cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Suicidal Thought and Self-Destructive Behavior among Females.

The focus of the present investigation was to examine the importance of a control group in suicide research and to develop an instrument to distinguish between levels of suicidal thought among subjects who had a history of attempted suicide and among a comparison group of nonsuicidal individuals. The sample was comprised of female university students ranging in age from 18 to 25 years. A 31-item questionnaire designed by the investigator was given to 199 students, 20 of whom were found to have histories of one or more previous suicide attempts. The remaining 179 nonsuicidal subjects were divided into two categories based on the frequency of expressed suicidal thought. Fifty individuals were randomly selected from each of these two groups. The three groups (individuals who had attempted suicide, individuals who had not attempted suicide but who thought about suicide on a frequent basis, and individuals who had not attempted suicide and who thought about suicide on an infrequent basis) were compared on the variables of motivation for suicidal thoughts, history of self-destructive behaviors, probability of a future suicide attempt, and age of first suicidal considerations. A chi-square analysis was performed on each of these items in order to assess the extent to which the items discriminated among the three comparison groups. The differences among the three groups on each of the items were found to be statistically significant at less than the .01 level. The results of the study have provided support for the necessity of a distinction between groups within a nonsuicidal comparison population and for the suggestion that there may be a quantitative relationship between the frequency of suicidal thought and the likelihood of attempted suicide.
Genetic, immunological, and cytotoxic comparisons of Legionella proteolytic activities.

Abstract Several strains of Legionella pneumophila and other species of Legionella with proteolytic activities were compared by assays, including Southern hybridizations and Western immunoblots, to determine their proteolytic, hemolytic, and cytotoxic activities. Only proteases from strains of L. pneumophila were both hemolytic and cytotoxic, and proteolytic activities extracted from other species of Legionella possessed only hemolytic activity. A 4.0-kilobase DNA sequence encoding the 38-kilodalton metalloprotease from L. pneumophila Philadelphia 1 that we showed previously was responsible for the observed hemolytic and cytotoxic phenotypes (F. D. Quinn and L. S. Tompkins, Mol. Microbiol., 3:797-805, 1989) was used in Southern hybridizations to probe chromosomal DNA from several strains of L. pneumophila and other Legionella species. The probe hybridized to the chromosomal DNA of all serogroups of L. pneumophila but not to any strains of L. dumoffii, L. micdadei, L. feeleii, or L. jordanis that we examined. Additionally, Western immunoblots done with rabbit antisera made to the cloned L. pneumophila protease demonstrated cross-reactions among 38-kilodalton proteins from strains of L. pneumophila, but no reactions were observed with proteins from other species of Legionella. Similarly, the cloned protease from L. pneumophila reacted with convalescent-phase sera from patients infected with L. pneumophila, but not with antisera isolated from patients infected with other Legionella species. Thus, despite some similarities among the proteolytic activities of members of the genus Legionella, including proteolytic and hemolytic phenotypes, metal requirements for zinc or iron, sensitivity to EDTA, and temperature and pH optima, we documented distinct genetic, immunological, and cytotoxicity differences among the proteolytic activities produced by Legionella species.
Eurocentrism and Art History? Universal History and the Historiography of the Arts before Winckelmann

With its reputation for openness, Amsterdam is a good place to reconsider the vexatious question of Eurocentrism and the historiography of art. Although even those who decry “Eurocentrism” note that the term is difficult to define,1 it might appear easy enough to describe some of its symptoms in this case. The absence of any non-European art from the curricula of most continental European institutes of art history would seem to be one sure sign of a process whereby some artistic manifestations are preserved for memory, and others exiled to other fields, if not consigned to oblivion. Some revisionist art historians have begun to follow the lead of critics in other fields in taxing more recent work in art history for expressed or tacit assumptions whereby the non-Western-European is unfavourably compared to the Western, and in attacking art history of the nineteenth and earlier twentieth century for its more overtly nationalist and racist premises.2 Other writers would extend the critique to the Enlightenment, so often pilloried nowadays, and even to earlier periods.3
Trace gas profiles to 3000 m over Antarctica

Abstract During October–December, 1980 air samples collected on 13 helicopter flights between 30 and 3000 m above the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica were analyzed in McMurdo for N2O and the halocarbons, F-11, F-12, CCl4 and CH3CCl3 using electron capture gas chromatography. The average profile showed highest concentrations below 150 m for F-12, CCl4 and N2O and lowest concentrations for all compounds between 360 and 1800 m. Average profiles differed when flights were classified on the basis of low-level inversion conditions, the magnitude of the temperature lapse rate, or the direction of upper level winds. These differences in trace chemical profiles above 200 m are postulated to result from a combination of mid latitude air mass advection and subsequent dilution over Antarctica with stratospheric air. Lower boundary layer gradients may indicate a surface source from an unknown physical enrichment process.
Diisothiocyanatophosphonitrilic Chloride Trimer and its Derivatives

