cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Challenges for Global Dynamics of Fully Developed Turbulence in the Context of Geophysical Flows

Geophysical turbulent flows posses a very large number of degrees of freedom, and no mechanism is presently known which can reduce this number to a manageable size. In order for numerical simulations to be of use in advancing our understanding of geophysical turbulence, they must complement and make use of experiments, observations and theoretical advances. One is thus compelled to tackle numerical simulations at the highest resolution possible today, using the most powerful computers available with a heavy reliance on advances in information technology. This implies the need for developing as well powerful graphical and analysis softwares that can handle data of the order of 10 Terabytes. Such computations are to be viewed either as gedanken experiments, or as models for turbulence, and potentially the most promising venue is to combine both approaches. This paper reviews a few of the problems associated with these considerations, while stressing the need to maintain close contact with theoretical tools which allow for the construction of subgrid—scale models to be used in Large Eddy Simulations.
The constancy of parent-offspring similarity of total cholesterol throughout childhood and early adult life: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study

In a cross-sectional study of 11,409 white parent-offspring pairs in five North American populations we examined the effect of age of the offspring on parent-offspring total cholesterol correlations. In general there were no differences in correlations by age of the offspring for the four types (by gender) of parent-offspring pairs. This was true within each of the five populations and for the average of all populations combined. For offspring from less than 2-29 years of age, these average age-specific correlations ranged from 0.17 to 0.42. Despite the considerable physiologic and environmental changes which influence cholesterol levels from birth to early adulthood, the strength of parent-offspring similarity shows no consistent pattern of change.
Direct calculation of attenuation and propagation constants in superconducting microwave structures

The authors present a complete model which can be used for any of the transmission line structures which include high-T/sub c/ superconducting material. This model incorporates all the physical aspects of the high-T/sub c/ superconductor materials through London's equations. It also satisfies all the electromagnetically required boundary conditions in the structure using Maxwell's equations. The physical characteristics of the superconductor are blended with the electromagnetic model by using the phenomenological two-fluid model. The finite difference method is used to implement this model because it has a great deal of flexibility, and equations may be derived directly from Maxwell's equations. The complex propagation constant is calculated. The losses inside the superconductor material are also evaluated. Numerical results are generated for two configurations, a superconductor microstripline filled with a lossless dielectric material with /spl epsi//sub d/=23 or with air. >
Stability of β-Galactosidase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli

Abstract Ben-Hamida, Fakher (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.), and David Schlessinger. Stability of β-galactosidase messenger ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:1611–1616. 1965.—Synthesis of β-galactosidase stops within several minutes when preinduced, permeaseless cultures are diluted into medium containing 40 μg/ml of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) but no inducer. However, if inducer (isopropylthiogalactoside) is left in the medium, enzyme formation in the presence of 5-FU continues for at least 11 min. Thus, inducer may increase the differential metabolic stability of the corresponding messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA; defined as the capacity to produce measurable enzyme) in inducible strains. However, such an interpretation requires that 5-FU rapidly arrest the further synthesis of messenger RNA competent to form active enzyme. C14-5-FU, like uracil, does appear to enter cells without measurable lag, saturating the pool of uracil nucleotides, and thereby the messenger RNA being formed, within several minutes. That 5-FU acts very quickly is also supported by the similar continuation of enzyme synthesis in the presence of inducer and antibiotics (actinomycin D and proflavine) which shut off all RNA synthesis, as well as by the response to 5-FU of enzyme synthesis in various constitutive mutants.
Crucial Roles of TNFAIP8 Protein in Regulating Apoptosis and Listeria Infection

TNF-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8 or TIPE) is a newly described regulator of cancer and infection. However, its precise roles and mechanisms of actions are not well understood. We report in this article that TNFAIP8 regulates Listeria monocytogenes infection by controlling pathogen invasion and host cell apoptosis in a RAC1 GTPase-dependent manner. TNFAIP8-knockout mice were resistant to lethal L. monocytogenes infection and had reduced bacterial load in the liver and spleen. TNFAIP8 knockdown in murine liver HEPA1-6 cells increased apoptosis, reduced bacterial invasion into cells, and resulted in dysregulated RAC1 activation. TNFAIP8 could translocate to plasma membrane and preferentially associate with activated RAC1-GTP. The combined effect of reduced bacterial invasion and increased sensitivity to TNF-α-induced clearance likely protected the TNFAIP8-knockout mice from lethal listeriosis. Thus, by controlling bacterial invasion and the death of infected cells through RAC1, TNFAIP8 regulates the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.
Do Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors Differ By Rural Classification in Women Who Enroll in a Weight Loss Intervention

