cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the factors influencing the activity of Cu/CexZr1−xO2 for methanol synthesis via CO hydrogenation

An investigation was carried out to identify the effects of incorporating Ce into ZrO2 on the catalytic activity and selectivity of Cu/Cex Zr1−x O2 for the hydrogenation of CO to methanol. A series of Cex Zr1−x O2 solid solutions was synthesized by forced hydrolysis at low pH. The resulting catalysts were characterized to determine the structure of the mixed oxide phase, the H2 and CO adsorption capacities of the catalyst, and the reducibility of both oxidation states of both Cu and Ce. The methanol synthesis activity goes through a maximum at x = 0.5, and the activity of 3 wt% Cu/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst is four times higher than that of 3 wt% Cu/ZrO2 when tested at total pressure of 3.0 MPa and temperatures between 473 and 523 K with a feed containing H2 and CO (H2/CO = 3). The maximum in methanol synthesis activity is paralleled by a maximum in the hydrogen adsorption capacity of the catalyst, an effect attributed to the formation of Ce 3+ –O(H)–Zr 4+ species by dissociative adsorption of H2 on particles of supported Cu followed by spillover of atomic H onto the oxide surface and reaction with Ce 4+ –O–Zr 4+ centers. In situ infrared spectroscopy shows that formate and methoxide groups are the primary adspecies present on Cu/Cex Zr1−x O2 during CO hydrogenation. The rate-limiting step for methanol synthesis is the elimination of methoxide species by reaction with Ce 3+ –O(H)–Zr 4+ species. The higher concentration of Ce 3+ –O(H)–Zr 4+ species on the oxide surface, together with the higher Bronsted acidity of these species, appears to be the primary cause of the four-fold higher activity of 3 wt% Cu/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 relative to 3 wt% Cu/ZrO2.
Human CD8+ T Cells Clear Cryptosporidium parvum from Infected Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Intracellular protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium are a major cause of diarrheal illness worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. CD4(+) T cells and interferon-gamma are key factors in the control of cryptosporidiosis in human and murine models. Previous studies led us to hypothesize that CD8(+) T cells contribute to clearance of intestinal epithelial Cryptosporidium infection in humans. We report here that antigen expanded sensitized CD8(+) T cells reduce the parasite load in infected intestinal epithelial cell cultures and lyse infected intestinal epithelial cells. These effects are most likely mediated by the release of cytotoxic granules. Elimination of parasites seems to require antigen presentation through both human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A and HLA-B. These data suggest that cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells play a role in clearing Cryptosporidium from the intestine, a previously unrecognized feature of the human immune response against this parasite.
Aeroelastic Tailoring of Flapping Membrane Wings for Maximum Thrust and Propulsive Eciency

are optimized for a membrane wing undergoing unit plunging motion. The aerodynamic forces are calculated using an analytical unsteady deformable thin airfoil theory. The tension in the membrane is the design space and is represented by a function that describes the variation of spanwise tension along the chord. These results help us understand the physics of the problem which is relevant for preliminary apping wing MAV design.
A novel role for Escherichia coli endonuclease VIII in prevention of spontaneous G-->T transversions.

In the bacterium Escherichia coli, oxidized pyrimidines are removed by two DNA glycosylases, endonuclease III and endonuclease VIII (endo VIII), encoded by the nth and nei genes, respectively. Double mutants lacking both of these activities exhibit a high spontaneous mutation frequency, and here we show that all of the mutations observed in the double mutants were G:C→A:T transitions; no thymine mutations were found. These findings are in agreement with the preponderance of C→T transitions in the oxidative and spontaneous mutational databases. The major oxidized purine lesion in DNA, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), is processed by two DNA glycosylases, formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg), which removes 8-oxoG opposite C, and MutY DNA glycosylase, which removes misincorporated A opposite 8-oxoG. The high spontaneous mutation frequency previously observed in fpg mutY double mutants was significantly enhanced by the addition of the nei mutation, suggesting an overlap in the substrate specificities between endo VIII and Fpg/MutY. When the mutational specificity was examined, all of the mutations observed were G:C→T:A transversions, indicating that in the absence of Fpg and MutY, endo VIII serves as a backup activity to remove 8-oxoG. This was confirmed by showing that, indeed, endo VIII can recognize 8-oxoG in vitro.
Polysorbate 80 Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation and Its Cleavage by the Secreted Lipase LipA

Surface-associated bacterial communities known as biofilms are an important source of nosocomial infections. Microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa can colonize the abiotic surfaces of medical implants, leading to chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. Our study demonstrates that polysorbate 80 (PS80), a surfactant commonly added to food and medicines, is able to inhibit biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa on a variety of surfaces, including contact lenses. Many clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, as well as gram-negative and gram-positive clinical isolates, were also inhibited in their ability to form biofilms in the presence of PS80. A P. aeruginosa mutant able to form biofilms in the presence of this surfactant was identified and characterized, and it was revealed that this mutant overexpresses a lipase, LipA. Surfactants such as PS80 can be cleaved by lipases, and we demonstrate that PS80 is cleaved by LipA at its ester bond. Finally, polyethoxylated(20) oleyl alcohol, a chemical with a structure that is similar to that of PS80 but that lacks the ester bond of PS80, can inhibit the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa strains, including the mutant overexpressing LipA. Our results demonstrate that surfactants such as PS80 can inhibit bacterial biofilm formation on medically relevant materials at concentrations demonstrated to be safe in humans and suggest that the understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to such surfactants will be important in developing clinically effective derivatives.
Predictors of teriparatide treatment failure in patients with low bone mass.

