cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal characteristics of temperature fluctuations in turbulent non-premixed jet flames

Abstract We report new results from high-repetition-rate (10 kHz) 2D temperature imaging to characterize the temporally-fluctuating nature of the well-known DLR series of turbulent non-premixed jet flames. Specifically, we present temporally-based statistics of temperature fluctuations at multiple simultaneous spatial positions with a specific focus on characterizing the effects of Reynolds number. DLR B (Re = 22,800) was found to exhibit a much higher probability of large temporal gradients as compared to DLR A (Re = 15,200). While the higher Reynolds number should promote higher fluctuations, the levels were commensurate with an increased effect due to high levels of local flame extinction and re-ignition in DLR B as compared to DLR A. The joint probability density function between the temperature fluctuation and the natural logarithm of the square of the temporal gradient was examined across flame conditions. At an axial position of forty nozzle diameters downstream (x/d = 40), DLR A exhibited statistical independence, while DLR B exhibited a negative correlation between the two quantities. These results suggest a Reynolds number-dependence on the spatial development of statistical independence. Integral time scales also are reported for both flames as a function of axial and radial position. The integral time scales are seen to increase with increasing axial and radial position and decrease with increasing Reynolds number as expected from theory.
Observation of a strange attractor

Abstract Phase space portraits have been constructed and analyzed for noisy (nonperiodic) data obtained in an experiment on a nonequilibrium homogeneous chemical reaction. The phase space trajectories define a limit set that is an “attractor” - following a perturbation, the trajectory quickly returns to the attracting set. This attracting set is shown to be “strange” - nearby trajectories separate exponentially on the average. Moreover, the Poincare sections exhibit the stretching and folding that is characteristic of strange attractors.
Real-time simulation of wind turbine converter-grid systems

This paper presents real-time simulation of both Type-III and Type-IV wind turbines connected to the power grid. Detailed switching models of the converter are used in conjunction with complete turbine and converter control models to evaluate the feasibility of real-time simulation using commercial real-time simulation platforms. In addition to time-domain responses, frequency-domain characteristics, such as inverter output impedance, and possible harmonic resonance as well as subsynchronous interactions with the grid are also determined and compared with offline simulation as well as experimental measurements using a scaled-down hardware to verify the ability of real-time simulation in predicting high-frequency dynamics and control instability of wind turbine converters. The developed real-time simulation models will be used to study wind turbine behavior under different and variable grid conditions, including control interactions with other power electronics devices connected to the power grid.
Proteolytic Degradation of Human Erythrocyte Band 3 by Membrane-Associated Protease Activity

Antisera directed against the cytoplasmic portion of human erythrocyte Band 3 were used to follow the degradation of the band 3 molecule. Small amounts of Band 3 were degraded when well-washed red cell membrane ghosts were incubated in the cold; this process was greatly accelerated by incubating ghosts at 37°C. Band 3 labeled with pyridoxal-phosphate was digested at comparable rates. Band 3 digestion also took place when alkali-extracted ghost membranes were incubated at 37° for prolonged periods. These results suggest that human erythrocytes contain tightly bound, membrane-associated proteolytic activity.
Effect of iron on activity of soybean multi-subunit acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase

Multi-subunit acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (MS-ACCase; EC 6.4.1.2) isolated from soybean chloroplasts is a labile enzyme that loses activity during purification. We found that incubating the chloroplast stromal fraction under anaerobic conditions or in the presence of 5 mM FeSO4 stimulated ACCase (acetyl-CoA-->malonyl-CoA) and carboxyltransferase (malonyl-CoA-->acetyl-CoA) activity. Fe-stimulation of activity was associated with 59Fe binding to a stromal protein fraction. ACCase and carboxyltransferase activities measured in the stromal protein fraction containing bound 59Fe were 2-fold and 6-fold greater, respectively, than the control (stromal fraction not pretreated with FeSO4). Superose 6 gel filtration chromatography indicated 59Fe comigrated with stromal protein of approximately 180 kDa that exhibited carboxyltransferase activity, but lacked ACCase activity. Anion exchange (Mono-Q) chromatography of the Superose 6 fraction yielded a protein peak that was enriched in carboxyltransferase activity and contained protein-bound 59Fe. Denaturing gels of the Mono-Q fraction indicated that the 180-kDa protein was composed of a 56-kDa subunit that was bound by an antibody raised against a synthetic beta-carboxyltransferase (beta-CTase) peptide. Incubation of the Mono-Q carboxyltransferase fraction with increasing concentrations of iron at a fixed substrate concentration resulted in increased initial velocities that fit well to a single rectangular three parameter hyperbola (v=vo+Vmax[FeSO4]/Km+[FeSO4]) consistent with iron functioning as a bound activator of catalysis. UV/Vis spectroscopy of the partially purified fraction before and after iron incubation yielded spectra consistent with a protein-bound metal cluster. These results suggest that the beta-CTase subunit of MS-ACCase in soybean chloroplasts is an iron-containing enzyme, which may in part explain its labile nature.
Relationships between Interdecadal and Interannual Climatic Variations and Their Effect on Pennsylvania Climate

