cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relation of the hypophysis, ovary, placenta and fetus to the development of anemia during the last half of pregnancy in the rat.

THE NUTRITIONAL aspects of anemia of pregnancy in man and the rat have been, studied extensively, but no attempt has been made to investigate this anemia in the light of the activity of certain endocrine glands. This paper deals with a study of what may be considered the essential endocrine glands involved in pregnancy of the rat; that is, the hypophysis, ovary and “placenta,” and their relationship to anemia of pregnancy. The role of the fetus also will be considered in the analysis of the problem. It is realized that other endocrine glands may possibly affect the blood picture in pregnancy, but this study has been limited to the factors mentioned above. As an index to the degree of anemia, the hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte number were determined in pregnant rats after removal of the hypophysis, ovaries, placentae and fetuses, each alone and in all possible combinations
Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell cancer (RCC) is the most common form of cancer of the kidney and accounts for approximately 44,000 cases per year in the United States. Historically, only immunotherapy showed activity in metastatic RCC. The improved survival and quality of life for patients with metastatic RCC over the last several years are direct results of advances made in understanding the development of RCC. Three targeted therapies—sunitinib, sorafenib, and temsirolimus—have been approved for use in the United States recently. Current research is aimed at developing new drugs and combining available drugs to improve upon the responses and survival seen with approved single agents.
A Comparison Between Users and Non-users of Devereux's Safe and Positive Approaches Training Curricula in the Reduction of Injury and Restraint

This study examined the effectiveness of Devereux's Safe and Positive Approaches training curricula (SPA) in the reduction of injury and restraint. Several data points were collected including utilization rates of restrictive interventions, number of youth injuries, number of staff injuries, and whether the program/organization is a user or non-user of SPA. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences between SPA users and non-SPA users in utilization rates of restrictive interventions, youth injury, staff injury as well as significant and positive correlations between restraint utilization and related injury.
Controlling the HIV epidemic among drug injectors.

About 50% of iv drug users in Madrid Spain may be HIV infected. 52% are prisoners. HIV prevalence rates among iv drug users are also high in Barcelona and Bilbao. Many of these iv drug users do not use condoms likely resulting in sizable heterosexual transmission. The possibility of resurgent tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-infected iv drug users looms since most receive no treatment. HIV-infected persons with multidrug-resistant TB almost always die. It is also difficult and expensive to treat in HIV seronegatives. Faulty cost-benefit estimations leading to reduced TB-oriented care and prevention and programs that did not provide effective iv drug user-oriented harm reduction and medical care account for the spread of TB in New York City. Evidence suggests that HIV epidemics have stabilized in many cities. Yet mathematical models show that once epidemics reach 50% among iv drug users they spread quite quickly. Many people believe that iv drug users are unable to practice risk reduction behavior but research in Bangkok and Rio de Janeiro shows that they can indeed modify their behavior. Needle-syringe exchange programs result in risk behavior reduction and subsequent reduction of HIV seroconversion and of new infections with hepatitis B. They should include street-based outreach and fixed-site exchanges. They also effectively increase the number of iv drug users who seek drug abuse treatment. Some countries have legalized the sale of syringes thus reducing syringe sharing among iv drug users. Iv drug users must have access to confidential HIV counseling and testing and user-friendly medical treatment. Drug abuse treatment should be expanded with minimal documentation or bureaucratic procedure. Methadone treatment protects iv drug patients against HIV infection. Other programs need to emphasize abstinence from drug use. New iv drug users tend to be less likely to be HIV infected thus they are a prime target group but it is difficult to locate them.
Anterior thalamic mediation of generalized pentylenetetrazol seizures

The effects of microinjection of various neuroactive compounds into the anterior thalamic nucleus (AN) and other selected subcortical regions of guinea pig brain on the expression of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced behavioral and electrical seizure activity were examined. Excitatory agents, kainic acid (KA), bicuculline (BIC) or PTZ, injected into the AN or other thalamic nuclei, striatum, but not the mammillary bodies (MB), facilitated the EEG convulsant action of systemically administered PTZ. Injection of muscimol into the AN protected against the expression of PTZ-induced repetitive high-voltage EEG seizure discharges and inhibited the facilitatory effects of subcortically applied KA or BIC. Injection of muscimol into the AN was also able to terminate established ongoing seizure discharges. Unilateral application of muscimol to the AN did not prevent the repetitive hypersynchronous EEG discharges following systemic PTZ but did result in the delay in the onset of cortical hypersynchrony in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Muscimol injections into other thalamic nuclei, MB, cortex, striatum or directly into the CSF space had no anticonvulsant effect, however. Microinjection of gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid, a selective GABA transaminase inhibitor, resulted in protection from the behavioral convulsant action and lethal effects of PTZ when administered into the thalamus, especially the AN, but not when injected into the striatum or CSF. These data demonstrate that the AN is an important subcortical nucleus for the mediation of both cortical EEG synchrony and behavioral seizure expression induced by PTZ. In light of previous results establishing a role for the brainstem and diencephalon in PTZ seizure expression, the AN may serve, in part, as a gating mechanism for the propagation of paroxysmal activity between subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex.
Characterization of tolerance to the anti-leakage effect of formoterol in rat airways

