cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Rope Shovel Operators in Surface Coal Mining Using a Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Model

Abstract Rope shovels are used to dig and load materials in surface mines. One of the main factors that influence the production rate and energy consumption of rope shovels is the performance of the operator. This paper presents a method for evaluating rope shovel operators using the Multi-Attribute Decision-Making (MADM) model. Data used in this research were collected from an operating surface coal mine in the southern United States. The MADM model consists of attributes, their weights of importance, and alternatives. Shovel operators are considered the alternatives. The energy consumption model was developed with multiple regression analysis, and its variables were included in the MADM model as attributes. Preferences with respect to min/max of the defined attributes were obtained with multi-objective optimization. Multi-objective optimization was conducted with the overall goal of minimizing energy consumption and maximizing production rate. Weights of importance of the attributes were determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The overall evaluation of operators was performed by one of the MADM models, i.e., PROMETHEE II. The research results presented here may be used by mining professionals to help evaluate the performance of rope shovel operators in surface mining.
The measurement of executive function in early childhood.

(2005). The Measurement of Executive Function in Early Childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 561-571.
Additional Analyses regarding Locus of Control Expectancies of Surgical Patients

Earlier we reported relationships between generalized locus of control expectancies and specific health locus of control expectancies in a sample of 24 surgical patients ( 1 ). This note attempts to correct errors in the earlier report and to respond to the allegation that the correlations were unstable and may have been due to data from a single, highly aberrant subject (2). There were two important errors in the report of our study. In Table 2 the range of scores for the Internal-A scale was reported to be 18 to 37, and the range for the Powerful Others-A scale was given as 16 to 39. The maximum score for both scales, however, is 36. One subject's scores for these two scales were recorded incorrectly. Correcting both scores to 36 and recalculating the correlations produced slight changes in the five values in Table 1 (1). The second error was our failure to report that there were missing data for some subjects. Complete data were available for only 19 of our 24 subiects so the samole for the correlacions ranned from 19 to 24. All correlations were tested for statistiial significance with the correct sample size, but our failure to report the sample size for each correlation was a serious mistake. Instead of considering che possibility that even a single, aberrant subject can markedly affect a correlation, we obtained data on the stability of the correlations between the variables. To do this, we repeatedly removed data for one subject and computed the correlations between the variables for the remaining subjeccs. This procedure resulted in 24 correlation matrices, each one having 23 (n - 1) subjeccs and potentially representing what would happen if our original values included a single, aberrant subject. The correlations in the 24 matrices were remarkably similar to those reported (1). Over-all, our conclusions are supported by the stability of the values in the 24 matrices. We reported that the Levenson Internality scale did not correlate significantb wirh either the Internal-A scale (r = .13) or the Internal-B scale (+ = -.16). The correlations for the Levenson Internality scale and the Internal-A scale ranged from -.04 to .26 in the 24 matrices. Also the correlations for the Levenson Internality scale and the Internal-B scale ranged from -.28 to .14. These low, nonsignificant values confirm that Internalicy scores for the general locus of control measure are unrelated to scores for the Internal scales of the health locus of control measure. In our article, the correlation between the Internal-A scale and the Internal-B scale was .14. The correlations for these two scales ranged from .03 to .42 in the 24 new matrices. Except for the correlation of .42, the other correlations (ranging from .03 to .20) were dose to the values reported. Even if one were to argue that the single value of .42 most accurately reflects the relationship between the scales, its magnitude does not provide evidence that the two scales are interchangeable.
Physics of gain and stimulated emission in II-VI diode lasers

Spectroscopic work is reviewed which focuses on the microscopic mechanism of gain in ZnSe-based quantum well (QW) lasers, under optical and electrical injection, respectively. Excitonic processes are rather distinct at cryogenic temperatures in the strongly quasi-2 dimensional case of a ZnCdSe QW. More strikingly, recent studies on the room temperature diode lasers show that electron-hole pairwise Coulomb correlations remain relevant in this case as well.
Quantitative analysis of the intrinsic muscles of the hand

