cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Korteweg-deVries dynamical system

As with the Neumann dynamical system, our purpose now is to introduce a dynamical system interesting in its own right, and then to show that it can, in some cases, be integrated explicitly by the theory of hyperelliptic Jacobians. More precisely, we can, following the ideas in the previous section, define an embedding of Jac C in an infinite dimensional space: Open image in new window On R1, we consider a simple class of vector fields X: those which assign to f a tangent vector in \( X_f \in T_{R_1 ,f} \cong R_1 \) given by $$ X_f = P\left( {f,\dot f, \cdots ,f^{\left( n \right)} } \right),{\text{ P a polynomial}} $$ . Integrating this vector field means finding an analytic function f(x,y) s.t. $$ \frac{{\partial f}} {{\partial y}} = P\left( {f, \frac{{\partial f}} {{\partial x}},{\text{ }} \cdots {\text{, }}\frac{{\partial ^n f}} {{\partial x^n }}} \right). $$ By the Cauchy-Kowalevski Theorem, for all f(x,0) analytic in |x| < e, there exists f(x,y) analytic in |x|,|y| < η solving this. What we want to do is to set up a sequence X1,X2,...of such vector fields called the Kortweg-de Vries hierarchy which a) commute [Xi,Xj] =0 — we must define this carefully — and b) are Hamiltonian in a certain formal sense, such that c) for all g, and for all hyperelliptic curves C of genus g: $$ \operatorname{Im} \left( {Jac - \Theta } \right) = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {orbit of all flows {\rm X}_n ,} \\ {i.e., all {\rm X}_n are tangent to image} \\ {and a codimension g subspace of} \\ {\sum {c_n {\rm X}_n } are even 0 on Image} \\ \end{array} } \right] $$
Programmable SoC platform for deep packet inspection using enhanced Boyer-Moore algorithm

This paper describes the work done to design a SoC platform for real-time on-line pattern search in TCP packets for Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) applications. The platform is based on a Xilinx Zynq programmable SoC and includes an accelerator that implements a pattern search engine that extends the original Boyer-Moore algorithm with timing and logical rules, that produces a very complex set of rules. Also, the platform implements different modes of operation, including SIMD and MISD parallelism, which can be configured on-line. The platform is scalable depending of the analysis requirement up to 8 Gbps. High-Level synthesis and platform based design methodologies have been used to reduce the time to market of the completed system.
Bond Issues in European Units of Account (Emissions en unitÃ©s de compte europÃ©ennes) (Emisiones en unidades de cuenta europeas)

Depuis 1961, une nouvelle formule d'A©missions A©trangA¨res s'est dA©veloppA©e en Europe: celle d'obligations en unitA©s de compte europA©ennes. Les A©missions publiques de telles obligations, qui ont lieu sur divers marchA©s de capitaux sous l'A©gide d'un syndicat prA©sidA© par des banques belges, se sont A©levA©es, de fA©vrier 1961 A avril 1964, A un total de 68 millions de dollars. AprA¨s avoir rappelA© briA¨vement l'origine des A©missions en unitA©s de compte europA©ennes, l'article examine comment les diverses A©missions ont dA©fini l'unitA© de compte et dA©terminA© les conditions auxquelles l'unitA© de compte pouvait Aatre modifiA©e. Les rA¨gles prA©sidant au choix des monnaies A utiliser pour le paiement des souscriptions et intA©rAats et pour le remboursement sont A©galement dA©crites. Les caractA©ristiques "classiques" des A©missions sont enfin rappelA©es. De cet examen il paraA®t rA©sulter que les rendements rA©els des obligations en unitA©s de compte sont vraisemblablement plus A©levA©s que les rendements d'obligations nationales dans les pays A©metteurs. Le principal avantage d'A©missions en unitA©s de compte paraA®t avoir A©tA© de donner A des sociA©tA©s un accA¨s A des marchA©s de capitaux A©trangers qu'ils n'auraient probablement pas eu sans le recours A la formule des unitA©s de compte. /// A partir de 1961 se ha desarrollado en Europa una nueva fA³rmula para las emisiones extranjeras: las obligaciones en unidades de cuenta europeas. Las emisiones pAoblicas de tales obligaciones, las cuales se efectAoan en varios mercados monetarios bajo la A©gida de un sindicato encabezado por bancos belgas, se elevaron entre febrero de 1961 y abril de 1964 a un total de US$68 millones. DespuA©s de hacer memoria brevemente del origen de las emisiones en unidades de cuenta europeas, el artA­culo examina la forma en que las varias emisiones han definido la unidad de cuenta y determinado las condiciones bajo las cuales podrA­a modificarse. Se describen asimismo las reglas para la selecciA³n de las monedas que han de utilizarse para el pago de las subscripciones e intereses, y para los reembolsos. Por Aoltimo, se reseA±an las caracterA­sticas "clAisicas" de las emisiones. De este examen se desprende que los rendimientos reales de las emisiones en monedas de cuenta son probablemente mAis elevados que los obtenidos de obligaciones nacionales en los paA­ses emisores. La principal ventaja de la emisiA³n en unidades de cuenta parece haber sido la de permitir a las compaA±A­as acceso a los mercados de capital extranjeros' oportunidad que es muy posible no hubiesen tenido de no haber recurrido a la fA³rmula de la unidad de cuenta.
Information Use in Psychology Research: A Citation Analysis of Leading Journals

