cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unintended consequences of price controls: An application to allowance markets

Abstract Price controls established in a cap-and-trade allowance market are intended to reduce cost uncertainty by constraining allowance prices between a ceiling and floor; however, they could provide opportunities for strategic actions by firms that would lower government revenue and increase emissions. In particular, when the ceiling price is supported by introducing new allowances into the market, firms could choose to buy allowances at the ceiling price, regardless of the prevailing market price, in order to lower the equilibrium price of all allowances. Those purchases could either be transacted by firms intending to manipulate the market price or be induced through the introduction of inaccurate information about the cost of emissions abatement. Theory and simulations using allowance elasticity estimates for U.S. firms suggest that the manipulation could be profitable under the stylized setting and assumptions evaluated in the paper, although in practice many other conditions will determine its use.
Synthesis of a potent inhibitor of β-glucuronidase

Abstract A new glucuronic acid-type iminosugar in which a nitrogen atom is placed in the anomeric positon was synthesized and was proven to potently inhibit β-glucuronidase, with Ki = 79 nM.
Totally geodesic boundaries of knot complements

Given a compact orientable 3 manifold M whose boundary is a hyperbolic surface and a simple closed curve C in its boundary, every knot in M is homotopic to one whose complement admits a complete hyperbolic structure with totally geodesic boundary in which the geodesic representative of C is as small as you like.
Accuracy and Stability of Finite Element Schemes for the Duct Transmission Problem

A one-dimensional numerical model is used to investigate the characteristics of finite element computational schemes for linearized acoustical transmission in ducts with flow. Primitive variables and coupled first-order equations are used. The relative performances of Lagrangian and Hermitian elements with Galerkin and residual least squares formulations are assessed. Results of the numerical study are shown to correlate with the characteristics of analytic solutions for the equivalent regular grid difference equations. Galerkin solutions are shown to introduce spurious nonphysical modes which must be eliminated by careful attention to the local resolution requirements of the finite-element mesh. Residual least squares formulations do not introduce spurious numerical modes but result in significant numerical damping. This is particularly severe if Lagrangian elements are used.
LARGE SCALE SYNTHESIS OF 2-AZIDODEOXY GLUCOSYL DONORS

Starting from readily available phenyl 1-thio-β-D-mannopyranoside, phenyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside (9) was synthesized on multigram scale using inexpensive reagents.
A note on soft factors for closed string scattering

In this note, it is shown that closed string graviton scattering amplitudes obey the same subleading soft limit as field theory graviton scattering amplitudes. The result is derived using a combination of recent results and methods including the subleading soft expansion for type I open string gluon disk scattering amplitudes, the single value projection for multiple ζ values, and the KLT relations in field and string theory.
Adaptive Output Feedback Control of a Flexible Base Manipulator

This paper considers augmentation of an existing inertial damping mechanism by neural network-based adaptive control, for controlling a micromanipulator that is serially attached to a macromanipulator. The approach is demonstrated using an experimental test bed in which the micromanipulator is mounted at the tip of a cantilevered beam that resembles a macromanipulator with its joint locked. The inertial damping control combines acceleration feedback with position control for the micromanipulator so as to simultaneously suppress vibrations caused by the flexible beam while achieving precise tip positioning. Neural network-based adaptive elements are employed to augment the inertial damping controller when the existing control system becomes deficient due to modeling errors and uncertain operating conditions. There were several design challenges that had to be faced from an adaptive control perspective. One challenge was the presence of a nonminimum phase zero in an output feedback adaptive control design setting in which the regulated output variable has zero relative degree. Other challenges included flexibility in the actuation devices, lack of control degrees of freedom, and high dimensionality of the system dynamics. In this paper we describe how we overcame these difficulties by modifying a previous augmenting adaptive approach to make it suitable for this application. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the augmenting approach to adaptive output feedback control design.
New results From CLEO and BES

Latest experimental results from BES in the charmonium mass region, and those from CLEO in the bottomonium and charmonium spectroscopy are reviewed.
Sensing A Paradigm Shift in the Field of Molecular Recognition: From Selective to Differential Receptors.

