cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hard-sphere volume-translated van der Waals equation of state for supercritical process modeling 1. Pure components

Abstract An equation of state (EOS) has been developed to model thermodynamic properties of pure species and mixtures from ambient to supercritical conditions. It has been developed for use in modeling supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of liquid and slurried organic wastes. Kinetic and flow simulations of the SCWO process require accurate predictions of densities (errors ± 10% or less) and other thermodynamic properties from ambient to supercritical conditions of water (25°C T ≤ 600°C; 1 bar P ≤ 300 bar). Over these temperature and pressure ranges, EOSs proposed by other investigators have been unsuccessful in estimating accurate properties such as fluid densities, vapor pressures, residual enthalpies and residual entropies for water and aqueous mixtures containing carbon dioxide, nitrogen, organics and oxygen. Some improvement has been achieved using volume translation methods with cubic equations of state, but even these EOSs have limited accuracy for predicting densities. The proposed pure-component EOS couples a volume translation to a pressure-explicit equation in volume and temperature that combines a Carnahan-Starling hard-sphere repulsive term b and a simple van der Waals attraction term a . The translation constant t is determined by a fit to liquid and vapor coexistence density data while a and b are determined from critical point data. The focus of this paper is on the analysis of pure components for which the proposed EOS is shown to fit a number of important thermodynamic properties to within average deviations of 1–30% over a wide range of conditions for ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethylene, methane, nitrogen, oxygen and water.
Participation of psychologists in multidisciplinary team evaluations

State implementation plans required by PL 94–142 were collected and reviewed to determine whether psychologists were mentioned as appropriate members of multidisciplinary evaluation teams. Questionnaire data from 625 directors of special education also were analyzed to determine the frequency with which psychologists actually participated on the evaluation teams. The review revealed an apparent reluctance on the part of states to specify psychologists as appropriate team members. When psychologists were mentioned, school psychologists and other types of psychologists were identified with near equal frequencies. Even though states' implementation guidelines infrequently identified psychologists for participation on multidisciplinary teams, 81% of the surveyed teams actually included a psychologist. However, psychologists' rate of participation varied among the states. Implications of the minimum state requirements and varying participation of psychologists among states are discussed.
P2X7 receptors mediate NADH transport across the plasma membranes of astrocytes

NADH plays critical roles in mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism. There has been no study demonstrating that NADH can be transported across the plasma membranes of cells. In this study we tested our hypothesis that NADH can be transported across the plasma membranes of astrocytes by a P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)-mediated mechanism. We found that treatment of astrocytes with NADH led to increases in both intracellular NADH and NAD+. Three lines of studies suggest that P2X7R mediates the NADH transport into astrocytes: the P2X receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) blocked the NADH transport; RNAi knockdown of P2X7R led to decreased NADH transport; and transfection of HEK293 cells with mouse P2X7R cDNA led to increased NADH transport. Collectively, our study provides the first direct evidence demonstrating that NADH can be transported across the plasma membranes of astrocytes by a P2X7R-mediated mechanism. Our study also suggests a novel approach for manipulating intracellular NADH and NAD+ levels.
Artifacts in the measured optical activity of membrane suspensions

Abstract Circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) curves of membrane suspensions may be adjusted for the substantial flattening artifact which is caused by absorption statistics (Duysens' effect), through correction factors presented in this manuscript. Expressions are obtained and graphed for the flattening coefficients exhibited by suspensions of particles having three idealized shapes: (1) cube, (2) solid sphere, and (3) thin spherical shell. The correction factors for CD and ORD are unequal to those for absorption. Their numerical values are briefly illustrated for previously published data on suspensions of red cell ghosts, which are estimated tentatively to exhibit flattening coefficients of 0.82 in absorption and 0.71 in CD at 221 nm.
Effects of Traditional and Simplified Methods of Rhythm-Reading Instruction

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effectiveness of teaching rhythm reading using a traditional approach versus a simplified speech cue method. Results of the first experiment indicated ...
History and Memory: The Orthodox Experience in the Bergen-Belsen Displaced Persons Camp

In recent research on displaced persons camps in occupied Germany, Jewish self-governance, embedded in the trope of a general Jewish rebirth, has emerged as the central narrative theme. This article makes the case that Jewish governance in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp was characterized by deep divisions between the Orthodox and the non-Orthodox, particularly from the liberation of the camp on April 15, 1945 through early 1947. The author considers the implications of this conflict for collective memory of the Holocaust and research on the displaced persons camps.
Urodynamic assessment of bladder-outlet obstruction in women

