cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of surfactants on mass transfer inside drops

A model is presented to account for reduced mass transfer to drops falling through a continuous phase which contains a surface active agent. The fluid flow patterns are essentially laminar. The reduction in mass transfer is said to be due to a reduction in available interfacial transfer area and to changes in both velocity and pattern of internal circulation. These are shown to be functions of contact time and can be characterized. Experimental values agreed with the theoretically predicted ones with a deviation of less than 10%.
Faciltiies for Northwestern University's Science-Engineering Library

Consolidation of several branch sci-tech libraries at Northwestern University provides a more efficient operation and improves user services. This paper describes one example of a successful merger of three libraries to form a computerized multidisciplinary unit.
Change of context and retroactive inhibition

Retroactive inhibition (RI) in free-recall learning was studied under three conditions of context change: Not Changed (N), in which List 1 and List 2 were learned in the same room; Changed (C), in which different rooms were used; and Disrupted (D), in which the same room was used, but S was taken from the room during the interlist interval. All S s were given a final recall test in the context of List 1. The D and C groups both showed less RI than the N group, but did not differ from each other. It was concluded that RI experiments involving context change may be explainable in terms of reduced unlearning due to the disruption between List 1 and List 2, rather than to reduced overlap of physical context cues.
Uptake and release of adenosine by cultured rat aortic smooth muscle.

Abstract We wanted to determine whether CO 2 , H + , and K + affect the adenosine metabolism of vascular smooth muscle in a way that could account for the effects of these substances on vascular reactivity and their ability to modulate adenosine-induced vascular relaxation. Accordingly, 1-week-old cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline with various [K + ]'s and pH's and aerated in an incubation chamber with gases containing various proportions of CO 2 . Uptake was measured as 14 C incorporation into cellular constituents during exposure to 2μ M [ 14 C]adenosine. Release was measured as net extracellular adenosine accumulation. Uptake of adenosine was not significantly affected by any of the experimental maneuvers, except that it was greatly attenuated by dipyridamole (10 −5 and 10 −4 M ) and transiently enhanced by the low CO 2 levels. Adenosine release, however, was depressed by lowering atmospheric CO 2 (0% vs 5%) and also by normocapnic acidosis (pH 6.8 vs pH 7.4). We conclude that vascular smooth muscle in culture releases adenosine at a rate that might have vasoactive significance in vivo . Furthermore, some of the vascular actions of CO 2 and H + , but not those of K + , may be partially explained by their effects on vascular smooth muscle's adenosine metabolism.
Sex guilt and the use of contraception among unmarried women.

Abstract This study looked at the relationship between the level of sex guilt in unmarried college females and their method of contraception during their latest intercourse. Results showed that females who had used either a condom or a reliable “female” method of contraception had significantly lower levels of sex guilt than women who had used unreliable methods of contraception.
Photochemical linking of primary aromatic amines to carrier proteins to elicit antibody response against the amine haptens

Two chemical methods, diazocoupling and reaction with isocyanates, are commonly used to conjugate primary aromatic amines with carrier proteins in order to elicit antibody responses against the aromatic amine haptenic group. Limitations of these conjugation techniques include the requirement for specific functional groups on the carrier protein which generally limits the degree of haptenic substitution obtainable, the many possible side reactions yielding hapten-hapten and carrier-carrier conjugates which waste valuable materials and lower desired hapten-carrier conjugate yields, and, in some cases, conjugation conditions which may denature the carrier protein (e.g., alkaline coupling conditions). We report here a photolabeling approach for conjugating primary aromatic amines to carrier proteins which avoids some of the problems of other conjugation methods and which was used to elicit antibodies against the primary aromatic amine hapten. The method described here is of general application for coupling primary aromatic amines to the carrier proteins and circumvents many of the problems inherent in the isocyanate or diazocoupling methods. 3-Azido-N-ethylcarbazole (ANEC), the azido analog of 3-amino-N-ethylcarbazole, was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA), human transferrin (TR), thyroglobulin (TH), poly-(lysine X tyrosine), and poly-(lysine X phenylalanine) using standard photolabeling procedures. After photolysis, the conjugated proteins or polypeptides were separated from the unbound products of ANEC photolysis on a Sephadex G-10 column. The conjugated proteins were extracted with isobutanol which demonstrated that approximately 20% of the ANEC was covalently coupled to the protein carriers and that the larger portion of the aromatic haptens was non-covalently and hydrophobically bound to the carriers. The ANEC-protein conjugates used for immunization demonstrated a total covalently and non-covalently bound ANEC epitope density of 90 per BSA, 107 per TR and 800 per TH molecule. Rabbits were immunized with the three conjugated proteins and the production of antibody specific for the 3-amino-N-ethylcarbazole hapten was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by inhibition studies using hapten-carrier conjugates of free hapten. The results demonstrate that antibodies against aromatic amine haptens may be raised by immunizing animals with hapten-carrier protein conjugates produced by photolabeling. Since the coupling conditions are very mild and the functional group requirements are so general (requiring only the presence of C-H, N-H, C = O, C = S, or S-H bonds) most carrier proteins should be suitable for use in this method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effect of nonnutritive sucking on infant gastroesophageal reflux.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate the effect of pacifier use (non-nutritive sucking) on gastroesophageal reflux in infants, 48 infants younger than 6 months of age with pathologic reflux were prospectively evaluated with pH probe. In each infant, parameters of reflux were blindly quantified during paired periods in a cross-over design when pacifier use was either encouraged or prohibited. To determine whether positioning was a factor in the effect of nonnutritive sucking on reflux, 24 of the infants were studied seated and 24 studied prone. Pacifier use significantly affected only the frequency of reflux episodes, increasing it in prone infants from 7.2 ± 1.1 to 12.8 ± 2.3 episodes/120 min postprandially (p = 0.040) and decreasing it in seated infants, from 21.1 ± 3.1 to 14.8 ± 2.6 postprandially (p = 0.003) and from 17.3 ± 4.8 to 5.9 ± 0.9 in the fasting period (p = 0.035). It did not significantly affect the clearance of reflux episodes or the total reflux time. These results suggest that infants with pathologic reflux frequency might best avoid pacifier use while in the beneficial prone position. When seated position is necessary, the pacifying effects of nonnutritive sucking may be useful in decreasing reflux events as well as in reducing crying behavior.
Impact of wellness programme to employee health

