cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Tariffs: Impacts on Technology Choice, Regional Competitiveness, and Global Emissions

Carbon regulation is intended to reduce global emissions, but there is growing concern that such regulation may simply shift production to unregulated regions, potentially increasing overall carbon emissions in the process. Carbon tariffs have emerged as a possible mechanism to address this concern by imposing carbon costs on imports at the regulated region's border. Advocates claim that such a mechanism would level the playing field whereas opponents argue that such a tariff is anti-competitive. This paper analyzes how carbon tariffs affect technology choice, regional competitiveness, and global emissions through a model of imperfect competition between "domestic" (i.e., carbon-regulated) firms and "foreign" (i.e., unregulated) firms, where domestic firms have the option to offshore production and the number of foreign entrants is endogenous. Under a carbon tariff, results indicate that foreign firms would adopt clean technology at a lower emissions price than domestic producers, with the number of foreign entrants increasing in emissions price only over intervals where offshore foreign firms hold this technology advantage. Further, domestic firms would only offshore production under a carbon tariff to adopt technology strictly cleaner than technology utilized domestically. As a consequence, under a carbon tariff, foreign market share is non-monotonic in emissions price, and global emissions conditionally decrease. Without a carbon tariff, foreign share monotonically increases in emissions price, and a shift to offshore production results in a strict increase in global emissions.
Intravascular volume determinations and fetal outcome in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy

Abstract With the Evans blue technique, 178 plasma volume, blood volume, and red cell-volume determinations were studied in 51 hypertensive and 35 normotensive gravidas. Hypertensive pregnancies were classified according to the American Committee on Maternal Welfare schema. A large range and overlap in plasma and blood volume determinations was found, but mean values in patients with hypertensive disease were significantly depressed when compared with normotensive gravidas. A decrease in red cell mass was observed only in the severe hypertensive group of women. In general, those hypertensive patients with plasma and blood volume determinations approaching those of the normotensive control patients were associated with a favorable maternal and fetal outcome. Extreme hypovolemia occurred in most pregnancies associated with severe hypertensive disease and evidence of uteroplacental insufficiency.
Shuttle lidar resonance fluorescence investigations. I - Analysis of Na and K measurements. II - Analysis of thermospheric Mg/+/ measurements

Optical radar systems (lidar) have a number of advantages compared to passive techniques with respect to applications involving the measurement of alkali atoms (Na and K) in the atmosphere. By using Shuttle-borne optical radar systems, analytical capabilities can be extended to cover wider geographic areas. One of the objectives of the present investigation is to assess the performance and application of a recently defined Shuttle optical radar system for the measurements of sodium and potassium in the 80-110-km region. A second objective is related to a study of the effects of high-intensity laser beams on the optical radar measurements, giving particular attention to the saturation in the atomic absorption of laser photons. A numerical simulation is conducted of the measurements of magnesium ions (Mg/+/) over the 80-500-km altitude range using recently defined Shuttle optical radar system parameters to study the performance of such a system.
Relationship of Treponema pallidum to Acidic Mucopolysaccharides

Attempts were made to relate Treponema pallidum to the acidic mucopolysaccharides that occur in vivo within host ground substance and in vitro on the surface of cultured testicular cells. Infected testicular tissue was fixed and processed for transmission electron microscopy in the presence of ruthenium red. The use of this inorganic dye demonstrated the large quantity of mucopolysaccharide within testicular tissue and the intimate association of treponemes with this material. Wheat germ agglutinin and soybean agglutinin agglutinated freshly harvested trypsinized testicular cells and trypsinized cultured cells derived from normal rabbit testes (NRT). When stained with toluidine blue, both cell preparations were metachromatic. Prior treatment of cultured NRT cells with hyaluronidase slightly decreased their sensitivity to agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin and soybean agglutinin. Lectin agglutination, metachromasia, and hyaluronidase susceptibility indicated that freshly harvested testicular cells and NRT cells have surface-associated acidic mucopolysaccharides that are probably hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. A rabbit erythrocyte “sandwich” technique was devised to show that hyaluronidase removed wheat germ agglutinin receptors from the cultured NRT cells. Prior incubation of NRT cells with hyaluronidase, followed by the addition of T. pallidum , resulted in a reduction in numbers of treponemes attached to the NRT cells. The attachment of T. pallidum appears to be mediated through the acidic mucopolysaccharides on the surface of NRT cells. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of host ground substance mucopolysaccharide to the syphilitic infective process. Images
High-mass X-ray binaries

