cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of pretest and test similarity in producing helpless or reactant responding in humans

In three experiments, the similarity between the pretest unsolvable training task and the subsequent test task for helplessness was examined. When pretest and test were dissimilar in both content (arithmetic vs. anagram problems) and mode of presentation, performance was enhanced on the test, compared with solvable and control groups (Experiments 1 and 2). The use of some solvable problems in the pretest was found to reduce the variability of results. When pretest and test were composed of similar problems, the typical helplessness pattern was exhibited (Experiment 3). External locus of control subjects were found to respond less under all experimental conditions (Experiment 1). The relationship between these data and the helplessness and reactance models of the effects of noncontingent failure is discussed.
Regulation of cytosolic calcium by collagen in single human platelets

1. There is controversy in the literature as to whether collagen is able to induce directly a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in human platelets. We have addressed this question by observing the cytosolic calcium response of single fura-2-loaded human platelets settling onto a collagen-coated surface using dynamic fluorescence ratio imaging. 2. Following a short lag phase after adherence to collagen fibres, platelets underwent a rapid rise in cytosolic calcium from basal values of 80 +/- 13 nM (n = 24) to a peak of 475 +/- 42 nM (n = 24) which was sustained for the remaining period of the experiment. 3. The tyrphostin protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ST271, reduced substantially the proportion of platelets which exhibited a rise in [Ca2+]i on adherence to collagen and transformed the response in remaining cells to one of oscillations. 4. In contrast, and as a control for collagen, laminin-coated surfaces induced adherence of human platelets without elevating intracellular [Ca2+]; the cells however remained responsive to ADP. 5. We conclude that collagen directly induces a rise in cytosolic calcium in single human platelets through a tyrosine kinase-mediated pathway.
Migrants, Forests and Houses: The Political Ecology of Architectural Change in Hobeni and Cwebe, South Africa

Examining architectural continuity and change over a century in two communities in South Africa's Eastern Cape, this paper reassesses the assertion that migration, wage labor, and capitalism lead to major architectural changes and the adoption of extra-local purchased building materials. Labor migration was widespread here by the early 20th century, but houses were built from local materials until the 21st century. The pace and trajectories of architectural change in Hobeni and Cwebe have been contingently related to the stability or dynamism of labor migration, migrant cultures of consumption, access to building materials from local forests and distant markets, and intra-household control of resources. Illustrating interconnections between processes across household, local, regional, and national scales, the paper highlights the value of a political ecology approach to architectural change.
Structures of Yeast 80S Ribosome-tRNA Complexes in the Rotated and Nonrotated Conformations

The structural understanding of eukaryotic translation lags behind that of translation on bacterial ribosomes. Here, we present two subnanometer resolution structures of S. cerevisiae 80S ribosome complexes formed with either one or two tRNAs and bound in response to an mRNA fragment containing the Kozak consensus sequence. The ribosomes adopt two globally different conformations that are related to each other by the rotation of the small subunit. Comparison with bacterial ribosome complexes reveals that the global structures and modes of intersubunit rotation of the yeast ribosome differ significantly from those in the bacterial counterpart, most notably in the regions involving the tRNA, small ribosomal subunit, and conserved helix 69 of the large ribosomal subunit. The structures provide insight into ribosome dynamics implicated in tRNA translocation and help elucidate the role of the Kozak fragment in positioning an open reading frame during translation initiation in eukaryotes.
Too Many Nonprofits? An Empirical Approach to Estimating Trends in Nonprofit Demand

This paper attempts to describe the competitive behavior of charitable non-profit firms when prices and output are difficult to observe. The paper exploits cross-sectional variation in market size to estimate the number of non-profits that can be supported within a market. We find that our sample markets generally reach competitive levels once three or more firms are observed. The paper offers several possible interpretations of these findings and future directions for our research.
An ecomorphological model of the initial hominid dispersal from Africa

We use new data on the timing and extent of the early Pleistocene dispersal of Homo erectus to estimate diffusion coefficients of early Homo from Africa. These diffusion coefficients indicate more rapid and efficient dispersals than those calculated for fossil Macaca sp., Theropithecus darti, and Mesopithecus pentelicus. Increases in home range size associated with changes in ecology, hominid body size, and possibly foraging strategy may underlay these differences in dispersal efficiency. Ecological data for extant primates and human foragers indicate a close relationship between body size, home range size, and diet quality. These data predict that evolutionary changes in body size and foraging behavior would have produced a 10-fold increase in the home range size of H. erectus compared with that of the australopithecines. These two independent datasets provide a means of quantifying aspects of the dispersal of early Homo and suggest that rapid rates of dispersal appear to have been promoted by changes in foraging strategy and body size in H. erectus facilitated by changes in ecosystem structure during the Plio-Pleistocene.
Comparative viscometric analysis of the interaction of chloroquine and quinacrine with superhelical and sonicated DNA