Abstract Introduction While teriparatide is the only skeletal anabolic agent approved in the United States, treatment failure is a major concern which complicates its clinical utility. We sought to identify factors that predict response failure in patients with low bone mass. Method We performed a retrospective study of adults with osteopenia or osteoporosis (T-scores Results During the 10-year period, 494 patients received teriparatide treatment and met eligibility criteria. Thirty-five patients had osteoporotic fractures, while 172 did not achieve a ≥ 3% BMD increase. Among predictors as defined by BMD change, both prior bisphosphonate treatment [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.50 (1.01–2.24)] and vitamin D therapy [1.50 (1.01–2.22)] were significantly (P Conclusion These data suggest that prior bisphosphonate or vitamin D exposure may predict response failure to teriparatide therapy. Although these findings may, in part, reflect increased severity or longer duration of disease, this knowledge should help guide clinicians and patients when therapy choices are made.
Labor Migration And Rural-Suburban Symbiosis In Igbo Society

Two southeastern Nigerian villages were surveyed to study labor force migration in a traditional African society. A binary logit model was used to examine paid work differences between males and females in both Umuluwe (the ancestors’ village) and Obigbo (a suburban village) and paid work differences between the residents in the two villages. The results show a strong correlation between education and employment; and between education and the likelihood of migration to Obigbo. We found that each village plays its own symbiotic part in terms of economic activity, life stages of the villagers, and gender roles.
A Model of a Thalamic Relay Cell Incorporating Voltage-Clamp Data on Ionic Conductances

We have constructed a model of a thalamic relay cell based on voltage clamp data obtained in thalamic slices and isolated relay cells. Analysis of the model provides insight into the role of the various voltage-dependent conductances in the response of these cells to current injection. The model also provides useful information to guide future experiments.
Rhetoric and the Regulation of the Global Financial Markets in a Time of Crisis: The Regulation of Credit Ratings

The market for credit ratings is a transnational market dominated by a small number of credit rating agencies (CRAs). The article examines how CRAs have used market protection rhetoric and harmonization rhetoric during the crisis in the financial markets. As criticisms of pre-crisis financial regulation proliferated one might have expected CRAs to be less forceful in their resort to market protection rhetoric. CRAs’ lobbying strategies have evolved as discussions about the broader future of financial regulation have evolved, and they have conceded a greater role for regulation in 2009 than they had before the crisis, but they continue to emphasize, with some success, that as a global business they should not be subjected to different rules in different jurisdictions, and to insist that the core of their methodological approaches to rating should be unregulated.
Fracking, Renewables & Mean Field Games

The dramatic decline in oil prices, from around $110 per barrel in June 2014 to less than $50 in January 2015, highlights the importance of competition between different energy sources. Indeed, the sustained price drop has been primarily attributed to OPEC’s strategic decision not to curb its oil production in the face of increased supply of shale oil in the US, spurred by the technological innovation of “fracking”. We study how continuous time Cournot competitions, in which firms producing similar goods compete with one another by setting quantities, can be analyzed as continuum dynamic mean field games. In this context, we illustrate how the traditional oil producers may react in counter-intuitive ways in face of competition from alternative energy sources.
Discussion: Financial and Capital Management

These papers point out the fact that the theory of the firm, contrary to popular opinion, is today in an unsatisfactory state because it raises more questions than it answers. However, it ought not discourage the serious student from further investigations as this area represents one of the greatest challenges. Satisfactory theory of firm behavior is crucial in developing a satisfactory growth theory for the farm which is conspicuously lacking. Although farmers have always had to make financial decisions, as yet very little explicit and systematic bases have evolved for making these decisions. Instead of using Reder's vague definition, it may be more appropriate to think of a firm as an independent organization of resources whose destiny is determined by the magnitude of the aggregate payoff, and which in turn depends directly on its performance and specifically on the production and sale of services. This puts the firm in a more dynamic setting. Financial management may be regarded as being concerned with the optimum use of funds with respect to volume, composition, and timing of both the sources and the uses. There is an important group of business decisions which lie outside the orbit of financial management and that have important consequences on profitability. However, all indications point to the fact that financial management has become the important key to the magnitude of the aggregate payoff. Much is attributed to the role of a "credit reserve" which is an im-
Studies on central functional equivalence, m: classification of several psychomotor stimulants and anorectic agents

