cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large area epitaxial method for high brightness 655 nm AlGaAs double heterostructure red LEDs

Abstract In this study, a novel graphite boat was developed. This boat, with a three-tiered design, allows the growth of a multi-layer AlGaAs/GaAs double heterostructure (DH) to take place by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) on 2 pieces of 40 mm diameter substrates per growth run. A shutter separates the three melt reservoirs located in the upper tier from the slider. The shutter lets the melt transfer from the melt reservoir to the slider. The slider has three wells, each large enough to cover 2 pieces of 40 mm diameter substrates. With this design, the graphite boat makes a sequential selection and dropping of the mell at desired time intervals possible. Preliminary results on 655 nm AlGaAs/GaAs DH red light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by this novel graphite boat show very good uniformity and reproducibility, and hold promise for mass production and economical liquid phase epitaxy systems for fabricating such LEDs.
Competition between intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding : Effect on para/ortho adsorptive selectivity for substituted phenols

This study examines the molecular basis for para/ortho selectivity in the adsorption of two phenol derivatives from a nonpolar solvent onto an acrylic ester sorbent. Experimental results show that p-methyl hydroxybenzoate (p-MHB) and p-hydroxyacetophenone (p-HAP) adsorb with a 400-fold higher affinity than their ortho isomers. The adsorption results are interpreted using infrared spectroscopy, free energy calculations, and ab initio calculations using the small molecule ethyl propionate (EP) as an analogue of the hydrogen bond accepting site of the acrylic ester sorbent. Free energy calculations show that p-MHB and p-HAP bind to EP primarily via an intermolecular hydrogen bond to the carbonyl oxygen of EP. In contrast, o-MHB and o-HAP possess strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds that are retained upon complexation with EP. As a consequence, complexation between the ortho isomers and EP involves not intermolecular hydrogen bonding but other, weaker interactions. Although the free energy calculations reveal...
A formal basis for an abbreviated concept-based query language

Abstract Concept-based query languages allow users to specify queries directly against conceptual schemas. The primary goal of their development is ease-of-use and user-friendliness. However, existing concept-based query languages require the end-user to explicitly specify query paths in totality, thereby rendering such systems not as easy to use and user-friendly as they could be. The conceptual query language (CQL) discussed in this paper also allows end-users to specify queries directly against the conceptual schemas of database applications, using concepts and constructs that are native to and exist on the schemas. Unlike other existing concept-based query languages, however, CQL queries are abbreviated, i.e., the entire path of a query does not have to be specified. CQL is, therefore, an abbreviated concept-based query language. CQL is developed with the aim of combining the ease-of-use and user-friendliness of concept-based languages with the power of formal languages. It does not require end-users to be familiar with the structure and organization of the application database, but only with the content. Therefore, it makes minimal demands on end-users' cognitive knowledge of database technology without sacrificing expressive power. In this paper, the formal semantics and the theoretical basis of CQL are presented. It is shown that, while CQL is easy to use and user-friendly, it is nonetheless more than first-order complete. A contribution of this study is the use of the semantic roles played by entities in their associations with other entities to support abbreviated conceptual queries. Although only mentioned here in passing, a prototype of CQL has been implemented as a front-end to a relational database manager.
Seasonal variation in hippocampal volume in a food-storing bird, the black-capped chickadee

Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) in upstate New York show a peak in food-hoarding intensity in October. We caught chickadees at six different times of the year and measured the volume of several brain structures. We found that the hippocampal formation, which is involved in spatial memory for cached food items, has a larger volume, relative to the rest of the brain, in October than at any other time of the year. We conclude that there is an association between the intensity of food hoarding and the volume of the hippocampal formation and suggest that the enhanced anatomy might be caused by the increased use of spatial memory.
The cytoprotective role of taurine in exercise-induced muscle injury.

