cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing mating duration and male choice in the red milkweed beetle, Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Forster) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)

Mating behavior of Tetraopes tetrophthalmus was investigated in the laboratory and in a field population. Mating duration varies considerably in this species and factors influencing mating duration (defined as the total time a male is mounted on a female) were elucidated. Males, rather than females, were more likely to terminate matings by disengaging, but a significant number of matings were ended by interference from other males, especially under high densities. Males mate longer with larger females but male size was not related to mating duration. Additionally, duration was negatively related to time–of–day, but not because of physical factors such as temperature. Males initiated copulations sooner with larger females with greater reproductive value, but male size was not related to time–to–copulation. Because both males and females often mate many times a day in this species sperm competition may also have a large effect on male mating behavior, especially mating duration.
Congenital nasal obstruction: clinical and radiologic review

Congenital nasal obstruction can result in neonatal respiratory distress because neonates are obligate nasal breathers. Therefore, all physicians who deal with infants should be familiar with the structural abnormalities, masses, and syndromes that cause nasal obstruction, so that appropriate work-up and treatment can be promptly initiated. This paper reviews the embryology of the nasal passage and then continues with the different causes of nasal obstruction. Special attention is paid to the presentation, physical exam findings, and imaging modality of choice.
The Impact of No Child Left Behind on Teachers' Writing Instruction:

The study uses Foucault's framework of governmentality to understand the impact of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) on teachers' writing instruction and attitudes toward writing in high- and low-income schools. Using interviews and observations of 18 teachers, the study identified four themes: emphasis on testing, curricular effects, awareness of lower-achieving students, and concerns for English language learners. While teachers shared concerns in those areas, there were differences in how teachers from high- and low-income schools experienced the impact of NCLB on their writing instruction. The study suggests that NCLB has affected teacher morale as well as the nature and amount of writing instruction, but that school contexts figure into teachers' instruction. The example of one teacher from a low-income school demonstrates the potential for teachers to resist the coercive aspects of NCLB through their writing instruction.
Use of analytical methods to improve the efficiency of a full-wave, integral-equation-based simulator

The efficiency of a full-wave, integral-equation-based simulator is improved by using analytical methods to represent the reaction elements in terms of rapidly computable special functions instead of relying on time consuming numerical integration algorithms. The simulator developed using this strategy is validated by comparing with commercial simulator tools.
Independent induction of morphological transformation of CHO cells by receptor-activated cyclic AMP synthesis or by receptor-operated calcium influx.

Abstract Morphological transformation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can be induced by exogenous addition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) or through the stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors ectopically expressed in these cells. The morphological transformation has been shown to represent a phenotypic suppression of CHO cell tumorigenic potential. Studies were undertaken to determine which receptor-activated signal transduction pathway initiates the progression from a tumorigenic to a non-tumorigenic phenotype. Stimulation of CHO cells expressing the dopamine D1 receptor (CHOD1) with a D1 selective agonist, SKF38393, resulted in an increase in cAMP accumulation which correlated with morphologic transformation. SKF38393 had no effect on intracellular calcium levels, arguing against a requirement for phospholipase C or calcium mobilization in the D1-stimulated morphology change. In contrast, stimulation of muscarinic m5 (CHOm5) or vasopressin V1a (CHOV1a) receptors expressed in CHO cells with carbachol or arginine vasopressin (AVP), respectively, did result in an increase in intracellular calcium and a morphology change. The time course of carbacholstimulated calcium influx correlated with the time course of morphological transformation, but not with carbachol-stimulated cAMP or inositol, 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) accumulation. Furthermore, no increase in cAMP accumulation was observed in AVP-stimulated CHOV1a cells, suggesting a cAMP-independent stimulation of the transformation process. Carbachol-stimulated CHO cells expressing the m2 muscarinic receptor (CHOm2) failed to undergo a morphological transformation, yet released IP 3 . Therefore, phospholipase C-mediated signal transduction is not sufficient for the morphological transformation of CHO cells. It appears that receptor-stimulated morphologic transformation of CHO cells can be induced via two independent signaling pathways, mediated by adenylate cyclase or receptor-operated calcium channels.
Acceptability and satisfaction using Quick Start with the contraceptive vaginal ring versus an oral contraceptive.