Purpose : If clinicians and researchers are aware of specific cardiovascular risks associated with women's rural status, whether it be large or small/isolated rural areas, it may help in developing more relevant rural resources. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there were differences in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors of overweight and obese rural women living in large or small/isolated rural areas. Sample : This secondary analysis examined baseline cross-sectional data from the "Web-based Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance Intervention for Older Rural Women" clinical trial. Analysis included data from 299 rural Midwestern women, ages 40-69 years with a baseline body mass index of 28-45 kg/m2 into groups. Methods : Demographic and biomarker baseline data were used. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used for data analyses. Findings: There are no significant differences found in overweight and obese women with cardiovascular risk factors when compared to rural classification, with one exception. Total cholesterol was associated with rural classification (p=0.047), where women living in large rural areas were more likely to have elevated total cholesterol levels (240 mg/dL) compared to women living in small/isolated areas (18.5% vs. 10.0%, respectively). Demographic characteristics such as age and education demonstrated no significant differences by rural classification; however, the majority of women in this study were of high socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Although this secondary analysis found that rural women have similar cardiovascular risk factors and demographic characteristics, this study highlights the need for clinicians to carefully consider the rural community characteristics for primary prevention. Keywords : Cardiovascular risk factors, rural classification, middle-aged and older women. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.14574/ojrnhc.v15i1.339
Endometriosis and Infertility: A review of the pathogenesis and treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility

Endometriois has been associated with infertility; however, the mechanisms by which it affects fertility are still not fully understood. This article reviews the proposed mechanisms of endometriosis pathogenesis, its effects on fertility, and treatments of endometriosis-associated infertility. Theories on the cause of the disease include retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, altered immunity, stem cells, and genetics. Endometriosis affects gametes and embryos, the fallopian tubes and embryo transport, and the eutopic endometrium; these abnormalities likely all impact fertility. Current treatment options of endometriosis-associated infertility include surgery, superovulation with intrauterine insemination, and in vitro fertilization. We also discuss potential future treatments for endometriosis-related infertility.
GROWTH AND CYTOPATHIC EFFECT OF RUBELLA VIRUS IN A LINE OF GREEN MONKEY KIDNEY CELLS.

SummaryRecently isolated strains of rubella virus as well as a stock strain regularly induce characteristic, easily recognized, cyto-pathic changes when adapted to a line of African green monkey cells established in this laboratory. The reaction of this cell line to infection provides a reliable and convenient means for titration of viral infectivity and assay of specific virus-neutralizing antibody.The author acknowledges the helpful guidance of Dr. John F. Enders in preparation of this manuscript.
A quadraticity limit theorem useful in linear models

This paper proves an asymptotic uniform quadraticity of certain statistics based on randomly weighted residual empirical processes under fairly general conditions. This result is useful in many statistical inference problems pertaining to linear models including the Correlation and Autoregression models. Some applications to the goodness of fit tests and minimum distance estimation in linear models are given.
Prolactin response to beta-endorphin in man

Abstract Beta endorphin was administered intravenously to six medication-free schizophrenic patients under placebo-controlled conditions. Serum prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were measured for 90 minutes after infusion. Prolactin was significantly increased following beta-endorphin infusion compared to placebo infusions. Growth hormone levels were not affected by beta-endorphin. The implications of the PRL response in schizophrenic patients await further study.
Evaluation of cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids in humans with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Objective Preclinical and genetic epidemiologic studies suggest that modulating cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism may have therapeutic utility in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, predictors of inter-individual variation in CYP-derived eicosanoid metabolites in CAD patients have not been evaluated to date. Therefore, the primary objective was to identify clinical factors that influence CYP epoxygenase, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), and CYP ω-hydroxylase metabolism in patients with established CAD.
A blueprint for bouncing back

Most leaders are seeing “perfect storm” conditions that have set their companies back. Oren Harari offers a blueprint of extreme measures that can propel beleaguered companies toward success.
3H-amphetamine concentrations in the brains of young and aged rats: implications for assessment of drug effects in aged animals.

Abstract The distribution of amphetamine in the brain, liver, and fat of 3-month-old Wistar rats was compared to the distribution in 24-month-old rats. Animals were killed 20 or 65 min after the IP administration of 2.5 mg/kg of 3 H-amphetamine. Amphetamine levels in tissues were measured by homogenizing organs in acid and extracting radioactive amphetamine into toluene. Amounts were quantified by scintillation counting. Amphetamine concentrations were twice as high in the brains of the old rats as in young animals at both time points. The liver and fat of old rats also contained more amphetamine. These findings lead us to question the common practice in aging studies of administering compounds using total body weight as the reference point.
Molecular characterization of NikD, a new flavoenzyme important in the biosynthesis of nikkomycin antibiotics.

