cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Detector for Automated LF Permittivity Measurements

There are two techniques commonly used for the measurement of the real and imaginary components of the dielectric permittivity. The most common one is the steady-state, single frequency, measurement. In this method, a sinewave voltage is applied to the measuring cell and the resulting current components are measured. Sensitivity is enhanced by using a tuned amplifier and a phase-sensitive detector (PSD), which compares the phase of the detected current with that of the oscillator. The amplitude of the PSD output is proportional to K' (or K”). Alternatively, the phase and the magnitude of the current required to obtain a null in the detector can be used to measure the current. The most common example of the steady-state circuit is the bridge (Figure 1a).1 Measurements of high precision can be made when the time constant of the PSD is long compared to the period of the drive voltage, but the complexity of the PSD prevents rapid changing of frequency and hinders automation.
Glass bead-filled polypropylene part I: Rheological and mechanical properties

Five glass bead-filled polypropylene composites were rheologically characterized at 240°C using two rotational rheometers to obtain low shear-rate data and a capillary rheometer to obtain high shear-rate data. Both steady and dynamic properties were measured at low shear rates. Each composite was also injection molded into tensile and flexural test bars for a mechanical properties profile at 25°C. The tensile modulus was determined from a simple extensional deformation whereas the flexural modulus was determined from a three-point-bend test. The relative shear viscosity and relative loss modulus are different nonlinear functions of the volume fraction of beads at a constant shear rate, while the relative storage modulus appears to be a linear function of bead fraction. The relative viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate and the zero shear-rate data are in very good agreement with the Guth-Gold equation. The relative tensile modulus and relative flexural modulus are each linear functions of bead fraction over the entire range of filler concentration, 0-29 vol percent. From these data it is concluded that a simple correspondence between slow viscous flow and small strain elasticity does not exist for these composites.
Charting a new course: developing and implementing a curriculum for a Master's of Information Science degree

This paper describes the development and implementation of an innovative curriculum, the Master's of Information Science (MIS), which is being offered at the School of Library and Information Science (SLIS) at Indiana University. After briefly describing the dynamics of the North American information studies marketplace, the paper focuses on the reengineering effort which led to the new curriculum. The paper concludes with a discussion of the marketing effort currently under way to promote the MIS.
Security patterns and surface model in landscape ecological planning

Abstract It is demonstrated that there are potential spatial patterns, called security patterns (SPs), composed of strategic portions and positions of the landscape that have critical significance in safeguarding and controlling certain ecological processes. Components of security patterns have the quality of initiative, coordination and efficiency, and are, therefore, strategically important in landscape change in biological conservation. SPs can be identified according to the properties on a general surface model of flows. Potential surfaces (accessibility surfaces) are developed using landscape resistance to represent the dynamics of horizontal ecological processes (species movement). Four strategic landscape portions and positions are identified on the potential surfaces: buffer zones, inter-source linkages, radiating routes and strategic points. These components, specified by certain quantitative and qualitative parameters, together with the identified sources (native habitats), compose the ecological SPs at various security levels. SPs may vary with the target species. Individual SPs for various target species or groups can be combined in cases when overall ecological SPs are needed. These SPs could be used by defenders of ecological processes as defensive frontiers and strategies of spatial bartering in landscape changes. A case study is presented following the discussion on the concept and method of ecological security patterns. The GIS (geographical information systems) is intensively applied in the case study.
The utility of evolving simulated robot morphology increases with task complexity for object manipulation

Embodied artificial intelligence argues that the body and brain play equally important roles in the generation of adaptive behavior. An increasingly common approach therefore is to evolve an agent's morphology along with its control in the hope that evolution will find a good coupled system. In order for embodied artificial intelligence to gain credibility within the robotics and cognitive science communities, however, it is necessary to amass evidence not only for how to co-optimize morphology and control of adaptive machines, but why. This work provides two new lines of evidence for why this co-optimization is useful: Here we show that for an object manipulation task in which a simulated robot must accomplish one, two, or three objectives simultaneously, subjugating more aspects of the robot's morphology to selective pressure allows for the evolution of better robots as the number of objectives increases. In addition, for robots that successfully evolved to accomplish all of their objectives, those composed of evolved rather than fixed morphologies generalized better to previously unseen environmental conditions.
An experimental study of network performance impact of increased latency in software defined radios

