cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adaptive responses of Escherichia coli to a feast and famine existence.

Publisher Summary Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a creature adapted to its ecological niche. This chapter examines several aspects of its fitness for survival in the lower intestine and has shown that E. coli is designed for efficient growth in its high viscosity habitat with its sporadic nutrient input. Effective use of resources to produce functioning organisms implies that macromolecular synthesis is properly divided between structural and enzymic units on one hand and the means of production that include ribosomes and t-RNA on the other. In an expanding economy all elements must increase, but the manufacture of means of production themselves must be more sensitively geared to the rate of expansion than to the actual quantity of goods produced. E. coli are not constructed to be efficient at allocating resources for nucleic acid and protein synthesis from the point of view of an ideal, non-fluctuating continuous culture. An analysis of the efficiency of the transport machinery that allows E. coli to compete with its neighbors for carbon and nitrogen sources, growth factors, or trace elements is presented. It is concluded that the transport mechanisms for several compounds have evolved to the degree where diffusion through the viscous natural environment is limiting.
Ordered Rate Constitutive Theories for Non-classical Thermoviscoelastic Solids with Dissipation and Memory Incorporating Internal Rotations

This paper presents constitutive theories for non-classical thermoviscoelastic solids with dissipation and memory using thermodynamic framework based on entirety of the displacement gradient tensor. Thus, the conservation and the balance laws used in this work incorporate symmetric as well as antisymmetric parts of the displacement gradient tensor. In this paper, we only consider small deformation small strain; hence, the constitutive theories are basis independent. The constitutive theories are derived in the presence as well as in the absence of balance of moment of moments balance law. It is shown that the energy storage, dissipation mechanism, and the fading memory in the non-classical thermoviscoelastic solids are due to strain rates, rotation rates, stress tensor, moment tensor, and their rates. Constitutive theories are derived using the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality in conjunction with the representation theorem. The constitutive theories derived using integrity are followed by simplified constitutive theories. Material coefficients are derived and discussed for both cases. Constitutive models parallel to non-classical Maxwell, Oldroyd-B, and Giesekus models for thermoviscoelastic fluids are derived and shown to be a subset of a more generalized simplified constitutive theory presented in the paper. Retardation moduli are derived for stress tensor as well as moment tensor and are compared with those in classical continuum theories for similar solids.
Experimental evidence for the formation of cationic intermediates during iodine(III)-mediated oxidative dearomatization of phenols

Iodine(III)-based oxidants are commonly used reagents for the oxidative dearomatization of phenols. Having a better understanding of the mechanism through which these reactions proceed is important for designing new iodine(III)-based reagents, catalysts, and reactions. We have performed a Hammett analysis of the oxidative dearomatization of substituted 4-phenylphenols. This study confirms that iodine(III)-mediated oxidative dearomatizations likely proceed through cationic phenoxenium ions and not the direct addition of a nucleophile to an iodine-bound phenol intermediate.
The New Left. 1968 and Post Scriptum

INTRODUCTORY NOTE The author, a well know theorist and activist of the civil rights movement and the movement against the Vietnam War, published the first part of this article from his own intervention and experience in 1968. There, he analyses the emergence of the New Left in the United States –and its global connection– through the social structure, the actors’ class background and their cultural configuration to account for the aspirations and limits that accompanied the middle class youth that lead this movement. The dilemmas that emerged between the racial, ethnic, social and economic axes that defined the actors framed the diverse social movements and throw light on the promises, scope and weaknesses that characterized them. In the post scriptum, written explicitly for the Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales 50 years later with a great analytical and existential wisdom, the author inspects the way in which class profile, radicalization and separatism led to an isolation of the New Left from the natural support basis it should have reached. It evaluates the consequences of its integration either to the Old Left or to the system, as it manifests in the turn towards right that progressive and democratic sectors had in the United States. Furthermore, he underlines the way it influenced the inequality and vulnerability that prevails among the social class –the “precateriat”– the left should have represented, and projects itself in the current situation and in Trumpism. Without a doubt, the depth, realism and theoretical and practical vision of Michael Walzer have turned him into one of the representative figures of political theory. JBL
Effect of a Thin DRY Snow Layer on the Lake ICE Thickness Measurement using Wideband Autocorrelation Radiometry

Wideband autocorrelation radiometry (WiBAR) is a new method to remotely sense the microwave propagation time $\tau_{delay}$ of multi-path microwave emission of low loss layered surfaces such as dry snowpack and freshwater lake icepack. The microwave propagation time $\tau_{delay}$ through the pack yields a measure of its vertical extent; thus, this technique is a direct measurement of depth. However, the presence of a different low loss layer on the lake icepack such as dry snowpack introduces another multi-path interference, which can effect the lake icepack thickness measurement. We present a simple geophysical forward model for the multipath interference phenomenon and derive the WiBAR system requirements needed to correctly measure the icepack thickness. An X- band instrument fabricated from commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components are used to measure the thickness fresh water lake ice at the University of Michigan Biological Station. Ice thickness retrieval is demonstrated from nadir to 73.9°.
The Phenomenon of Bereaved Parenting: An Integrative Review of Literature

