cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chromium isotope fractionation factor in seawater

Abstract The chromium (Cr) stable isotope system is an increasingly used redox proxy for studying the oxygenation history of Earth's ocean-atmosphere system, but understanding of Cr isotope fractionation in modern seawater is still nascent. A linear relationship has been found between the isotope composition and the logarithmic concentration of total dissolved Cr in the global ocean. Such relationship was used to extract an ‘effective’ Cr isotope fractionation factor of ca. 0.7‰ associated with the removal of Cr from seawater. However, there is a statistically significant proportion of data that deviate from the global linear array, and the proportion of data plotting below the array is higher than that plotting above the array. Such scattering and skewing patterns are present even after excluding data that may have been caused by freshwater influences and potential inconsistency in methods used to purify Cr from seawater. A simple numerical exercise was conducted to demonstrate that the observed data scattering and skewing could be explained by parallel removal pathways with ‘intrinsic’ Cr isotope fractionation factors ranging from −0.8‰ to −1.6‰ combined with the presence of variable amount of dissolved Cr(III) in seawater. These results based on global seawater Cr isotope data are consistent with previous conclusions based on individual oceanographic sites.
Falsely positive heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibody testing in severe hyperbilirubinemia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening pathologic reaction to heparin-based products. Diagnosis of this condition can be confounded by other comorbidities or by acute illness-oftentimes presenting challenging clinical dilemmas, particularly in critically ill patients. A 67-year-old woman was admitted with liver failure and severe hyperbilirubinemia. She developed thrombocytopenia after prophylactic heparin exposure. Subsequent quantitative latex immunoturbidimetric assay (LIA) HIT antibody testing was intermediately positive. Confirmatory serotonin release assay testing subsequently returned negative. Platelet factor4-dependent P-selectin expression assay also returned negative, suggesting false positivity of the initial LIA tests. Concern was raised that hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin, 55.5 mg/dL) interfered with the original assay. Further testing with a separate HIT ELISA assay, which includes multiple washes and dilutions of the serum in order to effectively remove bilirubin, returned negative. Medical providers must consider the possibility of false-positive LIA testing when evaluating for HIT in the setting of severe hyperbilirubinemia.
Delaunay-admissiblité en dimensions 2 et 3

La methode des elements finis, largement utilisee en analyse numerique, requiert que le domaine considere soit prealablement maille, c'est-a-dire partitionne en un ensemble de polytopes generalement, mais pas necessairement, simpliciaux. Parmi les methodes permettant la generation de tels maillages, la triangulation de Delaunay presente le double interet d'avoir un support theorique fondant la robustesse des algorithmes, ainsi que de produire des elements de qualite, conditionnant fortement la precision des calculs ulterieurs. Elle presente cependant l'inconvenient de ne pas etre a meme de prendre en compte des considerations topologiques, lui interdisant de facto d'etre utilisee en l'etat pour produire des maillages. Un certain nombre de methodes ont ete proposees pour tenter de resoudre ce probleme, mais aucune ne constitue une solution generale. Par ailleurs, les maillages qu'elles restituent ne possedent plus la propriete de Delaunay. Ce travail etudie les conditions dans lesquelles une contrainte, en dimensions 2 et 3, apparaitra dans toute triangulation de Delaunay du nuage de points auquel elle est associee. En particulier, des theoremes de Delaunay-admissibilite a priori sont etablis. A l'aide de ces resultats, des algorithmes de redefinition de contraintes sont proposes, de telle sorte que les nouvelles discretisations, recouvrements des anciennes, soient construites par toute triangulation de Delaunay. Ainsi, les contraintes etant satisfaites automatiquement, aucune operation de forcage a posteriori n'est requise, et les maillages produits sont de Delaunay. En raison du cout prohibitif de la convergence en dimension 3, deux algorithmes efficaces sont proposes, sans qu'aucune conjecture sur leur convergence ne soit formulee. A titre d'application de la methode en dimension 3, l'interfacage avec un mailleur de Delaunay contraint existant est etudie. En particulier, la pertinence de la methode est illustree grâce au deblocage d'une configuration que ce mailleur ne parvient pas a resoudre. D'autres applications possibles, ainsi que les developpements en cours sont egalement evoques.
Controlled vs. Naturalistic Experiments: Application of the Life Table Method

I would like to discuss this subject by drawing from my own experiences, which may present a familiar topic from a different vantage point. I’l1 describe research on the outpatient treatment of primary depression, in which I’ve collaborated since 1967 with Drs. Gerald Klerman and Alberto DiMascio, and Ms. Brigitte Prusoff. This research is relevant to the topic since it included a twenty-month study with both controlled and naturalistic phases. I will also draw upon my training in epidemiology, where procedures for the study of cholera or the statistical techniques used for obtaining mortality data can be useful models for psychiatric research. This discussion will illustrate that the limitations and advantages of naturalistic and controlled experiments are not that clear. Moreover, the statistical technique of life tables can be used to approximate quasiexperimental conditions for the analysis of data collected naturalistically.
The Face We Put On: Carl Jung for Teachers

