cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance of the REVEAL model in WHO Group 2 to 5 pulmonary hypertension: Application beyond pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background The majority of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) have non-pulmonary arterial hypertension PH (non-PAH PH) or multifactorial PH. The REVEAL score was designed to predict 1-year survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) only. It is unknown whether this model is applicable to a more general population of PH patients. Methods Both newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed patients with PH of any etiology ( n = 200) were enrolled in an observational cohort between the years 2003 and 2009. REVEAL scores were assessed for the ability to predict 1-year survival in the following groups: (1) PAH; (2) non-PAH PH; (3) multifactorial PH; and (4) the entire cohort. Results Of the 200 patients, 126 (63%) had PAH, 32 (16%) had non-PAH PH and 42 (21%) had multifactorial PH. The concordance indices for the model when applied to the various groups were: PAH, 0.72; non-PAH PH, 0.97; multifactorial PH, 0.77; and entire cohort, 0.775. Observed and predicted survivals of the entire cohort according to model-assigned risk strata were not statistically different from one another ( p = 0.60), suggesting adequate model calibration. Conclusions The REVEAL survival prediction model for PAH has comparable performance when applied to a broad population of PH patients. The data suggest that the model may have utility in PH patients in general, subject to validation in a larger cohort.
ECS produced disruption or facilitation of discriminated active avoidance performance in rats.

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effect of electroconvulsive shock on the performance of a one-way active avoidance response. In the first experiment it was found that if the response was learned under scopolamine, ECS given prior to relearning failed to produce a deficit. The second experiment demonstrated that ECS facilitated relearning of a response trained to a low criterion level while it disrupted performance of a response trained to a strict criterion. These results support other indications that Deutsch's memory model has predictive value for proactive effects of ECS on relearning (retrieval).
Bis‐, tris‐, and tetrakis‐maleimidophenoxy‐triphenoxycyclotriphosphazene resins for fire‐ and heat‐resistant applications

Novel fire- and heat-resistant polymers was obtained by the thermal polymerization of various maleimidophenoxy-triphenoxycyclotriphosphazenes. These polymers, in which the cyclic triphosphazene structure is preserved, have thermal stability to 350°C and char yields of 82–78% at 800°C in nitrogen and 78–71% at 700°C in air. Two groups of monomers were synthesized by reacting tris(4-aminophenoxy)-tris(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene with maleic anhydride alone or in combination with benzophenonetetracarboxylic or pyromellitic dianhydride. The structures of cyclic phosphazene-trimeric precursors and the polymers were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The thermal stabilities of the polymers were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Reinforces Reflex Apnea in Young Lambs

To evaluate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on reflex apnea elicited by application of water on the laryngeal mucosa, 11 healthy, term lambs were chronically instrumented at 2 wk of age. Six lambs were inoculated with bovine RSV, and five lambs were mock-infected. The lambs were studied awake and unsedated before and 4, 8, 14, and 21 d after infection. RSV infection was associated with slight rhinorrhea and with moderately increased tracheal mucous discharge. There was an average increase of 0.5 degrees C in body temperature. Arterial pH, PO2, and PCO2 remained within the normal range. The ventilatory response to laryngeal chemostimulation measured as the percentage of decrease in ventilation from control was significantly (p less than 0.05) larger among the infected animals when compared with controls on d 4 and 8. There were no differences in indices of respiratory drive (airway occlusion pressure and mean inspiratory flow), ventilatory response to hypoxia (0.10 fraction of inspired O2), or hypercarbia (0.03 fraction of inspired O2). We speculate that RSV infection alters the sensitivity of the laryngeal chemoreceptors so that a prolonged or even fatal apnea may result from stimulation of these receptors. These results may be relevant to the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome associated with RSV infection.
Convection in ice I shells and mantles with self-consistent grain size

[1] The viscosity of ice I is grain size dependent for temperature and stress conditions appropriate for ice I shells and mantles of large and midsized icy satellites. Satellite thermal evolution, heat flux, critical shell thickness for convection, brittle/ductile transition temperature, and potential for surface deformation are therefore grain size dependent. Using measured grain sizes from terrestrial ice sheets experiencing temperature and strain rate conditions similar to convecting ice shells in icy satellites, we develop two end-member models of grain size and its evolution. In the absence of non–water ice impurities, grain size in a convecting ice shell of a large icy satellite will evolve over time to an equilibrium value, which we determine to be between 30 and 80 mm, because of dynamic recrystallization. Such large grains imply viscous ice, so convection in an ice shell thinner than 35 km in a large icy satellite such as Ganymede and Callisto would be sluggish at best and may cease after a few convective overturns (if it starts). Soluble ions and silicate microparticles may keep grains small, however, of order 1–5 mm, and permit convection in shells as thin as 30 km in large icy satellites. The dynamic recrystallization model provides a plausible upper limit on grain size in a geodynamically evolved ice shell, whereas grain sizes from dust-contaminated terrestrial ice cores provide a plausible lower limit on grain size in an icy satellite. On the basis of these constraints, grain sizes in evolved ice shells of large water ice satellites, in the absence of tidal forcing, should be of order 1 mm to 10 cm.
Selective CO2 hydrogenation on the γ-Al2O3 supported bimetallic Co–Cu catalyst

