cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introgression of resistance to nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis into upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Gossypium longicalyx

Absence of sources of resistance to the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940, is a major impediment to the production of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the USA. In this study, two trispecies hybrids of G. hirsutum, G. longicalyx J.B. Hutch. & B.J.S. Lee, and either armourianum Kearney or G. herbaceum L. were used as bridges to introgress high resistance to the nematode from G. longicalyx into G. hirsutum. Introgression was accomplished by recurrent backcrosses to G. hirsutum with cytogenetic analysis of early backcross generations to assess progress toward the euploid state (2n = 52), selection for nematode resistance at each generation, and examination of self progeny at the first, third, sixth, and seventh backcross to identify and eliminate lineages with undesired recessive traits. Altogether, 689 BC 1 progeny were generated from the two male-sterile hybrids. Introgression was pursued from 28 resistant BC 1 plants, each of which was backcrossed four to seven times to G. hirsutum to derive agronomically suitable types. The resistance trait segregated (resistant/ susceptible) 1:1 in backcross progeny and 3:1 in self progeny. There was no obvious diminution of the resistance across backcross generations. Advanced backcross plants were indistinguishable from agronomic cotton under greenhouse conditions, and comparisons of 240 homozygous resistant BC 6 S 2 plants with heterozygous, susceptible, and recurrent parent plants in field plantings in 2006 showed normal lint quality and quantity. The upcoming release of seed from this project is expected to provide the cotton industry with a major new tool for managing the reniform nematode in cotton, which costs U.S. producers about $100 million annually.
Detecting people of interest from internet data sources

In previous papers, we have documented success in determining the key people of interest from a large corpus of real-world evidence. Our recent efforts focus on exploring additional domains and data sources. Internet data sources such as email, web pages, and news feeds make it easier to gather a large corpus of documents for various domains, but detecting people of interest in these sources introduces new challenges. Analyzing these massive sources magnifies entity resolution problems, and demands a storage management strategy that supports efficient algorithmic analysis and visualization techniques. This paper discusses the techniques we used in order to analyze the ENRON email repository, which are also applicable to analyzing web pages returned from our "Buddy" meta-search engine.
Spatial Integration of Vascular Changes With Neural Activity in Mouse Cortex

The authors evaluated representations of discretely activated, neighboring brain regions using real-time optical intrinsic signals by transcranial imaging with 540-nm and 610-nm broadband illumination of the mouse barrel cortex. Iron filings were glued to two neighboring whiskers (C2 + D2) that were stimulated magnetically, singly and together. Real-time images were collected, averaged, and analyzed statistically. Postmortem filling of arteries with fluorescent beads was shown in relation to histochemical staining of barrels to accurately relate surface changes to functional cortical columns. Significant optical intrinsic signal changes are related to overlapping distributions of arterioles that feed the two separate areas. Activation of adjacent and interacting cortical columns leads not only to increased magnitude of vascular responses in those columns, but also to wider spatial extent of absorption changes occurring principally in areas of cortex fed by vessels upstream of the active cortex. The localization of changing hemoglobin absorption around upstream blood vessels and their vascular domains suggests that propagated vasodilation of upstream parent vessels is greater when vasodilatory signals from separate areas of active cortex converge on common arterioles that feed them.
Quality and elemental content of citrus fruit from exposed and internal canopy positions 1

Abstract Quality and elemental content of fruit from internal tree canopies were compared with those from external canopy positions in 4 citrus varieties: ‘Kinnow’ mandarin; ‘Redblush’ grapefruit; ‘Valencia’ orange; and ‘Lisbon’ lemon. Fruit weight, total juice per fruit, peel fresh and dry weight, and rind thickness of fruit from internal canopies of all 4 varieties were significantly higher compared with external fruit. Mandarin, grapefruit, and orange fruit from external canopies had higher soluble solids and specific gravity. Fruit from internal canopies of all varieties had generally higher peel concentrations (% dry weight) of N, P and K due to a dilution effect, while the opposite condition existed in mandarin when these elements were expressed on a percent fresh weight basis. Peel Mg and S from external fruit were higher in all varieties, expressed as percentages of either dry weight or fresh weight. Nitrogen content of mandarin and orange juice and Ca content of grapefruit and lemon juice from ex...
Computer Systems Control of Delayed Auditory Feedback

This research has achieved a new type of systems design for experimental analysis of different levels of both behavioral organization and physiological interaction related to environmental adaptation. A digital computer system with suitable animal-machine, input-output interface instrumentation has been arranged to provide systematic experimental programming of output feedback data, recording of behavioral and physiological performance related to time, space, and kinetic displacement of feedback, and computation of critical systems parameters. The present study constitutes a preliminary evaluation of the system's design and application to analysis of delayed sensory feedback in speech. The general method extends and refines the analysis of behavioral and physiological organization by means of study of delayed and space-displaced sensory effects of response. Delayed speech feedback was chosen for study because it represents a limiting sector for computer sampling of analog psychophysiological variation. Th...
Molecular Cloning and Mapping of the Human Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α10 (CHRNA10)

