cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interrogation and False Confessions in Rape Cases

Of the 1,705 post-conviction DNA and non-DNA exonerations that have occurred from 1989 to the end of 2015, approximately 13 percent of these wrongful convictions were due to false confessions, and virtually all of these occurred in either homicide or rape cases. This chapter discusses why false confessions occur and discusses the ways that law enforcement training can be modified to avoid false confessions. False confessions primarily occur due to a lack of proper training, poor investigative practices, and the use of scientifically invalidated and/or high risk interrogation techniques and strategies. To safeguard against false confessions, the author argues that investigators should receive training on the following topics: 1) the existence, variety, causes and psychology of false confessions; 2) the indicia of reliable and unreliable statements and how to distinguish between them; 3) the need to obtain corroborating evidence to verify suspects’ confessions; and 4) avoidance of inadvertent contamination of interrogations by disclosure of non-public case facts to suspects.
2-[(1-{[3-(dimethylazaniumyl)propyl]methylamino}ethylidene)azaniumyl]-nona-hydro-closo-deca-borate dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate.

The title compound, 2-B10H9NH=C(CH3)N(CH3)CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2H·2C2H6OS or C8H29B10N3·2C2H6OS, is zwitterionic with the negative charge localized on the deca­borate cage and the positive charge on the terminal ammonium group. Two mol­ecules of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and one mol­ecule of the title compound constitute the asymmetric unit. One DMSO mol­ecule is disordered [ratio 0.739 (3):0.261 (3)]. The bonds and angles within the deca­borate cage are within the normal ranges. The amidine fragment of the ligand, which is expected to be planar, is significantly distorted from planarity as exemplified by four torsion angles [B—N—C—C = 8.4 (3), H—N—C—N = 5(2), N—C—N—C = 7.3 (3) and C—C—N—C = 14.8 (3)°] found within this portion of the mol­ecule. The crystal packing consists of head-to-tail-arranged dimers of the title mol­ecule held together by four mol­ecules of DMSO which are attached via strong N—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
The Hippuric Acid Excretion Test in Pregnancy

Summary 1. The excretion of hippuric acid after sodium benzoate by mouth was found to be subnormal in more than half of a group of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. A smaller group of patients who developed toxemia showed a somewhat higher incidence of the same depressed function. 2. Post partum the same test shows increased yields of hippuric acid in almost all cases, and, similarly, a, return to normal by those giving low ante-partum values. 3. With few exceptions hippuric acid was excreted rapidly when given intravenously as the sodium salt to normal pregnant women. Forty per cent of a small group of toxemic patients showed diminished excretion by this test. 4. The intravenous hippurate test showed no significant, changes post partum as compared to the ante-partum results, except in cases having low ante-partum yields when the tendency was to return to normal. 5. The possibility of depressed kidney response to hippurie acid in pregnancy makes it necessary to check renal function in order to interpret the result when a subnormal value for hippuric acid excretion is obtained after sodium benzoate by mouth. 6. Analysis of the urine for hippuric acid after giving sodium hippurate intravenously is recommended as such a check. 7. The ingestion of sodium benzoate in pregnancy is followed by changes in the blood and urine uric acid levels similar to the changes so produced in nonpregnant individuals.
Transport of folates and antifolates in liver.

The characteristics and mechanisms of hepatic transport of folates and antifolate cancer drugs, for example, methotrexate, have been studied in perfused liver, isolated hepatocytes (in both freshly isolated cells and in primary cell culture), and membrane vesicles isolated from the basolateral membrane. Both naturally occurring folates and antifolates are taken up by the perfused liver and secreted into bile by apparently active processes, since these compounds are concentrated in liver and bile compared with the perfusate. Transport of the naturally occurring folate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in isolated hepatocytes and basolateral membrane vesicles is via cotransport with hydrogen ions, is electroneutral, and is inhibitable by other reduced folates and by methotrexate. Transport of methotrexate is by a multispecific anion carrier, is electrogenic, and is not inhibitable by reduced folates (e.g., 5-methyl- and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate). Thus, the hepatocyte has separate systems for uptake of the naturally occurring, reduced folates and for the 4-amino-substituted antifolates.
Rational Curves Defined by an Algebraic Correspondence

(1942). Rational Curves Defined by an Algebraic Correspondence. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 89-95.
Pre-Yield Strain Hardening in Thermoplastics

Successive stress relaxation testing was used to investigate the strain hardening of polypropylene and polystyrene in the stage of deformation before yielding. By combining this information with that of a stress relaxation test it was possible to measure the change in flow stress with plastic strain or “workhardening” parameter K. K has been associated with the nucleation of “defects” of some sort which slow down the kinetics of the deformation process. Both polymers were found to strain harden in this deformation region. In polystyrene, the amount of time need to relax through a fixed stress increment reached a plateau at a point corresponding with visible crazing in the gage section of the sample. The workhardening parameter K was determined and found to decrease with stress. By plotting the rate of change of flow stress with total strain plots were obtained which avoided the use of strain, an ill-defined parameter in materials which change state during deformation. From these plots it was seen that polystyrene exhibits a well-defined linear region at small strain whereas polypropylene deviates from linearity immediately. Hardening of polystyrene was observed even in the linear response regime.
Histidine decarboxylase activity in the Walker carcinosarcoma 256.

