cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Oxytocin Increase Trust in Humans? A Critical Review of Research

Behavioral neuroscientists have shown that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in nonhuman mammals. Inspired by this initial research, many social scientists proceeded to examine the associations of OT with trust in humans over the past decade. To conduct this work, they have (a) examined the effects of exogenous OT increase caused by intranasal administration on trusting behavior, (b) correlated individual difference measures of OT plasma levels with measures of trust, and (c) searched for genetic polymorphisms of the OT receptor gene that might be associated with trust. We discuss the different methods used by OT behavioral researchers and review evidence that links OT to trust in humans. Unfortunately, the simplest promising finding associating intranasal OT with higher trust has not replicated well. Moreover, the plasma OT evidence is flawed by how OT is measured in peripheral bodily fluids. Finally, in recent large-sample studies, researchers failed to find consistent associations of specific OT-related genetic polymorphisms and trust. We conclude that the cumulative evidence does not provide robust convergent evidence that human trust is reliably associated with OT (or caused by it). We end with constructive ideas for improving the robustness and rigor of OT research.
Point Pattern Matching

Various point pattern matching algorithms are reviewed and compared. Among the matching algorithms discussed are random sample and consensus (RANSAC), graph-based, feature-based, clustering-based, invariance-based, axis of minimum inertia-based, relaxation-based, and spectral graph theory-based algorithms. To speed up the matching process, the coarse-to-fine search strategy is also discussed and its use in matching of point patterns with nonlinear geometric differences is demonstrated. Also included in this chapter are detailed matching algorithms and methods to determine their performances.
Multiple Delayed Peak Lithium Concentrations following Acute Intoxication with an Extended-Release Product:

OBJECTIVE:To describe delayed peak lithium concentrations after an overdose of extended-release lithium tablets.CASE SUMMARY:a patient with borderline personality disorder and depression ingested extended-release lithium approximately 20.25 g along with other agents. At presentation, the lithium concentration was 1.4 mEq/L. Significant enteral intake was initiated 27 hours after presentation and the lithium concentration 5 hours later increased to 3.2 mEq/L. A second lithium peak concentration of 5.0 mEq/L was noted 40 hours after presentation. Two hemodialysis sessions lasting 4 hours each were performed along with administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate in sorbitol 20% to enhance lithium elimination and decrease absorption. Eighty-eight hours after presentation, the lithium concentration had decreased to 1.5 mEq/L.DISCUSSION:Delayed and secondary peak lithium concentrations have been reported following an overdose with an extended-release product. Extended-release lithium may form an aggregate in...
On Hecke groups, Schwarzian triangle functions and a class of hyper-elliptic functions

Let m be a positive integer \(\ge \)3 and \(\lambda =2\cos \frac{\pi }{m}\). The Hecke group \(\mathfrak {G}(\lambda )\) is generated by the fractional linear transformations \(\tau + \lambda \) and \(-\frac{1}{\tau }\) for \(\tau \) in the upper half plane \(\mathbb H\) of the complex plane \(\mathbb C\). We consider a set of functions \(\mathfrak {f}_0, \mathfrak {f}_i\) and \(\mathfrak {f}_{\infty }\) automorphic with respect to \(\mathfrak {G}(\lambda )\), constructed from the conformal mapping of the fundamental domain of \(\mathfrak {G}(\lambda )\) to the upper half plane \(\mathbb H\), and establish their connection with the Legendre functions and a class of hyper-elliptic functions. Many well-known classical identities associated with the cases of \(\lambda =1\) and 2 are preserved. As an application, we will establish a set of identities expressing the reciprocal of \(\pi \) in terms of the hypergeometric series.
Of the People by the Rules: A New Examination of Female Representation in Legislatures

There is democratic value in having a legislature that not only 'thinks, feels, reasons, and acts' like the people, but also 'looks' like the people. Diversity in legislatures can increase the trust and legitimacy of the institution, increase substantive representation of groups, foster national dialogue of uncrystallized interests and increase the social meaning for ability to rule for historically underrepresented groups (Mansbridge 1999). In this paper I distinguish two forms of descriptive representation: dyadic, which entails dyadic relationships where an electoral connection between the representative and his or her constituency can be made, and aggregate referring to the collective diversity of the legislative institution. I further assume that aggregate representation is a normative good and that steps should be made to increase the diversity of legislatures. As such, the second, empirical, part of this work attempts to answer the question: how do we achieve aggregate descriptive representation for women in national legislatures? I take an institutional approach to this question and produce a new index of electoral systems appropriate for examining the percentage of women in national legislatures. In pursuing this goal I use cross-sectional data of national legislative elections to substantiate my claim. My results find that while traditionally examined institutional variables, such as legislative quotas, affect the percentage of women in legislatures, the type of electoral system in place is important to understanding the legislative gender gap.
Case 3: Fever, Limp, and Hip and Knee Pain in a 7-year-old Boy

