cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient education through pregnancy counseling: a preventive approach.

A pregnancy counseling program was established at the Gynecology Clinic of the Wilec Health Center at Ohio State University and client records kept during the initial phase of program operation were anlayzed in order to assess the degree to which students utilized the service the types of needs the students had and the choices they made in reference to pregnancy alternatives. Staff involved in the program incuded the gynecologists in charge of the clinic a mental health therapist affilated with the Mental Health Clinic at the Center 3 nurses and a health educator. The team trained themselves for their new tasks by reading pertinent literature visiting abortion clinics and adoption agencies and participating in workshops and discussion groups. During the initial phase clients who brought in urine specimens for pregnancy testing were requested to fill out a form which provided the counselors with needed background information. Then a 15 minute appointment was made for each patient later in the day for the purpose of obtaining the test results. For patients who had negative test results the appointment was used to provide birth control information. Patients were encouraged to ask questions and arrangements for further counseling were made for those patients desiring it. When patients with positive test results appeared for their appointments they were first given a handout describing alternatives to pregnancy and available community resources. After the materials were read the patient was told that her test results were positive. She was provided with immediate emotional support and follow-up counseling was arranged for those patients who requested it. During the winter quarter of 1977 341 patients mostly between 19-22 years of age were seen by the counselors. 43% reported that they did not use contraception and of these 60% had positive tests. 65% of the 120 unmarried clients with positive results requested further counseling. For single pregnant cases 76% aborted their pregnancies 8% continued their pregnancies and 2% decided on adoption. Among those patients who had negative test results 66% signed up for contraceptive counseling. The findings demonstrated the need for pregnancy counseling and a decision was made to continue the program. Tables provided data on the number and % of negative and positive test results by 1) college year; 2) contraceptive method; and 3) extent of counseling accepted by marital status. A copy of the pregnancy test form is also included.
US trade policy towards China: discrimination and its implications

In a surprisingly short time, the bilateral relationship with China has come to dominate American public and official views on globalization. The list of American grievances is familiar: a burgeoning bilateral trade deficit, currency misalignment, accumulation of US financial assets and various ‘unfair’ trade practices. These were also staples of the US demonization of Japan in the 1980s, before the seemingly invincible ‘Japan Incorporated’ began to falter. Now China has replaced Japan as the country with the largest bilateral trade surplus with the United States, and also as the main (though by no means only) object of American dissatisfaction with its trading partners. Just as US bilateral relations with Japan were characterized by a wide range of discriminatory policy initiatives, China is now the object of unprecedented discriminatory treatment in its bilateral relationship with the United States and also as a less-than-equal member of the World Trade Organization since its accession in 2001.
Abstract 3605: The inhibitor of NF-ĸB kinase, IKKβ, regulates the stability of GLI1 transcription factor

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Lymphoma microenvironment has a crucial role in lymphoma initiation, progression and drug resistance. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) participate dynamically in the cytokine microenvironment of the lymph node paracortex as well as the regulation of cell trafficking and access of T-cells into the paracortex. The FRC niche also participates in the cytokine microenvironment of lymphomas providing homing and survival signals including CCL19, CCL21, IL-7, CXCL12 and hedgehog (Hh) ligands. Hh signaling is evolutionary conserved signaling pathway that serves several physiological and development processes mediated by externally secreted Hh ligands. We previously demonstrated that the canonical Hh ligand-PTCH1-SMO-GLI axis is functional and contributes to cell survival, proliferation and enhances chemo tolerance in DLBCL. We further showed that GLI1, Hh signaling transcription factor is aberrantly activated in ∼87% of DLBCL and this activation is in part mediated by sonic Hh ligands secreted by stromal cells. Although the importance of GLI1 in tumor development is well recognized, the molecular mechanisms controlling the transcriptional activity of GLI1 is limited. To identify regulatory components that participate in the transcriptional activity of GLI1, we explored GLI1 putative interacting proteins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry following immunoprecipitation of endogenous GLI1. We identified the inhibitor of NF-ĸB kinase, IKKβ as a novel GLI1-binding protein. In addition, we found that the kinase activity of IKKβ is critical to recruit and phosphorylate GLI1 in the C-terminal fragment. We further showed that in DLBCL cells stimulated with TNFα, IKKβ phosphorylates GLI1 and restricts the binding between GLI1 with HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase (ITCH) resulting in GLI1 stability and increased oncogenic potential. Inhibition of IKKβ-mediated GLI1 phosphorylation restored the binding between GLI1 and ITCH and promoted ubiquitination and degradation of GLI1. Collectively, these results indicate that IKKβ regulates the transcriptional activity of GLI1 by phosphorylating GLI1 and modulating the binding between GLI1 and ITCH. In DLBCL, canonical NF-κB and GLI1 mediated Hh signaling pathways are strongly responsive with tumor microenvironment; our study will help to understand the cross talk between these two pathways which could represents a novel therapeutic approach for DLBCL. Citation Format: Nitin K. Agarwal, Kranthi Kunkalla, Francisco Vega. The inhibitor of NF-ĸB kinase, IKKβ, regulates the stability of GLI1 transcription factor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3605. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3605
The Thyroid Gland

