cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social movements and party systems: The French socialist party and new social movements

This article examines the apparent difficulty of various French ‘new social movements’ of the 1970s and 1980s to coalesce in the form of a ‘green’ or ‘new politics’ party. In addition to the nature of the French electoral system and dominant policy‐making apparatus, this article focuses upon relations between the Socialist Party and feminist and ecology movements. The major argument is that the Socialists, in their bid for hegemony among the left throughout the 1970s and 1980s, effectively undercut post‐material value‐oriented support for a ‘new politics’ party.
An angiotensin-like peptide in the brain

Abstract Fibers and cells containing angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity in the brain have been identified in the human brain, monkey brain, and rat brain. The unlabelled antibody enzyme immunoperoxidase method was used with a specific antisera to angiotensin II. In all three species, few cells were found containing the peptide. These cells were located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The stained contents were granular and confined to the cytoplasm. Fibers containing the peptide were more numerous and had darkly stained varicosities. Such fibers were found most frequently in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and periventricular regions. The fibers were also seen on the third ventricle surface and on arteriole walls. Compared to the monkey brain, the human brains contained more fibers in the median eminence and arterior hypothalamus, but fewer fibers in the medulla tegmentum and basal ganglia. In both cases, fibers were virtually absent from cerebral cortex or cerebellum. In the rat, a similar distribution to the monkey brain has been observed and, taken together, there does appear to be a definite angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in the brain.
Guard Duty Alarming Technique (GDAT): A Novel Scheduling Approach for Target-tracking in Large-scale Distributed Sensor Networks

Target tracking for network surveillance systems has gained significant interest especially in sensitive areas such as homeland security, battlefield intelligence, and facility surveillance. Most of the current sensor network protocols do not address the need for tracking-based data propagation schemes, which is crucial for the longevity of the sensor network. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-aware tracking scheme in a clustered sensor network. This novel scheme: guard duty alarming technique (GDAT) is inspired by the traditional military security practice that is the "guard duty", where soldiers are alternatively assigned the duty of guarding a certain secured area. The new tracking algorithm embarks on self organizing sensor network. This phase takes place after the network has been deployed. The self-organizing technique follows a temporal competition clustering to organize the network. This paper presents simulated results comparing the performance of GDAT against the direct communication protocol (DC). It is shown that GDAT offers a significant improvement on the longevity of the network, where simulation results suggested that (70%) of DC energy consumption was saved following the GDAT scheduling.
Evolution of cannulation techniques for minimally invasive cardiac surgery: a 10-year journey.

ObjectiveFor minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), cannulation techniques vary and seem to be important determinants of technical difficulty a...
Parent-child interactions as the therapy target☆

Abstract This report concerns some immediate and long-term results of an experimental language therapy program for a severely retarded Hindu child and her parents. The treatment target was the parent-child interactions. Immediate results show changes in the desired direction in these interactions, with some of these changes being documented over 3 months. Immediate improvement was seen in nonverbal child behaviors such as positively responding to parents and engaging in independent play. Parents viewed the child as more competent. They were able to support independent play and reduce their physical contact and interruptive behavior. Improvement in the child's verbal behavior was reported in follow-ups at 3 months and again at 1 year. It is argued that the parent-child interaction constitutes the child's language environment, and that it is the quality of this environment that will most affect the verbal behavior of the slowly developing child.
Abrasion in Place: A Mechanism for Rounding and Size Reduction of Coarse Sediments in Rivers

Rounding and reduction in size and weight of coarse particles occur over a significantly shorter distance in a stream as compared to the “distance” of travel required to produce a similar result in a tumbling barrel or flume. This suggests that either the known processes of wear are more effective in streams than in the laboratory or that other processes are at work. Investigations of riprap failure by hydraulic engineers provide data on the forces acting on coarse particles and particle behavior prior to downstream movement. The experiments demonstrate that lift forces acting on a submerged cobble are large and vary significantly with time. When this effect of lift is combined with drag forces, a particle vibrates in place without downstream movement. With increased velocity, the particle lifts off the stream bed and saltates downstream to a new position of temporary stability. During high-velocity flow, abrasion of cobbles in place and the chipping and fracturing during saltation can be significant factors causing rounding and size reduction of coarse sediments in rivers.
FBXL2- and PTPL1-mediated degradation of p110-free p85β regulatory subunit controls the PI(3)K signalling cascade

Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) signalling regulates many cellular events such as cell growth and survival. Pagano and colleagues show that the E3 ligase SCF-FBXL2 promotes PI(3)K signalling and inhibits autophagy by targeting the free p85β subunit of the p110–p85 PI(3)K complex for degradation.
Cytokine stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase secretion in myenteric glia