High-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) systems were first identified in the early 1970s amongst the handful of mysterious bright X-ray sources found in the 1960s from brief sounding rocket and balloon flights. The launch of NASA’s Uhuru (SAS 1) satellite, which made the first all-sky X-ray survey, established the class. One of the first results from this mission was the discovery by Giacconi et al. (1971) of 4.8 s X-ray pulsation from Cen X-3 (Figure 1). Precise pulse timing and the observation of an eclipse of the pulsar showed that Cen X-3 is in a 2.1-day orbit around a massive early-type star (Schreier et al. 1972). Within the Uhuru error box of Cen X-3 Krzeminski (1974) identified the optical counterpart as a 13th magnitude highly reddened early OB-type star. It is ironic to note that if the radio astronomers had not discovered radio pulsars in 1967, then X-ray astronomy would surely have found them a few years later.Around the time of the launch of Uhuru, Bolton (1972) and Webster and Murdin (1972) identified the optical counter-part to the then anonymous X-ray source Cyg X-l (discovered by Bowyer et al 1965) with an OB supergiant HD226868. For a brief time it was thought that Cyg X-1 was also a pulsar (Oda et al. 1971), but it turned out the pulses were not coherent but rather a manifestation of “shot noise” (Terrell 1972), caused by chaotic energy release in the accretion disk around the black hole.
Molecular Dynamics: Further Topics

In this chapter we survey more advanced aspects of integration approaches for biomolecular dynamics that are suitable for students interested in the mathematical issues of numerical schemes. We begin in Section 14.2 by introducing symplectic integrators in terms of an effective rotation in phase space and illustrate basic concepts by simple harmonic analysis.
New‐Onset Epilepsy Risk Factors in Older Veterans

OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for new-onset geriatric epilepsy that may trigger clinicians to consider a differential diagnosis of epilepsy at symptom onset. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: National Veterans Affairs (VA) databases. PARTICIPANTS: Veterans aged 66 and older in fiscal year 2000 (FY00) who received VA care in FY99 and FY00. Individuals with new-onset epilepsy based on a validated algorithm constituted the epilepsy cohort (n=1,843), and individuals without epilepsy constituted the geriatric cohort (n=1,023,376). MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, and race were derived from VA databases. Clinical conditions associated with new-onset geriatric epilepsy (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, dementia, brain tumor) and stroke risk-factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease) were identified using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes before epilepsy onset (epilepsy cohort) and in FY00 (geriatric cohort). RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that patients with cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio (OR)=3.50, 95% confidence interval (CI)=3.13–3.91), cerebrovascular disease and dementia (OR=4.14, 95% CI=3.46–4.96), brain tumor (OR=2.14, 95% CI=1.46–3.13), head injury (OR=2.11, 95% CI=1.41–3.14), and other central nervous system (CNS) conditions (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.32–1.88) were more likely to experience new-onset epilepsy. Statin prescription (OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.56–0.73), older age (≥85 vs 66–74, OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.50–0.87), obesity (OR=0.74, 95% CI=0.62–0.87), and hypercholesterolemia (OR=0.87, 95% CI=0.76–0.98) were associated with a lower likelihood of epilepsy. CONCLUSION: These data suggest greater epilepsy risk for older individuals with CNS insult and an additive effect of cerebrovascular disease and dementia. The statin finding requires further exploration but points to a possible target for prevention of geriatric epilepsy.
N-terminal domain of apolipoprotein B has structural homology to lipovitellin and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein: a “lipid pocket” model for self-assembly of apoB-containing lipoprotein particles

The process of assembly of apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoprotein particles occurs co-translationally after disulfide-dependent folding of the N-terminal domain of apoB but the mechanism is not understood. During a recent database search for protein sequences that contained similar amphipathic beta strands to apoB-100, four vitellogenins, the precursor form of lipovitellin, an egg yolk lipoprotein, from chicken, frog, lamprey, and C. elegans appeared on the list of candidate proteins. The X-ray crystal structure of lamprey lipovitellin is known to contain a "lipid pocket" lined by antiparallel amphipathic beta sheets. Here we report that the first 1000 residues of human apoB-100 (the alpha(1) domain plus the first 200 residues of the beta(1) domain) have sequence and amphipathic motif homologies to the lipid-binding pocket of lamprey lipovitellin. We also show that most of the alpha(1) domain of human apoB-100 has sequence and amphipathic motif homologies to human microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a protein required for assembly of apoB-containing lipoproteins. Based upon these results, we suggest that an LV-like "proteolipid" intermediate containing a "lipid pocket" is formed by the N-terminal portion of apoB alone or, more likely, as a complex with MTP. This intermediate produces a lipid nidus required for assembly of apoB-containing lipoprotein particles; pocket expansion through the addition of amphipathic beta strands from the beta(1) domain of apoB results in the formation of a progressively larger high density lipoprotein (HDL)-like, then very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-like, spheroidal lipoprotein particle.
Dietary Soy Isoflavones and Estrone Protect Ovariectomized ERαKO and Wild-Type Mice from Carcinogen-Induced Colon Cancer

