cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social correlates of lethal aggression.

Whereas many researchers have explored the correlates of regional suicide rates or of regional homicide rates (Lester, 1988; Whitt, et a/., 1972; Whitt, 1985) suggested that suicide rates and homicide rates could be summed to give a measure of the lethal aggression rate of a society, and that the correlates of the lethal aggression rate might well be very different from those of the component parts of the rate (the homicide rate and the suicide rate). The present study was done to test the validity of Whitt's suggestion using data from a sample of the continental states of America in 1980. Suicide and homicide rates for 1780 for each of the 48 continental states of the USA were obtained from the V?tal Statistics of the United States, 1980. A variety of societal variables were chosen for inclusion in the analysis based upon previous research into regional correlates of suicide and homicide rates (Lester, 1788) obtained for 1780 mainly from the Statistical Abstract of the United States and the Census of the United States, 1980 published by the Census Bureau. These social variables were subjected to a principal components factor analysis with a varimax rotation using S P S S ~ . The rate of lethal aggression correlated very highly with the homicide rate (r = 0.90) and moderately with the suicide rate (r = 0 64). For these states, Whitt was incorrect in suggesting that the lethal aggression rate is different from the homicide rate. Both the lethal aggression rate and the homicide rate were correlated with scores on a factor which showed high loadings from latitude and the percentage of black citizens and with scores on a factor which showed high loadings from rates of divorce and interstate migration. It appears that, then, for the 48 continental states of the USA, lethal aggression and homicide are very similar indices.
The energy difference between the crystalline and vitreous forms of germanium diselenide as determined by combustion calorimetry in fluorine. The Ge-Se bond energy

Standard specific energies of combustion in fluorine of high-purity crystalline and vitreous GeSe2 have been determined by isoperibol calorimetry at 298.15 K. The derived standard molar enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K are: ΔfHm0, (GeSe2, cr, monoclinic) = − (103.7 ± 3.1) kJ·mol−1 and ΔrHm0 (GeSe2, vit) = − (91.6 ± 3.2) kJ.mol−1. The Ge-Se bond energy in crystalline GeSe2 is (237.7 ± 1.1) kJ·mol−1 and in vitreous GeSe2 it is (234.7 ± 1.2) kJ·mol−1, where the bond energy is defined as 0.25 ΔrHm0 for the reaction: GeSe2 (solid) = Ge(g) + 2Se(g) at 298.15 K (ΔrHm0 denotes the standard molar enthalpy of reaction). The standard enthalpy (also energy) of the transition: GeSe2(vit) = GeSe2(cr), is −(12.1±4.2) kJ·mol−1 at 298.15 K.
Application of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time-series data to assess changes in Saudi Arabia's rangelands

The primary objective of this study was to assess the condition of a portion of Saudi Arabia's rangelands and evaluate the effects of grazing by the animal herds of indigenous nomads over the last decade. Because of the desertic condition of these rangelands, changes in vegetation cover are more subtle than would be the case for other, less arid areas. Consequently, a new analytic methodology for the detection of desertification of arid and hyper-arid rangelands was developed specifically for this project. The conceptual framework for the analysis is the use of the coefficient of variation (COV) of the monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, maximum-value composite) as a measure of vegetative biomass change. A higher NDVI COV for a given pixel (excluding cases of changes in land use) represents a greater change in vegetation biomass in the ground area represented by that pixel. Linear regression was used to determine the trend in COV values for each pixel over the 12-year period for which da...
Psychological adjustment of pediatric lung transplantation candidates and their parents

Investigated psychological functioning of 45 children and adolescents (ages 5 to 17 years) and their parents presenting at a major medical center for evaluation for lung transplantation. Patients completed self-reports, and parents completed measures on their children's behavior problems and emotional distress as well as on their own symptoms of distress. In general, children and their parents reported normal functioning on standard psychological measures. Few children fell in the clinically significant range, whereas 21% of mothers and 14% of fathers reported clinically significant levels of distress. Older children reported lower levels of depressive symptoms than younger children, and patients with cystic fibrosis manifested lower levels of internalizing symptoms than those with other pulmonary diseases. Findings demonstrate the resiliency of children and their parents facing a stressful point in the child's medical status and document the usefulness of psychological screening of patients and parents to identify those in need of clinical intervention.
Attacking software-defined networks: a first feasibility study

In this paper, for the first time we show a new attack to fin- gerprint SDN networks and further launch efficient resource consumption attacks. This attack demonstrates that SDN brings new security issues that may not be ignored. We provide the first feasibility study of such attack and hope to stimulate further studies in SDN security research.
Improving concatenated coding communications by employing signal editing techniques

Signal editing (SE) is a technique used to locate and erase unreliable data before error correction decoding. Consider a concatenated coding (CC) communication system in which the inner code employs convolutional encoding with Viterbi decoding (CEVD) and the outer code could employ either a convolutional or a Reed-Solomon code. In this study, we show that useful information can be derived from the inner Viterbi decoding process to perform two special operations: (i) to locate and erase unreliable decoded data and (ii) to estimate the input channel noise level. As a result, the number of errors input to the outer decoder is reduced and the overall CC system performance is improved.
Tunneling spectroscopy of a La-Sr-Cu-O break junction: Evidence for strong-coupling superconductivity.

