cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research as Improvisation: Dancing among Perspectives

This article captures the way research methods were intertwined with core identities to understand the success development of Caribbean-Canadian women. It highlights the importance of researchers experimenting with a blend of perspectives to fit their problem as well as their identity. Viewing the research process through the eyes of the researcher and her dissertation chair, issues of validity and collaboration emerge. Ultimately both authors listen to family voices as they dance among research
Chapter 12 – Hormonal Control of Reproduction in the Female: The Menstrual Cycle

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the morphology and development of the ovaries along with the metabolism, functions, and regulations of its hormones. The ovaries serve the dual function of producing eggs and the hormones that support reproductive functions. The principal ovarian hormones are the steroids estradioland progesterone and the peptide inhibin. Together these hormones orchestrate the cyclic series of events that unfold in the ovary, pituitary, and reproductive tract each month. Estradiol, in conjunction with a variety of peptide growth factors, acts within the follicle to stimulate proliferation and secretory activity of granulosa cells and thereby enhances its own production. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum that develops from the follicle after the egg is shed. It prepares the uterus for successful implantation and growth of the embryo, and is absolutely required for the maintenance of pregnancy. Ovarian function is driven by the two pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteiniing hormone (LH), which stimulate ovarian steroid production, growth of the follicle, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum.
Population-Dependence of Cabinet Sizes

Cabinet size may affect efficiency. We find that population (\P) accounts for 40\% of the variation in cabinet sizes (C}) in 189 countries. Individual country values vary up to -50 \% from the average pattern, C=40/(1 39P^-1/4, which is simple logistic in terms of the logarithm of P. This differs from the format of the cube root law of assembly sizes, which has no ceiling. It remains to be elucidated on logical grounds why the constants should have the values 40 and 1/4. Cabinets tend to be larger than average in Afro-MENA and Caribbean countries and smaller in Latin America. No other factor has been found to affect cabinet size. In particular, corruption doesn’t, once the geographic region is taken into account.
Adversarial super-resolution of climatological wind and solar data

Accurate and high-resolution data reflecting different climate scenarios are vital for policy makers when deciding on the development of future energy resources, electrical infrastructure, transportation networks, agriculture, and many other societally important systems. However, state-of-the-art long-term global climate simulations are unable to resolve the spatiotemporal characteristics necessary for resource assessment or operational planning. We introduce an adversarial deep learning approach to super resolve wind velocity and solar irradiance outputs from global climate models to scales sufficient for renewable energy resource assessment. Using adversarial training to improve the physical and perceptual performance of our networks, we demonstrate up to a [Formula: see text] resolution enhancement of wind and solar data. In validation studies, the inferred fields are robust to input noise, possess the correct small-scale properties of atmospheric turbulent flow and solar irradiance, and retain consistency at large scales with coarse data. An additional advantage of our fully convolutional architecture is that it allows for training on small domains and evaluation on arbitrarily-sized inputs, including global scale. We conclude with a super-resolution study of renewable energy resources based on climate scenario data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report.
Enhanced endoscopic detection of occult gastric cancer in carriers of pathogenic CDH1 variants

Germline inactivating variants in the CDH1 tumor suppressor gene impart an elevated lifetime risk of diffuse gastric cancer. The current endoscopic surveillance method depends upon random gastric biopsies for early cancer detection. Asymptomatic adults with pathogenic or likely pathogenic CDH1 variants referred for endoscopic gastric cancer surveillance were included in this retrospective cohort. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed according to the consensus Cambridge method, in the early period, or a systematic (Bethesda) protocol as part of an ongoing natural history study. The primary outcome measure was cancer detection. Collectively, 135 endoscopic surveillance procedures were performed in 120 patients. Twenty-six (19%, 26/135) procedures were performed using Cambridge method and 109 (81%) using the Bethesda protocol. Gastric signet ring cell carcinomas were detected in 15% (4/26) using the Cambridge method and 36% (40/109) using the Bethesda protocol (p < 0.05). Almost half (44.2%, 53/120) of patients later elected for prophylactic total gastrectomy, of whom 51 (96%, 51/53) had a signet ring cell carcinoma (T1a) discovered by histopathology. On a per endoscopy basis, the false-negative rates of detection using Cambridge method and Bethesda protocol were 80% (12/15) and 37.7% (17/45), respectively (p < 0.01). Gastric cancer detection was more frequent with implementation of a systematic surveillance protocol in CDH1 variant carriers. Given the decision for prophylactic surgery is often made by patients in the context of family history and pathologic result of surveillance biopsies, we propose the Bethesda protocol offers patients an opportunity to make more informed decisions.
Rod Photoreceptors Avoid Saturation in Bright Light by the Movement of the G Protein Transducin.