Consumption of soy foods has been weakly associated with reduced colon cancer risk. Colon cancer risk is influenced by estrogen exposure, although the mechanism through which this occurs is not defined. Conversion of estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) may be protective in the colon. We hypothesized that dietary phytoestrogens, or E1, would reduce colon tumorigenesis via an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent mechanism. Ovariectomized ERalphaKO or wild-type (WT) female mice were fed diets containing casein (Casein), soy protein without isoflavones (Soy-IF), soy protein + genistein (Soy+Gen), soy protein + NovaSoy (Soy+NSoy) or soy protein + estrone (Soy+E1) from weaning. Colon tumors were induced with azoxymethane. Tumor incidence was affected by diet but not genotype. Colon tumor incidence was lower in ERalphaKO and WT mice fed the Soy+E1 diet compared with those fed the casein or Soy-IF diets. Mice fed Soy+NSoy had a lower tumor incidence than mice fed casein, but not Soy-IF. Genistein did not affect tumor incidence. Soy protein, independently of phytoestrogens or E1, significantly reduced relative colon weight, tumor burden and multiplicity. Relative colon weight was lower (P=0.008) in mice fed Soy+E1 than in the other soy-fed groups. Tumor incidence in this group was lower than in the casein and soy-IF-fed groups and tended to be lower than in the others (P=0.020). Hence, soy protein and NSoy protect mice from colon cancer, and E1 further reduces colon tumorigenesis in mice, independently of ERalpha.
Light and electron microscopic observations of a direct projection from mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus neurons to hypoglossal motoneurons in the rat.

Abstract A direct projection from rat mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) neurons to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) motoneurons was studied using a double labeling method of anterogradely biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracing combined with retrogradely horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport at both light and electron microscopic levels. BDA was iontophoresed unilaterally into the caudal Vme, and 7 days later HRP was injected into the ipsilateral tongue to label hypoglossal motoneurons. The BDA-labeled fibers were seen descended along Probst’ tract and were traced to the caudal medulla. In this course, the fibers gave off axon collaterals bearing varicosities in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo), the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt), the dorsomedial portions of the subnuclei of oralis (Vodm) and interpolaris (Vidm) and in the XII ipsilaterally. The labeling of terminals was most dense in the PCRt at the levels of caudal pons and rostral medulla, which displayed a ‘dumbbell-shaped’ form in the transverse planes. In the XII, labeled terminals were distributed mainly in the dorsal compartment of the nucleus. One hundred sixty-eight appositions made by BDA-labeled terminals on HRP-labeled motoneurons were seen in the dorsal compartment (71%) and in the lateral subcompartment (24%) of the ventral XII. Under electron microscopy BDA-labeled boutons containing clear, spherical synaptic vesicles were found to form synaptic contacts with the somata and dendrites of hypoglossal motoneurons with asymmetric specializations. The present study provides new evidence that the trigeminal proprioceptive afferent neurons terminate in the XII and make synaptic contacts with their motoneurons.
Voting with Ballots and Feet: Existence of Equilibrium in a Local Public Good Economy

Abstract This paper proves a general existence theorem for equilibrium in a local public good economy with free mobility by extending Greenberg and Shitovitz's (J. Econ. Theory46, 1988, 223-236) approach. Each jurisdiction's collective choice rule is the d-majority voting rule proposed by Greenberg (Econometrica47, 1979, 627-636). Spillover effects of local public goods, externalities due to the population distribution, and snob effects are all allowed. We need transitivity and completeness of preferences; these assumptions are not used by Greenberg and Shitovitz because they do not permit consumers to move. Free mobility of consumers causes disconnections in consumption sets, a problem addressed here.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C62, D72, H72, R13.
Gamblers Anonymous and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Pathological Gamblers

Numerous types of treatments for pathological gambling have been described, but two of the most common are Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and cognitive-behavioral therapy. This paper describes some outcome data associated with the two approaches. It also reviews evidence suggesting that a combined intervention may enhance therapy engagement and reduce relapse rates.
GRAZING OPERATIONS IN THE FLINT HILLS–BLUESTEM PASTURES OF CHASE COUNTY, KANSAS1

ABSTRACT Chase County, Kansas, lies about midway in the north-south trending Flint Hills-Bluestem Pastures of Kansas-Oklahoma in which grazing is prominent on native prairie grasses. Grazing of transient cattle (cattle in transit) developed here shortly after the early cattle trail days has persisted to this day and has given the area uniqueness in our grazing economy. Crop farmers predominate but ranch type operators control most of the good grassland. Most of the good grassland is absentee-urban owned, much of it purchased with nonfarm capital. A close relationship exists between the grazing of transient cattle and absentee ownership of land, made possible by the services of local pasture men who lease many pastures and service transient cattle. Although immediate returns on land investments are modest, nonfarm capital is attracted by speculative and other considerations, such as increasing land values, with the result that farmer operators cannot purchase or lease much grassland and are declining in nu...
Issues in monitoring hazardous chemicals in stormwater runoff/discharges from superfund and other hazardous chemical sites