(1994). The Face We Put On: Carl Jung for Teachers. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 189-191.
The Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Expression of Stereotyped, Self-Injurious Behaviors in Developmental Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the potential roles for the basal ganglia (BG) in the production of self-injurious behavior (SIB). The chapter describes the BG system and the movement impairments that occur when the system is damaged. It reviews studies using animal models of stereotyped movements, locomotion, and SIB. Developmental disorders that lead to SIB arise from multiple, interactive points of origin in the brain and body. The motor impairments are produced from a dysregulation of multiple systems including the cerebellum, brainstem, and motor cortical regions. The chapter presents the latest evidence from animal and human studies that show that the BG system is critically involved in the production of motor problems in a broad spectrum of these disorders. Damage to BG structures in humans leads to alterations in motor patterns and the elicitation of involuntary and repetitive actions. Animal models that have focused upon these alterations in the BG system have provided much information concerning the neural basis of motor problems in some persons with developmental disabilities. The chapter concludes with ideas for future directions of study and treatment.
A Finite Element Model for Functional Analysis of 4D Cardiac-Tagged MR Images

This paper proposes a new approach for functional analysis of cardiac images. A generic heart model is coupled with finite element methods to assess global and regional function from tagged magnetic resonance images. A model including both the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) up to the basal area is needed for comprehensive understanding of cardiac physiology and anatomy. Most existing techniques can only handle the LV. Although some have attempted modeling the whole heart, these models have no geometric reference frame, so that it is difficult to compare different heart shapes and their motion. This paper uses a generic bi-ventricular heart model for functional analysis of heart motion. Three orthogonal tagging directions provide temporal correspondence of material points and enable tracking material points over time. The generic finite element model deforms due to forces exerted from material points by solving governing equations based on physical laws. The resulting model parameters can be used to characterize myocardial motion and deformation, including the basal area. We discuss the possibility of classifying parameters associated with normal and pathological hearts.
Class Origin and College Graduates' Parenting Beliefs

Previous studies have documented relationships between parenting beliefs and social class. Few studies, however, have examined how parenting beliefs vary among those who share a class position. Dra...
Pathobiology of neuronal storage disease.

Publisher Summary The neuronal storage disorders are a complex family of diseases characterized by an abnormal accumulation of unmetabolized substances within neuronal somata. A wide variety of enzymatic and molecular events underlies this storage process and these are most often known to be associated with the lysosomal system of affected cells. The storage process is seen primarily as a lysosomal event, although for some types of storage diseases—for example, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, this linkage is not firmly established. A complete discussion of the pathobiology of these diseases would necessarily encompass all pathogenetic events spanning from the molecular level to clinical manifestations of disease. This chapter discusses the consequences of these primary metabolic disturbances at the level of individual neurons or of functional groups of neurons. It is an attempt to develop a framework for understanding those factors making specific contributions to the malfunction of neurons and to the generation of those clinical manifestations that are characteristic of these diseases.
Stabilization And Destabilization By Co-Solvents

This article has no abstract. Keywords: stabilization and destabilization by co-solvents
The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia, by Sergeev, Evgeny

Evgeny Sergeev’s reconstruction of the motives and activities of the Great Game, the competition between the British and Russian empires for control over Asia, delivers a masterful and lively accou...
Magnetization of magnetostatic forward volume wave in a YIG-GGG layered structure with application to guided-wave magnetooptic Bragg cell

A general expression for the RF magnetization of a magnetostatic forward volume wave (MSFVW) generated by a lift-off spaced microstrip line transducer in a yttrium-iron-garnet-gadolinium (YIG-GGG) layered structure sandwiched between two finite ground planes has been derived. The effects of the RF magnetization on the diffraction efficiency and the bandwidth of guided-wave magnetooptic Bragg cells are studied using numerical computation. For a given microwave drive power, the RF magnetizations exhibit a multiband structure in the carrier frequency domain. Both the maximum magnitude of RF magnetization and the bandwidth are found to depend strongly, on the DC magnetic field and the YIG film thickness. >
Does singlehood isolate or integrate? Examining the link between marital status and ties to kin, friends, and neighbors:

This article addresses a debate about the relationship of singlehood and informal ties—singlehood as isolating versus integrative—and evaluates structural explanations for this relationship, focusing on life course characteristics and socioeconomic resources. Using the National Survey of Families and Households (1992–1994) and the General Social Survey (2000, 2004, 2006, 2012), we examine ties to relatives, neighbors, and friends among U.S. adults. We find that single individuals are more likely to frequently stay in touch with, provide help to, and receive help from parents, siblings, neighbors, and friends than the married. These differences between the single and the married are more prominent for the never married than for the previously married, suggesting that marriage extends its reach after it ends. Being single increases the social connections of both women and men. Overall, much of the positive relationship between singlehood and social ties remains even when we take into account structural expl...
A Pareto-efficient combustion framework with submodel assignment for predicting complex flame configurations