Thyroid dysfunction or deregulation is a clinically significant sequelae of cancer therapy due to the spectrum of physiologic consequences; subsequent thyroid neoplasia is uncommon but potentially serious and raises issues of surveillance strategies. The thyroid gland may be intentionally or incidentally exposed to therapeutic radiation dose in the treatment of many malignancies, such as with prophylactic or therapeutic irradiation of the cervical lymphatics in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Primary hypo- or hyperthyroidism may result from this thyroid gland radiation exposure. Cranio-spinal axis irradiation, as used for some central nervous system (CNS) tumors, may also cause hypo- or hyperthyroidism due to thyroid gland exposure and/or radiation exposure to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Additionally, the increased rates of development of both benign nodules and malignant thyroid tumors are a well-documented late effect after cancer therapy. This chapter will focus on the late effects of radiation exposure to the thyroid gland, resulting in increased risks of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, benign nodule formation, and malignancy [1–3].
Moat-etched Schottky barrier diode displaying near ideal I–V characteristics

Abstract A simple fabrication technique for Schottky diodes allows achievement of high breakdown voltage without sacrifice of speed at any current level. We have found the reverse blocking voltage of a Schottky diode can be increased to 80–90% of the bulk breakdown voltage of the silicon wafer by moat-etching into the wafer before deposition of the barrier metal. The moat-etched device exhibits the low leakage current and high reverse breakdown voltage characteristic of a guarded Schottky diode, but retains the fast switching speed of a planar device. In addition, it is observed that the moat-etched diode exhibits a lower barrier height than conventional planar or guarded structures so that a smaller junction area is required for given forward current in the moat-etched device. Junction areas as large as 0.11 cm 2 have been investigated.
Surgical theatre in rural Afghanistan

We discuss the establishment of underground surgical theatres in resistance-held, rural Afghanistan by the IMC. The limitations of working in facilities without electricity or modern surgical equipment or even adequate suction are discussed, and the methods we have implemented to deal with these limitations are presented.
Decorrelation of the true and estimated classifier errors in high-dimensional settings

The aim of many microarray experiments is to build discriminatory diagnosis and prognosis models. Given the huge number of features and the small number of examples, model validity which refers to the precision of error estimation is a critical issue. Previous studies have addressed this issue via the deviation distribution (estimated error minus true error), in particular, the deterioration of cross-validation precision in high-dimensional settings where feature selection is used to mitigate the peaking phenomenon (overfitting). Because classifier design is based upon random samples, both the true and estimated errors are sample-dependent random variables, and one would expect a loss of precision if the estimated and true errors are not well correlated, so that natural questions arise as to the degree of correlation and the manner in which lack of correlation impacts error estimation. We demonstrate the effect of correlation on error precision via a decomposition of the variance of the deviation distribution, observe that the correlation is often severely decreased in high-dimensional settings, and show that the effect of high dimensionality on error estimation tends to result more from its decorrelating effects than from its impact on the variance of the estimated error. We consider the correlation between the true and estimated errors under different experimental conditions using both synthetic and real data, several feature-selection methods, different classification rules, and three error estimators commonly used (leave-one-out cross-validation, k-fold cross-validation, and .632 bootstrap). Moreover, three scenarios are considered: (1) feature selection, (2) known-feature set, and (3) all features. Only the first is of practical interest; however, the other two are needed for comparison purposes. We will observe that the true and estimated errors tend to be much more correlated in the case of a known feature set than with either feature selection or using all features, with the better correlation between the latter two showing no general trend, but differing for different models.
A New Timing System for the Stanford Linear Collider

In order to be able to meet the goals of the Stanford Linear Collider, a much more precise timing system had to be implemented. This paper describes the specification and design of this system, and the results obtained from its use on 1/3 of the SLAC linac. The functions of various elements are described, and a programmable delay unit (PDU) is described in detail.
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in articular chondrocytes.

A nonhepatic vitamin K-dependent protein, matrix Gla protein, has recently been identified in cartilage where it may play an important role in the control of mineralization or matrix development. We have investigated the vitamin K cycle in chondrocytes isolated from bovine and rabbit articular cartilage and examined these cells for their ability to synthesize vitamin K-dependent proteins. Chondrocytes were found to have an active vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system. Preincubation of the cells with warfarin resulted in a significant increase in the measured carboxylase activity. Both vitamin K epoxide reductase and DT-diaphorase (EC 1. 6. 99. 2) activity were present indicating that chondrocytes are capable of producing reduced vitamin K1H2, the cofactor for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Specific 14C-labeling of microsomal vitamin K-dependent protein precursors demonstrated synthesis of several vitamin K-dependent proteins by chondrocytes. 35S-labeling of chondrocyte proteins provided evidence ...
Cerebrospinal Fluid β-Amyloid 42, Tau, and P-tau: Confirmation Now Realization

