cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of a Pharmacist-Run Multiple Sclerosis Optimization Clinic (P1.2-099)

Objective: To describe the design and implementation of a referral based pharmacist-run multiple sclerosis optimization clinic in a neurology ambulatory setting Background: The management of multiple sclerosis is complex due to clinical heterogeneity, advancements in therapeutics, and influence of co-morbidities on outcomes. Furthermore, concomitant vascular risk factors and adverse health behaviors (e.g. smoking) which have been shown to be associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with MS may not be adequately controlled due to lack of access to care. To provide comprehensive care to people with MS while improving access to care, a pharmacist-run MS Optimization Clinic was developed. Design/Methods: The Multiple Sclerosis Optimization Clinic is a referral based collaborative model developed to offer medication management of DMTs as well as vascular risk factor management to patients with multiple sclerosis within a neurology ambulatory clinic setting. A signed collaborative practice agreement between a dedicated clinical pharmacist faculty member and an MS fellowship trained neurologist was established to enable the clinical pharmacist to order laboratory tests and adjust medications. During the MS Optimization Clinic visit, emphasis is placed on obtaining an accurate medication history; assessing for barriers and counseling on the importance of adherence; monitoring for adherence, adverse effects, tolerability, safety and effectiveness of therapy; and counseling on the importance of smoking cessation and life style modifications on MS outcomes. Results: n/a Conclusions: A multidisciplinary collaborative care model that provides an infrastructure for targeted management of DMT as well as disease state management of vascular co-morbidities can potentially optimize outcomes for patients with multiple sclerosis. Disclosure: Dr. Hellerslia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gettings has nothing to disclose.
Validation of the Revised Strain Index for Predicting Risk of Incident Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in a Prospective Cohort.

The Revised Strain Index (RSI), a model that quantifies physical exposure from individual hand/wrist exertions, tasks, and multi-task jobs, was used to quantify exposure for 1372 incident-eligible manufacturing, service and healthcare workers. Workers were followed for an average of 2.5 years (maximum 6 years) and had an average carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) incidence rate of 4.6 per 100 person-years. Exceeding the a-priori RSI limit of 10.0 showed increased risk of CTS (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.11-1.91, p = 0.01). There also was a dose-response relationship using proposed low (RSI ≤ 8.5, HR = 1.00), medium (HR = 1.42 (95% CI: 0.96-2.09, p = 0.08)), and high limits (RSI > 15, HR = 1.79 (95% CI: 1.19-2.69, p = 0.01), respectively. RSI as a continuous variable showed CTS risk increased steadily by between 1.9% and 3.3% per unit increase in RSI (p ≤ 0.03). These results suggest that the RSI is a useful tool for surveillance as well as for job intervention/design and continuous improvement processes.Practitioner Summary The Revised Strain Index (RSI) quantifies physical exposure from individual hand/wrist exertions, tasks, and multi-task jobs. Increased cumulative RSI scores (i.e. daily exposure score) are associated with increased risk of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The RSI is potentially useful as a risk surveillance and intervention design tool.
ATS Core Curriculum 2021. Adult Sleep Medicine: Sleep Apnea

The American Thoracic Society Sleep Core Curriculum updates clinicians on important sleep topics, presented during the annual meeting, and appearing in summary here. This year's sleep core theme is sleep-disordered breathing and its management. Topics range from pathophysiological mechanisms for the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome, surgical modalities of OSA treatment, comorbid insomnia and OSA, central sleep apnea, and sleep practices during a pandemic. OSA has been associated with metabolic syndrome, independent of the role of obesity, and the pathophysiology suggests a role for sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxia in observed metabolic outcomes. In specific patient populations, surgical treatment modalities for OSA have demonstrated large reductions in objective disease severity compared with no treatment and may facilitate adherence to positive airway pressure treatment. Patient-centered approaches to comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea include evaluating for both OSA and insomnia simultaneously and using shared-decision making to determine the order and timing of positive airway pressure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. The pathophysiology of central sleep apnea is complex and may be due to the loss of drive to breathe or instability in the regulatory pathways that control ventilation. Pandemic-era sleep practices have evolved rapidly to balance safety and sustainability of care for patients with sleep-disordered breathing.
Expression of TRAIL (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand) and its receptors in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC): Relation to apoptosis rate and prognosis

