychiatric disorders: evaluation through measurements of GABA and GAD activity in cerebrospinal fluid

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is generally thought to be the primary catalyst mediating the formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which in turn is thought to be the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) (1). For this reason GAD activity in CNS tissue has been widely investigated because of the possibilities that it may serve a role in the regulation of central GABAergic activity or that it may provide a reflection of CNS GABAergic alterations associated with certain neurologic or psychiatric disorders. Efforts to elucidate the involvement of GAD alterations in the pathology of CNS disorders have benefitted from studies of animal models and human autopsy tissue (e.g., 2–8). However, in many instances it has not been possible to develop entirely suitable animal models. The diseased human would be the only perfect model for these disorders except, of course, human brain tissue can seldom be studied except at autopsy. Thus, especially in clinical studies, variables are difficult to control and great care must be exercised in extrapolating data to the living human condition.
Club Goods and Local Government

Problem: Private approaches to urban service provision are becoming more popular. Some argue these approaches are more efficient and more democratic than government provision because they are voluntary. While these club approaches can shift the burden of infrastructure finance to direct groups of users, they can also fragment urban service delivery and justify unevenness in service quality across the city. Purpose: This article explores examples of club goods, that is, common interest developments (CIDS) for housing, business improvement districts (BIDs) for commercial areas, and economic development zones (EDZs) for commercial and industrial areas, and assesses their implications for local government. Emphasis is given to how clubs internalize benefits to members of the club but shed externalities onto the broader local government system. A critical governance concern is the impact on the long-term ability of local government to coordinate across disparate elements and interests in the community. Methods...
Innate Immune Evasion Mediated by the Ambystoma tigrinum Virus Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2α Homologue

Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae, genus Ranavirus) are large, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses whose replication is restricted to ectothermic vertebrates. Many highly pathogenic members of the genus Ranavirus encode a homologue of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Data in a heterologous vaccinia virus system suggest that the Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) eIF2α homologue (vIF2αH; open reading frame [ORF] 57R) is involved in evading the host innate immune response by degrading the interferon-inducible, dsRNA-activated protein kinase, PKR. To test this hypothesis directly, the ATV vIF2αH gene (ORF 57R) was deleted by homologous recombination, and a selectable marker was inserted in its place. The ATVΔ57R virus has a small plaque phenotype and is 8-fold more sensitive to interferon than wild-type ATV (wtATV). Infection of fish cells with the ATVΔ57R virus leads to eIF2α phosphorylation, in contrast to infection with wtATV, which actively inhibits eIF2α phosphorylation. The inability of ATVΔ57R to prevent phosphorylation of eIF2α correlates with degradation of fish PKZ, an interferon-inducible enzyme that is closely related to mammalian PKR. In addition, salamanders infected with ATVΔ57R displayed an increased time to death compared to that of wtATV-infected salamanders. Therefore, in a biologically relevant system, the ATV vIF2αH gene acts as an innate immune evasion factor, thereby enhancing virus pathogenesis.
Mentoring adolescent foster youth: promoting resilience during developmental transitions

The current exploratory study used quantitative and qualitative data from an evaluation of the Advocates to Successful Transition to Independence programme a mentoring programme designed to train mentors to assist older adolescent foster youth in acquiring skills and resources needed for successful transition out of foster care and into adulthood. The study was conducted in two phases over 2 years. Quantitative methods were used to describe characteristics of the older adolescent foster youth and advocates and qualitative methods were used to describe the experiences of youth and advocates in the programme. Results suggest that the use of a mentoring programme for older adolescent foster youth represents a particularly beneficial prevention strategy that may help prevent negative outcomes as youth emancipate from the foster care system and transition into young adulthood. Implications and recommendations for developing mentoring programmes for transition-aged youth are presented. (authors)
Staphylococcus aureus cap5P Encodes a UDP- N -Acetylglucosamine 2-Epimerase with Functional Redundancy

