cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Protein Requirement of the Turkey Poult

Abstract THE conservation of protein must be carefully considered in a world with a constantly and rapidly increasing population and an ever-dwindling area of farmland. A good method to conserve protein is to increase the efficiency of that which is used by animals in producing human food. This may be accomplished by feeding only the absolutely essential amount of natural protein and supplementing it with small amounts of materials that allow for the most efficient protein utilization. Probably the first to demonstrate this principle was Voltz (1919), who used synthetic nitrogenous materials to supplement the protein fed to ruminants. More closely allied, perhaps, with the subject of this paper is the work done with the quail (Baldini, 1951). It was found that the quail, which is normally said to require 28 percent protein in its diet (Norris, 1935; Nestler et al., 1942; Stadelman et al., 1945; Baldini et al., 1950), could …
Identification of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein in Human Colostrum and Milk

Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is a 74-kD glycoprotein, originally discovered in plasma, which contains an unusually large amount of histidine (13 mol%) and proline (13 mol%). The specific functions of this protein remain unclear, although it binds (reversibly) transition metal ions such as Cu(II) and Zn(II) with high capacity (10-13 equivalent) and moderate to high affinity (kd = 0.2-10 microM). Because the bioavailability of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions in human milk is high, we have used specific antibodies from polyclonal antisera directed against purified human plasma HRG to investigate whether this or a related protein is a component of human colostrum and(or) mature milk. Fresh human colostrum (d 1-3) and milk (d 4-120) were collected in the presence and absence of multiple protease inhibitors and EDTA. Immuno "dot" blot analyses and ELISA were developed; HRG was present in both colostrum (0.13-10 micrograms/mL) and mature milk (0.1-10 micrograms/mL). Unidentified components in colostrum and milk, however, were found to depress HRG antigenicity in these assays. Western transfer and immunoblots of denatured colostrum and milk samples analyzed by SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of an immunoreactive band at 74-78 kD, with other bands at 47 and 24 kD under both reducing and nonreducing conditions; smaller immunoreactive fragments (12-14 kD) were detected in some samples. We observed at least one additional band of immunoreactivity of greater molecular mass (greater than 110 kD) in colostrum under nonreducing conditions; we did not observe these bands in plasma samples. Immunoaffinity and Zn(II) affinity isolation of HRG from colostrum and milk resulted in the copurification of several associated proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonexpected Utility in Macroeconomics

This paper introduces, within the context of an infinite optimal consumption problem, a parametric class of Kreps-Porteus nonexpected utility preferences--generalized isoelastic utility--which distinguishes attitudes toward risk from behavior toward intertemporal substitution. Some of the theoretical and empirical implications for macroeconomics of these state- and time-nonseparable preferences are examined. Copyright 1990, the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
High-power, hybrid Er:fiber/Tm:fiber frequency comb source in the 2 μm wavelength region.

We present a 2 μm frequency comb based on a reliable mode-locked Er:fiber laser with 100 MHz repetition rate. After shifting the spectrum of the amplified Er:fiber comb to longer wavelengths, a single-clad Tm/Ho:fiber is used as a self-pumped pre-amplifier to generate a coherent and broadband spectrum centered at 1.93 μm. Subsequently, a cladding-pumped Tm:fiber amplifier boosts the system to a maximum output power of 4.8 W at 1.96 μm. After compression in a compact grating compressor, our amplified Er:fiber/Tm:fiber hybrid system delivers as much as 2.9 W with a pulse duration of 141 fs. The system’s comb properties are examined via heterodyne measurement.
Analysis of tool wear effect on chatter stability in turning

Abstract This study establishes an analytical basis for the prediction of chatter stability in the turning process in the presence of wear flat on the tool flank. The components contributing to the forcing function in the machine vibration dynamics are analyzed in the context of cutting force, contact force and Coriolis force. In this way, the effects of the displaced workpiece volume at the wear flat as well as the workpiece rotation in conjunction with its radial compliance can be incorporated in describing the motion of the vibration system. Laplace domain analysis provides the analytical solution for the limits of stability in terms of the machine characteristics, structural stiffness, cutting stiffness, specific contact force, cutting conditions and cutter geometry. Stability plots are presented to relate stiffness ratio to cutting velocity in the determination of chatter stability. Machining experiments at various cutting conditions were conducted to identify the characteristic parameters involved in the vibration system and to verify the analytical stability limits. The extent of tool wear effect and Coriolis effect on the stability of machining is discussed.
A fast solver for the Ornstein-Zernike equations

In this paper, we report on the design and analysis of a multilevel method for the solution of the Ornstein-Zernike Equations and related systems of integro-algebraic equations. Our approach is based on an extension of the Atkinson-Brakhage method, with Newton-GMRES used as the coarse mesh solver. We report on several numerical experiments to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. The problems chosen are related to simple short ranged fluids with continuous potentials. Speedups over traditional methods for a given accuracy are reported. The new multilevel method is roughly six times faster than Newton-GMRES and 40 times faster than Picard.
Intercontinental biotic invasions: what can we learn from native populations and habitats?

