cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bulk-to-surface distribution coefficients and surface activity coefficients from surface tension measurements

Abstract The equations which relate component bulk-to-surface distribution coefficients and surface activity coefficients to bulk composition, partial molal areas, and surface tension are derived for binary liquid systems from fundamental thermodynamic considerations. The derived relations for bulk-to-surface distribution coefficients and surface activity coefficients apply equally well to both components of the binary systems, and they are valid throughout the entire range of concentrations for simple binary liquid systems. The bulk-to-surface distribution coefficient and surface activity coefficient values are used to identify the capillary active components of binary systems. Also, the limiting values for these parameters and their temperature dependence may be used to establish standard state values for desorption free energies, enthalpies, and entropies for both components of a binary system. The application of the derived relations to several simple binary liquid solutions of organic compounds is considered, the capillary active components are identified, and the variations of bulk-to-surface distribution coefficients and surface activity coefficients with composition are illustrated.
Bundled payment fails to gain a foothold In California: the experience of the IHA bundled payment demonstration.

To determine whether bundled payment could be an effective payment model for California, the Integrated Healthcare Association convened a group of stakeholders (health plans, hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, physician organizations, and vendors) to develop, through a consensus process, the methods and means of implementing bundled payment. In spite of a high level of enthusiasm and effort, the pilot did not succeed in its goal to implement bundled payment for orthopedic procedures across multiple payers and hospital-physician partners. An evaluation of the pilot documented a number of barriers, such as administrative burden, state regulatory uncertainty, and disagreements about bundle definition and assumption of risk. Ultimately, few contracts were signed, which resulted in insufficient volume to test hypotheses about the impact of bundled payment on quality and costs. Although bundled payment failed to gain a foothold in California, the evaluation provides lessons for future bundled payment initia...
Optimum relaxation time for a Maxwell core during forced vibration of a rocket assembly

Optimal relaxation time existence for Maxwell solid cylinder bonded to thin casing during forced vibration of rocket assembly, discussing Voight solid
Brane World Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem

We consider a model with two parallel (positive tension) 3-branes separated by a distance L in five-dimensional spacetime. If the interbrane space is anti--de Sitter, or is not precisely anti--de Sitter but contains no event horizons, the effective four-dimensional cosmological constant seen by observers on one of the branes (chosen to be the visible brane) becomes exponentially small as L grows large.
Medical Imaging Data Reconciliation, Part 3: Reconciliation of Historical and Current Radiology Report Data

Correlation of historical imaging and radiology report data with the current imaging data set is a critical step in the radiologic interpretation process and, if incomplete, can adversely affect diagnostic accuracy. In its current form, the extraction and analysis of historical imaging and report data is limited by manual workflow, inefficient data organization, and a lack of imaging and report data integration. The reconciliation of historical and contemporaneous radiology report data provides an opportunity to improve the consistency, completeness, and accuracy of radiology report data, while providing opportunities to automate workflow related to data extraction, interpretation, and peer review. The derived data analytics can in turn be used to facilitate physician consultations, education and training, and proactive intervention in the event of report discrepancies.
Herman Miller's Action Office: Corporate Interiors in the Cold War

ABSTRACTThe development of The Action Office interchangeable furniture system by Robert Propst and the Herman Miller Company in the 1960s has appropriately been considered the first example of openplan systems furniture, the product category that still dominates the corporate interiors furniture market today. This essay expands that understanding by situating The Action Office more explicitly within the intellectual and geopolitical contexts of the Cold War era. It discusses the sustained and ongoing relationships between Herman Miller's principal designers and Cold War government propaganda agencies. It describes the systemic co-mingling of corporate office interior equipment and Cold War military technologies. It examines the relationship between The Action Office and new paradigms of office work and labor. Finally, Propst's Action Office is shown to have internalized and reproduced Western Cold War ideological assumptions about individual choice, cybernetic function, diversity, creativity, and freedom.
Neonatal glycine encephalopathy: Biochemical and neuropathologic findings

A patient with neonatal glycine encephalopathy who had severe neurologic retardation, spasticity, and seizures died at 17 years of age. Glycine concentration was markedly elevated in brain tissue, especially in the cerebellum. Neuropathologic study revealed spongy myelinopathy throughout the central nervous system and calcium oxalate crystals in the cerebellum, which are probably derived from degradation of glycine. Myelinopathy appeared to be static compared to neonatal patients. The neurologic manifestations of neonatal glycine encephalopathy are probably due to neurotransmitter abnormalities, not to myelin damage.
An efficient microphone array based voice activity detector for driver's speech in noise and music rich in-vehicle environments

In this study, an efficient microphone array based voice activity detector (VAD) is proposed, specifically for the driver's speech in a vehicle. Two pre-fixed beampatterns are designed to explore the knowledge of the in-vehicle spatial acoustic power distributions, based on which a simple voice active/inacitve classifier is also designed. Through real data experiment, the proposed VAD presents a novel and robust performance against various in-vehicle noisy scenarios.
Decomposition of thermal and mechanical effects on microstructure and hardness of hard turned surfaces