Software Defined Radios are becoming more and more prevalent. Especially in the radio amateur community, Software Defined Radios are a big success. The wireless industry also has considerable interest in the dynamic reconfigurability and other advantages of Software Defined Radios. Our research focuses on the latency of Software Defined Radios and its impact on throughput in modern wireless protocols. Software Defined Radio systems often employ a bus system to transfer the samples from a radio frontend to the processor which introduces a non-negligible latency. Additionally, the signal processing calculations on general-purpose processors introduce additional latencies that are not found on conventional radios. This work concentrates on one particular Software Defined Radio system called GNU Radio, an open source Software Defined Radio application, and one of its hardware components, the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), and analyzes its receive and transmit latencies. We will use these measurements to characterize the performance impact on IEEE 802.15.4 implementation in GNU Radio. Additionally, we present two Software Defined Radio implementations of short-range radio standards, a FSK scheme used in the Chipcon CC1000 radio, and the physical layer of IEEE 802.15.4. We use these implementations for round trip time measurements and introduce two sample applications, a physical layer bridge between the FSK scheme and IEEE 802.15.4, and a dual channel receiver that receives two radio channels concurrently.
Running-in: Art or engineering?

Running-in is an initial surface and subsurface conditioning process that often occurs when sliding or rolling contact is established between two solid bodies. This article first addresses and defines the nature of running-in as it relates to steady-state sliding conditions. Running in procedures are not always given the type of systematic analysis that goes into other forms of friction and wear testing, but are often developed by trial and error. Studies of running-in are relatively rare in the literature of tribology, and they often appear with only passing mention. The concept of a running-in (break-in) map is explored. Examples of the analysis of friction traces show how they can be used systematically to study the runningin process. Running-in is found to be a property not only of the materials in contact, but also of the system in which they reside.
Solid‐Phase‐Epitaxial Growth in Ion‐Implanted Silicon

The details of solid-phase-epitaxial (SPE) growth are obtained in ion-implanted silicon amorphous layers after furnace annealing in the temperature range 450 to 600°C. The kinetics of amorphous-crystalline interfaces and the nature of residual damage in SPE grown layers are studied by high-resolution, cross-section electron microscopy. The number density of dislocation loops in the dislocation bands below the amorphous layers in as-implanted specimens are found to decrease with decreasing substrate temperature and increasing mass of the incident ions. Substitutional concentrations of solutes in “defect-free” SPE grown layers are found to exceed retrograde solubility limits as much as a factor of 560 in Si–Bi system. Depending upon implantation conditions, the observed substitutional concentrations of antimony in silicon vary from (1.3 to 2.5) × 1021 cm−3 compared to retrograde solubility limit of 7.0 × 1019 cm−3. These observations are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical estimates of maximum concentrations. The solute concentrations in the excess of solubility limits can be precipitated out by heat treatments at relatively higher temperatures. Die Details des epitaktischen Festphasenwachstums (SPE) werden in amorphen ionenimplantierten Schichten nach Ofentemperung im Temperaturbereich von 450 bis 600°C untersucht. Die Kinetik der Grenzflache amorph-kristallin und die Art des Reststrahlenschadens in SPE-Schichten werden mittels Hochauflosungs-Querschnittselektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Die Dichte der Versetzungsschleifen in den Versetzungsbandern unterhalb der amorphen Schichten in unbehandelten implantierten Proben nimmt mit abnehmender Substrattemperatur und zunehmender Masse der eingeschossenen Ionen ab. Die substitutionellen Konzentrationen der gelosten Species in „defektfreien” SPE-Schichten ubersteigen die rucklaufigen Loslichkeitsgrenzen um einen Faktor von 560 im Si–Bi-System. In Abhangigkeit von den Implantationsbedingungen variieren die beobachteten Substitutionskonzentrationen von Antimon in Silizium von (1,3 bis 2.5) × 1021 cm−3 im Vergleich zur rucklaufigen Loslichkeitsgrenze von 7,0 × 1019 cm−3. Es wird gefunden, das diese Beobachtungen in guter Ubereinstimmung mit theoretischen Berechnungen der Maximalkonzentrationen sind. Die Losungskonzentrationen im Uberschusbereich der Loslichkeitsgrenzen konnen bei Warmebehandlungen bei relativ hohen Temperaturen ausfallen.
An upper bound on the condensate fraction in a Bose gas with weak repulsion

For a spinless Bose gas moving in three-dimensional free space with an interaction V(r) which is everywhere positive, I show that the condensate fraction f is bounded above by an expression parametrized by the quantity nV0/kTc(0)≡η, where n is the density, V0 the space integral of the interaction potential and Tc(0) the critical temperature of the corresponding noninteracting gas. The only assumption needed is that fluctuations in the interacting system have the standard extensivity properties. In particular, for T = Tc(0) the upper bound on f is proportional to η1/3, while for η1/3<<1-Tc(0)/T<<1 it is proportional to η/(1-(Tc(0)/T)3/2)2.
Do clinical guidelines still make sense? Yes.

