cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of the pectoral girdle of the Leopard frog, Rana pipiens (Anura: Ranidae)

This article describes the growth of the anuran pectoral girdle of Rana pipiens and compares skeletal development of the shoulder to that of long bones. The pectoral girdle chondrifies as two halves, each adjacent to a developing humerus. In each, the scapula and coracoid form as single foci of condensed chondrocytes that fuse, creating a cartilaginous glenoid bridge articulating with the humerus. Based on histological sections, both the dermal clavicle and cleithrum begin to ossify at approximately the same time as the periosteum forms around the endochondral bones. The dermal and endochondral bones of the girdle form immobile joints with neighboring girdle elements; however, the cellular organization and growth pattern of the scapula and coracoid closely resemble those of a long bone. Similar to a long bone epiphysis, distal margins of both endochondral elements have zones of hyaline, stratified, and hypertrophic cartilages. As a result, fused elements of the girdle can grow without altering the glenoid articulation with the humerus. Comparisons of anuran long bone and pectoral girdle growth suggest that different bones can have similar histology and development regardless of adult morphology.
Managing the patient with psychiatric issues in dermatologic practice

Patients often communicate emotions through their bodies and physical symptoms; the skin commonly serves as a means of expression in the patient-doctor relationship. It is important for the dermatologist to be able to indentify psychological issues that manifest in the skin and the interplay between psychiatric and dermatologic conditions. Delusional parasitosis, dermatitis artefacta, trichotillomania, and somatoform disorders all represent dermatologic conditions with underlying emotional causes. Many chronic dermatoses, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne, modulate and are influenced by psychosocial factors. Special issues, including significant medication interactions and the treatment of the "difficult" patient, are reviewed.
James Mark Baldwin: A bridge between social and cognitive theories of development

Traditionally, developmental psychology has been characterized by two approaches, one predominantly social and the other, cognitive. Despite this separatism, develop-mentalists have expressed the need for a better understanding of how these two facets of the person interact - a need for a better account of development within the person as a whole. However, such an integration has been difficult given the incompatibility of underlying assumptions guiding these two areas of inquiry. James Mark Baldwin's integration of social and cognitive development into one theory highlights the utility of historical analyses for further progress in the field. In this paper, Baldwin's dialectical theory of personal growth is placed in historical context, highlighting similarities and differences between his approach and that taken by Piaget, and the legacy of his theory in current theory and research. The importance of self, the development of knowledge in the context of social relationships and the function of imitation are emphasized.
The synthesis of compound bands in Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland chromosomes

Small chromosome aberrations were utilized to construct compound bands in the 3C region of Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland chromosomes. The results imply that one should expect to find multiple functions associated with single bands, especially heavy bands. It is suggested that the natural occurrence of compound bands needs to be recognized and that exceptions to the one gene: one band correspondence are expected to occur.
Transient Response of Solid State Detectors

The response of certain solid state detectors to large bursts of ionizing particles has been investigated for the purpose of determining what detectors are suitable for recording accurately the sizes and shapes of rapidly changing ionizing flux. Basic design details for a gamma ray detector with response proportional to the incident energy flux are given.
Prolog to the future

The series of 'Time-Sharing System Scorecards' published from 1965-7 by the Computer Research Corp. chronicles the development of time-sharing systems in research organizations (universities and laboratories) and the expectations for commercial offerings. The last of these scorecards (reproduced in the article) shows a stage of development when time-sharing was still new enough to be a research effort and not quite mature enough to be commonplace. >
LYRATE Is a Key Regulator of Leaflet Initiation and Lamina Outgrowth in Tomato

Development of the flattened laminar structure in plant leaves requires highly regulated cell division and expansion patterns. Although tight regulation of these processes is essential during leaf development, leaf shape is highly diverse across the plant kingdom, implying that patterning of growth must be amenable to evolutionary change. Here, we describe the molecular identification of the classical tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant lyrate, which is impaired in outgrowth of leaflet primodia and laminar tissues during compound leaf development. We found that the lyrate phenotype results from a loss-of-function mutation of the tomato JAGGED homolog, a well-described positive regulator of cell division in lateral organs. We demonstrate that LYRATE coordinates lateral outgrowth in the compound leaves of tomato by interacting with both the KNOX and auxin transcriptional networks and suggest that evolutionary changes in LYRATE expression may contribute to the fundamental difference between compound and simple leaves.
Is Self-Esteem the Primary Predictor of Disordered Eating?

