cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Texture and Depositional History of Late Pleistocene-Holocene Alluvium in the Central Part of the Western San Joaquin Valley, California

Saline conditions and associated high levels of selenium and other soluble trace elements in soil, shallow ground water, and agricultural drain water of the western San Joaquin Valley, California, have prompted a study of the texture of late Pleistocene-Holocene alluvium in the central part of the western valley. Texture is characterized by the percentage of coarse-grained sediment present within a specified subsurface depth interval and is used as a basis for mapping the upper 50 ft of deposits. Resulting quantitative descriptions of the deposits are used to interpret the late Quaternary history of the area. Three hydrogeologic units — Coast Range alluvium, flood-basin deposits, and Sierran sand — can be recognized in the upper 50 ft of deposits in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley. The upper 30 ft of Coast Range alluvium and the adjacent 5 to 35 ft of flood-basin deposits are predominantly fine grained. These fine-grained Coast Range deposits are underlain by coarse-grained channel deposits. The fine-grained flood-basin deposits are underlain by coarse-grained Sierran sand. The extent and orientation of channel deposits below 20 ft in the Coast Range alluvium indicate that streams draining the Coast Range may have been tributary to the axial stream that deposited the Sierran sand and that streamflow may have been to the southeast. The fining-upward stratigraphic sequence in the upper 50 ft of deposits and the headward retreat of tributary stream channels from the valley trough with time support a recent hypothesis of climatic control of alluviation in the western San Joaquin Valley.
Quiet Nozzle Concepts for Three-Stream Jets

We present a study of three-stream nozzle concepts with potential to reduce takeoff noise of future commercial supersonic aircraft. The concepts were evaluated at realistic cycle conditions in a subscale acoustic facility. Computations solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations provided insight into the changes in the flow field that can impact noise generation. The investigation encompassed long- and short-cowl nozzles in coaxial and asymmetric arrangements where the third stream was concentrated in the downward azimuthal direction. In coaxial configurations, addition of the third stream makes a modest impact on the noise emission, with a small benefit at high frequencies in the aft arc. This benefit is more evident in short-cowl nozzles. Asymmetric arrangements involved offsetting the tertiary duct and/or application of an internal wedge-shaped deflector. The asymmetry produces significant noise reduction in the direction of the thickened tertiary flow, and is more effective at cycle conditions with high specific thrust. Reduction of the skewness of the far-field pressure fluctuations suggests suppression of Mach wave radiation by the asymmetric tertiary flow.
Relationship between Kinaesthetic Figural Aftereffect and Certain Personality Variables

A failure to relate consistently several personality variables and the spatial aftereffect from kinaesthetic stimulation in men or women is described.
Laser-Target Interactions and its Effect on Surface Morphology of Laser Deposited thin films

The laser-target interactions during pulsed laser evaporation (PLE) of materials have been investigated in detail. Sub-surface temperatures have been calculated to be higher than the surface temperatures during planar surface evaporation of the target material. While the evaporating surface is being cooled due to the latent heat of vaporization, sub-surface superheating occurs due to the finite absorption depth of the laser beam. Detailed computer simulations have been carried out to understand the evaporation characteristics of different targets (Si, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 ) as a function of laser and target variables. For silicon targets irradiated with 25 nanosecond laser pulses (energy density of 10J/cm 2 , absorption coefficient of 10 5 cm −1 ), the sub-surface temperatures were found to be more than 2000°C above the surface evaporation temperatures. The sub-surface superheating increased with increasing energy density and absorption depth. This internal superheating effects may lead to volume evaporation of the target where a solid material in form of particles may be ejected from the target surface. Based on the above understanding, parameters required to reduce the particle density in PLE films are predicted.
Sovereign ‘Subjectivity’ In Bataille

Etude de la definition non-dialectique de la subjectivite en termes de souverainete et de continuite chez Bataille. En opposition a la raison hegelienne et a l'autonomie kantienne, Bataille revendique la perte de l'identite comme condition de possibilite et mouvement de la communication.
OPTICAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

A new navigation system has been developed in which an imaging sensor is used as an aid to an airborne integrated INS (Inertial Navigation System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) system. We name it the tightly coupled INS/GPS/EO (Electro Optical System) system. In the current conguration, the EO measures single ground object image position through a camera on board an aircraft. As represented by the term \tightly coupled", the INS, GPS and EO are integrated using the single Kalman lter which estimates aircraft states, sensor biases and ground object coordinates simultaneously. As the consequence, aircraft yaw angle determination (an weak point common in INS/GPS systems) is greatly improved. Furthermore, the INS/GPS/EO system can also focus on known stationary ground objects (control points) resulting in improved navigation accuracy.
Which Countries Go Green? An Access Point Theory of Democratic Institutions and Environmental Regulations

