cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Millimeter-Wave Precipitation Retrievals Trained With a Cloud-Resolving Numerical Weather Prediction Model, Part I: Retrieval Design

This paper develops a global precipitation rate retrieval algorithm for the advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU), which observes 23-191 GHz. The algorithm was trained using a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model (MM5) for 106 globally distributed storms that predicted brightness temperatures consistent with those observed simultaneously by AMSU. Neural networks were trained to retrieve hydrometeor water-paths, peak vertical wind, and 15-min average surface precipitation rates for rain and snow at 15-km resolution at all viewing angles. Different estimators were trained for land and sea, where surfaces classed as snow or ice were generally excluded from this paper. Surface-sensitive channels were incorporated by using linear combinations [principal components (PCs)] of their brightness temperatures that were observed to be relatively insensitive to the surface, as determined by visual examination of global images of each brightness temperature spectrum PC. This paper also demonstrates that multiple scattering in high microwave albedo clouds may help explain the observed consistency for a global set of 122 storms between AMSU-observed 50-191-GHz brightness temperature distributions and corresponding distributions predicted using a cloud-resolving mesoscale NWP model (MM5) and a two-stream radiative transfer model that models icy hydrometeors as spheres with frequency-dependent densities. The AMSU/MM5 retrieval algorithm developed in Part I of this paper is evaluated in Part II on a separate paper.
On-chip detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism without polymerase amplification

A nanoparticle-assembled photonic crystal (PC) array was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The assay platform with PC nanostructure enhanced the fluorescent signal from nanoparticle-hybridized DNA complexes due to phase matching of excitation and emission. Nanoparticles coupled with probe DNA were trapped into nanowells in an array by using an electrophoretic particle entrapment system. The PC/DNA assay platform was able to identify a 1 base pair (bp) difference in synthesized nucleotide sequences that mimicked the mutation seen in a feline model of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) with a sensitivity of 0.9 fg/mL (50 aM)-sensitivity, which corresponds to 30 oligos/array. The reliability of the PC/DNA assay platform to detect SNP in a real sample was demonstrated by using genomic DNA (gDNA) extracted from the urine and blood of two PKD-wild type and three PKD positive cats. The standard curves for PKD positive (PKD+) and negative (PKD-) DNA were created using two feline-urine samples. An additional three urine samples were analyzed in a similar fashion and showed satisfactory agreement with the standard curve, confirming the presence of the mutation in affected urine. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.005 ng/mL which corresponds to 6 fg per array for gDNA in urine and blood. The PC system demonstrated the ability to detect a number of genome equivalents for the PKD SNP that was very similar to the results reported with real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The favorable comparison with quantitative PCR suggests that the PC technology may find application well beyond the detection of the PKD SNP, into areas where a simple, cheap and portable nucleic acid analysis is desirable.
Rectifier/invertor reactive component minimization

The problem of filter-component placement is considered in connection with the size and cost minimization of the reactive elements in a rectifier/inverter. First, the optimal placement is found for the filter elements. Given the terminal constraints, two circuit topologies are possible: one with a capacitor filter on the DC side and the other with it on the AC side. By calculating the component values, which minimize size for both the AC and DC side filters, and then repeating this calculation for a number of different switching strategies, it has been found that it is always desirable to have the capacitor filter on the DC side of the converter. Once the filter placement is specified, filter minimization becomes dependent only on the switching pattern. The frequency of the switching pattern has generally been limited by the switching losses of the devices used in the converter. However, by using zero-switching-loss inverter topologies, the use of uniform-sampled delta-modulation strategies is possible at a much higher switching frequency than those attainable in conventional converters. Filter ratings are reduced even further due to the higher switching speeds. >
A 0.4-to-3 GHz Digital PLL With PVT Insensitive Supply Noise Cancellation Using Deterministic Background Calibration

A digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) employs noise cancellation to mitigate performance degradation due to noise on the ring oscillator supply voltage. A deterministic test signal-based digital background calibration is used to accurately set the cancellation gain and thus achieve accurate cancellation under different process, voltage, temperature, and operating frequency conditions. A hybrid, linear proportional control and bang-bang digital integral control, is used to obviate the need for a high-resolution time-to-digital converter and reduce jitter due to frequency quantization error. Fabricated in 0.13 m CMOS technology, the DPLL operates from a 1.0 V supply and achieves an operating range of 0.4-to-3 GHz. At 1.5 GHz, the DPLL consumes 2.65 mW power wherein the cancellation circuitry consumes about 280 W. The proposed noise cancellation scheme reduces the DPLL's peak-to-peak jitter from 330 to 50 ps in the presence of a 30 mV 10 MHz supply noise tone, and the DPLL peak-to-peak jitter is 50 ps in the absence of any supply noise. The DPLL occupies an active die area of 0.08 mm, of which the calibration logic and cancellation circuitry occupy only 12.5%.
Non-Data-Aided Parametric- and Nonparametric-Based Carrier Frequency Estimators for Burst GMSK Communication Systems