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4479 TRAIL plays an important role in host immunosurveillance against tumor metastasis, induces apoptosis of tumor cells but not normal cells, and thus has great therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. TRAIL binds to two cell death-inducing (DR4 and DR5) and two decoy (DcR1, and DcR2) receptors. Therefore, it has been suggested that differential expression of death versus decoy receptors determines the sensitivity of tumor cells to TRAIL. We therefore elected to correlate the expression levels of TRAIL and its receptors in OSCC with the apoptosis rate in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and with various clinicopathologic prognostic parameters. expression of TRAIL and its receptors was studied immunohistochemically (IHC) in archival specimens of OSCC (n=42) and their mRNA expression was confirmed by RT-PCR in selected cases. Apoptosis rates of tumor cells and TIL were determined by IHC detection of cleaved caspase 3. Caspase 3 labeling index (LI; %) among tumor cells and TIL were assessed using an ImagePro Plus analysis system. expression levels of TRAIL receptors in tumor cells were graded semiquantitatively. TRAIL is constitutively expressed in normal oral mucosa but its expression is almost completely lost in OSCC. OSCC frequently expressed high levels (>75% positive tumor cells) of DcR1, followed by DR4, DR5 and DcR2 in 76%, 66%, 25% and 5% of OSCC cases, respectively. expression of each receptor in OSCC is mostly determined by whether or not this receptor is expressed in uninvolved oral mucosa. There were no significant differences in the expression levels of each of these receptors among uninvolved oral mucosa, primary and metastatic tumors of the same patient. DR5 expression was significantly associated with larger tumor size (T3/4). Expression levels of TRAIL and its receptors failed to show any statistically significant correlation with the following clinical and histopathologic parameters: histologic grade; lymph node status; apoptosis rate of tumor cells and TIL. Differential expression of death versus decoy TRAIL receptors in OSCC does not appear to play a role either in their apoptosis rate or metastatic progression. Therefore, resistance of OSCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis is controlled by some other mechanism and not by the expression levels of its receptors.
Simple Self-Help Maneuvers Are Effective in Aborting Vasovagal Syncope

To the Editor: The recent article by Lu et al1 reminded us of the frequency of vasovagal syncope (neurally mediated syncope) in the general population—22%. Although effective therapy, both pharmacologically and with a pacemaker, is now available,2 prevention is still the best recourse. Because vasovagal syncope is preceded by prodromal symptoms in two thirds of cases,3 there should be time to apply preventive measures. Recently, it has been shown that such …
More spectrum for less energy: Green cooperative sensing scheduling in CRNs

Due to the increasing bandwidth demand of mobile users and their devices with energy hungry wireless networking modules, attention of research efforts has been recently shifting to find answers to the paradox of achieving more spectrum for less energy consumption. In this paper, cognitive radios have been employed to obtain more spectrum by utilizing unused licensed spectrum in an opportunistic manner. Defining the opportunity cost as the consumed energy per achieved unit of free spectrum, we propose a cooperative sensing scheduling framework to optimize the cost with the consideration of the sensing, reporting and channel switching costs in terms of energy expenditure subject to a licensed user protection threshold. In the proposed scheme, all primary channels are scheduled to be cooperatively sensed within a cycle which consists of rounds. In every round, secondary/unlicensed users (SUs) are first assigned to cooperatively sense the scheduled primary/licensed user (PU) channels. Consequently, SUs report their local sensing results to a fusion center for a global decision. Finally, SUs assigned to sense other PU channels perform channel switching for the next round. This scheme not only provides a feasible network set up in case there does not exist a sufficient number of SUs to satisfy the PU protection in a single round, but also offers an apparent reduction in the opportunity cost.
Should Copyright Owners Have to Give Notice about Their Use of Technical Protection Measures

Consumers expect to be able to do at least as much with digital content as they have been able to do with analog content, and more. Yet, some copyright owners are using technical protection measures to thwart certain consumer uses of digital content, and rarely do they give effective notice to consumers about these technical restrictions. This article identifies six types of consumer harms that have occurred from inadequate notice, including lack of expected interoperability, privacy invasions, security vulnerabilities, anti-competitive lock-out as to compatible systems, risks of inadvertent anti-circumvention liability, and unanticipated changing terms and discontinued service. It discusses a range of options for responding to the notice inadequacy problem, from trusting the market to substantive regulation that would forbid use of certain kinds of TPM restrictions (such as those that invade user privacy). Because the market has yet to yield effective notice to consumers of TPM restrictions, the article recommends that the Federal Trade Commission investigate the deployment of TPMs in digital content and make recommendations for standard notices that should be provided to consumers about the TPM restrictions.
High temperature phase equilibria studies in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O-Ag system