The effectiveness of management strategies for invasive species is often hampered by a lack of clear understanding of the factors that limit species distributions. The distribution of exotic species, especially those that are invasive, are often so dynamic that limiting factors are difficult to identify. Comparisons of exotic species between their native ranges, where they are presumably close to equilibrium with controlling factors, and their ranges in areas of introduction can circumvent this difficulty. Such studies would help identify (1) limiting factors for distributions in native ranges, (2) factors associated with a high degree of invasiveness, (3) changes in genetics and morphology since introduction, which also might contribute to invasiveness, and (4) future directions and rates of invasion as a basis for developing detection/warning systems. Findings from such comparative studies would be highly valuable for understanding the dynamics of biological invasions and for improving the effectiveness of management to prevent or control invasives.
Grassland homogeneity in Tsavo National Park (West), Kenya

Summary The species composition of grasslands in southern Tsavo National Park (West), Kenya, was investigated using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). Both techniques indicated that, except for one site along a lake edge, all grasslands were relatively similar. Species abundances varied along topographic gradients but all sites were dominated by the same species, regardless of location in the study area or topographic position. The vegetational homogeneity in southern Tsavo West suggests that the grasslands are more strongly influenced by rainfall and soil, which are relatively uniform over the study area, than by fire, topography or other factors found to create vegetational heterogeneity in other parts of East Africa. Resume On a recherche la composition specifique des savanes du sud du Pare National du Tsavo (Ouest) au Kenya en utilisant le detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) et l'analyse de l'espece indicatrice a deux voies (Twinspan). Les deux techniques montraient que, sauf pour un site au bord d'un lac, toutes les savanes sont relative-ment semblables. Les abondances des especes varient selon un gradient topographique, mais tous les sites sont domines par la meme espece, quel que soit le site dans la zone d'etude et la topographic l'homogeneite vegetale du sud du Tsavo Ouest suggere que les savanes sont davantage influenceees par le sol et les pluies qui sont assez uniformes dans la zone d'etude, que par le feu, la topographie ou d'autres facteurs comme pour creer une diversite vegetale dans d'autres regions d'Afrique de l'Est.
Lumbar peritoneal shunting with video-laparoscopic assistance: a useful technique for the management of refractory postoperative lumbar csf leaks

Abstract Background Cerebrospinal fistulas and pseudomeningoceles can occur after lumbar spinal surgery, and are sometimes refractory to direct repair, external drainage, and blood patches. The authors report a technique for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion from the lumbar spine to the peritoneum to assist with the management of these difficult situations. Methods Using video-laparoscopic assistance, two shunts are placed from the lumbar region into the peritoneal cavity: first, a lumbar subarachnoid space to peritoneum shunt; and second, a meningocele cavity to peritoneum shunt. Patients are ambulated immediately after the procedure. External drains are not used. Results Four patients with refractory CSF leaks were successfully managed with this technique. Complications associated with prolonged bedrest and external drains were avoided. Ancillary procedures were minimized, and hospital stay was shortened. Laparoscopic assistance offered verification of accurate placement of the peritoneal catheter and shortened operative times. Conclusions Dual lumbar peritoneal shunts (intrathecal–peritoneal and meningocele cavity–peritoneal), placed with laparoscopic assistance, proved effective in the management of four patients with postoperative lumbar CSF leaks, who had failed to respond to conventional treatment.
Form drag, skin friction, and vortex shedding frequencies for subsonic and transonic crossflows on circular cylinder

A series of wind-tunnel tests covering a range of Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers in subsonic and transonic flows was conducted on a circular cylinder placed normal to the flow. Form drag coefficients were determined from surface-pressure measurements and displayed as a function of Mach number to show the drag rise phenomenon. Buried wire gages arranged on the model surface were used to measure skin-friction distributions and vortex-shedding frequencies at different flow conditions. It was found that detectable periodic shedding ceases above M = 0.9. The measured skin-friction distributions indicate the positions of mean separation points clearly; these values are documented for the different flow conditions.
A Spectral Multiplier Theorem Associated with a Schrödinger Operator

We establish a Hormander type spectral multiplier theorem for a Schrodinger operator $$H=-\Delta +V(x)$$ in $$\mathbb {R}^3$$ , provided V is contained in a large class of short range potentials. This result does not require the Gaussian heat kernel estimate for the semigroup $$e^{-tH}$$ , and indeed the operator H may have negative eigenvalues. As an application, we show local well-posedness of a 3d quintic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a potential.
Anthropic considerations in multiple-domain theories and the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking

One of the puzzles of the standard model is why the mass parameter ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$, which determines the weak interaction scale, is closer to the quantum chromodynamics scale than to the grand unification or Planck scales. We consider a novel approach to this problem, based upon the idea that ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$ takes different values in different domains of the Universe. The whole range of values for ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$, from ${+M}_{P}^{2}$ to ${\ensuremath{-}M}_{P}^{2}$, is explored, and it is found that only for values in a narrow window is life likely to be possible. The observed value of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$ is fairly typical of the values in this window.
Test of a data-driven trigger processor for experiment UA8