ABSTRACTThis large-scale do-it-yourself citation study analyzed citation patterns of materials used by scholars who published in fifteen leading psychology journals in 2012. From these journals, 568 sample articles were selected, yielding a pool of 32,878 citations. The citations were examined to discover information use patterns of psychology scholars for collection development purposes. In addition to material type, age, and citation usage characteristics, the study identified the most frequently cited journals. These cited journals were then compared against the university’s journal holdings and other studies to determine subscription gaps and assess if the top journals fluctuated over time.
Veganism as a cause of iodine deficient hypothyroidism.

Background Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism worldwide. Although uncommon in the Western world, the incidence of iodine deficiency may be rising due to the increased use of restrictive diets. Case presentation We present a 23-month-old boy diagnosed with iodine deficiency hypothyroidism, induced by a vegan diet. Conclusions This case highlights the risk for iodine deficiency in children on a vegan diet after discontinuation of breast/formula feeding that could lead to acquired hypothyroidism.
On the formal development of elastic foundation models

In developing foundation models, the majority of researchers proceeded in two ways: (1) Start with the Winkler model and, in order to bring it closer to reality, assume some kind of interaction between the spring elements, or (2) start with the continuum and then introduce simplifying assumptions with respect to displacements and/or stresses. A third approach, developed mainly in recent decades, is a procedure which makes use of formal power series expansions. The purpose of present paper is to discuss this third approach for generating foundation models. It is shown that the a priori assumption that the contact pressure is related to the surface deflections and its derivatives, p(x)=f(w, w′, w″, ...), is too restrictive and that the proper form is p(x)=F(w, w′, w″, ..., p′, p″, ...). The paper concludes with a comparison of the obtained models and a discussion of the sequencing of foundation models of higher order beyond the Winkler foundation.
The Mystery of the Falling Grades: Seizure Disorder

Working with children with epilepsy is like reading a good mystery. When learning or emotional problems occur, the neuropsychologist 's job is to help identify “whodunit.” The list of likely suspects from the epilepsy perspective include whatever is atypical about the brain that is the basis of the seizures, seizures themselves, abnormal electrical discharges between seizures (also known as sub-clinical seizures), and side effects of medications used to treat the seizures. These suspects may set the stage for problems with attention, learning, memory, and emotional functioning. The reactions of family and friends to the epilepsy diagnosis and/or seizures may lead to feelings of anxiety and depression. Children with epilepsy can also develop learning or emotional problems for the same reasons that other children do, such as genetics or life experiences. John was referred for neuropsychological evaluation to sort through these suspects to find the cause of his falling grades.
Numerical Modeling and Simulations

The design of engineering processes and equipment was traditionally accomplished in the past by experimentation, the construction of prototypes, and the building of pilot plants. These methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive and, in the beginning of the twenty-first century, have been proven to be very expensive. In the last two decades, modeling and computer simulations are increasingly used for the design of equipment and processes. The main advantage of computer simulations is that they require significantly less time and resources than the building, testing, and optimization of prototypes and pilot plants. The main disadvantage of simulations is that, oftentimes, the modeling does not accurately describe the actual engineering system to be built and some or all the testing results suffer from inaccuracies. This appears to be a temporary drawback to the simulation methods, because it is mainly due to the fact that numerical simulations are novel and recently developed methods in science and engineering. This chapter begins with sections on the desired attributes of mathematical models, in general, and continues with the four classifications of the coupling methods between the carrier fluid and the particles. A short description follows on the modeling of the flow of the carrier phase as laminar, turbulent, or transitional flow. A large part of the chapter is devoted to the methods of modeling of the suspension of particles as homogeneous mixture, point sources for momentum and energy transfer, discrete particles, or continua (two-fluid models). The complex interactions of particles with walls and the modeling of collision processes between particles and walls and between two or more particles are presented in detail. Finally the chapter examines critically the methods used most frequently for the numerical treatment of the boundaries in momentum and energy particle–fluid interactions, such as the Body-Fitted Coordinates, the Front Tracking Method, the Lattice Boltzmann Method, and the Immersed Boundary Method.
Using RET Effectively in the Workplace

