cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basics of Geomatics

This volume presents a comprehensive and complete treatment. In a systematic way the complex topics and techniques are covered that can be assembled under Geospatial Information namely, Geodesy, Cartography, Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, Informatics, Acquisition Systems, Global Positioning Systems, Digital Image Processing, Geographic Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, and WebGIS. It describes in detail and at an accessible level - too much math has been avoided - the state of current knowledge. Per chapter a detailed bibliography has been included.As such, it will serve as a working tool not only to geoscientists and geographers but also to engineers, architects, computer scientists, urban planners, specialists in GIS, remote sensing, forestry, agricultural science, soil science geometry, environmental scientists and managers.Applications can be found in security, risk management, monitoring, info-mobility, geo-positioning, food traceability, etc.From the reviews:"The book is rigorous and synthetic, describing with precision the main instruments and methods connected to the multiple techniques today available. The objective pursued is to publish an integrated text, containing simple and comprehensible concepts relevant to experts in Geo-spatial Information." S. Dequal, Professor of Topography and Photogrammetry, DITAG, Polytechnic of Turin, Italy"This book fills a void of telling and showing the reader how remote sensing as a part of geomatics really works. With a clearly presented historical review up to the present time, the author illustrates the basic theories and use of the different remote sensing sensors and how to analyze the data from them for their application.This book would be a complement to the standard remote sensing books and I would highly recommend it for all land oriented professionals and especially graduate students who need a clear explanation of how remote sensing works". Chris J. Johannsen, Professor Emeritus of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"Basics of Geomatics" is structured in a clear and effective way into thematic chapters that provide a fundamental, yet comprehensive coverage of each of the major disciplines making up the field of Geomatics. Thanks to its clarity and completeness, the text, supplemented by many useful tables and illustrations will serve as a basic reference work for both beginners and experienced readers".John L. van Genderen, Professor, International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Department of Earth Observation Science, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Doublet structure in the absorption coefficient for tunneling-split intersubband transitions in double quantum wells.

Calculations of the absorption coefficient for tunneling-split intersubband transitions in double quantum wells are presented and the line shape is analyzed as a function of the temperature and dopant concentration. The peaks in the absorption coefficient correspond to tunneling-split intersubband transitions resulting in the resonant absorption of light. The lower-energy absorption peak is induced by electron tunneling. This doublet structure accounts for the transitions between the tunneling-split originally degenerate ground-state subbands in the isolated quantum wells and corresponds to the transition from the Fermi edge of the lower tunneling-split subband and the transition to the Fermi edge of the upper tunneling-split subband. These two transitions are unresolved at low temperatures but become resolved at high temperatures. When the dopant charge density is increased, the absorption peak strength increases. It also brings out another unresolved absorption peak due to the transition between tunneling-split excited states. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Regulation of Growth in Avena (Oat) Stem Segments by Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid

The purpose of this study was to analyze the nature of the interaction between gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the regulation of growth in excised Avena (oat) stem segments. Growth, compared to sucrose controls, was inhibited by ABA in the range of 10−4 to 10−6M. GA3-promoted growth was also inhibited by ABA in the same concentration range. A Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the interaction between GA3 and ABA indicated that ABA acts in a non-competitive fashion with GA3. This same result was obtained previously with GA3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) and GA3-kinetin interactions with Avena stem sections. Our results indicate that ABA can inhibit GA3-promoted growth within physiological concentrations, and that it is probably acting at a different physiological site from that for GA3.
Multiviewing Ultrasonic Transducer System for Flaw Reconstruction

The characterization of failure-initiating flaws in materials and components is an important task in the assurance of structural integrity. Based on ultrasonic signals scattered from the flaw in a number of directions, inverse scattering algorithms may be used to reconstruct the size, shape and orientation of the flaw. One of the more successful methods for elastic wave inverse scattering and flaw sizing has been the inverse Born algorithm in the long and intermediate wavelength regime.
The processing of deviant information in prediction and evaluation.

Analyses of information integration and of retention were used to examine the processing of deviant information in prediction and evaluation tasks. Sets of test scores were presented serially for a group of hypothetical students, and subjects were asked to evaluate the performance of each student or predict each student’s performance on a comprehensive final exam. An averaging model with greater weight for the more recent scores than for the earlier scores was supported for both types of task, but the recency was more pronounced in the prediction task. Weighting of deviant scores differed in the prediction and evaluation tasks. Significant discounting (underweighting) of deviant scores was obtained only in the prediction task, The ability to recall deviant scores on uncued tests of retention was higher in the prediction task than in the evaluation task. Prediction of future performance based on inconsistent measures of past performance thus appears to be an active process involving the discovery and discounting of unrepresentative information.
The effect of net spread on the capture efficiency of a demersal survey trawl used in the eastern Bering Sea

