cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing Personal Income Tax Compliance

In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimates that over $450 billion in revenue is lost annually due to taxpayer noncompliance, the majority of which is related to the individual income tax. Using the standard deterrence theory (economic) model, in isolation, to explain and advance individual taxpayer compliance behavior has been found to exhibit weak validity. Accordingly increasing attention has focused on behavioral enhancements accruing from research in psychology. This paper examines the potentially countervailing deterrence theory and behavioral theory effects of various IRS communications to the public. We find that in one type of communication, namely publication of instances of detection and penalties levied related to egregious taxpayer evasion, deterrence theory factors (salience of detection and penalties) outweigh behavioral influences (advantageous comparison rationalizations). In a second type of communication, namely publication of the reciprocal individual taxpayer inflow and outflow calculus) rationalizations related to denial of victims and minimization of consequences dominate.
Highly Reproducible Whole Brain Parcellation in Individuals via Voxel Annotation with Fiber Clusters

A central goal in systems neuroscience is to parcellate the brain into discrete units that are neurobiologically coherent. Here, we propose a strategy for consistent whole-brain parcellation of white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) in individuals. We parcellate the brain into coherent parcels using non-negative matrix factorization based on voxel annotation using fiber clusters. Tractography is performed using an algorithm that mitigates gyral bias, allowing full gyral and sulcal coverage for reliable parcellation of the cortical ribbon. Experimental results indicate that parcellation using our approach is highly reproducible with 100% test-retest parcel identification rate and is highly consistent with significantly lower inter-subject variability than FreeSurfer parcellation. This implies that reproducible parcellation can be obtained for subject-specific investigation of brain structure and function.
Das Problem der Arbeitsplatzzuweisung

Jede Arbeitsplatzzuweisung ist eine soziale Einstufung, und zwar deshalb, weil der arbeitende Mensch seinen Platz innerhalb einer Arbeitsgruppe einnehmen mus. Will er eine hohe Leistung und grose personliche Befriedigung erzielen, mus er in der Lage sein, die Arbeit gut zu verrichten und sich einer Arbeitsgruppe anzupassen oder von ihr auf genommen zu werden. Es ist kein Zufall, das man das gute Gelingen der Arbeitseinstufung eines anderen dadurch zu messen sucht, das man ihn fragt: „Arbeiten Sie gerne dort?“ Die von ihrer sozialen Bedeutung losgeloste Arbeit wird sinnlos. Aus diesem Grunde ist es angebrachter, statt von „Arbeit“ vom „Arbeitsplatz“ oder der „Arbeitsstellung“ zu sprechen. Nur so wird es moglich, auch terminologisch beide Seiten der Arbeit hervorzukehren.
ATRX Promotes Binding of PRC2 to Xist RNA and Polycomb Targets

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) depends on the long noncoding RNA Xist and its recruitment of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). How PRC2 specifically interacts with Xist and other Polycomb targ...
Phase II Trial of Reduced-Intensity Busulfan/Clofarabine Conditioning with Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Myelodysplastic Syndromes, and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia.

Abstract Clofarabine has potent antileukemia activity and its inclusion in reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for acute leukemia could potentially improve outcomes. We conducted a phase II study of busulfan (.8 mg/kg i.v. twice daily on days −5, −4, −3, and −2) with clofarabine (40 mg/m2 i.v. daily on days −5, −4, −3, and −2) conditioning before allogeneic 8/8 HLA–matched related or unrelated HSCT. The primary endpoint was donor neutrophil engraftment by day +40. Secondary endpoints included nonrelapse mortality (NRM), acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Thirty-four patients (acute myeloid leukemia [AML], n = 25; myelodysplastic syndromes, n = 5; and acute lymphoid leukemia, n = 4) were enrolled. Day 40+ engraftment with donor chimerism was achieved in 33 of 34 patients with 1 patient dying before count recovery. Day 100 and 1-year NRM were 5.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 17.4) and 24% (95% CI, 11 to 39), respectively. The 2-year relapse rate was 26% (95% CI, 13 to 42). Cumulative incidences of acute and chronic GVHD were 21% and 44%, respectively. The 2-year PFS was 50% (95% CI, 32 to 65) and OS was 56% (95% CI, 38 to 71). For patients with AML in first complete remission, 2-year PFS and OS were both 82% (95% CI, 55 to 94). RIC with busulfan and clofarabine leads to successful engraftment with acceptable rates of NRM and GVHD.
Online performance observation of large-scale parallel applications

