cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Word Frequency and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves in Recognition Memory: Evidence for a Dual-Process Interpretation

Dual-process models of the word-frequency mirror effect posit that low-frequency words are recollected more often than high-frequency words, producing the hit rate differences in the word-frequency effect, whereas high-frequency words are more familiar, producing the false-alarm-rate differences. In this pair of experiments, the authors demonstrate that the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves provides critical information in support of this interpretation. Specifically, when participants were required to discriminate between studied nouns and their plurality reversed complements, the ROC curve was accurately described by a threshold model that is consistent with recollection-based recognition. Further, the plurality discrimination ROC curves showed characteristics consistent with the interpretation that participants recollected low-frequency items more than high-frequency items.
Psychological autopsy of an elderly suicide

The case of an elderly woman who committed suicide is presented. Clinical and sociological concepts and empirical findings are discussed in the context of this case. Depression, substance abuse, cognitive dysfunction, exacerbation of preexisting personality disturbance, and medical illness and disability appear to contribute to geriatric suicide in older people. Relocation to a nursing home, while often necessary, has significant emotional value and may function as a precipitant to suicidal behaviour.
Medical Treatment of Children with HIV Illness and the Need for Supportive Intervention: The Challenges for Medical Providers, Families, and the State

Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) illness in children poses tremendous challenges to medical providers and families to work together to deliver optimal care. An alternative to filing “neglect” reports with the Department of Social Services is necessary to provide support and appropriate intervention to families and medical providers caring for HIV-positive children. The creation of a neutral entity that could intervene and identify barriers to treatment and communication between the medical providers and the family would benefit all the parties involved. Knowledgeable mediators could help facilitate communication and identify appropriate support for the child and family. Intervention would not be delayed until it is demonstrated that a child has been “neglected” or is at substantial risk of harm. Assistance could be made available without a finding that a parent was guilty of wrongdoing. Involving parents as full partners in medical decision making and monitoring would benefit children living with HIV now and in the future. The creation of an alternative process will also prove valuable in assisting providers and families caring for other medically at-risk children, e.g., children with asthma, diabetes, or mental illness.
Visual recognition with humans in the loop

We present an interactive, hybrid human-computer method for object classification. The method applies to classes of objects that are recognizable by people with appropriate expertise (e.g., animal species or airplane model), but not (in general) by people without such expertise. It can be seen as a visual version of the 20 questions game, where questions based on simple visual attributes are posed interactively. The goal is to identify the true class while minimizing the number of questions asked, using the visual content of the image. We introduce a general framework for incorporating almost any off-the-shelf multi-class object recognition algorithm into the visual 20 questions game, and provide methodologies to account for imperfect user responses and unreliable computer vision algorithms. We evaluate our methods on Birds-200, a difficult dataset of 200 tightly-related bird species, and on the Animals With Attributes dataset. Our results demonstrate that incorporating user input drives up recognition accuracy to levels that are good enough for practical applications, while at the same time, computer vision reduces the amount of human interaction required.
Simultaneous estimation of intrinsic and reflex contributions to muscle dynamics: a modeling study

The purpose of this study is to evaluate three approaches for quantifying the in vivo stretch reflex response to stochastic perturbations. Two recently published nonlinear system identification algorithms for simultaneously estimating intrinsic and reflex dynamics and a linear estimation procedure that quantifies the combined intrinsic and reflex response were compared. The nonlinear algorithms differed primarily in that one was parametric and one was nonparametric. The efficacy of these algorithms was evaluated using simulated data for the human ankle, the human elbow, and the cat soleus. It was found that the nonlinear parametric algorithm separated intrinsic and reflex dynamics only when the model structure assumed a priori matched that of the system under study. The nonlinear nonparametric algorithm adequately identified intrinsic and reflex responses provided that the reflex delay was longer than the decay time for the intrinsic dynamics. This assumption was not valid for the cat soleus model. When the intrinsic and reflex dynamics could not be separated using the reflex delay, the simple lumped model of intrinsic and reflex dynamics provided as much information about the reflex contributions to the muscle response as did the more complicated nonlinear algorithms.
Backward-forward smoothing interpretation of the a posteriori process noise estimate

The a posteriori discrete-time process noise estimate is interpreted as the combination of two independent estimates: the a priori estimate (which is white noise) and the optimum estimate based on the observations. Equivalence to previous formulations is demonstrated.
The Desirability of Gender Quotas: Considering Context and Design

