cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time of flight experimental studies of CdZnTe radiation detectors

A time of flight technique was used to study the carrier trapping time, τ, and mobility, μ, in CdZnTe (CZT) and CdTe radiation detectors. Carriers were generated near the surface of the detector by a nitrogen-pumped pulsed dye laser with wavelength ∼500 nm. Signals from generated electrons or holes were measured by a fast oscilloscope and analyzed to determine the trapping time and mobility of carriers. Electron mobility was observed to change with temperature from 1200 cm2/Vs to 2400 cm2/Vs between 293 K and 138 K, respectively. Electron mobilities were observed between 900 cm2/Vs and 1350 cm2/Vs at room temperature for various CZT detectors. Electron mobilities in various CdTe detectors at room temperature were observed between 740 cm2/Vs and 1260 cm2/Vs. Average electron mobility was calculated to be 1120 cm2/Vs and 945 cm2/Vs for CZT and CdTe, respectively. Hole mobilities in both CZT and CdTe were found to vary between 27 cm2/Vs and 66 cm2/Vs. Electron trapping times in CZT at room temperature varied from 1.60 µs to 4.18 µs with an average value of about 2.5 µs. Electron trapping time in CdTe at room temperature varied between 1.7 µs and 4.15 µs with an average value of about 3.1 µs.
Synchrotron Radiation Provides a Plausible Explanation for the Generation of a Free Radical Adduct of Thioxolone in Mutant Carbonic Anhydrase II.

Thioxolone acts as a prodrug in the presence of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), whereby the molecule is cleaved by thioester hydrolysis to the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, 4-mercaptobenzene-1,3-diol (TH0). Thioxolone was soaked into the proton transfer mutant H64A of CA II in an effort to capture a reaction intermediate via X-ray crystallography. Structure determination of the 1.2 A resolution data revealed the TH0 had been modified to a 4,4'-disulfanediyldibenzene-1,3-diol, a product of crystallization conditions, and a zinc ligated 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfenic acid, most likely induced by radiation damage. Neither ligand was likely a result of an enzymatic mechanism.
Volunteerism in Adolescence: A Process Perspective

Previous research has suggested that volunteering may have beneficial developmental consequences for adolescents. However, the sparse research on youth volunteerism is generally limited by a cross-sectional design that does not elucidate causal relations. This study addresses the questions, "Who participates in volunteer work?" and "What are the effects of youth volunteerism?" A panel study of a representative community sample of both volunteers and nonvolunteers indicates that those adolescents who become involved in volunteer activities have higher educational plans and aspirations, higher grade point averages, higher academic self-esteem, and a higher intrinsic motivation toward school work. But irrespective of these bases of selection, there is evidence that volunteering affects important work-related and social outcomes. Volunteering is found to strengthen intrinsic work values and the anticipated importance of community involvement and to decrease the anticipated importance of career.
Acute coronary occlusion and the “power failure” syndrome

Abstract Thirty-seven patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied post mortem. Twenty-five had acute coronary artery occlusion (thrombosis and/or intramural hemorrhage); 22 of these patients showed the clinical “power failure” syndrome (88 per cent). In contrast, only 2 out of 12 patients (17 per cent) who had no demonstrable acute coronary artery occlusion had evidence of “power failure”.
ON SCATTERING IN DISSIMILAR PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS BY A SEMI-INFINITE INTERFACIAL CRACK

This work is concerned with the diffraction and scattering of plane electro-acoustic waves by an interfacial crack between two dissimilar piezoelectric half-spaces. An exact solution is obtained for the full scattering field around the tip of the interfacial crack that is loaded with both acoustic SH and electric incident waves. First, it has been found that the interfacial crack is not completely opaque to the electro-acoustic wave: the electro-acoustic wave can penetrate and transmit to the other side of the interfacial slit. Secondly, the analysis has confirmed that the interaction between electric waves and acoustic waves will provide multiple electro/acoustic head waves. Thirdly, the effects of the electro-acoustic surface wave on the scattering field have been examined. The scattering patterns obtained are fundamentally different from the prediction of the scattering theory for purely elastic media. They provide unique electroacoustic signatures for layered piezoelectric materials.
Race Differences in Strains Associated with Suicidal Behavior among Adolescents

Rising adolescent suicide rates have prompted scholars and practitioners to identify predictive strains. Resulting profiles of suicidal adolescents often assume that a single model is applicable to all adolescent subgroups. Although scholars have repeatedly suggested that suicidal processes may vary for Blacks and Whites, few researchers have examined race differences in suicidal correlates. No studies have tested for process differences by race among adolescents specifically. This study examines social strains contributing to suicidal behavior among adolescents by race. Results support the presence of process differences and delineate the specific nature of these differences. Results hold theoretical and interventionist implications for the contextual nature of suicide among adolescents.
Energy transmission systems