These experiments addressed the question of whether the anti-plasma leakage action of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists in rat airways is subject to tolerance. Pathogen-free F344 rats were pretreated with the highly selective, long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist, formoterol (0, 0.1, 1, 10 microg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days; 24 h later the effectiveness of acute doses of formoterol (0, 0.1, 1, 10 microg/kg, i.v.) was tested against substance P-induced plasma leakage. The anti-leakage effect of formoterol was not subject to tolerance with the low or intermediate pretreatment dose. Pretreatment with 10 microg/kg formoterol reduced the effectiveness of the 1 microg/kg acute dose but not the 10 microg/kg acute dose. We conclude that tolerance to the anti-leakage effect of formoterol can occur, but airway vessels are likely to retain functionally coupled receptors even after high dose pretreatment.
Histopathological changes in the human posterior cruciate ligament during aging and osteoarthritis: correlations with anterior cruciate ligament and cartilage changes

Objectives To determine the histological patterns of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) degeneration during aging and in relation to changes in articular cartilage and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) across the entire adult age spectrum. Methods Human knee joints (n=120 from 65 donors) were processed within 72 h of postmortem. Articular cartilage surfaces were graded macroscopically. Each PCL was histologically evaluated for inflammation, mucinous changes, chondroid metaplasia, cystic changes and orientation of collagen fibres. The severity of PCL degeneration was classified as normal, mild, moderate or severe. PCL scores were compared to ACL and cartilage scores from the same knees. Results All knees had intact PCL. Histologically, 6% were normal, 76% showed mild, 12% moderate and 9% severe degeneration. Fibre disorientation was the most prevalent and severe change. Histological grades of PCL and ACL correlated, but significantly fewer PCL than ACL showed severe changes. There was a weaker correlation between aging and total histological PCL scores (R=0.26) compared to aging and ACL scores (R=0.42). ACL scores correlated with cartilage scores (R=0.54) while PCL scores increased with the severity of osteoarthritis from grades 0 to III but not between osteoarthritis grades III–IV (R=0.32). In knees with ruptured ACL, the PCL scores correlated with cartilage scores of the lateral compartment. Conclusions PCL histopathological changes were less severe than in the ACL. PCL degeneration was associated with ACL and cartilage damage. The lack of correlation with age indicates independent pathways for PCL versus ACL degeneration.
Stark Broadening of Spectral Lines by High-Velocity Charged Particles

The broadening of the Lyman $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ line by high-velocity charged particles is calculated in the classical path approximation without the completed-collision assumption. For noninteracting perturbers, the divergence at large impact parameters associated with usual impact theories does not arise. Interactions between the perturbers are introduced by the pair correlation function. The resulting line shape is valid for frequencies larger than those permitted by the impact theory.
A micromechanical analysis of the effect of fabric on low-strain stiffness of granular soils

Abstract The effect of fabric on low-strain shear stiffness properties of granular soils was assessed using Discrete Element simulations. These soils were idealized as a collection of non-spherical particles that interact according to Hertz׳s contact law. Different fabrics of the same soil were obtained by extracting particles from the weak or strong interparticle force networks. The associated stiffness properties were evaluated for various levels of isotropic triaxial confining stress conditions. The conducted analyses showed that a soil with a given void ratio and level of confining stress may have various fabrics associated with noticeably different low-strain shear moduli. The mechanical coordination number and particle shape were found to be the main factors that dictate the low-strain stiffness properties of a certain granular soil (with a specific contact law). For a defined level of confining stress, the shear stiffness of a particular soil is shown to be linked to the mechanical coordination number by a unique relation.
Phenotypically variant adrenal tumor cell cultures with biochemical lesions in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathway

Four clonal adrenal tumor cell lines which exhibit biochemical lesions in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathway have been isolated. Two of these cell lines, designated Y-6 and OS3, appear to contain their lesions at points proximal to cyclic AMP formation in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathway. Growth of Y-6 and OS3 as tumors in isogenic mice results in a restoration of ACTH sensitivity in both cell lines by mechanisms which do not appear to involve selection or fulfillment of specific nutritional requirements. Growth of Y-6 and OS3 as tumors in heterogenic mice results in restoration of ACTH sensitivity in Y-6 but not in OS3, suggesting that the biochemical lesions in these cell lines are at different loci. Two other cell lines, designated OS1 and OS4, possess biochemical lesions in the steroidogenic pathway beyond the formation of cyclic AMP and before the formation of pregnenolone. Growth of OS1 and OS4 as tumors in isogenic mice results in the repair of the biochemical lesions in these cells distal to cyclic AMP formation in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathway. The four cell lines described are potentially useful in elucidating the mechanism of action of ACTH in adrenal cells as well as in determining the factors required for maintaining differentiated function in cultured cells.
Off-balance sheet risks: What are they and why is their disclosure important?

