cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tropical land-sea couplings: Role of watershed deforestation, mangrove estuary processing, and marine inputs on N fluxes in coastal Pacific Panama.

Abstract We review data from coastal Pacific Panama and other tropical coasts with two aims. First, we defined inputs and losses of nitrogen (N) mediating connectivity of watersheds, mangrove estuaries, and coastal sea. N entering watersheds—mainly via N fixation (79-86%)—was largely intercepted; N discharges to mangrove estuaries (3-6%), small compared to N inputs to watersheds, nonetheless significantly supplied N to mangrove estuaries. Inputs to mangrove estuaries (including watershed discharges, and marine inputs during flood tides) were matched by losses (mainly denitrification and export during ebb tides). Mangrove estuary subsidies of coastal marine food webs take place by export of forms of N [DON (62.5%), PN (9.1%), and litter N (12.9%)] that provide dissimilative and assimilative subsidies. N fixation, denitrification, and tidal exchanges were major processes, and DON was major form of N involved in connecting fluxes in and out of mangrove estuaries. Second, we assessed effects of watershed forest cover on connectivity. Decreased watershed forest cover lowered N inputs, interception, and discharge into receiving mangrove estuaries. These imprints of forest cover were erased during transit of N through estuaries, owing to internal N cycle transformations, and differences in relative area of watersheds and estuaries. Largest losses of N consisted of water transport of energy-rich compounds, particularly DON. N losses were similar in magnitude to N inputs from sea, calculated without considering contribution by intermittent coastal upwelling, and hence likely under-estimated. Pacific Panama mangrove estuaries are exposed to major inputs of N from land and sea, which emphasizes the high degree of bi-directional connectivity in these coupled ecosystems. Pacific Panama is still lightly affected by human or global changes. Increased deforestation can be expected, as well as changes in ENSO, which will surely raise watershed-derived loads of N, as well as significantly change marine N inputs affecting coastal coupled ecosystems.
La dialéctica de los puños y de las pistolas

El presente articulo gira en torno a la formacion y evolucion de la concepcion falangista del Estado. En este sentido, analizamos el proceso de teorizacion que tuvo lugar desde la creacion de los grupos fundacionales liderados por Ramiro Ledesma Ramos, Onesimo Redondo y Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, que sentaron las bases doctrinales del movimiento, pasando por su desarrollo durante la Guerra Civil espanola y la inmediata posguerra, que marco el punto algido del proyecto de hegemonia del partido, hasta llegar a las postrimerias de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, momento en el que distintos ideologos falangistas tuvieron que abordar la necesidad de desgajarse del tronco del totalitarismo. Del mismo modo, apuntamos su grado de homologacion con la doctrina y la trayectoria seguida por los movimientos fascista y nacionalsocialista, asi como su concreta plasmacion en el ordenamiento fundamental de la dictadura franquista
Enlightening Butterfly Conservation Efforts: The Importance of Natural Lighting for Butterfly Behavioral Ecology and Conservation

Light is arguably the most important abiotic factor for living organisms. Organisms evolved under specific lighting conditions and their behavior, physiology, and ecology are inexorably linked to light. Understanding light effects on biology could not be more important as present anthropogenic effects are greatly changing the light environments in which animals exist. The two biggest anthropogenic contributors changing light environments are: (1) anthropogenic lighting at night (i.e., light pollution); and (2) deforestation and the built environment. I highlight light importance for butterfly behavior, physiology, and ecology and stress the importance of including light as a conservation factor for conserving butterfly biodiversity. This review focuses on four parts: (1) Introducing the nature and extent of light. (2) Visual and non-visual light reception in butterflies. (3) Implications of unnatural lighting for butterflies across several different behavioral and ecological contexts. (4). Future directions for quantifying the threat of unnatural lighting on butterflies and simple approaches to mitigate unnatural light impacts on butterflies. I urge future research to include light as a factor and end with the hopeful thought that controlling many unnatural light conditions is simply done by flipping a switch.
Nano-therapeutic cancer immunotherapy using hyperthermia-induced heat shock proteins: insights from mathematical modeling.

Background Nano-therapeutic utilizing hyperthermia therapy in combination with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation is known to treat various types of cancer. These cancer treatments normally focus on reducing tumor burden. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to confine adequate thermal energy in a tumor and obtain a complete tumor ablation to avoid recurrence and metastasis while leaving normal tissues unaffected. Consequently, it is critical to attain an alternative tumor-killing mechanism to circumvent these challenges. Studies have demonstrated that extracellular heat shock proteins (HSPs) activate antitumor immunity during tumor cell necrosis. Such induced immunity was further shown to assist in regressing tumor and reducing recurrence and metastasis. However, only a narrow range of thermal dose is reported to be able to acquire the optimal antitumor immune outcome. Consequently, it is crucial to understand how extracellular HSPs are generated. Materials and methods In this work, a predictive model integrating HSP synthesis mechanism and cell death model is proposed to elucidate the HSP involvement in hyperthermia cancer immune therapy and its relation with dead tumor cells. This new model aims to provide insights into the thermally released extracellular HSPs by dead tumor cells for a more extensive set of conditions, including various temperatures and heating duration time. Results Our model is capable of predicting the optimal thermal parameters to generate maximum HSPs for stimulating antitumor immunity, promoting tumor regression, and reducing metastasis. The obtained nonlinear relation between extracellular HSP concentration and increased dead cell number, along with rising temperature, shows that only a narrow range of thermal dose is able to generate the optimal antitumor immune result. Conclusion Our predictive model is capable of predicting the optimal temperature and exposure time to generate HSPs involved in the antitumor immune activation, with a goal to promote tumor regression and reduce metastasis.
Psychological and Psychosocial Outcome of Anterior Temporal Lobectomy