Abstract Various methods of transporting large quantities of energy are compared. The energy source is assumed to be nuclear fission. However, expected significant effects of alternative energy sources are noted. The associated energy distribution system is essentially ignored. The procedure consists of evaluating several different thermal, chemical, and electrical energy forms. Basically, the evaluation is a technical and economic comparison including capital costs and energy loss costs. Additional qualitative evaluation is accomplished by listing significant features of the various energy modes. Results indicate that hydrogen is superior to all forms of energy transport considered. An EVA-ADAM system is intermediate between hydrogen and electricity or hot water. High-voltage electric overhead transmission and hot water are the most expensive systems. In addition, for the case of a large energy center, all of the pipeline methods of energy transport are superior to electric transmission from the viewpoints of heat rejection and the “getaway” problem.
Improving the efficiency of a non-profit supply chain for the food insecure

Abstract This paper focuses on the operational planning issues in a non-profit supply chain that distributes food for the “food insecure”. The study details how by partnering with a local University the organization was able to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations that resulted in more food reaching the food insecure. A detailed simulation model of the warehouse operations where food is processed served as a framework for making changes that improved the efficiency of the operations in terms of handling extra volume without investing in additional warehouse space. In addition, proper demand planning, supply coordination and logistics integration were key drivers for improving the effectiveness of this food supply chain.
The design and operation of an automatic feed dispenser

Abstract An inexpensive, non-electric, compartmentalized, feed dispenser was developed for livebait for skipjack tuna and tested for 3 years. It operates on the same principle as a clypsydra water clock, does not require electrical power, sophisticated components, or expensive materials, and is reasonably simple to construct and operate.
Quantitative Storm using Organic Dyes

Quantitative super-resolution imaging is important for understanding and determining the exact stoichiometry of molecular complexes or oligomerization states of proteins within a cell. This has been done previously using fluorescence proteins, however these proteins require extensive computational correction due to their blinking. Organic dyes are commonly used for super-resolution imaging because of their high photon numbers, unfortunately blinking corrections for these dyes are very difficult. Here, we develop a technique for quantitative super resolution microscopy that allows us to count the absolute number of molecules using organic “caged” dyes, which do not blink. We calibrate our system and find that caged-fluorescein and caged-carborhodamine, when conjugated with SNAP-tag labeling, allow for quantitative counting of targets. We apply this technique to the characterization of the oligomerization states of chemokine receptors in mammalian cells.
Rapidly inactivating and non-inactivating calcium-activated potassium currents in frog saccular hair cells.

Using a semi-intact epithelial preparation we examined the Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) currents of frog (Rana pipiens) saccular hair cells. After blocking voltage-dependent K+ (KV) currents with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) an outward current containing inactivating (Itransient) and non-inactivating (Isteady) components remained. The contribution of each varied greatly from cell to cell, with Itransient contributing from 14 to 90 % of the total outward current. Inactivation of Itransient was rapid (τ≈ 2–3 ms) and occurred within the physiological range of membrane potentials (V1/2=−63 mV). Recovery from inactivation was also rapid (τ≈ 10 ms). Suppression of both Itransient and Isteady by depolarizations that approached the Ca2+ equilibrium potential and by treatments that blocked Ca2+ influx (application Ca2+-free saline or Cd2+), suggest both are Ca2+ dependent. Both were blocked by iberiotoxin, a specific blocker of large-conductance KCa channels (BK), but not by apamin, a specific blocker of small-conductance KCa channels. Ensemble-variance analysis showed that Itransient and Isteady flow through two distinct populations of channels, both of which have a large single-channel conductance (∼100 pS in non-symmetrical conditions). Together, these data indicate that both Itransient and Isteady are carried through BK channels, one of which undergoes rapid inactivation while the other does not. Inactivation of Itransient could be removed by extracellular papain and could later be restored by intracellular application of the ‘ball’ domain of the auxiliary subunit (β2) thought to mediate BK channel inactivation in rat chromaffin cells. We hypothesize that Itransient results from the association of a similar β subunit with some of the BK channels and that papain removes inactivation by cleaving extracellular sites required for this association.
USEFULNESS OF URINARY 6β-HYDROXYCORTISOL (6βOHF) EXCRETION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME

Rapid and simple laboratory diagnosis of cortisol excess due to Cushing's syndrome is highly desirable. To date chronic over-production of cortisol and loss of diurnal cortisol variation are considered to be the most consistent metabolic abnormalities in Cushing's syndrome. Nonetheless free urinary cortisol (F) and plasma cortisol levels may yield false negative results. We therefore applied a recently developed RIA for 6βOHF. 6βOHF is the major unconjugated urinary metabolite of cortisol. In the evaluation of 33 adolescents and young adults for Cushing's syndrome near normal 17OH corticosteroids (<14mg/24h) and/or F (<120μg/24 h) were found in 6 patients. 6βOHF was at least 10 times abovenl in all 33 patients (mean: 8.11mg/24±2.01(SE)mg/24h vs nl 0.4±0.1 mg/24h). The ratio of 6βOHF/F was also markedly elevated (mean 14.8±3.3; vs nl 6.7±1). The highest 6βOHF excretion was seen in patients with ectopic ACTH production and adrenal cancer (35 and 75mg/24 hr respectively). The data show that 6βOHF is a rapid and reliable test for hypercortisolemia due to Cushing's syndrome. 6βOHF proved to discriminate better than either 17OH corticosteroids or F; no false negative or positive cases were seen in the present series. Our data suggest further that excess ACTH indirectly and cortisol directly induce 6β-hydroxylase activity causing highly diagnostic increases in 6βOHF excretion. Measurement of urinary 6βOHF is therefore suggested as a new, clinically useful test in the evaluation of hypercortisolemic states in adolescence.
Crack propagation by differential insolation on desert surface clasts