Publisher Summary Parallel performance tools offer insights into the execution behavior of an application and are a valuable component in the cycle of application development, deployment, and optimization. This chapter discusses the problem of scaling and performance observation, and the ramifications of adding online support. General online performance system architecture is presented. Recent work on the TAU performance system to enable large-scale performance observation and analysis is discussed. The paper concludes with plans for future work. The general architecture for online performance observation is also discussed. The online nature is determined by the ability to access the performance data during execution and make it available to analysis and visualization tools, which are typically external. Part of the online performance observation model includes the possibility of the application itself accessing its measured performance data. This is currently supported in TAU at the context level, where a thread can request the profile data for some measured event. Any solution to scalable, online performance observation will necessarily be application and system dependent, and will require an integrated analysis of engineering tradeoffs that include concerns for intrusion and quality of performance data.
α‐Synuclein oligomers oppose long‐term potentiation and impair memory through a calcineurin‐dependent mechanism: relevance to human synucleopathic diseases

Intracellular deposition of fibrillar aggregates of α-synuclein (αSyn) characterizes neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. However, recent evidence indicates that small αSyn oligomeric aggregates that precede fibril formation may be the most neurotoxic species and can be found extracellularly. This new evidence has changed the view of pathological αSyn aggregation from a self-contained cellular phenomenon to an extracellular event and prompted investigation of the putative effects of extracellular αSyn oligomers. In this study, we report that extracellular application of αSyn oligomers detrimentally impacts neuronal welfare and memory function. We found that oligomeric αSyn increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels, induced calcineurin (CaN) activity, decreased cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcriptional activity and resulted in calcineurin-dependent death of human neuroblastoma cells. Similarly, CaN induction and CREB inhibition were observed when αSyn oligomers were applied to organotypic brain slices, which opposed hippocampal long-term potentiation. Furthermore, αSyn oligomers induced CaN, inhibited CREB and evoked memory impairments in mice that received acute intracerebroventricular injections. Notably, all these events were reversed by pharmacological inhibition of CaN. Moreover, we found decreased active CaN and reduced levels of phosphorylated CREB in autopsy brain tissue from patients affected by dementia with Lewy bodies, which is characterized by deposition of αSyn aggregates and progressive cognitive decline. These results indicate that exogenously applied αSyn oligomers impact neuronal function and produce memory deficits through mechanisms that involve CaN activation.
A proposed role for routine EEGs in patients with consciousness disorders.

In their Letter to the Editor, Bagnato et al. note the utility of standard EEG in diagnosis and prognostication of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) in early phases of recovery. These findings are consistent with our results that chronic DOC patients with imaging-based evidence of covert command following demonstrate preservation of EEG organization as a canonical finding 1. Thus, we agree that the use of EEG in assessments of DOC patients is likely to be useful particularly in identifying immediate evidence of dissociation of motor behavior and large-scale network activity potentially supporting cognition1,2. Because of the growing consensus we would like to take this opportunity to propose that short EEG recordings should be included as standard in routine clinical evaluation and in design of research studies involving patients with DOC in addition to quantitative behavioral assessments (such as the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R)3). The limitations are negligible as standard EEG is cheap, widely available, easily obtainable and has well-defined standards for interpretation. This is important as currently the accuracy of the clinical EEG categorization in separating behaviorally conscious from behaviorally unconscious patients is comparable1 to highly sophisticated quantitative analysis of high-density EEG recordings performed only in a few highly-specialized research laboratories4. Nevertheless, the question remains open whether a standard visual inspection of EEG recordings may actually be as useful in assessment of patients with DOC as more technically demanding analyses. In addition, there are clear theoretical advantages of using long-term EEG recordings including adequate sampling of wakeful and sleep stages: 1) significant fluctuations in clinical status are typical in this patient population and the ‘best’ behavioral state may be missed in a short recording, 2) certain sleep features (i.e. sleep spindles) are known markers of functional integrity of cortico-thalamic circuitry, which is also thought to be important in maintaining consciousness5. Additionally, presence of sleep spindles is clearly linked to prognosis of recovery after brain injury6. In our opinion, current efforts should further aim to include long-term EEG recordings in evaluation of patients who demonstrate evidence of preserved wakeful architecture if it is feasible. However, large-scale multi-center studies will be likely needed to answer the questions about the utility of visual analysis of EEG in diagnosis and prognostication of patients with DOC.
Recovery from conflict and revival of intimacy in cohabiting couples

Couples who seek a stable and satisfying relationship must recover emotionally and reestablish their intimate connection after their conflicts are over. In a 3-week diary study, 100 cohabiting couples reported on their daily moods, intimacy, relationship satisfaction, and conflicts. Results indicated that on days following a conflict, couple partners have worse mood, less satisfaction, and less self-disclosure than on other days. Attachment security and intimacy partially moderated the ability of relationship partners to recover positive and reduce negative affect on days following conflict. Partners of anxiously attached individuals experienced more pronounced postconflict changes in mood and intimacy than partners of securely attached individuals. More intimacy in postconflict interactions was associated with a faster recovery from conflict.
Hyperbolic Systems of Balance Laws

The ambient space for the system of balance laws, introduced in Chapter I, will be visualized here as space-time, and the central notion of hyperbolicity in the time direction will be motivated and defined. Companions to the flux, considered in Section 1.5, will now be realized as entropy-entropy flux pairs. Numerous examples will be presented of hyperbolic systems of balance laws arising in continuum physics.
Towards expanding the acute care team: Learning how to involve families in care processes.

