cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustained protection in mice immunized with fractional doses of Salmonella Enteritidis core and O polysaccharide-flagellin glycoconjugates.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are a major cause of invasive bacterial disease (e.g., bacteremia, meningitis) in infants and young children in sub-Saharan Africa and also occasionally cause invasive disease in highly susceptible hosts (young infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised subjects) in industrialized countries. No licensed vaccines exist against human NTS infections. NTS core and O polysaccharide (COPS) and FliC (Phase 1 flagellin subunits) each constitute protective antigens in murine models. S. Enteritidis COPS conjugated to FliC represents a promising vaccine approach that elicits binding and opsonophagocytic antibodies and protects mice against lethal challenge with virulent S. Enteritidis. We examined the protective efficacy of fractional dosages of S. Enteritidis COPS:FliC conjugate vaccines in mice, and also established that protection can be passively transferred to naive mice by administering sera from mice immunized with conjugate. Mice were immunized with three doses of either 10 µg, 2.5 µg (full dose), 0.25 µg, or 0.025 µg S. Enteritidis COPS:FliC conjugate at 28 day intervals. Antibody titers to COPS and FliC measured by ELISA fell consonant with progressively smaller vaccine dosage levels; anti-FliC IgG responses remained robust at fractional dosages for which anti-COPS serum IgG titers were decreased. Nevertheless, >90% protection against intraperitoneal challenge was observed in mice immunized with fractional dosages of conjugate that elicited diminished titers to both FliC and COPS. Passive transfer of immune sera from mice immunized with the highest dose of COPS:FliC to naive mice was also protective, demonstrating the role of antibodies in mediating protection. These results provide important insights regarding the potency of Salmonella glycoconjugate vaccines that use flagellin as a carrier protein.
A review of modeling and simulation techniques across the length scales for the solid oxide fuel cell

Abstract Recent advances in computational techniques have allowed the application of computational tools to study heterogeneous functional materials (HeteroFoaMs) in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) from the quantum (sub-atomic) to atomistic to the continuum scales. However, knowledge gained from a particular computational technique can only provide insight at that specific scale. There has been a recent interest to develop a more cohesive effort so that results obtained from models across a particular spatial dimension can be used to extract additional insight across a larger range of length scales. This review article surveys recent progress in the modeling and simulation of SOFCs, and relates them to the relevant physical phenomena and length/time scales. We then proceed to review the various numerical techniques used, and their applicability across the length and time scales.
Punctal Occlusion in Tear Deficiency Syndromes

Abstract Punctal occlusion was carried out in 32 eyes with tear deficiency syndromes regardless of the preoperative Schirmer tear test values. Diagnoses included: keratoconjunctivitis sicca, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, congenital alacremia, and post-traumatic tear deficiency. Subjective symptomatic improvement was recorded in 97% of the eyes. Objective improvement was recorded as resolution or improvement of corneal ulceration, filamentary keratitis, and superficial punctate keratitis. All patients (100%) experienced improvement in one or more of these diagnostic signs. A tarsorrhaphy was required as adjunctive therapy to punctal occlusion in three eyes with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Epiphora did not occur after surgery even though 16 eyes (50%) had preoperative Schirmer tear test values greater than 2 mm (range 0–15 mm). Artificial tears were discontinued or reduced to occasional use in 85% of eyes postocclusion of puncta. Eight puncta reopened; five of the eight required reocclusion. In this series, punctal occlusion was a safe and effective method of managing severe tear deficiency syndromes and should be considered more frequently in patients with the appropriate criteria.
Bose condensation and small-scale structure generation in a random force driven 2D turbulence

We consider two-dimensional flow stirred by a small-scale, white-in-time random noise in the zero viscosity limit. Numerical simulations show that, after a transient state, an inertial-range energy spectrum E(k)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ with x=5/3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 is established by the inverse cascade process. This range grows in time until a Bose condensate is formed at the largest scales in the system (k\ensuremath{\approxeq}1). Prior to condensate formation the statistics of velocity differences are extremely close to Gaussian, and only after Bose condensation strong deviations from Gaussian statistics are detected at small scales. The structures responsible for this effect are identified.
INFECTIOUS FIBROMA OF RABBITS : III. THE SERIAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUS MYXOMATOSUM IN COTTONTAIL RABBITS, AND CROSS-IMMUNITY TESTS WITH THE FIBROMA VIRUS.