Unwinding angles for the structurally related antimalarial drugs chloroquine and quinacrine have been determined with superhelical Col E1 plasmid DNA by applying the quantitative method developed by Vinograd and co-workers (Revet, B.M., Schmir, M. and Vinograd, J. (1971) Nat. New Biol. 229, 10). The value for chloroquine, 8.6 degrees, calculated assuming an unwinding angle of 26 degrees for ethidium bromide, is significantly lower than the value for quinacrine, 22.5 degrees, calculated in the same manner. Viscometric titrations with sonicated calf thymus DNA were quantitated using available binding constants for the two drugs and indicated that chloroquine also causes significantly smaller DNA length increases on intercalation relative to quinacrine. The conclusion from these experiments is that chloroquine does not bind to DNA by the classical intercalation mechanism typical of quinacrine and ethidium.
Irregular gaming areas

Abstract This work deals with those discrete games, the corresponding payoff matrices of which might be changed according to some unknown law within a given period of time. Such games are often seen in irregular gaming areas where some existing situations can act upon the elements of the payoff matrix. A computational algorithm is proposed, and a new management game under catastrophe conditions pertaining to payoff matrix is given. Graph theory, theory of Games, simulation and Boolean algebra are used.
Metabolic, Nutritional, and Toxic Myelopathies

This review article identifies and describes the clinical manifestations of various metabolic, nutritional, and toxic conditions that result in symptoms of myelopathy and, in some cases, myeloneuropathy. It includes discussions of the clinical pictures that occur secondary to these causes. Familiarity with the clinical symptoms may lead to accurate diagnosis through laboratory and imaging studies and to treatment with successful identification of the underlying causes.
Vertebrate cell cycle modulates infection by protozoan parasites

Synchronized HeLa cell populations were exposed to Trypanosoma cruzi or Toxoplasma gondii, obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause Chagas' disease and toxoplasmosis, respectively, in humans. The ability of the two parasites to infect HeLa cells increased as the HeLa cells proceeded from the G1 phase to the S phase of their growth cycle and decreased as the cells entered G2-M. Characterization of the S-phase cell surface components responsible for this phenomenon could be beneficial in the development of vaccines against these parasitic diseases.
Type 3 — Sulzer’s New 5 MWE Gas Turbine

This paper describes Sulzer’s new Type 3 gas turbine. This machine is designed for quantity production in single- and split-shaft versions with ratings from 5350 to 6200 kw. The basic arrangement of the unit as a whole and of the machine package are presented, based on the requirements of the general specification. Design and construction of the machine are then described. The paper ends with a section on auxiliary systems and possible plant layouts.Copyright © 1976 by ASME
Drug users’ Satisfaction with Drug Control by the Police in China

Illicit use of drugs has received tremendous public attention in China in recent years, but little is known about the effectiveness of drug control practices, especially those adopted by the police. This study examines the effectiveness of drug control as perceived by drug users. The study uses surveys from 100 drug users who have voluntarily participated in nongovernmental treatment in Kunming. Results show that, inconsistent with prior research on campaign style policing, the majority of respondents were satisfied with the police in drug control. In addition, drug users’ evaluations of the police were significantly correlated with their age, marital status, perceptions of collective efficacy, and evaluations of their prior contacts with the police. Limitations of the research and future directions are also discussed.
The Centerline Pressure and Cavity Shape of Horizontal Plane Choked Vapor Jets With Low Condensation Potential

A study of plane, underexpanded, condensing vapor jets was undertaken using flash photography and a ventilated pressure probe. This study examined horizontal jets with much lower condensation driving potentials than have been previously studied. Photographic measurements of jet expansion angles, spread angles, cavity lengths, and cavity shapes were recorded and compared with numerical predictions using a parabolic, locally homogeneous flow model that had been modified to incorporate entrainment and condensation effects. When rendered dimensionless by the nozzle width rather than diameter, the plane condensation length agreed well with previously published round jet correlations for higher condensation driving potentials. At lower condensation driving potentials, the jets began to disperse, showing behavior similar to submerged air and energetic reacting vapor jets. Numerical predictions of condensation length were in good agreement over the entire range of measurement. Numerical predictions of vapor cavity shape were in reasonable agreement at higher condensation potentials but underpredicted the width of the vapor cavity at lower potentials. Pressure measurements showed the existence of periodic expansion/compression cells associated with underexpanded noncondensing gas jets. When these measurements were compared with similar measurements of air jets into quiescent water baths, the lengths of the initial steam vapor expansion/compression cells were substantially greater than those of the air jets, and the degree of pressure recovery over the cell length was substantially less.
Sensorineural deafness and pigmentation genes: melanocytes and the Mitf transcriptional network

