cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective frequency correction using outer volume suppression-localized navigator for MR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging.

PURPOSE New frequency correction methods are required to achieve the accurate measurement of frequency drifts in MRS and MRSI. We present a prospective frequency correction method with outer volume suppression (OVS)-based localization and selective water excitation for effective frequency correction with better SNR improvement compared to other techniques. METHODS An OVS-localized navigator was developed to prospectively correct frequency drifts during MRS and MRSI measurements. The performance of the navigator was tested on the human brain and a solution phantom for frequency drifts induced by head motion or gradient heating by a preceding DWI experiment at 3T. RESULTS The OVS-localized navigator could accurately track motion-induced frequency drifts with an RMS error of 0.5 Hz. The SNR of MRS signals was not affected by use of the OVS-localized navigator when compared with and without the navigator (P > 0.05). The frequency drifts induced by DWI experiments were 5.1 ± 0.3 Hz/min during MRSI measurements on humans, resulting in increased spectral linewidth, significant bias in metabolite concentrations, and significantly increased Cramer-Rao lower bounds (P < 0.05). After prospective frequency corrections, the quality of MRSI was recovered to the level of those without any DWI-induced frequency drifts, judged by the spectral linewidth, metabolite concentrations, and Cramer-Rao lower bounds. CONCLUSION The OVS-localized navigator demonstrated effective prospective frequency corrections for large frequency drifts (5 Hz/min) without introducing any saturation-induced SNR loss. These benefits can be particularly beneficial for the acquisition of MRS signals with long T1 and/or short TR, and spectral editing.
“ To Every Thing There is a Season, and a Time to Every Purpose Under the Heavens” What about Direct Instruction?

In this chapter, I address three questions that recur through this volume: (a) How does direct instruction differ from discovery learning? (b) When should direct instruction be used? and (c) What aspects of disciplinary practice should be included in early science education? The first issue focuses on the features that distinguish direct instruction from discovery learning. Over the past 20 years or so, and culminating in the critique (Kirschner, Sweller, & Clark, 2006) and debate at the 2007 AERA meeting that motivated this volume, there have been extensive and heated exchanges among education researchers, learning scientists, and science educators about “discovery learning,” “direct instruction,” “authentic inquiry,” and “ hands-on science” (Adelson, 2004; Begley, 2004; EDC, 2006; Hmelo-Silver, Duncan, & Chinn, 2007; Janulaw, 2004; Klahr, Triona, & Williams, 2007; Kuhn, 2007; Ruby, 2001; Strauss, 2004; Tweed, 2004; Schmidt, Loyens, van Gog, & Paas, 2007). However, these arguments typically fail to establish a common vocabulary to define the essential aspects of the types of instruction being compared. I believe that in order to advance our ability to create effective instructional procedures, our field needs to become much more precise in the terminology it uses to describe instructional contexts and procedures, before moving on to advocacy about curriculum design. In the area of science education, more than others, it is particularly troubling-and ironic-that these debates often abandon one of the foundations of science: the operational definition. But a scientific field cannot advance without clear, unambiguous, and replicable procedures. The second issue is about the place of direct instruction in the context of a constructivist perspective. Simply put: “When is it appropriate to use direct instruction?”. The answer to the question is certainly not “never.” Even the most zealous constructivist would acknowledge that there exist combinations of time, place, topic, learner, and context, when it is optimal to simply tell students something, or to show them something, or to give them explicit instruction about something. But how can we identify and characterize such instances?
Serotonergic Mechanisms in Alcohol Intake

Based primarily on animal studies, pharmacological manipulation of brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) neurons has become recognized recently as a potentially important therapeutic approach for the treatment of alcoholism (1,13,38). Two general lines of evidence have implied an inverse relationship between the functioning of the brain 5HT neurotransmitter systems and alcohol drinking behavior: (a) Pharmacological manipulations that increase 5HT functioning cause a reversal of the preference for ethanol and a decrease in alcohol consumption (14,29), and (b) rats and mice that exhibit a high preference for alcohol have a lower content of 5HT and 5-hydroxindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), the primary 5HT metabolite, in several brain regions compared with alcohol-non-preferring animals (28,50 and Lumeng, this volume). In agreement with these findings, some pharmacological manipulations shown to be effective in animal studies have been tested and proven efficacious in decreasing alcohol consumption in humans (1,13,14,36,37), and it has been observed that patients with a history of alcoholism have a lower content of 5HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid (3), lower blood and platelet content of 5HT (4) and a decreased uptake of 5HT into platelets (22).
EPR of Mononuclear Non-Heme Iron Proteins

