cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncooperative Foundations for the Kalai-Smorodinsky and Equal Sacrifice Solutions Via Prominence Structures

In bargaining, players may adopt different prominence structures when making demands: (i) each player might use (1/N)th of his maximum monetary payoff as the prominence level or (ii) players might use a common prominence level. This paper considers a scheme in which players alternate making demands. It turns out that if the prominence levels described by (i) are used and if players have utilities linear in money, the outcome of this scheme converges to that of the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution as players' prominence levels get smaller. If the common prominence level of (ii) is used and if players have identical constant marginal utilities of money, the outcome of this scheme converges to that of the equal sacrifice solution as that prominence level gets smaller.
Building a Creative-Arts Therapy Group at a University Counseling Center

Creative-arts therapy groups offer university students powerful ways to address intrapersonal and interpersonal concerns. These groups combine the strengths of a traditional process group with the benefits of participation in the expressive arts. The creative process draws students in, invites insight and introspection, and facilitates outward sharing as they build intentionally meaningful relationships. Students can share their experiences and insights with each other as they explore their identities, shaping and molding themselves along with their art. While some students express reluctance about traditional group therapy, a creative-arts therapy group may offer a compelling alternative with similar benefits. This article offers a framework for practitioners interested in building their own creative-arts therapy groups.
Rival Unionism and Membership Growth in the United States, 1900 to 2005 A Special Case of Inter-organizational Competition

This article uses time-series data from 1900 to 2005 to explore the effects of rivalry between labor unions as a special case of inter-organizational competition. Holding constant economic and political factors that typically account for changes in union density, we investigate how competition from rival labor federations and from independent unions affect both union density and a measure for the density of the dominant federation (AFL/AFL-CIO), adjusted for membership changes from mergers and splits. We measure competition by the number of unions and the size of rivals. While much existing literature measures state regulation with categorical coding for specific periods, we measure the effect of state enforcement directly with counts of pro-labor and pro-management unfair labor practice cases adjudicated by the National Labor Relations Board. We assess the effect of left-wing political culture using the popular vote for socialist and communist candidates in presidential elections. Both the number of memb...
Sibling violence and agonistic interactions experienced by early adolescents

Negative physical and verbal interactions occurring between early adolescents and their closest-spaced sibling were examined. Two hundred forty-four junior high school students provided information concerning their experiences as victims and perpetrators of aggressive and agonistic behaviors. Results confirm earlier studies' findings that siblings engage in numerous hostile interactions and that females and males perform these behaviors to an almost equal extent. Participants' self-reports suggest that parents may underestimate sibling use of physical force to resolve conflicts. Findings indicate there is further need to examine sibling interactions in order to better understand family functioning and family violence.
Active Nanocomposite Polymers: Enhancing Sensing and Actuation Performance

The dispersion of nanoparticles, especially those with high aspect ratio, into polymers has been shown through numerous commercial and academic ventures to yield an array of impressive property enhancements for a surprisingly low volume fraction (<5 vol%) of nanoparticle addition, thus maintaining the inherent processibility of the polymer. In this work, we propose a new generation of sensors and actuators based on a piezoelectric polymer (PVDF) with embedded carbon nanotubes. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-double walled carbon-nanotubes (DWNT) composite films are prepared with the goal to develop new polymeric materials with enhanced electrical and electromechanical properties. Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride- double-walled carbon nanotubes composites are investigated as a function of frequency (10 Hz–1 MHz), and as a function of weight fraction (0.01–2 wt%). DWNT and PVDF are mixed under mechanical stirring and sonication. The dispersion is assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), indicating a good dispersion. Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) is used to study the effect of DWNTs inclusions on the glass transition temperature, Tg , and the crystallinity of the resulting PVDF composite. The percolation threshold is computed by using the bulk conductivity data and it is found that percolation occurs at about 0.19wt%. These investigations promise to increase our understanding of the mechanisms involved, particularly as related to nanoparticle/polymer interaction. This in turn would allow us to tailor the polymer nanocomposites to yield desired performance in terms of actuation voltage, electroactive strain, blocking stress and response time to name a few.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
NECTAR STANDING CROPS IN DELPHINIUM NELSONII FLOWERS: SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION AMONG PLANTS?