SummaryThe ability of an intramuscular injection of particular drugs to elicit self-administration behaviour was studied in rhesus monkeys. The drugs fell into three groups: (i) those that evoked a pattern of saline self-administration similar to the pattern of cocaine self-administration (d-methamphetamine, mazindol, d-amphetamine, cocaine, phen-metrazine, l-amphetamine, pipradrol, phendimetrazine, phentermine, diethylpropion and its metabolite, RM1 8201 A), (ii) those that produced a pattern of saline self-administration qualitatively or quantitatively different from cocaine self-administration (l-ephedrine, clortermine, RMI 7955A, benzphetamine, and RM1 8205A), and (Hi) those that failed to produce significant saline self-administration (chlorphentermine and fenfluramine). Within the first two groups the potency, expressed as μmol/kg to elicit the response, was used to rank order the drugs. In the case of the first group, the duration of responding increased in a dose-related manner. However, an invert...
Far-Ultraviolet Observations of Outflows from Infrared-Luminous Galaxies

We have obtained ultraviolet spectra between 1150 and 1450 A of four ultraviolet-bright, infrared-luminous starburst galaxies. Our selected sight-lines towards the starburst nuclei probe the conditions in the starburst-driven outflows. We detect outflowing gas with velocities of up to ∼900 km s −1 . It is likely that the outflows are a major source of metal enrichment of the galaxies' halos. The mass outflow rates of several tens of M ⊙ yr −1 are similar to the star-formation rates. The outflows may quench star formation and ultimately regulate the starburst.
Secondhand Smoke and Environmental Influences on Lung Function and Asthma in Sickle Cell Disease

First and secondhand (SHS) smoke exposure are associated with increased morbidity in sickle cell disease (SCD). Likewise, asthma and pulmonary function abnormalities such as lower airway obstruction and airway hyper responsiveness are associated with increased SCD morbidity and mortality. Abnormalities often occur in the absence of atopy, and environmental factors may play an important role. We hypothesized that smoke exposure (first or secondhand) is associated with pulmonary function abnormalities and asthma independent of atopic status. We present …
Nasal obstruction has a limited impact on sleep quality and quality of life in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objectives/Hypothesis Nasal obstruction is a cardinal symptom in diagnosing chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and decreased sleep quality (SQ) and quality of life (QOL) are commonly reported in CRS. It is, however, unclear what role nasal obstruction severity plays in this decreased SQ and QOL. Using validated instruments, we evaluated the relationship between nasal obstruction severity, SQ, and QOL. Study Design Prospective case series. Methods Patients with CRS refractory to standard medical therapy (n = 28) were prospectively enrolled and completed the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Rhinosinusitis Disability Index, and the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test. CRS disease severity was evaluated with computed tomography and endoscopy. NOSE scores were compared to SQ, QOL, and disease severity measures. Spearman correlations were used to identify significant associations between measures. Results All patients reported symptomatic nasal obstruction (NOSE score ≥ 30), whereas poor sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) was reported by 82%. The NOSE sleeping subdomain correlated strongly with the PSQI total score, whereas other elements of the NOSE instrument correlated weakly or not at all with this measurement of SQ. Nasal obstruction correlated weakly with disease-specific QOL and had no correlation with the PSQI total. Conclusions Nasal obstruction appears to have a limited association with CRS-specific QOL and CRS-associated decrease in SQ. Further, the NOSE instrument, because it contains a question about sleep, may have overlap with the PSQI as a measure of SQ. The total NOSE score in CRS patients does not appear to be purely a measure of nasal obstruction. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2016
The Ecology of Urban Poverty

The slums and squatter settlements in the Caribbean are the breeding grounds for the reproduction of poverty, chiefly because of the concentration of urban dwellers to be found there. As one observes the total landscape of any primate Caribbean city, one begins to understand that there is often a correlation between poverty and space. There are several reasons for that. For example, the rural poor who migrate to the city, unless they have relatives in other parts of the town, tend to settle in the lower-class neighbourhoods. Further, because there is always speculation in land, the elite usually buy up what are perceived to be the best locations, and the most marginal land is left to the poor.
Tolerance Representation Scheme for a Three-Dimensional Product in an Object-Oriented Programming Environment

A new tolerance representation scheme based on a hybrid CSG/B-Rep hierarchy is proposed. By using the object-oriented programming (OOP) concept, the specifications of each part, such as tolerances,...
Intrauterine growth restriction influences vascular remodeling and stiffening in the weanling rat more than sex or diet.

