cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Mining and Regression Algorithms for the Development of a QSPR Model Relating Solvent Structure and Ibuprofen Crystal Morphology

Abstract Computer Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) has been used to supplement and guide experimental efforts in various fields. Currently, highly predictive models can be developed as a result of improved computing hardware along with novel methodologies for model development. Decreasing dependency on experimental efforts can also reduce the environmental footprint of companies involved in product design and development. Though being a well-practiced process, crystallization is comparatively a much less studied separation unit operation. Not much is known about the variables that affect quality and usefulness of the end product gained from crystallization. Studies suggest that the interactions between solute and solvent are quite difficult to quantify and large variance can be noticed with every solute-solvent combination. Pharmaceutical companies are widely known for using crystallization operations to develop their end product. Additionally, crystal morphology has a significant impact on how the drug is metabolized in the human body. This contribution describes the development of a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model which relates the crystal aspect ratio of ibuprofen to the structure of the solvent utilized. The work focuses on applying various data mining and regression algorithms such as PCA/PCR (Principal Component Analysis/Regression), GA-MLR (Genetic Algorithm - Multiple Linear Regression), ANN (Artificial Neural Network) to generate a QSPR model. The validation results of the models generated from these algorithms are thoroughly analyzed and explained. Three-dimensional (3D) descriptors are often found to cause degeneracy issues when applied within QSPR studies. For these reasons, singular value decomposition (SVD) was used as an alternative to PCA for its increased stability in primary component prediction. Both internal and external validation methods were used to test the predictive capabilities of the developed models.
Inhaled Sodium Nitrite Improves Rest and Exercise Hemodynamics in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Rationale: Abnormalities in nitric oxide (NO) signaling play a pivotal role in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Intravenous sodium nitrite, which is converted to NO in vivo, improves hemodynamics in HFpEF, but its use is limited by the need for parenteral administration. Nitrite can also be administered using a novel, portable micronebulizer system suitable for chronic use. Objective: Determine whether inhaled nitrite improves hemodynamics in HFpEF. Methods and Results: In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, subjects with HFpEF (n=26) underwent cardiac catheterization with simultaneous expired gas analysis at rest and during exercise, prior to and following treatment with inhaled sodium nitrite (90 mg) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) during exercise. Prior to study drug, HFpEF subjects displayed an increase in PCWP with exercise from 20±6 to 34±7 mmHg (p<0.0001). Following study drug administration exercise PCWP was substantially improved by nitrite as compared to placebo (baseline-adjusted mean 25±5 vs 31±6 mmHg, ANCOVA p=0.022). Inhaled nitrite reduced resting PCWP (-4±3 vs -1±2 mmHg, p=0.002), improved pulmonary artery compliance (+1.5±1.1 vs +0.6±0.9 ml/mmHg) and decreased mean pulmonary artery pressures at rest (-7±4 vs -3±4 mmHg, p=0.007) and with exercise (-10±6 vs -5±6 mmHg, p=0.05). Nitrite reduced right atrial pressures with no effect on cardiac output or stroke volume. Conclusions: Acute administration of inhaled sodium nitrite reduces biventricular filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressures at rest and during exercise in HFpEF. Further study is warranted to evaluate chronic effects of inhaled nitrite in HFpEF.
METHODS IN CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

This chapter discusses methods in child psychology. Observation, experimentation, and interpretation are the three main roads of child study. Their basic aim is to find out modes of behavior, motivations of behavior, and the probable course of behavior in the child's future development. This is important to understand the organization of the child and to design the adult's proper attitude toward the child, that is, to find out new ways of education that can make the child and the society growing out of children happier. The material of experimental depth psychology consists of the expressive movements, because an individual's personality becomes manifest in the way he expresses himself. There are three basic forms of such an expression: (1) The expression of thought, (2) the expression of action, and (3) the expression of movement. The functioning of memory is not like that of a recording machine, registering all items received; memory is a selective process and the selection depends on dynamic factors, such as interest and emotion. Interest increases memorizing faculties and that emotions can prevent items from being consciously remembered.
Using Text Mining Analytics to Understand IT Internal Control Weaknesses

This study aims to examine the antecedents and consequences of IT Internal Control Weaknesses (ITICWs). Specifically, we propose a comprehensive model to examine the impact of IT governance on ITICWs as well as effects of ITICWs on firm performance. To gain deep insight into ITICWs, we propose to apply text mining analytics to categorize different types of ITICWs. This allows us to examine the impact of different categories of ITICWs on firm performance. We are in the process of collecting the data.
γ -Tocotrienol suppresses growth and sensitises human colorectal tumours to capecitabine in a nude mouse xenograft model by down-regulating multiple molecules