A variety of experimental techniques were utilized to examine the high temperature phase equilibria in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O-Ag system. Quenching studies were used to determine the liquid solubility of Ag in the Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} (Bi2212) melt and the details of the peritectic decomposition pathway of Bi2212 as a function on Ag content and oxygen partial pressure (PO{sub 2}). A liquid immiscibility region between oxide and Ag liquids in the 8--98 at% range was found above 900 C. Two eutectics were found in the Bi2212-Ag pseudobinary. On the oxide rich side, a eutectic exists at approximately 4 at% Ag. On the Ag rich side, a eutectic exists at approximately 98 at% Ag at a temperature of 15 C below the melting point of pure Ag. Six distinct solid phases were found to be in equilibrium with the partial melt within the Ag content and PO{sub 2} range studied. The stability of these solid phases were found to be highly sensitive to PO{sub 2}, and to a much lesser extent Ag content. High temperature x-ray diffraction (HTXRD) studies of this system are in conflict with these results. It is suggested that these discrepancies are due to experimental artifacts caused by the significant thermal gradients and lack of full bulk sampling which is inherent in conventional HTXRD designs. In part 2, a new furnace design compatible with synchrotron radiation sources is introduced to address these problems. This design allows for full bulk sampling in a low thermal gradient environment using Debye-Scherrer transmission geometry. Sample spinning is also introduced in the design to eliminate preferred orientation and incomplete powder averaging and allow for quantitative phase analysis and structural refinement. Studies on model systems are presented to demonstrate the capabilities for high resolution structural studies (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and time resolved phase transformation studies (SrCO{sub 3}). Finally, the Bi2212 system is examined to confirm the quenching results of part 1, and to demonstrate the degree to which this new HTXRD design solves the problems associated with conventional designs.
Thermal classification of lithospheric discontinuities beneath USArray

Abstract Broadband seismic data from the United States were processed into P s and S p receiver function image volumes for the purpose of constraining negative velocity gradients (NVG) at depths between the Moho and 200 km. Moho depth picks from the two independent datasets are in good agreement, however, large discrepancies in NVG picks occur and are attributed to free-surface multiples which obscure deep NVG arrivals in the P s data. From the S p data, shallow NVG are found west of the Rockies and in the central US while deep and sporadic NVG are observed beneath the Great Plains and northern Rockies. To aid the interpretation of the observed NVG arrivals, the mantle thermal field is estimated by mapping surface wave tomography velocities to temperature assuming an anelastic olivine model. The distribution of temperature versus NVG depth is bi-modal and displays two distinct thermal populations that are interpreted to represent both the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) and mid-lithosphere discontinuities (MLD). LAB arrivals occur in the western US at 60–85 km and 1200–1400 °C depth suggesting that they manifest partial melt near the base of the thermal plate. MLD arrivals primarily occur at 70–110 km depth and 700–900 °C and we hypothesize that these arrivals are caused by a low-velocity metasomatic layer containing phlogopite resulting from magma crystallization products that accumulate within long-lived thick lithosphere.
Impact of Chemotherapy Dosing on Ovarian Cancer Survival According to Body Mass Index

Importance Optimal chemotherapy dosing in obese patients remains uncertain, with variation in practice. Dose reduction strategies are often used to avoid chemotoxicity, but recent American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines recommend full dose. Objective To evaluate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on chemotherapy dosing and of dose reduction on ovarian cancer survival. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort study in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) health care setting of patients with primary invasive epithelial ovarian cancers diagnosed from January 2000 through March 2013. Analyses focused on 806 patients receiving adjuvant first-line therapy of carboplatin and paclitaxel with curative intent. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall and ovarian cancer–specific mortality. Deaths were identified through the KPNC Mortality Linkage System, with median follow-up of 52.5 months. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated from proportional hazards regression, accounting for prognostic variables including age at diagnosis, race, stage, grade, histologic type, chemotoxic effects, comorbidities, cancer antigen 125 levels, and BMI at diagnosis. Results The strongest predictor of dose reduction was a high BMI. Compared with normal-weight women, obese class III women received 38% and 45% lower doses in milligrams per kilogram of body weight of paclitaxel and carboplatin, respectively ( P P Conclusions and Relevance Lower RDI was an independent predictor of ovarian cancer mortality. This finding was strongest among normal-weight women but seen at all levels of BMI. Our results suggest that body size should not be a major factor influencing dose reduction decisions in women with ovarian cancer.
Accuracy limitations of lifetime-based pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) measurements

PSP systems determine air pressure by measuring the luminescence lifetime of an oxygen-quenched luminophor in a porous matrix. While traditionally lifetime was inferred from measurements at different pressures, it is becoming increasingly common to make direct lifetime measurements by taking images at different points on the luminescence decay curve using a gated camera. Here, the accuracy of the lifetime method is evaluated through theoretical analysis, bench top studies, and small scale wind tunnel tests, with the primary aim of determining whether the lifetime method is suitable for measurements in very low speed flows (Mach/spl sim/0.1). It is found that the luminescence lifetime of a PSP-coated surface can vary from point to point even at constant pressure and temperature. This variation is a significant source of error in low speed measurements, and can be reduced significantly by careful paint application procedures.
Decitabine in chronic leukemias.