Deficiencies in design and execution render stormwater-runoff monitoring programs for many hazardous chemical sites inadequate for assessing the potential environmental quality and public health impacts of chemicals in the runoff. Two pervasive problems are the use of analytical methods that are inadequate for measuring certain hazardous chemicals at potentially hazardous concentrations, and the application of “criteria/standards” that are inappropriate for evaluating the environmental/public health impacts of chemicals. These concerns are most notable for carcinogens and chemicals that bioaccumulate in edible aquatic organisms, including arsenic, chromium, beryllium, mercury, dioxins, organochlorine pesticides (such as DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls; unrecognized pollutants; and nanomaterials. In order to appropriately evaluate whether the runoff/discharge from a hazardous chemical site is a threat to human health, the analytical methods must be sufficiently sensitive in critical concentration ranges; sampling regimens need to be sufficiently rigorous to provide reliable characterization of the content of the runoff, receiving water, and, for bioaccumulatable chemicals, levels in edible organisms in receiving water. Proper sampling and analysis will then provide data to enable the appropriate criteria/standards to be applied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing residual stresses in molded parts

Means of reducing the flow-induced residual stresses in injection molded parts through optimization of the thermal history of the process are presented. An approach through the use of a passive insulation layer with low thermal inertia on the cavity surface was investigated. The passive insulation layer prevents the polymer melt from freezing during mold filling and allows the flow-induced stresses to relax after the filling. The criteria for the optimal thermal properties and the required thickness of the layer are presented. A numerical simulation model of non-isothermal filling and cooling of viscoelastic materials was also used to understand the molding process and to evaluate this approach. This model predicts the stress development and relaxation in the molding cycle. Both simulation and experimental results show that the final stresses in the molded parts can be reduced significantly with the use of an insulation layer. This technique can also be applied to other molding or forming processes in order to decouple the material flow and cooling process for minimum residual stresses in the molded parts.
Charge stripping and the site of cationization of substituted aromatic compounds

The site of protonation, methylation and ethylation of anilines, phenols and thiophenols can be determined by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The extent to which the cation attachment products formed from these compounds undergo charge stripping is related to the site of cation attachment. The formation of doubly charged ions for phenols and anilines is favored when cation attachment occurs on the ring. For thiophenols alkylation occurs almost exclusively on the substituent, and yet an abundant stripping peak is recorded. This behavior is opposite to that seen for anilines and phenols and is accounted for in terms of orbital energies in the three systems. The site of cation attachment, as deduced by charge stripping, agrees with conclusions drawn from the fragmentation behavior of these ions upon collision-induced dissociation.
The FEF25–75 and its Decline as a Predictor of Methacholine Responsiveness in Children

Background. Methacholine challenge (MCC) is an important diagnostic tool for asthma, especially in patients in whom routine pulmonary function testing (PFT) is normal or equivocal. The basis for a positive test per American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines is a methacholine concentration ≤ 16 mg/mL that causes a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (termed the PC20 for FEV1). There is little information in the medical literature that utilizes other flow rates during MCC, including small airway function parameters such as the forced expiratory flow rate 25–75% (FEF25 −75). We question whether the FEF25 −75 may be a useful parameter to monitor during MCC and whether it may be predictive of a positive MCC. Hypothesis. The baseline FEF25 −75 and its decline during a MCC are useful in the interpretation of a MCC. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed all MCC performed at this institution between December 1998 and December 2006. Parameters reviewed included age, gender, race, weight, heig...
A submaximal exercise electrocardiographic test as a method of detecting occult ischemic heart disease

Abstract A multistage, continuous treadmill exercise test was designed to achieve nearmaximal heart rates without concomitant exhaustion. A series of 362 ambulatory, asymptomatic Caucasian men with mean age of 44 years, who were predominantly sedentary government administrators, were tested with this protocol for ischemic S-T-segment responses. All subjects reached 90 to 99 per cent predicted maximal heart rate. With continuous monitoring of a bipolar lead, 3 subjects had downsloping S-T-segments with at least a 1 mm. J-junctional depression during exercise; 2 others had “positive” and 8 others equivocal changes after exercise. Eight subjects had frequent premature ventricular contractions, but there were no serious tachyarrhythmias. There were no instances of hypotension, syncope, or untoward vagal reactions. Three subjects requested test termination because of fatigue; none complained of dyspnea. Because of the high degree of subjective acceptability and apparent safety of this protocol, further application and investigation of this approach is suggested for screening high-risk populations by referral centers.
7-Epideoxynupharidine from nuphar luteum subsp. variegatum