Several aspects of nectarivore foraging behavior have been interpreted as responses to spatial reward patchiness of the kind documented for Delphinium nelsonii floral nectar by Pleasants and Zimmerman (1979). Working with this same species over 3 yr, however, we were unable to detect substantial pattern in nectar standing volumes, either through contingency analyses or spatial autocorrelation. Although spatial autocorrelations between rewards of neighboring plants were positive in 5 of 6 samples examined, only one value was statistically significant. Spatial autocorrelations over longer distances were erratic. We used computer simulations of nectarivores foraging in a large plant population to explore factors that promote reward patchiness. Simulations suggest that moderate patch- iness will develop at all but extremely low or high flower visitation rates. Rates were intermediate at our sites and those of Pleasants and Zimmerman, however, so visitation intensity does not seem to explain the discrepancy between our results and theirs. On the other hand, reward patchiness in simulations declined substantially as nectarivores exhib- ited less area-restricted foraging. Hummingbirds were important visitors at our sites, and fly farther between plants than the bumble bees that predominated at Pleasants' and Zim- merman's sites. Finally, simulations suggest that spatial patchiness is lower when interplant coefficient of variation in nectar production rate is large, as in our populations.
Mechanism of decreased acetaminophen glucuronidation in the fasted rat.

Abstract The mechanism by which an acute fast decreases the glucuronidation of hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen in the rat was examined. Fasting did not depress the level of the enzyme, glucuronyl transferase, or the basal level of the co-substrate, UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA). Administration of a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen rapidly depleted UDPGA levels in both fed and fasted rats to the same nadir. Fed and fasted rats differed in that the rate of repletion of UDPGA levels was markedly slower in fasted rats. The total hepatic levels of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and its cofactor, NAD + , were not decreased by fasting. In fasted rats, hepatic levels of the UDPGA precursor, UDP-glucose, were approximately 60% those of fed rats both before and after a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen. In fed rats, acetaminophen induced a marked depletion of hepatic glycogen levels and a dramatic increase in blood glucose levels. Acetaminophen induced a similar marked increase in blood glucose levels in fasted rats in spite of the fact that they lacked hepatic glycogen. It is concluded that the fastinginduced decrease in the glucuronidation of hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen results from decreased production of UDPGA. The decreased synthetic capacity for UDPGA does not appear to be due to the inability of the liver to produce glucose units perse , but rather to the fasting-induced altered activities of the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism which, in turn, alter the fate of glucose-6-phosphate derived from gluconeogenesis.
Relationship of Portal-Drained Viscera and Liver Net Flux of Glucose, Lactate, Volatile Fatty Acids, and Nitrogen Metabolites to Milk Production in the Ewe

The objectives of this study were, first, to determine the relationship between hepatic glucose release and milk production and, second, to determine the relationship between net hepatic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors and milk production. Nine multiparous ewes were individually penned and fed an alfalfa hay-based diet for ad libitum intake. Catheters were surgically placed in the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, a mesenteric vein, and the abdominal aorta. Metabolite fluxes across the portal-drained viscera and liver were subsequently measured at 1, 3, 6, and 10 wk after parturition. Net hepatic glucose release, net hepatic lactate uptake, and net hepatic propionate uptake increased with increased milk production. Hepatic oxygen consumption increased with increased net hepatic glucose release. Net hepatic glucose release increased with increased hepatic propionate uptake and tended to increase with increases in metabolized amino acid and lactate uptakes. The observed increases in oxygen consumption by the portal-drained viscera with increased milk production were probably the result of increased nutrient flux. Increased hepatic oxygen consumption with increased milk production was probably due to increased glucose and urea synthesis.
Prostaglandins and cancer

Abstract The experimental demonstration that prostaglandins (PG's) are tumor promoting agents (skin) confirms the prediction made on stereochemical grounds in this journal in 1975. This present paper explores more fully the stereochemical relations between the tumor promoting/cathartic group of drugs (such as phorbol esters, anthralin, colocynth and podophyllum), a group of anti-tumor agents (such as other phorbol esters, datiscoside, bruceantin, decumbrin and tetandrine) and two simple protein structures. (i) One is composed to two parallel strands of peptide chains some 13–14 A apart. One chain has the sequence — pSer-X-Ile-X-His-X-pSer—and the other has the same sequence in reverse. Experiments with CPK molecular models indicate that this structure could bind two PGs in co-operation with two Ca 2+ ions chelated between the phosphoserine moieties. Many drugs of the tumor promoting/cathartic class have molecular structures that enable them to bind to this model receptor in such a way as to allow Ca 2+ binding and orienting of both phosphoserines at each end correctly. Certain anti-tumor drugs have molecular structures that allow them to bind to the receptor, and to distort these key phosphoserine moieties so that they can no longer chelate a Ca 2+ ion between each phosphoserine pair. This model PG (tp) receptor (2 PG molecules) also provides a structure that is to a high degree complementary to spermine (1 molecule). (ii) The second site is an allosteric site on phospholipase A 2 adjacent to the active site as revealed by X-ray crystallography. This is complementary to lysophosphatidylethanolamine, which stimulates the enzyme and the active tumor promoting phorbol esters such as TPA. The hypothesis is therefore presented in three stages: (1) Some tumor promoters act at a PG receptor whose normal function is to chelate two Ca 2+ ions per two molecules of PG per receptor. (2) This binding may release a molecule of spermine normally bound here. (3) Other tumor promoters (e.g. TPA) act at an earlier stage, i.e. the rate controlling step in PG synthesis by phospholipase A 2 . Other data linking prostaglandins, polyamines, phospholipase A 2 and cancer are reviewed. Experiments to test these hypotheses are suggested.
Mentoring Dietetics Students

