cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Karl Marx: Communist as Religious Eschatologist

The key to the intricate and massive system of thought created by Karl Marx is at bottom a simple one: Karl Marx was a communist. A seemingly trite and banal statement set alongside Marxism’s myriad of jargon-ridden concepts in philosophy, economics, and culture, yet Marx’s devotion to communism was his crucial focus, far more central than the class struggle, the dialectic, the theory of surplus value, and all the rest. Communism was the great goal, the vision, the desideratum, the ultimate end that would make the sufferings of mankind throughout history worthwhile. History is the history of suffering, of class struggle, of the exploitation of man by man. In the same way as the return of the Messiah, in Christian theology, will put an end to history and establish a new heaven and a new earth, so the establishment of communism would put an end to human history. And just as for post-millennial Christians, man, led by God’s prophets and saints, will establish a Kingdom of God on Earth (for pre-millennials, Jesus will have many human assistants in setting up such a kingdom), so, for Marx and other schools of communists, mankind, led by a vanguard of secular saints, will establish a secularized Kingdom of Heaven on earth.
OpenSurfaces: a richly annotated catalog of surface appearance

The appearance of surfaces in real-world scenes is determined by the materials, textures, and context in which the surfaces appear. However, the datasets we have for visualizing and modeling rich surface appearance in context, in applications such as home remodeling, are quite limited. To help address this need, we present OpenSurfaces, a rich, labeled database consisting of thousands of examples of surfaces segmented from consumer photographs of interiors, and annotated with material parameters (reflectance, material names), texture information (surface normals, rectified textures), and contextual information (scene category, and object names).Retrieving usable surface information from uncalibrated Internet photo collections is challenging. We use human annotations and present a new methodology for segmenting and annotating materials in Internet photo collections suitable for crowdsourcing (e.g., through Amazon's Mechanical Turk). Because of the noise and variability inherent in Internet photos and novice annotators, designing this annotation engine was a key challenge; we present a multi-stage set of annotation tasks with quality checks and validation. We demonstrate the use of this database in proof-of-concept applications including surface retexturing and material and image browsing, and discuss future uses. OpenSurfaces is a public resource available at http://opensurfaces.cs.cornell.edu/.
C1 finite element analysis in gradient enhanced continua

Abstract Finite element analysis of the gradient enhanced elastic continuum requires C 1 continuity across the element boundaries. However the use of C 1 finite elements is usually avoided due to the complexity in their implementation and the excessive number of primary unknowns at each node. Hence except for a very few solid mechanics problems such as plate bending, the potential capabilities of C 1 finite elements are not widely explored. This paper presents a series of analyses where two benchmark problems of gradient elasticity are tackled by using C 1 finite elements in which displacements and their first and second derivatives are the primary nodal unknowns. It is shown that very accurate solutions are achieved with relatively coarse finite element meshes. Moreover, it is shown that C 1 finite elements are very useful for elastoplastic analyses where a large number of C 0 elements are usually needed to achieve accurate results. An elastoplastic analysis of bending in a deep beam shows that even a very coarse mesh can provide highly accurate results. Successful performance of C 1 finite elements in the above mentioned problems suggests that C 1 elements are useful alternatives for numerical investigation of the issues of size effect and strain localization in the response of elastic and elastoplastic systems.
WE‐C‐110‐03: A Performance Comparison between Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing and ASiR in Pediatric CT

Purpose: To compare denoising performance between the Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS) method and a commercially available technique, Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASiR). Methods: Pediatric abdominal CTdata sets were acquired using a GE VCT scanner and retrospectively analyzed in this study. ASiR was applied to the FBP reconstructed images to reduce noise. Similarly, the PICCS reconstruction method was also applied to the same data set to reduce noise. To enable PICCS reconstruction, each FBP‐reconstructed image was forward‐projected to generate a fully‐sampled synthesized projection data set; additionally, it was low‐pass filtered to generate a low‐noise prior image. The forward‐projected data and the low‐pass filtered image were fed into the PICCS reconstruction method to generate a high spatial resolution and low noiseimage. Nine ROIs (two were in fat, four in soft tissue, three were in air) were used to measure the standard deviation of the noise. The difference images between the FBP image and the PICCS/ASiR images were calculated for visually evaluating the edge degradation. Results: PICCS reduced the noise standard deviation roughly by a factor of 2 for all the measured ROIs. 80% ASiR could achieve a similar noise reduction factor for fat and soft tissues. The noise in air regions in ASiR images was not reduced. Residual anatomical structures were observed in the difference images between FBP and 80% ASiR, while they were barely observable in the difference images between FBP and PICCS. Conclusions: PICCS can be used to reduce the noise by a factor of 2 in pediatric CT while preserving the edges. With the same noise reduction factor, PICCS can better preserve edges than ASiR. The noise reduction of ASiR is selective: it does not work in air regions, while the noise reduction of PICCS is uniform.
Child Abuse: Definitions, Reporting, Stereotypes; A Survey of Butte County, California Residents

