cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Best Practices for Determination of Initial 10Be/9Be in Early Solar System Materials by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.

Beryllium-10 (t1/2 = 1.4 Ma) is a short-lived radionuclide present in the early Solar System. It is produced solely by irradiation reactions and can provide constraints on the astrophysical environment of the Sun's formation. Calcium- and aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs), the first solids formed in the Solar System, show clear evidence for live 10Be at their time of formation, but it is unclear whether they record the same initial 10Be/9Be ratio. In this study, we examine the secondary ion mass spectrometry methods used to determine the initial 10Be/9Be ratio in meteoritic inclusions. Based on analyses of synthesised matrix-matched glass reference materials, we show that the effects of differing major element bulk compositions on the secondary ion yields of Be and B are minor for relevant phases. We demonstrate the importance of using the mean square weighted deviation (MSWD) to interpret the significance of the initial 10Be/9Be value. For thirty-two CAIs, we re-calculated the regressions using literature data, finding that several have unacceptably high MSWD. We calculate the effects of possible sources of isotopic disturbance. Finally, we outline best practices for reporting 10Be-10B data, to enable a more refined determination of the initial 10Be/9Be ratio in the early Solar System.
Case Report: Homozygous C677T MTHFR Gene Mutation in Male with Hypogonadism

We report a 44-year-old male, who was diagnosed with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism after complaining of erectile dysfunction, depression, and fatigue. He was started on testosterone replacement therapy. He persistently complained of fatigue despite increasing the dose of testosterone over two years and having therapeutic testosterone levels. He was found to have homozygous C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation. After treatment with folate and B12, his symptoms resolve completely. MTHFR is a key enzyme in the folate pathway, and it plays an essential role in homocysteine metabolism. Homozygous C677T individuals have decreased activity of MTHFR enzyme with increased homocysteine levels, which is associated with increased risk of thrombosis. An association has been reported between C677T variant and male infertility. Patients identified to have hyperhomocysteinemia should be treated with B-complex vitamin supplements. Our case emphasizes other possible etiologies for fatigue and erectile dysfunction in a male with hypogonadism on testosterone therapy. Also, it shows possible association between MTHFR gene mutation and male hypogonadism.
1185-P: A Telemedicine-CGM Recommendation System for Personalized Population Health Management

CGM technology allows care teams to remotely monitor glucose levels of people with diabetes. Provider availability to monitor and contact people is limited. Individuals respond differently to CGM review calls; some people improve glucose control while others disengage. No mathematical framework exists to optimize population-level care while accounting for provider constraints and differences in people’s responses. We hypothesize that a care team’s call schedule can be optimized using predictive modeling and personalized recommendations. We designed a recommendation tool that ranks people based on expected improvement in glucose management due to a call, incorporating people’s responsiveness. Individuals’ short- and long-term improvements after simulated previous calls were used to calculate the expected decrease in mean glucose due to a new call. The tool is designed with 724,672 hours of CGM data from 120 individuals with T1D (63% new diagnosis, 57% ≤ 18 years), through Tidepool. For a daily capacity of 5 calls, the recommendation has a 29.1 mg/dL expected decrease in mean glucose in contacted people, while current practice has a 4.7 mg/dL decrease. The tool allows for customizable care team constraints and adaptively learned responsiveness parameters. CGM and call data are currently being collected from pediatric patients with newly diagnosed T1D in our clinic, to tune and test the tool in a clinical setting. Disclosure J. Vallon: None. A.T. Ward: None. P. Prahalad: None. K.K. Hood: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; LifeScan, Inc., MedIQ. D.M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Abbott, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Bigfoot Biomedical, Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care. D. Scheinker: None.
Assessing Parental Anxiety in Pediatric Food Allergy: Development of the Worry About Food Allergy Questionnaire.

Food allergies (FAs) in children are increasingly common, and strict allergen avoidance and safety concerns place parents at risk for anxiety (Lau et al. in Pediatr Allergy Immunol 25:236–242, 2014). Assessing parental anxiety with generic instruments may not capture the unique experience of parents managing children’s FAs. This study developed and preliminarily validated the 13-item Worry About Food Allergy (WAFA) questionnaire, a measure of FA-specific parental anxiety, in an online sample of 265 parents aged 22–66 (M = 40.25) of children with FAs. The WAFA showed good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = .89) and moderate convergent validity with other anxiety measures, indicating support for a reliable measure of a discrete, specific construct. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a single factor structure. Criterion validity was established through significant, small, positive correlations with relevant allergy variables. A coherent single factor measure, the WAFA, shows promise as a screening tool for parental anxiety in pediatric practice and FA management.
Risk factors and outcome associated with infection or colonization due to carbapenem-heteroresistant Escherichia coli.