Abstract The selection of an appropriate combustion model for the numerical prediction of reacting flows remains an outstanding issue. Often, expert knowledge or experimental data is required to make an informed decision in selecting a suitable model. Furthermore, the computational cost that is associated with the application of a certain combustion model introduces another constraint in the selection process. By addressing these issues, the objective of this work is to develop a Pareto-efficient combustion (PEC) framework for application to complex chemically reacting flows under consideration of user-specific input about quantities of interest, desired simulation accuracy and computational cost, and a set of combustion models. PEC utilizes a Pareto efficiency, and introduces a manifold drift term as a measure for determining the adequacy of using a certain combustion-manifold model to predict selected quantities of interest. Since underlying model assumptions are encoded in the manifold, PEC restricts the application of submodels within its intended use. Further, the proposed approach for evaluating the manifold drift provides a rigorous method for combining different combustion models – as long as they can be described by a manifold. As such, this formulation represents a general description for the selection of combustion models, thereby overcoming potential limitations of flame-topology indicators and regime-specific combustion models. The capability of the PEC-framework is demonstrated in application to a tribrachial flame. By considering combustion models from the class of reaction-transport manifolds (inert mixing, equilibrium, flamelet/progress variable, and flame-prolongation in ILDM) and chemistry manifolds (using detailed and skeletal mechanisms), it is shown that PEC locally adapts the submodel fidelity within the user-defined threshold for selected quantities of interest. A parametric analysis is conducted to illustrate the dynamic range of the PEC-framework in accommodating Pareto-efficient submodel arrangements.
Challenges in Polarization Ray Tracing

New polarization methods allow the ray tracing simulation of polarization critical components, including multilayer biaxial films, anisotropic and gyrotropic crystals, electro-optical, magneto-optical, and stressoptical modulators, photonic crystals and meta-materials.
Videothoracoscopic treatment of hepatic hydrothorax

Hepatic hydrothorax occurs frequently in ascites arising from communications in the diaphragm between peritoneal and pleural cavities. Numerous treatments have been described but are of limited utility due to invasiveness and poor success rate. We describe a case of hepatic hydrothorax in which the pore in the diaphragm was documented photographically and in which successful resolution was achieved with videothoracoscopic suture ligation and talc pleurodesis.
Impact of non-lethal genetic sampling on the survival, longevity and behaviour of the Hermes copper (Lycaena hermes) butterfly

1. Genetic techniques are important tools for conservation, but tissue sampling for DNA analysis can be particularly detrimental to small study organisms. Historically, obtaining DNA samples from small insects and butterflies has involved destructive (lethal) methods. 2. Recent improvements to DNA purification technologies have increased the likelihood that non-lethal sampling will be successful. In spite of this, only a few studies have evaluated the impacts of sampling on survival and behaviour. 3. The Hermes copper, Lycaena hermes (Edwards), butterfly has a restricted distribution and generally less than 10 individuals are encountered at any one location. Non-lethal DNA sampling would allow for genetic studies that have the potential to augment conservation decisions without causing local extirpations. 4. We demonstrate that removing a leg from an adult male Hermes copper does not have a measureable effect on their survival, longevity or behaviour. In addition, a single leg provides a sufficient DNA sample for amplified fragment length polymorphism studies. 5. The Hermes copper butterfly represents the smallest butterfly species for which the survival and behaviour has been assessed in relation to non-lethal tissue sampling. This suggests that research involving smaller and more delicate species could utilise leg removal as a non-lethal genetic sampling technique.
Examination of hydrophobic contaminant adsorption in mineral micropores with grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations

A molecular level understanding of the interactions between hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and sediments is needed in order to assess contaminant fate in the environment. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate water and trichloroethylene (TCE) adsorption in slit micropores confined by charged and uncharged silica surfaces. Gas-phase single-sorbate simulations with water or TCE were performed as well as mixture simulations of bulk water containing TCE at 1% of its saturation concentration. Gas-phase isosteric heats for water adsorption in the uncharged pores ranged from -40 to -52 kJ/mol, and the densities of the adsorbed water phases were always less than that for bulk water. Gas-phase isosteric heats for water adsorption in the charged pores ranged from -79 to -170 kJ/mol, and the densities of the adsorbed water phases were close to that for bulk water. The isosteric heats and water densities indicated that the uncharged pores were mildly hydrophobic, and the charged pores were very hydrophilic. In mixture simulations of adsorption from solution, the presence of water promoted TCE adsorption in uncharged pores with widths between 14 and 20 A. The isosteric heats for TCE adsorption from solution ranged from -14 to -27 kJ/mol in the uncharged pores and from -9.3 to -50 kJ/mol in the charged pores. Strong attractions to the pore surfaces were significantly diminished after adsorption of the first two monolayers of either adsorbate. Aqueous-phase TCE at a concentration equal to 1% of its saturation concentration was able to completely displace adsorbed water in uncharged pores. Even in highly hydrophilic pores, TCE at this concentration was able to displace up to 50% of the adsorbed water. Apparent differential enthalpies of adsorption determined from the temperature dependence of TCE adsorption isotherms underestimated the magnitude of the true isosteric heats of adsorption by up to 30 kJ/ mol. This shows that HOC adsorption enthalpies determined from the temperature dependence of their adsorption isotherms underestimate the true strength of HOC-adsorbent interactions.
ATM as a target for novel radiosensitizers

DNA damage checkpoints are complex signal transduction pathways that are critical for normal cellular recovery following potentially lethal genotoxic insults. The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is a critical component in these pathways and integrates the cellular response to damage by phosphorylating key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Lack of normal ATM function in the inherited ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome results in a pleiotropic clinical syndrome characterized by a marked increased risk of cancer and profound hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Cells derived from patients with A-T share some of these attributes with genomic instability, loss of normal cell cycle arrest pathways, defects in DNA repair and increased radiation sensitivity. The radiosensitivity of A-T cells suggests that pharmacological inhibitors of the ATM kinase should be effective radiosensitizing agents. In fact, caffeine inhibits ATM kinase activity at concentrations that result in an A-T—like phenotype with loss of cell cycle checkpoints and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Although the clinical use of caffeine as a radiosensitizer is limited by potentially lethal systemic toxicities, more potent methyl xanthines may selectively inhibit the ATM pathway at clinically achievable levels. Interestingly, caffeine and other methyl xanthines preferentially radiosensitize cells that lack normal p53 function. Because p53 is commonly inactivated in epithelial malignancies, this suggests that small molecule inhibitors of ATM might selectively sensitize the majority of tumors to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation while sparing normal tissues.
Estrogen regulates vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor expression in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors

Vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor (VEG/PF) is expressed in some normal tissues and at high levels in a wide range of tumors. This growth factor is believed to be a key mediator of angiogenesis. Recent reports have shown that VEG/PF mRNA in the normal rat uterus is stimulated by estradiol (E2). In this study, we investigated the expression of VEG/PF in the mammary gland and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced, hormone-dependent mammary tumor of the rat model, and also whether VEG/PF is regulated by E2. VEG/PF mRNA from tumor extracts was amplified by RT-PCR with VEG/PF primers and generated two main products which corresponded in size to those expected for VEG/PF 164 and 120. In some cases, a third product corresponding in size to that expected for VEG/PF 188 was also generated. No such PCR products were generated from equal amount of RNA from normal mammary tissue, rat brain, or liver. Using immunocytochemistry, VEG/PF expression was detected in the epithelial cells of the tumors. We developed an ELISA assay to measure VEG/PF protein concentrations and found a 4-fold difference between normal mammary glands (1.3 +/- 0.11 ng/mg protein) and tumors (4.44 +/- 0.66) (P < 0.01). E2 treatment (5 microg/rat, s.c.) of rats 24 h after ovariectomy, greatly enhanced the expression of RT-PCR products in tumors within 2 h, which reached a maximum at 6-8 h but declined by 48 h. VEG/PF concentrations were also increased 8-12 h after E2 injection. When rats were given two injections of aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA 10 mg/rat s.c.) 24 h apart, to reduce estrogen concentrations, a low level of RT-PCR products was maintained for at least 96 h. After a single injection of 4-OHA, RT-PCR products remained low until 36 h when an increase occurred corresponding with a rise in plasma E2 levels. Injection of E2 2 h after 4-OHA treatment, caused a rise in RT-PCR products in 6-8 h. However, there was no significant change in VEG/PF concentrations. An increase in VEG/PF protein concentrations followed the increase in mRNA levels by 4-6 h. Thus, it appears that E2 causes a rapid induction of VEG/PF expression in mammary tumors that is similar to that observed in the normal uterus. These findings suggest that one mechanism by which estrogen acts as a mammary tumor promotor is by stimulating VEG/PF, leading to increased tumor angiogenesis and/or permeability of the microvessels to allow tumor cell migration.
Motorized molecules: From molecular chaos to thermal order

The sequence of random impulses due to“molecules” (squiggle balls) beating against a piston is measured using a force sensor. The equation of state (pV diagram) of the gas is obtained purely from a mechanical measurement (force sensor) and a statistical operation (time average).
Preparation of inside-out membrane vesicles from neutrophils capable of actively transporting calcium.