Although bladder-outlet obstruction (BOO) in women is an increasingly common problem, there are currently no accepted criteria used to define this type of bladder dysfunction. This review discusses the different symptoms associated with BOO in women and the role of urodynamic testing in diagnosis. Iatrogenic BOO following incontinence surgery is also discussed. Bladder-outlet obstruction (BOO) in women has become an increasingly recognized entity over the past several years. This is partly because of the greater number of anti-incontinence surgeries being performed, which can infrequently result in iatrogenic obstruction; and partly because of improvements in the ability to diagnose and recognize BOO. In this review, the symptoms associated with BOO in women, and whether these symptoms can reliably predict the presence of BOO, will be discussed. The incidence of BOO following surgical anti-incontinence procedures and the urodynamic diagnosis of BOO in women, detailing the various criteria that have been proposed, are also reviewed.
Mechanisms Controlling Phosphorus Retention Capacity in Freshwater Wetlands

Freshwater wetland ecosystems do not effectively conserve phosphorus in the way that terrestrial ecosystems do. The phosphorus retention capacity varies greatly among bogs, fens, and swamps and is concomitant with the amorphous acid oxalate-extractable aluminum and iron content in the soil. However, the phosphorus adsorption potential in wetland ecosystems may be predicted solely from the extractable aluminum content of the soil. Wetlands tested as wastewater filtration systems became phosphorus-saturated in a few years, with the export of excessive quantities of phosphate.
Studies of anterior pituitary-grafted rats: I. Abnormal prolactin response to thyrotropin releasing hormone, clonidine, insulin, and fasting

Although the rat implanted with extra anterior pituitary glands (AP) under the kidney capsule has been widely used as a model of chronic hyperprolactinemia, its hormonal status has not been fully characterized. Using conscious, unrestrained female pituitary-grafted rats and sham-operated littermates, we investigated prolactin (PRL) secretion in response to the following stimuli: thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), clonidine, insulin, and fasting. The AP-implanted rats had a greater and more sustained rise in serum PRL after TRH than control rats, reflecting a direct effect of TRH on the ectopic lactotropes. In contrast after clonidine, which acts via the hypothalamus, the serum PRL rose to much higher levels in sham-operated rats than in rats bearing ectopic pituitary tissue. Both insulin-induced hypoglycemia and fasting decreased serum PRL in control rats, but the AP-implanted animals manifested a rise in serum PRL in response to these stimuli. Thus, the AP-implanted rat is not only a valid model of excess and abnormal PRL secretion, but it may also be useful for distinguishing between stimuli requiring an intact hypothalamic-pituitary unit and agents which act directly on the pituitary gland.
6-Hydroxydopamine: Evidence for Superoxide Radical as an Oxidative Intermediate

Superoxide dismutase inhibited the autoxidation of 6-hydroxydopamine as measured by the rate of formation of a quinone and the rate of oxygen consumption. These observations demonstrate the formation of the superoxide radical during the autoxidation process. This finding may be relevant to the mechanism of adrenergic nerve terminal degeneration caused by 6-hydroxydopamine.
In utero galactose intoxication in animals.

To assess in utero effects of galactose, diets containing large amounts of the sugar have been fed to pregnant rats with examination of the fetuses and newborns. Galactose levels in fetal blood parallel those of the dam and amniotic fluid contains high concentrations of galactose and galactitol. In the offspring and in the fetuses cataracts, and a decrease in brain weight, protein content and DNA are observed. There is an elvated content of galactitol and decrease in myo-inositol in the brain of galactose-intoxicated newborns. Brain synaptosomes of young rats whose mothers were fed galactose show a reduced response in vitro to acetylcholine as evidenced by a decrease in incorporation of myo-inositol into phosphatidylinositol and an inappropriate change in phosphatidylinositol content. The data indicate that there can be significant effects in the offspring of pregnant rats fed a high galactose diet. The findings support the concept that in utero toxicity may occur in the human galactosemic fetus.
Dissociation energies of diatomic moleculles from vibrational spacings of higher levels: application to the halogens*

Diatomic molecules vibrational levels distribution near dissociation limit determined using WKB approximation
Management of submacular hemorrhage secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monotherapy.

Purpose To report the visual and anatomic outcomes of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monotherapy in the management of marked submacular hemorrhage secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Retrospective, interventional, consecutive case series. Methods Nineteen eyes of 18 patients with neovascular AMD and fovea involving submacular hemorrhage comprising greater than 50% of the lesion area were treated with anti-VEGF monotherapy. Main outcome measures included mean visual acuity change from baseline, mean central lesion thickness change from baseline, mean number of injections at 6 months, and adverse events. Snellen visual acuity was converted to approximate ETDRS letter score for the purpose of statistical analysis. Results The mean change in approximate ETDRS letter score from baseline was +12 letters at 3 months ( P = .003), +18 letters at 6 months ( P = .001), and +17 letters at 12 months follow-up ( P = .02). Seven eyes received ranibizumab, 6 eyes received bevacizumab, and 6 eyes received both at various time points. The mean number of injections at 6 months was 4.7. The mean OCT central lesion thickness decreased from 755 μm to 349 μm at 6 months follow-up ( P = .0008). Conclusions Management with anti-VEGF monotherapy may yield visual and anatomic improvements in eyes with marked submacular hemorrhage secondary to neovascular AMD.
Detection of myocardial viability in ischemic-reperfused rat hearts by Tc-99m sestamibi kinetics

