cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithms for approximate FSM traversal based on state space decomposition

This paper presents algorithms for approximate finite state machine traversal based on state space decomposition. The original finite state machine is partitioned in component submachines, and each of them is traversed separately; the result of the computation is an over-estimation of the set of reachable states of the original machine. Different traversal strategies, which reduce the effects of the degrees of freedom introduced by the decomposition, are discussed. Efficient partitioning is a key point for the performance of the traversal techniques; a method to heuristically find a good decomposition of the overall finite state machine, based on the exploration of its state variable dependency graph, is proposed. Applications of the approximate traversal methods to logic optimization of sequential circuits and behavioral verification of finite state machines are described; experimental results for such applications, together with data concerning pure traversal, are reported.
Modeling decenter, wedge, and tilt errors in optical tolerance analysis and simulation

Many optical designs have lenses with circular outer profiles that are mounted in cylindrical barrels. This geometry leads to errors on mounting parameters such as decenter and tilt, and component error like wedge which are best modeled with a cylindrical or spherical coordinate system. In the absence of clocking registration, this class of errors is effectively reduced to an error magnitude with a random clocking azimuth. Optical engineers consequently must fully understand how cylindrical or spherical basis geometry relates to Cartesian representation. Understanding these factors as well as how optical design codes can differ in error application for Monte Carlo simulations produces the most effective statistical simulations for tolerance assignment, analysis, and verification. This paper covers these topics to aid practicing optical engineers and designers.
Colored Semitransparent Conductive Coatings Consisting of Monodisperse Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are promising materials for transparent conduction as a result of their exceptional electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. However, since current synthetic methods yield polydisperse mixtures of SWNTs, the performance of SWNT transparent conductive films has previously been hindered by semiconducting species. Here, we describe the performance of transparent conductors produced using predominantly metallic SWNTs. Compared with unsorted material, films enriched in metallic SWNTs can enhance conductivity by factors of over 5.6 in the visible and 10 in the infrared. Moreover, by using monodisperse metallic SWNTs sorted with angstrom-level resolution in diameter, semitransparent conductive coatings with tunable optical transmittance can be produced.
Giant magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/organic semiconductor/ferromagnet heterojunctions

We report the spin injection and transport in ferromagnet/organic semiconductor/ferromagnet (FM/OSC/FM) heterojunctions using rubrene $({\text{C}}_{42}{\text{H}}_{28})$ as an organic semiconductor spacer. For completeness of our study, both tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) were studied by varying the thickness of the rubrene layer (5--30 nm). A thorough study of the device characteristics reveals spin-polarized carrier injection into and subsequent transport through the OSC layer. When the thickness of the rubrene layers are beyond the tunneling limit, the device currents are limited by carrier injection and bulk transport. The carrier injection is well described with phonon-assisted field emission. The behavior of GMR in response to bias field and temperature shows significant differences from that of TMR.
Identifying Novel Cell Cycle Proteins in Apicomplexa Parasites through Co-Expression Decision Analysis

Hypothetical proteins comprise roughly half of the predicted gene complement of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum and represent the largest class of uniquely functioning proteins in these parasites. Following the idea that functional relationships can be informed by the timing of gene expression, we devised a strategy to identify the core set of apicomplexan cell division cycling genes with important roles in parasite division, which includes many uncharacterized proteins. We assembled an expanded list of orthologs from the T. gondii and P. falciparum genome sequences (2781 putative orthologs), compared their mRNA profiles during synchronous replication, and sorted the resulting set of dual cell cycle regulated orthologs (744 total) into protein pairs conserved across many eukaryotic families versus those unique to the Apicomplexa. The analysis identified more than 100 ortholog gene pairs with unknown function in T. gondii and P. falciparum that displayed co-conserved mRNA abundance, dynamics of cyclical expression and similar peak timing that spanned the complete division cycle in each parasite. The unknown cyclical mRNAs encoded a diverse set of proteins with a wide range of mass and showed a remarkable conservation in the internal organization of ordered versus disordered structural domains. A representative sample of cyclical unknown genes (16 total) was epitope tagged in T. gondii tachyzoites yielding the discovery of new protein constituents of the parasite inner membrane complex, key mitotic structures and invasion organelles. These results demonstrate the utility of using gene expression timing and dynamic profile to identify proteins with unique roles in Apicomplexa biology.
Training implicit social anxiety associations: An experimental intervention

The current study investigates an experimental anxiety reduction intervention among a highly socially anxious sample (N=108; n=36 per Condition; 80 women). Using a conditioning paradigm, our goal was to modify implicit social anxiety associations to directly test the premise from cognitive models that biased cognitive processing may be causally related to anxious responding. Participants were trained to preferentially process non-threatening information through repeated pairings of self-relevant stimuli and faces indicating positive social feedback. As expected, participants in this positive training condition (relative to our two control conditions) displayed less negative implicit associations following training, and were more likely to complete an impromptu speech (though they did not report less anxiety during the speech). These findings offer partial support for cognitive models and indicate that implicit associations are not only correlated with social anxiety, they may be causally related to anxiety reduction as well.
Uptake of Metepa and its Effect on Two Species of Mosquitoes (Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Aedes aegypti) and House Flies (Musca domestica).