We have prepared inside-out membrane vesicles from rabbit neutrophils. These vesicles are capable of actively transporting calcium. This active transport requires the presence of Mg ATP. Other nucleotides such as UTP, GTP, CTP, AMP, and ADP are not able to stimulate the active uptake of calcium in these vesicles. This transport system has a Km for free calcium of 1.3 ± 0.7 μM and a Vmax of 3.6 ± 0.5 nmole/mg protein, min. and is inhibited by the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine.
Neutropenic enterocolitis as a complication of high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue in patients with solid tumors: a case series with a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND This case series with an accompanying review of the literature describes neutropenic enterocolitis as a complication of high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue in patients with solid tumors. METHODS Neutropenic enterocolitis is documented in two patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. A review of MEDLINE from 1970 to the present was performed to delineate the prior related disease settings in which this condition has been described. The nature of the clinical syndrome and controversies regarding management are discussed. RESULTS The authors report two patients who each received autologous stem cell transplantation for the treatment of a solid tumor. Both patients presented with progressive abdominal pain, signs of peritoneal irritation on examination, and pneumatosis intestinalis. In the first case, the syndrome developed rapidly over several hours, requiring emergent surgical intervention during the period of postchemotherapy nadir. In the second case, the patient developed a slowly progressive clinical picture that was managed successfully with medical therapy alone. A review of the literature suggests that neutropenic enterocolitis arises due to drug-induced bowel wall mucosal injury followed by superinfection with colonic and opportunistic organisms. Surgical intervention potentially is beneficial in patients who develop an acute syndrome that is unresponsive to antibiotic and supportive therapy. Those patients who can be stabilized with medical management often will recover once reengraftment occurs. CONCLUSIONS Neutropenic enterocolitis is described in two patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation for solid tumors. The management of this life-threatening complication is controversial and governed by the nature of the clinical presentation. Cancer 1998;83:409-414. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis in maize. 2. Environmental causes and physiological symptoms.

Abstract Environmental causes of the afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis that is frequently observed under field conditions in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves were investigated by exposing plants to various photosynthetic photon flux density (Q), temperature, and air saturation-deficit (Δe) environments during the day. Results obtained by manipulating the environment of potted plants grown outdoors were compared with the responses to day-to-day variation in environment in field-grown plants. Afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis only occurred if whole shoots were exposed to both high Q and high Δe. This suggested that plant water-deficits rather than feedback inhibition or photoinhibition were responsible. Leaf water-potentials were lower when photosynthesis was reduced. During the afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis, apparent quantum yield was not reduced, and stomatal closure did not occur. Photosynthetic rates at limiting substomatal pressures of carbon dioxide were much lower during afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis.
Practice doesn't make perfect

It may seem counterintuitive, but we are not very efficient at recognizing even the most common words. This finding suggests strict limits on how flexible we are in learning to recognize new patterns.
Concept integration from the caTIES to i2b2 using the UMLS semantic network

A tremendous wealth of valuable information is available in the plain text clinical reports and there are variety types of Natural Language Processing (NLP) platforms in place to generate concept codes and mine the reports. The information obtained from the reports has more value if it can be integrated with other clinical and genomics data. The Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) is being adopted by many institutions. Its open source based scalable framework allows research on genomics and clinical data. In this study, we have shown that any existing information extraction systems can be integrated to i2b2. In order to address this issue, the UMLS semantic network is adopted to map the concept codes generated by the Cancer Text Information Extraction System (caTIES) to i2b2. With the proposed approach, more than 200,000 sample records and 18,000 unique concept codes are made accessible and searchable instantly throughout the i2b2 infrastructure.
Conductive paper fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes and ITO nanoparticles.

A new salt-free approach was developed for fabricating conductive paper by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes onto wood fibers. Subsequent to the coating procedure, the fibers were manufactured into conductive paper using traditional paper making methods. The wood fibers were first coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and then LBL assembled with poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and ITO for several bilayers. The surface charge intensity of both the ITO nanoparticles and the coated wood fibers were evaluated by measuring the ζ-potential of the nanoparticles and short fibers, respectively. The ITO nanoparticles were found to preferentially aggregate on defects on the fiber surfaces and formed interconnected paths, which led to the formation of conductive percolation paths throughout the whole paper. With ten bilayer coatings, the as-made paper was made DC conductive, and its σdc was measured to be 5.2 × 10−6 S cm−1 in the in-plane (IP) direction, while the conductivity was 1.9 × 10−8 S cm−1 in the through-the-thickness (TT) direction. The percolation phenomena in these LBL-assembled ITO-coated paper fibers was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), current atomic force microscopy (I-AFM), and impedance measurements. The AC electrical properties are reported for frequencies ranging from 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz. A clear transition from insulating to conducting behavior is observed in the AC conductivity.
Thermodynamics of liquid surfaces: Adsorption at the binary hydrocarbon liquid—vapor interface

