cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anhedonia and Emotional Experience in Schizophrenia: Neural and Behavioral Indicators

Background Emotional impairments such as anhedonia are often considered key features of schizophrenia. However, self-report research suggests that emotional experience in response to affect-eliciting stimuli is intact in schizophrenia. Investigation of neural activity during emotional experience may help clarify whether symptoms of anhedonia more likely reflect alterations of in-the-moment hedonic experience or impairments in other aspects of goal-directed behavior. Methods Forty individuals with DSM-IV-TR schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 32 healthy control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while making valence and arousal ratings in response to emotional pictures, words, and faces. Blood oxygen level-dependent responses were compared between patients and control subjects and were correlated with questionnaire measures of anhedonia. Results Patients showed some evidence of blunted valence but not arousal ratings in response to emotional stimuli compared with control subjects. Higher anhedonia scores were associated with blunted valence ratings in both groups and fully mediated the group differences in valence ratings. Functional activity was largely intact in patients, except for regions in right ventral striatum and left putamen, which showed reduced responses to positive stimuli. Higher anhedonia was associated with reduced activation to positive versus negative stimuli in bilateral amygdala and right ventral striatum in patients and in bilateral caudate in control subjects. Conclusions Increased anhedonia is associated with a reduced experience of valence in both patients and control subjects, and group differences in experienced valence are likely driven by individual differences in anhedonia. Reduced activation of the striatum and amygdala may contribute to symptoms of anhedonia by failing to signal the salience of positive events.
A Dual-Effects Model of Brand Choice

A model which accounts for both purchase event feedback and change due to an external effect. Its two most closely related antecedents are the linear learning model [#7] and the stationary probability diffusion model I#11].
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ROTATIONAL TRANSITIONS OF CD AND 13CH (X2Πr)

The lowest energy rotational transitions of CD and 13CH in their 2Πr ground electronic states have been directly measured using submillimeter direct absorption spectroscopy. These two radicals were produced in an electrical discharge of either CD4 (or CH4 and D2) or 13CH4. The J = 3/2← 1/2, N = 1← 1 transition at 439 GHz and the J = 3/2← 3/2 and 5/2← 3/2 fine structure lines of the N = 2← 1 rotational transition near 885 GHz and 916 GHz were recorded for CD (Hund's case b notation), each of which consist of lambda doublets. In addition, hyperfine splittings due to the deuterium nuclear spin of I = 1 were measured in several doublets, although some hyperfine components were blended together at higher frequency. For 13CH, the lambda doublets of the fundamental N = 1← 1 line near 532-536 GHz were recorded; in this case, hyperfine interactions arising from both 13C and H nuclei were resolved. These data were fit with a case b effective Hamiltonian, and spectroscopic parameters were derived. In particular, the deuterium hyperfine constants for CD were improved by about an order of magnitude, while for 13CH the hydrogen Fermi contact and dipolar terms were established for the first time. These measurements will enable definitive searches for CD and 13CH in interstellar gas, in particular with the upcoming Herschel Space Observatory.
Endo-fullerenes and Doped Bucky Onions as Seed Materials for Solid State Quantum Bits

Abstract : Two different models for solid-state quantum bits have been investigated. Both are based on the nuclear spin of doped atoms in endo-fullerenes or bucky-onions. (1)H or (31)P have been tested as suitable dopant atoms because they have half nuclear spins. The thermal stability and electronic properties of the dopant atoms and the encapsulating cages have been examined with ab-initio pseudo potential density functional methods, and the results show that both models are suitable for single qubit applications.
Improved target tracking with particle filtering

In the literature, there are claims stating that particle filters cannot be used for high dimensional systems because their random measures degenerate to single particles. While this may be true for standard implementations of particle filtering, it may not be true for alternative implementations. In this paper we build on our previous work for tracking multiple targets with multiple particle filters, where each particle filter tracks its own target. We avoid the collapse of traditional particle filtering by considering an interconnected network of such particle filters where each of them works on a relatively low dimensional space. We assume that our interest is in finding the marginal posterior distributions of the state vectors describing the different targets and not in the joint posterior of all the targets. We test the method on the problem of multiple target tracking based on sensor data which represent a superposition of contributions of all the targets in the field. The computer simulations demonstrate the performance of the newly proposed method and compare it with other implementations of particle filtering.
Smoking Induces Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer through HDAC-Mediated Downregulation of E-cadherin