P32-labeled metepa was rapidly absorbed from glass surfaces by both mosquitoes ( Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.)) and house flies ( Musca domestica L.). House flies and quadrimaculatus absorbed approximately 7 μg per insect during a 4-hour exposure on surfaces treated at 10 mg/ft2 whereas aegypti picked up 2.5 μg. This uptake resulted in a severe reduction of mating ability in mosquitoes, coupled with 99% sterility, in house fly and aegypti males. Metepa was found to be quite volatile on glass surfaces and highly sorptive on masonite. Under similar conditions quadrimaculatus absorbed 27 mmg from masonite treated at 100 mg/ft2 and 7600 mμg from glass treated at 10 mg/ft2. After 3 days of feeding on treated food, the amounts of the chemosterilant absorbed, expressed in μg-equivalents of p32 metepa, were 3.0,3.7, and 1.7 in quadrimaculatus , house flies, and aegypti , respectively. These dosages caused sterility in all species without reducing male vigor. Exposure of mosquito larvae from the third instar through pupation in water treated at 10 ppm resulted in low metepa uptake and very little induced sterility. The distribution of metepa in the insects was rapid and apparently nonselective. Excretion was rapid in insects exposed to residual deposits of 10 mg/ft2. Insects exposed to treated larval medium and food retained a high percentage of their original radioactivity, over prolonged periods; this activity undoubtedly represented detoxified metepa, however.
Bayesian covariance selection in generalized linear mixed models.

Repeated measures and longitudinal data are commonly collected for analysis in epidemiology, clinical trials, biology, sociology, and economic sciences. In such studies, a response is measured repeatedly over time for each subject under study, and the number and timing of the observations often varies among subjects. In contrast to cross-sectional studies that collect a single measurement per subject, longitudinal studies have the extra complication of within-subject dependence in the repeated measures. Such dependence can be thought to arise due to the impact of unmeasured predictors. Main effects of unmeasured predictors lead to variation in the average level of response among subjects, while interactions with measured predictors lead to heterogeneity in the regression coefficients. This justification has motivated random effects models, which allow the intercept and slopes in a regression model to be subject-specific. Random effects models are broadly useful for modeling of dependence not only for longitudinal data but also in multicenter studies, meta analysis and functional data analysis.
An exact test for comparing location parameters of K exponential distributions with unequal scales based on type II censored data

This article shows that the likelihood ratio test for the equality of location parameters of k (k ≥ 2) two-parameter exponential distributions with unequal scale parameters, in general, depends on the unknown scale parameters under the null hypothesis. A modification of the likelihood ratio test is suggested, which is applicable to Type II censored or complete data. The suggested test is consistent and asymptotically optimal in the sense of Bahadur efficiency. For k = 2, the power function of the test is obtained, and the test is shown to be unbiased. A set of data is analyzed.
The least squares algorithm, parametric system identification and bounded noise

Abstract The least squares parametric system identification algorithm is analyzed assuming that the noise is a bounded signal. A bound on the worst-case parameter estimation error is derived. This bound shows that the worst-case parameter estimation error decreases to zero as the bound on the noise is decreased to zero.
Structure and Dynamics of a Protein Assembly.1H-NMR Studies of the 36 kDaR6Insulin Hexamer

Abstract The structure and dynamics of the R 6 human insulin hexamer are investigated by two- and three-dimensional homonuclear 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. The R 6 hexamer, stabilized by Zn 2+ and phenol, provides a model of an allosteric protein assembly and is proposed to mimic aspects of receptor recognition. Despite the large size of the assembly (36 kDa), its extreme thermal stability permits high-resolution spectra to be observed at 55°C. Each spin system is represented uniquely, implying either 6-fold symmetry or fast exchange among allowed protomeric conformations. Dramatic changes in chemical shifts and long-range nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs) are observed relative to the spectra of insulin monomers. Complete sequential assignment is obtained and demonstrates native secondary structure with distinctive R-state N-terminal extension of the B-chain α-helix (residues B1 to B19). The distance-geometry structure of an R-state promoter is similar to those of R 6 crystal structures. Specific long-range intra- and intersubunit NOEs, assigned by stepwise analysis of engineered insulin monomer and dimers, demonstrate that tertiary and quaternary contacts are also similar. Although the hexamer is well-ordered in solution, binding of phenol to an internal cavity occurs within milliseconds, implying the existence of “gatekeeper” residues whose flexibility provides a portal of entry and release. Changes in 1 H-NMR chemical shifts on hexamer assembly are readily rationalized by analysis of aromatic ring-currents and provide sensitive probes for sites of protein – protein interaction and phenol binding. Our results provide a foundation for the studies of insulin analogues (such as “designed” insulins of therapeutic interest) under conditions of clinical formulation and for the investigation of the effects of protein assembly on the dynamics of individual protomers.
Does Flory–Huggins theory help in interpreting solute partitioning experiments?