Background The BNZ MyWellBeing Programme was developed as a response to an increasing number of health issues in the population, particularly associated with chronic illnesses and sedentary work. Aim To stimulate employees to proactively manage their health risks, provide tools to modify personal lifestyle behaviour and to mitigate identified health risks for the future. Methods Organisation wide ‘On-line Health Questionnaire’ survey covering 11 health areas; Quality of Life, Job Satisfaction, Smoking, Weight, Average Body Mass Index (BMI), Activity, Cholesterol, Blood Pressure, Eating Habits, Stress Management and Work Related Stress. Following the identification of the health risks, a targeted programme was developed including workshops and a customised web site to deliver individual awareness and health information to employees and their families. Development of a supporting programme also included sporting events, nutrition guidance, health articles and themes, physical and intellectual challenges, etc. Results Health data indicated reduction in smokers (12.1% FY07 to 9.2% FY11), poor cholesterol levels (17.1–7.1%), poor blood pressure (13.4–9.5%) as well as observed improvement in activity levels and healthier eating habits. Very good outcomes were evident through a reduction in the FTE sick days (Average Sick Leave per FTE—5.73 FY08 to 4.86 FY11) and an improved employee engagement score (68% FY09 to 76% FY11). Significance An organised, long term, integrated wellness programmes contributed to the improved health and wellbeing in the BNZ workforce.
Free will and the modal principle

Etude des relations entre le principe modal de l'inefficacite et la volonte libre. Suite a la reponse de P. van Inwagen («When the will is not free», in «Philosophical studies», 75, 1994, pp. 95-113), l'A. etudie les differentes versions de l'argument pour l'incompatibilite du determinisme causal et de la liberte
Fostering Preservice Teachers' Sense of Historical Agency Through the Use of Nonfiction Graphic Novels

Abstract This article discusses a case study that explored the potential of nonfiction graphic novels to develop pre-service teachers' understanding of agency in a social studies methods course. White pre-service teachers were aske`d to read one graphic novel and then add frames, re-narrate frames, and reflect on their decisions. The positionalities of researchers, who are White males, and participants were part of our analysis. The researchers found that pre-service teachers made revisions to the graphic novels to change the historical actors' decisions: within the constraints of the historical situation's circumstances; to better fit their own ethical framework; and to critique the author's interpretation of the historical event and the amount of agency assigned to certain historical actors. We also reported findings related to shifts in understanding related to positionality. The pre-service teachers' revisions demonstrated their understanding of historical actors' ability to make choices; however, for most pre-service teachers those decisions were limited by, and insignificant in comparison to, the constraints of societal structures. Most pre-service teachers viewed these structures as operating outside of the realm of ethics that they used to articulate and identify agency, and thus, these structures were not responsive to changes in individual or collective agency. Implications are provided for social studies teacher educators.
Changes in hepatic levels of tyrosine aminotransferase messenger RNA during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.