Abstract A fast trigger, based on principles of data-driven processing, has been designed and tested for CERN SPS-Collider experiment UA8. The electronics calculates the momentum vector of a track traversing the UA8 Roman pot spectrometer in 500 ns. When imbedded in the chamber TDC readout system, the total time between signal arrival in the counting room and result is 1.2 μs. The calculations are performed by successive table look-ups and arithmetic operations executed by several examples of a single type of module configured in a data-driven architecture. The operation of the system is monitored with a package of control and diagnostic software. The trigger processor has been successfully tested at the SPS-Collider.
Mariner 7 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Photometric Function and Roughness of Mars' Polar Cap Surface

Review of some of the results of the Mariner 7 ultraviolet spectrometer observations of the south polar cap of Mars. The near ultraviolet polar spectrum shows the predominance of surface reflection over atmospheric scattering. The intensity of the reflected radiation decreased steeply for a change in solar elevation of only about 10 deg. Neither a haze layer nor ground inhomogeneity is considered a likely explanation for this observation. An unusual photometric function of the surface is more probable. An analysis of reflected radiation intensity as a function of incidence and emission angles was made, assuming a photometric function for the surface. The angular inversion revealed a 'smoothness factor' suggestive of an icy or glazed surface. A hypothesis is advanced to explain the observed phenomena and associated polar features.
Associations between Personal, Indoor, and Residential Outdoor Pollutant Concentrations: Implications for Exposure Assessment to Size-Fractionated Particulate Matter

Abstract The physical and chemical characteristics of indoor, outdoor, and personal quasi-ultrafine (<0.25 µm)-, accumulation (0.25–2.5 µm)-, and coarse (2.5–10 µm)-mode particles were studied at four different retirement communities in southern California between 2005 and 2007. Linear mixed-effects models and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were then used to elucidate the relationships among size-segregated particulate matter (PM) levels, their particle components, and gaseous co-pollutants. Seasonal and spatial differences in the concentrations of all measured species were evaluated at all sites on the basis of P values for product terms. Outdoor quasi-ultrafine (UF) and, to a lesser extent, accumulation-mode particles were the two fractions that best correlated with outdoor concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx; during both phases of the study), and ozone (O3; only during the warmer months). Outdoor and indoor concentrations of CO, NO2, and NOx were mo...
Adjacent Track Aging In Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording

Heat assisted magnetic recording(HAMR) is a magnetic recording method that circumvents the superparamagnetic limit by heating the media. We investigate the effects heat leakage will have on the decay of tracks adjacent to the hot spot by measuring the distribution of energy barriers to thermal flipping. The energy barrier distribution width is found to increase with temperature in a medium sample. This effect will result in more decay at adjacent track aging temperatures than would be predicted by the scaling of measurements made at room temperature.
Clinicopathologic Characterization of Six Cases of Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis In a Nonendemic Area (2008-2011)

Six adult horses (four geldings and two intact mares; age range, 4-22 years) were evaluated for acute development of nonspecific malaise during a 3-year period. Clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia, fever, limb edema, and ataxia. Physical examination findings included depression, anorexia, tachycardia, fever, poor body condition, hind limb ataxia, and dehydration. Hematologic examination in these horses most commonly revealed thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, and leukopenia. Inclusion bodies consistent with the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum morulae were observed within circulating neutrophils in all horses. Clinical biochemistry findings were nonspecific. Infection of each horse with A. phagocytophilum was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. All horses showed resolution of clinical signs after initiation of treatment with intravenous oxytetracycline or oral doxycycline, combined with flunixin meglumine and additional supportive care as needed. Hematologic parameters paralleled clinical recovery and returned to reference limits in patients that underwent repeated analysis. Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is likely under-recognized in regions where it has not been previously reported; therefore, equine practitioners should be cognizant of relevant clinical signs and laboratory findings in acute infection. Additionally, horses may represent sentinels for infection in other species, including humans.
Stray losses in armature end iron of generators

IT was recognized early in the history of synchronous machines that generator operation at high-lagging, unity, and leading power factors resulted in extra losses and comparatively high temperatures in the structural parts at the ends of the armature core. This phenomenon has come to be termed as “end heating,” and is characteristic of the steam-turbine-type alternator.
Assessing plantation biomass for co-firing with coal in northern Indiana: A linear programming approach

