cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Electronic Diary Study of the Effects of Patient Avoidance and Partner Social Constraints on Patient Momentary Affect in Metastatic Breast Cancer

Metastatic breast cancer patients experience significance distress. Although talking with close others about cancer-related concerns may help to alleviate distress, patients often avoid such discussions, and their partners can engage in social constraints that may limit subsequent patient disclosures and exacerbate distress. We examined how partner constraints unfold, how they influence patient affect, and whether they exacerbate patient avoidance of cancer-related disclosures. Fifty-four patients and 48 of their partners completed electronic diary assessments for 14 days. Partners’ social constraints carried over from one day to the next, but patients’ avoidance of discussing cancer-related concerns did not. When partners engaged in more social constraints one day, patients reported greater negative affect the following day (p < 0.05). Findings suggest a temporal link between partner constraints and patient momentary affect. Helping partners to become aware of their constraining behaviors and teaching them skills to overcome this may facilitate patient adjustment to metastatic breast cancer.
Genetic and environmental bases of childhood antisocial behavior: a multi-informant twin study.

Genetic and environmental influences on childhood antisocial and aggressive behavior (ASB) during childhood were examined in 9- to 10-year-old twins, using a multi-informant approach. The sample (605 families of twins or triplets) was socioeconomically and ethnically diverse, representative of the culturally diverse urban population in Southern California. Measures of ASB included symptom counts for conduct disorder, ratings of aggression, delinquency, and psychopathic traits obtained through child self-reports, teacher, and caregiver ratings. Multivariate analysis revealed a common ASB factor across informants that was strongly heritable (heritability was .96), highlighting the importance of a broad, general measure obtained from multiple sources as a plausible construct for future investigations of specific genetic mechanisms in ASB. The best fitting multivariate model required informant-specific genetic, environmental, and rater effects for variation in observed ASB measures. The results suggest that parent, children, and teachers have only a partly “shared view” and that the additional factors that influence the “rater-specific” view of the child's antisocial behavior vary for different informants. This is the first study to demonstrate strong heritable effects on ASB in ethnically and economically diverse samples.
Preliminary results of a functional MRI study of brain activation patterns in stuttering and nonstuttering speakers during a lexical access task.

Abstract An fMRI study examining lexical access and lexical generation in nine nonstuttering and seven stuttering speakers is presented. Lexical access was examined during a word description task that was presented auditorily while subjects “silently” thought of the target words. Participants alternated between four 30-s rest blocks and four 30-s “active” blocks. Activation patterns were assessed utilizing a standard subtraction paradigm, where the activation during the rest blocks was subtracted from the activation during the active blocks. High levels of variability characterized activation patterns within both speaker groups. Group comparisons using random effects statistical analyses did not identify significant differences between the groups when corrected for multiple comparisons. Analyses were subsequently conducted by comparing the trends in the group activation patterns between the speaker groups using fixed (corrected) and random effects (uncorrected) analyses. Nonstuttering control speakers activated primarily left hemisphere cortical speech and language areas while the stuttering speakers appeared to produce more bilateral activation. Discussion of these results focuses on the specific within- and between-hemispheric activation patterns and possible interpretations of these patterns. Educational objectives: The reader will learn about: (1) issues related to interpreting brain activation findings in stuttering speakers; (2) the role and neurological substrates of lexical access during speech production in nonstuttering and stuttering speakers; (3) the basics of functional MRI; and (4) the brain activation areas involved during a silent lexical retrieval task in nonstuttering and stuttering speakers.
Controlled Human Exposures to Concentrated Ambient Fine Particles in Metropolitan Los Angeles: Methodology and Preliminary Health-Effect Findings

We installed a Harvard particle concentrator with PM2.5 size-selective inlet and two virtual impactor stages, in a movable human exposure laboratory located in metropolitan Los Angeles, where ambient PM2.5 is unusually high. The exposure chamber, a modified body Plethysmograph of ~2000 L volume, operated at flow near 200 L/min and pressure near 25 cm H2O below atmospheric. The concentrator usually delivered seven to nine times the ambient concentration of PM2.5. When necessary, part of its output was diverted through a HEPA filter to control the exposure concentration. Occasionally the concentration factor decreased due to rapid fouling of impactor slits under humid and/or highly polluted ambient conditions. Initial tests with an investigator (healthy male, age 53 yr) at rest in the chamber showed no untoward effects except rare transient mild substernal irritation, brief mild middle ear discomfort from pressure changes upon starting or stopping the concentrator, and occasional ectopic heartbeats (which a...
Ideologies of Catholic Missionary Practice in a Postcolonial Era

