cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An effective and simple heuristic for the set covering problem

Abstract This paper investigates the development of an effective heuristic to solve the set covering problem (SCP) by applying the meta-heuristic Meta-RaPS (Meta-heuristic for Randomized Priority Search). In Meta-RaPS, a feasible solution is generated by introducing random factors into a construction method. Then the feasible solutions can be improved by an improvement heuristic. In addition to applying the basic Meta-RaPS, the heuristic developed herein integrates the elements of randomizing the selection of priority rules, penalizing the worst columns when the searching space is highly condensed, and defining the core problem to speedup the algorithm. This heuristic has been tested on 80 SCP instances from the OR-Library. The sizes of the problems are up to 1000 rows × 10,000 columns for non-unicost SCP, and 28,160 rows × 11,264 columns for the unicost SCP. This heuristic is only one of two known SCP heuristics to find all optimal/best known solutions for those non-unicost instances. In addition, this heuristic is the best for unicost problems among the heuristics in terms of solution quality. Furthermore, evolving from a simple greedy heuristic, it is simple and easy to code. This heuristic enriches the options of practitioners in the optimization area.
The Relationship Between Interannual Variability in the 200 mb Tropical Wind Field and the Southern Oscillation

Abstract The interannual variability in the upper tropospheric tropical wind field is described through empirical orthogonal functions, teleconnections and composite analyses. The data used are 11 years of mean monthly analyzed fields of zonal and meridional components of the 200 mb wind on a 5° Mercator grid extending from 48.1° N to 48.1°S derived from the National Meteorological Center's operational tropical analysis. A substantial portion of the interannual variability in the 200 mb circulation is shown to be related to the Southern Oscillation. The anomalous circulation in the Pacific is characterized by a pair of anticyclonic/cyclonic anomalies straddling the equator during periods of low/high Southern Oscillation Index. Zonal wind differences of 8–11 m s−1 between low- and high-Index phases of the SO were found near 25°N, 25°S and near the equator in the central Pacific. Composites relative to El Nino events during different seasons reveal that anomalous anticyclonic circulations in the Pacific are...
Known-Audio Detection using Waveprint: Spectrogram Fingerprinting by Wavelet Hashing

In this paper, we present a novel system for detecting known audio. We start with Waveprint, an audio identification system that, given a probe snippet, efficiently provides reliable forced-choice ranking of entries from an audio database. For open-set detection, we can re-examine the best-ranked matches from waveprint using simple temporal-ordering-based processing. The resulting system has excellent detection capabilities for small snippets of audio that have been degraded in a variety of manners, including competing noise, poor recording quality, and cell-phone playback. The system is more accurate than the previous state-of-the-art system while being more efficient and flexible in memory usage and computation.
SEASONAL EFFECT ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF RAIL DEFECT INSPECTION FREQUENCY

Broken rails are the most common cause of severe freight-train derailments on American railroads. Reducing the occurrence of broken-rail-caused derailments is an important safety objective for the railroad industry. The current practice is to periodically inspect rails using non-destructive technologies such as ultrasonic inspection. Determining the optimal rail defect inspection frequency is a critical decision in railway infrastructure management. There is a seasonal variation in the occurrence of broken rails that result in train derailments. This paper quantifies the effect of this seasonal variation on the risk-based optimization of rail inspection frequency. This research can be incorporated into a larger framework of broken rail risk management to improve railroad transportation safety.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Comparison of Data Assimilation Methods Using a Planetary Geostrophic Model

Abstract Assimilating hydrographic observations into a planetary geostrophic model is posed as a problem in control theory. The cost functional is the sum of weighted model and data residuals. Model errors are assumed to be spatially correlated, and hydrographic station data are assimilated directly. Searches in state space and data space, for minimizing the cost functional, are compared to a direct matrix inversion algorithm in the data space. State-space methods seek the minimizer of the cost functional by performing a preconditioned search in an N-dimensional space of state or control variables, where N is approximately 650 000 in the present calculations. Data-space methods solve the Euler–Lagrange equations for the extremum of the cost functional by working in an M-dimensional dual space, where M is the number of measurements. The following four solvers are compared: (i) an iterative state-space solver, with a naive diagonal matrix preconditioner; (ii) an iterative state-space solver, with a sophisti...
Substituent Effects in Formally Quintuple-Bonded ArCrCrAr Compounds (Ar = Terphenyl) and Related Species