Intense exercise is thought to increase oxidative stress and damage muscle tissue. Taurine is present in high concentration in skeletal muscle and may play a role in cellular defenses against free radical-mediated damage. The aim of this study was to determine if manipulating muscle levels of taurine would alter markers of free radical damage after exercise-induced injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented via the drinking water with either 3% (w/v) taurine (n = 10) or the competitive taurine transport inhibitor, β-alanine (n = 10), for one month. Controls (n = 20) drank tap water containing 0.02% taurine and all rats were placed on a taurine free diet. All the rats except one group of sedentary controls (n = 10) were subjected to 90 minutes of downhill treadmill running. Markers of cellular injury and free radical damage were determined along with tissue amino acid content. The 3% taurine treatment raised plasma levels about 2-fold and 3% β-alanine reduced plasma taurine levels about 50%. Taurine supplementation (TS) significantly increased plasma glutamate levels in exercised rats. Exercise reduced plasma methionine levels and taurine prevented its decline. Taurine supplementation increased muscle taurine content significantly in all muscles except the soleus. β-alanine decreased muscle taurine content about 50% in all the muscles examined. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was significantly increased by exercise in the extensor digitorium longus (EDL) and gastrocnemius (GAST) muscles. Both taurine and β-alanine completely blocked the increase in TBARs in the EDL, but had no effect in the GAST. Muscle content of the cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly decreased by exercise in the GAST muscle and this effect was attenuated by both taurine and β-alanine. Muscle myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was significantly elevated in the gastrocnemius muscle, but diet had no effect. MPO activity was significantly increased by exercise in the liver and both taurine and β-alanine blocked this effect. There was no effect of either exercise or the diets on MPO activity in the lung or spleen. Running performance as assessed by a subjective rating scale was improved by taurine supplementation and there was a significant loss in body weight in the β-alanine-treated rats 24 hours after exercise. In summary, taurine supplementation or taurine depletion had measurable cytoprotective actions to attenuate exercise-induced injury.
Histochemical study of bone in gonadectomized rats.

Sections of the tibias from both intact and gonadectomized male and female rats were subjected to various histological and histochemical methods to determine the changes in the bone following gonadectomy. It was observed that both in castrated males and in ovariectomized females, the proximal epiphyseal cartilage became “sealed off” by bone after the fifth post-surgical month. In addition osteoporosis of the shaft of the bone was also observed. The epiphyseal cartilage of the gonadectomized rats exhibited intense PAS positive intercellular matrix in contrast to the alcianophilic ature of the matrix from control animals. The diaphyseal trabeculae from gonadectomized rats stained red with PAS and contained wide regions of calcified cartilage cores. In addition, the epiphyseal cartilage and bony trabeculae from these animals stained faintly in the ninhydrin-Schiff reaction. The staining reactions indicated that in gonadectomy there was an alteration in the state of aggregation of protein-mucopolysaccharide component of the organic matrix, a situation which would result in an interference in the mineralization of the bone.
Hsp60 Regulation of Tumor Cell Apoptosis

Molecular chaperones may promote cell survival, but how this process is regulated, especially in cancer, is not well understood. Using high throughput proteomics screening, we identified the cell cycle regulator and apoptosis inhibitor survivin as a novel protein associated with the molecular chaperone Hsp60. Acute ablation of Hsp60 by small interfering RNA destabilizes the mitochondrial pool of survivin, induces mitochondrial dysfunction, and activates caspase-dependent apoptosis. This response involves disruption of an Hsp60-p53 complex, which results in p53 stabilization, increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, and Bax-dependent apoptosis. In vivo, Hsp60 is abundantly expressed in primary human tumors, as compared with matched normal tissues, and small interfering RNA ablation of Hsp60 in normal cells is well tolerated and does not cause apoptosis. Therefore, Hsp60 orchestrates a broad cell survival program centered on stabilization of mitochondrial survivin and restraining of p53 function, and this process is selectively exploited in cancer. Hsp60 inhibitors may function as attractive anticancer agents by differentially inducing apoptosis in tumor cells.
Defining a Research Agenda on Women and Justice in the Age of Mass Incarceration

Abstract Although the issues of women involved in the criminal justice system, the impact incarceration of women has on children, and the specific issues formerly incarcerated women face upon reentry into the community are regarded as critical areas of research, this paper focuses on issues that lie at the penumbra of the broader discussion of women and justice and fall under the general heading of “collateral damage” experienced in the modern era of mass incarceration. Specifically, two topics are addressed: first, the impact of our justice policies on women living in communities that experience high concentrations of arrest, removal, incarceration and reentry; and second, the burdens borne by women in connection with the reentry process.
Monitoring exocytosis and release from individual mast cells by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced native fluorescence detection.

The complex temporal evolution of on-column exocytotic release of serotonin and proteins from individual rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) was monitored by using capillary electrophoresis. Laser-induced native fluorescence detection with 275-nm excitation was used, and a detection limit of 1.7 amol (S/N = 3; rms) was obtained for serotonin. A physiological running buffer was used to ensure that the cell remained viable throughout. The secretagogue was polymyxin B sulfate (Pmx). Following the injection of a single mast cell into the capillary, electromigration of Pmx toward and past the cell induced degranulation and release of serotonin. The time course of release was registered in the electropherograms with subsecond resolution. Subsequent introduction of SDS caused the cell to lyse completely and allowed the residual serotonin to be quantified. The average amount of serotonin observed per RPMC was 1.6 ± 0.6 fmol; the average percentage of serotonin released was 28 ± 14%. Events that are consistent with ...
The Composition of Nonprofit Audit Committees