Molecular recognition has evolved from a science designed to understand biological systems into a much more diverse area of research. While work continues to elucidate "nature's tricks" with respect to intermolecular interactions, much attention has turned to the perspective that molecular recognition, by design, can lead to new technologies. Applications ranging from molecular sensing to information storage and even working molecular machines have been envisioned. This review will highlight a few historical hallmarks of molecular recognition oriented at studying the basic science of intermolecular interactions, but then detail recent advances in molecular recognition aimed towards applications in the field of molecular sensing. Rational design can be used to create synthetic receptors with a good deal of predictability and selectivity, and many signal transduction mechanisms exist for converting these receptors into sensors. This is the first topic discussed. The concept of "differential" or "generalized" sensing is then presented, where one uses an array of sensors that do not necessarily conform to the "lock and key" principle. This approach to sensing is inspired by the mammalian senses of taste and smell, which we briefly describe. To mimic senses of taste and smell, one is naturally led to the use of combinatorial libraries, a direction of research that has seen continued growth over the past few years. We summarize the current state of the art in synthetic combinatorial receptors/sensors, and then predict a future direction that the field of molecular recognition will possibly take. The review is not meant for the specialist, but instead for a general audience. It does not present a highly detailed analysis of each individual topic: synthetic receptors, sensors, olfaction/gustation, and combinatorial receptors/sensors. Instead, this review shows how all these fields complement each other and fit together to create sensing devices. Our conclusion is that specific analyte sensing, differential sensing, and combinatorial chemistry can and will be combined to create sensor arrays, and give the subfield of molecular recognition that uses synthetic systems a bright future in this type of sensing scenario.
The 2+1 Dimensional NJL Model at Finite Temperature

Abstract We decribe properties of (2+1)-dimensional Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) models at finite temperature, beginning with the model with a discrete chiral symmetry. We then consider the model with a continuous U(1)×U(1) chiral symmetry, describing the restoration of the symmetry at finite temperature. In each case, we compute the free energy and comment on a recently proposed constraint based upon it. We conclude with a brief discussion of NJL models with larger chiral symmetries.
Fixed acid uptake by visceral organs during early endotoxemia

Metabolic acidosis commonly occurs in patients with the sepsis syndrome (1). Acidosis correlates with increased mortality even in the absence of increased lactate levels and is a more reliable predictor of outcome (2). Although many studies have focused on the pathophysiology, clinical significance, and treatment of lactic acidosis (3–9), relatively few have investigated other sources of metabolic acidosis in sepsis. This is surprising because lactate ion accounts for less than 50% of the “unmeasured” anions present in patients with sepsis and metabolic acidosis (10). We have previously demonstrated that during normal physiologic conditions the liver takes up some of these other anions. However, following administration of endotoxin the liver switches to release of unexplained anions (11). This might account for the appearance of unexplained anions in the circulation of patients with sepsis (10) and liver disease (12) and may result in systemic acidosis if these anions accumulate in excess of strong cations. However, a non-anion gap metabolic acidosis occurs within several minutes of the administration of endotoxin to healthy animals (13). In addition, patients with sepsis frequently exhibit an acidosis which has a significant non-anion gap component (14). This acidosis cannot be explained by the release of anions by the liver. Accordingly, we reanalyzed the data from our original study (11) and included analysis of net acid flux in order to determine the sites of fixed acid production and clearance in acute endotoxemia.
Organopalladium approaches to prostaglandins

Publisher Summary The prostaglandins (PG's) are an extremely important class of naturally occurring substances found in mammals and marine corals, which exhibit a remarkably broad range of physiological properties. Structurally they differ in the nature of the functional groups and side chains attached to a five-membered ring. Naturally-occurring substrates with one, two, and occasionally three carbon–carbon double bonds in the side chains are known, and numerous analogues of the naturally occurring prostaglandins have been synthesized. Prostaglandins or analogues of prostaglandins A, B, C, D, E, F, H, and I have been prepared via organopalladium intermediates. Most useful of the palladium reactions are (1) the carbopalladation of cyclic, monocyclic and bicyclic alkenes, (2) the Heck reaction of vinylic halides or orthopalladation products and enones, (3) the Stille coupling of vinylic halides or triflates and vinylic stannanes, (4) the nucleophilic displacement of π-allylpalladium intermediates, and (5) the opening of epoxides and peroxides by palladium (O).
Field Stars, Open Clusters, and the Galactic Abundance Gradient

The effects of the orbital diffusion of stars and clusters on the Galactic abundance gradient have been modeled. For a single generation of field stars, the results confirm previous analyses based on the assumption of a linear gradient with Galactocentric distance. Though the dispersion in metallicity at a given radius grows with time, the underlying slope across the disk remains unchanged. For a disk dominated by a discontinuity in [Fe/H] beyond the solar circle, but no gradient within the inner or outer disk, a gradient is derived for any sample whose Galactocentric baseline overlaps the discontinuity. The narrower the range in distance around the discontinuity, the steeper the gradient. The consequence of orbital diffusion is to shift the observable edge of the transition in [Fe/H] toward smaller Galactocentric distance, enhancing the detection of a gradient. In contrast, star clusters of a single generation evaporate so quickly that the small surviving sample of the oldest clusters is statistically incapable of defining any gradient except a linear case. Inclusion of multiple generations of stars and clusters with a plausible age-metallicity relation enhances these patterns by expanding the metallicity range at a given Galactocentric distance through the inclusion of stars with a wide range in both age and Galactocentric origin. For field stars, the metallicity distribution of stars in the solar neighborhood is virtually indistinguishable for the two cases modeled. Because ages, abundances, and distances can be reliably determined for clusters and any sample of clusters is invariably dominated by those clusters formed over the last 2 Gyr, the cluster population offers a viable means for finding detailed structure within the recent Galactic abundance gradient. Using clusters to extend the Galactocentric baseline would supply an additional critical test of the discontinuity.
Voucher Privatization: A detour on the road to transition?