The development of Flory–Huggins (FH) theory is reviewed, particularly with regard to the molecular significance of the interaction parameter that scales the contact interaction of solute and solvent. The chemical potential given by FH theory for an “idealute” solute is then compared with that provided by a more general, statistical thermodynamic approach. It is found that the FH contact term does not directly correspond to the solvation free energy. The significance of this result for the interpretation of free energies of transfer of a solute from one solvent to another is examined. It is shown that neither the earlier recommended standard free energy change for the process (using the infinitely dilute reference state, mole fraction units) nor the recently recommended FH-corrected standard free energy change provides the solvation energy desired. Instead, the standard free energy using the infinitely dilute reference state and molarity units, as long advocated by Ben-Naim, provides the desired solvation free energy. Correction of extant values, based on mole fraction units, is easily made. However, application of such results to problems of protein folding is not straightforward. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using platinum-group elements to investigate the origin of the Ontong Java Plateau, SW Pacific

Fractionated basalts (4.5–8.9 wt.% MgO) from the islands of Malaita and Makira (San Cristobal) in the Solomon Islands represent outpourings of magma that formed the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP), SW Pacific. The origin of the OJP is explored by examining platinum-group element (PGE: Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt) abundances in these basalts. On Makira, mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean island basalts (OIBs) are occasionally intercalated within the stratigraphic sequence of the OJP—the OIBtype basalts could be representative of the plume tail sequence and the MORB-type flows may be an indication of heterogeneity within the OJP source. Partial melting models indicate that the MORB-type basalts were generated from a source dominated by upper mantle material. However, they suggest that the OJP basalts and the OIB-type basalts were not generated from an exclusively upper mantle source. Our illustrative modeling shows the range of PGE compositions in these plume-generated basalts are best generated from a hybrid source that incorporates 0–0.5 wt.% of outer core material, 50% depleted upper mantle and 50–49.5% lower (primitive) mantle. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A TIME-DEPENDENT THEORY OF SPARK IGNITION

A new theory of spark ignition has been formulated which includes for the first time the temporal dependence of the spark energy input. This theory is based on the observation made here that for ignition the spark kernel or hot bubble of gas created by the spark must grow to a critical size before its expansion velocity falls below a critical rate. A model of spark kernel growth has been developed which relates the time varying enery input to the kernel expansion in the high pressure region behind a spark induced strong shock wave or in an ambient pressure environment behind a weak shock. The strong shock kernel growth model was developed from a simulation of a time dependent energy release in an ideal gas without transport effects which was modified to reflect real gas behavior. The assumptions that energy losses from the spark kernel due to conduction, radiation or convection were negligible, were justified by existing experimental data and observations of spark ignition. Comparisons of observed spark kernel growth patterns and ignition energies with predictions made using this theory showed very good agreement for a wide range of pressures, air-fuel ratios and spark powers and durations for both stagnant and flowing gases. The increase in ignition energy and decrease in critical spark duration for flowing gases compared to stagnant mixtures were shown to be due to a distortion of the arc by the flow which makes some of the arc energy unavailable for ignition. The use of turbulent critical radii over-predicted the turbulent ignition energies, suggesting that even in turbulent flow the critical kernel size is the same as in laminar flow or stagnant cases.
EXAFS investigation of dilute Cu impurities in amorphous As2Se3

Abstract Fluorescence EXAFS studies of amorphous Cux(As0.4Se0.6)100-x alloys having x from 0.05 to 0.7 were performed. These were compared to absorption EXAFS from a glassy sample with x = 25 . To within the accuracy of the experiment, the EXAFS and the corresponding radial structure functions were identical. We conclude that most of the Cu is covalently bonded to four neighbors and that changes in the electrical transport properties between the low and the high composition ranges cannot be attributed to changes in the predominant Cu bonding pattern.
Diazepam and gepirone selectively attenuate either 20–32 or 32–64 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations during aggressive encounters

