cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An aqueous thermodynamic model for Ca2+?SO 3 2? ion interactions and the solubility product of crystalline CaSO31/2H2O

The solubility of CaSO3·1/2H2O(c) was studied under alkaline conditions (pH>8.2), in deaerated and deoxygenated Na2SO3 solutions ranging in concentration from 0.0002 to 0.4M and in CaCl2 solutions ranging in concentration from 0.0002 to 0.01M, for equilibration periods ranging from 1 to 7 days. Equilibrium was approached from both the over- and the under-saturation directions. In all cases, equilibrium was reached in <1 days. The aqueous Ca2+−SO 3 2− ion interactions can be satisfactorily modeled using either ion-association or ion-interaction aqueous thermodynamic models. In the ion-association model, the log K°=2.62±0.07 for Ca2++SO 3 2− ⇆CaSO 3 0 . In the Pitzer ion-interaction model, the binary parameters β(0) and β(1) for Ca2+−SO 4 2− were used, and the value of β(2) was determined from the experimental data. As expected given the strong association constant, the value of β(0) was quite small (about −134). We feel a combination of the two models is most useful. The logarithm of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (K°) of the CaSO3·1/2H2O(c) solubility reaction (CaSO3·1/2H2O(c)⇆Ca2++SO 3 2+ +0.5H2O) was found to be −6.64±0.07.
Symmetric and unsymmetric "dumbbells" of Ru2-alkynyl units via C-C bond formation reactions.

Oxidative homocoupling (Glaser) reaction of Ru2 compounds bearing peripheral ethyne resulted in symmetric dimers. Cross-coupling (Sonogashira) reaction between Ru2 compounds bearing peripheral iodo and ethyne groups yielded an unsymmetric dimer. Voltammetric data indicated that Ru2 units in the symmetric dimers are noninteracting, and the unsymmetric dimer is best described as a weakly coupled push−pull compound.
Growing Urban Roads

We present a simple simulation of road growing dynamics that can generate global features as belt-ways and star patterns observed in urban transportation infrastructure. The road growing dynamics consist of two steps: Identifying the maximum transportation potential bewteen two locations within the city, followed by the generation of the least expensive road between these two locations. The simulation defines a previously missing component for modeling the co-evolution of urban settlement- and road systems as it can directly be coupled to existing urban settlement simulations.
Principles and experiences in using legos to teach behavioral robotics

This paper describes the application of lego mindstorms and vision command kits as a cost- and time-effective means of reinforcing behavioral robotics principles to students of different disciplines with limited programming skills. As part of a course in robotics, senior undergraduate and first year graduate students in computer science, engineering, and psychology have worked in small groups building and programming robots to perform a variety of tasks, ultimately developing robots for a mock search and rescue operation. This paper discusses the pedagogical principles, the exercises, student reactions, shortcomings, and lessons learned. The laboratory exercises were used to teach students in two locations (Tampa, Florida and Reykjavik, Iceland) with positive student reviews. The laboratory manual is available to teachers by request, along with the instructor's guide to Introduction to AI robotics. Based on our experiences, we recommend their use.
Different hydrated forms of the ethylenediaminetetraacetato complexes of the light rare earths

Abstract The reaction between the carbonates of the light rare earths and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) yields different forms of the protonated 1:1 rare earth-EDTA chelates depending on the temperature. Near room temperature, multihydrates are formed (H[Ln(EDTA)]· n H 2 O, where n = 7 or 5), while above 45°C H[Ln(EDTA)]· m H 2 O is formed where m = 1 or 0. These chelates have been characterized by i.r., TGA, and X-ray powder diffraction. The multihydrate chelates, H[Ln (EDTA)]·7H 2 O, of La, Ce, Pr and Nd are isomorphous while H[Sm(EDTA)]·5H 2 O and H[Eu (EDTA)]·5H 2 O form a different isomorphous series. The i.r. spectra and solubility indicate that the structure of the two series differ. The stability and structure of the various protonated 1:1 chelates are discussed in terms of the coordination numbers of the rare earths.
Aging of cities, corporations and civilizations

Living systems trace the birth, growth, maturity, sensecence and death sequence. So-called inanimate systems such as cities, corporations and civilizations also evolve and age and may die if corrective measures are not instituted. Beyond a certain size, uncontrolled growth and gigantism become a burden, which contribute to the malfunction of the system. In this paper questions are raised about size vs function and the forces which drive a system from its stationary state to other emerging, nonequilibrium states. These forces may be economic, entropic, or in the case of civilizations, be the uncreative malaise which settles in after the bureaucracy becomes too firmly entrenched.
Isolation of a distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan isoform responsible for recognition by CD1b-restricted T cells

Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is a complex lipoglycan abundantly present in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope. Many biological properties have been ascribed to ManLAM, from directly interacting with the host and participating in the intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis, to triggering innate and adaptive immune responses, including the activation of CD1b-restricted T cells. Due to its structural complexity, ManLAM is considered a heterogeneous population of molecules which may explain its different biological properties. The presence of various modifications such as fatty acids, succinates, lactates, phosphoinositides and methylthioxylose in ManLAM have proven to correlate directly with its biological activity and may potentially be involved in the interactions between CD1b and the T cell population. To further delineate the specific ManLAM epitopes involved in CD1b-restricted T cell recognition, and their potential roles in mediating immune responses in M. tuberculosis infection, we established a method to resolve ManLAM into eight different isoforms based on their different isoelectric values. Our results show that a ManLAM isoform with an isoelectric value of 5.8 was the most potent in stimulating the production of interferon-γ in different CD1b-restricted T-cell lines. Compositional analyses of these isoforms of ManLAM revealed a direct relationship between the overall charge of the ManLAM molecule and its capacity to be presented to T cells via the CD1 compartment.
Exploring Resiliency Within Schools An Investigation of the Effects of Protective Factors

Although research has explored the effects of protective factors on fostering resiliency within individuals, the same level of inquiry has not emerged investigating the causes of why high-risk orga...
Issues In Fiber Optic LAN Systems

In this paper we review the issues with which the fiber optic LAN planner today must contend. These include the network topology, line control procedures, the choice of medium, whether the medium should be passive or active, the selection of sources, detectors, and connectors, whether the LAN should support one or several services, the use of baseband vs. broadband signaling, and the prospects for LAN standards.
Prognostic factors in advanced breast cancer: Race and receptor status are significant after development of metastasis

Prognostic factors are well established in early-stage breast cancer (BC), but less well-defined in advanced disease. We analyzed 323 BC patients who had distant relapse during follow-up from 1997 to 2010 to determine the significant clinicopathologic factors predicting survival outcomes. By univariate analysis, race, tumor grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) and HER2 status were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and post-metastasis survival (PMS). Applying a Cox regression model revealed that all these factors remained significant for PMS, while race, tumor grade and HER2 were independent factors for OS. Tumor grade was the only significant factor for metastasis-free survival by univariate and multivariate analyses. Our findings demonstrated that being Caucasian, hormonal receptor positive (HR+) and HER2 positive (HER2+) were all associated with a decreased hazard of death and that patients with HR+/HER2+ tumors had superior outcomes to those with HR+/HER2- disease. Further, PR status held a prognostic value over ER, thus reflecting the biologic mechanism of the importance of the functional ER pathway and the heterogeneity in the response to endocrine therapy. These observations indicate that the patients' genetic makeup and the intrinsic nature of the tumor principally govern BC progression and prognosticate the long-term outcomes in advanced disease.
CORRELATING EQUATIONS FOR THE RECOVERY FACTOR AND THE BLASIUS FUNCTIONS FOR FLOW ALONG A FLAT PLATE

Abstract This paper describes the development of a complete set of continuous, comprehensive correlating equations for the recovery factor, and for the various functions of the velocity field which are required for calculation of heat transfer in the laminar boundary layer regime. These expressions are based on theoretical asymptotes and intermediate numerical values. Asymptotes were derived in the few instances for which they were not already known. Additional numerical values were computed to support the construction of the correlating equation for the recovery factor, but prior computed values were sufficient for the velocity functions.
Avascular necrosis of the distal phalangeal epiphysis following physeal fracture: A case report

Avascular necrosis of the distal phalangeal epiphysis following an unrecognized angulated Salter II fracture of the distal phalanx treated by open reduction and internal fixation resulted in premature closure of the growth plate and mild shortening. The epiphysis itself revascularized and good function of the distal interphalangeal joint was maintained.
Alzheimer's disease risk variants show association with cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta.

The use of quantitative endophenotypes in genetic studies may provide greater power, allowing for the use of powerful statistical methods and a biological model for the effects of the disease-associated genetic variation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (Aβ) levels are promising endophenotypes for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) and show correlation with LOAD status and Aβ deposition. In this study, we investigated 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) positive in AlzGene (http://www.alzgene.org) meta-analyses, for association with CSF Aβ levels in 313 individuals. This study design makes it possible to replicate reported LOAD risk alleles while contributing novel information about the mechanism by which they might affect that risk. Alleles in ACE, APOE, BDNF, DAPK1, and TF are significantly associated with CSF Aβ levels. In vitro analysis of the TF SNP showed a change in secreted Aβ consistent with the CSF phenotype and known Alzheimer’s disease variants, demonstrating the utility of this approach in identifying SNPs that influence risk for disease via an Aβ-related mechanism.
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Chloride Distribution in Bovine Semen

Summary Potassium is more concentrated within the sperm cells of bovine semen than in seminal plasma. Sodium and calcium are more concentrated in the seminal plasma than within the sperm cells. Varying concentrations of sodium and potassium in seminal plasma are characteristic of individual bulls and of the ejaculate, when consecutive individual ejaculates are considered. As an average, sodium and chloride concentrations are found to increase, and potassium and calcium concentrations to decrease, as increasing consecutive individual ejaculates are analyzed.
Ensino e trabalho feminino: uma análise comparativa da história e ideologia.