Flexible geometry of three- to six-protein side-chain ligands to non-heme iron in proteins is the basis for widely diverse reactivites ranging from iron transport to redox chemistry. The gap between fixed states determined by x-ray analysis can be filled by spectroscopic study of trapped intermediates. EPR is a versatile and relatively quick approach to defining intermediate states in terms of the geometry and electronic structures of iron. A number of examples in which the iron chemistry of non-heme proteins is understood through x-ray structures at subbond length resolution, refined calculations, and spectroscopy exist now. Some examples in which EPR has provided unique insight are summarized in Table 1. Assignment and quantitative evaluation of the EPR resonances in ferric, non-heme iron sites is the focus of the first section of this review. An earlier chapter in this series provides more background on the theory specific to EPR of S = 5/2 metal ions [1]. Besides EPR spectra of ferric mononuclear sites, EPR of ferrous iron coupled to a spin 1/2 radical, as it pertains to the categories mononuclear and non-heme, will also be covered, in the second half of this chapter. Examples include the quinone-ferrous interactions in photosynthetic reaction centers and nitric oxide complexes with non-heme ferrous iron. Other recent reviews of the biochemistry and spectroscopy of non-heme iron proteins provide additional background [2-6].
Organic peroxy radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors and environmental chambers and their atmospheric relevance

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are a promising complement to environmental chambers for investigating atmospheric oxidation processes and secondary aerosol formation. However, questions have been raised about how representative the chemistry within OFRs is of that in the troposphere. We investigate the fates of organic peroxy radicals ( RO2 ), which play a central role in atmospheric organic chemistry, in OFRs and environmental chambers by chemical kinetic modeling and compare to a variety of ambient conditions to help define a range of atmospherically relevant OFR operating conditions. For most types of RO2 , their bimolecular fates in OFRs are mainly RO2+HO2 and RO2+NO , similar to chambers and atmospheric studies. For substituted primary RO2 and acyl RO2 , RO2+RO2 can make a significant contribution to the fate of RO2 in OFRs, chambers and the atmosphere, but RO2+RO2 in OFRs is in general somewhat less important than in the atmosphere. At high NO, RO2+NO dominates RO2 fate in OFRs, as in the atmosphere. At a high UV lamp setting in OFRs, RO2+OH can be a major RO2 fate and RO2 isomerization can be negligible for common multifunctional RO2 , both of which deviate from common atmospheric conditions. In the OFR254 operation mode (for which OH is generated only from the photolysis of added O3 ), we cannot identify any conditions that can simultaneously avoid significant organic photolysis at 254 nm and lead to RO2 lifetimes long enough ( ∼ 10 s) to allow atmospherically relevant RO2 isomerization. In the OFR185 mode (for which OH is generated from reactions initiated by 185 nm photons), high relative humidity, low UV intensity and low precursor concentrations are recommended for the atmospherically relevant gas-phase chemistry of both stable species and RO2 . These conditions ensure minor or negligible RO2+OH and a relative importance of RO2 isomerization in RO2 fate in OFRs within ∼ × 2 of that in the atmosphere. Under these conditions, the photochemical age within OFR185 systems can reach a few equivalent days at most, encompassing the typical ages for maximum secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production. A small increase in OFR temperature may allow the relative importance of RO2 isomerization to approach the ambient values. To study the heterogeneous oxidation of SOA formed under atmospherically relevant OFR conditions, a different UV source with higher intensity is needed after the SOA formation stage, which can be done with another reactor in series. Finally, we recommend evaluating the atmospheric relevance of RO2 chemistry by always reporting measured and/or estimated OH, HO2 , NO, NO2 and OH reactivity (or at least precursor composition and concentration) in all chamber and flow reactor experiments. An easy-to-use RO2 fate estimator program is included with this paper to facilitate the investigation of this topic in future studies.
Rescuing cancer immunity through formins and the actin cytoskeleton (VAC3P.1063)

Immunotherapy strives to replace radiation, chemo and surgery in the fight against cancer by reversing cancer’s suppression of the immune system. CTLA-4 and PDL1 checkpoint blockade inhibitors are emerging therapies that release anti-tumor T cells to kill the tumor. However, cancer also alters myeloid activation to systemically suppress the immune system, which may explain the range of responses to checkpoint blockade inhibitors. We strive to better understand myeloid activation in cancer and develop therapies to modulate these altered responses. Through in vitro myeloid activation assays, we investigated the mechanism of action for two established immunomodulatory compounds, lenalidomide and tipifarnib, as well as tested novel small molecule Intramimics, developed by our lab, for immunomodulatory function. We found that lenalidomide and tipifarnib modulate immune responses through their activation of Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors to promote F-actin assembly. Interestingly, Intramimics prove to be better at modulating immune responses as they directly activate the diaphanous related formin effectors of Rho GTPases. We propose that modulation occurs mechanistically through the MADS box transcription factor SRF, which senses actin dynamics within the cell. We intend to confirm the dependency of SRF in immunomodulation and test these therapeutics in combination with checkpoint blockade inhibitors in preclinical cancer models in the future.
IL‐4 promotes stromal cell expansion and is critical for development of a type‐2, but not a type 1 immune response

