cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF CENTRAL ALASKA: TECHNOLOGICAL CONTINUITY AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

This research presents the first comprehensive radiocarbon chronology for central Alaska, encompassing the late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological record. Dated component distributions, comprised of 274 14C dates from 160 components, indicate changing land-use strategies and subsistence economies, reflecting primarily lowland exploitation of bison, wapiti, and birds prior to 6000 cal BP, followed by increasing caribou and fish exploitation and use of upland areas. Microblade technology is conserved from the earliest components to ~1000 cal BP, and this continuity is not reflected in cur- rent cultural history sequences. Using component abundance as a proxy for population, initial colonization is associated with climate amelioration after ~14,000 cal BP, and population declines are associated with the Younger Dryas (13,000-12,000 cal BP) and initial establishment of widespread spruce forests (10,000-9000 cal BP).
Theory of v.o.r. antenna radiation patterns

The radiation field produced by v.o.r. antennas consisting of Alford loops located above a circular conducting ground plane is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Geometrical theory of diffraction is applied to obtain the theoretical expressions for the far field produced by such an antenna. Within the range of approximation, the agreement between theory and experiment has been found to be very good.
Tumor Targeted Nanoparticles: A Modern Day Trojan Horse

During the past few decades, particles of various compositions have been engineered in ever smaller sizes to function in both diagnostic and therapeutic capacities. Nanoparticles are now available on a scale similar to many biological molecules and infectious agents, thereby opening the possibility of biological intervention on the molecular level. Several recent timely reports summarize nanoparticle properties and potential clinical applications in early-stage clinical trials.
PROFILE OF BACTERIAL GENERA ASSOCIATED WITH COTTON FROM LOW ENDOTOXIN AND HIGH ENDOTOXIN GROWING REGIONS

A survey method is presented for the unbiased sampling and identification of bacterial species. The method utilizes a randomized selection process and the MIDI Microbial Identification System (MIS) which uses whole cell fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography rather than relying on colonial growth morphology and conventional biochemical testing. Approximately 1093 bacterial isolates were made and identified from cotton. The method uncovers a greater diversity of bacterial species from cotton than has hitherto been reported. In California, the bulk of bacterial species consisted of Bacillus spp.; and in Mississippi and Texas region cottons, the bulk of bacterial species consisted of Pseudomonas spp. No significant differences between populations were observed in the nonsticky, moderately sticky and sticky cottons. A Gram-index concept is introduced which relates the 'Gram-reaction character' of a cotton growing region.
A simple derivation of the power spectrum of full-response CPM and some of its properties

Using a new representation for continuous-phase modulated (CPM) signals, it is shown how a closed-form expression for the power spectral density of full-response M-ary CPM with modulation index J/M can be obtained by straightforward computations. This result is used to provide an explanation of the fact that this power spectral density depends only on J and not on M. >
An Airplane Performance Control System: A Flight Experiment

Pilot performance and preference measures were obtained for 12 pilots inactual flight operations using a twin–engine general aviation aircraft withboth conventional controls and a Performance Control System (PCS). The PCS provides zero–order control of aircraft bank angle and vertical speed over the ranges of ±60° and ±457.2 m/min, respectively. An information–processing side–task was also used. With the PCS, flight error scores were reliably lower than with conventional aircraft controls. Pilot preferences, using a six–point scale, ranging from “slight” to “moderate”to “strong”preference for each of the two control systems, showed a “moderate preference for the PCS”as the median response.
New materials for active and passive integrated devices for wireless applications

Abstract Today’s cellular phones are quickly giving way to tomorrow’s vast array of advanced networking technologies, from portable web access and e-commerce to networking multiple computers in the home. The increasing frequencies and functionality required to satisfy these markets is leading the wireless integrated circuit (IC) technology roadmap down the path of ‘system-on-a-chip’ integration. Future wireless IC technologies will leverage scaling of CMOS and passive components to provide low cost solutions for consumer markets. For logic intensive applications, shrinking the gate is one approach to reducing die size and typically results in an increase in functional integration. For RF and analog intensive applications, shrinking the RF/analog capacitor size also results in decreased die size or increased levels of integration. Continued scaling of traditional IC dielectrics such as SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 results in excessive leakage currents and system power drain, therefore, high permittivity (or high K ) materials solutions are required and will be discussed briefly.
Increased tumor cures using combined radiosurgery and BCNU in the treatment of 9l glioma in the rat brain