General Motors (GM) has broken a record. The Big-Three automaker posted a phenomenal $23.5 billion loss for fiscal year 1992 (White, 1993, p. A3). Paradoxically, this world-record loss accompanied reports that GM generated income of $92 million from operations in 1992 (Dubrowski, 1993). The accounting data seem contradictory: How could GM incur a record loss when its operations are improving? The answer: GM recorded a “one-time hit.” Company executives recognized the cumulative effect of previously undisclosed liabilities for postretirement benefits -namely, a $20.8 billion obligation for retiree medical benefits. Prior to issuance of GM’s 1992 financial statements, these liabilities were off-balance sheet. That is, they existed outside the realm of financial reporting. GM is not alone. Many companies maintain off-balance sheet assets and liabilities. This essay explores some of the critical issues surrounding off-balance sheet risks (O&S&), namely, (1) the nature of OBSR, (2) managerial motivation to pursue off-balance sheet activities, (3) the importance of disclosing these activities, and (4) the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) crusade to control OBSR.
Tyrosine Replacing Tryptophan as an Anchor in GWALP Peptides

Synthetic model peptides have proven useful for examining fundamental peptide–lipid interactions. A frequently employed peptide design consists of a hydrophobic core of Leu-Ala residues with polar or aromatic amino acids flanking each side at the interfacial positions, which serve to “anchor” a specific transmembrane orientation. For example, WALP family peptides (acetyl-GWW(LA)nLWWA-[ethanol]amide), anchored by four Trp residues, have received particular attention in both experimental and theoretical studies. A recent modification proved successful in reducing the number of Trp anchors to only one near each end of the peptide. The resulting GWALP23 (acetyl-GGALW5(LA)6LW19LAGA-[ethanol]amide) displays reduced dynamics and greater sensitivity to lipid–peptide hydrophobic mismatch than traditional WALP peptides. We have further modified GWALP23 to incorporate a single tyrosine, replacing W5 with Y5. The resulting peptide, Y5GWALP23 (acetyl-GGALY5(LA)6LW19LAGA-amide), has a single Trp residue that is sensiti...
Purification and characterization of the human ovarian LH/hCG receptor and comparison of the properties of mammalian LH/hCG receptors.

Methods previously published by us [Wimalasena et al., J Biol Chem260: 10689–10697, 1985; Wimalasena et al., J Biol Chem261: 9416–9420, 1986] were utilized to solubilize the human corpus luteal leuteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) receptor with 3-[(3-cholamide-propyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and to purify the receptor by two steps of hCG-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The specific binding capacity (SBC) of the purified human receptor was 7510 pmol/mg protein, and Ka = 2.2 × 109M−1 when iodo hCG was competed by hCG; the yield was 4–7% of starting activity. When hLH was used in competition with hCG, specific binding capacity was 7900 pmol/mg protein and Ka 1.0 × 109M−1. Silver staining and autoradiography demonstrated a single protein of Mr 78,000 under reducing and Mr 58–62 × 103 under nonreducing conditions. Rat ovarian LH/hCG receptor was purified by similar methods and the Ka of 3.5 × 1010 M−1 for hCG was substantially different from the Ka for hLH which was 2.1 × 109 M−1. Mr of the rat protein was 78–82 × 103 (reduced) and 58–62 × 103 (nonreduced) when analyzed by silver staining and autoradiography. For the first time, human LH/hCG receptor has been purified to apparent homogen- eity, and its Mr of 78,000 was essentially identical to the Mr values of purified rat and porcine receptors.
Novel High-Strength Thermoplastic Starch Reinforced by in situ Poly(lactic acid) Fibrillation

In recent years TPS has attracted more and more research interest as a promising replacement for commodity polymers in some applications. In this paper, a novel manufacturing technology to produce PLA fiber reinforced biodegradable TPS composite, and the microstructure and tensile properties of the composite, were first reported. PLA micro/sub-micro fibers were generated in situ by elongational flow during die extrusion and subsequent hot stretching. The addition of 10% PLA significantly increased the drawability of TPS. Compared to direct extrusion, hot stretching tripled the tensile strength of the composite to 34 MPa. Extensive PLA fibrillation was evident in the composite. The generated PLA fibers measured ca. 400 nm in diameter with a large L/D ratio.
IMPACT OF RADIOTHERAPY ON FERTILITY, PREGNANCY, AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES IN FEMALE CANCER PATIENTS