Background Up to 32% of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales strains display a carbapenem-heteroresistant (cHR) phenotype but its clinical relevance is unknown. Objectives To determine risk factors and clinical outcome associated with infection due to cHR ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC). Methods A retrospective, case-control study was conducted on patients from whom a pair of clonally related E. coli strains were isolated during separate healthcare encounters with (case) or without (control) development of cHR phenotype in the latter strain. Study groups were compared for host and microbial characteristics and carbapenem exposure. Outcome measures included ICU admission, length of hospitalization, and mortality. Results Study patients (15 cases, 10 controls) were elderly (median age: 74 years) with half admitted from home (52%), most (80%) having ≥3 comorbid conditions and severe functional impairment. Case patients were more likely to have 'index' ESBL-EC isolating from blood (27% versus 0%; P = 0.125) and have greater cumulative amount and duration of carbapenem exposure than controls. All control 'subsequent' isolates were from urine whereas five cHR case isolates were from blood or respiratory sources. More hospitalized case patients required ICU admission (23% versus 0%; P = 0.257) and prolonged hospital stay (>7 days) than controls (62% versus 38%%; P = 0.387). Conclusions Our findings deserve confirmation with a larger study population and call attention to the potential for increased morbidity with cHR ESBL-EC infections, which underscores the need to screen for cHR phenotype in patients with repeated growth of ESBL-EC, particularly from systemic sites and patients that have had extensive carbapenem exposure.
Parkinsonism reversed from treatment of pineal non-germinomatous germ cell tumor.

Background Parkinsonism is a rare complication of non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs) arising from the pineal region. Case description We describe a 23-year-old man who presented with Parinaud syndrome, fatigue, and hypersomnia that were caused by a pineal region NGGCT with yolk sac component and an initial α-fetoprotein (AFP) of 1011.0 ng/ml. MRI revealed that the tumor was causing 10 mm of midline shift and compressing the cerebral aqueduct, the left thalamus, and the midbrain. Obstructive hydrocephalus was relieved by ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Six cycles of induction chemotherapy with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide reduced tumor size and decreased AFP levels in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Following the first cycle, the patient developed asymmetric, bilateral Parkinsonism consisting of bradykinesia, bradyphrenia, facial hypomimia, drooling, and dysphagia. Levodopa, amantadine, and methylphenidate were administered and resulted in symptom improvement. Second look neurosurgery revealed residual yolk sac tumor and a second induction regimen of gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and oxaliplatin was administered for rising AFP. The patient eventually received an autologous bone marrow transplant using a regimen of high-dose carboplatin, thiotepa, and etoposide with concomitant colony-stimulating factor and romiplostim support followed by consolidative proton craniospinal radiotherapy. Posttreatment head MRI showed that no evidence of tumor growth and serum AFP was within normal limits. His Parkinsonism eventually resolved and he was weaned off all dopaminergic drugs. Conclusion Bilateral Parkinsonism from NGGCT in this patient is probably caused by pressure on nigrostriatal tracts, substantia nigra, or both. The Parkinsonian symptoms can be reversed by aggressive treatment of the tumor and administration of dopaminergic drugs.
Transcriptomics reveals how minocycline-colistin synergy overcomes antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria are a rapidly growing public health threat, and the development of novel antimicrobials has failed to keep pace with their emergence. Synergistic combinations of individually ineffective drugs present a potential solution, yet little is understood about the mechanisms of most such combinations. Here, we show that the combination of colistin (polymyxin E) and minocycline has a high rate of synergy against colistin-resistant and minocycline-intermediate or -resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, using RNA-Seq, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of these strains when treated with the drugs individually and in combination. We found a striking similarity between the transcriptional profiles of bacteria treated with the combination of colistin and minocycline at individually subinhibitory concentrations and those of the same isolates treated with minocycline alone. We observed a similar pattern with the combination of polymyxin B nonapeptide (a polymyxin B analogue that lacks intrinsic antimicrobial activity) and minocycline. We also found that genes involved in polymyxin resistance and peptidoglycan biosynthesis showed significant differential gene expression in the different treatment conditions, suggesting possible mechanisms for the antibacterial activity observed in the combination. These findings suggest that the synergistic activity of this combination against bacteria resistant to each drug alone involves sublethal outer membrane disruption by colistin, which permits increased intracellular accumulation of minocycline.
The Perfect Storm: A Subcultural Analysis of the QAnon Movement

In this study, we examine the social phenomenon known as ‘QAnon’. While QAnon is typically thought of as an exclusively online cultural phenomenon, and thus easily dismissed, it has played a signif...
Mental health services in restricted housing: Do we know what's going on behind the steel doors?

