cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ascorbic acid, phytic acid and tannic acid on iron bioavailability from reconstituted ferritin measured by an in vitro digestion - Caco-2 cell model

The effects of ascorbic acid (AA), phytate and tannic acid (TA) on Fe bioavailability from Fe supplied as reconstituted ferritin were compared with FeSO4 using an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model. Horse spleen apoferritin was chemically reconstituted into an animal-type ferritin (HSF) and a plant-type ferritin (P-HSF) according to the typical ratios of Fe:P found in these molecules. In the presence of AA (Fe:AA molar ratio of 1:20), significantly more Fe was absorbed from FeSO4 (about 303 %), HSF (about 454 %) and P-HSF (about 371 %) when compared with ferrous sulfate or ferritin without AA. Phytic acid (PA; Fe:PA molar ratio of 1:20) significantly reduced Fe bioavailability from FeSO4 (about 86 %), HSF (about 82 %) and P-HSF (about 93 %) relative to FeSO4 and the ferritin controls. Treatment with TA (Fe:TA molar ratio of 1:1) significantly decreased Fe bioavailability (about 97 %) from both FeSO4 and the ferritin samples. AA was able to partially reverse the negative effect of PA (Fe:PA:AA molar ratio of 1:20:20) on Fe bioavailability but did not reverse the inhibiting effect of TA (Fe:TA:AA molar ratio of 1:1:20) on Fe bioavailability from ferritin and FeSO4. Overall, there were no significant differences in bioavailable Fe between P-HSF, HSF or FeSO4. Furthermore, the addition of AA (a known promoter) or the inhibitors, PA and TA, or both, did not result in significant differences in bioavailable Fe from ferritin relative to FeSO4. The results suggest that Fe in the reconstituted ferritin molecule is easily released during in vitro digestion and interacts with known promoters and inhibitors.
Intracellular Ice Formation in Cell Suspensions Measured Using a Cryomicroscope and a Calorimeter

Injury to biological cells during the freezing-thawing process of a cryopreservation protocol is related to the thermodynamic state of the intracellular water. The two primary biophysical phenomena are water transport and intracellular ice formation (IIF). Unfortunately, there is no technique currently available to measure IIF in the cells of opaque tissue sections. In this proceeding we report the use of a calorimeter to assess IIF in two different cell suspensions, adult stem cells and pacific oyster embryos. The close agreement between the IIF data obtained using the calorimetric data with corresponding data obtained using a well-established cryomicroscopy technique validated the calorimetric method. Since, the calorimetric measurements are independent of shape and size, it is ideally suited to measure IIF in opaque tissue sections; the focus of future studies.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Suppression of the immune response by benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists.

Abstract 24 h after administration of a single dose of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists N′-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG 7142) and 3-carbomethoxy-4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-β-carboline (DMCM), a profound suppression of the immune response was observed in rodents. This immunosuppression was manifest as a decrease in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin-A (Con-A) stimulated T cell proliferation in rats and mice administered FG 7142 and a decrease in allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in mice administered either FG 7142 or DMCM. The effects of FG 7142 were antagonized by the prior administration of Ro 15-1788, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. These findings demonstrate that the neural pathways subserved by benzodiazepine receptors can modulate immune function, and suggest that these receptors may be involved in the stress-induced modulation of immune function.
Central Nervous System Aspergillosis following Steroidal Therapy for Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

A 52-year-old man with probable allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) was treated with adrenal corticosteroids. He subsequently developed central nervous system aspergillosis that was treated successfully with surgery and amphotericin B. Invasive aspergillosis is a rare complication following steroid therapy for ABPA.
Fluxless Wave Soldering

Fluxless wave soldering in a nitrogen atmosphere was investigated for epoxy‐fibreglass circuit board coupons having bare copper and solder‐coated through‐holes. The Reduced Oxide Soldering Activation (ROSA™) pretreatment was found to consistently provide good hole filling and through‐hole solder joints of excellent appearance. For preheated coupons, low levels of residual oxygen and short exposure to air after the ROSA treatment were found to have no effect
Adsorption physics of metals partially covered by metallic particles. II desorption rates of atoms and ions

Abstract Desorption rates of atoms and ions from metallic surfaces immersed in a monatomic metallic vapor are calculated theoretically. The calculations are based on the assumptions that the adsorbed vapor particles consist of a single species held onto the surface by bonds that are partially ionic and partially covalent. The rates are derived from a statistical mechanics formalism pertaining to the surface and vapor phases of the system. The theoretical results are shown to be in good agreement with available experimental data. The same statistical mechanics formalism is extended to the problem of vaporization and sublimation from pure surfaces. Good agreement between theory and experiment is established. The purpose of this extension is to indicate the internal consistency of the approach by availing the theoretical results with more experimental data for comparison. A unique feature of the derived formulas is that they do not involve adjustable constants.
Divergent hTAFII31-binding Motifs Hidden in Activation Domains

