cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Skimmilk Heat Treatments on Cottage Cheese Manufacture

Summary Calcium chloride, anhydrous, when used at the rate of 0.02% of the skimmilk, was not beneficial in the manufacture of cottage cheese from pasteurized skimmilk, from skimmilk heated to 175° F. for 30min., from "low-heat" nonfat dry milk (NDM), or from "bakery-type" NDM. Heat treatments of concentrated skimmilk, such as might occur in condensing or in drying, damage the cheese-making properties of the milk after reconstitution. However, such heat treatments did not induce measurable changes in solubility of whey proteins as measured by the Harland-Ashworth method, A.D.S.A. curd tension test, or solubility index, but they did decrease the strength of casein coagulum as measured by the rennet and the rennet-calcium tests for curd strength. Cottage cheese of good commercial quality was manufactured from fluid skimmilk which had been heated to 175° F. for 30min. to denature the whey proteins; the cheese was made by using up to 20ml. rennet per 1,000lb. of skimmilk and cutting the curd at the A-C end-point. Gains in yields of curd by increased recovery of milk solids approximated 10%. Time from adding starter to cutting was decreased. When normal making procedures were followed after cutting, the finished cottage cheese was criticized more often than the low-heat controls for slight mealiness, slight lack of uniformity of particle size, and pH that was considered to be too high for best keeping quality.
Atmospheric mercury contamination of remote aquatic ecosystems in Canada

The long-range atmospheric transport and deposition of metals, particularly mercury (Hg), into lakes has become a subject of increasing interest. In Canada, the sources of anthropogenic, atmospheric Hg are primarily considered to be power stations in the United States and Europe. Increases in deposition of Hg have been recorded in lake sediment cores from many parts of Canada. Where Hg input to lakes from local sources in Canada has been reduced, concentrations in lake sediments and lake biota have declined. However, in many remote lakes, fish consumption advisories are still in effect for Hg. Debate continues over the sources of this mercury, whether long-range anthropogenic, atmospheric or natural. Where studied, the same applies to remote lakes in other parts of the world.
Corrections to “Full wave simulation of an electrostatic discharge generator discharging in air discharge mode into a product” [Feb 11 28-37]

Summary form only given, as follows. In the above-named work the authors proposed a full wave simulation method to model the air discharge mode of an electrostatic discharge (ESD) generator discharging into a product. Several small corrections should be made. First, in Fig. 3, the legend "Spice model in Fig. 2" should be changed to "Spice model in Fig. 4." Second, in Fig. 10, the dotted line in the legend should be read "Z11 of the ESD generator above a large GND plane"; the solid line in the legend should be read: gives "Z11 of the ESD generator with MP3 player." Third, Fig. 12?s title should be "Comparison of the port voltage in the SPICE model and CST model of Case 2." Finally, in the last paragraph of the left column in page 30, "the 110-pF capacitor" should be "the 150-pF capacitor." So the C1 value in the Spice of Fig. 4 is "150-pF."
F-center in ammonium halides

Abstract EPR evidence is given for the existence of the F-center in the ammonium halides. The ordering of adjacent ammonium ions is affected by its presence. The g-shift is positive and the first shell hyperfine interaction increases with increasing lattice constant, in contrast with the alkali halides.
Characterization of the solubilized oocyte membrane receptor for insecticyanin, a biliprotein of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta

Abstract We report the solubilization and characterization of the oocyte membrane receptor for insecticyanin, a blue biliprotein of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. The insecticyanin receptor was solubilized using 40 mM CHAPS. Strong binding affinity of [125I]insecticyanin to its solubilized receptor was demonstrated to be heat-labile, pH-dependent, Ca2+-dependent, and saturable. The binding was inhibited by excess unlabeled insecticyanin, but not by two other major hemolymph and oocyte proteins, vitellogenin and lipophorin. The receptor for insecticyanin showed tissue specificity: it was present only in oocyte membranes, not in membranes of fat body, midgut or ovariole sheath. The equilibrium data for the solubilized receptor, Kd and Bmax, were estimated to be 17 nM and 11.4 pmol/mg solubilized proteins, respectively. The results from co-immunoprecipitation showed that the apparent molecular mass for the insecticyanin receptor is approximately 185 kDa while chemical crosslinking of the insecticyanin–receptor complex revealed a product with a molecular mass near 103 kDa. This suggests that the insecticyanin receptor has a multimeric structure, or that four receptor molecules can bind to one insecticyanin tetramer.
How Local Social Movement Groups Handle a Presidential Election