Abstract We report the isolation and initial characterization of a new member of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit family, α10 (CHRNA10), from both inner-ear neuroepithelium and lymphoid tissue. The cDNA is 1959 nucleotides in length, with a coding region predicting a protein of 451 amino acids that is 90% identical to rat α10. The α10 gene was localized to chromosome 11p15.5. Human α10 was detected in human inner-ear tissue, tonsil, immortalized B-cells, cultured T-cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Northern blot hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. We also detected the expression of the human nAChR α9 (CHRNA9) mRNA in these same tissues using RT-PCR and Northern blot hybridization.
Religiousness and hazardous alcohol use: A conditional indirect effects model

Abstract The current study examined a conditional indirect effects model of the association between religiousness and adolescents' hazardous alcohol use. In doing so, we responded to the need to include both mediators and moderators, and the need for theoretically informed models when examining religiousness and adolescents' alcohol use. The sample consisted of 383 adolescents, aged 15–18, who completed an online questionnaire. Results of structural equation modeling supported the proposed model. Religiousness was indirectly associated with hazardous alcohol use through both positive alcohol expectancy outcomes and negative alcohol expectancy valuations. Significant moderating effects for alcohol expectancy valuations on the association between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use were also found. The effects for alcohol expectancy valuations confirm valuations as a distinct construct to that of alcohol expectancy outcomes, and offer support for the protective role of internalized religiousness on adolescents' hazardous alcohol use as a function of expectancy valuations.
Quantitation of the extent of acute myocardial infarction by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (P-31 NMR) spectroscopy is able to identify alterations in myocardial high energy phosphate metabolism associated with acute infarction. It was hypothesized that the extent of acute myocardial infarction could be quantitated from changes in the tissue content of inorganic phosphate (P1), phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) derived from P-31 NMR spectra. Nine isolated, perfused rat hearts were studied at 121.5 MHz. After baseline spectra were obtained, varying locations of either the right or the left coronary artery were occluded without removing the heart from the spectrometer. Spectra were then collected during regional ischemia at 15 and 45 min after occlusion. Phosphate metabolites were quantitated from the baseline and 45-min regional ischemia spectra, times at which the metabolites are at steady state for the normal and ischemic conditions. The heart was removed from the spectrometer, perfused for a total duration of 2 h and sectioned into 2-mm thick slices for triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Percent infarct was determined by manual tracing of magnified, digitized images of the stained sections. Coronary blood flow, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored throughout the experiment. Significant linear relations were found between percent infarct (by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining) and the percent change of beta-ATP (r = −0.74), Pi(r = 0.83) and the PCr/P1 ratio (r = −0.71) at 45 min after coronary occlusion. Coronary Row was also found to correlate significantly with percent infarct (r = −0.70). These results are applicable to in vivo P-31 NMR studies of acute infarction where the volume of interest may include both normal and acutely infarcled myocardium. It is concluded that changes in P-31 NMR spectra allow quantitation of the extent of acute myocardial infarction.
Distribution and Relative Impact of Avian Predators at Aquaculture Facilities in the Northeastern United States

Abstract We conducted on-site interviews at 61 randomly selected aquaculture facilities in the northeastern United States and initially censused fish-eating birds at 58 of those facilities in June 1995 to determine the distribution of avian predation problems. To examine the relative impact of these birds, we continued to study bird populations and the fish consumption rates of these birds at 30 facilities during the summer of 1995 and at 7 facilities during the spring of 1996. Approximately 80% of the fish culturists interviewed perceived bird predation to be a problem at their facility; this view was even more widely held by trout producers. Consistent with these results, 81% of the facilities surveyed during the first phase of study had at least some fish-eating birds present. When asked to list bird predators in order of importance, 76% of 49 managers responding named the great blue heron Ardea herodias as the most important predator of concern. Consistent with these findings was the presence of great...
Nuclear materials detection using high-energy γ-rays

Abstract The FIGARO technique uses 6–7 MeV γ-rays produced in the 19 F(p, αγ) 16 O reaction to detect materials used in nuclear weapons or associated with their production. These γ-rays induce neutron emission via the photoneutron and photofission processes in nuclear materials. Previous experiments have shown that FIGARO gives responses specific to nuclear materials with little or no response to common benign materials. The technique is also resistant to both photon and neutron shielding countermeasures. We present preliminary results from modeling studies of neutron detection rates with simulated air cargo and intermodal shipping containers. A general methodology to compare operating performance based on receiver–operator–characteristic curves is also discussed.
Theoretical studies of the conformational control of additions to bicyclo[m.1.0]alkan-2-ones. Application and validation of the Wizard technique