Background: Understanding muscle architecture of the foot may assist in the design of surgical procedures such as tendon transfer, biomechanical modeling of the foot, prosthesis design, and analysis of foot function. There is limited published information regard- ing foot intrinsic muscle architecture. Methods: Eleven fresh-frozen cadaveric feet were studied from eight males and three females. Twenty-eight intrinsic muscles were dissected in each foot, and measurements of fiber length, muscle length, and muscle volume obtained using calipers and water displacement technique. The physiologic cross-sectional area, fiber/muscle length ratio, muscle mass fraction, and tension fraction were then calculated. Results: Intrinsic muscle length was related to foot size. The mean fiber length ranged from 13.6 mm (first plantar interosseous) to 28.0 mm (second extensor digitorum brevis). The mean muscle length ranged from 24.8 mm (adductor hallucis transverse) to 115.8 mm (abductor hallucis). The mean muscle volume ranged from 0.4 cc (fifth lumbrical) to 15.2 cc (abductor hallucis). The physiologic cross-sectional area ranged from 0.28 cm 2 (second and third lumbrical) to 6.68 cm 2 (abductor hallucis). The fiber/ muscle ratio ranged from 0.20 (abductor hallucis) to 0.82 (adductor hallucis transverse). The mass fraction ranged from 0.33% (fifth lumbrical) to 16.59% (abductor hallucis). The tension fraction ranged from 0.34% (fifth lumbrical) to 15.37% (abductor hallucis). Conclusions: The abductor hallucis and adductor hallucis oblique had much greater physiologic cross-sectional areas compared to those of the other intrinsic muscles. The lumbrical muscles had relatively low physi- ologic cross-sectional areas. These observations illustrate the underlying structural basis for the functional capacities of the intrinsic muscles of the foot. Anat. Rec. 249:143-151, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-monogeneity in a family of sextic fields

Abstract Let w=e2πi/3 and let q be an integer with q 3 ∉ Z . We prove that the ring of algebraic integers of Q (w, q 3 ) has a power basis if and only if Q ( q 3 )= Q ( 2 3 ) . Moreover, we find all generators of power integral bases of the ring of algebraic integers of Q (w, 2 3 ) .
RELATIONSHIP OF INDUCED MUSCLE TENSION TO PHENOMENON OF BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

11 male and 11 female college students at California State College, Los Angeles were tested for brightness constancy perception while experiencing induced muscular tension (IMT). One-half S's maximum grip on a standard hand dynomometer was used for induced muscular tension. IMT was expected to increase activation and attention, and facilitate veridicality of perception in the brightness constancy situation. A repeated measures design was used; each S ran through the constancy test twice, once with IMT, once without. A difference score was calculated for each S by substracting the scores obtained with IMT from those obtained without. The t test (p < .05; t = 2.23) was in the opposite direction from the predicted. IMT heightened activation, but the outcome was facilitation of brightness constancy, not veridicality.
Measurement of β-carbolines by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A method using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of beta-carboline compounds norharman, harman, norharmol, and harmol in lung. Aqueous derivatization with acetic anhydride was used to facilitate the isolation and separation of the phenolic compounds and to reduce the fluorescence background of the biological samples. Harman was identified and quantitated in rat lung (1.88 +/- 0.55 ng/g) using this method and its identity confirmed by means of gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
An integrated blood volume pulse biofeedback system for migraine treatment.

A blood volume pulse (BVP) biofeedback system is described that integrates BVP amplitude to provide a signal appropriate for auditory feedback. In comparison to binary BVP feedback methods, this integrated system offers the advantages of continuous feedback and increased scoring ease. The validity of this system was established by correlating the integrated BVP output with trough-to-peak measurements of the raw BVP signal during unassisted relaxation and temporal BVP biofeedback with eight migraine headache patients. Within-subject correlations of the integrated and raw BVP outputs ranged from .82 to .98 (means = .95). Although the integrated method admits unwanted BVP changes in rate, correlation analyses showed this confound factor to be small. Increments in biofeedback training effects were observed during the treatment course. Substantive migraine relief was achieved by the end of treatment and therapeutic gains were maintained at 1-year follow-up. In conclusion, it appears that this method successfully presents continuous auditory feedback from an integrated BVP signal resulting in therapeutic benefits to migraineurs.
Pravastatin prevents miscarriages in antiphospholipid antibody-treated mice

Miscarriages in patients with antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies have been attributed to thrombosis of placental vessels. However, we have shown that inflammation plays a crucial role in fetal injury. We identified tissue factor (TF), the major cellular activator of the coagulation cascade, as a key mediator in inflammation and fetal injury in aPL antibody-treated mice. We found that TF in maternal neutrophils was associated with fetal injury. TF expression in neutrophils contributes to the respiratory burst and subsequent trophoblast oxidative injury and pregnancy loss induced by aPL antibodies. We also analysed how TF contributes to neutrophil activation and trophoblast injury in this model. We showed that neutrophils from aPL antibody-treated mice express protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) and that stimulation of this receptor leads to neutrophil activation, trophoblast injury and fetal death. Mice deficient in PAR-2 and treated with aPL antibodies exhibited reduced neutrophil activation and normal pregnancies, indicating that PAR-2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of aPL antibody-induced fetal injury. In addition, we demonstrated that the statins simvastatin and pravastatin downregulate TF and PAR-2 expression in neutrophils and thus prevent pregnancy loss. In summary, this study shows that TF signaling through PAR-2 mediates neutrophil activation and fetal death in antiphospholipid syndrome, and that statins may be an appropriate treatment for women with aPL antibody-induced pregnancy complications.
Cutaneous pain and detection thresholds to short CO2 laser pulses in humans: evidence on afferent mechanisms and the influence of varying stimulus conditions.

