cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clonidine extended-release tablets for the treatment of ADHD

Treatment guidelines for ADHD recommend stimulants as a first-line therapy. However, as many as 15% of patients are unresponsive to these medications, while others are unable to tolerate stimulants. For some patients with ADHD, there is a clear need for nonstimulant therapies. This article aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the use of clonidine extended release (Kapvay™, Shionogi Pharma, GA, USA) in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD.
A cruciform crack opened by internal pressure varying with time

Abstract An elastodynamic problem of a cruciform crack opened by internal pressure is reduced to a one-parameter family of singular integral equations. The work done in opening the crack and the stress intensity factor are calculated from the approximate solution of these integral equations.
Hepcidin Regulates Cellular Iron Efflux by Binding to Ferroportin and Inducing Its Internalization

Hepcidin is a peptide hormone secreted by the liver in response to iron loading and inflammation. Decreased hepcidin leads to tissue iron overload, whereas hepcidin overproduction leads to hypoferremia and the anemia of inflammation. Ferroportin is an iron exporter present on the surface of absorptive enterocytes, macrophages, hepatocytes, and placental cells. Here we report that hepcidin bound to ferroportin in tissue culture cells. After binding, ferroportin was internalized and degraded, leading to decreased export of cellular iron. The posttranslational regulation of ferroportin by hepcidin may thus complete a homeostatic loop: Iron regulates the secretion of hepcidin, which in turn controls the concentration of ferroportin on the cell surface.
Some Phonological Acquisition Strategies Used by Two-Year-Olds

Forty normal two-year-olds, seen at three-week intervals over a seven-month period, were observed to reduce their usage of three phonological processes: Fronting of velars, Stopping, and Final cons...
FERROELECTRIC NONVOLATILE MEMORY FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS BASED ON A NOVEL BUFFER LAYER STRUCTURE

We have proposed and developed a ferroelectric nonvolatile field-effect transistor that incorporates a thin MgO buffer layer between a ferroelectric film and an oxidized Si substrate. The use of an MgO/SiO2 buffer for a ferroelectric gate is based on the following findings. First, a thin MgO buffer serves well as a template layer allowing the growth of highly oriented ferroelectric films on amorphous substrates. Second, MgO works well as a diffusion barrier between a ferroelectric film and a substrate, protecting the silicon FET channel region from interdiffusion or reaction that may occur during device processing. Third, thermal oxidation of Si is known to be one of the best ways of passivating silicon surfaces, thus to reduce high quality FET channels. The fabricated devices show excellent performance in ferroelectric polarization switching, memory retention, and fatigue resistance. The devices also demonstrate scalability in device dimension and operating voltage, i.e., they are suitable for low voltage operation (3-5 V or below) showing a sufficient memory window (1-2 V).
Education and informed consent about increased risk donor kidneys: a national survey of non-physician transplant providers.

Introduction Transplant providers must understand the definition of increased risk donor (IRD) organs to effectively educate transplant candidates and obtain informed consent. This study surveyed non-physician providers from 20 transplant centers about their educational and informed consent practices of IRD kidneys. Methods An anonymous, web-based survey about the content and timing of education and informed consent for potential recipients of IRD kidneys, providers' knowledge of IRD kidneys, and provider and center characteristics was completed by most (67%; 90 of 135) of those invited to participate; 87 responses were included in analysis. Results Most (80%) reported understanding the concept of IRD kidneys. However, few reported sufficient knowledge of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network definition of IRDs, risk factors, screening tests, window periods, and infection transmission rates. Most (56%) felt uncomfortable with obtaining specific informed consent for IRD kidneys. Most respondents received informal education about IRD kidneys (78%), and recognized the need for (98%) and were interested in receiving (99%) further education on this topic. Conclusion Non-physician transplant providers need and are interested in better education about IRD kidneys to effectively educate patients and obtain patients' informed consent.
Nonlinear photochemistry squared: quartic light power dependence realized in photon upconversion.

Simultaneous two-photon excitation of a solution mixture of [Ru(dmb)3]2+ and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) using 860 nm light pulses from a Ti:Sapphire laser resulted in triplet energy transfer followed by triplet−triplet annihilation (TTA), ultimately leading to upconverted DPA fluorescence from the sensitized DPA triplets. The photochemistry sequence was confirmed by the unprecedented quartic (x4) incident light power dependence exhibited by this process, which incidentally generated a record anti-Stokes shift of 1.38 eV for sensitized TTA.
Multiple cluster beamspace and resolution-enhanced ESPRIT

This paper addresses approaches to enhancement of the resolution of one or more clusters of closely spaced emitters. The TLS-ESPRIT algorithm is considered, as applied in beamspace and in element space, in conjunction with resolution enhancement. Beamspace (BS)-ESPRIT employs a matrix beamformer as a preprocessor to map the sensor space into a lower dimensional beamspace. Resolution enhanced (RE)ESPRIT employs a matrix beamformer as a left weighting of the signal subspace eigenvector matrix for enhancing the resolution of ESPRIT. This paper specifically discusses several types of these beamformer matrices, which differ in the way that they treat source clusters other than of interest. Our objective is to clearly define approaches and identify their relative merits, through discussion and illustrative simulation, so as to provide an understanding of how to proceed in designing an ESPRIT algorithm. >
Failure of calcium channel blockade to prevent intra-abdominal adhesions in ponies.

