cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased forebrain activations in youths with family histories of alcohol and other substance use disorders performing a Go/NoGo task.

Background Youths with a family history of alcohol and other drug use disorders (FH+) are at a greater risk of developing substance use disorders than their peers with no such family histories (FH−), and this increased risk may be related to impaired maturation of forebrain circuitry. FH+ individuals have shown altered forebrain activity at rest and while performing cognitive tasks. However, it is not fully understood how forebrain activity is altered in FH+ individuals, and ultimately how these alterations may contribute to substance use disorder risk. Methods In this study, we tested 72 FH+ and 32 FH− youths performing a go/no-go task and examined activations in blocks with only go trials (Go Only), blocks with 50% go and 50% no-go trials (Go/NoGo), and a contrast of those 2 blocks. Results FH+ youths had significantly greater cerebral activations in both the Go and Go/NoGo blocks than FH− youths in regions including the posterior cingulate/precuneus, bilateral middle/superior temporal gyrus, and medial superior frontal gyrus with no significant group differences in the subtraction between Go Only and Go/NoGo blocks. Additionally, FH+ youths had moderately slower reaction times on go trials in the Go Only blocks. Conclusions Our findings suggest that global activation increase in FH+ youths are modulated by FH density and are not specific to the inhibitory components of the task. This pattern of increased activations in FH+ youths may be at least partially due to impaired forebrain white matter development leading to greater activations/less efficient neural communication during task performance.
Recursive methods for optical jitter suppression using acoustic actuators

The recursive generalized predictive control algorithm, conjugating the process of system identification and the process of the controller design, is presented and applied to real time. In the control design process, there are three parameters to be chosen: the prediction horizon, the control horizon, and the input weighting factor. The prediction horizon and the control horizon are the finite horizons of the system output and control input predictions. Two practical parameters are defined to express effects of the prediction horizon and the control horizon. A time varying algorithm for the input weighting factor and a dual-sampling-rate algorithm are presented. A time varying input weighting factor algorithm allows the recursive generalized predictive controller to be designed aggressively. A dual-sampling-rate algorithm between data acquisition and control design allows higher-order controllers to be designed. The recursive generalized predictive control algorithm is applied to two different systems: a sound enclosure and an optical jitter suppression testbed. For each experiment, the estimation of the frequency response magnitude corresponding to the open loop identified system and the closed loop identified system is shown and compared. The advantages of the proposed recursive generalized predictive control algorithm are: no prior system information is required since the process of the system identification is performed recursively from real time system input and output data, and the controller is updated adaptively in the presence of a changing operating environment.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Secondary Metallicity in Analytic Models of Chemical Evolution of Galaxies

Analytic models of the chemical evolution of galactic regions that grow in mass owing to the continuous infall of matter are characterized, emphasizing the solutions for secondary nuclei (defined as those nuclei whose stellar yields are proportional to the abundance of a primary seed nucleus) in the families of models described by Clayton (1984 and 1985). Wide variations in time dependence of both primary and secondary nuclei as well as in the ratio of secondary to primary are displayed by these model families, confirming again the usefulness of these families as interpretive guides if galaxies do in fact evolve with substantial infall. Additionally, analytic solutions are presented for two other possible interesting systems: the evolution of abundances if the primary metallicity in the infall is increasing in time, and the evolution of abundances if the primary yield changes linearly with time owing to continuous changes in the stellar mass function, the opacity, or other astrophysical agents. Finally, test evaluations of the instantaneous recycling approximation on which these analytic models rely are presented.
Narrative Therapy with Intercultural Couples: A Case Study

We present an example of the use of narrative therapy with intercultural couples. The narratives focus on the exploration of issues facing many intercultural couples, including acculturation, societal pressures, divergent role beliefs, and the construction of a unique couple identity. Specifically, we discuss how externalizing, reauthoring, and remembering conversations of narrative therapy can help intercultural couples to revision and renew their couple identity. A case application is presented to illustrate two specific narrative interventions with intercultural couples.
Enhancement with varying phosphate types, concentrations, and pump rates, without sodium chloride on beef biceps femoris quality and sensory characteristics

Beef biceps femoris muscles (n = 45) were used to evaluate the effect of enhancement with solutions containing sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), or tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) at either 0.2% or 0.4% of product weight, without sodium chloride. All solutions were injected into muscle samples at either 112% (12% pump) or 118% (18% pump) of raw product weight. Muscles enhanced with STPP or TSPP had a higher (P 0.05) in pH between SHMP and CNT. Muscles enhanced with STPP had less (P 0.05) in free water. Steaks enhanced with SHMP had greater (P 0.05) from CNT. Phosphate inclusion at 0.2% allowed for greater (P 0.05) cooking losses as CNT. Although there were no differences (P > 0.05) in cooking loss between pump rates, steaks enhanced at an 18% pump rate had greater (P 0.05) cooking losses as CNT. Enhancement with any of the three phosphate types or either concentration did not improve (P > 0.05) sensory tenderness or juiciness characteristics compared to CNT, but enhancement at an 18% pump rate allowed for improved (P < 0.05) overall tenderness, compared to a 12% pump rate. These results suggest that while phosphate enhancement independent of sodium chloride generally did not improve water retention, cooked yields and palatability compared to untreated samples, utilizing higher phosphate concentrations or utilizing STPP or TSPP effectively retained the additional water associated with solution enhancement, allowing for similar free water and cook yields as untreated samples.
Stimulation of protein synthesis by raised extracellular pH in cardiac myocytes and perfused hearts