Abstract Purpose: Radiosurgery refers to the delivery of high, single focused beams of ionizing radiation to defined intracranial lesions. 1,3 Bis[2-chloroethyl]-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane-dicarboxylate platinum (II) (carboplatin) are commonly used cytotoxic agents for the treatment of malignant gliomas of the brain. Drug therapies have exhibited a modest enhanced cell killing when combined with radiation in experimental animal tumor systems. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of cytotoxic drugs, such as BCNU and carboplatin, in combination with a single high dose of radiosurgery on the tumor control rates of 9L tumors in the rat brain. Methods and Materials: Combined radiosurgery (25 Gy single dose) and/or chemotherapy (a single dose of BCNU, 7 mg/kg, i.p. 1.5 or 16 h prior to or 16 h after irradiation or a single dose of carboplatin, 30 mg/kg, administered either 1 h or 4 h prior to irradiation) was delivered 12 days after stereotactic tumor implantation. For dose escalation study, 4–10 mg/kg of BCNU was used. Results: The radiation alone group showed a dose-dependent survival. A single dose of 25 Gy to the control group resulted in an increase of the median survival time from 20 days to 42 days, but all animals died of the tumor in 50 days. A significant prolongation of the median survival time of animals was more than 100 days, resulting in animal cures of 50% or more when combined with radiosurgery (25 Gy) and BCNU (7 mg/kg). BCNU alone did not prolong the median survival time of the animal with the 9L brain tumor. In contrast, there was no survival improvement when the animals were treated with combined radiosurgery and carboplatin. None of the long-term surviving animals showed any significant brain tissue damage as evaluated by histopathology and clinical observations. Conclusion: The data clearly suggest that the combined modalities of radiosurgery and concomitant BCNU represent an effective therapeutic regimen in the treatment of radioresistant human malignant gliomas of the brain. This study represents the first experimental report of the effectiveness of combined chemotherapy and radiosurgery.
A pharmacologic strategy for the treatment of nicotine addiction

Like many psychostimulant drugs, nicotine elevates extracellular and synaptic dopamine (DA) concentrations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This elevation has been linked to its reinforcing properties. Dopaminergic transmission within the NAc is modulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Therefore, we examined the utility of gamma vinyl-GABA (GVG, Vigabatrin) for inhibiting nicotine's biochemical effects on NAc DA as well as its effects on behaviors associated with these biochemical changes. Given 2.5 hours prior to nicotine, GVG (75 mg/kg) had no effect on nicotine-induced increases in extracellular NAc DA. However, at 90 mg/kg, GVG significantly inhibited nicotine-induced increases by approximately 50% while at 100 or 150 mg/kg, GVG completely abolished nicotine-induced increases in both naive and chronically nicotine- treated animals. When given 12 or 24 hours prior to nicotine administration at a dose of 100 mg/kg, GVG-induced inhibition was diminished or abolished, respectively. In addition, at a dose of 18.75 mg/kg GVG abolished the expression of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) while a dose of 75 mg/kg abolished the acquisition phase of CPP. Finally, using positron emission tomography (PET) and 11 C-raclopride in primates, GVG (100 mg/kg) abolished nicotine-induced increases in synaptic DA while having no effect on the rate of metabolism of the radiotracer or its regional distribution. Together, these data suggest that GVG may be useful for the treatment of nicotine addiction and further support the strategy of targeting the GABAergic system with a suicide inhibitor of GABA-transaminase for the treatment of drug addiction. Synapse
ALK2 functions as a BMP type I receptor and induces Indian hedgehog in chondrocytes during skeletal development.

Growth plate chondrocytes integrate multiple signals during normal development. The type I BMP receptor ALK2 is expressed in cartilage and expression of constitutively active (CA) ALK2 and other activated type I BMP receptors results in maturation-independent expression of Ihh in chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. The findings suggest that BMP signaling modulates the Ihh/PTHrP signaling pathway that regulates the rate of chondrocyte differentiation. Introduction: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have an important role in vertebrate limb development. The expression of the BMP type I receptors BMPR-IA (ALK3) and BMPR-IB (ALK6) have been more completely characterized in skeletal development than ALK2. Methods: ALK2 expression was examined in vitro in isolated chick chondrocytes and osteoblasts and in vivo in the developing chick limb bud. The effect of overexpression of CA ALK2 and the other type I BMP receptors on the expression of genes involved in chondrocyte maturation was determined. Results: ALK2 was expressed in isolated chick osteoblasts and chondrocytes and specifically mediated BMP signaling. In the developing chick limb bud, ALK2 was highly expressed in mesenchymal soft tissues. In skeletal elements, expression was higher in less mature chondrocytes than in chondrocytes undergoing terminal differenti- ation. CA ALK2 misexpression in vitro enhanced chondrocyte maturation and induced Ihh. Surprisingly, although parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) strongly inhibited CA ALK2 mediated chondrocyte differentiation, Ihh expression was minimally decreased. CA ALK2 viral infection in stage 19 -23 limbs resulted in cartilage expansion with joint fusion. Enhanced periarticular expression of PTHrP and delayed maturation of the cartilage elements were observed. In the cartilage element, CA ALK2 misexpression precisely colocalized with the expression with Ihh. These findings were most evident in partially infected limbs where normal morphology was maintained. In contrast, BMP-6 had a normal pattern of differentiation-related expression. CA BMPR-IA and CA BMPR-IB overexpression similarly induced Ihh and PTHrP. Conclusions: The findings show that BMP signaling induces Ihh. Although the colocalization of the activated type I receptors and Ihh suggests a direct BMP-mediated signaling event, other indirect mechanisms may also be involved. Thus, while BMPs act directly on chondrocytes to induce maturation, this effect is counterbalanced in vivo by induction of the Ihh/PTHrP signaling loop. The findings suggest that BMPs are integrated into the Ihh/PTHrP signaling loop and that a fine balance of BMP signaling is essential for normal chondrocyte maturation and skeletal development. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1593-1604
Misleading Performance Reporting in the Supercomputing Field

