cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EMPIRICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADVANCES IN CANONICAL THEORY

Canonical correlation has seen growing acceptance in geographical research as a tool for analysing the interrelationships between two sets of variables.1 It provides a natural extension to the multivariate case of simple correlation analysis introduced into the discipline in the fifties for measuring the degree of areal association between two individual variables.2 It has also proved valuable for forging a link between traditional geographic variables measuring the attributes of places and those indicating interactions among them.3 Recently, major developments in canonical theory have occurred which provide two major benefits for geographical research.4 First, asymmetrical regression relationships in addition to symmetrical correlation relationships between two variable sets can be determined. Researchers can use canonical regression to examine the degree to which one variable set is capable of predicting the other, in addition to canonical correlation which examines the symmetrical interrelationships between the two.5 Secondly, much improved methods are available for measuring the number, strength, and nature of the interrelationships between the two variable sets, and for assessing the adequacy of the canonical model in general.8 The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of these developments and, more particularly, to explore their implications for the validity of empirical results obtained in earlier applications of canonical analysis. This is not intended as a criticism of these studies but rather as an attempt to further our understanding of spatial structure and process through re-examination of existing data in the light of refined techniques.
Sex Differences in Semantic Clustering in Free Recall of Words and Pictures

Two free-recall tasks, one utilizing words and the other utilizing pictures, were presented to 15 male and 18 female high school students. While no significant sex differences were observed for total recall on either task, boys exhibited significantly greater semantic clustering in their order of recall for both tasks. In the recall of words, girls showed a significantly greater tendency to retain presentation order than did boys; however, this difference did not exist for picture recall. Inconsistencies between these results and those of other studies may be explained by the age differences in the sample: the present study involved adolescents while previous studies involved younger children.
Campanian coastal plain sediments in southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois — significance to the early geologic history of the northern Mississippi Embayment

Abstract Basal Cretaceous deposits in the northernmost part of the Mississippi Embayment in southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois have been correlated previously with the Tuscaloosa Formation of Alabama. New palynological data indicate that these clastic deposits comprise non-marine and marine sections of middle to late Campanian age. They consist of a lower non-marine deposit, the herein newly proposed Post Creek Formation, and an upper marine deposit that we correlate in part with the Coffee Sand of Tennessee. These Campanian deposits overlie a diachronous Mesozoic paleosol, Little Bear Formation, and are progressively overlain by the McNairy Sand of early to middle Maastrichtian age, the Owl Creek Formation of middle to late Maastrichtian age, and the Porters Creek Clay of late Paleocene age. Outcrops and subsurface occurrences of the Post Creek Formation are widespread around the northern margin of the Mississippi Embayment. In contrast, the Coffee Sand is more restricted in distribution, and is present in southeast Missouri only as an outlier. Extensive occurrences of the Coffee Sand are found in Tennessee and further south in the embayment. This study shows that (1) the basal Cretaceous deposits in the northern Mississippi Embayment are not equivalent to the Tuscaloosa Formation, but are entirely separate stratigraphic units, (2) the shallow Cretaceous Interior Seaway occupied the northernmost part of the present Mississippi Embayment by the late Campanian, and (3) a large part of the northern embayment may have experienced an episode of uplift and erosion during the latest Campanian or earliest Maastrichtian, prior to deposition of McNairy Sand.
Optimal design of a semiconductor heterostructure tunnel diode with linear current–voltage characteristic

Abstract Atomic layer precision in design of heterostructure tunnel diodes can be used to mimic an Ohmic (linear) current–voltage characteristic over a range of voltage bias. This is achieved by manipulating low energy electron transmission resonances. Calculations demonstrate how greater than 65 dB dynamic range can be obtained in an optimized heterostructure tunnel device that is only 17 nm thick.
Strong field ionization rates simulated with time-dependent configuration interaction and an absorbing potential

Ionization rates of molecules have been modeled with time-dependent configuration interaction simulations using atom centered basis sets and a complex absorbing potential. The simulations agree with accurate grid-based calculations for the ionization of hydrogen atom as a function of field strength and for charge resonance enhanced ionization of H2+ as the bond is elongated. Unlike grid-based methods, the present approach can be applied to simulate electron dynamics and ionization in multi-electron polyatomic molecules. Calculations on HCl+ and HCO+ demonstrate that these systems also show charge resonance enhanced ionization as the bonds are stretched.
Gastric, duodenal, and pancreatic somatostatin-like immunoreactivity during hypovolemic shock.