Introduction Effective teamwork is known to be important to improving health care outcomes. Current research often highlights teamwork among health care professionals without consideration of approaches to including family as part of the health care team. In this study, the authors assess family and provider openness to expanding the care team to include family participation and introduce the Family Involvement Menu as a tool to facilitate family engagement. Method They collected 37 family surveys and 37 clinician surveys to understand the perception, comfort level, experience, and interest of family and clinicians in including family in the care of the patient. The majority of family reported being interested and comfortable in participating in care (95% and 92%, respectively). Results The majority of clinicians considered family already to be part of the health care team (92%) though only 16% reported routinely inviting families to participate in direct patient care all the time. Multiple direct patient care activities were identified as promising opportunities for family engagement. Barriers to family engagement reported included the family being scared (19%), uncomfortable (19%), or unwilling (14%) or nurses not having enough time (14%) to involve families. Discussion Engaging family has the potential to increase nursing availability for other tasks, enhance relationship building, and is an opportunity to introduce early education for family, better preparing them for transition of care and discharge. The Family Involvement Menu supports family engagement and can be a strategy to include family members as part of the health care team.
H1N1-associated acute retinitis.

Purpose: To present the first reported case of bilateral H1N1-associated acute retinitis and its successful treatment.Design: Interventional case report.Methods: A 41-year-old HIV-positive male presented with acute vision loss, panuveitis, and retinitis. A diagnostic and therapeutic vitrectomy with intravitreal injection of vancomycin and ganciclovir and endolaser was performed. One month later, the patient returned with similar symptoms in the fellow eye and underwent the same procedure.Results: ELISA immunoassay revealed H1N1 antibodies in both the vitreous and serum. PCR for herpes viruses included HSV, CMV, and VZV. Bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. On 1-year follow-up, the vision remained 20/20 in both eyes without evidence of recurrent inflammation.Conclusions: H1N1 should be included in the differential diagnosis of any patient with a history of recent influenza A (H1N1) infection and acute retinitis. H1N1 may carry a better prognosis than other viruses causing acute retinitis.
Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation.

The purpose of the study was to examine intercenter variability in the interpretation of Gram-stained vaginal smears from pregnant women. The intercenter reliability of individual morphotypes identified on the vaginal smear was evaluated by comparing them with those obtained at a standard center. A new scoring system that uses the most reliable morphotypes from the vaginal smear was proposed for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. This scoring system was compared with the Spiegel criteria for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. The scoring system (0 to 10) was described as a weighted combination of the following morphotypes: lactobacilli, Gardnerella vaginalis or bacteroides (small gram-variable rods or gram-negative rods), and curved gram-variable rods. By using the Spearman rank correlation to determine intercenter variability, gram-positive cocci had poor agreement (0.23); lactobacilli (0.65), G. vaginalis (0.69), and bacteroides (0.57) had moderate agreement; and small (0.74) and curved (0.85) gram-variable rods had good agreement. The reliability of the 0 to 10 scoring system was maximized by not using gram-positive cocci, combining G. vaginalis and bacteroides morphotypes, and weighting more heavily curved gram-variable rods. For comparison with the Spiegel criteria, a score of 7 or higher was considered indicative of bacterial vaginosis. The standardized score had improved intercenter reliability (r = 0.82) compared with the Spiegel criteria (r = 0.61). The standardized score also facilitates future research concerning bacterial vaginosis because it provides gradations of the disturbance of vaginal flora which may be associated with different levels of risk for pregnancy complications. Images
Delta-1 opioid agonist acutely increases hypoxic tolerance

Severe, intermittent hypoxia (hypoxic conditioning) induces an acute adaptation such that survival time during a subsequent hypoxic challenge is increased. The opioid antagonist, naloxone, and the delta-selective antagonists, naltrindole and 7-benzylide-nenaltrexone (BNTX), block this adaptation. The current study continued the pharmacological characterization of this acute adaptation to hypoxia by using selective opioid agonists. [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (1 mg/kg s.c.), U50488H [trans-(+/-)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl] benzeacetamide methane sulfonate]; 30 mg/kg s.c.] and [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE; 100 mg/kg s.c.) further augmented the hypoxic conditioning induced increase in survival time. DPDPE (56.1 mg/kg of peptide i.v.) increased survival time of naive mice independently of hypoxic conditioning and decreased body temperature. The DPDPE-induced increase in survival time was blocked by the delta-1-selective antagonist, BNTX (0.6 mg/kg s.c.), but not by the delta-2-selective antagonist, naltrindole (10 mg/kg s.c.). However, the DPDPE-induced decrease in body temperature was not blocked by either BNTX or naltrindole. These results supported our hypothesis that the mechanism of acute hypoxic adaptation involves an endogenous delta-1 opioid pathway and demonstrated that activation of a delta-1 receptor mimicked acute hypoxic adaptation induced by intermittent hypoxia.
Differential regulation of two glucose transporters in adipose cells from diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats.