Introduction: The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a major regulator of gastrointestinal function. Within the ENS, enteric glia provide structural support and participate in the local microenvironment. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes believed to play critical roles in a number of disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Hypothesis: Myenteric glia secrete MMPs in response to cytokine stimulation. Methods: Dispersed cultured myenteric glia prepared from the taenia coli of neonatal guinea pigs were serum deprived and treated with either IL-1β, IL-6 or serum-free media at 37°C for 24 hours. Culture media was harvested and concentrated. Western blotting and zymography were analyzed to confirm secretory product identity. Glial cell lineage was confirmed with staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, a glial cell marker. Cytochemical staining for MMP-9 and MMP-2 was performed following stimulation. Densitometry was used to quantitate expression. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM in units of absolute density. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results represent at least 4 separate experiments. Results: Western blotting of culture media for MMP-9 revealed increased expression of MMP-9 in IL-1β-stimulated cells vs control (142 ± 19 vs 42 ± 19, p < 0.05). IL-6 stimulated cells also showed increased expression of MMP-9 vs control (69 ± 14 vs 4 ± 2, p < 0.01). Control and IL-1β and IL-6 stimulated cells secreted MMP-2 constituitively. Gelatin zymography demonstrated that products were biologically active (figure). Cytoplasmic staining for MMP-9 was detected in IL-1β and IL-6-stimulated cells but negligible in controls. Conclusion: Cultured myenteric glia are responsive to IL-1β and IL-6 stimulation by secreting MMPs into the extracellular environment, suggesting potential roles for glia as immunomodulatory cells of the enteric nervous system. Download high-res image (66KB) Download full-size image
Energy Planning in Developing Countries: The Role of Microcomputers

Microcomputers are beginning to be used for energy analysis in many developing countries, and have the potential for making a significant contribution to the resolution of difficult analytical and data problems, and to improving communications between analyst and decision-maker. Successful introduction of a microcomputer based on analytical capability, however, requires attention to several important factors in order to avoid the mistakes of the earlier mainframe computer era. This paper reviews the key issues of matching models to staff capabilities, of training, and of the operating environment, based on the author's first-hand experience with microcomputer projects in Uruguay, Haiti and Sri Lanka.
Rape Against Women What Can Research Offer to Guide the Development of Prevention Programs and Risk Reduction Interventions

Although a pervasive problem that confronts females of all races and ages, studies show that some women are more likely to be rape victims than are others. Research reveals that certain behavioral and situational factors increase the risk of rape. To be most effective at reducing victimization, rape prevention programs and risk reduction interventions should target these behavioral and situational factors. A growing understanding of the relationships among these factors is evident, but to date what works to reduce vulnerability to rape remains somewhat obscure because of methodological weaknesses inherent in the limited number of published evaluations. Based on the current body of research, the authors offer suggestions regarding who should be targeted and what content should be included in rape prevention programs and risk reduction interventions to effectively reduce rape and its negative consequences.
A new concept of stability, Mo-stability

Abstract A new concept of stability called Mo-stability is defined and used to describe a general type of invariant set and its stability behavior. Criteria for Mo-stability are established by using a Lyapunov-type function to obtain comparison equations. A theorem using two auxiliary functions is proved and an instability result is proved.
Structure-function relationships in Escherichia coli transcription termination protein Rho revealed by radiation target analysis.

Abstract High-energy electrons were used to measure the target sizes for inactivation of the RNA-dependent ATPase activity of Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho, for its ATP binding ability, and for its physical destruction. SDS–PAGE analysis of irradiated samples indicated that the target size for polypeptide destruction in the homohexameric enzyme is the dimer, indicating that energy transfer must occur from a hit subunit to one other subunit, although the subunits are not known to be linked by any covalent bonds. The ATP binding ability of Rho also inactivates as a dimer, a result that is consistent with the physical destruction target size. However, a single subunit as the ATP binding entity is not excluded. The RNA-dependent ATPase activity of Rho inactivates with the apparent target size of trimer to tetramer, indicating that interactions among the subunits of Rho are required for ATP hydrolysis. Rho hexamers are known to exchange subunits, although the identity of the exchanging unit is not known. Models in which this property of Rho is taken into account indicate that the closest fit to the experimental data is for an ATPase target size of a hexamer with dimers as the exchanging units, consistent with earlier chemical inactivation studies.
The majority of cellular fatty acid acylated proteins are localized to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane

The BC/sub 2/Hl muscle cell line was previously reported to contain a broad array of fatty acid acylated proteins. Palmitate was shown to be attached to membrane proteins posttranslationally through thiol ester linkages, whereas myristate was attached cotranslationally, or within seconds thereafter, to soluble and membrane-bound proteins through amide linkages. The temporal and subcellular differences between palmitate and myristate acylation suggested that these two classes of acyl proteins might follow different intracellular pathways to distinct subcellular membrane systems or organelles. In this study, the authors examined the subcellular localization of the major fatty acylated proteins in BC/sub 4/Hl cells. Palmitate-containing proteins were localized to the plasma membrane, but only a subset of myristate-containing proteins was localized to this membrane fraction. The majority of acyl proteins were nonglycosylated and resistant to digestion with extracellular proteases, suggesting that they were not exposed to the external surface of the plasma membrane. Many proteins were, however, digested during incubation of isolated membranes with proteases, which indicates that these proteins were, however, digested during incubation of isolated membranes with proteases, which indicates that these proteins face the cytoplasm. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled with (/sup 3/H)palmitate and (/sup 3/H)myristate revealed that individual proteins weremore » modified by only one of the two fatty acids and did not undergo both N-linked myristylation and ester-linked palmitylation. Together, these results suggest that the majority of cellular acyl proteins are routed to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane, and they raise the possibility that fatty acid acylation may play a role in intracellular sorting of nontransmembranous, nonglycosylated membrane proteins.« less
Histopathologic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in the 21st Century

Summary: Fungal infections are becoming more frequent because of expansion of at-risk populations and the use of treatment modalities that permit longer survival of these patients. Because histopathologic examination of tissues detects fungal invasion of tissues and vessels as well as the host reaction to the fungus, it is and will remain an important tool to define the diagnostic significance of positive culture isolates or results from PCR testing. However, there are very few instances where the morphological characteristics of fungi are specific. Therefore, histopathologic diagnosis should be primarily descriptive of the fungus and should include the presence or absence of tissue invasion and the host reaction to the infection. The pathology report should also include a comment stating the most frequent fungi associated with that morphology as well as other possible fungi and parasites that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Alternate techniques have been used to determine the specific agent present in the histopathologic specimen, including immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and PCR. In addition, techniques such as laser microdissection will be useful to detect the now more frequently recognized dual fungal infections and the local environment in which this phenomenon occurs.
Outcomes of Chemical Component Paralysis Using Botulinum Toxin for Incisional Hernia Repairs

Botulinum toxin A (BTX) confers flaccid paralysis and pain modulation when injected into a muscle. We hypothesized that long-term paralysis of the abdominal wall musculature (i.e., chemical component paralysis, CCP) would benefit incisional hernia repair (IHR) by decreasing postoperative pain, the use of opioid analgesia, and thus opioid-related side effects. Adult patients who underwent elective IHR with preoperative CCP (n = 22) were compared to concurrent matched controls (n = 66, 1:3 ratio) based on age (±5 years), sex, body mass index (±5 kg/m2), history of hernia recurrence (0 vs. ≥1), and type of repair (open vs. laparoscopic). BTX was injected under ultrasonographic guidance into the transversus abdominis and internal and external oblique muscles at three sites bilaterally (300 units total). Patients who underwent IHR with CCP used significantly less opioid analgesia (mean ± SD morphine equivalents) when compared to controls on hospital days (HDs) 2 and 5: HD2, 48 ± 27 versus 87 ± 41; HD5, 17 ± 16 versus 48 ± 45. Likewise, CCP patients reported significantly less pain (visual analogue scale 1–10) when compared to controls on HD2 (5.2 ± 1.5 vs. 6.8 ± 2) and HD4 (3.6 ± 1.2 vs. 5.2 ± 1.9): all p < 0.007 (Bonferroni adjusted). There was no difference in postoperative complications (surgical site, 9 vs. 14 %), opioid-related adverse events (ileus 5 vs. 5 %), hospital stay (4 ± 3 vs. 3 ± 2 days), or hernia recurrence (18 months mean follow-up: 9 vs. 9 %). Despite similar multimodality treatment of postoperative pain after IHR, patients who underwent CCP required significantly less opioid analgesia and reported less pain.
Stigma, Social Context, and Mental Health: Lesbian and Gay Couples Across the Transition to Adoptive Parenthood

This is the first study to examine change in depression and anxiety across the first year of adoptive parenthood in same-sex couples (90 couples: 52 lesbian, 38 gay male). Given that sexual minorities uniquely contend with sexual orientation-related stigma, this study examined how both internalized and enacted forms of stigma affect the mental health of lesbians and gay men during the transition to parenthood. In addition, the role of contextual support was examined. Higher perceived workplace support, family support, and relationship quality were related to lower depressive and anxious symptoms at the time of the adoption, and higher perceived friend support was related to lower anxiety symptoms. Lower internalized homophobia and higher perceived neighborhood gay-friendliness were related to lower depressive symptoms. Finally, individuals with high internalized homophobia who lived in states with unfavorable legal climates regarding gay adoption experienced the steepest increases in depressive and anxious symptoms. Findings have important implications for counselors working with sexual minorities, especially those experiencing the transition to parenthood.
Plexiform neurofibroma of the penis in a child