Conclusions1. Histidine decarboxylase activity in the Walker carcinosarcoma 256, although measurable, is very low. 2. No consistent change occurred in excretion of histamine in the urine of female rats when the tumors were implanted or growing rapidly, or after their removal and subsequent recurrence.
The cultivation of bacterium abortus bang

Huddleson recommends the use of a generator containing calcium carbonate to which hydrochloric acid is added as a source of the C02. We have been working with Bact. abortus for many years and have experienced the same difficulty as other authors in isolating the organism. All the methods mentioned have been used with more or less success. The abortion germ usually grows with great difficulty in the cultures made from the original material as the stomach contents of an aborted fetus. After two or three transfers, the bacilli grow quite readily even under ordinary aerobic conditions.
Awareness rate of knowledge about chronic diseases and formation rate of health behaviors among residents in Pingdingshan city

[Objective]To investigate the awareness rate of control knowledge about chronic non-communicable diseases(chronic diseases) and formation rate of some health behaviors among urban and rural residents in Pingdingshan city,provide the basis for related behavior intervention.[Methods]Using random sampling,1 000 urban and rural residents aged 15-69 years old were collected,and the questionnaire about awareness rate of chronic disease knowledge and formation rate of health behaviors was conducted.[Results]Among 995 people,the total awareness rate of 10 items of knowledge about chronic diseases was 68.44%,and that of urban and rural residents was 73.24% and 63.73% respectively.The total formation rate of 8 health behaviors was 44.02%,and that of urban and rural residents was 46.36% and 41.72% respectively.[Conclusion]There is significant difference in awareness rate of control knowledge about chronic diseases between urban and rural residents,and the difference in formation rate is not significant.Therefore,the measures in health education and health promotion of chronic diseases should be adopted according to different areas and population.Among knowledge,beliefs and behavior of chronic diseases control,the formation of beliefs and health behaviors may play a more important role.
The Biochemistry of Life’s Energy

On December 10, 1997, the 101st anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death, in Stockholm’s Concert Hall Swedish King Carl XVI Gustav awarded one half of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (3.75 million kronor, about $500,000) to Professor Emeritus Paul Delos Boyer, age 79, of the University of California, Los Angeles and Dr. John Ernest Walker, age 56, of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England “for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)” and one half (3.75 million kronor, about $500,000) to Professor Emeritus Jens Christian Skou, age 79, of Arhus University, Arhus, Denmark “for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.”
A generator of memory-based, runtime-reconfigurable 2N3M5K FFT engines

Runtime-reconfigurable, mixed-radix FFT/IFFT engines are essential for modern wireless communication systems. To comply with varying standards requirements, these engines are customized for each modem. The Chisel hardware construction language has been used in this work to create a generator of runtime-reconfigurable 2n3m5k FFT engines targeting software-defined radios (SDR) for modern communications, but with flexibility to support a wide range of applications. The generator uses a conflict-free, in-place, multi-bank SRAM design, and exploits the duality of decimation-in-frequency (DIF) and decimation-in-time (DIT) FFTs to support continuous data flow with only 2N memory blocks. DFT decomposition using the prime-factor algorithm (PFA) followed by the Cooley-Tukey algorithm (CTA) reduces twiddle ROM sizes. A programmable Winograd's Fourier Transform (WFTA) butterfly supporting radix-2/3/4/5/7 operations reuses radix-7 hardware to support reconfigurability with minimal area penalty. The generated FFTs use 50% less memory than iterative FFTs from Spiral. The twiddle ROM size of the generated LTE/WiFi FFT engine is 16% smaller than that of a 2048-pt Spiral design.
Antitumor Drugs and Yeast Cell Cycle Checkpoints

DNA replication is inhibited when cells are subjected to DNA damage during the S phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle (reviewed in Murnane, 1995, Kaufmann, 1995). The dose-dependent magnitude of this inhibition is biphasic in nature—an initial steep component occurs at low levels of damage, followed by a shallower component at higher levels. Analysis of cellular DNA pulse-labeled shortly after inducing DNA damage suggests that these two components correspond to inhibitory effects on two fundamentally different processes involved in DNA replication-initiation of DNA replication at origins of replication, and subsequent elongation of nascent chains at replication forks.
Samenspel tandarts-specialist