Bereaved parenting, a role that entails parenting surviving children after experiencing the death of a child, is a unique but understudied phenomenon within bereavement research. Not much is known about the impact of a child's death on this crucial familial role. An integrative review of literature of 20 studies across psychology, nursing, communications, social work, and family sciences was undertaken to determine the current state of science regarding bereaved parenting. Results revealed three influential contexts: the general context of parental grief and bereavement, described as traumatic and life-changing experiences; the personal context of the resulting parental changes and coping strategies; and the relational context of the subsequent parenting of surviving children, an experience characterized by periodic conflict between personal and children's needs, emotional fluctuations, challenges with levels of protectiveness and control, and a heightened sense of responsibility within the parental role. Discussion of results and implications for research are presented.
Gold nanoparticles in biological optical imaging

Abstract Optical imaging represents one of the most essential tools in biological studies. Although with great advances, bio-optical imaging still suffers from problems such as resolution, sensitivity, speed, and penetration depth. Due to the unique optical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), i.e., surface plasmon resonance, AuNPs can be readily used to enhance optical imaging based on their absorption, scattering, fluorescence, Raman scattering, etc. Here, we include the most recent achievements and challenges associated with using AuNPs to improve resolution and sensitivity in biological imaging in vitro and in vivo. The application of AuNPs in the following three aspects were discussed: 1) Direct visualization of AuNPs inside the biosystems using i) dark field (DF) microscopy, ii) differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, and iii) other techniques, such as interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy and photothermal imaging. Additionally, since orientation and rotational motions are closely related to various biological processes, we also summarized the recent advances of optical imaging methods in the rotational and orientation tracking of AuNPs. 2) Monitoring of biomolecular events and physiological processes using i) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and ii) plasmon enhanced fluorescence (PEF) for ultra-sensitive detection of biomolecules, including proteins, metabolites, DNA, RNA, etc. 3) In vivo deep tissue imaging using i) two-photon and/or multi-photon imaging, ii) optical coherence tomography (OCT), and iii) photoacoustic (PA) imaging for disease diagnoses, such as detecting tumors and other diseases in eye, brain, and bone. In conclusion, based on our literature study, AuNPs-assisted bioimaging acts as a promising tool in exploring fundamental biological questions and early diagnosis of diseases.
PathFlowAI: A Convenient High-Throughput Workflow for Preprocessing, Deep Learning Analytics and Interpretation in Digital Pathology

The diagnosis of disease often requires analysis of a biopsy. Many diagnoses depend not only on the presence of certain features but on their location within the tissue. Recently, a number of deep learning diagnostic aids have been developed to classify digitized biopsy slides. Clinical workflows often involve processing of more than 500 slides per day. But, clinical use of deep learning diagnostic aids would require a preprocessing workflow that is cost-effective, flexible, scalable, rapid, interpretable, and transparent. Here, we present such a workflow, optimized using Dask and mixed precision training via APEX, capable of handling any patch-level or slide level classification and prediction problem. The workflow uses a flexible and fast preprocessing and deep learning analytics pipeline, incorporates model interpretation and has a highly storage-efficient audit trail. We demonstrate the utility of this package on the analysis of a prototypical anatomic pathology specimen, liver biopsies for evaluation of hepatitis from a prospective cohort. The preliminary data indicate that PathFlowAI may become a cost-effective and time-efficient tool for clinical use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms.
Development of robust artificial neural networks for prediction of 5-year survival in bladder cancer.

Abstract Purpose When exploring survival outcomes for patients with bladder cancer, most studies rely on conventional statistical methods such as proportional hazards models. Given the successful application of machine learning to handle big data in many disciplines outside of medicine, we sought to determine if machine learning could be used to improve our ability to predict survival in bladder cancer patients. We compare the performance of artificial neural networks (ANN), a type of machine learning algorithm, with that of multivariable Cox proportional hazards (CPH) models in the prediction of 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with bladder cancer. Subjects and methods The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 program database was queried to identify adult patients with bladder cancer diagnosed between 1995 and 2010, yielding 161,227 patients who met our inclusion criteria. ANNs were trained and tested on an 80/20 split of the dataset. Multivariable CPH models were developed in parallel. Variables used for prediction included age, sex, race, grade, SEER stage, tumor size, lymph node involvement, degree of extension, and surgery received. The primary outcomes were 5-year DSS and 5-year OS. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted, and ANN models were tested for calibration. Results The area under the curve for the ANN models was 0.81 for the OS model and 0.80 for the DSS model. Area under the curve for the CPH models was 0.70 for OS and 0.81 for DSS. The ANN OS model achieved a calibration slope of 1.03 and a calibration intercept of −0.04, while the ANN DSS model achieved a calibration slope of 0.99 and a calibration intercept of −0.04. Conclusions Machine learning algorithms can improve our ability to predict bladder cancer prognosis. Compared to CPH models, ANNs predicted OS more accurately and DSS with similar accuracy. Given the inherent limitations of administrative datasets, machine learning may allow for optimal interpretation of the complex data they contain.
The Influence of the Sunshine Act on Industry Payments to United States Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Surgeons.

