cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bird strike risk mitigation using avian radar and ADS-B

This research investigates taking avian radar target detections from an avian radar system and producing target reports that are suitable for distribution within the National Airspace System (NAS) to mitigate bird strike risk on aircraft. Radar target detections are obtained in the All-purpose STructured Eurocontrol suRveillance Information eXchange (ASTERIX) air traffic control (ATC) standard data format developed by Eurocontrol. This data, which is often sent as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic over a network, contains information about both the radar targets and the radar system itself, and the format is flexible with more than 60 different categories of messages. Once decoded, the radar data and information from other sources, including received ADS-B position reports of aircraft in the area and geographic information about the airport, are fed into an Avian Target Processor which intelligently filters the data using a custom designed algorithm. The Avian Target Processor aims to reduce the total number of reports by removing target detections which do not meet a threshold of risk to the aircraft based on multiple factors. Once the reports are filtered, they can be transmitted through the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) standard (i.e., universal access transceiver (UAT), 1090ES) as traffic targets. These avian target reports may be transmitted to the airport Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower and aircraft users within the operational range of the airport. Details for formatting the bird detections as avian target reports using an ADS-B message structure within the UAT frame structure are presented. The overall design of using avian radar and ADS-B as well as the avian message formatting the ADS-B Segment of the UAT Frame are included in this paper. The authors also believe this type of architecture and detection system can be applied to detect other low radar cross section (RCS) targets (e.g., UASs) that may operate in and around the airport property and present a potential risk to airborne aircraft.
Diabatic Surface Boundary Layers

The distribution of the mean wind and mean concentration of passive properties in neutral surface layers has already been considered in Chap. 3. With the use of the energy equations of the last chapter, it is now possible to extend this discussion to layers that are being heated or cooled from below. We shall also consider the vertical distribution of mean temperature, which in neutral layers is constrained to have an adiabatic lapse rate.
Methodology in Consultation-Liaison Research: A Classification of Biases

Methodology is receiving overdue attentioti in psychiatric research. This article focuses on biases encountered in studies in consultation-liaison psychiatry. A classification of biases derived from epidemiology is presented, and the expected impact of each bias is discussed. Methods to minimize bias in the design and implementation of consultation-liaison research are suggested.
Genomic and Clinical Predictors Associated with Long-Term Success After Bariatric Surgery

Thresholds for defining successful weight loss following bariatric surgery range from 40 to 70 % of excess body weight lost, with some degree of long-term weight regain occurring in many patients. The main classes of surgical procedures currently in general use, including the two most commonly performed operations, the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), also continue to evolve. RYGB creates a small gastric pouch to restrict the size of the stomach to cause early satiety, as well as a bypass of the proximal small intestine to decrease nutrient absorption. This procedure in the morbidly obese usually induces about 65–70 % excess body weight loss (EBWL), although weight loss plateaus at 1–2 years, often with some regain, and a subgroup of patients remain resistant to weight loss. Analysis of variables associated with weight loss following these procedures has shown little consistency; thus long-term sustained weight loss may depend upon as yet unidentified factors. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the known variables, clinical and biological, that are associated with differential weight loss outcomes following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.
mGluR5 hypofunction is integral to glutamatergic dysregulation in schizophrenia.

Multiple lines of evidence point to glutamatergic signaling in the postsynaptic density (PSD) as a pathophysiologic mechanism in schizophrenia. Integral to PSD glutamatergic signaling is reciprocal interplay between GluN and mGluR5 signaling. We examined agonist-induced mGluR5 signaling in the postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) derived from 17 patients and age-matched and sex-matched controls. The patient group showed a striking reduction in mGluR5 signaling, manifested by decreases in Gq/11 coupling and association with PI3K and Homer compared to controls (p < 0.01 for all). This was accompanied by increases in serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of mGluR5, which can decrease mGluR5 activity via desensitization (p < 0.01). In addition, we find altered protein–protein interaction (PPI) of mGluR5 with RGS4, norbin, Preso 1 and tamalin, which can also attenuate mGluR5 activity. We previously reported molecular underpinnings of GluN hypofunction (decreased GluN2 phosphorylation) and here we show those of reduced mGluR5 signaling in schizophrenia. We find that reduced GluN2 phosphorylation can be precipitated by attenuated mGluR5 activity and that increased mGluR5 phosphorylation can result from decreased GluN function, suggesting a reciprocal interplay between the two pathways in schizophrenia. Interestingly, the patient group showed decreased mGluR5–GluN association (p < 0.01), a mechanistic basis for the reciprocal facilitation. In sum, we present the first direct evidence for mGluR5 hypoactivity, propose a reciprocal interplay between GluN and mGluR5 pathways as integral to glutamatergic dysregulation and suggest protein–protein interactions in mGluR5–GluN complexes as potential targets for intervention in schizophrenia.
On material transport by shelfbreak eddies

AbstractThe Lagrangian motion in the eddy field produced from an unstable retrograde jet along the shelf break is studied from idealized numerical experiments with a primitive equation model. The j...
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Postoperative Complications Following Laparoscopic Hysterectomy for Benign Indications.

