cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ancient narrative therapy for leadership: The classical world and the modern leadership classroom

This paper describes a course entitled “Leadership and the Ancient World” and details some of the challenges and trends in higher education which make a course focused on the Classics and leadership desirable. The paper summarizes conventional approaches to leadership and emphasizes the advantages of a liberal-arts based approach starting with the Classics. We explain our basic course design; offer a summary of how the course was run; and present sample activities. In closing, we present assessment and evaluation data for the course and remark on ways in which the syllabus and design could be improved in future iterations.
Genotyping-by-Sequencing-Based Investigation of the Genetic Architecture Responsible for a ∼Sevenfold Increase in Soybean Seed Stearic Acid

Soybean oil is highly unsaturated but oxidatively unstable, rendering it nonideal for food applications. Until recently, the majority of soybean oil underwent partial chemical hydrogenation, which produces trans fats as an unavoidable consequence. Dietary intake of trans fats and most saturated fats are conclusively linked to negative impacts on cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health. Two major soybean oil breeding targets are: (1) to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical hydrogenation, and (2) to replace the functional properties of partially hydrogenated soybean oil. One potential solution is the elevation of seed stearic acid, a saturated fat which has no negative impacts on cardiovascular health, from 3 to 4% in typical cultivars to > 20% of the seed oil. We performed QTL analysis of a population developed by crossing two mutant lines, one with a missense mutation affecting a stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase gene resulting in ∼11% seed stearic acid crossed to another mutant, A6, which has 24-28% seed stearic acid. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-based QTL mapping identified 21 minor and major effect QTL for six seed oil related traits and plant height. The inheritance of a large genomic deletion affecting chromosome 14 is the basis for largest effect QTL, resulting in ∼18% seed stearic acid. This deletion contains SACPD-C and another gene(s); loss of both genes boosts seed stearic acid levels to ≥ 18%. Unfortunately, this genomic deletion has been shown in previous studies to be inextricably correlated with reduced seed yield. Our results will help inform and guide ongoing breeding efforts to improve soybean oil oxidative stability.
Discussion About Nuclear Power EPC Model

After 10 years of nuclear power development, there are 52 sets of nuclear power units in operation under construction or planning to be built in China, which is construction scale in the world and the fourth nuclear scale in the world. In developed countries, the EPC mode with its owner tendency, resource allocation, comprehensive benefits and trends, and many other advantages, gradually become the mainstream mode of construction contracts. On the nuclear power project, in addition to the three generations of the model or the first reactor project, nuclear power engineering uses EPC mode and has made certain achievements. Based on the status of the overall application engineering general contracting mode of presentation, indicating EPC model because of its advantages will be more widely practiced.
Comparative effectiveness of first-line radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection and transplantation for patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Significant controversy exists as to which treatment modality is most effective for small, solitary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs): radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection (RXN), or transplantation (TXP). Size cutoff values ranging from 20 to 50 mm have been proposed to achieve complete ablation. The current study compares outcomes between RFA, RXN, and TXP as first-line therapy for patients with HCC tumors measuring as large as 50 mm. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients with HCC tumors measuring up to 50 mm who were treated with RFA, RXN, or TXP between 2004 and 2013. Overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were examined in patients with tumors measuring ≤20 mm, 21 to 30 mm, or 31 to 50 mm. The impact of an increase in tumor size of only 5 mm beyond 30 mm was evaluated by also examining outcomes in patients with tumors measuring 31 to 35 mm. RESULTS Of 1894 cases, patients with HCC tumors measuring ≤20 mm and 21 to 30 mm demonstrated no difference in OS or DSS regardless of whether RFA and RXN was used. RFA was associated with a worse OS and DSS than TXP, whereas there was no difference in OS observed between RXN and TXP. In patients with tumors measuring 31 to 50 mm, OS and DSS were worse with RFA compared with RXN or TXP. Most important, the inferior DSS and OS noted with RFA were observed with only a 5-mm increase in tumors measuring >30 mm. CONCLUSIONS Although RFA frequently is used as first-line treatment of HCC tumors measuring as large as 50 mm, it is associated with worse results than RXN or TXP for tumors measuring >30 mm. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the results of the current study are the first to demonstrate that although RFA is an appropriate option for patients with HCC tumors measuring ≤30 mm, its use for tumors even slightly larger than 30 mm is associated with inferior outcomes. Cancer 2017;123:1817–1827. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Contested womanhood: women’s education and (re)production of gendered norms in rural Pakistani Muslim communities

