cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial segregation of mRNA encoding myelin-specific proteins

Abstract The cellular and subcellular distributions of mRNAs encoding three myelin-specific proteins--myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and Po protein--were studied in tissue sections of developing rat nervous systems by in situ hybridization. The developmental appearance of these mRNAs closely paralleled the appearance of the proteins they encode as determined by immunocytochemistry. mRNA encoding the extrinsic membrane protein, MBP, was concentrated around oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell nuclei during initial stages of myelination; as myelination proceeded, MBP mRNA became distributed diffusely over myelinated fibers. In contrast, mRNAs encoding the intrinsic membrane proteins, PLP and Po, remained concentrated around oligodendrocyte (PLP) and Schwann cell (Po) nuclei at all stages of myelination. These results establish that myelinating cells spatially segregate certain myelin-specific mRNAs. The presence of MBP mRNA within the cytoplasmic domains of myelin internodes indicates that protein sorting during myelination involves transportation of mRNA to specific subcellular sites.
On consensus over stochastically switching directed topologies

We consider average consensus algorithms executed over stochastically varying communication topologies that may be unbalanced. It is known that the state values will reach consensus, under fairly weak conditions. However, the consensus value is a random variable. We provide concentration bounds for the distance of the state vector from the consensus subspace and for the asymptotic distribution of the value to which the various nodes converge as they reach consensus. The results allow the analysis of average consensus over wireless communication networks with more realistic assumptions than before.
Sense based organization of descriptive data

In this paper we propose a new technique allowing to map documents' keywords into relative distance space, which is based primarily on senses of these terms. We use WordNet ontology to retrieve multiple senses of keywords with the aim of generating multidimensional space for our data. The focus of this work is mainly on transferring the available ontology of keywords (and their senses) into multiple dimensions, where each dimension reflects approximation of a single, but broad context of important keywords appearing in our document repository. We have concentrated on discovery of appropriate similarity measurements and construction of data-driven dimensions. It benefits quality of generated dimensions and provides a clearer view of the whole document repository in low-dimensional, context-driven space.
Law, Social Standing and Racial Disparities in Imprisonment

A central and recurring concern in the sociology of criminal law is racial disparity in imprisonment-blacks are much more likely than whites to be imprisoned for crimes. Sociological theories disagree over the sources of imprisonment disparity. Prior research has ignored the social, economic, and legal characteristics of states and regions of the country that may contribute to disparity. The present study finds differences in the social standing of blacks relative to whites that explain substantial and statistically significant variation in racial disparity in imprisonment across states after racial differences in involvement in crime are controlled. Blacks are more likely than whites to be imprisoned in states where the black population is a small percentage of the total population and predominantly urban. The implications of these findings for a structural theory of punishment are discussed. Over the past decade, racial and ethnic disparities in imprisonment have provoked national concern. While blacks and other racial minorities constitute a relatively small share of the general population, they make up a very large share of federal and state prison populations. In 1982, blacks made up 12 percent of the U.S. population and 48 percent of the prison population.' Such disparity continues to fuel debate about the treatment of minorities in the administration of criminal justice (Blumstein 1982; Hagan 1974a; Kieck 1981; Langan 1985). One writer described the debate as "one of the most distressing and troublesome aspects of the operation of the criminal justice system in the United States" (Blumstein 1982, p. 1259). *We thank Paul Burstein, Herbert Costner, Avery Guest, James Inverarity, Joe Weis, L. Wesley Wager, and two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. The project reported in this paper was sponsored by a grant from the Legislature of the State of Washington to the Institute for Public Policy, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Washington. Address correspondence to George S. Bridges, Department of Sociology-DK40, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. ? 1988 The University of North Carolina Press
On Social Networking and Communication Paradigms

Many will agree that email is badly broken when it comes to protecting users from spam, especially spoofing. With the growing prevalence of social networking sites, the increasing visibility into end users’ social connections will make it easy for scammers to figure out how to better forge return addresses, among other problems. Those who create social networking infrastructures must be vigilant in defending such sites, to keep spam issues from becoming as prevalent there as they now are with email.
Nonisomorphous X-Ray Structures of Tritylnitrile and Tritylisonitrile