Abstract The variability of Pennsylvania winter climate is shown to be the result of mechanisms working on two distinctly different time scales: interdecadal and interannual. Interdecadal variability is associated with hemispheric changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation regimes. During periods of zonal flow, Pennsylvania temperatures are above normal, while meridional flow is associated with below-normal temperatures. Precipitation is near normal during zonal regimes, but can be either very dry (as it was in the 1960s) or abnormally wet (like the 1970s) with meridional flow, depending on the exact placement of the deepened trough over the eastern United States. Imbedded in the interdecadal fluctuations is interannual variability which is related to two important Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns: the Pacific/North American (PNA) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) patterns. Interannual changes in the atmospheric circulation, as expressed by indices of the two teleconnections, explain 50 ...
Microfluidic probe for single-cell analysis in adherent tissue culture

Cellular heterogeneity is a feature of diverse disease processes, yet is masked in typical biochemical assays. Sarkar et al. develop a microfluidic device to access the contents of single cells in adherent culture, allowing biochemical measurements to be connected with phenotypic information.
Photographic evidence for the rapid flux of particles to the sea floor and their transport down the continental slope

Abstract Flocculent, detrital material was photographed on the sea floor between 450 and 2400 m during two camera-sled tows conducted along a transect on the continental slope south of Georges Bank in the spring of 1985. The two tows were taken slightly less than 5 days apart (27 April and 1–2 May). Photographs were taken at automatic 15-s intervals throughout each tow. The consistency and color of the detrital material and the timing of its deposition indicate that the spring bloom was the most likely source of this material. With the exception of the upper slope, substantially more detrital material was seen at the time of the second tow. The pattern of relative amounts of detritus visible on the sea floor across the slope indicated a preferential settlement of particles on the middle slope and a downslope shift of material between the first and second tow. These results suggest that continental margin processes may play an important role in the transfer of organic material to the deep sea.
The Effects of Parameter Variations in Bekesy Audiometry in a Patient with Acoustic Neurinoma

Fixed frequency Bekesy thresholds were compared between a normal hearing subject and a patient with acoustic neurinoma. Thresholds were obtained with two major stimulus groups: (a) interrupted stim...
Aircraft observations in the planetary boundary layer under stable conditions

An analysis of observations of airflow over Lake Ontario in a stably stratified atmosphere is presented. The relationship with theory is mentioned only in terms of what may be important to future work. Detailed air motion, potential temperature and mixing-ratio measurements are presented which show pervasive variability in the horizontal. There is no evidence of gravity waves. It is suggested that vertical mixing of the atmosphere may occur in stable conditions by a mechanism quite apart from the usual concept of the small-scale random eddy motion usually associated with surface convection. Vertical soundings are analyzed as well as two long constant-height observational runs.
Drinking behavior elicited by central injection of angiotensin II: roles for protein kinase C and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

Prior studies utilizing neurons cultured from the hypothalamus and brain stem of newborn rats have demonstrated that ANG II-induced modulation of neuronal firing involves activation of both protein...
Designing the Focal Plane Spacing for Multifocal Plane Microscopy

Multifocal plane microscopy (MUM) has made it possible to study subcellular dynamics in 3D at high temporal and spatial resolution by simultaneously imaging distinct planes within the specimen. MUM allows high accuracy localization of a point source along the z-axis since it overcomes the depth discrimination problem of conventional single plane microscopy. An important question in MUM experiments is how the number of focal planes and their spacings should be chosen to achieve the best possible localization accuracy along the z-axis. Here, we propose approaches based on the Fisher information matrix and report spacing scenarios called strong coupling and weak coupling which yield an appropriate 3D localization accuracy. We examine the effect of numerical aperture, magnification, photon count, emission wavelength and extraneous noise on the spacing scenarios. In addition, we investigate the effect of changing the number of focal planes on the 3D localization accuracy. We also introduce a new software package that provides a user-friendly framework to find appropriate plane spacings for a MUM setup. These developments should assist in optimizing MUM experiments.
How are loss contingency accruals affected by alternative reporting criteria and incentives