JAMA CSF Biomarkers and Incipient Alzheimer Disease in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment Niklas Mattsson, MD; Henrik Zetterberg, MD, PhD; Oskar Hansson, MD, PhD; Niels Andreasen, MD, PhD; Lucilla Parnetti, MD, PhD; Michael Jonsson, MD; Sanna-Kaisa Herukka, PhD; Wiesje M. van der Flier, PhD; Marinus A. Blankenstein, PhD; Michael Ewers, PhD; Kenneth Rich, MD; Elmar Kaiser, MD; Marcel Verbeek, PhD; Magda Tsolaki, MD, PhD; Ezra Mulugeta, PhD; Erik Rosen, PhD; Dag Aarsland, MD, PhD; Pieter Jelle Visser, MD, PhD; Johannes Schroder, MD, PhD; Jan Marcusson, MD, PhD; Mony de Leon, MD, PhD; Harald Hampel, MD, PhD; Philip Scheltens, MD, PhD; Tuula Pirttila, MD, PhD; Anders Wallin, MD, PhD; Maria Eriksdotter Jonhagen, MD; Lennart Minthon, MD, PhD; Bengt Winblad, MD, PhD; Kaj Blennow, MD, PhD Context: Small single-center studies have shown that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers may be useful to identify incipient Alzheimer disease (AD) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but large-scale multicenter studies have not been conducted. Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of CSF β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42), total tau protein (T-tau), and tau phosphorylated at position threonine 181 (P-tau) for predicting incipient AD in patients with MCI. Design, Setting, and Participants: The study had 2 parts: a cross-sectional study involving patients with AD and controls to identify cut points, followed by a prospective cohort study involving patients with MCI, conducted 1990-2007. A total of 750 individuals with MCI, 529 with AD, and 304 controls were recruited by 12 centers in Europe and the United States. Individuals with MCI were followed up for at least 2 years or until symptoms had progressed to clinical dementia. Main Outcome Measures: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs) of CSF Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau for identifying incipient AD. Results: During follow-up, 271 participants with MCI were diagnosed with AD and 59 with other dementias. The Aβ42 assay in particular had considerable intersite variability. Patients who developed AD had lower median Aβ42 (356; range, 96-1075 ng/L) and higher P-tau (81; range, 15-183 ng/L) and T-tau (582; range, 83-2174 ng/L) levels than MCI patients who did not develop AD during follow-up (579; range, 121-1420 ng/L for Aβ42; 53; range, 15-163 ng/L for P-tau; and 294; range, 31-2483 ng/L for T-tau, P Conclusions: This multicenter study found that CSF Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau identify incipient AD with good accuracy, but less accurately than reported from single-center studies. Intersite assay variability highlights a need for standardization of analytical techniques and clinical procedures. JAMA. 2009;302(4):385-393..
Long-term outcomes of patients with mitral regurgitation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

The most appropriate treatment for patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) remains controversial. MR has prognostic importance in patients after myocardial infarction and those undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, but the long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are less well defined. We evaluated patients who underwent PCI and had assessment of MR by left ventriculography and/or echocardiography in the year 2000. We determined effects of MR on 30-day and 5-year survival. The cohort included 711 patients (67% men) with an average age of 64.5 ± 12.4 years. MR severity was divided into 3 strata: none (n = 420, 59%), mild (n = 209, 29%), and moderate to severe (n = 82, 12%). Patients with more severe MR differed from patients with mild or no MR in that they were older (p
Potent Inhibition of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Replication by Nonpseudoknot, “UCAA-motif” RNA Aptamers

RNA aptamers that bind the reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compete with nucleic acid primer/template for access to RT, inhibit RT enzymatic activity in vitro, and suppress viral replication when expressed in human cells. Numerous pseudoknot aptamers have been identified by sequence analysis, but relatively few have been confirmed experimentally. In this work, a screen of nearly 100 full-length and >60 truncated aptamer transcripts established the predictive value of the F1Pk and F2Pk pseudoknot signature motifs. The screen also identified a new, nonpseudoknot motif with a conserved unpaired UCAA element. High-throughput sequence (HTS) analysis identified 181 clusters capable of forming this novel element. Comparative sequence analysis, enzymatic probing and RT inhibition by aptamer variants established the essential requirements of the motif, which include two conserved base pairs (AC/GU) on the 5′ side of the unpaired UCAA. Aptamers in this family inhibit RT in primer extension assays with IC50 values in the low nmol/l range, and they suppress viral replication with a potency that is comparable with that of previously studied aptamers. All three known anti-RT aptamer families (pseudoknots, the UCAA element, and the recently described “(6/5)AL” motif) are therefore suitable for developing aptamer-based antiviral gene therapies.
Occupy Dame Street as slow-motion general strike? Justifying optimism in the wake of Ireland’s failed multitudinal moment