October 3, 2005, marks a dozen years since Argentina started the quota ball rolling via the first use of gender quota legislation applying to all parties for the election of national legislators. For the October 3, 1993, Argentine Chamber of Deputies election, all political parties were required to present closed party lists on which women accounted for a minimum of 30% of the candidates, and furthermore, a comparable proportion of these women had to be placed in “electable” positions on the lists (Jones 1996). Although the initial implementation process was not free of problems (Durrieu 1999), in a short time the gender quota became an established fixture of the Argentine political system. The impact of the quota legislation on the representation of women in the Argentine congress was nothing short of dramatic, with women now accounting for 34% and 44% of the seats in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies and Senate, respectively, a marked contrast to the situation prior to the adoption of the quota legislation, when women on average held a mere 5% of the seats in both legislative bodies.
Developmental change in a basicranial line and its relationship to the upper respiratory system in living primates.

This study investigated the relationship between alterations in a basicranial line and changes in the upper respiratory system of selected non-human primates and of man. This was done through multivariate analysis of craniometric measurements which describe midline exocranial flexion, and compares the analytical results with previous postmortem findings on upper respiratory structure and function. Craniometric analysis has shown that the skulls of the non-human primate species studied and those of newborn human infants are relatively non-flexed exocranially between the posterior border of the hard palate and foramen magnum. This finding corresponds to the relatively high position of their upper respiratory structures. In this group the tongue lies entirely within the oral cavity, and the epiglottis is found intranarial. After approximately the second year, humans exhibit marked exocranial flexion between the hard palate and foramen magnum. These basicranial changes coincide with concomitant changes occurring in the positional relationships of the upper respiratory system. After the second year the tongue and larynx have descended considerably into the neck, greatly altering their functional relationships. There thus appears to be a relationship between the exocranial orientation of the basicranium and the positioning of upper respiratory structures. There also appears to be a direct structural, and possible functional, relationship between (1) the position of the larynx, (2) the orientation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and (3) the orientation of the basiocciput.
Social defeat and footshock increase body mass and adiposity in male Syrian hamsters

Obesity is a world-wide epidemic, and many factors, including stress, have been linked to this growing trend. After social stress (i.e., defeat), subordinate laboratory rats and most laboratory mice become hypophagic and, subsequently, lose body mass; the opposite is true of subordinate Syrian hamsters. After social defeat, Syrian hamsters become hyperphagic and gain body mass compared with nonstressed controls. It is unknown whether this increase in body mass and food intake is limited to subordinate hamsters. In experiment 1, we asked, do dominant hamsters increase food intake, body mass, and adiposity after an agonistic encounter? Subordinate hamsters increased food intake and body mass compared with nonstressed controls. Although there was no difference in food intake or absolute body mass between dominant and nonstressed control animals, cumulative body mass gain was significantly higher in dominant than in nonstressed control animals. Total carcass lipid and white adipose tissue (WAT) (i.e., retroperitoneal and epididymal WAT) masses were significantly increased in subordinate, but not dominant, hamsters compared with nonstressed controls. In experiment 2, we asked, does footshock stress increase food intake, body mass, and adiposity. Hamsters exposed to defeat, but not footshock stress, increased food intake relative to nonstressed controls. In animals exposed to defeat or footshock stress, body mass, as well as mesenteric WAT mass, increased compared with nonstressed controls. Collectively, these data demonstrate that social and nonsocial stressors increase body and lipid mass in male hamsters, suggesting that this species may prove useful for studying the physiology of stress-induced obesity in some humans.
Fast and slow gating of sodium channels encoded by a single mRNA

Abstract We investigated the kinetics of rat brain type III Na + currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We found distinct patterns of fast and slow gating. Fast gating was characterized by bursts of longer openings. Traces with slow gating occurred in runs with lifetimes of 5 and 30 s and were separated by periods with lifetimes of 5 and 80 s. Cycling of fast and slow gating was present in excised outside-out patches at 10°C, suggesting that metabolic factors are not essential for both forms of gating. It is unlikely that more than one population of channels was expressed, as patches with purely fast or purely slow gating were not observed. We suggest that structural mechanisms for fast and slow gating are encoded in the primary amino acid sequence of the channel protein.
Portion size can be used strategically to increase vegetable consumption in adults