Background Current research pertaining to minimally invasive gynecologic surgical outcomes in the context of diabetes mellitus (DM) is limited. This study seeks to evaluate the association between DM and postoperative complications following laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was utilized. We identified laparoscopic hysterectomies completed for benign indications from 2007 to 2016 using current procedural terminology codes. Complications were evaluated by DM status: non-insulin-dependent DM (NIDDM), insulin-dependent DM (IDDM), and non-DM. Postoperative complications were evaluated utilizing univariate and multivariate analyses. Results We identified 56,640 laparoscopic hysterectomies. Though both the IDDM and NIDDM cohorts had an increased incidence of postoperative complications compared to the non-diabetes cohort. The IDDM group had the highest incidence of all 3 cohorts. Compared to non-DM, the IDDM group had higher odds of reintubation (OR 4.23; 95% CI 1.59-11.19), urinary tract infection (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.022-2.069), and extended length of stay (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.36-2.26). Conclusion Both NIDDM and IDDM were independent risk factors for postoperative complications after laparoscopic hysterectomy. However, the IDDM cohort had the highest odds of complications. Diabetic patients should be carefully counseled regarding their elevated risk of perioperative complications.
Contralateral approach for the treatment of a distal supraclinoid aneurysm: a technical case report.

Background: When treating intracranial aneurysms with open microsurgery, rare cases arise in which an ipsilateral approach leads to poor visualization, lack of proximal control, or potential damage to nearby vital structures due to the anatomy of the aneurysm. Case Description: We describe a patient with a small, unruptured aneurysm arising from the medial aspect of the distal supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA), just below the ICA bifurcation. A contralateral surgical approach was chosen because our view of the aneurysm from an ipsilateral approach would have been obstructed by the ICA. The contralateral approach provided excellent exposure of the aneurysm and allowed for precise clip placement without complications. Conclusions: Contralateral approaches may be a good option for some small medially pointing aneurysm of large proximal cerebral arteries.
Antihyperalgesia effect of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators in a mouse model of postoperative pain

To the editor, We read with great interest your excellent paper on the antihyperalgesic effect of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators.[1][1] The fact that you assert that the value of the drug may be in the postsurgical period in patients with diabetic neuropathy caught our attention. We
A three-dimensional model for analysis and control of phase change phenomena during 3D printing of biological tissue

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of the fastest advancing and most promising techniques for tissue engineering. However, despite numerous developments in 3D bioprinting, issues of size scalability remain. Two primary factors limiting the scale of printable objects are the structural properties of the bioinks and the unsustainable time it takes to bioprint large structures. Freezing has been proposed as a possible solution to both, improving the mechanical properties of the soft aqueous hydrogel bioinks and reducing the adverse effects of cell metabolism with the lowered temperature. In addition, it eases the longer-term cryopreservation of the larger tissue constructs as they can be frozen element by element at faster (more preferable) and uniform cooling rates during printing rather than whole after 3D bioprinting. However, for freezing to be a feasible 3D bioprinting technique, there is a need to better understand the effect of phase change during printing on biological matter. This can be done by rigorous experimentation or alternatively, using mathematical tools and models. Though, most techniques of 3D printing are inherently thermal processes, limited thermal analysis has been done on extrusion-based (fused deposition modeling) printing processes to characterize thermal effects. This paper introduces a model for analysis of the thermal phase change process during the 3D bioprinting of biological matter at low temperature. The model was developed and experimentally validated for an extrusion-based printing process of aqueous biological material. It was used to investigate the conditions under which a constant freezing rate could be achieved during multilayer printing and the size limitations in conduction dependent freezing from a cold surface during printing. Overall, this model could be a useful tool for the design and control of the 3D printing protocols.
A mineralogical and geochemical investigation of modern aeolian sands near Tonopah, Nevada: Sources and environmental implications