‘Geachte mevrouw Abraham, hierbij vraag ik uw hulp bij de volgende casus: Een man van 63 jaar, onder behandeling met cytostatica (bij navraag behandelend arts/oncoloog: chloorambucil) voor een non-hodgkinlymfoom, kwam een week geleden met pijnklachten in het 2e kwadrant bij mij. Ik had patient nog niet eerder gezien. De dentitie was slecht: veel wortelcaries en diepe caviteiten. Op de x-foto van het 2e kwadrant apicale zwartingen ter plaatse van de 25 en 26. Het element 26 is grotendeels afgebroken. De chemokuur is enkele weken geleden gestart en duurt nog enkele weken. Patient zegt dat er niet geextraheerd mag worden. Ik ben terughoudend en besluit eerst contact op te nemen met behandelend arts en nog niks te doen. Via de email vraag ik of er behandeld mag worden (extracties). Het antwoord is summier: ‘Wat mij betreft zijn er geen beletsels om de patient te saneren. Ik zou wel adviseren om antibiotische profylaxe te geven.’ Voor aanvullende informatie neem ik de telefoon, maar de arts is bezig en kan niet gestoord worden. Een tweede email met vragen wordt beantwoord door de assistente die aangeeft het onder de aandacht te zullen brengen. Daarna niets ... Wat ik graag wil weten is het volgende: Kunt u mij helpen? Alvast hartelijk dank voor uw reactie.’
The Beneficiaries of Romanianization

Both Romanianization bureaucrats and Romanianizers benefited from the robbery of the Jews, but they did so in different ways.1 The bureaucrats charged with the project’s implementation acted under direct state supervision and rules, did not assume economic risks, and profited from Romanianization only indirectly through their salaries (and sometimes bribes), thus enjoying some distance from the actual dirty work. No such remove existed for Romanianizers, who profited directly from the transfer of Jewish property and businesses and were not employed by Romanianization agencies, but received their support. These individuals and organizations had greater space to maneuver, but also assumed the market risks that accompanied the properties or businesses they acquired. Sometimes these categories of beneficiaries were codependent and complementary; however, the boundary proved flexible and people sometimes navigated from one category to another.
Chapter 85 – Lymph Node/Other Organ Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (All Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Types)

Nodal lymphomas include a very large number of those not assigned to any organ system. They occur about half-again as often in men as women, but with roughly equal frequency in Los Angeles County compared to other regions, the incidence of which begins to increase in young adulthood. African-Americans and Asian-Americans, especially women, are at lower risk than whites and Latinos, and there is a clear tendency for high risk to be associated with those of a higher social class. Until recently, incidence was increasing, both in the county as a whole and among the residents of high-risk census tracts. High-risk census tracts are scattered over the county, with a large aggregate of contiguous census tracts in a band from Santa Monica through West Hollywood. The frequency among young men and the presence of high-risk census tracts in and around West Hollywood suggest that many of these malignancies are determined by susceptibility due to AIDS.
Estimating daily root-zone soil moisture in snow-dominated regions using an empirical soil moisture diagnostic equation

Abstract Soil moisture in snow-dominated regions has many important applications including evapotranspiration estimation, flood forecasting, water resource and ecosystem services management, weather prediction and climate modeling, and quantification of denudation processes. A simple and robust empirical approach to estimate root-zone soil moisture in snow-dominated regions using a soil moisture diagnostic equation that incorporates snowfall and snowmelt processes is suggested and tested. A five-water-year dataset (10/1/2010–9/30/2015) of daily precipitation, air temperature, snow water equivalent and soil moistures at three depths (i.e., 5 cm, 20 cm, and 50 cm) at each of 12 Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites across Utah (37.583°N–41.883°N, 110.183°W–112.9°W), is applied to test the proposed method. The first three water years are designated as the parameter-estimation period (PEP) and the last two water years are chosen as the model-testing period (MTP). Applying the estimated soil moisture loss function parameters and other empirical parameters in the soil moisture diagnostic equation in the PEP, soil moistures in three soil columns (0–5 cm, 0–20 cm, and 0–50 cm) are estimated in the MTP. The relatively accurate soil moisture estimations compared to the observations at 12 SNOTEL sites (RMSE ⩽ 6.23 (%V/V), average RMSE = 4.28 (%V/V), correlation coefficient ⩾0.75, average correlation coefficient =0.89, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficient coefficient Ec ⩾ 0.24, average Ec = 0.72) indicate that the soil moisture diagnostic equation is capable of accurately estimating soil moisture in snow-dominated regions after the snowfall and snowmelt processes are included in the soil moisture diagnostic equation.
Stein's Method for Steady-State Approximations: Error Bounds and Engineering Solutions

Heavy traffic limits of queueing systems have been studied in the literature using fluid and diffusion limits. Recently, a new method called the 'Drift Method' has been developed to study these limits. In the drift method, a function of the queue lengths is picked and its drift is set to zero in steady-state, to obtain bounds on the steady-state queue lengths that are tight in the heavy-traffic limit. The key is to establish an appropriate notion of state-space collapse in terms of steady-state moments of weighted queue length differences, and use this state-space collapse result when setting the drift equal to zero. These moment bounds involved in state space collapse are also obtained by drift arguments similar to the well-known Foster-Lyapunov theorem. We will apply the methodology to study routing, scheduling, and other resource allocation problems that arise in data centers and cloud computing systems.
Investigating the Effects of Social Goals in a Negotiation Game with Virtual Humans

