cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rising to the Peak

The late 1960s through the 1970s saw Comsat complete the task of building the “single global system” of satellite communications. It also saw Comsat’s loss of the manager function at Intelsat. Revenue rose steadily through 1978 and then seemed to boom as COMSTAR (see Chapter 7) and MARISAT (see Chapter 5) came online. Intelsat satellites had grown from 45 Watts and two 25 MHz transponders per satellite to 590 Watts and twenty 36 MHz transponders. Capacity had grown from 240 voice circuits to 15,000—per satellite. EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) had grown from 10 dBW to 29 dBW—almost a factor of 100. Net income (profit) had a peak in 1975 and then declined—at least temporarily—due to rate of return regulation. During this period man first landed on the Moon and then left the Moon, not to return for half a century or more. The Vietnam War entered its long denouement. Nixon was impeached, stagflation was rampant, and the counter-culture rose and fell.
Coalitions and Payoffs in Three-Person Supergames under Multiple-Trial Agreements

We outline here two formal models that predict coalitions and payoffs in sequential three-person games. The theories share the same structure, differing only in the planning horizon that we assume players use in calculating their strategies. Proceeding from a priori assumptions concerning the players’ preference orderings over the various possible coalition outcomes and heuristic rules-of-thumb the players use in calculating their strategies, and assumptions about the nature of the bargaining process among the three players, the models predict both the probability that each coalition forms and the division of payoffs between coalition partners.
Specific Heat of Superconducting Zinc

One of the experimental manifestations of superconductivity that has not yet received a quantitative understanding is the electronic specific heat Ces in most elemental superconductors. Many of these exhibit significant deviations from the BCS prediction usually yielding a larger value of Ccs than that predicted for T«Tc. For Tc/T ≳ 2 the BCS model gives Ces(T)/ γ.Tc = 8.5 exp (−1.44 Tc/T ) for an isotropic (T = 0) energy gap ΒO = 1.76 kBTc. The slope of Ces (T) is 1.44 instead of 1.76 because of two significant contributions to the energy change with decreasing temperature: one of these is the condensation of further Cooper pairs into the ground state, while the other comes from the increase in the energy gap. It is traditional to interpret this type of deviation as arising from anisotropy in the energy gap Δ K . and estimates of this anisotropy, for simple metals, have been based on the Ces data. Although independent confirmation of this approach has been generally lacking, we will demonstrate in the following, that such confirmation exists for zinc, which shows strong deviations from the BCS behavior.
Targeted Antioxidant Interventions for Vascular Pathologies

Abstract The vascular endothelium is a regulatory interface between blood and tissues. It plays multifaceted and vitally important functions in the body. Pathological alterations in endothelial cells represent an important component of many human health maladies and targets for therapeutic interventions. Oxidative stress caused by surplus reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation represent mutually reinforcing pathways underlying mechanisms of many human pathological conditions. Antioxidants may have some utility for the alleviation of chronic oxidative stress, but provide no tangible benefits in the treatment of acute, dangerous conditions that lack pharmacotherapy including ischemia-reperfusion, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis. Diverse carriers and drug delivery systems are being pursued to improve problematic delivery of antioxidants in the vasculature. Since ROS act on nanometer distances, targeted delivery of antioxidants to desirable compartments, in particular, to endothelial cells, is necessary. Here, we briefly review nanocarriers providing endothelial targeting of antioxidants with particular focus on antioxidant enzymes and discuss the current challenges and perspectives of this area of drug delivery and nanomedicine.
Blistering disorders in childhood

Many conditions present in childhood with vesicles and bullae, ranging from benign conditions to life-threatening diseases. This article reviews selected blistering disorders, with emphasis on new information that is helpful to the practicing physician. Entities that are discussed in this article include childhood zoster and fetal varicella syndrome, urticaria pigmentosa, scabies, bullous bug bites, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, epidermolysis bullosa, and erythema multiforme.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Repair Ionizing Radiation-Induced DNA Double Strand Breaks in a Cell Cycle-Dependent Manner.

