cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research to Practice Online: Conditions That Foster Democracy, Community, and Critical Thinking in Computer-Mediated Discussions.

AbstractAlthough computer-mediated discussions (CMDs) have the potential to be ideal forums for fostering dialogue, research on listservs and in college composition classes has found that the discourse tends to be dominated by a few individuals, often men, and is sometimes abusive. In contrast, results of our study in a teacher education course revealed that both men and women used a range and a mix of discourse strategies. With a few exceptions, both men and women were inclusive, supportive, personalizing, receptive to others’ ideas, and attenuating. They were also willing to be critical and to challenge others’ assumptions, images, beliefs, and positions, which they usually prefaced with supportive and attenuating remarks. In addition, both men and women were equally likely to mock and exclude those who did not abide by the conventions of the group norms, although such comments were uncommon. Based on our own research and a review of the literature, we discuss what we learned and offer recommendations f...
The mumps skin test and complement fixation test as a diagnostic aid in sarcoidosis.

The high incidence of both a positive mumps skin test and a positive mumps complement fixation test in a majority of the adult population led us to examine the correlation of these two tests in patients with sarcoidosis. Our preliminary results indicated a different type of correlation of these two tests in sarcoid patients and since these two tests are simple and readily available, they may offer a valuable diagnostic adjunct in patients suspected of sarcoidosis.
Effects of the synthetic glucocorticoid betamethasone on the survival of neurons in fetal rabbit brain cell culture.

Abstract Dissociated fetal rabbit brain cells were grown on petri dishes coated with collagen. Culture medium consisted of Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium plus 10% serum. The mitotic inhibitor 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine was added at 6 days for a 2 day period to inhibit over-growth by glial cells and fibroblasts. In some cases cultures were chronically exposed to 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 μM betamethasone. Examination of cultures by phase microscopy and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining demonstrated that cultures incubated with 1.0 and 2.0 μM betamethasone contained 2–2.5 times as many neurons as compared to control cultures. Furthermore, there was an increase in the specific activities of both AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) which were proportional to the increase in neuronal cell numbers obtained from phase microscopy and ACHE staining. These results suggested that betamethasone enhanced survival of cholinergic neurons. Cultures were also examined for neuron specific γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake. Again GABA uptake was approximately 2–2.5 times as great in cultures incubated with 1–2 μM betamethasone when compared to controls. Thus, the increase in GABA uptake paralleled the increase in neurons observed by phase microscopy and AChE staining, suggesting that the survival effect of betamethasone was not specific to cholinergic neurons. While betamethasone treated cultures always contained greater numbers of neurons the percentage of neurons lost from all cultures after 2 weeks was the same. This suggested that the survival effect of betamethasone was transient and that the larger number of neurons detected at 3 weeks in betamethasone treated cultures may have been the result of larger numbers surviving during the first 1–2 weeks in culture.
Aquagenic urticaria: evidence of cholinergic and histaminergic basis.

SUMMARY Two patients with urticaria evoked at the site of contact of skin with water have been studied. Protection of the skin from contact with water by prior application of petrolatum ointment prevented wealing, but removal of the stratum corneum enhanced wealing. Organic solvents did not themselves evoke wealing, but they enhanced the reaction to subsequent challenge by water. That the release of acetylcholine is an essential step in the pharmacogenesis of wealing in aquagenic urticaria is indicated by the suppressive effect of locally-applied scopolamine on water–evoked wealing. Aquagenic urticaria is also associated with elevated blood histamine levels and degranulation of mast cells in the water–challenged skin. The relationship of acetylcholine and histamine to each other and to contact of water with the skin remains uncertain.
Molecular dynamics simulation of protein denaturation: solvation of the hydrophobic cores and secondary structure of barnase.

Abstract The transition in barnase from the native state to a compact globule has been studied with high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. A partial destruction of the alpha-helices and the outer strands of the beta-sheet is observed with water molecules replacing the hydrogen bonds of the secondary structural elements. Simultaneously, the main alpha-helix moves away from the beta-sheet and exposes the principal hydrophobic core, many of whose nonpolar side chains, beginning with the ones near the surface, become solvated by hydrogen-bonded water molecules. This step involves a significant increase in the solvent-exposed surface area; the resulting loss of stability due to the hydrophobic effect may be the major source of the activation barrier in the unfolding reaction. The detailed mechanism described here for the first stage of the denaturation of barnase, including the essential role of water molecules, is likely to be representative of protein denaturation, in general.
Prostatic carcinoma Relationship betwen primary tumor, Histologic grade, and response to chemotherapy☆