We explore an overlooked aspect of the design of the Czech voucher privatization programme, namely, the consequences of allowing individuals to distribute their vouchers among the voucher privatization funds (VPFs). We develop and analyse a model of voucher privatization in which we study the problem facing individuals who invest their vouchers in VPFs which, in turn, are able to use their skills to alter the performances of the firms in which they acquire shares. The VPFs have different skills and, by their bids and subsequent joint ownership patterns, affect the performances of the firms in their funds. We show that even in the case in which voucher holders have identical and full information, and wish to allocate their vouchers to the VPFs in a manner consistent with the maximization of economy–wide profit, a coordination failure generally prevents the implementation of this efficient outcome. Uncertainty, as well as differing payouts by the VPFs, is shown to exacerbate the problem. We conclude that there was an inherent flaw in the design of the Czech voucher scheme. JEL classification: D44, L33, P21, G11.
Recovery of reattached turbulent shear layers

Abstract Turbulence structure of the recovering flow downstream of a backward facing step is investigated for five different flow conditions. Reynolds number Re h = U 0 h / v and δ / h (representing a measure of a perturbation strength) appear to be the chief governing parameters of turbulence characteristics. Present measurements reveal that the skin-friction coefficient magnitude decreases every-where in the flow (including the recirculating region) as the Reynolds number increases. The pressure coefficient distribution Ĉ p collapses on a single curve for x x r in the examined parameter range. All Ĉ p distributions appear to reach approximately constant values by x ≈ 1.5 x r ( x r is a mean reattachment length). The turbulence structure near the wall recovers to that of an equilibrium boundary layer by x =15 h , while the outer region takes much longer distance (order of 100 h ). The slope of the Prandtl mixing length near the wall does not approach the equilibrium value of 0.41 until x ≈ 40 h . The normalized maximum eddy viscosity in the outer layer appears to take more than 100 h to approach the equilibrium value of 0.0168.
THE chemical compositions of RR lyrae type C variable stars

We present a detailed chemical abundance study of eight RR Lyrae variable stars of subclass c (RRc). The target RRc stars chosen for study exhibit "Blazhko-effect" period and amplitude modulations to their pulsational cycles. Data for this study were gathered with the echelle spectrograph of the 100 inch du Pont telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. Spectra were obtained throughout each star's pulsation cycle. Atmospheric parameters—effective temperature, surface gravity, microturbulent velocity, and metallicity—were derived at multiple phase points. We found metallicities and element abundance ratios to be constant within observational uncertainties over the pulsational cycles of all stars. Moreover, the α-element and Fe-group abundance ratios with respect to iron are consistent with other horizontal-branch members (RRab, blue and red non-variables). Finally, we have used the [Fe/H] values of these eight RRc stars to anchor the metallicity estimates of a large-sample RRc snapshot spectroscopic study being conducted with the same telescope and instrument combination employed here.
Theoretical foundations for the study of sociomateriality

This paper compares two alternative theoretical foundations upon which the study of sociomateriality can be built: agential realism and critical realism. It begins by providing a brief overview of the sociomaterial perspective on organizational practices and considers why this perspective holds great appeal at this point in time. I then engage with Mutch's (2013) critique of the agential realist foundation upon which most current discussions of sociomateriality are constructed to highlight what practical problems are generated when authors attempt to map agential realism's philosophical discussion onto empirical phenomena. Next, I attempt to make explicit what Mutch leaves implicit in his paper: how building studies of sociomateriality on the theoretical foundation offered by critical realism can, potentially, overcome some of the practical problems created by a footing on agential realism. Finally, I push Mutch's arguments one step further to compare what practical consequences arise when researchers attempt to construct studies of sociomateriality on either of these two theoretical foundations. I suggest that there are important implications for what one can study, how one can study it, and how scholars can contribute to theory on technology and organizing based on the theoretical foundation they choose to build upon.
Polynomial-time algorithms for linear programming based only on primal scaling and projected gradients of a potential function