How do local social movement groups respond to national electoral politics? Previous studies, often based on aggregated data on public protests, focus on the effects of elections on established social movement organizations (SMOs). Some find that SMOs flourish during election years, taking advantage of the political opportunities that elections pose. Others conclude that elections hurt SMOs, siphoning members and resources. Using ethnographic, in-depth interview, and document data on new and emerging social movement groups (SMGs) in Pittsburgh for 20 months before and after the 2004 U.S. presidential election, we examine how members think about elections and whether and how groups decide to respond to national electoral campaigns. We find that SMGs vary considerably in the strategies of action or inaction they adopt, depending on their changing sense of whether the election poses an opportunity or a threat to the group and that these strategies of action are patterned in path-dependent sequences. We conclude with a discussion of the possibilities for integrating concepts of path-dependency and timing into social movement research.
Seeking God in the Brain — Efforts to Localize Higher Brain Functions

Efforts to elucidate higher brain functions have intersected with a burgeoning literature on the neural underpinnings of not only language and art but also religion. Dr. Solomon Snyder asks where all these brain explorations lead us.
Methodology for estimation of time-dependent surface heat flux due to cryogen spray cooling.

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is an effective technique to protect the epidermis during cutaneous laser therapies. Spraying a cryogen onto the skin surface creates a time-varying heat flux, effectively cooling the skin during and following the cryogen spurt. In previous studies mathematical models were developed to predict the human skin temperature profiles during the cryogen spraying time. However, no studies have accounted for the additional cooling due to residual cryogen left on the skin surface following the spurt termination. We formulate and solve an inverse heat conduction (IHC) problem to predict the time-varying surface heat flux both during and following a cryogen spurt. The IHC formulation uses measured temperature profiles from within a medium to estimate the surface heat flux. We implement a one-dimensional sequential function specification method (SFSM) to estimate the surface heat flux from internal temperatures measured within an in vitro model in response to a cryogen spurt. Solution accuracy and experimental errors are examined using simulated temperature data. Heat flux following spurt termination appears substantial; however, it is less than that during the spraying time. The estimated time-varying heat flux can subsequently be used in forward heat conduction models to estimate temperature profiles in skin during and following a cryogen spurt and predict appropriate timing for onset of the laser pulse. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC02: 8754Br, 8719Pp
Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an intensification of interest in immune cell contribution to local and systemic insulin resistance. Isolation and quantification of different immune cell populations in lean and obese AT is now a commonly utilized technique in immunometabolism laboratories; yet extreme care must be taken both in stromal vascular cell isolation and in the flow cytometry analysis so that the data obtained is reliable and interpretable. In this video we demonstrate how to mince, digest, and isolate the immune cell-enriched stromal vascular fraction. Subsequently, we show how to antibody label macrophages and T lymphocytes and how to properly gate on them in flow cytometry experiments. Representative flow cytometry plots from low fat-fed lean and high fat-fed obese mice are provided. A critical element of this analysis is the use of antibodies that do not fluoresce in channels where AT macrophages are naturally autofluorescent, as well as the use of proper compensation controls.
Renewed assessment of the stapled anastomosis with the increasing role of laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer.

Stapled gastrointestinal anastomosis has gained wide adoption among the surgical community for its ease, speed, and its applicability in laparoscopic surgery. Over the last decade, with the increase in laparoscopic techniques in colon surgery, anastomotic stapling has become the technique of choice for colon cancer surgery at our center. This abstract assesses whether the increasing adoption of anastomotic stapling affected the rate of anastomotic leaks and duration of surgery. All patients surgically treated for colon cancer with a primary bowel anastomosis from 2004 through 2011 were included (n = 998). Duration of stay, surgery, and postoperative complication rates was compared between hand-sewn and stapled anastomosis. The number of stapled anastomoses grew significantly from 45.8 % in 2004–2007 to 80.3 % in 2008–2011 (p < 0.001), and an increasing portion of those is performed in laparoscopic procedures (29.8 to 43.3 %; p = 0.01). Surgeries using stapled anastomosis initially took longer, but a decreasing trend (2004–2007: 147.5 min to 2007–2011: 124 min; p < 0.001) along with an increasing duration in hand-sewn surgeries (94–118.5 min; p < 0.01) meant stapled procedures became shorter than hand-sewn procedures by 2009. Complication rates did not differ significantly between groups, with stapled anastomoses having lower percentages of anastomotic leaks (1.6 vs. 2.4 %; p = 0.38). By the second half of our research period, the median admission for patients with stapled anastomoses was two days shorter (4 vs. 6 days; p < 0.001), independently of the chosen approach. Stapled anastomoses did not increase anastomotic leak rates. If anything, leak rates appeared slightly lower. In addition, stapled anastomoses significantly shortened operation duration. With the benefit of being a tool that facilitates minimally invasive surgery, it is a safe way to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and promote faster and better recovery.
Na,K-ATPase β-subunit cis homo-oligomerization is necessary for epithelial lumen formation in mammalian cells