Abstract Recycling CO 2 to fuel or other useful chemicals will have a positive impact on alleviating the greenhouse effect. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of introducing Cu to a Co-based catalyst on CO 2 hydrogenation by examining the pathway and activation barriers of CO 2 activation and hydrogenation over the γ-Al 2 O 3 supported Co–Cu clusters using periodic density functional theory slab calculations. Two reaction channels, CO 2 + H → CO + OH and CO 2 + H → HCOO, were followed at different active sites. Introducing Cu to a Co-based cluster resulted in a less oxidized metal cluster. Consequently, the adsorbed CO 2 became less activated on Co 3 Cu than that on Co 4 . For the reactions only involving supported metal catalysts, introducing Cu led to a decrease of the activation barrier by 0.36 eV for HCOO formation but left the barrier for CO formation almost unchanged. On the other hand, the surface hydroxyls on the support directly participate in the elementary reactions at the metal–support interface. The adsorbed CO 2 at the interface can be easily protonated by the hydroxyl on the support. MD trajectories showed that the protonated CO 2 at the Co 4 /oxide interface quickly dissociates at 300 K to CO and OH, and the OH further reacts with a surface hydroxyl disproportionately to form H 2 O at 500 K. At the interfacial site of the supported Co–Cu catalyst, the adsorbed COOH species was found to be the dominant product. The present study clearly demonstrated the bimetallic effect on catalytic activity and selectivity: introducing a second metal, in combination with the hydroxyls on the substrate, alters the reaction pathways, and consequently, the product distribution.
Treatment of type II, IIIA, and IIIB open fractures of the tibial shaft: a prospective comparison of unreamed interlocking intramedullary nails and half-pin external fixators.

Objective: To compare unreamed intramedullary nailing (IMN) with external fixation (EF) in patients with Type II, IIIA, and IIIB open fractures of the tibial shaft. Design: An inception cohort of consecutive patients with Type II, IIIA, and IIIB tibial fractures incurred between January 1988 and March 1993 were systematically allocated into one of two treatment groups. Patients were treated and followed with a prospectively designed protocol. Patients and Setting: All patients were skeletally mature and had incurred a fracture of the tibial diaphysis within twenty-four hours of presentation to the tertiary care hospital, a Level I Trauma Center. One hundred seventy-four fractures in 168 patients were stabilized with either IMN (104) or half-pin EF (70). There were 132 men and thirty-six women, with an average age of thirty-three years (range, 14 to 77 years). Intervention: Except for the selection of the fixation device, open fracture care was similar in the two treatment groups. All patients underwent emergent irrigation and debridement with concomitant skeletal stabilization. Cephalosporin antibiotics were administered perioperatively for twenty-four to forty-eight hours. No wounds were closed primarily. Delayed primary closure, skin grafting, and/or myoplasty were performed between three and ten days after injury. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were final fracture alignment, presence of infection or inflammation, hardware failure, time to union, and the number of operative procedures. Results: The IMN group had significantly fewer incidences of malalignment than did the EF group [8 vs. 31 percent;p = 0.00005; confidence interval (CI) = 0.18, 0.76] and had significantly fewer subsequent procedures (mean of 1.7 vs. mean of 2.7 per fracture; p = 0.001; CI = 0.45, 1.59). IMN resulted in fewer infections/ inflammatory problems than did EF at the injury site (13 vs. 21 percent ; p = 0.73 ; CI = - 0.63, 0.45) and significantly fewer at surgical interfaces (i.e., pin sites, nail and interlocking screw insertion sites; 2 vs. 50 percent; p = 0.000; CI = 0.39, 0.60). No significant difference was found in the healing rates for the two implant groups. The more severe Gustilo injury types had longer healing times regardless of the type of fixation. Conclusions: Results suggest that unreamed interlocking intramedullary nails are more efficacious than half-pin external fixators, in particular with regard to maintenance of limb alignment. However, the severity of soft tissue injury rather than the choice of implant appears to be the predominant factor influencing rapidity of bone healing and rate of injury site infection.
IL-6 is not required for parathyroid hormone stimulation of RANKL expression, osteoclast formation, and bone loss in mice.