The amount of environmental regulation varies across countries but, despite the increasing importance of the environment, previous research has provided few answers why. Building upon recent scholarship on democratic institutions, this article explores this variation within democracies by applying Access Point Theory to environmental policy. The basic hypothesis of the article is that the more access points - policymakers who can be lobbied - that a country has, the less environmental regulation there should be. This is because increasing the number of access points decreases the costs of lobbying due to competitive pressure between the access points. Industries opposed to environmental regulation will be better able to take advantage of cheaper lobbying because of their greater ability to overcome the collective action problem resulting from the concentrated costs of regulation. This hypothesis is tested on panel data for post-World War II developed democracies using environmental treaties as a proxy for domestic regulation.
Schaum's Outline of Electronic Devices and Circuits, Second Edition

This updated version of its internationally popular predecessor provides and introductory problem-solved text for understanding fundamental concepts of electronic devices, their design, and their circuitry. Providing an interface with Pspice, the most widely used program in electronics, new key features include a new chapter presenting the basics of switched mode power supplies, thirty-one new examples, and twenty-three PS solved problems. Table of contents Circuit Analysis: Port Point of ViewSemiconductor DiodesCharacteristics of Bipolar Junction TransistorsCharacteristics of Field-Effect Transistors and TriodesTransistor Bias ConsiderationsSmall-Signal Midfrequency BJT AmplifiersSmall-Signal Midfrequency FET AmplifiersFrequency Effects in AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersSwitched Mode Power Supplies
Complications and failings of the combined Collis-Belsey operation

Eighty-three patients with risk factors predisposing to recurrent reflux after standard hiatal hernia repairs have undergone the Collis-Belsey operation. There were two postoperative deaths. Complications related to multiple operations on the lower esophagus included injury to the spleen (three patients); gastrocutaneous fistula (two patients), and localized ischemic necrosis of esophagus two patients). There were two esophageal perforations. In four of 15 patients, the combination of esophagomyotomy and the Collis-Belsey operation produced functional esophageal obstruction. Three patients have experienced late major lower esophageal bleeding from ulceration of mucosa adjacent to the gastroplasty tube; two the these patients have no demonstrable gastroesophageal reflux. In addition to postoperative interviews and barium swallows, 77 patients have been evaluated with esophageal manometry and acid reflux testing. After an average follow-up of 12 montsh, 19 percent have symptomatic reflux, but 30 percent have moderate-to-severe reflux with pH reflux testing. The recent enthusiasm for the combined Collis-Belsey operation should be tempered by continued, cautious, objective assessment of its long-term results.
Critical Success Factors for Integrated Library System Implementation in Academic Libraries: A Qualitative Study

Integrated library system (ILS) supports the entire business operations of an academic library from acquiring and processing library resources to making them available to user communities and preserving them for future use. As libraries’ needs evolve, there is a pressing demand for libraries to migrate from one generation of ILS to the next. This complex migration process is often the single largest investment in both budget and personnel involvement, but its success is by no means guaranteed. We draw upon enterprise resource planning (ERP) and critical success factors (CSFs) literature to identify the most salient CSFs for ILS migration success through a qualitative study with four cases. We identified that top management involvement, vendor support, user involvement, selection process, project team competence, project management and tracking, interdepartmental communication, data analysis and conversion, user education and training, and user emotion management are the CSFs that determine a migration project success. Keywords: Integrated library systems, information systems, library automation, critical success factors, and academic libraries.
Vague Pictures as Pictures

In this chapter I use the notions introduced above to lay out conditions of vagueness in pictures, the diversity of roles and scenarios and differences from vague linguistic predicates and representation.
Survival and Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and Staphylococcus aureus on Cooked Mince and Surimis made from Atlantic Pollock.

Mince, salt-added surimi, and low-salt surimi prepared from Atlantic pollock had significantly (p<0.01) different protein and NaCl levels. These three products were steamed 16 min, cooled and inoculated with A. hydrophila , V. parahaemolyticus , or S. aureus . Samples inoculated with A. hydrophila were stored at 5, 13, and 25°C; all other samples were stored at 5 and 25°C. A. hydrophila grew well on the mince and low-salt surimi but not on the salt-added surimi stored for 5 d at 5°C, 36 h at 13°C and 27 h at 25°C. Populations on the mince and low-salt surimi increased log10 3.0 CFU/g at 5 and 13°C, and log10 5.0 CFU/g at 25°C. V. parahaemotyticus counts decreased slightly on all three products during 48 h storage at 5°C. At 25°C V. parahaemolyticus counts initially decreased on all three products but by 27 h rose at least log10 2.0 MPN/g on the mince and salt-added surimi. Counts on the low-salt surimi rose <log10 1.0 MPN/g after the initial decrease. S. aureus counts did not increase on any of the products stored for 5 d at 5°C. During 27 h storage at 25°C, S. aureus counts were consistently at least log10 0.9 CFU/g higher on the surimis than on the mince, with highest counts on the low-salt-surimi. These results indicate that compositional differences, including NaCl levels, between surimis and fish flesh used in their preparation can affect pathogen growth.
Small weight gains during obesity treatment: normative or cause for concern?