Abstract Relative abundance estimates generated from the National Marine Fisheries Service's annual groundfish trawl surveys in the eastern Bering Sea shelf are based on mean catch per area swept. In the calculation of these estimates, the capture efficiency is assumed to be independent of net spread, which, in turn, increases with depth throughout the depth range of the survey area, and also varies substantially with bottom type and currents. The validity of this assumption was tested using a linear model of catch-per-unit-towed distance versus net spread and depth that was fit to 14 years of survey data for seven species. Catch rates decreased significantly with increasing net spreads for six of the seven species despite the larger area swept at greater net spreads. The magnitude of the downward trends varied considerably by species. Purple sea star (Asterias amurensis) and northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) exhibited the strongest negative relationships between catch rate and net spread, while Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus) exhibited the weakest relationship. We attribute this decrease in catch rate to a decrease in capture efficiency. For the benthic species we consider, the decrease in capture efficiency is likely due to increased escapement under the footrope, because calibrated bottom contact sensors indicate that footrope clearance with the bottom increases with net spread. The current assumption of constant capture efficiency at all net spreads may result in biased size distributions and sex ratios for species displaying size and sex segregation by depth. This assumption may also have negative implications for the assessment of highly patchily distributed species as well as those whose depth distribution changes with environmental conditions. Controlling trawl geometry by means of restrictor cables on the warps is a feasible method to address this problem.
Improved ber performance in intra-chip rf/wireless interconnect systems

Increasing operating frequency of current and future VLSI systems is putting physical constraint on hard-wired metal interconnect. Several revolutionary approaches to interconnect have been proposed. One of the most feasible approaches is RF/wireless interconnects. This paper evaluates the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of a coherent binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) with linear and systematic channel coding in an intra-chip RF/wireless interconnect system. The results indicate that for a certain range of received signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, channel coding improves the performance of the RF/wireless interconnect system. Digital implementation of the encoder and decoder circuit block is also shown.
Dredging of Drainage Ditches Increases Short-Term Transport of Soluble Phosphorus

Managed drainage ditches are common in the midwestern United States. These ditches are designed to remove water from fields as quickly as possible, and sediment buildup necessitates dredging, to ensure adequate water removal. This laboratory study was conducted to determine the impact of ditch dredging on soluble phosphorus (P) transport. Ditch sediments were collected from a drainage ditch in northeastern Indiana immediately before and after dredging. The sediments were placed in a stream simulator, and stream water was loaded with 0.55 mM P for 5 d (adsorption experiment). Water was then removed, and ‘‘clean’’ water (no P added) was used for a desorption experiment, lasting 1 d. During the adsorption experiment, pre-dredged sediments were able to remove P from the water column quicker, and P concentrations 120 h after introduction of high P water were lower for the pre-dredged sediments (0.075 mM P) than the dredged sediments (0.111 mM P). During the desorption experiment, P was released to the water column slower in the pre-dredged treatment than the dredged treatment (instantaneous flux at t 5 0 was 0.205 mM Ph 21 for pre-dredged and 0.488 mM Ph 21 for dredged). This occurred despite higher Mehlich 3–extractable P in the pre-dredged sediments than the dredged sediments. Equilibrium phosphorus concentrations (EPCo) were lower in the pre-dredged sediments during both adsorption and desorption experiments. Transport of soluble P immediately after dredging will likely increase in drainage ditches; however, dredging is a necessary management tool to ensure adequate discharge of water from surrounding fields.
Making Mathematics Meaningful

The making mathematics meaningful (3M) project was designed to prepare 50 elementary school teachers to be better qualified to teach their students about measurement. The project was a partnership among the University of Louisiana at Monroe, the Louisiana Department of Education, and a number of school systems in Northeast Louisiana. The project emphasized practical applications of mathematics in the real world, grade-appropriate hands-on activities, and mathematics literacy activities. The project consisted of a three-week Summer Institute and five follow-up Saturdays during the Academic Year. Projects such as this are necessary if students are going to be properly prepared to pursue careers in engineering, mathematics, science, and technology.
Energy-secure computing