Abstract We report a case of a child with the stigmata of von Recklinghausen’s disease and a plexiform neurofibroma arising from the penile shaft.
Dextrocardia: Angiocardiographic study and classification

The angiocardiographic features in 65 cases of dextrocardia studied at the Mayo Clinic between December 1960 and November 1970 have been reviewed. In 60 cases the angiocardiographic studies were adequate to define the situs of the atria, the ventricular morphology, and the relation of the great arteries. The heart and great vessels were examined at complete surgical repair in 23 cases and at autopsy in 13. From review of the angiocardiographic data and comparison with the surgical and autopsy findings, an angiocardiographic classification of dextrocardia is proposed. Situs solitus of viscera and atria was present in 44 cases—23 with inverted ventricles, 14 with noninverted ventricles and 7 with common ventricle. Levotransposition of the great arteries was seen in 24, dextrotransposition in 7, zero-transposition (aorta directly anterior to pulmonary artery) in 5, and normal relation of the great arteries in 8. Situs inversus of viscera and atria occurred in 11 cases: 8 with noninverted and 3 with inverted ventricles. Inverted normally related great arteries were present in five cases, inverted dextrotransposition in one, inverted levotransposition in two, zero-transposition in two, and normally related great arteries (isolated inversion of the ventricles) in one. In five cases of dextrocardia, the situs of the viscera was indeterminate. Diagnostic accuracy and a better understanding of the various types of dextrocardia are essential, since improved surgical techniques have made it possible to correct many of these complex abnormalities.
Sexual Activity among Older Persons A Comparative Analysis of Appropriateness

Perceptions of the appropriateness of a variety of sexual behaviors for older persons and individuals in general are compared using data gathered from a stratified, random sample of 210 residents of a mid-sized Southern city. Contrary to our expectations, sexual activity among older persons was not perceived to be less appropriate than sexual activity in the general population.
β2-Agonist Metered Dose Inhaler Overuse: Psychological and Demographic Profiles

OBJECTIVE To identify psychological and demographic correlates of children and adolescents known to overuse beta 2-agonist metered dose inhalers (beta-MDIs). DESIGN During residential care for severe asthma, demographic and psychological characteristics of 17 children and adolescents known to be beta-MDI overusers were compared with 38 asthmatic subjects of similar age without such history. RESULTS beta-MDI overuse occurred among all groups; however, males, minorities, and those from lower socioeconomic groups were overrepresented. Overusers scored significantly lower on standardized IQ tests. Subtests of arithmetic for numeric reasoning, comprehension for understanding of social values, and picture completion for visual attention to detail were also significantly lower in beta-MDI overusers, as were reading achievement tests. Testing also revealed tendencies toward dominant, shrewd, and undisciplined personality traits in the overusers. CONCLUSION Recognition of these characteristics of children prone to beta-MDI overuse will raise the clinician's awareness of this potential. Greater efforts and alternative approaches toward education and treatment of the at-risk patient and family are indicated.
Lemierre's Syndrome: Rare, but Life Threatening—A Case Report with Streptococcus intermedius

Lemierre's syndrome (LS) is a rare, but a life-threatening complication of an oropharyngeal infection. Combinations of fever, pharyngitis, dysphagia, odynophagia, or oropharyngeal swelling are common presenting symptoms. Infection of the lateral pharyngeal space may result in thrombosis of the internal jugular vein, subsequent metastatic complications (e.g., lung abscesses, septic arthritis), and significant morbidity and mortality. LS is usually caused by the gram-negative anaerobic bacillus Fusobacterium necrophorum, hence also known as necrobacillosis. We present a case of LS caused by Streptococcus intermedius, likely secondary to gingival scraping, in which the presenting complaint was neck pain. The oropharyngeal examination was normal and an initial CT of the neck was done without contrast, which likely resulted in a diagnostic delay. This syndrome can be easily missed in early phases. However, given the potential severity of LS, early recognition and expedient appropriate antimicrobial treatment are critical. S. intermedius is an unusual cause of LS, with only 2 previous cases being reported in the literature. Therefore, an awareness of the myriad presentations of this syndrome, which in turn will lead to appropriate and timely diagnostic studies, will result in improved outcome for LS.
Influence of stream size on ammonium and suspended particulate nitrogen processing