It is now generally recognized that the outcome of epilepsy surgery must be measured not just in terms of relief from seizures but also with respect to psychosocial functioning, including psychiatric, vocational, and interpersonal factors (Taylor, 1987; Fenwick, 1988; Dodrill, 1986). In this chapter, common methods of measuring psychological and psychosocial outcome are reviewed, including representative studies that have employed each method. We also examine methodological issues and present preliminary data from our laboratory that illustrate the importance of adequate experimental control. Finally, we propose several directions for future research.
The Human D1ADopamine Receptor: Heterologous Expression inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand Purification of the Functional Receptor

Functional human D1A dopamine receptor has been expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The primary sequence of the receptor was modified to include two affinity tags at the C-terminus of the protein, a FLAG tag (DYKDDDDK), and a His6 tag (HHHHHH). These modifications allowed for purification to near homogeneity using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography. Radioligand binding demonstrated that the purified and reconstituted receptor binds the antagonist [3H]SCH23390 with an affinity (KD = 8.0 +/- 3.2 nM) comparable to that of the native receptor.
The Dark Side of Leadership in Information Systems Security: A Model of the Effect of Manager Transgressions on Employee Security Behaviors

This paper presents a conceptual model to explain employee security behaviors as a function of manager’s transgressions in the workplace. To date, most information systems security (ISS) studies neglect the effects poor leadership can have on the security of organizational ISS. This paper seeks to broaden the study of leadership in information systems security by examining negative effects of leadership. This paper suggests that leader transgressions create punitive desires in employees that result in ISS-related deviance. This paper identifies two forms of deviance, intentional policy non-compliance and less intentional neglect of proactive security behaviors. Importantly, although other studies mention these two forms of deviance, this paper is one of few that model them together. The model in this paper can help leaders understand the effects of their negative behaviors and direct leaders toward ways to improve relationships with employees, and thereby enhance security.
The Forgotten Power Behind the Scenes: Deteriorating Global Infrastructures

Despite its widely acknowledged role in economic development and growth, in both developed and developing countries, infrastructure is a neglected concept at best and totally forgotten at worst. This chapter brings the major concept into focus that economic progress begins with infrastructure development and management.
A controlled trial of azathioprine in the management of chronic ulcerative colitis.

To determine the efficacy of azathioprine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, a 6-month double blind trial was carried out. Thirty patients with chronic ulcerative colitis who required the equivalent of at least 10 mg of prednisone per day over the 3 months prior to entering the study were randomized into placebo and azathioprine (1.5 mg per kg) treatment groups. Reduction of steroids was a major objective of the trial. Age and sex distribution, number of bowel movements, sense of well being, steroid dosage, and findings on proctoscopy, rectal biopsy, and colon X-ray initially were similar in the two groups. No side effects were associated with azathioprine. Although steroid dose was lower (P
Development of Advanced Laparoscopy

The development of advanced laparoscopic procedures will rely on operator creativity and flexibility. Larger, more complex procedures draw upon the experience gained from varied lesser procedures. The evolution of many laparoscopic techniques has resulted in circumvention of intense preliminary laboratory study. The honesty and integrity of the practicing surgeon and the manufacturers of laparoscopic equipment are critical in ensuring the safe and practical development of the discipline of laparoscopic surgery.
Abstract 386: Heme function in promoting tumorigenic potential of lung cancer cells

Heme, also known as iron protoporphyrin IX, is an essential molecule for living organisms. Heme serves as a prosthetic group in enzymes, and acts as a signaling molecule in diverse cellular processes. Mammalian cells can synthesize heme endogenously, or they can import heme from circulation via heme transporters. The synthesis of heme is carried out by eight enzymes, the first of which is the rate-limiting enzyme 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase. Heme can also be transported intracellularly by transporters, such as HCP1 (heme carrier protein 1) and HRG1 (heme responsive gene 1). Finally, levels of heme are also maintained by the degrading enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). HO-1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of heme. HO-1 cleaves heme to biliverdin and carbon monoxide. Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin, which is an antioxidant and scavenger of ROS. Heme also serves as a catalytic site for various proteins that are involved in aerobic metabolism, such as respiratory chain cytochromes. For example, complex II, III, and IV of the mitochondria require heme for proper function. Importantly, epidemiologic studies have shown the association of dietary heme intake, mainly from red meat, with different cancers, including lung cancer. Therefore, we have analyzed the levels of heme synthesis, uptake, degradation, oxygen consumption and mitochondrial proteins in an immortalized, nontumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cell line (NL20) compared to the tumorigenic counterpart (NL20-TA). These studies showed that the tumorigenic cell line expressed significantly higher levels of heme flux compared to the nontumorigenic cell line. This led us to alter heme availability by overexpressing the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis as well as the rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation. Experiments are under way to characterize their effects on tumor growth and metastasis. Citation Format: Chantal Vidal, Sagar Sohoni, Li Zhang. Heme function in promoting tumorigenic potential of lung cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 386.
Dopaminergic impact of cART and anti-depressants on HIV neuropathogenesis in older adults