Abstract The conformational spaces of some bicyclo[m.1.0]alkenes were examined utilizing WIZARD. These results were validated by Monte' Carlo techniques, MM2, and AMPAC. The results were used to explain experimentally observed diastereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl. In medium and large ring systems (m ≥ 6) the acylcyclopropyl subunit adopts a conformation which causes the protons on the γ and δ carbons (not the cyclopropyl) to shield the carbonyl from nucleophilic attack. In smaller systems (m
2-Phase approach to global tool interference avoidance in 5-axis machining

In this paper, application of convex hull is proposed to solve the problem of global tool interference avoidance in 5-axis sculptured surface machining. Two different methods for interference checking have been developed. Quick Feasibility Checking is used to find a conservative feasible tool orientation by using the control mesh of a sculptured surface. Detailed Feasibility Checking uses exact surface to detect tool interference. A correction method for removing tool interference has also been developed. In this paper both the algorithms and the implementation are presented.
Alternate patterns of ventricular activation during supraventricular bigeminy

Several investigators have previously noted that in the presence of bigeminal atrial extrasystoles, the premature beats may exhibit an alternate pattern of ventricular excitation either in the form of alternating left and right bundle-branch block, or alternating right bundle-branch block and normal intraventricular conduction. However, the association of alternating intraventricular conduction with other types of supraventricular bigeminy has rarely been documented. In this report we present five diverse forms of supraventricular bigeminy exhibiting the phenomenon of alternating ventricular excitation on the early beats. Our findings suggest that the exact mechanism of supraventricular bigeminy is irrelevant in terms of subsequent ventricular events. Practically any type of supraventricular bigeminy may result in an alternate pattern of ventricular activation.
Severe aortic valve regurgitation after percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure.

Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect is now commonly used. We report a rare case, and especially a rare image of aortic leaflet damage caused by percutaneous ventricular septal device. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adverse impact of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis on prognosis in polymyositis and dermatomyositis

Abstract Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis occurs in approximately 9% of patients with PM/DM, yet its effect on the course of PM/DM has been scarcely noted. In this report, two patients with PM/DM and IPF were presented to highlight the fact that pulmonary disease can overshadow the primary muscle disorder and progress despite therapy with corticosteroids and nonsteroidal immunosuppression. Our patients were added to previously reported cases and an overview of PM/DM and IPF was presented. Sixty-seven patients with the diagnosis of PM/DM and IPF, with a mean age of 60 ± 18 years, were identified. Pulmonary complaints were present in 64 cases. Fever was present in 18, arthritis or arthralgias in 11, and Raynaud's phenomenon in 9. Forty percent died after followup of 31 ± 32 months. This mortality was significantly higher ( P We conclude that patients with PM/DM can be adversely affected by the presence of IPF and that this negative impact may be exaggerated by RP and perhaps by lack of treatment. We believe that the mortality and morbidity in PM/DM and IPF is underappreciated and that early institution of intensive therapy is warranted in these cases, especially in patients with RP.
THE USE OF WATER‐SOLUBLE GLYCOL METHACRYLATE IN ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY

SYNOPSIS A procedure for the application of cytochemical techniques directly on ultrathin sections for electron microscopy has been developed with the use of water-soluble plastics, which act both as dehydrating agents and embedding media. Our approach has been to selectively extract proteins and nucleic acids from ultrathin sections of cells and viruses by specific enzyme hydrolysis. Glycol methacrylate is particularly useful as a component of the embedding medium because it enhances the penetrability of the enzyme into the section and preserves the biological materials in such a way that they remain susceptible to enzymic digestion. Various degrees of morphological preservation of ultrastructure are obtained with the aldehyde fixatives, formalin, acrplein, and glutaraldehyde, followed by. embedding in glycol methacrylate and the choice of fixative, at present, depends on the system which is to be studied. It is believed that the proposed method can be developed further and be used for other approaches to ultrastructural cytochemistry.
Change in circulating cyclo(His-Pro) concentrations in rats after ingestion of oral glucose compared to intravenous glucose and controls.

Changes in circulating cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP) levels after ingestion of 0.5 g/kg of glucose (oral) were measured in 32 Sprague Dawley rats at varying time points between 0 (before glucose) and 60 minutes. Each rat provided one time point. CHP levels displayed a biphasic response rising from 933 +/- 56 pg/ml to 1083 +/- 287 pg/ml (p greater than 0.05), followed by a fall to 543 +/- 46 pg/ml (p = 0.002) and then a recovery to near baseline values. To further investigate this response, a separate group of rats were sampled sequentially after 3 g/kg oral glucose (n = 7), 0.6 g/kg I.V. glucose (n = 6) or controls given saline only (n = 14). CHP levels were significantly elevated in the oral glucose group at 5 (p = 0.048) and 12 (p = 0.02) minutes compared to controls, while the i.v. glucose group was not statistically different from controls. Comparison of the mean of the highest incremental response to baseline values in each group revealed a greater excursion in CHP levels after oral (p = 0.027) glucose than after I.V. (p = 0.08) glucose. These data suggest CHP is acutely and reversibly elevated after glucose ingestion in rats and that the response is greater after oral glucose than after i.v. glucose.
Uptake and metabolism of radioactively labeled sphingomyelin in cultured skin fibroblasts from controls and patients with Niemann-Pick disease and other lysosomal storage diseases.