Detailed structure in the quasiparticle tunneling has been observed in La-Sr-Cu-O superconductive tunneling junctions using the break-junction technique. Variability in the energy gap and associated structure in the current-voltage curves is observed indicating significant inhomogeneity in the superconducting properties. Large energy gaps (7.0 meV) and deep structure in the conductance derivatives are evidence for a strong-coupling mechanism.
Use of personality, anthropometry and vision scores to select students for psychomotor dental performance.

Based on studies in two dental schools (N=42 and 22), the hypotheses suggest that the utilization of personality, vision and anthropometric measures as supplemental indices to the currently utilized measures will result in higher concurrent validity than was previously possible (377 versus 48%).
Churches as Neighborhood Organizations and Their Relationship to Street and Domestic Violent Crime: The Role of Denomination, Stability, and Heterogeneity

Recent developments in both theory and research on neighborhood crime have focused attention on the role of organizations. The current research builds on the existing literature to examine the relationship of churches to neighborhood “street” and domestic violence. The findings suggest that churches are fairly stable neighborhood organizations and not importantly heterogeneous, and neither factor appears to be related to neighborhood crime. Alternatively, the number of churches in a neighborhood is positively related to both street crimes and domestic assaults, and denomination does play an important role especially as it relates to domestic assaults. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.
Rationing or stewardship in pursuit of just medical reform.

Modern medicine continues to struggle with the troubling equation of life in a time of scientific triumphalism: In the face of illness and mortality, human medical needs appear infinite, the scient...
Endoscopic Management of Peri-Pancreatic Collections

Endotherapy of peripancreatic fluid collections is an increasing utilized procedure in interventional endoscopy. The aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of the topic, highlighting the indications, technique, and important management issues relating to endoscopic management of the various forms of peri-pancreatic fluid collections.
Thermal neutron beam intensity gain for reflecting collimators

Abstract In this paper an experimental confirmation of the gain in intensity due to reflecting collimators has been described. Myristic acid and nickel were used to coat the collimator walls in order to obtain non-reflecting and reflecting properties respectively. The reflectivities of these substances were measured experimentally and an excellent agreement with theoretically predicted results was obtained. The intensity gain for collimators of dimensions: length 60″, width 1 4 ″ and height 3 4 ″ was found to be 26%.
Direct Olfactory Demonstration of Fractions of Chicken Aroma

SUMMARY A general method of dividing and subjectively evaluating the fractions of cooked chicken aroma was developed. The fractions were separated by passing nitrogen gas laden with the freshly formed aroma through solid absorbents or solutions of metal salts. The unabsorbed effluents were then characterized or identified in terms of the dominant odor by a trained panel. Absorbents were selected for their ability to permit passage of easily identified aroma fractions and for their general inability to form, react with, or concentrate on a volume basis the unabsorbed fractions of interest. The role of hydrogen sulfide was established in two ways: 1) when essentially all aroma constituents except hydrogen sulfide were removed from the nitrogen stream by anhydrous calcium sulfate (or calcium chloride or calcium carbonate), the residual aroma was easily recognized as hydrogen sulfide; and 2) when hydrogen sulfide was removed by any of a variety of heavy metal salts, a completely foreign disagreeable aroma remained that indicated the blending or masking effect of the hydrogen sulfide. When hydrogen sulfide and other components were removed by magnesium oxide, an ammoniacal odor characteristic of ammonia or aliphatic amines was exposed. Many absorbents or combinations of absorbents were found that trapped all fractions of the cooked chicken aroma.
Plasmodium falciparum: Activity of artemisinin against Plasmodium falciparum cultured in sickle trait hemoglobin AS and normal hemoglobin AA red blood cells

Abstract The presence of sickle hemoglobin causes accumulation of hemoglobin degradative products that favor oxidative reaction in erythrocytes. Artemisinin derivatives exert antiparasite effects through oxidative reactions within infected erythrocytes. Using [ 3 H]-hypoxanthine incorporation, we therefore did an in vitro comparison of IC 50 values for artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocytes from sickle cell trait (AS) and normal (AA) individuals. IC 50 values for chloroquine served as control. Without drugs, parasite growth was similar in AA and AS erythrocytes. Gender, age and blood group of donors had no significant effects on parasite growth. IC 50 value for artemisinin was 27 ± 14 nM in AS ( N = 22) compared to 24 ± 9 nM ( N = 27) in AA erythrocytes ( P = 0.4). IC 50 values for chloroquine were also similar in AA (22 ± 8 nM) and AS (20 ± 11 nM) erythrocytes. These results show no evidence of elevated artemisinin activity on P. falciparum in AS erythrocytes in vitro .
Impact of Mutational Testing on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Analysis of 1056 FNA Samples