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have come to recognize that missionaries, who play a central role in many of the social systems that anthropologists study, have yet to receive the ethnographic and theoretical attention they deserve. Often, when anthropologists discussed missionaries at all, they treated them as part of the setting, much like rainfall and elevation: matters one felt obliged to mention, but peripheral to the real object of social anthropological description and analysis. There were, to be sure, exceptions, notably the body of anthropological literature that has dealt with the effects of missionaries on various areas of native life.
An α-finite injury method of the unbounded type

Let α be an admissible ordinal. In this paper we study the structure of the upper semilattice of α -recursively enumerable degrees. Various results about the structure which are of fundamental importance had been obtained during the past two years (Sacks-Simpson [7], Lerman [4], Shore [9]). In particular, the method of finite priority argument of Friedberg and Muchnik was successfully generalized in [7] to an α -finite priority argument to give a solution of Post's problem for all admissible ordinals. We refer the reader to [7] for background material, and we also follow closely the notations used there. Whereas [7] and [4] study priority arguments in which the number of injuries inflicted on a proper initial segment of requirements can be effectively bounded (Lemma 2.3 of [7]), we tackle here priority arguments in which no such bounds exist. To this end, we focus our attention on the fine structure of L α , much in the fashion of Jensen [2], and show that we can still use a priority argument on an indexing set of requirements just short enough to give us the necessary bounds we seek.
Wire-loop fixation of volar displaced osteochondral fractures of the distal radius

Abstract We describe the technique of wire-loop fixation to treat 4 young men with a unique variant of Melone's type 4 articular fracture of the volar lunate facet, characterized by a displaced rotated articular fragment supported by a limited amount of subchondral bone. This is an unusual injury that threatens the integrity of both the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints. It is the result of a compressive force to the wrist and may require trispiral computed tomography for delineation. Open reduction and internal fixation is recommended to maintain stability and articular congruity. The displaced volar-articular fragment, however, may be relatively small; therefore, direct manipulation could lead to soft tissue stripping and osteonecrosis. We have found the technique of wire-loop fixation to be a simple, reproducible, and effective alternative method of internal fixation for these difficult fractures. Malunion, non-union, loss of fixation, tendon rupture, infection, arthrosis, or pain caused by hardware has not occurred. Use of this technique is not recommended in patients with osteoporotic bone. (J Hand Surg 1999;24A:525–533. Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Fatigue in multiple sclerosis and its relationship to depression and neurologic disability

We studied multiple sclerosis fatigue (MSF) and its relationship to depression and disability. Seventy-one patients [50 relapsing-remitting, 21 secondary progressive] were grouped by Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) into MS-fatigue (MSF) (FSS55; n=46) or MS-nonfatigue (MSNF) (FSS44; n=20). Forty-one patients were grouped into MS-depression (MSD) (n=15) or MS-nondepression (MSND) (n=26) by interview. Higher expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores were noted in MSF than MSNF patients (P=0.0003); EDSS scores correlated with FSS scores (rho=0.43, P=0.003). However, fatigue was present in 58% (n=29) of relapsing-remitting patients and in 52% (n=26) of patients with mild physical disability (EDSS53.5). Hamilton/Beck depression severity scores were higher in MSF than MSNF patients and correlated with FSS scores (P50.05). MSD had higher FSS scores than MSND patients (P=0.008). After controlling for EDSS, depression severity continued to correlate with FSS scores (rho=0.37, P=0.02). After controlling for depres...
Parallelizing Iris Recognition

Iris recognition is one of the most accurate biometric methods in use today. However, the iris recognition algorithms are currently implemented on general purpose sequential processing systems, such as generic central processing units (CPUs). In this work, we present a more direct and parallel processing alternative using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), offering an opportunity to increase speed and potentially alter the form factor of the resulting system. Within the means of this project, the most time-consuming operations of a modern iris recognition algorithm are deconstructed and directly parallelized. In particular, portions of iris segmentation, template creation, and template matching are parallelized on an FPGA-based system, with a demonstrated speedup of 9.6, 324, and 19 times, respectively, when compared to a state-of-the-art CPU-based version. Furthermore, the parallel algorithm on our FPGA also greatly outperforms our calculated theoretical best Intel CPU design. Finally, on a state-of-the-art FPGA, we conclude that a full implementation of a very fast iris recognition algorithm is more than feasible, providing a potential small form-factor solution.
Neurobiology of Major Depression in Alzheimer's Disease