Abstract Diisothiocyanatophosphonitrilic chloride trimer has been prepared by the reaction of a stoichiometric quantity of ammonium thiocyanate with phosphonitrilic chloride trimer in acetone. Alcohol and amine derivatives of this compound have been prepared by addition reactions.
Polarization selective hologram-based photonic delay lines

Abstract The use of polarization selective holograms as optical signal routing elements for the implementation of photonic delay lines (PDLs) is proposed. A single bit PDL using ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) devices as active polarization switches and polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices as polarization selective holograms for optical path routing is experimentally demonstrated and characterized. Different within-channel leakage noise filters for improved PDL performance are discussed and experimentally demonstrated. Record high optical signal-to-leakage noise ratios (>45 dB) are obtained for both PDL settings using a combination of the proposed noise filters. An alternative reflective PDL architecture is also proposed. This reflective architecture requires half the physical length for each path compared with the transmissive design to obtain the same time delays. Other polarization dependent optical router designs based on birefringent-mode nematic liquid crystal (NLC) devices are also proposed.
Characterization of Rhodobacter sphaeroides Cytochrome c2 Proteins with Altered Heme Attachment Sites

Abstract In c-type cytochromes, heme is attached to the polypeptide via thioether linkages between vinyl groups on the tetrapyrrole ring and cysteine thiols in a CX 2 CH motif. To study the role of the heme-binding site in c-type cytochrome assembly and function, we generated amino acid changes in this region of Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c 2 ( 15 Cys-Gln-Thr-Cys-His 19 ). Amino acid substitutions at Cys 15 , Cys 18 , or His 19 produced mutant proteins that did not support growth via photosynthesis where this electron carrier is required. Many of these changes appeared to slow signal peptide removal, suggesting that heme attachment is coupled to processing of the c-type cytochrome precursor protein. Inserting an alanine between the cysteine ligands (CycA–Ins17A) did not significantly alter the behavior of this protein in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that the existence of 2 residues between cysteine thiols is not essential for heme attachment to a Class I c-type cytochrome like cytochrome c 2 .
The Gulf Stream

The dynamics of the Gulf Stream in the meander region from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks will be examined in the light of new theoretical and observational evidence. The theory of topographic meandering and baroclinic instability will be discussed, and a time-dependent thin-jet equation derived. Simultaneous observations of the path and structure of the stream, including long records of strong deep velocity fluctuations, will be analysed. Two weeks of repetitive tracking over 2 degrees of longitude revealed a secular change of the surface path, the advection of a recognizable feature, and a short wave motion (wavelength comparable to the Stream width). The vorticity and the vorticity balance of the thin jet equation are computed from the observations; transient contributions to the vorticity are found to be comparable to the quasi-steady terms. A general quasigeostrophic model is outlined in which the path equation for a broad baroclinic current is shown to be identical to the linearized thin jet equation. A solution to this equation is presented which exhibits an eddy production mechanism.
Chemical Warfare in the Battle of the Sexes

It may not be a complete surprise to learn that prolonged exposure to the opposite sex could be detrimental to your health. This is certainly true for some invertebrates, such as nematode worms and fruit flies ( 1 , 2 ). In this issue, Shi et al. ( 3 ) on page [536][1] and Maures et al. ( 4 ) on page [541][2] provide important new insights into the genetic and molecular processes that account for “male-induced demise” in worms. The battle of the sexes goes both ways, however, and on page [544][3], Gendron et al. ( 5 ) report that female-produced pheromones in the fruit fly can have similar detrimental effects on longevity and other age-related traits in male flies. Together, these studies pose some interesting evolutionary questions that touch on sex, death, and aging. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242958 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1244160 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1243339
Stuck in tights: mainstream superhero comics’ habitual limitations on social constructions of male superheroes

Mainstream superhero comics, such as Batman, Superman and Spider-Man, rarely ask their predominantly male readers the question: ‘What is our role as men in the everyday world?’ By overlooking this question, such typical superhero comics struggle with exploring the ‘normal, average’ roles of ordinary men: husband, father, son, worker, lover. Rather, superhero comics most often explore men in the public, political realm, creating narratives about the political climate of the times. Such superhero narratives build on literary traditions and exemplify political or world situations rather than personal ones. Stuck in their colourful uniform tights, mainstream male superheroes have little latitude to break from the one-dimensional personal expectations of the public world. This historical precedence and continuing characterization of superheroes is limiting for comic readers of all ages. Removing such essentialist gender criteria offers a liberating effect for superheroes stuck in their quick-change costumes. S...
Experimentally Derived Arrhenius Coefficients for the Reaction Modeling of Fast Pyrolysis