Nikkomycin antibiotics are potent inhibitors of chitin synthase, effective as therapeutic antifungal agents in humans and easily degradable insecticides in agriculture. NikD is a novel flavoprotein...
AC breakdown studies on crosslinked EPDM

The electromechanical breakdown mechanism1, 2 has long been presumed to be responsible for the low dielectric strength of elastomers when tested with parallel-plate-type elec­trodes. In this breakdown model, the compression force generated by the applied voltage, V, deforms the polymer slab from the original thickness d 0 to a thickness d. This deformation is related to the Young's modulus, Y, of the polymer and the applied voltage by eV2/8πYd2 o = (d/d o )2 ln(d/d o ) (in c.g.s. electrostatic units) where e is the dielectric constant of the polymer. For a small value of (V/d 0 ), the value of (d/d 0 ) can be calculated from this equation. On the other hand, since the function on the right hand side, f(d/d 0 ) ≡ (d/d 0 )2 ln(d/d 0 ) has a maximum value of 0.184 at (d/d 0 ) = 0.6, no stable solutions exist for any applied voltage, V, which gives eV2/8πYd2 o greater than 0.184. If the intrinsic strength has not been reached at this value, further increases of V make the deformation unstable, and it has been postulated that the system collapses, i.e., electrical breakdown occurs at an apparent critical stress of However, there are many cases in elastomers where a stable deformation with d/d 0 3 and by Blok and LeGrand,4 cannot be quantitatively calculated using a simple formula. It appears desirable to examine the electrical breakdown in elastomers using a needle/plane electrode system instead of the parallel plates, with the actual separation between the needle tip and the plane electrode being constantly monitored. This system offers several other advantages over the plane/plane electrode system. First, using a needle automatically reduces the area of high electrical stress in the sample and minimizes the coverage of imperfections which are abundantly introduced during sample preparation. Second, due to the elasticity of the material, any indentation by a very sharp point causes deformation of its surroundings. Thus the needle, which rests at the surface, will follow the indentation during the electromechanical thinning, particularly when the needle is spring-loaded to maintain a good contact with the rubber. The only disadvantage is probably the field enhancement due to the high curvature of the needle tip. This can be corrected by studying the breakdown over a wide range of separations. This method is, therefore, adapted in the following study of the ac dielectric strength of crosslinked EPDM.
T-cell responses and hypersensitivity to influenza and egg antigens among adults with asthma immunized with the influenza vaccine

Abstract Background The American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers (ALA-ACRC) reported that the inactivated influenza vaccine is safe for patients with asthma and recommended its use to reduce the morbidity associated with infection. Objective Because the ALA-ACRC's recommendation would include vaccination of all patients with asthma, including those with severe asthma and first-time vaccinees, we conducted a parallel study to address whether patients with asthma who report bronchospasm after vaccination might be demonstrating a hypersensitivity response to the vaccine. Methods Thirty-two adult patients with asthma from the ALA-ACRC cohort were recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive influenza vaccine or placebo and then recorded asthma symptoms and peak expiratory flow rates for 14 days. On day 14, influenza vaccine and egg antigen–induced mononuclear cell proliferation and IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-4 production were measured and compared with symptoms. Results Increased influenza but not egg antigen–induced mononuclear cell proliferation was present among vaccinated subjects. These responses were unrelated to asthma exacerbations after vaccine. There were no differences in cytokine production in response to either influenza or egg antigen in association with asthma exacerbations. Conclusions Episodes of bronchospasm after influenza vaccination do not seem related to hypersensitivity to the vaccine.
The sex-specific genetic architecture of quantitative traits in humans

Mapping genetically complex traits remains one of the greatest challenges in human genetics today. In particular, gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, genetic heterogeneity and incomplete penetrance make thorough genetic dissection of complex traits difficult, if not impossible. Sex could be considered an environmental factor that can modify both penetrance and expressivity of a wide variety of traits. Sex is easily determined and has measurable effects on recognizable morphology; neurobiological circuits; susceptibility to autoimmune disease, diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular and psychiatric disease; and quantitative traits like blood pressure, obesity and lipid levels, among others. In this study, we evaluated sex-specific heritability and genome-wide linkages for 17 quantitative traits in the Hutterites. The results of this study could have important implications for mapping complex trait genes.
EUS 2008 Working Group document: evaluation of EUS-guided pancreatic-duct drainage (with video)

The principle of endotherapy in chronic pancreatitis is based on the premise that obstruction to the flow of pancreatic juice causes pancreatic-duct hypertension and increased pancreatic parenchymal pressures, which, in turn, induces pain. Strictures, stones, and a disrupted duct are the 3 main causes of obstruction in chronic pancreatitis. Apart from chronic pancreatitis, anastomotic stricture after a Whipple procedure can cause pancreatic-duct obstruction and lead to pain. Decompression of the obstructive pancreatic duct at ERCP leads to complete or partial relief of symptoms in 60% to 80% of patients. Patients who fail treatment by ERCP and those in whom ERCP is technically unsuccessful undergo surgery or are conservatively managed. Recently, EUS has been advocated as a rescue technique for management of patients in whom ERCP is technically unsuccessful. This section of the EUS 2008 Working Group Proceedings evaluates the current evidence and potential role of EUS in the management of symptomatic patients with obstructive pancreatic duct from benign causes in whom ERCP is technically unsuccessful.
Aortic arch vessel geometries and deformations in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections.