Abstract 3241 Poster Board III-178 Mice with mutations in various DNA repair genes exhibit accelerated aging due to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) premature exhaustion, indicating that DNA repair is crucial for the maintenance of HSC self-renewal and hematopoietic function. In addition, some of these mutated mice are highly susceptible to the development of leukemia and lymphoma due to an increase in genomic instability in HSCs. However, how HSCs respond to genotoxic stress and repair DNA damage have not been well established and thus, were investigated in the present study using a mouse model. Specifically, DNA damage and repair were analyzed by gH2AX immunofluorescent staining and neutral comet assay to quantify IR-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in HSCs (Lin - c-kit + Sca1 + cells or LKS + cells) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs; Lin - c-kit + Sca1 - cells or LKS - cells) isolated from adult mouse bone marrow (BM) after they were exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). The results showed that exposure to IR induced a similar number of DSBs in HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) isolated from adult mouse BM. However, HPCs repaired the damage within 6 h after IR, whereas more than 50% DSBs were unrepaired by HSCs even at 24h after IR, indicating that HSCs are highly deficient in repair of IR-induced DSBs. The deficient DSBs repair in HSCs is attributable to their quiescence, as sorted quiescent Pyronin Y low HSCs were more deficient in repairing the damage than cycling Pyronin Y high HSCs. This suggestion is further supported by the observations that proliferating HSCs such as fetal liver HSCs and HSCs isolated from 5-FU-treated adult mouse BM repaired the damage as efficiently as HPCs. In addition, incubation of quiescent Pyronin Y low HSCs from adult BM with stem cell factor and thrombopoietin for 48 h stimulated the cell cycle entry and DNA damage repair function. These findings indicate that stimulation of cell cycling can promote HSCs to repair DNA damage. The difference in repair of IR-induced DSBs between quiescent and cycling HSCs is not because they express different levels of key proteins (such as Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs, Lig4, XRCC4, Dclre1c, Nhej1, Brac-1, Brac-2, MRE11a, Nbs1, Rad50, Rad51, and ATM) involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Instead, quiescent HSCs exhibited an insignificant activation of DNA-PK and minimal formation of XRCC4 and Rad51 foci after exposure to IR, suggesting that quiescent HSCs are deficient in DSBs repair through the NHEJ and HR pathways. However, quiescent HSCs exhibited similar levels of phosphorylation of ATM and p53 after IR compared to cycling HSCs and HPCs, indicating that quiescent HSCs are proficient in sensing DNA damage to initiate DNA damage responses. These findings provide crucial insights into how HSCs respond to and repair DNA damage, which could significantly advance our understanding on how HSCs maintain their genomic stability. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Inclusion Versus Pull-out: A Comparison Within a Mild to Moderately Disabled Rural Middle School Population

The effects of the setting for the provision of special education services were investigated. Seventh and eighth grade middle school students, identified as having a disability, were placed in either a pull-out (resource) or inclusive (regular class) setting for English for one semester, receiving special education services in both settings. Both groups followed a modified middle school curriculum. None of the students had been exposed to inclusion in an English class before, nor had they been exposed to a modified grade level curriculum in English. Results indicated significant improvement in writing achievement demonstrated by both groups. The inclusion students were more likely than the pull-out students to express feelings of frustration and alienation in the school environment by the end of the semester. The majority of students reported that they felt more supported by the teaching staff in a pull-out setting, and that they preferred the traditional pull-out approach of service delivery to inclusion. However, those who preferred inclusion appeared to be very definite in their opinions. The findings are congruent with previous studies and support the position that a continuum of services is necessary in order to meet the needs of all middle school students with mild to moderate disabilities.
The Feasibility of Enhancing Susceptibility of Glioblastoma Cells to IRE Using a Calcium Adjuvant

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a cellular ablation method used to treat a variety of cancers. IRE works by exposing tissues to pulsed electric fields which cause cell membrane disruption. Cells exposed to lower energies become temporarily permeable while greater energy exposure results in cell death. For IRE to be used safely in the brain, methods are needed to extend the area of ablation without increasing applied voltage, and thus, thermal damage. We present evidence that IRE used with adjuvant calcium (5 mM CaCl2) results in a nearly twofold increase in ablation area in vitro compared to IRE alone. Adjuvant 5 mM CaCl2 induces death in cells reversibly electroporated by IRE, thereby lowering the electric field thresholds required for cell death to nearly half that of IRE alone. The calcium-induced death response of reversibly electroporated cells is confirmed by electrochemotherapy pulses which also induced cell death with calcium but not without. These findings, combined with our numerical modeling, suggest the ability to ablate up to 3.2× larger volumes of tissue in vivo when combining IRE and calcium. The ability to ablate a larger volume with lowered energies would improve the efficacy and safety of IRE therapy.
Non-Additive Transcriptomic Responses to Inoculation with Rhizobia in a Young Allopolyploid Compared with Its Diploid Progenitors

Root nodule symbioses (nodulation) and whole genome duplication (WGD, polyploidy) are both important phenomena in the legume family (Leguminosae). Recently, it has been proposed that polyploidy may have played a critical role in the origin or refinement of nodulation. However, while nodulation and polyploidy have been studied independently, there have been no direct studies of mechanisms affecting the interactions between these phenomena in symbiotic, nodule-forming species. Here, we examined the transcriptome-level responses to inoculation in the young allopolyploid Glycine dolichocarpa (T2) and its diploid progenitor species to identify underlying processes leading to the enhanced nodulation responses previously identified in T2. We assessed the differential expression of genes and, using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), identified modules associated with nodulation and compared their expression between species. These transcriptomic analyses revealed patterns of non-additive expression in T2, with evidence of transcriptional responses to inoculation that were distinct from one or both progenitors. These differential responses elucidate mechanisms underlying the nodulation-related differences observed between T2 and the diploid progenitors. Our results indicate that T2 has reduced stress-related transcription, coupled with enhanced transcription of modules and genes implicated in hormonal signaling, both of which are important for nodulation.
Combinations of NIR, Raman spectroscopy and physicochemical measurements for improved monitoring of solvent extraction processes using hierarchical multivariate analysis models.