ABSTRACTIn a world marred by the fears of religious extremism, Muslim women have become subjects of various global projects that aim to modernize ‘traditional’ Muslim societies through women’s education and empowerment. Embedded in these discourses is an assumption that all educated Muslim women will empower themselves through challenging the ‘oppressive’ structures of their families and communities. This paper challenges these homogeneous narratives of education and empowerment through highlighting the complexities of educated women’s daily lives in rural Pakistan. We situate the lived experiences of rural educated Pakistani women in global mainstream as well as in local historical narratives regarding the role and purpose of education for women. Our analysis reveals how the educated women participants’ lives were shaped by a complex gendered hierarchy that facilitated educated women to take on new roles while simultaneously requiring them to maintain harmonious relationships with family and community me...
A non-equilibrium molecular dynamics study of methane transport in clay nano-pores

Abstract Accurate characterization of shale reservoir properties is vitally important for reliable gas production forecasting and reserve estimation. In this work, we use boundary-driven non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (BD-NEMD) to investigate methane transport in porous clays, which are one of the major mineral components of shale. One of the critical issues in BD-NEMD simulations is robust temperature control schemes to maintain isothermal conditions when the external force is applied to drive fluid flow. To this end, we scrutinize the performance of six temperature control schemes for BD-NEMD. We identify a number of effective temperature control schemes, and we show that careful algorithm selection can considerably reduce the number of simulations required to estimate transport diffusion coefficients. Using a robust temperature control scheme identified in our study, we examine the validity of the Knudsen model for predicting methane diffusivities in clay nano-pores. Although the Knudsen model is one of the most widely used theoretical approaches for predicting reservoir properties, we find that it fails to accurately predict methane transport diffusivities in small clay nano-pores. Our findings therefore suggest that reservoir models based on Knudsen theory may result in significant over- or under-prediction of gas production, depending on reservoir conditions. These findings are consistent with other studies, which posit that the Knudsen diffusion model breaks down in nano-confined systems because it neglects to account for the effects of adsorption on gas transport.
Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital.

We examined the evolutionary history of leading multidrug resistant hospital pathogens, the enterococci, to their origin hundreds of millions of years ago. Our goal was to understand why, among the vast diversity of gut flora, enterococci are so well adapted to the modern hospital environment. Molecular clock estimation, together with analysis of their environmental distribution, phenotypic diversity, and concordance with host fossil records, place the origins of the enterococci around the time of animal terrestrialization, 425–500 mya. Speciation appears to parallel the diversification of hosts, including the rapid emergence of new enterococcal species following the End Permian Extinction. Major drivers of speciation include changing carbohydrate availability in the host gut. Life on land would have selected for the precise traits that now allow pathogenic enterococci to survive desiccation, starvation, and disinfection in the modern hospital, foreordaining their emergence as leading hospital pathogens.
Genetic and Functional Associations with Decreased Anti-inflammatory Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induced Protein 3 in Macrophages from Subjects with Axial Spondyloarthritis.

Objective: TNFAIP3 is an anti-inflammatory protein implicated in multiple autoimmune and rheumatologic conditions. We hypothesized that lower levels of TNFAIP3 contributes to excessive cytokine production in response to inflammatory stimuli in axial spondyloarthritis. A further aim was to determine the immune signaling and genetic variation regulating TNFAIP3 expression in individual subjects. Methods: Blood derived macrophages from 50 axial spondyloarthritis subjects and 30 healthy controls were assessed for TNFAIP3 expression. Cell lysates were also analyzed for NF-kappaB, MAP kinase and STAT3 phosphorylation and supernatants for cytokine production. Coding and regulatory regions in the TNFAIP3 gene and other auto-inflammation implicated genes were sequenced by Next Generation sequencing and variants identified. Results: Mean TNFAIP3 was significantly lower in spondyloarthritis macrophages than controls (p=0.0085). Spondyloarthritis subject macrophages correspondingly produced more TNF-alpha in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, p=0.015). Subjects with the highest TNFAIP3 produced significantly less TNF-alpha in response to LPS (p=0.0023). Within axial spondyloarthritis subjects, those on TNF blockers or with shorter duration of disease expressed lower levels of TNFAIP3 (p=0.0011 and 0.0030 respectively). TNFAIP3 expression correlated positively with phosphorylated IkappaBalpha, phosphorylated MAP kinases, and unstimulated phosphorylated STAT3, but negatively with LPS or TNF-alpha-stimulated fold induction of phosphorylated STAT3. Further, subjects with specific groups of variants within TNFAIP3 displayed differences in TNFAIP3 (p=0.03-0.004). Nominal pQTL associations with genetic variants outside TNFAIP3 were identified. Conclusions: Our results suggest both immune functional and genetic variation contribute to the regulation of TNFAIP3 levels in individual subjects. Decreased expression of TNFAIP3 in axial spondyloarthritis macrophages correlated with increased LPS-induced TNF-alpha, and thus TNFAIP3 dysregulation may be a contributor to excessive inflammatory responses in spondyloarthritis subjects.
Optical studies of the solution phase reduction and stabilization of indigo tetrasulfonate in polyelectrolyte complexes.

