cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Short-Range Objective Nocturnal Temperature Forecasting Model

A relatively simple, objective, nocturnal temperature forecasting model suitable for freezing and near-freezing conditions has been designed so that a user, presumably a weather forecaster, can put in standard meteorological data at a particular location and receive an hour-by-hour prediction of surface and air temperatures for that location for an entire night. The user has the option of putting in his own estimates of wind speeds and background sky radiation which are treated as independent variables. An analysis of 141 test runs show that 57.4% of the time the model predicts to within 1 C for the best cases and to within 3 C for 98.0% of all cases.
Phonological processing and lexical access in aphasia

This study explored the relationship between on-line processing of phonological information and lexical access in aphasic patients. A lexical decision paradigm was used in which subjects were presented auditorily with pairs of words or word-like stimuli and were asked to make a lexical decision about the second stimulus in the pair. The initial phonemes of the first word primes, which were semantically related to the real word targets, were systematically changed by one or more than one phonetic feature, e.g., cat-dog, gat-dog, wat-dog. Each of these priming conditions was compared to an unrelated word baseline condition, e.g., nurse-dog. Previous work with normals showed that even a nonword stimulus receives a lexical interpretation if it shares a sufficient number of phonetic features with an actual word in the listener's lexicon. Results indicated a monotonically decreasing degree of facilitation as a function of phonological distortion. In contrast, fluent aphasics showed priming in all phonological distortion conditions relative to the unrelated word baseline. Nonfluent aphasics showed priming only in the undistorted, related word condition relative to the unrelated word baseline. Nevertheless, in a secondary task requiring patients to make a lexical decision on the nonword primes presented singly, all aphasics showed phonological feature sensitivity. These results suggest deficits for aphasic patients in the various processes contributing to lexical access, rather than impairments at the level of lexical organization or phonological organization.
Fate of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in the Vadose Zone and Ground Water

The large-scale production and use of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CHC) in the United Suites has resulted in numerous documented cases of soil and ground water contamination. Potential chronic exposure from contaminated soil and ground water, as well as from products used in the home, is sufficient reason to develop a thorough understanding of the environmental fate of these known and possible human carcinogens. Most CHCs are very mobile in the subsurface environment, either as volatilized constituents in the vadose zone due to their high vapor pressure and low water solubility: as dissolved constituents in ground water since they are not strongly adsorbed by aquifer materials: and as dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in ground water, primarily because they have low water solubility and densities greater than water. As free-phase chemicals (i.e., DNAPLs). CHCs may pool on low-permeability subsurface stratum and cause shrinkage and cracking of clay minerals, thereby significantly increasing the stratum's hydraulic conductivity and allowing rapid CHC breakthrough and migration. Although laboratory and field studies have demonstrated this effect, additional investigations are needed to determine the impact CHC DNAPLs have on low-permeability in situ sediments. CHCs are persistent environmental contaminants because they resist chemical and biological degradation. I'hc average half-life for CHC abiotic transformations ranges from two months to greater than 1010 years. Chlorinated ethenes are the most resistant CHCs to abiotic degradation. Biodegradation half-lives for CHCs may vary considerably but range from about two weeks to eight months or more. Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation is recognized as a primary CHC biodegradation process in ground water, although aerobic CHC hiodegradation may be a significant process in the shallow subsurface. Technological applications of remedial processes fur stimulating in situ CHC biodegradation in soils and ground water need to be developed, particularly with regard to CHCs entrained as residual saturation.
Decoding and Recoding the Ribosomal Peptide Universe

Ribosomal peptide natural products (RiPPs) offer a new frontier for discovering and engineering bioactive small molecules. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology , Young and colleagues overcome hurdles that have slowed the development of RiPPs, leading to in vivo synthesis of new thiopeptide antibiotics.
Aluminum geochemistry in peatland waters

The chemical speciation of aluminum was examined in surface water samples from Sphagnum peatlands in north-central Minnesota, from peatlands along the Canadian east coast, and from bogs in the Pennine Mountain area of England. In highly organic ([DOC]≈ 50 mg L−1 ), low pH waters, 80–90% of total dissolved Al was complexed with organic matter (OM), while in waters with low DOC ([DOC] ≈ 5 mg L−1) 54–86% of total dissolved Al existed as Al+3 or other inorganic Al species. Batch titrations of OM with Al revealed a high Al binding capacity, 1.4–2.8 μmol (mg DOC)−1, that generally was unsaturated with Al. Titrations of OM with Al in conjunction with a continuous distribution model were used to determine Al-OM conditional stability constants. Binding capacity (μmol Al (mg DOC)−1) and strength (formation constant) increased from pH 3 to 5 but decreased above pH 5 due to formation of AI-hydroxy species including A1(OH)3 (s). The high binding capacity of OM in bog waters facilitates metal mobility, especially in low pH (< 5) wetlands where metal solubility is high and OM concentrations are highest. Results showed that the relative degree of organic matter saturation with metal ions was important in modeling AI speciation in bog waters.
Cell-to-Cell Variations With Increasing SOFC Stack Size