Abstract Background Many women discontinue their use of hormonal contraception, and even those who continue so may have difficulty using oral contraceptive pills consistently. New delivery systems, including the vaginal ring, may be easier to use, but user acceptability and satisfaction with these new methods may be affected by women's experience with their bodies. Materials and Methods Data for this study were collected as part of a randomized clinical trial on 201 women comparing immediate start of vaginal ring use with immediate start of low-dose oral contraceptive use. We assessed user satisfaction and method continuation 3 months after ring or pill initiation. Results At 3 months, 174 of 201 subjects (87%) had follow-up interviews. Among the 174 study participants with follow-up data, 61% of ring subjects and 34% of pill subjects were very satisfied with their methods (p=.003). For posttrial contraception, 79% of ring subjects chose to continue with the ring whereas 59% of pill subjects chose to continue with the pill (p Conclusion Women who were allocated to vaginal ring use, regardless of their baseline characteristics or behavior, were likely to be highly satisfied with the method and to continue its use.
The Damping of Pendulous Jets

IN a previous letter to NATURE (April 11, 1925, p. 530) the behaviour of liquid jets from a moving source was discussed theoretically, and supporting experimental data were presented. Dr. Julius Hartmann reviewed the subject in the issue of NATURE of June 6, 1925, p. 872, and arrived at confirmatory conclusions, though adopting a different mode of attack and manner of statement. Both of these communications treated the particles constituting the jet as though in free flight. The possibility of their being subject to viscous constraints while in flight was alluded to in the former paper, but Dr. Hartmann detected no such damping effects under his conditions of observation. Lately, Mr. Walter Thompson and I have examined the damping effect, and as the conclusions admit of concise statement they are presented herewith.
Influence of grain size and degree of crystallization of intergranular glassy phase on the mechanical behaviour of a debased alumina

The influence of microstructure on the crack resistance (R-curve) behaviour of a commercial debased alumina containing large amounts of glassy phase (28 vol%) has been studied by strength measurements at controlled flaw sizes produced by indentation. Both the individual and combined effects of (a) grain size, and (b) intergranular second phase (glassy or crystalline) were evaluated. Enhancement of the R-curve behaviour was observed when the average grain size was increased from 3–18 μm by thermal treatment. However, no effect of the degree of crystallinity of the intergranular second phase on the R-curve behaviour, in either small or large-grained materials, was observed. These results are discussed with reference to the influence of grain-boundary residual stresses on grain bridging across the crack interface.
Effect of cooling rate on the atomic and crystal structure of rapidly cooled Fe75Si15B10

Abstract The alloy Fe75Si15B10 was formed as ribbon by melt spinning and as powder by gas-water atomization and by spark erosion in dodecane and liquid argon. The 27 μm ribbon and 20–30 μm particles formed by spark erosion in dodecane were completely amorphous while the gas-water-atomized 20–30 μm particles and the particles spark eroded in liquid argon were about 50% and 80%–90% crystalline respectively. The cooling rate for the ribbon was 106 K s−1 and that for the 20–30 μm particles spark eroded in dodecane was in excess of 5 × 106 K s−1. The cooling rate of the particles spark eroded in liquid argon was about 5 × 105 K s−1; the cooling rate for the gas-water-atomized particles was therefore between 5 × 105 and 106 K s−1. It appears that Fe75Si15B10 is not an easy alloy to obtain in the amorphous form and that the difference between the cooling rate required to form completely crystalline material and that to form completely amorphous material is less than an order of magnitude.
The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis

Objective: To gain insight into vitamin A deficiency as a cause of anemia. Methods: Comprehensive review of the scientific literature. Results: Although vitamin A deficiency is recognized to cause anemia, ‘vitamin A deficiency anemia’ lacks complete characterization as a distinct clinical entity. Vitamin A appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of anemia through diverse biological mechanisms, such as the enhancement of growth and differentiation of erythrocyte progenitor cells, potentiation of immunity to infection and reduction of the anemia of infection, and mobilization of iron stores from tissues. Epidemiological surveys show that the prevalence of anemia is high in populations affected by vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. Improvement of vitamin A status has generally been shown to reduce anemia, but the actual public health impact on anemia is unclear. Conclusions: Further work is needed to elucidate the biological mechanisms by which vitamin A causes anemia. The inclusion of anemia as an outcome measure in future micronutrient intervention studies should help provide further insight into the anemia of vitamin A deficiency.
Sex Identification by Down Color of Silver Laced and “Red Laced Silver” Chicks

Abstract THE purpose of this report is to record evidence of the relative color distinction between sexes of day-old chicks of two synthetic Silver meat-typed varieties, viz., a Silver Laced and a “Red Laced Silver” variety. ORIGIN OF VARIETIES The color patterns have been developed at M.S.U. from experimental crosses with Cornish and Silver varieties. A Silver Laced mutant of predominantly Cornish ancestry was bred at this station (Henderson, 1952). Subsequent breeding tests with this variety have resulted in several other unorthodox Silver phenotypes. A few of the more distinct color patterns have been described, (Henderson, 1953, 1954; Henderson and Coleman, 1957). VARIETIES TESTED FOR “SEXABILITY” 2 The breeding stock available for sex identification tests consisted of the following: Silver Laced Cornish and “Red Laced Silver.” In some cases, classification with respect to lacing might be questionable when compared with fanciers’ idealistic standards. Classification of genotypes from phenotypes was based on the …
Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality, antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit

Abstract The physical qualities, antioxidant content and activity, and antiproliferation activity of ‘Jewel’ strawberry fruit that were harvested at the white tip and red ripe maturity stages and stored in 65 or 95% relative humidity (RH) at 3 and 10 °C for 12 d were studied. Overall quality and firmness of fruit harvested at the red ripe stage declined more rapidly than at the white tip stage, and decreased more rapidly at 10 °C than at 3 °C in fruit of both maturity stages. RH did not affect fruit quality in any treatment. Lightness (L*) and hue angle decreased, and anthocyanin concentrations increased, more rapidly at 10 °C than at 3 °C in the white tip fruit. The L* of red ripe fruit decreased by day 3 and was maintained during the rest of the storage time. The initial anthocyanin concentrations of red ripe fruit were about five times greater than that in white tip fruit and declined during the storage. Total flavonoid and phenolic concentrations, and total antioxidant activity of fruit harvested at the white tip stage were greater than those harvested at the red ripe stage. These differences were maintained during the storage, except for red ripe fruit, where concentrations and activity decreased rapidly by day 12 in fruit stored at 10 °C, especially at 95% RH. Total ascorbic acid concentrations of white tip fruit were lower than in red ripe fruit at harvest, but increased slightly over time, while those in red ripe fruit were relatively stable until they decreased at 10 °C at 12 d. Overall changes of total antioxidant activity were similar to those of total flavonoid and total phenolic concentrations, but not anthocyanin or ascorbic acid concentrations. Fruit quality was correlated with firmness and color attributes as well as with total flavonoid and phenolic concentrations and with antioxidant activity. A 50 g L−1 concentration of strawberry extracts inhibited HepG2 human liver cancer cell proliferation by approximately 80%. The EC50 of antiproliferative activity of strawberry fruit value was not affected by the maturity stage at harvest or by storage temperature.
Christianity and the State

IN A profound sense, the relationship of church and state has been historically a problem peculiar to Christianity. Among religions of antiquity, as among tribal peoples today, religion and culture have been coterminous, with religion an integral part of the state and the function of religion one of serving the state and its rulers. More precisely, to ancient peoples as throughout most of Asia today, the very concept of "church and state" would be incomprehensible. From earliest history religion has been a matter for the community as a whole rather than the individual. Religion and culture are inextricably intertwined. As religion developed from the tribal to the national stage the religious history was inseparable from the social and political history. Whereas in such lands as India and Persia, a priestly class virtually dominated the entire life of the people, in such other locales as Greece and Rome, little distinction was made between the king and the priest. In both social structures, however, no real consciousness arose of the distinction between sacred and secular spheres of life. Religious and political groupings were indistinguishable, as is still seen today in the pattern of resurgence of non-Christian religions in parts of Africa and Asia where religion and nationalism are merged. As one writer succinctly phrases it: "Man's church was his state; his state was his church."' This interdependence of all of life was expressed in the intricate relationship between kingship and priesthood. Generally speaking, the religious and the political head of the community were one; the priest was a magistrate and the magistrate was a priest. The king or chieftain held a sacred office, not merely one of political authority, and a priest was an officer of the state as well as of the religion. Consequently, distinctions between religious and civil institutions were non-existent. In Israel also, as among her Near Eastern neighbors, the religious and the political were fused, or at least made inseparable. Nevertheless, Israel accomplished the integration of the divine and human worlds in a different
Two criticisms of the agency theory

The Agency Theory presupposes incompatibilism: the view that human responsibility and freedom are logically incompatible with causal determinism. As such, the theory will be unattractive and appear to be question-begging to compatibilists. In this paper, however, only criticisms that are internal to the agency theory are discussed. Although the two criticisms discussed are, to some extent, consequences within the theory of its presupposition of incompatibilism, the general dispute between compatibilism and incompatibilism is not an issue here examined.
Studies on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Commercial Sweet Whey Powders

The objective of this study was to characterize variation and interrelatedness among primary functional and compositional parameters of commercially available sweet whey powders. Samples representing different plants/processes and cheese types were assayed for foaming capacity, foam stability, pH, protein content, soluble protein, turbidity, color, particle size distribution, lipid, and moisture. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis. Foaming capacity and stability varied from 10 to 220% and 0.1 to 14 min, respectively. Protein content and solubility ranged from 8.5 to 17.6% and 3.7 to 14.1%, respectively. Lipid content of sweet whey powder varied from 0.03 to 2.00%. The two main functional properties, foaming and protein solubility, did not show significant correlation with each other. Foaming properties showed a positive correlation to particle size and L* or lightness value, and negative correlation to lipid content. Protein solubility showed positive correlation with protein content and negative correlation with turbidity of the sample. Foaming behavior, protein, and particle size attributes were the main variables responsible for grouping of samples. Sweet whey powders from the same dairy plants were grouped together. The direct or indirect significance of these relationships to processing is detailed in this study.
The habanero multicore software research project