Audit committee composition has attracted significant attention from legislators and regulators in recent years. Although most of the focus has been on corporate audit committees, recent legislative efforts underscore the importance of governance in the nonprofit sector. Using data from a survey of 118 chief financial officers of nonprofit organizations as well as financial data from the GuideStar database, we examine the composition of nonprofit audit committees and factors associated with their composition. The data show that many nonprofits have not adopted Sarbanes‐Oxley reforms, since we find that 36 percent of nonprofits have audit committees that are not completely independent. Organizations that are larger, receive government grants, and use a Big 4 auditor are more likely to have audit committees with solely independent directors. Surprisingly, universities and hospitals are less likely to have solely independent directors on the audit committee. Eighty‐eight percent of nonprofits have at least o...
Combination Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy For Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

New antiarrhythmic drug regimens are constantly being sought because of the relatively low efficacy rates of standard antiarrhythmic agents in preventing induction of ventricular tachyarrhylhmias; the application of these agents is also limited due to serious or debilitating side-effects. The combination of two antiarrhythmic agents with complimentary electrophysiologic activities and differing toxicities might offer significant advantages in overcoming the drawbacks of standard antiarrhythmic drug therapy. A knowledge of the pharmacodynamics of the major classes of antiarrhythmic agents will allow informed choices of drugs for use in combination therapy. Judging antiarrhythmic drug efficacy is a complex problem, requiring an understanding of (he influence of the arrhythmia monitoring technique. arrhythmia morphology and the response to previous drugs on drug efficacy rates, so that accurate comparisons of drug effectiveness can be made among different agents or combinations. A number of combination therapies have been tested for suppression of complex ventricular ectopy, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The most successful combinations have been those using class IA and IB agents and class IA and II agents. In general, these combinations tend to show higher efficacy rates in suppressing all forms of ventricular ectopy and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and usually have a lower incidence of toxic side-effects compared with individual agents alone. On the basis of these initial results, it seems warranted to perform further studies to explore these combinations in larger populations and to test new combinations developed on the basis of pharmacodynamic principles.
Special Educators' Views of Community-based Job Training and Inclusion as Indicators of Job Competencies for Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities

This study examines the perceptions of 173 pre- and in-service special education teachers regarding the job competencies of hypothetical high school students with mild and moderate disabilities. Participants rated one of nine student descriptions that varied by school experiences related to transition and disability category in five areas of vocational competence. The student was described as being placed primarily in separate special education settings, being fully included in general education classes, or being involved in community-based work experience and placed primarily in separate special education settings. Next, the student was described as having a learning disability, a behavioral disorder, or mild mental retardation. Results indicate that the student described as having a behavioral disorder received lower ratings regarding social coping than did the student described as having mild mental retardation (p = .04). The type of transition-related school experience did not affect special educators...
Neptunium complex ion species extracted from nitric acid-perchloric acid mixtures by tributyl phosphate☆

Abstract Neptunium(IV) and neptunium(VI) were extracted into TBP-xylene from nitric acid-perchloric acid mixtures and the absorption spectra of the neptunium were measured in both phases. The spectra of the neptunium in the TBP solutions were found to vary with the aqueous phase composition. It was concluded that more than one complex ion species extracts in each case and that three neptunium(VI) species are indicated.
Recent advances in Raman scattering studies of exhaust-gas catalysts

Raman scattering is a powerful technique for studying catalysts used in the treatment of automotive exhaust gas. It has the sensitivity and chemical specificity needed to identify the oxide phases of many of the precious metals (Pt, Pd, Rh) used in these catalysts, even when they are highly dispersed on high-surface-area supports such as (gamma) -Al2O3. Moreover, this technique can be employed in situ under temperature (300 - 600 degree(s)C) and pressure (1 atm) conditions typically encountered in normal operation. Bulk Pd oxide (PdO) is readily detected with visible excitation, because of a strong resonance Raman enhancement, and its formation and decomposition on Pd/(gamma) -Al2O3 and Pd/ZrO2 catalysts can be followed in real time. Pt does not oxidize as easily as Pd, but a layer of atomic O will form on Pt, and it produces a Raman signature that can be detected with UV excitation at 244 nm. Similarly, UV excitation enhances spectra from adsorbed NOx and SOx and hydroxyls on model Pt/(gamma) -Al2O3 catalysts. In situ UV Raman spectra of Ba-containing catalysts, being considered for use as NOx traps, show adsorbed NOx and SOx and, thus, can be used to characterize the NOx trapping, S poisoning, and regeneration of the trap. UV excitation has several advantages in addition to the eletronic resonance enhancment: the signal is increased because of the dependence of the Raman cross section on the fourth power of the frequency, the fluorescence is often Stokes shifted well beyond the range of the Raman lines, and the thermal background from a heated sample is negligible.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nanoporous TiO2-supported bimetallic catalysts for methanol oxidation in acidic media