In the experiments presented, Virus myxomatosum was observed to produce only a localized fibromatous or myxomatous orchitis when injected into the testicles of cottontail rabbits. This type of disease was quite unlike the acute fatal illness which the virus caused in domestic rabbits. 10 serial passages of Virus myxomatosum through cottontail rabbits, covering a total elapsed time of 140 days, failed to alter its pathogenicity for domestic rabbits. Although it proved impossible to convert the myxoma virus into fibroma virus by serial passage in cottontail rabbits, it was found that these animals, recovered from myxoma, had a solid resistance to infection with the fibroma virus. Furthermore, their sera possessed neutralizing antibodies effective against the fibroma virus as well as Virus myxomatosum. A similar cross-immunological relationship was observed in the cases of domestic rabbits that had survived an attack of infectious myxoma.
U.S. statecraft and the U.S.–Mexico border as security/economy nexus

Abstract Border scholars have on the whole rejected the claim that the U.S.–Mexico border has been dissolved by late modern crossborder migrations of capital, people, and practices. However, in noting the escalation of militarized policing practices in the U.S.–Mexico borderlands in the midst of liberalizing trade agreements such as NAFTA, the tendency in this literature has been to reconcile hegemonic U.S. geopolitical and geoeconomic practices in the region as paired. In conversation with these approaches to U.S. statecraft in the region, I propose that border policing in the wake of September 11, 2001, surfaces the long-standing relative incoherence of U.S. geopolitical and geoeconomic practice. By investigating how nonlocally conceived policies come apart on the ground in terms of the local circumstances each produce, I describe the border as a security/economy nexus in U.S. statecraft.
Is there localized cerebral cortical influence on hypoxic ventilatory response

Abstract A cortical inhibitory influence on net ventilatory response to hypoxia is inferred from the hyperexcitable response of decorticate cats. Electrical stimulus exploration of the cortex localizes the regions inhibitory to breathing predominantly on the orbitals gyrus of the frontal lobes. The present experiments were designed to determine whether ablations of those regions of the orbital gyrus would replicate the effect of total decortication of hypoxic ventilatory response. Steady state hypoxic ventilatory response curves were determined in 8 cats under both hypocapnic and eucapnic conditions, first in the control state and second at various times after regional ablations of the orbital gyrus. Only 3 of the 8 cats showed a hyperexcitable response under hypoxia after lesioning, and they all recovered to the control state by 10 days. The isocapnic and hypocapnic responses were affected similarly. No unique contribution of this region of the brain to hypoxic ventilatory control can be documented.
An X/Ku-band frequency synthesizer using a 9-Bit quadrature DDS

This paper presents an X/Ku-band fine-tuning frequency synthesizer using a quadrature DDS implemented in a 0.18 mum SiGe BiCMOS technology. The frequency synthesizer comprises a 9-bit quadrature DDS, an 11.7 GHz quadrature VCO and image rejection mixers. The outputs of the quadrature DDS are down-converted to 9.4~11.7 GHz and up-converted to 11.7~14.0 GHz, respectively. The die area of the synthesizer is 3.0times3.0 mm2 and the power consumption is 2.6 W under a 3.3 V supply. The chip is measured with a 48-pin leadless free ceramic package and external cooling.
Sea ice mapping method for SeaWinds

A sea ice mapping algorithm for SeaWinds is developed that incorporates statistical and spatial a priori information in a modified maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework. Spatial a priori data are incorporated in the loss terms of a Bayes risk formulation. Conditional distributions and priors for sea ice and ocean statistics are represented as empirical histograms that are forced to conform to a set of expected histograms via principal component filtering. Tuning parameters for the algorithm allow adjustments in the algorithm's performance. Results of the algorithm exhibit high correlation with the Remund-Long sea ice mapping algorithm for SeaWinds and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager National Aeronautics and Space Administration Team 30% ice edge, and are verified with RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR imagery. The resulting sea ice maps exhibit high edge detail, preserve polynyas and ice bodies disjoint from the primary ice sheet, and thus are suitable for use with wind retrieval and sea ice studies. Principles employed in the algorithm may be of interest in other classification studies.
Ranking and selection for steady-state simulation

We present and evaluate two ranking-and-selection procedures for use in steady-state simulation experiments when the goal is to find which among a finite number of alternative systems has the largest or smallest long-run average performance. Both procedures extend existing methods for independent and identically normally distributed observations to general stationary output processes, and both procedures are sequential.
Institutional Foundations for Cyber Security: Current Responses and New Challenges

Abstract : This paper profiles institutions that are responsible for addressing threats to cyber security. Rather than focusing primarily on the private sector, we analyze key organizations at the national, international, and intergovernmental level. Our purpose is to highlight emerging responses and challenges, while simultaneously evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the current institutional framework. A secondary goal is to investigate the feasibility of using quantitative data to evaluate cyber security performance.
How Conservative IEEE 802.11 DCF Is When Using Directional Antenna