Summary Pam and detection thresholds to short COa laser pulses were studied in healthy human subjects. Pam thresholds were significantly higher than detection thresholds in both hairy and glabrous skin; in the glabrous skin both thresholds were higher in the hairy skin. The range from detection threshold to pain threshold was larger in the glabrous skin. The minimal energy per surface area needed to produce any sensation (detection) or pain sensation decreased with increasing stimulus surface, and this spatial summation effect was to equaf magnitude in the hairy and the glabrous skin. With decreasing stimulus pulse duration (from 45 to 15 msec) the detection and pain thresholds were elevated: this effect was stronger on pain thresholds. With increasing adapting skin temperature, less energy was needed to produce any sensation (detection) or pain sensation. The effect of adapting skin temperature was equai on pain and detection thresholds. The conduction veiocity of fibers mediating laser evoked first sensations was in the thin fiber range { < 30 msec), according to a reaction time study. The rest&s suggest that short CO, laser pulses produce both non-pain and pain sensations, but that both these sensations are based on the activation of the same primary afferent fiber population of slowly conducting nociceptive fibers. Central summation of primary afferent impulses is needed to elicit a liminal non-painful sensation, and an increased number of impulses in the same fibers produces pain.
Velocity saturation effect on short-channel MOS transistor capacitance

To analyze short-channel effects of MOS transistor ac characteristics, a two-dimensional device simulator has been used to extract MOS transistor capacitances. The results of simulation and measurements agree quite well. Several causes of short-channel effects are explained by the simulations. Velocity saturation effects are found to play a key role in the gradual increase in C gd . Also holes in the accumulation region and the two-dimensional effect or the influence of the back-gate field from the drain are important in explaining the short-channel effect of MOS transistor capacitance.
Industrial Slavery in Roman Italy

From the earliest period the communities of the Latin tribes of central Italy and of the remaining Italiots made use of a few slaves as herdsmen, field hands, and probably as domestic servants to meet the simple demands of their small-farm life. No doubt these slaves were employed also in the household weaving of wearing apparel, in the fabrication of those offensive and defensive weapons needed in the wars with their neighbors, and in the production of the tools required for the still simple operations characteristic of Italian farming of that time. Enslavement appears in the Laws of the Twelve Tables, which can safely be dated about 450 B.C. There is no mention of slaves in the two early treaties between Rome and Carthage, as given by Polybius. Livy tells us very briefly of the imposition of a five per cent tax upon manumissions, which was passed in 357 B.C. if we may trust the statement and accept his dating of it. The picture of early Roman slavery as gained from these few primary data, and from literary sources even less trustworthy, is that of a simple agricultural use of a slave population whose numbers were relatively small. This would hold true down to about 352 B.C.
Indexing to 3D model aspects using 2D contour features

We present a shape-based method of indexing to model aspects from a single intensity image. Objects are assumed to be rigid. A model aspect is represented by a 2 1/2 D edgemap and the parts of the object silhouette. Part decomposition is derived from a codon representation of the object silhouette. Invariant features extracted from each part are then used to index into a hash table to generate model-aspect hypotheses. Knowledge about parts is incorporated in voting schemes to order hypotheses for efficient verification of candidate models. Verification of model-aspect hypotheses is carried out by an alignment algorithm that is robust to partial occlusion. Results of tests using 658 model aspects from 100 objects demonstrate that accurate recognition can be achieved with very few verification attempts.
Differential morphology: multiscale image dynamics, max-min difference equations, and slope transforms

We develop 2D max-min difference equations that model the space dynamics of 2D morphological systems and some nonlinear signal transforms, called slope transforms, that can analyze these systems in a transform domain in a way conceptually analogous to the application of Fourier transforms to linear systems. Further, we discuss some nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) that model the evolution of multiscale morphological filters of the max-min type. These PDEs are related to the eikonal equation. Solutions of the eikonal PDE are proposed based on 2D min difference equations that can compute distance transforms. We view the analysis of the multiscale morphological PDEs and of the eikonal PDE solved via max-min equations as a unified area in nonlinear image processing which we call differential morphology. Its potential applications include distance-path finding, segmentation, gridless halftoning, and shape from shading. >
(η‐Allyl)(η‐cyclopentadienyl)palladium