Abstract Purpose To quantify aortic arch geometry and in vivo cardiac-induced and respiratory-induced arch translations and arch branch angulations using three-dimensional geometric modeling techniques. Materials and Methods Scanning with electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography angiography during inspiratory and expiratory breath holds was performed in 15 patients (age, 64 y ± 14) with thoracic aortic aneurysms or dissections. From the lumen models, centerlines of the thoracic aorta, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery and their branching ostia positions were quantified. Three-dimensional translation of vessel ostia, branching angles, and their changes secondary to cardiac pulsation and respiration were computed. Results During expiration, all ostia translated rightward from systole to diastole ( P P P P Conclusions In patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms or dissections, the thoracic aortic arch translated significantly secondary to inspiration and expiration and to a lesser extent secondary to cardiac pulsation. Insignificant branching angle changes suggest that the aortic arch and its branch origins move predominantly in unison.
Multicultural Employees: A Framework for Understanding How They Contribute to Organizations

Organizations are experiencing a rise in a new demographic of employees—multicultural individuals, who identify with two or more cultures and have internalized associated cultural schemas. I create a map of possible ways to organize more than one cultural identity, based on identity integration, which ranges from separated to integrated, and identity plurality, which ranges from single to multiple. Cognitive and motivational mechanisms drawn from social identity theory explain how identity patterns then influence both benefits and challenges for multicultural employees, categorized into personal, social, and task outcomes. Organizational identification and organizational culture moderate relationships between multicultural identity patterns and outcomes. The framework presented in this article offers a theoretical basis for understanding how multicultural employees may contribute to their organizations.
Regiospecific preparation of α,α-dihalofluoromethyl perfluoroalkyl ketones

Abstract Acylation of F -phosphoranium salts with F -acyl chlorides gives the corresponding Z -perfluoro betaine in high yield. Subsequent chlorination or bromination regiospecifically yields the α,α-dihalofluoromethyl perfluoroalkyl ketones.
Chronology of anthropogenic trace element input to four Utah lakes reconstructed using sediment cores

Trace element deposition chronologies are presented for radionuclide dated sediment cores collected from four Utah lakes. A core collected from Mirror Lake, a remote lake located in northern Utah, records a century long period of atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Sn. Trace element concentration profiles in a core collected from Panguitch Lake, a remote lake located in southern Utah, give no indication of enhanced atmospheric deposition of trace elements in that part of the state. Sediment cores collected from Echo Reservoir and Deer Creek Reservoir, located near Salt Lake City, record releases of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Sb, and Tl rich mine wastes into watershed streams from the now defunct Park City mining complex.
Evaluation of swine-specific PCR assays used for fecal source tracking and analysis of molecular diversity of swine-specific "Bacteroidales" populations

In this study, we evaluated the specificity, distribution, and sensitivity of Prevotella strain-based (PF163 and PigBac1) and methanogen-based (P23-2) PCR assays proposed to detect swine fecal pollution in environmental waters. The assays were tested against 222 fecal DNA extracts derived from target and nontarget animal hosts and against 34 groundwater and 15 surface water samples from five different sites. We also investigated the phylogenetic diversity of 1,340 "Bacteroidales" 16S rRNA gene sequences derived from swine feces, swine waste lagoons, swine manure pits, and waters adjacent to swine operations. Most swine fecal samples were positive for the host-specific Prevotella-based PCR assays (80 to 87%), while fewer were positive with the methanogen-targeted PCR assay (53%). Similarly, the Prevotella markers were detected more frequently than the methanogen-targeted assay markers in waters historically impacted with swine fecal contamination. However, the PF163 PCR assay cross-reacted with 23% of nontarget fecal DNA extracts, although Bayesian statistics suggested that it yielded the highest probability of detecting pig fecal contamination in a given water sample. Phylogenetic analyses revealed previously unknown swine-associated clades comprised of clones from geographically diverse swine sources and from water samples adjacent to swine operations that are not targeted by the Prevotella assays. While deeper sequencing coverage might be necessary to better understand the molecular diversity of fecal Bacteroidales species, results of sequence analyses supported the presence of swine fecal pollution in the studied watersheds. Overall, due to nontarget cross amplification and poor geographic stability of currently available host-specific PCR assays, development of additional assays is necessary to accurately detect sources of swine fecal pollution.
Joint cluster and non-negative least squares analysis for aerosol mass spectrum data

