cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mini-review: In vitro Metabolic Engineering for Biomanufacturing of High-value Products

With the breakthroughs in biomolecular engineering and synthetic biology, many valuable biologically active compound and commodity chemicals have been successfully manufactured using cell-based approaches in the past decade. However, because of the high complexity of cell metabolism, the identification and optimization of rate-limiting metabolic pathways for improving the product yield is often difficult, which represents a significant and unavoidable barrier of traditional in vivo metabolic engineering. Recently, some in vitro engineering approaches were proposed as alternative strategies to solve this problem. In brief, by reconstituting a biosynthetic pathway in a cell-free environment with the supplement of cofactors and substrates, the performance of each biosynthetic pathway could be evaluated and optimized systematically. Several value-added products, including chemicals, nutraceuticals, and drug precursors, have been biosynthesized as proof-of-concept demonstrations of in vitro metabolic engineering. This mini-review summarizes the recent progresses on the emerging topic of in vitro metabolic engineering and comments on the potential application of cell-free technology to speed up the “design-build-test” cycles of biomanufacturing.
Next-generation systematic reviews: prospective meta-analysis, individual-level data, networks and umbrella reviews.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reached a critical point. Their success is solid and dreadful at the same time. They are widely considered the highest level of evidence. There are tens of thousands of systematic reviews already published, but their production is still increasing geometrically. The problem is that the majority of systematic reviews are flawed, misleading, redundant, useless or all of the above,1 and this applies to almost all medical fields, including sports and exercise medicine. Part of the problem with systematic reviews stems from the poor, misleading primary evidence2 that authors try to synthesise and make sense of. However, if this were the only major problem, systematic reviews and meta-analyses would still be extremely useful. They could focus exactly on showing how flawed, misleading and useless this evidence is. This could lead to suggestions on how to improve research in the field. Instead, systematic reviews often sanctify results from poor studies, by making these seem even more statistically significant and (spuriously) conclusive. They can also compound the problems seen in the primary studies, if they are driven by reviewers and sponsors with conflicts of interest, financial or academic. There are four types of ‘next-generation’ systematic reviews that may raise the bar and help shape a new generation of more reliable evidence synthesis: prospective meta-analysis, individual-level data, network meta-analyses and umbrella reviews. They are not necessarily brand new ideas, but in the current circumstances of uncontrollable overproduction and unchecked quality, they have a fresh opportunity for impact. This large-scale impact would have been unimaginable in the past due to constrains in access to data, limited availability of sophisticated methods and fewer opportunities for their application. None of these next-generation tools are bullet proof, but they hold promise and some distinct advantages. Their disadvantages also need to be …
Exploring Compliance: Observations from a Large Scale Fitbit Study

Universities often draw from their student body when conducting human subject studies. Unfortunately, as with any longitudinal human studies project, data quality problems arise from student's waning compliance to the study. While incentive mechanisms may be employed to boost student compliance, such systems may not encourage all participants in the same manner. This paper coupled student's compliance rates with other personal data collected via Fitbits, smartphones, and surveys. Machine learning algorithms were then employed to explore factors that influence compliance. With such insight, universities may target groups in their studies who are more likely to become non-compliant and implement preventative strategies such as tailoring their incentive mechanisms to accommodate a diverse population. In doing so, data quality problems stemming from failing compliance can be minimized.
Information-Acquisition Processes in Moral Judgments of Blame

When people make moral judgments, what information do they look for? Despite its theoretical and practical implications, this question has largely been neglected by prior literature. The recent Path Model of Blame predicts a canonical order in which people acquire information when judging blame. Upon discovering a negative event, perceivers consider information about causality, then intentionality, then (if the event is intentional) reasons or (if the event is unintentional) preventability. Three studies, using two novel paradigms, assessed and found support for these predictions: In constrained (Study 1) and open-ended (Study 2) information-acquisition contexts, participants were most likely, and fastest, to seek information in the canonical order, even when under time pressure (Study 3). These findings indicate that blame relies on a set of information components that are processed in a systematic order. Implications for moral judgment models are discussed, as are potential roles of emotion and motivated reasoning in information acquisition.
Is Running Enough? Reconsidering the Conventional Wisdom about Women Candidates

The conventional wisdom in the literature on women candidates holds that “when women run, they win as often as men.” This has led to a strong focus in the literature on the barriers to entry for women candidates and significant evidence that these barriers hinder representation. Yet, a growing body of research suggests that some disadvantages persist for Republican women even after they choose to run for office. In this paper, I investigate the aggregate consequences of these disadvantages for general election outcomes. Using a regression discontinuity design, I show that Republican women who win close House primaries lose at higher rates in the general election than Republican men. This nomination effect holds throughout the 1990s despite a surge in Republican voting starting in 1994. I find no such effect for Democratic women and provide evidence that a gap in elite support explains part of the cross-party difference.
The Inn at Little Washington