SummaryObjectives The objectives of the study are to characterize the frequency and size of small weight gains during behavioural weight loss treatment and to evaluate the relationship between small weight gains and weight loss outcomes. Methods Participants (n = 281) in a year-long behavioural weight loss programme were weighed at treatment sessions, and between-session weight gains were classified into several categories based on size. The occurrence of different gain magnitudes and their relation to weight loss were examined during both the active weight loss (months 1–6) and weight loss maintenance (months 7–12) phases of treatment. Results Weight gains were common during both phases of treatment, with smaller gains occurring more frequently than larger gains. Greater frequency of all gain magnitudes was associated with lesser weight loss during both phases. Additionally, participants who had just one or two weight gains of the smallest size examined (1.0–1.9 lb) lost less weight than those who had no gains. Conclusions Small gains appear to reflect true weight gain due to poor adherence to behavioural recommendations and are associated with worse weight loss outcomes, even when limited in number. Future research should examine how best to prevent small weight gains from occurring and how clinicians and participants should respond when a weight gain does occur to promote weight control success.
Improving the benefit/risk ratio.

Using the smallest effective dose of warfarin, clearly will diminish hemorrhage. But there are more than a dozen factors other than dose that can either favorably effect the benefit/risk ratio or tell the physician that he should or should not consider using warfarin in specific patient groups. Three of these factors, the prothrombin time, warfarin resistance, and drug-drug interactions, have already been commented upon at this symposium and so I shall discuss several other factors.
Improving Localization Accuracy in Connected Vehicle Networks Using Rao–Blackwellized Particle Filters: Theory, Simulations, and Experiments

A crucial function for automated vehicle technologies is accurate localization. Lane-level accuracy is not readily available from low-cost global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers because of factors such as multipath error and atmospheric bias. Approaches such as differential GNSS can improve localization accuracy, but usually require investment in expensive base stations. Connected vehicle technologies provide an alternative approach in improving the localization accuracy. It will be shown in this paper that localization accuracy can be enhanced using crude GNSS measurements from a group of connected vehicles, by matching their locations to a digital map. A Rao–Blackwellized particle filter is used to jointly estimate the common biases of the pseudo-ranges and the vehicle positions. Multipath biases, which introduce receiver-specific (non-common) error, are mitigated by a multi-hypothesis detection-rejection approach. The temporal correlation of the estimations is exploited through the prediction-update process. The proposed approach is compared with existing methods using both simulations and experimental results. It was found that the proposed algorithm can eliminate the common biases and reduce the localization error to below 1 m under open sky conditions.
Consequences of Water and Nitrogen Management on Growth and Aesthetic Quality of Drought-Tolerant Woody Landscape Plants

Abstract Two drought-tolerant California native plant species (a nonselected form of Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis, C. griseus var. horizontalis ‘Santa Ana’, a nonselected form of Rhamnus cal...
Muscular Dystrophy, Becker and Duchenne

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are caused by large deletions or mutations in the dystrophin gene. These are X-linked disorders and predominantly affect males; however, there are manifesting female carriers. The creatine kinase is markedly elevated. Prednisone has been demonstrated to slow deterioration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.
On highly robust efficient solutions to uncertain multiobjective linear programs

Abstract Decision making in the presence of uncertainty and multiple conflicting objectives is a real-life issue in many areas of human activity. To address this type of problem, we study highly robust (weakly) efficient solutions to uncertain multiobjective linear programs (UMOLPs) with objective-wise uncertainty in the objective function coefficients. We develop properties of the highly robust efficient set, characterize highly robust (weakly) efficient solutions using the cone of improving directions associated with the UMOLP, derive several upper and lower bound sets on the highly robust (weakly) efficient set, and present a robust counterpart for a class of UMOLPs. As various results rely on the acuteness of the cone of improving directions, we also propose methods to verify this property.
Allergic airway sensitization impairs antibacterial IgG antibody responses during bacterial respiratory tract infections.

Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an atypical human pathogen, has been associated with asthma initiation and exacerbation. Asthmatic patients have been reported to have higher carriage rates of M pneumoniae compared with nonasthmatic subjects and are at greater risk for invasive respiratory infections. Objective We sought to study whether prior allergen sensitization affects the host response to chronic bacterial infection. Methods BALB/cJ and IL-4 receptor α−/− mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and then infected with M pneumoniae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Immune parameters were analyzed at 30 days postinfection and included cellular profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum IgG and IgE antibody levels to whole bacterial lysate, recombinant P1 adhesin, and OVA. Total lung RNA was examined for transcript levels, and BALF was examined for cytokine protein profiles. Results Anti–M pneumoniae antibody responses were decreased in allergen-sensitized, M pneumoniae–infected animals compared with control animals, but OVA-specific IgG responses were unaffected. Similar decreases in anti–S pneumoniae antibody levels were found in OVA-sensitized animals. However, M pneumoniae, but not S pneumoniae, infection augmented anti-OVA IgE antibody responses. Loss of IL-4 receptor signaling partially restored anti–M pneumoniae antibody responses in IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses. Inflammatory cytokine levels in BALF from OVA-sensitized, M pneumoniae–infected or S pneumoniae–infected animals were reduced compared with those in uninfected OVA-sensitized control animals. Unexpectedly, airway hyperreactivity to methacholine was essentially ablated in M pneumoniae–infected, OVA-sensitized animals. Conclusions An established type 2–biased host immune response impairs the host immune response to respiratory bacterial infection in a largely pathogen-independent manner. Some pathogens, such as M pneumoniae, can augment ongoing allergic responses and inhibit pulmonary type 2 cytokine responses and allergic airway hyperreactivity.
Abstract 3533: Elevated expression of heme related proteins in viable tumor cells treated with vascular disrupting agent, combretastatin A-4 phosphate in xenograft models of NSCLC

Tumors cannot grow without a supply of oxygen and nutrients. Hence, targeting tumor vasculature with Vascular Disrupting Agents (VDAs) represents a promising therapeutic strategy, especially for the treatment of solid tumors. However, VDAs cause central necrosis, leaving a rim of viable tumor cells that often eventually lead to tumor recurrence and development of resistance. Here, we aim to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to the acquisition of VDA-resistance and its correlation with the extent of hypoxia and respiratory functions. A well-known VDA, Combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P), was used for the study. First, a NSCLC cell line expressing luciferase was implanted into the right flanks of female SCID mice. Next, CA4P was administered intraperitoneally. The effect was monitored 3 and 24 hours post injection of CA4P through BLI (Perkin Elmer9s IVIS Lumina III) after subcutaneous injection of luciferin. After sacrificing the mice, the tumors were harvested, formalin-fixed, and paraffin-embedded for Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our BLI data indicated significant decrease in radiance 3 hour post treatment (total flux in photons per second) which remained so at 24 hours, when luciferin was re-administered. Our IHC data indicated enhanced levels of enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis, uptake and degradation, and hemoproteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, we examined the effect of a mitochondrial targeting agent (MTA) that undermined the expression of these proteins, on the progression of subcutaneous tumor xenografts. Citation Format: Sanchareeka Dey, Sharda Kumari, Sarada Preeta Kalainayakan, Poorva Ghosh, Li Zhang, Li Liu. Elevated expression of heme related proteins in viable tumor cells treated with vascular disrupting agent, combretastatin A-4 phosphate in xenograft models of NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3533.
Breakthroughs in Venom Peptide Screening Methods to Advance Future Drug Discovery

Background Venom peptides are a proven resource for identifying novel drugs, however the process of identifying bioactive venom peptides is currently labor intensive, costly, and rarely results in pharmaceutical success. As venom peptides are modulators of ion channels and receptors their potential for manipulating cell signals in diseased states are unique and offer an untapped resource for finding new medicines. Recent advances in -omic technologies, and microfluidic biosensing systems have transformed how venom peptides are discovered and characterized. Conclusion This review will cover past, present and future approaches for screening venom peptides for drug discovery and development. Specifically, we will highlight online high-resolution microfluidic biosensing systems and new fluorescence detection methods that can be adapted to expand the discovery and characterization of venom peptide drugs.
Growth, Metabolism, and Structure

Upon reaching a certain size and maturity, Euglena divides in two; sexual reproduction is unknown. Nuclear and cytoplasmic division takes place. Division necessarily is complicated; not only the nucleus but also the organelles, chloroplasts, eyespot, and flagellum are independently self-reproducing, or at least do not lose their identity during division. Leedale (1958), who studied nuclear division in 32 species of the Euglenaceae from 13 genera, observed true mitosis, but the mitosis differed from the “classical” form in that the endosome of the nucleus persists throughout mitosis, dividing as a structure distinct from the chromosome. He also noted that E. gracilis had 45 chromosomes and that mitosis lasted from 2 to 5 hours, of which the anaphase took from 35 to 86 minutes. This rate is slow when compared with that of other organisms and tissue cells, in which anaphase takes from 1 to 20 minutes.
Nonmuscle myosin-2 isoforms