Continuous elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases osteoclast precursors, the number of osteoclasts on cancellous bone, and bone turnover. The essential molecular mediators of these effect...
Learning and Retention Rates after Training in Posterior Epistaxis Management

Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare the learning and retention rates of resident physicians trained in posterior epistaxis management with nasal gauze packing on a simulation model following two training methods. Methods: This was a prospective, repeated-measures study. An objective, criterion-referenced performance standard, consisting of the number of major steps completed in the proper sequence, and the number of minor steps completed within a specified time, was used by an evaluator to assess performances. Subjects underwent two pretraining assessments 1 week prior to and the day of training and then were randomized to one of two training methods: the traditional “observation” method or a “pause-and-perfect” method. After training, both groups repeated the procedure until meeting the performance standard. Subjects were retested 1 and 3 months after training. Results: Twenty-eight subjects participated. Baseline performance measures were similar between groups and did not change prior to training. During performance testing, experimental subjects completed a greater percentage of major steps (84%) and minor steps (86%) in less time (25 minutes) than the controls (65 and 68%, in 35 minutes) during the first attempt. All subjects met the standard within three attempts. There were no differences in major and minor steps completed between the two groups at either 1 week or 3 months after training, but performance times were shorter in the experimental group. After 3 months, 13% of control and none of experimental subjects met the performance standard. Conclusions: The pause-and-perfect training method produced more rapid progress toward a performance standard during the initial attempt and better performance times after 3 months than the traditional, observational training method. Without further practice, this skill deteriorated after 3 months with both methods of training.
Recovery from two attacks of meningitis caused by different organisms

Summary This patient had two attacks of purulent meningitis, separated by a three-year interval of good health and caused by two different organisms. The first attack, due to a beta hemolytic streptococcic organism, was cured with sulfanilamide therapy; the second, due to the pneumococcus, was cured with sulfapyridine.
Hierarchical Bayesian model for prevalence inferences and determination of a country's status for an animal pathogen

Certification that a country, region or state is “free” from a pathogen or has a prevalence less than a threshold value has implications for trade in animals and animal products. We develop a Bayesian model for assessment of (i) the probability that a country is “free” of or has an animal pathogen, (ii) the proportion of infected herds in an infected country, and (iii) the within-herd prevalence in infected herds. The model uses test results from animals sampled in a two-stage cluster sample of herds within a country. Model parameters are estimated using modern Markov-chain Monte Carlo methods. We demonstrate our approach using published data from surveys of Newcastle disease and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in Switzerland, and for three simulated data sets.
The Lived Experience of Staying Healthy in Rural African American Families

Decreased government spending for public health programs and increased government expectations that consumers should take responsibility for self-care and health promotion activities are current trends (Lee & Estes, 1990; Naisbitt, 1984). The purpose of this study was to reveal through phenomenological analysis the meaning of staying healthy for the participants. Staying healthy emerged as a dynamic response to life events that involved activity and relatedness in synchrony with life's rules and emotional tranquility. The findings confirm that phenomenological research can reveal the meaning of health within the context of culture and support the conceptualization of health as a developmental process for African American families.
Fréchet derivatives for curved interfaces in the ray approximation

SUMMARY The sensitivity of ray and beam theoretical seismograms to changes in velocity models and curved interfaces is discussed in this paper. Previous results from Nowack & Lutter (1988) give the derivatives of travel-time and ray amplitude with respect to changes of smoothly varying velocities. These derivatives are required to perform linearized maximum likelihood inversions for structure. In the ray approximation, smooth interfaces are incorporated by applying Snell’s law locally, correcting wavefront curvature, and using local plane-wave reflection and transmission coefficients. The partial derivatives for travel-time are directly calculated along the original ray trajectory using Fermat’s principle. For perturbations of the ray amplitude of a reflected/transmitted ray, the ray shift of the perturbed two-point ray trajectory must be accounted for. The approach followed here is to calculate the approximately perturbed two-point ray using perturbation theory without additional ray tracing. The perturbed ray amplitudes are then computed directly, including modified reflection/transmission coefficients and geometric spreading, along this approximate twopoint ray. Several numerical experiments are conducted which invert for velocity and interface shape using both travel-time and amplitude in order to test the derived partial derivative operators. Travel-time and amplitude inversion results are also contrasted with amplitude being less sensitive to larger scale features and more sensitive to heterogeneity curvature.
Streaming workload generator for testing billing mediation platform in telecom industry

Billing Mediation Platform (BMP) in Telco is used to process real-time streams of Call Detail Records (CDRs) which can number tens of billions a day. The comprehensive records generated by BMPs can be used for billing and accounting, fraud detection, campaign management, spam filtering, traffic analysis, and churn prediction. Many of these applications are characterized by real-time processing requiring high throughput, low-latency analysis of CDRs. Testing such BMPs has different dimensions, stress testing of analytics for scalability, correctness of analytics, what-if scenarios, all of which require CDRs with realistic volumetric and contextual properties. We propose WLG, a framework for testing and benchmarking BMPs which involves generating high volumes of CDRs representative of real-world data. The framework is flexible in its ability to express and tune the workload generation to simulate CDRs from broad range of traffic patterns while preserving different spatio-temporal correlations and content-level information observed in real-world CDRs.
Nutrients, seston, and transparency of Missouri reservoirs and oxbow lakes: An analysis of regional limnology

