cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sanitation Status of Direct-drinking Water Pipeline System in Residential Area of Yangpu District,Shanghai

[Objective] To explore the sanitary conditions of direct-drinking water pipeline system in residential area of Yangpu District.In order to strengthen the management of direct-drinking water,provide the basis for protection of drinking safety.[Methods] Questionnaire survey was conducted on the residents using direct-drinking water pipeline system in 9 residential areas in 2008.Source water,finished water,backflow of water and piped water from these residential areas were sampled to assess water quality.[Results] In the 9 assessed redisent areas,water-making apparatuses of six residential areas were in the basements.Ozone was used to disinfect the direct-drinking water in all apparatuses.Water quality was monitored by themselves two to four times every month.One or two persons were in charge of daily maintenance.Water quality test of direct-drinking water showed that the value of the indices,such as turbidity,pH value,total hardness and so on,were much lower than those of tap water(P 0.05).Total number of bacteria in part of piped water and backflow of water was positive(3-42 CFU/mL).[Conclusion] The quality of direct-drinking water is better than that of tap water,but sanitation management system,daily maintenance and disinfection measures have limitations,which are easy to cause secondary pollution.
Classic Spotlight: Bacterial Endospore Resistance, Structure, and Genetics.

The views expressed in this Editorial do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. Bacterial spore formation has a major impact on medicine and agriculture, and its analysis has uncovered new paradigms for understanding bacterial physiology, cell biology, and gene regulation. The
Timing of Gene Therapy Interventions: The Earlier, the Better

The concept of gene replacement therapy is quite simple: If you replace a defective gene in a sufficient number of cells and express it at the right level, it will address the root cause of the disease leading to an effective treatment or cure. This somewhat simplistic view does not take into account the secondary pathologies that arise because of the genetic defect, which can cause potentially irreversible damage. Often, early preclinical studies test a gene therapy approach administered very early in the disease progression, before the onset of symptoms.
At the Water’s Edge (1902)

Like his father, Mozaffar ed-Din Shah had a passion for travel. Combining pleasure and business, he visited Europe in 1900, 1902, and 1905; his first two trips each lasted nearly seven months. On the first trip, he proceeded overland to Julfa and then to Nakhjavan, Yerevan, and then Kharkov, from where he went farther north into Russia before going to Western Europe. He visited as far west as Holland and reentered Russia at St. Petersburg. From there, he traveled to Rostov and overland down to Darband and Petrovsk and then to Baku, which the shah described as a town that “reeked of petroleum.” There he visited an oil mine and noted the lighthouses that were located offshore. From Baku, he went to Yerevan and then to Julfa, where he crossed the Aras River into Persia.1 Not much seemed to have moved him in terms of the sights and sounds of the Caspian.
Community Health Workers as Allies in Hypertension Self-Management and Medication Adherence in the United States, 2014

INTRODUCTION Rates of hypertension control remain low among underserved populations in the United States; moreover, disparities in hypertension-related cardiovascular disease death are increasing. Community health workers (CHWs) can address barriers to hypertension control among underrepresented and diverse populations. We identify unique roles CHWs play in hypertension self-management and medication adherence. METHODS In 2014, we conducted a mixed methods study with an online survey of 265 CHWs and 23 telephone interviews. The survey and interview guide contained questions about CHWs' roles in hypertension self-management and hypertension medication adherence. We used descriptive statistics to analyze survey data and used inductive thematic analysis for the qualitative data. RESULTS CHWs described working in partnership with patients and various health care providers to assist people in hypertension self-management. Roles were flexible and multifaceted but patient-driven. CHWs used various delivery methods to assist patients in overcoming barriers to medication adherence. CHWs interacted with patients primarily through individual clinical sessions or home visits. On average, they visit about 8 times per month, about 40 minutes per visit, over 7 months. CHWs often addressed barriers related to medicine-taking and refills and support patient-provider communications. CONCLUSION Results from this study will help health care professionals, policy makers, and academics better understand the work of CHWs. CHWs are important provider allies for improving hypertension prevention and self-management, especially among underserved and diverse populations in the United States.
An assessment of online information related to surgical obstructive sleep apnea treatment

Patients are accessing online health information frequently and using it to guide treatment decisions. Few studies have been done assessing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) information, and no studies have examined surgical resources for these patients. This was a cross-sectional analysis. “Sleep surgery” and “sleep apnea surgery” were entered into Google, MSN Bing, and Yahoo! search engines. The first 25 results of each individual search were evaluated. Each unique site was assessed for content quality, accessibility, usability, reliability, and readability using validated instruments. The date of last update for each site was also documented. “Sleep surgery” was searched for an average of 1,703,991 (SD = 166,585) times per month from June 2015 to June 2016. 33 unique websites were identified. Sites were most often academically/government affiliated (10/33, 30.3%), health information sites (8/33, 24.2%), or non-profit/hospital related (8/33, 24.2%). The mean overall DISCERN score for quality was “good,” at 56.6 (range, 22–79). The mean overall LIDA score for accessibility, usability, and reliability was “moderate,” at 123.9 (range, 97–152). The mean Flesch Reading Ease score for readability was 49.77 (range 22.7-74.3); 7/33 (21.2%) scored above 60, the recommended range for average visitors. 60.6% (20/33) of the sites had been updated since January 1, 2014. There was no significant correlation between a websites’ position on a browser’s search and its DISCERN, LIDA, FRE, or total score. With patients’ increasing reliance on Internet information, efforts to understand and improve websites’ quality and usefulness present unique opportunities in OSA surgery and beyond.
Phase I clinical trial of bavituximab (Bavi) and paclitaxel (P) in patients (pts) with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