The use of administrative segregation (AS) in North American prisons remains a common but contentious practice that is currently at the forefront of human rights and legal discussions. While extant research is mixed regarding the direct links between segregation and psychological functioning, it is clear these individuals are worse off in many ways. Mental and behavioral health interventions appear especially limited for people incarcerated in secure units, yet little is known about the extent of services offered or existing barriers to service provision. Using a standardized survey, we attempted to obtain a nationally representative sampling of mental health practices for people incarcerated in segregation and frontline provider perspectives across 24 state prisons. Survey results suggest that, while most facilities offer some form of mental health services to clients in restrictive units, most do not provide structured, manualized interventions. An even smaller number provide interventions specifically tailored to this unique population. Perceptions of service delivery barriers fell into four categories: (a) the nature of the restrictive environment, (b) lack of available programs, (c) staff-related concerns, and (d) client/inmate-related concerns. We conclude with recommendations to improve program accessibility and delivery on segregated units. Focused intervention efforts may reduce the number and duration of restricted placements. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Estrogen replacement therapy for menopausal women with a history of breast carcinoma: results of a 5-year, prospective study.

BACKGROUND Women with a history of breast carcinoma generally have been advised to avoid estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). The validity of this approach has been scrutinized and debated in recent years, and reassessment through appropriate clinical trials has been suggested. METHODS The authors conducted a prospective clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of prolonged ERT in a group of menopausal women with localized (Stage I or Stage II) breast carcinoma and a minimum disease free interval of 2 years if estrogen receptor (ER) was negative or 10 years if ER status was unknown. For 5 years, the authors followed 77 trial participants and 222 other women with clinical and prognostic characteristics comparable to those of the trial participants. Overall, 56 women were on ERT, and 243 women were not on ERT. The association of ERT with skeletal and lipid changes was assessed in the randomized trial participants. The effect of ERT on the development of recurrent or new breast carcinoma and other carcinomas was analyzed both in the trial participants and in the overall group. RESULTS Patient and disease characteristics, such as tumor size, number of lymph nodes involved, ER status, menopausal status, and disease free interval were comparable for women who were on ERT and women who were not on ERT. These same parameters also were comparable for women who joined the trial and women who did not. ERT use was associated with modest lipid and skeletal benefits. The introduction of ERT did not compromise disease free survival. Two of 56 women on ERT (3.6%) developed a contralateral, new breast carcinoma. In the group that was not on ERT, 33 of 243 women (13.5%) developed new or recurrent breast carcinoma. There were no differences in the development of other carcinomas with respect to ERT. CONCLUSIONS ERT did not compromise disease free survival in select patients who were treated previously for localized breast carcinoma. Larger scale randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2002;95:1817–26. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10913
Chewing on the Food Chain

Six Arguments for a Greener Diet. How a More Plant-Based Diet Could Save Your Health and the Environment. By: Michael F. Jacobson and the Staff of the Center for Science in the Public Interest. Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC, 2006.248 pp. Paper, $14.95, C$21. ISBN 0-89329-049-1. The authors argue that a diet with more plant foods and fewer fatty animal products will favor longer, healthier lives while also reducing one9s environmental impact.
Bridging performance analysis tools and analytic performance modeling for HPC

Application performance is critical in high-performance computing (HPC), however, it is not considered in a systematic way in the HPC software development process. Integrated performance models could improve this situation. Advanced analytic performance modeling and performance analysis tools exist in isolation but have similar goals and could benefit mutually. We find that existing analysis tools could be extended to support analytic performance modeling and performance models could be used to improve the understanding of real application performance artifacts. We show a simple example of how a tool could support developers of analytic performance models. Finally, we propose to implement a strategy for integrated tool-supported performance modeling during the whole software development process.
Regulation of Protein Synthesis in HeLa Cells III. Inhibition During Poliovirus Infection

Abstract The mechanism of inhibition of host cell protein synthesis by poliovirus has been studied by examining the behavior of host polyribosomes and polyribosome-associated messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Virus infection appears to result in a specific inhibition of the initiation of translation of host cell mRNA. The site of inhibition does not appear to be mRNA itself. Human cells respond to virus infection by producing a factor antagonistic to the virus inhibition which promotes the initiation of host mRNA translation. The production of the host factor is sensitive to actinomycin; however, the behavior of the host cell factor and that of host mRNA appear distinctly different.
Evaluating color instruction set extension for real-time vector quantization

Vector quantization (VQ) is widely used for color image and video compression. However, its high computational overhead prohibits many applications in real-time systems. This paper presents a novel method to accelerate full-search VQ algorithm by adding quantized color pack extension (QCPX) instruction set architecture (ISA). QCPX not only supports a packed 16-bit YCbCr data format but also obtains performance and code density improvements through three-color pixels in parallel in a 16-bit width. To measure execution performance of the QCPX instruction set architecture (ISA), it is evaluated in a SIMD pixel array platform developed at Georgia Tech. In addition, by varying the grain size (pixel per processing element, PPE), this study can fully measure the impact of QCPX in the presence of different levels of data parallelism. Simulation results indicate that QCPX version achieves speedups from 27% to 297% over non-QCPX with the most impressive improvements >200 % occurring above the communication-bound 16 PPE granularity. QCPX also reduces average PE idle cycles by 45%. QCPX can be incorporated in range of architectures from current ILP processors to future massively data parallel machines
Simple and sure methodology for massive hepatectomy in the mouse

