cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and Characterization of Human Tissue Prokallikrein and Kallikrein Isoforms Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

We report here the expression of recombinant human prokallikrein and kallikrein in engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with a human genomic gene encoding preprokallikrein. At high expression levels, recombinant prokallikrein, an inactive proenzyme form, is predominantly secreted into the culture medium. Upon chromatographic separations, the inactive prokallikrein as well as the mature kallikrein after thermolysin activation of the proenzyme can be prepared to apparent purity. Both prokallikrein and kallikrein can be further separated into two distinct high- and low-molecular-weight isoforms. Kallikrein preparations are fully active in standard kallikrein activity assays such as esterase activity and kinin release from kininogen. Both kallikrein and prokallikrein display multiple molecular forms with differences in both molecular sizes and charges. The structural differences in high- and low-molecular-weight kallikreins or prokallikreins were found to be due to glycosylation, with the high-molecular-weight species glycosylated at three Asn-linked sites and the low-molecular-weight species at two of the three Asn-linked sites. The multiply charged kallikrein isoforms are derived from different numbers of sialic acids attached at the detected Asn-linked carbohydrates. In comparison with kallikrein, prokallikrein appears to show a significant decrease in the magnitude of near uv-circular dichroism bands, suggesting a change in local conformation. This conformational change correlates with the loss of activity in proenzyme due to the presence of propeptide.
Raman and x-ray spectra of single-crystal Bi-Sb alloys

Raman and x-ray spectra have been recorded for single-crystal Bi-Sb alloys over most of the compositional range. The long-wavelength optical-phonon frequencies of pure Bi and Sb are changed only slightly by alloying. At least one new Raman mode appears in the mixed crystals which cannot be explained by a model of random atom occupancy of lattice sites. X-ray diffractometer studies rule out most, but not all arrangements of long-range order in the alloys. A broadening and splitting of x-ray peaks is observed and is interpreted as indicating macroscopic inhomogeneities either of crystal composition or crystal domain orientation.
Biomechanical scaling of mandibular dimensions in New World monkeys

Previous studies show that folivorous Old World monkeys have shorter, deeper mandibles and shorter, wider condyles than frugivorous ones. These morphologies have been related to leaf mastication in colobines and ingestion of large, tough fruits in cercopithecines. This study examines New World monkeys in order to determine whether they exhibit similar adaptations to diet. New World monkeys have relatively long, transversely thin mandibles and somewhat deep mandibles and narrow condyles. Except for their deep mandibles, folivorous New World monkeys (i.e., Alouatta) do not exhibit the mandibular and condylar specializations typical of cercopithecid folivores. Reliance on comparatively nonfibrous foods plus alterations in masticatory muscle ratios among New World monkeys partially accounts for observed differences between folivorous New and Old World monkeys. In addition, adaptations for howling in Alouatta appear to have a significant effect on mandibular morphology. A biomechanical interpretation of craniofacial scaling patterns suggests that the mandibles of New World monkeys are subjected to lower condylar loads and considerably less twisting of the mandibular corpus than those of comparable Old World monkeys.
Effects of Delay Time and AC Factors on Negative Bias Temperature Instability of PMOSFETs

In this study, the delay-dependent negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) was performed and a power law relationship between the lifetime and the delay time was found. The AC lifetimes under dynamic stress as a function of duty cycle and frequency were also investigated. It was observed that the time-to-failure (TTF) has an exponential dependence on duty ratio and a power law dependency on frequency. An accurate AC model incorporated with duty ratio and frequency is proposed. The mechanisms due to the effect of recovery are discussed.
Population genetics of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Klamath River

An analysis of population structure and genetic diversity was conducted on samples of Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead/rainbow trout) from 33 sites in the Klamath–Trinity River basin. Genotype data from 16 microsatellite loci in almost 1,700 fish revealed genetic differentiation between most sampled locations. Two pairs of samples from the same sites in different years were not significantly different, indicating stability of population structure, at least on a short time scale. Most sampling sites were genetically distinct from all other sampling sites, and there was an evidence of geographic structure within the Klamath–Trinity River basin, although populations from tributaries within the watershed (e.g. Salmon River, Scott River, Clear Creek) did not always constitute distinct genetic lineages. Population structure was evident using phylogeographic trees, isolation by distance analyses and individual assignment tests, which all found a relationship between geographic and genetic distance. Populations in the lower Klamath region, below the confluence with the Trinity River, consistently clustered together in phylogeographic analyses and had patterns of genetic diversity that suggest reduced gene flow between these sites and sites above the confluence. Finally, in an analysis that included data from other coastal California rivers, the populations closest to the mouth of the Klamath River appeared intermediate between populations from adjacent watersheds and the lineage formed by the other populations in the Klamath–Trinity basin.
Epidemiology and clinical pathophysiology of uric acid kidney stones