1. R. Claire Roden, MD* 2. Anat Feingold, MD* 3. Debrah Meislich, MD* 1. *Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. A 7-year-old boy presents to the emergency department (ED) with a history of fever, limp, and pain at the right knee and hip. He had fallen from his bike 6 days earlier and landed on his left hip. The pain was initially localized to the right knee, but over the last 24 hours it has focused primarily in the right hip. Fever developed 2 days after his fall, with a peak temperature of 39.2°C (102.6°F). Four days ago, he was evaluated at another ED and discharged with a diagnosis of transient synovitis of the hip. Laboratory and imaging studies performed during that visit are not available for review. Since that time, his fever has persisted, the hip pain has worsened, he developed a limp, and now he refuses to bear weight on the right leg. He lives in a wooded area in southern New Jersey and has no known history of a tick bite or past history of Lyme disease. In the ED, physical examination reveals a pleasant and well-appearing boy. His temperature is 39.4°C (102.9°F), heart rate is 130 beats/min, respiratory rate is 22 breaths/min, blood pressure is 140/74 mm Hg (heart rate and blood pressure normalized after pain control), and oxygen saturation is 100% in …
Collection of Entire Colonies of Carpenter Ants (Camponotus spp.) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) from Logs

Slow immersion of logs that contained colonies of carpenter ants, Camponotus Pennsylvanicus (De Geer) and Camponotus ferrugineus (F.), in water permitted nearly complete collection of entire colonies. Colonies emigrated freely into laboratory observation nests. Colony removal from recolonized logs was >90% efficient, but varied with the stage examined. This method, although slow, was more efficient and less laborious than the mechanical removal of colonies from sound logs.
His and hers hypertension–down to a T?

hypertension continues to be one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease worldwide. And yet, despite our advances in understanding some of the underlying pathophysiology and development of treatments, we still have yet to decrease the number of individuals diagnosed
Evaluation of Field Releases of Laboratory-Reared Larval and Adult Bactra verutana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) for Control of Purple Nutsedge 1

The native tortricid moth, Bactra verutana Zeller, was evaluated for efficacy in large-scale releases for the biological control of purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L., and yellow nutsedge, C. esculentus L. Adults, first-stage larvae, and fourth-stage, 13-day-old larvae were released. When 4,800 to 8,200 adults (1:1 sex ratio) were released at one point, 50% of the plants were attacked at all six sites out to 5 m from the points of release and at one site out to 10 m. Moths flew only when disturbed during the hours of light but flew freely after dark. They mated at night or at dawn. Although all of fourth-stage larvae attacked dense nutsedge populations averaging 83 shoots per 9.29 dm2, only 30% attacked sparse populations averaging 8 shoots per 9.29 dm2 With sparse growth averaging 1.4 or 7.0 shoots per m of row, first-stage larvae on corncob grits, released in a narrow band, attacked 57 and 46%, respectively, of the shoots up to 5 cm away. When the corncob grits were broadcast, first-stage larvae increased infestation by 30 to 87% over untreated areas. Regardless of the stage of B. verutana upon release, the degree of control depended on the age and condition of the plants. Rates of infestation were high only when the majority of the shoots were in a vigorous growing condition 10 to 21 days old.
Patterns of urinary catheter consults in a tertiary care hospital.

INTRODUCTION: We reviewed the consultation patterns for difficult urethral catheter placement in tertiary care hospitals and developed a treatment algorithm for this common request. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified all urethral catheter consults obtained by urology residents at three tertiary care hospitals from October 2009 through October 2010. Only consults for inability to place urethral catheter by the referring team were included; hematuria or clot retention were excluded. Patient age, date of consultation, consulting service, prior urologic history, initial number of attempts, and final outcome were recorded. RESULTS: Eighty-one consults were recorded. Seventy-seven (96%) were male; the median age was 65 years. The most common consulting services were internal medicine (35%), intraoperative consults (17%), and the intensive care unit (17%). In 90% of cases, an initial attempt at catheter placement was attempted; 62% of these were made by nurses. Over half of patients had known urologic pathology. In 70% of cases, successful placement without other adjuncts was achieved by the urology resident. Twenty percent of patients required cystoscopic manipulation; nine percent required suprapubic tube placement. CONCLUSIONS: Catheterization was achieved without adjunct procedures in the majority of consults. These results support an algorithm in which all patients without a prior history of lower urinary tract pathology should undergo an initial placement attempt by the primary service physician. They also underscore the need for educational efforts to improve non-urologists' comfort level with placement of a standard Foley or Coude catheter.
Health Plan Report Cards: Exploring Differences in Plan Ratings