Because hypovolemic shock is known to cause gastric ulcers in animals and human beings, we investigated the tissue levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the gastric corpus and antrum, duodenum, and pancreas during hypovolemic shock in rats. We studied male Wistar rats (N=10 each) 15 min, 2 hr, and 12 hr after hypovolemic shock and compared results to a control group (N=15).Two rats in both 2-hr and 12-hr groups showed gastric ulcers: three corporal and one antral. One animal developed multiple ulcers. In the gastric corpus and antrum and in the duodenum, tissue SLI showed significant decrease 15 min and 2 hr after shock. Gastric SLI remained low, whereas duodenal SLI recovered and rose above control level at 12 hr. Pancreatic SLI showed no significant changes during hypovolemic shock. Gastric tissue SLI levels that were significantly lower after shock than those of normal controls may have contributed to the peptic ulcer disease induced by hypovolemic shock in this experimental model.
Short wind waves on the ocean: Wavenumber-frequency spectra

Dominant surface waves on the ocean exhibit a dispersion relation that confines their energy to a curve in a wavenumber-frequency spectrum. Short wind waves on the ocean, on the other hand, are advected by these dominant waves so that they do not exhibit a well-defined dispersion relation over many realizations of the surface. Here we show that the short-wave analog to the dispersion relation is a distributed spectrum in the wavenumber-frequency plane that collapses to the standard dispersion relation in the absence of long waves. We compute probability distributions of short-wave wavenumber given a (frequency, direction) pair and of short-wave frequency given a (wavenumber, direction) pair. These two probability distributions must yield a single spectrum of surface displacements as a function of wavenumber and frequency, F(k,f). We show that the folded, azimuthally averaged version of this spectrum has a “butterfly” pattern in the wavenumber-frequency plane if significant long waves are present. Integration of this spectrum over frequency yields the well-known k−3 wavenumber spectrum. When integrated over wavenumber, the spectrum yields an f−4 form that agrees with measurement. We also show that a cut through the unfolded F(k,f) at constant k produces the well-known form of moderate-incidence-angle Doppler spectra for electromagnetic scattering from the sea. This development points out the dependence of the short-wave spectrum on the amplitude of the long waves.
Error bounds for monotone linear complementarity problems

We give a bound on the distance between an arbitrary point and the solution set of a monotone linear complementarity problem in terms of a condition constant that depends on the problem data only and a residual function of the violations of the complementary problem conditions by the point considered. When the point satisfies the linear inequalities of the complementarity problem, the residual consists of the complementarity condition plus its square root. This latter term is essential and without it the error bound cannot hold. We also show that another natural residual that has been employed to bound errors for strictly monotone linear complementarity problems fails to bound errors for the monotone case considered here.
A Direct Comparison between Whole-Brain PET and BOLD fMRI Measurements of Single-Subject Activation Response

We present the results of a direct comparison of single-subject activation using identical tasks for both functional PET and fMRI whole-brain studies. We examined the most commonly employed methods for each modality. For fMRI this is the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast method with echo-planar imaging. In PET single-subject activation studies are based on the development of high sensitivity 3D imaging of regional cerebral blood flow from multiple [15O]water injections. The identical activation paradigm of a visually cued sequential finger opposition was used for PET and fMRI. For both modalities the entire brain volume difference images were smoothed to the same final resolution and the peaktvalue within the primary sensory/motor (PSM) area was then identified. All contiguous voxels in the PSM above a predetermined threshold of statistical significance were determined. Finally, the difference-weighted centroid location was calculated for the PSM region for each modality. These studies showed a very similar pattern of activation, with the volume of activation greater in fMRI and higher levels of statistical significance. The centroids of activation, however, differed by 9 ± 3 mm between the modalities, with the fMRI centroid location dorsal to that for PET. These results were stable across all processing options including differing levels of image smoothing and thresholds of statistical significance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that draining veins contribute a substantial signal for fMRI activation studies and indicate caution for the interpretation of BOLD fMRI images with activation sites near draining veins.
Exchange transfusions can reverse fulminant hepatic failure due to sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis

Exchange transfusions can reverse fulminant hepatic failure due to sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis
Protein phosphatase 2a (PP2A) binds within the oligomerization domain of striatin and regulates the phosphorylation and activation of the mammalian Ste20-Like kinase Mst3

Background Striatin, a putative protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) B-type regulatory subunit, is a multi-domain scaffolding protein that has recently been linked to several diseases including cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), which causes symptoms ranging from headaches to stroke. Striatin association with the PP2A A/C (structural subunit/catalytic subunit) heterodimer alters PP2A substrate specificity, but targets and roles of striatin-associated PP2A are not known. In addition to binding the PP2A A/C heterodimer to form a PP2A holoenzyme, striatin associates with cerebral cavernous malformation 3 (CCM3) protein, the mammalian Mps one binder (MOB) homolog, Mob3/phocein, the mammalian sterile 20-like (Mst) kinases, Mst3, Mst4 and STK25, and several other proteins to form a large signaling complex. Little is known about the molecular architecture of the striatin complex and the regulation of these sterile 20-like kinases.
Comparison of Multisystemic Therapy and Functional Family Therapy Effectiveness: A Multiyear Statewide Propensity Score Matching Analysis of Juvenile Offenders