A hallmark of eukaryotes is the ability to generate microscale movements from the molecular to the tissue-length scales. Members of the myosin and actin protein families form the actomyosin cytoskeleton and are responsible for these movements. The cytoskeleton is a diffuse and dynamic network made up of different actin structures including arcs, bundles and single filaments, which are often associated with actin regulatory proteins. As such, it spans the entire cell and provides it with structural support.
Monitoring a bivariate INAR(1) process with application to Hepatitis A

In this article, we study multivariate monitoring systems based on a bivariate integer-valued autoregressive process of order 1, BINAR(1). The charting procedures are evaluated using extensive simu...
Treatment Strategies for Delirium

Despite rapidly expanding experience in the prevention and treatment of delirium in various care environments, no pharmacologic agent is approved for the prevention or treatment of delirium. Non-pharmacologic approaches, which address many of the risk factors for delirium, have shown reductions in delirium incidence in general medical wards. In critically ill populations, protocols combining aggressive physical and occupational therapy, daily awakening, and reduced sedation exposure reduced duration of delirium. Studies employing pharmacologic agents such as antipsychotics, statins, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and alpha-2 agonists have not generated acceptable data supporting a recommendation for the prevention or treatment of delirium in all patient populations. The current state of literature is highlighted by many gaps in the knowledge of delirium prevention and treatment strategies. Future research will clarify whether pharmacologic interventions can be added to non-pharmacologic interventions and whether these interventions impact short-term and/or long-term outcomes.
Towards a collaborative approach to measuring social-emotional learning in the arts

This article reviews the field of research and practice for arts social-emotional learning (SEL) assessment. We propose areas and types of research that are needed and share the University of Wisco...
Slab dehydration in warm subduction zones at depths of episodic slip and tremor

Abstract Non-volcanic tremor (NVT) and episodic slow slip events (SSEs) have been observed below the seismogenic zone of relatively warm subduction zones for the past 20 years. Geophysical and geologic observations show that this portion of the subduction interface is fluid-rich, and many models for these slip behaviors necessitate high pore fluid pressures. However, whether these fluids are sourced from local dehydration reactions in particular lithologies, or require up-dip transport from greater depths is not known. We present thermodynamic models of the petrologic evolution of four lithologies typical of the plate interface (average MORB, seafloor altered MORB, hydrated depleted MORB mantle, and metapelite) along predicted plate boundary pressure–temperature (P-T) paths at several warm subduction segments where NVT and SSEs are observed at depths between 25-65 km. The models suggest that 1-2 wt% H2O is released at the depths of NVT/SSEs in Jalisco-Colima, Guerrero, Cascadia, and Shikoku due to punctuated dehydration reactions within MORB, primarily through chlorite and/or lawsonite breakdown. These reactions produce sufficient in-situ fluid across a narrow P-T range to cause high pore fluid pressures at NVT/SSE depths. Dehydration of hydrated peridotite is minimal at these depths for most margins, and metapelite releases H2O (
Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on liver fat content in young adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in young adults with obesity. Obesity is associated with relative growth hormone (GH) deficiency, and data from animal studies and from humans with pituitary GH deficiency suggest a role for GH deficiency in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The effects of GH on NAFLD in those with obesity are unknown, however, prompting this pilot study to assess effects of GH administration on measures of NAFLD in young adults. METHODS Twenty-four men and women aged 18-29 years with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 , hepatic fat fraction (HFF) ≥ 5% on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) z-score ≤ 0 were randomized to treatment with recombinant human GH (rhGH) versus no treatment for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in HFF. RESULTS Compared to no treatment, the effect size of rhGH on absolute HFF over 24 weeks was -3.3% (95% confidence interval: -7.8%, 1.2%; p = .14). At 24 weeks, HFF < 5% was achieved in 5 of 9 individuals receiving rhGH versus 1 of 9 individuals receiving no treatment (p = .04). rhGH did not significantly reduce ALT, AST or GGT. Serum IGF-1 increased as expected with rhGH treatment, and there were no changes in fasting lipids, C-reactive protein, fasting glucose or 2-h glucose following an oral glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSION Data from this pilot study suggest that rhGH treatment in young adults with obesity and NAFLD may have benefits to reduce liver fat content, although larger studies are needed to confirm this effect.
Does the bowfin gas bladder represent an intermediate stage during the lung‐to‐gas bladder evolutionary transition?

