cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of serologic and viral detection methods for diagnosing feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats with acute respiratory tract or chronic ocular disease.

Objective To determine the value of virus isolation (VI), immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay, serum neutralization (SN), and ELISA for the diagnosis of clinical feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) infection in cats. Animals 46 clinically normal cats, 17 cats with signs of acute respiratory tract disease, and 38 cats with signs of chronic ocular disease. Procedure Conjunctival swabs for VI, conjunctival scrapings for IFA testing, and venous blood samples for SN or ELISA testing were obtained from all cats. Results FHV-1 was detected in 10.9 and 28.3% of clinically normal cats and in 18.2 and 33.3% of cats with FHV-1-associated disease by VI and the IFA assay, respectively. There were no significant differences in the viral detection rate between cats with acute respiratory tract disease and cats with chronic ocular disease or between diseased cats and clinically normal cats; however, FHV-1 was never detected by both methods in clinically normal cats. Overall FHV-1 seroprevalence was 97% when tested by ELISA and 66% when tested by SN. Seroprevalence did not vary significantly among the 3 groups for either serologic test. Magnitude of SN and ELISA titers varied greatly but independently of presence or absence of clinical signs of FHV-1-associated disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were assessed for VI and the IFA assay--jointly and individually--and for each SN and ELISA titer magnitude. Values never all exceeded 50%. Clinical implications Because FHV-1 can be detected commonly in clinically normal cats by the IFA assay or VI, neither test appears to aid in the clinical diagnosis of FHV-1 infection. Seroprevalence does not appear to vary between affected and clinically normal cats. SN, ELISA, VI, and the IFA assay appear to be of limited value in the diagnosis of FHV-1-associated disease in cats. Concurrent assessment of the IFA assay and VI results may permit exclusion of FHV-1 as an etiologic agent if results of both tests are negative.
Is Market-Based Pricing a Form of Price Discrimination?

This paper finds that market-based pricing is a form of price discrimination. But market-based pricing embodies the tranistory discrimination that is a fundamental part of the competitive process. Is market-based pricing undesirable? Absolutely not. On the contrary, besides being a fundamental part of the competitive process, market-based pricing also involves the introduction of new and better products and giving customers a wider choice among those products.
DESCRIPTION OF TURING MACHINES BY PREDICATES

In this chapter we define the S-rudimentary predicates and establish a number of their properties which are useful in the description of Turing machines and their computations. We then describe an encoding scheme which assigns to every Turing machine, instantaneous description, and computation a unique word called a Godel word. The actions of the Turing machine can be described completely and precisely by means of predicates involving these Godel words. We show that these descriptive predicates are all S-rudimentary. This implies immediately that every recursively enumerable predicate is existentially definable and that every recursive function is μ-rudimentary. The converses of these two theorems will be shown in the next chapter, thus establishing the equivalence of two very different formulations of computability More generally, the machinery which we set up in this chapter (particularly that involving the encoding of sequences) will be useful in Chapter VI, in which it is used to show that several other formulations of computability are equivalent to Turing computability.
Building rational cooperation on their own: Learning to start small

We report experimental results for a twice‐played prisoners' dilemma in which the players can choose the allocation of the stakes across the two periods. Our point of departure is the assumption that some (but not all) people are willing to cooperate, as long as their opponent is sufficiently likely to do so. The presence of such types can be exploited to enhance cooperation by structuring the twice‐played prisoners' dilemma to “start small,” so that the second‐stage stakes are larger (but not too much larger) than the first‐stage stakes. We compare conditions where the allocation of stakes is chosen exogenously to conditions where it is chosen by the players themselves. We show that players gravitate toward the payoff‐maximizing strategy of starting small in a twice‐played prisoners' dilemma. Intriguingly, the salutary payoff effects of doing so are larger than those that arise when the same allocation is exogenously chosen.
Yearly Treatment Patterns for Patients with Recently Diagnosed Diabetic Macular Edema.

