cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Captopril: Evaluation of Low Doses, Twice-Daily Doses and the Addition of Diuretic for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Hypertension

1. We randomized 475 men whose diastolic blood pressure was 92–109 mmHg to either placebo- or captopril-treated (37.5, 75 and 150 mg/day) groups for 7 weeks. 2. After 7 weeks, the placebo-treated patients were given hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg twice daily), as were two-thirds of each captopril-treated group, and they were observed for 7 additional weeks. 3. Captopril reduced blood pressure by 12.2 ± 0.8/9.4 ± 0.4 mmHg at 7 weeks (n = 323) and captopril plus placebo by 10.3 ± 1.9/10.2 ± 0.9 at 14 weeks ( n = 83); placebo by 20 ± 1.7/3.4 ± 0.8 ( n = 76); captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide by 24.4 ± 1.1/16.2 ± 0.6 ( n = 173). The effect of low-dose captopril was similar to that of a high dose. The effect of twice-daily captopril appeared to be equal to that of thrice-daily treatment but monitoring studies are needed to confirm this. 4. Only 15 out of 384 (3.9%) of patients were dropped from the study because of adverse effects. 5. Low-dose captopril may be useful in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.
Driving Organizational Change From the Bedside: The AACN Clinical Scene Investigator Academy

Background Staff nurses are pivotal in leading change related to quality improvement efforts, although many lack skills to steer change from the bedside. The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) staff nurse leadership program, Clinical Scene Investigator (CSI) Academy, teaches and empowers staff nurses in leadership skills and change concepts to translate evidence into practice affecting patient outcomes. Objectives To describe the curriculum of the AACN CSI Academy that provides staff nurses with the leadership skills required to create unit-based change projects that positively impact patient/family outcomes. Methods The curriculum of the Academy included leadership topics, communication, change concepts, quality improvement methods, project management, and data management and analysis. Each team of participants collected project data to show improvements in patient care. The program evaluation used many data sources to assess the program effectiveness, relating to the professional growth of the participant nurses. The participants assessed project patient outcomes, sustainability, and spread. Results The first cohort of CSI participants included 164 direct care nurses from 42 hospitals in 6 cities. They rated the Academy highly in the program evaluation, and they reported that the Academy contributed to their professional development. The individual hospital quality improvement projects resulted in positive patient and estimated fiscal outcomes that were generally sustained 1 year after the program. Conclusion With the skills, tools, and support obtained from participation in the CSI Academy, staff nurses can make substantial contributions to their organizations in clinical and possibly fiscal outcomes.
Initial Cluster Analysis.

Abstract We study a simple abstract problem motivated by a variety of applications in protein sequence analysis. Consider a string of 0s and 1s of length L, and containing D 1s. If we believe that ...
When REDD+ Fails to Support Democratic Representation: Legitimizing Non-Democratic Practices in the Amazon

This chapter examines the process by which indigenous communities of the Peruvian Amazon engage in REDD+ focusing on the mechanisms for local representation and the changes in rules and institutions brought by REDD+. Using two case studies, the author explores the risks of REDD+ reproducing and worsening exclusion, inequality, and elite capture through the imposition of tighter rules for social order and resource access. The author also draws attention to the potential negative effects of project interventions that seek to be apolitical, which can end up legitimizing non-democratic practices. The chapter concludes by highlighting the need for social protections for the most vulnerable, who are at risk of losing important assets and freedoms as well as citizenship and belonging in their communities.
The Influence of Neighborhood Risk Factors on Parolee Recidivism in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:

Recidivism research has largely addressed individual-level attributes, neglecting the role of the neighborhood context. Following a sample of 4,851 parolees returning to the City of Philadelphia in...
Organic agents offer innovation

Capturing CO2 directly from the air could lead to negative emissions, but more efficient technologies are still required. Now, researchers use a multi-stage cycle based on amino acids and organic salts to capture CO2 from air, which can be released with concentrated solar power.
Management of patients with metastatic teratoma with malignant somatic transformation.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to examine the historical context alongside contemporary studies in order to provide the most current recommendations for the management of patients with metastatic teratoma with malignant somatic transformation (MST). Recent findings The main themes in the recent literature covered herein include prognostic features, the management of early-stage disease, recommended chemotherapeutic and surgical strategies as well as recognized patterns of late relapse. Summary Recent literature, combined with a significant contribution from historical studies, suggests that while MST is uncommon, its aggressive nature coupled with its resistance with traditional germ cell tumor chemotherapies makes it very difficult to manage. The key message is that surgery is recommended in all resectable MST from primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I, to radical removal of disease after chemotherapy and when chemotherapy fails. In advanced cases with documented spread of the transformed histologic subtype, systemic therapies targeted to the identified tumor type should be considered.
Cognition in Interpersonal Theory and Practice