Whether phenotypic evolution occurs gradually through time has prompted the search for intermediate forms between the ancestral and derived states of morphological features, especially when there appears to be a discontinuous origin. The gas bladder, a derived character of the Actinopteri, is a modification of lungs, which characterize the common ancestor of bony vertebrates. While gas bladders and lungs are similar in many ways, the key morphological difference between these organs is the direction of budding from the foregut during development; essentially, the gas bladder buds dorsally and the lungs bud ventrally from the foregut. Did the shift from ventral lungs to dorsal gas bladder transition through a lateral-budding stage? To answer this question, the precise location of budding during gas bladder development in bowfin, representing the sister lineage to teleosts, has been debated. In the early 20th-century, it was suggested that the bowfin gas bladder buds laterally from the right wall of the foregut. We used nano-CT scanning to visualize the early development of the bowfin gas bladder to verify the historical studies of gas bladder developmental morphology and determine whether the direction of gas bladder budding in bowfin could be intermediate between ventrally budding lungs and dorsally budding gas bladders. We found that the bowfin gas bladder buds dorsally from the anterior foregut; however, during early development, the posterior gas bladder twists right. As development progresses, the posterior, right-hand twist becomes shallower, and the gas bladder itself shifts toward a mid-dorsal position. The budding site is definitively dorsal, despite the temporary lateral twist of the posterior gas bladder.
Severe Hypoglycemia Associated With Oral Sotalol Use in Two Children.

Hypoglycemia is a rare but recognized side effect of anti-beta-adrenergic medications (beta-blockers) commonly used to manage arrhythmias in children. In 2014 a commercially available premixed solution of sotalol became available, and the use of oral sotalol in children has increased. Hypoglycemia associated with sotalol use has not been previously reported. Sotalol contains a racemic mixture of its D- and L-enantiomers and although it primarily acts to block Ikr (potassium channels), the L-enantiomer has nonselective anti-beta-adrenergic effects. Common sources such as Lexidrugs® and UpToDate®, used to obtain information regarding adverse drug events and precautions, do not list hypoglycemia as a side effect of sotalol. We report 2 unrelated toddlers with severe hypoglycemia, altered mental status, and seizures with sotalol use requiring hospitalization. In both children, hypoglycemia occurred in morning hours after decreased oral intake. Complete work-up for alternative etiologies for hypoglycemia was negative. It is important for prescribing physicians to be aware of this rare but serious side effect and to counsel patients and families appropriately. Key Teaching Points • Sotalol is a racemic mixture of 2 enantiomers. In addition to potassium channel blockade, sotalol has nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking effects. • Severe hypoglycemia can occur with sotalol use, particularly in young children and toddlers after decreased oral intake, after prolonged fasting, or with intercurrent illness. • Counseling should be provided to parents regarding hypoglycemia risks.
Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Function among Older Adults: The Adventist Health Study-2.

We explored effects on cognitive function of following plant-based vegetarian compared with non-vegetarian dietary patterns in otherwise healthy older community-dwelling members of the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort (n = 132). Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery; a principal components analysis derived processing speed, executive function, and memory/language factors. Mild memory impairment (MMI) (n = 26, 19.7%) was identified by memory tests. Vegetarians consumed (a) meats, fish, and dairy <1 time/month, (b) dairy ≥1 time/month and meats, and fish <1 time/month, or (c) fish ≥1 time/month, no limits on dairy, and meats <1 time/month. Dietary patterns were determined at baseline, for each decade, and at cognitive assessment; a diet stability score was calculated. Factor scores were not different between vegetarians and non-vegetarians, nor was dietary pattern associated with a lower odds of MMI. A more stable diet over the life course was associated with better memory/language [β = 0.021 SE(β) = 0.008; p = 0.01]. This exploratory study did not support differences in processing speed, executive function, or memory/language abilities between vegetarians and non-vegetarians but did suggest that a more stable dietary pattern which was characteristic of vegetarians was associated with better memory/language abilities.
Perils of Centralization: Lessons from Church, State, and Corporation

In this provocative and wide-ranging book, Ken Kollman examines the histories of the US government, the Catholic Church, General Motors, and the European Union as examples of federated systems that centralized power over time. He shows how their institutions became locked-in to intensive power in the executive. The problem with these and other federated systems is that they often cannot decentralize even if it makes sense. The analysis leads Kollman to suggest some surprising changes in institutional design for these four cases and for federated institutions everywhere.
One Corpus, Two Contexts: Intersections of Content-Area Teacher Training and Medical Education

This chapter explores the use of one corpus in two different contexts: content-area K-12 teacher preparation and medical education. The corpus, the Charlotte Narrative and Conversation Collection, consists of over 500 oral interviews and narratives; all of the speakers in the corpus reside in and around Mecklenburg County, NC, and span a range of ages, ethnicities, cultures and native languages. This collection is drawn upon to sensitize content-area public school teachers to the backgrounds of their increasingly diverse student population and to serve as a resource for creating and adapting contentarea lessons. Associated with this corpus is a smaller corpus of on-going conversations with speakers diagnosed with dementia; the language in the dementia corpus and that of the elderly speakers in the primary corpus are used as the basis for research on disordered speech and for teaching prospective health care providers how to communicate more effectively with the elderly. Using the primary corpus for two different educational initiatives has saved time and effort for language researchers.
Contributions of behavioral scientists to recreation resource management.

