cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion and neutral density variations during ionospheric storms in September 1974: Comparison of measurement and models

[1] This paper examines the ability of the field line interhemispheric plasma (FLIP) physical ionospheric model to reproduce the O+, NO+, O2+, and N2+ ion densities, and nitric oxide density in the ionosphere and thermosphere over Australia in September 1974. The study includes ionospheric electron density data from Australian ionosonde stations as well as ion and neutral density composition data from elliptical orbits of the Atmosphere Explorer-C (AE-C) satellite. The mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter (MSIS) neutral atmosphere model accurately reproduces the O and N2 densities during quiet periods in September 1974, and this enables the FLIP model to also accurately reproduce the measured ion and NO densities as well as ion and electron temperatures during quiet periods. However, the MSIS model produces poor results during the disturbed period of 15 and 16 September because it underestimates the increase in neutral temperature by several hundred degrees and the depletion of the O column density by a factor of 2. When the measured neutral densities are used in the FLIP model instead of MSIS densities, there is fair agreement between the measured and modeled O+, O2+, and NO+ densities above 200 km on 15 September, but the FLIP model overestimates the O2+ density below 200 km. The FLIP model is also in fair agreement with the NmF2 from the ionosonde and reproduces the measured O+ density on 16 September but severely overestimates the satellite measured O2+ and NO+ densities at all altitudes. As found in previous studies, the FLIP model was able to accurately reproduce a positive ionospheric storm that occurred during this period. An important result to emerge from this study is the observation that even during these severely disturbed periods the altitude distributions of the measured O and N2 densities can be reasonably well represented by hydrostatic equilibrium profiles. This suggests that the basic philosophy of the MSIS model remains intact and that it should be possible to improve the MSIS model storm behavior just by improving the specification of the neutral boundary densities and the exospheric temperature. The assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium also simplifies the task of deducing neutral composition from remote sensing.
Electrical Resistivity of the Simple Metals

A critical discussion is presented of the current status of the calculation of the dc electrical resistivity of simple metals. The general formalism, which has recently been given sound theoretical justification, shows that there are two elements to the calculation: (1) the dynamical structure factor, which describes the deviation of the ionic positions from perfect periodicity, and (2) the matrix elements of the screened electronion interaction. The first element can be obtained directly from experiment. The second element, the crux of the problem, has been calculated by a number of methods, including empirical means and the pseudopotential approach. These methods are shown to be inadequate for resistivity calculations because of the sensitivity of the electrical resistivity to the value of the matrix elements at large momentum transfers. It is demonstrated explicitly that the seemingly small errors present in pseudopotential calculations lead to errors as large as a factor of 2 in the electrical resistivity.
VIBRATION DAMPING BY A CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF UNDAMPED OSCILLATORS

The set of continuously distributed oscillators considered here may also be interpreted as a heat reservoir. The initial mechanical energy of the primary oscillator is transformed into steady state vibration of the set of secondary oscillators (heat), and never returned to the primary system as mechanical energy
Summary of Geology of Atlantic Coastal Plain Province: ABSTRACT

The emerged part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain is underlain chiefly by Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments above the basement rocks. Some deep beds may be of Jurassic age, and thin deposits of Quaternary age blanket coastal areas. In aggregate, the sediments thicken as a wedge toward the coast; at extreme tips of southern New Jersey and eastern North Carolina they are about 10,000 feet thick, and in southern Florida they are thicker than 15,000 feet. Predominantly marine sands and clays characterize the entire sedimentary sequence north of North Carolina, as well as the Cretaceous sequence north of Florida. Near-surface calcareous rocks of Eocene age extend from North Carolina through Florida. Pre-Pleistocene rocks of Florida are largely carbonates. The basement underlying the eastward- and southeastward-dipping homoclinal beds consists chiefly of crystalline rocks and to a lesser extent Paleozoic and Triassic sedimentary rocks. The basement is a shallow platform beneath the updip portion of the Coastal Plain, but in southern New Jersey and eastern North Carolina the slope steepens where the platform adjoins the western border of a north-trending trough. The Peninsular arch of Florida and the Cape Fear arch of North Carolina are two northwest-trending positive elements. An embayment in southeastern Georgia lies between them. Common tendencies include: (1) downdip change in many formations from coarse clastic to fine clastic to carbonate facies, (2) downdip thickening of beds, (3) downdip increase in number of beds, (4) lack of consolidation of sand and clay except at great depth, and (5) decreasing porosity and permeability with depth in coastal areas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1252------------
Results of urgent or emergency repair for symptomatic infants under one year of age with single or multiple ventricular septal defect.