In this paper, we propose non-data-aided (NDA) parametric- and nonparametric-based methods for carrier frequency estimation of burst Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), which have improved performance over ad hoc methods such as delay and multiply and have higher resolution capability. Specifically, three methods are developed for burst GMSK data to improve carrier estimation performance, and their results are compared with the standard delay-and-multiply method. Two of them are parametric-based estimators, and one is a fast nonparametric-based estimator. Parametric-based estimators were studied in detail in this paper due to their high-resolution capabilities and proven performance. However, their computational complexities were found to be relatively high in comparison to nonparametric-based estimators such as the autocorrelation method. The tradeoffs involved with respect to computational load and performance are presented.
Oxidative Corrosion of Spent uo2 Fuel in Vapor and Dripping Groundwater at 90°C

Corrosion of spent UO{sub 2} fuel has been studied in experiments conducted for nearly six years. Oxidative dissolution in vapor and dripping groundwater at 90 C occurs via general corrosion at fuel-fragment surfaces. Dissolution along fuel-grain boundaries is also evident in samples contacted by the largest volumes of groundwater, and corroded grain boundaries extend at least 20 or 30 grains deep (> 200 {micro}m), possibly throughout millimeter-sized fragments. Apparent dissolution of fuel along defects that intersect grain boundaries has created dissolution pits that are 50 to 200 nm in diameter. Dissolution pits penetrate 1-2 {micro}m into each grain, producing a ''worm-like'' texture along fuel-grain-boundaries. Sub-micrometer-sized fuel shards are common between fuel grains and may contribute to the reactive surface area of fuel exposed to groundwater. Outer surfaces of reacted fuel fragments develop a fine-grained layer of corrosion products adjacent to the fuel (5-15 {micro}m thick). A more coarsely crystalline layer of corrosion products commonly covers the fine-grained layer, the thickness of which varies considerably among samples (from less than 5 {micro}m to greater than 40 {micro}m). The thickest and most porous corrosion layers develop on fuel fragments exposed to the largest volumes of groundwater. Corrosion-layer compositions depend strongly on water flux, with uranyl oxy-hydroxides predominating in vapor experiments, and alkali and alkaline earth uranyl silicates predominating in high drip-rate experiments. Low drip-rate experiments exhibit a complex assemblage of corrosion products, including phases identified in vapor and high drip-rate experiments.
Inhibition of JNK activation through NF-κB target genes

The proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) regulates immune responses, inflammation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). The ultimate fate of a cell exposed to TNF-alpha is determined by signal integration between its different effectors, including IkappaB kinase (IKK), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and caspases. Activation of caspases is required for apoptotic cell death, whereas IKK activation inhibits apoptosis through the transcription factor NF-kappaB, whose target genes include caspase inhibitors. JNK activates the transcription factor c-Jun/AP-1, as well as other targets. However, the role of JNK activation in apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha is less clear. It is unknown whether any crosstalk occurs between IKK and JNK, and, if so, how it affects TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. We investigated this using murine embryonic fibroblasts that are deficient in either the IKKbeta catalytic subunit of the IKK complex or the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Here we show that in addition to inhibiting caspases, the IKK/NF-kappaB pathway negatively modulates TNF-alpha-mediated JNK activation, partly through NF-kappaB-induced X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). This negative crosstalk, which is specific to TNF-alpha signalling and does not affect JNK activation by interleukin-1 (IL-1), contributes to inhibition of apoptosis.
An evaluation of the clinical laboratory as an adjunct to dental practice.

A series of laboratory screening tests were performed on a sample of dental patients to detect undiagnosed disease. The procedure and results are evaluated for use in the dental office. A study was completed at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry in which 172 randomly selected adult dental patients were subjected to a battery of laboratory screening tests as a part of the initial examination procedure. The tests performed included rapid plasma reagin test, complete blood cell count, and determinations of serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and serum cholesterol values. Nearly 17% of the patients had at least one abnormal laboratory value. Thirty-three percent of the values were so abnormal that the patients required medical care. For the total group, the rate of detection of previously undiagnosed medical problems was 6.9%. Elevated serum glucose values were found most frequently.
Mutational Analysis of the Connector Segment in the HAMP Domain of Tsr, the Escherichia coli Serine Chemoreceptor

