cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soft Physics from RHIC to the LHC

Abstract The RHIC program was intended to identify and study the quark-gluon plasma formed in the collision of heavy nuclei. The discovery of the “perfect liquid” is an essential step towards the understanding of the medium formed in these collisions. Much of data relevant to this was provided by the study of “soft” observables, which involve many particles of low momentum produced in nearly every event, rather than high momentum particles produced in rare events. The main results related to soft physics at RHIC are discussed, as well as their implications for the physics of the LHC heavy ion program.
A recirculating resin‐buffered hydroponic system for controlling nutrient ion activities

Abstract A recirculating resin‐buffered hydroponic system was developed to control the activities of nutrient ions in solution at concentrations similar to those found in soil solution. The recirculating hydroponic system was designed to supply adequate buffering and timely replenishment of nutrients during the course of long‐term experiments. Nutrient solution was recharged by circulating it through columns of ion exchange and chelating resins before its return to plant culture vessels. The recirculating resin‐buffered system consisted of four different types of ion exchange and chelating resins housed in separate columns: strong‐acid resin to buffer Ca, Mg, K and Mn in solution; weak‐acid resin to buffer pH; partially‐neutralized Al on strong‐acid resin to buffer P in solution; and chelating resin to buffer Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni and to supply Fe to EDDHA in solution. Control of nutrients and pH was begun at the time of seed germination. The recirculating resin‐buffered system was especially designed to lim...
Analysis of the journal of educational psychology: Toward a definition of educational psychology 1

(1978). Analysis of the journal of educational psychology: Toward a definition of educational psychology. Educational Psychologist: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 290-296.
Viscosity of the Aqueous Liquid/Vapor Interfacial Region: 2D Electrochemical Measurements with a Piperidine Nitroxy Radical Probe

Surface partitioning of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidynyloxy radical (Tempo) to the air/water interface follows a Langmuir isotherm. The partition constant was obtained by the surface tension measurements in the concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-4)-2.4 x 10(-3) M yielding K = 640 +/- 99 M(-1). The lateral mobility of Tempo at the air/water interface was measured electrochemically in the surface concentration range of 2.0 x 10(-11)-1.4 x 10(-10) mol/cm2, corresponding to ca. 7.3-50% full monolayer coverage. The measurements employed cyclic voltammetry with line microelectrodes touching the air/water interface. The Tempo lateral diffusion constant of (1.5 +/- 0.7) x 10(-4) cm2/s is independent of surface concentration below 4.0 x 10(-11) mol/cm2. The extent of Tempo water interactions was assessed by the electronic structure calculations. These calculations showed that, at most, two water molecules can hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of the nitroxyl group of Tempo, and that a single water molecule forms a hydrogen bond that is ca. 30% stronger than the H2O-H2O hydrogen bond. These calculations led to a postulate that Tempo diffuses along the interface largely unimmersed, and that it is coupled to the interfacial water via hydrogen bonding with H2O. In view of this postulate, the viscosity of the aqueous liquid/vapor interfacial region obtained by interpreting the Tempo diffusion constant in the low concentration region is as much as 4 times smaller than that of bulk liquid water.
Oriented γ‐isotactic polypropylene crystallized at atmospheric pressure

A method for crystallizing oriented samples of the γ-phase of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) under atmospheric pressure in the presence of nucleating fibers has been developed. The technique uses iPP grades of high molecular weight and high isotacticity and produces a mixture of α and γ-phase crystals within the matrix of both pitch-based carbon and Kevlar®-reinforced composites. Two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns from these samples show that the content of the γ-phase decreases as the fiber loading in the composites decreases, suggesting that the γ-phase is directly nucleated by the fibers.
Are plant DNA barcodes a search for the Holy Grail

In a recent study, Kress et al. compared two plant genomes to seek out plant DNA barcodes. Two promising markers balanced the variability that is needed to distinguish species with conserved primer regions that enable universal amplification. Although this study is the most rigorous effort to date, problems from earlier barcoding efforts, such as the use of non-evolutionary species concepts and differential sorting of genes and species, could reemerge. Single-gene barcoding might not be universally effective owing to inherent inaccuracies. Kress et al. suggest the use of multiple genes, reflecting an integrated approach that is likely to be the best answer to identifying species quickly and accurately.
Corpus luteal function in nonpregnant mares following intrauterine administration of prostaglandin E2 or estradiol-17β