The subject of this Point / Counterpoint is the future of clinical practice guidelines. Does it still make sense to devote resources to creating them? Poor adherence is the principal argument against guidelines. Two articles in this issue show low rates of adherence to guidelines for statins and asthma, respectively.1,2 While its premise is true, the poor adherence argument ignores the good that guidelines do. First, they represent a profession’s best efforts to define its standard of practice. Second, health insurance companies use guidelines to help decide their coverage policies. Third, guidelines are the basis for practice measures, which do influence clinical practice.3 Fourth, the systematic reviews that serve as the basis for practice guidelines are a public good. For these reasons, although practice guidelines have a bright future, they need fixing. I address 3 questions. How can we increase public trust in guidelines? How can we make guidelines more transparent to the public? What is the role of practice guidelines in the era of shared decision making? What is a practice guideline? The 2010 Institute of Medicine (IOM) study entitled “Practice Guidelines That We Can Trust”4 defined them as follows: “Clinical practice guidelines are statements that include recommendations intended to optimize patient care that are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and harms of alternative care options.” This definition states the aim of guidelines—to optimize care—and identifies 2 process elements as so fundamental that a guideline without them is not to be trusted. The first, a systematic review, is an unbiased method for describing a body of evidence. The second, the difference between benefits and harms (the net benefit), is a strong rationale for choosing the option with the largest net benefit.
Positioning of extracellular loop 1 affects pore gating of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride ion channel, the dysfunction of which directly leads to the life-shortening disease CF. Extracellular loop 1 (ECL1) of CFTR contains several residues involved in stabilizing the open state of the channel; some, including D110, are sites of disease-associated gating mutations. Structures from related proteins suggest that the position of CFTR's extracellular loops may change considerably during gating. To better understand the roles of ECL1 in CFTR function, we utilized functional cysteine cross-linking to determine the effects of modulation of D110C-CFTR and of a double mutant of D110C with K892C in extracellular loop 4 (ECL4). The reducing agent DTT elicited a large potentiation of the macroscopic conductance of D110C/K892C-CFTR, likely due to breakage of a spontaneous disulfide bond between C110 and C892. DTT-reduced D110C/K892C-CFTR was rapidly inhibited by binding cadmium ions with high affinity, suggesting that these residues frequently come in close proximity in actively gating channels. Effects of DTT and cadmium on modulation of pore gating were demonstrated at the single-channel level. Finally, disulfided D110C/K892C-CFTR channels were found to be less sensitive than wild-type or DTT-treated D110C/K892C-CFTR channels to stimulation by IBMX, suggesting an impact of this conformational restriction on channel activation by phosphorylation. The results are best explained in the context of a model of CFTR gating wherein stable channel opening requires correct positioning of functional elements structurally influenced by ECL1.
Constraints on accumulated strain near the ETS zone along Cascadia

Abstract Current national seismic hazard models for Cascadia use the zone of episodic tremor and slip (ETS) to denote the lower boundary of the seismogenic zone. Recent numerical models have suggested that an appreciable amount of long-term strain may accumulate at the depth of ETS and questions this assumption. We use uplift rates from leveling campaigns spanning approximately 50–70 yrs in Washington and Oregon to investigate the amount of potential long-term locking near the ETS zone. We evaluate the potential for deeper locking in Cascadia by exploring a range of locking parameters along the subduction zone, including the ETS zone. Of the four east–west leveling profiles studied, three show a reduction in the misfit when secondary locking near the ETS zone is included; however the reduction in misfit values is only statistically significant for one profile. This would suggest that models including a small amount of secondary locking are broadly indistinguishable from models without any secondary locking. If secondary locking is considered, the leveling data allow for locking up to ∼20% of the plate rate near the updip edge of the ETS zone. These results are consistent with, but less resolved, by GPS observations.
Cardiopulmonary effects of antimalarial drugs

Abstract The antiasthmatic properties of chloroquine were investigated in rabbits. Chloroquine did not influence the anaphylactic response to egg albumin and did not alter the content of histamine, serotonin and catecholamines in the lungs. The intravenous injection of chloroquine reduced the bronchoconstrictor effect of histamine. However, the antagonism is not like the usual effect of antihistaminic agents which are ineffective against bronchial asthma. It is suggested that the difference depends on the accessability of chloroquine to the histamine released in the lung. The other aminoquinoline investigated was quinetholate [4-(4-dimethyl-aminoethylamino)-6-methoxyquinoline]. Like chloroquine, quinetholate antagonized the effect of histamine on the lung in rabbits and blocked arrhythmias induced by chloroform in mice. Quinetholate, which has been used for the treatment of bronchial asthma, deserves some consideration for treatment of arrhythmias but has no antimalarial properties.
The impact of ICRP/ICRU quantities on high energy neutron dosimetry: a review.