HAMP domains are 50-residue motifs, found in many bacterial signaling proteins, that consist of two amphiphilic helices joined by a nonhelical connector segment. The HAMP domain of Tsr, the serine chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli, receives transmembrane input signals from the periplasmic serine binding domain and in turn modulates output signals from the Tsr kinase control domain to elicit chemotactic responses. We created random amino acid replacements at each of the 14 connector residues of Tsr-HAMP to identify those that are critical for Tsr function. In all, we surveyed 179 connector missense mutants and identified three critical residues (G235, L237, and I241) at which most replacements destroyed Tsr function and another important residue (G245) at which most replacements impaired Tsr function. The region surrounding G245 tolerated 1-residue deletions and insertions of up to 10 glycines, suggesting a role as a relatively nonspecific, flexible linker. The critical connector residues are consistent with a structural model of the Tsr-HAMP domain based on the solution structure of an isolated thermophile HAMP domain (M. Hulko, F. Berndt, M. Gruber, J. U. Linder, V. Truffault, A. Schultz, J. Martin, J. E. Schultz, A. N. Lupas, and M. Coles, Cell 126:929‐940, 2006) in which G235 defines a critical turn at the C terminus of the first helix and L237 and I241 pack against the helices, perhaps to stabilize alternative HAMP signaling conformations. Most I241 lesions locked Tsr signal output in the kinase-on mode, implying that this residue is responsible mainly for stabilizing the kinase-off signaling state. In contrast, lesions at L237 resulted in a variety of aberrant output patterns, suggesting a role in toggling output between signaling states. Many signaling proteins in bacteria and archaea contain HAMP domains, a 50-residue motif named for its presence in histidine kinases, adenylyl cyclases, chemoreceptors known as methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), and some phosphatases (8, 46). HAMP domains typically reside between the periplasmic sensing and cytoplasmic signaling regions of transmembrane proteins near the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane and appear to play a central role in transmitting stimulus-induced conformational changes between the input and output domains of such signaling proteins. Their ability to mediate signaling transactions between heterologous input and output domains in chimeric proteins suggests that the mecha
High Conversion Efficentcy for Laser-Produced EUV Plasmas with Longer Pulse Durations

Summary form only given. In the pursuit to find a suitable source for EUV lithography, many people have studied laser-produced plasmas using 1.064 micron lasers with a pulse duration ranging from 1.2 ns up to 15 ns. There is also work that shows that an optimum pulse duration exists for the highest conversion efficiency (CE) from laser light to in-band EUV emission; the value is around 2 ns for Sn on planar targets. We have conducted experiments using a 1.064 micron laser with pulse durations ranging from 1 to 14 ns. Slab tin targets were irradiated with the optimum intensity for maximizing CR depending on the pulse duration. Ion vield, EUV spectral quality, and 2D plasma density measurements were made simultaneously along with CE. Our work has shown that the same CE can be achieved for various pulse durations for planar Sn targets even when the pulse duration is above 10 ns. Maintaining a high CE for longer pulse durations could be important for work being done with CO2 lasers since it is difficult to produce a short pulse CO2 laser.
Regulation of transcription of the intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene by AP-1 in mouse carcinoma cells.

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is involved in many processes, including epidermal inflammation and hyperplasia after irritation or injury. However, the mechanism by which intracellular IL-1Ra (icIL-1Ra) expression is regulated in mouse keratinocytes has not been reported. We found that the CH72 mouse carcinoma cell line constitutively expresses the icIL-1Ra mRNA. To study the transcriptional factors responsible for the constitutive expression of icIL-1Ra, we functionally characterized 4.5 kb of the 5 0 flanking region of the human icIL-1Ra gene in these cells. We first demonstrated that icIL-1Ra expression in these cells was regulated at the level of transcription. Deletion analysis of the promoter showed that regulatory elements for constitutive expression were located � 158 to � 49 bp upstream of the transcription start site for icIL-1Ra. We investigated the cis- and trans-acting factors required for icIL1Ra expression. An activating protein-1 (AP-1) site was identified as the positive regulatory element necessary for the constitutive expression of the icIL-1Ra promoter in CH72 cells. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and cotransfection experiments showed that c-jun and c-fos proteins bound to the AP-1 site and functionally transactivated the icIL-1Ra promoter in mouse carcinoma CH72 cells. 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foreign debt supply in an imperfect international capital market: Theory and evidence

Abstract We investigate the determinants of foreign borrowing costs in a stochastically growing economy. We find that these increase with the debt-wealth ratio, depending also upon the volatilities of domestic and foreign origin, and the length of debt contract. In addition, the sensitivity of the short-term debt supply to the debt-wealth ratio exceeds that of long-term debt, and the effects of volatility on the borrowing premium, growth of wealth, and its volatility, depend on the relative size of a direct effect and a secondary portfolio-adjustment effect of the initial shock, as well as the length of the debt contract. Panel regressions suggest that the empirical evidence generally support the theoretical predictions.
Macrogeographic genetic variation in a human commensal: Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.