Since the inception of rational-emotive therapy over 35 years ago, many professionals have recognized the application of RET to problems in the workplace. Needless to say, thousands of individuals have been helped by their therapists in dealing with problems relating to work. Helping individuals not to upset themselves with events at work, which they cannot change immediately, has always been a goal of rational-emotive therapists. Ellis in his book on Executive Leadership (1972) also proposed that effective managers develop what he labeled “Rational Sensitivity.” No doubt, RET can and will continue to help humans deal with problems at work in the confines of their office. However, rational-emotive therapy—or, as we have begun to label it, rational effectiveness training—is making a more direct contribution to the workplace by introducing the concepts of RET into management training, and into the development of “corporate cultures.” However, in order for the concept to be accepted, and to be effective in the workplace, it is important to understand that a change in focus is required from the traditional approach used in therapy. In this chapter, I provide several specific applications of RET to the workplace and discuss specific techniques that I have found successful in applying RET to the workplace.
Self-esteem as a mediator of the link between perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon

Abstract Perfectionism has been linked to the impostor phenomenon; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. Self-esteem was examined for its potential mediating role in the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism (e.g., discrepancy and standards) and the impostor phenomenon among 468 college students. Analyses indicated that self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between perfectionism and impostor feelings. Discrepancy had a positive direct and indirect effect on impostor feelings through the mechanism of self-esteem, while standards had a negative indirect effect on impostor feelings through the mechanism of self-esteem. Implications for enhancing self-esteem among students experiencing maladaptive perfectionism and impostor feelings are discussed.
Live animal performance, carcass traits, and meat palatability of calf- and yearling-fed cloned steers.

Two groups of Brangus steers produced by nuclear transplantation cloning were used in parallel studies investigating the impact of calf- and yearling-feeding. The first group (n = 8 ) were fed as calves (CF; n = 4 ) or yearlings (YF; n = 4 ) to a constant age end point of 16 mo. The second group (n = 10) were fed as calves (CF; n = 5 ) or yearlings (YF; n = 5 ) to a constant live weight end point (530 kg). When slaughtered at the same age, CF and YF steers did not differ ( P > .05) in feedlot ADG, but the CF steers were heavier and had higher dressing percentages, numeric yield grades, and quality grades ( P .05) in palatability traits. When fed to a constant live weight, the YF steers gained more rapidly ( P .05) between the treatments in carcass quality grade or meat palatability characteristics. Thus, when finished to a constant weight end point, YF steers gained more rapidly, with no adverse effects on carcass quality grade or palatability traits; however, CF steers consistently produced higher dressing percentages, largely due to greater external fatness.
Online engagement and cognitive function among older adults.

Aim Social engagement is known to serve an important role in cognitive health, but there has been limited information on the role of online engagement. The present study aimed to identify the benefits of different online activities for the cognitive function of older adults. Methods Data came from the National Health and Aging Trend Study, Round I-V (2011-2015), with >8000 respondents from Medicare beneficiaries. Cognitive function was measured by the Clock Drawing Test and immediate 10-word recall. The respondents were also asked if they carried out any of the online activities listed. Results Some online activities, such as email, texting and seeking medical information, can reduce the risk of cognitive decline. Whereas contacting a medical provider using online can increase the risk of cognitive decline. Conclusions Given the findings, the development of new technologies for online social engagement needs to be one of the priorities for researchers and policymakers in the field of aging and dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 918-923.
Female Age at First Sexual Intercourse by Rural-Urban Residence and Birth Cohort.

Abstract Background Previous studies have examined timing of sexual initiation in the United States, but little is known about rural–urban differences in age at first sex. Methods We used female respondent data from the National Survey of Family Growth (n = 29,133; 2006–2010 and 2011–2017) to examine age at first vaginal sex with a male partner. We used the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazard analyses to assess differences in age at first sex by rural–urban residence, overall and stratified by 5-year birth cohorts (1968–1997). Models were adjusted for respondent characteristics and accounted for complex survey design. Results Overall, rural women experienced first sex earlier compared with urban women (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–1.29). By age 18, 62% of rural women had experienced first sex, compared with 54% of urban women. After adjustment for respondent characteristics, HRs were attenuated, but rural women were still more likely to have experienced first sex compared with urban women (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.13). In unadjusted models, rural women were more likely to have experienced first sex compared with urban women for most birth cohorts (HRs ranged from 1.14 to 1.32); for only one cohort (1988–1992) was this association found in the adjusted analysis (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09–1.39). Conclusions Women living in rural areas were generally more likely to report first sex at an earlier age compared with urban women, suggesting that delivery of sexual education and reproductive health services for women in the United States may need to take into account rural–urban residence.
The Search for Microbial Martian Life and American Buddhist Ethics