Activation domains are functional modules that enable DNA-binding proteins to stimulate transcription. Characterization of these essential modules in transcription factors has been hampered by their low sequence homology. Here we delineate the peptide sequences that are required for transactivation and interaction with hTAFII31, a classical target of the acidic class of activation domains. Our analyses indicate that hTAFII31 recognizes a diverse set of sequences for transactivation. This information enabled the identification of hTAFII31-binding sequences that are critical for the activity of the activation domains of five human transcription factors: NFAT1, ALL1, NF-IL6, ESX, and HSF-1. The interaction surfaces are localized in short peptide segments of activation domains. The brevity and heterogeneity of the motifs may explain the low sequence homology among acidic activation domains.
Hematocrit and blood osmolality in developing chicken embryos (Gallus gallus): in vivo and in vitro regulation.

−] Hypercapnia Ambient temperature a b s t r a c t Hematocrit (Hct) regulation is a complex process involving potentially many factors. How such regulation develops in vertebrate embryos is still poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the role of blood pH in the regulation of Hct across developmental time in chicken embryos. We hypothesized that blood pH alterations in vitro (i.e., in a test tube) would affect Hct far more than in vivo because of in vivo compensatory regulatory processes for Hct. Large changes in Hct (through mean corpuscular volume (MCV)) and blood osmolality (Osm) occur when the blood was exposed to varying ambient temperatures (Ta’s) and PCO2 in vitro alongside an experimentally induced blood pH change from ∼7.3 to 8.2. However, homeostatic regulatory mechanisms apparently limited these alterations in vivo. Changes in blood pH in vitro were accompanied by hydration or dehydration of red blood cells depending on embryonic age, resulting in changes in Hct that also were specific to developmental stage, due likely to initial blood gas and [HCO3 − ]v values. Significant linear relationships between Hct and pH (Hct/� pH = −21.4%/(pH unit)), Hct and [HCO3 −] (� Hct/� [HCO3 −] = 1.6%/(mEq L−1)) and the mean buffer value (� [HCO3 −]/� pH = −13.4 (mEq L −1 )/(pH unit)) demonstrate that both pH and [HCO3 − ] likely play a role in the regulation of Hct through MCV at least in vitro. Low Ta (24
The talmi transformation for different particles—A complete construction and new results

Abstract The transformation from single-particle coordinates to relative and center-of-mass coordinates for two particles moving in a common harmonic-oscillator potential well is generalized to include the case of different single-particle frequencies. The physical implications, particularly for hypernuclear structure calculations, are pointed out. Explicit expressions for the transformation matrix are obtained which show the group-theoretical structure of the transformation. A generalization to n-dimensional harmonic-oscillators is straightforward. As a by-product the Clebsch-Gordan series for a direct product of two symmetric SU(n) irreducible representations is derived.
Duration of components and response rates on multiple fixed-ratio schedules

Pigeons were exposed to a two-component multiple fixed-ratio X fixed-ratio Y schedule of reinforcement in which X was always less than Y. Components were equal in duration and alternated at rates that varied between 2 sec and 23.5 h. Relative response rate in the FR X component: (1) increased as the duration of components increased between 2 sec and 15 min, (2) was at a maximum between 15 min and 6 h, and (3) decreased as the duration of components increased from 6 h to 23.5 h. The changes in relative response rate were attributable primarily to changes in absolute response rates during the FR Y schedule as absolute response rates during the FR X schedule were relatively invariant. These results pose complexities for several theoretical formulations.
Long-nerve grafts and nerve transfers demonstrate comparable outcomes for axillary nerve injuries.

Purpose To compare the functional and EMG outcomes of long-nerve grafts to nerve transfers for complete axillary nerve palsy. Methods Over a 10-year period at a single institution, 14 patients with axillary nerve palsy were treated with long-nerve grafts and 24 patients were treated with triceps–to–axillary nerve transfers by the same surgeon (S.W.W.). Data were collected prospectively at regular intervals, beginning before surgery and continuing up to 11 years after surgery. Prior to intervention, all patients demonstrated EMG evidence of complete denervation of the deltoid. Deltoid recovery (Medical Research Council [MRC] grade), shoulder abduction (°), improvement in shoulder abduction (°), and EMG evidence of deltoid reinnervation were compared between cohorts. Results There were no significant differences between the long-nerve graft cohort and the nerve transfer cohort with respect to postoperative range of motion, deltoid recovery, improvement in shoulder abduction, or EMG evidence of deltoid reinnervation. Conclusions These data demonstrate that outcomes of long-nerve grafts for axillary nerve palsy are comparable with those of modern nerve transfers and question a widely held belief that long-nerve grafts do poorly. When healthy donor roots or trunks are available, long-nerve grafts should not be overlooked as an effective intervention for the treatment of axillary nerve injuries in adults with brachial plexus injuries. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Aztreonam for febrile neutropenia in patients with beta-lactam allergy.