Abstract Although the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) established Probable as the criterion for accruing loss contingencies in private enterprise financial reports, the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) adopted More Likely Than Not (MLTN) as the criterion for the financial reports of federal agencies. FASAB expected that MLTN would lead to more loss accruals than Probable, and that MLTN would be less subject to broad interpretation and bias (incentive effects) than Probable. Based in part on Cuccia et al. (The Accounting Rev. 70 (1995) 227), we develop hypotheses concerning these issues and then empirically test them by conducting an experiment involving federal financial officials. We concluded that the MLTN criterion does result in more accruals than the Probable criterion, but that MLTN is neither less subject to broad interpretation nor less subject to bias (incentive effects) than Probable. MLTN appears to limit officials' ability to delay recognition of losses by lowering the threshold at which they feel they must record a loss contingency accrual. Although MLTN does limit officials' ability to avoid accruing losses, incentives still influence accrual decisions under the MLTN criterion. Implications for accounting policy and research are discussed.
Restoration of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene expression in muscle cells by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1

Muscle tissue is the major site for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo, due primarily to the recruitment of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. Surprisingly, virtually all cultured muscle cells express little or no GLUT4. We show here that adenovirus-mediated expression of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1, which is expressed in muscle in vivo but is also deficient in cultured muscle cells, causes the total restoration of GLUT4 mRNA levels to those observed in vivo. This increased GLUT4 expression correlates with a 3-fold increase in glucose transport, although much of this protein is transported to the plasma membrane even in the absence of insulin. PGC-1 mediates this increased GLUT4 expression, in large part, by binding to and coactivating the muscle-selective transcription factor MEF2C. These data indicate that PGC-1 is a coactivator of MEF2C and can control the level of endogenous GLUT4 gene expression in muscle.
Limb-Sparing Surgery Versus Amputation for Dogs with Bone Tumors

Recently, limb-sparing surgeries have been used in the treatment of dogs with malignant bone tumors. These new techniques are fraught with potential complications. As amputation is a timehonored technique in veterinary medicine for the control of primary bone tumors, the use of newer, more complicated surgeries such as limb sparing may be considered controversial. In this article, amputation and limb sparing are discussed with reference to case selection, outcome, and possible complications.
Effect of gamma radiation dose rate on the light output of commercial polymer scintillators

Abstract This paper describes research to determine the effect of radiation dose rate on the light output of three commercial scintillators: SCSN-38, SCSN-81 and Bicron-499-35. Scintillator disks were 1 in. in diameter and 4 mm thick. The disks were irradiated in air with a 60Co gamma source to a total dose of 10 Mrad at varying dose rates of 1.5, 0.35, 0.14, 0.04, 0.013, 0.0069, 0.0045 and 0.0023 Mrad h . Lower dose rates result in increased light output damage, but the dependence is different for each scintillator. Light output showed a semilogarithmic dependence on the dose rate. These results indicate that dose rate response is an important parameter which must be considered to adequately evaluate the radiation stability of scintillators.
Scattering in graphene associated with charged out-of-plane impurities

A charged impurity outside the plane of a graphene layer contributes to scattering of electrons (and holes) in the graphene. The interaction occurs through two distinct mechanisms associated with the charge: (1) the (screened) Coulomb potential, and (2) the electric field perpendicular to the graphene plane that causes a spatially varying Rashba spin-orbit interaction. Both types of scattering are examined, with the screened potential self-consistently calculated in nonlinear Thomas-Fermi approximation. Different selection rules for the two mechanisms lead to qualitative differences in the differential scattering cross-sections. Using accepted parameters for the Rashba interaction, the latter is found to make only a very small contribution to the scattering associated with a remote charge.
A new class of acrylated alkyds

A new class of acrylated alkyds resins has been developed using a modern controlled polymerization approach. The reactive relationship between acrylics and alkyds has been defined by difficulty and an inability to propagate to form suitable grafting during a free-radical-based process. A living free-radical process was employed to provide control of both location and blocks of monomers which were attached to the polyester backbone of the alkyd. Both acrylic monomers and blocks of different monomer were successfully polymerized with control. Although there was some side reaction at the pendent fatty acid unsaturation, overall, the system was well behaved with respect to control of blocks of sequential monomers and living characteristics of the free-radical polymerization. Demonstration of concept was achieved in both high solids and waterborne systems. Representative coating properties are also reported for model alkyd systems.
Effect of external chloride replacement on action potentials of giant axons in Periplaneta americana

Abstract 1. 1. The hemolymph Cl − concentration of adult female Periplaneta americana was determined by automatic titration, and the effect of external Cl − replacement on action potentials of giant axons in intact nerve cords of adult P. americana was studied in vitro with external electrodes. 2. 2. The hemolymph Cl − concentration is 112 ± 6·07 mM. 3. 3. When bathed in high Cl − medium, the half-times of action potentials of adult male and female nerve cords are not significantly different. 4. 4. A chloride-free bathing medium with either acetate or SO 4 2− replacing Cl − significantly decreases the half-time of action potentials; no significant difference exists between half-times obtained with acetate and SO 4 2− solutions.
SIMS / XPS studies of the passive film on nickel