This study examined whether self-esteem is the primary predictor of disordered eating. A survey measured levels of self-esteem and a variety of other health behaviors in 196 male and 263 female undergraduate students. We conducted stepwise regressions to determine which of several variables (self-esteem, high stress, poor coping skills, maladaptive perfectionism, gender) best predicted disordered eating. The results indicated that self-esteem was the secondary predictor for bulimia, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction. Future research should further investigate how self-esteem interacts with other predictor variables to better determine the relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating.
Identification of N-Acetylglucosamine-α-1-Phosphate Transferase Activity in Dictyostelium Discoideum : An Enzyme That Initiates Phosphoglycosylation

A lysosomal proteinase from Dictyostelium discoideum was previously shown to have GlcNAc alpha-1-P residues in phosphodiester linkage to serine. We have identified a GlcNAc-alpha-1-P transferase activity in membrane preparations using UDP[3H]GlcNAc and a peptide acceptor with three tandem Ser-Gly repeats. We established an assay, proved the structure of the product, determined the Kms for donor and acceptor and showed that the glycopeptide binds a GlcNAc-alpha-1-P specific rabbit antibody. These findings provide the tools to search for mutants lacking GlcNAc-alpha-1-P transferase activity as a probe for the function of this modification we call phosphoglycosylation.
An initial-value method for the determination of Green's functions

The convergence of an initial-value method for computing the Green's function of a class of second-order differential operators is established. The proof relies on an interpolation procedure which is shown to generalize the Nystrom method for Fredholm integral equations. The approximate Green's function is related to the solution of a discrete summation equation. The results of Anselone and Moore on collectively compact operators are then applied.
Pulsed Field Ionization Electron Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure of Aluminum Uracil

Al-uracil (Al-C 4 H 4 N 2 O 2 ) was synthesized in a laser-vaporization supersonic molecular beam source and studied with pulsed field ionization-zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). The DFT calculations predicted several low-energy Al-uracil isomers with Al binding to the diketo, keto-enol, and dienol tautomers of uracil. The ZEKE spectroscopic measurements of Al-uracil determined the ionization energy of 43 064(5) cm -1 [or 5.340(6) eV] and a vibrational mode of 51 cm -1 for the neutral complex and several vibrational modes of 51, 303, 614, and 739 cm -1 for the ionized species. Combination of the ZEEK spectrum with the DFT and Franck-Condon factor calculations determined the preferred isomeric structure and electronic states of the Al-uracil complex. This isomer is formed by Al binding to the 04 atom of the diketo tautomer of uracil and has a planar C s symmetry. The ground electronic states of the neutral and ionized species are 2A" and 1 A', respectively. The 2A" neutral state has a slightly shorter Al-O4 distance than the 1 A' ion state. However, the 1 A' ion state has stronger metal-ligand binding compared to the 2A" state. The increased Al-04 distance from the 2 A" state to the 1 A' state is attributed to the loss of the π binding interaction between Al and 04 in the singlet ion state, whereas the increased metal-ligand binding strength is due to the additional charge-dipole interaction in the ion that surpasses the loss of the π orbital interaction.
What is successful adaptation of lesson study in the US

This paper features a case study of one US K-8 school district pioneering the use of “lesson study,” a teacher professional development approach adapted from Japan. The case explores events that occurred in the district over more than 4 years (Spring 2000–Fall 2004) as lesson study spread nationally and within the district. We document four categories of changes that occurred in the district’s lesson study approach, and describe some of the early consequences of these changes as well as conditions that enabled the changes to occur. We argue that this case illustrates much of what we would hope to see in a maturing lesson study effort, and conclude that other US sites may need to go through similar changes, organize similar supports, and persist in their learning about lesson study to successfully adapt this model to their local contexts.
Two-dimensional drift velocities from the IMAGE EUV plasmaspheric imager

Abstract The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration ( IMAGE) Mission extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager observes He + plasmaspheric ions throughout the inner magnetosphere. Limited by ionizing radiation and viewing close to the sun, images of the He + distribution are available every 10 min for many hours as the spacecraft passes through apogee in its highly elliptical orbit. As a consistent constituent at about 15%, He + is an excellent surrogate for monitoring all of the processes that control the dynamics of plasmaspheric plasma. In particular, the motion of He + transverse to the ambient magnetic field is a direct indication of convective electric fields. The analysis of boundary motions has already achieved new insights into the electrodynamic coupling processes taking place between energetic magnetospheric plasmas and the ionosphere. Yet to be fulfilled, however, is the original promise that global EUV images of the plasmasphere might yield two-dimensional pictures of mesoscale to macroscale electric fields in the inner magnetosphere. This work details the technique and initial application of an IMAGE EUV analysis that appears capable of following thermal plasma motion on a global basis.
Religion and Public Administration – The Unacknowledged Common (and Competitive) Ground

Abstract When the soul is neglected … it appears symptomatically in obsessions, addictions, violence, and loss of meaning. – Thomas Moore Traditional public administration is a function of governance. Tasks should be carried out effectively, and in a way that enhances the sense of community. For social services, meeting the demands of both body and spirit are important. Toward the end of the twentieth century the demands for efficiency, lowest cost provider, and separation of church and state curtailed the public administrator's ability to meet other than needs of the body. Contracting out, often through faith-based organizations, challenges public administrators to meet clients’ needs of the spirit.
Microwave, r0 structural parameters, conformational stability and vibrational assignment of cyclopropylcyanosilane