Purpose The purpose of the present study is to investigate trends in overall payments to orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons reported by the Open Payments Database (OPD) over the 6 full years of available data (2014-2019). Methods A retrospective review of industry payments to United States sports medicine trained orthopaedic surgeons from 2014 to 2019 was performed using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services OPD. Total payments and subtype payments were analyzed for yearly trends. Regional analysis was also performed. The primary outcome was the overall trend in total median payments (defined as the median total payments per surgeon per year), which was assessed via the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Descriptive statistics include medians with interquartile ranges. P values Results From 2014 to 2019, there were a total of 1,941,772 payments to 12,816 sports medicine orthopaedic surgeons. The median payments to surgeons demonstrated a significant upward trend (P Conclusion Despite the transparency of reporting mandated by the Sunshine Act, orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons have continued to maintain industry relationships with a notable disparity in distribution. Clinical Significance Our analysis suggests continued relationships among sports medicine surgeons and industry. Future research is needed to determine how this impacts medical practice in the United States.
Recursive Feedback between Matrix Dissipation and Chemo-Mechanical Signaling Drives Oscillatory Growth of Cancer Cell Invadopodia

As cells migrate through the extracellular matrix (ECM), they can sense the mechanical properties of their environment and remodel the matrix. Most ECMs are known to be dissipative, exhibiting viscoelastic and often plastic behaviors. However, the influence of dissipation on cell motility, in particular the plasticity in 3D confining microenvironments that endows matrix with intrinsic long-term mechanical memory, is not clear. In this study, we develop a chemo-mechanical model to predict the impact of matrix plasticity on the dynamics of invadopodia, the protrusive structures that cancer cells use to facilitate invasion and motility. By considering myosin dynamics, actin polymerization, adhesion formation, and biochemical signaling, we demonstrate that matrix dissipation facilitates invadopodia oscillations by softening the ECM over repeated cycles, during which plastic deformation gradually accumulates via cyclic ratcheting. Our model reveals that distinct patterns of protrusion behavior, oscillatory or monotonic, emerge from the interplay between timescales of extension-associated viscosity and signaling-associated myosin recruitment; oscillations are only observed when these timescales are comparable. Further, we predict and experimentally validate the influence of pharmacological treatments that target myosin activity, adhesions and Rho and Rho kinase (ROCK) pathways on invadopodia dynamics. More importantly, our model provides a quantitative framework to understand how the matrix can serve as a memory storage mechanism for protrusions that is “written on” or “read” by cells.
Prophylactic versus therapeutic anticoagulation for survival of patients with COVID-19 on steroid.

Previous observational and randomized studies suggested potential benefit of therapeutic anticoagulation during hospitalization, but this treatment remains controversial. As of June 30th 2021, steroids is the standard treatment of COVID patients. We aimed to investigate the association of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation with mortality for patients with COVID-19 who were treated with steroids. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 2533 patients discharged between March 1st, 2020 and March 30th, 2021, with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the Mount Sinai Health System and treated with steroids. We evaluated the effect of therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation on the outcomes using propensity score analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted by stratification of patients by endotracheal intubation. Among the 2533 eligible patients, 465 (18.4%) received therapeutic anticoagulation. After 1:1 propensity score matching (N = 383 pairs), in-hospital mortality was similar between those with therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation (36.0% versus 30.0%, P = 0.091). In-hospital mortality regardless of endotracheal intubation were not significantly different between the two groups. Therapeutic anticoagulation was not associated with reduced or increased risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 treated with steroids.
Did School Meal Programs and SNAP Participation Improve Diet Quality of US Children from Low-Income Households: Evidence from NHANES 2013-2014?