We report intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases vascular stiffening in both male and female rats through increased collagen content and altered elastin structure more than a high-fat die...
Athletes as heroes and role models: an ancient model

A common argument for the social value of sport is that athletes serve as heroes who inspire people – especially young people – to strive for excellence. This argument has been questioned by sport ...
Minimally Invasive Surgical Approaches to Inguinal Nodes in the Absence of Palpable Adenopathy

Groin lymphadenectomy is believed to be diagnostic as well as therapeutic mainly due to a prolonged loco-regional phase of disease in patients with penile cancer. Complication rate of traditional open groin lymphadenectomy has been reported from 50 to 100 %. The use of minimally invasive endoscopic techniques represents a favorable approach to treat patients with penile cancer and decrease post-surgical morbidity. In this chapter, we will review both imaging and minimally invasive surgical approaches to diagnosing and treating patients with penile cancer in the absence of inguinal lymphadenopathy. Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VEIL) was first described in 2003 and has since evolved to be safe and efficacious in patients with palpable lymphadenopathy as well as for non-palpable lymph nodes in patients with high-risk features of localized disease (≥pT2, vascular invasion, poorly differentiated histology). In this chapter, we review the surgical technique and minimally invasive surgical approach to performing an endoscopic groin dissection.
A Novel Strategy for Isolating Hepr, a Human Small Intestinal Cytidine Deaminase

Apolipoprotein B (apo B)is a large hydrophobic protein which circulates in two distinct forms, each the product of a single apo B gene (Chan, 1992). The small intestine synthesizes and secretes a form of apo B referred to on a centile scale as apo B48, a protein of 264 KDa, which is associated with chylomicron remnants (Powell et al., 1987, Chen et al., 1987). Human liver produces a form of apo B referred to as apo B100. Apo B100, a 550 KDa protein, circulates in association with low density lipoproteins, the major transport vehicle for cholesterol ester in humans (Chan, 1992). This organ- specific production of apo B isophorms has as its basis a unique post- transcriptional modification to the apo B mRNA. Apo B transcription occurs in the liver and small intestine and yields a 24 Kb mRNA species which contains a CAA codon at position 2153, encoding glutamine in apo B 100 and which is specified in the genomic sequence. In the small intestine, this apo B mRNA undergoes a site-specific cytidine deamination which results in the production of a UAA codon and thereby specifies an in-frame translational stop (Powell et al., 1987, Chen et al., 1987). Work conducted over the last few years using isolated intestinal cell extracts and synthetic apo B RNA templates has enabled investigators to determine that apo B mRNA editing is a process mediated by protein(s) and with the characteristics of an enzymatic reaction (Teng and Davidson, 1992).
Are Prisons Useful

In "The Theory of Moral Sentiments", Adam Smith wrote, "A prison is certainly more useful to the public than a palace." Inspired by Smith, this essay assesses the usefulness of prisons. The body of the essay begins with a close reading of Smith's words. The commonly cited functions of prison are discussed. A radical approach scrutinizes whether the functions served by prisons need to be served at all. Idealistic and ad hoc alternatives to prisons are then evaluated. An economic perspective reveals the significance of prison. Prison is demonstrated to be a public good. Public goods require coercion. The coercion necessary to provide public goods is morally suspect. Economics, therefore, supplements the noneconomic criticisms of prison featured in the essay. The essay concludes with a refutation of Smith's unqualified and outdated statement on prisons.
Classical Conditioning to a Negative Afterimage

This research examined the nature of the stimulus portion of the S-R term. Sixteen Ss were presented with a classical trace conditioning situation in which it was possible for them to demonstrate conditioning to four different types of stimuli: afterimages, pattern of color followed by darkness, the positive stimulus used to evoke an afterimage, and conditioning to the cotton pad used to collect salivation. Of the 7 Ss that showed conditioning, 3 showed indications of afterimage conditioning, 2 of trace conditioning, 1 of pattern conditioning, and 1 of pad conditioning. It may be concluded that under appropriate experimental conditions, a percept may be used as the conditioned stimulus in a classical conditioning situation. Implications for learning theories are presented and discussed.
Low temperature spectroscopy: From ground to space

Low temperature molecular spectroscopy represents an essential tool in laboratory astrophysics. This point is illustrated, here, through the case of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), the longest unsolved enigma in astrophysical spectroscopy. Identifying the carriers responsible for these bands is a key element for a correct understanding of the energetic mechanisms governing the origin and evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM). The multidisciplinary approach adopted to address the DIB issue is described through its three components: astronomical observations, laboratory simulations, and theoretical modeling. A special emphasis is given to the experimental results obtained using matrix isolation spectroscopy (MIS). The potential molecular carriers for the DIBs are briefly discussed and a detailed study of the UV-to-NIR absorption spectra of neutral and ionized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -for which the most focused effort to obtain astrophysically relevant laboratory data has been made to date- is presented. It is shown that, in the case of PAHs, small neutral molecules (≤equal to C-atoms) absorb only in the UV and cannot contribute to the known DIBs although they may contribute to the interstellar extinction curve. A search for their spectral signatures should allow one to set significant limits for the abundances of specific PAHs in the diffuse ISM. When ionized, small PAHs also absorb in the visible and NIR close to the position of well-known DIBs. It is found that the absorption spectra of compact PAH ions are always clearly dominated by one single band. As a result, the observed distribution of the DIBs between strong and weak features can be explained, in the context of the PAH proposal, in terms of the distribution of the band carriers between compact and non — compact PAH ions. Based on these promisingresults it is argued that PAH ions constitute good candidates to explain (some of) the DIBs.
Smart Pump App for Infusion Pump Training