Na,K-ATPase is a hetero-oligomer of an α- and a β-subunit. The α-subunit (Na,K-α) possesses the catalytic function, whereas the β-subunit (Na,K-β) has cell-cell adhesion function and is localized to the apical junctional complex in polarized epithelial cells. Earlier, we identified two distinct conserved motifs on the Na,K-β1 transmembrane domain that mediate protein-protein interactions: a glycine zipper motif involved in the cis homo-oligomerization of Na,K-β1 and a heptad repeat motif that is involved in the hetero-oligomeric interaction with Na,K-α1. We now provide evidence that knockdown of Na,K-β1 prevents lumen formation and induces activation of extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in MDCK cells grown in three-dimensional collagen cultures. These cells sustained cell proliferation in an ERK1/2-dependent manner and did not show contact inhibition at high cell densities, as revealed by parental MDCK cells. This phenotype could be rescued by wild-type Na,K-β1 or heptad repeat motif mutant of Na,K-β1, but not by the glycine zipper motif mutant that abrogates Na,K-β1 cis homo-oligomerization. These studies suggest that Na,K-β1 cis homo-oligomerization rather than hetero-oligomerization with Na,K-α1 is involved in epithelial lumen formation. The relevance of these findings to pre-neoplastic lumen filling in epithelial cancer is discussed.
Characterization of fatigue damage in adhesively bonded lap joints through dynamic, full-spectral interrogation of fiber Bragg grating sensors

In this study we evaluate the measurements of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor embedded at the adhesive layer of a single composite lap joint subjected to harmonic excitation after fatigue loading. After a fully-reversed cyclic fatigue loading is applied to the composite lap joint, the full spectral response of the sensor is interrogated in reflection at 100 kHz during two states: with and without an added harmonic excitation. The dynamic response of the FBG sensor indicates strong nonlinearities as damage progresses. The short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is computed for the extracted peak wavelength information to reveal time-dependent frequencies and amplitudes of the dynamic FBG sensor response. Pulse-phase thermography indicates a progression in defect size at the adhesive layer that strongly suggests non-uniform loading of the FBG sensor.
A Basic Firewall Configuration Strategy for the Protection of Development-related Computer Networks and Subnetworks

As more and more development-related networks, both instructional and industry related, are being attached to the Internet, the need for protection from hackers becomes evident. This is largely due to the fact that security breaches have reached epidemic proportions. The article therein examines these issues as well as presents a case study for a basic firewall configuration. The logic behind the case study is based on four different modules containing one or more sections: environmental, forward rules, allow ping, and post-routing rules. A figure and source code is provided to indicate how the logic would appear once the plan had been implemented. The example was designed as such in hopes that a more sophisticated and usable product could emerge. In addition, this template could be considered a useful learning and/or teaching resource when teaching basic firewall configurations.
FOS-1 Promotes Basement-Membrane Removal during Anchor-Cell Invasion in C. elegans

Cell invasion through basement membranes is crucial during morphogenesis and cancer metastasis. Here, we genetically dissect this process during anchor-cell invasion into the vulval epithelium in C. elegans. We have identified the fos transcription factor ortholog fos-1 as a critical regulator of basement-membrane removal. In fos-1 mutants, the gonadal anchor cell extends cellular processes normally toward vulval cells, but these processes fail to remove the basement membranes separating the gonad from the vulval epithelium. fos-1 is expressed in the anchor cell and controls invasion cell autonomously. We have identified ZMP-1, a membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase, CDH-3, a Fat-like protocadherin, and hemicentin, a fibulin family extracellular matrix protein, as transcriptional targets of FOS-1 that promote invasion. These results reveal a key genetic network that controls basement-membrane removal during cell invasion.
Age and risk factors for colon cancer (United States and Australia): Are there implications for understanding differences in case-control and cohort studies ?

Data from two population-based case-control studies were used to investigate the effect of age on colon cancer risk. Dietary intake data were assessed from a study conducted in Utah (United States) between 1979 and 1983; reproductive data were assessed from a study conducted in Adelaide (Australia) between 1979 and 1980. Data from both studies were assessed for their impact on those less than 65 years of age and those 65 or more years of age. Intake of energy, fat, and protein had a greater impact on risk among older men than among younger men. Risk estimates for the upper quartile of intake relative to the lowest quartile of intake were 8.5 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.7–43.0) for energy, 8.2 (CI=1.6–41.3) for protein, and 7.2 (CI=1.6–31.4) for total fat for older men, while comparable risk estimates were 2.4 (CI=0.6–9.1) for energy, 3.0 (CI=0.7–13.6) for protein, and 1.9 (CI=0.5–7.1) for total fat among younger men. Similar trends were seen for older women for energy and protein. β-carotene decreased colon cancer risk among younger men (odds ratio [OR]=0.4, CI=0.1–1.2) and women (OR=0.1, CI=0.1–0.5), although not among older men (OR=1.2, CI=0.3–4.9) and women (OR=1.9, CI=0.6–64). Calcium decreased risk of colon cancer among older men (OR=0.1, CI=<0.1–0.8) and younger women (OR=0.2, CI=<0.1–0.7). Women who were diagnosed at age 65 or older and were nulliparous had a tenfold increase in colon cancer risk (CI=2.4–47.9) relative to women who had an early age at first birth. Women diagnosed with colon cancer before age 65 did not experience an increase of colon cancer risk associated with being nulliparous. These data suggest that age at diagnosis may interact with other factors to alter risk of colon cancer.
Editorial---Introduction to the Special Classics Issue

