cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic identification of twin zygosity in resting-state functional MRI

A key strength of twin studies arises from the fact that there are two types of twins, monozygotic and dizygotic, that share differing amounts of genetic information. Accurate differentiation of twin types allows efficient inference on genetic influences in a population. However, identification of zygosity is often prone to errors without genotying. In this study, we propose a novel pairwise feature representation to classify the zygosity of twin pairs of resting state functional magnetic resonance images (rs-fMRI). For this, we project an fMRI signal to a set of basis functions and use the projection coefficients as the compact and discriminative feature representation of noisy fMRI. We encode the relationship between twins as the correlation between the new feature representations across brain regions. We employ hill climbing variable selection to identify brain regions that are the most genetically affected. The proposed framework was applied to 208 twin pairs and achieved 94.19% classification accuracy in automatically identifying the zygosity of paired images.
Sex differences in pediatric traumatic brain injury.

Abstract The response of the developing brain to traumatic injury is different from the response of the mature, adult brain. There are critical developmental trajectories in the young brain, whereby injury can lead to long term functional abnormalities. Emerging preclinical and clinical literature supports the presence of significant sex differences in both the response to and the recovery from pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). These sex differences are seen at all pediatric ages, including neonates/infants, pre-pubertal children, and adolescents. As importantly, the response to neuroprotective therapies or treatments can differ between male and females subjects. These sex differences can result from several biologic origins, and may manifest differently during the various phases of brain and body development. Recognizing and understanding these potential sex differences is crucial, and should be considered in both preclinical and clinical studies of pediatric TBI.
History and Development of Medical Ethics In the West

This chapter will chart some of the history of medical ethics in the West, beginning before the term was coined in 1803 by Thomas Percival and ending with today’s notion of bioethics. This chapter will address some of the key conflicts and historical shifts that transformed medical ethics from an unnamed and amorphous idea to a distinctive field of study informing patient care. The path is complex with medical advances and pitfalls over the centuries that both compel and inhibit progress. With each historical shift, distinguishing features arise. Medical ethics first takes shape in oaths of faith and loyalty, where the virtues and moral obligations of physicians were grounded in the dictates of the gods, the state, the crown, and/or the church. Over the course of the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, these oaths come to be defined by an emerging practice of medicine. As such, the power of the oaths comes from the professional contract rather than those higher authorities. Even so, little has changed in the named virtues (fidelity, beneficence, compassion, integrity), and their moral standing continued to be founded on social consensus rather than moral argument. Finally, through the struggles and failures of scientific progress in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there is an urgent demand for the moral reasoning and rigorous justification that comes to define bioethics as we know it today.
PRIMATES IN NUTRITIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH

Supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH (HD-07470).
Are “Associate Professors” Better Than “Associate Teaching Professors”? Student and Faculty Perceptions of Faculty Titles:

Full-time teaching-focused faculty at research universities may hold alternative titles such as Assistant Teaching Professor, Instructor, or Lecturer. We manipulated the title of a fictitious facul...
Chapter 21 – Firewalls

Publisher Summary Network firewalls are a vital component for maintaining a secure environment and are often the first line of defense against attack. A firewall is responsible for controlling access among devices, such as computers, networks, and servers. Therefore the most common deployment is between a secure and an insecure network. The firewall inspects the packet header and/or the payload (data portion). There are several different types of firewalls which can be categorized based on what they inspect (packet filter, stateful, or application), their implementation (hardware or software), or their location (host or network). Combinations of the categories are possible, and each type has specific advantages and disadvantages. Placement of the firewall with respect to servers and internal computers is key to the way these systems will be protected. Often servers that are externally available, such as Web servers, will be located away from other internal computers. This is often accomplished by placing these servers in a demilitarized zone (DMZ). A different security policy is applied to these computers so the access between computers in the DMZ and the internal network is limited. Improving the performance of the firewall can be achieved by minimizing the rules in the policy (primarily for software firewalls). Moving more popular rules near the beginning of the policy can also reduce the number of rules comparisons that are required.
The application of homodyne spectroscopy to the study of low frequency microturbulence in the text tokamak

The propagation direction of tokamak density fluctuations is typically determined by employing heterodyne detection techniques. Such methods require two coherent sources employed as the incident and local oscillator beams. Realization of such a system in the far-infrared is expensive and technically nontrivial. Utilization of a rotating grating to frequency shift a portion of the source beam is a feasible alternative although the frequency offset is limited to roughly Δ v ≤ 150 kHz (insufficient for microturbulence measurements where fluctuations are observed up to 1 MHz).
Monomials of Eisenstein series