However, before we can even begin to consider the Mitf and its interacting signaling cascades as targets for potential therapeutics, there are still many questions that remain to be answered. An essential remaining goal is the identification of Mitf transcriptional targets in the contexts of its specific physiologic activities, such as modulation of endolymphatic K+. Do cochlear melanocytes directly pump K+ into endolymph, and, if so, does Mitf participate in the transcription of such pump genes? Or does Mitf play a more generic role in influencing melanocyte proliferation or survival by regulation of as yet unidentified Mitf transcriptional targets? If cochlear melanocytes only indirectly modulate endolymphatic K+, is it the structural presence of melanocytes that is essential, or are there specific melanocytic factors which permit K+ secretion by surrounding cells?Age-related deafness in humans can clearly arise from multiple causes, but it is intriguing that melanocyte loss is the norm with age, particularly within hair follicles. It will be interesting to determine whether related events contribute to hearing loss in the elderly. As with other developmentally critical factors, transcriptional regulation by Mitf is clearly impacted by genetic modifier genes, which largely remain to be elucidated. Study of Mitf's roles in melanocyte development should serve both as a useful model for analyzing lineage development, as well as in providing clues to pathogenesis and even therapy of sensorineural deafness in humans.
Embolization in the treatment of acquired and congenital abnormalities of the heart and thorax.

Embolization is well suited to the treatment of a range of vascular abnormalities found only in the thorax. This includes congenital arteriovenous fistulas or malformations affecting the chest wall and the pulmonary and coronary arteries. Acquired bronchial artery anomalies and some types of congenital heart disease are also suitable for embolization. Embolization in the thorax presents problems related to the need to work through or in the heart or to the risk to important branches of the intrathoracic aorta, such as the carotid arteries. The choice and use of different catheters and embolic materials for thoracic embolization depend on the nature and configuration of the lesion and the experience of the operator. Selection must also be based on consideration of the risk of inadvertent embolization of adjacent structures such as the spinal arteries. With embolization experience elsewhere in the body and an understanding of the particular problems presented by thoracic embolization, various important, eve...
Microlaser: a fundamental quantum generator of light

We have achieved the first realization of a single atom microlaser, a laser oscillator with only one atom in an optical resonator. In the experiment a beam of two-level barium atoms traverses an ultrahigh Q single-mode cavity. The atoms are inverted by a (pi) -pulse field before they enter the cavity. Laser oscillation ((lambda) equals 791 nm) has been observed, with the mean number of atoms inside the mode as small as 0.1, resulting in the mean number of photons in the mode or 0.14. To understand the results quantitatively we used a fully-quantized one-atom microlaser theory adapted from its counterpart micromaser theory. The present theory was found to be in good agreement with the data for small and . Discrepancy between experiment and theory was observed for very much greater than 1 and approximately equal to 1. This discrepancy may be explained by the standing-wave nature of the cavity mode, in combination with the saturation effect occurring at large cavity photon number, as well as by the breakdown of single-atom interaction assumption in the theory for greater than or equal to 1.
Combined antidotal and hemodialysis treatments for nitroprusside-induced cyanide toxicity.

AbstractA case report is presented for a patient with nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication. The patient received approximately 1 g sodium nitroprusside through an intravenous infusion of the drug over 6 d. The toxicity was treated with antidotes, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate, followed by hemodialysis. Hemodialysis significantly removed thiocyanate but not cyanide from the patient's extracorporeal circulation. The removal of thiocyanate by hemodialysis enhanced the liberation of cyanide from the cytochrome oxidase. Hemodialysis is a significant addition to the therapy of cyanide toxicity, particularly for intoxicated patient with reduced renal function.
Prolonged exposure to FLT3 inhibitors leads to resistance via activation of parallel signaling pathways

Continuous treatment of malignancies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may select for resistant clones (ie, imatinib mesylate). To study resistance to TKIs targeting FLT3, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is frequently mutated in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), we developed resistant human cell lines through prolonged coculture with FLT3 TKIs. FLT3 TKI-resistant cell lines and primary samples still exhibit inhibition of FLT3 phosphorylation on FLT3 TKI treatment. However, FLT3 TKI-resistant cell lines and primary samples often show continued activation of downstream PI3K/Akt and/or Ras/MEK/MAPK signaling pathways as well as continued expression of genes involved in FLT3-mediated cellular transformation. Inhibition of these signaling pathways restores partial sensitivity to FLT3 TKIs. Mutational screening of FLT3 TKI-resistant cell lines revealed activating N-Ras mutations in 2 cell lines that were not present in the parental FLT3 TKI-sensitive cell line. Taken together, these data indicate that FLT3 TKI-resistant cells most frequently become FLT3 independent because of activation of parallel signaling pathways that provide compensatory survival/proliferation signals when FLT3 is inhibited. Anti-FLT3 mAb treatment was still cytotoxic to FLT3 TKI-resistant clones. An approach combining FLT3 TKIs with anti-FLT3 antibodies and/or inhibitors of important pathways downstream of FLT3 may reduce the chances of developing resistance.
Structure and stability reconsidered