[1271-03-0] C8H10Pd (MW = 212.59 g mol−1) InChI = 1S/C5H5.C3H5.Pd/c1-2-4-5-3-1;1-3-2;/h1-5H;3H,1-2H2; InChIKey = TZLOZPWCNCGTQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Pd(II) reagent used in allylation, benzylation, regioselective additions to olefins, alkynes, and allenes, and alkynylcyclization reactions) Physical Data: mp = 61 °C. Solubility: soluble in hexane, slightly soluble in toluene. Form Supplied in: red needles. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR(C6D6):1δ 2.14 (d, 2H, J = 11 Hz), 3.11 (d, 2H, J = 6 Hz), 4.63 (m, 1H), 8.10 (s, 5H). Preparative Method: addition of NaCp solution in THF (2 mmol) to a solution of Pd(allyl)Cl2 dimer (1 mmol) in THF and benzene (1:1) at −20 °C.1 After stirring for 30 min, the solvents were removed leaving a deep red paste. The paste was washed with hexane and the collected filtrate was evaporated giving CpPd(allyl) as red needles. Purification: The initially isolated compound can be further purified by sublimation at 40 °C.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: CpPd(allyl) is best kept under an inert gas and stored in a freezer (−20 °C) because it decomposes gradually at open air and room temperature indicated by its noticeable color change (red to brown, then black). It sublimes easily and has an unpleasant odor.1
Perspectives on fuzzy systems in computer vision

The problem of computer vision is to automatically characterize the contents of digitized images. Applications include factory automation, navigation, digital libraries, and medicine. Not only is recognition an "inverse problem" with no single mathematical solution, but it is also complicated by external sources of uncertainty such as the conditions of image formation. Thus, the need for dealing with uncertainty in computer vision is well accepted. However, the majority of work in this area has used fixed thresholds or probabilistic approaches, from surface reconstruction to object recognition. The paper surveys current approaches to uncertainty in computer vision, paying particular attention to the attitudes toward fuzzy systems. Although fuzzy systems are out of the mainstream of computer vision, they pose great promise for addressing uncertainty issues that are not adequately dealt with by current methods.
Regulation of Tetrahydrobiopterin Biosynthesis in Cultured Adrenal Cortical Tumor Cells by Adrenocorticotropin and Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate

Y-1 adrenal cortical tumor cells in culture, which contain substantial amounts of tetrahydrobiopterin [6R-(l-erythro-1′,2′-dihydroxypropyl)5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (BH4) and GTP cyclohydrolase (GTP-CH), were used to study the regulation of BH4 biosynthesis by ACTH and cAMP. ACTH produced a dose-dependent increase in steroidogenesis, BH4 levels and GTP-CH activity. Maximal stimulation of BH4 biosynthesis occurred at the same concentration of ACTH that caused maximal stimulation of steroidogenesis. ACTH-(1–24) was more potent than ACTH-(1–39). The stimulation of BH4 biosynthesis by ACTH was dependent on cell density, being greater at lower cell densities, but was independent of time in culture. The lack of stimulation by ACTH at higher cell densities was due to an increase in the specific activity of GTP-CH in the control cells as density increased. This increase may be due in part to the increased release of steroids, since exogenous steroids added to low density cultures also resulted in an increase in th...
The Engineering of Silicon Wafer Material Properties Through Vacancy Concentration Profile Control and the Achievement of Ideal Oxygen Precipitation Behavior

A new kind of silicon wafer and a new class of materials engineering techniques for silicon wafers is described. This wafer, called the “Magic Denuded Zone” or MDZ wafer, is produced through the manipulation of the vacancy concentration and, in particular, vacancy concentration depth profiles in the wafer prior to the development of oxygen precipitates in subsequent heat treatments. The result is a wafer with ideal oxygen precipitation behavior for use in all types of integrated circuit applications. The methods used to prepare such wafers combine Frenkel pair generation with injection and the use of surface sinks. Simulations of the vacancy profiles produced by these techniques are presented and discussed. It is shown that within the range of vacancy concentration accessible by these techniques (up to ca. 1013 cm−3) the rate and oxygen concentration dependence of oxygen clustering can be substantially modified. Such techniques can be used to precisely engineer unique and desirable oxygen-related defect performance in silicon wafers both in terms of distribution and rate of defect formation. One result of the application of such techniques is an ideally precipitating silicon wafer in which the resulting oxygen precipitate profile (denuded zone depth and bulk density of precipitates) is independent of the concentration of oxygen of the wafer, the details of the crystal growth process used to prepare the wafer and, to a very large extent, the details of thermal cycles used to process the wafer into an electronic device. Optimal, generic and reliable internal gettering performance is achieved in such a wafer.
Precision of the PRECICE® Internal Bone Lengthening Nail

Background Previous designs of internal bone lengthening devices have been fraught with imprecise distraction, resulting in nerve injuries, joint contractures, nonunions, and other complications. Recently, a magnet-operated PRECICE® nail (Ellipse Technologies, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA) was approved by the FDA; however, its clinical efficacy is unknown.
ROC evaluation of SPECT myocardial lesion detectability with and without nonuniform attenuation compensation using an anthropomorphic female phantom