The effects of different terphenyl ligand substituents on the quintuple Cr−Cr bonding in arylchromium(I) dimers stabilized by bulky terphenyl ligands (Ar) were investigated. A series of complexes, ArCrCrAr (1−4; Ar = C6H2-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2-4-X, where X = H, SiMe3, OMe, and F), was synthesized and structurally characterized. Their X-ray crystal structures display similar trans-bent C(ipso)CrCrC(ipso) cores with short Cr−Cr distances that range from 1.8077(7) to 1.8351(4) A. There also weaker Cr−C interactions [2.294(1)−2.322(2) A] involving an C(ipso) of one of the flanking aryl rings. The data show that the changes induced in the Cr−Cr bond length by the different substituents X in the para positions of the central aryl ring of the terphenyl ligand are probably a result of packing rather than electronic effects. This is in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which predict that the model compounds (4-XC6H4)CrCr(C6H4-4-X) (X = H, SiMe3, OMe, and F) have similar geometries in the ...
Impaired nitric oxide synthase-2 signaling pathway in cystic fibrosis airway epithelium.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelial cells are more susceptible to viral infection due to impairment of the innate host defense pathway of nitric oxide (NO). NO synthase-2 (NOS2) expression is ab...
Songbird Breeding Season Use of Pine Plantations Treated Chemically for Herbaceous Vegetation Control

Abstract Pine plantations, a common early successional habitat in the southeastern United States, have been subject in recent years to increased use of herbicides to control herbaceous vegetation immediately postestablishment. Such treatments may affect songbird use during the breeding season, but studies documenting bird response are limited. Furthermore, songbirds that breed in early successional habitats have experienced sustained population declines in recent decades. Therefore, we examined the influence of herbaceous vegetation control on songbird use during the breeding season within pine plantations on the Piedmont Plateau in Virginia. We evaluated 35 plantations characterized by one of five treatments: herbaceous vegetation control applied during the establishment year and that were 1, 2, or 3 y old when sampled, and those that had not received herbaceous vegetation control at establishment and that were 1 or 2 y old when sampled. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in detections of birds between p...
2005 Special issue: Hippocampal replay contributes to within session learning in a temporal difference reinforcement learning model

Temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL) algorithms, hypothesized to partially explain basal ganglia functionality, learn more slowly than real animals. Modified TDRL algorithms (e.g. the Dyna-Q family) learn faster than standard TDRL by practicing experienced sequences offline. We suggest that the replay phenomenon, in which ensembles of hippocampal neurons replay previously experienced firing sequences during subsequent rest and sleep, may provide practice sequences to improve the speed of TDRL learning, even within a single session. We test the plausibility of this hypothesis in a computational model of a multiple-T choice-task. Rats show two learning rates on this task: a fast decrease in errors and a slow development of a stereotyped path. Adding developing replay to the model accelerates learning the correct path, but slows down the stereotyping of that path. These models provide testable predictions relating the effects of hippocampal inactivation as well as hippocampal replay on this task.
The putative promoter for a metacyclic VSG gene in African trypanosomes.

Abstract During their metacyclic developmental stage, African trypanosomes are coated with one of 12–15 variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) that define different metacyclic variant antigen types (MVATs). The MVAT VSG genes are located near telomeres of large chromosomes and are expressed without rearrangement in the metacyclic stage. We have cloned and examined the telomere-linked MVAT5 VSG gene and its upstream expression site associated gene (ESAG I) which are separated by 4.5 kb. Within this 4.5-kb intergenic region is an 87-bp sequence that serves as a strong promoter for a luciferase reporter gene in transient transfection assays. This 87-bp sequence is similar, but not identical, to the promoter for another MVAT VSG gene. UV irradiation experiments were used to detect RNA synthesis from this MVAT5 promoter in bloodstream trypanosomes expressing an unrelated VSG. We propose that this sequence is a specific promoter for the MVAT5 VSG mRNA that occurs in about 10% of the trypanosome population during the metacyclic stage of the parasites' life cycle.
Synthesis and characterization of Li2Mn4O9 cathode material

Abstract A highly oxidized lithium manganospinel, Li2Mn4O8+z, was prepared from LiMnO4 and MnCO3 precursors. The effect of synthesis temperature, time, and oxygen partial pressure on the extent of oxidation of the material was investigated by thermogravimetry (TG). X-ray diffraction (XRD), potentiometric titration, thermogravimetry, and elemental analyses were used to determine the stoichiometry of the product.
Recent evidence on the relationship between money growth and budget deficits

Abstract This paper examines the recent evidence on the extent to which the Federal Reserve accommodates Treasury financing activities by effectively monetizing newly issued debt. Various lag and lead formulations are used to determine the timing of FED actions. Results suggest that validation has been significant over the 1960–1980 period, and that, especially in recent periods, the FOMC has responded to capital market pressure which appears in advance of impending debt issues. Finally, we find in the limited number of observations available since October 1979 that there has been no substantive “break” in this accommodative policy despite the Fed's alleged emphasis on monetary aggregates.
Presynaptic imaging techniques

Understanding the detailed molecular events that support chemical synaptic transmission requires high-resolution methods that provide quantitative information combined with molecular specificity. In recent years, many new technological approaches, including genetically encoded fluorescent indicators, ultra-thin sectioning, and live-cell imaging have been brought to bear on understanding the cell biology and physiology of presynaptic terminals.
Shape Recognition Inputs to Figure-Ground Organization in Three-Dimensional Displays.