This special classics edition of Marketing Science presents seven of our early, most highly rated articles according to the Social Sciences Citation Index® developed by the Institute of Scientific Information, published before widespread library subscriptions to Marketing Science and before formal and systematic inclusion in the SSCI index. This issue includes Thaler 1985, Guadagni and Little 1983, Jeuland and Shugan 1983, Anderson 1985, Hauser and Shugan 1983, McGuire and Staelin 1983, and Pasternack 1985. Among other benefits, these articles should now enjoy widespread library access, inclusion in numerous databases, availability in electronically searchable format, and formal inclusion in citation services. This introduction to the special issue also summarizes some findings from our all-time most highly cited articles in Google Scholar: Thaler 1985, Anderson and Sullivan 1993, Anderson and Weitz 1989, Guadagni and Little 1983, Griffin and Hauser 1993, Jeuland and Shugan 1983, Novak et al. 2000, Bolton 1998, Anderson 1985, and Pasternack 1985. Finally, it summarizes articles excelling on citations per year: Acquisti and Varian 2005 and Lynch and Ariely 2000. The best is yet to come.
Quisqualate, high calcium concentration and zero-chloride prevent kainate-induced toxicity of cerebellar granule cells

Abstract Kainic acid (KA; 100 μM), results in the death of all cultured rat cerebellar granule cells (18–22 days in vitro) within 30 min. Changes in the cells are evident within 2 min of applying the excitatory amino acid (EAA) and include an apparent cellular granulation with a loss of cell body birefringence at 10 × magnification. Quisqualic acid (QA; 25 μM) completely prevents this KA-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, cells are protected from toxicity by increasing calcium concentrations to 10mM. Moreover, following a 30 min exposure and after washing the cells free of these compounds, cells placed in culture media remain alive 24 h later. Interestingly, neurons die when placed in a balanced salt solution which lacks calcium even when no KA is present. This death is also dependent on the presence of chloride and is prevented with the non-selective EAA antagonist, kynurenic acid, but is not prevented by QA. Collectively, these data suggest that the activation of the EAA receptor by KA in cerebellar granule cells is at least partially regulated by calcium and chloride and is suppressed by QA. Furthermore, placing granule cells in zero-calcium results in neuronal death which appears to be mediated by EAA mechanisms.
The “free to be me” psychoeducational group: A conceptual model for coping with being overweight

Abstract This article provides a session-by-session description of Free to Be Me, a 12-week psychoeducational group combining education, nutritional counseling, and moderate exercise. Goals include improved fitness, enhanced self-concept, and weight stabilization. Group exercises, guided visualizations, and case examples are included.
Lightning production of hydrocarbons and HCN on Titan - Laboratory measurements

Many hydrocarbon species have been detected in the atmosphere of Titan. It is possible that lightning activity is occurring in the troposphere and that it contributes to the hydrocarbon inventory. Measurements of the chemical yields of hydrogen cyanide, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, and propane from simulated lightning discharges are reported. A comparison of the experimental results with those based on thermodynamic equilibrium assumptions shows significant disagreement and implies that theories based solely on thermodynamic equilibrium are inadequate. Although photochemistry and charged particle chemistry occurring in the stratosphere can account for many of the observed hydrocarbon species, the predicted abundance of ethylene is too low by a factor of 10 to 40. While some ethylene will be produced by charged-particle chemistry, the production of ethylene by lightning and its subsequent diffusion into the stratosphere appears to be an adequate source.
Analysis of In-flight Vibration of a Twin-Engine Turbo Propeller Aircraft

A data recorder was utilized to record in-flight vibration of a twin engine turbo propeller (feeder) aircraft. The data recorded produced power spectral density (PSD) profiles which are currently used in laboratory settings to drive vibration tables in order to simulate a particular vehicle type. Overall Grms values were averaged and compared to previous research studies. The data collected from this research study could be utilized for packaging research when developing products and packages that will pass through a distribution cycle which includes transportation via a feeder aircraft. One example of this type of distribution cycle is the small parcel shipping environment. The PSD profiles which were analyzed from this research could simulate in-flight aircraft vibration of the aircraft chassis in a laboratory environment. This will enable further research in the air transport environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Polycation Molecular Weight on Poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-Mediated DNA Delivery In Vitro