The serotype 5 capsule gene cluster of Staphylococcus aureus comprises 16 genes (cap5A throughcap5P), but little is known about how the putative gene products function in capsule biosynthesis. We propose that theN-acetylmannosaminuronic acid (ManNAcA) component of theS. aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide (CP5) is synthesized from a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) precursor that is epimerized to UDP-N-acetylmannosamine (UDP-ManNAc) and then oxidized to UDP-ManNAcA. We report the purification and biochemical characterization of a recombinant UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase encoded by S. aureus cap5P. Purified Cap5P converted ∼10% of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-ManNAc as detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The epimerization of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-ManNAc occurred over a wide pH range and was unaffected by divalent cations. Surprisingly, CP5 expression in S. aureus was unaffected by insertional inactivation of cap5P. Sequence homology searches of the public S. aureus genomic databases revealed the presence of another putative UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase on theS. aureus chromosome that showed 61% identity to Cap5P. Redundancy of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase function in S. aureuswas demonstrated by cloning the cap5P homologue from strain Newman and complementing an Escherichia coli rffE mutant defective in UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase activity. Our results confirm the putative function of the S. aureus cap5P gene product and demonstrate the presence of a second gene on the staphylococcal chromosome with a similar function.
Damping of Taut-Cable Systems: Two Dampers on a Single Stay

The mitigation of in-plane stay oscillation in cable-stayed bridges is commonly addressed by placing an external mechanical damper, linear or nonlinear, on each stay or by introducing transverse cross-ties among cables. Although the problem of a cable with a single external damper has found significant attention in the past and different techniques have been proposed for the solution of the free-vibration problem, limitations are related to the fact that the location of the damper is usually very close to the cable end (on the bridge deck side) due to geometric constraints, leading to inherently low modal damping in the fundamental modes. In this paper the installation of more than one damper on an individual stay is considered to overcome such limitations and to increase the overall performance of the system. An existing procedure, based on the linearized taut-string theory, was modified to allow for the presence of multiple external discrete viscous dampers. The case of two devices with arbitrary locati...
Potential Biodiversity Loss in Florida Bromeliad Phytotelmata due to Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), an Invasive Species

Abstract An annotated list of the aquatic invertebrates inhabiting water impounded in the leaf axils of Florida’s native epiphytic bromeliads is provided. Of the 22 species reported, 9 are yet undescribed. Of the 13 described species, 10 are believed to be native. Five of the native species and perhaps all of the undescribed species are precinctive (“endemic”). These invertebrate animals and their bromeliad host plants are at risk of extinction due to destruction of the host plants by Metamasius callizona (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), an invasive weevil.
Phenomenology and Cognitive Science

Concepts central to phenomenology are compared with recent proposals in cognitive science. Both emphasize the role of the embodied mind in constituting a meaningful world, both emphasize the primacy of preconceptual experience, and both approaches view language, logic, and mathematics as constructed on the basis of preconceptual typifications.
Superconductivity: Critical Currents

An overview of mechanisms, which determine critical currents in type-II superconductors is given. Both single-vortex and collective pinning of vortices in bulk superconductors and thin films are discussed with the emphasis on the limits of critical currents imposed by current-blocking dense pinning nanostructure, grain boundaries and thermal fluctuations of vortices and crystal anisotropy. Critical currents in conventional low- T c superconductors, and high- T c cuprates and Fe-based superconductors are discussed.
Erratum to: Connectedness properties of the space of complete nonnegatively curved planes

The online version of the original article can be found under doi: 10.1007/s00208-014-1159-7 .
Symptomatic Management and Palliation

For most patients with biliary cancer effective treatment options are limited, side effects are common, and the long-term prognosis is grim. A majority of biliary cancer patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage cancer. Many have comorbidities that preclude major hepatic surgery, and it is estimated that up to 25 % of patients who are considered surgical candidates after a thorough preoperative work-up are unable to undergo a complete surgical resection. Of those who do undergo curative resection, 5-year survival is less than 50%. Patients with metastatic disease have limited chemotherapy options and on average survive only 3–6 months. Given the poor prognoses of biliary tract and gallbladder cancers, it is important that caregivers are educated on symptom management and palliation for this patient population.
Chronic ingestion of dietary fat is a prerequisite for inhibition of feeding by enterostatin