Abstract Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to characterize the polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed when potassium indigo tetrasulfonate (ITS) interacts with poly diallydimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) through columbic attraction in the presence of the reducing agent sodium bisulfite, NaHSO3. The PDADMAC facilitates both the reduction of the ITS and the stabilization of the reduced state of the ITS in an atmospheric oxygen environment. Dilutions of the dye solution show that the PEC is stable to dilutions of at least 1 to 1000. UV–vis studies indicate that the reduced ITS (ITSred) forms what is likely a J-aggregate in the presence of PDADMAC with an absorbance band red shifted from the normal absorbance band of reduced ITS by roughly 130 nm, 390 nm to 520 nm. Excitation of the PEC solution at either 390 nm or 520 nm produces an emission spectrum of the aggregated complex with an emission maximum near 534 nm. Monomer emission at 480 nm of ITSred represents only 3.0 ± 0.5% of the emission signal of the aggregated complex. Kinetic studies using fluorescence spectroscopy over a temperature range of 30 to 70 °C and dilutions of dye solutions ranging from 1:10 to 1:1000 yield data for the oxidation of ITSred that is best fit by a first order rate constant. Kinetic data displays two distinctive regimes, a short time rate and a long time rate. These two distinct kinetic regimes are likely due to the reduced ITS interacting with an outer PEC environment and an inner PEC environment. First order rate constants could be used to estimate Δ‡H and Δ‡S of the oxidation reaction. Fluorescence data was used to calculate the partitioning of reduced ITS molecules between the outer and inner PEC environments. Partitioning from the inner to outer PEC environment was found to be entropically driven. Addition of NaCl to the diluted dye solutions could alter the kinetics of the oxidation but the significance of the effect depended on the initial dye solution preparation.
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention at centers with and without on-site surgical support: Insights from the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium (BMC2).

Background Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is being increasingly performed nationally at sites without on-site cardiac surgery; however, recent guidelines only provide a Class IIa recommendation for this practice. The state of Michigan has permitted PPCI without on-site surgery under a closely monitored system that mandates auditing of all procedures and quarterly feedback on quality and outcomes. This study sought to compare outcomes of patients undergoing PPCI at centers with and without on-site surgery in the state of Michigan. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent PPCI at 47 hospitals in Michigan from January 2010 to December 2015 were included. From this cohort, 4,091 patients from sites with and without on-site cardiac surgery were propensity matched in a 1:1 fashion to compare baseline characteristics, procedural details, and in-hospital outcomes. Results Of the 25,886 PPCIs performed at 47 hospitals in Michigan from 2010 to 2015, 21,610 (83.5%) were performed at sites with on-site surgery and 4,276 (16.5%) at sites without on-site surgery. Using propensity score matched cohorts (4,091 patients for each site type), we found no significant differences in baseline characteristics. Overall mortality (5.4% vs 5.8%; P = .442); composite outcome of in-hospital mortality, contrast-induced nephropathy, bleeding, and stroke (13.8% vs 12.8%; P = .152); and individual outcomes within the composite group showed no significant differences. Additionally, there were no clinically meaningful differences in rates of urgent/emergent coronary artery bypass graft or length of stay. Significant differences, however, were found in procedural access site, antiplatelet therapy, contrast volume, and anticoagulant strategy. Conclusions Primary PCI performed at centers with and without cardiac surgery have comparable outcomes and complication rates when performed with close monitoring of quality and outcomes.
Science, Art, and Magic: Totalization and Totalitarianism in Jorge Volpi’s in Search of Klingsor

Gonzalez discusses how through the reading of In Search of Klingsor, within the context of a Latin American tradition that has Borges as its main literary model and as a critical rewriting of the Boom’s “total novels,” we can appreciate this novel as a profound reflection on the paradoxical links between science and magic, art and oppression, totalization and totalitarianism, and as an ultimately fruitful experiment at writing a Latin American novel without an explicit national referent. In this sense, In Search of Klingsor’s additional concern with psychology and fiction writing can be seen as an overture and a touchstone of Volpi’s subsequent novels and essays of the early twenty-first century, from Leer la mente (2001) to La tejedora de sombras (2011).
SUBCLINICAL LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH ANGINA IN THE ABSENCE OF OBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE INVASIVE AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY

Women with angina in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) have adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to assess the presence of subclinical ventricular dysfunction in these patients, in relation to invasive physiologic measures. We prospectively enrolled 190 women with angina
Safety of Programmed Death-1 Pathway Inhibitors Among Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Preexisting Autoimmune Disorders.

