cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The resolution of approach-avoidance conflict

Abstract Betting problems which established approach-avoidance conflicts were administered to college students in five experiments. The results of these experiments led to the development of a two-gradient model of approach-avoidance conflict. This model completed the integration of the essential postulates in Miller's conflict (1944) and displacement (1948) models, reduced the number of these postulates, modified the resolution postulate, and, at the same time, allowed an increase in the number of different kinds of approach-avoidance conflicts that could be considered. A review of previous conflict studies led to the conclusions that two different procedures are used to produce conflict and that a single-gradient model should be used when conflict is produced by the punishment of an approach response, while the two-gradient model developed in the present experiments should be used when conflicts are produced by the simultaneous arousal of independently established approach and avoidance tendencies.
Density and flux analysis for the collinear H + H2, reaction

Abstract Quantal wavefunction, density and flux maps have been computed for the hydrogen exchange reaction. We find that the threshold for appearance of quantal
Paradoxical fixation of deleterious alleles in two-locus systems with epistasis

The dynamics of four deterministic models of interaction between two Mendelian loci are explored numerically. At one locus there are two hypostatic alleles: h, the wild type and H, a deleterious mutant that in either heterozygous or homozygous state (depending on the specifics of the model) produces an abnormal phenotype. At another arbitrarily linked epistatic locus there are two alleles: e, the wild type with no effect on the expression of the H locus, and E, an epistatic mutant that in heterozygous or homozygous state (again, depending on the specifics of the model) blocks the expression of H. The parameters are the initial gamete frequencies, the recombination fraction, the genotypic viabilities, and the forward and back mutation rates at each locus. The He haplotype is eventually eliminated (unless back mutation occurs) from the population. If mutation is ignored, the evolutionary outcome is determined by the initial gamete frequencies and is either (1) an edge equilibrium comprising one pair of haplotypes only (he and He, or he and hE, or hE and HE, or He and HE, or, if there is no recombination, he and HE or hE and He); or (2) a corner equilibrium consisting of a single gametic type. Given that the forward mutation rates at both loci are greater than the back mutation rates, then the outcome is always the corner equilibrium in which HE is universal (apart from transient perturbations by mutation). In the process of fixation, the phenotypic impact of the deleterious allele H becomes neutralized by the epistatic allele E. The rate at which the initially harmful gene replaces the wild type gene depends on the recombination fraction, the genotypic viabilities, and the mutation rates.
Effect of alcohol ingestion on regional cerebral blood flow.

Regional distribution of cerebral blood flow was assessed in 10 normal social drinkers following consumption of. 75 g/kg alcohol and in a control session without alcohol. Alcohol increased blood flow in the gray matter in all brain areas except the left anterior area. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of alcohol on regional cerebral activation.
Traffic prediction and dynamic bandwidth allocation over ATM: a neural network approach

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) has been recommended as the transport vehicle for Broadband Integrated Service Digital Networks (BISDN). The ATM technology offers a great flexibility of transmission bandwidth allocation to accommodate diverse demands of multimedia connections, which include data, voice, video, graphics and images. One major application in ATM networks is to provide real-time, low-loss and minimum-delay transmission of variable bit rate (VBR) traffic which is highly bursty, non-stationary and correlated. In this work we adopt neural network methodology to predict VBR traffic represented by a continuous autoregressive (AR) Markov model. We have found that a simple 1-5-1 backpropagation neural network can accurately predict the VBR traffic. Based on prediction results obtained from neural networks, we propose a dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme for ATM. The proposed scheme is simulated under various traffic loads and buffer sizes. Its performance in terms of cell loss, cell delay and link utilization is examined and compared with two other bandwidth allocation schemes: the static average bandwidth allocation scheme, and the optimal (ideal) bandwidth allocation scheme. Experiments show that for most of the time, performance of the proposed dynamic bandwidth allocation is much better than that of the static average bandwidth allocation, and in many cases it is very close to that of the ideal bandwidth allocation.
Adenyl cyclase in hepatic parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells.

Adenyl cyclase activity was measured in plasma membrane fractions isolated from homogeneous parenchymal and reticuloendothelial (RE) liver cells. A minimum of 98 percent of the total plasma membrane adenyl cyclase is associated with rat liver parenchymal cells. The adenyl cyclase specific activity of parenchymal cell membranes is about six times that of RE membranes. The adenyl cyclase from both cell types is stimulated by fluoride and glucagon.
A blood volume heart weight relationship.