Abstract Mentoring of dietetic students can reward both the dietetic professional and the student involved. The professional can reexamine their career path and future direction as they interact with the student. Students in dietetics are able to gain insight from their professional counterpart in ways not found in texts. The Western Indiana District Dietetic Association has collaborated with Purdue University since 1986 on their "Adopt-A-Student" program. Every fall, juniors in the University dietetics program are asked to respond if they want to be a part of this program. The district's Career Guidance chair then requests volunteers to be paired with the student. These mentors are asked to contact students two to four times a year, but mentors determine the nature and extent of their involvement with students. Since 1986, 122 dietetic students have been matched with 42 different Registered Dietitians from the district. Mentors interact with the student in a variety of ways. Some drive students to the district association's monthly meetings, invite students to visit them at work, or meet students for a meal or a break. On a more personal note, the student's birthday and finals have been remembered with cards, or fruit baskets. The program is flexible in order to adapt to both the student and dietitian's time frame and needs. Another facet of this program involves the annual student recognition meeting. Every spring the senior dietetics students are recognized at one of the district meetings with a special speaker of interest to the students and a gift from the district to them. For several years, the Nutribird puppet which originated in this district was given. More recently, the ADA National Nutrition Month mug has been the gift. Mead Johnson has been the sponsor of this gift. One student has commented, "I think the greatest thing the mentoring program offered me was enlightenment as to the job of a dietitian and a ‘professional' friend who had been where I was currently, who could relate to my situations and who could give professional advice." A dietitian made the following comment, "I was a student in this program and now I have the opportunity to be a mentor to a student. I am thrilled with the chance to give someone else the support, encouragement, and enlightenment that I was given." The future of the dietetic profession lies in the ability of students and dietitians to grow in their career. The Adopt-A Student program has accomplished this.
Pilot Nutrition Screening Tool for Massachusetts Early Intervention Programs

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe a nutrition screening tool utilized by EI programs to identify children at nutritional risk and to assist programs with coordination of nutrition services. The Massachusetts Early Intervention Program is an integrated developmental service available to families of children between birth and 3 years of age for whom there are developmental concerns due to identified disabilities or environmental circumstances. Such infants and children have been shown to be a high risk group for nutritional problems. A pilot nutrition screening tool was developed to assist programs in identifying nutritionally at risk children and activating a nutritional referral to services such as Growth and Nutrition programs, community or hospital dietitians and the WIC Program. Results of the pilot showed that for one third of the children screened referrals were generated. Overall, feeding skills appeared appropriate for age. The four most common feeding concerns among the screened children were: small appetite, gagging or choking, formula intake less than 16oz or greater than 32oz, and not eating certain foods. Thirty percent of the children received medications or nutritional supplements. One third of the children had a history of low birth weight. Twenty percent of the children at the time of screening had a reported history of underweight. The nutrition screening tool appears to be an effective tool for assisting programs and parents in advocating for nutrition intervention.
The effects of combined bleomycin and irradiation on a solid murine tumor