Multiple programming models are emerging to address an increased need for dynamic task parallelism in multicore shared-memory multiprocessors. This poster describes the main components of Rice University's Habanero Multicore Software Research Project, which proposes a new approach to multicore software enablement based on a two-level programming model consisting of a higher-level coordination language for domain experts and a lower-level parallel language for programming experts.
Characterization and Mechanical Properties of TiN/O′-Sialon Ceramics Prepared from High Titania Slag

TiN/O′-Sialon ceramics were prepared by pressureless sintering using high titania slag, silicon fume and bauxite chalmette as the starting materials. Phase compositions and microstructure were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The effect of TiO2 content in the staring materials on densification behavior and mechanical properties was studied. The results showed that the sintered samples consisted of O′-Sialon and TiN. O′-Sialon exhibited equiaxied morphology and the particle sizes were about 1-3μm. TiN showed fine granular morphology and most of the particle have lower size than 0.5μm. For the samples sintered at 1500°C using raw materials containing 30wt%TiO2, bulk density, hardness and flexure strength are 3.1g/cm3, 9.2GPa and 169MPa, respectively.
Basal Body Assembly in Ciliates: The Power of Numbers

Centrioles perform the dual functions of organizing both centrosomes and cilia. The biogenesis of nascent centrioles is an essential cellular event that is tightly coupled to the cell cycle so that each cell contains only two or four centrioles at any given point in the cell cycle. The assembly of centrioles and their analogs, basal bodies, is well characterized at the ultrastructural level whereby structural modules are built into a functional organelle. Genetic studies in model organisms combined with proteomic, bioinformatic and identifying ciliary disease gene orthologs have revealed a wealth of molecules requiring further analysis to determine their roles in centriole duplication, assembly and function. Nonetheless, at this stage, our understanding of how molecular components interact to build new centrioles and basal bodies is limited. The ciliates, Tetrahymena and Paramecium, historically have been the subject of cytological and genetic study of basal bodies. Recent advances in the ciliate genetic and molecular toolkit have placed these model organisms in a favorable position to study the molecular mechanisms of centriole and basal body assembly.
ROLES OF SURFACE HETEROGENEITY AND LATERAL INTERACTIONS ON THE ISOSTERIC HEAT OF ADSORPTION AND ADSORBED PHASE HEAT CAPACITY

Analytical expressions are developed, based on a lattice statistics model incorporating the Bragg−Williams approximation and a random heterogeneous surface described by a uniform distribution of energies, for predicting the single-component isosteric heat of adsorption and differential adsorbed phase heat capacity as a function of temperature, surface coverage, lateral interactions, and adsorbent heterogeneity. A parametric study demonstrates that these four factors all affect the isosteric heat of adsorption but with different magnitudes at different conditions. The temperature dependence of the isosteric heat of adsorption is always related to, and accompanied by, the adsorbent surface heterogeneity. The differential adsorbed phase heat capacity has a very weak temperature dependence and is not directly affected by lateral interactions. The molar adsorbed phase heat capacity is in most cases higher than the gas phase heat capacity. The deviation between the molar adsorbed and gas phase heat capacities d...
X-ray-induced mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine. II. Cell cycle dose response.

Abstract Synchronous Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated in G1 or S phase. Colony survival in Alpha MEM medium with dialyzed serum was determined with or without 15 μg/ml 8-azaguanine (AG). An expression period of over three generations (multiplicity of 20) was utilized, with expression times ranging from 58 to 114 h. Both G1 and S phase were practically identtical in sensitivity to X-ray-induced mutations, with mutant frequency/viable cell/rad ranging from 1 × 10−7 (75–100 rad) to 8 × 10−7 (1000 rad). The spontaneous mutation rate, shown by Luria-Delbruck fluctuation analysis, was 5 × 10−7 per generation. Thirty-three mutants, isolated at random and grown for over 30 generations in the absence of AG, were analyzed for plating efficiency (PE) in different concentrations of AG or in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium. Of these, 64% were resistant (PE > 0.1) to 7.5 μg/ml AG, 85% to 5.0 μg/ml, and 91% to 3.5 μg/ml. Only 42% showed possible hypoxanthine-phosshoribosyltransferase (HPRTase) deficiency as evidenced by HAT sensitivity (PE 0.5. Of ten mutants studied, all demonstrated survival response to radiation similar to wild cells (D0 of approx. 120 rad). For radiation protection standards, the radiation dose required to induce mutations at a rate equal to that occuring spontaneously is called the doubling dose. The doubling dose observed for acute irradiation was about 3 rad and was estimated to be 10–60 rad for chronic irradiation, similar to that often reported for in vivo studies.
Scaling PAR absorption from the leaf to landscape level in spatially heterogeneous ecosystems