Protein synthesis was stimulated in freshly-isolated rat cardiac myocytes by increasing the extracellular pH of Hepes-buffered Tyrode's solutions over the range pH 7.4–8.4. The maximal stimulation was about 45%. Protein synthesis in anterogradely-perfused rat hearts was stimulated by 11% by increasing the pH of the bicarbonate-containing perfusion medium from pH 7.4 to 7.8. This manoeuvre increased intracellular pH by 0.12 units. A concomitant increase in phosphocreatine concentration was observed. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that intracellular pH may exert profound effects on tissue protein synthesis rates.
Spontaneous ionization of hydrogen atoms at the Si − SiO 2 interface

We present a series of electronic structure calculations that demonstrate a mechanism for spontaneous ionization of hydrogen at the $\mathrm{Si}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface. Specifically, we show that an isolated neutral hydrogen atom will spontaneously give up its charge and bond to a threefold coordinated oxygen atom. We refer to this entity as a proton. We have calculated the potential surface and found it to be entirely attractive. In contrast, hydrogen molecules will not undergo an analogous reaction. We relate these calculations both to proton generation experiments and to hydrogen plasma experiments.
Firmware engineering and microprogramming at the University of Cincinnati

A research program in firmware engineering and microprogramming is in progress at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the University of Cincinnati. The group of researchers engaged in this effort is supervised by Dr. Christos Papachristou and involves his graduate assistants, Mr. Satnam Gambhir, Ms. Evelyn Melton and Mr. Pei-Ching Hwang. This research is supported in part by U.S. Army Research Office grant DAAG29-85-K-0106, gratefully acknowledged. Some preliminary results were reported at Micro-14, Micro-15 and the IEEE International Workshop on Computer Systems Organization.
Representations of Risk Judgments

The present paper examines models that describe the judged riskiness of gambles having some probability of losing a specified amount, otherwise losing nothing. Most theories of risk judgments and risky choice assert probabilities and utilities combine multiplicatively. However, in some situations, risk judgments can be represented as an additive combination of probability and utility. Results are consistent with a change-of-process theory (Mellers, Chang, Birnbaum, and Ordonez, 1992, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance). Factors that influence the decision strategy for combining probability and utility are examined.
The concentration and speciation of arsenic in marine macro-algae

Abstract Arsenic concentration of marine algae varies significantly, ranging from an average of 10·3 μ g−1 in the Phaeophyceae to 1·54 μ g−1 in the Chlorophyceae and 1·43 μ g−1 in the Rhodophyceae. The chemical speciation is also significantly different, with the Phaeophyceae containing an average of 22% inorganic arsenic, and the Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae containing about 45% inorganic arsenic. The absolute concentration of inorganic arsenic is not significantly different between the classes, however, and may represent maximum tolerable levels for macro-algae. The variations in arsenic concentration are probably due to metabolic differences between classes, and not to differences in the amount of total available arsenic in the surrounding water.
The New Genomics: Global Views of Biology

What will happen after a complete sequence of the human genome is available? Eric Lander argues that it will be the beginning of a new phase of research. He presents 10 goals for the future that are related to a global view of biology. The author is at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Identification of metals in scanning tunneling microscopy via image states.

An oscillatory reversal of the contrast between Cu and Mo is observed with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), using sample bias voltages of $+$5 V and higher. It is attributed to tunneling via a series of discrete states that are induced by a combination of the image potential and the applied field. They are offset in energy due to the different work functions of Cu and Mo. This effect provides a generally applicable mechanism for elemental contrast in STM.
Detection of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde in human brain by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract The monoamine oxidase A metabolite of noradrenaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, is the precursor of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, metabolites of noradrenaline. Owing to difficulties in purifying this aldehyde, it has not been previously characterized or identified in biological sources. This paper describes an enzymatic synthesis, purification, and characterization of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde. The aldehyde metabolite is identified in postmortem human brain using highperformance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. We estimate the concentration in human hippocampus to be 0.164 ± 0.05 nmol/g. The importance of this aldehyde metabolite of noradrenaline is discussed.
Photoinduced charge transfer between poly(3-hexylthiophene) and germanium nanowires

Germanium nanowires (GeNWs) were used to enhance the properties of organic photovoltaic devices. GeNWs were grown to a length of 1–5μm on SiO2 by the vapor-liquid-solid method catalyzed by 20nm Au seeds. Once grown, the GeNWs were dispersed in solution with poly(3-hexylthiophene) and spin cast into films. The photoluminescence and external quantum efficiency of the films indicated a significant increase in exciton dissociation and photocurrent generation. The results imply that the GeNWs may act as an electron acceptor for bulk heterojunction hybrid-inorganic/organic photovoltaic devices. The impacts of GeNW on device characteristics are discussed.
Isolation and analysis of linker histones across cellular compartments.

