cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myxosoma funduli Kudo (Myxosporida) in Fundulus kansae: Ultrastructure of the Plasmodium Wall and of Sporogenesis*

SYNOPSIS Ultrastructure of the plasmodium wall and of sporogenesis were studied in Myxosoma funduli Kudo infecting the gills of Fundulus kansae (Garman). Plasmodia were located within the lamellar tissues adjacent to sinuses and capillaries. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite ectoplasm. The plasmodium membrane was covered by a surface coat of almost uniform thickness which prevented direct parasite-host cell contact. Numerous generative cells and cell aggregates, representing early stages of spore development, were seen in immature plasmodia. Later stages of spore development, including mature spores, were observed in older plasmodia. Sporogenesis was initiated by envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing cell, the envelope cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until there were 10 cells, all compartmentalized within the envelope cell. Subsequently, the 10 cells became structurally differentiated and arranged into two 5-celled spore-producing units, each consisting of 1 binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Observations of later developmental stages revealed the major events of capsulogenesis, valvogenesis, and sporoplasm maturation, which occurred concomitantly during spore construction.
Ammonia emissions from a representative in-use fleet of light and medium-duty vehicles in the California South Coast Air Basin

Abstract We used Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to measure tailpipe ammonia emissions from a representative fleet of 41 light and medium-duty vehicles recruited in the California South Coast Air Basin. A total of 121 chassis dynamometer emissions tests were conducted on these vehicles and the test results were examined to determine the effects of several key variables on ammonia emissions. Variables included vehicle type, driving cycle, emissions technology, ammonia precursor emissions (i.e. CO and NOx) and odometer readings/model year as a proxy for catalyst age. The mean ammonia emissions factor was 46 mg km−1 (σ = 48 mg km−1) for the vehicle fleet. Average emission factors for specific vehicle groups are also reported in this study. Results of this study suggest vehicles with the highest ammonia emission rates possess the following characteristics: medium-duty vehicles, older emissions technologies, mid-range odometer readings, and higher CO emissions. In addition, vehicles subjected to aggressive driving conditions are likely to be higher ammonia emitters. Since the vehicles we studied were representative of recent model year vehicles and technologies in urban airsheds, the results of our study will be useful for developing ammonia emissions inventories in Los Angeles and other urban areas where California-certified vehicles are driven. However, efforts should also be made to continue emissions testing on in-use vehicles to ensure greater confidence in the ammonia emission factors reported here.
Value of External Reviews of Research at the International Agricultural Research Centers

Abstract The Consultative Groups on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) funds a decentralized system of International Agricultural Research Centers. To monitor the Centers, the CGIAR has instituted a system of program and management reviews. But there is some controversy concerning the proper role, cost, and impact of these reviews. In 1984 we conducted a survey of scientific and administrative staff at the Centers to elicit their perspectives about the benefits and costs of the reviews. We also canvassed the documentation prepared by the external review panels. In this paper we report some of the findings from this study and comment on what we feel is the proper role and scope for external reviews. In particular, we feel that the efficiency of the review process can be improved if external program reviews focus on strategic issues, leaving peer review functions aside. Greater integration should be sought between external reviews and the internal planning and review mechanisms of the Centers. The successes achieved by this international system of research institutes should lead to considerable confidence about both the system's research and managerial capacity, though not all Centers have achieved uniformly high rates of productivity.
Structural studies of electrochemical interfaces with x rays

We have employed x‐ray absorption spectroscopy, including surface EXAFS (extended x‐ray absorption fine structure) and x‐ray standing waves (XSW) in the in‐situ structural study of electrochemical interfaces. The SEXAFS technique was used to study the structure of half a monolayer of copper underpotentially deposited on a Pt(111) electrode. From analysis of the data a Cu–Cu distance of 2.85 A and a coordination number of six were determined, strongly suggesting that the deposit is largely composed of clustered sites. The electrosorption isotherm of iodide on a Pt(111) electrode surface was measured in situ using x‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and it exhibited two plateaus which we ascribe to changes in packing density and surface structure. Using x‐ray standing waves, we have studied the potential dependence of the adsorption of iodide onto a Pt/C LSM and have interpreted the results in terms of distributional changes in the vicinity of the electrode surface.
Applications of a Transportable Spent-Fuel Measurement System

A portable tool for making measurements on irradiated fuel has been developed to where in-plant installations having a 1-2% measurement uncertainty of relative exposure are feasible. The measurement uses a passive gross neutron signal and data from a gross gamma measurement as a consistency check of the neutron result and the operators declaration of cooling time. The uncertainties are about the same as those obtained using HRG techniques without the instrumentation being as obtrusive. The battery-operated microprocessorbased electronics package used with the irradiated fuel measurement system can also be used with single channel pulse counting detectors for other applications. This feature together with the large dynamic range of its current-mode ion chamber channel makes ION-I a good building block to be used in emergencies with an arsenal of detectors at a variety of nuclear plants.
Inorganic chemistry: Uranium gets a reaction