Abstract Passive films were formed on nickel in borate buffer solution (pH 8.4) at various anodic potentials. XPS and SIMS techniques were used to determine the passivating species present on the surface film. It is shown that the film formed at low passivating potentials consists of Ni (OH)2 and NiO, and the film formed preceding oxygen evolution consists mainly of Ni2O3.
Sidelobe clutter modeling for land-based radars in mountainous terrain

This paper will introduce a new technique for modeling sidelobe clutter in mountainous terrain, while expanding upon our previous work in modeling three-dimensional aspects of clutter. The method was developed, in part, to overcome the limitations of electromagnetic parabolic wave equation (PWE) models with regards to complex antenna patterns. This technique also produces a more accurate representation of the clutter versus our previous methods.
Uranium geochemistry on the Amazon shelf: Evidence for uranium release from bottom sediments

In Amazon-shelf waters, as salinity increases to 36.5 × 10−3, dissolved uranium activities increase to a maximum of 4.60 dpm 1−1. This value is much higher than the open-ocean value (2.50 dpm 1−1), indicating a source of dissolved uranium to shelf waters in addition to that supplied from open-ocean and riverine waters. Uranium activities are much lower for surface sediments in the Amazon-shelf seabed (mean: 0.69 ±.09 dpm g−1) than for suspended sediments in the Amazon River (1.82 dpm g−1). Data suggest that the loss of particulate uranium from riverine sediments (and the consequent input of dissolved uranium to shelf waters) is probably the result of uranium desorption from the ferric-oxyhydroxide coatings on sediment particles, and/or uranium release by mobilization of the ferric oxyhydroxides. The total flux (i.e., riverine flux plus desorbed-remobilized particulate flux) of dissolved 238U from the Amazon shelf (about 1.2 × 1015 dpm yr−1) constitutes about 15% of uranium input to the world ocean, commensurate to the Amazon River's contribution to world river-water discharge (approximately 18%). Measurement of only the riverine flux of dissolved 238U underestimates, by a factor of about 5, the flux of dissolved238U from the Amazon shelf to the open ocean.
LZB: Data Compression with Bounded References

In this paper, we propose a new compression/decompression algorithm called LZB which belongs to a class of algorithms related to Lempel-Ziv (LZ). The distinguishing characteristic of LZB is that it allows decompression from arbitrary points of compressed data. This is accomplished by setting a limit on how far back a reference in compressed data can directly or indirectly point to. We enforce this limit by using a sliding "gate." During the compression, we keep track of the origin of each input symbol. The origin of a symbol is the earliest symbol in the input data that the symbol (directly or indirectly) refers to. By using this information we avoid using any reference which go beyond the gate boundary. We modified the gzip implementation of LZ77 to implement LZB. We then compared LZB with the alternative method in which data is segmented into smaller pieces and each piece is compressed separately by using the standard gzip. The results show that LZB improves the compression ratio by 10 to 50 percent for 1024 to 128 byte segment sizes.
Boundary element solution for steady and unsteady Stokes flow

Abstract This paper represents a boundary element formulation for steady and unsteady slow viscous flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid. The steady flow completely ignores the inertial effect, while the unsteady flow retains the local acceleration term. The boundary integral equations and fundamental solutions are presented in two and three dimensions. A Laplace transform and numerical inversion approach is used for the unsteady problem. Two-dimensional internal flow problems are solved to illustrate the capability of the developed algorithms.
Enzymic release of amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of native and modified egg-white lysozyme.

Abstract A study has been made of the action of carboxypeptidases A and B on native egg-white lysozyme and on lysozyme modified by enzymic and chemical means. Chromatographic identification of the amino acid residues thus released have indicated that, in agreement with previous findings, lysozyme possesses the C-terminal tripeptide structure: cystinylarginylleucine.
Development of fully functionalized photorefractive polymers

In this article, we review recent progress in the area of photorefractive polymers. Photorefractive (PR) polymers are multifunctional materials which combine photoconductivity and electro-optic response to show a new phenomenon: light-induced reversible modulation of the refractive index. Because of their multifunctional features, design, synthesis and preparation of these materials exhibiting high performance is an intellectual challenge. Moreover, numerous applications of photorefractive materials in optical devices have been established using inorganic materials. Utilizing the unique features of organic polymeric materials to prepare useful devices is an engineering challenge. In the past several years, research in this area has gained momentum because numerous new materials which possess better characteristic photorefractive parameters than their inorganic counterparts have been synthesized. Several interesting devices have been presented. Two different approaches have been developed to synthesize and prepare PR polymers, namely composite materials and fully functionalized polymers. Both approaches have had success in identifying new materials and in gaining understanding of the design principles of better materials. This paper discusses these aspects and gives a prospective view about this field.
Anchoring effects of trait range in impression formation