Abstract Analysis of histones, especially histone H1, is severely limited by immunological reagent availability. This paper describes the application of cellular fractionation with LC–MS for profiling histones in the cytosol and upon chromatin. First, we show that linker histones enriched by cellular fractionation gives less nuclear contamination and higher histone content than when prepared by nuclei isolation. Second, we profiled the soluble linker histones throughout the cell cycle revealing phosphorylation increases as cells reach mitosis. Finally, we monitored histone H1.2–H1.5 translocation to the cytosol in response to the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol in primary CLL cells treated ex vivo. Data shows that all H1 variants translocate in response to drug treatment with no specific order to their cytosolic appearance. The results illustrate the utility of cellular fractionation in conjunction with LC–MS for the analysis of histone H1 throughout the cell. Biological significance This paper demonstrates the first time application of cellular fractionation to characterize cytosolic histone H1 by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Using the Ramos Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, cellular fractionation was shown to give less nuclear contamination and higher histone content than preparations by nuclei isolation. Further application of the cellular fractionation approach was shown by using primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells to monitor the movement of histone H1 across cellular compartments in response to the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol. Collectively, these data establish a mass spectrometric method for exploration into the function of cytosolic histone H1.
The design of a pile oscillator for the ford nuclear reactor

A pile oscillator is a device that periodically varies the neutron population in a nuclear reactor. The population change may occur as a localized variation in neutron density, or the density of neutrons throughout the reactor may be caused to vary in a systematic manner. Such a variation may be effected by a periodic oscillation of the multiplication constant, keff, of the reactor. The required changes in keff have been achieved in reactor oscillators by mechanical oscillations of either absorbers or reflectors located in or near the core.
Palestinian politics on the move: From revolution to peace and statehood

This article broadly examines challenges that have confronted the Palestinian movement over the years, assesses the PLO's gradual drift towards pragmatism and evaluates the PA's efforts to establish a state despite its inability to deliver the basic political and economic needs for its people in the territories. It particularly explores developments in relationships between mainstream Palestinian elites and their counterparts in Arab countries and evaluates the implications of their relations on peacemaking. Generally, the purpose is to seek a historically grounded understanding of inter‐Arab and Palestinian relations and their effects on future directions in modern Palestinian politics. The article also highlights dangers that may become associated with the likely creation of an authoritarian Palestinian state that would emerge as a result of peace with Israel.
Effect of metal cations on the conformation and inactivation of recombinant human factor VIII

Abstract Heavy metals have been implicated in the aggregation of proteins and the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we describe the interaction of recombinant human factor VIII (rhFVIII) with Al +3 , Tb +3 , Co +2 , and Fe +3 using a combination of intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism, and high-resolution fourth-derivative absorbance analysis. rhFVIII in solution was titrated with the metal cations and the properties of the resulting complexes were examined. rhFVIII has a tendency to aggregate and inactivate slowly over time under physiological conditions, but this aggregation process is greatly accelerated in the presence of metals with Al +3 being the most efficient. This leads to a complete loss of activity of the protein. Al +3 -induced conformational changes in the protein were small but detectable with limited changes seen in secondary and tertiary structure. Because rhFVIII is a multidomain protein with subunits linked through divalent metal cations, the small intramolecular changes seen may be attributed to rearrangements of the subunits to an aggregation-competent conformer that is very similar to that of the native form.
Clocking scheme for switched-capacitor circuits

A novel clocking scheme for switched-capacitor (SC) circuits is presented. It can enhance the understanding of SC circuits and the errors caused by MOSFET (MOS) switches. Charge errors, and techniques to make SC circuits less sensitive to them, are discussed.
A survey of off-label prescribing for inpatients with mild intellectual disability and mental illness