Abstract The effectiveness of bleomycin (BLM) and radiation, both alone and combined, against the EMT6/SF tumor growing subcutaneously in mice was studied using the growth delay and in vitro assays. In experiments investigating the time course of the interaction between the 2 agents, 20 or 40 mg/kg BLM was given between 48 hr before and 48 hr after 800 rad. In 3 out of 4 experiments the effect of the combined treatment at several time intervals was only equal to or less than that of the X-rays alone, even though the drug alone produced up to 70% cell killing and a 3 day growth delay. The regrowth rates of tumors after combined treatment were faster than that after X-rays alone resulting in the proportionally shorter growth delays. Experiments in which untreated tumor cells were transplanted into mice pretreated either with X-rays or BLM plus X-rays showed that BLM did not allow faster regrowth by reducing the X-ray tumor bed effect.
Histopathological analysis of metastatic melanoma deposits in patients receiving adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from a wide range of human and murine tumors can be expanded in vitro using interleukin-2 (IL-2). These TIL are cytolytic T lymphocytes with in vivo and in vitro antitumor activity in mice and in humans. TIL from human melanoma can recognize autologous tumor in an MHC-restricted fashion, localize in vivo after111In labeling, and mediate regression of large metastatic deposits. Although studied extensively in vitro, less is known in vivo about TIL activity associated with tumor regression. This study was undertaken, in association with a study of TIL localization, to investigate mechanisms of TIL action by evaluating histopathological changes that occur at the tumor site during TIL administration. A total of 106 pre- and post-treatment pathological specimens from 25 patients enrolled in phase II TIL treatment and111In-TIL imaging protocols were examined blindly by a single pathologist. Histological subtype, lymphocytic infiltration, melanin content, vascularity, and necrosis were documented for each tumor specimen. Average baseline and post-treatment parameters were compared. Any significant changes were evaluated for correlation with clinical response and111In-TIL localization to tumor. Melanin content and vascularity of the tumor did not change as a result of therapy or correlate with either response or TIL localization. However, both increased lymphocytic infiltration and tumor necrosis were present after TIL administration (P=0.044 and 0.032 respectively). Furthermore, increases in lymphocytic infiltration correlated with tumor imaging using111In-TIL, and with the percentage of111In-labeled injectate present per gram of tumor specimen (P=0.036 and 0.0041 respectively). This suggests that TIL either account for the increased lymphocytes directly, or localize to tumor and recruit endogenous lymphocytes. We were unable to demonstrate any pretreatment histopathological predictors of response or variables that significantly correlated with subsequent clinical response, although peak and average values of necrosis were higher in responding patients compared to non-responding patients.
Nasal molding: a cultural practice causing respiratory distress in a term infant.

Abstract A case of respiratory distress secondary to the cultural practice of “nasal molding” is reported. Nasal molding should be included as an entity causing nasal obstruction without choanal atresia. Furthermore, this report underscores the role of interpreters in provision of health care.
A Movable Boundary Model for Once-Through Steam Generator Analysis

A method was developed for the analysis of a once-through steam generator that is based on a multinode movable boundary formulation and an accurate description of the departure from nucleate boilin...
CENSUS, MAP, MUSEUM (REVISITED): EL SALVADOR'S POSTWAR TRANS-NATIONAL IMAGINATION

Massive emigration and transnational realities affect postwar El Salvador. While the civil war (1980–1992) displaced vast numbers of people, the steady flow of citizens out of national territory continues today. As emigrants who remain connected to El Salvador demonstrate their increased economic and political capital, the government of El Salvador, elites, and media respond by re-shaping ideas about the nation and national belonging. This article describes how emigrants and their descendants are being administratively and symbolically re-incorporated into the postwar national imagination. “Symbolic politics” is how scholars describe sending-state practices to strengthen emigrant ties to the original homeland. Typically, the reference is to practices that export fixed ideas about the nation and national identity. This essay shows instead how emigration affects “symbolic politics” by transforming the very idea of the nation, its people, and its boundaries. Further, I posit that new state, media, and elite ...
Cholinephosphotransferase activities in early rat embryos and their associated placentas

Abstract CDP-Choline:1,2-diglycerolcholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2, cholinephosphotransferase) activities were determined in subcellular fractions prepared from rat embryos, placentas, or yolk sacs obtained on the fourteenth day of gestation. It was found that, in all of the tissues studied, cholinephosphotransferase activity (1) copurified with NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity (EC 1.6.2.4), (2) was maximal around pH 8.0; (3) was stimulated by MgCl2, exogenous diolein, and cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline); and (4) was highest in homogenates of placentas, lowest in those of embryos, and intermediate in those of yolk sacs. These data substantiate, for the first time, that the early mammalian (rat) embryo, placenta, and yolk sac have the ability to synthesize phospholipids de novo.
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): effects of structure on binding to the 2,3,7,8-TCDD cytosolic receptor protein, AHH induction and toxicity.