In a previous humorous note, I outlined 12 ways in which performance figures for scientific supercomputers can be distorted. In this paper, the problem of potentially misleading performance reporting is discussed in detail. Included are some examples that have appeared in recent published scientific papers. This paper also includes some proposed guidelines for reporting performance, the adoption of which would raise the level of professionalism and reduce the level of confusion in the field of supercomputing.
The influence of water chemistry on the enzymatic degradation of leaves in streams

SUMMARY 1. Aquatic hyphomycetes degrade leaf litter in both softwater and hardwater streams. During growth on leaves, these fungi secrete an array of extracellular polysaccharidases that are differentially affected by pH. Hydrolytic enzymes exhibit acidic pH optima, whereas pectin lyases have neutral to alkaline pH optima. 2. Enzyme activities associated with microbial communities colonizing yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) leaves submerged in an acidic (pH 6.3), softwater stream were compared with those occurring in an alkaline (pH 8.2), hardwater stream. In addition to pH differences, the hardwater stream had higher nutrient concentrations and higher temperatures than the softwater stream. Conditions in the hardwater stream favoured greater microbial growth, fungal activity, rates of leaf breakdown and softening. However, activities of hydrolytic enzymes (xylanase, endocellulase, galacturonanase) were lower in the hardwater stream than in the softwater stream. Consequently, activities of these hydrolytic enzymes were not good indicators of leaf breakdown in these streams. 3. In contrast, the activities of pectin lyase were higher in the hardwater stream than in the softwater stream, corresponding to the greater rates of leaf breakdown and softening that occurred in the hardwater stream. These results support previous findings that pectin lyase is closely associated with the softening and maceration of leaf detritus and suggest that pectin degradation is a key process in the initial stages of leaf breakdown.
Immersive planar display using roughly aligned projectors

When a projector is oblique with respect to a planar display surface, it creates keystoning and the projected image is distorted. We present a rendering technique to display perspectively correct images for a moving user. This allows using roughly aligned projectors and eliminates the need for frequent electro-mechanical adjustments. The rendering process has no additional cost and can be implemented with traditional graphics hardware. We compute the collineation induced due to the display plane during preprocessing. The main idea of the paper is to use this collineation to render and warp the images of 3D scenes in a single pass via approximation of the depth buffer. We also describe how this method can be extended to display systems with multiple overlapping projectors. This technique can be easily used in CAVE, Immersive Workbenches and PowerWalls.
Entrainment and migration controls of two-dimensional maps

A general approach to several types of controls of complex dynamic systems, formulated by Jackson, is applied to two classic two-dimensional maps xk+1=E(xk)(xϵR2); the Henon and the Ikeda maps. The convergent regions of their phase spaces, Ck, are shown to respectively possess translational and rotatational symmetries. Several topologically distinct entrainment goals (e-goals), {gk}⊂Ck, are illustrated for the Henon map. For both maps, the basins of entrainment, BE(g0)={x0|limk→∞|xk − g0|=0}, of the controlled dynamics for fixed point goals in each convergent region, g0ϵCk, are illustrated. The BE(g0) are invariant, relative to g0, when g0 is varied by the above symmetries. It is proved that, for the Ikeda map, BE(g0=0)=R2. For experimental purposes, spheres of entrainment are introduced SE(r0)={x0||x0 − g0| < r(g0)}, where r(g0) = maxr{r||x0 − g0| < r → limk→∞|xk − g0| = 0}. The Ikeda map has two attractors in a bounded region so that migration controls can be illustrated. This is done, using several migration goals (m-goals) which transfer this system from one attractor to the basin of attraction of the other attractor (A1 → BA2, or A2 → BA1). These require controls only for finite times. The influence of noise on the entrainment process is analyzed and compared with numerical examples.
Economic Change 1960–2000