Abstract It is generally agreed that figure and ground relationships must be determined, at least provisionally, before shape representations can be assessed. We have proposed that some shape recognition processes can operate in parallel with processes assessing other variables relevant to figure-ground organization. The influence of these shape recognition processes should be observed only when shape edges can be detected early enough in visual processing so that the critical shape recognition operations can be finished before figure-ground computations are completed. In three experiments, we tested this prediction using stereograms portraying two regions equal in area, but unequal in denotivity (roughly, meaningfulness): One region was high in denotivity, the other region was low in denotivity. Binocular disparity specified that either the high denotative region or the low denotative region was in front (i.e., was figure). For some stereograms (random dot stereograms), no edge was visible between the two regions until after stereo fusion; for other stereograms (black-and-white stereograms), a luminance edge was visible before fusion. In black-and-white stereograms, but not in random-dot stereograms, high denotative regions could appear to be in front (i.e., to be figure) and the shapes they depicted could be recognized, even when this organization was inconsistent with the disparity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that shape recognition processes can contribute to figure-ground computations, at least when the figure-ground border is a luminance contrast edge. Implications for shape recognition and perceptual organization are discussed.
Cystoskeletal proteins as targets for organophosphorus compound and aliphatic hexacarbon-induced neurotoxicity

Abstract Concurrent exposures to organophosphorus insecticide leptophos and the industrial solvents n -hexane and toluene were implicated in causing an outbreak of neuropathy in workers. Although both leptophos and n -hexane produce central-peripheral distal axonopathy, the morphology and distribution of neuropathic lesions are distinct, reflecting different modes of action. The molecular mechanisms of organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) and aliphatic hexacarbon-induced neurotoxicity have been investigated utilizing various biochemical techniques, (i.e. one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, peptide mapping). Oral administration of tri- o -cresyl phosphate (TOCP) produced delayed neurotoxicity and increased in vitro Ca 2+ and calmodulin-dependent kinase protein phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins in brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve of chickens. This enhanced protein phosphorylation correlated well with the following characteristics of OPIDN: test chemical, whether an OPIDN-producing or not; dose-dependence and time course of the effect; and the animal sex sensitivity, age selectivity, and species susceptibility. The proteins that showed an increased phosphorylation were identified to be; α- and β-tubulin, microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), and the 3 neurofilament proteins 70 kDa, 160kDa, and 210 kDa. Further studies suggested that the increased protein phosphorylation is not related to an effect on protein phosphatase or ATPase activity, but rather to altered Ca 2+ - calmodulin kinase II activity. Aliphatic hexacarbon-induced neurotoxicity is characterized by an accumulation of 10 nm neurofilaments above the nodes of Ranvier in the spinal cord and peripheral nerve. Treatment of rats with 2,5-hexanedione, the active neurotoxic metabolite of n -hexane, produced protein crosslinking in a dose-dependent manner. This treatment also decreased protein phosphorylation of neurofilament proteins as well as MAP-2. These studies demonstrate the involvement of cytoskeletal proteins in the molecular pathogenesis of chemical-induced neurotoxicity.
Abstract 5100: MMP-2 suppression inhibits α5β1 integrin and IL-3-mediated Stat5 activation and proliferation of endothelial cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation is a major component of angiogenesis in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and is regulated by several growth factors including IL-3. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of conditioned media (CM) obtained from MMP-2 knockdown xenograft 4910 and 5310 cell lines by pMMP-2 siRNA (pM.si) on the growth of ECs. Western blot analysis of CM from pM.si-treated 4910 and 5310 cells showed a significant downregulation of MMP-2 and IL-3 expression compared to mock- and pSV (scrambled vector)-CM. Proliferation decreased in ECs cultured on pM.si-CM from the xenograft cells when compared to ECs cultured on mock- or pSV-CM as determined by Ki-67 staining and MTT assays. Since Stat5 is a known target of IL-3, induces EC proliferation, and promotes neo-angiogenesis, we examined the role of pM.si in regulating IL-3-mediated Jak2/Stat5 signaling in ECs. Jak2/Stat5 suppression in ECs when cultured on pM.si-CM resulted in the decreased expression of integrin β1, Stat5, Bcl2 and Cyclin D2 at the transcription level as compared with ECs cultured on mock- and pSV-CM, as confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Supplementation of recombinant human IL-3 counteracted and noticeably reversed pM.si-inhibited IL-3Rα, Jak2, p-Stat5 expression and proliferation of ECs, thereby confirming the role of MMP-2 in the regulation of α5β1/IL-3 mediated Jak2/Stat5 signaling. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies revealed MMP-2 knockdown resulted in the decreased interaction of MMP-2 and integrin α5β1 in ECs, thereby implicating the downregulation of Jak2/Stat5 expression. Immunohistochemical analysis in tumor sections corroborated our in vitro studies, suggesting that the expression of p-Stat5 and Bcl2 are significantly decreased upon pM.si treatment compared to mock or pSV treatments. Our results suggest that MMP-2 knockdown by pM.si can lead to a significant inhibition of IL-3-induced proliferation of ECs and can be an effective anti-angiogenic therapy when treating patients with GBM in the future. Citation Format: Dilip Rajasekhar Maddirela, Divya Kesanakurti, Chandramu Chetty, Jasti S. Rao. MMP-2 suppression inhibits α5β1 integrin and IL-3-mediated Stat5 activation and proliferation of endothelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5100. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5100
Black Economic, Political, and Cultural Development: Does City Size Make a Difference?