This paper presents extensions and further analytical properties of algorithms for linear programming based only on primal scaling and projected gradients of a potential function. The paper contains extensions and analysis of two polynomial-time algorithms for linear programming. We first present an extension of Gonzaga's O(nL) iteration algorithm, that computes dual variables and does not assume a known optimal objective function value. This algorithm uses only affine scaling, and is based on computing the projected gradient of the potential function $$q\ln (x^T s) - \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\ln (x_j )} $$ wherex is the vector of primal variables ands is the vector of dual slack variables, and q = n + $$\sqrt n $$ . The algorithm takes either a primal step or recomputes dual variables at each iteration. We next present an alternate form of Ye's O( $$\sqrt n $$ L) iteration algorithm, that is an extension of the first algorithm of the paper, but uses the potential function $$q\ln (x^T s) - \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\ln (x_j ) - \sum\limits_{j - 1}^n {\ln (s_j )} } $$ where q = n + $$\sqrt n $$ . We use this alternate form of Ye's algorithm to show that Ye's algorithm is optimal with respect to the choice of the parameterq in the following sense. Suppose thatq = n + n t wheret⩾0. Then the algorithm will solve the linear program in O(n r L) iterations, wherer = max{t, 1 − t}. Thus the value oft that minimizes the complexity bound ist = 1/2, yielding Ye's O( $$\sqrt n $$ L) iteration bound.
Thermomechanical Analysis of Semi-infinite Solid in Sliding Contact With a Fractal Surface

A thermomechanical analysis is presented for a semi-infinite elastic solid sliding against a rigid, rough surface characterized by fractal geometry. A piecewise-linear distribution of the contact pressure was obtained by superposition of overlapping triangular pressure elements. The normal surface displacements due to the effects of contact pressure, shear traction, and thermoelastic distortion caused by frictional heating are incorporated in the influence coefficients of the matrix-inversion method. Results for a smooth, cylindrical surface sliding over a semi-infinite elastic solid demonstrate the accuracy of the analysis and provide reference for comparison with results obtained with the rough (fractal) surface. The effects of surface topography and interaction between neighboring asperity microcontacts on the surface and subsurface temperature rise and stress field of the elastic semi-infinite solid are discussed in the context of numerical results. The significance of frictional heating on the contact pressure, temperature rise, and stresses is interpreted in terms of the Peclet number and topography (fractal) parameters. The results provide insight into the likelihood for cracking and plastic flow at the surface due to the combined effects of mechanical and thermal surface tractions.
2001 Mars Odyssey Aerobraking

The Mars Odyssey spacecraft was inserted into a highly elliptical capture orbit about Mars on October 24, 2001. This paper details the strategy, implementation, and results of the aerobraking phase of the mission.
Monitoring viscosity in asphalt binders using an ultrasonic guided wave approach

A pulse-echo ultrasonic guided wave approach capable of monitoring the viscosity of asphalt binders as function of temperature is presented. The method consists of sending a torsional wave from one end of a cylindrical steel rod embedded in asphalt binder and receiving the reflected signals. Experiments were performed on several binders of different performance grades, at temperatures ranging from 25 to 180 0 C. First, the viscosity of the binders was measured using a rotational viscometer in accordance with ASTM standards. The change in signal strength of the end-of-waveguide reflection of the guided wave was also monitored for the same binders over the same range of temperatures. It was observed that the values obtained using the guided wave approach correlates well with the viscosity values obtained using the rotational viscometer. The method also appears capable of monitoring changes in viscosity due to aging of the binders. The method has the advantage of having no moving parts, which makes it attractive for the development of a system that is capable of monitoring viscosity in asphalt binders in the asphalt industry. Industrial applications examples are briefly summarized.
How to Use Spanning Trees to Navigate in Graphs

In this paper, we investigate three strategies of how to use a spanning tree T of a graph G to navigate in G, i.e., to move from a current vertex x towards a destination vertex y via a path that is close to optimal. In each strategy, each vertex v has full knowledge of its neighborhood N G [v] in G (or, k-neighborhood D k (v,G), where k is a small integer) and uses a small piece of global information from spanning tree T (e.g., distance or ancestry information in T), available locally at v, to navigate in G. We investigate advantages and limitations of these strategies on particular families of graphs such as graphs with locally connected spanning trees, graphs with bounded length of largest induced cycle, graphs with bounded tree-length, graphs with bounded hyperbolicity. For most of these families of graphs, the ancestry information from a Breadth-First-Search-tree guarantees short enough routing paths. In many cases, the obtained results are optimal up to a constant factor.
Minimal subtraction and the Callan-Symanzik equation

Abstract The usual proof of renormalizability using the Callan-Symanzik equation makes explicit use of normalization conditions. It is shown that demanding that the renormalization group functions take the form required for minimal subtraction allows one to prove renormalizability using the Callan-Symanzik equation, without imposing normalization conditions. Scalar field theory and quantum electrodynamics are treated.
The Benefits of Bureaucracy: Public Managers’ Perceptions of Political Support, Goal Ambiguity, and Organizational Effectiveness

Public organizations rely extensively on sources of support - political and otherwise - external to themselves to ensure continued success in meeting policy goals. The resource-dependent nature of political-administrative relations can create performance problems for organizations, especially when perceptions of political support decline. Previous literature demonstrates how low levels of political support may amplify goal ambiguity for organizations in the public sphere. We argue that these organizations benefit from hierarchical authority, which can diffuse environmental uncertainties (such as those associated with increased goal ambiguity) to maintain performance. We develop a test of this claim using data collected in Phase II of the National Administrative Studies Project. Findings confirm a contingent model of performance in which low political support and increased goal ambiguity are counteracted by varying degrees of internal hierarchical authority.
The Expansion of the X-ray Remnant of Tycho’s Supernova (SN 1572)