Jones, J.R., D.V. Obrecht, B.D. Perkins, M.F. Knowlton, A.P. Thorpe, S. Watanabe and R.R. Bacon. 2008. Nutrients, seston and transparency of Missouri reservoirs and oxbow lakes: an analysis of regional limnology. Lake Reserv. Manage. 24:155-180. A long-term (1978–2007) summer monitoring study of 167 Missouri reservoirs and floodplain lakes shows wide ranges in the trophic state variables total phosphorus (TP; 6–395 µg/L for reservoir means), total nitrogen (TN; 200–3290 µg/L), chlorophyll (Chl; 1–223 µg/L) and Secchi depth (0.15–4.3 m). There are strong regional contrasts between eutrophic-hypereutrophic water bodies in the predominantly agricultural Osage Plains, Glaciated Plains and Big Rivers sections and the mostly oligotrophic-mesotrophic reservoirs in the largely forested Ozark Highlands. The ecotonal Ozark Border was intermediate. Missouri reservoirs had slightly less TN relative to TP than predicted by global models, but TN:TP (median = 18.4) is typical of North American lakes and was about five- fold lower in the most enriched reservoirs compared to the least enriched ones. Concentrations of seston, measured as total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), nonvolatile suspended solids (NVSS), filterable (small) suspended solids (fTSS) and the sum of all fractions (ΣTSS), were strongly correlated with TP, TN, and Secchi depth. The proportion of mineral seston (NVSS, fTSS) increased with TSS and was the dominant fraction in most reservoirs, especially in the agricultural regions. Phytoplankton was dominated by small forms ( 10 µg/L) and Secchi <1 m increased sigmoidally with TP and TN with midrange nutrient concentrations (TP 20–50 µg/L, TN 400–700 µg/L) showing the greatest response to change. Trophic state criteria appropriate for Missouri reservoirs are similar to other north temperate lakes except for Secchi depth for which cutpoints are much lower because of nonalgal turbidity.
The Ontogeny of Iodothyronine 5'-Monodeiodinase Activity in Rana catesbeiana Tadpoles

Generation of T3 from T4 in vivo cannot be demonstrated in tadpoles until just before metamorphic climax (MC). Possible explanations include the absence of the necessary 5′-monodeiodinase (5′D) process, and/or the presence of an active T3 and T4 5-deiodinase (5D) system before MC. In the present study, 5′D activity was determined in the 12,000 × g supernatent fraction of tissue homogenates prepared from tadpoles in premetamorphosis (PM) and MC (induced by immersion in 2 × 10-8 M T4) by measuring the 125I- formed from [125I] rT3 or [125I]T4 in the presence of 20 mM dithiothreitol. Eadie- Hofstee plots of data were used to determine maximum velocity and Km. During PM, 5′D activity was undetectable in liver, tail, heart, and kidney, minimal in brain and gut, and could be quantitated only in skin. During MC, 5′D activity was undetectable in liver, heart, and kidney, but was present in tail tissue and was increased more than 5-fold in skin and gut. The increased activity was due to a change in maximum velocity...
Origin of the galvanic skin response.

SummaryThe galvanic skin response from a macroelectrode covering the toe pad of the cat was compared with simultaneously recorded potentials arising from individual sweat glands and cells of the su...
Power-aware prefetch in mobile environments

Most of the prefetch techniques used in the current cache management schemes do not consider the power constraints of the mobile clients and other factors such as the size of the data items, the data access rate, and the data update rate. We address these issues by proposing a power-aware prefetch scheme, called the value-based adaptive prefetch (VAP) scheme. The VAP scheme defines a value function which can optimize the prefetch cost to achieve better performance. Also, VAP dynamically adjusts the number of prefetches based on the current energy level to prolong the system running time. As stretch is widely adopted as a performance metric for variable-size data requests, we show by analysis that the proposed algorithm can indeed achieve the optimal performance in terms of stretch when power consumption is considered. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm significantly outperforms existing prefetching algorithms under various scenarios.
Fatal occupational injuries among self‐employed workers in North Carolina

Background Research suggests that rates of occupational injury and death may be higher among self-employed workers than in the wage and salaried population. This analysis was conducted to describe the demographic and occupational characteristics, as well as injuries, activities, and occupations of self-employed workers who are fatally injured on the job. Methods Characteristics of workers by type of employment were compared using data from the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1978–1994. Age-, activity-, and industry-specific fatality rates in self-employed workers (N = 395) were contrasted to those privately employed (N = 1,654). Results Highest fatal injury rates among the self-employed occurred in agriculture, retail, and transportation industries. Homicide deaths occurred more frequently among self-employed workers; deaths resulting from unintentional injuries occurred more frequently among non-self-employed workers. Conclusions Elevated occupational fatality death rates among self-employed workers, especially in retail and transportation industries, provide justification for addressing work-related conditions of self-employed workers in North Carolina. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:182–190, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The prediction of the size of unerupted canines and premolars in a contemporary orthodontic population