Background: An increase in the proportion of vegetables at meals could help achieve recommended vegetable intakes and facilitate weight management. Objective: We investigated the effects on food and energy intakes of varying the portion size and energy density of a vegetable that was added to a meal or substituted for other foods. Design: In 2 experiments with crossover designs, men and women were served a meal of a vegetable, grain, and meat. Across the meals, the vegetable was served in 3 portion sizes (180, 270, or 360 g) and 2 energy densities (0.8 or 0.4 kcal/g) by altering the type and amount of added fat. In the addition study (n = 49), as the vegetable portion was increased, amounts of the grain and meat were unchanged, whereas in the substitution study (n = 48), amounts of the grain and meat decreased equally. Results: An increase in the vegetable portion size resulted in greater vegetable consumption in both studies (mean 6 SE: 60 6 5g ;P , 0.0001). The addition of more of the vegetable did not significantly affect meal energy intake, whereas substitution of the vegetable for the grain and meat decreased meal energy intake (40 6 10 kcal; P , 0.0001). A reduction in vegetable energy density decreased meal energy intake independent of portion size (55 6 9 kcal; P , 0.0001). By combining substitution with a reduction in energy density, meal energy intake decreased by 14 6 3%. Conclusions: Serving more vegetables, either by adding more or substituting them for other foods, is an effective strategy to increase vegetable intake at a meal. However, to moderate meal energy intake, vegetables should be low in energy density; furthermore, the substitution of vegetables for more energy-dense foods is more effective than simply adding extra vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:913‐22.
Long-term aspirin use and neovascular age-related macular degeneration: association or causation?

Commentary on: Liew G, Mitchell P, Wong TY, et al. The association of aspirin use with age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:258–64.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Aspirin is used by many for temporary pain relief, rheumatological conditions and where indicated, cardioprotection. However, recent findings from observational studies have raised the possibility that regular aspirin use may also increase the risk of some forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Liew and colleagues examined the relationship between long-term, low-dose aspirin use and risk of AMD in an Australian population-based cohort of 2389 adult men and women. Retinal photographs were obtained at baseline and at 5-year intervals over a 15-year follow-up period, and the AMD status was determined using an international AMD classification system. Participants completed a questionnaire at baseline providing information on a range of risk factors for AMD. Use of aspirin and other medications was ascertained during a structured interview administered at baseline using a standard questionnaire. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%2BIntern%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D173%26rft.spage%253D258%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjamainternmed.2013.1583%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23337937%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1583&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23337937&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F1%2Fe6.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000319610400001&link_type=ISI
Small polaron electron transport in reduced CeO2 single crystals

Abstract An investigation of the electrical properties of reduced ceria, CeO 2− x , carried out on single crystals, shows that CeO 2− x provides one of the clearest examples of hopping conduction and the small polaron mechanism. Included are conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements at constant x , obtained by sealing off the specimen chamber after reduction. The Seebeck coefficient is independent of temperature, suggesting that the number of carriers is constant. On the other hand, the mobility is activated, with activation energy E h = 0.40 eV at small x and increasing to 0.52 eV at x = 0.25. The results for the mobility preexponential are consistent with the adiabatic theory of small polaron behavior. A puzzling feature of the Seebeck data as a function of x is that, for low x , the data fit the well-known Heikes formula, without a degeneracy factor of 2 for spin. Nevertheless, these data are interpreted to show that the proportion of mobile carriers decreases as x increases, presumably because of the presence of short-range ordered configurations which immobilize some carriers.
Do High Food Prices Increase Food Insecurity in the United States

While research establishing the link between high food prices and increased food insecurity in developing countries is robust, similar research about the United States has been lacking. This has been due in part to a lack of suitable price data, but it has also been due to the assumption that prices matter less in the United States, where households spend a relatively small fraction of their income on food. In this article we examine the role that local food prices play in determining food insecurity in the United States by using newly-developed price data. We examine whether low-income households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps) are more likely to be food insecure in areas where food prices are higher. We find that the average effect of food prices on the probability of food insecurity is positive and significant: a one-standard deviation increase in food prices is associated with increases of 2.7, 2.6, and 3.1 percentage points in household, adult, and child food insecurity, respectively. These marginal effects amount to 5.0%, 5.1%, and 12.4% increases in the prevalence of food insecurity for SNAP households, adults, and children, respectively. These results suggest that indexing SNAP benefits to local food prices could improve the ability of the program to reduce food insecurity and economic hardship more generally in areas with high food prices. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
The Reality of Experience: Gibson's Way

This paper considers some first principles that might provide a basis for an objective science of experience (presence or immersion). Dimensions that are considered include classical Newtonian measures of the distal stimulus, changes in neural mechanisms reflecting the proximal stimulus, information theoretic measures of the statistical properties of events, and functional properties related to intentions and abilities. Gibson's ecological framework is suggested as a promising functional approach for defining the reality of experience in relation to the problem of designing virtual environments. This approach emphasizes the tight coordination between perception and action and fixes the measurement coordinate system relative to the capacity for action.
Silver‐Sodium Exchange in Sodium Galliosilicate Glasses