Intra-abdominal adhesions were created by localized serosal trauma in 11 adult ponies at three locations on the small intestine. Six ponies received verapamil hydrochloride (0.2 mg/ kg) subcutaneously every eight hours for three days, and five ponies received an equal volume of saline solution at the same intervals. The investigators were not informed which treatments the ponies received. Systolic, diastolic, and mean carotid arterial pressures and heart rates were measured six hours before surgery, and then 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 8 hours after the first treatment on each day for three days. One pony was euthanatized on day 13 because of colic, and the other 10 ponies were euthanatized 14 days after surgery. Scoring methods were used to assess the severity of adhesion formation and to grade the histologic appearance of the abraded sites. No significant differences were found for rectal temperature, packed cell volume, total plasma proteins, heart rate, and systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressures between control and verapamil-treated ponies. No significant differences were detected between the treatment groups for adhesion scores per abraded site, total adhesion scores per pony, the total number of adhesions per pony, or in the histologic scores.
Plasma exchange versus an affinity column for cholesterol reduction

The recent introduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) selective-removal systems offers an alternative to plasma exchange (PE). For the last 10 years, we have treated a male homozygous hypercholesterolemia type IIA patient with PE using 5% normal serum albumin (NSA) replacement, PE using 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) replacement, single dextran sulfate cellulose bead affinity column (DSAC) (Kaneka LA-40), and double DSAC. This report compares the performance of these systems in cholesterol reduction (total, LDL+VLDL, and high-density lipoprotein [HDL] and their effect on the total protein, albumin, and hematocrit levels. The number of procedures and average volume of plasma treated using PE-NSA, PE-HES, 1-DSAC, and 2-DSAC were 113, 64, 15, 90 and 3,939, 3,270, 3,519, and 3,588 ml, respectively. The average pretreatment total cholesterol levels were baseline 864 mg/dL, PE-NSA 606 mg/dL, PE-HES 610 mg/dL, 1-DSAC 467 mg/dL, and 2-DSAC 395 mg/dL with plasma reductions of 59%, 57%, 47%, and 55%, respectively. Average LDL+VLDL plasma reductions were PE-NSA 58%, PE-HES 59% (N = 1), 1-DSAC 46%, and 2-DSAC 56%. Average HDL plasma reductions were PE-NSA 58%, PE-HES 69% (N = 1), 1-DSAC 5%, and 2-DSAC 17%. The average total cholesterol and LDL+VLDL reductions were comparable for both types of PE and the 2-DSAC system. The average HDL loss was 53% lower for the DSAC systems than for PE systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alternate Accounts of Rationality Invalidate Kaposy's Argument

Kaposy (2010) argues that contemporary neuroscience cannot provide rational reasons for abandoning folk psychological concepts like self, personhood, or free will because these concepts are necessa...
Effect of alternate aerobic and anaerobic conditions on redox potential, organic matter decomposition and nitrogen loss in a flooded soil

Abstract The effect of several cycles of varying length of alternate aerobic and anaerobic conditions on redox potential, organic matter decomposition and loss of added and native nitrogen was investigated under laboratory conditions in flooded soil incubated for 128 days. Redox potential decreased rapidly when air was replaced with argon for the short-time cycles, but decreased more slowly where the aerobic period was long enough to permit build-up of nitrate. The minimum redox potential reached during the anaerobic period was generally lower for the longer cycles, but in all cases was low enough for denitrification to occur. Rate of decomposition of organic matter was faster in the treatments with a greater number of alternate aerobic and anaerobic periods. Total N (native and applied) losses as high as 24.3 per cent occurred in the treatment with the maximum number of cycles and with alternate aerobic and anaerobic periods of 2 and 2 days. Increasing the durations of the aerobic-anaerobic periods decreased the loss of N. A maximum loss of 63.0 per cent of applied 15NH4-N resulted from the shortest (2 and 2 day) aerobic and anaerobic incubation. For soil undergoing frequent changes in aeration status the only labelled N that remained at the end of incubation was found in the organic fraction. Loss of N may have been even greater if labelled inorganic N had not been immobilized by microorganisms decomposing the added rice straw. The greater loss of N resulting from the 2 and 2 day aerobic-anaerobic incubation shows that, in soils where the redox potential falls low enough for denitrification to occur, increasing the frequency of changing from aerobic to anaerobic conditions will increase the loss of N.
1720 SAGGITAL SINUS THROMBOSIS POTENTIALLY ACCENTUATES PERINATAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE

Previous investigations from our NICU have shown that term infants severely asphyxiated at birth often sustain saggital sinus thrombosis with secondary hemorrhagic infarction of the brain. In these term infants, the thrombotic obstruction to venous outflow was documented by digital IV angiography (voorhies, et al, 1984). Recently, a 30-week gestation infant was born to a 32 year old Black female with severe sickle-thalassemia. The infant was delivered by emergency c-section for fetal bradycardia. B.W. was 1.060 gm & Apgar scores were 2 & 6. The infant required immediate intubation s subsequent ventilation. Neurological exam revealed a stuperous, flaccid newborn infant with preservation of brainstem and deep tendon reflexes. Seizures were never observed. Head ultrasound & CT scan at 8 hr revealed large, bi-occipital hemorrhagic infarcts. Germinal matrix hemorrhages were also present but there was no IVH. The saggital sinus was incompletely filled with blood at its posterior aspect, and a Delta sign was present. The CT findings in this infant are equivalent to those observed in term asphyxiated infants in whom saggital sinus thrombosis occurred. Sequential sonograms showed evolving cystic encephalomalacia of the occipital lobes; repeat CT scan at 1 mo showed large bilateral porencephalic cysts, presently (2 mo) the infant remains lethargic with little or no spontaneous movements. It is likely that saggital sinus thrombosis occurred as a consequence of multiple factors; including prematurity, birth asphyxia anemia, congestive heart failure and viral disease. The hemorrhagic infarcts, resulting from the saggital sinus thrombosis produced major and permanent cystic brain damage.
Reactor design limitations for the steam reforming of methanol

In this paper the limiting mechanisms in the methanol-steam reformation process are analyzed theoretically and compared experimentally as to determine each contribution and limitation to the overall process. Experimental data from steam reformers are presented and analyzed. Models of each mechanism are provided to quantify theoretical times necessary for each process to occur. While the models in this paper are not precise representations of all steam reforming processes, the models do provide enough evidence to conclude that heat transfer is the dominant limiting mechanism in methanol-steam reformation. Further studies quantifying the experimental effects of heat transfer should be pursued with the ultimate goal of properly sizing steam reformers.
Our Small Global World

Ethnicities and Global Multiculture: Pants for an Octopus. By Jan Nederveen Pieterse. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007. 254 pp., $72.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-7425-4063-4), $24.95 paper (ISBN: 0-7425-4064-2). In Ethnicities and Global Multiculture , Jan Nederveen Pieterse takes a look at globalization from the viewpoint of ethnicity and multiculturalism. Most fundamentally, he argues that globalization cannot be properly understood without reference to issues related to the world's multiple ethnicities and to the historical dynamics of multiculture. The eight chapters in the book are revised from works that have appeared in print or oral publication over the span of more than a decade of research on the cultural dimensions of globalization. Nederveen Pieterse begins Ethnicities and Global Multiculture with two chapters that explore the nature of ethnicity and its relation to nationalism. He argues that ethnicity comes in various guises, most of which ought to be better recognized in social science scholarship, which typically focuses on ethnic conflict. According to Nederveen Pieterse, ethnicity in one place and time cannot necessarily be equated with ethnicity in another place and time. He distinguishes four types of ethnicity: (1) domination ethnicity, which arises in the context of nation-states as nationalism; (2) enclosure ethnicity, which is achieved by confinement to a certain region, such as a ghetto; (3) competition ethnicity, which refers to a state of conflict among ethnic groups; and (4) optional ethnicity, which is voluntarily adopted by means of symbolic appropriations. What these ideal-typical distinctions make clear is that the ethnic experiences across the world …
Soluble epoxide hydrolase deficiency ameliorates acute pancreatitis in mice

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a frequent gastrointestinal disorder that causes significant morbidity and its incidence has been progressively increasing. AP starts as a local inflammation in the pancreas that often leads to systemic inflammatory response and complications. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a cytosolic enzyme whose inhibition in murine models has beneficial effects in inflammatory diseases, but its significance in AP remains unexplored. To investigate whether sEH may have a causal role in AP we utilized sEH knockout (KO) mice to determine the effects of sEH deficiency on ceruelin- and arginine-induced AP. sEH expression increased at the protein and messenger RNA levels, as well as sEH activity in the early phase of cerulein- and arginine-induced AP in mice. In addition, amylase and lipase levels were lower in cerulein-treated sEH KO mice compared with non-treated controls. Moreover, pancreatic mRNA and serum concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1s and IL-6 were lower in sEH KO mice compared with controls. Further, sEH KO mice exhibited decreased cerulein- and arginine-induced NF-?B inflammatory response, MAPKs activation and decreased cell death. These findings demonstrate a novel role for sEH in the progression of cerulein- and arginine-induced AP.
Novel magnetomechanical MR compatible vibrational device for producing kinesthetic illusion during fMRI.