Abstract In the southwest U.S., cracks in alluvial fan surface clasts have a preferred orientation independent of rock fabric and shape. In this paper, we show that differential insolation of incipient cracks of random orientations predicts a distribution of crack orientations consistent with field observations. In this model, crack growth by hydration and/or thermal weathering is primarily a function of local water content at the crack tip. Crack tips that experience minimal solar insolation maintain a greater average moisture and, hence, weather more rapidly than cracks that experience greater solar insolation. To show this, we used a numerical radiative transfer code to quantify the solar insolation of rectangular cracks at 35° N. latitude with a range of depths and orientations. The amount of solar energy reaching the bottom of each crack was calculated at 5-min intervals over the day for several days of the year to determine hourly, daily, seasonal, and annual energy deposition as a function of crack depth and orientation. By assuming that only crack orientations that effectively shield their interiors and minimize their water loss are able to grow, the pattern of cracks produced by the model is consistent with field observations. The annual average insolation, which controls water retention, is associated with the two primary modes of crack orientation. The effect of daily recharge by summer rains of the North American monsoon system is consistent with the observed deviations from these primary modes. Model results suggest that both the annual average insolation and the daily pattern of rainfall is recorded in the preferred crack orientations of surface clasts in the southwest U.S.
Chemical characterization and toxicological testing of windrow composts from explosives-contaminated sediments

Aerated and nonaerated windrow composts of explosives-contaminated sediments at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity (UMDA, Hermiston, OR) were characterized chemically and toxicologically as a function of composting time. The concentrations of explosives in organic solvent extracts of the composts and in the aqueous leachates of the composts, the bacterial mutagenicity of organic solvent extracts from the composts, and the toxicity of aqueous leachates from the composts to Ceriodaphnia dubia all declined rapidly with composting. The nonaerated windrow method of composting was slightly more efficient than was the aerated windrow method for reducing explosives concentrations in the composts and in their leachates. Extractable mutagenicity declined 99.7 and 97.9%, respectively, for strains TA-98 and TA-100 (without S-9 metabolic activation) in the nonaerated compost. The two types (aerated and nonaerated) of windrow composts had about the same level of efficiency in lowering leachable toxicity based on reductions in C. dubia survival and fecundity, respectively. Thus, windrow composting appeared to be at least as effective as static-pile and mechanically stirred composting evaluated previously. Windrow composting also appeared to be somewhat more effective for HMX transformation.
Mars microprobe project instrumentation package

Abstract The Mars Microprobe Project is a technology validation mission in NASA's New Millennium Program. The project is developing a pair of small, two-piece probes for delivery to the surface of Mars in December of 1999. Descent from orbit to the surface is accomplished with a passive single-stage non-erosive aeroshell designed specifically for this mission. Upon impact each probe separates into a section that penetrates into the Martian regolith and a section that remains on the surface. This design provides an opportunity to collect scientific data both on and up to two meters beneath the surface. The instrumentation package of the Mars Microprobe includes a meteorological instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure and temperature, accelerometers to measure the atmospheric drag on the probe aeroshell during descent, accelerometers for measuring the forces on the probe at impact, temperature sensors in the penetrator to measure the soil thermal conductivity at depth, and an experiment to collect a small sample of the Martian regolith and determine if water is present in the sample. An overview of the instrument design and implementation is reported along with the results of the environmental tests and instrument calibration.
Characterization of polymer surface structure and surface mechanical behaviour by sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to study polymer surface structure and surface mechanical behaviour, specifically to study the relationships between the surface properties of polymers and their bulk compositions and the environment to which the polymer is exposed. The combination of SFG surface vibrational spectroscopy and AFM has been used to study surface segregation behaviour of polyolefin blends at the polymer/air and polymer/solid interfaces. SFG surface vibrational spectroscopy and AFM experiments have also been performed to characterize the properties of polymer/liquid and polymer/polymer interfaces, focusing on hydrogel materials. A method was developed to study the surface properties of hydrogel contact lens materials at various hydration conditions. Finally, the effect of mechanical stretching on the surface composition and surface mechanical behaviour of phase-separated polyurethanes, used in biomedical implant devices, has been studied by both SFG surface vibrational spectroscopy and AFM.
A preliminary theoretical line-blanketed model solar photosphere