The argument that multipolar international systems are less stable because certain states have an incentive to externalize the costs of defense to other states has been built on interpretations of the behavior of France, Russia, and especially Great Britain between the two World Wars. This article addresses flaws in both the use of the French and Russian cases, but is most tightly focused on the British case, which was the strongest, prima facie, of the three. This article demonstrates how the British scheme for defense against Germany was not a policy of attempted externalization on either the political or military level. Consequently, the long debate over the relationship between systemic structure and systemic stability, which has been heavily influenced by the belief in the existence of an incentive to externalize defense costs under multipolarity, must be re-examined, with new tests run and new conclusions explored.
Regulation of FOXO3 by phosphorylation and methylation in hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol exposure

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection produces chronic liver injury that is significantly exacerbated by alcohol consumption. While multiple mechanisms contribute to this synergy, a viral-induced loss of antioxidant responses has been shown to play an important role. This study examined the effects of HCV infection and alcohol on the regulation of the transcription factor FOXO3, an important regulator of Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression, a tumor suppressor, and a component of the hepatic antioxidant response system. FOXO3 was activated by either HCV or alcohol alone but suppressed by the combination. To understand this paradoxical result, we applied a capillary isoelectric focusing (IEF) method to determine the pattern of FOXO3 posttranslational modifications (PTMs) induced by HCV and alcohol. We observed the presence of multiple different nuclear and cytosolic species of FOXO3 and used antiphosphoserine, acetyl-lysine, methylarginine, and ubiquitin antibodies to identify the PTM patterns present in each species. HCV caused multiple changes including phosphorylation of FOXO3 at S-574, a novel c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) site, which promoted nuclear translocation and transcription. Ethanol suppressed arginine-methylation of FOXO3 promoting nuclear export and degradation of the JNK phosphorylated form. Human liver biopsy samples showed the presence of the HCV-specific form of FOXO3 in HCV-infected livers but not in normal liver or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Conclusion: The development of this novel IEF method for the simultaneous quantification of differently modified FOXO3 species allowed us to demonstrate how HCV and alcohol combine to modify a complex pattern of FOXO3 PTMs that contribute to pathogenesis. This approach will allow further dissection of the role of protein PTMs in viral liver disease. (Hepatology 2014;58:58–70)
Exogenous γ-glutamyl cycle compounds supplemented to in vitro maturation medium influence in vitro fertilization, culture, and viability parameters of porcine oocytes and embryos

Abstract High concentrations of intracellular glutathione (GSH) enhance in vitro production of porcine embryos. Objectives were: (1) to determine the effects of γ-glutamyl cycle compound supplements to the IVM medium on IVF and IVC; and (2) to evaluate embryo viability. Porcine oocytes were matured in NCSU 23 medium supplemented with either l-cysteine (3.3mM), l-cysteamine (150μM), l-cysteine and l-cystemaine, l-glycine (1, 2.5, or 5mM), l-glutamate (1, 2.5, or 5mM), l-α-aminobutyrate (3.3mM), β-mercaptoethanol (BME) (25μM), l-cysteine and BME, or l-α-aminobutyrate and BME. Increases ( P P P P
Correlates for poor sleepers in a Los Angeles high school.

Abstract Background and purpose We explored sleep patterns including morning–evening preference and their associations with other lifestyle determinants among high school students. Particpants and methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of students grades 9–12 from a private high school in the United States. One hundred and thirty-one students completed an online survey comprising 23 original, investigator-created questions, a mood scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Horne–Ostberg Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Results We found that 80% of students reported a sleep deficit. As defined by the PSQI, 69% of girls and 58% of boys in this sample were poor sleepers. Eveningness was a strong predictor of poor sleep, particularly among students aged ⩽15 years (odds ratio [OR] 9.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52–64.8), among whom poor sleep quality was also associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) (OR, 6.97; 95% CI, 1.01–48.2). Conclusions Our pilot study suggests that morningness–eveningness is a strong predictor of sleep quality among high school students.
A multiple-layer radome for reducing the RCS of a microstrip patch

A specific multiple-layer radome geometry for reducing the RCS (radar cross section) of a microstrip patch antenna is presented. The radome consists of a stacked set of lossless dielectric layers whose permittivities alternate between low and high values of in /sub r/. Choosing the layer thicknesses properly makes it possible to achieve significant RCS reduction. However, the radiation efficiency is also reduced along with the RCS, so that a tradeoff occurs. >
A case study of exploiting enterprise resource planning requirements