The purpose of this study was to evaluate technetium 99m sestamibi (MIBI) kinetics in assessing myocardial viability in hearts subjected to different ischemia-reperfusion treatments, resulting in graded severity of injury. Sixteen isolated Krebs-Henseleit-perfused rat hearts were divided into 3 groups: control (flow, 12 mL/min; n = 5), ischemic-reperfused with glucose (IR+G, n = 6), and ischemic-reperfused without glucose (IR-G, n = 5). MIBI (11.1 mBq [300 μCi]) was infused for 60 minutes (uptake), followed by a 60-minute clearance. MIBI uptake (percent injected dose per gram) was significantly decreased in the IR+G (2.07 ± 0.31) and IR-G groups (2.03 ± 0.23; P = not significant with IR+G) compared with the control group (3.06 ± 0.25, P < .05). Fractional washout of MIBI was more rapid in the IR-G group (72.7% ± 3.9%, P < .05) than in the control (21.9% ± 1.9%) and IR+G groups (20.3% ± 1.7%). End retention (percent injected dose per gram) of MIBI in the IR-G (0.60 ± 0.12) and IR+G groups (1.60 ± 0.18) was significantly less than in the control group (2.30 ± 0.11, P < .05), respectively. The retention in the IR-G group was less than in the IR+G group (P < .05). Creatine kinase assay, triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated more serious myocardial damage in the IR-G group than in the IR+G group. End MIBI activity was highly correlated with myocardial viability determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining (r = 0.94; P < .05) and creatine kinase assay (r = -0.86; P < .05). Clearance of Tc-99m sestamibi is sensitive to metabolic states and may be used for assessment of ongoing myocardial damage.
Hydrocolloids from the Freshwater Microalgae, Palmella texensis and Cosmarium turpinii

The extracellular polysaccharides of two freshwater microalgae were examined as potential sources of hydrocolloids. A 0.10% solution of polysaccharide from Cosmarium turpinii (UTEX LB 1042) was pseudoplastic and more viscous than other selected hydrocolloids, indicating an ability to function as a thickening agent. The polysaccharide from Palmella texensis (UTEX 1708) produced low-viscosity solutions and showed good pH (3.5 to 9.5) and temperature (20°C to 80°C) stability. A 1.00% solution of P. texensis polysaccharide showed Newtonian-like flow properties at low shear rate (2.25 sec-1 to 45 sec-1). Fucose, xylose, galactose, glucose and glucuronic acid were found from the C. turpinii polysaccharide, and only galactose was identified from the P. texensis polysaccharide.
Prototype nerve-specific near-infrared fluorophores

Nerve preservation is an important issue during most surgery because accidental transection or injury results in significant morbidity, including numbness, pain, weakness, or paralysis. Currently, nerves are still identified only by gross appearance and anatomical location during surgery, without intraoperative image guidance. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent light, in the wavelength range of 650-900 nm, has the potential to provide high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and real-time avoidance of nerve damage, but only if nerve-specific NIR fluorophores can be developed. In this study, we evaluated a series of Oxazine derivatives to highlight various peripheral nerve structures in small and large animals. Among the targeted fluorophores, Oxazine 4 has peak emission near into the NIR, which provided nerve-targeted signal in the brachial plexus and sciatic nerve for up to 12 h after a single intravenous injection. In addition, recurrent laryngeal nerves were successfully identified and highlighted in real time in swine, which could be preserved during the course of thyroid resection. Although optical properties of these agents are not yet optimal, chemical structure analysis provides a basis for improving these prototype nerve-specific NIR fluorophores even further.
Relation of ASR-induced expansion and compressive strength of concrete

The aim of this study was to determine the loss in compressive strength of concrete cylinders due to alkali–silica reactivity (ASR) for which an aggregate exhibits reactive or innocuous behavior. For the stated purpose, the expansions of 14 aggregate groups, obtained from the accelerated mortar bar and modified concrete prism tests at various immersion ages, were correlated with the loss in compressive strength of the companion concrete cylinders at the immersion ages of 4 and 28 weeks. The test results concluded that the compressive strength generally was not sensitive to ASR at early age; however, it was significantly impacted at the extended immersion age when excessive expansions and cracks were experienced. The ASR classifications of the investigated aggregate groups based on the expansion limits of mortar bars and concrete prisms showed good correlations with those obtained from the proposed failure limits due to loss in compressive strength.
MicroRNA-138 Modulates DNA Damage Response by Repressing Histone H2AX Expression