The "power wall" has forced chip and system architects to design with smaller margins between nominal and worst-case operating points. Localized hot spots and temperature gradients exacerbate lifetime reliability problems. Smaller voltage margins make processors more vulnerable to inductive noise on the voltage rails, as well as soft errors induced by high energy particle incidence. The problem of process variation presents another obstacle to sustained performance growth in the late CMOS design era. At the same time, the emerging phase change memory (a promising technology for future low power, dense storage in systems) is vulnerable to malicious attacks that can reduce the lifetime of an already wear-out prone technology. These issues have all led to R&D in "better than worst-case" design principles. Dynamic power and thermal management control loops have already become an integral part of chip and system design. New research in wearout and general reliability management have recently been published. These new generation management protocols have, however, opened up other sources of concern: e.g. potential security holes exposed by the integrated control loops and system safety issues triggered by potential violations of power or thermal limits imposed by the original specification. We coin the term "Energy-Secure System Architectures" to cover the range of research being pursued within industry and academia in order to ensure robust and secure functionality, while meeting the energy-related constraints of the emerging "green computing" era. This keynote speech attempts to provide a summary overview of the problem and solution spaces around the theme of energy-secure computing -- with a special focus on servers and extreme-scale systems.
Assessing the Implications of Process Variations on Future Carbon Nanotube Bundle Interconnect Solutions

In this paper, we investigate the impact of process variations on future interconnect solutions based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) bundles. Leveraging an equivalent RLC model for SWCNT bundle interconnect, we calculate the relative impact of ten potential sources of variation in SWCNT bundle interconnect on resistance, capacitance, inductance, and delay. We compare the relative impact of variation for SWCNT bundles and standard copper wires as process technology scales and find that SWCNT bundle interconnect will typically have larger overall 3-sigma variations in delay. In order to achieve the same percentage variation in both SWCNT bundles and copper interconnect, the percentage variation in bundle dimensions must be reduced by 63% in 22 nm process technology
Long-Term Continuity in the Archaeological Record from the Coast of New York and Southern New England, USA

ABSTRACT Synthetic treatments of the archaeology of eastern North America have traditionally emphasized cultural change through time. However, unlike many other areas of eastern North America, the archaeological record from the coast of New York and southern New England is in many ways characterized by long-term continuity. Research conducted in recent decades suggests that coastal inhabitants maintained familiar patterns of subsistence, settlement, raw material utilization, and technology for many thousands of years. Adaptive patterns observable in the late prehistoric archaeological record extend back millennia, possibly to the early Holocene. Unlike the residents of nearby inland areas, coastal peoples seem to have maintained long-established traditions up to European arrival in the sixteenth century, despite the presence of profound changes in lifeways that occurred in neighboring areas of northeastern North America.
The Clustered AGgregation (CAG) technique leveraging spatial and temporal correlations in wireless sensor networks

Sensed data in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) reflect the spatial and temporal correlations of physical attributes existing intrinsically in the environment. In this article, we present the Clustered AGgregation (CAG) algorithm that forms clusters of nodes sensing similar values within a given threshold (spatial correlation), and these clusters remain unchanged as long as the sensor values stay within a threshold over time (temporal correlation). With CAG, only one sensor reading per cluster is transmitted whereas with Tiny AGgregation (TAG) all the nodes in the network transmit the sensor readings. Thus, CAG provides energy efficient and approximate aggregation results with small and often negligible and bounded error.In this article we extend our initial work in CAG in five directions: First, we investigate the effectiveness of CAG that exploits the temporal as well as spatial correlations using both the measured and modeled data. Second, we design CAG for two modes of operation (interactive and streaming) to enable CAG to be used in different environments and for different purposes. Interactive mode provides mechanisms for one-shot queries, whereas the streaming mode provides those for continuous queries. Third, we propose a fixed range clustering method, which makes the performance of our system independent of the magnitude of the sensor readings and the network topology. Fourth, using mica2 motes, we perform a large-scale measurement of real environmental data (temperature and light, both indoor and outdoor) and the wireless radio reliability, which were used for both analytical modeling and simulation experiments. Fifth, we model the spatially correlated data using the properties of our real world measurements.Our experimental results show that when we compute the average of sensor readings in the network using the CAG interactive mode with the user-provided error threshold of, 20p, we can save 68.25p of transmissions over TAG with only 2.46p inaccuracy in the result. The streaming mode of CAG can save even more transmissions (up to 70.24p in our experiments) over TAG, when data shows high spatial and temporal correlations. We expect these results to hold in reality, because we used the mica2 radio profile and empirical datasets for our simulation study. CAG is the first system that leverages spatial and temporal correlations to improve energy efficiency of in-network aggregation. This study analytically and empirically validates CAG's effectiveness.
Cardiac manifestations of Anderson-Fabry disease in children and adolescents