Educational games may be particularly suited to teaching social learning skills with virtual humans. We investigate the importance of social goals and engaging social interactions in learning from such games. In one experiment, students played a cultural negotiation game with an explicit social goal or only negotiation task goals. While the group without the explicit social goal learned significantly more, students who reported having social goals in a manipulation check learned the most. In future work, we will develop an intervention built into a virtual learning environment to implicitly scaffold social goals.
Economics of Wind Power Generation

Abstract A discussion of the economics of wind power generation is presented. Sustainable development will depend on whether energy prices of other sources will stay high. Developers of wind power installations are looking at a 20-year investment span. If natural gas prices fall over that period, a project that is presently profitable could become uncompetitive a few years into the future. The growth is driven by tax incentives, utility demand, falling costs, and improved technology, including taller towers and lighter rotor blades. A benchmark calculation of the levelized cost of wind power electricity is presented. The effect of subsidies in the form of the production tax credit (PTC) is considered, and then the depreciation, taxes payments are incorporated into the calculation model. Compared with a benchmark calculation, the PTC can be inferred to contribute a present value of 0.57 cent (kW h)−1 to the income stream from the produced electricity. Transmission costs are a major issue in wind energy development. Some of the best locations for generating wind energy are far distant from the consuming industrial and population centers. A massive upgrade of the transmission lines nationwide through the national electrical power grid using high-voltage DC instead of high-voltage AC is needed to tap those distant sources. Where water supplies are abundant, along seashores or internal lakes or rivers, the electricity produced could be used for extracting hydrogen from water through the electrolysis process. Hydrogen then can become the storage medium and energy carrier of wind energy. It would be conveyed or transmitted to the energy consumption sites possibly through the existing natural gas pipeline system which covers the United States. Another alternative is to convert hydrogen with coal into methane gas, CH4 that could be distributed through the existing natural gas distribution grid without significant modifications. Methane itself can be converted into methanol or methyl alcohol, CH3OH as a liquid transportation fuel. To reduce the electrical transmission losses, one can envision superconducting electrical transmission lines cooled with cryogenic hydrogen carrying simultaneously electricity and hydrogen from the wind energy production sites to the consumption sites. Such a visionary futuristic power transmission system could also provide the electrical power for a modern mass transit system using magnetically levitated (Maglev) high-speed trains transporting goods and people supplementing the current highway system in the United States.
A novel self-activation mechanism of Candida antarctica lipase B

Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB), resembling many other lipases structure-wise, contains a flexible lid that undergoes a surprisingly large conformational change when catalyzing hydrophobic substrates (e.g. triglycerides). Despite extensive and important applications in industry, it is so far still elusive whether CalB can be activated on a hydrophobic surface, like other lipases. From large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we discovered an open state that strikingly shows a much wider and more stable entrance to the catalytic site than the one suggested by previous crystal structures. Simulations demonstrate that in the newly found open state CalB possesses a "lid-holder" structure that intimately harbors the lid of CalB, i.e. a remarkable self-activation mechanism. To account for the unusual interfacial activation of CALB revealed in a recent experiment, we further introduce a simple model: the activation occurs only when the binding free energy between the lid and a hydrophobic surface is larger than a critical value, 4.0 kcal mol-1 that is the one between the lid and the "lid-holder". Our findings shed light on possible protein engineering of lipases to permit either self-activation with broadened catalytic targets (including water soluble ones) or surface activation with elevated activities.
Life's Golden Tree: Empirical Scholarship and American Law

Lee Teitelbaum and I drafted this article several years before his lamentable death. We were both distracted by other projects and laid the piece aside. When he died, I undertook to complete it to honor a man who as friend and colleague brought more goodness to my life than I could ever have deserved. I have tried to let this article reflect the qualities that made Dean Teitelbaum so distinguished in his calling. He was an irresistible teacher, an influential scholar, a solicitous colleague, a superb dean. He succeeded in those things because he turned all his intelligence and energy on them. More, he was attentive to the human beings around him. Not just to his students, colleagues, and staff, but to the people -- the individual human beings -- who lived under the law he studied. Dean Teitelbaum wrote about theory, but he thought about people. This article, then, is not just about using empirical research to improve legal scholarship. It is about how we law professors lead our lives and do our work, about the responsibilities we owe the society whose government we instruct. It is, then, more a collegial colloquy than a law review "Article" in the dreadful sense that term has acquired. Dean Teitelbaum exemplified the traditions of learning in which he was raised. He was a skilled lawyer, but he was more than a technician. He was a liberally educated and broadly read gentleman to whom craft was a duty and elegance a delight. I have here given myself a pleasure he too often denied himself-allowing good taste to subdue foolish custom. For example. Legal scholarship now drags behind it a Marley's chain of citation forms, participial parentheticals, stylistic dogmas, abbreviation rules, signaling conventions, and footnoting formulas.
Descriptive Epidemiology, Medical Evaluation, and Outcomes of Rock Climbing Injuries