Two ROSAT high-resolution images separated by nearly 5 years have been used to determine the expansion of the X-ray remnant of Tycho's supernova (SN 1572). The current expansion rate averaged over the entire remnant is 0.124% ± 0.011% yr-1, which, when combined with the known age of the remnant, determines the mean expansion parameter m, defined as R ∝ tm, to be 0.54 ± 0.05. There are significant radial and azimuthal variations of the X-ray expansion rate. The radial expansion in particular shows highly significant evidence for the more rapid expansion of the forward blast wave as compared to the reverse-shocked ejecta, an effect that has not been seen previously. The expansion parameter varies from m = 0.71 ± 0.06 at the outermost edge of Tycho's supernova remnant (SNR) to a value of m = 0.34 ± 0.10 on the inside edge of the bright rim of emission. These values are consistent with the rates expected for a remnant with constant density ejecta evolving into a uniform interstellar medium during the ejecta-dominated phase of evolution. Based on the size, age, and X-ray expansion rates, I obtain values for the explosion energy and ambient density of E ≈ × 1050 ergs and n0 ≈ 0.3-0.6 cm-3. As is also the case for Cas A and Kepler's SNR, the X-ray expansion rate of Tycho's SNR appears to be significantly higher than the radio expansion rate. In the case of Tycho's SNR, however, the difference between radio and X-ray expansion rates is clearly associated with the motion of the forward shock.
Environmentally benign preparation of metal nano-particles by using water-in-CO2 microemulsions technology

Abstract Water-in-CO 2 (W/C) microemulsion technology offers a new environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of a variety of metal nano-particles in supercritical CO 2 using water-soluble reagents as starting material. W/C microemulsions have unique advantages over conventional water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions because of the use of environmentally benign, cheap, and recyclable CO 2 as the continuous phase in place of organic solvents. In this review, we will discuss some recent progress on the preparation and applications of metal nano-particles prepared in W/C microemulsions.
Observational Evidence of Back Reaction on the Solar Surface Associated with Coronal Magnetic Restructuring in Solar Eruptions

Most models of solar eruptions assume that coronal field lines are anchored in the dense photosphere and thus the photospheric magnetic fields would not have rapid, irreversible changes associated with eruptions resulted from the coronal magnetic reconnection. Motivated by the recent work of Hudson et al. on quantitatively evaluating the back reaction due to energy release from the coronal fields, in this Letter we synthesize our previous studies and present analysis of new events about flare-related changes of photospheric magnetic fields. For the 11 X-class flares where vector magnetograms are available, we always find an increase of transverse field at the polarity inversion line (PIL) although only four events had measurements with 1 minute temporal resolution. We also discuss 18 events with 1 minute cadence line-of-sight magnetogram observation, which all show prominent changes of magnetic flux contained in the flaring δ spot region. Except in one case, the observed limbward flux increases while diskward flux decreases rapidly and irreversibly after flares. This observational evidence provides support, either directly or indirectly, for the theory and prediction of Hudson et al. that the photospheric magnetic fields must respond to coronal field restructuring and turn to a more horizontal state near the PIL after eruptions.
On the use of unsymmetrically substituted furans in the furan-carbonyl photocycloaddition reaction: Synthesis of a kadsurenone-ginkgolide hybrid

Abstract The Paterno-Buchi cycloaddition of aldehydes to silyl and stannyl substituted furans has been investigated. An application of this method to a short synthesis of a hybrid of two inhibitors of platelet activating factor (paf) receptor binding is described.
Determinants of corporate borrowing

Abstract Many corporate assets, particularly growth opportunities, can be viewed as call options. The value of such ‘real options’ depends on discretionary future investment by the firm. Issuing risky debt reduces the present market value of a firm holding real options by inducing a suboptimal investment strategy or by forcing the firm and its creditors to bear the costs of avoiding the suboptimal strategy. The paper predicts that corporate borrowing is inversely related to the proportion of market value accounted for by real options. It also rationalizes other aspects of corporate borrowing behavior, for example the practice of matching maturities of assets and debt liabilities.
Controlled Collapse of a Bose-Einstein Condensate

The point of instability of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) due to attractive interactions was studied. Stable ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ BECs were created and then caused to collapse by slowly changing the atom-atom interaction from repulsive to attractive using a Feshbach resonance. At a critical value, an abrupt transition was observed in which atoms were ejected from the condensate. By measuring the onset of this transition as a function of number and attractive interaction strength, we determined the stability condition to be $\frac{N|a|}{{a}_{\mathrm{ho}}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.459\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.054$, slightly lower than the predicted value of 0.574.
Empirical Constraints on Trojan Companions and Orbital Eccentricities in 25 Transiting Exoplanetary Systems