IL-4 is critical for differentiation of Th2 cells and antibody isotype switching, but our work demonstrated that it is produced in the peripheral LN under both Type 2, and Type 1 conditions, raising the possibility of other functions. We found that IL-4 is vital for proper positioning of hematopoietic and stromal cells in steady state, and the lack of IL-4 or IL-4Rα correlates with disarrangement of both follicular dendritic cells and CD31+ endothelial cells. We observed a marked disorganization of B cells in these mice, suggesting that the lymphocyte-stromal cell axis is maintained by the IL-4 signaling pathway. This study showed that absence of IL-4 correlates with significant downregulation of Lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) and Lymphotoxin beta (LTβ), critical lymphokines for the development and maintenance of lymphoid organs. Moreover, immunization of IL-4 deficient mice with Type 2 antigens failed to induce lymphotoxin production, LN reorganization, or germinal center formation, while this process is IL-4 independent following Type 1 immunization. Additionally, we found that Type 1 antigen mediated LN reorganization is dependent on IFN-γ in the absence of IL-4. Our findings reveal a role of IL-4 in the maintenance of peripheral lymphoid organ microenvironments during homeostasis and antigenic challenge.
Growth and growth hormone in Turner syndrome: Looking back, looking ahead

Short stature is the most ubiquitous feature of Turner syndrome (TS). Today, many girls with TS are treated with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) to accelerate growth in childhood and to improve adult height. Here, we will review the history of our understanding of growth in TS, reflect on the path of clinical trials ultimately leading to regulatory approval for clinical use of GH, discuss factors associated with growth outcomes and survey the current unanswered questions about growth and GH in TS.
THE EFFECT OF A NURSE-DRIVEN PROGRAM UTILIZING IMPLANTABLE PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE MONITORING TO REDUCE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN LOW-SOCIOECONOMIC URBAN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE

Hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF) remain high despite advances in treatment. While implantable pulmonary artery pressure monitors (Abbott CardioMEMS) reduce readmissions in largely white and male cohorts, their efficacy in poor, minority populations are not known. We hypothesized
Controversies in the Approach to Initial Therapy of Hodgkin Lymphoma

Availability of highly effective novel agents has altered the approach to initial therapy in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). We will review controversies in the following areas: (1) the role of radiation in early unfavorable disease and the optimal treatment strategies for (2) advanced-stage disease and (3) elderly patients. Strategies incorporating brentuximab vedotin into frontline treatment of cHL yielded favorable results in non-randomized elderly studies and were compared to ABVD in advanced disease among adults. Meanwhile, four cycles of escalated BEACOPP yielded unprecedented favorable results for the treatment of advanced disease in the German Hodgkin Study Group 18 study. The addition of novel agents to conventional treatment strategies has the potential to improve outcomes in high-risk groups of patients while reducing toxicity. The role of radiation therapy remains in question but may see diminished use with the incorporation of more effective agents in the frontline setting.
Mid-Season Reapplication of Controlled Release Fertilizers Affect ‘Helleri’ Holly Growth and N Content of Substrate Solution and Effluent

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine how a mid-season CRF (controlled release fertilizer) reapplication to container-grown Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’ Thunb. affected growth, substrate solution N content, and the amount on N leached compared to a single early season CRF application (control). ‘Helleri’ holly liners were initially fertilized (March 7) with an 8 to 9 month CRF, Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K (18-6-12), or a 12 to 14 month CRF, Osmocote 17N-3.1P-9.9K (17-7-12). A subset of plants received a CRF reapplication (half rate) of the respective Osmocote formulation on July 19, August 2, or August 16. In addition, 12 plants received a water soluble fertilizer solution (WSF) with each irrigation starting on July 19. All effluent was collected and analyzed for N. Substrate solution N and electrical conductivity (EC) levels (via the pour-through method) and foliar N concentrations were determined every two weeks. Throughout the experiment, plants were irrigated with an irrigation amount that result...
An Examination of Recent Revealed Preference Valuation Methods and Results

AbstractIn order to support the use of economics in environmental management, revealed preference studies continue to advance the measurement of environmental values. Together with integrated asses...
Etiology, Distribution, and Classification of Craniomaxillofacial Nasal Deformities

The nose is the central feature of the human face, both anatomically and aesthetically. The normal, natural nose is made up of thin mucosal lining, sculptured alar cartilages, bone, and cartilage struts that buttress the dorsum and side walls and a conforming canopy of thin skin which compliments the face in color and texture [1].
Short versus prolonged freezing differentially impacts freeze – thaw injury in spinach leaves: mechanistic insights through metabolite profiling