Discussing their hopes for a horizontalist mode of politics, Hardt and Negri envision a grand, kairotic event that will announce the ‘becoming prince’ of the multitude. This article reflects on this idea in light of the strategies and discourses of Ireland’s Occupy Dame Street (ODS) activists. Starting with a brief account of the rise and fall of the ODS movement, as it struggled to engage the political imagination of a nation beset by financial crisis, the article explores the extent to which the actions of the movement conformed to ‘multitudinal ideals.’ It suggests that, in a way, and quite unconsciously, dominant factions in the movement came to embrace a kind of ‘event politics’ of their own – a turn which posed a barrier to the movement’s success, in a way with which occupy movements elsewhere simply did not have to contend. Taking this story as an opportunity to reflect on the place of the event in Hardt and Negri’s work, the article then discusses two alternative approaches to horizontal politics....
Multicellular Development in Myxococcus xanthus Is Stimulated by Predator-Prey Interactions

Myxococcus xanthus is a predatory bacterium that exhibits complex social behavior. The most pronounced behavior is the aggregation of cells into raised fruiting body structures in which cells differentiate into stress-resistant spores. In the laboratory, monocultures of M. xanthus at a very high density will reproducibly induce hundreds of randomly localized fruiting bodies when exposed to low nutrient availability and a solid surface. In this report, we analyze how M. xanthus fruiting body development proceeds in a coculture with suitable prey. Our analysis indicates that when prey bacteria are provided as a nutrient source, fruiting body aggregation is more organized, such that fruiting bodies form specifically after a step-down or loss of prey availability, whereas a step-up in prey availability inhibits fruiting body formation. This localization of aggregates occurs independently of the basal nutrient levels tested, indicating that starvation is not required for this process. Analysis of early developmental signaling relA and asgD mutants indicates that they are capable of forming fruiting body aggregates in the presence of prey, demonstrating that the stringent response and A-signal production are surprisingly not required for the initiation of fruiting behavior. However, these strains are still defective in differentiating to spores. We conclude that fruiting body formation does not occur exclusively in response to starvation and propose an alternative model in which multicellular development is driven by the interactions between M. xanthus cells and their cognate prey.
Realising high accuracy machining by applying optimal clamping forces

In this research, appropriate magnitudes of clamping forces and their applying methods are studied to improve machining accuracy. The objective of this study is to find a minimum-clamping load that must be applied to keep a workpiece in static equilibrium and to assure that the total workpiece deformation is minimised in a machining process. In particular, a machining feature-based clamping force optimisation model is presented for this purpose. Through cutting experiments, it is observed that the maximum cutting forces occur in different directions for each machining feature. These maximum cutting forces are measured and integrated into a machining feature-based cutting force database. The deformation of a workpiece is then estimated using finite element analysis, when clamping force and cutting force along tool path are loaded. By combining the results of the above two steps, a mathematical optimisation model is formulated. This model not only makes it possible to minimise the workpiece's deformation under several cutting operations in one machining process, but also finds optimum clamping forces exerted at the contact regions. The results of the case study demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the methodology, which shows promise of improving the quality of machined products based on the optimised fixture design and set-up.
The bias of the sample proportion following a group sequential phase II clinical trial

Group sequential testing procedures have seen wide use in Phase II clinical trials. The sample proportion p of responders is the commonly used estimator for the binomial response probability p. It can be shown that p is the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of p. It is well known that MLE can be in general (Whitehead) and p in particular (Dupont) biased estimators, if ther computation follows a group sequential procedure. In this paper we numerically investigate the bias of p. We find that the magnitude of the bias of p is less than 0.025 in all cases we investigated. We apply the idea in Whitehead to propose a bias-adjusted estimator that reduces the bias substantially and reduces the mean square error as well in a certain range of p. We also evaluate the uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimator. If one does not mind a bias of 0.025, one may find the sample proportion a suitable estimator for p because of its simplicity and easy explanation. If one is concerned with bias, the bias-adjusted estimator may be a good choice.
Effect of hydrocortisone on in vitro cellular immunity to viruses in man

Abstract A 51 Cr lymphocytoxicity microassay was used to examine certain aspects of the mechanism by which corticosteroids suppress cellular immunity to viruses. A partial suppression of specific immune release was observed at 10 μg/ml concentration of hydrocortisone, and was completely abolished at 100 μg/ml concentration. This effect was not reversible by vitamin A. The suppressive effect was more pronounced when corticosteroids were introduced at the onset of lymphocyte-target cell interaction, than at 3 or 6 hr later. A parallel set of responses was observed with mitomycin-C, actinomycin-D, and chloramphenicol. We conclude that the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids may be related to their known capacity to inhibit metabolic processes, steps essential for the afferent phase of lymphocyte activation.
Effect of Private Health Insurance on Health Care Access and Health Status of Diabetic Patients Covered by Medicare