The original catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders focused largely on the role of the noradrenergic components of the central nervous system in the etiology of depression and mania (Bunney & Davis, 1965; Schildkraut, 1965). Additional evidence from clinical, pharmacologic, and physiologic studies has emerged since the original hypothesis was proposed and generally supports the view that clinically significant depression can result from a dysfunction of central nervous system mechanisms employing the catecholamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine (Jimerson, 1987; Siever, 1987). Neurochemical studies of serotonin (5-HT) receptors and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in spinal fluid or brain tissue also suggest an alteration in serotonergic components of the central nervous system in both idiopathic major depression and suicide (Brikmayer & Riederer, 1975; Crow et al., 1984; Lloyd et al., 1974; Mendlewicz et al., 1981; Stanley & Mann, 1983). In contrast to these hypotheses, which suggest that depression may result from the decreased function of one or more central aminergic systems, the cholinergic hypothesis of affective disorders (Janowsky & Risch, 1987) posits that idiopathic depression is associated with the hyperfunctioning of cholinergic systems. This hypothesis is especially interesting in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) because the progression of the central cholinergic deficit that occurs in this disorder may interact with the pathophysiology of depression to limit the prevalence of major depression in later stages of this disorder.
Interactive multiobjective optimization under uncertainty

Uncertainty presents unique difficulties in multiobjective optimization problems, because decision makers are faced with risky situations requiring analysis of multiple outcomes in differing states of nature. Very few direct choice interactive multiobjective methods are capable of addressing problems with probabilistic outcomes. We thus propose a general multiobjective algorithm which accommodates uncertainty. The method is appropriate for use in a multiple criteria framework with a discrete number of states of nature. Without loss of generality, and in the interest of simplicity of exposition, our method is explored and developed in the context of a bicriterion optimization problem using a two stage mathematical programming model. Simulation and behavioral experiments are conducted which verify that the method is viable for problems with greater dimensionality.
Surface Processing and Micromachining of Polyimide Driven by a High Average Power Infra-Red Free Electron Laser

The long history and wide use of polyimide as a dielectric in the microelectronics industry has made it a favorite material for laser processing studies. The FEL used in the present work delivered picosecond-long 25 microjoule pulses at approximately 3.10 and 5.80 microns. The former is not associated with any strong absorption, while the latter is the strongest absorption band in the IR. This study explored hole drilling and surface transformation of as-made and aluminized DuPont Kapton* HN PMDA-ODA polyimde film.
Technique for nonuniform poling of piezoelectric element and fabrication of Gaussian transducers

A new technique has been developed to polarize piezoelectric ceramic elements with a nonuniform electric field. Used as an ultrasonic transducer, the piezoelectric element will produce a corresponding nonuniform sound field. Ultrasonic transducers for generating specific field profiles can therefore be made by having a predetermined spatial pattern of polarization strength poled into the piezoelectric element. One of the desirable beam profiles is a Gaussian; it has the advantages of being free from near-field fluctuations and far-field sidelobes, and it is much easier to model than the usual piston transducers. This method was used to fabricate Gaussian beam transducers, and their measured field profiles compared well with the Gaussian beam model. Such transducers containing the built-in Gaussian amplitude profile can be electroded and mounted in the same manner as conventional piston transducers. >
10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, one of the major folate enzymes, is down-regulated in tumor tissues and possesses suppressor effects on cancer cells

Our studies showed that an abundant folate enzyme, 10-formyltetrahydrofolatedehydrogenase (FDH), is strongly down-regulated in several types of cancer on both the mRNA and the protein level. Transient expression of FDH in several human prostate cancer cell lines, a hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2, and a lung cancer cell line, A549, suppressed proliferation and resulted in cytotoxicity. In contrast, overexpression of a catalytically inactive FDH mutant did not inhibit proliferation, which suggests that the suppressor effect of FDH is a result of its enzymatic function. Because the FDH substrate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, is required for de novo purine biosynthesis, we hypothesized that the inhibitory effects of FDH occur through the depletion of intracellular 10-formyltetrahydrofolate followed by the loss of de novo purine biosynthesis. The ultimate impact is diminished DNA/RNA biosynthesis. Indeed, supplementation of FDH-overexpressing cells with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate or hypoxanthine reversed the FDH growth-inhibitory effects. Hence, down-regulation of FDH in tumors is proposed to be one of the cellular mechanisms that enhance proliferation.
Achieving pharmacy-based public health: a call for public health engagement.