Repair of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in symptomatic infants aged < 1 year previously had a high mortality and led to the use of pulmonary artery banding for many years. 1 As improvements in techniques (surgical, open-heart, instrumentation, myocardial preservation, anesthesia and postoperative care) occurred, the use of pulmonary artery banding for an isolated VSD decreased, and in many centers stopped completely.2 We report the results of VSD repair in 54 unselected infants who presented with congestive heart failure that had limited or no improvement with medical treatment. The types of VSDs and the associated defects are reported, as well as in-hospital and follow-up mortality and morbidity.
Synthesis of 2-phenyl-1,2-benziso[77Se]selenazol-3(2H)-one : Ebselen

Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-1,2-benziso[ 77 Se]selenazol-3(2H)-one has been accomplished in one step from 94% 77 Se and commercially available starting materials in 76% yield based on the enriched elemental selenium.
Equi-well-posed games

In this paper, the notion of equi-well-posed optimization problem as studied by Dontchev and Zolezzi, (Ref. 1) is extended to noncooperative games. Some existence theorems for Berge and Nash equilibria are obtained. Under some invariance properties, the existence of Berge equilibria which are also Nash equilibria points is studied.
Two-photon scanning microscopy of in vivo sensory responses of cortical neurons genetically encoded with a fluorescent voltage sensor in rat

A fluorescent voltage sensor protein “Flare” was created from a Kv1.4 potassium channel with YFP situated to report voltage-induced conformational changes in vivo. The RNA virus Sindbis introduced Flare into neurons in the binocular region of visual cortex in rat. Injection sites were selected based on intrinsic optical imaging. Expression of Flare occurred in the cell bodies and dendritic processes. Neurons imaged in vivo using two-photon scanning microscopy typically revealed the soma best, discernable against the background labeling of the neuropil. Somatic fluorescence changes were correlated with flashed visual stimuli; however, averaging was essential to observe these changes. This study demonstrates that the genetic modification of single neurons to express a fluorescent voltage sensor can be used to assess neuronal activity in vivo.
Validation of US as a first-line diagnostic test for assessment of pediatric ileocolic intussusception

Background From the early 1980s onward, US has been considered a possible primary modality to assess patients for ileocolic intussusception. Since 2001, our institution has routinely used US to assess patients for ileocolic intussusception.
The Use of L-Lysine Monohydrochloride in Combination with Mercurial Diuretics in the Treatment of Refractory Fluid Retention

Administration of large doses of L-lysine monohydrochloride at meal times has proved to be an efficient method, free of significant side effects, for the production of a hyperchloremic acidosis to restore responsiveness to mercurial diuretics in cardiac and cirrhotic patients with refractory fluid retention. Results obtained in a group of 14 patients are presented and advantages of L-lysine monohydrochloride over previously available acidifying chloride salts are discussed.
The Raman spectra of the hexagonal and cubic (spinel) forms of Ge 3 N 4 : an experimental and theoretical study

The Raman spectra of the hexagonal (β) and cubic spinel (γ) forms of Ge3N4, newly obtained by high-pressure synthesis, have been measured and are compared with zone-center phonon frequencies calculated using first principles methods in a plane wave pseudopotential local density approximation. The observed and calculated phonon frequencies are in excellent agreement and we use the calculated values to perform mode assignment for both the phases. Both phases show all the expected Raman active modes.
The nucleoporin Nup60p functions as a Gsp1p-GTP-sensitive tether for Nup2p at the nuclear pore complex.

The nucleoporins Nup60p, Nup2p, and Nup1p form part of the nuclear basket structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear pore complex (NPC). Here, we show that these necleoporins can be isolated from yeast extracts by affinity chromatography on karyopherin Kap95p-coated beads. To characterize Nup60p further, Nup60p-coated beads were used to capture its interacting proteins from extracts. We find that Nup60p binds to Nup2p and serves as a docking site for Kap95p–Kap60p heterodimers and Kap123p. Nup60p also binds Gsp1p–GTP and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor Prp20p, and functions as a Gsp1p guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor by reducing the activity of Prp20p. Yeast lacking Nup60p exhibit minor defects in nuclear export of Kap60p, nuclear import of Kap95p–Kap60p-dependent cargoes, and diffusion of small proteins across the NPC. Yeast lacking Nup60p also fail to anchor Nup2p at the NPC, resulting in the mislocalization of Nup2p to the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Purified Nup60p and Nup2p bind each other directly, but the stability of the complex is compromised when Kap60p binds Nup2p. Gsp1p–GTP enhances by 10-fold the affinity between Nup60p and Nup2p, and restores binding of Nup2p–Kap60p complexes to Nup60p. The results suggest a dynamic interaction, controlled by the nucleoplasmic concentration of Gsp1p–GTP, between Nup60p and Nup2p at the NPC.
Mechanisms of Partner Violence Reduction in a Group HIV-Risk Intervention for Hispanic Women:

The objective of this study was to test whether partner communication about HIV and/or alcohol intoxication mediated reductions in intimate partner violence (IPV) in SEPA (Salud [health], Educacion [education], Promocion [promotion], y [and] Autocuidado [self-care]), a culturally specific, theoretically based group HIV-risk reduction intervention for Hispanic women. SEPA had five sessions covering sexually transmitted infection (STI)/HIV prevention, partner communication, condom negotiation and use, and IPV. SEPA reduced IPV and alcohol intoxication, and improved partner communication compared with controls in a randomized trial with adult U.S. Hispanic women (SEPA, n = 274; delayed intervention control, n = 274) who completed structured interviews at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline. Parallel process latent growth curve models indicated that partner communication about HIV mediated the reduction in male-to-female IPV in SEPA, B = −0.78, SE = 0.14, p< .001, but alcohol intoxication did not, ...
Training-Dependent Associative Learning Induced Neocortical Structural Plasticity: A Trace Eyeblink Conditioning Analysis

Studies utilizing general learning and memory tasks have suggested the importance of neocortical structural plasticity for memory consolidation. However, these learning tasks typically result in learning of multiple different tasks over several days of training, making it difficult to determine the synaptic time course mediating each learning event. The current study used trace-eyeblink conditioning to determine the time course for neocortical spine modification during learning. With eyeblink conditioning, subjects are presented with a neutral, conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a salient, unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit an unconditioned response (UR). With multiple CS-US pairings, subjects learn to associate the CS with the US and exhibit a conditioned response (CR) when presented with the CS. Trace conditioning is when there is a stimulus free interval between the CS and the US. Utilizing trace-eyeblink conditioning with whisker stimulation as the CS (whisker-trace-eyeblink: WTEB), previous findings have shown that primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex is required for both acquisition and retention of the trace-association. Additionally, prior findings demonstrated that WTEB acquisition results in an expansion of the cytochrome oxidase whisker representation and synaptic modification in layer IV of barrel cortex. To further explore these findings and determine the time course for neocortical learning-induced spine modification, the present study utilized WTEB conditioning to examine Golgi-Cox stained neurons in layer IV of barrel cortex. Findings from this study demonstrated a training-dependent spine proliferation in layer IV of barrel cortex during trace associative learning. Furthermore, findings from this study showing that filopodia-like spines exhibited a similar pattern to the overall spine density further suggests that reorganization of synaptic contacts set the foundation for learning-induced neocortical modifications through the different neocortical layers.
Post-communist Eastern Europe and the cartography of independence

Abstract The collapse of Communism in the USSR and Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991 was followed by a decade of new-found independence for two groups of states: (1) the former Soviet Socialist Republics of the USSR, and (2) the former Communist states of Eastern Europe, all but two of which were Soviet satellites. As part of an effort to redefine their character and relative location on the European stage, almost all of these states launched a cartography of independence, putting the world on notice that a new set of geographical realities had taken hold of the region. During the 1990s, maps were requested from each country’s embassy in Washington, DC; 15 of the 19 embassies responded, usually with multiple maps. Using perception theory, communication theory, and semiotic theory, these cartographic artifacts, some of which are presented in this article, were analyzed with the objective of understanding how each country wished to present itself in the post-Communist era. Through the lens of persuasive cartography, we are able to note the nation-building process at work and the emergence not only of newly independent countries but of a new Europe.
Lipid mediators of sensitivity in sensory neurons

Growing evidence implicates an increasing number of novel lipids, including eicosanoids, diacylglycerols, lysophosphatidic acids and ceramides, in augmenting the sensitivity of sensory neurons and enhancing pain perception. Many of these lipids are second messengers in signaling pathways that are associated with increasing the sensitivity of sensory neurons, whereas others are putative inflammatory mediators that activate either surface receptors or ion channels in these neurons. Based on the studies we review, it is clear that lipid-derived inflammatory mediators are a novel group of targets for therapeutics to treat inflammation and chronic pain states. However, much work remains to define the roles of these lipids in inflammation and the cellular mechanisms by which they alter the sensitivity of sensory neurons.
Laboratory Efficacy of Enrofloxacin for the Control of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Rainbow Trout

Abstract Efficacy of enrofloxacin (Baytril®: Bayer Co.) was evaluated in the laboratory for control of Aeromonas salmonicida infection in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Minimuminhibitory-concentration studies of enrofloxacin used against several A. salmonicida isolates indicated efficacy at concentrations below 0.125 μg/mL. In laboratory studies in which rainbow trout were challenged with A. salmonicida, a reduction in percent mortality was observed among fish receiving enrofloxacin (in feed) at rates of 1.25–2.5 mg/kg fish daily for 10 d when compared with mortality of nonmedicated controls.
Geocatalytic Reactions in Formation and Maturation of Petroleum