PurposeAlthough programmed death (PD)-1 pathway inhibitors are now used in nearly all patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the large number of patients with NSCLC and concurrent autoimmune disease (AID) have been universally excluded from immunotherapy clinical trials. Therefore, the safety of PD-1 and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in patients with NSCLC and underlying AID is currently unknown.MethodsAs part of a multi-institutional effort, we retrospectively collected clinicopathologic data from patients with NSCLC and a history of AID who received monotherapy with either a PD-1 or a PD-L1 (herein referred to as PD-[L]1) inhibitor. Qualifying AIDs included but were not limited to: rheumatologic, neurologic, endocrine, GI, and dermatologic conditions.ResultsWe identified 56 patients with NSCLC and an AID who received a PD-(L)1 inhibitor. At the time of treatment initiation, 18% of patients had active AID symptoms and 20% were receiving immunomodulatory agents for their AID. A total ...
Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in neonates

Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics after intravenous injection were studied in 8 neonates with seizures. Subjects ranged in gestational age from 30 to 40 wk. Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital were measured by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT). The volume of distribution (Vd) of phenobarbital was 0.97 ± .15 L/kg which was independent of the dose administered. Vd and gestational age did not correlate. Phenobarbital clearance calculated from average concentrations in patients maintained on phenobarbital for 1 to 4 wks was consistent, with a decrease in t½ from 115 hr after 1 wk to 67 hr after 4 wk of therapy. The elimination of phenobarbital decreased at an exponential rate with a tVz of 4.6 days. A pharmacokinetic model with an exponentially increasing elimination rate term was used to describe the data. Average concentrations predicted with the use of the model corresponded adequately with experimental results. The increases in clearance observed are thought to be related to rates of turnover of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the neonate.
Kolsky Tension Bar for Samples with Very Low Strength

Following the inception of the original Split-Hopkinson bar apparatus, being first designed to load specimens in a high strain rate compression environment [1], the need for testing materials in high-rate tension has led to several modifcations of the typical Kolsky bar setup. Of the many possible configuration geometries, two main arrangements have proven to be quite adept at impinging a tension stress wave upon the incident bar while ensuring test setup robustness. The first and less widely used mechanism involves storing elastic energy into a section of the incident bar via stretching a portion of the bar end and clamping it into place. This stored energy is then released via unclamping the specimen thereby sending a stress pulse down the length of the incident bar and impinging upon the sample. This mode of operation was performed by Staab et al. in efforts to produce a high-rate tension experiment wherein a tensile stress was imposed on a section of the incident bar and then clamped so as to store the energy used to produce the desired stress pulse [2]. This method, while quite productive, lacks the ability of instigating the adequate pulse shaping needed to generate a constant strain rate in the sample. The second approach, which promotes a much more repetitive result and modifiable stress wave, involves striking a flange which is attached to the end of the incident bar, thereby generating a tensile stress pulse which then runs the length of the bar and imposes on the sample. There are various fashions of performing the impact, with the most common involving a tube which is concentric to the incident bar being fired at the flange from either a gas chamber or spring firing mechanism. This experimental setup, in tandem with an open-loop styled pulse control, allows for adequate shaping of the incident tensile wave [3]. Another mode of flange-styled pulse generation incorporates a rotating disk, which when a certain rotational speed is met, an arm extends from the disk and strikes the flange at the end of the incident bar. This type experimental setup was used by Yuanxin when testing AAL laminate, wherein a hammer would strike the end of an aluminum bar attachment causing breakage, thereby sending a rectangular pulse through the incident bar towards the specimen [4]. Both of these mechanisms, rotating disk and tube firing, have proved to be adept at pulse shaping and thus quite successful at generating a uniform stress pulse in the sample at a constant strain rate.
A Canine Model of Psychopathology

Periodically, under external, non-scientific pressure for “relevance,” we have proposed that the Arkansas Line of Nervous Pointer Dogs may be a suitable model of human psychopathology (1) or even of more specific human disorders such as anxiety or phobia (2, 3) or schizophrenia, especially catatonic (4). G. R. Smith, Jr., of our institution, sees strong parallels with the conservation-withdrawal phenomena of Engel and Schmale (5). Perhaps this paper should be entitled “a dog hunting a model.” Mlany of our past papers are referenced in the summary articles cited above and more recently by L. Lucas, et al., (6). Rather than burden this paper with a long bibliography, we refer the interested reader to the specific references cited (1, 3, 6). Statements of fact are backed up by experiments reported in the primary papers.
Common motifs in ETAA1 and TOPBP1 required for ATR kinase activation