Abstract This National Cooperative Study has randomly compared the usefulness of 5 fluorouracil (5-FU), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and standard therapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate (Stage D). All patients studied were endocrine failures and were in progression. Favorable responses were seen with all three treatments regardless of histologic grade. Actual tumor regression occurred only in patients who received either 5-FU or cyclophosphamide. In patients with poorly differentiated or anaplastic tumors treated with cyclophosphamide, progression of disease was significantly less rapid than in patients treated with 5-FU or standard therapy. However, favorable responders could not always be identified in advance on the basis of histologic grade alone.
Determining Air Voids Content of Compacted Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures

This study compared the difference in air voids, optimum asphalt content, and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) by using the saturated surface dry (SSD) and CoreLok methods for determining bulk specific gravity of the compacted specimen. The critical air voids level at which stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures are considered to become permeable was also determined for the gradations used in this study. Some of the pertinent conclusions are as follows. (a) There is a significant difference between air voids content measured by the SSD method and the CoreLok method, (b) The CoreLok method resulted in a higher optimum asphalt content and VMA than designs based on the SSD method. (c) The CoreLok method may have a system error that overestimated the air voids content at zero to low air voids levels; therefore, a correction factor was suggested to apply to the CoreLok results if needed. (d) At a permeability threshold of 125 X 10-5 cm/s, the critical air voids contents are 4.5%, 5.7%, and 7.8% by the SSD method ...
Lattice size estimates for Gabor decompositions

It is shown that the Gabor frame operator for frames with lattice such thatab=1/N for some integerN≥1 is continuous on the modulation spaces ([9], [20]) whenever the basic functiong is a Schwartz function and (g, a, b) generates a frame forL2 (R). From this a sufficient condition on the lattice is given which guarantees that one has a Banach frame for the modulation spaces of Feichtinger.
Phospholipase C purification and specificity with respect to individual phospholipids and brain microsomal membrane phospholipids.

Abstract Phospholipase C was purified from a crude preparation derived from Cl. perfringens utilizing a one-step polypreparative electrophoresis procedure. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 46,500 ± 500 and is essentially free of proteolytic and phospholipase A enzymatic activities. It exhibited the following substrate specificity: PC ≥ SM > PS > PI, lyso PC. PE was hydrolyzed when PC was present. Treatment of brain microsomes with purified phospholipase C reduced membrane phospholipids by 69%. All phospholipids were attacked including PE. PC was reduced to 4% and all other phospholipids to 23–43% of their control levels. Total fatty acid composition of brain microsomes was not affected by phospholipase C action.
Aggregating criteria with quantifiers

We are here concerned with the problem of forming multiple criteria decision functions when the aggregation process is controlled by a linguistic quantifier.
Multiple backscattering and depolarization from water clouds for a pulsed lidar system

Linearly polarized lidar light scattering in spherically symmetrical uniformly distributed cloud water drops, investigating multiple backscattering effects on depolarization
Hormonal control of tanning in the American cockroach—III. Hormone stability and post-ecdysial changes in hormone titre

Abstract The concentration of bursicon in the blood of the cockroach reached a detectable level within 10–20 min after ecdysis. It reaches a maximum at 90 min and declines slowly until 8 hr after ecdysis when it is no longer detectable. Crude homogenates are most active at 16 mg protein/ml of hormone extract and blood is active at one-fourth dilution (12 mg/ml). The cockroach bursicon is relatively stable to freezing but temperatures exceeding 60°C inactivate the hormone.
Development of Fully Automated and Integrated ("Instamatic") Welding Systems for Marine Applications

A two-year research program was conducted at M.I.T. to develop fully automated and integrated welding systems. These systems package many actions involved in welding so that certain prescribed welding jobs can be performed by a person with no welding skill. They have been nicknamed ''instamatic'' welding systems, since they are similar to the easy-to-operate cameras. Following a general discussion on the development of the concept of the ''instamatic'' welding system, discussions are given on two types of systems which have been built and tested: underwater stud welding systems, and those using arc welding processes.
Intensity-dependent spectral reflectivity of a dense-gas-dielectric interface.

Intense light incident on a dense-gas--dielectric interface, from the dielectric side, is reflected because of the combined effect of the discontinuities in the index of refraction at the interface and at the transition region in the gas where the degree of atomic saturation changes abruptly. This latter discontinuity gives rise to a self-reflected wave. At low intensities this self-reflected wave is weak, the problem is linear, and the net reflected wave intensity taken as a function of frequency has a simple shape that should allow measurement of the hitherto undetected self-induced frequency shift in a collision-broadened gas at an absorption resonance. Calculations show that in the weak intensity regime, r'', the imaginary part of the reflection coefficient, is quasi-Lorentzian and shifted by an amount comparable to its width. At high light intensity r'' broadens, shifts, and distorts. The distortion, which nonuniformly modulates the Lorentzian shape, comes from an interference of the forward and self-reflected waves. In the wings of the resonance line the self-reflected wave can be neglected, and the shape of r'' although not distorted is shifted from where it would be if there were no local field correction.
Viral based gene therapy for prostate cancer.