Abstract The activity of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) decreased biphasically in livers of rats fed 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-MDAB). TAT activity decreased to an extremely low level at later stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. The activity of TAT is negatively correlated with α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. The level of TAT enzyme activity in precancerous liver and hepatoma is a reflection of the amount of TAT mRNA. Dexamethasone increased the TAT enzyme activity and TAT mRNA concentration in rat livers during chemical carcinogenesis.
Vapor cloud detection using relative entropy thresholding

A thresholding technique using relative entropy is proposed for vapor cloud detection. The idea is to cast a detection problem as a thresholding problem where the relative entropy is chosen to be the detection criterion and the null and alternative hypotheses correspond to background and objects respectively. Since the information content in an image can be characterized by its entropy, the original image and the thresholded bilevel image can be viewed as two sources. As a result, the relative entropy becomes a natural measure to describe the mismatch between these two images. The smaller the relative entropy, the better the matching between the two images. In this paper, we interpret detection problems as image thresholding problems, where the null hypothesis corresponds to noise only and the alternative hypothesis represents presence of target. Three methods based on relative entropy are presented for chemical vapor cloud detection. The experimental results show that the suggested relative entropy-based methods can detect a vapor cloud very effectively. The performance is also compared against two recently developed entropic thresholding techniques, the local entropy and joint entropy proposed by S.R. Pal and S.K. Pal and shows that the relative entropy-based method outperform Pal and Pal's methods.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanical Fault Diagnosis Using Numerical Hilbert Analysis

Dynamic instability induced by the initiation and development of mechanical faults in a rotary element is known to have a large negative impact on the reliability and operation safety of an entire system. This type of nonlinear system response is generally perturbed by shock impulses of extremely short time scale and amplitude. Thus difficulty presents itself in identifying and isolating features indicative of the presence and progression of faults possibly leading to mechanical deterioration. The perturbed and deteriorated states of a bearing-shaft system subjected to the actions of various types of commonly seen mechanical faults are investigated using the Numerical Hilbert Transform. The presented approach characterizes and realizes temporal events of both short and long time scales as instantaneous frequencies in the joint time-frequency domain. Examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the approach to the characterization of various deteriorating bearing states and the identification of parameters associated with several failure modes.© 2002 ASME
Enhancement of the edges of temporal masking functions by complex patterns of overshoot and undershoot

The purpose of this report is to present new data that provide a novel perspective on temporal masking, different from that found in the classical auditory literature on this topic. Specifically, measurement conditions are presented that minimize rather than maximize temporal spread of masking for a gated (200-ms) narrow-band (405-Hz-wide) noise masker logarithmically centered at 2500 Hz. Masked detection thresholds were measured for brief sinusoids in a two-interval, forced-choice (21FC) task. Detection was measured at each of 43 temporal positions within the signal observation interval for the sinusoidal signal presented either preceding, during, or following the gating of the masker, which was centered temporally within each 500-ms observation interval. Results are presented for three listeners; first, for detection of a 1900-Hz signal across a range of masker component levels (0-70 dB SPL) and, second, for masked detection as a function of signal frequency (fs = 500-5000 Hz) for a fixed masker component level (40 dB SPL). For signals presented off-frequency from the masker, and at low-to-moderate masker levels, the resulting temporal masking functions are characterized by sharp temporal edges. The sharpness of the edges is accentuated by complex patterns of temporal overshoot and undershoot, corresponding with diminished and enhanced detection, respectively, at both masker onset and offset. This information about the onset and offset timing of the gated masker is faithfully represented in the temporal masking functions over the full decade range of signal frequencies (except for fs=2500 Hz presented at the center frequency of the masker). The precise representation of the timing information is remarkable considering that the temporal envelope characteristics of the gated masker are evident in the remote masking response at least two octaves below the frequencies of the masker at a cochlear place where little or no masker activity would be expected. This general enhancement of the temporal edges of the masking response is reminiscent of spectral edge enhancement by lateral suppression/inhibition.
Experiments on the Origins of Optical Activity

Two recent reports claim that (1) aqueous L-aspartic acid polymerizes faster than D-Asp in the presence of kaolin at 90°, and (2) L-phenylalanine is adsorbed by kaolin more extensively than D-Phe at pH 6 (the reverse being true at pH 2). The novelty of these observations and their potential significance for the origin of optical activity has prompted us to duplicate these experiments using more sensitive methods. L- and D, L-Asp in 0.01 M solution were incubated with kaolin at 90° for 8 days. Careful examination of the aqueous residues from such experiments failed to demonstrate any preferential polymerization of L-Asp over D-Asp, or indeed any significant gross polymerization of Asp at all.
Song practice promotes acute vocal variability at a key stage of sensorimotor learning.