Directional antennas have been introduced to improve the performance of 802.11 based wireless networks. Station equipped with directional antennas can beamform data in a specific direction. However, IEEE 802.11 is developed with omni-directional antennas in mind. Thus, deploying IEEE 802.11 in a directional antenna environment leads stations to be conservative in blocking their own transmissions in favor of the ongoing transmissions. In this paper we study and analyze the limitation of IEEE 802.11 networks with directional antennas. We show analytically that a station with directional antenna and using 802.11 protocol is conservative in terms of assesses channel availability, with as much as 60% of unnecessary blocking assessments. Moreover, by altering the way the 802.11 accessing its MAC data queue, we show that the unnecessary blocking assessments of a node could be increased up to 90%.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children. The pathophysiology of this infection in the respiratory system has been studied extensively, but little is known about its consequences in other systems. We studied whether RSV infects human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro and in vivo, and investigated whether and how this infection affects BMSC structure and hematopoietic support function. Primary human BMSCs were infected in vitro with recombinant RSV expressing green fluorescent protein. In addition, RNA from naive BMSCs was amplified by PCR, and the products were sequenced to confirm homology with the RSV genome. The BMSC cytoskeleton was visualized by immunostaining for actin. Finally, we analyzed infected BMSCs for the expression of multiple cytokines and chemokines, evaluated their hematopoietic support capacity, and measured their chemotactic activity for both lymphoid and myeloid cells. We found that BMSCs support RSV replication in vitro with efficiency that varies among cell lines derived from different donors; furthermore, RNA sequences homologous to the RSV genome were found in naive primary human BMSCs. RSV infection disrupted cytoskeletal actin microfilaments, altered cytokine/chemokine expression patterns, decreased the ability of BMSCs to support B cell maturation, and modulated local chemotaxis. Our data indicate that RSV infects human BMSCs in vitro, and this infection has important structural and functional consequences that might affect hematopoietic and immune functions. Furthermore, we have amplified viral RNA from naive primary BMSCs, suggesting that in vivo these cells provide RSV with an extrapulmonary target.
The Millennial Student: A New Generation of Learners.

Objective: Each generation comes to college with varying characteristics that distinguish them from their predecessors. Teaching has evolved into a learning centered classroom that focuses on stude...
A Recipe for Success: A Comparative View of Mathematics Teacher Education in Finland and Singapore.

Finland and Singapore are both nations that have excelled in mathematics on international assessments, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Evidence of Finland’s educational success emerged with the outcome of the first PISA study in 2000. Since then, many have looked to Finland for explanations. Within the field of education, many believe the reasons for the success are primarily pedagogical, referring to Finland’s excellent teachers and high–quality teacher education. Similarly for Singapore, the consistency in the country’s good outcome in the TIMSS study has brought the world’s attention to this small island country. This article explores the similarities and differences in the educational systems of these two countries.
Triple arthrodesis with lateral column lengthening for treatment of severe planovalgus deformity.

Triple arthrodesis with lateral column lengthening through the calcaneocuboid joint was performed on 22 feet in 14 patients. The primary indication for surgery was severe symptomatic planovalgus deformity unresponsive to conservative measures. All patients achieved solid fusion within 12 weeks. No patient had a decline in ambulatory status. Excellent correction of deformity was achieved and maintained with an average correction of the talus first metatarsal angle of 25° in both the AP and lateral planes. Triple arthrodesis with lateral column lengthening provides for reliable arthrodesis and allows correction of severe planovalgus deformity while maintaining foot length.
Skeletal muscle vascular transport capacity in diabetic rats.

This study aimed to determine the effect of long-term (17–20 weeks) streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on skeletal muscle vascular transport capacity. Vascular transport capacity was determined from measurements of pressure-flow relationships, capillary filtration coefficient, and permeability-surface area product (PS) for 51Cr-EDTA in isolated perfused hindquarters of control (n = 7) and diabetic (n = 6; 65 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally) rats. Hindquarters were perfused with Tyrode9s solution containing albumin (5 g/dl) and horse serum (10% vol/vol) and were maximally vasodilated with papaverine (30 mM). Hindquarters of diabetic rats weighed 42% less than control rats (86 ± 3 vs. 147 ± 4 g; P ≤ 0.001) because of profound muscle atrophy. Total hindquarters flow (ml · min−1 · 100 g−1) was greater in diabetic rats (P
Planning and Financing Water Resource Development in the United States: A Review and Policy Perspective

. Since the beginning of the 80s, there has been a discernible decline in federal spending for water resource development. The methods of financing project development at the state level exhibit diverse characteristics across different states. The state and sub-state level agencies and users will have to find and develop additional resources. This might also call for reduction in subsidies in water pricing which might give a greater role to market factors in conservation efforts. The present differentiated cost-sharing formula for different uses on the basis of the federal agency involved in the project development contributes to inefficient allocation of the resource. There is urgent need for financial and water management reform in order to avert a potential water crisis. Use, efficiency and equity considerations need to play a greater role in the distribution of the resource than in the past.
Skin lesion metrics: role of photography in acne.