Multiple searches hunt for extraterrestrial life, yet the ethics of such searches in terms of fossil and possible extant life on Mars have not been sufficiently delineated. In response, in this essay, I propose a tripartite ethic for searches for microbial Martian life that consists of default non-harm towards potential living beings, default non-harm to the habitats of potential living beings, but also responsible, restrained scientific harvesting of some microbes in limited transgression of these default non-harm modes. Although this multifaceted ethic remains secular and hence adaptable to space research settings, it arises from both a qualitative analysis of authoritative Buddhist scriptural ethics as well as the quantified ethnographic survey voices of contemporary American Buddhists. The resulting tripartite ethic, while developed for Mars, contains ramifications for the study of microbes on Earth and further retains application to other research locations in our Solar system.
Categories of Information Need Expressed by Parents of Individuals with Rare Genetic Disorders in a Facebook Community Group: A Case Study with Implications for Information Professionals

AbstractCostello syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects virtually all aspects of an individual’s life. Few specialists have been trained to understand the condition and provide guidance t...
An Adaptive Approach to Minimize System Level Tests Targeting Low Voltage DVFS Failures

Traditional low cost scan based structural tests no longer suffice for delivering acceptable defect levels in many processor SOCs, especially those targeting low power applications. Expensive functional system level tests (SLTs) have become an additional and necessary final test screen. Efforts to eliminate or minimize the use of SLTs have focused on new fault models and improved test generation methods to improve the effectiveness of scan tests. In this paper we argue that given the limitations of scan timing tests, such an approach may not be sufficient to detect all the low voltage failures caused by circuit timing variability that appear to dominate SLT fallout. Instead, we propose an alternate approach for meaningful cost savings that adaptively avoids SLT tests for a subset of the manufactured parts. This is achieved by using parametric and scan tests results from earlier in the test flow to identify low delay variability parts that can avoid SLT with minimal impact on DPPM. Extensive SPICE simulations support the viability of our proposed approach. We also show that such an adaptive test flow is also very well suited to real time optimization during the using machine-learning techniques.
Design of target irradiation and diagnostic chamber to study ps-laser generated plasma as a source of singly charged ions for external injection into an electron beam ion source

High repetition-rate (∼10 kHz) ps-lasers are becoming available on the market with reasonable cost and may offer several advantages compared to ns-lasers by generating nearly continuous beams of singly charged ions appropriate for the "slow" injection mode into the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS). To evaluate these advantages, we will perform studies of a ps-laser generated plasma using a laser with a pulse duration of 8 ps and energy up to 5 mJ per pulse. A vacuum chamber equipped with a 3D target positioner, a focusing lens, and a Faraday Cup has been designed and built for this study. Lens-to-target distance variations have been measured using a laser tracker over the whole range of horizontal and vertical translation for all five targets we will use. The variations were found to be within ±150 µm. This degree of "target flatness" should be acceptable for our experimental conditions. Ion currents and ion pulse durations of various elements (from Al to Ta) will be measured for different target irradiation conditions (focal spot size and laser pulse energy). The results obtained will allow us to specify all parameters and geometry of a laser ion source based on a ps-laser to provide external ion injection into the relativistic heavy ion collider EBIS.
Chemical cardioversion of atrial flutter and fibrillation in the pediatric population with Ibutilide.

Introduction Atrial flutter (AFL) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are common in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease and structurally normal hearts as well. Chemical cardioversion is attractive for patients with AFL/AF for a short period of time because of the ability to avoid sedation. We review a single center's experience with Ibutilide in pediatric patients in an effort to report on its safety and efficacy. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients (0-21 years) who underwent chemical cardioversion for AFL/AF with Ibutilide (January 2011-February 2019). Patients on another antiarrhythmic medication or attempted chemical cardioversion with another drug were excluded. Results There were 21 patients who met inclusion criteria. Thirteen of the 21 (62%) patients were successfully cardioverted with Ibutilide (10 out of 13 had AF and four out of 13 required a second dose). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between those who were successfully cardioverted compared to those who were not. Administration of magnesium prior to administration did not appear to have an effect on the success rate. There was a significant increase in rate corrected QT interval (QTc) post Ibutilide administration, which returned to baseline prior to discharge. One patient had symptomatic bradycardia needing intravenous fluids and another had torsades requiring electrical cardioversion during Ibutilide administration. Conclusions The success rate of chemical cardioversion with Ibutilide was similar in our experience as compared to studies in the adult population and the other lone pediatric study. Although adverse events were uncommon, Ibutilide administration warrants close monitoring and fully defining its efficacy warrants further pediatric experience.
Comparison of R404A condensation heat transfer and pressure drop with low global warming potential replacement candidates R448A and R452A