Abstract The mineralogical and geochemical composition of sands across arid to semi-arid landscapes can be used to evaluate the nature of their source lithologies. Once these characteristics are established, these sands have the potential to be implemented as background reference materials in environmentally-focused studies (e.g., mine waste pollution). Tonopah, Nevada is an economically disadvantaged town with a long history of silver mining. Tonopah and surrounding areas with similar histories are also examples of significantly understudied regions with respect to several environmental concerns. Sands sampled in this study are part of a star-shaped dune system ~15 km north of Tonopah. They are medium-grained and are very well sorted: arithmetic mean grain size from 263 to 335 µm. From Quartz – Feldspar – Lithic (QFL) classification the sands are feldspathic litharenites to weakly litharenitic. Powder X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy observations identify quartz, ordered calcian albite, and sanidine as the dominant minerals with rarer calcite, magnesian calcite, and amphibole. Scanning electron microscopy indicates grains have a range of textural maturity, with rhyolitic and basaltic lithic grains present. From bulk elemental chemistry, sands are geochemically akin to that of Earth’s bulk upper continental crust, are quartz-rich, formed in arid to semi-arid climates, and were derived from a felsic igneous province (or provinces). The origin of these sands is further investigated by comparing bulk major elemental signatures to the composition of global, regional, and local dune systems, in addition to local and regional bedrock. Regionally, Tonopah sands are compositionally similar to those of the Mojave Desert dune fields (e.g. Cadiz) and distinct from those of the Algodones and Parker dunes of California and Arizona respectively. Consistent with source inferences for the Cadiz, Danby, and Dale lake sands of the Mojave Desert, Tonopah sands are inferred to be derived from chemically evolved provinces. For Tonopah, derivation from the local, Micoene-aged, andesite-dacite-rhyolite suites is inferred. Through comprehensive characterization of the Tonopah sands a geogenic background composition for the region, and an important reference material for future environmental investigations, has been established.
Gasdermin-D-dependent IL-1α release from microglia promotes protective immunity during chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection

Microglia, resident immune cells of the CNS, are thought to defend against infections. Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic infection that can cause severe neurological disease. Here we report that during T. gondii infection a strong NF-κB and inflammatory cytokine transcriptional signature is overrepresented in blood-derived macrophages versus microglia. Interestingly, IL-1α is enriched in microglia and IL-1β in macrophages. We find that mice lacking IL-1R1 or IL-1α, but not IL-1β, have impaired parasite control and immune cell infiltration within the brain. Further, we show that microglia, not peripheral myeloid cells, release IL-1α ex vivo. Finally, we show that ex vivo IL-1α release is gasdermin-D dependent, and that gasdermin-D and caspase-1/11 deficient mice show deficits in brain inflammation and parasite control. These results demonstrate that microglia and macrophages are differently equipped to propagate inflammation, and that in chronic T. gondii infection, microglia can release the alarmin IL-1α, promoting neuroinflammation and parasite control. Control over T. gondii infection in the brain involves microglial cells, but how these cells execute this control is not clear. Here the authors show that unlike IL-1β dominant macrophages, microglia are primed for gasdermin-D-dependent IL-1α production that is critical for protection against T. gondii infection.
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of N-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine (SRI-22819) as NF-ҡB activators for the treatment of ALS.

Abstract ALS is a rare type of progressive neurological disease with unknown etiology. It results in the gradual degeneration and death of motor neurons responsible for controlling the voluntary muscles. Identification of mutations in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 gene has been the most significant finding in ALS research. SOD1 abnormalities have been associated with both familial as well as sporadic ALS cases. SOD2 is a highly inducible SOD that performs in concurrence with SOD1 to detoxify ROS. Induction of SOD2 can be obtained through activation of NF-ҡBs. We previously reported that SRI-22819 increases NF-ҡB expression and activation in vitro, but it has poor ADME properties in general and has no oral bioavailability. Our initial studies were focused on direct modifications of SRI-22819. There were active compounds identified but no improvement in microsomal stability was observed. In this context, we focused on making more significant structural changes in the core of the molecule. Ataluren, an oxadiazole compound that promotes read-through and expression of dystrophin in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, bears some structural similarity to SRI-22819. Thus, we synthesized a series of SRI-22819 and Ataluren (PTC124) hybrid compounds. Several compounds from this series exhibited improved activity, microsomal stability and lower calculated polar surface area (PSA). This manuscript describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of SRI-22819 analogs and its hybrid combination with Ataluren.
Abstract P726: Cytochrome B5 Reductase 3 Modifies The Brain-Blood Axis Response To Ischemic Stroke In Mice With Sickle Cell Disease

Introduction: Stroke and silent infarcts are serious complications of sickle cell disease (SCD), occurring frequently in children. Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability and responsiveness contribu...
The effect of low-dose radiation spillage during stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases on the development of de novo metastases.