Abstract Realistic and efficient photon transport modeling at the landscape level is vital to understanding material and energy exchange processes that occur between the biosphere and atmosphere. Our knowledge of the magnitude and dynamics of chemical fluxes in spatially heterogeneous areas is constrained by an insufficient understanding of photon transport at scales larger than a single homogeneous canopy. To address this problem, we examine factors controlling the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at the leaf, canopy, and landscape levels. A description of a landscape PAR simulation model based on canopy radiative transfer theory and geometric–optical modeling is provided from a biophysical scaling perspective. Using this model, some of the scaled factors controlling fractional PAR absorption by plants and plant assemblages are discussed. Landscape characteristics influence PAR absorption beyond that which is exerted at the leaf level, but are not divorced from leaf and canopy characteristics. For instance, the spatial distribution of canopies can have a greater effect on PAR absorption than the leaf area index of those canopies, but at the same time, this sensitivity is integrally dependent on canopy leaf area index. Leaf area index has a greater effect on canopy-level PAR absorption than either leaf orientation or leaf optical properties. While some of these relationships can be elucidated through field studies, a comprehensive analysis requires a model that accurately accounts for each interaction based on physical scattering principles.
Language-related episodes

A language-related episode (LRE) is any part of a dialogue where language learners ‘talk about the language they are producing, question their language use, or correct themselves or others’ (Swain and Lapkin 1998: 326). LREs were initially units of analysis to examine the goalappropriateness of discourse used in the completion of classroom tasks. This descriptive construct, which is based on instances of language use termed ‘critical episodes’ (Samuda and Rounds 1993), has since been used in classroom research to identify the degree to which language learners address recently learnt or problematic features of the target language, allowing for the systematic categorization of these episodes by researchers.
Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Berriasian-lowest Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Rio Argos succession, Caravaca, SE Spain

Abstract Results of an interdisciplinary stratigraphical study of the Berriasian to lowest Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) succession in the Subbetic Zone of the Betic Cordillera (S Spain) are presented. The pelagic succession is exposed in a nearly continuous outcrop section along the Rio Argos and its tributaries west of Caravaca (SE Spain). Detailed lithologic columns are given as well as a brief description of the lithology. The boundary stratotypes of the two uppermost Hauterivian and one uppermost Berriasian ammonite chronosubzones are formally proposed here. The biozones of dinoflagellate cysts, calpionellids, nannofossils, and planktonic foraminifera are calibrated against the standard ammonite zonation for the Tethyan Lower Cretaceous. The depositional sequences are delimited and after comparison with the global sea-level chart several additional sequences are identified. The combination of standard ammonite biochronozones and depositional sequences enables precise chronostratigraphic calibration of other biozones and thus provides a firm chronostratigraphic framework for global correlation.
Estrogen regulates somatostatin receptor subtype 2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human breast cancer cells

Somatostatin (SRIF) and its analogs exhibit antiproliferative effects that are mediated by SRIF receptors (sst) present in responsive normal and neoplastic tissue including breast cancer. However, information regarding regulation of sst gene expression in cancer cells and modulation of SRIF binding is limited. In the present study we have determined the pattern of sst subtype messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of 17beta-Estradiol (E2) treatment on steady state levels of sst mRNA by solution hybridization/nuclease protection analysis and on SRIF binding to membranes of treated cells by receptor binding assay. sst2 mRNA was highly expressed in T47D, ZR75-1, and MDA MB231 cells. Transcripts for sst1 were also detected at very low levels in ZR75-1 cells, whereas sst5 mRNA was expressed at low levels in MCF-7 cells. No sst subtype was detected in MDA MB 435s cells. When the estrogen receptor (ER)(+) cell lines T47D and ZR75-1 were cultured in phenol red-free media plus CS-FCS, sst2 mRNA levels decreased by 60-80% compared with complete serum controls. Adding E2 restored sst2 mRNA levels to control in both cell lines. Moreover, the effect of E2 on sst2 gene expression in T47D and ZR75-1 cells was dose- and time-dependent. In contrast, neither culturing in phenol red-free media plus CS-FCS nor E2 influenced sst2 expression in the ER(-) cell line MDA MB231. E2-induced regulation of SRIF binding and sst2 mRNA expression occurred in a parallel manner in T47D cells but were dissociated in ZR75-1 cells. The pure antiestrogen ICI 182 780 inhibited E2-induced sst2 expression in both cell lines. The antiestrogen 4OH tamoxifen showed strong estrogen-like effects on sst2 mRNA expression in T47D cells, while acting as a potent antiestrogen in ZR75-1 cells. Thus, these data suggest that E2 regulates sst2 expression in human breast cancer cell lines through the ER. The human breast cancer cell lines provide a useful model to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in E2 regulation of sst2 expression.
Microdebrider tonsillotomy vs electrosurgical tonsillectomy: a randomized, double-blind, paired control study of postoperative pain.