Abstract The objective of this paper was to measure and compare the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of R404A and two potential replacement candidate refrigerants with a lower global warming potential, R448A and R452A. Experiments were conducted inside a 4.7 mm horizontal tube at mass fluxes ranging from 100 to 800 kg m − 2 s − 1 , and at three different saturation conditions (40, 50, and 60 ∘C). R448A and R452A are zeotropic refrigerant mixtures, with temperature glides of approximately 4 ∘C and 3 ∘C, respectively. The Cavallini et al. (2006) correlation predicted the heat transfer data best for all three refrigerants, once mixture effects were accounted for using the equilibrium Silver (1947), Bell and Ghaly (1973) method. The Haraguchi et al. (1994) correlation predicted the R484A frictional pressure drop data best (mean average percent error, MAPE = 15%), while the Friedel (1979) correlation predicted the R404A (MAPE = 15%) and R452A data (MAPE = 14%) pressure drop the best. The heat transfer coefficients of R404A were slightly higher than those of R452A and slightly lower than those of R448A at equivalent conditions. At the same mass flux, (G = 600 kg m − 2 s − 1 ), R448A and R452A pressure drops are on average 81% and 3.3% higher than that of R404A. For the same cooling capacity and condenser design, the pressure drop of R404A and R452A are approximately the same and the pressure drop of R448A is approximately 16% lower than that of R404A.
Report on surveillance of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Shanxi Province in 2011

Objective To understand the status of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Shanxi Province and provide scientific basis for prevention and control strategy and measures.Methods 12 surveillance sites located north of the city were randomly selected.Fecal samples of the inhabitants of 3 years old and above were collected and examined for intestinal nematodes eggs by modified Kato-Katz's thick smear technique.Infection rate and infection intensity were calculated.Results A total of 11 819 people were surveyed at 12 provincial surveillance sites and 119 people were infected with soil-transmitted nematodes including Ascaris,Trichuris and pinworm,the total infection rate was 1.01％.Among them,39 were infected with Arcaris,1 with Trichuris and 79 with pinworm,the prevalence of which were 0.33％,0.01％ and 0.67％ respectively.All of the people infected with pinworm were from Wanrong County in Yuncheng City.The prevalence of pinworm at Wanrong County site was 7.84％,the difference of which among different age groups was significant statistically(x2 =71.46,P＜0.05),and family clustering was found in 64.56％ (51/79) patients.Conclusion Total prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes and Ascaris,Trichuris and pinworm in 2011 declined compared with the infection condition of the second survey on the status of important human parasitic diseases in Shanxi Province.The pinworm prevalence at Wanrong County site was far higher above average prevalence of the Second Survey in Shanxi Province.The results also showed that pinworm infection is a disease with the feature of high family clustering. Key words: Nematode infection; Soil-transmitted nematodes; Surveillance; Report
Problems: Second-Order and Higher-Order Circuits

This chapter helps both groups of underprepared and knowledgeable undergraduate students taking courses in electrical circuit analysis. In this chapter, the basic and advanced problems of second-order and higher-order circuits are presented. A second-order circuit comprises two energy-saving components (two capacitors, two inductors, or a combination of one capacitor and one inductor) and a combination of other components including resistors, independent and dependent voltage sources, and independent and dependent current sources. Like the other chapters of this textbook, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal, or hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, or large). Additionally, the problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest calculations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
Racial and regional differences in incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in the United States during 2001 to 2017.

6041Background: The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been reported to be increasing among both middle-aged and elderly adults in the...
Patentable Subject Matter Requirements: An Evaluation of Proposed Exclusions to India's Patent Law in Light of India's Obligations under the TRIPs Agreement and Options for India