567 Background: Bavituximab is a novel tumor vascular targeting agent. It is an unconjugated, chimeric immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody directed against phosphatidylserine (PS). PS is external...
Sequences of 95 human MHC haplotypes reveal extreme coding variation in genes other than highly polymorphic HLA class I and II .

The most polymorphic part of the human genome, the MHC, encodes over 160 proteins of diverse function. Half of them, including the HLA class I and II genes, are directly involved in immune responses. Consequently, the MHC region strongly associates with numerous diseases and clinical therapies. Notoriously, the MHC region has been intractable to high-throughput analysis at complete sequence resolution, and current reference haplotypes are inadequate for large-scale studies. To address these challenges, we developed a method that specifically captures and sequences the 4.8-Mbp MHC region from genomic DNA. For 95 MHC homozygous cell lines we assembled, de novo, a set of high-fidelity contigs and a sequence scaffold, representing a mean 98% of the target region. Included are six alternative MHC reference sequences of the human genome that we completed and refined. Characterization of the sequence and structural diversity of the MHC region shows the approach accurately determines the sequences of the highly polymorphic HLA class I and HLA class II genes and the complex structural diversity of complement factor C4A/C4B It has also uncovered extensive and unexpected diversity in other MHC genes; an example is MUC22, which encodes a lung mucin and exhibits more coding sequence alleles than any HLA class I or II gene studied here. More than 60% of the coding sequence alleles analyzed were previously uncharacterized. We have created a substantial database of robust reference MHC haplotype sequences that will enable future population scale studies of this complicated and clinically important region of the human genome.
Impact of array tilt on source-range estimation in shallow water using the array invariant.

The array invariant proposed for robust source-range estimation in shallow water is based on the dispersion characteristics in ideal waveguides for broadband signals. With minimal knowledge of the environment, the approach involves plane-wave beamforming using a vertical array, utilizing multiple arrivals (i.e., eigenrays) separated in beam angle and travel time. In the presence of array tilt, however, the beam angle estimates are shifted, which potentially affects the range estimation based on the array invariant. Conversely, the array tilt could be estimated for a known source range. In this paper, the sensitivity to array tilt is analyzed theoretically and examined using simulations and data. It is found that even a small tilt angle (e.g., <2°) of a 1.2 -m long vertical array near the surface, if not compensated for, can result in a relative range error of 20% or more, for a high-frequency source (7-19 kHz) at 3-km range in approximately 100 -m deep shallow water. Moreover, the power spectrum of the time-evolving array tilt estimated for 9 min shows a dominant period of 5.6 s, which is consistent with the surface wave period concurrently measured from a waverider buoy.
Psychological Predictors of School-Based Violence: Implications for School Counselors

Violence has become a pervasive and re1991). Youths are committing violent acts grettable reality in the United States. This at a younger age. In 1988, almost 1.6 mil country has more assaults and murders lion youths were arrested, 69,000 of them than any other industrialized nation for violent crimes, which included murder, (Prothrow-Stith, 1991). Every day more rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Of than 60 Americans die in homicides these youths, 18,000 were between the ages (Prothrow-Stith, 1991). Each year, 25,000 of 10 and 14 years (Lang, 1991). In a survey Americans are murdered with homicide of firstand second-grade students in being the most common cause of death for Washington, DC, 45% reported having Black youth (American Psychological Aswitnessed muggings, 31% reported having sociation Commission on Violence and witnessed shootings, and 39% reported Youth, 1993). having seen dead bodies (American Psy Both the amount and the severity of viochological Association Commission on lence involving youth (i.e., persons ages 18 Violence and Youth, 1993). America's and under) have increased dramatically youth are involved with violence as wit during the last 10 to 15 years. For instance, nesses, victims, and perpetrators, juvenile homicides have increased five American schools are not immune from times faster in the past 5 years than have this violence (Noguera, 1995). Far from be homicides committed by adults (Lang, ing idyllic centers for learning, many schools have become very dangerous places. It is not uncommon for violent inci Cass Dykeman is an associate professor and direcdents to occur in hallways, cafeterias, tor of the school counselor program and Stacey restrooms, and even classrooms. This vio Doyle and Heather Snow Flamer are counselors, lence has reached epidemic proportions all in the Department of Applied Psychology at Eastacross the nation (Coben, Weiss, Mulvey, ern Washington University in Cheney Washington & 1994) Th violence in our Wanda Daehltn is a school counselor in the Post . . , Falls School District, Post Falls, Idaho. Corresponschools 18 clearly an 1S8ue of Pressm8 ur" dence regarding this article should be sent to Cass gency. To rely on interventions born of un Dykeman, Department of Applied Psychology, EWU, supported intuition and desperation is to play 526 5th Street, MS-92, Cheney. WA 99004-2431. Russian roulette with this nation's young
Calibrated Hydrodynamic Simulation of Deeply-Scaled Well-Tempered Nanowire Field Effect Transistors