Interpersonal psychiatry was Harry Stack Sullivan’s term for his theory of interpersonal relations from which his practice directly flowed (1953). Sullivan was described by Michels variously as “that most creative of American born psychoanalysts” (1981) and as “America’s most important and unique contributor to psychiatry” (1976). It is proper, therefore, to begin discussing the role of cognition in interpersonal psychiatry with Sullivan.
Emotion, Intention, Health, Goal Clarity, and Other Factors in Postformal Thought

Age was not the perfect predictor of postformal thought. It was time, then, to examine some other factors that might reasonably be related to use of postformal thought and to try some experimental manipulations of the use of postformal operations. This chapter examines a few of the more interesting correlational, experimental, and case study results of this further work. Several research questions are addressed in this chapter. First, do physical health variables such as health or other cognitive variables such as memory and vocabulary relate to postformal operations? Second, how do traditional problem-solving variables such as goal clarity and heuristic availability relate to postformal thought during problem solving? Third, how do manipulations of problem context, use of probe questions, emotion, intention, and mind wandering relate to postformal problem-solving performance? Each will be addressed in turn.
Effects of Sample Preservation on Marine Microbial Diversity Analysis

Abstract Three replicate seawater samples were collected on three different days, filtered immediately and preserved with one of two guanidinium thiocyanate-based preservatives (DNAzol™ or RNA Lysis Buffer™ plus β-mercaptoethanol (RLA+)) and were kept frozen while being shipped to a lab. In parallel, a carboy of seawater was collected on each of the three days and maintained at ambient temperature while being shipped to a lab. Upon receipt the samples were filtered and treated in the same manner as for immediate preservation. Significantly more DNA was obtained from samples immediately preserved with DNAzol than the corresponding shipped samples for 2 of the 3 days. More DNA was extracted from DNAzol preserved samples but more RNA was obtained from RLA+ preserved samples. A protocol was designed to extract both DNA and RNA from split samples preserved with RLA+ and cDNA was synthesized from the RNA. Three high-throughput 16S rRNA gene libraries were constructed, one from DNA preserved with DNAzol, one from DNA preserved with RLA+ and one from cDNA (RLA+ preserved). Greater alpha diversity was found for libraries constructed from immediately preserved vs. shipped samples for both preservation types, with immediate preservation with DNAzol obtaining the highest level of diversity. Libraries constructed from immediately preserved (RLA+) DNA had greater alpha diversity than libraries constructed from shipped preserved (RLA+) DNA or cDNA. Unifrac measures of beta diversity showed clearer separation of sample types and a greater % variance explained for weighted than for unweighted principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots, indicating sample types varied more in their relative abundance of taxa than the presence/absence of particular taxa. We recommend immediate preservation of seawater samples, with DNAzol as the preferred preservative if quantification via qPCR will be performed or the highest alpha diversity is desired but preservation with RLA+ if RNA will be extracted.
Ravulizumab: a novel C5 inhibitor for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare stem cell disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure, and thrombosis. Until recently, the complement inhibitor, eculizumab, ...
Data Driven Techno-Economic Framework for the Development of Shale Gas Resources

Abstract This work presents a data driven techno-economic framework that combines upstream, midstream and downstream operations to optimize profitability of shale projects. This framework is illustrated using a shale gas supply chain structure planned for development and integration in an over-supplied gas market. Field development strategies are developed based on applying machine learning techniques to an existing field. Alternative development strategies are implemented on the integrated production-modeling platform RESOLVE–REVEAL to simulate hydrocarbon/water production. Long-short term memory (LSTM) neural networks are developed to predict gas demand and freshwater availability. Long-term strategic planning is achieved using a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) formulation. Results indicate a net present value (NPV) of 205.56 MMUS$ for optimal infrastructure design, gas and liquids transportation and distribution, and water management after 54-well integration. Additionlly, results provide an optimal gas storage schedule that supports shale asset profitability. Application of this techno-economic approach improves profitability projections for shale enterprises.
Opioid misuse among persons with HIV engaged in care in the Southeastern US

The prevalence of opioid misuse by people living with HIV (PLWH) during the current US opioid epidemic has not been fully described. Among a cohort of persons engaged in HIV care in North Carolina, we examined the prevalence of and risk factors for opioid misuse, defined as self-reported "street" opioid use (e.g., heroin) or nonmedical prescription opioid use on a patient reported outcomes survey. Recent (past three-month) opioid misuse among 1,440 PLWH in care 2012-2017 was 2% (95% CI 2-3%) and lifetime misuse 15% (13-16%). Persons reporting lifetime or recent misuse more commonly had hepatitis C and reported injecting drugs. In multivariable logistic regression models, male-to-male sexual contact was inversely associated with recent or lifetime misuse. White/non-Hispanic race/ethnicity was associated with lifetime misuse and CD4 count and viral load were not associated with opioid misuse. Among 32 persons reporting recent misuse, 81% had a contemporaneous viral load <50 copies/mL. In this cohort of PLWH engaged in care, recent opioid misuse prevalence was similar to general population estimates. Assessments of opioid misuse among PLWH not in care are urgently needed to fully characterize the impact of opioids on all PLWH.
Comparing the rates of methane production in patients with and without appendectomy: results from a large-scale cohort.