Abstract 7-Epideoxynupharidine has been isolated from Nuphar luteum subsp. variegatum .
SU-E-J-08: Dependence of Imaging Dose on Image Quality of Free-Breathing 3DCBCT of Moving Tumors.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact on free‐breathing CBCT (FBCBCT) image quality to properly visualize the motion range of moving tumors as a function of imaging dose. Methods: A multi‐purpose body phantom (QUASAR) with a cylindrical cedar wood (density = 0.330g/cc), and an embedded 3‐cm diameter Polystyrene sphere (density = 0.855g/cc) were used to simulate lungtumor motion. Varian Trilogy with OBI system was used to acquire CBCTimages (high‐dose mode: 125kVp, 80mA, 25ms/frame & low‐dose mode: 110kVp, 20mA, 20ms/frame). As the FBCBCT projections were acquired, the sphere moved in accordance to 30 simulated sinusoidal patient breathing patterns using a programmable motion platform, which were given the parameters: inhalation‐to‐exhalation (I/E) ratio ranging from 1‐0.2131, amplitudes of 1 and 3 cm, and periods 2, 4, and 6 seconds. Following the acquisition of FBCBCT images, the ITV contrast, defined as = (target pixel values inside the sphere ‐ avg. pixel values in background)/(avg. pixel values in background), were calculated per image slice. Results: All parameters, I/E ratio, period, and amplitude did not seem to have much impact on the percentage change of the ITV contrast as a function of imaging dose. The percentage‐change for all coronal images with a reduced ITV contrast when going from high‐dose to low‐dose was ‐ 4.61 ± 3.04%, while the percentage‐change for all coronal images with an ncreased ITV contrast when going from high‐dose to low‐dose, was 8.19 ± 3.61%. The overall percentage‐change of all 30 coronal images was 5.21 ± 6.49%. Conclusions: We found that imaging dose did not have much impact on the visibility of the ITV volume, irrespective of the amplitude, I/E ratio, or period. Thus, it seems that low‐dose FBCBCT may be just as suitable for clinical use while sparing a significant imaging dose to the patients.
Novel Techniques Simplify Calibration of New Multiport Device Test System

This paper focuses on the calibration techniques used in a new test system from Hewlett-Packard for measuring 50-ohm multiport devices. The HP 87050E multiport test sets are designed to work with HP 8712E series of RF vector network analyzers to provide a complete multiport measurement system. Featuring solid-state switching with specified performance up to 2.2 GHz, the test sets come with four, eight or twelve test ports. These complete multiport test systems dramatically increase measurement throughput by reducing the number of RF connections needed to test the DUT, and compared to using other switching solutions, by significantly reducing calibration times. Advanced calibration techniques are described which eliminate redundant connections of reflection standards, reduce the number of through standards needed to calibrate all possible transmission paths, minimize the effect of test-system drift, and provide accurate measurements using full two-port vector-error correction.
Molecular Evolution: Unlocking the secrets of retroviral evolution

Studies of a small circular plasmid found in the mitochondria of the fungus Neurospora crassa shed unexpected light on the evolution of RNA viruses into retroviruses.
SCRUM Project Architecture and Thriving Systems Theory

Agile project management continues to gain a widening and enthusiastic following. Agile methods can achieve a high level of satisfaction among all project stakeholders (users, customers, business managers, developers, and project managers) in terms of productivity, product quality, cost containment, time-to-market, and overall morale. Success with agile requires focus on requirements and design as a continuous discovery process, posing challenges for practitioners of more traditional project management both in terms of method adoption and sustained commitment. Thriving Systems Theory clarifies the appeal of agile project structure and processes, helps project teams determine and achieve the optimal portfolio of quality characteristics, and better articulate their value to all stakeholders. Thriving Systems Theory is an emerging framework of systems design quality that translates the research of design pattern patriarch Christopher Alexander on physical architecture design quality into the domain of systems engineering. The satisfaction achieved through agile methods is explained by Thriving Systems Theory's fifteen choice properties of systems design quality. We demonstrate by identifying the manifestation of the choice properties in SCRUM, an exemplar of agile software project management.
Growth arrest in A549 cells during hyperoxic stress is associated with decreased cyclin B1 and increased p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 levels

Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen has previously been shown to cause growth arrest in A549 cells, a distal lung epithelial cell line. We found that when A549 cells were exposed to 95% oxygen they underwent substantial growth inhibition. This was associated with induction of p21 Waf1=Cip1=Sdi1 protein and a decrease in cyclin B1 protein. Flow cytometry revealed that A549 cells exposed to hyperoxia had a significant decrease in the percentage of cells in G1 and a modest but significant increase in the percentage of cells in S phase and G2/M, consistent with cells entering S phase. A549 cells in room air and hyperoxia were then treated with nocodazole, a mitotic inhibitor. Room air A549 cells treated with nocodazole showed a marked increase in G2/M consistent with mitotic arrest. In contrast, hyperoxic treated cells had a modest but significant decrease in G1 but only a minimal increase in G2/M consistent with partial G1/S arrest and growth inhibition in S phase. To further investigate the role of p21 Waf1=Cip1=Sdi1 as a checkpoint regulator during hyperoxic growth inhibition, HCT116 cells with wild-type and null p21 Waf1=Cip1=Sdi1 were exposed to hyperoxia. Both wild-type p21(+/+) cells and null p21(3/3) cells underwent growth inhibition when exposed to hyperoxia. At 48 h the hyperoxic treated HCT116 p21(+/+) had a similar cell cycle distribution as the hyperoxic treated HCT116 p21(3/3) cells, suggesting that p21 Waf1=Cip1=Sdi1 may not be essential for growth arrest during hyperoxia. These findings suggest that hyperoxia causes partial growth arrest at different phases of the cell cycle but primarily in S phase, that hyperoxic growth arrest is associated with a decrease in cyclin B1 protein and that p21 induction may not be essential for hyperoxic growth arrest. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
ø enhancement in nuclear collisions