Hard turning involves the mechanical deformation of materials, coupled with the heat generation from friction and dissipation of deformation energy. The mechanical and thermal effects on microstructure and hardness of hard turned surfaces are decomposed by a proposed method using X-Ray diffraction line profile analysis and hardness test. It is revealed that the structure could be represented by the diffraction profile and further by a parameter, Gaussian Curve Parameter (GCP), from fitting the diffraction line peak by a Gaussian curve. The thermal effect on structure can therefore be identified from the change in diffraction profiles. For heat treated parts, identical structures or profiles yield the same hardness. However, hard turned specimens with the same peak line profile often have higher measured hardness than the heat treated ones. Thus, the residual mechanical hardening effect, from strain and strain rate hardening, can be separated and reflected by the amount of hardness difference. The mechanical effects beneath the machined surfaces vary in depth, but little effect on the very surface is found. Larger tool wear and depth of cut usually give rise to deeper mechanical affected and thermal affected layers.
Infrared absorption studies of the boron B(2) center in GaAs

Abstract The B(2) local vibrational modes (LVM) at 601 cm−1 and 628 cm−1 are often observed in electron irradiated LEC GaAs crystals and have been attributed both to boron on the arsenic site and to interstitial boron. These local vibrational modes are studied in infrared transmission at high resolution (0.04 cm−1) at temperature near 4.2 K. The strength of the B(2) LVM absorption increases linearly with electron irradiation with zero intercept at zero fluence irrespective of the position of the Fermi level. A splitting of the B(2) LVM attributed to the isotope distribution of gallium nearest neighbors is observed. The results imply that the B(2) centers are boron with gallium nearest neighbors in tetrahedral symmetry and that the B(2) centers are not present in the as-grown crystals but are produced by the electron irradiation. In addition, we conclude that B(2) is not the commonly-found 78 meV acceptor.
A Tissue Fixative that Protects Macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and Protein) and Histomorphology in Clinical Samples

Preservation of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) in tissue is traditionally achieved by immediate freezing of the sample. Although isolation of PCR-able RNA has been reported from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, the process has not been shown to be reproducible because high molecular weight RNA is usually degraded. We investigated the potential value of a new universal molecular fixative (UMFIX, Sakura Finetek USA, Inc., Torrance, California) in preservation of macromolecules in paraffin-embedded tissue. Mouse and human tissues were fixed in UMFIX from 1 hour to 8 weeks. They were then processed by a rapid tissue processing (RTP) system, embedded in paraffin, and evaluated for routine histology as well as for the quality and quantity of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Formalin-fixed tissues were processed by RTP and evaluated in a similar manner. Fresh-frozen samples were used as controls. The morphology of UMFIX-exposed tissue was comparable to that fixed in formalin. High molecular weight RNA was preserved in tissue that was immediately fixed in UMFIX and stored from 1 hour to 8 weeks at room temperature. There were no significant differences between UMFIX-exposed and frozen tissues on PCR, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and expression microarrays. Similarly, physical and antigenic preservation of proteins in UMFIX tissue was similar to fresh state. Both RNA and proteins were substantially degraded in formalin-fixed and similarly processed specimens. We concluded that it is now possible to preserve histomorphology and intact macromolecules in the same archival paraffin-embedded tissue through the use of a novel fixative and a rapid processing system.
Determination of rate constants by the frequency response method: CO on Pt/SiO2

A technique based upon transmission FTIR to obtain rate constants for adsorption and desorption over supported metal catalysts has been developed and tested. The technique requires the use of a sinusoidal perturbation function imposed on steady state linearized adsorption-desorption kinetics. The measurement of a phase lag between the sinusoidal inlet gas phase forcing concentration and the response of surface coverage, together with a measurement of the maximum amplitudes of the forcing function and surface response enable the calculation of the relevant adsorption and desorption rate constants. The technique has been successfully applied to the measurement of both adsorption and desorption rate constants for CO adsorbed on a 1% Pt/SiO2 catalyst. The values obtained for these rate constants at 343 K were: Ka = 0.147 s−1 and Kd = 7.28 × 10−3 s−1. A sticking coefficient corresponding to the adsorption of weakly bonded CO on Pt under conditions of high CO surface coverage was obtained.
High gain of a free electron laser with a Gaussian profile

Abstract We present a high gain analysis of a free electron laser (FEL) for a normalized incident electron energy distribution with a Gaussian profile. This analysis theoretically demonstrates the existence of a high gain regime for a FEL with a Gaussian profile with suitable wiggler and electron beam parameters, and explains the experimental results.
Amino acid sulfur as a source of sulfate for sulfated proteoglycans produced by Swiss mouse 3T3 cells