Rod photoreceptors can be saturated by exposure to bright background light, so that no flash superimposed upon the background can elicit a detectable response. This phenomenon, called increment saturation, was first demonstrated psychophysically by Aguilar and Stiles and has since been shown in many studies to occur in single rods. Recent experiments indicate, however, that rods may be able to avoid saturation under some conditions of illumination. We now show in ex vivo electroretinogram and single-cell recordings that in continuous and prolonged exposure even to very bright light, the rods of mice from both sexes recover as much as 15% of their dark current and that responses can persist for hours. In parallel to recovery of outer segment current is an approximately 10-fold increase in the sensitivity of rod photoresponses. This recovery is greatly decreased in transgenic mice with reduced light-dependent translocation of the G protein transducin. The reduction in outer-segment transducin together with a novel mechanism of visual-pigment regeneration within the rod itself enable rods to remain responsive over the whole of the physiological range of vision. In this way, rods are able to avoid an extended period of transduction channel closure, which is known to cause photoreceptor degeneration. SIGNIFICANCE Rods are initially saturated in bright light so that no flash superimposed upon the background can elicit a detectable response. Frederiksen and colleagues show in whole retina and single-cell recordings that if the background light is prolonged, rods slowly recover and can continue to produce significant responses over the entire physiological range of vision. Response recovery occurs by translocation of the G protein transducin from the rod outer to the inner segment, together with a novel mechanism of visual-pigment regeneration within the rod itself. Avoidance of saturation in bright light may be one of the principal mechanisms the retina uses to keep rod outer-segment channels from ever closing for too long a time, which is known to produce photoreceptor degeneration.
Global Importance Analysis: A Method to Quantify Importance of Genomic Features in Deep Neural Networks

Deep neural networks have demonstrated improved performance at predicting the sequence specificities of DNA- and RNA-binding proteins compared to previous methods that rely on k-mers and position weight matrices. For model interpretability, attribution methods have been employed to reveal learned patterns that resemble sequence motifs. First-order attribution methods only quantify the independent importance of single nucleotide variants in a given sequence - it does not provide the effect size of motifs (or their interactions with other patterns) on model predictions. Here we introduce global importance analysis (GIA), a new model interpretability method that quantifies the population-level effect size that putative patterns have on model predictions. GIA provides an avenue to quantitatively test hypotheses of putative patterns and their interactions with other patterns, as well as map out specific functions the network has learned. As a case study, we demonstrate the utility of GIA on the computational task of predicting RNA-protein interactions from sequence. We first introduce a new convolutional network, we call ResidualBind, and benchmark its performance against previous methods on RNAcompete data. Using GIA, we then demonstrate that in addition to sequence motifs, ResidualBind learns a model that considers the number of motifs, their spacing, and sequence context, such as RNA secondary structure and GC-bias.
Treating Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in a Case of Substance Abuse: A New Client Population

Objective A case study is presented to illustrate the management of a patient who presented with significant tissue damage of the soft palate due to substance abuse, which involved the inhalation o...
Acromioclavicular Joint Reconstruction with Recessed Clavicular Implant Technique Guide

Abstract Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are common and often require operative intervention. Although there are many described surgical techniques, there remains a lack of consensus on the optimal technique. The purpose of this Technical Note is to provide our preferred method of AC reconstruction with a recessed clavicular implant and semitendinosus allograft, which mitigates hardware pain associated with arthroscopic techniques.
A time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer assay to measure activity of the deamidase of the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein.