Nutrition assistance programs such as school meals and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are designed to provide a safety net for the dietary intake of children from low-income families. However, compared with eligible non-participants, the relationship of diet quality with school meals only and school meals + SNAP is not well understood. The objectives of the study include: (1) To explore whether and to what extent nutrition assistance program participation (school meals only and school meals + SNAP) is related to diet quality; and (2) to examine the differences of diet quality between participating in school meals only, school meals + SNAP, or non-participation among American children. Children aged 5 to 18 years old from income eligible households who participated in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included in this cross-sectional study (n = 1425). Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)–2015 and its 13 subcomponents. A Rao-Scott Chi-square test, propensity scores approach, and Analysis of Covariance were performed. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, weight status, and family monthly poverty index. SAS survey procedures were used to incorporate the appropriate sample design weights. Participation in school meals + SNAP was not associated with higher diet quality compared to eligible non-participants or school meals-only participants. Participation in school meals + SNAP improved the intake of total dairy, but not added sugars or total vegetables compared to school meals only. Overall, school meal + SNAP participation did not significantly improve the overall diet quality of children in low-income households relative to comparable non-participants.
Evaluating the performance of data-moderate and catch-only assessment methods for U.S. west coast groundfish

Abstract The estimation of sustainable harvest limits for stocks that have never been assessed and have limited data available can be challenging. Harvest limits for previously un-assessed U.S. west coast groundfish have been set using catch-only methods (Depletion Corrected Average Catch [DCAC] and Depletion-Based Stock Reduction Analysis [DB-SRA]) for data-limited stocks, as well as catch and index based methods (Extended Depletion-Based Stock Reduction Analysis [XDB-SRA] and Extended Simple Stock Synthesis [XSSS]) for data-moderate stocks. To account for uncertainty and to prevent overfishing the harvest levels for U.S. west coast groundfish are reduced based upon the estimation method and the amount of data used. A management strategy evaluation was applied to evaluate the performance of each estimation method to provide benchmark harvest levels for two life-history types (U.S. west coast flatfish and rockfish) under varying misspecifications of the parameter distributions used by these methods. Both, data-moderate and catch-only (data-limited) methods, resulted in overfishing > 0.50 (except XSSS in select scenarios) when the simulated stock was below the relative biomass target for both life-histories. Each of the data-moderate methods (XDB-SRA and XSSS) that applied biomass index data failed to estimate the correct stock status in the first assessment when an overly optimistic prior distribution about the stock status was assumed. However, during the projection period as the biomass index lengthened, the estimates of current stock size improved for both of these estimation methods, reducing the probability of overfishing to
Novel sample preparation for operando TEM of catalysts

A new TEM sample preparation method is developed to facilitate operando TEM of gas phase catalysis. A porous Pyrex-fiber pellet TEM sample was produced, allowing a comparatively large amount of catalyst to be loaded into a standard Gatan furnace-type tantalum heating holder. The increased amount of catalyst present inside the environmental TEM allows quantitative determination of the gas phase products of a catalytic reaction performed in-situ at elevated temperatures. The product gas concentration was monitored using both electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and residual gas analysis (RGA). Imaging of catalyst particles dispersed over the pellet at atomic resolution is challenging, due to charging of the insulating glass fibers. To overcome this limitation, a metal grid is placed into the holder in addition to the pellet, allowing catalyst particles dispersed over the grid to be imaged, while particles in the pellet, which are assumed to experience identical conditions, contribute to the overall catalytic conversion inside the environmental TEM cell. The gas within the cell is determined to be well-mixed, making this assumption reasonable.
Cooperative coverage using receding horizon control

We present a path planning algorithm for cooperative surveillance using a set of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles. The paper describes our overall framework and algorithm for the computation of trajectories that maximize spatio-temporal coverage while satisfying hard constraints such as collision avoidance and specifications on initial and final positions. An Integer Programming (IP)-based strategy for successfully operating within these constraints is developed. IP is applied over a receding planning horizon with terminal cost to reduce the computational effort of the planner and to incorporate feedback. Simulation and results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Modeling Resources for Activity Coordination and Scheduling

Precise specification of resources is important in activity and agent coordination. As the scarcity or abundance of resources can make a considerable difference in how to best coordinate the tasks and actions. That being the case, we propose the use of a resource model. We observe that past work on resource modeling does not meet our needs, as the models tend to be either too informal (as in management resource modeling) to support definitive analysis, or too narrow in scope (as in the case of operating system resource modeling) to support specification of the diverse tasks we have in mind. In this paper we introduce a general approach and some key concepts in a resource modeling and management system that we have developed. We also describe two experiences we have had in applying our resource system. In one case we have added resource specifications to a process program. In another case we used resource specifications to augment a multiagent scheduling system. In both cases, the result was far greater clarity and precision in the process and agent coordination specifications, and validation of the effectiveness of our resource modeling and management approaches.
Loop Response to Additive Noise