Abstract The uptake of sulfate by Swiss mouse 3T3 cells in blocked in the presence of 1 mM 4-isothiocyano-4′-acetamido-stilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (SITS). In the absence of an exogenous source of sulfate, glycosaminoglycans produced by cells in the presence of the inhibitor are sulfated to the same extent as those produced by cells grown in its absence. The sulfate utilized in the absence of medium sulfate has been identified as that produced by the oxidation of the sulfur present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. This finding indicates that, under conditions of restricted exogenous sulfate, caution is needed in the interpretation of data obtained with the use of [35S]methionine and / or [35S]cysteine as a general protein label, since both tyrosine and a variety of types of protein-linked carbohydrate chains may be modified by sulfation.
Microwave spectrum of (CH3)3CCN–SO3

Abstract Eight rotational transitions of the complex (CH3)3CCN–SO3 have been recorded using pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and a series of ab initio calculations has been performed. The complex is a symmetric top with free or nearly free internal rotation of the SO3 and (CH3)3CCN subunits. The nitrogen–sulfur bond distance is determined to be 2.394(19) A. Calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level/basis, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental results, give a binding energy of 11.0 kcal/mol relative to (CH3)3CCN and SO3. Physical properties of the system, including N–S bond length, N–S–O angle, binding energy, and the degree of electron transfer (obtained from Townes and Dailey analysis of the 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constant) are compared with those of similar complexes. The proton affinity of the base is a useful parameter for ordering complexes in the series.
Orthophosphate flux across the membrane of Tetrahymena pyriformis W.

Tetrahymena pyriformis W suspended in a buffered glucose solution accumulated orthophosphate [32P] from the external solution at a measurable rate. The uptake of orthophosphate by the organisms was linear with respect to time when corrections were made to account for a constant efflux observed during the one hour time course of the experiments. Such corrections were based on the measured lowering of the relative specific activity of the suspension medium and led to the derivation of the expressions for the influx and efflux coefficients. The derived expressions for the coefficients are based solely upon the isotopic measurements and by means of these equations it is possible to describe the observed net inward flux of orthophosphate in quantitative terms. The dependence of the uptake of orthophosphate on the external concentration of orthophosphate followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the temperature coefficient (18–28°) of 1.7 for the process fell into the range normally associated with a chemical reaction. The kinetic pattern, per se, does not distinguish a membrane transport mechanism from metabolic incorporation of Pi. Deviations from the expected pattern of uptake were observed at low temperatures.
Estrogen-induced vitellogenin mRNA and protein in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).

Many environmentally persistent xenobiotic chemicals appear to disrupt normal endocrine function by acting as ligands for endogenous steroid receptors, including the estrogen receptor. Xenobiotics that bind to the estrogen receptor may elicit several effects, one of which is activating estrogen-responsive genes, such as vitellogenin (Vtg). Primers to vitellogenin mRNA have been used to amplify a portion of the coding sequence in sheepshead minnow (SHM) (Cyprinodon variegatus). Two Vtg cDNA fragments from SHM were isolated exhibiting 72% sequence homology and corresponding to the two Vtg genes identified in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Using these Vtg cDNA fragments as sensitive genetic probes, we evaluated the initial estrogenic response of fish exposed to natural or anthropogenic chemicals. These probes were used to study in vivo gene induction in SHM exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and ethinylestradiol (EE(2)) under controlled laboratory conditions. Hepatic Vtg mRNA was upregulated and plasma Vtg synthesis in estrogen-induced SHM was assessed. Two in vivo time-course experiments were conducted; a single injection of E(2) followed over 72 h and a double E(2) injection examined for 12 days. These two protocols provided evidence for differential hepatic Vtg mRNA regulation resulting from a single or a double injection. In a separate experiment using an aqueous flowthrough system, constant exposures to low doses of E(2) (200 ng/L) and EE(2) (100 ng/L) induced hepatic Vtg mRNA and plasma Vtg to levels comparable with the E(2) injections. Larger aqueous exposure doses (2000 ng/L E(2) or 1000 ng/L EE(2)) in the flowthrough experiment resulted in greater responses of hepatic Vtg mRNA and plasma Vtg at 7 days. Constant aqueous exposure to E(2) (2000 ng/L) or EE(2) (1000 ng/L) may thus be more effective than a single large-dose injection (5 mg/kg) to stimulate Vtg gene activation and synthesis.
Being Known in Undergraduate Social Work Education: The Role of Instructors in Fostering Student Engagement and Motivation