Abstract The FT-microwave spectrum (6000–19,800 MHz) of cyclopropylcyanosilane, c-C3H5SiH2CN has been recorded and 773 transitions for the 28Si, 29Si, 30Si, 13C and 15N isotopomers have been assigned for cis and gauche conformers. Infrared spectra (3200–220 cm−1) of gas and Raman spectra (3200–40 cm−1) of the liquid have been recorded as well as the variable temperature (−60 to −100 °C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon. The enthalpy difference between the conformers in xenon solutions has been determined to be 123 ± 13 cm−1 (1.47 ± 0.16 kJ mol−1) with the cis conformer as the more stable form. Approximately 48 ± 2% of the cis form is present at ambient temperature. By utilizing the microwave rotational constants of six isotopomers for cis and seven isotopomers for gauche combined with the structural parameters predicted from MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations, adjusted r0 parameters have been obtained for both conformers.
Protein synthesis inhibitors attenuate seizures induced in rats by lithium plus pilocarpine.

The effects of two protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and anisomycin, were tested on seizures induced by coadministration of lithium and pilocarpine to rats. Systemic cycloheximide (2 mg/kg, s.c.) and centrally administered anisomycin (300 micrograms/10 microliters, i.c.v.) doubled the latency to initiation of seizures and to status epilepticus, while peripherally administered anisomycin (50 mg/kg, s.c.) completely blocked lithium-pilocarpine seizures. These results indicate that protein synthesis is required for initiation of seizures.
CLOSING THE LOOP BETWEEN MAN AND MACHINE: MITIGATING HAZARDOUS STATES OF AWARENESS WITH ADAPTIVE AUTOMATION

Background: The past century of passenger fl ight has seen continuous improvement in aviation safety by aerospace industry and the research community. However, while commercial aviation accident rates have continued to decline, human error-related incident and accident rates remain remarkably constant across all types of aviation. Unfortunately, this level of human error is unacceptable when considering projections for increased traffi c volume, and is likely to yield more incidents and accidents unless a more complete understanding of operator error is achieved and remediations are implemented. One area of interest highlighted by researchers is Hazardous States of Awareness (HSAs) that can result from defi ciencies in the design and inappropriate use of human-machine interfaces. Identifying and mitigating HSAs is critical for reducing operator errors. One promising approach uses psychophysiological measures which enable automated systems to adapt to the operator’s state and modify modes of operation to support optimal human performance. This paper will survey previous research and describe future directions for the application of psychophysiological measures of operators derived from cortical and autonomic assessment to perform real-time adaptive modulation of human-automation interactions.
Failure to Reverse Prolonged Vecuronium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade with Edrophonium in an Anesthetized Dog

A case of prolonged muscle relaxation after vecuronium in an anesthetized dog is presented. After using peripheral nerve stimulation to confirm partial recovery of neuromuscular transmission, administration of 0.5 mg/kg IV of intravenous edrophonium failed to complete the reversal process. Subsequent administration of neostigmine resulted in complete recovery from blockade. Without monitoring neuromuscular function with a peripheral nerve stimulator until reversal was complete, it was very likely this patient would have been extubated with incomplete neuromuscular transmission. Several factors affecting the duration of neuromuscular blockade and its reversal are addressed.
Highly polymorphic microsatellite dna markers for sugarcane germplasm evaluation and variety identity testing

The objective of this study was to evaluate the entire set of 221 sugarcane microsatellite (SSR) markers from the International Sugarcane Microsatellite Consortium for their utility on molecular characterization of elite U.S. germplasm. Five elite U.S. sugarcane clones were tested, including two cultivars LCP 85-384 and HoCP 96-540 from Louisiana, two cultivars CP 72-1210 and CP 85-1308 from Florida, and Green German, an active parental clone used in both states. The 5’ ends of all forward primers were labeled with the fluorescent phosphoramidite dye, FAM and PCR-amplified DNA fragments detected using a semi-automatic capillary electrophoresis system. The sizes of DNA fragments were computed accurately by running genotyping software calibrated against 16 fluorescence-labeled DNA size standard fragments. Evaluation criteria included PCR robustness, extent of the presence of irregular peaks, and the polymorphism information content (PIC). Sixty-seven SSR markers (30% of the total) were found to be highly robust, with PIC values ranging from 56% to 80%. Of these, 40 (60%) markers contained dinucleotide repeats, 11 (16%) markers contained trinucleotide repeats, and 16 (24%) markers contained composite repeats. A total of 467 alleles were scored, of which 350 were polymorphic, averaging five polymorphic alleles per marker, with their sizes ranging from 80 to 460 bp. Several of these highly polymorphic SSR markers have proven useful in sugarcane germplasm evaluation, variety identity tests, cross fidelity assessment, and polycross paternity analysis.
Ultraviolet-B radiation screening effectiveness of reproductive organs in Hesperis matronalis