Background The term ‘off-label prescribing’ refers to the use of a drug outside the terms of its Marketing Authorisation, including prescribing for an unlicensed indication. There have been few reports about off-label prescribing in psychiatry. The aims of the study were to determine the frequency of off-label prescribing of psychotropics for inpatients with mild intellectual disability (ID) and mental illness resident in a large psychiatric hospital, the nature of the off-label clinical indications and details about patient consent and case note documentation of the off-label usage. Methods Cross-sectional survey of inpatients of the ID division of a charitable hospital was carried out. Interviews with consultant psychiatrists about off-label use of psychotropics were also made. Results Of the 56 patients studied, 38 (67.9%) were receiving one or more psychotropic drugs and 26 (46.4%) were receiving at least one off-label psychotropic. The most frequently cited off-label indications were: reduction of aggression, arousal and behavioural disturbance (14 cases) and mood stabilization of affective disturbance (13). The principle psychotropics involved were atypical antipsychotics (17 cases) and mood stabilizers (13). Although in most instances the psychiatrist was aware the drug was being used off-label and had consulted other professionals, in only two (6%) instances had the patient been informed of the off-label usage, largely because the psychiatrist felt they lacked the capacity to understand the off-label concept. In most cases the off-label usage had not been documented in the case notes. Conclusions Off-label prescribing is common in patients with comorbid ID and mental disorder. When prescribing off-label, psychiatrists need to consider the evidence that the drug is likely to be effective for the unlicensed indication and any risks involved. Where there is limited evidence of benefit a trial of the drug, with clinical monitoring may be indicated. Patients should be fully informed about their medication. However, many patients with ID cannot understand the off-label concept. In some circumstances psychiatrists may find it helpful to consult other professionals before prescribing off-label. Good case note documentation of the process is important and supports the prescriber.
Temporary perfusion of a congenital pelvic kidney during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Abstract A patient with a large abdominal aortic aneurysm was noted to have a congenital pelvic kidney. The patient also had bilateral iliac aneurysms that required repair. The blood supply of the congenital pelvic kidney was not apparent from preoperative studies but was found at the time of surgery to be from the area of the aortic bifurcation. Pelvic renal ischemia was limited by a "double proximal clamping" technique and by placement of a temporary shunt from the body of the aortic graft into the pelvic renal artery during completion of two distal anastomoses. The patient's renal function remained normal during the preoperative period, and the reconstruction was demonstrated to be patent more than one year after surgery. Although simple clamping and expeditious reconstruction are appropriate in most cases of aortic surgery in the presence of congenital or transplant pelvic kidney, more complex anatomy, including iliac aneurysms, may require longer periods of ischemia. Pelvic renal ischemia may be limited with the technique described. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:613-7.)
Capillary and microelectrophoretic separations of ligase detection reaction products produced from low-abundant point mutations in genomic DNA.

Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and polymer-based microelectrophoretic platforms were investigated to analyze low-abundant point mutations in certain gene fragments with high diagnostic value for colorectal cancers. The electrophoretic separations were carried out on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) products generated from an allele-specific ligation assay (ligase detection reaction, LDR), which was used to screen for a single base mutation at codon 12 in the K-ras oncogene. The presence of the mutation generated a ssDNA fragment that was >40 base pairs (bp) in length, while the primers used for the ligation assay were <30 bp in length. Various separation matrices were investigated, with the success of the matrix assessed by its ability to resolve the ligation product from the large molar excess of unligated primers when the mutant allele was lower in copy number compared to the wild-type allele. Using CGE, LDR product models (44 and 51 bp) could be analyzed in a cross-linked polyacrylamide gel with a 1000-fold molar excess of LDR primers (25 bp) in ∼45 min. However, when using linear polyacrylamide gels, these same fragments could not be detected due to significant electrokinetic biasing during injection. A poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microchip of 3.5 cm effective column length was used with a 4% linear polyacrylamide gel to analyze the products generated from an LDR. When the reaction contained a 100-fold molar excess of wild-type DNA compared to a G12.2D mutant allele, the 44 bp ligation product could be effectively resolved from unligated primers in under 120 s, nearly 17 times faster than the CGE format. In addition, sample cleanup was simplified using the microchip format by not requiring desalting of the LDR prior to loading.
Analysis of compressibility effects on Darrieus-Landau instability of deflagration wave

The Darrieus-Landau instability of propagating fronts, such as the flame front in combustion and ablation front in inertial confinement fusion, was analyzed with considering compressibility effects. It was shown that the assumption that the flame velocity is constant, relative to both the burned and unburned gas, cannot be applied to determine correctly the compressibility effect because it violates the conservation equations (Rankine-Hugoniot relation). Using the jump conditions from the Rankine-Hugoniot relation, we obtained a dispersion relation for the growth rate in terms of the wave number, the Mach number, and the density ratio of the burned to unburned gas. It was found that the growth rate first increases and then decreases with the Mach number and that the Chapman-Jouguet deflagration appears to be neutrally stable.
Invited Editorial on “Pulmonary chemoreflex elicited by intravenous injection of lactic acid in anesthetized rats”

the paper in this issue by Lu-Yuan Lee et al. ([11][1]) investigates the reflex changes that occur after intravenous administration of lactic acid. Intravenous injection of a great number of chemical compounds has been tried since the original experiments of von Bezold and Hint in 1867 (see Ref. [5
NON-LTE EFFECTS OF Na i IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF HD 209458b