The most common form of uranium in solution is notoriously unreactive, limiting the use of the element. But interactions of this complex with potassium ions unleash a potentially rich seam of unexpected chemistry
Selective pharmacological inhibition of distinct nitric oxide synthase isoforms

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in physiological and pathophysiological conditions by three distinct isoforms of NO synthase (NOS): endothelial NOS (ecNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and brain NOS (bNOS). Selective inhibition of iNOS may be beneficial in various forms of shock and inflammation, whereas inhibition of bNOS may protect against neuroinjury. This article surveys the enzymatic mechanism of NO production, lists the strategies and pharmacological tools for selective inhibition of distinct NOS isoforms, and considers the side-effects of the various approaches. Selective inhibition of NOS isoforms is achieved by: (a) targeting the differential co-factor (calmodulin or tetrahydrobiopterin) requirement of various NOS isoforms, and NOS; (b) targeting the differential substrate requirements of cells expressing various isoforms of NOS (L-arginine uptake blockers or arginase); (c) the use of pharmacological agents that are selectively taken up by cells expressing various isoforms of NOS (7-nitroindazole); or (d) developing pharmacological NOS inhibitors with isoform specificity. The amino acid-based NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, shows a preference for ecNOS and bNOS over iNOS, whereas L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine is selective for iNOS over bNOS. Certain non-amino acid-based small molecules, such as aminoguanidine and certain S-alkylated isothioureas, also express selectivity towards iNOS and have anti-inflammatory and anti-shock properties. 7-nitroindazole, a bNOS-selective inhibitor, protects in central nervous system injury. Clearly, there are a number of distinct approaches that are worthy of further research efforts in order to achieve even more selective targeting of various NOS isoforms
Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test and learning: reestablishing the priority of a discovery

The purpose of this Technical Note is to reestablish the priority of an important research discovery.
Activation of CH bonds by octaethylporphyrinrhodium dimer

Abstract Octaethylporphyrinrhodium dimer, [RhOEP] 2 , reacts thermally with arylmethyl CH bonds to produce octaethylporphyrinbenzylrhodium compounds.
Temperature Effects on the Immature Stages of Hippelates pusio, H. bishoppi, and H. pallipes (Diptera: Chloropidae)

The percent development of the immature stages of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) was high and independent of temperature in the range of 65°–95°F. The increase in the rate of development was linear and regression equations were determined for egg hatching, pupal development, and adult emergence from eggs added to rearing medium. In general, H. pusio developed well over a wide temperature range, while H. pallipes development was inhibited at the higher temperatures and H. bishoppi development was inhibited at the lower temperatures. At low temperatures, the prolongation of the larval stage was proportionally greater than for the egg and pupal stages. This phenomenon was more pronounced for H. pusio and H. pallipes than for H. bishoppi . The upper threshold of development for the 3 species was about 105°F. At 55°F, the eggs of H. pusio and H. pallipes hatched but those of H. bishoppi did not. The LT50'S for the eggs were determined for 35°, 45°, and 55°F, and the order of low temperature tolerance was: pallipes > pusio > bishoppi .
Manufacturing automation protocol - A 1985 update on applications

This paper is concerned with GM's Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP). It reviews the components involved in MAP. It will describe the important issues in MAP and will provide a status report of the program.
Effects of Desferoxamine-induced Hypoxia on Neuronal Human mu-Opioid Receptor Gene Expression

The effect of desferoxamine (DFO)-induced hypoxia on neuronal human mu-opioid receptor (hMOR) gene expression was investigated using NMB cells. DFO decreased cell viability and increased cellular glutathione levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Confocal analysis using annexin-V-fluorescein and propidium iodide staining revealed that surviving/attached cells under DFO challenge were morphologically similar to control (vehicle-treated) cells. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA level was augmented in these surviving neurons. DFO treatment for 8hrs or longer down-regulated the hMOR message, but not that of the delta-opioid receptor. Functional analysis using luciferase reporter assay showed that the hMOR 5′-regulatory region, from −357bp to translational initiation site (+1), contains the active promoter with an inhibitory region located in the −422 to −357bp region. DFO decreased hMOR promoter activity as compared to control. Mutation analysis suggested the existence of both dsDNA and ssDNA elements, located in a CT-rich region of hMOR, mediating the DFO-response. RT-PCR further revealed that DFO exhibited no effect on hMOR mRNA stability. In conclusion, DFO-induced hypoxia specifically affects neuronal hMOR gene expression at the transcriptional, not post-transcriptional, level.
Ikaros increases normal apoptosis in adult erythroid cells