Abstract We assessed the ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280–320 nm) screening effectiveness of reproductive organs (sepals, petals and ovaries) of naturally growing Hesperis matronalis L. (dame's rocket, Brassicaceae) plants by measuring surface reflectance, epidermal and whole-organ transmittance and depth of penetration of 300 nm UV-B. We also measured the concentration of UV-B absorbing compounds in these organs (as well as pollen) to provide explanations for differences in their UV-B screening abilities. Surface reflectance of UV-B was less than 4% and was similar in sepals, petals and sides of ovaries. Ultraviolet-B penetrated (assessed as 1% of incident) an average of 275 μm and 384 μm into sepals and petals, respectively. In contrast, UV-B penetrated only 140 μm into the side of ovaries (measured mid-way between the base of the ovary and the stigma) and 108 μm into the stigma toward the ovary. Thus, UV-B was attenuated well before reaching the ovules which were over 500 μm within the sides of the ovaries and over 4000 μm below the stigma surface. This relatively effective attenuation of UV-B by the ovary was probably due to high concentrations of UV-B absorbing compounds which averaged more than twice those found in sepals and petals on a silhouette-area basis. Although their small size prevented us from measuring UV-B penetration, pollen grains also contained very high concentrations of UV-B absorbing compounds, averaging about 20 times those of sepals and petals on a silhouette-area basis. While this suggests that pollen of H. matronalis is effective at screening UV-B, the reported UV-B sensitivity of pollen suggests these high concentrations of absorbing compounds may not be completely effective in protecting the male gametes.
Estimation of the energy transfer function of a flat-plate solar water heater system

Abstract A residentially installed, commercially available flat-plate solar water heater system was instrumented to produce data typical of what might be expected from such systems under conditions of actual use. Input energy was taken to be the measured solar intensity times the collector area and output energy was that collected in the water storage tank. An input energy-output energy lumped parameter transfer function was estimated from the data using ordinary least squares regression and several statistical tests to elicit an optimal order for the model. The day-end energy efficiency was estimated from the model to be 28 per cent. The estimated transfer function was simulated to produce the model response to the actual solar energy input. A comparison of the model and actual captured energy responses agreed within the accuracy of the physical measurements. The model response to a ramp input of energy was also calculated in order to estimate the transient response time of the system. Equilibrium was achieved in approx. 78 min.
Synthesis, properties and X-ray structure of 5-azido-2-methoxy-1,3-xylyl-18-crown-5

5-Azido-2-methoxy-1,3-xylyl-18-crown-5 has been prepared by reacting p-toluenesulfonyl azide with the carbanion generated from the reaction of 5-bromo-2-methoxy-1,3-xylyl-18-crown-5 with n-butyl lithium. The asymmetric N3 stretch of this product has been observed as a single band at 2110 cm−1 in dichloromethane solution. Addition of solid NaSCN, KSCN and CsSCN shifts this band to 2115, 2113 and 2112 cm−1, respectively. Computational studies of this azide at the B3LYP-6-31G* level in the presence and absence of Na+ predicted these bands to be at 2173 cm−1 and 2184 cm−1. For the salt-containing solutions, additional bands were observed at 2066 cm−1, 2056 cm−1 and 2055 cm−1, respectively, which are in the range expected for CN stretches. The X-ray structure of this azide has been determined. The terminal and internal NN bond lengths were found to be 1.127(2) and 1.245(2) Δ, respectively, which is the usual pattern for aromatic azides. The crown ether is looped over the face of the aromatic ring resulting in an angle of 38.94° between the plane defined by the aromatic ring and that defined by the five ring oxygen atoms. In addition, the CH3 group is rotated out of the plane of the phenyl ring with C1-C18-O181-C182 and C17-C18-O181-C182 dihedral angles of 93.81(14)° and -90.54(14)°, respectively.
Forming electrical interconnections through semiconductor wafers

An information processing system based on CMOS/SOS technology is being developed by NASA to process digital image data collected by satellites. An array of holes is laser drilled in a semiconductor wafer, and a conductor is formed in the holes to fabricate electrical interconnections through the wafers. Six techniques are used to form conductors in the silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) wafers, including capillary wetting, wedge extrusion, wire intersection, electroless plating, electroforming, double-sided sputtering and through-hole electroplating. The respective strengths and weaknesses of these techniques are discussed and compared, with double-sided sputtering and the through-hole plating method achieving best results. In addition, hollow conductors provided by the technique are available for solder refill, providing a natural way of forming an electrically connected stack of SOS wafers.
Effect of Space Isomerism on the Squeezing out of an Unsaturated Compound from a Mixed Monolayer on an Aqueous Sub-solution

Effect of Space Isomerism on the Squeezing out of an Unsaturated Compound from a Mixed Monolayer on an Aqueous Sub-solution
Use of waste tire steel beads in Portland cement concrete