There is global diversity in the prevalence of uric acid (UA) nephrolithiasis. UA nephrolithiasis comprises 8–10 % of all kidney stones in the United States. However, its prevalence is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and those with obesity. Three significant urinary abnormalities have been described as the main etiologic factors for the development of UA nephrolithiasis; low urinary pH, hyperuricosuria and low urinary volume. However, an unduly acidic urine below the ionization constant of uric acid (pKa < 5.5) increases the urinary content of undissociated uric acid and thereby uric acid precipitation. Previous studies have shown the two major pathogenic mechanisms for unduly urinary pH are increased net acid excretion (NAE) and reduced renal ammonium (NH4 +), with a combination resulting in overly acidic urine. The impaired ammonium excretion has been demonstrated in a steady state in 24-hour urine and also following an oral ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) challenge to amplify ammoniogenic defects in this population. Similar abnormalities have been disclosed in normal populations and also in T2DM populations without kidney stones. To date, the underlying mechanism of increased acid production, source and nature of putative organic acid anions have not been fully elucidated. One plausible mechanism is the production of organic acid by intestinal and aerobic metabolism. This may occur in obese, diabetic and uric acid stone formers due to the differences in gut microflora.
Rapid-course radiation therapy of cerebral metastases: results and complications.

Eighty-three patients (Group A) with parenchymal brain metastases were treated with “rapid-course” whole brain irradiation (1500 rad in 2 treatments) and the results were compared retrospectively with a group of 79 patients (Group B) treated conventionally (approximately 3000 rad in 15 treatments). Neurologic improvement occurred in 57% of patients in Group A and 62.3% of Group B. Median duration of remission was shorter in Group A: 2.0 vs. 3.5 months (p = 0.059); median duration of survival was significantly shorter in Group A: 59 vs. 116 days (p < 0.02) (means: 103 vs. 147 days). Complications were significantly more frequent in Group A: 49.4% vs. 15.2% (p < 0.01). These included acute cerbral herniation (6 cases in Group A, 3 cases in Group B), headache, nausea and vomiting, and fever. The major advantage of the rapid course is the reduction of the period of treatment. Since lethal complications occurred primarily in patients with evidence for markedly elevated intracranial pressure, the “rapid course” should probably be withheld in such patients.
The Message and the Medium: The Roots/Routes of Jerome Bruner's Postmodernism

Abstract Jerome Bruner has been one of the most prominent American psychologists and educators since World War II with particular interest in and influence on social education. He has repeatedly invented new fields of study and reinvented himself in the process. A pioneer in public opinion research during the 1940s, Bruner founded the New Look school of perception in the early 1950s, the Cognitive Revolution during the late 1950s, and a post-Piagetian school of child development in the 1970s. Bruner was a positivist during the 1940s, then a structuralist through the 1960s, and a post-structuralist during the 1970s. A Cold War liberal in politics through the 1950s, he has since moved steadily to the Left. During the 1980s, Bruner emerged as a postmodernist and founded the field of cultural psychology. This article is an intellectual biography of Bruner, focusing on the influence of his early years in public opinion research and the significance of his conversion to postmodernism.
Particulate matter-induced lung inflammation increases systemic levels of PAI-1 and activates coagulation through distinct mechanisms.

Background Exposure of human populations to ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution significantly contributes to the mortality attributable to ischemic cardiovascular events. We reported that mice treated with intratracheally instilled PM develop a prothrombotic state that requires the release of IL-6 by alveolar macrophages. We sought to determine whether exposure of mice to PM increases the levels of PAI-1, a major regulator of thrombolysis, via a similar or distinct mechanism. Methods and Principal Findings Adult, male C57BL/6 and IL-6 knock out (IL-6−/−) mice were exposed to either concentrated ambient PM less than 2.5 µm (CAPs) or filtered air 8 hours daily for 3 days or were exposed to either urban particulate matter or PBS via intratracheal instillation and examined 24 hours later. Exposure to CAPs or urban PM resulted in the IL-6 dependent activation of coagulation in the lung and systemically. PAI-1 mRNA and protein levels were higher in the lung and adipose tissue of mice treated with CAPs or PM compared with filtered air or PBS controls. The increase in PAI-1 was similar in wild-type and IL-6−/− mice but was absent in mice treated with etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor. Treatment with etanercept did not prevent the PM-induced tendency toward thrombus formation. Conclusions Mice exposed to inhaled PM exhibited a TNF-α-dependent increase in PAI-1 and an IL-6-dependent activation of coagulation. These results suggest that multiple mechanisms link PM-induced lung inflammation with the development of a prothrombotic state.
Large-scale delamination of multi-layers transition metal carbides and carbonitrides “MXenes”

Herein we report on a general approach to delaminate multi-layered MXenes using an organic base to induce swelling that in turn weakens the bonds between the MX layers. Simple agitation or mild sonication of the swollen MXene in water resulted in the large-scale delamination of the MXene layers. The delamination method is demonstrated for vanadium carbide and titanium carbonitride MXenes.
Similarities between metallothionein and low molecular weight testicular cadmium-binding protein.