The silver-sodium interdiffusion coefficients of several glasses in the sodium galliosilicate system were determined. The compositional dependence of the interdiffusion coefficient is compared to that observed in the self-diffusion coefficients calculated from dc electrical conductivity data. The observed trends are discussed in terms of a structural model proposed for these glasses.
Retention of Movement Pattern Changes After a Lower Extremity Injury Prevention Program Is Affected by Program Duration

Background: Changes in movement patterns have been repeatedly observed immediately after completing a lower extremity injury prevention program. However, it is not known if movement pattern changes are maintained after discontinuing the training program.Hypothesis: The ability to maintain movement pattern changes after training has ceased may be influenced by the program’s duration. The authors hypothesized that among individuals who completed either a 3-month or 9-month training program and who demonstrated immediate movement pattern changes, only those who completed the 9-month training program would maintain movement pattern changes after a 3-month period of no longer performing the exercises.Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods: A total of 140 youth soccer athletes from 15 separate teams volunteered to participate. Athletes’ movement patterns were assessed using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) at pretest, posttest, and 3 months after ceasing the program (retention test). Ei...
Spermatozoal antibodies in cervical mucus

Abstract The indirect immunofluorescent technique performed on spermatozoa provides a suitable method for detecting spermatozoal antibodies in cervical mucus. Blood sera and preovulatory cervical mucus samples from 13 women with infertility of unknown origin were tested extensively with this technique. Spermatozoal antibodies in cervical mucus were detected in 3 out of 13 patients. The specificity of these antibodies was shown to be IgA in two cases and IgG in the third case. One IgA antibody was also present in the blood serum of this particular patient, however in a low titer (1:4). Blood serum from the patient with an IgG antibody in cervical mucus contained the same antibody in a high titer (1:64). The results werecompared to the concentration of immunoglobulins in cervical mucus. In view of present knowledge our data are consistent with the following theories about circulating spermatozoal antibodies. IgA antibodies result from local immunization in the female genital tract and may leak to the general circulation. IgG and IgM antibodies result mainly from general immunization. IgG antibodies may diffuse to female genital tract secretions when present in a sufficiently high concentration. IgM antibodies are rarely found in the female reproductive tract.
Identification of some constituents of carrot seed oil

The composition of carrot seed oil has been studied using gas-liquid chromatography separation of components and characterisation by infra-red absorption and mass spectrometry. Evidence was found for the identities of 23 components. Of these, camphene, a-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, a-terpineol, bornyl acetate, y-decanolactone, β-selinene, a-gurjunene and coumarin had not been previously reported as constituents of carrot seed oil.
Genetic loci associated with Alzheimer's disease

The article by Lambert et al. reports the identification of 11 novel susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The observations of this study significantly enhance the field since they further disentangle the genetic causes and pathways underlying Alzheimer's disease by identifying novel disease-associated variants clustering in specific pathways. These pathways include APP processing, lipid metabolism, inflammation/immune response, intracellular trafficking/endocytosis, tau metabolism, synaptic function. All of the newly identified disease-associated variants have small effect sizes with increases in risk of 10-20%. The cumulative population attributable fraction associated with known genetic variants amounts now to approximately 80%. This article also underlines the ongoing value of genome-wide association studies for identification of causative common variants in the era of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing studies.
Prognostic Indicators for Survival and Athletic Outcome in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals

Equine neonatal intensive care units have expanded knowledge and understanding of the normal and abnormal physiology of the equine neonate, resulting in successful treatment of critically ill equine neonates. The overall survival rate has increased tremendously since the early 1980s, from a little more than 50% to 80% or more for most facilities. The severely septic foal and the very premature foal still remain large treatment challenges, but less severely septic foals and foals challenged by adverse peripartum events such as dystocia and placentitis are surviving to hospital discharge and performing to the owners' expectation in larger numbers.
Contactomorphism group with the \(L^2\) metric on stream functions

Here we investigate some geometric properties of the contactomorphism group \(\mathcal {D}_\theta (M)\) of a compact contact manifold with the \(L^2\) metric on the stream functions. Viewing this group as a generalization to the \(\mathcal {D}(S^1)\), the diffeomorphism group of the circle, we show that its sectional curvature is always non-negative and that the Riemannian exponential map is not locally \(C^1\). Lastly, we show that the quantomorphism group is a totally geodesic submanifold of \(\mathcal {D}_\theta (M)\) and talk about its Riemannian submersion onto the symplectomorphism group of the Boothby-Wang quotient of M.
Involvement of the Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway in the regulation of ERCC-1 mRNA levels by insulin