Objective To gather epidemiologic data on injury type, treatment, and recovery from rock climbing injuries. Methods Design: retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: web-based survey. Participants: rock climbers who sustained a climbing-related injury during the prior 24 months. Criteria for inclusion: aged ≥18 years; participation in rock climbing at least 4 times per year in the United States. Interventions: none. Main outcome measures: percentage of injured climbers seeking medical care, providers seen, subspecialty referral, development of chronic problems, factors affecting return to climbing, injuries by climbing type, body region, and injury type. Results Data were collected over a 60-day period using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) survey system. Seven hundred and eight surveys were collected from 553 male and 155 female climbers. Thirteen hundred ninety seven injuries were reported, and 975 injuries were suitable for analysis. The most common provider initially seen was a primary care provider. Subspecialty referral was commonly obtained. Injury patterns differed by climbing type. The percentage of respondents that returned to climbing before their injury was fully healed was 51.1%, and 44.9% of respondents developed chronic problems related to their climbing injury. Twenty-eight percent of respondents were unable to return to their previous level of climbing performance. Several factors were associated with delayed recovery from climbing injury. Conclusions A significant number of climbers sought healthcare after injury. A majority of climbers who sought treatment were referred to subspecialist providers. About one-half of climbers were symptomatic when they returned to climbing and developed chronic problems after injury. Factors associated with slower return to climbing included increasing age, smoking, fractures, and surgery.
Respiratory manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a complex problem in children. Suspected respiratory manifestations of GORD, such as asthma, chronic cough and laryngitis, are commonly encountered in the paediatric practice, but continue to be entities with more questions than answers. The accuracy of diagnostic tests (ie, pH or pH-impedance monitoring, laryngoscopy, endoscopy) for patients with suspected extraoesophageal manifestations of GORD is suboptimal and therefore whether there is a causal relationship between these conditions remains largely undetermined. An empiric trial of proton pump inhibitors can help individual children with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms and suspicion of GORD, but the response to therapy is unpredictable, and in any case what may be being observed is spontaneous improvement. Furthermore, the safety of these agents has been called into question. Poor response to antireflux therapy is an important trigger to search for non-gastro-oesophageal reflux causes for patients' symptoms. Evidence for the assessment of children with suspected extraoesophageal manifestations of GORD is scanty and longitudinal studies with long-term follow-up are urgently required.
How Wet and Dry Spells Evolve across the Conterminous United States Based on 555 Years of Paleoclimate Data

AbstractEvolving patterns of droughts and wet spells in the conterminous United States (CONUS) are examined over 555 years using a tree-ring-based paleoclimate reconstruction of the modified Palmer...
Ad hoc networks with heterogeneous smart antennas: performance analysis and protocols: Research Articles

The use of smart antennas in wireless ad hoc networks has garnered attention over the last few years. Given the unique capabilities of smart antennas, and how they can improve performance in a typically constrained ad hoc network environment, the attention is with merit. However, not much light has been shed on wireless ad hoc networks that have nodes with varying antenna capabilities. While homogeneous ad hoc networks with all nodes having the same antenna capabilities will have certain applications, we argue that ad hoc networks with nodes having heterogeneous antenna capabilities are more likely to be the norm due to a variety of motivating factors. In this context, we answer two fundamental questions in this paper: (i) what is the theoretical capacity of an ad hoc network when its nodes have varying antenna capabilitiesq We consider nodes equipped with only omnidirectional antennas to those that are equipped with more sophisticated adaptive-array and MIMO capable antennas. Perhaps more interestingly, we provide insights into what percentage of nodes in an ad hoc network have to be ‘smart’ to get a certain overall network capacity. (ii) What medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols should nodes use in such a heterogeneous networkq We present MAC and routing protocols for ad hoc networks with heterogeneous antenna capabilities that allow nodes to interact with each other effectively despite their heterogeneity, and in the process deliver considerably improved performance over simplistic strategies. We substantiate our theoretical results, and evaluate the proposed protocols using ns2-based network simulations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation tolerance of commercial and advanced alloys for core internals: a comprehensive microstructural characterization