Purpose To describe the treatment patterns and the predictors of different treatment standards in recently diagnosed diabetic macular edema (DME) patients in a nationally representative sample. Design A retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data from January 1, 2007, through March 31, 2015. Patients were grouped into yearly cohorts. Participants A total of 96 316 patients were included. Methods Patients with a diagnosis of DME were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification, codes. Predictors of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) use and number of anti-VEGF injections per patient were assessed using generalized linear regression (logistic and negative binomial, respectively), and yearly trends in different treatments were analyzed with Mann-Kendall tests. Main Outcome Measures Predictors of anti-VEGF treatment and of anti-VEGF injections per patient and the changes in relative use of DME therapies per cohort. Results Among those with any treatment, the odds of being prescribed anti-VEGF therapy increased by 700% from 2009 to 2014 and by 154% for those seen by a retina specialist. Those in the cohort of year 2014 received 3.5 times more injections than those in 2009, whereas those covered by Managed Medicare, Medicaid, and Medicare received 31%, 24%, and 11% less injections. Anti-VEGF were 11.6% of all DME treatments in 2009 increasing to 61.9% in 2014, while corticosteroids and focal laser procedures dropped from 6.1% to 3% and 75% to 24%, respectively. Procedures per patient (PPP) were much lower than those observed in clinical trials of anti-VEGF. Procedures per patient increased in the cases of aflibercept (from 1 in 2011 to 2.20 in 2014), bevacizumab (from 1.84 in 2009 to 3.40 in 2014), and ranibizumab (from 3.11 in 2009 to 4.48 in 2014), whereas applications of laser procedures and corticosteroids per patient remained roughly stable. Conclusions Year of diagnosis and being seen by a retina specialist were important predictors of receiving anti-VEGF therapy, and after one received such therapy, the number of additional injections was smaller for those with government-provided insurance. Anti-VEGF therapy has become a mainstay in DME treatment, with PPP, although relatively low, also increasing.
Effective power flow control via distributed FACTS considering future uncertainties

Abstract Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are important contributors to smart transmission systems. They can offer some level of power flow control and enhance the transfer capability over the existing network. This flexibility can be utilized for congestion mitigation and renewable energy integration. Distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) is a light-weight version of FACTS, which can be redeployed conveniently. Due to its lower cost and ease of installation, D-FACTS has become an attractive power flow control technology in recent years. This paper proposes a computationally efficient stochastic allocation model for D-FACTS and studies their impact on power flows. The reduction in operation cost and renewable energy curtailment, achieved through D-FACTS, is compared with that of conventional FACTS. The results are presented under a wide range of scenarios to reflect the changing and uncertain conditions of the future. The scenarios include fluctuating fuel prices, retirement of old generators, and renewable energy generation. The results show that D-FACTS can bring larger economic savings than conventional FACTS, due to its additional flexibility and lower cost; the results also suggest that D-FACTS can better accommodate the future uncertainties.
Engineering the hCRBPII Domain-Swapped Dimer into a New Class of Protein Switches.

Protein conformational switches or allosteric proteins play a key role in the regulation of many essential biological pathways. Nonetheless, the implementation of protein conformational switches in...
iGYM: An Interactive Floor Projection System for Inclusive Exergame Environments

In traditional sport settings, players with mobility disabilities typically do not have opportunities to engage in physical play with their peers without mobility aids and vice versa. In this paper, we present an interactive floor projection system, iGYM, designed to enable people with mobility disabilities to compete on par with, and in the same physical environment as, their peers without disabilities. At the core of iGYM are the concept of peripersonal circle interaction and adjustable game mechanics, which enable individualized game calibration and wheelchair-accessible manipulation of virtual targets on the floor. Based on a pilot study, we determined three adaptation levels designed to make the system (I) accessible, (II) more playable, and (III) more balanced. We conducted a user study with 12 children testing the effects of these levels. Findings indicate that higher adaptation levels were not always preferred. Player preferences were multifactorial and also based on their desire to challenge themselves. Perceptions of fairness were often formed regardless of whether players used wheelchairs or not.
The emergence of conversational turns as a function of parent coaching on language

Previous research shows that parents’ use of parentese, a nearly universal speaking style distinguished by higher pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation contours, is associated with advances in children’s language learning. We recently showed that when parents are “coached” about the use of parentese when their infants are 6- and 10-months of age, they increase their use of parentese in child-directed speech, which has an immediate and positive effect on child babbling at 14 months. The present longitudinal follow-up study illuminates the mechanisms by which parentese enhanced children’s language growth in families who received parent coaching on the use of parentese. We demonstrate that, by 18-months of age, coached parents and their infants (n = 55) engaged in significantly more conversational turns compared to uncoached parents and infants (n = 24), p = 0.01, as measured by first-person LENA recordings in families’ homes. Furthermore, infants of coached parents showed enhanced language outcomes at 18 and 24 months, as measured by LENA recordings, the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Questionnaires, and a vocabulary assessment in the laboratory. We propose that parentese enhances parent-child engagement in communicative turn-taking, thereby creating a positive feedback loop, which could further advance children’s language learning.
Innovation in early medical education, no bells or whistles required.