Abstract Enhanced strangeness production in nuclear collisions has been proposed as a possible signature of quark-gluon plasma formation: in particular, the o production might increase. We find however that the observed enhancement of the o/(ϱ0 + ω) ratio observed in relativistic heavy ion collisions at CERN, might be due to the smaller size of the o absorption cross section and that the enhancement of the o to continuum ratio could be an artifact of the pt cutoff applied to the data. We suggest that high pt vector mesons at midrapidity, once created in primary collisions, can only be depleted by absorption in secondary collisions and not recreated: no real enhancement of o production would be expected and in fact none may be needed to explain the data.
Features of trinucleotide repeat instability in vivo

Unstable repeats are associated with various types of cancer and have been implicated in more than 40 neurodegenerative disorders. Trinucleotide repeats are located in non-coding and coding regions of the genome. Studies of bacteria, yeast, mice and man have helped to unravel some features of the mechanism of trinucleotide expansion. Looped DNA structures comprising trinucleotide repeats are processed during replication and/or repair to generate deletions or expansions. Most in vivo data are consistent with a model in which expansion and deletion occur by different mechanisms. In mammals, microsatellite instability is complex and appears to be influenced by genetic, epigenetic and developmental factors.
Polydipsia and water intoxication in psychiatric patients: A review of the epidemiological literature

Polydipsia among chronic psychiatric patients is poorly understood and underdiagnosed. It may have three stages: simple polydipsia, polydipsia with water intoxication, and physical complications. Epidemiological surveys have used staff reports and polyuria measures to identify polydipsic patients. Water intoxication has been screened by chart review, weight, or serum sodium data. According to these surveys, polydipsia, not explained by medically induced polyuria, may be present in more than 20% of chronic inpatients. Up to 5% of chronic inpatients had episodes of water intoxication although mild cases may have been missed. Single time point surveys show that 29% of polydipsic patients had presented water intoxication. Methodologically limited clinical studies suggest that polydipsia with water intoxication rather than simple polydipsia may be associated with poor prognosis in schizophrenia. Epidemiological surveys found polydipsia with water intoxication to be associated with chronicity, schizophrenia, smoking, some medications, male gender, and white race. New pathophysiological models need to elucidate these findings.
The α3 and β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits are necessary for nicotine-induced seizures and hypolocomotion in mice

Abstract Binding of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) elicits a series of dose-dependent behaviors that go from altered exploration, sedation, and tremors, to seizures and death. nAChRs are pentameric ion channels usually composed of α and β subunits. A gene cluster comprises the α3, α5 and β4 subunits, which coassemble to form functional receptors. We examined the role of the β4 subunits in nicotine-induced seizures and hypolocomotion in β4 homozygous null (β4 −/−) and α3 heterozygous (+/−) mice. β4 −/− mice were less sensitive to the effects of nicotine both at low doses, measured as decreased exploration in an open field, and at high doses, measured as sensitivity to nicotine-induced seizures. Using in situ hybridization probes for the α3 and α5 subunits, we showed that α5 mRNA levels are unchanged, whereas α3 mRNA levels are selectively decreased in the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb, and the inferior and the superior colliculus of β4 −/− brains. α3 +/− mice were partially resistant to nicotine-induced seizures when compared to wild-type littermates. mRNA levels for the α5 and the β4 subunits were unchanged in α3 +/− brains. Together, these results suggest that the β4 and the α3 subunits are mediators of nicotine-induced seizures and hypolocomotion.
Numerical validation of a near-field fugitive dust model for vehicles moving on unpaved surfaces

This paper presents a numerical model for evaluating fugitive dust emissions and transport in a near field induced by a moving vehicle. The dust emission model describes the quantity and location of emitted dust. The transport of the dust is recorded by the Lagrangian particle-tracking method, and the turbulence dispersion of particles is modeled stochastically. The presented model is validated numerically for the prediction of dust concentration in a region near the vehicles through a careful comparison with the available experimental data. The simulation results compare reasonably well with the experimental data. This model provides, for the first time, a validated dust emission and transport model suitable for the near field of moving vehicles.
The 2001 Phoenix Sunrise experiment: vertical mixing and chemistry during the morning transition in Phoenix