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that intrauterine administration of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) or estradiol-17beta (E-17beta) would prolong CL function in nonpregnant mares. Nonpregnant mares were continuously infused with 240 mug/d of PGE(2), 6 mug/d of E-17beta, or vehicle (sham-treated) on Days 10 to 16 post ovulation (ovulation = Day 0), using osmotic minipumps surgically placed into the uterine lumen on Day 10 (n = 11 per group). Nonpregnant and pregnant mares served as negative and positive controls, respectively (n = 11 per group). Mares were defined as having prolonged CL function if plasma progesterone remained > 2.5 ng/ml and if ovulation did not occur on Days 9 to 30. Corpus luteal function was prolonged until Day 30 in 1 11 nonpregnant mares, 4 11 sham-treated mares, 6 11 E-17beta-treated mares, 8 11 PGE(2)-treated mares, and 11 11 pregnant mares. The incidence of prolonged CL function was similar (P=0.16) in the sham-treated and nonpregnant mares. The hypothesis that PGE(2) would prolong CL function in nonpregnant mares was supported, since the incidence of prolonged CL function was higher (P=0.003) in PGE(2)-treated versus nonpregnant mares, tended to be higher (P=0.09) in PGE(2)-versus sham-treated mares, and was not lower (P=0.11) in PGE(2)-treated versus pregnant mares. The hypothesis that E-17beta would prolong CL function in nonpregnant mares was not supported, since the incidence of prolonged CL function was not higher (P=0.34) in E-17beta-versus sham-treated mares, and was lower (P=0.02) in E-17beta-treated versus pregnant mares. These results demonstrate that intrauterine administration of a pharmacologic dose of PGE(2) initiated prolonged CL function in nonpregnant mares. Further experiments are needed to confirm the role of conceptus secretion of PGE(2) in CL maintenance, and to determine the mechanism of action of PGE(2) within the equine reproductive tract.
Two new species of Paramachaerium (Leguminosae) and a brief résumé of the genus

Paramachaerium Ducke, a genus of neotropical trees, has been known hitherto from three species,P. schomburgkii (Guyana and Brazil),P. ormosioides (French Guiana and Brazil), andP. gruberi (Panama). Two new species are herein described,P. krukovii (western Brazil) andP. schunkei (Peru).
Cardiac function in thyroid disease: Clinical features and management considerations

Thyroid disease is often manifested by cardiac abnormalities. The site of the cardiac actions of thyroid hormone, whether from a direct, nuclear effect or an extranuclear effect, remains to be established. Nuclear effects are delayed 1/2 to 1 hour after administration of thyroid hormone, require ongoing protein synthesis, and are thought to result from the binding of thyroid hormone to two separate isoforms of the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor. This binding, which is specific to thyroid hormone response elements, stimulates transcription and results in translation of specific enzymes or contractile proteins. Extranuclear effects may influence plasma membrane transport of calcium, sugar, and amino acids in addition to directly influencing mitochondria and are very rapid, occurring within minutes. It is possible that there exists an interaction between the adrenergic system and the thyroid hormone system, which may also contribute to the cardiac actions of thyroid hormone. This review highlights the clinical manifestations of thyroid disease and the mechanisms of thyroid hormone involved in the cardiac abnormalities.
The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation

The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation
The Changing – and Unchanging – Face of the Digital Divide: an Application of Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps

The goal of this study is to trace the evolution of the digital divide, to begin to understand whether and how the divide is widening or closing, and in achieving this, begin to identify implications and further research moving forward. We are able to do this by using longitudinal data over a period of nine years (1999–2007). We employ the Kohonen self-organizing maps approach. This exploratory approach allows for clear visualization and interpretations of country's positions on the map and illustrates any changes that may have occurred over a given time period. We identify five clusters of countries, based on their digital development; economical; demographic and risk indicators. Our results indicate that a number of Eastern European countries such as Slovakia and Lithuania have made significant progress in the period 1995–2003, while we find that most African countries have made little or no improvement during this period – an issue requiring urgent attention. Overall, this study provides a clear visual...
Premature newborns as social partners before term age

Abstract Very low birthweight (VLBW) newborns in simulated en face interaction prior to term age were assessed for their behavioral responsiveness to a female examiner who (a) simply maintained an en face position, (b) talked in motherese while maintaining an en face position, or (c) gradually added tactile stimulation to her talking. Talking led to increased eye opening and more time in an attentive state; the addition of touch to talking led to changes suggestive of distress— decreased eye opening and more facial grimacing. The 68 higher biological risk newborns (Neurobiologic Risk Score ≥ 10) showed the same patterns of responsiveness as the 96 lower risk newborns, but in a more exaggerated form. They responded to talking with even more prolonged eye opening and to the addition of touch with even more eye closing and facial grimacing, reflecting, perhaps, their greater reactivity and reduced abilities for self-regulation.
Function, Ability and Desire in Plato's Republic

In his treatment of Plato’s Republic, Gerasimos Santas emphasizes that there are two ways Plato approaches the good: “good as well functioning and good as perfect form” (2001, p. 58). Through much of the Republic Plato seems to appeal to the function of what he discusses to determine what that thing’s good is. For anything with a function, its good should be performing its function well. Santas’ focus on the role of function in the Republic is illuminating, and it is our purpose to expand upon his analysis.
Toward Less Fixed Internal Transformations of Gender Commentary on: Melancholy Femininity and Obsessive—Compulsive Masculinity: Sex Differences in Melancholy Gender by Meg Jay, Ph.D.