Moderately polarized test traits imbedded in a narrow affective range of context trait adjectives were rated as more extreme than when they were imbedded within a wider range of context traits. It was concluded that the reference scale underlying impression ratings is not impervious to context-related anchoring effects. The implications of this finding for between-Ss tests of Anderson’s averaging model are discussed.
Modeling concurrency in rule-based development environments

The problem of cooperative work in the software development domain is explored, and a solution that combines object-oriented programming with rule-based modeling is proposed. The solution divides the problem into three components: how to detect potential conflicts between developers' concurrent activities, how to specify the consistency requirements of a project, and how to use the consistency specification to resolve potential conflicts. The focus is on the first component; the other two are merely sketched. The solution exploits recent advances in object-oriented databases, extended transaction models, and computer-supported cooperative work, all of which provide clues as to how to support cooperation while guaranteeing data consistency. >
ENVIRONMENTAL AND INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF ENREPRENEURIAL GROWTH: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION

Entrepreneurial growth is predicted to be related to micro variables (motivations) and macro variables (infrastructure elements) but in a differential way. Infrastructure variables are tested as moderators in the motivation-growth relationship. Motivations are further categorized into intrinsic pull and extrinsic push factors. A rich sample of 405 recently-minted entrepreneurs in a privatizing economy (Romania) was surveyed. Results essentially confirmed the predictions, with motivations playing a larger role than anticipated. Implications were discussed for policymakers charged with the responsibilities of economic development through entrepreneurship.
A study and design of microwave mixer for optimum Conversion Efficiency (CE) performance

Conversion efficiency (CE) is the most important parameter which is used to specify the performance of a mixer. This paper describes how a microwave mixerpsilas CE performance being optimized to suit the requirement of the network analyzer. The objectives of the mixer redesign are to improve the minimal CE value and at the same time, facilitating an adjustable CE to accommodate amplifier ICpsilas gain variation inside the microwave mixer. The minimum CE is raised by improving the input impedance of the IF port. Meanwhile the high CE issue is resolved by designing the Mixer to have adjustable attenuation capability at mixerpsilas IF path.
Presidential Candidates and the Press on The West Wing and in the Real World

As the second episode of season seven of The West Wing opens, it's mid-August—a few weeks after the Democratic National Convention and 101 days before the election between Democratic nominee Matt S...
Toward a neoclassical theory of sustainable consumption: Eight golden age propositions

Abstract Popular trends in ecological economics increasingly consign neoclassical economics to the sidelines of modern-day relevancy. The neoclassical tradition is often seen as reliant for its authenticity on a presumption of human avarice – both unbridled consumerism and corporate cupidity – and demanding for its real-world applicability an assumption of continuous economic growth in a world of hard limits. This article examines the question of whether neoclassical theory could instead provide keys to deeper understanding of sustainable consumption. By combining in a single framework neoclassical growth theory, general equilibrium theory and duality theory – and by explicitly considering leisure time – the analysis demonstrates that neoclassical economics yields several useful insights bearing on long-term sustainability. The analysis confirms several tenets of ecological economics and challenges others. Eight propositions emerge from this analysis that could help speed the development of a robust neoclassical theory of sustainable consumption, here branded “golden age” propositions as they strongly echo the “Golden Rule” discoveries of Edmund Phelps.
Birth weight-specific survival curves for extremely low birth weight infants in the United States † 1137

Birth weight-specific survival curves for extremely low birth weight infants in the United States † 1137
Diagnosing Adrenal Insufficiency: Which Test is Best—The 1-μG or the 250-μG Cosyntropin Stimulation Test?

Objective: To review the available literature on the low-dose cosyntropin stimulation test (CST) for the diagnosis of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in both nonstressed and acutely ill...
Predicting dynamics of spatial automata models using Hamiltonian equations

Abstract Grid-based models such as cellular automata are useful tools for investigating spatial dynamics in ecological systems. Quantitative measures have been proposed for characterizing static spatial patterns, but techniques for examining the dynamics of spatial pattern are less developed. I present an adaptation of Hamiltonian free energy equations to predict numbers of state changes resulting from different ecological mechanisms in spatial automata models. The three terms in the Hamiltonian estimate the number of grid cells changing state due to spontaneous state changes, to interactions among cells, and to heterogeneity in the behavior of different cells in the grid. PComp is a simple competition model in which each cell in the grid can be occupied by a single individual plant. The simulation calculates the Hamiltonian at each time step to indicate how many of the observed changes in cell occupancy are due to basic colonization and death rates, crowding effects, dispersal from adjacent cell, and differences in substrate suitability.
5,6-Dihydroxyindole formation from oxidized 6-hydroxydopamine.