There is no clear study identifying the microbiome of the appendix. However, in other diverticular conditions, such as diverticulosis, methanogens appear important. We investigated whether patients who had undergone appendectomies had decreased levels of exhaled methane (CH4). Consecutive patients who underwent breath testing (BT) from November 2005 to October 2013 were deterministically linked to electronic health records. The numbers of patients with CH4 ≥ 1 ppm (detectable) and ≥ 3 and ≥ 10 ppm (excess) were compared between patients who did and did not undergo appendectomy using a multivariable model adjusted for age and sex. Of the 4977 included patients (48.0 ± 18.4 years, 30.1% male), 1303 (26.2%) had CH4 ≥ 10 ppm, and 193 (3.9%) had undergone appendectomy. Appendectomy was associated with decreased odds of CH4 ≥ 1, ≥ 3, and ≥ 10 ppm (ORs (95% CI) = 0.67 (0.47–0.93), p = 0.02; 0.65 (0.46–0.92), p = 0.01; and 0.66 (0.46–0.93), p = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, the percentage of CH4 producers increased 4-fold from the first to ninth decade of life. This is the first study to report that appendectomy is associated with decreased exhaled CH4. The appendix may play an active physiologic role as a reservoir of methanogens.
Estimating correlations with censored data

KEY POINTIncluding censored observations, when estimating correlations, has a nontrivial impact on the analysis.
People in E-Cigarette Ads Attract More Attention: An Eye-Tracking Study.

Objectives Minimally regulated electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) advertising may be one potential factor driving the increasing prevalence of young adult e-cigarette use. Using eye-tracking, the current study examined which e-cigarette advertising features were the most appealing to young adults as a first step to examine how e-cigarette advertising may be regulated. Methods Using a within-subjects design, 30 young adults (Mage = 20.0 years) viewed e-cigarette ads in a laboratory. Ad features or areas of interest (AOIs) included: 1) brand logo, 2) product descriptor, and 3) people. During ad viewing, eye-tracking measured participants' dwell time and time to first fixation for each AOI as well as each ad brand. Harm perceptions pre- and post-viewing were measured. Results Participants spent the longest dwell time on people (M = 2701 ms), then product descriptors (M = 924 ms), then brand logos (M = 672 ms; ps < .001). They also fixated fastest on AOIs in that order. Participant sex significantly impacted dwell time of ad brand, and harm perceptions decreased after viewing the ads (ps < .05). Conclusions This study provides initial evidence about which e-cigarette ad features may appeal most to young adults and may be useful when designing evidence-based policy.
Evaluation of U.S. Food and Drug Administration Enteric Viruses Microarray for Detection of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Inoculated Tomatoes, Green Onions, and Celery

ABSTRACT Foodborne viral contamination of fresh produce has been associated with numerous outbreaks. Detection of such contaminated foods is important in protecting public health. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the capability of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Enteric Viruses tiling microarray (FDA-EVIR) to perform rapid molecular identification of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus extracted from artificially inoculated fresh produce. Two published viral extraction strategies, total RNA extraction or virus particle isolation, were used to prepare the viral targets. The total RNA extraction method was used on material eluted from tomatoes, using an alkaline Tris-glycine-beef extract (TGBE) buffer. Optimization procedures including DNase treatment and poly(A)-RNA enrichment were adopted to improve microarray sensitivity. For green onions or celery, material was eluted using either glycine buffer or TGBE buffer supplemented with pectinase, respectively, and then virus particles were concentrated by ultracentrifugation. We also assessed the amount of viral RNA extracted from celery using three commercially available kits and how well that RNA performed on FDA-EVIR. Our results confirm that FDA-EVIR can identify common enteric viruses isolated from fresh produce when present as either a single or mixed species of viruses. Using total RNA extraction from tomatoes yielded a limit of detection of 1.0 × 105 genome equivalents (ge) of HAV per array input. The limit of detection for viral RNA obtained using ultracentrifugation was 1.2 × 105 ge of HAV from green onions and 1.0 × 103 ge of norovirus from celery per array input. Extending microarray methods to other food matrices should provide important support to surveillance and outbreak investigations. HIGHLIGHTS
Review of annual compliance of low-dose CT for lung cancer screening among internal medicine resident physicians in a university teaching program.

e19187Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with an estimated 2.1 million newly diagnosed cases each year. A large percentage of cases are detected at an adv...
Interception from a Dragonfly Neural Network Model

While dragonflies are well-known for their high success rates when hunting prey, how the underlying neural circuitry generates the prey-interception trajectories used by dragonflies to hunt remains an open question. I present a model of dragonfly prey interception that uses a neural network to calculate motor commands for prey-interception. The model uses the motor outputs of the neural network to internally generate a forward model of prey-image translation resulting from the dragonfly’s own turning that can then serve as a feedback guidance signal, resulting in trajectories with final approaches very similar to proportional navigation. The neural network is biologically-plausible and can therefore can be compared against in vivo neural responses in the biological dragonfly, yet parsimonious enough that the algorithm can be implemented without requiring specialized hardware.
Canonical Legends: How the Expanded Universe (Selectively) Lives on TV