In April 2005, the Technical Expert Group (the Expert Group) on patent law issues, headed by Dr. RA Mashelkar, considered the TRIPS Agreement's consistency of (a) limiting the grant of patents for pharmaceutical substances to new chemical entities or to new medical entities, and (b) excluding micro-organisms from patent eligibility. In December 2006, the Expert Group submitted its report. The report indicated that (a) limiting the grant of patents for pharmaceutical substances to new chemical entities or to new medical entities, and (b) excluding micro-organisms from patent eligibility would be in contravention with India's obligation under the TRIPS Agreement. However, certain stakeholders criticized the report because the Expert Group took up the question of what is in India's national interest, instead of examining whether restricting patents in pharmaceuticals to new chemical entities and excluding micro-organism would violate TRIPS. The Expert Group later withdrew its report due to "technical inaccuracy and plagiarism." However, in the midst of this controversy, the main issue regarding the legality of limiting these grants and excluding eligibility was completely lost. Through examination of the TRIPS Agreement in conjunction with the interpretation of other international treaties/conventions, this article presents evidence that neither of these two per se exceptions to patentable subject matter (i.e., the availability of patents) is consistent with the obligations of India under the TRIPS Agreement. This article also proposes legal options available to India to safe-guard its national interests. The author is a senior police officer of the Indian Police Service, an elite constituent of the Indian Civil Services. The author is extremely grateful to Professor A. Damodaran and Professor Rupa Chanda for their guidance and suggestions in writing this article. In addition, the author is grateful to Professor Gopal Naik for his relentless encouragement. However, the author alone is responsible for any deficiencies. 8 Chi.-Kent J. Intell. Prop. 41 Copyright © 2008, Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property
Chapter 22 Section introduction: Re-evaluating CSCW systems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the re-evaluation of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) systems. It also presents a thorough qualitative evaluation of the use of a highly influential and equally controversial CSCW application—namely, THE COORDINATOR—is presented. Most of the actors merely utilize THE COORDINATOR as an enhanced email system, without the underlying conversation structure. As opposed to the approach adopted by the designers of THE COORDINATOR with respect to the challenge of designing coordination mechanisms, the objective of the “ConversationBuilder” experiment is to develop a generic framework for open, active, and flexible support for collaboration. A crucial issue in the “ConversationBuilder” experiment is the contention that a computer environment should enable organizations and end users to dynamically adapt the system to their specific needs or preferences. Dynamic modifications of existing facilities supporting work activities are important for several reasons. As users gain a better understanding of their work, they should be able to modify prescribed routines and procedures to better reflect this understanding.
Immunoregulatory Circuits Initiated by Autoreactive T Cell Clones: I. Generation of T Helper, T Amplifier, and T Suppressor Clones

The idiotype network postulates that T- and B-cell clones are interconnected through idiotypic determinants borne by the immune receptor. Because the antigen receptor of T cells, like the Ig receptor of B cells, is clonally distributed, the idiotypes characterizing one clone can stimulate the proliferation of another clone bearing complementary anti-idiotypic receptors. In previous studies (1–3), we provided evidence supporting this concept by demonstrating that (allo) antigenspecific T cells trigger the production of autoantibodies and of autoreactive (i.e., AMLC-reactive) anti-idiotypic T cells. We now document the existence of anti-idiotypic T-cell clones with helper, amplifier, suppressor, and suppressor/amplifier function.
Enabling technologies for harnessing information explosion

The amount of information accessible on the Internet and other repositories is increasing at an alarming rate Presence and availability of information is quite different from being able to access the right information at the right time Easy and flexible access to such large repositories of data also poses its own set of problems Some of the problems faces today are: the ability to access relevant data without information overload, monitor only needed data and receive it in a timely manner, ability to filter data to reduce the amount of information to be analyzed manually, and the ability to classify data into groups that are beneficial. The focus of this presentation will be on how information explosion, although beneficial in a larger context, baffles the user in terms of the time, energy, and resources spent in searching, browsing, retrieving, monitoring, filtering, and classifying them We discuss the problem, issues, and various technologies that are needed for harnessing information in a way that provides relevant and useful information in a timely manner (just-in-time) and reduce user involvement as much as possible One such technology is the “push” technology in contrast to the “pull” technology WebVigiL is a project at UTA/IT Lab that has explored Internet change monitoring for the above purpose. In addition to the applicability of the push technology and its uses, we will discuss several other technologies that allow us to harness appropriate information from potentially large repositories that are continuously changing/evolving Some of the technologies that will be discussed in this talk are: mining, filtering, classification, and monitoring. In this talk, I will relate the results of some of the projects that are underway at the Information Technology Laboratory at UTA to address the above problem.
Loopholes to Load-Shed: Contract Management Capacity, Representative Bureaucracy, and Goal Displacement in Federal Procurement Decisions

ABSTRACT Federal contracting is complicated by the conflict between system maintenance and the more intangible, normative goals of government. This study focuses on a federal procurement program that explicitly pursues equity as a normative goal in the contracting of services from small and disadvantaged businesses. For many federal agencies, low contract management capacity makes the pursuit of this goal difficult, prompting these agencies to focus on goals that are more proximate, easily achievable, and tangible. We argue that both behavioral and representative bureaucracy theories help explain how organizations can synthesize goals in this particular context, thereby reducing the propensity of federal agencies to displace equity for the more proximately achievable goal of system maintenance. Our findings indicate support for this argument. We discuss the contributions of this study to studies of goal displacement and, more generally, to theory integration in public management scholarship.
Dopamine‐induced α‐synuclein oligomers show self‐ and cross‐propagation properties