Abstract Large quantities of waste tires are generated every year. The proper disposal of the tires creates an increasing problem that needs to be addressed. Many researchers have investigated the use of recycled tire products in several traditional Civil Engineering materials. The use of crumb rubber and tire chips in Portland cement concrete has been the subject of many research projects over the last years. This study is focusing on the use of steel beads, a by-product of the tire recycling process, in concrete mixtures. Different concrete specimens were fabricated and tested in uniaxial compression and splitting tension. The main variable in the mixtures was the volumetric percentage of the steel beads. The experimental results indicate that although the compressive strength is reduced when steel beads are used, the toughness of the material greatly increases. Moreover, the workability of the mixtures fabricated was not significantly affected.
Men, Women, and Boys: Love and Sex in the Works of SA'DI

Comprising some 900 pages in the Furughi edition, the works of Sa'di include a variety of genres. The Kulliyyat (Complete Works) opens with six "Risalahs" (Homilies), containing orthodox religious and moral teachings. The homilies precede the worldly and anecdotal "Gulistan" (Rose Garden) and the more profound and spiritual "Bustan" (Orchard)--Sa'di's best known works. Next are the "Qasa'id" (Elegies, or Odes) in Persian and Arabic, the "Marasi" (Thronodies), and the "Mulamma'at" (Bilingual poems in Persian and Arabic). The "Tarji'at" (Stroplhe Poems), the "Tayyibat" (Sweet Poems), the "Badayi"' (Cunning Odes), the "Khavatim" (Gems), and "Ghazaliyyat-i qadim" (Old Sonnets)--altogether 300 pages in the Kulliyyat--consist mostly of love poems, covering the whole gamut of this emotion from the secular love of women and boys to the mystical love whose object is union with the divine. Miscellaneous shorter pieces appear at the end of the Kulliyyat under the headings "Sahibiyyah," "Masnaviyyat" (Couplets), "Qata'at" (Short Poems), "Ruba'iyyat" (Quatrains), and "Mufradat" (One-liners). Sa'di is also the author of "Khubsiyyat va majalis al-hazl" (Impure Things and Facetiae), better known as "Hazliyyat"2-crude pornographic pieces relegated to the end of the Kulliyyat in manuscripts and early editions, but altogether omitted from the Furughi edition.3 While most Sa'di scholars are somewhat apologetic about the "Hazliyyat," Alessandro Bausani sees these and similar writings as "the
Sodium X-type faujasite zeolite decomposition of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) to methylphosphonate: Nucleophilic zeolite reactions I

Abstract Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), used extensively as a nerve agent simulant, strongly adsorbs in X-type faujasite zeolite and undergoes nucleophilic substitution by the supercage oxygens. Solid state magic angle spinning (MAS) 31 P and cross polarization (CP) MAS 13 C NMR studies of the zeolite were performed after adsorption of DMMP into it. Methylphosphonate ions and possibly a framework methyl species are formed at low levels of water. The greater reactivity of NaX than the reactivity of NaY toward VX (phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S -[2-[bis(1-methylethyl)amino]ethyl] O -ethyl ester) and one of its simulants [G.W. Wagner, P.W. Bartram, Langmuir 15 (1999) 8113], may be attributable to the smaller Si:Al ratio of NaX. Consequently, the NaX framework oxygen atoms are more nucelophilic and supercage Na ions are present to attract the methylphosphonate ion leaving groups.
Low-dose warfarin prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic pulmonary embolism after total knee arthroplasty

Pulmonary embolism poses a risk to patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The selection of an appropriate prophylaxis agent and its implementation have been influenced by decreased duration of hospital stay and the pressures of cost containment. The purpose of this study was to determine the inpatient and outpatient pulmonary embolism rates, the number of days required to attain the target level of anticoagulation, and complications associated with the use of a low-dose warfarin prophylaxis protocol after primary and revision total knee arthroplasty. Between 1984 and 1993, there were 815 primary and revision total knee arthroplasties that received low-dose warfarin prophylaxis at our institution. The average time to attainment of the target level of anticoagulation was 3 days. The average duration of warfarin prophylaxis was 12 days. Overall, there were a total of three symptomatic pulmonary embolisms (0.3%; 95% confidence interval, 0.08%-1.1%). There were eight (1%) symptomatic deep vein thromboses (all distal). There were two deaths (0.3%), but neither one was secondary to a pulmonary embolism. Seventeen knees (2.5%) developed a hematoma after surgery, and two of these patients required drainage of the knee. Low-dose warfarin prophylaxis is safe and effective in preventing symptomatic pulmonary embolism after total knee arthroplasty.
Energetic Neutrons Leaking from the Top of the Atmosphere

The energy, angular, and latitude distributions of energetic neutrons (up to 2 GeV) leaking from the top of the atmosphere have been calculated. The results agree with the recent measurement of Preszler, Simnett, and White, whose leakage rates were well above the calculation of Lingenfelter. Since the spectrum of Lingenfelter has served for evaluating the cosmic-ray albedo-neutron decay (CRAND) source of energetic protons in Earth's inner radiation belt, it is suggested that the results reported here be used to reevaluate the CRAND contribution.
Effects of epilepsy treatments on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness: An evidence‐based review of objective sleep metrics