Enterostatin (Ent), the activation pentapeptide from procolipase, inhibits the intake of dietary fat. The selectivity of the response to fat suggests that the rat must recognize a permissive signal related to dietary fat for the Ent biological response. To investigate the nature of this signal, we studied the effects of Ent in rats that were adapted to either a high-fat (HF) or high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC) diet and then naively exposed to either HF or HC diets. Ent (1 nmol) was injected into the lateral ventricle of overnight-fasted rats, and food intake was measured. Rats adapted to HF diet and tested with HC diet responded to Ent, but rats adapted to HC diet and tested with HF did not respond to Ent. The groups were maintained on their new test diets for up to 21 days and tested again for their response to Ent at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Ent response did not appear in HC-adapted rats switched to HF diet before 21 days. Conversely, the HF-adapted rats, which responded to Ent when tested with HC diet for the first time, did not respond at any subsequent testing time. The data suggest that chronic ingestion of dietary fat is required for Ent action and that chronic consumption of fat initiates a postingestion metabolic, endocrine, or neurochemical change that is required for the biological response to Ent.
Hybridity and Nonprofit Organizations: The Research Agenda

The emergent research on hybrid organizations is complicated by three circumstances: (a) the assertion that every organization possesses traits of hybridity, (b) the difficulty of operationalizing ...
Do Interviewer Errors Help Explain the Impact of Question Characteristics on Respondent Difficulties

Respondents, interviewers, and questions are all sources of potential error in responses to survey questions. Using behavior coding to measure respondent problems and interviewer errors, we assess whether question characteristics influences these behaviors. We also assess whether interviewer errors may help to explain the impact of question characteristics on respondent difficulties. Specifically, we assess whether more difficult questions (e.g., longer or more difficult to read) lead to more respondent problems (e.g., answers that do not fit the requirements of the question) at least in part because more difficult questions also lead to interviewer errors (e.g., deviating from the reading the question as written or failing to probe correctly).
185 MISMATCH REPAIR DEFICIENCY ELIMINATES DEPENDENCY ON WRN FOR GLIOMA CELL LINE RESISTANCE TO O6-METHYLGUANINE

The Werner9s Syndrome protein (WRN) is a DNA helicase/exonuclease that is believed to be active at arrested DNA replication forks. In previous experiments we have shown that WRN promotes resistance to DNA methylating agents in human glioma cells lacking O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT). MGMT-deficient cells cannot remove O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) adducts, which are unable to properly base-pair with any dNTP. They are thought to stall DNA replication due to the inability of exonucleases and/or mismatch repair (MMR) proteins to resolve the mis-pair. The resulting single-stranded discontinuity is hypothesized to be a substrate for a repair pathway involving WRN. MMR is involved in the lethality of some types of DNA damage, specifically O6-meG adducts caused by the DNA methylating agent N-methyl-N9-nitro-N-nitrosoguanadine (MNNG). MMR-deficient cells therefore exhibit methylation tolerance. We hypothesized that tolerance of unrepaired O6-meG conferred by MMR deficiency would eliminate the requirement for WRN in methylator resistance by preventing the formation of single-stranded DNA discontinuities in newly replicated DNA. We suppressed WRN using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) in MMR-proficient and deficient human glioma cell lines lacking MGMT. Using clonogenic survival assays, we examined the sensitivity of both cell lines to the methylator MNNG with and without previous ASO treatment. Assays using 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), a DNA damaging agent with different specificity, and cells treated with sense oligonucleotides (SO; complementary to the ASO used) provided controls. MMR-proficient cells showed a significant increase in sensitivity to MNNG when treated with ASO to WRN. LD10 for SO- and ASO- treated cells was 0.21μM and 0.14 μM respectively, representing a 1.5-fold difference. MMR-deficient cells, however, did not exhibit an increase in sensitivity when WRN was suppressed (LD10 for SO-treated cells was 9.7 μM and for ASO-treated cells was 9.3 μM). These results show that MMR deficiency eliminates the need for WRN in methylator resistance, and therefore provides evidence that WRN participates in a post-replication repair pathway that promotes resistance to O6-meG.
T Cells Marked by the 2H4 Antigen Function in Allosuppression

A mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb), anti-2H4 (IgG1 subclass), has recently been described (1) that recognizes 200/220 kD glycoproteins (2) of the leukocyte common antigen/T200 family. The 2H4 antigen is found on 42% of unfractionated human T cells, 41% of CD4+ lymphocytes, 54% of CD8+ lymphocytes, and over 30% of both peripheral blood B cells and null cells. In a pokeweed mitogen system that measures B cell immunoglobulin production, the CD4+2H4+ cells were found to be inducers of suppression (1) and CD4+2H4− cells to be inducers of help (3). In the autologous mixed lymphocyte response (AMLR), CD8+2H4+ cells were found to have suppressor effector function (4). Additionally, in a concanavalin A− activated system, suppressor cell activity belonged to the 2H4+ subset of T cells (2). As the role of these subsets have not been established in alloimmunity, we studied the proliferative response and generation of suppressor cells in an allogeneic MLR using 2H4 enriched or depleted cells as the responding population.
Azimuthal mode interaction in counter-rotating Taylor-Couette flow

The stability of flows near two critical points (in parameter space) at which Couette flow looses stability simultaneously to two non-axisymmetric wavenumbers has been studied experimentally. The findings are compared with the theoretical predictions of Chossat, hereafter cited as CDI. A transition to a seemingly chaotic regime was observed in addition to the transitions predicted by CDI
Compassion in the face of terror: a case study of recognizing suffering, co-creating hope, and developing trust in a would-be school shooting

ABSTRACTCurrent theoretical conceptualizations of compassion say little about communicating compassion to people whose suffering is wrapped in a cloak of anger, threat, resistance, and fear. This article attends directly to this issue by examining the conversational particulars of compassion communicated by school bookkeeper Antoinette Tuff to would-be school shooter Michael Hill. The case serves as the basis for advancing propositions about communicating compassion to unwilling recipients and suggests the importance of careful conversational timing, face-enhancement strategies, convergence/mirroring techniques, co-creating hope, physical presence, and vulnerable self-disclosure. The case extends current conceptualizations of compassion and provides a vivid picture for enacting compassion when sufferers are angry, threatening, or resisting help.
High-Q terahertz reconfigurable metamaterials using graphene

We propose and discuss high-Q reconfigurable metamaterials based on graphene. The key components of the device are periodic concentric metallic ring resonators with interdigitated fingers, which are placed in-between the rings and provide for the large Q in the metamaterial, as well as several strategically located gaps where active graphene sheets are placed. We can easily adjust the frequency response of the metamaterial by means of varying a couple of parameters, such as the ring dimensions, number of fingers, etc., but also dynamically by means of varying conductivity in graphene.
Decay of Coliphages in Sewage-Contaminated Freshwater: Uncertainty and Seasonal Effects

Understanding the fate of enteric viruses in water is vital for protection of water quality. However, the decay of enteric viruses is not well characterized, and its uncertainty has not been examined yet. In this study, the decay of coliphages, an indicator for enteric viruses, was investigated in situ under both sunlit and shaded conditions as well as in summer and winter. The decay rates of coliphages and their uncertainties were analyzed using a Bayesian approach. The results from the summer experiments revealed that the decay rates of somatic coliphages were significantly higher in sunlight (1.29 ± 0.06 day–1) than in shade (0.96 ± 0.04 day–1), but the decay rates of male-specific (F+) coliphages were not significantly different between sunlight (1.09 ± 0.09 day–1) and shaded treatments (1.11 ± 0.08 day–1). The decay rates of both F+ coliphages (0.25 ± 0.02 day–1) and somatic coliphages (0.12 ± 0.01 day–1) in winter were considerably lower than those in summer. Temperature and chlorophyll a (chla) con...
Get Online Support, Feel Better -- Sentiment Analysis and Dynamics in an Online Cancer Survivor Community

Many users join online health communities (OHC) to obtain information and seek social support. Understanding the emotional impacts of participation on patients and their informal caregivers is important for OHC managers. Ethnographical observations, interviews, and questionnaires have reported benefits from online health communities, but these approaches are too costly to adopt for large-scale analyses of emotional impacts. A computational approach using machine learning and text mining techniques is demonstrated using data from the American Cancer Society Cancer Survivors Network (CSN), an online forum of nearly a half million posts. This approach automatically estimates the sentiment of forum posts, discovers sentiment change patterns in CSN members, and allows investigation of factors that affect the sentiment change. This first study of sentiment benefits and dynamics in a large-scale health-related electronic community finds that an estimated 75\%--85\% of CSN forum participants change their sentiment in a positive direction through online interactions with other community members. Two new features, \textit{Name} and \textit{Slang}, not previously used in sentiment analysis, facilitate identifying positive sentiment in posts. This work establishes foundational concepts for further studies of sentiment impact of OHC participation and provides insight useful for the design of new OHC's or enhancement of existing OHCs in providing better emotional support to their members.
Cape Breton Girl: Performing Cape Breton at Home and Away with Natalie MacMaster