In this and the following chapter, the framework that is developed in Chapter Three is applied to analyze economic and institutional change in the U.S. commercial banking industry in the late 20th century. This chapter focuses on economic change. Section One, which provides background, describes the commercial banking business in the United States, including products, services, and markets. Section Two analyzes changes in the economic environment that affect beliefs about competitive opportunities and threats in the financial services industry. Section Three analyzes change in the commercial banking industry, which reflects changes in beliefs about competition that emerge as a consequence of change in the economic environment, and Section Four summarizes and concludes.
Finality in Class Action Litigation: Lessons from Habeas

A class action can only bind class members who are adequately represented, and thus a class action court necessarily determines representational adequacy. But should class members who were not an active part of that proceeding be able to relitigate adequacy in a collateral forum at a later date so as to evade the binding effect of the class judgment? Courts and scholars have generated a bipolar response to that question, with one side arguing that full relitigation is required by the constitutional nature of the question and the other insisting that no relitigation is permitted because of the issue-preclusive effect of the class court's holding. Despite the richness of this debate, myriad specific questions about the availability, substance, and procedural details of the relitigation opportunity remain unexamined. In this Article, Professor Rubenstein expands the conversation outward by comparing class action law's approach to relitigation of adequacy of representation with habeas corpus's approach to relitigation of ineffective assistance of counsel claims in criminal cases. Using two recent, seemingly unconnected Supreme Court cases - one from each field - as case studies, Professor Rubenstein explains how these cases in fact raise remarkably similar questions. Specifically, the comparison reveals that habeas provides a relatively clear, rule-based system that specifies when - and according to what procedural rules - relitigation is available. Professor Rubenstein concludes by arguing that there are lessons for class action law in habeas's approach: a method for considering when relitigation is appropriate that avoids the extremes of either always or never; a rule system that helps identify issues (such as substantive standards, degrees of deference, burdens of proof, and defaults) that have yet to be carefully examined in class action law; and a template for balancing the competing policy concerns at issue. Without defending current habeas doctrine, and without pretending that habeas and class actions are overtly similar, the Article nonetheless demonstrates that class action law's relitigation problem can learn something through a close look at criminal law's relitigation solutions.
Turnover and Competition for Expected Job Openings: An Exploratory Analysis

The article details a study that examines the relationship between external employment opportunities and employee turnover. The author discusses methods of estimating employment opportunity for var...
1213 THE EFFECTS OF ALTERATION OF EXPIRATORY RESISTANCE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION (PF) IN THE NEWBORN

Studies post extubation in neonates recovening from respiratory disease have suggested that expiratory resistance (RE) plays a role in maintaining adequate lung volume. To evaluate effects of RE on PF, 6 previously intubated newborns who were breathing spontaneously in room air had PF measured after the application of 2 external expiratory resistances: EER1 = 30 cm H2O/L/sec and EER2 = 24 cm H2O/L/sec. PF tests including dynamic lung compliance (CL), inspiratory resistance (RI), RE, functional residual capacity (FRC), tidal volume (VT), and inspiratory:expiratory (I:E) ratio were studied in infants (mean wt. 2.26 kg., mean age studied 55 days [range 3-114] ) evaluated with a face mask, pneumotachograph, solenoid valve, and EER1 and EER2. Patients were studied at 4 phases: 0 resistance, EER1, 0 resistance, EER2. There was a mean 25.6% increase of FRC with EER1 (p<0.01) and mean 37.8% increase of FRC with EER2 (p<0.01). I:E ratio decreased by mean 16.0% (p<0.05) with EER1 and mean 22.6% (p<0.05) with EER2. CL, RI, and VT were unchanged at any phase. This study demonstrates that lung volume can be increased when an expiratory resistance is applied. Therefore, application of an expiratory resistance may prove to be useful in the prevention of atelectasis in neonates post extubation.
Covariance Properties for the Departure Process of M/Ek/1/N Queues

Abstract General formulas for the variance and covariance, lag 1, terms are given for the departure processes of M/G/1/N queues. A general formula for M/Ek /1/N queues, for the covariance, lag 1, is given. Detailed analysis is given for M/M/1/N and M/Ek/1/1 queues. Some numerical results for M/Ek/1/N queues are given in graphical form
Defense Mechanisms of Arthropods. XXXIV. Formic Acid and Acyclic Ketones in the Spray of a Caterpillar

Many caterpillars of the family Notodontidae discharge an odorous spray when disturbed. The secretion stems from a large gland that opens ventrally in the neck region, and has been shown in Dicranura vinula (L.) (Poulton 1888, Schildknecht and Schmidt 1963) and Schizura leptinoides (Grote) (Monro et al. 1962) to contain formic acid. Recently, while handling larvae of the common notodontid Heterocampa manteo Doubleday2 in the field, we noted that its spray has an anomalous odor, pungent and reminiscent of formic acid, but clearly indicative of the presence of additional components. We here report on the chemistry of the mixture.
Evidence for and partial characterization of a nematode attraction substance.