Precise regulation of DNA damage response is crucial for cellular survival after DNA damage, and its abrogation often results in genomic instability in cancer. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) forms nuclear foci at sites of DNA damage and facilitates DNA damage response and repair. MicroRNAs are short, non-protein-encoding RNA molecules, which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by repressing translation of and/or degrading mRNA. How microRNAs modulate DNA damage response is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a cell-based screening assay utilizing ionizing radiation-induced γH2AX foci formation in a human osteosarcoma cell line, U2OS, as the readout. By screening a library of human microRNA mimics, we identified several microRNAs that inhibited γH2AX foci formation. Among them, miR-138 directly targeted the histone H2AX 3′-UTR, reduced histone H2AX expression and induced chromosomal instability after DNA damage. Overexpression of miR-138 inhibited homologous recombination and enhanced cellular sensitivity to multiple DNA damaging agents (cisplatin, camptothecin, and ionizing radiation). Reintroduction of histone H2AX in miR-138 overexpressing cells attenuated miR-138-mediated sensitization to cisplatin and camptothecin. Our study suggests that miR-138 is an important regulator of genomic stability and a potential therapeutic agent to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy with DNA damaging agents.
Prognostic significance of differential expression of angiogenic genes in women with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To identify angiogenic biomarkers associated with tumor angiogenesis and clinical outcome in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). Methods 51 HGSC samples were analyzed using Affymetrix HG-U133A microarray. Microvessel density (MVD) counts were determined using CD31 and CD105. Associations between mRNA expression levels and overall survival were assessed using rank score statistic. Effect size was estimated as a hazard ratio (HR) under a proportional hazard model. The Storey q-value method was used to account for multiple testing within the false-discovery rate (FDR) framework. Publicly available databases including TCGA and GSE were used for external confirmation. Results Thirty-one angiogenic-related genes were significantly associated with survival (q≤0.05). Of these 31 genes, 4 were also associated with outcome in the TCGA data: AKT1 (q=0.02; TCGA p=0.01, HR=0.8), CD44 (q=0.003; TCGA p=0.05, HR=0.9), EPHB2 (q=0.01; TCGA p=0.05, HR=1.2), and ERBB2 (q=0.02; TCGA p=0.05, HR=1.2). While 5 were associated with outcome in the GSE database: FLT1 (q=0.03; GSE26712 p=0.01, HR=3.1); PF4 (q=0.02; GSE26712 p=0.01, HR=3.0); NRP1 (q=0.02; GSE26712 p 1.4); COL4A3 (q=0.04; GSE26712 p=0.03, HR=1.3); and ANGPTL3 (q=0.02; GSE14764 p=0.02, HR=1.5). High AKT1 and CD44 were associated with longer survival. In contrast, high expression of EPHB2 , ERBB2 , FLT1 ; PF4 , NRP1 , COL4A3 , and ANGPTL3 were associated with shorter survival. CD105-MVD and CD31-MVD were not significantly associated with angiogenic gene expression. Conclusions Thirty-one angiogenic-related genes were associated with survival in advanced HGSC and nine of these genes were confirmed in independent publicly available databases.
Feedback Control for Fuel-Optimal Descents using Singular Perturbation Techniques

In response to rising fuel costs and reduced profit margins for the airline companies, the optimization of the paths flown by transport aircraft has been considered. It was found that application of optimal control theory to the considered problem can result in savings in fuel, time, and direct operating costs. The best solution to the aircraft trajectory problem is an onboard real-time feedback control law. The present paper presents a technique which shows promise of becoming a part of a complete solution. The application of singular perturbation techniques to the problem is discussed, taking into account the benefits and some problems associated with them. A different technique for handling the descent part of a trajectory is also discussed.
Acute coronary syndrome national statistics: challenges in definitions.

Background Increasing convergence in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina (UA) has led some to consider whether these 2 diagnoses should be consolidated into acute coronary syndrome (ACS) for the purpose of coronary heart disease surveillance. Methods We used the 1988-2001 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, which has demographic and diagnosis data on 6 to 7 million discharges per year from a sample of US nonfederal hospitals. We identified discharges with a first- or all-listed diagnosis of AMI ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification 410 ) or UA ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification 411 ) and defined ACS-first as a primary diagnosis of either condition and all-listed ACS as codes 410 or 411 among any diagnoses. Sampling weights were applied to produce yearly national discharge estimates; annual population estimates were used to calculate yearly hospital discharge rates; rates were then adjusted to the 2000 standard population. Results Rates of first- and all-listed AMIs changed little. Rates of first-listed UA fell 87% from 29.7/10 000 in 1988 to 3.9/10 000 in 2001. This sharp decline was seen among all age and sex groups. Consequently, rates of ACS as a primary diagnosis declined 44%. In contrast, discharge rates for all-listed UA and ACS declined only modestly. Conclusions As a primary diagnosis, UA is disappearing. Rates of first-listed ACS are quite sensitive to the decline in UA. Although discharge data based on first-listed diagnoses have been used to estimate the national incidence of AMI, they may not provide accurate data regarding current trends for ACS.
The Representation of Women in Publication: An Analysis of Political Communication and the International Journal of Press/Politics