Abstract The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV infection into a chronic condition, resulting in an increase in the number of older, cART-treated adults living with HIV. This has increased the incidence of age-related, non-AIDS comorbidities in this population. One of the most common comorbidities is depression, which is also associated with cognitive impairment and a number of neuropathologies. In older people living with HIV, treating these overlapping disorders is complex, often creating pill burden or adverse drug-drug interactions that can exacerbate these neurologic disorders. Depression, NeuroHIV and many of the neuropsychiatric therapeutics used to treat them impact the dopaminergic system, suggesting that dopaminergic dysfunction may be a common factor in the development of these disorders. Further, changes in dopamine can influence the development of inflammation and the regulation of immune function, which are also implicated in the progression of NeuroHIV and depression. Little is known about the optimal clinical management of drug-drug interactions between cART drugs and antidepressants, particularly in regard to dopamine in older people living with HIV. This review will discuss those interactions, first examining the etiology of NeuroHIV and depression in older adults, then discussing the interrelated effects of dopamine and inflammation on these disorders, and finally reviewing the activity and interactions of cART drugs and antidepressants on each of these factors. Developing better strategies to manage these comorbidities is critical to the health of the aging, HIV-infected population, as the older population may be particularly vulnerable to drug-drug interactions affecting dopamine.
Motion Control Algorithm of a Mobile Gas Analyzer of the Fire Safety System

The article approaches the use of the unmanned aerial complex application for fire safety systems on the basis of a mobile gas analyzer (MGA), installed on a flying platform. A method is proposed for planning the trajectory of movement of the aerial complex, based on a convertiplane, toward a source of combustion and modeling its modes of motion associated with early detection of combustion sources attributed to sensing the space and estimating the CO concentration scope. A method for determining the coordinates of the source of combustion, implemented with reference to a mobile gas analyzer, has been described. A flight algorithm in the direction of the source of combustion has been developed, combining both types of movement along straight lines and motion in circles.
NATIONAL ELDER MISTREATMENT STUDY WAVE II: MENTAL HEALTH CORRELATES OF FINANCIAL MISTREATMENT

Objective: Whereas prevalence of elder financial mistreatment has received increased attention over the past decade, health and mental health correlates are rarely studied. Thus, the potential relevance of financial abuse to mental health and perceived health is relatively unknown, and the objective of this article is to illustrate this relationship. Method: The second wave of the National Elder Mistreatment Study used random digit dialing telephone survey methodology to assess both recent financial mistreatment and its potential mental health correlates (i.e., diagnoses of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], and self-ratings of physical health) in 774 older adults. Results: The study indicated that past-year Wave II financial mistreatment was associated with significantly increased likelihood of depression, PTSD, GAD, and poor self-rated health; and financial mistreatment perpetrated by family members was associated with particularly increased risk of depression. Discussion: Assessment of mental health is relevant and important in cases of financial abuse.
“Bitter Touch”: Cross-modal associations between hand-feel touch and gustatory cues in the context of coffee consumption experience

Abstract Since a variety of packaging and containers have become commercially available in the market, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the influences of hand-feel touch cues on consumer perceptions and emotional responses toward food and beverage products. This study aimed to determine whether hand-feel touch cues of cup-sleeve materials could be associated with imagined (Study 1) and consumed (Study 2) basic tastes, and thereby affect the perception of brewed coffee (Study 3). Participants were asked to evaluate twelve different cup-sleeve materials with respect to evoked emotions and their degree of matching with each of the four basic taste qualities and brewed coffee-related flavor attributes (Study 1). Individual cup-sleeve materials were found to be more associated with specific taste qualities, coffee-related flavors, and emotions. Hand-feel touch cues of different sleeves were also found to be associated with taste qualities consumed (Study 2). For example, towel, linen, stainless steel, and cardboard materials were matched with sweet, salty, sour, and bitter taste qualities, respectively. Specific physical characteristics of cup-sleeve materials were found to be involved in mediating such cross-modal associations between hand-feel touch and taste cues. In Study 3, participants were asked to evaluate brewed coffee samples in paper cups both with cardboard sleeves and those made from the other test materials (towel, linen, and stainless steel). While participants rated black coffee samples with a towel sleeve less bitter than those with a cardboard sleeve, such differences were not observed in other pairwise comparisons. In conclusion, this study provided empirical evidence that hand-feel touch cues can be associated with specific taste or coffee-related flavor attributes, thereby modulating consumer perception of brewed coffee.
INSTITUTIONS, HOUSEHOLD CREDIT COMPOSITION, AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE

We show that the negative effect of household credit growth on subsequent economic growth documented in the recent literature is not the same across countries. The effect is stronger in countries with weak institutions where the fraction of consumer credit in total household credit is greater. That is an important nuance as consumer credit is a sizable part of household credit in many emerging markets and its rapid buildup should be observed with the same caution as a rapid buildup in housing credit. (JEL G21, E32, E44)
Making sense of climate: A meta-analytic extension of the competing values framework:

Organizational climate research has surged recently, but the disbursement of research contributions across domains has made it difficult to draw conclusions about climate and its connections with p...
Chapter Three – PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Publisher Summary The usefulness of the random variable concept depends upon the ability to determine the probability that the values of the random variable occur in a given set of real numbers. Probability distributions is meant to suggest that the most important property of a random variable X is how it “distributes probability.” That is, how the probability associated with values of X is distributed over these values. For a discrete random variable the most convenient way to do this is an analytical formula for the probability mass function. This chapter discusses some discrete and continuous random variables that have been found to be especially useful in applied probability theory and of special importance to computer science applications. Each of these random variables is determined by either one or two parameters, that is, given the parameter or parameters, the entire probability distribution is known. This makes it relatively easy to fit one of these distributions to an empirical distribution. The chapter discusses the central limit theorem and some of its applications. The basic idea of the theorem is that the sum of independent random variables tends toward a normal random variable under very weak restrictions. This explains the special importance of the normal distribution. The chapter presents Several examples of the use of the central limit theorem.
Fabrication of ultrathin CuO nanowires augmenting oriented attachment crystal growth directed self-assembly of Cu(OH)2 colloidal nanocrystals

Augmenting the oriented attachment (OA) crystal growth phenomena, herein, we demonstrate fabrication of ultrathin CuO nanowires from self-assembled one-dimensional (1D) nanowires of Cu(OH)2 nanocrystals. A facile environmentally benign sol–gel approach, which utilizes base-catalyzed hydrolysis followed by directed self-assembly and crystal growth of nanocrystals, is developed to prepare Cu(OH)2 nanowires. The sol of Cu(OH)2 nanocrystals shows aggregative self-assembly guided by the OA crystal growth process to form ultrathin Cu(OH)2 nanowires, with an average length of 675 ± 4 nm and diameter of 6 ± 2 nm. The time-dependent UV-visible spectral traces, along with real-time imaging of nanocrystals self-assembly and growth under the transmission electron microscope, are evidenced the concept of the OA crystal growth directed self-assembly, yielding 1D colloidal nanoarrays of Cu(OH)2. The powder XRD traces collected during the self-assembly and crystal growth process reveal the directional aggregative crystal growth along the facet of [001], confirming the OA directed crystal growth and fusion of nanocrystals to yield 1D nanostructures. The gradual blue-shift in optical absorption maxima from 770 nm in initial precursor solution, to 670 nm for Cu(OH)2 nanocrystals sol, and finally to 647 nm for self-assembled 1D Cu(OH)2 nanowires have further evidenced the formation of Cu(OH)2 nanowires. Upon subjecting self-assembled Cu(OH)2 nanowires for post-annealing treatment, ultrathin CuO nanowires with average length of 7 ± 0.50 μm and diameter of 27 ± 2 nm is obtained in high purity. The experimental powder XRD patterns of Cu(OH)2 and CuO nanowires match the simulated XRD patterns, indexing the crystal unit cell structures to orthorhombic and monoclinic, respectively. The tailored narrow optical band gaps for Cu(OH)2 and CuO nanowires are found to be 1.51 eV and 1.10 eV. The theoretical band gap predicted for Cu(OH)2 nanowires is 1.52 eV and is in good agreement with its optical band gap, whereas theoretical band computed for CuO nanowires is 0.13 eV lower than from its optical band gap.
VCAN accumulation and proteolysis as predictors of T lymphocyte-excluded and permissive tumor microenvironments.

3127Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a major advance for treating solid tumors. However, only a minority of patients (pts) benefit from these therapies and markers that pre...
Reed on expressivism at the end of life: a bridge too far.