Establishing clear structure-property-transfection relationships is a critical step in the development of clinically relevant polymers for nonviral gene therapy. In this study, we determined the influence of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) molecular weight on cytotoxicity, DNA binding, and in vitro plasmid DNA delivery efficiency in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Conventional free radical polymerization was used to synthesize PDMAEMA with weight-average molecular weights ranging from 43,000 to 915,000 g/mol. MTT and LDH assays revealed that lower molecular weight PDMAEMA (M(w) = 43,000 g/mol) was slightly less toxic than higher molecular weights (M(w) > 112,000 g/mol) and that the primary mode of toxicity was cellular membrane destabilization. An electrophoretic gel shift assay revealed that all PDMAEMA molecular weights completely bound with plasmid DNA. However, heparin competitive binding experiments revealed that higher molecular weight PDMAEMA (M(w) = 915,000 g/mol) had a greater binding affinity toward plasmid DNA than lower molecular weight PDMAEMA (M(w) = 43,000 g/mol). The molecular weight of PDMAEMA was found to have a dramatic influence on transfection efficiency, and luciferase reporter gene expression increased as a function of increasing molecular weight. However, cellular uptake of polyplexes was determined to be insensitive to PDMAEMA molecular weight. In addition, our data did not correlate polyplex size with transfection efficiency. Collectively, our data suggested that the intracellular fate of the polyplexes, which involves endosomal release and DNase resistance, is more important to overall transfection efficiency than barriers to entry, such as polyplex size.
From Separation to Connection: Shifts in Understanding Women's Development:

This article considers the theories of adult development that have led to shifts in understanding the psychology of women. A male-defined life cycle of adult development has been succeeded by a self-in-relation psychology of women. The implications of this shift in paradigm for social policy and practice with women are discussed in relation to a number of issues. Group therapy for women is recommended as the treatment of choice, given the role of connectedness in women's development.
SU‐GG‐T‐411: Impact of Respiratory Gating Using 4DCT On TCP, NTCP, TI, and UTCP in Patients with Thoracic Malignancies

Objective: To evaluate the tumor control probability (TCP), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), therapeutic index (TI) and uncomplicated tumor control probability (UTCP) from the Dosimetry of 4DCT gated treatment plans as compared to traditional non‐gated treatment plans. Method and Materials: Ten patients underwent treatment planning. Gated CTimages were obtained at full inspiration, full expiration and at 25th, 50th and 75th percentile of respiration. For non‐gated plans, planning target volume (PTV) included an all around 1 cm margin for tumor motion and 0.5 cm for set‐up error. For gated plans, tumor volumes of individual CTimages were superimposed with a 0.5 cm margin for set‐up error. The prescription dose was 60–70 Gy with 2 Gy per fraction. Dose Volume Histograms were generated for PTV and normal tissues in each treatment plan. Gated and non‐gated plans were compared based on TCP, NTCP, TI and UTCP. Results: TCP was higher for gated plans irrespective of α/β = 5 or 10. Specifically, for α/β = 5, SF2 = 0.4, TCP was 99.44% and 90.21% for gated versus 94.48% and 67.82%, for non gated plans with CCD of 10M and 220 M, respectively. NTCPs for lung, esophagus, heart and spinal cord were 7.96%, 5.23%, 1.66% and 0.38% with gating versus 26%, 8.25%, 9.36% and 0.52% without gating. Gated plans resulted in higher TIs for lung, esophagus, heart, and spinal cord by a factor > 3.4, 1.6, 5.9, and 1.4 respectively. The differences in UTCPs between gated and non gated plans were greater than 27% irrespective of α/β and CCD, for SF2 of 0.1 to 0.4. Conclusion: 4DCT respiratory gating allows reduced radiation field with lower doses to normal tissue and hence higher therapeutic gain.
STUDIES ON INOSINE FERMENTATION-PRODUCTION OF INOSINE BY MUTANTS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS

The adenine-sparing action of amino acid mixture (Difco "casamino acid" type) for inosine formation by adenine- and adenine-histidine-requiring mutants of Bacillus subtilis was revealed to be brought about by a combination of the following L-amino acids contained in the original mixture: histidine plus mixture of eight amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine and lysine. Histidine was demonstrated to be essential, but the mixture of the eight amino acids could be fully replaced by a suitable concentration of phenylalanine alone. Histidine alone could not display the sparing action, and in the same way, the mixture of the eight amino acids or phenylalanine could not exert this action in the absence of histidine. A fairly large amount of certain amino acids mentioned above was required for expression of the sparing action by histidine.A minimal concentration of histidine for the sparing action with adenine-requiring mutant was about 7mg%, while a larger amount of it was required with adenine-histidine-requiring mutant. Inosine formation in 30mg% of adenine-added medium was strongly repressed by a large amount of amino acid mixture due to its adenine-sparing action, but the amount of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside accumulated in this medium as a by-product, especially in the growing phase, was larger than that in the medium being suitable for inosine formation.
Disparities in family planning

