cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A critical assessment of Hoffmann's linear theory of ripple

Hoffmann's theory of ripple in ferromagnetic films is based on an approximate treatment of magnetostatic interactions; it thereby achieves analytical simplicity but introduces errors. The present paper investigates these errors under the following conditions: the equations can be linearized, the magnetization is constrained to lie in the film plane and to be constant through the thickness, and the stray field varies negligibly through the thickness. Only the effect of a concentrated force (the Green's function of the problem) is examined. Hoffmann's formula is regarded as an empirical modification of the known formula for negligible magnetostatic interactions, and his C y is regarded as a parameter to be adjusted for "best fit," according to some criterion, to the rigorous formula (a Fourier integral). Several criteria are examined; each is an integrated quantity that can be evaluated by Parseval's theorem. These lead to fairly consistent values of C y and to a good fit as judged by the criterion. But as judged by the actual spatial variation of the magnetization, calculated to the first order in the magnetostatic interactions, the agreement is poor, especially at large distances, where a dipole-field behavior in the exact solution is replaced by an exponential decay in the Hoffman solution. Poor agreement is also found in the limiting case of very large magnetostatic interactions.
Age-related changes in motor subtle signs among girls and boys with ADHD

Neuroanatomic structures involved in voluntary control of motor skills show substantial growth, elaboration, and myelination during early childhood.1 Developmental changes in motor control include improvements in speed as well as reduced frequency of “subtle signs,” such as overflow and dysrhythmia. Motor overflow refers to presence of involuntary movements that accompany the production of voluntary movements,2 and has been linked to impaired inhibitory control.3 Dysrhythmia involves improper timing or rhythm during controlled movements. While it is common to observe subtle signs in typically developing children younger than age 10,4 most basic motor skills are mastered by age 6 or 7,5 and persistence of subtle signs into late childhood and adolescence can indicate atypical neurologic development.6,7 The majority of studies examining atypical motor development in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have included predominantly male samples, with fewer studies exploring whether similar patterns emerge among girls with ADHD. Studies examining motor skills in typically developing children have shown sex-specific patterns, with girls maturing earlier than boys,8 a finding consistent with trajectories of brain development identified via neuroimaging.9 The purpose of this study was to examine differences in age-related changes in motor speed and subtle signs in boys and girls with and without ADHD. While typically developing children were hypothesized to show improvement with age in motor skills, children with ADHD were hypothesized to show fewer age-related improvements. Further, the inclusion of both boys and girls with ADHD in this study allows us to determine if sex-specific differences observed in brain development are also present within ADHD.
Age-based disparities in treatment and outcomes of retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma.

Elderly patients (EPs) suffering from retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma (RRMS) carry a considerably poorer prognosis compared to younger patients (YPs). We hypothesized that EPs received less aggressive and comprehensive treatment than YPs, resulting in poorer survival outcomes. All patients diagnosed with RRMS since 1998 in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) were reviewed for patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment modalities and survival outcomes. Of the 100 patients identified, 35 % were ≥65 years of age. EPs (aged ≥65 years), when compared to YPs (aged <65), were less likely to receive systemic chemotherapy (20 % EPs vs 71 % YPs, p < 0.001) and treatment at an academic center (34 % EPs vs 60 % YPs, p = 0.05), although the frequency of radiation (23 % EPs vs 31 % YPs, p = 0.40) and radical surgery (26 % EPs vs 22 % YPs, p = 0.55) were similar. EPs received treatment more frequently at comprehensive community cancer programs (57 %) and had a shorter median distance of travel for care (6.4 vs 13 miles, p = 0.009). After adjusting for gender and tumor size, EPs had a hazard ratio of 3.6 (95 % CI 1.8–7.2, p < 0.001), with a median survival of 2 months (interquartile range [IQR] 1–8 months) versus 17 months for YPs (IQR 8–43 months). Altered practice patterns exist for EPs and include reduced use of systemic chemotherapy which may contribute to poorer outcomes for RRMS patients. Although regionalization of care poses challenges, this may offer benefit to the EP group.
Performance of "kits" used for clinical chemical analysis of glucose.

