cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Never the Same One Twice”: Melodrama and Repetition in Queer as Folk

This article argues that the American series Queer as Folk (2000–2005) uses a combination of melodrama and realism to engage the viewer both emotionally and logically in the consideration of current issues significant to the gay community, in particular HIV/AIDS, gay parenting, and drug use and addiction. This hybrid genre draws on the emotional strength of melodrama to help viewers forge connections with characters and draws on the reasoned response that is elicited through realism to create sophisticated interpretations of the program's representations of social and political issues. This melodrama-realism hybrid ultimately establishes these political and social subjects as having vital importance, and the hybrid conveys the complexities of the issues more completely than either mode could do alone, allowing viewers to understand the issues from fresh points of view.
More on health care paradoxes

Federal and state government efforts to improve the nation's health focus particular attention on the necessity of increasing the numbers of physicians. Yet, evidence from several studies suggest weak linkages between health and the number of physicians. The present study surveys civilian health and the number of physicians during the period of national mobilization in the U.S. in the 1940's. This period, where low physician/population ratios prevailed for several years, is unique in recent history and provides a useful reference for current health policy. Reduced numbers of physicians are shown to have had a measurable negative impact on civilian health over the period.
Incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia: report of an unusual case.

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias, although quite common, are frequently overlooked as a cause of intestinal obstruction. The hernia may produce significant symptoms acutely or manifest itselft may years following the initial injury. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose intestinal obstruction due to incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia. The operation should be performed through the transabdominal approach when hernia occurs acutely, and the transthoracic approach is recommended when herniorrhaphy is performed long after the time of injury. A case of incarcerated traumatic diaphragmatic hernia that occurred 19 years following a gunshot wound of the chest is reported. The intestinal obstruction was initially thought to be due to cancer of the splenic flexure of the colon.
Role of μ1-opiate receptors in supraspinal opiate analgesia: a microinjection study

Microinjection of opiates into either the periaqueductual gray, locus coeruleus, nucleus raphe magnus, or nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis elicits a profound naloxone-sensitive analgesia. mu-Opioid receptors have been implicated in supraspinal analgesia and studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the importance of the mu 1-receptor subtype. In an effort to examine the receptor subtypes responsible for opioid analgesia in specific brain regions, we examined dose-response relationships and naloxonazine sensitivity of morphine and two enkephalin derivatives in the above 4 brain regions. Both morphine and [D-Ser2,Leu5]enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET) were effective analgesics in all regions examined. The poor affinity of DSLET for mu 2-receptors and of morphine for delta-receptors, combined with their similar, high affinity for mu 1-receptors, implied a mu 1-mechanism of action. The mu 1-selective antagonist naloxonazine effectively blocked the analgesic responses of both compounds in all regions. [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), a potent delta-ligand which does not interact with mu 1-receptors, did not elicit analgesia in either the periaqueductal gray or locus coeruleus at any dose tested. These results suggest that opiates and opioid peptides produce analgesia in these 4 brain regions through mu 1-receptors. The inactivity of DPDPE argues against a role for delta-receptors and the similar analgesic potencies of morphine and DSLET makes a significant role for mu 2-receptors unlikely.
Relative Satellite Motion About an Oblate Planet

A solution to the relative motion problem for satellites is constructed that is based on nearly circular reference periodic orbits and Floquet theory for the relative motion. This solution conceptually resembles the Clohessy-Wiltshire solution for relative motion, but includes all zonal harmonics of the Earth's gravitational field. Accuracy of this solution is at least three orders of magnitude better than the Clohessy-Wiltshire solution. We treat the effect of second-order displacements from the periodic solution via a semi-analytic perturbation theory. The effects of sectoral and tesseral gravity terms, as well as air drag, make their appearance as a particular solution to the linear Floquet problem. Comparisons are made between numerical integrations in the inertial frame and predictions from the periodic orbit/Floquet/modal perturbation theory, including all gravitational harmonics through order 14, as well as air drag. Submeter-10-m accuracy is achieved for representative clusters in a 1.1 Earth radii, one radian inclination orbit, over one half-day.
Generic two-phase coexistence, relaxation kinetics, and interface propagation in the quadratic contact process: Analytic studies

Abstract The quadratic contact process is implemented as an adsorption–desorption model on a two-dimensional square lattice. The model involves random adsorption at empty sites, and correlated desorption requiring diagonal pairs of empty neighbors . A simulation study of this model [D.-J. Liu, X. Guo, J.W. Evans, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 050601] revealed the existence of generic two-phase coexistence between a low-coverage active steady-state and a completely covered absorbing state. Here, an analytic treatment of model behavior is developed based on truncation approximations to the exact master equations. Applying this approach for spatially homogeneous states, we characterize steady-state behavior as well as the kinetics of relaxation to the steady-states. Extending consideration to spatially inhomogeneous states, we obtain discrete reaction–diffusion type equations characterizing evolution. These are employed to analyze an orientation-dependence of the propagation of planar interfaces between active and absorbing states which underlies the generic two-phase coexistence. We also describe the dynamics and critical forms of planar perturbations of the active state and of droplets of one phase embedded in the other.
Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids

The primary producs formed from the autoxidation of lipids can be understood based upon a mechanism that involves five different reaction types. These reactions are: reaction of a carbon radical and molecular oxygen, atom transfer of a hydrogen from substrate to the chain carrying peroxyl, fragmentation of the chain carrying peroxyl to give oxygen and a carbon radical, rearrangement of the peroxyl, and cyclization of the peroxyl. The mechanisms of these primary reaction steps has been the focus of extensive research over the past fifty years, and the current level of understanding of these transformations is the subject of this review.
McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica

The largest relatively ice-free region on the Antarctic continent is the McMurdo Dry Valleys, located along the western coast of the Ross Sea. The term dry valleys refers to the deeply incised, ice-free valleys that run perpendicular to the coast. The dry valleys were formed by the advances and retreats of glaciers through the coastal ranges of the Transantarctic Mountains, which rise to several thousand meters above sea level and actas barriers to the flow of ice from the Polar Plateau. Glacial and periglacial features are a major component of the landscape, and the valleys contain numerous closed basins in which perennially ice-covered lakes are found.
The role of cosmetologists as health promoters in the prevention of infant mortality.

Safe sleep practices reduce an infant’s risk for sudden infant death syndrome and sleep-related death. While rates of infants placed on their back to sleep are high, other safe sleep practices are less widely implemented. Our objective was to evaluate the feasibility of using cosmetologists as health promoters for infant safe sleep to reduce infant mortality. In this descriptive study, a 27-item survey was mailed to the 405 licensed cosmetologists residing in the five zip codes with the highest infant mortality rates in the county. Of 149 completed surveys (36.8 %), 103 cosmetologists (69.1 %) were currently working. Most were comfortable (68.9 %) promoting health topics with their clients. Popular health-related topics currently discussed included: diet/weight control, healthy eating, and physical activity. Few (≤13 %) were interested in discussing infant mortality prevention or safe sleep promotion. Most respondents were either unsure (56 %) or did not feel infant mortality was a problem in their community (41 %); however, more than half (53 %) knew someone who had experienced an infant death. Cosmetologists were not highly interested in providing safe sleep education; however they engaged in diet and exercise talk already. Cosmetologists may be more appropriate for obesity-prevention programs to reduce infant mortality than safe sleep promotion.
Supervisory Command and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system cyber security analysis using a live, virtual, and constructive (LVC) testbed

Modern critical infrastructure systems are built on a hodgepodge of complex, interconnected information systems for control and management. For electric power, the critical infrastructure includes the physical systems; comprised of power generation, transmission and distribution capabilities. The control of the physical systems is accomplished via Supervisory Command and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The SCADA systems employ both new and legacy systems along with many of the same information system devices as traditional business information systems. SCADA system networks, just as business information system networks, are connected to external networks, including the Internet. Thus, SCADA systems are vulnerable to the same classes of threats as other networked computer systems in addition to threats associated with their legacy systems. Many of these systems have been put in place for decades and often have an unknown security posture. Cyber security analysis of these systems remains a significant challenge. Traditional techniques such as red-teaming, vulnerability assessments, and penetration testing are often unsatisfactory and limited in scope because power utilities do not want to risk taking the systems off-line or degrading or damaging the expensive equipment. The consequence is that the effects of a cyber-attack on these SCADA systems are often unknown. In order to provide greater SCADA system security posture insight to utilities and administrators, security experts must perform security analysis. To overcome the problems with security analysis using either an exclusive hardware SCADA testbed or a simulation of a SCADA system, Sandia National Labs has developed a cyber-security analysis capability using physical hardware, extensive virtualization and emulated machines, and simulation to answer complex system questions about SCADA systems. In this paper we will discuss the methodology, several use-cases that were executed during the course of the study which leverage the methodology, the types of cyber-attacks that can be assessed and the class of questions security professionals can now ask and answer about cyber-attacks against SCADA systems.
Effects of a type I antifreeze protein (AFP) on the melting of frozen AFP and AFP+solute aqueous solutions studied by NMR microimaging experiment