This chapter contains sections titled: Noise Bandwidth Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the Loop Bandwidth Loop Optimization in the Presence of Noise Appendix: Integration of Eq. (6.4a) Appendix: Loop Optimization in the Presence of Noise ]]>
The Rights of Others: Transformations of citizenship: the European Union

A non-foundationalist human rights discourse So far I have used the concept of human rights without much elucidation. I have relied on Kantian moral premises to explicate the philosophical strategy behind the right of hospitality. In my discussion of the ambivalences of Arendt's concept of rights, I have also distinguished between the moral and the juridico-civil sense of the term. I have followed this strategy in part because I have sought to clarify the internal contradictions of the normative commitments of liberal democracies. What is the status of rights within a discourse theory of ethics? Can a discourse-ethical justification of rights claims lead us beyond the impasses that usually afflict “rights talk”? Since Jeremy Bentham's quip that belief in natural rights is “nonsense on stilts” (1843, II, 501), rights claims have been mistaken to refer to certain moral properties or attributes of human beings. The language of “natural rights” perpetrated the naturalistic fallacy in that it conflated a claim about moral grounds – the reasons why we ought to recognize each others' claims to action or forbearance, resources or services of certain sorts – with a seeming description of the physical and psychological attributes of existing moral entities – that individuals could not but act in pursuit of self-preservation (Hobbes) or for the protection of their life, liberty, and property (Locke).
Unilateral heat accelerates bone elongation and lengthens extremities of growing mice

Linear growth failure results from a broad spectrum of systemic and local disorders that can generate chronic musculoskeletal disability. Current bone lengthening protocols involve invasive surgeries or drug regimens, which are only partially effective. Exposure to warm ambient temperature during growth increases limb length, suggesting that targeted heat could noninvasively enhance bone elongation. We tested the hypothesis that daily heat exposure on one side of the body unilaterally increases femoral and tibial lengths. Mice (N = 20) were treated with 40 °C unilateral heat for 40 min/day for 14 days post-weaning. Non-treated mice (N = 6) served as controls. Unilateral increases in ear (8.8%), hindfoot (3.5%), femoral (1.3%), and tibial (1.5%) lengths were obtained. Tibial elongation rate was > 12% greater (15 μm/day) on the heat-treated side. Extremity lengthening correlated with temperature during treatment. Body mass and humeral length were unaffected. To test whether differences persisted in adults, mice were examined 7-weeks post-treatment. Ear area, hindfoot, femoral, and tibial lengths were still significantly increased ∼6%, 3.5%, 1%, and 1%, respectively, on the heat-treated side. Left-right differences were absent in non-treated controls, ruling out inherent side asymmetry. This model is important for designing noninvasive heat-based therapies to potentially combat a range of debilitating growth impediments in children. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:692–698, 2015.
Contribution of brown adipose tissue activity to the control of energy balance by GLP-1 receptor signalling in mice.

Aims/hypothesis We assessed the contribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) signalling to thermogenesis induced by high-fat diet (HFD) consumption. Furthermore, we determined whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity contributes to weight loss induced by chronic subcutaneous treatment with the GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, in a model of diet-induced obesity.
Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef using the GeneDisc real-time PCR system

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and certain non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups have emerged as important public health threats. The development of methods for rapid and reliable detection of this heterogeneous group of pathogens has been challenging. GeneDisc real-time PCR assays were evaluated for detection of the stx1, stx2, eae, and ehx genes and a gene that identifies the O157 serogroup followed by a second GeneDisc assay targeting serogroup-specific genes of STEC O26, O45, O91, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145, and O157. The ability to detect the STEC serogroups in ground beef samples artificially inoculated at a level of ca. 2-20 CFU/25 g and subjected to enrichment in mTSB or BPW was similar. Following enrichment, all inoculated ground beef samples showed amplification of the correct set of target genes carried by each strain. Samples inoculated with STEC serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 were subjected to immunomagnetic separation, and isolation was achieved by plating onto Rainbow agar O157. Colonies were confirmed by PCR assays targeting stx1, stx2, eae, and serogroup-specific genes. Thus, this work demonstrated that GeneDisc assays are rapid, sensitive, and reliable and can be used for screening ground beef and potentially other foods for STEC serogroups that are important food-borne pathogens worldwide.
Ethnic Group, Hyperkinesis, and Modes of Behavior.