A previous study showed that 93% of adults with diabetes in the U.S. population have some form of health insurance, and 52% have multiple sources of insurance (1). An important but unanswered question is whether the source and nature of health insurance influences access to care, quality of care, and health status and outcomes for patients with diabetes. To investigate this issue, we analyzed data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which included a representative national sample of 721 adults aged ≥65 years with diagnosed diabetes who had Medicare health insurance coverage. Structured questionnaires and clinical and laboratory assessments were used to determine …
Modeling of cumulative damage effects on ion-implantation profiles

Abstract Ion-implantation-induced damage in crystalline material can cause the shape of implanted impurity distributions to vary strongly with dose. We have developed a model which directly simulates the accumulation of this damage and the effect it has on the trajectories of subsequently implanted ions. Comparison with experimental profiles of boron implantation into single-crystal silicon indicates that this model accurately predicts the onset and effects of this cumulative damage. Additionally, distributions of the point defects formed during implantation which reflect the expected influence of varying implant energies, tilt and rotation angles, and doses are given by this model.
A study of the nutritional and dental status of Filipinos in Hawaii

The purpose of the report was to evaluate data on the nutritional and dental status of Filipinos in Hawaii and to use these as a basis for planning nutrition education programs for them. Literature on all the available nutrition related materials published since 1941 to the present was reviewed. Nutrition related problems were categorized into three areas namely: maternal and child health, adult health (and its relation to chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, arthritis, gout) and dental health. Recommendations for nutrition education was given based on the findings of the study.
Population growth and real wages of agricultural labourers in Bangladesh

A long‐run negative impact of population growth upon real wages is neither theoretically self‐evident nor, in the case of rural Bangladesh, empirically clear‐cut. In addition to its negative ‘labour supply effect’, population growth may have a positive ‘labour demand effect’ upon wages. The latter may help to explain why Bangladeshi districts with higher rural population densities have higher agricultural wages, and why districts with more rapid population growth in the first half of this century subsequently experienced slower‐than‐average real wage declines. An investigation of agricultural growth and agrarian structure as mediating variables in the population‐wage relation indicates that changes in average operational holding size, inequality of landholdings, and the extent and nature of tenancy contributed to this result.
How to think about security failures

Understanding complexity and feedback in security models highlights the need for better failure modes in solutions.
Innovation project technology, information processing and performance: A test of the Daft and Lengel conceptualization

Abstract This study applies the Daft and Lengel (1984, 1986) information processing model to a sample of 45 innovation projects. In characterizing innovation projects as an unfolding process, we suggest that project-related technological variety and analyzability become more problematic as projects progress, requiring more information processing. Findings partially support our contentions that managers will match information processing to the project context. Results show significant increases in the amount and richness of information used as projects move from idea generation to commercialization. Additionally, at commercialization there is a significant interaction between project analyzability and emphasis on rich information with respect to project performance. Managers of successful low-analyzability projects emphasize rich information more than managers of successful high-analyzability projects. Furthermore, among high-analyzability projects, managers of successful projects emphasize rich information less than managers of unsuccessful projects. In concluding, we discuss the practical implications of these findings for innovation project managers, along with directions for further research in this field.
Diversifying the images of computer science: undergraduate women take on the challenge!

This paper tells the story of a student initiative, driven by a desire to diversify the images that surround the field of computer science and those who work in it.
ETV6-FLT3 fusion gene-positive, eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasm successfully treated with sorafenib and allogeneic stem cell transplant.

ETV6–FLT3 fusion gene-positive, eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasm successfully treated with sorafenib and allogeneic stem cell transplant
Core Cooling by Central Venous Infusion of Ice-cold (4°C and 20°C) Fluid Isolation of Core and Peripheral Thermal Compartments

Background: Central venous infusion of cold fluid may be a useful method of inducing therapeutic hypothermia. The aim of this study was to quantify systemic heat balance and regional distribution of body heat during and after central infusion of cold fluid. Methods: The authors studied nine volunteers, each on two separate days. Anesthesia was maintained with use of isoflurane, and on each day 40 ml/kg saline was infused centrally over 30 min. On one day, the fluid was 20°C and on the other it was 4°C. By use of a tympanic membrane probe core (trunk and head) temperature and heat content were evaluated. Peripheral compartment (arm and leg) temperature and heat content were estimated with use of fourth-order regressions and integration over volume from 18 intramuscular thermocouples, nine skin temperatures, and “deep” hand and foot temperature. Oxygen consumption and cutaneous heat flux estimated systemic heat balance. Results: After 30-min infusion of 4°C or 20°C fluid, core temperature decreased 2.5 6 0.4°C and 1.4 6 0.2°C, respectively. This reduction in core temperature was 0.8°C and 0.4°C more than would be expected if the change in body heat content were distributed in proportion to body mass. Reduced core temperature resulted from three factors: (1) 10 ‐20% because cutaneous heat loss exceeded metabolic heat production; (2) 50 ‐55% from the systemic effects of the cold fluid per se; and (3) approximately 30% because the reduction in core heat content remained partially constrained to core tissues. The postinfusion period was associated with a rapid and spontaneous recovery of core temperature. This increase in core temperature was not associated with a peripheral-to-core redistribution of body heat because core temperature remained warmer than peripheral tissues even at the end of the infusion. Instead, it resulted from constraint of metabolic heat to the core thermal compartment. Conclusions: Central venous infusion of cold fluid decreases core temperature more than would be expected were the reduction in body heat content proportionately distributed. It thus appears to be an effective method of rapidly inducing therapeu
Sufficient degree conditions for k-edge-connectedness of a graph