Visitation to publicly administered outdoor-recreation areas in the United States has increased across all activities at about five percent annually during the past several decades. The use of many backcountry areas and areas designated as wilderness has shown an average annual rate of increase of about 20 percent per year, and the use of wild rivers has increased even faster during the past decade (USDA Forest Service, 1980). Furthermore, tourism is an important industry, especially in those states with outstanding scenic beauty, varied outdoor settings, and rich cultural histories (Owen, 1980). Thus, tastes for outdoor opportunities appear to be well established; appreciation of natural areas seems to have become more widespread and intense since the environmental movement of the late 1960s; and opportunities to enjoy outdoor recreation are valued highly for their contribution to satisfaction with life in America (Driver, Rosenthal, & Peterson, 1978). Outdoor recreation is important socially—and is big business—in American society.
The dark side of the hyporheic zone: depth profiles of nitrogen and its processing in stream sediments

SUMMARY 1. Although it is well known that sediments can be hot spots for nitrogen transformation in streams, many previous studies have confined measurements of denitrification and nitrate retention to shallow sediments (<5 cm deep). We determined the extent of nitrate processing in deeper sediments of a sand plains stream (Emmons Creek) by measuring denitrification in core sections to a depth of 25 cm and by assessing vertical nitrate profiles, with peepers and piezometers, to a depth of 70 cm. 2. Denitrification rates of sediment slurries based on acetylene block were higher in shallower core sections. However, core sections deeper than 5 cm accounted for 68% of the mean depth-integrated denitrification rate. 3. Vertical hydraulic gradient and vertical profiles of pore water chloride concentration suggested that deep ground water upwelled through shallow sediments before discharging to the stream channel. The results of a two-source mixing model based on chloride concentrations suggested that the hyporheic zone was very shallow (<5 cm) in Emmons Creek. 4. Vertical profiles showed that nitrate concentration in shallow ground water was about 10–60% of the nitrate concentration of deep ground water. The mean nitrate concentrations of deep and shallow ground water were 2.17 and 0.73 mg NO3-N L )1 , respectively. 5. Deep ground water tended to be oxic (6.9 mg O2 L )1 ) but approached anoxia (0.8 mg O2 L )1 ) after passing through shallow, organic carbon-rich sediments, which suggests that the decline in the nitrate concentrations of upwelling ground water was because of denitrification. 6. Collectively, our results suggest that there is substantial nitrate removal occurring in deep sediments, below the hyporheic zone, in Emmons Creek. Our findings suggest that not accounting for nitrate removal in deep sediments could lead to underestimates of nitrogen processing in streams and catchments.
Time for Gas Planets to Grow

Giant planets like Jupiter need a large reservoir of gas to grow to full size. New observations indicate that such planetary nurseries last twice as long as previously thought. These observations, and their implications for the abundance of Jupiter-like planets within our galaxy, are discussed herein.
Shrinking the Commons: Termination of Copyright Licenses and Transfers for the Benefit of the Public

Federal law limits the free alienability of copyright rights to prevent powerful transferees from forcing authors into unremunerative bargains. The limiting mechanism is a statutory provision that permits authors or their heirs, at their sole election, to terminate any transfer or license of any copyright interest during a defined period. Indeed, the applicable provisions of the Copyright Act go so far as to invalidate purported waivers by authors of their statutory termination powers. These statutory provisions may constitute an impediment to the effective grant of rights for the benefit of the public under widely used "open content" licensing arrangements, such as the GNU General Public License ("GPL") for software or the Creative Commons family of licenses for other sorts of expressive works. Although recent case law suggests that such open-source or open-content licensing arrangements should be analyzed under the same rules that govern other copyright licenses, doing so necessarily raises the possibility of termination of the license. If GPL or Creative Commons-type licenses are subject to later termination by authors (or their heirs), and this termination power cannot validly be waived, then users of such works must confront the possibility that the licenses may be revoked in the future and the works effectively withdrawn from public use, with potentially chaotic results. Although a number of judge-made doctrines may be invoked to restrict termination of a license granted for the benefit of the public, the better course would be for Congress to enact new legislation expressly authorizing authors to make a nonwaiveable, irrevocable dedication of their works, in whole or in part, to the use and benefit of the public - a possibility that the Patent Act expressly recognizes, but the Copyright Act presently does not.
Visibility and Quality in Spanish-Language Latin American Scholarly Publishing

This article reports the results of a study of scholarly publishing in Spanish-speaking Latin America today. It draws on 230 surveys on journal publishing and nine journal publishing workshops, as well as on interviews and additional meetings conducted in 2007 and 2008 with a wide range of stakeholders in scholarly publishing (including editors, university publishers, and national science foundation directors) from 11 Latin American countries. The results suggest that the principal challenges faced by those involved in scholarly publishing in Latin America are establishing and maintaining the long-term sustainability of the journals, and achieving greater visibility for, and improving the quality of, published work, with an eye to increasing the contribution of these publications in ways that may yet be able to balance both regional and global interests.
Overexpression of Rad51C splice variants in colorectal tumors.