Abstract The reliability of chemical processes can be greatly improved by implementing inline monitoring systems. Combining multivariate analysis with non-destructive sensors can enhance the process without interfering with the operation. We present here hierarchical models using both principal component analysis and partial least square analysis developed for different chemical components representative of solvent extraction process streams. A training set of 380 samples and an external validation set of 95 samples were prepared and Near infrared and Raman spectral data as well as conductivity under variable temperature conditions were collected. The results from the models indicate that careful selection of the spectral range is important. By compressing the data through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), we lower the rank of the data set to its most dominant features while maintaining the key principal components to be used in the regression analysis. Within the studied data set, concentration of five chemical components were modeled; total nitrate (NO3−), total acid (H+), neodymium (Nd3+), sodium (Na+), and ionic strength (I.S.). The best overall model prediction for each of the species studied used a combined data set comprised of complementary techniques including NIR, Raman, and conductivity. Our study shows that chemometric models are powerful but requires significant amount of carefully analyzed data to capture variations in the chemistry.
‘How do you feel about a disease?’ The effect of psychological distance towards a disease on health communication

Based on construal level theory, this research addresses the moderating role of an individual's psychological distance towards a disease in the effectiveness of advertising messages framed by two d...
Management of Volume Overload in Acute Heart Failure: Diuretics and Ultrafiltration

Approximately 1 million hospitalizations, with an estimated cost of $28 billion, occur annually in the United States due to acutely decompensated heart failure1. Data from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) show that 90% of hospitalizations for acutely decompensated heart failure are due to fluid overload in patients who have failed treatment with oral diuretics2. The average length of stay for acutely decompensated heart failure is 4.3 days, and 42% of the patients are discharged without complete resolution of symptoms. With current treatment strategies, 50% of the patients lose ≤5 lbs from the admission weight and 20% gain weight during the hospitalization2. The failure to effectively resolve congestion and reduce weight may contribute to readmission rates, which may be as high as 50% at 6 months3.
Electrophoretic properties of esterases in chronic granulocytic leukemia.

Granulocytes were obtained from samples of peripheral blood of five patients who had untreated chronic granulocytic leukemia, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of three normal persons. Specific and nonspecific esterases were extracted from leukocyte preparations with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and with lysolecithin, and subjected to polyacrylamide disk electrophoresis. In samples from both patients and normal persons, electrophoretic patterns of nonspecific esterase activity using alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate were similar, and the esterase bands were weakly inhibited by fluoride. Lysolecithin extracts of specific esterase showed similar electrophoretic patterns for patients and normal subjects. However in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts of specific esterase, 11 bands were seen in preparations from all of the patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia. In preparations of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, only eight bands were visualized. The results are consistent with an interpretation that these fast-moving components of specific esterase in chronic granulocytic leukemia granulocytes are present in normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but in quantities too small to be visualized with the technics used. Alternatively, the apparent “additional” bands of specific esterase may reflect abnormal metabolism of malignant granulocytes in chronic granulocytic leukemia.
Functions Incorporating a Chalcogen and a Group 15 Element

This chapter covers the recent (1995–2003) functional group transformations incorporating a chalcogen (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) and a group 15 element. Specifically, functions bearing oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium with nitrogen are reviewed in the first section. Similarly, functions containing a chalcogen along with phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth are covered in a second section. Notably, novel examples involving sulfur and arsenic, antimony, or bismuth were provided in the 1990s.
Some observations on the physiology of Pseudomonas natriegens nov. spec.

Pseudomonas natriegens, nov. spec. which requires Na+ for growth, has been found to produce a considerable quantity of acid by the dissimilation of glucose in aerobic cultures. The products of glucose catabolism have been identified as CO2 and acetic, pyruvic and lactic acids. Acid production is very rapid as well in broth cultures containing sodium glucuronate, but not in cultures containing galacturonate. Growth of this bacterium was not inhibited by saturating quantities of 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropyl pteridine. This property indicates that the isolate is more likely to be appropriately placed in the genusPseudomonas than in the genusVibrio. Induction of enzymes in resting cells for the oxidation of glucuronate was inhibited by chloramphenicol added at various intervals during the first 2 hrs of incubation.
Early detection of potential errors during patient treatment planning.