Aim: Fabry disease (Fabry) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. The progressive accumulation of the major substrate, globotriaosylceramide, leads to renal dysfunction and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which are reported to become apparent in the third decade. This study was performed to determine if signs of cardiac manifestations of Fabry are seen in younger Fabry patients. Methods: Twenty children and adolescents of ≤18 years of age with confirmed Fabry underwent a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), a 2-h Holter ECG, blood pressure measurements and a two-dimensional echocardiogram. Follow-up examinations were conducted for 14 patients after a mean interval of 25.9 months. Results: At baseline, mean left ventricular mass (LVM) indexed to height (LVM/h2.7) was 45.0 ± 2.3 and 47.0 ± 3.4 g/m2.7 in boys (n = 8) and girls (n = 12), respectively, and all patients had LVM/h2.7 of >75th percentile of that in healthy controls. After a mean 26-month follow-up, 12 out of 14 patients (85.7%) showed a mean increase of 7.5 ± 3.2 g/m2.7 in LVM/h2.7. Heart rate variability (HRV) analyses revealed that male, but not female, Fabry patients had significantly reduced HRV, reflecting a reduction in parasympathetic stimulation of the heart (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cardiac involvement in children with Fabry is frequent and may progress even at young age.
Calculation of linear detonation instability: one-dimensional instability of plane detonation

The detonation stability problem is studied by a normal mode approach which greatly simplifies the calculation of linear instability of detonation in contrast to the Laplace transform procedure used by Erpenbeck. The method of solution, for an arbitrary parameter set, is a shooting method which can be automated to generate easily the required information about instability. The condition on the perturbations applied at the end of the reaction zone is shown to be interpreted as either a boundedness condition or an acoustic radiation condition. Continuous and numerically exact neutral stability curves and boundaries are given as well as growth rates and eigenfunctions which are calculated for the first time. Our calculations include the Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) case which presents no special difficulty. We give representative results for our detonation model and summarize the one-dimensional stability behaviour in parameter space. Comparison with previous results for the neutral stability boundaries and approximations to the unstable discrete spectrum are given. Parametric studies of the unstable, discrete spectrum's dependence on the activation energy and the overdrive factor are given with the implications for interpreting the physical mechanism of instability observed in experiments. This first paper is restricted to the case of one-dimensional linear instability. Extensions to transverse disturbances will be treated in a sequel.
Valuing Non-Marketed Goods: The Case of Elk Permit Lotteries☆

Abstract Permit allocation methods offer a way of estimating the value of non-marketed elk hunting. Applicants compete for elk hunting permits in Colorado by acquiring preference points that have a monetary cost and by distributing themselves among hunts until their marginal values are equalized. We infer the marginal value of permits from the opportunity costs incurred to acquire these permits and use a hedonic regression analysis to estimate the impact of various hunt characteristics on permit value.
New stereoselective approach to (−)-δ-multistriatin1

Abstract (−)-δ-Multistriatin was synthesized in six steps in 36% overall yield and excellent optical purity (99%) using the key step of stereoselective Michael addition of nitromethane to levoglucosenone. Radical removal of the nitro group with tributyltinhydride preserved the required stereochemistry at C-2 and C-4 required for the alkylation and transacetalation steps of the dithiane intermediate.
Three-dimensional ISAR imaging of maneuvering targets using three receivers

The conventional ISAR image is a two-dimensional (2-D) projection of a three-dimensional (3-D) object surface. The image (projection) plane is related to the motion of a target with respect to the line of radar sight (LOS). In general, the image plane and the image scale in the cross range direction can not be determined by the traditional ISAR system with one receiver unless the target motion knowledge is known. In this paper, we propose a new ISAR system with three receivers. Using the three-receiver ISAR system, 3-D images of maneuvering targets can be generated, where the knowledge of the target motion is not required.
IgG1 Is Pathogenic in Leishmania mexicana Infection

There are >2 million new cases of leishmaniasis annually, and no effective vaccine has been developed to prevent infection. In murine infection, Leishmania mexicana, which lives intracellularly in host macrophages, has developed pathways to hijack host IgG to induce a suppressive IL-10 response through FcγRs, the cell-surface receptors for IgG. To guide vaccine development away from detrimental Ab responses, which can accompany attempts to induce cell-mediated immunity, it is crucial to know which isotypes of IgG are pathogenic in this infection. We found that IgG1 and IgG2a/c induce IL-10 from macrophages in vitro equally well but through different FcγR subtypes: IgG1 through FcγRIII and IgG2a/c through FcγRI primarily, but also through FcγRIII. In sharp contrast, mice lacking IgG1 develop earlier and stronger IgG2a/c, IgG3, and IgM responses to L. mexicana infection and yet are more resistant to the infection. Thus, IgG1, but not IgG2a/c or IgG3, is pathogenic in vivo, in agreement with prior studies indicating that FcγRIII is required for chronic disease. This calls into question the assumption that macrophages, which should secrete IL-10 in response to IgG1 and IgG2a/c immune complexes, are the most important source of IL-10 generated by IgG–FcγR engagement in L. mexicana infection. Further investigations are required to better determine the cell type responsible for this immunosuppressive FcγRIII-induced IL-10 pathway and whether IgG2a/c is protective.
On the Rationality of the Composition Product: A Survey