Objective To examine whether microdebrider intracapsular tonsillotomy (MT) results in less postoperative pain compared with electrosurgical extracapsular tonsillectomy (ET). Design Prospective, randomized, double-blind, matched pair, clinical trial. Setting Specialty care hospital. Patients Twelve male (48%) and 13 female (52%) children aged 5 to 15 years, with obstructive tonsillar hyperplasia were randomized to have one tonsil removed by MT and the other by ET. Interventions An angled endoscopic microdebrider was used to perform MT, and ET was performed by standard monopolar cautery technique. Parents and children were blinded to the side of MT and ET. Children rated the pain 0 to 5 by side using the Faces Pain Scale–Revised. Blinded data collection was via telephone daily for 2 weeks by a study nurse. Main Outcome Measures Primary: postoperative pain as recorded by Faces Pain Scale–Revised; secondary, presence or absence of otalgia and postoperative bleeding. Results Twenty-two children (88%) had tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, while 3 children (12%) had tonsillectomy alone. On postoperative days 1 to 9, children reported significantly less pain on the MT side compared with the ET side (paired t test; P Conclusion Microdebrider intracapsular tonsillotomy is significantly less painful compared with electrosurgical ET in children undergoing surgical intervention for obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy.
The C7H10 Potential Energy Landscape: Concerted Transition States and Diradical Intermediates for the Retro-Diels−Alder Reaction and [1,3] Sigmatropic Shifts of Norbornene

The potential energy surfaces for the thermal reactions of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene and norbornene have been explored with density functional theory at the Becke3LYP/6-31G* level. Both concerted and diradical pathways for the retro-Diels−Alder reaction of norbornene have been examined, and the activation parameters and 13C primary kinetic isotope effects predicted for the concerted pathway are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The concerted mechanism is favored over the lowest energy stepwise diradical route by 12.4 kcal/mol. For the orbital symmetry-allowed suprafacial-inversion (si) pathway of the [1,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene to form norbornene, a mechanism involving a transition state which leads to a broad diradical plateau on the potential energy surface is predicted. Implications of these surfaces, which differ substantially from those obtained by semiempirical calculations, are also discussed.
Sharing, re-use and circulation of resources in cooperative scientific work

This one-day workshop aims to stimulate research on the sharing and reuse of scientific resources in cooperative scientific work. As science trends toward increasing geographic and temporal scales, larger collaborations, and greater interdisciplinarity, scientific resources increasingly need to be more mobile and integrated with computer supported information and communication environments. Sharing, reuse and circulation of resources become a central challenge and critical component of cooperative scientific work. We interpret sharing broadly to include circulating scientific materials in any way that makes them available to other scientists. We include a variety of resources such as data, software, materials and specimens, workflows, technical know-how, clinical and laboratory protocols, and algorithms. We explore a range of sharing and reuse practices past and present, what motivates and limits them, how sharing can be done more effectively, what tools and techniques facilitate or constrain it, and how this relates to systems and science policy.
The Personal Script as a Unit of Analysis for the Study of Personality

ABSTRACT This article presents the construct of a “personal script” as an important variable for the study of personality. Personal scripts are construals that individuals form to understand and deal with personally significant experiences of living. A number of differences are outlined between the personal script construct and the field's more predominant trait construct. It is argued that the personal script construct can provide new perspectives on questions which have been addressed previously by the trait construct having to do with personality description. This claim is illustrated with two studies, one addressing the issue of group differences using a nomothetic method of personal script assessment, and the other addressing the issue of personal consistency using an idiographic method of personal script assessment. It is further suggested that the personal script construct can also allow researchers to ask new questions having to do with the dynamics of personality development and change.
Enhancing Electrochemical Detection by Scaling Solid State Nanogaps.

Abstract The ability to quickly and inexpensively fabricate planar solid state nanogaps has enabled research to be effectively performed on devices down to just a few nanometers. Here, nanofabricated electrode pairs with electrode-to-electrode spacings of
The effect of cardiac troponin testing on clinical care in a veterans population: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin is more accurate than creatine kinase (CK) testing for detecting myocardial injury in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), but its effects on clinical care compared with CK testing alone is open to question.
Practically Useful: What the Rosetta Protein Modeling Suite Can Do for You

The objective of this review is to enable researchers to use the software package Rosetta for biochemical and biomedicinal studies. We provide a brief review of the six most frequent research problems tackled with Rosetta. For each of these six tasks, we provide a tutorial that illustrates a basic Rosetta protocol. The Rosetta method was originally developed for de novo protein structure prediction and is regularly one of the best performers in the community-wide biennial Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction. Predictions for protein domains with fewer than 125 amino acids regularly have a backbone root-mean-square deviation of better than 5.0 A. More impressively, there are several cases in which Rosetta has been used to predict structures with atomic level accuracy better than 2.5 A. In addition to de novo structure prediction, Rosetta also has methods for molecular docking, homology modeling, determining protein structures from sparse experimental NMR or EPR data, and protein design. Rosetta has ...
Wide-Ranging Viscosity Measurements of Rocket Propellant RP-2

Expanding on earlier viscosity measurements of rocket propellants from 293 to 373 K at atmospheric pressure, the viscosity of rocket propellant RP-2 was measured from 270 to 425 K with pressures to 137 MPa. The instrument was an oscillating-piston viscometer, modified and recalibrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology with dodecane as a reference fluid over the full temperature and pressure range. Based on the recalibrations, the repeatability of the measurements was found to be approximately 3%, whereas the uncertainty of the instrument is estimated at 5%. The measured viscosities of RP-2 were compared with values calculated with a five-component surrogate mixture model developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The experimental data have a stronger pressure dependence than the mixture model and are up to 29% higher at high compressions.
Whites and water: how Euro-Africans made nature at Kariba Dam.