The search for fossil fuel alternatives has been one of increasing interest in recent years and one method which shows evidence of feasibility on a large scale is the production of bio-oil through the pyrolysis of biomass. In order to mathematically characterize biomass pyrolysis reactions for the purpose of process modeling, reaction descriptors in the form of Arrhenius coefficients are frequently utilized. Due to the complexity and inhomogeneity of biomass molecular structures, strictly analytically derived Arrhenius coefficients are not capable of predicting pyrolysis behaviors and outcomes. Typically thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is employed as a method of extracting mass conversion data as a function of temperature from which bulk reaction descriptors following the form of Arrhenius reaction coefficients are derived. The preceding time and temperature history, however, will have a significant impact on the biomass conversion processes at each subsequent data point. This renders derived process predictors from TGA incapable of approximating fast pyrolysis reactions which have a markedly different time and temperature history than is seen utilizing TGA methods. Experimentally derived reaction descriptors of the Arrhenius form for the fast pyrolysis of biomass have been investigated utilizing a novel isothermal fast pyrolysis reactor. Multiple reaction durations and reaction temperatures for Pinus Taeda were tested resulting in measurements of biomass conversion. Reaction coefficients derived from the data are compared to coefficients derived utilizing TGA data and their predictions for mass conversion are contrasted.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Cost savings associated with transfer of trauma patients within an accountable care organization

Abstract Background The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act supports the establishment of accountable care organizations (ACOs) as care delivery models designed to save costs. The potential for these cost savings has been demonstrated in the primary care and inpatient populations, but not for patients with emergency conditions or traumatic injuries. Methods Our study evaluated adult trauma patients transferred to the tertiary care hospitals of a pioneer ACO, comparing those who were transferred from within the ACO to those from outside the ACO in terms of overall cost of hospitalization. Hospital length of stay and number of imaging studies were predetermined secondary outcomes. Results The study population included 7696 hospitalizations for traumatic injuries over a 5-year period, 85.1% of which were for patients transferred from outside the ACO. Patients transferred from within the ACO had a 7.2% lower overall cost of hospitalization ( P = .032). Mean injury severity scores were not significantly different between groups. Differences in mortality, intensive care unit length of stay, and overall hospital length of stay were not significant. However, analysis of radiology studies performed during the hospitalization revealed that patients transferred from within the ACO had, on average, 0.47 fewer advanced imaging studies per hospitalization than did those transferred from outside the ACO (3.55 vs 4.02 studies per hospitalization, P = .003). Conclusions Adult trauma patients transferred from within an ACO have significantly lower total costs of hospitalization than do those transferred from outside the system, without significant differences in disease burden, hospital length of stay, or mortality.
Novel electrical energy storage system based on reversible solid oxide cells: System design and operating conditions

Abstract Electrical energy storage (EES) is an important component of the future electric grid. Given that no other widely available technology meets all the EES requirements, reversible (or regenerative) solid oxide cells (ReSOCs) working in both fuel cell (power producing) and electrolysis (fuel producing) modes are envisioned as a technology capable of providing highly efficient and cost-effective EES. However, there are still many challenges and questions from cell materials development to system level operation of ReSOCs that should be addressed before widespread application. This paper presents a novel system based on ReSOCs that employ a thermal management strategy of promoting exothermic methanation within the ReSOC cell-stack to provide thermal energy for the endothermic steam/CO 2 electrolysis reactions during charging mode (fuel producing). This approach also serves to enhance the energy density of the stored gases. Modeling and parametric analysis of an energy storage concept is performed using a physically based ReSOC stack model coupled with thermodynamic system component models. Results indicate that roundtrip efficiencies greater than 70% can be achieved at intermediate stack temperature (680 °C) and elevated stack pressure (20 bar). The optimal operating condition arises from a tradeoff between stack efficiency and auxiliary power requirements from balance of plant hardware.
Introduction: The Technology and Policy of Hydraulic Fracturing and Potential Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas Development

The development of large-scale shale gas production has been described as a game-changer for the US energy market and has generated interest in expanding the use of natural gas in sectors such as e...
Impact factor inflation: measuring the gatekeeper effect in scientific literature

This research seeks to measure the prevalence of Impact Factor inflation in two areas of science by comparing preprints archived in Arxiv.org to their respective versions published in peer-reviewed journals.
Electric vehicles as flexible loads: Algorithms to optimize aggregate behavior

This paper considers load shifting for electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce the peak value of the total power consumption. Large numbers of EV charging requests are classified into relatively small number of load types so that the computational effort remains unchanged as number of loads increases. A twolayer optimization scheme is proposed to deal with tasks that may demand sequentially varying power levels, which further reduces the computational burden. These ideas are potentially useful in harnessing flexibility in electric loads.
Mass Visual Field Screening in a Driving Population

With the cooperation of the California Department of Motor Vehicles and Synemed, Inc., visual field screening tests were administered to 1,027 eyes of driver's license applicants using the Fieldmaster Model 101-PR automated perimeter. Approximately 5% of the eyes tested demonstrated significant visual field loss. These results indicate that mass visual field screening in a driving population is feasible and may become a valuable technique for early detection of eye disease in large populations. It may also be an important factor in traffic safety.
Autonomic deficit not the cause of death in West Nile virus neurological disease.