Abstract Thirteen austenitic stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, and ferritic alloys were irradiated using 2 MeV protons at 360 °C to a damage level of 2.5 displacements per atom (dpa). Comprehensive microstructural characterization was performed for irradiation-induced features, including dislocation loops, voids, precipitates, and radiation induced segregation (RIS). Dislocation loops formed in all alloys except 14YWT, while voids were observed in alloys 316 L, 310, C22, and 14YWT. Irradiation-induced formation of γ′ precipitates was observed in alloys 316 L, 310, 800, and 690; the irradiation-enhanced, long-range ordered Ni2Cr phase (Pt2Mo-type) was observed in alloys 690, C22, 625, 625Plus, 625DA, and 725; and G-phase was observed in alloy T92. No irradiation-induced precipitates were observed in alloys X750, 718 or 14YWT. Precipitation of the γ′ phase can be understood through segregation and clustering of Si, Al, and Ti. Overall, austenitic stainless steels are generally susceptible to irradiation damage in the form of loops, voids, precipitates, and RIS. Ni-base alloys have this same type of dislocation loops and RIS behaviors but are more resistant to void swelling. Ferritic alloys showed better resistance to loop formation, void swelling and irradiation-induced precipitation. From the degree of irradiation-induced microstructural change, alloy T92 was identified as the most radiation resistant among these alloys.
A Perturbation-based Gait Training with Multidirectional Waist-Pulls Generalizes to Split-Belt Treadmill Slips

Gait disorders and subsequent falls are major causes of chronic disability. Most falls occur during walking when an individual fails to recover from a loss of balance. We have developed an innovative cable-driven robot that delivers unpredictable waist-pull perturbations while walking on a treadmill. In previous experiments, we showed that a training session with repeated waist-pulls induces acute motor adaptations in gait and balance recovery reactions. To date, it is unknown if the effects can be transferred to different types of external balance perturbations. This study aims to investigate if the exposure to repeated waist-pulls can improve the recovery reactions to slips. Fourteen healthy young adults were assigned to either an Experimental (EG) or a Control Group (CG). The EG was trained with multidirectional waist-pull perturbations of various intensities. The CG walked for a comparable amount of time on the treadmill with cables on, but without experiencing any waist-pull. Before and after the training, all participants were exposed to three slip-like perturbations by suddenly accelerating one belt of the treadmill in the forward direction. The Margin of Stability (MoS) was evaluated while reacting to the perturbations. At post-training, the EG showed increased stability in reaction to the waist-pull and slip-like perturbations. In contrast, the reaction to slip-like disturbances of the CG remained unchanged. A single session of gait training comprised of repeated waist-pulls showed immediate transfer to split-belt treadmill slips. The findings of this pilot study are encouraging for developing new fall prevention therapies.
Commentary—After Triangulation, What Next?:

This commentary agrees with the editors’ recent decision to do away with triangulation as a term in mixed methods research, but before doing so, it argues for a review of its original popularity, a...
A Comparative Study of Battery, Supercapacitor and Undersea Energy Storage Systems in Wave Energy Applications

A technical comparison between two standard energy storage technologies, i.e. battery and supercapacitor (SC), and a novel alternative, i.e. undersea energy storage system (UESS), in wave energy applications is presented. Various sea states with different significant wave heights are considered for investigating the efficiency and lifetime of the storage devices. Comparisons are carried out assuming that the storage device operates in parallel with a wave energy converter to deliver fixed power, i.e., average harvested wave power, to the grid during a designated period of time. While battery and SC outperform the UESS in terms of efficiency, extreme oversizing is required for achieving lifetime periods that satisfy maintenance and reliability requirements, however.
Cyber Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and association with substance use, poor mental health, and STI history among sexually active adolescent girls

Abstract Introduction The current study aims to assess the prevalence, perpetrators, and consequences of cyber sexual harassment (CSH) among adolescent females. Methods Sexually active adolescent females (N = 159) ages 15–19 were recruited from a health clinic in a low-income, urban area of southeast San Diego County, California to complete a tablet-administered survey that included items on sexual violence and harassment, including CSH. Using logistic regression models, we assessed CSH in relation to substance use, poor mental health outcomes and STI history. Results Participants were, on average, 17 years of age and half were currently in a relationship. The majority of girls (68%) reported at least one form of CSH, which included receiving unwanted sexual messages/photos (53%), receiving unwanted messages asking them to do something sexual (49%), being pressured to send sexual photos (36%), and having sexual photos shared without permission (6%). Perpetrators included known and unknown males; almost a third (27%) reported perpetration by a relationship partner. In logistic regression models adjusting for race, CSH was associated with: past 30-day alcohol use, drug use (ever), feeling depressed (past 30 days), and feeling anxious (past 30 days) (Odds Ratios ranged: 2.9–7.5). CSH was also associated with past-year suicidal thoughts and STI diagnosis (ever) (p Conclusions Our findings suggest that in some subgroups, CSH appears to be affecting the majority of girls, which is especially concerning given its association with multiple poor health outcomes.
Evidence from first-principles calculations for orbital ordering in Ba 2 NaOsO 6 : A Mott insulator with strong spin-orbit coupling