Context: Thyroid nodules are common in adults, but only a small fraction of them is malignant. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology provides a definitive diagnosis of benign or malignant disease in many cases, whereas about 25% of nodules are indeterminate, hindering most appropriate management. Objective: The objective of the investigation was to study the clinical utility of molecular testing of thyroid FNA samples with indeterminate cytology. Design: Residual material from 1056 consecutive thyroid FNA samples with indeterminate cytology was used for prospective molecular analysis that included the assessment of cell adequacy by a newly developed PCR assay and testing for a panel of mutations consisted of BRAF V600E, NRAS codon 61, HRAS codon 61, and KRAS codons 12/13 point mutations and RET/PTC1, RET/PTC3, and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements. Results: The collected material was adequate for molecular analysis in 967 samples (92%), which yielded 87 mutations including 19 BRAF, 62 RAS, 1 RET/PTC, and five PAX...
Effect of neutron irradiation on the density of low-energy excitations in vitreous silica

Neutron irradiation of vitreous silica produces changes of the same relative magnitude in the low-temperature excess specific heat ${C}_{\mathrm{ex}}$, the anomalous thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, and the anomalous temperature dependence of ultrasonic velocity, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}v}{v}$. It is therefore likely that $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}v}{v}$ are dominated by the localized excitations responsible for the excess specific heat of vitreous silica. The tunneling-states model with a single energy-dependent density of states adequately accounts for the measured ${C}_{\mathrm{ex}}$, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}v}{v}$ of unirradiated vitreous silica. Changes in these properties with neutron irradiation can be explained using this model by altering only the density of tunneling states.
An activity-based information-theoretic annotation of social graphs

The explosion in social media adoption has opened up new opportunities to understand human interaction and information flow at an unprecedented scale. Influence between people represented as nodes of a social graph is best characterized in terms of the direction, the volume and the delay associated with the information flow. In this work we investigate the relatively new information-theoretic measure called transfer entropy as a measure of directed causal influence in online social interactions. The classical definition of transfer entropy is extended to a form applicable to activity on social graphs characterized by causal influence through delayed responses. For fixed but arbitrary interaction delays, we show that the swept delayed transfer entropy (DTE) profile peaks at the true delay. By extending the results to discrete and continuous distributions of interaction delays, the efficacy of DTE in recovering the interaction delay distributions between two causally related signals is demonstrated. An information theoretic annotation of social graphs that captures the volume and velocity of information transfer is presented based on the swept DTE.
Stationary instability of the buoyancy-layer flow between heated vertical planes

The critical mode of instability is obtained for the buoyancy-driven boundary-layer flow between infinite vertical planes that are subject to a constant vertical temperature gradient and a constant horizontal temperature difference. The analysis is primarily concerned with the high Prandtl number limit when the critical disturbance occurs as stationary convection. The threshold of instability is found to correspond to the situation where a temperature change comparable with that across the layer occurs in a vertical distance of O ( R -1/8 l *), where R ( ≫ 1) is a Rayleigh number based on the vertical temperature gradient and the width of the layer, l *. Unlike the travelling wave instability found by A. E. Gill & A. Davey ( J. Fluid Mech . 35, 775 (1969)) the stationary mode is not confined to the boundary layers but consists of elongated horizontal rolls that stretch across the core region between the planes. The boundary layer-core interaction leads to the determination of the critical mode from the solution of a reduced form of the boundary-layer stability equations. The vertical wavelength of the instability is O ( R -1/8 l *), which is short compared with the distance between the planes but long compared with the boundary-layer width, which is O ( R -1/4 l *).
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY : II. RESISTANCE TO SPREAD OF INFECTION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FOLLOWING EXPOSURES OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES TO VIRUS, WITH COMMENTS ON NON-PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS.

1. Repeated non-traumatic exposures to poliomyelitis virus of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and of various portions of the alimentary tract in 5 cynomolgus monkeys, extending over a period of 9 to 14 months, were followed by a definite, though limited resistance to intracerebral inoculation to the homologous strain of virus in 4 of them. Only one monkey developed paralysis (20 per cent incidence) and the other 4 remained free of signs and symptoms of the disease. 92 per cent of 25 previously untreated monkeys developed paralysis with the same strain after intracerebral inoculation. 2. Microscopic examination of the central and peripheral nervous systems of the 4 non-paralytic cases revealed in all instances typical lesions in the central nervous system descending from the level of inoculation into the brain-stem but in only 2 into the spinal cord and then only in limited, small areas. Lesions were found in the peripheral ganglia in all animals which corresponded in distribution with the surface membranes previously exposed to virus. No lesions were found in the central nervous system indicative of invasion preceding the intracerebral inoculation. 3. Our observations point to the acquisition by the immune animal, as a result of surface exposure, of the power to limit the spread of infection in the central nervous system rather than of the capacity entirely to prevent implantation and multiplication of virus. 4. This limitation of spread, it is suggested, resembles the tendency so commonly seen in human poliomyelitis of the disease to "halt" at some stage of its evolution, resulting in the various clinical gradations in extent and severity of involvement (subclinical, abortive, non-paralytic, mild paralytic forms, etc.) 5. The experimental methods of exposure, previous to intracerebral inoculation, employed in our study are compared with the natural exposures of human beings during the course of life, which, as age advances, lead to increasing resistance to poliomyelitis and to an increasing incidence of specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood. 6. The mechanism of resistance is obscure. It may be related to the continuing presence of infection in the peripheral ganglia but this is as yet unproved.
Science, art and drug discovery: a personal perspective.