Abstract Let E k ( z ) be the normalized Eisenstein series of weight k for the modular group SL ( 2 , Z ) . We study the zeros of E k to prove that the equation ∏ i = 1 n E k i = ∏ j = 1 m E l j has no solutions, except for those given by known relationships between E 4 , E 6 , E 8 , E 10 , and E 14 . We go on to discuss some implications of this result.
An Investigation of Flow Theory in an Online Game

Flow Theory posits that motivation is highest when individuals experience above average challenges and perform at above average skill. I use data from a short, repetitive online game to test this hypothesis and to explore the role of Flow Theory in motivation and game play. I also explore the relationship between Flow Theory and demand for commitment. For each player, the Flow-Theory channel in which they are most likely to continue playing the game is identified, and players are categorized into types accordingly. Control, Boredom and Relaxation types are most common. Flow types are among the least common, making up 12.6% of players. Flow types have the lowest skill level, but challenge themselves the most, and are most likely to make use of self-control devices available within the game. Control types play most frequently and over a longer period of weeks. Apathy types are high skill but seek out low challenges and are least likely to make use of self-control devices. Flow and control types are more likely to play during the workday. Relaxation, boredom and apathy types are more likely to play during workday evenings. I conclude that the principle hypothesis of Flow Theory does not explain my findings, but other aspects of Flow Theory are relevant to an understanding of motivation and self-control.
Will I have to move because of climate change? Perceived likelihood of weather- or climate-related relocation among the US public

As threats from climate change increase across the world, climate-induced migration is receiving more attention, particularly as it affects people in the Global South. However, despite increasing extreme weather events in nations including the United States, limited research has examined public perceptions of the personal likelihood of migration among members of wealthy industrialized countries. We asked a national probability sample of 1,000 U.S. adults about the likelihood that they would have to relocate in the next ten years because of weather or climate-related issues. We found that a majority of respondents (57.0%) reported that these would have a “moderate” or greater influence on their decision to move in the coming decade. Logistic regression analysis with demographic (race, gender, socioeconomic status, and political party affiliation) and geographic indicators (regional division and coastal proximity) revealed that Democrats and people with higher education were more likely to indicate that weather or climate-related issues would factor into their decision to relocate. Implications for climate change migration and public opinion research are discussed.
Detection of Harmonic Micro-Doppler Signatures Using Passive RF Tags and Harmonic Radar

We present a new technique for detecting the motion of objects using a combination of harmonic radar, passive radio-frequency (RF) tags, and micro-motion radar signatures in cluttered environments. A harmonic radar transmitting at 2.5 GHz and receiving at 5 GHz is designed to excite a new passive harmonic tag consisting of two slot-dipole antennas tuned to the two radar bands. The tag receives the 2.5 GHz signal and uses a diode to generate a harmonic response at 5 GHz, which is retransmitted back to the radar. The motion of the tag manifests at the 5 GHz harmonic frequency through the addition of frequency sidebands, called micro-Doppler. We demonstrate the novel harmonic micro-Doppler system, which is able to detect the dynamic motion of harmonic tags in a realistic, cluttered environment. The tag motion is shown using the short time-frequency transform (STFT), demonstrating the ability to detect motion signatures in harmonic radar, and extending earlier works in tacking objects and activities classification.
Imposition of Sanctions Criminal Personnel for Torture in the Investigation Process

The aim of this research is to find out how the legal process for police officers who abuse suspects and how the process of arresting and examining suspects. The research used the normative juridical research method, and it is found that law enforcement against POLRI members requires a legal basis that is used as a formal juridical basis in committing a crime. The legal basis in question is the Criminal Procedure Code, namely Law No. 8 of 1981. In connection with the subject that is a suspect or defendant is a member of the National Police, besides the Criminal Procedure Code, there are several other regulations that are used as a juridical basis in implementing legal proceedings against members of the Indonesian National Police who commit criminal acts as a legal basis are stipulated at some laws, such as Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, Law Number 14 of 2011 concerning the Professional Code of Ethics for the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia, and Government Regulation Number 3 of 2003 concerning the Implementation of General Judicial Institutional Techniques for Members of the Indonesian National Police. This research also highlighted that the task of arresting officers is carried out by the state police of the Republic of Indonesia by showing a letter of assignment and giving the suspect an arrest warrant stating the suspect's identity (full name, age, occupation, religion, and address/residence) and state the reasons for the arrest and a brief description of the criminal case suspected and the place where he was examined. In the event of being caught in the red, the arrest is carried out without a warrant, provided that the arrest must immediately hand over the person caught and the evidence available to the investigator or the closest assistant investigator.
Spectrum Sensing of Cognitive Radio for CubeSat Swarm Network