While highly commending this cross-disciplinary exercise and agreeing with Jay and Butler that children may indeed mourn the loss of erotics with same-sex parents as they identify and develop in a gendered fashion, this author highlights, in both Butler and Jay's interesting further refinements of Butler's position in their use of Freud's 1917 paper on “Mourning and Melancholia,” a lack of attention to the significant aggression that Freud also included in this early formulation concerning the lost object. A consideration of such affects is well taken, but this author prefers a less sparse and monolithic linear clarity about how girls grow into sexed and gendered women. She feels the limitation here of the use of later analytic theory such as Loewald's rich account of internalization.
MAMMALIAN AND AVIAN ASSAYS OF HYPOPHYSEAL LACTOGENIC PREPARATIONS1

AT THE THIRD CONFERENCE on the Standardization of Hormones, held in Geneva in August 1938 (1), arrangements were made for establishing an international A. JX. standard of the lactogenic (cropsac stimulating) hormone of the anterior pituitary. Since then contributions from nine different sources were offered towards such a standard, and these were mixed and converted into 10 mg. tablets. An attempt was made to have each tablet contain 10 Riddle-Bates units per mg. Some laboratories found that the standard contained slightly more and others slightly less (this laboratory and Riddle’s found it contained less) than 10 Riddle-Bates units per mg. But the variation was negligible and “to simplify calculation” the international unit was defined as: “the specific activity contained in 0.1 milligramme = 100 gamma of the standard preparation” (2).
Dynamic usage of alternative splicing exons during mouse retina development

Alternative processing of pre-mRNA plays an important role in protein diversity and biological function. Previous studies on alternative splicing (AS) often focused on the spatial patterns of protein isoforms across different tissues. Here we studied dynamic usage of AS across time, during murine retina development. Over 7000 exons showed dynamical changes in splicing, with differential splicing events occurring more frequently in early development. The overall splicing patterns for exclusive and inclusive exons show symmetric trends and genes with symmetric splicing patterns that tend to have similar biological functions. Furthermore, we observed that within the retina, retina-enriched genes that are preferentially expressed at the adult stage tend to have more dynamically spliced exons compared to other genes, suggesting that genes maintaining retina homeostasis also play an important role in development via a series of AS events. Interestingly, the transcriptomes of retina-enriched genes largely reflect the retinal developmental process. Finally, we identified a number of candidate cis-regulatory elements for retinal AS by analyzing the relative occurrence of sequence motifs in exons or flanking introns. The occurrence of predicted regulatory elements showed strong correlation with the expression level of known RNA binding proteins, suggesting the high quality of the identified cis-regulatory elements.
THE EFFECTS OF ACIDITY UPON THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN CULTURE MEDIA CONTAINING PROTEINS

In the presence of animal fluids or their protein constituents, Type I Pneumococcus survived and multiplied at acid hydrogen ion concentrations which in the plain broth were bactericidal for these organisms. Minimal numbers of these cells readily produced pneumococcus growth in serum broth when adjusted at hydrogen ion concentration as great as pH 5.5 with hydrochloric, or to pH 6.5 with acetic acid. Growth of the pneumococci could be demonstrated in serum broth adjusted to pH 5.0 with hydrochloric, or to pH 5.5 with acetic acid although at these hydrogen ion concentrations, large amounts of inoculum were necessary. Similar results were obtained with broth to which certain animal proteins were added and in serum broth which was previously heated by autoclave at 20 pounds pressure for 20 minutes. Pneumococcus growth proceeded at a more rapid rate in serum dextrose broth at pH 6.5 than in dextrose broth alone at the optimal hydrogen ion concentration of pH 7.8. At pH 6.0 large numbers of pneumococci failed to produce the same amount of growth in serum dextrose broth as at pH 6.5 or in dextrose broth alone at pH 7.8. It is of interest that in serum dextrose broth cultures, the stationary and decline phases of pneumococcus growth were prolonged and cell death delayed in comparison with cultures in dextrose broth alone.
Sorbifolivaltrates A-D, Diene Valepotriates from Valeriana sorbifolia

Four new diene valepotriates, sorbifolivaltrates A−D (1–4), and the known compounds isovaltrate (5), valtrate (6), seneciovaltrate (7), valtrate hydrine B3 (8), and valtrate hydrine B7 (9), have be...
Emergency ultrasound diagnosis of a left atrial thrombus and diffuse emboli

A 71-year-old female with a history of atrial fibrillation presented to the emergency department (ED) for abdominal pain. A computed tomography (CT) scan in ED showed an abdominal aortic thrombus and diffuse emboli suspicious for a cardiac source. A bedside ultrasound was performed which confirmed the presence of a dilated left atrium with thrombus. The patient was admitted to the hospital and eventually placed on anticoagulation. Atrial fibrillation is a common cause of atrial thrombus. Intracardiac thrombus can be diagnosed by bedside echocardiography in the ED. Emboli can occur as a complication of thrombus in the atrium. Management may include anticoagulation or surgical intervention.
Detoxification Enzyme Differences Between a Herbivorous and Predatory Mite