Theory and experiments suggest that catalytic reactions are involved in petroleum formation. This suggestion is not new, but has never gained wide acceptance. A model chemical system illustrates that acid-catalyzed reactions can explain several key transformations in the generation and maturation of oil. It also is shown that such reactions should occur under geologically reasonable conditions, and that naturally occurring active catalysts exist in many sediments. Catalytic principles indicate that the nature and amount of these catalysts in sediments can importantly control the fate of organic substances therein. It is suggested that under a given time-temperature history, organic matter in a sediment may or may not generate petroleum depending on the concentration and a tivity of the geocatalysts. Stated another way, sediments differ in the time-temperature histories needed to generate petroleum.
A Ten-Step Model for Academic Integrity: A Positive Approach for Business Schools

The problem of academic dishonesty in Business Schools has risen to the level of a crisis according to some authors, with the incidence of reports on student cheating rising to more than half of all the business students. In this article we introduce the problem of academic integrity as a holistic issue that requires creating a␣cultural change involving students, faculty, and administrators in an integrated process. Integrating the extensive literature from other scholars, we offer a ten-step model which can create a positive culture for academic integrity. The successful implementation of a well-crafted academic integrity program can have a positive impact on business schools and improve the reputation of tomorrow’s business leaders.
The Diffuse Vascular Lesion of So-Called "Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura"

"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura" is a thrombocytopenic, hemolytic disease with occlusive mounds in the arterioles and capillaries. These mounds have been popularly supposed to represent bland platelet thrombi. In recent years observations have been forthcoming in favor of a primary vascular lesion as the anatomic basis of the disease. This paper places special emphasis on the latter proposition, and pathologic material is presented to demonstrate how such a lesion probably evolves.
Hurricane Gilbert briefing

Hurricane Gilbert has been called one of the most monstrous hurricanes of the 20th century, cutting a nearly 2000-mile swath across Jamaica, Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, and along the border of Texas and Mexico September 10–17. Death toll was about 200, and damage estimates were above $8 billion. A briefing on the effects of Gilbert was held in Washington, D.C., on October 24. It was sponsored by the Committee on Natural Disasters of the National Academy of Sciences, with the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Properties of topical sunscreen formulations : a review

Sunscreens reduce the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by absorbing, reflecting, or scattering photons. Ultraviolet radiation includes UVB, which is primarily responsible for sunburn and skin cancers, as well as UVA, which has been implicated in photoaging. Topical photoprotective agents include physical and chemical sunscreens. Physical sunscreens are important in individuals who are unusually sensitive to UVA and visible light such as those with photosensitizing diseases. Chemical sunscreens are more cosmetically appealing and can selectively absorb UVB and/or UVA. The increased awareness of the importance of sun protection has encouraged the regular use of sunscreens. This article will review physical and chemical sunscreens. The properties and vehicle design of various sunscreen formulations are also discussed.
Clinical utility of azilsartan–chlorthalidone fixed combination in the management of hypertension

Azilsartan–chlorthalidone fixed combination is a new drug in the management of hypertension. Azilsartan has been shown to have greater blood pressure-lowering effects than other angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), and the debate regarding the superiority of chlorthalidone over hydrochlorothiazide has been ongoing for years. The combination is unique because it is the first to partner an ARB with this, possibly more effective, diuretic. This review will address trials involving both components of this drug, as well as phase III trials involving the fixed-combination product. The article will also discuss the benefit of combination therapy in the treatment of hypertension.
Using the American Board of Internal Medicine's "Elements of Professionalism" for undergraduate ethics education.

Purpose. To examine the feasibility of using the taxonomy of professional and unprofessional behaviors presented in the American Board of Internal Medicine’s (ABIM’s) Project Professionalism to categorize ethical issues that undergraduate medical students perceive to be salient. Method. Beginning second-year medical students at the University of Washington School of Medicine (n = 120) were asked to respond to three open-ended questions about professional standards of conduct and peer evaluation. Two of the authors read and coded the students’ responses according to the ABIM’s elements of professionalism (altruism, accountability, excellence, duty, honor and integrity, and respect for others) and the challenges to those elements (abuse of power, arrogance, greed, misrepresentation, impairment, lack of conscientiousness, and conflict of interest). Coding disagreements were solved using review and revision of the category definitions. New categories were created for students’ responses that described behaviors or issues that were not captured in the ABIM’s categories. Results. A total of 114 students responded. The ABIM’s professional code was adapted for students and teachers, making it context- and learning-stage-specific. One new category of challenges, conflicts of conscience, was added, and one category (abuse of power) was expanded to include abuse of power/negotiating power asymmetries. Conclusions. Using the ABIM’s taxonomy to name professional and unprofessional behaviors was particularly useful for examining undergraduate medical students’ perceptions of the ethical climate for learning during the first year of medical school, and it holds promise for research into changes in students’ perceptions as they move into clinical experiences. Using the framework, students can build a unified professional knowledge-and-skills base. Acad. Med. 2002;77:523‐531.
Important roles for angiotensin III and IV in the brain renin-angiotensin system