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and even develops resistance to chemotherapeutic agents over time. As a result survival for patients with CRC remains poor. We investigated both in vitro and in vivo effects of γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) alone and in combination with capecitabine. Apoptosis and cytotoxicity assays were performed by MTT and FACS analysis, whereas expression of proteins was investigated using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The γ-T3 inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells with wild-type or mutated KRAS. It also induced apoptosis, inhibited colony formation, and suppressed key regulators of cell survival, cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Furthermore, γ-T3 enhanced the anticancer effects of capecitabine in CRC cells. In a nude mouse xenograft model of human CRC, oral administration of γ-T3 inhibited tumour growth and enhanced the antitumour efficacy of capecitabine. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis results indicated that expression of Ki-67, cyclin D1, MMP-9, CXCR4, NF-κB/p65, and VEGF was lower in tumour tissue from the combination treatment group. Combination treatment also downregulated NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated gene products. Our findings suggest that γ-T3 inhibited the growth of human CRC and sensitised CRC to capecitabine by regulating proteins linked to tumourigenesis.
Biomarkers of Vorinostat Resistance in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.

Profiling gene expression with DNA microarray technology has elucidated novel therapeutic targets and led the approval of a number of targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that has demonstrated an overall response rate of approximately 24–30% in two phase II studies of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients. There are currently no known specific biomarkers to indicate resistance to vorinostat. To identify genes resistant to vorinostat we compared profiles using the Aligent whole human genome oligo microarrays containing ∼41,000 genes/transcripts in vitro in vorinostat-resistant MJ and -sensitive HH CTCL cell lines treated with 1 μM of vorinostat for 24 hours and compared them to patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and during oral therapy. There were 3151 (7.7%) genes/transcripts differentially expressed in vitro in treated resistant MJ cells compared to untreated vehicle control ( p < 0.001). We also studied differential gene expression in two clinically resistant Sezary patients’ PBMCs taken at baseline and four weeks after oral vorinostat (400 mg daily or 300 mg bid 3 days/wk). In patients’ PBMCs, 585 (1.4%) and 2744 (6.7%) differentially expressed genes/transcripts ( p < 0.001) were identified, respectively. Genes that were up-regulated both in vitro and in vivo included a tumor necrosis factor receptor super-family member 11a (TNFRSF11a or RANK), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), vinculin (VCL) and KIAA1840. Genes that were down-regulated in both included adenylate kinase 3-like 1 (AK3L1), leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 4 (LRFN4), and AL359650. Increased RANK, MMP9 and SOCS3 mRNA expression in MJ compared to HH cells and in three resistant versus three vorinostat responding Sezary patients’ PBMCs was confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR. In conclusion, our results suggest that oligonucleotide microarray analysis may identify biomarkers of resistance to vorinostat which would be helpful to select patients who may not benefit from treatment. These findings provide the rationale for future functional studies and development of more effective use of HDAC inhibitors for CTCL patients.
Cannabinoids and the Addictive Effects of Nicotine

Abstract Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nicotine are commonly used together in the form of cannabis and tobacco. Besides sharing similar routes of administration, these drugs affect reward-related brain circuits that partially overlap and interact. This interaction could be responsible for promoting addiction in co-users, but it might also provide new avenues for the treatment of addiction. In this paper, we review evidence from research with animal models of drug reward and related processes suggesting that: (1) the simultaneous use of nicotine and THC might increase the addictive effects of nicotine; (2) previous exposure to THC produces lasting alterations in the reward system of the brain that might increase the likelihood and severity of nicotine addiction; (3) manipulating the endogenous cannabinoid system, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, might promote abstinence from nicotine; and (4) manipulating alpha-7 nicotinic receptors might promote abstinence from cannabis.
Chapter 63 – Infantile spasms

Infantile spasms are a unique disorder of infancy and early childhood. The average age at onset of infantile spasms is 6 months and the average incidence of the disorder is approximately 0.31 per 1000 live births. Approximately one-quarter of patients will spontaneously stop having spasms within 1 year of onset. There are three main types of epileptic spasms: flexor, extensor, and mixed flexor–extensor. Spasms frequently occur in clusters and commonly occur upon arousal from sleep. The motor spasms are frequently confused with other normal and abnormal infant behaviors. Typically, the interictal EEG reveals hypsarrhythmia or one of its variants. A variety of ictal EEG patterns may be seen, the most common of which is a generalized slow-wave transient followed by an attenuation of the background activity in all regions. The primary treatment objective is to improve the EEG and stop the spasms as soon as possible and to avoid prolonged treatment durations with any form of therapy. Currently, there is no conclusive evidence that medical or surgical treatment of infantile spasms significantly alters long-term outcome. Although the pathophysiological mechanism underlying infantile spasms is unknown, several animal models of infantile spasms have been developed in recent years
Turning 1 Year of Age in a Low Socioeconomic Environment: A Portrait of Disadvantage.