DNA damage response Ser/Thr kinases, including ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR), control cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and apoptosis. ATR is activated by ETAA1 activator of ATR kinase (ETAA1) or DNA topoisomerase II binding protein 1 (TOPBP1). Both ETAA1 and TOPBP1 contain experimentally defined ATR activation domains (AADs) that are mostly unstructured and have minimal sequence similarity. A tryptophan residue in both AADs is required for ATR activation, but the other features of these domains and the mechanism by which they activate ATR are unknown. In this study, using bioinformatic analyses, kinase assays, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence measures of signaling, we more specifically defined the TOPBP1 and ETAA1 AADs and identified additional features of the AADs needed for ATR activation. We found that both ETAA1 and TOPBP1 contain a predicted coiled-coil motif that is required for ATR activation in vitro and in cells. Mutation of the predicted coiled coils does not alter AAD oligomerization but does impair binding of the AADs to ATR. These results suggest that TOPBP1 and ETAA1 activate ATR using similar motifs and mechanisms.
Factors Affecting Support for Felon Voting Rights: Personal Beliefs, Felon Attributes, and Political Context

In this research, we examine a host of factors, including punitive beliefs, informational cues about felons, and familiarity with state voting laws, to determine what criteria individuals use to decide their position on felon voting rights. Using national survey data, we find that punitive beliefs like social dominance orientation, racial resentment, and conservatism reduce support for felon voting rights. We find more support when people perceive that felons have adequately paid their debt to society by completing their sentences (i.e., not in prison) and given adequate retribution (e.g., serving in the military). Finally, we find that individuals support voting rights for felons more when they believe their state law already allows felons to vote. Together these factors suggest a set of criteria tied to deservingness that explains when and why the public supports rights for felon voting.
Textual, Musical, and Theatrical Adaptations of Boiardo’s Orlando Innamorato

ABSTRACTBoiardo’s Orlando Innamorato has been reimagined through the centuries in prose and verse rewritings, in operatic, melodramatic, theatrical, and cinematic adaptations, and especially in pop...
Data-Driven Analysis to Support Revised Tire Tread Inspection Standards:

Despite a long-term focus on passenger vehicle safety, there are still 38,000 vehicle-related fatalities annually. Some are the result of failure to maintain safety components of vehicles, such as ...
Talking about motion in Aboriginal Australia: How linguistic structure and culture influence motion event encoding

Traversing the landscape in ancestral myth and everyday life is of central importance across Australia. This paper investigates how lexicalisation patterns in motion descriptions influence the dist...
Molecular virology of hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small enveloped RNA virus containing a single-stranded and positive-sense RNA molecule of approximately 9.6 kb in length [1]. The viral RNA genome consists of the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of 341 nucleotides, a single long open reading frame (ORF) encoding a large viral polypeptide of 3010-3040 amino acids, and the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of variable length (Fig.1A) [1, 2]. The viral proteins are translated as a single polyprotein, which is proteolytically processed into mature structural and nonstructural viral proteins. The genes for the structural proteins C (core), El and E2 (envelope), and possibly p7, are located in the 5’ portion of the genome, while the nonstructural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B) are encoded by the remaining 3’ portion of the ORF (Fig.1A). The features of HCV genome organization are similar to those of other flaviviruses and pestiviruses in the family Flaviviridae [3, 4]. Accordingly, HCV was classified as a separate genus, Hepacivirus, of the Flaviviridae family [5]. Sequence analysis and comparison studies revealed that both the 5’UTR and 3’UTR of the HCV genome are highly conserved [6-8]. In a sharp contrast, sequences of the ORF exhibit a remarkable variation (quasispecies) among various HCV isolates [9]. Based on the nucleotide sequence diversity, HCV was further divided into six major genotypes and more than 90 subtypes.
The millennial engagement, resiliency and retention study: What does your millennial advanced practice registered nurse workforce really want?

Background Increasing the use of advanced practice providers may be one of the most viable options to meeting the burgeoning health care demands of older Americans and impending provider shortage over the next two decades. However, keeping the millennial workforce engaged and retained continues to be a significant challenge for health care administrators. Purpose The purpose of this study was to understand the intergenerational advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) workforce and assess what job satisfaction factors impact APRN intention to stay, and explore how variables such as resiliency style and age affect retention in these young careerists. Methods This was a single-center, cross-sectional descriptive study using survey methodology. A total of 405 APRNs from all specialties and practice sites from a large Midwestern Academic Medical Center were eligible to participate. A total of 165 APRNs completed the survey, which was a 41% response rate. Results There were no significant differences in mean resiliency scores by age cohort (p > .05) or a higher intention to leave in millennial-aged APRNs versus older APRNs (p > .05); however, there were significant mean differences in job satisfaction responses that warrant consideration in millennial versus older "baby boomer" APRNs on items such as professional growth, compensation, monetary bonuses, and expanding procedures and skills within scope of practice. Implications for practice Understanding generational differences in APRN job satisfaction assists hospital leaders to develop strategies to support, engage, and retain younger careerists, which may help mitigate turnover.
On Strategic Jamming in Distributed Detection Networks