BACKGROUND Beta-lactam antibiotics are the mainstay of empiric therapy for febrile neutropenia. Aztreonam may benefit certain patients because of a lack of cross-hypersensitivity to penicillins and cephalosporins. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to evaluate the efficacy of aztreonam as monotherapy for febrile neutropenia (FN). METHODS Our study was a single-center retrospective chart review of patients ≥18 years of age receiving aztreonam for the treatment of FN. Primary outcome was treatment success of aztreonam monotherapy. Secondary analyses included need for modification to antimicrobial therapy, patients transitioned to aztreonam from another empiric regimen, and patients receiving aztreonam in combination with other antibacterial agents. RESULTS In patients prescribed aztreonam for first fever, 11 of 27 (40.7%) patients who received aztreonam alone and 19 of 40 (47.5%) given aztreonam plus another antibiotic responded within 96 h (P = 0.62). Twenty-four (89%) patients prescribed aztreonam monotherapy were alive when FN resolved or treatment ended. Infectious mortality was low (1 patient, 3.7%). In patients prescribed aztreonam monotherapy following an adverse reaction to cefepime, 6 of 11 (54.5%) responded within 96 h of initiating aztreonam; 10 (91%) were alive when FN resolved or treatment ended. CONCLUSION Aztreonam monotherapy may be acceptable for use in patients with a history of beta-lactam hypersensitivity or following an adverse reaction with another beta-lactam. Further studies are needed to compare efficacy of aztreonam monotherapy with other therapies for the treatment of FN.
Strategies for integrated modeling: The community surface dynamics modeling system example

The Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System (CSDMS) is a community of earth scientists promoting the modeling of earth surface processes by developing and disseminating integrated software modules that predict the movement of fluids, and the flux of sediment and nutrients in landscapes and their sedimentary basins. Members of CSDMS are largely from academic institutions (~75%), followed by federal agencies (~17%), and oil and gas companies (~5%). As an organization that relies on volunteer participation, CSDMS faces unique challenges to scientific collaboration. Encouraging volunteerism among its members to provide and adapt metadata and model code to be sufficiently standardized for coupling is crucial to building an integrated community modeling system. CSDMS must provide the appropriate technical tools and cyberinfrastructure to support a variety of user types, ranging from advanced to novice modelers. In addition, application of these advances in science is key, both into the educational realm and for managers and decision-makers. We here present data on community contributions and novice user engagement and evaluate the effectiveness of CSDMS' strategies toward these two challenges over the first 5 years based on member and user data, surveys, computing logs and web log analysis. Analysis shows that sponsored member participation in annual meetings (~30%) is relatively high. Direct CSDMS governance relies on ~4% of members. About 15% of members contributed code and metadata, and a similar 15% use the common supercomputing resources. Technological development and documentation lie predominantly in hands of the funded members, and a small number of others (~3% together). Potential new users are trained in clinics and courses, with positive effects on self-efficacy and recruitment of new advanced developers.
Epitaxial multilayers of ferromagnetic insulators with nonmagnetic metals and superconductors

Novel electronic properties are observed in metals in contact with the ferromagnetic insulator europium monoxide (EuO). We have successfully prepared epitaxial bilayers and multilayers involving EuO and the metals V or Ag. With metal layers of 100 angstroms thickness or less, these structures exhibit a slope discontinuity in their resistance versus temperature at 90 K for V/EuO interfaces and at 50 K for Ag/EuO interfaces. For metal layers less than about 40 angstroms, a feature is also apparent in R(T) at 70 K, the Curie temperature of bulk EuO. The slope discontinuities are reminiscent of those observed at the Curie temperature of ferromagnetic metals. Kerr effect measurements confirm that the EuO exhibits ferromagnetic ordering at 70 K. In V/EuO structures, the V still displays superconductivity with a slightly depressed transition temperature. This suggests that such metal/ferromagnetic insulator structures may be used to prepare artificial ferromagnetic superconductors. The resistive transition is incomplete, suggesting small regions of isolated superconductivity within the sample, as has been predicted for certain special cases when a superconductor is in proximity to a ferromagnet.
The bipolar role of miR-466l in inflammation.

Special proresolving mediators (SPMs) limit the intensity of inflammation; however, their regulation is poorly understood. In this issue of Immunity, Li et al. (2013) describe bipolar roles for miR-466l in the promotion of inflammation and the induction of SPMs.
Routine Childhood Varicella Vaccination-Reply

In Reply. —We thank Dr Lebel and note that another recent study 1 found a 2% risk of embryopathy in maternal varicella infection in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. We disagree with Dr Smukler's numbers and his assertions that our analysis ignored the potential long-term risks of a vaccination program. The manufacturer's most recent data show that 9454 healthy children aged 12 years or younger and 1648 adults and adolescents in the United States have received varicella vaccine since 1982. Regarding potential long-term risks, we embarked on this study and its companion study of epidemiologic and morbidity effects of routine varicella immunization 2 precisely because of such concerns. The risks to vaccinees with primary vaccine failure, the best estimates of a panel of six national experts regarding waning of immunity, and the fact that adults with chickenpox have a higher case complication rate than children were all incorporated in
INFLUENCE OF DISSIMULATION ON INDEXES OF RESPONSE CONSISTENCY FOR THE MMPI

Whether indexes of consistent responding on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) measured dissimulation versus random responding was evaluated with Veterans Administration Medical Center psychiatric patients who were applying for disability benefits. Elevations on the Test-Retest index and Carelessness scale did not correspond with motivation to dissimulate. Comparing profiles without elevated validity indexes and with Carelessness scales that were either elevated or not elevated, the clinical scales were uniformly higher for profiles with heightened Carelessness scales.
Laminin "A" chain fragment of Mr 43 kilodalton contains PC12 cell attachment promoting site.