A preliminary theoretical solar model is presented that produces closer agreement with observation than has been heretofore possible. The qualitative advantages and shortcomings of this model are discussed and projected improvements are outlined.
Derivation and Validation of a Short Emergency Department Screening Tool for Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: The PErpetrator RaPid Scale (PERPS)

Abstract Background There is no short screening tool for perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV), although one is needed. Objective To retrospectively derive and prospectively validate a brief screening tool for perpetrators of IPV: the PErpetration RaPid Scale (PERPS). Methods In the derivation phase of the study, we developed the PERPS based on historical data. The PERPS consists of three Yes/No questions about physical abuse of a partner. In the validation phase, we prospectively screened subjects during randomized 4-h shifts in a busy emergency department (ED). Subjects were asked to complete the newly derived three-question PERPS as well as the Physical Abuse of Partner Scale (PAPS), a 25-question Likert scale that is the gold standard for detection of physical abuse of a partner. The main outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, accuracy, and Cronbach alpha of the PERPS for internal consistency. Results The PERP Scale derivation was based on a 207-subject historical database, and resulted in a three-question PERPS. Validation was completed on a new set of 214 patients presenting to the ED during 52 randomized 4-h shifts. The prevalence of IPV perpetration using the PERPS was 47/207 (22.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 16–27). For the PAPS, prevalence was 56/207 (27%; 95% CI 20–32). Compared with the PAPS, the sensitivity of the PERPS was 66%, specificity 93%, negative predictive value 87%, positive predictive value 78%, with an accuracy of 85%. Cronbach alpha of the PERPS was 0.68. Age, gender, and race were not predictive of positive results on either scale. Conclusion We successfully derived and validated a three-question perpetrator of IPV scale that can be used in a busy ED or office setting.
Governing boards and profound organizational change in hospitals.

Over the past decade the importance of governing boards as policy-making setting and oversight units within organizations has increased dramatically. Although this is true for both corporate- and private-sector organizations (Bacon and Brown 1977; Gelman 1988), it is particularly relevant to the health sector. Hospital governing boards, long considered inconsequential in hospital management, have recently become subject to closer scrutiny. The role of governing boards in decisions affecting hospital strategy and hospital performance is once again a topic of some interest in boardrooms and hospital trade journals. Impressive evidence of the renewed interest in governance is provided by the funding of an instructional consortium by the S.K. Kellogg Foundation to help strengthen trusteeship and governing board decision making, and to improve education for health services managers in the area of governance. Members of the consortium include the Hospital Research and Educational Trust, the American Hospital Association, the American College of Healthcare Executives, and the Association for University Programs in Health Administration. Among the activities being undertaken by this consortium is the development of a self-assessment tool/methodology for boards, a bibliography and reference guide on effective governance for practicing trustees, research workshops for faculty in health administration programs, and a teaching guide on governance and trustee leadership. Despite this interest, the question with which we began this article persists. Do governing boards make a difference? In the course of our review of previous work on governance we found that, more often than not, that question has been transformed into: how do boards influence hospital performance? And very often that question has been further narrowed into: which board structure leads to better hospital performance? We have argued for a respecification of the initial question. Rather than pursuing a definition of the maximally performing governing board, we should perhaps shift our focus back to a fuller understanding of board structure and function, and its influence on hospital change. The model developed here combines four essential, and very basic, questions: 1. What are the basic dimensions that underlie structural variation in different types of governing boards? 2. How do these board types influence structural change in hospitals? 3. How is the effect of board influence on change itself likely to change over time as a function of the hospital's general pattern of growth, decline, stability, or instability?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Solid-state electric generator based on chemically induced internal electron emission in metal-semiconductor heterojunction nanostructures

Internal electron emission induced by hydrogen oxidation to water on surface of Pd/n-SiC heterojunction nanostructures is observed and the possibility for a new type of chemoelectrical power generator is discussed. The noble metal nanolayer serves both as reaction catalyst and emitter of hot electrons traveling over Schottky barrier and toward semiconductor anode. In situ chemical process provides significantly higher output of hot electrons compared to devices with externally heated cathodes. Large fraction of the hot electrons is generated nonadiabatically to complement the usual thermal excitation, leading to very high total internal quantum efficiency of the device, reaching 0.20 for the nanostructure studied here.
The antioxidant efficiency of vitamin C is concentration-dependent

The inhibition of autoxidation of plasma lipids by vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been studied. The ascorbate stoichiometric factor, n, i.e., the number of peroxyl radicals trapped by each ascorbate molecule, decreases as the concentration of ascorbate increases. This is attributed to the fact that ascorbate not only acts as a radical-trapping antioxidant, but can also undergo autoxidation. The data indicate that n → 2.0 as [ascorbate] → 0 and that n → 0 as [ascorbate] → ∞. This concentration-dependent behaviour accounts for the wide variation of n values reported in the literature. It is suggested that this autoxidative destruction of ascorbate may play a role regulating its concentration in blood plasma.
Consonances and controversies: Investigation and its discontents revisited

Abstract The author responds to the commentaries of 13 experts on his 1980 American Psychologist article, “Investigation and its discontents: On some constraints on progress in psychological research.” Among the themes addressed are the role of theory in psychological research, the meanings and implications of “productivity” by scholars and researchers, the role of grants, and of money in general, in directing research efforts, and the relation between psychological and neuropsychological research.
Ionic composition of cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias--I. Normal values.