We present first-principles calculations of the magnetic and orbital properties of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{NaOsO}}_{6}$ (BNOO), a $5{d}^{1}$ Mott insulator with strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in its low-temperature emergent quantum phases. Our computational method takes into direct consideration recent NMR results that established that BNOO develops a local octahedral distortion preceding the formation of long-range magnetic order. We found that the two-sublattice canted ferromagnetic ground state identified in Lu et al., [Nat. Commun. 8, 14407 (2017)] is accompanied by a two-sublattice staggered orbital ordering pattern in which the ${t}_{2g}$ orbitals are selectively occupied as a result of strong spin-orbit coupling. The staggered orbital order found here using first-principles calculations asserts the previous proposal of Chen et al., [Phys. Rev. B 82, 174440 (2010).] and Lu et al., [Nat. Commun. 8, 14407 (2017).] that a two-sublattice magnetic structure is the very manifestation of staggered quadrupolar order. Therefore, our results affirm the essential role of multipolar spin interactions in the microscopic description of magnetism in systems with locally entangled spin and orbital degrees of freedom.
Wave-particle interactions with coherent magnetosonic waves

Abstract This chapter deals with recent advances in the understanding of bounce resonance between extremely low frequency waves and electrons in the Earth’s radiation belts. This is a supplement to the well-documented reviews pertaining to resonances between very low frequency waves and gyration motion and between ultralow frequency waves and drift motions. The interaction between a monochromatic magnetosonic wave and electron bounce motion is illustrated and compared against Landau resonance and nonresonant interaction. Finally, quasi-linear theory describing bounce resonant interactions with broadband magnetosonic waves is reviewed.
Activation Energy for Solder Bond Degradation: Thermal Cycling of Field-aged Modules at Multiple Upper Temperatures

The reliability of solder joints in the solar cell metallization-interconnect system influences the lifetime of photovoltaic modules. Two field-aged modules—one with Sn62Pb36Ag2 solder at the solder joints (Solarex MSX 60), and the other with the standard Sn60Pb40 solder (Siemens M55)—were subjected to a modified thermal cycling (TC) test of IEC 61215. Three sections in each module were maintained at 85°C, 95°C, and 105°C during the 15-minute high temperature dwell time. Current equivalent to the module short-circuit current was injected through the module when the chamber temperature was above 25°C to simulate regular field operation. This novel approach aims to induce thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) at the solder joints and intermetallic compound (IMC) formation at the metal/solder interfaces. The activation energy (E a ) for solder bond degradation was calculated based on the series resistance (R s ) increase in TC testing rather than power drop to avoid the effect of confounding variables. Module-level R s increase in MSX 60 module after TC800 cycles and in M55 module after TC400 cycles was 1.22% and 183.7%, respectively. The E a determined for the module with 2wt% Ag is 0.24 eV and for that with the standard solder is 0.27 eV. The solder bond degradation seems to have been driven by TMF rather than IMC formation for both modules.
Contrasting stream nitrate and sulfate response to recovery from experimental watershed acidification

Improvements in air quality have led to ecosystem recovery from acidic deposition, but the mechanisms and trajectories of this recovery are not fully understood. Here, we present long-term stream response and recovery data for paired watersheds at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) during declining ambient SO4 and NO3 in precipitation. East Bear (EB) received ambient deposition from 1989 to 2018; West Bear (WB) received artificially elevated N + S from 1989 to 2016. The WB treatment was discontinued after 2016, the beginning of the recovery from both the experimental N + S and ambient decline. Stream SO4 in WB gradually declined after the treatment ended, from ~147 μeq L−1 in 2010–16 to ~126 μeq L−1 in 2017–18. The declining S inputs induced desorption of SO4 from soil phase surfaces, with stream loss far exceeding precipitation input. At the current rate of recovery, it will be many decades before the WB stream returns to pre-treatment SO4 concentrations. In contrast, NO3 is only weakly adsorbed in soil, and WB stream NO3 concentrations rapidly declined from ~39 μeq L−1 in 2010–16 to ~5 μeq L−1 in 2017–18, comparable to the N-limited EB stream. The acid anions are strongly coupled to base cation chemistry in streams, and there was a distinct hysteretic response of Ca and Mg to the chronic acidification, as (Ca + Mg) increased rapidly during the initial years, followed by declining values due to depletion of the soil exchange complex. This 30-year monitoring study (1989–2019) provides insights into recovery mechanisms from acidic deposition and highlights the role of abiotic processes in soil that mediate nutrient cycling and retention. Documenting the rapid response of N alongside the slower recovery for S identifies the temporal resolution necessary for other whole-watershed recovery studies.
Distributed Optimal Voltage Control for Three Phase Unbalanced Distribution Systems with DERs

Traditionally, electric utilities have used local (non-optimal) or centralized (optimal) approaches for voltage control in electric distribution grids. However, with increased penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), voltage control has become increasingly challenging for distribution grid operators. This is mainly due to intermittency and variability in power injections of DERs. Digitalization and automation driven by smart grid development provides an opportunity to find balance between non-optimal local and complex but optimal centralized voltage control. Distributed optimization approaches enabled by automation utilize DERs to mitigate such voltage issues in optimal and resilient manner. This paper proposes an optimal distributed voltage control algorithm for three phase unbalanced distribution systems using augmented Lagrangian multiplier theory and primal-dual gradient algorithms. The algorithm requires local voltage measurements and communication among neighbouring buses while meeting hard limits on reactive power injections on voltage control devices and DERs. Developed algorithm is validated for both single phase and three phase unbalanced distribution systems voltage control using OpenDSS.
Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Movement Disorders