The purpose of this work was to evaluate lesion detectability with and without nonuniform attenuation compensation (AC) in myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging in women using an anthropomorphic phantom and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) methodology. Breast attenuation causes artifacts in reconstructed images and may increase the difficulty of diagnosis of myocardial perfusion imaging in women. The null hypothesis tested using the ROC study was that nonuniform AC does not change the lesion detectability in myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging in women. The authors used a filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm and Chang's (1978) single iteration method for AC. In conclusion, with the authors' proposed myocardial defect model nuclear medicine physicians demonstrated no significant difference for the detection of the anterior wall defect; however, a greater accuracy for the detection of the inferior wall defect was observed without nonuniform AC than with it (P-value 0.0034). Medical physicists did not demonstrate any statistically significant difference in defect detection accuracy with or without nonuniform AC in the female phantom.
On the difference between a bounding surface and a material surface

The ideas of Lagrange, Poisson, Kelvin and Truesdell are reviewed. It is shown that in order for a bounding surface not to be a material surface either u. n = c must fail or more than one deformation can be associated with the velocity field. Examples are given.
Functional and Mathematical Equivalence of Mechanisms: A Novel Approach to Integrating Synthesis and Design Analysis

The objective of our research is to produce classical engineering design analysis models in conjunction with the employment of function based synthesis techniques. As a part of this goal, we define a design approach to construct parametric design models from functional models. Such an approach allows a natural progression from functional product models, to synthesis, to analysis, and then to initial parameter specification. An empirical study is performed to gather product data from a jigsaw and a palm sander. Our method starts by creating a black box model and a functional model of a product. From the functional model, a critical flow and an associated function chain are identified. The next step is to express each component at a functional level. Following that, components are mapped to equations describing their performance and finally, functions are mapped to equations. We analyze prod uct data that is collected following the above described steps and discover functional and mathematical similarities between a scotch yoke mechanism in a jigsaw and an eccentric cam in a palm sander; in this case, two mechanisms used to perform the same function. We derive general performance equations for functions based on the components that are functionally similar but differing in form.
Nuclear Organization and Genome Function

Long-range interactions between transcription regulatory elements play an important role in gene activation, epigenetic silencing, and chromatin organization. Transcriptional activation or repression of developmentally regulated genes is often accomplished through tissue-specific chromatin architecture and dynamic localization between active transcription factories and repressive Polycomb bodies. However, the mechanisms underlying the structural organization of chromatin and the coordination of physical interactions are not fully understood. Insulators and Polycomb group proteins form highly conserved multiprotein complexes that mediate functional long-range interactions and have proposed roles in nuclear organization. In this review, we explore recent findings that have broadened our understanding of the function of these proteins and provide an integrative model for the roles of insulators in nuclear organization.
Sex, Science, and Social Responsibility: Cross-Cultural Research on Same-Sex Eroticism and Sexual Intolerance:

Efforts to contain the global AIDS pandemic have dramatically and urgently increased the need for fundamental information on human sexuality in all cultures. Unfortunately, this crisis has also rev...
Repeat patients to the emergency department in a statewide database.

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology of repeat users of the emergency department (ED) using a statewide database. Methods: Probabilistic linkage was used to convert three years of statewide ED visit data into a longitudinal, patient-based data set. Patients were classified as single, repeat (at least two visits within three years), or serial (four or more visits within a 365-day period) users of the ED. Serial patients were further stratified by the number of EDs attended. Descriptive statistics were used to assess differences between patient types. Results: There were 1,370,607 separate visits associated with 780,074 patients from 1996 to 1998. While repeat and serial patients represented 33% of the patients, they accounted for 62% of the ED visits during the study period. Repeat and serial patients were younger and had smaller median ED charges per visit than single-use patients. Serial patients attending five or more EDs were more likely to be coded as self-pay than other serial patients. Diagnosis codes relating to sprains, back problems, and headaches were prevalent among serial patients who visited five or more EDs. Approximately 30% of serial patients during the first year remained serial patients in the second year. Conclusions: Due to the high turnover in serial patients, control groups in future studies are necessary to evaluate interventions aimed at decreasing serial ED use. The likelihood of serial ED users to use multiple EDs indicates that those studying serial ED use should collect data from multiple EDs.
Utility of Routine Psychological Screening in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Clinic