Abstract 1. 1. Electrocytes of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and aqueous humor were analyzed in about 200 spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias . 2. 2. In the awter of these two special fluids the following significant differences from plasma water were found: Cl − was 7 per cent higher in CSF; Na + and K + were slightly or questionably higher in CSF and aqueous. 3. 3. CO 2 equilibria and osmolarity were the same among the three fluids. 4. 4. Comparison with patterns in other vertebrates was made; the outstanding differences is the lack of K + deficit in the CSF of S. acanthias .
Apoptosis in differentiating C2C12 muscle cells selectively targets Bcl-2-deficient myotubes

Muscle cell apoptosis accompanies normal muscle development and regeneration, as well as degenerative diseases and aging. C2C12 murine myoblast cells represent a common model to study muscle differentiation. Though it was already shown that myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells is accompanied by enhanced apoptosis in a fraction of cells, either the cell population sensitive to apoptosis or regulatory mechanisms for the apoptotic response are unclear so far. In the current study we characterize apoptotic phenotypes of different types of C2C12 cells at all stages of differentiation, and report here that myotubes of differentiated C2C12 cells with low levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression are particularly vulnerable to apoptosis even though they are displaying low levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bak and Bad. In contrast, reserve cells exhibit higher levels of Bcl-2 and high resistance to apoptosis. The transfection of proliferating myoblasts with Bcl-2 prior to differentiation did not protect against spontaneous apoptosis accompanying differentiation of C2C12 cells but led to Bcl-2 overexpression in myotubes and to significant protection from apoptotic cell loss caused by exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Overall, our data advocate for a Bcl-2-dependent mechanism of apoptosis in differentiated muscle cells. However, downstream processes for spontaneous and hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis are not completely similar. Apoptosis in differentiating myoblasts and myotubes is regulated not through interaction of Bcl-2 with pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bax, Bak, and Bad.
Urinary peptide hydroxyproline before and during postpartum involution of human uterus.

Abstract The metabolic fate of collagen during the involution of the uterus was studied by sequential analysis of urinary peptide hydroxyproline in 6 pregnant women during the second half of pregnancy and puerperium. The pattern of increasing levels of urinary peptide hydroxyproline during pregnancy and decreasing levels during the early puerperium suggests that involution of the uterus has little effect on the excretion of peptide hydroxyproline. Similar studies of a patient with massive intravascular hemolysis demonstrated that peptide hydroxyproline is decreased but not totally destroyed in the presence of large amounts of erythrocyte prolidase, a specific peptidase for the hydrolysis of the major peptide hydroxyproline linkage. Thus, there is no known way for peptide hydroxyproline to escape undetected from the body, since peptide hydroxyproline cannot be metabolized to carbon dioxide. It is suggested that the collagen is resorbed from the uterus in a non-destructive manner during postpartum involution.
SOME OF THE FACTORS CONTROLLING GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE RIGHT GONAD IN FEMALE DOMESTIC FOWL.

Abstract The presence of the normal left ovary inhibits the development of both the cortical and medullary components of the rudimentary right gonad in fowl. Physiological amounts of estradiol benzoate (1 μg/100 gm body weight) completely inhibited the development of medullary tissue in ovariectomized fowl (poulards) but did not inhibit cortical tissue to the same extent as in the intact pullet. An ovarian brei, containing no detectable sex steroids (i.e., amounts of estrogen and androgen capable of feminizing plumage or causing comb growth) significantly retarded the growth and differentiation of the right gonad in poulards. Hypophysectomy completely inhibited the development of the right gonad in poulards. Severe thyroid insufficiency, induced by propylthiouracil, significantly suppressed or retarded the growth of this rudimentary organ. The results of these and other experiments indicate that the avian ovary produces one or more specific substances which inhibit the development of the right gonad. Suppression of this gonadal tissue following hypophysectomy is probably due to the lack of several trophic hormones, rather than to the absence of specific gonadotropins.
Anharmonicity in metals from the universal energy equation

A theoretical computation of vibrational anharmonicity is presented which is a generalization of the simple Gruneisen approach. The calculation was based on a model that defines a simple relationship between the binding energy of a solid and the variation of vibration frequencies with volume. The agreement between calculated and experimental Gruneisen constants is good.
Cognition and Religion

Recent developments inspired by cognitive science have significant implications for the sociologi cal study of religion. Studies in cognitive anthropology and related fields such as neuroscience, cogni tive psychology, and linguistics clarify the processes by which information is structured, given mean ing, and remembered. This work provides new concepts and techniques for investigating topics that have long been central to the study of religion, including cultural schemas, metaphors, and narratives. These topics hold special promise for applications to the study of religious identity, practice, and expe rience.
Teratologic and postnatal evaluation of aniline hydrochloride in the Fischer 344 rat