The crystal structures of a related series of isosteric compounds, namely tritylnitrile 1, tritylisonitrile 2, and a solid solution of tritylnitrile/tritylisonitrile 3 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The bond lengths, angles, and intermolecular interactions do not deviate significantly from previously reported nitriles and isonitriles. These isosteric compounds pack in nonisomorphous but very similar structures. Subtle differences between the packing of 1 and 2 are detailed. The solid solution of tritylnitrile/tritylisonitrile 3 is isomorphous with the structure of tritylnitrile 1. This solid solution possesses substitutional disorder involving the nitrile and isonitrile groups (Z′ = 2, nitrile/isonitrile occupancy ratios 53.7/46.3 and 54.6/45.4). The structure of tritylisonitrile 2 possesses positional disorder over two sites (Z′ = 2, occupancy ratio of 93.1/6.9). A comparison with previously reported nearly isosteric structures reveals that other chemically dissimilar compounds crystallize in each of the two molecular packing arrangements described in this report. Structure 1: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 18.049(11) A, b = 9.583(6) A, c = 17.824(11) A, β = 108.680(10)°, V = 2921(3) A3, Z = 8, R 1 = 0.0467, wR 2 = 0.1491. Structure 2: triclinic, P $$ \overline{1} $$ , a = 9.5877(13) A, b = 10.7479(14) A, c = 14.809(2) A, α = 88.457(2)°, β = 80.303(2)°, γ = 77.128(2)°, V = 1466.4(3) A3, Z = 4, R 1 = 0.0423, wR 2 = 0.1151. Structure 3: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 18.03464(15) A, b = 9.5739(8) A, c = 17.8251(11) A, β = 108.5920(10)°, V = 2917.4(4) A3, Z = 8, R 1 = 0.0587, wR 2 = 0.1734. The crystal structures of the isosteric pair tritylnitrile 1 and tritylisonitrile 2 are nonisomorphous while the structure of a solid solution of tritylnitrile/tritylisonitrile 3 is isomorphous with the structure of tritylnitrile 1.
Software for estimating sparse Jacobian matrices

In many nonlinear problems it is necessary to estimate the Jacobian matrix of a nonlinear mapping F. In large scale problems the Jacobian of F is usually sparse, and then estimation by differences is attractive because the number of differences can be small compared to the dimension of the problem. For example, if the Jacobian matrix is banded then the number of differences needed to estimate the Jacobian matrix is, at most, the width of the band. In this paper we describe a set of subroutines whose purpose is to estimate the Jacobian matrix of a mapping F with the least possible number of function evaluations.
Yumbulyumbulmantha Ki-Awarawu (All Kinds of Things from Country): Yanyuwa Ethnobiological Classification

Yumbulyumbulmantha Ki-Awarawu(All Kinds of Things from Country): Yanyuwa Ethnobiological Classification. John Bradley, Miles Holmes, Dinah Norman Marrngawi, Annie Isaac Karrakayn, Jemima Miller Wuwarlu, and Ida Ninganga. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 2006. 174 pp.
Roles of Nonstructural Protein nsP2 and Alpha/Beta Interferons in Determining the Outcome of Sindbis Virus Infection

Alphaviruses productively infect a variety of vertebrate and insect cell lines. In vertebrate cells, Sindbis virus redirects cellular processes to meet the needs of virus propagation. At the same time, cells respond to virus replication by downregulating virus growth and preventing dissemination of the infection. The balance between these two mechanisms determines the outcome of infection at the cellular and organismal levels. In this report, we demonstrate that a viral nonstructural protein, nsP2, is a significant regulator of Sindbis virus-host cell interactions. This protein not only is a component of the replicative enzyme complex required for replication and transcription of viral RNAs but also plays a role in suppressing the antiviral response in Sindbis virus-infected cells. nsP2 most likely acts by decreasing interferon (IFN) production and minimizing virus visibility. Infection of murine cells with Sindbis virus expressing a mutant nsP2 leads to higher levels of IFN secretion and the activation of 170 cellular genes that are induced by IFN and/or virus replication. Secreted IFN protects naive cells against Sindbis virus infection and also stops viral replication in productively infected cells. Mutations in nsP2 can also attenuate Sindbis virus cytopathogenicity. Such mutants can persist in mammalian cells with defects in the alpha/beta IFN (IFN-α/β) system or when IFN activity is neutralized by anti-IFN-α/β antibodies. These findings provide new insight into the alphavirus-host cell interaction and have implications for the development of improved alphavirus expression systems with better antigen-presenting potential.
Ubiquitin-Independent Degradation of Antiapoptotic MCL-1

Antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) is an essential modulator of survival during the development and maintenance of a variety of cell lineages. Its turnover, believed to be mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, facilitates apoptosis induction in response to cellular stress. To investigate the contribution of ubiquitinylation in regulating murine MCL-1 turnover, we generated an MCL-1 mutant lacking the lysine residues required for ubiquitinylation (MCL-1KR). Here, we demonstrate that despite failing to be ubiquitinylated, the MCL-1KR protein is eliminated at a rate similar to that of wild-type MCL-1 under basal and stressed conditions. Moreover, the degradation of wild-type MCL-1 is not affected when ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 activity is blocked. Likewise, both wild-type and MCL-1KR proteins are similarly degraded when expressed in primary lymphocytes. Supporting these findings, unmodified, in vitro-translated MCL-1 can be degraded in a cell-free system by the 20S proteasome. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MCL-1 degradation can occur independently of ubiquitinylation.
Evaluating control modes for constrained robotic surgery

