cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FGF19-induced Hepatocyte Proliferation Is Mediated through FGFR4 Activation

FGF19 and FGF21, unique members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, are hormones that regulate glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Increased hepatocyte proliferation and liver tumor formation have also been observed in FGF19 transgenic mice. Here, we report that, in contrast to FGF19, FGF21 does not induce hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. To identify the mechanism for FGF19-induced hepatocyte proliferation, we explored similarities and differences in receptor specificity between FGF19 and FGF21. We find that although both are able to activate FGF receptors (FGFRs) 1c, 2c, and 3c, only FGF19 activates FGFR4, the predominant receptor in the liver. Using a C-terminal truncation mutant of FGF19 and a series of FGF19/FGF21 chimeric molecules, we determined that amino acids residues 38–42 of FGF19 are sufficient to confer both FGFR4 activation and increased hepatocyte proliferation in vivo to FGF21. These data suggest that activation of FGFR4 is the mechanism whereby FGF19 can increase hepatocyte proliferation and induce hepatocellular carcinoma formation.
Preparation of metallic and intermetallic powders by spark erosion

A spark erosion technique for the preparation of finely divided metallic and intermetallic powders is described. An X-ray diffraction line-broadening analysis was used to compare the average particle size obtained for a spark-produced nickel powder with that of a commercially prepared catalyst, Raney nickel. The average particle size of the Raney nickel powder was found to be approximately 6 nm smaller than that obtained from nickel powder sparked at an electrode potential of 700 V and a discharge energy of 3.92 J. Although certain intermetallic compounds could be prepared as powder blacks using the spark erosion method, traces of one of the individual elemental components were usually found in the powder. It appears that, in general, many materials may be produced as powders by a spark erosion technique provided they are electrically conductive.
A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING METRIZAMIDE AND IOHEXOL FOR EQUINE MYELOGRAPHY

A prospective clinical trial comparing adverse postmyelographic effects and myelographic quality of metrizamide and iohexol was conducted. Using a predetermined, randomized assignment, 24 horses exhibiting neurologic signs were administered either metrizamide (180 mgl/ml) or iohexol (180 mgl/ml) via cerebellomedullary puncture. Each horse was evaluated postmyelographically for adverse effects. Myelographic quality was assessed by a numerical scoring method. Adverse effects were observed more frequently with metrizamide (21) compared with iohexol (6) myelography (p 0.05). We conclude that iohexol is safer than metrizamide for equine myelography and that quality myelograms can be obtained with either contrast medium.
Proton radiative capture into closed-shell and closed-shell-plus-one-proton nuclei

Radiative proton capture reactions into nuclei with closed subshells and into the neighboring nuclei with one additional proton produce gamma-ray spectra with remarkably similar major features. Detailed measurements of $^{11}\mathrm{B}(\mathrm{p},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{p},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{13}\mathrm{N}$, described here, reveal additional striking similarities. A generalized direct-semidirect picture of the reaction is presented, from which quantitative relationships between such capture reaction pairs may be derived, including comparisons of angular distributions, analyzing powers, and cross-section ratios over a wide range of bombarding energies. The data are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Implications of naturalness in effective field theory on the masses of resonances.

Many years ago Weinberg formulated a definition of ``naturalness'' for effective theories: if an effective theory is to make sense, coefficients must not change too much when the cutoff scale is changed by a factor of order 1. As an example we consider simple field theories in which an O(N) symmetry spontaneously breaks to O(N-1). We show that in these theories Weinberg's criterion for a natural effective theory may be applied directly to the S matrix; it implies that the scale of new physics, beyond the Goldstone bosons, may not be too large: there is always a particle or a cut of mass below or about 4\ensuremath{\pi}f/ \ensuremath{\surd}N . We discuss the range of convergence of the expansion of the chiral Lagrangian. It appears to be impossible to construct an underlying theory of the type considered here that fails to satisfy Weinberg's criterion.
Cross-National Variability in Capital Punishment Exploring the Sociopolitical Sources of Its Differential Legal Status

Guided by existing macrolevel theories on punishment and society, the present study explores the independent and conjunctive effects of measures of sociopolitical conditions on the legal retention of capital punishment in 185 nations in the 21st century. Significant correlations are found between a nation’s retention of legal executions for ordinary crimes and its level of economic development, primary religious orientation, citizens’ voice in governance, political stability, and recent history of extrajudicial executions. Subsequent multivariate analyses through qualitative comparative methods reveal substantial context-specific effects and wide variability in legal retention even within countries with similar sociopolitical structures. These results are then discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for future cross-national research on punishment and society.
Ultra-mobile rugged computing platform design considerations

State of the art mobile computing is designed to withstand variable rugged environments. Specific platforms including mobile phones, GPS devices, tablets, Netbooks and laptops that are used by the general public and increasingly by dismounted military users.
Latin American debt, the IMF, and Adam Smith: A proposal for ethical reform