In the United States today, 16 million children are growing up poor. Few studies report multiple environmental factors associated with poverty during the first year of life and effects on infant development. Objectives To evaluate maternal, home, and neighborhood environment of low and higher socioeconomic status (SES) infants from birth to 1 year and to evaluate the impact of SES and environment on infant developmental outcome at 1 year. Methods Low (n = 30) and higher SES (n = 30) African-American mothers and their healthy term gestation female infants were prospectively compared for environmental characteristics and infant developmental outcome. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV); Beck Depression Inventory; Perceived Stress Scale; Parenting Stress Index-Fourth Edition (PSI-4); Social Support Scale; Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (HOME); Household Food Insecurity (HFI); Concentrated Neighborhood Disadvantage (CND). Bayley Scales of Infant Development Third Edition (BSID-III); Preschool Language Scale (PLS-5). Results Environmental risk was greater for low compared with higher SES: lower WAIS-IV (p Conclusion By age 1, low SES infants had been exposed to greater environmental disadvantage and already exhibited poorer developmental functioning than higher SES infants. These findings suggest that support for families and children from impoverished circumstances cannot begin too early.
Reduced-order stochastic electromagnetic macro-Models for uncertainty characterization of 3-D band-gap structures, in FDTD

Recently, a reduced-order stochastic electromagnetic macro-model in finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) was developed which is based on stochastic collocation (SC) on the sparse Smoljak grid. Here, we apply the technique to quantify the uncertainty in electromagnetic response of a 3-D electromagnetic band-gap structure comprised of dielectric posts whose x-y positions vary randomly according to Gaussian distribution. The results are correlated against standard Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, and show excellent agreement.
Ratio Scales are Critical for Modeling Neural Synthesis in the Brain

The brain generally miniaturizes its perceptions into what may be regarded as a model of what happens outside. We experience the world according to the capacity of our nervous system to register the stimuli we receive. In order to understand and control the environment there needs to be proportionality between the measurements represented in the miniaturized model that arise from the firings of our neurons, and the actual measurements in the real world. Thus our response to stimuli must satisfy the fundamental functional equation F(ax) = bF(x). In other words, our interpretation of a stimulus as registered by the firing of our neurons is proportional to what it would be if it were not filtered through the brain. This equation is the homogeneous part of the inhomogeneous equation F(ax) − bF(x) = G(x) with the forcing function G(x). What interests us here is the mode of operation of the (firing) system that needs to always satisfy the homogeneous part.
Advances in multisensor information fusion: A Markov–Kalman viscosity fuzzy statistical predictor for analysis of oxygen flow, diffusion, speed, temperature, and time metrics in CPAP

The efficacies of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are well documented in decreasing the apnoea–hypopnoea index in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. To guarantee these efficacies, CPAP manufacturers must thoroughly test these devices to ensure the flow of oxygenated air to the patient at various temperatures during a prescribed time frame. The calculation of the percent oxygen in a “bimixture” of gas can be done by measuring the travel time of a sound wave through the gas, and the travel time is proportional to the density of the air. We utilized existing multisensor tubes that were developed to collect and measure oxygen flow, diffusion, speed, temperature, and time metrics. Then these metrics were analysed using a Markov fuzzy, statistical, artificial neural network, nearest-neighbour predictive approach to determine the interactions between these variables. An improved Kalman filter method was employed to reduce noise, increase viscosity, and obtain correct data from the CPAP system.
A Case Study of Elevated Convection in an Unsaturated Large-Scale Environment

Most severe convective events are associated with convection arising from a convectively unstable boundary layer. This basic association has resulted in a near absence of research done on other types of convection, one such type being elevated convection; which, in a broad sense, will be defined here as convection that occurs above a convectively stable boundary layer. It is important to realize that in this type of convection no inflow air for the storm originates in the boundary layer, but rather has a source of convectively unstable air aloft.
Computer versus Lecture: A Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching Oral Medication Administration in a Nursing Skills Laboratory

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of both an interactive, multimedia CD-ROM and a traditional lecture for teaching oral medication administration to nursing students. A randomized pretest/posttest experimental design was used. Forty-two junior baccalaureate nursing students beginning their fundamentals nursing course were recruited for this study at a large university in the midwestern United States. The students ranged in age from 19 to 45. Seventy-three percent reported having average computer skills and experience, while 15% reported poor to below average skills. Two methods were compared for teaching oral medication administration--a scripted lecture with black and white overhead transparencies, in addition to an 18-minute videotape on medication administration, and an interactive, multimedia CD-ROM program, covering the same content. There were no significant (p < .05) baseline differences between the computer and lecture groups by education or computer skills. Results showed significant differences between the two groups in cognitive gains and student satisfaction (p = .01), with the computer group demonstrating higher student satisfaction and more cognitive gains than the lecture group. The groups were similar in their ability to demonstrate the skill correctly. Importantly, time on task using the CD-ROM was less, with 96% of the learners completing the program in 2 hours or less, compared to 3 hours of class time for the lecture group.
Formation of long-range Rydberg molecules in two-component ultracold gases