Aerosol mass spectrum (AMS) data contain hundreds of mass to charge ratios and their corresponding intensities from air collected through the mass spectrometer. The observations are usually taken sequentially in time to monitor the air composition, quality and temporal change in an area of interest. An important goal of AMS data analysis is to reduce the dimensionality of the original data yielding a small set of representing tracers for various atmospheric and climatic models. In this work, we present an approach to jointly apply the cluster analysis and the non-negative least squares method towards this goal. Application to a relevant study demonstrates the effectiveness of this new approach. Comparisons are made to other relevant multivariate statistical techniques including the principal component analysis and the positive matrix factorization method, and guidelines are provided.
Multicentric Castleman's disease with voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-positive limbic encephalitis: a case report.

Background Castleman’s disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder which occurs in localized and multicentric forms and can mimic lymphoma. Despite its well-known association with certain autoimmune diseases, including paraneoplastic pemphigus and myasthenia gravis, Castleman’s disease has not previously been associated with limbic encephalitis.
ADAM and Eph: How Ephrin-Signaling Cells Become Detached

Ephrin ligands presented on one cell surface associate with their receptors on the surface of a juxtaposed cell, often resulting in cell-cell repulsion. In this issue of Cell, Janes et al. (2005) show that the ephrin ligand can be proteolytically released from its membrane tether by a complex on the opposing cell composed of the ephrin receptor and an ADAM metalloprotease.
USEPA radioactive waste disposal standards: Issued and under development

Abstract The USEPA has issued and is developing generally applicable environmental standards for the disposal of radioactive wastes. Standards have been issued for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, high-level and transuranic wastes, and for uranium mill tailings. Standards are being developed for the land disposal of low-level radioactive wastes and for wastes considered “Below Regulatory Concern”. Regulations for ocean disposal of low-level radioactive wastes are also under consideration.
The indexing of the literature of online searching: a comparison of ERIC and LISA

A comparison of the indexing on Eric and Lisa of the three journals devoted to online searching, Online, Online Review and Database, revealed some differences, but a greater number of similarities. On average, Lisa assigned more terms/document but Eric indexed more concepts/document. A critical subset of the vocabulary which distinguished online searching (a small number of terms used frequently) did emerge for each, but there were no exact matches in the terminology of the two systems. Several words within the multi‐ word phrases, however, were the same. For both systems, at least one term from the critical subset had been assigned to more than half the articles in the sample. Further, in each system, a single term had been assigned to more than eighty percent of the sample.
Electrical Emissions in Gymnotus Carapo and Their Relation To Social Behavior

1. The relation between the social behavior and the electrical emissions of Gymnotus carapo is examined. 2. Members of the species Gymnotus carapo approach certain sources of electrical stimuli and, in a statistically significant number of instances, assume a stance parallel to the plane from which the stimuli originate. 3. The approach and postural responses elicited by electrical cues resemble those observed when two fish, placed in the same tank, interact socially. 4. Electrical cues therefore appear to facilitate certain social interactions in Gymnotus carapo. 5. The character of electrical emission in Gymnotus carapo appears to change as a function of certain social interaction: a. Interaction resembling aggression is accompanied by brief increases in the frequency of emission. b. The increases in frequency appear to be linked to thrusting movements. c. Fish interacting with one another appear to lock into a common frequency more often than fish that are not in physical contact with one another. d. During social interaction, one of the two fish is occasionally observed to halt emissions altogether. 6. The exact significance of the social behavior observed in the context of the life history of Gymnotus carapo is unknown.
Challenges in the Management of Positive Fecal Occult Blood Tests

BACKGROUND Many patients with a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT) do not undergo follow-up evaluations.
Bacterial Outer Membranes and Interactions with Membrane Proteins

Because the bacteria's outer membrane (OM) acts as an effective barrier against the permeation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, gram-negative cell permeation is one of the biggest challenges to the discovery of novel antibiotics for bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance worldwide. The bacterial OM is a unique and highly asymmetric lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids in the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet. An LPS molecule is a complex amphiphatic compound consisting of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-antigen polysaccharide. Despite the direct relationship of gram-negative bacteria to the public health and also the fact that there are over 190 identified O-serotypes for Escherichia coli, our molecular-level understanding of how the bacterial OMs behave and work for various types of bacteria, how membrane proteins behave in the OM, and how known drug molecules and potential drugs can enter through the OMs is rudimentary at best. This talk presents our ongoing efforts on all-atom modeling and simulations of these complex bacterial OMs with and without various outer membrane proteins using the CHARMM36 (protein, lipid, carbohydrate) force fields. In addition, various technical aspects and perspectives are also discussed together with future developments of CHARMM-GUI LPS Modeler and OM Builder.
Interprofessional curriculum renewal consortium, Australia (2014)