In this work, we first extract Hydrodynamic (HD) parameters from a computationally intensive full-band Monte Carlo (MC) solution via the MOCA simulator. We are then able to achieve good fits between the calibrated HD and MC velocity profile of a near ballistic double gated FET (DGFET). Moreover, we demonstrate good fits using bulk-Si HD parameters between the I–V characteristics of HD simulation and the measured data of deeply scaled Silicon nanowire field effect transistors (SNWFETs).
Comparison of MRI, CT, Dunn 45° and Dunn 90° alpha angle measurements in femoroacetabular impingement:

Purpose:To determine if a significant difference existed among alpha angle measurements between 4 imaging techniques, axial oblique CT and MRI, Dunn 45° and Dunn 90° plain radiographs, in patients ...
The Suppression of Cultural Memory and Identity in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This chapter identifies an orchestrated effort in “Republika Srpska”—an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina that was recognized by the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement − that is designed to prevent survivors of the genocide from erecting memorials to the victims in such locations as Visegrad, Prijedor, and Foca. While memorials for victims have been prohibited, and survivors have been prevented from using the term “genocide,” memorials to the perpetrators have been installed in the center of Visegrad, and near the Trnopolje concentration camp in Prijedor Municipality. In the hills above Sarajevo, in a location from which the city’s residents were attacked during the siege, a plaque honoring indicted war criminal Ratko Mladic has been installed. Accordingly, this chapter considers the extent to which the discriminatory practices regarding memorials in Republika Srpska constitute a violation of human rights. Further, the chapter argues that, following Raphael Lemkin’s definition of genocide, the prohibitive policies in Republika Srpska with respect to memorials and commemorative practices constitute nothing less than a continuation of the genocide, a second phase of the genocide designed to ensure the permanent erasure of a world that was destroyed. These human rights violations and the continuation of the genocide are a troubling testament to the failure of the international community in Bosnia, and to the problematic legacy of the Dayton Peace Agreement.
Beta-3 Adrenoceptor*

Beta-3 adrenoceptors are activated by the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine, and are members of the adrenoceptor family of the 7-transmembrane superfamily of receptors. There are three beta adrenoceptor subtypes: beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3. The typical beta antagonists, such as propranolol, do not inhibit beta-3 receptors. Beta-3 adrenoceptors are expressed predominantly in fat cells. Activation of adenylate cyclase through G s is a major, but not the only, mechanism of beta-3 adrenoceptor action.The putative beta-4 (atypical) adrenoceptor, which has some properties in common with the beta-3, appears to be a novel state of the beta-1 adrenoceptor …
Capital Mobility and Exchange Rate Regimes

A central result in international macroeconomics is the policy trilemma, which is the inability of a government to simultaneously allow international capital mobility, have control of monetary policy, and control the exchange rate. Rather, any government can only choose two of these three options. While there has been a trend among most governments toward capital mobility, there is much more diversity in the choice of a fixed or a floating exchange rate, with many countries flipping back and forth between these two options.
Cycle times and fixed points of min-max functions

The main contribution of this paper is the identification of the Duality Conjecture and the demonstration of its significance for the deeper study of min-max functions.
Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence of Carbon Nanodots in Gold Nanoslit Cavities

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are featured with a wide range of light absorption and excitation-dependent fluorescence. The emission enhancement of CNDs is of great interest for the development of nanophotonics. Although the phenomenon of plasmon-enhanced fluorescence for quantum dots and molecular dyes has been well investigated, rarely has it been reported for CNDs. In this work, a series of plasmonic nanoslit designs were fabricated and utilized for immobilization of CNDs in nanoslits and examination of the best match for plasmonic fluorescence enhancement of CNDs. In concert, to better understand the plasmonic effect on the enhancement, the surface optical field is measured with or without CND immobilization using a hyperspectral imaging system as a comparison, and a semianalytical model is conducted for a quantitative analysis of surface plasmon generation under the plane-wave illumination. Both the fluorescence and surface reflection light intensity enhancement are demonstrated as a function of nanoslit width and are maximized at the 100 nm nanoslit width. The analysis of surface plasmon-exciton coupling of CNDs in the nanoslit area suggests that the enhancement is primarily due to plasmonic light trapping for increased electromagnetic field and plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer. This study suggests that incorporating CNDs in the plasmonic nanoslits may provide a largely enhanced CND-based photoemission system for optical applications.
Continuous Low-Intensity Ultrasound Promotes Native-to-Native Cartilage Integration.