Low earth orbit CubeSat swarms improve the spatial and temporal resolution of remote sensing, rural communication, and space exploration due to their innovative and economical satellite design. Unlike conventional large satellites, which demand high transmission power for data exchange, the CubeSat swarm communication system provides interoperability, a high data rate between networked nodes, and global coverage with real-time measurement. However, CubeSat swarms’ main challenges include inefficient usage of spectrum resources and delay of data exchange, and the issues become more severe with the increased number of on-orbit CubeSats. Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio is often proposed as a critical solution to efficient spectrum utilization and low delay of data exchange. Typically, the secondary user takes over the link while the primary user does not occupy the channel. This paper proposes blind source separation (BSS) and Least Mean Square (LMS) for primary user detection with MIMO antennas equipped in all CubeSats. Each antenna receives a mixture of radio signals, including primary and interfering signals. Practical implementation issues are studied through simulations, with main performance metrics including algorithm performance and MIMO antenna deployment. These are essential for the communication resource allocation, power budget calculation, and hardware design of the CubeSat platform on configuring LEO non-terrestrial networks.
c-Src Regulates Mitochondrial Translation by Phosphorylation of Elongation Factor Tu

Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the development and progression of diseases including diabetes, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's, and cancer. Therefore, regulation of mitoc...
A Measure Whose Time has Come: Formalizing Time Poverty

Poverty remains a primary public policy issue, and a large literature has discussed the limitations of an income poverty measure. Using income as an indicator of poverty is a helpful simplification designed to capture ability to meet consumption needs. We argue that time is a basic economic resource allocated to create well-being along with income. Time is a scarce resource that individuals and households must allocate to produce goods, obtain services, and pursue rest and relaxation. Time poverty has been proposed as a complement to income poverty, yet it remains a relatively unknown measure in both policy and research spheres. The many ways time poverty is conceptualized and measured across studies has limited its adoption. To help familiarize readers with time poverty, we apply basic tenets of income poverty measurement to time. We conduct a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature discussing similarities, differences, and the pros and cons of different approaches to time poverty. In particular, inconsistent definition and categorization of necessary and discretionary time has been a barrier to the transparent application of time poverty in the literature, and we outline guidance on defining necessary and discretionary time for future studies. Finally, we outline future research directions for time poverty.
What happens if it changes color when it moves?: the nature of chromatic input to macaque visual area MT.

Neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of macaque cerebral cortex are highly selective for the direction of motion but not the color of a moving stimulus. Recent experiments have shown, however, that the directional selectivity of many MT neurons persists even when a moving stimulus is defined solely by chromatic variation (Charles and Logothetis, 1989; Saito et al., 1989; Dobkins and Albright, 1991 a, b; Movshon et al., 1991; Gegenfurtner et al., 1994). To illuminate the mechanisms by which area MT uses color as a cue for motion correspondence, we recorded from MT neurons while rhesus monkeys viewed an “apparent motion” stimulus in which red/green sine wave gratings underwent contrast reversal each time they were displaced in a particular direction. Under such conditions, correspondence based upon chromatically defined borders conflicts with correspondence based upon conservation of chromatic sign. When our heterochromatic stimuli possessed sufficient luminance modulation, MT neurons responded best to motion in the direction for which the sign of luminance (and chromatic) contrast was preserved. At isoluminance, however, two different chromatic influences were revealed. First, when stimuli underwent small spatial displacements, directional selectivity was elicited by movement of the stimulus in the direction of the nearest chromatically defined border, even though the sign of chromatic contrast at that border alternated over time. Under these conditions, MT neurons apparently exploited information about image borders defined by chromatic contrast while sacrificing information about the colors that make up those borders. By contrast, when chromatically defined borders provided only ambiguous information about direction of motion, MT neurons were capable of using information about the sign of chromatic contrast to detect direction of motion. The results from these experiments suggest the existence of a hybrid mechanism, one in which both signed and unsigned chromatic signals contribute to motion processing in visual area MT.
Starch analyses reveal multiple functions of quartz "manioc" grater flakes from the orinoco basin, venezuela

The general consensus existing among archaeologists that bitter manioc was the key crop in prehispanic agricultural systems in the lowlands of South Americ...
Asset Characteristics and Boom and Bust Periods: An Experimental Study

We examine the impact of transaction costs, short selling restrictions and divisibility of assets on market efficiency in experimental asset markets. We find that transaction costs do not exacerbate the inefficiency of the market. They reduce the magnitude of bubbles and push prices closer to fundamentals. More divisible assets exhibit smaller deviations of prices from fundamentals. Short selling restrictions contribute to prolonged bubbles, while relaxing them increases the occurrence of “bust cycles.” We also find that experimental real estate markets display larger deviations of prices from fundamental values, longer boom and bust cycles and smaller turnover than experimental financial markets.
Biomedical Engineering Education