The incorporation of35S-cysteine and3H-glutamic acid was studied in mouse hepatic and renal metallothionein and in testicular cadmium-binding protein of similar molecular weight. Preferential incorporation of35S-cysteine over3H-glutamic acid was observed not only in hepatic and renal metallothionein, but also in testicular cadmium-binding protein. When the antigenic reactivity of these proteins was compared, all three proteins reacted with the metallothionein antibody. These similarities suggest that the low molecular weight testicular cadmium-binding protein is apparently metallothionein.
The Addition Methods of First- and Second-Grade Children.

This study is concerned with the procedures used by firstand second-grade children in solving addition problems. First, consider the precursors of such procedures that emerge even before the onset of schooling. Hebbeler (1978) has shown that children of preschool age can use counting methods to solve addition problems involving concrete objects. Cross-cultural research (Posner, 1978; Ginsburg, 1978) has shown that in the Ivory Coast both preschool children and older children not attending school are capable of solving such concrete addition problems. Zaslavsky (1974) describes many nonliterate African cultures displaying fairly sophisticated methods for solving various mathematical tasks. In brief, techniques for dealing with addition develop before the onset of schooling or without the benefit of schooling in nonliterate cultures. These informal procedures then have effects on what is learned in school. According to Ginsburg (1977), children assimilate school arithmetic into existing cognitive structures, in this case the counting strategies developed in the preschool years. The results are often "invented strategies." He reports various case studies showing that in the first several grades addition is usually accomplished by means of some form of counting, even when this is not the method taught in school. These invented strategies are often combinations of remembered addition facts and counting procedures. Thus, a child might say that "6 and 6 is 12 because I remembered that 5 and 5 is 10, and then I go 11, 12." Groen and Resnick (1977) also describe "invented" addition algorithms in preschool children. There are few systematic studies that deal with addition strategies in young children. Groen and Parkman (1972) and Suppes and Groen (1967) investigated several different procedures which might be used by first graders on problems with two single-digit addends. Suppes and Groen (1967)
On utrocular discrimination

Observers with good stereoacuity judged which eye received sine-wave grating patterns in a two-category forced-choice procedure. Large individual differences were found, but for most observers reliable discrimination was achieved at low spatial frequencies. No observer could perform the task above chance levels at high spatial frequencies. Discrimination was unaffected by retinal location, grating orientation, grating contrast, stimulus duration, or practice with feedback. Among observers who could perform the task, the following results were obtained: (1) Introduction of high spatial frequency components did not interfere with performance so long as a low spatial frequency component was present. (2) When gratings of low equal spatial frequency were presented to both eyes simultaneously at different contrast levels, observers could identify which eye received the higher contrast. (3) At low spatial frequencies, observers could distinguish monocular from binocular presentation. (4) Temporal frequency variations (counterphase flicker) influenced performance for some observers. Binocular summation and interocular transfer were unaffected by the spatial frequency variations which modulate utrocular discrimination. A new procedure for measuring stereopsis was developed which made possible comparison of utrocular discrimination with stereopsis at specific spatial frequencies. Stereopsis appeared mildly affected by spatial frequency.
DNA-Directed Protein Immobilization on Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers via a Streptavidin Bridge

The simultaneous detection of multiple analytes is an important consideration for the advancement of biosensor technology. Currently, few sensor systems possess the capability to accurately and precisely detect multiple antigens. This work presents a simple approach for the functionalization of sensor surfaces suitable for multichannel detection. This approach utilizes self-assembled monolayer (SAM) chemistry to create a nonfouling, functional sensor platform based on biotinylated single-stranded DNA immobilized via a streptavidin bridge to a mixed SAM of biotinylated alkanethiol and oligo(ethylene glycol). Nonspecific binding is minimized with the nonfouling background of the sensor surface. A usable protein chip is generated by applying protein-DNA conjugates which are directed to specific sites on the sensor chip surface by utilizing the specificity of DNA hybridization. The described platform is demonstrated in a custom-built surface plasmon resonance biosensor. The detection capabilities of a sensor using this protein array have been characterized using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The platform shows a higher sensitivity in detection of hCG than that observed using biotinylated antibodies. Results also show excellent specificity in protein immobilization to the proper locations in the array. The vast number of possible DNA sequences combine with the selectivity of base-pairing makes this platform an excellent candidate for a sensor capable of multichannel protein detection.
Bronchoscopic therapy with neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser during intravenous anesthesia. Effect on arterial blood gas levels, pH, hemoglobin saturation, and production of abnormal hemoglobin.