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in rats may communicate “affective” states, as they occur only in highly significant behavioral contexts such as during sex, aggression, exposure to painful or startling events. This proposal was evaluated in an experiment with adult male Long-Evans rats during agonistic encounters; specifically, the effects of diazepam, flumazenil and gepirone were studied on different types of USV emitted by intruder rats exposed to resident attacks and to “threat of attacks” (i.e., intruder protected within the home cage of the resident by a wire mesh cage). USV were readily emitted during agonistic encounters and consisted primarily of two distributions of pure tone whistles: 0.3- to 3-s, 20- to 32-kHz (“low”) signals and 0.02- to 0.3-s, 32- to 64-kHz (“high”) signals. A considerable repertoire of frequency modulated signals was observed and proved to be sensitive to the anxiolytic treatments. Diazepam (1–6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased high frequency USV during the threat of attack and decreased the mean pitch of the most predominant vocalizations but did not affect low frequency USV or the audible squeals (AS) in response to bites. Gepirone (0.3–6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased low frequency USV and did not affect high frequency USV or AS. Responses to thermal pain stimuli remained unaltered by all drugs, while walking duration was decreased and crouch postures were increased after diazepam but not after gepirone administration. Gepirone in the present dose range had minimal effects on submissive, exploratory and locomotor behaviors. The pattern of results is consistent with the proposal that low frequency USV reflect a heightened affective state which is ameliorated with 5HT1A but not benzodiazepine anxiolytics, and suggests that the suppression of high frequency USV in reaction to attacks or threats coincides with the sedative or muscle relaxant properties of these compounds.
Rate-of-return regulation and the behavior of the return on equity for electric utilities

Abstract This study tests whether the time-series behavior of the return on equity (ROE) for electric utilities follows a partial adjustment rather than the pure adjustment process implied by the cost-plus policy of rate regulation. The study performs a similar test on a control sample of manufacturing firms to compare the speed of adjustments between regulated and nonregulated industries. The study further tests the sensitivity of the speed of adjustment to incentive regulation and to the level of ROE. The results show that movements in ROEs follow a partial adjustment process for both utilities and manufacturing firms. Strikingly, the adjustment horizon appears to be longer for utilities than for manufacturing firms. Moreover, the speed of adjustment is sensitive to incentive regulation and level of ROE, and has implications for future profits and share prices.
Oxidative Assimilation of Acetate by Euglena. Carbon Balance and Effects of Ethanol

Oxidative assimilation of acetate by Euglena gracilis was studied using methyl- and carboxyl-labeled radioactive acetate. Of the total carbon utilized, 40% was oxidized to CO2 and 60% was assimilated; 20% of the CO2 produced was derived from the methyl carbon, and 80% from the car-boxyl carbon of acetate. Seventy % of the carbon assimilated was derived from the methyl carbon and 30% from the carboxyl. The results suggest that assimilation involves decarboxylation of Krebs-cycle oxalacetate and assimilation of the resulting pyruvate. In the presence of ethanol a greater proportion of the acetate carbon is assimilated, though the total acetate consumption is almost unchanged.
The early ontogeny of hematopoietic cells studied by grafting cytogenetically labeled tissue anlagen: localization of a prospective stem cell compartment.

The relative contributions of ventral blood island mesoderm and dorsal anterior mesoderm to differentiated lineages of hematopoietic cells was assessed by reciprocal grafting of cytogenetically labeled tissues between 67- and 72-hr-old frog embryos (Shumway stages 15–16). Diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) cell populations from hematopoietic organs were distinguished by Feulgen-DNA microdensitometric analysis. Ventral blood island mesoderm appears to contribute an embryonic erythrocyte population that progressively declines during larval development. Dorsal anterior mesoderm appears to contribute a population of precursor cells that gives rise to differentiated lineages of hematopoietic cells found in the thymus, pronephros, mesonephros, spleen, and blood. Histological examination of the developing dorsal anterior area indicates that extensive vascularization is a prominent characteristic of this region. The dorsal aortae and vasculature surrounding the pronephros may be sites where at least one population of hematopoietic cells matures and subsequently enters circulation.
Treating the HER2 Pathway in Early and Advanced Breast Cancer

ERBB2 gene amplification occurs in ∼20% of human breast cancers (BC) and is associated with an adverse clinical prognosis, indicating that it may be playing a critical role in disease pathogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting pathologic ERBB2 overexpression have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of BC. Indeed, humanized anti-ERBB2 antibodies, small molecule ERBB2 kinase inhibitors and ERBB2-targeting antibody-drug conjugates have proven safety and efficacy based upon evidence from randomized phase III clinical trials. Recent progress in targeting ERBB2 alteration will be reviewed, with focus on data that has informed changes in clinical practice for the treatment of BC.
Fetal alcohol myopathy.