This paper examines modes of behavior across different ethnic groups of children rated as hyperactive on a behavior rating scale. The experimenters questioned the similarity in behavior patterns or modes displayed by 132 black, white, and Mexican-American children who had been rated as hyperactive. Using the Abbreviated Conners Teacher Rating Scale, score patterns of these children were examined through analysis of variance. The results revealed differences across ethnic groups: black children scored significantly higher than the white and Mexican-American children on three scale items and also scored significantly higher than the other two groups in terms of mean total scale score. These findings are interpreted from a sociological perspective.
Low-voltage high-resolution scanning electron microscope imaging of the uncoated and Cr-coated zeolite Beta

Abstract Fine surface features of the uncoated, as-synthesized zeolite Beta and the effect of Cr sputter coating on the appearance of these features were examined using high-resolution (lateral resolution ∼ 2.5 nm) field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The uncoated particles exhibited charging effects despite a reduced accelerating voltage (2 kV). Thus, only rapid scanning at “TV rates”, where an average of multiple frames is acquired, produced useful FE-SEM images. Pyramidal irregularities, resulting in the “saw teeth-like” surface features less than ∼20–30 nm in size, were observed on the uncoated particles. These images did not reveal any texture over flat areas of the surface. Deposition of thin Cr films with a nominal thickness of 1–2 nm reduced/eliminated sample charging so that a slow scanning speed could be used. The resulting images showed better topographic contrast than the images of the uncoated particles. The appearance of fine “teeth” was not affected by sputtering with thin 1–2 nm Cr films. However, the development of a grainy surface texture in the form of nodules smaller than ∼5 nm over flat areas of the surface, which appeared to grow in number density and size (to more than ∼5 nm) with the increasing nominal (up to 10 nm) Cr film thickness, could be observed. This is hypothesized to be the result of Cr particle formation. Sputtering used to deposit thin Cr films did not appear to damage crystal surfaces. Thus, thin (1–2 nm) Cr coatings improve image quality with little or no loss in surface texture resolution.
Single component and mixed gas transport in a silica hollow fiber membrane

Abstract The permeances of gases with kinetic diameters ranging from 2.6 to 3.9 A were measured through silica hollow fiber membranes over a temperature range of 298 to 473 K at a feed gas pressure of 20 atm. Permeances at 298 K ranged from 10 to 2.3· 10 5 Barrer/cm for CH 4 and He, respectively, and were inversely proportional to the kinetic diameter of the penetrant. From measurements of CO 2 adsorption at low relative pressures, the silica hollow fibers are microporous with a mean pore size estimated to be between 5.9 and 8.5 A. X-ray scattering measurements show that the orientation of the pores is completely random. Mass transfer through the silica hollow fiber membranes is an activated process. Activation energies for diffusion through the membranes were calculated from the slopes of Arrhenius plots of the permeation data. The energies of activation ranged from 4.61 to 14.0 kcal/mol and correlate well with the kinetic diameter of the penetrants. The experimental activation energies fall between literature values for zeolites 3A and 4A. Large separation factors were obtained for O 2 N 2 and CO 2 CH 4 mixtures. The O 2 N 2 mixed gas separation factors decreased from 11.3 at 298 K to 4.8 at 423 K and were up to 20% larger than the values calculated from pure gases at temperatures below 373 K. Similar differences in the separation factors were observed for CO 2 CH 4 mixtures after the membrane had been heated to at least 398 K and then cooled in an inert gas flow. The differences between the mixture and ideal separation factors is attributed to a competitive adsorption effect in which the more strongly interacting gases saturate the surface and block the transport of the weakly interacting gases. Based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results, this unusual behavior is attributed to the removal of physically adsorbed water from the membrane surface.
An optimal production flow control problem with piecewise constant demand

We consider a production system consisting of one machine and producing one part type. The machine is reliable and has a finite capacity. We consider a finite planning horizon consisting of N intervals of different lengths. The demand is constant in each interval and may vary from one interval to another. Intervals with demand greater than the production capacity cause the production to deviate from the demand in the preceding and following intervals. In order to keep the production close to the demand there is a trade off between inventory build-up and customer waiting time. An optimal control problem is formulated to determine the optimal production strategy. Solution technique is developed via Pontryagin's Minimum Principle.
A Short Report concerning the Einstellung Effect

Participants were given a series of water jug problems, in a study designed to extend the generality of findings concerning the persistence of a disadvantageous set (Einstellung effect) in problem ...
Single-Bus Star-Connected Switched Reluctance Drive

Switched reluctance machines provide a feasible solution for automotive applications. However, a small and low cost power electronics driver is of interest for this purpose. This paper presents a control algorithm for a single-bus star-connected switched reluctance drive system. This algorithm enables the conventional Miller topology to control the phase currents in the multiphase excitation mode of operation. This control algorithm is introduced for motoring and generating modes of operation. The introduced algorithm is simulated under motoring and generating modes. Afterward, experimental measurements are illustrated to prove the practicality of the proposed concept.
On the integrability of Mizohata structures on the sphereS 2