AND JEFFREY R. POWELLDepartment of Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 6666, New Haven CT, 06511(Received 27 August 1982 and revised in form 6 December 1982)SUMMARYGenetic variation at 11 enzyme loci in Aedes aegypti populationscollected from 63 localities around the world is presented. A UPGMA treebased on genetic distance values clusters populations of sylvan A. aegyptiformosus from West Africa and East Africa together, along with Asianand south-eastern U.S. populations. Domestic A. aegypti aegypti fromEast Africa and all other New World populations form the other majorcluster. Multivariate discriminant analysis allows recognition of sevenmajor global ' genetic—geographic' groups, which are consistent with thegenetic distance data. Populations from the south-eastern U.S. are clearlygenetically distinct from other U.S. and Mexican populations. Thisdistinct gene pool may be indicative of reinfestation of areas where A.aegypti appears to have been absent in the recent past. Other evolutionaryand epidemiological implications of the genetic population structure ofAedes aegypti are discussed.1. INTRODUCTIONHuman commensals have an important contribution to make to all areas ofbiology by their ready availability and general compliance to laboratory manipu-lation. In particular, they have great potential in increasing our understanding ofseveral evolutionary processes as a result of their historical association with man.As we have expanded the region of our domain to include new environments,closely associated species have had to adapt to new pressures. Areas where manexists free of a certain species may suddenly become available to that species, andone may see rapid evolution of a recently introduced form. As man's patterns ofmigration and trade change, so does gene flow between populations of commensals.Secondary contact between two specialized forms may be monitored in the wildor imitated in the laboratory as an aid to understanding the speciation process.Commensals suffer direct and indirect interference from man, and have to respondappropriately to survive. In the case of an eradication attempt by chemicalmeans, for example, the necessary genetic change in the population will rely onrebuilding from a few selected individuals, and the resulting population may well
Respiratory Responses to Experimental Unilobar Pulmonary Edema

The effect of unilobar engorgement and edema in a dog's lung on the effort of breathing was studied by expressing the latter as the velocity of air-flow attained per unit of pressure change across the lung, and as static compliance. Edema of the left lower lobe, produced by shunting blood from the femoral into the pulmonary artery, affected the effort of breathing only at high infusion rates and volumes, otherwise changes in resting (mid) position and respiratory rate kept the effort of breathing constant. Static compliance decreased with infusion, possibly because the infused blood encroached on the air space.
Mixed-Race School-Age Children: A Summary of Census 2000 Data

On the 2000 Census, people were allowed to identify themselves and their children by more than one race. This article examines these data to document the mixed-race population of children in the United States. Using data from California as an example, I consider various methods for tabulating or “counting” multiple-response race data, noting the impact of each strategy on demographic conclusions. I also discuss how federal guidelines on race classification will influence the collection and organization of race data in the field of education. Given the increasing prevalence of mixed-race youth, it is critical that we examine our ways of talking about and studying race and ethnicity in schools, allowing for fluidity and multiplicity in racial-ethnic identification.
Arousal state vs. temperature effects on neuronal activity in subcoeruleus area

It is believed that thermoafferent neurons synapse in the subcoeruleus area (SC). To assess the effect of arousal state on thermoafferent information processing, we recorded SC unit activity in unanesthetized rats. No responses to changes in ambient temperature were observed within an arousal state, but 85% of the units dramatically altered their firing rates as the arousal state changed. We replicated previous experiments on anesthetized animals which were the basis for ascribing thermoafferent function to the SC. Additionally, we monitored electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. In lightly anesthetized rats, five distinct EEG states could be defined, and the temperature profile of the animal was a primary determinant of the EEG state. No thermoresponses were observed within an EEG state, but 78% of the units dramatically altered their firing rates in synchrony with EEG pattern changes. Transient responses to noxious stimuli were also reflected in both the EEG patterns and single-unit activity. We conclude that SC single-unit activity is not specific for processing of thermal information but is correlated with EEG activity, which in turn is determined by a variety of factors including thermal stimuli.
Multifunctional porphyrin-based polysilsesquioxane nanoparticles with improved loading capacity and phototherapeutic effect

The application of nanoparticles as delivery platforms in PDT is a promising alternative for resolving some of the major challenges associated with classic photosensitizers (PSs) such as porphyrin molecules. Polysilsesquioxane nanoparticles (PSQ-NPs) are crosslinked homopolymers formed by the condensation of functionalized trialkoxysilanes. Recent reports have shown that PSQ-NPs can provide an interesting platform for developing PS nanocarriers. Several advantages can be foreseen by using this platform such as carrying a large payload of PSmolecules; their surface and composition can be tailored to develop multifunctional systems. In this work, two PSQ-NP systems with a high payload of photosensitizers were synthesized, characterized, and applied in vitro. The network of these nanomaterials is formed by two different types of porphyrin-based photosensitizers, protoporphyrin-IX and tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin, chemically connectedvia a redox-responsive linker. Both platforms can be further functionalized with polyethylene glycol and targeting ligands such as folic acid to improve their biocompatibility and target specificity, respectively. The effectiveness of these porphyrin-based hybrid nanomaterials was successfully demonstrated in vitro using cervical human cancer (HeLa), lung (H-460) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells.
A Pull-push Combined Architecture for Federating Information Spaces