Abstract Tightening environmental regulations and the signing of the Kyoto Protocol have prompted electric utilities to consider co-firing biomass with coal to reduce the levels of CO 2 , SO 2 , and NO x in stack emissions. This analysis examines the cost competitiveness of plantation produced woody biomass and waste wood with coal in electricity production. A case study of woody biomass production and co-firing in northern Indiana is presented. A Salix (willow) production budget was created to assess the feasibility of plantation tree production to supply biomass to the utility for fuel blending. Co-firing with waste wood from primary and secondary wood processing activities and local municipalities also is considered. A linear programming model was developed to examine the optimal co-firing blend of coal and biomass while minimizing variable cost, including the cost of ash disposal and material procurement costs. This model was used to examine situations where coal is the primary fuel and waste wood, willow trees, or both are available for fuel blending. The results indicate that co-firing woody biomass is cost-effective for the power plant. Sensitivity analysis explored the effect of waste wood prices on co-firing cost.
Spacetime topology change and black hole information

Abstract Topology change—the creation of a disconnected baby universe—due to black hole collapse may resolve the information loss paradox. Evolution from an early time Cauchy surface to a final surface which includes a slice of the disconnected region can be unitary and consistent with conventional quantum mechanics. We discuss the issue of cluster decomposition, showing that any violations thereof are likely to be unobservably small. Topology change is similar to the black hole remnant scenario and only requires assumptions about the behavior of quantum gravity in Planckian regimes. It does not require non-locality or any modification of low-energy physics.
Interactive Image Morphing on a Single-Chip Multiprocessor using a Multilayered Parallel Image Computing Library

Image morphing uses a combination of warping and image interpolation to produce a gradual visual transformation of one image into another. Due to the complexity of the operations involved in warping, creating the intermediate images that compose a “morph” is computationally intensive. Prior implementations have been slow, taking several seconds or even minutes, to compute each intermediate image. By optimizing the morphing algorithm for use on the Texas Instruments TMS320C80 Multimedia Video Processor (MVP), we have achieved interactive image morphing, which can compute an intermediate image in less than 200 ms. Using the University of Washington Image Computing Library (UWICL) for the MVP, a multilayered parallel image computing library, we were able to implement our interactive morphing algorithm with a minimum amount of programming effort. Thus, in addition to being significantly faster, our implementation is an excellent demonstration of the capability and development potential of the MVP and UWICL combination in higher-level algorithms and applications.
Field data collection for quantification of reliability and availability for photovoltaic systems

Predicting reliability and availability is a data driven capability of interest to the entire photovoltaic community, from material suppliers to system owners. Sandia National Laboratories is developing a predictive model and a host of methodologies needed for creating accurate predictions. Operational and maintenance (O&M) data from operating systems is only one piece of a broader data set required to make accurate predictions. Estimating reliability and availability of fielded photovoltaic systems requires times-to-failure or times-to-suspension and downtime data for each of the major components of each system. This paper addresses the collection (data set) and organization (standardized format) of data necessary for reliability and availability analyses.
The levels of 64Co populated by the 64Ni(t, τ) reaction

Abstract The 64 Ni(t, τ) reaction has been used to measure the mass excess of the 64 Co ground state, −59 803 ± 20 keV. The mass excess was previously uncertain by ±0.5 MeV.
Medical malpractice and the legal standard of care

In this essay, I examine the relationship between lawsuits for medical malpractice and the legal standard of care. I suggest that there is an insidious, dynamic relationship between physicians' reactions to the recent increase in malpractice litigation and an artificial elevation of the legal standard of care. Since, that is, the legal standard for proper medical care is based upon the community standard of care rather than the reasonable person standard, to the extent that overtreatment or “defensive” medicine becomes widespread as a reaction to malpractice litigation, the legal standard becomes elevated as well. Thus, it will increasingly be the case that unless a physician practices defensive medicine, and hence practices unreasonably, she risks being found liable for medical malpractice.
Least-squares finite element formulations for viscous incompressible and compressible fluid flows

Abstract We present least-squares based finite element formulations for the numerical solution of viscous fluid flows governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, as an alternate approach to the well-known weak form Galerkin finite element formulations. The use of least-squares principles leads to a variational unconstrained minimization problem where compatibility conditions between approximation spaces never arise and the resulting linear algebraic problem will have a symmetric positive definite coefficient matrix. We address the issue of norm equivalence of the least-squares functional and its implications on the resulting finite element model. In particular, we develop an understanding of the compromise that must exist between the optimality and practicality of the finite element model, the latter measured in terms of C k regularity across inter-element boundaries. We show, through numerical examples, that for the traditional C 0 basis such a compromise is possible when high p -levels are used to span the finite element spaces. When a low p -level solution is desired, guidelines are presented to obtain a reliable least-squares collocation solution. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the high and low p -level approaches. These include incompressible flow past two circular cylinders in a side-by-side arrangement for gap sizes S / D = 2.0 and 0.85, incompressible flow past a square cylinder, and subsonic, transonic, and supersonic compressible flow past a circular cylinder. In addition, we present a discontinuous least-squares formulation, where C k regularity across inter-element boundaries is enforced in a weak sense through the least-squares functional—allowing for h - and p -type non-conformities in the computational domain.
PERSISTENT CURRENT IN THE FERROMAGNETIC KONDO LATTICE MODEL

In this paper, we study the zero-temperature persistent current in a ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model in the strong coupling limit. In this model, there are spontaneous spin textures at some values of the external magnetic flux. These spin textures contribute a geometric flux, which can induce an additional spontaneous persistent current. Since this spin texture changes with the external magnetic flux, we find that there is an anomalous persistent current in some region of magnetic flux: near {Phi}/{Phi}{sub 0}=0 for an even number of electrons and {Phi}/{Phi}{sub 0}=1/2 for an odd number of electrons. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
An unusual defibrillator lead-associated echodensity.