Abstract Considerable evidence now suggests that the precursors and enzymes necessary for the formation and degradation of biologically active forms of angiotensins are present in brain tissues, accompanied by at least three specific binding sites. It also appears that several forms of angiotensin may serve as signaling agents at these sites. There is accumulating support for the notion that AngII must be converted to AngIII in order to bind at the AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes, and AngIII must be converted to AngIV in order to activate the AT4 receptor subtype. Further, AngII(1–7) may activate a separate binding site concerned with antidiuresis, however, characterization of this site has not been completed. The AT1 site appears to mediate the classic angiotensin functions concerned with body water balance, maintenance of blood pressure, and cyclicity of reproductive hormones and sexual behaviors. This receptor site also exerts some control over the secretion of pituitary hormones. Less is known about the functional importance of the AT2 site, however, it has been implicated in vascular growth, control of blood flow, and perhaps modulation of NMDA receptors. The AT4 site is heavily distributed in neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia structures, as well as several peripheral tissues. This site appears to mediate memory acquisition and retrieval, the regulation of blood flow, neurite outgrowth, angiogenesis, and kidney function. In addition to the well-studied functions of the brain renin-angiotensin system, additional less well investigated responses are reviewed. These include electrophysiological activation, tachyphylaxis, long term potentiation, learning and memory, and cognitive affect.
Online Drift Compensation for Chemical Sensors Using Estimation Theory

Sensor drift from slowly changing environmental conditions and other instabilities can greatly degrade a chemical sensor's performance, resulting in poor identification and analyte quantification. In the present work, estimation theory (i.e., various forms of the Kalman filter) is used for online compensation of baseline drift in the response of chemical sensors. Two different cases, which depend on the knowledge of the characteristics of the sensor system, are studied. First, an unknown input is considered, which represents the practical case of analyte detection and quantification. Then, the more general case, in which the sensor parameters and the input are both unknown, is studied. The techniques are applied to simulated sensor data, for which the true baseline and response are known, and to actual liquid-phase SH-SAW sensor data measured during the detection of organophosphates. It is shown that the technique is capable of estimating the baseline signal and recovering the true sensor signal due only to the presence of the analyte. This is true even when the baseline drift changes rate or direction during the detection process or when the analyte is not completely flushed from the system.
Cryopreservation of Stallion Spermatozoa with INRA96 and Glycerol

The aim of the present study was to improve success of cryopreservation of stallion spermatozoa. Semen from eleven stallions was collected and frozen in INRA 96 with two different concentrations of glycerol (3.5% and 6.0%) and compared with a control freezing process. The mean post-thaw motility for the eleven stallions of 57.93% (3.5% glycerol) and 66.50% (6.0% glycerol), which was statistically higher (P 0.05) from the pregnancy rate of mares bred with fresh semen (55.6%). INRA 96 with 6.0% glycerol improved the survivability of stallion spermatozoa through the cryopreservation process, and subsequent fertility was not different (P > 0.05) from fresh, extended semen.
Preparation of uniform colloidal dispersions by chemical reactions in aerosols—2. spherical particles of aluminum hydrous oxide☆

Abstract Solid aluminum hydrous oxide aerosols were prepared by hydrolysis of droplets of liquid aluminum sec-butoxide, which were generated in a falling-film-type condensation generator and hydrolyzed with water vapor in specially designed chambers. Spherical particles of narrow size distribution with modal diameters ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 υm could be obtained by varying the temperature of the generator and the carrier gas flow rate. The solids so prepared were amorphous, but on calcination at 700°C they crystallized to γ-Al 2 O 3 , yet retained spherical shape. Aluminum hydrous oxide could be readily dispersed in water and showed an isoelectric point at pH ∼ 9.3 which is indicative of high purity of the material obtained through the chemical reaction in the aerosol phase.
On the fracture stress for the inclined crack under biaxial load

Abstract The value of the tensile load necessary to fracture a plane sheet specimen with an arbitrarily oriented central crack, and biaxially applied outer boundary loading, is calculated using the Griffith fracture criterion. An infinite sheet geometry is used initially in order to enable an analytical calculation. The qualitative dependence of the value of the critical vertically applied tensile stress, σ c , on the interplay of sheet thickness (plane-stress vs plane-strain), crack orientation, horizontal load biaxiality and the Poisson ratio of the material, are illustrated by the results of the analysis. Experimental data from biaxial load fracture tests for the horizontal crack orientation, performed on aluminum alloys, plastics and glass, show agreement with the qualitative features of the dependence of the critical load on the load biaxiality and the Poisson ratio indicated by the analysis.
Changes in body chemical composition with age measured by total-body neutron activation