The research programme that started in 1985 led to the approval of Sildenafil (Viagra ® ), in 1998, as the first oral treatment for male erectile dysfunction. The initial project objective was the design and synthesis of novel inhibitors of phosphodiesterase that would increase tissue levels of cGMP, and that could be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. Starting from zaprinast, a weak phosphodiesterase inhibitor, computer modelling guided rational medicinal chemistry to achieve significant increases in potency and selectivity for the 5-isoenzyme within a novel series of pyrazolopyrimidinones. Optimization of structure–activity relationships and pharmacokinetic properties led to sildenafil, which proved essentially devoid of cardiovascular activity in clinical trials. However, the emerging role of nitric oxide and cGMP in controlling blood flow in the penis suggested that sildenafil would have a beneficial effect on erectile function. This hypothesis was confirmed by extensive clinical trials in nearly 5000 patients and the Food and Drug Administration approved sildenafil in March 1998 for male erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil is now available in over 100 countries and more than 150 million tablets have been dispensed worldwide. The sildenafil research programme reflects a traditional approach to drug discovery, but pressures to improve productivity have prompted major investments in genome sciences and new technologies. The impact of these initiatives on the drug discovery paradigm will be discussed, particularly with respect to shortening time scales between identifying gene sequences and submitting innovative products for regulatory approval.
Influence of inhaled anesthetics on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine

We determined the magnitude and duration of the effect of morphine (1.0 mg/kg intravenous bolus) on isoflurane and halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in six dogs anesthetized on two occasions in cross-over fashion. Plasma morphine concentration-time profiles and changes in PaCO2 were determined after morphine injection. After morphine injection, the end-tidal anesthetic dose was manipulated over the course of a 4-h observation period to account for the decline in plasma morphine concentration and to maintain an anesthetic level equivalent to 1.0 MAC isoflurane or halothane alone. Morphine decreased the MAC of halothane and isoflurane. The magnitude of MAC decrease was related to time after morphine injection and was similar for a given time with both halothane and isoflurane. For example, at 28.8 +/- 3.6 (mean +/- SE) and 34.8 +/- 6.3 min after morphine injection, the MAC for halothane and isoflurane were reduced by 35.7% +/- 4.5% and 39.3% +/- 3.4%, respectively. By 4 h after morphine injection, the MAC reduction for both anesthetics was less than 10% in most of the animals. Except for systemic clearance of morphine during halothane and isoflurane (40.1 +/- 6.1 and 53.7 +/- 5.6 mL.min-1.kg-1, respectively), there were no differences in disposition kinetics of free morphine associated with the two inhaled anesthetics. Morphine increased PaCO2 to a similar degree with both halothane (from 42.2 +/- 2.1 mm Hg to 55.6 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) and isoflurane (46.2 +/- 2.4 mm Hg to 55.3 +/- 2.1 mm Hg). Respiratory depression was abolished by noxious stimulation (tail clamp) and naloxone in all animals with both anesthetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Putting a finger on the switch.

The transition from fetal to adult β-like globin expression is a key step in the maturation of the red blood cell lineage. Two new studies show that the KLF1 zinc finger protein uses direct and indirect means to regulate the final switch from fetal to adult globin expression and that monoallelic loss of KLF1 expression leads to persistence of fetal hemoglobin.
Basal metabolic rate and the intrinsic rate of increase: an empirical and theoretical reexamination

A reanalysis of data presented by Henneman (1983) to examine the relationship between intrinsic rate of increase and basal metabolism suggests there is no statistically significant correlation between the two variables when both are treated with comparable statistical techniques. In addition, I suggest there is no theoretical reason to expect a high correlation between basal metabolic rate and a population's maximum rate of increase.
Vanadate ingestion enhances the organization and collagen fibril diameters of rat healing medical collateral ligaments