A 62-year-old woman with nonischemic cardiomyopathy underwent the prophylactic implantation of a single-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. The first rib extrathoracic axillary vein approach under fluoroscopic guidance was used for vascular access. The system comprised a model 6935 single-coil lead and a model D314DRG generator (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). The lead was implanted in the right ventricular apex and was affixed to the pectoral tissue by using a suture sleeve in the usual fashion. One year later, transthoracic echocardiography was performed for the evaluation of malaise and worsening dyspnea on exertion. It revealed the presence of a mobile echodensity associated with the lead in the vicinity of the tricuspid valve, suspective of vegetation or thrombus. Subsequent transesophageal echocardiography showed similar findings (Figure 1 and
The prevention of alloxan-induced diabetes by amygdalin

Abstract Amygdalin in given to male Swiss-Webster mice i.p. at 3g/kg 1 hour prior to 75 mg/kg i.v. of alloxan, was able to protect against the diabetogenic actions of alloxan. The data are consistent with the concept that the protection by amygdalin is due to its scavenging of the deleterious and highly reactive hydroxyl radical which was generated from alloxan. Several other mechanisms of protection are also viable.
Split-delivery routeing heuristics in livestock feed distribution

In this paper, we describe a feed distribution problem encountered on a cattle ranch in Arizona. The problem is cast as a collection of split-delivery capacitated rural postman problem with time windows on arcs. We discuss the generic problems and several heuristics. The heuristics we discuss were tested and compared favourably with the working practices on the cattle ranch.
Do male and female cowbirds see their world differently? Implications for sex differences in the sensory system of an avian brood parasite.

Background Male and female avian brood parasites are subject to different selection pressures: males compete for mates but do not provide parental care or territories and only females locate hosts to lay eggs. This sex difference may affect brain architecture in some avian brood parasites, but relatively little is known about their sensory systems and behaviors used to obtain sensory information. Our goal was to study the visual resolution and visual information gathering behavior (i.e., scanning) of brown-headed cowbirds.
SYNTHESIS AND PHASE BEHAVIOR OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE DIPHENYLACETYLENE DERIVATIVES POSSESSING HIGH CLEARING TEMPERATURES

A series of diphenylacetylene derivatives were synthesized to serve as ligands for metal alkyne complexes. The target compounds, alkyl 4′-(4-phenylethynylbenzoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylates, were prepared using a three-step synthetic procedure. Both the diphenylacetylene derivatives as well as their immediate precursors, alkyl 4′-(4-iodobenzoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylates, exhibit liquid crystalline behavior. The diphenylacetylene derivatives possess large liquid crystalline phase ranges and high clearing temperatures. Synthetic details and the phase behavior of these compounds are discussed.
Irregularities in Side-Feeding Patterns, Energies, and Multipolarities in the Er 154 Yrast Cascade to Spin 36

States of $^{154}\mathrm{Er}$ were studied by means of the ($^{16}\mathrm{O}$,$4n$) and ($^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$,$4n$) reactions. Beginning with a 40-nsec isomeric state [${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=({10}^{\ensuremath{-}},{11}^{\ensuremath{-}})$], an intensely populated unusual cascade of $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=2$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=1$ transitions was established up to spin (35,36) and 12.5 MeV excitation. On an $E$ vs $I(I+1)$ plot the yrast levels form a series of straight-line segments with side feeding occurring primarily at the ends of segments. A second cascade of even-spin, even-parity levels from the ground state to ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={18}^{+}$ (quasi-ground-state band) does not exhibit these properties.
Fine structural localization of adenosinetriphosphatase activity in heart muscle myofibrils.

Activity of myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase was demonstrated histochemically at a fine structural level in isolated, unfixed or hydroxyadipaldehyde-fixed cardiac myofibrils in the rat, using a lead precipitation technique and either Ca++ or Mg++ as activating ion. Activity in relaxed myofibrils was found in the A band, but not the H, I, or Z bands. Deposits of final product frequently exhibited an axial periodicity of near 365 A, and bore a close relationship to filaments within the A band. Several patterns of distribution occurred in contracted myofibrils. In myofibrils which had shortened to the point of disappearance of the I band, final product was distributed throughout the sarcomere, except for the unreactive Z band. A second type of distribution occurred in strongly contracted fibers in which there was intensification of activity in the center of the sarcomere. These findings are discussed in the light of the recent morphological evidence and it is suggested that the distribution of final product is consistent with localization of enzyme activity to the cross-bridges between the thick and thin filaments.
Adaptations in glucose homeostasis during chronic nutritional deprivation in rats: Hepatic resistance to both insulin and glucagon