Most undergraduate students pursue a social work major because of their desire to help others. Students tend to be more interested in doing than in understanding the research and knowledge of the profession and the complexities of social work practice. Instructors are often faced with the challenge of enhancing student motivation to learn challenging course material. This study explored student perceptions of instructor influences on their motivation and engagement in learning. Through online surveys, students described their experiences of being known and how those experiences affected their participation in practice, research, and human behavior in the social environment courses. Results showed that instructor caring (providing recognition, expressing relational qualities, and responding to students) positively influences student motivation and affective learning by increasing comfort, willingness to ask questions, take risks, and overall participation. Conversely, of those who reported mixed experience...
Images of non-tangential sectors under Cauchy transforms

Let μ be a complex measure on the circle. We denote byPμ andQμ the Poisson and conjugate Poisson integrals of μ in the unit disk, respectively. In this note, we study the relative asymptotic growth ofPμ andQμ near the support of μ. In particular, we show that on μ-almost every radius,Qμ grows no faster thanPμ. We also discuss related questions on the boundary behavior of analytic functions.
Ontogenetic Shifts in Habitat, Diet, and Diel‐Feeding Periodicity of Slimy Sculpin in Lake Ontario

Abstract Abundance, size, and diet of slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus in southeastern Lake Ontario were determined from 239 bottom trawls at depths of 35 m and 75 m in June and August, and at depths of 8–75 m in October 1984. Slimy sculpin less than 50 mm total length generally inhabited water shallower than 60 m; larger fish dominated catches at 75 m. The fish at 35 m fed mainly at night; those feeding at 75 m showed no diel-feeding periodicity. More slimy sculpin were caught at night than during day at depths of 60 m or less but day and night catches at 75 m did not differ significantly. Amphipods Pontoporeia hoyi formed the main prey of all slimy sculpin; opossum shrimp Mysis relicta were eaten more often by the larger fish in deeper water than by small fish in shallower water. Data suggest that young slimy sculpin shift from a shallow water habitat and nocturnal feeding to continuous activity in deeper water as they mature. The behavior of slimy sculpin in shallower water may reflect an attempt to avoid...
Conversational skills for autistic adolescents: An autistic peer as prompter

In this study, an autistic youth served as peer prompter for three other autistic adolescents. The peer prompter encouraged the other boys to talk about sports, a topic frequently discussed by typical teenagers. A multiple-baseline design across participants was used to assess the effectiveness of the peer-prompting procedure. During baseline, the youth rarely talked about sports, although all three had previously completed a sports-appreciation class and had displayed large pre-to-post gains on a paper-and-pencil test. During intervention, when a peer prompted sports discussions, all three youth engaged in much more sports-related conversation. Generalization measures indicated that: (1) the youth engaged in sports discussions in groups, as well as in the dyads that characterized the training situation; (2) they talked about sports in a setting other than the training setting; (3) they discussed sports with their peers when an unfamiliar teacher was present; and (4) they continued to discuss sports when training tapes and behavioral contracts between the teacher and the peer prompter were withdrawn. Previously, it has been common to use nonhandicapped or less-handicapped peers as tutors; this study demonstrates that an autistic youth may also effectively serve as a prompter who assists his schoolmates in acquiring conversational skills that contribute to their normalization.
Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation

1. Exploratory Data Analysis 2. The Random Functions Model 3. Inference and Modeling 4. Local Estimation: Accounting for a Single Attribute 5. Local Estimation: Accounting for Secondary Information 6. Assessment of Local Uncertainty 7. Assessment of Spatial Uncertainty 8. Summary
Montmorillonite-Polyalcohol Complexes: Part II

Oscillating-heating X-ray diffraction was used to determine d-spacings and intensity changes of the (001) diffraction maximum for various combinations of 3 clays, 6 cations and 7 polyalcohols from 20°C to 1000°C under non-equilibrium conditions.
Quantitative Genetics, Molecular Genetics, and Intelligence

Abstract Growing acceptance of the conclusion that genetic influence on intelligenceis significant and substantial is only the first chapter in the story of genetics and intelligence. Much remains to be learned about basic quantitative genetic issues: about nature(e.g., developmental and multivariate phenomena); about nurture (e.g., nonshared environment); and about the interface between nature and nurture (e.g., genetic influences on intelligence-related environmental measures). Most exciting is the potential application of molecular genetic techniques that will revolutionize quantitative genetic research onintelligence by identifying specific genes that contribute to genetic influence.
Choline Esterase Activity in Blood Serum and Duodenum of Beriberi Pigeons

SummaryThe choline esterase concentration was found to be increased in the serum and small intestine of beriberi pigeons. The small intestine of beriberi pigeons showed decreased sensitivity to acetylcholine. The basis of these effects, and their significance has been discussed.The authors wish to thank Miss Bessie Zirin, Mr. Sidney Morett and Mr. William Emich for their technical assistance in this investigation.
Evidence for sulfur dioxide, sulfur monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide in the Io exosphere