Total-body levels of calcium and phosphorus (reflecting skeletal mass) and total-body levels of potassium (reflecting muscle mass) were measured by neutron activation analysis in 39 men and 40 women ages 30-90 yr. In order to intercompare the total body calcium (TBCa) values in a heterogeneous population, such as this, it was necessary to normalize the data for skeletal size. The normalization consisted of dividing the absolute calcium level by the predicted calcium level for each individual matched to a set of critical parameters. The parameter used in the computation of normal values were age, sex, muscle mass, i.e., total body potassium (TBK) and height. For the calcium data of the women, it was necessary to add an age correction factor after the age of 55 yr. The calcium ratio(mean ratio of the predicted to measured TBCa) in men was 1.000 +/- 7.8% and in women 0.996 +/- 7.1%. The TBCa of normal males and females can thus be predicted to +/- 13% (at the 90% confidence level). An exception to this was found in males (70-90 yr) who exhibited a mean calcium ratio greater than 1.13. The derivative of TBCa with time was determined for this population of men and women by taking into account the dependency of calcium on three time dependent variables, height, TBK, and an explicit age correction factor in the case of the women. The mean rate of loss of TBCa in women was 0.37% and 1.1% per year before and after menopause (50 yr). In the males, the average rate of loss of TBCa was 0.7% per year after 50 yr of age. The pattern of total body phosphorus (TBP) loss with age paralleled that of TBCa as the ratio of TBP/TBCa was rather constant with age. The constancy of the ratio suggests that the mineral composition of bone does not change significantly with age. The rate of loss of TBK with age was also related directly to that of TBCa. The mean ratio of TBK/TBCa was 9.9 in females and 8.0 in males and this ratio remained relatively constant from 30-70 yr. Thus, the mechanism responsible for the loss of bone with age, whether nutritional deficiency or decreased gonadal function and physical activity may also be responsible for the loss of muscle mass with age.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Web‐Based Homework in Teaching Undergraduate Business Statistics

Web-based homework (WBH) Technology can simplify the creation and grading of assignments as well as provide a feasible platform for assessment testing, but its effect on student learning in business statistics is unknown. This is particularly true of the latest software development of Web-based tutoring agents that dynamically evaluate individual students' skill level and purport to respond with appropriate, targeted teaching to improve learning efficiency. In this article, we compare traditional, textbook-based homework assignments with three systems of WBH for undergraduate business statistics courses: ALEKS, PH Grade Assist, and custom-made online quizzes in Blackboard. These systems represent a range of media from artificial intelligence–based tutoring to instructor-controlled objective testing. Using a common assessment test, we compare the performance of students taught with these different systems. Our study finds, as we anticipated, that student performance depends significantly upon teacher experience and student academic competence. Once these factors are controlled for, however, the technique used to deliver homework makes little difference in student success. In contrast to other published research, we do not find any advantage to automated tutoring and identify some limitations of this approach based on both instructor and student feedback.
The infllluence of civic organizations on governments

Propfessor Lowrie discusses civic organizations and agencies, their general character, and their relation to governmental work.
A THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF THE ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN CATALYZED SUBSTITUTION OF TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE FOR IODIDE ON CPFE(CO)2I

Abstract The thermodynamic parameters governing the electron transfer chain catalyzed substitution of triphenylphosphine for iodide on CpFe(CO)2I have been studied. The reaction is driven by the much higher stability of the triphenylphosphine complex relative to the iodide complex, and proceeds to completion even though the electron transfer which propagates the catalytic chain is endergonic. The standard reduction potential of CpFe(CO)2I is −1.64 V vs. Fc+/Fc, while that of CpFe(CO)2(PPh3)+ is −1.59 V. Nevertheless, the association constant for triphenylphosphine with the 17-electron CpFe(CO)2 fragment is 4×105 times that for iodide (log KP=1.9±1.9, log KI=−3.7±1.9). The rate of the reaction is accelerated enormously by reduction of the iodide complex, which allows the substitution to proceed through the more labile 17/19-electron complexes. The contrast between the π-basicity of iodide and the π-acidity of triphenylphosphine is proposed to be responsible for the favored complexation of triphenylphosphine by the relatively electron-rich CpFe(CO)2 fragment. The application of redox catalysis and redox equilibration to the study of such 17/19e equilibria shows great promise for obtaining these difficult-to-measure formation constants.
α-Al2O3 nanoslab fracture and fatigue behavior

Abstract Strain rate effects and cyclic loading behavior, relevant for fatigue initiation processes, of single crystalline α-Al2O3 nanoslab structures in vacuum have been characterized and compared under finite temperature dynamic loading and incremental static loading conditions by reactive molecular dynamics and ionic relaxation simulations, respectively. Different failure mechanisms for each loading case are observed and compared in view of known applicable material failure mechanisms. In particular, structure size effects along with unit cell and bulk defect distribution based mechanisms are considered. The effects of lateral pre-strain are assessed. Conclusions are drawn regarding conditions which could lead to low cycle failure of the material. The results indicate that finite temperature and strain rate result in lower failure strains, as compared to static relaxation calculations, however low strength enhancement of ductility with kinematic strain hardening upon repeated loading may occur. We suggest that the latter facilitates a shakedown mechanism. Positive pre-straining results in increased stress triaxiality (hydrostatic vs. equivalent stress), which significantly reduces crack healing probability, due to single sharp crack propagation. Instead, volume pre-relaxation results in multiple crack branching and/or amorphous band formation, which facilitates crack healing and deformation induced transition to purely elastic response (shakedown) possibility. Amorphization, which manifests as small strain plasticity enhancement, is found to occur ahead of propagating cracks due to multiple dislocation mechanism as a low energy barrier partially reversible low density phase transition, both at static and finite temperature/strain rate conditions. The observed property changes and phase change related defect healing mechanisms have been investigated further by bulk unit cell simulations and validated against DFT calculations.
Action on worksite health and safety problems: A follow‐up survey of workers participating in a hazardous waste worker training program