When two bilinear state space systems are interconnected in a cascade fashion, the resulting input-output map may not have a bilinear realization. So in 1972, Brockett asked under what conditions is bilinearity preserved under composition. In 1979, Ferfera produced the least restrictive sufficient condition which is presently known using formal power series representations of the input-output maps. The primary intent of this paper is to supply a self-contained proof of Ferfera's sufficient condition for preserving rationality under composition, or equivalently, preserving bilinearity under composition. The proof provided here, which in the large follows the original, is somewhat less complicated as it employs different tools from the theory of rational transductions.
Classroom and Curriculum Accommodations for Native American Students

This article explores ways to enhance the classroom and the curriculum to meet the learning and social needs of Native American students. By using a culture-specific approach, the teacher helps to improve academic performance, social understanding, and acceptance by peers. Achieving these outcomes is a primary focus of this article.
Exercise Training Down-Regulates Hepatic Lipogenic Enzymes in Meal-Fed Rats: Fructose versus Complex-Carbohydrate Diets

The maximal activity and mRNA abundance of hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) and other lipogenic enzymes were investigated in rats meal-fed either a high fructose (F) or a high cornstarch (C) diet. The diet contained 50% F or C (g/100 g), casein (20%), cornstarch (16.13%), corn oil (5%), minerals (5.37%), vitamins (1%) and Solka-floc (2%). Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 44) were randomly divided into C or F groups that were meal-fed for 3 h/d; each group was subdivided into exercise-trained (T) and untrained (U) groups. Treadmill training was performed 4 h after the initiation of the meal at 25 m/min, 10% grade for 2 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 10 wk. Rats were killed 9 h after the meal and 27 h after the last training session. F-fed rats had significantly higher activities of all lipogenic enzymes assayed and mRNA abundance of FAS and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) than C rats (P < 0.05). Concentrations of plasma insulin and glucose and liver pyruvate were not altered by F feeding. Proportions of the fatty acids 18:2 and 20:4 were lower, whereas those of 16:0 and 16:1 were higher, in livers of F than of C rats (P < 0.05). Training decreased FAS activity by 50% (P < 0.05), without affecting FAS mRNA level in C rats; this down-regulation was absent in the F rats. ACC mRNA abundance tended to be lower in CT than in CU rats (P < 0.075). L-Type pyruvate kinase activity was lower in FT than in FU rats (P < 0.05), whereas other lipogenic enzyme activities did not differ between T and U rats of each diet group. We conclude that hepatic lipogenic enzyme induction by high carbohydrate meal feeding may be inhibited by exercise training and that a fructose-rich diet may attenuate this training-induced down-regulation.
A Modern Student Experience inSystems Programming

The study of Operating Systems and Systems Programming provides invaluable software engineering experience and crucial conceptual understanding that make it an essential component of an undergraduate computer science curriculum. It is also imperative that classroom course material and infrastructure keep pace with rapidly evolving technology. A "modern" course will provide an accurate software engineering experience and prevent the study of outdated concepts. With the recent increase in size and popularity of computer science courses, all course material must also be appropriately scalable. In order to create such a "modern" systems course, we redesigned UC Berkeley's CS 162, a 300 student Introduction to Operating Systems & Systems Programming course. In this paper we detail our unique curriculum layout, our advanced infrastructure support for students, and future work on extending our infrastructure for other large computer science courses
Scanning probe microscopies for the creation and characterization of interfacial architectures: studies of alkyl thiolate monolayers at gold

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) offers access to the structural and material properties of interfaces, and when combined with macroscopic characterization techniques results in a powerful interfacial development tool. However, the relative infancy of SPM techniques has dictated that initial investigations concentrate on model interfacial systems as benchmarks for testing the control and characterization capabilities of SPM. One such family of model interfacial systems results from the spontaneous adsorption of alkyl thiols to gold. This dissertation examines the application of SPM to the investigation of the interfacial properties of these alkyl thiolate monolayers. Structural investigations result in a proposed explanation for counterintuitive correlations between substrate roughness and heterogeneous electron transfer barrier properties. Frictional measurements are used for characterization of the surface free energy of a series of end-group functionalized monolayers, as well as for the material properties of monolayers composed of varying chain length alkyl thiols. Additional investigations used these characterization techniques to monitor the real-time evolution of chemical and electrochemical surface reactions. The results of these investigations demonstrates the value of SPM technology to the compositional mapping of surfaces, elucidation of interfacial defects, creation of molecularly sized chemically heterogeneous architectures, as well as to the monitoring of surface reactions. However, it is the future which will demonstrate the usefulness of SPM technology to the advancement of science and technology.
Transitions to Asexuality Result in Excess Amino Acid Substitutions