Abstract Background. Reliable models for massive hepatectomy in the mouse are required for experimental liver research. Methods. We analyzed anatomical findings in 100 mice following massive hepatectomy induced by liver reduction >70%. The impact of various factors in the different models was also analyzed, including learning curves, operative time, survival curves and histopathological findings. Results. According to anatomical results, models with 75%, 80% and 90% hepatectomy produced massive hepatectomy. Learning curves and operative times were most optimal with the clip technique. Each hepatectomy performed using the clip technique produced a reasonable survival curve, and there were no differences in histopathological findings between the suture and clip techniques. Conclusion. Massive hepatectomy by the clip technique is simple and can provide reliable and relevant data.
Danaea (Marattiaceae) revisited: biodiversity, a new classification and ten new species of a neotropical fern genus

Revision of the Neotropical fern genus Danaea (Marattiaceae) has resulted in the recognition of ten new species, which are here for the first time presented to the scientific audience. Morphological and molecular data suggest that the genus consists of three monophyletic subgenera that are circumscribed here. A key is provided to aid species identification. The geographical ranges of the species are summarized and discussed with regard to speciation. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 163, 360–385.
Statistical model for cardiovascular signals with independent respiratory modulation for tracking pulse pressure variation

Cardiovascular signals including the electrocardiogram, pressure signals, and photoplethysmographs such as those used in pulse oximetry contain a wealth of information. Statistical models of these signals provide a means of representing and quantifying this information, and often lead to natural and optimal estimation algorithms. One powerful statistical model uses a Fourier approach to model cardiovascular signals as a harmonic sum of sinusoids with a fundamental frequency, amplitudes, and phases that vary slowly over time. We have further developed this model to incorporate respiratory effects including an additive component, pulse pressure variation (PPV), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. PPV may be viewed as a form of amplitude modulation of the cardiovascular signal due to respiration. Current models do not explain the asymmetry between the upper and lower envelopes observed in cardiovascular pressure signals, and consequently are not appropriate for PPV estimation. We propose a model in which each of the cardiac harmonics is independently modulated by the respiratory signal. This improves the estimation accuracy and permits more accurate cardiovascular tracking and estimation. The proposed model is more accurate in PPV estimation applications.
Observations of the earth's bow shock under high Mach number/high plasma beta solar wind conditions

Using 221 observations of the earth's bow shock by ISEE-1, the magnetic field characteristics of the shock are investigated as a function of Mach number and plasma beta. It is found that immediately behind the overshoot of the shock large amplitude waves develop preferentially with increasing Alfven Mach number and/or plasma beta. Their probability of occurrence is very high in the parallel regime, and declines to near zero probability when theta(BN) reaches 75 deg. It is estimated that approximately 10 percent of the total solar wind energy density is dissipated by these waves.
Magnesium bromide in Grignard reagent formation