In 2014, Lucasfilm announced that the hundreds of tie-in novels, comics, and video games—collectively known as the Expanded Universe (EU)—would no longer be part of the official Star Wars continuity. However, Lucasfilm also said that it would draw upon these works for inspiration. Indeed, the EU has had a significant influence on the canonical animated TV shows: The Clone Wars, Rebels, and Resistance. In this chapter, I analyze when and how these shows borrow story ideas from the EU. In a few cases, the shows have adapted entire EU stories with minimal changes. They sometimes incorporate major characters or events from the EU but significantly alter the details or context. The most frequent use of EU story content is for worldbuilding details or easter eggs.
Cyclic AMP does double duty to support parallel signaling in primary cilium and cytosol.

The primary cilium maintains all of the necessary machinery to generate and interpret cAMP signals within its tiny volume, leading to the supposition that ciliary cAMP provides unique biological instructions separate from those derived from the rest of the cell body. A new paper by Truong et al. has used optogenetic and chemogenetic tricks to selectively manipulate cAMP signaling within the primary cilium. Their data show that ciliary but not cytosolic message preferentially regulates transcriptional activity via the hedgehog pathway leading to actions on zebrafish development. Computer modeling provides a rational explanation as to how the geometry of this organelle enables it to tune out cAMP signals from the cell body in order to pick up messages generated in the cilium.
Foreign Policy: Discourse, Tools, and Implications

This chapter will examine the dynamics that have shaped the conduct of Qatari foreign policy since 1995, the year of the leadership change that ushered into power Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, father of the current Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. The chapter will begin by arguing that while Qatari foreign policy certainly evolved in distinctive directions after 1995 there was no sudden or disruptive break, as regional critics of Qatar claim; rather, changes in policy toward the internationalization of Qatari foreign policy were a pragmatic response to changes in the regional environment that began in the early 1990s: these included the regional impact of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the subsequent multinational liberation of Kuwait, the longstanding threat Qatar perceived to come from Saudi Arabia, and the decision to develop Qatar into a global gas giant with energy linkages spread across the world. Subsequent sections in the chapter will analyze how Qatar internationalized in the 1990s and 2000s, why significant aspects of Qatari foreign policy came to focus on diplomacy and mediation, and the impact of the political upheaval of 2011 which prompted Qatari foreign policymaking to assume more of an assertive, even interventionist, nature. The analytical question throughout will be the ways in which personalized aspects of policymaking interacted with the institutional structures of foreign policy conduct and the tensions that oftentimes resulted. A secondary question will explore the degree to which policymaking was short- or long-term in nature at the time it was made and whether there was a gap between policy formulation and implementation that mapped onto the tension between the personalized and institutionalized aspects of policymaking noted earlier. The chapter will end by examining how Qatari foreign policy has evolved again since Emir Tamim came to power in 2013 and in the aftermath of the two bouts of regional backlash against Qatar in 2014 and 2017. Whereas Qatari leaders engaged in dialogue with regional critics and made concessions during the nine-month withdrawal of Ambassadors by Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2014, the maximalist nature of the 2017 blockade and subsequent demands imposed on Qatar by the same three states, plus Egypt, left very little room for diplomacy and negotiation. Instead, Qatari foreign policy continued to evolve, against allegations by critics that it was something fundamentally different and more divisive, as pragmatic lessons were learned from the 2011–2013 period, and changes were made to further increase the institutional capacity of the foreign policy apparatus and reorient Qatar as an international actor with an increasing role in global conversations and institutions.
The Pseudodystonia: Important Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Dystonia (P4.7-002)

Objective: To identify clinical characteristics that differentiate dystonia from their dystonic mimics, or pseudodystonias, and to propose a clinical algorithm for this purpose. Background: The current classification of dystonia incorporates many phenotypes but excludes a number of diagnoses that imitate dystonias, the pseudodystonias. In the evaluation and treatment of abnormal sustained posturing that appears dystonic, identification of these pseudodystonias is critical to avoid missing alternative and potentially life-threatening diagnoses. To date, there has not yet been a systemic review of pseudodystonias. Design/Methods: A systemic literature review of pseudodystonia and dystonia mimics was completed using PubMed and Web of Science. Results: We identified 31 case reports of pseudodystonia, which we further subdivided into 3 categories: mimics of cervical dystonia, focal hand dystonia, or generalized dystonia. Mimics of cervical dystonia included 5 cases of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, 4 case reviews of congenital muscular torticollis, 3 cases of neck masses, 2 cases of posterior fossa tumors, 2 cases of ocular torticollis, and 4 cases of Sandifer syndrome. Mimics of focal hand dystonia included 1 review of Dupuytren’s, 1 case of Issacs’ syndrome, 1 case of a peripheral neurogenic tumor, 2 cases of myopathy, and 1 case of multifocal motor neuropathy. Mimics of generalized dystonia included 4 cases of Stiff Person Syndrome and 1 case of Satayoshi syndrome. We discuss clinical features that distinguish dystonia from pseudodystonia, such as sensory geste, task-specificity, abnormal muscle activation and disappearance in sleep. We conversely discuss clinical features that make pseudodystonia more likely than dystonia, such as muscle weakness, fasciculations, myokymia, preceding trauma, prodromal URI, palpable mass, or abnormal eye movements. Conclusions: Pseudodystonias are alternative, not-to-miss diagnoses when evaluating an abnormal movement for possible dystonia. We have identified specific clinical characteristics and developed algorithms to aid the clinician in distinguishing specific dystonia from their pseudodystonic imitators. Disclosure: Dr. Pan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Frucht has nothing to disclose.
Thyroid and Renal Amyloidosis in Thyroglobulin Immunized Rabbits