The detoxification capabilities of the predatory mite Amblyseius fallacis and its herbivorous prey Tetranychus urticae are fundamentally different. The activities of mixed-function oxidase and trans-epoxide hydrolase are higher in the prey than in the predator; those of cis-epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferase are lower; and esterase activity is similar. Dissimilarities may be related both to differing adaptations to plant allelochemicals and to the higher respiration rate of the predator. Hydrolytic and conjugating reactions appear more important than oxidative pathways in imparting organophosphate resistance to these acarines. These resistances provide insecticide selectivity favorable to the predator and improved integrated pest control.
Isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis of tubulin using immobilized pH gradients under denaturing conditions

Abstract Modifications of the LKB Immobiline isoelectric focusing (IEF) technique are described for use under conditions that solubilize and denature most proteins (8 m urea and 2% Nonidet-P40). This procedure permits pH gradients that are four- to fivefold shallower than previously available with conventional ampholine-IEF procedures. It can also be used as a first dimension in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The advantage of the stable ultranarrow pH gradient is demonstrated by directly comparing the resolution of vertebrate brain tubulins using (i) denaturing conventional ampholine-IEF and (ii) denaturing Immobiline-IEF. Analysis of tubulin on the Immobiline-IEF gel increases the separation distance between the individual tubulins and distinguishes differences among tubulin samples that could not be resolved by conventional ampholine isoelectric focusing.
The reactions of sulphur dioxide in dehydrated vegetables

The reactions of 35S sulphur dioxide incorporated into laboratory dehydrated vegetables (cabbage, carrots, potatoes) from a sulphited scald liquor have been investigated. The results showed that immediately after dehydration only 35–45% of added sulphite was measurable as sulphur dioxide. The remainder of the added sulphite, apart from a small percentage which had been converted to sulphate, was present in the form of organic sulphur compounds.
Contrast phenomena and the identification of grain boundary ledges

Abstract The bright-field image contrast associated with grain boundary ledges in nickel and type 304 stainless steel as observed in the transmission electron microscope has been studied in the context of existing knowledge of contrast phenomena used in the interpretation of ledge contrast. It is concluded that simple contrast features in the bright-field image such as the fact that ledges appear as parallel black, white, or black-white lines having generally no oscillatory contrast profiles and the fact that large ledges produce observable boundary fringe serrations or disturbances (culminating in fringe steps for larger ledges) can be used effectively, collectively, to identify ledges for quantitative studies of ledge properties. Thermo-mechanical studies were conducted to systematically vary the density of ledges in grain boundaries of nickel and quantitative measurements of ledge density utilizing the contrast criteria outlined indicated an increase in grain boundary ledge density to be correlated with a corresponding increase in the hardness at or near the grain boundary. The prominent contrast features characteristic of grain boundary ledges are discussed as they relate primarily to the bright-field image.
Fundamental approach to failure statistics of optical glass fibres

Tensile strength data of fused silica optical fibres was analysed without making any a priori assumptions regarding the flaw density distribution. Based on the strength data of short length specimens (0.05 to 0.6 m), predictions of the strengths of long length specimens (500 to 1100 m) were in good agreement with actual data. The advantages of a fundamental approach to the statistical analysis of failure of optical glass fibres compared with the more widely used Weibull statistics are discussed.
DMSO (dimetyl sulfoxide), morphine and analgesia

Abstract DMSO was compared to morphine in rats to determine its relative analgesic effects. DMSO produces analgesia that is comparable in magnitude to morphine although its duration (6–7 hrs) is longer than that of morphine (≤ 2 hrs). DMSO apparently produced analgesia both by an action at the site at which it was administered as well as at a site that was remote to the site of administration. The mechanism of action of DMSO is apparently different from that of morphine because naloxone, a specific narcotic antagonist, does not block the analgesic effect of DMSO. However, DMSO has toxic effects such as hematuria (bloody urine). Therefore, the toxicity observed may restrict the clinical usefulness of DMSO as an analgesic drug.
Magnetic studies of the four-iron high-potential, non-heme protein from Chromatium vinosum.

Abstract Extensive EPR studies on high-potential, iron-sulfur protein from Chromatium vinosum indicate that the singular spectrum of this four-iron, non-heme protein consists of a superposition of three distinct signals; namely, two principal signals of equal weight, one reflecting axial and the other rhombic symmetry, and a third nearly isotropic minority component. In addition, magnetic susceptibility experiments on two oxidation states of the protein from 4.2 to approx. 260 °K indicate antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between iron atoms. Possible origins of the complex EPR signals are discussed, and a preferred model that is consistent with EPR, magnetic susceptibility, NMR, X-ray, and Mossbauer data is presented.
Association of common polarographic supporting electrolytes in acetonitrile

Abstract Experimental data are reported in conformity with the Fuoss—Onsager theory for the dissociation of several common polarographic supporting electrolytes in acetonitrile. Tetra-ethyl ammonium tetraflouroborate and perchlorate are completely dissociated, yielding a small negative value for KA. Sodium perchlorate (completely dissociated) and potassium perchlorate (KA = 12) are mostly extensively dissociated than previously reported. Implications of the association data for tetramethylammonium chloride and tetra-ethylammonium bromide on metal—halide equilibrium studies in acetonitrile are discussed.
A p-methylbenzhydrylamine resin for improved solid-phase synthesis of peptide amides