Photoresection with the neodymium-yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) laser has been shown to be an effective bronchoscopic treatment for patients with obstructive lesions of the airway. We monitored levels of arterial blood gases, carbon monoxide, methemoglobin, and sulfmethemoglobin, and the hemoglobin oxygen saturation by ear oximeter in patients during intravenous anesthesia. The measurements were made after induction but before treatment with the Nd-YAG laser, during treatment, and immediately after treatment. Thirteen patients were entered into the study, ten of whom were used for statistical analysis. Partial arterial oxygen pressure decreased significantly during treatment (p
Deadlock avoidance in sequential resource allocation systems with multiple resource acquisitions and flexible routings

Considers the deadlock avoidance problem for the class of conjunctive/disjunctive (sequential) resource allocation systems (C/D-RAS), which allows for multiple resource acquisitions and flexible routings. First, a siphon-based characterization for the liveness of Petri nets (PNs) modeling C/D-RAS is developed, and subsequently, this characterization facilitates the development of a polynomial-complexity deadlock avoidance policy (DAP) that is appropriate for the considered RAS class. The resulting policy is characterized as C/D-RUN. The last part of the paper exploits the aforementioned siphon-based characterization of C/D-RAS liveness, in order to develop a sufficiency condition for C/D-RAS liveness that takes the convenient form of a mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation. The availability of this MIP formulation subsequently allows the "automatic" correctness verification of any tentative C/D-RAS DAP for which the controlled system behavior remains in the class of PNs modeling C/D-RAS, and the effective flexibility enhancement of the aforementioned C/D-RUN DAP implementations. Finally, we notice that, in addition to extending and complementing the current theory on deadlock-free sequential resource allocation to the most powerful class of C/D-RAS, the presented results also (i) nontrivially generalize important concepts and techniques of ordinary PN structural analysis to the broader class of nonordinary PNs, while (ii) from a practical standpoint, they can find direct application in the (work-) flow management of modern production, service and/or transportation environments.
Stonehenge: Making Space

Stonehenge: Making Space. Barbara Bender. Oxford: Berg, 1998. xiv. 254 pp., illustrations, figures, notes, bibliography, Index.
Relationship between Epicardial S-T Segment Changes and Myocardial Metabolism during Acute Coronary Insufficiency

Canine left ventricular wall metabolites (ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and lactate) were assessed in the ischemic region of the wall after 17 minutes of ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery at its midlevel. Variations in the degree of lactate accumulation were found between different sites in the same ischemic region and between the outer and the inner left ventricular wall at the same site. High levels of lactate were associated with S-T segment elevation in the epicardial electrocardiogram, but no lactate accumulation or only mild lactate accumulation was found at isoelectric sites. Lactate accumulation at isoelectric sites was higher in the outer wall than it was in the inner wall; the opposite tendency was observed at sites of S-T segment elevation. In addition to high lactate levels, sites of S-T segment elevation demonstrated a more pronounced depletion of ATP and creatine phosphate, indicating not only a marked anaerobic glycolysis but also a more pronounced overall anaerobic stress. No relationship was found, however, between the absolute magnitude of S-T segment elevation and the degree of lactate accumulation or ATP depletion at sites of S-T segment elevation within the ischemic region. The data obtained in this study demonstrate that during myocardial ischemia epicardial sites of S-T segment elevation are sites of pronounced subendocardial and epicardial ischemia and of anaerobic metabolism.
WORKING WITH AND LEARNING FROM BRIT

I had been closely working with Dr. Britton Chance from 2005–2010 on imaging mitochondrial redox state in cancer and stem cells. I had also learned much from him in daily work and personal life. Here I would like to share some of my memories and experiences including (1) Great science is not necessarily done with top-grade expensive instruments; (2) Brit was genuinely interested in and dedicated to science; (3) Brit's attention to detail and timely action; (4) Brit's open-mindedness; and (5) Brit being modest, appreciative, and caring for others.
Ultrasonic evaluation of oxygen content, modulus, and microstructure changes in YBa2Cu3O7-x occuring during oxidation and reduction

Ultrasonic velocity measurement techniques were used to evaluate the effects of oxidation and reduction on the elastic properties, global microstructure and oxygen content of the YBa2Cu3O(7-x) ceramic superconductor for samples ranging from 70 to 90 pct of theoretical density. Bulk density, velocity, and elastic modulus generally increased with increasing oxygen content upon oxidation, and this behavior was reversible. Velocity image patterns were similar after oxidation and reduction treatments for a 90 pct. dense sample, although the velocity value at any given point on the sample was changed following the treatments. The unchanging pattern correlated with destructive measurements showing that the spatial pore distribution (fraction and size) was not measurably altered after the treatments. Changes in superconducting behavior, crystal structure, and grain structure were observed consistent with changes in oxygen content.
Identification and Diagenesis of a Phylloid Alga: Archaeolithophyllum from the Pennsylvanian Providence Limestone, Western Kentucky