Introduction Some West Nile virus (WNV)-infected patients have been reported to manifest disease signs consistent with autonomic dysfunction. Moreover, WNV infection in hamsters causes reduced electromyography amplitudes of the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragm, and they have reduced heart rate variability (HRV), a read-out for the parasympathetic autonomic function.
Crystal structures of 1,1′-di(2-propanone)-2,2′-biimidazole dihydrazone and 2,6-diacetylpyridine dihydrazone

The nucleophilic addition reactions between 1,1′-di(2-propanone)-2,2′-biimidazole or 2,6-diacetylpyridine and hydrazine hydrate afford 1,1′-di(2-propanone)-2,2′-biimidazole dihydrazone (1) and 2,6-diacetylpyridine dihydrazone (2), respectively. Compound1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupP212121, witha=9.042(2),b=9.731(3),c=15.683(4)A, V = 1379.9(6)Aℨ andZ=4. Compound2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupPnma, witha=10.948(2),b=19.742(6),c=4.566(1)A, V=986.9(4)Aℨ andZ=8. A pseudo center of inversion is present at the midpoint of the C−C bond joining the imidazole rings of1, whose substituents crystallize in atrans configuration. The imidazole rings are rotated 2.5(3)° about the C−C bond. In contrast to the essentially planar structure of2, the hydrazone substituent groups of1 are at angles of 89.9(1)° and 88.4(1)° with respect to the plane of the adjacent imidazole moiety.
Characterization of a Sodium-Response Transcriptional Mechanism

Abstract On the basis of paradigms in development wherein discrete transcriptional events are pivotal regulatory steps, we tested the hypothesis that transcriptional sodium (Na + )–response mechanisms are involved in in vivo Na + -induced responses relevant to normal (homeostatic) and pathophysiological (salt-sensitive hypertension) conditions. We used Na,K-ATPase α-subunit genes as molecular probes and the Na + ionophore monensin to induce a dose-specific incremental increase in [Na + ] i in rat A10 embryonic aortic smooth muscle cells. RNA blot analysis of rat A10 cells revealed a dose-specific (0.022 to 30 μmol/L monensin) upregulation of α 1 -, α 2 -, and β 1 -subunit Na,K-ATPase RNA levels. Control β-actin and α-tropomyosin RNA levels did not change. With the use of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) as reporter gene, CAT assays of rat α 1 [−1288]CAT and human α 2 [−798]CAT promoter constructs exhibited induction of CAT activity in monensin (10 μmol/L)–treated A10 cells compared with untreated A10 cells. Promoter deletion constructs for rat α 1 [−1288]CAT defined a positive Na + -response regulatory region within −358 to −169 that is distinct from the basal transcriptional activation region of −155 to −49 previously defined. Similarly, a positive Na + -response regulatory region is delimited to within −301 in the human α 2 Na,K-ATPase 5′ flanking region. Analysis of transgenic TgHα 2 [−798]CAT rats demonstrated sodium activation of human α 2 [−798]CAT transgene expression in aorta parallel to observations made in rat A10 aortic tissue culture cells. Southwestern blot analysis of nuclear extracts from monensin (10 μmol/L)–treated and control untreated A10 cells revealed a nuclear DNA binding protein (approximately 95 kD) that is upregulated by increased [Na + ] i . These data provide initial characterization of a transcriptional Na + -response mechanism delimiting a positive Na + -response regulatory region in two target genes (α 1 and α 2 Na,K-ATPase) as well as detection of a Na + -response nuclear DNA binding protein. The in vitro data are corroborated by in vivo experimental and transgenic promoter expression studies, thus validating the biological relevance of the observations.
Numerical perturbation method for approximate solution of poisson's equation on a moderately deforming grid

In problems such as the computation of incompressible flows with moving boundaries, it may be necessary to solve Poisson's equation on a large sequence of related grids. In this paper the LU decomposition of the matrix A0 representing Poisson's equation discretized on one grid is used to efficiently obtain an approximate solution on a perturbation of that grid. Instead of doing an LU decomposition of the new matrix A, the RHS is perturbed by a Taylor expansion of A−1 about A0. Each term in the resulting series requires one ‘backsolve’ using the original LU. Tests using Laplace's equation on a square/rectangle deformation look promising; three and seven correction terms for deformations of 20% and 40% respectively yielded better than 1% accuracy. As another test, Poisson's equation was solved in an ellipse (fully developed flow in a duct) of aspect ratio 2/3 by perturbing about a circle; one correction term yielded better than 1% accuracy. Envisioned applications other than the computation of unsteady incompressible flow include: three-dimensional parabolic problems in tubes of varying cross-section, use of ‘elimination’ techniques other than LU decomposition, and the solution of PDEs other than Poisson's equation.
Retrotransposons and the evolution of mammalian gene expression

Transposable elements, and retroviral-like elements in particular, are a rich potential source of genetic variation within a host's genome. Many mutations of endogenous genes in phylogenetically diverse organisms are due to insertion of elements that affect gene expression by altering the normal pattern of regulation. While few such associations are known to have been maintained over time, two recently elucidated examples suggest transposable elements may have a significant impact in evolution of gene expression. The first example, concerning the mouse sex-limited protein (Slp), clearly establishes that ancient retroviral enhancer sequences now confer hormonal dependence on the adjacent gene. The second example shows that within the human amylase gene family, salivary specific expression has arisen due to inserted sequences, deriving perhaps from a conjunction of two retrotransposable elements.
Galactofuranosyl-containing glycopeptide of Penicillium charlesii. Vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism.