This paper deals with the integrability problem for structures on the sphere S2 which are elliptic on the upper and lower hemispheres, and which are given by a simple fold on the equator. Criteria for standardness are given. Existence and factorization of first integrals are studied.
Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 12

Abstract The capsular polysaccharide of A. pleuropneumoniae is composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose (3 parts) and phosphate (1 part). The arrangement of these components in the repeating unit was determined by dephosphorylation, methylation, g.l.c.-m.s., and 1D and 2D n.m.r. spectroscopic methods. The polysaccharide was found to be a high molecular weight polymer of repeating trisaccharide units, joined through phosphate diester linkages, having the structure.
The relationship of no light to the stimulus dimension of light intensity

A discrimination was established in a Skinner box in which the SD was a bright light for half the rats and a dim light for the remaining Ss. On the day following criterion performance all Ss were tested with the stimulus lights off (Extinction 1), followed by extinction with the original stimuli present (Extinction 2). In Extinction 1 all dim SD groups responded significantly more than all bright SD groups. In Extinction 2 all bright SD groups responded significantly more to SD than all dim SD groups. The results were as predicted by Spence’s discrimination model when no light is the lower end of the stimulus dimension; Zeiler’s adaptation level theory also accounts for the results.
The Vertebrate Body Axis: Evolution and Mechanical Function1

The body axis of vertebrates is an integrated cylinder of bones, connective tissue, and muscle. These structures vary among living and extinct vertebrates in their orientation, composition, and function in ways that render useless simplistic models of the selective pressures that may have driven the evolution of the axis. Instead, recent experimental work indicates that the vertebrate axis serves multiple mechanical functions simultaneously: bending the body, storing elastic energy, transmitting forces from limbs, and ventilating the lungs. On the biochemical level, research on human intervertebral discs has shown that collagens resist tension and torsion while proteoglycans bind water to resist compression. This molecular behavior predicts mechanical behavior of the entire joint, which, in turn helps determine the mechanical behavior of the vertebral column. The axial skeleton, in turn, is reconfigured by axial muscles that work by way of three-dimensional connective tissues that derive mechanical advantage for the muscle force by using the skin to increase leverage. Models may eventually help determine which evolutionary changes in the vertebrate body axis have had important functional and possibly adaptational consequences. Current reconstruction of the hypothetical stem lineage of early chordates and vertebrates suggests that the gradual mineralization of the vertebral elements, appearance of fin rays and new median fins, and transverse and then horizontal segmentation of the axial musculature are all features correlated with increases in swimming speed, maneuverability, and body size.
An intrarenal effect of somatostatin on water excretion.

Intrarenal infusion of somatostatin in anesthetized dogs produced a prompt increase in urine flow in association with a decrease in urinary osmolality and an increase in free water clearance. These changes occurred in the absence of changes in arterial pressure, renal plasma flow, osmolar clearance, electrolyte excretion or cyclic AMP excretion. The diuretic effect occurred primarily in the infused kidney indicating a direct intrarenal action rather than suppression of vasopressin secretion. This diuretic action of somatostatin may result from inhibition of the action of vasopressin on the renal medulla but other possible mechanisms cannot be excluded. (Endocrinology 100: 782, 1977)
Elastin peptides: the components of a partial alkaline hydrolyzate of elastin.

Bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin was partially hydrolyzed by ethanolic KOH. Fractionation of the dialyzed product on a column of SE-Sephadex yielded eight fractions which were characterized by amino acid analysis as well as hexose and lipid contents. The approximate molecular weight or size range of each of the fractions was determined by Sephadex gel filtration. Study of the amino acid distribution among these fractions revealed the presence of three classes of peptide. The first peak eluted from the SE-Sephadex was found to be a mixture of acidic glyco-peptides, possibly derived from a structural glycoprotein component of elastin. A second type of peptide was represented by the second and third peaks which contained almost exclusively the neutral amino acids glycine, valine and proline. Fraction II was a monodisperse peptide of about 10,000 molecular weight, containing these three amino acids in the approximate ratio of 2:2:1. The third general group of peptide isolated, fractions IV through VIII, was a...
Transcription and translation mapping of the 13 genes in the vaccinia virus Hindlll D fragment

The vaccinia virus HindIII D fragment is 160,060 bp in length and encodes 13 complete open reading frames [Niles et al. (1986) Virology 153, 96-112; S. L. Weinrich and D. E. Hruby (1986). Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 3003-3016]. We have employed a two-step Northern hybridization protocol using single-stranded DNA probes from M13 recombinants in order to identify the mRNA products from the 13 genes. Six of these genes are expressed only at early times after infection; six are transcribed only at late times; one gene is expressed at both early and late times after virus infection. The D11 gene is transcribed into two late mRNA species, one full-length and the other derived from the 3' one-third of the coding sequence. Translation of hybrid-selected mRNA was carried out in an attempt to identify the protein products encoded by each mRNA. Protein products were found for each early gene but translation was successful for only two of the eight late mRNAs. With the completion of the physical map it is apparent that the early and late genes in the HindIII D fragment are arranged in order to minimize potential interference caused by the expression of closely packed viral genes.
No Appointment Necessary: Treating Mental Illness Outside the Therapist's Office