Abstract We examine the role of the IMF orthodox paradigm, and the value system upon which it rests, in the Latin American debt crisis. We conclude that the IMF orthodoxy is an inappropriate basis for international transactions because of the a priori utilitarian value assumptions on which it is based. Furthermore, those value premises have hardened into a narrow and inflexible ideology—similar in nature, if not in content, to Marxist ideology—which has been imposed on indebted Latin American countries. We recommend a value system based on the writings of Adam Smith to replace the value system inherent in the IMF orthodoxy. This value system stresses the inestimable value of all individuals, and we argue that governments and economic institutions must never diminish the happiness of innocent people. We conclude the article with some specific recommendations for reform at the IMF to bring its policies more in line with the moral ideals of Adam Smith.
Experiments and Universal Growth Relations for Vapor Bubbles With Microlayers

Solutions for bubble growth rates including the effects of inertia, heat transfer, and microlayer evaporation were obtained in generalized coordinates. Experimental growth rate data, covering a wide range of superheats, were obtained under precisely controlled conditions. The theoretical development appears to provide a satisfactory a priori prediction of these data. In particular, the Γ-effect predicted earlier is fully corroborated by these data which are the first to cover an extended range of this parameter.
Impact of Women's Off-Farm Employment on Marital Adjustment

Literature bearing on the relationship of women's employment status to couples' marital adjustment is reviewed. Three competing hypotheses—status competi tion, status enhancement, and no effects—are discussed in terms of farm couples' current context. Findings from this study of 527 farm couples suggest that at this time, women's off-farm employment might be in competition with traditional farm values, and thus might hinder high-quality marital relationships in farm couples. Additional determinants of marital adjustment in farm couples are dis cussed.
Distress vocalizations of young in three inbred strains of mice.

Vocalizations of young mice of 3 inbred strains, C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ, were recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days of age. Recordings were made at ambient room temperature (23.5° ± 1.5°C) or under conditions of reduced temperature (2° ± 2°C). Strains differed in terms of rate of signaling, peak frequencies of signals, and average signal duration. Peak frequencies appear to be genetically coded, and did not vary with age or ambient temperature. The effects of reduced ambient temperature on C3H/HeJ and BALB/cJ pups were to extend the age span during which frequent signaling occurs, and to increase the average signal duration throughout that age span. The C57BL/6J pups emitted fewer signals under reduced temperature, but also showed an increase in signal duration. Strain differences in age functions of signaling and the differential impact of experience on the various parameters of the vocalizations suggest that these vocalizations may be a useful behavior in monitoring genetic-experiental interactions and developmental rates in young mice.
Gibberellin and CCC Effects on Flowering and Growth in the Long-day Plant Lemna gibba G3

The application of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) to the non-rosette long-day plant Lemna gibba G3 at concentrations from 0.1 to 100 mg/l did not induce flowering on short days and inhibited flowering on long days at concentrations of 1 mg/l and higher. On both short and long days GA(3) concentrations above 1 mg/l caused a decrease in frond size and fresh and dry weight, but an increase in the rate of frond production and thus an increase in the # VF (number of vegetative fronds). Identical results were obtained when gibberellin A(7) was used instead of GA(3).The addition of the plant growth retardant CCC [(2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride] to the culture medium on long days resulted in almost complete inhibition of flowering at 10(-3) M. Vegetative growth was also inhibited to some extent. With CCC at 10(-3) M the simultaneous addition of GA(3) resulted in partial reversal of flower inhibition with 0.3 mg/l GA(3) being optimal. The inhibition of vegetative growth as measured by fresh and dry weight was also partially reversed by GA(3), but the threshold concentration for reversal of flower inhibition was at least 10 times lower than that for inhibition of vegetative growth.These results are interpreted as indicating that gibberellins are important for flowering in the non-rosette long-day plant L. gibba G3, but apparently are present in non-limiting concentrations on short days.
Percutaneous Suprasternal Puncture (Radner Technique) of the Left Ventricle: A Report of 646 Cases

An extension of the Radner technique to include the recording of pressures from the left ventricle, as well as all other chambers has proved a safe, simple and rapid procedure. In the first group of 363 cases, the left ventricle was accidentally entered in ten cases. When a deliberate attempt was made in the next 283 patients, the ventricle was entered 161 times without an increase in sequellae. In the last 119 cases, the left ventricle was entered in 74 per cent. This method provides a safe yet rapid procedure for obtaining the aortic valve gradient, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and the first derivative of the pressure curve, as well as other information.
Reactions of Cl2P3/2: Absolute rate constants for reaction with H2, CH4, C2H6, CH2Cl2, C2Cl4, and cC6H12