Accurate assessment of acne severity is essential for determining the appropriate treatment required. This paper reviews photographic methods for such assessment. Literature included met the following criteria: proposed photographic standards to assess acne, evaluated such standards, or offered photographic methods to improve visualization and assessment. Validity was evaluated by comparing given photographic grading methods to other methods, such as lesion counting. Many photographic standards were shown to be objective, time-efficient, and have intra-grader and inter-grader consistency. Photography also documents progress for retrospective verification. Drawbacks include not allowing determination of depth, minimization of small lesions and erythema, and difficulty in maintaining consistent settings. Fluorescence and polarized photography improve visualization beyond clinical observation alone. Advances such as computer alignment, imaging segmentation, and three-dimensional analysis methods track lesion...
Response Of A Terrestrial Mollusc Community To An Autumn Prescribed Burn In A Rare Wetland Prairie Of Western Oregon, USA

Conservation and management of grasslands may involve the use of prescribed fire to reinstate a historical disturbance regime recently suppressed by humans. I used traps to describe the terrestrial mollusc community in a rare wetland prairie ecosystem of western Oregon, USA over a 3-year period in an adjacent burned and unburned wetland prairie parcel beginning 1 year following an autumn prescribed fire. Species richness was lower throughout the burned area for the duration of the study period and mollusc abundance was lower in the first postburn year, but steadily increased over time, surpassing the adjacent burned area by the third postburn year. According to Multi-response Permutation Procedure, the mollusc community in the adjacent burned area differed significantly from the unburned prairie each year since the burn, suggesting that fire history may structure the wetland prairie mollusc community. Indicator species analysis identified that Deroceras reticulatum and Monadenia fidelis were indicator species for unburned wetland prairie, while Catinella rhederi and Vertigo modesta were indicator species for burned habitat at the study site. Since fire appears to decrease wetland prairie mollusc diversity and abundance, prescribed burns should be conducted in accordance with refuges, to provide a source population for colonizing molluscs and for other animals with unknown responses to fire.
Experimental exploration of metamaterial substrate design for an electrically small patch-like antenna

An electrically small patch antenna with a μ-negative (MNG) core surrounded by a simple dielectric material, where the MNG core is completely covered by the patch as shown in Figure 1(a), was originally proposed by Alu, et al [1,2]. Building on this work the authors have shown experimentally that this antenna provides adequate radiation properties at electrically small sizes, with antenna resonant frequency independent of patch size [3]. To create the MNG core, square spirals with multiple turns were fabricated on conventional circuit board material and inserted on edge beneath the patch antenna. In this paper, we alter the form factor of the traditional patch antenna structure by using an even smaller balanced structure shown in Figure 1(b) that produces a dipole like pattern. The antenna designer is free to select the structure that best fits the intended application. This structure's largest dimension for the data reported here is between λ/11 and λ/34. In this paper we report measurements when the spiral density and number of turns are varied. We found that increasing the number of turns decreases resonant frequency, and decreasing spiral density decreases resonant frequency. The latter shows promise to enable the continued reduction of antenna size for a given wavelength.
A Neural Network Based Sensor Validation Scheme for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

This paper presents the design of a complete Sensor Fault Detection, Isolation and Accommodation (SFDIA) scheme for heavy-duty diesel engines without physical redundancy in the sensors capabilities. The analytical redundancy in the available measurements is exploited by two different banks of neural approximators that are used for the identification of the nonlinear input/output relationships of the engine system. The first set of approximators is used to evaluate the residual signals needed for fault isolation. The second set is used ? following the failure detection and isolation - to provide a replacement for the signal coming from the faulty sensor. The SFDIA scheme is explained with details, and its performance is evaluated through a set of simulations in which failures are injected on measured signals. The experimental data from this study have been acquired using a test vehicle appositely instrumented to measure several engine parameters. The measurements were performed on a specific set of routes, which included a combination of highway and city driving patterns.
In the Aftermath of Sexual Abuse: Making and Remaking Meaning in Narratives of Trauma and Recovery