Comprehensive studies were performed on 17 “kits” for glucose analysis on the market in June 1967. These included reproducibility studies of aqueous solutions at three levels, reproducibility studies of serum pools at three levels, recovery studies, and 50 patient comparisons using the AutoAnalyzer ferricyanide method for reference. Operator bias was eliminated by performing all calculations after the experiments were complete. Five of the kits were found to be satisfactory by arbitrary performance criteria and 12 were not.
Phylogenetic and Epigenetic Footprinting of the Putative Enhancers of the Peg3 Domain

The Peg3 (Paternally Expressed Gene 3) imprinted domain is predicted to be regulated through a large number of evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs) that are localized within its middle 200-kb region. In the current study, we characterized these potential cis-regulatory regions using phylogenetic and epigenetic approaches. According to the results, the majority of these ECRs are potential enhancers for the transcription of the Peg3 domain. Also, these potential enhancers can be divided into two groups based on their histone modification and DNA methylation patterns: ubiquitous and tissue-specific enhancers. Phylogenetic and bioinformatic analyses further revealed that several cis-regulatory motifs are frequently associated with the ECRs, such as the E box, PITX2, NF-κB and RFX1 motifs. A series of subsequent ChIP experiments demonstrated that the trans factor MYOD indeed binds to the E box of several ECRs, further suggesting that MYOD may play significant roles in the transcriptional control of the Peg3 domain. Overall, the current study identifies, for the first time, a set of cis-regulatory motifs and corresponding trans factors that may be critical for the transcriptional regulation of the Peg3 domain.
103 A PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE INCIDENCE OF HIGH LEVELS OF METHEMOGLOBIN IN PATIENTS USING A NEW PULSE CO-OXIMETER.

Methemoglobin is hemoglobin with iron in a ferric state instead of a ferrous state, thus unable to carry oxygen causing cyanosis and a left shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Methemoglobinemia, either congenital or acquired, is a rare clinical occurrence and can be life threatening for individuals with levels greater than 20%. Acquired methemoglobinemia has multiple etiologies and is commonly caused by topical anesthetic drugs such as benzocaine, prilocaine, and lidocaine. Nitrates, both topical and intravenous, can also precipitate clinically significant levels. The inherited form of methemoglobinemia is rare and generally presents early in life. Until recently, the only method for measuring methemoglobin levels was to send a blood sample for co-oximetry analysis. Conventional dual-wavelength pulse oximetry does not detect methemoglobin levels and its mearsurement of oxygen saturation becomes unreliable in the setting of even small levels of methemoglobin in the blood. Recently, a new mutiwavelength pulse co-oximeter was developed that enables the detection of methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin (Masimo RAD 57 pulse co-oximeter, Irvine, CA). After institutional review board approval, we performed a prospective study to determine the incidence of elevated methemoglobin levels in 500 patients on medications known to cause elevations in methemoglobin levels. All patients were screened using the new pulse co-oximeter to determine the methemoglobin levels. Patients with clinically significant elevations in methemoglobin levels were referred to clinicians for further evaluation and treatment. Of the patients screened, 498 patients had clinically insignificant methemoglobin levels. Two patients exposed to benzocaine, a topical anesthetic, were found to have serious elevations in methemoglobin levels. One patient with benzocaine toxicity was found to have initial methemoglobin levels of 38.9 to 45.8% using the pulse co-oximeter. This level was confirmed with co-oximetry analysis. The second patient was discovered just after the initiation of methylene blue therapy for a methemoglobin level of 24%. The results of this study demonstrate the need to monitor patients exposed to triggering medications. Both patients with elevated methemoglobin levels were successfully treated. Of these patients with benzocaine toxicity only one of them was recognized by clinicians prior to diagnosis using the pulse co-oximeter. The pulse co-oximeter is portable and small; it provides an opprtunity for early noninvasive diagnosis of high methemoglobin level at a low cost.
Numerical study of the intrinsic recombination carriers lifetime in extended short-wavelength infrared detector materials: A comparison between InGaAs and HgCdTe

Intrinsic carrier lifetime due to radiative and Auger recombination in HgCdTe and strained InGaAs has been computed in the extended short-wavelength infrared (ESWIR) spectrum from 1.7 μm to 2.7 μm. Using the Green's function theory, both direct and phonon-assisted indirect Auger recombination rates as well as the radiative recombination rates are calculated for different cutoff wavelengths at 300 K with full band structures of the materials. In order to properly model the full band structures of strained InGaAs, an empirical pseudo-potential model for the alloy is fitted using the virtual crystal approximation with spin-orbit coupling included. The results showed that for InxGa1−xAs grown on InP substrate, the compressive strain, which presents in the film when the cutoff wavelength is longer than 1.7 μm, leads to decrease of Auger recombination rate and increase of radiative recombination rate. Since the dominant intrinsic recombination mechanism in this spectral range is radiative recombination, the ove...
Revised Thermochemistry of Gaseous Ammonium Nitrate, NH4NO3(g)

In an earlier paper (Hildenbrand, D. L.; Lau, K. H.; Chandra, D. J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 330.), we detected the presence of NH 4 NO 3 (g) in the vapor over the solid nitrate and evaluated its partial pressure along with those of HNO 3 and NH 3 . The molecular constants of the gaseous nitrate were estimated in the absence of experimental values in an attempt to derive its enthalpies of sublimation and formation. After publication, we became aware of the sought molecular data, evaluated primarily from high-level theoretica calculations, and revised the analysis to yield Δ f H° 298 (NH 4 NO 3 (g)) = -61.8 ± 5 kcal mol ―1 .
Adult Attachment, Multidimensional Perfectionism, and the Alliances Among Counselor Supervisees