A p-methylbenzhydrylamine-resin, alpha-(p-tolyl)-amino-aminomethyl-functionalized copoly(styrene-1%-dvinylbenzene), was prepared for the improved solid-phase synthesis of peptide alpha-carboxamides. Following a Friedel-Crafts acylation of polymer beads, the resulting ketone resin was reductively aminated via the Leuckart reaction. A comparison of the relative acid stability of the p-methylbenzhydrylamine-(MBHA)-, benzhydrylamine (BHA)- and alpha-phenyethylamine-resins indicated that the p-methylbenzhydrylamine-resin provided the best yields of the model peptide carboxamides.
Crystal structures, metal activation, and DNA-binding properties of two-domain IdeR from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The iron-dependent regulator IdeR is a key transcriptional regulator of iron uptake in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to increase our insight into the role of the SH3-like third domain of this essential regulator, the metal-binding and DNA-binding properties of two-domain IdeR (2D-IdeR) whose SH3-like domain has been truncated were characterized. The equilibrium dissociation constants for Co^(2+) and Ni^(2+) activation of 2D-IdeR for binding to the fxbA operator and the DNA-binding affinities of 2D-IdeR in the presence of excess metal ions were estimated using fluorescence spectroscopy. 2D-IdeR binds to fxbA operator DNA with similar affinity as full-length IdeR in the presence of excess metal ion. However, the Ni^(2+) concentrations required to activate 2D-IdeR for DNA binding appear to be smaller than that for full-length IdeR while the concentration of Co^(2+) required for activation remains the same. We have determined the crystal structures of Ni^(2+)-activated 2D-IdeR at 1.96 A resolution and its double dimer complex with the mbtA-mbtB operator DNA in two crystal forms at 2.4 A and 2.6 A, the highest resolutions for DNA complexes for any structures of iron-dependent regulator family members so far. The 2D-IdeR−DNA complex structures confirm the specificity of Ser37 and Pro39 for thymine bases and suggest preferential contacts of Gln43 to cytosine bases of the DNA. In addition, our 2D-IdeR structures reveal a remarkable property of the TEV cleavage sequence remaining after removal of the C-terminal His_6. This C-terminal tail promotes crystal contacts by forming a β-sheet with the corresponding tail of neighboring subunits in two unrelated structures of 2D-IdeR, one with and one without DNA. The contact-promoting properties of this C-terminal TEV cleavage sequence may be beneficial for crystallizing other proteins.
Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on the endothelial morphology of the aorta in the conscious squirrel monkey

Abstract The role of neurogenic factors in the development of atherosclerosis has not previously been studied in detail. In recent years evidence has accumulated to implicate endothelial injury as a primary stimulus for the proliferation of myointimal cells resulting in the formation of the early morphologic lesion. In the present investigation, the effect on aortic endothelial morphology of repetitive electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in the conscious, unrestrained squirrel monkey, maintained on a cholesterol-free low-fat diet, has been studied. Stimulation was performed with a self-powered, miniaturized electronic stimulator connected to indwelling electrodes. Implanted nonstimulated animals served as controls. Endothelial injury in the form of cell degeneration, denudation, with plasma insudation and partial junctional separation were observed electron-microscopically in stimulated animals compared with controls. These alterations were found to be independent of hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertension. Possible pathways for the induction of injury in this neurogenic model are: (1) direct, through neural circuits from the brain to the vessel wall, and (2) indirect, by elaboration of angiopathic substances inside or outside of the CNS, released into the circulation and transported to the vessel wall where they exert their effects. Reversibility of the endothelial injury or progression to established lesions and mechanisms involved remain to be determined in further investigations.
Effect of regional-scale transport on oxidants in the vicinity of Philadelphia during the 1999 NE-OPS field campaign

A new meteorological-chemical modeling system is used to determine the relative contribution of regional-scale transport and local photochemical production on air quality over Philadelphia. The model performance is evaluated using surface and airborne meteorological and chemical measurements made during a 30-day period in July and August of 1999 as part of the Northeast Oxidant and Particulate Study (NE-OPS). Good agreement between the simulations and observations was obtained. The bias in the vicinity of Philadelphia over the simulation period was -5.8 ppb for the peak ozone mixing ratio during the day and 2.0 ppb for the minimum ozone mixing ratio at night. Layers of ozone above the convective boundary layer were measured by both research aircraft and ozonesondes during the morning between 09 and 11 EDT. The modeling system demonstrates that upwind vertical mixing processes the previous afternoon, subsequent horizontal transport aloft, and depletion of ozone by NO titration within the stable boundary layer at night lead to the development of these layers. Ozone aloft was then entrained into the growing convective boundary, contributing to surface ozone concentrations. Through a series of sensitivity studies, we find that most of the ozone is the result of emissions in the vicinity of Philadelphiamore » and Chesapeake Bay area, but up to 30-40% of the ozone during high-ozone episodes was due to transport from upwind sources. Local emissions and meteorological conditions were largely responsible for one high-ozone episode because of light winds.« less
Rapid Polymer/Gas Solution Formation for Continuous Production of Microcellular Plastics