Social science literature suggests two competing views of the effect of city size on black economic, political, and cultural development: (1) that as a consequence of big-city financial plight, "veto-group pluralism," and sizeengendered social disorganization, blacks will encounter greater problems in the nation's larger cities; (2) that due to greater heterogeneity, responsive political institutions, and other conditions, city size should facilitate black development. Examining 168 American cities over 25,000 in 1970, this study assesses the impact of city size on 28 indicators of black development. Findings show that even-with regional controls established, city size is significantly and favorably associated with over 20 of the development measures. Four likely explanations are advanced for the relationship between city size and black development: (1) black population size; (2) politicization and responsive institutions; (3) city centrality; and (4) interactions among aspects of black development.
Particle-vibration coupling model for odd-A nuclei

A FORTRAN program is described which calculates the energy eigenvalues, static moments, and electromagnetic transition rates for an odd-A nucleus described as a single nucleon coupled to a vibrating doubly even core.
The use of a selectable FokI cassette in DNA replacement mutagenesis of the R388 dihydrofolate reductase gene.

Abstract FokI, a class-IIS restriction endonuclease, cleaves double-stranded DNA to produce a protruding 5′ end consisting of four nucleotides, 10–13 residues 3′ from the nonpalindromic recognition sequence, GGATG. Cassettes which utilize this separation of cleavage and recognition site have been constructed for the purpose of linker mutagenesis and DNA replacement experiments. The cassettes are flanked by FokI recognition sequences oriented such that the FokI cleavage sites are several nucleotides beyond the cassette/vector fusion sites. FokI excises the cassette and several base pairs of the neighboring vector sequence. The ends produced in the vector by FokI cleavage are generally noncomplementary and suitable for the insertion of a segment of synthesized double-stranded replacement DNA. A cassette which contains a tyrosine tRNA suppressor gene (supF) is selectable by the suppression of amber mutations in the recipient host. A vector containing a pBR322-derived origin of replication, the Escherichia coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene as a selectable marker, and no FokI sites has been constructed for use with the FokI cassettes. An experiment which utilized the FokI/supF cassette to modify the N-terminal coding region of the R388 dihydrofolate reductase gene is described.
Fluence and temperature dependence of swelling in irradiated molybdenum

Abstract Volume changes have been analyzed in molybdenum which has been neutron irradiated to various fluences over the temperature range 50 to 1300°C. This data together with all previously reported data has been compiled into a three-dimensional plot of swelling versus temperature versus fluence. Significant low temperature swelling, 400°C. The nature of the dislocation and void microstructure at high irradiation temperatures are analyzed quantitatively as a function of irradiation temperature and the results are reasonably consistent with a recent model of Brailsford and Bullough. The same model is also consistent with an observed trend towards saturation in the void swelling at high fluences at the low temperature end of the void region.
Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in an outpatient population.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder of abnormal involuntary choreothetotic movements associated with the use of neuroleptic drugs. The reported prevalence of TD among patients taking antipsychotic agents varies markedly, from 3% to 56%,1–8 accounted for, in part, by the use of different diagnostic criteria. Although most investigators use the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) to assess signs of TD, the methods of analyzing resulting data have varied widely, and there is disagreement as to the severity of abnormal movements needed to qualify for a diagnosis of TD. This divergence in severity criteria is further complicated by the heterogeneous nature of this disorder and by the effects of drugs on the appearance of the movements. For example, abnormal movements can develop temporarily when antipsychotic medication is withdrawn, but may fade over time—a syndrome more properly termed “withdrawal dyskinesias” rather than true TD. Antipsychotics can also “mask” the movements of TD. Gardos9 has coined the term “covert dyskinesia” to describe movements that only become apparent when a neuroleptic dose is lowered, but that persist over time. In other patients, TD “breaks through” a stable neuropleptic dose, but may be controlled by increasing the dose. Over the past 3 yr we have conducted a study of the prevalence of TD within our mental health system. This article presents data from the study and prevalence data based on four different severity criteria for the diagnosis of TD. In addition, epidemiological correlations are presented and their possible implications discussed. Finally, we will present a new scale, Targeting Abnormal Kinetic Effects (TAKE), which rates extrapyramidal signs and forms a natural companion piece to the AIMS (see Appendix 1).
On the Localizability of Quantum Mechanical Systems

From the very beginning of quantum mechanics, the notion of the position of a particle has been much discussed. In the nonrelativistic case, the proof of the equivalence of matrix and wave mechanics, the discovery of the uncertainty relations, and the development of the statistical interpretation of the theory led to an understanding which, within the inevitable limitations of the nonrelativistic theory, may be regarded as completely satisfactory.
Measuring the top quark mass using radiative corrections