Ha uma historica correlacao entre o acesso de grande numero de mulheres a uma ocupacao, como e o caso do magisterio, e a transformacao desta, que se torna alvo de tentativas insistentes de maior racionalizacao e controle pelo Estado e pelo capital - no caso, sobre curriculos e a pratica docente. Originalmente com predominância masculina nos Estados Unidos e na Inglaterra, o magisterio passou a ser ocupacao feminina na virada do seculo. O exame dessa passagem mostra a imbricada interacao entre as relacoes patriarcais e as pressoes economicas, sob a dominância da ideologia da domesticidade feminina, operando sobre o magisterio: alem dos requisitos para a qualificacao de mestres e mestras serem diferentes, destinos eram diferentes para as recem-formadas, segundo se originassem das classes trabalhadoras ou das classes medias, embora ambas partilhassem o mesmo baixo status. A resistencia das professoras primarias a desqualificacao que se operava assume tanto formas “silenciosas” quanto as abertas, de organizacao sindical, inclusive levando mestras e ex-mestras a militância feminista. Ainda que as vezes com resultados contraditorios, esses movimentos sao parte de um muito mais amplo - e ainda hoje tao necessario - no sentido de desafiar as relacoes patriarcais tanto em casa quanto no trabalho.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hydin is a central pair protein required for flagellar motility

Mutations in Hydin cause hydrocephalus in mice, and HYDIN is a strong candidate for causing hydrocephalus in humans. The gene is conserved in ciliated species, including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An antibody raised against C. reinhardtii hydin was specific for an ∼540-kD flagellar protein that is missing from axonemes of strains that lack the central pair (CP). The antibody specifically decorated the C2 microtubule of the CP apparatus. An 80% knock down of hydin resulted in short flagella lacking the C2b projection of the C2 microtubule; the flagella were arrested at the switch points between the effective and recovery strokes. Biochemical analyses revealed that hydin interacts with the CP proteins CPC1 and kinesin-like protein 1 (KLP1). In conclusion, C. reinhardtii hydin is a CP protein required for flagellar motility and probably involved in the CP–radial spoke control pathway that regulates dynein arm activity. Hydrocephalus caused by mutations in hydin likely involves the malfunctioning of cilia because of a defect in the CP.
Chloramphenicol: a review.

1. Howard J. Balbi, MD* 1. *Director, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, West Islip, NY; Associate Professor of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain why chloramphenicol no longer is the drug of choice for any infection. 2. Name those conditions for which chloramphenicol may be an effective alternative therapy. 3. Discuss why serum concentrations of chloramphenicol are erratic, especially in those who have liver disease. 4. Recognize the major adverse effects of chloramphenicol. 5. Explain why serum concentrations of chloramphenicol are affected by the concomitant use of certain drugs such as phenytoin, rifampin, or phenobarbital. Chloramphenicol is an antimicrobial agent used rarely today in the United States because of its associated adverse effects (Table 1). At one time it was hailed as a highly effective, broad-spectrum agent against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, spirochetes, chlamydiae, and rickettsia. Chloramphenicol had a major role in the treatment of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Neisseria meningitidis because of its bactericidal activity against these organisms and the ability to achieve high concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid. As is the case with more recent “miracle” antimicrobials, perhaps chloramphenicol was overused since its discovery in 1947. This may have led to the development of resistance and increased reports of adverse events. Today there are many alternative agents that have greater safety profiles, but chloramphenicol remains a useful antimicrobial agent. This review addresses the clinical indications for chloramphenicol usage, spectrum of antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties, bacterial resistance, and major adverse effects. | Dose-related | || | | | Not Dose-related | | | Table 1. Adverse Effects Chloramphenicol is produced synthetically, but it was isolated originally from the organism Streptomyces venezuelae found in soil and compost. Production of the oral preparation, chloromycetin palmitate, was …
VITRECTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF SUBMACULAR HEMORRHAGES FROM MACULAR DEGENERATION: A COMPARISON OF SUBMACULAR HEMORRHAGE/MEMBRANE REMOVAL AND SUBMACULAR TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR–ASSISTED PNEUMATIC DISPLACEMENT

Purpose To evaluate two techniques for treatment of large submacular hemorrhages resulting from choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration.
Cell Surface Membrane Changes and Growth Control of Cultured Fibroblasts

Two kinds of changes in the cell surface membrane that have been related to growth control processes are: (1) changes measured by increased cell agglutinability with concanavalin A (con A) and certain other plant lectins (reviewed by BURGER, 1973), and (2) changes in the uptake of certain nutrients and/or growth factors (for example, PARDEE, 1964, 1971; WALLACH, 1968; CUNNINGHAM, PARDEE, 1969; SEFTON, RUBIN, 1971; HOLLEY, 1972, 1974).
Complementary Energy Method for Buckling