A unique myopathic process in three flaccid, hypotonic, and weak neonates born to alcoholic mothers was investigated. In utero activity was depressed in all 3 cases. The muscle biopsies showed hypotrophy, dominance of type II fibers, and central nuclei. There was marked sarcomeric dysplasia at the ultrastructural level. Sarcomeres were of variable length and diameters; Z-band material with actin persisted in a coagulum of granulofilamentous debris; the number of myosin filaments was decreased. The degree to which myocytes were affected varied from focal to holocellular dysplasia. The disorder at the ultrastructural level in these damaged muscles from infants with the fetal alcohol syndrome is a unique constellation, warranting the term "fetal alcohol myopathy."
Laser scanning cytometry distinguishes lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes by differences in their chromatin structure

By providing rapid measurements of cellular fluorescence in addition to morphometric analysis, the novel microscope-based multiparameter laser scanning cytometer (LSC) combines advantages of flow and image cytometry. Analysis of the integrated fluorescence intensity (IF) versus peak fluorescence intensity (maximal fluorescence per pixel; FP) versus fluorescence area (FA) of the cells stained with the DNA intercalating fluorochrome propidium iodide (PI) made it possible to discriminate lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes in samples of peripheral blood of normal individuals. Lymphocytes, characterized by maximally condensed chromatin, had the highest FP and lowest values of FA. Granulocytes had the lowest FP and the highest FA. They also had increased IF compared to lymphocytes and monocytes. The difference in IF between granulocytes and monocytes/lymphocytes was abolished after exposure of cells to 0.1 M HCl at 0-4 degrees C, which is known to dissociate histones from DNA in chromatin. Monocytes were characterized by intermediate values of peak and area fluorescence intensity compared to lymphocytes and granulocytes. Thus, although all three classes of white blood cells have the same DNA content, they can be distinguished based on differences in structure of their chromatin after staining with PI. Discrimination of these cells by LSC is similar to that provided by flow cytometry based on differences in forward and side light scatter properties.
A fundamental cause approach to the study of disparities in lung cancer and pancreatic cancer mortality in the United States

This study examines how associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and lung and pancreatic cancer mortality have changed over time in the U.S. The fundamental cause hypothesis predicts as diseases become more preventable due to innovation in medical knowledge or technology, individuals with greater access to resources will disproportionately benefit, triggering the formation or worsening of health disparities along social cleavages. We examine socioeconomic disparities in mortality due to lung cancer, a disease that became increasingly preventable with the development and dissemination of knowledge of the causal link between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer, and compare it to that of pancreatic cancer, a disease for which there have been no major prevention or treatment innovations. County-level disease-specific mortality rates for those ≥45 years, adjusted for sex, race, and age during 1968-2009 are derived from death certificate and population data from the National Center for Health Statistics. SES is measured using five county-level variables from four decennial censuses, interpolating values for intercensal years. Negative binomial regression was used to model mortality. Results suggest the impact of SES on lung cancer mortality increases 0.5% per year during this period. Although lung cancer mortality rates are initially higher in higher SES counties, by 1980 persons in lower SES counties are at greater risk and by 2009 the difference in mortality between counties with SES one SD above compared to one SD below average was 33 people per 100,000. In contrast, we find a small but significant reverse SES gradient in pancreatic cancer mortality that does not change over time. These data support the fundamental cause hypothesis: social conditions influencing access to resources more greatly impact mortality when preventative knowledge exists. Public health interventions and policies should facilitate more equitable distribution of new health-enhancing knowledge and faster uptake and utilization among lower SES groups.
Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Reactivity of a Metallapyrylium1

The first example of a stable metallapyrylium complex, (2), has been prepared, and its reaction chemistry has been explored. Compound 2 is obtained in ∼50% yield upon treatment of (3) with silver tetrafluoroborate in tetrahydrofuran. The other major product of this reaction, (4), is readily converted back to 3 (by treating with base) and can be reused. Compound 2 exhibits downfield 1H NMR chemical shifts for its ring protons, consistent with its characterization as an aromatic metallacycle. The iridium center in 2 is reactive toward a variety of 2e- donor reagents, including hydride reagents, methyllithium, chloride reagents, and trimethylphosphine. The products of these reactions are octahedral Ir(III) compounds containing the iridaoxacyclohexa-1,3-diene ring skeleton. The chloride reaction product, (6), has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 also undergoes [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with various unsaturated substrates, including acetone, alkynes, alkenes, and sulfur dioxide. In eac...
Predictive Contour Control With Adaptive Feed Rate

Contour control is an important issue in motion system development. In this paper, a contour-control methodology combining predictive control and adaptive feed rate is proposed. To reduce the computational time required for online optimization, a simple unconstrained model predictive controller is first designed to perform biaxial contour-position control. The performance index introduced in this paper allows the designer to manipulate the importance between contour error, axial tracking error, and control usage. The controller is then implemented to track diamond and free-form contours. The results demonstrate that the controller is capable of not only tracking both contours with high precision (contour and axial) for steady motions, but also improving contour precision during transient periods. To further reduce the contour error during transient periods, an adaptive feed-rate scheme is proposed, which utilizes the predicted contour error to adjust the feed rate online. This adaptive feed-rate scheme is experimentally validated using diamond and limacon contours. The results demonstrate that in comparison with constant feed-rate schemes, the proposed adaptive feed-rate scheme is capable of significantly reducing the transient contour error at high feed rates, while maintaining comparable tracking performance at low feed rates.
Analysis of correlated ordered categorical data with rank measures of association for responses with ties