5-Aza-2′-deoxycitidine (decitabine, Dacogen™, Bloomington, MN) is a cytosine analogue that promotes hypomethylation of DNA and has documented efficacy in myeloid malignancies. Indeed, promising clinical results have been observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Aberrant methylation has also been found in chronic leukemias, providing a rationale for investigating the use of decitabine in these diseases. There is clear evidence of molecular (hypomethylation) as well as hematologic and cytogenetic responses to decitabine in chronic myelogenous leukemia of all phases, including in patients resistant to imatinib mesylate. Clinical trials of decitabine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are ongoing. There are many unanswered questions regarding optimizing this treatment for chronic leukemias, but successful proof-of-concept studies for hypomethylating agents move us closer to approaches that may have a significant impact on patient outcomes.
Including absorption in Gordon’s optical metric

We show that Gordon's optical metric on a curved spacetime can be generalized to include absorption by allowing the metric to become complex. We demonstrate its use in the realm of geometrical optics by giving three simple examples. We use one of these examples to compute corrected distance-redshift relations for Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker models in which the cosmic fluid has an associated complex index of refraction that represents grey extinction. We then fit this corrected Hubble curve to the type Ia supernovae data and provide a possible explanation (other than dark energy) of the deviation of these observations from dark matter predictions.
Growth of zinc hollow nanofibers and nanotubes by thermal evaporation–condensation–deposition route

Abstract Highly crystalline zinc hollow nanofibers are synthesised via evaporation–condensation–deposition process. Zinc granules are thermally evaporated within a quartz reactor flowing nitrogen equipped with a furnace. Nucleation of zinc vapours is produced at the exit of the furnace by fast expansion and cooling through a nozzle in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere. Fibers with a diameter 40–120 nm, depending on the operating furnace temperature T vap , and length several microns, are deposited as fluffy bundles on the walls of the expansion nozzle. They exhibit a hollow morphology, as revealed by TEM analysis. Some new structures, we say nanoclubs , diameter 40–90 nm and typical length less than 300 nm, are also observed in correspondence of lower T vap .
Growth factor regulation of autophagy and cell survival in the absence of apoptosis

In animals, cells are dependent on extracellular signals to prevent apoptosis. However, using growth factor-dependent cells from Bax/Bak-deficient mice, we demonstrate that apoptosis is not essential to limit cell autonomous survival. Following growth factor withdrawal, Bax-/-Bak-/- cells activate autophagy, undergo progressive atrophy, and ultimately succumb to death. These effects result from loss of the ability to take up sufficient nutrients to maintain cellular bioenergetics. Despite abundant extracellular nutrients, growth factor-deprived cells maintain ATP production from catabolism of intracellular substrates through autophagy. Autophagy is essential for maintaining cell survival following growth factor withdrawal and can sustain viability for several weeks. During this time, cells respond to growth factor readdition by rapid restoration of the ability to take up and metabolize glucose and by subsequent recovery of their original size and proliferative potential. Thus, growth factor signal transduction is required to direct the utilization of sufficient exogenous nutrients to maintain cell viability.
Kirchhoff Model for a Skewed Random Surface

The standard Kirchhoff surface scattering model is extended to include the third order surface statistics which account for the skewness in surface geometry. The bistatic scattering coefficient is derived in terms of the surface correlation function and the surface skewness function. Numerical illustrations are carried out for the backscattering coefficient and the effect of the skewness function is also illustrated. It is found that major changes in the backscattering coefficient due to a change in direction appears through the directional surface correlation function, while a change in the sense of direction is reflected through the skewness function of the surface.
Eroding interface and improved tetrahedral element algorithms for high-velocity impact computations in three dimensions

Abstract This paper presents a three-dimensional, eroding interface algorithm which allows Lagrangian computations to be performed for projectile penetration/perforation of thick plates. It also presents an improved tetrahedral element algorithm which provides for very accurate results under mild distortions and allows for continued computations under severe distortions. These algorithms have been incorporated into the EPIC-3 code and examples are presented to illustrate their usefulness.
Photooxidation of cytochromes in reaction center preparations from Chromatium and Rhodopseudomonas viridis.

Abstract In a reaction center preparation from Rhodopseudomonas viridis , which contains as its only bacteriochlorophyll a single reactive trimer, two bound cytochromes under-go photooxidation. Cytochrome C558 photooxidation occurs at redox potentials above +100 mV, with a half-time of approx. 1 μsec. Cytochrome C 553 photooxidation occurs at potentials below o mV, with a rate that is presently too fast to measure. Similarly, a subchomatophore fraction from Chromatium exhibits photooxidation of bound cytochrome C555 with a half-time of 2.3 μsec at potentials above +100 mV, and cytochrome C552 with a half-time of 1.1 μsec at potentials below o mV. The changeover from one cytochrome to the other fits a one-electron titration curve with E m = +25 mV, which is independent of the pH. At all potentials, the rate of P883 + (P870+) reduction is the same as that of cytochrome oxidation. Measurements of P883+ reduction at both 882 and 785 nm allow the conclusion that this reactive bacteriochlorophyll species oxidizes both cytochromes. The similarities between the light-induced reactions in Chromatium and Rps. viridis suggest that a general feature of bacterial photosynthesis may be the oxidation of both high- and low-potential cytochromes by a single photochemical system. The cytochrome oxidation kinetics in the Chromatium fraction are essentially identical with those in Chromatium chromatophores; however, the reaction between the primary and secondary electron acceptors is slower by a factor of 1×10 3 . The purified material appears to lack the secondary acceptor, Y. N -Methylphenazonium methosulfate (PMS) or methylene blue can replace Y in a reaction which, unlike the in vivo reaction, is insensitive to 1,10-phenanthroline.
Regulación del flujo sanguíneo uterino. I. Funciones de estrógeno y receptores estrogénicos α/β en el endotelio vascular uterino durante el embarazo