A complementary energy method for buckling is developed for initially straight elastic bars subjected to axial loads. The relationship between the proposed method and other methods in the complementary energy group is examined. In connection with the physical problem under consideration, two other variational formulations are presented. Also, a generalization of the method to arbitrary elastic systems is considered briefly.
Tungsten-Promoted Diels−Alder Cycloaddition of Pyridines: Dearomatization of 2,6-Dimethoxypyridine Generates a Potent 2-Azadiene Synthon

The complex TpW(NO)(PMe3)(DMP), where DMP is 2,6-dimethoxypyridine, features an η2-coordinated pyridine ligand that chemically resembles an electron-rich 2-azadiene. As such, it readily reacts with a full range of dienophiles including examples of both alkenes and alkynes to generate azabicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene complexes. Often, one diastereomer spontaneously precipitates from the reaction solution. The bicyclic ligand in these complexes can in some cases be directly removed from the metal by the action of an oxidant (e.g., CAN) and in other cases can be chemically modified prior to its removal. Crystal structures of five tungsten cycloadduct complexes are included. A related complex of 2,6-lutidine is found to react with the nitrile dienophile ethyl cyanoformate to form a new dihapto-coordinated pyridine complex that is derived from a purported diaza[2.2.2]octatriene intermediate.
Psychogenic Movement Disorders in Children

Although there has been a recent revival in interest in psychogenic disorders and psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) in particular, there are relatively few publications dealing specifically with PMD in children. This review looks at multiple aspects of PMD including the incidence, the clinical manifestations, and management.
The development of the multinucleate condition of Peronospora tabacina sporangia.

The development of the multinucleate condition of Peronospora tabacina sporangia was studied at 15 and 23 C using the fluorescent stain mithramycin. Sporangiophores and sporangia from infected leaf disks were collected 7 h after induction of sporulation and thereafter at 30 min intervals for 5 h. Since the developmental age of sporangia varied among sporangiophores within samples, length of sporangia was used as a proxy class variable for time. Initially, one nucleus migrated from the sporangiophore into each small (3 tm), spherical sporangium. A predominant number of the developing sporangia in the 5-10 ,um classes incubated at 15 C had either 2, 4 or 8 (2") nuclei. Chi-square analyses of the number of sporangia in these nuclear classes supported the hypothesis that nuclei were derived from 1 (22) or 2 (23) synchronous divisions of the daughter nuclei from the initial nucleus and not from random divisions or nuclear migration from the sporangiophore. Nuclei in developing sporangia incubated at 23 C exhibited one synchronous division (22). Subsequent divisions occurred randomly. The average number of nuclei in mature sporangia of the 3 isolates examined was approximately 15.
Enteric Virus Infection Risk from Intrusion of Sewage into a Drinking Water Distribution Network

Contaminants from the soil surrounding drinking water distribution systems are thought to not enter the drinking water when sufficient internal pressure is maintained. Pressure transients may cause short intervals of negative pressure, and the soil near drinking water pipes often contains fecal material due to the proximity of sewage lines, so that a pressure event may cause intrusion of pathogens. This paper presents a risk model for predicting intrusion and dilution of viruses and their transport to consumers. Random entry and dilution of virus was simulated by embedding the hydraulic model into a Monte Carlo simulation. Special attention was given to adjusting for the coincidence of virus presence and use of tap water, as independently occurring short-term events within the longer interval that the virus is predicted to travel in any branch of the distribution system. The probability that a consumer drinks water contaminated with virus is small, but when this happens the virus concentration tends to be high and the risk of infection may be considerable. The spatial distribution of infection risk is highly heterogeneous. The presence of a chlorine residual reduces the infection risk.
The Use of Rotated Vascularized Pedicle Flaps for Complex Transvaginal Procedures

AbstractWe report the use of relatively simple rotated vascularized pedicle flaps to assist in the closure of complex vaginal procedures. The Martius, labial and buttock flaps are described, and should be included in the armamentarium of the urological surgeon.
Green semipolar III-nitride light-emitting diodes grown by limited area epitaxy

The performance of multiple quantum well green and yellow semipolar light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is limited by relaxation of highly strained InGaN-based active regions and the subsequent formation of nonradiative defects. Limited area epitaxy was used to block glide of substrate threading dislocations and to reduce the density of misfit dislocations (MDs) directly beneath the active region of (202¯1) LEDs. Devices were grown and fabricated on a 1D array of narrow substrate mesas to limit the MD run length. Reducing the mesa width from 20 μm to 5 μm lowered the density of basal plane and non-basal plane MDs on the mesas and limited the number of defect-generating dislocation intersections. This improvement in material quality yielded a 73% enhancement in peak external quantum efficiency for the devices with the narrowest mesas compared to the devices with the widest mesas.
Constraining uncertainties in particle-wall deposition correction during SOA formation in chamber experiments