Ikaros is a critical transcriptional regulator of hematopoietic cell differentiation. In addition to its effects on the lymphoid system and hematopoietic stem-cell compartment, we have previously shown that Ikaros is also required for normal erythroid development. In this report, we compare Ikaros-dependent gene expression in erythroid cells of mice lacking the Ikaros protein with that of normal mice in purified adult bone-marrow erythroid cells (BMRC). Gene expression, measured by Affymetrix microarray analysis, indicates that in the BMRC of Ikaros-null mice, there is significant up-regulation of SMADs 6 and 7, serine protease inhibitor 3, and immediate-early protein 3 (IER3), all proteins that play a modulating role in apoptosis. We investigate the role of Ikaros in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis using Annexin-V staining and FACS analysis. We find a decrease in apoptosis in the BMRC of Ikaros-null mice compared to normal mice. This effect is also seen in nonerythroid cells but is stronger in BMRC. We conclude that normal Ikaros function increases normal apoptosis in erythroid cells. The data also suggest that Ikaros plays a role in apoptosis-mediated events in other normal hematopoietic cell lineages.
The effects of lithium salts on the turnover and metabolism of norepinephrine in rat brain

Acute or chronic administration of lithium chloride increased the disappearance of intracisternally administered norepinephrine-H3 from rat brain. Tritiated deaminated catechol metabolites and free deaminated-O-methylated metabolites represented a larger fraction of the radioactivity present in the brain in animals treated with lithium chloride than in control animals. Statistically significant changes in the uptake of norepinephrine-H3 into brain were not observed after the chronic administration of lithium chloride. The findings suggest that chronic, as well as acute administration of lithium salts may increase norepinephrine turnover in brain and possibly increase the deamination of this amine.
Modeling and Optimization of Cross-Sectional Microstructure Distribution during Hot Rolling of HSLA Steel Plates

The metallurgical equations have been implemented into the finite difference model to predict the microstructure evolution at different locations in the plate cross-section. Recrystallization kinetics and grain size distributions instead of average grain size values were computed for different rolling schedules. For 20mm plate, the austenite grain sizes at the surface are smaller than at the center, with the exception of the conner where there are the largest grain sizes in throughout cross-section, and the smallest grain sizes can be found near the end of the horizontal central line. The fine austenite grain size and relatively high retained strain could be obtained by modifying rolling practice, such as changing the temperature and thickness at the entrance of finishing rolling and adopting intermediate water cooling. The ferrite grain size and its distribution have a good agreement with the measurements.
The development and testing of a digital PET phantom for the evaluation of tumor volume segmentation techniques

Methods for accurate tumor volume segmentation of positron emission tomography (PET) images have been under investigation in recent years partly as a result of the increased use of PET in radiation treatment planning (RTP). None of the developed automated or semiautomated segmentation methods, however, has been shown reliable enough to be regarded as the standard. One reason for this is that there is no source of well characterized and reliable test data for evaluating such techniques. The authors have constructed a digital tumor phantom to address this need. The phantom was created using the Zubal phantom as input to the SimSET software used for PET simulations. Synthetic tumors were placed in the lung of the Zubal phantom to provide the targets for segmentation. The authors concentrated on the lung, since much of the interest to include PET in RTP is for nonsmall cell lung cancer. Several tests were performed on the phantom to ensure its close resemblance to clinical PET scans. The authors measured statistical quantities to compare image intensity distributions from regions-of-interest (ROIs) placed in the liver, the lungs, and tumors in phantom and clinical reconstructions. Using ROIs they also made measurements of autocorrelation functions to ensure the image texture is similar in clinical and phantom data. The authors also compared the intensity profile and appearance of real and simulated uniform activity spheres within uniform background. These measurements, along with visual comparisons of the phantom with clinical scans, indicate that the simulated phantom mimics reality quite well. Finally, they investigate and quantify the relationship between the threshold required to segment a tumor and the inhomogeneity of the tumor's image intensity distribution. The tests and various measurements performed in this study demonstrate how the phantom can offer a reliable way of testing and investigating tumor volume segmentation in PET.
Breast cancer treatment decision making among Latinas and non-Latina Whites: a communication model predicting decisional outcomes and quality of life.