Abstract Since the heart is involved in moving blood through the body, we can inquire as to a possible relationship between heart weight and the blood volume. Such a relationship can be constructed by use of Burke's equation, describing the blood oxygen capacity in terms of the body weight, and an allometric formula. The resultant equation describes the relative heart weight ( H B ) in terms of the blood volume (V). On logarithmic plots of (H B) as a function of V, the slope of the line is given by (x − 1) (n + 1) , where n is Burke's exponent and x is the allometric exponent. In cases where there is a linear relationship between H B and V, the exponents are related by x = n + 2. The linear relationship apparently holds for adult porpoises. Values of the parameter (x − 1) (n + 1) in the rat were discussed.
A new physically-based fully-realizable nonequilibrium reynolds stress closure for turbulent Flow RANS modeling

Based on the physics underlying turbulence anisotropy in the equilibrium and nonequilibrium limits, a new physically-based, fully-realizable, nonequilibrium k i † RANS model has been developed. The model is based on an efiective strain rate tensor that accounts for the strain history to which the turbulence has been subjected. This new model is applied to four distinctly difierent test cases for which the nonequilibrium history integral can be evaluated analytically. Results obtained from this new closure model show dramatically improved agreement with experimental and computational data when compared with the standard ki† (SKE) model, without the need to vary any model parameters. The introduction of a nonequilibrium efiective strain rate allows this new model to be applied within a similar framework as currently used for two-equation eddy viscosity models, thereby permitting relatively simple implementation in existing CFD codes.
High-order generalized Gauss–Radau and Gauss–Lobatto formulae for Jacobi and Laguerre weight functions

The generation of generalized Gauss–Radau and Gauss–Lobatto quadrature formulae by methods developed by us earlier breaks down in the case of Jacobi and Laguerre measures when the order of the quadrature rules becomes very large. The reason for this is underflow resp. overflow of the respective monic orthogonal polynomials. By rescaling of the polynomials, and other corrective measures, the problem can be circumvented, and formulae can be generated of orders as high as 1,000.
CHROMOSPHERICALLY ACTIVE STARS. XXIV. THE GIANT, SINGLE-LINED BINARIES HD 37824, HD 181809, AND HD 217188

We have obtained spectroscopy and photometry of three chromospherically active, single-lined spectroscopic binaries, HD 37824 (V1149 Ori), HD 181809 (V4138 Sgr), and HD 217188 (AZ Psc). HD 37824 has a circular orbit with a period of 53.57 days. Its primary is a K0 III star, while the secondary is likely a G or K dwarf. HD 181809 has an orbit with a period of 13.04667 days and a low eccentricity of 0.040. The primary has a spectral type of K0 III–IV, and its secondary is probably an M dwarf. The orbit of HD 217188 has a period of 47.1209 days and a moderately high eccentricity of 0.470. The spectral type of the primary is K0 III, while the secondary is likely an M dwarf. All three systems are estimated to have near solar iron abundances. Photometric observations spanning 15–16 years for all three stars yield mean photometric periods of 53.12, 59.85, and 90.89 days for HD 37824, HD 181809, and HD 217188, respectively. Thus, HD 37824 is rotating synchronously with the orbital period, while HD 181809 and HD 217188 are both rotating considerably slower than synchronously. All three stars show long-term variations in mean brightness and photometric amplitude, but no correlations are observed between the seasonal mean brightness, photometric amplitude, and seasonal photometric period in any of the stars. No clear evidence for long-term periodic variations in any of these parameters is present. The circular orbit of HD 37824 and the synchronous rotation of its K giant argue that the star is in the core helium-burning phase of its evolution. The giant components of HD 181809 and HD 217188 are asynchronous rotators, and both systems have eccentric orbits. Thus, those two stars are likely first-ascent giants.
Serum protein abnormalities in neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease of the lung.

1. A wide variety of chest diseases is associated with a significant dysproteinemia shown by an abnormal protein profile, (SPP). 2. The glycoprotein pattern is a more sensitive indicator of dysproteinemia than the paper electrophoretic pattern of proteins determined with the BPB stain. 3. The paper electrophoretic patterns are the resultant of various changes of individual components of each fraction.
X-ray Diffraction Studies of Illite/Smectite from Rocks, < 1 µm Randomly Oriented Powders, and < 1 µm Oriented Powder Aggregates: The Absence of Laboratory-Induced Artifacts

X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from rock fragments, < 1 am randomly oriented freeze- dried powders, and < 1 #m oriented aggregates for 11 mixed-layered illite/smectite samples (K-bentonites) that cover the range from 14 to 100 percent expandable. In all cases, 001 and hkl comparisons show no evidence of laboratory induced artifacts. Either the laboratory procedures caused no disaggregation of fundamental illite particles, or, if they did, fundamental particle reaggregation during sample preparation duplicated the one and three-dimensional structures of the illite/smectite in the original, untreated rock. Demodulation of the 20/, 131 reflections into a two-dimensional hand shape occurred with increasing percent expandable layers in illite/smectite. This result strongly supports the contention that turbostratic displacements occur at the expandable interfaces between fundamental particles, and are limited to those sites. A comparison of the quantities measured by powder X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) lattice fringe image techniques for disordered crystals suggests that meaningful comparisons between the two methods can be made only if a sufficient number of images are recorded to define the statistical parameters of the disorder.
Statistics in Semiconductor Test: Going beyond Yield