Abstract. The effect of vapor-wall deposition on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation has gained significant attention; however, uncertainties in experimentally derived SOA mass yields due to uncertainties in particle-wall deposition remain. Different approaches have been used to correct for particle-wall deposition in SOA formation studies, each having its own set of assumptions in determining the particle-wall loss rate. In volatile and intermediate-volatility organic compound (VOC and IVOC) systems in which SOA formation is governed by kinetically limited growth, the effect of vapor-wall deposition on SOA mass yields can be constrained by using high surface area concentrations of seed aerosol to promote the condensation of SOA-forming vapors onto seed aerosol instead of the chamber walls. However, under such high seed aerosol levels, the presence of significant coagulation may complicate the particle-wall deposition correction. Here, we present a model framework that accounts for coagulation in chamber studies in which high seed aerosol surface area concentrations are used. For the α-pinene ozonolysis system, we find that after accounting for coagulation, SOA mass yields remain approximately constant when high seed aerosol surface area concentrations ( ≥ 8000 µm2 cm−3) are used, consistent with our prior study (Nah et al., 2016) showing that α-pinene ozonolysis SOA formation is governed by quasi-equilibrium growth. In addition, we systematically assess the uncertainties in the calculated SOA mass concentrations and yields between four different particle-wall loss correction methods over the series of α-pinene ozonolysis experiments. At low seed aerosol surface area concentrations (
Video processing of complex activity detection in resource-constrained networks

We consider video processing to detect complex activities in a distributed network consisting of mobile devices and video-cloud servers. To address varying task requirements and resource-constraints of mobile devices, we consider fragmentation of the video processing workflow. Fragmentation of the workflow allows for the mobile device to filter video clips based on metadata, process portions of the clips, and offload other videos to video-cloud servers. In certain situations, the cloud may require access to the raw video even if the video is processed by a mobile device. Through the use of resizing the image and a top-k analysis, we explore various quality of information metrics in the addressing of complex activity detection that consider energy usage of the mobile devices and the quality of detecting objects in terms of completeness and timeliness.
A broadband Pb-chalcogenide/CdS solar cells with tandem quantum-dots embedded in the bulk matrix (QDiM) absorption layers by using chemical bath deposition

Abstract In this paper we have presented a power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhanced Pb-chalcogenide/CdS quantum dots (QDs) solar cells with novel tandem absorption layers synthesized by using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The tandem absorption layer is assembled by orderly stacking PbS-QDs layer, PbS-QDiM layer and PbSe-QDiM layer. Compared to single layer PbS-QDs/CdS solar cells, the solar cell with double-tandem layers (PbS-QDiM/QDs) shows the highest short current density ( J sc ) of 47.5 mA/cm 2 due to smoothing of the photo-generated carrier transportation and enhancing the absorption in the visible region 530–800 nm. However, the decreased open circuit voltage (V oc ) of 0.14 eV results in a low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.2%. The triple-tandem absorber (PbSe-QDiM/PbS-QDiM/QDs) enhances the spectra absorption both in the visible (500–800 nm) and near-infrared (1000–1700 nm) regions, resulting in a higher short current density ( J sc ) of 40 mA/cm 2 , while keeping a relatively large open circuit voltage (V oc ) of 0.28 eV. Through an architectural modification, an enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.2% has been achieved.
Development of an in Vitro-Based Risk Assessment Framework for Predicting Ambient Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Activated Toxicity Pathways.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed throughout the atmosphere as mixtures attached to ambient particulate matter (PM). PAHs usually elicit similar toxicological pathways but do so with varying levels of efficacy. In this study, we utilized high-throughput screening (HTS) in vitro data of PAHs to predict health risks associated with coarse and fine PM. PM samples with 22 PAH compounds obtained from residential areas close to industrial parks in central Taiwan were analyzed. On the basis of the PM-bound PAH concentrations and their activities reported in HTS assays, we developed a probabilistic model for estimating cumulative exposure of humans to PAHs. Activity-to-exposure ratio (AER) values were calculated to compare relative risks of activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and tumor suppressor gene (p53) when children or adults were exposed to fine or coarse PM in different seasons. On the basis of AER values, the risk...
The Dual Elaboration Hypothesis of the Evolution of the Dorsal Thalamus