Purpose: Functional MRI (fMRI) can provide insights into the functioning of the sensorimotor system, which is of particular interest in studying people with movement disorders or chronic pain conditions. This creates a demand for manipulanda that can fit and operate within the environment of a MRI scanner. Here, the authors present a magnetomechanical device that delivers a vibrotactile sensation to the skin with a force of approximately 9 N. Methods: MRI compatibility of the device was tested in a 3 T scanner using a phantom to simulate the head. Preliminary investigation into the effectiveness of the device at producing cortical and subcortical activity was also conducted with a group of seven healthy subjects. The vibration was applied to the right extensor carpi ulnaris tendon to induce a kinesthetic illusion of flexion and extension of the wrist. Results: The MRI compatibility tests showed the device did not produce image artifacts and the generated electromagnetic field did not disrupt the static magnetic field of the scanner or its operation. The subject group results showed activity in the contralateral putamen, premotor cortex, and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. Ipsilaterally, there was increased activity in the superior and inferior parietal lobules. Areas that activated bilaterally included the thalamus, anterior cingulate, secondary somatosensory areas (S2), temporal lobes, and visual association areas. Conclusions: This device offers an effective tool with precise control over the vibratory stimulus, delivering higher forces than some other types of devices (e.g., piezoelectric actuators). It can be useful for investigating sensory systems and sensorimotor integration.
'Se fossimo tante meretrici': The Rhetoric of Resistance in Diodata Malvasia's Convent Narrative

AbstractThe Breve discorso di quanto avvene alle reverendissime suore di San Mattia et San Luca, monasterij uniti dell'anno 1573, a manuscript composed by the Dominican nun Diodata Malvasia, narrates the efforts of the women of these two Bolognese convents to resist post-Tridentine forced enclosure and to maintain their governance over the iconic Madonna of San Luca. This previously unstudied chronicle represents only the second known work by the author of La venuta et i progressi miracolosi della santissima Madonna dipinta da San Luca, and indeed Malvasia indicates she completed the Breve discorso in 1575, thus predating her later publication by forty years. The value of this earlier document as a literary and rhetorical tool provides us with the opportunity to reconsider Malvasia's later work as part of a lifelong project of literary resistance.
Promising international interventions and treatment for women who use and abuse drugs: focusing on the issues through the InWomen’s Group

Globally, an estimated 205 million people use illicit drugs and among them 25 million people are drug dependent.1,2 Although women do not constitute the majority of all alcohol and other drug users, substance use has been steadily increasing among women and particularly among young women.2–5 Furthermore, with a few exceptions, the majority of research on women’s substance abuse, interventions, and treatment has been conducted in North America, Australia, and European countries.5 Thus, the findings from these studies are likely not representative of all female drug users worldwide.2,3
Long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Results from the PRoject of Ex-vivo Vein graft ENgineering via Transfection IV Trial

Background There is limited information about the association between diabetes, its treatment, and long-term angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). We evaluated the association of diabetes and its treatment with 1-year angiographic graft failure and 5-year clinical outcomes in patients undergoing CABG. Methods Using data from 3,014 patients in PREVENT IV, we analyzed angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients with and without diabetes and among those who did and did not receive insulin before CABG. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for differences in baseline variables. Results Overall, 1,139 (37.8%) patients had diabetes. Of these, 305 (26.8%) received insulin. One-year rates of vein graft failure were similar in patients with and without diabetes but, among diabetics, tended to be higher in patients who received insulin compared with those who did not. At 5 years, rates of death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization were higher among patients with compared with those without diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio 1.57; 95% CI 1.26-1.96; P P = .02). Conclusions Patients with diabetes had similar rates of vein graft failure but worse clinical outcomes than patients without diabetes. Patients who received insulin had significantly worse clinical outcomes than patients who did not receive insulin. Further studies to better understand the mechanism behind these findings and to improve the outcomes of patients with insulin-requiring diabetes undergoing CABG surgery are warranted.
A deep towed sea bottom profiling system

The design, construction and operation of a deep towed bottom profiling system is described, capable of high resolution depth sounding and subbottom profiling in water depths in excess of 1000 feet. The system uses both sequentially operated spark and piezo electric sources, information is transmitted to the surface through a multiconductor instrument cable. The effects of pressure on conventional spark sources are discussed. Operational techniques are discussed. Sample profiles from various depths and locations illustrate system performance.
First Report of Apple mosaic virus in Alaska