Abstract In the last few years, significant advances in gene therapy have been made as a result of advances in many areas of molecular and cell biology, including the improvement of both viral and nonviral gene delivery systems, discovery of new therapeutic genes, better understanding of mechanism of disease progression, exploration of tissue specific promoter, receptor- and antibody-mediated targeting delivery, and development of better prodrug enzyme/prodrug systems. In this article, viral based gene therapy for prostate cancer will be reviewed and discussed. The areas of emphasis in this review are: choice of viral vectors, comparison of delivery routes, development of prostate-targeted viruses, choice of therapeutic genes and strategies including corrective gene therapy (tumor suppressor gene and anti-oncogene gene approaches), suicide gene therapy, programmed cell death therapy, immunomodulation therapy, and conditional oncolytic virus approach. Among them, several examples will be discussed in detail for the scientific basis and therapeutic applications. In addition, prostate cancer gene therapy clinical trials, unresolved problems and future directions in this field will also be described.
G20(P) Point of Care Urine Microscopy to Predict Urinary Tract Infection in a Paediatric Emergency Department

Aims Urinary tract infections account for approximately 7% of emergency department attendances. Untreated infections can have serious consequences. Point of care testing has advantages over laboratory urine testing in that manpower requirements, cost, and patient time spent in the emergency department are all lower. However, urinalysis is not as sensitive or specific as microscopy for UTI. We sought to investigate whether point of care microscopy of uncentrifuged urine is a useful adjunct to urinalysis in accurately diagnosing UTI in children in the emergency department. Method The study was conducted in the emergency department of an Irish, tertiary paediatric hospital during October and November 2013. The prospective arm of the study involved recording the Multistix urinalysis, and microscopy results, for all clean catch and mid-stream urines examined over a four day period. Microscopy results were correlated with corresponding laboratory results where available. The corresponding retrospective arm compared the point of care urinalysis and microscopy findings with laboratory results for all children diagnosed with UTI, based on point of care (POC) results, over the preceding month. Results Prospective arm: over a seven day period 102 urine samples were examined. 23 (22%) were then sent for laboratory analysis. Of these, 12 (52%) of POC results over-estimated the laboratory white cell count, 30% underestimated, and the 8% were the same. In the nine samples sent to the laboratory, where only one of nitrate or leucocyte esterase (LE) were positive, only 3/9 (33%) of POC microscopy led to UTI treatment when culture results turned out to be negative. Retrospective arm: 100 children were diagnosed with UTI during the study period. Of the 52 complete datasets were available for analysis, 33 (63%) had significant bacterial growth. 81% (25/31) of nitrate positive, and 65% (31/48) of leucocyte esterase positive samples demonstrated significant bacterial growth in the laboratory, rising to 82% (23/28) if both were positive. There was a 0.64 correlation between ED and laboratory microscopy. Conclusion Although this was a small study, it shows that point of care microscopy may be useful in predicting UTI, especially where Multistix leucocyte esterase and/or nitrite results are negative.
CHANGE, COHESION, AND COMMITMENT IN A DIVERSE URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD

This study examines neighborhood cohesion in a racially and economically integrated neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio. The authors compare results of surveys conducted in 1984 and 1990. This was a perio...
Density- and size-dependent spacing of ant nests: evidence for intraspecific competition

We present three lines of evidence which each suggest that intraspecific competition has significantly influenced the spacing patterns of Formica altipetens colonies. First, nearest-neighbor analysis of nest spacing patterns detected significant uniformity in six of eight plots. Second, there was a signifcant increase in the distance separating nearest neighbors as ant nest diameters increased. Third, ant nest density predicted substantial variation in the colony dispersion index, indicating the existence of a dispersion continuum at our study site.
A user-level secure grid file system

A grid-wide distributed file system provides convenient data access interfaces that facilitate fine-grained cross-domain data sharing and collaboration. However, existing widely-adopted distributed file systems do not meet the security requirements for grid systems. This paper presents a Secure Grid File System (SGFS) which supports GSI-based authentication and access control, end-to-end message privacy, and integrity. It employs user-level virtualization of NFS to provide transparent grid data access leveraging existing, unmodified clients and servers. It supports user and application-tailored security customization per SGFS session, and leverages secure management services to control and configure the sessions. The system conforms to the GSI grid security infrastructure and allows for seamless integration with other grid middleware. A SGFS prototype is evaluated with both file system benchmarks and typical applications, which demonstrates that it can achieve strong security with an acceptable overhead, and substantially outperform native NFS in wide-area environments by using disk caching.
Mediation of adoption and use: a key strategy for mitigating unintended consequences of health IT implementation