The absolute rate constants have been measured for several gas-phase chlorine atom-molecule reactions at 25°C by resonance fluorescence. These reactions and their corresponding rate constants in units of cm3 mole−1 sec−1 are: The effects of varying the substrate pressure, total pressure, light intensity and chlorine-atom source on the value of the bimolecular rate constants have been investigated for all these reactions. Conditions under which no competing side reaction occurs were established and the reported rate constants were measured under these conditions. For reactions (2), (5), (6), (7), and 8, there is a discrepancy of a factor of two between the rate constants measured in this work and values in the literature; it is suggested that this is due to an error in the previously measured value of k/k upon which the relative measurements in the literature ultimately depend.
The importance of team processes for different team types

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which team processes vary between team types, as well as the relative importance of these processes for different team types.Design/methodology/approach – A survey study evaluated a sample of 316 members of various work teams that were classified as either intellectual (e.g. executive team) or physical (e.g. production team) teams. Independent samples t‐tests, paired samples t‐tests, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate hypotheses.Findings – Confirmatory analysis indicated transition and action oriented process behaviors were distinct from one another. Intellectual teams were found to value transition processes (planning and strategizing) more highly than physical teams. Intellectual teams also valued transition processes (planning and strategizing), more than action processes (monitoring and coordinating).Research limitations/implications – Research on team processes tends to focus upon a “one size fits all” approach to t...
Ethics in Pain Management of Persons with Spinal Cord Injury

Pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) has been well described in the literature, with specific treatments emerging in recent years for the different subtypes of pain. Treatment of pain and the concomitant reduction of suffering are ethical imperatives for treating staff. In most cases, no ethical dilemmas are present when treatment decisions are made between patient and staff. In the specific case of medications with the potential for abuse and/or diversion, however, ethical issues have arisen. Because of increasing regulatory scrutiny, many physicians are increasingly reluctant to prescribe controlled substances. Persons with SCI who are well managed on such medications and who present with no history of abuse or diversion may be left without access to treatment that appropriately and effectively reduces their pain and suffering. We will review the forces involved in the development of these conditions, present three cases illustrative of the ethical dilemmas raised, and offer some general suggestions ...
Axon regeneration across the site of injury in the optic nerve of the newt Triturus pyrrhogaster

The process by which axons regenerate following a freeze injury to the optic nerve of the newt was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Freezing destroys cellular constituents in a one millimeter segment of the nerve, leaving intact the basal lamina and the blood supply to the eye. No axons are seen at the site of injury one to seven days post lesion. This contrasts with the persistence of normal-appearing but severed unmyelinated axons within the cranial stump which thus give a false appearance of early regeneration. The first axon sprouts traverse the lesion and enter the cranial stump by ten days. The number of regenerating axons increases rapidly thereafter with no signs of random growth at the site of injury. These axon sprouts tend to be somewhat larger than normal unmyelinated axons and contain dense core vesicles and abnormal organelles similar to those in growing axons in tissue culture. The persisting basal lamina inside the optic sheath appears to provide continuity across the site of injury, to orient axon sprouts, and to favor an orderly process of axon regeneration without neuroma formation.
Effect of laminate stacking sequence on the high frequency fatigue behavior of SCS-6 fiber-reinforced Si3N4 matrix composites

In many potential applications, continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CFCMCs) will encounter cyclic fatigue loadings at high frequencies (25 Hz or higher). While most of the work in the area of fatigue of CFCMCs has concentrated on low frequency behavior, high frequency behavior is equally important. In CFCMCs, stress-strain hysteresis occurs during fatigue and is associated with energy dissipation in the composite. In addition to this, the repeated friction and sliding between fiber and matrix are responsible for a substantial temperature rise at the fiber/matrix interface. In this study, [0/90] and [±45] SCS-6 (silicon carbide)/Si3N4 composites made by hot pressing were investigated under high frequency fatigue loadings. The angle-ply laminate showed the same extent of heating as cross-ply laminates, but at much lower stress levels. Frictional heating was caused by sliding at the fiber/matrix interface. Temperature rise due to heat generation in the specimens correlated very well with damage in modulus as a function of fatigue cycles in the composites. Matrix microcracking was more predominant in the angle ply than in the cross-ply composite, due to the much lower stiffness of the angle-ply composite in the longitudinal loading direction.
Current perspectives and challenges in understanding the role of nitrite as an integral player in nitric oxide biology and therapy

Beyond an inert oxidation product of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, current thinking posits a key role for nitrite as a mediator of NO signaling, especially during hypoxia. This concept has been discussed in the context of nitrite serving a role as an endogenous modulator of NO homeostasis, but also from a novel clinical perspective whereby nitrite therapy may replenish NO signaling and prevent ischemic tissue injury. Indeed, the relatively rapid translation of studies delineating mechanisms of action to ongoing and planned clinical trials has been critical in fuelling interest in nitrite biology, and several excellent reviews have been written on this topic. In this article we limit our discussions to current concepts and what we feel are questions that remain unanswered within the paradigm of nitrite being a mediator of NO biology.
Are smokers only using cigarettes? Exploring current polytobacco use among an adult population.