Estrogen and classical estrogen receptors (ERs), ER-α and ER-β, have been shown to be partially responsible for short and long term uterine endothelial adaptations during pregnancy. The molecular and structural differences, together with the various effects caused by these receptors in cells and tissues, suggest that their function varies depending upon estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling. In this review, we discuss the role of estrogen and its classic receptors in the cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the expression of ERs in vivo and in vitro in the uterine artery endothelium during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy, while comparing their expression in arterial endothelium from reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. These themes integrate current knowledge of this broad scientific field with various interpretations and hypothesis that related estrogenic effects by either one or both ERs. This review also includes the relationship with vasodilator and angiogenic adaptations required to modulate the dramatic physiological increase to the uteroplacental perfusion observed during normal pregnancy.
High spin states in /sup 20/Ne with the (/sup 6/Li,d) reaction

The ($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$,$d$) reaction has been used to study high spin states in $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ at excitation energies of 16.6 and 17.4 MeV. Spectra of deuterons at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} which are coincident with alpha decays to the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ ground state show that the reaction excites a multitude of high spin states in this energy region. An attempt to parametrize the observed coincidence spectra in terms of two overlapping Breit-Wigner resonances was unsuccessful. The group at 17.4 MeV is probably two levels with $J=8$ and $J=7$. The $J=8$ assignment is in agreement with a recent study with the ($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$) reaction of a state at 17.3 MeV.
Racing performance of Standardbreds after conservative and surgical treatment for tarsocrural osteochondrosis

Summary A retrospective study of 114 Standardbred horses diagnosed with osteochondrosis (OC) of the cranial intermediate ridge of the distal tibia was carried out, and their subsequent race records were compared with 456 control horses. Each OC-affected horse was compared with 4 horses randomly selected from a list of horses matched to it by year of birth, sex and sire. The horses with OC were treated by arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments (N = 58) or managed conservatively (N = 56). The clinical presentation of these two groups was similar, although joint effusion was a more common presenting sign in the group that received surgical treatment. There was no association between presence of lameness and the type of treatment used. Data from the race records of treated and control horses (including the number of starts, lifetime earnings and record racing times) were compared. Overall, horses treated for OC had significantly fewer starts than, but earnings similar to, those in the control group. However, when stratification by sex was performed, females with OC made fewer starts and had lower earnings than did their control group. There was no significant difference in record time between OC-affected horses and controls. These results indicate that horses treated for osteochondrosis of the cranial intermediate ridge of the distal tibia performed as well as matched controls.
The mechanism of inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by the carbocyclic analog of 2'-deoxyguanosine.

The carbocyclic analog of deoxyguanosine inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by greater than 95% in the hepatitis B virus-producing cell line (2.2.15) as monitored by decreases of secreted hepatitis B virus DNA, hepatitis B virus polymerase activity and intracellular episomal hepatitis B virus DNA. Transcription of hepatitis B virus RNA from chromosomally integrated hepatitis B virus DNA was unaffected. Radioactive carbocyclic 2′-deoxyguanosine was directly phosphorylated within the 2.2.15 cells and was incorporated exclusively into DNA. In contrast, radioactive deoxyguanosine was presumably metabolized through the “salvage” pathway in which the guanine was primarily incorporated into cellular RNAs. The rate of incorporation of carbocyclic 2′-deoxyguanosine in 2.2.15 cells was similar to that in the parental cell line (Hep G2), which does not contain hepatitis B virus sequences. Greater than 90% of the analog was present at internal sites within the DNA, indicating that the analog did not function as a DNA chain terminator. Kinetic analysis of the Km and Ki of dGTP and carbocyclic 2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate, respectively, using both hepatitis B virus polymerase and DNA polymerase δ indicated that the analog is a competitive inhibitor for dGTP. Although both polymerases had similar Km's for dGTP, the Ki for carbocyclic 2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate was about 6 times lower using the hepatitis B virus polymerase. This would indicate that, at low concentrations of intracellular carbocyclic 2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate, the hepatitis B virus polymerase would be preferentially inhibited. We propose this to be the mechanism acting to inhibit preferentially hepatitis B virus replication in the tissue culture cells. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:8–12.)
Age-dependent capacity for somatosensory cortex reorganization in chronic spinal cats

Primary somatosensory cortex was mapped in chronic spinal cats that were spinalized (T12) at two weeks and 6 weeks of age. The magnitude of cortical reorganization is age-dependent. In cats spinalized at two weeks, extensive reorganization of the deafferented hindlimb region resulted in a second complete map of intact tactile input from the trunk and forelimb, while in cats transected at 6 weeks of age, trunk afferent input only partially activated the deafferented hindlimb region.
Stress and Performance: Do Service Orientation and Emotional Energy Moderate the Relationship?