Unlike other fields of toxicology, radiation protection has a dual system of quantities, one set for assessment and the derivation of authorised limits and another set for monitoring radiation performance and compliance. Neutrons are an important or dominant constituent of the radiation field around high energy accelerators and the evolution of the radiation protection quantities used to measure neutrons is described. In 1990 ICRP introduced a new quantity, the effective dose, E, with which to express its protection limits. E represented a radical departure from previous advice of the Commission, particularly in the manner by which it weighted the absorbed dose deposited by high LET radiations. This advice had profound consequences for neutron dosimetry. Over the past decade analyses have revealed logical flaws and inconsistencies in the definition of effective dose. These are briefly discussed with most emphasis being placed on inconsistencies in radiation weighting. Suggestions are made with a view to resolving these inconsistencies.
G354 Pattern of new outpatient referrals to a tertiary paediatric cardiology unit

Background We compared outpatient practice in a tertiary cardiac unit in two time-cohorts to monitor changes to practice. Aims To identify changing patterns of referrals to a tertiary paediatric cardiology unit, looking at diagnosis, and outcomes. Methods A retrospective study looking at all referrals made to our unit by primary care and paediatricians in 6 months; the first cohort in 2006, the second in 2013. The hospital-based patient administration system and departmental database identified the new referrals. We recorded referring physicians, reason for referral, demographics, clinical data and outcomes. Results 813 (2006) and >1200 (2013) children were identified; we excluded patients seen by us previously. In both the cohorts, the split between GP and paediatric referrals was similar (30:70). Common reasons for referral were asymptomatic heart murmurs, palpitations/suspected rhythm abnormalities, chest pain, syncope, non-central cyanosis, screening for family history, clinical syndromes and suspected congenital heart disease on clinical/echocardiography at a peripheral hospital. We looked at demographics, and outcomes between the two groups. We explored the relationship between primary and secondary level referrals, and outcomes. Conclusions There is a sustained increase in number of outpatients to tertiary cardiology centres; majority of these have either no or a minor pathology that does not need any active management. These children can be seen by paediatricians with expertise in cardiology (PEC). Clinicians, Trusts and Health-commissioners need to react to this trend so as to increase, and improve the infrastructure and provide the necessary support to the physicians, ensure optimal patient care, and provide a suitable experience for families.
Abstract 5346: Tumor cell heterogeneity and chromosomal abnormality in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) samples of lung cancer

Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and different types and stages of cancer express various cell surface markers and gene expression profiles. To understand tumor cell heterogeneity in lung cancer, we have developed a model using primary cells from malignant plural effusion (MPE) from lung cancer patients. Using this system we have identified CD44high expressing primary tumor cells within the MPE that form colonies in soft agar in vitro, and tumors in SCID/NOD mice. RT-PCR analysis revealed higher expression of cancer stem cell markers, Bmi-1, hTERT, EZH2, and OCT-4 in CD44high cells than the CD44low cells. Thus, our results indicate that primary tumor cells of MPE derived from lung cancer patients show heterogeneity with respect to their tumorigenic potential. To determine whether we could detect cytogenetic abnormalities in these samples, we performed karyotypic analysis of the MPE samples. Fibroblast cell line GM 05399 served as a control for these studies. Hyperdiploidy was observed in all three MPE samples and in the control cell line H 2122. Abnormalities of chromosome 1p were observed seen in all the samples that led us to perform FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) studies using a dual color 1p36 and 1q25 probe (control). We found LOH (loss of heterozygosity) at 1p36 in two MPE samples and rearrangements of both 1p/1q regions in the third MPE sample. Cell line H 2122 contained one normal chromosome 1 and an unbalanced translocation of unknown origin at 1p36 consistent with deletion of 1p. Our studies therefore suggest that this 1p36 deletion could result in the inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene and other sequences that include miRNA 34a also mapped to this locus. Chromosomal rearrangements further indicate that cells with multiple phenotypes including those related to metastasis, and chemo-radiation resistance might be present in the MPE samples. These studies provide a good basis suggesting that MPE would serve as a useful model system for the identification of genes related to the progression of lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5346. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5346
Energy management system for enhanced resiliency of microgrids during islanded operation

Abstract This paper proposes a method to enhance resiliency of microgrids through survivability. Survivability in this context is to minimize load shed for the duration the microgrid is in islanded mode following a disturbance event. During islanded operation, microgrid loads are prioritized as critical and non-critical loads. The key decision is to ascertain whether to provide energy to non-critical loads after supplying the critical loads or to store excess energy for future dispatches. This task is formulated as a non-linear programming problem. The objective is to minimize the amount of critical load shed while maximizing the amount of non-critical load served for a projected restoration time while adhering to relevant operational and physical constraints. For this extended time-scale problem, uncertainty of renewable generation and load forecast is quantified with probability distribution and confidence levels are used to establish likelihood of forecast error. Distributed generation such as solar and wind farm along with battery energy storage system are modeled. Demand response is implemented through adjustable loads and a fleet of plug in hybrid electric vehicles that can be operated in both grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid mode. Test cases are studied on a modified CIGRE microgrid benchmark test system and results are compared with a temporal decomposition scheme based energy management system.
128 DENTAL MALFORMATIONS: AN ADDITIONAL FEATURE OF DIGITO-CUTANEOUS DYSPLASIA