Abstract At least two genetically distinct glucose transporters (GTs) coexist in adipose cells, one cloned from human hepatoma cells and rat brain (HepG2/brain) and another from rat skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose cells (adipose cell/muscle). Here we demonstrate differential regulation of these two GTs in adipose cells of diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats and compare changes in the expression of each GT with marked alterations in insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity. Adipose cell/muscle GTs detected by immunoblotting with the monoclonal antiserum 1F8 (James, D. E., R. Brown, J. Navarro, and P. F. Pilch. 1988. Nature (Lond.). 333:183-185), which reacts with the protein product of the newly cloned adipose cell/muscle GT cDNA, decrease 87% with diabetes and increase to 8.5-fold diabetic levels with insulin treatment. These changes concur qualitatively with previous detection of GTs by cytochalasin B binding and with insulin-stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport. Northern blotting reveals that the adipose/muscle GT mRNA decreases 50% with diabetes and increases to 6.8-fold control (13-fold diabetic) levels with insulin treatment. In contrast, GTs detected with antisera to the carboxyl terminus of the HepG2 GT or to the human erythrocyte GT show no significant change with diabetes or insulin treatment. The HepG2/brain GT mRNA is unchanged with diabetes and increases threefold with insulin treatment. These results suggest that (a) altered expression of the adipose cell/muscle GT forms the molecular basis for the dysregulated glucose transport response to insulin characteristic of diabetes, (b) the expression of two types of GTs in rat adipose cells is regulated independently, and (c) alterations in mRNA levels are only part of the mechanism for in vivo regulation of the expression of either GT species.
Blow-up of solutions of nonlinear parabolic inequalities

We study nonnegative solutions u(x, t) of the nonlinear parabolic inequalities au λ ≤ u t - Δu ≤ u λ in various subsets of R n x R, where A > n+2 n and a ∈ (0,1) are constants. We show that changing the value of a in the open interval (0,1) can dramatically affect the blow-up of these solutions.
Follow-up of correction of severe dual system immunodeficiency with bone marrow transplantation

Summary Over 21/2 years have elapsed since our initial report of successful immunologic reconstitution of a 6-month-old infant with lymphopenic hypogammaglolulinemia following bone marrow transplantation. The immunologic and hematologic reconstitution remains intact and the patient is well. A recent EB virus infection was accompanied by only mild symptoms which subsided spontaneously. His chimeric state is reflected in the female karyotype patterns of marrow and peripheral lymphocytes, a change of blood group from A to O (that of the donor), and the presence of a hybrid A 1 Le b molecule on the surface of his group O erythrocytes. Chromium-labeled group A erythrocytes are tolerated as in a group A person.
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients for Near-Horizontal Two-Phase Flow of Nitrogen and Hydrogen at Low Mass and Heat Flux

Correlations for convective heat transfer coefficients are reported for two-phase flow of nitrogen and hydrogen under low mass and heat flux conditions. The range of flowrates, heat flux and tube diameter are representative of thermodynamic vent systems (TVSs) planned for propellant tank pressure control in spacecraft operating over long durations in microgravity environments. Experiments were conducted in normal gravity with a 1.5° upflow configuration. The Nusselt number exhibits peak values near transition from laminar to turbulent flow based on the vapor Reynolds number. This transition closely coincides with a flow pattern transition from plug to slug flow. The Nusselt number was correlated using components of the Martinelli parameter and a liquid-only Froude number. Separate correlating equations were fitted to the laminar liquid/laminar vapor and laminar liquid/turbulent vapor flow data. The correlations give root-mean-squared (rms) prediction errors within 15%.
Bringing Bertillon Back: The Preservation and Research Application of Bertillon Materials in Museums, Archives, and Historical Societies

Bertillon cards are underutilized resources, often regarded as the remnants of an antiquated nineteenth century police identification system. Through the application of computer search techniques, data manipulation, and outreach, not only can institutions provide their patrons access to this unique information, these collections can in turn help revitalize their respective repositories. This article begins with a brief history of Alphonse Bertillon and his system (Bertillonage). The remainder describes the results from a survey submitted to eleven institutions that hold Bertillon materials and compares their preservation, storage, and accessibility; compiles common research subjects; and examines the added value of technology to these documents.
Grading Styles and Instructor Attitudes