Prominent racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy, abortion, and unintended births exist in the United States. These disparities can contribute to the cycle of disadvantage experienced by specific demographic groups when women are unable to control their fertility as desired. In this review we consider 3 factors that contribute to disparities in family planning outcomes: patient preferences and behaviors, health care system factors, and provider-related factors. Through addressing barriers to access to family planning services, including abortion and contraception, and working to ensure that all women receive patient-centered reproductive health care, health care providers and policy makers can substantially improve the ability of women from all racial/ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds to make informed decisions about their fertility.
A new consistency algorithm for dynamic documents in content distribution networks

One of the important problems in content distribution networks is how to maintain the consistency of content at replicas with the origin server, especially for those documents changing dynamically. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid consistency algorithm that will generate less traffic than the traditional propagation approach, and the invalidation approach. The basic scheme is extended to the case in which requests are not evenly distributed over all replicas. We propose a hierarchical framework which allows replicas at different levels to make a decision based on the statistics collected. Extensive simulations are performed to examine how the traffic generated and the freshness ratio at replicas are affected by various parameters. We experiment with a wide range of request rates, update frequencies, and numbers of replicas. The results show that our approach can take advantage of content distribution networks and significantly reduce the traffic generated.
Real Time Estimation of Engine Torque for the Detection of Engine Misfires

The need for improvements in the one-line estimation of engine performance variables is greater bowadays as a result of more stringent emission control legislation. There is also a concurrent requirement for improved on-board diagnostics to detect different types of malfunctions. For example, recent California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations mandate continuous monitoring of misfires, a problem which, short of an expensive measurement of combustion pressure in each cylinder, is most directly approached by estimating individual cylinder torque. This paper describes the theory and experimental results of a method for the estimation of individual cylinder torque in automative engines, with the intent of satisfying the CARB misfire detection requirements. Estimation, control, and diagnostic functions associated with automotive engines involve near periodic processes, due to the nature of multi-cylinder engines. Thze model of the engine dynamics used in this study fully exploits the inherent periodicity of the combustion process in the crank angle domain in order to obtain a simple deconvolution medhod for the estimation of the mean torque produced by each cylinder during each stroke from a measurement of crankshaft angular velocity. The deconvolution is actually performed in the spatial frequency domain, recognizing that the combustion energy is concentrated at discrete spatial frequencies, which are harmonics of the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. Thus, the resulting deconvolution algorithm is independent of engine speed, and reduces to an algebraic operation in the frequency domain. It is necessary to perform a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on the measured angular velocity signal, sampled at fixed uniform crank angle intervals. The paper discusses the model used in the study, and the experimental validations of the algorithm, which has been implemented in real time using a portable computer and has been tested extensively on different production vehicles on a chassis dynamometer and on the road
The Addition of sp2- and sp-Hybridized Nucleophiles to a Bridgehead Bromoketone

The reaction of various sp2- and sp-hybridized organolithium species with bromoketone 1 is presented. In most cases, control over the course of the process is possible and products from simple addition, addition followed by a quasi-Favorskii rearrangement or addition, rearrangement, and addition can be selectively prepared.
The Lake Michigan Charter Fishing Industry: a Product of Love and Taxes

Abstract Little is known about the Lake Michigan charter fishing industry. This study was conducted to describe Lake Michigan charter fishing boat operators and their customers and to evaluate the industry's financial status and local economic impact. Field work in 1973 revealed 98 charter operators working on Lake Michigan from Wisconsin ports. From a geographically proportionate sample, 44 extensive interviews were completed. The industry generated $670,000 in sales in 1973. Low average sales and profits do not provide financial incentives to entrepreneurs. Financial opportunity, however, appears to have played a minor role in the decision to enter business. Major motivations appear to be tax advantages and life style rewards. A profile of charter customers was developed through a mail survey of a sample of 483 charter customers. Catch data were collected from operators surveyed. Catch varied with the proportion of operator income obtained from charter fishing, Port communities were affected economically by the industry. Applying a community multiplier of 2.16 to the $1.6 million of direct expenditures yields an economic impact of $3,456,000 on Wisconsin's Lake Michigan community in 1973. The industry is also important in that it provided fishermen with access to the Great Lakes lake trout and salmon fisheries. Without that access, these fisheries would be largely reserved for the wealthy.
Further studies on the regulation of FSH secretion.

In the present study we wished to determine: a) the physiological importance of the dorsal hypothalamic area (DAHA) in the regulation of the ovulatory discharge of LH/FSH, and b) whether the DAHA is involved in the negative feedback action of estradiol on pituitary FSH secretion. Large bilateral lesions were produced in the DAHA and the animals were maintained (18–20 days) until vaginal cyclicity had resumed. In such rats at proestrus, temporal patterns of LH\FSH were identical to normal controls but peak plasma concentrations were reduced. All DAHA-lesioned rats ovulated fully (8–12 eggs). In control Nembutal®-anesthetized proestrous rats which were sequentially bled for 6 h beginning at 1300 h, plasma LH/FSH remained at basal concentrations. Two other groups of Nembutal-blocked rats were either ovariectomized (OVX) or a bolus of purified rat LH was injected iv at 1300 h. In both studies, FSH rose significantly from baseline within 3 h and thereafter increased linearly for the next 3 h. Basal plasma LH l...
Trace-metal concentrations in normal human liver: methods to cope with marked variability☆

