cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Severe Hypoxia on Cerebral Glucose Flux

We have already studied the changes that result in altered glucose transport and metabolism when the isolated canine brain is perfused with blood having a normal glucose concentration, but an arterial PO2 of less than 10 mmHg (1,2). After the first minute following initiation of anoxic perfusion, the rate of glucose utilization increases and, at normal arterial glucose concentrations, actually exceeds the capacity for glucose to be transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The result is that the whole brain glucose concentration rapidly falls to less than 24% of normal after 10 minutes of anoxic perfusion and to nearly zero after a total of 30 minutes of anoxic perfusion (3).
Generation and Characterization of the Western Regional Research Center Brachypodium T-DNA Insertional Mutant Collection

The model grass Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is an excellent system for studying the basic biology underlying traits relevant to the use of grasses as food, forage and energy crops. To add to the growing collection of Brachypodium resources available to plant scientists, we further optimized our Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated high-efficiency transformation method and generated 8,491 Brachypodium T-DNA lines. We used inverse PCR to sequence the DNA flanking the insertion sites in the mutants. Using these flanking sequence tags (FSTs) we were able to assign 7,389 FSTs from 4,402 T-DNA mutants to 5,285 specific insertion sites (ISs) in the Brachypodium genome. More than 29% of the assigned ISs are supported by multiple FSTs. T-DNA insertions span the entire genome with an average of 19.3 insertions/Mb. The distribution of T-DNA insertions is non-uniform with a larger number of insertions at the distal ends compared to the centromeric regions of the chromosomes. Insertions are correlated with genic regions, but are biased toward UTRs and non-coding regions within 1 kb of genes over exons and intron regions. More than 1,300 unique genes have been tagged in this population. Information about the Western Regional Research Center Brachypodium insertional mutant population is available on a searchable website (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov) designed to provide researchers with a means to order T-DNA lines with mutations in genes of interest.
Possible detection of energetic Jovian heavy ions at Skylab orbit

Evidence for the presence of sodium ions at a concentration about 10% that of oxygen among the particles with energies 10 to 20 MeV/nucleon seen with a detector on Skylab suggests that Jupiter is a significant source of energetic heavy particles inside the earth's magnetosphere. A numerical estimate based on the density of energetic sodium ions at 50 Jupiter radii measured on Voyager 1 indicates that the source strength is adequate.
Epilepsy and Social Adjustment

■ This report of a three-year interdisciplinary study of 119 epileptic World War II veterans, which was conducted at the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital, discusses the interaction of a chronic latent handicap with the patient's social and occupational life. Methodological issues that have general application to studies of chronic disease are presented, as well as the specific background and findings on epilepsy. ■
Embryos of a moss can be hardened to desiccation tolerance: effects of rate of drying on the timeline of recovery and dehardening in Aloina ambigua (Pottiaceae)

Background and Aims Embryonic sporophytes of the moss Aloina ambigua are inducibly desiccation tolerant (DT). Hardening to DT describes a condition of temporary tolerance to a rapid-drying event conferred by a previous slow-drying event. This paper aimed to determine whether sporophytic embryos of a moss can be hardened to DT, to assess how the rate of desiccation influences the post-rehydration dynamics of recovery, hardening and dehardening, and to determine the minimum rate of drying for embryos and shoots. Methods Embryos were exposed to a range of drying rates using wetted filter paper in enclosed Petri dishes, monitoring relative humidity (RH) inside the dish and equilibrating tissues with 50 % RH. Rehydrated embryos and shoots were subjected to a rapid-drying event at intervals, allowing assessments of recovery, hardening and dehardening times. Key Results The minimum rate of slow drying for embryonic survival was ∼3·5 h and for shoots ∼9 h. Hardening to DT was dependent upon the prior rate of drying. When the rate of drying was extended to 22 h, embryonic hardening was strong (>50 % survival) with survival directly proportional to the post-rehydration interval preceding rapid drying. The recovery time (repair/reassembly) was so short as to be undetectable in embryos and shoots desiccated gradually; however, embryos dried in <3·5 h exhibited a lag time in development of ∼4 d, consistent with recovery. Dehardening resulted in embryos incapable of surviving a rapid-drying event. Conclusions The ability of moss embryos to harden to DT and the influence of prior rate of drying on the dynamics of hardening are shown for the first time. The minimum rate of drying is introduced as a new metric for assessing ecological DT, defined as the minimum duration at sub-turgor during a drying event in which upon rehydration the plant organ of interest survives relatively undamaged from the desiccating event.
MRI of the normal appendix in children: data toward a new reference standard