Author(s): Miller, Julie E; Hilliard, Austin T; White, Stephanie A | Abstract: BackgroundTrial by trial variability during motor learning is a feature encoded by the basal ganglia of both humans and songbirds, and is important for reinforcement of optimal motor patterns, including those that produce speech and birdsong. Given the many parallels between these behaviors, songbirds provide a useful model to investigate neural mechanisms underlying vocal learning. In juvenile and adult male zebra finches, endogenous levels of FoxP2, a molecule critical for language, decrease two hours after morning song onset within area X, part of the basal ganglia-forebrain pathway dedicated to song. In juveniles, experimental 'knockdown' of area X FoxP2 results in abnormally variable song in adulthood. These findings motivated our hypothesis that low FoxP2 levels increase vocal variability, enabling vocal motor exploration in normal birds.Methodology/principal findingsAfter two hours in either singing or non-singing conditions (previously shown to produce differential area X FoxP2 levels), phonological and sequential features of the subsequent songs were compared across conditions in the same bird. In line with our prediction, analysis of songs sung by 75 day (75d) birds revealed that syllable structure was more variable and sequence stereotypy was reduced following two hours of continuous practice compared to these features following two hours of non-singing. Similar trends in song were observed in these birds at 65d, despite higher overall within-condition variability at this age.Conclusions/significanceTogether with previous work, these findings point to the importance of behaviorally-driven acute periods during song learning that allow for both refinement and reinforcement of motor patterns. Future work is aimed at testing the observation that not only does vocal practice influence expression of molecular networks, but that these networks then influence subsequent variability in these skills.
Electron-phonon coupling in Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 by discretized quantum path integral molecular dynamics

Abstract We calculated the electron-phonon interaction energy and estimated the electron-phonon coupling constant in Ba 0.6 K 0.4 BiO 3 using a quantum path integral molecular dynamics. We determined the electron-phonon coupling constant at room temperature to be about 1.34.
H2-Antagonists and carmustine

The highly metabolized nitrosourea carmustine (BCNU) is an anticancer agent which alkylates DNA and is metabolized to both active and inactive species by cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Other highly metabolized anticancer drugs have altered toxicities when some histamine H2 antagonists are coadministered. To test this hypothesis with BCNU, DBA/2J male mice were given a single injection of cimetidine (CMT 100 mg/kg) or ranitidine (RNT 25 mg) at various times up to 30 min before, or up to 60 min after a BCNU injection. Spleen colony assays for normal bone marrow stem cell viability showed enhanced toxicity for BCNU when CMT was administered concomitantly. In P-388 leukemia-bearing DBA/2J mice, both CMT and RNT significantly enhanced the antitumor effects of BCNU doses of 30 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic analyses of BCNU elimination in Cd-1 mice showed marked prolongation of BCNU elimination and increased (BCNU concentration) x time products when CMT was concomitantly administered. These results demonstrate that enhanced BCNU bone marrow toxicity and antitumor activity is produced by CMT. The effect appears to be related to impaired drug clearance when the two agents are administered concurrently. RNT slightly enhanced BCNU antileukemic effects, but it did not significantly alter BCNU myelotoxicity nor drug elimination patterns.
The End of American Exceptionalism: Frontier Anxiety from the Old West to the New Deal

The American frontier was officially closed, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1890. Yet more homesteads were settled in the first few decades of the twentieth century than in the entire nineteenth century. "Frontier anxiety," then, really was caused not by the closing of the frontier, but by the perception that the frontier was closing, argues David Wrobel. As early as the 1870s and through the 1930s, many Americans believed an important era had ended and worried about how this closure would affect society and democracy. The perceived expiration of a uniquely American way of life had an impact not only on the literature of the day but on public policy as well. While Frederick Jackson Turner and other intellectuals lamented nostalgically about the end of an era dominated by the rugged individualist and westward expansion, Zane Grey and other novelists brought to life cowboys and pioneers from bygone days who were more myth than reality. Presidents from Teddy Roosevelt to Franklin Roosevelt focused on the vanishing western frontier and its influence on the frontiers of the future. In "The End of American Exceptionalism," Wrobel illustrates more than just how the perceived demise of the frontier brought about a longing for wilderness and the pioneer spirit. He emphasizes how it influenced debate on public land and immigration policy, expansionism, and the merits of individualistic and cooperative political systems. In addition, he relates how it affected and was affected by such diverse social and political issues as racism, industrialization, irrigation, tenant farming, class struggle, government intervention, and the naturalist movement. Wrobel doesn't focus rigidly on Turner or question the originality of Turner's thesis that the frontier molded the nation's character as historians have done in the past. Instead he suggests that the writings of Turner and other intellectuals were symptomatic of a frontier anxiety that began to take hold in the 1870s. Concentrating on the notions of these intellectuals over several decades, Wrobel shows how their reactions to the perceived ending of American exceptionalism created by a unique frontier experience helped shape the nation's cultural and political future. "
Mechanistic understanding of Breakdown and Bias Temperature Instability in High-K Metal devices using inline Fast Ramped Bias Test