Purpose: Radiation has many potential long-term effects on cancer survivors. Female cancer patients may experience decreased fertility depending on the site irradiated. Oncologists should be aware of these consequences and discuss options for fertility preservation before initiating therapy. Methods and Materials: A comprehensive review of the existing literature was conducted. Studies reporting the outcomes for female patients treated with cranio-spinal, abdominal, or pelvic radiation reporting fertility, pregnancy, or neonatal-related outcomes were reviewed. Results: Cranio-spinal irradiation elicited significant hormonal changes in women that affected their ability to become pregnant later in life. Women treated with abdomino-pelvic radiation have an increased rate of uterine dysfunction leading to miscarriage, preterm labor, low birth weight, and placental abnormalities. Early menopause results from low-dose ovarian radiation. Ovarian transposition may decrease the rates of ovarian dysfunction. Conclusions: There is a dose-dependent relationship between ovarian radiation therapy (RT) and premature menopause. Patients treated with RT must be aware of the impact of treatment on fertility and explore appropriate options.
Ecology and population in the Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract In the mountain, coastal, and river‐valley ecologic niches of the Eastern Mediterranean, united by sea trade and with productivity of grain and olives and animals set by winter rains and summer dryness, population density depends on health and food as determining, first, adult female longevity (i.e. time for fecundity) and, second, survival rates of infants and children. Rapid density increases in Neolithic, Middle‐Late Bronze Age, Classic (up over 35 per km.2) and Modern periods occur apparently with balance or decline of malaria and slight connection to change of sea level and climate. The major drop in population to 10 per km.2, in Roman to Moslem times, lags behind the causal man‐produced ecologic destruction (deforestation, erosion, soil‐exhaustion). Site‐counts and census allow density estimates and study of skeletons and pubic symphyses allow estimates of longevity, fecundity and survival.
A Verification Service Architecture for the Future Internet

In this paper, we propose a service architecture for verification, a necessary component of a choice-based economy architecture of the future Internet. Such a verification architecture motivates and addresses the task of enabling users to verify, or obtain third-party verification of, whether the service components offered by various network service providers were responsible for meeting or failing to meet overall service expectations. To be useful, such an architecture must allow viable business propositions for each of the principals, and provide meaningful results at reasonable cost and overhead. We articulate the architectural decisions, requirements, roles and interfaces. We then describe a proof-of-concept prototype realized in NS- 3. Finally, we make observations contrasting our results with previous approaches and discuss the implementation challenges to realize this work in practice.
Modeling Collective Belief

What is it for a group to believe something? A summative account assumes that for a group to believe that p most members of the group must believe that p. Accounts of this type are commonly proposed in interpretation of everyday ascriptions of beliefs to groups. I argue that a nonsummative account corresponds better to our unexamined understanding of such ascriptions. In particular I propose what I refer to as the 'joint acceptance' model of group belief. I argue that group beliefs according to the joint acceptance model are important phenomena whose aetiology and development require investigation. There is an analogous phenomenon of social or group preference, which social choice theory tends to ignore.
Motives and intent to continue organizational volunteering among residents of a retirement community area

Over 40% of elders are estimated to engage in organizational volunteering. Research on older volunteers' motives is hampered by the tendency of investigators to analyze data on an item-by-item basis. In the present study, we examined the implications of taking unidimensional and multidimensional approaches to aggregating motive items for predicting elders' intent to continue volunteering. The sample consisted of 242 community service volunteers who resided in a retirement community area (minimum age = 5 years old). The results indicated that motives for volunteering were better predictors of intent to continue volunteering when the multidimensional (as opposed to unidimensional) approach to aggregation was used. Valueexpressive motive scores were found to be significantly related to intent only for volunteers who were high on both knowledge and social-adjustive motive scores.
Burrowing of nanoparticles on clean metal substrates: Surface smoothing on a nanoscale

We have investigated soft landings of Co nanoparticles on clean Cu(001) surfaces. The nanoparticles, {approx}10 nm in size, were generated by dc magnetron sputtering in argon and transferred in the gas stream to an ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscope (TEM), where they were deposited on the thin-film substrate. The surface morphology created in this fashion exhibits a unique smoothing mechanism. The nanoparticles do not remain on the surface at temperatures as low as 600 K, but rather reorient and burrow into the substrate. By analyzing the TEM data in combination with molecular dynamics simulations, we were able to study this process in detail and to develop a model to quantify the temperature and cluster size dependence of burrowing.
Leukaemic transformation of engrafted bone marrow cells.