Abstract The effects of structure on the activity of 26 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as competitive ligands for the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) rat hepatic cytosolic receptor protein were determined in a dose-response fashion. The ED50 values for these compounds varied 100 000-fold and the most active PCDFs were substituted in the 2,3,7 and 8 lateral positions; the ED50 for the most active PCDF, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran was 1.5 × 10−8 M which was only slightly less active than 2,3,7,8-TCDD (1.0 × 10−8 M). A comparison of the binding affinities of several isomer pairs also indicated the relative importance of chlorine substitution at C-4 (or C-6) compared to C-1 (or C-9). Moreover, for some isomers it is apparent that C-4 (or C-6) substituents are more active than lateral substituents for facilitating ligand binding to the receptor protein. This is illustrated by the relative binding potencies of the following isomer pairs. 1,2,4,5,7-/1,2,4,7,8 = 19.2; 2,6,7-/2,3,8- = 2.2; 1,3,6-/1,3,8- = 19. Most of the PCDF structure-activity effects noted above were also observed for the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) in rat hepatoma H-4-II-E cells in culture. The most active compounds were also substituted in the lateral 2,3,7 and 8 positions and a comparison of C-4 (or C-6) vs. C-1 (or C-9) substituted PCDFFs confirmed the higher induction potencies for most of the former group of compounds. The in vitro quantitative structure-activity data were complemented by in vivo studies which determined the relative activities of selected PCDFs as inducers of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-448 dependent monooxygenases and their effects on body weight gain and thymus weights in immature male Wistar rats. The results indicated that for 2 series of isomers, namely the 2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,4,7,8- and 1,2,4,7,9,-pentachlorodibenzofurans and the 2,3,7,8-, 2,3,4,8- and 1,2,4,8,-tetrachlorodibenzofurans, their biologic and toxic potencies were dependent on one major structural factor, the number of lateral chloro substituents. These results support the proposed role of the cytosolic receptor protein in mediating the biologic and toxic effects of the PCDFs.
Total Synthesis of Hybocarpone and Analogues Thereof. A Facile Dimerization of Naphthazarins to Pentacyclic Systems

The total synthesis of the lichen-derived antitumor agent hybocarpone (1) and related compounds is described. The successful route to hybocarpone features a novel radical-based dimerization/hydration cascade which generates the bridging hindered carbon−carbon bond of the molecule in a stereocontrolled manner, setting the relative configurations of the four contiguous stereocenters in a single step. The conjecture is made that this process may not be so dissimilar to the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of hybocarpone in nature. The developed sequence to these molecular frameworks also features the first example of a synthetically useful Diels−Alder trapping of a photochemically generated hydroxy-o-quinodimethane species with a 1,1-disubstituted olefin to form a quaternary center, and includes an efficient route to hydroxynaphthoquinone-type structures represented by the monomeric subunit of the natural product.
On the action of non-Abelian groups on graphs

Abstract Finite groups may be classified as to whether or not they have regular representations as automorphism groups of graphs. Such a classification is begun here for non-Abelian groups (classification of Abelian groups being already in the literature) with a classification of the dihedral groups, the groups of order p 3 for p an odd prime (except for one group of order 27), and the generalized dicyclic groups. It is further shown that the class of groups (other than C 2 ) having the above regular representations is closed under the operation of direct product.
Tooth Positioner Effects on Occlusal Contacts and Treatment Outcomes

Abstract Objective: To determine if an increase in tooth contacts is the principal effect of tooth positioner wear. Materials and Methods: Patient charts from a consecutive series were reviewed until a sample of 100 cases that used a tooth positioner was obtained. One hundred control cases were randomly selected from patients treated at the same period. Malocclusion severity and finished occlusion were assessed with the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) Discrepancy Index (DI) and Objective Grading System (OGS) score, respectively. Finish casts for each patient were mounted on a Galleti articulator. Occlusal registrations were obtained with silicone-based impression material from casts fabricated from impressions taken at the time of fixed appliance removal (control) or at the end of the tooth positioner treatment (experimental). The number of the perforations and transparent areas on the occlusal registrations were quantified. Results: There was no significant difference (P = .20) in the number of tota...
Frequency of Malignancy Seen in Probably Benign Lesions at Contrast-enhanced Breast MR Imaging: Findings from ACRIN 6667

In our prospective multi-institutional study, we report a malignancy rate of 0.9% (one of 106 patients).
Change in H-H' interval during intrahisian block: What is the mechanism?

2 p ase presentation 71-year-old woman with exercise-induced 2:1 AV block nderwent diagnostic electrophysiologic study. With an trial paced cycle length of 900 ms, split His potentials H-H=) with an A-H interval of 75 ms, H-H= interval of 58 s, and H=V interval of 42 ms are seen (Figure 1). Pacing he atrium at 700 ms results in 2:1 AV block (Figure 2). plit His potentials are seen during conducted beats, but nly the initial component (H) is present in during blocked eats, indicating intrahisian AV block. With more rapid trial pacing (Figure 2), the H-H= interval during conducted eats has paradoxically shortened from 60 to 38 ms. What s the mechanism for this paradoxic shortening of the H-H= nterval?
Vocal traits and diet explain avian sensitivities to anthropogenic noise