The effects of a type I AFP on the bulk melting of frozen AFP solutions and frozen AFP+solute solutions were studied through an NMR microimaging experiment. The solutes studied include sodium chloride and glucose and the amino acids alanine, threonine, arginine, and aspartic acid. We found that the AFP is able to induce the bulk melting of the frozen AFP solutions at temperatures lower than 0 °C and can also keep the ice melted at higher temperatures in the AFP+solute solutions than those in the corresponding solute solutions. The latter shows that the ice phases were in super-heated states in the frozen AFP+solute solutions. We have tried to understand the first experimental phenomenon via the recent theoretical prediction that type I AFP can induce the local melting of ice upon adsorption to ice surfaces. The latter experimental phenomenon was explained with the hypothesis that the adsorption of AFP to ice surfaces introduces a less hydrophilic water-AFP-ice interfacial region, which repels the ionic/hydrophilic solutes. Thus, this interfacial region formed an intermediate chemical potential layer between the water phase and the ice phase, which prevented the transfer of water from the ice phase to the water phase. We have also attempted to understand the significance of the observed melting phenomena to the survival of organisms that express AFPs over cold winters.
Individual placement and support: A community mental health center approach to vocational rehabilitation

Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is a vocational rehabilitation intervention for people with severe mental disabilities. IPS draws from components and philosophies of several other models. Employment specialists, who are part of the community mental health center team, provide services in the community. IPS emphasizes client preferences, rapid job finding, continuous assessment, competitive employment, integrated work settings, and follow-along supports. Initial research on IPS shows favorable results.
Non-Cuprate-Planar Superconductivity

The ruthenate compounds, Gd 2 - z Ce z Sr 2 Cu 2 RuO 10 , GdSr 2 Cu 2 RuO 8 , and doped Sr 2 YRuO 6 , all superconduct in their SrO layers, which is why they have almost the same ∼49 K onset temperatures for superconductivity. The sister compound Ba 2 GdRuO 6 , either doped or not, does not superconduct, because L = 0, J ¬= 0 Gd breaks pairs and destroys superconductivity in the potentially superconducting BaO layers. High-temperature superconductivity resides in the SrO or BaO layers, or in interstitial-oxygen regions of the crystal, not in the cuprate-planes.
Concurrent planning in public child welfare agencies: oxymoron or work in progress?

Abstract Concurrent planning is used increasingly in child welfare practice as one strategy to expedite permanency for children. The strategy was developed in small, private agency contexts utilizing comprehensive and intensive services; how and with what success concurrent planning concepts have been implemented by large public child welfare bureaucracies is not known. This study examines the implementation of concurrent planning in six county child welfare agencies in a large western state. Quantitative data were extracted from case files of a sample of 885 children entering out-of-home care before and after implementation of concurrent planning legislation. Interviews and focus groups with 180 individuals (including agency social workers, supervisors, and court personnel) from the same counties contextualize these findings. Results from the study help to identify factors that may facilitate or hinder successful implementation.
Designing minimal documentation using a GOMS model: a usability evaluation of an engineering approach

The Minimal Manual proposed by Carroll, Smith-Kerker, Ford, and Mazur [6] has been demonstrated to improve the performance of novices learning a word processing system. However, little research exists to suggest a practical methodology for implementing the important features of a minimal manual. Using the GOMS model, we incrementally modified a manual to include certain minimal manual features: reduced verbiage, focus on real tasks, and error recovery support. An evaluation of the manuals with novice users demonstrated significant improvements in learning performance when the manual was modified to be task-oriented with explicit procedural steps for accomplishing real tasks.
Electrochemical and Transport Properties of Templated Gold/Polypyrrole-Composite Microtube Membranes

We have been investigating the transport properties of nanotube membranes prepared via the template method. Membranes containing gold (Au) nanotubes prepared by electroless deposition of Au within the pores of commercially available filters have been studied most extensively. The advantage of these membranes is that the inside diameter of the Au nanotubes can be precisely controlled down to molecular dimensions. Currently, we have no other materials synthesis strategy that allows for such precise control over the diameter of the nanotubes obtained. We are interested in developing such chemistries so that nanotubes having any desired inside diameter that are composed of materials other than metals can be prepared. We describe here the electrochemical polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) microtubes within templated prepared Au microtubes. We demonstrate that the effective inside diameter of the PPy microtubes can be controlled by varying the number of voltammetric scans used during the PPy electropolymerization. The electrochemical characteristics and transport properties of these composite Au/PPy microtube membranes are described here.
Photodynamic crosslinking of proteins. I. Model studies using histidine- and lysine-containing N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers

Abstract One of the mechanisms by which cells might be damaged during the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors is via the covalent crosslinking of proteins to proteins or to other molecules in the cell. It has been suggested that photodynamically generated singlet oxygen interacts with photo-oxidizable amino acid residues such as His, Cys, Trp and Tyr in one protein molecule to generate reactive species, which in turn interact non-photochemically with residues of these types or with free amino groups in another protein molecule to form a crosslink. In some cases, photochemically generated free radicals may be involved in crosslinking. This paper describes studies on the use of N -(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers containing ϵ-aminocaproic acid side chains terminating in His (P-Acap-His) or Lys (P-Acap-Lys) as models for the photodynamic crosslinking of proteins. The model copolymer P-Acap-His had a weight-averaged molecular weight of about 22 000 and contained four to five His residues per copolymer molecule. The model copolymer P-Acap-Lys had a weight-averaged molecular weight of about 18 000 and contained four to five Lys residues per copolymer molecule. The extent of photocrosslinking, as sensitized by rose bengal, was estimated by measuring the increase in the viscosity of model copolymer solutions after various periods of illumination. The extent of intermolecular crosslinking was estimated from the changes in molecular weight distribution of samples before and at the end of illumination as determined by size exclusion chromatography. Photodynamic crosslinking occurred between P-Acap-His molecules and between P-Acap-His and P-Acap-Lys molecules. The higher the concentration of macromolecules in the solution, the higher is the yield of intermolecular crosslinking. Oxygen was necessary for crosslinking, and azide inhibition studies indicated the involvement of singlet oxygen.
Emission of the maternal pheromone in the nulliparous female and failure of emission in the adult male.