Despite a paucity of evidence to support a multitude of educational innovations, curricular leaders are pressured to find innovative solutions to better prepare medical students for an evolving twenty-first century health care system. As part of this effort, this study directly compared student-rated effectiveness scores of six different learning modalities. Study participants included 286 medical students enrolled in the second-year rheumatology core at a single academic medical center between 2013 and 2017. Students were surveyed at the end of the core with a 15-item questionnaire, and student perceived effectiveness of six different learning modalities were compared. The modality that outperformed all others was Live Patient Encounters (LPE), with significantly higher student-rated effectiveness scores when compared to the referent modality of Problem-Based Learning (PBL). Using a 5-point Likert scale with responses ranging from “not effective” to “highly effective,” LPE received a mean effectiveness score of 4.77 followed by Augenblick (4.21), PBL (4.11), Gout Racer video game (3.49), Rheumatology Remedy e-module (3.49), and simulation knee injection (3.09). Technologically advanced novel learning strategies were outperformed in this study by the more traditional active learning modality of LPE. This finding highlights the importance of testing innovative learning strategies at the level of the learner. Three additional conclusions can be drawn from this result. First, conflation of technology with innovation may lead to a myopic view of educational reform. Second, human factors seem to be responsible for the success of LPE and may have far-reaching educational rewards. Third, further applications of LPE should be tested in non-rheumatologic curricula. The relevance of this study is innately tied to the humanities-based application. While a formal qualitative analysis was not performed in this study, preliminary results suggest that live, structured patient interactions in the pre-clinical years of medical education may not only promote the learning of important educational objectives but also foster professional development, empathy, reflection, leadership, agency, and interpersonal skills. This “win-win” scenario (if true) would stand out as a rarity among strategic educational initiatives.
The Technological Smoke Break: An Assessment of Technology Addiction in the Workplace:

The purpose of the current study was to extend prior research by examining the impact of policies that allowed or not-allowed employees access to their smartphones while at work on employee job sat...
Positive Encounters as a Buffer: Pain and Sleep Disturbances in Older Adults’ Everyday Lives:

Objectives: To test whether older adults’ pain was bidirectionally associated with nighttime sleep disturbances and whether daily positive encounters attenuated these associations. Methods: Partici...
Teaching NeuroImages: Neuroimaging in adult-onset Alexander disease

A 35-year-old woman presented with gait disturbance, generalized stiffness, difficulty swallowing, and bladder incontinence for the past 3 years. Neurologic evaluation revealed brisk deep tendon reflexes in all 4 limbs and bilateral Hoffman signs. Her family history was significant for a brother diagnosed through genetic testing with Adult-onset Alexander disease (AOAD) at age 28. MRI head and cervical spine (figure A and B) showed classic signs of AOAD. Genetic testing confirmed glial fibrillary acidic protein gene mutation R239G consistent with AOAD. Although infantile Alexander Disease is more common, these unique MRI findings should raise suspicion of AOAD and prompt consideration for genetic testing.1,2
Impact of Lean Supply Chain Management on Operational Performance: A Study of Small Manufacturing Companies

Lean is a systematic approach to identify and eliminate non-value-added activities or waste through continuous improvement process. While traditional lean manufacturing focuses on the activities within a single organization, lean supply chain consists of the same processes, but it views these processes over multiple organizations. This research addresses an important yet under-studied area – lean supply chain management in small organizations, especially small manufacturing firms. The study examines driving factors of lean supply chain management, focus of lean supply chain practices, and major supply chain and information technology solutions applied in these companies. Through a research survey, the study has provided important insights into the current status of lean supply chain practices and related implementation issues in small businesses.
Improving the wettability of structural steels by employing ionic liquids

Abstract Surface wetting behavior is tied to different surface phenomena such as lubrication and corrosion resistance of steel surfaces. In this study, the surface wetting behavior of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) treated steel surfaces is investigated. To this end, polished steel surfaces are individually surface-treated using seven imidazolium-based RTILs with varying alkyl chain lengths ([CnMIM], n = 2, 4, 6) and anion groups ([PF6], [NTf2], [Br], [BF4], [AlCl4]) for two different exposure durations (0.5 h and 4 h). The wetting behavior of RTIL-treated steel surfaces is quantified in terms of contact angles and surface energies corresponding to polar (water) and non-polar (diiodomethane) probing liquids. The RTIL surface treatment is observed to improve the surface wetting behavior of steel surfaces for both polar and non-polar probing liquids. The average initial water contact angle of steel surfaces decreased by 24−87% after RTIL surface treatment. Similarly, the average initial non-polar liquid contact angles of RTIL-treated steel surfaces decreased by 25−66% when compared to the untreated steel surface. The water contact angle decreased with an increase in the time elapsed after droplet impingement on the surface, whereas, for the non-polar liquid, the contact angle remained relatively unchanged during the elapsed duration adopted herein. The average surface free energy of RTIL-treated steel specimens increased by 49%−100%, which rendered the RTIL-treated steel surfaces more wettable. The increase in the RTIL treatment time only nominally improved the wetting of steel surfaces for both polar and non-polar probing liquids. The results reported herein can be used to prepare the surfaces of inaccessible structural steel components and bridge bearings for efficient water cleaning and lubrication.
High resolution electron microscopy of enstatite. II: Geological application