We present a search for Trojan companions to 25 transiting exoplanets. We use the technique of Ford & Gaudi, in which a difference is sought between the observed transit time and the transit time that is calculated by fitting a two-body Keplerian orbit to the radial-velocity data. This technique is sensitive to the imbalance of mass at the L4/L5 points of the planet-star orbit. No companions were detected above 2? confidence. The median 2? upper limit is 56 M ?, and the most constraining limit is 2.8 M ? for the case of GJ 436. A similar survey using forthcoming data from the Kepler?satellite mission, along with the radial-velocity data that will be needed to confirm transit candidates, will be sensitive to 10-50 M ? Trojan companions in the habitable zones of their parent stars. As a by-product of this study, we present empirical constraints on the eccentricities of the planetary orbits, including those which have previously been assumed to be circular. The limits on eccentricity are of interest for investigations of tidal circularization and for bounding possible systematic errors in the measured planetary radii and the predicted times of secondary eclipses.
Spinon bases, Yangian symmetry and fermionic representations of Virasoro characters in conformal field theory

Abstract We study the description of the SU (2), level k = 1, Wess-Zumino-Witten conformal field theory in terms of the modes of the spin- 1 2 affine primary field φ α . These are shown to satisfy generalized ‘canonical commutations relations’, which we use to construct a basis of Hilbert space in terms of representations of the Yangian Y ( sl 2 ). Using this description, we explicitly derive so-called ‘fermionic representations’ of the Virasoro characters, which were first conjectured by R. Kedem, T. Klassen, B. McCoy and E. Melzer [Phys. Lett. B 307 (1993) 68, and references therein]. We point out that similar results are expected for a wide class of rational conformal field theories.
Treasury Bill Yield Reactions to the 1997 Capital Gains Tax Rate Reduction

I provide evidence that changes in shareholder‐level taxes influence investment returns even when income from the investment is not subject by statute to the rate that is changed. Using an equilibrium model of after‐tax investment returns I predict the yields of Treasury bills, which are subject only to ordinary tax rates, will have an inverse reaction to changes in the capital gains tax rate as the income on them becomes increasingly tax‐disadvantaged when compared to other investments. In a sample comprised of short‐term Treasury bills, yields appear to increase in response to the May 7, 1997 surprise reduction in capital gains tax rates. The increase is statistically significant and is robust to other macroeconomic and institutional determinants of Treasury bills.
Physiological correlates of the cardiac thoracic impedance waveform

Abstract A high frequency, constant sinusoidal current can be passed through the chest by a noninvasive technique and pulsatile changes in the thoracic impedance recorded. These pulsations are related to the beating of the heart. Three major components are present. One component shows an increase in impedance, is associated with atrial contraction, and consistently follows the P wave of the electrocardiogram. The other two waves show a decrease in impedance. The first is associated with ventricular systole, and corresponds in time with the QRS complex of the ECG. The systolic wave is then followed by the third component, which also shows a decrease in impedance, but occurs in diastole. In instances of arrhythmias the deflection associated with the P wave occurs independently of the other two deflections. The impedance change waveform is similar to the pattern of blood flow in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins. It is possible that the impedance changes are related to the flow of blood in these venous circuits, and the heart.
Thermal Balance in the Intracluster Medium: Is AGN Feedback Necessary?

A variety of physical heating mechanisms are combined with radiative cooling to explore, via one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, the expected thermal properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) in the context of the cooling flow problem. Energy injection from Type Ia supernovae, thermal conduction, and dynamical friction (DF) from orbiting satellite galaxies are considered as potential heating mechanisms of the central regions of the ICM, both separately and in conjunction. The novel feature of this work is the exploration of a wide range of efficiencies of each heating process. While DF and conduction can provide a substantial amount of energy, neither mechanism operating alone can produce or maintain an ICM in thermal balance over cosmological timescales, in stark contrast with observations. For simulated clusters with initially isothermal temperature profiles, both mechanisms acting in combination result in long-term thermal balance for a range of ICM temperatures and for central electron densities less than ne ~ 0.02 cm−3; at greater densities catastrophic cooling invariably occurs. Furthermore, these heating mechanisms can neither produce nor maintain clusters with a declining temperature profile in the central regions, implying that the observed "cooling-core" clusters, which have such declining temperature profiles, cannot be maintained with these mechanisms alone. Supernovae heating also fails to maintain clusters in thermal balance for cosmological timescales, since such heating is largely unresponsive to the properties of the ICM. Thus, while there appears to be an abundant supply of energy capable of heating the ICM in clusters, it is extremely difficult for the energy deposition to occur in such a way that the ICM remains in thermal balance over cosmological timescales. For intracluster media that are not in thermal balance, the addition of a small amount of relativistic pressure (provided by, e.g., cosmic rays) forestalls neither catastrophic heating nor cooling.
Separation of a lower dimensional free boundary in a two-phase problem