Theory predicts that linkage between genetic loci reduces the efficiency of purifying selection. Because of the permanent linkage of all heritable genetic material, asexual lineages may be exceptionally prone to deleterious-mutation accumulation in both nuclear and organelle genes. Here, we show that the ratio of the rate of amino acid to silent substitution (Ka/Ks) in mitochondrial protein-coding genes is higher in obligately asexual lineages than in sexual lineages of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex. Using a phylogeny-based approach to quantify the frequency of mutational-effect classes, we estimate that mitochondrial protein-coding genes in asexual lineages accumulate deleterious amino acid substitutions at four times the rate in sexual lineages. These results support the hypothesis that sexual reproduction plays a prominent role in reducing the mutational burden in populations.
Creep Deflection in Design of Metal Plate-Connected Wood Trusses

Creep deflection can be an important consideration in the design of metal plate–connected (MPC) wood trusses. Chapter 2 of the ANSI/TPI 1-2007 truss standard, referenced by the 2009 International Building Code (IBC), defines the responsibility of the registered design professional when specifying MPC wood trusses. Based on Section 2.3.2.4 (h) of the standard, the registered design professional shall provide design criteria that addresses in-service creep deflection behavior of flat roofs subject to ponding loads and floor trusses supporting stone or ceramic tile finishes. In this paper, we review relevant standards and research studies on creep behavior of MPC wood trusses and offer a rational calculation method based on 10- and 15-year test data for estimating creep deflection for parallel chord MPC wood trusses. Examples are included to illustrate the calculation method for determining a design creep factor that is related to the sustained load percentage relative to total design load. Some practical wa...
Managing Pain in the Addicted Patient

Approximately 20 million Americans have some form of substance abuse disorder, and about one-third of the US population has used illicit drugs (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration office of Applied Studies 2007). Substance abuse is known to occur in 10–16% of outpatients in general medical practice, 25–40% of hospital admissions, and 40–60% of major trauma patients (Manchikanti et al. 2003, Rosenblatt and Mekhail 2005). In chronic pain management settings, illicit drug use has been reported in 14–34% of patients (Manchikanti et al. 2006). Among the illicit drugs, use of marijuana is reported most common, followed by that of cocaine, hallucinogens, and methamphetamines. Such high prevalence of illicit use, along with concerns of drug abuse and addiction, and its association with life-threatening pathophysiological effects, often has a negative influence on pain treatment. Pain patients who have current or remote histories of drug abuse present a multitude of medical and psychosocial issues that hinder pain and symptom management. Physicians are often not well-versed with the conceptual or practical issues related to addiction, which causes difficulty in treating these patients effectively. In chronic pain patients, the high incidence of illicit drug use is intimately linked to opioid and prescription drug dependence, as well as to the psychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors that affect these individuals.
Introduction to R Code Implementation

This appendix includes a brief introduction to the implementation of super learning and the TMLE in R. Packages and supplementary code are posted online at http://www.targetedlearningbook.com. We conclude with a few coding guides for data structures and research questions presented in Parts II–IX. The book’sWeb site will be a continually updated resource for new code, demonstrations, and packages.
A History of Islam in America: A New Religious America and a Post-Colonial Muslim World

In the mid-1960s Congress introduced landmark civil rights and immigration legislation intended to reconcile the reality of racial and gender discrimination in the United States with the nation's democratic ideals. These laws significantly altered the racial and religious landscape of the country by outlawing discrimination in immigration policy, educational institutions, the workplace, and the housing market. The old melting pot ideal came under assault and was replaced by a more pluralistic vision of America in which cultural and ethnic differences were not only recognized but increasingly valued for their distinct contributions to American society. White Protestant triumphalism in all of its varieties was taken to task as racist, sexist, and downright un-American. As white, Protestant cultural and political hegemony receded, however, rivalries between different ethnicities surfaced, resulting in what is sometimes referred to as an era of “identity politics.” These rivalries were fueled by governmental “affirmative actions” taken to correct the racist and sexist policies of the past. Social justice, it was argued, demanded more than the simple outlawing of discrimination; it also required giving assistance to those who had been wrongfully discriminated against so that they could finally establish a place for themselves in society. Since these “affirmative action” or “equal opportunity” programs were directed toward women and minorities, many male white ethnics felt left out. They believed that their success in overcoming prejudice by hard work and ingenuity had been overlooked.
The True Geography of Our Country: Jefferson's Cartographic Vision