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that most cases of lung cancers (85-90%) are directly attributable to tobacco smoking. Although association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer is well documented, surprisingly little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of how smoking is involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through epigenetic changes. Here we show that lung cancer patients with a smoking history have low E-cadherin (E-cadh) levels and loss of E-cadh is a poor prognostic factor in smokers. Moreover, the downregulation of E-cadh correlates with the number of pack-years. In an attempt to determine the role of long-term cigarette smoking on EMT, we have observed that treatment of lung cell lines with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) induces EMT through downregulation of epithelial markers including E-cadh and upregulation of mesenchymal markers. CSC decreases E-cadh expression at the transcriptional level through upregulation of LEF1 and Slug, and knockdown of these two proteins increases E-cadh expression. Importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggest that LEF-1 and Slug binding to E-cadh promoter is important for CSC-mediated downregulation of E-cadh. The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) MS-275 reverses CSC-induced EMT, migration and invasion through the restoration of E-cadh expression. These results suggest that recruitment of HDACs by transcriptional repressors, LEF-1 and Slug is responsible for E-cadh suppression and EMT in cigarette smokers and provide a potential drug target towards the treatment of lung cancer.
Occupational Achievement Motivation as a Function of Biological Sex, Sex-Linked Personality, and Occupation Stereotype:

Predicted sex differences in occupational achievement motivation based on the work of Horner (1968) and Stein, Pohly and Mueller (1971) were examined by administering questionnaires to 87 female an...
A robust edge encoding technique for energy-efficient multi-cycle interconnect

In this paper, we propose a new edge encoding technique to reduce the energy consumption in multi-cycle interconnects. Both average and worst-case energy are reduced by desynchronizing the edges of rising and falling transitions. In a 1.2V 65nm CMOS technology, the approach achieves up to 31% energy reduction with no latency overhead over optimally designed conventional busses due to coupling capacitance reductions. The technique further reduces energy consumption by 38% with iso-throughput at the expense of one-cycle latency. Energy savings are shown to be more robust to process variations than previous techniques.
Estimating post-fire organic soil depth in the Alaskan boreal forest using the Normalized Burn Ratio

As part of a long-term moose browse/fire severity study, we used the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) with historic Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to estimate fire severity from a 1983 wildfire in interior Alaska. Fire severity was estimated in the field by measuring the depth of the organic soil at 57 sites during the summer of 2006. Sites were selected for field sampling from five fire severity classes based on threshold NBR values. The linear relationship between post-fire NBR and organic soil depth among sites within the burn was weak (r 2 = 0.26), and improved substantially (r 2 = 0.66) when restricted to non-wetland black spruce sites. The relationship between NBR and aspen/willow counts was non-linear. Sites with high densities of aspen stems consistently occurred in the high fire severity classes, and sites with high willow stem densities consistently occurred in the moderate fire severity class. However, NBR varied substantially from sites with low aspen or willow reproduction and therefore predicting aspen or willow regeneration based on post-fire NBR values would be difficult.
INTRODUCING A “BOUNDARY‐FLUX” APPROACH TO QUANTIFYING INSECT DIFFUSION RATES

Dispersal behaviors of organisms have been the subject of extensive ecological investigation at both the theoretical and experimental levels. One common framework for field studies of dispersal behavior that can be easily melded with theoretical work is the calculation of “diffusion rates.” Traditionally, this approach to studying dispersal has required (1) the tedious location of large numbers of individuals at a particular time or (2) actively tracking the movements of individuals. Here, I present a flux-based or “boundary-oriented” methodology that quantifies the passage of individuals into an absorbing boundary of known location at multiple points in time. This approach, which is the natural complement of existing methods, may make quantification of dispersal behavior more practical for time-strapped field researchers. Under the umbrella of the flux-based approach presented here, I use data from field experiments to determine the effect of initial density on dispersal rate for two sympatric species of...
Three dimensional finite element model of electric fields in internal defibrillation

A study of electric fields in internal defibrillation is conducted to determine optimum configurations for energy delivery. A three-dimensional model of the heart is constructed from 1473 cubic elements. The electric field is determined by finite-element analysis. Three electrode configurations (patch-patch, catheter-patch, and catheter-catheter) are evaluated. The simulations show that (1) the patch-patch configurations best delivers energy to the myocardium, and (2) electrode placement and size have minimal effect on the total energy delivered to the myocardium, and (3) nonuniform distributions and high current concentrations and edge effects are nevertheless observed. >
The Embodied Sensory Experiences of Latino Migrants to Smalltown, North Carolina

Latino migration to the United States has substantially increased in past decades. This paper presents findings from an ethnographic study with the migrant Latino community of Smalltown (pseudonym), North Carolina. Analyses of participant observations and semi-structured interviews found that Latinos experienced sensory issues during their occupations in Smalltown. Occupational science has primarily focused on the conscious experience of sensation during occupation. The Smalltown study proposes that sensory issues can impose a substantial and unconscious effect on experiences of occupation. Findings suggest that study participants embodied their sensory experiences with occupations through repeated participation in specific sensory environments. The embodiment of past occupational experiences fostered the development of particular sensory expectations during occupation, the absence of which was associated with feelings of loss of well-being. Moreover, migrants' occupations occurred through multisensory en...
Three essays on tax policies addressing the obesity epidemic and associated calorie intake