At Lake Kariba, conservation policies protect cultural heritage. In 1958, engineers created the lake by damming the Zambezi River. Over the next five years, the reservoir flooded 5,580 square km, displacing 57,000 Tonga farmers and destroying more habitat than any single human action ever had before. In response to this devastation, whites – particularly conservation-minded writers and photographers – expressed their shock and alarm. Gradually, however, they grew to accept the artificial lake, for the lake answered a deep European longing for water in inland, semi-arid Africa. Kariba Dam did the work of glaciers, carving intricate ‘fjords’ and ‘lochs’ in a country that previously lacked any shoreline at all. With Kariba, whites imported their hydrological heritage, and they found the lake to be beautiful. Writers soon called it ‘nature’ and advocated for its protection. Kariba thus exemplifies what has been until recently a hidden tension in ecological conservation: the tolerance – indeed, celebration – o...
Sympathovagal Balance A Critical Appraisal

Given the importance of the autonomic nervous system to cardiovascular health, it is not surprising that there is and has been great interest in measurements of human sympathetic and vagus nerve traffic as tools that might inform physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Pagani and coworkers1 advanced the provocative notion that the instantaneous balance between sympathetic and vagal nerve activities can be captured by a single number, obtained by dividing RR-interval spectral power centered at ≈0.1 Hz by spectral power centered at higher, primarily respiratory frequencies. This ratio, or sympathovagal balance, has been embraced with great enthusiasm2 because it offers new possibilities for understanding dynamic, critically important autonomic interrelations in humans by the use of totally noninvasive, unobtrusive means.3 The broad bases for this mathematical treatment are as follows: (1) 0.1-Hz RR intervals are importantly mediated by fluctuations of sympathetic nerve activity; (2) higher-frequency RR-interval rhythms are mediated almost exclusively by fluctuations of vagal-cardiac nerve activity; and (3) physiological interventions tend to provoke reciprocal changes of sympathetic and vagal neural outflows. Sympathovagal balance, the ratio of these periodicities, is taken to reflect the balance between the opposing neural mechanisms. This review examines the physiological foundations of sympathovagal balance. The ECG is recorded with the subject in a steady state (when rhythms are stationary) for a period sufficiently long to define events occurring over frequencies of interest. RR-interval spectral power is calculated from this series of intervals with an autoregressive algorithm, which yields center frequencies and absolute power of component fluctuations, based on a model whose order (the number of parameters) is selected automatically to minimize Akaike’s information criterion statistic.4 (The statistical uncertainty and consequences of the automatic selection of the autoregressive model have not been defined fully; however, it is clear that the model order importantly determines both …
Low‐Expansion Cordierite Porcelains

The crystalline nature and expansion characteristics of compositions in the region surrounding the cordierite area of the system MgO–Al2O3–SO2 were investigated. The selected compositions were fired to temperatures of 1250°, 1300°, 1350°, and 1400°C., and the thermal expansion characteristics were determined with the interferometer. Coefficients of linear thermal expansion were determined in the temperature range of 20° to 300°C. and were found to lie between 9.8 ± 10–7 and 50.5 ± 10–7. The qualitative, as well as the quantitative, determination of crystalline constituents was made utilizing strontium fluoride as an internal standard in the X-ray spectrometer. In the compositions studied crystalline cordierite ranged from 38 to 97%. There was a close correlation between the linear thermal expansion coefficient and the crystalline cordierite content of the bodies.
The prediction of difficult intubation in obese patients using mirror indirect laryngoscopy: A prospective pilot study

Background: The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy and intubation in obese patients is higher than in the general population. Classical predictors of difficult laryngoscopy and intubation have been shown to be unreliable. We prospectively evaluated indirect mirror laryngoscopy as a predictor of difficult laryngoscopy in obese patients. Materials and Methods: 60 patients with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30, scheduled to undergo general anesthesia, were enrolled. Indirect mirror laryngoscopy was performed and was graded 1-4 according to Cormack and Lehane. A view of grade 3-4 was classified as predicting difficult laryngoscopy. Additional assessments for comparison were the Samsoon and Young modification of the Mallampati airway classification, Wilson Risk Sum Score, neck circumference, and BMI. The view obtained upon direct laryngoscopy after induction of general anesthesia was classified according to Cormack and Lehane as grade 1-4. Results: Sixty patients met the inclusion criteria; however, 8 (13.3%) patients had an excessive gag reflex, and examination of the larynx was not possible. 15.4% of patients who underwent direct laryngoscopy had a Cormack and Lehane grade 3 or 4 view and were classified as difficult. Mirror laryngoscopy had a tendency toward statistical significance in predicting difficult laryngoscopy in these patients. Conclusions: This study is consistent with previous studies, which have demonstrated that no one individual traditional test has proven to be adequate in predicting difficult airways in the obese population. However, the new application of an old test - indirect mirror laryngoscopy - could be a useful additional test to predict difficult laryngoscopy in obese patients.
Localized Delaunay Refinement for Volumes