Abstract The metabolism of [ stearoyl -1- 14 C]- and [ choline-methyl - 14 ]Cphingomyelin, [ stearoyl -1- 14 C]ceramidel-phospho- N , N -dimethylethanolainine(demethylsphingomyelin) and (demethylsphigomyelin)[ choline-methyl - 14 C]phosphatidylcholine was measured 1, 3 and 5 days after uptake from the media of cultured skin fibroblasts. This was done to measure the relative contributions of lysosomal sphingomyelinase and plasma membrane phosphocholine transferase on the metabolism of sphingomyelin, a component of all cell membranes. By using cell lines from controls and from patients with Niemann-Pick disease and other lysosomal storage diseases, it was concluded that a significant portion (10–15%) of the observed degradation of sphingomyelin is due to exchange of the phosphocholine moiety producing phosphatidylcholine. Although cell lines from type A and B Niemann-Pick disease have only 0–2% of lysosomal sphingomyelinase activity measured in vitro, three cell lines from type B Niemann-Pick disease could metabolize 54.4% of the labeled sphingomyelin by day 3 while cell lines from type A Niemann-Pick disease could only metabolize 18.5% by day 3. This compares to 86.7% metabolized in control cells by day 3. Cells from one patient with juvenile Niemann-Pick disease and one with type D Niemann-Pick disease metabolized sphingomyelin normally while cells from two other patients with juvenile or type C Niemann-Pick disease could only metabolize 58.2% by day 3. Cells from patients with I-cell disease and ‘lactosylceramidosis’ also demonstrated decreased metabolism of sphingomyelin (55.1 and 54.9% by day 3, respectively). Cells from the patient with Farber disease accumulated [¦su14¦Cstearic acid-labeled ceramide produced from ¦ 14 C¦sphingomyelin. Studies with choline-labeled sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine demonstrated that phosphocholine exchange takes place in either direction in the cells, and this is normal in Niemann-Pick disease. Studies in cells from patients with all clinical types of sphingomyelinase deficiency have led to new methods for diagnosis and prognosis and to a better understanding of sphingomyelin metabolism.
The great conversation at a distance: Using journals in an anthropology telecourse

Abstract A substantial number of university faculty who teach at a distance express distress at the loss of the face‐to‐face contact they consider to be the hallmark of the “great conversation” that is the essence of higher education. With respect to student‐teacher contact, this paper explores the idea that student journals might make many of the same benefits offered to on‐campus students available to distance students.
Alkali-isomerized linoleic acid

Alkali-isomerized linoleic acid and its methyl ester have been found to have boiling points higher than the corresponding normal C18 acids and esters. By careful fractional distillation of methyl esters of alkali-isomerized C18 cottonseed acids, methyl linoleate of 95% or more purity is obtained consisting of 75% conjugated methyl linoleate and some 20% of methyl ester of an altered linoleic acid.
Humean Sentimentalism and Non-Consequentialist Moral Thinking

Of the many objections rationalists have raised against moral sentimentalism, none has been more long-lived and central than the claim that sentimentalism cannot accommodate the non-consequentialist aspects of our moral thinking. I examine how Stephen Darwall directs this criticism at Hume's account of moral judgment and argue that Darwall's criticism is based on an incorrect interpretation of Hume's view of motivation and the moral sentiments. Humean moral psychology is more nuanced than Darwall's objection in particular and rationalist criticisms more generally have assumed. Developing a clear picture of why Hume's account of moral judgment does not imply an implausible consequentialism reveals the strength of Hume's moral sentimentalism overall.
The directivity of a Yagi-Uda antenna from an effective propagation constant

A technique is presented for determining the directivity of a long, uniform Yagi-Uda antenna. It is shown that the maximum directivity is limited by the propagation constant of the particular antenna structure. The propagation constant can be determined by means of a two-port antenna test fixture with M and M + 1 directors.
Anatomic evidence suggestive of dendrodendritic synapses in the opossum basilar pons.