The quantity and complexity of data generated at each test manufacturing step can be daunting. This article, which emerged from a tutorial presented at ITC 2008, explains the application of statistics to help process that data and provides examples of how test has shifted from descriptive to predictive methods.
Understanding the Interfaces among Multiple Technical Disciplines: An Increasing Challenge for Regulatory Affairs:

Successful, rapid, and efficient drug development depends on planning, coordinating, executing, and completing development activities in multiple technical disciplines. The six broadly-defined technical disciplines that comprise drug regulatory applications are: 1. Nonclinical pharmacology and toxicology, 2. Chemistry, manufacturing, and controls, 3. Clinical sciences, 4. Human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, 5. Statistics, and 6. Microbiology. In the United States, a New Drug Application (NDA) must present an integrated, coherent, and nonconflicting set of information both within each individual technical discipline and across all technical disciplines. An increasing challenge for regulatory affairs professionals is to assure that an integrated, coherent, and nonconflicting set of information is developed across different disciplines. The magnitude of this challenge is increased by the desire for more rapid drug development and the consequent increase in assumptions that are operative at any given time. In this paper, the basic mathematics of combinations is used to calculate the number of pair-wise interfaces among technical disciplines, as well as the number of interfaces among subsets of three disciplines. Examples of pair-wise interfaces between disciplines are presented to illustrate the issues that must be identified, made subject to contingency plans, and resolved on an ongoing basis to assure efficient and successful drug development. Regulatory affairs professionals have a major role in identifying and resolving such issues at multidis-ciplinary interfaces, while also assuring that the method of resolution meets legal and regulatory requirements.
A 12b 160MS/s synchronous two-step SAR ADC achieving 20.7fJ/step FoM with opportunistic digital background calibration

A 12b two-step pipelined SAR ADC reports a 66.7dB SNDR and an 86.9dB SFDR for a 5MHz sinusoidal input at 160MS/s. A digital background calibration based on opportunistic PN injection treats both DAC mismatch and residue-amplifier gain errors. The calibration enables a significant downsizing of the ADC input capacitance to yield a wideband, highly linear input network and an over-80dB SFDR while digitizing inputs from DC to 300MHz at full speed. The conversion FoM of this ADC is 20.7fJ/step at Nyquist. The prototype occupies an active area of 0.042mm 2 in a 40nm CMOS low-leakage digital process.
Water sorption in epoxy thin films

Moisture uptake and desorption experiments performed on both thick (order of millimeters) and thin (order of 10 mu m) free films of epoxies are presented. Supported thin films were prepared by spin coating and curing epoxies directly on cleaned glass slides. These latter samples were tested in a similar manner. Distinctive nonFickian behavior was observed. Equilibrium uptake is achieved via a two-stage process, and in certain supported films, weight gain overshoots are indicated. Diffusivities of water for sorption runs are usually greater than those for desorption, indicating matrix plasticization. However, diffusion coefficients are of the same order of magnitude for both free and supported films. Once sufficient water reaches the interface, sudden catastrophic delamination can occur. This event is always accompanied by a rapid weight gain immediately preceding film release from the substrate. The time required for debonding to occur decreases with increasing film thickness, strongly indicating the major role of thermoelastic stress in promoting replacement of glass/epoxy bonds by glass/water and epoxy/water interactions. Detailed analyses of the effects of film thickness and postcure thermal history on water ingression are presented. The relevance of this work to microelectronics encapsulation is elucidated. >
Assessing risk with increasingly stringent public health goals: the case of water lead and blood lead in children

Previous predictions of children's blood lead levels (BLLs) through biokinetic models conclude that lead in tap water is not a primary health risk for a typical child under scenarios representative of chronic exposure, when applying a 10 μg/dL BLL of concern. Use of the US Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) model and of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) biokinetic model to simulate children's exposure to water lead at home and at school was re-examined by expanding the scope of previous modeling efforts to consider new public health goals and improved methodology. Specifically, explicit consideration of the more sensitive population groups (e.g., young children and, particularly, formula-fed infants), the variability in BLLs amongst exposed individuals within those groups (e.g., more sensitive children at the upper tail of the BLL distribution), more conservative BLL reference values (e.g., 5 and 2 μg/dL versus 10 μg/dL) and concerns of acute exposure revealed situations where relatively low water lead levels were predicted to pose a human health concern.
Adolescents' Emotional Reactivity Across Relationship Contexts