Rank measures of association are used to describe the variation among a set of groups for ordinal response data from two or more conditions in a repeated measures data structure. Linear models are fit to the respective measures by the ordinary least squares method for the full model and by the weighted least squares method for the reduced models. The resulting estimated parameters can be used for hypothesis tests or confidence intervals for comparisons among groups and for the evaluation of group × condition interaction. Ways of having these methods account for ties in rankings are also discussed. An example of a longitudinal study for comparison of four groups (two centers × two treatments) is provided.
Psychological reactions to fetoscopy: A controlled study

Twenty woman at risk of carrying a fetus with homozygous beta-thalassemia who underwent fetoscopy and a matched control group of pregnant women were administered the Symptom Questionnaire to evaluate changes in distress. Women who were offered fetoscopy had significantly more anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and hostility than the control group. Psychological distress significantly decreased after the results of fetoscopy were communicated to the patient, and the decrease was similar in normal control women. Five other patients had a diagnosis of homozygous beta-thalassaemia and their pregnancies were terminated. Their psychological distress increased when they learned the outcome of fetoscopy, but decreased again after termination. Psychological reactions to fetoscopy and amniocentesis appear to be similar, yet women who undergo fetoscopy suffer from more psychological distress.
The need for moral champions in global marketing

In order to portray the ethical and social responsibility implications of marketing potentially harmful products to vulnerable consumers in less developed countries, newly emerging democracies, and in newly industrializing countries, presents a descriptive model depicting relationships between the individual manager, the global company, the home market environment, the host market environment, the global business environment, and the target customer abroad. The model shows how these different influences may act on a manager to shape the ethical character of decisions affecting overseas consumers. Lays a conceptual basis for the argument presented in part two, supporting the need for moral champions. Recognizes and refutes counter‐arguments, assesses managerial implications and, in conclusion, outlines an agenda for future research.
Procedural generation of story-driven maps

In this paper, we present the design and preliminary implementation of a technique for generating maps for story-driven video games. The technique enables a game developer to build a map with cities and towns strategically placed so that they align with constraints specified by the developer, consistent with the story driving the game. These constraints address issues about cities, towns and other objects in the environment, such as number, distance, direction, navigation and placement. The technique also coherently fills the area around the city or town with appropriate terrain to encourage or discourage navigation, whichever is appropriate within the context of the story. Our preliminary implementation can potentially build a boundless array of maps for whole continents and we describe future work that entails construction of worlds in two or three dimensions.
Restoration treatment effects on the understory of ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests in western Montana, USA

Abstract Fire exclusion and high-grade logging have altered the structure and function of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests across the American West. Restoration treatments are increasingly being used in these forests to move stand density, structure, and species composition toward more historically sustainable conditions. Yet little research has focused on how restoration treatments influence the associated understory plant communities, particularly in the northern Rocky Mountains of the USA. To this end, we implemented a replicated (N = 3), randomized block experiment in a second-growth western Montana ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest that initiated after harvest in the early 1900s and has not burned since. We evaluated the effects of no action (control), silvicultural cutting (thin-only), spring burning (burn-only), and silvicultural cutting followed by spring burning (thin-burn) on the understory community. Treatments were implemented at an operational scale (9 ha). Data were collected before treatment and in three subsequent years, at two spatial scales: plot (1000 m2) and quadrat (1 m2). Richness, Simpson's evenness index, and cover were calculated for the total vascular plant community. Species origin and lifeform were used to further investigate richness and cover responses to treatment. Treatments differentially impacted the understory community, with the most dramatic changes in the thin-burn. The burn-only treatment initially reduced richness and cover of the understory, but by year three all active treatments increased plot-scale understory richness relative to pre-treatment and the control. Simpson's evenness increased the first growing season after burning, but was not influenced by treatment in subsequent years. Forbs, both native and exotic, were the most responsive lifeform and increased in richness and cover after thinning, with the greatest response in the thin-burn. Increased native richness was not detected at the quadrat-scale in any treatment, but was significant at the plot-scale in numerous combinations of treatments and years. A short-term reduction in shrub richness and abundance after burning was detected at the quadrat-scale. Sapling density was reduced in all active treatments. Although active treatments create more open overstories and increase understory diversity at the stand level, a mix of treated and untreated areas will likely maximize heterogeneity and diversity at the landscape scale.
League of Our Own: Creating a Model United Nations Scrimmage Conference