In his thought-provoking piece, ‘Expressivism at the Beginning and End of Life’, Philip Reed contrasts the application of the expressivist objection to the use of reproductive technologies (such as prenatal testing and preimplantation diagnosis) with its application to interventions that bring about death (such as physician aid in dying and euthanasia). In the process of supporting his comparative conclusion, that ‘expressivism at the end of life is a much greater concern than at the beginning’, he makes some interesting observations and offers some convincing arguments. Further examination, however, shows that his arguments actually support conclusions far beyond the modest one he intends to draw. The absurdity of these conclusions can be used to identify the flaws in Reed’s argument. Reed summarises the expressivist objection in the context of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) as follows: > When we allow PAS for individuals who are terminally ill or facing some severe disease or disability, we send a message of disrespect to all individuals who face such adversities in that we imply that they are inferior or their lives are not worth living. Analogous arguments have been made about decisions to use reproductive technology to prevent the birth of people with disabilities. Reed describes a common rebuttal to the …
Uncooled Infrared Detector Based on an Aluminum Nitride Piezoelectric Fishnet Metasurface

This article reports on the first demonstration of a high resolution (~1.9 nW/Hz1/2 measured in 200 Hz bandwidth) and fast (~5.3 ms) uncooled Infrared (IR) detector based on a high frequency (172 MHz) aluminum nitride nano-plate piezoelectric fishnet-like metasurface (PFM). For the first time, an ultrathin (650 nm) piezoelectric fishnet-like metasurface is employed to form the vibrating body of a nanoelectromechanical resonator with a unique combination of optical, thermal and electromechanical properties. Sensing and actuation of a high frequency and high electromechanical performance (quality factor, $Q\sim 2254$ and electromechanical coupling coefficient, $k_{t}^{2}\sim 1.4$ %) bulk acoustic mode of vibration in the free-standing ultrathin structure is achieved thanks to the superior piezoelectric transduction properties of the proposed metasurface. Strong absorption (60%) of mid wavelength infrared (MWIR) radiation in the ultra-low volume resonant device is obtained thanks to the properly engineered optical properties of the fishnet-like metasurface which provide multiple plasmonic resonances at 3- $5~\mu \text{m}$ to the structure. The demonstrated resonant PFM detector technology marks a milestone towards the implementation of a new class of high performance, miniaturized and low power MWIR imaging systems.
Directional movement of consumer fronts associated with creek heads in salt marshes.

Consumers often deplete local resources and aggregate along edges of remaining resources, forming "consumer fronts." We examined the factors that promote Sesarma reticulatum crab aggregations at saltmarsh creek heads to explain the directional but slow movement of these fronts. We also created artificial creek heads to test the hypothesis that hydrological conditions at creek heads create superior habitat for crabs. Soil temperatures were ˜11-12% cooler, hydrogen sulfide concentrations lower (0.0 vs. ˜0.58 mg/L), and dissolved oxygen concentrations twofold higher at the creek head versus the marsh platform. In the artificial creek-head experiment, altering hydrological conditions led to lower dissolved sulfide levels, higher dissolved oxygen levels, and increased densities of crab burrows and Sesarma crabs. Moreover, the elevation of the soil surface declined rapidly at artificial creek heads versus controls, suggesting that crabs were increasing erosion. Our results suggest that abiotic conditions for crabs are better at the leading edge of the creek head than the trailing edge, explaining the directional movement of the front. Moreover, the speed at which the front propagates appears to be limited by the rate at which the creekhead erodes, rather than by crab mobility. The directional and slow movement of Sesarma fronts compared to consumer fronts of other invertebrates appears to result from the inextricable link between Sesarma and marsh geomorphology, whereas other consumer fronts are associated mostly with food resources.
Research on Hospital Drug Supply Chain Management Mode

In order to improve the management efficiency of hospital drug supply chain, in order to achieve the coordination and cooperation of all members in the drug supply chain, and improve the core business ability of each member, this paper makes a deep analysis and research on the hospital drug supply chain management mode. This paper discusses three kinds of hospital drug supply chain management mode, and analyzes these three kinds of hospital drug supply chain management mode from three dimensions, which are capital flow, logistics and information flow. Based on this, this paper also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the three hospital drug supply chain management models. The results show that the third-party logistics-led hospital drug supply chain management mode proposed in this paper is the optimal model, which can save the hospital space resources and human resources, and ensure the safety of drug logistics.
The development of oculomotor suppression of salient distractors in children.

Abstract There is considerable evidence that adults can prevent attentional capture by physically salient stimuli via proactive inhibition. A key question is whether young children can also inhibit salient stimuli to prevent visual distraction. The current study directly compared attentional capture in children (Mage = 5.5 years) and adults (Mage = 19.3 years) by measuring overt eye movements. Participants searched for a target shape among heterogeneous distractor shapes and attempted to ignore a salient color singleton distractor. The destination of first saccades was used to assess attentional capture by the salient distractor, providing a more direct index of attentional allocation than prior developmental studies. Adults were able to suppress saccades to the singleton distractor, replicating previous studies. Children, however, demonstrated no such oculomotor suppression; first saccades were equally likely to be directed to the singleton distractor and nonsingleton distractors. Subsequent analyses indicated that children were able to suppress the distractor, but this occurred approximately 550 ms after stimulus presentation. The current results suggest that children possess some level of top-down control over visual attention, but this top-down control is delayed compared with adults. Development of this ability may be related to executive functions, which include goal-directed behavior such as organized search and impulse control as well as preparatory and inhibitory cognitive functions.
Effects of QCD resummation on distributions of top-quark–top-antiquark pairs produced at the Fermilab Tevatron