ABSTRACT Phylloid algae in the Pennsylvanian Providence Limestone (Desmoinesian) in western Kentucky are typical in appearance: thin, arcuate, leaflike forms with a calcite mosaic interior. Cathodoluminescence and backscattered electron imaging reveal well-preserved skeletal structure and their identity as Archaeolithophyllum sp. Johnson, 1956 and A. missouriensum Johnson, 1956. Thin skeletal walls are composed of nonluminescent neomorphic calcite. Polygonal hypothallial and perithallial cells in the skeletons are filled by luminescent calcite cement. Chemical staining also distinguishes cell morphology when ferroan calcite cement is present in skeletal pores, in contrast to the nonferroan calcite forming skeletal walls. Hypothallial cells in Archaeolithophyllum are 25 µm 50 µm and are commonly arranged in arcuate layers. Skeletal walls (5 µm thick) are composed of calcite and lack distinctive relict features, although some are microporous and contain fine, disseminated pyrite. Some thalli contain large irregularly shaped hypothallial cells (50-100 µm) partitioned by skeletal walls. These are interpreted as poorly calcified thallus fragments. Neomorphic calcite of the skeletons contains high concentrations of Sr (average 3702 ppm, range 339-10,549 ppm), strongly suggesting that the original Archaeolithophyllum skeleton was aragonitic. Archaeolithophyllum shares morphological, structural, and compositional characteristics with Holocene peyssonnelid algae. This evidence substantiates earlier hypotheses that Archaeolithophyllum may be an ancestral peyssonnelid alga. Calcite cements filling skeletal cells include a bright-yellow-CL phase and two subsequent phases of dull-red and dull-yellow luminescence. Mg, Mn, and Fe are enriched in these calcites, reflecting reducing diagenetic fluids particularly enriched in Fe. Cementation of skeletons by ferroan calcite during early diagenesis appears to have protected skeletons from dissolution and promoted slow rates of neomorphism. Conditions of a nearly closed system are constrained by the high retention of Sr in the skeletal calcite.
Using the analytic hierarchy process in a dynamic environment

Abstract The Analytic Hierarchy Process ( AHP ) is a decision analysis technique that uses judgements from a group of relevant decision makers along with hierarchical decomposition to derive a set of ratioscaled measures for decision alternatives. This paper addresses implementation issues for the AHP when the alternatives become available to the decision maker sequentially rather than simultaneously. Uncertainty about the value of future alternatives and the number of alternatives is included. We present a technique similar to the classic “secretary problem” of operations research and describe some sample results of using this technique. The procedure involves prioritizing criteria of possible alternatives before the alternatives became available, scoring the alternatives and then comparing the score of an alternative with an easily computed (through a dynamic programming recursion) critical value.
A -type antiferromagnetic and C -type orbital-ordered states in LaMnO 3 using cooperative Jahn-Teller phonons

The effect of Jahn-Teller phonons on the magnetic and orbital structure of ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ is investigated using a combination of relaxation and Monte Carlo techniques on three-dimensional clusters of ${\mathrm{MnO}}_{6}$ octahedra. In the physically relevant region of parameter space for ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3},$ and after including small corrections due to tilting effects, the A-type antiferromagnetic and C-type orbital structures were stabilized, in agreement with experiments.
New types of plant growth regulators of microbial origin: the likelihood of practical use.

With the exception of the brassinosteriods, all of the ‘major’ plant growth regulators have been isolated from microorganisms: IAA from Rhizopus suinis [38] and Neurospora crassa [39]; GA3 from Gibberella fujikuori (Fusarium moniliforme) [3] and other GA’s from Sphaceloma and Elsinoe species [29]; ABA from Cercospora cruenta [15, 27, 28], Botrytis cinerea [19], Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Ceratocystis coerulescens, and C. fimbriata [8]; ethylene from myriad fungi [16]; trans-zeatin, trans-zeatin riboside, and 6-(4-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-but-trans-2-enylamino)-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine from Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi [31]. However, there exist many microbial metabolites that have either plant growth regulatory or phytotoxic activity, e.g., the cytocholasins are a potent group of compounds. Cytochalasin H inhibits flowering in tobacco [43] while its congener, pyrichalasin H, inhibits root and shoot growth in rice [25]. Hexylitaconic acid significantly promotes growth in rice seedlings [17]. Neovasinone stimulates lettuce root growth 70% at 100 ppm while neovasinin inhibits root growth 50% at 300 ppm, yet the structures differ by a carbonyl function [24]. Herbicidins are potent, selective toxins that kill weeds [2, 12, 34, 35]. With respect to synthetic modifications, deoxyabscisic acid has been made with a view to regulating plant growth [32].
When Prior Belief Trumps Scholarship

Meyer holds that the emergence of animal phyla in the Cambrian demonstrates the existence of an intelligent designer.
Enumeration of vacuously transitive relations

The concept of vacuously transitive relation is defined and under an appropriate isomorphism, the equivalence classes of such relations are enumerated by use of the power group enumeration theorem [3]. This enumeration is shown to be combinatorially equivalent to a counting series derived by Harary and Prins [4] for certain kinds of bicolored graphs. Finally, it is shown that the main result can be extended to cover two additional cases of interest.
Can a discursive pragmatism guarantee objectivity? : Habermas and brandom on the correctness of norms