Expression of DNA repair enzymes, which includes ERCC-1, might be under the control of hormonal and growth factor stimulation. In the present study it was observed that insulin increased ERCC-1 mRNA levels both in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human insulin receptors (HIRc cells) and in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the increase in ERCC-1 gene expression in HIRc cells, we used a variety of pharmacological tools known to inhibit distinct signalling pathways. None of these inhibitors affected the amount of ERCC-1 mRNA in unstimulated cells. The pretreatment of cells with two chemically unrelated phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, failed to block the doubling of ERCC-1 mRNA content by insulin. Similarly, inhibition of pp70 S6 kinase by rapamycin had no apparent effects on this insulin response. In contrast, altering the p21(ras)-dependent pathway with either manumycin, an inhibitor of Ras farnesylation, or PD98059, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase, suppressed the induction of ERCC-1 mRNA by insulin (P<0.001). Furthermore inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis negatively regulated the expression of this insulin-regulated gene (P<0.005). These results suggest that insulin enhances ERCC-1 mRNA levels by the activation of the Ras-ERK-dependent pathway without the involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/pp70 S6 kinase.
Hands across the sea.

In 1899, the American music composer, John Philip Sousa, composed a stirring military march entitled “Hands Across the Sea” in dedication to all of America’s allied countries abroad. When asked as to what inspired him, Sousa was quoted as saying “ A sudden thought strikes me, let us swear eternal friendship” Perhaps we can look at the inauguration of the Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery, founded by our Iranian colleagues, in a similar light as it will recognize and foster the dissemination of knowledge in our specialty reaffirming the global Orthopaedic community. I had the great pleasure of hosting the Journal’s editor-in-chief Dr Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimzadeh as a visiting scholar in our Hand and Upper Extremity Unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, USA. I quickly became cognizant of the sophistication of the practice of Orhopaedic Surgery in Iran along with the many innovative techniques being developed by Dr. Ebrahimzadeh and colleagues. We are fortunate that Orthopaedic surgeons “speak the same language”, have our patients’ interests in heart, and have as a surgical specialty unique dedication and professionalism with a great emphasis on learning. I am very confident that this Journal will permit others to have a window into the advances being made by Iranian Orthopedic surgeons as well as providing a platform for others to contribute their own knowledge and ideas. In a small way, this Journal will serve to continue efforts to expand our global Orthopedic Surgical community and serve to stimulate our political leaders to do likewise.
2006 chevrolet corvette C6 Z06 aerodynamic development

This paper is intended to give a general overview of the key aerodynamic developments for the 2006 Chevrolet Corvette C6 Z06. Significant computational and wind tunnel time were used to develop the 2006 Z06 to provide it with improved high speed stability, increased cooling capability and equivalent drag compared to the 2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06.
A New Strategy for Preventing Bribery and Extortion in International Business Transactions

Over the last thirty-five years, governments worldwide have been engaged in an important and laudable battle against bribery in international business transactions. The core of the U.S. anti bribery strategy is the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, a federal law that imposes criminal penalties on those — and only those — who give bribes to foreign officials and that largely relies on voluntary disclosure to detect such corruption. This supply-side criminalization strategy, however, is ineffective, incomplete, inefficient, and inequitable. It punishes many extorted persons who do not deserve it and largely fails to punish the corrupt foreign officials who do. By punishing companies that voluntarily disclose their payments and denying them opportunities to recover their losses from extortion, it also establishes a perverse incentive structure that virtually ensures bribery will remain secret in most cases. The focus of the U.S. strategy should be shifted to prevention, not punishment. To this end, Congress should decriminalize the giving of bribes, replacing it with a robust mandatory disclosure regime that will enable foreign countries and business competitors to take action against willing bribe givers and allow victims of extortion to shield themselves from needless litigation, while obtaining meaningful restitution for the losses they have incurred. The U.S. government should then use the mandatory reports of unwilling payments to criminally prosecute the corrupt foreign officials who demand such payments, if foreign governments are unwilling or unable to do so.
A Historian Looks Back: The Contents of the Fonctions Analytiques