Abstract Teratologic and Postnatal Evaluation of Aniline Hydrochloride in the Fischer 344 Rat. PRICE, C. J., TYL, R. W., MARKS, T. A., PASCHKE, L, L., LEDoux, T. A., AND REEL, J. R. (1985). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77, 465-478.Timed-pregnant Fischer 344 rats were dosed by gavage with aniline hydrochloride (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day), a positive control agent (hydroxyurea, 200 mg/kg/day), or vehicle (distilled water) on gestational days (gd) 7 through 20 or gd 7 through parturition. At termination on gd 20 confirmed-pregnant dams exhibited characteristic signs of aniline HCl toxicity, i.e., methemoglobinemia, increased relative spleen weight, decreased red blood cell (RBC) count, and hematological changes indicative of increased hematopoietic activity. High-dose dams exhibited mild methemoglobinemia, increased relative spleen weight, and increased RBC size at termination on postnatal day (pnd) 30. At termination on gd 20, fetuses from aniline-treated dams exhibited increased relative liver weight and enhanced hematopoietic activity, but no evidence of an embryolethal or teratogenic effect was observed. Postnatal signs of toxicity in litters from aniline-treated dams (i.e., decreased body weight, elevated relative liver weight, and elevated relative spleen weight) were transient, and no evidence of toxicity was observed in pups surviving to pnd 60. Hydroxyurea (200 mg/kg/day) administered by gavage proved to be an excellent positive control for embryotoxicity, maternal toxicity, teratogenicity, and postnatal maturational deficits in the Fischer 344 rat. In conclusion, aniline hydrochloride was not teratogenic to Fischer 344 rats, even at maternally toxic doses; transient signs of toxicity were observed postnatally in the offspring in conjunction with mild, but persisten signs of maternal toxicity through pnd 30.
Unintegrated ribosomal genes in diploid and polytene tissues of Drosophila melanogaster.

We have examined DNA from polytene salivary glands and diploid brains and imaginal discs of male and female larvae having one or two nucleolus organizers. DNA having an estimated molecular weight of 5×109 or greater was obtained by sucrose gradient sedimentation of gently prepared lysates. Hybridization of the gradient fractions with 3H-ribosomal RNA reveals that 42% of the ribosomal genes are found in DNA of lower molecular weight (approximately 3×108 daltons) in the salivary glands of every genotype examined. In the brains and imaginai discs, by contrast, all of the ribosomal genes are found in the high molecular weight peak except in females with one nucleolus organizer where 42% are found in lower molecular weight DNA, as in the salivary gland. Thus unintegrated genes are not an exclusive feature of polytene tissue, but can occur in diploid tissue as well in at least one genotype.
Expressing Ideas through Gesture, Time, and Space

(1995). Expressing Ideas through Gesture, Time, and Space. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 66, Buyer's Guide Issue, pp. 18-21.
Alternative patterns of chiral symmetry breaking in QCD

We consider the particle spectrum that QCD with n flavors of massless quarks would have if a quark-quark condensate formed in the color triplet channel, rather than a quark-antiquark condensate in the color singlet channel. We find observable massless fermions which carry baryon number ±1. We also consider an arbitrary number of colors, and find similar results when the number of colors is odd. Our results always satisfy 't Hooft's anomaly constraints.
Neighborhood, school, and family effects on the frequency of alcohol use among Toronto youth.

This study examines the effect of neighborhood, school, and family indicators on adolescent drinking. The Toronto Drugs, Alcohol, and Violence International (DAVI) data were collected in 2001–2002. The sample was stratified both by region (city vs. outskirts) and by the socio-economic status of the schools. Two schools from each stratum were randomly selected and 910 students completed the survey. The survey contains extensive measures of substance use, violence, and mental health. The study uses cluster analysis and multinomial logits to examine the variation in the effect of schools, family, and demographic indicators on alcohol use across neighborhood contexts. Study implications and suggestions for future research are included. The study was partially funded by NIDA grant #R01-DA11691–01A1.
Bromination of α-Benzylidene-γ-butyrolactone

The N-bromosuccinimide bromination of α-benzylidene-γ-butyrolactone (1) proceeds with allylic rearrangement to yield 3-(α-bromobenzyl)-2(5H)-furanone (3a). A number of reactions of this compound are described. Bromination of 1 with elemental bromine leads to α-bromo-α-(α-bromobenzyl)-γ-butyrolactone. Substituierte γ-Lactone, XXVII. — Bromierung von α-Benzyliden-γ-butyrolacton Die Bromierung von α-Benzyliden-γ-butyrolacton (1) mit N-Bromsuccinimid verlauft unter Allylumlagerung zu 3-(α-Brombenzyl)-2(5H)-furanon (3a). Eine Anzahl von Reaktionen mit dieser Verbindung wird beschrieben. Die Bromierung von 1 mit elementarem Brom fuhrt zur Anlagerungsverbindung α-Brom-α-(α-brombenzyl)-γ-butyrolacton.
Rôle of the Autosomes in the Drosophila Pseudoobscura Hybrids.