Objective Without careful attention to the work of users, implementation of health IT can produce new risks and inefficiencies in care. This paper uses the technology use mediation framework to examine the work of a group of nurses who serve as mediators of the adoption and use of a barcode medication administration (BCMA) system in an inpatient setting. Materials and methods The study uses ethnographic methods to explore the mediators' work. Data included field notes from observations, documents, and email communications. This variety of sources enabled triangulation of findings between activities observed, discussed in meetings, and reported in emails. Results Mediation work integrated the BCMA tool with nursing practice, anticipating and solving implementation problems. Three themes of mediation work include: resolving challenges related to coordination, integrating the physical aspects of BCMA into everyday practice, and advocacy work. Discussion Previous work suggests the following factors impact mediation effectiveness: proximity to the context of use, understanding of users' practices and norms, credibility with users, and knowledge of the technology and users' technical abilities. We describe three additional factors observed in this case: ‘influence on system developers,’ ‘influence on institutional authorities,’ and ‘understanding the network of organizational relationships that shape the users' work.’ Conclusion Institutionally supported clinicians who facilitate adoption and use of health IT systems can improve the safety and effectiveness of implementation through the management of unintended consequences. Additional research on technology use mediation can advance the science of implementation by providing decision-makers with theoretically durable, empirically grounded evidence for designing implementations.
Aging: Its Influence on Drug Disposition and Effect

Frequently older patients suffer from multiple concurrent illnesses, which are best treated with different medications. The accepted standard of care is therapy targeted to specific illness for which there is a clear likelihood of patient benefit. However, as has been clear for some time, the incidence of adverse drug reactions is substantially increased in older patients. Epidemiological and surveillance data indicate a clear relationship between the frequency of occurrence of adverse drug reaction and number of medications to which the patient is exposed concurrently. Thus the ‘therapeutic burden’ is likely to co-vary with the ‘disease burden.’ In aged patients, clinical presentation of the adverse drug reaction is marked by non-specific signs and symptoms, in particular central nervous system symptoms of impaired cognition and confusional states. In addition, a final common pathway for adversedrug affect in the aged is postural hypotension. In some cases the increasedincidence of adverse drug reactions is due to increased drug exposure (phar-macokinetic), in others it is due to altered drug effect at a fixed drug exposure (pharmacodynamic), and more commonly it is a combination of the two. Consistent age-related pathophysiologic changes such as decreased renal glomerular filtration with decreased drug renal clearance and modest decreases in hepatic drug oxidation result in increased drug exposure. The oxidative pathways best studied are the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A isoenzymes. The most clearly defined pharmacodynamic changes are (3-adrenoceptor dysfunction, baroreflex dysfunction, and impaired vascular endothelial function. The combination of increased risk from multiple drug therapies and a pathophysiologic basis that explains the source of increased risk in some cases and the need to limit both dose and number of drugs administered.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Various Water Temperatures on the Growth, Food Utilization, and Mortality Rates of Fingerling Sockeye Salmon

Abstract Experiments were conducted with sockeye salmon fingerlings to determine the effect of various water temperatures on the growth, mortality, and food conversion of the fish. Maximum tolerance temperatures were determined, as were the optimum growth zones, as found in Skaha Lake, British Columbia, during the summer and fall months. The experimental data tend to confirm the field observations that young sockeye salmon have a preference for water temperatures similar to those found near the thermocline during the summer and fall months. The temperature of the surface layer of water in the lake was too high for optimum growth, survival, and efficient utilization of food.
An Unexpected Consequence of Electronic Cigarette Use

42-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a 7-month history of dyspnea, productive cough, and subjective fevers. She had been seen multiple times in the ED with similar complaints and had received several courses of antibiotics. The patient had recently started using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), about 7 months prior, which coincided with the onset of her respiratory symptoms. Her past medical history also was signifi cant for asthma, reported rheumatoid arthritis, fi bromyalgia, schizoaffective disorder, and hypertension. Her medications included amlodipine, albuterol metered dose inhaler , lovastatin, lisinopril, multiple vitamins, cycloben zaprine, citalopram, and multiple psychiatric medications. The patient reported a recent exposure to fumigation chemicals, as the result of a bedbug infestation of her apartment building 2 weeks prior to her hospitalization. She had no pets. There was no other history of signifi cant exposures, illicit drug use, or recent travel. She denied any dysphagia or aspiration.
PCA versus LDA

In the context of the appearance-based paradigm for object recognition, it is generally believed that algorithms based on LDA (linear discriminant analysis) are superior to those based on PCA (principal components analysis). In this communication, we show that this is not always the case. We present our case first by using intuitively plausible arguments and, then, by showing actual results on a face database. Our overall conclusion is that when the training data set is small, PCA can outperform LDA and, also, that PCA is less sensitive to different training data sets.
Software-defined underwater acoustic networks: toward a high-rate real-time reconfigurable modem