Abstract New dynamic aspects of the catalysis of methanol oxidation reaction have been studied. The submonolayer films of bi-functional catalysts (PtRu) were deposited on novel nanostructured supporting materials, designed with the goal of achieving high variability of their electronic and chemical properties to influence the catalytic activity of sub-monolayer catalyst. The mesoscopic TiO 2 supporting film formation was investigated using EQCN, voltammetric, and AFM techniques. The conditions for the formation of monodispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles with regular nanopores, 20–80 nm in diameter, were described. It follows from EQCN and voltammetric measurements and AFM image analysis that the nanopores are formed by a dissolution–precipitation mechanism. The activity of submonolayer catalysts PtRu deposited on nanoporous TiO 2− n films was investigated using the point defect formation voltammetry. A lower poisoning effect for cluster PtRu on a TiO 2 support film than that for unsupported PtRu and bare Pt catalysts has been observed. The implications of the support–catalyst interactions are discussed in details.
Probe orientation for coordinate measuring machine systems using design models

Abstract The rapidly increasing usage of coordinate measuring machines in computer-integrated manufacturing environments underscores the need for a more science-based approach to inspection than the current ad hoc approach now in place. In this context we address one element of the inspection process, namely, the location of sample points. We present a method for evaluating the location of sample points using the workpiece model from the design. Accessibility analysis is used to determine possible interference between the workpiece model and probe model.
Protonated 2-methyl-1,2-epoxypropane: a challenging problem for density functional theory.

Protonated epoxides feature prominently in organic chemistry as reactive intermediates. Herein, we describe 10 protonated epoxides using B3LYP, MP2, and CCSD/6-311++G** calculations. Relative to CCSD, B3LYP consistently overestimates the C2−O bond length. Protonated 2-methyl-1,2-epoxypropane is the most problematic species studied, where B3LYP overestimates the C2−O bond length by 0.191 A. Seventeen other density functional methods were applied to this protonated epoxide; on average, they overestimated the CCSD bond length by 0.2 A. We present a range of data that suggest the difficulty for DFT methods in modeling the structure of the titled protonated epoxide lies in the extremely weak C2−O bond, which is reflected in the highly asymmetric charge distribution between the two ring carbons. Protonated epoxides featuring more symmetrical charge distribution and cyclic homologues featuring less ring strain are treated with greater accuracy by B3LYP. Finally, MP2 performed very well against CCSD, deviating in...
Engineering in genomics-genetic disease diagnosis: challenges and opportunities

The following topics in genetic disease diagnosis are discussed: the characteristics of the ideal testing machine; accurate detection of any disease; studying any tissue; inexpensive/easy to run tests; regulatory agency approval; testing for predisposition to common diseases; getting started in genetic disease testing. The first conclusion one should draw from this discussion is that one cannot start to develop genetic testing devices by considering the machine first. All testing device development must start with an examination of the biology to be tested. Because of the many different kinds of genetic diseases at the molecular level, it is clear that a wide range of devices will be required. >
Whiteness, space and alternative food practice

The paper demonstrates how whiteness is produced in progressive non-proWt eVorts to promote sustainable farming and food security in the US. I explore whiteness by addressing the spatial dimensions of this food politics. I draw on feminist and materialist theories of nature, space and diVerence as well as research conducted between 2003 and the present. Whiteness emerges spatially in eVorts to increase food access, support farmers and provide organic food to consumers. It clusters and expands through resource allocation to particular organizations and programs and through participation in non-proWt conferences. Community food’s discourse builds on a late-modern and, in practice, ‘white’ combination of science and ideology concerning healthful food and healthy bodies. Whiteness in alternative food eVorts rests, as well, on inequalities of wealth that serve both to enable diVerent food economies and to separate people by their ability to consume. It is latent in the support of romanticized notions of community, but also in the more active support for coalition-building across social diVerences. These well-intentioned food practices reveal both the transformative potential of progressive whiteness and its capacity to become exclusionary in spite of itself. Whiteness coheres precisely, therefore, in the act of ‘doing good’.
X-ray and neutron surface scattering for studying lipid/polymer assemblies at the air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces.