Plant tissues subjected to short or prolonged freezing to a fixed sub-freezing temperature are expected to undergo similar freeze-desiccation but the former causes substantially less injury than the latter. To gain metabolic insight into this differential response, metabolome changes in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves were determined following short-term (0.5 and 3.0 h) vs. prolonged freezing (5.5 and 10.5 h) at -4.5°C resulting in reversible or irreversible injury, respectively. LD50 , the freezing duration causing 50% injury, was estimated to be ∼3.1 h and defined as the threshold beyond which tissues were irreversibly injured. From 39 identified metabolites, 19 were selected and clustered into 3 groups: (1) signaling-related (salicylic acid, aliphatic and aromatic amino acids), (2) injury-related (GABA, lactic acid, maltose, fatty acids, policosanols, TCA intermediates) and (3) recovery-related (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol). Initial accumulation of salicylic acid during short-term freezing followed by a decline may be involved in triggering tolerance mechanisms in moderately injured tissues, while its resurgence during prolonged freezing may signal programmed cell death. GABA accumulated with increasing freezing duration, possibly to serve as a 'pH-stat' against cytoplasmic acidification resulting from lactic acid accumulation. Mitochondria seem to be more sensitive to prolonged freezing than chloroplasts since TCA intermediates decreased after LD50 while salicylic acid and maltose, produced in chloroplasts, accumulate even at 10.5-h freezing. Fatty acids and policosanols accumulation with increasing freezing duration indicates greater injury to membrane lipids and epicuticular waxes. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol accumulated after short-term freezing, supposedly facilitating recovery while their levels decreased in irreversibly injured tissues.
Multiphase flowback rate-transient analysis of shale gas reservoirs

Abstract Multi-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) is commonly used in the development of unconventional reservoirs. Flowback data after hydraulic fracturing is of critical importance in the characterization of hydraulic fracture, stimulation evaluation, and reservoir simulation. This study presents a two-phase diagnostic plot and a semi-analytical flowback model for the early-time flowback period when fluid influx from matrix remains insignificant and production is mainly from the fracture network. The developed model considers the changes of water saturation in hydraulic fracture (HF) under fracture depletion mechanism and pressure-dependent permeability and porosity, and is able to predict HF attributes, such as fracture half-length, initial fracture permeability, and initial pore volume of fracture network. A new method of calculating average pressure in the fracture is developed based on the solution of water-phase diffusivity equation and is compared with the traditional material balance approach based on the tank model. Three iterative workflows are proposed using the successive substitution method to calculate fracture attributes under different production conditions. Validation of the developed flowback model, average pressure calculation method, and the analysis workflow, as well as their application in an MFHW drilled in Horn River Shale show the applicability of this study to interpret flowback data quickly and estimate HF properties accurately.
Catheter placement and maintenance

Intravenous catheters are an excellent option for providing short- and long-term fluid or antibiotic therapy. Multiple options for venous access exist. Selection of an access point is multifactorial, but volume to be administered and ease of access are 2 things to consider. While catheter materials and lengths vary, there is not a dramatic difference in overall performance for bovine patients. While a variety of methods exist for placing and securing an intravenous catheter, sterile preparation and regular flushing lay the pathway for longevity of catheter placement.
A healthcare location-allocation model with an application of telemedicine for an earthquake response phase

Abstract Researchers have focused on finding ways of reducing natural disaster losses for decades. In recent times, technological advancements have improved the health care system and transformed emergency relief operations. An emerging medical advancement is telemedicine. The application of telemedicine has the potential to reduce the burden on the main trauma centers and hospitals after a significant earthquake occurs. The first 72 hours after an earthquake are critical. A well-planned medical response, although just one component of the disaster management process, plays a vital role in reducing mortality and morbidity. In this study, we propose a new modeling framework to optimize the selection and establishment of temporary health facilities in an area struck by a significant earthquake, and to allocate healthcare professionals, such as doctors, who can provide in-person and virtual care to the victims. The objective of the model is to minimize the total unsatisfied healthcare demand. The framework is particularly useful in low-income countries, where natural disasters quickly deplete medical and social resources. The application of the model is numerically illustrated using data from the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake in Pakistan. The results obtained are presented and discussed in the paper.
Abstract 1011: Disulfiram superior to ALDH1A1 inhibitor analogs in targeting ovarian cancer stem cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a global health burden and remains the fifth leading cause of cancer related death in women worldwide with the poorest five-year survival rate of the gynecological malignancies. Disease recurrence is the major cause of morbidity and mortality of EOC, considered to be driven by the survival of chemoresistant, stem-like tumor-initiating cells (TICs). TIC populations in EOC can be identified by the expression of molecular markers such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD133, Nanog and Sox2. Although the TICs have been characterized, little progress has been made in finding drugs to specifically target this population, which has driven the research and development of novel therapies to prevent relapse. We previously showed that disulfiram, an ALDH inhibitor, effectively targeted TICs in terms of viability, spheroid formation, oxidative stress and also prevented relapse in an in vivo model of EOC. In this study we sought to determine whether specific targeting of ALDH isoenzyme ALDH1A1 would provide similar benefit as the broader pathway inhibition by disulfiram. NCTs 505 and 506 are isoenzyme specific ALDH1A1 inhibitors whose activity was compared to the effects of disulfiram. Following treatment with either the NCTs or disulfiram, the viability of TICs versus adherent cells, sphere formation, oxidative stress and cell death in our in vitro relapse model were measured and compared in OC cell lines. We found that disulfiram decreased the viability of TICs significantly more effectively versus non-TIC cells, while no trend was observed when the cells were treated with the NCTs. Disulfiram also induced greater amounts of ROS than the NCTs and affected the expression of proteins associated with the NFkB and JNK signaling pathways. Comparison of disulfiram to the direct targeting of ALDH1A1 with the NCTs suggests that disulfiram9s broader cellular effects are more suitable as a therapeutic to eradicate TICs from tumors and prevent OC relapse. In addition to providing insight into a fitting treatment for TICs, the comparison of disulfiram to NCTs 505 and 506 has increased our understanding of disulfiram9s mechanism of action. Further elucidation of disulfiram9s mechanism has the potential to reveal additional targets to treat OC TICs and prevent disease recurrence. Citation Format: Michael Caminear, Brittney Harrington, Christina Annunziata. Disulfiram superior to ALDH1A1 inhibitor analogs in targeting ovarian cancer stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1011.
Dualism and Development