The current study examines the moderating effect of customer service orientation and emotional energy on the stress-performance relationship for 681 U.S. casual dining restaurant employees. Customer service orientation was hypothesized to moderate the stress-performance relationship for Front-of-House (FOH) workers. Emotional energy was hypothesized to moderate stress-performance for Back-of-House (BOH) workers. Contrary to expectations, customer service orientation failed to moderate the effects of stress on performance for FOH employees, but the results supported that customer service orientation is likely a mediator of the relationship. However, the hypothesis was supported for BOH workers; emotional energy was found to moderate stress performance for these employees. This finding suggests that during times of high stress, meaningful, warm, and empathetic relationships are likely to impact BOH workers' ability to maintain performance. These findings have real-world implications in organizational practice, including highlighting the importance of developing positive and meaningful social interactions among workers and facilitating appropriate person-job fits. Doing so is likely to help in alleviating worker stress and is also likely to encourage worker performance.
cultural pressure on sex differences

This paper suggests that sex differences in the behavior of children exist but are not necessarily intensified under certain cultural conditions. Under conditions of culture change to a sedentary economy, certain elements of male and female differentiated behavior are exploited in the process of increasing sex differentiation.
Salmonella survival during spray drying and subsequent handling of skimmilk powder. I. Salmonella enumeration.

Abstract Quantitative recovery of Salmonella organisms added to skimmilk powder was investigated with a method based upon recommended procedures for the isolation of Salmonella from dried milk and other foods. The sensitive detection method with a brilliant green pre-enrichment, a brilliant green-sodium sulfathiazole-tetrathionate broth enrichment, and bismuth sulfite for selective platings yielded quantitative results by performing the method in replicate and estimating Salmonella by the Most Probable Number technique. Known levels of added Salmonella were recovered quantitatively from skimmilk powder containing a normal mixed flora. Neither age of cultures, level of inoculum, nor heat shocks given the cultures before milk inoculation affected quantitative recovery of added Salmonella . This method is adaptable and suitable for investigations of Salmonella survival during spray drying and subsequent handling of skimmilk powder
Remodeling of inhibitory synaptic connections in developing ferret visual cortex

In the visual cortex, as in many other regions of the developing brain, excitatory synaptic connections undergo substantial remodeling during development. While evidence suggests that local inhibitory synapses may behave similarly, the extent and mechanisms that mediate remodeling of inhibitory connections are not well understood. Using scanning laser photostimulation in slices of developing ferret visual cortex, we assessed the overall patterns of developing inhibitory and excitatory synaptic connections converging onto individual neurons. Inhibitory synaptic inputs onto pyramidal neurons in cortical layers 2 and 3 were already present as early as postnatal day 20, well before eye opening, and originated from regions close to the recorded neurons. During the ensuing 2 weeks, the numbers of synaptic inputs increased, with the numbers of inhibitory (and excitatory) synaptic inputs peaking near the time of eye opening. The pattern of inhibitory inputs refined rapidly prior to the refinement of excitatory inputs. By uncaging the neurotransmtter GABA in brain slices from animals of different ages, we find that this rapid refinement correlated with a loss of excitatory activity by GABA. Inhibitory synapses, like excitatory synapses, undergo significant postnatal remodeling. The time course of the remodeling of inhibitory connections correlates with the emergence of orientation tuning in the visual cortex, implicating these rearrangements in the genesis of adult cortical response properties.
A variant L.E. cell factor reactive only with "altered" nuclear material.

An unusual antinuclear factor is described in a lupus erythematosus serum which shows L.E. cell activity. The serum was non-reactive with nuclei of intact cells and with thymus nucleoprotein but demonstrated reactivity with leukocyte nuclei altered by mechanical trauma. It is suggested that this antinuclear factor is related to the L.E. cell activity of the serum and represents a second type of L.E. cell factor. Es describite un inusual factor antinucleari trovate in un sero de lupus erythematose que manifesta activitate de cellula L.E. Le sero esseva non-reactive con nucleos de intacte cellulas e con nucleoproteina de thymo sed monstrava reactivitate con nucleos leucocytic alterate per trauma mechanic. Es proponite le these que iste factor antinucleari es relationate al activitate de cellula L.E. in le sero e representa un secunde typo de factor de cellula L.E.
Damage Response to Irradiation Temperature and Ion Fluence in C+-Irradiated 6H-SiC