The recent announcement that sodium absorption has been observed in the atmosphere of HD 209458b, the only extrasolar giant planet (EGP) observed to transit its parent star, is the first direct detection of an EGP atmosphere. We explore the possibility that neutral sodium is not in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) in the outer atmosphere of irradiated EGPs and that the sodium concentration may be underestimated by models that make the LTE assumption. Our results indicate that it may not be necessary to invoke excessive photoionization, low metallicity, or even high-altitude clouds to explain the observations.
Using the Radiative Kernel Technique to Calculate Climate Feedbacks in NCAR's Community Atmospheric Model

Abstract Climate models differ in their responses to imposed forcings, such as increased greenhouse gas concentrations, due to different climate feedback strengths. Feedbacks in NCAR’s Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) are separated into two components: the change in climate components in response to an imposed forcing and the “radiative kernel,” the effect that climate changes have on the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiative budget. This technique’s usefulness depends on the linearity of the feedback processes. For the case of CO2 doubling, the sum of the effects of water vapor, temperature, and surface albedo changes on the TOA clear-sky flux is similar to the clear-sky flux changes directly calculated by CAM. When monthly averages are used rather than values from every time step, the global-average TOA shortwave change is underestimated by a quarter, partially as a result of intramonth correlations of surface albedo with the radiative kernel. The TOA longwave flux changes do not depend on the averagin...
Effects of ambient temperature on the performance of bent tube fluorescent lamps

The effects of ambient temperature on the system performance characteristics of bent-tube fluorescent lamps for diameters ranging from T5 to T12 are discussed. Measurements were made from +40 degrees F to +120 degrees F ambient temperature with lamp currents ranging from 0.25 to 0.45 A. Results show that the light output and lamp efficacy peak at higher ambient temperatures for the smaller-diameter T5 biaxial lamp types as compared to the larger T8 and T12 diameter lamps. These data are important from a luminaire design standpoint because they indicate how the thermal characteristics of the fixture affect the system performance. It is concluded that be designing the luminaire geometry to give optimal bulb-wall temperatures improved system performance characteristics can be achieved. >
Signal transduction mechanisms of the angiotensin II type AT(1)-receptor: looking beyond the heterotrimeric G protein paradigm.

JRAAS 2001;2:4–10 Introduction Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This small peptide binds cell surface receptors to maintain a wide variety of haemodynamic responses including salt and water balance, blood pressure (BP) and vascular tone. Ang II can also act as a potent growth factor. Under certain conditions, however, its growth-promoting effects can be deleterious and lead to vascular disease. The intracellular signalling mechanisms by which the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor converts ligand binding to the appropriate cellular response are the focus of this review. Here, the classical signalling pathway utilising heterotrimeric G proteins is discussed. In addition, more recent work examining the role of tyrosine phosphorylation signalling cascades is also examined. Defining the biochemical signalling pathways by which Ang II mediates its physiological effects will advance our understanding of how such a simple molecule elicits such a wide variety of important cellular responses. Furthermore, it may delineate the mechanisms by which Ang II generates a normal versus an abnormal cellular response, the results of which lead to vascular disease states that are routinely seen in humans.
The Structure of Carboxypeptidase A. VIII. Atomic Interpretation at 0.2 nm Resolution, a New Study of the Complex of Glycyl-L-Tyrosine with CPA, and Mechanistic Deductions

Bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase Aa (CPA),J the subject of these studies, is a zinc containing enzyme of molecular weight 34 600, which catalyses the hydrolysis of polypeptides and esters at the C-terminal peptide or ester bond. Experiments to date have shown that in order to be hydrolysed, the substrate must contain a C-terminal residue in the l configuration, with the carboxyl group free and α to the peptide or ester bond which is to be cleaved. In addition, the reaction is favoured if the C-terminal residue is aromatic. Our crystallographic studies of CPA have yielded electron density maps of the native enzyme at 0.6 nm (Lipscomb, Coppola, Hartsuck, Ludwig, Muirhead, Searl & Steitz 1966), 0.28 nm (Ludwig, Hartsuck, Steitz, Muirhead, Coppola, Reeke & Lipscomb 1967) and 0.20 nm resolution (Reeke, Hartsuck, Ludwig, Quiocho, Steitz & Lipscomb 1967; Lipscomb, Hartsuck, Reeke, Quiocho, Bethge, Ludwig, Steitz, Muirhead & Coppola 1968). Concurrently, a study of the binding of a number of substrates and inhibitors at 0.6 nm resolution was under way (Steitz, Ludwig, Quiocho & Lipscomb 1967). Subsequently, the most promising of these complexes, that of glycyl-L-tyrosine with CPA, was carried to atomic resolution (Reeke et al. 1967; Lipscomb et al. 1968). Even though chemical sequence is not available for several of the binding and catalytic groups of the enzyme, we have been able to deduce the identity of the binding residue Arg-145 and the catalytic residue Glu-270 (Reeke et al. 1967), to describe the mode of binding of Gly-Tyr, to extrapolate these conclusions to the binding of polypeptides, and to propose a mechanism, with certain ambiguities, for the action of the enzyme (Lipscomb et al. 1968). We have now completed the detailed atomic interpretation of the 0.20 nm electron density map, supplying residue identifications where the primary sequence is not available, and have subjected the resulting atomic coordinates to a model building procedure (Diamond 1966) which forces them to conform to standard bond distances and angles. The improved coordinates have been entered in a structure factor calculation, which gave a standard crystallographic R factor of 0.44.
Syndecans are differentially expressed during the course of aortic aneurysm formation.