Abstract In Golgi-prepared material, opossum basilar pontine intrinsic neurons measured less than 22μm and gave origin to only two or three primary dendrites which gradually tapered in diameter, branched infrequently and exhibited few spines or protrusions. Characteristically, such neurons gave rise to several axon-like processes which might take origin from proximal or distal dendrites as well as the soma. Morphologically similar neurons have been observed in several other regions throughout the CNS where they have been shown to be a source of presynaptic dendritic elements. That opossum basilar pontine intrinsic neurons might also give rise to presynaptic dendrites was supported by the following electron microscopic observations. Profiles containing a small cluster of pleomorphic vesicles, occasional ribosomes and numerous microtubules formed synaptic active sites in which the membrane densities were intermediate between Gray's type I and type II. Such presumed presynaptic dendritic profiles were observed to participate in serial synaptic arrangements in which they were always postsynaptic to a round vesicle bouton and presynaptic to another dendritic element. The above features are compatible with electron microscopic descriptions of presynaptic dendrites in other CNS regions and thus suggest that basilar pontine intrinsic neurons may represent a source of presynaptic dendritic elements.
Minimizing Remote Accesses in MapReduce Clusters

MapReduce, in particular Hadoop, is a popular framework for the distributed processing of large datasets on clusters of relatively inexpensive servers. Although Hadoop clusters are highly scalable and ensure data availability in the face of server failures, their efficiency is poor. We study data placement as a potential source of inefficiency. Despite networking improvements that have narrowed the performance gap between map tasks that access local or remote data, we find that nodes servicing remote HDFS requests see significant slowdowns of collocated map tasks due to interference effects, whereas nodes making these requests do not experience proportionate slowdowns. To reduce remote accesses, and thus avoid their destructive performance interference, we investigate an intelligent data placement policy we call 'partitioned data placement'. We find that, in an unconstrained cluster where a job's map tasks may be scheduled dynamically on any node over time, Hadoop's default random data placement is effective in avoiding remote accesses. However, when task placement is restricted by long-running jobs or other reservations, partitioned data placement substantially reduces remote access rates (e.g., by as much as 86% over random placement for a job allocated only one-third of a cluster).
Vocational and Organizational Behavior, 1985: A Review.

Abstract This article examined the research in vocational and organizational behavior published during 1985. The review was organized around research themes in vocational behavior (person-environment fit, gender influences, cultural groups, career planning and decision making, and job search and recruitment) as well as behavioral issues in organizational settings (staffing techniques, individual behavior and performance, leadership, reactions to organizational life, career transitions, and work and the quality of life). The review was followed by a global assessment of the literature and several suggestions regarding future research.
Brief Education About Autism Spectrum Disorders for Family Therapists

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is on the rise, and family therapists are increasingly likely to encounter clients who have some form of this disorder. There is emerging evidence that professionals, including family therapists, may misdiagnose the condition or that proper diagnosis and treatment may be delayed. Thus, professional education about ASDs is important. In addition to the effects on the diagnosed individual, ASDs have significant impact on the family system. Family-centered interventions constitute a crucial piece of a multifaceted treatment plan, and there is a call for family-centered intervention and support services. To support family therapists in becoming more informed and effective members of treatment teams, this article provides an overview of Asperger's disorder and autism, with a focus on definitions, assessment, and individual treatments of ASDs. Ways in which ASDs have impact on the family are then identified, and specific issues relevant to family treatment are ...
Developments in interdisciplinary simulation and design software for mechanical systems

Software for interdisciplinary simulation and design of mechanical systems is emerging as a broadly applicable computer-aided engineering (CAE) tool. The emergence of powerful graphics based workstations, affordable minisuper computers, and network computing systems enhances the potential of this class of advanced CAE tools for use in a broad range of industrial applications. This paper analyzes the potential that exists for creating advanced CAE tools by (1) defining requirements for an advanced interdisciplinary simulation and design software system, including system executives, application program integration, support utilities, user interfaces, data base management systems, and computer environment; (2) giving an overview of interdisciplinary systems that are currently in use or in development; and (3) reviewing important features of existing interdisciplinary software systems, with respect to requirements for an advanced CAE system.
UNIQUENESS, THE IMAGE OF GOD, AND THE PROBLEM OF METHOD: ENGAGING VAN HUYSSTEEN

. Wentzel van Huyssteen's book Alone in the World? provides a thoughtful and nuanced account of human evolution from a theological perspective. Not only does his work provide what is perhaps the only sustained theological reflection specifically on human evolution, but his working through of many of the issues, particularly on the image of God literature in theology, has few parallels. Despite this, I focus on what I consider to be several weaknesses of the text, including areas of theological method, theological interpretation, and the central topic of human uniqueness. Addressing these weaknesses will, I propose, improve van Huyssteen's argument and lead in new and fruitful directions.
Variational sticking-fraction calculations for the ground state of the td micro molecular ion.