A number of polytypes, existing over short intervals of structure, have been observed in enstatites. These include the27,36, and 54 A periodicities, in addition to the well known 9 A monoclinic enstatite (CLEN) and l8 A orthorhombic enstatite (OREN) polymorphs. The polytypes, as well as all other features described in this paper, can be explained on the basis of a twinning model. This includes "antiphase boundaries," which we interpret in terms of the normal (100) twin planes stepping across adjacent (100) planes. Parting planes can be seen in their earliest stages of development as simple extensions of the (100) twin planes. They presumably occur in regions where lattice strains have been most highly localized. These strains can be observed as dark contrast in the electron photomicrographs. Parting is produced by shear plus rotation. It is possible to distinguish between CLEN that formed by solid state transformation (a) directly from OREN in the absence of shearing, (b) from OREN by shearing, and (c) by temperature quench from the protoenstatite stability field. This is done by measuring the width of CLEN fields within OREN and noting the degree of CLEN twinning. Most meteoritic CLEN formed by shearing.
Recursive Partitioning Methods to Examine the Effects of Physical Activity on Physical and Mental Health: A Case Study at One Public University in the United States

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical activity (PA) on physical and mental health within an adult sample, while controlling for demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed from the 2018–2019 Exercise is Medicine® On Campus (EIM-OC) assessment of students, faculty, and staff at one public university in the United States. Participants completed a survey including a demographic questionnaire, the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Classification and Regression Trees, a supervised learning technique based upon recursive partitioning, were utilized to explore the relationships between PA and health. Variable-importance was assessed via the permutation method and confirmed with ensemble learning methods. Results indicated that PA, especially in leisure, was predictive of both physical and mental health. Further, leisure PA was the single most important variable contributing to mental health. Greater levels of physical health were observed in adults achieving at least 672 MET minutes of leisure PA per week, while greater levels of mental health were observed in adults achieving at least 950 MET minutes of leisure PA per week. Despite current recommendations for PA (irrespective of domain), more PA (especially in leisure) improves physical and mental health.
Comparison of Pre- and Postpartum Performance of Holstein Dairy Cows Having either a Single or Twin Pregnancy

Cows calving with twins are often associated with a myriad of health problems and subsequent poor productive and reproductive performance. Financial losses associated with a twin pregnancy stem from lost replacements, disease costs, reproductive inefficiency, and increased culling. With the twinning rate increasing in many dairy herds, any practice reducing disease prevalence, reproductive problems, or both in cows with twins will help to minimize financial losses during the subsequent lactation. However, minimal comparative data are available to address metabolic or nutritional factors, which may be responsible for the myriad of health problems associated with a twin pregnancy. Data from a previous study were used to determine if animal performance measures over the transition period were different between single- and twin-pregnancy cows.
CHAPTER 25 – Phantom Maps

This chapter explains the concept of of phantom maps. The elusive wispy nature of phantom maps is readily apparent. Such maps appear to be null homotopic from a number of different points of view. Indeed, they induce the trivial homomorphism on homotopy groups, in homology, and in cohomology. The chapter also highlights the spaces in which all phantom maps are trivial. The chapter shows that if a space X has this property, any localization of it will have it too. This statement is false for phantom maps of the second kind. One of the first people to consider phantom maps was Alex Heller.
Dissolved gases as partitioning tracers for determination of hydrogeological parameters

In this study, dissolved Kr and SF6 gases were used to determine various hydrogeological parameters of laboratory columns under water-saturated and partially saturated conditions as a function of t...
Terpenoid and Steroid Alkaloids

The diverse group of natural products classed as terpenoids and steroids includes some compounds that contain nitrogen and are called alkaloids on that account. Biosynthetically they can be set apart from all other alkaloids because their carbon skeletons are derived from mevalonic acid, while most other alkaloids have their skeletons constructed largely of amino acid residues. This origin from a non-nitrogenous precursor raises a question as to the source of the nitrogen and the stage at which it enters the molecule. For the most part knowledge about the biosynthesis of these alkaloids is limited to the knowledge that they are indeed derived from mevalonic acid. In other cases even that conclusion is only an inference based on examination of structure. Certain alkaloids, otherwise non-terpenoid, that contain a terpenoid unit are also known and are treated in Chapter 10. Structures of some terpenoid alkaloids are given in Fig. 13-1.
A yeast sensor of ligand binding.