A student research team surveyed by phone 300 randomly sampled residents of Butte County in Northern California in Spring 1984 on attitudes, stereotypes, and beliefs about child abuse. Prior to the survey, several local and state cases of physical and sexual child abuse had received widespread and dramatic media coverage. Although reported sexual abuse cases have doubled, physical abuse is the most widely recognized form of child maltreatment and sexual abuse is the least. The presence of a child in the home of the reporter is the most significant factor in suspecting and reporting child abuse. Gender is highly significant with males recognizing sexual abuse and recognizing males as the likely perpetrators; females, especially those married and having children, are the least likely to recognize sexual abuse and males as the likely perpetrators. Females were aware of emotional abuse and of anyone as a potential abuser. Recommendations for community education programs are made.
Evaluation and optimization of query programs in an object-oriented and symbolic information system

OASIS, a database programming environment that extends UNIX with the concept of persistent objects, is discussed. The OASIS query languages extend conventional database query languages with procedural methods and general control statements. As the complexity of the languages makes it difficult to device a query optimizer based on a universally applicable algorithm, each query in OASIS is optimized based on a collection of basic patterns for which each pattern is associated with a separation query optimization algorithm. The optimization techniques for a set of basic patterns consisting of iterative statements and a set of nested statements is described. The optimization techniques discussed include an extended decomposition algorithm, evaluation of multiple conditions, data dependence analysis, and optimization of queries with arbitrary nesting. >
A multiple-examiner clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice.

Either a nontherapeutic dentifrice or a dentifrice containing sodium fluoride was assigned randomly to about 700 suburban schoolchildren for use. The children were examined at the beginning of the study, and then after 9, 16, and 21 months. After 21 months, the two examiners found statistically significant reductions of caries in children using the fluoride dentifrice.
Elevated static pressure and pregnancy well-being

Abstract Static pressure is defined as the pressure existing at all points in the circulation when the heart is stopped and is a determinant of cardiac output and blood pressure. By using the proposed relationship that static pressure = cardiac output × “resistance to venous return,” estimates were made of peripheral static pressure in pregnant women. Measurements of cardiac output and venous resistance were accomplished with indirect plethysmographic techniques. Approximately 65% of pregnant women with complications had elevated values for their estimated peripheral static pressure. It is proposed that estimation of peripheral static pressure has both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in women with complications of pregnancy.
Effects of feeding polyclonal antibody preparations on rumen fermentation patterns, performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers.

In a previous study, preparations of polyclonal antibodies (PAP) against Fusobacterium necrophorum (PAP-Fn) or Streptococcus bovis (PAP-Sb) were successful in decreasing ruminal counts of target bacteria and increasing ruminal pH in steers fed high-grain diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding PAP-Fn or PAP-Sb on performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal fermentation variables of feedlot steers. In Exp. 1, during 2 consecutive years, 226 or 192 Angus and Angus crossbred steers were fed a high-grain diet containing either PAP-Sb or PAP-Fn, or both. When measured on a BW basis, steers fed only PAP-Sb had a greater G:F (P 0.10) to steers fed no PAP or only PAP-Sb. Steers receiving PAP-Fn (alone or in combination with PAP-Sb) had a decreased (P 0.10) were observed in any other carcass characteristics. In Exp. 2, sixteen ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred steers (BW = 665 +/- 86 kg) were fed a high-grain diet containing either PAP-Sb or PAP-Fn, or both. Feeding only PAP-Fn or PAP-Sb for 19 d decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal counts of S. bovis when compared with steers fed both or no PAP. The ruminal counts of F. necrophorum in steers fed PAP-Fn alone or in combination with PAP-Sb were decreased by 98% (P < 0.05) after 19 d, when compared with the counts in control steers. Mean daily ruminal pH was greater (P < 0.05) in steers fed both PAP when compared with feeding either or no PAP. Ruminal pH in the first 4 h after feeding was greater (P < 0.05) for steers receiving PAP-Fn alone or in combination with PAP-Sb. Steers receiving either PAP alone or in combination had less (P < 0.05) ruminal NH(3)-N concentrations in the first 4 h after feeding when compared with those of control steers. Polyclonal antibody preparations against S. bovis were effective in enhancing G:F of steers fed high-grain diets, but dressing percentage was decreased. Mechanisms of enhancement of G:F remain unknown but may be related to changes in ruminal counts of target bacteria and associated effects on ruminal fermentation products.
Leaf furanocoumarins of Heracleum lanatum

Abstract Sphondin is the principal furanocoumarin of Heracleum lanatum leaves; pimpinellin, isopimpinellin, bergapten, xanthotoxin, isobergapten, psoralen and angelicin were also identified. At least eleven other furanocoumarins were present.
Depletable externalities and pigouvian taxation