This study examined the moderating role that 2 dimensions of perfectionism (standards [adaptive] and discrepancy [maladaptive]) had on 2 dimensions of adult attachment (anxious and avoidant) and both client and supervisory alliances among 170 counselor supervisees. Anxious attachment and discrepancy were significant negative predictors of the client working alliance. A significant 3-way interaction was found between anxious attachment, standards, and discrepancy on the supervisory working alliance. Implications from these findings are discussed.
Discharge Glucose Is Not Associated With Short-Term Adverse Outcomes in Emergency Department Patients With Moderate to Severe Hyperglycemia

Study objective Hyperglycemia is frequently encountered in the emergency department (ED), and there is no consensus on optimal care before discharge. The importance of glucose reduction in the ED is unknown. We seek to determine whether an association exists between discharge glucose and 7-day adverse outcomes. Methods A cohort design with retrospective chart review was conducted at a high-volume urban ED. Patients were included if any glucose level was greater than or equal to 400 mg/dL and they were discharged from the ED. Generalized estimating equation models were created for the 7-day outcomes with a primary predictor of discharge glucose. Results The cohort consisted of 422 patients with 566 ED encounters. Mean arrival and discharge glucose were 491 mg/dL (SD 82 mg/dL) and 334 mg/dL (SD 101 mg/dL), respectively. In the 7-day follow-up period, 62 (13%) and 36 (7%) patients had a repeat ED visit for hyperglycemia and were hospitalized, respectively. Two patients had diabetic ketoacidosis. After adjustment for arrival glucose, whether a chemistry panel was obtained, amount of intravenous fluids administered, and amount of subcutaneous insulin administered, discharge glucose was not associated with repeat ED visit for hyperglycemia (adjusted odds ratio 0.997; 95% confidence interval 0.993 to 1.001) or hospitalization for any reason (adjusted odds ratio 0.998; 95% confidence interval 0.995 to 1.002). Conclusion ED discharge glucose in patients with moderate to severe hyperglycemia was not associated with 7-day outcomes of repeat ED visit for hyperglycemia or hospitalization. Attaining a specific glucose goal before discharge in patients with hyperglycemia may be less important than traditionally thought.
Durable Viral Suppression and Transmission Risk Potential Among Persons With Diagnosed HIV Infection: United States, 2012–2013

BACKGROUND We examined durable viral suppression, cumulative viral load (VL) burden, and transmission risk potential among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-diagnosed persons in care. METHODS Using data from the National HIV Surveillance System from 17 jurisdictions with complete reporting of VL test results, we determined the percentage of persons in HIV care who achieved durable viral suppression (all VL results <200 copies/mL) and examined viremia copy-years and time spent above VL levels that increase the risk of HIV transmission during 2012-2013. RESULTS Of 265 264 persons in HIV care in 2011, 238 641 had at least 2 VLs in 2012-2013. The median number of VLs per individual during the 2-year period was 5. Approximately 62% had durable viral suppression. The remaining 38% had high VL burden (geometric mean of viremia copy-years, 7261) and spent an average of 438 days, 316 days, and 215 days (60%, 43.2%, and 29.5% of the 2-year period) above 200, 1500, and 10 000 copies/mL. Women, blacks/African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, persons with HIV infection attributed to transmission other than male-to-male sexual contact, younger age groups, and persons with gaps in care had higher viral burden and transmission risk potential. CONCLUSIONS Two-thirds of persons in HIV care had durable viral suppression during a 2-year period. One-third had high VL burden and spent substantial time above VL levels with increased risk of onward transmission. More intervention efforts are needed to improve retention in care and medication adherence so that more persons in HIV care achieve durable viral suppression.
Mendelssohn, Goethe, and the Walpurgis Night: The Heathen Muse in European Culture, 1700-1850

'Mendelssohn, Goethe, and the Walpurgis Night' addresses tolerance and acceptance in the face of cultural, political, and religious strife. Its point of departure is the Walpurgis Night. The Night, also known as Beltane or May Eve, was supposedly an annual witches' Sabbath that centered around the Brocken, the highest peak of the Harz Mountains. After exploring how a notoriously pagan celebration came to be named after the Christian missionary St. Walpurgis (ca. 710-79), John Michael Cooper discusses the Night's treatments in several closely interwoven works by Goethe and Mendelssohn. His book situates those works in their immediate personal and professional contexts, as well as among treatments by a wide array of other artists, philosophers, and political thinkers, including Voltaire, Lessing, Shelley, Heine, Delacroix, and Berlioz. In an age of decisive political and religious conflict, Walpurgis Night became a heathen muse: a source of spiritual inspiration that was neither specifically Christian, nor Jewish, nor Muslim. And Mendelssohn's and Goethe's engagements with it offer new insights into its role in European cultural history, as well as into issues of political, religious, and social identity - and the relations between cultural groups - in today's world. John Michael Cooper is professor of music at Southwestern University and author of 'Mendelssohn's "Italian" Symphony' (Oxford University Press).
The PerUnitLength Parameters for TwoConductor Lines