The far and vacuum u.v. circular dichroism (CD) of peptidophosphogalactomannan from P. charlesii is reported to 182.5 nm in aqueous and aqueous/organic solvents, and to 150 nm in films. CD of films of the peptide-free derivative is reported to 150 nm. On the basis of these data we conclude that the peptide chain is unordered, and may best be described as a hydrated coil showing some stiffness. The small observed saccharide CD may result from cancellation of contributions from the various saccharide structures present or from a lack of repeating secondary structure.
A NOTE ON SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR NEGATIVE EXPONENTIAL POPULATION DENSITIES

The author presents some comments on the Mills-Muth model of urban spatial structure which predicts that population density declines as distance to the urban center increases. (ANNOTATION)
The Value of Nonhuman Nature: A Constitutive View

A central question of environmental ethics remains one of how best to account for the intuitions generated by the Last Man scenarios; that is, it is a question of how to explain our experience of value in nature and, more importantly, whether that experience is justified. Seeking an alternative to extrinsic views, according to which nonhuman entities possess normative features that obligate us, I turn to constitutive views, which make value or whatever other limits nonhuman nature places on action dependent on features intrinsic to human beings and constitutive of them or their obligations. After examining two kinds of constitutive views—environmental virtue ethics and Korsgaard’s Kantianism—I suggest an alternative that takes up the strengths of both while avoiding their shortcomings. On this view, we have an indirect obligation to experience nature as obligating us, although we have direct obligations only to human beings.
What Makes a Metaphor an Embodied Metaphor

What does it mean for metaphors to be "embodied"? Here we describe an influential theory of embodied cognition according to which thoughts are implemented in perceptuo-motor simulations, in the brain's modality-specific systems. This theory is invoked in nearly every paper on "embodied metaphor," across linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. There appears to be overwhelming support for the conclusion that representations of metaphorical "source domains" are embodied in percep- tuo-motor simulations. Here we show, however, that when the data are evaluated appropriately there is very little evidence that metaphors are embodied in this sense. The kind of data that offer compelling support for the embodiment of concrete, literal ideas like "grasping the ball" are nearly absent for abstract, metaphorical ideas like "grasping the explanation." There is now abundant evidence that metaphors structure our thoughts, feelings, and choices in a variety of conceptual domains. But evidence for meta- phorical mental representation is not necessarily evidence for embodiment. If any metaphorical source domains are embodied in modality-specific simulations, they may be the exception rather than the rule.
Charge-density-wave transport in orthorhombic Ta S 3 . II. Frequency-dependent conductivity

Frequency- ($\ensuremath{\omega}$) dependent conductivity measurements are reported on the linear-chain compound orthorhombic Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$. A weak frequency dependence and positive dielectric constant are observed due to one-dimensional fluctuations of charge-density waves (CDW's) above the Peierls transition at ${T}_{P}=215$ K. Below the phase transition the conductivity strongly increases with increasing $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and the dielectric constant is of the order of ${10}^{7}$. The small characteristic energies obtained from the observed $\ensuremath{\omega}$ dependence give direct evidence for the collective mode. When interpreted in terms of a classical model of the pinned CDW, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ indicates a strongly overdamped response. A tunneling model developed by Bardeen also leads to a consistent description of both $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and the electric-field- ($E$) dependent dc conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. In this model the frequency-dependent response is due to both a tunneling contribution and the response of the pinned mode. Below about 130 K the observed frequency dependence suggests the development of a disordered CDW state. These observations are compared with experiments performed on the linear-chain compound Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$.
Active Control of a Mach 0.9 Jet for Noise Mitigation Using Plasma Actuators

longer time before decaying gradually. The saturation and decay of the seeded perturbations moved farther upstream as their Strouhal number was increased. Seeded perturbations with higher azimuthal modes exhibited faster decay. Particle image velocimetry results showed that when exciting the jet’s preferred-mode instability at lower azimuthal modes, the jet potential core was shortened and the turbulent kinetic energy was increased significantly. At higher Strouhal numbers and higher azimuthal modes, forcing had less of an impact on the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. Far-field acoustic results showed a significant noise increase (2 to 4 dB) when thejetisexcitedaroundthejet’spreferred-modeinstabilityStrouhalnumber(StDF 0:2–0:5),inagreementwiththe results in the literature. Noise reduction of 0.5 to over 1.0 dB is observed over a large excitation Strouhal number range; this reduction seems to peak around StDF 1:5 to 2.0 at a 30-deg angle, but around StDF 3:0 to 3.5 at a 90deg angle. Although forcing the jet with higher azimuthal modes is advantageous for noise mitigation at a 30-deg angleandlowerStrouhalnumbers,theeffectisnotasclearathigherforcingStrouhalnumbersandata90-degangle.
The frequency and clinical significance of the S1235R mutation in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene: results from a collaborative study