Purpose Data errors caught late in treatment planning require time to correct, resulting in delays up to 1 week. In this work, we identify causes of data errors in treatment planning and develop a software tool that detects them early in the planning workflow. Methods Two categories of errors were studied: data transfer errors and TPS errors. Using root cause analysis, the causes of these errors were determined. This information was incorporated into a software tool which uses ODBC-SQL service to access TPS's Postgres and Mosaiq MSSQL databases for our clinic. The tool then uses a read-only FTP service to scan the TPS unix file system for errors. Detected errors are reviewed by a physicist. Once confirmed, clinicians are notified to correct the error and educated to prevent errors in the future. Time-cost analysis was performed to estimate the time savings of implementing this software clinically. Results The main errors identified were incorrect patient entry, missing image slice, and incorrect DICOM tag for data transfer errors and incorrect CT-density table application, incorrect image as reference CT, and secondary image imported to incorrect patient for TPS errors. The software has been running automatically since 2015. In 2016, 84 errors were detected with the most frequent errors being incorrect patient entry (35), incorrect CT-density table (17), and missing image slice (16). After clinical interventions to our planning workflow, the number of errors in 2017 decreased to 44. Time savings in 2016 with the software is estimated to be 795 h. This is attributed to catching errors early and eliminating the need to replan cases. Conclusions New QA software detects errors during planning, improving the accuracy and efficiency of the planning process. This important QA tool focused our efforts on the data communication processes in our planning workflow that need the most improvement.
Ex-situ metrology and data processing techniques developed at the ALS for optimization of beamline performance of bendable x-ray mirrors

We discuss experimental, analytical, and numerical methods recently developed at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) X˗Ray Optics Laboratory (XROL) for calibration and precision shaping of bendable x-ray mirrors. The methods are based on ex situ measurements with the mirrors using surface slope profilers available at the ALS XROL. The first realization of methods and dedicated software has allowed the optimization of the beamline performance of bendable mirrors by adjustment of the mirror shape to minimize the root-mean-square variation of residual (after subtraction of the ideal desired shape) slope deviations from ideal (specified) surface figure. Here, we further develop the methods that in application to elliptically bent mirrors adapt as a figure of merit the minimum of the rms size of the focused beam. The efficacy of the developed methods is demonstrated with examples of optimal tuning of an elliptically bendable cylindrical mirror designed for the ALS beamline 10.3.2.
Cases and evidence for panel testing in cancer genetics: Is site‐specific testing dead?

Historically in cancer genetic counseling, when a pathogenic variant is found which explains the cancers in the family, at risk family members are offered site-specific testing to identify whether or not they have the previously identified pathogenic variant. Factors such as turnaround times, cost, and insurance coverage all made site-specific testing the most appropriate testing option; however, as turnaround times and costs have substantially dropped and the recognition of double heterozygous families and families with nontraditional presentations has increased, the utility of site-specific testing should be questioned. We present four cases where ordering site-specific testing would have missed a clinically relevant pathogenic variant which raises the question of whether or not site-specific testing should be regularly used in cancer genetic testing.
Predicting Optimal Sites for Ecosystem Restoration Using Stacked-Species Distribution Modeling

Habitat restoration is an important tool for managing degraded ecosystems, yet the success of restoration projects depends in part on adequately identifying preferred sites for restoration. Species distribution modeling using a machine learning approach provides novel tools for mapping areas of interest for restoration projects. Here we use stacked-species distribution models (s-SDMs) to identify candidate locations for installment of manmade reefs, a useful management tool for restoring structural habitat complexity and the associated biota in marine ecosystems. We created species distribution models for 21 species of commercial, recreational, ecological, or conservation importance within the Southern California Bight based on observations from long-term reef surveys combined with high resolution (200 x 200m) geospatial environmental data layers. We then combined the individual species models to create a stacked-species habitat suitability map, identifying over 800 km2 of potential area for reef restoration within the Bight. When considering only the 21 focal species, s-SDM scores were positively associated with observed bootstrap species richness not only on natural reefs (linear model: slope = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.17 - 0.36, w = 1), but also this result was supported by two independent test datasets. The predicted richness from this linear model was associated with observed species richness when considering only the focal species on manmade reefs (linear model: slope = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.13 - 0.92, w = 1) and also when considering 204 other non-focal species on both natural and manmade reefs in southern California (slope = 3.65, 95% CI = 2.93 - 4.37, w = 1). Finally, our results demonstrate that the existing manmade reefs included in our study on average are located in regions with habitat suitability that is not only less suitable than natural reefs (t-value = -5.4; p < 0.05) only, but also only slightly significantly better than random (p < 0.05), demonstrating a need for more biologically informed placement of manmade reefs. The stacked-species distribution model provides insight for marine restoration projects in southern California specifically, but more generally this method can also be widely applied to other types of habitat restoration including both marine and terrestrial.
Association of Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Smoking Cessation With Preterm Birth