The authors examined how instructor attitudes relate to grading behavior using two attitude instruments (ascription of responsibility and approval motivation) and resulting data collected from general education instructors at a midwestern comprehensive university. The results of the research show that approval motivation is significantly related to grading behavior. The authors also found that male instructors are more likely to ascribe responsibility to the individual than are female instructors, and tenured faculty are more likely to ascribe responsibility to the individual than are nontenured instructors. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Continuing analysis of underground muons from the direction of Cygnus X-3

Abstract We report on 3.2 years live time of underground muon observations taken between 1981 and 1989 using the Soudan 1 proportional tube detector, located at a depth of 1,800 m water equivalent. The post-1984 observations are consistent with earlier published data on an excess signal apparently correlated with the Cygnus X-3 orbital period. The signal-to-background ratio in the entire data sample is 1 to 3 percent, depending on phase width. These data are not contradicted by other measurements. However, a larger detector will be required to establish a signal, if one exists, at a high level of certainty.
Bilinear interpolation of digital images

The application of the method of three-point bilinear interpolation is shown to generate a smoothly interpolated image, free from erroneous substructure generated by the interpolation scheme itself. Three-point interpolation is therefore to be preferred to the standard four-point bilinear scheme when images are prepared for film writing.
Why is the management of fibromyalgia syndrome so difficult for rheumatologists

Many rheumatologists and other rheumatology health professionals find the management of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) difficult. In this Viewpoint, Dr Scarbrough and Dr Crofford discuss whether or not rheumatologists should have a role in the diagnosis and management of FMS patients, and if so, how their improved knowledge of this condition can help patients receive optimal care.
Aortic obstruction and cardiac output.

Abstract Sudden complete occlusion of the thoracic aorta at the level of the fourth intercostal space resulted in a marked rise of aortic pressure above the occlusion, an elevation of pulmonary arterial systolic and diastolic pressures, a slowing of the heart rate, and essentially no change in cardiac output. This latter effect is somewhat spurious since the same cardiac output was now being delivered to a much smaller vascular bed. Therefore, it represented effectively an increase in the cardiac output for the prevailing situation. Atropinization of the experimental animals prior to the induction of the occlusive episode did not alter the pattern or degree of response except in two particulars, i.e., little change in pulmonary arterial pressures and a tendency for the cardiac output to decrease. The adjustments following release of the occlusion were similar in both groups of animals, with the exception of a significant fall in cardiac ouput during the first postrelease minute in the atropinized animals.
A Room Temperature 0.1 /spl mu/m CMOS on SOI

An advanced 0.1 /spl mu/m CMOS technology on SOI is presented. In order to minimize short channel effects, relatively thick non- delpleted (0.1 /spl mu/m) SOI film, highly non-uniforin channel doping and source-drain extension-HALO were used. Excellent short channel effects (SCE) down to channel lengths below 0.1 /spl mu/m were obtained. Very high speeds were obtained: Unloaded delay was 20 psec, and fully loaded NAND (FI=FO=3, CL-0.3 pF) delay was 130 psec at supply of 1.8 V.
Pulse-Decay Method for Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Living Tissues

The present communication presents a single microprobe technique for measuring tissue thermal properties based on the dissipation of a measured amount of energy and the observation of the resulting temperature rise a given time later. An advantage of this method is that the effective sampling volume can be varied by varying the measurement time. Using a measurement time of a few seconds, the sampling volume was estimated to be several orders of magnitude greater than the probe volume. Hence artifacts due to probe-induced trauma or stress would be insignificant. Additional advantages of the technique are: the results were independent of the probe shape, size and properties, and hence represents absolute measurements without the need for calibration; the required electronics and computations are simple; the determination of thermal conductivity requires only a single measurement; and comparison of data at different measurement times yields a clear and unequivocal indication of nonconductive contributions of heat transfer, if present.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is required for cell-cycle regulated silent chromatin on replicated and nonreplicated genes

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, silent chromatin is formed at HMR upon the passage through S phase, yet neither the initiation of DNA replication at silencers nor the passage of a replication fork through HMR is required for silencing. Paradoxically, mutations in the DNA replication processivity factor, POL30, disrupt silencing despite this lack of requirement for DNA replication in the establishment of silencing. We tested whether pol30 mutants could establish silencing at either replicated or non-replicated HMR loci during S phase and found that pol30 mutants were defective in establishing silencing at HMR regardless of its replication status. Although previous studies tie the silencing defect of pol30 mutants to the chromatin assembly factors Asf1p and CAF-1, we found pol30 mutants did not exhibit a gross defect in packaging HMR into chromatin. Rather, the pol30 mutants exhibited defects in histone modifications linked to ASF1 and CAF-1-dependent pathways, including SAS-I- and Rtt109p-dependent acetylation events at H4-K16 and H3-K9 (plus H3-K56; Miller, A., Yang, B., Foster, T., and Kirchmaier, A. L. (2008) Genetics 179, 793–809). Additional experiments using FLIM-FRET revealed that Pol30p interacted with SAS-I and Rtt109p in the nuclei of living cells. However, these interactions were disrupted in pol30 mutants with defects linked to ASF1- and CAF-1-dependent pathways. Together, these results imply that Pol30p affects epigenetic processes by influencing the composition of chromosomal histone modifications.
Evidence-Based Research Ethics