Abstract A field experiment was carried out in Phoenix during June 2001 to examine the role of vertical mixing on the O3 chemistry of the boundary layer during the morning transition from stable to unstable atmospheric conditions. Surface instruments, instruments located on two floors of a 39 story building in downtown Phoenix, and an instrumented airplane were used to characterize the evolving chemistry in the lowest 650 m of the atmosphere. Remote sensing and in situ platforms were used to obtain detailed profiles of winds and temperatures during the early morning hours and for several hours after sunrise. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on vertical profiles of CO, O3, and NO/NOy measured on the building and their relationship to the morning boundary layer evolution over Phoenix. Some features of these profiles were found that are consistent with a simple conceptual picture of nighttime trapping of pollutants in a stable surface layer and a subsequent release the following morning. On some days, however, evidence of significant vertical mixing was found during the early morning hours well before the times expected for the development of convective mixing after sunrise. Possible causes include advection, street canyon turbulence, and large-scale convergence, but a satisfactory explanation for the observed evolution of the chemical profiles has not yet been found.
SimBuilder: exploration and usability inspection

The objective to this research is to give middle school students a more incentive vision to use educational software by providing software that is easy to learn and manipulate. This objective is met by exploring visual programming techniques for novice programmers. Even though recent studies have tried to test the assumption that more computers in the classroom will allow students greater usage of educational software, this assumption has not been proven. This assumption forms the purpose of this particular research, which focuses on developing a new structure to encourage such usage of educational software in the classroom. Educational software will enhance the student's general science education by introducing them to basic programming skills and visual programming techniques.
Cellular interactions of vitamin E cytokines and growth factors

Vitamin E has both antioxidant and antiproliferative actions. Its interactions with cell growth, cytokines, tissue necrosis factor and free radical release in relation to irradiation are the focus of this review.
Research and Policy Directions in Violence: A Developmental Perspective

Violence and violence-related behaviors have become important research and policy considerations in the 1990s. Both private and public institutions have assembled considerable research associated with male violence directed against children, youth, women, and other males. Data currently available indicate that focusing on males as perpetrators is an appropriate direction for violence research. In this paper, suggestions are offered regarding a developmental-socialization hypothesis for further research in the area of male violence.
Hailing Zenobia: Anti‐Judaism, trinitarianism, and John Henry Newman

Abstract John Henry Newman's early nineteenth‐century monograph The Arians of the Fourth Century iterates and intensifies the anti‐Jewish rhetoric already conveyed by the Nicene trinitarian theology inaugurated by Athanasius of Alexandria in the fourth century. Invoking philosopher Judith Butler's analysis of the performative power of ‘hate speech’ not only to injure, but also to interpellate subjects who may be heard to ‘talk back’, the present article seeks to surface the subversive potentialities contained not only within Newman's text (read in its immediate historical context), but also within trinitarian discourse more generally. Zenobia, third‐century ruler of Palmyra, reviled by Newman as both a ‘Judaizer’ and an ancestor of ‘Arianism’ (i.e. anti‐trinitarian theology), serves in this article (as in Newman's text) as the privileged figure for an interpellated subject, at once ‘Jewish’ and ‘feminine’ (thus seductively ‘oriental'), that may be heard to give voice to the ‘insurrectionary’ counter‐speec...
Far infrared absorption by screened D- states in quantum wells in a strong magnetic field

Abstract The electronic states and the FIR absorption spectrum of one (D0) and two (D−) electron complexes bound by shallow donors confined in a quantum well in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field are studied. The effect of free carriers in the quantum well on bound states is treated in the screening approximation. The screening by free carriers in disordered Landau levels is effective when the chemical potential is in the center of the Landau level leading to the unbinding of D− states at odd filling factors and a reappearance at even filling factors. The FIR absorption spectrum shows a change of slope around even filling factors both for screened D− and D0 complexes in the vicinity of even filling factors in qualitative agreement with recent experiments by Cheng et al.
Neonatal resuscitation for the preterm infant: evidence versus practice

In an effort to determine the actual conduct of neonatal resuscitation and the errors that may be occurring during this process, we developed a method of video recording neonatal resuscitations as an ongoing quality assurance project. We initiated video recordings of resuscitations using simple video recorders attached to an overhead warmer and reviewed the resultant tapes during biweekly quality improvement meetings. We also added the continuous recording of analog information such as heart rate, oximeter values, fraction of inspired oxygen and airway pressure. We subsequently developed a checklist that includes a preresuscitation briefing and a postresuscitation debriefing, all of which are reviewed at the same time as the video recording. We have examined the use of oxygen in the very preterm infant, the effectiveness of bag and mask ventilation, including the detection of airway obstruction during such ventilation, intubation in the delivery area and environment. In addition, we have trained our teams and leaders using Crew Resource Management and focused on improved communication. The availability of a dedicated room for resuscitation allows an increased ambient environment and the ability to provide a user-friendly setting similar to the neonatal intensive care unit to optimize performance. There are numerous opportunities for improving team and leader performance and outcomes following neonatal resuscitation. Further prospective studies are required to evaluate specific interventions.
SU-FF-J-170: Impact of 4D Cone Beam CT View-Aliasing Artifact On Nonrigid Registration Accuracy