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) constrains instrument motions to 4 DOF by precluding lateral motion at the incision. Robotic MIS systems can interpose arbitrary mappings between the surgeon's motions at the master controller and the motions of instrument tips within the patient's body. Our goal was to find the interface that was easiest to learn. We investigated the effects of different coordinate frame mappings (screen-mapped versus instrument-mapped) and master dexterities (6 DOF versus 4 DOF) by means of performance measures on simple surgical tasks. All four mode-dexterity combinations had approximately the same time-to-completion. The combination of instrument-based mapping and 4 DOF master had lower error rate and lower subjective workload. This mode most clearly reproduces the task constraints within the patient's body.
Characterizing Community-Based Mental Health Services for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Disruptive Behavior Problems

This study describes the characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with disruptive behavior problems served in community-based mental health clinics, characterizes psychotherapy process and outcome, and examines differences between children with ASD and a non-ASD comparison group. Results indicate that children with ASD served in this setting are high functioning and diagnostically complex. Certain research-based behavioral and cognitive behavioral psychotherapeutic strategies were observed frequently, while parent training strategies and active teaching strategies were observed less frequently. The intensity or thoroughness with which strategies were pursued was relatively low. Outcome analyses indicate improvement in child symptoms and family functioning. Treatment delivery and outcome were similar for children with and without ASD. These findings represent the first detailed observational data characterizing community-based mental health services for children with ASD.
Abnormal interaction of VDAC1 with amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau causes mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between voltage-dependent anion channel 1 protein (VDAC1) and amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using brain specimens from AD patients, control subjects and 6-, 12- and 24-month-old Aβ precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, we studied VDAC1 protein levels. Further, we also studied the interaction between VDAC1 and Aβ (monomers and oligomers) and phosphorylated tau, using cortical issues from AD patients, control subjects, APP, APP/PS1 and 3XTg.AD mice. We also studied age- and VDAC1-linked, mutant APP/Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in APP and non-transgenic wild-type (WT) mice. We found progressively increased levels of VDAC1 in the cortical tissues from the brains of patients with AD, relative to control subjects, and significantly increased levels of VDAC1 in the cerebral cortices of 6-, 12- and 24-month-old APP transgenic mice, relative to the age-matched control WT mice. Interestingly, we found VDAC1 interacted with Aβ and phosphorylated tau in the brains from AD patients and from APP, APP/PS1 and 3XTg.AD mice. We found progressively increased mitochondrial dysfunction in APP mice relative to WT mice. These observations led us to conclude that VDAC1 interacts with Aβ, and phosphorylated tau may in turn block mitochondrial pores, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in AD pathogenesis. Based on current study observations, we propose that reduced levels of VDAC1, Aβ and phosphorylated tau may reduce the abnormal interaction between VDAC1 and APP, VDAC1 and Aβ, and VDAC1 and phosphorylated tau; and that reduced levels of VDAC1, Aβ and phosphorylated tau may maintain normal mitochondrial pore opening and pore closure, ultimately leading to normal mitochondrial function, mitochondria supplying ATP to nerve terminals and boosting synaptic and cognitive function in AD.
Connexin 40 mediates tubuloglomerular feedback paracrine signaling by coupling tubular and vascular cells in the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus

this commentary highlights recent advances about the functional significance of connexins (Cx) in signal transduction in the renal cortex, with particular focus on the recent work of Sorensen and colleagues ([24][1]). Their results provide insight into the role of Cx40 in the juxtaglomerular
Lung cancer: the oncologist's role in smoking cessation.

Abstract Cigarette smoking is by far the most common preventable cause of lung cancer in our society, and is therefore responsible for the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. Physicians are uniquely positioned to impact smoking rates, but frequently fail to address the issue in practice because of competing concerns and a sense of frustration. Oncologists, though not typically thought of as preventive care providers, can be empowered to advocate for more effective smoking cessation strategies, and to implement treatment guidelines in their practice in an effort to improve cancer outcomes in their community. Pharmacologic and behavioral interventions for smokers, including the role of nicotine replacement therapies and bupropion, and their relevance to oncologic practice are reviewed. Semin Oncol 30:94-103. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Repensando el debate sobre migración y desarrollo bajo el capitalismo neoliberal

La teoria neoliberal de la migracion se centra en el impacto de la migracion en el desarrollo tanto de los paises que son emisores de fuerza de trabajo como de aquellos que son sus receptores. Considera a la migracion como un componente integral de un proceso continuo de desarrollo capitalista, y no como un feno- meno que se analiza por separado, un error que presentan los estudios que hasta ahora se han realizado sobre las relaciones entre los dos conceptos. Dicha teoria tipifica al desarrollo como capitalista, no como desarrollo alternativo, y desconoce la dinamica de clase en el impacto de la migracion sobre el desarrollo, que es el principal interes de este articulo de corte historico-estructural. Se adopta una postura alternativa, en el sentido de que la direccion y el flujo de la migracion estan determinados por los flujos globales de capital, actualmente apoyados por arreglos superestructurales, que comprenden un complejo de instituciones internacionales, programas de investigacion, informes, politicas prescriptivas y formuladores de politicas que promueven el libre flujo de capitales y el manejo administrativo de la migracion, para el avance del modelo de acumulacion centrado en el imperialismo. El enfoque neoliberal sobre la migracion y el desarrollo conserva la desigualdad de clase en la sociedad
Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances thrombolysis in an in vitro model.