Adolescents' emotional reactivity in family, close friendships, and romantic relationships was examined in a community-based sample of 416 two-parent families. Six waves of annual data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Emotional reactivity to interparental conflict during early adolescence was associated prospectively with adolescents' reactivity to conflict in friendships and romantic relationships during middle adolescence. Close friendship reactivity partially explained the prospective association between reactivity to interparental conflict and romantic relationship reactivity. The association between perceived emotional reactivity and relationship conflict was stronger for girls than boys. Results have important developmental implications regarding adolescents' emotional reactivity across salient interpersonal contexts during adolescence.
Job Embeddedness in a Culturally Diverse Environment

The demographic composition of the workforce is changing, with an increase in the participation of minorities. Numerous studies center their attention on the inclusion of minorities, but variation in turnover of a culturally diverse workforce has not received much attention. Forecasts indicate that by 2020 Hispanic presence will increase 60% nationwide. Given these trends, it is critical that management scholars examine the impact of Hispanic cultural factors on important organizational outcomes such as voluntary turnover. This paper assesses whether there are significant differences between Hispanics and Caucasians with respect to job embeddedness and voluntary turnover. The findings suggest that job embeddedness is a robust predictor of employee retention across diverse populations.
Transport of conservative solutes in simulated fracture networks: 1. Synthetic data generation

[1] This paper investigates whether particle ensembles in a fractured rock domain may be adequately modeled as an operator-stable plume. If this statistical model applies to transport in fractured media, then an ensemble plume in a fractured rock domain may be modeled using the novel Fokker-Planck evolution equation of the operator-stable plume. These plumes (which include the classical multi-Gaussian as a subset) are typically characterized by power law leading-edge concentration profiles and super-Fickian growth rates. To investigate the possible correspondence of ensemble plumes to operator-stable densities, we use numerical simulations of fluid flow and solute transport through largescale (2.5 km by 2.5 km), randomly generated fracture networks. These two-dimensional networks are generated according to fracture statistics obtained from field studies that describe fracture length, transmissivity, density, and orientation. A fracture continuum approach using MODFLOW is developed for the solution of fluid flow within the fracture network and low-permeability rock matrix, while a particle-tracking code, random walk particle method for simulating transport in heterogeneous permeable media (RWHet), is used to simulate the advective motion of conservative solutes through the model domain. By deterministically mapping individual fractures onto a highly discretized finite difference grid (1 m � 1m � 1 m here), the MODFLOW ‘‘continuum’’ simulations can faithfully preserve details of the generated network and can approximate fluid flow in a discrete fracture network model. An advantage of the MODFLOW approach is that matrix permeability can be made nonzero to account for any degree of matrix flow and/or transport.
Chip-package Co-implementation of a triple DES Processor

This paper describes the design and implementation of a dedicated data encryption standard (DES) processor. The processor consists of three 0.6 /spl mu/m complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits (ICs) mounted on a single MCM-D thin-film substrate. Each chip can operate on an individual data stream, or the three can be cascaded to implement the so-called "triple-DES" (3DES) function for increased security. Measurements show 3DES operation at 110 MHz, which translates to a throughput of over 7 Gb/s, the highest reported 3DES throughput to date. System features which contribute to this throughput are the use of area-array (flip-chip) input/output (I/O) and global IC power/ground/clock distribution in the MCM package. In this case, package-level distribution reduced clock skew by 150 ps, and reduced the chip area required for power distribution by 20%. This paper also includes measurements of switching noise of the MCM's V/sub dd/ plane and how it correlates with a simple model of the system power distribution.
Immunoshistochemical localization of gonadortropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the bovine hypothalamus and infundibulum

Neural structures containing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the bovine brain and infundibulum were characterized by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. GnRH-positive perikarya were localized singly or in small groups within the infundibular nucleus and were seen grouped in large discrete clusters within the ventromedial nucleus. Positive axons were localized within the brain from the nucleus of the rostral commissure to the medial mammillary nuclei, and in specific areas of the infundibulum and infundibular stalk.
Role of the Epitaxy Relations in the CoCrPt Thin Films with Bilayer V/Cr Underlayers

The effects of grain-to-grain epitaxy conditions on the magnetic properties of high coercivity CoCr13Pt13 films with bilayer Cr/Cr, V/Cr and V/V underlayers were studied. V/Cr films were used in order to obtain underlayers that would differ from Cr only by a size of the lattice constant. Introduction of V instead of Cr as an underlayer changed the relative misfits between CoCrPt and the underlayer lattice and increased the amount of {0002} texture in the magnetic film. This effect led to a decrease in the in-plane coercivity. CoCrPt/V/Cr and CoCrPt/Cr/Cr films exhibited similar texture of the underlayer, the same microstructure and similar level of internal stress. Correspondingly the decrease in coercivity did not exceed 10% (from 2.7 kOe to 2.5 kOe). On the other hand CoCrPt/V/V film had more than 4 times smaller coercivity (0.6 kOe). In this case, change in the magnetic properties was caused not only by altered misfits but also by the change in microstructure, texture and state of stress in the film. Results obtained indicate that small changes in misfits between a magnetic layer and an underlayer can be effectively used to control coercivity only if other structural parameters remain unchanged.
Air Binding of Granular Media Filters