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of 4D cone beam CT view‐aliasing artifact on nonrigid registration accuracy. Method and Materials: End exhalation (EE) and end inhalation (EI) volumes from a 4D multi‐slice CTimage (4DCT) of a research subject were registered using a small deformation inverse consistent linear elastic (SICLE) registration algorithm to produce a reference displacement vector field (DVF) between the two images. Artificial cone beam CT projections were generated for the EE and EI volumes at several different angular sampling patterns, mimicking 4D cone beam CT (4DCBCT) acquisition in a free‐breathing patient. The projections were reconstructed into EE and EI 4DCBCT phase images containing view‐aliasing artifact due to angular undersampling, but without CBCT scatter and beam hardening artifacts. The EE and EI 4DCBCT images were registered using the SICLE algorithm to produce a test DVF. Test DVFs were generated at a range of angular frequencies from 0.17 projections per degree to 1.83 projections per degree (full angular sampling on a commercial cone beam CT system). The norm of the voxel by voxel vector difference between the test DVF and reference DVF within the patient's delineated lung volume was calculated. Results: The mean absolute error was significantly associated with the projection angular frequency (p < 0.05, exponential regression, R2=0.996). The median error was below 0.2 cm and 90% of the error was below 0.3 cm for the lowest frequency evaluated here of 60 projections per phase. However, above a sampling frequency of 0.33 projections per degree (120 projections per phase), 90% of the error was less than 0.1 cm in relation to the 4DCT registration. Conclusion: Using at least 120 projections per phase, view‐aliasing artifact had a minimal effect on the registration accuracy for the SICLE algorithm due to inherent elastic and smoothing constraints in the algorithm.
Weight-based versus set dosing of vancomycin for coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve surgery

Objectives This study was undertaken to identify a preferred dosing strategy for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, valve replacement surgery, or both were randomly assigned to receive either standard 1-g dosing with vancomycin before and after cardiopulmonary bypass or a single weight-based 20-mg/kg dose before surgery. The primary outcome was the percentage of time plasma concentrations were greater than 15 μg/mL during cardiopulmonary bypass and at surgical closure. Secondary outcomes included concentration of vancomycin in endothoracic tissue after vancomycin infusion, average time patients had vancomycin concentrations greater than 15 μg/mL, and vancomycin plasma and tissue pharmacokinetic parameters. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the study dosing group (n = 10) and the standard dosing group (n = 10). From postinfusion to end of bypass, the median percentage of time vancomycin concentrations remained greater than 15 μg/mL was 100% (interquartile range [IQR], 72.6%-100%) for weight-based dosing versus 43.7% (IQR, 28.7%-53.4%) for standard dosing ( P = .0005). From postinfusion to surgical closure, the percentage of time vancomycin concentrations remained greater than 15 μg/mL was significantly higher in the weight-based group (100% [IQR, 58.3%-100%] vs 34.6% [IQR, 25.3%-41.6%]; P = .0005). Weight-based dosing increased calculated time with vancomycin concentrations greater than 15 μg/mL and resulted in higher endothoracic tissue vancomycin concentrations. Conclusions Weight-based vancomycin dosing before coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement results in vancomycin concentrations greater than 15 μg/mL consistently more than does standard 1-g dosing.
An Experimental Investigation of Forces Induced on Cylinders by Random Oscillatory Flow

Results are presented from experiments investigating hydrodynamic forces induced on fixed circular cylinders by random oscillatory flows. The oscillatory flow was generated in a water tunnel and the inline and transverse forces induced on the cylinders were measured simultaneously. Analysis of the measured forces shows that significant differences exist when comparing drag and inertia coefficients to those measured under sinusoidal flow conditions, particularly in the inertia/drag regime of the Keulegan-Carpenter number. The comparison of results for random versus sinusoidal flow conditions generated in the same experimental apparatus quantifies the difference in the physical mechanisms, specifically the vortex shedding and pairing, which influence the induced forces. A study is also made of the dependence of measured force power spectral densities on the statistical Keulegan-Carpenter number, Reynold's number and on the spectral width of the flow velocity auto-power spectrum.
Observations onCebus capucinus in Southwestern Panama

Observations onCebus capucinus in 10 forests in Chiriqui, Panama, are reported. Troop size ranged from two to five in small forests to 20 or more in large forests. A 10 week study was conducted in a coastal forest that contained a troop of 27 to 30Cebus. The troop’s daily path length was approximately 1.6 to 2.5 km and their home range was between 32 and 40 ha. TheCebus usually spent 50 to 70% of their day foraging and traveling. On one occasion, aCebus attacked anIguana, wrestled with it, eventually broke off 30 to 40 cm of its tail, and ate meat from the tail. The relations betweenCebus andSaimiri oerstedii, Alouatta palliata, and man are described.
WITHDRAWN: From The Editor

The Publisher regrets that this article was an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Early Childhood Research Quarterly, Volume 22 (1) 1–2, doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.01.003 . The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.