In this paper, the optimal jamming strategy by an adversary in distributed detection networks is investigated. By utilizing the game-theoretical framework to characterize the interaction between the fusion center (FC) and the jammer as a repeated game, we examine how the behavior of the FC changes with jammer’s strategy. Based on simulation results, we find that the ‘Evenly distributed’ strategy is not always optimal for the jammer. Instead, under certain conditions, the ‘Betting on one channel’ jamming strategy is the best strategy for the jammer.
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones for Emergency Medicine Residency Training Incorporated into Firstand Second-Year Medical Student Elective

Introduction: As part of its Next Accreditation System, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Emergency Medicine describe 6 competencies containing 23 sub-competencies graded by milestones ranging from level 1 (expected of an incoming intern) to level 5 (demonstrates abilities of an attending) that are used to track resident training progression. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies introducing a milestones-based curriculum to medical students prior to their introduction to the wards, so we sought to determine the effects that a pre-clinical Emergency Medicine Interest Group (EMIG) Milestones Elective would have on preparing the students interested in Emergency Medicine (EM) as a specialty to meet thelevel 1 milestones prior to their intern year.Methods: The elective hosted 15 events throughout the academic year, and pre- and post-curriculum surveys were administered. Thirteen first- and second-year medical students at our institution who completed the elective self-reported their perception of preparedness for each level 1 milestone in the 19 sub-competencies. A repeated measures design was used through identical pre- and post-curriculum surveys to determine any changes in self-reported preparedness for meeting level 1 milestones after completing the elective using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.Results: There was a significant increase in the median scoring from 1 to 2 (P=0.027) in overall self-reported preparedness for meeting the level 1 milestones included in the elective, as well as significant increases in subcategories across competencies 1-4 outlined by the ACGME. There was no significant increase in preparedness for professionalism or interpersonal communicationcompetencies. There was no significant increase in interest in EM as a result of the elective.Conclusion: Implementing a milestones-based curriculum during the pre-clinical years shows improved self-reported preparedness of students interested in pursuing EM for meeting level 1 milestones prior to residency. Additionally, a specialtybased elective such as this one offered through EMIG may further increase interest in the field during pre-clinical years.
Sans Forgetica is Not the “Font” of Knowledge: Disfluent Fonts are Not Always Desirable Difficulties

Subsequent recall is improved if students try to recall target material during study (self-testing) versus simply re-reading it. This effect is consistent with the notion of “desirable difficulties...
Automation in Healthcare Systematic Review

Systematic reviews are an essential tool to help healthcare providers and medical practitioners stay up to date on the latest evidence and practices within their field. In recent years, developments have arisen in automating these systematic reviews. While automated systematic reviews are not currently in widespread use in the medical field, they present a way to increase the output of systematic reviews. This study is a literature review of how the automating of systematic reviews is currently being integrated into the healthcare system. This literature review will be relying on tools such as Web of Science, Harzing’s Publish or Perish, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and MAXQDA to collect and analyze article data sets based on keywords “automating systematic reviews” and “healthcare systematic reviews”. Co-citation and content analyses were performed on data sets to determine which articles were most relevant. These analyses showed that automating systematic reviews is developing more within fields outside of the medical field. However, researchers are beginning to take an interest in the applications of an automated systematic review to use in the medical field. The healthcare sector has been more hesitant to adopt automation and often continues to rely on traditional methods. Automation technology is quickly advancing but currently lacks the ability to apply critical thinking of how literature is relevant to current practice, more easily understood by clinician experience, attitudes, and values.
Dynamic Regret for Strongly Adaptive Methods and Optimality of Online KRR

We consider the framework of non-stationary Online Convex Optimization where a learner seeks to control its dynamic regret against an arbitrary sequence of comparators. When the loss functions are strongly convex or exp-concave, we demonstrate that Strongly Adaptive (SA) algorithms can be viewed as a principled way of controlling dynamic regret in terms of path variation $V_T$ of the comparator sequence. Specifically, we show that SA algorithms enjoy $\tilde O(\sqrt{TV_T} \vee \log T)$ and $\tilde O(\sqrt{dTV_T} \vee d\log T)$ dynamic regret for strongly convex and exp-concave losses respectively without apriori knowledge of $V_T$. The versatility of the principled approach is further demonstrated by the novel results in the setting of learning against bounded linear predictors and online regression with Gaussian kernels. Under a related setting, the second component of the paper addresses an open question posed by Zhdanov and Kalnishkan (2010) that concerns online kernel regression with squared error losses. We derive a new lower bound on a certain penalized regret which establishes the near minimax optimality of online Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR). Our lower bound can be viewed as an RKHS extension to the lower bound derived in Vovk (2001) for online linear regression in finite dimensions.
The Future of College and University Foodservice

College and university foodservice operations have been undergoing a number of changes. No longer tied to conventional methods, these operations are looking less like “institutions” and more like commercial establishments. This paper examines some of the factors important in the emergence of institutional foodservice operations in the competitive market. While this is an important aspect in the development of institutional foodservice as revenue centers, some recent threats have come from commercial operators who oppose their activities in the competitive arena. Recognition of both opportunities and threats in the external environment is proving to be the key in the development of strategies to meet these new goals.
A Dozen Competing-Plans Techniques for Inducing Predictable Slips in Speech and Action