Apple mosaic virus (ApMV; family Bromoviridae, genus Ilarvirus) is one of the oldest and most economically important viruses of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) (1,3). Yield losses may vary from negligible to as much as 50%, depending on the affected cultivar. Although ApMV is found worldwide and occurs naturally in more than 65 plant species (1), it has not been reported to occur in Alaska. In July 2011, noticeably bright yellow mosaic leaves were observed on apple 'Valentine' and its rootstalk 'Ranetka' from an apple orchard in Wasilla, AK. Leaves were collected and assayed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using ApMV-specific primers (2) and total RNA extracted with buffer modifications to RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Briefly, 50 mg of leaf tissue was ground in liquid nitrogen and 450 μl of SE buffer (0.14 M NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 2 mM KH2PO4, 8 mM Na2HPO4·2H2O [pH 7.4], 0.05% vol/vol Tween-20, 2% wt/vol polyvinylpyrrolidone 40, 0.2% wt/vol ovalbumin, 0.5% wt/vol bovine serum albumin, and 0.05% wt/vol sodium azide) was added, and after vigorous vortexing, 80 μl of the mixture was added to 400 μl of RLT buffer supplied by the kit and then processed as directed by the manufacturer (4). Direct sequencing of the predicted ~260-bp PCR product resulted in 97 to 98% nucleotide identities to ApMV accessions in GenBank when analyzed by BLAST. To determine the distribution and incidence of infection in the Wasilla orchard, all 118 apple trees (99 cultivars) were then sampled and assayed serologically by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA with ApMV antiserum according to the manufacturer's protocol (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). Apple 'Geneva Early' and the same 'Valentine' tree and its rootstock tested positive for ApMV by ELISA and RT-PCR. Strong diagnostic ApMV symptoms were not apparent on the infected 'Geneva Early', which is typical for most commercially grown apples. No leaves were available on the 'Ranetka' rootstock of ApMV-infected 'Geneva Early' for virus indexing. An additional 21 apple trees with no symptoms from an orchard in Talkeetna, AK tested negative to ApMV by ELISA. Limited natural spread of ApMV to other plants may be by pollen and seed transmission. The most prevalent mode of transmission is from ApMV-infected rootstock and grafts. It is important to obtain new propagation plant material from certified virus tested nurseries and to avoid grafting plant material containing ApMV. To my knowledge, this is the first report of ApMV in Alaska. References: (1) R. W. Fulton. No. 83. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses. 1972. (2) W. Menzel et al. J. Virol. Methods 99:81, 2002. (3) M. J. Roossinck et al. Virus Taxonomy. Eight Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 1049, 2005. (4) J. Thompson et al. J. Virol. Methods 111:85, 2003.
In vivo response to dynamic hyaluronic acid hydrogels

Tissue-specific elasticity arises in part from developmental changes in extracellular matrix over time, e.g. ~10-fold myocardial stiffening in the chicken embryo. When this time-dependent stiffening has been mimicked in vitro with thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) hydrogels, improved cardiomyocyte maturation has been observed. However, host interactions, matrix polymerization, and the stiffening kinetics remain uncertain in vivo, and each plays a critical role in therapeutic applications using HA-SH. Hematological and histological analysis of subcutaneously injected HA-SH hydrogels showed minimal systemic immune response and host cell infiltration. Most importantly, subcutaneously injected HA-SH hydrogels exhibited time-dependent porosity and stiffness changes at a rate similar to hydrogels polymerized in vitro. When injected intramyocardially host cells begin to actively degrade HA-SH hydrogels within 1week post-injection, continuing this process while producing matrix to nearly replace the hydrogel within 1month post-injection. While non-thiolated HA did not degrade after injection into the myocardium, it also did not elicit an immune response, unlike HA-SH, where visible granulomas and macrophage infiltration were present 1month post-injection, likely due to reactive thiol groups. Altogether these data suggest that the HA-SH hydrogel responds appropriately in a less vascularized niche and stiffens as had been demonstrated in vitro, but in more vascularized tissues, in vivo applicability appears limited.
Barkhausen spectroscopy: Non-destructive characterization of magnetic materials as a function of depth

In this study, we conceptually divided a ferromagnetic specimen into layers along its depth. For each layer, we derived a non-linear integral equation that describes the attenuation with frequency and distance of magnetic Barkhausen emissions coming from that layer. We postulate that the Barkhausen spectrum measured at the surface by an induction coil can be expressed as the sum of the individual layer spectra. We show how a non-linear least squares algorithm can be used to recover the properties in individual layers. These are related to stress using an extension to the theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis. We found that the quality of the fit is influenced by the sensitivity of the ferromagnetic material to strain, as well as by the sensor-specimen coupling. The proposed method can be used for the non-destructive characterization of stress as a function of depth in magnetic materials.
Review of the DOE/NASA wind turbine engineering information system

A statistical analysis of data obtained from the Technology and Engineering Information Systems was made. The systems analyzed consist of the following elements: (1) sensors which measure critical parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, output power, blade loads and component vibrations); (2) remote multiplexing units (RMUs) on each wind turbine which frequency-modulate, multiplex and transmit sensor outputs; (3) on-site instrumentation to record, process and display the sensor output; and (4) statistical analysis of data. Two examples of the capabilities of these systems are presented. The first illustrates the standardized format for application of statistical analysis to each directly measured parameter. The second shows the use of a model to estimate the variability of the rotor thrust loading, which is a derived parameter. Previously announced in STAR as N82-23696
Wrist joint motion simulator