Abstract The progress of the reaction of magnesium with bromocyclopropane in diethyl ether at reflux varies with time in a sigmoid fashion, reflecting an initial induction period during which autocatalysis is evident. The initial addition of MgBr 2 to the medium greatly reduces or eliminates the autocatalytic induction period, suggesting that the autocatalysis in the initial absence of MgBr 2 is due to its formation. Magnesium does not react with either 1-bromo-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane or bromopentamethylbenzene in pure diethyl ether. It reacts smoothly with either in 2.6 M magnesium bromide in diethyl ether, giving the corresponding Grignard reagents (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylmagnesium bromide, 28%; pentamethylphenylmagnesium bromide, 49-80%). In the case of 1-bromo-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane, by-products representing >44% solvent attack are formed. Magnesium bromide also has more subtle effects. In reactions of magnesium with bromocyclopropane in diethyl ether, the product distribution varies significantly with the initial concentration of the substrate. Initially-added MgBr 2 emulates the effect of higher initial concentrations of the substrate, suggesting that the substrate concentration effects are responses to the buildup of polar solutes (MgBr 2 , RMgBr) as the reaction proceeds. The bromocyclopropane reaction contrasts with that of 5-hexenyl bromide, for which the extent of cyclization is not very sensitive to added magnesium bromide. The early turbidity that usually forms in reactions of magnesium with organic halides in pure diethyl ether is absent for reactions in 2.6 M MgBr 2 . Turbidity not due to a precipitate (MgX 2 , RMgX, or other) may be due to a separation of dilute and concentrated liquid phases of MgBr 2 solutions. There are many parallels between Grignard reagent formation and metallic corrosion in contact with aqueous solutions, suggesting that Grignard reagent formation, like aqueous corrosion, involves local galvanic cells.
Brain dynamics for perception of tactile allodynia (touch-induced pain) in postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a debilitating chronic pain condition often accompanied by a sensation of pain when the affected region is touched (tactile allodynia). Here we identify brain regions involved in stimulus-induced touch-evoked pain (dynamical mechanical allodynia, DMA), compare brain activity between DMA and spontaneous pain (described earlier for the same patients in [Geha PY, Baliki MN, Chialvo DR, Harden RN, Paice JA, Apkarian AV. Brain activity for spontaneous pain of postherpetic neuralgia and its modulation by lidocaine patch therapy. Pain 2007;128:88-100]), delineate regions that specifically code the magnitude of perceived allodynia, and show the transformation of allodynia-related information in the brain as a time-evolving network. Eleven PHN patients were studied for DMA and its modulation with Lidoderm therapy (patches of 5% lidocaine applied to the PHN affected body part). Continuous ratings of pain while the affected body part was brushed during fMRI were contrasted with non-painful touch when brushing was applied to an equivalent opposite body site, and with fluctuations of a bar observed during scanning, at three sessions relative to Lidoderm treatment. Lidoderm treatment did not decrease DMA ratings but did decrease spontaneous pain. Multiple brain areas showed preferential activity for allodynia. However, mainly responses in the bilateral putamen and left medial temporal gyrus were related to the magnitude of allodynia. Both DMA and spontaneous pain perceptions were best represented within the same sub-cortical structures but with minimal overlap, implying that PHN pain modulates behavioral learning and hedonics. These results have important clinical implications regarding adequate therapy.
Intrathyroidally Generated Iodide: Its Measurement and Origins*

Thyroid iodide was separated from organic iodine by gel electrophoresis of thyroid lobes 72 h after their labeling with radioiodine. Iodide thus measured accounted for 0.233% of total thyroid iodine, on the average. The lower and upper limits of the contribution of iodide due to a method artifact were established, respectively, by a second electrophoresis of thyroid lobes from which iodide had already been removed and by discharging transported iodide with perchlorate and blocking formation of iodide from organic precursors in vivo with 100 μmol mononitrotyrosine (MNT) and 20 mg propylthiouracil (PTU). They were thus found to be 0.042% and 0.064% of total thyroid iodine. In experiments in which iodide (corrected for 0.05% of the label taken to represent artifactitious iodide) averaged 0.131% of the total thyroid iodine, MNT lowered its level by 50%, perchlorate by 23%, and PTU by 15%. TSH (maximally effective dose, 1 IU) elevated thyroid iodide concentration within 1 h after its injection. Prior or concur...
Mixed mode I/III fracture toughness of 2034 aluminum alloys

Abstract A study of the mixed mode I and III fracture resistance of four 2034 aluminum alloys with varying manganese content is presented in this paper. The mixed mode fracture tests are carried out using modified compact tension specimens. As there is no standard test method for mixed mode fracture, special formulations of the J integral are used to characterize the mixed mode fracture resistance. The results indicate that the overall effect of mode III shear component is to lower the critical J-integral energy by enhancing the tendency for shear instability and early void formation. Manganese present in small amounts forms intermediate size dispersoids which increase the strength and work hardening ability without the loss of fracture toughness. In larger amounts manganese forms large particles which lower the fracture toughness significantly. These micromechanisms and those of mixed mode fracture are discussed.
Limited Re-Sequencing for Mixed-Models with Multiple Objectives, Part II: A Permutation Approach

This research presents an approach to solving the limited re-sequencing problem for a JIT system when two objectives are considered for multiple processes. One objective is to minimize the number of setups; the other is to minimize the material usage rate [1]. For this research effort, each unique permutation of the problem’s demand structure is noted, and used as a mechanism for finding subsequent sequences. Two variants of this permutation approach are used: one employs a Monte-Carlo simulation, while the other employs a modification of Ant-Colony Optimization to find sequences satisfying the objectives of interest. Problem sets from the literature are used for assessment, and experimentation shows that the methodology presented here outperforms methodology from an earlier research effort [3].
Toward expert systems in finite element analysis

The evolution of finite element programs and program systems for engineering analysis and the more recent pioneering development of expert systems are briefly described.1 From these we proceed to develop some general principles and guidelines using expert systems with finite element techniques and novel computer architectures.
Grafted Functional Polymer Nanostructures Patterned Bottom-Up by Colloidal Lithography and Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD)