Homogenized and centrifuged mycelial extracts of Arthrobotrys musiformis, suggested the presence of a nematode attraction substance(s) after the fungus had developed predaceous structures. Initial ...
On the Pattern of Standard Model Fermions and Charges

We observe that the Standard Model's fermions can be mapped onto a 7-bit pattern, and that these bits can be used to calculate the various charges (color, weak isospin, hypercharge, and electromagnetic) for these particles. A geometrical object, the trihepton, is proposed as means of understanding where the pattern of fermions and the simple formulas for the charges come from. Its relationship with the Fano plane from projective geometry is considered. Issues and implications of the model are discussed. A fourth generation of fermions with spin 3/2 and absolute charge (2, 5/3, 4/3, 1) is hypothesized, and it is also suggested that there may be bosons associated with neutrino oscillation.
Immunohistological Techniques for Studying the Drosophila Male Germline Stem Cell

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have a remarkable ability to self-renew and produce differentiated cells that support normal development and tissue homeostasis. This unique capacity makes stem cells a powerful tool for future regenerative medicine and gene therapy. Accumulative evidence suggests that stem cell self-renewal or differentiation is controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and that deregulation of stem cell behavior results in cancer formation, tissue degeneration, and premature aging. The Drosophila testis provides an excellent in vivo model for studying and understanding the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell behavior and the relationship between niches and stem cells. At the tip of the Drosophila testes, germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic stem cells (SSCs) contact each other and share common niches (known as a hub) to maintain spermatogenesis. Signaling pathways, such as the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), ras-associated protein-guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small GTPase (Rap-GEF), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), are known to regulate self-renewal or differentiation of Drosophila male germline stem cells. We describe the detailed in vivo immunohistological protocols that mark GSCs, SSCs, and their progeny in Drosophila testes.
Residue behavior of polynuclear hydrocarbons on and in oranges.

In a previous review (GUNTHER and BUZZETTI 1965) it was pointed out that there is abundant evidence for the widespread occurrence of polynuclear hydrocarbons1 in air, soil, and water. That various polynuclears have been found in many members of both animal and plant kingdoms, as well, was also demonstrated with selected references to the rapidly increasing literature on environmental pollution. Most of the explorations in this area have dealt with tobacco, smoked foods, barbecued meat, processed rice, roasted coffee, baked goods, and some marine organisms; very few of these reports of polynuclears in our food supply have involved fresh foods. The present report is intended to illustrate the polynuclear tracecontamination of our environment via the so-called non-processed foods2 or raw agricultural commodities, with Valencia oranges as an example.
Will of the People: Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy

is research paper examines how e"ective public opinion is at inu the Vietnam War and the Iraq War, and found that the top decision maker in government at the time of each con&ict, namely the President, carried out policies that often disregarded public opinion entirely. #e implications of this research indicate that as the U.S. attempts to retain its hegemonic status, future foreign policy decision will become less representative of the masses and will more closely resemble an oligarchy rather than a democracy. Real World Observation On September 10, 2014, !e New York Times reported that President Barack Obama had authorized a military campaign against the Sunni militant group
‘New Efforts with Old Means’: Cross-cultural Symbiosis in the Works of Grieg and Grainger

This study examines the reciprocal relationships between language, society, and harmonic syntax. The purpose is twofold: to establish an appropriate methodology and theoretical framework with which to analyze the harmonic elements of Grieg’s late vocal works and Grainger’s folk-song settings; and to illustrate how folk song played a vital role in crafting a brand of universal cosmopolitanism, because both figures carried out reflexive experiments in cultural hybridity. The focus is on the final stage of Grieg’s life (ca. 1900 to his death in 1907), during which divergent currents of modernism streamed across Europe. Also, while their documented friendship and mutual recourse to a cosmopolitan identity is well known, many studies still lack a terminology and deeper methodology for investigated how their cross-cultural traits were made manifest in their music. Taking the work of Graham Freeman, Walter Frisch, and Michael P. Steinberg as points of departure, this article complements their studies with an exa...
Pressure Measurements in Cryogenic Systems

Pressure measurements In cryogenic systems have, for years, been made by simply running gauge lines from the point where the pressure measurement is desired to some convenient location at ambient temperature and attaching a suitable pressure-measuring device. This system works quite well for most applications ; however, there are disadvantages to this straightforward approach that may introduce problems in many systems. The two most important are (1) reduced frequency response and (2) thermal oscillations. In addition heat leak and fatigue failure of gauge lines could become significant In some applications. Such problems associated with pressure measurement at cryogenic temperatures could be eliminated by installing pressure transducers at the point of measurement; thereby doing away with gauge lines. Data gathered by the author Indicate that existing pressure transducers can be used at temperatures down to the liquid-hydrogen range, provided that the correct transducer for each application is selected, properly calibrated and installed, and Its limitations clearly understood.
Modeling trusted processing architectures for mandatory access control