Introduction In 1797, Lagrange published the Theorie des fonctions analytiques , the expression of his mature views on the nature of the calculus. These views were, as we have seen, the product of a long period of concern with the foundations of the calculus. He had concluded that algebra would provide the only satisfactory foundation; as we have seen, the algebra of the eighteenth century was sufficiently rich to provide a basis for the many diverse results of the Fonctions analytiques . The Theorie des fonctions analytiques , in this first edition, is not an especially attractive work, particularly in comparison with the second edition (1813), which is the one reprinted in Lagrange's Oeuvres . The first edition has no division into chapters, and the organization seems arbitrary; Lagrange later said that he had written it “comme d'un seul jet, a mesure qu'il s'imprimait.” Nevertheless, it was received with enthusiasm and was widely read. As the word of a master analyst, it would of course be of interest to leading mathematicians. Interest was heightened since the problem to which Lagrange addressed himself was so fundamental. For our purposes, two features of the Fonctions analytiques are most worthy of discussion. The foremost is the way in which Lagrange derived the received results of the calculus from his algebraic foundation. I shall undertake an extensive and technical description of some of the details; one reason for this is to convey the flavor of FA . In particular, we shall see the extent to which FA is not a collection of computations with formal power series, but instead proceeds by means of manipulation with algebraic inequalities—a method which was to influence Cauchy and Weierstrass.
Air-stable, nanostructured electronic and plasmonic materials from solution-processable, silver nanocrystal building blocks.

Herein we describe a room-temperature, chemical process to transform silver nanocrystal solids, deposited from colloidal solutions, into highly conductive, corrosion-resistant, optical and electronic materials with nanometer-scale architectures. After assembling the nanocrystal solids, we treated them with a set of simple, compact, organic and inorganic reagents: ammonium thiocyanate, ammonium chloride, potassium hydrogen sulfide, and ethanedithiol. We find that each reagent induces unique changes in the structure and composition of the resulting solid, giving rise to films that vary from insulating to, in the case of thiocyanate, conducting with a remarkably low resistivity of 8.8 × 10–6 Ω·cm, only 6 times that of bulk silver. We show that thiocyanate mediates the spontaneous sintering of nanocrystals into structures with a roughness of less than 1/10th of the wavelength of visible light. We demonstrate that these solution-processed, low-resistivity, optically smooth films can be patterned, using imprint...
Trends in outpatient visits for insomnia, sleep apnea, and prescriptions for sleep medications among US adults: findings from the National Ambulatory Medical Care survey 1999-2010

Study objective To examine recent national trends in outpatient visits for sleep related difficulties in the United States and prescriptions for sleep medications. Design Trend analysis. Setting Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1999 to 2010. Participants Patients age 20 y or older. Measurements and results The number of office visits with insomnia as the stated reason for visit increased from 4.9 million visits in 1999 to 5.5 million visits in 2010 (13% increase), whereas the number with any sleep disturbance ranged from 6,394,000 visits in 1999 to 8,237,000 visits in 2010 (29% increase). The number of office visits for which a diagnosis of sleep apnea was recorded increased from 1.1 million visits in 1999 to 5.8 million visits in 2010 (442% increase), whereas the number of office visits for which any sleep related diagnosis was recorded ranged from 3.3 million visits in 1999 to 12.1 million visits in 2010 (266% increase). The number of prescriptions for any sleep medication ranged from 5.3 in 1999 to 20.8 million in 2010 (293% increase). Strong increases in the percentage of office visits resulting in a prescription for nonbenzodiazepine sleep medications (∼350%), benzodiazepine receptor agonists (∼430%), and any sleep medication (∼200%) were noted. Conclusions Striking increases in the number and percentage of office visits for sleep related problems and in the number and percentage of office visits accompanied by a prescription for a sleep medication occurred from 1999-2010. Citation Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Cunningham TJ, Giles WH, Chapman DP, Croft JB. Trends in outpatient visits for insomnia, sleep apnea, and prescriptions for sleep medications among US adults: findings from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 1999-2010.
The role of the Ran GTPase pathway in cell cycle control and interphase nuclear functions

Ran is a small, highly abundant, nuclear GTPase. Mutants in Ran and in proteins that interact with it disrupt the normal checkpoint control of mitosis with respect to the completion of DNA synthesis. Ran and other components of this pathway are also required for numerous nuclear functions such as RNA export, protein import, RNA processing and DNA replication. It will be important to understand how these facets of Ran’s activities are linked and how they promote correct control of the cell cycle. This review examines recent progress in discovering other components of the Ran GTPase pathway and considers how this pathway may be required for the control of the cell cycle.
Sodium distribution in mesenteric arterial wall of rats with hypertension induced by drinking saline.