This numerical study considers the influence of stack size on cell-to-cell performance variations within a stack of planar solid oxide fuel cells. In order to model large stacks (>10 cells) a pseudo 2-D scheme was implemented using the parallel technique of domain decomposition and was solved on a Beowulf cluster. Results were obtained for stacks of 5, 10, and 20 cells. The results indicate that although significant variations in temperature were observed the voltage variations were practically negligible for cases with uniform flow distribution. Non-uniform fuel flow distribution resulted in more significant cell voltage variations. With the assumption of adiabatic boundary conditions, increasing stack size resulted in slightly lower average cell temperatures but increased outlet temperature of the fuel and air channel in the top cell.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Homologous challenge of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus immunity in pregnant swine

Abstract The clinical consequences of single or multiple exposure of pregnant gilts to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at various stages of gestation were determined. Thirty-three pregnant gilts were allotted to 6 experimental groups (5 to 7 gilts/group). Gilts of groups 1 to 5 were exposed to strain NADC-8 of PRRSV at the following times: group 1, gestation day (GD) 1; group 2, GDs 1 and 90; group 3, GD 30; group 4, GDs 30 and 90; group 5, GD 90. Virus exposure was by either intrauterine (GD 1) or oronasal (GDs 30 and 90) inoculation. Gilts of group 6 were kept as nonexposed controls. Gilts were either necropsied on or about GD 111 (groups 1 to 5) or were allowed to farrow (group 6). The detection of PRRSV in serum of fetuses and piglets (within 12 hof birth) was considered evidence of transplacentral infection. Transplacental infection and virus-induced death were and were not confirmed for groups 3, 4, and 5 and for groups 1, 2, and 6, respectively. Collectively, the results indicated that intrauterine exposure to PRRSV at GD 1 was without clinical effect (groups 1 and 2) and provided protection against subsequent exposure to the same strain of virus at GD 90 (group 2). The highest incidence of transplacental infection and fetal death followed a single exposure to PRRSV at GD 90 (group 5).
Effect of a rotor on the attitude stability of a satellite in a circular orbit

In the gravitational field of a fixed particle, the mass center of an unsymmetrical rigid body can move on a circular orbit centered at the particle while one of the centroidal principal axes of inertia of the body remains normal to the plane of this orbit. At the same time, a second centroidal principal axis can either rotate relative to the line joining the particle to the mass center of the body, or it can oscillate about this line as a mean position. The stability of such motions has been discussed previously. The present paper deals with the following question: How does the inclusion of a symmetrical rotor affect the stability of the orbiting body? To answer this question, a general procedure for testing the stability of the motions under consideration is developed, and this procedure is used to examine a number of specific cases in detail. The results show that both beneficial and harmful effects can be produced rather easily; that is, that light, low-speed rotors can act either as stabilizers or as destabilizers.
Responses of single cutaneous fibers to noxious thermal pulse stimulation of cat upper hind limb

Previous experiments have shown that cats respond to noxious thermal pulse stimulation of the upper hind limb at an average latency of 2.3 sec. To determine if C fiber afferents could mediate this response, we recorded the response latency and threshold of single fibers of cat femoral cutaneous nerve to the same stimuli used in the behavioral experiments. Of 28 C fibers tested, 10 (36%) responded to heating; 4 (17%) of 24 fibers with conduction velocities of 2.5-30 m/sec responded to heat. All fibers but one discharged within 1.0 sec of thermal pulse onset (median: 800 msec) at an average and median threshold of 46 degrees C. Thermal nociceptors with C fiber afferents could mediate the initiation of behavioral nocifensive responses to heat in the cat.
The Good and the Right

T. M. Scanlon has revived a venerable tradition according to which something’s being good consists in its being such that there is a reason to respond positively towards it. He has presented novel arguments for this thesis. In this article, I first develop some refinements of the thesis with a view to focusing on intrinsic value in particular, then discuss the relation between the thesis and consequentialism, then critically examine Scanlon’s arguments for the thesis, and finally turn to the question whether we should reject the thesis on the grounds that, when there is a reason to respond positively towards something, this is so because the thing in question is good. Two appendices follow. In the first, I discuss whether it is good to do right. In the second, I discuss whether an act’s being wrong provides a reason not to do it.
Induced Normothermia Attenuates Intracranial Hypertension and Reduces Fever Burden after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Introduction Hyperthermia following a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common, potentiates secondary injury, and worsens neurological outcome. Conventional fever treatment is often ineffective. An induced normothermia protocol, utilizing intravascular cooling, was used to assess the impact on fever incidence and intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe TBI.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS : IX. SKIN SENSITIZATION INDUCED BY INJECTION OF CONJUGATES.