Importance Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant mortality. Objective To assess the probability of preterm birth among expectant mothers who smoked cigarettes before pregnancy and quit smoking at the start or during pregnancy. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed information provided on live birth certificates from 2011 through 2017 that were obtained from US states that implemented the 2003 revision of the US live birth certificate. In total, 25 233 503 expectant mothers who delivered live neonates and had known prepregnancy and trimester-specific cigarette smoking frequency were included in the analyses. Exposures Cigarette smoking frequency (1-9, 10-19, and ≥20 cigarettes per day) 3 months prior to pregnancy and for each trimester during pregnancy. Main Outcomes and Measures Cigarette smoking cessation throughout pregnancy, after the first trimester, after the second trimester, and during the third trimester irrespective of first and second trimester smoking. Probability of preterm birth ( Results Of 25 233 503 expectant mothers who delivered live neonates between 2011 and 2017, the modal age at delivery was 25 to 29 years; 52.9% were non-Hispanic white, 23.6% were Hispanic, and 14.2% were non-Hispanic black women; 22 600 196 mothers did not smoke during the 3 months prior to pregnancy, and 2 633 307 smoked during the 3 months prior to pregnancy. The proportion of prepregnancy smokers who quit throughout pregnancy was 24.3% in 2011 and 24.6% in 2017. The proportion of prepregnancy smokers who quit during the third trimester was 39.5% in 2011 and 39.7% in 2017. High-frequency cigarette smoking often occurred among expectant mothers who smoked during pregnancy (eg, 46.9% of third-trimester smokers smoked ≥10 cigarettes per day in 2017). The probability of preterm birth decreased more the earlier smoking cessation occurred in pregnancy. For example, the probability of preterm birth was 9.8% (95% CI, 9.7%-10.0%) among 25- to 29-year-old, non-Hispanic white, primigravida and primiparous expectant mothers (ie, pregnant for the first time and not yet delivered) who smoked 1 to 9 cigarettes per day prior to pregnancy and maintained this frequency throughout their pregnancy. The probability of preterm birth was 9.0% (95% CI, 8.8%-9.1%) if smoking cessation occurred at the start of the second trimester (an 8.9% relative decrease), and 7.8% (95% CI, 7.7%-8.0%) if cessation occurred at the start of pregnancy (a 20.3% relative decrease). Conclusions and Relevance Quitting smoking—and quitting early in pregnancy—was associated with reduced risk of preterm birth even for high-frequency cigarette smokers.
SPATH: Finding the Safest Walking Path in Smart Cities

Given the fact that more than 1 million crimes happened in USA every year, public safety becomes one of the most important concerns. Although many public safety related applications have been commercialized, how to guarantee safely walking to a destination especially in an unfamiliar city is still challenging. To provide a safe walking navigation in smart cities, we design a novel application SPATH (the Safest PATH). To support this service, wireless cameras, existing cellular infrastructure, and vehicles with underutilized computing resources are utilized to process and transmit surveillance videos, which can be viewed by users to check the current safety status of walking paths. Noting the long-distance transmission of a large volume of videos may cause network congestion; video summarizing technology, which is realized by utilizing the underutilized computing capability in vehicles, is applied to extract valuable information from a video file while effectively compressing its data size. Since the quality of service for this application is strongly correlated with the latency of delivering videos, we formulate a latency minimization problem by jointly considering the computing resource allocation and computing task assignment. A fast iterative matching is proposed with low complexity to effectively solve the optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of our solution.
"Having a Child Meant I had a Real Life": Reproductive Coercion and Childbearing Motivations Among Young Black Men Living in Baltimore.

Despite disproportionate health outcome disparities experienced by Black women, reproductive coercion (RC), a range of behaviors to promote unwanted pregnancy and childbearing motivations among poo...
A convenient synthesis of pyrazolidine and 3‐amino‐6,7‐dihydro‐1H,5H‐pyrazolo[1,2‐a] pyrazol‐1‐one

A convenient four-step synthesis of the aminobicyclopyrazolone hydrochloride 1·HC1 was achieved starting from di-tert-butyl hydrazodiformate (8). The route entails cyclization of 8 with 1,3-dibromopropane under phase transfer conditions followed by deprotection of 1,2-di-tert-butoxycarbonylpyrazolidine (9) to give pyrazolidine hydrochloride (2·HC1). Cyanoacetylation of the latter and ring closure of the resulting cyanoacetyl pyrazolidine (7) gave 1·HC1. This novel synthesis circumvents distillation of pyrazolidine (2) and flash chromatography to provide the hydrochloride of 1 in 35–46% overall yields compared to 6% yield for the patent procedure.
Parameter tuning facilitates the evolution of diverse tunneling patterns in termites