The modification of proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) targets them for degradation by mycobacterial proteasomes. Although functionally similar to eukaryotic deubiquitylating enzymes, the deamidase of Pup, called Dop, has no known mammalian homologs. Because Dop is necessary for persistent infection by Mtb, its selective inhibition holds potential for tuberculosis therapy. To facilitate high-throughput screens for Dop inhibitors, we developed a time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)-based assay for Dop function. The TR-FRET assay was successfully applied to determine the Michaelis constant for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding and to test the cofactor tolerance of Dop.
The Effects of Modeling on the Development of Sex-Role Behaviors in Children.

THE EFFECTS OF MODELING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEX-ROLE BEHAVIORS IN CHILDREN Candace S. Garrett, Indiana University The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of modeling on sex-role development in first-grade children. It was hypothesized that when male-female pairs of children observe a male-female pair of models each child would shift his sex-role behavior toward that of the like-sex model. Sixty children served as subjects. The results did not support this hypothesis. Instead, the data supported the opposite effect: each child imitated the actions of the opposite-sex model. These results are explained in terms of identification, rather than modeling, theory. By the time a child is three years old, he (or she) usually can distinguish between the sexes; he also knows which sex he is (Brown, 1958). Soon after this, he begins to exhibit appropriate sex-typed behaviors and attitudes (Sears, Maccoby, and Levin, 1957). The learning of these behaviors and attitudes is an important and pervasive aspect of development which has consequences not only in childhood but also in the adult years. For example, in the last few years a great deal of concern abairthFlfireTrwattretrliimodeii society has arisen, concern revolving around the aspirations, occupations, careers, and behavior patterns of women and the conflicts that choices in these areas may produce. The basis for these. conflicts is formed during childhood, as children acquire their concepts of what are appropriate sex-role behaviors. There are several theories concerning sex-role development in children, including the psychoanalytic theory of identification, Brown's theory of identification, and social learning theory. This study is primarily concerned with the latter. According to Mischel (1966), observational learning from models, live or symbolic, is the first step in the acquisition of sex-typed behaviors. Bandura ard Walters (1959) reinforce this point of view by stating that most of the values that will influence a child's behavior are acquired through imitation of the important adults in his life. Research on the effects of imitation or modeling has shown that children will model aggression (Bandura, Ross, and Ross, 1965a; Hicks, 1965; Kuhn, Madsen, and Becker, 1967; Madsen, 1968), self-reward criteria (Bandura and Kupers, 1964; Mischel and Liebert, 1966), self-imposed delay of reward (Bandura and Mischel, 1965), and moral judgments (Bandura and McDonald, 1963). Modeling takes place even when the children are not
Copyright, an Incentive or a Burden?

A copyright provides protection for original artistic or literary work and is valid for the life of the owner plus 70 years. There is a growing tension between creative practices that require access to content that is often copyrighted, and increasingly restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. Very recently this has played out in the law suit between the media corporation Viacom and the Internet portal YouTube, which is owned by Google. This is against the background of a steadily emerging open source and creative commons culture. Milestones in the open source movement are the OpenOffice office suite, Netscape’s publication of the source code for its product as open software, Google’s library project, various free archives for scientific dissemination, such as Cornell University’s ArXiv.
Kidney Arginase Activity and Lysine Tolerance in Strains of Chickens Selected for a High or Low Requirement of Arginine