As various information sources and spaces grow rapidly and diversely, the adaptive architecture for federating information spaces is very important to extract, manage and present useful information to the users. We have developed a pull-push combined architecture to support federating information space dynamically and efficiently. Our architecture aims to reduce the data exchanged through information slicing. We also propose to use data translation and wrapper to solve the data converting issues from different information spaces to centralized data repository. Separating control data and domain data is another approach we used to reduce the overhead and improve the performance of the system.
Establishment of GPS Strain Monitoring Networks in the Eastern United States

The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) in cooperation with a number of federal agencies, state and local groups and universities is establishing GPS networks in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, which can be used to monitor strain and vertical deformation. These GPS networks are tied to a framework of some 14 fixed and mobile VLBI sites. In cooperation with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), NGS established a 45 station GPS regional network in Nov.–Dec. 1987 which is tied to the VLBI framework. This network is scheduled for reobservation in 1989 and funds permitting, at regular intervals thereafter. A number of additional, more dense networks have been or are in the process of being established. The Tennessee Department of Transportation has established a 60 station statewide network to act as a reference network for surveying in conjunction with road construction. This network is expected to have an accuracy of a few parts in 10 7 . NGS in cooperation with the NRC and the University of Maine established in 1986 a high accuracy GPS network in southeast Maine. In 1987 NGS in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established approximately 100 stations throughout Ohio with an accuracy in the 1:10 6 to 1:10 7 range. Toward the end of 1988, NGS, working in conjunction with several state agencies and the University of Florida, will establish a statewide network of about 140 stations with an accuracy in the 1:10 6 to 1:10 7 range. NGS, in cooperation with the Department of Energy, has also established a high accuracy to 1:10 7 to 1:10 8 GPS traverse from Florida to Maine connecting stations at tide gauge sites. The State of Texas is establishing a number of permanent GPS stations in support of highway surveying. These stations will allow strain monitoring across Texas at the 1:10 8 level. Additional networks are in the planning stage. It is clear that large numbers of high accuracy GPS networks are being established throughout the eastern United States. Many of these networks are being established for other than geophysical purposes. In many cases the state highway departments and others are interested only in 1:10 6 accuracy. As a practical matter this means that to assure 1:10 6 accuracy a few parts in 107 accuracy (1 to 3 cm over 100 kms) is often attained, but this is by no means certain. Also there are normally no plans for systematic resurveys, only replacement of destroyed monuments. A challenge to the geophysical community is to interact with the groups undertaking the high accuracy surveys to assure that, at points of geophysical interest, satisfactory accuracies are achieved during initial epoch measurements. This means that a satisfactory number of observations are obtained and high accuracy reduction methods are used in obtaining differential positions from the data. The geophysical community must also develop plans for resurvey of geophysically interesting network components on a systematic basis.
Mixed hematopoietic chimerism following bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies

Twenty-nine of 172 patients (17%) who received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) from histocompatible sibling donors for hematologic malignancies were mixed hematopoietic chimeras; ie, they had a mixture of donor and host hematopoietic or lymphohematopoietic cells at greater than or equal to 14 days after transplantation. Twenty- four of the 29 mixed chimeras (83%) have remained in continuous complete remission for up to 116 months (greater than 9 years) following BMT. Four of the 29 patients (14%) have had recurrent leukemia, and 7 of the 29 (24%) have had moderate or severe graft-v- host disease (GVHD). Twelve of these 29 patients have persisted as stable mixed chimeras for greater than or equal to 2 years after BMT, whereas other patients converted to all donor-type hematopoiesis. The incidence of mixed chimerism was independent of the pretransplant regimen, the donor or recipient age (less than 20 v greater than 20 years), remission status (first complete remission of acute leukemia and first chronic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia v later stages of disease), and type of leukemia. Our data indicate that mixed hematopoietic chimerism is not rare after BMT for hematologic malignancies and that its presence is compatible with long-term disease- free survival. Prospective studies of mixed chimerism after BMT are warranted to achieve better understanding of its biologic importance.
Redress for sexual offenses in Athenian and Roman law