Molecules in the Io exosphere are ionized and accelerated in the Jovian magnetospheric electric field creating a distribution in velocity space that is unstable to the generation of magnetic fluctuations at the frequency of the gyrating ion. On the inbound portion of first pass by Io, Galileo detected strong waves centered on the SO2+ gyrofrequency, but on the outbound portion, waves near the SO+ gyrofrequency were seen, as well as a weak burst near the H2S+ gyrofrequency. On passes I24 and I25, waves at both the SO+ and SO2+ gyrofrequencies were present. On the I27 pass, additional components were also observed, close to mass 34, 35, and 37 amu, as would be expected if H2S+, 35Cl+, and 37Cl+ ions were present. These disparate observations on geometrically similar passes suggest that the atmosphere of Io is quite variable, possibly changing with solar zenith angle and perhaps changing in concert with the relative activity of different volcanic sources.
Magnesium sulfate suppresses inflammatory responses by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuVECs) through the NFκB pathway

Dysfunctional endothelial cell activation and cytokines are implicated in preterm labor, a condition commonly treated with the tocolytic agent, magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)). Based on recent findings showing the inflammatory effects of magnesium deficiency, we examined the effect of MgSO(4) on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HuVEC) inflammatory responses in vitro. HuVECs isolated from term umbilical cords were incubated with MgSO(4) prior to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then assessed for endothelial cell activation. Endothelial cell supernatants were assayed for inflammatory mediator production (interleukin-8; IL-8), and endothelial cell-associated intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression was determined. In the absence of LPS stimulation, MgSO(4) had no effect on HuVEC responses. Treatment of HuVECs with MgSO(4) prior to LPS stimulation inhibited inflammatory mediator production (p<0.05) and cell adhesion molecule expression (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that MgSO(4) reduced NFkappaB nuclear translocation and protected cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha from degradation in LPS-treated HuVECs. In conclusion, MgSO(4) inhibits endothelial cell activation, as measured by levels of IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression, via NFkappaB. Our results support the hypothesis that MgSO(4) treatment may function as an anti-inflammatory agent during preterm labor.
Successful cryoablation in the noncoronary aortic cusp for a left anteroseptal accessory pathway

Catheter ablation of anteroseptal accessory pathways may be difficult because of the neighboring conduction tissue that may be damaged with ablation. We report a case of an accessory pathway localized to the anteroseptal region. A pathway potential found in the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve was successfully targeted for ablation with cryo energy. Observations during tachycardia and pacing maneuvers suggest that the supravalvar aortic musculature may be an integral component of left anteroseptal pathways that can be safely targeted for cryoablation without injury of the atrioventricular conduction system.
Decreasing Trend in Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence, United States 2005–2009

More than 1 in 3 cancer-related deaths are associated with tobacco use; these include cancers of the lung and bronchus, oral cavity and pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney and renal pelvis, urinary bladder, and cervix, and acute myeloid leukemia. In order to characterize the current cancer burden due to tobacco use, this study provides recent trends in tobacco-related cancer incidence across the US. We analyzed data from CDC's National Program of Cancer Registries and NCI's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, covering 100% of the US population during 2005-2009. Age-adjusted incidence rates, 95% confidence intervals and annual percent change were calculated for each state, the District of Columbia, and the US. Tobacco-related cancer incidence in the US decreased significantly from 152.9 (per 100,000 persons) in 2005 to 145.8 in 2009. Men had higher incidence rates, but a greater decrease in tobacco-related cancers per year over the 5-year time period (-1.4% in men, compared to -0.8% in women). Incidence rates decreased the most per year for larynx (-2.4%), lung and bronchus (-1.9%) and stomach (-1.5%) cancers during the study period. Tobacco-related cancer incidence trends varied by state. While tobacco-related cancer incidence in the United States decreased overall from 2005 to 2009, tobacco continued to account for a large cancer burden. Our findings suggest that continued efforts in tobacco prevention and control are needed to further reduce tobacco-related cancer burden in general and among targeted sub-populations in the US.
The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Family Functioning on Four Dimensions of Women's Later Parenting.

Abstract Objective : While child sexual abuse and its negative effects have been of increasing interest to researchers and practitioners, more empirical focus has been given to measuring mental health consequences rather than other areas of life functioning such as parenting. Furthermore, recent questions have been raised about whether documented negative effects of abuse stem from the abuse itself or the more general negative family environment which often accompanies it. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of a history of child sexual abuse and more general family relationship quality on the parenting of a sample of low-income mothers. Method : The current study was a secondary analysis of archived data collected by Zuravin (1996) on 518 low-income mothers. Parenting was assessed using measures such as frequency of worry about child problems, views of self as a parent, and how child discipline problems were handled. Results : Child sexual abuse was associated with more negative views of self as a parent and the greater use of physical punishment strategies even after accounting for differences in family-of-origin relationship quality. Conclusions : The findings indicate that sexual abuse may be a risk factor for more negative views of self as a parent beyond differences between abused and nonabused samples in more general assessments of family-of-origin quality. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.
Studies in the chemistry of 3- and 5-isoxazolones