The majority of individuals struggling with a mental illness do not receive treatment, and given the extremely high prevalence of mental illness and the many barriers to seeking treatment (e.g., cost, local access, stigma), it is evident that face-to-face therapy cannot get close to meeting the enormous need. Thus, the field of psychotherapy has undergone some amazing transformations over the past 25 years, including the emergence of a class of efficacious interventions designed to reduce symptoms of mental illness that do not involve any face-to-face therapist contact. eHealth interventions that deliver psychological services or training programs via computer or other technologies may help reduce the burden of mental illness by using approaches that have the potential for cost-effective and widespread dissemination. In this article, both the many unresolved questions about how to develop and deliver eHealth interventions and their potential to help respond to the large unmet treatment need are highlighted.
Anatomic Patterns, Patient Characteristics, and Clinical Outcomes in Ischemic Colitis: A Study of 313 Cases Supported by Histology

Anatomic Patterns, Patient Characteristics, and Clinical Outcomes in Ischemic Colitis: A Study of 313 Cases Supported by Histology
Effect of orientation, anisotropy, and water on the relaxation behavior of nylon 6 from 4.2 to 300°K

The relaxation behavior of nylon 6 from 4.2 to 300°K was investigated as a function of orientation, anisotropy and moisture content by using an inverted free-oscillating torsion pendulum. Three new relaxations, δ at 53°K, ϵ below 4.2°K, and ζ at 20°K, were discovered. The characteristics of these new relaxations strongly depend on the orientation anisotropy, and concentration of adsorbed water in the specimens. The results suggest that the mechanism of the γ process is associated with the motions of both the polar and methylene units. The mechanism of the β relaxation is postulated to originate with motions of both non-hydrogen-bonded polar groups and polymer—water complex units. The behavior of the α peak is consistent with the hypothesis that it originates with the rupture of interchain hydrogen bonding due to the motions of long-chain segments in the amorphous regions. Finally, the data strongly support the proposition that two types of water, tightly bound and loosely bound, exist in nylon 6.
A functional consequence of an ossified mandibular symphysis

According to most recent workers, the presence of fused symphyses in some mammals is explained by the common view that muscle force is transmitted better across a fused, as opposed to an unfused, mandibular symphysis. Recent theoretical work has cast doubt on the importance of fusion for simple force transmission by suggesting that force can also be transmitted efficiently across an unfused symphysis, an expectation that has since been confirmed by a number of observational studies. Perhaps the real significance of symphyseal fusion is that, in animals with upper and lower incisor tooth rows that apply large forces to relatively small resistant food items, muscle force from both sides of the head is reliably available only when the symphysis is fused. Independent movement between the two sides of the lower incisor row, permitted by a patent symphysis, allows the possibility that one side of the lower row will come into contact with the upper incisor row, dissipating all of the muscle force from that side. The dissipation of approximately half of the available jaw muscle force, allowed by a patent symphysis, cannot be ignored when attempting to explain the presence of fused symphyses if one accepts the idea that strong incisor biting is an important element in the masticatory apparatus of those primates and other mammals with fused mandibular symphyses.
The Current Financial Crisis and Reform of the Global Financial Architecture

The current financial crisis has sparked an active debate about the adequacy of the global financial architecture (GFA) or the collective governance arrangements for promoting the stability of the international financial system which are mainly centred in the operations of the Financial Stability Forum (now Board) and IMF. There are three areas in particular in which the governance arrangements for the GFA did not work effectively in the lead-up to the current crisis: the oversight of global financial system stability, the coordination of international financial regulation, and the provision of a lender of last resort mechanism. In the light of recent G20 decisions, proposals for reform in each of these areas need to be discussed.
Writing the smile: Language ideologies in, and through, sign language scripts

Abstract This article explores the relationship between language ideology and script by detailing an emerging set of practices for writing sign languages. Though sign languages have often been considered un-writable, signers worldwide are increasingly producing written sign language texts using Sutton SignWriting (SW), a writing system originally developed for dance notation. After comparing SW to Stokoe Notation, a sign language script developed by a prominent sign language linguist, this article draws on texts produced by SW users, and the metalinguistic discussion of these texts on an email listserve, to demonstrate that use of SW allows its users to articulate and challenge dominant, and often tacit, ideologies about the nature of language and writing.