Who could have imagined that a gas station turned restaurant in the middle of a tiny town known only for its namesake could become the highest-rated dinner experience in the nation? But that's exactly the position the Inn at Little Washington was in when Andrew Welch was hired in late 2002 to take on the on the job of overseeing the entire operation of the Inn. Students learn about the operation of the Inn in detail right down to the dinner menu as Welch faces some challenging questions: Could the Inn continue to justify its high prices? What is the secret to its longevity and could it continue to have a full house every night without advertising? And finally, could he continue to operate the Inn in the same manner without a plan in place to compete with the new restaurant scene in Washington, DC. Students should develop their hypothesis of the underlying elements that have created and are sustaining a high-performance service business. Excerpt UVA-OM-1320 THE INN AT LITTLE WASHINGTON We want to offer our guests a refuge from reality. –Chef/proprietor Patrick O'Connell Students of business study the Inn as an unlikely business model and try to analyze what makes it work seemingly against all odds. –Inn Press Kit . . .
Nonspecificity in a nonimmune human scFv repertoire

Efforts to develop effective antibody therapeutics are frequently hampered by issues such as aggregation and nonspecificity, often only detected in late stages of the development process. In this study, we used a high throughput cross-reactivity assay to select nonspecific clones from a naive human repertoire scFv library displayed on the surface of yeast. Most antibody families were de-enriched; however, the rarely expressed VH6 family was highly enriched among nonspecific clones, representing almost 90% of isolated clones. Mutational analysis of this family reveals a dominant role of CDRH2 in driving nonspecific binding. Homology modeling of a panel of VH6 antibodies shows a constrained β-sheet structure in CDRH2 that is not present in other families, potentially contributing to nonspecificity of the family. These findings confirm the common decision to exclude VH6 from synthetic antibody libraries, and support VH6 polyreactivity as a possible important role for the family in early ontogeny and cause for its overabundance in cases of some forms of autoimmunity.
Athenaeus describes the most ancient intellectual property

Inventors seek ownership of intellectual property (for example, in the form of modern patents) to protect their inventions against copying, and – for protection of their personal investment in inno...
Modal Parameter Uncertainty Estimates as a Tool for Automated Operational Modal Analysis: Applications to a Smart Building

The knowledge of modal parameter uncertainties derived from operational modal analysis (OMA) can greatly improve automated decisions by providing information about the quality of the modal identification. Yet so far, this information has been largely ignored in continuous monitoring studies on civil infrastructure, especially with respect to buildings. In this paper, we implement an automated version of Covariance Based Stochastic Subspace Identification on a highly instrumented smart building. An expansion of the technique estimates uncertainty bounds for all modal parameters. Through a series of full scale experiments, we demonstrate how uncertainties are valuable tools in various contexts of automation. These include the identification and removal of badly-fitted modes, the identification of periods of high signal-to-noise ratio, and the validation of reference sensors selection.
Glucocorticoid Receptors in Rat Thymus Cells

Summary Studies of binding of glucocorticoids to rat thymus cells in vitro demonstrate two forms of binding: (a) Specific binding, which is well correlated with glucocorticoid activity, saturates at high physiological concentrations, and is characterized by slow association and dissociation. Specific binding appears to represent association with glucocorticoid receptors. With cortisol no metabolic transformation precedes this association. (b) Non-specific binding, which correlates with nonpolarity and interfacial activity, does not saturate, and is characterized by rapid association and dissociation. With all steroids tested this is the major fraction. It is distributed throughout the cell including the nucleus, accounting for the well-known nonspecific effects of steroids in vitro. ATP or some related substance may be necessary for specific binding in whole cells. A competitor for specific glucocorticoid binding, cortexolone, blocks the hormonal activity of cortisol. If cells are disrupted by hypotonic shock in 1.5 mM MgCl2 after incubation with cortisol at 20 °C or 37 °C most of the specifically bound hormone sediments with nuclei. But after incubation at 3 °C the hormone is mainly in the supernatant. For convenience the supernatant fraction is referred to as “cytoplasmic”. Cortisol in both the nuclear and “cytoplasmic” fractions is bound to macromolecules. These “receptors” are in part proteins. The binding properties – specificity, saturation, dissociation rates – of the isolated receptors, both of which can be extracted from cells that have not been preexposed to cortisol, are similar to those characteristic of specific binding to cells at 37 °C, showing that specific binding to cells at 37 °C displays the intrinsic properties of the receptor complexes. Cortisol bound to “cytoplasmic” receptors is rapidly transferred to the nucleus even in the presence of excess unlabelled cortisol, indicating that formation of the cytoplasmic complex is an obligatory step. The receptors do not appear to be ‘carriers’ since the cells are freely permeable to glucocorticoids. It is suggested that the hormone directs the cytoplasmic receptor to the nuclear site by increasing its affinity for the nuclear site and/or by releasing it from some initial site. To initiate metabolic activity the receptor probably has to have attached an active hormone molecule, since with cortexolone a nuclear steroid-receptor complex appears to be formed but activity is not initiated.
Stress, Cancer, Death—A Pediatric Perspective