Experiments with guinea pigs are described which show that under special experimental conditions the intraperitoneal injection of conjugates made with homologous erythrocyte stromata leads to typical skin sensitization of the contact type towards the respective simple chemicals, namely picryl chloride or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Therefore such sensitivity can be brought about not only by low molecular chemical compounds but by a material which must be regarded as a typical antigen.
Shell model interpretation of energy levels in Li7 and Be7

Abstract The experimental evidence regarding the energy levels in Li7 and Be7 is reviewed and compared with the predictions of the shell model near the LS limit. It is found that the nucleon and α-particle reduced widths strongly favor the 7.45-MeV state in Li7 and the 7.13-MeV state in Be7 being the J = 5 2 members of the 4P multiplets rather than of the 2F multiplets as previously assumed. None of the available experimental results is inconsistent with this identification. The location and a possible method for detecting the 2 F 5 2 level is discussed. It is also suggested that the broad level structure near 6.5 MeV in Li7 and Be7 is not adequately described by the simple model proposed by Lane, and an alternative explanation is presented.
The aortic arches and their derivatives in the embryo porcupine (Erethizon dorsatus)

This ontogenetic study shows the following facts: (1) the presence of a vidian artery homologous with that of reptiles, which serves visceral elements of the jaw; (2) there exists a transitory occipital artery arising from the stapedial which contributes to the vascular supply of the occipital region; (3) the presence of a transitory fifth arch intimately associated with the sixth arch; (4) there is evidence of at least two presegmental branches of the aorta; (5) in the development of the adult pulmonary stem the right artery forms very little of the common vessel; (6) a single cephalobrachial trunk forms the culmination of arch development; (7) arterial development of the head and neck falls into three phases: (a) a temporary arterial pattern designed to carry nutriment to primitive head structures, (b) a plan of arterial distribution adapted to supply the rapidly forming cartilage and muscle of the jaws, and, (c) a readjustment period when the arterial plan is readjusted due to the increased heteronomy of the head.
Special iliac artery considerations during aneurysm endografting

Abstract Background: The feasibility of endograft exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) has been established. However, the technical challenges of graft delivery through tortuous or diseased iliac arteries and the treatment of associated iliac aneurysmal disease have received little attention. Methods: Over 19 months, 74 patients underwent endoluminal repair of AAA and/or iliac artery aneurysms. Iliac anatomy that required special consideration during endografting was reviewed. Results: Of the 74 patients, 35 (47%) had iliac anatomy that required special attention. Thirteen patients (18%) had aneurysmal involvement of a common iliac artery. Eleven of these patients required endograft extension into the external iliac artery (EIA) and hypogastric coil embolization due to the proximity of the aneurysm to the hypogastric origin. Eleven patients with ectatic, nonaneurysmal iliac arteries required aortic cuffs to achieve a distal seal in these oversized vessels. Iliac artery tortuosity or stenosis were complicating factors in 27 of the 74 patients (36%), requiring the use of brachial guidewire tension in 2 patients to facilitate tracking of the delivery device. Five patients with severely splayed aortic bifurcations required crossed placement of the iliac limbs to prevent kinking of the endograft. Occlusive atherosclerotic disease of the EIA mandated preprocedural dilatation and stenting in 3 patients and postprocedural surgical EIA reconstruction in another 5 patients. Three patients who underwent successful endograft placement required subsequent endovascular repair of traumatized EIAs. Conclusions: Iliac artery anatomy plays a significant role in the endoluminal treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms, complicating the procedure in up to 47% of patients with otherwise suitable anatomy. A variety of supplemental procedures, both surgical and endovascular, may be required to facilitate endograft placement. A special understanding of these constraints and proper planning is required for optimal therapy.
The judiciary: Umpire or empire?