Abstract The role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis during chronic malnutrition was studied in weaning-littermate rats either fed ad libitum or restricted to 60% of ad libitum intake for 8 weeks. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were lower in malnourished rats, and their response to glucagon (0.02 mg/kg intravenous [IV]) after a 16-hour fast was significantly less than in control littermates for both glucose ( P = .039) and insulin ( P = .008). During euglycemic glucose clamp studies at identical plasma glucose (PG) levels, insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP) was impaired in malnourished rats, indicating insulin resistance (mean ± SE HGP: 48 ± 5 v 32 ± 10 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 for controls, P = .028). Glucose disposal was not significantly different in the two groups. However, after IV glucagon, the increase in HGP was markedly impaired in malnourished rats ( P = .0004), with the total amount of glucose produced by the liver over 15 minutes being 1,397 ± 114 μmol/kg as compared with 2,031 ± 118 in controls ( P = .0047). The impaired response was not due to defective glycogenolysis, because the release of glucose from prelabeled glycogen in response to glucagon injection contributed only 6% to 8% of the overall increase in glucose output from the liver, and was not different in the two groups. Furthermore, liver glycogen stores were virtually exhausted after the 16-hour fast, without glucagon injection. Glucagon receptor affinity and number were not affected by malnutrition. It is concluded that (1) chronic malnutrition is associated with hepatic resistance to both insulin and glucagon, (2) the glucagon resistance is not due to impaired glycogenolysis, and (3) it is mediated by a postreceptor defect. It is proposed that resistance to glucagon stimulation of gluconeogenesis is an adaptive response that helps conserve protein at the expense of a lower PG level in chronic malnutrition. The risk of hypoglycemia is partially offset by the insulin deficiency and resistance, which are other elements of this adaptive response.
Variational formulations for Vlasov–Poisson–Fokker–Planck systems

Time-discrete variational schemes are introduced for both the Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck (VPFP) system and a natural regularization of the VPFP system. The time step in these variational schemes is governed by a certain Kantorovich functional (or scaled Wasserstein metric). The discrete variational schemes may be regarded as discretized versions of a gradient flow, or steepest descent, of the underlying free energy functionals for these systems. For the regularized VPFP system, convergence of the variational scheme is rigorously established.
Sensing of Drill Wear and Prediction of Drill Life

Thesis. 1977. Mech.E.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.
Cross‐country Differences in Technology: The Case of the Food Processing Industry

In this study, cross-country differences in the food processing industry's technology are investigated. A value-added function is estimated using panel data comprising of 13 developed countries and the 1975–95 period. Evidence of nonconstant returns to scale and differences in technology across countries is statistically significant. The United States is the leader in terms of the level of total factor productivity followed by Japan, Germany, France and Canada in that order. The growth rates and levels of productivity are inversely related, and the speed of productivity convergence is 2.6% per year. In addition to impacting future growth and international trade analyses, the study has implications for competitiveness of the food processing industry. L'auteur examine comment la technologie varie dans l'industrie de la transformation des aliments autour du globe. Il elabore une fonction a valeur ajoutee a partir de donnees recueillies par panel dans 13 pays industrialises pour la periode de 1975 a 1995. L'existence d'economies d'echelles variables et de variations au niveau de la technologie d'un pays a l'autre est statistiquement significative. Les Etats-Unis restent bons premiers en ce qui concerne la productivite totale des facteurs, suivis par le Japon, l'Allemagne, la France et le Canada. Le taux de croissance et le niveau de rendement sont inversement correles et la productivite des differents pays converge a un taux annuel de 2,6 %. Outre son incidence sur les futures analyses de la croissance et des echanges internationaux, cette etude aura des repercussions sur la competitivite dans l'industrie de la transformation des aliments.
Adaptive/nonadaptive proton radiation planning and outcomes in a phase II trial for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Purpose To analyze dosimetric variables and outcomes after adaptive replanning of radiation therapy during concurrent high-dose protons and chemotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials Nine of 44 patients with stage III NSCLC in a prospective phase II trial of concurrent paclitaxel/carboplatin with proton radiation [74 Gy(RBE) in 37 fractions] had modifications to their original treatment plans after re-evaluation revealed changes that would compromise coverage of the target volume or violate dose constraints; plans for the other 35 patients were not changed. We compared patients with adaptive plans with those with nonadaptive plans in terms of dosimetry and outcomes. Results At a median follow-up of 21.2 months (median overall survival, 29.6 months), no differences were found in local, regional, or distant failure or overall survival between groups. Adaptive planning was used more often for large tumors that shrank to a greater extent (median, 107.1 cm 3 adaptive and 86.4 cm 3 nonadaptive; median changes in volume, 25.3% adaptive and 1.2% nonadaptive; P 70 , 1.8%; range, 0%-22.9%) and spinal cord (median absolute change in maximum dose, 3.7 Gy; range, 0-13.8 Gy). Without adaptive replanning, target coverage would have been compromised in 2 cases (57% and 82% coverage without adaptation vs 100% for both with adaptation); neither patient experienced local failure. Radiation-related grade 3 toxicity rates were similar between groups. Conclusions Adaptive planning can reduce normal tissue doses and prevent target misses, particularly for patients with large tumors that shrink substantially during therapy. Adaptive plans seem to have acceptable toxicity and achieve similar local, regional, and distant control and overall survival, even in patients with larger tumors, vs nonadaptive plans.
The impaired surgical resident