Objective Deciding among medical treatment options is a pivotal event following cancer diagnosis, a task that can be particularly daunting for individuals uncomfortable with communication in a medical context. Few studies have explored the surgical decision-making process and associated outcomes among Latinas. We propose a model to elucidate pathways through which acculturation (indicated by language use) and reports of communication effectiveness specific to medical decision making contribute to decisional outcomes (i.e., congruency between preferred and actual involvement in decision making, treatment satisfaction) and quality of life among Latinas and non-Latina White women with breast cancer. Methods Latinas (N = 326) and non-Latina Whites (N = 168) completed measures six months after breast cancer diagnosis, and quality of life was assessed 18 months after diagnosis. Structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships between language use, communication effectiveness, and outcomes. Results Among Latinas, 63% reported congruency in decision making, whereas 76% of non-Latina Whites reported congruency. In Latinas, greater use of English was related to better reported communication effectiveness. Effectiveness in communication was not related to congruency in decision making, but several indicators of effectiveness in communication were related to greater treatment satisfaction, as was greater congruency in decision making. Greater treatment satisfaction predicted more favorable quality of life. The final model fit the data well only for Latinas. Differences in quality of life and effectiveness in communication were observed between racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of developing targeted interventions for physicians and Latinas with breast cancer to enhance communication in decision making.
What Were You Thinking? A Deleuzian/Guattarian analysis of communication in the mathematics classroom

Abstract The primary aim of this article is to bring the work of Deleuze and Guattari to bear on the question ofcommunication in the classroom. I focus on the mathematics classroom, where agency and subjectivity are highly regulated by the rituals of the discipline, and where neoliberal psychological frameworks continue to dominate theories of teaching and learning. Moreover, the nature ofcommunication in mathematics classrooms remains highlyelusive and problematic, due in part to the distinct relationship the discipline has with verbal language and thought. I first discuss current attempts to better address the embodied nature ofcommunication in mathematics classrooms, and argue that these remain overly logo-centric and language-centric in their conception of thinking. I then show how the work of Deleuze and Guattari on thought as a radical disruptive event can be used effectively to critique current pedagogical practices that privilege a narrow conception of communication in the classroom. I examine a s...
Some Consequences of the Three-Dimensional Current and Surface Wave Equations

Three-dimensional, interacting current and surface gravity wave equations have recently been derived and compared with their counterpart vertically integrated equations; they are in the form of sigmacoordinate equations. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the consequences of these equations including energy transfer between mean energy, wave energy, and turbulence energy, to frame some outstanding research issues, to provide a Cartesian version of the sigma-coordinate equations, and to compare with other formulations of wave–current interaction. In general, the paper is intended to set the stage for the development of numerical coupled surface wave and three-dimensional general circulation models. These models often include a flow-dependent turbulence-based viscosity.
Extended shell-model calculations of the lead isotopes with A < 208

Abstract A number of model calculations of the lead isotopes with A 206 Pb and 205 Pb where the model space includes the six filling neutron orbitals below N = 126; (2) quasiparticle configuration-mixing calculations where the excited states of the even isotopes are treated in a two-quasiparticle basis, the odd isotopes in a one-quasiparticle, three-quasiparticle basis. The input to the latter calculations are the quasiparticle energies obtained from the (i) conventional BCS, (ii) the IGE and (iii) the improved IGE procedures. Spectroscopic factors for one-nucleon-transfer reactions are reported. We conclude that the IGE model is particularly applicable in the lead region.
An Experimental Investigation of Time Discounting in Strategic Settings

Abstract Several studies have shown that people greatly discount future benefits and costs, but few have examined how discounting is manifested in strategic settings. This paper investigates the degree to which the timing of payments affects behavior in four commonly studied strategic settings: a Prisoners’ Dilemma, a Stag-Hunt Game, a First Price Auction, and a Second Price Auction. In general, a two week delay in the date of payment has a comparable effect on outcomes as a substantial reduction in current payoffs. A follow-up study compares individual’s own discount rates with their beliefs of others’ discount rates and finds that people generally think they are more patient than others. This belief can drive behavior in strategic settings: we find clear evidence for this in the Stag-Hunt Game.
Evolution of interspersed repetitive elements in Gossypium (Malvaceae)

Very little is known regarding how repetitive elements evolve in polyploid organisms. Here we address this subject by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of 20 interspersed repetitive elements to metaphase chromosomes of the cotton ADgenome tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum and its putative A- and D-genome diploid ancestors. These elements collectively represent an estimated 18% of the G. hirsutum genome, and constitute the majority of high-copy interspersed repetitive elements in G. hirsutum. Seventeen of the elements yielded FISH signals on chromosomes of both G. hirsutum subgenomes, while three were A-subgenome specific. Hybridization of eight selected elements, two of which were A-subgenome specific, to the A 2 genome of G. arboreum yielded a signal distribution that was similar to that of the G. hirsutum A-subgenome. However, when hybridized to the D5 genome of G. raimondii, the putative diploid ancestor of the G. hirsutum D-subgenome, none of the probes, including elements that strongly hybridized to both G. hirsutum subgenomes, yielded detectable signal. The results suggest that the majority, although not all, G. hirsutum interspersed repetitive elements have undergone intergenomic concerted evolution following polyploidization and that this has involved colonization of the D-subgenome by Asubgenome elements and/or replacement of D-subgenome elements by elements of the A-subgenome type.
How do meteoroids affect Venus's and Mars's ionospheres?