Educational programs in biomedical engineering have been under development for >40 years. The past decade has seen a significant increase in both the number of programs and student interest in those programs. This rapid growth has fueled a movement to establish a common vision of the knowledge and skills that all biomedical engineers need to possess. A partnership between industry, biomedical engineering educators, and learning science researchers is needed to ensure that this will be a shared vision and will enable students to be well prepared for careers in this field. Keywords: biomedical engineering curriculum; educational programs; career preparation; professional skills
Oxygen-sensing mechanisms and the regulation of redox-responsive transcription factors in development and pathophysiology

How do organisms sense the amount of oxygen in the environment and respond appropriately when the level of oxygen decreases? Oxygen sensing and the molecular stratagems underlying the process have been the focus of an endless number of investigations trying to find an answer to the question: "What is the identity of the oxygen sensor?" Dynamic changes in pO2 constitute a potential signaling mechanism for the regulation of the expression and activation of reduction-oxidation (redox)-sensitive and oxygen-responsive transcription factors, apoptosis-signaling molecules and inflammatory cytokines. The transition from placental to lung-based respiration causes a relatively hyperoxic shift or oxidative stress, which the perinatal, developing lung experiences during birth. This variation in ΔpO2, in particular, differentially regulates the compartmentalization and functioning of the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In addition, oxygen-evoked regulation of HIF-1α and NF-κB is closely coupled with the intracellular redox state, such that modulating redox equilibrium affects their responsiveness at the molecular level (expression/transactivation). The differential regulation of HIF-1α and NF-κB in vitro is paralleled by oxygen-sensitive and redox-dependent pathways governing the regulation of these factors during the transition from placental to lung-based respiration ex utero. The birth transition period in vivo and ex utero also regulates apoptosis signaling pathways in a redox-dependent manner, consistent with NF-κB being transcriptionally regulated in order to play an anti-apoptotic function. An association is established between oxidative stress conditions and the augmentation of an inflammatory state in pathophysiology, regulated by the oxygen- and redox-sensitive pleiotropic cytokines.
Amide-containing NR2B/NMDA receptor antagonists

Discovery of the NR2A-D subtypes of the NMDA receptor and of an allosteric binding site on the NR2B receptor subunit has renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of NMDA receptor antagonists for a variety of CNS disease states. Recently, there has been a significant interest in increasing the selectivity of NR2B compounds versus hERG activity. This article will focus on a recent series of NR2B antagonists from Pfizer that show good selectivity over dofetilide binding.
An examination of regifting

This study develops an operational definition of the phenomenon of regifting. Gifting refers to the act of giving something to someone else without an expectation of compensation. Regifting is similar to gifting in that there is no expectation of compensation, but the gift itself differs in that it is one previously given to the giver. This study uses previous literature on established gift-giving themes to explore regifting's meaning, importance, and implications to consumer research. In-depth interviews and focus groups aid in the discovery of themes within regifting and regifting motivations, as well as those within relationships between the regifter and recipient. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ranking journals using the dominance hierarchy procedure: an illustration with IS journals

Ranking journals is an important exercise in academia. While several approaches to rank journals exist, an inherent assumption of these approaches is that there is indeed a hierarchy of journals, which is captured by the methods used for ranking them. We address a more fundamental question: Is there a linear hierarchy within journals? In this article, we introduce the dominance ranking approach that investigates the extent of hierarchy in a given set of objects by examining the extent of intransitivity in the system of interactions. We test the efficacy of the approach to ranking information systems journals based on citation data spanning a 3 year period from 2009 to 2011. Results indicate that the approach is very effective in identifying the extent of hierarchy within journals, and subsequently in ranking the journals. With its statistical underpinnings, the approach brings greater objectivity to the ranking of journals than prior approaches.
Femtosecond electron-transfer holography in C60/polymer blends

Abstract Holographic recording has recently been demonstrated in conducting polymer/C 60 blends. Results are presented that demonstrate an improved signal-to-noise ratio is obtained when holographic detection is used to observe the dynamics of photo-induced absorption.
McMillan–Mayer solution thermodynamics for a protein in a mixed solvent