Colloidal lithography, a popular inexpensive alternative to conventional lithography, uses two-dimensional self-assembled monolayer arrays of colloidal nanoparticles as a lithographic template. Combined with initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), which offers unprecedented opportunity for producing grafted polymeric layers, this work demonstrates a generic "bottom-up" process as an inexpensive, simple, and environmentally friendly technique for creating robust well-ordered arrays of functional patterned polymeric nanostructures up to 500 nm in height. These grafted "nanobowl" patterns are produced for a broad material set of functional organic, fluorinated, and silicon containing polymers. These polymers fully retain the organic functionality of their monomeric precursors, are free of wetting defects, and are robustly tethered to the underlying substrate as shown by their ability to withstand aggressive solvent. Furthermore, using this method we pattern a novel low dielectric constant polymer down to 25 nm without the need for environmentally harmful solvents.
Intestine-Specific Deletion of Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Increases Mortality in Aged Mice

Background Mice with conditional, intestine-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-IKO) exhibit a complete block in chylomicron assembly together with lipid malabsorption. Young (8-10 week) Mttp-IKO mice have improved survival when subjected to a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced sepsis. However, 80% of deaths in sepsis occur in patients over age 65. The purpose of this study was to determine whether age impacts outcome in Mttp-IKO mice subjected to sepsis. Methods Aged (20-24 months) Mttp-IKO mice and WT mice underwent intratracheal injection with P. aeruginosa. Mice were either sacrificed 24 hours post-operatively for mechanistic studies or followed seven days for survival. Results In contrast to young septic Mttp-IKO mice, aged septic Mttp-IKO mice had a significantly higher mortality than aged septic WT mice (80% vs. 39%, p = 0.005). Aged septic Mttp-IKO mice exhibited increased gut epithelial apoptosis, increased jejunal Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-XL ratios yet simultaneously demonstrated increased crypt proliferation and villus length. Aged septic Mttp-IKO mice also manifested increased pulmonary myeloperoxidase levels, suggesting increased neutrophil infiltration, as well as decreased systemic TNFα compared to aged septic WT mice. Conclusions Blocking intestinal chylomicron secretion alters mortality following sepsis in an age-dependent manner. Increases in gut apoptosis and pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, and decreased systemic TNFα represent potential mechanisms for why intestine-specific Mttp deletion is beneficial in young septic mice but harmful in aged mice as each of these parameters are altered differently in young and aged septic WT and Mttp-IKO mice.
Forms of lung lymphatics: a scanning electron microscopic study of casts.

In a recent study, rats given monocrotaline underwent angiogenesis on their pleural surfaces. The rats also had novel structures in their bronchovascular bundles that were detected by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. These vessels could have been either new blood capillaries or dilated lymphatic capillaries. To determine if these structures were lymphatics or new blood vessels, specimens from animals that were undergoing angiogenesis were compared to those that were not. Finding similar structures in normal animals would imply that they were lymphatic. The second purpose of this work was to describe the three-dimensional anatomy of the lymphatics of the lung. Cast lymphatics were found in most lungs with edema or angiogenesis, but were rare in other conditions. The vascular structures in question were found in animals not undergoing angiogenesis and were, therefore, lymphatic. Additionally, scanning electron angiogenesis and were, therefore, lymphatic. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy of casts showed several distinct forms of lymphatics in the lung. Prelymphatics are tissues planes beneath the pleura and around bronchovascular structures. They join reservoir, conduit or tubulo-saccular lymphatics. Reservoir lymphatics are broad ribbon-like structures with textured surfaces and small laterally branching pouches. They occur on the pleural surface, are closely linked with prelymphatics, and join conduit lymphatics. Conduit lymphatics are tubular structures that may contain valves, twist and go great distances without accepting tributaries. On the pleural surface, they may wind around blood vessels and vary greatly in diamater. Sacculo-tubular lymphatics surround arteries, veins and bronchioles. They have thin walls with wide saccular segments. They may be so dense that they form cylinders around the vessels or airways. Different forms of lung lymphatics suggest different function and potential. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electronic Commerce and the Internet: Issues, Problems, and Perspectives

There is considerable interest in conducting electronic commerce (EC) on the Internet. This paper identifies pertinent issues and problems that are critical to establishing EC on the Internet. Perspectives on those issues are formulated by conducting personal interviews with ten executives in as many organizations. While there is agreement on the potential payoff for EC on the Internet, concerns center on security, costs, legality of transactions, uncertainty, and lack of reliable information on the effectiveness of this paradigm for conducting business.
Real-time optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment using hand-held and slit-lamp adapted systems

Real-time optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to visualize and quantify structures in the anterior segment of the eye. Results obtained with hand-held and slit-lamp adapted OCT systems are presented. Preliminary data indicates strong potential for the use of real-time OCT in anterior segment biometry and in non-invasive assessment of normal and pathological anterior segment anatomy.
Electromagnetic Plane Wave Excitation of an Open-Ended, Finite-Length Conducting Cylinder

A mixed boundary value problem is formulated for the surface currents that are induced by a time-harmonic plane wave incident upon an open-ended conducting tube of finite length. Scattered fields are represented by spatial Fourier transforms in the axial dimension for each of the uncoupled azimuthal Fourier modes of this body of revolution. Numerically efficient mathematical expressions having explicit physical significance are derived to solve the set of linear equations from a Galerkin expansion of the currents in terms of Chebyshev polynomials with edge-condition weighting. Resultant surface currents and axial fields are calculated for several combinations of scatterer geometry and frequency, and interpreted partially in terms of travelling waves external and internal to the conducting cylinder.
Structural characterization of tartrate dehydrogenase: a versatile enzyme catalyzing multiple reactions.