Although an injured medial collateral ligament (MCL) will naturally heal, the quality of healing tissue is inferior to the uninjured MCL tissue. Previous studies have shown promising results of sodium orthovanadate (vanadate) in enhancing the quality of rat skin wounds. This study therefore investigated whether vanadate enhances the quality of the rat healing MCL in terms of the collagen fibril organization and diameter. Six mature male Sprague-Dawley rats, with weight ranges of 475-505 g and ages of 25 weeks, were used in this study. Three rats in the experimental group received vanadate (0.2 mg/ml) in their saline drinking water (150 mM NaCl), whereas three rats in the control group were only given saline water. Three weeks after transection, the rat MCLs were harvested for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that vanadate promoted organization of collagen fibrils and significantly increased the diameters of collagen fibrils by 14% in healing MCL (P<0.001). These results indicate that application of vanadate may be a promising tissue engineering approach to enhance the quality of healing tissues such as injured MCLs.
Recovery of residual organic matter from in vitro digestion of forages

Abstract After two-stage in vitro digestion of about .44g of initial forage organic matter, residues in fermentation tubes were filtered sequentially through glass wool mats, sintered glass crucibles, and glass fiber discs. Only .002g of residual organic matter which passed glass wool was retained by sintered glass. The residue on sintered glass did not include recognizable forage particles. Glass fiber retained .029g of residual organic matter which had passed both glass wool and sintered glass. Calculations of in vitro organic matter digestion were not affected by including the residue retained by sintered glass in addition to that retained by glass wool. Inclusion of the residue retained by glass fiber reduced digestion percentages by 1.9 units. Glass wool mats are easily prepared in 25-ml porcelain Gooch crucibles, and filtration through them is rapid.
Cecil Rhodes in the cotton fields

(1986). Cecil Rhodes in the cotton fields. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 9, Ethnicity, Empire and Race Relations: Essays in Honour of Kenneth Kirkwood, pp. 288-305.
Potential DOC production from size-fractionated Arctic tundra soils

Abstract Soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulated in the Arctic regions has been subject to impacts of climate warming, but the interactions of SOC with aquatic environments and their biogeochemical consequences remain poorly understood. Arctic tundra soil samples were collected from the upper permafrost of arctic Alaska and size-fractionated into the > 2000 µm, 250–2000 µm, 53–250 µm and 3 kDa) and low-molecular-weight (LMW, 250–2000 µm > less than 53 µm. In both acidic and non-acidic soils, DOC yields increased with decreasing soil particle size, while TOC content increased with increasing particle size. Soil DOC released from bulk acidic soils contains 65% of HMW-DOC and 35% of LMW-DOC, but 44% and 56% respectively in non-acidic soil DOC. Acidic soils seemed to have higher potential of releasing DOC than non-acidic soils. On average, up to 2% of arctic SOC could be potentially released into aquatic systems during soil/water interactions. The fate of this newly released soil DOC and its biogeochemical impacts on aquatic systems needs further investigation.
Modeling distributed feedback GaAs-based lasers in dentistry

Distributed-feedback gallium-arsenide-based lasers with metal-gratings can generate stable wavelength at 980nm for applications in dentistry. This model uses the periodic optical waveguide method to calculate the coupling coefficient, which is a key parameter of laser performance. This model shows how the optical, geometrical, and material parameters depending on each other and how they affect the coupling coefficients in the laser waveguides. Numerical results compare the coupling coefficients of 980 nm lasers with those of 810 nm lasers. The modeling processes, including results, discussions, and physical interpretations, help to design and analyze lasers for more clinical and research applications in dentistry.
Crystal structure of CETP: new hopes for raising HDL to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease?

A timely study in this issue reports the high-resolution crystal structure of the human plasma protein cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) with its natural lipid ligands. The crystal structure will enhance both basic research on CETP-mediated cholesterol lipid transfer and the design of new drugs that increase plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
Magnetic properties of the Olivenza meteorite—possible implications for its evolution and an early solar system magnetic field

Abstract The magnetic properties of samples of the Olivenza chondrite (LL5) obtained from four collections have been investigated. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) consists of a very stable primary component, which is randomly scattered in direction on a scale of ∼ 1 mm 3 or less within the samples, and a secondary magnetization widely varying in intensity, and probably also in direction. The origin of the secondary NRM is not clear, and may be of terrestrial origin. It is concluded that the NRM is carried by the ordered nickel-iron mineral, tetrataenite. The origin of the primary NRM could be a magnetic field associated with the solar nebula, out of which the metal grains condensed and acquired a thermo-remanent magnetization (TRM), or Olivenza could be a fine-grained breccia, the constituent fragments possessing randomly directed magnetization. The implications for the origin and evolution of Olivenza and its parent body if the former magnetizing process has occurred are discussed.
Understanding Motor Impairment in the Paretic Lower Limb After a Stroke: A Review of the Literature

In addition to muscle weakness caused by injury to supraspinal centers, several mechanisms may contribute to motor impairment in the paretic lower limb following a stroke. Physiological changes in ...
Potential Role of Neuropeptide Ligands in the Treatment of Overeating