Amyloid aggregates of α-synuclein (αS) protein are the predominant species present within the intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Among various aggregates, the low-molecular weight ones broadly ranging between 2 and 30 mers are known to be the primary neurotoxic agents responsible for the impairment of neuronal function. Recent research has indicated that the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is one of the key physiological agents promoting and augmenting αS aggregation, which is thought to be a significant event in PD pathologenesis. Specifically, DA is known to induce the formation of soluble oligomers of αS, which in turn are responsible for inducing several important cellular changes leading to cellular toxicity. In this report, we present the generation, isolation, and biophysical characterization of five different dopamine-derived αS oligomers (DSOs) ranging between 3 and 15 mers, corroborating previously published reports. More importantly, we establish that these DSOs are also capable of replication by self-propagation, which leads to the replication of DSOs upon interaction with αS monomers, a process similar to that observed in mammilian prions. In addition, DSOs are also able to cross-propagate amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, while self-propagation of DSOs occur with no net gain in protein structure, cross-propagation proceeds with an overall gain in β-sheet conformation. These results implicate the involvement of DSOs in the progression of PD, and, in part, provide a molecular basis for the observed co-existence of AD-like pathology among PD patients.
Molecular mechanisms of potassium and sodium uptake in plants

Potassium (K+) is an essential nutrient and the most abundant cation in plants, whereas the closely related ion sodium (Na+) is toxic to most plants at high millimolar concentrations. K+ deficiency and Na+ toxicity are both major constraints to crop production worldwide. K+ counteracts Na+ stress, while Na+, in turn, can to a certain degree alleviate K+ deficiency. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of K+ and Na+ transport is pivotal to the understanding — and eventually engineering — of plant K+ nutrition and Na+ sensitivity. Here we provide an overview on plant K+ transporters with particular emphasis on root K+ and Na+ uptake. Plant K+-permeable cation transporters comprise seven families. Shaker-type K+ channels, ‘two-pore’ K+ channels, cyclic-nucleotidegated channels, putative K+/H+ antiporters, KUP/HAK/KT transporters, HKT transporters, and LCT1. Candidate genes for Na+ transport are the KUP/HAK/KTs, HKTs, CNGCs,and LCT1. Expression in heterologous systems, localization in plants, and genetic disruption in plants will provide insight into the roles of transporter genes in K+ nutrition and Na+ toxicity.
Assessment of Patients With Heart Disease for Fitness for Noncardiac Surgery

The tendency in medicine over the past decade is to decrease preoperative testing, as the evidence for improved outcomes for these often expensive procedures is lacking. Population-based management decisions are often steered by clinical trials, cost-effectiveness analysis, and resource allocation. However, few doctors take care of populations. Most of us care for individuals. Evidence-based paradigms based on “population medicine” define the most effective management scheme for the vast majority of patients, but not for every patient. Individual patient decisions by attending physicians are not consistently based on evidence but are often made in the context of “what would I do if it was my mother?” with the premise that more information is better. Should every patient undergoing repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm undergo dipyridamole or dobut-amine stress testing? The evidence supports not. Nonetheless, the practice in many centers is to obtain a dipyridamole or adenosine thallium stress test even if the patient is asymptomatic. Despite the reassurances provided by large clinical trials, practitioners do not consistently adhere to their recommendations and often rely on tradition, anecdote, and impression in their decision-making. If physicians are to remain the dispensers of medical care and resources, then we need to be cognizant of the effects of our decisions on all patients, not just the one sitting in the examination room. Exorbitant sums spent on unnecessary testing exhausts valuable resources that could be diverted to the more needy. Unfortunately, the risk of uncertainty and medicolegal liability results in more testing than is often indicated.
Physical identification of branched intron side-products of splicing in Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract Every mRNA in trypanosomes consists of two exons, a common 5' capped mini-exon or spliced leader and a coding-exon. All evidence suggests that the exons are joined by trans-splicing of two individual precursor RNAs, the mini-exon donor RNA or spliced leader precursor RNA (medRNA) and the pre-mRNA. We studied intermediates of the splicing reaction using denaturing two-dimensional PAGE and structurally identified a group of small (approximately 180-300 nt) non-polyadenylated, Y-shaped branched RNAs. The branched Y-shaped RNAs contain the 105 nt medRNA derived intron, joined in a 2'-5' phosphodiester bond to small heterogeneously sized RNAs. These non-polyadenylated branched Y-shaped RNA molecules are analogous to the lariat shaped introns of higher eukaryotes and presumably represent the released intron-like by-products of a trans-splicing reaction which joins the mini-exon and the major coding-exon.
Reliability, Validity, and Item Response of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Score Among Incarcerated Women