Historical ‘source’ of dualism in Indonesia is first discussed, with a particular emphasis on the relevance of Boeke’s concept of dualism. Despite the presence of various policies to address the issue, the inequality between regions in the country is large by international standard. The productivity gap of micro-small enterprises and large businesses are also stark. As policy goals tend to be ambiguous, some proposed measures are not well received by the MSMEs.
Pressure Drop Considerations in the Transfer of Fluids

Large-scale transfer of cryogenic fluids has become a necessity for the furtherance of our space age. Of special importance is a better understanding of the fluid flow characteristics of cryogens flowing in long transfer lines which are subjected to various modes of heat leak. Even when the resultant heat leak is kept to a minimum, it may initiate two-phase flow during transfer. The net effect of the two-phase flow is to increase the pressure drop of the cryogen per unit length of transfer line. The increased pressure drop in turn will necessitate either a larger pump if the fluid is to be pumped or a higher pressure for the pressurant gas used to transfer the fluid. If neither is available, the mass rate of flow in the line is reduced below the design rate. Depending upon the location of the transfer line, this reduction in flow may only cause a delay in the filling procedure or it may make the difference between success or failure in the launching of a space vehicle or missile. This paper analyzes the available pressure drop data for three refrigerants, Freon-11, Freon-12 and Freon-22, and liquid hydrogen, and suggests modified means of correlating this data to simplify estimations of pressure drop in new designs of transfer lines for cryogens.
Design of Advanced Membranes and Substrates for Water Purification and Desalination

To be useful in a desalination process, membranes must exhibit a number of characteristics such as high water flux, high salt rejection, mechanical stability, resistance to fouling, and low cost. A number of polymer materials such as cellulose acetates, thin-film composite (TFC) polyamides, cross-linked poly (furfuryl alcohol) and sulfonated polyethersulfone have been investigated for desalination. Of these, cellulose acetates and TFC polyamides have been the most successful. However, cellulose acetate membranes slowly hydrolyze over time, are easily attacked by bacteria and generally are not used above 35°C. Aromatic polyamides, although without those problems, have low resistance to fouling, as well as a low chlorine tolerance due to the existence of secondary amides and electron-rich aromatic rings. The currently available substrates used for the preparation of TFC membranes include polysulfone and polyethersulfone. Most of these membrane substrates, however, have relatively poor chemical and thermal stabilities, and for ultrafiltration are susceptible to performance degradation caused by fouling. Therefore, the development of more thermally and chemically resistant selective top-layers and substrates is critically required for water purification. We have demonstrated a new method to conveniently make nanofiltration (NF) membranes with tailored surface chemistry from UF membranes.
Comparison of cytologic accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration using needle suction versus no suction

Background and Objectives: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a relatively new procedure initially used for lung cancer diagnosis, staging and re-staging and extended to benign diseases such as sarcoidosis and other mediastinal lesions. Previously, multiple studies evaluated the use of needle biopsy with no aspiration that did not change the diagnostic accuracy compared with needle biopsy aspiration. Materials and Methods : All adult subjects who were scheduled to undergo EBUS-TBNA to sample mediastinal lesions were eligible. We evaluated two methods of sampling mediastinal lesions. The first method was the application of negative pressure syringe for needle suction aspiration. The second was with no suction. For every patient and every biopsy site in the same patient, we had two samples using each method. Results : Among the 26 participants, 24 patients had adequate tissue using both methods (92.3%, P = 1.00). Among the 24 patients with adequate tissue using both methods, 14 patients (58.3%) had benign pathology using both methods, whereas ten patients (41.7%) had malignant pathology using both methods (P = 1.00). Among the 32 sites that were sampled, 30 sites had adequate tissue using both methods (93.8%, P = 1.00). Among the thirty sites with adequate tissue using both methods, 17 (56.7%) had benign pathology using both methods; 12 (40.0%) had malignant pathology using both methods; and one site (3.3%) had malignant pathology using suction, but benign pathology using no suction (P = 1.00). Conclusion : In patients undergoing EBUS-TBNA to sample mediastinal lesions, the diagnostic yield with the application of suction to needle biopsy was not statistically significant compared to no suction.
Prescribing in Palliative Care as Death Approaches