This article reviews the role of various neuropeptides in controlling eating behaviour and the prospects for ligands of these signalling systems in the treatment of eating disorders, in particular overeating and obesity. Neuropeptide Y is the most well known appetite-stimulating peptide. It is believed to exert this action through either Y1 or Y5 receptor subtypes in the hypothalamus. Selected antagonists with high affinity for these subtypes reduce food intake in animals, and so suggest that the development of clinically useful analogues may be possible. Galanin, another appetite-stimulating peptide, has been less well studied and the development of antagonists for galanin receptors is less well advanced. Studies using combinations of neuropeptide Y and galanin receptor antagonists, that may target carbohydrate and fat intake, respectively, have not yet been reported. Several peptides are known to inhibit food intake. Agonists of receptors for these peptides that have a long duration of action could be useful appetite suppressants. These peptides include ‘gut’ peptides such as cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide, and ‘pancreatic’ peptides such as amylin and insulin. Recently, the obesity (ob/ob) gene—related peptide leptin has been proposed as an endogenous signalling system that regulates fat intake, and a novel analogue of leptin has been shown to reduce food intake in rats. These peptides are thought to act on feeding-related regions at various levels of the neuraxis, prominently including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the paraventricular hypothalamus and the amygdala.
A prescription for femininity: Male interpretation of the feminine ideal at the turn of the century

(1988). A prescription for femininity: Male interpretation of the feminine ideal at the turn of the century. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 43-49.
Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of hydroxyl-functionalized polypropylene

Abstract Hydroxyl-modified polypropylenes (PPOH) with side chains containing OH groups were synthesized by copolymerization of the propylene and undecenyloxytrimethylsilane monomers. The isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization behavior of the modified polypropylenes (PPOH) with side chains containing up to 6.8 mol% OH groups were compared with that of polypropylene (PP). The introduction of the OH-comonomer decreased the overall rate of isothermal crystallization compared with PP due to steric effects of the hydroxyl-containing side-chains that hindered packing of the PP backbone chains into a lamellar structure. However, a maximum reduction in the rate of crystallization occurred at an intermediate hydroxyl concentration as a consequence of a competition between the effects of the comonomer on the nuclei density and the thermodynamic barrier to crystallization. Steric hindrance by the comonomer side-chains also reduced the radial growth rate of the crystals in PPOH and produced a coarser crystal morphology than that for PP. PP and PPOH exhibited an identical α-monoclinic crystal structure, but the introduction of only ∼6.8 mol% comonomer reduced the fold-surface free energy of the crystals by 42%. For non-isothermal crystallization, the crystallization peak temperature (Tp) decreased for low concentrations of OH, but above a critical OH concentration, Tp increased, a result similar to the isothermal crystallization rate.
When I say… validity

‘Validity’ reflects a characteristic of being ‘well grounded or justifiable’. This word has been applied to research study designs (internal and external validity), the degree to which a simulation activity reflects reality (simulation validity), and training effectiveness (training validity). However, when I say ‘validity’, I am nearly always referring to the degree to which the interpretations of scores resulting from an assessment activity are ‘well grounded or justifiable’. I never refer to the validity of interventions (training activities, including simulation) because that just creates confusion with the assessment perspective, and I try to avoid talking about valid study designs (although sometimes that can’t be helped).
A framework for the recognition of 3D faces and expressions

Face recognition technology has been a focus both in academia and industry for the last couple of years because of its wide potential applications and its importance to meet the security needs of today's world. Most of the systems developed are based on 2D face recognition technology, which uses pictures for data processing. With the development of 3D imaging technology, 3D face recognition emerges as an alternative to overcome the difficulties inherent with 2D face recognition, i.e. sensitivity to illumination conditions and orientation positioning of the subject. But 3D face recognition still needs to tackle the problem of deformation of facial geometry that results from the expression changes of a subject. To deal with this issue, a 3D face recognition framework is proposed in this paper. It is composed of three subsystems: an expression recognition system, a system for the identification of faces with expression, and neutral face recognition system. A system for the recognition of faces with one type of expression (happiness) and neutral faces was implemented and tested on a database of 30 subjects. The results proved the feasibility of this framework.
A storage form of ribosomes in mouse oocytes.

Abstract By utilizing the technique of whole mount electron microscopy, large numbers of very highly ordered lattice-like structures have been observed in mouse oocyte preparations, and thin-section studies have shown that these structures are of cytoplasmic origin. In some preparations, there appeared to be a breakdown of the lattice with the release of particles having the dimensions of ribosomes (225 A). This evidence, together with the results of enzyme digestion studies which show that the lattices are composed of RNA and protein, leads to the conclusion that these structures are highly ordered aggregates of ribosomes. The ribosomes are strung together to form chains which are capable of regular cross-linking with adjacent chains to form the characteristic lattice. It is suggested that the ribosomes are held together by basic proteins and are stored in an inactive form within the lattice until after fertilization, when they will be released and used in protein synthesis during early cleavage, until the embryo makes its own functional ribosomes. This premise is discussed in relation to the appearance and disappearance of the lattice, the synthesis of ribosomal RNA, the existence of ribosome inactivating proteins, and the possible formation of inactive maternal ribosome-mRNA complexes during oocyte maturation.
Enlightenment and conservatism in the Dutch Republic. The political thought of Elie Luzac (1721–1796)