One of Frank Boesch's best known papers is ‘The strongest monotone degree condition for n-connectedness of a graph’ (Boesch, J Combinatorial Theory Ser B 16 (1974), 162–165.). In this article, we give a simple sufficient degree condition for a graph to be k-edge-connected, and also give the strongest monotone condition for a graph to be 2-edge-connected. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009 Regretfully, Lou Hakimi died on June 23, 2006. He was a longtime associate editor of Networks, and a good friend of Professor Boesch.
Quantity and distribution of levator ani stretch during simulated vaginal childbirth

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to develop a model of the female pelvic floor to study levator stretch during simulated childbirth. STUDY DESIGN: Magnetic resonance data from an asymptomatic nulligravida were segmented into pelvic muscles and bones to create a simulation model. Stiffness estimates of lateral and anteroposterior levator attachments were varied to estimate the impact on levator stretch. A 9 cm sphere was passed through the pelvis, along the path of the vagina, simulating childbirth. Levator response was interpreted at 4 positions of the sphere, simulating fetal head descent. The levator was color mapped to display the stretch experienced. RESULTS: A maximum stretch ratio of 3.5 to 1 was seen in the posteriomedial puborectalis. Maximum stretch increased with increasing stiffness of lateral levator attachments. CONCLUSION: Although preliminary, this work may help explain epidemiologic data regarding the pelvic floor impact of a first delivery. The models and simulation technique need refinement, but they may help study the effect of labor parameters on the pelvic floor.
Abnormalities in focal adhesion complex formation, regulation, and function in human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease epithelial cells.

Integrin-associated focal adhesion complex formation and turnover plays an essential role in directing interactions between epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix during organogenesis, leadi...
A review of soil and geological maps of the Nepean River terraces, NSW

SUMMARY The Nepean River terraces are a sequence of Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial deposits to the west of Sydney, NSW. In the last 85 years over 20 soil and geological maps covering the area have been produced. Errors and interpretations introduced in early regional scale maps were perpetuated for over 40 years despite numerous new editions. Regional scale geological maps in the 1950s and 1960s failed to take account of good detailed work by geographers, soil surveyors and geology students. Detailed geological and soil stratigraphic mapping in the past 10 years drew attention to these problems and has highlighted the important contributions made by the earlier detailed studies. New interpretations can now be tested against a substantial body of data. Contemporary regional soil and geological maps have taken account of these detailed studies and so present a more consistent approach than in the past.
Evaluation of Dairy Waste Fiber as a Roughage Source for Ruminants

Abstract Waste fiber from dairy cattle, collected with a liquid/solid separator, was evaluated as a roughage source for growing lambs. Fresh dairy waste fiber was either mixed with ground alfalfa hay at 0, 10, or 25% (dry matter) at feeding or ensiled at 0, 25, or 50% (dry matter) with energy feedstuffs – ground corn, corn silage, corn stalklage, or alfalfa haylage. Lambs were fed all diets ad libitum. Increasing dairy waste fiber decreased dry matter intakes and decreased digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen for all rations except stalklage. All lambs receiving 50:50 mixtures of dairy waste fiber and energy feeds, except those consuming the ground corn diet, were in negative nitrogen balance from decreased dry matter intakes. Hemicellulose of dairy waste fiber generally was digested well by lambs fed all rations with digestibilities ranging from 17.3% for the corn silage diet to 64.7% for the stalklage diet. Cellulose of dairy waste fiber was digested poorly when combined with corn plant feedstuffs but was 27.8 and 31.3% digestible when fed with alfalfa hay and haylage. It appears that dairy waste fiber can be ensiled successfully with various energy feedstuffs and utilized by lambs as 25% of ration dry matter.
Effects of mammalian gonadotropins (oFSH and oLH) on testicular development in the immature water snake, Nerodia sipedon.