Article-at-a-Glance Background Despite the considerable attention paid to the collection of data and the publication of health plan report cards, there is no available study on the comparability of published report cards. Ratings from seven health plan report cards publicly available in fall 1996 were compared—including those produced by major periodicals, a large national employer, a nonprofit consumer group, a health maintenance organization accreditation agency, and a consortium of employers. Methods Dimensions of plan performance common to the seven report cards were identified. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were computed for each pair of report cards for each of the three dimensions that were evaluated. Comparability of report cards Although plan ratings tended to be positively correlated as hypothesized, the magnitude of the estimated correlation coefficients varied. For example, the estimated correlation coefficient between two periodicals' overall plan ratings was 0.48. The ranges of estimated correlations were 0.18–0.70 for preventive care (among four report cards) and 0.19–0.73 for enrollee satisfaction (among three report cards). Discussion Discrepancies in ratings may reflect methodologic issues pertaining to the sample of health plans used, plan performance measures included, and the processes by which individual measures were aggregated to construct indices and ratings. Health plan report cards may be sending mixed signals to consumers. These inconsistencies may explain why focus group studies have found that despite the widespread indication that plan performance measures would be useful, relatively few of those who had seen such information report using it in making their plan choice. Future efforts to evaluate health plans should clearly identify assumptions, methods, normative judgments, and limitations.
Public Reporting on Risk-Adjusted Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in New York State Forecasting Ability and Impact on Market Share and Physicians' Decisions to Discontinue Practice

Background—Since the advent of public reporting on risk-adjusted mortality for coronary artery bypass graft surgery, public reporting on outcomes has expanded to include a variety of dissimilar conditions and procedures. We have little evidence to support such broad-based efforts. Methods and Results—We examined the quality performance of 351 cardiologists at 48 hospitals in New York State, using publicly reported risk-adjusted mortality rates (RAMRs) for nonemergent percutaneous coronary interventions between 1998 and 2007. In the year after report release, we examined the following: (1) average RAMR for hospitals, (2) change in market share for hospitals and cardiologists, and (3) proportion of physicians leaving practice. We found that patients who picked a hospital that performed significantly better than expected in prior years had lower RAMRs (0.47, 0.61, and 0.72 for patients choosing hospitals whose prior reports were better than, as, and worse than expected; P=0.02). However, choosing a hospital ...
Integrating mean and variance heterogeneities to identify differentially expressed genes

In functional genomics studies, tests on mean heterogeneity have been widely employed to identify differentially expressed genes with distinct mean expression levels under different experimental conditions. Variance heterogeneity (aka, the difference between condition-specific variances) of gene expression levels is simply neglected or calibrated for as an impediment. The mean heterogeneity in the expression level of a gene reflects one aspect of its distribution alteration; and variance heterogeneity induced by condition change may reflect another aspect. Change in condition may alter both mean and some higher-order characteristics of the distributions of expression levels of susceptible genes. In this report, we put forth a conception of mean-variance differentially expressed (MVDE) genes, whose expression means and variances are sensitive to the change in experimental condition. We mathematically proved the null independence of existent mean heterogeneity tests and variance heterogeneity tests. Based on the independence, we proposed an integrative mean-variance test (IMVT) to combine gene-wise mean heterogeneity and variance heterogeneity induced by condition change. The IMVT outperformed its competitors under comprehensive simulations of normality and Laplace settings. For moderate samples, the IMVT well controlled type I error rates, and so did existent mean heterogeneity test (i.e., the Welch t test (WT), the moderated Welch t test (MWT)) and the procedure of separate tests on mean and variance heterogeneities (SMVT), but the likelihood ratio test (LRT) severely inflated type I error rates. In presence of variance heterogeneity, the IMVT appeared noticeably more powerful than all the valid mean heterogeneity tests. Application to the gene profiles of peripheral circulating B raised solid evidence of informative variance heterogeneity. After adjusting for background data structure, the IMVT replicated previous discoveries and identified novel experiment-wide significant MVDE genes. Our results indicate tremendous potential gain of integrating informative variance heterogeneity after adjusting for global confounders and background data structure. The proposed informative integration test better summarizes the impacts of condition change on expression distributions of susceptible genes than do the existent competitors. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to explicitly exploit the variance heterogeneity induced by condition change in functional genomics analysis.
A radiation-tolerant DLL with fine resolution and duty cycle corrector for memory interface