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might prove useful in the diagnostic evaluation of pediatric appendicitis in the effort to avoid exposing children to the ionizing radiation of CT, yet there is a paucity of literature describing the normal range of appearances of the pediatric appendix on MRI. To investigate MRI characteristics of the normal appendix to aid in establishing a reference standard in the pediatric population. We conducted a retrospective study of children and young adults (≤18 years of age) who underwent lumbar spine or pelvis MRI between Jan. 1, 2013, and Dec. 31, 2013, for indications unrelated to appendicitis. Two board-certified radiologists independently reviewed all patients’ MRI examinations for appendix visualization, diameter, intraluminal content signal, and presence of periappendiceal inflammation or free fluid. We used the Cohen kappa statistic and Spearman correlation coefficient to assess reader agreement on qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. Three hundred forty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Both readers visualized the appendix in 192/346 (55.5%) patients (kappa = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Estimated median appendix diameter was 5 mm for reader 1 and 6 mm for reader 2 ([25th, 75th] quartiles = [5, 6] mm; range, 2–11 mm; r = 0.81, P < 0.0001). Appendix intraluminal signal characteristics were variable. Periappendiceal inflammation was present in 0/192 (0%) and free fluid in 6/192 (3.1%) MRI examinations (kappa = 1.0). The normal appendix was seen on MRI in approximately half of pediatric patients, with a mean diameter of ~5–6 mm, variable intraluminal signal characteristics, no adjacent inflammatory changes, and rare surrounding free fluid.
Micro-Computed Tomography to Finite Element Analysis of In Vivo Biodegradable Magnesium-Alloy Screw and Surrounding Bone in Rabbit Femurs

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are attractive orthopedic biomaterials because of their degradability and mechanical properties, which are similar to bone’s. Characterizing the mechanical changes and interactions of these promising degradable biomaterials and the host environment (bone) is essential to their success in orthopedic devices.The objective of this study was to develop a protocol to evaluate in vivo biodegradable Mg-alloy screws and surrounding new and cancellous bone in rabbit femurs over time, using high resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images and the finite element method.Micro-CT was used to visually evaluate bone remodeling and degradation of Mg-alloy screws that were implanted in rabbit femoral condyles for 2, 4, 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks. Over time, the degradation product around the device and the remainder of the intact core was observed. Scans were segmented into bone, degradation/corrosion products and non-degraded device, then reconstructed into 3D volumes. These volumes were meshed and assigned material properties based on CT data. The meshed volumes were exported to finite element software and analyzed in a virtual environment.Several foundational observations were made about animal modeling of in vivo degrading magnesium devices with a micro-CT to FEA protocol.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Charge Distribution and Surface Properties of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus 4-nm Central-Pore

The uniform distribution of charged amino acids along the exterior surface of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) along with its unusual structural stability over a large pH and temperature range has made it a model organism for inorganic deposition and nanostructure fabrication studies on biomolecules. However, the potential engineering applications of the virus’s central pore, which is about 300 nm long and 4 nm in diameter, has been overlooked. We aim to expand TMV applications by understanding the surface characteristics of its central pore. We have identified the set of amino acids and atoms that create the surface of the pore, mapped the partial charge distribution of the pore using AMBER9 force fields, and determined the electrostatic potential of the pore surface through Coulomb’s law and Poisson-Boltzmann Equation (PBE). Our analysis has revealed that the pore contains a dense helical distribution of negatively charged glutamic amino acid residues, which results in a strong negative electrostatic potential across the pore. This can potentially be used for water filtration by creating overlapping electric double layer within the central pore.© 2012 ASME
Intermittent flow AFS determination of trace mercury in cosmetics

Objective:To establish a method for rapid detection of trace mercury in cosmetics.Methods:Microwave digestion sample digestion,hydride-atomic fluorescein determination of trace mercury in cosmetics were performed.Results:In the optimized conditions,the detection limit for mercury was 0.015 μg/L,recovery rate was 93.6% to 103% and relative standard deviation was less than 4%.Conclusion:The method is simple,rapid,accurate,sensitive.The instrument is stable for promoting the use.
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Bcl-2 Gene in Children with Acute Lymphblastic Leukemia and Its Significance