Concentrations of trace elements in human tissues characteristically vary widely, and the distributions of most concentrations are skewed to the right. Examination of some of the factors which contribute to the marked variability and skewness of the concentrations revealed that: (1) distributions of concentrations are satisfactorily normal (Gaussian) after logarithmic transformation, (2) ash weight is the best frame of reference in which to report results, (3) the distributions of metal concentrations are not further normalized by adjustments which assume that tissue lipid or collagen contains a fixed fraction of the metal found in the parenchyma, and (4) the choice of sample site within the liver is of minimal significance.
Background on the Oregon Health Plan.

Because of limited resources, the health care industry has been forced to choose how funds are spent. Public fee-for- service systems have begun to face the hard choices inherent in managed care. The Oregon Health Plan was designed to provide a rational approach to addressing these changes directly.
Atypical Aspergillus flavus Isolates Associated with Chronic Azole Therapy

A case of chronic sinus disease due to morphologically atypical Aspergillus flavus is described. Multiple fungal isolates sporulated poorly or not at all, displaying unusual color and microscopic morphology, including the absence of typical vesicles and phialides, which caused the isolates to resemble several other fungal genera superficially. The patient received multiple antifungal therapies over at least 10 years with various azole drugs, including voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole. We speculate that this lengthy exposure to azole antifungal drugs may have caused or promoted the atypical morphology seen in these isolates.
Worst sources and robust codes for difference distortion measures

It has long been known that for a mean-square error distortion measure the Gaussian distribution requires the largest rate of all sources of a given variance. It has also been stated that a code designed for the Gaussian source and yielding distortion d when used with a Gaussian source will yield distortion \leq d when used with any independent-letter source of the same variance. In this paper, we extend these results in two directions: a) instead of assuming that the source has a fixed variance, we fix an arbitrary moment; b) instead of mean-square error distortion measures, we consider nearly arbitrary continuous difference distortion measures. For each moment constraint, we show that there is a given distribution that has the largest rate for (nearly) any difference distortion measure and that a code designed for this source yielding distortion d yields distortion \leq d for any ergodic source satisfying the same moment constraint. Furthermore, digital encoding of the output of this encoder may yield a lower rate when this encoder is used with a source for which it was not designed. We also extend these results to the case of a random process or random field of known correlation function under a difference distortion measure.
Hyperthermia on immune regulation : A temperature's story

Over the last decade the linkage between hyperthermia, heat shock proteins and fever with the body's immune system has been well investigated. The immunomodulatory function of hyperthermia has been found to be quite sensitively regulated by temperature, as different levels of heating can bring different modulatory effect on different sensitive targets. Understanding these intrinsic mechanisms could bring new inspirations on the design of clinical trials combining local tumor hyperthermia with immunotherapy in cancer patients. This review will attempt to tell the story about the effect of temperature on immune regulation, with special emphasis on the clinical application of hyperthermia and the feasibility of combining it with immunotherapy in the clinic.
Chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy complicated by factor VIII antibody

A 66-year-old man with a 45-month course of chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy developed a coagulopathy due to an antibody to factor VIII. Despite clinical improvement in the neurologic disease at the onset of the coagulation disorder, antibody to peripheral nerve myelin was demonstrated in high titer. Antibodies to factor VIII and peripheral nerve myelin were both of the IgG class, but were immunologically distinct. This previously unreported association lends further credence to a disturbance in immunoregulation in chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy.
Probing the environment of nascent RNA in Escherichia coli transcription elongation complexes utilizing a new fluorescent ribonucleotide analog

We report the synthesis and characterization of 5-thioacetamidofluorescein-uridine 5'-triphosphate (5-SF-UTP), and its application to the characterization of the environment of the nascent RNA during trans-cription. This analog specifically replaced UTP as a transcription substrate for Escherichia coli and T7 RNA polymerases, and yeast RNA polymerase III. Escherichia coli transcription complexes containing analog incorporated at only position +21 of the RNA were prepared. The RNA was then elongated in the absence of analog, moving the fluorescent group further away from the enzyme active site, and the fluorescence polarization was measured. Analog positioned near the 3' end of the transcript exhibited significantly increased polarization relative to that of free probe, consistent with the constrained environment of the RNA in the DNA-RNA hybrid. Analog positioned 14 nucleotides from the 3' end exhibited significantly decreased polarization relative to that at the 3' end of the RNA, but only slightly above that of free RNA, suggesting that the probe was on the solvent-exposed surface of the polymerase. Molecular modeling of these analog-substituted RNAs produced structures consistent with the experimental data. The excellent substrate properties of this analog make it useful for the characterization of the environment of RNA not only during transcription and translation, but in any type of ribonucleoprotein complex.
Capacity estimation of non-synchronous covert channels