This paper introduces a trusted architecture graph (TAG) model, which can be used for modeling the semantics of trusted architectures designed to enforce mandatory access control. The TAG permits the modeling of various types of trusted functions, storage functions and processing functions and their interconnection through various types of links. The value of the TAG and the associated TAG notation is that they provide a uniform way of representing different trusted architectures that may be described either informally in a natural ll.lnguage, or formally (but voluminously) described in design documents or programming code. By providing a concise yet expressive description of the architecture, the various features of one architecture can be readily compared with another's. This paper provides some examples that illustrate how various trusted database management system architectures can be formulated in the TAG notation such that their significant differences can be readily observed.
The Relationship Between Risk Factors and Medication Adherence among Breast Cancer Survivors: What Explanatory Role Might Depression Play?

Objective Despite the efficacy of clinical treatments (eg, adjuvant hormonal therapy) for breast cancer survivors (BCS), nonadherence rates remain high, increasing the risk of recurrence and mortality. The current study tested a theoretical model of medical nonadherence that proposes depression to be the most proximal predictor of medical nonadherence among BCS. Methods Breast cancer survivors were recruited from radiation clinics in Missouri. Survey data were collected 12 months after the end of primary treatment. The sample size included 133 BCS. Results Findings show substantial support for the model, demonstrating that depression mediated the relation between physical symptoms, cognitive symptoms, social support, and adherence to medication. This finding was replicated with a measure of mood disturbance. Conclusions These findings support the prediction that medication nonadherence among BCS multiply determined process and have compelling implications for healthcare providers and interventions designed to increase medication adherence among BCS.
A Listening Guide Analysis of Lesbian and Bisexual Young Women of Color’s Experiences of Sexual Objectification

In the present study, I utilize objectification theory and compulsory heterosexuality as theoretical lenses to investigate lesbian and bisexual young Women of Color’s sexual objectification experiences. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight Black and Latina 16–19 year-old young women who identified as lesbian or bisexual. Using the Listening Guide method of narrative analysis, two voices pertaining to young women’s objectification experiences were identified: a Voice of Surveillance and a Voice of Self-Surveillance. Findings suggest that young women experienced sexual objectification as rooted in their gender, sexuality, and racial identities. Experiences were further shaped by the contexts in which objectification occurred: participants voiced distinct struggles navigating (a) sexual harassment and violence in relationships with peers and romantic partners, (b) sexual harassment and discipline in school, and (c) street harassment and violence from men. Findings highlight the importance of understanding sexual objectification experiences as they are informed by gender, sexuality, and race, as well as the ways that young women actively cope with and resist objectification. Psychologists, activists, and mental health professionals are encouraged to consider how sexual objectification is rooted in multiple forms of oppression, its implications for young women’s identity, desire, and well-being, and how young women can be supported as they struggle against it.
Metal artifacts in computed tomography for radiation therapy planning: dosimetric effects and impact of metal artifact reduction

A significant and increasing number of patients receiving radiation therapy present with metal objects close to, or even within, the treatment area, resulting in artifacts in computed tomography (CT) imaging, which is the most commonly used imaging method for treatment planning in radiation therapy. In the presence of metal implants, such as dental fillings in treatment of head-and-neck tumors, spinal stabilization implants in spinal or paraspinal treatment or hip replacements in prostate cancer treatments, the extreme photon absorption by the metal object leads to prominent image artifacts. Although current CT scanners include a series of correction steps for beam hardening, scattered radiation and noisy measurements, when metal implants exist within or close to the treatment area, these corrections do not suffice. CT metal artifacts affect negatively the treatment planning of radiation therapy either by causing difficulties to delineate the target volume or by reducing the dose calculation accuracy. Various metal artifact reduction (MAR) methods have been explored in terms of improvement of organ delineation and dose calculation in radiation therapy treatment planning, depending on the type of radiation treatment and location of the metal implant and treatment site. Including a brief description of the available CT MAR methods that have been applied in radiation therapy, this article attempts to provide a comprehensive review on the dosimetric effect of the presence of CT metal artifacts in treatment planning, as reported in the literature, and the potential improvement suggested by different MAR approaches. The impact of artifacts on the treatment planning and delivery accuracy is discussed in the context of different modalities, such as photon external beam, brachytherapy and particle therapy, as well as by type and location of metal implants.
Lessons from a decade of lake management: effects of herbicides on Eurasian watermilfoil and native plant communities

Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) is a non-native and invasive aquatic macrophyte with a broad North American distribution. It can have significant negative effects on invaded waterbodies, including decreased native macrophyte diversity, formation of recreational nuisances, and lowered lakefront property values. Previous research suggests that M. spicatum decreases in response to herbicide treatment, but most studies are spatially and temporally limited, usually focusing on a single waterbody for a single year. The long-term effects of herbicides remain relatively unknown. Here, we share the results of an 11-yr observational study of aquatic macrophyte diversity, dynamics, and response to herbicide treatment on 28 Wisconsin lakes (15 of which were adaptively managed with herbicide for M. spicatum and 13 of which acted as unmanaged reference lakes). We found that overall, adaptive management decreases M. spicatum abundance over time, but that the efficacy of individual herbicide treatments can vary. We also found that lakes with relatively new M. spicatum populations (discovered within the last decade) treated smaller areas with lower frequency than lakes with established populations, and were able to maintain lower M. spicatum abundance. This suggests that using adaptive, science-based aquatic plant management strategies, including early detection and response, may increase invasive species management success. Finally, we show that the effect of herbicide treatment on native macrophytes is variable and can be significant. Overall, our results suggest that while herbicide treatment can be an effective adaptive management tool, particularly in lakes with relatively recent M. spicatum invasions, the specific effects of individual treatments can be unpredictable. This study allows lake stakeholders to better understand the efficacy of herbicide treatment, in addition to the possible non-target effects on native macrophyte species.
Tools to minimize interlaboratory variability in vitellogenin gene expression monitoring programs.

The egg yolk precursor protein vitellogenin is widely used as a biomarker of estrogen exposure in male fish. However, standardized methodology is lacking and little is known regarding the reproducibility of results among laboratories using different equipment, reagents, protocols, and employing different data analysis programs. To address this data gap we tested the reproducibility across labs to evaluate vitellogenin gene (vtg) expression and assessed the value of using a freely available software data analysis program. Samples collected from studies of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and minnows exposed to processed wastewater effluent were evaluated for vtg expression in four laboratories. Our results indicate reasonable consistency among laboratories if the free software for expression analysis, LinRegPCR, is used; with three out of four laboratories detecting vtg in fish exposed to 5 ng/L EE2 (n = 5). All four laboratories detected significantly increased vtg levels in 15 male fish exposed to wastewater effluent as compared to 15 male fish held in a control stream. Finally, we were able to determine that the source of high inter-laboratory variability from cDNA to qPCR analyses was the expression analysis software unique to each real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) machine. We successfully eliminated the inter-laboratory variability by reanalyzing raw fluorescence data with independent freeware, which yielded cycle thresholds and PCR efficiencies that calculated results independently of proprietary software. Our results suggest that laboratories engaged in monitoring programs validate their PCR protocols and analyze their gene expression data following the guidelines established herein for all gene expression biomarkers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Improving Value in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Patient Education and Management Program Decreases Discharge to Post-Acute Care Facilities and Post-Operative Complications

Abstract Background A step-by-step approach to creating a comprehensive patient education, expectation, and management program is described with the aim of reducing discharges to post-acute care centers (PACs) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). We hypothesized that by lowering discharges to PACs, readmissions and reoperations would also decrease. Methods Following the implementation of a multi-faceted patient education and management program, we retrospectively reviewed 927 TJAs who underwent surgery 12 months before (n = 465) and after (n = 462) the program was implemented. To assess the exposure of the pathway on discharge disposition as well as institutional 30-day and 90-day readmissions and reoperations, a modified Poisson regression was used. Results There was a 20% absolute reduction in discharges to PACs ( Conclusion Our program led to a reduction in the number of patients being discharged to PACs following TJA, while also demonstrating a reduction in readmission and reoperations. Additionally, discharge to these facilities was an independent risk factor for these complications.
X-ray diffraction measurement of cosolvent accessible volume in rhombohedral insulin crystals

X-ray crystallographic measurement of the number of solvent electrons in the unit cell of a protein crystal equilibrated with aqueous solutions of different densities provides information about preferential hydration in the crystalline state. Room temperature and cryo-cooled rhombohedral insulin crystals were equilibrated with 1.2M trehalose to study the effect of lowered water activity. The native and trehalose soaked crystals were isomorphous and had similar structures. Including all the low resolution data, the amplitudes of the structure factors were put on an absolute scale (in units of electrons per asymmetric unit) by constraining the integrated number of electrons inside the envelope of the calculated protein density map to equal the number deduced from the atomic model. This procedure defines the value of F(000), the amplitude at the origin of the Fourier transform, which is equal to the total number of electrons in the asymmetric unit (i.e. protein plus solvent). Comparison of the F(000) values for three isomorphous pairs of room temperature insulin crystals, three with trehalose and three without trehalose, indicates that 75±12 electrons per asymmetric unit were added to the crystal solvent when soaked in 1.2M trehalose. If all the water in the crystal were available as solvent for the trehalose, 304 electrons would have been added. Thus, the co-solvent accessible volume is one quarter of the total water in the crystal. Determination of the total number of electrons in a protein crystal is an essential first step for mapping the average density distribution of the disordered solvent.
Conflicting narratives of success in mathematics and science education: challenging the achievement-motivation master narrative