We have calculated variational wave functions for the excited states of the td..mu.. molecule using a Coulombic Hamiltonian. These functions were used to find the probability, known as the sticking fraction, that after fusion the muon would remain bound to the alpha particle. The sticking fractions were found to be (0.888 +- 0.002) x 10/sup -2/ for the J = 0, ..nu.. = 1 state and (0.29 +- 0.01) x 10/sup -2/ for the J = 1, ..nu.. = 0 state. The sticking fraction of the highest bound state of td..mu.., J = 1, ..nu.. = 1, did not converge. In addition, we have found the expectation values of the distances between particles for the lower (00), (01), and (10) states.
The nature of concepts: A point of view

On occasion, one may suddenly be called upon to define or clarify, for himself or others, a word form that has been so basic to his personal understanding and inquiry that to pause and consider the "what" or "why" of it seems redundant. If it should become necessary to respond to some probing, insistent semantic challenge ("Well, define it!"), the knowledgeable individual proceeds with assurance until the formidable impasse takes place. For instance, "What is a concept?" Now the encounter begins. That word we believed we knew so well and used so frequently becomes enmeshed in a bewildering variety of meanings given it by society, cultural institutions, professional groups and so on. This complexity of multiple meanings, informed understandings, and tacit agreements about a "concept" becomes the real identity of the word. Concept means many different things to many different people. Since definitive agreement is so difficult it becomes necessary to establish a route of inquiry through which a base of shared understandings and uses of the word may be developed. The core of the problem lies in the inquiries one finds useful in dealing with the complexities of concept understanding. Some constructs for systemizing relations among various elements of concept analysis have been suggested by recent research. Structural characteristics of concepts as defined by researchers such as Berlyne (1965), Davis (1966), and Gagne (1966) suggest a range of different viewpoints, some of which overlap. Upon close examination of various theoretical concept systems, we see a pervasive "group concept" of the nature of concepts. It may be helpful to consider H. H. Kendler's comments in Melton's text (1964) on the topic, "The Concept of the Concept." Kendler felt that because of the scientific infancy of this topic, he was in the inevitable, but not uncommon, position of being unconstrained by an orderly arrangement of facts and theories which would demand systematic treatment of the topic. Such freedom permits flights of fancy and broad generalizations without much fear of embarrassment by any clear-cut contradictory evidence. It is interesting to note that Kendler's investigation of the concept is concerned not with empirical criticism of the problem, but with clarification. He is less concerned with theoretical truth than
Various bilirubin conjugates in pregnant and nonpregnant rats with and without phenobarbital treatment.

Extract: The relative participation of bilirubin conjugating systems other than uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid-dependent bilirubin glucuronyl transferase in 21-day pregnant (P) and nonpregmant (NP) rats with and without prior phenobarbital (PB) administration was studied. Relative enzyme activities of 74.5%, 17.6%, and 7.9% were observed for glucuronic acid, xylose, and glucose conjugates, respectively, in untreated NP rats. Pregnancy itself did not alter the relative activities. In response to PB administration, P rats increased activity less than NP animals for all three enzymes. The ratios of the three conjugates remained unchanged in both P and NP groups after PB stimulation. Speculation: The mechanisms by which pregnancy reduces the stimulatory effect of phenobarbital on bilirubin glucuronyl transferase in the rat while not altering unstimulated enzyme activity remain unexplained. The induced enzyme may be different from the noninduced enzyme and may, therefore, be susceptible to inhibitors present in increasing concentrations during pregnancy, inhibitors to which the noninduced enzyme is not susceptible. Alternatively, the induced enzyme may be the same as the noninduced enzyme but the reduced stimulation observed may result from either changes in phenobarbital metabolism during pregnancy or a reduced capacity to synthesize enzyme protein during pregnancy.
Cytology of Metamorphosis in the Culicinæ

A NUMBER of investigators1 have distinguished two main types of larval insect tissue with respect to growth and metamorphosis. Many tissues grow by increase in cell size and undergo disintegration at metamorphosis, the corresponding adult tissue being formed from imaginal disks that were not functional parts of the larval tissue. The second class of tissues grows by cell division and multiplication, and is carried over, with or without modification, into the adult.
Intracellular Po2 and Its Regulation in Resting Skeletal Muscle of the Guinea Pig

Intracellular Po2 in the gracilis muscle of lightly anesthetized guinea pigs was measured by means of an O2 microelectrode to see (a) whether the Po2 was low enough that it might limit O2 consumption, and (b) whether it would increase with high O2 breathing. The resting cell membrane potential was used to localize the electrode tip. Of 184 cells tested in 26 animals, 70 cells had a Po2 of less than 1 mm Hg. Mean intracellular Po2 was about 4 mm Hg. When 100% O2 or 98% O2-2% CO2 was administered while the electrode was in a cell, 60 of 89 cells tested (20 animals) showed no change in Po2. In the other 29 cells, the Po2 increased by 5% or more. We have concluded that blood flow in resting skeletal muscle in the anesthetized guinea pig is regulated so as to maintain a low Po2-low enough that it could limit O2 consumption.
Making impostor pass rates meaningless: A case of snoop-forge-replay attack on continuous cyber-behavioral verification with keystrokes