The requirements engineering (RE) processes have become a key to conceptualising corporate-wide integrated solutions based on packaged enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. The RE literature has mainly focused on procuring the most suitable ERP package. Little is known about how an organisation exploits the chosen ERP RE model to frame the business application development. This article reports an exploratory case study of a key tenet of ERP RE adoption, namely that aligning business applications to the packaged RE model leads to integral practices and economic development. The case study analysed a series interrelated pilot projects developed for a business division of a large IT manufacturing and service company, using Oracle's appl1ication implementation method (AIM). The study indicated that AIM RE improved team collaboration and project management experience, but needed to make hidden assumptions explicit to support data visibility and integrity. Our study can direct researchers towards rigorous empirical evaluations of ERP RE adoption, collect experiences and lessons learned for practitioners, and help generate more effective and mature processes when exploiting ERP RE methods.
Local Intensity Feature Tracking and Motion Modeling for Respiratory Signal Extraction in Cone Beam CT Projections

Accounting for respiration motion during imaging can help improve targeting precision in radiation therapy. We propose local intensity feature tracking (LIFT), a novel markerless breath phase sorting method in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan images. The contributions of this study are twofold. First, LIFT extracts the respiratory signal from the CBCT projections of the thorax depending only on tissue feature points that exhibit respiration. Second, the extracted respiratory signal is shown to correlate with standard respiration signals. LIFT extracts feature points in the first CBCT projection of a sequence and tracks those points in consecutive projections forming trajectories. Clustering is applied to select trajectories showing an oscillating behavior similar to the breath motion. Those “breathing” trajectories are used in a 3-D reconstruction approach to recover the 3-D motion of the lung which represents the respiratory signal. Experiments were conducted on datasets exhibiting regular and irregular breathing patterns. Results showed that LIFT-based respiratory signal correlates with the diaphragm position-based signal with an average phase shift of 1.68 projections as well as with the internal marker-based signal with an average phase shift of 1.78 projections. LIFT was able to detect the respiratory signal in all projections of all datasets.
Hope, ethics, and public health

Considerations of hope and hopefulness should figure more prominently in ethics frameworks and other conceptual models for public health practice. Hope is a universal human phenomenon that exists across nations and cultures. It has been examined and conceptualised from many diverse perspectives and disciplines.1,2 For example, it is a part of religious faiths and traditions including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.3 Writers, scholars, and historians have long recognised that hope plays an important part in human existence and achievement, especially in difficult times. For example, testaments of hope appear throughout the recorded history of the American Civil Rights Movement.4,5 Clinical ethicists have also examined issues pertaining to hope in the context of doctor-patient relationships, care for dying patients, and other concerns in medicine.2,6 The human occurrence of hope is also of scientific interest and has been subjected to scientific description and inquiry. Studies have examined patterns of hope experienced by people with serious illnesses or in special life circumstances, such as patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy, those receiving news about a life threatening illness from their physician, or those at the end of life.1,7,8 Such studies have suggested hope has different …
Theoretical depolymerization kinetics. IV. Effect of a volatile fraction on the degradation of an initial “most probable” polymer

The effect of volatilization of molecules larger than monomer has been introduced into the solution of the Simha, Wall, and Blatz kinetic equations for the degradation of a high polymer with an initial “most probable” distribution. Equations describing the rate of sample weight and average molecular weight change result. They differ from the previous “most probable” equations primarily in the presence of an additive term representing the random splitting near the chain ends due to bond scission or transfer attack. Equations are also obtained for the rate of formation of each volatile species and hence the product distribution. The effect of volatilization of larger fragments is discussed in detail for the special case of random scission initiation. The product distribution is discussed for two special cases.
Institutional Dynamics and American Political Development

American political development (APD) endeavors to understand the dynamism and durability of institutions. This focus has much in common with kindred scholarship in political science on the temporal construction of politics, yet the points of connection between APD and other fields are not always clear. As a remedy, this article reviews the various modes of institutional change found in the literature, the causal mechanisms in each, and the metaphors scholars sometimes use to capture processes that are difficult to observe directly. Using these various modes, mechanisms, and metaphors, scholars of APD explore institutional dynamics at different levels of analysis, highlighting the connections between the micropolitics of situated action and broader transformations at the macro level of the polity. The review concludes by showing how the study of APD speaks to issues of power and political economy that are once again central to political science scholarship.
Potassium-rubidium ratios aud polymorphism in illites and microclines from the clay size fractions of proterozoic carbonate rocks