The first structure of an NAD-dependent tartrate dehydrogenase (TDH) has been solved to 2 A resolution by single anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing as a complex with the intermediate analog oxalate, Mg2+ and NADH. This TDH structure from Pseudomonas putida has a similar overall fold and domain organization to other structurally characterized members of the hydroxy-acid dehydrogenase family. How­ever, there are considerable differences between TDH and these functionally related enzymes in the regions connecting the core secondary structure and in the relative positioning of important loops and helices. The active site in these complexes is highly ordered, allowing the identification of the substrate-binding and cofactor-binding groups and the ligands to the metal ions. Residues from the adjacent subunit are involved in both the substrate and divalent metal ion binding sites, establishing a dimer as the functional unit and providing structural support for an alternating-site reaction mechanism. The divalent metal ion plays a prominent role in substrate binding and orientation, together with several active-site arginines. Functional groups from both subunits form the cofactor-binding site and the ammonium ion aids in the orientation of the nicotinamide ring of the cofactor. A lysyl amino group (Lys192) is the base responsible for the water-mediated proton abstraction from the C2 hydroxyl group of the substrate that begins the catalytic reaction, followed by hydride transfer to NAD. A tyrosyl hydroxyl group (Tyr141) functions as a general acid to protonate the enolate inter­mediate. Each substrate undergoes the initial hydride transfer, but differences in substrate orientation are proposed to account for the different reactions catalyzed by TDH.
Land Value Taxation and the Rights of Property

HIGH LAND VALUE TAXATION tends to force good land into use and thus to make the rent of land lower. It offers more incentive to saving and to investment in the production of useful capital. It encourages increase of capital in the land-value-tax communities. It thus better provides labor with both land and capital, thereby makes labor more productive and tends toward higher wages. It lowers the expense of housing for those who must be tenants and lowers the sale prices of homes for would-be home owners. It makes easier, because less expensive, the providing of children's playgrounds and public parks. Why do our teachers and textbook writers in economics, with relatively few exceptions, either attempt to discredit the theoretical case for this reform while ignoring the impressive supporting data from Australia,' or else completely ignore the theory, the data and the subject? In this connection it may be especially appropriate to examine an objection to the land-value-tax policy, which seems to have been the one most stressed by the textbooks. The objection in question to introducing additional taxes on land values or to increasing taxes on land values relatively to other taxes, is that to do so would be "unjust." A common way of putting the thought, has been to say that for a state or community to retain the rent of land might have been right and proper if this had been done from the very beginning. It could have been right, in this view, only if the policy had been begun when there was no land rent and when no one had paid for any land a sum based on any future expectations which the introduction of such a tax would-or might-prevent him from realizing. But, it is said, when men have purchased land on the assumption-based on custom and perhaps on very long custom-that it will not be taxed more heavily in relation to other property values or incomes in the future than it has been in the past, then the introduction of a land value tax system or of any relative increase of taxation of land values is "unjust" and, therefore, inadmissible.
Segregation in yttrium aluminum garnet : I, Experimental determination

Single crystals of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) that were doped with various cations were annealed in air at different temperatures for varying amounts of time. Dopants were chosen to probe the effect of size, charge, and site occupancy on surface segregation. Of the dopants that were chosen for the study (calcium, silicon, neodymium, chromium, and strontium), calcium was the only one that consistently segregated upon annealing in air. Calcium enrichment to the (111) surface was measured using Auger electron spectroscopy, and the segregation enthalpy was determined to be δHseg≈−32 ± 10 kJ/mol. Enrichment occurred according to variations in valence, as opposed to variations in size; therefore, it is suggested that surface segregation is electrostatically driven. The results indicate that aliovalent substituents could be used for interface property tailoring, whereas isovalent dopants would not be useful.
Third-harmonic performance of the Beamlet prototype laser

The Beamlet laser is a nearly full-scale, single-aperture prototype of the driver design for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). As part of a test and validation plan for the NIF design, Beamlet was recently equipped with final focusing optics and diagnostics for the purpose of evaluating integrated component performance and equivalent target-plane irradiance conditions at the 0.351-{mu}m output wavelength specified for NIF targets. A 37-cm aperture two-crystal converter scheme generates the third harmonic of the Nd:glass 1.053-{mu}m wavelength with high efficiency. The efficiency of the converter has been characterized and is reported, along with detailed measurements of the near-field and far-field UV irradiance distributions at operating conditions up to and exceeding red-line levels for the NIF. Dependences of observed beam quality on critical laser parameters including output power, B-integral, and spatial filtering are discussed and compared with numerical simulations.
Bobos on the Road, or Would Sal Paradise Have Super Sized?