Abstract Background The best method for teaching novice infusion pump users is not known. Method Nursing students were randomized to traditional teaching or mobile application (app) for learning infusion pumps. Students were assessed on knowledge, simulation performance, and confidence. Students assessed the app using a modified System Usability Scale. Results No significant difference was noticed on outcomes of knowledge, simulation checklists, time spent on programming during simulation, or learner confidence of smart pumps. Students favorably rated the smart pump app as an educational tool. Conclusions Integrating the smart pump app for teaching infusion pumps was comparable with traditional methods in this study of novice infusion pump users.
Modeling Dystonia-Parkinsonism

Dystonia and parkinsonism are symptoms often seen in multiple types of primary and secondary movement disorders. Studies of affected patients and different animal models indicate that parkinsonism and dystonia may be related anatomically, genetically, biochemically, and cellularly. These relationships among parkinsonism and dystonia may provide clues for determining the neural substrates and the pathological mechanisms that cause these diseases in isolation as well as other related disorders of motor control. The results of this type of analysis may offer therapeutic approaches to improve the condition of affected individuals.
Thermal stability of the cellulose synthase complex of Acetobacter xylinum

The thermal stability of the cellulose synthase complex of Acetobacter xylinum has been analyzed in terms of enzyme activity loss as well as detection of its two major components (83 kDa and 93 kDa polypeptides) in polyacrylamide gels under different electrophoretic sample treatment conditions. The cellulose synthase complex intrinsically is a thermally unstable enzyme and quickly loses its in vitro activity beyond 35° C. The 83 kDa polypeptide has been found to be more labile than the 93 kDa polypeptide. When boiled in lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS) buffer, the 83 kDa polypeptide is destroyed through peptide hydrolysis while the 93 kDa polypeptide remains uncleaved. The 83 kDa polypeptide is destroyed in LDS buffer at elevated temperatures beyond 55° C. When boiled in the absence of LDS buffer, the 83 kDa polypeptide is completely aggregated, while the 93 kDa polypeptide is only partially aggregated. In the absence of LDS buffer, the complete thermal aggregation of the 83 kDa polypeptide occurs at elevated temperatures beyond 85° C. The aggregation process has been quantitatively analyzed by a newly‐introduced quantitative index, Td (the temperature at which half the quantity of 83 kDa polypeptide disappears due to aggregation). The Td determined for the 83 kDa polypeptide in the product‐entrapped fraction is 48° C.
Directive effects in aliphatic chlorinations

ion by free radicals was observed in the photochlori­ nation of 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloroethylbenzene (13). The result together with results of photobrominstion (14) were summarized by E. L. Eliel (15). Photochlorination of 2,3,4,5,6-pentschloroethylbenzene at 75°C. gave a ratio of ft-chloride to (X-chloride of 1.6 while at 180°C. the ratio was 4.6. Photobromination of the pentachloroethylbenzene gave exclusively the Ol-bromide. In spite of the fact th^t bromine has an electron affinity fairly close to chlorine and bond-breaking of the transition state in hydrogen abstraction step by bromine atom would be considerable (10b), the inductive effect of the chlorine substituents end the resonance inhibition in incipient radicals by ortho substituents as postulated by H. Szwarc et al. (16) appear to be not large enough to prevent the OL attack. The discrepancy between the -chloride to 01 chloride ratio of 0.74 which was observed in hydrogen abstrac­ tion of ethylbenzene by free chlorine atoms at 40°C and the *H. D. iVicBride. Department of Chemistry, Iowa State Uni­ versity of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. Relative reac­ tivity of ethylbenzene toward chlorine atoms. Private commu­ nication to Dr. Glen A. Russell, Department of Chemistry, lows State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 1960.
Real-time, Orthogonal Cardiac Imaging

Heart diseases result in changes in the thickness of heart walls and valves as well as in alterations in the size and shape of the heart chambers [1]. In order to visualize these changes, Edler and Hertz [2] utilized ultrasound as a unique method for providing spatial anatomic information. First M-mode, then two-dimensional echocardiography, came into common clinical use for evaluating cardiac disorders [3–8].
The frequency of joint hemorrhages and procedures in nonsevere hemophilia A vs B

Data are needed on minimal factor activity (FA) levels required to prevent bleeding in hemophilia. We aimed to evaluate associations between hemophilia type and FA level and joint bleeding and orthopedic procedures using longitudinal data. Data were collected over an 11-year period on males with nonsevere hemophilia A or B without inhibitors who were receiving on-demand factor replacement therapy. Data on the number of joint bleeds in the previous 6 months and data on procedures from clinical records were analyzed using regression models. Data were collected on 4771 patients (hemophilia A, 3315; hemophilia B, 1456) from 19 979 clinic visits. Ages ranged from 2 to 91 years and baseline FA level ranged from 1% to 49% with a mean of 9.4%. Joint bleeding rates were heterogeneous across the FA range and were highest among men age 25 to 44 years. Adjusted for FA level, the mean number of joint bleeds per 6 months was 1.4 and 0.7 for patients with hemophilia A and B, respectively ( P
The Faith, Activity, and Nutrition (FAN) Dissemination and Implementation Study, Phase 1: Implementation Monitoring Methods and Results.