Unlike arbitration, which has received relatively little scholarly attention in the last decades, sexual offenses in Athens and Rome have been subjected to prodigious scrutiny. In an area where ancient men and women were ashamed to speak, contemporary scholars have filled the gap. Modern treatments of the subject have tended to focus upon lawful sanctions against sexual offenders. Playwrights of New Comedy, however, in their frequent employment of plots touching upon sexual violations, dramatize extra-judicial settlements. They present us with the interstices of the law rather than with episodes of courtroom drama. Their focus of attention is not surprising: the Athenian forensic record turns up only one reliable attestation of an offender who is brought to court for the sexual violation of a woman. Athenians preferred to settle out of court. The scenarios dramatized by New Comedy playwrights might therefore contribute to our understanding of the ways in which sexual offenses were, in practice, redressed in Athens. Interpretation of these scenarios, however, requires familiarity with legal terrain. While New Comedy's terminology of sexual violation and evidence for penalties are combined cautiously with evidence from the orators in this chapter, the more fully blown comic scenarios are reserved, in general, for treatment in chapter 6. A methodological issue that underlies the agenda of that chapter, however, must be brought to the surface here: is it really possible to use New Comedy as a source for establishing the ways in which Athenians treated rape and seduction in their own society? How can we distinguish social realities from genre motifs? As in treating other substantive offenses and remedies, parallels must be sought from the orators.
Early Childhood Predictors of Severe Youth Violence in Low-Income Male Adolescents.

Using a cohort of 310 low-income male adolescents living in an urban community and followed prospectively from 18 months through adolescence (ages 15-18 years), the current study examined whether individual, family, and community risk factors from ages 18 to 42 months were associated with adolescents' violent behavior, as indexed by juvenile petitions. Results of multivariate analyses indicated that although family income was the only factor to discriminate those with no arrest record from those with nonviolent arrests, rejecting parenting, child oppositional behavior, emotion regulation, and minority status during the toddler period contributed unique variance in distinguishing male adolescents arrested for violent behavior compared to those never arrested and those arrested for nonviolent behavior. Implications for prevention efforts are discussed.
Water and nitrogen movement through a semiarid dryland agricultural catchment: Seasonal and decadal trends

Water and nutrient budgets in dryland agroecosystems are difficult to manage for efficiency and water quality. This is particularly true where complex terrain and soilscapes interact with pronounced hydrologic seasonality. The purpose of this research was to understand water and hydrologic nitrogen (N) export from a hillslope dryland agroecosystem in a semiarid region where most precipitation occurs outside the growing season. We studied 13 years (2001–2013) of records of water and N inputs and outputs from a 12 ha no-till artificially drained catchment in the semiarid Palouse Basin of eastern Washington State, USA. Fall- and winter-dominated annual precipitation averaged 462 mm. About 350 mm went to evapotranspiration; crops used ~160 mm from stored soil water during the summer dry-down season. Soil water replenishment after crop senescence, during the fall wet-up season, delayed the threshold onset of the high-discharge season until December. Winter-dominated drainage fluxes averaged 111 mm or 24% of annual precipitation. Nitrate export in drainage averaged 15 kg·N·ha−1·year−1, which was about 10 times the average rate of dissolved organic N export and 15% of the average rate of N application in chemical fertilizer. Fertilizer applications to the catchment were reduced, due to cropping changes, by 1/3 during the last 5 years of the study; however, no corresponding reduction was observed in the nitrate export flux. This lack of change could not be attributed to mineralization of the soil-organic N legacy of fertilization nor to hydrologic lag of the catchment. Likeliest explanations are (a) despite the reduction, N application continued to exceed crop uptake and accumulation in organic matter; (b) seasonal and interannual variability of catchment connectivity resulted in year-to-year field-scale nitrate storage and carryover. Water and N use efficiencies observed here may be near maximum obtainable for existing crops in this climate. Substantial improvements that would also address multiple environmental issues associated with the N cascade may involve shifts to perennial systems and/or rotations in which N is fixed biologically.
Introduction to Radio Frequency and Microwave Microelectronic Packaging

Electronic packaging at radio frequency (RF) and microwave frequency has become an important part of engineering development for a wide variety of products. Mobile phones, for instance, integrate processors, RF amplifiers, antennas, and passive components into a compact and robust form factor. The processors and amplifiers can dissipate significant heat, which requires proper heat transfer design. In addition, the high-speed digital signal lines, microwave transmission lines, and interconnects must be designed to maintain the integrity of the signal. The antennas in mobile phones are often integrated into the case or circuit boards and radiate not only away from the phone but also into the phone circuits. This means that sensitive circuits in the phone must be designed to minimize coupling of the phone’s wireless signals that can cause undesirable effects such as oscillations or resonances in the circuits. Passive components must be carefully chosen and implemented because their physical size is a significant fraction of a wavelength at the operating frequency. As a result, the passive components may no longer function as ideal capacitors, inductors, or resistors. Rather, they may have distributed effects that must be taken into account to achieve desired performance. For these reasons, and others, the task of electronic packaging is widely recognized as a critically important task for development of products operating at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies.
Cardiac Manifestations of Rheumatologic Diseases

Cardiac manifestations of rheumatic diseases are varied and can involve every aspect of the cardiovascular system. Although the diseases can affect any organ system the majority of patients have joint pain or constitutional symptoms as part of their presentation. The rheumatologic diseases are important to recognize as treatment of the underlying disease can alleviate its cardiovascular manifestations.
Clinical pharmacogenomics: patient perspectives of pharmacogenomic testing and the incidence of actionable test results in a chronic disease cohort