This paper explores the applicability of a narrative approach to the understanding of psychological trauma and the process of recovery. We focus on a comparison of stories told by three survivors of sexual abuse in research interviews drawn from an ongoing study of recovery and resiliency in treated and untreated trauma survivors. Our aim is to learn how survivors make and remake the meaning of their experiences over the course of their lives and at different stages in their recovery, and to understand the role and functions of survivors’ stories in the recovery process. Replacing long-standing feelings of powerlessness with a new sense of agency and reclaiming a positive identity from a “damaged”self-definition are neither easy nor painless tasks. These accounts suggest the importance of “turning points”that open possibilities for sexual abuse survivors to restory their experiences and arrive at new understandings that support their efforts to confront and deal with past traumas, and move on with their lives. We also call for more attention—by researchers, therapists, and others in survivors’ lives—to the effects of our expectations and needs for coherent stories with positive endings that may make it difficult for us to “hear”what survivors are trying to tell us. (Narrative, Trauma, Sexual abuse)
Roundoff-Error-Free Algorithms for Solving Linear Systems via Cholesky and LU Factorizations

LU and Cholesky factorizations are computational tools for efficiently solving linear systems that play a central role in solving linear programs and several other classes of mathematical programs. In many documented cases, however, the roundoff errors accrued during the construction and implementation of these factorizations lead to the misclassification of feasible problems as infeasible and vice versa. Hence, reducing these roundoff errors or eliminating them altogether is imperative to guarantee the correctness of the solutions provided by optimization solvers. To achieve this goal without having to use rational arithmetic, we introduce two roundoff-error-free factorizations that require storing the same number of individual elements and performing a similar number of operations as the traditional LU and Cholesky factorizations. Additionally, we present supplementary roundoff-error-free forward and backward substitution algorithms, thereby providing a complete tool set for solving systems of linear eq...
Sculpting the Rhetorician: A Transformation

Acknowledgements The following study is the result of a naive scholar infiltrating and analyzing a culture that she was unaware of before this experience. The participants in the study demonstrated numerous consistent patterns in their communicative interactions with each other, including: invitational community, marking space, the metaphor of ―life as a journey,‖ non-materialistic collectors, concrete positionality, producers and consumers of visual culture, and ―the joke is on all of us.‖ I would like to thank Dr. Tracy Stephenson Shaffer, Professor of Performance Studies at Louisiana State University, for her contribution to this project as well as the sculptors: Adam Tourek, Ezra Kellerman, Lance Malley, Jonathan Pelliteri, Holly Streekstra, and Michael Williams for welcoming me into their culture and allowing me to analyze them. This project remains a collaborative, on-going process, and the full range of its impact is yet to be fully explored.
Quantum Dots with Built-in Charge for Enhancing Quantum Dot Solar Cells and Infrared Photodetectors

We present theoretical and experimental results of electron kinetics and transport in quantum dot structures with potential barriers created around dots via intentional or unintentional doping. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that photoelectron capture is substantially enhanced in strong fields and electron kinetics can be controlled by potential barriers. Therefore, by creating potential barriers around dots, we found that our novel quantum dots with built-in charge (Q-BIC) solar cells and infrared (IR) photodectors enhance electron intersubband transitions and suppress fast electron capture processes. These factors lead to a 60% increase in the photocurrent of the Q-BIC solar cells (without degradation of the open circuit voltage) and ~25 times increase in the photoresponse of the Q-BIC photodetectors.
Spontaneous rupture of an intrahepatic aneurysm of the right hepatic artery caused by segmental arterial mediolysis

Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a non-arteriosclerotic, non-inflammatory arteriopathy characterised by dissecting aneurysms and most commonly found in abdominal arteries. A rupture of a visceral artery aneurysm is generally associated with high mortality. We present the case of a 57-year-old woman with a rupture of an intrahepatic aneurysm that led to intra-abdominal haemorrhage. The patient was surgically treated by evacuating the abdominal haematoma and ligature of the right hepatic artery. Histology of the right hepatic artery revealed the diagnosis of SAM. Six months postoperatively, the patient was in excellent physical condition with normal liver function and arterial blood flow of the right hepatic sections over collateral circulation.
Design and application of a framework for examining the beliefs and practices of physics teaching assistants

Validated framework examines how physics teaching assistants talk about and engage in physics teaching.
Comparing Student Performance, Attitudes And Preferences In An Introduction To Business Course: Online, Hybrid And Traditional Delivery Methods Who Makes The A Grade?

The present study compares three Introduction to Business courses delivered using three different teaching formats; online, hybrid and traditional methods. Findings indicate that while the traditional course received higher ratings by students, hybrid students outperformed students in the online and traditional course (n = 56). Thirty-five percent of the students in the hybrid course earned an A compared to 23 percent of the traditional students, while only 7 percent of the students enrolled in the online course completed the course with an A grade. Student attitudes also indicate once a student experiences a hybrid model course, there is strong preference for this type of delivery method. Although 85 percent of the students enrolled in the hybrid course had never enrolled in a distance learning course, 73 percent selected the hybrid format as their preference of delivery method. Strong support exists indicating that hybrid courses that are well designed create an atmosphere that increase student learning. Moreover, once students have a good hybrid experience, they are more likely to prefer courses designed as hybrids.
Grain growth in NiAlAl2O3 in situ composites