Objective To explore the relationships among the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 gene,various clinical risk groups,early respond to chemotherapy and their prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL).Methods The expression of VEGF and Bcl-2 in bone marrow cells of 32 cases of ALL were detected by S-P immunohistochemical staining,and their expression difference were compared among the different clinical risk groups,and between different early treatment responds groups.Fifteen cases of bone marrow cells from non-leukemia patients were used as control group.Results Expression of VEGF or Bcl-2 in the ALL was significantly higher than those in control group(t=7.491 7,3.255 8 Pa0.01);they were positively related(r=0.457 P0.01).There were significant differences of expression of VEGF or Bcl-2 in the patients before and after treatment,or among different risk groups(F=11.570,4.558,4.574,3.013 Pa0.05);There were significant difference on expression of VEGF or Bcl-2 in good response and poor response groups before and after treatment(t=1.957,2.798,3.565,2.375 Pa0.05);the same groups comparing before and after treatment, there were significant differences in good respond group(t=1.803 8,1.730 9 Pa0.05),and no differences in poor respond group(t=1.379 8,1.187 5 Pa0.05).There were significant difference on expression of both them between higher and lower groups in their prognosis(Pa0.05).Conclusions VEGF and Bcl-2 expression in children with ALL are higher, in according with clinical risk factors,and have different roles in occurrence and development of ALL. It may be more helpful of evaluating prognosis of ALL by detecting them jointly than single.
Choosing the right clinical camera. Part III.

From a practical standpoint, both ring and dual flash are easier to control for the operator. It is not necessary to remember to put the flash on the side of the mirror or to rotate the flash to avoid unwanted shadows. The point source flash requires a learning curve and the dual point source flash, away from the lens, has limited applications. The lighting quality brings out the third dimension in photography and is therefore among the most important factors when taking image quality into consideration. The dual source flash on the lens system provides a more pleasing and natural illumination than the other systems. The Nikon SB21-B fulfills these requirements while offering the possibility to be used as a single source flash unit. Furthermore, the flash unit's close proximity to the lens allows the light to reach virtually any area in the mouth. Lastly, the TTL option takes care of the concern regarding the consistency of the light intensity and significantly speeds up the recycling time.
Anesthetic Care During Lateral Thoracic Expansion for Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy

Jeune syndrome or asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 in 100,000 to 130,000 live births. The typical phenotype of JATD is osteochondrodysplasia (narrow thorax and shorted ribs) in association with short limb dwarfism. The thoracic dysplasia results in respiratory insufficiency, usually requiring tracheostomy and chronic mechanical ventilation beginning in infancy and childhood. Lateral thoracic expansion is one surgical procedure that has been described in an attempt to enlarge the thoracic cage and alleviate the progressive respiratory failure. In addition to respiratory involvement, patients with JATD may have other co-morbid conditions involving the kidneys, pancreas, liver, and eyes. Given the underlying thoracic dysplasia and other associated comorbid conditions, the intraoperative care of such patients can be challenging. We present two patients with JATD who presented for lateral thoracic expansion. Previous reports of the intraoperative care of such patients are reviewed and options for anesthetic care are discussed. J Med Cases. 2016;7(7):294-298 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2549w
Dominance-Seeking Language Strategies: Please Eat the Floor, Dogbreath, or I’ll Rip Your Lungs Out, Okay?

The last two decades have been witness to an explosion of research on linguistic features characteristic of dominance and power or the lack thereof. This explosion has been fueled by scholars especially interested in sex-and/or gender-linked differences in interaction behaviors reflective of dominance, leadership, influence, and power. Although sex and gender have received the most attention, variables such as status, context, personality, relational distance, and ontogeny have been examined relative to the acquisition, maintenance, and perception of dominance, influence, and power. Specifically, this chapter examines research directed at illuminating the characteristics and effects of language typically associated with or perceived as dominant and powerful, offers a methodological and theoretical/conceptual analysis and critique of that body of literature, and provides some rather specific directions for future research and suggestions for theoretical grounding.
A Field of Dreams or a Dream Come True

In the well-known novel Shoeless Joe (Kinsella, 1982), inspiration for the movie Field of Dreams, the main character, Ray, is obsessed with a voice that tells him that if he builds a baseball field in the midst of a corn field in Iowa where he lives, his hero will appear. Ray steadfastly follows the voice, and eventually the field becomes a sort of conduit to the ghosts of legendary baseball greats, who show up in his field to play ball. At some level, the expansion of information and communication technologies (ICT) is analogous to the behavior of Kinsella’s main character.1 For developing countries in particular, the implicit view has been that as long as countries adopt these technologies, their societies will be quickly rewarded in terms of both higher productivity and improved welfare.
Tuning the Catalytic Activity of a Metal-Organic Framework Derived Copper and Nitrogen Co-Doped Carbon Composite for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

An efficient non-noble metal catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of great importance for the fabrication of cost-effective fuel cells. Nitrogen-doped carbons with various transition metal co-dopants have emerged as attractive candidates to replace the expensive platinum catalysts. Here we report the preparation of various copper- and nitrogen-doped carbon materials as highly efficient ORR catalysts by pyrolyzing porphyrin based metal organic frameworks and investigate the effects of air impurities during the thermal carbonization process. Our results indicate that the introduction of air impurities can significantly improve ORR activity in nitrogen-doped carbon and the addition of copper co-dopant further enhances the ORR activity to exceed that of platinum. Systematic structural characterization and electrochemical studies demonstrate that the air-impurity-treated samples show considerably higher surface area and electron transfer numbers, suggesting that the partial etching of the carbon...
Two new species of Parandrinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the genera Parandra and Acutandra from South America