Abstract Within 1 hr oxidized 6-hydroxydopamine solutions at 37°C and pH 7.4 produce significant quantities of 5,6-dihydroxyindole. An analog, 6-aminodopamine, also a powerful norepinephrine depletor in mouse brain, provides the same 5,6-hydroxyindoles. The potential significance of this indole in the chemical sympathectomy action of 6-hydroxydopamine is discussed.
Noticing pretreatment change and therapy outcome: An initial study

Abstract This research specifically examined the brief-solutions concept of pretreatment changes (changes clients make between the initial phone call and the first therapy session). The impact of noticing pretreatment changes as a therapeutic intervention on the outcome variables of unplanned termination, relationship functioning, good attainment problem solving, and communication was explored. Limited support was found for the hypotheses that noticing pretreatment changes influences unplanned termination and that pretreatment changes remain persistent in many clients' lives. Mixed results were found for the hypothesis that noticing pretreatment change influences the other outcome variables. Implications and ideas for future research are discussed.
FORMULATION OF A PROCESS FOR THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Due to the importance of technology use in Aerospace systems, the process of technology development is one of the most important parts of fielding a new system. Technology development is the process of creating and managing activities such as experiments, analysis, and prototyping in order to reduce the risk associated with the use of a new technology. While technical risk is addressed by the activities, the project must be planned and managed so as to reduce the cost and schedule risk associated with completing those activities. This study introduces a process that will assist in the planning and management of a technology development project and lead to successful development efforts.
Reasoning About Cultural and Genetic Transmission: Developmental and Cross‐Cultural Evidence From Peru, Fiji, and the United States on How People Make Inferences About Trait Transmission

Using samples from three diverse populations, we test evolutionary hypotheses regarding how people reason about the inheritance of various traits. First, we provide a framework for differentiat-ing the outputs of mechanisms that evolved for reasoning about variation within and between (a) biological taxa and (b) culturally evolved ethnic categories from (c) a broader set of beliefs and categories that are the outputs of structured learning mechanisms. Second, we describe the results of a modified "switched-at-birth" vignette study that we administered among children and adults in Puno (Peru), Yasawa (Fiji), and adults in the United States. This protocol permits us to study perceptions of prenatal and social transmission pathways for various traits and to differentiate the latter into vertical (i.e., parental) versus horizontal (i.e., peer) cultural influence. These lines of evidence suggest that people use all three mechanisms to reason about the distribution of traits in the population. Participants at all three sites develop expectations that morphological traits are under prenatal influence, and that belief traits are more culturally influenced. On the other hand, each population holds culturally specific beliefs about the degree of social influence on non-morphological traits and about the degree of vertical transmission-with only participants in the United States expecting parents to have much social influence over their children. We reinterpret people's differentiation of trait transmission pathways in light of humans' evolutionary history as a cultural species.
Book Review: Edward L. Glaeser, Triumph of The City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier (The Penguin Press 2011)

It is always a bit unnerving to read someone else’s love letters, but even more so, when you have the same object of desire. Edward Glaeser’s TRIUMPH OF THE CITY is a love letter to cities and to New York City in particular. Glaeser provides a theoertical framework of the city, arguing that “Cities are the absence of physical space between people and companies. They are proximity, density, closeness.” Glaeser prescribes three simple rules to protect the vitality of the urban environment: First, cities should replace the current lengthy and uncertain permitting process with a simple system of fees. Second, historic preservation should be limited and well defined. Finally, individual neighborhoods should have some clearly delineated power to protect their special character. While Glaeser does not fully justify his set of rules, he does provide a thought-provoking discussion of the consequences of not following them. If you were to take nothing else from TRIUMPH OF THE CITY, you should attend to its cri de coeur: “the real city is made of flesh, not concrete.” But, notwithstanding its limitations, the book offers much, much more than that. It challenges broadly held beliefs and presents a theory of the city that helps to evaluate urban policy proposals with a clear eye.
Craniotomy for Intracranial Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Is Course, Cost, or Outcome Affected by Age?

Background and Purpose Age may influence cost or effectiveness of treatment for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study examined the effect of age on both. Methods Patients (n=219) who underwent craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm and SAH over 6 years at one tertiary care center were divided in two ways by age: single advanced age (<65 years and ≥65 years) and decade of age (23 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 81 years). Data recorded for each patient included numbers of procedures and complications in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU), number of days in the SICU and the hospital, costs for SICU and ward care, total cost (SICU plus ward costs), and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score at admission and discharge, the Hunt-Hess grade at admission and immediately preoperatively, and quality of life score, a measure of outcome. Mortality rates by age group were calculated. Results The only variable significantly affected by decade of age was mortality rat...
BRAZIL'S SAMUEL DAM: LESSONS FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN AMAZONIA