Previous efforts in continuous cyber-behavioral verification have considered only zero-effort impostor attacks. Taking continuous verification with keystroke dynamics as a case in point, we demonstrate that forgery attempts created using snooped information (stolen keystroke timing information in our case) have alarmingly high success rates. In our experiments, with as little as 50 to 200 snooped keystrokes (roughly, less than two lines of text typed in a typical email), we were able to create forgeries that had as high as 87.75 percent success rates against verifier configurations that showed less than 11 percent “zero-effort” impostor pass rates. We performed experiments using keystroke data from 50 users who typed approximately 1300 to 2900 keystrokes of free text during three different periods. Our experiments consisted of two parts. In the first part, we conducted zero-effort verification experiments with two verifiers (“R” and “S”) and obtained EERs between 10 and 15 percent under various verifier configurations. In the second part, we replayed 10,000 forged impostor attempts per user and demonstrated how the zero-effort impostor pass rates became meaningless when impostor attempts were created using stolen keystroke timing information.
Elongation factor-1α, a putative single-copy nuclear gene, has divergent sets of paralogs in an arachnid

Identification of paralogy in candidate nuclear loci is an important prerequisite in phylogenetics and statistical phylogeography, but one that is often overlooked. One marker commonly assumed to be a single-copy gene and claimed to harbor great utility for inferring recent divergences is elongation factor-1α (EF-1α). To test this hypothesis, we systematically cloned EF-1α in three disjunct populations of the harvestman Metasiro americanus. Here we show that EF-1α has a large number of paralogs in this species. The paralogs do not evolve in a concerted manner, and the paralogs diverged prior to the population divergence. Moreover, the paralogs of M. americanus are not comparable to the highly divergent EF-1α paralogs found in bees and spiders, which are easily recognized and separated through the use of specific primers. We demonstrate statistically that our detection of paralogs cannot be attributed to amplification error. The presence of EF-1α paralogs in M. americanus prevents its use in statistical phylogeography, and the presence of out-paralogs argues against its use in phylogenetic inference among recently diverged clades. These data contradict the common assumption that EF-1α is for most or all taxa a single-copy gene, or that it has a small number of paralogs that are homogenized through gene conversion, unequal crossing over, or other processes.
Innate Immunity in Disease

Cells can innately recognize generic products of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or injured tissue by engagement of pattern recognition receptors. Innate immune cells rapidly respond to this engagement to control commensals, thwart pathogens, and/or prompt repair. Insufficient or excessive activation of the innate immune response results in disease. This review focuses on pattern recognition receptors and cells of the innate immune system that are important for intestinal function. Our improving knowledge pertaining to this important aspect of our immune response is opening potential important new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of disease.
An empirical Bayes estimator for in-scale adaptive filtering

A scale-adaptive filtering scheme is developed for underspread channels based on a model of the linear time-varying channel operator as a process in scale. Recursions serve the purpose of adding detail to the filter estimate until a suitable measure of fidelity and complexity is met. Resolution of the channel impulse response associated with its coherence time is naturally modeled over the observation time via a Gaussian mixture assignment on wavelet coefficients. Maximum likelihood, approximate maximum a posteriori (MAP) and posterior mean estimators, as well as associated variances, are derived. Doppler spread estimation associated with the coherence time of the filter is synonymous with model order selection and a MAP estimate is presented and compared with Laplace's approximation and the popular AIC. The algorithm is implemented with conjugate-gradient iterations at each scale, and as the coherence time is recursively decreased, the lower scale estimate serves as a starting point for successive reduced-coherence time estimates. The algorithm is applied to a set of simulated sparse multipath Doppler spread channels, demonstrating the superior MSE performance of the posterior mean filter estimator and the superiority of the MAP Doppler spread stopping rule.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF BEEF HEART MITOCHONDRIA : III. The Inequality of Gross Morphological Change and Oxidative Phosphorylation

The relationships between membranes and intramembrane compartments of isolated heart mitochondria are inadequately defined to express the induced morphological changes associated with the structural organization. The inner membrane and matrix are the major structural entities which undergo transformation upon alteration of metabolism or incubation conditions. To better express these morphological changes within a mitochondrion, two inner membranes plus enclosed matrix are defined as an inmerix (plural inmerices). Three general morphological forms of mitochondria can be distinguished by the size and shape of inmerices. These are distended, condensed, and coalesced inmerixal configurations. Hypotonic conditions and Pi in isotonic sucrose generate distended configurations. This Pi distention is apparently dependent on utilization of energy. It does not occur under anaerobic conditions. Oxidizable substrates generate condensed configurations. ADP and dADP generate coalesced configurations and stop formation of condensed and distended inmerixal configurations in the absence of inhibitors. ADP coalescence is apparently not dependent on an energy input. It occurs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and in isotonic and hypotonic media. Atractyloside completely inhibits the effects of ADP on inmerixal membranes whereas oligomycin does not. Distention by Pi is unaffected by the two inhibitors. Distended inmerices, without added Pi (12 mM and 62 mM sucrose), are coalesced by ADP. These studies indicate that coalescence of inmerixal membranes probably reflects the consequences of specific stoichiometric binding or translocation of adenine nucleotides.
Mitigation of intercarrier interference in OFDM systems over underwater acoustic channels