©2013 Association of Schools of Public Health The evolution of pharmacy practice in the last 15 years has created expanded public health access. Community pharmacies now provide a range of public health services with promising improvements in health access and outcomes. The observed practice changes call our attention to systemic issues that remain in need of collective attention. As we strengthen our intersectoral public health system, we must focus on the pharmacy-public health partnership and establish collaborative policy and research agendas to guide this system change for maximum public health impact. Our collective effort to assure the health of communities depends upon our seeing opportunities across systems and sectors, and upon our success in shifting the policy environment to allow health system flexibility.
Abscess Formation and Alpha-Hemolysin Induced Toxicity in a Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Peritoneal Infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of skin infection and sepsis in humans. Preclinical vaccine studies with S. aureus have used a mouse model with intraperitoneal challenge and survival determination as a measure for efficacy. To appreciate the selection of protective antigens in this model, we sought to characterize the pathological attributes of S. aureus infection in the peritoneal cavity. Testing C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice, >10(9) CFU of S. aureus Newman were needed to produce a lethal outcome in 90% of animals infected via intraperitoneal injection. Both necropsy and histopathology revealed the presence of intraperitoneal abscesses in the vicinity of inoculation sites. Abscesses were comprised of fibrin as well as collagen deposits and immune cells with staphylococci replicating at the center of these lesions. Animals that succumbed to challenge harbored staphylococci in abscess lesions and in blood. The establishment of lethal infections, but not the development of intraperitoneal abscesses, was dependent on S. aureus expression of alpha-hemolysin (Hla). Active immunization with nontoxigenic Hla(H35L) or passive immunization with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies protected mice against early lethal events associated with intraperitoneal S. aureus infection but did not affect the establishment of abscess lesions. These results characterize a mouse model for the study of intraperitoneal abscess formation by S. aureus, a disease that occurs frequently in humans undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease.
The older cancer survivor

Cancer is an age-related disease, and has increased in prevalence as the population has grown older. Improvements in screening and the availability of better therapeutic options contribute to burgeoning numbers of cancer survivors, who number more than 24 million worldwide. Sixty-one percent of these survivors are at least 65 years old. This review is an attempt to consolidate some of the data available in the area of cancer survivorship, with emphasis on the elderly. Our aim is to provide a better description of the population, elucidate specific physical and psychosocial sequelae secondary to cancer and it's treatment, and better understand how comorbid conditions, functional status, body-weight, and other issues contribute to quality of life, and overall health. This paper also suggests some surveillance guidelines for following elderly cancer survivors and identifies areas that require further research.
Causes of species diversity differences: a comparative analysis of Markov models

While many dynamic processes have been proposed to produce diversity differences among communities, most empirical investigations focus on static system attributes. An ideal analysis would consider multiple dynamic processes and their impact on many community members, but such analyses can be logistically daunting. I compared Markov chain models of ecological communities to explore general processes leading to diversity differences of sessile species between coral reefs and rocky intertidal mussel beds. As predicted by diversity theory, high diversity coral reefs had lower species replacement probabilities and higher disturbance rates than did lower diversity mussel beds. Intransitivities in species replacements, recruitment limitation and responses to perturbing species from equilibrium (Jacobian elements) did not differ significantly between systems. Tradeoffs between the displacement risk or displacement ability of a species and either disturbance risk or colonising ability were not apparent. Manipulating the coral reef model to eliminate disturbance or intransitivities caused declines in species diversity, whereas removing recruitment limitation or increasing the probability of interspecific replacement did not. Higher overall disturbance levels can explain part of the diversity difference between systems, but much remained unexplained, indicating that details of the pattern and strengths of species interactions were probably extremely important.
Towards Language-Agnostic Mobile Code

Abstract The Java Virtual Machine is primarily designed for transporting Java programs. As a consequence, when JVM bytecodes are used to transport programs in other languages, the result becomes less acceptable the more the source language diverges from Java. Microsoft's .NET transport format fares better in this respect because it has a more flexible type system and instruction set, but it is not extensible, and (for example) has no provision for supporting explicit programmer-specified parallelism. Both platforms have difficulty making transported programs run efficiently. This paper discusses first steps towards mobile code representations that are independent (in the sense that the representation can be appropriately parameterized) of the source language (e.g., Java), intermediate representation (e.g., bytecode), and target architecture (e.g., x86). We call this kind of parameterizable framework language-agnostic. We present two techniques which provide parts of the envisioned language-agnostic functionality. Compressed abstract syntax trees as a wire format provide for a very dense encoding of programs at a high level of abstraction. We show how to parameterize the compression algorithm in a modular fashion with knowledge beyond the purely syntactical level. This leads to the notion of well-formedness by construction. The second technique defines the semantics of programs by mapping from abstract syntax trees to a typed core calculus representation. Based on this representation it becomes possible to use portable definitions of security policies and to execute programs written in different source languages, even if a more efficient trusted native compiler is not available on the target platform.
Limitation of the Coronary Vascular Response to Ischemia in the Awake Dog

During reactive hyperemia following a brief coronary artery occlusion, excess arterial inflow exceeds the blood flow debt incurred during occlusion by 300-600%. The present study was performed to determine whether this marked reactive hyperemia is essential for restoration of coronary vascular tone. Coronary blood flow was measured in unanesthetized dogs with electromagnetic flowmeters and hydraulic occluders chronically implanted on their left circumflex coronary arteries. When 10-second coronary artery occlusions were performed in pairs separated by a brief interval during which excess arterial inflow equaled the blood flow debt incurred during the first occlusion, reactive hyperemia following the second occlusion was no greater than that following an isolated control occlusion. Thus, approximately 100% repayment of the blood flow debt resulted in restoration of normal reactivity to a second occlusion. To further ascertain whether coronary vascular tone could be regained without the usual excess inflow,...
Nonlinear quantum mechanics as weyl geometry of a classical statistical ensemble