Global population growth has caused extensive human-induced environmental change, including a near-ubiquitous transformation of the acoustical environment due to the propagation of anthropogenic noise. Because the acoustical environment is a critical ecological dimension for countless species to obtain, interpret and respond to environmental cues, highly novel environmental acoustics have the potential to negatively impact organisms that use acoustics for a variety of functions, such as communication and predator/prey detection. Using a comparative approach with 308 populations of 183 bird species from 14 locations in Europe, North American and the Caribbean, I sought to reveal the intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for avian sensitivities to anthropogenic noise as measured by their habitat use in noisy versus adjacent quiet locations. Birds across all locations tended to avoid noisy areas, but trait-specific differences emerged. Vocal frequency, diet and foraging location predicted patterns of habitat use in response to anthropogenic noise, but body size, nest placement and type, other vocal features and the type of anthropogenic noise (chronic industrial vs. intermittent urban/traffic noise) failed to explain variation in habitat use. Strongly supported models also indicated the relationship between sensitivity to noise and predictive traits had little to no phylogenetic structure. In general, traits associated with hearing were strong predictors – species with low-frequency vocalizations, which experience greater spectral overlap with low-frequency anthropogenic noise tend to avoid noisy areas, whereas species with higher frequency vocalizations respond less severely. Additionally, omnivorous species and those with animal-based diets were more sensitive to noise than birds with plant-based diets, likely because noise may interfere with the use of audition in multimodal prey detection. Collectively, these results suggest that anthropogenic noise is a powerful sensory pollutant that can filter avian communities nonrandomly by interfering with birds' abilities to receive, respond to and dispatch acoustic cues and signals.
The persuasive effects of message sidedness variations: A cautionary note concerning Allen's (1991) meta‐analysis

There are several reasons to be cautious about accepting the claims contained in Allen's (1991) meta‐analysis of the research literature concerning the relative persuasive effectiveness of one‐sided and two‐sided messages. The classification of the message types involved in a number of studies is questionable, and the literature search underlying the review appears to be incomplete. These problems indicate that it would be imprudent to accept the review's conclusions at face value, but, more important, they also underscore the importance of evolving standards for the assessment of meta‐analytic research.
Computational Modeling of Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Thin Films

We propose a mathematical model for the deflection of single crystal films of Ni 2 MnGa ferromagnetic shape memory alloys in response to the application of a magnetic field. We then present the results of numerical simulations obtained from the finite element approximation of this model to study the deflection of the film due to the application of a magnetic field.
Computer simulations of excitation in an anatomically based model of the human ventricular conduction system

The simulation of excitation in a model whose gross physical characteristics are representative of the human ventricular conduction system is discussed. This objective was realized, and the resultant behavior reproduced the major features of a sequence estimated from previous work. Further, simulations were performed in a reasonable period of time. The activation sequence following a stimulus to the atrioventricular node was compared to a sequence estimated from a synthesis of whole heart measurements reported by other investigators. The gross features of the estimated sequence are recreated in the activation sequence simulated with the model. >
Institutional Responses to Medical Mistakes: Ethical and Legal Perspectives

Health care institutions must decide whether to inform the patient of a medical error. The barriers to disclosure are an aversion to admitting errors, a concern about implicating other practitioners, and a fear of lawsuits and liability. However, admission of medical errors is the ethical thing to do and may be required by law. When examined, the barriers to such disclosures have little merit, and, in fact, lawsuits and liability may actually be reduced by informing the patient of medical errors. Therefore, a health care institution should implement a written policy providing for disclosure of medical errors, using a process such as that outlined in the article.
The association between comprehension of spoken sentences and early reading ability: the role of phonetic representation.

When repeating spoken sentences, children who are good readers tend to be more accurate than poor readers because they are able to make more effective use of phonetic representation in the service of working memory (Mann, Liberman & Shankweiler 1980). This study of good and poor readers in the third grade has assessed both the repetition and comprehension of relative-clause sentences to explore more fully the association between early reading ability, spoken sentence processing and use of phonetic representation. It was found that the poor readers did less well than the good readers on sentence comprehension as well as on sentence repetition, and that their comprehension errors reflected a greater reliance on two sentence-processing strategies favoured by young children: the minimum-distance principle and conjoined-clause analysis. In general, the pattern of results is consonant with a view that difficulties with phonetic representation could underlie the inferior sentence comprehension of poor beginning readers. The finding that these children place greater reliance on immature processing strategies raises the further possibility that the tempo of their syntactic development may be slower than that of good readers.
Gonadal dysgenesis, intra-X chromosome insertion, and possible position effect in an otherwise normal female.