Propensity score matching (PSM) is used to examine the effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy compared with Functional Family Therapy (FFT) in a multiyear statewide sample of juvenile offenders. Outcomes include offenses and violations of probation during service and 12-month recidivism. Salient selection effects including delinquent peer associations, substance use, and lack of adherence to parental rules, as well as strong correlates of the outcome measures (risk assessment scores, age at first offense, most serious prior offense) and pertinent demographics, were controlled for in the PSM. Results indicate few significant differences in the effectiveness of the two modalities, with the exception that female youth receiving FFT have lower recidivism and low risk youth receiving FFT have fewer offenses/violations of probation during service provision.
Complexity of confidence level optimization in sequential automatic target detection of hyperspectral system

This paper focuses on demonstrating the complexity in the optimization process of the sequential algorithm, which is a multi-0stage algorithm with each stage using fewer bands than the previous stages. Specifically, this paper describes the process used to obtain the optimal confidence level and the class separation parameter to quantify the hyperspectral detection performance using the sequential algorithm with Chebyshev's inequality test. This paper also presents the computational complexity involved in reaching the optimum confidence level and the recommended methodology for lessening the computational burden. The detection performance for different spatial resolutions are presented and compared with the ARES baseline performance using all spectral bands. The Forest Radiance I database collected with the HYDICE hyperspectral sensor is utilized. Scenarios include targets in the open, with footprints of 1 m, 2 m and 4 m; and different times of day. The total area coverage and the number of targets used in this evaluation are approximately 10km 2 and 108, respectively. The description of the database and sensor parameters can be found.
A note on the role of african states in committee I of UNCLOS III

Abstract This study assesses the role the African states played in the formulation of Part XI of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea. It demonstrates that the clauses dealing with the seabed issues largely incorporated their interests. It is also argued that it was because of the African states’ efforts (among other members of the G‐77) that the industrialized countries acquiesced in the negotiation of a comprehensive LOS Treaty.
Singularity problems in the stress analysis of semiconductor packaging

Years of empirical experimentation under the pressures of cost and competition has stimulated the developments of plastic packages for semiconductor chips that are simple, tough and cheap. As users of electronics demand fast introduction of new packages with proven reliability and much improved performance, the semiconductor producers are seeking rational design procedures for new or improved packages, using finite element stress. analysis. Small size and extreme cost constraints require the use of sharp edged components inside the plastic shell, and the sharp edges create stress fields that may cause cracks or delaminations in the plastic. Such stress fields can be treated as singularities to simplify the overall stress analysis of the effects of geometry and material properties, and to tie the overall analysis to the local stress fields that drive the failure mechanisms of the plastic. The mathematics of these singularities is still not connected well to the finite element stress analysis.
Statistical prediction of single-stranded regions in RNA secondary structure and application to predicting effective antisense target sites and beyond

Single-stranded regions in RNA secondary structure are important for RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions. We present a probability profile approach for the prediction of these regions based on a statistical algorithm for sampling RNA secondary structures. For the prediction of phylogenetically-determined single-stranded regions in secondary structures of representative RNA sequences, the probability profile offers substantial improvement over the minimum free energy structure. In designing antisense oligonucleotides, a practical problem is how to select a secondary structure for the target mRNA from the optimal structure(s) and many suboptimal structures with similar free energies. By summarizing the information from a statistical sample of probable secondary structures in a single plot, the probability profile not only presents a solution to this dilemma, but also reveals 'well-determined' single-stranded regions through the assignment of probabilities as measures of confidence in predictions. In antisense application to the rabbit beta-globin mRNA, a significant correlation between hybridization potential predicted by the probability profile and the degree of inhibition of in vitro translation suggests that the probability profile approach is valuable for the identification of effective antisense target sites. Coupling computational design with DNA-RNA array technique provides a rational, efficient framework for antisense oligonucleotide screening. This framework has the potential for high-throughput applications to functional genomics and drug target validation.
Ulcerative vulvitis in atypical Reiter's syndome

We report a case of atypical Reiter's syndrome occurring in a female patient who had severe, ulcerative vulvar disease develop in association with conjunctivitis, low back pain, stomatitis, and psoriasiform skin lesions. Vulvar lesions have rarely been described in Reiter's syndrome and are not well characterized.
Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust

The simplest social context for trust is an isolated dyad—two people away from others. The more usual context is two people surrounded by various close friends, foes, and acquaintances. We argue th...
To Trust an Adversary: Integrating Rational and Psychological Models of Collaborative Policymaking