A radiation-tolerant delay locked loop (DLL) for DDR2 memory interface is presented. The DLL adjusts clock phase by a coarse tuning loop using a multiplexer-based digitally controlled delay line (DCDL) and a fine tuning loop using a phase interpolator (PI). To protect the sensitive nodes from single event effect (SEE), thermometer coding with bubble correction and triple modular redundancy (TMR) techniques are adopted. In addition, a duty cycle corrector (DCC) with radiation-tolerant characteristic is developed. Designed in a 0.13 μm CMOS technology, the DLL achieves a phase resolution of 51.5 ps and a 10%–90% input duty cycle correction range. It consumes 15 mW of power under a 1.5 V supply voltage.
Neuromodulation Therapies and Ketamine in Older Age Bipolar Disorder

Neuromodulation therapies are important alternatives for the management of treatment-resistant mood disorders in the elderly. Some of these therapies are relatively modern strategies such as the recently FDA-approved transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is still undergoing extensive research. The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has evolved in its practice since the 1940s with a recent significant shift toward the use of right unilateral, ultra-brief-pulse width. Additionally, ECT is increasingly delivered in outpatient settings. The roles of the newer therapies have not been systematically studied in the geriatric population, and despite the fact that ECT has been widely used in the older population, there is limited evidence-based data about the use of ECT in the older adults. Older individuals are particularly vulnerable to polypharmacy given increasing medical comorbidity with advancing age. Neuromodulation techniques are not pharmacotherapies and, therefore, have the potential of limiting polypharmacy in older adults with psychiatric disorders. While the vast majority of neuromodulation therapy research focuses on unipolar depression, there is an increase in research examining the safety and efficacy of ECT for individuals with bipolar disorder. In this chapter, we will review the evidence-based data for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST), and focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST) in older adults with psychiatric disorders. Relevant evidence for the use of ketamine during ECT and independent of ECT treatment will also be reviewed.
Mrp4 expression in wildtype and Mrp4 -/- mice

510 The multidrug resistance protein (MRP1; ABCC1), P-glycoprotein (MDR1/P-gp; ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2) are well known transporters of cytotoxic drugs. A family member of MRP1, MRP4 (ABCC4), is able to efflux antiretroviral nucleotide drug analogs from cells. The transporter is also capable of transporting purine-derived nucleotide analogs used in cancer treatment and immunotherapies. In order to study the tissue distribution of MRP4 and its location in the cell, we have produced specific monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). A fusion protein, Maltose Binding Protein fused to a fragment of human MRP4 (aa 372-431), was produced in E. coli JM101, purified by affinity chromatochraphy and used to immunize rats. Hybridoma supernatants were primarily screened by ELISA. Two Mabs, M4I-10 and M4I-80, were selected. These Mabs reacted both with human - and mouse Mrp4 in immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The Mabs were used for a detailed analysis of the expression of Mrp4 in wildtype mice. Specificity of the staining was ensured by comparing the staining of tissue sections of MRP4 +/+ mice and Mrp4 -/- mice (developed in the Schuetz lab; see also abstract M Leggas et al) which contain no Mrp4. In addition to the previously reported expression in kidney, we observed readily detectable levels of Mrp4 in other tissues, eg in the brain. The expression pattern will be reported and implications for treatment regimens will be discussed.
Refractive Surgery in Pediatric Patients

This review summarizes refractive surgery options in the pediatric population. It addresses treatment for children with refractive amblyopia unamenable to spectacles and contact lenses. Procedures discussed include laser refractive surgery, phakic intraocular lenses (pIOL), and clear lens exchange. The review also discusses advancements in the treatment of pediatric keratoconus: corneal crosslinking and corneal intrastromal ring segments, both of which can lead to improvements in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). While off label, refractive surgery procedures such as laser refractive surgery, pIOLs, and clear lens exchange can be used in amblyopic eyes, resistant to traditional therapy, to improve BCVA and stereopsis. Pediatric corneal crosslinking (CXL), also off label, has led to improvements in keratometry values and BCVA in this vulnerable population. Refractive surgery is beneficial to a subset of children who would otherwise develop dense amblyopia in the setting of difficulty with traditional therapies. While vision may ultimately be limited by a number of factors, including amblyopia, refractive surgery can maximize visual potential. CXL is of clear benefit to children with keratoconus, who are more likely to progress and ultimately need a corneal transplant than adults with keratoconus. There are unique considerations for the pediatric population in both clinical and surgical management and these should be discussed with patients and their families.
Characteristics of Patient-Centered Medical Home Initiatives that Generated Savings for Medicare: a Qualitative Multi-Case Analysis