Abstract McMillan–Mayer solution theory is used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of solute/solvent systems from the set of solvent-averaged interactions between solute particles. To match experimental data, the independent variables of the McMillan–Mayer framework (temperature, the set of solvent chemical potentials, and the set of solute concentrations) need to be converted to the Gibbs framework, where the independent variables are temperature, pressure, and the set of concentrations for all components. Previous conversions have been restricted to systems with a single solvent and one or more solutes. However, in the analysis of light-scattering data, it is sometimes necessary to consider multiple solvents. Here, we present the thermodynamics of McMillan–Mayer solution theory for a single protein solute and a mixed solvent of aqueous salt; we show that protein–salt preferential-interaction parameters can be readily determined from data reduction within the McMillan–Mayer framework. We provide a sample calculation of a liquid–liquid phase separation for protein solutions, wherein we convert the phase diagram from the McMillan–Mayer framework to the Gibbs framework. For the coexistence curve of the McMillan–Mayer phase diagram, the salt molality of a hypothetical outside solution is held constant, whereas for the coexistence curve for the Gibbs phase diagram, the salt molality of the light phase is held constant. The difference between the curves is determined by the preferential-interaction parameter. The two curves are identical only in the limiting case where the preferential-interaction parameter is zero, the solvent can be considered as a pseudo-one-component solvent.
SU-GG-T-329: Investigation of Alpha Particle Beam Therapy as a Lower Neutron Dose Alternative to Proton Beams

Purpose: Secondary neutron production is a serious issue in ion‐beam radiotherapy. As ion therapy becomes more popular, this issue must be addressed. In this study, we investigated whether alpha‐particle beam therapy would have an advantage over protonbeam therapy in lowering neutron flux. Method and Materials: Simulations were performed using the Geant4.9.1.p01 Monte Carlo toolkit for alpha‐particle and protonbeams. Fluxes and spectra were modeled for neutrons produced in a 40cm cubic water phantom and in a 50mm thick Lucite plastic range shifter for several beamenergies.Results:Alpha particles have four times the stopping power than protons for similar speeds. For equal depth penetration, they must carry four times the energy. Per beam particle, alpha particles produce more secondary neutrons than do protons, but only 1/4 the beam flux is required. Monte Carlo calculations show that, for comparable beamdose, alpha‐particle beams produce lower neutron fluxes than protonbeams at lower treatment energies (∼100MeV protons, ∼400MeV alpha‐particles). This is observed both in water and in Lucite. For higher energybeams,neutron spectra and fluxes are comparable between alpha particles and protons. For all cases, the proton‐induced neutron flux falls off at lower neutronenergy than does the alpha‐induced neutron flux. For higher energybeams, with otherwise similar neutron spectra, this differential drop‐off means a higher integrated neutronenergy using alpha particles. For the lower energy primary beams, this is more than compensated for by the lower total integrated neutronenergy.Conclusion: Calculations suggest that for lower energy treatment beams,alpha particles produce fewer secondary neutrons with a lower integrated energy than do protonbeams. This is significant for depths of ⩽80mm in a water phantom, which is good for juvenile patients where a reduced neutrondose is paramount. There is less benefit seen using higher energy alpha‐particle beams.
CTF Determination of Images of Ice-Embedded Single Particles Using a Graphics Interface

We implement a graphical user interface in an X-window/UNIX environment to compute and display the incoherently averaged Fourier transforms of electron images of single particles embedded in ice and the simulated contrast transfer function with or without envelope functions. This interface provides an easy and efficient operation for the determination of defocus value and the evaluation of the extent of Fourier amplitude falloff. This computational procedure is crucial for prescreening image data and performing image correction of contrast transfer function in high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction of single particles.
Stochastic time-optimal control problems

Two types of stochastic time-optimal controls in a one-dimensional setting are considered. Multidimensional problems, in the case of complete state information available and the system modelled by stochastic differential equations, are studied under the formulation of minimising the expected transient-response time. The necessary condition of optimality is the satisfaction for the value function of a parabolic partial differential equation with boundary conditions. The sufficient condition of optimality is also provided, based on Dynkin's formula. Finally, three examples are given
Full range of predictions for B physics from isosinglet down quark mixing

We extend the range of predictions of the isosinglet (or vector) down quark model to the fully allowed physical ranges, and also update this with the effect of new physics constraints. We constrain the present allowed ranges of $\mathrm{sin}(2\ensuremath{\beta})$ and $\mathrm{sin}(2\ensuremath{\alpha}),$ \ensuremath{\gamma}, ${x}_{s},$ and ${A}_{{B}_{s}}.$ In models allowing mixing to a new isosinglet down quark (as in ${\mathrm{E}}_{6})$ flavor changing neutral currents are induced that allow a ${Z}^{0}$ mediated contribution to $B\ensuremath{-}\overline{B}$ mixing and which bring in new phases. In (\ensuremath{\rho},\ensuremath{\eta}), $({x}_{s},\mathrm{sin}(\ensuremath{\gamma})),$ and ${(x}_{s}{,A}_{{B}_{s}})$ plots for the extra isosinglet down quark model which are herein extended to the full physical range, we find new allowed regions that will require experiments on $\mathrm{sin}(\ensuremath{\gamma})$ and/or ${x}_{s}$ to verify or to rule out an extra down quark contribution.
Development of Oil-Water Separation Hydrocyclones for Oilfield Produced-Fluid Pre-Treatment