A variety of forms of immune complex nephritis have been reported in human thyroid disorders of immune origin as well as in animals with an induced lymphocytic thyroiditis 2. Several types of amyloid also represent expressions of immune system disorders. However, there are no reports of thyroid or renal amyloid associated with human thyroid disorders of immune origin, or in thyroglobulin (Tg) immunized animals. In recent investigations in animals with induced lymphocytic thyroiditis we observed amyloid lesions in thyroid and kidney.
Nasopharyngeal dendritic cell sarcoma, not otherwise specified, in a 34-year-old man.

Dendritic cell sarcoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), is an entity that is poorly defined because of its rarity and poorly understood pathogenesis. It is characterized by positive immunohistochemi...
Critical Contexts for Biomedical Research in a Native American Community: Health Care, History, and Community Survival

Native Americans have been underrepresented in previous studies of biomedical research participants. This paper reports a qualitative interview study of Native Americans' perspectives on biomedical research. In-depth interviews were conducted with 53 members of a Southwest tribal community. Many interviewees viewed biomedical research studies as a necessary source of health care, particularly for chronic disease prevention and management. While interviewees viewed biomedical research on diabetes as critical for ensuring their community's future survival, they also mistrusted both research and health care. Community members' complex perceptions of research were rooted in painful historical events, such as forced sterilization of Native women.
An interactive multi-user system for simultaneous graph drawing

In this paper we consider the problem of simultaneous drawing of two graphs. The goal is to produce aesthetically pleasing drawings for the two graphs by means of a heuristic algorithm and with human assistance. Our implementation uses the DiamondTouch table, a multi-user, touch-sensitive input device, to take advantage of direct physical interaction of several users working collaboratively. The system can be downloaded at http://dt.cs.arizona.edu where it is also available as an applet.
Video Self-Modeling in Mood-Based Disorders

Abstract Based on the assumption that thoughts and behaviors are interrelated, techniques of video self-modeling provide potential for people to learn from images of their own adaptive behavior. Self-modeling is an intervention procedure using the observation of images of self-engaged adaptive behavior to affect the symptoms of depression. The essence of video self-modeling is the display of non-depressed behavior appropriate for analysis in therapy. These images are captured on video and edited into 2–4 minute vignettes, and repeatedly reviewed to improve image, self-presentation and confidence among persons with mood-based disorders. The purpose of this activity is to promote a “positive image” in and of itself and to, in turn, encourage positive changes in behavior. Mildly or moderately depressed people can be prompted to recognize circumstances or events pleasant enough that, during their recounting, these individuals expressed non-depressed behaviors.
Cynicism as a Fundamental Dimension of Moral Decision-Making: A Scale Development

Altruism and cynicism are two fundamental algorithms of moral decision-making. This derives from the evolution of cooperative behavior and reciprocal altruism and the need to avoid being taken advantage of. Rushton (1986) developed a self-report scale to measure altruism, however no scale to measure cynicism has been developed for use in ethics research. Following a discussion of reciprocal altruism and cynicism, this article presents an 11-item self-report scale to measure cynicism, developed and validated using a sample of 271 customer-service and sales personnel.
Protection of Industrial Design in the United States and in the EU: Different Concepts or Different Labels?

Industrial designs matter. It is undisputed that design is crucial for the success of a product. That is why companies are using intellectual property laws in an effort to protect their industrial design. This article will describe how intellectual property laws can protect design and compare the design protection regime in the United States and the EU. The comparison will show that design protection is significantly different in the United States and the EU. Within the EU, further harmonization is needed in order to provide for a strong coherent design protection. The paper will point out that the ubiquitous requirement of non-functionality outside the realm of utility patent law in the United States is no longer appropriate in a world where the most successful designs purposefully combine functional and aesthetic elements.
Time-dependent fourier analysis, application to nonlinear pulsations of stellar models

A time-dependent Fourier analysis is described and applied to the study of the numerically generated hydrodynamic behavior of a stellar model. The approach yields the temporal variation of the amplitudes and phases of the various excited modes and sheds new light on the modal interaction and on the approach to the final steady pulsation.
Review Essay: Discourse "Makes" Reality—A Discourse Analysis About Translating Medical Briefings