We derive nonlinear relativistic and non-relativistic wave equations for spin-0 and 1/2 particles. For a suitable choice of coupling constants, the equations become linear and Weyl gauge invariant in the spin-0 case. The Dirac particle is much more subtle. When a suitable gauge is chosen and, when the Compton wavelength of the particle is much larger than Planck's length, we recover the standard Dirac equation. Nonlinear corrections to the Schrodinger equation are obtained and these appear as the first-order relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Consequently, we construct nonbilinear homogeneous realizations of anapproximate Galilean symmetry. We put forth the idea that not only a modification of quantum mechanics might be necessary in order to accommodate gravity, but quantum mechanics itself might have a geometrical origin with Planck's constant as the coupling between matter and curvature.
Universal Influenza Vaccines: To Dream the Possible Dream?

Influenza viruses are a significant public health threat, causing both annually circulating epidemics and unpredictable pandemics. Vaccination is the best means of control against individual cases of influenza and also for decreasing epidemic spread in the population. However, rapid influenza virus evolution requires continual reformulation of vaccines for annual influenza epidemics, and because pandemics cannot be accurately predicted, no current vaccine strategy can induce broad protection against all subtypes of influenza viruses. Recent work has suggested that such broadly protective, or “universal”, influenza virus vaccines might be achievable using vaccine strategies that target conserved B- and T-cell epitopes.
A differential analysis of sit-ups for strength and muscular endurance.

(1946). A Differential Analysis of Sit-Ups for Strength and Muscular Endurance. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 40-47.
Dopamine Generated from l-Dopa: Discrepancy Between Plasma Levels and Cardiac Effects

SummaryEvidence has been presented in anesthetized dogs indicating that dopamine generated from l-dopa is predominantly in a pharmacologically inactive form whose identification is presently unknown, but there is some suggestion that it may be a labile conjugated derivative. The discrepancy between the high dopamine plasma levels after intravenous l-dopa administrations with the low cardiac contractile force responses were disclosed by comparison with the correlations obtained following dopamine infusions.
Squid Melanin: A Naturally Occurring Reversibly Oxidizable Pigment

It was reported previously that synthetic melanin resulting from either the enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine or auto-oxidation of dihy-droxyphenylalanine was reversibly oxidizable.1 It was also foun...
Determination of urine mercury with atomic fluorescence spectrometer after digested by potassium permanganate

Objective:To study the method for rapid and accurate determination of urinary mercury.Methods: The urinary mercury after digested by potassium permanganate was detected with atomic fluorescence spectrometer.Results: A linearity was obtained in the range of 0 μg/L~40 μg/L with a good correlation coefficient(r=0.9996).The minimum detection limit was 0.012 μg/L,the precision was 1.0%~3.8% and the recovery was 86%~97%.Conclusion: The method has high sensitivity,low detection limit,wide linear range,and the automation.Therefore,it was suitable for detection and analysis with large quantities of urinary mercury samples in occupation population.
Bancroftian filariasis in Haiti: preliminary characterization of the immunological responsiveness of microfilaremic individuals.

Abstract Patent infections with the lymphatic filariae, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, are associated with suppressed in vitro cellular responsiveness to filarial antigens. In studies of bancroftian filariasis in Haiti, a significant number of microfilaremic individuals can be characterized as “responders” to filarial antigens. Cells from 37/74 untreated microfilaremic subjects responded to B. pahangi antigen (stimulation ratio > 2) as detected by in vitro blastogenesis. A comparison of responders to nonresponders revealed a significant difference in mean B. pahangi reactivity (15,822 vs. 4,538 cpm, P < 0.001), but no significant differences with respect to age, microfilaremia, PPD or PHA reactivity, or B. pahangi-specific antibody levels. Subtle differences may exist between these groups with respect to recognition of specific antigens on Western blots.
Results of 6 Weekly Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Instillations on the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Tumors

AbstractWe evaluated 104 patients with superficial bladder tumors for response to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. Patients received 6 weekly intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations and they were followed for response every 3 months with urinary cytology, cystoscopy and bladder biopsy. Patients were considered treatment failures if either the cytology studies or biopsies were positive for tumor. Of 65 patients who failed the initial treatment course 57 were given an additional 6-week course of therapy. One 6-week course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin was successful in 20 of 55 patients (36 per cent) treated for prophylaxis, 12 of 32 (37 per cent) treated for carcinoma in situ and 7 of 17 (41 per cent) treated for residual tumor. The response rate for the total patient population treated with 1, 6-week course was 37.5 per cent (39 of 104). A second 6-week course was successful in 19 of 29 patients (65 per cent) treated for prophylaxis, 11 of 18 (71 per cent) treated for carcinoma in ...
Motivating without mandates? The role of voluntary programs in environmental governance