The nest structures built by social insects are complex group-level patterns that emerge from interactions among individuals following simple behavioral rules. The theory of complex systems predicts that there is no simple one-to-one relationship between variations in collective patterns and variation in individual behaviors; therefore, it is essential to know how actual behavior evolves to change pattern formation. Here we demonstrate that the evolutionary divergence of termite tunneling patterns is achieved by quantitative tuning of shared behavioral rules, rather than the acquisition of novel behaviors. We compared tunnel formation between two closely related species, Reticulitermes tibialis and Heterotermes aureus, and found that H. aureus builds more highly branched tunnels than R. tibialis. Our behavioral analysis and data-based modeling revealed that these species share the same behavioral repertoire, but a quantitative difference in the probability of sidewall excavation leads to diverse tunneling patterns. In contrast, we also found that Paraneotermes simplicicornis, which evolved tunneling independently, possesses a distinct behavioral repertoire, but shows convergence of branching patterns with R. tibialis. These results elucidate the complex relationship between individual behavior and group-level patterns; in some cases, distinct behavioral rules can produce similar group-level patterns, but in others, a common rule set can yield distinct patterns via parameter tuning. The evolutionary process of collective behavior is flexible and much more complex than we can infer from group-level patterns alone.
Intervention reporting of clinical trials published in high-impact cardiology journals: effect of the TIDieR checklist and guide.

Background Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest-level of evidence among primary research in cardiovascular medicine. Yet, even the best trial may be less useful if it fails to provide an accurate means of reproducibility. Unfortunately, discrepancies in the standards of trial reporting have been persistent in previous trials. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist aims to improve research efficacy by setting standards for quality intervention reporting and reproducibility. The goal of this study was to assess adherence to the TIDieR checklist among RCTs published in cardiovascular health journals. We also compared the quality of intervention reporting before and after the publication of TIDieR. Methods This cross-sectional, methodological study analysed 101 trials published within high-impact cardiology journals. Our primary objective was to assess overall adherence to the TIDieR checklist. Our secondary objective was to use an interrupted time-series analysis to determine if intervention reporting increased following the publication of TIDieR in March 2014. Additionally, we used generalised estimating equations to identify trial characteristics associated with intervention reporting. Results Trials in our sample reported 8.6/12 TIDieR checklist items, on average. The most under-reported items were those for describing the expertise of the interventionists and for describing the location of the intervention. Conclusion Improved outcome reporting and intervention reproducibility among RCTs are greatly needed in cardiovascular medicine. Clinicians and researchers should advocate for the ethical publication of complete, translatable and replicable clinical research results.
Role of obesity in cancer in women

Abstract Obesity is a global threat to health, increasing the burden of cancer at multiple organ sites. Some cancers, particularly breast and endometrial, show a dose–response risk curve. The mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis are related to the type and location of the fat distribution, the interaction of adipocytes and their environment, as well as the endocrine and cytokine products of the fat deposits and stroma. There is some evidence for benefits of weight reduction in prevention of cancer and for reduction in risks of recurrence or metastases for some of the cancers elevated in obesity. Further research into mechanisms of carcinogenesis and potential therapies is needed. Global public health initiatives that engage patients, providers, and national health systems to address the obesity epidemic and recognize the risk for cancer are key to solving this growing crisis.
THE DECAY η'c → ηc ππ

It is pointed out that the decay of the recently observed charmonium η'c resonance, η'c → ηc ππ is simply related to the well-studied decay ψ′ → J/ψππ and can thus be used for absolute normalization of other decay modes of the η'c. The total rate of the discussed decay should be approximately three to four times the corresponding rate for the ψ′ resonance making the channel with charged pions the most probable exclusive decay mode of the η'c with the branching ratio in the range 5–10%.
Real world outcomes using 20 mm balloon expandable SAPIEN 3/ultra valves compared to larger valves (23, 26, and 29 mm)-a propensity matched analysis.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Small balloon expandable valves have higher echocardiographic transvalvular gradients and rates of prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) compared to larger valves. However, the impact of these echocardiographic findings on clinical outcomes is unknown. We sought to determine the clinical outcomes of 20 mm SAPIEN 3 (S3 BEV) compared to larger S3 BEV in relation to echocardiographic hemodynamics. METHODS Using the STS/ACC transcatheter valve registry, we performed a propensity-matched comparison of patients undergoing treatment of native aortic valve stenosis using transfemoral, balloon-expandable implantation of 20 mm and ≥ 23 mm S3 BEVs. Baseline and procedure characteristics, echocardiographic variables and survival were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of 1-year mortality. RESULTS After propensity matching of the 20 mm and ≥ 23 mm SAPIEN 3 valves, 3,931 pairs with comparable baseline characteristics were identified. Small valves were associated with significantly higher echocardiographic gradients at discharge (15.7 ± 7.1 mmHg vs. 11.7 ± 5.5 mmHg, p 20 mmHg), severe PPM and the use of 20 mm versus ≥23 mm were not independent predictors of 1-year mortality. CONCLUSION SAPIEN 3 20 mm valves were associated with higher echocardiographic gradients, and severe PPM rates compared to larger valves but these factors were not associated with significant differences in 1-year all-cause mortality or rehospitalization.
Large field-of-view 3D Imaging using Random Microlenses