This paper studies local properties of a two phase free boundary problem for the fractional Laplacian. The main result states that the two free boundaries of the positive and negativity sets cannot touch.
Practical applications of structural genomics technologies for mutagen research

Here we present a perspective on a range of practical uses of structural genomics for mutagen research. Structural genomics is an overloaded term and requires some definition to bound the discussion; we give a brief description of public and private structural genomics endeavors, along with some of their objectives, their activities, their capabilities, and their limitations. We discuss how structural genomics might impact mutagen research in three different scenarios: at a structural genomics center, at a lab with modest resources that also conducts structural biology research, and at a lab that is conducting mutagen research without in-house experimental structural biology. Applications span functional annotation of single genes or SNP, to constructing gene networks and pathways, to an integrated systems biology approach. Structural genomics centers can take advantage of systems biology models to target high value targets for structure determination and in turn extend systems models to better understand systems biology diseases or phenomenon. Individual investigator run structural biology laboratories can collaborate with structural genomics centers, but can also take advantage of technical advances and tools developed by structural genomics centers and can employ a structural genomics approach to advancing biological understanding. Individual investigator-run non-structural biology laboratories can also collaborate with structural genomics centers, possibly influencing targeting decisions, but can also use structure based annotation tools enabled by the growing coverage of protein fold space provided by structural genomics. Better functional annotation can inform pathway and systems biology models.
Superconductivity in Single Crystals of Lu3T4Ge13–x (T = Co, Rh, Os) and Y3T4Ge13–x (T = Ir, Rh, Os)

Single crystals of Lu3T4Ge13–x (T = Co, Rh, Os) and Y3T4Ge13–x (T = Ir, Rh, Os) have been grown using the self-flux method and found to adopt the Yb3Rh4Sn13–x structure type. Magnetization and specific heat measurements confirm that all compounds are bulk superconductors, some with reduced superconducting gaps determined from specific heat suggesting multiband superconductivity. However, an unusual increase of the electrical resistivity and a decrease of the charge carrier density on cooling in the normal state are observed for all six compounds even though density functional periodic calculations reveal a metallic ground state. We empirically show that large atomic displacement parameter ratios in the R3T4Ge13–x compounds are correlated with the semiconductor-like behavior, which resolves the contradiction between the experiment and the calculations.
Dynamic scaling of manipulator trajectories

A fundamental time-scaling property of manipulator dynamics has been identified that allows modification of movement speed without complete dynamics recalculation. By exploiting this property, it can be determined whether a planned trajectory is dynamically realizable given actuator torque limits, and if not, how to modify the trajectory to bring it within dynamic and actuating constraints.
Nonperturbative QCD phenomenology and light quark physics

Recent progress in modeling QCD for hadron physics through truncated Dyson-Schwinger equations is reviewed. Special emphasis is put upon comparison of dressed quark propagators and the dressed quark-gluon vertex with lattice-QCD results.
Industrial policies in Taiwan and Korea

The industrial policies applied in Taiwan and Korean during the 1960s are examined. Following the completion of the process of import substitution in consumer durables and their inputs in the late 1950s, both countries have adopted an outward-looking development strategy with emphasis on the exports of labor-intensive manufactured goods. This strategy has resulted in rapid increases in exports; the expansion of exports in turn has led to an acceleration of economic growth. Exports of labor-intensive manufactured goods have contributed to the growth of the national economies of Taiwan and Korea by utilizing their most abundant resource, labor, and by economizing on their capital; by permitting the use of large-scale production methods and encouraging technical improvements in export industries; and by creating demand for domestic materials, raising incomes, and augmenting the availability of imports. Numerous references.
Stochastic mode-reduction in models with conservative fast sub-systems

A stochastic mode reduction strategy is applied to multiscale models with a deterministic energy-conserving fast sub-system. Specifically, we consider situations where the slow variables are driven stochastically and interact with the fast sub-system in an energy-conserving fashion. Since the stochastic terms only affect the slow variables, the fast-subsystem evolves deterministically on a sphere of constant energy. However, in the full model the radius of the sphere slowly changes due to the coupling between the slow and fast dynamics. Therefore, the energy of the fast sub-system becomes an additional hidden slow variable that must be accounted for in order to apply the stochastic mode reduction technique to systems of this type.
A note on the IR limit of the NLIEs of boundary supersymmetric sine-Gordon model

We consider the infrared (IR) limit of the nonlinear integral equations (NLIEs) for the boundary supersymmetric sine-Gordon (BSSG) model, previously obtained from the NLIEs for the inhomogeneous open spin-1 XXZ quantum spin chain with general integrable boundary terms, for values of the boundary parameters which satisfy a certain constraint. In particular, we compute the boundary S matrix and determine the “lattice-IR” relation for the BSSG parameters.
Atom probe tomography of nanoscale particles in ODS ferritic alloys

An atom probe tomography characterization of the microstructure of as-processed and crept mechanically-alloyed, oxide-dispersion-strengthened (MA/ODS) ferritic alloys has been performed. The significant enrichments of Cr, W, Ti, Y, O, C and B in the vicinity of dislocations and the presence of ultrastable 4-nm-diameter Ti-, Y- and O-enriched particles appears to be responsible for their improved high temperature mechanical properties.
High π-route reactivity in the tropene system. Absence of a nitrogen acceleration effect.