The anticipated loss of a child through catastrophic, potentially fatal illness such as cancer is one of the greatest crises a family can experience. Cancer is now the second leading cause of death in children 1–15 years of age, exceeded only by accidents. When faced with this crisis, open communication between family, child, and health care team is crucial in alleviating stress and anxiety.
Praxisvorwort: Innovationen in einer konservativen Branche

Manchmal bedarf es des Anstoses von ausen, damit auch in einem konservativen Arbeitsumfeld innovative Entwicklungen vorankommen. In der eher konservativen Steuerberatungs- und Wirtschaftsprufungsbranche ist es der Anspruch von ECOVIS, zum Nutzen seiner unternehmerischen Mandanten innovativer zu sein als andere Anbieter. In unserem Arbeitsumfeld werden technisch automatisierte und digitalisierte Arbeitsprozesse zunehmend wichtiger. So entsteht ein extern getriebener Veranderungsdruck und Mitarbeiter/innen mussen sich auf neue Arbeitsweisen einstellen. Die Anderungen kommen nun nicht mehr nur aus dem fachlichen steuerlichen Bereich, sondern auch den technischen Moglichkeiten. Zugleich erwarten Mandanten verstarkte Dienstleistungsorientierung und entsprechend professionelles Kommunikations- und Informationsverhalten von ihrer Steuerkanzlei.
NATO at 60: A Hollow Alliance

As the North Atlantic Treaty Organization celebrates its 60th birthday, there are mounting signs of trouble within the alliance and reasons to doubt the organization's relevance regarding the foreign policy challenges of the 21st century. Several developments contribute to those doubts.Although NATO has added numerous new members during the past decade, most of them possess minuscule military capabilities. Some of them also have murky political systems and contentious relations with neighboring states, including (and most troubling) a nuclear-armed Russia. Thus, NATO's new members are weak, vulnerable, and provocative - an especially dangerous combination for the United States in its role as NATO's leader.There are also growing fissures in the alliance about how to deal with Russia. The older, West European powers tend to favor a cautious, conciliatory policy, whereas the Central and East European countries advocate a more confrontational, hard-line approach. The United States is caught in the middle of that intra-alliance squabble.Perhaps most worrisome, the defense spending levels and military capabilities of NATO's principal European members have plunged in recent years. The decay of those military forces has reached the point that American leaders now worry that joint operations with U.S. forces are becoming difficult, if not impossible. The ineffectiveness of the European militaries is apparent in NATO's stumbling performance in Afghanistan.NATO has outlived whatever usefulness it had. Superficially, it remains an impressive institution, but it has become a hollow shell - far more a political honor society than a meaningful security organization. Yet, while the alliance exists, it is a vehicle for European countries to free ride on the U.S.military commitment instead of spending adequately on their own defenses and taking responsibility for the security of their own region. American calls for greater burden-sharing are even more futile today than they have been over the past 60 years. Until the United States changes the incentives by withdrawing its troops from Europe and phasing out its NATO commitment, the Europeans will happily continue to evade their responsibilities.Today's NATO is a bad bargain for the United States. We have security obligations to countries that add little to our own military power. Even worse, some of those countries could easily entangle America in dangerous parochial disputes. It is time to terminate this increasingly dysfunctional alliance.
Development and Application of Novel Thin-Film Spectroelectrochemical Sensors Possessing Three Modes of Selectivity*

A thin-film spectroelectrochemical sensor design employing three modes of selectivity is described. Selectivity is achieved through (1) partitioning of the analyte into a chemically selective film, (2) electrochemical cycling of the analyte over a given potential window, and (3) absorbance of one of the redox states of the analyte at the chosen analytical wavelength. Optimization of the sensor is described with respect to both improved selectivity and sensitivity, as well as its response to a number of different chemical species. Lastly, application of the sensor for determination of ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)4- 6, in both radioactive waste simulant and actual waste storage tank contents is given.
Use of real-time semiquantitative PCR data in management of a neonatal intensive care unit adenovirus outbreak.