Abstract Simple mono- and bilayers, built of amphiphilic molecules and prepared at air–liquid or solid–liquid interfaces, can be used as models to study such effects as water penetration, hydrocarbon chain packing, and structural changes due to head group modification. In the paper, we will discuss neutron and X-ray reflectometry and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction techniques used to explore structures of such ultra-thin organic films in different environments. We will illustrate the use of these methods to characterize the morphologies of the following systems: (i) polyethylene glycol-modified distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine monolayers at air–liquid and solid–liquid interfaces; and (ii) assemblies of branched polyethyleneimine polymer and dimyristoylphophatidylcholine lipid at solid–liquid interfaces.
Requirement for the RIIβ Isoform of PKA, But Not Calcium-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclase, in Visual Cortical Plasticity

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway plays a key role in visual cortical plasticity. Inhibitors that block activation of all PKA regulatory subunits (RIα,RIβ, RIIα, RIIβ) abolish long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in vitro and ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) in vivo . The details of this signaling cascade, however, including the source of PKA signals and which PKA subunits are involved, are unknown. To investigate these issues we have examined LTP, LTD, and ODP in knock-out mice lacking either the two cortically expressed Ca 2+ -stimulated adenylyl cyclases (AC1 and AC8) or the predominant neocortical subunit of PKA (RIIβ). Here we show that plasticity remains intact in AC1/AC8-/- mice, whereas ODP and LTD, but not LTP, are absent in RIIβ-/- mice. We conclude that (1) plasticity in the visual cortex does not require the activity of known Ca 2+ -stimulated adenylyl cyclases, (2) the PKA dependence of ODP and LTD, but not LTP, is mediated by RIIβ-PKA, and (3) multiple isoforms of PKA contribute to LTD.
Technological Change and Vertical Integration

Attention is given first to recent modifications in traditional patterns of vertical integration which suggest broadening the basic concept in several directions. The steel industry is then used to illustrate the variety of pressures tending to alter traditional patterns of vertical integration. After outlining a basic approach to exploring the potential effects of technological innovations on vertical integration in a variety of industries, the analysis considers the prospective effects on such integration of nine major categories of current and emerging technological developments. Changes in the pressures and opportunities affecting economic activities have necessitated continuing reformulations, of course, in all sectors of our theoretical concepts and analytical tools. Thorough exploration of the factors that have affected the extent of integration among successive stages of industrial operations would obviously have to consider the wide array of possible adjustments: in product and process capabilities; in demand and supply conditions in both factor and product markets; in the forms and intensity of competitive efforts; and in relevant governmental regulations.(l) Hence this paper undertakes a recognizedly restricted approach to analyzing such developments by concentrating primarily on the role of recent and emerging technological innovations in altering such patterns of industrial integration-either as initiating impacts on past arrangements or as responses to changing economic or other external pressures.(2)
Secondary stimulation of Rh antibodies by kidney allografts from Rh-positive donors.

. Three examples are described of Rh antibody appearing after kidney allografts from Rh-positive cadaver donors to immunosuppressed Rh-negative recipients. These are interpreted as secondary antibody stimulation, apparently caused by small amounts of residual blood in the transplanted kidneys. The Rh antibody did not appear to affect the survival of such grafts. The serologic studies in case No. 1 were done by Ann Davis, BB(ASCP), Southern Arizona Red Cross Blood Center, Tucson, Ariz., and in cases No. 2 and 3 by Marguerite Penix, MT(ASCP), Blood Bank Supervisor, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Term.
Invariants and Classification of Yang-Mills Fields

We present a polynomial basis for the algebraic invariants of Yang-Mills fields. We also study the asymptotic behavior of pure Yang-Mills fields and the eigenvector structure of matrices constructed from the fields. Based on these results we present a classification of Yang-Mills fields. We also analyze the form of the radiation part of the Yang-Mills field.
The highest-frequency (155 GHz and 215 GHz) three-terminal transistor oscillator in the World reported

The author describes the background to the development of a 155 GHz and 215 GHz three terminal InP transistor oscillator. The oscillator design is discussed briefly and the role of quasi-optics is considered. >
Comparison of calcium phosphate preparations for onlay cranial augmentation in a murine model

Calcium phosphate preparations are often employed for a variety of reconstructive tasks. The majority of existing data regarding these preparations relates to their use as an inlay implant. The present study aims to evaluate calcium phosphate preparations and their tissue characteristics related to onlay augmentation. Thirty-six research mice were divided into three groups of 12. Each animal underwent onlay augmentation with a calcium phosphate preparation. Group 1 members were subjected to hydroxyapatite (HA) paste while group 2 was treated with beta-tricalcium phosphate granules alone (TCP). Finally, group 3 was treated with a combined mixture of both substances (HA-TCP). The animals were harvested for histological analysis and data collection. Groups 2 (TCP) and 3 (HA-TCP) developed greater osteoneogenesis and tissue integration compared to Group 1 (HA). The results were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.01). Calcium phosphate preparations including TCP alone or in combination with HA undergo greater osteoneogenesis and soft tissue integration compared with hydroxapatite alone when used as an onlay implant in the animal model. Therapeutic study — Level II.
Electric field-induced spectra: Dipole moment of the Ã1A″ state of propynal☆

Abstract The electric field-induced spectroscopy technique has been applied to gaseous propynal. The effect of changing experimental conditions on the EFS, and differences between EFS rotational structures in vibronic bands of different symmetry, are illustrated. The a-component of the dipole moment of propynal in its first excited singlet state is determined to be 0.97 ± 0.11 Debye.
Vitronectin: effects on keratinocyte motility and inhibition of collagen-induced motility.