Aim This study aimed to examine pharmacogenomic test results and patient perspectives at an academic cardiovascular medicine clinic. Patients & methods Test results for three common cardiovascular drug-gene tests (warfarin-CYP2C9-VKORC1, clopidogrel-CYP2C19 and simvastatin-SLCO1B1) of 208 patients in the Ohio State University-Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative were examined to determine the incidence of potentially actionable test results. A post-hoc, anonymous, patient survey was also conducted. Results Potentially actionable test results for at least one of the three drug-gene tests were determined in 170 (82%) patients. Survey responses (n = 134) suggested that patients generally considered their test results to be important (median of 7.5 on a 10-point scale of importance) and were interested (median of 7.3 on a 10-point scale of interest) in a Clinical Pharmacogenomic Service. Conclusion Attitudes toward pharmacogenomic testing were generally favorable, and potentially actionable test results were not uncommon in this cardiovascular medicine cohort.
Statistical Modeling of Extreme Precipitation with TRMM Data

This paper improves upon an existing extreme precipitation monitoring system based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) daily product (3B42) using new statistical models. The proposed system utilizes a regional modeling approach, where data from similar locations are pooled to increase the quality of the resulting model parameter estimates to compensate for the short data record. The regional analysis is divided into two stages. First, the region defined by the TRMM measurements is partitioned into approximately 28,000 non-overlapping clusters using a recursive k-means clustering scheme. Next, a statistical model is used to characterize the extreme precipitation events occurring in each cluster. Instead of applying the block-maxima approach used in the existing system, where the Generalized Extreme Value probability distribution is fit to the annual precipitation maxima at each site separately, the present work adopts the peak-over-threshold method of classifying points as extreme if they exceed a pre-specified threshold. Theoretical considerations motivate using the Point Process framework for modeling extremes. The fitted parameters are used to estimate trends and to construct simple and intuitive average recurrence interval (ARI) maps which reveal how rare a particular precipitation event is. This information could be used by policy makers for disaster monitoring and prevention. The new methodology eliminates much of the noise that was produced by the existing models due to a short data record, producing more reasonable ARI maps when compared with NOAA's long-term Climate Prediction Center ground-based observations. Furthermore, the proposed methodology can be applied to other extreme climate records.
Experimental optical transistor for all-optical SiC ETO thyristor

A high-current and low on-state voltage optical transistor is provided in this paper for high-power applications. The structure of this device includes a twostage transistor in which the first stage is triggered optically using an infrared laser of 808-nm wavelength. The photogenerated current in the first stage drives the second stage of the optical transistor for current amplification.
Queering the Campus Gender Landscape Through Visual Arts Praxis

Libby Balter Blume and Rosemary Weatherston critically analyze the pedagogy and praxis of queering the gender landscape on an urban, Catholic university campus through 12 years of international juried fine arts exhibitions co‐curated by women’s and gender studies faculty. Past exhibition themes have included (re)visioning gender, embodiment, gender politics, gendered space/s, masculinities and feminism, and (trans)ition. These campus interventions have used visual arts, poetry, performance, environmental installation, interdisciplinary lectures, and course work to interrogate gender as a socially constructed, relational category and to deconstruct male/female binaries and dominant/minority discourses in academic space. Blume and Weatherston’s interdisciplinary essay utilizes both social science and humanities frameworks of “queering” and queer pedagogy to examine intersections of artistic practices of “seeing differently” and activist re/productions of visual arts discourses. Finally, they address the limitations and potential of using the curatorial space of the exhibitions to engender change as well as reflection.
Abstract MS1-2: New clinical approaches for TNBC

Over the last decade, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been the subject of intense clinical investigation. Importantly, an improved understanding of the critical role of DNA damage repair deficiency in TNBC has led to effective therapeutic strategies to target BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-associated TNBCs with platinum chemotherapy agents and PARP inhibitors. A major area of increasing clinical relevance focuses on the treatment of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-associated breast cancers after the development of resistance to platinum and PARP inhibitor therapy. Lurbinectedin, a novel marine derived DNA damaging agent, has shown activity in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-associated cancers, including those with platinum resistance. While therapeutic strategies for TNBC patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have increased, most TNBC patients lack an underlying germline mutation in these genes and continue to have high unmet clinical need. Multiple lines of investigation are currently underway. Androgen receptor (AR) blockade has shown preliminary proof-of-concept in AR expressing TNBCs. While monotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors has shown modest activity in metastatic TNBC, multiple studies are exploring the role of these agents in combination with chemotherapy, targeted therapies and other immunotherapeutic agents. Given the high prevalence of TP53 mutations in TNBC, strategies to target additional cell cycle checkpoints including ATR, ATM, Wee1 and others may hold promise. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting Trop-2, LIV-1 and GPNMB expressing TNBCs have also shown clinical activity and are advancing in clinical development. Citation Format: Telli M. New clinical approaches for TNBC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr MS1-2.
Salivary Duct Trauma