Two new species of high-elevation Parandrinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are described from Bolivia and Ecuador, South America. Both species are unusual in having piceous coloration over most of the dorsal surface. Parandra ( Tavandra ) santossilvai Lingafelter & Tishechkin, new species, is described from Achira, Santa Cruz Province, Bolivia, a site at 2,000 meters elevation. Acutandra caterinoi Lingafelter & Tishechkin, new species, is described from Pichincha Province, Ecuador, from sites between 1,900–2,500 meters. Illustrations, descriptions, diagnoses, and discussion of their generic and subgeneric placements are included.
Preface to COAST 2016 innovators’ workshop on personalized and precision orthodontic therapy

OBJECTIVE A second focused workshop explored how to transfer novel findings into clinical orthodontic practice. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Participants met in West Palm Beach (Florida, USA), on 9-11 September 2016 for the Consortium for Orthodontic Advances in Science and Technology 2016 Innovators' Workshop (COAST). Approximately 65 registered attendees considered and discussed information from 27 to 34 speakers, 8 to 15 poster presenters and four lunch-hour focus group leaders. MATERIAL AND METHODS The innovators' workshops were organized according to five themed sessions. The aims of the discussion sessions were to identify the following: i) the strength and impact of the evidenced-based discoveries, ii) required steps to enable further development and iii) required steps to translate these new discoveries into orthodontic practice. RESULTS The role of gene-environment interactions that underlie complex craniofacial traits was the focus of several sessions. It was agreed that diverse approaches are called for, such as (i) large-scale collaborative efforts for future genetic studies of complex traits; (ii) deep genome sequencing to address the issues of isolated mutations; (iii) quantifying epigenetic-environmental variables in diverse areas myofascial pain, alveolar remodelling and mandibular growth. Common needs identified from the themed sessions were multiscale/multispecies modelling and experimentation using controlled and quantified mechanics and translation of the findings in bone biology between species. Panel discussions led to the consensus that a consortium approach to establish standards for intra-oral scanning and 3D imaging should be initiated. CONCLUSIONS Current and emerging technologies still require supported research to translate new findings from the laboratory to orthodontic practice.
Spinal Instead of General Anesthesia for Two Pediatric Patients at Risk for Malignant Hyperthermia

Although commonly practiced in the adult population, the use of spinal anesthesia has been limited in infants and children. Historically, it was employed as a means of avoiding apnea following general anesthesia or avoiding the need for endotracheal intubation. More recently, there has been resurgence in the use of spinal anesthesia due to concerns that general anesthetic agents may exert neurotoxic effects and impact future neurocognitive function. More broadly, spinal anesthesia may also have applications in patients with co-morbid conditions that increase the risk of general anesthesia. We present the use of spinal anesthesia as a means of avoiding general anesthesia in two infants with family histories of malignant hyperthermia. J Med Cases. 2017;8(10):297-300 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2854w
Noninvasive imaging in acute coronary disease. A clinical perspective.

Numerous highly complex and sensitive noninvasive imaging techniques have enhanced the care of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Optimum use requires specific objectives to be defined in advance, including a review of the potential impact of the test on subsequent decisions. An additional issue that is subject to scrutiny in the current climate of cost containment relates to the incremental value of a specific examination. The imaging modality to be used will partially depend on other issues, including accessibility, cost, and interindividual or institutional expertise with a particular technique. Major applications in noninvasive imaging in the acute coronary syndromes include the following: (1) diagnosis, including identification of associated diseases and contraindications for acute reperfusion; (2) evaluation and management of complications ; (3) determination of prognosis (both early and late); (4) estimation of myocardial viability; (5) assessment of therapeutic efficacy; (6) investigational approaches, including 99mTc-sestamibi tomographic imaging, ultrafast cine computed tomographic scanning, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Previous studies in the prethrombolytic era have documented the powerful impact of radionuclide stress testing on prognosis, but this needs to be reevaluated in the light of the changing current population undergoing stress testing. Preliminary data imply that the prognostic accuracy of stress testingmore » after thrombolytic therapy is diminished. Moreover, the role of the open infarct-related artery in traditional estimates of prognosis requires further study. Noninvasive imaging has multiple applications in the diagnosis and management of patients with acute coronary disease, but the decision to use a specific technology in a particular circumstance mandates good clinical judgment and selectivity. 82 references.« less
Good vibrations: can a digital nudge reduce digital overload?