We used 15 NH4 tracer additions to determine travel distances of ammonium (NH4) and suspended particulate organic nitrogen (SPON) in six streams ranging from second to fifth order located within a single watershed on the North Slope of Alaska. Based on the distribution of 15 N stored in stream bottom compartments (primary producers or grazers), we estimated NH4 travel lengths. We used a two-compartment model to estimate the travel length of SPON based on the distribution of source 15 N on the stream bottom and SPO 15 N in the water column. Both NH4 and SPON travel lengths (Sw and Sp, respectively) increased with discharge primarily due to changes in depth and velocity. Variation in the vertical mass transfer coefficient (yf) of both NH4 and SPON did occur among the streams but was not related to stream size and was relatively small compared to the change in physical characteristics. Thus, in the Kuparuk watershed, physical gradients outweighed biological or chemical changes as controls on NH4 and SPON travel length. The one exception was the Kuparuk fertilized reach, where phosphorus fertilization greatly increased biological activity and NH4 processing compared to unaltered streams. Longitudinal gradients in major biological driving variables such as litter inputs, debris dams, and shading are absent in the Arctic, perhaps explaining the relatively uniform NH4-yf. Watersheds in other biomes may show differing degrees of physical versus biological/chemical controls. A conceptual model is presented for comparing the relative strength of these controls among different watersheds. Strong relationships between discharge and travel length should greatly aid development of watershed models of nutrient dynamics.
The IceCube approach to the reconciliation of divergent replicas

We describe a novel approach to log-based reconciliation called IceCube. It is general and is parameterised by application and object semantics. IceCube considers more flexible orderings and is designed to ease the burden of reconciliation on the application programmers. IceCube captures the static and dynamic reconciliation constraints between all pairs of actions, proposes schedules that satisfy the static constraints, and validates them against the dynamic constraints.Preliminary experience indicates that strong static constraints successfully contain the potential combinatorial explosion of the simulation stage. With weaker static constraints, the system still finds good solutions in a reasonable time.
Environmental protection as international security: Conserving the Pentagon’s island bases in the Asia–Pacific:

Island bases are integral to US grand strategy in the Asia–Pacific. In this article, I discuss the increasingly common practice of using environmental protection initiatives to secure the Pentagon’s hold on these prized assets. I argue that nature reserves on or around militarized sites on Guam, the Central Pacific islands, and Diego Garcia serve to buttress US political control over the territory concerned. In short, nature reserves in the Pacific and Indian oceans give vital political cover to the island fortresses that they envelop by adding a public relations-friendly rationale for the US military’s occupation of colonized territories as well as an additional layer of politico-legal control.
Nuclear EGFR protein expression predicts poor survival in early stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Introduction Nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) has been identified in various human tumor tissues, including cancers of the breast, ovary, oropharynx, and esophagus, and has predicted poor patient outcomes. We sought to determine if protein expression of nEGFR is prognostic in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Resected stages I and II NSCLC specimens were evaluated for nEGFR protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cases with at least one replicate core containing ≥5% of tumor cells demonstrating strong dot-like nucleolar EGFR expression were scored as nEGFR positive. Results Twenty-three (26.1% of the population) of 88 resected specimens stained positively for nEGFR. Nuclear EGFR protein expression was associated with higher disease stage (45.5% of stage II vs. 14.5% of stage I; p =0.023), histology (41.7% in squamous cell carcinoma vs. 17.1% in adenocarcinoma; p =0.028), shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (median PFS 8.7 months [95% CI 5.1–10.7 mo] for nEGFR positive vs. 14.5 months [95% CI 9.5–17.4 mo] for nEGFR negative; hazard ratio (HR) of 1.89 [95% CI 1.15–3.10]; p =0.011), and shorter overall survival (OS) (median OS 14.1 months [95% CI 10.3–22.7 mo] for nEGFR positive vs. 23.4 months [95% CI 20.1–29.4 mo] for nEGFR negative; HR of 1.83 [95% CI 1.12–2.99]; p =0.014). Conclusions Expression of nEGFR protein was associated with higher stage and squamous cell histology, and predicted shorter PFS and OS, in this patient cohort. Nuclear EGFR serves as a useful independent prognostic variable and as a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
Evolution of Katabatic Flow on the Island of Hawaii on 10 August 1990

Abstract The data collected on 10 August 1990 from the Hawaiian Rainband Project were analyzed to study the evolution of katabatic flow. Results from this study show that for a relatively dry case thermal forcing is important to account for the onset, evolution, depth, and offshore extension of the katabatic flow on the windward side of the island of Hawaii where the mean winds are weak because of island blocking. During the evening transition, the initiation of katabatic flow on the windward slopes was mainly driven by the diurnal heating cycle. At the windward coast, the wind shift was caused by the arrival of the drainage front from the windward lowlands. After the arrival of the drainage front at Hilo, slopewise instability was generated because of rain showers along the coast and diminishing orographic clouds and showers on the slopes. Along the coast, because of the reduced radiative cooling due to cloud cover and vertical mixing associated with rains, a warm period was observed at Hilo. On the slop...
Is Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Child Abuse? Yes

Scientific research over the last decade has increasingly demonstrated that exposure to secondhand smoke is not simply a nuisance; it is deadly.[1][1] Secondhand smoke exposure causes multiple diseases in children, including asthma and pneumonia, and results in thousands of avoidable
Sidgwick and the Cambridge Moralists