An extrusion system that can create a polymer/gas solution rapidly for continuous processing of microcellular plastics is presented. Microcellular plastics are characterized by cell densities greater than 10 9 cells/cm 3 and fully grown cells smaller than 10 μm. Previously these microcellular structures have been produced in a batch process by saturating a polymeric material with an inert gas under high pressure followed by inducing a rapid drop in the gas solubility. The diffusion phenomena encountered in this batch processing is typically slow, resulting in long cycle times. In order to produce microcellular plastics at industrial production rates, a means for the rapid solution formation is developed. The processing time required for completing the solution formation in the system was estimated from experimental data and the dispersive mixing theory based on an order-of-magnitude analysis. A means for promoting high bubble nucleation rates in the gas-saturated polymer via rapid heating is also discussed. The feasibility of the continuous production of microcellular plastics by the rapid polymer/gas solution formation and rapid heating was demonstrated through experiments. The paper includes not only a brief treatment of the basic science of the polymer/gas systems, but also the development of an industrially viable technology thatfully utilizes the unique properties of microcellular plastics.
Synchronous multicentric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: case report.

Objective and importance Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare, low-grade astrocytoma of adolescence. Relatively favorable outcomes have been achieved with complete surgical resection. However, few data exist regarding the treatment of recurrent, deep-seated, or multicentric lesions. We report the first case to our knowledge of synchronous multicentric PXA and discuss the related therapeutic challenges. Clinical presentation A 13-year-old Hispanic girl presented with a 1-year history of progressive headaches, polyuria, and generalized fatigue. Findings from the neurological examination were notable only for the presence of papilledema. Results of laboratory studies revealed diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism. The magnetic resonance imaging study revealed numerous nodular, homogeneously enhancing lesions, approximately 1 cm in size, scattered throughout both cerebral hemispheres. Intervention A right frontal craniotomy was performed for excisional biopsy of a superficial lesion beneath the coronal suture. Results of the histological examination were consistent with a diagnosis of PXA. The patient was treated with whole-brain radiation of 3600 cGy, with additional intensity-modulated boosts to the enhancing lesions of 1440 cGy. Three years after treatment, the patient remains neurologically nonfocal and shows no evidence of disease progression. Surgical intervention will be considered if accessible lesions progress in size on later imaging studies. Conclusion Synchronous multicentric PXA presents unique challenges in that gross total resection would impose significant surgical morbidity; histological homogeneity among the lesions cannot be confirmed; and the well-described potential for anaplastic transformation may be increased with multiple lesions. The optimal treatment for patients with this rare and challenging diagnosis awaits further study.
A Study of the Concurrent Validity of the Career Maturity Inventory.

The concurrent validity of the Career Maturity Inventory with two other instruments was investigated for a sample of ninth-grade boys and girls. Some tentative implications concerning construct validity were drawn.
Tissue-specific expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene requires both an upstream tissue specifier element and the 5' proximal cyclic AMP-responsive element

An upstream enhancer element [tissue specifier element (TSE)] located between 4.66 and 4.02 kb from the transcription start site is important for cell type-specific expression and phorbol ester induction of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene. An element located within 100 bases of the VIP promoter [the VIP cyclic AMP-responsive element (VIP-CRE)] confers cyclic AMP and phorbol ester responsiveness to heterologous promoters. The possibility that these two regions of the VIP gene function cooperatively to determine tissue-specific and second messenger-dependent expression of the VIP gene was addressed by assaying transcription from a VIP-luciferase reporter gene with progressive deletions from the 5' flanking sequence of the gene, with or without inactivation of the proximal VIP-CRE. Basal expression of the reporter gene in both SH-EP and SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells, which express endogenous VIP mRNA, was absolutely dependent on the presence of the upstream TSE. Full constitutive expression was also dependent on the intact VIP-CRE. Forskolin-mediated induction of the reporter gene in SH-EP and SK-N-SH cells was completely abolished by mutations in the VIP-CRE but not by deletion of the upstream sequence, indicating that the VIP-CRE alone determines cyclic AMP responsiveness. In contrast to reports that the VIP-CRE imparts 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PMA) responsiveness to heterologous promoters, PMA stimulation in SK-N-SH cells was independent of an intact VIP-CRE but dependent on a region between -2.5 kb and the VIP-CRE. Sequencing of the entire 5.2-kb VIP 5' flank revealed a consensus PMA-responsive element (TGACTCA) 2.25 kb upstream of the transcription start site that may represent the site imparting PMA responsiveness to the VIP gene.
Inhibition of the ω-conotoxin-sensitive calcium current by distinct G proteins