We review and discuss the challenges of adopting software-defined radio principles in underwater acoustic networks, and propose a software-defined acoustic modem prototype based on commercial off-the-shelf components. We first review current SDR-based architectures for underwater acoustic communications. Then we describe the architecture of a new software-defined acoustic modem prototype, and provide performance evaluation results in both indoor (water tank) and outdoor (lake) environments. We present three experimental testbed scenarios that demonstrate the real-time reconfigurable capabilities of the proposed prototype and show that it exhibits favorable characteristics toward spectrally efficient cognitive underwater networks, and high data rate underwater acoustic links. Finally, we discuss open research challenges for the implementation of next-generation software-defined underwater acoustic networks.
Immunology and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease hypothesized to be the product of complex interactions among the host's environment, susceptibility genes, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune system dysregulation. The objective of this article is to describe the pathobiology and treatment of AD, with particular focus on the role of immune system dysregulation and therapies designed to target this. Literature review indicates that there are immunologic differences between the lesional and non-lesional skin of atopic individuals, and that the non-lesional skin of atopic individuals presents an immunologic profile distinct from that of the skin of healthy individuals. Thus, immune system dysregulation is postulated to be a key contributing factor to the complex etiology of AD. Immunomodulatory agents such as topical corticosteroids (TCSs) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), which address the underlying immunopathology of AD, are the foundation for the pharmacologic treatment of flares. TCSs and TCIs both target the inflammatory response responsible for an AD flare but via two distinct mechanisms of action. Whereas TCSs have a more widespread impact on the immune system, the action of TCIs is targeted to the calcineurin pathway and inhibition of T-cell activation. Together, TCSs and TCIs represent the backbone of a long-term treatment strategy for AD.
Null-Prep: L2 Experimental Data

The previous chapters presented a review of L2 acquisition studies of pied-piping and preposition stranding. In some of these studies it was shown that null-prep appears as an early stage in the acquisition process, yet null-prep data are usually dismissed by researchers. The existence of the phenomenon was explained by Mazurkewich, for example, to be the result of the practice test sentences that she had presented to her subjects. Bardovi-Harlig suggested that null-prep reflected a lack of subcategorization knowledge on the part of her subjects.
A Partial Host Range of the High Plains Virus of Corn and Wheat

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), cheat (Bromus secalinus), corn (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were infected by a Kansas isolate of the High Plains virus (HPV) in greenhouse experiments, but several other grass species were not. Infection of a host was dependent upon wheat curl mite numbers. Although both green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and yellow foxtail (S. glauca) are found naturally infected by HPV, only yellow foxtail could be infected in greenhouse experiments. Field sampling (1994 to 1996) of symptomatic yellow foxtail showed that it is a good indicator of the presence of HPV, with 252 of 278 symptomatic plants testing positive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HPV, 2 of 278 for American wheat striate mosaic virus, and 1 of 278 for johnson grass mosaic virus, whereas 23 of 278 symptomatic plants were negative for all viruses tested by ELISA and were not infectious in back-assays.
Measurements of coseismic deformation in southern California: 1972–1982

This paper compares records collected in the years 1972-1982 from two classes of instruments at Pinon Flat Observatory (PFO), southern California: the long-base-length (greater than 100 m) strain meters and tiltmeters described by Berger and Lovberg(1970) and Wyatt et al. (1982), respectively; and the short-base-length near-surface tiltmeters. It was found that the signals for static strain changes recorded by the long-base-length strain meters and tiltmeters are in good quantitative agreement with the deformation calculated for a dislocation in an elastic half-space. In contrast, colocated short-base-length tiltmeters produced spurious results, with signals much larger than the theoretical coseismic deformations computed using the U.S. Geological Survey/CalTech network; these signals correlated well with peak site acceleration.
Potential shaping and the method of controlled Lagrangians

We extend the method of controlled Lagrangians to include potential shaping for complete state-space stabilization of mechanical systems. The method of controlled Lagrangians deals with mechanical systems with symmetry and provides symmetry-preserving kinetic shaping and feedback-controlled dissipation for state-space stabilization in all but the symmetry variables. Potential shaping complements the kinetic shaping by breaking symmetry and stabilizing the remaining state variables. The approach also extends the method of controlled Lagrangians to include a class of mechanical systems without symmetry such as the inverted pendulum on a cart that travels along an incline.
Facile synthesis of nanoparticles via assembly of photopolymerized and self‐crosslinked random copolymers in selective organic media