We present a comprehensive study of the diverse properties of heteronuclear Rydberg molecules, placing a special emphasis on those composed of the light alkali-metal atoms, Li, Na, and K. Electron-atom scattering phase shifts, which determine the strength of the molecular bond, are calculated at very low energy and then used in a spin-dependent theoretical model to calculate accurate Rydberg molecule potential-energy curves. The wide parameter range accessible by combining the various properties of different alkali-metal atoms often leads to hybridized electronic states accessible via one or two photon excitation schemes. This analysis of heteronuclear molecules leads to a prediction that the relative densities and spatial distributions of atoms in an ultracold mixture can be probed at controllable length scales via spectroscopic detection of these molecules.
Beam Riders and Sailcraft Based on Diffractive Light Sails

Diffractive films afford advantages in orbit raising type of solar sail maneuvers. We experimentally verified the radiation pressure on a transmissive Littrow grating, where significant tangential force was observed, along with a near-vanishing normal force.
Regularity properties of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the half line

Abstract In this paper we study the local and global regularity properties of the cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) on the half line with rough initial data. These properties include local and global wellposedness results, local and global smoothing results and the behavior of higher order Sobolev norms of the solutions. In particular, we prove that the nonlinear part of the cubic NLS on the half line is smoother than the initial data. The gain in regularity coincides with the gain that was observed for the periodic cubic NLS [16] and the cubic NLS on the line [12] . We also prove that in the defocusing case the norm of the solution grows at most polynomially-in-time while in the focusing case it grows exponentially-in-time. As a byproduct of our analysis we provide a different proof of an almost sharp local wellposedness in H s ( R + ) . Sharp L 2 local wellposedness was obtained in [19] and [2] . Our methods simplify some ideas in the wellposedness theory of initial and boundary value problems that were developed in [11,19,20,2] .
Making Meaning of Arctic Sea Ice and Mourning its Decline

Peter Wadhams, A Farewell to Ice: A Report from the Arctic (London & New York: Allen Lane, 2016), 240 pp., £20.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0- 241-00941-3. Shari Gearheard, Lene Kielsen Holm, Henry Huntington, Joe Mello Leavitt, Andrew R. Mahoney, Margaret Opie, Toku Oshima, and Joelie Sanguya, The Meaning of Ice: People and Sea Ice in Three Arctic Communities (Hanover, NH: International Polar Institute Press, 2013), 366 pp., US$50 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0-9821703-9-7.
Comparing and connecting territories of illiberal politics and neoliberal governance

This afterword to the special issue on ‘Planetary Illiberalism’ examines the ways in which the papers raise and respond to two key questions: namely: What are the connections between neoliberalism ...
The Rozel Point Tar Seeps and Their Impact on the Local Biology at Great Salt Lake, Utah

Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is the largest lake in the Great Basin and one of the primary migratory stops for many species of birds in North America. Located at Rozel Point, on the north arm of the lake, are natural tar seeps that have formed on the former lake bed resulting from the migration of oil to the surface along fault lines. Once the petroleum reaches the surface of the ground, usually at low pressure, it then spreads out from the seep. The resulting tar seeps are numerous and vary in size. During warm weather, the surface of the Rozel Point tar is sufficiently sticky, and it can lead to entrapment of animals.
Recognition subtests for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: Preliminary data in cognitively intact older adults, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's disease.

The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) has three delayed recall subtests (list, story, figure), but only one delayed recognition subtest (list). Since compar...
Abstract 16156: Association of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Usage and EVALI-like Symptoms

Introduction: Comprehensive studies regarding clinical symptoms related to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) usage are sparse. Methods: The sample included 1,432 current ENDS users, ages ...
Out of Our Minds: What We Think and How We Came to Think It: By FELIPE FERNÁNDEZ-ARMESTO. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019. Xvi + 465 pp., notes and index, $32.95. ISBN 978-0-520-33107-5.

Felipe Fernandez-Armesto started his academic career as a scholar of late medieval and early modern Spanish exploration and colonization in the eastern Atlantic. Moving on, he wrote a biography of ...
Coupled thermomechanical analysis of fused deposition using the finite element method

Abstract A novel finite element-based simulation method is proposed for fused deposition modeling in two dimensions. The method assumes full coupling between the mechanical and thermal response under the assumptions of infinitesimal deformation and finite temperature variation. To account for continuous temperature-induced changes in the geometry, new elements are deposited on the current configuration, while the governing equations are solved on a reference configuration generated based on the desired shape. Representative simulations are conducted to assess the predictive capacity of the method, as well as the effect of thermomechanical coupling on the final shape of the printed solid.
Multi-sensor data collection and fusion using autoencoders in condition evaluation of concrete bridge decks