Failure of the host/graft interface to integrate impedes the success of cartilage repair protocols. Continuous low-intensity ultrasound (cLIUS) at the resonant frequency of 5 MHz is proposed as a t...
Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions

This introduction to the special issue reviews research that supports the hypothesis that psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, were central features in the development of religion. The greater re...
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of a Proximal Esophageal Pyogenic Granuloma

Pyogenic Granuloma (PG), also known as lobular capillary hemangioma, is usually seen as a polypoid red lesion found on the skin or the mucosal surface of the oral cavity. PG of the gastrointestinal tract is rare, in particular involving the esophagus, only 14 cases have been reported in the English literature. We present an 80-year-old male who underwent endoscopy for evaluation of dysphagia and was found to have a single, red, bilobed 10 mm polyp with adherent white exudate approximately 19 cm from the incisors. Endoscopic ultrasound was performed with a 20 mHz miniprobe which showed the lesion contained to the mucosal layer with no muscularis propria invasion. A decision was made to perform endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). A mixture of saline and methylene blue was injected into the submucosal plane to raise the lesion with subsequent successful mucosal hot snare resection. The resection defect was then approximated and closed with a hemostatic clip to prevent bleeding. Pathology of the specimen revealed small capillary vessels growing in a lobular architecture with an edematous stroma and a florid inflammatory infiltrate representing a pyogenic granuloma. EMR allows for an en bloc resection of mucosal lesions with tumor-free margins, thereby providing both diagnostic and prognostic information. Comparing EMR with the novel technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), the incidence of bleeding and perforation is much lower; making EMR the best and safest resection option for this rare hemangioma. In this case, we demonstrate that EMR is a safe technique in removing a pyogenic granuloma in the esophagus.
A state-level study of opioid use disorder treatment access and neonatal abstinence syndrome.

Adult opioid use and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) are growing public health problems in the United States (U.S.). Our objective was to determine how opioid use disorder treatment access impacts the relationship between adult opioid use and NAS. We conducted a cross-sectional state-level ecologic study using 36 states with available Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases in 2014. Opioid use disorder treatment access was determined by the: 1) proportion of people needing but not receiving substance use treatment, 2) density of buprenorphine-waivered physicians, and 3) proportion of individuals in outpatient treatment programs (OTPs). The incidence of NAS was defined as ICD-9 code 779.5 (drug withdrawal syndrome in newborn) from any discharge diagnosis field per 1000 live births in that state. Unmet need for substance use disorder treatment correlated with NAS (r = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.26–0.73). The correlation between adult illicit drug use/dependence and NAS was higher in states with a lower density of buprenorphine-waivered physicians and individuals in OTPs. Measures of opioid use disorder treatment access dampened the correlation between illicit drug use/dependence and NAS. Future studies using community- or individual-level data may be better poised to answer the question of whether or not opioid use disorder treatment access improves NAS relative to adult opioid use.
The status of diurnal raptor populations on La Gonave, Haiti

Abstract: La Gonâve, Haiti, is the largest Hispaniolan satellite island, yet it is rarely visited by birders. We searched for diurnal raptors on La Gonâve for seven days between 9 May and 1 June 2012. We observed American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), and Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura), including evidence of active nesting attempts by American Kestrels and Red-tailed Hawks. We present a brief historical review of Haitian raptors and species records from La Gonâve. The island’s habitats are currently suitable for these common generalist species, but less so for more specialized species. Keywords: American Kestrel, Buteo jamaicensis, Cathartes aura, Falco sparverius, Haiti, La Gonâve, raptor populations, Red-tailed Hawk, Turkey Vulture Resumen: El estatus de las poblaciones de rapaces diurnas en La Gonâve, Haiti—La isla satelite de La Gonâve en Haiti es la mas grande de La Espanola, pero recibe muy pocas visitas de observadores de aves. Buscamos rapaces diurnos por siete dias entre el 9 mayo y el 1 junio de 2012. Observamos el Cernicalo americano (Falco sparverius), el Guaraguao colirrojo (Buteo jamaicensis) y el Aura tinosa (Cathartes aura), incluyendo evidencia de intentos activos de anidacion por el Cernicalo americano y el Guaraguao colirrojo. Tambien presentamos un breve resumen historico sobre los rapaces haitianos y registros de especies en La Gonâve. Los habitats de la isla actualmente son adecuados para estas especies generalistas comunes, pero no tanto para las especies mas especializadas. Palabras clave: Aura tinosa, Buteo jamaicensis, Cathartes aura, Cernicalo americano, Falco sparverius, Guaraguao colirrojo, Haiti, La Gonâve, poblaciones de rapaces Resume: Statut des populations de rapaces diurnes sur l’ile de La Gonâve, Haiti—La Gonâve, Haiti est la plus grande ile satellite d’Hispaniola, mais elle est rarement visitee par les ornithologues. Nous avons recherche des rapaces diurnes sur cette ile pendant sept jours entre le 9 mai et le 1er juin 2012. Nous avons observe des Crecerelles d’Amerique (Falco sparverius), des Buses a queue rousse (Buteo jamaicensis) et des Urubus a tete rouge (Cathartes aura), ainsi que des preuves de tentatives de nidification actives de ces deux premieres especes. Nous presentons ici un bref historique des mentions indiquant la presence de rapaces et d’especes d’Haiti sur La Gonâve. Les habitats de l’ile conviennent actuellement a ces especes generalistes communes, mais repondent moins aux besoins des especes plus specialisees. Mots cles: Buse a queue rousse, Buteo jamaicensis, Cathartes aura, Crecerelle d'Amerique, Falco sparverius, Haiti, La Gonâve, populations de rapaces, Urubu a tete rouge
Characterizing Breast Lesions Using Quantitative Parametric 3D Subharmonic Imaging: A Multicenter Study.