Through the Multi-Payer Advanced Primary Care Practice (MAPCP) Demonstration, Medicare, Medicaid, and private payers offered supplemental payments to 849 primary care practices that became patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) in eight states; practices also received technical assistance and data reports. Average Medicare payments were capped at $10 per beneficiary per month in each state. Since there was variation in the eight participating states’ demonstration designs, experiences, and outcomes, we conducted a qualitative multi-case analysis to identify the key factors that differentiated states that were estimated to have generated net savings for Medicare from states that did not. States’ MAPCP Demonstration initiatives were comprehensively profiled in case studies based on secondary document review, three rounds of annual interviews with state staff, payers, practices, and other stakeholders, and other data sources. Case study findings were summarized in a case-ordered predictor-outcome matrix, which identified the presence or absence of key demonstration design features and experiences and arrayed states based on the amount of net savings or losses they generated for Medicare. We then used this matrix to identify initiative features that were present in at least three of the four states that generated net savings and absent from at least three of the four states that did not generate savings. A majority of the states that generated net savings: required practices to be recognized PCMHs to enter the demonstration, did not allow late entrants into the demonstration, used a consistent demonstration payment model across participating payers, and offered practices opportunities to earn performance bonuses. Practices in states that generated net savings also tended to report receiving the demonstration payments and bonuses they expected to receive, without any issues. Designers of future PCMH initiatives may increase their likelihood of generating net savings by incorporating the demonstration features we identified.
Pyoderma gangrenosum in primary care setting: the challenges involved

This article aims at raising clinical awareness about pyoderma gangrenosum especially when presenting in primary care settings. Due to its initial manifestation as a nonspecific ulcer, physicians with relatively less dermatology experience usually misdiagnose PG as cutaneous infection or vascular disease. This usually leads to inappropriate treatment with subsequent worsening of condition and devastating effects on patients' lives.
The Rise and Fall of Promissory Estoppel or Is Promissory Estoppel Really as Unsuccessful as Scholars Say It Is: A New Look at the Data

This article makes important contributions to the field of empirical promissory estoppel scholarship. First it challenges recent empirical scholarship (by Professors Robert Hillman and Sidney De Long in the 1998 and 1997 Columbia and Wisconsin law reviews). Their scholarship had challenged the view of the vast majority of American Contracts scholarship by proclaiming promissory estoppel to be an unimportant doctrine based on low win rates of tried cases. My article challenges this new orthodoxy based on a comprehensive five year survey of cases. It concludes that it is too soon to announce the death of promissory estoppel and that promissory estoppel is still a vital theory in contract. It argues that if qualitative factors relating to the weakness of a claim are accounted for in the data the win rates are significant. Second, it argues that if such qualitative factors are recognized, promissory estoppel results can be rationalized in efficiency terms. Plaintiffs tend to win claims when a positive result would enhance an efficient outcome and to lose cases in which enforcement would have negative welfare effects. Finally, the Article offers some insights into conducting empirical scholarship. It argues that it may not be possible to draw meaningful conclusions from generalized win/loss ratios without making qualitative judgments about the viability of the underlying claim.
Modeling nanoindentation using the Material Point Method

A numerical nanoindentation model was developed using the Material Point Method (MPM), which was chosen because it can handle both large deformations and dynamic contact under the indenter. Because of the importance of contact, prior MPM contact methods were enhanced to improve their accuracy for contact detection. Axisymmetric and full 3D simulations investigated the effects of hardening, strain-rate dependent yield properties, and local structure under the indenter. Convergence of load-displacement curves required small cells under the indenter. To reduce computation time, we used an effective nonregular grid, called a tartan grid and describe its implementation. Tartan grids reduced simulation times by an order of magnitude. A series of simulated load-displacement curves were analyzed as “virtual experiments” by standard Oliver-Pharr methods to extract effective modulus and hardness of the indented material. We found that standard analysis methods give results that are affected by hardening parameters and strain-rate dependence of plasticity. Because these parameters are not known during experiments, extracted properties will always have limited accuracy. We describe an approach for extracting more properties and more accurate properties by combining MPM simulations with inverse methods to fit simulation results to entire load-displacement curves.
Identification of a consensus motif for retention of transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Several families of transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins contain retention motifs in their cytoplasmically exposed tails. Mutational analyses demonstrated that two lysines positioned three and four or five residues from the C-terminus represent the retention motif. The introduction of a lysine preceding the lysine that occurs three residues from the terminus of Lyt2 renders this cell surface protein a resident of the ER. Likewise, the appropriate positioning of two lysine residues in a poly-serine sequence confines marker proteins to the ER. Arginines or histidines cannot replace lysines, suggesting that simple charge interactions are not sufficient to explain the retention. The identified consensus motif may serve as a retrieval signal that brings proteins back from a sorting compartment adjacent to the ER.
Publisher Correction: Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana.