For the last several decades, governments around the world have tried to use so-called voluntary programs to motivate private firms to act proactively to protect the environment. Unlike conventional environmental regulation, voluntary programs offer businesses flexibility to adopt cost-effective measures to reduce environmental impacts. Rather than prodding firms to act through threats of enforcement, they aim to entice firms to move forward by offering various kinds of positive incentives, ranging from public recognition to limited forms of regulatory relief. Despite the theoretical appeal of voluntary programs, their proper role in government’s environmental toolkit depends on the empirical evidence of how these programs work in practice. This paper offers a comprehensive empirical overview of voluntary programs’ design and impact. It shows that not all voluntary programs are the same. Rates of business participation in voluntary programs depend on a variety of factors, including both how these programs are designed as well as, importantly, what kinds of relevant background regulatory threats may loom for business. Although governments and policy advocates sometimes urge voluntary programs as a substitute for conventional government regulation, it appears that the most effective voluntary programs depend on a robust backdrop of community pressure and regulatory threats. Studies that find these programs yield statistically discernible effects on firm behavior generally find only substantively small impacts, suggesting that at best voluntary programs can serve as a modest supplement to government regulation.
Multi-wave algorithms for metaheuristic optimization

We propose new iterated improvement neighborhood search algorithms for metaheuristic optimization by exploiting notions of conditional influence within a strategic oscillation framework. These approaches, which are unified within a class of methods called multi-wave algorithms, offer further refinements by memory based strategies that draw on the concept of persistent attractiveness. Our algorithms provide new forms of both neighborhood search methods and multi-start methods, and are readily embodied within evolutionary algorithms and memetic algorithms by solution combination mechanisms derived from path relinking. These methods can also be used to enhance branching strategies for mixed integer programming.
Reactive Carbon-Chain Molecules: Synthesis of 1-Diazo-2,4-pentadiyne and Spectroscopic Characterization of Triplet Pentadiynylidene (H−C⋮C−C̈−C⋮C−H)

1-Diazo-2,4-pentadiyne (6a), along with both monodeuterio isotopomers 6b and 6c, has been synthesized via a route that proceeds through diacetylene, 2,4-pentadiynal, and 2,4-pentadiynal tosylhydrazone. Photolysis of diazo compounds 6a-c (lambda > 444 nm; Ar or N2, 10 K) generates triplet carbenes HC5H (1) and HC5D (1-d), which have been characterized by IR, EPR, and UV/vis spectroscopy. Although many resonance structures contribute to the resonance hybrid for this highly unsaturated carbon-chain molecule, experiment and theory reveal that the structure is best depicted in terms of the dominant resonance contributor of penta-1,4-diyn-3-ylidene (diethynylcarbene, H-C[triple bond]C-:C-C[triple bond]C-H). Theory predicts an axially symmetric (D(infinity h)) structure and a triplet electronic ground state for 1 (CCSD(T)/ANO). Experimental IR frequencies and isotope shifts are in good agreement with computed values. The triplet EPR spectrum of 1 (absolute value(D/hc) = 0.6157 cm(-1), absolute value(E/hc) = 0.0006 cm(-1)) is consistent with an axially symmetric structure, and the Curie law behavior confirms that the triplet state is the ground state. The electronic absorption spectrum of 1 exhibits a weak transition near 400 nm with extensive vibronic coupling. Chemical trapping of triplet HC5H (1) in an O2-doped matrix affords the carbonyl oxide 16 derived exclusively from attack at the central carbon.
Paleomycology of the Princeton Chert. III. Dictyosporic microfungi, Monodictysporites princetonensis gen. et sp. nov., associated with decayed rhizomes of an Eocene semi-aquatic fern

This study builds on previous investigations of paleomycological diversity within permineralized plants of a significant Eocene paleobotanical locality, the Princeton Chert. The fungal body fossils described here occur in decayed rhizomes of the extinct semi-aquatic fern Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata Fungi include vegetative hyphae throughout the plant tissue, as well as a dense assemblage of >100 dematiaceous spores. The spores occur in a discrete zone surrounding two extraneous rootlets of other plants, which penetrated the fern tissue post-mortem. Spores are obovoid and muriform, composed of 8-12 cells with constricted septa and produced from hyaline or slightly pigmented hyphae. The spores are morphologically similar to both asexual reproductive dictyospores of phylogenetically disparate microfungi attributed to the morphogenus Monodictys and perennating dictyochlamydospores that occur in the anamorph genus Phoma In addition to expanding the early Eocene fossil record for Ascomycota, these specimens also provide new insight into the rapidity of initial phases of the fossilization process in this important paleobotanical locality.
Microcomputers in Medical Technology Education