This paper presents a multi-sensor data collection and data fusion procedure for nondestructive evaluation/testing (NDE/NDT) of a concrete bridge deck. Three NDE technologies, vertical electrical impedance (VEI), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and high-definition imaging (HDI) for surface crack detection, were deployed on the bridge deck. A neural network autoencoder was trained to quantify the relationship between VEI and GPR results using the data collected at common positions. This relationship was then used for fusion of VEI and GPR data to increase the reliability and spatial resolution of the NDE measurements and to generate a data-fused condition map that showed novel characteristics. Threshold values for VEI and GPR tests were obtained and used to determine the color scale in the fused map. Surface cracks identified from HDI show reasonable agreement with the deterioration areas on the data-fused condition map. Chloride concentration measurements on sound and deteriorated areas of the deck were consistent with the NDE results.
Financial reporting consequences of sovereign wealth fund investment

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), with $8 trillion in assets, are government-owned institutional investors pursuing political and financial investment objectives. I document evidence supporting the hypothesis that simultaneous pursuit of political and financial investment objectives renders SWFs weak monitors. Using a staggered difference-in-differences research design, I find that discretionary accruals increase by 0.31 percent of total assets for SWF target firms after SWF investment relative to an entropy-balanced control group of non-SWF target firms. Corroborating tests document that the effect of SWF investment on discretionary accruals strengthens with SWFs’ equity stake and SWF target firms’ earnings management incentives and weakens when regulators curb SWFs’ pursuit of political objectives. Reanalyses documenting that conventional institutional investment instead reduces discretionary accruals corroborate SWFs’ distinct monitoring effect. Robustness tests employing alternate specifications, samples, and financial reporting proxies further corroborate inferences regarding SWFs’ distinct monitoring role among institutional investors.
Afro-Catholic festivals in the Americas: performance, representation, and the making of Black Atlantic tradition

The edited volume, Afro-Catholic Festivals in the Americas: Performance, Representation, and the Making of Black Atlantic Tradition, edited by Cecile Fromont explores the connections between festiv...
A comparative survey of Betacoronavirus binding dynamics relevant to the functional evolution of the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variant N501Y

ABSTRACT Comparative functional analysis of the binding interactions between various Betacoronavirus mutant strains and their potential multiple human target proteins is crucial for a more complete understanding of zoonotic spillovers of viruses that cause diseases like COVID-19. Here, employing hundreds of replicate sets of nanosecond scale GPU accelerated molecular dynamics simulations, we statistically compare atom motions of ACE2 and CD26 target proteins in both the presence and absence of different strains of the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S spike glycoprotein. In all strains, we demonstrate a universally conserved functional binding signature of the viral RBD with the N-terminal helices of ACE2. We also identify a second more dynamically transient interaction of the viral N501 with the previously confirmed ACE2 K353 and two nearby novel sites, Q325 and the AAQPFLL 386-92 motif. We propose a model of the functional evolution of SARS-type zoonotic spillovers involving both (A) a conserved binding interaction with the N-terminal helices of ACE2 that is preadapted from viral interaction of the Tylonycteris bat coronavirus progenitor strain HKU4 with the SAMLI 291-5 motif in protein CD26 and (B) a more promiscuous and likely more evolvable interaction between viral N501 and the above-mentioned multiple regions of ACE2 that is preadapted from the bat viral interaction at the CD26 SS 333-4 motif. Our recent analysis of the highly transmissible N501Y lineage B.1.1.7 mutation in SARS-CoV-2 also supports this model, identifying a less promiscuous Y501 interaction with ACE2 that favors more stable functional binding with the K353 site alone.
Remembering the Personal Past: Descriptions of Autobiographical Memory

Introduction Memory observed by introspection Freud's theory of memory Additional Freudian memory concepts Psychoanalytic continuations Some psychoanalytic offshoots: summarizing trends Developmental memory theories Sociological and historical perspectives Memory transmission and cultivation Conclusions and possibilities Index.
Absence of Regulation, and Misregulation

In the preceding chapter we focused on how self-attention promotes behavioral self-regulation. That is our primary interest: the processes by which behavior is guided effectively. But in emphasizing self-regulatory processes, we have run the risk of losing sight of the other side of the coin. More specifically, we have ignored the fact that sometimes people seem to stop regulating themselves, and sometimes they even seem to regulate in a maladaptive fashion—i.e., “misregulate.” This chapter is intended to balance the slate a bit, in that regard. In the following sections we discuss what might cause people to stop regulating or to misregulate, and describe the consequences of each of these phenomena.1
Impacts of Non-Point Source Pollution Regulations on Mississippi Agriculture