Robert Brandom and Jurgen Habermas both agree that all theoretical and practical determinations are normative affairs. But what grants this normative order the power to be objective? While Brandom assumes that ever new appeals to reliable perceptual judgments and inferentialist determinations eventuate objectivity, Habermas thinks that such an objectivistic presumption fails to sustain a thoroughgoing critique of norms. He insists that Brandom's model of the determination of norms cannot transcend the limits of the given social community the actors share. Habermas thus delimits an additional intersubjective space, internal to the structure of speech, by which discursive actors can distance themselves from the limits of a de facto system of norms and construct norms that have a universal extension. While pointing out that in a more recent work Brandom in fact has made a stronger case for objectivity, I explore a model that is distinct from each of their approaches: Davidson's. Davidson holds onto a causal story about rationality, while appealing to an objectivity that requires neither inferentialism nor a trans-subjective discursive space. Davidson is more sparing: he requires as the basis of the rational only the existence of another interpreter and an assumption about the basic veridicality of one's beliefs about the world. This weak naturalist move, I conclude, furnishes an adequate answer to the objectivity problem while relying upon fewer problematic assumptions about what constitutes rationality.
Evolution Is Not a Necessary Assumption of Cladistics

Although the point has already been emphasized by various authors that the assumption of descent with modification is not required to justify cladistics, recent debate suggests that there is still confusion surrounding the necessary and sufficient background knowledge underlying the method. Three general axioms necessary to justify cladistics—the discoverability of characters, hierarchy, and parsimony—are reviewed. Although the assumption of evolution is sufficient to justify cladistics, it is also sufficient to justify competing approaches like maximum likelihood, which suggests that the philosophical support for the cladistic approach is strengthened by purging reference to descent with modification altogether.
Properties of EWMA Controllers With Gain Adaptation

Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) controllers are the most commonly used run-to-run controllers in the semiconductor industry. Using a linear model, an EWMA controller can be implemented in two different ways: either process gain or process intercept can be updated using EWMA statistics at each run. The most commonly used EWMA controller formulation is to keep the process gain as its off-line estimate and update the intercept term at each run. We term this formulation as "EWMA controller with intercept adaptation (EWMA-I)", and its properties have been extensively studied and well understood. We term the other implementation, i.e., keeping the intercept term as its off-line estimate and updating the process gain at each run, as "EWMA with gain adaptation (EWMA-G)". Despite the fact that gain variation and adaptation is typical in the semiconductor industry, little research has been done to investigate the properties of an EWMA-G controller, such as its stability and sensitivity. In this work, the stability and sensitivity properties of an EWMA-G controller are investigated and compared with those of an EWMA-I controller. Both stationary and drifting processes are considered. In addition, the expressions of the process outputs are derived and the output variances for stochastic processes are evaluated. Simulation examples are given to illustrate these properties and the relevance of these properties to semiconductor process control is discussed. The analysis results will provide some useful guidance on the industrial applications of the EWMA controllers.
Defining an informativeness metric for clustering gene expression data

Motivation: Unsupervised ‘cluster’ analysis is an invaluable tool for exploratory microarray data analysis, as it organizes the data into groups of genes or samples in which the elements share common patterns. Once the data are clustered, finding the optimal number of informative subgroups within a dataset is a problem that, while important for understanding the underlying phenotypes, is one for which there is no robust, widely accepted solution. Results: To address this problem we developed an ‘informativeness metric’ based on a simple analysis of variance statistic that identifies the number of clusters which best separate phenotypic groups. The performance of the informativeness metric has been tested on both experimental and simulated datasets, and we contrast these results with those obtained using alternative methods such as the gap statistic. Availability: The method has been implemented in the Bioconductor R package attract; it is also freely available from http://compbio.dfci.harvard.edu/pubs/attract_1.0.1.zip. Contact:jess@jimmy.harvard.edu; johnq@jimmy.harvard.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL HERBICIDES FOR NO-TILL DARK TOBACCO

Field experiments were conducted at Princeton, KY in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate various herbicides for weed control in no-till dark tobacco. No-till dark tobacco was transplanted into burned-down fescue in 2004 and into burned-down wheat in 2005. All plots received sulfentrazone plus clomazone pretransplant (PRETR) at 0.42 and 0.84 kg ai/ha, respectively, prior to transplanting. Experimental herbicide treatments made after transplanting included trifloxysulfuron at 5.3 g ai/ha or halosulfuron at 53 g ai/ha applied early postemergence over-the-top (EPOT) or late post-directed (LPD). Other experimental treatments included carfentrazone at 17.5 g ai/ha LPD and paraquat at 420 g ai/ha LPD. Significant injury was observed from EPOT applications of trifloxysulfuron or halosulfuron and from LPD applications of carfentrazone or paraquat. Weed species evaluated included horsenettle and honeyvine milkweed in 2004, Eastern black nightshade and smooth pigweed in 2005, and entireleaf morningglory in both years. Paraqua...
Current Trends in Graduate Study

(1957). Current Trends in Graduate Study. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 33-34.
Images in HIV/AIDS. Keloid after herpes zoster in an HIV-infected person.