We study the kinematic distributions of top-quark--top-antiquark $(t\overline{t})$ pairs produced at the Fermilab Tevatron, including the effects of initial state and final state multiple soft gluon emission, using the Collins-Soper-Sterman resummation formalism. The resummed results are compared with those predicted by the showering event generator PYTHIA for various distributions involving the $t\overline{t}$ pair and the individual $t$ or $\overline{t}$. The comparison between the experimental and predicted distributions will be a strong test of our understanding and application of perturbative QCD. Our results indicate that the showering event generators do not produce enough radiation. We reweight the PYTHIA distributions to agree with our resummed calculation, then use the reweighted events to better estimate the true hadronic activity in $t\overline{t}$ production at hadron colliders.
Substitution of βGlu201 in the α3β3γ Subcomplex of the F1-ATPase from the Thermophilic Bacillus PS3 Increases the Affinity of Catalytic Sites for Nucleotides

Abstract In the crystal structure of bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase (MF1) (Abrahams, J. P., Leslie, A. G. W., Lutter, R., and Walker, J. E. (1994)Nature 370, 621–628), the side chain oxygen of βThr163 interacts directly with Mg2+coordinated to 5′-adenylyl β,γ-imidodiphosphate or ADP bound to catalytic sites of β subunits present in closed conformations. In the unliganded β subunit present in an open conformation, the hydroxyl of βThr163 is hydrogen-bonded to the carboxylate of βGlu199. Substitution of βGlu201(equivalent to βGlu199 in MF1) in the α3β3γ subcomplex of the F1-ATPase from the thermophilic Bacillus PS3 with cysteine or valine increases the propensity to entrap inhibitory MgADP in a catalytic site during hydrolysis of 50 μm ATP. These substitutions lower K m 3 (the Michaelis constant for trisite ATP hydrolysis) relative to that of the wild type by 25- and 10-fold, respectively. Fluorescence quenching of α3(βE201C/Y341W)3γ and α3(βY341W)3γ mutant subcomplexes showed that MgATP and MgADP bind to the third catalytic site of the double mutant with 8.4- and 4.4-fold higher affinity, respectively, than to the single mutant. These comparisons support the hypothesis that the hydrogen bond observed between the side chains of βThr163and βGlu199 in the unliganded catalytic site in the crystal structure of MF1 stabilizes the open conformation of the catalytic site during ATP hydrolysis.
Extracellular Maltase of Bacillus brevis.

Bacillus brevis NRRL B-4389 produced extracellular maltase (α-glucosidase; EC 3.2.1.20) only in the presence of short α-1,4-glucosidic polymers, such as maltose and maltotriose. An optimum medium was developed; it contained 2.5% maltose, 0.5% nonfat dry milk, 0.4% yeast extract, and 0.01% CaCl2. The enzyme was produced extracellularly during the logarithmic phase of growth; no cell-bound activity was detected at any time. Partial purification of the maltase was accomplished by using diethylaminoethyl cellulose batch adsorption, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Maltase, isomaltase (oligo-1,6-glucosidase), and glucosyltransferase activities were purified 20.0-, 19.1-, and 11.5-fold, respectively. Some properties of the partially purified maltase were determined: optimum pH, 6.5; optimum temperature, 48 to 50°C; pH stability range, 5.0 to 7.0; temperature stability range, 0 to 50°C; isoelectric point, pH 5.2; and molecular weight, 52,000. The relative rates of hydrolysis of maltose (G2), maltotriose (G3), G4, methyl-α-d-maltoside, G40, dextrin, and isomaltose were 100, 22, 12, 10, 10, 8, and 5%, respectively; the Km on maltose was 5.8 mM; d-glucose, p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucoside, and tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane were competitive inhibitors; transglucosylase activity of the enzyme on maltose resulted in the synthesis of isomaltose, isomaltotroise, and larger oligosaccharides.
THE POLITICAL ATTITUDES OF VOTERS IN EASTERN OKLAHOMA

Savage, Min and Aman (2011) examined the political attitudes of Democratic voters in eastern Oklahoma and argued that eastern Oklahoma has not realigned with the Republican Party largely because of a strain of populism among the population there. The results of the analysis supported their arguments. As they acknowledged, however, their data had room to improve. In this paper, we examine whether their arguments are still supported with a better survey data and more rigorous empirical tests. Our analysis supports the argument that a strain of populism, economic progressivism and religious conservatism, primarily accounts for the dominance of the Democratic Party in eastern Oklahoma.
Perspectives on learning in a capstone design course

A new course learning model was developed for our capstone design course in computer engineering, ECE 482-Capstone: Computer System Design. It has been delivered during six semesters, each providing a set of new experiences and an array of lessons learned. Students, employers and educational researchers have recognized the benefits of the course. Despite the positive outcomes, key questions and obstacles remain that impact sustainable reform in the capstone design experience. We chronicle the experiences and lessons from the perspectives of the faculty and students involved with the course. We focus on the learning model, including its implementation, adaptation, impact and perception.
Numerical and optical evaluation of particle image velocimetry images