Air bubbles that form in water treatment filters create headloss and can form whenever the total dissolved gas pressure exceeds the local solution pressure. The location of potential bubble formation in filters can be predicted based on measurements of the clean bed headloss with depth, flow rate, and the influent total dissolved gas concentration. Bubble formation within filters can be reduced by increasing the pressure within the filter via greater submergence (water head above the media), lower hydraulic flow rate, or using a more porous media. Bubbles trapped in the bed can be released by “burping,” which can reduce the extent of headloss buildup. Burping is more significant at lower flow rates and within a lower density, higher porosity, hydrophobic anthracite layer.
“Them's Fighting Words”: Violence, Masculinity, and the Texas Cowboy in the Late Nineteenth Century

Violence inevitably plays a part in discussions of the cowboy, historical or mythical. Traditionalists celebrated his manly fighting as what tamed the West and saved American manhood; revisionists have castigated the brutality with which he dealt with Native Americans and the environment. It is important, however, to consider what purpose violence served for the cowboy himself. To the working-class cowboy, violence could preserve social harmony, both through defending personal honor and through regulating social behavior of women and minorities. Its use was a clear marker of masculinity, as it allowed him both to show his equal worth with the men around him and to maintain social hierarchies that gave him an advantage over other people. The middle- and upper-class townspeople and cattlemen around cowboys, however, increasingly saw violence as counterproductive. Although parents encouraged aggression in boyhood, they thought that in order to become a real man, one should learn proper restraint and channel that aggression into socially acceptable activities. More and more, respectable ideas of maintaining social order left no room for violence, and consequently cowboys faced increasing social regulation of their masculine self-identities.
Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys: Planning, Implementation and Uses

If social policies are to be effective, they need to be implemented. A key contributing factor to the success or failure of implementation is the way public sector funds are mobilized, allocated, and disbursed. This is widely recognized, as demonstrated by the wide range of studies analyzing public sector financing. Until relatively recently, attention was primarily focused on budgets and allocations while efforts were made to improve information systems and reporting. In the last decade, recognizing the poor quality of expenditure reporting, Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS) have been used to draw attention to whether funds are actually applied to their intended purposes. This study looks at a number of PETS studies that have been completed in the last decade and reviews the existing literature on these studies. It discusses how PETS have come to be defined, what makes them distinctive, and how they are used. The key purposes are to demonstrate how and why PETS are useful and suggest some ways to increase their usefulness.
Morphine-induced mydriasis and inhibition of pupillary light reflex and fluctuations in the cat.

Morphine has species-characteristic effects on pupillary size The effects of morphine on pupillary size, fluctuations and the light reflex were tested with an infrared video pupillometer in the gallamine-paralyzed cat. Compared with saline or base-line responses, i.v. morphine (0.06-1.5 mg/kg) caused a dose-related decrease in the light reflex and fluctuations but increased pupil size. Naloxone (1-100 micrograms/kg i.v.), injected 1 h after morphine, reversed all pupillary effects. Levorphanol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) had pupillary actions like those of morphine, but dextrophan (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) was inactive. Sympathectomy did not alter the morphine response. It was concluded that morphine disrupts parasympathetic innervation of the iris through interactions with opiate receptors, some of which are in the brain. The morphine-induced changes on the light reflex and fluctuations in the cat are opposite those reported in the rat and rabbit. These results enlarge on the familiar species-dependent effects of opiates on pupillary size.
A Review of Computer-Based Cognitive Training for Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease

Computer-based cognitive training programs are increasing in popularity, not only due to trends in technological advances, but also due to the intense marketing campaigns of such programs toward late-middle-aged and older adults. This article's objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive training programs in maintaining or improving cognitive function in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twelve databases were searched using terms related to computerized cognitive training (CCT) and MCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two raters independently extracted articles using agreed-upon criteria. Due to the heterogeneity of the samples, interventions, and outcomes, data of the studies was not statistically pooled for meta-analysis. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and the findings were summarized. All of the studies reviewed provided support that computerized cognitive interventions are feasible in people with MCI or early-stage AD....
A Formula for Approximate Computation of a Triple Integral

(1940). A Formula for Approximate Computation of a Triple Integral. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 47, No. 8, pp. 539-543.
Search for anomalies in the decay of radioactive Mn-54