Model United Nations (MUN) provides a great forum for students to learn about global issues and political processes, while also practicing communication and negotiation skills that will serve them well for a lifetime. Intercollegiate MUN conferences can be problematic, however, in terms of logistics, budgets, and student participation. In order to improve the educational utility of the MUN experience while minimizing some of the drawbacks that accompany lengthy travel, the authors created an intercollegiate scrimmage league. This paper details our experience with MUN, examining the strengths and weaknesses of traditional competitions, our reasons for starting a scrimmage league, and the particulars of putting together such a league. We then evaluate both the challenges and successes of this approach and discuss our future plans. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate more discussion of useful techniques for improving the MUN experience.
Circadian Phase-Dependent Stimulatory Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in the Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Caecum, Colon, and Rectum of the Adult Male Mouse*

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) previously isolated from the submandibular salivary glands of mice was injected ip at five different circadian phases into separate sub-groups of adult male CD2F1 mice that had been standardized to 12 h of light alternating with 12 h of darkness. Comparable control groups were injected only with the carrier substance. Four, 8, and 12 h after each of the five injection times, subgroups of five mice were killed. Thirty minutes before sacrifice, each mouse was injected ip with 24 mu Ci tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR). Incorporation of [3H]TdR into the DNA of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum was determined. The results demonstrate for the first time that EGF has a stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis in these tissues, particularly in the colon and rectum. Under the conditions of this study, the stimulatory effects of EGF on DNA synthesis in the cecum, colon, and rectum were more dramatic than those in the three regions of the small intestine; in fact, DNA synthesis in the latter was occasionally statistically significantly decreased, particularly for mice killed during the dark phase. Stimulatory effects of EGF on DNA synthesis in the cecum, colon, and rectum were noticed as early as 4 h after injection; however, maximal stimulation occurred 8 and 12 h post injection.
Intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy in the treatment of unresectable rectal cancer.

• We treated 29 patients who had primarily unresectable rectal cancer with an aggressive combined surgical and radiotherapeutic approach. Each patient received 5,040 rad of preoperative external beam radiation therapy. Eighteen patients responded adequately to allow resection of all macroscopic tumor; 11 patients underwent resection but had residual cancer in the pelvis. A single bolus of 1,000 to 2,000 rad of intraoperative electron beam radiation was given. Follow-up time ranged from three to 66 months, with a median of 43 months for living patients. The actuarial local control rate at 36 months for the entire group was 87%. In the group of 18 patients who underwent resection, the local control rate was 92%, with a three-year survival rate of 70%. Our results are considerably improved over our prior experience without intraoperative radiation therapy—a 57% local control rate and a 30% three-year survival rate. ( Arch Surg 1986;121:421-423)
Effects of Artificial Destratification on Zooplankton in Parvin Lake, Colorado

Abstract Parvin Lake, Colorado, a 19 ha montane reservoir, was artificially destratified for 1 year. Abundance of cladocerans (collectively) and Daphnia schodleri was lower during destratification. Abundance of rotifers (collectively) was lower during winter months and higher during summer months of the destratification year. Abundance of copepods (mainly Diaptomus spp.) was not statistically different during destratification. Depth distribution of zooplankton was generally unaffected, but Diaptomus spp. tended to occur in deeper water during the destratification year.
Preparation of conduction-cooled HTS coils using Y-123 coated conductors by IBAD/PLD process

Abstract We have developed a long Y-123 coated conductors by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and pulsed-laser-deposition (PLD) method. Now, we can routinely obtained 100 m class Y-123 tapes with over 100 A at 77 K. For power applications using Y-123 conductors, coiling and cooling techniques are important elements. From 2004, we have developed and demonstrated a solenoid type coil that is the most suitable for practical application because it has advantage such as (1) uniformity of magnetic field (2) no joint. In this paper, we describe the development of conduction-cooled HTS test coil that has 14 turn × 22 layers using 100 m Y-123 conductors. In order to use the conduction cooling system, the Y-123 conductors were stabilized for 0.1 mm thick Cu tapes and spacers between the layers consisted of aluminum nitride in the coils. In the demonstration of this coil at 30 K, 40 K, 50 K, 60 K and 77 K by cryo-cooling system, the good cooling and superconducting performances were observed. The central magnetic fields of over 1 T were successfully obtained with operating currents of over 400 A and under 40 K. Furthermore, this coil was operated on additional magnetic fields of 3 T by combination of LTS magnets. The central magnetic fields of 0.5 T were generated from the cooled HTS coils with operating current of 190 A on additional magnetic fields of 3 T by LTS magnets at 30 K. Total magnetic fields were exceeded 3.5 T at 30 K.
Carryover sequence-dependent group scheduling with the integration of internal and external setup times