We demonstrate a lensless microscope using a single random microlens array and a fast local object reconstruction algorithm. Compared to other lensless imagers, our approach allows a large field of view and low computation complexity.
Center Variation in Indication and Short-Term Outcomes after Pediatric Heart Transplantation: Analysis of a Merged United Network for Organ Sharing – Pediatric Health Information System Cohort

The relationship between center-specific variation in indication for pediatric heart transplantation and short-term outcomes after heart transplantation is not well described. We used merged patient- and hospital-level data from the United Network for Organ Sharing and the Pediatric Health Information Systems to analyze outcomes according to transplant indication for a cohort of children (≤ 21 years old) who underwent heart transplantation between 2004 and 2015. Outcomes included 30-day mortality, transplant hospital admission mortality, and hospital length of stay, with multivariable adjustment performed according to patient and center characteristics. The merged cohort reflected 2169 heart transplants at 20 U.S. centers. The median number of transplants annually at each center was 11.6, but ranged from 3.5 to 22.6 transplants/year. Congenital heart disease was the indication in the plurality of cases (49.2%), with cardiomyopathy (46%) and myocarditis (4.8%) accounting for the remainder. There was significant center-to-center variability in congenital heart disease as the principal indication, ranging from 15% to 66% (P < 0.0001). After adjustment, neither center volume nor proportion of indications for transplantation were associated with 30-day or transplant hospital admission mortality. In this large, merged pediatric cohort, variation was observed at center level in annual transplant volume and prevalence of indications for heart transplantation. Despite this variability, center volume and proportion of indications represented at a given center did not appear to impact short-term outcomes.
Replication based Crowd Sensing for Optimal Service Response in 5G Communications using Information-Centric Wireless Sensor Networks

In this article, replication-based crowdsensing for optimal service response (RC-OSR) is introduced for improving the resource utilization efficiency of 5G and beyond user equipment (UEs). This method is intended to optimize the data aggregation and sharing features in the radio access network (RAN) environment. Data aggregation from different service providers is performed using an aggregation strategy that replicates resources to satisfy UEs' service requirements. Secondly, state-based data sharing is presented for improving the service response of end-users. This state-based modeling helps to assign resources in response to the varying request rate and device density. The former method is used to improve radio resource utilization and to reduce offloading traffic rates. The later process successfully reduces access complexity, response latency, and leveraging the rate of resource allocation. Information-Centric Wireless Sensor Networks (ICWSNs) is a method to develop the Internet infrastructure to directly provision data-centric and location independent communications by presenting a core Internet standard. Both data aggregation and data sharing are jointly optimized in RC-OSR in a heterogeneous 5G communication platform.
Thinking About Caring About Animals

Animal Rights Current Debates and New Directions. Cass R. Sunstein and Martha C. Nussbaum, Eds. Oxford University Press, New York, 2004. 350 pp. $29.95. ISBN 0-19515217-4. The contributors explore moral, legal, social, and epistemological aspects of our relations with nonhuman animals.
Do Policy Messengers Matter? Majority Opinion Writers as Policy Cues in Public 'Buy In' of Supreme Court Decisions

To what degree does the identity of the majority opinion writer affect a citizen’s level of agreement with a U.S. Supreme Court decision? Using a survey experiment, we manipulate the majority opinion authors of two Supreme Court cases between two randomly populated groups. By investigating ideological incongruence between a case’s policy output and the majority opinion author we are able to empirically test the extent to which individuals are willing to agree with a Court opinion that is authored by an ideologically similar justice even though the decision cuts against their self-identified ideological policy preferences. Our study provides insight on the extent to which policy “buy in” by citizens is affected by policy cues represented by the policy messenger of a political institution. We find that, although individuals generally give deference to the Supreme Court’s decisions, a messenger effect indeed augments the specific level of support a given case receives.
Streaming string transducers