This chapter contains sections titled: Definitions of the Per-Unit-Length Parameters l, c , and g Lines Having Conductors of Circular, Cylindrical Cross Section (Wires) Lines Having Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section (PCB Lands) This chapter contains sections titled: Problems References
Effects of Guided Notes on University Students' Responding and Recall of Information

The present study assessed the effects of guided notes on student responding and accuracy of recall of lecture material in an undergraduate psychology class using multi-element design. Guided notes were administered for approximately half of the class sessions on a random schedule. Data were collected on the frequency of student responses and daily quizzes were administered to assess accuracy of recall of information presented in the lecture. Results indicated higher mean quiz scores and response frequencies during the guided notes condition. Social validity questionnaires administered to participants revealed satisfaction with results and procedures.
“Our Struggles Are Unequal”: Black Women’s Affective Labor Between Television and Twitter

This article uses the digital and affective labor frameworks to examine how Black women provide specific kinds of production online. The intersection of television and Twitter through “live tweeting” elucidates unique ways in which Black women function within each site as well as between them. Through a critical race analysis of the documentary Light Girls, I examine the material functions and corporate goals of Twitter coupled with the solicitation strategies of the Oprah Winfrey Network. In doing so, I show how these women’s affective labor gets refashioned as production. I argue that the grassroots functions and rhetoric of Twitter rely specifically on Black women. Similarly, television networks rely on these women as they reify the text and provide sustained feedback to its content. The exploitation of Black women occurs within and between these two media through the women’s production of affective labor.
Causal Inference Using Bayesian Networks

The availability of new computational technologies, data collection opportunities, and data size has significantly influenced the development of a data driven social scientific approach, popularly known as “computational social science”. Although a slowly growing field within social sciences and largely spearheaded by interdisciplinary scientific teams, computational social science is profoundly changing the nature social scientific analysis. Social scientists are now able to generate predictive results beyond traditional social scientific methods, thus are able to increase the power of social analysis. Machine learning classification algorithms (MLCAs) are a group of techniques utilized by present day computational social scientists. MLCAs became more user friendly for social scientists for the availability of Analytical Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). This article demonstrated the opportunities offered by data driven social scientific approach. Based on an actual research, this article explored a situation where a number of people embedded in teams were working together in a complex environment. This article first, explains the basic ideas of Bayesian Network Analysis – one set of MLCAs. Then it provides step-by-step demonstration on conducting Bayesian Network Analysis using Weka. Finally, the article demonstrates ways of interpreting and presenting social scientific results.
Enhancing Clinical Decision Support Systems with Public Knowledge Bases

With vast amount of biomedical literature available online, doctors have the benefits of consulting the literature before making clinical decisions, but they are facing the daunting task of finding needles in haystacks. In this situation, it would help doctors if an effective clinical decision support system could generate accurate queries and return a manageable size of highly useful articles. Existing studies showed the useful-ness of patients’ diagnosis information in such scenario, but diagnosis is often missing in most cases. Furthermore, existing diagnosis prediction systems mainly focus on predicting a small range of diseases with well-formatted features, and it is still a great challenge to perform large-scale automatic diagnosis predictions based on noisy pa-tient medical records. In this paper, we propose automatic diagnosis prediction meth-ods for enhancing the retrieval in a clinical decision support system, where the predic-tion is based on evidences automatically collected from publicly accessible online knowledge bases such as Wikipedia and Semantic MEDLINE Database (SemMedDB). The assumption is that relevant diseases and their corresponding symptoms co-occur more frequently in these knowledge bases. Our methods perfor-mance was evaluated using test collections from the Clinical Decision Support (CDS) track in TREC 2014, 2015 and 2016. The results show that our best method can au-tomatically predict diagnosis with about 65.56% usefulness, and such predictions can significantly improve the biomedical literatures retrieval. Our methods can generate comparable retrieval results to the state-of-art methods, which utilize much more complicated methods and some manually crafted medical knowledge. One possible future work is to apply these methods in collaboration with real doctors.
Host size influences the effects of four isolates of an amphibian chytrid fungus.