*Law School, Duke University; Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, 1980-81. 'The past generation has witnessed a remarkable expansion of judicial participation in the implementation of public policy. Plaintiffs increasingly have asked courts not simply to correct isolated and discrete violations of law but also to effect systemic reform of entire institutions or programs. Courts have become the principal forum for the pursuit of structural reform by many groups most disaffected with the delivery of governmental services. In responding to these demands, judges have found themselves in the unfamiliar position of designing and superintending major changes in institutions, a function that often requires them to order massive increases in expenditures, wholesale administrative reorganization, and complete revision of operational practices. Diver, The Judge as Political Powerbroker: Superintending Structural Change in Public Institutions, 65 Va. L. Rev. 43, 44 (1979). In recent years, both popular and academic attention has begun to focus on the innovative and expansive remedies that federal courts have utilized with increasing frequency, especially against state governments. . . . Federal district courts largely have assumed the duties of administering a state mental health system and a state prison. Many federal courts are intimately involved with operating public school systems, and one court has placed a high school directly under judicial control. For some years, of course, courts have mandated state apportionment schemes. One court has ordered the reorganization of an entire city government. In short, courts have exercised traditionally executive functions by appointing executive officers responsible to the judiciary and by determining administrative processes in elaborately detailed decrees; they have exercised legislative functions by setting policy standards for the operation of state and federal programs, including the setting of budgetary requirements. Nagel, Separation of Powers and the Scope of Federal Equitable Remedies, 30 Stanford L. Rev. 661, 661-62 (1978) (footnote omitted). In recent years, the judicial role in public policy has greatly expanded: courts have been actively involved in the administration of penal, welfare, education, mental health, and environmental protection policies. In remedying perceived wrongs, they have had to interact with the public bureaucracies operating in the particular policy arenas affected. Judges have not sought merely to monitor the activities of these institutions but have attempted to restructure them, to change their processes and policies. Note, Judicial Intervention and Organization Theory: Changing Bureaucratic Behavior and Policy, 89 Yale L. J. 513 (1980) (footnote omitted).
Transport of water in a transient impact-generated lunar atmosphere

In recent decades, several missions have detected signs of water and other volatiles in cold, permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles. Observations suggest that some of these volatiles could have been delivered by comet impacts and therefore, understanding the impact delivery mechanism becomes key to explaining the origin and distribution of lunar water. During impact, the constituent ices of a comet nucleus vaporize; a significant part of this vapor remains gravitationally bound to the Moon, transforming the tenuous, collisionless lunar exosphere into a collisionally thick, transient atmosphere. Here, we use numerical simulations to investigate the physical processes governing volatile transport in the transient atmosphere generated after a comet impact, with a focus on how these processes influence the accumulation of water in polar cold traps. It is observed that the transient atmosphere maintains a certain characteristic structure for at least several Earth days after impact, during which time volatile transport occurs primarily through low-altitude winds that sweep over the lunar day-side. Meanwhile, reconvergence of vapor antipodal to the point of impact results in preferential redistribution of water in the vicinity of the antipode. Due to the quantity of vapor that remains gravitationally bound, the atmosphere is sufficiently dense that lower layers are shielded from photodestruction, prolonging the lifetime of water molecules and allowing greater amounts of water to reach cold traps. Short-term ice deposition patterns are markedly non-uniform and the variations that arise in simulated volatile abundance between different cold traps could potentially explain variations that have been observed through remote sensing.
Coleridge, the Morning Post, and Female “Illustrissimae”: An Unpublished Autograph 1

Recently, an unpublished, undated letter by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (in London) to Samuel Purkis (at Brentford), composed between February 26 and March 1, 1800, was found in a collection of autograph letters once belonging to the Baptist minister Joseph Angus (1816–1902), principal of Regent’s Park College, London, from 1849 to 1893. In the letter, Coleridge requests a loan of £10 from Purkis to be sent to Coleridge’s mother‐in‐law in Bristol in order to defray expenses that would soon arise from Sara Coleridge’s visit in March to the West Country. In the letter, Coleridge refers to Richard B. Sheridan as “a Rogue,” boasts of having spent considerable time with Elizabeth Inchbald, Charlotte Smith, Mrs Barbauld, and Mary Robinson (Coleridge’s “list of Illustrissimae!”), and once again declares his intention of giving up newspaper work and returning to the West Country to live for a time with Tom Poole. This essay discusses Coleridge’s past history with Purkis, Coleridge’s current situation with the Morning...
SURF III: the next-generation radiometric storage ring facility at NIST

The National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD is upgrading the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF II) electron storage ring to serve as an absolute radiometric standard of unprecedented accuracy spanning the soft x-ray through infrared spectral regions. Major upgrades in the storage ring magnet system will substantially improve the uniformity of the magnetic field accelerating the stored electrons, and permit the new facility (SURF III) to operate at higher electron energies, extending the useful spectral range to at least 600 eV (about 2 nm). Parallel improvements in radiometric measurement of stored electron current will reduce the absolute spectral irradiance uncertainty in SURF III to about 0.5% or less from the infrared through far ultraviolet spectral range. A recently completed cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer will be used for high accuracy radiometry (0.1% order absolute uncertainty) exploiting SURF as a bright ultraviolet source. These developments will reduce the uncertainty in SURF-based ultraviolet radiometry by a factor of two to five, depending on wavelength and application. We will review the current states of ultraviolet radiometry at SURF II, discuss the SURF III storage ring upgrade, and outline the new radiometry programs planned for SURF III.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative Trait Loci Conditioning Resistance to Phaeosphaeria Leaf Spot of Maize Caused by Phaeosphaeria maydis.