Lancefield(1) discovered that the species Drosophila pseudoobscura consists of two races, called race A and race B, respectively. Completely sterile males and partially fertile females appear in the offspring if the races are intercrossed. Males coming from the cross, B♀ X A♂, have rudimentary testes that are smaller in size than the testes of normal males. Testes of the A♀ X B♂ hybrid males are normal in size but incapable of producing functional sperm.
Additive Effects of Parent Adherence on Social and Behavioral Outcomes of a Collaborative School–Home Behavioral Intervention for ADHD

The present study evaluated the impact of the Collaborative Life Skills Program (CLS), a novel school–home psychosocial intervention, on social and behavioral impairments among children with attention and behavior problems. Fifty-seven ethnically/racially diverse children (70 % boys) with attention and/or behavior problems in the second through fifth grades participated in a pilot study. Ten school-based mental health professionals were trained and then implemented the intervention at their respective schools. Children significantly improved from pre- to post-treatment on parent, teacher, and report card ratings of children’s social and behavioral functioning. Treatment improvements were consistent for children with and without co-occurring disruptive behavior problems. The impact of the intervention was enhanced when parents used the intervention strategies more regularly, according to both clinicians’ and parents’ reports. Findings support the emphasis of CLS on coordinating intervention strategies across contexts to facilitate the generalization of treatment-related improvements in social and behavioral functioning.
The Journal of Economic Perspectives at 100 (Issues)

When I was a graduate student, I discovered that the Journal of Economic Perspectives embodied much of what I love about the field of economics: the clarity that pierces rhetoric to seek the core of a question; the rigor to identify the causal relationships, tradeoffs, and indeterminancies inherent in a problem; the self-assurance to apply the disciplinary toolkit to problems both sacred and profane; and the force of logic to reach conclusions that might be unexpected, controversial, or refreshingly bland. It never occurred to me in those years that one day I would edit the journal. While doing so is a privilege and a pleasure, I equally confess that it's no small weight to be the custodial parent of one of our profession's most beloved offspring. No less intimidating is the task of stipulating what this upstart youth has accomplished in its first 25 years and 100 issues in print. Like any empiricist, I recognize that the counterfactual world that would exist without the JEP is unknowable, but my strong hunch is that our profession would be worse off in that counterfactual world. In this essay, I reflect on the journal's accomplishments and articulate some of my own goals for the JEP going forward.
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NOSE UTILIZING A BILOBED FLAP

Background. Defects of the distal nose are particularly challenging to reconstruct because of this area's unique texture, lack of elasticity, and possible distortion of the alar rim. The bilobed flap has been criticized for having a high incidence of “trapdooring,” flap necrosis, dog ears, and prominent suture lines. Methods. Patients who underwent bilobed flap repairs of the distal nose (n = 171) were reviewed for complications and cosmetic results. The modifications from the traditional design include minimizing the angle of transposition between lobes, thinning of the flap, basing the pedicle on the lateral aspect of the nose, and creating the lobes of the flap to be of equal diameter to the defect. Results. There was a 3% incidence of infection, 7% incidence of partial flap necrosis, and 5% incidence of “trapdooring” and contour distortion. Color match and contour were excellent for all other patients. Conclusions. The modified bilobed flap is an excellent choice for reconstruction of defects of the lower nose because of the good skin match and low incidence of complications.
Plastic fiber optics. II: loss measurements and loss mechanisms.

Transmission loss in plastic optical fibers was investigated for axial, small numerical aperture input. The loss coefficient α was determined as a function of wavelength λ by varying sample length and using filters. More extensive information on α(λ) was obtained by use of a monochromator with transmission at a particular λ standardized by independent measurement. Measurement in white light of scattered intensity as a function of position along a fiber yielded α and an estimate of scattering power. Analyses of the scattering data and the variation of α with λ suggest that scattering is the principal loss mechanism.
Automatic elaborative encoding in children’s associative memory

The present study was conducted to evaluate pictorial elaboration effects in children’s incidental paired associate memory. The design of the experiment consisted of a 2 by 2 by 2 by 5 factorial with grade level (kindergarten vs. second), pictorial presentation (standard vs. elaborated), list (two 14-pair lists of common noun referents), and instruction (a memory control and four different incidental memory conditions). One hundred and twenty children at each grade level were tested individually by the study-test paired associate method. The results indicate that pictorial elaboration facilitated paired associate performance relative to standard presentation; this outcome was not influenced by the factor of age or of instruction. The results were interpreted in terms of an automatic encoding hypothesis.
Surgical resection of primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies following portal vein embolization.