Purpose: To evaluate the use of pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound exposures to improve tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated thrombolysis in an in vitro model. Materials and Methods: All experimental work was compliant with institutional guidelines and HIPAA. Clots were formed by placing 1 mL of human blood in closed-off sections of pediatric Penrose tubes. Four experimental groups were evaluated: control (nontreated) clots, clots treated with pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound only, clots treated with tPA only, and clots treated with pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound plus tPA. The focused ultrasound exposures (real or sham) were followed by incubations of the clots in tPA with saline or in saline only. Thrombolysis was measured as the relative reduction in the mass of the clot. d-Dimer assays also were performed. Two additional experiments were performed and yielded dose-response curves for two exposure parameters: number of pulses per raster point and total acoustic power. Radi...
The inability of surgical bursectomy in the newly hatched period to affect antibody formation in the pigeon (Columba livia).

Surgical bursectomy was performed in newly hatched pigeons within 24 hours of hatching. The effect of bursectomy on the immune responsiveness was evaluated by studying antibody formation to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucella abortus organisms and by the presence of serum immunoglobulins after immunoelectrophoresis. Surgically bursectomized pigeons responded as well to SRBC and Brucella as did the non-bursectomized controls. There was no statistically significant difference in the geometric mean antibody titers between the bursectomized and non-bursectomized groups of pigeons. Treatment of the serum with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) indicated that the major amount of antibody produced was resistant to 2-ME and there was no significant difference in the amount of 2-ME-resistant antibody produced in the bursectomized and the control pigeons. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the sera from the bursectomized pigeons showed both IgG and IgM present in similar quantities to that of the non-bursectomized contr...
μ-term hybrid inflation and split supersymmetry

Abstract We consider μ-term hybrid inflation which, in its minimal format with gravity mediated supersymmetry breaking, leads to split supersymmetry. The MSSM μ-term in this framework is larger than the gravitino mass m G , and successful inflation requires m G (and hence also | μ | ) ≳ 5 × 10 7 GeV, such that the gravitino decays before the LSP neutralino freezes out. Assuming universal scalar masses of the same order as m G , this leads to split supersymmetry. The LSP wino with mass ≃ 2 TeV is a plausible dark matter candidate, the gluino may be accessible at the LHC, and the MSSM parameter tan ⁡ β ≃ 1.7 in order to be compatible with the measured Higgs boson mass. The tensor-to-scalar ratio r, a canonical measure of gravity waves, can be as high as 0.001.
Discussions of Value Theory in Soviet Marxism

The discussion of value theory in the Soviet Union opened with the publication of V. P. Tugarinov’s monograph On the Values of Life and Culture.1 A conference on value theory convened in Tbilisi in 1965 provided a further impetus to the discussion.2 In between these two events there appeared at least three articles and one book (in Ukrainian) devoted to the subject, and the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences arranged two special meetings to consider the question of whether Marxist philosophy required any special theory of the nature of values.3 The Leningrad philosophical kafedra of the Academy of Sciences also published a substantial anthology, The Problem of Values in Philosophy, in 1966.4 These were the principal events in the context of which Soviet discussions of value theory developed.
Leiomyoma of the sternothyroid muscle.

Abstract Background Leiomyomas are benign cutaneous tumors of smooth muscle origin. Only a small percentage of leiomyomas arise in the head and neck region. We present the first case of leiomyoma arising in the sternothyroid muscle of the neck. Case Report We analyze the clinical presentation, pathology, and histology for a single case study. The histologic findings of the tumor located in the sternothyroid muscle support the diagnosis of leiomyoma. Discussion This is the first case of leiomyoma arising in the sternothyroid muscle, and only the second reported case of leiomyoma in the strap muscles of the neck. Conclusion Leiomyoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors in the head and neck region. A histological analysis is essential in determining both tumor type and subtype, which will inform the proper course of treatment.
Book Review: The Long Shadow of the Founding

This book review essay explores three recent publications on the American constitution's origin and the country's 'founding fathers': Liberty, State, and Union: The Political Theory of Thomas Jefferson by Luigi Bassani, To Secure the Liberty of the People: James Madison's Bill of Rights and the Supreme Court's Interpretation by Eric Kasper, and The Ideological Origins of American Federalism by Alison LaCroix.
Peering into the “black box” of education interventions and attitude change: Audience characteristics moderate the effectiveness…and then only toward specific targets

To probe the inconsistent link between education and attitude change toward minority social groups, we conducted a field study that focused on audience characteristics and education about lesbian, gay, and transgender (LGT) targets. Participants enrolled in a sexuality course were compared to those in a neurology course, both taught by the same professor. Multiple regression analyses predicted attitude change toward LGT targets from social dominance orientation (SDO), right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), ratings of professor's characteristics, SDO by course interaction, and RWA by course interaction. Only the SDO by course interaction significantly predicted attitude change. Simple slopes analyses indicated that high-SDO participants in the sexuality course showed the most positive attitude change. These findings suggest that education may reduce prejudice for certain audience characteristics.
Simbu aggression and the drive to win.