How can interpersonal trust be cultivated among policy elites engaged in long-term face-to-face negotiations? This article seeks to identify the precursors of interpersonal trust in high-stakes disputes where opposing sides have long histories of animosity and differ on fundamental values and perceptions. What are the beliefs and personal circumstances that predispose one policy actor to trust another? What are the institutional arrangements that foster trust during protracted multiparty policy deliberations? How can policymakers break the vicious cycle of distrust and noncooperative behavior and initiate a “virtuous cycle” of trust and cooperation (Putnam 2000)? Understanding how policy elites build mutually trusting relationships is crucial in several contexts, with a unifying theme being that all politics is personal. Resolving conflicts through political means usually boils down to cooperation among two or more individual persons who, though they are political adversaries, must eventually achieve a rough consensus on disputes over policy or procedure. These face-to-face negotiations can last many months or years, such that personal relationships are likely to evolve over the course of negotiations, and can have a major influence on whether
The Effects of Censorship on Attitude Change: The Influence of Censor and Communication Characteristics'

The effects of censor characteristics and audiences' initial agreement with a censored communication on attitude change and desire to hear a communication were investigated. Subjects were informed that a communication taking a position with which they had originally agreed or disagreed had been censored. The censor was either an attractive or unattractive agent and his expertise on the topic of the speech was either high or low. The results indicated that in all cases except one, censorship led to an increased desire to hear the communication and attitude change toward the position of the communication. In the one exceptional case, when an attractive expert censor forbade a communication with which the audience disagreed, the subjects decreased their desire to hear the speech and did not change their attitudes on the topic of the communication. The results were interpreted as indicating that censorship arouses both reactance and balancing attempts but that balancing will be observed only in limited situations.
The Tobacco Dependence Treatment Handbook: A Guide to Best Practices

Abrams, Niaura, Planning Evidence-Based Treatment of Tobacco Dependence. Niaura, Shadel, Assessment to Inform Smoking Cessation Treatment. Emmons, Increasing Motivation to Stop Smoking. Shadel, Niaura, Brief Behavioral Treatment. Brown, Intensive Behavioral Treatment. Brown, Comorbidity Treatment: Skills Training for Coping with Depression and Negative Moods. Goldstein, Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation. DePue, Linnan, Contextual and Systems Factors That Support Treatment. Monti, Niaura, Abrams, Ongoing Research and Future Directions. Appendix: Reproducible Handouts.
Embracing Life with AIDS: Psychotherapy through Guided Imagery and Music

This case describes individual psychotherapy with Matt, a 26-year old man recently infected with the AIDS virus. In the eleven sessions, Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) was used as the main technique within a psychodynamic orientation. Through an intense process of imagery transformation, Matt gained insight into how traumatic events from his past prevented him from coping with the emotional challenges of living with AIDS. Ultimately, this led him to confront one of the most important questions of his life: Shall I live dead, or shall I die living?
Nephrology in Brief

The bone morphogenic protein (BMP) antagonist gremlin was highly expressed in the cellular and fibrocellular crescents of 30 renal biopsies of patients with pauciimmune glomerulonephritis—as well as in renal tubular and infiltrating interstitial cells. It correlated with tubulointerstitial fibrosis and co-localized with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), suggesting that it may be important in mediating some of its pathological effects (Nephrol Dial Transpl 22: 1882). Soluble F11 receptor (F11R) is elevated in dialysis patients and may be yet another marker of increased cardiovascular risk. It is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on the membrane surface of platelets and related to the murine protein present in the tight junctions of the vascular endothelium. In activated platelets F11R becomes phosphorylated and causes cell adhesion and aggregation—the initial step of thrombus formation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques (J Invest Med 55:115). In order to study the mechanism of renal injury from light chains, cell cultures of human proximal cells were incubated with light chains derived from the urine of patients with multiple myeloma. This resulted in the cells producing hydrogen peroxide and monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1, both inherently nephrotoxic (J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1239). The use of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) derived from the serum creatinine concentration is fraught with pitfalls. It tends to undererestimate renal function in persons with no known kidney disease and overestimate it in emaciated patients with low muscle mass and reduced creatinine production. Also problematic is its use in acute renal failure, where the change in serum creatinine is more important (BMJ 334:1198, Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:2391). Subjects in the Framingham study who had both microalbuminuria and reduced eGFR had worse cardiovascular outcomes than those with only one of these abnormalities (Arch Int Med 167:1386 2007). A study of type II diabetics with nephropathy found that simvastatin, unlike cholestyramine, appears to stabilize GFR, possibly by increasing messenger RNA expression of slit diaphragm associated proteins and reducing the albumin excretion rate (Kidney Int 70:177–186). The administration of iodine containing contrast media to a hemodialysis patient resulted in so-called iodine gout, an acute and dramatic swelling of the thyroid and salivary glands. This rare idiosyncratic complication may be related to toxic accumulation of iodide in the salivary gland ducts. The patient improved dramatically within 48 h of high-dose prednisolone therapy (Nephrol Dial Transpl 22: 1250)
Design and implementation of sparse aperture imaging systems