Recent discoveries in the ionospheres of Venus and Mars of layers of metal ions that have been known to exist on Earth for decades have opened a new area for observationally constrained comparative planetology. These new observations raise four questions, amenable to study with current data and models, whose solutions will collectively answer the titular question of this article.
Aerodynamic interference of dissimilar aircraft flying in close proximity

Introduction O Jan. 14, 1992, an F-14A aircraft experienced an unsafe landing gear indication prior to recovery at a Naval air station. The air crew requested a chase aircraft to conduct a visual inspection of their landing gear in accordance with standard operating procedures. A T-34C aircraft with instructor and student pilot joined on the F-14 to inspect the landing gear. Shortly after the F-14 crew was notified that their gear looked good, the T-34 collided with the substantially larger aircraft. The T-34 and air crew were lost and the F-14 received minor damage and returned to the airfield. A study of Navy and Air Force midair collisions involving formation flying over the past 10 years has shown that pilot error is the predominant common denominator. Task saturation, preoccupation with cockpit duties, and failure to judge closure rates and to take sufficient, timely, and appropriate action to avoid a collision are major factors in mishap findings.' Mutual aerodynamic interference of aircraft in close proximity is rarely discussed in mishap findings or in flight training, yet may be a significant causal factor. Interference of airflow over lifting surfaces, because of the pressure field of another aircraft and to the changes in local flow direction, can alter the aerodynamic characteristics of the trailing aircraft. Unexpected changes in lift and pitching moments may occur that affect closure rate and task saturation of the unaware or uninformed pilot. A numerical study of the aerodynamic interference between dissimilar aircraft in close proximity was conducted. The example aircraft involved a T-34 flying beneath an F-14 in an approach configuration. A short training video and report were produced for the Naval Air Systems Command to indicate the causal mechanisms of the aerodynamic interference and the trim changes to be expected by the pilot in such a situation with the aim of improving aviation safety education. This Note briefly describes the results of the study. For more complete information see Ref. 5.
Petri nets are moniods

Abstract Petri nets are widely used to model concurrent systems. However, their composition and abstraction mechanisms are inadequate: we solve this problem in a satisfactory way. We start by remarking that place/transition Petri nets can be viewed as ordinary, directed graphs equipped with two algebraic operations corresponding to parallell and sequential composition of transitions. A distributive law between the two operations captures a basic fact about concurrency. New morphisms are defined, mapping single, atomic transitions into whole computations, thus relating system descriptions at different levels of abstraction. Categories equipped with products and coproducts (corresponding to parallel and nondeterministic compositions) are introduced for Petri nets with and without initial markings. Petri net duality is expressed as a duality functor, and several new invariants are introduced. A tensor product is defined on nets, and their category is proved to be symmetric monoidal closed. This construction is generalized to a large class of algebraic theories on graphs. These results provide a formal basis for expressing the semantics of concurrent languages in terms of Petri nets. They also provide a new understanding of concurrency in terms of algebraic structures over graphs and categories that should apply to other models besides Petri nets and thus contribute to the conceptual unification of concurrency.
Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Pharmacogenetic Targeted Therapy of Antiepileptic Drugs

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is widely accepted as a method to improve the effectiveness and safety of the first generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and to identify an individual's optimum concentration. Like the older AEDs, the new AEDs also have significant pharmacokinetic variability. A similar relationship between concentration and effect for the new and old AEDs in experimental seizure models suggests that it is reasonable to use TDM for the new AEDs. With the addition of generic formulations of the new AEDs, TDM can play an important role to validate bioequivalence in patients. There is a history of problems with generics of the older AEDs, primarily carbamazepine and phenytoin. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System, which correlates the solubility and permeability of a drug with oral drug absorption, predicts that there should be no significant problems with the majority of the new AEDs. Because of the controversy over the risk-benefit of generic substitution of AEDs, the use of TDM will provide a way to ensure patient safety while establishing that generics of AEDs proven to be bioequivalent in population studies are also bioequivalent in individuals. The goal of personalized medicine is to use genetic testing to target therapy and identify those individuals unlikely to respond to a drug or likely to respond adversely to the same drug. Of all the AEDs, only phenytoin undergoes significant metabolism by cytochrome P450 isozymes with significant genetic polymorphisms (CYP2C9, CYP2C19). Studies are still needed to identify genetic and biomarkers to identify patients at risk for serious idiosyncratic reactions. There have been significant advances in the understanding of the role of genetics in idiopathic as well as acquired epilepsies. Identification of experimental and clinical evidence linking functional changes associated with gene mutations to epilepsy syndromes will help provide new molecular targets for future AEDs.
Lessons from a web-based IDE and runtime