Based on a cladistic analysis across vertebrates, two fundamental divisions of the dorsal thalamus can be identified in all amniotes (mammals, reptiles, and birds). One division is the lemnothalamus, which predominantly receives inputs that are relayed to it directly from multiple sources, including brainstem sensory nuclei, various motor control nuclei, the retina, and the olfactory cortex. The second division is the collothalamus. Sensory projections from brainstem sensory nuclei and the retina reach the collothalamus predominantly via a relay through the midbrain roof. In the early diapsid lineage, the ancestral amniote lineage that gave rise to modern sauropsids – reptiles and birds – the collothalamus became elaborated first, with subsequent elaboration of the lemnothalamus in some sauropsids, particularly birds. In the early synapsid lineage, the ancestral amniote lineage that gave rise to modern mammals, the opposite sequence occurred, with initial elaboration of the lemnothalamus, as still seen in modern monotremes, and subsequent elaboration of the collothalamus, as particularly evident in modern carnivores and primates. Corresponding elaboration of lemnothalamic-recipient and collothalamic-recipient divisions of the pallium likewise has occurred in some sauropsids, particularly birds, and in mammals.
The challenges of automating a real-time clinical practice guideline.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the types of problems encountered during implementation of a World Wide Web-based clinical practice guideline to manage hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants. DESIGN: Formative assessment of an automated clinical-practice guideline in a large-scale implementation. SETTING: Primary-care clinics and offices, inpatient clinics, and emergency department affiliated with an academic children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: General pediatricians, neonatologists, pediatric nurses, and computer scientists. RESULTS: Existing guidelines for hyperbilirubinemia management could not be translated directly into web pages. Modifications of the original guidelines were required to represent the clinical intent of the guidelines accurately. In addition, the automated guideline was augmented to incorporate a mechanism for generating clinical encounter forms in order for the system to be accepted into the clinical work flow. Other clinical considerations that influenced the final form of the automated guideline included limitations of computer resources and time constraints during patient encounters. CONCLUSIONS: Many existing guidelines are not amenable to straightforward implementation in automated systems. Strategies to increase the efficacy of the automated guidelines included guideline modifications, as well as careful consideration of the flow of clinical work. Repeated cycles of development and pilot testing are needed to design methods to accommodate the constraints imposed by clinical use.
Herder on Cultural Pluralism and the State: An Examination of His Views and Their Implications for Public Administration

This article explores Johann Gottfried Herder's ideas on cultural pluralism and the state and what they suggest for American and comparative public administration. Herder's ideas provide a powerful reminder of the dangers of centralized political and administrative power both to individuals and to diverse cultures and the need to place limits on such power. Furthermore, Herder's ideas on the incompatibility and incommensurability of cultural values call into question the idea of any universal model of public administration and suggest that, in thinking about administrative changes, we should examine more closely our own political and social culture as well as those of other countries.
The role of behavioral choices in reducing wage inequality in developing countries

Abstract Reducing the wage gaps between skilled and unskilled workers as well as between urban and rural workers has been a special policy concern for the developing countries since trade liberalization has affected these wage gaps differently in different countries. This paper provides a new explanation for this variation in impacts by focusing on behavioral aspects such as the role of the supply elasticity of labor and the elasticity of exports. The novelty of this explanation is that to reduce wage inequality, behavior of workers or exporters can be influenced with less complicated policy measures compared to changing the immigration policy or the policy of fragmentation or changing the capital intensities of the industries suggested in the literature. It shows that trade liberalization in the form of a favorable change in the price of an exported intermediate good can have different effects on wage gaps, skill formation and unemployment for different developing economies depending on behavioral choices.
Broadening the Business Case for Employee Referrals: Does Referral Hiring Affect Referrer Outcomes?

A plethora of research has been devoted to understanding the value added to organizations through their employee referral programs. However, the research has been one-sided and focused on employee ...
Report of Three Cases of AKI Following Weight-Based Gentamicin Prophylaxis for IPP Implantation: Potential Concerns for Patients with Preexisting Conditions

Despite the known nephrotoxicity of gentamicin, in 2008 the American Urological Association published guidelines recommending single high-dose weight-based gentamicin prophylaxis of 5 mg/kg for procedures involving urologic prostheses. These guidelines are based on the theoretical renal safety and improved antimicrobial activity of a single large dose of gentamicin. However, the risk of nephrotoxicity after weight-based gentamicin prophylaxis specifically in penile prosthetic surgery has never been established with evidence-based studies. This is of special concern in light of the known high rates of preexisting conditions in this specific population. Therefore, in order to expose potential safety issues, we present three cases of postoperative acute kidney injury following weight-based gentamicin prophylaxis after implantation of inflatable penile prostheses.
Material specificity and cultural agency: the mummies of the Capuchin Catacombs in Palermo, Sicily

This paper explores the mummies in the Capuchin Catacombs in Palermo, Sicily as material objects that become agents of cultural meaning on regional and universal levels through processes of human p...
Simultaneous inversion of shear modulus and traction boundary conditions in biomechanical imaging

We present a formulation to simultaneously invert for a heterogeneous shear modulus field and traction boundary conditions in an incompressible linear elastic plane stress model. Our approach utili...
Vascular Anomalies: Diagnosis of Complicated Anomalies and New Medical Treatment Options.