In it's worker health and safety training program, the California-Arizona Consortium aims to promote worker action to improve health and safety conditions. To assess action on worker-identified health and safety problems, 278 trainees were interviewed 3-8 months after training. Associations with three outcomes were analyzed: (1) attempted action, (2) problem correction, and (3) trainee participation. Perceived management support was associated with all three outcomes, pointing to its key role in maximizing the impact of training. Odds of attempted action were 2-5 times greater with support than without. Trainees for whom English was not the primary language (mostly Spanish speakers) attempted action as often as English speakers. However, the odds of their correcting problems were half that of the English-speaking workers. It is suggested this was due to a perceived lack of control over organizational resources for change, not simply due to communication barriers.
Improving the delivery of continuous renal replacement therapy using regional citrate anticoagulation.

Aims: Regional citrate anticoagulation during acute renal replacement therapy (RRT) effectively prevents extracorporeal thrombosis and avoids bleeding risk. There have been a number of citrate anticoagulation protocols published; but a simple and predictable scheme with standardized components and procedures, as well as clearly defined citrate pharmacokinetics, is needed for continuous RRT (CRRT) that is now used frequently in the critical care setting. The present study sets forth methodology with standardized blood flow and dialysate composition, and with citrate and calcium infusions that are quantitatively linked to extracorporeal blood flow rate - a predictable and easily replicated CRRT paradigm. Materials and methods: CRRT using continuous venovenous hemofiltration with dialysis (CVVHD) was standardized using 150 - 200 ml/min blood flow, calcium-free dialysate with only moderate sodium (135 mEq/l) and bicarbonate (28 mEq/l) concentrations, and ultrafiltration limited to that needed for overall fluid balance in the intensive care unit. Citrate infusion (ACD-A solution) into the extracorporeal blood and calcium repletion in blood returned to the patient were proportional to blood flow. Anticoagulation was accomplished by keeping extracorporeal ionized calcium below 0.4 mM/l. Filter performance, citrate removal and changes in calcium, sodium and alkali were evaluated longitudinally. Results: CVVHD using this protocol delivered urea clearance exceeding 2 l/h (48 1/d) when filter function was sustained. Filter longevity was markedly improved using citrate when compared with standard heparin anticoagulation, and nursing time spent on initiating and troubleshooting CRRT was approximately halved using this protocol. Sieving coefficients for urea, creatinine and citrate were approximately 0.9 and were sustained through nearly 3 days of filter use. Citrate clearance and removal were quantitatively linked to dialysate and ultrafiltration flow, resulting in 35 - 50% direct removal of the citrate-calcium chelate and reduced systemic citrate load. Serum tonicity and acid-base status were not problematic. The only notable side effect was modest calcium accumulation that necessitated reduction in calcium repletion rate. Conclusions: CVVHD is well suited to regional citrate anticoagulation. The present protocol is straightforward and predictable, with minor metabolic consequences that can be anticipated and adjusted. These results commend regional citrate anticoagulation to wider application.
Cryothermal Catheter Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia in a Pediatric Patient after Atrioventricular Canal Repair

Anatomic displacement of the atrioventricular node and associated conduction tissue in atrioventricular septal defects has been previously described. In spite of the increasing use of cryothermal catheter ablation in the pediatric population, there remains very little literature regarding its use in congenital heart disease. We describe successful cryothermal modification of the slow atrioventricular nodal pathway in a 12-year-old patient with a previously repaired partial atrioventricular septal defect and inducible atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The use of a steerable catheter to locate the displaced His signal combined with the use of cryothermal energy allowed for the safe and effective treatment of this patient's tachycardia.
PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES CYTOPHILIC FOR MACROPHAGES

Cytophilic activity for macrophages was shown to be a property possessed by most, if not all, of the complement binding 7S γ2-population of guinea pig antibodies. Cytophilic antibodies were also demonstrated in rabbit and mouse antisera to sheep red cells. While each species antibody best sensitized homologous macrophages, cross species sensitization was also observed. The binding site for macrophages resides on the Fc fragment, therefore, on the H chains, and is destroyed by pepsin hydrolysis or reduction and alkylation. The binding reaction is reversible with a high rate of dissociation at 37°C. Cytophilic activity is not complement dependent, and was shown to be that property of opsonizing antibody which provides the receptors that permit the binding of the antibody to the macrophage cell membrane in preparation for phagocytosis.
Use of a rapid, efficient inoculation method to induce papillomas by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA shows that the E7 gene is required