Abstract In their book Baumol and Oates [“The Theory of Environmental Policy: Externalities, Public Outlays, and the Quality of Life,” Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1975).] argue that whether an externality is depletable (private) or undepletable (public) is the key characteristic in determining the optimal pricing pattern. They argue that unlike the undepletable case a negative depletable externality requires not only a charge or tax on the generator of the externality but a payment or compensation to the victim in order to achieve Pareto optimality. It is shown that the key characteristic determining whether compensation of victims is required for efficiency is not the depletability of the externality but whether the victim can costlessly control or limit the amount of the damaging substance received.
Diameter, pressure and compliance relationships in dorsal hand veins

The diameter-pressure characteristics of dorsal hand veins previously have not been characterized. In this study, the effects of distending pressure with and without infused norepi- nephrine on diameter and compliance were observed. The elevation needed for venous col- lapse was measured, and the effects of baseline constriction on venous reactivity were assessed. In seven supine subjects, a brachial cuff on an elevated arm was used to generate distending pressures while a linear variable displacement transformer (LVDT) measured changes in venous diameter. Arctangent functions of distending pressure were fitted to the normalized diameter, then compliance functions were calculated. In supine subjects, 5-15 cm of elevation emptied dorsal hand veins. Norepinephrine decreased the venous diameter at any distending pressure by increasing the P50 without significantly changing the midpoint slope. Compliance was a nearly single-valued function of the normalized diameter with a maximum value at about 60% distention. Reactivity depends on distending pressure and baseline P50. Percentage constriction is a function of initial and final P50 and of distending pressure.
Free-space measurement of dielectric constants and loss tangents of low-loss materials using a microwave interferometer technique

Summary form only given. A microwave technique is implemented on a free-space microwave measurement system consisting of transmit and receive spot-focusing horn lens antennas, a network analyzer, mode transitions, and a computer. A planar sample (15.2 cm*15.2 cm in cross-section) is sandwiched between two composite reflectors for measurement of free-space S-parameters. Composite reflectors are made from 6 to 9 quarter-wavelength planar sheets of Teflon or fused quartz which are a quarter wavelength apart in free-space. Dielectric properties are calculated from the changes in resonant frequency and Q-factor due to the planar sample. Experimental results have been obtained at 16 GHz for several low-loss materials including polyvinyl chloride, boron nitride, and borosilicate glass. >
The Power-Conflict Story: a Synopsis

The focus of this article is the development of a differential equations model that integrates balance of power and power transition theories. This integration is achieved by proposing three different conditions, each of which is associated with specialized conflict behavior. Extrapolation from the traditional theories' arguments about war to the forces governing the ebb and flow of conflict is another integration technique. Most notably, the formal model predicts three types of power transitions: deflections, tortoise and hare transitions, and single transitions. Only the single transition is similar to the type of transition predicted by power transition theory. The other two types are important because they account for unsuccessful challenges. Important differences in conflict patterns also distinguish the three transition types from one another. The model also makes predictions concerning the relationship between two rivals' conflict levels and the timing of conflict peaks.Using a case study for each ...
User identification based on the analysis of the forces applied by a user to a computer mouse

This paper describes the framework for a branch of augmented cognition research performed at the Adaptive Multimodal Laboratory at the University of Hawaii and a spec application involving the identification of a computer user based on the forces applied to a computer mouse (i.e., click signature) during a task. Data was collected from six people during a pilot study. Two methods used to identify users were a back propagation neural network and discriminant analysis. Results indicate that the discriminant analysis was slightly better at identifying users than the neural network, but its primary advantage was that it required less data preparation. Continuous identification of the user is possible with either method. Successful, identification of the user is a useful first step to proceed to the next stage of the research framework, which is to identify the user's cognitive state for implementation in an augmented cognition system.
Exploring the impact of formal training in ISD methods on the cognitive structure of novice information systems developers

. Hundreds of information systems development (ISD) methods exist at the present time, covering many different perspectives on the problem of systems development. There is a fairly consistent assumption running although debate on ISD methods; namely, that systems development is a cognitively intensive activity. But despite considerable study systems development remains a poorly understood activity. There is also evidence that, in practice, systems development projects are being approached from phenomenological pragmatism rather than from formally proposed teleological prescriptions, or ISD methods. That is, in practice ISD methods do not appear to be widely followed. This raises a question as to whether part of the reason lies in the training in formal ISD methods. Or phrased differently: what impact does formal development methods training have upon the cognitive development of systems developers. This research investigates one aspect of the relationship between the methodical training and the cognitive structure of novice systems developers, i.e. changes in a developer's cognitive complexity. The study suggests a cognitive growth cycle experienced by systems developers that underlies an informed method usage cycle.
On the short-residence time hydropyrolysis of single coal particles: The effect of unequal diffusivities