At Microsoft Research, we have built a purely web-based IDE called TouchDevelop that enables anyone to pick up a device and start programming. The IDE is geared towards touch based devices without keyboards, ranging from phones, over tablets, to large display screens. Programs can be edited and run on the device without an auxiliary PC. Transitioning between programming on one device, and continuing on another device is seamless. The web application also works offline.TouchDevelop has been successfully applied to teaching introductory programming classes at the high-school level and at some college level for non-CS majors. For researchers, TouchDevelop provides a green-field platform to explore IDE and programming language design, as well as runtime techniques and distributed data storage abstractions.In this talk, I will provide an overview of TouchDevelop from a language, IDE, and runtime perspective, while diving into some of the novel techniques enabled by our particular platform.
“The Ball Was Always In His Court”: An Exploratory Analysis Of Relationship Scripts, Sexual Scripts, And Condom Use Among African American Women

This qualitative study explored the association between African American women's interpersonal relationship and sexual scripts and condom use with primary partners. Participants were 14 lower to middle-income women between the ages of 22 and 39 involved in emotionally and sexually intimate heterosexual relationships. Relationship types included those that were: stable, emotionally committed; casual, primarily sexual; and unstable, emotionally imbalanced and/or conflict-ridden. Respondents completed a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire about their relationships, sexual, and condom use behaviors. Data analyses identified 3 interpersonal relationship scripts (i.e., men control relationships, women sustain relationships, infidelity is normative) and 2 interpersonal sexual scripts (i.e., men control sexual activity; women want to use condoms, but men control condom use) that may indirectly or directly decrease African American women's condom use with primary partners, and in turn increase their HIV risk. We discuss these interpersonal scripts within the context of sociocultural factors relevant to African American women, heterosexual relationships, and communities.
Toward an improved color rendering metric

Several aspects of the Color Rendering Index (CRI) are flawed, limiting its usefulness in assessing the color rendering capabilities of LEDs for general illumination. At NIST, we are developing recommendations to modify the CRI that would overcome these problems. The current CRI is based on only eight reflective samples, all of which are low to medium chromatic saturation. These colors do not adequately span the range of normal object colors. Some lights that are able to accurately render colors of low saturation perform poorly with highly saturated colors. This is particularly prominent with light sources with peaked spectral distributions as realized by solid-state lighting. We have assembled 15 Munsell samples that overcome these problems and have performed analysis to show the improvement. Additionally, the CRI penalizes lamps for showing increases in object chromatic saturation compared to reference lights, which is actually desirable for most applications. We suggest a new computation scheme for determining the color rendering score that differentiates between hue and saturation shifts and takes their directions into account. The uniform color space used in the CRI is outdated and a replacement will be recommended. The CRI matches the CCT of the reference to that of the test light. This can be problematic when lights are substantially bluish or reddish. Lights of extreme CCTs are frequently poor color renderers, though they can score very high on the current CRI. An improved chromatic adaptation correction calculation would eliminate the need to match CCT and an updated correction is being considered.
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS IN MARICULTURE

An interdisciplinary team of scientists (a chemist, an engineer, and two biologists) at the University of Delaware is conducting an intensive study on the potential of recirculating seawater systems for use in mariculture. The Sea Grant-supported project is underway in a relatively large (900 m2) laboratory at the mouth of Delaware Bay. The facility is unique in that it allows the degree of environmental control usual in small laboratory situations while allowing experimentation at the pilot plant scale. The team is attempting to culture clams and oysters from egg to commercial size in a recirculating system. A product is expected 18 months after spawning. Hatchery techniques are standard, but the postlarval animals are not planted in the field. Instead they are introduced to one of six recirculating systems for subsequent growth to commercial size. Twenty thousand newly set animals have been placed in an 8,000 liter system and are fed a mixture of several species of cultured algae. A new apparatus has been developed to separate algae from their culture media for subsequent feeding to the mollusks. Each circulating seawater system was specially designed for the culture of filter feeding mollusks and consists of an 8.6 m2 biological filter, a carbon filter, and a UV treatment station. Protein skimmers and biological monitoring systems are being optimized for future incorporation into the system. A careful record was kept of changes in nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, reactive phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, heavy metals, chloride, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, salinity, and suspended matter in the recirculating systems during start-up and subsequent operation. Chemical information is used in engineering new refinements into the recirculating system as well as in interpreting biological phenomena in the system.
New mesogens with cubic phases: hydrogen-bonded bipyridines and siloxane-containing benzoic acids II. Structural studies