Epibolin, a plasma protein, was initially purified on the basis of its ability to enhance spreading of keratinocytes. It is now known that epibolin is identical to serum spreading factor, S protein, and vitronectin, and the current name for the protein is vitronectin. Studies of vitronectin on cultured keratinocytes showed that it caused spreading and epiboly but not cellular adhesion to the substratum. In studies with other types of cells, vitronectin increased migration of several types of cells in a Boyden chamber. Because some agents that enhance spreading and adhesion, such as collagen and fibronectin, also increase motility, we tested whether vitronectin increased motility of keratinocytes. By photographing and quantitating motility of keratinocytes plated on a bed of colloidal gold particles, we determined that vitronectin increased local movement of keratinocytes in a concentrationdependent fashion, resulting in clearing of gold particles in a circular pattern around the cells, but did not cause the production of tracks found in cultures plated on collagen or fibronectin. The small increases in clearing of the gold particles that occurred in the presence of vitronectin were abolished by antibody to vitronectin. Furthermore, the marked increase in motility produced by type I collagen was significantly reduced when the keratinocytes were treated with vitronectin. Anti-body to vitronectin also abrogated the vitronectin-induced reduction in collagen-stimulated motility, confirming that this action was specific for vitronectin. Serum, which contains vitronectin, stimulated motility in a fashion identical to purified vitronectin, but serum lacking vitronectin was inactive. These studies show that vitronectin causes a localized increase in movement associated with spreading resulting in a halo around individual cells, that vitronectin does not enhance directional motility of keratinocytes in this assay but in contrast antagonizes such motility produced by collagen, and that vitronectin is the factor in serum responsible for this effect. The findings with vitronectin and collagen show that these agents stimulate different types of motility. The roles in wound healing of agents stimulating different types of motility are unclear and require further study.
A study of SSL Proxy attacks on Android and iOS mobile applications

According to recent articles in popular technology websites, some mobile applications function in an insecure manner when presented with untrusted SSL certificates. These non-browser based applications seem to, in the absence of a standard way of alerting a user of an SSL error, accept any certificate presented to it. This paper intends to research these claims and show whether or not an invisible proxy based SSL attack can indeed steal user’s credentials from mobile applications, and which types applications are most likely to be vulnerable to this attack vector. To ensure coverage of the most popular platforms, applications on both Android 4.2 and iOS 6 are tested. The results of our study showed that stealing credentials is indeed possible using invisible proxy man in the middle attacks. Keywords-Mobile Devices, SSL, TLS, Security, Proxy, Manin-the-middle, Android, iOS.
Measurement of turbulent spot convection rates in a transitional boundary layer

Abstract A new technique, based on the analysis of the signature of turbulent spots on the heat flux at the wall, is used to estimate the propagation rates of naturally occurring turbulent spots in a zero pressure gradient transitional boundary layer. Experiments were performed in a compression-heated transient aerodynamic facility using a flat plate with 32 thin-film heat transfer gauges along its centerline. Simultaneous wide-bandwidth heat transfer measurements at a number of streamwise locations were used to track the coherent transitional activity along the plate. The free-stream turbulence intensity was about 0.5%, and tests were performed at unit Reynolds numbers in the range 1.8 × 106−4.2 × 106 m−1. Special data reduction techniques were used to calculate the convection velocities of the leading and trailing edges of the turbulent spots, and these results compared well with those for artificially generated spots. The intermittency distribution in the transition zone showed good agreement with the “universal” distribution of Narasimha, confirming the reliability of this technique.
The impact on musculoskeletal system during multitouch tablet interactions

HCI researchers and technologists have heralded multitouch interaction as the technology to drive computing systems into the future. However, as we move towards a world where interaction is based on human body movements that are not well documented or studied, we face a serious and a grave risk of creating technology and systems that may lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD's). Designers need to be empowered with objective data on the impact of multitouch interactions on the musculoskeletal system to make informed choices in interaction design. In this paper we present an experiment that documents kinematic (movement) and kinetic measures (EMG) when interacting with a multitouch tablet. Results show that multitouch interaction can induce significant stress that may lead to MSDs and care must be taken when designing multitouch interaction.
THE CORPORATE SELL-OFF DECISION OF DIVERSIFIED FIRMS