A syndrome of digital fibromas, distal limb malformations, and focal dermal hypoplasia has recently been elucidated in the literature. In 1974, Bloem et al. were the first to describe an association between digital fibromas and pigmentary lesions. In 1998, Horii et al. reported on another case in which digital fibromas were associated with pigmentary dysplasia in addition to facial dysmorphism and metacarpal and metatarsal disorganization and postulated that this was a hamartomatous syndrome not previously described. Bacino et al. (2000) described a four-generation family with ten affected females that strongly suggested X-linked dominant inheritance with male lethality, and later Zhang et al. (2000) mapped this condition to Xq27.3-Xqter. In 2001, Gorlin et al. termed the syndrome digito-cutaneous dysplasia. Other than multiple frenula, oral findings have been discussed only once by Lin et al. in 2003, who described a patient in which there were significant dental findings. The purpose of this abstract is to report an additional case in which there are dental findings similar to those reported by Lin et al. The patient is a 2-year-old female born to an unaffected 19-year-old Mexican G1P1 female. Her weight is less than the third percentile, her height is between the fifth and tenth percentile, and her head circumference is at the tenth percentile. She has telecanthus, a depressed nasal tip, overfolded left helix, hyperextensibility, small and proximally-placed thumbs, multiple digital fibromas with associated joint contractures, abnormal distal palmar creases, clinodactyly, and several hyperpigmented and hypoplastic skin lesions. Her dental findings include multiple caries, conical incisors, and wedge-shaped grooves in several teeth. The frequency of dental malformations in digito-cutaneous dysplasia should become clear as more cases of this condition are identified. If the oral features of this condition prove to be a consistent feature, perhaps Oral-Digital-Cutaneous Dysplasia would describe the condition even more accurately.
Stepless tunable four-chip LED lighting control on a black body radiation curve using the generalized reduced gradient method

This study proposes an algorithm for calculating the outputs of a stepless, tunable, four-chip LED according to a black body radiation curve; the proposed algorithm is based on the generalized reduced gradient method. The lumen outputs of the four-chip LEDs were calculated in real time at color temperatures ranging between 2500 K and 6500 K without using a lookup table, enabling achieving high-quality lighting designs. Finally, the algorithms for the stepless dimming method, with average color shift Duv 0.0027, is proposed. This algorithm has much smaller memory size requirements for the microcontroller unit than the current method.
Conformal and intensity modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer: the potential for improved target irradiation, salivary gland function, and quality of life.

Conformal and intensity modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer; the potential for improved target irradiation, salivary gland function, and quality of life. Purpose: To develop techniques which facilitate sparing of the major salivary glands while adequately treating the targets in patients requiring comprehensive bilateral neck irradiation (RT). Patients and methods: Conformal and static, multisegmental intensity modulated (IMRT) techniques have been developed. The salivary flow rates before and periodically after RT have been measured selectively from each major salivary gland and the residual flows correlated with glands' dose volume histograms. Subjective xerostomia questionnaires have been developed and validated. The pattern of local-regional recurrences has been examined using CT scans at the time of recurrence, transferring the recurrence volumes to the planning CT scans and regenerating the dose distributions at the recurrence sites. Results: Target coverage and dose homogeneity in IMRT treatment plans were found to be significantly better than standard RT plans. Significant parotid gland sparing was achieved. The relationships among dose, irradiated volume and saliva flow rates from the parotid glands were characterized by dose and volume thresholds. A mean dose of 26 Gy was found to be the threshold for stimulated saliva. Subjective xerostomia was significantly reduced in patients irradiated with parotid sparing techniques, compared to patients with similar tumors treated with standard RT. The large majority of recurrences occurred inside high-risk targets. Conclusions: Tangible gains in salivary gland sparing and target coverage are being achieved and an improvement in some measures of quality of life is suggested by our findings. A mean parotid gland dose of ≤ 26 Gy should be a planning objective if significant parotid function preservation is desired. 'The pattern of recurrence suggests that careful escalation of the dose to targets judged to be at highest risk may improve tumor control.
Unlimited Imperialism and the Threat of World War III: U.S. Militarism at the Start of the 21st Century

It is the Unlimited Imperialists along the lines of Alexander, Rome, Napoleon and Hitler who are now in charge of conducting American foreign policy. The factual circumstances surrounding the outbreaks of both the First World War and the Second World War currently hover like twin Swords of Damocles over the heads of all humanity.
Avian axons undergo Wallerian degeneration after injury and stress