Abstract Grain growth and particle-matrix interaction were examined in NiAl composites containing in situ alumina particles at 1200 °C. The composites were produced by vacuum hot-pressing of the elemental components, in which alumina particles were produced by a displacive reaction of partially oxidized Ni and/or partially oxidized aluminum powders. The volume fraction of the particles varied from 3 to 23 vol% Al 2 O 3 . A limiting grain growth was found in composites containing low fractions of alumina, whereas the composites containing high alumina showed no appreciable growth.
Effects of Electrolyte Treatments and Dry-Chilling on Yields and Tenderness of Broilers

Abstract Commercially available electrolyte preparations, when administered in the drinking water of broiler chickens, did not significantly alter the live weights or eviscerated weights of the birds. Although these electrolytes significantly increased weight gains during wet-chilling, most of this gain was lost as drip during storage with fresh product or upon thawing of the frozen product. The net loss from eviscerated to cooked weight of dry-chilled broilers was less than the corresponding net loss of wet-chilled broilers. The hot cutting and rapid chilling by crust freezing (dry chilling) did not significantly alter shear values of breast meat as compared to broilers that had been wet-chilled. Small but statistically higher shear values were recorded in the thigh muscle (biceps femoris) of the dry-chilled birds.
Practice and Experience in Breeding Restorer Lines of Three-line Hybrid Rice

About ten years of our practices in breeding restorer lines of three-line hybrid rice were reviewed and the experience on breeding restorer lines was summarized. In breeding restorer lines by cross-breeding method, the following aspects should be paid attention to: 1) In improving existing restorer lines in some characters, the selected parents should be complementary in other important characters and have not common unfavorable characters. 2) One of the parents must be good in combining ability and strong in restoring ability. To develop a resistant restorer line, at least one of the parents must be a highly resistant parent. 3) The japonica genetic background or distantly related genes could be introduced into the existing indica restorer lines to enrich the genetic basis. 4) The testcrossing of restoring genes should be conducted in low generations when the hybridizing pattern ″R×B″ or ″B×R″ is adopted in breeding restorer lines. 5) The integration of major characters such as plant type, lodging resistance, grain filling rate, grain plumpness and no early senescence should be considered in selection of single plants in the segregated filial generations.
Resource mapping on hybrid testbeds

The integration of real hardware and systems increases the fidelity of a testbed, but limits its scalability. Scaling techniques, such as virtualization and real-time simulation, can increase the scale of experiments conducted on the testbed. Manual mapping of the experimental scenario onto the testbed resources and scaling techniques is intractable for large experiments. We propose a method to automatically map testbed resources according to user-specified requirements. Our mechanism identifies suitable scaling techniques for parts of the input experimental topology and adjusts their resource requirements according to the goal of the experiment. New network features can be easily incorporated to support a wide diversity of network experiments and testbed resources.
High performance interference coatings for 1-2 μm high energy lasers

High reflection Ta2O5/SiO2 and HfO2/SiO2 interference coatings that incorporate top thick layers of SiO2 with superior performance are demonstrated for 1-2μm high energy lasers are demonstrated.
From crossbridges to metabolism: system biology for energetics.

The pathways for metabolic generation of ATP and crossbridge and other molecular machines that use ATP are necessarily connected because both sets of molecular modules share common metabolites, specifically ATP, ADP, Pi and pH. These metabolites act to modulate the flux in the mechanisms for energy demand and supply. The products of the ATPases are signals regulating the flux of ATP synthesis. The results of ATPase and ATP synthesis modulate metabolites that influence crossbridge kinetics and force generation. There are only a small number of critical chemical reactions that are necessary to advance quantitative understanding of these processes. The stoichiometric inter-relationships, defined by chemical rules, thus enforce a degree of simplification onto the system. The reason is the constraints imposed by the constancy of the internal composition, mass balances, stoichiometric rules and shared pH environment must follow ordinary conservation rules for mass and charge balances. We argue that these princip les permit the obtaining of basic information concerning the organization of muscle energetics and the discerning of simple yet surprisingly powerful rules governing function. Moreover, they offer bases from which strong inferences can be made to integrate mechanisms as diverse as molecular crossbridge motors, metabolic fluxes generating ATP, cell respiration, and muscle oxygen consumption.
60 – NO-Related Species: Neuroprotection versus Neurodestruction

This chapter outlines the important roles of different NO-related species: nitric oxide (NO·), redox-related form of the NO group with one less electron (NO + ), and redox-related form of the NO group with one additional electron (NO – ). Recent evidence suggests that all three of these redox-related forms are pharmacologically important and also represent physiological forms of the NO group participating in distinctive chemical reactions. The actions of the NO group are correlated with its redox state. The NO· appears to be associated with neuronal injury caused by excessive activation of the NMDA receptor. In this scenario, peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of nitric oxide (NO·) with superoxide anion (O 2 · − ). Drugs containing the NO group in alternative redox states may prevent NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. In the case of NO + equivalents, this mechanism appears to involve S -nitrosylation or oxidation of critical thiols to disulfide bonds in the NMDA receptor's redox modulatory site(s) to downregulate channel activity. Recent data also suggest that NO − , probably in the singlet state, can react with critical sulfhydryl group(s) of the NMDA receptor to downregulate its activity.
Deconstructing Privilege: Teaching and Learning as Allies in the Classroom Edited by Kim A. Case.