Purpose: This study examined the utility of routine psychologic screening in a childhood cancer survivor clinic by evaluating patient acceptance, comparing subjects’ symptoms to normative data, examining the utility of specific tests, and identifying risk factors associated with psychological distress. Methods: During their annual clinic visit, 101 adult survivors of childhood cancer (median age, 25 years) completed the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90), as well as the Short Form 36 (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and one additional suicide question. Psychological distress was operationally defined according to the published SCL-90 clinical case rule, classifying subjects with a consistent pattern of symptom elevations as clinical cases. Results: The majority of subjects (80%) completed the screening in less than 30 minutes and reported little (15%) or no (84%) distress. Sixty-four percent believed it would help “very much” or “moderately” in getting to know them, and 35% thought it would he...
Novel polymeric anionic photoacid generators (PAGs) and corresponding polymers for 193 nm lithography

A series of new anionic PAGs, as well as PAG-bound polymers designed for use in 193 nm photoresist materials, have been synthesized and characterized. These novel materials provide optical transparency at 193 nm and also good etch resistance. PAG incorporated resists and PAG blended resists were exposed at a wavelength of 193 nm using an ASML 5500/950B optical lithography system with 0.63 NA. Exposed wafers were evaluated using SEM. The fluorine substituted PAG bound polymer and PAG blend resist provided a 110 nm (220 nm pitch) line/space at 11.5, 13.0 mJ cm−2, and 80 nm isolated features at 3 and 1 mJ cm−2, respectively. The LER (3σ) results showed that the fluorinated PAG bound polymer has LER values of 6.7 and 6.8 nm for isolated 80 nm and dense 110 nm lines, respectively, while the fluorinated PAG blend resist has LER values of 8.6 and 8.9 nm. The improvement may be due to the direct bonding of PAG into the polymer main-chain, which provides a more uniform distribution, thereby controlling acid diffusion and allowing a higher loading of PAG than the blend sample. The fluorine-free PAG bound or blend resists showed lower photospeed compared to photoresists based on fluorine-substituted PAGs.
Impact of Switching Glitches in Class-G Power Amplifiers

Envelope elimination and restoration (EER) based transmitters have attracted attention recently for two reasons: 1) The desire for increased spectral efficiency has mandated modulation standards that have large peak-to-average ratios (PAR). The increase in spectral efficiency is traded off against a decrease in average power-added-efficiency (PAE) when a linear power amplifier is used; however, when EER is used, it is decoupled somewhat from spectral efficiency. 2) Through the use of fast on-chip signal processing, the natural advantage of scaled CMOS is exploited by enabling switching power amplifier classes (e.g., class-E). This letter examines limitations associated with voltage supply switching glitches in class-G power amplifiers.
Modeling Task Control of Eye Movements

In natural behavior, visual information is actively sampled from the environment by a sequence of gaze changes. The timing and choice of gaze targets, and the accompanying attentional shifts, are intimately linked with ongoing behavior. Nonetheless, modeling of the deployment of these fixations has been very difficult because they depend on characterizing the underlying task structure. Recently, advances in eye tracking during natural vision, together with the development of probabilistic modeling techniques, have provided insight into how the cognitive agenda might be included in the specification of fixations. These techniques take advantage of the decomposition of complex behaviors into modular components. A particular subset of these models casts the role of fixation as that of providing task-relevant information that is rewarding to the agent, with fixation being selected on the basis of expected reward and uncertainty about environmental state. We review this work here and describe how specific examples can reveal general principles in gaze control.
The Reactions of Hydrogen Atoms with Vinyl Chloride

The photolysis of HI in the presence of C2H3Cl was carried out at room temperature, at various HI/C2H3Cl ratios, at different light intensities, and as a function of total pressure. The following H atom reactions were observed: Our data yield the following ratios of rate constants: k2/k3 = 28; k2/k4 = 19; and k,2/k5 = 13. As a scavenger for H atoms HI is six times more effective than C2H3Cl. Quantitative data concerning the relative reactivity of vinyl radicals with HI and C2H3Cl were also obtained.
The role of gut microbiota in fetal methylmercury exposure: Insights from a pilot study

Abstract Purpose The mechanisms by which gut microbiota contribute to methylmercury metabolism remain unclear. Among a cohort of pregnant mothers, the objectives of our pilot study were to determine (1) associations between gut microbiota and mercury concentrations in biomarkers (stool, hair and cord blood) and (2) the contributions of gut microbial mercury methylation/demethylation to stool methylmercury. Methods Pregnant women (36–39 weeks gestation, n = 17) donated hair and stool specimens, and cord blood was collected for a subset (n = 7). The diversity of gut microbiota was determined using 16S rRNA gene profiling (n = 17). For 6 stool samples with highest/lowest methylmercury concentrations, metagenomic whole genome shotgun sequencing was employed to search for the mercury methylation gene (hgcA), and two mer operon genes involved in methylmercury detoxification (merA and merB). Results Seventeen bacterial genera were significantly correlated (increasing or decreasing) with stool methylmercury, stool inorganic mercury, or hair total mercury; however, aside from one genus, there was no overlap between biomarkers. There were no definitive matches for hgcA or merB, while merA was detected at low concentrations in all six samples. Major conclusions Proportional differences in stool methylmercury were not likely attributed to gut microbiota through methylation/demethylation. Gut microbiota potentially altered methylmercury metabolism using indirect pathways.
The “Loma Linda Stent ”: A Screw-retained Resin Stent