Streaming string transducers define (partial) functions from input strings to output strings. A streaming string transducer makes a single pass through the input string and uses a finite set of variables that range over strings from the output alphabet. At every step, the transducer processes an input symbol, and updates all the variables in parallel using assignments whose right-hand-sides are concatenations of output symbols and variables with the restriction that a variable can be used at most once in a right-hand-side expression. The expressiveness of streaming string transducers coincides with the class of “regular” transductions that can be equivalently defined using two-way deterministic finite-state transducers and using monadic second-order logic. The problems of checking functional equivalence of two streaming transducers, and of checking whether a streaming transducer satisfies pre/post verification conditions specified by finite automata, are solvable in Pspace. These decision procedures also generalize to the model of streaming transducers over data strings—strings over symbols tagged with data values over a potentially infinite data domain that supports only the operations of equality and ordering. We identify a class of imperative and a class of functional programs, manipulating lists of data items, which can be effectively translated to such streaming data-string transducers. Our results lead to algorithms for assertion checking and for checking functional equivalence of two programs, written possibly in different programming styles, for commonly used routines such as insert, delete, and reverse.
Numerical Solution of the Aerosol Condensation/Evaporation Equation

A new method is developed to solve the condensation equation as it relates to Air Quality Models using both semi-Lagrangian and Lagrangian fluxes to increase resolution and perform accurately under stringent conditions that occur in the atmosphere. The new method, Partitioned Flux Integrated Semi-Lagrangian Method (PFISLM), can be used with lower-order interpolators and they produce highly accurate results. PFISLM is positive definite, peak retentive, mass conservative, and suppresses oscillations. Research indicates the differences between PFISLM and other traditional flux integrated semi-Lagrangian methods are significant when solving the aerosol condensation/evaporation equation. PFISLM is created to handle specific difficulties associated with the time and space discretization of the aerosol operator in air quality models.
Viable supersymmetric models with an inverted scalar mass hierarchy at the grand unified theory scale

Supersymmetric models with an inverted mass hierarchy (IMH: multi-TeV first and second generation matter scalars, and sub-TeV third generation and Higgs scalars) have been proposed to ameliorate phenomenological problems arising from flavor changing neutral currents and CP violating processes, while satisfying conditions of naturalness. Models with an IMH already in place at the grand unified theory (GUT) scale have been shown to be constrained in that, for many model parameter choices, the top squark squared mass is driven to negative values. We delineate regions of parameter space where viable models with a GUT scale IMH can be generated. We find that larger values of GUT scale first and second generation scalar masses act to suppress third generation scalars, leading to acceptable solutions if GUT scale gaugino masses are large enough. We show examples of viable models and comment on their characteristic features. For example, in these models the gluino mass is bounded from below, and effectively decouples, whilst third generation scalars remain at sub-TeV levels. While possibly fulfilling criteria of naturalness, these models present challenges for detection at future pp and e{sup +}e{sup -} collider experiments.
Morals and Ethics

All of us do many strange things during the course of a working day. Most of what we do is done mechanically without thinking. We arise at a certain hour, wash, dress, eat breakfast, and go about our daily tasks. We greet our friends, hate our enemies, are cordial to some, hostile to others, lie upon occasion, and do many things of which we might approve or disapprove if we stopped to think about them. In fact, one of the strangest things we do is to approve and disapprove all sorts of things and often without stopping to think. We are accustomed, or have been taught, to voice approval when good deeds are performed, and disapproval when bad ones are done. If, for example, we read in our newspapers, of a mother who at the sacrifice of her life saved her child from a burning building, we approve. If we read that a man had killed his wife because she burned his toast every morning, we disapprove.
A study of the flight dynamics helicopter carrying an external load using bifurcation theory and continuation methods

The paper presents a study of the flight dynamics of a helicopter with an articulated rotor, carrying a suspended load. The aircraft model includes rigid body dynamics, individual flap and lag blade dynamics, and inflow dynamics. The load is a point mass with a single suspension point. Results are obtained for load masses of up to 1500 kg, with load-to-helicopter mass ratios up to 33%, and cable lengths up to 55 m. The presence of the external load modifies the flight dynamics and handling quality characteristics of the helicopter because the dynamic and aerodynamic characteristics of the load may make it unstable in certain fight conditions. Maneuvers of this system in wide flight regimes involves non-linear aerodynamics and inertial coupling. In can be stated that the helicopter with the suspended load is a inherently non-linear and time varying system. Theory of dynamical systems provides a methodology for studying such non-linear systems. Bifurcation theory is a part of that theory. It considers changes in the stability of the system which lead to qualitatively different responses of it. In this paper, results from the theory of dynamical systems are used to predict the nature of instabilities caused by bifurcations and the response of the rotorcraft with the suspended load that follow such bifurcations.