The surgical resident is among the most highly selected, dedicated professionals. The residency is an arduous and demanding experience, and for some, aggravates predisposition to injury, mental illness, or chemical dependency. Unfortunately, about 5% to 7% of residents become impaired, either in residency or later in practice. Because impairment is often a career-ending condition unless properly treated, an appropriate plan for dealing with impaired residents is mandatory. Such a plan involves identification, intervention, treatment, re-entry, and monitoring. Successful programs return more than 70% of those afflicted to safe practice.
Multiplicity Reactivation of 5-Iodouracil-Substituted, Nonviable Bacteriophage T4td8

Nonviable, 5-iodouracil (IUra)-substituted bacteriophage T4 td 8 can be multiplicity reactivated. The data indicate that two nonviable, IUra-substituted T4 td 8 phage can complement each other intracellularly to produce viable progeny. Phage particles in lysates of T4 td 8-infected Escherichia coli BT − , prepared in the presence of varying mole fractions of IUra plus thymine, were examined by infecting with low and high dilutions of lysate. The yields of multiplicity reactivable particles were identical, regardless of the mole fractions of IUra present in the growth media. However, the yields of viable phage, measured at low multiplicities of infection, decreased with increasing mole fraction of IUra. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lethal effect of IUra is a consequence of its incorporation into DNA. Further, the IUra-induced lesion cannot involve genetic damage that shuts off expression at a single region of the genome.
CD45 inhibits CD40L-induced microglial activation via negative regulation of the Src/p44/42 MAPK pathway.

It has been reported that ligation of CD40 with CD40 ligand (CD40L) results in microglial activation as evidenced by p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dependent tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production. Previous studies have shown that CD45, a functional transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase, is constitutively expressed at moderate levels on microglial cells and this expression is greatly elevated on activated microglia. To investigate the possibility that CD45 might modulate CD40L-induced microglial activation, we treated primary cultured microglial cells with CD40L and anti-CD45 antibody. Data show that cross-linking of CD45 markedly inhibits CD40L-induced activity of the Src family kinases Lck and Lyn. Further, co-treatment of microglia with CD40L and anti-CD45 antibody results in significant inhibition of microglial TNF-α production through inhibition of p44/42 MAPK activity, a downstream signaling event resulting from Src activation. Accordingly, primary cultured microglial cells from mice deficient in CD45 demonstrate hyper-responsiveness to ligation of CD40, as evidenced by increased p44/42 MAPK activation and TNF-α production. Taken together, these results show that CD45 plays a novel role in suppressing CD40L-induced microglial activation via negative regulation of the Src/p44/42 MAPK cascade.
Efficacy of a Simple, Low-Cost Educational Intervention in Improving Knowledge About Risks and Benefits of Screening Mammography

OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of a minimal cost and involvement educational intervention in improving women's knowledge about screening mammography and to explore patient perceptions of the educational intervention. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS During the study period (March 10, 2005, to July 1, 2005), 1446 participants in the Mayo Mammography Health Study scheduled for a mammogram within 4 weeks at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, were randomized to 2 study groups and mailed surveys about mammograms. The 2 groups received separate surveys; both surveys contained knowledge-based questions about mammography, but the educational intervention group survey also contained qualitative questions that assessed the educational pamphlets. RESULTS Of the 668 surveys returned (responders), 248 (34.4%) were from the control group, and 420 (58.3%) were from the intervention group. Approximately 80% of responders had had more than 7 prior mammograms. Significant increases in knowledge about mammography were found in the educational intervention compared with the control group on questions regarding age to begin screening mammography (67.9% vs 54.4%; P P P P P CONCLUSION The results suggest that providing women scheduled for screening mammograms with physician-approved educational material before their appointment significantly increases knowledge about screening mammography, risks and benefits, and possible follow-up.
Implementing linear algebra routines on multi-core processors with pipelining and a look ahead

Linear algebra algorithms commonly encapsulate parallelism in Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS). This solution relies on the fork-join model of parallel execution, which may result in suboptimal performance on current and future generations of multi-core processors. To overcome the shortcomings of this approach a pipelined model of parallel execution is presented, and the idea of look ahead is utilized in order to suppress the negative effects of sequential formulation of the algorithms. Application to one-sided matrix factorizations, LU, Cholesky and QR, is described. Shared memory implementation using POSIX threads is presented.
Therapeutic developments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