Leu-enkephalin (Leu-Enk), norepinephrine (NE), somatostatin (SS), and bradykinin (BK) decrease the voltage-dependent calcium current in NG108-15 cells. Here we have investigated whether distinct G proteins, or a G protein common to all of the pathways, mediates this inhibition. We found that pertussis toxin (PTX) reduced all of these transmitter actions, except that of BK. To examine which of the PTX-sensitive pathways is transduced by GoA, we constructed an NG108-15 cell line that stably expresses a mutant, PTX-resistant alpha subunit of GoA. After treatment with PTX, the mutant GoA alpha rescued the Leu-Enk and NE pathways but not the SS pathway. At least three different G proteins can transduce receptor-mediated inhibition of calcium currents in nerve cells. The effects of these G proteins appear to converge on the omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive calcium current.
Dynamic multi-objective optimization with evolutionary algorithms: a forward-looking approach

This work describes a forward-looking approach for the solution of dynamic (time-changing) problems using evolutionary algorithms. The main idea of the proposed method is to combine a forecasting technique with an evolutionary algorithm. The location, in variable space, of the optimal solution (or of the Pareto optimal set in multi-objective problems) is estimated using a forecasting method. Then, using this forecast, an anticipatory group of individuals is placed on and near the estimated location of the next optimum. This prediction set is used to seed the population when a change in the objective landscape arrives, aiming at a faster convergence to the new global optimum. The forecasting model is created using the sequence of prior optimum locations, from which an estimate for the next location is extrapolated. Conceptually this approach encompasses advantages of memory methods by making use of information available from previous time steps. Combined with a convergence/diversity balance mechanism it creates a robust algorithm for dynamic optimization. This strategy can be applied to single objective and multi-objective problems, however in this work it is tested on multi-objective problems. Initial results indicate that the approach improves algorithm performance, especially in problems where the frequency of objective change is high.
Angle effects at high-density magnetic recording

Abstract Recording media are easier to record if the write field is applied at an angle to the easy axis owing to the angle dependence of the switching field. It is shown that both record modes, longitudinal and perpendicular recording, inherently use this angle effect. For perpendicular recording, a wide Monte-Carlo study indicates that the optimum performance is relatively insensitive to the field angle and optimizes in the range of 15–20°.
A Critical Assessment of Legal Identity: What It Promises and What It Delivers *

Universal provision of legal identity, most commonly birth registration, is viewed as both an intrinsic human right and an instrumental development necessity. Legal identity is commonly associated with citizen access to certain benefits and opportunities, protection of human rights, and generation of vital statistics to inform development planning. Research conducted in Nepal, Cambodia, and Bangladesh demonstrates that significant obstacles to obtaining legal identity include financial and procedural barriers, discriminatory laws and policies, institutional incapacity, and citizens’ lack of knowledge and motivation. Robust alternative markets for legal identity reveal the true public demand for identity documents. In the developing country context, the provision of legal identity alone does not necessarily deliver desired development outcomes. Thus, universal civil registration is a necessary and worthy goal, but focus should remain on the ultimate development goals behind universal registration.
Modelling and solving an FMS part selection problem

This paper discusses a part selection problem for a flexible manufacturing system with versatile machine tools but with no tool transportation devices. We propose a maximal network flow model with two side constraints. The model can be relaxed to either a maximal network flow problem or two independent 0-1 knapsack problems. Our computational results show that the latter relaxation significantly outperforms the former. Other factors affecting the solvability of the model are also examined. Finally, we show that our model can efficiently solve real-world part selection problems.
The relationship between thalamocortical connections and stimulus-evoked metabolic activity in the ventroposterior nucleus of the monkey.

Although a highly organized system of reciprocal projections exists between the cerebral cortex and the thalamus, the relationship of the thalamocortical projections to functional activity remains unclear. This study attempts to identify the correlation between thalamic relay cells and functional activity evoked in the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of cynomolgus and squirrel monkeys. Wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP) was iontophoretically injected into physiologically determined sites in the somatosensory cortex, resulting in retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled terminals in corresponding somatosensory thalamic regions. In the same animals, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) experiments were carried out 2 days later, using the somatic stimuli identified as best exciting the cortical neurons. Stimulation to the limbs produced crescent-shaped clusters of metabolic label arranged in a somatotopically organized fashion in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL). Followin...
Don't Shoot Until You See the Whites of His Eyes-An Analysis of the Adverse Side Effects of Verbal Prompts.

The effect of a differential reinforcement procedure alone was compared with the use of verbal prompts plus differential reinforcement in reducing deviant social behavior of a retarded adult. An ABCBCB reversal-type design was employed. The results indicated that the percentage of desirable behavior increased over a baseline condition (A) when differential reinforcement procedures alone (B) were used and decreased when verbal prompts (C) were added. An analysis was presented which suggested that deviant behavior may be exhibited as the initial response in a behavioral chain to attract adult attention in the form of verbal prompts. Verbal prompts were shown to reinforce the subject's deviant behavior. A clear example of response generalization to a prevocational task was also observed.
Asymmetric Effects of Intergovernmental Grants: Analysis and Implications for U.S. Welfare Policy