In thinking of the history of moral philosophy, we are rather inclined to forget to how great a degree, especially in more recent times, moral philosophy is embodied in religion. If we do not keep this in mind, but look at the history of moral philosophy only as it is contained in avowedly ethical treatises, the history can never be to us more than a matter of literature; and the point of much the greatest consequence about it, which is, the relation of the ethics of any period to the general thought of that period, is a matter which we shall not be in a condition to speak of. JOHN GROTE 1
Human Herpesvirus-6 Infection in Children -- A Prospective Study of Complications and Reactivation

Background Infection with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is nearly universal in infancy or early childhood. However, the course of this infection, its complications, and its potential for persistence or reactivation remain unclear. Methods We studied infants and children under the age of three years who presented to our emergency department with acute illnesses. Infants and young children without acute illness were studied as controls. HHV-6 infection was identified by blood-mononuclear-cell culture, serologic testing, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results No primary HHV-6 infection was found among 582 infants and young children with acute nonfebrile illnesses or among 352 controls without acute illness. Of 1653 infants and young children with acute febrile illnesses, 160 (9.7 percent) had primary HHV-6 infection, as documented by viremia and seroconversion. They ranged in age from 2 weeks to 25 months; 23 percent were under the age of 6 months. HHV-6 infections accounted for 20 percent of 365 vis...
What Does Postcolonial Dutch Citizenship Mean in Political Terms? 1985–2008

There is a legal and societal context in which postcolonial Dutch Antilleans find themselves situated in the Netherlands. Shared legal citizenship implies a ‘region of legal equality’ (Brubaker, 1992:21) and ‘full community membership’ (Marshall, 1992:45) that should facilitate immigrant political incorporation. As integral parts of the Dutch Kingdom, the peoples of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba are the only recent immigrant group that arrive in the Netherlands born and raised as Dutch citizens. They are also linguistic, social, and cultural outsiders as well as officially categorized ethnic minorities. Oostindie (2011) speaks of the advantages of postcolonial ties to the Netherlands, that is, Dutch citizenship and permanent right of abode, as a ‘postcolonial bonus’ for first generation postcolonial migrants (44–47). As in the French Antillean case (Beriss, 2004), Dutch Antilleans become Antilleans in the Netherlands and are lumped together with other immigrants and seen as part of the ‘immigrant problem’ in Dutch society (20–21). If political incorporation is difficult for Antilleans, advantaged with legal citizenship and some degree of familiarity with Dutch systems, it should be even more trying for others. Their experiences can signal the opportunities and limits to political space and inclusion for immigrants and ethnic minorities. This chapter addresses the political incorporation of Antilleans in the Netherlands.
Multiple Myeloma Mortality in Relation to Obesity Among African Americans

Multiple myeloma (MM) incidence and mortality are higher among African Americans (AAs) than among other population groups. The prevalence of obesity is also elevated among AAs, but few studies have examined risk of this cancer in relation to body size among AAs. We combined data from seven prospective cohorts tracking mortality among 239 597 AA adults and used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for death because of MM according to body mass index (BMI) at cohort entry, adjusted for age (as time-scale) and sex. Relative to those with normal BMIs (18.5-25 kg/m(2)), mortality increased monotonically as BMI increased, with hazard ratios reaching 1.43 (95% CI = 1.03 to 1.97) for BMIs of 35 kg/m(2) or greater. The findings suggest that obesity is a risk factor for MM and a contributor to the elevated rates and rising incidence trends of MM among AAs in the United States.
Liquid Phase 3D Channel Networks

A method of creating a multilayer device using liquid phase photopolymerization techniques is presented. A multilayer device has been demonstrated that has interconnected and separate layers. The method is used to create a 3D serpentine micromixer positioned around a central channel.
Prologue: Identity and Rank

As a group, for the British nobility much of the self- understanding of their identity came from their inclusion in the titular nobility. This identity was foundational to the existence of the women of this rank for most of the period under consideration here. Because of that, a great deal of effort went into preserving that position and for women that meant that appropriate marriages were extraordinarily important.
Outcomes-Based Education: Banking on Policy Import

When outcomes-based education (OBE) first surfaced in Mongolia in 2003, observers noted that professional accountability had finally made it into schools. A new vocabulary accompanied the reform: benchmarking, scorecards, and outcomes-contracts (ur dungiin geree). There was no doubt that OBE had been inspired by New Zealand’s world-renowned model of curriculum reform. For years, Mongolian government officials were sent on study visits to New Zealand to learn about the New Public Management (NPM) model, more commonly known as New Accountability or New Contractualism. The reform model of “government by contract” (Schick 1998: 124) allegedly replaced interpersonal and informal agreements with measurable performance agreements or contracts.
Abstract 776: Multiscale treatment response model for triple-negative breast cancer linking drug pharmacokinetics to tumor cell population dynamics