Vascular anomalies consist of a diverse group of disorders that are broadly categorized as tumors and malformations. . Recently, there has been significant genomic discovery allowing phenotype/genotype correlation of disease. An increasing number of pediatric hematologists/oncologists are caring for individuals with vascular anomalies as these patients require chronic care and have high medical acuity needs. The advent of new medical therapy options, along with ongoing and upcoming clinical trials, makes the involvement of hematologists/oncologists essential. This article highlights diagnosis and management of complicated vascular anomalies as well as important new treatment options and discoveries.
Provenance and Reproducibility in the Automation of a Standard Computational Neuroscience Pipeline

Rapid increase in data volume, compounded by the reproducibility crisis, has led to the need to automate both experimental and computational aspects of neuroscience investigations. Automating neuroscience investigations enables an unprecedented ability to record and inspect how results were achieved. Here we review some of our recent work to integrate provenance and reproducibility measures into a tool called NeuroManager that automates a standard computational neuroscience pipeline, unifying the experiment--data--modeling--analysis cycle and allowing the scientist to focus on model evolution. Through a flexible daily workflow that leverages servers, clusters, and clouds simultaneously, NeuroManager automates manual tasks including database access, job submission, simulation scheduling, and preservation of provenance.
Should program graduation be better targeted? The other schooling outcomes of Mexico’s Oportunidades

Abstract A large literature on Conditional Cash Transfers programs assesses the effects of becoming a beneficiary. However, the consequences of losing the benefit due to program graduation are largely unstudied. This paper replicates the eligibility score employed over 2010–15 by Mexico’s Oportunidades for a large household survey. Using a Regression Discontinuity Design around the threshold for program graduation, it shows that losing this additional incentive had a negative effect on high school attendance for lower secondary school aged students in urban, and upper secondary school aged ones in rural areas. The results suggest that the graduation thresholds are chosen too low.
Deconvolution of Exploration Seismic Data

A layered-earth seismic model is subdivided into two subsystems. The upper subsystem can have any sequence of reflection coefficients but the lower subsystem has a sequence of reflection coefficients which are small in magnitude and have the characteristics of random white noise. It is shown that if an arbitrary wavelet is the input to the lower lithologic section, the same wavelet convolved with the white sequence of reflection coefficients will be the reflected output. That is, a white sedimentary system passes a wavelet in reflection as a linear time-invariant filter with impulse response given by the reflection coefficients. Thus, the small white lithologic section acts as an ideal reflecting window, producing perfect primary reflections with no multiple reflections and no transmission losses. The upper subsystem produces a minimum-delay multiple-reflection waveform, called the multiple wave train or the multiple wavelet. Therefore, the received seismic signal within the time gate corresponding to the lower subsystem is given by the convolution of the multiple wavelet with the white reflection coefficients of the lower subsystem. This is the linear time-invariant seismic model used in predictive deconvolution. This model explains why time-invariant deconvolution filters can be used within various time gates on a received seismic signal, which at first appearance might look like a continually time-varying phenomenon.
Itchy body: Topographical difference of itch and scratching and C Nerve fibres

Itch, also known as pruritus, is an unpleasant sensation that results in an urge to scratch. We can feel itch at any location where itch occurs from the top of the head to the toes. However, there are topographical differences in itch intensity. Itch is mainly conducted by C nerve fibres from the skin where itch emanates to the central nervous system. However, the abundancy of C fibres does not necessarily lead to higher itch intensity. Interestingly, reduction and/or structural changes in C fibres seem to play a role in itch sensation. In addition, C tactile fibres (CT afferents), which are activated by gentle "affective" touch and seem to be associated with scratching pleasurability and the reward system in the brain, can be involved in itch sensation and topographical differences of itch.
Retinal and choroidal biopsies

Despite clinical examination, imaging, and laboratory testing, some uveitic or malignant processes may present a diagnostic dilemma. If noninvasive testing fails to provide a diagnosis, tissue biopsy may be considered for establishing the underlying etiology and guiding therapy. Advances in surgical technique and laboratory testing have allowed for safer tissue collection and increased diagnostic yield. This chapter will address the specific surgical techniques used to obtain tissue samples from the vitreous, retina, and choroid. It will also discuss methodologies commonly utilized to evaluate ocular biopsy specimens in clinical practice.
PULMONARY ARTERY HYPERTENSION DUE TO PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a rare congenital anomaly occurring in 3 of every 10,000 live births in full-term infants. A 44-year-old Portuguese male with history of hypertension, prior tobacco use, and obstructive sleep apnea presented with two months of progressive shortness of breath.
Independence of the Presence of Cracks or Inclusions of the Net Interaction Force Acting on a Dislocation by a Skewed Line Singularity