OBJECTIVE To describe an adenovirus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), including the use of qualitative and semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data to inform the outbreak response. DESIGN Mixed prospective and retrospective observational study. SETTING A level IV NICU in the southeastern United States.PatientsTwo adenovirus cases were identified in a NICU. Screening of all inpatients with qPCR on nasopharyngeal specimens revealed 11 additional cases.InterventionsOutbreak response procedures, including enhanced infection control policies, were instituted. Serial qPCR studies were used to screen for new infections among exposed infants and to monitor viral clearance among cases. Changes to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) exam procedures were made after an association was noted in those patients. At the end of the outbreak, a retrospective review allowed for comparison of clinical factors between the infected and uninfected groups. RESULTS There were no new cases among patients after outbreak identification. One adenovirus-infected patient died; the others recovered their clinical baselines. The ROP exams were associated with an increased risk of infection (odds ratio [OR], 84.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5-1,601). The duration of the outbreak response was 33 days, and the previously described second wave of cases after the end of the outbreak did not occur. Revisions to infection control policies remained in effect following the outbreak. CONCLUSIONS Retinopathy of prematurity exams are potential mechanisms of adenovirus transmission, and autoclaved or single-use instruments should be used to minimize this risk. Real-time molecular diagnostic and quantification data guided outbreak response procedures, which rapidly contained and fully terminated a NICU adenovirus outbreak.
Quality Improvement Bedside Rounding Audits Enhance Protein Provision for Pediatric Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.

OBJECTIVES Describe quality improvement process improvements in protein delivery of continuous renal replacement therapy initiation. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING PICU and cardiovascular ICU within a quaternary care children's hospital. PATIENTS PICU and cardiovascular ICU patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy for greater than 48 hours. Inborn errors of metabolism were excluded. INTERVENTIONS Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles were initiated. Cycle 1 developed interdisciplinary quality improvement group continuously monitoring nutrition care with thrice weekly bedside safety rounds and protein prescriptions within nephrologist's notes. Cycle 2 included education to intensivists. Cycle 3 initiated monthly quality improvement meetings reviewing nutritional care goals. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Primary outcome was percentage of time patients met protein goals in the first 5 days of continuous renal replacement therapy. Secondary outcome was percentage of time patients met protein goals for duration of continuous renal replacement therapy. Cohort (n = 55) mean age was 8.1 years (SD ± 6.8), 62% male, and 31% malnutrition at baseline. Percent of time meeting protein goals by day 5 was 22%, 33%, and 71% and percent of time meeting protein goals throughout was 35%, 39%, and 75% of groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Significant improvement occurred after Plan-Do-Study-Act 3 (group 2 vs group 3; p < 0.01) for primary and secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of an interprofessional quality improvement team significantly decreased number of continuous renal replacement therapy days with unmet protein goals and improved protein delivery.
Hemifacial angioedema following alteplase for acute stroke

A 61-year-old African–American man presented 1 hour after the onset of left-sided limb weakness and facial numbness. He was taking an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. One year before, he had developed an ischaemic left basal ganglia stroke, having presented 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. He had been medically managed with aspirin and high-intensity statin only and had recovered with no residual deficit. On this second presentation he met the criteria for administration of alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, tPA). …
The effect of using supplementary cementitious materials on damage development due to the formation of a chemical phase change in cementitious materials exposed to sodium chloride