Simbu, a tribal people of the Papua New Guinea highlands, were traditionally warriors; aggressive behavior is stimulated in youths and admired in men. Sexual segregation, male dominance, group solidarity, and rivalry directed by big men against opponent individuals and groups continue to support men's aggression. In the historicperiod this has taken the form of resurgence of violent tribal warfare and political conflict.
Key Parameters Governing the Energy Density of Rechargeable Li/S Batteries

Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries have high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, their volumetric energy density has been believed to be lower than that of conventional lithium ion batteries employing metal oxide cathodes like LiCoO2. Here, we study the effects of sulfur loading percentage, develop a simple model and calculate the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities based on the total composition of electrodes in a lithium-sulfur cell, and compare those results with a typical graphite/LiCoO2 cell. From the model output, we have identified and established key parameters governing the energy density of rechargeable Li/S batteries. We find that the sulfur loading percentage has a much higher impact on the volumetric energy density than on the gravimetric energy density. A lithium-sulfur cell can exceed a lithium ion cell's volumetric energy density but only at high sulfur loading percentages (ca. 70%). We believe that these findings may attract more attention of lithium-sulfur system studies to high sulfur loading levels.
Abstract LB-335: DHODH regulates transcriptional elongation during melanoma evolution: insights from zebrafish screening

Melanoma cells are derived from the neural crest, a transient, multipotent tissue present only during embryogenesis. Using zebrafish models, we aimed to determine whether these embryonic neural crest gene programs would make therapeutic targets in melanoma. Transgenic zebrafish expressing BRAFV600E under the mitf promoter develop melanoma when crossed with p53 mutants. From the earliest stages of transformation, and throughout overt tumorigenesis, these tumors express multiple embryonic neural crest progenitor markers such as SOX10, EDNRB and MITF. Human melanomas were similar: 50–75% expressed progenitor markers, but only 15% expressed the differentiation marker DCT. We performed a chemical genetic screen in zebrafish embryos to identify suppressors of the neural crest gene program to determine their therapeutic utility. Of 2000 small molecules, we found one class, inhibitors of the enzyme DHODH, that led to a complete abrogation of neural crest development during embryogenesis. Treated animals were essentially albino, devoid of all derivative melanocytes that eventually give rise to melanoma. Developmentally, DHODH suppression exerts this effect by blocking transcriptional elongation of genes such as MITF, in a manner dependent upon the elongation factor SUPT5H. In melanoma cells, we measured transcriptional elongation after DHODH inhibition via RNA pol II chromatin immunprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq). Similar to embryonic development, inhibiting DHODH leads to a defect in transcriptional elongation at select loci. We then tested whether leflunomide, a DHODH inhibitor approved for rheumatoid arthritis, could block melanoma growth. Either alone, or in combination with the BRAFV600E inhibitor PLX4032, leflunomide led to a dramatic decrease in melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo. These studies suggest that modulating the neural crest identity of melanoma cells is a distinct therapeutic avenue that is likely to cooperate with inhibiting oncogenic mutations such as BRAFV600E. We plan to extend this work into the clinical trial setting, highlighting the rapidity with which discoveries in zebrafish can be translated into the clinic. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-335. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-335
Water Droplet Impact Dynamics at Icing Conditions with and without Superhydrophobicity

Superhydrophobic coatings have shown promise in reducing both ice accretion and accumulation on a surface. However, recent studies of super-cooled water droplet impact dynamics on a freezing superhydrophobic surface have been limited to either low Weber numbers (Wep 90) the room temperature droplet was unable to sustain the inertial forces and therefore broke into smaller droplets upon surface impact while a more viscous super-cooled water droplet was able rebound without disintegration. A regime map depicting the various super-cooled droplet rebounding outcomes on the freezing superhydrophobic surface was also plotted as functions of the Weber and Ohnesorge number. We observed that viscosity effects would start to affect the droplet rebound dynamics at Weber numbers of approximately 90 or greater.
The research of the removal of sulfureted hydrogen from glycol by emulsion liquid membrane technique