Summary Recurrent leukaemia following bone marrow transplantation is most often due to the regrowth of original host leukaemia cells, but may also be due to the malignant transformation of normal donor marrow cells after transplantation into a leukaemia patient. We report the ninth case of malignant change in cells of donor origin in a 12-year-old boy who was originally diagnosed as having Ph1+ CML. He remained Ph1+ during lymphoid blast crisis. After transplantation with marrow from a cytogenetically normal sister, he relapsed to Ph1– ALL in the female donor cells. The marrow showed a mixed karyotype of 46,XX/46,XX,inv(9)(p12q12). It would appear that, haematologically, the patient showed different manifestations of the same disease state. Cytogenetically, however, the pre- and post-transplant leukaemias were different.
Poverty and Local Governments: Economic Development and Community Service Provision in an Era of Decentralization

Social scientists have given substantial attention to poverty across U.S. localities. However, most work views localities through the lens of population aggregates, not as units of government. Few poverty researchers question whether governments of poorer localities have the capacity to engage in economic development and service activities that might improve community well-being. This issue is increasingly important as responsibilities for growth and redistribution are decentralized to local governments that vary dramatically in resources. Do poorer communities have less activist local governments? Are they more likely to be engaged in a race to the bottom, focusing on business attraction activities but neglecting services for families and working people? We bring together two distinct literatures, critical research on decentralization and research on local development efforts, that provide contrasting views about the penalty of poverty. Data are from a unique, national survey of county governments measuring activity across two time points. The most consistent determinants of activity are local government capacity, devolutionary pressures, and inertia or past use of strategies. Net of these factors, levels and changes in poverty do not significantly impact government activity. There is no evidence the nations' poorest counties are racing to the bottom. Findings challenge views that poverty is a systematic structural barrier to pursuing innovative economic development policies and suggest that even poorer communities can take steps to build local capacity, resources, and networks that expand programs for local businesses and low-wage people.
Role for Glucose Transporter 1 Protein in Human Breast Cancer

Glycolysis is increased in cancer cells compared with normal cells. It has been shown that glucose enters cells via a family of five functional glucose transporters (GLUT). However, GLUT expression appears to be altered in human breast cancer, which may serve as a selective advantage and facilitate the metastatic potential of these cells. The relationship of GLUT isoform expression and breast cancer cell invasiveness has not been adequately addressed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether an association exists between GLUT expression and human breast cancer cell invasiveness. Invasiveness of the human breast cancer lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 was measured using anin vitro assay and compared with cellular GLUT isoform expression, assessed by Western blot analysis and verified by immunohistochemistry in a poorly differentiated human ductal breast cancer. Cell surface GLUT-1 expression was associated with the invasive ability of MCF-7 (2.0 ± 0.02%), MDA-MB-435 (6.4 ±0.4%), and MDA-MB-231 (19.3 ± 2.0%). However, GLUT-2 and GLUT-5 were inversely associated with invasiveness; GLUT-3 expression was variable; and GLUT-4 was undetected. In a poorly differentiated human ductal breast cancer,in situ GLUT-1 staining was intense. GLUT-1 expression was associated with the in vitro invasive ability of human breast cancer cells which was validatedin situ. If this relationship is found to exist in a larger number of human breast cancer tissues, it may be possible to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on targeted GLUT isoform expression.
Membrane fusion during spermiogenesis in Ascaris

Membrane fusion events occurring during experimentally induced spermiogenesis in Ascaris were examined using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In addition to redistribution of cellular organelles during spermiogenesis, certain cytoplasmic elements termed membranous organelles become positioned in the posterior sperm cytoplasm and subsequently develop continuities with the plasma membrane via pores. As a result of this membrane fusion, the electron-dense contents of the organelle are secreted and the limiting membrane of the organelle becomes a stable, uniformly distributed specialization of the plasma membrane. Distinct particle arrays characterize the plasma membrane at presumptive fusion sites. Intramembranous events of the fusion process include the development of a circular, necklace-like array of particles on the P face of the plasma membrane followed by the development of a rosette of five to seven particles internal to the necklace-like array but which remain on the E face of the membrane. Completion of fusion is recognized by the loss of rosette particles and the disaggregation of particles comprising the necklace-like array at the neck of the pore. At this point, freeze-etching reveals the presence of an aqueous channel to the interior of the organelle.
Bootstrap learning for accurate onset detection

Supervised learning models have been applied to create good onset detection systems for musical audio signals. However, this always requires a large set of labeled training examples, and hand-labeling is quite tedious and time consuming. In this paper, we present a bootstrap learning approach to train an accurate note onset detection model. Audio alignment techniques are first used to find the correspondence between a symbolic music representation (such as MIDI data) and an acoustic recording. This alignment provides an initial estimate of note boundaries which can be used to train an onset detector. Once trained, the detector can be used to refine the initial set of note boundaries and training can be repeated. This iterative training process eliminates the need for hand-labeled audio. Tests show that this training method can improve an onset detector initially trained on synthetic data.
Evidence for carrier ampholyte-peptide interactions during somatomedin purification

Abstract The application of gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, hydrophobic interaction on octyl-Sepharose and mixed ion-exchange on AG 50 1-X8 wre examined for the removal of carrier ampholytes from peptide mixtures containing somatomedins. With respect to gel filtration, the results suggest peptide—ampholyte interactions, particularly at pH 2.5, which prevent complete separation. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography and mixed ion-exchange chromatography appear potentially suitable, although the use of th latter is limited to peptides having molecular weights > 4000 daltons.
Sex difference in enhancement of GGTase-positive foci by hexachlorobenzene and lindane in rat liver