Abstract The unique infra-red carbonyl absorption changes which are observed when an electron-attracting groups is attached to the ring nitrogen atom of 5-amino-3-isoxazolones is shown to be independent of the presence of the 5-amino groups and characteristic of the 3-isoxazolone system itself; however, it is shown to be dependent on the nature of the substituent at the 4-position. A novel synthesis of the previously unknown unsubstituted 3-amino-5-isoxazolone is also described. The IR spectra of several new 3- and 5-isoxazolones are interpreted in part.
Studies ofthe influence of rainfall upon scatterometer estimates for sea surface stress: Applications to boundary layer parameterization and drag coefficient models within tropical cyclone environments

The use of satellite scatterometers to probe the winds in and near strong tropical cyclones (TCs) is a valuable tool for both numerical weather prediction (NWP) and weather forecasters. The presence of widespread rain in these storms complicates the estimation of surface winds from the satellite. Improvements in the techniques to infer surface winds from the satellite observations, which remove the effects of rain contamination at the ocean surface, will improve the modeling efforts as they pertain to the prediction of TC intensity. This study will demonstrate the use of collated and simultaneous high-resolution rain measurements obtained from nearby Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) and NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) measurements, respectively. Through the application of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (AOML)/Hurricane Research Division (HRD) TC wind analysis (H*WIND; Powell and Houston [1996] ), we will study the dependence of a surface normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) on the TC wind-speed and rain-rate. The objective is to better observe and understand the dependence of the drag coefficient upon the surface stress across a wide range of conditions and spatial scales within these storms.
Temperature preference of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice.

Abstract Genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean mice selected their preferred ambient temperature in a thermal gradient. Preferred ambient temperature was defined as that ambient temperature which the mice selected for sleep during daylight hours. Lean mice selected a temperature of 31.2°C which resulted in a body temperature (36.7°C) not greatly different from the pretest body temperature of 36.4°C. Obese mice selected 29.4°C which resulted in a body temperature of 36.8°C, 1.8°C above the pretest body temperature of 35.0°C. These data indicate that obese mice select an ambient temperature that results in a body temperature no different from that of lean mice. The selection by obese animals of an ambient temperature significantly lower than that of lean mice but which results in the same body temperature may reflect an effect of adiposity on heat loss. There is no evidence of a diminished thermoregulatory set-point in obese mice.
Sunshine Daycare Center: Growing a Business to Profitability

ABSTRACT: This case study allows management accounting students to use skills developed in the course. Students practice cost function development and breakeven analysis. Students work in teams to understand the budget and actual results of a small business. They then choose marketing options and integrate the selections into a budget. This is an opportunity to use cost estimation, variance analysis, cost/volume/profit analysis, and budgeting. It also provides practice using Excel in business report formats.
Understanding the effect of allylic methyls in olefin cross-metathesis

Abstract A series of NMR spectroscopy experiments have been conducted with both the model compound, 3-methyl-1-pentene and the corresponding ADMET monomer 3,6,9-trimethylundeca-1,10-diene (11) to better understand the effect of allylic methyls during olefin metathesis chemistry. Traditional ADMET catalysts such as Schrock’s molybdenum (1), and Grubbs’ ruthenium 1st and 2nd generation (2 and 3) were examined under cross-metathesis and ADMET conditions. Regardless of catalyst selection, 50% or less metathesis conversion was observed for all reactions, especially in the case of the more sterically encumbered diene. With Schrock’s molybdenum catalyst 1, the reaction leads to an accumulation of the non-productive metallacyclobutane, trapping the catalyst in an inactive form. With Grubbs’ ruthenium catalysts 2 and 3, the substrate coordinates to the metal center primarily to yield non-productive metathesis, which results in a build-up of the methylidene complex leading to catalyst decomposition. These results are directly correlated to the orientation of the substrate’s bulk during the metallacyclobutane formation, the alkyl branch being adjacent to the metal center in the case of the molybdenum catalyst 1, and opposite to it in the case of ruthenium catalyst 2 and 3.
Civic Knowledge, Civic Education, and Civic Engagement: A Summary of Recent Research

Abstract In recent decades, many indicators of civic involvement in the United States have declined. The decline is political engagement has been especially pronounced, although signs of renewed interest evident in the 2006 elections may represent a reversal of long-established trends. Trust in government and most major social institutions remains low, although young adults seem somewhat more favorably disposed than others to the public sector. While volunteering is up, charitable contributions have fallen as a percentage of GDP. Despite large increases in formal education, measures of political knowledge have remained flat for decades. Renewed attention to civic education may help moderate some of these adverse developments.
Decision Effects, the Hahn–Jordan Decomposition for States, and Their Connection to Ludwig’s Axiomatic Approach to Quantum Mechanics