Faith-based settings offer opportunities for reaching populations at risk for chronic conditions and are optimal settings for dissemination and implementation (D&I) research. Faith, Activity, and N...
A Review of Postoperative Pain Management for Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery.

Abstract Background Perioperative opioid use has been linked to abuse potential by patients, leading surgeons to scrutinize their postoperative prescribing practices. The goal of the study was to review analgesic regimens for patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy and extrapolate changes that could be made to decrease opioid use while maintaining adequate pain control. Materials and methods A literature review was performed. Inclusion criteria were studies 1) written in English, 2) published within the last 20 years, and 3) that included human subjects. Exclusion criteria were studies that 1) evaluated anesthesia regimens exclusively, 2) compared surgical approaches and their effects on pain (e.g., open neck exposure vs. transoral route for thyroidectomy), or 3) included patients undergoing concurrent lateral neck dissection. Of 951 studies originally identified, 10 studies met the criteria. Results Ten studies were identified, and each evaluated a different analgesic regimen. Five of the studies found a decrease in pain with multimodal regimens. Of the remaining studies, three found no difference in pain control, one found an increase in pain when only an opioid patient-controlled analgesia was used, and one found that 93% of patients required less than 20 oral morphine equivalents postoperatively. Conclusions There is no postoperative analgesic regimen that has been established as optimal for patients undergoing parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy in the current medical literature. However, half of the studies included in this review found that nonopioid adjuncts decreased patients’ need for postoperative opioids.
Plant growth and aboveground production respond differently to late-season deluges in a semi-arid grassland

Semi-arid ecosystems are strongly water-limited and typically quite responsive to changes in precipitation amount and event size. In the C4-dominated shortgrass steppe of the Central US, previous experiments suggest that large rain events more effectively stimulate plant growth and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) than an equal amount of precipitation from smaller events. Responses to naturally occurring large events have generally been consistent with experimental results, with the exception of large events occurring later in the growing season (e.g., August). These have been reported as less effective at increasing net C uptake, despite temperatures optimal for C4 plant growth. Since atmospheric warming is increasing the frequency of statistically extreme rain events (deluges) throughout the growing season, how late-season deluges affect semi-arid ecosystems remains to be resolved. We applied deluges in August of three sizes (1.0-2.5 times average August precipitation) to assess the potential for late-season deluges to stimulate plant growth and ANPP. These late-season deluges led to significant "green-up" of this grassland, with new leaf production, and an increase in flowering of the dominant grass species. Further, these responses increased as deluge size increased, suggesting that larger or multiple deluges may lead to even greater growth responses. However, despite strong plant-level responses, no increase in ANPP was measured. Our results confirm that aboveground plant growth in the C4-dominated shortgrass steppe does respond to late-season deluges; however, if there is an increase in plant biomass, net accumulation aboveground is minimal at this time of year.
Reaction Of Spring Wheats Incorporating Sumai#3-Derived Resistance to Inoculation with Seven Fusarium Species

The resistance of Chinese germplasm to F. graminearum is well recognized but there is little information about how spring wheat lines incorporating this resistance react to the other Fusarium species Five spring wheat genotypes incorporating resistance from Sumai3 to F. graminearum were inoculated with seven Fusarium species. On the susceptible check, F. graminearum and F. culmorum caused the most blight, most damaged kernels, greatest yield reduction, and highest DON level. F. equiseti and F. acuminatum caused no disease, while F. poae, F. avenaceum, and F. sporotrichiodes, were intermediate. On the resistant genotypes, F. graminearum and F. culmorum caused low levels of blight, kernel damage, yield reduction and DON; these genotypes showed very little disease from the other Fusarium species. Grain from the susceptible check inoculated with F. sporotrichioides contained other trichothecenes, but that from the resistant lines did not.
Peacemaking referendums: the use of direct democracy in peace processes

The use of referendums to forge, ratify and enact peace agreements is on the rise. In growing numbers, peacemakers have organized referendums in order to aid peace talks and ameliorate post-settlem...
The importance of colonoscopy bowel preparation for the detection of colorectal lesions and colorectal cancer prevention.