Herpes zoster, or shingles, is characterized by unilateral radicular pain and a vesicular rash that is generally limited to a single dermatome. It results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) within the sensory ganglia. The incidence and severity of herpes zoster increase with advancing age1; more than half of all persons in whom herpes zoster develops are older than 60 years. Zoster occurs with higher frequency in HIV-infected persons, and it may occur at any stage of HIV infection.2
Incidental Hyperguanidinemia in Dogs in Parathyroid Tetany

In the course of studies of the chemical composition of the blood to determine the relative importance of certain variations which may contribute to the picture of tetany following parathyroidectomy the guanidine concentration has been determined. The interest in guanidine bases originated in the work of Paton and collaborators1, 2 who believed that guanidine accumulated as a result of parathyroid deficiency and was the cause of parathyroid tetany.The method we used for the determination of guanidine was that of Major and Weber,3 with minor adaptations as described by Minot and Dodd.4 Our results on 28 parathyroidectomized dogs are shown in Table I. Although in some instances the guanidine was not determined in the blood before operation the figures which are presented on normal dogs are within the limits of 0.35 to 0.45 mg. per 100 cc, which we have found to be the normal range as determined by this method in a large number of dogs. The results in the column marked “tetany ”were obtained on samples of bl...
Courting Danger while Doing Good — Protecting Global Health Workers from Harm

Until the morning of February 26, 2010, the name Eddie Roach meant nothing to me. Then a desperate e-mail brought the 32-year-old self-described “global health missionary” into my life. Weeks earlier, Roach had been distributing handheld water purifiers in rural Uganda; now, according to his friend's SOS, he was in a Nevada intensive care unit awaiting dialysis and exchange transfusion. Diagnosis? Severe and complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The critically ill Roach had actually sought help well before he lost consciousness in his friend's upstairs bedroom. Having become sick during his last days in Africa, he wanted to stop in London . . .
Two Mobs of Jacksonian Boston: Ideology and Interest

THE 1830s were a decade of heightened concern with order and disorder in the United States. Immigrants, arriving in large numbers, threatened the basic homogeneity cherished by many Americans. These newcomers crowded into decaying urban sections like Boston's North End and Fort Hill. Poverty, crime, and disease were on the rise. Sectional tensions were evident, and they were exacerbated by the agitation of the abolitionists. Mob violence of various motivations-religious, ethnic, and ideological-was increasing. Mayor Samuel A. Eliot of Boston noticed a "spirit of violence" abroad in the city and in the nation.' In America, an ideal of order has coexisted with a reality of disorder.2 The nation was born of revolution (the very essence of disorder), yet its people have continually prized order and regularity to temper the flux and uncertainty of their lives. Historians have thus far only described such tensions. To explain them,
Urban sustainability: from neoliberal governance to the right to the city

The sustainable development (SD) paradigm has attained a near universal level of acceptance among environmental theorists and practitioners. Part of the success of SD over the last three decades rests on its assumed political neutrality. This paper contests that neutrality and argues that in fact SD is a clear outshoot of neoliberal governance. The idea of the right to the city offers a concrete counter-model to SD as it relates specifically to the city. Finally, the most salient environmental failure of SD concerns intergovernmental efforts to tackle climate change. On this front, the widely touted mechanism of metropolitan climate action plans merely serves to undermine further the credibility of the nation state as an environmental agent. As Anthony Giddens (2011) has recently argued, it is necessary to overcome the neoliberal limits placed on state action if credible long-term responses to climate change are to emerge.
The landscapes of class negotiation on coffee plantations in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica: 1790-1850.

Analyzing the material elements of class negotiation should be a focus of historical archaeology. One of the most promising forms of material culture with which to conduct such analysis is landscape. To examine how landscapes shaped the negotiation of class relations in 19th century Jamaica, the material remains of three coffee plantations—Sherwood Forest, Clydesdale, and Chesterfield—are described and analyzed. The archaeological analysis of the landscapes of 19th century class negotiation can shed light on the historical development of capitalist social processes, many of which still impact the negotiation of class relations today. —Free negroes are found to act differently from other free men; not because they differ from others in character, but because their circumstances are different; and just in proportion as they are brought within the reach of those motives by which Europeans are governed, will their conduct resemble that of the natives of Europe (Henry George Grey to the Deputation of the Standing Committee of West India Planters, 1833).
Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt(111) in Alkaline Solution: Importance of Chemisorbed Water on Surface