It is not remarkable to call for an evidence-based approach to ethics. What is remarkable is that there should be a debate in academia about whether or not to take a scholarly, evidence-based appro...
Optimization of phase feeding of starter, grower, and finisher diets for male broilers by mixture experimental design: forty-eight-day production period

A mixture experiment, a variant of response surface methodology, was designed to determine the proportion of time to feed broiler starter (23% protein), grower (20% protein), and finisher (18% protein) diets to optimize production and processing variables based on a total production time of 48 d. Mixture designs are useful for proportion problems where the components of the experiment (i.e., length of time the diets were fed) add up to a unity (48 d). The experiment was conducted with day-old male Ross x Ross broiler chicks. The birds were placed 50 birds per pen in each of 60 pens. The experimental design was a 10-point augmented simplex-centroid (ASC) design with 6 replicates of each point. Each design point represented the portion(s) of the 48 d that each of the diets was fed. Formulation of the diets was based on NRC standards. At 49 d, each pen of birds was evaluated for production data including BW, feed conversion, and cost of feed consumed. Then, 6 birds were randomly selected from each pen for processing data. Processing variables included live weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat pad percentage, and breast yield (pectoralis major and pectoralis minor weights). Production and processing data were fit to simplex regression models. Model terms determined not to be significant (P > 0.05) were removed. The models were found to be statistically adequate for analysis of the response surfaces. A compromise solution was calculated based on optimal constraints designated for the production and processing data. The results indicated that broilers fed a starter and finisher diet for 30 and 18 d, respectively, would meet the production and processing constraints. Trace plots showed that the production and processing variables were not very sensitive to the grower diet.
Fitness Costs of Cry1Ab Resistance in a Field-Derived Strain of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The study of fitness costs associated with resistance to toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) in Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is important for understanding resistance evolution and for evaluating resistance management practices that prevent or mitigate resistance to transgenic corn, Zea mays L. Resistant individuals identified from a field collection in Kandiyohi, MN, were used to generate a Cry1Ab-resistant strain. We used susceptible and resistant strains with similar genetic background to establish crosses and estimate dominance of fitness costs by measuring fitness components and population parameters determined by fertility life tables. Spermatophore volume and mating frequency also were compared to identify potential effects of resistance on fertility. Inheritance of fitness costs in O. nubilalis varied from recessive to incompletely recessive among the parameters evaluated. Selection for resistance to Cry1Ab significantly reduced the fitness of O. nubilalis. Resistant insects exhibited reduced pupal weight and increased developmental time compared with susceptible and F1 larvae derived from reciprocal crosses of resistant and susceptible parents. In addition, it was observed that resistant insects exhibited a higher proportion of unsuccessful matings and lower fertility than the susceptible strain. Despite the differences observed in resistant insects, our results did not indicate strong evidence of fitness costs in the F1 progeny.
Interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach: a challenge for integrated care

Abstract Integrated care for health disorders, particularly chronic diseases, is a long-term and complex challenge, particularly because of the involvement of many individuals with different beliefs, attitudes, assumptions and reward structures. Two basic conceptual models of disease—the biomedical and psychosocial—underlie many of these differences. The biomedical model views humans as the sum of multiple individual ‘subsystems’, and disease represents dysfunction of one or more of these subsystems. This model is ‘reductionist’ and ‘individualistic’ in nature in that if ‘THE’ defective subsystem can be identified, studied and improved, it is assumed that health would return. The biomedical model focuses primarily on the individual with ill-health and has added greatly to our basic understanding of disease processes. The psychosocial model is ‘interactive’ and dynamic, and sees the ‘whole’ as more than the sum of its parts. This model values elements outside of the individual, e.g. work and home environment, as important in maintaining or establishing health. Because of fundamental differences between these 2 models of health and disease, conflicts, e.g. efficacy vs. exposure; role of individual vs. environment; etc., may exist among varying professionals regarding the nature, purpose, targets, structure, and consequences of integrated care programs. These fundamental conflicts, if unrecognized and ignored, can significantly attenuate the benefits of well-intentioned prevention and treatment integrated care programs.
CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells are potent targets for human immunodeficiency virus infection