We describe a biosensor that reports the binding of small-molecule ligands to proteins as changes in growth of temperature-sensitive yeast. The yeast strains lack dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and are complemented by mouse DHFR containing a ligand-binding domain inserted in a flexible loop. Yeast strains expressing two ligand-binding domain fusions, FKBP12-DHFR and estrogen receptor-α (ERα )-DHFR, show increased growth in the presence of their corresponding ligands. We used this sensor to identify mutations in residues of ERα important for ligand binding, as well as mutations generally affecting protein activity or expression. We also tested the sensor against a chemical array to identify ligands that bind to FKBP12 or ERα . The ERα sensor was able to discriminate among estrogen analogs, showing different degrees of growth for the analogs that correlated with their relative binding affinities (RBAs). This growth assay provides a simple and inexpensive method to select novel ligands and ligand-binding domains. In vivo protein sensors of ligand binding are advantageous in highthroughput screens to identify compounds that interact with protein targets. They are stable, easy to manipulate, and provide inexpensive alternatives to in vitro screening. Such sensors are typically chimeric proteins consisting of a ligand-binding domain coupled to a reporter. The first small-molecule protein sensors were generated to detect ligands such as Ca 2+ ,Z n 2+ , and glucose (see ref. 1 for a review), but they were quite specific in their recognition and did not prove suitable as generic sensors. A generic sensor has the stringent requirements of both modularity (the ability to substitute one ligand-binding domain for another) and tight association (the ligand-binding and reporter domains must be closely coupled if changes in one are to be detected in the other). In designing a modular sensor, we decided to use a general property of ligand binding: ligand-induced stabilization. Though not universal, this phenomenon is common: a wide range of enzymes are stabilized by their substrates or inhibitors.
The Walnut, California, earthquakes of July-August, 1959

A swarm of minor earthquakes began on July 29, 1959, near 34° 00′ N, 117° 48′ W. Records at Pasadena show P and S waves reflected from the Moho. A portable instrument recorded some of these at a point about 6 km. from the epicenter. The characteristic false S - P of about one second at short distances was recorded.
Possibilities for Collaborative Law: Ethics and Practice of Lawyer Disqualification and Process Control in a New Model of Lawyering

This Article assesses the possibilities for collaborative law (CL) to promote problem-solving negotiation and analyzes the operation and effect of the CL disqualification agreement (DA), which CL leaders hold as essential to the process. In CL, the lawyers and clients agree to negotiate from the outset of the case using a problem-solving approach. Under CL theory, the process creates a metaphorical "container" by using a DA disqualifying both lawyers from representing their clients if either party chooses to proceed in litigation. This Article argues that much CL theory and practice is valuable, including protocols of early commitment to negotiation, interest-based joint problem-solving, collaboration with professionals in other disciplines, and intentional development of a new legal culture through activities of local practice groups. Although the DA is undoubtedly helpful in many cases, it also can invite abuse by inappropriately or excessively pressuring some parties to settle when it would be in their interest to litigate. It is unclear whether the DAs violate rules of professional conduct governing withdrawal of attorneys. This Article encourages courts and ethics committees to permit people to use them unless and until there is evidence that they produce a significant risk of serious harm. The Article also urges CL practitioners to experiment with "cooperative negotiation," i.e., using CL techniques without the DAs. CL groups should cooperate with empirical researchers to determine how much the benefits of CL are caused by these agreements as compared with other aspects of the process.
Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms

Because of its direct connection to sea level, glacier mass balance is a subject of much interest now, not only to glaciologists, but also to a wide variety of earth scientists and even the general...
Left–right asymmetry in the buildup of echo suppression in normal‐hearing adults

Echo threshold is that critical delay of a lagging signal (the echo) at which the echo is ‘‘suppressed’’—i.e., at which one rather than two events is perceived. It has recently been shown that echo threshold increases in most subjects when they are exposed to a train of redundant information prior to the test stimulus presentation—that is, there is buildup of echo suppression in the presence of the preceding train [Clifton et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1525–1533 (1994)]. The present investigation measured echo threshold in 25 normal‐hearing adult subjects, both for isolated (baseline) test stimuli and for test stimuli preceded by a redundant train of stimuli (buildup conditions). The test stimulus was a 4‐ms wideband noise burst pair, in which the lead burst was presented from either the left or right side (from near −45° or near +45° in different runs), and the lag burst was presented from the opposite side. Echo delay was varied adaptively, and the subject’s task was to indicate on each trial which of two alternative positions (separated by 20°) the lag source was presented from. Average echo threshold in the baseline condition was 11.2 ms (in agreement with previous results) and did not depend on whether the lead burst was on the subject’s left or right side.Average echo threshold in the buildup conditions was significantly elevated. Interestingly, there was a significantly greater buildup effect when the lead stimulus came from the subject’s right side (average echo threshold: 24.4 ms) than when it came from the left side (average: 18.8 ms). This result agrees with informal observations made by Clifton and Freyman [Percept. Psychophys. 46, 139–145 (1989)] and suggests that there is more effective suppression of echo information when the lead stimulus originates from the right side (i.e., the side contralateral to the typically dominant hemisphere) than when it originates from the left side. The distribution of the magnitude of buildup effects across subjects (i.e., echo threshold in the presence of the train minus baseline echo threshold) was unimodal and symmetric, both for lag source on left (mean: 14.1 ms) and for lag source on right (mean: 6.7 ms). These results are discussed in relation to other hearing asymmetries that have been reported.
Geometric compatibility modification