Rationale and Objectives Breast cancer is the leading type of cancer among women. Visualization and characterization of breast lesions based on vascularity kinetics was evaluated using three-dimensional (3D) contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in a clinical study. Materials and Methods Breast lesions (n = 219) were imaged using power Doppler imaging (PDI), 3D contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging (HI), and 3D contrast-enhanced subharmonic imaging (SHI) with a modified Logiq 9 ultrasound scanner using a 4D10L transducer. Quantitative metrics of vascularity derived from 3D parametric volumes (based on contrast perfusion; PER and area under the curve; AUC) were generated by off-line processing of contrast wash-in and wash-out. Diagnostic accuracy of these quantitative vascular parameters was assessed with biopsy results as the reference standard. Results Vascularity was observed with PDI in 93 lesions (69 benign and 24 malignant), 3D HI in 8 lesions (5 benign and 3 malignant), and 3D SHI in 83 lesions (58 benign and 25 malignant). Diagnostic accuracy for vascular heterogeneity, PER, and AUC ranged from 0.52 to 0.75, while the best logistical regression model (vascular heterogeneity ratio, central PER, and central AUC) reached 0.90. Conclusion 3D SHI successfully detects contrast agent flow in breast lesions and characterization of these lesions based on quantitative measures of vascular heterogeneity and 3D parametric volumes is promising.
Case series of therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy during extracorporeal life support:

Therapeutic hypothermia initiated within 6 hours of birth is currently the standard of care for the management of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Neonates undergoing therapeutic hypo...
Characterization of water-insoluble oxidative potential of PM2.5 using the dithiothreitol assay

Abstract Both water-soluble and insoluble components of ambient particulate matter (PM) have been shown to contribute to the oxidative potential (OP) of PM. In this study, we used the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay to assess the water-soluble (OPWS−DTT) and total OP (OPtotal−DTT) of ambient fine particles (PM2.5), with water-insoluble OP (OPWI−DTT) determined by difference. Ambient PM2.5 filter samples were collected daily during 2017 in urban Atlanta and were analyzed for OP and major PM components. Results from measurements suggested a measurable contribution of water-insoluble components to OPDTT, which comprised on average 20% of total PM OP. Strong seasonal trends were observed in both volume- and mass-normalized OPtotal−DTT and OPWI−DTT, with higher values in the winter than in the summer, possibly driven by biomass burning emission seasonality. Correlation analysis indicated that all forms of OPDTT measurements were related to organic species and metals. OPtotal−DTT and OPWI−DTT were correlated with brown carbon (BrC) and total metals, especially total crustal elements. A multivariate regression model was developed for OPtotal−DTT based on particle composition data. The model suggested that the variability of OPtotal−DTT was primarily affected by BrC, followed by EC, total Cu and an antagonistic interaction between BrC and total Cu.
Patch-Burning Buffers Forage Resources and Livestock Performance to Mitigate Drought in the Northern Great Plains

Abstract Summer droughts in North America's northern Great Plains are expected to increase in frequency and duration as precipitation shifts toward spring and fall. Two rangeland experimental stations in North Dakota experienced drought in 2017 relative to 25-year averages. The southwest location had a 170-mm deficit from the 360-mm normal rainfall and was grazed by cattle (Bos taurus L.) and sheep (Ovis aries L.); the south-central location had 109 mm below the 403-mm normal rainfall and was grazed by cattle. We evaluated patch-burn grazing as a drought resilient land management strategy in the northern Great Plains by comparing average daily gains, fecal density, available forage biomass, and forage crude protein content. At the southwest location, livestock performed better during the drought season compared with animals on the same pastures in the previous year, which had near-normal rainfall but no fire. At the central location, cows on patch-burned pastures performed better than cows on continuously-grazed, unburned pastures in the same year under drought conditions; all cows were nursing calves and calf gains did not vary between treatments. In both locations, the burned patches had higher fecal density and lower available forage biomass than patches not yet burned throughout the grazing season, indicating grazer attraction to burned areas. Despite drought, burned patches maintained grazer attraction and animal performance was maintained or even improved, which contrasts with the expected relationship between animal performance and precipitation. This study indicated that prescribed patch-burning might mitigate drought by buffering forage resources (crude protein content and availability) and maintaining animal performance (average daily gains).
Geochronologic and Hf-isotope framework of Proterozoic rocks from central New Mexico, USA: Formation of the Mazatzal crustal province in an extended continental margin arc