Orlov and Indenbom [1] have shown that the net (integrated) interaction force F between two skew dislocations with Burgers vectors \(\hat b,b\) separated by a distance h in an infinite anisotropic elastic medium is independent of h. Nix [2] computed numerically the net interaction force F between two skew dislocations that are parallel to the traction-free surface X2=0 of an isotropic elastic half-space. His numerical results showed that F was independent of h; a partial result of what Barnett [3] called Nix"s theorem. The separation-independence portion of Nix"s theorem has been proved to hold for a general anisotropic elastic half-space with a traction-free, rigid, or slippery surface, and for bimaterials [3-5]. In this paper, we show that the net interaction force \(F\left( {on \hat b} \right)\) is independent of the presence of inclusions. We will consider the case in which the line dislocation b is a more general line singularity which can include a coincident line force with strength f per unit length of the line singularity. An inclusion is an infinitely long dissimilar anisotropic elastic cylinder of an arbitrary cross-section whose axis is parallel to the line singularity (f, b). The (skew) line dislocation \(\hat b\) does not intersect the inclusion. The special cases of an inclusion are a void, crack, or rigid inclusion. There can be more than one inclusion of different cross sections and different materials. The line singularity (f, b) can be outside the inclusions or inside one of the inclusions. The inclusions and the matrix need not have a perfect bonding. One can have a debonding with or without friction.
'Economic Crisis and the Rise of Judicial Elections and Judicial Review': Appendices

Almost ninety percent of state judges today face some kind of popular election. This peculiar institution emerged in a sudden burst from 1846 to 1853, when twenty states adopted judicial elections. The modern perception is that judicial elections, then and now, weaken judges and the rule of law. Indeed, some critics of judicial power in the early republic supported judicial elections for precisely those reasons, but instead, they focused on other more direct attacks on the courts. Judicial elections swept the country in the late 1840s and 1850s and the key was a new movement to limit legislative power, to increase judicial power, and to strengthen judicial review. Over time, judicial appointments had become more a tool of party patronage and cronyism. Legislative overspending on internal improvements and an economic depression in the early 1840s together had plunged the states into crippling debt. A wave of nineteen states called constitutional conventions from 1844 to 1853, and in addition to direct limits on legislative power, these conventions adopted judicial elections. Many delegates stated that their purpose was to strengthen the separation of powers and to empower courts to use judicial review. The reformers got results: elected judges in the 1850s struck down many more state laws than their appointed predecessors had in any other decade. These elected judges played a role in the shift from active state involvement in economic growth to laissez-faire constitutionalism. Oddly, the first generation of elected judges were the first to justify judicial review in countermajoritarian terms, in the defense of individual and minority rights against abusive majorities and the “evils” of democracy. This Article concludes with lessons about judicial independence and democracy from this story.
Spending and Saving: A Guide for Teachers

Meet Liam. After substitute teaching and doing volunteer work at school, he finally landed a full-time teaching position. Now that he had a stable income, how could he become financially secure? Liam followed some financial advice from an unusual source to begin his journey. To provide an incentive to start saving, he began by writing down two financial dreams. Financial dreams might include everything from paying off debt to starting a family to having financial security in retirement. Now, Liam began to figure out how to accomplish his dreams. He learned that everything starts with a budget. That includes finding out how much money is coming in and deciding where you want it to go. Next, he shifted his attention to increasing his income. It is true that teachers do not earn as much as other professionals. It is largely a supply and demand thing. But, Liam learned how turn small amounts of current income into an impressive future income. (Chap. 3 offers more advice on increasing income.) Other actions included building a rainy-day fund (emergency fund), saving and investing regularly to take advantage of compounding interest, and spending purposely. These steps put Liam on the road to becoming financially fit.
Developing a kindergarten computational thinking assessment using evidence-centered design: the case of algorithmic thinking

Background and Context: There is a need for early childhood assessments of computational thinking (CT). However, there is not consensus on a guiding framework, definition, or set of proxies in whic...
BRAKE LINING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, LABORATORY SPECIMEN STUDIES

All automotive brake linings have mechanical strength and thermal expansion properties which vary with orientation. This paper describes laboratory equipment and test procedures which characterize lining strength and expansion behavior, using small specimens. A benchtop testing device is introduced which can be used to perform shear and tensile tests on lining samples and singly-riveted lining assemblies. Results are presented for a representative group of production and experimental linings. Applications are discussed.
The role of ethnicity and culture on functional status in children with spina bifida.

PURPOSE: Spina bifida is a common cause of pediatric disability and more prevalent in the Hispanic population. Significant health disparities exist in minority populations. Culturally adapted health interventions have been attempted in conditions such as pediatric asthma with improvement. This study aims to explore the influence of ethnicity and culture with regards to functional status and care satisfaction. METHODS: Study participants were recruited from the Children’s Hospital Colorado Spinal Defects Clinic. Demographics and past medical and surgical history were obtained via chart review. A questionnaire assessed ethnicity, acculturation, self-care, mobility, bowel and bladder function, and care satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 70 subjects with spina bifida were included in the statistical analysis. There was no difference in PEDI self-care and mobility scores between ethnicities. The Hispanic group had higher urinary incontinence rates, higher percentage with bladder accidents, and lower satisfaction with bladder management. Regarding bowel function, the Hispanic group had lower satisfaction rates and a trend towards lower bowel continence. CONCLUSIONS: Further work is needed to understand the social and cultural differences between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic children and their families that impact bowel and bladder continence and care satisfaction. Once identified, culturally sensitive interventions may be implemented that can alleviate these apparent health disparities.