Ovine FSH (oFSH) or ovine LH (oLH) was injected into immature male Nerodia sipedon and was assessed as to its effects on testicular development and steroid syntehsis as indicated by the subsequent development of the renal sexual segment, a known secondary sexual character. FSH-injected animals had significantly larger testis mass, seminiferous tubule diameter, and epithelial height when compared to LH-injected and control groups. While FSH induced testicular development, LH induced lipid accumulation and hypertrophy of the mitochondria in the Leydig cell, indicative of androgen production. While both FSH and LH induced development of the renal sexual segment, LH stimulated the production of sexual granules prior to FSH, implying that androgens enter the circulation faster under LH treatment.
Mechanical characteristics of a novel posterior-step prosthesis for biconcave glenoid defects

Background Posterior glenoid defects increase the risk of glenoid component loosening after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The goal of this work was to evaluate the mechanical performance of a novel posterior-step glenoid prosthesis, designed to compensate for biconcave (type B2) glenoid defects. Two prototypes (“Poly-step” and “Ti-step”) were constructed by attaching polyethylene or titanium step-blocks onto standard (STD) glenoid prostheses. We hypothesized that the mechanical performance of the experimental prostheses in the presence of a B2 defect would be similar to that of an STD prosthesis in the absence of a defect. Methods Fifteen normal shoulder specimens were consistently loaded under simulated muscle activity while peri-glenoid bone strains were measured. In 5 specimens, arthroplasty was performed with an STD glenoid prosthesis. In the remaining 10 specimens, a 20° B2 glenoid defect was created before arthroplasty was performed with the Poly-step or Ti-step prosthesis. Results Load-induced peri-glenoid strains after TSA with either the STD or Poly-step prosthesis did not show statistical differences as compared with the native joints ( P > .05). A posterior defect decreased superior glenoid strain as compared with the intact specimens ( P P Conclusions The Poly-step prosthesis may be a viable option for treating posterior glenoid defects.
Linear non-equilibrium chromatographic reactor with a first-order chemical reaction

Abstract A model is presented for a linear chromatographic reactor with a first-order reaction and three non-equilibrium processes. The following three conclusions are derived based on the Laplace transform of the reactant concentration: (1) the input-output ratio of the reactant is a function of longitudinal diffusion and interfacial diffusion in addition to the reaction rate constant; (2) moment analysis indicates that six parameters pertinent to the linear chromatographic reactor can be determined from the area ratio (or zeroth moment), and the second-order central moment as a function of flow-rate; (3) an approximation to describe the solid-phase concentration by a first-order ordinary differential equation needs a rate coefficient which depends on other parameters of the system besides the solid-phase diffusion coefficient.
Perspectives on Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Allograft arteriopathy, the slowly progressive, diffuse, atherosclerosis noted often after heart transplant, and also called chronic rejection, is the most common cause of late cardiac graft failure and patient death. The process is multifactorial, rooted in both immune and nonimmune factors that can be coupled to passenger atherosclerosis moved with the donor heart, as well as initially nondiseased endothelium. Great insight has emerged from experimental models and intravascular ultrasound study of patients, but treatments are still crude and produce less than optimal results. Nonetheless, it has been demonstrated that diltiazem, pravastatin, ganciclovir, newer immunosuppressive agents, and photophoresis may be helpful. In the future, better control of the allograft immunologic response will likely be the key to attenuating development of this form of atherosclerosis.
Japanese/American management myths

A good American Management Theory will beat a good Japanese Management Theory every time, and vice versa. T he deluge of articles about Japanese Management seems endless. So we have decided to offer our own last c o m m e n t on the Japanese Miracle. This article requires the courage to laugh and learn (not necessarily in that order). So if you don't have a sense of humor or aren't in the mood to chuckle at (a) yourself, (b) the Japanese, or (c), the U.S., please consider this THE END. It's a small world now, full of "won minute managers." This article was written in chronological order. If you've "had it up to here" with books and articles on Japanese Management, join the c lub--you ' re #76,348,712. The purpose of this discussion is to properly set the stage for thinking about Japanese managers and distill some horse sense out of the huge quagmire of self-serving distortions and whimsical fantasies. In preparing to write this, we scientifically polled 100 friends and relatives at random. They were split 50/50 on their preference for American or Japanese management techniques. Shucks--no help there!
Introduction to Suggested Methods for Failure Criteria

Accurate assessment of rock strength is necessary for the rational design of underground structures, for the evaluation of wellbore stability, for the determination of in situ stresses (e.g., hydraulic fracturing, borehole breakouts, drilling-induced cracks), and as part of geophysical research such as faulting and earthquake mechanics. In engineering fields, the stress condition by which ultimate strength is reached is referred to as the ‘‘failure criterion’’. Failure criteria are often expressed in terms of the major principal compressive stress r1 that rocks can sustain for given values of the other two principal stresses, r2 and r3. In its most general form, this can be expressed as r1 = f1 (r2, r3 )o rf2 (r1, r2, r3) = 0 (Scholz 1990) where f1 or f2 are functions that vary with the selected criterion and can be determined theoretically, empirically or from laboratory tests (in some failure criteria, the effect of r2 is not considered and in that case the functions f1 or f2 are independent of r2). The convention used is positive for compression, and it is implied that failure is expressed in terms of effective stresses; correspondingly, expressions such as f2 (r1, r2, r3) = 0 and f2 (r 0 1, r 0 2, r 0 3) = 0 are used interchangeably.
Diuretic and natriuretic responses to ANF in the presence and absence of renal nerves in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.