Abstract Background The primary focus of tobacco prevention and cessation interventions has been on cigarette smoking. Polytobacco use (the concurrent use of cigarettes and one or more other tobacco product[s]), may present additional health risks and make cessation more difficult. Methods We determined population estimates of tobacco product use and of polytobacco use for more than 50 000 adults from 10 states. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors independently associated with polytobacco use among men only (due to low use among women). Results The overall adult prevalence was 22.4% for cigarettes and 3.4% for polytobacco use. Polytobacco use was more common among men who smoked cigarettes, with 26.0% using at least one other product, compared to 4.4% of women cigarette smokers. Polytobacco use among men was significantly associated with younger age, all races/ethnicities except Hispanic, less educational attainment, less income, and more-than-moderate alcohol use. Conclusions Prevention and cessation efforts need to target use of other forms of tobacco besides cigarettes, especially among younger men and men who are more-than-moderate drinkers of alcohol.
Obtuse triangular billiards II: One hundred degrees worth of periodic trajectories

We give a rigorous computer-assisted proof that a triangle has a periodic billiard path when all its angles are at most one hundred degrees.
Reactive oxygen species activate p90 ribosomal S6 kinase via Fyn and Ras.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species and growth factors stimulate similar intracellular signal transduction events including activation of Src kinase family members and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2). A potentially important downstream effector of Src and ERK1/2 is p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK), which plays an important role in cell growth by activating several transcription factors as well as the Na+/H+ exchanger. In the present study, we determined whether H2O2 activates p90RSK to gain insight into signal transduction mechanisms activated by reactive oxygen species. H2O2 (200 μm) stimulated ERK1/2 and p90RSK activity in lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. The MEK-1 inhibitor, PD98059 (30 μm), inhibited H2O2-mediated activation of ERK1/2 but not of p90RSK. An essential role for Fyn and Ras in p90RSK activation was suggested by five findings. 1) The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, and the specific Src kinase family inhibitor, PP1, blocked p90RSK activation by H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner. 2) p90RSK activation by H2O2 was significantly reduced in fibroblasts derived from transgenic mice deficient in Fyn, but not c-Src. 3) H2O2rapidly activated Ras (peak at 2–5 min), which preceded p90RSK activation (peak at 20 min). 4) Dominant negative Ras completely blocked H2O2-induced activation of p90RSK. 5) In Fyn−/− fibroblasts, activation of Ras by H2O2 was significantly attenuated. These results show essential roles for Fyn and Ras in H2O2-mediated activation of p90RSK and establish redox-sensitive regulation of Ras and p90RSK as a new function for Fyn.
Psychometric analysis of the thermochemistry concept inventory

Assessing conceptual understanding of foundational topics before instruction on higher-order concepts can provide chemical educators with information to aid instructional design. This study provides an instrument that can be used to identify students' alternative conceptions regarding thermochemistry concepts. The Thermochemistry Concept Inventory (TCI) has been developed for use in formative and summative assessments. Items on the TCI were developed and refined through qualitative evaluation as well as β and pilot tests. Data for the psychometric analysis of the TCI was gathered during a large data collection (N = 1330) and was analyzed using the Rasch model. Supporting evidence for response process validity, structural validity, and reliability were collected. Testing data shows that the TCI is unidimensional and has acceptable fit to the Rasch model. In support of prior qualitative studies, option probability curves support the response process validity and reliability of the items. With exception of one item, when used in summative testing, all items displayed good item functioning. Test-level analysis indicated that the TCI was well targeted to the ability of students in our testing samples. Performance data from different groups shows that the TCI is a measure of overall student ability, providing evidence of concurrent validity.
The RAMAC data-processing machine: system organization of the IBM 305

Synopsis: A new automatic data-processing machine for business applications, utilizing a random-access memory system, is described. Unlike the usual batch method of machine-processing business transactions, the technique used permits transfer of information between any two points in the system and makes multi-choice decisions according to the current status of the information. This in-line operational concept is discussed in detail and the data transfer routes and processing controls are shown. Employing punched card input and printed-record output, the IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) 305 accounting machine is designed to handle 10,000 line-transactions per day.
The effects of progesterone antagonist RU 486 on mouse oocyte maturation, ovulation, fertilization, and cleavage