A computer controlled wrist joint motion simulator has been developed that actively moves forearms from cadavers through cyclic planar flexion-extension motions, planar radial-ulnar deviation motions, and combined motions such as circumduction. Hybrid position-force feedback control algorithms are used to determine the wrist flexor and extensor tendon forces necessary to achieve the desired motions. The simulator was used in a series of 12 fresh cadaver forearms to produce both flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation motions and was found to cause repeatable, physiological movements. In these experiments, the extensor tendon forces were greater than those of the flexors, typically by a factor of two.
Dynamic 3D visualizations of complex function surfaces using X3DOM and WebGL

In 1997 the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) embarked on a huge project to replace one of the most cited resources for mathematical, physical and engineering scientists, the Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables [Abramowitz and Stegun 1964], originally released by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1964. The 1997 project, designed to update and modernize the handbook, culminated in May 2010 with the launch of a freely available website, the NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions [DLMF] (http://dlmf.nist.gov/), and its print companion, the NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions [Olver et al. 2010]. While the presence of graphics was sparse in the original handbook, the new resource contains more than 600 illustrations of high level mathematical functions, including close to 200 interactive 3D visualizations on the website. We provide the motivation for the visualization work through the context of the project and discuss our current implementation using X3DOM and WebGL.
Sensitive nonintrusive sensing by modulation spectroscopy with diode lasers

Recent developments in the use of diode lasers as ultra sensitive sensors are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on higher harmonic detection using the wavelength modulation technique. Experimental results are presented illustrating that this method, which uses a compact, portable apparatus, yields measurements with very high precision. Theoretical analyses of these experimental results are also provided. Novel ways of extracting detailed information of the probed sample are described. These include measurements of fine features, as well as simultaneous measurements of multiple overlapping lines. Such fine features allow one to accurately probe the collision dynamics of gaseous samples yielding values of temperature, density, and pressure. The method described here utilizes several novel features of higher harmonic detection. These features include a set of self-consistent measurements, by employing coherent detection up to the eighth harmonic order. The highest harmonic detection order achievable with this technique is limited by the bandwidth of the synchronous phase-sensitive demodulation apparatus and the noise figure for the detection system. Applications in basic science, in pollution monitoring and detection, and in industrial environments are briefly discussed.
Black Ravens and a White Shoe

AbstractThis paper provides an explanation of why sightings of black ravens increase the degree of warranted belief in the proposition that all ravens are black, while observations of white shoes d...
Planning an Information Commons

ABSTRACT Of the steps in implementing an Information Commons, one of the most important is the planning phase. For the planning and implementation to be a success, buy-in and support from library users and administrators is essential. The result of the planning process is a detailed planning document that will influence the success of the commons. The document should include plans for policy changes, space for the commons, staffing issues, and assessments, both before and after implementation. Even with all the planning completed, an evaluation of the viability of and desirability for a commons should determine whether a commons should be implemented on each individual campus.
Hematopoietic potential of adult vascular tissue

Abstract Similar patterns of gene expression are observed during both vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. In addition, the close proximity of developing blood vessels and early sites of hematopoiesis during development is consistent the existence of a common precursor cell. To determine whether hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells persist in adult blood vessels, we transplanted explants of normal adult vena cava or thoracic aorta under the kidney capsule of lethally irradiated or unirradiated recipient mice.The spleens of transplanted animals contained macroscopic colonies (CFU-S) with a frequency similar to that observed in mice transplanted with 10 5 bone marrow cells. In contrast, irradiated recipients transplanted with 100 μl of unfractionated peripheral blood (PB) demonstrated very few CFU-S. When explants of vena cava or aorta were transplanted ino lethally irradiated mice, a mean of 85% of these recipients were protected while none of the recipients transplanted of 100 μl of PB survived. Histologic evaluation of vascular explants 14 days after transplant revealed a marked accumulation of cells and the formation of vascular channels within and around the vascular tissue. Transplantation of ROSA-26 donor vascular tissue demonstrated that this accumulation of cells was primarily donor derived. To identify the earlist proliferative events in these vascular explants, recipient mice were treated with BrdU and transplanted with vascular tissue. These studies revealed the presence of proliferating cells within the intima of the vascular grafts as early as 48 hours after transplantation. Although donor cells were detected in blood of radioprotected mice, high levels of host hematopoiesis recovery were found in most recipients. These findings indicate that cell populations within adult vascular tissue have the capacity to both develop into hematopoietic progeny and to radioprotect host hematopoietic stem cells.
Imagining, seeking, inventing: the future of learning and the emerging discovery networks

Extrapolating from current developments in the study of learning and imagining how learning might be shaped moving forward, this article considers 12 trends concerning the future of learning. Learning will become more diverse, more contextual, less discipline-bound, and less institutionally-bound. It will span professional and institutional sectors, and move beyond national borders. It will move increasingly online and extend beyond humans to encompass machines and machine/human blends. It will become more interactive, more distributed, and more biologically connected. Drawing on an understanding of these trends, new roles for teachers and for educational institutions are developed. The result is that learning is likely to occur through multiple discovery networks that blend research and teaching to address real world problems in environments supported by robust software infrastructures. Multiple nested discovery networks will operate on a global scale and be negotiated by individual learners sometimes guided by teachers.
Implementation Science in School Mental Health: Key Constructs in a Developing Research Agenda