We report the facile synthesis of vesicular nano- particles via self-assembly of random copolymers in selective organic solvents. The polymers were synthesized via photopo- lymerization in bulk from acryloyl chloride (AC) containing a small amount of hydrolyzed acrylic acid (AA) at ambient condi- tion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the photopoly- merized product revealed two main chemical components: poly(acryloyl chloride) (PAC) and acid anhydride. The later peak intensified when increasing the initial AA composition in the monomer solution, suggesting that the hydrolyzed AC con- tributed to the formation of crosslinked anhydride, leading to amphiphilicity of the polymer with solvophobic anhydride and solvophilic PAC chains. At an optimal UV dosage (2000 mJ cm � 2 ), vesicular nanoparticles (� 90 nm in diameter) were obtained from polymers assembled in acetone. The particle size and morphology were confirmed by scanning electron mi- croscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic and static light-scattering measurements. Further, we found that the random copolymers self-organized into vesicles in merely good solvents of PAC chains, including acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane, but became aggregated and precipitated out in poor solvents of PAC, such as isopro- panol, ethanol, toluene, xylene, and hexane. V C 2012 Wiley Peri- odicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 50: 3840-3847, 2012
International bonds and the currency risk

Abstract The currency translation risk borne by international investors and the riskiness of returns on long-term bonds both affect international investors' decisions. For the U.S. investor, excess returns on German, Japanese, Canadian, and U.K. bonds have been positively correlated with the respective excess local currency returns (1978–1997). However, for investors who measure their performance in the currencies of these countries, the comparable correlation between U.S. bond returns and positions in U.S. dollars has been negative. Traditional interest rate or portfolio flow models fail to explain the asymmetry. A sticky-price model with spillover effects from the U.S. to other countries is used to explore the effect of macroshocks on these returns.
The Addiction Psychiatrist as Dual Diagnosis Physician: A Profession in Great Need and Greatly Needed

Addiction is the number one cause of premature illness and death in the U.S., especially among people with mental illness. Yet American medicine lacks sufficient workforce capacity, expertise, training, infrastructure, and research to support treatment for people with co-occurring addictions and mental illness. This essay argues that the addiction psychiatrist is essential in dual diagnosis care.
Feasibility of computer-based self-administered cancer-specific geriatric assessment in older patients with gastrointestinal malignancy

Background. The Cancer-Specific Geriatric Assessment (CSGA) is a primarily self-administered paper survey of validated measures.
Temporary Strangers Travel and Tourism from a Sociological Perspective

International travel and travelers have infrequently been topics of research by sociologists, perhaps because they have been viewed as nonserious and potentially corrupting. However, travel and tra...
The Controlling Element in Sex Chromosome Behavior in Sciara.

ENETIC and cytological studies have been made on a number of species of Sciara (see METZ 1938 for review). Common to all of these species is a series of unusual and remarkable cytological phenomena which involve the sex chromosome and which are related to the differentiation of sex in this genus. The first of these is encountered at the second meiotic division in the male, when, following the selective elimination of paternal homologues at the first spermatocyte division, the maternally derived X chromosome undergoes equational nondisjunction. Thereby, instead of a haploid set of chromosomes, such as the egg transmits (three autosomes and one X) , the sperm nucleus comes to include two identical X’s and three autosomes. Although the sperm transmits two X chromosomes to the zygote, in no cell of the developing embryo are both of them retained permanently: one is eliminated from the somatic nuclei of the females, both from the somatic nuclei of males, and one from the germ cells of each sex. This pattern of sex chromosome behavior constitutes a unique sex determining mechanism. All zygotes begin development under the influence of the same chromosome complement, three X’s and three pairs of autosomes. A differential between male and female is not established until anaphase of the seventh or eighth cleavageand then only in the somatic nuclei-at which time there is an elimination of one or of both paternal X’s in the production of female and male embryos, respectively (Du BOIS 1933). The germ line retains all three sex chromosomes until the germ cells have migrated to the definitive gonad site; then, in both sexes alike, one paternal X is eliminated. This elimination occurs not at anaphase but in resting cells at a stage when the chromosomes are in the form of fairly compact prochromosomes; one of the paternal X’s appears to migrate directly through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm and subsequently degenerates (BERRY 1941 ) . This series of interrelated and unusual phenomena demonstrates that the cells of the developing Sciara embryo can distinguish between sex chromosomes and autosomes, between maternal and paternal homologues. The nature of this “recognition” of chromosomes is not understood. One of the first questions to be answered, however, and one which is experimentally feasible, is whether a local1 The studies reported here were supported by grants G-6176 and G-9682 from the National Science Foundation. The studies on the Oak Ridge translocations were initiated in the Biology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory during the tenure of a research participantship (1957-58) sponsored by the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies.
Don't miss the plenary sessions

From the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Disclosures: Author has nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Sept 9, 2015; accepted for publication Sept 9, 2015; available ahead of print Oct 15, 2015. Address for reprints: Fred A. Crawford, Jr, MD, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425 (E-mail: crawfrdf@musc.edu). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:35-6 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.09.039
Tiny Sparks of Contingency. On the Aesthetics of Human Rights