Understanding factors that influence host–pathogen interactions is key to predicting outbreaks in natural systems experiencing environmental change. Many amphibian population declines have been attributed to an amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While this fungus is widespread, not all Bd-positive populations have been associated with declines, which could be attributed to differences in pathogen virulence or host susceptibility. In a laboratory experiment, we examined the effects of Bd isolate origin, two from areas with Bd-associated amphibian population declines (El Cope, Panama, and California, USA) and two from areas without Bd-related population declines (Ohio and Maine, USA), on the terrestrial growth and survival of American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) metamorphs reared in larval environments with low or high intraspecific density. We predicted that (1) Bd isolates from areas experiencing declines would have greater negative effects than Bd isolates from areas without declines, and (2) across all isolates, growth and survival of smaller toads from high-density larval conditions would be reduced by Bd exposure compared to larger toads from low-density larval conditions. Our results showed that terrestrial survival was reduced for smaller toads exposed to Bd with variation in the response to different isolates, suggesting that smaller size increased susceptibility to Bd. Toads exposed to Bd gained less mass, which varied by isolate. Bd isolates from areas with population declines, however, did not have more negative effects than isolates from areas without recorded declines. Most strikingly, our study supports that host condition, measured by size, can be indicative of the negative effects of Bd exposure. Further, Bd isolates’ impact may vary in ways not predictable from place of origin or occurrence of disease-related population declines. This research suggests that amphibian populations outside of areas experiencing Bd-associated declines could be impacted by this pathogen and that the size of individuals could influence the magnitude of Bd's impact.
How to Forget (and Remember) ‘The Greatest Punk Rock Band in the World’: Bad Brains, Hardcore Punk and Black Popular Culture

In this chapter, we examine the memory of the hardcore punk band Bad Brains in relation to its importance to punks of colour. By analysing documentaries, books, zines and interviews, we argue that recent excavations represent George Lipsitz’s understanding of ‘counter-memory’. According to Lipsitz, groups like women and African-Americans have been ignored in dominant narratives of history. In order to defy such universalising forces that obliterate the traces of subordinate groups’ histories, such marginalised groups focus on their localised experiences and engage in a form of remembering that reconstructs history to re-incorporate into collective memory that which was previously obscured. By reassessing common understandings of hardcore punk, new avenues of possibility emerge, especially for punks of colour.
Achilles tendon loading during weight bearing exercises

Abstract Objective Compare the estimated Achilles tendon (AT) loading using a musculoskeletal model during commonly performed weight bearing therapeutic exercises. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting University biomechanics laboratory. Participants Eighteen healthy males (Age:22.1 ± 1.8 years, height:177.7 ± 8.4 cm, weight = 74.29 ± 11.3 kg). Main outcome measure(s) AT loading was estimated during eleven exercises: tandem, Romberg, and unilateral standing, unilateral and bilateral heel raising, unilateral and bilateral jump landing, squat, lunge, walking, and running. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded at 180 Hz and 1800 Hz respectively. These data were then used in a musculoskeletal model to estimate force in the triceps surae. AT cross-sectional images were measured by ultrasound to determine AT stress. A repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance (α = 0.05) was used on AT loading variables. Results Squat and unilateral jump landing were the most different in AT stress. Peak AT stress variables were generally greater during more dynamic, unilateral exercises compared to more static, bilateral exercises. Conclusions Bilateral, more static exercises resulted in less AT loading and may serve as a progression during the rehabilitation compared to more dynamic, unilateral exercises.
Measuring Women's Empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Demographic and Health Surveys

Background: Women's status and empowerment influence health, nutrition, and socioeconomic status of women and their children. Despite its benefits, however, research on women's empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is limited in scope and geography. Empowerment is variably defined and data for comparison across regions is often limited. The objective of the current study was to identify domains of empowerment from a widely available data source, Demographic and Health Surveys, across multiple regions in SSA. Methods: Demographic and Health Surveys from nineteen countries representing four African regions were used for the analysis. A total of 26 indicators across different dimensions (economic, socio-cultural, education, and health) were used to characterize women's empowerment. Pooled data from all countries were randomly divided into two datasets-one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the other for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)-to verify the factor structure hypothesized during EFA. Results: Four factors including attitudes toward violence, labor force participation, education, and access to healthcare were found to define women's empowerment in Central, Southern, and West Africa. However, in East Africa, only three factors were relevant: attitudes toward violence, access to healthcare ranking, and labor force participation. There was limited evidence to support household decision-making, life course, or legal status domains as components of women's empowerment. Conclusion: This foremost study advances scholarship on women's empowerment by providing a validated measure of women's empowerment for researchers and other stakeholders in health and development.
Remote File Access

This report describes the Remote File Access (RFA) component of the network operating system, which is being implemented in the joint project “Distributed Academic Computing” (DAC) of the University of Karlsruhe and IBM’s European Networking Center at Heidelberg. The DAC project and the RFA component put major emphasis on the bridging of the boundaries of heterogeneity and of remoteness transparent to the user. Accordingly, this report investigates common concepts of the file systems of VM/CMS, VAX VMS, PC DOS and Unix.
Development of tolerance to plant allelochemicals by the Colorado potato beetle