Abstract In the present study, the ability of a 43 K fragment, originating from the long arm of the 400 K laminin “A” chain (Rao and Kefalides, manuscript in press), to promote the attachment and de novo neurite outgrowth by the pheochromocytoma cell line, (PC12) was studied. Unprimed PC12 cells (not treated with nerve growth factor, NGF), just as the primed cells (treated with NGF),rapidly and efficiently attach to the laminin fragment but less efficiently to the intact laminin coated bacteriological plastic surfaces. The neurite outgrowth was continuous from primed cells attached to both laminin and laminin fragment substrates, when cultured for four days in the presence of NGF. On the other hand, no significant neurite outgrowth was observed from unprimed PC12 cells attached to the laminin fragment coated bacteriological dishes, in the absence of NGF. These data suggest that the 43 K laminin “A” chain fragment contains the PC12 cell attachment promoting site.
Content Area Instruction Delivered by Secondary Learning Disabilities Teachers: A National Survey.

This article describes the results of a survey of 54 State Departments of Education (including Washington, DC; the Bureau of Indian Affairs; the Virgin Islands; and Puerto Rico) regarding the estimated extent to which secondary learning disabilities (LD) teachers provide content area instruction to their students. Data are reported in terms of (a) the degree to which students with learning disabilities in each state receive content coursework from special educators, (b) the pattern of and projected growth in such models, and (c) the perceived adequacy of teacher-training programs for preparing secondary LD teachers to provide content instruction. Results reflect substantial variability across states, as well as between and within geographic regions. The influence of geography in shaping service delivery for LD adolescents is discussed.
Pregnane X receptor as a target for treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders

Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has a major role in the induction of genes involved in drug transport and metabolism. Recent studies in mice have provided insight into a novel function for PXR in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanism of the protective effect of PXR activation on IBD is not fully established, but is due in part to the attenuation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling that results in lower expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent clinical trials with the antibiotic rifaximin, a PXR agonist in the gastrointestinal system, have revealed its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of intestinal inflammation in humans. Thus, PXR may be a novel target for IBD therapy.
Parametric study of urban fire spread using an urban fire simulation model with fire department suppression

Abstract Although urban conflagrations are rare now, the threat still exists in two situations—following an earthquake and when a wildland fire reaches an urban area. In this paper, we first extend a previously developed urban fire simulation model to include fire department suppression, making it a complete, integrated ignition-spread-suppression model that can now better estimate urban fire risk and help understand the effectiveness of fire department efforts. We then apply this Urban Fire Simulation model (UFS2) to a case study area in California and conduct a parametric study to examine the key factors that influence fire spread and the interactions among them. The results suggest that urban fire spread is highly variable and under the right combination of unlucky but possible circumstances—many ignitions, high wind speeds, and limited water availability—the losses can be very high, much higher than observed in recent earthquakes. In addition to the three factors mentioned, the locations of the ignitions (relative to wind direction and fire breaks), number of engines, and engine arrival times are shown to be important. Strong interactions are evident between wind speed and number of ignitions, and between water availability and number of engines.
Thermal promotion of localized excitation to the exciton band: effect of intermediate impurity states in 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene

Abstract Thermal detrapping of excitations from the h 2 isotopic deep trap to the d 2 -1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene exciton band was studied by optically-detected electron spin-locking. A model which accounts for thermally-induced tunnelling to the intermediate hd -TCB impurity states is presented and used to interpret the observed temperature dependence for loss of spin coherence. Activation energies calculated from this model for direct trap—band promotion are in very good agreement with spectroscopically observed trap depths. The results of this treatment indicate that tunnelling to shallow traps is an important promotion process at temperatures below 2 K for samples with hd -TCB concentrations as low as 1%.
Performance index sensitivity of minimum-fuel systems

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of small parameter variations on the performance index of minimum-fuel systems with initial and final manifolds. The pulse-shaped variations produced by the parameter change on the piecewise-constant control are taken into account in order to derive the trajectory sensitivity equation. It is proved that the variation of the performance index is related to those of the trajectory and the parameter by a simple expression. This expression extends, to the class of minimum-fuel problems, a result obtained by Kokotovicet al. [1] for systems with continuous, unconstrained controls.
Liquid crystalline copolymers of monomer-pairs containing mesogenic units which exhibit constitutional isomerism