Carson, M. L., Stuber, C. W., and Senior, M. L. 2005. Quantitative trait loci conditioning resistance to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot of maize caused by Phaeosphaeria maydis. Plant Dis. 89:571574. Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) is a potentially important disease of maize (Zea mays) that has appeared in winter breeding nurseries in southern Florida. Inbred lines related to B73 are particularly susceptible to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot, whereas inbreds related to Mo17 are highly resistant. A previous study of the inheritance of resistance to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot in the cross B73 × Mo17 found that resistance is highly heritable and controlled by mostly additive gene action at three or four loci. In this study, we used 158 recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from the cross B73 × Mo17 to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) governing resistance. The RI lines along with the parent inbred lines and the F1 were evaluated for PLS resistance in replicated trials over two winter growing seasons in southern Florida. Using the composite interval mapping (CIM) function of PLABQTL software, five QTL on four different chromosomes were found to control PLS resistance in Mo17. In addition, the additive × additive interaction between two of these QTL was found to be significant. Our results are in close agreement with the previous study, where generation mean analysis was used to study the inheritance of resistance to PLS.
Schizophrenia research participants' responses to protocol safeguards: recruitment, consent, and debriefing.

Abstract Objective : To examine the perspectives and preferences regarding ethically important aspects of recruitment, consent, and debriefing of people with schizophrenia who volunteered for research protocols. Method : A structured interview to assess research-related views of people with schizophrenia was developed and piloted. Data collection occurred at three sites. For this analysis, we examined the subset of responses from schizophrenia patients currently enrolled in a protocol. Results : Data from 28 schizophrenia research volunteers were analyzed. Of these, 22 were men and 11 were voluntary inpatients. Most ( n =23) recalled speaking with someone before enrolling in the protocol, and most ( n =26) reported trusting the person who told them about it. Participants reported a moderate understanding of their protocols. All but one person ( n =27) remembered signing a consent form. Twenty-one volunteers indicated that consent forms are meant to help both the patient and the researcher. Most ( n =23) reported making the enrollment decision alone, with 22 making this decision prior to reviewing the consent form. The decision was described as relatively easy. Respondents felt some pressure to enroll, with women experiencing more pressure. Debriefing practices were strongly endorsed by participants. All 28 of the volunteers wished to be informed if a health problem (i.e., “something wrong”) was discovered during the protocol. Conclusion : The persons living with schizophrenia who were interviewed for this project expressed interesting perspectives and preferences regarding ethically important aspects of recruitment, consent, and debriefing in clinical research that may help guide efforts to make research processes more attuned to participants and merit further inquiry.
SECRETION OF ACID HYDROLASES AND ITS INTRACELLULAR SOURCE IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

Axenic Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, mating type II cells were grown in Cox's defined medium. When washed and transferred into nonnutrient dilute salt solution or resuspended in the defined medium, the intact cells secrete acid hydrolases into the medium. Cells starving in the salt solution release in 5 hr about two-thirds of their β-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, α-glucosidase, and amylase activities, about one-third of their deoxyribonuclease and phosphatase activities, smaller amounts of ribonuclease, and only a negligible fraction of their proteinase activity and protein content. During this period there is practically no change in the enzyme activities (except for a sudden increase of ribonuclease activity) and protein content of cells and medium together. Cells resuspended in the nutrient medium secrete enzymes as do the starved cells, but replace this loss, so that there is a continuous increase of the activities in the total system. According to isopycnic centrifugation experiments performed in sucrose gradients, the source of the hydrolases is a special population of lysosomes which disappear from the cells during starvation. This population equilibrates in the high density region of the gradients and contains the various acid hydrolases in about the proportion in which these enzymes appear in the medium.
A simple method for C-6 modification of guanine nucleosides.

A facile method for the introduction of various substituents at the C-6 position of guanosine and 2′-deoxyguanosine is reported. In a simple, 1-step transformation, tert-butyldimethylsilyl protected guanosine and 2′-deoxyguanosine were converted to the O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl) derivatives via reaction with 1H-benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7ene (DBU). The easily isolated, stable and storable, O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl) guanosine derivatives upon exposure to a range of nucleophiles, under appropriate conditions, led to the C-6 modified 2-amino purine nucleoside analogues in good yields.
Geometric transitions and dynamical SUSY breaking

Abstract We show that the physics of D-brane theories that exhibit dynamical SUSY breaking due to stringy instanton effects is well captured by geometric transitions, which recast the nonperturbative superpotential as a classical flux superpotential. This allows for simple engineering of Fayet, Polonyi, O'Raifeartaigh, and other canonical models of supersymmetry breaking in which an exponentially small scale of breaking can be understood either as coming from stringy instantons or as arising from the classical dynamics of fluxes.
Activity-travel patterns of nonworkers in the San Francisco Bay area: Exploratory analysis