Abstract The ability of hexachlorobenzene and lindane in diethylnitrosamine (DENA) pretreated rats to enhance the incidence of gamma-glutamyltrans-peptidase (GGTase)-positive foci was determined. In rats that received either DENA followed by a basal agar diet or hexachlorobenzene or lindane without prior administration of DENA, the incidence of GGTase-positive foci was negligible. When hexachlorobenzene or lindane were administered in the diet to rats that previously received DENA, there was an increased incidence of GGTase-positive foci that was greater in females than male rats and rats that received a 2 3 partial hepatectomy prior to the DENA. The results suggest that hepatocarcinogenicity of hexachlorobenzene and lindane results from tumor promotion.
Campus Partner Collections: Expanding the Boundaries of the Library

At most colleges and universities, there are a number of small, nonlibrary collections across campus, such as those found in student centers or academic departments. Historically, at American University, partnership with these collections was done through absorbing them into the main library collection. Recently, however, the Library has seen these collections as an opportunity to expand the boundaries of the Library on campus. By adding these collections into the Library's catalog and enabling them to circulate from their existing locations, increased access and discoverability were created without losing the benefits of the current locations of the collections.
Preparation of homogeneous NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase from rat liver.

Abstract NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase with capacity to support cytochrome P-450-dependent drug metabolism and to reduce artificial electron acceptors has been purified to apparent homogeneity by solubilization with Renex 690 and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, Agarose and QAE-Sephadex. The purified protein migrates as a single band on native and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, exhibits a minimum molecular weight of 80,000 daltons and contains 1 molecule each of FAD and FMN per 80,000 molecular weight. The specific activity for cytochrome c as electron acceptor is 48.8 μmoles per min and for substrate hydroxylation of benzphetamine measured as NADPH oxidation in the presence of cytochrome P-450 and phosphatidylcholine is 2.5 μmoles per min.
IPC Considered Harmful for Multiprocessor Workloads

Many architectural simulation studies use instructions per cycle (IPC) to analyze performance. In this article, we challenge the commonly held view that IPC accurately reflects performance - at least for multithreaded workloads running on multiprocessors. Work-related metrics, such as time per transaction, are the most accurate and reliable way to estimate multiprocessor workload performance
A microRNA survival signature (MiSS) for advanced ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression primarily through post-transcriptional modification. We tested the hypothesis that miRNA expression is associated with overall survival in advanced ovarian cancer. Methods Cases included newly diagnosed patients with stage III or IV serous ovarian cancer. RNA from a training set of 62 cases was hybridized to an miRNA microarray containing 470 mature human transcripts. Cox Regression was performed to identify miRNAs associated with overall survival. External validation was performed using quantitative RT-PCR miRNA assays in an independent test set of 123 samples. MiRNA targets and associated biologic pathways were predicted in silico . Results Of all patients, 80% had high-grade, stage IIIC tumors and 64% underwent optimal cytoreduction. The median survival for the entire cohort was 49±4months. The training set identified 3 miRNAs associated with survival — miR-337 , miR-410 , and miR-645 . An miRNA signature containing miR-410 and miR-645 was most strongly associated with overall survival in the training set (HR=2.96, 95% CI: 1.51–5.78). This miRNA survival signature (MiSS) was validated in the test set (HR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.05–2.78). The MiSS was independent of FIGO stage and surgical debulking. Conclusions The data suggest that an MiSS that contains miR-410 and miR-645 is negatively associated with overall survival in advanced serous ovarian cancer. This signature, when further validated, may be useful in individualizing care for the ovarian cancer patient. Pathway analyses identify biologically plausible mechanisms.
Economic analysis of job-related attributes in undergraduate students’ initial job selection

Economic tradeoffs students place on location, salary, distances to natural resource amenities, size of the city where the job is located, and commuting times for their first college graduate job are estimated using a mixed logit model for a sample of Texas A&M University students. The Midwest is the least preferred area having a mean salary premium of $15,230 necessary to locate in this area relative to a job in Texas. States bordering Texas had the smallest salary premium at $6388. Students also value shorter commute times and shorter distances to natural resource amenities. Job recruiters and students can use knowledge of the magnitude of these economic premiums associated with these job attributes as the basis for employment negotiations. Further, companies may consider including descriptions of the area's opportunities in commuting time and distance to natural resource amenities in their interactions with potential new hires.
Physiological substrates of normal deglutition.

An understanding of swallowing disorders rests mostly on a knowledge of the normal physiology of deglutition. This paper reviews current concepts of the processes involved in deglutition and summarizes quantitative data on the physiological events that form a normal swallow. Topics covered include stage descriptions of deglutition, neural regulation, sensory processes, and principles of motor control.
The eigenvalues of a partitioned Hermitian matrix involving a parameter

Abstract Asymptotic growth rates are obtained for the eigenvalues of a partitioned Hermitian matrix having positive definite and negative definite complementary principal submatrices, when the nonprincipal submatrix grows indefinitely large.
Intraoperative concerns when a liver recipient is critically ill.