Digital overuse on mobile devices is a growing problem in everyday life. This paper describes a generalizable mobile intervention that combines nudge theory and negative reinforcement to create a subtle, repeating phone vibration that nudges a user to reduce their digital consumption. For example, if a user has a daily Facebook limit of 30 minutes but opens Facebook past this limit, the user's phone will issue gentle vibrations every five seconds, but the vibration stops once the user navigates away from Facebook. We evaluated the intervention through a three-week controlled experiment with 50 participants on Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform with findings that show daily digital consumption was successfully reduced by over 20%. Although the reduction did not persist after the intervention was removed, insights from qualitative feedback suggest that the intervention made participants more aware of their app usage habits; and we discuss design implications of episodically applying our intervention in specific everyday contexts such as education, sleep, and work. Taken together, our findings advance the HCI community's understanding of how to curb digital overload.
Rapid Deployment of Physician Order Entry using Web-Based, Disease-Specific Order Sets.

Computerized physician order entry (POE) is a disruptive technology that holds great promise to reduce medical errors and improve workflow. However, Studies have reported significant physician resistance. This presentation will describe a two-pronged strategy to build broad support for POE: To build a secure, open source, browser-based platform to support POE and create a large number of disease-specific order-sets for immediate use. This presentation will demonstrate the conceptual framework and implementation requirements for such an endeavor.
Applying Contemporary Management Principles to Implementing and Evaluating Value-Added Pharmacist Services.

Value-added pharmacy services encompass traditional and emerging services provided by pharmacists to individual and entire populations of persons increasingly under the auspices of a public health mandate. The success of value-added pharmacy services is enhanced when they are carried out and assessed using appropriate theory-based paradigms. Many of the more important management theories for pharmacy services consider the “servicescape” of these services recognizing the uniqueness of each patient and service encounter that vary based upon health needs and myriad other factors. In addition, implementation science principles help ensure the financial viability and sustainability of these services. This commentary reviews some of the foundational management theories and provides a number of examples of these theories that have been applied successfully resulting in a greater prevalence and scope of value-added services being offered.
Perceptions of School Climate Among Subgroups of Aggressive and Victimized Youth

The present study examined how perceptions of school climate differ across subgroups of early adolescents with distinct patterns of involvement in aggression and victimization. We identified subgroups among 800 sixth-grade students (87% African American, 51% female) based on latent class analysis of items assessing aggression and victimization. Consistent with previous research, we found support for a four-class solution that identified the following subgroups: aggressive-victims (8%), predominant-victims (12%), predominant-aggressors (28%), and youth with limited involvement (52%). Predominant-aggressors and aggressive-victims reported lower levels of teacher support and consistency and clarity of school rules than nonaggressive subgroups. Among male adolescents, aggressive-victims reported more positive perceptions of peer interactions than predominant-aggressors. Findings provide evidence that perceptions of school climate are related to early adolescents’ pattern of involvement in aggression and victimization, which has implications for school-based interventions targeting aggressive behavior.
Genetic Rescue of Fragile X Syndrome Links FMRP Deficiency to Codon Optimality-Dependent RNA Destabilization [preprint]

Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by inactivation of FMR1 gene and loss of its encoded product the RNA binding protein FMRP, which generally represses translation of its target transcripts in the brain. In mouse models of FXS (i.e., Fmr1 knockout animals; Fmr1 KO), deletion of Cpeb1, which encodes a translational activator, mitigates nearly all pathophysiologies associated with the disorder. Here we reveal unexpected wide-spread dys-regulation of RNA abundance in Fmr1 KO brain cortex and its rescue to normal levels in Fmr1/Cpeb1 double KO mice. Alteration and restoration of RNA levels are the dominant molecular events that drive the observed dys-regulation and rescue of translation as measured by whole transcriptome ribosome occupany in the brain. The RNAs down-regulated and rescued in these animal models are highly enriched for FMRP binding targets and have an optimal codon bias that would predict their stability in wild type and possible instability in FMRP knock-out brain. Indeed, whole transcriptome analysis of RNA metabolic rates demonstrates a codon optimality-dependent elevation of RNA destruction in FMRP knock-out cortical neurons. This elevated RNA destruction leads to a massive reshuffling of the identities of stabilizing versus destabilizing codons in neurons upon loss of FMRP. Our results show a widespread RNA instability in FXS, which results from the uncoupling of codon optimality, ribosome occupancy, and RNA degradation mechanisms. Re-establishment of the linkage among these events is likely required by the genetic rescue of the disorder.
Reliable detection of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 in murine cells and tissues.