We begin with a quantum logic carrying a large collection of states. We then form a dual pair of Banach spaces—base normed and order unit normed—containing the states and the logic, respectively. A Galois connection on the face lattices of the states and the dual positive order unit interval is introduced. The elements of the logic are connected to a dense subset of the extreme points of this order interval in the order unit space using a generalized form of the Hahn–Jordan decomposition theorem. Decision effects are defined and identified with the elements of the original logic. Finally, an important axiom of Ludwig is introduced which ties together all the lattices of Galois closed faces of states, Galois closed order intervals of the positive order unit interval, decision effects, and the original quantum logic. The emphasis here is on the consequences of functional analytic assumptions. The paper concludes with a simple example where Ludwig’s axiom does not hold and we see parts of the theory dissolve.
Electron Localization in Disordered Systems

The general features of the electronic structure of disordered materials are investigated using Edwards's model of an electron in the presence of dense weak random scatterers. This model is equivalent to that of Zittartz and Langer which considers an electron in a Gaussian random potential. A self-consistent-field (SCF) formulation, which generalizes and clarifies that of earlier works, is used to demonstrate the presence of a mobility edge, a transition between localized and extended states at energy ${E}_{c}$. Particular emphasis is placed upon the symmetry and analytic structure of the SCF and upon how the SCF theory introduces the symmetry breaking which leads the localized states. In particular, the localization probability, the probability density that an electron with energy $E$ returns to its initial position after infinite time, is found to vary as ${|E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{c}|}^{\frac{13}{6}}$ for $E\ensuremath{\le}{E}_{c}$ and to vanish for $Eg{E}_{c}$. Below the mobility edge the size of the localized states is found to vary as ${|E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{c}|}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{2}{3}}$. Although questions concerning electron localization can rigorously be answered from a consideration of quantities which are the averages of a product of two Green's functions, such as the localization probability, the SCF theory obtained from the average Green's function alone gives rise to the same analytic structure as the SCF theory which is based upon the localization probability. This indicates that it may generally be possible to extract information concerning electron localization from the simpler average Green's function. The SCF theory is also generalized to consider quantities which are related to electron mobility. Although the mathematical difficulties encountered in this case resemble those of the general three-body problem, a proof is given that the lowlying states do, in fact, give a vanishing mobility. In addition, the SCF is used to derive the model which Mott employs to show that the mobility due to electrons in localized states vanishes as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\omega}$ as the frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ tends to zero.
Avian archistriatal control of fear-motivated behavior and adrenocortical function.

Bilateral section of the efferent pathway (tractus occipitomesencephalicus) from the archistriatum of the duck depresses fear-motivated responses as measured by (a) latency to escape in a runway test; (b) latency to approach and drink in the experimenter's presence following water deprivation, and (c) number of agonistic responses directed to an object introduced into the home cage. Sectioning this pathway also raises plasma corticosteroid levels in both adult mallards and newly hatched chickens. Plasma corticosteroid levels were negatively correlated with latency to approach and drink in controls. Experimental reduction of the neutral output of the mallard archistriatum produces an animal that resembles the adult domesticated duck in its basal plasma corticosteroid level and in its avoidance behavior, suggesting that selection for reduced archistriatal activity occurs during domestication.
Avatars in LivingSpace

virtual humans, avatars, distributed virtual environments, dead reckoning, VRML We describe how we implemented the avatars we use to represent users in LivingSpace, our implementation of the Living Worlds standard for multi-user distributed VRML worlds. LivingSpace allows multiple users to interact in a shared VRML world and communicate using spatialised audio. Avatars execute walking animations when the user moves and are capable of sitting, waving, and nodding as well as tracking a surface with a hand. Avatar position and orientation is predicted using dead reckoning based on velocity, curvature and angular velocity. We describe the problems we found, and draw some conclusions such as the need for an Inline that preserves the fields of an imported node and more control of VRML worlds over user interaction. We also discuss the use of avatars in multi-user interfaces, such as our VRML conferencing world.
Role Congruity Theory: Perceptions of Fairness and Sexism in Sport Management

This study applied three dimensions of organizational justice - distributive justice, procedural justice, and interpersonal justice – to high school athletics to determine if the fairness perceptions held by head coaches towards their athletic director differed based upon the sex of the athletic director or sex of the coach, after controlling for the level of ambivalent sexism of the coach. If fairness perceptions did differ significantly, the findings would support the notion that attitudes towards women in leadership roles were less positive than attitudes towards men even after controlling for sexist attitudes, thus supporting role congruity theory of prejudice toward women in leadership roles. The results indicated the fairness perceptions held by the coaches differed depending upon the sex of the coach and sex of the athletic director. After controlling for the coaches’ sexist attitudes, male coaches’ perceptions of distributive justice of female athletic directors was significantly lower than female coaches’ perceptions.
Finding a metaphor for collecting and disseminating distributed NSDL content and communications