Abstract The surface tension and density of n -dodecane- n -hexane mixtures were determined at 25°, 30°, 35°, and 40°C. The activity coefficients of benzene— n -dodecane mixtures were determined at 30°C. The composite and individual adsorption isotherms at the liquid—vapor interface were calculated by the Gibbs adsorption equation for mixtures of benzene with n -hexane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and n -dodecane; cyclohexane with n -hexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane; and n -dodecane with n -hexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Results are discussed on the basis of activity and of position and orientation effects at the interface. The positive excess surface tension found in the n -dodecane— n -hexane and the n -dodecane—2,2,4-trimethylpentane systems is explained on the basis of position and orientation effects at the liquid—vapor interface; isotherms for the benzene— n -dodecane system indicate that a multilayer may be adsorbed at the interface.
Evidence of reentrant spin glass phase in graphite intercalation compound

Abstract Dynamic susceptibility measurement of stage-2 CucCo1−cCl2 graphite intercalation compound with c = 0.8 shows clear evidence for the transition between reentrant spin glass phase and 3D antiferromagnetic phase with the 2D ferromagnetic layers being antiferromagnetically coupled along the c-axis. The absorption χ″ is well described by a scaling relation χ″ = ωyG(ωτ) with y = (8.9 ± 0.3) × 10−3, where G(ωτ) is a scaling function described by an imaginary part of 1 [1 + (iωτ) 1−a ] with a = 0.75 ± 0.05. The average relaxation time τ diverges toward T ∗ (= 1.83 ± 0.21 K ) as ( T T ∗ − 1) −x with x = 13.8 ± 1.4.
Impaired glucose, insulin, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate responses to glucagon in growth hormone deficient children.

The glucose, insulin, and adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) responses to intravenous glucagon were found to be impaired in growth hormone deficient children. The Δ plasma glucose response in 22 normal children was 54.5 mg/dl compared to 38.4 mg/dl in the 11 growth hormone deficient children; t = 2.74, P < 0.02. For serum insulin, the comparative values were 65.3 μU/ml (n = 20) vs. 29.8 μU/ml (n = 11); t = 3.03, P < 0.01. For urinary cyclic AMP, the comparative values were 0.46 / μmol/m2 (n = 22) vs. 0.18 μmol/m2 (n = 10); t = 2.48, P < 0.02. Growth hormone therapy resulted in a significant improvement in the glucose, insulin, and cyclic AMP responses to intravenous glucagon in the growth hormone deficient group of children.
Spatial autocorrelation-based information visualization evaluation

A data set can be represented in any number of ways. For example, hierarchical data can be presented as a radial node-link diagram, dendrogram, force-directed layout, or tree map. Alternatively, point-observations can be shown with scatter-plots, parallel coordinates, or bar charts. Each technique has different capabilities for representing relationships. These capabilities are further modified by projection and presentation decisions within the technique category. Evaluating the many options is an essential task in visualization development. Currently, evaluation is largely based on heuristics, prior experience, and indefinable aesthetic considerations. This paper presents initial work towards an evaluation technique based in spatial autocorrelation. We find that spatial autocorrelation can be used to construct a separator between visualizations and other image types. Furthermore, this can be done with parameters amenable to interactive use and in a fashion that does not need to take plot schema characteristics as parameters.
Combinations of evoked potential amplitude measurements in relation to psychiatric diagnosis

The purposes of this investigation were (1) to determine the extent to which single nonredundant measures, derived from optimal combinations of evoked potential (EP) amplitude measurements, could differentiate between various groups of psychiatric patients and between patients and nonpatients, and (2) to assess the replicability of such discriminations. Somatosensory, visual, and auditory EPs were recorded from 15 locations in 253 unmedicated patients and 99 nonpatients. Multivariate statistical methods were used to reduce the amplitude measurements to sets of factor scores that met specified criteria for entry into discriminant analyses between pairs of the following groups: nonpatients, neuroses, personality disorders, schizophrenias, schizotypal/borderlines, major depressives, and manics. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were assessed for discriminant scores. The discriminant scores yielded many differences between groups, most of which were replicable in split-half analyses. Among these were differences between all six patient groups and nonpatients, and between schizophrenics and nonpsychotics. Split-half discriminant analyses were also performed with 12 measures that were obtained by taking the means of factor scores grouped by sensory modality, time, and spatial location; these variables, used without preselection, provided several replicable diagnostic discriminations.
Recent habitat association and the historical decline of Notropis simus pecosensis