Abstract The essential amino acid tryptophan is catabolized by the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). IDO1 is implicated in several diseases including cancer, chronic infection, autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Antibodies that accurately recognize human IDO1 protein in situ in tissues are available, including clone 10.1 generated in our laboratory and now widely available through commercial sources ( Muller, DuHadaway, Sutanto-Ward, Donover, & Prendergast, 2005 ). However, until recently, there were no antibodies available to accurately detect murine IDO1 protein in situ in preclinical mouse models of disease. Such probes are crucial to establish cellular mechanisms since IDO1 appears to act in different cell types depending on disease context, but reliable probes have been elusive in the field. Recently we addressed this issue with the development of IDO1 monoclonal antibody 4B7, the specificity of which was fully validated by a lack of binding to tissues derived from mice that are genetically deficient in IDO1. This antibody offers a reagent that is unique in the field for specifically recognizing the enzyme in murine tissues, addressing the acute need for a reliable tool to conduct immunohistology in preclinical disease models.
Impact of inflammatory bowel disease on urologic oncology surgical outcomes and costs of care.

470Background: Recent studies suggest an association between genitourinary malignancies and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our objective was to investigate clinical and financial impacts of IBD ...
Recent Progress in Capturing and Neutralizing Inflammatory Cytokines

Inflammatory cytokines are key players in modulating immune responses to mount effective host defense. However, excessive production of inflammatory cytokines contributes to the destructive compone...
Inclusive Patents for Open Innovation

The post-internet era has greatly affected commercial firms’ innovation processes. The complexity and cumulative nature of emerging technologies under the post-internet era has made commercial firms reevaluate their innovation processes and has increased the role of individual innovators. Firms dealing with emerging technologies cannot make products without infringing on patents held by others, as their products are covered by numerous overlapping patents. Many of these firms work with individual innovators and embrace the open-source philosophy that ensures open access to technologies. These firms can no longer use patents for excluding others without risking infringement counterclaims, leading to the development of new uses of patents: defensive use to avoid litigation and proactive use to promote open innovation. The current U.S. patent has become increasingly outdated for failing to take into account these new uses of patents. Although firms have implemented self-help arrangements by retooling patents with licenses and private-ordering mechanisms, the arrangements still fall short as they result in: (1) no defensive function against patent assertion entities (PAEs) and (2) insufficient proactive use if innovators fail to disclose their invention through USPTO, due to expensive patent costs. Patent reform is necessary to overcome such shortcomings. In light of recent changes, this article proposes issuing inclusive patents as an alternative option to current exclusive patents. The proposed inclusive patents allow anyone who licenses their patented inventions to practice the protected invention, and are only enforced defensively when the owners are charged with infringement. The inclusive patents enable owners to request a preliminary procedure to grant a compulsory license in light of the eBay factors when they are charged with infringement of blocking patents. The compulsory license enhances the defensive use of inclusive patents to avoid litigation with PAEs, and guarantees owners the freedom to operate and innovate on their inventions. Because of the limited exclusivity, the USPTO should allow simplified patent applications and issue inclusive patents without examination. With low patent costs, all types of innovators can take advantage of the proactive use of inclusive patents through USPTO disclosures.
Food insecurity in the households of children with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities in the United States: Analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health Data 2016-2018.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring intellectual disabilities experience substantial challenges in accessing needed supports. This research aimed to understand the prevalence...
Autocrine and Paracrine Actions of IGF-I Signaling in Skeletal Development

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) regulates cell growth, survival, and differentiation by acting on the IGF-I receptor, (IGF-IR)-a tyrosine kinase receptor, which elicits diverse intracellular signaling responses. All skeletal cells express IGF-I and IGF-IR. Recent studies using tissue/cell-specific gene knockout mouse models and cell culture techniques have clearly demonstrated that locally produced IGF-I is more critical than the systemic IGF-I in supporting embryonic and postnatal skeletal development and bone remodeling. Local IGF-I/IGF-IR signaling promotes the growth, survival and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts, directly and indirectly, by altering other autocrine/paracrine signaling pathways in cartilage and bone, and by enhancing interactions among these skeletal cells through hormonal and physical means. Moreover, local IGF-I/IGF-IR signaling is critical for the anabolic bone actions of growth hormone and parathyroid hormone. Herein, we review evidence supporting the actions of local IGF-I/IGF-IR in the above aspects of skeletal development and remodeling.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human membrane-bound carboxypeptidase M. Comparison with carboxypeptidases A, B, H, and N.