We report a detailed mechanistic study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pt(111) in alkaline solution, combining density functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. A complex reaction network including four possible pathways via either 2e– or 4e– transfer is established and is able to reproduce the experimental measured polarization curve at both low- and high-potential regions. Our results show that it is essential to account for solvation by water and the dynamic coverage of *OH to describe the reaction kinetics well. In addition, a chemisorbed water (*H2O)-mediated mechanism including 4e– transfers is identified, where the reduction steps via *H2O on the surface are potential-independent and only the final removal of *OH from the surface in the form of OH–(aq) contributes to the current. For the ORR in alkaline solutions, such a mechanism is more competitive than the associative and dissociative mechanisms typically used to describe the ORR in acid solution. Finally, *OH and **O2 int...
Simulation and Behavioral Modeling

Simulation with accurate and realistic models has been an invaluable tool for the verification of the electrical performance of integrated circuits. Simulators hold a particularly important place in the world of analog and mixed-signal design tools. Primarily, they verify that the circuit as designed will perform as expected. They are also used in design space exploration. It is most important that a simulator be trustworthy, but it is also important that the simulator be fast and robust. When designing very high-performance circuits, accurate prediction of the time and frequency-domain behavior of the circuit is needed. Such prediction can only be achieved by the use of circuit simulators that analyze detailed waveforms. These simulators (e.g. SPICE [217][248]) can provide accurate results, but sometimes at the expense of very long (possibly unaffordable) computing time. In particular, when complex analog and mixed-signal systems are being designed, accurate circuit simulation of the entire circuit is out of the question. The complexity in terms of the number of components, and of the types of analyses makes the use of SPICE too time consuming. Moreover, it may not be possible to use a circuit simulator to make design “decisions” at the “higher” levels in a top-down design process, because the detailed circuit implementations of the sub-blocks may not be available at that particular level of the design hierarchy.
Complement targeting of nonhuman sialic acid does not mediate cell death of human embryonic stem cells

Complement targeting of nonhuman sialic acid does not mediate cell death of human embryonic stem cells
First-order model counting in a nutshell

First-order model counting recently emerged as a computational tool for high-level probabilistic reasoning. It is concerned with counting satisfying assignments to sentences in first-order logic and upgrades the successful propositional model counting approaches to probabilistic reasoning. We give an overview of model counting as it is applied in statistical relational learning, probabilistic programming, databases, and hybrid reasoning. A short tutorial illustrates the principles behind these solvers. Finally, we show that first-order counting is a fundamentally different problem from the propositional counting techniques that inspired it.
Hearing loss in enlarged vestibular aqueduct and incomplete partition type II

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this work is to identify the role of incomplete partition type II on hearing loss among patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA). Background EVA is a common congenital inner ear malformation among children with hearing loss, where vestibular aqueduct morphology in this population has been shown to correlate to hearing loss. However, the impact of incomplete partition between cochlear turns on hearing loss has not been, despite meaningful implications for EVA pathophysiology. Methods A retrospective review of radiology reports for patients who had computed tomography (CT) scans with diagnoses of hearing loss at a tertiary medical center between January 2000 and June 2016 were screened for EVA. CT scans of the internal auditory canal (IAC) for those patients with EVA were examined for evidence of incomplete partition type II (IP-II), measurements of midpoint width and operculum width a second time, and patients meeting Cincinnati criteria for EVA selected for analysis. Statistical analysis including chi-square, Wilcoxon rank-sum, and t -tests were used to identify differences in outcomes and clinical predictors, as appropriate for the distribution of the data. Linear mixed models of hearing test results for all available tests were constructed, both univariable and adjusting for vestibular aqueduct morphometric features, with ear-specific intercepts and slopes over time. Results There were no statistically significant differences in any hearing test results or vestibular aqueduct midpoint and operculum widths. Linear mixed models, both univariable and those adjusting for midpoint and operculum widths, did not indicate a statistically significant effect of incomplete partition type II on hearing test results. Conclusions Hearing loss due to enlarged vestibular aqueduct does not appear to be affected by the presence of incomplete partition type II. Our results suggest that the pathophysiological processes underlying hearing loss in enlarged vestibular aqueduct may not be a result of cochlear malformation, and instead are more likely to involve vestibular aqueduct or cellular and molecular-level mechanisms of hearing loss.
Non-photochemical quenching in four unicellular algae with different light-harvesting and xanthophyll-cycle pigments

Photosynthetic organisms have developed pathways to safely dissipate excessive energy as heat. In eukaryotic cells the major pathway of energy dissipation requires acidification of the thylakoid lumen and is termed ‘energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching’ (NPQ). Lumen acidification also causes de-epoxidation of xanthophyll-cycle pigments. In higher plants, the extent of NPQ and the de-epoxidation state (DPS) of the xanthophyll-cycle show a linear correlation (1). Conversely, the inhibition of xanthophyll de-epoxidation by ditiothreithol (DTT) prevents a large part of NPQ (2). Therefore xanthophyll de-epoxidation is thought to be essential to a rise in NPQ although the mechanism of xanthophyll-dependent NPQ is still uncertain (3, 4). In order to further test the hypothesis that energy-dependent quenching is a function of the accumulation of de epoxidized carotenoids, we examined algae with different combinations of light-har-vesting and xanthophyll-cycle pigments (Table 1).