Background The syndecan family of cell surface proteoglycans can bind and modulate the activity of a diverse group of soluble and insoluble ligands, which have been shown to modulate events relevant to acute tissue repair and chronic injury responses. The expression of members of the syndecan family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans during the course of aortic aneurysm formation has not been previously investigated. In this investigation, the spatiotemporal expression of syndecan-1, -2, and -4 was characterized in a murine model of aneurysm formation. Methods ApoE-deficient mice were maintained on an atherogenic diet for 8 weeks with concurrent infusion of angiotensin II (0.75 mg/kg/day SQ). The expression of syndecan-1, -2, and -4 at the site of aneurysm formation was characterized by immunohistochemical staining and colocalization determined by double fluorescent immunostaining. Correlative examination was performed on tissue specimens harvested from patients at the time of open aneurysm repair. Results In the aortic wall of age-matched, untreated mice, syndecan-4 was localized to the smooth muscle cells of the media. However, neither syndecan-1 nor syndecan-2 could be detected. Within 1 week of initiating a high fat diet and infusion of angiotensin II, syndecan-1 was abundantly expressed in infiltrating macrophages, predominantly localized to the periadventitial aorta. The expression of macrophage-associated syndecan-1 was accentuated during the course of aneurysm formation. As the aneurysm matured, syndecan-2 was abundantly expressed within the aortic thrombus and heterogeneous syndecan-4 staining noted within the aortic media. Significantly, abundant syndecan-1 positive macrophages were observed in explanted human specimens. Conclusions Given the established functional properties of this family heparan sulfate proteoglycans, chronically accelerated macrophage syndecan-1 shedding could generate a sustained proinflammatory, proteolytic, growth-stimulating environment. As a component of a counterbalancing reparative process, cell surface syndecan-2 may assist in TGF-β mediated responses to limit the growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Processor capacity reserves: an abstraction for managing processor usage

We have briefly motivated and described processor capacity reserves and our prototype implementation of reserves in Real-Time Mach. The reservation mechanism provides a way for application programs to specify their reservation requests and incorporates a scheduling framework which supports an admission control policy. The reservation system accurately measures processor usage of individual threads, even when these threads invoke user-level servers to do work on their behalf, and the scheduler enforces reservations by relegating reserves to a time-sharing pool after their reservations have been consumed. >
Short-term sensory enrichment and artistic creativity.

In an effort to find brief and relatively simple methods of fostering creativity, Ss molded clay sculptures, first in a pretest condition and then 1 wk. later within either a 30-min. sensorily enriched environment or in the same control environment following 10-min. mild sensory deprivation. Following completion of both sculptures, Ss and six judges independently rated them for creativity. No environmental effects upon self-rated or judge-rated creativity were found. Correlations between self- and judge-ratings were low. The results suggest that effects on creativity by altered sensory environments may be difficult to produce.
Digital passive attitude and altitude control schemes for quadrotor aircraft

This paper presents a formal method to design a digital inertial control system for quad-rotor aircraft. In particular, it formalizes how to use approximate passive models in order to justify the initial design of passive controllers. Fundamental limits are discussed with this approach — in particular, how it relates to the control of systems consisting of cascades of three or more integrators in which input actuator saturation is present. Ultimately, two linear proportional derivative (PD) passive controllers are proposed to be combined with a nonlinear saturation element. It is also shown that yaw control can be performed independently of the inertial controller, providing a great deal of maneuverability for quad-rotor aircraft. A corollary, based on the sector stability theorem provided by Zames and later generalized for the multiple-input-output case by Willems, provides the allowable range of k for the linear negative feedback controller KI in which the dynamic system H 1 : x 1 → y 1 is inside the sector [a 1 , b 1 ], in which −∞ 1 , 0 1 ≤ ∞, and b 1 > a 1 . This corollary provides a formal method to verify stability, both in simulation and in operation for a given family of inertial set-points given to the quad-rotor inertial controller. The controller is shown to perform exceptionally well when simulated with a detailed model of the STARMAC, which includes blade flapping dynamics.
Regulation of early human hematopoietic (BFU-E and CFU-GEMM) progenitor cells in vitro by interleukin 1-induced fibroblast-conditioned medium