Abstract The growth of southern Laurentia has been attributed to the accretion of juvenile arc terranes during the successive 1.74–1.68 Ga Yavapai and 1.65–1.60 Ga Mazatzal orogenies. However, in light of the increasing importance of the ca. 1.49–1.40 Ga Mesoproterozoic Picuris orogeny, the tectonic setting in which the Mazatzal crustal province and its distinctive quartzite-rhyolite successions were generated needs additional examination. The Sandia-Manzano-Los Pinos uplift in central New Mexico is an ideal place to characterize the tectonic history of the Mazatzal crustal province. A comprehensive geochronologic and Hf-isotopic dataset for Proterozoic rocks of the Sandia-Manzano-Los Pinos uplift is presented. Plutonic and metavolcanic rocks in the Sandia-Manzano-Los Pinos uplift were emplaced in three pulses at 1668–1655 Ma, 1587 Ma, and 1459–1453 Ma. Hf-isotope data from the Paleoproterozoic plutonic rocks are juvenile, with both leucogranite and arc-related granodiorite yielding eHf(t) values ranging from +6 to +12, compared to the coeval depleted mantle value of +10 at ca. 1.65 Ga. Inherited zircon in Paleoproterozoic rocks suggest that crust older than 1.7 Ga was involved in their genesis. Hf-isotope data from Mesoproterozoic plutonic rocks in the Sandia-Manzano-Los Pinos uplift are consistent with derivation from 1.7 to 1.6 Ga lithosphere. Detrital zircon indicate that metasedimentary rocks of the lower Manzano group were derived primarily from local sources that have U-Pb-Hf isotope compositions similar to the plutonic rocks which intrude and volcanic rocks that underlie the Manzano group. The detrital zircon provenance of the Manzano group broadens up-section from unimodal populations with age peaks at ca. 1.65 Ga to include 1.7–3.0 Ga detrital zircon derived from older Laurentian sources like the Yavapai and Mojave provinces. We offer a new model for the formation of the Mazatzal crustal province of New Mexico as a continental margin arc built on top of the previously assembled Yavapai province. The Manzano group quartzite-rhyolite succession was formed by lithospheric extension above a north-dipping, southward retreating subduction zone. The Manzano group was then subjected to ca. 1.65 Ga syn-magmatic tectonism and later intracratonic contractional tectonism, likely during the 1.46–1.40 Ga Picuris orogeny.
Large Impact of Approximate Exchange-Correlation Functionals on Modeling the Water Gas Shift Reaction on Copper

We investigate the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) on copper using three levels of exchange-correlation (XC) functionals of increasing complexity: the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, the H...
Local preparedness for Mass Gatherings in Northern Portugal

Issue Lack of preparedness for mass gatherings and their possible impact on public health at the local and national level Description of the Problem Due to an outbreak in a Mass Gathering (MG), that took place in the northern region in 2018, the Public Health Unit (PHU) of Alto Tâmega and Barroso's, in collaboration with the Northern Region Public Health Department and the local government of Montalegre, implemented a risk assessment tool to new MGs, to mitigate the identified risks Although Montalegre's MGs have considerable importance to the region's local economy, they are also high-risk events, to local and international health, due to the high number of foreigners on those events and the proximity to the Spanish border Results The first in the field collaboration was the Forest Soul Gathering, a biennial transformational festival, held from 17th-21st of July 2019, with more than 1000 participants, from more than 20 countries The collaboration with the local government continued throughout the year with several work meetings on Mass Gatherings and risk management On Friday 6th, 2020, the PHU provided a risk assessment to the local government on the event Friday 13th (40 000 participants) and classified that risk as major due to the COVID-19 epidemic In the local civil defense meeting, it was decided unanimously to cancel the event, taking into account the risk assessment of the PHU Lessons There has been an increase in MG's in Portugal This requires straight collaboration with the organization, health sector, and local authorities, to mitigate the risks of each event This can be an example of how to go from theory to practice, in public health risk prevention, and institutional cooperation, being one of the first of its kind in Portugal In the end, it allowed a fast response to the threat of COVID-19 and public health protection of the community of Montalegre Key messages Proper preparation with partners to a public health emergency is vital to contain an outbreak Local public health departments need to implement their emergency protocols and risk assessment procedures before a public health emergency
Venous Thromboembolism After Trauma

Among hospitalized patients, injury represents the single most significant risk factor for the development of venous thromboembolism. Without any form of prophylaxis, either deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism will occur inn up to 55% of patients. In this chapter, we review the incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment of venous thromboembolism following trauma.
Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Colorectal Endometriosis