OBJECTIVES: To determine how prescribing for comorbid illnesses and symptom control changes during the palliative phase of a terminal illness. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study explores the relative contribution to prescribing of symptom-specific medications (SSMs) and long-term medications for comorbid medical conditions. SETTING: Regional consultative palliative care program, Adelaide, South Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred sixty consecutive patients, 96% of whom had cancer, who enrolled and subsequently died in a larger randomized trial exploring palliative service delivery. MEASUREMENTS: Medication and performance data were collected monthly from referral until death (mean 107 days, median 93 days, standard deviation (SD) 103 days, range 11–752 days). Prespecified subgroup analyses of age, performance status, and the baseline use of medications for comorbid medical conditions were performed. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean total number of medications±SD was 4.9±2.8 (range 0–16), SSMs was 2.3±1.5 (range 0–7), and medications for comorbid medical conditions was 2.6±2.4 (range 0–13). As death approached, the total number of medications increased because of SSM prescribing (2.5 more medications, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.2–2.9; P<.001) with a decrease in medications for comorbid medical conditions (1.1 fewer medications, 95% CI=0.8–1.3; P<.001). There was an increase in the number of medications meeting Beers' criteria for high-risk inappropriate medication use for SSMs (29% to 48%). More SSMs were prescribed in people with better performance status, and older participants took more medications for comorbid medical conditions. CONCLUSION: Prescribing changes as life-limiting illnesses progress, with older people taking more medications. Medications for comorbid medical conditions should be reviewed in the context of their original therapeutic goals.
Human sexual response: cultural perspectives

Human sexual response entails initiating and engaging in sexual behavior. This encyclopedia entry focuses on cultural aspects of the sexual response, which helps illuminate variation in sexual behavior and its meaning. The entry touches on historic background in the study of cultural perspectives on the sexual response, highlighting systematic cross-cultural and international reviews along with exemplary case studies. The initiation of sexual behavior takes various forms cross-culturally, with attention given to the variable roles of women and men initiating sexual behavior, of the partners involved, of the locations and times of day at which sexual behavior is initiated, and of the nature of foreplay, among other features. The most common and alternative positions for intercourse are considered, along with other aspects such as the use of sexual paraphernalia and duration and satisfaction associated with sexual behavior. Keywords: cross-cultural; intercourse; sexual arousal; sexual behavior
Presynaptic inhibition differentially shapes transmission in distinct circuits in the mouse retina.

Diverse retinal outputs are mediated by ganglion cells that receive excitatory input from distinct classes of bipolar cells (BCs). These classes of BCs separate visual signals into rod, ON and OFF cone pathways. Although BC signalling is a major determinant of the ganglion cell-mediated retinal output, it is not fully understood how light-evoked, presynaptic inhibition from amacrine cell inputs shapes BC outputs. To determine whether differences in presynaptic inhibition uniquely modulate BC synaptic output to specific ganglion cells, we assessed the inhibitory contributions of GABAA, GABAC and glycine receptors across the BC pathways. Here we show that different proportions of GABAA and GABAC receptor-mediated inhibition determined the kinetics of GABAergic presynaptic inhibition across different BC classes. Large, slow GABAC and small, fast GABAA receptor-mediated inputs to rod BCs prolonged light-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (L-IPSCs), while smaller GABAC and larger GABAA receptor-mediated contributions produced briefer L-IPSCs in ON and OFF cone BCs. Glycinergic inhibition also varied across BC class. In the rod-dominant conditions studied here, slow glycinergic inputs dominated L-IPSCs in OFF cone BCs, attributable to inputs from the rod pathway via AII amacrine cells, while rod and ON cone BCs received little and no glycinergic input, respectively. As these large glycinergic inputs come from rod signalling pathways, in cone-dominant conditions L-IPSCs in OFF cone bipolar cells will probably be dominated by GABAA receptor-mediated input. Thus, unique presynaptic receptor combinations mediate distinct forms of inhibition to selectively modulate BC outputs, enhancing the distinctions among parallel retinal signals.
A five-transistor bandpass filter element

This paper explores a five-transistor continuous-time band-pass filter element called the capacitively coupled current conveyor (C/sup 4/) with a programmable pass-band. We show measurement data from 1Hz to 100kHz. This paper discusses the effects of various design parameters on frequency-range, gain and linearity. Experimental data is presented from circuits fabricated on a 0.5/spl mu/m nwell CMOS process available through MOSIS.
Integrating The Wall Street Journal Into A Business School Curriculum: A Success Story At Samford University

In the Spring of 2006 Samford University’s School of Business made a decision to participate in The Wall Street Journal’s Academic Partnership (AP) program beginning with the Fall semester of 2006. This paper examines School of Business student and faculty attitudes and usage of the WSJ that made for a successful implementation this past year.
FOLIC ACID DERIVATIVES SYNTHESIZED DURING GROWTH OF DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