Delaunay refinement, recognized as a versatile tool for meshing a variety of geometries, has the deficiency that it does not scale well with increasing mesh size. The bottleneck can be traced down to the memory usage of 3D Delaunay triangulations. Recently an approach has been suggested to tackle this problem for the specific case of smooth surfaces by subdividing the sample set in an octree and then refining each subset individually while ensuring termination and consistency. We extend this to localized refinement of volumes, which brings about some new challenges. We show how these challenges can be met with simple steps while retaining provable guarantees, and that our algorithm scales many folds better than a state-of-the-art meshing tool provided by CGAL.
Principles and Hypernorms

We typically test norms with reference to their usefulness in dealing with social problems and issues, though sometimes we use hypernorms to evaluate them. The hypernorms that we find most acceptable do not guide action in the way local norms do. They do, however, raise challenging questions that we should ask in evaluating any practice and its associated norms. In this respect, they differ from the principles associated with traditional, as opposed to modern, morality. As societies become more alike, in part as a result of globalization, they will face increasingly similar problems. Then their local norms will be more similar, and they will be more likely to share hypernorms. Insofar as we can agree to try to justify our hypernorms, we are likely to converge on the hypernorms characteristic of modern rather than traditional morality. But people are often attached to their old norms and so are not very good at seeing how hypernorms raise questions that challenge the old norms. Here moral imagination should aid in the adjustment process. A system of democratic capitalism is hospitable to a good kind of moral convergence.
Lidar-observed temperature structures and gravity-wave perturbations of the mesopause region in the springs of 1990-1992 over Fort Collins, CO

The Na temperature lidar data taken during the nine nights in springs 1990 and 1991 at Fort Collins, CO, have been re-analyzed by a refined procedure, which takes into account the effects of (i) the more accurately determined lidar operational frequencies, (ii) the proper inclusion of extinction in the Na layer and (iii) additional temporal and spatial smoothing. Depending on altitudes, the new lidar frequencies and the effect of Na extinction combined to lower the calculated temperature values by 2–8 K. Although the occasionally noted large rapid change (in 15 min) in the centroid temperature is reduced from ∼40 K to ∼20 K due to the added smoothing first employed by Bills and Gardner, the general conclusion presented in the recently published paper [1] remains valid. In this paper, we also present the analysis of new data (a total of 17 nights) taken during spring 1992 which further substantiates the fact that the averaged mesopause in spring rises from a lower altitude before midnight to a higher altitude after midnight. In addition, parameters depicting atmospheric gravity-wave perturbations have been derived from the measured temperature profiles. Using the data collected in 26 spring nights, we have determined the averaged relative density (temperature) perturbation, Brunt Vaisala period and Richardson number to be, respectively, 5.1±1.1%, 5.1±0.3 min, and 1.8±1.0.
Process plan generation for sheet metal parts using an integrated feature-based expert system approach

This paper describes a relational database system for semi-generative process planning for sheet metal parts that emulates expert system capabilities. The system integrates a feature-based relational database for the parts, a forward chaining rule-based strategy for machine selection, both global and feature-specific execution of the rules and a graph theoretic cost optimization model for optimal process plan selection. This system, which is currently being developed for a sheet metal fabrication company, suggests that, using the experience of shopfloor personnel, an efficient integration of feature-based process planning and expert system strategies can be accomplished.
The future of subhalf-micrometer optical lithography

Abstract The limitations of subhalf-micrometer optical lithography in depth of focus, field size, and overlay accuracy, are discussed. The existing depth of focus budget as well as those for the near and the ultimate future are given. The optical depth of focus is explored in the point of view of microlithographers and means to overcome the depth of focus limit are suggested. Field size requirement of projected IC products is compared with the capability of known and projected optical systems followed with a discussion on methods to overcome the field size limit. The configuration of imaging optics is characterized and discussed by 1X versus reduction systems, refractive versus catadioptric and reflective systems, step-and-repeat versus step-and-scan systems. Overlay accuracy is discussed in terms of off-axis versus through-the-lens alignment, bright-field versus dark-field, actinic versus non-actinic alignment, followed with an overlay budget outlining the specification of the contributors to alignment errors. If all speculations are fulfilled, it is feasible to consider 0.18 μm resolution with 0.07 μm overlay.