Policymakers are considering various policies to reduce obesity and its associated costs, including consumption taxes on high-calorie foods. Essay 1 focuses on two tax schemes targeting sweetener-intensive foods. Both a consumption tax on sweetener-intensive goods and a sweetener input tax can reach the same policy target of reducing added sweetener consumption. Both tax instruments are regressive although the welfare impacts are small. The tax on sweetener inputs leads to loss in consumer surplus only one fifth of that caused by the final consumption tax applied to sweetener-intensive goods. Essay 2 proposed a methodology to account for the ability of consumers to substitute leaner low-fat and low-sugar items for rich food items within the same food group in addition to substitution among food groups. Simulations of taxes on added sugars illustrate how that the impact of the tax on consumption patterns is understated and the effect on welfare loss overstated when abstracting from this substitution within food groups. Essay 3 applies the framework developed in essay 2 to analyze recent tax proposals to tackle obesity, such as using a tax on sodas, sweets, and other sources of added calories. To compare the policies, a basis of equivalence is established in terms of a calorie reduction which corresponds to the calorie reduction induced by a one-cent-per-ounce soda tax proposal. Simulations show that from a welfare perspective, targeting the right food group is more important than the type of tax. Taxes on butter and bakery goods should be targeted to minimize the welfare loss to abate calories. An ad valorem tax on carbonated soft drinks is a good way to raise revenue although its welfare loss is not the lowest one. A proportional tax on all calories applied to all foods has the lowest social cost per dollar of tax revenues but not the most efficient way to reduce calories.
ROGER WILLIAMS NOT A SEEKER BUT A “WITNESS IN SACKCLOTH”

Abstract For more than 370 years Roger Williams has been called a “Seeker,” a label pinned on him by his enemies in the 1640s. But, it is time to discard this erroneous term and accept him as he saw himself as a one of God’s “Witnesses in Sack-cloth.”
Does Ownership Structure Affect Corporate Performance? Evidence from the Market for Asset Sales

This paper examines the effect of the structure of ownership on the market assessment of sale of assets. Three types of ownership structures are identified in this regard such as, large block outside, inside and widely held ownerships. The empirical results indicate that firms with ‘large block outside shareholders’, experience significantly positive ‘announcement effects’ for both selling and buying firm samples. These are significantly greater than those for the inside shareholder and large widely held firms. This paper also examines whether the ownership structure of the firm involved in transaction with and disclosure of the price of the transaction has an effect on the market assessment of the deal.
Identification of QTL Controlling Thermal Properties of Maize Starch

ABSTRACT Starch has many uses and some of these uses would be facilitated by altering its thermal properties. Genetic manipulation of starch thermal properties will be facilitated by a better understanding of the genetic control of starch gelatinization. We used differential scanning calorimetry to characterize the gelatinization parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel starch prepared from two populations of recombinant inbred lines, an intermated B73xMo17 population (IBM) and an F6:7 Mo17xH99 population. The traits examined were the onset and peak temperatures of gelatinization and the enthalpy of gelatinization. These traits were measured for both native starch and for gelatinized starch allowed to recrystallize, a process called retrogradation. Substantial variation in these traits was found in spite of the narrow genetic base of the populations. We identified several quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling traits of interest in each population. In the IBM population, a significant QTL for the peak ...
Reaction of FeCH2+ + D2: Probing the [FeCH4]+ Potential Energy Surface

A guided-ion beam mass spectrometer is used to study the reactions FeCH2+ + D2 and Fe+(6D,4F) + CD4, thereby experimentally probing the [FeCH4]+ potential energy surface (PES). The results obtained are compared to recent theoretical results. Experiment and theory agree that dehydrogenation of methane by Fe+ is hindered by a tight, four-center transition state complex. The major discrepancy observed between experiment and theory is in the height of this barrier, which theory predicts to be 75 kJ/mol (92 kJ/mol after correction for zero-point energies) versus our experimental result of 41 ± 6 kJ/mol. Our results can be interpreted by using phase space theory to help understand how various features on the PES control branching ratios among the various channels observed, including extensive hydrogen scrambling in the FeCH2+ + D2 reaction. Lastly, results for the [FeCH4]+ PES are compared to those for the [CoCH4]+ PES obtained in a previous study in order to help assess the effect of potential energy surfaces ...
Abstract 673: KLF10 is a Critical Mediator of Wnt Signaling in Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells

We have previously demonstrated that β-catenin plays important roles in valve calcification with a specific osteogenic phenotype defined by increased bone mineral content and overall valve thickening. Recent studies indicate that KLF10 may be involved in mediating the Wnt signaling pathway in bone, which is known to play critical roles in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Therefore, we sought to test the role of KLF10 in mediating Wnt signaling, as well as differentiation and mineralization, in valve interstitial cells (VICs) isolated from porcine valves. Exposure of VICs to differentiation media led to increased expression of Runx2, Sox9 and osteocalcin. Differentiated cells also stained positive with Von Kossa while undifferentiated cells stained negative confirming the induction of an osteogenic phenotype. As expected, over-expression of both Lef1 and β-catenin led to activation of the top-flash reporter when transfected into VICs. Interestingly, over-expression of KLF10 also significantly up-regulated the top-flash reporter alone and further enhanced the activity of both Lef1 and β-catenin when co-transfected. We further confirmed the role of TIEG in an atherosclerotic mouse model ApoE/LRP5 double KO and found a two-fold increase in KLF10, Lrp6, and Runx2 expression in the cholesterol treated aortic valves as compared to controls. These data suggested that KLF10, Lef1 and β-catenin interact with each other to form a transcriptionally active protein complex leading to enhanced Wnt signaling in VICs. This possibility was further confirmed by the observation that KLF10 and β-catenin co-localize with one another in the nucleus of VICs following stimulation with LiCl and/or TGF-β. Taken together, these data implicate an important role for KLF10 in mediating Wnt signaling and Lef1 transcriptional activity in VICs, and implicate a potential role for canonical Wnt signaling in the observed osteogenic bone phenotype of cardiac aortic valves.
Europe's Twenty-first Century Challenge: Climate Change, Migration and Security:

Most of the refugees arriving in Europe are fleeing civil war and unrest. However, it is important to recognise how the second-order effects of climate change—which can undermine agriculture and increase competition for water and food resources—are contributing to instability and decisions to migrate. While migratory decisions are complex, climate change is an increasingly important contributing factor: it is threatening humanity’s shared interests and collective security in many parts of the world. The cumulative effects of these trends have serious implications for the stability of nations that lack sufficient resources, good governance and the resilience to respond. While there is a need for greater understanding of the detailed causes of migration, as well as the associated economic and political instability, a growing body of evidence links climate change, migration and conflict in troubling ways.
Analysis of Recurrence Patterns in Acral Versus Nonacral Melanoma: Should Histologic Subtype Influence Treatment Guidelines?

Current surgical treatment of primary melanoma is uniform for all histosubtypes, although certain types of melanoma, such as acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM), have a worse prognosis. No study has explored the effectiveness of standard melanoma treatment guidelines for managing ALM compared with nonacral melanoma (NAM). Study subjects were identified from a prospectively enrolled database of patients with primary melanoma at New York University. Patients with ALM were matched to those with NAM (1:3) by gender and melanoma stage, including substage (ALM, 61; NAM, 183). All patients received standard-of-care treatment. Recurrence and survival outcomes in both cohorts were compared. ALM histologic subtype was an independent negative predictor of recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 2.24; P=.001) and melanoma-specific survival (HR, 2.58; P=.001) compared with NAM. Recurrence was significantly more common in patients with ALM than in those with NAM (49% vs 30%; P=.007). For tumors less than 2 mm in thickness, a significantly higher recurrence rate was seen with ALM versus NAM (P=.048). No significant difference was seen in recurrence for tumors greater than 2 mm (P=.12). Notably, the rate of locoregional recurrence was nearly double for ALM compared with NAM (P=.001). The data presented herein reveal a high rate of locoregional failure in ALM compared with NAM when controlling for AJCC stage. These results raise the question of whether ALM may require more aggressive surgical treatment than nonacral cutaneous melanomas of equal thickness, particularly in tumors less than 2 mm thick. Larger multicenter trials are necessary for further conclusions.
Reeducation and Rehabilitation of the Drunken Driver

DWI corrective courses show some signs of improving the knowledge and attitude and subsequent behavior of those who attend. Properly organized and conducted, they have good potential for serving as...
High Level Architecture-Based Power Grid Comprehensive Simulation Platform

Taking the key links in electric power production as simulation objects,a tentative idea of composing a comprehensive power gird simulation platform is proposed. The composition and functions of this simulation platform is analyzed in detail,and the federation object model (FOM) and the simulation object model (SOM) are designed and the parameters of interaction class are described. According to the features of power system simulation,the data distribution strategy filtering interactive data by the name of substation and the time advance strategy based on stamp-time event are designed. Finally,the implementation of federates and the features of simulation platform are presented. The proposed simulation platform is applied in practical projects,and it is shown that the proposed simulation platform can meet the demand of developing comprehensive simulation system for complicated power grid.
Commentary on 'The effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on postnatal depression: a randomised clinical trial'