The supramolecular structure of new hydrogen-bonded mesogens composed of dipyridyl and 4-(oligodimethylsiloxyl)alkoxybenzoic acids was investigated by X-ray diffraction and deuterium NMR. These H-bonded mesogens exhibit a cubic thermotropic liquid crystalline phase at a temperature below a smectic A phase. Moreover, above the smectic A phase two optically isotropic, low viscosity phases (I1 and I2) exist with the lower temperature I1 phase comprising aggregated mesogens. Two broad, temperature-independent, wide angle X-ray reflections suggest that the aggregation is driven by nanophase-separation; the aggregate adopts a structure with one domain siloxane rich and the other hydrocarbon rich. In the isotropic melt near the I1-to-I2 phase transition, a very weak small angle reflection, indicates incipient lamellar-like clustering of the aggregated mesogens. With decreasing temperature the intensity of the small angle reflection increases and in the smectic A phase, the reflection becomes very sharp. In the c...
Plasma hormone levels in growth-retarded rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions

Rats with lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL rats) are hypophagic and growth-retarded. Since previous work had shown normal plasma growth hormone and insulin levels in DMNL rats we investigated the diurnal patterns of these and other hormones involved in growth. Trial 1: Rats received electrolytic DMNL or sham operations (SCON). The DMNL rats exhibited no differences from SCON rats in plasma triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH), insulin and somatomedin (SM) concentrations, Trial 2: kainic acid, a neurotoxin, was used for lesion production. Again, DMNL rats showed no deficiencies in plasma levels of T3, GH or insulin. Trial 3: In this experiment, diurnal hormone profiles were assessed. The GH profile and mean 24-hour secretion of both DMNL and SCON groups did not differ significantly. Both groups exhibited a diurnal release of T3, with the DMNL rats showing slightly higher levels. Plasma insulin rose after dark, i.e., at the onset of feeding, in SCON but not in DMNL rats; the later have a previously reported disrupted feeding rhythm. Glucose patterns were in keeping with insulin profiles. Controls showed a normal plasma corticosterone rhythm whereas DMNL rats had an altered pattern. The data suggest that deficiencies in the principal anabolic and growth-promoting hormones cannot be responsible for the retarded growth of DMNL rats.
Anesthetic concentrations in enclosed chambers using an innovative delivery device

Abstract Objective To quantify factors influencing anesthetic concentration when an innovative anesthetic delivery device (vapor wand) was used with enclosed chambers. Study design Randomized study. Methods Two experimental chambers (57.4 and 171 L) were constructed. Anesthetic volumes necessary to reach a target concentration of 3% or 5% isoflurane with complete vaporization were calculated for each chamber. After centering the distal end of the vapor wand and multi-orifice sampler, each chamber was sealed. Air (450 mL) was cycled through the vapor wand in a to-and-fro fashion with an electric, modified air pump at either 20 or 40 cycles minute −1 . Samples taken at 30-second intervals were analyzed for isoflurane concentration. Times to reach 2.8% isoflurane concentration were compared for eight treatment combinations replicated three times. Curves were constructed to display the rate of rise to endpoint concentration. Analysis of variance was applied to the data. Results Chamber size, pump stroke rate, and target isoflurane concentration all affected time to reach 2.8%, and their three-way interaction was statistically significant ( p Conclusions and Clinical relevance When a wild or aggressive animal is presented for clinical veterinary care, introduction of a vapor wand into its cage offers a safer, more convenient, and less stressful alternative for anesthesia than transfer to an induction chamber. By quantifying factors affecting the rate of rise of anesthetic concentration with its use in experimental chambers, this study should promote greater safety and predictability when used clinically. This information will be useful when anesthetic induction needs to be hastened or delayed depending on the responses of the patient and the clinical judgment of the anesthetist.
Relationship between Material Fracture Toughness using Fracture Mechanics and Transition Temperature Tests

Although the effect of flaws in stressed bodies can be quantitatively characterized by methods of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), it is sometimes necessary to assess the fracture susceptibility using only conventional transition temperature tests. In order to gain the advantages and best features of each approach, a correlation between the two methods of fracture assessment is needed. The existing correlation between LEFM results and transition temperature test results are reviewed in light of new data on A533B steel. A complete series of test results obtained by the HSST Program (ORNL) for both LEFM and transition temperature tests in both unirradiated and irradiated conditions permit fracture toughness to be correlated with charpy V-notch energy, nil-ductility transition temperature, DT transition temperature, and low temperature cleavage stress. By following fundamentals of LEFM, whenever possible, a consistent pattern of fracture behavior is demonstrated for a class of pressure vessel steels similar to A533B. /Author/
Natural fungicides from Ruta graveolens L. leaves, including a new quinolone alkaloid.