The asterisked footnote to Extended Data Table 1 should state ‘*Including Thomasia and Haramiyavia’. This has been corrected online.
MU thyroid nodule electronic database (MU-TNED), a multidisciplinary informatics approach to long-term thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer follow-up

Thyroid nodules are common findings and thyroid cancer is projected to be one of the leading causes of cancer in women. The EHR includes the necessary data needed to connect clinical research with patient outcomes. The objective for this project was to develop and validate a usable informatics tool for clinicians and researchers to record, analyse, and be able to manipulate the clinical and research data to benefit all collaborators. The tool was specifically designed to enable follow-up in a longitudinal manner to support multiple aspects of research. The informatics tool MU-TNED was designed with a multidisciplinary team including the departments of pathology and anatomical sciences, endocrinology and health informatics to be able to transfer identified and validated clinical information directly from the EHR into a research database based on clinicians and research needs.
Social Capital, Parenting, and African American Families

African American parents and children are embedded within diverse social networks that cut across social contexts. Using a concurrent mixed-method approach, this study explored mechanisms through which kinship- and community-based social capital (i.e., intergenerational closure) may be associated with children’s own competences at accessing social capital, as well as mothers’ perspectives on the social-relational processes adhered in intergenerational closure, and on its importance for parenting and socialization goals. Third-grade children (N = 149) and their mothers participated in structured home interviews, and a subsample of mothers (n = 10) participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Path analysis (LISREL) indicated that kinship-based intergenerational closure was positively associated with communication between mothers and children (e.g., peers and friendships, importance of talking, life lessons) which was positively associated with children’s self-efficacy in accessing intergenerational social resources (i.e., from adults). Community-based intergenerational closure was positively associated with parental community engagement. Parents involved in community organizations engaged in more parent-to-parent communication regarding parenting and childrearing issues. Greater communication between parents was positively associated with children’s self-efficacy. Qualitative analyses indicated that mothers cultivated intergenerational closure across social contexts, that supported parenting and reinforced values, norms, and socialization goals, relying on network processes as theorized by James Coleman. This study highlights the mechanisms that link kinship- and community-based social capital to child social competences, as well as African American mothers’ perspectives on the meanings of social relationships when there is intergenerational closure. Moreover, the study illustrates the applicability of Coleman’s theory among economically diverse, southern, African American families.
Simulation of dc spacecraft power systems using state variable techniques

The modeling and simulation of large dc spacecraft power systems necessitates considering the spacecraft power system as an interconnection of modular components. This paper presents a state-variable-based approach for dc spacecraft power system modeling and simulation. Each modular component is treated as a two-port network, and a state model is written with the port voltages as the inputs. The state model of a component is solved independently of the other components using its state transition matrix. The state variables of each component are updated assuming that the inputs are constant. Network analysis principles are then utilized to calculate the component inputs.
Lipid Homeostasis on Cell Membrane

The plasma membrane encloses the cell, defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and the extracellular environment. Thus, their integrity is essential for life. There are three major lipids, phospholipid, sphingolipid, and cholesterol, on cell membranes. In this Chapter, we will discuss what we have known about these lipids, their role in cell membrane formation, and their impact on cell membrane functions.
Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility

We analyzed genetic data of 47,429 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 68,374 control subjects and established a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 variants within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize 551 putative susceptibility genes that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we observed enrichment for MS genes in these brain-resident immune cells, suggesting that these may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system, although MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses.
Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness.