Abstract It has been reported that concrete can chemically interact with high-concentrated sodium chloride solution to form a new chemical phase change at temperatures between 0 °C and 10 °C. The formation of the chemical phase change has been found to be destructive and can cause damage in concrete. The chemical phase change appears to be the result of reactions between the sodium chloride, the tricalcium aluminate and the calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate in the concrete matrix. This paper reports results of a study conducted to determine the effects of using supplementary cementitious materials as a partial replacement of the cement on reducing the chemical phase change amount and the associated damage development. Class C fly ash, class F fly ash, slag, and silica fume were used in this study. The amount of the chemical phase change was quantified using low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry. The damage development was monitored and quantified using a low-temperature longitudinal guarded comparative calorimeter equipped with acoustic emission technique. The results indicated that the addition of silica fume, class F fly ash, and slag can reduce the chemical phase change amount and the associated damage development while the addition of class C fly ash showed the opposite effect. X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with thermogravimetric data were also used to estimate the chemical compositions of cementitious pastes in order to determine the relationship between the amounts of the chemical phase change and the chemical constituents present in the cementitious systems. It was found that the formation of the chemical phase change is well correlated with the amounts of tricalcium aluminate and calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate while a poor relationship existed for other chemical constituents available in cementitious systems. The beneficial aspects of supplementary cementitious materials based on their replacement levels, such as dilution effect and pozzolanic activity were also discussed. The best mitigation strategy to limit the formation of the chemical phase change and the associated damage is to utilize Type V cement or partially replace the Type I cement with silica fume, slag, or class F fly ash. The use of class C fly ash was found to increase the chemical phase change and the associated damage. Therefore, it should not be recommended in concrete exposed high-concentrated NaCl solution.
Signal Design at lsolated lntersecaions Using Expert Systems Technology

The procedural steps for developing an expert system for designing signals at isolated intersections are described and the most important development issues for each step are discussed. The steps include problem analysis and definition, preliminary prototype specification, knowledge acquisition strategy development, prototype development plan, knowledge extraction, knowledge representation, tool/paradigm selection, prototype development, testing and refinement, and verification and validation. The result is a user friendly expert system that can be used by practicing engineers to design signalization for isolated intersections; for intersections that already exist but no control configuration such as detector placement, phasing, or timing has not been determined yet; and, for intersections that already have all the required features but need to he updated and enhanced.
Case series: Hearing loss in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

Abstract Background Aquaporin 4 (AQP4)- and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are thought to primarily affect the central nervous system (CNS). However, emerging evidence suggests that there are extra-CNS manifestations of NMOSD, including myopathies, gastrointestinal dysfunction, renal involvement and adverse pregnancy outcomes.1 Methods Three patients who reported hearing loss during a NMOSD relapse were identified through a retrospective case review. Results In this article, we discuss two AQP4-IgG positive NMOSD cases, each presenting with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, and a case of MOG-IgG-associated NMOSD presenting with sensorineural hearing loss. Conclusion Hearing loss may be present as a relapse in patients with NMOSD. Early recognition and timely treatment are essential to prevent irreversible hearing loss.
The Politics of Marijuana: Truth Regimes and Institutional Ignorance

During the 20th century, Harry Anslinger (1892-1975) waged one of the most successful disinformation campaigns in US history. Anslinger served from 1930-1962 as the founding commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. When Anslinger launched his anti-cannabis crusade in the 1930s most people viewed cannabis as a harmless weed. Far from viewing cannabis as a danger, many communities celebrated hemp as their economic lifeblood. It was, therefore, a tall order for Harry Anslinger to turn the tide of public opinion against such a well-loved plant, but Anslinger proved more than equal to the task. To bring about the necessary shift in public opinion, Harry Anslinger would have to construct an alternate reality wherein cannabis morphed from a harmless weed into the most dangerous drug known to humanity. Thus, Anslinger concocted his “Reefer Madness” truth regime.
Abstract 215: Hemodynamics of Absolute, Proportional, and Adaptive Mechanical Chest Compression Strategies in a Swine Model of Pediatric Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Guidelines for pediatric resuscitation recommend a depth of 1.5in or 1/3 anterior-posterior chest diameter for chest compressions (CC) despite little supporting evidence. Objective: To ...
The Frankfurt School on antisemitism, authoritarianism, and right-wing radicalism

In 1941, Max Horkheimer, the director of the Institute for Social Research, commonly known as the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, wrote: ‘Just as it is true that one can only understand antise...
Classifying Czech melodrama: Mrs. Morality sweeps through the protectorate

In 1998, the Czech National Film Archive (Narodni filmový archive/NFA) classified sixty-seven feature-length fiction films produced between 1930 and 1945 as generic melodramas in their volumes of C...
Regenerable copper anode for the Cu(I)-mediated reduction of FAD in the electroenzymatic styrene epoxidation reaction.