Most candidates for liver transplantation have severe or end-stage liver disease complicated by portal hypertension, gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, poor synthetic liver function, malnutrition, metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities (hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hypoproteinemia. hyperammonemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia), abnormal drug metabolism, and so on. These patients may also have abnormal function ofseveral other organs that may be related to their liver disease. Therefore, most liver transplant candidates have multiple medical problems besides their liver disease.
Applying An Interferometer Spectrometer Aboard The Space Shuttle With A Payload Specialist In The Control Loop

A cryogenic interferometer/spectrometer (FTIR) has been developed at Utah State University as part of the CIRRIS-1A experiment for flight aboard the space shuttle. The inter-ferometer has been configured to optimize its operation by a payload specialist who may not have experience with interferometry but has had payload-specific training. CIRRIS-lA incorporates an automatic sequencer which can be used to operate pre-planned measurement routines. However, a command and monitor panel in the orbiter allows the payload specialist to select which measurement routines control the experiment; it also displays system and subsystem monitor values on its CRT display. The specialist can actuate various internal calibration sources and monitor interferometer performance by viewing the resulting waveforms on a video monitor. An automatic alignment system is provided in case the interferometer needs to be realigned during flight. Detailed operational procedures have been developed to guide the specialist through planned measurement and malfunction procedures and will be flown as part of the payload flight data file to allow in-flight anomalies to be resolved with minimal aid from the ground.
Corn or sorghum wet distillers grains with solubles in combination with steam-flaked corn: Feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract digestibility

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn (CDG) and sorghum (SDG) wet distillers grains with solubles on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract digestion of nutrients. In Exp. 1, 224 steers were used in a randomized complete block design (initial BW 391.1 +/- 9.51 kg) and fed steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based diets consisting of (DM basis) 0% distillers grains (CON), 15% SDG, 30% SDG, 15% CDG, 30% CDG, 15% of a 50:50 blend of SDG and CDG, and 30% of a 50:50 blend of CDG and SDG. Decreased carcass-adjusted final BW and HCW (P o r = 0.07). Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and starch (P > or = 0.25) did not differ among the 3 treatments. Fecal pH averaged over all sampling times was not affected by treatment, nor were average fecal pH values for prefeeding samples (0, 24, 48, and 72 h after the pulse dose) or for samples taken after feeding (12, 36, and 60 h after the pulse dose; P > or = 0.11). Results suggest that with 15% distillers grains in the DM, G:F was similar for cattle fed the CDG, 50:50 SDG and CDG blend, and CON diets. Feeding 30 vs. 15% distillers grains decreased G:F, but including 15% CDG or SDG in SFC-based diets did not affect apparent total tract digestibilities in feedlot steers.
Increase in resistance of human enamel to softening by exposure to acid buffers containing calcium and phosphate

Abstract The rate of enamel demineralization was studied with microhardness tests of ground enamel surfaces exposed to acidic buffers partially saturated with dissolved hydroxyapatite. The degree of saturation was decreased every day by decreasing either the calcium and phosphate concentration, or the pH of the buffers. Surfaces exposed to a series of successively more undersaturated buffers became more resistant to demineralization than control surfaces which were not exposed to the previous buffers of the series.
Proactive cooperative scheduling and buffer management for multimedia networks

Is it possible, and to what extent feasible, for link schedulers and buffer managers in multimedia networks with propagation delays to relieve effectively congestion by means of feedback signaling? We show that a proactive cooperative control algorithm for distributed resource scheduling and buffer management obviates the problem of propagation delays. The algorithm is based on traffic predictions of correlated input traffic streams into network nodes. Nodes projecting to be under stress signal their neighboring upstream nodes for the latter to readjust their flow rates, whileguaranteeing quality of service as negotiated at call setup. Detailed implementations of the adaptive, feedback control mechanisms of distributed asynchronous algorithms that project future overload conditions are presented. The design allows the underlying single-node link scheduling and buffer management algorithm to be run in either a cooperative or a noncooperative mode of operation.
Induction of interleukin-4 production in neonatal IgE+ cells after crosslinking of maternal IgE.