Study Objective To demonstrate a novel multi-disciplinary decision tree for workup of colorectal endometriosis and subsequent collaborative surgery. Design Case Report. Setting Community teaching hospital. Collaborative robotic surgical team including a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon and colorectal surgeon utilizing the Da Vinci Xi platform. Patients or Participants 41-year-old Gravida 0 with morbid obesity, history of stage IV endometriosis presenting with worsening dysmenorrhea, heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and cyclic rectal bleeding. Interventions Utilization of a novel multi-disciplinary decision tree for workup and subsequent surgical management of colorectal endometriosis. Surgery performed was a robotic-assisted low anterior bowel resection with primary colorectal anastomosis and a total laparoscopic hysterectomy, right salpingectomy, lysis of adhesions and excision of endometriosis. Measurements and Main Results Complete excision of endometriosis and adenomyosis, including colorectal disease. Improvement of patient's pelvic pain and resolution of her dysmenorrhea, heavy menstrual bleeding and rectal bleeding. Conclusion Utilization of our novel multi-disciplinary decision tree can standardize and optimize care for cases of complex colorectal endometriosis.
Role of external inputs of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems in determining prevalence of nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity

Whether net primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem is limited by nitrogen (N), limited by phosphorus (P), or co-limited by N & P is determined by the relative supply of N and P to phytoplankton compared to their elemental requirements for primary production, often characterized by the “Redfield” ratio. The supply of these essential nutrients is affected by both external inputs and biogeochemical processes within the ecosystem. In this paper, we examine external sources of nutrients to aquatic systems and how the balance of N to P inputs influences nutrient limitation. For ocean subtropical gyres, a relatively balanced input of N and P relative to the Redfield ratio from deep ocean sources often leads to near co-limitation by N and P. For lakes, the external nutrient inputs come largely from watershed sources, and we demonstrate that on average the N:P ratio for these inputs across the United States is well above that needed by phytoplankton, which may contribute to P limitation in those lake that experience this average nutrient loading. Watershed inputs are also important for estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems, but ocean sources of nutrients are also significant contributors to overall nutrient loads. The ocean-nutrient sources of N and P are very often at or below the Redfield ratio of 16:1 molar, and can be substantially so, particularly in areas where the continental shelf is wide. This large input of coastal ocean nutrients with a low N:P ratio is one factor that may make N limitation more likely in many coastal marine ecosystems than in lakes.
Cultural conformity and cannabis care in the wake of intractable pediatric epilepsy

Biomedicine controls seizures for many children with epilepsy - but not all. In such cases, parents struggle in the wake of various structural, cultural, and corporeal ruptures. Continued use of ineffective medications can lead, iatrogenically, to frightening and serious symptoms and debilitations whose effects, along with those of uncontrolled seizures, ripple outward in challenging ways. Using data from 25 Californian (US) parents who favored providing cannabis to their ill children to meet the iatrogenic burdens of biomedical epilepsy treatments in 2015, well before cannabis's present destigmatization, this paper explores parental refiguration of the effects of clinical iatrogenesis as inevitable - and as productive of evidence necessary to finding better options. In attending to the generative dimensions of iatrogenesis, this paper strives to help clarify the dilemma for parents who critique biomedicine's isolating, materialist, and sometimes apparently haphazard approach to their children, but depend on biomedical and associated systems for their family's well-being nonetheless. Along the way, this paper underscores raced and gendered dimensions of their experiences. Rather than rejecting biomedicine, most hung on tightly, blaming the uncontrolled seizures and their aftermath on a lag in 'the science' and pointing to the cultural idea that every child is unique in explaining their own children's non-responsiveness to treatment thus far. Likewise, they worked to determine effective cannabis regimens with scientised rigour. However, in the end - and in keeping with a culture of (male) Whiteness - stigmatisation, fatigue from chronic care provision, faith in science, and a need for a biomedically-mediated form of social belonging underwrote a majority desire for cannabis's incorporation into the official biomedical pharmacopeia.
Approaching the Psed: "Some Assembly Required"

The Panel Studies of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED I and PSED II) are nationally representative longitudinal surveys of individuals in the United States who are in the process of starting businesses. These nascent entrepreneurs have been followed for three to four years (PSED I, N = 1,261, over 6,000 variables), or for six years (PSED II, N = 1,214, over 8,000 variables). As of this writing there are over 150 publications based on the PSED, but there could be even more if some of the critical data cleaning and data combining instructions were widely available. This article presents code (both SPSS and STATA) that can be used to check on the inclusion criteria, to renormalize weights for subgroup analysis, and to combine the data for PSED I with those for PSED II.
The causes of fetal mortality at the Sloane Hospital for Women, 1940 to 1949.