M. C. NESHEIMDepartment of Poultry Science and Graduate School of Nutrition, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, New YorkABSTRACT Kidney arginase activity was investigated in 2 strains of White Leghornchickens differing in dietary requirement of arginine. Arginase activity in kidneysof chicks from the high-requirement (HA) strain rose to a level 3 to 4 times that ofchicks from the low-requirement (LA) strain following several days of feeding anarginine-deficient diet containing casein. Excretion of activity following a dose ofguanido-labeled 14C-arginine increased in excreta in conjunction with the elevatedkidney arginase activity of the high-requirement strain. Dietary excesses of lysine,histidine, phenylalanine, ornithine and arginine caused a marked increase in kidneyarginase activity of both strains, but the high requirement strain appeared to beparticularly sensitive to excess lysine. Growth was depressed in chicks of the HA strainat lower dietary levels of lysine than were growth-depressing for the LA strain. Increasing the lysine content of the diet increased the arginine requirement of the HA strainconsiderably more than for the LA strain. The data suggest that the 2 strains studieddiffer in their ability to metabolize excess dietary lysine.
Delayed dermal hypersensitivity following killed measles vaccine. Experience in 9-month-old infants.

Skin tests with measles and poliomyelitis vaccines were performed on both 9-month-oldinfants who were immunized previously with killed measles vaccine grown in chick embryos and 9-month-old control infants who were unimmunized. Positive tests to both vaccines occurred only in those infants previously immunized with killed measles vaccine. Reactions to intradermal poliomyelitis vaccine were not related to prior parenteral poliomyelitis immunizations, but seemed dependent on sensitization with some component of killed measles vaccine. It is not known whether this dermal hypersensitivity is in any way related to the bizarre systemic reactions following the administration of live measles vaccine or exposure to natural measles in children previously immunized with killed measles vaccine.
The Nature of Life: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives from Philosophy and Science

Bringing together the latest scientific advances and some of the most enduring subtle philosophical puzzles and problems, this book collects original historical and contemporary sources to explore the wide range of issues surrounding the nature of life. Selections ranging from Aristotle and Descartes to Sagan and Dawkins are organised around four broad themes covering classical discussions of life, the origins and extent of natural life, contemporary artificial life creations and the definition and meaning of 'life' in its most general form. Each section is preceded by an extensive introduction connecting the various ideas discussed in individual chapters and providing helpful background material for understanding them. With its interdisciplinary perspective, this fascinating collection is essential reading for scientists and philosophers interested in astrobiology, synthetic biology and the philosophy of life.
Cerebrospinal fluid (vascular endothelial growth factor) and serologic (recoverin) tumor markers for malignant glioma.

BackgroundClinically useful tumor markers have yet to be identified for malignant glioma. We report on two potential novel tumor markers, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and recoverin (pr...
OSHA Compliance Issues

This inspection by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was initiated by a referral received at the local OSHA Area Office from the Office of Occupational and Radiological Healt...
Psychological empowerment on social media: Who are the empowered users?

Abstract This paper introduces the psychological empowerment framework from community psychology to the social media context. Intrapersonal empowerment and interactional empowerment are tested as two focal components of the empowerment process at the individual level. This paper aims to assess the connections between active and passive social media use and psychological empowerment. An online survey was conducted through an online panel (MTurk) with 371 effective responses. Results showed that active use was positively related to both intrapersonal and interactional empowerment, while only a weak association was found between passive use and interactional empowerment.
Least-Squares Method for Optical Correction*

This paper represents an attempt to make use of modern computing machinery in a direct attack on the problem of correcting a partially corrected optical system. By ray tracing difference coefficients are computed for a set of rays with respect to bendings of the individual lenses of a system. Assuming linear behavior over a small region a set of linear equations is derived for the desired corrections: The method of least squares gives a “best possible” solution of the equations.
PROP Taster Status Is Related to Fat Perception and Preferencea