The National Science Digital Library (NSDL) dramatically broadens the information about STEM resources that it can accept and make available to its users with the introduction of the NSDL Data Repository (NDR) architecture. [1].On Ramp is a platform for managing workflow, and creating, editing, distributing and storing content from multiple users and groups in a variety of formats to transform information into knowledge by enabling the NSDL community to engage in a rich exchange of information. [2] Flexible content that is small, modular, and adaptable is favored to promote this type of distributed reusable and multilayered information in an educational digital library such as NSDL.In this poster we trace the process used to determine a metaphor for the NSDL On Ramp (ONR) content and communications system by exhibiting iterative designs for a user interface derived from ONR User Survey results.
Analysis Techniques to Determine Guidance Computation Requirements for Space Vehicles

The guidance system for a space vehicle must include the capability to predict the motion or trajectories of the guidance state variables (e.g., position and velocity). This predicted motion is based on solutions to linear and nonlinear equations of motion. The need for the determination of trajectories with specified initial and terminal conditions in general requires the solution of twopoint boundary value problems. In addition, the need for trajectories, where some function of the trajectory such as heat input or fuel is minimized and where there are inequality constraints on the control and state variables, requires the solution of variational or optimization problems. The mechanization in the onboard computer of techniques for computing predicted trajectories generally must incorporate both the techniques for solving the above problems and for the storage of precomputed solutions.
Some recent developments in T‐group training

Some characteristics of T‐Group Training are presented, some evaluative research is reviewed, and some new procedures for training in more effective group‐interpersonal relations are briefly described.
Abstract: Evaluating Communication Performance in BlueGene/Q and Cray XE6 Supercomputers

Evaluation of the communication performance in supercomputers Blue Gene/Q and Cray XE6 using MPI and lower level libraries are presented. MPI is widely used for to its simplicity, portability and straightforwardness, however it also introduces overhead that degrades communication performance. Some applications with performance constraints cannot tolerate that degradation. Recent supercomputers such as the Blue Gene/Q and CrayXE provide lower level communications libraries such as PAMI (Parallel Active Message Interface) and uGNI (User Generic Network Interface). Our experiments show that with different communications modes: one-sided, two-sided, inter-node, intra-node, we can achieve higher performance with certain message sizes. These results will enable us to develop a light-weight API for GLEAN which is a framework for I/O acceleration and in situ analysis, to get improved performance on these systems.
Cephanone: In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Pharmacology in Normal Human Volunteers

Cephanone, a new 3-heterocyclic-thiomethyl cephalosporin antibiotic, was found to have an antibacterial spectrum similar to that of cephalothin. The compound was active in vitro against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All strains of Staphylococcus aureus tested were inhibited by concentrations of 6.2 mug or less of cephanone per ml. Beta-hemolytic group A streptococci and pneumococci were exquisitely sensitive. Among strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp., 83 and 82%, respectively, were inhibited by 3.1 mug or less of cephanone per ml. Excellent serum concentrations of the antibiotic were obtained after parenteral administration. Peak concentrations of 38 and 81.2 mug/ml were achieved in the serum after intramuscular and intravenous doses of 1 g of cephanone, respectively. The serum concentrations of cephanone fell gradually during the 12 hr after administration. Very high concentrations of cephanone were found in the urine.
Water–rock interactions, orthopyroxene growth, and Si-enrichment in the mantle: evidence in xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau, southwestern United States

Water–rock interactions and consequent orthopyroxene growth are documented by mantle xenoliths from opposite margins of the Colorado Plateau province. The interactions are inferred from a distinctive texture plus composition of orthopyroxene in spinel peridotite, in which porphyroblasts of orthopyroxene with inclusions of resorbed olivine are zoned to interiors exceptionally low in Al2O3 (<0.20 wt%). This texture plus composition has been found in xenoliths from Bandera Crater, New Mexico, in the southeastern margin of the Colorado Plateau, extending the known distribution from the northwestern margin (Grand Canyon field). Evidence that Si-enrichment locally accompanied movement of aqueous fluid is provided by an orthopyroxenite xenolith that is about 95% enstatite. The enstatite occurs in curved laths to 25 mm long, and the texture and composition (Al2O3 1 to 2 wt%, Mg/(Mg + Fe) 0.92) are attributed to growth during subsolidus interaction between peridotite and hydrous fluid. Modal orthopyroxene calculated from 4 bulk rock analyses of peridotite xenoliths from the Grand Canyon field ranges from 26 to 29%, more than in comparably depleted oceanic mantle. The mantle root of the Colorado Plateau may have formed from accreted ocean lithosphere and subsequently been enriched in Si by aqueous metasomatism at widely distributed sites. Similar fluid–rock interaction may have contributed to the orthopyroxene-enrichment characteristic of some mantle xenoliths from roots of Archaean cratons.