Psychologists have studied the inner workings of input processes like sensation, perception, and comprehension in great detail and with considerable success. Mediating processes like memory and thinking have also come under close scrutiny. But until recently, the mechanisms underlying action have been comparatively neglected. One of the main reasons for this neglect was apparently already known to Wilhelm Wundt (1862/1961): ”It must be admitted that it is primarily the sensory side of psychic life which accords the widest prospect for experimental investigation” (p. 72). In perception and memory studies, the problem of experimental control is clearly solvable: one needs only to control the stimulus conditions. But it is much more difficult to manipulate the preconditions of spontaneous thought and action.
Acute coronary insufficiency: pathological and physiological aspects; an analysis of twenty-five cases of subendocardial necrosis.

Abstract 1. 1. A series of twenty-five cases is presented in which recent myocardial changes was found in the absence of acute coronary occlusion. 2. 2. The lesions were confined for the most part to the subendocardial musculature and the papillary muscles of the left ventricle. They varied in extent from a few scattered microscopic foci to widespread disseminated and grossly visible areas. In seven instances almost the entire inner shell of the left ventricle was involved. The possible reasons for the localization of the lesions are considered. 3. 3. The mildest changes consisted of eosinophilic smudging; granularity, uneven staining, and loss of striations of the affected myofibrils; nuclear degeneration; areas of hemorrhage and capillary engorgement. More advanced lesions showed widespread hemorrhage; disappearance of nuclei; homogenization, vacuolization, rupture of muscle fiber; and finally, focal or confluent zones of necrosis with reactive infiltration by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, lymphocytes, and mesenchymal cells. Granulation and fibrous tissue characterized the older lesions. 4. 4. Examination of twenty-four hearts disclosed acute ischemic changes; one showed organizing lesions only. These alterations are believed to have been caused by intense myocardial ischemia due to acute coronary insufficiency. 5. 5. Coronary arteriosclerosis with moderate or severe narrowing was present in nineteen cases. Twenty-two hearts were hypertrophied. Six hearts, in addition, revealed extensive fibrocalcific aortic stenosis; one had mitral stenosis; one had syphilitic aortitis with aortic insufficiency and coronary ostial stenosis; Myocardial ischemia may be produced by acute coronary insufficiency, even in a normal heart. However, hearts with intrinsic diseases (predisposing factors) are much more vulnerable than normal hearts. 6. 6. A variety of factors appeared to have precipitated a state of acute coronary insufficiency. These consisted of tachycardia, acute heart failure, acute hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, dissecting aortic aneurysm, postoperative shock, and severe infection. In four instances no such initiating mechanism was detected. 7. 7. The inter-relationships between the predisposing and precipitating factors are discussed. 8. 8. Coronary insufficiency is usually precipitated by a physio-pathological mechanism. The clinical recognition of such factor is essential to the accurate differentiation of acute coronary insufficiency from acute coronary artery occlusion and for the definitive therapy of the patient. 9. 9. Where a precipitating factor for the appearance of coronary insufficiency is not detectable, the clinical episode is diagnostic of progressively advancing intrinsic cardiac disease. 10. 10. The preferred terminology in conditions involving acute myocardial ischemia is one that divides acute coronary insufficiency from acute coronary occlusion. This is preferred by virtue of priority and clarity of definition.
Clinical outcomes among patients with head and neck cancer treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy with and without adaptive replanning.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adaptive replanning on clinical outcome among patients treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer. Methods Three hundred seventeen patients underwent IMRT with daily image-guidance for newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to a median dose of 66 Gy (range, 60–74 Gy). Of these 317 patients, 51 (16%) underwent adaptive radiotherapy with modification of the original IMRT midway during treatment. Results The 2-year local-regional control was 88% for patients treated with adaptive replanning compared with 79% for patients treated without (p = .01). The median time to local-regional recurrence for the 4 patients treated by adaptive radiotherapy was 7 months (range, 3–15 months) with all failures occurring within the high-dose planning target volume (PTV). Conclusion Although the use of routine replanning is probably not necessary, our findings do suggest a significant benefit in appropriately selected patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1541–1546, 2014
Pricing in the Hospitality Industry: An Implicit Markets Approach

The authors apply economic theory to an analysis of industry pricing. Data from a cross-section of San Francisco hotels is used to estimate the implicit prices of common hotel amenities, and a procedure for using these prices to estimate consumer demands for the attributes is outlined. The authors then suggest implications for hotel decision makers. While the results presented here should not be generalized to other markets, the methodology is easily adapted to other geographic areas.
The United Nations and human rights : a guide for a new era