Abstract Compatibility modification is a rule-based inference strategy that uses the similarity of the input with the antecedent of a rule to modify the consequent. Existing compatibility modification inference techniques have employed a set theoretic assessment of compatibility. In this paper, a distance-based compatibility measure is derived from a generalization of the dissemblance index for fuzzy sets. This measure is then used to develop an inference technique based on geometric compatibility. This geometric approach is compared with two other distance-based inference techniques: linear rule interpolation and bound dependent linear revision.
Organization of the transcriptional unit of a human class II histocompatibility antigen: HLA-DR heavy chain

A total of 5724 base pairs of a recombinant phage DNA containing a human HLA-DR heavy chain gene including flanking regions has been analyzed. The regions corresponding to all the exons have been identified. The sites of initiation of transcription and polyadenylation have been determined. A large intron of 2399 base pairs separates the first exon containing the 5' untranslated region and the signal peptide from the second exon containing the N-terminal peptide domain.
The Pantothenic Acid Content of Fresh and Stored Shell Eggs

Abstract EGG yolk is considered to be one of the better sources of pantothenic acid (Hawk et al., 1947). No data have been published on possible losses of pantothenic acid from shell eggs during storage. The present paper reports data obtained as part of a study of changes in nutrients in shell eggs during storage. Previous work shows that the protein, niacin, pyridoxine and riboflavin contents of shell eggs decreased during cold storage (Evans et al., 1949, 1951b, c, 1952), but that no choline was lost in twelve months (Evans and Davidson, 1951). EXPERIMENTAL Laying White Leghorn hens were housed in individual laying cages. They were fed a ration composed of ground corn 34.5, ground oats 20.0, wheat bran 15.0, flour middlings 10.0, dehydrated alfalfa 3.0, meat scraps 3.0, dried milk 2.0, fish meal 2.5, soybean oil meal 2.5, ground oyster shell flour 5.0, steamed bone meal 1.5, salt 0.6, and . . .
Logarithmic indices for multiprocessor evaluation

A method of logarithmic indices for a partial evaluation of potential performance capability of multiprocessors is proposed. The method is independent of the nature of the programs run or any available software capabilities. Consideration parameters can be flexibly added or eliminated as well as relatively weighted. The method is applied to three commercial multiprocessors as an example.
Internal motion of a non-rigid molecule and its relation to the reaction path

The Eckart-Sayvetz and Hofacker-Marcus conditions for separation of large- and small-amplitude motions are discussed. Some advantages of rectilinear vibrational coordinates are outlined and a local equivalence between them and geodesic coordinates is proved. It is shown that the extremum condition for the adiabatic potential and the local Hofacker-Marcus conditions determine a unique geometrical structure of any one-parameter semirigid bound-state model and a unique reaction path in the space of internal variables. These conditions lead to the so-called intrinsic path. Some properties of this path as a particular case of steepest descent (ascent) paths in a Riemann space are analysed. The accurate hamiltonian based on a linear semirigid model and the global Eckart-Sayvetz conditions is projected into the subspace of internal variables describing linear configurations and the resulting extra potential term is discussed.
Gravity’s cause and substance counting: contextualizing the problems

Abstract This paper considers Newton’s position on gravity’s cause, both conceptually and historically. With respect to the historical question, I argue that while Newton entertained various hypotheses about gravity’s cause, he never endorsed any of them, and in particular, his lack of confidence in the hypothesis of robust and unmediated distant action by matter is explained by an inclination toward certain metaphysical principles. The conceptual problem about gravity’s cause, which I identified earlier along with a deeper problem about individuating substances, is that a decisive conclusion is impossible unless certain speculative aspects of his empiricism are abandoned. In this paper, I situate those conceptual problems in Newton’s natural philosophy. They arise from ideas that push empiricism to potentially self-defeating limits, revealing the danger of allowing immaterial spirits any place in natural philosophy, especially spatially extended spirits supposed capable of co-occupying place with material bodies. Yet because their source ideas are speculative, Newton’s method ensures that these problems pose no threat to his rational mechanics or the profitable core of his empiricism. They are easily avoided by avoiding their source ideas, and when science emerges from natural philosophy, it does so with an ontology unencumbered by immaterial spirits.
Artificial cells: prospects for biotechnology

A variety of techniques can now be used to alter the genome of a cell. Although these techniques are very powerful, they have limitations related to cost and efficiency of scale. Artificial cells designed for specific applications combine properties of biological systems such as nanoscale efficiency, self-organization and adaptability at relatively low cost. Individual components needed for such structures have already been developed, and now the main challenge is to integrate them in functional microscopic compartments. It will then become possible to design and construct communities of artificial cells that can perform different tasks related to therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Two-dimensional optics with surface electromagnetic waves.