There is currently no effective treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating disorder of the human nervous system that, due to motoneurone degeneration, causes progressive loss of muscle function and death. The relentless progression of ALS and the uniformly poor prognosis have been unhindered by a variety of therapeutic agents tested in previous clinical studies. Recently, two drugs, namely riluzole and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), have been reported to benefit patients with ALS by improving survival or slowing disease progression. Several other drugs, such as gabapentin and various neurotrophic factors, are being investigated in on-going clinical trials. Therapeutic developments in ALS have been hampered by the fact that the precise cause of the disease remains unknown. In addition, there are considerable variations in disease related characteristics among patients, rendering accurate measurements of disease progression difficult. Advances in theories of pa...
Propofol lipemia mimicking chyle leak during neck dissection.

Abstract: Background. Propofol is an intravenous agentused in anesthesia. Lipemia is an uncommon adverse effect ofpropofol infusion.Methods. A patient undergoing neck dissection for recurrentchordoma had intraoperative lipemia develop after prolongedpropofol infusion.Results. Lipemia gave blood in the surgical ﬁeld a milkyappearance resembling chyle, but no chyle leak was present. Li-pemia was conﬁrmed by drawing a sample of blood and leavingit to stand. Layering of the blood with a milky white upper layerwas observed. Analysis of a second sample of blood revealed ahigh lipemic index.Conclusions. Lipemia is an uncommon adverse effect of pro-pofol infusion, which may give blood a milky appearance and beconfused for a chyle leak in a dissected neck. Identiﬁcation of li-pemia is also important because there is a risk of acute pancrea-titis, andit may represent the earlystage of propofol infusionsyn-drome. VV C 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 28: 1147–1149, 2006Keywords: propofol; lipemia; chyle leak; neck dissection
d-Ala–d-X ligases: evaluation of d-alanyl phosphate intermediate by MIX, PIX and rapid quench studies

Abstract Background: The d-alanyl–d-lactate (d-Ala–d-Lac) ligase is required for synthesis of altered peptidoglycan (PG) termini in the VanA phenotype of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and the d-alanyl–d-serine (d-Ala–d-Ser) ligase is required for the VanC phenotype of VRE. Here we have compared these with the Escherichia coli d-Ala–d-Ala ligase DdlB for formation of the enzyme-bound d-alanyl phosphate, d-Ala 1 -PO 3 2– (d-Ala 1 -P), intermediate. Results: The VanC2 ligase catalyzes a molecular isotope exchange (MIX) partial reaction, incorporating radioactivity from 14 C-d-Ser into d-Ala– 14 C-d-Ser at a rate of 0.7 min −1 , which approaches kinetic competence for the reversible d-Ala 1 -P formation from the back direction. A positional isotope exchange (PIX) study with the VanC2 and VanA ligases displayed a d-Ala 1 -dependent bridge to nonbridge exchange of the oxygen-18 label of [γ- 18 O 4 ]-ATP at rates of up to 0.6 min −1 ; this exchange was completely suppressed by the addition of the second substrate d-Ser or d-Lac, respectively, as the d-Ala 1 -P intermediate was swept in the forward direction. As a third criterion for formation of bound d-Ala 1 -P, we conducted rapid quench studies to detect bursts of ADP formation in the first turnover of DdlB and VanA. With E. coli DdlB, there was a burst amplitude of ADP corresponding to 26–30% of the DdlB active sites, followed by the expected steady-state rate of 620–650 min −1 . For d-Ala–d-Lac and d-Ala–d-Ala synthesis by VanA, we measured a burst of 25–30% or 51% of active enzyme, respectively. Conclusions: These three approaches support the rapid (more than 1000 min −1 ), reversible formation of the enzyme intermediate d-Ala 1 -P by members of the d-Ala–d-X (where X is Ala, Ser or Lac) ligase superfamily.
Using Integer Clocks to Verify the Timing-Sync Sensor Network Protocol

We use the UPPAAL model checker for Timed Automata to verify the Timing-Sync time-synchronization protocol for sensor networks (TPSN). The TPSN protocol seeks to provide network-wide synchronization of the distributed clocks in a sensor network. Clock-synchronization algorithms for sensor networks such as TPSN must be able to perform arithmetic on clock values to calculate clock drift and network propagation delays. They must be able to read the value of a local clock and assign it to another local clock. Such operations are not directly supported by the theory of Timed Automata. To overcome this formal-modeling obstacle, we augment the UPPAAL specification language with the integer clock derived type. Integer clocks, which are essentially integer variables that are periodically incremented by a global pulse generator, greatly facilitate the encoding of the operations required to synchronize clocks as in the TPSN protocol. With this integer-clock-based model of TPSN in hand, we use UPPAAL to verify that the protocol achieves network-wide time synchronization and is devoid of deadlock. We also use the UPPAAL Tracer tool to illustrate how integer clocks can be used to capture clock drift and resynchronization during protocol execution