Recent papers have reported that 54Mn, which decays by electron capture (a weak nuclear interaction) with half-life ~312 days, is influenced by solar activity. Should this actually occur, new physics would be needed to explain it. This paper reports results of an analysis of 54Mn activity measured over a time interval of ~3.6 half-lives. If standard nuclear physics applies, the logarithmic residuals of 54Mn activities should form a stationary set of independent random variables whose statistics are determined solely by a constant decay rate λ and initial mean count μ. Analysis of the time-variation, autocorrelation, and power spectra of the 54Mn logarithmic residuals agrees exquisitely with standard nuclear physics. Computer-simulated activities exhibiting periodic decay of amplitude show that anomalies would be detectable by these statistical tests for values of α as low as ~1 part in 104. This limit is about 10 times lower than reported deviations from exponential decay.
Nuclear Reactors and Radiation

First Nuclear Reactor in Oklo. Earth’s first heat-producing nuclear reactor was accomplished without the assistance of humans. It produced 100 kW for 150,000 years, 1.8 billion years ago in Oklo, Gabon. The residue of fission fragments in the soil and the reduction in 235U content from 0.7 to 0.4 % proves the hypothesis. This happened without cooling pumps, fuel-rods and emergency-core-cooling systems. This natural thermal reactor operated merely because a good, rich deposit of uranium was concentrated in a watery estuary. Natural-uranium at that time was 4 % 235U, before it decayed to today’s 0.7 %. Water was needed to place uranium into solution, carry it downstream and concentrate it the estuary basin. This multi-step process concentrated the moderately rare uranium into a robust uranium ore. Water also slowed (moderated) high-energy fission neutrons to low velocities, to enhance the probability to fission. A reactor needs only a good concentration of fissionable materials (235U, 233U, 239Pu) in a reasonable geometry, with a moderator (H2O, D2O, graphite). No nuclear engineers were needed for the Oklo nuclear reactor.
The role of nuclear physics in medicine and dentistry.

B ONES and teeth are often considered to be inert structures with little vital activity. The characteristic stability of their hard tissues has made metabolic studies extremely difficult. In this field, the radioactive tracer technique promises to be exceedingly useful.** Because the isotope is “tagged’ ’ by radioactivity, even minute amounts may be easily measured and distinguished from the mass of the element present in bone. A list of the radioactive isotopes which have been found useful in dental research is given in Table I.
Staffing Ratio Analysis in Primary Care Redesign: A Simulation Approach

The objective of this paper is to investigate the optimal staffing ratio under various primary clinic settings. Specifically, by using simulations, we investigate the effects of workload shift and identify the proper ratio between medical assistants (MAs) and physicians (MDs) to achieve effective and efficient service level. The results articulate that the optimal staffing ratio is achieved when the workloads of physicians and MAs are balanced.
The Possibility of a Marxian Theory of justice

(1981). The Possibility of a Marxian Theory of justice. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 11, Supplementary Volume 7: Marx and Morality, pp. 307-322.
An RF powering system with adaptive impedance matching for individual health monitoring applications

This paper presents a high-efficiency RF powering system, suitable for individual health monitoring applications. The system is composed of an antenna, an impedance matching network, and a two-stage full-wave RF-DC rectifier. A novel tuning mechanism is proposed to automatically adjust the impedance of the matching network. This mechanism can effectively improve the power efficiency of the system by 47% compared to the case without tuning. For the adaptive impedance, only a 5-bits binary weighted capacitor bank is required in the matching network. The complete system, designed in a standard 0.13μm CMOS technology, converts a −6dBm 915MHz RF signal to a 1.7V DC voltage with an output current of 85μΑ. The simulated maximum power efficiency of the complete RF harvester is 66%.
The Sanctions Dilemma: Saddam vs. the UN

Sanctions against Iraq are a contentious subject both within the United States government and within the United Nations. This paper examines the effectiveness of the United Nations’ enforcement mechanism, the multinational Maritime Interception Force (MIF), as well as the humanitarian and economic effects of the sanctions upon Iraq. An analysis of the risks and benefits of ending the sanctions concludes that due to the limited effectiveness of the MIF, the sanctions in their current form are not worth the resources or the political capital required to maintain them.
Encouraging Maternal Guidance of Preschoolers' Spatial Thinking During Block Play.

Spatial thinking, an important component of cognition, supports academic achievement and daily activities (e.g., learning science and math; using maps). Better spatial skills are correlated with more spatial play and more parental attention to spatial concepts. Tested here was whether informing mothers about spatial thinking and ways to encourage it would increase the spatial guidance they provide to their preschool children (N = 41; M = 5.23 years) during dyadic block play. Mothers given such instructions indeed produced more spatial language and spatial guidance than mothers asked to play as usual. In instructed dyads, children also used more spatial language; both mothers and children engaged in less pretend play. Findings offer support for designing interventions to encourage parents to foster their children's spatial skills.
Alkyne Cycloadditions Mediated by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride: A Unified and Diversifiable Route to Isoxazolines and Pyrazolines