Sirotnak, F. M. (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y.), Gloria J. Donati, and Dorris J. Hutchison. Folic acid derivatives synthesized during growth of Diplococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 85:658–665. 1963.—Under cultural conditions permitting synthesis of folic acid in an amount greatly in excess (20- to 30-fold) of that required for maximal growth of Diplococcus pneumoniae, 85 to 90% of the growth factor accumulated as polyglutamates. Approximately equal amounts of mono- and diglutamates made up the remaining 10 to 15% found in culture material. Most of the polyglutamates occurred intracellularly, in a proportion of triglutamates to higher glutamates of about two to one. Only 10 to 15% of all folic acid derivatives (mono-, di-, and polyglutamates) found had folinic acid (5-formylfolate-H4) activity for Pediococcus cerevisiae. Practically all synthesis of the glutamyl-peptide moieties of folate seems to occur at an enzymatic step prior to folic acid, since no appreciable peptide formation occurred under conditions blocking folate synthesis. Sulfanilamide inhibition of growth by a block in folate synthesis was reversed by the addition of dihydrofolic acid, but not folic acid. The examination of two genetically distinct amethopterin-resistant mutant strains has revealed no gross differences in folate accumulation during growth when compared with the wild strain.
Government cash management : good practice and capacity-building framework

This paper provides information about research and analysis pertaining to government cash management practices in selected developed countries (including euro countries, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom) and recommends a capacity-building framework for developing countries. Following a discussion of the definition and objectives of government cash management, it presents the common features of an effective government cash management system by analyzing practices in countries with effective government cash management. The paper then discusses the importance of cash management, analyzes common government cash management issues in developing countries, and offers some solutions to those common problems. It concludes by recommending a capacity-building framework for government cash management in developing countries.
A Kinase to Remember: Dual Roles for MAP Kinase in Long-Term Memory

The selective down-regulation of the transmembrane apCAM isoform has been proposed to remove inhibitory constraints on neuronal outgrowth by promoting the disassembly of adhesive contacts between sensory neuron processes that normally inhibit growth. However, any role that the internalization of the transmembrane form of apCAM plays in the relief of inhibitory constraints on synaptic reorganization must be reconciled with the continued presence of the GPI-linked form of apCAM. Clearly, the ratio of transmembrane to GPI-linked apCAM may be important. One interesting idea raised by Kandel and colleagues is that the spatial distributions of the transmembrane and GPI-linked isoforms may be distinct, with the transmembrane form localized to the neurite processes that mediate homophilic interactions, and the GPI-linked form localized to the synaptic region that mediates heterophilic (sensory to motor neuron) interactions. If this were the case, the selective removal of the transmembrane form would alter the relative levels of the two apCAM isoforms in favor of the GPI-linked form, thereby promoting outgrowth and association with the postsynaptic neuron.These new findings in Aplysia may have important implications for other organisms including insects and mammals. Although MAP kinase has not yet been shown to be critical for learning and memory in vertebratesMartin et al. 1997xMartin, K.C, Michael, D, Rose, J.C, Barad, M, Casadio, A, Zhu, H, and Kandel, E.R. Neuron. 1997; 18Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | Scopus (411)See all ReferencesMartin et al. 1997 demonstrate that exposure of hippocampal slices to forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, leads to MAP kinase phosphorylation within the nucleus in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. This is consistent with the finding that stimuli that trigger LTP in the hippocampus can induce MAP kinase activity (Thomas et al. 1994xThomas, K.L, Laroche, S, Errington, M.L, Bliss, T.V.P, and Hunt, S.P. Neuron. 1994; 13: 737–745Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (150)See all ReferencesThomas et al. 1994), and raises the possibility that PKA is important for the activation of MAP kinase, which could in turn mediate events that are critical for the establishment and maintenance of LTP. Since CAMs have already been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of synaptic potentiation in Aplysia, Drosophila, and mice, it will be important to determine whether features of MAP kinase regulation of CAM expression observed in Aplysia represent a general mechanism of synaptic facilitation that is conserved through evolution.
Enhanced rectification through polymer-gold nanoparticle interaction

Abstract In this paper we report the fabrication of a new nanocomposite based on poly( m -phenylenevinylene- co -2,5-dioctoxy- p -phenlenevinylene) (PmPV) and gold (PmPV-gold) nanoparticles. Characterization of this new material using UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy showed encapsulation of the gold nanoparticles (∼20 nm) by the polymer. Wrapping of gold nanoparticles by the polymer provided higher quality electrical characteristics than the polymer alone, indicated by superior rectification and Schottky diode characteristics with ideality factors of 27.69 and 1.32 for pure PmPV and PmPV-gold nanocomposite cells, respectively. Barrier heights, calculated from the reverse saturation current, were 0.865 and 0.559 eV for PmPV and PmPV-gold nanocomposite cells, respectively.
Mechanical Strength of Low-Dimension Class Fibers