In order to better understand the technological difficulties involved in designing and building a sparse aperture array, the challenge of building a white light Golay-3 telescope was undertaken. The MIT Adaptive Reconnaissance Golay-3 Optical Satellite (ARGOS) project exploits wide-angle Fizeau interferometer technology with an emphasis on modularity in the optics and spacecraft subsystems. Unique design procedures encompassing the nature of coherent wavefront sensing, control and combining as well as various system engineering aspects to achieve cost effectiveness, are developed. To demonstrate a complete spacecraft in a 1-g environment, the ARGOS system is mounted on a frictionless air-bearing, and has the ability to track fast orbiting satellites like the ISS or the planets. Wavefront sensing techniques are explored to mitigate initial misalignment and to feed back real-time aberrations into the optical control loop. This paper presents the results and the lessons learned from the conceive, design and implementation phases of ARGOS. A preliminary assess-ment shows that the beam combining problem is the most challenging aspect of sparse optical arrays. The need for optical control is paramount due to tight beam combining tolerances. The wavefront sensing/control requirements appear to be a major technology and cost driver.
A 78 dB dynamic range, 0.27 dB accuracy, single-stage RF-PGA using thermometer-weighted and binary-weighted transconductors for SAW-less WCDMA/LTE transmitters

A single-stage RF programmable gain amplifier (RF-PGA) in 65-nm CMOS is presented. The RF-PGA consists of thermometer-weighted transconductors and binary-weighted transconductors with an R-2R ladder. The transmitter prototype with the single-stage RF-PGA achieves 78 dB dynamic range, 0.27 dB accuracy in 1dB step at 1950 MHz. The measured transmitter noise in RX band is −160.4 dBc/Hz. The ACLR and EVM with LTE modulated signal (BW=20 MHz) are −40 dBc and 3.4 %, respectively.
Rediscovery of the federally protected Scarce Jester Butterfly Symbrenthia silana de Nicéville, 1885 (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) from the Eastern Himalaya and Garo Hills, northeastern India

Symbrenthia silana, the Scarce Jester Butterfly (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae), is legally protected under Schedule-I of India’s Wildlife (Protection) Act, and listed as Vulnerable to extinction following IUCN’s Red List Categories and Criteria in the Red Data Book of Indian butterflies. However, the species is so rare that it has not been seen for ca 90 years and nothing is known about its status, habitat and populations. Here I report rediscovery of the species from Sikkim, Namdapha Tiger Reserve and Nokrek National Park in the Eastern Himalaya and Garo Hills of northeastern India. The first pictures of live butterflies are presented along with information on the habits and habitat of the species, and a discussion of its status as a vulnerable species.
Statistics of the system performance in a scrambled recirculating loop with PDL and PDG

We have demonstrated that with the loop-synchronous scrambling technique, the Q distribution of a recirculating loop closely resembles that of a straight-line system. By carefully choosing the scrambling rate, we show that slow scrambling at the transmitter improves the system performance and reduces the performance variation. We investigate the system performance for different polarization-dependent loss (PDL) levels and obtain excellent agreement between the experimental and simulation results. Our results show, for the first time, that the repolarization of the noise due to significant PDL causes an asymmetric Q-factor distribution.
Microfabricated differential mobility spectrometers for breath analysis

We have demonstrated the use of a novel micromachined differential mobility spectrometer (DMS) to analyze human breath condensate samples for applications in disease diagnostics. This miniature device is small, portable, low power, and potentially fieldable as a point-of-care clinical diagnostic instrument. To date, we have shown that our instrument system is capable of measuring a higher number of chemicals from breath condensate samples than traditional analytical instruments, such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We have also found that we can detect extremely low levels of specific chemicals of interest, such as acetone, down to the single digit parts-per-billion level. The device has also been used to characterize exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples from individuals, and we have used machine learning algorithms to differentiate between persons based on the measured chemicals in their breath alone. The detection limits and analytical power are clinically relevant for many potential biomarkers, and suggests our device may have many applications for disease diagnostics in human breath analysis.
The global counterfeit drug trade: patient safety and public health risks

Counterfeit drugs are a global problem with significant and well-documented consequences for global health and patient safety, including drug resistance and patient deaths. This multibillion-dollar industry does not respect geopolitical borders, and threatens public health in both rich and resource-poor nations alike. The epidemiology of counterfeits is also wide in breadth and scope, including thousands of counterfeit incidents per year, encompassing all types of therapeutic classes, and employing a complex global supply chain network enabling this illegal activity. In addition, information technologies available through the Internet and sales via online pharmacies have allowed the criminal element to thrive in an unregulated environment of anonymity, deception, and lack of adequate enforcement. Though recent global enforcement efforts have led to arrests of online counterfeit sellers, such actions have not stemmed supplies from illegal online sellers or kept up with their creativity in illegally selling their products. To address this issue, we propose a global policy framework utilizing public-private partnership models with centralized surveillance reporting that would enable cooperation and coordination to combat this global health crisis.
Exploring the Energy-Latency Trade-Off for Broadcasts in Energy-Saving Sensor Networks