Abstract Coexisting illites and potassium feldspars have been studied from the clay size fractions of Proterozoic carbonate rocks from the Northern Rocky Mountains. The illites are predominantly of the 1Md type, suggesting (1) an authigenic origin, and (2) an essentially unmetamorphosed condition for most specimens of the Belt and Jasper series. A series is present between 1Md-rich and 2M-rich illites. The series correlates well with petrographic evidence of metamorphism, suggesting that the ratio 2M/1Md constitutes a useful measure of metamorphic intensity. Microcline of high triclinicity is the dominant feldspar. In one specimen, the triclinicity values show a good inverse correlation with particle size. If this relation is valid for other rocks, then highly triclinic microlines may be common in the clay size fractions of carbonate rocks; highly triclinic microlines may therefore be more common than hitherto reported by other workers, who have studied only coarser fractions. Microclines and illites each have a characteristic K Rb ratio. The K Rb ratio in microcline is high, indicating an authigenic origin. The K Rb ratios in microclines show a 2.3-fold increase over K Rb ratios in coexisting 1Md-rich illites. It is suggested that this is an equilibrium value for the fractionation of K Rb between illitic micas and potassium feldspars. The K Rb ratios of the 1Md-rich illites are similar to K Rb ratios in post-Precambrian illites and glauconites; these data indicate that little change has occurred in the K Rb ratio in sea water since lower Beltian time.
The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Isoform Dependence of Tumor Formation Is Determined by the Genetic Mode of PI3K Pathway Activation Rather than by Tissue Type

Previous work has shown that prostate cancer in a Pten-null murine model is dependent on the p110β isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), while breast cancer driven by either polyoma middle T antigen (MT) or HER2 is p110α dependent. Whether these differences in isoform dependence arise from tissue specificity or from the nature of the oncogenic signal activating the PI3K pathway is important, given increasing interest in using isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors in cancer therapy. To approach this question, we studied the PI3K isoform dependence of our recently constructed prostate cancer model driven by MT. Since MT activates a number of signaling pathways, we first confirmed that the MT-driven prostate cancer model was actually dependent on PI3K. A newly generated transgenic prostate line expressing an MT allele (Y315F) known to be defective for PI3K binding displayed a markedly reduced ability to drive tumor formation. We next selectively ablated expression of either p110α or p110β in mice in which wild-type MT was expressed in the prostate. We found that tumor formation driven by MT was significantly delayed by the loss of p110α expression, while ablation of p110β had no effect. Since the tumor formation driven by MT is p110α dependent in the prostate as well as in the mammary gland, our data suggest that PI3K isoform dependence is driven by the mode of PI3K pathway activation rather than by tissue type. IMPORTANCE Middle T antigen (MT), the oncogene of polyomavirus, can drive tumor formation in a variety of cell types and tissues. Interestingly, MT has no intrinsic enzymatic activity but instead functions by binding and activating cellular signaling proteins. One of the most important of these is the lipid kinase PI3K, which was first studied in MT immunoprecipitates. Ubiquitously expressed PI3K comes in two major isoforms: p110α and p110β. Previous work in animal models showed that p110α was the key isoform in breast tumors driven by oncogenes, including MT and HER2, while p110β was key in prostate tumors driven by Pten loss. We asked the simple question of whether a prostate tumor driven by MT depends on p110α, which would suggest that the mode of activation determines p110 isoform dependence, or p110β, which would suggest that tissue type determines isoform dependence. The clear answer is that MT depends on p110α in both the prostate and breast.
Efficacy of orally administered maropitant citrate in preventing vomiting associated with hydromorphone administration in dogs

Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness of orally administered maropitant citrate in preventing vomiting after hydromorphone hydrochloride administration in dogs. Design—Randomized, blinded, prospective clinical study. Animals—40 dogs with American Society of Anesthesiologists status of I or II, > 6 months of age, and weighing between 24 and 58.2 kg (52.8 and 128.04 lb). Procedures—Dogs were randomly selected to receive maropitant (2.0 to 4.0 mg/kg [0.9 to 1.8 mg/lb]) or placebo (lactose monohydrate) orally 2 hours prior to receiving hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IM). A blinded observer recorded the occurrence of vomiting or signs of nausea (eg, salivation or lip-licking) during a 30-minute period after hydromorphone administration. Two-tailed Fisher exact tests were used to compare the incidences of vomiting and signs of nausea with or without vomiting between treatment groups. Results—Of the 20 dogs receiving maropitant, none vomited but 12 (60%) developed signs of nausea. Of the 20 dogs recei...
Individual Skill Progression on a Virtual Reality Simulator for Shoulder Arthroscopy A 3-Year Follow-up Study

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated a correlation between surgical experience and performance on a virtual reality arthroscopy simulator but only provided single time point evaluations. Additional longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the validity of virtual reality simulation before these teaching aids can be more fully recommended for surgical education.HypothesisSubjects will show improved performance on simulator retesting several years after an initial baseline evaluation, commensurate with their advanced surgical experience.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsAfter gaining further arthroscopic experience, 10 orthopaedic residents underwent retesting 3 years after initial evaluation on a Procedicus virtual reality arthroscopy simulator. Using a paired t test, simulator parameters were compared in each subject before and after additional arthroscopic experience. Subjects were evaluated for time to completion, number of probe collisions with the tissues, average probe veloci...
Finite element analysis on transient post-welding shift of opto-electronic pigtail package