Abstract Styrene monooxygenase (SMO) is a two-component flavoenzyme composed of NADH-dependent flavin reductase (SMOB) and FAD-specific styrene epoxidase (NSMOA) components. The enantioselective styrene epoxidation reaction catalyzed by this enzyme can be streamlined for chemosynthetic applications by substituting NADH and the reductase with an electrode to supply the epoxidase with reducing equivalents required for catalysis. Slow kinetics of adsorption and desorption of FAD from the electrode surface and unproductive side reactions of the reduced flavin with oxygen limit the efficiency of direct electroenzymatic catalysis. In the present work we develop a miniature spectroelectrochemical cell equipped with a copper electrode for the anodic synthesis of Cu(I) chelates of EDTA, glutamate, and citrate as FAD-reducing agents, and a platinum electrode for the electrolytic generation of oxygen. Copper oxidized in the flavin reduction reaction can be reclaimed subsequently as copper metal at the electrode surface. About 80% transformation of styrene is achieved in a single cell cycle of reduction and oxygenation at pH 7 and 25 °C in good agreement with that predicted by numerical simulation. When the cell is operated in two successive cycles, styrene oxide can be synthesized with an electroenzymatic epoxidation activity of 663U/g in 94% yield. This approach to electroenzymatic catalysis shows promise for the quantitative transformation of styrene to styrene oxide and may be applied more generally to other flavoprotein monooxygenases.
The Impact of Systematic Changes in Weather on the Supply and Demand of Beverages

Weather, especially temperature, plays an important role in determining the supply and demand for a vast variety of goods and services. Though the economic impact of extreme weather is often measured and reported, the impact of systematic changes in weather, such as long-term temperature trends or short-term heat and cold waves are seldom quantified. In this research, we posit that such systematic changes in temperature impact the profitability of firms, and we develop a two-step econometric model to quantify the impact. The proposed two-step model estimates the impact that temperature has on the profitability of firms and partitions this impact into a long-term and a short-term component. We take up the case of six liquid refreshment beverages (LRBs) for illustrating the impact that systematic change in temperature has on demand. The results indicate that (a) the demand for LRBs is increasing by about 0.21% (63 million gallons) from year to year on account of the rising temperature trend, and (b) there is an asymmetry in the effect of a heat wave versus a cold wave on beverage demand (i.e., the weekly demand for beverages increases by about 2.1% per degree on account of a heat wave while the weekly demand decreases by only 0.4% per degree on account of a cold wave). We also illustrate how these estimates of the impact of the long-term temperature trends could be linked to strategic decisions, such as facility location, and the estimates of the impact of the short-term temperature aberrations could be linked to operational decisions such as the inventory order quantity in a week when there is a temperature aberration.
Cutting and Packing Beyond and Within Mathematical Programming

This chapter, based on material provided and written by Prof. Dr. Yuriy Stoyan & Prof. Dr. Tatiana Romanova ( The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems, Department of Mathematical Modeling and Optimal Design, Kharkiv, Ukraine & Kharkiv National University of Radioelectronics, Department of Applied Mathematics.), is devoted to the phi-function technique used for mathematical modeling of cutting and packing (C&P) problems. Phi-functions are constructed here for some 2D and 3D geometric objects. Phi-functions can be described by quite simple formulas. A general solution strategy using phi-functions is outlined. Conceptually, the Phi-function approach exploits NLP and MINLP and can be understood as cutting and packing beyond and within Mathematical Programming. It also exploits polylithic modeling and solution techniques.
EvLag: A Tool for Monitoring and Lagging Linux Input Devices

Understanding the effects of latency on interaction is important for building software, such as computer games, that perform well over a range of system configurations. Unfortunately, user studies evaluating latency must each write their own code to add latency to user input and, even worse, must limit themselves to open source applications. To address these shortcomings, this paper presents EvLag, a tool for adding latency to user input devices in Linux. EvLag provides a custom amount of latency for each device regardless of the application being run, enabling user studies for systems and software that cannot be modified (e.g., commercial games). Evaluation shows EvLag has low overhead and accurately adds the expected amount of latency to user input. In addition, EvLag can log user input events for post study analysis with several utilities provided to facilitate output event parsing.
A bidirectional examination of expressed emotion among families of adolescents with bulimia nervosa.