1. Hypertension was induced in rats by substituting 2% (w/v) sodium chloride solution for drinking water. Sodium distribution in isolated mesenteric arterial wall was studied with the aid of 22 Na, which was continuously washed out. Data were analysed by digital computer simulation without recourse to ancillary chemical measurements of extracellular space. 2. A three-compartment model consisting of (i) extracellular, (ii) intracellular and (iii) subcellular space was found to represent adequately the kinetics of 22 Na. Transport rate constants were chosen as primary parameters describing intercompartmental sodium exchanges; the ratio of extra- to intra-cellular sodium compartments was calculated. 3. Results show the following significant changes in mesenteric arterial wall of salt-loaded hypertensive rats: (i) slowed sodium turnover; (ii) a decrease of the transport rate constant, which is presumed to reflect sodium movements from the intra- to the extra-cellular compartment; (iii) an increase of the transport rate constant, presumed to reflect sodium movements from the extra- to the intra-cellular compartment; (iv) a diminution of the extra- to intra-cellular compartment ratio for sodium. 4. The results suggest net movement of sodium into the cells; this change may be relevant to smooth muscle contraction and hence to the pathogenesis of blood pressure elevation in this model.
Dual Feynman rules—Topological asymptotic freedom

Feynman-graph rules are formulated for the strong—interaction components of the topological expansion—defined as those graphs all of whose vertices are zero—entropy connected parts. These rules imply a “topological asymptotic freedom” and admit a corresponding perturbative evaluation where the zeroth order exhibits topological supersymmetry.
Making Public Policy toward the Nonprofit Sector in the U.S.: How and Why Broad, “Sector” Interests Are Advanced – Or Not – in Federal Policymaking

The nonprofit sector is a vital part of U.S. society with roots deep in the country’s history. In light of the nonprofit sector’s favored place in American society, it is perhaps not surprising that nonprofit leaders have had some important successes in advancing sector-interests in federal policymaking since 2000, which is the focus of this paper. Nonprofit sector advocates have secured some significant new sector-wide benefits (e. g., the recently established mandate that nonprofit contractors paid with federal funds be reimbursed reasonable indirect costs) and, perhaps just as importantly, have fended off numerous attacks on sector interests (e. g., efforts to cap the value of itemized deductions for upper-income taxpayers). However, while nonprofit sector leaders have won some notable policy victories in recent decades, especially in defending sector interests, they have also been somewhat frustrated in efforts to advance the sector even further by a variety of structural and other constraints that weaken the nonprofit sector (and some other industries) in federal policymaking. Importantly, almost all interests typically win many more “defensive” than “offensive” policy victories. At the same time, nonprofit sector advocates have also been weakened by free riders (who limit advocacy in other industries as well), the subsector orientation of many nonprofits, limits on nonprofit lobbying and electoral activity, the disconnect of national sector advocates from local nonprofit leaders, and other reasons. Suggestions for overcoming these challenges include: strengthening links between local and national sector advocates, connecting sector and subsector advocacy efforts, perhaps relaxing restrictions on nonprofit lobbying and electoral activity, better resourcing national sector advocates, and finding and communicating the “big idea” behind the sector that will persuade policymakers to be more supportive.
Energy Maps for Glycosidic Linkage Conformations

Glycosidic linkage conformations are the main factors in determining the shapes of disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide molecules. The conformations are expressed in terms of the torsion angles about the bonds from each ring of the disaccharide moiety to its glycosidic oxygen atom, and the probability of a given conformation is often expressed in terms of its free or potential energy. The energy surface or map for a disaccharide is a display of the energy plotted against the two torsion angles. Successful mapping allows a particular kind of energy calculation to provide the energy values for each conformation and avoids possible pitfalls. Although different methods are discussed, the main emphasis of this chapter is on the technical production of the maps and their exploitation in further understanding the shape of the molecule in question.
Cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of nanoparticles

Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM or cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) offer robust and powerful ways to visualize nanoparticles. These techniques involve imaging of the sample in a frozen-hydrated state, allowing visualization of nanoparticles essentially as they exist in solution. Cryo-TEM grid preparation can be performed with the sample in aqueous solvents or in various organic and ionic solvents. Two-dimensional (2D) cryo-TEM provides a direct way to visualize the polydispersity within a nanoparticle preparation. Fourier transforms of cryo-TEM images can confirm the structural periodicity within a sample. While measurement of specimen parameters can be performed with 2D TEM images, determination of a three-dimensional (3D) structure often facilitates more spatially accurate quantization. 3D structures can be determined in one of two ways. If the nanoparticle has a homogeneous structure, then 2D projection images of different particles can be averaged using a computational process referred to as single particle reconstruction. Alternatively, if the nanoparticle has a heterogeneous structure, then a structure can be generated by cryo-ET. This involves collecting a tilt-series of 2D projection images for a defined region of the grid, which can be used to generate a 3D tomogram. Occasionally it is advantageous to calculate both a single particle reconstruction, to reveal the regular portions of a nanoparticle structure, and a cryo-electron tomogram, to reveal the irregular features. A sampling of 2D cryo-TEM images and 3D structures are presented for protein based, DNA based, lipid based, and polymer based nanoparticles. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1417. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1417 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Domestic Violence as Justification for Asylum