A 16-year-old female was referred for cytogenetic evaluation because of primary amenorrhea. Growth, mental development, and physical examination, including secondary sexual characteristics, were normal. Cytogenetic analysis revealed one X chromosome to be consistently more metacentric than the other. Measurements indicated no significant differences between the two X's, but in the abnormal X, the increase in length of the short arm matched the decrease in length of the long arm. Banding studies suggest that region q22 through q24 of the abnormal X is inserted into region p11 of the same chromosome. Endocrine studies were indicative of gonadal dysgenesis. Since no loss of X chromosome material is involved, this patient's gonadal dysgenesis is most likely related to position effect.
Membership Has Its Privileges The Socioeconomic Characteristics of Communist Party Members in Urban China

This article compares the relative importance of political capital (in the form of membership in the Chinese Communist Party) and human capital (in the form of higher education) in urban China. Survey data from urban China strongly support two key elements of the intellectual New Class theory: intellectuals will have privileged access into the party, and the importance of education relative to political reliability will increase over time. The data also show how political capital and human capital are converted into high paying and prestigious jobs. There is also evidence of a separate path of career mobility: for the most socially prestigious jobs, a college degree—not a party card—is the key. Economic reforms of the post-Mao era are creating a gap between political power, on one hand, and social prestige and economic power, on the other. This gap can be expected to grow as the reforms continue.
Construct Validity of the FIRO-B Questionnaire: A Failure to Replicate?

Summary The purpose of this investigation was to partially replicate and elaborate upon a validation study of the FIRO-B Questionnaire reported by Kramer. (1967a) The 25 Ss employed in this study were administered the FIRO-B Questionnaire, given a brief lecture on the theory behind the instrument and then directed to estimate their scores on the three FIRO-B dimensions. Rank order correlations were calculated between the measured and estimated scores. Contrary to Kramer's findings only one of the six resulting coefficients attained significance at or beyond the .05 level of confidence. A recent finding in the estimated and measured test score approach to test validation studies, namely scale relevance to individual Ss, was proposed as a possible explanation for the inconsistent results. A partial replication of the Kramer (1967a) test validation study of the FIRO-B Questionnaire yielded a significant relationship between estimated and measured scores on one of the six scales of the instrument, namely, exp...
Procaine HCl (Gerovital H3): a weak, reversible, fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.

A specially stabilized form of procaine hydrochloride (Gerovital H3) has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase than procaine HCl itself and a weaker inhibitor of this enzyme than iproniazid. This preparation was studied to determine its mode of interaction with monoamine oxidase using purified rat brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase as the enzyme source. Reaction velocities were determined spectrophotometrically by quantitating the rate of appearance of 4-hydroxyquinoline from kynuramine. Dilutional studies comparing the mechanism of inhibition of monoamine oxidase produced by Gerovital H3 and by iproniazid demonstrated that Gerovital H3 was a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Analysis of studies using LineweaverBurk and Dixon plots revealed that Gerovital H3 was a fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. That Gerovital H3 is a weak, reversible, competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase may explain the absence of adverse reactions associated with the clinical use of Gerovital H3 as compared to the severe adverse reactions that have been associated with the use of irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors.—MacFarlane, M. D. Procaine HCI (Gerovital H3): A weak, reversible, fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Federation Proc. 34: 108–110, 1975.
White-Tailed Deer Incidents With U.S. Civil Aircraft

Aircraft incidents with ungulates cause substantial economic losses and pose risks to human safety. We analyzed 879 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) incidents with United States civil aircraft from 1990 to 2009 reported in the Federal Aviation Administration National Wildlife Strike Database. During that time, deer incidents followed a quadratic response curve, peaking in 1994 and declining thereafter. There appeared to be some seasonal patterning in incident frequency, with deer incidents increasing overall from January to November, and peaking in October and November (30.7%). Most incidents (64.8%) occurred at night, but incident rates were greatest (P ≤ 0.001) at dusk. Landing-roll represented 60.7% of incidents and more incidents occurred during landing than take-off (P ≤ 0.001). Almost 70% of deer incidents had an effect on flight. About 6% of pilots attempted to avoid deer, and were less likely to sustain damage. Aircraft were 25 times more likely to be destroyed when multiple deer were struck versus a single individual. Deer incidents represented 0.9% of all wildlife incidents, yet 5.4% of total estimated costs. Reported costs for deer incident damages during this period exceeded US$36 million, with US$75 million in total estimated damages. Deer incidents resulted in 1 of 24 human deaths and 26 of 217 injuries reported for all wildlife incidents with aircraft during the reporting period. Managers should implement exclusion techniques (e.g., fences, cattle guards, or electrified mats) to maximize reductions in deer use of airfields. Where exclusion is not practical, managers should consider lethal control, habitat modifications, increased monitoring and hazing, and improved technology to aircraft and runway lighting to reduce incidents at airports. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
NIFDY: a low overhead, high throughput network interface