Brazil’s Samuel Dam, which formed a 540-km2 reservoir in the state of Rondonia in 1988, provides lessons for development decisions throughout Amazonia and in other tropical areas. The decision to build the dam was heavily influenced by its role in the political strategies of key decision makers. Samuel illustrates both impacts and benefits of electricity supply and the dilemmas facing decision makers regarding the various options for planned electricity generation. Environmental costs included flooding forest and stimulating illegal logging activity throughout western Amazonia because of an exception opened for Samuel in Brazil’s prohibition of export of raw logs. Samuel emitted substantially more greenhouse gases than would have been emitted by generating the same amount of electricity from oil. Contamination of fish in the reservoir resulted from methylation of mercury present in the soil. Social costs of the dam included resettlement of 238 families of farmers; impacts on indigenous people were indirect. Mitigating measures included faunal rescue and creation of a forest reserve. The lessons of Samuel include the need to consider a full range of alternatives prior to making decisions in practice and the importance of adhering to the logical sequence of decision making, where information is gathered and compared prior to the decision. It also shows the need to maintain flexibility when the costs and benefits of different alternatives change significantly over the course of the project’s planning and execution, as occurred at Samuel.
Mortality and aggressiveness in a 30-year follow-up study in child guidance clinics in Stockholm

The mortality rate and aggressiveness in a cohort of 2364 former patients of the child guidance clinics in Stockholm were studied during a 30-year follow-up period; 106 died during this observation period. This frequency is significantly higher than the calculated mortality rate in a reference population. In all, 82% of the total deaths were caused by suicide, accidents, or abuse of alcohol or drugs. Among the patients that died of suicide and abuse, more mental disorders, abuse and criminality were found in their parents during the initial evaluation. Significantly more males than females died as a result of accidents and alcohol or drug abuse. Aggressive feelings and acts, both against oneself and others, were overrepresented in the initial contacts with the child guidance clinics. To prevent these deaths, an alternative approach during the first contact with a child psychiatric centre is discussed, as well as more extensive help and intervention at an early stage.
Forced gravity wave response near the jet exit region in a linear model

This study investigates the propagation of gravity waves in the region of significant horizontal and vertical shear associated with a localized atmospheric jet using a linear model. Gravity waves are produced in the linear model by imposing prescribed divergence/convergence forcing of various scales near the core of an idealized local jet. The spatial structures of these forced gravity waves are nearly steady after a few inertial periods, despite the amplitudes slowly increasing with time. Linear model simulated wave response to prescribed forcing shows limited dependence on the scales of the forcing. It is found that the wave structure (e.g. horizontal/vertical wavelengths, phases and locations) away from the forcing are largely constrained by the environmental wind shear through the wave capture mechanism. Consequently, simulated gravity wave activities have the tendency to be focused on the vicinity where the line of constant shear aspect ratio approximates to the characteristic large-scale environmental aspect ratio (f /N). Ray tracing analysis is further used to demonstrate that wave capturing is the consequence of different influences of the horizontal and vertical shears upon longer and shorter waves. Copyright c
Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents for the vector of the laurel wilt disease, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

graphical a bstract abstract The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus, is a wood-boring insect that vectors the fungal pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, which causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of avocado. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of RAB to infection and subsequent death by exposure to three commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi (two strains of Isaria fumosorosea (Ifr 3581 and PFR), and strain GHA of Beauveria bassiana). RAB females were dipped in fungal spore solutions and their median survivorship times (MST) determined. Contact with any of the biopesticides resulted in death of all RAB females. MSTs of RAB females ranged from 3 days (B. bassiana) to 5 days (I. fumosorosea PFR). B. bas- siana killed RAB females faster, followed by Ifr 3581 and PFR. RAB females dipped in B. bassiana suspen- sions had the highest number of viable spores attached to their bodies, followed by Ifr 3581. Beetles dipped in PFR suspension had significantly less viable spores attached to their bodies. No significant dif- ferences were observed in the mortality of beetles exposed to entomopathogenic fungi by dipping in a fungal suspension or walking on treated avocado bolts. Beetles bored into the logs and constructed gal- leries, but they were found dead inside the galleries a few days after exposure to the entomopathogens. Entomopathogenic fungal infection in dead beetles was confirmed through molecular techniques. This is the first study to demonstrate that entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents against RAB.
Genetic and evolutionary methods for biometric feature reduction

In this paper, we investigate the use of Genetic and Evolutionary Computations (GECs) for feature selection (GEFeS), weighting (GEFeW), and hybrid weighting/selection (GEFeWS) in an attempt to increase recognition accuracy as well as reduce the number of features needed for biometric recognition. These GEC-based methods were first applied to a subset of 105 subjects taken from the Facial Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) dataset (FRGC-105) where several feature masks were evolved. The resulting feature masks were then tested on a larger subset taken from the FRGC dataset (FRGC-209) in an effort to investigate how well they generalise to unseen subjects. The results suggest that our GEC-based methods are effective in increasing the recognition accuracy and reducing the features needed for recognition. In addition, the evolved FRGC-105 feature masks generalised well on the unseen subjects within the FRGC-209 dataset.
Quantifying the Surface Chemistry of 3D Matrices in situ