The synthesis and characterization of side-chain liquid crystalline copolymers obtained from a monomer pair containing a mesogenic unit which exhibits constitutional isomerism are presented. The particular example described refers to copolymethacrylates obtained from 4-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-α-methylstilbene and 4-methoxy-4′-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene containing six and eleven methylenic units in the spacer. The polymer containing six methylenic units presents a nematic mesophase, while the polymer containing eleven methylenic units presents a smectic A or C mesophase. None of these polymers exhibited side-chain crystallization.
Scalp EEG differs in temporal and extratemporal complex partial seizures

Abstract We compared scalp ictal EEG in complex partial seizures originating in extratemporal regions with seizures originating in the temporal lobe. All patients were seizure-free for 2 or more years after appropriate cortical resection confirming focus of seizure onset. The electroencephalographer reviewing seizures was blind to patient identity. Extratemporal seizures were shorter, more difficult to lateralize, and had postictal slowing less often. Confident lateralization of seizure onset could not be made in 19% of the seizures, usually because onset was diffuse or artifact obscured the seizure. When lateralization judgments were thought possible, lateralization errors occurred in only 3% of the seizures. Five percent of the seizures had no detectable scalp ictal changes.
Joint detection-estimation games for sensitivity analysis attacks

Sensitivity analysis attacks aim at estimating a watermark from multiple observations of the detector's output. Subsequently, the attacker removes the estimated watermark from the watermarked signal. In order to measure the vulnerability of a detector against such attacks, we evaluate the fundamental performance limits for the attacker's estimation problem. The inverse of the Fisher information matrix provides a bound on the covariance matrix of the estimation error. A general strategy for the attacker is to select the distribution of auxiliary test signals that minimizes the trace of the inverse Fisher information matrix. The watermark detector must trade off two conflicting requirements: (1) reliability, and (2) security against sensitivity attacks. We explore this tradeoff and design the detection function that maximizes the trace of the attacker's inverse Fisher information matrix while simultaneously guaranteeing a bound on the error probability. Game theory is the natural framework to study this problem, and considerable insights emerge from this analysis.
Genetic Factors Control Nicotine Self-Administration in Isogenic Adolescent Rat Strains

Adult cigarette smokers usually become dependent on cigarettes during adolescence. Despite recent advances in addiction genetics, little data delineates the genetic factors that account for the vulnerability of humans to smoke tobacco. We studied the operant nicotine self-administration (SA) behavior of six inbred strains of adolescent male rats (Fisher 344, Brown Norway, Dark Agouti, Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat, Wistar Kyoto and Lewis) and six selected F1 hybrids. All rats were trained to press a lever to obtain food starting on postnatal day (PN) 32, and then nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) reinforcement was made available on PN41-42 (10 consecutive daily 2 h sessions). Of the 12 isogenic strains, Fisher rats self-administered the fewest nicotine infusions (1.45±0.36/d) during the last 3 d, while Lewis rats took the most nicotine (13.0±1.4/d). These strains sorted into high, intermediate and low self-administration groups in 2, 2, and 8 strains, respectively. The influence of heredity on nicotine SA (0.64) is similar to that reported for humans. Therefore, this panel of isogenic rat strains effectively models the overall impact of genetics on the vulnerability to acquire nicotine-reinforced behavior during adolescence. Separate groups of rats responded for food starting on PN41. The correlation between nicotine and food reward was not significant. Hence, the genetic control of the motivation to obtain nicotine is distinctly different from food reward, indicating the specificity of the underlying genetic mechanisms. Lastly, the behavior of F1 hybrids was not predicted from the additive behavior of the parental strains, indicating the impact of significant gene-gene interactions on the susceptibility to nicotine reward. Taken together, the behavioral characteristics of this model indicate its strong potential to identify specific genes mediating the human vulnerability to smoke cigarettes.
Resonant low energy electrons and their impact on non-destructive depth profiling of thin film samples☆

Abstract Many properties and phenomena associated with thin films and supported crystallites depend on interactions occuring at internal interfaces, yet few techniques are available to probe beyond the outermost surface layers. Conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, however, has the potential to probe both external and internal interfaces. High energy (7.3 keV) electrons provide information from regions as deep as 300 nm, while, as demonstrated here, low energy (about 15 eV or less) electrons provide information from the topmost 5.0 nm. The mechanisms for generation of these low energy species are identified by theoretical and experimental treatments so that they may be included in deconvolution routines that permit nondestructive depth profiling. Two exemplary studies of technological importance are discussed to demonstrate the above-noted capabilities including (i) separation of a 1.0 nm surface layer from aninfinitely thick substrate and (ii) interfacial chemical reactions which occur between MoS2 lubricant films and bearing materials.
A new model for packet scheduling in multihop wireless networks

The goal of packet scheduling disciplines is to achieve fair and maximum allocation of channel bandwidth. However, these two criteria can potentially be in conflict in a generic-topology multihop wireless network where a single logical channel is shared among multiple contending flows and spatial reuse of the channel bandwidth is possible. In this paper, we propose a new model for packet scheduling that addresses this conflict. The main results of this paper are the following: (a) a two-tier service model that provides a minimum “fair” allocation of the channel bandwidth for each packet flow and additionally maximizes spatial reuse of bandwidth, (b) an ideal centralized packet scheduling algorithm that realizes the above service model, and (c) a practical distributed backoff-based channel contention mechanism that approximates the ideal service within the framework of the CSMA/CA protocol.
Transport of current by whistler waves.