Research background is first introduced, and the structural type of the hydrocyclone used for produced-fluid pre-separation is defined. The effect of geometric parameters on separation performance is studied and analyzed. The parameters include nominal diameter, inlet size and its shape, overflow tube diameter and its length, overall length, cone angle, and tail tube length, etc. Oilfield experiments were carried out. By oilfield pilot test, the results of both parallel-type hydrocyclones and vessel-type hydrocyclones were tested and contrasted. By using vessel-type hydrocyclones, 5000m3 /d scale oilfield experiments were taken. The industrial experimental results show that the studied hydrocyclones are feasible for oilfield produced-fluid pre-treatment. When the water-cut of produced-fluid is above 85%, by two-stage hydrocyclonic separation, the water-cut of the first oil outlet can be dropped down to 30%, and at the same time the oil-cut of the second water outlet can be treated to below 1000mg/L.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A PROPOSED COMMERCIAL PENAEID SHRIMP CULTURE OPERATION1

This analysis utilized the production data obtained in 1982 from ponds at the Cedar Bayou Texas A&M Mariculture Facility, east of Baytown, Texas. The Aquaculture Budget Simulation System developed at Texas A&M University was applied to create budgetary information including the net return, economic profit, break-even quantities and prices, and net present values over a 10-year horizon. This information was used to evaluate the economic feasibility of different stocking strategies at a proposed 76-ha commercial penaeid shrimp culture operation. The stocking strategies consist of monoculture of Penaeus stylirostris at 10 and 20/m2 respectively and polyculture of P. stylirostris with P. vannamei at two ratios (3:1 and 1:3) with a total density of 20/m2. The results indicated that only the polyculture of 75% P. vannamei with 25% P. stylirostris is economically profitable. This stocking strategy yields an economic profit of $54,589 for the first year of operation. The break-even production of 1,526 kg/ha is less than the expected annual production of 1,919 kg/ha. The break-even price of $6.11/kg is less than the market price of $8.23/kg. The net present value is $839,424 over 10 years considering the beginning $20,000 cash and 20% of the total investment as owner's investment. The payback occurred following the second year's harvest.
Endocytic adaptor complexes bind the C-terminal domain of CFTR.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions at the apical membrane of epithelial cells to regulate chloride permeability. Recent studies have shown that CFTR is rapidly and efficiently internalized from the plasma membrane. We have shown that such internalization is mediated solely by clathrin-coated pathways, and that other pathways, such as caveolae, exclude CFTR. Moreover, CFTR co-precipitates with α-adaptin, a component of the endocytic adaptor complex (AP-2). The goal of our current studies was to elucidate further the molecular mechanisms that facilitate entry of CFTR into endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles. Protein–protein interactions generated by incubation of full-length in-vitro-translated CFTR with partially purified bovine brain adaptor complexes were evaluated following immunoprecipitation using an antibody against the α-adaptin subunit of the AP-2 complex. Such studies revealed co-immunoprecipitation of α-adaptin with full-length but not partially translated CFTR, suggesting that the C-terminus of CFTR may be responsible for this interaction. To test this hypothesis a C-terminal GST fusion protein (amino acids 1404–1480; CF-GST) was used in a "pull-down" assay with purified adaptor complexes. CF-GST sepharose was able to pull-down AP-2 endocytic adaptor complexes, as determined by immunoblot analyses of the precipitates using antibodies directed against α-adaptin. In contrast, CF-GST sepharose was unable to pull-down γ-adaptin, a component of the Golgi-derived AP-1 clathrin adaptor complex. Thus, we demonstrate that CFTR is endocytosed via clathrin-coated vesicles, and that targeting of CFTR to these structures is mediated by binding of the AP-2 adaptor complex to the C-terminal domain of CFTR.
Elastic and Inelastic Electron Scattering in Hydrogen

A study of both the energy distribution and the angular distribution of electrons scattered by hydrogen molecules was made. Elastic scattering was investigated in the range between 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 165\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, for collision energies between 35 and 200 volts. The number of electrons scattered at any angle was smaller the greater the energy of impact. In all the curves a minimum was found between 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, while for the 35 and 50 volt collisions the curves rose to a definite maximum at 155\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Inelastic scattering was found to occur with energy losses ranging from a minimum of about 12.0 volts, through a sharply defined most probable loss at 12.6 volts, to a complete loss of all the energy. It was found that as the energy of collision was increased the probability of the larger energy losses increased with respect to the probability of the smaller energy losses. Angular distribution curves were steeper, the smaller the amount of energy lost at collision for a given collision energy. Also, for any particular energy loss, the steepness increased with the speed of the colliding electrons. The electrons which are torn off from atoms in ionizing collisions are termed ejected electrons and are presumably those which appear in our experiment with but little or no energy. The angular distribution of the ejected electrons, having various amounts of energy (1 to 8 volts), were studied for different collision energies (35 to 340 volts). In every case there was a noteworthy absence of considerable scattering at small angles, so characteristic of the scattering of faster electrons. In many cases, pronounced peaks were found in the angular distribution curves at large angles (90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}). These peaks change in position and size in a regular manner with the energy of collision and the energy of the ejected electron.
Minimization of heterocyclic amines and thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli in fried ground beef.