SummaryObjective Sleep is considered restorative, and good quantity and quality sleep is required for memory consolidation and synaptic plasticity. Sleep disorders are common in patients with epilepsy. Poor sleep quality or quantity may worsen seizure control. On the other end, seizures and epilepsy may worsen the sleep quality and set a vicious cycle. In addition, antiepileptic drugs have an effect on sleep architecture. We performed a systemic literature review with a goal to evaluate the effect of antiepileptic drugs and nondrug treatments for epilepsy on sleep architecture to help better understand treatment effects, especially in patients with epilepsy and sleep problems. Methods We searched PubMed and identified studies that evaluated objective sleep outcomes for an antiepileptic drug. We also searched for studies with objective sleep outcomes that evaluated other epilepsy treatments such as epilepsy surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, and ketogenic diet. Results The studies were categorized based on evidence class and study population for an individual antiepileptic drug or treatment. We identified that most antiepileptic drugs and nondrug treatments for epilepsy affect sleep architecture. Significance We identified that gabapentin, tiagabine, pregabalin, clobazam, and carbamazepine reduce sleep latency and/or improve sleep efficiency. Phenobarbital, valproic acid, and higher-dose levetiracetam aggravate daytime sleepiness, whereas topiramate and zonisamide do not. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces daytime sleepiness, and ketogenic diet improves slow-wave sleep. Epilepsy surgery may improve nocturnal sleep only in a subgroup of patients with improved seizure frequency. Further studies are needed to evaluate the dose-dependent sleep effects of antiepileptic drugs and nondrug treatments independent of the improvement of epilepsy, and to identify if these changes are clinically significant.
Ovarian Status Influenced the Rate of Body-Weight Change but not the Total Amount of Body-Weight Gained or Lost in Female CBA/J Mice

Previously we reported that prepubertally ovariectomized mice that received young, transplanted ovaries at a postreproductive age displayed a 40% increase in life expectancy. To study this increase in life expectancy in greater detail, prepubertally ovariectomized and ovary-intact CBA/J mice underwent ovarian transplantation at 11 months with 60-day-old ovaries or a sham surgery. Life span was significantly increased in transplant recipients. Body-weight changes of mice in each group were measured from the time of surgery (11 months) to death. Neither ovariectomy nor ovarian transplantation influenced the amount of peak body-weight attained or body-weight retained at death. However, the time (days) to peak body-weight was decreased by ovariectomy and ovarian transplant recipients displayed a trend toward an increase in time to peak weight. In addition, ovarian transplantation decreased the rate of weight loss to death. These results demonstrate that ovarian status, examined by means of ovariectomy and ovarian transplantation, clearly influenced the rate of weight change, but not the total amount of weight gain or loss in female mice.
Are we All Touching the Same Camel? Exploring a Model of Participation in Budgeting

Theory offers a vast quantity of normative prescriptions concerning citizen participation in budget decisions. Yet cities struggle with this activity and report unsatisfactory outcomes. Why does this occur? It may be because, similar to the parable of the blind men describing the different parts of the camel, the extant literature suggests so many variables but does not integrate what we know to see the whole picture, nor does it eliminate variables having little explanatory value and there has been limited systematic testing of hypotheses in this area. To manage the complexity caused by a multiplicity of variables, the authors test a causal model with four different factors (structure, participants, process, and mechanisms) thought to influence effective citizen participation outcomes on cases of two midwestern cities. In this limited application, the model shows promise for predictive validity.
Absolute Stroke Mortality Burden for Non-Hispanic Non-Latino Whites Was Disproportionately Higher Than Expected Simply Based on the US Population in 2001

Background and Purpose— The absolute burden of stroke is a major determinant of health care costs and should also be considered when developing and implementing effective health policy. This study evaluated the impact of specific racial-ethnic categorization on absolute stroke mortality burden and population percentages. Methods— In this population-based analysis, 2001 US data was used to compute absolute values of population and stroke mortality burden for white and black, and other racial–ethnic groups. To test the effect of age-mix, values were age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard population. The z test statistic was computed and a 2-tailed P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Result— Whites comprised a majority of the 2001 absolute US stroke mortality burden and US population (86% and 82%, respectively). Surprisingly, nHnL whites comprised a much higher percentage of the absolute US stroke mortality burden than expected based on their percentage of the US population alone (81% and 69%, resp...
Automated target morphing applied to objects in cluttered backgrounds

We describe an automated target tracking algorithm which is based on a linear spectral estimation technique, termed the PDFT algorithm. Typically, the PDFT algorithm is applied to obtain high resolution images from scattered field data by incorporating prior information about the target shape into the reconstruction process. In this investigation, the algorithm is used iteratively for determining the target location and a target signature which can be used as the input to an automated target recognition systems. The implementation and the evaluation of the algorithm is discussed in the context of low resolution imaging systems with special reference to foliage penetration radar and ground penetrating radar.
The possible influence of puberty on the release of growth hormone in three males with apparent isolated growth hormone deficiency.