Application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques for measurement of fluid velocities typically requires two steps. The first of these, is the photography step, in which two exposures of a particle field, displaced between the exposures, are taken. The second step of the application is the evaluation of the double exposure particle pattern and production of appropriate particle velocities. Each of these steps involves optimization which is usually specific to the experiment being conducted and there is significant interaction between photographic parameters and evaluation characteristics. This paper will focus on the latter step, that of evaluation of the double exposure photograph. Among the various evaluation techniques suggested for analysis of PIV images is the evaluation of the scattered interference pattern (Young's fringes) by numerical Fourier transform. An alternative to the numerical calculation of the Fourier transform of the Young's fringes has been suggested, using a modified liquid crystal television as an optical correlator to allow the transform to be performed optically, thus speeding up the interrogation process. Both transform techniques are affected by the quality of the input function, specifically the Young's fringes. This paper will compare the performance of optical and numerical fourier transform analysis of Young's fringes using speckle images. The repeatability and an estimate of the accuracy of the particle displacement will be shown for each method.
Probing the telomere damage response.

Telomere dysfunctions, rendered through replicative attrition of telomeric DNA or due to the removal of shelterin components, are recognized as DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) by the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway. This leads to the activation of DNA damage checkpoint sensors, including the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, γ-H2AX and 53BP1, the ATM and ATR signal-transducing kinases, and downstream effectors, including Chk1, Chk2, and p53. Robust DNA damage response signals at dysfunctional telomeres, achieved by the complete deletion of TRF2 or by expressing dominant-negative mutant TPP1ΔRD, can be detected by their association with γ-H2AX and 53BP1 forming "telomere dysfunction induced foci (TIFs)." Induction of TIFs at telomeres provides an opportunity to quantify the extent of telomere dysfunction and monitor downstream signaling pathways.
Gay activism and scholarship from the front lines: contributions of Eric Rofes - a memoriam.

Abstract Eric Rofes, gay activist, writer, and scholar, died of a heart attack on June 26, 2006, at the age of 51. Though Eric's career start was an elementary school teacher, he quickly touched a wide swath of gay culture with writings on being a gay elementary school teacher and for the Gay Community News of Boston in the mid-1970s. In the mid-1980s he was director of the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center, and then later ofShanti in San Francisco. Most recently, he was an associate professor of education at Humboldt State University. Throughout his life he was a prolific writer and speaker, almost always pushing the edge on issues of sexuality. Proud of his sexuality, he was also quite open about his involvement in leather and S&M. Eric is survived by his mother and family members, his partner of 16 years, Crispin Hollings, and by the very many that crossed paths with him over the years.
Burst pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node in sodium–calcium exchanger knockout mice

In sinoatrial node (SAN) cells, electrogenic sodium-calcium exchange (NCX) is the dominant calcium (Ca) efflux mechanism. However, the role of NCX in the generation of SAN automaticity is controversial. To investigate the contribution of NCX to pacemaking in the SAN, we performed optical voltage mapping and high-speed 2D laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) of Ca dynamics in an ex vivo intact SAN/atrial tissue preparation from atrial-specific NCX knockout (KO) mice. These mice lack P waves on electrocardiograms, and isolated NCX KO SAN cells are quiescent. Voltage mapping revealed disorganized and arrhythmic depolarizations within the NCX KO SAN that failed to propagate into the atria. LSCM revealed intermittent bursts of Ca transients. Bursts were accompanied by rising diastolic Ca, culminating in long pauses dominated by Ca waves. The L-type Ca channel agonist BayK8644 reduced the rate of Ca transients and inhibited burst generation in the NCX KO SAN whereas the Ca buffer 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA AM) did the opposite. These results suggest that cellular Ca accumulation hinders spontaneous depolarization in the NCX KO SAN, possibly by inhibiting L-type Ca currents. The funny current (If) blocker ivabradine also suppressed NCX KO SAN automaticity. We conclude that pacemaker activity is present in the NCX KO SAN, generated by a mechanism that depends upon If. However, the absence of NCX-mediated depolarization in combination with impaired Ca efflux results in intermittent bursts of pacemaker activity, reminiscent of human sinus node dysfunction and "tachy-brady" syndrome.
The lipids of membraneous cell organelles isolated from the ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract 1. 1. The lipids of cilia and mitochondria isolated from the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis were studied. 2. 2. Cilia and mitochondria contain neutral lipids, “ceramide-like” lipids and glycerol phospholipids. 3. 3. Cilia glycerol phospholipids consist primarily of the phosphonolipid:glyceryl 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid. Mitochondria contain much smaller amounts of this phosphonolipid plus phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and cardiolipin. Cilia contained very little phosphatidyl choline and no cardiolipin. 4. 4. The pentacylic triterpenoid, tetrahymanol and a compound tentatively identified as a fatty acid ester of tetrahymanol are the principle neutral lipids of both cilia and mitochondria. Triglyceride which is the major neutral lipid of whole cells is absent from both cilia and mitochondria. 5. 5. Mitochondrial lipids contain higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids than do the lipids of either cilia or whole cells.
Child Care Center Policies and Practices for Management of Ill Children