Abstract Nulliparous female rats that displayed maternal behavior when kept in the presence of young emitted the maternal pheromone at the time their foster young reached 16 days of age and ceased to emit the pheromone when these same young reached about 33 days of age. Females that did not behave maternally, although similarly housed with young, failed to emit the pheromone. So also did adult males, even when they were fully maternal. Some of the experimental questions raised by these data were discussed.
The hydrogeochemistry of the Lake Waco drainage basin, Texas

The origin of surface water chemistry in highly impacted drainage basins must be investigated on a drainage-basin scale if the causes of the pollution are to be elucidated. This study characterizes and deciphers the surface water chemistry of a nutrient polluted river system in central Texas. Four tributaries of the Lake Waco reservoir were chemically characterized temporally and spatially in order to gain a complete understanding of the nature and origin of dissolved solids being transported into the lake. Temporal chemical variations measured at the base of each of the drainage basins are repetitive and seasonal. The most periodic and well-defined variation is exhibited by nitrate concentrations although many of the other solutes show seasonal changes as well. These temporal chemical changes are controlled by seasonal precipitation. During rainy seasons, the shallow aquifer is recharged resulting in stream discharge that is high in nitrate, calcium, and bicarbonate. When the shallow flow system is depleted in the summer, stream waters are dominated by deeper groundwater and become rich in sodium. Spatial variations in the chemistry of South Bosque surface waters were characterized using the snapshot technique. The spatial distribution of nitrate in surface waters is controlled by fertilizer application to row crops and the location of a munitions factory. The concentrations of naturally derived solutes such as Ca+, Na+, Cl−, and SO4 −2are controlled by underlying lithologies.
Characterization of interleukin-8 receptors in human neutrophil membranes: Regulation by guanine nucleotides

Abstract Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemoattractant and activator which mediates its effects through specific cell-surface receptors. Indirect evidence indicates that guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) are necessary for transmembrane signaling. The present study characterizes IL-8 receptors in isolated PMN membrane fractions and shows direct regulation of these receptors by guanine nucleotides. The binding of [ 125 I]IL-8 to subcellular fractions of PMNs showed specific binding in a low-density membrane fraction containing alkaline phosphatase, but not in primary or secondary granules. The binding of [ 125 I]IL-8 was rapid and reversible. The equilibrium dissociation constant ( K d ) of the receptor ranged from 5.0–12.4 nM and there were 1.58–5.90·10 10 receptors/mg protein. The dose-response curves for the competitive binding of three different forms of IL-8 to the receptor labeled by [ 125 I]IL-8 corresponded with their ability to produce chemotaxis and granule exocytosis in PMNs. Treatment of membranes with the nonhydrolyzable analogs of GTP, GMP-PNP and GTPγS, inhibited the binding of [ 125 I]IL-8. GMP-PNP decreased the affinity of the IL-8 receptor by approx. 2-fold without altering the total receptor number. These findings demonstrate that IL-8 receptors in PMN membranes are of high affinity and are convertible to a low-affinity state in the presence of guanine nucleotides, suggesting a direct role for G proteins in transmembrane signaling by this cytokine.
Picosecond pulse amplification over a bandwidth of 80 nm in a 23 cm length of Bi2O3-based Erbium-doped fiber

One-picosecond pulses are amplified without distortion in a 22.7-cm Bi2O3-based EDFA. Gains of 12 dB and higher are demonstrated over a bandwidth of 80 nm (1520 - 1600 nm).
Glutamate efflux from rat brain slices and cultures: a comparison of the depolarizing agents potassium, 4-aminopyridine, and veratrine.

The major excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain is glutamate (GLU). GLU release from nerve terminals is both calcium-dependent and-independent, yet these mechanisms of release are not fully understood. Potassium, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and veratrine are commonly used depolarizing agents that were studied for their ability to stimulate GLU efflux from brain slices. These agents produced significant regional variations in GLU efflux from rat brain slices. Potassium was the most potent of the three secretogogues tested. 4-AP produced a significant GLU efflux only in the cerebellum. Veratrine produced consistent stimulation of GLU efflux from all brain regions tested. Potassium was the only depolarizing agent tested that stimulated GLU release from primary astroglial cultures of rat cerebral cortex. All three agents also demonstrated an ability to inhibit GLU reuptake in brain slice preparations. This data suggest that both GLU release and uptake are modulated in a regionally selective manner, and that commonly used depolarizing agents affect not only calcium-dependent neuronal release, but also uptake and glial responses.
Roles for Nkx2-5 and Gata3 in the ontogeny of the murine smooth muscle gastric ligaments.