Applications of a single-board microcomputer module are described in the context of undergraduate and graduate education in medical technology. The computer is an integral part of several departmental courses, including electronics, clinical chemistry, statistics, and instrumentation. Students gain knowledge of microprocessor/microcomputer architecture, interfacing, and programming through laboratory-oriented exercises. Expansion of the basic computer module produces a powerful development system programmable in various languages, such as 6502 Assembly Language, BASIC, and FORTH. The expanded system can perform more complex tasks that include computer-assisted instruction, automated testing and grading, and real-time instrument control/data analysis.
America’s Influence on World Finance

The fact that the West came to look upon money as a sign of God’s providence (in contrast to the ancient view that regarded money as barren) greatly assisted the accumulation of western wealth. In all the great works of antiquity, the crucial factor was not wealth but labour (which, according to the labour theory of value, some people equate with capital). One has only to look at the great public works in China and India to realise that, for many people in the world, labour, unassisted by machines and capital equipment — ant-like in its teeming thousands — was and still is the crucial factor.
Using continuous quantitative capnography for emergency department procedural sedation: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis

End-tidal CO2 has been advocated to improve safety of emergency department (ED) procedural sedation by decreasing hypoxia and catastrophic outcomes. This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine use of continuous waveform quantitative end-tidal CO2 monitoring for ED procedural sedation in prevention of catastrophic events. Markov modeling was used to perform cost-effectiveness analysis to estimate societal costs per prevented catastrophic event (death or hypoxic brain injury) during routine ED procedural sedation. Estimates for efficacy of capnography and safety of sedation were derived from the literature. This model was then applied to all procedural sedations performed in US EDs with assumptions selected to maximize efficacy and minimize cost of implementation. Assuming that capnography decreases the catastrophic adverse event rate by 40.7% (proportional to efficacy in preventing hypoxia), routine use of capnography would decrease the 5-year estimated catastrophic event rate in all US EDs from 15.5 events to 9.2 events (difference 6.3 prevented events per 5 years). Over a 5-year period, implementing routine end-tidal CO2 monitoring would cost an estimated $2,830,326 per prevented catastrophic event, which translates into $114,007 per quality-adjusted life-year. Sensitivity analyses suggest that reasonable assumptions continue to estimate high costs of prevented catastrophic events. Continuous waveform quantitative end-tidal CO2 monitoring is a very costly strategy to prevent catastrophic complications of procedural sedation when applied routinely in ED procedural sedations.
Dynamic Responses in Brain Networks to Social Feedback: A Dual EEG Acquisition Study in Adolescent Couples.

Adolescence is a sensitive period for the development of relationships with peers. During this period the maturation of frontolimbic networks is particularly important for the capacity to regulate emotional experiences. In previous research, both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and dense array electroencephalography (dEEG) measures have suggested that responses in limbic regions are enhanced in adolescents experiencing social rejection. In the present research, we examined social acceptance and rejection from romantic partners as they engaged in a Chatroom Interact Task. Dual 128-channel dEEG systems were used to record neural responses to acceptance and rejection from both adolescent romantic partners and unfamiliar peers (N = 75). We employed a two-step temporal principal component analysis (PCA) and spatial independent component analysis (ICA) approach to statistically identify the neural components related to social feedback. Results revealed that the early (288 ms) discrimination between acceptance and rejection reflected by the P3a component was significant for the romantic partner but not the unfamiliar peer. In contrast, the later (364 ms) P3b component discriminated between acceptance and rejection for both partners and peers. The two-step approach (PCA then ICA) was better able than either PCA or ICA alone in separating these components of the brain’s electrical activity that reflected both temporal and spatial phases of the brain’s processing of social feedback.
Elastodynamic Contact Problems

If the loads on an elastic body change in time, the resulting elastic displacements \(\varvec{u}(t)\) will imply local accelerations \(\ddot{\varvec{u}}(t)\), which should be taken into account in the equations of motion.
Opportunities and obstacles - screening the EU enlargement process from a gender perspective

Like any other social or political process, the EU enlargement is gendered. This article first describes gender mainstreaming as an instrument to achieve gender equity, then discusses how the EU Enlargement process both shapes and is shaped by gender relations and reproduces, challenges and modifies gender differences in both the private and public spheres.
Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay (Comet Assay) for Evaluating Nanoparticles-Induced DNA Damage in Cells

Comet assay provides a rapid and reliable way to screen genotoxic effects of a wide variety of nanoparticles. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) or comet assay gained in popularity as a standard technique and is widely used for testing novel particles or chemicals for genotoxicity, monitoring environmental contamination with genotoxins, human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology, and fundamental research in DNA damage and repair. Here, we describe the method of alkaline comet assay to detect nanoparticle-induced DNA damage.
Electrodics in Bioelectrochemical Mechanisms