A prominent feature of education in the United States is the widespread endorsement of an achievement narrative, which links individual motivation and effort to academic achievement. In mathematics...
Scientific productivity: An exploratory study of metrics and incentives.

Competitive pressure to maximize the current bibliometric measures of productivity is jeopardizing the integrity of the scientific literature. Efforts are underway to address the ‘reproducibility crisis’ by encouraging the use of more rigorous, confirmatory methods. However, as long as productivity continues to be defined by the number of discoveries scientists publish, the impact factor of the journals they publish in and the number of times their papers are cited, they will be reluctant to accept high quality methods and consistently conduct and publish confirmatory/replication studies. This exploratory study examined a sample of rigorous Phase II-IV clinical trials, including unpublished studies, to determine if more appropriate metrics and incentives can be developed. The results suggest that rigorous procedures will help reduce false positives, but to the extent that higher quality methods are accepted as the standard of practice, the current bibliometric incentives will discourage innovative studies and encourage scientists to shift their research to less informative studies of subjects that are already being more actively investigated. However, the results also suggest that it is possible to develop a more appropriate system of rewards. In contrast to the current bibliometric incentives, evaluations of the quality of the methods and reproducibility of the results, innovation and diversity of thought, and amount of information produced may serve as measures and incentives that maintain the integrity of the scientific literature and maximize scientific progress.
Immediate Attitude Changes Associated with an Audiovisual Presentation on Human Sexuality

The semantic differential was used to survey the immediate impact on attitudes of 110 students enrolled in a human sexuality course before and after a four-hour audiovisual program. The audiovisual program contains patient interviews over a four-year time span, and documents the psychological, physical and relationship changes in a transsexual patient’s life. Students were asked to rate four types of persons (normal, diabetic, homosexual and transsexual) using the semantic differential. Significant changes occurred in the students’ ratings of persons who are transsexual or homosexual. Changes as a result of the educational session are in the direction of viewing transsexuality and homosexuality of a patient in a more positive manner and less judgmentally. Followup studies should be done to determine whether changes last.
Thermal Convection in Fluid Layers with Nonuniform Thickness or Surface Temperature

A review is made of results obtained mainly during the past 15 years for the topic described in the title. Reference is also made to results obtained for the analogous problem in centrifugal instability. The aim is to use this prototype problem to understand how stability problems with spatially varying boundary conditions differ from classical problems with spatially homogeneous conditions.
The Role of Platelets in Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Sickle cell disease is caused by the homozygous mutation in the beta globin gene that leads to erythrocyte sickling, rigidity, dehydration, impaired rheology and premature hemolysis. Growing evidence suggests that platelet activation in SCD contributes to the progression of major complications such as acute systemic painful vaso-occlusive crisis, chronic organ damage, acute chest syndrome and pulmonary hypertension. Erythrocyte- and tissue-derived damage associated molecular patterns molecules released in SCD promote platelet activation by regulating nitric oxide signaling, reactive oxygen species generation, toll-like-receptor-4-dependent innate immune signaling, purinergic signaling, and coagulation. Activated platelets adhere to leukocytes, sickle erythrocytes and endothelium to promote vaso-occlusion and/or vascular thrombosis. The knowledge of the platelet-dependent pathophysiology has led to the development of new therapies for SCD, by targeting different processes leading to platelet activation in SCD.
Cloning of a Rat D2-Dopamine Receptor cDNA

Recent structural analyses have revealed that neurotransmitter receptors can be divided into two families: the G protein-coupled receptors and the ligand-gated ion channels (Stevens, 1987; Dohlman, 1987; Hall, 1987).
Salmonella Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue repair and regeneration has garnered great attention. While MSC interaction with microbes at sites of tissue damage and inflammation is likely, especially in the gut, the consequences of bacterial association have yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the effect of Salmonella enterica ssp enterica serotype Typhimurium on MSC trilineage differentiation path and mechanism. Through examination of key markers of differentiation, immunomodulatory regulators, and inflammatory cytokines, we demonstrated that Salmonella altered osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation pathways in human and goat adipose-derived MSCs. Gene expression profiles defined signaling pathway alterations in response to Salmonella association not observed in epithelial cells. We uncovered significant differential expression (P