Providing effective contraception is a key component of postpartum care. Making sure that a woman does not get pregnant again before she is ready is important for both maternal and infant health. Preventing a short interpregnancy interval ensures adequate time to bond and care for the infant, allows adequate time for maternal recovery, and prevents complications with future pregnancy, such as preterm birth and low birth weight.1 Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) has several characteristics that make it ideal for this purpose. It is highly effective, reasonably inexpensive, does not require special training for administration, and …
Problems of Initial Adaptation for the USSR and Pakistan

The USSR under Stalin was not very quick in extending diplomatic recognition to Pakistan, nor were the Muslim League leaders anxious to establish friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Liaquat Ali Khan, who became the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, the Finance Minister in the Interim Government of India (which was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru), actually attempted to block the appointment of Nehru’s sister, Mrs Vijay Lakshmi Pandit, as Indian ambassador to Moscow. She did, however, succeed in presenting her credentials in Moscow — on 13 August 1947 — one day before the formal independence of India and Pakistan was proclaimed. Ironically, she was never received by Stalin, who had perceived India to be a British ‘satellite’. The Soviet Union did not send a congratulatory message to the Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) upon the birth of Pakistan on 14 August 1947.
Expert System Applications in Underwater Acoustics

The development of computer systems that identify the classification of a vessel from its acoustic signature is more complicated than building an expert system in many domains. Vessel classification requires two kinds of intelligent activity: analysis to identify features in the acoustic data, and inference to establish likely classifications. In this tutorial we examine a practical approach to system development that copes with this dual requirement for Artificial Intelligence. It is based on a hybrid system concept that implements intelligent assistance through a series of evolutionary steps. It deals with the first requirement in a pragmatic way by combining the capabilities of a human analyst/operator with a user-friendly interface.
Endothelial Cells Undergoing Apoptosis Become Proadhesive for Nonactivated Platelets

Under normal conditions, platelets do not adhere to endothelium. However, when platelets or endothelial cells are stimulated by thrombin or cytokines, respectively, platelets bind avidly to endothelium. Because there is accumulating evidence that endothelial cells may become apoptotic under certain proinflammatory or prothrombotic conditions, we investigated whether endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis may become proadhesive for nonactivated platelets. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were induced to undergo apoptosis by staurosporine, a nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor, or by culture in suspension with serum-deprivation. After treatment of HUVEC or platelets with different receptor antagonists, nonactivated, washed human platelets were allowed to adhere to HUVEC for 20 minutes. To exclude matrix involvement, platelet binding was measured in suspension by using flow cytometry. Independent of the method of apoptosis induction, there was a marked increase in platelet binding to apoptotic HUVEC. Although HUVEC exhibited maximal adhesiveness for platelets after 2 to 4 hours, complete DNA fragmentation of HUVEC occurred only several hours later. Adhesion assays after blockade of different platelet receptors showed only involvement of beta1-integrins. Platelet binding to apoptotic HUVEC was inhibited by more than 70% when platelets were treated with blocking anti-beta1 antibodies. Treatment of apoptotic HUVEC with blocking antibodies to different potential platelet receptors, including known ligands for beta1-integrins, did not affect platelet binding. As assessed by determination of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in the supernatants, platelets bound to apoptotic HUVEC became slightly activated. However, significant expression of platelet P-selectin (CD62P) was not found. These data provide further evidence that endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis may contribute to thrombotic events.
Leaving a lasting legacy: All nurses have knowledge and experiences they can pass on to the next generation, say two leading nurse academics

Most nurses have an idea about what they want to do in their profession over the next few years. However, few nurses think about the professional legacy they want to leave behind.
Bone fracture healing in mechanobiological modeling: A review of principles and methods

Bone fracture is a very common body injury. The healing process is physiologically complex, involving both biological and mechanical aspects. Following a fracture, cell migration, cell/tissue differentiation, tissue synthesis, and cytokine and growth factor release occur, regulated by the mechanical environment. Over the past decade, bone healing simulation and modeling has been employed to understand its details and mechanisms, to investigate specific clinical questions, and to design healing strategies. The goal of this effort is to review the history and the most recent work in bone healing simulations with an emphasis on both biological and mechanical properties. Therefore, we provide a brief review of the biology of bone fracture repair, followed by an outline of the key growth factors and mechanical factors influencing it. We then compare different methodologies of bone healing simulation, including conceptual modeling (qualitative modeling of bone healing to understand the general mechanisms), biological modeling (considering only the biological factors and processes), and mechanobiological modeling (considering both biological aspects and mechanical environment). Finally we evaluate different components and clinical applications of bone healing simulation such as mechanical stimuli, phases of bone healing, and angiogenesis.
Cooperation And Competition Networks