Moyer’s scheme of prediction of unerupted permanent canine and premolar size in the patient with mixed dentition is compared to a contemporary study that involves patients from the Cleveland area. Linear regression equations for the prediction of the mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars were calculated for a large sample of recent orthodontic patients. The form of the equations, as well as the size of the various confidence belts, were generally similar to those in the widely used but incompletely characterized Michigan Mixed Dentition Analysis. Although either set of tables would seem equally appropriate, a simple approximation—half the width of the mandibular incisors plus either 11.0 for the maxillary canine-premolar segments, or 10.5 for the mandibular segments—is of comparable accuracy.
Midterm Results of Ross Aortic Valve Replacement: A Single-Institution Experience

Background We reviewed our institutional midterm experience to assess autograft and homograft hemodynamics and reoperative frequency after Ross aortic valve replacement. Methods Between June 1993 and January 2009, 212 consecutive patients (mean age, 24.8 ± 15.5 years; range, 1 month to 67 years) underwent Ross aortic valve replacement; 49% were younger than 19 years old. One hundred forty-two additional procedures were required in 101 of the 212 patients (48%) at the time of the Ross aortic valve replacement. One hundred ninety-three patients had isolated aortic valve disease, and 19 pediatric patients had more complex, multilevel left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Results There were 2 early (1%) and 2 late deaths (1%), with a mean follow-up of 7.9 ± 4.2 years (range, 1 month to 15 years). Actuarial survival at 15 years was 98%. To date 28 patients (13%) have required reoperation. At 15 years, freedom from autograft sinus or ascending aortic dilatation was 79%, autograft dysfunction, 91%, autograft reoperation, 89%, and autograft replacement, 96%. Freedom from pulmonary allograft replacement was 96% at 15 years. Conclusions The Ross aortic valve replacement can be performed in children and adults with good midterm results. The late complications of autograft regurgitation, sinus or ascending aortic dilatation, can usually be corrected with a valve-sparing root replacement. These complications can often be prevented by (1) aggressive treatment of postoperative systemic hypertension, (2) replacement of a dilated ascending aorta at the initial Ross procedure, or (3) external fixation of the autograft annulus or sinotubular junction. The potential of late autograft insufficiency, ascending aortic and sinus dilatation, or homograft stenosis and insufficiency warrants annual follow-up.
3D stacking of chips with electrical and microfluidic I/O interconnects

Motivations for three-dimensional (3D) integration include reduction in system size, interconnect delay, power dissipation and enabling hyper-integration of chips fabricated using disparate process technologies. Although various low-power commercial products exploit the advantages of improved performance and increased device packing density realized by 3D stacking of chips (using wirebonds), such technologies are not suitable for high-performance chips due to ineffective power delivery and heat removal. This is important because high performance chips are projected to dissipate more than 100 W/cm2 and require more than 100 A of supply current. Consequently, when such chips are stacked, the challenges in power delivery and cooling become greatly exacerbated. Thus, revolutionary interconnection and packaging technologies will be needed to address these limits [Bakir, et. al., (2007)]. This paper reports, for the first time, the configuration, fabrication, and experimental results of a 3D integration platform that can support the power delivery, signaling, and heat removal requirements for high-performance chips. The key behind this 3D platform is the ability to process integrate, at the wafer-level, electrical and microfluidic interconnection networks on the wafer containing the electrical circuitry and assemble such chips using conventional flip-chip technology.
Diagnosis and management of inborn errors of metabolism.

Diagnostiquees tot, les maladies metaboliques ont une tres bonne esperance de vie. Un traitement symptomatique peut etre instaure avant le traitement etiologique
Multimode WDM optical data links with monolithically integrated multiple-channel VCSEL and photodetector arrays

We report on the design and implementation of a novel multiple-wavelength optical data link for low-cost multimode wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) local-area network applications. This link utilizes a monolithically integrated multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity laser array and a narrow-band resonant-cavity photodetector array to transmit multiple channels of information simultaneously via a single multimode fiber. A detailed analysis on wavelength tuning and threshold characteristics of different laser cavity designs is presented. Theoretical results are compared to our experimental data. On the receiver part, both Schottky and p-i-n photodetectors with a single- or coupled-cavity structure are discussed. A novel p-i-n resonant-cavity photodetector design with a partially oxidized front mirror for linewidth control is proposed. Moreover, we also demonstrate preliminary measurements on the optical link built with our multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity laser array and photodetector array. Finally, the feasibility of constructing a multiwavelength optical data link with a single dual-core multimode fiber and an integrated laser/detector array is evaluated.
Comparison of HER2 and phospho-HER2 expression between biopsy and resected breast cancer specimens using a quantitative assessment method.