Potential differences in biology are as widespread as biology itself. Encephalographic oscillations-electrochemical potentials — are one of the experimental bases of consciousness.
Ideology and UN Responsiveness to Sexual Violence

Is there an ideological component to personnel contributions to United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions? While gender issues have become part of the UN peacekeeping agenda as evident by the Women...
Caring for long term health needs in women with a history of sexual trauma

### What you need to know Globally, about 30% of women report intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, or both) (95% confidence interval 27.8% to 32.2%) and about 7.2% (95% confidence interval 5.3% to9.1%) of women face non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.1 Sexual violence in men is less studied. In the United States, the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey determined a lifetime prevalence of contact sexual violence (including forced penetration and fondling) of 36.3% (95% confidence interval 35.3% to 37.2%) among women and 17.1% (95% confidence interval 16.3% to 17.9%) among men.2 Experiences of sexual violence negatively affect a person’s long term physical and psychological wellbeing as well as their interaction with the healthcare system. Most guidelines focus on treatment in the acute setting in the immediate aftermath of sexual assault, and rarely address long term care. Box 1 lists key aspects of acute medical care for people who have experienced sexual violence. Box 1 ### Summary of acute care for people who have experienced sexual assault345RETURN TO TEXT
Diet quality and dental caries in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

OBJECTIVES Fermentable carbohydrate is universally recognized as the major dietary risk factor for dental caries. We assessed the broader relationship between diet quality and dental caries in a diverse Latinx adult population. METHODS In a cross-sectional probability sample, 14,517 dentate men and women in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) received a dental examination and completed two 24-hours dietary recalls and a food propensity questionnaire. The 2010 Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) assessed diet quality and the National Cancer Institute method predicted usual intake of the 11 dietary components that comprise the AHEI. Dental caries experience was quantified using the decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) index. Covariates included sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics. Survey multivariable-adjusted linear regression models quantified the relationship of 2010 AHEI score, and its 11 components, with DMFS. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted models, each 10-unit increase in diet quality score was associated with 2.5 fewer (95% confidence interval: -3.4, -1.6) DMFS. The relationship was pronounced among foreign-born individuals, who comprised three-quarters of the sample, irrespective of their length of US residence, but was not apparent among U.S.-born individuals. Greater intake of sugar-sweetened beverage and fruit juice was positively associated with dental caries, whereas vegetables (excluding potatoes); whole grains; and omega-3 fats were inversely associated with dental caries, independent of covariates and the other dietary components (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An association between diet quality and dental caries was restricted to foreign-born Latinix and was not limited to the adverse impact of sugar-sweetened drinks.
Seeing the Forest through the Trees Using Network Analysis: Exploring Student Responses to Conceptual Physics Questions

This study explored how scientific ideas interacted in college students’ scientific explanations using text analysis techniques and network analysis. A task was given to first-year college students asking them to answer a series of physics questions associated with a computer simulation. Students’ written responses were classified into three models—non-normative, mixed, and normative—and then subjected to text analysis using IBM SPSS Modeler with text analytics software. Using the text analysis result, a decision tree model was applied to find what ideas were significantly attributed to the different models of responses. Finally, network analysis was used to reveal and illustrate how the important attributes were used and connected with each other across the three models. The findings support the importance of teaching a small number of core ideas as the premise of the Framework for K-12 Science Education, and indicates that integrated knowledge should emphasize organizing knowledge around the core ideas.
Cost and Return Estimates of a Mamey Sapote Grove in South Florida, 2017

The objective of this 6-page fact sheet written by Fredy H. Ballen, Aditya Singh, Edward A. Evans, and Jonathan Crane and published by the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department is to provide an estimate of the costs and returns associated with an established mamey sapote orchard in south Florida.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1039
Ecological factors influencing suicidal ideation-to-action among Latinx adolescents: An exploration of sex differences

Abstract Little is known regarding how various system-level factors influence suicidal behaviors between Latinx female and male youth in the US. Using an ideation-to-action and an ecological systems theory framework, this study stratified Latinx adolescent males and females to examine the association between various micro, mezzo, and macro level factors and three suicidality outcome measures. This cross-sectional study used a subsample of self-identified Latinx adolescents (n = 3639) from the 2017-National Youth Risk Behavioral Survey. Multiple micro factors—depressed mood, cannabis use, and sexual assault—were associated with each step of the suicidality continuum. One mezzo factor, physical violence, was unique in the prediction of suicide attempt for Latinx males. At the macro level, no statistically significant relationships were found. Results from the backward elimination logistic regression also revealed that identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual showed the strongest association with suicidal ideation and suicide planning for both groups. However, it was the strongest association with suicide attempt among Latinx adolescent males, but not for Latinx adolescent females. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.