Efforts to develop potato breeding lines resistant to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in the United States have concentrated on the use of Solanum chacoense Bitt. and Solanum berthaultii Hawkes as parental material. S. chacoense is unique in that a few accessions contain leptine, the only glycoalkaloid known that is toxic to the CPB but is not present in the tubers (Sinden et al., 1991). S. berthaultii contains glandular trichomes on the foliage that entraps small insects, retards CPB development and deters CPB oviposition (Wright et al., 1985).
Problem Solving Courts: Therapeutic Jurisprudence in Practice

A transformation in the judiciary has occurred over the past 20 years. The traditional role of the courts has been to adjudicate disputed issues of fact in civil and criminal cases. Traditionally, judges were neutral arbiters considering conflicting evidence and rendering a decision based on the law and the facts. However, because a variety of social and psychological problems finding their way to the courts, a metamorphosis has occurred in the judicial role. Indeed, these courts, collectively often referred to as “problem-solving courts,” have different jurisdiction than traditional courts and separate judges who preside in them. The judicial teams in these courts address social problems such as drug addiction, alcoholism, domestic violence, untreated mental illness, and prisoner reentry into society. This chapter discusses therapeutic jurisprudence as the underlying philosophy that directs and guides these new courts. It discusses the changing roles of judges, attorneys, and clients who make use of the problem-solving court model highlighting the gains that the movement has made and comparing the gains to the new challenges that have arisen as the result of the altered roles of the legal actors in these courts. Problem-solving courts represent a newly broadened conception of the role of the courts, one that is fully consistent with the basic concept of therapeutic jurisprudence. It is a noble undertaking to close the revolving door to certain kinds of repetitive offenses by providing judicially supervised and monitored treatment to those motivated to undertake it. To perform this new judicial role, judges need to develop and improve their interpersonal, psychological, and social work skills. The chapter ends with a discussion of how therapeutic jurisprudence can add to the training and development of legal professionals who can make a difference in the problem-solving courts of the future.
Functional Assessment Tools and Co-morbidity Scoring in Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation

Predicting risk of treatment-related toxicities in patients undergoing high dose chemotherapy with progenitor cell support (HDT) has always been an integral part of the decision process for physicians and patients involved in this procedure [1]. Initially when the procedure was used only as salvage therapy for patients with advanced disease performance status and age were the most common factors taken into consideration when deciding whether or not to proceed with high dose chemotherapy [2].
Adaptive Decision Support for Dynamic Environments

Decision support systems are designed to assist a user by delivering targeted support for a specific decision problem. The application domain is an important consideration in developing the system, and the decision problem defines needed data, models and processing. Dynamic environments offer unique challenges to the system designer since the situation can change rapidly, requiring modification to the supporting technology. Modern intelligent techniques make it possible to envision a new type of adaptive decision support system (ADSS) that can perceive context and associate relevant models and data with the decision problem. In this paper we propose a framework for ADSS that utilizes intelligent methods to contextualize the decision problem and provide appropriate support to the user.
Goal-Directed Behavior Theories

The capacity for goal-directed actions allows us and other animals to control the environment in the service of our basic needs and desires. Actions that are goal directed satisfy two criteria: (1) they respect changes in the causal relationship between their performance and access to the goal and (2) they are sensitive to changes in goal value. This article describes evidence illustrating these criteria and how individual actions are assessed, together with the reward processes that contribute to goal value and their relationship to the associative processes that support goal-directed learning. We discuss actions that are not goal directed but, rather, that are reflexive or habitual, and a present a model that describes the interaction of goal-directed and habitual learning systems.
Observing the Indicators of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Classrooms: Video-Based Research

The purpose of the study was to observe the indicators of science teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) using a video-based research method. The study was conducted with fou...
In situ hybridization assay for the diagnosis of chagas myocarditis and orchitis in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): A case report.

We present the first documented case of Trypanosoma cruzi-induced orchitis in a rhesus macaque. Additionally, we describe an in situ hybridization-based assay to confirm T. cruzi infection in formalin-fixed tissues.
Testing the Marshall-Lerner Condition and the J-curve Effect on U.S. –China Trade

We estimate a VECM regressing the ratio of U.S. export to U.S. import from china on U.S. real GDP,China’s real GDP, and RREX (dollar-yuan real exchange rate). The real exchange rate variable is found to be negative but insignificant, failing to satisfy the Marshall-Lerner condition and implying that the dollar’s depreciation will have no effect on the U.S. trade balance with China in the long run. The variables
Landscape Maintenance Firms: III. Opportunities for Cooperation in the Landscape/Nursery Industry