The integrity of long axons is essential for neural communication. Unfortunately, relatively minor stress to a neuron can cause extensive loss of this integrity. Axon degeneration is the cell-intrinsic program that actively deconstructs an axon after injury or damage. Although ultrastructural examination has revealed signs of axon degeneration in vivo, the occurrence and progression of axon degeneration in avian species have not yet been documented in vitro. Here, we use a novel cell culture system with primary embryonic zebra finch retinal ganglion cells to interrogate the properties of avian axon degeneration. First, we establish that both axotomy and a chemically induced injury (taxol and vincristine) are sufficient to initiate degeneration. These events are dependent on a late influx of calcium. In addition, as in mammals, the NAD pathway is involved, since a decrease in NMN with FK866 can reduce degeneration. Importantly, these retinal ganglion cell axons were sensitive to a pressure-induced injury, which may mimic the effect of high intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma. We have demonstrated that avian neurons undergo Wallerian degeneration in response to both physical and chemical injury. Subsequent avian studies will investigate whether blocking the degeneration pathway can protect individuals from neurodegenerative disease.
Validation of maternal recall of early pregnancy medication exposure using prospective diary data.

Abstract Purpose Data about maternal recall accuracy for classifying early pregnancy medication exposure are meager. Nonetheless, studies often rely on recall to evaluate potential impact of pharmaceuticals on the developing fetus. Methods Right from the Start is a community-based pregnancy cohort that enrolled women from North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. A subset of 318 women participated in daily medication diaries initiated before conception (2006–2012). We examined nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as an example of a drug type that is difficult to study due to its intermittent and primarily over-the-counter use as well as its incomplete documentation in medical and pharmaceutical records. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) were assessed as a prescription medication comparator. Maternal recall of NSAID and SSRI use in early pregnancy was examined by comparing diary data (gold standard) to first-trimester interview. Results Sensitivity and specificity for recall of NSAID exposure were 78.6% and 62.3%, respectively (kappa statistic: 0.41), with 72.3% agreement for exposure classification. Sensitivity and specificity for recall of SSRI exposure were 77.8% and 99.0%, respectively (kappa statistic: 0.79), with 97.8% agreement. Conclusions Our findings suggest the validity of maternal recall varies with medication type and prospective data collection should be prioritized when studying early pregnancy drug exposures.
Navigating Collaboration: A Multimodal Analysis of Turn-Taking in Co-teaching

In a number of educational contexts, it is common for two or more teachers to co-teach, or collaborate on-site together in a classroom. Despite the popularity of this arrangement, the body of discourse-analytic literature on co-teaching remains small. A good number of the studies that have been done have analyzed the participation structures of the collaborative interaction, examining the nuanced ways the teachers participate in and adhere to various aspects of turn-taking protocols while teaching (Bloome, Carter, Christian, Otto & Shuart-Faris, 2005). In the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom, where a native English-speaking teacher and a local English teacher co-teach, a handful of studies (e.g., Butterfield & Bhatta, 2015; Lee, 2016; Luo, 2013) have looked at how two instructors navigate the well-known Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) sequence. This work has shown that the collaboration can add both complexity and versatility to the ways IRF unfolds. Other work looking at interaction between novice teachers paired with expert cooperating teachers (e.g., Roth, Tobin, Carambo and Dalland, 2005) has revealed that two instructors can make use of spatial resources to facilitate more seamless turn-taking.
Large-scale computational microscopy

This talk will describe computational imaging methods for fast capture of gigapixel-scale 3D intensity and phase images in a commercial microscope. Our experimental setups employ illumination-side and detection-side coding of angle (Fourier) space with simple hardware and fast acquisition. The result is high-resolution reconstructions across a large field-of-view, achieving high space-bandwith-time product. Experimentally, we achieve real-time 3D and phase imaging with digital aberration correction and mitigation of scattering effects, by sparsity-constrained nonlinear optimization methods.
Epistemic Identities in Interdisciplinary Science

We introduce “epistemic identities” as a concept helpful for understanding the dynamics of interdisciplinary science practice. After acknowledging the ambiguity of “identity” and examining divergent meanings, we argue that analysis of identity is necessary in order to account for social and personal dimensions of practice non-reductively, and to better understand values and implicit hierarchies in science practice, as these, in turn, influence cognitive practices. With reference to ethnographic data from two integrative systems biology laboratories, we analyze specifically three theories of identity in terms of their affordances for understanding intergroup characterizations in interdisciplinary problem spaces.
Photoacoustic microscopy of cerebral hemodynamic and oxygen-metabolic responses to anesthetics