In this paper I explore the determinants of the corporate sell-off decision of diversified firms during the 1980s. The literature on sell-offs suggests performance, debt, number of operating segments, and level of ownership by officers and directors may play a role in the decision by firms to sell off assets. Empirical results show the probability of a sell-off is significantly negatively related to firm performance, significantly positively related to debt, significantly positively related to the number of business segments, and significantly negatively related to the level of officer and director ownership.
Material Classification using Passive Polarimetric Imagery

Passive imaging polarimetry has emerged as an useful tool in many remote sensing applications including material classification, target detection and shape extraction. In this paper we present a method to classify specular objects based on their material composition from passive polarimetric imagery. The proposed algorithm is built on an iterative model-based method to recover the complex index of refraction of a specular target from multiple polarization measurements. The recovered parameters are then used to discriminate between objects by employing the nearest neighbor rule. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with data collected in laboratory conditions. Experimental results indicate that the classification approach is highly effective for distinguishing between various targets of interest. Most significantly, the proposed classification method is robust to a wide range of observational geometry.
Early Child Care and Adiposity at Ages 1 and 3 Years

In the United States, an estimated 9% to 12% of children <2 years of age are overweight.1,2 Among preschool-aged children the prevalence is even higher, with 26.2% of children ages 2 through 5 years classified as either overweight or obese.3 Infants with rapid weight gain during the first 2 years of life seem more likely to become overweight later in childhood,4,5 and they also tend to have higher blood pressure as children6 and adults5 as well as recurrent wheezing in childhood.7 Overweight in childhood is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus,8,9 hypertension and hyperlipidemia,9,10 asthma and sleep apnea,11,12 early maturation,13 lower self-esteem,14 and psychological and social stress.15,16 To help prevent later obesity and its related health consequences, it is a public health priority to better understand the determinants of excessive weight gain in early childhood. Infants spend more time in child care settings than any place but their own homes. The child care environment may promote excessive weight gain in early childhood, because child care providers may be less likely than parents to encourage healthful nutrition and physical activity behaviors.17,18 Three previous studies examined the relationship between child care attendance and later obesity. Lumeng and colleagues19 found that children who had attended child care 1 to 15 hours per week between ages 3 and 5 years had a lower risk of obesity between ages 6 and 12 years than those who had either not attended child care or attended for more hours. Maher et al20 found that children who attended family, friend, or neighbor care the year before kindergarten were more likely to be obese than children who were cared for in other child care settings.20 In the only study of infants in child care, Kim and Peterson21 found that infants who were cared for by a relative during their first 9 months of life were less likely to have been breastfed, more likely to eat solid foods earlier than recommended, and gained more weight in that period than those receiving parental care. However, the authors were not able to assess weight status beyond 9 months of age, nor did they include measures of adiposity. The purpose of this prospective study was to examine associations of time in child care from birth to 6 months of age, both total time and in different types of child care, with measures of adiposity at 1 and 3 years of age. We hypothesized that our results for the 1-year analysis would be similar to those found by Kim and Peterson21 and that this finding would remain for the 3-year analysis.
Insertion Sequences show diverse recent activities in Cyanobacteria and Archaea

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an essential role in genome rearrangement and evolution, and are widely used as an important genetic tool. In this article, we present genetic maps of recently active Insertion Sequence (IS) elements, the simplest form of MGEs, for all sequenced cyanobacteria and archaea, predicted based on the previously identified ~1,500 IS elements. Our predicted IS maps are consistent with the NCBI annotations of the IS elements. By linking the predicted IS elements to various characteristics of the organisms under study and the organism's living conditions, we found that (a) the activities of IS elements heavily depend on the environments where the host organisms live; (b) the number of recently active IS elements in a genome tends to increase with the genome size; (c) the flanking regions of the recently active IS elements are significantly enriched with genes encoding DNA binding factors, transporters and enzymes; and (d) IS movements show no tendency to disrupt operonic structures. This is the first genome-scale maps of IS elements with detailed structural information on the sequence level. These genetic maps of recently active IS elements and the several interesting observations would help to improve our understanding of how IS elements proliferate and how they are involved in the evolution of the host genomes.
Global Interconnect Optimization in the Presence of On-chip Inductance

As technology advances, global interconnects in upper metal layers exhibit significant inductive effect with faster signal rise and fall times. Therefore, existing optimization schemes which optimize various performance parameters of global interconnects, such as, latency, bandwidth, repeater area, and power consumption based on RC delay models are affected by on-chip inductance and leads to degraded chip performance. This paper examines the impacts of inductance on these performance parameters, which were previously based on RC models. This paper also attempts to identify the limitations of these figures of merit (FOMs), and address the impact of line inductance on the methodology of global interconnect width and spacing optimization, and on different figures of merit
Randomized Spatial Multiplexing for Distributed Cooperative Communications