The hypotheses of a single-particle model developed by Russel, Saville, and Greene explaining the pressure and particle-size dependence of weight loss in the rapid hydropyrolysis of coal were originally supported by estimates based on experimental data or established theories, with the exception of the equal binary diffusivities assumed for the gas-phase components. Because these diffusivities can actually differ significantly, researchers tested the sensitivity of the model's results by analyzing the alternative limiting case with at least one relatively small binary diffusivity. The results show trends qualitatively similar to the original model. The quantitative differences are significant but may not be detectable experimentally unless the effective diffusivities within the coal particle are measured independently.
Organization of the Drosophila Circadian Control Circuit

Molecular genetics has revealed the identities of several components of the fundamental circadian molecular oscillator - an evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanism of transcription and translation that can operate in a cell-autonomous manner. Therefore, it was surprising when studies of circadian rhythmic behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila suggested that the normal operations of circadian clock cells, which house the molecular oscillator, in fact depend on non-cell-autonomous effects - interactions between the clock cells themselves. Here we review several genetic analyses that broadly extend that viewpoint. They support a model whereby the approximately 150 circadian clock cells in the brain of the fly are sub-divided into functionally discrete rhythmic centers. These centers alternatively cooperate or compete to control the different episodes of rhythmic behavior that define the fly's daily activity profile.
Cooperative Grid Vortals

SUMMARY Vertical Grid portals, or Vortals, proved to be useful by providing access to applications running on high-performance computational platforms and to distributed data enabling data sharing and other forms of collaboration. This paper identifies the commonalities between Vortals in various application domains, i.e. application-independent patterns of orchestrating Grid services employed by a typical Vortal.
Planar Fluorescence Imaging: Basic Concepts for Scalar and Velocity Measurements

This paper reviews the theoretical basis of planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging and describes strategies for making instantaneous two-dimensional measurements of species concentration (or mole fraction), temperature and velocity in combustion gases. Technological considerations relevant to low-light-level fluorescence imaging are also discussed. Included are examples of species, temperature and velocity imaging, based on some of the described strategies.
Corrections to the surface area metric with respect to mail-boxing

The surface area heuristic is the standard method for producing high quality acceleration structures for ray-tracing. High quality acceleration structures minimize per-ray costs for ray-tracing and thus rendering times. However, the metric used by the surface area heuristic makes several assumptions that do not hold in practice. Much work has been done to analyze these assumptions and provide a more accurate cost model but no-one has analyzed the surface area metricpsilas interaction with a common ray-tracing optimization, mail-boxing. We present a correction to the surface area metric for ray-tracing systems using mail-boxing. Additionally, we provide a concrete example of how our new metric improves the quality of kd-trees as compared to the original surface area metric. Finally, we show that our correction provides a noticeable (about 30%) reduction in the number of intersection tests performed during ray-tracing as well as improving run-time performance. We conclude that this algorithmic adjustment is so simple that anyone implementing mail-boxing should consider using it.
Quark effects in nuclear physics

Abstract Since QCD is not well understood, we are forced to use phenomenological quark models fitted to known hadronic properties to learn about possible quark effects in nuclei and other multiquark systems. These “extrapolations” help us see how well the fundamental theory must be understood before we can obtain reasonable results. In this spirit, I discuss certain quark effects associated with valence quarks, sea quarks and valence antiquarks, using the M.I.T. bag model and potential models of quark dynamics. The contributions of valence quarks to many-nucleon forces turn out to be model-dependent, and not well understood. They contain large configuration-mixing effects which appear to arise from certain space-color-spin correlations. These correlations could sometimes cause an abnormal quark matter to collapse. The masses of multiquark states are also sensitive to the confinement mechanism. Sea-quark effects from q q fluctuations are shown to be important in nucleon properties. They also give rise to meson-nucleon coupling constants. The πNN result calculated from the M.I.T. bag model agrees with experiment, while the ρNN results are only roughly reproduced. Valence antiquark effects are discussed in the context of q 2 q 2 mesonic spectra. A cluster treatment using a nonrelativistic quark potential gives a detailed description of various rotational excitations of low L which cannot be obtained readily in other models.
The Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Regulates a Xenobiotic Detoxification Pathway