A versatile approach to isoxazolines and pyrazolines by the cyclization of alkyne substrates using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) is described. The reported diheteroatom cycles were produced under mild reaction conditions and with broad product scope. Evidence is also provided for a vinyl anion intermediate produced under unusually mild conditions, which was trapped in situ as part of a tandem cyclization/aldehyde addition sequence. Finally, a deprotection/functionalization method is described, leading to a substituted pyrazoline in good diastereoselectivity.
Receptors for Insulin, NSILA-s, and Growth Hormone: Applications to Disease States in Man

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the definition and features of a receptor, and its historical aspects. Most contemporary workers use the term “receptor” to describe the natural molecular components of the cell that serve to recognize a biologically active chemical messenger or hormone. Recognition is manifested by binding of the hormone to the receptor. Another feature of the receptor is that in a normal target cell, the complex of hormone with receptor is capable of activating or initiating a chain of events that lead to a hormonal action. The chapter discusses the binding of peptide hormone to receptors and alterations in disease. The biologically important receptors for peptide and catecholamine hormones are largely or entirely on the outside surface of the cell. The number of receptors for each peptide hormone on a cell is finite, and the binding of these hormones to their receptors is saturable and reversible. The chapter also discusses alterations in receptor activity in vivo and in vitro. Hormone receptors may undergo conformational changes that result in a change in affinity of the receptor for the hormone. The chapter also explores the role of the cell's receptor in determining the sensitivity of the cell to the hormone and applications of these hormone-receptor interactions to the measurement of plasma hormone concentrations and tissue receptor concentrations in disease states in man.
Spatial analysis of the effective coverage of land-based weather stations for traffic crashes

Abstract This paper investigates the effective spatial coverage of nationwide land-based weather stations of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for traffic crash analysis. The weather data were collected from the Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (QCLCD) and the fatal crashes were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting Systems (FARS) during the year of 2007–2014. Both QCLCD and FARS contain geographic coordinates for locations and weather condition information as a categorical variable. The spatial coverage of weather stations for the analysis was made by geoprocessing, which uses multiple buffers (i.e. radii 5, 10, 15, and 20 miles), and then was evaluated via Cohen's κ statistics, which is used to determine an agreement of weather between QCLCD and FARS within the buffer. The applicability of the weather station's data by nine climate regions was assessed by developing a series of negative binomial models. According to the estimated Cohen's κ statistics, the rain and snow weather conditions have a moderate agreement up to 20 miles. However, in the case of fog weather condition, it has a slight agreement. The statistical modeling results showed that weather stations data can be a good exposure measure for weather-related fatal crashes along with the vehicle-miles-traveled. Considering one geographical feature that approximately more than 75% of all fatal crashes are located within 20-miles radius of the weather stations in the USA, it is evident that the data from the existing weather stations can be cost-effective to develop geospatial crash risk analysis model.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy at the nanometer level

This review describes how one can perform nanometer (nm)-scale SECM experiments through advances in tip fabrication and positioning and instrumentation design. Basic SECM methodology including instrumentation and feedback and generation/collection modes are discussed. Aspects of nanoscale SECM including fabrication of nm-sized electrodes and nano SECM instrumentation are also described. State of the art applications related to nanogaps (i.e., rapid homogeneous reactions and short-lived intermediates; heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics; nanoparticles (NPs) and clusters) and nanoscale imaging (e.g., single NPs, single biological samples, combined methods) are described. Future possibilities and prospects are suggested that might lead to even better resolution, thus introducing SECM electrochemical imaging to the single atom level.
Augmenting Self-Driving with Remote Control: Challenges and Directions

Self-driving or autonomous vehicle systems are being designed over the world with increasing success in recent years. In spite of many advances so far, it is unlikely that such systems are going to ever achieve perfect accuracy under all conditions. In particular, occasional failures are anticipated when such vehicles encounter situations not observed before, or conflicting information is available to the system from the environment. Under such infrequent failure scenarios, the research community has so far, considered two alternatives -- to return control to the driver in the vehicle, which has its own challenges and limitations, or to attempt to safely "park" the vehicle out of harm's way. In this paper, we argue that a viable third alternative exists -- on failure of the self-driving function in the vehicle, the system could return control to a remote human driver located in response centers distributed across the world. This remote human driver will augment the self-driving system in vehicles, only when failures occur, which may be due to bad weather, malfunction, contradiction in sensory inputs, and other such conditions. Of course, a remote driving extension is fraught with many challenges, including the need for some Quality of Service guarantees, both in latency and throughput, in connectivity between the vehicles on the road and the response center, so that the remote drivers can react efficiently to the road conditions. To understand some of the challenges, we have set up real-time streaming testbed and evaluate frame latency with different parameter settings under today's LTE and Wi-Fi networks. While additional optimization techniques can be applied to further reduce streaming latency, we recognize that significant new design of the communication infrastructure is both necessary and possible.
At surgery for a core needle biopsy diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion: Is sentinel lymph node biopsy required?