Abstract Purpose/Objective(s) Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for metastatic disease to the brain is associated with higher in-brain failures compared to whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT). Here we investigated the relationship between low-dose fall off during SRS and location of new brain lesions. Materials and Methods One hundred sixty-seven patients treated with single fraction or fractionated SRS for intact or resected brain metastases at our institution from January 2016 to June 2018 were reviewed. Patients with imaging findings of new brain metastases after the initial SRS were included. Patients with WBRT before SRS were excluded. MRI scans for repeat treatments were fused with initial SRS plan. New lesions were outlined on the initial SRS planning CT. The mean dose that the site of new lesions received from initial SRS was tabulated. Results Thirty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. 165 new lesions were evaluated. There was a lower propensity to develop new brain lesions with increasing dose received by the regions from prior SRS, with 66%, 34%, 19%, 13%, 6%, 5%, 2% and 1% of new lesions appearing in regions that received less than 1 Gy, greater than or equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 Gy, respectively. Higher doses are received by smaller brain volumes during SRS. After accounting for volume, 14, 14, 11, 7, 2, 2, 1 and 1 new lesions appeared per 100 cm3 of brain in regions that received doses of less than 1 Gy, greater than or equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 Gy, respectively, from prior SRS. Conclusions We identified low dose spillage during SRS to be associated with lower incidence of new brain metastases. Validation in larger dataset or prospective study of the combination of SRS with low dose WBRT would be crucial in order to establish causality of these findings.
Durability of Antibody Levels After Vaccination With mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Individuals With or Without Prior Infection.

This study examines antibody durability in individuals who received an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection vs those without infection.
Research self-efficacy

Does social work research education work? To answer this question, instructors employ an array of traditional measures, each with its own limitations and compromises. The validity and utility of st...
Resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus in transgenic wheat expressing the viral replicase (NIb) gene

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hi-Line) immature embryos were transformed with the replicase gene (NIb) of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) by the biolistic method. Six independent transgenic plant lines were analyzed for transgene expression and for resistance to mechanical inoculation of WSMV at R3 or R4 generation. Four out of the six lines showed various degree of resistance to WSMV. These lines had initially milder symptoms than controls, and the new growth ranged from milder symptoms, a substantial delay in symptom development, or asymptomatic. Two lines displayed higher resistance with very mild virus symptoms after inoculation and the new growth of 72% and 32% plants from these lines were asymptomatic and had no detectable virus through the plant life cycle. Interestingly, five out of the six transgenic lines had no detectable transgene mRNA expression by RNA gel blot hybridization. The only line that had detectable transgene mRNA did not show delay in the symptom development but had overall milder symptom to the virus. Wheat streak mosaic (WSM) is a serious disease of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) in the Great Plains region of the United States, Canada and many other wheat producing countries [6]. WSM disease causes an estimated annual loss in crop yield of approximately 2% in the US [2, 11] and localized yield losses of up to 100% are common [25]. The disease is caused by wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) of the genus Tritimovirus [15] in the family Potyviridue .W SMV
Social capital and intentional change: Exploring the role of social networks on individual change efforts

Purpose – Better understanding the mechanisms through which individuals engage in sustainable change efforts has been an ongoing concern of both researchers and practitioners. While dyadic interactions with others can play a significant role in individual change efforts, the purpose of this article is to explore how the networks of relationships in which individuals are embedded are likely to impact their efforts to engage in sustainable change.Design/methodology/approach – This article develops a conceptual framework and offers propositions regarding the suggested impact of bridging and bonding social capital on each of the discovery phases of the intentional change process.Findings – Drawing on a variety of literatures, It is argued that the bridging and bonding forms of social capital may each significantly influence the intentional change process, but in different ways. Also provided is an example of how the intentional change process can, in turn, be utilized to build one's social capital.Originality...
Nephrotoxicity of Cephalosporin Antibiotics

Several of the cephalosporins produce acute proximal tubular necrosis when given in large single doses (Tune and Fravert, 1980b). The degree of nephrotoxicity varies considerably among the individual cephalosporins. As recently reviewed in a clinical context (Prime and Tune, 1981), toxicity is severe enough with some to restrict their use significantly, but ranges from relatively mild to absent with others (Tune and Fravert, 1980b). The reasons for these individual differences have not been fully elucidated.
Improving efficiency of the active-clamped SEPIC rectifier at high line frequencies

The performance of a conventional isolated SEPIC rectifier can be improved with an active voltage clamp. Relatively high efficiency and low total harmonic distortion (THD) can be achieved with an active-clamped SEPIC rectifier in high-line-frequency (360-800 Hz) avionics applications. However, it is observed that a diode conduction problem affects the rectifier efficiency as the line frequency increases. This paper explains the diode conduction problem and presents a solution that is based on a variation of the same topology. An efficiency of 90% has been achieved for a power level of 100 W over the entire line frequency range. Additionally, the solution offers the possibility of high-voltage bulk energy storage
Cell division and prophage induction in Escherichia coli: studies of nucleotide levels.