This study integrates theory concerning cooperative alliance networks with theory concerning the effects of position in competition networks to build a more encompassing model of alliance formation and product market entry. These are adaptive behaviors essential to the survival and growth of for profit firms that are made more or less likely by how firms are positioned in networks of competitors and allies. We view these networks as distinct, having different members and different structural properties. The combined effect of a firm’s positions in them influences the firm’s ability to form new alliances and enter new markets.
Utility of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Absorption Modeling to Predict the Impact of Salt-to-Base Conversion on Prasugrel HCl Product Bioequivalence in the Presence of Proton Pump Inhibitors

Prasugrel HCl may convert to prasugrel base during manufacturing or storage. It was reported that formulations with different ratios of salt to base were bioequivalent in healthy subjects, but formulations with a higher extent of conversion were not bioequivalent in subjects taking proton pump inhibitor (PPI) whose stomach pH is elevated. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of impact of salt-to-base conversion on prasugrel HCl products BE evaluation in healthy subjects on PPI. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) absorption model was constructed to predict pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of active metabolite after oral administration of prasugrel HCl products containing various fractions of base based on the prasugrel salt and base intrinsic solubility. The intrinsic solubility was obtained by deconvoluting the model against the observed active metabolite PK profiles with various fractions of base in healthy subjects with or without PPI. The developed PBPK absorption model accurately predicted the average active metabolite PK profiles in healthy subjects without PPI for the product containing 100% salt. A model based on assumptions of the fraction of a dose absorbed remaining unchanged for formulations containing different fractions of base over predicted the reduction of bioavailability upon conversion to the base. Therefore, this represented the conservative estimate with respect to the impact of free base in a product on BE evaluation. Virtual BE trial simulation predicted that less than 20% free base in prasugrel HCl product ensures in vivo BE of the generic product including in subjects that may be taking PPI.
Correlation of Clinical Outcome and CT/MR in Acute Stroke Patients with Normal Cerebral Angiography

P38 Objective: To examine clinical outcome of patients presenting with acute stroke who have normal cerebral angiography. Methods: From November 1994 to June 2000, patients with stroke onset of less than 6 hours underwent cerebral angiography prior to intra-arterial thrombolysis. Seventeen patients (15 male, 2 female; mean age 64, range 42–89) with a discharge diagnosis of stroke had normal cerebral angiography. Admission NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) and Rankin score at discharge were obtained in all patients, as well as follow-up CT and/or MR greater than 24 hours after symptom onset. Good outcome was defined as a Rankin score of 0,1, or 2. Poor outcome was defined as a Rankin score of 3 or greater. Patients were divided into 2 categories based on CT/MR findings: lacunar infarct (single or multiple) and cortical infarct. Discharge Rankin scores were correlated with admission NIHSS and findings on follow-up CT/MR. Results: All patients had a discharge Rankin score of 4 or less. Eleven (65%) patients had a poor outcome at discharge and 6 (35%) had a good outcome at discharge. No patient had a normal follow-up CT/MR. All patients with a poor outcome at discharge had a new infarct on follow-up CT/MR. Seven had a new lacunar infarct and 4 had a new cortical infarct. Five (83%) of the 6 patients with good outcome at discharge had new infarcts, 3 lacunar, and 2 cortical. The sixth patient in this group had no new infarct. Admission NIHSS did not correlate with a poor outcome at discharge (Rankin >2; p>0.05, Mann-Whitney). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the majority of patients presenting with acute stroke who have a normal angiogram will have a poor clinical outcome at discharge. Niether admission NIHSS nor follow-up CT/MR were found to reliably predict patient outcome at discharge.
Out of thin air: Hyperventilation-triggered seizures

Voluntary hyperventilation triggers seizures in the vast majority of people with absence epilepsy. The mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon remain unknown. Herein, we review observations - many made long ago - that provide insight into the relationship between breathing and absence seizures.
Discrimination in Organ Donation

The wife, brothers, and parents of a 22 year old black nuclear engineer who was fatally shot in the head refuse to consent to the use of his organs for transplantation. Despite recounting of statistics that the proportion of black patients receiving uremia therapy in the United States exceeds the number of blacks in the general population, the family is united and resolute against giving consent for organ donation. One of the brothers who is a statistician for an insurance company points out that blacks receive less than their share of donated kidneys as is evident from the percent of blacks versus whites on dialysis being higher than the percent of blacks versus whites receiving a kidney transplant. A community leader stated that there was justice in the brother’s feeling and action.
Scalable Network Parameter Estimation in the Presence of Anomalies