Capacity estimation is an important part of covert channel analysis. It measures the severity of a covert channel by estimating the maximum information rate attainable over it. Traditional capacity estimation methods usually calculate the channel capacity based on a synchronous model, assuming that the channel is synchronous or there are mechanisms that can be utilized to synchronize the transmission. The overhead for synchronization is ignored. In this paper we argue that covert channels in general are non-synchronous and the overhead for synchronization is not negligible. Instead of assuming a synchronous model, we propose to use the deletion-insertion channel as a more general basis of capacity estimation. Capacity estimation is extended to be able to evaluate the overhead for overcoming non-synchronous effects. Our study shows that reliable communication over a non-synchronous channel is still possible even without synchronization mechanisms. Such non-synchronized communications, however, are not as effective as the synchronized ones. The capacity degradation due to the non-synchronous effects is derived. A tight upper bound of the capacity of synchronized channels is also given.
The impact of systematic uncertainties in N-body simulations on the precision cosmology from galaxy clustering: a halo model approach

Dark matterN-body simulations provide a powerful tool to model the clustering of galaxies and help interpret the results of galaxy redshift surveys. However, the galaxy properties predicted fromN-body simulations are not necessarily representative of the observed galaxy populations; for example, theoretical uncertainties arise from the absence of baryons inN-body simulations. In this work, we assess how the uncertainties in N-body simulations impact the cosmological parameters inferred from galaxy redshift surveys. Applying the halo model framework, we find that the velocity bias of galaxies in modelling the redshift-space distortions is likely to be the predominant source of systematic bias. For a deep, wide survey like BigBOSS, current 10 per cent uncertainties in the velocity bias limit kmax to 0.14h Mpc −1 . In contrast, we find that the uncertainties related to the density profiles and the galaxy occupation statistics lead to relatively insignificant systematic biases. Therefore, the ability to calibrate the velocity bias accurately – from observations as well as simulations – will likely set the ultimate limit on the smallest length scale that can be used to infer cosmological information from galaxy
Estimation of k‐constants for binary aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures: Application to methane‐free systems

Correlations have been developed for the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium constants of methane-free binary hydrocarbon mixtures. Each of these correlations has been associated with the parameter t, and presents relationships between the normalized reduced state variables, β/β0 and PR/PRS, for constant reduced temperatures. K values have been calculated and were compared with experimental values for the three binary systems, n-butane—n-heptane (τ = 1.36), ethane—n-butane (τ = 1.48), and ethane—n-heptane (τ = 2.02) used to develop the correlations of this study. These comparisons produced an average deviation of 5.03% for 80 points. Checks have been carried out on five other systems of a different nature to produce an average deviation of 6.65% for 29 additional points. Des equations ont ete developpees pour le calcul des constantes d'equilibre liquide-vapeur de melanges binaires d'hydrocarbures exempts de methane. Chacune de ces equations comporte le parametre τ et relie entre elles les variables d'etat reduites normalisees β/βτ et PR/PRS a temperature reduite constante. Les valeurs des constantes K ont ete calculees et comparees avec les valeurs experimentales pour les trois systemes binaires: n-butane-n-heptane (τ = 1.36), ethane-n-butane (τ = 1.48), et ethane-n-heptane (τ = 2.02), utilises pour developper les equations proposees dans cette etude. On a constate une deviation moyenne de 5.03% pour 80 valeurs. Des verifications ont aussi ete faites avec cinq autres systemes et une deviation moyenne de 6.65% pour 29 valeurs additionnelles a ete observee.
World Ecological Degradation: Accumulation, Urbanization, and Deforestation, 3000 B.C.–A.D. 2000.

World Ecological Degradation: Accumulation, Urbanization, and Deforestation, 3000 B.C.–A.D. 2000. Sing C. Chew. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2001. 217 pp.
New applications for mathematical morphology in urban feature extraction from high-resolution satellite imagery

Recently available commercial high-resolution satellite imaging sensors provide an important source for urban remote sensing applications. The high spatial image resolution reveals very fine details in urban areas and greatly facilitates the extraction of urban-related features such as roads, buildings, and vehicles. Since many urban land cover types have significant spectral overlap, structural information obtained using mathematical morphologic operators can provide complementary information to improve discrimination of different urban features. Here we present research demonstrating new applications of mathematical morphology for urban feature extraction from high-resolution satellite imagery. For image preprocessing, an alternating sequential filter is used to eliminate small spatial-scale disturbances to facilitate the extraction of larger-scale structures. For road extraction, directional morphological filtering is exploited to mask out those structures shorter than the distance of a typical city block. For building extraction, a recently introduced concept called the differential morphological profile (DMP) is used to generate building and shadow hypotheses. For vehicle detection, a morphological shared-weight neural network is used to classify image pixels on roads into target and non-target. Thus, mathematical morphology has a wide variety of useful applications for urban feature extraction from high-resolution satellite imagery.