General anesthetics are known to have profound effects on cerebral hemodynamics and neuronal activities. However, it remains a challenge to directly assess anesthetics-induced hemodynamic and oxygen-metabolic changes from the true baseline under wakefulness at the microscopic level, due to the lack of an enabling technology for high-resolution functional imaging of the awake mouse brain. To address this challenge, we have developed head-restrained photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), which enables simultaneous imaging of the cerebrovascular anatomy, total concentration and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (CHb and sO2), and blood flow in awake mice. From these hemodynamic measurements, two important metabolic parameters, oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), can be derived. Side-by-side comparison of the mouse brain under wakefulness and anesthesia revealed multifaceted cerebral responses to isoflurane, a volatile anesthetic widely used in preclinical research and clinical practice. Key observations include elevated cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reduced oxygen extraction and metabolism.
Goal specification in presence of non-deterministic actions

One important aspect in directing cognitive robots or agents is to formally specify what is expected of them. This is often referred to as goal specification. For agents whose actions have deterministic consequences various goal specification languages have been proposed. The situation is different, and less studied, when the actions may have non-deterministic consequences. For example, a simple goal of achieving p has many nuances such as making sure that p is achieved, trying ones best to achieve p, preferring guaranteed achievement of p over possible achievement, and so on. Similarly, there are many nuances in expressing the goal to try to achieve p, and if it fails then to achieve q. We develop an extension of the branching time temporal logic CTL*, which we call π-CTL*, and show how the above mentioned goals can be expressed using it, and why they can not be expressed in CTL*. We compare our approach to an alternative approach proposed in the literature.
Contexts for Political Social Work Practice

Political social workers practice in many contexts. They use their social work skills, values, and knowledge of the political context to navigate power dynamics. This process allows them to influence policy and the political process on behalf of clients, communities, organizations, and the social work profession. This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of professional political social work roles to guide readers in thinking about contexts in which you might incorporate political social work into your social work practice. These contexts include practice at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. While there are many ways to engage in political social work practice, this chapter highlights practice in the five different domains introduced in Chap. 1: (1) expanding the political power of underrepresented clients and constituencies; (2) influencing the policy agendas and decision-making of candidates and policymakers; (3) holding professional and political staff appointments; (4) engaging with campaigns on behalf of, or in opposition to, candidates, ballot initiatives or referenda; and (5) seeking and holding elected office. Throughout this chapter, you will engage in interactive, reflective activities about the various political contexts within which you may practice.
Sustainable Development and Use of Forest Ecosystems

The term sustainable development is often used but there are significant, if subtle, differences in what this term means to people. See also Chap. IV.3. This is especially true in forest management. For simplicity, three different viewpoints are presented to illustrate how understandings of sustainable forests differ.
A Behavioral Conceptualization of Psychosomatic Illness: Psychosomatic Symptoms as Learned Responses

The purpose of this chapter is to review existing theories of etiology of psychosomatic disorders and to describe a theory of psychosomatic etiology based on learning theory. This task carries with it an obligation to define what is meant by psychosomatic symptoms or psychosomatic disorders because these terms have become controversial. Some writers have proposed that the term psychosomatic be applied to all illnesses, since susceptibility to and recovery from most illnesses seem to be influenced by psychological and social variables (Wolf & Goodell, 1976). Others have proposed that the term psychosomatic be dropped as useless (Lader, 1972) because it is both misleading and too inclusive. Many contemporary writers lump together under the term psychosomatic a variety of symptoms that have traditionally been distinguished, such as conversion reactions, hypochondriacal behaviors, somatopsychic disorders, and psychological disturbances produced directly by insult to or degenerative changes in the nervous system (e.g., Wright, 1977).
Style and Ornamentation in Classical and Bel Canto Arias

This chapter will focus on ornamentation in Classical and Bel Canto arias. I will first give a short overview of ornamentation in Italian arias from the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, including a basic discussion of the use of small graces, trills, turns, appoggiaturas and grace notes. I will also look at the development of the cadenza and improvised variations in da capo arias. I will provide references from treatises of the period and musical examples to show students the origins of the Italian florid style. I will then spend the major part of the chapter exploring how these approaches changed and developed in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and how students can apply the tools learned in the earlier Baroque style to Classical and Bel Canto repertoire. I will again provide references and instructions from period treatises, as well as musical examples. I will try to show students how to identify and choose stylistically appropriate gestures for different composers and periods, including Mozart, Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti. I will also talk about choosing an appropriate approach to vibrato and articulation for this repertoire.
Reactivity of α-tricalcium phosphate