Analysis of activity-travel patterns is an important component of any activity-based transportation planning exercise. Most of the current activity-travel literature focuses on studying the characteristics of workers. In comparison, little emphasis has been placed on studying non-worker activity-travel patterns. The results of an exploratory analysis of the activity-travel patterns of nonworkers in the San Francisco Bay Area are presented. The attributes of a nonworker's overall activity-travel pattern are examined in terms of three dimensions: number of stops of each activity type, trip chaining, and the temporal sequencing of activities. Implications for transportation planning and policy analysis are discussed.
Noise in MOS bucket-brigade devices

Previous calculations of noise in bucket-brigade devices (BBD's) have ignored subthreshold leakage current even though BBD's operate in the subthreshold region over most of their useful frequency range. In this work, subthreshold leakage is included in the calculation, but surprisingly, it makes little difference in the end result. The noise spectrum in p-channel BBD's is measured and agrees well with the calculated noise spectrum which includes the effects of correlation between noise packets, imperfect charge transfer efficiency, and output circuitry.
Kripke on Wittgenstein on Regulation

One should remember that Kripke says that he does not understand Wittgenstein's attack on an 'object and designation' model for sensation language1 and that he has 'not really discussed Wittgenstein's positive account of the nature of sensation language and of the attribution of psychological states'.2 He excuses himself for this omission by claiming that the 'basic private language argument precedes these passages, and that only by understanding the sceptical and paradoxical formulation of the problem can we begin to comprehend' the positive account that follows.3 I want to point out that he has not understood even the preceding part of Philosophical Investigations (PI) where Wittgenstein discusses being guided with and without rules, algorithmic and otherwise, and what it is for something to 'mean' something. The main reason for Kripke's failure is his (traditional and essentialist) belief that psychological states (sensations in particular) are first subjectively encountered in a first-person way, then understood by extrapolating the experience to others. As ducks first directly encountered in your backyard teach you what ducks are like anywhere and anywhen. A quotation before I get down to the business of paradox and scepticism which Kripke makes so much of because of the above failure: 'We have sensations or sensation qualia that we can perfectly well identify but that have no natural external manifestation'.5 Given this-C. I. Lewis's picture of psychological data-for which the 'evidence'6 of avowals and other behaviour is required and which accommodates scepticism-it is little wonder that Kripke repeatedly refers to them as inner'), thus excluding Wittgenstein's main contention-his 'positive account'-that on occasion, one as patently 'sees' another's psychological condition as his own. (Quotations for this are given below.) Kripke
Direct-to-consumer marketing of osteoporosis drugs and bone densitometry

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether there is an association between a woman's exposure to direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements for 2 osteoporosis drugs and presentation for bone densitometry.METHODS:A matched case–control study was conducted between October and December 1998 at an academic primary care clinic in Seattle, WA. Seventeen women from the study population (aged ≥18 y, seen in the previous 2 y at the academic primary care clinic) presented for bone densitometry. All 51 women completed a self-administered questionnaire.RESULTS:Women familiar with 1 of 2 osteoporosis drugs due to exposure to advertisements had 9 times the odds of densitometry (unadjusted OR 9.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 86). Multivariate analysis, including confounders such as education level and whether a woman had previously had 3 screening tests (mammography, Pap smear, serum cholesterol), revealed a significant and strong association between exposure to advertisements and densitometry (adjusted OR 29, 95% CI 1.6 to 511).CONCLUSIONS:DTC mar...
Megacystis with an anterior urethral valve: case report and review of literature

Fetal megacystis, an abnormally enlarged bladder identified at any gestational age, may be transient and resolve spontaneously or may be an early manifestation of bladder outlet obstruction. Anterior urethral valves are the most common cause of the rare condition of congenital obstruction of the anterior urethra. Herein is reported the prenatal observation and postnatal management of a case of megacystis with anterior urethral valves. The etiology is reviewed and strategies recommended for patients with these rare entities.
Conceptual estimating tool for technology-driven projects: exploring parametric estimating technique

This paper examines a parametric estimating technique applied to technology-driven projects. Parametric cost estimating is a widely used approach for bidding on a contract, input into a cost benefit analysis, or as the pre-planning tool for project implementation. Extensive literature reviews suggest that effective parametric estimating methodology is becoming an essential tool for technology-driven organizations. The use of parametric estimating in budgeting, scheduling, and control of projects will enhance the ability of project management organizations to effectively and efficiently utilize valuable resources. The benefit of parametric estimating is its use as an estimating model for better determining potential resource requirements during the project pre-planning and conceptual phase.
Instrumental variables estimation with many weak instruments using regularized JIVE