This paper considers the problem of parameter estimation in a network in which the stochastic model of its measurements can change due to disruption in an unknown subset of sensors. This uncertainty in the measurements model introduces a new dimension to the estimator design. On one hand, the estimation quality depends on the successful isolation of anomalous sensors, and on the other hand, the detection performance is imperfect because of noisy measurements. Motivated by these two observations, this paper models the problem as a composite hypothesis testing problem and analyzes an optimal estimation framework. In large networks, the dimension of the hypotheses testing problem increases exponentially with the size of the network, and also finding the optimal estimate becomes computationally prohibitive. To counter this, this paper provides a scalable solution that consists of detecting and isolating anomalous sensors followed by a sensor-level estimation routine, and establishes asymptotic optimality of the scalable approach. This paper also formulates the decision rules to establish the reliability of the local estimates formed by each sensor, and the local estimates deemed to be reliable are aggregated to form a global estimate. The optimal and scalable schemes are evaluated and compared in a case study.
Clustering Tendency Applied to Chemical Feature Selection

Methods for feature selection in cluster analysis are not yet well established, although research has demonstrated clearly that extraneous descriptors can mask natural clusters in data. The goal in...
OLDER ADULTS AS CAREGIVERS: HOW DOES IT IMPACT THEIR CONSUMPTION PATTERNS?

AbstractOlder adults have become the emerging force for providing informal caregiving to their parents, grandchildren, or both when needed. To investigate the association between the intensity of caregiving provision and household consumption patterns, this study uses China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011 and 2013 survey data and a difference-in-differences method. Results show that 39.1% of older adults (n=13,098; age 55 or older) in China were informal caregivers in 2013, and the average caregiving time was 16.44 hours/week. Older adults who provided caregiving for more than 40 hours spent significantly more on food, clothing, and transportation, but less on home maintenance, healthcare services, education, and leisure. Interestingly, rural elders becoming more intensive caregivers spent on average 396 yuan more on tobacco and alcohol in 2013 than in 2011. Future policies and programs should pay more attention to financial burdens and time-use impacts for older caregivers.
Estimating the Location of a Nuclear Source in a Three-Dimensional Environment Exhibiting Non-Homogeneous Attenuation

The problem of locating the source of radioactive emissions using a network of sensors is considered. Estimating the three-dimensional location of a nuclear source is especially difficult in environments in which no sensor can be placed in close proximity to the source. In this paper, a multi-stage estimation algorithm is proposed and applied to a Poisson process model for radiation received at sensors that is not only proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the source and the sensor but also accounts for the effects of homogeneous and non-homogeneous attenuation. The algorithm is able to accurately estimate the location of a nuclear source in an urban environment despite the presence of concrete walls and other radiation absorbers whose locations are unknown to the sensor network.
A PROFESSIONAL PROFILE OF DIPLOMATES OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY : 1984-1992

The updated 1993 membership directory of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences lists 163 members in the physical anthropology section. Of these, 38, or approximately 23%, have completed the process of certification and are diplomates of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. In lieu of periodic re-examination, the board requires that each diplomate provide an annual report of professional activities to maintain certification. This information forms a database concerning sources of casework, case types, expertise requested, court activities, and other professional pursuits engaged in by diplomates. Statistics are presented concerning the professional activities of board certified forensic anthropologists in 1992. Trends for the period 1984 to 1992 are analyzed.
Overcoming the colour barrier

High-efficiency, time-domain, near-infrared fluorophores provide multiplexed colour channels for distinct deep bioimaging.
Successfully Proposing and Composing Review Papers

The Journal of Management has been publishing issues containing review articles for over three decades. This article summarizes recent reviews and provides advice for scholars considering the submi...
P145 Results of Using Improvised Kitchen Spaces to Teach Skills-Based Nutrition in Schools

Objective This program was designed to develop cooking skills among youth living in a rural food desert. Use of Theory Research suggests that obesity prevention programs based on Social Cognitive Theory may be effective to promote healthy weight status in school-age youth. SCT was integrated into a nutrition curriculum using improvised kitchen space to provide opportunities for observational learning and development of behavioral skills and self-efficacy. Target Audience This program was designed for high school students living in rural southeastern North Carolina. Teachers at the school were interviewed to identify greatest needs for their students, and a curriculum was planned for the entire 9th grade class. Program Description The curriculum was implemented in 4 sessions. Session 1 targeted food groups and nutrients, with practice opportunities to analyze food labels. Students used laptops in session 2 to find recipes for favorite meals, analyze the nutrition content using an online application, and modify recipes to meet nutrition requirements. In session 3, student teams traveled to a supermarket where each team had $10 to purchase ingredients, and session 4 was devoted to preparing and tasting the modified recipes in an improvised kitchen. Evaluation Methods With IRB approval, the teaching team administered an anonymous follow-up survey to participants (n = 40). Each item (Likert scales) addressed a program objective. Each item began with the stem, “After participating in the nutrition sessions, I feel more confident to:” followed by 12 target behaviors, like “analyze nutrition information for any recipe.” Results Of 40 participants, 78% reported increased confidence to perform at least 75% of the target behaviors. Conclusions Integration of SCT in a cooking curriculum could improve self-efficacy to perform cooking related skills. Higher self-efficacy may increase frequency of a behavior (Glanz, Rimer, and Viswanath, p. 163). Improvised kitchen space provides small teams with chances for observational learning, social support, and stress-free opportunities to develop mastery of skills. Funding None.
Volumetric tumor response assessment is inefficient without overt clinical benefit compared to conventional, manual veterinary response assessment in canine nasal tumors.