Abstract Carboxypeptidase M, a widely distributed membrane-bound carboxypeptidase that can regulate peptide hormone activity, was purified to homogeneity from human placenta (Skidgel, R. A., Davis, R. M., and Tan, F. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 2236-2241). The NH2-terminal 31 amino acids were sequenced, and two complementary oligonucleotide probes were synthesized and used to isolate a carboxypeptidase M clone from a human placental cDNA library. Sequencing of the cDNA insert (2009 base pairs) revealed an open reading frame of 1317 base pairs coding for a protein of 439 residues. The NH2-terminal protein sequence matched the deduced amino acid sequence starting with residue 14. Hydropathic analysis revealed hydrophobic regions at the NH2 and COOH termini. The NH2-terminal 13 amino acids probably represent part of the signal peptide, and the COOH-terminal hydrophobic region may act either as a transmembrane anchor or as a signal for attachment to a phosphatidylinositol glycan moiety. The carboxypeptidase M sequence contains six potential Asn-linked glycosylation sites, consistent with its glycoprotein nature. The sequence of carboxypeptidase M was 41% identical with that of the active subunit of human plasma carboxypeptidase N, 41% identical with bovine carboxypeptidase H (carboxypeptidase E, enkephalin convertase), and 15% with either bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A or B. Many of the active site residues identified in carboxypeptidases A and B, including all of the zinc-binding residues (2 histidines and a glutamic acid), are conserved in carboxypeptidase M. These data indicate that all of the metallocarboxypeptidases are related, but the nondigestive carboxypeptidases with more specialized functions, present in cell membranes, blood plasma, or secretory granules (i.e., carboxypeptidase M, carboxypeptidase N and carboxypeptidase H), are more closely related to each other (41-49% identity) than they are to carboxypeptidase A or B (15-20% identity).
Inflammatory polyposis in an ileal blind loop.

Abstract A case of inflammatory polyposis of the ileum after ileosigmoid anastomosis is reported. Two features are noteworthy. First, the polyps were localized in a blind ileal loop. Second, while rare ileal inflammatory polyps related to enteroenteric anastomosis have been reported, to our knowledge this is the first instance of approximately 50 polyps to be described at such a site. The etiology of these lesions is unknown but may be related to fecal irritation, stasis, bacterial overgrowth, or bacterial toxin. These polyps may ulcerate and bleed, causing iron deficiency anemia, and they must be distinguished from neoplastic polyps. Since side-to-side and end-to-side anastomoses have become more common with use of the surgical stapler, inflammatory polyps may be encountered more frequently.
Diamond field emitter triode display cells

Prototype diamond field emitter triode display cells are designed, fabricated and characterized. A four mask fabrication process is employed using diamond film technology compatible with silicon integrated circuit (IC) processing. Photoresist is used as a sacrificial layer to produce a vacuum gap between gate and cathode. Current versus voltage (I-V) data, measured in a diode configuration at 10/sup -6/ Torr, shows Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) field emission behavior. The current density measured at 0.2 MV/cm is approximately 0.1 A/cm/sup 2/.
Language Arts Performance Assignments: Generalizability Studies of Local and Central Ratings

We conducted generalizability studies to examine the extent to which ratings of language arts performance assignments, administered in a large, diverse, urban district to students in second through ninth grades, result in reliable and precise estimates of true student performance. The results highlight three important points when considering the use of performance assessments in large-scale settings: (a) Rater training may significantly impact reliability; (b) simple rater agreement indices do not provide enough information to assess the reliability of inferences about true student achievement; and (c) assessments adequate for relative judgments of student performance do not necessarily provide sufficient precision for absolute criterion-referenced decisions.
Lesbian and Gay Parents: From Margin to Center

The increasing visibility and presence of families headed by lesbians and gay men poses critical challenges to dominant notions of family. Yet psychological research has for the most part missed th...
The effects of calcium site occupancy and reagent length on reactivity of calmodulin lysyl residues with heterobifunctional aryl azides. Mapping interaction domains with specific calmodulin photoprobe derivatives.

Abstract The relationship of structural and functional moieties on calmodulin is important in all venues of cell activity. In this study, we investigate the effect of lysine modification on calmodulin function. Azidosalicylate reagents containing different "linker arm" lengths, between the photoactive terminus and an amine-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester moiety were used to modify calmodulin lysines at three different positions in a calcium-dependent manner. The short cross-linker, (ASNE-2 (where ASNE represents azidosalicylate N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester), modifies Lys-75, whereas the longer reagent, ASNE-6, modifies lysines 21, 75, and 94. The modification of these different lysines is shown to be calcium-dependent. At 1-100 microM levels of calcium, only Lys-94 is modified, suggesting that modification of this residue is directed by both the binding of calcium to calcium-binding loops III and IV and the hydrophobic pocket exposed between these two loops as a result of calcium binding. At higher calcium concentrations (> 200 microM), where sites I and II become filled, modification of Lys-21 or Lys-75 also was observed. All the modified calmodulins were able to stimulate 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase fully although the Kact for the Lys-75 and Lys-21 derivatives increased 10- and 50-fold, respectively. None of the modifications affected the activation of erythrocyte plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase. Only the ASNE-6 Lys-75 derivative showed efficient (40%) photocross-linking to the Ca(2+)-ATPase. The ASNE-2 Lys-75 derivative as well as the ASNE-6 Lys-21 and Lys-94 derivatives did not show efficient calcium-dependent photocross-linking to this enzyme.
Material Intimacies: The Labor of Creativity in the Global Fashion Industry