Chalcogenide glasses present a unique opportunity for the study of the effect of dimensionality of the properties of amorphous systems. Presented here are preliminary results of experiments on fibers of these materials. Strength in these fibers is related both to dimensionality, which is a continuously variable function of composition and to drawing conditions, which produce ordering. A simple theoretical model for the ordering effect is proposed and discussed.
Population-changing processes and the dynamics of sexual populations

Abstract Changes in the size and composition of a population are brought about by the occurrence of a number of processes. These processes may be classified as uni-, bi-, or multi-organismal, depending on the number of organisms necessarily involved in them; the rates of processes of different order follow different kinetic laws. A model of the dynamics of a sexual population can be constructed by assuming a set of processes that are significant in changing the population. The equations of the model are obtained by introducing the appropriate rate laws for the processes assumed into the balance equations for the numbers of the various subpopulations of the population. This approach is illustrated by considering two hypothetical populations: one in which mating is monogamous and one in which mating is promiscuous. If plausible simplifying assumptions can be made, these models provide explicit forms for the mating rate and birth rate functionals, respectively. An interesting feature of these models is that they predict the existence of a critical minimum size for survival of a population.
Personal Ideology: The Intersection of Personality and Religious Beliefs

Individual religious beliefs are conceptualized as a component of personal ideology,which is one’s value-laden philosophy of how life should be lived and of what forces impact human living. Extending Silvan Tomkins’ (1911–1991) writings concerning ideology polarity and his script theory of personality, I suggest that personal ideology theory may be employed to elucidate the content, structure, and development of religious beliefs. This theory examines religiousness as a biologically motivated interpretive structure that is situated within the sociohistorical, age-relevant, and idiosyncratic conditions of the ontogenetic matrix.
Diapause of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), related to dietary lipids.

Abstract 1. 1. Diapausing pink bollworm larvae from diets without added cottonseed oil (A) had lower total fat content and a different fatty acid distribution from larvae reared on diets containing 25(B), 40(C) and 50(D)ml oil added/1 diet. 2. 2. Total fat and fatty acid distributions of larvae from B, C and D resembled those found in diapause larvae; these characteristics for larvae reared on A conformed to those of nondiapause larvae. 3. 3. Total lipids of the larvae declined during diapause but relative percentages of fatty acids did not change. 4. 4. Under diapause-averting conditions of 30°C, L:D 13:11, and 100% r.h., larvae terminated diapause rapidly, with at least 80% reaching termination in 15 days. 5. 5. Under diapause-inducing conditions of 20°C, L:D 11:13, and 30% r.h., some larvae also terminated diapause. Larvae with a diapause fatty acid distribution (from B, C and D) terminated diapause at a slower rate under these conditions than larvae with a nondiapause fatty acid distribution (from A).
The Last three minutes: issues in gravitational wave measurements of coalescing compact binaries

Gravitational-wave interferometers are expected to monitor the last three minutes of inspiral and final coalescence of neutron star and black hole binaries at distances approaching cosmological, where the event rate may be many per year. Because the binary’s accumulated orbital phase can be measured to a fractional accuracy ≪10^-3 and relativistic effects are large, the wave forms will be far more complex and carry more information than has been expected. Improved wave form modeling is needed as a foundation for extracting the waves’ information, but is not necessary for wave detection.
The synthesis of new ilmenite-type derivatives, CuVO3 and CoVO3

Abstract The compositions CuVO3 and CoVO3 were studied at high pressure in a tetrahedral anvil press. Reactions of CuO and V2O4 or Cu2O and V2O5, as well as the conversion of αCuVO3 to a high-pressure phase, were investigated. Two related golden phases, a triclinic, distorted ilmenite, CuVO3(I), and a rhombohedral ilmenite, CuVO3(II), were isolated. Magnetic and resistivity measurements are reported for both high-pressure phases. These phases give the known αCuVO3 when heated above 340° at one atmosphere of pressure. Triclinic, ilmenite-type CoVO3, isostructural with CuVO3(I), was prepared in the reaction of CoO and V2O4 at 65 kbars pressure. The magnetic properties show the composition to be ordered below a Neel temperature of 142°K.
More rapid isolation of herpes simplex virus in a continuous line of mink lung cells than in vero or human fibroblast cells

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was isolated from clinical specimens more rapidly in mink lung (ML) cells, a continuous cell line available from a commercial supplier, than in Vero cells or human fibroblast (HF) cells. Stock strains of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 titered higher in ML cells than in Vero or HF cells. ML cells were equivalent to rabbit kidney (RK) cells in the isolation of HSV in clinical specimens, but titers of stock HSV strains were lower. ML cells could be employed to type strains of HSV-1 and HSV-2, using the technique of differential susceptibility to bromovinyldeoxyuridine (BVDU). ML cells, therefore, are a convenient and useful cell line for the isolation and typing of HSV in diagnostic virology laboratories.