Abstract Background Though research finds that youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) have high rates of substance use, which can lead to numerous long-term negative health effects, less is known about both risk and protective factors for substance use. Moreover, even less is known about whether these factors differ for lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) youth compared to non-LGB youth. In the current study, we compared risk and protective factors for binge drinking, marijuana use, and illicit drug use (i.e. substance use) among heterosexual and sexual minority YEH. Methods The sample included 322 young people experiencing homelessness in the Midwestern United States and who were between 16 and 26 years of age. Almost one-half of our sample were female (N = 146; 45%) and 68 youth (21%) identified as LGB. Results Youth who experienced more child physical abuse, ran away from home more frequently, and those who had a parent(s) with drug problems were more likely to have reported binge drinking in the past 30 days. Additionally, having parents with drug problems was associated with the use of marijuana and illicit drugs. Conversely, having higher parental monitoring while growing up reduced the likelihood of using marijuana and illicit drugs. Tests for interactions revealed that while self-efficacy had no relationship with the probability of binge drinking for heterosexual youth, as self-efficacy increased, the probability of binge drinking declined drastically for sexual minority youth suggesting this protective mechanism operates differently for these two groups of youth. Additionally, tests of interactions showed that the probability of binge drinking among heterosexual and sexual minority youth also varied by child sexual abuse and street sexual victimization. Conclusion Study results have implications for service providers who serve YEH.
The Concept of Computability

Many philosophical problems take the form: What is x? For example, what is time? What is truth? What is good? What is probability? What is a set? What is a number?
Use of Fluorescent Probes for Describing the Process of Encapsulation by Hypotonic Dialysis

While drug induced endocytosis in the erythrocyte has been well documented,1–3 the role of endocytosis in encapsulation using hypotonic dialysis has been less understood. Kruse et al.4 reported that the drug methotrexate may be entrapped by endocytosis when carrier erythrocytes are prepared by hypotonic dialysis. Using conditions that favored endocytosis during encapsulation by hypotonic dialysis, DeLoach and co-workers5 were unable to increase the encapsulation of radiolabeled markers thus demonstrating that endocytosis did not play a significant role in the encapsulation process. Additionally, in counting vesicles which appeared within cells on transmission electron micrograph (TEM) sections they were unable to document any increase in endocytosis under those same conditions. Carrier cells with endocytic vesicles did not exceed 25% and were totally absent in cells sampled at the dialyzed cell stage.
Making a Medical School Class Whole: A Holistic Approach to Student Government.

Student government has a unique role in medical schools, where it can function to strongly nurture the well-being of a class. Student body representatives have a better understanding of the interes...
Contrasting Controls on the Diel Isotopic Variation of Hg0 at Two High Elevation Sites in the Western United States

The atmosphere is a significant global reservoir for mercury (Hg) and its isotopic characterization is important to understand sources, distribution, and deposition of Hg to the Earth’s surface. To...
Trends of complications and innovative techniques’ utilization for colectomies in the United States

Despite an increasing trend towards utilization of minimally invasive approaches (MIS), results regarding their safety profile are contradictory. All patients who underwent elective colectomy for any underlying disease with an identifiable operative approach available from the targeted colectomy files of the ACS-NSQIP PUFs 2013 to 2018 were included. The trend of utilization and complication rates of the different operative approaches (open, laparoscopic, robotic) were assessed during the inclusion period. Furthermore, overall, surgical, and medical complications were compared between the three approaches. The study cohort included 78,987 patients. Of them, 12,335 (15.6%) patients underwent open, 57,874 (73.3%) laparoscopic, and 8,778 (11.1%) robotic surgery. There was an increasing trend towards the utilization of robotic surgery (2.5% increase per year) at the expense of the other approaches. With the increasing trend toward the utilization of the robotic approach, a decreasing trend in overall and surgical complications and length of stay was observed. After adjusting for the baseline confounders, robotic surgery was associated with shorter length of stay, lower rate of overall (OR 0.397; p < 0.05 compared to open and OR: 0.763; p < 0.05 compared to laparoscopy) and surgical complications (OR: 0.464; p < 0.05 compared to open and OR: 0.734; p < 0.05 compared to laparoscopy). This study revealed an increasing trend toward the utilization of MIS for elective colectomy in the US. Robotic surgery was associated with a decreasing trend in overall and surgical morbidity and length of stay.
Pressure to prove: Muslim converts’ activism and radicalism mediated by religious struggle and punishing Allah reappraisal

Muslim converts are overrepresented in Islamist terrorism compared to non-convert Muslims – Why? To explore possible explanations, we probed aspects of radicalism and Islamic religiousness within r...
Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: Four Realms of Discussion, Research, and Annotated Bibliography