More than 850 mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene have been reported to the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Consortium. A missense mutation, S1235R, was originally reported in a CF patient with a second mutation (G628R) on the same chromosome. The clinical significance of S1235R was not clear. S1235R is not among the commonly reported mutations, and it is not routinely screened for in most laboratories. However, we have identified this variant in our laboratories at a higher frequency than many of the other CF mutations. Among more than 3,000 patients tested for either a possible diagnosis of CF or to determine CF carrier status, we identified 50 patients heterozygous for S1235R. No patients were homozygous for S1235R. The allele frequency of S1235R in this population (∼1%) was higher than that of the G551D or G542X CF mutations. Patients found to carry S1235R ranged in age from 1 day to 73 years. Indications for testing included rule out CF (15 cases), prenatally diagnosed echogenic bowel (2 cases), meconium ileus/obstruction at birth (3 cases), carrier screening with a positive family history (11 cases), carrier screening with a negative family history (17 cases) and unknown (2 cases). Four patients were compound heterozygotes for a second CFTR mutation: 2 cases (one family) were N1303K/S1235R and 2 unrelated cases were AF508/S1235R. Clinical data on those patients will be presented. No patient tested so far (N=31) carried the G628R CFTR mutation. Our data suggests that S1235R, when combined with a second CF mutation, may be pathogenic, although phenotypic manifestations appear to be variable. However, the possibility that this represents a rare polymorphism cannot be discounted completely. Genetic counseling issues are difficult when S1235R is identified, even in the presence of a second known mutation, especially in prenatal cases.
Visible And Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS): A Facility Instrument For Planetary Missions

A second-generation visible and IR mapping spectrometer (VIMS), selected for both the Mars Observer and Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) missions, is described. VIMS is a scanning spectrometer with a focal plane consisting of linear arrays of visible and IR detectors, cooled by a radiative cooler. It is noted that a wide-angle scan using a full-aperture scan mirror was implemented for the Mars Observer; a narrow-angle scan using a scanning secondary mirror within a Cassegrain foreoptic was achieved for the CRAF mission.
Pleiotropic Effects of Genes for Insulin Resistance on Adiposity in Baboons

Objective: Previous research has suggested a genetic contribution to the development of insulin resistance and obesity. We hypothesized that the same genes influencing insulin resistance might also contribute to the variation in adiposity. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 601 (200 male, 401 female) adult baboons (Papio hamadryas) from nine families with pedigrees ranging in size from 43 to 121 were used in this study. Plasma insulin, glucose, C-peptide, and adiponectin were analyzed, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) was calculated. Fat biopsies were collected from omental fat tissue, and triglyceride concentration per gram of fat tissue was determined. Body weight and length were measured, and BMI was derived. Univariate and bivariate quantitative genetic analyses were performed using SOLAR. Results: Insulin, glucose, C-peptide, and adiponectin levels, HOMA IR, triglyceride concentration of fat tissue, body weight, and BMI were all found to be significantly heritable, with heritabilities ranging from 0.15 to 0.80. Positive genetic correlations (rGs) were observed for HOMA IR with C-peptide (rG = 0.88 ± 0.10, p = 0.01), triglyceride concentration in fat tissue (rG = 0.86 ± 0.33, p = 0.02), weight (rG = 0.50 ± 0.20, p = 0.03), and BMI (rG = 0.64 ± 0.22, p = 0.02). Discussion: These results suggest that a set of genes contributing to insulin resistance also influence general and central adiposity phenotypes. Further genetic research in a larger sample size is needed to identify the common genes that constitute the genetic basis for the development of insulin resistance and obesity.
The Added Value Index: A new metric to quantify the added value of regional models

[1] A metric to quantify the value added by high-resolution models is introduced. It is based on a characteristic spatial distribution of skill rather than the averages of skill values. Normal distribution functions are fit to the model skill distribution of coarse- and fine-resolution models, and a new metric (Added Value Index, AVI) is defined as the area enclosed by the two distribution functions, with information on the way the two curves cross each other. The AVI is computed for a case of downscaling seasonal forecasts and is shown to properly provide a different degree of added value by high-resolution models.
Hybrid mouse-prokaryotic DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases retain the specificity of the parental C-terminal domain.