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (pRb) regulates cell cycle entry, progression and exit by controlling the activity of the E2F-family of transcription factors. During cell cycle exit pRb acts as a transcriptional repressor by associating with E2F proteins and thereby inhibiting their ability to stimulate the expression of genes required for S phase. Indeed, many tumors harbor mutations in the RB gene and the pRb-E2F pathway is compromised in nearly all types of cancers. In this report we show that both pRb and its interacting partners, the transcriptional factors E2F1-2-3, act as positive modulators of detoxification pathways important for metabolizing and clearing xenobiotics—such as toxins and drugs—from the body. Using a combination of conventional molecular biology techniques and microarray analysis of specific cell populations, we have analyzed the detoxification pathway in murine samples in the presence or absence of pRb and/or E2F1-2-3. In this report, we show that both pRb and E2F1-2-3 act as positive modulators of detoxification pathways in mice, challenging the conventional view of E2F1-2-3 as transcriptional repressors negatively regulated by pRb. These results suggest that mutations altering the pRb-E2F axis may have consequences beyond loss of cell cycle control by altering the ability of tissues to remove toxins and to properly metabolize anticancer drugs, and might help to understand the formation and progression rates of different types of cancer, as well as to better design appropriate therapies based on the particular genetic composition of the tumors.
Structural and functional analysis of Nup133 domains reveals modular building blocks of the nuclear pore complex

Nucleocytoplasmic transport occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) whose complex architecture is generated from a set of only ∼30 proteins, termed nucleoporins. Here, we explore the domain structure of Nup133, a nucleoporin in a conserved NPC subcomplex that is crucial for NPC biogenesis and is believed to form part of the NPC scaffold. We show that human Nup133 contains two domains: a COOH-terminal domain responsible for its interaction with its subcomplex through Nup107; and an NH2-terminal domain whose crystal structure reveals a seven-bladed β-propeller. The surface properties and conservation of the Nup133 β-propeller suggest it may mediate multiple interactions with other proteins. Other β-propellers are predicted in a third of all nucleoporins. These and several other repeat-based motifs appear to be major elements of nucleoporins, indicating a level of structural repetition that may conceptually simplify the assembly and disassembly of this huge protein complex.
Intrinsic differences in ultrasonic backscatter properties between the left and right ventricles of fetal hearts

It is thought that the cardiac chambers differ in their morphological and contractile properties from an early embryonic stage of development. We hypothesized that a noninvasive ultrasonic backscatter investigation might illustrate fundamental differences in myocardial properties of the two ventricles during heart development. The goals of this investigation were: 1) to measure the apparent level of backscatter from the left and right ventricular walls of excised, mid-gestational fetal pig hearts; 2) to measure the magnitude of the cyclic variation over the heart cycle of ultrasonic backscatter from the left and right ventricular free walls of mid-gestational fetal human hearts in utero; and 3) to determine if the observed cyclic variation of backscatter results are consistent with predictions relating overall backscatter levels and the magnitudes of cyclic variation. Broadband (30 to 60 MHz) integrated backscatter measurements were obtained from the left and right ventricular myocardium from 16 excised, formalin-fixed, mid-gestational fetal pig heart specimens using a 50-MHz single-element transducer measurement system. Separately, measurements of the magnitude of cyclic variation of backscatter from the left and right ventricular walls of the hearts of 16 structurally normal mid-gestational human fetuses were obtained from analyses of echocardiographic images obtained using a specially-configured commercial imaging system. For each of the 16 fetal pig hearts, the level of apparent integrated backscatter from the right ventricular myocardium was larger than that from the left ventricular myocardium, exhibiting mean values of −35.9 ± 2.0 dB and −40.1 ± 1.9 dB (mean ± SD; p ≪ 0.001), respectively. For the human fetuses, the magnitude of cyclic variation of backscatter was found to be greater for the left ventricular free wall than for the right ventricular free wall (4.5 ± 1.1 dB vs. 2.3 ± 0.9 dB, respectively; mean ± SD; p ≪ 0.0001). Measurements of the level of apparent backscatter (fetal pigs) and cyclic variation of backscatter (human fetuses) demonstrate significant differences between the left and right ventricular myocardium. The measured results are consistent with previously described models relating overall backscatter levels and the magnitudes of cyclic variation that predict the magnitude of cyclic variation should decrease as the level of backscatter from the myocardium increases. Results of this study suggest cyclic variation measurements may offer a useful approach for characterizing intrinsic differences in myocardial properties of the two ventricles in assessing fetal heart development.
Age differences in the rate of processing in short-term memory.

A probe-recognition task compared the speed and accuracy of visual, phonemic, and semantic recognition processes in younger and older adults. Each trial consisted of the sequential presentation of 10 words at a rate of either 350, 700, or 1400 msec per word. Following each study list, a probe word was given that could be identical to any word in the preceding study list or a homonym or a synonym. The two age groups were equivalent in their ability to identify recently presented identical words, homonyms , and synonyms. Age differences, however, were observed in the speed of access to information, and these differences were greatest on tasks requiring retrieval of semantic information from the secondary memory component of short-term memory.
The waves of damage in elastic-plastic lattices with waiting links: design and simulation