Free to download at: http://www.olt.gov.au/system/files/resources/PP10_1741_Dunston_report_2014.pdfThere are strong indicators that interprofessional education (IPE) in Australia, with the correspo...
ATF-1 is activated in response to UV irradiation in B16 melanoma cells.

Abstract We have found that the transferrin receptor gene promoter is strongly activated by exposure of B16 melanoma cells to UV light. This is a delayed event occurring more than 6 h after exposure and requires an AP-1/CRE-like element in the promoter as demonstrated by site-specific mutagenesis. UV irradiation enhances the binding of a nuclear factor to this element and supershift analysis demonstrates that this DNA–protein complex involves ATF-1. No other members of either the AP-1 or CREB/ATF families of transcription factors were found to bind to this DNA element in UV-irradiated B16 cells. Western blots show that the level of ATF-1 does not change following exposure to UV light, indicating that the increased binding of this factor is most likely mediated by posttranslational modifications in response to UV-mediated signaling pathways.
Imitation, Genetic Lineages, and Time Influenced the Morphological Evolution of the Violin

Violin design has been in flux since the production of the first instruments in 16th century Italy. Numerous innovations have improved the acoustical properties and playability of violins. Yet, other attributes of the violin affect its performance less, and with fewer constraints, are potentially more sensitive to historical vagaries unrelated to quality. Although the coarse shape of violins is integral to their design, details of the body outline can vary without significantly compromising sound quality. What can violin shapes tell us about their makers and history, including the degree that luthiers have influenced each other and the evolution of complex morphologies over time? Here, I provide an analysis of morphological evolution in the violin family, sampling the body shapes of over 9,000 instruments over 400 years of history. Specific shape attributes, which discriminate instruments produced by different luthiers, strongly correlate with historical time. Linear discriminant analysis reveals luthiers who likely copied the outlines of their instruments from others, which historical accounts corroborate. Clustering of averaged violin shapes places luthiers into four major groups, demonstrating a handful of discrete shapes predominate in most instruments. Violin shapes originating from multi-generational luthier families tend to cluster together, and familial origin is a significant explanatory factor of violin shape. Together, the analysis of four centuries of violin shapes demonstrates not only the influence of history and time leading to the modern violin, but widespread imitation and the transmission of design by human relatedness.
Progressive modulation of endothelial phenotype during in vitro blood vessel formation.

Abstract “Sprouting” vascular endothelial cells were used as an in vitro model system to study the progressive morphologic and biosynthetic changes associated with the formation of tubular structures. In vitro , sprouting endothelial cells formed spontaneously without the addition of any exogenous factors from cultures of cloned endothelium exhibiting a polygonal/cobblestone phenotype. These phenotypically variant endothelial cells differentiated to form associated cell networks or nodules which gradually reorganized into tubular structures. Concomitant with these morphologic changes, the biosynthesis of extracellular matrix proteins was modulated, as determined by Northern blot analysis, metabolic labeling, and immunocytochemistry. The initial sprouting phase was characterized by the induction of type I collagen synthesis and the appearance of fibronectin containing the ED-A domain, in comparison to their absence in cloned cultures displaying a stable polygonal/cobblestone phenotype. The organizational stage, where the sprouting endothelial cells assembled into tubular structures, was additionally characterized by the expression of type IV collagen. These studies demonstrate that the progression from polygonal/cobblestone to sprouting cultures, and subsequent tubular organization, involves major alterations in extracellular matrix protein expression. This developmental phenomenon, although not completely analogous to blood vessel formation in vivo , nevertheless may be helpful in understanding the role of matrix macromolecules in the angiogenic process.
Prevalence and demographics of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in culturable skin and soft tissue infections in an urban emergency department

The rising incidence of methicillin resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) infections is a concern for emergency practitioners. While studies have examined MRSA in inpatients, few have focused on emergency department populations. We sought to describe predictors of MRSA skin infections in an emergency department population. This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted over three months in 2005. A convenience sample of patients with culturable skin infections presenting to a busy, urban emergency department was enrolled. Demographic and risk factor information was collected by structured interview. The predictive value of each risk factor for MRSA, as identified by culture, was tested using univariable logistic regression, and a multivariable predictive model was developed. Patients were 43% black, 40% female and mean age was 39 years (SD 14 years). Of the 182 patients with cultures, prevalence of MRSA was 58% (95%CI 50% to 65%). Significant predictors of MRSA were youth, lower body mass index, sexual contact in the past month, presence of an abscess cavity, spontaneous infection, and incarceration. The multivariable model had a C-statistic of 0.73 (95%CI 0.67 to 0.79) with four significant variables: age, group living, abscess cavity, and sexual contact within one month. In this population of emergency department patients, MRSA skin infection was related to youth, recent sexual contact, presence of abscess, low body mass index, spontaneity of infection, incarceration or contact with an inmate, and group home living.
Abstract C153: New approaches to target mevalonate biosynthesis in cancer.