Abstract Solvolyses of a suitably constructed tropene tosylate and its unsaturated carbocyclic analog show that the amino function, despite its suitable spatial location, does not enhance the π-route assistance but reduces it slightly.
A Lagrangian relaxation network for graph matching

A Lagrangian relaxation network for graph matching is presented. The problem is formulated as follows: given graphs G and g, find a permutation matrix M that brings the two sets of vertices into correspondence. Permutation matrix constraints are formulated in the framework of deterministic annealing. Our approach is in the same spirit as a Lagrangian decomposition approach in that the row and column constraints are satisfied separately with a Lagrange multiplier used to equate the two "solutions". Due to the unavoidable symmetries in graph isomorphism (resulting in multiple global minima), we add a symmetry-breaking self-amplification term in order to obtain a permutation matrix. With the application of a fixpoint preserving algebraic transformation to both the distance measure and self-amplification terms, we obtain a Lagrangian relaxation network. The network performs minimization with respect to the Lagrange parameters and maximization with respect to the permutation matrix variables. Simulation results are shown on 100 node random graphs and for a wide range of connectivities.
Solid state chemistry of Nb3Cl8: Nb3TeCl7, mixed crystal formation, and intercalation

Abstract The layered niobium cluster halide, α-Nb3Cl8, offers a potentially rich chemistry because of its morphology and electronic structure. Substitution of chloride by telluride, driving forces for mixed crystal formation, and possible structural distortions on intercalation in α-Nb3Cl8 are probed using both experimental and theoretical techniques. The compound Nb3TeCl7 has been synthesized in quantitative yield from the reactants Nb, NbCl5, and Te and has been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Nb3TeCl7 crystallizes in the space group P 3 m1 (no. 164); a=6.8985(12) A ; c=12.6351(26) A ; Z=2; R=0.0238; wR=0.0392 . The structure consists of Nb3 triangular clusters singly capped by μ3-Te atoms. Physical measurements and semiempirical electronic structure calculations demonstrate the closed subshell nature of the bonding in this compound. In addition, these calculations predict a structural instability for Nb3Cl8-type halides when the cluster valence electron concentration rises above 7.5 electrons per Nb3 cluster, and provide a rationale for the observed homogeneity width within the α-Nb3−xCl8 system (0⩽x⩽0.5).
Mineralogy of chromium

The minerals of chromium are tabulated together with sources of data on their crystal structures and on new or recent occurrences. Cr(3+) ions in octahedral coordination with oxygen and tetrahedral doubly negatively charged Cr(VI)O4 ions predominate in minerals on earth, whereas lunar minerals contain Cr(2+) and Cr(3+) ions. Meteorites also contain additional rare sulfide and nitride minerals of chromium.
Ergodic Interference Alignment

This paper develops a new communication strategy, ergodic interference alignment, for the K-user interference channel with time-varying fading. At any particular time, each receiver will see a superposition of the transmitted signals plus noise. The standard approach to such a scenario results in each transmitter-receiver pair achieving a rate proportional to 1/K its interference-free ergodic capacity. However, given two well-chosen time indices, the channel coefficients from interfering users can be made to exactly cancel. By adding up these two observations, each receiver can obtain its desired signal without any interference. If the channel gains have independent, uniform phases, this technique allows each user to achieve at least 1/2 its interference-free ergodic capacity at any signal-to-noise ratio. Prior interference alignment techniques were only able to attain this performance as the signal-to-noise ratio tended to infinity. Extensions are given for the case where each receiver wants a message from more than one transmitter as well as the “X channel” case (with two receivers) where each transmitter has an independent message for each receiver. Finally, it is shown how to generalize this strategy beyond Gaussian channel models. For a class of finite field interference channels, this approach yields the ergodic capacity region.
Statistical Computations Underlying the Dynamics of Memory Updating

Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have suggested that memory is not simply a carbon copy of our experience: Memories are modified or new memories are formed depending on the dynamic structure of our experience, and specifically, on how gradually or abruptly the world changes. We present a statistical theory of memory formation in a dynamic environment, based on a nonparametric generalization of the switching Kalman filter. We show that this theory can qualitatively account for several psychophysical and neural phenomena, and present results of a new visual memory experiment aimed at testing the theory directly. Our experimental findings suggest that humans can use temporal discontinuities in the structure of the environment to determine when to form new memory traces. The statistical perspective we offer provides a coherent account of the conditions under which new experience is integrated into an old memory versus forming a new memory, and shows that memory formation depends on inferences about the underlying structure of our experience.