To determine if renal nerves contributes in the renal response to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, diuretic and natriuretic responses to ANF were measured in Inactin (0.1 g/kg, i.p) anesthetized rats with unilateral renal denervation. Rats were assigned to either a control group (108±6 mmHg), or one of two DOCA-salt groups (injected with deoxycorticosterone acetate, DOCA, 25 mg/week, and given 0.9% saline to drink for 4 weeks); a) DOCA-salt group (137±6 mmHg) and b) DOCA-salt-BPC group (with blood pressure controlled at the level of the femoral artery (102±3 mmHg) by an occluder on the abdominal aorta proximal to the right renal artery). Urine flow and sodium excretion in response to ANF infusion (0.3 μg/min/kg) were measured from intact and denervated kidneys of control and DOCA-salt treated rats.ANF infusion produced a significant increase in diuresis and natriuresis in all three groups of rats. Urine flow and sodium excretion in response to ANF were significantly less in ...
The effects of long-term ovariectomy and estrogen replacement therapy on learning and memory in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

This study determined the effects of estrogen loss and replacement therapy on learning and memory function in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The ability to learn, remember, and perform reversals of object discriminations and the accuracy on a spatial delayed response task were found to be comparable in young adult surgically menopausal monkeys receiving estrogen or placebo treatment for 5 or 16 months. Learning and memory abilities were comparable with baseline values following 2, 12, or 24 months of ovariectomy in monkeys. Pre- and postoperative injections of scopolamine in a subset of monkeys revealed only subtle increases in sensitivity on the delayed response task following ovariectomy. These observations in surgically menopausal monkeys have some parallels with those made in surgically menopausal women and suggest that, in the absence of other confounding factors, certain aspects of learning and memory may not be influenced by estrogen in primates.
COMBINABILITY OF AVIDIN AND STREPTAVIDIN WITH ANALOGS OF BIOTIN.

Abstract Avidin, a heat labile protein found in raw egg white, specifically binds biotin into a stable non-digestible complex preventing utilization of the vitamin by animals and microorganisms. It has been used often to induce biotin deficiencies and to bind biotin in isolated enzyme systems. Also, combinability with avidin has been employed to characterize analogs of biotin ( Burk and Winzler, 1943 ; Eisenberg, 1963 ; Birnbaum and Lichstein, 1965 ). Tausig and Wolf (1964) isolated a protein (streptavidin) from fermentation filtrates of streptomycetes which specifically binds biotin. The crystallized material was found to complex 1 μg of biotin per 150 μg of protein. Streptavidin differs from avidin in amino acid and carbohydrate content, UV adsorption, and electrophoretic mobility ( Chaiet and Wolf, 1964 ). The present report is concerned with a comparison of the combinability of avidin and streptavidin with various analogs of biotin.
Syntheses of C-5-spirocyclic C-glycoside SGLT2 inhibitors

Abstract Several syntheses of C-5-spirocycle-containing C-glycosides are discussed. A multigram-scale synthesis capitalizing on a one-pot aldol-Cannizzaro sequence is described. Spiro oxetane formation using an unprotected penta-ol C-glycoside as substrate is also exemplified. Functional assessment of these compounds for potency and selectivity was evaluated at human SGLT2 and SGLT1.
A phase II trial of gefitinib and pegylated IFNα in previously treated renal cell carcinoma.

Background This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib with pegylated-IFNα (PEG-IFNα) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Changes in the Pr-induced TC depression of 123 compounds by chemical pressure

Abstract We present structural data refined from X-ray spectra for R 1−x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (R=Er, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd) systems with x=0, 0.1, and 0.4. The evolution of T c with the ionic radius of the rare earth for different values of x can be related to the Cu2O4 distance. The effect of chemical pressure on T c in R 1−x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ systems is opp osite to that of hydrostatic pressure on the Y 1−x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ system.
Single-molecule Protein Unfolding in Solid State Nanopores

We use single silicon nitride nanopores to study folded, partially folded, and unfolded single proteins by measuring their excluded volumes. The DNA-calibrated translocation signals of β-lactoglobulin and histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein match quantitatively with that predicted by a simple sum of the partial volumes of the amino acids in the polypeptide segment inside the pore when translocation stalls due to the primary charge sequence. Our analysis suggests that the majority of the protein molecules were linear or looped during translocation and that the electrical forces present under physiologically relevant potentials can unfold proteins. Our results show that the nanopore translocation signals are sensitive enough to distinguish the folding state of a protein and distinguish between proteins based on the excluded volume of a local segment of the polypeptide chain that transiently stalls in the nanopore due to the primary sequence of charges.