The antiprogesterone RU 486 was utilized to evaluate the possible role of progesterone in ovum maturation, ovulation, fertilization, and embryo cleavage. After gonadotropin treatment, CD-1 mice received the following experimental agents: group 1, an oil vehicle; group 2, 1 mg progesterone; group 3, 1 mg antiprogesterone (RU 486); group 4, 1 mg RU 486 and 1 mg dexamethasone. Each group of animals was injected simultaneously for 2 days (concomitant with human chorionic gonadotropin and the day after coitus). Ova or embryos were obtained on day 1, 2, 3, or 4 after human chorionic gonadotropin by flushing uteri and tubes. No differences were apparent in number of oocytes ovulated, ovum maturation, or number of oocytes progressing to two-cell embryos. However, on day 3 a marked reduction in embryos retrieved from the oviduct and uterus was apparent in the RU 486-treated groups (group 1, 84; group 3.0; group 4, 17) (p less than 0.001). In addition, few cleavage stage embryos were recovered on day 4 in the RU 486-treated groups (group 1, 74; group 2, 70; group 3, 2; group 4, 0) (p less than 0.0001). Freshly ovulated cumulus masses were recovered from the oviducts on day 4 in groups 3 and 4 (coincident with resumption of the estrous cycle). In conclusion, periovulatory RU 486 injections had no effect on nuclear maturation, ovulation, fertilization, or first cleavage division. Progesterone may not have an obligatory role in these processes. However, RU 486 administration did result in a reduced number of embryos retrieved on days 3 and 4 because of either early expulsion or destruction of the embryos.
Phase transitions and renormalization group hamiltonian densities in the 80 diperiodic space groups

Abstract Phase transitions for systems with diperiodic symmetry are discussed. Direct group-theoretical methods are employed to obtain a list of possible commensurate lower-symmetry phases (subgroups) which are induced by a single order parameter. The lower-symmetry phases for all 80 diperiodic space groups are given, along with specific details of the group-subgroup relationships. Results for the 17 two-dimensional space groups are also contained in our list. The renormalization-group Hamiltonian densities for the diperiodics are calculated. The 12 densities listed constitute the complete set of densities which may arise in the diperiodic space groups. Critical properties for the diperiodics can thus be obtained from analysis of these densities.
Niacin decreases leukocyte myeloperoxidase: mechanistic role of redox agents and Src/p38MAP kinase.

Abstract Objectives Leukocyte myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major player in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases including atherosclerosis. This study proposes the novel concept that niacin, through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling, decreases neutrophil MPO release and its activity, protects apolipoprotein-AI (apo-AI) modification and improves HDL function. Methods Human blood leukocytes and leukocytic cell line HL-60 cells were treated with niacin, and stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Cellular and released MPO activity in the medium was measured by assessing chlorination of MPO-specific substrate. MPO protein release in the medium and apo-AI degradation was measured by Western blot analysis. Monocyte adhesion to human aortic primary endothelial cells was measured to assess biological function of HDL/apo-AI. Results PMA significantly increased leukocyte MPO activity in both intracellular extract and medium. Niacin (0.25–0.5 mM) decreased PMA-induced MPO activity (cellular and released in the media). Niacin also decreased MPO protein mass in the medium without affecting its mRNA expression. Increased NADPH oxidase and ROS production by PMA were also significantly inhibited by niacin. Studies with specific inhibitors suggest that ROS-dependent Src and p38MAP kinase mediate decreased MPO activity by niacin. Niacin blocked apo-AI degradation, and apo-AI from niacin treated cells decreased monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelial cells. Conclusions These findings identify niacin as a potent inhibitor of leukocyte MPO release and MPO-mediated formation of dysfunctional HDL. Niacin and niacin-related chemical entities may form important therapeutic agents for MPO-mediated inflammatory diseases.
An Activator Protein-1 Complex Mediates Epidermal Growth Factor Regulation of Equine Glycoprotein α Subunit Expression in Trophoblast Cells

Abstract Equids and primates are the only species known to express the placental hormone chorionic gonadotropin (CG). CG is a member of the heterodimeric glycoprotein family and is composed of an α subunit linked to a hormone-specific β subunit. Previously, we have reported that epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulates the equine glycoprotein hormone α subunit promoter through a protein kinase C (PKC)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway in trophoblasts. The current study investigates the regulatory element/factors involved in the induction of equine glycoprotein α subunit gene expression by EGF. Using 5′ deletion mutagenesis, we have delineated the primary EGF/PKC responsive region of the equine α subunit gene to be located between −2039 to −2032 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start site. The sequence within this region contains an activator protein 1 (AP-1)-like response element (TGAATCA) and is similar to a consensus AP-1 (TGAC/GTCA) response element. This elem...
Adipose rex: fat and fats that rule differentiation.