Networking protocols for multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are required to simultaneously minimize resource usage as well as optimize performance metrics such as latency and reliability. This paper explores the energy-latency-reliability trade-off for broadcast in multi-hop WSNs, by presenting a new protocol called PBBF (probability-based broadcast forwarding). PBBF works at the MAC layer and can be integrated into any sleep scheduling protocol. For a given application-defined level of reliability for broadcasts, the energy required and latency obtained are found to be inversely related to each other. Our analysis and simulation study quantify this relationship at the reliability boundary, as well as performance numbers to be expected from a deployment. PBBF essentially offers a WSN application designer considerable flexibility in choice of desired operation points
Recent Innovative Methods for Characterization of Small Particles

Characterization of submicrometer and subnanometer size particles is essential to understanding their interactions and to developing micro- and nanostructures. Because of this importance, many advances and new developments have been made in characterization techniques for particles in this size range. Examples include neutron holography, in situ wet transmission electron microscopy, ultrafast microscopy, magnetic resonance force microscopy for imaging a single electron spin, and high-resolution X-ray crystallography of noncrystalline structures. It is now possible to completely characterize very small particles from 0.1 nm to 100 nm size. Selected recent developments are discussed.
Capsaicin-sensitive adrenal sensory fibers participate in compensatory adrenal growth in rats

Compensatory adrenal growth, in which one gland undergoes hyperplasia after removal of the other, is mediated by a neural reflex. In the present studies, a method employing capsaicin to selectively remove adrenal sensory fibers was developed and applied to determine whether adrenal capsaicin-sensitive fibers participate in compensatory adrenal growth. The splanchnic nerves of anesthetized male rats were treated with capsaicin or vehicle. Capsaicin treatment selectively removed adrenal calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive fibers. One week after drug treatment, rats underwent left adrenalectomy or sham surgery and recovered for 5 days. Capsaicin treatment bilaterally or to the left splanchnic nerve alone (i.e., the afferent nerve in the reflex) impaired compensatory adrenal growth at 5 days compared with vehicle controls, whereas capsaicin treatment to the right splanchnic nerve alone did not affect growth. Moreover, left adrenalectomy induced c-Fos immunolabeling in ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord that was prevented by capsaicin treatment. These data suggest that adrenal capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves participate in compensatory adrenal growth and that this effect is primarily on the afferent limb of the reflex.
The ‘old’ pragmatics and the ‘new’ Afterthoughts on a revolution

Abstract Peirce's theory of signs is often cited by modern students of the pragmatics of language but, because of various historical muddles, his theory itself is rarely used to inform current research. Peirce's theory, in keeping with the modern temper, is a cognitive one, but it is known to modern scholars principally through its behaviorist interpreter, Charles Morris. Morris, moreover, is usually attributed with a version of Peirce that he rejected. These confusions have had the effect of leaving Peirce's theory little known by modern pragmatists of language. But Peirce and modern pragmatists share many essential beliefs, and these are discussed in the present paper. Peirce's theory could be used more than it is to aid in the interpretation of current empirical work.
The human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits influenza A viruses through a mechanism distinct from that of surfactant protein D or defensins

LL-37, the only human cathelicidin, is a cationic antimicrobial peptide with antibacterial and antifungal activity. LL-37 is released from neutrophil granules and produced by epithelial cells. It has been implicated in host defence against influenza A virus (IAV) in recent studies. We now demonstrate dose-related neutralizing activity of LL-37 against several seasonal and mouse-adapted IAV strains. The ability of LL-37 to inhibit these IAV strains resulted mainly from direct effects on the virus, since pre-incubation of virus with LL-37 was needed for optimal inhibition. LL-37 bound high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and pre-incubation of LL-37 with human serum or HDL reduced its antiviral activity. LL-37 did not inhibit viral association with epithelial cells as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR or confocal microscopy. This finding contrasted with results obtained with surfactant protein D (SP-D). Unlike collectins or human neutrophil defensins (HNPs), LL-37 did not induce viral aggregation under electron microscopy. In the electron microscopy studies, LL-37 appeared to cause disruption of viral membranes. LL-37 had additive antiviral activity when combined with other innate inhibitors like SP-D, surfactant protein A and HNPs. Unlike HNPs, LL-37 did not bind SP-D significantly. These findings indicate that LL-37 contributes to host defence against IAV through a mechanism distinct from that of SP-D and HNPs.
An integrative research framework for the online social network service

Drawn upon appreciative inquiry (AI) and actor-network theory (ANT), this study proposes a new qualitative research framework for the study of the online social network (OSN) service. Integrating and applying AI and ANT will inspire OSN participants’ imagination and creation to a greater extent and thus the maximum benefits of OSN can be explored, and as a consequence OSN itself can further be improved in the service business context. This study gives a detailed discussion on the proposed framework in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, the suggestions for overcoming the disadvantages and the future research agenda in the area of OSN.
Phylogeography of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei): implications for the biogeography of the Pacific Northwest.