This paper discusses atrocity photographs and other images of suffering as constitutive of humanitarian consciousness. More specifically, its central claim is that exposure to visual documentation of extreme suffering and abuse has forged, and is still forging, a global sensibility concerning human rights by way of a negative dialectics conceived along broadly Adornian lines. Hannah Arendt called for a guarantee of human rights in the form of a principle of humanity, minimally understood as the event of natality. In bringing home the irrefutability of bodily harm in the context of public discourse, these images work in a two-prong manner: dialectically, by undoing the dominant paradigm of dehumanization, and performatively, by constituting humanitarian consciousness on the basis of Arendt’s minimalist formulation. It is thus through visual iterative acts, an extension of Seyla Benhabib’s theory of democratic iterations, that global civil society emerges as the subject and the author of the norm of humanity. Finally, and countering Susan Sontag and other photography critics, the author suggests that from both the perspectives of an “ethics of showing” and an “ethics of seeing” the problem with images of suffering is not so much that they are irreducibly constructed or that they run the risk of aestheticizing pain rather than critically engage the viewer. The problem with images of suffering is that they may induce a numbing of affect that allows the viewer to see the other as not fully real, and thus human.
Arts Policy Research for the Next Twenty-Five Years: A Trajectory after Patrons Despite Themselves

This paper was commissioned for a plenary session at the Association for Cultural Economics International 2008 Research Conference recognizing the 25th anniversary of the publication of Patrons Despite Themselves: Taxpayers and Arts Policy. It proposes five "big questions" to which arts policy research should attend if carried on in the spirit that animated the book, namely that arts policy should seek to generate "more, better, engagement by more people with better art." The five issues are:* Waste of cultural resources represented by works that are not heard or seen, such as unperformed music and works in reserve collections of museums.* Design and implementation of a workable business model for works in digital form (recordings, video, text, etc.).* Increasing the value created by amateur participation (in contrast to passive consumption of art provided by professionals).* Withdrawal of elites, especially economic elites, from their historic participation in arts governance and support. * Fragmentation of collective patrimony as people have fewer and fewer works commonly experienced and art serves niche markets.
PITTSBURGH DIABETES MELLITUS STUDY II. SECONDARY ATTACK RATES IN FAMILIES WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS

Family history data were collected in 1203 consecutive admissions of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus cases to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between Dec. 31, 1964 and Jan. 1, 1981. This report deals with two issues: the closeness in time of dates of onset of diabetes in multiple sibling case families and the similarity of ages of onset within these families. The age-specific incidence rates among siblings were 6-18 times higher than in the general population. Contrary to other reports, this study does not find an increased risk to siblings during the first year or two after the onset of the index diabetic case. The mean duration between cases is 6.1 years. Fitting a log-normal distribution to the periods between cases verified the long median incubation period (4.35 years) with a high degree of variability (dispersion factor = 3.38). However, the log-normal was not a good fit to the data (p less than 0.005). There is a significant correlation for age of onset for pairs of affected siblings within families (0.25). However, it is shown that the similarity in age of onset within families may be a function of the greater similarity to ages of siblings within a family. It is noted that secondary cases are more often younger children in the family, particularly so if the index child is of school age at the time of onset.
PACAP modulation of calcium ion activity in developing granule cells of the neonatal mouse olfactory bulb

Ca2+ activity in the CNS is critical for the establishment of developing neuronal circuitry prior to and during early sensory input. In developing olfactory bulb (OB), the neuromodulators that enhance network activity are largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)-specific PAC1 receptors (PAC1Rs) expressed in postnatal day (P)2–P5 mouse OB are functional and enhance network activity as measured by increases in calcium in genetically identified granule cells (GCs). We used confocal Ca2+ imaging of OB slices from Dlx2-tdTomato mice to visualize GABAergic GCs. To address whether the PACAP-induced Ca2+ oscillations were direct or indirect effects of PAC1R activation, we used antagonists for the GABA receptors (GABARs) and/or glutamate receptors (GluRs) in the presence and absence of PACAP. Combined block of GABARs and GluRs yielded a 66% decrease in the numbers of PACAP-responsive cells, suggesting that 34% of OB neurons are directly activated by PACAP. Similarly, immunocytochemistry using anti-PAC1 antibody showed that 34% of OB neurons express PAC1R. Blocking either GluRs or GABARs alone indirectly showed that PACAP stimulates release of both glutamate and GABA, which activate GCs. The appearance of PACAP-induced Ca2+ activity in immature GCs suggests a role for PACAP in GC maturation. To conclude, we find that PACAP has both direct and indirect effects on neonatal OB GABAergic cells and may enhance network activity by promoting glutamate and GABA release. Furthermore, the numbers of PACAP-responsive GCs significantly increased between P2 and P5, suggesting that PACAP-induced Ca2+ activity contributes to neonatal OB development.
Staggered CMOS: A Novel Three-Dimensional Technology