Three males with short stature and delayed bone ages were found to have abnormal growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia and arginine infusion before puberty. After the onset of puberty they were found to have normal GH responses to hypoglycemia and/or arginine infusion. These findings are in accord with the suggestion that androgens may influence growth hormone release in some individuals who appear to have isolated growth hormone deficiency.
Boundary conditions for pn heterojunctions

Abstract Boundary conditions for the excess minority carrier concentrations at the space-charge region (SCR) edges are developed and used to evaluate the current-voltage characteristics of pn heterojunctions. Carrier transport by drift and diffusion within the SCR, by thermionic emission across the interface, and by minority carrier diffusion within the quasi-neutral bulk are included. When transport across the interface is slower than that across the SCR, the results reduce to the emission-diffusion model of Perlman and Feucht. Alternatively, when carrier transport within the SCR is the limiting process, a result analogous to the diffusion theory of metal-semiconductor diodes results. Finally, if the current is limited by minority carrier diffusion within the quasi-neutral bulk, the quasi-Fermi levels are constant within the SCR and the results are similar to those for pn homojunctions.
Free convective effects on stokes flow mass transfer

Free convective effects on forced convective mass transfer in the Stokes flow region were studied experimentally by using a single drop in a liquid-liquid system. Liquids used to form the drops were methyl acetate or 2-ethoxyethyl acetate with distilled water as the continuous medium. Spherical drops were formed on the capillary tip of a 0.58 cm. O.D. capillary glass tube centered in a 2.5 cm. O.D. pyrex tubular flow cell. Results are presented graphically as NSh vs. NPe, NSh vs. NRe, and NSh/NRa1/4 vs. NPe to show the variation of mass transfer with flow rate and free convection. The range of variables was 10 ≤ NPe ≤35,000; 0.1 ≤ NRe ≤ 30; 578 ≤ NSc ≤ 1,149; and 12.3 ≤ NGr ≤ 75.7. Satisfactory comparisons were also made with other investigators' findings. Results substantiate that at low flow rates (Reynolds number < 10, Peclet number < 1,000) free convective effects either reinforce or interfere with mass transfer. This interference takes place until flow becomes high enough to overcome interfering effects of free convection.
Splanchnic preganglionic neurons in man: II. Morphometry of myelinated fibers of T7 ventral spinal root.

The T7 ventral spinal root (VSR) was obtained under optimal conditions in 12 human cases. The number and diameter histogram of myelinated fibers per VSR were obtained from sampled photographic enlargements of tranverse sections of nerve embedded in epoxy. A trimodal diameter histogram was consistently obtained. Based on available evidence, most of the fibers of the large diameter peak probably are alpha motoneuron axons, most of the intermediate diameter peak probably are gamma motoneuron axons and most of the small diameter peak are preganglionic autonomic axons. The preganglionic fiber peak was at 2.5 μm and had, on the average 4198 fibers. The number of preganglionic fibers reliably reflected the intermediolateral column neuron cell body (ILC) counts previously done on the same cases at the corresponding level-in itself evidence that these tibers are axons of ILC neurons. There was a statistically significant attrition of preganglionic fibers with age. On the average, there was a loss of 340 fibers (8%) per decade, which is identical to the per cent of autonomic cytons lost per decade. This progressive attrition may provide the morphological basis for the postural hypotension of old age. The values obtained also provide important normative data for the three-dimensional pathologic and morphometric evaluation of the splanchnic preganglionic neurons in various neurologic disorders.
Regimes Map and Transition Boundaries for Immiscible Liquids Flow in Co-Axial Microtubes

This work numerically simulates immiscible liquids flow in co-axial microtubes and investigates the effects of changing the injection velocities and physical properties of the liquids and the diameters of the co-axial microtubes on the prevailing flow regimes for forming disperse droplets. These regimes are dripping, transition and jetting. The solution is validated by comparing the present results with those of reported numerical and experimental investigations in all three flow regimes. The generated motion picture movies of the computation domain for up to 18 cycles of forming disperse droplets, help determine not only the breakup mechanisms of the droplets but also the conditions for shifting among the three regimes. A dimensionless correlation is developed based on the present numerical results for predicting the boundary between the transition and the jetting regimes. The correlation is good agreement, to within ±10%, with numerical results and within 20% of the reported experimental measurements for ionized water and PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) mineral oil. A flow regime map of the dripping, transition and jetting regimes and of the condition for shifting among them is developed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Pilot Study on the Perceived Urgency of Multitone and Frequency-Modulated Warning Signals

In some environments, there is a serious mismatch between the perceived (psychoacoustic) urgency of a warning and its situational urgency. This pilot study investigated effect of pulse format, pulse duration, and time between pulses on the perceived urgency of warning signals. The intent was to determine the best combination of variables and levels of variables to use in a formal study on the perceived urgency of warning signals. The results indicated that only pulse format and time between pulses were significant. Subjects rated sequential pulses as being less urgent than any other format. Signals with shorter inter-pulse intervals were rated as significantly more urgent. Pulse format and time between pulses were determined to be variables which should be used in future research.
Optimum pH and temperature conditions for xylose fermentation by Pichia stipitis