To support rapid growth, tumors need to synthesize lipids and cholesterol, and stopping production of these metabolites can inhibit tumors. Statins are among the most prescribed and well-tolerated drugs in the world to treat cardiovascular disease by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis. Statins are known to be toxic to cancer cells and have attracted renewed attention because of the increased appreciation of the importance of the regulation of metabolism in tumors. Statins have not progressed beyond clinical trials because some patients significantly benefit, while others do not in a range of cancers. Our strategy is to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of tumor responses to statins and thereby enhance statin toxicity to cancer cells. We have found that combining statins with oxysterols synergistically enhances statin toxicity by 10-fold. Oxysterols are oxidized cholesterol metabolites that naturally occur during cholesterol synthesis. We hypothesize that oxysterols inhibit the expression of cholesterol synthesis through a master regulator of metabolism, SREBP-2, making cells more sensitive to statins. We find that oxysterols enhance statin induced apoptosis and suppress the expression of SREBP-2 along with SREBP-2 targets including HMGCR. We have tested a number of oxysterols that work with a range of efficacies in seven representative ovarian cancer cell lines. P53 status is not a major factor in mediating oxysterol activity. Oxysterols inhibit expression of SREBP-2 leading to lower expression of the statin target, HMGCR, along with lower expression of most of the mevalonate and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways. These observations suggests that the cell9s response to statins and not initial expression levels may be most critical to determine which patients may benefit from statin therapy. Current studies are testing the combination in mouse models and evaluating the function and regulation of SREBP-2 in ovarian cancer. In summary, we have discovered an approach to suppress cancer cell9s response to statins leading to greatly improved statin efficacy highlighting the importance of the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways in mediating growth and survival. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C153. Citation Format: Alexander Brodsky, Cinzia Casella. New approaches to target mevalonate biosynthesis in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C153.
Jarring/jolting exposure and musculoskeletal symptoms among farm equipment operators

Abstract Vehicle vibration exposure has been linked to chronic back pain and low-back symptoms among agricultural tractor drivers. The objectives of this study by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) were to assess driver whole-body vibration (WBV) exposures and recommend interventions to reduce the risk of back-related injuries, particularly relative to vehicle jarring/jolting (the transient mechanical shock components of WBV). The methodology included collecting, from two independent samples, field data and health and work history data of farm equipment operators. Data were collected during mowing, raking, baling, chiseling, tilling, and road travel for different model tractors. Spraying using a sprayer and shrub removal with a skid-steer loader were also included. Based on ISO 2631 (1985), the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, threshold limit values, presents 0.5 m/s 2 as the action level recommended by the Commission of European Communities for overall weighted total RMS acceleration (vector sum for axes x , y , and z ) [ACGIH, 2006. Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH]. WBV measured at the operator/seat interface exceeded this action level. The roughest rides and highest vector sum accelerations occurred with small utility tractor mowers (3.3 and 2.8 m/s 2 ) and a skid-steer loader (1.7 m/s 2 ). Major findings from health and work history data showed 96% of participants reported having to bend or twist their necks, although 24% reported neck symptoms. Sixty-four percent of participating operators reported experiencing back symptoms (e.g., pain, aching, stiffness, etc.). Recommendations included: specifying a seat that “better” isolates operators from jars/jolts with new tractor purchases; maintaining the seat/seat suspension and replacing worn or damaged cushions with NIOSH tested viscoelastic foam padding; using larger diameter tires with radial-ply instead of bias-ply construction, particularly on small utility tractor-mowers, to aid in attenuating ride “roughness”; using a swivel seat to reduce the stress on the neck from bending or twisting; and improving efforts to educate owner/operators of the adverse effects of WBV exposures. Since the data presented in this paper were collected from two independent samples, the authors were unable to draw any correlations or etiological inferences from the study. However, results were compared and contrasted with other studies which included similar vibration measurements in agriculture. Relevance to industry Studies concerning agricultural tractor drivers have shown that vibration exposure and duration of exposure are associated with lifetime, transient, and chronic back pain and low-back symptoms. The results from the field measurements and health and work history data are useful for the U.S. agricultural industry to help reduce back injury risk for farm equipment operators.
Multitone photonic oscillator