The True Geography of Our Country: Jefferson's Cartographic Vision. By Joel Kovarsky. 185 pp.; ills., bibliog., index. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014. $35.00 (cloth), isbn 9780...
GABAA Receptor Modulation by Phenyl Ring Compounds Is Associated with a Water Solubility Cut-Off Value

Background: The modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is associated with a molar water solubility cut-off effect of approximately 1.1 mmol/l and hence are unaffected by significantly less soluble compounds. However, compounds with this molar water solubility are still able to modulate γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. We hypothesized that GABAA receptor modulation by phenolic compounds would exhibit cut-off at a molar water solubility value less than 1.1 mmol/l. Methods: GABAA receptors consisting of human α1 and rat β2 and γ2s subunits were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and drug responses were measured using standard 2-electrode voltage clamp techniques. Twenty substituted phenols and benzenes of similar size and molecular volume were studied at saturated aqueous concentrations. Reversible and statistically significant change in GABAA receptor current that was 10% or greater in magnitude from the baseline response defined a positive drug effect. Results: All phenyl ring compounds with a molar water solubility value equal to or greater than 0.46 mmol/l positively modulated GABAA receptor currents. No compounds with a molar water solubility value equal to or less than 0.10 mmol/l had any effect on GABAA receptor currents. Saturated solutions of phenols with 2,6-dimethyl and 2,6-diisopropyl substituents also caused channel opening in the absence of GABA. Conclusions: The molar water solubility cut-off for GABAA receptor modulation by phenyl ring compounds lies between 0.10 and 0.46 mmol/l. Data suggest that hydrocarbons, perhaps including inhaled anesthetics, might modulate GABAA receptors by displacing water from one or more low-affinity amphipathic binding sites to induce conformational changes that increase ion conductance.
Fighting Back Works: The Case for Advocating and Teaching Self-Defense against Rape

(1999). Fighting Back Works: The Case for Advocating and Teaching Self-Defense against Rape. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 31-34.
Dimensions of Network Security Planning For Web Services

Web Services technologies are gaining prominence in industry and are displacing established standards such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) for B2B transactions. The highly distributed nature o...
Interracial friendship and the trajectory of prominority attitudes: Assessing intergroup contact theory:

We analyze the trajectory of racial attitude change among White university students, over a 4-year time period, representing an advancement over previous studies’ use of longitudinal designs alone ...
Poikilocytic hereditary elliptocytosis associated with spectrin Alexandria: an alpha I/50b Kd variant that is caused by a single amino acid deletion

Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is a heterogeneous disorder of red blood cells frequently associated with abnormal limited tryptic digestion of the alpha I domain of spectrin and impaired spectrin dimer self- association. We studied two related individuals with poikilocytic hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) of different severity. Limited tryptic digestion of spectrin from these individuals showed the presence of a variant alpha I/50b Kd peptide at the expense of the normal alpha I/80 Kd peptide. Amino acid sequence analysis of the abnormal peptide showed that the proteolytic cleavage occurred after the arginine at position 470 of the alpha spectrin chain. Spectrin from these patients had an impaired ability to undergo self-association, as evidenced by increased amounts of spectrin dimers in 4 degrees C extracts of erythrocyte membrane from affected individuals. The polymerase chain reaction was used to study the DNA sequence of the alpha spectrin gene encoding the region of the alpha spectrin chain surrounding the abnormal proteolytic cleavage site. We detected the in-frame deletion of the trinucleotide CAT, encoding histidine 469, two amino acid residues to the N-terminal side of the abnormal proteolytic cleavage site between residues 470 and 471. Similar to many other defects of spectrin associated with HE, this deletion occurs in helix three of repeat 5 of the proposed triple helical model of spectrin repeats.
A Novel Form of Breast Intraoperative Radiation Therapy With CT-Guided High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: Results of a Prospective Phase 1 Clinical Trial

Purpose Existing intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) techniques are criticized for the lack of image guided treatment planning and energy deposition with, at times, poor resultant dosimetry and low radiation dose. We pioneered a novel method of IORT that incorporates customized, computed tomography (CT)-based treatment planning and high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy to overcome these drawbacks: CT-HDR-IORT. Methods and Materials A phase 1 study was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of CT-HDR-IORT. Eligibility criteria included age ≥50 years, invasive or in situ breast cancer, tumor size Results Twenty-eight patients were enrolled. The 6-month follow-up assessments were completed by 93% of enrollees. The median IORT treatment interval was 67.2 minutes (range, 50-108 minutes). The treatment met feasibility criteria in 26 women (93%). The dosimetric goals were met in 22 patients (79%). There were no Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 3+ toxicities; 6 patients (21%) experienced grade 2 events. Most patients (93%) had good/excellent cosmetic outcomes at the last follow-up visit. Conclusions CT-HDR-IORT is feasible and safe. This promising approach for a conformal, image-based, higher-dose breast IORT is being evaluated in a phase 2 trial.
Neural control of aggression in Drosophila