Scholarly publication in peer-reviewed journals is widely regarded as the road to scholarly success. However, in a diversity of fields such as sociology, economics, and political science, it has been shown that the rate of publication is much lower for women than for men. The question of whether a systematic relationship exists between gender and research methods has also frequently been debated. In this paper, we explore patterns of authorship and scholarship in two influential interdisciplinary journals, Political Communication and the International Journal of Press/Politics, over the last decade. A systematic content analysis was conducted to determine the gender ratio of authors, the methods and theories employed, and the ratio of quantitative to qualitative research studies. In addition, we tracked the use of primary or secondary data sources and the prevalence of research funding by gender. Overall, we find that while women are publishing less than men, their rate of publication is somewhat higher than their representation in the field.
HMM and neural network based speech act detection

We present an incremental lattice generation approach to speech act detection for spontaneous and overlapping speech in telephone conversations (CallHome Spanish). At each stage of the process it is therefore possible to use different models after the initial HMM models have generated a reasonable set of hypothesis. These lattices can be processed further by more complex models. This study shows how neural networks can be used very effectively in the classification of speech acts. We find that speech acts can be classified better using the neural net based approach than using the more classical ngram backoff model approach. The best resulting neural network operates only on unigrams and the integration of the ngram backoff model as a prior to the model reduces the performance of the model. The neural network can therefore more likely be robust against errors from an LVCSR system and can potentially be trained from a smaller database.
Seed bank composition along a phosphorus gradient in the northern Florida Everglades

Seed-bank samples were collected in the northern Everglades along a phosphorus gradient with three vegetation zones (cattail with the highest phosphorus levels, mixed cattail-sawgrass (transition), and sawgrass with the lowest phosphorus levels). The size and composition of the seed banks were estimated using both a direct seed separation (seed assay) and a seedling emergence technique (seedling assay). In the seedling assay, seed-bank samples were kept under two moisture regimes, saturated soil and shallowly flooded. In the seed assay, whole seed of 21 species were found, with a mean of about 8 species per sample in the cattail zone and about 5 in the transition and sawgrass zones. On the basis of their appearance, seeds of 18 species were judged to be intact, that is, probably viable. There were about 7 species per sample with intact seed in the cattail zone, and 3 and 4 in the transition and sawgrass zones, respectively. In the seedling assay, seedlings of only 11 species were found. All 11 were found in the saturated soil treatment, and 7 were also found in the shallowly flooded treatment. In the seed assay, the mean total number of whole and intact seeds in the cattail zone was estimated to be 78,400 and 44,400 seeds m−2, respectively. The mean total number of whole and intact seeds in the transition zone was much lower, 14,200 and 10,500 seeds m−2, respectively, and in the sawgrass zone, it was slightly higher at 20,900 and 14,700 seeds m−2, respectively. In the seedling assay, seed densities were much lower and were estimated to be only 3,700, 800, and 1,300 seeds m−2, respectively, in the cattail, transition, and sawgrass zones. The seedling assay results suggest that only about 1.3% of the intact seed had germinated. Overall, the composition of the seed banks of the transition and sawgrass zones were not significantly different from one another, but they were significantly different from that of the cattail zone. Seeds of several species were restricted primarily or exclusively to cattail-dominated areas, including seeds ofTypha sp.
Robust stabilization for systems with parametric uncertainty and time delay

Abstract In this paper we use the parameter-dependent Lyapunov function framework developed by Haddad and Bernstein to address the problem of robust stabilization for systems with parametric uncertainty and system delay. The principal result involves the construction of a modified Riccati equation for characterizing a memoryless (delay-independent) feedback controller that guarantees robust stability in the face of parametric uncertainty and time delay.
The Mexican earthquakes of April 15, 1941, and February 22, 1943

Strong earthquakes were felt in several States of Mexico on April 15, 1941, and February 22, 1943. The shock of 1941 is believed to have been accompanied by an eruption of the Volcano Colima and the shock of 1943 followed the first eruption of Parlcutin. Records of these two earthquakes were loaned to the Harvard Seismograph Station by most of the seismograph-stations of the Western Hemisphere, to the directors of which the writers wish to extend their thanks. Epicenters were located by the modified station-pair method at 19° 04′ north latitude and 103° 06′ west longitude for the earthquake of 1941 and at 17° 55′ north latitude and 101° 05′ west longitude for the shock of 1943. The epicenter of 1941 is approximately 70 km southeast of Colima Volcano, while the shock of 1943 apparently centered 210 km southeast of the new Parlcutin. There is some evidence that the depths are slightly greater than normal—about 50 to for the shock of 1943, as deep as 100 km in 1941.
The history of forensic psychiatry.