Expressed emotion (EE) encapsulates several components of interpersonal relationships and has traditionally been used to describe relatives’ attitudes and behaviors toward an ill family member.1,2 It is measured on five dimensions: critical comments (CC), positive remarks (PR), hostility (H), warmth (W), and emotional overinvolvement (EOI). Families that score above certain cutoffs on CC, H, and EOI are considered to be high EE. The majority of EE research has been conducted with patients with schizophrenia or depression. EE has also been measured in patients with eating disorders (EDs), as EDs are associated with high levels of family distress,3 comparable to that of caregivers for patients with psychosis.4 High parental EE has been found to predict treatment dropout and poor outcome for adolescents with EDs, while parental warmth has predicted good outcome.5–8 One controversy surrounding EE has been the direction of causality.9 There is a lack of agreement regarding whether high caregiver EE leads to relapse in patients, or whether patients’ illness-related behavior leads to high parent EE. Studies have found patients are at a higher risk of relapse when they spend more time with a high EE relative,2 and that parental EE is unrelated to severity of patient symptomatology,10 suggesting that parental EE independently affects patients’ functioning. However, earlier studies of patients with schizophrenia found that patients’ behavior seemed to evoke high EE from relatives.11 A longitudinal study found fathers’ CC and patients’ “hostile uncooperativeness” seemed to exacerbate each other over time.12 Further, a study examining staff EE in a treatment facility for patients with schizophrenia found that no staff member was consistently high in EE with every patient,13 suggesting that EE has an interactional quality. Thus, patient behaviors may play a role in eliciting responses from caregivers. Nevertheless, EE has historically been rated unidirectionally, from relative to patient. Particularly in the case of younger patients, for whom close incorporation into the family system is developmentally appropriate, it is possible that conceptualizing EE as a strictly unidirectional construct may present an incomplete picture. It follows that when evaluating EE in families of adolescents with EDs, it may be useful to look at a “family EE profile”, which takes into account the potentially reciprocal relationship of patient and relative EE. To our knowledge, no studies have looked at family EE profiles. Only two studies have rated EE from patients toward family members.14,15 The current exploratory study examined family EE profiles for adolescents in treatment for bulimia nervosa (BN) and their parents. Associations between parent and patient EE were examined, and the relationship of family EE profile to treatment outcome was assessed.
Change Research: A Case Study on Collaborative Methods for Social Workers and Advocates, by Shdaimah, C. S., Stahl, R. W., & Schram, S. S. Social Worker as Researcher: Integrating Research with Advocacy, by Maschi, T., & Youdin, R

In recent years, social research has become increasingly linked with questions about social change. Many agree that we need effective research to make our case for change. Action research supports ...
A Formalization of the IEEE 1149.1-1990 DiagnosticMethodology as Applied to Multichip Modules

Much has already been written concerning the IEEE 1149.1 Boundary-Scan standard and its application to the detection of manufacturing defects [1–3]. However, when circuits such as Multichip Modules (MCMs) which are difficult and expensive to repair are involved, much more is required of a diagnostic engine than the mere detection of a defect. The cost of the dice on a module make it imperative that the diagnostic procedures implemented by a tester be exact. It is not enough to just state that “Node \langle {m}\rangle is shorted to node \langle{n}\rangle”, or that “Node \langle {p}\rangle is stuck at 1”, as is frequently the case with printed-circuit board diagnostics. MCM diagnostics must examine the data returned from the test and, as far as is possible, state not only the symptom of the fault, but also its exact cause and location. This article presents a set of formalized diagnostic rules which will, whenever possible, determine the symptom, cause, and location of a manufacturing defect.
Welfare reform and women's health: Challenges and opportunities to advance the public response to the health needs of poor women through monitoring and collaboration

SUMMARY The WCHPC studied the extent of collaboration between state women's health officials and TANF officials with respect to programs that affect the health and well-being of poor women. The kinds and extent of monitoring activities designed to gather information on the health status of this population were also examined. Great unevenness across states was revealed for both collaboration and monitoring. State-level interest in improving both was assessed, barriers to improvement were identified, and recommendations for steps forward were solicited.
The Unintended Consequences of Encouraging Work: Tax Incidence and the EITC

The EITC is designed to encourage work. But EITC-induced increases in labor supply may drive wages down, shifting the intended transfer toward employers and hurting non- EITC low-skill workers. I exploit variation across family types and skill levels to identify the effect of a large EITC expansion in the mid 1990s. Ceteris paribus, low-skill single mothers keep only $0.70 of every dollar they receive. Employers of low-skill labor capture $0.72, $0.30 from single mothers plus $0.43 from ineligible workers whose after-tax incomes fall when the EITC is expanded. The net transfer to low-skill workers is less than $0.28 per dollar spent.
Processing of filamentous phage pre-coat protein. Effect of sequence variations near the signal peptidase cleavage site.