We study the transient post-welding shift (PWS) of a TO-can pigtail package by three-dimensional finite element modeling (FEM) with thermo-mechanical coupling. The numerical approach provides a well-controlled welding configuration and helps us understand the scattering of experimental data. In our model we observe post-welding deformation for perfectly aligned welding structure while structural tilting occurs when we introduce weld spot offset. We also carry out experiment to measure transient PWS by noncontact displacement sensors. Simulation and experiment reveal that PWS of TO-can structure involves dynamical processes of multiple time scales.
Flow invariance for competitive neural networks with different time-scales

The dynamics of complex neural networks must include the aspects of long and short-term memory. The behaviour of the network is characterized by an equation of neural activity as a fast phenomenon and an equation of synaptic modification as a slow part of the neural system. We present a method of analyzing the dynamics of a system with different time scales based on the theory of flow invariance. We are able to show the conditions under which the solutions of such a system are bounded being less restrictive than with the K-monotone theory.
Acute Clonidine Withdrawal Syndrome Following Open-Heart Operation

A patient who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass developed a syndrome of malignant hypertension with agitated delirium, unresponsive to antihypertensive agents, following abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. The literature on this syndrome is reviewed with emphasis placed on prompt recognition. The syndrome can be reversed by resumption of clonidine administration and can be prevented by maintenance of clonidine levels through the perioperative period.
The Glycine–Glomus–Rhizobium symbiosis. IV. Interactions between the mycorrhizal and nitrogen‐fixing endophytes

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Men) plants were grown under controlled conditions in an experiment designed as a 4 × 4 factorial. The factors were N or P nutrition, with different strains of Rhizobium japonicum or N-fertilization as levels of the first factor and different species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi or P fertilization as levels of the other. Organisms used were R. japonicum strains USDA 110, USDA 136, and 61A118, and the VAM fungi Glomus versiforme (Karst.) Berch, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxt. sensu Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe, and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe. There were 16 treatments: nine Rhizobium + Glomus combinations, three Rhizobium + V and three Glomus+ N combinations, and one non-symbiotic set of plants supplied with N + P. The tripartite symbioses were evaluated by analysis of variance against the Rhizobium + P and Glomus + N comparison treatments for effects on root and leaf dry mass, root N and P content, nodule mass and activity, and VAM colinization. Significant to highly significant main effects and interactions were found in virtually all evaluations due to both Rhizobium strain and VAM–fungal species. We conclude that different endophyte isolates affect not only the host plant, but also the development and function of their co-endophytes. These findings establish the existence of inter-endophyte compatibility, an important consideration when selecting or engineering for desirable endophyte traits.
Take afternoon naps to improve perceptual learning.

All subjects were trained in a standard visual texture discrimination task at 09:00 and tested at 19:00 the same day and again at 9:00 the next morning. At about 14:00 on the day of the learning the task subjects either had no nap ðn 1⁄4 28Þ or naps of about 60 ðn 1⁄4 26Þ or 90 min ðn 1⁄4 19Þ durations depending on the group to which they were assigned. The process for assigning subjects to groups was not specified. Data were analyzed for each nap condition and then also for nap groups divided not by length of nap but by whether or not REM sleep occurred. The amount of nocturnal sleep for the night before the test and the next night after the nap was also recorded for each subject, but the methods for this (sleep log, questionnaire the next day, activity or home recordings, polysomnogram) were not specified. The learning task involved detection of whether diagonal bars in the lower left visual quadrant of a stimulus were in a horizontal row or vertical column in a stimulus presented and then followed by a masking stimulus of both horizontal and diagonal bars. The dependent measure of minimum inter-stimulus interval for 80% accuracy generally shows initial improvement over a few minutes of training, deterioration during the wake time and improvement after night’s sleep with performance actually better the next morning than immediately after learning the task. Learning was evaluated by presenting the test stimuli in the same visual quadrant as that during the training, but as a control, the test stimuli were also presented in visual quadrants other than that for the original learning to check the retinotopic specificity of the effects on learning.
Measuring depression and anxiety in sub-saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Despite being one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, fewer than 10% of depressed individuals in low-resource settings have access to treatment. Mounting evidence suggests that nonspecialist workers are capable of providing counseling and case management at the community level. They often use brief psychiatric screening instruments as clinical tools to identify cases and monitor symptoms over time. In order for such tools to be used in diverse settings, they must demonstrate adequate reliability and validity in addition to cross-cultural relevance. To be used to guide routine care they also need to be flexibly adapted and sensitive to change. The goal of this paper is to assess the cross-cultural validity of brief psychiatric screening instruments in sub-Saharan Africa, identify best practices, and discuss implications for clinical management and scale-up of mental health treatment in resource-poor settings. METHOD: Systematic review of studies assessing the validity of screening instruments for depression, anxiety, and mental distress in sub-Saharan Africa using Medline and PsycINFO. RESULTS: Sixty-five studies from 16 countries assessing the validity of brief screening instruments for depression, anxiety, and/or mental distress. CONCLUSIONS: Despite evidence of underlying universality in the experience of depression and anxiety in sub-Saharan Africa, differences in the salience, manifestation, and expression of symptoms suggest the need for the local adaptation of instruments. Rapid ethnographic assessment has emerged as a promising, low-cost, and efficient strategy for doing so. Language: en
Degradation of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Using Mechanically Alloyed Mg/Pd