Medizinische Aufklarungsgesprache haben die Funktion, den Patienten uber seinen Krankheitszustand und das weitere medizinische Vorgehen zu informieren und dazu seine Zustimmung einzuholen. Was aber passiert in solchen Gesprachen, wenn der Patient nicht hinreichend Deutsch spricht, um die arztlichen Ausfuhrungen zu verstehen, wenn das Aufklarungsgesprach in der Klinik durch ad hoc hinzugezogene Personen – seien es zweisprachige Krankenhausangestellte oder Angehorige – ubersetzt wird? Wie beeinflusst dieses Dolmetschen des arztlichen Diskurses die Wissensvermittlung und die Interaktionsstruktur in diesem Gesprach? Die rezensierte sprachwissenschaftliche Publikation untersucht entlang einer diskursanalytischen Perspektive und mit qualitativem Design vom Deutschen ins Portugiesische ubersetzte diagnostische Aufklarungsgesprache im Krankenhaus. Sie zeigt, dass und wie sich der Zugriff auf das vermittelte Wissen fur den Patienten durch den Ubersetzungsprozess verandert, wie die institutionell vorgegebene Ordnung des arztlichen Diskurses aufgebrochen wird und wie sich dabei die Aufklarungssituation fur nicht deutschsprachige Patienten verschlechtert. Nicht zuletzt mit einer interdisziplinar erweiterten diskursanalytischen Perspektivierung liesen sich im Anschluss an die hier bearbeitete Problemstellung weiterfuhrende Fragestellungen zum Problemkreis von Mehrsprachigkeit im medizinischen Feld und auch in anderen institutionellen Kontexten verfolgen. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs050131
The Role of Intersubunit Interactions for the Stabilization of the T State of Escherichia coli Aspartate Transcarbamoylase

Homotropic cooperativity in Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase results from the substrate-induced transition from the T to the R state. These two alternate states are stabilized by a series of interdomain and intersubunit interactions. The salt link between Lys-143 of the regulatory chain and Asp-236 of the catalytic chain is only observed in the T state. When Asp-236 is replaced by alanine the resulting enzyme exhibits full activity, enhanced affinity for aspartate, no cooperativity, and no heterotropic interactions. These characteristics are consistent with an enzyme locked in the functional R state. Using small angle x-ray scattering, the structural consequences of the D236A mutant were characterized. The unliganded D236A holoenzyme appears to be in a new structural state that is neither T, R, nor a mixture of T and R states. The structure of the native D236A holoenzyme is similar to that previously reported for another mutant holoenzyme (E239Q) that also lacks intersubunit interactions. A hybrid version of aspartate transcarbamoylase in which one catalytic subunit was wild-type and the other had the D236A mutation was also investigated. The hybrid holoenzyme, with three of the six possible interactions involving Asp-236, exhibited homotropic cooperativity, and heterotropic interactions consistent with an enzyme with both T and R functional states. Small angle x-ray scattering analysis of the unligated hybrid indicated that the enzyme was in a new structural state more similar to the T than to the R state of the wild-type enzyme. These data suggest that three of the six intersubunit interactions involving D236A are sufficient to stabilize a T-like state of the enzyme and allow for an allosteric transition.
Evaluation of Dwell as a nitrification inhibitor and its interaction with nitrogen source and soil properties.

Abstract Incubation studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Dwell (5‐ethoxy‐3‐trichloromethy 1–1–2–4‐thiadiazole), as a nitrification inhibitor of urea and ammonium sulfate (AS) in three Arizona surface soils. In the first experiment, 50 g soil samples were treated with urea to provide ? equivalent to 224 kg/ha. Half of these samples were treated with Dwell solution equivalent to 1.27 kg/ha active ingredient. These samples were incubated at 33 ± 2C and the pH was measured at intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 16 days. In the second experiment one set of 25 g soil was treated with 39 ppm ? as urea solution, and another set received an equal amount amount of ? as AS solution. Half of the urea and AS treated soils received 0.55 mL of 9.68 mg active ingredient Dwell solution which is equivalent to 1.27 kg/ha. Moisture was adjusted to 3/4 field capacity in each soil sample. The samples were incubated at a constant 30C temperature for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. Total inorganic ? (NO2 ‐, NO3...
Extended Catalyst Longevity via Supercritical Isobutane Regeneration of a Partially Deactivated USY Alkylation Catalyst

Off-line, in situ activity recovery of a partially deactivated USY zeolite catalyst used for isobutane/butene alkylation was examined in a continuous-flow reaction system employing supercritical isobutane. Catalyst samples were deactivated in a controlled manner by running them to either a fixed butene conversion level of 95% or a fixed time-on-stream of 3 h and then exposing the catalyst to supercritical isobutane to restore activity. Activity recovery was determined by comparing alkylation activity before and after the regeneration step. Both single and multiple regenerations were performed. Use of a 95% butene conversion level criterion to terminate the reaction step afforded 86% activity recovery for a single regeneration and provided nine sequential reaction steps for the multiple regeneration studies. Employing a fixed, 3 h time-on-stream criterion resulted in nearly complete activity recovery for a single regeneration, and 24 reaction steps were demonstrated in sequence for the multiple regeneratio...
Physical dysfunction and social participation among racial/ethnic groups of older americans: Implications for social work