Traditionally, it has been considered the province of proteins to regulate cell lineage determination in both embryonic and adult cellular differentiation. Homeodomain proteins, the products of homeobox genes, are the classic rulers of overall embryonic body patterning with its axial symmetries and asymmetries. These homeodomain transcription factors along with other morphogenetic proteins also influence identity in adult tissues, through downstream targets, some of which remain unknown. In blood and tissue, lineage determination seems to occur through a hierarchical organization. The best-characterized differentiation hierarchy is that of the hematopoietic lineages in bone marrow. Precursors of blood cells are guided to differentiate along sequentially branching myelocytic or erythrocytic lineages by proteins collectively termed the “colony-stimulating factors.” Precursors of connective tissue and other mesenchymal cells also seem to follow a lineage hierarchy, remarkably similar to that of neural crest cells in the embryo.1 Just as hematopoietic precursor cells persist as stem cells in adult marrow, there is now evidence that pluripotent mesenchymal precursor cells, possibly qualifying as “stem” cells, also persist in adult tissues.2–4⇓⇓ Most importantly, these so-called mesenchymal stem cells actively repopulate connective tissue.5 This has important implications for human health, given the potential to harvest and harness these cells for cultivation and replacement at sites of nonhealing injuries.6 Implementation of such a novel potential therapy will require detailed knowledge of the factors that determine commitment to a specific lineage. Some of the regulatory factors orchestrating mesenchymal differentiation have been identified, but many remain unknown. A particularly interesting aspect of the mesenchymal differentiation hierarchy is that it seems to be regulated not only by protein factors but also by lipids and …
Adult Literacy A Review of the Past and a Proposal for the Future

Adult illiteracy is a serious national problem that affects a minimum of 23 million Americans. Unfortunately, adult educators who face the important challenge of obviating this problem seem divided as to which methods for teaching reading to adult learners are most effective. This article provides a brief review of the literature regarding the current practices for teaching reading to adults and children. The author suggests that much of the methodology that has proven effective with school-aged poor readers, such as the teaching of phonics in a direct instruction manner, may be quite appropriate for use at the adult level.
Key pathways associated with heart failure development revealed by gene networks correlated with cardiac remodeling

Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world. While the transcriptomic changes in end-stage failing myocardium have received much attention, no inf...
Estimation of EEG signal dispersion during seizure propagation

Localization of the seizure focus in the brain is a challenging problem in the field of epilepsy. The complexity of the seizure-related EEG waveform, its non-stationarity and degradation with distance due to the dispersive nature of the brain as a propagation medium, make localization difficult. Yet, precise estimation of the focus is critical, particularly when surgical resection is the only therapeutic option. The first step to solving this inverse problem is to estimate and account for frequency- or mode-specific signal dispersion, which is present in both scalp and intracranial EEG recordings during seizures. We estimated dispersion curves in both types of signals using a spatial correlation method and mode-based semblance analysis. We showed that, despite the assumption of spatial stationarity and a simplified array geometry, there is measurable inter-modal and intra-modal dispersion during seizures in both types of EEG recordings, affecting the estimated arrival times and consequently focus localization.
Deformable models for tagged MR images: reconstruction of two- and three-dimensional heart wall motion

Magnetic resonance (MR) tissue tagging allows non-invasive in vivo measurement of soft tissue deformation. Planes of magnetic saturation are created, orthogonal to the imaging plane, which form dark lines (stripes) on the image. These stripes deform with the tissue and may be tracked in order to reconstruct the time-varying deformation of the structure. The authors have developed a semiautomatic line tracking algorithm to track the stripes to sub-pixel resolution throughout the deformation, based on active contour models (snakes). Each tracked stripe point gives displacement information orthogonal to the original tagging plane, i.e. a one dimensional constraint on the motion. Data from several tagging and imaging planes in different orientations was combined using a deformable model of the LV wall. Two or three dimensional motion and deformation was then reconstructed by fitting the data constraints by linear least squares. >
Improving Transient Performance for Voltage Regulators with Error Amplifier Voltage Positioning

Next generation microprocessor requirements for high current slew rates and fast transient response together with low output voltages have posed great challenges on voltage regulator (VR) design. This paper presents a new error amplifier voltage positioning (EAVP) method which has proven to be effective in achieving fast transient response for voltage regulators. Unlike prior arts of non-linear control methods, it does not modify the power stage nor change the control loop gain. Instead, it helps error amplifier recover from its saturation status during transient events. Operational mechanism of the EAVP is presented in this paper in detail. Simulation results and experimental data show that the EAVP scheme settles down the output voltage quickly after a heavy load transition, resulting in excellent transient performance without impact on other operations.
Cholesterol Management in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2006