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, PL92-500, established the goals of making the nation's streams and lakes swimmable and fishable by 1983 and eliminating both point and non-point pollution discharge by 1985. Implementation of this act, even if carried out uniformly and on the basis of scientifically determined information, could have far-reaching impacts on the agricultural sector.The purpose of this article is to: 1. Review the requirements of the legislation.2. Review selected research.3. Estimate the potential economic impact of proposed regulations on agriculture in Mississippi.4. Identify research needed to minimize the adverse economic impact of attaining the objectives of the regulations.
Improving Employment Outcomes Through the Massachusetts Parole Board's Regional Reentry Center Initiative: Policy Analysis and Recommendations

The growth of the prison population in the United States over the past twenty-five years has yielded a number of complex policy debates, including the efficacy of lengthy sentences as a deterrent of crime, the social costs of imprisoning a growing proportion of American citizens, and the appropriate conditions of confinement. Receiving much less attention, however, is a question closely related to the growth of the prison population: what should the state do to aid the reentry of the increasing number of former prisoners released from confinement? Facing growing numbers of unsupervised releasees from state facilities, many state governments have enacted programs designed to provide voluntary sevices to ex-offenders upon their release. In this policy context, we review the efficacy of the Massachusetts Regional Reentry Center Initiative (RRCI), a service program for unsupervised offenders released from state correctional facilities. The RRCI attempts to assist released prisoners with issues related to housing, substance abuse, mental and physical healthcare, employment, and the special needs of convicted sex offenders. We conclude that the RRCI, while a critical first step towards addressing the needs of the Commonwealth's growing population of unsupervised releasees, has several shortcomings that limit its efficiacy. We find that - The Department of Corrections' reentry activities are not integrated into the RRCI, resulting in redundancy and missed opporuntities to improve each agency's effectiveness; - RRC staff lacks the skill set necessary to address RRCI clients' needs; - The RRCI's strategy of referring clients to career centers for employment services does not appear to be effective; and - There is a mismatch between the timing of RRCI intervention and when most clients are actually seeking such services. We offer seven policy recommendations that will improve the efficacy of the RRCI and reduce the costs of managing the growing offender population's adjustment upon release.
Effect of an in-plane electric field on the magnetotransport in a helical metal

The existence of helical surface states in a bulk insulator, with anomalous magnetoelectric properties, is a remarkable new development in solid state physics. However clear signatures in transport measurements are lacking. In this paper we report on novel phenomena which provide a route to detecting massless Dirac fermions. The linear dispersion of the the fermions leads to a form of Lorentz invariance, with the Fermi velocity playing the role of the velocity of light ($c$). In a crossed electromagnetic field, the single-particle states form Landau levels, whose wave functions and energies depend on the applied in-plane electric field but not their degeneracies. We predict the existence of oscillations of conductivity as a function of both the chemical potentials and applied electric field. This is a unique signature of the linear dispersing states due to an even-odd effect where the conductivities of the odd Landau levels are larger than the neighboring even ones. The electric field dependence also leads to testable signatures in steady state thermopower of the nontrivial states.
Endoscopic management of vesicoueteral reflux in adult women

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE • To describe our endoscopic management of adult women with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and associated outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS • We retrospectively identified 19 adult women who presented for the endoscopic treatment of VUR from November 2001 to January 2008. • Each patient was diagnosed with VUR by voiding cystourethrogram or nuclear cystourethrogram after an episode of pyelonephritis or recurrent urinary tract infections with renal scarring on ultrasound. • A dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan was performed prior to treatment. All patients underwent endoscopic treatment with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux®). Patients with bilateral VUR received bilateral injections during the same procedure. • Follow-up imaging was obtained and success was strictly defined as no degree of VUR. Patients with residual VUR received repeat endoscopic treatment. RESULTS • Nineteen patients with a mean age of 22 years old (range 18–33 years old) underwent endoscopic treatment for VUR. A total of 79% (15/19) had pre-existing risk factors for VUR, including prior open anti-reflux surgery (26%), family history of VUR (26%) and childhood diagnosis of VUR (26%). • Imaging revealed that 47% (9/19) had renal scarring and 26% (5/19) had bilateral VUR. The success rate was 79% (19/24) after one treatment, 92% (22/24) after 5 patients received a second treatment, and 96% (23/24) after 2 patients received a third treatment. There were no perioperative complications. CONCLUSION • Endoscopic management of VUR is both safe and effective in adult women.
Breed and age affect baseline immune traits, cortisol, and performance in growing pigs.