When an electrode is immersed in a laboratory plasma with magnetized electrons and its bias is pulsed with respect to the plasma potential so as to collect either ions or electrons, the initial current in the plasma is always carried by electrons. The dc current front is preceded by oscillatory dispersive currents which, for our experimental conditions, are associated with whistler waves. Thus, the current front advances along ${\mathbf{B}}_{0}$ not at particle speeds but at the whistler wave speed.
On the characteristics of the solar active regions responsible for the generation of type III radio bursts at hectometric frequencies in August 1968

The RAE (Radio Astronomy Explorer) satellite observed enormous numbers of type III radio bursts at hectometric wavelengths from 13 to 25 August in 1968. The drift rate of these bursts reached a maximum around the middle of 20 August. This means that the source responsible for these bursts gradually moved on the solar disk in association with the rotation of the sun. During this period, there were two large active sunspot groups, MacMath Nos. 9593 and 9597, which were located in the southern hemisphere and adjacent to each other. By examining the observational data on solar flares, type I noise storm activity and energetic electron flux increases, it is shown that the active region, MacMath No. 9597 is responsible for the generation of these type III radio bursts. The relation between type III bursts producing electron beams and type I noise activity is briefly discussed and a model of this active region is qualitatively described.
Can a structured, behavior-based interview predict future resident success?

Objective To determine whether a structured, behavior-based applicant interview predicts future success in an obstetrics and gynecology residency program. Study Design Using a modified pre-post study design, we compared behavior-based interview scores of our residency applicants to a postmatch evaluation completed by the applicant's current residency program director. Applicants were evaluated on the following areas: academic record, professionalism, leadership, trainability/suitability for the specialty, and fit for the program. Results Information was obtained for 45 (63%) applicants. The overall interview score did not correlate with overall resident performance. Applicant leadership subscore was predictive of leadership performance as a resident ( P = .042). Academic record was associated with patient care performance as a resident ( P = .014), but only for graduates of US medical schools. Five residents changed programs; these residents had significantly lower scores for trainability/suitability for the specialty ( P = .020). Conclusion Behavioral interviewing can provide predictive information regarding success in an obstetrics and gynecology training program.
The roentgen diagnosis of disseminated pulmonary alveolar diseases

Abstract The roentgen signs of diffuse alveolar involvement differ considerably from those seen with other sites of disseminated pulmonary involvement. This alveolar pattern can usually be identified. The individual causes of disseminated alveolar disease have been grouped and classified. By recognizing this roentgen pattern, one can predict with high accuracy the presence of alveolar disease and then, by utilizing the classification, logically approach the differential diagnosis of a major group of diffuse pulmonary diseases.
Taxonomy of death

Extinctions. by Matthew H. Nitecki. University of Chicago Press: 1984. Pp.354. Hbk 30, 27.50; pbk 16, 14.75.
Disclosure of Serostatus to Sex Partners Among HIV-Positive Men and Women in Hawaii

The HIV epidemic in the United States is not abating, and sexual activity is the transmission-risk factor most frequently reported among those newly infected. Many HIV-positive persons have difficulty disclosing their serostatus to sex partners (SPs) and may not use condoms consistently. The aims of the research were to explore patterns of disclosure to SPs among HIV-positive men (N = 93) and women (N = 23) living in Hawaii, and to explore factors influencing disclosure and condom use. Using a survey design, participants were asked about their sexual activity during a three-month recall period, including detailed information for up-to-three most recent SPs. A variety of demographic, HIV-illness, self-efficacy, and contextual variables were examined as potential factors influencing disclosure. A total of 278 SPs were reported with rates of disclosure and of condom use near 50% for both genders. Perceived self-efficacy (SE) for disclosure decision-making was associated with disclosure for both men and women. Not discussing a SP's serostatus was associated with nondisclosure for both men and women. Additional factors influencing disclosure for men included cocaine and marijuana use, and years since diagnosis. Being transgendered was associated with less disclosure, but the small sample size for women precludes generalization of findings. There was an association between disclosure and condom use for men but not for women. Nurses must routinely assess for client HIV transmission-risk behaviors, and encourage disclosure of serostatus to SPs. It is also essential to offer clients behavioral strategies that can enhance their intentions to use condoms.
Progressive registration of range image based on surface triangulation