Reliability Qualification has historically been a time consuming affair, taking up several months in each technology node's development cycle. The recent introduction of High-K/Metal Gates (HKMG) and the additional complexity they bring to the gate stack have placed increased demands on reliability and the reliability feedback for gate stack definition. It is demonstrated that these demands can be met with a Fast Ramped Bias Test. Applying these tests to a large variety of High-K/Metal Gate stacks, it is shown that Breakdown depends almost exclusively on time zero gate leakage. PBTI is found to depend predominantly on the Interface layer (IL) and High-K thickness, while NBTI depends most strongly on the nitrogen content in the IL.
Relating chronic toxicity responses to population-level effects: A comparison of population-level parameters for three salmon species as a function of low-level toxicity

Abstract Standard laboratory toxicity tests assess the physiological responses of individual organisms to exposure to toxic substances under controlled conditions. Time and space restrictions often prevent the assessment of population-level responses to a toxic substance. Contaminants can affect various biological functions (e.g. growth, fecundity or behavior), which may alter different demographic traits, leading to population-level impacts. In this study, immune suppression, reproductive dysfunction and somatic growth impairment were examined using life history matrix models for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Our intent was to gauge the relative magnitude of response to toxic effects among species and between life history stages, not provide a specific estimate of population growth rate or abundance. Effects due to immune suppression were modeled as reductions in age-specific survival. Toxic impacts on reproductive function were modeled as a 10% reduction in reproductive contribution for all reproductively mature age groups. Model runs that examined the effect of somatic growth reduction on population parameters incorporated both survival and reproductive impacts. All impacts were modeled as 10% reductions in the affected population demographic parameters. First-year survival and reproductive impacts produced similar population growth rates (λ), but resulted in different sensitivity and stable age distributions. Modeled somatic growth reduction produced additive effects on survival and reproduction. Toxic stressors producing similar changes in λ did not necessarily produce similar changes in the age distributions. Sensitivity and elasticity analyses demonstrated that changes to the first-year survival rate produced the greatest per-unit effect on λ for each species. Alteration in abundance of mature females also strongly influenced λ. Differences observed between species showed that the number of reproductive ages and time to reproductive maturity were important components for population-level responses. These results emphasize the importance of linking toxicity responses at low concentrations to the demographic traits they affect, and help to highlight the toxicity tests that are more suitable for assessing impacts on the focal species. Additionally, life history modeling is a useful tool for developing testable hypotheses regarding impacts on specific populations as well as for conducting comparisons between populations.
Diet and acne

Acne is caused by the action of dihydrotestosterone, derived from endogenous and exogenous precursors, likely acting synergistically with insulin-like growth factor-1. These sources and interactions are discussed. Both a mechanism of action and recommended dietary changes that limit ingestion and production of these hormones are proposed.
Intramolecular regulatory switch in ZAP-70 : analogy with receptor tyrosine kinases

ZAP-70, a Syk family cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), is required to couple the activated T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) to downstream signaling pathways. It contains two tandem SH2 domains that bind to phosphorylated TCR subunits and a C-terminal catalytic domain. The region connecting the SH2 domains with the kinase domain, termed interdomain B, has previously been shown to have striking regulatory effects on ZAP-70 function, presumed to be due to the recruitment of key substrates. Paradoxically, deletion of interdomain B preserves ZAP-70 function. Recent structural studies of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) revealed that their juxtamembrane regions negatively regulate their catalytic activities. In EphB2 and several other RTKs, this autoinhibition depends upon interaction between the kinase domain and tyrosine residues within the juxtamembrane region. Autoinhibition is released when these tyrosines become phosphorylated following receptor stimulation. Sequence homology suggested analogous regulation for ZAP-70. Based on mutagenesis analysis of ZAP-70 interdomain B, we find that this region downregulates ZAP-70 catalytic activity in a similar manner as the juxtamembrane region of EphB2. Similar regulation was also noted for the related Syk kinase. These findings suggest that a general autoinhibitory mechanism employed by RTKs is also used by some cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases.
Development of Tactile Eye Stiffness Sensor

This article describes the design of a novel trans-scleral tonometer based on the use of multiple force sensors forming a mechanical stiffness sensor. The approach is akin to an instrumented form of digital palpation tonometry in which manual paplation is used to infer the stiffness, and hence, the intraocular pressure of the eye. Force indentation data from multiple probes has been shown to correlate with the intraocular pressure (IOP) using encucleated porcine eyes. A noticeable amount of hysteresis has been observed during indentations at higher rate. Analysis of the experimental data indicates that stress relaxation (accommodation) in the visco-elastic corneo-scleral shell is the primary factor of the observed hysteresis. Further tests under different indentation rates show that the novel tonometer is expected to have an accuracy of ±1 mmHg when the indentation rate is kept below 0.5 mm/sec for pressure range of 10–35 mmHg. Using a calibrated finite element model of the measurement, the effect of lateral and angular misalignment is also examined. The results show that the position and orientation of the tactile sensor has to be controlled to within ±1 mm and ±3° in order to achieve a target accuracy of ±1 mmHg.
Proton Beams in Radiation Therapy