Abstract We consider instrumental variables regression in models where the number of available instruments may be larger than the sample size and consistent model selection in the first stage may not be possible. Such a situation may arise when there are many weak instruments. With many weak instruments, existing approaches to first-stage regularization can lead to a large bias relative to standard errors. We propose a jackknife instrumental variables estimator (JIVE) with regularization at each jackknife iteration that helps alleviate this bias. We derive the limiting behavior for a ridge-regularized JIV estimator (RJIVE), verifying that the RJIVE is consistent and asymptotically normal under conditions which allow for more instruments than observations and do not require consistent model selection. We provide simulation results that demonstrate the proposed RJIVE performs favorably in terms of size of tests and risk properties relative to other many-weak instrument estimation strategies in high-dimensional settings. We also apply the RJIVE to the Angrist and Krueger (1991) example where it performs favorably relative to other many-instrument robust procedures.
The global recession of 2009 in a long‐term development perspective

This paper argues that the global recession of 2009 marks the ending of a global development cycle which began in the early 1950s. The long-wave rhythm of production and prices in the global development cycle is generated by the life cycle of investment and innovation during a technological revolution, related changes in supply and demand for natural resources, and inertia and transformation in the socio-institutional framework within which development takes place. From this perspective, the global recession is interpreted as a blocked structural transition. Whilst failings in the financial system triggered the global financial crisis, that crisis and the recession are more deeply rooted in contradictions in the global development trajectory. A paradigm shift in development theory and practice is a crucial element of the socio-institutional transformation now necessary to re-boot the global development cycle. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MARINE RADIATIONS AT SMALL GEOGRAPHIC SCALES: SPECIATION IN NEOTROPICAL REEF GOBIES (ELACATINUS)

Studies of speciation in the marine environment have historically compared broad-scale distributions and estimated larval dispersal potential to infer the geographic barriers responsible for allopatric speciation. However, many marine clades show high species diversity in geographically restricted areas where barriers are not obvious and estimated dispersal potential should bring many sister taxa into contact. Genetic differentiation at small (separation <1000 km) spatial scales could facilitate speciation by mechanisms other than the gradual accumulation of reproductive isolation during extended allopatry, such as ecological adaptation to local environmental conditions or the rapid evolution of genes tied to mate recognition, but the role of each of these possibilities has not been simultaneously explored for any species-rich marine taxon. Here, we develop a robust phylogenetic framework for 31 taxa from a species-rich group of Neotropical reef fishes (Gobiidae: Elacatinus) using 3230 bp from one mitochondrial and two nuclear gene regions. We use this framework to explore the contribution of large- and small-scale geographic isolation, ecological differentiation, and coloration toward the formation and maintenance of species. Although species of Elacatinus occur on both sides of the Isthmus of Panama, no sister species are separated by this barrier. Instead, our results indicate that sister taxa occur within oceans. Sister taxa usually differ by coloration, and more distantly related sympatric species frequently differ by resource use. This suggests that some combination of coloration and ecological differences may facilitate assortative mating at range boundaries or in sympatry. Overall, speciation in Elacatinus is consistent with a model of recurring adaptive radiations in stages taking place at small geographic scales.
Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering Investigation of Ordering Kinetics in Fe3Ai

We have investigated the kinetics of the B2/DO3 transition in Fe3Al (28 at. %) using in situ time-resolved x-ray scattering. In these experiments, the evolution of the diffuse and/or Bragg intensity near the (½½½) DO3 superlattice peak is observed after the temperature of the sample is abruptly changed. Here we present results for the kinetics of re-equilibration of short-range order within the disordered (B2) phase, and of short- and long-range order within the ordered (DO3) phase. The short-range order is characterized by the diffuse peak intensity IDIFFUSE and correlation length 5m;the long-range order is characterized by the Bragg intensity IBRAGG. For quenches within the disordered phase, IDIFFUSE and 5m both relax exponentially at the same rate. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time shows evidence of a divergence at the critical temperature. For shallow quenches within the ordered phase, IBRAGG, IDIFFUSE and 5m all relax exponentially, but with different rates. However, for deep quenches within the ordered phase, IDIFFUSE and 5m do not show simple exponential relaxation. Instead, coarsening of short-range order into long-range order is seen, as in quenches from the disordered phase into the ordered phase. Investigation of up-quenches and down-quenches to the same temperature within the ordered phase indicates that disordering is faster than ordering.
Phosphonate Finishes for Fire-Retardant, Durable-Press Cotton