Like most animal species, fruit flies fight to obtain and defend resources essential to survival and reproduction. Aggressive behavior in Drosophila is genetically specified and also strongly influenced by the fly's social context, past experiences and internal states, making it an excellent framework for investigating the neural mechanisms that regulate complex social behaviors. Here, I summarize our current knowledge of the neural control of aggression in Drosophila and discuss recent advances in understanding the sensory pathways that influence the decision to fight or court, the neuromodulatory control of aggression, the neural basis by which internal states can influence both fighting and courtship, and how social experience modifies aggressive behavior.
REINVENTING REFERENCE: HOW LIBRARIES DELIVER VALUE IN THE AGE OF GOOGLE. Anderson, Katie Elson, and Bowman Cvetkovic, Vibiana (Eds.)

Reinventing Reference is a modestly sized book with the ambitious goal of covering a great deal of ground. It groups nine essays on history, trends and directions, and the projected state of refere...
Neurophilosophy at Work: Neurosemantics: On the Mapping of Minds and the Portrayal of Worlds

Introduction: The Problem A perennial problem in the philosophy of language, and in the theory of mind, concerns the proper criterion for mapping the lexicon of one language onto the lexicon of another, or the concepts of one person's conceptual framework onto the concepts of another's, in such a fashion as to preserve sense, meaning, or semantic identity across the pairings effected by such a mapping (see Figure 8.1). This “translational” problem is part and parcel, of course, of the larger ontological problem of what meaning is and of what concepts are, and thus it is unlikely to be solved independently of some correlative account of both of these background matters. Disagreements on the former topic are sure to be entangled with disagreements on the latter topics, and so it is with those of us who defend a state-space semantics (SSS) approach to these problems against those who champion a language-of-thought (LOT) approach. For SSS theorists, concepts are functionally salient points , regions , or trajectories in various neuronal activation spaces; for LOT theorists, concepts are functionally salient wordlike elements in a languagelike system of internal representations. For both groups, however, the plausibility of their favored approach depends, in part, on the integrity and plausibility of the inevitably quite different accounts of “translation” that they provide. The present paper takes up these issues as they are variously developed in three recent papers.
How important is NK alloreactivity and KIR in allogeneic transplantation

Relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo HCT) is a major cause of death in transplant recipients. Efforts to control relapse by promoting donor T-cell alloreactivity, such as withdrawal of immune suppression or donor lymphocyte infusions, are limited by the propensity to induce graft versus host disease (GVHD) and by inadequate efficacy. Therefore, options for AML patients who have relapsed AML after allo HCT are few and outcomes are poor. Similar to T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells have potent anti-leukemia effector capacity, and yet unlike T-cells, NK cells do not mediate GVHD. Furthermore, their function does not require matching of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) between donor and recipient. Maximizing donor NK alloreactivity thus holds the exciting possibility to induce the graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect without engendering GVHD. Among the array of activating and inhibitory NK cell surface receptors, the killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) play a central role in modulating NK effector function. Here we will review how KIR mediates donor alloreactivity, discuss the role of KIR gene and allele typing to optimize allo HCT donor selection, and discuss how KIR may aid adoptive NK and other cell therapies.
2,4-D-Resistant Buckhorn Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) in Managed Turf

A population of buckhorn plantain with suspected resistance to 2,4-D was identified in central Indiana following 30 yr of 2,4-D-containing herbicide applications. Our objectives were to (1) confirm and quantify the level of herbicide resistance in the buckhorn plantain population using dose-response experiments and (2) find alternative herbicides that could be used to control this population. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to quantify the dose-response of resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes of buckhorn plantain to both 2,4-D and triclopyr, two synthetic auxin herbicides from different chemical families. The R biotype was ≥6.2 times less sensitive to 2,4-D than the S biotype. The efficacy of triclopyr was similar on both the R and S biotypes of buckhorn plantain, suggesting the absence of cross-resistance to this herbicide. This is the first report of 2,4-D resistance in buckhorn plantain and the first report of 2,4-D resistance in turf. The resistance mechanism was limited to within a chemical family (phenoxycarboxylic acid) and did not occur across all WSSA Group 4 synthetic auxin herbicides, as the pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides clopyralid and triclopyr and the arylpicolinate herbicide halauxifen-methyl provided control in our experiments.Nomenclature: 2,4-D, clopyralid, halauxifen-methyl, triclopyr, buckhorn plantain, Plantago lanceolata L. PLALA