(1994). Enlightenment and conservatism in the Dutch Republic. The political thought of Elie Luzac (1721–1796) History of European Ideas: Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 840-841.
New approach in automatic target recognition

A new approach for automatic battle tank recognition and segmentation has been developed. This paper presents the design and implementation for this new algorithm. The main ideas, approaches, limitations, and possible extension for future work are also discussed. This approach consists of three phase. In the first phase (foreground and background separation), it discriminates the foreground targets from background based on the feature data such as gray (or color) levels, and statistical data such as gray levels distribution and histogram. In the second phase (preliminary individual target recognition), each individual target is detected by a region growth algorithm. Each possible target is reconstructed. In the third phase, the targets are recognized by syntactic analysis. The synactic analysis (in last phase) is to extract all basic components of a tank and determine the relative relationship among the components based on the analysis of the waveform of boundary distance function from the centroid. The experiments show very satisfactory result.
Immigrant Youth in the Labor Market

The past two decades witnessed unprecedented growth in the number of children of immigrants living in the United States. The successful socioeconomic adaptation of these youth to the United States will be determined, in part, by their early work experiences. The authors use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to evaluate differences in the work participation of youth enrolled in high school by immigrant generation. They find that immigrant youth work significantly less during middle and high school than their native-born peers. However, these native-immigrant differences in youth labor-market participation decline as high school graduation approaches. Native-immigrant differences in youth labor-market participation partially reflect differences in the racial-ethnic compositions of first-, second-, and third+-generation cohorts. Beyond race and/or ethnicity, native-immigrant differences in youth labor-market participation also stem from systematic differences in thei...
Clad materials for fusion applications

Abstract For the successful operation of plasma devices and future fusion reactors it is necessary to control plasma impurity release and surface erosion. One important way to control these processes is the use of materials with good thermal, electrical, mechanical and surface properties and ultrahigh vacuum compatibility. A promising class of materials was identified as composites produced by cladding. A development program was started to explore the explosion cladding of different materials of medium atomic number Z ( e.g. V/OFHC copper and V/Nb/OFHC copper). Major features of the characterization of the bond interfaces of the claddings (using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy analysis and optical metallography) are described, together with an outline of the testing program and some pertinent test results.
A comparison of pulsatile and nonpulsatile pumping for ex vivo renal perfusion.

Abstract Dog kidneys were perfused in an ex vivo circuit using a 10-minute interval of autoperfusion (with a slightly damped natural pulse) as a control mode and similar periods of pulsatile and nonpulsatile pumping, randomly alternated, as experimental perfusion modes. In one group of 10 experiments, flow was regulated to the preceding control flow with an occlusive finger pump. In a second group of 10 experiments, pressure was regulated to the preceding control pressure by means of a pressure-controlled servo pump. Pulsation resulted in equal flow at significantly lower pressure in the “adjusted pressure” group. In addition, a degree of autoregulation persisted. Constant pressure appeared superior to constant flow as a means of regulating perfusion, since this provided automatic adjustment to the progressive rise in renal resistance that occurred. Edema did not develop during the five-hour periods of perfusion, indicating the basic soundness of both regulating methods. The most logical explanation for the superiority of pulsatile flow is to be found in the viscoelastic properties of the renal vessels which impart a capacitive flow effect that is augmented by pulsatility. The higher frequency, “natural,” pulse was superior to both experimental pump pulses indicating the desirability of further defining the characteristics of an optimal pulse under various conditions of storage including hypothermia.
Impact of fixture design on sheet metal assembly variation

This paper presents a new fixture design methodology for sheet metal assembly processes. It focuses on the impact of fixture position on the dimensional quality of sheet metal parts after assembly by considering the effect of part variation, tooling variation and assembly springback. An optimization algorithm combines finite element analysis and nonlinear programming methods to determine the optimal fixture position such that assembly variation is minimized. The optimized fixture layout enables significant reduction in assembly variation due to part and tooling variation. A case study is presented to illustrate the optimization procedure.
Social Workers' Familiarity With Psychiatric Advance Directives: Implications for Education, Practice, and Research

Psychiatric advance directives (PAd s) are legal documents that allow competent individuals to express wishes for psychiatric care during a future crisis when they may no longer be able to do so. PAds are intended to enhance client autonomy at a time when clients are most vulnerable— when in psychiatric crisis and thus in need of treatment, yet unable to voice their wishes because of illness. despite their potential utility, PAds are infrequently used. Using data from an explor - atory survey (N = 193), we examined social workers' familiarity and experience with PAd s and found surprisingly low levels of PAd awareness and experience. We discuss the implications of these findings for social work research, practice, and education, and we offer recommendations for future study.
47-Electron Organometallic Clusters Derived by Chemical and Electrochemical Oxidation of Trihydrido(alkylidyne)triruthenium and -triosmium Clusters. Ligand Additivity in Metal Clusters