Cell division and prophage repression in the Escherichia coli mutant, T-44, are very sensitive to the levels of certain purine and pyrimidine derivatives in the media. The hypothesis that a change in the level of an adenine derivative in the small molecule pool of this strain was responsible for prophage induction and filament formation was tested. The nucleoside triphosphate pools in T-44 and C-600 nonlysogenic and lysogenic strains were labeled in experiments with 32P and 33P. Cultures were mixed, and the nucleotides were isolated. When adenine was present, the level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in T-44 compared to C-600 (as indicated by the isotope ratio) was increased up to twofold. Most of the other nucleotides increased but not to the same degree. In the lysogenic strain guanosine triphosphate and deoxycytidine triphosphate showed increases comparable to ATP, whereas increases noted in the deoxynucleotides in T-44 ± λ with adenine present were less. In experiments where T-44 and C-600 were incubated with 3H- and 14C-adenine, the levels of several compounds, including ATP, were slightly elevated in T-44. The combined data suggest that cultures of T-44 ± λ, grown in the presence of adenine, show a preferential increase in the level of ATP when compared to C-600 ± λ, but the increase in relation to the other nucleotides is less than twofold. In the experiment with 3H- and 14C-adenine, the level of inosine was found to be increased in T-44 relative to C-600. Cyclic AMP, when added to cultures of T-44 under various conditions, had no effect on prophage induction. Intracellular and extracellular levels of cyclic AMP in T-44 compared to C-600, incubated with had-acidin, guanosine, and cytidine (HGC) or with HGC plus adenine, were not significantly different. No compelling evidence for altered nucleotide metabolism in T-44 ± λ as a cause of prophage induction or filament formation was obtained.
A review of synthesis techniques for Petri nets

Research results regarding synthesis techniques for Petri nets are reviewed. These methods can be adopted for modeling parallel and distributed application environments such as automated manufacturing systems to provide a solution for handling complex and concurrent interactions. Significant synthesis techniques, which are basically classified into bottom-up and top-down methods, are discussed. Bottom-up techniques, consisting of merging of places and sharing of simple elementary paths, have the advantage of ease of system description since the modeled subsystems usually have real-life correspondences. Nevertheless, with existing techniques the synthesized system may not exhibit the same control properties as the subsystems. Top-down methods, including refinement of transitions and refinement of places, have the advantage of viewing the system globally, which may generate more structured designs. However, it is difficult to apply these methods to environments with highly shared resources. Automated manufacturing system examples are given to demonstrate the applications of the methods. >
Metastable states in alumina-rich La2O3:Al2O3 and Nd2O3:Al2O3

Alumina-rich mixtures of La 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 have equilibrium phases that are perovskite (LaAlO 3 ) and β-alumina (LaAl 11 O 18 ). Annealing initially glassy samples with compositions 3La 2 O 3 -5Al 2 O 3 or 11La 2 O 3 -14Al 2 O 3 between 860° and 1075°C creates a metastable state that is clearly detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). While structures have not been determined, the new state appears to have two crystalline phases. This metastable state is favored by low annealing temperatures and by compositions with more rare-earth oxide. Similar behavior is seen with Nd 2 O 3 :Al 2 O 3 compositions, although the smaller Nd ion is less effective in promoting the metastable structure. The detection of equilibrium β-alumina by XRD can be difficult, leading to possible misinterpretation of phases that are present.
Precision spectral peak frequency measurement using a window leakage ratio function

Abstract For power spectra of signals consisting of stationary sinusoids mixed with random noise, the frequency and amplitude of a spectral peak can be estimated with greater accuracy than the nearest frequency bin of the Fourier transform by exploiting the spectral leakage characteristics for the particular data window used. Techniques such as linear interpolation or an amplitude weighted average have inadequate precision due to the nonlinear leakage into adjacent bins and the dependence on data window type. This paper offers a new general algorithm presented using the Fourier coefficients c k of the input data window to produce a function which is the ratio of the side-bin amplitudes of the window in the frequency domain. The ratio function allows one to use the amplitudes of the adjacent bins of a spectral peak to precisely estimate the peak frequency and amplitude when the frequency does not lie exactly on a frequency bin (in between the discrete bins of a Fourier transform). Examples are provided for a number of popular data windows. The ratio function can be most easily implemented using a simplified log-ratio function for the window side bin magnitudes. A statistical analysis provides a useful frequency estimation error estimate given the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectral peak based on an approximation of the ratio of non-zero mean Gaussian variables. The benefits of this technique are not just improved estimation accuracy for amplitude and frequency, but also allow large spectral data files to be accurately reduced in size for remote monitoring of vibration spectra. An example is given of a methodology for reduction of spectral data file size without the loss of important signals for analysis where the file size is reduced by 88% with only a few percent error, which is mostly confined to the background noise in the reconstructed spectrum.
Trace constituents in oceanic cloud water and their origin

Samples of oceanic cloud water collected during periods of varying rates of sea salt aerosol production have been analyzed for chloride, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and sulfate ions. For each of the ions, the portions originating from sea salt, chemical fractionation, and advected materials were calculated. Enrichment by chemical fractionation of sea salt was detected only in the case of magnesium. Considerable contributions of calcium and sulfate from origins other than sea salt were observed. Evidence indicates that excess chloride occurs erratically, and originates from volcanic activity. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb01941.x
Large-scale photonic integrated circuits