A photonic oscillator that can generate multi-tone oscillations in both the RF and optical domains is demonstrated. The oscillator consists of a simple closed optoelectronic loop comprising a CW laser source, an optical modulator, a photodetector, a low noise electrical amplifier, an electrical bandpass filter and single or multiple optical delay elements. Multi-tone oscillations with independent control of tone spacing and phase noise is demonstrated using two optical fiber delay lines as optical delay elements. The phase noise of the oscillator is systematically measured as a function of its parameters such as the photodetector current, the amplifier gain and oscillation frequency. Phase noise values better than -125 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequency are measured at various combinations of the above parameters. Multi-tone photonic oscillators using Mach-Zender or electroabsorption modulators are theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated with the relative merits compared.
Effect of an Ultraviolet-filtering Intraocular Lens on Cystoid Macular Edema

A prospective double-masked study of 301 patients was undertaken to compare the effect of ultraviolet (UV) filtering in implant intraocular lenses (IOL) on the angiographic incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME) in patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction. Patients were randomized to receive either a posterior chamber IOL that contained UV-absorbing chromophore or an identical IOL which did not contain such a chromophore. All patients were scheduled for fluorescein angiography between three and six months after surgery; 228 angiograms were obtained that were readable for the presence or absence of angiographic CME. The mean interval following surgery was 4.3 months. The incidence of CME was 18.8% (21 of 112) in patients who received lenses without UV-filtering chromophore and 9.5% (11 of 116) in patients who received IOLs that contained UV-filtering chromophore. These findings show that UV-filtering-IOLs resulted in a statistically significant (P = 0.03) decrease in the incidence of CME. The presence or absence of the UV-filtering chromophore did not, however, significantly affect visual acuity in the early postoperative period.
Mechanisms of Hepatoprotection by Nitric Oxide

: Nitric oxide (NO) exerts numerous antiapoptotic effects on hepatocytes in settings of inflammation and tissue damage. These actions of NO are modulated by a variety of mechanisms under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Nitric oxide inhibits cell death or apoptosis by modulation of heat shock proteins, S-nitrosylation of caspases at their catalytic site cysteine residue, triggering of the cGMP pathway, and prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction. Our preliminary studies also suggest that NO can modulate apoptosis-related genes in a manner consistent with an antiapoptotic effect. This review focuses on these molecular mechanisms of cytoprotection by NO.
1H NMR Chemical Shift Calculations as a Probe of Supramolecular Host–Guest Geometry

The self-assembled supramolecular host [Ga4L6]12- (1; L = 1,5-bis[2,3-dihydroxybenzamido]naphthalene) can encapsulate cationic guest molecules within its hydrophobic cavity and catalyze the chemical transformations of bound guests. The cavity of host 1 is lined with aromatic naphthalene groups, which create a magnetically shielded interior environment, resulting in upfield shifted (1–3 ppm) NMR resonances for encapsulated guest molecules. Using gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) DFT computations, we show that 1H NMR chemical shifts for guests encapsulated in 1 can be efficiently and accurately calculated and that valuable structural information is obtained by comparing calculated and experimental chemical shifts. The 1H NMR chemical shift calculations are used to map the magnetic environment of the interior of 1, discriminate between different host–guest geometries, and explain the unexpected downfield chemical shift observed for a particular guest molecule interacting with host 1.
Breastfeeding and adolescents.

Objectives To critically review research on adolescent infant-feeding decision-making and breastfeeding experiences. Data Sources Articles published between 1980 and 1999 on breastfeeding, infant feeding, and adolescence were located using CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycLit databases. Study Selection English language research dealing with the subject was chosen. Data Extraction Study findings were categorized: incidence of breastfeeding among adolescent mothers, physiologic aspects of lactation among teens, nonpregnant adolescents' breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes, factors related to infant-feeding decisions, and the adolescent breastfeeding experience. Data Synthesis Most studies were descriptive in nature, with only two intervention studies published. Studies indicated that adolescents breastfeed less often than adults; teen mothers' breast milk is comparable to adults; nonpregnant, pregnant, and delivered teens hold positive and negative attitudes toward breastfeeding that influence decision-making; and the breastfeeding teen has positive and negative experiences, some of which appear unique to her social situations and developmental level. Conclusions There are considerable data on infant-feeding attitudes and decision-making among teens. Intervention research is indicated to improve breastfeeding initiation and duration. Further research is needed on actual infant feeding experiences of teens. Finally, descriptive research to identify health care professionals' beliefs and practices related to teens' choice and maintenance of breastfeeding is needed.