Salivary duct trauma is an under-recognized complication of salivary gland and duct surgery. As more practitioners continue embrace and perform sialendoscopy, and the technique moves from the academic to community setting, it is imperative practitioners maintain vigilance of appropriate operative technique and awareness of the potential for duct trauma. Wharton’s duct and Stensen’s duct have uniquely different anatomy, and therefore unique risk factors for trauma. The degree of trauma can vary from mild transient duct inflammation to complete strictures or avulsion (Nahlieli, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 73(1):75–80, 2015). Thoughtful preoperative planning, attention to detail during salivary duct surgery, and prudent duct manipulation can prevent most severe duct trauma. Minor trauma may be inherent and necessary in certain procedures, such as mild ductal excoriation or planned ductotomy for salivary stones. However, these minor traumas may lead to significant long-term consequences, such as obstructive sialadenitis secondary to salivary stricture, and need for salvage surgery, including gland excision. Therefore practitioners need to appropriately counsel patients preoperatively and provide adequate postoperative follow-up. This chapter reviews the etiology and types of ductal trauma seen with surgery of Wharton’s and Stensen’s duct. In addition, methods to avoid, recognize, and manage ductal trauma are outlined.
Posterior Based Lumbar Interbody Fusion Devices: Static and Expandable Technology

Abstract Utilization of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) to achieve interbody fusion has increased tremendously over recent years. Distraction of the interbody space and inserting an adequately sized cage can be challenging when utilizing a minimally invasive approach, thus the advent of expandable cages. The purpose of this article is to review the characteristics, technique, and indications of both expandable and traditional lumbar interbody fusion cages.
149 Network-based analysis of clinical and molecular data in a multiethnic lupus cohort identifies molecular associations with serological manifestations

Background Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with heterogeneous disease manifestations and outcomes. Previous work has found associations between DNA methylation at specific CpG sites and lupus nephritis, serologies, and SLEDAI score. However, these methods examine single CpGs and do not capture the full biological complexity. Using an integrative network-based approach, we aim to define how DNA methylation and genetic variation underlie this clinical heterogeneity in a well-phenotyped multiethnic cohort of SLE patients. Methods 333 SLE participants from diverse ethnic backgrounds were recruited as part of this study. From peripheral blood, DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina EPIC Beadchip and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data was generated on the Affymetrix LAT1 World Array. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to the DNA methylation data. The resulting CpG networks were associated with relevant SLE clinical features ina multivariate linear regression model adjusting for population stratification, cell composition, sex, smoking history, medications. Results We identified one WGCNA CpG module significantly associated with SLEDAI score, anti-Sm, and anti-dsDNA serologies (FDR Conclusions Overall, we performed a network-based analysis of DNA methylation and identified a network of CpGs significantly associated with SLE serologies and SLEDAI score. Our approach identifies large-scale epigenetic remodeling that drives SLE pathology rather than single CpG associations as in previous studies that may be influenced by stochastic variation. By applying an integrative computational approach, our method serves to reveal the epigenetic and genetic role of the Type I interferon pathway in SLE. Funding Source(s): This study was funded through the following grants: P30 AR070155 (MS, IP, LC), P60AR053308 (LC), K01LM012381 (MS), F32 AR070585 NIAMS (MG), U01DP005120 CDC (LC, CL, JY, MD, LT, PK), the Rheumatology Research Foundation 128849A (CL), and the Lupus Research Alliance (LC).
Statistically-designed Liquid Crystalline Molecular Cell Sensors

This paper presents a statistical analysis of factors that influence the optical transmission characteristics of the Cholesteric Liquid Crystal (CLC) molecular cell. Two factors, percent dopant concentration and liquid crystal loading temperature, were chosen to design the optical bandgap slope of CLC as a preliminary demonstration for this method. Identification of dominant and ideal factor levels, including their interactions, enable a statistically enhanced molecular design method of CLC for broad sensor applications.
Conceptualizing more inclusive elections: violence against women in elections and gendered electoral violence

Violence against women in politics and throughout the election cycle has been documented as an impediment to the free and equal political participation of women, and to the conduct of inclusive ele...
Using Memoirs and Autobiographies To Enhance the Teaching of Abnormal Child Psychology

Memoirs and autobiographies can be rich sources of real-world information for students in psychology classes. These resources have been used in adult-oriented abnormal psychology classes, but have ...
Violence as Civility: V.D. Savarkar and the Mahatma’s Assassination

This paper examines V.D. Savarkar’s interpretation of the place of violence within his larger arguments about civility as a way to rethink the murder of M.K. Gandhi – the Mahatma. Savarkar’s semina...