A heterogenous catalytic system consisting of mechanically alloyed Mg/Pd particles has been used to degrade the peroxide explosive, triacetone triperoxide (TATP). The degradation of the TATP with the Mg/Pd particles (half life of 1.2×101 min) was compared to the degradation with microscale Mg particles (half life of 1.7×103 min) and 10% Pd on activated carbon (half life of 8.7×102 min). Combining the Mg and Pd on carbon (Pd/C) through a mechanical alloying process is shown to produce reactive particles that can be used to degrade TATP. The major product of the degradation of TATP with mechanically alloyed Mg/Pd particles was acetone. A material balance for carbon was also calculated for the degradation reaction with 94±5% (mean±standard deviation) of the TATP carbons accounted for in the production of acetone.
Collection, Processing and Fractionation of Human Pituitary Glands1

This paper describes a new series of procedures for collecting, processing and extracting human pituitary glands, which is characterized by speed, simplicity and extraction efficiency. Thioethanol plays an important role throughout the procedures. The more vigorous extracting methods [(NH4)2SO4, organic solvents and concentrated acid] are avoided. The yields of GH and TSH exceed those obtained by other methods; those of FSH, LH, prolactin and ACTH are comparable to yields of previous methods. The GH fraction contains 290±59 mg/mg of pituitary powder, has a potency of 0.6–1.3 USP units/mg, and is low in hormonal contamination. The yield of TSH is 3× as great as that from acetone-collected glands. When the fractionation procedure is applied to acetonecollected glands, the results are similar, except that the yield of TSH is much less and the separation of GH and prolactin activities from TSH, FSH and LH is less complete.
Localization of a conserved epitope and an azurin-like domain in the H.8 protein of pathogenic Neisseria.

Summary The pathogenic neisseriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, possess an outer membrane protein, H.8, which contains a conserved monoclonal antibody (MAb)-binding epitope in all strains tested. We have cloned and sequenced a meningococcal H.8 gene, and determined the characteristics of the predicted protein. The predicted signal peptide has features characteristic of a prokaryotic lipoprotein. The region at the N-terminal end of the mature protein (39 amino acids) is primarily composed of alanine, glutamate and prollne residues arranged in imperfect repeats with the consensus sequence AAEAP. The epitope for H.8 MAb-binding was localized to a 20-amino acid sequence within this region. The remainder of the predicted amino acid sequence shows extensive homology to azurins, which are small blue copper-binding proteins found in a limited number of species of pathogenic bacteria.
Archival Applicability of External Guidelines for Data Structures

By the conclusion of its first meeting, the Working Group on Standards for Archival Description had identified no standards that could be defined as external data structure guidelines. The absence of standards in this cell of the group's matrix may reflect either the non-existence of such standards affecting archival description, or the profession's inability to recognize them. The author discusses the role of such standards, offers some examples from the library community, and suggests strategies for influencing their development to support archival requirements.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood: a behavioral approach to management.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted and senseless thoughts, images, or impulses that occur repeatedly. Obsessions are experienced as unwanted and involuntary by the patient and can focus on such themes as contamination, aggression, orderliness, religion, sex:, doubt, or loss of possessions. Compulsions are ritualistic but seemingly purposeful behaviors that are often performed in response to an obsession. These compulsive behaviors, either observable or mental, alleviate or neutralize anxiety associated with the obsession. The patient fears the outcome should he or she not perform the ritual, despite the knowledge that the fear is irrational. Because the ritual does not entirely relieve the fear, the impulse to repeat the ritual returns. Common compulsive behaviors include hand-washing, checking, arranging, touching, repeating, or hoarding. Table 1 summarizes diagnostic criteria according to the American Psychiatric Association. l Obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs at some point during a lifetime in approximately 2.5 to 3 percent of the population; it is equally common in men as in women, and one-third of the cases begin by the age of 15 years.2 As with many other psychiatric illnesses, patients might not seek care until years after the onset of the disease. A variety of causes have been proposed: behavioral, developmental, biochemical, psychological, and genetic. Familial tendencies have been seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In one sample of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 71 percent had a parent with either full-blown obsessive-compulsive disotder or obsessive-compulsive symptoms.3 The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder have also previously been viewed as extreme variants of normal developmental rituals