Introduction The goal of this study is to establish a predictive model of cytotoxic therapy that incorporates in vitro drug pharmacokinetics and cell-scale therapy response data, on a cell-line specific basis. We report on a series of time-resolved fluorescence microscopy experiments to characterize the uptake of doxorubicin and its effect on the population dynamics of MDA-MB-231 cells, a model of triple negative breast cancer. Experimental Design We leveraged the intrinsic fluorescence of doxorubicin to measure its uptake by MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells, labeled with a fluorescent nuclear marker, were seeded in microtiter plates and incubated with doxorubicin concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 10 μM for 6, 12, or 24 hours. These plates were imaged daily via bright field and fluorescent microscopy after addition of doxorubicin. Nuclei were segmented and automatically counted to quantify cell population size. Counts were normalized to population size at time of treatment and converted to population doublings. On a separate channel, extracellular, cytoplasmic, and nuclear doxorubicin fluorescence were quantified. A compartment model describing the movement of doxorubicin from the extracellular space into cells was fit to these data. We then constructed a cell treatment response model and fit it, coupled with the compartment model, to the population data using MATLAB. Results MDA-MB-231 cellular response to doxorubicin was tightly linked to both drug concentration and exposure time. Higher doses (> 1 μM) invariably induced rapid cell death. Smaller doses ( Conclusion These time-resolved treatment protocols replicate clinically observed pharmacokinetics of cytotoxic therapies more closely than the constant concentrations in previous dose-response assays. By explicitly considering both drug and population dynamics, our mathematical model enables exploration, in silico, of treatment protocols intractable experimentally. Predictions from model simulations can then be tested experimentally, hopefully allowing for computationally-optimized and experimentally validated treatment regimens that maximize cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin. Citation Format: Matthew T. McKenna, Stephanie L. Barnes, Abigail Searfoss, Darren R. Tyson, Erin Rericha, Vito Quaranta, Thomas E. Yankeelov. Multiscale treatment response model for triple-negative breast cancer linking drug pharmacokinetics to tumor cell population dynamics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 776.
Macrolide Mishap for Little Miss Muffett

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction of warfarin and clarithromycin leading to enhanced anticoagulant effect and elevated INR. Warfarin is a cytochrome P450 2C9 substrate and clarithromycin is a 2C9 inhibitor. The use of warfarin for pediatric patients is also discussed.
Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in children with cystic fibrosis diagnosed by newborn screen

Abstract Background Prevalence and risks for elevated liver enzymes have not been studied systematically in children with CF identified by newborn screen. Methods 298 CF children identified by newborn screen since 1982. AST, ALT and GGT tested at annual visits. Percent of children with 1 or ≥2 values of elevated AST, ALT and GGT determined. Relationship of liver enzymes to clinical factors or subsequent liver disease was analyzed Results At least one abnormal value for AST (63%), ALT (93%) and ALT ≥1.5× ULN (52%) occurred by 21years of age. Liver enzyme elevations were not correlated with CFTR mutation, meconium ileus or ethnicity. AST and GGT ≥1.5× ULN were associated with later advanced liver disease HR (CI) 6.53 (2.02–21.1) and 4.03 (1.15–13.45), respectively. Conclusions Elevated liver enzymes are common during childhood in CF patients identified by newborn screen. Elevated AST and GGT may be markers for risk of advanced liver disease.
Prices and Dynamic Gains in Markets for Patents: Experimental Study of Impersonal Exchange in Ideas

The question of how prices on patent rights should be determined in impersonal exchanges is examined in a laboratory environment. Dynamic gains from such organized exchange with public prices are recorded. The experiment introduces a competitive demand-side market with impersonal exchange mechanisms and transparent (public) prices in the traditionally hierarchical and personal exchange environment of patents. A tradable linear contract (fixed fee plus royalty on revenues) is investigated in a dual study together with three mechanism designs for demand-side bidding using two levels of presumed legal validity of the underlying patent. An intermediary investor firm (Trader) can split these contracts, useful for multiple “industries,” creating dynamic gains, potentially increasing the use of technology in the economic system as a whole. Previous research on licensing has mostly been limited to one-dimensional auction mechanisms or static environments without institutions or specialized agents for inventing, intermediation (of which there are hundreds if not thousands), and innovation. The experimental results indicate that agents appear to price the blocking value in the fixed fee and the investment value, net what is paid in fixed, in the royalty component, supporting the proposed theory of prices outlined in Chap. 2. Risks are then shifted from the Inventor toward the consumer by means of the producer market (as risk is shared over more paying consumers), increasing the incentives for investment in inventions, potentially resulting in a more competitive technology market, and a more efficient economic system as a whole. The results give indications on proper integration of information and rules for mechanisms for organized market on patents with transparent prices to give incentives for institutional behavior resulting in dynamic gains. It also shows that intermediaries (Traders) are critical to achieve the dynamic gains from the system, as is highly presumed validity of patents.
Summary of Empirical Findings