BACKGROUND Heterocyclic amine carcinogens are formed during the cooking of a number of foods, especially well-done meats. Lower temperatures and shorter cooking times can minimize the formation of these carcinogens, yet a major food safety concern is that pathogens in the meat must be thermally inactivated. This study investigated cooking techniques that minimize heterocyclic amine formation while simultaneously destroying contaminating bacteria. METHODS Ground beef patties were inoculated with Escherichia coli K12 bacteria and fried to internal temperatures ranging from 35 degrees C to 70 degrees C in a skillet preheated to 160 degrees C, 180 degrees C, or 200 degrees C. Each patty was then analyzed for four common heterocyclic amines and for surviving bacteria. Additionally, the frequency of turning of the beef patty during cooking was varied (a single turn or multiple turns), length of time required for each patty to reach 70 degrees C was recorded, and heterocyclic amine levels were determined. An additional pan temperature of 250 degrees C was tested for its effect on heterocyclic amine formation but not on bacterial killing. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Colony-forming bacteria were reduced by five orders of magnitude at internal temperatures greater than 60 degrees C, regardless of cooking method, and were completely inactivated at 70 degrees C. For patties turned just once, heterocyclic amine levels increased as the cooking temperatures increased. However, levels of heterocyclic amines were statistically significantly lower with turning every minute. For each pan temperature, patties reached 70 degrees C internal temperature sooner when they were turned every minute than when they were turned just once during cooking. CONCLUSION Lowering the pan temperature and turning the patties frequently can greatly reduce the formation of heterocyclic amines and can simultaneously achieve bacterial inactivation with little or no increase in cooking time, ensuring a product that is safe for human consumption.
Varieties of Spanish in the United States by LIPSKI, JOHN M.

The article reviews the book "Varieties of Spanish in the United States," by John M. Lipski.
Cancer detected incidental to simple prostatectomy (stage A1)

The incidence of stage A (incidental) adenocarcinoma of the prostate in transurethral resection (TUR) specimens is approximately 16%. This paper discusses the criteria for differentiating state A1 versus stage A2 tumor, based on tumor volume and grade. Both the short-term (4 year) and long-term (8–10 year) natural history of untreated stage A1 prostate cancer are examined. Options to follow patients expectantly are presented. These include digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound. Specific problems relating to analyzing transrectal ultrasounds in patients who have had a prior TUR are addressed. Also, the unique aspects of transrectal ultrasound for stage A1 disease as it relates to the location of the lesion are expanded upon. The third option in the management of stage A1 disease is to monitor serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Areas covered include the sensitivity and specificity of PSA in general, and, in specific, serum PSA levels following TUR for stage A1 disease as a predictor of residual tumor. New data on a small group of patients who underwent delayed radical prostatectomy following diagnosis of stage A1 disease, where PSA data was available, are presented. The rationale for following patients with stage A1 disease by monitoring their serum PSA levels is supported by data from a group of men with normally sized prostates, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or cancer where longitudinal serum PSA levels were available. Finally, the option of radical prostatectomy for stage A1 disease is put forth. Data include a study of a large group of radical prostatectomy specimens performed for stage A1 disease. This includes the incidence of substantial tumor in this group and our ability to predict substantial tumor based on information obtained by TUR. In conclusion, a summary of the management of stage A1 disease in older versus younger men is presented. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The CB2-preferring agonist JWH015 also potently and efficaciously activates CB1 in autaptic hippocampal neurons.