Background HER2/Neu (ErbB-2) overexpression, which occurs in 15–20% of breast cancer cases, is associated with better response to treatment with the drug trastuzumab. PhosphoHER2 (pHER2) has been evaluated for prediction of response to trastuzumab. Both markers are heterogeneously detected and are potentially subject to loss as a consequence of delayed time to fixation. Here, we quantitatively assess both markers in core needle biopsies (CNBs) and matched tumor resections to assess concordance between the core and the resection and between HER2 and pHER2. Methods A selected retrospective collection of archival breast cancer cases yielded 67 cases with both core and resection specimens. Both HER2 and pTyr1248HER2 were analyzed by the AQUA® method of quantitative immunofluorescence on each specimen pair. Results Both HER2 immunoreactivity (P<0.0001) and pTyr1248HER2 immunoreactivity (P<0.0001) were lower in resections relative to CNB specimens. However, clinical implications of this change may not be evident since no case changed from 3+ (CNB) to negative (resection). Assessment of pTyr1248HER2 showed no direct correlation with HER2 in either CNB or resection specimens. Conclusions The data suggest that measurement of both HER2 and phospho- Tyr1248HER2, in formalin-fixed tissue by immunological methods is significantly affected by pre-analytic variables. The current study warrants the adequate handling of resected specimens for the reproducible evaluation of HER2 and pHER2. The level of pTyr1248HER2, was not correlated to total HER2 protein. Further studies are required to determine the significance of these observations with respect to response to HER2 directed therapies.
Cyclophilin A Is a Secreted Growth Factor Induced by Oxidative Stress

Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis, in part by promoting vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth. Many VSMC growth factors are secreted by VSMC and act in an autocrine manner. Here we demonstrate that cyclophilin A (CyPA), a member of the immunophilin family, is secreted by VSMCs in response to oxidative stress and mediates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation and VSMC growth by reactive oxygen species. Human recombinant CyPA can mimic the effects of secreted CyPA to stimulate ERK1/2 and cell growth. The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity is required for ERK1/2 activation by CyPA. In vivo, CyPA expression and secretion are increased by oxidative stress and vascular injury. These findings are the first to identify CyPA as a secreted redox-sensitive mediator, establish CyPA as a VSMC growth factor, and suggest an important role for CyPA and enzymes with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases.
Step 4: Control Improvements

The way in which the manufacturing system is controlled will determine the overall results of the JIT implementation. The control policies adopted (along with process improvements and vendor/customer links) will determine the work-in-progress levels, the manufacturing lead times and the customer service levels. Improving the manufacturing control is therefore an integral part of the JIT implementation.
Effect of oral contraceptives on vitamin K-dependent clotting activity.

The effect of estrogen-progesten mixtures on the hypoprothrombinemic response to bishydroxycoumarin and on vitamin-K-dependent clotting factor was studied in healthy young women. In 3 of the 4 women tested there was a diminished anticoagulant response to bishydroxycoumarin after 1 cycle of contraceptive treatment. When prothrombin times of plasma from women using OCs were compared with control subjects no difference was found in tests run within 2 hours of drawing blood. After incubation in glass tubes at 4-6 degrees C for 16 hours or more there was a shortening of prothrombin in both control and treated women. After incubation in plastic tubes only the prothrombin time of the women using OCs shortened.
Rosai–Dorfman Disease Harboring an Activating KRAS K117N Missense Mutation

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is a rare histiocytic proliferation that is generally considered to be reactive with a benign clinical course. The etiology of RDD is very poorly understood. Recent studies have shown frequent BRAF, NRAS, KRAS, and PIK3CA activating mutations in several histiocytic neoplasms highlighting the emerging importance of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Here we report a case of Rosai-Dorfman disease involving the submandibular salivary gland with a KRAS K117N missense mutation discovered by next-generation sequencing. These results suggest that at least a subset of RDD cases may be clonal processes. Further mutational studies on this rare histiocytic disease should be undertaken to better characterize its pathogenesis as well as open up potential avenues for therapy.
Comparison of Neutralization and Hemagglutination-Inhibition Techniques for Measuring Mumps Antibody

SummaryMumps hemagglutinating antigen treated with Tween 80 and ether showed 2- to 4-fold enhancement of hemagglutinin titer. The hemagglutinating activity of the treated antigen was stable on free...
Effect of Dinitrophenol on Experimental Diabetes

The metabolic action of 2-4-dinitrophenol has been the subject of several recent and informative studies. Thus the greatly increased oxygen consumption characteristic of its administration to animals and man seems from the observations of Hall, Tainter, Cutting and coworkers1,2 to be largely at the expense of fat as a fuel, at least when the stimulus augmenting metabolism is not too abrupt and overwhelming. There is general agreement that dinitrophenol does not increase the output of nitrogen in the urine1-5 and hence protein catabolism seems to be little affected. The injection of large and generally fatal doses into animals causes some elevation of the blood sugar and a considerable loss of liver and muscle glycogen, but smaller doses have little effect on the blood sugar.2,6,7 The glycemic effect of large doses of dinitrophenol is not dependent upon asphyxia8 and examination of the blood shows no very significant shift in the acid-base balance.2,8,9 Studies of the ammonia, organic acid and ketone body ...
The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A suppresses murine innate allergic inflammation by blocking group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation

Background Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are an important source of the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 that are critical to the allergic airway phenotype. Previous studies reported that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition by trichostatin A (TSA) downregulated adaptive allergic immune responses; however, the effect of HDAC inhibition on the early innate allergic immune response is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of TSA on innate airway inflammation mediated by ILC2 activation. Methods BALB/c mice were challenged intranasally with Alternaria extract, exogenous recombinant mouse IL-33 (rmIL-33) or the respective vehicles for four consecutive days following TSA or vehicle treatment. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and lungs were harvested 24 h after the last challenge. Results We found that TSA treatment significantly decreased the number of ILC2 expressing IL-5 and IL-13 in the lungs challenged with Alternaria extract or rmIL-33 compared with vehicle treatment (p Alternaria extract-challenged mice or rmIL-33-challenged mice compared with vehicle treatment (p Alternaria extract challenge compared with vehicle treatment (p Conclusions These results reveal that TSA reduces allergen-induced ILC2 activation and the early innate immune responses to an inhaled protease-containing aeroallergen.
Power from Within

Arguably, there is a moral element to every decision you make. You may not be aware of it or see it initially, but ethics are a part of every action, which is always preceded by choice. Take something as benign as whether or not to hit the snooze button on your morning alarm clock. Should you get up or enjoy an extra 30 m of sleep? Perhaps the best idea is to hit the button and get more rest. Indeed, taking care of your health is important. That said, perhaps an even healthier choice might be to get up and eat some breakfast. Taking this one step further, what about your family? Perhaps sleeping in may inadvertently cause you to run late, thus increasing your chances of speeding on the way to work and being less attentive on the roadways. On the face of it, these sorts of daily choices may not be viewed as moral challenges. But consider what can happen when people do not care about the health and well-being of others on a daily basis. Eventually, seemingly benign choices, when consistently ignored, can become major moral issues.
IR reflectance spectra of natural ilmenite; comparison with isostructural compounds and calculation of thermodynamic properties

Polarized single-crystal infrared (IR) reflectance spectra measured for natural ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ) possessed the eight peaks mandated by symmetry plus weak bands attributable to overtones. IR and Raman peaks were correlated between these data and previous polycrystalline studies of 14 isostructural compounds by comparing intensity patterns. This enabled assignment of symmetries. Frequencies for unobserved bands were estimated from relationships of IR and Raman bands with cell volume and cation mass. Different trends exist for high- and low-frequency bands indicating that the former are essentially internal motions of octahedra containing X 4+ , while the latter are translations of the M 2+ . Heat capacities calculated from vibrational spectra lie 5 % below calorimetric measurements from 150 to 1100 K. Measured entropy is bracketed by the sum of lattice entropy calculated from a Kieffer-type model plus a constant magnetic contribution and the sum S 1at plus S mag plus constant d-electron exchange and Fe-Ti charge transfer contributions. These results are consistent with electronic processes being temperature dependent, as expected for distorted octahedra. Accurate prediction of S and Cp for ferrous compounds will require knowledge of visible as well as vibrational spectra. Bulk moduli for isostructural compounds calculated from a modified Brout model lie within 5 % of experiment. K T is predicted for the eight compounds
Surveillance Results of Health Risk Behaviors of Middle School Students in Huairou District of Beijing City in 2010

[Objective]To study the health risk behaviors among the middle school students in Huairou district,and provide evidence for the health education among middle school students.[Methods]A questionnaire survey of health risk behaviors was conducted on 1 495 students from 6 middle schools by stratified random cluster sampling.[Results]The leading unintentional behaviors that resulted in oneself and others' serious injuries were chasing and pushing each other in stairs,playing roller skating and bicman without any protector(for example,helmet).In the past 12 months,the intentionally hurting oneself rate was 14.3%(for example,burning oneself with cigarette,cutting oneself with blade,banging head against the wall,etc.),11.6% had had suicidal ideation,27.9% had tried smoking,3.4% had internet addiction,8.9% had read and watched erotica and audiovisual products(for example,publication,book,movie,videotape,VCD,photograph,etc.) was 8.9%.[Conclusion]The health risk behaviors among the middle school students are serious in Huairou District which should attract great attention from school and student's parents.Corresponding intervention measures should be adopted.
Analyzing developer sentiment in commit logs