The gastric ligaments are superficial cord-like structures, located on the lesser curvature of the stomach, that extend from the pylorus to the esophagus. These ligaments have been documented in a ...
Time Preference and Learning Versus Selection A Case Study of Ukrainian Students

With few exceptions, economic theory assumes that people's valuations of the future - the discount applied to the future as opposed to the present - are fixed and exogenously set. The relevance of this assumption derives from the fact that this parameter of individual preference is critical in determining the likelihood that a person will engage in cooperative action, including the likelihood that they will abide by democratic norms and participate constructively in the development of efficient and competitive markets. Using a sample of Ukrainian youth - those who have emigrated to the West to complete their studies as compared to those who have remained in Ukraine - I question the validity of this assumption. Although the data reveals that those students who travel to the West are an unrepresentative sample of Ukraine's student population generally in terms of the time discount they apply to the future, the data also suggest that the discount they apply to the future changes as a function of their length of stay in the West.
Blaschke-oscillatory equations of the form f″+A(z)f=0

Abstract We study the zero sequences of the non-trivial solutions of (†) f ″ + A ( z ) f = 0 , where A ( z ) is analytic in the unit disc. We offer several aspects illustrating the fact that it is not so uncommon for these zero sequences to be Blaschke sequences. The typical results can be divided into two categories: (1) We search for conditions on A ( z ) under which the zero sequences of solutions of (†) are Blaschke sequences. (2) For given Blaschke sequences satisfying certain conditions, we construct an analytic function A ( z ) (of minimal growth) such that these Blaschke sequences are the zero sequences of certain solutions of (†). This discussion is a continuation of the recent paper [J. Heittokangas, Solutions of f ″ + A ( z ) f = 0 in the unit disc having Blaschke sequences as the zeros, Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 5 (2005) 49–63].
A novel approach to solve DSL network data rate problems

Digital subscriber line (DSL) is a service that offers much faster Internet connection than a standard dial up connection. Crosstalk is a major impairment in DSL telecommunication networks. It degrades the upstream and downstream data rates and risks the DSL service providers ability to meet their service level agreement requirements. A novel approach to solve the upstream and downstream data rate problems is presented in this paper. The approach considered is to control the power spectral density and aggregate power level of the DSL access multiplexer.
On the nonlocal aspects of the propagation of Love waves

Abstract Propagation of Love waves in an isotropic homogeneous elastic medium is analyzed in the context of the linear theory of nonlocal continuum mechanics. The dispersion equation, obtained for the plane transverse horizontally polarized waves in an infinite space, is compared with the corresponding equation given by the atomic lattice dynamics in order to determine a nonlocal modulus. It is found that the lower bound for the speed of Love waves predicted by the nonlocal theory agrees better with the seismological observations of such waves than its counterpart furnished by the conventional theory.
EPIDEMIC GASTROENTERITIS DUE TO E. COLI 0 142

Between June, 1972 and March, 1973, an epidemic of idiopathic gastroenteritis affected 59 infants in the nursery of this hospital. Microbiological evidence obtained by prevalence surveys established an enterotoxigenic E. coli 0142/K86/H6 as the etiology of the outbreak. Clinical illness frequently was severe, resulting in 4 deaths and in intractable diarrhea in an additional 17 babies. Attack rates were found to be highest for low-birth-weight infants during the first two weeks of life. No predisposition was found to be associated with prior antibiotic therapy, gavage feeding, oxygen therapy, or birth by Caesarian section. Environmental microbiologic data incriminated the hands of personnel as potential transmission vehicles; hand carriage of the epidemic strain was not decreased by intensive handwashing with 3% hexachlorophene soap. Parenteral antibiotic treatment of affected babies was found to be associated with protracted illness, while oral colistin therapy successfully limited the course of diarrhea in all treated infants. Neonatal infection by an enteropathogenic bacterium not identified by traditional techniques and the resultant inappropriate use of parenteral antibiotic therapy are shown to be important causative factors in “idiopathic intractable diarrhea of infancy.”
Mesoscale‐resolving simulations of summer and winter bora events in the Adriatic Sea