The removal of sulfureted hydrogen from glycol using emulsion liquid membrane technique was studied.The membrane phase was consisted of the membrane solvent kerosene,surfactant,flowing carrier ethylenediamine and membrane stabilizing agent liquid paraffin.The inner phase was NaOH.The effects of the transfer time,kinds and concentration of surfactant,flowing carrier concentration,inner phase NaOH concentration,the ratio of membrane solvent and inner phase reagent,the ratio of emulsion liquid and outside solution,the initial sulfureted hydrogen concentration of the glycol and stirring speed on the removability of sulfureted hydrogen were also investigated.The experimental results indicated that it was feasible to remove sulfureted hydrogen from glycol by emulsion liquid membrane technique and the removability of sulfureted hydrogen were more than 98%.
Neurobehavioral Consequences of Arousals

The neurobehavioral deficits of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are often attributed to the rate of respiratory disturbance or rate of arousals during sleep. However, sleep disordered breathing is also associated with other changes in sleep infrastructure that may account for cumulative waking deficits. This was illustrated in polysomnographic data from 1,521 patients with OSAS where increasing arousal indices were associated with increased duration of stage 1 sleep and concomitant reduction in total sleep time. Similar results have been found in paradigms in which sleep was experimentally fragmented in healthy individuals. It appears that chronic fragmentation of sleep, whether by apneas or acoustic stimuli, leads to cumulative homeostatic pressure for sleep, which may explain a number of phenomenon characteristic of both untreated OSAS patients and experimentally fragmented sleepers: (1) increased arousal threshold, (2) rapid return to sleep after arousal, (3) fewer awakenings over time, (4) increased sleep inertia on awakenings, (5) increased amnesia for arousals, and (6) daytime sleepiness. Elevated homeostatic drive for sleep appears to be a function of both the frequency of arousals within a night and the chronicity of sleep fragmentation across nights, neither of which have been adequately modeled in experimental studies of healthy subjects.
Neuroimaging correlates of language network impairment and reorganization in temporal lobe epilepsy

Advanced, noninvasive imaging has revolutionized our understanding of language networks in the brain and is reshaping our approach to the presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has had the greatest impact, unveiling the complexity of language organization and reorganization in patients with epilepsy both pre- and postoperatively, while volumetric MRI and diffusion tensor imaging have led to a greater appreciation of structural and microstructural correlates of language dysfunction in different epilepsy syndromes. In this article, we review recent literature describing how unimodal and multimodal imaging has advanced our knowledge of language networks and their plasticity in epilepsy, with a focus on the most frequently studied epilepsy syndrome in adults, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We also describe how new analytic techniques (i.e., graph theory) are leading to a refined characterization of abnormal brain connectivity, and how subject-specific imaging profiles combined with clinical data may enhance the prediction of both seizure and language outcomes following surgical interventions.
Machiavelli’s Conception of Liberty

Machiavelli took Livy not Cicero, as his primary model in the Discorsi, and his thinking reflected the concerns of a different era, but his basic conception of liberty remained very Roman.1 Machiavelli hoped to revive the example of antiquity as a model for contemporary statesmen.2 This meant above all the republic (republica), whose laws and discipline had maintained civic virtue (vitu)best.3 But Machiavelli also praised Sparta and Venice for the stability of their laws.4 Cicero himself had viewed Sparta and Carthage as republics, although he criticized them for their (elected) kings5 and for originating the frenzy for agrarian legislation which eventually ruined Rome.6 Machiavelli associated the conception of mixed government with Lycurgus,7 but he concentrated primarily on Rome and the compatibility of Roman institutions with liberta after the ouster of the kings. Rome’ s perfect republic (republica perfetta) emerged only when the people (popoli) obtained a share of public power.8 For Machiavelli, the important distinction between Rome and Sparta lay not in Sparta’s superior equality (though Sparta was more equal in its universal poverty),9 but in the better balance of Rome’s constitution.10 Sparta and Venice gave ultimate power to the senate, but sovereignty belonged to the people in Rome. Machiavelli considered the people to be better guardians of liberty (liberta), because they have less opportunity to usurp dominion for their own advantage, and only wish to remain free and avoid domination by others.11 He attributed this insight to Cicero, who knew that the people (popoli)were ignorant, but believed them capable of perceiving truth when good men placed the truth before them.12
Fostering Creativity Through the Active Learning Model Kanban2C

To many instructors, the cultivation of creative and reflective thinking contradicts a main aim of most university classes, the transmission of knowledge. The roots of this imagined opposition, thinking versus knowledge-transmission, is old. In the modern era, it originated early in the twentieth century when progressives, wanting to foster thinking skills, broke ranks with traditional instructors focused on the transmission of knowledge. Imagining creative thinking and knowledge acquisition as opposites, however, diminishes the importance of both. Knowledge is central to understanding contexts with potential value, while creative thinking skills are necessary to producing originality within (and thus enhancing) those contexts. Creativity requires both: originality and value.This session has two aims. The first is for participants to understand the main elements of creative thinking. Grounded in research, the theoretical half of the session will cross disciplinary boundaries, as creativity in any discipline rests on the same elements of thinking. The second aim is for participants to experience an active learning model called Kanban2C (Kanban-to-Creativity), which fosters elements of creative thinking. Grounded in practice, this flexible instructional model A¢â¬â suitable for use in many disciplines A¢â¬â demonstrates how elements of creative thinking can develop in content-specific (knowledge-transmission) contexts. This session will be interactive and include several different hands-on creativity exercises to explore key elements of creativity. Then, participants will experience Kanban2C: work cooperatively, move around, think creatively, and, in the process, learn how to foster creativity while transmitting knowledge. Afterwards, participants will brainstorm ways to apply Kanban2C to their academic discipline.AÂ AÂ
Operation Strategy Development for Grignard Reaction in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