The paper presents an analysis of developer commit logs for GitHub projects. In particular, developer sentiment in commits is analyzed across 28,466 projects within a seven year time frame. We use the Boa infrastructure’s online query system to generate commit logs as well as files that were changed during the commit. We analyze the commits in three categories: large, medium, and small based on the number of commits using a sentiment analysis tool. In addition, we also group the data based on the day of week the commit was made and map the sentiment to the file change history to determine if there was any correlation. Although a majority of the sentiment was neutral, the negative sentiment was about 10% more than the positive sentiment overall. Tuesdays seem to have the most negative sentiment overall. In addition, we do find a strong correlation between the number of files changed and the sentiment expressed by the commits the files were part of. Future work and implications of these results are discussed.
Evaluation of the Spectral Response of Functionalized Silk Inverse Opals as Colorimetric Immunosensors

Regenerated silk fibroin is a high molecular weight protein obtained by purifying the cocoons of the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori. This report exploits the aqueous processing and tunable β sheet secondary structure of regenerated silk to produce nanostructures (i.e., inverse opals) that can be used as colorimetric immunosensors. Such sensors would enable direct detection of antigens by changes in reflectance spectra induced by binding events within the nanostructure. Silk inverse opals were prepared by solution casting and annealing in a humidified atmosphere to render the silk insoluble. Next, antigen sensing capabilities were imparted to silk through a three step synthesis: coupling of avidin to silk surfaces, coupling of biotin to antibodies, and lastly antibody attachment to silk through avidin–biotin interactions. Varying the antibody enables detection of different antigens, as demonstrated using different protein antigens: antibodies, red fluorescent protein, and the beta subunit of cholera to...
Marcuse’s Theory of Advanced Industrial Society: One-Dimensional Man

One-Dimensional Man (hereafter ODM) articulates the crisis of Marxism in an era which seemed to refute the Marxian theory of history and socialist revolution. Marcuse challenges some of the basic postulates of Marx’s theory, while using Marxian categories and method of analysis and critique. The result is a reconstruction of Marxian theory which questions such central features of Marxism as the theory of capitalist crisis and the revolutionary role of the working class in making possible socialist revolution. Marcuse subtitles his book ‘Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society’, but roots his critique of culture and ideology in an analysis of the socio-economic foundation of ‘advanced industrial society’. Consequently, the book produces a theory of society that uses the Marxian method of analysis to produce a radical critique of contemporary capitalist and Communist societies, culture and ideology.
Theoretical action on electrides

Alkali atoms usually have a +1 oxidation state in solids (e.g. Na+Cl-), but some 15 years ago solids containing alkali atoms in a – 1 state were synthesised by James L Dye and his co-workers, who named them 'alkalides'. These solids are composed of positively and negatively charged alkalis, such as Cs+ and Na-, plus large organic molecules, M, that encapsulate the Cs+, leaving the negative ion external to the (CsM)+ complex.
Cartesian Decomposition of Infrared Spectra Reveals the Structure of Solution-Deposited, Self-Assembled Benzoate and Alkanoate Monolayers on Rutile (110)

Cartesian polarization analysis transforms a set of surface infrared spectra obtained in different geometries into their Cartesian components using a mathematical transform, providing direct insight into the bonding geometry of adsorbed molecules. This technique was extended to uniaxial substrates and used to analyze solution-deposited, self-assembled benzoate and alkanoate monolayers on rutile (110). This analysis resolved a long-standing controversy regarding the existence of paired molecules in benzoate monolayers, showing that two distinct isomers exist within the monolayer: a tilted tetramer, which is paired, and a twisted monomer, which is not. The two isomers are nearly isoenergetic, as shown by analysis of STM images and complementary DFT simulations. Infrared and XPS spectra as well as STM images of heptanoate and octanoate monolayers showed the formation of complete monolayers (as opposed to sparse layers or multilayers); however, the alkyl chains in the monolayer are disordered and loosely pack...
Effects of Stand and Step Training with Epidural Stimulation on Motor Function for Standing in Chronic Complete Paraplegics

Abstract Individuals affected by motor complete spinal cord injury are unable to stand, walk, or move their lower limbs voluntarily; this diagnosis normally implies severe limitations for functional recovery. We have recently shown that the appropriate selection of epidural stimulation parameters was critical to promoting full-body, weight-bearing standing with independent knee extension in four individuals with chronic clinically complete paralysis. In the current study, we examined the effects of stand training and subsequent step training with epidural stimulation on motor function for standing in the same four individuals. After stand training, the ability to stand improved to different extents in the four participants. Step training performed afterwards substantially impaired standing ability in three of the four individuals. Improved standing ability generally coincided with continuous electromyography (EMG) patterns with constant levels of ground reaction forces. Conversely, poorer standing ability...
Scurvy and the enhancement of the senses

The empiricism behind the new science of the 17th century was not a homogeneous doctrine. Although everyone agreed that observation was a surer route to knowledge than theory, there was no consensus about the relation of impressions — the sight or feel of an object — to ideas. John Locke, for