The reactivity of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) in forming hydroxyapatite (HAp) at 37°C was investigated. The effects of synthesis route, HAp seeding and the presence of calcium salts on the mechanism and extent of HAp formation were examined by pH measurements and/or isothermal calorimetric analyses. A synthesis temperature at the lower end in the temperature range of 1100–1300°C and the reaction of α-TCP with a high specific surface area greatly improved rate and extent of HAp formation. The time for complete reaction decreased from 18 h to 14 h, when the reaction was carried out in the presence of 1 wt% of HAp seeds; the hydrolysis mechanism did not change. At HAp seeds proportion of 5 wt% and 10 wt%, transformation occurred without a nucleation period. The calcium salt additives studied were anhydrous and dihydrate form of dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4 and CaHPO4 · 2H2O), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4 · 1/2H2O). All the additives delayed HAp formation as determined by the isothermal calorimetric analyses. Their retarding effects in decreasing order are CaCO3, CaSO4 · 1/2H2O, DCPD, DCP. CaCO3 almost completely retarded HAp formation. After 24 h, hydrolysis was complete only for pure α-TCP and for the α-TCP-DCP blend. Reaction was complete in other formulations before 48 h except for the CaCO3-containing blend. In all mixtures conversion to HAp occurred without forming any intermediates. However gypsum formed in the mixture containing CaSO4 · 1/2H2O. All the α-TCP-additive mixtures, excluding α-TCP-CaCO3, reached nominally the same strength value after 24 h of reaction as governed by the transformation of α-TCP to HAp. For phase-pure α-TCP, the average tensile strength changed from 0.36 ± 0.03 MPa to 7.26 ± 0.6 MPa. Upon hydrolysis only the CaSO4 · 1/2H2O-containing mixture exhibited slightly higher strength averaging 8.36 ± 0.9 MPa.
TNF‐α induced alterations in the Wnt signaling cascade: a potential mechanism for obesity‐associated colorectal tumorigenesis

Epidemiological studies consistently implicate obesity as an important risk factor for several types of cancer, and the data is particularly compelling for colorectal cancer. However, the underlyin...
G protein–coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) orchestrate biased agonism at the β2-adrenergic receptor

Biased agonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which selectively activate either G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathways, are of major therapeutic interest because they have the potential to show improved efficacy and specificity as drugs. Efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon have focused on the hypothesis that G proteins and β-arrestins preferentially couple to distinct GPCR conformations. However, because GPCR kinase (GRK)-dependent receptor phosphorylation is a critical prerequisite for the recruitment of β-arrestins to most GPCRs, GRKs themselves may play an important role in establishing biased signaling. We showed that an alanine mutant of the highly conserved residue tyrosine 219 (Y219A) in transmembrane domain five of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) was incapable of β-arrestin recruitment, receptor internalization, and β-arrestin-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas it retained the ability to signal through G protein. We found that the impaired β-arrestin recruitment in cells was due to reduced GRK-mediated phosphorylation of the β2AR Y219A C terminus, which was recapitulated in vitro with purified components. Furthermore, in vitro ligation of a synthetically phosphorylated peptide onto the C terminus of β2AR Y219A rescued both the initial recruitment of β-arrestin and its engagement with the intracellular core of the receptor. These data suggest that the Y219A mutation generates a G protein-biased state primarily by conformational selection against GRK coupling, rather than against β-arrestin. Together, these findings highlight the importance of GRKs in modulating the biased agonism of GPCRs.
Using Game-Based Learning to Teach Refugee Health

Research questions: While interest in the use of game-based learning is public health is increasing, very little is known regarding how game-based learning approaches may be used to teach graduate students about complex topics such as refugee health, human rights, social determinants of health, and cultural appropriateness. The purpose of this exercise was to examine how playing a serious game might impact graduate public health students attitudes and perceptions regarding health determinants and program recommendations.Methods: Seventeen students enrolled in a graduate-level migrant health course played UNHCR game called âAgainst All Oddsâ for 5 weeks, and were asked to reflect on a set of pre-specified promptsResults: All seventeen students discussed how playing the game provided insight into the social determinants of refugee health that they would not have received in the classroom setting. All students stated that they would recommend the game as a teaching strategy. Two of 17 students reported that insight on refugee health could have been obtained from other activities (documentaries, personal testimony). Additional themes will be forthcoming.Conclusions: Game-based learning appears to be a promising approach to engage students about refugee health, human rights, social determinants of health, and cultural appropriateness above and beyond other classroom activities.
High Medieval Charitable Institutions and Hospitals, c. 1000–1300 CE

This chapter considers the rise of urban hospitals, their creation, their support, their administration, and their importance. Although still a religious institution, the medieval hospital transformed from a hospice and way station for pilgrims—as had been the case with the early monastery hospital—to a center for care of the urban poor and sick. Care was still overseen mostly by monks and nuns but greater public involvement, especially in administration, emerged. Moreover, the creation of the urban hospital was made possible through lay donations. The Peace of God Movements and the movements to live as Christ’s apostles spurred Christians from all levels of society to donate to an urban hospital focused on caritas in a manner akin to the Byzantine Basileias.