It was hypothesized in these studies that differences would exist in baseline immune and performance measures among different breeds of pigs, and that these differences would be affected by age of the pig. Baseline immune, plasma cortisol (CORT) concentrations, and performance measures were determined among Berkshire (n = 36), Duroc (n = 18), Meishan (n = 54), Landrace x Yorkshire (White X; n = 36), and Yorkshire (n = 36) pigs at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age. All piglets were weaned at 17 to 21 d of age and moved to a common nursery environment. Total white blood cell (WBC), leukocyte differential, plasma CORT, immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, natural killer cytotoxicity, neutrophil phagocytosis (PHAGO), and chemotaxis (CHTX) were evaluated. At all ages, plasma CORT was greatest in Meishan pigs, and least in York-shires (P < 0.05). Plasma IgG increased with age for all breeds (age: P < 0.01; breed x age: P < 0.005), except that in Meishans, IgG decreased. Natural killer cytotoxicity was greatest (P < 0.05) among Meishan pigs. There were breed x age interactions for neutrophil PHAGO (P < 0.001) and CHTX (P < 0.001). Overall, Yorkshire pigs showed the greatest (P < 0.05) percentage of PHAGO but the least (P < 0.05) CHTX. White X pigs had the greatest (P < 0.05) CHTX response. Berkshire pigs had the greatest (P < 0.001) numbers of neutrophils. At 12 wk of age, Meishan pigs had the least BW gain (P < 0.001), and Durocs had the greatest G:F (P < 0.001). There were no significant sex differences for immune (P ≥ 0.15), performance (P ≥ 0.20), or CORT (P = 0.70) measures. Pig breed and age influenced both baseline immune measures and plasma CORT in growing pigs, suggesting that pig breed and age are important factors influencing the response to various stressors or infectious challenges.
Caffeine as a neurostimulant: Two pediatric acquired brain injury cases.

Objective: This report describes two pediatric patients undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation for acquired brain injury. Design: The first patient was a 16-year-old African American female w ith an acquired brain injury from multiple intracranial hemorrhages secondary to an arteriovenous malformation. The second patient was a 16 year-old African American male who sustained a traumatic brain injury due to assault. In both ca ses, the patients had difficulty participating in therapy du e to significant attention/arousal impairments. Results: Both patients demonstrated functional improvements after the initiation of caffeine 80 mg daily. The first patient's function improved from being unable to communicate to being able to signal yes/no with thumb movements. The functional independence measurement (FIM) scores of the second patient improved dramatically after caffeine was initiated. His f unction improved from being totally dependent in ambulation, wheelchair ambulation, and communication to only requiring moderate assistance with ambulation and supervision with wheelchair ambulation and communication after 3 weeks of treatment. The second patient's attention/arousal and FIM scores decline d when caffeine was stopped for 3 days and improved once administration of caffeine resumed. There were no adverse events reported for either patient. Conclusion: Caffeine is a safe and inexpensive neurostimulant that may be used to treat attention/arousal impairments. Additional research is warranted to determine criteria of use, optimal timing, duration, and dosing of caffeine administration and to investigate whether caffeine improves chronic functional outcomes after ABI in pediatric acquired brain injury patients.
T cells: The limiting cells in the initiation of immune responses in normal mouse spleens

Abstract Lethally irradiated mice were injected with 8 × 10 5 normal isologous spleen cells and sheep erythrocyte antigen, and their spleens were assayed for hemolytic foci 8 days later. The addition of 10 7 thymus cells to the spleen inoculum resulted in a significant increase in the number of hemolytic foci, while the addition of 10 7 bone marrow cells did not. These data suggest that the initiation of immune responses by normal mouse spleen cells is dependent on the number of T cells, not the number of B cells, and that B cells exist in excess.
Effects of Blending Gasoline With Ethanol and Butanol on Engine Efficiency and Emissions Using a Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignition Engine

The new U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard requires an increase of ethanol and advanced biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Due to its high octane number, renewable character and minimal toxicity, ethanol was believed to be one of the most favorable alternative fuels to displace gasoline in spark-ignited engines. However, ethanol fuel results in a substantial reduction in vehicle range when compared to gasoline. In addition, ethanol is fully miscible in water which requires blending at distribution sites instead of the refinery. Butanol, on the other hand, has an energy density comparable to gasoline and lower affinity for water than ethanol. Butanol has recently received increased attention due to its favorable fuel properties as well as new developments in production processes. The advantageous properties of butanol warrant a more in-depth study on the potential for butanol to become a significant component of the advanced biofuels mandate. This study evaluates the combustion behavior, performance, as well as the regulated engine-out emissions of ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline. Two of the butanol isomers; 1-butanol as well as iso-butanol, were tested as part of this study. The evaluation includes gasoline as a baseline, as well as various ethanol/gasoline and butanol/gasoline blends up to a volume blend ratio of 85% of the oxygenated fuel. The test engine is a spark ignition, direct-injection, (SIDI), four-cylinder test engine equipped with pressure transducers in each cylinder. These tests were designed to evaluate a scenario in terms of using these alcohol blends in an engine calibrated for pump gasoline operation. Therefore no modifications to the engine calibration were performed. Following this analysis of combustion behavior and emissions with the base engine calibration, future studies will include detailed heat release analysis of engine operation without exhaust gas recirculation. Also, knock behavior of the different fuel blends will be studied along with unregulated engine out emissions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Television Viewing in Child Care Programs: A National Survey