Irradiation experiments have been performed 60° off the surface normal for 6H-SiC single crystals at various temperatures (185-870 K) using 550 keV C+ ions over a fluence range from 1×1018 to 5×109 ions/m2. Atomic disorder on the Si sublattice, as determined by in-situ RBS/channeling analysis, ranged from dilute defects to complete amorphization. The critical amorphization dose of ∼0.23 dpa (on the Si sublattice) at 185 K has been determined. Asymmetric shapes in angular yield profiles across the crystallographic axis emerged above 1.5×1019 C−/m2 (∼0.05 dpa in the near-surface region), which might be associated with the lattice disturbance in the crystal structure. A gradual decrease in half-angular width was observed with the increase of ion fluence in the experiment. The minimum yield exhibits a rather linear relationship with ion dose at the surface. Post-irradiation annealing at the irradiation temperature did not result in measurable recovery for fluences ranging from 4 × 1018 to 2×1019 C+/m2 at 300, 470 and 670 K. Results also show that low fluence (<8×1018 C+/m2) irradiation at 185 K followed by thermal annealing results in similar defect concentrations to irradiation at that same temperature to the same ion fluence. Thus, at low fluences, the accumulated defects are in thermal equilibrium with the structure.
Fostering Historical Thinking toward Civil Rights Movement Counter-Narratives: Documentary Film in Elementary Social Studies.

This article describes how elementary preservice teachers used four documentary films to think historically about the United States Civil Rights Movement. The author situates the descriptive case study within research about historical thinking and documentary film, identifying the need for using documentary film to think historically in the elementary teacher education setting. Findings included increased understanding of the process of historical thinking and content knowledge of the Civil Rights Movement among the preservice teachers. A discussion of teaching historical thinking using documentaries in elementary teacher education and opportunities for future research is offered.
The Structural Embeddedness of Resistance among Public Managers

The study of resistance in organizations has been dominated by two perspectives. From a managerial perspective resistance is dysfunction that managers learn to "cope with." Most radical/critical perspectives see resistance as a weapon in the class struggle. Contrary to managerial characterizations we find that bureaucratic resistance is a common and varied mode of organizational behavior. Contrary to critical views it is often enacted to support, rather than undermine, the goals of the organization. Neither view adequately accounts for resistance by managers who are caught in conflicting role obligations. The many forms of resistance are largely unstudied, yet the informants in our ethnographic study have illuminated a variety of strategies and richly detailed accounts. We present a structural model of the relationships between resistors' strategies and antecedent conditions. Two cases from our research illustrate the model. We conclude with implications for managers, researchers, and recent prescriptions...
Volunteerism Research: A Review Essay

I use a volunteer process model to organize a review of recent research on volunteerism, focusing mainly on journal articles reporting survey research results. Scholars from several different disci...
Manipulation workspace analysis using the Monte Carlo Method

Abstract The Monte Carlo method is used to determine the volume of the workspace of manipulators, the accessibility of the workspaces, and the effect of changes in the geometric parameters on the workspace volume. The method can form part of a routine for the optimal geometric synthesis of manipulators. The Monte Carlo method is shown to be very simple, and readily implemented. Several examples are presented.
Percutaneous cholecystoduodenostomy: a case report.

Abbreviations: PC percutaneous cholecystostomy, PCD percutaneous conversion cholecystoduodenostomy TREATMENT of acute cholecystitis via cholecystectomy, in patients who have associated debilitating conditions, is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, reaching 30% and 55%, respectively, for open surgical procedures (1), although a laparoscopic approach may reduce the risks (2). Therefore, percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) as a safe, minimally invasive procedure remains a commonly accepted method of treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients who have contraindications to surgery (3). Percutaneous cholecystostomy could be curative in many, but not all, such high-risk cases (4). When PC fails to resolve cholecystitis, the patient may be cured by a subsequent surgical cholecystectomy, if the risk for surgery is reduced (5,6). However, in a few cases, when contraindications for surgical procedures persist, the patients may be bound to have protracted external drainage until the purulent discharge ceases and the signs of cholecystitis resolve. Such a period may last up to 7 months (7) or longer. The presence of a catheter draining purulent material into a bag imposes serious restrictions to the patient. The system requires constant care, such as irrigation, cleaning, and dressing of the insertion site, emptying the bag, and periodic catheter changes. In addition, the outside catheter and bag limit the physical activity of the patient. Such catheters could be inadvertently removed, which poses an unnecessary risk and may require urgent intervention. We present a case in which the disadvantages of external drainage after PC were eliminated by a percutaneous conversion to a cholecystoduodenostomy (PCD). CASE REPORTS
Structure-property studies of highly conductive layer-by-layer assembled membranes for fuel cell PEM applications