The mouse (cytosine‐5) DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1) consists of a regulatory N‐terminal and a catalytic C‐terminal domain, which are fused by a stretch of Gly‐Lys dipeptide repeats. The C‐terminal region contains all of the conserved motifs found in other cytosine‐5 DNA methyltransferases including the relative position of the catalytic Pro‐Cys dipeptide. In prokaryotes, the methyltransferases are simpler and lack the regulatory N‐terminal domain. We constructed three hybrid methyltransferases, containing the intact N‐terminus of the murine Dnmt1 and most of the coding sequences from M. Hha I (GCGC), M. Hpa II (CCGG) or M. Sss I (CG). These hybrids are biologically active when expressed in a baculovirus system and show the specificity of the parental C‐terminal domain. Expression of these recombinant constructs leads to de novo methylation of both host and viral genomes in a sequence‐specific manner. Steady‐state kinetic analyses were performed on the murine Dnmt1– Hha I hybrid using poly(dG–dC)·poly (dG–dC), unmethylated and hemimethylated oligonucleotides as substrates. The enzyme has a slow catalytic turnover number of 4.38 h−1 for poly(dG–dC)· poly(dG–dC), and exhibits 3‐fold higher catalytic efficiency for hemimethylated substrates.
The importance of cumulative impacts for socioeconomic impact assessment and mitigation

Abstract We will consider cumulative socioeconomic impacts in environmental impact assessment and mitigation processes. Cumulative impacts from several simultaneous projects are greater than aggregate impacts for projects built in isolation. Impacts of energy facilities provide a baseline for potential cumulative impacts in a number of regions. Case studies illustrate the importance of cumulative impacts, as well as their uneven treatment in the environmental impact statement (EIS) process. Important institutional, legal, and practical considerations associated with cumulative impacts are analyzed, and descriptions are offered of how cumulative impact assessments can be used as tools in decision-making.
Purification and characterization of a phosphorotriester hydrolase from methyl parathion-resistant Heliothis virescens

Abstract The enzyme that hydrolyzes methyl paraoxon in a methyl parathion-resistant strain of Heliothis virescens was characterized using methyl paraoxon as a substrate. It was localized mainly in the soluble fraction, total activity being highest in the integument/muscle, followed by the fat body and the intestine, although specific activity was highest in the malpighian tubules, followed by the head. The optimal pH was 8 to 9 and 1 × 10 −3 M Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ions significantly activated the enzyme, while 1 × 10 −3 M Ca 2+ and EDTA had no effect. Hg 2+ and phosphate ions inhibited it. The I 50 's of some esterase inhibitors such as DEF, TOCP, DFP, K-2, OTFP, propoxur, ethyl paraoxon, n -propyl paraoxon, etc. were all greater than 1 × 10 −4 M . Purification of the enzyme from the 100,000 g supernatant of a whole body homogenate by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration resulted in a specific activity of 0.480 μmol methyl paraoxon hydrolyzed/min/mg protein with 267-fold purification. Methyl paraoxon hydrolysis was attributed to a major PAGE band as determined with 1-naphthyl acetate. The molecular weight was estimated as 120 kDa by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The difference in the relative toxicological half-life value, ( t 0.5 ) e , for methyl paraoxon and ethyl paraoxon corresponded to the difference in resistance factors for these compounds in vivo . The results obtained indicate that the methyl paraoxon hydrolase of H. virescens is a true phosphorotriester hydrolase responsible in part for methyl parathion resistance in this strain of insect.
Cross-world luck at the time of decision is a problem for compatibilists as well

Alfred Mele has put forward what he regards as “a serious problem luck poses for libertarians” ([Mele, Alfred. 2006. Free Will and Luck. New York: Oxford University Press.], 6): that the kind of indeterminism libertarians require for free will brings about what he calls present luck, luck about the fact that one decides and subsequently acts as one does rather than in some other way that one was, at the time, causally able to decide and act. In this paper, I argue that present luck is a problem for compatibilists as well. I grant that decisions which are undetermined in the way required by libertarians are lucky in the way Mele describes. However, I argue, this is not because such decisions are undetermined, but because they are made by an agent who is motivationally split and has certain specific dispositions to deliberate and decide in different ways in the circumstance. If a split decision of the relevant kind is performed in a deterministic world, the agent is just as lucky that she decides as she doe...
Optimal mutation probability for genetic algorithms

We derive the value of the mutation probability which maximizes the probability that the genetic algorithm finds the optimum value of the objective function under simple assumptions. This value is compared with the optimum mutation probability derived in other studies. An empirical study shows that this value, when used with a larger scaling factor in linear scaling, improves the performance of the genetic algorithm. This feature is then added to a model developed by Hinton and Nowlan which allows certain bits to be guessed in an effort to increase the probability of finding the optimum solution.
Kinetic analysis of hydrogen evolution from reactively sputtered amorphous silicon-hydrogen alloys

Hydrogen evolution from annealed samples of amorphous silicon-hydrogen alloys ($a$-Si: H) is discussed. From the results of isothermal-annealing experiments, it is demonstrated that at fairly low temperatures ($T\ensuremath{\approx}225\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C) the rate-limiting step for hydrogen evolution is a singly activated desorption process with a free energy of activation of 1.7 eV. We show that this low-temperature evolution is not limited by the diffusion of hydrogen through the silicon network. For this low-temperature desorption process, we measure in isochronal-annealing experiments an activation enthalpy of 0.4 eV and an activation free energy of 1.7 eV. Approximately one third of the hydrogen in $a$-Si: H resides in the relatively weakly bound states investigated in these low-temperature evolution studies. Also observed is the evolution of hydrogen associated with crystallization that occurs near 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and (in some samples) an intermediate temperature desorption process near 500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C that involves a free energy (enthalpy) of activation of 2.4 (1.6) eV.
The KPSS stationarity test as a unit root test