100-Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) transmitter and receiver photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are demonstrated. The transmitter is realized through the integration of over 50 discrete functions onto a single monolithic InP chip. The resultant DWDM PICs are capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving ten wavelengths at 10 Gb/s on a DWDM wavelength grid. Optical system performance results across a representative DWDM long-haul link are presented for a next-generation optical transport system using these large-scale PICs. The large-scale PIC enables significant reductions in cost, packaging complexity, size, fiber coupling, and power consumption.
The relationship between symptoms of autism spectrum disorders and psychotropic medication use in infants and toddlers

Abstract Little research has been conducted to date on the relationship between psychotropic medication use and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Participants in the current study were placed into one of four groups: ASD on psychotropic medications ( N = 33), ASD off psychotropic medications ( N = 45), atypically developing on psychotropic medications ( N = 30) and atypically developing off psychotropic medications ( N = 45). Severity of autistic symptoms were compared between the groups based on total scores on the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits, Part 1(BISCUIT Part-1 ). Toddlers with ASD on psychotropic medications had significantly higher ratings than any other group. No such relationship was found within the atypically developing group. The results suggest a relationship between psychotropic medication use and severity of autistic symptoms in infants and toddlers. Implications of these results are discussed.
Albinism in White Leghorn Chickens

The appearance in 1988 of an oculocutaneous albino chick in a Single Comb White Leghorn line suggested a new mutational event. This line was closed in 1949, and has been reproduced each spring since then. Subsequent matings indicated that the mutation occurred at the C pigment locus. A mating of the Wisconsin albino (WIA) to cre/cre (red-eyed white) birds showed the mutation to be incompletely recessive to cre. No segregation was apparent when mated to ca/ca (recessive albinism) birds. These data indicate that the WIA mutation is identical to, or very similar to, the previously described tyrosinase-negative ca mutation at the C locus.
Circular array of stable atmospheric pressure microplasmas

A circular array composed of six quarter-wavelength microstripline resonators sustains a stable ring-shaped microplasma in atmospheric pressure argon. A single power source (1 GHz, <5 W) drives all six resonators. The operation of the array is modeled by coupled mode theory (CMT) and confirmed by electromagnetic simulations. Non-uniformities in the plasma ring are attributed to parasitic plasma sheath capacitance and confirmed by CMT.
The charging of nonspherical particles in a corona discharge

Electrostatic precipitation of dust may be considered as occurring in two stages: the charging stage, in which the dust particles are charged by an ion stream, and the collecting stage, in which the charged particles are deposited on one electrode by an electric field. The two stages proceed simultaneously in the industrial-type precipitator. The efficiency of the collecting process depends among other things on the effectiveness of the charging process: the particle charge should be as large as possible.
12.5 pm/V hybrid silicon and lithium niobate optical microring resonator with integrated electrodes

We present a silicon microring resonator with a lithium niobate top cladding and integrated tuning electrodes. Submicrometer thin films of z-cut lithium niobate are bonded to silicon microring resonators via benzocyclobutene. Integrated electrodes are incorporated to confine voltage controlled electric fields within the lithium niobate thin film. The electrode design utilizes thin film metal electrodes and an optically transparent electrode wherein the silicon waveguide core serves as both an optical waveguide medium and as a conductive electrode medium. The hybrid material system combines the electro-optic functionality of lithium niobate with the high index contrast of silicon waveguides, enabling compact low tuning voltage microring resonators. Optical characterization of fabricated devices results in a measured loaded quality factor of 11,500 and a free spectral range of 7.15 nm in the infrared. The demonstrated tunability is 12.5 pm/V, which is over an order of magnitude greater than electrode-free designs.
Retention behavior in tungsten and molybdenum exposed to high fluences of deuterium ions in TPE

Abstract The Tritium Plasma Experiment (TPE) has been used to investigate deuterium fuel retention behavior in tungsten and molybdenum-materials utilized for plasma-facing surfaces in some existing tokamak plasma devices and under consideration for future devices. Although several studies have been performed over the past several years on these metals, many issues remain unresolved, including for example blister formation mechanisms and correlation to surface conditions. In this study, we expose several metal samples to deuterium ion fluences up to 10 26 ions/m 2 and measure retention behavior with thermal desorption spectroscopy. Fractional retention of up to 2.0 × 10 −5 is found for W at 600 K, and Mo similarly retains deuterium at a fraction of 1.5 × 10 −5 at 600 K. Blistering was found for W samples exposed at temperatures above 453 K, whereas blistering was not observed for Mo samples at any experiment temperature.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE 126-NEUTRON SHELL ON THE ALPHA-DECAY PROPERTIES OF THE ISOTOPES OF EMANATION, FRANCIUM, AND RADIUM