[1] This paper presents simulations of the Adriatic Sea response to two distinct bora wind events, one in summer (11–20 August 2001), when the water is stratified, and the other in winter (11–20 February 2003), when it is vertically homogeneous. The simulations employ the DieCAST model on a 1.2-min grid (about 2-km resolution) and resolve the mesoscale variability because the grid size falls below the first baroclinic deformation radius (about 5–10 km) and the model has very low horizontal dissipation. The model is initialized with seasonally averaged temperature and salinity data and spun up with climatological winds. The summer of August 2001 event leads to the generation of a coastal current directed paradoxically to the left of the wind and identified with the summertime Istrian Coastal Countercurrent. Analysis of the physics simulated by the model leads to the conclusion that this current is caused by baroclinic geostrophic adjustment of the Istrian coastal waters following a rapid but strong wind impulse. According to both satellite observations and model simulations, the current persists for more than a week after the bora event. The winter event of February 2003 generates a slightly less complicated situation because the shallow northern Adriatic is then vertically homogeneous, but in situ observations at the time of this particular event permit a comparison of model results with observations and thus an evaluation of the model performance. In particular, the model simulates correctly a series of currents, bifurcations, and confluences of the wind-driven currents across the northern Adriatic basin. A lesson learned is that a bora event, though generally strong, especially in winter, leaves a legacy that does not obliterate completely what existed prior to the event. In other words, the state of the northern Adriatic basin is fashioned by sequential events, and one bora event may not be viewed in isolation but must be considered as one episode in an unfolding succession of events.
Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. II. Functional properties in vitro.

Several properties of lymphoid dendritic cells in situ have been determined, and contrasted to information previously established for lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Dendritic cells are not found in newborn mice, and their concentration in both spleen and mesenteric lymph node does not reach adult levels until 3–4 wk of age. Dendritic cells largely disappear from adherent populations following administration of steroids (2.5 mg hydrocortisone acetate s.c.) and ionizing radiation (Do of 100 rads for Co60). Splenic dendritic cells can originate from precursors located in both bone marrow and spleen itself, probably the red pulp. The mature splenic population does not actively divide (pulse labeling index with [3H]thymidine of 1.5–2.5%), but does turnover at substantial rate, 10+% of the total pool per day. The influx of new cells appears to be derived from a proliferating precursor compartment, but the mechanism for efflux or turnover is not known. Dendritic cells in spleen and node undergo little or moderate increase in numbers during development of a primary immune response. These in vivo characteristics, taken together, further distinguish dendritic cells as a novel cell type, distinct from mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Who is most susceptible to movie smoking effects? Exploring the impacts of race and socio-economic status.

Aims This study assesses how race/ethnicity and socio-economic status modify the relationship between exposure to movie smoking and having tried smoking in adolescents. Design Data come from a cross-sectional telephone survey and were analyzed using logistic regression models. A respondent reporting ever having tried smoking was regressed on exposure to movie smoking, race, socio-economic status, the interactions of these variables and family and background characteristics. Setting National sample of US adolescents. Participants A total of 3653 respondents aged 13–18 years. Measurements Outcome was if subjects reported ever having tried smoking. Movie smoking exposure was assessed through respondents’ reporting having watched a set of movie titles, which were coded for smoking instances. Findings The proportion having tried smoking was lower for blacks (32%) compared to Hispanics (41%) and whites (38%). The relationship between movie smoking and having tried smoking varied by race/ethnicity. Among whites and Hispanics exposure to movie smoking positively predicted smoking behavior, but movie smoking had no impact on blacks. Socio-economic status further modified the relation among whites; high socio-economic status white adolescents were more susceptible to movie smoking than low socio-economic status white adolescents. Conclusions Exposure to movie smoking is not experienced uniformly as a risk factor for having ever tried smoking among US adolescents. Whites and Hispanics are more likely to try smoking as a function of increased exposure to movie smoking. In addition, higher socio-economic status increases susceptibility to movie smoking among whites. Youth with fewer risk factors may be more influenced by media messages on smoking.
Molecular Features Associated with Polyamine Modulation of NMDA Receptors

The effect of 1,3-diamines on basal and spermine-stimulated [3H]MK-801 binding was investigated. Systematic variations in the molecular parameters revealed that, in general, lipophilic 1,3-diamines inhibited and hydrophilic 1,3-diamines enhanced [3H]MK-801 binding in the nominal absence of glutamate and glycine. Furthermore, 1,3-diamines which were highly monoprotonated at physiologic pH were more effective in modulating basal binding (at 100 μM 1,3-diamine) than analogues which were mostly diprotonated or unprotonated. Finally, the internuclear distance between the amino nitrogens and the extent of modulation of basal [3H]MK-801 binding were correlated. Similar, but more modest, effects were seen for spermine-enhanced [3H]MK-801 binding. These results are consistent with the existence of two polyamine binding sites associated with the NMDA receptor complex. One of the sites appears to preferentially recognize lipophilic substances while the other favors hydrophilic materials. Both sites appear to recogni...
Die Struktur der Synapsen im Nucleus dentatus des Menschen