Abstract Transfer of maternal IgE antibodies to the neonate with the colostrum has been described in different mammalian species. Previous work in horses has shown that IgE bound to the surface of neonatal basophils is solely of maternal origin. However, the functional role of the maternal IgE transfer remained unclear. We hypothesized that maternal IgE mediates the onset of innate IL-4 production in equine neonatal basophils. Intracellular IL-4 production was measured in PBMC of newborn and older foals by flow cytometric analysis. A small population of IL-4 + cells was observed in the peripheral blood at days 3–5 after birth. Phenotyping of the IL-4 + cells showed that they were IgE + /MHCII low /CD4 − cells. Magnetic cells sorting of the IgE + /MHCII low cells identified them as basophils. Anti-IgE stimulation in vitro induced IL-4 in IgE + /MHCII low basophils, but not in MHCII + cells or cells collected before colostrum ingestion. In conclusion, stimulation via maternal IgE antibodies mediated innate IL-4 production in neonatal basophils which might provide a paragenetic mechanism to promote the development of adaptive T-cell responses in the neonate after birth.
Comparison Between Navier-Stokes and Thin-Layer Computations for Separated Supersonic Flow

In the numerical simulation of high Reynolds-number flow, one can frequently supply only enough grid points to resolve the viscous terms in a thin layer. As a consequence, a body-or stream-aligned coordinate system is frequently used and viscous terms in this direction are discarded. It is argued that these terms cannot be resolved and computational efficiency is gained by their neglect. Dropping the streamwise viscous terms in this manner has been termed the thin-layer approximation. The thin-layer concept is an old one, and similar viscous terms are dropped, for example, in parabolized Navier-Stokes schemes. However, such schemes also make additional assumptions so that the equations can be marched in space, and such a restriction is not usually imposed on a thin-layer model. The thin-layer approximation can be justified in much the same way as the boundary-layer approximation; it requires, therefore, a body-or stream-aligned coordinate and a high Reynolds number. Unlike the boundary-layer approximation, the same equations are used throughout, so there is no matching problem. Furthermore, the normal momentum equation is not simplified and the convection terms are not one-sided differenced for marching. Consequently, the thin-layer equations are numerically well behaved at separation and require no special treatment there. Nevertheless, the thin-layer approximation receives criticism. It has been suggested that the approximation is invalid at separation and, more recently, that it is inadequate for unsteady transonic flow. Although previous comparisons between the thin-layer and Navier-Stokes equations have been made, these comparisons have not been adequately documented.
Generation and amplification of temperature-sensitive mutants during serial undiluted passages of vesicular stomatitis virus

Abstract Serial undiluted passages of wild-type (wt) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) produce a striking increase in the frequency of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants in the virus population. The host cell and, in some instances, pretreatment with actinomycin D have a marked influence on this phenomenon. The increase in ts mutants is not correlated with the production of defective-interfering (DI) particles in the same virus population. BHK-21 cells, which are efficient producers of DI particles (with or without actinomycin D pretreatment), fail to produce increased frequencies of ts mutants except when pretreated with actinomycin D. In contrast, L cells which are poor producers of DI particles, are very efficient producers of ts mutants when the serial undiluted passages are carried out with or without actinomycin D pretreatment. The MDBK line of bovine kidney cells fails to produce DI particles or ts mutants through 10 serial undiluted passages made in cells pretreated or not with actinomycin D. These results suggest that separate host factors are involved in the production of deletion mutants (DI particles) and base change mutants (ts mutants). It is suggested that there may be a host cell factor involved in the fidelity of RNA transcription. Less stringent control of this process in certain hosts (L cells) or the repression of a “fidelity factor” by actinomycin D (BHK-21 cells) may permit errors to be made when a large load of RNA in the form of viral genomes is being transcribed. It is proposed that these errors cause base changes in the virion genomes which are replicated and are expressed phenotypically as temperature-sensitive mutants.
Folk crime: Patterns of accommodation

Folk crimes, offenses that do not impair the public identity of offenders as respectable, law‐abiding citizens, were studied among a group of New England shellfishermen. Through observation, it was discovered that a pattern of mutual accommodation between enforcers and violators distinguishes folk crime from other violations of the same law. The subjective interpretation of the offenses and accommodation as a reaction is based on considerations of rule intent, logical implications of relevant rules, costs and consequences of rule invocation for enforcers, evaluation of violators’ motives, perceived consequences of violations, and the imputed identity of violators.
Demyelination in the central nervous system mediated by an anti-oligodendrocyte antibody

The factors responsible for the major demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), multiple sclerosis, are poorly defined. Although T-cell-mediated immune responses play a pivotal role in establishing the inflammatory response, humoral factors also may be critical in disease progress. We have isolated a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 2B10) that recognizes a cell-surface molecule expressed exclusively by rat oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for the formation and maintenance of CNS myelin. In cultures of neonatal rat spinal cord, mAb 2B10 specifically mediated oligodendrocyte cell death in the absence of complement. In the current study, mAb 2B10-producing hybridoma cells were implanted into adult rat brain ventricles, and the effect of mAb 2B10 on CNS cytoarchitecture was examined. In the optic nerves of mAb 2B10-treated animals, there was significant focal myelin degeneration near the optic chiasm. Axons in the myelin degenerate regions were largely healthy. There was no significant infiltration of hematopoietic-derived cells into the affected regions, but microglia were activated focally and phagocytosed the collapsed myelin. This study demonstrates that an antibody directed against myelin-forming cells induces CNS demyelination and supports the hypothesis that autoantibodies may play a role in CNS demyelinating diseases.