Stimulators of human erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) and multipotential colony-forming cells (CFU-GEMM) can be produced by a number of different cell types. A product of human peripheral blood monocytes, interleukin 1 (IL-1), was evaluated for its ability to stimulate fibroblast cultures to produce stimulators of human bone marrow BFU-E and CFU-GEMM colony formation. BFU-E and CFU-GEMM colony formation was evaluated using low-density, nonadherent low-density, and T lymphocyte-depleted nonadherent low-density human bone marrow cells cultured in the presence of a source of pure human erythropoietin. Both human monocyte conditioned medium (MCM) and human recombinant IL-1 (hrIL-1) induced fibroblasts to produce stimulators of BFU-E and CFU-GEMM in a dose-dependent fashion with maximal colony formation occurring when fibroblasts were stimulated by 25% MCM or 140 ng/mL ROO6B hrIL-1, or 1.25 to 5 ng/mL ROO6T hrIL-1. Preincubation of MCM and hrIL-1 with an antibody to IL-1 inactivated the ability of MCM and hrIL-1 to induce the release of erythroid and multipotential colony stimulating activity from fibroblasts. These results suggest that monocyte-derived IL-1 is involved in regulating the production of humoral stimulators of early human hematopoietic progenitors.
Sex and Candy: Unwrapping How We Define Sexuality.

ABSTRACTWhen seeking a more nuanced understanding of sexuality, participants can benefit from hands-on activities that provide experience with the limitation of descriptors and social shaping of definitions. In many sexuality education contexts, participants enter the learning environment with a narrow definition of sexuality. The following game provides a collective, experiential metaphor for defining sexuality that highlights default language practices of categorization, uniqueness of interpretation, and the limitation of language to fully capture any experience/definition.
Improved scope and diastereoselectivity of C–H activation in an expanded supramolecular host

Chiral Ga4L6 assembly Ga4(LN)6 encapsulates cationic iridium half-sandwich complexes that activate aldehyde C–H bonds to form chiral, strongly bound piano-stool complexes. Herein, we report the expanded scope of the larger Ga4(LP)6 host in mediating this transformation. The larger assembly significantly improves both the scope and the diastereoselectivity of this organometallic transformation generally, while substrate-specific interactions demonstrate that host size is an important, but not definitive, factor in determining diastereoselectivity.
Vitamin D and the kidney

A propos d'un cas d'hyperplasie diffuse des parathyroides on discute la relation que le rein presente avec le metabolisme de la vitamine D et montre comment les perturbations de cette relation peuvent entrainer divers troubles du metabolisme du calcium et une osteopathie metabolique
Simplifying the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: is left ventricular mass to volume ratio constant in children throughout growth?

Background Although it is known that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, there is no consensus on how LV mass (LVM) should be indexed, particularly in children. The well published difficulties with correctly indexing LVM hamper the confidence in determining the range of normal LVM in growing children. Left ventricular mass to volume ratio (LVMVR) has potential to avoid some of the inherent problems with indexing. Recent literature in adults has also shown a strong association between increasing LVMVR and increased risk of cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that LVMVR remained relatively stable in healthy children and young adults, and could serve as a simple surrogate to identify LVH.
Epidemic characteristics of rabies in Kaiping City from 2008-2011

[Objective]To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Kaiping City from 2008 till 2011,and provide a scientific basis for the development of strategies and measures.[Methods]The registration information of outpatients exposed to rabies and case report of rabies were collected in Kaiping City from 2008-2011,the results were statistically analyzed with Excel 2003.[Results]Of 20 768 cases exposed to rabies,most were hurt by dogs,occupying 86.01%(17 862/20 768),the ratio of male to female was 1.46∶1.Amongst the exposed populations,the people under 15 years appeared to be the highest proportion,which was 23.91%(4 966/20 768).The proportion of the exposed population went down with age increasing.The sites of bites located mainly on the upper limbs and the lower limbs,accounting for 94.28%(19 798/20 768);the exposed case occurred in each month,and slightly higher in May-October.Those exposed populations whose wound is timely and correctly handled accounts for 90.12%.The vaccination rate of the exposed population group who received the wound treatment in clinic was 100%.Until now no rabies case appeared in this population.Over the same period,in Kaiping City 13 cases of rabies were reported.The annual incidence rate of rabies from 2008-2011 were 0.13/100 000,0.27/100 000,0.39/100 000,1.00/100 000,respectively.The onset of 8 cases appeared between May-November,occupying 61.54% of total cases.The ratio of male to female was 1.60∶1.Patients aged over 60 years occupied the highest proportion of total cases which was 64.15%(6/13).The exposed cases mainly consisted of farmers and students,accounting for 46.15% and 23.08%,respectively.92.31% patients were hurt by dogs.The median of incubation period was 90 days.The 13 cases did not receive correct and timely treatment of wounds and rabies vaccination according to related specifications.[Conclusion]In recent years,the incidence of rabies presents an upward trend in Kaiping City.Timely and correct wound treatment and vaccination can effectively prevent rabies.It is necessary to enhance the publicity and education of the prevention of rabies so as to improve the treatment of wound and the vaccination in the future.
An Embedded DSL for High Performance Declarative Communication with Correctness Guarantees in C