Abstract Recent LEP measurements indicate that there are only three light neutrinos, and thus presumably only three families. If this is true, the top quark has already been seen through its radiative corrections to electroweak parameters. We compute these corrections using a simple effective field theory method. Current experimental data places an upper bound on the top quark mass of ∼225 GeV. Reduction of the error in the leptonic width Z → λ + λ − by a factor of two will yield a lower bound on m t of ∼205 GeV at the 90% CL (assuming the current central value). We also show that there are leading log corrections which are numerically important, but have not been included in the standard calculation of radiative corrections.
Dual Function of the Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel α2δ Subunit in Current Stimulation and Subunit Interaction

Abstract Voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels are modulated by complex interactions with the α 2 δ subunit. In vitro translation was used to demonstrate a single transmembrane topology of the α 2 δ subunit in which all but the transmembrane sequence and 5 carboxy-terminal amino acids are extracellular. The glycosylated extracellular domain is required for current stimulation, as shown by coexpression of truncated α 2 δ subunits with α 1A and β 4 subunits in Xenopus oocytes and deglycosylation with peptide-N-glycosidase F. However, coexpression of the transmembrane domain-containing δ subunit reduced the stimulatory effects of full-length α 2 δ subunits and substitution of a different transmembrane domain resulted in a loss of current stimulation. These results support a model whereby the α 2 δ transmembrane domain mediates subunit interactions and the glycosylated extracellular domain enhances current amplitude.
Associated Production of Weak Bosons and Heavy Quarks with Hadron Colliders

We calculate the joint production of W± and top quarks via the leading order diagrams and bg→Wt. Although the latter contribution is O(αs) we find it to be sizeable and to subtract from the leading order . The calculations are of interest as they represent the dominant background in the search of charged Higgs particles in the minimal SUSY model. With this in mind we also present results for the pT distribution of the top and the dilepton invariant mass resulting from leptonic decay of both particles in the Wt final state.
Decision aids for the selection of installation technology for underground municipal infrastructure systems

Abstract Sewer systems for a vital component of the municipal infrastructure in the US. Many of the municipal utility systems in the US were constructed during the turn of the 20th century and are reaching the end stages of their design life. Municipal utility systems are eroding due to aging, excessive demand, misuse, exposure, and neglect (National Science Foundation (NSF), January (1993), 8, March (1995).9) Trenchless technology (TT) consists of a wide range of methods, materials, and equipment to install new or to rehabilitate existing underground pipelines and utility systems with minimal excavation of the ground. The development, selection, and utilization of trenchless technology (TT) has expanded rapidly over the past 10 years. The reason for this exceptional growth is the desire to install or rehabilitate underground pipeline systems with minimum impact on society and the environment. The benefits of trenchless technology are quite apparent when compared to the conventional open-cut process. However, it is necessary to evaluate the appropriateness of any technology, trenchless or otherwise, on a project-to-project basis by considerating all the criteria and subcriteria important for the decision task. This paper presents a framework for a Decision Support System (DSS) to assist design engineers and system managers in selecting the most appropriate technology for a project by systematically evaluating five groups of criteria and subcriteria with respect to the knowledge based preference of the user and the project specific situations.
WTO Dispute Settlement and the EU–US Mini Trade Wars: A Commentary on Fritz Breuss

Economic theory suggests that some of the trade remedies allowed by the WTO may lead away from liberal trade and impose costs on those that apply them. Breuss has provided evidence in the case of four EU-US mini-wars that the policy that created the trade conflict was not clearly in the economic interest of the offending country and that the sanctions imposed exacerbated rather than alleviated the problem. Breuss builds a case for compensation payments rather than trade sanctions for rule violations and for targeting of the recipients of those payments.
Concepts of Business and Financial Risk

limiting the business risk to which farmers are exposed. Some approaches to business risk modification involve insurance, government programs, weather modification, and innovations of individual farmers: technological, to limit the probability of disease and insect damage; and market, to limit the probability of adversity through price fluctuations. It is recognized that the introduction or modification of risk in the production process affects the pattern of resource allocation and in turn the level of production (Dillon, pp. 102-48, Just, Wiens, and Wolgin). We suggest that there is also a financial response to business risk modification. The differentiation is important in that business risk and financial risk may well be trade-offs in the risk behavior of farmers. Thus, a decline in business risk would lead to the acceptance of greater financial risk, reducing the effects of the diminished business risk on total risk.
Transplantation ethics: old questions, new answers?