The rationale for study of proton radiation therapy is that, for some anatomic sites and tumors, the treatment volume is smaller; i.e., there is less irradiation of nontarget tissue while the target is included in three dimensions at each treatment session. As a result, the dose to the target can be raised. The consequence is that the tumor control probability improves and the frequency and severity of treatment-related morbidity decrease. These results come about from the physical fact that the proton range in tissue is finite; in comparison, absorption of photons is an exponential function and, hence, some dose is received for the full-beam path through the body. Accordingly, the dose deep to the target for proton treatments can be zero for each beam path. This situation provides a virtually certain means of improving the treatment outcome for selected categories of patients. Experience to date with proton radiation therapy has been quite limited. As of June 1991, the total number of proton radiation-treated patients was 11,763 from the various centers. Of that number, approximately 46% and 32% have been treated for small benign intracranial lesions (principally pituitary adenomas and arteriovenous malformations) and for tumors of the eye, respectively. Thus, only some 2500 patients have been treated for all other tumor types. The results from three centers and approximately 2800 patients with uveal melanoma are that the local control rate was 96% (for failures in-field, marginal, and in other parts of the eye). The local control results for chondrosarcomas and chordomas of the skull base are 91% and 65%, respectively. These percentages compare with some 35% achieved with conventional treatment. Experience with arteriovenous malformations indicates that control of bleeding and disappearance of the lesion are comparable to those achieved by other procedures. The developments from the proton therapy programs have contributed greatly to radiation treatment planning, e.g., the first three-dimensional treatment planning system put into regular clinical use (uveal melanoma), beam's eye view, digital-reconstructed radiograph, dose-volume histograms, and definitions of the uncertainty in dose around any defined point. The potential for clinical gains is high. In May 1991, the Proton Radiation Oncology Group was formed to design, supervise, and coordinate clinical trials and to assist in data analysis. The efficacy of proton radiation therapy will be compared with that of photon therapy of the very highest technology.
A tail-recursive machine with stack inspection

Security folklore holds that a security mechanism based on stack inspection is incompatible with a global tail call optimization policy; that an implementation of such a language must allocate memory for a source-code tail call, and a program that uses only tail calls (and no other memory-allocating construct) may nevertheless exhaust the available memory. In this article, we prove this widely held belief wrong. We exhibit an abstract machine for a language with security stack inspection whose space consumption function is equivalent to that of the canonical tail call optimizing abstract machine. Our machine is surprisingly simple and suggests that tail calls are as easy to implement in a security setting as they are in a conventional one.
Regional growth and exposure to nearby coal fired power plant emissions

Coal fired power plants emit high levels of air pollution per unit of power generated. A comparison of emissions factors (pounds of emissions per megawatt hour of power generation) based on year 2004 data reveals that the average coal fired power plant emits six times as much nitrogen oxide and more than twelve times as much sulfur dioxide as the average non-coal fired power plant. This paper uses data on the population of all electric utilities in the United States and evidence on population growth across regions to document that; pollution levels are higher in counties with coal fired plants, and that the population is moving away from regions such as the Midwest where the dirtiest coal fired power plants are located. Population growth is taking place in the South and West. Especially in the Western region, the power plants are newer and cleaner and less likely to be coal fired. In the South and West, population growth has a smaller impact on power plant emissions growth than in the Northeast and Midwest.
Writing and Rewriting the Instructional Design Case: A View from Two Sides

This article analyzes five problem areas educators grapple with when writing designs cases about learning interventions. The article is written from the vantage point of IJDL’s assistant editor who edited, reviewed, and coordinated the reviews of design cases over a period of two years while also writing his own design case (Howard & Myers, 2010: International Journal of Designs for Learning). The knowledge building genre of the instructional design case is viewed from the perspective of commonalities between articles published in a Tech Trends feature, the Instructional Design Portfolio, and this venue. The areas of concern common among reviews for these publications shed light on how the design case is developing into a rigorous form of educational inquiry. The areas of concern brought up in reviews of cases are discussed in light of the author’s first hand experiences of satisfying reviewers’ concerns and, in turn, coaching other educators through the process of a finalized design case. Those common areas are: (1) situating the design, (2) describing the design, (3) depicting the experience of the design, (4) developing trustworthiness through transparency, analysis, and reflection (5) removing aspects of design cases which confound their purpose. Specific examples from design cases that have gone through peer review describe how author-educators may approach the dissemination of design precedent through the careful documentation of pedagogical designs.
Piperazinium Chlorocuprates(I)