In this paper, we propose an implementation science research agenda as it applies to school mental health (SMH). First, we provide an overview of important contextual issues to be considered when addressing research questions pertinent to the implementation of mental health interventions in schools. Next, we critically review three core implementation components: (a) professional development and coaching for school professionals regarding evidence-based practices (EBPs); (b) the integrity of EBPs implemented in schools; and (c) EBP sustainment under typical school conditions. We articulate research questions central to the next generation of research in each of these areas as well as methods to address such questions. Our intent in doing so is to contribute to a developing blueprint to guide community-research partnerships as well as funding agencies in their efforts to advance implementation science in SMH.
The Importance of Intrafibrillar Mineralization of Collagen on the Mechanical Properties of Dentin

It is widely held that the hardness and modulus of dentin increase in proportion to the mineral concentration. To test this belief, we measured hardness and modulus of normal dentin and an altered form of dentin without gap-zone mineralization in wet and dry conditions by AFM nanoindentation to determine if the modulus and hardness scale linearly with mineral concentration. Mineral concentrations in the mid-coronal location of the normal and altered dentins were 44.4 vol% and 30.9 vol%, respectively. Surrounding the pulp of the altered dentin was a region of higher mineralization, 40.5 vol%. The indentation modulus of normal dentin was 23.9 (SD = 1.1) GPa dry and 20.0 (SD = 1.0) GPa wet. In mid-coronal regions of the altered dentin, the indentation modulus was 13.8 (SD = 2.0) GPa dry and 5.7 (SD = 1.4) GPa wet. In the more mineralized regions of the altered dentin, the modulus was 20.4 (SD = 1.8) GPa dry and 5.3 (SD = 0.8) GPa wet; the properties of the altered wet dentin did not correlate with mineral concentration. The results of this study raise doubt as to whether mineral concentration alone is a sufficient endpoint for assessing the success or failure of remineralization approaches in restorative dentistry.
The role of the microenvironment-dormant prostate disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow.

Disseminated tumor cells (DTC) leave the primary tumor and reside in distant sites (e.g. bone) early in prostate cancer. Patients may harbor dormant DTC which develop into clinically overt metastasis years after radical prostatectomy. We will describe recent evidence suggesting high p38/ERK ratio, bone morphogenetic proteins, and tumor growth factor-beta 2 promote dormancy in solid tumors. Furthermore, we will discuss the possible regulation of dormancy by hematopoietic stem cell and vascular niches, and describe novel models recapitulating bone marrow metastatic latency and outgrowth, 3D microvascular networks, and 3D biomatrix supportive niches in the studies of tumor cell dormancy.
Stability of Mixed Time Integration Schemes for Transient Thermal Analysis

A current research topic in coupled-field problems is the development of effective transient algorithms that permit different time integration methods with different time steps to be used simultaneously in various regions of the problems. The implicit-explicit approach seems to be very successful in structural, fluid, and fluid-structure problems. This paper summarizes this research direction. A family of mixed time integration schemes, with the capabilities mentioned above, is also introduced for transient thermal analysis. A stability analysis and the computer implementation of this technique are also presented. In particular, it is shown that the mixed time implicit-explicit methods provide a natural framework for the further development of efficient, clean, modularized computer codes.
Properties and distribution of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in human and horse platelets.

Abstract Phospholipase C has been studied in homogenates, total particulate and soluble fractions of horse and human platelets. This enzyme, assayed with exogenous l -3-phosphatidyl[ 14 C]inositol, is predominantly localized in the soluble fraction and its distribution parallels that of lactate dehydrogenase. A small percentage of activity present in the particulate fraction seems to be due to contamination with soluble enzyme. Enzyme from horse and human platelets appears identical, having a K m of 0.10–0.15 mM, acid pH optimum (pH 5.5) and showing Ca 2+ -dependency and weak inhibition by deoxycholate. Analysis of the reaction products shows the formation of myo -inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and myo -inositol 1-phosphate in almost equal amounts. Platelet stimulation with thrombin does not seem to induce association of the cytosolic activity to the membranes. The cytosolic activity is not affected by pretreatment of the intact platelets with prostacyclin or thrombin. Degradation of phosphatidylinositol present in a membrane fraction isolated from platelets by cytosolic phospholipase C requires addition of deoxycholate. Our information suggests that the degradation of phosphatidylinositol in stimulated platelets is mainly achieved by exposure of the substrate to the cytosolic enzyme and by an increase of the free Ca 2+ concentration needed for optimal phospholipase C activity.
Competitiveness in house and senate elections with identical constituencies