It is worthwhile to think about AI as an active actor now than later because it would be too late to control after AI development passes Singularity. Before any irreversible damages occur relating to AGI, states should take measures to prevent any harmful effects to a society. How can humans be protected in such situation? This article inductively analyze what would be the human rights implications of AI/ AGI in four different realms devised according to the level of AI development toward AGI as well as the human rights implications depending on the level of similarity of AI to humans. This article is presented on the 2020 114th American Society of International Law Annual Meeting, Virtual (June 26, 2020), https://asil.virtualeventsolutions.com.
Latent association graph inference for binary transaction data

Abstract A novel approach to the problem of statistical inference for multivariate binary transaction data is proposed. A fundamental question that arises from this data, often referred to as market basket data, is how the items relate to one another. These relationships are naturally expressed by a graph and transactions can be modeled as samples of cliques from this association graph. A hierarchical model is developed that follows from this generative idea, along with an MCMC sampling procedure that handles large datasets and allows inference on a broad set of parameters. This model provides a sparser representation of associations between items as compared with frequent itemset mining (FIM) output, without sacrificing predictive accuracy. Additionally, by allowing inference on a broad set of parameters, the model provides a deeper level of insight into transaction data. Empirical results are provided on applications of this model to simulated data and real transaction data from Instacart.
Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: When Not to Operate

Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is a surgical emergency which carries an operative mortality of 10–30% in multiple series, a rate which has not decreased meaningfully over the past 15 years. This lack of improvement in outcomes over time has prompted increasing investigation into identification of risks of mortality in ATAAD with and without repair. In this chapter, we review contemporary approaches to risk stratification of ATAAD patients with a focus on when to delay or defer central aortic repair.
How do you feel the rhythm: Dynamic motor-auditory interactions are involved in the imagination of hierarchical timing.

Predicting and organizing patterns of events is important for humans to survive in a dynamically changing world. The motor system has been proposed to be actively, and necessarily, engaged in not only the production but the perception of rhythm by organizing hierarchical timing that influences auditory responses. It is not yet well understood how the motor system interacts with the auditory system to perceive and maintain hierarchical structure in time. This study investigated the dynamic interaction between auditory and motor functional sources during the perception and imagination of musical meters. We pursued this using a novel method combining high-density EEG, EMG and motion capture with independent component analysis (ICA) to separate motor and auditory activity during meter imagery while robustly controlling against covert movement. We demonstrated that endogenous brain activity in both auditory and motor functional sources reflects the imagination of binary and ternary meters in the absence of corresponding acoustic cues or overt movement at the meter rate. We found clear evidence for hypothesized motor-to-auditory information flow at the beat rate in all conditions, suggesting a role for top-down influence of the motor system on auditory processing of beat-based rhythms, and reflecting an auditory-motor system with tight reciprocal informational coupling. These findings align with and further extend a set of motor hypotheses from beat perception to hierarchical meter imagination, adding supporting evidence to active engagement of the motor system in auditory processing, which may more broadly speak to the neural mechanisms of temporal processing in other human cognitive functions.Significance StatementHumans live in a world full of hierarchically structured temporal information, the accurate perception of which is essential for understanding speech and music. Music provides a window into the brain mechanisms of time perception, enabling us to examine how the brain groups musical beats into, for example a march or waltz. Using a novel paradigm combining measurement of electrical brain activity with data-driven analysis, this study directly investigates motor-auditory connectivity during meter imagination. Findings highlight the importance of the motor system in the active imagination of meter. This study sheds new light on a fundamental form of perception by demonstrating how auditory-motor interaction may support hierarchical timing processing, which may have clinical implications for speech and motor rehabilitation.
Pluralist Christendom and the Christian Civil Magistrate

The intersection of church and state today differs greatly from the symbiotic relationship of the past. This paper traces and critiques the advent and development of the Christian-government relationship down through the centuries to its current form. It finds that, and discusses how, current Christendom is split between a High Church attitude, which depicts the Church as above the state and outside of the state's limitations, and an Erastian approach, which views the Church as in dialogue with the state and as subject to the same limitations as other social institutions. Finally, the paper discusses the key differences between a "pluralist Christendom" understanding of our traditional freedoms and the secularist view of the same freedoms. It suggests the role which a Christian civil magistrate ought to play in light of such key differences. Pluralist Christendom allows for proper restraints to be enacted on the basis that freedom serves a transcendent purpose, whereas, secularists lack this central purpose and, ultimately, are placed on unsteady ground between extreme individualism and extreme collectivism. Accordingly, the Christian civil magistrate has a role to play in firmly grounding ordered non-vacillating principles of liberty into society.