563Background: Surgical excision upstages approximately 20% of patients with a core needle biopsy (CNB) diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive cancer, a rate insufficient to recom...
Dosimetric Predictors of Symptomatic Cardiac Events After Conventional-Dose Chemoradiation Therapy for Inoperable NSCLC.

Abstract Introduction We hypothesized that higher cardiac doses correlates with clinically significant cardiotoxicity after standard-dose chemoradiation therapy (CRT) (∼60 Gy) for inoperable NSCLC. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 140 patients with inoperable NSCLC treated with concurrent CRT from 2007 to 2015. Extracted data included baseline cardiac status, dosimetric parameters to the whole heart (WH) and cardiac substructures, and the development of post-CRT symptomatic cardiac events (acute coronary syndrome [ACS], arrhythmia, pericardial effusion, pericarditis, and congestive heart failure [CHF]). Competing risks analysis was used to estimate time to cardiac events. Results Median follow-up was 47.4 months. Median radiation therapy dose was 61.2 Gy (interquartile range, 60 to 66 Gy). Forty patients (28.6%) developed 47 symptomatic cardiac events at a median of 15.3 months to first event. On multivariate analysis, higher WH doses and baseline cardiac status were associated with an increased risk of symptomatic cardiac events. The 4-year cumulative incidence of symptomatic cardiac events was 48.6% versus 18.5% for mean WH dose ≥ 20 Gy versus Conclusions Incidental cardiac irradiation was associated with subsequent symptomatic cardiac events, particularly ACS/CHF, and symptomatic cardiac events were associated with inferior survival. These results support the minimization of cardiac doses among patients with inoperable NSCLC receiving standard-dose CRT.
Mental Models, Psychology of

A mental model is a representation of some domain or situation that supports understanding, reasoning, and prediction. Mental models permit reasoning about situations not directly experienced. They allow people to mentally simulate the behavior of a system. Many mental models are based on generalizations and analogies from experience. These generalizations are not always accurate; researchers have identified striking cases of widespread erroneous mental models. An understanding of typical mental models—both correct and incorrect—is important both in order to design devices that people will use correctly and in order to create effective instructional materials.
The Social Aesthetic and Sanskrit Literary Theory

Scholarship on Sanskrit literary theory, like Sanskrit scholarship more generally, tends to cleave to the intellectual agenda set by the tradition itself. There are good reasons for this conformism, of a historical anthropological sort: if we are to make sense of Sanskrit culture we need to know in the first instance what the Sanskrit tradition itself thought worth knowing. Thus, if Indology has been indifferent to the social-and-moral imagination of Sanskrit literary texts throughout this essay 1 will take the social and the moral as forming a unified sphere of knowledge in premodern India it is in part because the shastric tradition has not thematized it in any pronounced way. To be sure, poets as early as Asvaghosa, literary theorists starting with Bhâmaha, commentators from Arunagiri on may describe the purposes of literary discourse as the formation of moral persons vyutpatti or education in the largest sense but they provide little in the way of strong argument or analysis to ground their claim.1 In terms of sheer column inches, the topic is certainly the least discussed of any in sahityasâstra. We might highlight this point by contrasting the understanding of vyutpatti in medieval India with another highly consequential intellec tual value of antiquity, paideia. Both were ideally based on a tripartite knowledge: a vidyâtraya of vyâkarana, mimamsa, and nyâya in the first case, a trivium of grammatica, rhetorica, and dialectica in the second. It is the middle term here that marks a large difference in these otherwise strikingly similar (and in fact almost contemporaneous) systematizations:2 Indian literati were trained in the science of discourse analysis (vâkyasâstra, as mimâmsâ is often called), European literati in the arts of persuasion, especially forensic persuasion. Mimâmsa, developed to enhance the understanding of the Vedas, teaches the conditions of meaning to philosophers of language; rhetorica, which emerged largely out of the Sophist movement and its complex demo cratic politics, means to shape behavior on the part of people acting in the world. The one conceives of literature as verbal icon, the other as exhortation. And it was the analysis of literature as a specific kind of language use that truly came to engage the interests of the Sanskrit readers (the ones we know most about, commentators and literary theorists), or better put, the orientation that produced the most influ
On the properties of the nucleolus of a veto game

We study the nucleolus of veto games (see Bahel in Int J Game Theory 45(3):543–566, 2016), where some players are indispensable for coalitions to achieve a positive value. We first derive some noticeable properties satisfied by the nucleolus of a veto game: for instance, veto players always receive a higher payoff than the others. In the particular case of clan games, Potters et al. (Games Econ Behav 1:275–293, 1989) provided a formula for the nucleolus. We give a condition that is necessary and sufficient for this formula to apply in a general veto game. Building on this result, we describe an intuitive adjustment process allowing to derive a generic formula for the nucleolus of a veto game.