My assignment was to discuss the history of forensic psychiatry, but I face two serious constraints. First, the time and space available do not lend themselves to anything like a complete review; and, second, previous speakers, whose presentations are published elsewhere in this issue of the Journal
Optimal missile guidance for weaving targets

Proportional navigation guidance is used in many tactical missiles. It is well known that sinusoidal or weave manoeuvres on the part of target can induce large miss distances for these missiles. An optimal guidance law based on sinusoidal target manoeuvre model is derived. Since the miss distance performance of this guidance law is very sensitive to the sinusoidal manoeuvre frequency, a method to accurately estimate this frequency is presented.
Manufacturing Conditions for Microstructured and Nanostructured Optical Fibers

Microstructured optical fiber samples are presented that illustrate the lattice dynamics when fiber-drawing parameters are not ideal. The fiber samples contain simple and complex lattices that exhibit controlled and distorted lattice structures bound by a small (<;0.5) dimensionless capillary number. Although predictive numerical models exist, special manufacturing conditions are required for fabricating novel fiber lattices at limited quantities. This study is useful for basic-research studies on the development of novel lattice structures with characteristically short preform lengths (<;0.5 m) and modest draw rates (<;30 m/min) for the small-volume production of experimental microstructured and nanostructured optical fibers.
Query expansion for imperfect speech: applications in distributed learning

Advances in speech recognition technology have shown encouraging results for spoken document retrieval where the average precision often approaches 70% of that achieved for perfect text transcriptions. Typical applications of spoken document retrieval pertain to retrieval of stories from archived video/audio assets. In the CueVideo project, our application focus is spoken document retrieval from a video database for just-in-time training/distributed learning. Typical content is not pre-segmented, has no predefined structure, is of varying audio quality, and may not have domain specific data available. For such content, we propose a two level search, namely, a first level search across the entire video collection, and a second level search within a specific video. At both search levels, we perform an experimental evaluation of a combination of new and existing query expansion methods, intended to offset retrieval errors due to misrecognition.
Performance analysis of a single cell direct-sequence mobile radio system

The uplink performance of a digital cellular radio system that uses DS (direct-sequence) CDMA (code division multiple access) is evaluated. Expressions for bit error probability that account for path loss, multipath-fading, multiple-access interference, and background noise are obtained. Three differentially coherent receivers are considered: a multipath rejection receiver, a RAKE receiver with predetection selective diversity combining, and a RAKE receiver with postdetection equal gain combing. Error correction coding is also considered. >
Dissemination of Findings: The Final Step of Investigation

The final step in any investigative process is the dissemination of the information and knowledge gained from the findings. This reporting is essential for the growth of individuals, the care for the patient, and the forward movement of the nursing profession. Although the final outcome of the research process more often incorporates publication than does the Quality Improvement (QI) process, it is vital that results and findings from every area be considered by practitioners to gather the best evidence for practice. This article discusses the importance of publication; explores the differences between the manuscripts for research and QI, and characteristics of both; and provides writing tips related to preparing a manuscript for publication.
Remarks on structural identification, modularity, and retroactivity

The “Modular Response Analysis” (MRA) reverse-engineering algorithm has been utilized in the systems biology literature in order to unravel the interactions between different “modules” in biochemical networks. We review the MRA technique, and discuss why its (mis-)application might lead to incorrect results due to impedance or load (“retroactivity”) effects, and present a computational criterion to discover stoichiometrically-dependent steady-state retroactivity.
Online Action Language \(o\mathcal {BC}\)+

We present an online action language called \(o\mathcal{BC}\)+, which extends action language \(\mathcal{BC}\)+ to handle external events arriving online. This is done by first extending the concept of online answer set solving to arbitrary propositional formulas, and then defining the semantics of \(o\mathcal{BC}\)+ based on this extension, similar to the way the offline \(\mathcal{BC}\)+ is defined. The design of \(o\mathcal{BC}\)+ ensures that any action description in \(o\mathcal{BC}\)+ satisfies the syntactic conditions required for the correct computation of online answer set solving, thereby alleviates the user’s burden for checking the sophisticated conditions.
Production of L-Valine by 2-Thiazolealanine Resistant Mutants Derived from Glutamic Acid Producing Bacteria

Potent l-valine producers were screened among 2-thiazolealanine resistant mutants derived from three typical l-glutamic acid producing bacteria: Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, Arthrobacter citreus. By strain No. 487, the best producer derived from Brevibacterium, 31 mg/ml of l-valine was produced after 72 hr when 10% glucose was supplied as a carbon source, thus giving the yield of 31% from glucose. Accumulation of the other amino acids was negligible. The addition of l-isoleucine and l-leucine in the culture medium did not reduce the l-valine production, indicating that the l-valine biosynthesis is insensitive to these end products in the l-valine producer.
Origins of Difference: Professionalization, Power, and Mental Hygiene in Canada and the United States

This study examines the emergence and development of mental hygiene professional organizations in Canada and the US by analyzing discursive differences in the publications of two sister committees: the National Committee for Mental Hygiene and the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene. The analysis finds that while mental hygiene in North America initially emerged as a single, shared continental professional discourse, the two movements diverged in critical ways for reasons directly related to their institutional contexts and donor bases. Even as US popular and political discourse veered towards eugenic policies, the US mental hygiene discourse shifted sharply away from eugenics. In contrast, in Canada, mental hygiene publications focused increasingly on the moral dangers of Canada’s immigrant population and played a role in producing scientific legitimacy for eugenic policies. This analysis suggests that the different trajectories of the two professional communities have their origins in organiz...
Basic Copper Arsenate—A New Insecticide: I. Chemical and Physical Studies