Background and study aims Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has reduced CRC incidence and mortality and improved prognosis. Optimal bowel preparation and high-quality endoscopic technique facilitate early CRC detection. This review provides a narrative on the clinical importance of bowel preparation for colonoscopy and highlights available bowel preparations. Methods A PubMed search was conducted through June 2019 to identify studies evaluating clinical outcomes, efficacy, safety, and tolerability associated with bowel preparation for CRC screening-related colonoscopy. Results Selecting the optimal bowel preparation regimen is based on considerations of efficacy, safety, and tolerability, in conjunction with individual patient characteristics and preferences. Available bowel preparations include high-volume (4 L) and low-volume (2 L and 1 L), polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions, sodium sulfate, sodium picosulfate/magnesium oxide plus anhydrous citric acid, sodium phosphate tablets, and the over-the-counter preparations magnesium citrate and PEG-3350. These preparations may be administered as a single dose on the same day or evening before, or as two doses administered the same day or evening before/morning of colonoscopy. Ingesting at least half the bowel preparation on the day of colonoscopy (split-dosing) is associated with higher adequate bowel preparation quality versus evening-before dosing (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.9−3.4). Conclusions High-quality bowel preparation is integral for optimal CRC screening/surveillance by colonoscopy. Over the last 30 years, patients and providers have gained more options for bowel preparation, including low-volume agents with enhanced tolerability and cleansing quality that are equivalent to 4 L preparations. Split-dosing is preferred for achieving a high-quality preparation.
Investigating relationship between surface topography and emissivity of metallic additively manufactured parts

Abstract Due to the direct relationship between thermal history and mechanical behavior, in situ thermal monitoring is key in gauging quality of parts produced with additive manufacturing (AM). Accurate monitoring of temperatures in an AM process requires knowledge of environment and object parameters including object emissivity. The emissivity is dependent on several variables, including: wavelength, material composition, temperature, and surface topography. Researchers have been concerned with the thermal emissivity dependence on temperature since large ranges are seen in metal powder bed processes, but there is also an extensive range of surfaces produced by AM. This work focused on discovering what roughness characteristics control thermal emissivity through investigation of prototypic 316 stainless steel AM samples produced with a range of build conditions on a laser powder bed fusion machine. Through experimental measurements of emissivity using hemispherical directional reflectance (HDR), guided by simulations using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) Maxwell solver, it was found that combinations of existing roughness parameters describing both height and slope of the surface correlate well with emissivity changes. These parameters work well due to their apt description of surface features encouraging internal reflection, which is the phenomenon that increases emissivity when a surface falls under the geometric optical region conditions.
Molecular, cellular, and biochemical toxicology

Abstract Molecular, cellular, and biochemical toxicology is an extremely broad field encompassing most, if not all, in vitro and mechanistic aspects of current toxicological science. Textbooks covering key aspects, modern methods and techniques, and issues of major concern are listed. Although articles devoted to this field can be found within almost any toxicology journal, several are exclusively devoted to articles detailing molecular, cellular, and biochemical toxicology. The following list of books, journals, journal articles, organizations, and databases serves as an introduction to the complex field of molecular, cellular, and biochemical toxicology.
The Active Inductor [A Circuit for All Seasons]

Reports on the technology of active inductors, inductorless circuits whose impedance rises with frequency across some frequency range. Occupying much less area than a passive inductor and offering tunability, such a circuit proves useful in broadening the bandwidth or realizing other functions that require an inductive element.
Intra-Amniotic Sildenafil Treatment Promotes Lung Growth and Attenuates Vascular Remodeling in an Experimental Model of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Background Defective lung development resulting in lung hypoplasia and an attenuated and hypermuscularized pulmonary vasculature contributes to significant postnatal mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We hypothesize that deficient embryonic pulmonary blood flow contributes to defective lung development in CDH, which may therefore be ameliorated via enhancement of embryonic pulmonary blood flow. Methods The mouse nitrofen model of CDH was utilized to measure embryonic pulmonary blood flow by in utero intracardiac injection of FITC-labeled tomato lectin and color-flow Doppler ultrasound. The effect of prenatal intra-amniotic treatment with sildenafil on survival, lung growth, and vascular morphology in the nitrofen model was determined. Results Nitrofen-treated embryos exhibited decreased blood flow in the lung periphery compared to controls, and intra-amniotic sildenafil significantly improved embryonic pulmonary blood flow. Similar to nitrofen alone, pups delivered after nitrofen treatment and intra-amniotic injection of dextrose control exhibited respiratory distress and never survived beyond 6 h. Intra-amniotic sildenafil ameliorated respiratory distress in nitrofen-treated pups and improved postnatal survival to 82%. Following intra-amniotic sildenafil treatment at embryonic day (E)10.5, nitrofen-treated P0 lungs were larger with increased left lobe weight, reduced small pulmonary arterial wall muscularization, and increased airway branching complexity compared to controls. Intra-amniotic sildenafil treatment later at E15.5 also resulted in improved survival, lung growth, and attenuation of vascular remodeling in nitrofen-treated embryos. Conclusions Defective embryonic pulmonary blood flow may contribute to lung maldevelopment in CDH. Enhancement of embryonic pulmonary blood flow via intra-amniotic sildenafil results in lung growth and attenuation of pulmonary vascular remodeling and may have therapeutic potential for CDH.
Venous Foot and Leg Ulcers