We consider protective structures with elastic-plastic links of a special morphology. The links are bistable: they are designed to arrest the development of localized damage (a neck) in an element, initiating the damage instead in another sequential element. A wave of \partial damage" propagates through the chain, as all the links develop necks but do not fail. When subjected to an impact, such a structure absorbs several times more energy than a conventional structure, which makes it more protective against collision. A three-dimensional flnite element analysis is used to compute the force-elongation relation for a bistable element. Another numerical procedure analyzes the dynamics of a chain or a lattice undergoing a collision with a heavy projectile. The procedure describes the nonlinear waves, determines the places of failure and the critical loading conditions. A bistable chain is compared with a chain of conventional links, of the same length, mass, and material. The bistable chain is capable to withstand a collision with a mass of kinetic energy, several times greater. Even when the bistable chain breaks it is able to more efiectively reduce the speed of the projectile.
The natural and unnatural history of pancreatic pseudocysts

Experience with 131 pseudocysts of the pancreas in 112 patients has been analysed with a view to answering specific questions. Spontaneous regression was documented in 8 per cent. Complications occurred in 33-5 per cent of the pseudocysts, including obstruction of adjacent organs, rupture, haemorrhage and pancreatic ascites. In 14 pseudocysts, rupture into the gastrointestinal tract, the peritoneal cavity or the pleural cavity when unassociated with haemorrhage, had a mortality rate of 14 per cent. Sixteen patients with significant haemorrhage associated with a pseudocyst had a mortality rate of 61 per cent; early direct surgical control is advocated. Pancreatic ascites was associated with 14-5 per cent of the pseudocysts and had a 40 per cent recurrence rate, which can be greatly diminished when operative procedures are guided by pancreatography. The mortality rate for the surgical treatment of 97 uncomplicated pseudocysts was 6 per cent and the recurrence rate was 11 per cent. The prime cause of death was haemorrhage. Seven of the 131 pseudocysts were synchronous and 12 were metachronous. The actual figure is probably higher. Small cysts of the head of the pancreas, impalpable at operation but demonstrable by pancreatography, may be the cause of severe, continuing or recurrent symptoms.
On rotating disk flow

The relationship of the axisymmetric flow between large but finite coaxial rotating disks to the von Karman similarity solution is studied. By means of a combined asymptotic – numerical analysis, the flow between finite disks of arbitrarily large aspect ratio, where the aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the disk radii to the gap width separating the disks, is examined for two different end conditions: a ‘closed’ end (shrouded disks) and an ‘open’ end (unshrouded or free disks). Complete velocity and pressure fields in the flow domain between the finite rotating disks, subject to both end conditions, are determined for Reynolds number (based on gap width) up to 500 and disk rotation ratios between 0 and – 1. It is shown that the finite-disk and similarity solutions generally coincide over increasingly smaller portions of the flow domain with increasing Reynolds number for both end conditions. In some parameter ranges, the finite-disk solution may not be of similarity form even near the axis of rotation. It is also seen that the type of end condition may determine which of the multiple similarity solutions the finite-disk flow resembles, and that temporally unstable similarity solutions may qualitatively describe steady finite-disk flows over a portion of the flow domain. The asymptotic – numerical method employed has potential application to related rotating-disk problems as well as to a broad class of problems involving flow in regions of large aspect ratio.
Neuromechanical adaptation to hopping with an elastic ankle-foot orthosis

When humans hop or run on different surfaces, they adjust their effective leg stiffness to offset changes in surface stiffness. As a result, the overall stiffness of the leg-surface series combination remains independent of surface stiffness. The purpose of this study was to determine whether humans make a similar adjustment when springs are placed in parallel with the leg via a lower limb orthosis. We studied seven human subjects hopping in place on one leg while wearing an ankle-foot orthosis. We used an ankle-foot orthosis because the ankle joint is primarily responsible for leg stiffness during hopping. A spring was added to the ankle-foot orthosis so that it increased orthosis stiffness by providing plantar flexor torque during ankle dorsiflexion. We hypothesized that subjects would decrease their biological ankle stiffness when the spring was added to the orthosis, keeping total ankle stiffness constant. We collected kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data during hopping with and without the spring on the orthosis. We found that total ankle stiffness and leg stiffness did not change across the two orthosis conditions (ANOVA, P > 0.05). This was possible because subjects decreased their biological ankle stiffness to offset the orthosis spring stiffness (P < 0.0001). The reduction in biological ankle stiffness was accompanied by decreases in soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and lateral gastrocnemius muscle activation (P < 0.0002). These results suggest that an elastic exoskeleton might improve human running performance by reducing muscle recruitment.
Induction of circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) as the mechanism for the febrile response to interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cancer patients