// Arjun Kalvala 1 , Li Gao 1 , Brittany Aguila 1 , Tyler Reese 1 , Gregory A. Otterson 1,2 , Miguel A. Villalona-Calero 1,2,3 and Wenrui Duan 1,2 1 Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A 2 Division of Medical Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A 3 Department of Pharmacology at The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A Correspondence: Miguel A. Villalona-Calero, email: // Wenrui Duan, email: // Keywords : Rad51C isoform overexpression, Promoter methylation, Colorectal tumors Received : July 29, 2014 Accepted : December 24, 2014 Published : December 30, 2014 Abstract Functional alterations in Rad51C are the cause of the Fanconi anemia complementation group O (FANCO) gene disorder. We have identified novel splice variants of Rad51C mRNA in colorectal tumors and cells. The alternatively spliced transcript variants are formed either without exon-7 (variant 1), without exon 6 and 7 (variant 2) or without exon 7 and 8 (variant 3). Real time PCR analysis of nine pair-matched colorectal tumors and non-tumors showed that variant 1 was overexpressed in tumors compared to matched non-tumors. Among 38 colorectal tumor RNA samples analyzed, 18 contained variant 1, 12 contained variant 2, 14 contained variant 3, and eight expressed full length Rad51C exclusively. Bisulfite DNA sequencing showed promoter methylation of Rad51C in tumor cells. 5-azacytidine treatment of LS-174T cells caused a 14 fold increase in variant 1, a 4.8 fold increase for variant 3 and 3.4 fold for variant 2 compared to 2.5 fold increase in WT. Expression of Rad51C variants is associated with FANCD2 foci positive colorectal tumors and is associated with microsatellite stability in those tumors. Further investigation is needed to elucidate differential function of the Rad51C variants to evaluate potential effects in drug resistance and DNA repair.
SLASH - the scalable lightweight archival storage hierarchy

Growing compute capacity coupled with advances in parallel filesystem performance and stability mean that HPC users will inevitably create and store larger datasets. If data residing on parallel filesystems is not efficiently offloaded to archival storage, disruptions in the compute cycle will occur. Hierarchical storage caches are a vital aspect of the HPC storage machine because they offload and prime the compute engine's parallel filesystem. To keep pace with expanding HPC data systems, these caches must adapt via new scalable architectures. The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) has developed a cooperative caching architecture to act as a distributed front-end cache to a hierarchical storage manager. SLASH, the scalable lightweight archival storage hierarchy, provides means for creating parallel caching systems on an otherwise "monolithic" archival storage system without requiring modifications the archival system software.
Anthropologists Coming to Age

Stanley Brandes. Forty, the Age and the Symbol. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1985. + 154 pp. $12.95 (cloth). Jay Sokolovsky. ed. Aging and the Aged in the Third World: Part I. Williamsburg, VA: Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, 1982. iv. 174 pp. Jay Sokolovsky and Joan Sokolovsky. eds. Aging and the Aged in the Third World: Part II. Regional and Ethnographic Perspectives. Williamsburg, VA: Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, 1983-iv. 148 pp. Each volume $5.00 (students), $6.00 (individuals), or $7.00 (institutions). Paper.
Naloxone reveral of non - narcotic induced apnea

A 46-year-old woman was treated for unexplained coma with intravenous lactated Ringer's solution, intravenous glucose, and a gastric lavage. During therapy respiratory depression progressed to apnea. Naloxone hydrochloride was administered intravenously, in three doses, each of 0.4 mg, over a period of ten minutes. Normal breathing and a lightening of coma occurred within minutes, and consciousness returned within four hours. Laboratory studies on blood, urine and lavage returns confirmed the history of ingestion of barbiturate, diazepam and alcohol. No narcotics were detected.
Surfactant Effects on Ordering in GaInP Grown by Omvpe

CuPt ordering in III/V semiconductor alloys is significant because of the dependence of bandgap energy on degree of order. This paper presents the effects of surfactants isoelectronic with P on ordering in GalnP grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. Each of the three surfactants studied, As, Sb, and Bi, is found to result in disordering for layers grown using conditions that would otherwise produce highly ordered materials. The amount of surfactant required in the vapor phase (as the organometallic precursors TMAs, TESb, and TMBi) increases as the volatility of the group V element increases. Thus, the amount of TEAs required to produce disordered GalnP is approximately two orders of magnitude greater than for TMBi. For Sb, the disordering is shown to be caused by a replacement of [110] P dimers on the nominally (001) surface by Sb dimers with the same orientation. For Bi, a marked change in the step structure coincides with the loss of order. For singular (001) substrates, island formation is suppressed by Bi.