Tailed frogs are distributed in high-gradient streams within the disjunct mesic forests of the Pacific North- west and represent the basal lineage of the anurans. We sequenced 1530 nucleotides of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit two genes from 23 populations and used parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and nested-clade analyses to estimate relationships among populations and infer evolutionary processes. We found two divergent haplotype clades corresponding with inland Rocky Mountain populations and coastal populations and sep- arated by up to 0.133 substitutions per site. Within the coastal assemblage, haplotypes formed clades by mountain range with 0.010-0.024 substitutions per site divergence among populations. Inland haplotypes exhibited minimal genetic structure, with the exception of 0.021 substitutions per site distance between populations from the East Fork of the South Fork of the Salmon River and all other inland haplotypes. The magnitude of divergence between inland and coastal populations, as well as the paleobotanical record, suggest isolation of these lineages occurred during the late Miocene to early Pliocene, probably in response to the rise of the Cascade Mountains. Genetic structure within coastal and inland populations is consistent with isolation in refugia during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Closely related inland haplotypes reflect range expansion following glaciation. The depth of divergence between inland and coastal populations supports the persistence of mesic forests within the inland Pacific Northwest throughout the Pleistocene and is congruent with patterns found in several other mesic forest species. Based on mitochondrial divergence and previous allozyme and morphological data, we recommend recognition of inland populations as a distinct species, Ascaphus montanus.
Metal–ion binding by cyclic halogen-bonded structures: A theoretical study using M–(BrZ)4 clusters (Z = F or NH2; M = Li+, Na+, or Mg2+)

Abstract The ability of a cyclic halogen-bonded network to bind a metal ion is explored using M–(BrZ) 4 complexes (M = Li + , Na + , or Mg 2+ ; Z = F or NH 2 ). Binding is characterized by bond paths connecting the metal ion with each one of the bromine atoms in the host, and orthogonal to the Br…Z interactions. Binding energies are substantial and follow the order Na + + ≪ Mg 2+ . The electron densities at the Br…M bond critical points are generally smaller than their Br…Z counterparts for the monovalent ions, but significantly larger for Mg 2+ . Both Br…M and Br…Z interactions are found to be non-covalent in nature.
Predicting weather-associated impacts in outage management utilizing the GIS framework

Weather-related impacts are at the top of all outage causes. Yet, traditional outage management (OM) approaches do not integrate all available and relevant weather-associated data automatically. This paper presents a predictive method that correlates different weather-associated data layers to provide predictive OM process implemented using the geographic information systems (GIS) framework. Examples for both transmission and distribution OM are demonstrated using vegetation, wind, and power system data in ArcGIS.
Assessing the inactivation of Salmonella in dairy wastewater at varying thermal conditions

Elevated level of Salmonella in dairy farm generated wastewater can contaminate food and water. Controlling the risk of Salmonella infection requ…
Cardiovascular health perceptions in multigenerational Korean immigrants

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent in the Korean immigrants. Success of any health interventions depends heavily on our understanding of how health issues are perceived by the recipients. This study describes cardiovascular health perceptions using Photovoice, a qualitative methodology utilizing photography to initiate discussion, in multigenerational Korean immigrants (older adults, teenagers, children). Twenty Korean Americans (7 adults aged >or=50 years, 6 teenagers aged 13 to 19 years, 7 children aged 9 to 12 years) were recruited from the Korean communities in Seattle, Washington. Each subject was given a camera and asked to take 24 pictures of objects, scenes, and environments that represented their perceptions of cardiovascular health and related risk factors. Subjects were asked to pick 2 photos and present their thoughts about them in a tape-recorded group meeting. Key concepts were identified from the discussions. Themes identified promoting cardiovascular health included good diet, exercise, a clean environment, and spirituality. The themes identified as the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases included bad diet, smoking, pollution, and stress. Expression of the risk factors differed by the age group. The shared cultural background also influenced the perception of the risk factors. These observations support the findings that the culture and age-specific interventions may augment intervention effectiveness.
Nonlinear Optical Quantum Graphs