Abstract A simple inoculation method to induce papillomas efficiently with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) DNA is described. Using a jet injector, recombinant CRPV DNA is easily delivered to 100 or more sites per rabbit and induces typical epithelial papillomas in approximately 50% of those sites. Papillomas begin to form by 3 weeks and continue to develop for up to 7 weeks, a pattern similar to that reported following infection with intact virus. This system readily lends itself to investigation of viral gene function by delivering mutant viral genomes into an immunologically intact host. Two mutations in the E7 open reading frame were introduced into the complete CRPV genome and analyzed by this method. One was a frameshift mutation encoding just nine amino-terminal amino acids of the E7 protein; the other was an in-frame insertion mutation at position 9. Both E7 mutations were in a region of homology to the 300-kDa protein binding domain of adenovirus E1A protein. Neither mutant construct was able to induce papillomas, thereby demonstrating that the E7 gene participates in this biologic function. Exploitation of this approach, which demonstrates that a papillomavirus E7 gene is involved in the induction of papillomas in vivo, should permit detailed studies into molecular mechanisms involved in papilloma induction, malignant conversion, and host immune response. The high efficiency of papilloma induction with recombinant CRPV DNA suggests that the jet injector can also be used to study the biologic effects of other genetic elements in rabbits or in other species.
437 SERUM 25-HYDROXY-VITAMIN D (25-OHD) CONCENTRATIONS AND BONE HISTOLOGY IN SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)

437 SERUM 25-HYDROXY-VITAMIN D (25-OHD) CONCENTRATIONS AND BONE HISTOLOGY IN SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)
Adaptive plasticity in the naso-occipital linear vestibulo-ocular reflex.

The linear vestibulo-ocular reflex (LVOR) during motion along the naso-occipital (NO) axis is governed by eye position and viewing distance. These influences are necessary for the LVOR to maintain stable foveal images during head translation. The response to NO translation must be large when eye position is eccentric from the axis of head motion (i.e., during lateral gaze) and must diminish as eye position approaches straight-ahead, eventually reaching zero when the eye is aligned with the NO axis of motion (the ”null point”). As eye position crosses to the opposite side, the LVOR response must reappear, but in the opposite direction, and must grow in magnitude as eccentricity increases. To determine whether the NO-LVOR is subject to adaptive plastic mechanisms, squirrel monkeys were conditioned during NO translation while they binocularly viewed a rich visual field through parallel base-right or base-left wedge prisms. This optical method effectively shifted the visual world 9° leftward or rightward, respectively, thus inducing a mismatch between vision and the NO-LVOR during head movements. To restore compensatory function, the relationship between LVOR sensitivity and horizontal eye position must shift by 9° in the same direction as the visual image shift, effectively shifting the null point. After 2 h of adaptive conditioning, all monkeys exhibited an adaptive shift in the appropriate direction by an average of 3.0° (range 0.7-5.0°), corresponding to 33% of the geometrically required adaptation.
Three siblings with Müllerian inhibitory factor deficiency

Deficiency of Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF) is a disorder that is usually diagnosed during a surgical intervention. Determination of MIF levels has made accurate diagnosis possible. This report describes a family with three pairs of twins in which one of every pair was affected. To our knowledge, there are eight previuos reports of 2 pairs of siblings in the literature, but none of three pairs [7].
Conditions Under Which a Markov Chain Converges to its Steady State in Finite Time

Abstract : Analysis of the initial transient problem of Monte Carlo steady state simulation motivates the following question for Markov chains: when does there exist a deterministic T such that P(x(T) = y-bar-(0) = x) = pi(y), where pi is the stationary distribution of X? We show that this can essentially never happen for a continuous time Markov chain; in discrete-time, such processes are basically i.i.d. Keywords: Initial transient; Markov chains.
The Debate Between Traditional Management Theory and Organizational Economics: Substantive Differences or Intergroup Conflict?

Donaldson's (1990) critique of organizational economics suggests four attributes of this model that make intellectual discourse and theoretical integration with traditional management theory difficult: the assumption of opportunism, different levels of analysis, the theory of motivation, and the prescriptive character of organizational economics. It is suggested that these differences are not a sufficient explanation of the response of some traditional management theorists to organizational economics. Rather than being based on these substantive differences, it is argued that the relationship between these two models has many of the attributes of an intergroup conflict. Possible responses to this intergroup conflict and the implications that these responses may have for understanding organizational phenomena are explored.
A rare case of disseminated cutaneous zoster in an immunocompetent patient

Background Disseminated cutaneous herpes zoster in healthy persons is uncommon, though it has been described in immunocompromised patients.