Layer-by-layer (LbL) films composed of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDAC) and sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene oxide) (sPPO) (PDAC/sPPO) are studied as a result of the variation of the ionic strength of assembly solutions to determine the nature of the exceptionally high ionic conductivity of this system. Film growth is modulated from 6.91 nm/bilayer (BL) when assembled with no salt to 62.2 nm/BL when assembled with 0.5 M salt in all assembly solutions. However, at optimized assembly conditions of 1.0 M salt in only the sPPO solution, fully humidified PDAC/sPPO films have ionic conductivity values of 7.00 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 25 °C, which is the highest value reported for any LbL assembled system. Selectively screening charges by adding salt to the sPPO assembly solution decreases the ionic crosslink density of the films and increases the water uptake, yielding high ionic conductivity. Thickness measurements made at 0.5 BL increments indicate that the film composition can also be tuned by the ionic strength of the assembly baths. Additionally, PDAC/sPPO films fabricated using a recently developed LbL-Spray technique allow for the preliminary characterization of the mechanical properties of free-standing membranes.
Structural changes associated with the semiconductor-to-metal transition in Ti2O3

Abstract Single crystal x-ray structure determinations of Ti2O3 at 8 temperatures through the region where this material undergoes a semiconductor-to-metal transition show that the TiTi distance along the three-fold axis increases as predicted by previous theories. The slight decrease in the TiTi distance in the basal plane suggests that the conduction band in Ti2O3 is effectively nonbonding.
Welfare Reform and Mutual Family Support: Effects on Mother-Led Mexican American Families

Time limits for the receipt of welfare were imposed on San Antonio's Mexican American mother-led families earlier than for welfare participants in other states. This article examines the effects of this social experiment on an already vulnerable population and addresses the effects of family support, both given and received, on the women's reliance on welfare and on work.
The Development of Natural Language Mediators.

Abstract Children's ability to produce and use natural language mediators on a 16-item paired-associate recall task requiring self-generated elaboration was analyzed. The verbal elaborations which subjects produced on acquisition were recorded and classified according to a semantic-syntactic scheme. Comparisons between grades (K, 2, 4, 6, n = 10/group) were made for each elaboration category to determine the relative frequency with which they were produced and the effectiveness of those categories in facilitating recall. There was a significant developmental trend in the number of words recalled between kindergarten and sixth grade. The analysis of the elaborations indicated that Locative elaborations were produced most frequently by all children. From kindergarten to sixth grade there was a significant decrease in the production of Locative elaborations and a significant increase in the production of Possessive, Feature, and Thematic elaborations. The efficiency of all elaboration categories increased with age, but the Locative category which was most effective for kindergarten subjects was least effective for sixth-grade subjects. These results were discussed in terms of the mediation deficiency and production deficiency hypotheses.
WLCp1-09: Transmitted Reference Schemes for Wireless Optical Communications

On-off keying (OOK) and pulse position modulation (PPM) are widely used modulation formats in wireless optical communications. Performance of OOK depends on the photon count threshold that should be adapted to channel fading, while performance of PPM degrades with pulse distortion caused by channel. Transmitted reference scheme, widely adopted in radio frequency communications, can help acquire channel information used for demodulation. This scheme is introduced to both OOK and PPM optical systems in this paper. The average signal and noise photon counts are estimated from reference sequences for OOK from which the optimal threshold is obtained. Since PPM symbols carry information in the pulse position in a non-linear form, Fourier transform translates time shift into a linear phase shift. Based on the linear regression technique, the parameter in the phase equation that is related to the information of pulse position is estimated. A noise model in the frequency domain is also presented.
Contribution of S0 ↔ T±1 intersystem crossing in radical pairs to chemically induced nuclear and electron spin polarizations

Abstract It is found that intersystem crossings between the singlet and the M S = ±1 components of the triplet state of radical pairs in liquids can produce nuclear and electron spin polarizations when two radicals diffuse apart following an initial encounter and subsequently undergo a second nonreactive encounter with each other.
BLAK SCREENS AND CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP

Research into how the “media worlds” of Indigenous feature filmmaking came into being in Australia is part of the broader project of the burgeoning work in the ethnography of media, which turns the analytic lens of anthropology on the production, circulation and consumption of media in a variety of locales, in this case asking what role these media play in the discursive evolution of new ways of conceptualizing diversity, contributing to the expanding (if contested) understandings of Australia as a culturally diverse nation, something that activist filmmakers have long understood. Their films contribute to that process not only by offering alternative accountings that undermine the fictions presented by unified national narratives as they play on screen; their work (in both senses of the word) also demonstrates that a textual analysis is not sufficient if it does not also take into account the “off screen” cultural and political labor of Aboriginal activists whose interventions have made this possible. More broadly, I underscore the importance of media and those who make it as critical to understanding how contemporary states and their citizens negotiate diversity.