The first reported successful kidney transplantation occurred in 1954, between twins. Since then, organ donation and transplantation has become less a medical marvel than a common expectation of patients with a variety of diseases resulting in organ failure. Those expectations have caused demand for organs to skyrocket far beyond available supply, fueling an organ shortage and resulting in over 60,000 patients on transplant waiting lists. In this special issue, our contributors attempt to shed new light on some of the many old ethical questions raised by transplant in the contemporary context of extreme scarcity.
The Rhetoric of Intertextuality

In this essay I discuss and exemplify a wide range of nontraditional concepts and texts as they relate to the rhetoric of intertextuality. As a result of this inquiry, I hope to give teachers of writing and their students new strategies for understanding and producing discourse. More specifically, I hope to give readers new ways of thinking about the rhetorical situation, invention, genre, arrangement, and audience.
Academic Dishonesty: An In-Depth Investigation of Assessing Measurable Constructs and a Call for Consistency in Scholarship

For over 70 years, research has tackled the issue of academic misconduct in the university setting. However, a review of the literature reveals that (a) consensus on the magnitude of such behavior has not been reached, and, (b) no one with expertise in quantitative methodology has attempted to classify the behaviors that describe cheaters until Ferrell and Daniel proposed the use of the Academic Misconduct Survey (AMS). Even they, following their 1995 study, made a call for the development of understandable constructs in the measurement of cheating. Seventeen years later, the present study sought to produce such constructs. In a series of three phases of data collection, 4,100 participants completed a revised version of the AMS. A factor solution containing five factors proved to be the most interpretable. The five factors are as follows: creative padding, interactive cheating, false personal excuses, taking credit for others’ work, exam cheating. The present paper outlines the constructs proposed and discusses implications in this area for (1) scholars within the area of measurement and (2) educators with regard to student accountability and performance.
Detection of Pathogenic and Non‐pathogenic Bacteria by Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time‐of‐flight Mass Spectrometry

The proteins isolated from the whole cells of bacterial pathogens and related non-pathogenic simulants were analyzed directly, with minimal sample preparation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Inspection of mass spectrometric profiles obtained from direct MALDI-MS analysis of the protein extracts revealed specific biomarkers for individual bacterial cells. The observed biomarkers enabled us not only to detect pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis and Brucella melitensis), but also to distinguish them from the corresponding non-pathogenic species. By examining a series of strains of several Bacillus species (anthracis, thuringiensis, cereus and subtilis), it was possible to derive genus, species and strain-specific biomarkers from the measured molecular masses of the intact proteins. Additional series of biomarkers were obtained from direct mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic digests of the protein extracts. The application of this technique for rapid chemotaxonomic classification of microorganisms is demonstrated.
Exodus!: Religion, Race, and Nation in Early Nineteenth-Century Black America

Exodus! Religion, Race, and Nation in Early Nineteenth-Century Black America. By Eddie S. Glaude Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pp. x, 216. Index. Cloth, $42.00; paper, $16.00.) Even U. B. Phillips, who could be positively obtuse when it came to slave culture, understood the importance of the biblical saga of Exodus to the black community. But only Eddie S. Glaude Jr., a former student of Albeit Raboteau and Cornel West, has thought the subject worthy of an entire monograph. He was right; the result is an eloquent and thoughtful explication of the ways in which the ancient tale provided the African-- American community-South and North-with a metaphorical framework for understanding their enslavement and their flight into freedom. Black Americans recognized themselves in the Exodus story, and as they began to forge independent African congregations in the wake of the American Revolution, they situated their religious and political struggles within the sacred narrative, which gave their demands divine sanction. Some of what Glaude presents here will be familiar to readers of this journal, yet his insights into the topic are consistently fresh and original. He argues, as has John B. Boles, that black dreams of liberation were expressed as verbal reenactments of the Israelites' flight from Egypt. In the slave quarters, rhetorical comparisons to the legend of Moses kept hope alive that God would deliver his chosen people once again, especially if they behaved according to his will. "The Jews in Babylon were held against their will," Glaude quotes Daniel Coker as preaching to his Bethel Church congregation in Philadelphia. "So were our brethren" (29). Coker's somewhat confused metaphor (which in fact referred to the Book of Ezra) nonetheless helped former bondpeople in the Pennsylvania region to collapse the past into the present in a way that allowed them to imagine a brighter future. The God of the righteous promised African Americans freedom even in the land of the new pharaoh. Racist street action, such as New York City's "July Days" riots of 1834, provide a case in point for Glaude's analysis. As the promise of the revolutionary era collapsed into white mob activity directed against black churches and integrated patriotic celebrations, black ministers returned to the lessons of Exodus. Rhetorical reminders of God's covenant, the trials in Egypt, and the struggles in the wilderness as a prelude to the promised land became commonplace in northern oratory as the black community sought to make sense out of the habitual violence visited upon their homes, their businesses, and their bodies. The subsequent movement that Glaude dubs "Exodus politics" was "a form of common complaint against oppression," a faith in eventual deliverance, and the belief that democracy and justice in America ultimately "rested with the nation's darker sons and daughters" (111). …
Constant RMR solutions to reader writer synchronization