Fever is frequently observed in cancer patients treated with high-dose recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2). The preincubation of rIL-2 with polymyxin B, an antibiotic that inhibits the biologic effects of endotoxins, did not diminish the pyrogenicity of IL-2 in New Zealand rabbits, indicating that IL-2-induced fever is not due to contaminating endotoxins. In contrast to interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon α, which cause fever through their effects on arachidonic acid metabolism in the hypothalamus, IL-2 was unable to induce prostaglandin E2 synthesis in hypothalamic cells or fibroblastsin vitro, suggesting that IL-2 is not intrinsically pyrogenic. To determine if IL-2-induced fever is mediated indirectly through the generation of pyrogenic cytokines, culture supernatants from IL-2-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were screened for the presence of pyrogens by direct injection into rabbits and by measuring the amounts of IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNFα by specific radioimmunoassays (RIA). All three cytokines were readily detected by RIA in these supernatants, which in turn caused fever when injected into rabbits. Furthermore, in six of six cancer patients treated with rIL-2, elevated levels of TNFα were detected in the plasma by RIA 2 hr after IL-2 administration. Plasma TNF levels increased from pretreatment values of 14±7 to 765±150 pg/ml 2 hr after an IL-2 injection. These results strongly implicate IL-2-induced pyrogenic cytokines, in particular TNFα, as a major cause of the fever and possibly other aspects of the acute-phase response associated with IL-2 therapy.
Phonics: A Large Phoneme - Grapheme Frequency Count Revised:

This study is a summary and simplification of a very large phoneme-grapheme frequency count done by Hanna et al. (1966). Although the results and data from the original study have implications for teaching phonics and spelling, they were presented in a complicated and unwieldy manner. Moreover, the original study is out of print. This study, then, presents a succinct and simplified summary of the Hanna et al. results for researchers and teachers of reading and spelling.
CEO Compensation And Firm Performance: Is There Any Relationship?

Recent media and public attention has focused on CEO compensation. This study looks at the relationship between CEO compensation and several measures of firm performance across a wide variety of industries. The study used a database of CEO compensation for 200 large public companies which filed proxy statements with the SEC for 2007. Total CEO compensation consists of: base salary, cash bonuses, perks, stock awards, and option awards. The measures of firm performance were: company revenue, year-to-year change in net income, and year-to-year change in total shareholder return (TSR). Correlation and regression analysis were used to test various hypotheses. We expected that total CEO compensation and its components would be directly related to financial measures of company performance.
Resonant E2 capture into the 8Be ground state.

We have calculated the \ensuremath{\gamma}-transition strength from the broad ${2}^{+}$ resonance in \ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha} scattering at E=2.9 MeV into the $^{8}$Be ${(0}^{+}$) ground state in a bremsstrahlung model and find a \ensuremath{\gamma} width of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$=8.3 meV.
Finding Problem Solving Threads in Online Forum

Online forum is an important source that people use to find answers to questions. Most search engines simply retrieve “relevant” threads, but those are not necessarily good threads in terms of providing quality answers. In this paper we propose a two-step approach to classify online forum threads according to their informativeness in terms of question answering. We use statistical models to first categorize posts inside a thread. Then, a variety of features including post level information and other meta-data information are used to classify the thread. We show promising results using the online support forum data we have collected.
Mood Differences Among Parkinson’s Disease Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Studies with healthy elderly adults suggest that apathy, depression, and anxiety are more common among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study examined differences in mood/amotivational symptoms among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with and without MCI. Patients with PD (N=214) underwent neurocognitive evaluations including assessment of apathy (Apathy Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait scale). Trait anxiety and depression were more severe in patients with PD with MCI. Delineation of MCI into amnestic and nonamnestic subtypes revealed greater depression, apathy, and anxiety among patients with PD with amnestic MCI relative to cognitively intact patients with PD. Patients with PD and MCI report greater mood symptoms compared to patients with PD who are cognitively intact.
Cavern Halos: Exploring spatial and nonspatial cosmological data in an immersive virtual environment

We present the design and implementation of an immersive visual mining and analysis tool for cosmological data. The tool consists of an immersive linked multiview display which allows domain experts to interact with visual representations of spatial and nonspatial cosmology data. Nonspatial data is represented as time-aligned merger trees, and through a pixel-based heatmap. Spatial data is represented through GPU-accelerated point clouds and geometric primitives. The user can select a halo and visualize a 3D representation of the raw particles, as well as of the halos at the particular time stamp. We have demonstrated the tool to a senior staff member of the Adler Planetarium and report their feedback. The tool can assist researchers in the interaction navigation and mining of large scale cosmological simulation data.
Land Acquisition, Landlessness, and the Building of New Delhi

As architects and high officials debated the symbolic relationship of architecture to empire and as town planners worked out the final details of their town plan, land acquisition officers from the Government of India began the tedious process of assessing and acquiring lands for the new capital on a monumental scale. With the aid of the Delhi District’s Land Revenue Office, town planners designated approximately 40,000 sq. acres to the south-west of the existing city of Delhi. The proceedings represented a moment when British abstract notions about imperial legitimacy, about the architectural aesthetics of empire, and, indeed, about the contribution of the British Empire to India’s progress ran up against material reality. This chapter examines the manner in which New Delhi’s abstract imperial vision was played out against and made possible by real people on the ground. In particular, it focuses on the colonial mechanisms of domination and subordination inscribed in New Delhi at its most basic level — namely, the land upon which the city itself was actually built. It does so by looking at the enclosing of lands and the removal of Indian communities for the building of New Delhi. Most dispossessed agriculturalists were given cash awards for their Delhi lands and offered the opportunity to purchase new lands in the neighbouring Punjab districts of Karnal and Rohtak or farther away in the new canal colonies of the Punjab’s Lower Bari Doab.
Antepartum fetal assessment—newer techniques