The knowledge of the morphology of the synapse in the dentate nucleus is limited to the work of Cajal, who described the afferent fibers but not their end-formations. A. Jakob also described the afferent fibers in man with the Golgi method but was no more successful than Cajal. In this contribution the nature of the synapse was investigated with the unreduced variant of the silver carbonate technique of del Rio Hortega. The afferent fibers from the amiculum surround the neurons and their processes with a complicated network of fibers which contains numerous endbulbs and rings and form small plexus. There are three types of end-formations: a) those with an accentuation of the afferent fibers around the proximal segments of the dendrites; b) those with approximately even distribution of the afferent fibers around the pericaryon and the dendrites; c) those with numerous baskets which surround the processes.
Pathways to Antisocial Behavior Among Adolescent Girls

This study explores possible antisocial pathways and risk factors for antisocial participation among adolescent girls. Participants were 763 girls who responded to the longitudinal National Youth Survey during the years 1977 to 1981. Results indicated continuity over time in girls' participation in the antisocial constructs disruptive acts, vandalism, and fighting but not in the constructs drinking, stealing, and school troubles. Results also showed a relationship between several cross-pathway constructs over time, indicating the diversity of antisocial paths followed by girls in adolescence. Family, school, peer, and individual risk factors were also related to antisocial participation during 2 years in adolescence.
Cross-Modal Reaction Time and Schizophrenic Attentional Deficit: A Critical Review

This article focuses on the cross-modal reaction time paradigm, which has been used to study deviation patterns of shifting attention across stimulus modalities in schizophrenic patients. Cross-modal reaction time research involving pathological and nonpathological populations is reviewed. The influence of sex, stimulus modality, total stimulus energy, the warning signal, psychotropic drugs, psychiatric diagnosis, and preparatory interval on the modality shift effect (the ability of cross-modal retardation to discriminate schizophrenic patients and normal control subjects) is discussed. Theories proffered to account for the modality shift effect are critically evaluated. These theories include Zubin's neural trace theory, the magnitude of difference hypothesis, the expectancy hypothesis, learning theory, general inattention, and psychometric artifact. The article concludes with general comments on attentional research in schizophrenia.
Time synchronisation for OFDM-based WLAN systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the key modulation scheme utilised to enable the IEEE 802.11a standard for high-rate WLAN systems. A novel time synchronisation method for the OFDM-based WLAN is presented. The approach utilises coarse and fine estimation. Simulation results exhibit that the algorithm is robust to harsh channel environments.
Dietary Mg2+ supplementation restores impaired vasoactive responses in isolated rat aorta induced by chronic ethanol consumption

Abstract Chronic ethanol consumption contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction possibly related to loss of Mg2+. This study was designed to examine the role of dietary Mg2+ supplementation on chronic ethanol ingestion-induced vascular alteration. Rats were fed an ethanol liquid diet supplemented with or without Mg2+ for 12 weeks. The force-generating capacity was examined in thoracic aortic rings. Ethanol-consuming animals exhibited significantly elevated blood pressure. In aorta with intact endothelium, the contractile responses to norepinephrine and KCl were greatly attenuated and potentiated, respectively. Interestingly, the ethanol-induced alterations in blood pressure and vasoconstrictive response were restored by Mg2+ supplementation. Pretreatment with the β1-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol in intact aortic rings abolished the difference in response to norepinephrine between the control and ethanol groups, which implies the involvement of a weakened β1-adrenoceptor component in vessels from the ethanol-fed rats. The norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in intact aorta rings was completely abolished by the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. In endothelium-denuded aorta, the contractile response to norepinephrine or KCl was not significantly different between the ethanol and Mg2+ groups. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to carbamylcholine chloride was not altered by either ethanol or Mg2+ supplementation. Sodium nitroprusside-induced vasorelaxation was depressed by ethanol, and restored by Mg2+, in aorta with or without endothelium. These data suggest that chronic ethanol consumption contributes to alterations of endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular response. These alterations can be compensated by dietary Mg2+ supplementation.
Prejudicial Attitudes Toward Clients Who Are Obese: Measuring Implicit Attitudes of Occupational Therapy Students

Stigmatizing attitudes can undermine the quality of health care. This study examines the attitudes and beliefs of 189 occupational therapy students toward clients who are obese. Results indicate th...
The habenula governs the attribution of incentive salience to reward predictive cues

The attribution of incentive salience to reward associated cues is critical for motivation and the pursuit of rewards. Disruptions in the integrity of the neural systems controlling these processes can lead to avolition and anhedonia, symptoms that cross the diagnostic boundaries of many neuropsychiatric illnesses. Here, we consider whether the habenula (Hb), a region recently demonstrated to encode negatively valenced events, also modulates the attribution of incentive salience to a neutral cue predicting a food reward. The Pavlovian autoshaping paradigm was used in the rat as an investigative tool to dissociate Pavlovian learning processes imparting strictly predictive value from learning that attributes incentive motivational value. Electrolytic lesions of the fasciculus retroflexus (fr), the sole pathway through which descending Hb efferents are conveyed, significantly increased incentive salience as measured by conditioned approaches to a cue light predictive of reward. Conversely, generation of a fictive Hb signal via fr stimulation during CS+ presentation significantly decreased the incentive salience of the predictive cue. Neither manipulation altered the reward predictive value of the cue as measured by conditioned approach to the food. Our results provide new evidence supporting a significant role for the Hb in governing the attribution of incentive motivational salience to reward predictive cues and further imply that pathological changes in Hb activity could contribute to the aberrant pursuit of debilitating goals or avolition and depression-like symptoms.
A novel asymmetrical duty-cycle soft-switching DC-DC converter with lower conduction losses than in hard-switched PWM converters