Summary This paper reports the findings of a study that was undertaken to (1) identify differences in social participation patterns among racial/ethnic and gender groups, (2) examine the association between physical dysfunction and church and club attendance, and (3) explore opportunities for social work interventions that improve the quality of life of older Americans. The study was based on a national sample representative of the 39 million Americans age 60 and over. The data indicate that those who attended both church and club meetings had the lowest levels of physical dysfunction; those who attended one but not the other had intermediate levels of dysfunction, and those who did not attend church and also did not attend club meetings had the highest dysfunction levels. These findings suggest that physical limitations reduce participation in social activities at church and in clubs, which may limit access to social support for older persons that could benefit the most from it. Social workers should see...
P‐141: Real‐Time Dynamic Characteristics Measurement and Automatic Driving Parameters Extraction for Dynamic Driving Bistable Cholesteric LCD

To obtain the dynamic driving parameters for cholesteric LCD in a systematic manner, its dynamic characteristics and then driving parameters should be measured and extracted respectively. Accordingly, this paper develops a real-time dynamic characteristics measurement system and an automatic dynamic driving parameters extraction scheme. Satisfactory results can be obtained experimentally.
Potential interaction of troglitazone and cyclosporine.

Background. Troglitazone (Rezulin) is a promising new oral hypoglycemic agent recently approved by the Federal Drug Administration for use in type II diabetes mellitus. Although troglitazone is not metabolized by the cytochrome p450 3A isozyme family, it is a potential inducer of this system. Other medications, e.g., rifampin and phenobarbital, which also induce p450 3A activity, have been reported to significantly decrease cyclosporine (CsA) concentrations. Methods. We report a case of a stable renal transplant patient who had a decrease in CsA concentration after beginning troglitazone and who subsequently developed an acute rejection episode. We then reviewed all stable renal patients begun on troglitazone over the previous 6 months. Results. The seven transplant patients who had been started on troglitazone therapy experienced a statistically and clinically significant decrease in CsA 12-hr trough levels immediately after the institution of troglitazone therapy. Conclusion. A potential interaction exists between troglitazone and CsA. Transplant patients on CsA who receive troglitazone therapy should be monitored closely.
EXCITONIC SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN COPPER OXIDES

We discuss the possibility of excitonic superconductivity in high Tc copper oxides. The Hamiltonian describing CuO2 planes supports both antiferromagnetism and low-lying Cu ↔ 0 intra and interband charge fluctuations. One crosses from one regime to another as the number of holes per unit cell increases. The high Tc superconductivity takes place at hole concentrations most favorable for intraband charge transfer excitations. The dynamic polarizability of the environment surrounding CuO2 planes plays an important role in enhancing Tc.
Structure trees and species trees: what they say about morphological development and evolution.

Summary The evolutionary history of morphological structures generally is equated with that of the taxa that carry them. It is argued here that, analogous to genes, developmental genetic pathways underlying morphological structures may be subject to developmental evolutionary changes that result, for instance, in duplication (serial homology analogous to gene duplication and paralogy). Entities that undergo evolution are expected to be related to each other as a tree. Just as with molecular evolution, “structure trees” and species trees sometimes may be incongruent, with implications for morphological homology concepts. Detection of structure trees through morphological evolutionary analyses may point to an entity that is maintained through evolution, possibly in part because it is a developmentally integrated structure (“individualized”). This idea is illustrated in a morphological evolutionary analysis of leaf primordia. These analyses suggest that leaf primordia in monocots and close relatives are related to each other as a tree and, therefore, are developmentally integrated, evolving entities. Among monocot primordia this tree structure breaks down, and it is concluded that there is no entity, the “monocot leaf primordium.” However, one group of primordia is identified within monocots that have uniform characteristics and that are well represented by model species maize and rice. Such analyses of structure trees can facilitate the extrapolation and interpretation of results from molecular developmental and other comparative studies.
Novel low molecular weight lignins as potential anti-emphysema agents: In vitro triple inhibitory activity against elastase, oxidation and inflammation.