Abstract This paper addresses a group scheduling problem in a two-machine flow shop with a bicriteria objective and carryover sequence-dependent setup times. This special type of group scheduling problem typically arises in the assembly of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The objective is to sequence all board types in a board group as well as board groups themselves in a way that the objective function is minimized. We introduce the carryover sequence-dependent setup on machines, and call it internal setup. As an opportunity for manufacturers to decrease the costs, the focus is to completely eliminate the role of the kitting staff. Thus, we introduce the external setup (kitting) time for the next board group and require it to be performed by the machine operator during the time he is idle. Consequently, the internal and external setup times are integrated in this research, and to the best of our knowledge it is for the first time a research on PCB group scheduling is performed by integrating both setups. In order to solve this problem, first a mathematical model is developed. Then a heuristic together with two other meta-heuristic algorithms (one based on tabu search and the other based on genetic algorithm) are proposed and their efficiency and effectiveness on several problems are tested. Also a statistical experimental design is performed in order to evaluate the impact of different factors on the performance of the algorithms.
Index of refraction changes in semiconductors with population inversion

The effect of population inversion on the index of refraction in semiconductors is calculated. A simple model of the absorption edge is modified to include the effects of population inversion. By correlating the density of states in the conduction band with the absoption edge, a modification of the absorption edge occurs because of the filling of states in the conduction band. The effective density of hole states in the valence band is neglected because the density of states in the valence band is much larger than the density of states in the conduction band. When the exponential tail in the conduction band is filled to an energy E f , a propagating electromagnetic wave does not attenuate for energies below E f defined as the quasi-Fermi level for electrons in the inverted region. No attenuation occurs because electrons in the valence band can not be excited to the filled states of the conduction band. For a wave with an energy above E f , band-to-band transistions are allowed because of vacant states in the conduction band. Therefore, for waves with energies E = h\omega > E_{f} , the absorption process is the same as the absorption process for a material without population inversion. Free carrier effects are neglected. The change in the index of refraction is calculated for various slopes of the band tails and for various values of Fermi levels below the nominal-band edge. The results show that at low temperatures there is a positive contribution to the index for energies slightly below the Fermi level. At energies much less than the Fermi level, the contribution to the index of refraction is negative. At absolute zero, the crossover between a negative contribution and a positive contribution to the index is E_{t} = E_{f} - 0.3725E_{0} where E 0 is the slope of the conduction-band tail. As the temperature increases, the value of E t increases. The magnitude of the index of refraction change increases as the slope E 0 increases.
Effects of Feeding Extruded Grain Amaranth to Laying Hens

Abstract Extruded grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) was incorporated into corn-soybean meal layer rations at 0, 10, 20, or 30%. Diets were each fed to 20 Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens for 6 wk beginning at 65 wk of age. Data collected from the week prior to the test period were used as a covariate. Egg production was significantly higher and egg weights were significantly lower for birds fed the 10 and 20% inclusion levels of amaranth than for those fed the control diet. However, no differences were observed among the diets for daily egg mass. Significantly less feed was consumed at the 10% inclusion level of amaranth while achieving this higher production. Layers fed diets containing amaranth required significantly less feed to produce a dozen eggs or a gram of egg than those fed the control diet. No differences were observed among the treatments for shell strength, shell thickness, number or severity of blood spots, or Haugh units. Yolk color was negatively correlated with increased amaranth inclusion. No yolk or albumen discolorations were observed after 6 wk of storage. Extruded grain amaranth may be effectively used in layer rations without detrimentally altering production characteristics.
An approximate algorithm, with bounds, for composite-state partially observed Markov decision processes

The author presents an approximate algorithm with bounds, for solving composite-state POMDPs (partially observed Markov decision processes). The approximation is based on a discretization of the unit simplex that has proven effective with conventional POMDPs. The model considered is a composite-state space variation of the discrete-time, finite partially observed Markov decision process with stationary cost data analyzed by R.D. Smallwood and E.J. Sondik (1973). The computational savings achievable with the composite-state construction are indicated. >
Two high-frequency methods (UTD & BDW) for predicting the collective radiation by large finite planar arrays

Two efficient high-frequency (HF) methods, namely, a uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) and a boundary diffraction wave (BDW) method, for predicting the collective radiation from large finite planar antenna phased arrays are reviewed. The current distribution over the whole array for a given excitation is first obtained from a moment method (MoM) solution of the governing array integral equation. A traveling wave (TW) basis set is then used to represent the MoM based array distribution to facilitate an asymptotic HF analysis based on the UTD and BDW, respectively, to predict the "collective" radiation (or scattering) from the whole array at once. An asymptotic reduction of the BDW leads to the UTD. Both the UTD and BDW solutions provide a physical picture for the array radiation mechanisms.