Bioassay-directed isolation of antifungal compounds from an ethyl acetate extract of Ruta graveolens leaves yielded two furanocoumarins, one quinoline alkaloid, and four quinolone alkaloids, including a novel compound, 1-methyl-2-[6‘-(3‘ ‘,4‘ ‘-methylenedioxyphenyl)hexyl]-4-quinolone. The 1H and 13C NMR assignments of the new compound are reported. Antifungal activities of the isolated compounds, together with 7-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxycoumarin, which are known to occur in Rutaceae species, were evaluated by bioautography and microbioassay. Four of the alkaloids had moderate activity against Colletotrichum species, including a benomyl-resistant C. acutatum. These compounds and the furanocoumarins 5- and 8-methoxypsoralen had moderate activity against Fusarium oxysporum. The novel quinolone alkaloid was highly active against Botrytis cinerea. Phomopsis species were much more sensitive to most of the compounds, with P. viticola being highly sensitive to all of the compounds. Keyword...
Metallothionein mRNA stability in chicken and mouse cells

Northern blot analysis revealed that metallothionein (MT) mRNAs accumulate after inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX) in primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes and fibroblasts, as well as in an established mouse hepatoma cell line. Inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D (AMD) led to rapid loss of MT mRNAs in these cells, whereas CHX dramatically retarded the rate of MT mRNA decay (t1/2 greater than 24 h). These results suggest that CHX causes MT mRNA accumulation primarily by increasing stability of MT mRNA. Thus, changes in MT mRNA turn-over rates may play an important role in regulating the accumulation of MT mRNA. The half-lives of MT mRNAs in chicken and mouse cells were determined by oligodeoxyribonucleotide excess solution hybridization with RNA samples extracted after different periods of exposure to AMD. The half-life of chicken MT (cMT) mRNA in uninduced chicken embryo hepatocytes was 3.6 h. Induction of cMT mRNA by pretreatment of these cells with zinc (Zn) prior to exposure to AMD, did not alter the half-life of cMT mRNA significantly. In contrast, cadmium (Cd) induction led to a 2.5-fold increase in the stability of this mRNA. In uninduced chicken embryo fibroblasts, cMT mRNA levels were too low to allow accurate determination of half-life using the methods employed here. However, the half-life of this mRNA in Zn-induced chicken embryo fibroblasts was 6.2 h, whereas it was 9.3 h in Cd-induced cells. Thus, the turn-over rate of cMT mRNA after Cd-induction is very similar in chick embryo fibroblasts and hepatocytes. These data suggest that the accumulation of MT mRNA in chicken cells may reflect, in part, metal-specific effects on MT mRNA stability. The half-lives of mouse MT-I and MT-II (mMT-I and mMT-II) mRNAs in uninduced BNL hepatoma cells were identical (9.2 h), and were not effectively altered after induction by metals (Zn, Cd) or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). However, mMT mRNAs in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids, freshly isolated from the adult testes, were 2.2- to 4.5-fold more stable than in hepatoma cells. These results suggest that cell-type specific accumulation of mMT mRNAs may be regulated, in part, by mRNA stability.
Left axis deviation induced experimentally in a primate heart

Abstract Production of a septal laceration which interrupts the anterior rami of the left bundle branch in the baboon heart is attended by changes in the spread of excitation into the anterior free wall of the left ventricle. These changes are expressed in the following electrocardiographic alterations: (a) Delay of arrival of excitation at the epicardium of the involved area. Degree of delay ranged from zero at boundaries of the involved area to 20 milliseconds or more at central points. (b) Shift to the left of mean electrical axis in the frontal plane to a degree sufficient to satisfy criteria for clinically significant left axis deviation in the human being. These results are compared with those derived from similar and previously reported studies on dogs, wherein lesser degrees of axis shift were encountered. Species differences in results are believed to depend primarily on differences in the mode of spread of excitation into the ventricular myocardium. These latter differences, in turn, may derive from species peculiarities in the distribution of the major divisions of the left bundle branch, and in the degree to which terminal ramifications of the rapid conduction pathways penetrate the free wall of the left ventricle.