Accurate assessment of tumor response to therapy is critical in guiding management of veterinary oncology patients and is most commonly performed using response evaluation criteria in solid tumors criteria. This process can be time consuming and have high intra- and interobserver variability. The primary aim of this serial measurements, secondary analysis study was to compare manual linear tumor response assessment to semi-automated, contoured response assessment in canine nasal tumors. The secondary objective was to determine if tumor measurements or clinical characteristics, such as stage, would correlate to progression-free interval. Three investigators evaluated paired CT scans of skulls of 22 dogs with nasal tumors obtained prior to and following radiation therapy. The automatically generated tumor volumes were not useful for canine nasal tumors in this study, characterized by poor intraobserver agreement between automatically generated contours and hand-adjusted contours. The radiologist's manual linear method of determining response evaluation criteria in solid tumors categorization and tumor volume is significantly faster (P < .0001) but significantly underestimates nasal tumor volume (P < .05) when compared to a contour-based method. Interobserver agreement was greater for volume determination using the contour-based method when compared to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors categorization utilizing the same method. However, response evaluation criteria in solid tumors categorization and percentage volume change were strongly correlated, providing validity to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors as a rapid method of tumor response assessment for canine nasal tumors. No clinical characteristics or tumor measurements were significantly associated with progression-free interval.
E-013 Mixing ethanol and contrast for use as a liquid embolic agent

Introduction There is currently minimal information in the literature defining the interactions of ethanol with various non-ionic contrast agents. There are two main questions to explore: 1) at what concentration ratio will precipitation occur? And 2) does the dilutional effect of contrast reduce the embolic effect of ethanol? The aim of this project is solely to answer the first question. At our institution, iopamidol (Isovue) and iohexol (Omnipaque) are the main non-ionic contrast agents of choice. We plan to conduct a simple experiment where we will add sequential amount of absolute ethanol to these non-ionic agents until we reach the crystallization threshold concentration. This will provide useful information for the interventionalist such that concern for intracatheter or proximal vessel precipitation can be avoided when using ethanol as a sclerosant for vascular malformations. Absolute ethanol embolization has been used for the treatment of brain and other AVMs such as those involving the mandible. Ethanol directly damages the endothelial layer and fractures the vascular wall to the level of the internal elastic lamina, which provides a more curative and permanent effect. As a fluid agent, ethanol penetrates to the capillary level. Inflow occlusion with balloon catheters may be required to induce decreased flow and vascular stasis such that full contact of ethanol with endothelium is obtainable. Given its penetrance to the capillary level, all collateral circulation is shut down and necrosis can occur. The amount of ethanol is dependent on the flow and volume characteristics with no set pre-determined amount. The amount of contrast needed to displace blood and not reflux provides a good estimate of the amount of ethanol required for embolization. Methods We continuously added small amounts of pure ethanol (98% ethanol) at a rate of .15 mL ethanol/min using a syringe pump to a vial containing 3 mL of Isovue 300 contrast agent. A spinning magnetic stirrer was used in the vial of Isovue to aid in mixing. We monitored for particle precipitation utilizing the Tyndall effect by shining light through the vial. Results/Discussion There was no evidence for particle precipitation with concentrations reaching as high as 75% ethanol (9 mL of ethanol/3 mL of Isovue 300). This concentration is even higher than an optimal concentration of 50% ethanol/50% Isovue, which would provide adequate visualization of the sclerosing agent, while also maintaining its destructive properties. Conclusion We conclude that adding ethanol to Isovue provides a safe visible liquid embolic agent able to reach the capillary level without causing microcatheter occlusion or proximal artery occlusion from precipitation. Disclosures S. Rudkin: None.
A New Media Literacy: Using Film Theory for a Pedagogy That Makes Skills Courses More Inclusive, Representative, and Critically Media Literate:

It is vital that critical media literacy be integrated in media programs’ skills courses. For students to become well-rounded and inclusive media makers, educators need to help students gain critic...