In this paper we present NIFDY, a network interface that uses admission control to reduce congestion and ensures that packets are received by a processor in the order in which they were sent, even if the underlying network delivers the packets out of order. The basic idea behind NIFDY is that each processor is allowed to have at most one outstanding packet to any other processor unless the destination processor has granted the sender the right to send multiple unacknowledged packets. Further, there is a low upper limit on the number of outstanding packets to all processors.We present results from simulations of a variety of networks (meshes, tori, butterflies, and fat trees) and traffic patterns to verify NIFDY's efficacy. Our simulations show that NIFDY increases throughput and decreases overhead. The utility of NIFDY increases as a network's bisection bandwidth decreases. When combined with the increased payload allowed by in-order delivery NIFDY increases total bandwidth delivered for all networks. The resources needed to implement NIFDY are small and constant with respect to network size.
The association of multiple sap beetle species (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) with western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in North America

James D. Ellis, Keith S. Delaplane, Andrew Cline and Joseph V. McHugh. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Bldg 970 Natural Area Dr., PO Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA. Department of Entomology, Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448, USA.
Understanding the Association of Fatigue with Other Symptoms of Fibromyalgia: Development of a Cluster Model

Objective To develop a symptoms cluster model that can describe factors of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) associated with fatigue severity as reported by the sample and to explore FMS clinical symptom subclusters based on varying symptom intensities. Methods FMS individuals (n = 120, 82% ages 31–60 years, 90% women, 59% white) diagnosed with the 1990 or 2010 American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria were enrolled. Participants completed multiple validated self-report questionnaires to measure fatigue, pain, depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, daytime sleepiness, cognitive function, and FMS-related polysymptomatic distress. Cluster analysis using SPSS 19.0 and structural equation modeling using AMOS 17.0 were used. Results Final structural equation modeling the symptoms cluster model showed good fit and revealed that FMS fatigue was associated with widespread pain, symptoms severity, pain intensity, pain interference, cognitive dysfunction, catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression (χ2 = 121.72 (98df), P > 0.05, χ2/df = 1.242, comparative fit index = 0.982, root mean square error of approximation = 0.045). Two distinct clinical symptom subclusters emerged: subcluster 1 (78% of total subjects), defined by widespread pain, unrefreshed waking, and somatic symptoms, and subcluster 2 (22% of total subjects), defined by fatigue and cognitive dysfunction with pain being a less severe and less widespread occurrence. Conclusion Overall, subcluster 1 had more intense symptoms than subcluster 2. FMS symptoms may be categorized into 2 clinical subclusters. These findings have implications for an illness whose diagnosis and management are symptom dependent. A longitudinal study capturing the variability in the symptom experience of FMS subjects is warranted.
Education and Training in Water Resources Planning

Water resources planning may be defined to include the identification and evaluation of water resources, and the planning of projects that utilize and control water. In addition to having a background in engineering subjects and physical and biological sciences related to water, the practitioner in this field should ideally be skilled or knowledgable, or both, in economics and other social sciences, legal matters, and other aspects of planning. Basic skills that should be developed in an undergraduate program are reviewed. Informal and formal education and training following the first degree, and one graduate course in water resources are described in some detail.
Global Expansion and English Language Learning.

Demand for higher education is global. As institutions extend opportunities beyond their borders, English language proficiency must be considered. This chapter focuses on considerations related to global expansion, with an emphasis on the role of distance English language courses and the distinct considerations in their development.
On Polynomial interpolation approximations: Numerical vs. statistical techniques

Polynomial interpolation approximation has a considerably important role in the study of functions because the derivatives and indefinite integrals of polynomials can be easily determined. Also the polynomials are often used for approximating continuous functions. This presentation will derive polynomial interpolation approximations for a given set of discrete data using divided differences, Hermite interpolation, cubic spline interpolation, etc. which will be compared with polynomials obtained from statistical techniques based on least-square criterion in regression analysis. Analysis of errors is calculated to determine the better approximations among them.
Diminished Effectiveness of a Second Administration of Atro-pine or Novatropin. Mechanism of Recovery

Administration of atropine preparations over a period of time leads in certain animals to a decrease in the effectiveness of the drug. Cloetta1 found that normal rabbits excrete a dose of atropine during a period of 2 or 3 days but excretion is complete in one day according to Fickewirth and Heffter2 if atropine is administered to rabbits habituated to the drug. Normal cats excrete very little atropine (Doeblin and Fleisehmann3) but after habituation, the excretion is markedly augmented.Another type of increased resistance to atropine preparations was noted in a series of experiments in this laboratory performed on fasting dogs and man in which objective records of gastro-intestinal motility were made by the balloon method. (The triple, tandem balloon was used in the human experiments.) It was thus determined that injection of an atropine preparation shortly after recovery (i. e., return to preinjection tone and motility) from a preceding administration of atropine was less effective than the initial inje...