Basic copper arsenate was known to Klaproth as early as 1786 as the natural mineral olivenite. A century later Coloriana prepared the mineral artificially. These and other early investigators examined the compound but the recent literature (last 30 years) is void of any reference to this substance.
Heat Transfer Modeling in a Double Wall Helical Coil Heat Exchanger

Double wall helical coil heat exchangers are widely used in a variety of applications. These heat exchangers are used anywhere that requires an added layer of protection from cross-fluid contamination such as in indirect water heaters. Here, the coil is heating a potable water tank with coil water which is often infused with a glycol mixture. Since contamination of the potable water would be detrimental to human health, the added protection of a double wall coil is necessary. Unfortunately, the double wall coil is inherently difficult to design due to unknown intertubular contact. This intertubular contact is hidden in nature and difficult to evaluate by nondestructive means.This paper uses STAR-CCM+ to create a computational fluid dynamic model of the double wall helical coil in respect to GAMA indirect water heater continuous draw test conditions. Using CFD, the model is validated with single wall helical coil Nusselt number correlations determined from experimentation. Then, a parametric study is performed to determine what parameters of the coil can be changed to effectively overcome the intertubular thermal loss.From this study, it is found that tube length has a linear positive relationship with coil output density and can be used to calculate necessary lengths for a desired output. Also, it was found that the experimental Nusselt number correlations identify with the results calculated by the double wall CFD model when intertubular contact percentage is used as a correction factor.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Responses of wild plants to nitrate availability : Relationships between growth rate and nitrate uptake parameters, a case study with two Bromus species, and a survey.

Two annual species of Bromus, an invader (B. hordeaceus, ex B. mollis) and a non-invader (B. intermedius), were grown for 28 days in growth chambers, at 5 and 100 μM NO 3 - in flowing nutrient solution. No differences between the two species were observed at either NO 3 - level, in terms of relative growth rate (RGR) or its components, dry matter partitioning, specific NO 3 - absorption rate, nitrogen concentration, and other characteristics of NO 3 - uptake and photosynthesis. The effects of decreasing NO 3 - concentration in the solution were mainly to decrease the NO 3 - concentration in the plants through decreased absorption rate, and to decrease the leaf area ratio through increased specific leaf mass and decreased leaf mass ratio. Organic nitrogen concentration varied little between the two treatments, which may be the reason why photosynthetic rates were not altered. Consequently, RGR was only slightly decreased in the 5-μM treatment compared to the 100-μM treatment. This is in contrast with other species, where growth is reduced at much higher NO 3 - concentrations. These discrepancies may be related to differences in RGR, since a log-linear relationship was found between RGR and the NO 3 - concentration at which growth is first reduced. In addition, a strong linear relationship was found between the RGR of these species and their maximum absorption rate for nitrate, suggesting that the growth of species with low maximum RGR may be partly regulated by nutrient uptake.
Alginate-Partially Acetoacetylated Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Fiber Paper and Its Physical Properties

Calcium alginate fiber paper was prepared by blending alginate with partially acetoacetylated polyvinyl alcohol (LPVA), having ultraviolet light-induced crosslinking reactivity, in order to improve its physical strength, especially wet-sheet strength. The opacity of the composite fiber paper decreased with an increase in LPVA content, ultimately appearing like a film sheet. The effects of LPVA on the physical strength of the fiber paper are very similar to the effects of beating and refining on the cellulosic paper during fabrication. The tensile and burst strength of the paper is different from the tear strength. The optimum tensile strength of the air dry fiber paper was obtained when LPVA content was 10%. Ultraviolet light exposure on the wet sheets improved wet tensile strength. With the addition of LPVA up to 30%, the composite alginate showed fiber spinnablity and paper formation with entrapping the various functional materials.
Review: Architecture in Uniform: Designing and Building for the Second World War by Jean-Louis Cohen

Jean-Louis Cohen Architecture in Uniform: Designing and Building for the Second World War New Haven and Montreal: Yale University Press and the Canadian Centre for Architecture, 2011, 448 pp., 300 color illus. $50, ISBN 9782754105309 Through the ages, war has been a font of architectural innovation, spurring new techniques and materials, transmitting ideas about style (through cultural contact), form, and space making (through experiment), and shifting professional attitudes and training. War has also been architecture’s muse, as the Futurists or Erich Mendelsohn’s sketches from the front during World War I attest. When nations have tilted toward conflict, moreover, their home fronts have been transformed, and architecture has responded— often self-consciously. How strange that historians of twentieth-century architecture have only in recent years come to study this enduring and enormously fruitful relationship.1 In his book Architecture in Uniform: Designing and Building for the Second World War, Jean-Louis Cohen nods to this tradition in previous generations, writing “there is nothing new about the relationship between architecture and armed conflict,” pointing out that Vitruvius was a military engineer (11). He then exceptionalizes the experience of World War II, when total war and the forces of modernity mobilized everything, altering the very dynamic of social relations and communication. This idea of totalization is neither a new theme nor a novel claim for what happened during World War II—or more broadly, modernity. One need only turn to imperial Rome, Leonardo’s Italy, or, as William Leuchtenburg has demonstrated, to the United States between the two world wars, to see the extent to which war has been the central dynamic of Western society, and martial language its conceptual framework.2 Indeed, one is hard-pressed to find a moment when war, the forces of production, and culture have escaped dialectical transformation. The historiographical lacuna is more interesting. Cohen notes the strange omission of the war years in major texts on modern architecture, although the propensity of the architectural history canon to seek out exceptional and photogenic buildings helps explain the gap. Cohen, …
Pyrogenic fuels produced by savanna trees can engineer humid savannas