Abstract The amber lesion of am 8H1, the only conditional lethal mutant in a filamentous phage coat protein gene, lies two codons after the signal peptidase cleavage site (Boeke & Model, 1979). We sequenced the DNA of 15 independently isolated pseudorevertants of this mutant. We studied the production of unprocessed and processed coat protein in pseudorevertant-infected cells and in amber mutant-infected suppressor strains. These studies show that serine, glutamine, tyrosine or leucine residues can replace the glutamic acid residue found in the wild-type coat protein at position 2. Reversion to tyrosine or leucine was always accompanied by a second mutation, which leads to the replacement of asparagine by aspartic acid at position 12. Leucine and, to a lesser extent, tyrosine seem to inhibit processing since pre-coat protein accumulates in the infected cells. Filamentous phage particles were shown to migrate on agarose gels with a mobility that reflects the charge of the “external”, N-terminal domain of their major coat protein.
Fate of the false vacuum. II. First quantum corrections

It is possible for a classical field theory to have two homogeneous stable equilibrium states with different energy densities. In the quantum version of the theory, the state of higher energy density becomes unstable through barrier penetration. In the first paper in this series, it was argued that the relevant quantity to study was a decay probability per unit time per unit volume, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}{V} = A{e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}B}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}}[1+O(\ensuremath{\hbar})]$, and the theory of the coefficient $B$ was given. This paper gives the theory of the coefficient $A$.
Atmospheric data assimilation based on the reduced Hessian successive quadratic programming algorithm

Mesoscale weather forecasting cannot be improved until a better data assimilation is obtained. Four dimensional variational analysis (4DVAR) provides the most elegant framework for data assimilation. One of the most critical issues of applying 4DVAR to weather prediction is how efficiently these variational problems can be solved. We introduce the reduced Hessian SQP algorithm for these problems and obtain an adjoint reduced Hessian SQP method, which is quadratically convergent since the exact reduced Hessian is used.
Preventive interventions for children of divorce: A developmental model for 5 and 6 year old children.

Implemented and evaluated a preventive intervention for kindergarten and first grade children of divorce. Structure and content of the 12 session Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) was tailored to the developmental characteristics of 5 and 6 year olds. Pre-post comparisons of demographically matched groups of 37 CODIP participants, 26 non-program divorce controls and 39 children from non-divorced families yielded improvements for the experimental group on teacher, parent, child and group leader measures of adjustment. Limitations of the study and directions for future research, including a follow up study, are discussed.
Septic arthritis of the hip and intrapelvic abscess following intra-articular injection of hylan G-F 20. A case report.

Since the results of intra-articular injections of corticosteroid and local anesthetic for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis were published1, these injections have been used to treat symptoms of degenerative arthritis that are refractory to more conservative modalities. In the past decade, on the basis of evidence showing improvement in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid and cross-linked hyaluronans was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as a medical device for use in the treatment of osteoarthritis2. However, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved the use of viscosupplementation in the hip. We report a case of septic arthritis of the hip with an intrapelvic abscess following injections of corticosteroid and hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc) for symptomatic treatment of advanced degenerative arthritis of the hip secondary to osteonecrosis. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Afifty-eight-year-old man with a history of heavy alcohol consumption but no other major medical problems that would suggest a lack of immunocompetence presented with progressive pain in the right hip of two years' duration. Radiographs demonstrated Ficat-Arlet3 Stage-IV osteonecrosis of the hip. Total hip arthroplasty was recommended to the patient, but he declined to undergo that procedure. Instead, he chose to receive an intra-articular corticosteroid injection as a temporizing measure for symptomatic relief, and he was referred to a physiatrist who routinely performed intra-articular hip injections. The injection was performed in a surgery center under aseptic conditions and fluoroscopic guidance. Iodinated contrast medium was used to confirm needle placement in the joint prior to injection of the corticosteroid. The patient had a decrease in the symptoms for a few weeks, but within two months the pain had returned, he used …
Mechanism of stress ulcer: influence of sodium taurocholate on gastric mucosal energy metabolism during hemorrhagic shock and on mitochondrial respiration and ATPase in gastric mucosa.

In previous reports from this laboratory, we have proposed that stress ulceration complicating hemorrhagic shock results from a gastric mucosal energy deficit due to shock-induced mucosal ischemia. We reasoned that if this hypothesis were correct, an agency known to augment the severity of stress ulceration would be expected to have an adverse effect on gastric mucosal energy metabolism. Others have shown that the severity of stress ulceration developing in animals subjected to hemorrhagic shock is increased by introducing bile salts into the stomach; conversely, the development of stress ulceration can be prevented by ligation of the pylorus or of the common bile duct. We have studied the influence of sodium taurocholate on the respiration of gastric mucosal mitochondria and on gastric mucosal ATPase. We have also evaluated the influence of the intragastric introduction of taurocholate on the mucosal energy depletion produced by shock. The data presented in this report indicate that taurocholate uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of gastric mucosal mitochondria and inhibits gastric mucosal ATPase. The shock-induced gastric mucosal energy deficit was significantly more severe in the presence of added intragastric taurocholate.