Abstract Landscape maintenance firms in Georgia identified opportunities for landscape architects, landscape installers, growers, and university personnel to better serve their industry. The primary opportunities for landscape architects were to consider plant maintenance in the design stage (32.9%) and to specify plants with proven performance (27.6%). Landscape installers were asked to improve planting techniques (39.2%) and perform their own installation activities to ensure quality (27.5%). The top 2 opportunities for growers were improved quality and size standards for plant material (22.4%) and to supply new and different plants (16.4%). University personnel were asked to provide training and certification courses (37.9%) and landscape maintenance publications with information on pest management (19.7%). Landscape maintenance firms also identified the most common complaints received from their customers and the sources of information that influenced which plants to purchase. This information provide...
Strain-controlled Graphene-Polymer Angular Actuator

We demonstrate a suspended graphene-(poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer angular displacement actuator enabled by variable elastic modulus of the perforated stacked structure. Azimuthal flexures support a central disc-shaped membrane, and compression of the membrane can be used to control the rotation of the entire structure. Irradiating the PMMA on graphene stack with 5 kV electrons in a convention scanning electron microscope reduces the elastic modulus of the PMMA and allows graphene’s built in strain to dominate and compress the flexures, thus rotating the actuator.
An HER2 DNA vaccine with evolution-selected amino acid substitutions reveals a fundamental principle for cancer vaccine formulation in HER2 transgenic mice

Enhancement of endogenous immunity to tumor-associated self-antigens and neoantigens is the goal of preventive vaccination. Toward this goal, we compared the efficacy of the following HER2 DNA vaccine constructs: vaccines encoding wild-type HER2, hybrid HER2 vaccines consisting of human HER2 and rat Neu, HER2 vaccines with single residue substitutions and a novel human HER2 DNA vaccine, ph(es)E2TM. ph(es)E2TM was designed to contain five evolution-selected substitutions: M198V, Q398R, F425L, H473R and A622T that occur frequently in 12 primate HER2 sequences. These ph(es)E2TM substitutions score 0 to 1 in blocks substitutions matrix (BLOSUM), indicating minimal biochemical alterations. h(es)E2TM recombinant protein is recognized by a panel of anti-HER2 mAbs, demonstrating the preservation of HER2 protein structure. Compared to native human HER2, electrovaccination of HER2 transgenic mice with ph(es)E2TM induced a threefold increase in HER2-binding antibody (Ab) and elevated levels of IFNγ-producing T cells. ph(es)E2TM, but not pE2TM immune serum, recognized HER2 peptide p95 355LPESFDGDPASNTAP369, suggesting a broadening of epitope recognition induced by the minimally modified HER2 vaccine. ph(es)E2TM vaccination reduced tumor growth more effectively than wild-type HER2 or HER2 vaccines with more extensive modifications. The elevation of tumor immunity by ph(es)E2TM vaccination would create a favorable tumor microenvironment for neoantigen priming, further enhancing the protective immunity. The fundamental principle of exploiting evolution-selected amino acid substitutions is novel, effective and applicable to vaccine development in general.
Timing of Elevations of Autoantibody Isotypes Prior to Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective To evaluate patterns of elevations of isotypes of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) pre-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis and post-RA diagnosis. Methods Using the Department of Defense Serum Repository we identified 214 RA cases and 210 matched controls. Up to 3 pre-RA diagnosis and 1 post-RA diagnosis serum samples per subject were tested for RF and for IgA, IgG, and IgM ACPAs. The timing and trajectories of elevations of autoantibodies were evaluated. Results Autoantibody levels were elevated in cases versus controls a mean of 17.9 years before RA diagnosis for IgG ACPA, 14.2 years for IgA-RF, 7.2 years for IgM-RF, 6.2 years for IgA ACPA, and 5.0 years for both IgM ACPA and IgG-RF (P 2 years post-RA diagnosis; P = 0.04). All autoantibody levels demonstrated an early initial elevation, a period of stability, then an increase immediately before RA diagnosis. A pre-RA endotype of early elevation of autoantibodies was associated with increased use of biologic therapy, and a higher prevalence of sicca symptoms and lung disease post-RA diagnosis. Conclusion Differences in patterns of elevations of autoantibody isotypes have implications for understanding the pathophysiology of RA development. These include understanding what factors drive initial autoantibody elevations compared to what factors (including mucosal) drive later increases in autoantibody levels and a transition to clinically apparent RA, and how pre-RA endotypes may influence post-RA diagnosis phenotypes.
Optimizing geothermal production in fractured rock reservoirs under uncertainty