Two-dimensional optical effects were observed for surface electromagnetic waves (SEW) on metals at λ = 3.55 cm. Refractive processes with prisms and lenses established Snell's law experimentally. Reflection with prisms and metal sheets established the law of reflection and indicated that radiative losses were small and that Fresnel's equations hold to a good approximation for the reflectivities of SEW. A two-dimensional SEW grating was made and first-order diffraction observed. Although the experiments were performed at microwave frequencies, the principles are usable for two-dimensional SEW optics at least as far as the near ir. It was shown that the propagation constant of the SEW with an overlayer material is as though the SEW propagates entirely in the overlayer material. That is, losses in the metal substrate were negligible.
Endosseous dental implantology from the periodontist's viewpoint.

Oral implantology has been a controversial dental therapeutic procedure for many years. Periodontics, as a specialty, did not really get involved until the word, osseointegration, was placed in the implant nomenclature by Dr. Per-Ingvar Branemark and the attendant success rate for osseointegrated prostheses was presented in a fully documented format. In March 1985, the definition of the scope of periodontics was provisionally changed by the Executive Council of the American Academy of Periodontology to include the discipline of oral implantology. Requirements for Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Periodontics with an effective date of January 1, 1986, include a statement as to the desirability of including implantology in some form in the postdoctoral curriculum. Many implant materials and designs are presently being used in endosseous dental implantology; studies are in progress to evaluate the short- and long-term response of hard and soft tissues to these materials. Continuing, nonbiased researc...
Using a new inbred fish model and cultured fish tissue cells to study Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia ruckeri pathogenesis

An inbred strain of the southern platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, was used as a host for Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia ruckeri infections. The infections were initiated by holding the platyfish in inoculation baths containing dilutions of virulent A. hydrophila or Y. ruckeri strains. Inoculating the platyfish in this manner resulted in a dose-dependent mortality over a range of bacterial input from 10(5) to 10(8) A. hydrophila and 10(6) to 10(8) Y. ruckeri/ml. Clinical manifestations of A. hydrophila infections were noted in infected platyfish that eventually died, but not in platyfish that survived. In this model, the Y. ruckeri infected fish died before obvious signs of infection were detected. The A. hydrophila strain used to establish the infections was recovered from the kidney and intestine of infected fish that died, but not from survivors receiving the same inoculation dose. Both infective bacteria were tested for the ability to invade a number of different fish and human cultured cells. A hydrophila strain TF7 did not invade of the cells tested, whereas the Y. ruckeri strain invaded fish derived cultured cells, but not human derived Hep-2 cells.
Abstract 48: Detecting and controlling for physical contamination in next-generation sequencing cancer studies

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL All large-scale cancer genome characterization efforts rely on the unprecedented throughput of massively parallel sequencing technologies, such as Illumina/Solexa, ABI/SOLiD, Roche/454, and others to generate short sequence reads. In turn, this has spurred the development of novel algorithms for sequence alignment and detection of DNA alterations. Particularly in cancer genome studies, these detection algorithms must be exceedingly sensitive since the events of interest are present in just a fraction of the observed data due to stromal contamination and tumor ploidy. At the same time they must be very specific, since the events are also extremely rare. Little has been published on tools to measure and control the quality of such data and in particular tools for identifying contamination of the sequenced DNA with DNA originating from different individuals than intended. In the case of cancer genome studies, contamination of this kind can lead to seemingly somatic events. We have developed and made available a novel tool, called ContEst, for estimating the level of contamination in next generation sequencing data of human samples. We demonstrate ContEst's accuracy across a range of contamination levels, sources and read depths using sequencing data that were mixed in-silico at known concentrations. Finally, we will show the effect of physical contamination by different individuals with regard to somatic mutation detection, and present strategies for compensating in the contaminated data. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 48. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-48
Predicting the Functions and Specificity of Triterpenoid Synthases: A Mechanism-Based Multi-intermediate Docking Approach

Terpenoid synthases construct the carbon skeletons of tens of thousands of natural products. To predict functions and specificity of triterpenoid synthases, a mechanism-based, multi-intermediate docking approach is proposed. In addition to enzyme function prediction, other potential applications of the current approach, such as enzyme mechanistic studies and enzyme redesign by mutagenesis, are discussed.
The effect of document readability on perceived familiarity and relevance