URING the past two decades, tremendous improvements in perinatal outcome have been achieved. This has occurred to a large extent from the ability to better evaluate the fetal environment. Initially, antepartum and intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring were used to assess fetal condition. With the subsequent development of ultrasonography, the clinician is now afforded the opportunity to visualize the intrauterine environment and to conduct a fetal physical exam. While the use of fetal monitoring and ultrasonography have contributed greatly to the improvements in perinatal outcome, other factors such as enhanced neonatal care, regionalized referrals, increased safety of cesarean delivery, and the avoidance of birth trauma have also contributed to the improvements in health care for the pregnant woman and her fetus. Antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring has played an important role in the improvements in perinatal care. Initially, Hon and Quilligan demonstrated the relationship between certain fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and subsequent fetal outcome. I.* The presence of a normal FHR pattern was associated with the virtual absence of an abnormal outcome. In his atlas on fetal heart rate monitoring, Hon2 demonstrated the association between late decelerations of the fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal hypoxia. Subsequently, these concepts led to the application of continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor in order to assess more accurately the fetal condition. These principles were then applied to a group of highrisk patients who underwent simulated labor with oxytocin prior to the onset of labor.3The goal of this initial antepartum fetal surveillance report was to identify those pregnancies at a greater risk of uteroplacental insufficiency. Once this relationship was established, the contraction stress test (CST) rapidly became a clinically useful and acceptable antepartum fetal surveillance technique.
345 DOES THE USE OF EPINEPHRINE AS AN ADJUNCT INOTROPIC THERAPY IN PRETERM INFANTS REDUCE MORTALITY

Treatments for hypotensive preterm infants include volume expansion, inotropic agents, and corticosteroids. Common inotropic agents include dopamine, dobutamine, and epinephrine. There are few studies describing the effects and efficacy of inotropes, particularly in terms of survival. This paucity of information led to the hypothesis that in infants ≤ 1,500 g or ≤ 32 weeks9 gestation receiving inotropic support, there will be no difference in mortality when epinephrine is added as an adjunctive inotropic agent. A retrospective chart review of patients admitted to Kosair Children9s Hospital NICU from December 2002 to December 2005 was performed. Preterm infants ≤ 1,500 g or ≤ 32 weeks gestation who received inotropic support were included. Patients were excluded for life-threatening congenital defects. Those infants who received epinephrine (epi) as an adjunctive inotropic agent were compared with infants who did not receive epinephrine (no-epi). Admission demographic data, BP, ABGs, and UOP were recorded. SNAPPE-II and CRIB-II scores were calculated. BP, HR, and ABGs were recorded prior to initiation and during inotropic support. The primary outcome variable was death. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows (V. 14; SPSS Inc). Eighty-eight infants were considered for analysis. There was a significant difference in BW and EGA between the groups; however, there was no difference in admitting diagnoses, BP, ABG, or UOP. There was a trend toward higher predicted mortality in the epi group. Prior to intervention, there was no difference in BP, HR, or ABGs. With intervention, the epi group demonstrated a higher maximum HR (p
Compare globally, interpret locally: international assessments and news media in Israel

Israel is one of the early adopters of international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) and it has participated in all but one assessment since the mid-1990s. However, we know very little about the re...
Prostate specific antigen in patients with clinical stage C prostate cancer: relation to lymph node status and grade.

AbstractThe preoperatively drawn sera from 84 previously untreated patients who had clinical stage C prostate cancer and underwent staging pelvic lymph node dissections were sent for monoclonal Hybritech analysis to assess the usefulness of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in predicting lymph node status. Of the 84 patients 47 (56%) had positive lymph nodes at surgery. The median PSA value for all patients with nodal metastases was 11.4ng./ml., and for those without it was 11.24ng./ml. Relative to Gleason score, median PSA values were 11.35 for 2–4, 12.2 for 5–7 and 10.94ng./ml. for 8–10. Within each M. D. Anderson grade median PSA values were 10.15 for grade I, 13.2 for grade II, 12.7 for grade III and 10.54ng./ml. for grade IV.Simultaneously drawn preoperative frozen serum samples for 28 of these patients were independently analyzed by the Yang radioimmunoassay. Comparing Hybritech and Yang methods revealed strong statistical co-association (correlation coefficient R2 = 97.36, p <0.00001) but neither ass...