Objectives This study assesses (1) the prevalence of ever having a blood test for cholesterol, (2) current practices of following advice from a health care professional to manage high cholesterol, and (3) the association between total serum cholesterol level and following the advice. Methods A total of 17,260 adults aged 20 and older participated in the interview and medical examination in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2006). Cholesterol management was examined among adults previously diagnosed with high cholesterol who were advised to change their lifestyles through low-fat diets, weight loss, or exercise and/or to take medications. Five analytic groups were defined: (1) Those taking medications only, (2) those making one or more lifestyle changes, (3) those making one or two lifestyle changes and taking medications, (4) those making three lifestyle changes and taking medications, and (5) those not following any advice. Results Between 69% and 80% of adults advised to lower cholesterol reported following advice to control their cholesterol. Adults on medication only and adults with lifestyle changes and medication were more likely to have cholesterol level below 240 mg/dL compared with adults with lifestyle changes only (medication only: odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–5.8); one or two lifestyle changes and medication: OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 3.1–5.4; three lifestyle changes and medication: OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 3.0–6.2; referent: one or two or three lifestyle changes). Conclusion The combination of medication and lifestyle changes was more strongly associated with decreasing cholesterol compared with making one or more lifestyle changes without medication use.
Electron Transport Mechanisms in Tobacco Roots. I. Studies on the Cytochrome and Related Systems.

Since the work of Keilin (16), several investigators have made extensive studies on the distribution and properties of cytochrome enzymes in various higher plant materials (1, 19, 20, 30). Some attempts have been made to purify cytochromes from higher plants. Goddard (7) has purified cytochrome c from wheat germ and Hill and Scarisbrick (12) have purified cytochromes b3 and c from bean leaves. Miller et al (22) have dispersed cytochrome oxidase from soybeans using sodium cholate, but no appreciable purification was accomplished. Simon (23) observed that treatment of plant mitochondria with digitonin greatly increased the cytochrome c oxidative capacity and he suggests that dispersion by digitonin increases the accessibility of cytochrome oxidase to exogenous reduced cytochrome c. No purification of cytochrome oxidase from the digitonin extracts was reported. Hackett (8) has studied electron transport enzymes in particles isolated from potatoes and has identified cytochrome oxidase, DPNH (reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide) oxidase, diaphorase, DPNH cytochrome c reductase and succinic cytochrome c reductase. He suggests with the particulate system that electrons are transferred successively from DPNH to a flavoprotein, to an antimycin A sensitive factor, to the cytochrome system and then to oxygen. In a study of the properties of a soluble preparation from potato tissue Hackett (9) has demonstrated that extracts prepared in presence of cysteine will catalyze the oxidation of either DPNH or TPNH (reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide) by molectular oxygen. Dialysis of the extracts caused a loss of activity. Humphreys and Conn (15) have studied the properties of a system in lupine mitochondria which catalyzed the oxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotide by molecular oxygen. There is relatively little evidence to indicate the significance of the cytochromes in the tobacco plant. Cytochrome oxidase has been identified in extracts of the tobacco plant by Webster (30) and by Miller
Targeting Sag in Donor T Cells As a Novel Strategy for Reducing Gvhd

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 20 (2014) S45eS56 S54 results suggest that post-transplant IL-22 administration represents a novel strategy to reduce gut GVHD by direct protection of intestinal epitheliumwithout limiting immune function post-transplant.
Projective Identification in General Psychiatry

Projective identification is a psychoanalytic concept encompassing functions of defence and communication. It is invaluable in a variety of settings in general psychiatry, including patient assessment, ward management and work with families.
Democracy and Fascism: Class, Civil Society, and Rational Choice in Italy

The origins of fascism remain a major concern to social scientists. Because fascism emerged in societies seeking transitions to democracy, a better understanding of these failed attempts at democratic transitions improves our understanding of both democracy's possibilities and the strengths and weakness of democratic theory. Indeed, theoretical arguments employed to explain fascism have their analogues in theories of democracy. Three arguments have been advanced to explain both democracy and fascism: class, civil society, and rational choice. This research examines the rise of fascism in Italy, 1919–21. The evidence contradicts the class theory of fascism and offers mixed evidence for the civil society theory, while supporting the rational choice theory. Fascism will always be a minority movement. It cannot move beyond the cities.Mussolini (1919)This paper is developed from research sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Grant SBR-94-2281. The Foundation's support is gratefully acknowledged. The Istituto Cattaneo of Bologna, the Dipartimento di Politica, Istituzioni, Storia of the University of Bologna, the Ministero dell'Intero, and the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica in Rome also provided invaluable assistance. Preliminary findings of this research were presented at the Organization and State Building Workshop, University of Chicago, May 11, 1998, and the Workshop on Political Processes and Spatial Analysis, Florida International University, March 5–6, 2001. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Workshops in Torino, Italy, March 22–28, 2002. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the Istituto, the Dipartimento, or the Ministero. Particular thanks are extended to Professor William Brustein of the University of Pittsburgh for his comments on early drafts and for sharing his data. Additional gratitude is extended to Professors Paolo Pombeni and M. Serena Piretti of the Dipartimento di Politica, Istituzioni, Storia of the University of Bologna, to Professors John Grove and Rob Preuhs of the University of Denver, and to Gary King of Harvard University for comments on an early version.
On Modelling the Statistical Strength of Yarns and Cables Under Localized Load-Sharing Among Fibers