Deconstructing Privilege: Teaching and Learning as Allies in the Classroom, an edited book by Kim A. Case, is written with postsecondary educators in mind—particularly professors in psychology and ...
Burrowing biology and spatial distribution of desert scorpions

The burrowing biology and spatial distribution of the desert scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis was investigated. Individual P. mesaensis built their burrows into an incline and exhibited homing behaviour. Light and temperature were found to act as environmental burrowing cues; there was no evidence of endogenous burrowing rhythms. First and second year P. mesaensis exhibited a significant association with areas of high vegetation cover and large perennials, while adults displayed a more random distribution. The implications of the observed spatial distribution, and various aspects of burrowing behaviour are discussed. The burrowing biology of other scorpion species is also reviewed.
Design Considerations for Internet-Delivered Self-Management Programs for Adults With Hearing Impairment.

Purpose Hearing impairment (HI) is a chronic condition; thus, even with treatment, residual participation restrictions and activity limitations typically remain. Individuals must learn to self-mana...
ISS-MULT: Intelligent Sample Selection for Multi-Task Learning in Question Answering.

Transferring knowledge from a source domain to another domain is useful, especially when gathering new data is very expensive and time-consuming. Deep networks have been well-studied for question answering tasks in recent years; however, no prominent research for transfer learning through deep neural networks exists in the question answering field. In this paper, two main methods (INIT and MULT) in this field are examined. Then, a new method named Intelligent sample selection (ISS-MULT) is proposed to improve the MULT method for question answering tasks. Different datasets, specificay SQuAD, SelQA, WikiQA, NewWikiQA and InforBoxQA, are used for evaluation. Moreover, two different tasks of question answering - answer selection and answer triggering - are evaluated to examine the effectiveness of transfer learning. The results show that using transfer learning generally improves the performance if the corpora are related and are based on the same policy. In addition, using ISS-MULT could finely improve the MULT method for question answering tasks, and these improvements prove more significant in the answer triggering task.
Whose Head, Which Body?

Xiaoping Ren and Sergio Canavero (2017) promote a surgical head-transplant technique known as HEAVEN. If successful, this technique promises to offer a significantly improved quality of life for qu...
EM-Based Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Abstract In this chapter, fundamental building blocks of electromagnetic (EM)-based wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are presented. A detailed introduction to the dynamics of the soil medium, in which WUSNs are deployed, is provided. Then, physical layer underground channel characteristics, communication, and propagation models are analyzed. Error control models are presented, and WUSN connectivity model is discussed. Empirical evaluation is important to get deep insight into the underground channel. To this end, testbed design and experimental approaches are also described.
Introduction to Neo-classical Theism

It is obvious from the title that neo-classical models of the divine nature are described as such in reference to their departure from classical theism. But, as often happens with similar terms such as neo-conservative or neo-orthodox, it’s not always completely obvious exactly what is supposed to be new about such views, as the Greek prefix suggests. I begin thus, as this volume as a whole does, with classical theism. I’ll show how a number of models which get labeled neo-classical are attempts to be continuous, in at least one sense, with classical theism while introducing new ways of conceiving the divine nature which warrant calling them neo-classical models.
Radiology Residency Positions: Growth, Distribution and California

In the previous essay I provided some background about the education debt crisis. I discussed among other things, widening income disparities in this country by occupation, education and by age. In parallel, college tuition has increased much faster than family income. Furthermore, changes introduced by the federal government in support of funding through guaranteed loans rather than through grants have accentuated the debt management by college students, medical students, and physician trainees. In the discussion I delve into detail, especially in relation to medical education and the plight of residents. As measured in constant dollars, medical school costs have increased in the past 10 years by 50 % in private schools and 133 % in public schools. In the last 5 years the rate of increase has become steeper with each successive year. At public institutions, prices charged now are more than double the cost of education. To some degree, scholarships and grants can overcome part of the funding deficits in medical school education, and in fact, currently 27 % of the cost of tuition in both public and private institutions is covered by these grants.
Blacks' and whites' attitudes toward race and nativity concordance with doctors