Small-bodied, riverine minnows that historically characterized fish assemblages of Great Plains rivers in North America have declined because of river fragmentation, dewatering, river channel degradation, river salinization and nonnative species introductions. The Pecos bluntnose shiner Notropis simus pecosensis, a member of this guild, persists in one segment of the Pecos River, New Mexico, USA. We characterized habitat associations for the species at two spatial scales. In general, N. s. pecosensis associated with fluvial habitats, but velocity association depended on body size, with larger individuals using swifter habitats. All N. s. pecosensis associated with relatively low depths (3–51 cm), which were most abundant in sites with relatively wide river channels (>25 m), especially when discharge was between 0.5 and 4.0 m3 s−1. The Pecos River sub-segment that is occupied by the core population of N. s. pecosensis (V-ii) had a unique combination of being buffered from direct dam effects by intervening segments and sub-segments, high sub-segment length, substantial sediment inputs from numerous uncontrolled tributaries, substantial base flow provided by irrigation return flows and groundwater inflows, high channel width in relation to discharge and low salinity. Although no unoccupied Pecos River segment appears to be suitable for N. s. pecosensis, habitat restoration opportunities exist within all occupied sub-segments (V-i, V-ii and V-iii) via base flow enhancement and river channel restoration. Restoration that offsets chronic effects of dams may be necessary to conserve the species. Restoration would also benefit other rare riverine minnows that coexist with N. s. pecosensis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muscle Forces May Explain Paradoxical Knee Loads During Different Gait Patterns

Medial compartment knee osteoarthritis is a common clinical disorder [1] in which the articular cartilage in the medial compartment progressively deteriorates. To slow disease progression without surgical intervention, researchers have proposed gait modifications to offload the medial compartment. Since knee medial contact force (MCF) cannot be measured non-invasively in vivo, researchers have identified the external knee adduction moment (KAM) as a surrogate measure that is easy to calculate [2]. A common assumption has been that reducing the peak KAM will result in a corresponding reduction in peak MCF. While the magnitude of the peak KAM has been correlated with disease severity and rate of disease progression [3,4], it is not clear that reduction of this external load via gait modification will always result in a decrease in internal MCF.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The distribution and turnover of 35S methionine as influenced by diet in the dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis).

Abstract 1. 1. Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) were maintained on one of three semi-synthetic diets, differing only in their sulphur amino acid content. 2. 2. 35S-methionine was administered intraperitoneally after 3 days on their respective diets and the animals were killed 24 or 96 hr post-injection. 3. 3. Faecal loss of 35S-methionine was significantly lower in the low methionine/high cysteine (HC) group after 24 hr when compared with the other two dietary groups (4.69 vs 5.53 and 5.47%), indicating a whole-body conservation of the limiting amino acid. 4. 4. Incorporation of 35S-methionine in hepatic and intestinal tissues was also greater in the HC group, even as the animals were losing body weight.
Aging and depression: Vulnerability and stress across adulthood

This paper reviews research on the relationship between age and depression in adulthood, with a focus on depression in late life. Age differences in prevalence rates of major depression and depressive symptomatology raise questions about presentation and measurement of depression across adulthood, and suggest a changing salience of risk factors for depression from young adulthood through old age as well as to cohort differences in risk for depression. Applying a developmental perspective on biological change, psychological adaptation, and stress processes throughout adulthood shows that risk for depression onset in young adults is typified more through psychological vulnerability and stress, as well as genetic factors, while risk for depression in older adults typified more through comorbid medical and neurological disorder. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. This review of the relationship of age to depression shows that the study of psychopathology and adult development can inform each other.
A meteorological overview of the ARCTAS 2008 mission

Abstract. The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission was a multi-aircraft project whose major objective was to investigate the factors driving changes in the Arctic's atmospheric composition and climate. It was conducted during April and June–July 2008. The summer ARCTAS deployment was preceded by a week of flights over and around California to address state issues of air quality and climate forcing. This paper focuses on meteorological conditions during the ARCTAS Spring and Summer campaigns. We examine mission averaged large-scale flow patterns at the surface, 500 hPa, and 300 hPa and determine their departures from climatology. Results from runs of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are used to describe meteorological conditions on individual days. Our WRF configuration included a nested grid approach that provided horizontal spacing as small as 5 km. Trajectories calculated from the WRF output are used to determine transport pathways to the Arctic, including their origins and the altitudes at which they reach 70° N. We also present backward trajectories from selected legs of individual ARCTAS flights. Finally, the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model, with the high resolution WRF data as input, is used to determine the paths of anthropogenic and biomass burning-derived CO. Results show that there was frequent and widespread transport to the Arctic during both phases of ARCTAS and that the three ARCTAS aircraft sampled air having a multitude of origins, following a myriad of paths, and experiencing many types of meteorological conditions.
Demonstration of in vivo formation of the nitrosamine N-nitroso-N-methylaniline from amyl nitrite

Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in U.S. homosexuals. A possible explanation is that butyl nitrite, inhaled as a drug of abuse, initiates the tumor via the in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds. To demonstrate that such a process can occur, we injected mice i.p. with the amine N-methylaniline (250 mg/kg), gavaged them 30 min later with amyl nitrite (AmNO2, 40 mg/kg), killed the mice after another 30 or 60 min, and analyzed the carcasses for N-nitroso-N-methylaniline (NMA). We obtained 480 +/- 130 (mean +/- S.E. for 6 mice killed after 30 min) and 380 +/- 40 (for 6 mice killed after 60 min) nmol NMA/mouse. Much lower yields were obtained when AmNO2 was injected i.p. and methylaniline was gavaged. Hence, relatively large amounts of at least one nitrosamine can be produced in vivo from simple nitrite esters.
Estimation of 3D seafloor geometry for multiple prediction using a simulated annealing algorithm

The accuracy of multiple prediction is crucial to successfully eliminating or suppressing multiples. Most multiple removal methods neglect the effects of 3D reflector geometry, which may lead to substantial error in the prediction process. This paper proposes an original approach to predict 3D reflector geometry using a nonlinear optimization method called very fast simulated annealing ( VFSA). We apply an NMO technique to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction parameters such as seafloor dip and water velocity. Both synthetic and real data examples have been used to demonstrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the process.
Cost Advantages of Two-Level Anterior Cervical Fusion with Rigid Internal Fixation for Radiculopathy and Degenerative Disease

Background Conventional anterior cervical discectomy with fusion is thought to require postoperative neck immobilization for the promotion of bony fusion. Rigid internal fixation with anterior cervical plates may decrease graft-related complications and provide immediate stability. This stability may obviate postoperative external immobilization. Methods This report reviews one surgeon’s experience with the use of rigid internal fixation for two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for radiculopathy to promote early mobilization without external bracing. It compares outcomes and costs with a similar population of patients treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion who did not undergo rigid internal fixation. We compared patients who underwent two-level allograft anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with or without rigid internal fixation between 1989 and 1994 performed by a single surgeon (FJP) to evaluate the cost advantages and outcome of each procedure. All patients had clinical evidence of cervical radiculopathy unresponsive to medical therapy with magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of the appropriate nerve root impingement. Thirty-nine patients underwent two-level Cloward allograft fusion using Synthes anterior cervical locking plates, 25 underwent identical fusion without plating. Follow-up was 6 months to 4 years (mean, 31 months). Results Twenty-three of 25 patients in the nonplated group and 36 of 39 patients in the plated group achieved excellent or good outcomes using the Odom criteria. There were six complications (two major and four minor) in each group. Patients who underwent plating returned to light activities (mean, 17 vs. 29 days), driving (28 vs. 57 days), and unrestricted work (66 vs. 136 days) sooner than nonplated patients (p < 0.05, paired t test). No patient with plates was given external immobilization. Conclusions Two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with anterior plating for radiculopathy is safe, effective, and seems to provide shorter convalescence compared with conventional anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Patients returned to unrestricted work sooner, thus reducing short-term disability. Rigid internal fixation may provide cost advantages to patients and insurance disability providers. The authors conclude that the increased cost of treatment for rigid internal fixation is more than offset by the benefits of earlier mobilization.
Transcellular retrograde labeling of radial glial cells with WGA-HRP and DiI in neonatal rat and hamster.

Topographically distinct populations of radial glial cells in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of neonatal rats and hamsters were transcellularly labeled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and with the lipophilic tracer DiI. A comparison of the histological distribution of the two tracers is suggestive of two different mechanisms of transcellular labeling. Intraocular injections of WGA-HRP resulted in the uptake of exogenously applied WGA-HRP by retinal ganglion cells, followed by anterograde axonal transport and exocytosis within the optic target nuclei. In addition to the transneuronal labeling, which is typical of such injections, we observed the transcellular labeling of the processes and somata of radial glial cells that were topographically associated with the terminal fields of the labeled axons. Similar transcellular labeling of radial glial cells associated with the axon terminal fields of the colliculogeniculate projection to the medial geniculate nucleus was observed following injections of WGA-HRP in the inferior colliculus. The transcellular labeling within the radial glial cells was discontinuous and somatopetally concentrated, indicating the existence of a retrograde active transport mechanism within the radial glial processes subsequent to its uptake following release of tracer from axons. This type of labeling can be referred to as transcellular retrograde glioplasmic transport. In contrast, DiI was used as a tracer through its capacity to diffuse within the plasmalemma. Topographically distinct populations of radial glial cells were transcellularly labeled following placements of DiI in the retina, inferior colliculus, or dorsal thalamus of fixed brains. The radial processes of labeled radial glial cells consistently extended into regions that also contained labeled axons. It is likely that the transcellular radial glial labeling with DiI occurred via transmembranous diffusion. These data indicate that a close structural and functional relation exists between axons and glial cells in the developing brain. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.