This book is really a research monograph. We have taken as our task the detailed investigation of psychiatric inpatient care in general hospitals, most of which has never been systematically investigated before. That is, care in psychiatric units has been rather thoroughly explored and routinely updated by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). But care in psychiatric units (PU) represents less than 40% of the psychiatric inpatient episodes in general hospitals. We have expanded that to include the totality and looked in detail at 2 years, 1980 and 1985, that bracket a rather turbulent public policy time.
Development of the Critical Care Pharmacotherapy Trials Network

Purpose The development of the Critical Care Pharmacotherapy Trials Network (CCPTN) as a model for practice-based pharmacotherapy research is described. Summary The CCPTN was formed in 2010 as a collaborative research network dedicated to scientific investigation in the field of critical care pharmacotherapy. The CCPTN organizational structure is consistent with many professional pharmacy and interdisciplinary organizations and organized into 3 primary domains: executive committee, working committees, and network membership. The network membership consists of critical care investigators dedicated to the mission and vision of the CCPTN and is open to anyone expressing an interest in contributing to high-level research. Network member sites represent the breadth of U.S. critical care practice environments. In addition, network members include individuals with demonstrated expertise in patient safety, administration, research design, grantsmanship, database management, peer review, and scientific writing. In 2015, there were more than 100 site investigators from around the United States and Canada. Projects to date have yielded numerous abstracts, platform presentations, and peer-reviewed publications in high-impact journals. The CCPTN has expanded to form collaborations with researchers in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The CCPTN has identified new potential partnerships and field-based areas for inquiry. Numerous opportunities for continued growth and scientific inquiry in the field of critical care pharmacotherapy research exist for the CCPTN to foster in the coming years. Conclusion The CCPTN has been a successful model for practice-based pharmacotherapy research and assists its members in expanding critical care pharmacotherapy knowledge.
Assigning clinical meaning to somatic and germline whole exome sequencing data to guide cancer precision medicine.

11565Background: Implementing cancer precision medicine requires interpretation of each potentially clinically relevant and biologically meaningful genomic alteration to aid clinical decision-makin...
Visual steering and modeling environment for smart grid models and simulations

We are developing the Visual Steering and Modeling Environment (VSME) to enable the visual control and steering of smart grid simulations as well as the visualization of simulation behaviors, conditions, and results. Visual steering will allow planners and operators to visually adjust the parameters to a suite of coordinated and dynamic smart grid simulations and immediately see the effects in multi-perspective visualizations. A configurable dashboard connects and integrates parameters, simulations, data, and visualizations into a combined and coherent display.
Monitoring and Follow-Up of High Radiation Dose Cases in Interventional Radiology

Rationale and Objectives To assess the implementation of radiation dose monitoring software, create a process for clinical follow-up and documentation of high-dose cases, and quantify the number of patient reported radiation-induced tissue reactions in fluoroscopically guided interventional radiology (IR) and neuro-interventional radiology (NIR) procedures. Materials and Methods Web-based radiation dose monitoring software was installed at our institution and a process to flag all procedures with reference point air kerma (Ka,r) > 5000 mGy was implemented. The entrance skin dose was estimated and formal reports generated, allowing for physician-initiated clinical follow-up. To evaluate our process, we reviewed all IR and NIR procedures performed at our hospital over a 1-year period. For all procedures with Ka,r > 5000 mGy, retrospective medical chart review was performed to evaluate for patient reported tissue reactions. Results Three thousand five hundred eighty-two procedures were performed over the 1-year period. The software successfully transferred dose data on 3363 (93.9%) procedures. One thousand three hundred ninety-three (368 IR and 1025 NIR) procedures were further analyzed after excluding 2189 IR procedures with Ka,r Conclusion Software monitoring and documentation of radiation dose in interventional procedures can be successfully implemented. Radiation-induced tissue reactions are relatively uncommon.
The United States: A Normative Power?

The US has been and continues to be simultaneously a guardian of international norms; a norm entrepreneur challenging prevailing norms as insufficient; a norm externaliser when it tries to advance norms for others that it is reluctant to apply to itself; and a norm blocker when it comes to issues that may threaten its position, or that exacerbate divisions among conflicting currents of American domestic thought. On balance (and despite exceptions), the US has sought to manage this normative-hegemonic interplay by accepting some limits on its power in exchange for greater legitimacy and acceptance of its leadership by others. The unresolved question today is whether the US and other key players are prepared to stick with this bargain. Closer examination of the US case also raises a considerable number of questions about the notion of the EU as a 'normative power'.