Female incarcerations in the United States have increased dramatically in the past decade. While many female inmates suffer from comorbid substance abuse and mental health issues, they often lack social supports and resources that can help female inmates successfully reintegrate back into community. However, the characteristics of social support of incarcerated women have not been fully explored. Using the Rasch model, we examined the MOS social support measure in 271 female inmates in a large urban jail. The findings showed that the MOS social support items did not fully capture variability of item response. The Rasch analyses also showed a high ceiling effect, implying that the measure may be less than optimal for detecting upward change in this population. It is important to utilize reliable and valid instruments in order to capture attributes in incarcerated individuals as their life experience and context require an additional adjustment to existing instruments.
Surface relief effects associated with proeutectoid α plates in a Ti-7.15 wt% Cr alloy

Abstract Surface relief effects associated with “normal α” and the “black plates” formed during the proeutectoid α reaction in a Ti-7.15 wt% (6.62 at.%) Cr alloy have been investigated. Approximately 80% of the reliefs examined were tent-shaped; the remainder were of the invariant plane strain (IPS) type. Both types of proeutectoid α plate yielded similar tilt angles for a given type of relief effect. Whereas the tilt angle per side was ca 2−2 1 2 ° ± 1° for tent reliefs, it was ca 6° ± 2° for those of the IPS type. TEM examination of plates in contact with the free surface demonstrated that all plates were laterally monocrystals; hence the tent-shaped reliefs could not have been caused by two plates formed back-to-back. TEM also showed that proeutectoid α plates contain no twins, whereas martensite plates formed in a comparable Ti-Cr alloy do, according to Ericksen, Taggart and Polonis. All plates studied formed above the T0 temperature. Implications of these observations and related information, previously published, with respect to whether growth takes place by a shear or a diffusional mechanism are then considered in detail.
An evaluation of a ceramic monolith as an enzyme support material

Catalase was immobilized on commercially available monolithic catalyst supports and also on participate support obtained by crushing the monolith. The kinetics of the monolith- and particulate-supported enzymes were analyzed in a continuous tubular reactor system and pressure drop was also monitored. Analysis of the results indicates that the monolith-supported system presents very little resistance to flow which results in a considerably smaller pressure drop than is obtained in flow through particulate-supported systems under comparable conversion conditions. Ceramic monoliths thus appear to be very suitable for use as enzyme supports in continuous tubular reactor applications, particularly where high pressure drops might be expected.
The Digital Transformation of Special Collections

ABSTRACT The effect of digital technology on special collections has been profound and ongoing. The purpose of this article is to explore the effect born digital materials, digitization, and intellectual property have had on special collections in the 21st century. In particular this study will focus on how archival materials have been significantly transformed by interacting with digital technology—providing both challenges in management and opportunities for new online environments to expose this content worldwide. Finally, a research experiment underway at the University of Virginia Library offers a framework that may help highlight some strategies for exploiting new opportunities going forward.
Encoding specificity and nonverbal cue context: An expansion of episodic memory research

Recent memory research on encoding specificity suggests that cues from encoding conditions can play a significant role in retrieval processes. The two studies reported here broaden support for this claim by demonstrating the ability of nonverbal contextual cues to act as retrieval mechanisms for co‐occurring language. The results of the recall and recognition tests in this research suggest that visual contextual cues such as speech primacy and motor primacy gestures can access linguistic target information. Motor primacy cues have a greater encoding elaboration potential, however, and thus can act as stronger retrieval cues.
Accuracy of the one-point in vivo calibration of "wired" glucose oxidase electrodes implanted in jugular veins of rats in periods of rapid rise and decline of the glucose concentration.

The hypothesis of the feasibility of one-point in vivo calibration of intravenously implanted glucose sensors during periods of rapid rise and decline of venous blood glucose concentration was tested. Miniature (5 × 10-4 cm2 mass transporting area) glucose electrodes with 10−90% response times <2 min, that did not consume oxygen, were implanted in jugular veins of systemically heparinized rats and used in 4-h experiments, during which the blood glucose concentration was amperometrically monitored. The glucose electrodes were made by electrically connecting (“wiring”) reaction centers of glucose oxidase through an electron-conducting redox hydrogel to gold electrode surfaces. The redox polymer and enzyme constituting the electrode sensing layer were immobilized by cross-linking, and thus the electrodes had no diffusional and readily leached redox mediator. One hour after their implantation, the electrodes accurately tracked the blood glucose concentration when calibrated in vivo by a one-point calibration,...
Optical recording of action potentials in mammalian neurons using a microbial rhodopsin

The microbial rhodopsin protein, Archaerhodopsin 3, can function as a rapid and highly sensitive genetically encoded voltage indicator in mammalian cells that is capable of detecting single action potentials with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10. A mutant lacking proton pumping displays greater sensitivity but a slowed response.