Abstract 1. 1. The fetal mortality on the ward and private services at the Sloane Hospital for Women for the years 1940 to 1949 has been reviewed. 2. 2. There has been a slight decrease in fetal mortality on both services during this decade, but the decrease is not statistically significant. 3. 3. There is a statistically significant difference between the fetal mortality rates on the ward and private services. This difference appears to be due to the better health of the private patients, and better obstetrical care on the private service. 4. 4. The causes of fetal mortality have been listed according to the obstetrical point of view, and the possibility of improving the results under each cause has been discussed. 5. 5. A division has been made into degrees of preventability within the limits of our present knowledge. It appears that 28 per cent are probably preventable, 33 per cent are possibly preventable, and 39 per cent are not preventable. Ideal obstetrics, as understood at present, would thus produce a fetal mortality of 13.0 per thousand on the ward service and 8.7 per thousand on the private service. This difference in the “ideal” figures (ideal at present) between the ward and private services expresses a lack of knowledge concerning certain causes of death which cannot be filled in at present.
Cooperation—A Biologist's Dilemma

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses on aid-giving or cooperation. It evaluates the role of indirect fitness in certain cases that seem favorable for it, and discusses the determinants of cooperation when only direct fitness is involved. Some possible factors are suggested that emerge from a comparative survey of helping behavior in birds and mammals. The chapter examines the set of tactics followed by an immature or maturing individual of a species in gaining and keeping breeding status as its dispersal strategy. The range of options for an individual is illustrated. The history of an individual may be described as a sequence of social states that begins at birth and tends to move toward breeder. The chapter explains the diversity among species in degree of sociality in the perspective of the individual's ontogenetic sequence. Emphasis is given on the conceptual framework. The discussion is intended primarily for the species with helpers.
WTO Appellate Body Report: Gasoline - United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline

This note focuses on the “international trade” perspective of this case in terms of both substantive law, concentrating on Article XX (General Exceptions) of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) and procedural law found in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). This note is divided into five parts. Part I-IV digest the factual background leading up to the case, the Panel report, the U.S. appeal, and the Appellate Body Report. Part V critiques the analysis of Appellate Body’s ruling and raises questions distilled from the analysis of this case. In particular, this part argues that the Appellate Body failed to delve into an important legal issue – the applicability of Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) – in the name of judicial economy; that it replaced legal analysis by consensus (acquiescence) of the disputants; that it disregarded a conditional appeal merely on a formalistic ground; that it was not faithful to the principle of treaty interpretation by downplaying the ordinary meaning; that it conducted the necessary test in interpreting the chapeau, thereby leading to the dilution of the distinction between “necessary” and “relating to”. This note concludes that the Appellate Body review should be more judicialized and that Member countries should exert more effort in regulatory cooperation in order to address the trade-off between free trade and domestic regulation.
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism

The sections in this article are: 1 Glycogen 1.1 Structure 1.2 Function 2 Pathways of Glycogen Metabolism 2.1 Overview 2.2 Glycogen Biosynthesis 2.3 Glycogen Synthase and Branching Enzyme 2.4 Glycogenolysis and Debranching Enzyme 2.5 Glycogen Particles and Physical Interactions among Glycogen-Metabolizing Proteins 3 Hormonal Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis in Muscle 3.1 Insulin 3.2 Mechanisms of Insulin Action 3.3 Epinephrine 4 Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism in Liver 4.1 Overview 4.2 Two Pathways of Glycogen Synthesis in Liver 4.3 Glucose Transport Is Not Regulated in Liver 4.4 Regulation of Glucokinase Activity 4.5 Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Activity 4.6 Regulation of Glucose-6-Phosphatase Activity 4.7 Regulation of Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity 5 Conclusion
A Nonparametric View of the Role of Jumps to Interest Rates

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the role of jumps in continuous-time models of the short rate. A diagnostic is developed to relate the failure of single and certain multi-factor models to the presence of unaccounted for jump-type movements. I introduce a nonparametric jump-diffusion model and develop an estimation methodology, which is justified using Monte Carlo simulations. The results point toward a dominant role for jumps in determining the dynamics of the short rate relative to standard diffusion components. An approximate filtering algorithm estimates jump times and sizes, providing further insight into the role of jumps. Jumps appear to be a mechanism through which fundamental information regarding the state of the macroeconomy enters the term-structure. Last, I investigate the implications of jumps for the default free, zero coupon term structure of interest rates.
Species and Speciation: Overview

The species is the fundamental or basic unit of organic or biological diversity, usually characterised as a group of individuals or populations of individuals with interbreeding or genealogical relationships. Understanding the nature of species can be challenging when considering sexual versus asexual organisms. Identifying species is also challenging, for example, when studying the fossil record, or when speciation is not yet complete. Speciation is the process leading to the formation or origin of species. As such, speciation is the process by which reproductive and/or genealogical boundaries form around groups of organisms. Commonly understood forces of evolution causing divergence in phenotypes contribute to the formation of species. Geographic, ecological, behavioural and genetic factors are also important to understanding how the process works. Key Concepts: Species are fundamental units of biodiversity but can be defined in different ways, from either a prospective (future) or retrospective (historical) perspective. Speciation is the study of how new species form and may be brought about by a multitude of phenotypic changes. The causes of speciation are complex and likely include a diversity of evolutionary forces such as natural selection, sexual selection and genetic drift that lead to divergence in phenotype. Divergence in specific phenotypes is important to speciation if they directly or indirectly cause a reduction in gene flow between newly forming species. The genetics of speciation is the study of the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution that leads to a reduction in gene flow between newly forming species. Keywords: allopatric; barriers to gene exchange; diversity; homoploid speciaton; polyploid speciation; sexual selection; sympatric