Abstract A consideration of alpha systematics indicated that it might be possible to prepare a number of new isotopes of emanation, francium, and radium with half-lives sufficiently long to permit radio-chemical isolation and identification. These isotopes were predicted to lie below the neutron number 126, or much lighter in mass number than the naturally occurring isotopes of these elements. The new isotopes were looked for and found in various cyclotron bombardments, including the bombardment of thorium with high-energy protons, the bombardment of lead with high-energy carbon ions, and bombardment of gold with high-energy nitrogen ions. Data are presented for 16-hour Em 211 , 2·7-hour Em 210 , 30-minute Em 209 , 23-minute Em 208 , 11-minute Em 207 , 6·2-minute Em 206 , 2·7-minute Ra 213 , and 19-minute Fr 212 . The complete data are summarized in Table 2. The methods of chemical purification, the measurements of the energy of the radiations, and the experiments proving genetic relationships are discussed in detail. Of particular interest is the development of a glow-discharge method for the deposition of rare-gas radioactivity on metallic counting foils.
Crystallographic Data for Yohimbine

The crystallography of the alkaloid yohimbine has not been completely described in the literature.X-ray powder diffraction data, unit cell dimensions, and optical data are given here to remedy this omission.
When children are witnesses: The effects of context, age and gender on adults' perceptions of cognitive ability and honesty

The goals of the present study were to examine how context impacts perceptions of children, and the extent to which context interacts with a child's age and gender to alter adults perceptions of children. Specifically, we examine how perceptions of honesty (i.e. knowing the difference between truth and lie, being trusted by adults, being reliable, and honest) and cognitive ability (i.e. having a good memory for events and being able to attend and concentrate) are the same or different in the context of a child sexual abuse case (CSA) than when no context is provided. First, the results revealed few significant findings with regard to either juror or child gender. The analyses did reveal several context effects, with attention, trusted, reliable and honesty each producing higher ratings, and therefore better perceived memories, in the CSA condition than the no context condition. Also, ratings of all the dependent variables varied by age and 4 out of the 5 higher order interactions involved child age. Importantly, we found that ratings of honesty and cognitive abilities were not linear with age but, typically, ratings increased with age but then leveled out or started decreasing after 8 years-of-age. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
“Veils” Against Predators: Modified Web Structure of a Host Spider Induced by an Ichneumonid Parasitoid, Brachyzapus nikkoensis (Uchida) (Hymenoptera)

When the larva of Brachyzapus nikkoensis, a koinobiont ectoparasitoid of Agelena limbata forming a funnel web, is a penultimate instar, “veils” of very fine and dense threads covering the spider and parasitoid larva were observed in the tunnel of funnel web. As the veils are not formed until the parasitoid became penultimate instar and the parasitoid larvae are on active hosts at this stage, the veils are considered to be formed by the spider under the manipulation of the parasitoid larva. Removal of the veil indicated that penultimate larvae and pupae were more likely to fail to emerge in manipulated webs compared to the controls. The modified web seems resistant against predators and scavengers such as ants. This is the first record of web modification demonstrating its resistance to predators.
The Pressure Dependence of the Ferromagnetic Anisotropy Energy

A formula is derived and used to analyse measurements of the change of technical magnetization caused by the application of hydrostatic pressure. Some of the changes can be described by a dependence of the ferromagnetic anisotropy energy on pressure. Values are obtained for this pressure dependence in certain nickel-iron alloys and they are found to agree moderately well with estimates made from volume magnetostriction measurements.
Prey orienting in frogs: Accounting for variations in output with stimulus distance

We have studied the responses of leopard frogs,Rana pipiens, to live mealworms presented at different distances on the mid-sagittal plane. The response of normal frogs to stimuli at nearer distances consists of a direct snap whose amplitude increases with stimulus distance. For greater distances, the response consists of a forward hop whose amplitude also varies with stimulus distance. Over an intermediate range of distances, responses may be either snaps or hops. Whichever response occurs is of appropriate amplitude. The distance at which frogs switch from predominantly snapping responses to predominantly hopping responses increases with body size. Like normal frogs, unilaterally blinded frogs respond to stimuli at nearer distances with snaps whose amplitude varies with stimulus distance, switch from snapping to hopping over an intermediate range of distances, and respond to stimuli at greater distances with hops whose amplitude also increases with stimulus distance. In many cases, unilateral blinding did however result in a decrease in the distance at which the frogs switched from snapping to hopping. Such changes were not accompanied by the changes in snap or hop amplitude which would be expected if unilateral blinding resulted in generalized changes in distance judgement. Normal variations in snap amplitude and switches from snapping to hopping were also observed in frogs subjected to unilateral eye removal prior to the metamorphic eye migration which creates the adult binocular visual field. These results imply that neither distance discrimination nor any of the kinds of variation in motor output which occur with increasing stimulus distance necessarily depend on binocular cues. The behaviors studied also appear to be largely independent of normal binocular experience. More generally, our results suggest that the movement triggered by a stimulus at a particular location is not determined entirely by the retinal and superficial tectal region activated but rather reflects a combination of a retinal local sign signal with other kinds of information. The latter probably include signals related to stimulus distance and body posture, and may include signals related to body size as well.
Applications of a variational multiscale method for large eddy simulation of turbulent flows on moving/deforming unstructured grids