Abstract The stationarity test statistic of Kwiatkowski et al. (forthcoming) can also be used, with different critical values, as a unit root test. This paper shows that it is not as good a unit root test as other standard tests.
Simplified Lateral Chest Incision for Most Thoracotomies Other Than Sternotomy

Our experience using the lateral simplified thoracotomy incision for most chest work other than operations requiring median sternotomy is reported. The incision provides adequate exposure, yet preserves major muscle masses and decreases the postoperative morbidity. Return of normal ipsilateral arm function appears to be hastened in the postoperative period. In addition, the incision is easier to open and close than the standard incision.
Factors affecting catalysis of lipid oxidation by a ferritin-containing extract of beef muscle

Ferritin was extracted from bovine diaphragm muscle to determine whether in situ ferritin concentrations could catalyze oxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances by the ferritin-containing fraction increased with increasing ascorbate and cysteine (10–500 μ.M). Ascorbate stimulated more lipid oxidation than cysteine. Catalysis of lipid oxidation by ascorbate and the ferritin-containing fraction increased slightly with increasing pH from 5.0 to 7.0. Ferritin/ascorbate was inhibited by superoxide dismutase, EDTA and ceruloplasmin and stimulated by hydrogen peroxide. Data suggest ferritin may be partially responsible for catalysis of lipid oxidation in muscle foods.
Enhancement Of Fluorescent Fingerprints By Time-Resolved Imaging

Laser detection of latent fingerprints tends to fail when prints are located on certain types of surface, such as brown cardboard and wood, because the generally weak fingerprint fluorescence is overwhelmed by background luminescence from these substrates. The fingerprint and background fluorescence lifetimes, which are of nanosecond order, were measured for samples of the above surface types and for fingerprints treated by the most successful current detection procedures. Our results indicate that time-resolved imaging can in these situations improve image contrast by about an order of magnitude.
Maximum detector sizes required for orphan source detection

Orphan source detection is hampered by fluctuations in the natural background. These fluctuations act as systematic errors that limit the effectiveness of large detectors during a search. Large detectors just map background variations more accurately, while small detectors are dominated by counting-statistics errors. This suggests that there is a maximum effective size for a search detector that occurs approximately where the two variances are equal.
Repairing the reticulated model of scientific rationality

InScience and Values (1984) and other, more recent, works, e.g. (1987a, 1987b, 1989a, 1989b, 1990), Larry Laudan proposes a theory of scientific debate he dubs the “reticulated model of scientific rationality” (Laudan, 1984, pp. 50–66). The model stands in sharp contrast to hierarchical approaches to rationality exemplified by Popper (1959), Hempel (1965), and Reichenbach (1938), as well as the conventionalist views of rationality defended by Carnap (1950), Popper (1959), Kuhn (1962), and Lakatos (1978). Ironically, the model commits some of the same errors Laudan finds in hierarchicalist and conventionalists approaches to scientific rationality. This paper will show that the model can be fixed by recognizing that criteria of goal assessment have no privileged status. These rules are best viewed as simply rules of rationality (or rules of scientific method) by another name.
Possible realization of the exciton Bose liquid phase in a hard-core boson model with ring-only exchange interactions

We investigate a hard-core boson model with ring-only exchanges on a square lattice, where a K_1 term acts on 1×1 plaquettes and a K_2 term acts on 1×2 and 2×1 plaquettes, with a goal of realizing a novel exciton Bose liquid (EBL) phase first proposed by Paramekanti et al. [Phys. Rev. B 66, 054526 (2002)]. We construct Jastrow-type variational wave functions for the EBL, study their formal properties, and then use them as seeds for a projective quantum Monte Carlo study. Using the Green’s function Monte Carlo approach, we obtain an unbiased phase diagram that at half-filling reveals a charge density wave for small K_2, a valence bond solid for intermediate K_2, and possibly for large K_2 the EBL phase. Away from half-filling, the EBL phase is present for intermediate K_2 and remains stable for a range of densities below 1/2 before phase separation occurs at lower densities.
Computer graphic system for rendering gonio-apparent colors

A computer graphic system has been developed that allows a color scientist to evaluate the appearance of gonio-apparent colors. Reflection modeling software is used to define a BRDF from existing computer graphic reflection models and standard appearance measurements for gloss and metallic travel. A visualization program allows the user to examine the BRDF that results from reflection modeling. Real-time software and hardware can be employed to adjust the BRDF and display a surface with the specified reflection properties. A high quality rendering system is available to make individual pictures that incorporate complex lighting and reflection effects.