Julie Mertus’ highly acclaimed text continues to be the only completely up-to-date comprehensive yet succinct guide to the United Nations human rights system. Today, virtually all UN bodies and specialized agencies are undertaking efforts to incorporate the promotion or protection of human rights into their programs and activities. The United Nations and Human Rights examines these recent initiatives within the broader context of human rights practice, including the promotion of individual rights, management of international conflict and the advancement of agendas of social movements. The fully revised and updated second edition not only provides a complete guide to the development, structure and procedures within the UN human rights system, but also reflects the vital changes that have occurred within the UN system, devoting considerable attention to expanding the range of issues discussed, including: new developments in the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights the current controversy surrounding the new Human Rights Council expanded treatment of economic and social rights. A superb addition to any human rights syllabus, this book maintains its position as essential reading for students and practitioners of human rights, international relations and international law.
Scientist, politician, and bureaucrat subcultures as barriers to information-sharing in government agencies

This paper is based on an exploratory, interdisciplinary study of issues related to information-sharing within and across three public agencies. We build on Schein's (1996) work to identify three subcultures within the public sector (bureaucrat, politician and scientist). We propose four types of systems (social, constituency, technical and organizational) related to the information and decision-making needs and processes within subcultures. We use two cases from the study to illustrate some key points about information-sharing across sub-cultures, and close with four challenges in need of further study to enhance the abilities within the public sector to appropriately and effectively share information.
Firing patterns and synaptic potentials of identified giant aspiny interneurons in the rat neostriatum

Intracellular recordings were made in vivo from 9 giant aspiny neurons in the neostriatum of urethane-anesthetized rats. The cells were identified by intracellular staining with HRP or biocytin. The neurons exhibited morphological features typical of neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. Six of the cells were obtained from intact animals, while 3 were recorded from rats with ipsilateral hemidecortications. Giant aspiny neurons were characterized by their slow irregular but tonic (3–10/sec) spontaneous activity and long-duration action potentials. Examination of the underlying membrane potential trajectories during spontaneous firing revealed that individual action potentials were triggered from spontaneous small (1–5 mV) depolarizing potentials. These spontaneous potentials exhibited the voltage sensitivity of ordinary EPSPs. They were much less frequent during the 80–200 msec pause in tonic afferent input that follows the excitation evoked by cortical or thalamic stimulation, and were decreased in frequency in decorticate animals. Their rise times and half-widths matched those expected for unitary synaptic potentials placed proximally on the surface of the neurons. Low-intensity stimulation of neostriatal afferents produced small short-latency EPSPs that appeared to be composed of responses identical to the spontaneous depolarizing potentials. The latencies of the EPSPs evoked from the cerebral cortex and thalamus were consistent with a monosynaptic input from both structures, but the maximal size of the EPSPs was much smaller than that evoked in spiny neurons, suggesting that a smaller number of afferent inputs make synapses with each of the aspiny cells. Giant aspiny neurons exhibited much larger input resistances and longer time constants than spiny neostriatal neurons. They also exhibited relatively linear steady-state current-voltage relationship compared to spiny projection cells. Input resistances ranged from 71–105 M omega, and time constants ranged from 17.8–28.5 msec. Analysis of the charging transients in response to current pulses yielded estimates of dendritic length of approximately 1 length constant. Repetitive firing of the neurons was limited by a powerful spike afterhyperpolarization and by a strong spike frequency adaptation. The sensitivity of the giant aspiny interneuron to a relatively small number of proximal afferent synaptic contacts, its tonic firing, and its widespread dendritic and axonal fields place it in an excellent position to act as a modulator of the excitability of neostriatal projection neurons in advance of the onset of movement-related neostriatal activity.
(±)-12-Oxotricyclo[6.2.2.01,6]dodecane-10-carboxylic acid: hydrogen bonding in a tricyclic δ-keto acid

The ring system of the title compound, C13H18O3, was synthesized by addition of ethyl acryl­ate to the dien­amine of 2-octalone. The keto acid aggregates in the solid as acid-to-acid dimers [O⋯O = 2.663 (2) A and O—H⋯O = 170 (3)°] whose centrosymmetric hydrogen bonds lie across the a edges and the center of the chosen cell. Three intermolecular C—H⋯O close contacts within 2.7 A were found involving the ketone group.
Glucose emergencies: recognition and treatment.

Abstract Millions of Americans have pathologies related to glucose regulation. Many of these individuals have diagnosed diabetes. There are, however, countless others who are unaware that they have glucose regulation disorders. Athletic trainers may find themselves called upon to work with individuals with documented and undocumented disorders. The purpose of this article is to define three primary glucose emergencies (diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic hyperosmolar state, and hypoglycemia) and discuss the treatment for each. Attention is focused on signs and symptoms which allow the athletic trainer to differentiate between the conditions.