Background Portal vein embolization (PVE) has been used to induce hypertrophy in future liver remnants (FLRs) in preparation for major hepatic resection. We report our initial experience with PVE and identify potential predictors of unresectability following PVE. Methods Patients with primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies (n = 20) who underwent PVE between 2004 and 2008 were categorized by surgical resection status and clinicopathologic factors were compared. Results The cohort had the following histologies: colorectal adenocarcinoma (45%, n = 9), hepatocellular carcinoma (20%), cholangiocarcinoma (20%), and other (15%). Seven patients (35%) had previous liver-directed or regional therapy; 55% subsequently underwent successful liver resection, whereas 45% were deemed unresectable. Patients who underwent successful resection had tumor shrinkage after PVE compared to unresectable patients (% change in maximal tumor diameter, −6% vs. +45%, respectively; P = 0.027) and had a lower rate of baseline liver function test abnormality (0% vs. 56%, respectively; P = 0.004). Resected patients had an 83% 5-year overall survival. Conclusions Baseline liver dysfunction may predict subsequent unresectable hepatic disease following PVE and tumor progression after PVE appears to increase the likelihood for finding unresectable hepatic disease. Select patients should be considered for PVE with careful surveillance during the period of FLR hypertrophy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:184–190. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biotreatment of coals and coal-related compounds by hydrogen-utilizing microorganisms

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Acidianus brierleyi were used to study hydrogenation of coal, pretreated coal, asphaltenes, and model compounds [diphenyl methane (DPM) and fumarate] under anaerobic conditions. This study involved three primary aspects: (1) determination of net hydrogen-uptake, (2) identification of the biohydrogenated product of fumarate, and (3) testing the influence of hydrogen uptake/biohydrogenation of coal in terms of direct liquefaction yield. The net hydrogen uptake values (from Warburg and GC assays) by the coals or the model compounds (controls) were less than that of the biotreated samples. The greated hydrogen uptake (net, 1878 μmol g−1; coal control, 245; cell control, 127) occurred in untreated coal KCER No. 4677 in the presence of D. desulfuricans. The net hydrogen uptake by coals varied depending upon the coal type and the microorganism. Model compound DPM showed its highest hydrogen uptake rate when catalysed by D. desulfuricans (150 μmol g−1 h−1). D. desulfuricans also hydrogenated 36% of the fumarate to succinate in the presence of hydrogen. Biotrated coal KCER No. 4677 (with 1878 μmol H2 g−1) was subsequently subjected to direct liquefaction. It showed a net increase in liquefaction yield of 5·4% as a result of the biotreament.
Chamber Theatre by Any Other Name...

In this essay Chamber Theatre, a group form of interpretation which stages prose fiction, is described and defined in terms of its differences to Readers Theatre, and in terms of three considerations: narrator and point of view, past tense and epic mode. Chamber Theatre handles only prose fiction and because of the nature of this particular genre, demands a different kind of presentation than other group forms of interpretation.
A Matter of Quantum Voltages

Voltages inside matter are relevant to crystallization, materials science, biology, catalysis, and aqueous chemistry. The variation of voltages in matter can be measured by experiment, however, modern supercomputers allow the calculation of accurate quantum voltages with spatial resolutions of bulk systems well beyond what can currently be measured provided a sufficient level of theory is employed. Of particular interest is the Mean Inner Potential (Vo) – the spatial average of these quantum voltages referenced to the vacuum. Here we establish a protocol to reliably evaluate Vo from quantum calculations. Voltages are very sensitive to the distribution of electrons and provide metrics to understand interactions in condensed phases. In the present study, we find excellent agreement with measurements of Vo for vitrified water and salt crystals and demonstrate the impact of covalent and ionic bonding as well as intermolecular/atomic interactions. Certain aspects in this regard are highlighted making use of simple model systems/approximations. Furthermore, we predict Vo as well as the fluctuations of these voltages in aqueous NaCl electrolytes and characterize the changes in their behavior as the resolution increases below the size of atoms.
Syzygy: native PC cluster VR

The Syzygy software library consists of tools for programming VR applications on PC clusters. Since the PC cluster environment presents application development constraints, it is impossible to simultaneously optimize for efficiency, flexibility, and portability between the single-computer and cluster cases. Consequently Syzygy includes two application frameworks: a distributed scene graph framework for rendering a single application's graphics database on multiple rendering clients, and a master/slave framework for applications with multiple synchronized instances. Syzygy includes a simple distributed OS and supports networked input devices, sound renderers, and graphics renderers, all built on a robust networking layer.
PROCESSING OF FULLERENE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES

This work has been motivated by the current interest in using fullerenes as a possible reinforcement in structural materials. The fullerenes (of which C60 is the most common) are nanometer in size and have been observed to be stable in contact with various metal systems. Therefore, they offer a nanosize reinforcement that is lightweight and hollow. In this research the emphasis was on processing metals with fullerene additions where the fullerenes were dispersed throughout the metal. Various processing approaches were employed to produce nanocrystalline materials, thin films, and powder-processed composites. Indications are that fullerenes remained unaltered with each processing approach in matrices of tin, copper, and aluminum. A key aspect of the processing of metals containing dispersed fullerenes was the use of fullerene sublimation. Along with the various processing methods identified, the methods of characterizing the fullerenes in the metals were also identified.