The basic requirement for achieving asylum in the U.S. is to prove a well-founded fear of persecution based on social group membership. In the past two decades women have attempted to claim asylum as victims of domestic violence. This chapter examines three theories of domestic violence: the family conflict theory, the crime theory, and the oppression theory. I argue that only the oppression theory can justify asylum. I then respond to objections that this theory allows too many claims of asylum.
An Analysis of Participation, Identity Conversations, and Social Networking Affordances on an Online Social Network for Children

In this study, we explore the behaviors of children ages 7 to 12 years on our custom social network, KidGab, to understand the activities that increase participation and identity-related conversation. We specifically study the effects of two social networking affordances provided by KidGab: a suite of personality quizzes and a badge-based participatory reward system. Both affordances harness the preadolescent’s internal focus on identity exploration. We analyzed KidGab’s activity logs in an attempt to understand the relationships between activities on these affordances and other engagement measured on the site (e.g., the total posts authored on KidGab per day, total comments authored per day, likes per day, etc.). We also investigate the amount of conversation relating to identity that accompanies quizzes and badges. We found that taking quizzes and posting results had a higher positive correlation with online participation on KidGab than attempting to earn badges. Our results suggest that, though youth are interested in self-reflecting via textual compositions, on a daily basis they partake more in personality-quiz-style activities that provide them instant feedback and shared experiences with other users.
The Kidney: An Organ in the Front Line of Oxidative Stress-Associated Pathologies

Both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major causes of renal failure in humans and are associated with high incidences of morbidity and mortality rates. AKI and CKD are closely interconnected, and fueled by the obesity and diabetes epidemic, their prevalence is alarmingly increasing to the point that it currently represents a major heath issue worldwide. The kidney is an organ that is particularly sensitive to redox imbalance, resulting in excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress is viewed as a critical pathogenic factor implicated in the initiation, development, and progression of most renal diseases. This Forum discusses the redox-dependent factors and mechanisms accounting for the perturbation of renal function and circulation in the context of the major kidney pathologies linked to hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 639-641.
The Policy, Politics and Aesthetics of Non-American Private Law: A Study of Contract Performance Interruption in France, England, Quebec and English Canada

In the United States, it is widely accepted that “policy,” meaning considerations that are not deductive or commutative and that include the societal and economic impact of legal rules, plays an important role in private law reasoning. In France, England, Quebec and English Canada, however, the role of policy in private law is either strenuously denied or reduced to an exceptional consideration of social concerns under residual doctrines like good faith, abuse of right or unconscionability. As a result, full-blown and routine invocations of policy are still considered to be an exotic American feature and to be absent from these systems. In this article, I refute this persisting view and show that such policy arguments are as a matter of fact relied on by authoritative actors in France, England, Quebec and English Canada. Taking the interruption of contractual performance following breach as a case study, I rely on cases and treatises from these four jurisdictions to produce an integrated repertoire of policy arguments that have been invoked for a series of related contract law questions. By demonstrating empirically that policy routinely intervenes in several non-American Western jurisdictions, I provide the basis for the application of American private law insights in legal systems where they have largely been ignored. I suggest that there are important political and aesthetic stakes to this jurisprudential transplantation, in that it allows for innovative forms of contestation of market-based normative reasoning and of the traditional professional styles adopted by non-American jurists.
Complementary patterning using plasmon-excited electron beamlets

Optical lithography transfers fixed geometric patterns from a photo mask to photoresist wafers. Current tools cost more than 50 million US dollars each, and much more for the masks. To keep up with Moore's law, future tools and processes will become increasingly expensive. The achievable half pitch of hole patterns in projection lithography is always larger than what can be resolved for lines and spaces, and the current patterning process cannot provide a cost-effective way to pattern small via and contact holes at advanced nodes. The next-generation extreme-UV tools have sufficient resolution, but current pilot tools will need substantial upgrades in source and process infrastructures to have sufficient throughput and yield.
Rumination and mindfulness related to multiple types of trauma exposure.

Prior research has indicated that exposure to multiple types of trauma is associated with increased trauma symptomatology and other psychological problems (Follette, Polusny, Bechtle, & Naugle, 1996). However, research is limited regarding mechanisms that underlie this relationship. Rumination has b