Abstract The G protein coupled receptors CB 1 and CB 2 are targets for the psychoactive constituents of cannabis, chief among them Δ 9 -THC. They are also key components of the multifunctional endogenous cannabinoid signaling system. CB 1 and CB 2 receptors modulate a wide variety of physiological systems including analgesia, memory, mood, reward, appetite and immunity. Identification and characterization of selective CB 1 and CB 2 receptor agonists and antagonists will facilitate understanding the precise physiological and pathophysiological roles of cannabinoid receptors in these systems. This is particularly necessary in the case of CB 2 because these receptors are sparsely expressed and problematic to detect using traditional immunocytochemical approaches. 1-Propyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH015) is an aminoalkylindole that has been employed as a “CB 2 -selective” agonist in more than 40 published papers. However, we have found that JWH015 potently and efficaciously activates CB 1 receptors in neurons. Using murine autaptic hippocampal neurons, which express CB 1 , but not CB 2 receptors, we find that JWH015 inhibits excitatory postsynaptic currents with an EC50 of 216 nM. JWH015 inhibition is absent in neurons from CB 1 −/− cultures and is reversed by the CB 1 antagonist, SR141716 [200 nM]. Furthermore, JWH015 partially occludes CB 1 -mediated DSE (∼35% remaining), an action reversed by the CB 2 antagonist, AM630 [1 and 3 μM], suggesting that high concentrations of AM630 also antagonize CB 1 receptors. We conclude that while JWH015 is a CB 2 -preferring agonist, it also activates CB 1 receptors at experimentally encountered concentrations. Thus, CB 1 agonism of JWH015 needs to be considered in the design and interpretation of experiments that use JWH015 to probe CB 2 -signaling.
Control of host DNA synthesis after infection with bacteriophages S13 and φX174

Abstract Bacteriophages S13 and φX174 were studied to find which phage gene is responsible for the shut-off of host DNA synthesis, which occurs after infection. It was concluded that the shut-off does not require the post-infection synthesis of any phage-specific protein because it occurred under the following conditions: 1. (1) blocking of the function of any of the seven known phage genes by mutation; 2. (2) addition of chloramphenicol (30, 60, 100 or 150 μg/ml.) before infection. Therefore it appears that the shut-off is due to some early step in the infection process such as a direct interaction of the DNA or of the capsid of the infecting particle with the host. Involvement of the phage DNA seems likely because the shut-off did not occur when the cells were infected by S13 particles that could not inject their DNA.
Beyond Despair and Disengagement: A Transactional Model of Personality Development in Later Life

It is argued that ego analytic, disengagement, and symbolic interaction theories of personality share an insufficient consideration of the dynamics of the interaction between developmental and social forces transpiring during the aging period. An alternative, transactional model is proposed, positing that the effects of the environment to which the elderly person is subject are the product of: (1) the people and settings comprising that environment and (2) the manner in which the individual acts upon and is acted upon by these people and settings. The model highlights the need for research in which present behavioral and environmental events assume as much importance as past ones.
The Lee-Wick standard model

We construct a modification of the standard model which stabilizes the Higgs mass against quadratically divergent radiative corrections, using ideas originally discussed by Lee and Wick in the context of a finite theory of quantum electrodynamics. The Lagrangian includes new higher derivative operators. We show that the higher derivative terms can be eliminated by introducing a set of auxiliary fields; this allows for convenient computation and makes the physical interpretation more transparent. The theory is thought to be unitary, but nevertheless, it does not satisfy the usual analyticity conditions.
Optical loss characterization of CaF 2 in the ultraviolet region for prism retroreflectors

We report optical loss measurements of calcium fluoride samples at 249 and 403 nm. Contributions of birefringence are investigated. Calcium fluoride prism retroreflectors are of interest for cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region.
Characteristics of Recent Suicide Attempters with and without Borderline Personality Disorder

The present research compared recent suicide attempters with and without a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). One hundred and eighty recent suicide attempters, recruited in the Emergency Department, participated in extensive research interviews. Results showed that suicide attempters with BPD displayed greater severity of overall psychopathology, depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, past suicide attempts, and had poorer social problem solving skills than those without a BPD diagnosis. No differences were found between the groups regarding the intent to die or lethality associated with the index suicide attempt. These findings highlight the seriousness of BPD and the risk that individuals diagnosed with this disorder will attempt suicide.
Dietary Acrylamide and Cancer Risk in Humans: A Review

In April 2002, researchers from the Swedish National Food Administration reported that they had detected elevated levels of acrylamide in commonly consumed baked and fried foods. Acrylamide is known as a neurotoxin in humans and as a carcinogen in experimental animals, and it is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1994). Therefore, the discovery that the compound forms naturally during high-heat cooking of starchy foods caused substantial alarm in Sweden and worldwide. Within months of the initial Swedish report, national governments and food companies began their own investigations on acrylamide in foods and discussed the potential impact of dietary acrylamide on the public’s health. The discovery also provoked public debate among scientists about the importance of the finding because of the relative lack of data in humans on the one hand and the knowledge that acrylamide in high doses is genotoxic in cell and animal studies on the other. Since 2002, researchers have engaged in a wide range of studies spanning across disciplines. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on acrylamide in foods. We discuss the formation and intake of acrylamide in foods, present evidence for carcinogenicity in cell and animal studies, and examine the findings from epidemiological studies of occupational and dietary exposures. We conclude with a discussion of future directions in the field.