This paper presents a case study in establishing the operation space of a Grignard reaction in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The operation space is the multivariate space with the boundary defined by the proven acceptable range of every CSTR process parameter such as flow rates and temperature. The mapping of the operation space was conducted by a thorough understanding of reaction kinetics, magnesium (Mg) sequestration efficiency, equipment characterization, and the impact of process disturbances has on steady state. A fit-for-use reaction kinetics model was developed to parametrize the kinetics and mass transfer rates of the batch Grignard reaction across different scales from 250 mL to 500 gallons. The reaction kinetics model was applied to design the Mg recharge frequency accounting operational variability to ensure a state of control can be maintained. Furthermore, reactor temperature was determined to be suitable to detect process failures to ensure process safety and product quality at ...
Status Epilepticus Induced by Antiepileptic Drugs

Adolescent and adult patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) who developed paradoxical video-EEG documented status epilepticus (SE) precipitated by inappropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were studied retrospectively at Hopital Pasteur, Nice; Hopital Rangueil, Toulouse; and Hopital Henri-Gastaut, Marseilles, France.
Enhancing Interoperability and Capabilities of Earth Science Data using the Observations Data Model 2 (ODM2)

Earth Science researchers require access to integrated, cross-disciplinary data in order to answer critical research questions. Partially due to these science drivers, it is common for disciplinary data systems to expand from their original scope in order to accommodate collaborative research. The result is multiple disparate databases with overlapping but incompatible data. In order to enable more complete data integration and analysis, the Observations Data Model Version 2 (ODM2) was developed to be a general information model, with one of its major goals to integrate data collected by in situ sensors with those by ex-situ analyses of field specimens. Four use cases with different science drivers and disciplines have adopted ODM2 because of benefits to their users. The disciplines behind the four cases are diverse – hydrology, rock geochemistry, soil geochemistry, and biogeochemistry. For each case, we outline the benefits, challenges, and rationale for adopting ODM2. In each case, the decision to implement ODM2 was made to increase interoperability and expand data and metadata capabilities. One of the common benefits was the ability to use the flexible handling and comprehensive description of specimens and data collection sites in ODM2’s sampling feature concept. We also summarize best practices for implementing ODM2 based on the experience of these initial adopters. The descriptions here should help other potential adopters of ODM2 implement their own instances or to modify ODM2 to suit their needs.
Toxic elements and associations with hematology, plasma biochemistry, and protein electrophoresis in nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from Casey Key, Florida

Toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, thallium) are a group of contaminants that are known to elicit developmental, reproductive, general health, and immune system effects in reptiles, even at low concentrations. Reptiles, including marine turtles, are susceptible to accumulation of toxic elements due to their long life span, low metabolic rate, and highly efficient conversion of prey into biomass. The objectives of this study were to (1) document concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, and thallium in whole blood and keratin from nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from Casey Key, Florida and document correlations thereof and (2) correlate whole blood toxic element concentrations to various hematological and plasma biochemistry analytes. Baselines for various hematological and plasma analytes and toxic elements in whole blood and keratin (i.e., scute) in nesting loggerheads are documented. Various correlations between the toxic elements and hematological and plasma biochemistry analytes were identified; however, the most intriguing were negative correlations between arsenic, cadmium, lead, and selenium with and α- and γ-globulins. Although various extrinsic and intrinsic variables such as dietary and feeding changes in nesting loggerheads need to be considered, this finding may suggest a link to altered humoral immunity. This study documents a suite of health variables of nesting loggerheads in correlation to contaminants and identifies the potential of toxic elements to impact the overall health of nesting turtles, thus presenting important implications for the conservation and management of this species.
Paratesticular Serous Papillary Carcinoma of High Grade and Malignant Potential: A Rare Case with a Role for Adjuvant Therapy

Paratesticular serous papillary carcinomas are very rare, with less than 40 cases reported in the literature. These neoplasms are Mullerian in origin, and more commonly seen as epithelial-type ovarian cancer. Given the rarity of this tumor in men, staging and recommended treatment options do not exist. Herein, we present the case of a 35-year-old male with high-grade invasive serous papillary carcinoma. He was diagnosed after left radical orchiectomy for paratesticular mass and subsequently treated with adjuvant chemotherapy according to existing recommendations for its ovarian counterpart. Chemotherapy was well tolerated and surveillance imaging has shown no evidence of disease. This case suggests a potential role for adjuvant therapy in patients with high-grade paratesticular serous papillary carcinoma.
Central America in Transatlantic Transactions: Global Commodity Central?