The greater competitiveness of Senate elections relative to House elections has been attributed to both constituency and nonconstituency factors. When constituency factors are held constant, House incumbents perform slightly better at the polls than do Senate incumbents. However, the differences between House and Senate incumbents have not increased since 1920. On the contrary, the differences have narrowed somewhat.
REPLY BY WAYNE E. HENSLEY

Wayne Hensley's opening statement (Summer 1974 Quarterly) used the phrase "seemingly unimportant details." We questioned the conclusions of his article intuitively and agree that he is dealing with seemingly unimportant details. In our own experience in the area of mail surveys we have encountered a few respondents who were tempted to save the inner postage stamp and reuse it for their own purposes. In such cases, the use of a metered postage on the return envelope might result in a higher response rate. In general, though, we question how many respondents, other than those with philatelical interests, really pay attention to the form of postage used. The students in a marketing research class at Kansas State University, covering the area of survey design, were asked if they paid attention to the form of postage; only 3 out of 30 students would admit they normally pay attention to such matters. Hensley found significant differences among different combinations of types of postage. We wonder whether he was hypothesis testing or hypothesis generating. When we tested the null hypothesis that all of the nine combinations would have equal response rates, we found that we could not reject the null hypothesis (X2 = 5.24; 8 d.f.; p .75). Furthermore, the test of independence for the 3 X 3 table (Hensley's Table 1) found that the null hypothesis again could not be rejected (X2 = 4.47; 4 d.f.; p > .25). Consequently, there is some doubt that the response rates to the different combinations were not essentially randomly generated. By examining almost any set of data, an experimenter can find some type of statistically significant differences and possibly only Hensley's persistence led him to find combinations (diagonal versus non-diagonal, metered commemorative versus regular metered and regular commemorative) that were significantly different. The lack of relationships found in our simple tests makes us skeptical as to the validity of Hensley's conclusions. Hensley's study at most indicates that a second experiment should be carried out to specifically test his conjectures.
Cytometric and electron microscopic studies of the direct interaction of divalent nickel with intact and chemically modified HuT-78 lymphoblasts

Cytometric and ultrastructural studies on 24 hr cultures of intact, 1.0 mM H5IO6, and 0.1 mM SeO2-oxidized HuT-78 lymphoblasts were performed after their direct, 30 min interaction with 1.0 mM NiCl2. Except for moderately depressed cell viability, divalent nickel did not alter the progression of intact and oxidized target cells through the phases of the cell cycle. Although the plasma membrane remained structurally intact, marked distortion of mitochondria structure and increased osmiophilia were an invariable attribute of all nickel-pulsed cells. Moreover, numerous electron-opaque, intracellular depositions were detected in SeO2-oxidized, nickel-pulsed cells. It is concluded that the initial state of plasma membrane, and the interaction of nickel with other trace elements, have jointly determined the response of HuT-78 cells to brief and direct, divalent nickel pulses.
Phosphoryl Transfer Reaction Snapshots in Crystals: INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF PROTEIN KINASE A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT.

Abstract To study the catalytic mechanism of phosphorylation catalyzed by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) a structure of the enzyme-substrate complex representing the Michaelis complex is of specific interest as it can shed light on the structure of the transition state. However, all previous crystal structures of the Michaelis complex mimics of the PKA catalytic subunit (PKAc) were obtained with either peptide inhibitors or ATP analogs. Here we utilized Ca2+ ions and sulfur in place of the nucleophilic oxygen in a 20-residue pseudo-substrate peptide (CP20) and ATP to produce a close mimic of the Michaelis complex. In the ternary reactant complex, the thiol group of Cys-21 of the peptide is facing Asp-166 and the sulfur atom is positioned for an in-line phosphoryl transfer. Replacement of Ca2+ cations with Mg2+ ions resulted in a complex with trapped products of ATP hydrolysis: phosphate ion and ADP. The present structural results in combination with the previously reported structures of the transition state mimic and phosphorylated product complexes complete the snapshots of the phosphoryl transfer reaction by PKAc, providing us with the most thorough picture of the catalytic mechanism to date.
Salt pill design and fabrication for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators

Abstract The performance of an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is critically dependent on the design and construction of the salt pills that produce cooling. In most cases, the primary goal is to obtain the largest cooling capacity at the low temperature end of the operating range. The realizable cooling capacity depends on a number of factors, including refrigerant mass, and how efficiently it absorbs heat from the various instrument loads. The design and optimization of “salt pills” for ADR systems depend not only on the mechanical, chemical and thermal properties of the refrigerant, but also on the range of heat fluxes that the salt pill must accommodate. Despite the fairly wide variety of refrigerants available, those used at very low temperature tend to be hydrated salts that require a dedicated thermal bus and must be hermetically sealed, while those used at higher temperature – greater than about 0.5 K – tend to be single- or poly-crystals that have much simpler requirements for thermal and mechanical packaging. This paper presents a summary of strategies and techniques for designing, optimizing and fabricating salt pills for both low- and mid-temperature applications.