This paper describes a statistical model for the strength of long, slender, fibrous structures such as yarns and cables. Emphasis is on the effect of strong mechanical interactions among fibers that arise from the presence of friction or a binding matrix. Basic features are that the structure is viewed as a long chain of statistically and structurally independent bundles whose lengths depend on the local mechanics of fibers at breaks. Within each bundle, localized load-sharing occurs among non-failed fiber elements depending on the local mechanics and fiber spatial geometry. The strengths of the fiber elements vary statistically and are modelled by a Weibull distribution. The analysis is for bundles with few fibers, though previous results under more idealized conditions suggest that the key features of the results will prevail also for much larger bundles. Key conclusions are that, for all practical purposes, a Weibull distribution describes the statistical strength of yarns and cables. The variability in fiber strength has a strong negative effect on the median strength of the yarn or cable and very little effect on its variability in strength. As the load-sharing becomes more diffuse, the median strength of the yarn or cable rises moderately. The size effect for the strength of the cable is very mild when compared to that for the fiber.
Alpha-Particle and Focused-Ion-Beam-Induced Single-Event Transient Measurements in a Bulk 65-nm CMOS Technology

Pulse widths of single-event transients produced by alpha particles in a 65-nm bulk CMOS technology are reported. The experimental setup and calibration of the alpha particle experiment is described in detail. A focused-ion beam is also utilized to explore how pulse broadening in the test circuit impacts the alpha particle SET measurements. The results of this work show that alpha particles are able to induce transient signals with a width of about 25 ps in this technology.
A critical review of the literature on NLD as a developmental disorder

The extant research on nonverbal learning disability (NLD) was analyzed in this review. Studies were defined for use in the review as those that appeared in a peer-reviewed journal and included participants characterized as having NLD. Each study also needed to provide a statistical analysis of dependent variables. An a priori system was used to evaluate the quality of the research. Of the 88 publications found, 32 met criteria for inclusion in the review, with 6 meeting full criteria as strong studies. The diagnostic criteria used and the research findings are briefly discussed, as are proposed guidelines for future research.
Depolarization in the Mueller calculus

Depolarization is the generation of partially polarized light or unpolarized light from a completely polarized incident beam. For example when polarized light scatters from rough surfaces, the degree of polarization is usually reduced from one. Depolarization figures of merit are discussed and difficulties with the depolarization index are highlighted. Interesting depolarization patterns are presented for a liquid crystal in reflection are measured with a commercial polarimeter. Depolarization data from rough metal surfaces and paint is also discussed.
Fast FixedOrder Filters

This chapter contains sections titled: Fast Transversal Filter Faest Filter Fast Kalman Filter Stability Issues ]]>
Fully Conjugated Graft Copolymers Comprising a P-Type Donor–Acceptor Backbone and Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Side Chains Synthesized Via a “Graft Through” Approach

A series of fully conjugated graft copolymers containing poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) side chains and a p-type carbazole-diketopyrrolopyrrole (CbzDPP) donor–acceptor backbone were synthesized via a graft through Suzuki polymerization. The macromonomers were formed by externally initiating P3HT growth from a boronic ester-functionalized carbazole via Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation. Subsequently, this macromonomer was copolymerized with a DPP monomer via a graft through Suzuki polymerization to yield the final graft copolymers. The graft copolymers exhibit optical and electronic properties of both P3HT and the CbzDPP polymers independently due to the break in conjugation between the carbazole unit and P3HT chain. Moreover, these properties reflect the relative proportion of P3HT and CbzDPP polymers; shorter P3HT chain lengths lead to graft copolymers that possess more CbzDPP character and vice versa. The macromonomers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, mass spectrometry, and UV...
PTSD and Physical Health Symptoms Among Veterans: Association with Child and Relationship Functioning

ABSTRACTThis study examines the association between veterans’ physical and mental health symptoms and perceptions of adverse child and relationship functioning. Veteran responses to the PHQ-15, assessing physical health; the PCL-C, assessing PTSD symptoms; and reports of family challenges were drawn from a countywide veterans survey. Findings indicate physical health (OR = 1.048; 95% CI, 1.002, 1.098) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology (OR = 1.019; 95% CI, 1.004, 1.034) independently predicted increased child difficulties. Similarly, physical health (OR = 1.081; 95% CI, 1.012, 1.154) and PTSD symptoms (OR = 1.043; 95% CI, 1.022, 1.065) independently impacted relationship difficulties. Using standardized coefficients to compare, PTSD symptoms were a stronger predictor across both models. Results highlight the dual importance of assessing both veterans’ physical and mental health symptoms to understand family functioning. Additionally, these findings underscore the importance of longit...