To bring the historical central Atlantic flows discussed in the previous two chapters to the present time, attention shifts to an analysis of three of its dominant exports: bananas, coffee, and sugar. Reiterating several prior hypotheses (the presence of strong east-west and north-south transatlantic traffic; the emergence of strong intra-American transatlantic networks, given the rise of the United States and Latin independence from Portugal and Spain, and the indispensable transatlantic-global historical linkage evolving into concurrent national-multilateral arrangements, and on the evolution of inter-governmental, and trans-governmental functions and capacities), this chapter (a) thickens the notion of transnational dynamics; (b) exposes the transition of transnationalism-fueled colonialism into its multilateral and neoliberal arrangements today; and (c) captures the transition of central agencies into independence demands, state building, nationalism, and import substitution industrialization.
Accommodations and support services preferred by college students with autism spectrum disorder

This 2-year study investigated the accommodations and support services preferred by college students with autism spectrum disorder using sequential mixed methods non-experimental survey and semi-structured follow-up interviews. Students with autism spectrum disorder reported using both academic and non-academic supports with frequency (e.g. extended time on exams, transition program), using academic supports in line with other disability populations, and using non-academic supports connecting them one-to-one with a faculty member or coach as preferred (e.g. academic coach, counselor, faculty mentor). Findings suggest a need for university disability service centers, counseling services, and faculty to work together to develop systematic support systems for college students with autism spectrum disorder.
Lower Glucose Target Is Associated With Improved 30-Day Mortality in Cardiac and Cardiothoracic Patients

Background Practice guidelines recommend against intensive insulin therapy in patients who are critically ill based on trials that had high rates of severe hypoglycemia. Intermountain Healthcare uses a computerized IV insulin protocol that allows choice of blood glucose (BG) targets (80-110 vs 90-140 mg/dL) and has low rates of severe hypoglycemia. We sought to study the effects of BG target on mortality in adult patients in cardiac ICUs that have very low rates of severe hypoglycemia. Methods Critically ill patients receiving IV insulin were treated with either of two BG targets (80-110 vs 90-140 mg/dL). We created a propensity score for BG target using factors thought to have influenced clinicians' choice, and then we performed a propensity score-adjusted regression analysis for 30-day mortality. Results There were 1,809 patients who met inclusion criteria. Baseline patient characteristics were similar. Median glucose was lower in the 80-110 mg/dL group (104 vs 122 mg/dL, P Conclusions Tight glucose control can be achieved with low rates of severe hypoglycemia and is associated with decreased 30-day mortality in a cohort of largely patients in cardiac ICUs. Although such findings should not be used to guide clinical practice at present, the use of tight glucose control should be reexamined using a protocol that has low rates of severe hypoglycemia.
Earthquake culture and corporate action

In this paper we examine the effects of different components of corporate culture on two different categories of action in both routine and jolted environments. Data were collected on a heterogeneous sample of 54 corporations in the San Francisco Bay Area. We examined how the values, knowledge, and practices dimensions of corporate culture influenced actions to prepare for responding to future earthquake disasters and actions to mitigate or reduce future physical and associated earthquake losses. The findings show that corporate earthquake culture is a multidimensional concept, that varied elements of culture function to impact corporate action differently is distinct organizational environments, and that culture's impact on organizational action is contingent on the type of action being considered.
Can we make health IT safe enough for patients

Health information technology (HIT) is widely believed to be an essential modality for improving the efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of healthcare, and has its adoption has been vigorously promoted. However, the safety of commercially available HIT systems has never been independently and rigorously assessed. This paper discusses critical issues to be considered in the development of safe and reliable HIT, and identifies a group of structural impediments that may slow or prevent the arrival of HIT that is actually safe enough for routine clinical use. It argues that this situation is analogous to NASA's promotion of the space shuttle not as an experimental, risky technology, but rather as a routine, ready-for-ordinary-use resource.
Quasi-Local Energy

An expression for quasi-local energy is suggested. The calculation looks locally at an Alexandrov neighborhood whose boundary is defined by the intersection of the future and past cones from nearby time-like separated points. The calculation uses the canonical formalism on a null cone and defines the quasi-local energy as a two-surface integral over the convergence of the past cone minus a similar integral over a surface in Minkowski space. This definition is suggested by the results of an analysis at null infinity.
Putting a Ring on It: Black Women, Black Churches, and Coerced Monogamy

ABSTRACTThis article addresses sexual politics in black churches, particularly the expectation of heterosexual marriage as a prerequisite for morally acceptable sexuality. This article emphasizes t...