Despite the major role of the matrix (the insoluble environment around cells) in physiology and pathology, there are very few and limited methods that can quantify the surface chemistry of a 3D matrix such as a biomaterial or tissue ECM. This study describes a novel optical-based methodology that can quantify the surface chemistry (density of adhesion ligands for particular cell adhesion receptors) of a matrix in situ. The methodology utilizes fluorescent analogs (markers) of the receptor of interest and a series of binding assays, where the amount of bound markers on the matrix is quantified via spectral multi-photon imaging. The study provides preliminary results for the quantification of the ligands for the two major collagen-binding integrins (α1β1, α2β1) in porous collagen scaffolds that have been shown to be able to induce maximum regeneration in transected peripheral nerves. The developed methodology opens the way for quantitative descriptions of the insoluble microenvironment of cells in physiology and pathology, and for integrating the matrix in quantitative models of cell signaling.
Physician Knowledge and Management of Children Exposed to Domestic Violence in Ohio: A Comparison of Pediatricians and Family Physicians

Active members of the Ohio chapters of American Academy of Family Physicians (FP=1,498) and American Academy of Pediatrics (Ped=1,725) were surveyed about their knowledge and management regarding children exposed to domestic violence (DV). Characteristics of respondents were analyzed by use of Chi-square analysis. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of DV knowledge and management. The response rate was 33.3%. Family physicians were more likely to know their local DV agency and recognize the adult symptoms of DV, such as unexplained injury. Pediatricians were more likely to report the child who saw a fight between parents to child protective services. Continuing work to increase physicians' comfort and ability to assess for DV and manage exposed children is needed.
Does IQ Moderate the Relation between Psychopathy and Juvenile Offending

Although evidence indicates that both psychopathy and intelligence independently predict juvenile offending, relations among IQ, psychopathy, and offending are inconsistent. We investigated whether intelligence moderates the relation between psychopathy and both income and aggressive offending concurrently and over time among 1,354 juvenile offenders enrolled in Pathways to Desistance, a prospective study of serious juvenile offenders in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Phoenix, Arizona. Participants were assessed on intelligence, psychopathy, and self-reported offending at their initial interview (age range: 14-18 years old), and at 36 and 84 months later. Results indicate that intelligence moderates the concurrent relation between both income and aggressive offending and total psychopathy, as well as scores on Factor 1 (interpersonal/affective) and Factor 2 (social deviance); the 36-month prospective relation between all aspects of psychopathy and income offending; and the 84-month prospective relation between Factor 2 psychopathy and aggressive offending. As expected, higher levels of psychopathy are associated with higher levels of offending, but the highest levels of offending are evinced among youth with relatively higher levels of psychopathy and relatively higher IQ. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Suppressive effect of protease inhibitors on heterokaryons containing chick erythrocyte nuclei

Abstract Nuclei of active cells (HeLa, mouse fibroblasts) partnered with chick erythrocyte nuclei in heterokaryons are suppressed, as judged by a decreased rate of 3 H-uridine incorporation and diminished nuclear binding of 3 H-actinomycin D. The extent to which active partner nuclei are suppressed, the extent to which erythrocyte nuclei are reactivated, and the degree of sensitivity of heterokaryons towards certain inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes, all correlate strongly with the ratios of erythrocyte nuclei to active nuclei. Thus, reactivation of individual erythrocyte nuclei is reduced progressively and active nuclei are suppressed progressively as the ratio of erythrocyte nuclei per active nucleus in heterokaryons increases. This erythrocyte nuclear-dose dependent suppression is markedly amplified when heterokaryons are grown in the presence of protease inhibitors. The protease inhibitors found to affect heterokaryons are low molecular weight ( l -1-tosylamide-2-leucyl chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), N -α-tosyl- l -arginine methyl ester (TAME) and N -benzoyl- l -arginine amide (BAA). They affect heterokaryons at concentrations comparable to the minimal concentrations at which they inhibit trypsin. Nonfused HeLa cells, mouse fibroblasts, or their homokaryons are refractory to protease inhibitors at these concentrations. Reactivation of chick erythrocyte nuclei in a heterokaryon may involve release of suppressors ordinarily confined to the erythrocyte nucleus, with subsequent redistribution of suppressor among all the nuclei of the heterokaryon. Under these circumstances the state of nuclear activity will depend on the quantity of suppressor per individual nucleus; within the erythrocyte nucleus the suppressors will decrease its rate of reactivation, when they migrate into an active nucleus they will suppress it. These suppressors, either in transit between the nuclei, or within the nuclei, may be hydrolysed by intracellular proteases.