We report on an evaluation of the relationship between document readability, an objective measure related to the length and complexity of words and sentences, and the subjective perception of document relevance of users with a certain level of familiarity to a topic. The research reported here, follow-up work to our TREC 2004 effort, tries to explain why all our TREC hypotheses were rejected. While trying to understand what was wrong with our intuition, we propose and test new hypotheses. The main conclusion is that readability may improve the chances that a document is judged relevant, which suggests the use of “blind readability feedback”, i.e. boosting the ranking of relevant documents when performing a search in order to improve retrieval performance.
Noncommutative ampleness from finite endomorphisms

Abstract Let X be a projective integral scheme with endomorphism σ, where σ is finite, but not an automorphism. We examine noncommutative ampleness of bimodules defined by σ. In contrast to the automorphism case, one-sided ampleness is possible. We also find that rings and bimodule algebras associated with σ are not noetherian.
Sublimation of Strontium Sulfide and the Dissociation Energy of SrS

The sublimation of strontium sulfide in the temperature range 1543° to 2122°K was studied by mass spectrometric and vacuum balance effusion techniques. Partial pressures of the vapor species Sr, S, S2 and SrS were derived. Results are compared with those of Marquart and Berkowitz and of Colin, Goldfinger and Jeunnehomme. Best values obtained from second‐ and third‐law calculations based on the dissociation energy of sulfur D0(S2) = 101 kcal/mole give the following heats of reaction: SrS(s)=SrS(g),ΔH0∘=132±4 kcal/mole,SrS(s)=Sr(g)+S(g),ΔH0∘=212±5 kcal/mole,SrS(g)=Sr(g)+S(g),ΔH0∘=80±4 kcal/mole=3.5±0.2 eV,S(s)+Sr(s)=SrS(s),ΔHf,298∘=−108±4 kcal/mole.
The influence of contextual contrast on syntactic processing: evidence for strong-interaction in sentence comprehension

The present study compares the processing of unambiguous restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses (RCs) within both a null context and a supportive discourse using a self-paced reading methodology. Individuals read restrictive RCs more slowly than non-restrictive RCs in a null context, but processed restrictive RCs faster than non-restrictive RCs in supportive context, resulting in an interaction between context and RC type. These results provide evidence for two theoretical points. First, principles analogous to those in referential theory [Altmann G. T. M., & Steedman, M. (1988). Interaction with context during human sentence processing. Cognition, 30, 191-238; Crain, S., & Steedman, M. (1985). On not being led up the garden path: The use of context by the psychological parser. In D. Dowty, L. Karttunnen, A. Zwicky (Eds.), Natural language parsing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press] apply not only in resolving ambiguity but also in processing unambiguous sentences. Second, the discourse context can guide and facilitate interpretive processing. This result suggests that intrasentential factors such as syntax are not autonomous from contextual processing, contrary to the modularity hypothesis [Fodor, J. A. (1983). Modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press].
Prosthetic management of a Chopart amputation variant

The history and prosthetic difficulties of a patient with an unusual Chopart amputation variant have been presented. Although it is possible for the Chopart amputee to walk with just a shoe and filler, this patient does best with a formal prosthesis. The Chopart amputation, which has been surgically stabilized with Achilles tendon lengthening to prevent equinus contractures, can be fitted successfully with a lightweight circumferential plastic or silicone prosthesis or more traditionally with a solid ankle foot orthosis with filler. This partial foot prosthesis is worn with a sturdy shoe with a rocker and solid ankle cushion heel or a well constructed running shoe. The Chopart amputee with equinus contractures must be fitted with a Chopart clamshell prosthesis or solid ankle patellar tendon bearing orthosis with filler and the above shoe prescription. Recent variants of the partial foot prosthesis including the Imler partial foot prosthesis, the Lange silicone prosthesis, and the ankle corset prosthesis were described.
β-amyloid oligomers and cellular prion protein in Alzheimer’s disease

Prefibrillar oligomers of the beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) are recognized as potential mediators of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Deficits in synaptic function, neurotoxicity, and the progression of AD have all been linked to the oligomeric A beta assemblies rather than to A beta monomers or to amyloid plaques. However, the molecular sites of A beta oligomer action have remained largely unknown. Recently, the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has been shown to act as a functional receptor for A beta oligomers in brain slices. Because PrP(C) serves as the substrate for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), these data suggest mechanistic similarities between the two neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the importance of A beta oligomers in AD, commonalities between AD and CJD, and the newly emergent role of PrP(C) as a receptor for A beta oligomers.
What is Optimality Theory

Optimality Theory is a general model of how grammars are structured. This article surveys the motivations for Optimality Theory, its core principles, and the basics of analysis. It also addresses some frequently asked questions about this theory and offers suggestions for further reading.