The formation from aqueous solution of networks containing piperazinium hydrochlorides with copper(I) chloride is described. Four new X-ray crystal structures are reported: (H2Pip)[Cu2Cl4] (two isomeric phases: 1A and 1B), (H2MePip)[Cu3Cl5] (2), and (H2Me2Pip)[Cu4Cl6] (3) (Pip = piperazine, MePip = N-methylpiperazine, Me2Pip = N,N′-dimethylpiperazine. In 1A (P-1, a = 6.3141(2), b = 6.8248(2), c = 6.9067(2), α = 90.707(2), β = 110.748(2), γ = 110.799(2), V = 256.918(13), Z = 2) corner-sharing Cu2Cl2 rhomboid dimers form infinite chains running parallel to the a-axis. In 1B (Pbcn, a = 9.9442(6), b = 8.0622(5), c = 13.1301(7), V = 1052.67(11), Z = 8) the Cu2Cl2 dimers are linked by μ-Cl into Cu6Cl8 rings which form hexagonally tiled sheets running parallel to the a,b-plane. In 2 (P-1, a = 8.0815(7), b = 9.6584(9), c = 9.7900(8), α = 70.231(4), β = 77.180(4), γ = 70.587(4), V = 673.05(10), Z = 2) alternating Cu3Cl3 and Cu4Cl4 rings are fused to form ribbons that run parallel to the a-axis. Copper-copper interactions are present. In 3 (C2/c, a = 17.4026(6), b = 10.5295(4), c = 11.7501(8), β = 131.5490(10), V = 1611.35(14), Z = 8) relatively long Cu···Cl interactions connect Cu4Cl6 “adamantane” units into chains running parallel to the c-axis. In all cases the piperazinium ions are independent from the chlorocuprate structures, but they do show N–H···Cl interactions. The synthesis and network structures of four piperazinium hydrochlorides with copper(I) chloride are presented.
Application of tissue microarray technology to the study of non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma

Abstract The immunohistochemical analysis of lymphoid neoplasms has led to refined classification schemes based on the profile of antigen expression and correlation with morphological, cytogenetic, molecular, and clinical features. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) are a powerful tool to rapidly characterize the phenotypic profile of a large number of samples. We show that this technique can be readily applied to the study of lymphoma by examining the expression profile of a series of 193 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) and 29 Hodgkin's lymphomas (HLs) using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH). The NHL cases were studied for the expression of commonly used markers—including CD3, CD5, CD10, CD20, CD23, CD30, CD43, Bcl-2, and cyclin D1 by immunohistochemical staining of TMAs—and these results were compared with whole sections (WS) of the same cases. We found a high degree of correlation between the results achieved with TMAs or WS (86% to 100% of cases). P53 and MIB-1 staining were studied, and the results were similar to that reported in the literature. HL cases were stained for CD20, CD30, CD15 (LeuM1), and latent membrane protein 1 expression, and ISH was performed using probes for EBER-1 and-2 transcripts. The results from HL cases on TMA sections matched exactly with those of WS. We correlated cytogenetic results with immunohistochemical stains and morphology in cases of mantle cell lymphoma [t(11;14)(q13;q32)] and follicular lymphoma [t(14;18)(q32;q24)]. This extensive expression profile of B-cell NHLs and HL tissues discloses the ability of TMAs to rapidly screen a large series of cases and represents the first report of method validation for this technique in the study of lymphoma. HUM PATHOL 33:968-974. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
The anomalous geomagnetic variation field and geoelectrical structure associated with the Mesa Butte fault system, Arizona

A study of the regional geomagnetic variation field in north-central Arizona indicates the presence of a concentration of geoelectrical current on the eastern margin of the Mesa Butte fault system. A lack of obviously conductive geologic structures at the surface suggests that this telluric current concentration is caused by crustal geoelectrical structures.
Toward a Reference Group Theory of Juvenile Delinquency

Merton's typology of modes of individual adaptation (9) and Dubin's extension of it (4) furnish us with a comprehensive outline of the forms that deviant behavior can take. Cloward contributes toward an extension of the theory of social structure and anomie by emphasizing the existence of differential systems of opportunity and of variations in access to them (1). Shaw and McKay, reporting on a study which covered twenty cities and tens of thousands of juvenile delinquents found that delinquency rates were highest in the slum areas of every city studied (10). Cohen provides a partial explanation of this phenomenon by demonstrating the existence of a delinquent sub-culture in the slum areas of a big city (2). In his more recent work on deviant-behavior as interaction process, Cohen makes a further contribution toward a general theory of deviance-conformity by analyzing the choices available to the individual confronted with socially structured strain (3). We know, then, that the highest delinquency rates are found in the slums of our big cities and that a delinquent sub-culture is found in the same slums. The probability is, however, that a majority of the boys in those areas do not participate in delinquent acts. In most families of delinquent boys in these areas there are non-delinquent siblings. How can we account for this differential response? Furthermore, juvenile delinquency occurs in middle class areas relatively free of the delinquent sub-culture described by Cohen and on occasion sons of middle class parents participate in delinquent behavior. How can we account for delinquency in middle class areas? How can we account for differential response in middle class families? In this paper an attempt will be made to formulate a reference group theory which will provide answers to these questions. The participation in a delinquent act will be explained in terms of the identification of the actor with some group and the application of the norms of that group in a given situation. How this formulation can be subsumed under a more general theory of behavior will not be discussed.
Importin-α protein binding to a nuclear localization signal of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP)

Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose-responsive transcription factor that plays a critical role in the glucose-mediated induction of genes involved in hepatic glycolysis and lipogenesis. Circulating blood glucose levels affect ChREBP activity in hepatocytes largely by post-translational mechanisms that include phosphorylation-dependent subcellular localization. Previously, we showed that ChREBP is retained in the cytosol by phosphorylation-dependent binding to 14-3-3 protein dimers and identified the α2 helix (residues 125–135) phospho-Ser140 domain as the primary 14-3-3 binding site (Sakiyama, H., Wynn, R. M., Lee, W. R., Fukasawa, M., Mizuguchi, H., Gardner, K. H., Repa, J. J., and Uyeda, K. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 24899–24908). To enter the nucleus in response to high glucose, ChREBP must bind importin-α; this heterodimer then forms a complex with importin-β to interact with the nuclear pore complex. In this work, we recharacterized the importin-α binding nuclear localization signal (NLS) of rat ChREBP, identifying it as an extended classical bipartite NLS encompassing minimally residues 158–190. Replacing Lys159/Lys190 residues of ChREBP with alanine resulted in loss of importin-α binding, glucose-stimulated transcriptional activity and nuclear localization. A secondary 14-3-3 protein binding site also was identified, the α3 helix (residues 170–190) phospho-Ser196 domain. Importin-α and 14-3-3 were found to bind competitively to this secondary site. These results suggest an important mechanism by which importin-α and 14-3-3 control movement of ChREBP in and out of the nucleus in response to changes in glucose levels in liver and thus further suggest that the extended NLS of ChREBP is a critical glucose-sensing, glucose-responsive site.
Expression of tachykinins in nonnociceptive vagal afferent neurons during respiratory viral infection in guinea pigs.

Immunohistochemistry was combined with retrograde labeling to characterize the effect of respiratory infection with Sendai virus on the number of Substance P/Neurokinin A–containing vagal afferent neurons whose cell bodies resided in the nodose ganglia and whose receptive fields were located in guinea pig trachea. Of the neurons labeled from the trachea of vehicle-inoculated guinea pigs, few stained positively for Substance P/Neurokinin A ( ∼ 3% of total labeled neurons). These neurons had small diameter cell bodies (mode = 16–20 μ m), a feature of nociceptive-like C-fibers. Viral infection (Day 4 after inoculation) was associated with a significantly greater number of labeled neurons containing Substance P/Neurokinin A ( ∼ 20% of total labeled neurons). The majority of these had a relatively large cell body diameter (mode = 36– 40 μ m), a feature of nonnociceptive afferent neurons. This induction appeared to be reversible as there were significantly fewer Substance P/Neurokinin A positive neurons in nodo...
MRI of the skull.

Thirty-four patients with a wide variety of benign and malignant incidental skull findings on routine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain were reviewed. In most instances detection of the lesions was not difficult. However, recognition of various patterns of skull involvement in different disease processes is important. This is particularly true in differentiating benign from malignant lesions, which may be a critical factor in patient management.
Multi-excitation Magnetoacoustic Tomography With Magnetic Induction for Bioimpedance Imaging

Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is an imaging approach proposed to conduct noninvasive electrical conductivity imaging of biological tissue with high spatial resolution. In the present study, based on the analysis of the relationship between the conductivity distribution and the generated MAT-MI acoustic source, we propose a new multi-excitation MAT-MI approach and the corresponding reconstruction algorithms. In the proposed method, multiple magnetic excitations using different coil configurations are employed and ultrasound measurements corresponding to each excitation are collected to derive the conductivity distribution inside the sample. A modified reconstruction algorithm is also proposed for the multi-excitation MAT-MI imaging approach when only limited bandwidth acoustic measurements are available. Computer simulation and phantom experiment studies have been done to demonstrate the merits of the proposed method. It is shown that if unlimited bandwidth acoustic data is available, we can accurately reconstruct the internal conductivity contrast of an object using the proposed method. With limited bandwidth data and the use of the modified algorithm we can reconstruct the relative conductivity contrast of an object instead of only boundaries at the conductivity heterogeneity. Benefits that come with this new method include better differentiation of tissue types with conductivity contrast using the MAT-MI approach, specifically for potential breast cancer screening application in the future.