While research shows that race is an important factor in patient-doctor interaction, very little is known about patients' attitudes toward doctors' race or nativity. This paper examines 2 specific components of these attitudes. We found that 16% of a Cincinnati, Ohio, sample believed that same-race doctors better understand their health problems, and 22% expected to be more at ease with same-race doctors. Blacks were more likely than whites to hold this belief and expectation, with the largest racial difference among those with college degrees. Looking at nativity, nearly one-third of the respondents believed that US-born doctors better understand their health problems and expected to be more at ease with US-born doctors. Again, blacks were more likely than whites to report a more positive view of US-born doctors compared to foreign-born doctors, with the effect of race varying by education. Future research should further explicate the nature of these attitudes and assess how these attitudes affect health care interactions.
Silence, Power, and Inequality: An Intersectional Approach to Sexual Violence

Sexual violence reproduces inequalities of gender, race/ethnicity, class, age, sexuality, ability status, citizenship status, and nationality. Yet its study has been relegated to the margins of our discipline, with consequences for knowledge about the reproduction of social inequality. We begin with an overview of key insights about sexual violence elaborated by feminists, critical race scholars, and activists. This research leads us to conceptualize sexual violence as a mechanism of inequality that is made more effective by the silencing of its usage. We trace legal and cultural contestations over the definition of sexual violence in the United States. We consider the challenges of narrating sexual violence and review how the narrow focus on gender by some anti–sexual violence activism fails women of color and other marginalized groups. We conclude by interrogating the sociological silence on sexual violence.
#Me_Who: Anatomy of Scholastic, Leadership, and Social Isolation of Underrepresented Minority Women in Academic Medicine

In academic medicine, under-represented minority women physician-scientists (URMWP)* are uncommon, particularly in leadership positions. Data from the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) show that among internal medicine chairs, there are 12 Asian males, 10 African/American (blacks; 9 men), 7 Hispanics (2 females) and 137 whites (21 females). In the top 40 ranked cardiology programs, there are no female cardiology chiefs, whereas there are at least 10, 2, 1 and 24 Asian, black, Hispanic and white males respectively. There are more URMWP than URM males, yet URMWP are less likely to be professors and occupy leadership positions in academia. Specifically, among United States medical school faculty, relative proportions at assistant, associate and full professor levels according to race/ethnicity and gender have remained essentially unchanged over the past 20 years. AAMC information demonstrates that only 11%, 9%, 11% and 24% of Asian, black, Hispanic and white women are full professors compared with 21%, 18%, 19% and 36% of Asian, black, Hispanic and white men. Additionally, while there are representative proportions of women and Asians at the lowest faculty levels, they have not equitably progressed in academic medicine, likely reflecting discrimination and structural/organizational barriers that are also applicable to black and Hispanic females 1 .
Predicting mammalian metabolism and toxicity of pesticides in silico

Pesticides must be effective to be commercially viable but they must also be reasonably safe for those who manufacture them, apply them, or consume the food they are used to produce. Animal testing is key to ensuring safety, but it comes late in the agrochemical development process, is expensive, and requires relatively large amounts of material. Surrogate assays used as in vitro models require less material and shift identification of potential mammalian toxicity back to earlier stages in development. Modern in silico methods are cost-effective complements to such in vitro models that make it possible to predict mammalian metabolism, toxicity and exposure for a pesticide, crop residue or other metabolite before it has been synthesized. Their broader use could substantially reduce the amount of time and effort wasted in pesticide development. This contribution reviews the kind of in silico models that are currently available for vetting ideas about what to synthesize and how to focus development efforts; the limitations of those models; and the practical considerations that have slowed development in the area. Detailed discussions are provided of how bacterial mutagenicity, human cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, and bioavailability in humans and rats can be predicted. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
1.7 Life History Research and the Interpretation of Working Class Success in Higher Education in the United Kingdom

This chapter engages with the interrogation of education policies through the medium of life history research. Life histories explicitly locate the stories people tell of their lives within their wider contexts. Here, this research focuses specifically on the highly politicised and problematic issue of state-educated young people in the UK, particularly those from working class backgrounds, progressing to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (commonly elided as Oxbridge). The construction and interpretation of these students’ life histories enable consideration of the tensions generated by widening participation policies and popular (and often well-founded) beliefs that these universities remain academically and socially elite and therefore exclusive. The focus on the students’ life histories necessarily generates questions concerning the interpretation of their identities and the real options young people have when it comes to making important educational choices. It also raises questions about the use of life history research as a means of enabling these interpretations and of using this methodology to critique policy. Despite its specific focus, this research has wider application as governmental and institutional attempts to increase the number of students from historically under-represented social groups are key elements of contemporary higher education policies in and beyond the UK.