Invariant human natural killer T cells (NKT) express a restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) Valpha24Vbeta11 repertoire. These cells share both phenotypic and functional similarities between NK and T cells. Given the emerging role of NKT cells as critical cells in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity, we examined their susceptibility to productive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by T-tropic, M-tropic, and primary isolates of HIV. We generated three human NKT cell clones (CA5, CA29, and CA31). Phenotypic characterization of these Valpha24+ Vbeta11+ clones indicated that they were predominately positive for CD4, CD161, HLA-DR, CD38, CD45RO, and CD95 expression. The NKT cell clones expressed significantly more surface CCR5 molecules/cell and lower CXCR4 molecules/cell than phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Consistent with the surface expression of CCR5 and CXCR4, the NKT clones were also selectively susceptible to HIV M-tropic, T-tropic, and primary isolate infection, as evaluated by both HIV p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular staining of HIV proteins. The amount of p24 production was dependent on the NKT clone studied and the HIV strain used. Clones CA29 and CA31 were also susceptible to HIV IIIB infection. The virions produced by these clones were able to productively infect PHA-stimulated PBMCs with the same kinetics as for primary infection of CD4+ blast. Collectively, this data demonstrates that NKT cells can be a target for productive HIV infection but with a lag in the time to peak p24 production.
THE RATE OF DECOMPOSITION OF THE FERRIC-THIOSULFATE COMPLEX IN ACIDIC AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The rate of decomposition of the ferric thiosulfate complex varies as the square of the concentration of the complex. The rate of decomposition of the complex was determined by following the change in absorbance due to the complex as a function of time. Regression of log rate vs. log m[sub FeS[sub 2]O[sub 3][sup +]] at 20[degrees]C produced the rate law. The decomposition of this complex in acid solutions is strongly dependent on temperature, E[sub a] = 120([+-]15) kJ mol[sup [minus]1]. The rate of reaction increases with increasing ionic strength, which is consistent with the interaction of two positively charged ions to form the activated complex. This study resolves many of the inconsistencies found in earlier studies and shows that reaction with H[sup +] is a more important sink for S[sub 2]O[sub 3][sup 2[minus]] than reaction with Fe[sup 3+] when pH > [approximately]1.7. 40 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Bile duct cysts: contemporary surgical management.

Purpose of review Surgical treatment of bile duct cysts remains the mainstay to reduce cyst-related complications and risk of malignancy. Optimizing treatment outcomes is dependent upon a thorough preoperative evaluation and selecting the appropriate intervention. This review summarizes the recent progress in the evaluation and treatment of bile duct cysts, particularly in relation to contemporary operative approaches. Recent findings Ongoing efforts continue in optimizing the evaluation, classification and management of bile duct cysts. The risk of cholangiocarcinoma is not limited to the bile duct cyst itself and appropriate management and surveillance is paramount. Recent advances in laparoscopic and endoscopic equipment have paralleled an increasing interest in minimally invasive approaches in the management of patients with bile duct cysts. Favorable results of laparoscopic approaches are increasingly reported and suggest the feasibility of this technique in select patients. Summary Although the surgical premise of resection has not changed for the treatment of bile duct cysts, there has been an increasing utilization of minimally invasive approaches. Results thus far are promising, but long-term, controlled data is needed before this approach can be considered standard.
Absolute spin-flip raman laser frequency measurements with metal-insulator-metal diodes

Abstract Infrared frequency synthesis techniques with metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diodes have been extended to include absolute frequency measurement of a spin-flip Raman laser (SFRL). As a result of this extension, spectroscopy in the 5.3 μm region more readily can be put on a frequency rather than a wavelength metrology basis. Additional observations with the diode are in qualitative agreement with recent wirk relating to non-linear tuning over axial SFRL modes.
Computational experience with a primal-dual interior point method for linear programming

Abstract A new comprehensive implementation of a primal-dual algorithm for linear programming is described. It allows for easy handling of simple bounds on the primal variables and incorporates free variables, which have not previously been included in a primal-dual implementation. We discuss in detail a variety of computational issues concerning the primal-dual implementation and barrier methods for linear programming in general. We show that, in a certain way, Lustig's method for obtaining feasibility is equivalent to Newton's method. This demonstrates that the method is in some sense the natural way to reduce infeasibility. The role of the barrier parameter in computational practice is studied in detail. Numerical results are given for the entire expanded NETLIB test set for the basic algorithm and its variants, as well as version 5.3 of MINOS .
Using Structured Group Workshops to Teach Group Process

A course in group process for master's level students in a Clinical/Community Psychology Program is described. When group methods courses are taught using the lecture/seminar method, they often fail to engage students on an emotional level. Alternatively, a totally experiential format (e.g., students as group therapy participants and the instructor as leader/therapist), fails to provide an adequate information base. This course offers students the opportunity to experience group process directly through developing, leading, and participating in structured group workshops in class.
A locking-compass for in situ sample orientation

Abstract A mechanically-actuated locking-compass was designed for mounting on corers to record equipment orientation during the sampling process, thereby providing magnetic orientation data on the recovered deep-sea core. Locking occurs upon impact by the corer with the sea-floor; after retrieval, the device is easily unlocked and reset for another station. Compass construction makes use of commercially available parts, requires no welding and little machining, and thus allows inexpensive and easy assembly at sea.
Products of trees for investment analysis