Pichia stipitis NRRL Y-7124 is a xylose-fermenting yeast able to accumulate ca. 57 g/L ethanol. Because optimum process conditions are important, data were collected to determine the effects of temperature and pH on growth and fermentation rates and product accumulations. Temperatures (26-35 degrees C) providing optimum biomass and ethanol productivities did not necessarily provide maximum ethanol accumulation. Xylitol and residual xylose concentrations increased with temperature. Maximum ethanol selectivity was achieved at 25-26 degrees C with minimal sacrifice to production rates. The temperature optimum for xylose could not be generalized to glucose fermentations, in which ethanol productivity and accumulation were optimum at 34 degrees C. The optimum pH range for growth and fermentation on xylose was 4-7 at 25 degrees C.
The growth of Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles on TiO2(1 1 0)

In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with a tip shadowing technique has been used to follow the growth kinetics of Au on clean TiO2 and a Ag pre-deposited TiO2(1 1 0) surface on a particle-by-particle basis. Results for the clean surface agree well with previous observations in our laboratories using conventional STM that particles initially grow preferentially at the step-sites. However, with the present experimental setup the growth of Au on step-sites can be isolated from that on terrace sites; the rates for the growth rate of particles on step-sites are shown to be much faster. Au growth on Ag pre-covered surfaces suggests that competitive nucleation and growth on empty step-sites and on prenucleated Ag particles depends upon the availability of empty step-sites. However, the overall growth closely resembles that of Ag on TiO2(1 1 0) suggesting that the pre-deposited Ag particles are determining the growth mode. Spontaneous formation of Ag–Au particles are evident from the STM images acquired as a function of Au coverage. These binary particles are believed to be of the ‘‘alloy’’ type rather than the ‘‘core-shell’’ type. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Waveform-diverse MIMO imaging radar target measurements

The construction and testing of a MIMO radar for target imaging are presented. Two distinct radar systems are combined in order to form a four-channel platform with operation validated through a series of stationary target measurements. These are conducted using both time-diverse and waveform-diverse channel separation methods, and imaging results from each are compared to evaluate the performance of two varieties of pseudo-noise waveforms and the LFM chirp. Results from the first experiment successfully demonstrate the operation of the radar system but leave open a number of scientific questions for further investigation in a revised experiment. Conclusions from this second measurement are to be presented in this year's radar conference.
Mass spectrometry of Natural Products: Current, Emerging and Future Technologies

Although mass spectrometry is a century old technology, we are entering into an exciting time for the analysis of molecular information directly from complex biological systems. In this Highlight, we feature emerging mass spectrometric methods and tools used by the natural product community and give a perspective of future directions where the mass spectrometry field is migrating towards over the next decade.
The Treatment of Obesity1

THAT OBESITY is common in a land of plenty is not surprising, but that obesity is prevalent among the financially poor seems paradoxical. Impoverished patients nearly all complain that they cannot afford to eat a reducing diet. They find it almost impossible to restrict cheap and accessible foods like bread and beans to the small portions which will allow them to lose weight. The foods with less caloric value, like vegetables, fruits, and meats, they find too expensive, although these might give the desired satisfaction of appetite, if eaten. Obviously, all obesity is due directly to eating more food than the body needs for maintenance and operation. The excess is stored as fat, very little being wasted in stools (1). Why is it that some persons find it difficult not to eat more than they need? more than they need? Why do some get fat on an amount of food which would cause others to lose weight? The second question is the easier, and may be answered simply by saying that the natural energy requirements of...
Display conditions and lesion detectability: effect of background light

We assessed the effect of high background light on observer performance for the detection of a variety of chest radiographic abnormalities. Five observers reviewed 66 digital hard copy chest images formatted to 1 1 x 14 inch size under two display conditions: 1) on a specially prepared 1 1 x 14 inch illuminated panel with no peripheral light and 2) on a standard viewing panel designed for 14 x 17 inch radiographs. The images contained one - or more of the following conditions: pneumothorax, interstitial disease, nodules, alveolar process, or no abnormality. The results of receiver operator characteristic analysis show that extraneous light does reduce observer performance and the detectability of nodules, interstitial disease.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Exploratory Investigation of Communication Technologies to Alleviate Communicative Difficulties and Depression in Older Adults.

Objective: To explore associations between older adults’ communicative difficulties, depressive symptoms, and e-mail and telephone use with adult children. Method: We examined these associations using data from 1,634 participants (age M = 71.16, SD = 0.89; 54% female) in the 2011 wave of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Results: Better vision and worse speech were associated with more frequent e-mail contact with the selected child. Worse hearing was associated with more depressive symptoms for participants with low e-mail use but not for those with average or high e-mail use. Telephone use was not associated with communicative difficulties or depressive symptoms. Discussion: This study provides preliminary evidence that older adults might use communication technologies such as e-mail in their close relationships to compensate for communicative difficulties. The text-based format of e-mail might also help older adults mitigate hearing impairments and associated depressive symptoms.