Normative gendered and ethnic Scottish Cape Bretoner identity is constructed through traditional music and dance performance and practice. This article examines how Natalie MacMaster constructs her gendered and ethnic identities as normative and quintessentially Cape Breton through her stage performances both on the island and internationally. The vision of Scottish Cape Bretonness she crafts shapes the perceptions and expectations of Cape Breton held by non-islander consumers of the island’s Scottish culture. As an unofficial cultural ambassador, MacMaster’s every performance, at home and away, becomes a tourism encounter that ties Cape Bretonness to ethnic whiteness, traditionalism, and heteronormativity.
Population growth and energy demand in Western Asia

This paper investigates the relationship between population and energy demand in West Asian countries. A strong positive relationship is found to exist. Policies influencing the rate of growth in population will thus affect energy demand and prospects for achieving sustainable development goals.
Phase I dose escalation study of bortezomib in combination with lenalidomide in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

6621 Background: Both bortezomib (Bz) and lenalidomide have clinical activity in patients with MDS and AML. We conducted a phase I dose escalation study to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD...
The Influence of Recurrent Modes of Climate Variability on the Occurrence of Monthly Temperature Extremes over South America

The associations between extreme temperature months and four prominent modes of recurrent climate variability are examined over South America. Associations are computed as the percent of extreme temperature months concurrent with the upper and lower quartiles of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Nino, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index distributions, stratified by season. The relationship is strongest for ENSO, with nearly every extreme temperature month concurrent with the upper or lower quartiles of its distribution in portions of northwestern South America during some seasons. The likelihood of extreme warm temperatures is enhanced over parts of northern South America when the Atlantic Nino index is in the upper quartile, while cold extremes are often association with the lowest quartile. Concurrent precipitation anomalies may contribute to these relations. The PDO shows weak associations during December, January, and February, while in June, July, and August its relationship with extreme warm temperatures closely matches that of ENSO. This may be due to the positive relationship between the PDO and ENSO, rather than the PDO acting as an independent physical mechanism. Over Patagonia, the SAM is highly influential during spring and fall, with warm and cold extremes being associated with positive and negative phases of the SAM, respectively. Composites of sea level pressure anomalies for extreme temperature months over Patagonia suggest an important role of local synoptic scale weather variability in addition to a favorable SAM for the occurrence of these extremes.
Mathematical analysis of wind turbines dynamics under control limits: boundedness, existence, uniqueness, and multi time scale simulations

In this study, a mathematical analysis of a wind turbine dynamics is presented. The model represented by control blocks and transfer functions taken from recognized papers and studies, is translated to a system of nonlinear differential algebraic equations. For easier computational and numerical study, we prove the existence of a unique terminal voltage solution, which eliminates the algebraic constraint. Our study provides rigorous proofs of boundedness, existence, and uniqueness for the initial value problem of the system, allowing for the assurance that convergent numerical solutions converge to a unique solution for a given initial condition. This allows scholars to have a free simulator that will aid in dynamical studies of wind turbines without the need for software and Simulink limitations. A safe region within grid parameter space (R and X) is defined, in which existence and uniqueness are guaranteed. We presented time scale analysis and simulations to show that the system can be studied in smaller sizes. Lastly, we introduce cases of two and three time scales.
Visual perception theory and instructional communication

The subject of this paper is large, and arbitrary limits must be drawn for the sake of intelligibility and emphasis. This discussion of perception theory, as related to instructional media, will be focused upon the raw visual experience (excluding verbal and other abstract symbols) that enters into instructional communication and learning. Perception theory pertains both to communication and to learning, but sometimes the relationship to only one of these processes is made explicit, while the other is taken for granted. Information theory, for instance, affords an approach to the study of perception that emphasizes the transmission of information. Transactional psychology, on the other hand, focuses attention upon the conditions whereby perceptual behavior derives its structure and may be altered--through a process of learning. This is a gross oversimplification, but it does suggest a useful distinction. In the one instance, perception is viewed as a kind of direct appropriation of "prefabri-