Venous leg ulceration occurs secondary to venous hypertension and dysregulation of the normal wound healing process. These wounds have a significant socioeconomic impact, as they cause substantial patient morbidity and cost the health-care system billions of dollars. Despite a wide array of therapeutic options, current wound care strategies have met with limited success. Stem cells offer the potential to restore the conditions of physiologic wound healing due to their pluripotent capabilities and the release of trophic factors that can modulate key events in the wound healing cascade. Multiple preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that stem cell therapy can accelerate wound healing in diabetic wounds, but little is really known about their benefit in venous wounds. Further research is also necessary to better define the ideal stem cell type, source, and method of delivery in order to maximize their therapeutic potential. Larger clinical trials will be necessary to prove their efficacy and safety in all types of wound repair.
Using Anticarceral Feminism to Illustrate the Impact of Criminalization on the Lives of Individuals in the Sex Trades

This research study is informed by anticarceral feminism to understand and highlight the experiences of violence and oppression that individuals in the sex trade experience as a result of police st...
Critical data-driven decision making: A conceptual model of data use for equity

Abstract This paper presents a conceptual expansion of critical data-driven decision making (CDDDM). Data-driven decision making’s (DDDM) roots in scientific management have made it a powerful tool in the enactment of neoliberal logics as data use has been rapidly adopted by schools worldwide. This paper imagines CDDDM as a reorientation of typical DDDM practices towards explicitly liberatory educational goals by grounding data collection and interpretation in theories of inquiry and equity literacy. The authors posit that CDDDM can help to reveal opportunity gaps in students’ school experiences, identify problematic structures and practices, and promote educators’ agency to address them.
Modelling size segregation of granular materials: The roles of segregation, advection and diffusion

Predicting segregation of granular materials composed of different-sized particles is a challenging problem. In this paper, we develop and implement a theoretical model that captures the interplay between advection, segregation and diffusion in size bidisperse granular materials. The fluxes associated with these three driving factors depend on the underlying kinematics, whose characteristics play key roles in determining particle segregation configurations. Unlike previous models for segregation, our model uses parameters based on kinematic measures from discrete element method simulations instead of arbitrarily adjustable fitting parameters, and it achieves excellent quantitative agreement with both experimental and simulation results when applied to quasi-two-dimensional bounded heaps. The model yields two dimensionless control parameters, both of which are only functions of control parameters (feed rate, particle sizes, and system size) and kinematic parameters (diffusion coefficient, flowing layer depth, and percolation velocity). The Peclet number, demonstrates how the particle segregation configuration depends on the interplay of advection, segregation and diffusion. The model can be readily adapted to other flow geometries.
Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplant (SLET)

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) can be due to various causes and leads to corneal scarring and neovascularization as a common phenotypic endpoint. Patients require surgical intervention to manage pain/photophobia and restore vision. Patients should have a healthy donor limbus for an autograft, and the cause of LSCD should be resolved to avoid recurrence. Severe causes leading to LSCD might cause concomitant disease requiring further intervention (like keratoplasty, cataract extraction, pupilloplasty, etc.). Patients should be educated about the risks and benefits of the procedure, including alternatives.
Editorial: Symposium Issue: Re-Thinking Religious Freedom

Editorial to Symposium Issue: Re-Thinking Religious Freedom, guest edited by Winnifred Fallers Sullivan and Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, also containing a book review symposium on Ronald Dworkin's Religion without God.
Dissociating the effects of delay and interference on dog (Canis familiaris) working memory.

Delayed matching-to-sample (dMTS) is commonly used to study working memory (WM) processes in non-humans. Previous procedures for studying dog WM, including versions of the dMTS, did not separate the impact of delay and interference on memory performance. These studies were also limited to auditory and spatial stimuli, neglecting dogs' dominant sensory modality (i.e., olfaction). Therefore, we designed the first olfactory dMTS in dogs, with systematically varied delays and number of odors in a session, to dissociate the effects of delay and within-session proactive interference on dog WM. Dogs (n = 5) initially trained on matching-to-sample with 48 odors, with a zero-second delay, were tested on four delay lengths (0, 30, 60, and 90 s), counterbalanced across three, trial-unique, sessions. Although there was a slight decrease in accuracy across delays, dogs performed above chance on delays up to 60 s, suggesting a WM duration of at least 60 s. To explore the effect of within-session proactive interference on WM duration, the size of the stimulus set was reduced to six and two odors. There was no effect on the memory function with six odors compared to the trial-unique sessions. However, the interference caused by the two-odor set was enough to decrease accuracy at each delay length. These findings suggest that forgetting in dog working memory for odors can be simultaneously influenced by delay and within-session proactive interference.