My dissertation explores the global fashion industry through Material Intimacies, the social relationships and intimate encounters of new classes of fashion workers in the material and immaterial making of fashion. Based on three years of ethnographic field research in New York, Los Angeles, Paris, Guangzhou, and Seoul, my dissertation explores the everyday and rarefied spaces of the fashion world to connect the experiences of fashion workers with new forms of creative practice and labor emerging from the global fashion industry. These fashion workers connect global fashion design capitals with vast manufacturing landscapes around the world, refigure the meaning of value, labor, and creativity in the fashions they make, and powerfully shape our experience of clothing and material realities. Countering the impersonal forces of economics that often characterize the global fashion industry, these fashion workers paint an intimate landscape of ongoing transnational social ties and cultural exchange, challenging the anonymity of how global capitalism operates.
Why Information Should Influence Productivity

After offering a brief historical overview, this article presents a broad set of hypotheses in an effort to connect information to productivity. There are three contributions from this work. First, it distills observations from a diverse literature as prelude to exploring these theories empirically. Second, it applies two concrete models of information value, relating them to the economic definition of productivity, while considering how network structure influences information flow. Third, examples from an ongoing empirical study illustrate each hypothesis to give it practical significance. Interested readers may also test precise interpretations of these theories in an online simulation environment of networked societies.
Percutaneous treatment of liver metastases.

Early detection of metastatic disease within the liver by advanced diagnostic imaging has driven the rise of image-guided intervention for hepatic metastases. In this talk, we will explore the rationale, indications, technique and post procedure imaging findings of percutaneous treatments of liver metastases. Curative intent ablative therapies, such as radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, cryoablation, and irreversible electroporation will be discussed, including the common pitfalls of reading post ablative imaging studies. In addition, bridging and palliative therapies embolotherapies for liver dominant metastatic disease, such as hepatic artery embolization, transarterial chemoembolization, drug eluting beads, and yttrium-90 selective internal radiation therapy, will be reviewed.
Tinea capitis: Still an unsolved problem?

Tinea capitis is a fungal infection specifically involving the scalp and hair. It is the most common dermatophyte infection in children under 12 years of age, with a predominance in those of sub-Saharan African descent. Common signs include hair loss, scaling, erythema and impetigo-like plaques. Adults may also be affected, but to a lesser degree. The causative species are from the Microsporum and Trichophyton genera. Limited treatment options and diverse modes of transmission complicate the clinician's ability to address this disease adequately. Although dermatophytes are ubiquitous in our environment and tinea capitis is common, therapeutic options can be utilised to reduce morbidity.
New Perspectives on Iron: An Introduction

Iron is an essential nutritional element for all life forms. Iron plays critical roles in electron transport and cellular respiration, cell proliferation and differentiation, and regulation of gene expression. Two emerging new functions for iron are its necessary role in supporting transcription of certain key genes required for cell growth and function [eg, nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase C-beta, p21 (CIP1/WAF1)] and its complex role in hematopoietic cell differentiation. However, iron is also potentially deleterious. Reactive oxygen species generated by Fenton chemistry may contribute to major pathological processes such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Iron-generated reactive oxygen species may also function in normal intracellular signaling. Therefore, roles of iron are both essential and extraordinarily diverse. This symposium explores this diversity by covering topics of iron absorption and transport, the regulation of gene expression by iron responsive proteins, the cellular biology of heme, hereditary hemochromatosis, and clinical use of serum transferrin receptor measurements.
On the Demographic Composition of Colleges and Universities in Market Equilibrium

Achieving diversity in the racial and ethnic makeup of the student body is one of the objectives that a college pursues in making decisions about admission and financial aid. There has been a tremendous amount of debate about policies that colleges should adopt, or be proscribed from adopting, with respect to diversity. Rather than join this largely normative debate, we adopt a positive focus, investigating how colleges’ quests for ethnic and racial diversity affect admission and financial aid policies, the college quality hierarchy, and the distribution of whites and nonwhite students across colleges of differing qualities. We provide a theoretical framework for investigating the effects of preferences for diversity augmented with results from a parallel computational model calibrated to U.S. data. The effects of efforts to achieve diversity in colleges depend not only on the weight that colleges give to diversity, but also on the value that prospective students place on diversity. Diversity may be of concern to no one, only to colleges, to both colleges and students, or to colleges and a subset of students. We first describe a baseline model without preferences for diversity and then examine three alternatives in which preferences for racial diversity are present.