We study Reader-Writer Exclusion [1], a well-known variant of the Mutual Exclusion problem [2] where processes are divided into two classes - readers and writers - and multiple readers can be in the Critical Section (CS) at the same time, although no process may be in the CS at the same time as a writer. Since readers don't conflict with each other, they should not obstruct each other. Specifically, the concurrent entering property must be satisfied: if all writers are in the Remainder section, each reader should be able to enter the CS in a bounded number of its own steps. Three versions of the Reader-Writer Exclusion problem are commonly studied - one where writers have priority over readers, another where readers have priority, and the last where neither class has priority over the other and no process may starve. To ensure high performance on Cache-Coherent (CC) and Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) multiprocessors, algorithms should be designed to generate as few remote memory references (RMRs) as possible. It would be ideal to achieve constant RMR complexity, i.e., the worst case number of RMRs that a process generates in order to enter and exit the CS once is a constant, independent of the number of processes. Constant RMR complexity algorithms have existed for Mutual Exclusion for two decades [3, 4], but none exists for Reader-Writer Exclusion. Danek and Hadzilacos' lower bound proof implies that it is impossible to achieve sublinear RMR complexity for DSM machines [5]. For CC machines, the best existing bound, also due to Danek and Hadzilacos [5], is O(log n), where n is the number of processes. In this work, we present the first constant RMR complexity algorithms for all three versions of the Reader-Writer Exclusion problem (for CC machines).
Laparoscopy for presumed nonacute salpingitis: a new look at an old problem.

The increased prevalence of venereal disease among adolescents has resulted in a rise in nonacute salpingitis. Laparoscopy was evaluated as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of presumed nonacute salpingitis in 29 adolescents. The patients had a mean duration of symptoms of 5.5 months, 50% had a recent history of discharge and/or bilateral pelvic pain, and on examination 50% had pain on motion of the cervix, 75% had adnexal tenderness, and 50% had a palpable adnexal fullness or mass. Anatomic findings at laparoscopy included normal pelvic structures in 8, active salpingitis in 13 and nonacute disease in 8. The anaerobic, aerobic, and viral peritoneal cultures obtained at laparoscopy from 22 patients resulted in no growth in 18. The four with positive cultures had one organism identified in three cases and two organisms in one case. Anatomic findings were more helpful in diagnosis than the bacteriologic analysis, and our results suggest that laparoscopy increases diagnostic accuracy in the management of presumed nonacute salpingitis.
Photonic bands: Convergence problems with the plane-wave method.

The problems associated with the poor convergence of the Fourier transform of the hard-sphere dielectric function are discussed. A significant band gap between the eighth and ninth levels has been found for air spheres in fcc. We also consider a periodic array of Gaussian spheres, which converges well and allows a consistent and reliable determination of the general features of photonic bands. It is found that when \ensuremath{\epsilon}(r) is sharply peaked, photonic levels become almost degenerate throughout the Brillouin zone, corresponding to standing waves.
Elementary geometric applications of a maximum principle for nonlinear elliptic operators

The max imum principle for nonlinear, second-order, elliptic operators has been used in Differential Geometry to obtain various uniqueness theorems, characterizations of the sphere and results on Weingarten surfaces [1, 4]. In this note we shall show how it can be applied to yield information on the size of immersed, compact surfaces. A weak form of this maximum principle will be sufficient for our purposes, which we now formulate. Let u (x, y), v (x, y) be real-valued/unctions o/clas~ C z in some bounded domain .(2, satis/ying in Q the inequality F (u~, u~, u= , u~v, uvv) >= F(v~, vv, v= , vxy, Vyv), where F ks real-valued o /c lass C 1 /or all values o / i t s arguments. Assume that u ~_ v in .(2 and that F is positive de/inite elliptic with respect to the/unctions z = O u + ( 1 O ) v , 0 < 0 _ < 1 ,
Primitive product angular distribution for the crossed beam reactions of Ba with NO2 and Cl2

Abstract Angular distributions of the BaO and BaCl products from the thermal crossed beam reactions Ba + NO 2 → BaO + NO and Ba + Cl 2 → BaCl + Cl have been measured. BaO and BaCl are predominantly “forward-scattered” in the c.m. system. Only a small fraction of the available reaction exoergicity goes into translational recoil.
From the Editor: A Sexual Orientation Quiz

Most readers of this journal already know a lot about sexual orientation. Why don't you test your knowledge by taking the following quiz? It’ll just take a couple of minutes. In the original Kinsey...
Comparing Online and Face-to-Face Dissonance-Based Eating Disorder Prevention

Disordered eating behavior is common in college women. Thus, it is important to develop programs to reduce eating disorder (ED) risk. Studies suggest that dissonance-based (DB) prevention programs successfully reduce ED risk factors; however, face-to-face DB groups lack anonymity and convenience. One way to address these barriers is to adapt DB programs for online use. Few studies have examined the feasibility of this delivery mode. This study compared the efficacy of an online DB program with a face-to-face DB program and an assessment-only condition. Undergraduate women (N = 333) recruited from a participant pool at a public university in the mid-Atlantic United States participated (n = 107 face-to-face DB, n = 112 online DB, n = 114 assessment-only). It was hypothesized that: (a) participants in the face-to-face and online DB conditions would report greater decreases in thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and ED symptoms at post-testing relative to participants in the assessment-only cont...
Recent biochemical studies of the dopamine transporter — A CNS drug target