In this paper, a novel method for registration of range images from multiple viewpoints is presented. The algorithm encompasses two stages -- surface approximation using triangular mesh and progressive registration. It first generates triangular meshes interpolating the underlying surfaces represented by the range images in progressive levels of detail (LOD). The triangulation algorithm is capable of identifying feature points among all the samples and therefore can not only provide distinctive landmark control points critical for registration accuracy but also substantially reduces the registration complexity. At the registration stage, based on the features that triangular meshes have captured, corresponding vertices can easily be located and the least-square method is applied to the set of control points in the coarse triangular meshes to derive an initial transformation. The registration will then be iteratively performed on finer meshes to further improve the transformation accuracy. The classic Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is modified and integrated with this progressive registration method based on surface triangulation. This approach overcomes the drawbacks of the classic ICP, namely it no longer requires one surface be the subset of the other and it does not need an initial transformation -- a sufficiently close alignment to avoid the convergence to a local minimum. In addition, the surface information provided by the triangular mesh helps with registration accuracy, and results in fast convergence. Experiment have been conducted on benchmark images, the superior results confirm the effectiveness of this novel approach.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High concentration agarose gel: a new medium for high resolution electrophoresis.

Abstract Agarose gel at 7 to 8 g/dl solvent was found to provide excellent resolution when used in zonal electrophoresis of proteins, comparable to that provided by starch or polyacrylamide gels. When applied to human plasma, by utilizing only a simple buffer and no origin-sharpening device, up to 33 protein components were resolved. Details of the special procedure required for gel preparation and representative plasma protein patterns are presented.
Absolutely continuous constrained maximizers

The modern theory of differentiable demand functions is generalized to maximizers in a constrained maximization problem. Sufficient conditions are given for almost everywhere differentiability of maximizers in the constraining capacities or other parameters. Also, sufficient conditions are given for the very useful condition (N). Finally, the somewhat stronger pointwise Lipschitz property is shown. Applications analogous to those in economic theory are indicated.
Fitting determinantal point processes to macro base station deployments

The macro base station (BS) deployments in modern cellular networks are neither regular nor completely random. We use determinantal point process (DPP) models to study the repulsiveness among macro base stations observed in cellular networks. Three DPP models are fitted to base station location data sets from two major US cities. Hypothesis testing is used to validate the goodness-of-fit for these DPP models. Based on performance metrics including the K-function, the L-function and coverage probability, DPP models are shown to be accurate in modeling real BS deployments. On the contrary, the Poisson point process and perturbed hexagonal grid model are shown to be less realistic. Different DPP models are compared, and several computational properties of these models are also discussed.
On n-extendable graphs

A graph G is said to be n-extendable if it is connected, has a set of n independent lines and every set of n independent lines in G extends to (i.e. is a subset of) a perfect matching of G. Nearly all n-extendable graphs (n>=2) are shown to be (n-1)-extendable and (n + 1)- connected. The special cases of 2- and 3-extendable graphs and their relationships with bicritical and elementary bipartite graphs are then studied.
A multiperiod evaluation of returns following seasoned equity offerings

Abstract In this paper, we argue that the evaluation of returns following an equity issue has been hampered by a narrow focus on the period immediately following the issue. We relax this constraint and compare the risk-adjusted performance of firms following an equity issue with their performance during periods when there was no issue activity. We employ this methodology in a calendar-time framework along with a six-factor-generating model of expected returns and a matched sample of non-issuing firms. Our results indicate that the six-factor model of expected returns cannot explain firm's underperformance following an issue as suggested by Eckbo, E., Masulis, R., and Norli, O. [(2000). Seasoned public offerings: Resolution of the ‘New issues puzzle. Journal of Financial Economics, 56, 251–291]. Our approach also produces new empirical evidence that weak returns following an equity issue are consistent with pseudo market timing by issuing firms as argued by Schultz [Schultz, P. (2003). Pseudo market timing and the long-run underperformance of IPO's. Journal of Finance, 58, 483–517; Schultz, P. (2004). Pseudo market timing and the stationarity of the event-generating process (Working Paper). University of Norte Dame].
Another Look at the Literary Problem in Clement of Alexandria's Major Writings

CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA'S MAJOR WRITINGS WALTER WAGNER, Assistant Professor of Religion, Upsala College, East Orange, New Jersey The relationship among Clement of Alexandria's three major works, Protreptikos, Paidagogos and Stromateis, has vexed scholars for almost a century. Present state of the question reflects the condition of Clement studies as a whole: a welter of promising insights, ingenious theories, many contradictions and frustrating confusion. Recent attempts to approach the Alexandrine through historical-exegetical procedures have reopened Clement studies and have suggested that re-examination and re-evaluation of his theology are in order.1 The literary question is important to an understanding of Clement's thought, for the relationship of the three works may furnish insight into the structure of his theology. The variety of theories about the relationship indicates that the history of the interpretation of the Church Father is one of disagreements. To clarify the questions involved, the various theses will be surveyed and then another thesis offered. The traditional position holds the three works to be a trilogy in which the Protreptikos and Paidagogos serve as exhortation and instruction for converts and the 'simple faithful," while the Stromateis is esoteric teaching for the gnostic. The main text for this and other theses is Paid. I, 3, 3 But eagerly desiring, then, to perfect us by a gradation for salvation in an effective discipline, a beautiful oikonomia is joined by the all-philanthropic Logos, first exhorting (protrepon), then training (paidagogon) and finally, teaching (ekdidaskon). In the light of earlier statements, Clement clearly depicted the Logos as functioning in three ways. The first two dealt with praktike, while the last with methodike. When the Logos acted in the former manner, He assumed the roles of protreptikos and paidagogos. In dispensing advanced and presumably esoteric guidance, He took the part of didaskalos. Proponents of the traditional thesis noted that two of the three works were titled Protreptikos and Paidagogos, that the Stromateis was obviously related to these, and that Clement indicated that blossoms of gnosis could be discerned in the Stromateis. They concluded that the Stromateis should be considered under the title Diaskalos. On the basis of the opening chapter of the paidagogos they held that Clement not only depicted three functions of the Logos, but also wrote a trilogy which corresponded to those functions.2 1. One noteworthy historical-exegetical study is Georg Kretschmar's unpublished PhD. thesis (University of Heidelberg, 1950), Jesus Christus in der Theologie des Klemens von Alexandrien. The writer is grateful to Dr. Kretschmar for sending a copy to him and for allowing Drew University, Madison, N. J., to microfilm his work. 2. Among the older exponents of the traditional view are John Kaye, Stme Account of the Writings and Opinions of Clement of Alexandria (London, 1835) and William Wilson, The Writings of Clement of Alexandria (Edinburgh, 1901).
The Effects of Exercise on Pubertal Progression and Reproductive Function in Girls

To determine whether a significant energy drain during adolescence had a significant effect on puberty and normal reproductive function, 15 ballet dancers, aged 13--15 yr, who maintained a high level of physical activity from early adolescence were followed for 4.0 yr. Menarche was remarkably delayed in this group, occurring at a mean of 15.4 yr, significantly different (P < 0.01) from normal controls (12.5 yr) and normal music students (12.6 yr). In 2 dancers aged 18 yr, primary amenorrhea has persisted. While premenarchial, all of the dancers had varying breast development (Tanner stages 2--4) and low to low normal gonadotropin levels, normal PRL and T4 levels, and normal skull x-rays. The dancers' mean body weight and calculated body fat were significantly less than in controls (P < 0.05). The progression of sexual development and the onset of menarche correlated in 10 or 15 subjects with a decrease in exercise and/or injury causing forced rest of at least 2-month duration. During this interval, weight gain was minimal or absent, with no significant change in body composition. A significant dichotomy in the order of pubertal development was also noted; while breast development and menarche were delayed, pubic hair development was not affected. Reversion to the amenorrheic state occurred in 11 of 13 patients with a return to exercise without a change in weight. In conclusion, energy drain may have an important modulatory effect on the hypothalamic pituitary set point at puberty and, in combination with low body weight, may prolong the prepubertal state and induce amenorrhea.
Comprehensive Genomic Analysis Identifies Novel Subtypes and Targets of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Purpose: Genomic profiling studies suggest that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease. In this study, we sought to define TNBC subtypes and identify subtype-specific markers and targets. Experimental Design: RNA and DNA profiling analyses were conducted on 198 TNBC tumors [estrogen receptor (ER) negativity defined as Allred scale value ≤ 2] with >50% cellularity (discovery set: n = 84; validation set: n = 114) collected at Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX). An external dataset of seven publically accessible TNBC studies was used to confirm results. DNA copy number, disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed independently using these datasets. Results: We identified and confirmed four distinct TNBC subtypes: (i) luminal androgen receptor (AR; LAR), (ii) mesenchymal (MES), (iii) basal-like immunosuppressed (BLIS), and (iv) basal-like immune-activated (BLIA). Of these, prognosis is worst for BLIS tumors and best for BLIA tumors for both DFS (log-rank test: P = 0.042 and 0.041, respectively) and DSS (log-rank test: P = 0.039 and 0.029, respectively). DNA copy number analysis produced two major groups (LAR and MES/BLIS/BLIA) and suggested that gene amplification drives gene expression in some cases [FGFR2 (BLIS)]. Putative subtype-specific targets were identified: (i) LAR: androgen receptor and the cell surface mucin MUC1, (ii) MES: growth factor receptors [platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor A; c-Kit], (iii) BLIS: an immunosuppressing molecule (VTCN1), and (iv) BLIA: Stat signal transduction molecules and cytokines. Conclusion: There are four stable TNBC subtypes characterized by the expression of distinct molecular profiles that have distinct prognoses. These studies identify novel subtype-specific targets that can be targeted in the future for the effective treatment of TNBCs. Clin Cancer Res; 21(7); 1688–98. ©2014 AACR . See related commentary by Vidula and Rugo, p. 1511