Objectives.—The objectives of this study were to 1) describe child care staff knowledge and beliefs regarding upper respiratory tract infections and antibiotic indications and 2) evaluate child care staff reported reasons for a) exclusion from child care, b) referral to a health care provider, and c) recommending antibiotics for an ill child. Methods.—A longitudinal study based in randomly selected child care centers in Massachusetts. Staff completed a survey to assess knowledge regarding common infections. For six weeks, staff completed a record of absences each day, describing the reason for an absence, and advice given to the parents regarding exclusion, referral to a health care provider, and obtaining antibiotics. Exclusions for the specific illness/symptom were defined as appropriate or inappropriate based on national guidelines. Results.—A large proportion of child care staff incorrectly believed that antibiotics are indicated for bronchitis (80.5%) and green rhinorrhea (80.5%) in children. For 82.2% of absences, the circumstances or reasons for the absence were discussed with a child care staff member. Of 538 absences due to illness that child care staff discussed with parents, there were 45 inappropriate exclusions (8.4% of illnesses discussed), 91 appropriate exclusions (16.9% of illnesses discussed), and 402 cases (74.7%) in which no recommendation for exclusion was made. Conclusions.—Misconceptions regarding the need for antibiotics for URIs are common among child care staff. However, day care staff do not pressure parents to seek medical attention or antibiotics.
Responsabilidade social dos cientistas: natureza das ciências exatas

As ciencias exatas, isto e, as ciencias fisicas surgiram com base em precisas observacoes astronomicas de Ticho Brahe e da introducao, por Galileu, do metodo experimental como seu alicerce. Suas investigacoes levaram a formulacao do principio da inercia como fundamento da cinematica. A filosofia natural, que as precedeu, procurava entender e explicar os fenomenos naturais de um modo essencialmente qualitativo.
A question of supply and demand.

Simply having a PhD may not be enough — you need to marry scientific expertise with the right skills.
Direct solar photovoltaic charging of a high voltage nickel metal hydride traction battery

Abstract The electrification of vehicle power trains using batteries and fuel cells is an important technological step forward in the effort to improve the efficiency and reduce the tailpipe emissions of vehicles. The production of electricity and hydrogen in a renewable fashion, such as using solar energy, can provide a clean and sustainable energy source for electric-powered vehicles. In the present work we develop a charging system to prove the concept of direct, efficient, solar-powered charging for battery-electric vehicles using solar photovoltaic-powered charging of the high-voltage nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery that is used in the GM 2-mode hybrid system. We utilize a protocol for high-voltage battery charging that was developed in an earlier study that included a DC–DC converter to boost the low-voltage produced by the PV array to the high voltage needed to charge the battery. However, no power conversion was used in the present study. Rather, we use a high-voltage solar array capable of outputting a wide range of voltages, from approximately 250 to 400 V in 50 V increments, at the photovoltaic system maximum power point. By varying the solar system output voltage we measured the solar energy to battery charging efficiency under a variety of conditions to determine the optimal photovoltaic system configuration. The system and methods developed in this work can be used to efficiently charge a range of battery electric vehicles by adapting the PV system output to the battery charging voltage.
Instrument Lineshape Analysis for a Low-Resolution FTIR Spectrometer

Accurate knowledge of the instrument lineshape (ILS) of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers is required for proper measurement analysis. An ILS is instrument- and spectrally-dependent and can substantially deviate from the ideal ILS. The ILS of a low-resolution FTIR has been determined for spectral resolutions of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 cm−1. Each ILS was recovered with the retrieval software LINEFIT. Using the recovered ILS, transmissivity spectra of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were calculated using the HITEMP2010 spectral database. These spectra were then compared with (1) idealized spectra (calculated using HITEMP2010 and the ideal lineshape) and/or (2) measured spectra from the FTIR to analyze both the accuracy of LINEFIT and the systematic error that can result from assuming the ILS to be ideal.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Introduction: Feminist Theories and Archaeology

This journal issue developed out of a desire to increase the use of feminist theory in archaeology, leading me to ask Laurajane Smith of York University to co-organize a symposium on the topic for the World Archaeological Congress in Dublin in July 2008. The impacts of major feminist theories on constructions of the past and archaeological thinking are discussed, emphasizing how they implicitly or explicitly influenced other articles in this journal issue.
Methods for quadratic programming: A survey☆

Abstract This paper presents a survey on methods for solving the general quadratic programming problem. The discussion is centered on (i) the unification of several classes of finite methods, (ii) recent developments of iterative methods and (iii) the numerical implementation of several finite and iterative methods for largescale applications.