Abstract Binomial lattices are commonly used to represent the random return process of a single risky asset. When several different securities are considered simultaneously, it is more difficult to construct a multinomial tree that appropriately represents the joint probabilistic evolution of these securities. One way to construct such a representation is to form a product of the trees, constructed from simple trees that individually represent the separate securities. An apparent disadvantage of the product representation is that the number of nodes at each step of the process is then greater than the number of available securities, and hence replication arguments do not apply and risk-neutral probabilities are not uniquely defined. It is shown, however, that under a condition that marginal utility is optimally independent, the risk-neutral probabilities are uniquely defined in the product tree. This condition is satisfied in particular if either (1) the single period utility is exponential, (2) the time between periods is very small, or (3) the optimal portfolio contains a zero level of some securities. This result provides a simple means for representing the prices of several securities in a single tree and for small numbers of securities the method forms a simple and practical method of analysis. Furthermore, the construction is useful for theoretical developments or for pedagogical purposes because continuous-time results can be derived easily without use of multidimensional Ito calculus.
LOTUS CORNICULATUS REGULATES OFFSPRING QUALITY THROUGH SELECTIVE FRUIT ABORTION.

Each inflorescence on Lotus corniculatus commonly aborts about half of its immature fruits. Compared to random patterns of fruit abortion, natural patterns of fruit abortion produce mature fruits that contain significantly more seeds. Moreover, these progeny are more likely to germinate, are more vigorous as seedlings, and have greater reproductive output as adults. These results indicate that L. corniculatus selectively aborts those fruits with the fewest seeds and, by doing so, increases the average quality of its offspring.
NEONATAL ENDOTOXIN EXPOSURE ALTERS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS IN SELECTIVELY BRED MICE

Developmental differences in the biobehavioral consequences of immune activation in early life were investigated in two lines of mice selectively bred for high and low levels of inter-male aggressive behavior. At age 5 or 6 days, male mice were administered saline or 0.05 mg/kg gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (Escherichia coli, LPS, ip). There was a transient endotoxin-induced reduction in the growth rate of the neonates in the high-aggressive line. At age 45-50 days, the animals' behaviors were assessed in a dyadic task. Hypothalami and sera were harvested 20 min later. Rates of socially reactive behaviors to conspecific contact (i.e., kick, startle) were increased in the endotoxin-treated groups from both lines. For the high-aggressive line only, endotoxin treatment increased behavioral immobility, decreased attack frequency, and decreased levels of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF). The effects of endotoxin exposure in early life on socially reactive behaviors in later life were associated with endotoxin-induced individual differences in CRF levels in the high-aggressive line but not the low-aggressive line. The findings demonstrate long-term social developmental consequences of immune activation during the neonatal period.
Kinship Terms and Kinship Concepts

THE terms used in addressing and describing relatives are a source of constant wonder to the anthropologist, both for their near-infinite variety and for the glimpses they furnish of the operation of general, quasi-mathematical regularities in the patterning of human social forms. This paper aims at an exploration of this constancy in variation through an examination of kinship terms from two widely separated culture areas: Europe and the Southwest of North America. The interesting question of the degree to which kinship terms reflect realities of social classification and behavior will not be raised here. Rather, it is our purpose to examine the nature of the variations in patterns of kinship terminology against the background of the biological framework common to all structures of kinship. To what order of cultural facts do kinship terminologies belong? Are they independent of language? How are they affected by diffusion? How fast do they change? Are they internally symmetrical or consistent? How do they vary from one area of the world to another? We have tried to answer these questions by comparing terminologies as they are represented in a diagrammatic system designed to simplify the simultaneous treatment of large numbers of systems. The diagrams are a spatial representation of the structure of kinship terms in any given system against a background provided by the limited possibilities of human bisexual reproduction. We have restricted our attention to close consanguineal kinship and to referential terms, and have examined primarily two geographic areas: Europe and the American Southwest. Europe is represented by 31 systems; the Southwest by 35. For analytic (and diagrammatic) purposes it is convenient to begin by defining the persons of kinship designation. The first person implied in any kinship terms is the speaker, Ego on kinship charts. The last (or nth) person is the referent. Terms denoting kinship in the first degree are universally describable in two persons: man's father, woman's daughter, man's sister, etc. The exact description of other kinship positions, however, may require specification of an indefinite number of intervening relatives. These may be designated as the second, third, fourth . . . n-1 persons of kinship terminology. In addition to specifying persons in this manner, kinship terms define the biological or quasi-biological relationship between the persons, essentially three in number: (1) biological generation, i.e., parent, child, and the derivative "child of my parent" or sibling; (2) mating or marriage, and (3) accidentals (including decedence, divorce, and adoption). In this paper we shall be concerned only with the first of these relationships. Finally, the persons and relationships may be qualified by attribute: each person of kinship may be described in terms of sex; each relationship may be