We analyze the first and second hyperpolarizabilities of quantum graphs comprised of 1D segments interconnected in loops, branches, and stars, and discuss the origin of the unprecedented large optical nonlinearities obtained with these structures.
From separation to togetherness: The social construction of domestic space in american suburbs, 1840–1915

Frederick Lewis Allen, writing in Harper's in 1954, observed that the suburbs of the post-World War II United States "were built for the young people of an intensely domestic generation, who . . . take their parental duties seriously." Allen, in company with his contemporaries, automatically linked "intensely domestic" families with suburban space. Historians, too, often associate even the earliest suburbs with the ideology of domesticity. However, although both emerged at roughly the same time, around the second quarter of the nineteenth century, urban decentralization did not necessarily create the exaggerated familism that came to characterize America's middle-class suburbs.' The ideology of domesticity and the suburban ideal developed independently: The former, primarily (although not absolutely) defined by women, had at its center a cultural institution, the family; the latter, largely defined by men, had at its center a physical space, the residential suburb.2
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Development and Hatching of Eggs of Adelges piceae

Effects of (1) a range of constant temperatures and humidities, (2) immersion in water, (3) desiccation, and (4) freezing temperatures on development and hatching of eggs and survival of crawlers were determined for the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg). The developmental-hatching threshold was established at between 5 and 7°C and the upper limit for development at about 30°C. Hatching success was best and crawler life was longest at intermediate temperatures. Humidity had a pronounced effect on the incubation period, on hatching success, and on survival of crawlers. Immersion of eggs in water had no effect on subsequent hatching, but desiccation caused a reduction in hatch. Freezing had little effect on subsequent hatching of eggs unless the temperature was below —8°C. A rectilinear relationship existed between developmental rates and intermediate temperatures (excluding extreme high and low temperatures). The slope of the developmental-rate curve was modified by the effect of humidity. These findings are discussed in relation to observations of temperature and humidity in the field.
Learning as a Generative Activity: Eight Learning Strategies that Promote Understanding

1. Introduction to learning as a generative activity 2. Learning by summarizing 3. Learning by mapping 4. Learning by drawing 5. Learning by imagining 6. Learning by self-testing 7. Learning by self-explaining 8. Learning by teaching 9. Learning by enacting 10. Learning strategies that foster generative learning.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARASITES AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN URBANIZING LANDSCAPES: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL STATUS

Using archaeological data of two human intestinal parasites from seventeenth- to early twentieth-century contexts, we explore the intersection of biological and cultural variables that shaped the ecology of cities in northeastern North America during the modern period. These parasites are useful because they require a developmental period in the soil, thus providing a link between human activities and changing environments. Prior to the last decades of the eighteenth century, Trichuris eggs dominate the archaeoparasitological assemblage. Around 1800, there is a shift to increasing proportions of Ascaris eggs, which appears to be largely complete by 1850—a period of increasing urbanization in the northeast United States. Both environmental and behavioral factors play a role in this shift and include the relationship between parasite biology and changing microenvironments, attempts to deal with waste, and use of urban spaces. During this period, poorer households would likely have been at greater risk of parasites because of the ways they used yard spaces, their delayed access to sanitary technology, and the changing nature of urban vegetation in densely occupied neighborhoods.
A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of systemic corticosteroids in atopic dermatitis

Background Systemic corticosteroids are often used to treat atopic dermatitis (AD). However, few studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of systemic corticosteroids in AD. Objective To systematically review the literature on efficacy and safety of systemic corticosteroid use (oral, intramuscular, and intravenous) in AD. Methods PubMed, Embase, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched. We included systematic reviews, guidelines, and treatment reviews of systemic corticosteroid use among patients of all ages with a diagnosis of AD (52 reviews and 12 studies). Results There was general consensus in the literature to limit the use of systemic steroids to short courses as a bridge to steroid-sparing therapies. Systemic side effects include growth suppression in children, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing syndrome, hypertension, glucose intolerance, diabetes, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease, weight gain, emotional lability, behavioral changes, opportunistic infections, cataracts, glaucoma, myopathy, myalgia, dysaesthesia, pseudotumor cerebri, hyperlipidemia, malignancy, thrombosis, skin atrophy, sleep disturbance, and rebound flaring. Limitations Baseline clinical severity, corticosteroid delivery and dose, and treatment response were reported incompletely and heterogeneously across studies. Conclusions Evidence is not strong enough to determine optimal delivery or duration of systemic corticosteroids in AD.
FIXTURES FOR CONTROLLED EXPLOSIVE LOADING AND PRESERVATION OF POWDER SAMPLES

Recovery fixtures are described which use planar explosive loading to subject powder samples to peak pressures from 4 to 27 GPa. One-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation studies of shock conditions within the powder indicate that 1-D simulations are inadequate since the dominant pressure pulse is radial in character even though the loading is planar.