Continuing efforts to develop an economical flame-retardant, durable-press finish for 100% cotton fabric are described. A system based on the reaction product of guanidines, dimethyl phosphite, and formaldehyde (GDMPF), applied by a conventional pad-dry-curve process, gives fabrics with excellent flame retardance durable for over 50 home launderings. Dry crease recovery is in the range 220°-270°, depending on fabric construction and weight. A second system based on the in situ reaction of methyl phosphonic acid (MPA) and cyanamide, applied by a pad-dry-cure process at low pH, gives flame retardance durable for over 50 home launderings at add-ons of less than 10%. Fabrics have moderate crease recovery with excellent hand and strength retention. Phosphorus-nitrogen synergism and the role played by calcium in the deactivation of phosphonate finishes are also discussed.
Childhood Residential Stability and Health at Midlife

Objectives. This study examined the association between 2 dimensions of adults’ self-rated health and residential stability in childhood. Methods. Using data from the nationally representative survey Midlife in the United States, I assessed the impact of neighborhood and family stability on positive perceptions of global health and mental health in midlife. Results. Neighborhood stability in childhood is associated with a significant increase in the likelihood that an individual will rate his or her global health highly in midlife. Both neighborhood and family stability are positively associated with good mental health in midlife. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that both childhood family stability and adult social context are associated with health outcomes later in life. (Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1144–1148)
Childhood trauma, borderline personality symptomatology, and psychophysiological and pain disorders in adulthood

In the empirical literature, there is support for the idea of a relationship between childhood trauma and various psychophysiological as well as pain disorders, and between borderline personality symptomatology and somatic preoccupation, as well as chronic pain. However, to date, no single study has examined the relationships between childhood trauma and borderline personality symptomatology, and the number of psychophysiological and pain disorders in adulthood. In this study, the authors examined these relationships and found no significant correlation between borderline personality symptomatology and the number of psychophysiological and pain disorders. However, there were positive and significant correlations between childhood physical abuse, emotional abuse, and witnessing violence and the number of psychophysiological and pain disorders in adulthood. Using hierarchical-regression analyses to determine which specific childhood traumas significantly predicted the number of psychophysiological and pain disorders, only witnessing violence emerged, accounting for 12% of the variance. These data suggest that a general factor associated with various forms of trauma predicts number of psychophysiological and pain disorders and that a specific predictor may be witnessing violence in childhood.
Multicopy Plasmids Affect Replisome Positioning in Bacillus subtilis

The DNA replication machinery, various regions of the chromosome, and some plasmids occupy characteristic subcellular positions in bacterial cells. We visualized the location of a multicopy plasmid, pHP13, in living cells of Bacillus subtilis using an array of lac operators and LacI-green fluorescent protein (GFP). In the majority of cells, plasmids appeared to be highly mobile and randomly distributed. In a small fraction of cells, there appeared to be clusters of plasmids located predominantly at or near a cell pole. We also monitored the effects of the presence of multicopy plasmids on the position of DNA polymerase using a fusion of a subunit of DNA polymerase to GFP. Many of the plasmid-containing cells had extra foci of the replisome, and these were often found at uncharacteristic locations in the cell. Some of the replisome foci were dynamic and highly mobile, similar to what was observed for the plasmid. In contrast, replisome foci in plasmid-free cells were relatively stationary. Our results indicate that in B. subtilis, plasmid-associated replisomes are recruited to the subcellular position of the plasmid. Extending this notion to the chromosome, we postulated that the subcellular position of the chromosomally associated replisome is established by the subcellular location of oriC at the time of initiation of replication.
Long-term suppressor cell lines. I: Demonstration of suppressive function

Suppressor T cell (Ts) lines have been generated and maintained in culture for over one year. Cells from these lines suppress proliferation by primed lymph node cells and antibody production by primed spleen cells. Ts were originally obtained from either spleens of mice rendered tolerant to human gamma globulin (HGG) or short-term cultures of normal spleen cells. Ts from these two sources have previously been shown to exhibit antigen specificity in that only HGG-specific immune responses were suppressed. Prolonged culture of Ts, however, leads to 2 events: (a) an enrichment for suppressive activity in the cultures; and (b) a polyclonal activation of Ts which is demonstrated by the acquired ability of Ts cell lines to regulate responses to antigens other than HGG. Ts cell lines still contain HGG-specific Ts which can be isolated by their capacity to bind to HGG-coated plates. Only HGG-specific immune responses are suppressed by the HGG-binding Ts.
Diffusion in mixed solvents

The transport of toluene in n-hexane-n-tetradecane; n-hexane- cyclohexane; and cyclohexane-n-decane was investigated. The entire binary composition range in each of the solvents was covered. The experimental diffusivity, viscosity, and density data for the systems are tabulated. The binary diffusivity data were between 5 to 9% higher than those previously reponted by others either because of differences in solvent purity or possibiy because of the previous utilization of Beer's law in the spectrophotometric analyses. (P.C.H.)