Although the amount of television that young children watch at home is well-described, to date no study has examined how much television preschool children watch in day care settings. We performed a cross-sectional analysis using the Profile of Child Care Settings Study, examining predictors of television viewing in center (n = 2089) and home-based (n = 583) child care programs. On average, preschool-aged children were reported to watch more than four times as much television while at home-based programs than at center-based programs (1.39 hours per day vs 0.36 hours per day); with significant differences between groups in the type of television content viewed, and in the proportions of programs in which no television viewing occurred at all. The proportion of programs where preschool-aged children watched no television during the child care day was 65% in center-based programs and 11% in home-based programs. The hours a program was open each day was associated with increased television viewing in both se...
αβ transition in quartz: Classical versus critical behavior

Abstract We report measurements of the thermal strain along the X-axis of crystalline quartz in the vicinity of the αβ transition. Results indicate that the onset of long range order, which previously had been thought to reflect non-classical behavior, can be adequately described by classical Landau theory.
Measurements and simulations for peak electrical load reduction in cooling dominated climate

Abstract Peak electric demand due to cooling load in the Desert Southwest region of the US has been an issue for the electrical energy suppliers. To address this issue, a consortium has been formed between the University of Nevada Las Vegas, Pulte Homes (home builder) and NV Energy (local utility) in order to reduce the peak load by more than 65%. The implemented strategies that were used to accomplish that goal consist of energy efficiency in homes, onsite electricity generation through roof integrated PV, direct load control, and battery storage at the substation level. The simulation models developed using building energy analysis software were validated against measured data. The electrical energy demand for the upgraded home during peak period (1:00–7:00 PM) decreased by approximately 37% and 9% compared to a code standard home of the same size, due to energy efficiency and PV generation, respectively. The total decrease in electrical demand due to energy efficiency and PV generation during the peak period is 46%. Additionally, a 2.2 °C increase in thermostat temperature from 23.9 °C to 26.1 °C between 4:00 PM and 7:00 PM has further decreased the average demand during the peak period by 69% of demand from a standard home.
Re-Entry Using Anatomically Determined Isthmuses: A Curable Ventricular Tachycardia in Repaired Congenital Heart Disease

Background— Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an important cause of late morbidity and mortality in repaired congenital heart disease. The substrate often includes anatomic isthmuses that can be transected by radiofrequency catheter ablation similar to isthmus block for atrial flutter. This study evaluates the long-term efficacy of isthmus block for treatment of re-entry VT in adults with repaired congenital heart disease. Methods and Results— Thirty-four patients (49±13 years; 74% male) with repaired congenital heart disease who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation of VT in 2 centers were included. Twenty-two (65%) had a preserved left and right ventricular function. Patients were inducible for 1 (interquartile range, 1–2) VT, median cycle length: 295 ms (interquartile range, 242–346). Ablation aimed to transect anatomic isthmuses containing VT re-entry circuit isthmuses. Procedural success was defined as noninducibility of any VT and transection of the anatomic isthmus and was achieved in 25 (74%) patients. During long-term follow-up (46±29 months), all patients with procedural success (18/25 with internal cardiac defibrillators) were free of VT recurrence but 7 of 18 experienced internal cardiac defibrillator-related complications. One patient with procedural success and depressed cardiac function received an internal cardiac defibrillator shock for ventricular fibrillation. None of the 18 patients (12/18 with internal cardiac defibrillators) with complete success and preserved cardiac function experienced any ventricular arrhythmia. In contrast, VT recurred in 4 of 9 patients without procedural success. Four patients died from nonarrhythmic causes. Conclusions— In patients with repaired congenital heart disease with preserved ventricular function and isthmus-dependent re-entry, VT isthmus ablation can be curative.
Development of a simulation system for a continuous flow, quiescent, aqueous environment

Abstract Aggregation and sedimentation of particles in lakes, estuaries, settling basins and the deep ocean play a central role in biological cycles, fate and movement of contaminants, and trace element transport. Relative quiescence with continuous influx characterizes these and other aqueous environments. However, our understanding of the processes of aggregation and sedimentation in these vital systems is poor. Inadequate experimental systems and measuring instrumentation are primary causes of this shortcoming. This paper details a laboratory experimental system which creates a continuous flow, quiescent microcosm in which particle aggregation and settling can be studied. The system’s functioning and quiescence has been rigorously verified and the conditions for successful operation defined. A model is detailed which describes fluid and solute movement in the experimental system. The results of the system verification studies indicate significant fluid mixing may occur in experimental systems which are assumed to be quiescent, yet where no careful temperature management has been employed. This unexpected and uncontrolled fluid motion may lead to significant errors in experiments whenever particles smaller than about 20 microns with environmentally relevant densities are studied.