In this paper, we design a simple and robust co-operation scheme that allows multiple relay stations, with only one antenna each, multiplex transmissions to a BS with multiple antennas. The data transmission is over two hops, where the source first sends information to relaying nodes. In the second hop, the data packet is split into multiple parallel streams in a deterministic manner. Each participating relaying node transmits a random and independent linear combination of the signal streams that would have been transmitted by all the elements of a multi-antenna system. This random processing eliminates the need to index and allocate a code for each participating relay, and thus makes the system more efficient and robust. We use the information-theoretic capacity as an upper bound for what can be achieved using this scheme. Since this scheme can achieve higher spatial multiplexing gain for the relay-destination link, it greatly improves the effective data rate for stations at the edge of the cell. This scheme requires multiple antennas at the receiver and is therefore more suitable for uplink transmission in wireless LANs and cellular networks.
Historical and scientific perspectives of same species feeding of animal by-products

Abstract A review of the scientific literature and the historical publications regarding the use of animal by-products as an animal feed ingredient was conducted. Recent reports of animal cases and human cases associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents have resulted in safety questions regarding the use of animal by-products as animal feed ingredients. A review of published literature indicates that the risk associated with the utilization of these products is very minimal risk to the human population. In addition, the environmental and economic consequences of not utilizing these products in proven and safe systems will have greater adverse consequences for the general population.
Controlled Atom-Molecule Interactions in Ultracold Gases

We observe and study the dynamic formation of cold Cs2 molecules near collision Feshbach resonances in a cold cesium sample. The resonance Iinewidth is as low as E/h = 5kHz, or equivalently, 10-11 eV. We suggest that few-atom, interaction effects can be studied in a 3D optical lattice where several atoms can be confined and isolated in an optical cell, which allows exquisite control of the atomic density and the interaction cross section.
Benzylchlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)

[22784-59-4] C43H37ClP2Pd (MW 757.59) InChI = 1S/2C18H15P.C7H7.ClH.Pd/c2*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7;;/h2*1-15H;2-6H,1H2;1H;/q;;;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = PVJAZFSARQVMGK-UHFFFAOYSA-M (catalyst for the cross coupling1 of alkyl-, vinyl-, alkynyl-, and allylstannane groups with acyl chlorides,2 allyl halides,3 vinyl triflates, and iodides4) Physical Data: mp 166–170 °C. Solubility: sol THF, benzene, and other organic solvents. Form Supplied in: crystalline; commercially available. Preparative Methods: may be prepared from benzyl chloride and (Ph3P)4Pd in benzene at room temperature, washed with Et2O, and dried under vacuum.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is an air-stable solid and remains stable in solution. Irritant.
Trends in the use of echocardiography and left ventriculography to assess left ventricular ejection fraction in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction.

Background Although current guidelines strongly recommend the measurement of ejection fraction (EF) in all patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), there are limited data available describing trends in the use of diagnostic modalities to assess EF in these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in the use of ventriculography and echocardiography to measure EF in a community sample of patients hospitalized with AMI. Methods The medical records of 5,380 residents of the Worcester (MA) metropolitan area hospitalized with AMI at 11 greater Worcester medical centers between 1997 and 2005 were reviewed. Results Between 1997 and 2005, the proportion of patients hospitalized with AMI undergoing measurement of EF by both ventriculography and echocardiography increased from 11% to 18%, whereas the percentage of patients who did not receive an evaluation of EF by either modality decreased from 37% to 27%. The percentage of patients undergoing measurement of EF by ventriculography alone increased from 14% to 20%, whereas the percentage of patients undergoing measurement of EF by echocardiography alone remained stable at 37%. In 1997, echocardiography was performed before ventriculography in approximately two thirds of hospitalized patients, whereas in 2005, ventriculography was performed before echocardiography in approximately two thirds of patients with AMI. Conclusions The use of left ventriculography and the concurrent use of both ventriculography and echocardiography to assess EF in patients with AMI are increasing. Although the proportion of patients who do not have their EF assessed has declined during recent years, many still do not receive a determination of their EF.
Genomic Research and Incidental Findings

The Human Genome Project showed that there is significant genetic variation within the population. Current research is accumulating large databases that may reveal genetic variations associated with disease or health risks, even if not intended as part of the study design. These incidental findings create legal, ethical, and financial challenges for researchers. Current federal and international guidelines are not adequate. Plans for dealing with incidental findings need to be established in the study design and reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board.