Natural fires ignited by lightning strikes following droughts frequently are posited as the ecological mechanism maintaining discontinuous tree cover and grass‐dominated ground layers in savannas. Such fires, however, may not reliably maintain humid savannas. We propose that savanna trees producing pyrogenic shed leaves might engineer fire characteristics, affecting ground‐layer plants in ways that maintain humid savannas. We explored our hypothesis in a high‐rainfall, frequently burned pine savanna in which the dominant tree, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), produces resinous needles that become highly flammable when shed and dried. We postulated that pyrogenic needles should have much greater influence on fire characteristics at ground level, and hence post‐fire responses of dominant shrubs and grasses, than other abundant fine fuels (shed oak leaves and grass culms). We further reasoned that these effects should increase with amounts of needles. We managed site conditions that affect fuels (time since fire, dominant vegetation), manipulated amounts of needles in ground‐layer plots, prescribed burned the plots, and measured fire characteristics at ground level. We also measured characteristics of ground‐layer oaks and grasses before, then 2 and 8 months after fires. We tested our hypotheses regarding effects of pyrogenic pine fuels on fire characteristics and vegetation regrowth and explored direct and indirect effects of fuels on fire characteristics and vegetation using a structural equation model. Pine needles influenced fire characteristics, elevating maximum temperature increases, durations of heating above 60°C, and fine fuel consumption considerably above measurements when fuels only included other savanna plants. Presence of pine needles depressed post‐fire numbers of oak stems and grass culms, especially in the interior of grass genets, as well as post‐fire flowering of grasses. The structural equation model indicated strong direct and indirect pathways from pine needles to post‐fire responses of oaks and grasses. The experimental field tests of hypotheses, bolstered by structural equation modeling, indicate pyrogenic fine fuels modify characteristics of prescribed fires at ground level, negatively affecting dominant ground‐layer oaks and grasses. Frequent fires fueled by pyrogenic needles should maintain humid savannas and generate spatial pyrodiversity that affects composition and dynamics of pine savanna ground‐layer vegetation.
Dose Calibrator Linearity Testing Using an Improved Attenuator System

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) guidelines state that dose calibrators must be tested for linearity upon installation and quarterly thereafter over a range of activities from 10 μCi (370 kBq) to the highest dose administered to the patient (300 mCi [11.1 GBq] of iodine-131 for therapy at our institution). The simplest method of linearity testing utilizes commercial attenuator kits. These kits consist of different attenuator tubes plus a central tube that remains in the dose calibrator during the entire testing process. The disadvantage of these kits is that the test has to be performed twice, once with a high activity source and a second time with a lower activity source, to cover the full range of activities required by the NRC. We have designed two accessory tubes that can be used in conjunction with a commercial attenuator system, there by covering the range of activity required by the NRC with a single source of technetium-99m. It takes less than 4 min to complete the entire measurement with this improved linearity test kit.
Birdsong: The Neurobiology of Avian Vocal Learning

Although many vertebrates literally sing out to communicate with other members of their species, the capacity for vocal learning is quite rare. Indeed, vocal learning has been convincingly demonstrated only for humans, songbirds, parrots, and certain species of hummingbirds, bats, and whales. Due to their behavioral diversity, esthetic qualities, and tractability as research subjects, oscine songbirds (Order: Passeriformes) have served as the focus of extensive investigations into the behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms of vocal learning. Birdsong and human speech share numerous developmental features, including a dependence on auditory experience of an appropriate tutor, a reliance on auditory feedback to match one’s own vocalizations to match the tutor model, and sensitive periods during which these auditory experiences influence vocal quality. The songbird brain contains a collection of interconnected brain nuclei, known as the song system, that are important to song learning, production, and perception. The amenability of the song system to detailed electrophysiological recordings makes the songbird’s brain a rewarding place to search for the neural mechanisms that regulate sensitive periods for learning, facilitate prodigious feats of auditory memorization, and enable feedback-dependent vocal learning and maintenance. Today, we know much about song’s function as a communication signal, the process by which young birds learn to sing, and the neural substrate for singing and song learning.