This article describes a technique in which an acellular dermal allograft is used in combination with a photopolymerized acrylic resin stent to increase the zone of keratinized tissue around osseointegrated dental implants. During the second-stage surgery, a split thickness labial flap is reflected and apically repositioned by being sutured onto the periosteum and connective tissue. The acellular dermal allograft is then sutured onto the recipient site. The acrylic resin is trimmed and secured with temporary abutments to the implants, fitting passively over the graft and then photopolymerized intraorally. The stent is left for 1 week to secure the graft in place. This technique offers an alternative mucogingival procedure for increasing the zone of keratinized tissue around osseointegrated dental implants.
Inhibition of rat glomerular visceral epithelial cell growth by heparin

The effect of several glycosaminoglycans and sulfated polysaccharides on the growth of cultured rat glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GEC) was studied in vitro. Heparin, one preparation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, dextran sulfate, and pentosan polysulfate significantly inhibited the growth of several GEC clones studied (36.0-77.1% inhibition at 100 micrograms/ml). Other glycosaminoglycans studied did not affect GEC growth. Growth inhibition by heparin was dose related and did not appear to reflect cytotoxicity. Heparins with high or low affinity for antithrombin inhibited growth to similar degrees. When heparin was fractionated into high- and low-anticoagulant activity fractions by physicochemical means the high activity fraction displayed significantly greater growth inhibition. The degree of growth inhibition significantly correlated with serum concentration in the media (r = 0.64; P less than 0.001). Removal of heparin binding factors from serum resulted in a loss of this correlation as well as less overall growth inhibition. These experiments suggest that interactions of GEC with heparan sulfates and other heparin-like molecules in the extracellular matrix may be important in the control of GEC growth.
Upcoding or Selection: Evidence from Medicare on Squishy Risk Adjustment

Upcoding --- manipulation of patient diagnoses in order to game payment systems --- has gained significant attention following the introduction of risk adjustment into US insurance markets. We provide new evidence that enrollees in private Medicare plans generate 6% to 16% higher diagnosis-based risk scores than they would generate under fee-for-service Medicare, where diagnoses do not affect payments. Our estimates imply upcoding generates billions of dollars in excess public spending annually and significant consumer choice distortions. We show that coding intensity increases with vertical integration, reflecting a principal-agent problem faced by insurers, who desire more intense coding from the physicians with whom they contract.
Therapeutics in Congestive Heart Failure: From Hemodynamics to Neurohormones

Congestive heart failure has traditionally been thought of as a hemodynamic problem wherein impaired left ventricular function leads to decreased peripheral perfusion, sodium retention, increased ventricular afterload, and progressively deteriorating left ventricular pumping capacity. In new or decompensated heart failure, this hemodynamic paradigm predicts acute clinical improvement. Chronically, however, treatment based fundamentally on inotropic support or vasodilation has proved either unsuccessful or counterproductive in most instances. It has subsequently been recognized that left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure are characterized by a number of neurohormonal imbalances, especially enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. Acutely, interfering with these systems may have little effect, or even a negative effect, on hemodynamics and clinical status. Yet when applied chronically, treatments based on interfering with these systems improve ventricular function, quality of life, and improve survival. The reasons for the success of this therapy lie more in the cellular and biochemical consequences of reducing adrenergic stimulation and the effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone than in the direct manipulation of contractility or ventricular loading conditions. Nonetheless, controlling inappropriate diastolic and systolic wall stress is necessary for clinical stability and to prevent deteriorating neurohormonal imbalance. It therefore seems that while normalizing hemodynamics is important in the acute setting, and maintaining appropriate cardiac loading conditions chronically is necessary, hemodynamic manipulation does not in itself hold the key to improving outcomes in heart failure. The effect of treatment on adrenergic signaling, the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and left ventricular size, all are critical variables in predicting outcome. Treatment for heart failure therefore must not aggravate neurohormonal imbalance if it is to be successful in altering the natural history of the syndrome. Combining appropriate hemodynamic measures with agents that reduce adrenergic signaling, activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and myocyte hypertrophy holds the key to successful long-term therapy The next generation of therapy in heart failure will need to respect these principles if it is to provide additional benefit beyond our current neurohormonally based regimens.
Large Eddy Simulation of Re-shocked Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability

Richtmyer-Meshkov instability is caused by the impulsive acceleration of two different media, and the instability causes the formation of small scales of turbulence structures. When the initial shock is reflected and passes again through the perturbed field, additional scales of turbulence larger than perturbation are generated. Here, direct numerical simulation of 2D RMI is used first to investigate flow structures similar to previous experimental and numerical studies and, comparisons show good agreement. Also, spectra of kinetic energy followed k 3 , which is commonly accepted to the 2D turbulence. Large-eddy simulation of 3D Richtmyer-Meshkov instability is also conducted using a localized subgrid closure. Even though mixing growth rate before reshock is overestimated, the growth rate after reshock shows good agreement with the experimental results. Vorticity structures are visualized by iso-surface of Q-criteria, and two regimes with strong vorticity are found at the edges of mixing region. The kinetic energy spectra shows an inertial range of k 5/3 at the later stage of reshocked turbulent decay. However, spectra of density showed no or only a small range of inertial range, which is shallower than k 5/3 .
Correlates of male cohabiting partner’s involvement in child-rearing tasks in low-income urban Black stepfamilies.

Cohabitation is a family structure experienced by many Black children. This study examines the link between family relationships (child relationship with mother and the cohabiting partner; parent and cohabiting partner relationship) and involvement of biologically unrelated male cohabiting partners (MCP) in child rearing. The participants were 121 low-income urban Black families consisting of a single mother, MCP, and an adolescent (56% female, M age = 13.7). Assessments were conducted individually with mothers, MCPs, and adolescents via measures administered by interview. MCPs were involved in both domains of child rearing assessed (daily child-related tasks and setting limits) and those identified as coparents by the mother were more involved in child-rearing tasks than those not identified as coparents. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the mother-MCP relationship (both support and conflict) and the adolescent-MCP relationship were related to MCP's involvement in both domains of child rearing. The findings indicate that MCPs are actively involved in child rearing and family relationship variables are associated with their involvement in these tasks.
Modeling the Methane and Toxic-Degradation Kinetics of Methane-Oxidizing Biofilm Reactors

The kinetics of methane-oxidizing bioreactors for the degradation of toxic organics are modeled. Calculations of the fluxes of methane and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) were made using biofilm model. The model simulates the effects of competition by toxics and methane on their enzymatic oxidation by the methane mono-oxygenase.
Fingerprint sub-pixel frequency-based filtering algorithm

Orientation and frequency are two main parameters for fingerprint filtering.With the gradient orientation field algorithm,preferable texture orientation field can be obtained.The grey frequency field is influenced significantly by the complexity of peak value calculation,resulting in unsatisfactory filtering results.This paper divides the gradient orientation filed into different components,calculates the sub-pixel texture frequency of the differential binary image in each of the components, and combines the sub-pixel frequency into a frequency field,improves the overall filtering results significantly.Experiments show that the accurate sub-pixel frequency calculation can improve the performance of Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS)remarkably.
Hemodynamic changes associated with total body perfusion.

Summary A method is presented to measure the arterial and venous flow rates in the supra- and infradiaphragmatic division in the dog placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass. All animals perfused with homologous blood showed reduction of the total venous return as compared to the total arterial inflow. Evidence is presented which points to the splanchnic bed as the site for the sequestration of the blood. The addition of 1 Gm. per kilogram of body weight of mannitol to the priming homologous blood resulted in the prevention of hepatic congestion, portal hypertension, and blood loss from the oxygenator into the animal. Diluting the priming blood with dextrose in water and dextran did not prevent, but attenuated, the homologous blood reactions. An end-to-side portacaval shunt abruptly corrected the hemodynamic changes produced by homologous blood perfusion. It is concluded that increased intrahepatic resistance with unknown etiology causes portal hypertension which in turn contributes to the sequestration of the blood in the splanchnic bed.
A Framework for a Computer Integrated Design and Construction System

This paper presents a framework of a computer integrated design and construction system (CIDCIS) which is intended to provide coordination among multiple designers working in separate engineering disciplines, using knowledge to estimate interface conditions between disciplines, recording who used any piece of design data created by others, and how such data was used, and checking for conflicts among disciplines, constructability, and construction cost and schedule impacts of design decisions. CIDCIS is being implemented utilizing object oriented programming and blackboard control techniques.
Use of Monoclonal Antibody-Intact Ricin Conjugates in Experimental Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) directed against Thy-1 antigen on murine T cells were linked to the plant seed toxin, ricin. Conjugates tested in vitro were selectively toxic to T lymphocytes in the presence of lactose. When murine lymphohematopoietic grafts were pretreated with conjugates and infused into irradiated mismatched recipients in a model of human bone marrow transplantation and lethal graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), GVHD did not occur. Protected survivors were healthy chimeras. These findings imply that such an approach will be useful for GVHD prophylaxis in man. Our work relative to synthesis and testing of human reagents is discussed.