Transmission schemes based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are promising for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, thanks to their robustness to large multipath spreads. On the other hand, due to the significant time variations in the UWA channels, the effectiveness of the standard OFDM receivers is impaired by intercarrier interference (ICI). In this paper, we propose two novel ICImitigation techniques. In the first scheme, the ICI coefficients are explicitly estimated, and minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization based on such estimates is performed. In the second approach, no explicit ICI estimation is performed, and detection is based on an adaptive decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) applied in the frequency domain across different subcarriers. We report simulation results showing the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, compared to the performance of a standard OFDM receiver neglecting ICI, and results obtained by processing real data recorded in the recent KAM08 experiment.
Landscape forest cover and edge effects on songbird nest predation vary by nest predator

Rates of nest predation for birds vary between and within species across multiple spatial scales, but we have a poor understanding of which predators drive such patterns. We video-monitored nests and identified predators at 120 nests of the Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) and the Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) at eight study sites in Missouri and Illinois, USA, during 2007–2010. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate hypotheses concerning factors affecting predator-specific and overall rates of predation at landscape, edge, and nest-site scales. We found support for effects of landscape forest cover and distance to habitat edge. Predation by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) increased, and predation by rodents decreased as landscape forest cover decreased. Predation by raptors, rodents, and snakes increased as the distance to forest edges decreased, but the effect was modest and conditional upon the top-ranked model. Despite the predator-specific patterns we detected, there was no support for these effects on overall rates of predation. The interactions between breeding birds, nest predators, and the landscapes in which they reside are scale-dependent and context-specific, and may be resistant to broad conceptual management recommendations.
Characterization of clinical photosensitivity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus

Background Photosensitivity (PS) in lupus erythematosus (LE) is frequently determined by patient report. Objective We sought to characterize self-reported PS in cutaneous LE (CLE). Methods The PS survey was used to classify subject responses into 5 phenotypes: direct sun-induced CLE flare (directCLE); general exacerbation of CLE (genCLE); polymorphic light eruption–like reactions (genSkin); general pruritus/paresthesias (genRxn); and sun-induced systemic symptoms (genSys). In all, 91 subjects with CLE alone or with CLE and systemic LE were interviewed. Results In all, 81% ascribed to 1 or more PS phenotypes. CLE-specific reactions (direct sun-induced CLE flare or general exacerbation of CLE) were reported by 86% of photosensitive subjects. Higher CLE disease activity (measured by CLE Disease Area and Severity Index activity scores) was suggestive of direct sun-induced CLE flare reactions ( P = .09). In all, 60% of photosensitive subjects described CLE-nonspecific reactions: polymorphic light eruption–like rash and general pruritus/paresthesias. These phenotypes often co-occurred with CLE-specific reactions and were predicted by more systemic disease activity as measured by Physicians Global Assessment (PGA) scores in regression analyses (genSkin, P = .02) and (genRxn, P = .05). In all, 36% of subjects reported systemic reactions and higher PGA scores were predictive of the sun-induced systemic symptoms phenotype ( P = .02); a diagnosis of systemic LE was not ( P = .14). Limitations PS was inferred from patient report and not directly observed. Conclusions Characterization of self-reported PS in LE reveals that patients experience combinations of CLE-specific, CLE-nonspecific, and systemic reactions to sunlight. Sun-induced CLE flares are associated with more active CLE disease. Polymorphic light eruption–like, generalized pruritus/paresthesias, and systemic reactions are associated with more active systemic disease. Recognition of PS phenotypes will permit improved definitions of clinical PS and allow for more precise investigation into its pathophysiology.
Third-Degree Heart Block Associated With Lyme Carditis: Review of Published Cases

Lyme carditis is an uncommon manifestation of Lyme disease that most commonly involves some degree of atrioventricular conduction blockade. Third-degree conduction block is the most severe form and can be fatal if untreated. Systematic review of the medical literature identified 45 published cases of third-degree conduction block associated with Lyme carditis in the United States. Median patient age was 32 years, 84% of patients were male, and 39% required temporary pacing. Recognizing patient groups more likely to develop third-degree heart block associated with Lyme carditis is essential to providing prompt and appropriate therapy.
Urban Locations of Eminent Black Entrepreneurs in the United States

Extraordinarily successful Black entrepreneurs have received relatively little attention in the literature on Black socioeconomic progress in the US. The present study fills this gap by identifying the urban centres that have been the main locations of Black entrepreneurs who have been classified by scholars as ‘eminent’. Biographical data from highly regarded encyclopaedic sources show that these entrepreneurs have concentrated in a small number of urban centres and have a skewed spatial distribution that resembles the famous ‘Pareto curve’. These data also indicate that, over most of the 20th century, Black communities in the urban South produced a disproportionate share of the Black Americans whose business successes have been nationally recognised. However, the data suggest that, by the end of the century, the largest metropolitan areas outside the South—Chicago, New York and Los Angeles—were becoming the primary locations of eminent Black entrepreneurs in the US.