In this paper, the three-level formulation of a variational multiscale (VMS) large eddy simulation (LES) method for compressible flow computations [B. Koobus, C. Farhat, A variational multiscale method for the large eddy simulation of compressible turbulent flows on unstructured meshes-application to vortex shedding, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 193 (2004) 1367-1384; C. Farhat, A. Rajasekharan, B. Koobus, A dynamic variational multiscale method for large eddy simulations on unstructured meshes, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 195 (2006) 1667-1691] is extended for applications involving moving/deforming grids. A consistent method to improve the VMS-LES method by computing the small scale Smagorinsky constant (C"s^') dynamically [C. Farhat, A. Rajasekharan, B. Koobus, A dynamic variational multiscale method for large eddy simulations on unstructured meshes, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 195 (2006) 1667-1691; A. Rajasekharan, Variationally consistent multiscale formulations and ALE time integrators for large eddy simulation of turbulent flows on dynamic grids, Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2008] as the flow develops (dynamic VMS-LES) is also extended for dynamic grid applications. Two applications of VMS-LES for the simulation of separated flow over moving NACA-0012 extruded airfoil is then presented. The first application involves a qualitative simulation exploring the Knoller-Betz effect [K.D. Jones, C.M. Dohring, M.F. Platzer, Experimental and computational investigation of the Knoller-Betz effect, AIAA J. 36(7) (1998) 1240-1246] of the heaving airfoil at high Strouhal number. The second application is that of the pitching airfoil undergoing dynamic stall. The results predicted by the dynamic VMS-LES method are compared to those obtained with other turbulence models and to experimental data and it is found that the dynamic VMS-LES performs better than the other considered static and dynamic LES models.
A 93-to-113GHz BiCMOS 9-element imaging array receiver utilizing spatial-overlapping pixels with wideband phase and amplitude control

Benefiting from aggressive feature size scaling, silicon technologies have recently shown the capability of implementing W-band imaging receivers with an image resolution of 1.5mm and temperature resolutions of less than 0.5K [1-4]. This paper extends the capability of an imaging array receiver by improving image resolution using the novel concept of spatial-overlapping sub-arrays and enhancing image capture time using a phased-array within an imaging array receiver (RX). Specifically, the design and implementation of a BiCMOS 9-element array RX consisting of four 2×2 overlapping sub-arrays is presented. The RF-path-sharing between neighboring sub-arrays leads to a reduction in the chip area by 40% as compared to a conventional imaging array consisting of four 2×2 non-overlapping sub-arrays, while improving the RX's spatial resolution due to the higher sub-array density. Each 2×2 sub-array in this imaging array RX forms a pixel (Fig. 8.5.1).
Analytical solutions of a coupled nonlinear system arising in a flow between stretching disks

In this paper, we consider the axi-symmetric flow between two infinite stretching disks. By using a similarity transformation, we reduce the governing Navier-Stokes equations to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We first obtain analytical solutions via a four-term perturbation method for small and large values of the Reynolds number R. Also, we apply the Homotopy Analysis Method (which may be used for all values of R) to obtain analytical solutions. These solutions converge over a larger range of values of the Reynolds number than the perturbation solutions. Our results agree well with the numerical results of Fang and Zhang [22]. Furthermore, we obtain the analytical solutions valid for moderate values of R by use of Homotopy Analysis.
A Glassy Contribution to the Heat Capacity of hcp 4He Solids

We model the low-temperature specific heat of solid 4He in the hexagonal closed packed structure by invoking two-level tunneling states in addition to the usual phonon contribution of a Debye crystal for temperatures far below the Debye temperature, T<ΘD/50. By introducing a cutoff energy in the two-level tunneling density of states, we can describe the excess specific heat observed in solid hcp 4He, as well as the low-temperature linear term in the specific heat. Agreement is found with recent measurements of the temperature behavior of both specific heat and pressure. These results suggest the presence of a very small fraction, at the parts-per-million (ppm) level, of two-level tunneling systems in solid 4He, irrespective of the existence of supersolidity.
Tunneling spectroscopy of the Si ( 111 ) 2 × 1 surface

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy has been used to observe electronic band features of the $\mathrm{Si}(111)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ surface, focusing on the size of the surface-state band gap. It is shown that peak positions in the normalized conductance, $(dI/dV)/(I/V),$ which are used to characterize the tunneling spectrum, are shifted slightly towards zero volts compared to the corresponding band structure features. A corrected band gap of $0.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ eV is obtained for this surface.