Abstract Geothermal energy resources are highly available but under-utilized throughout the world. Previous studies have sought to understand reservoir response to geothermal production and optimize production rates to maximize lifetime profits of geothermal reservoirs; however, these studies largely overlook the uncertainty in subsurface structure, such as the number of preferential flow pathways (e.g., fractures) that are available for fluid and heat transport. We present a combination of simple analytical models that maximize the profits of an idealized synthetic geothermal reservoir, while considering reservoir structural uncertainty, using expected net present value. For a typical case, we find that effective reservoir transmissivity and inter-well spacing exert the largest controls on the lifetime profitability of an idealized geothermal reservoir, and for a given reservoir there exists a critical number of hydraulically active fractures beyond which additional fractures provide no increase in lifetime profits. Given initial reservoir characterization data, our model simulates reservoir performance that predicts financial outcomes, which operators can use during initial exploration stage. These predictions are also useful during normal operations to consider strategies, such as drilling make-up wells, to mitigate the effects of production-induced thermal drawdown.
How Should We Assess Pain: Do Patients Prefer a Quantitative or Qualitative Scale? A Study of Patient Preferences.

Background:Pain perception is a subjective experience and is influenced by a variety of factors. Pain assessment tools, included the numeric pain rating scale (NRS) and the visual analog scale (VAS...
Compressor Stall Warning Using Nonlinear Feature Extraction Algorithms

The present disclosure relates to a novel method to detect an imminent compressor stall by using nonlinear feature extraction algorithms. The present disclosure focuses on the small nonlinear disturbances prior to deep surge and introduces a novel approach to identify these disturbances using nonlinear feature extraction algorithms including phase-reconstruction of time-serial signals and evaluation of a parameter called approximate entropy. The technique is applied to stall data sets from a high-speed centrifugal compressor that unexpectedly entered rotating stall during a speed transient and a multi-stage axial compressor with both modal- and spike-type stall inception. In both cases, nonlinear disturbances appear, in terms of spikes in approximate entropy, prior to surge. The presence of these pre-surge spikes indicates imminent compressor stall.
Mechanism of Human Fetal Membrane Biomechanical Weakening, Rupture and Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention.

Using a novel in vitro model system combining biochemical/histologic with bioengineering approaches has provided significant insights into the physiology of fetal membrane weakening and rupture along with potential mechanistic reasons for lack of efficacy of currently clinically used agents to prevent preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM) and preterm births. Likewise, the model has also facilitated screening of agents with potential for preventing pPROM and preterm birth.
Sensitivity of quantitative traits to mutational effects, number of loci, and population history

When models of quantitative genetic variation are built from population genetic first principles, several assumptions are often made. One of the most important assumptions is that traits are controlled by many genes of small effect. This leads to a prediction of a Gaussian trait distribution in the population, via the Central Limit Theorem. Since these biological assumptions are often unknown or untrue, we characterized how finite numbers of loci or large mutational effects can impact the sampling distribution of a quantitative trait. To do so, we developed a neutral coalescent-based framework, allowing us to experiment freely with the number of loci and the underlying mutational model. Through both analytical theory and simulation we found the normality assumption was highly sensitive to the details of the mutational process, with the greatest discrepancies arising when the number of loci was small or the mutational kernel was heavy-tailed. In particular, fat-tailed mutational kernels result in multimodal sampling distributions for any number of loci. An empirical analysis of 7079 expressed genes in 49 Neurospora crassa strains identified 116 genes with non-normal sampling distributions. Several genes showed evidence of multimodality and/or skewness, suggesting the importance of their genetic architecture. Since selection models and robust neutral models may produce qualitatively similar sampling distributions, we advise extra caution should be taken when interpreting model-based results for poorly understood systems of quantitative traits.
Reading Comprehension in School-Age Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Examining the Many Components That May Contribute.

Purpose Reading comprehension is consistently poor in many school-age children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of this tutorial is to provide an overview from a multicomponent view...
Community College Career and Technical Education and Labor Market Projections: A National Study of Alignment:

Objective: This study sought to determine how aligned community college students’ declared majors were with long-term occupational projections. In addition, the study explored whether this link was...
Chapter 9 – Piezoelectric Composite Materials

Piezocomposites composed of a piezoelectric ceramic and a polymer are promising materials because of their excellent tailorable properties. The geometry for two-phase composites can be classified according to the connectivity of each phase (1-, 2-, or 3-dimensionally) into 10 structures. In particular, a 1-3 piezocomposite (PZT-rod/polymer-matrix composite) is considered most useful. The advantages of this composite are high coupling factors, low acoustic impedance, good matching to water or human tissue, mechanical flexibility, and broad bandwidth in combination with a low mechanical quality factor. Piezoelectric composite materials are especially useful for underwater sonar and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducer applications. Other types of composites based on piezoelectric ceramics are also introduced in this chapter. Piezoelectric passive dampers comprise a piezoelectric ceramic particle, polymer, and a carbon black, which suppress the noise vibration more effectively than traditional rubbers. A composite with a magnetostrictive ceramic and a piezoelectric ceramic produces an intriguing product effect—the magnetoelectric effect in which an electric field is produced in the material in response to an applied magnetic field.