Movement disorders are a common manifestation of many antibody-mediated central system diseases. They can occur in isolation or as part of a multifocal neurologic process. Autoantibody targets are diverse, and the clinical spectrum is wide and encompasses multiple categories such as ataxia, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic disorders. Autoimmune movement disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis for all movement disorder phenotypes in patients of all ages. Antibody detection in serum or cerebrospinal fluid may help establish a diagnosis and direct the cancer search, as sometimes these disorders are paraneoplastic. Recognition is important as they can mimic neurodegenerative disorders, and they often respond to immunotherapy. In this chapter, we review the clinical features, radiographic findings, antibody association, and therapeutic approach to different antibody-mediated movement disorders.
Utility of noninvasive genome-wide screening: a prospective cohort of obstetric patients undergoing diagnostic testing.

Copy-number variant (CNV) assessment is recommended for patients undergoing prenatal diagnostic testing. Noninvasive screening tests have not been extensively validated for CNV detection. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of genome-wide noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) to chromosomal microarray to detect clinically significant findings. We prospectively enrolled 198 subjects at the time of consent for diagnostic prenatal testing. Genome-wide NIPS results were compared with diagnostic testing results to assess NIPS test performance (n = 160, 38 subjects without microarray results excluded). Cohen’s kappa statistic was used to assess test agreement. Genome-wide NIPS did not detect clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities at the same rate as diagnostic testing, κ = 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62–0.87). When excluding CNVs <7 Mb and findings outside the limits of genome-wide NIPS, test agreement improved, κ = 0.88 (0.79–0.97) driven by agreement for common aneuploidies (κ = 1.0). However, among patients with an abnormal fetal survey, agreement was only fair, κ = 0.38 (0.08–0.67). While NIPS is an excellent screening test for common aneuploidies, genome-wide NIPS misses clinically significant findings detected on routine diagnostic testing. False positive and false negative cases highlight the importance of pretest counseling regarding NIPS limitations, especially in the setting of fetal anomalies.
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Induces Enteroendocrine Cell Differentiation of Intestinal Stem Cells Through Farnesoid X Receptor Activation

Abstract Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is one of several bariatric procedures that substantially improves glycemia and energy homeostasis. Increased secretion of multiple gut peptides has been hypothesized to be a critical contributor to VSG’s potent effects to reduce body weight and improve glucose regulation. VSG results in an increase in the number of hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the intestinal epithelium, but whether this increase is via proliferation or differentiation of EECs and their subtypes remains unclear. Notably, the beneficial effects of VSG are lost in a mouse model lacking the bile acid nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR is a nuclear transcription factor that has been shown to regulate intestinal stem cell (ISC) function in cancer models, but whether it plays a role specifically in normal intestinal differentiation remains unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that the VSG-induced increase in EECs is due to changes in intestinal differentiation driven by an increase in bile acid signaling through FXR. To test this, we performed VSG in mice that express eGFP in ISC/progenitor cells and performed RNAseq on GFP-positive cells sorted from the intestinal epithelia. We also assessed changes in EEC number (marked by GLP-1) in mouse intestinal organoids following treatment with bile acids and/or an FXR antagonist. RNA-seq revealed that FXR is expressed in ISCs and that VSG explicitly alters ISC expression of several genes that regulate intestinal secretory cell development, including EEC differentiation. Mouse intestinal organoids treated with bile acids increased GLP-1-positive cell numbers, whereas a potent FXR antagonist blocked this effect. Taken together, these data indicate that VSG drives ISC fate towards EEC differentiation through FXR signaling.
Polaronic transport and thermoelectricity in Mn 3 Si 2 Te 6 single crystals

We carried out a comprehensive study of the structural, electrical transport, thermal, and thermodynamic properties in ferrimagnetic ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$ single crystals. Mn and Te $K$-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy and synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction were measured to provide information on the local atomic environment and the average crystal structure. The dc and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate a second-order paramagnetic to ferrimagnetic transition at ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}74$ K, which is further confirmed by the specific heat measurement. ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$ exhibits semiconducting behavior along with a large negative magnetoresistance of $\ensuremath{-}87%$ at ${T}_{c}$ and a relatively high value of thermopower up to $\ensuremath{\sim}10$ mV/K at 5 K. Besides the rapidly increasing resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and thermopower $S(T)$ below 20 K, the large discrepancy between the activation energy for resistivity ${E}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ and thermopower ${E}_{S}$ above 20 K indicates the polaronic transport mechanism. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$ is notably rather low, comparable to ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$, and is strongly suppressed in the magnetic field across ${T}_{c}$, indicating the presence of strong spin-lattice coupling, also similar with ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$.