We report the fabrication of mutually self-aligned IGFET’s in two silicon layers which are separated by a thin dielectric film. The transistors are configured such that the heavily doped source and drain regions of a transistor in one layer also serve as the gate electrodes for transistors in the other layer. One application of this three-dimensional technology is the implementation of a compact four-transistor “staggered” CMOS latch circuit which can be used to form part of a static random-access memory cell.
MEMS Microphone Array on a Chip for Turbulent Boundary Layer Measurements

A MEMS microphone array has been designed and applied to the measurement of wall pressure spectra under the turbulent boundary layer in flow duct testing at Mach numbers from 0 to 0.6. The array was micromachined onto a single chip in the PolyMUMPS surface micromachining process, allowing high spatial resolution and low surface roughness. The chip measures 1 cm by 1 cm, and is flush mounted into the wind tunnel wall. Individual elements are 0.6 mm in diameter, with element to element spacing of 1.11 mm in the crossflow direction and 1.26 mm in the flow direction. The 64 element array has 59 working elements, 58 of which are matched to within ± 2.5 dB at 1 kHz. Phase matching between the 59 elements is ± 6.5 degrees at 1 kHz. The array has been calibrated from 100 Hz to 4 kHz in a plane wave tube. The transducer bandwidth is greater than 400 kHz as determined by laser vibrometry measurements. Sensor nonlinearity of less than 0.36% is observed at a sound pressure level of 150 dB SPL. Board level electronics allow the array to be reconfigured on the fly using computer controlled CMOS switches. Multipoint wall pressure spectra were measured in 38 array configurations at the wall of a 6 inch by 6 inch flow duct at Mach numbers from 0.0 to 0.6. The array shows excellent agreement with Kulite and Bruel & Kjaer microphone measurements in the 300 Hz to 10 kHz band, and appears to be able to measure turbulent pressure spectra at frequencies as high as 40 kHz.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration changes ectomycorrhizal morphotype assemblages in Betula papyrifera

Ectomycorrhizae are extremely diverse, with different species of fungi having very different physiologies and morphologies that, in turn, confer a range of different benefits to the host plant. To test the hypothesis that elevated CO(2) leads to changes in the assemblage of ectomycorrhizae associated with trees, we examined the number and frequency of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes colonizing roots of Betula papyrifera Marsh. saplings grown at an ambient or elevated (700 ppm) atmospheric CO(2) concentration for 24 weeks. Elevated CO(2) resulted in significant changes in the composition of the ectomycorrhizal assemblage toward morphotypes with a higher incidence of emanating hyphae and rhizomorphs. We conclude that B. papyrifera saplings will be able to support a more costly mycorrhization in future elevated-CO(2) atmospheres.
Epinephrine-induced renin secretion is not initiated by cardiac adrenoceptors

Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that epinephrine may act directly on cardiac or pulmonary adrenoceptors to alter the release of a humoral substance that in turn influences renin secretion. Accordingly, anesthetized dogs were prepared with catheters for infusion of epinephrine at three sites: 1) into the aorta just distal to the left subclavian artery, 2) into the left ventricle, and 3) near the right atrium. Left renal renin secretion rates were determined before, during, and after 30-min infusions of epinephrine at each site in each animal; the order of the infusions was randomized. At epinephrine infusion rates of 15 and 75 ng.kg-1.min-1, epinephrine-induced changes in renin secretion rates were dose dependent but were independent of the site of infusion. These data do not support the hypotheses that either pulmonary or cardiac adrenoceptors are involved in the initiation of epinephrine-induced renin secretion. In additional experiments, an isolated canine heart was perfused with femoral arterial blood from an experimental dog, and the coronary venous effluent was returned to the experimental dog via the femoral vein. Intravenous epinephrine infusion at 50 ng.kg-1.min-1 increased plasma renin activity nearly 1.5-fold. In contrast, plasma renin activity did not increase during infusion of epinephrine at 5 ng.kg-1.min-1 directly into the coronary perfusate of the isolated heart. Coronary perfusate epinephrine concentration was 699 +/- 71 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) during intravenous infusion and was 851 +/- 121 pg/ml during direct infusion of epinephrine into the coronary perfusate. We conclude that cardiac adrenoceptors do not participate in the initiation of epinephrine-induced renin secretion.
Diet and lipoprotein influence on primate atherosclerosis (39863).

SummarySquirrel and cebus monkeys fed a coconut oil diet develop comparable hypercholesterolemias, but the squirrel monkey primarily expands its low-density lipoprotein cholesterol pool, whereas the cebus primarily increases its HDL pool of cholesterol. These results, coupled with the greater accumulation of aortic lipid, particularly cholesteryl ester, in the atherosclerotic-susceptible squirrel monkey, support the concept of the protective nature of high-density lipoproteins and the athero-genic potential of LDL. They also suggest that a species' genetic control of the lipoprotein response to diet is variable and has important biological implications.This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Research Grants HL-10098 and HL-70285 and the Fund for Research and Teaching, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health.