An asymmetrical duty-cycle DC-DC power converter was proposed recently, which allows zero-voltage switching while keeping the switch conduction losses as low as in standard hard switched PWM power converters. Further developments now allow the asymmetrical circuit to exhibit lower conduction losses than standard PWM circuits.
Compact FDTD Formulation for Structures With Spherical Invariance

A compact, fully vectorial finite-difference time-domain algorithm is formulated for the efficient analysis of structures with spherically invariant material properties. Using this method, the full three dimensional vector solution to Maxwell's equations can be computed using only a one dimensional computational grid. This is accomplished by expanding the electric and magnetic fields in sinusoids and associated Legendre functions to handle the azimuthal and longitudinal field variation, respectively. The method is illustrated by obtaining the electric field, resonance frequency and quality factor for different modes of a dielectric microsphere.
Constitutive expression and induction of CYP1B1 mRNA in the mouse

Previous studies appeared to indicate that CYP1B1 was not constitutively expressed in mouse liver. In our laboratory, we demonstrated using aromatic hydrocarbon-responsive receptor knock-out (AHR-(-)/-) mice that both piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and acenaphtyhlene (ACN) are AHR-independent inducers of murine CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNA. In the current study, we demonstrate both constitutive levels and induction of CYP1B1 in mouse liver. The induction of CYP1B1 mRNA by PBO or ACN was higher in DBA/2 (Ahrd) than in C57BL/6 (Ahrb-1) mice, while 3-methylcholanthrene induced CYP1B1 more in C57BL/6 than in DBA/2 mice. These results suggest that CYP1B1 may also be induced by more than one mechanism. In addition, constitutive expression of CYP1B1 was detected in liver, kidney, and lung of untreated C57BL/6 mice. There was no gender difference in CYP1B1 expression; however, in C57BL/6 mice, the kidney contained less CYP1B1 than either liver or lung.
POLYANDRY IN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA L.): SPERM UTILIZATION AND INTRACOLONY GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS

Sperm usage by queen honey bees was examined by progeny analyses using six phenotypically distinct genetic markers. No evidence was found for sperm displacement or precedence. All queens used the sperm of all males that inseminated them during all sampling periods. Sperm usage, as measured by phenotypic frequencies, did fluctuate nonrandomly but did not result in abnormally high representation of a single phenotype or the elimination of other phenotypes as has often been suggested. The genetic relationships of workers within honey bee colonies are estimated from the data presented. Average genetic relatedness is shown to be low among colony nestmates and probably approaches 0.25 in colonies with naturally mated queens. There is no evidence for elevated relatedness among colony subfamilies due to nonrandom fluctuations in sperm usage by queens or for numerical dominance of any subfamilies.
Dissipative Dynamics for a Class of Nonlinear Pseudo-Differential Equations

We study a class of nonlinear evolutionary equations generated by an elliptic pseudo-differential operator, and with nonlinearity of the form G(u x ) where cη2 ≤ G(η) ≤ Cη2 for large |η|. For the evolution in spaces of periodic functions with zero mean we demonstrate existence of a universal absorbing set and compact attractor. Furthermore, we show that the attractor is of a finite Hausdorf dimension. The dissipation mechanism for the class of equations studied in the paper is akin to the nonlinear saturation in the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. A similar generalization of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation was studied by Nicolaenko et al. under the assumption of a purely quadratic nonlinearity and reflection invariance of both: the equation and solutions.
A Technique to Determine Evaporation from Dry Stream Beds

Abstract A technique is described to determine 24-hr stream-bed evaporation subject to the constraints that it be inexpensive, uncomplicated, and accurate to within ± 20%. Using maximum thermometers, a totalizing anemometer, and pans filled with dry sand, evaporation E is predicted from E = (b1δT + b2δU)δT, where δT is the difference between the maximum temperature of the dry sand and the maximum temperature of the stream bed, δU the 24-hr wind passage obtained from the totalizing anemometer, and b1 and b2 are constants peculiar to each soil type and are determined by a statistical curve-fitting method on experimental data. The result of statistical evaluation of the prediction equation on the experimental data gives an average percentage error of 13% and a standard error of 0.88 mm. Using this technique, it was determined that evaporation is not important in the annual hydrological balance of a stream bed.