Theories offederal grants to states and localities suggest that these grants have a stimulative effect on spending, causing recipient governments to expand and contract programs along with changes in the grants. However, policymakers may respond differently to grant decreases than to grant increases because they face political and bureaucratic pressures to expand programs. These asymmetric reactions may depend on specific political structures. Pooled time-series regressions of data from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program across 46 states from 1965 to 1994 demonstrate state government responses to grant changes. Bureaucratic pressures and proposals lead states to expand their welfare benefits upon increases in federal grants, but not to contract them upon decreases infederal grants. With regard to the 1996 welfare reforms, this study indicates that the switch to block grants will lead to little or no state reduction in welfare payments.
Comparison of Monte Carlo calculations around a Fletcher Suit Delclos ovoid with radiochromic film and normoxic polymer gel dosimetry

The Fletcher Suit Delclos (FSD) ovoids employed in intracavitary brachytherapy (ICB) for cervical cancer contain shields to reduce dose to the bladder and rectum. Many treatment planning systems (TPS) do not include the shields and other ovoid structures in the dose calculation. Instead, TPSs calculate dose by summing the dose contributions from the individual sources and ignoring ovoid structures such as the shields. The goal of this work was to calculate the dose distribution with Monte Carlo around a Selectron FSD ovoid and compare these calculations with radiochromic film (RCF) and normoxic polymer gel dosimetry. Monte Carlo calculations were performed with MCNPX 2.5.c for a single Selectron FSD ovoid with and without shields. RCF measurements were performed in a plane parallel to and displaced laterally 1.25 cm from the long axis of the ovoid. MAGIC gel measurements were performed in a polymethylmethacrylate phantom. RCF and MAGIC gel were irradiated with four 33 microGy m2 h(-1) Cs-137 pellets for a period of 24 h. Results indicated that MCNPX calculated dose to within +/- 2% or 2 mm for 98% of points compared with RCF measurements and to within +/- 3% or 3 mm for 98% of points compared with MAGIC gel measurements. It is concluded that MCNPX 2.5.c can calculate dose accurately in the presence of the ovoid shields, that RCF and MAGIC gel can demonstrate the effect of ovoid shields on the dose distribution and the ovoid shields reduce the dose by as much as 50%.
Monoclonal antibody detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in human stool by direct immunofluorescence

Diagnosing giardiasis traditionally involves ova and parasite analysis, a time consuming method. Recently developed for purposes of analyzing freshwater drinking supplies, a fluorescent monoclonal antibody to Giardia lamblia was evaluated for its applicability in the detection of cysts in human stool. Using positive and control stool specimens, the monoclonal antibody incubation technique identified correctly all specimens prepared from the positive donor pool with 100% sensitivity. Monoclonal antibody detection of Giardia lamblia may prove to be an excellent screening test for cysts in human stool.
Imaging through turbulence with a quadrature-phase optical interferometer

We present an improved technique for imaging through turbulence at visible wavelengths using a rotation shearing pupil-plane interferometer, intended for astronomical and terrestrial imaging applications. While previous astronomical rotation shearing interferometers have made only visibility modulus measurements, this interferometer makes four simultaneous measurements on each interferometric baseline, with phase differences of π/2 between each measurement, allowing complex visibility measurements (modulus and phase) across the entire input pupil in a single exposure. This technique offers excellent wavefront resolution, allowing operation at visible wavelengths on large apertures, is potentially immune to amplitude fluctuations (scintillation), and may offer superior calibration capabilities to other imaging techniques. The interferometer has been tested in the laboratory under weakly aberrating conditions and at Palomar Observatory under ordinary astronomical observing conditions. This research is based partly on observations obtained at the Hale Telescope.
Three-dimensional echocardiography improves accuracy and compensates for sonographer inexperience in assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction.

Abstract This study was performed to determine whether 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with a magnetic tracking system for image plane localization, which unlike standard 2-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), does not require acquisition of specific image planes or "standard views" for quantitative measurement of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction (EF), could compensate for sonographer inexperience. Eight adults underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning; they also had 2DE and 3DE performed by 2 experienced and 3 novice sonographers. Data were analyzed by a single expert reader blinded to patient and sonographer identity. Linear regression of MRI EF (reference standard) against echocardiographic EF yielded the following results, where RD indicates the residual difference between measured MRI values and those predicted using echocardiographic results: expert 3DE: r = 0.97, RD=2.4%, and r = 0.96, RD=2.8%; novice 3DE: r = 0.83, RD=5.1%, to r = 0.95, RD=4.8%; expert 2DE: r = 0.85, RD=4.8%, and r = 0.86, RD=4.9%; and novice 2DE: r = 0.34, RD=11.7%, to r = 0.69, RD=6.6%. Comparison of error variances indicated that novices who used 3DE equaled the performance of experts who used 2DE, although experts were always more accurate than novices when both used the same echocardiographic method (3DE vs 3DE, 2DE vs 2DE). In a comparison of methods, 3DE was always superior to 2DE, regardless of sonographer experience. Three-dimensional echocardiography allows even novice sonographers to obtain diagnostic-quality data sets, which they were unable to accomplish with 2DE. These results suggest that scanning with 3DE, combined with remote expert interpretation, may be useful in providing echocardiographic services in regions where they are presently unavailable. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:290-9.)