High performance programming using explicit communication calls needs considerable programming expertise to optimize. Tuning for performance often involves using asynchronous calls, running the risk of introducing bugs and making the program harder to debug. Techniques to prove desirable program properties, such as deadlock freedom, invariably incur significant performance overheads. We have developed a domain-specific language, embedded in C++, called Kanor that enables programmers to specify the communication declaratively in the Bulk Synchronous Parallel BSP style. Deadlock freedom is guaranteed for well-formed Kanor programs. We start with operational semantics for a subset of Kanor and prove deadlock freedom and determinism properties based on those semantics. We then show how the declarative nature of Kanor allows us to detect and optimize communication patterns.
Mature Enough to Disobey: Jurors, Women, and Radical Enfranchisement in Tocqueville’s Democracy in America

While many have pointed to Tocqueville’s admiration of the jury system as a schoolhouse for civic participation, I argue that Tocqueville sets up, but forgoes, the opportunity to make jurors empowe...
A Serendipitous Find: A Case of Cholangiocarcinoma Identified Incidentally After Acute Liver Injury Due to Cascara sagrada Ingestion

The use of anthranoid laxatives such as Cascara sagrada can, in rare instances, produce a hepatitis that resolves with discontinuation of the offending supplement. However, the clinical presentation of abdominal pain, jaundice, clay-colored stools, and darkening urine can mimic the presentation of a variety of hepatobiliary illnesses, including cholangiocarcinoma. This case report describes a local patient diagnosed with an extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma following workup for an acute hepatitis due to ingestion of large quantities of Cascara sagrada.
Second-kind integral formulations of the capacitance problem

The standard approach to calculating electrostatic forces and capacitances involves solving a surface integral equation of the first kind. However, discretizations of this problem lead to ill-conditioned linear systems and second-kind integral equations usually solve for the dipole density, which can not be directly related to electrostatic forces. This paper describes a second-kind equation for the monopole or charge density and investigates different discretization schemes for this integral formulation. Numerical experiments, using multipole accelerated matrix–vector multiplications, demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the new approach.
The Nature of Childhood Leukemia and Lymphoma

One hundred consecutive newly diagnosed cases of leukemia and lymphoma in children from 0 to 16 years of age presenting at the University of Minnesota from 1973 to 1977 were studied. Clinical features were correlated with phenotypic features of blast cells, including surface markers and cytomorphology. Four groups with distinct clinical and pathologic features emerged from the study: a) The acute leukemias of the "null" or "undifferentiated" group were those in which the malignant cells carried distinctive null leukemia surface antigen and lacked features of either T cells (E-rosette positivity) or B cells (surface immunoglobulin positivity). These cases occurred most frequently in the series (56% of total cases), peaked in incidence at 6 years, were associated with extensive bone marrow involvement, lacked distinguishing cytomorphologic features, and had the best response to therapy of all groups. b) The acute myelogenous leukemias, including those with myeloid, monocytoid, or erythroid features or a combination of the above, had extensive bone marrow involvement and the characteristic morphology. This group was seen with intermediate frequency and showed an intermediate response to therapy. c) Leukemia-lymphomas of the T-cell group were frequently associated with mediastinal masses and other masses, a cytomorphology which was different from the B-cell group but similar to the null group, and high white cell counts. These cases occurred with intermediate frequency (14%) and had a worse prognosis than the null group. d) Leukemia-lymphomas of the B-cell group had monoclonal surface immunoglobulin with mu-heavy and either kappa or lambda light chain. These patients were least frequent in the series, frequently presented with abdominal masses, and had a characteristic Burkitt cell morphology. Prognosis was the worst of all patients in our series. These data suggest that the major phenotypic groups of childhood leukemia and lymphoma have differing prognoses and should receive differing forms of therapy. Clinical and pathologic features of each group are sufficiently distinctive to suggest that they may have different causes.
Gunshot wound of the heart with peripheral embolization. A case report with review of literature.

A case report of a bullet entering the left atrium and embolizing to the left deep femoral artery is presented. This is believed to be the tenth documented report of a bullet embolizing to a peripheral artery after entering the heart. The literature is reviewed for cases of bullets embolizing to peripheral arteries, and a brief discussion of the results is presented. Embolization to the right arm vessels was found to be more frequent than was previously believed. Embolization to the right and left sides of the body was found with about equal frequency. Some factors which influence the location of the embolus are discussed.