This article studies the co-optation of bohemian life into the bourgeois realm—positioning contemporary cultural critics Peter Brooks and Thomas Frank within a critical discussion of the Beats and the social theories of the Frankfurt School. Personal concerns are connected with larger social issues, situating them within lived, autoethnographic experiences to facilitate sociological analysis. Although Adorno and Habermas avoid discussion of direct experience, Brooks avoids theoretical analysis; although the Beats idealize, Frank is overly pessimistic. By creating an equal place between historical discussion, personal reflection, theoretical analysis, and quotations from social theorists, this article offers a critical position between these modes of thought as well as raising questions of social change, identity, and class by taking McLaren’s postmodern flâneur and setting him on the road.
Axotomized frog sciatic nerve releases diffusible neurite-promoting factors.

Abstract Using the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and its sciatic nerve (ScN) as a model system, we have previously described neuronal and non-neuronal molecular changes associated with the early regenerative response of DRG neurons to axotomy. Since diffusible molecular factors, released by axotomized ScN, might function to stimulate axon regrowth, we have assayed the ability of ScN-conditioned bath to promote in vitro neurite outgrowth from PC-12 cells. Diffusible ScN proteins were collected by incubating segments of normal or axotomized ScN in a small volume of RPMI media for 4 h (nerve bath). The nerve baths, supplemented with serum, were then added to PC-12 cell cultures to assay for the presence of neurite growth factors released by ScN. Results showed that nerve baths, collected from sham-operated or axotomized ScN, could not induce the differentiation of PC-12 into neurite-bearing cells. Therefore, in all subsequent neurite growth assay experiments, an exogeneous source of nerve growth factor (NGF) (50 ng/ml) was added to the nerve baths or unconditioned media to generate and maintain PC-12 neuritic structure. We found that nerve baths, collected from previously axotomized (at least 3 days post-injury) nerve, contained diffusible factors which enhanced PC-12 neurite growth, relative to unconditioned media. No neurite growth factors were observed to be released by sham-operated ScN or 1-day post-axotomized ScN. Further experiments were conducted to identify the diffusible neurite growth factors released from axotomized ScN. We showed that the release (if any) of endogenous diffusible NGF or laminin from axotomized nerve could not have accounted for the facilitation of neurite growth. Analysis of radiolabelled ScN proteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) showed that the relative abundance of two diffusible proteins (Mr ∼ 35 and 70 kDa) in the nerve bath was directly correlated with the ability of the nerve bath to facillitate PC-12 neurite growth.
Psoriasiform lesions of the oral mucosa (with emphasis on "ectopic geographic tongue")

Abstract The psoriasiform lesions, including psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, and geographic tongue, are discussed. The entity of “ectopic geographic tongue” is given special attention, and eight new cases are presented. Two examples of oral psoriasis and two examples of oral lesions of Reiter's syndrome are also reported. The similarities, differences, and possible relationship of these diseases are discussed.
Selective inhibition of the cell cycle of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by aminonucleoside of puromycin.

Aminonucleoside (AMS) inhibited the cell cycle of human lung fibroblasts at a point in G1 phase and at another point in G2 phase. Even when this inhibition was fully established, DNA synthesis and mitosis which were in progress proceeded normally. Inhibition of RNA synthesis in the cultures preceded the effects on DNA synthesis and mitosis, but inhibition of protein synthesis could not be detected. These points of potential inhibition do not exist in the cell cycle of HeLa cell, or are not affected by aminonucleoside. Here inhibition of cell proliferation by AMS was less marked, and when inhibition eventually occurred it was not specific for any point of the cell cycle. The rate of entry of the inhibitor was similar in both types of cell.
Three-Phase Energy Transfer Circuit with Superconducting Energy Storage Coils

The operation and circuit analysis of a three-phase inductor converter bridge (ICB) is described. The ICB is used to transfer energy between two superconducting coils and may find application in future tokamak fusion power reactors and large particle accelerators. This circuit provides an efficient, controllable, and reversible means for energy transfer.
Data transformation, Type I error rate and power.

Research has shown that when an appropriate data transformation is known a priori, then it can lead to a substantial increase in power of analysis of variance while maintaining an appropriate Type I error rate. It was unknown, however, whether data transformation selected on sample characteristics would yield accurate Type I error rates and increased power. The present Monte Carlo study demonstrates that correct data transformation values could be selected on samples as small as four per group, that legitimate approaches do not inflate the nominal significance levels and that power could be increased by sample-based transformations.