The DAT is an important component of the dopaminergic synapse. It is critical for removing dopamine from extracellular space and is a target or "receptor" for various drugs. Recent electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies indicate that DAT, while found in nerve terminal membranes, has a very low presence (if any) in the synapse itself, and is mainly found in perisynaptic areas. Also, different levels of DAT are found in different dopaminergic nuclei. These findings suggest that diffusion of the transmitter may be more important than previously thought. Finally, the turnover rate of the DAT protein is similar to other synaptic proteins such as receptors.
Mammalian transcobalamin II metabolism The immunological and the biological cross-reactivity of mammalain transcobalamin II

Abstract Assay of the reactivity between the chicken anti-rabbit transcobalamin II antiserum and the sera of 19 vertebrate species was carried out by both immunodiffusion and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration column chromatography. Mammalian transcobalamin II cross-reacted with the antiserum whereas the serum vitamin B-12 binders of the bird, amphibian, reptile and fish did not. The biological activity of the purified rabbit transcobalamin II was assessed using reticulocytes or erythrocytes of human, rabbit, guinea pig and rat. The purified rabbit transcobalamin II promoted the uptake of vitamin B-12 by the cells but showed a great variation in its activity. It is suggested that the rabbit transcobalamin II is immunologically and biologically similar to the serum transcobalamin II of the mammalian species studied.
Comparative Development of Eimeria tenella from Sporozoites to Oocysts in Primary Kidney Cell Cultures from Gallinaceous Birds

SYNOPSIS Eimeria tenella completed its endogenous life cycle in primary cultures of kidney cells from 2- to 3-week-old-chickens, guinea fowl, partridges, pheasants, quail, and turkeys. Similarity in percentage of infection at 4 hr suggested that sporozoites entered cells from all birds in equal numbers. Development was better, however, in chicken cells in that the percentage of survival and of developmental stages during the first 2 days were greater, developmental stages occurring after 2 days usually were found earlier, mature 2nd-generation schizonts and oocysts were larger, and oocyst production was far greater than in nonhost cells. Multinucleate macrogametes, which sometimes reached sizes 3–4 times greater than normal oocysts, are reported for the first time.
Experimental Measurements of Rotordynamic Forces Caused by Front Shroud Pump Leakage

Unsteady forces generated by fluid flow through the impeller shroud leakage path of a centrifugal pump were investigated. Different pump shroud geometries were compared, and the effect of leakage path inlet swirl (pump discharge swirl) on the rotordynamic forces was examined for various ratios of fluid flowthrough velocities to impeller tip speed. A short axial length leakage path reduced the measured forces, while curvature appeared to increase the destabilizing forces when inlet swirl was present. It was observed that changing the inlet swirl velocity does not appear to significantly affect the measured forces for a given leakage flow coefficient, but any nonzero inlet swirl is destabilizing when compared to cases with no inlet swirl.
Distance Dependence of Electron Transfer in Rigid, Cofacially Compressed, π-Stacked Porphyrin−Bridge−Quinone Systems

The electron-transfer (ET) dynamics of a series of unusually rigid π-stacked porphyrin−quinone (P−Q) systems, in which sub-van der Waals interplanar distances separate juxtaposed porphyryl, aromatic bridge, and quinonyl components of these assemblies, are reported. The photoinduced charge separation (CS) and thermal charge recombination (CR) ET reactions of [5-[8‘-(2‘ ‘,5‘ ‘-benzoquinonyl)-1‘-naphthyl]-10,20-diphenylporphinato]zinc(II) (1a-Zn), [5-[8‘-(4‘ ‘-[8‘ ‘‘-(2‘ ‘‘ ‘,5‘ ‘‘ ‘-benzoquinonyl)-1‘ ‘‘-naphthyl]-1‘ ‘-phenyl)-1‘-naphthyl]-10,20-diphenylporphinato]zinc(II) (2a-Zn), and [5-(8‘-[4‘ ‘-(8‘ ‘‘-[4‘ ‘‘ ‘-(8‘ ‘‘ ‘‘-[2‘ ‘‘ ‘‘ ‘,5‘ ‘‘ ‘‘ ‘-benzoquinonyl]-1‘ ‘‘ ‘‘-naphthyl)-1‘ ‘‘ ‘-phenyl]-1‘ ‘‘-naphthyl)-1‘ ‘-phenyl]-1‘-naphthyl)-10,20-diphenylporphinato]zinc(II) (3a-Zn) in CH2Cl2 were investigated by pump−probe transient absorption spectroscopy. Analyses of these data show that the phenomenological ET distance dependence (β) for both the CS and CR reactions in these systems is soft (βCS = 0.43 A-1; β...