Abstract No molecule has been found to be effective against emphysema to date primarily because of its complex pathogenesis that involves elastolysis, oxidation and inflammation. We here describe novel unsulfated or sulfated low molecular weight lignins (LMWLs) chemo-enzymatically prepared from 4-hydroxycinnamic acids monomers, as the first potent triple-action inhibitors of neutrophil elastase, oxidation and inflammation. The inhibitory potencies of three different cinnamic acid-based LMWLs were determined in vitro using chromogenic substrate hydrolysis assays, radical scavenging and lung cellular oxidative biomarker reduced glutathione (rGSH) assays, and lung cellular inflammatory biomarker NFκB and IL-8 assays, respectively. Each LWML uniquely displayed triple-action inhibition, among which CDSO3, a sulfated caffeic acid-based LMWL, was most potent. The half-maximal anti-human neutrophil elastase (HNE) potency of CDSO3 was 0.43 μM. This high potency arose from lignin-like oligomerization, which was further potentiated by 6.6-fold due to sulfation. Mechanistically, this elastase inhibition was of mixed-type, time-dependent and more selective to positively charged elastases. The half-maximal anti-oxidative potency of CDSO3 was 3.52 μM, 4.8-fold potentiated from that of the monomer, caffeic acid (CA). In contrast, the half-maximal inhibitory potency to TNFα-induced inflammation was 5–10 μM, despite no activity with the monomer. More intriguingly, this anti-inflammatory activity was essentially identical with different stimuli, okadaic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which implied that CDSO3 acts directly on inflammatory cascades within the cells. Overall, oligomerization and sulfation produced or significantly potentiated the activity, in comparison to the monomer. Thus, sulfated and unsulfated LMWLs are novel non-peptidic 2.8–4.1 kDa macromolecules that exhibit for the first time potent triple inhibitory activity against elastase, oxidation and inflammation, the three major pathogenic mechanisms known to cause emphysema.
Applying Social Cognitive Theory to Academic Advising to Assess Student Learning Outcomes

Review of social cognitive theory constructs of self-efficacy and self-regulated learning is applied to academic advising for the purposes of assessing student learning. A brief overview of the history of student learning outcomes in higher education is followed by an explanation of self-efficacy and self-regulated learning constructs and how they can be applied to academic advising. The article concludes with the development of a model for assessing student learning outcomes in academic advising using these theoretical constructs.
Evaluation of the behavioral roles of ascending auditory interneurons in calling song phonotaxis by the female cricket (Acheta domesticus)

1. Inactivating one L1 results in angular errors and circling during orientation toward the side having the intact L1 in response to calling songs (CSs) whose intensities are below the threshold for L3 (Figs. 2, 3A). When song intensities are increased above the threshold of L3, circling decreases (Fig. 3B). 2. Following inactivation of one L1 and occlusion of the ear providing input to the intact L1, no phonotaxis occurs in response to CSs at 60 dB (below the threshold of L3; Fig. 4A) demonstrating the necessity of L1 for phonotaxis. Orientation, at large and consistent angular errors (Fig. 5A) and circling (Fig. 5B) to the unoccluded side resumes when song intensities are increased above the threshold of L3 (Fig. 4B) suggesting that a single L3 can induce phonotactic responses. 3. Inactivation of one L3 causes angular errors in orientation when CSs are above its threshold (Figs. 6A, 7), which are not apparent when CSs are below L3's threshold (Figs. 6B, 7). 4. Inactivation of one L3 and occlusion of the ear providing input to the contralateral L1 and L3, leave only one L1 functioning. This results in turning and circling toward the unoccluded side containing the one functioning L1 (Figs. 6C, 8), thus confirming the sufficiency of L1 for phono taxis.
The free amino acid pool in Leishmania tropica promastigotes

Abstract The principal constituents of the free amino acid pool in Leishmania tropica promastigotes include alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, α-aminobutyric acid and ethanolamine. Changes in levels of the pool constituents during starvation, nutrient supplementation and treatment with a metabolic inhibitor (sodium fluoride) were followed. Several enzymes capable of converting amino acids to Krebs cycle intermediates were identified. It is suggested that during prolonged starvation which is accompanied by enhanced proteolysis, these enzymes enable the cells to utilize endogenous amino acids as carbon and energy sources. This is compatible with previous reports that Leishmania promastigotes in culture could grow on amino acids as growth substrates when carbohydrates are totally lacking.
Competition between cure and thermal degradation in a high Tg epoxy system: Effect of time and temperature of isothermal cure on the glass transition temperature

The isothermal cure of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with a tetrafunctional aromatic diamine has been studied in an attempt to achieve full cure (maximum glass transition temperature, Tg∞, ca. 170°C). Since high temperatures of cure are necessary for high Tg∞ systems (because of low reaction rates after vitrification), cure and thermal degradation reactions often compete. In this work Tg is used as a direct measure of conversion. An approach leading to a series of iso-Tg contours in a temperature vs. time transformation (TTT) diagram, which can be used to design time-temperature cure paths leading to particular values of Tg, is discussed.
The Effects of English Language Proficiency on Adjustment to University Life

Higher education institutions in the United States recognize the economic and educational benefits of international students. Although non-native English speakers (NNES) submit evidence of English language proficiency for admission purposes, many struggle with the demands of English. This study draws on qualitative and quantitative data to provide insights into the international student experience from the perspectives of students and faculty. It examines how English language proficiency affects academic and social adjustment, identifies useful types of support, and considers the effects of English proficiency on intercultural learning. Students are generally satisfied with their proficiency, appreciate English as a Second Language courses, and feel their English is improved through course work and social interaction. Professors feel students' skills are adequate but could be improved, and report adjusting their teaching approaches to accommodate NNES. Intercultural interaction aids English development an...