Cyclic voltammograms for H3Ru3(μ3-CX)(CO)9-nLn (X = OMe, SEt, Me, Et, Ph, NMeBz, Br; L = PR3, AsPh3, SbPh3; n = 2, 3), H3Ru3(μ3-COMe)(CO)6(PPh3)2(L) (L = P(OMe)3, CNCH2Ph), and H3Os3(μ3-COMe)(CO)7(PPh3)2 each display a quasi-reversible to reversible, one-electron oxidation followed by an irreversible to quasi-reversible, one-electron oxidation. The ligand and substituent effects upon the oxidation potential are analyzed as an example of ligand additivity in a cluster system; the oxidation potential of the alkylidyne cluster core is as sensitive to π-donor substituent effects as are aromatic π complexes such as CpFe(C5H4X) to substituents on the rings, and the dependence of the oxidation potential of the cluster upon ligand substitution on any given Ru atom is 37% of that expected for the oxidation of a monometallic complex. Reactions with 1 equiv of Ag+ or ferricenium give the 47-electron cations [H3Ru3(CX)(CO)6L3]1+ (X = OMe; L3 = (PPh3)2L‘; L‘ = CO, PPh3, P(OMe)3, CNCH2Ph; X = Ph, NMeBz, SEt, L = PPh3),...
On the mechanism of enzyme action. LXIII. Specificity of acetylation of proteins with C14 anhydride.

Abstract The acetylation of trypsin and serum albumin in acetate, bicarbonate, and carbonate buffers was studied using radioactive acetic anhydride. The reaction is most specific for amino groups in the acetate buffer, though even under this condition some aliphatic hydroxyl, though no phenolic groups are esterified. In more alkaline buffers a more complete acetylation of the amino groups is achieved, but some phenolic hydroxyl groups are also esterified. As a valuable test for O -acyl groupings in proteins the reaction with hydroxylamine was applied. O -Acyl groups were found to be subject to spontaneous hydrolysis which is not influenced by simultaneous proteolytic digestion.
Effect of inlet, exit, and fin geometry on pin fins situated in a turning flow

Abstract Consideration is given to arrays of cylindrical pin fins, with air entering the array at the plane of the fin tips, turning as it passes through the array, and exiting the array in crossflow. Per-fin heat transfer coefficients and overall pressure drops were determined experimentally. A computational model was formulated for determining the array heat transfer rates, with account being taken of the fact that the same rate of airflow does not wash over all of the fins in the array. The model was employed as a basis for comparing the heat transfer rates for various arrays operating at equal pumping power and equal baseplate to inlet-air temperature difference. The special foci of the work were to investigate the effects of various fluid inlet and exit geometries and also to utilize more closely spaced fins than in the past. It was demonstrated that partial shrouding of the inlet could give rise to nearly uniform per-fin heat transfer coefficients throughout the array. Modifications of the exit geometry affected only the less tightly packed arrays and then only at the outermost row of fins.
Radiation Quality and Mutagenesis in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells

An interesting problem associated with studying the effects of low doses of high atomic number and energy (HZE) particles, as found in space, is that not all cells will necessarily be similarly traversed during exposure, a scenario that greatly complicates the measurement of end points that require time to develop, gene-locus mutation being a perfect example. The standard protocol for measuring mutations at the heterozygous thymidine kinase locus in human lymphoblastoid cells involves waiting three days after treatment for newly induced mutants to fully express, at which time cells are then plated in the presence of the selective agent, and mutants are counted three weeks later. This approach is acceptable as long as all cells are uniformly affected, as is the case with low-linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation. However, for HZE particles some fraction of cells may not be traversed or perhaps would receive fewer than the average number of “hits”, and they would continue to grow at or closer to t...
The Ohio Valley Wave-Merger Cyclogenesis Event of 25–26 January 1978. Part II: Diagnosis Using Quasigeostrophic Potential Vorticity Inversion

Abstract The dynamical interactions between precursor disturbances during the wave-merger cyclogenesis event of 25–26 January 1978 over eastern North America are diagnosed using quasigeostrophic potential vorticity (QGPV) inversion. This case is characterized by two prominent preexisting upper-level disturbances that induce rapid surface cyclogenesis as they come into close proximity. Static QGPV inversion is used to attribute a particular geopotential height field to the QGPV associated with each precursor disturbance. The full flow is partitioned into the following components: the northern upper precursor, the southern upper precursor, and the background flow. Prognostic QGPV inversion is used to quantify the instantaneous geopotential height tendencies attributable to each of these flow components. The static-inversion results for the upper precursors exhibit the structure of baroclinic vortices with maximum amplitude near the tropopause. During the 48-h period spanning the period of study of this even...