Individuals who are sensitive to the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) are also more sensitive to selected bitter and sweet substances, to sharp foods and to the trigeminal irritant capsaicin. PROP tasters have a greater density of fungiform papillae, and it is speculated that they also have more trigeminal innervation. Since oral texture perception is also mediated, in part, by trigeminal fibers, it has been proposed that individual differences in fat perception might also be linked to PROP taster status and taste bud density. This work tests the hypothesis that individuals who are PROP tasters: (i) have a higher density of fungiform papillae; (ii) are more sensitive to capsaicin; and (iii) have increased ability to discriminate differences in fat content in salad dressing. Hedonic ratings for the salad dressing were also collected and related to the perceptual judgments. Individual subjects were classified as PROP nontasters, medium tasters or supertasters (n = 25/group) by comparing their psychophysical function for PROP to that of NaCl. Papillae densities (papillae/cm2) were significantly different among the three taster groups (p < 0.0001), and were highest among the supertasters. Both medium tasters and supertasters perceived more oral burn from capsaicin than did nontasters at concentrations of 50, 70 and 100 ppm (p < 0.0001). Medium tasters and supertasters could also discriminate differences in fat content between 40% fat and 10% fat salad dressings (p < 0.005), but the nontasters could not. Although medium and supertasters showed no preference for either dressing, the nontasters preferred the 40% fat sample. The reasons for these latter findings are unclear at present. These data support the hypothesis that fat perception and preference can be linked to genetic and anatomical differences between individuals.
High resolution polarimetry of the Sun at 3.7 and 11.1 cm wavelengths.

The four Stokes parameters are presented for interferometric observations of the Sun at wavelengths of λ = 3.7 cm and λ = 11 cm with angular resolutions between 2.7 and 36.7 seconds of arc. An Hα solar flare of importance SN and type C has a radio wavelength (λ = 3.7 cm) size of 5 seconds of arc, a flux density of 0.3 × 10−22 W m−2 Hz−1, and a brightness temperature on the order of 107 K. The radio flare is 30% left circularly polarized at λ = 3.7 cm, 70% left circularly polarized at λ = 11 cm, and no detectable linear polarization was observed at either wavelength. During a forty hour observation of sunspot region McMath No 13926 no substantial variations in circular polarization were observed, whereas one hour prior to the eruption of a solar flare dramatic changes in circular polarization were observed. Small scale features whose angular sizes are on the order of five seconds of arc exhibit changes of circular polarization of up to 80%. At times other than those immediately preceding flare emission, the degree of circular polarization was the same at the two wavelengths but the sign was reversed. This situation can be explained if magnetic fields of intensityH ⩽ 1000 G and electron densities ofNe ⩾ 107 cm−3 are present.
Vibrotactile adaptation enhances spatial localization.

Abstract A two-interval forced choice tracking procedure was used to evaluate the effects of a pre-exposure to vibrotactile stimulation (“adaptation”) on the capacity of human subjects to spatially localize a subsequent tactile stimulus. A 25 Hz flutter adapting stimulus was presented at a randomly selected position within a 20 mm linear array oriented transversely on the hand dorsum. Two flutter stimuli delivered subsequently were applied to different sites along the linear array; one to the same locus that received the adapting stimulation (the “standard” stimulus), the other to a distant site (the “test” stimulus). Following each trial, subjects were queried as to which of the two stimuli was delivered to the same skin site that received adapting stimulation. A correct response resulted in a reduced distance between the sites contacted by the standard and test stimuli in the following trial. Four subjects participated in 10 sessions each. A session consisted of two sets of 20 trials (one set at 0.5 s and another at 5 s adapting stimulus duration). For every subject, 5 s adaptation resulted in an approximately 2-fold improvement in spatial discrimination performance over that achieved following 0.5 s adaptation. It is proposed that the improved human vibrotactile spatial localization performance following 5 s of 25 Hz stimulation is due to enhanced spatial funneling of the global neuronal population response of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that has been demonstrated to accompany increases in duration of 25 Hz flutter stimuli delivered to the skin.
Insight into Asian and hispanic restaurant manager needs for safe food handling

Between 1990 and 2000, foodborne illness cases in the United States associated with ethnic foods rose from 3% to 10%. Interviews conducted with 41 managers of Asian and Mexican restaurants in Northern California identified challenges in meeting food safety standards including maintaining proper food temperatures, the need for classes that used foods common to their cuisine, and the need for appropriate visual aids for employees. Some admitted they did not always follow recommended practices and saw no consequences for non-compliance. Findings could help food safety professionals increase the effectiveness of educational programs directed toward Asian and Hispanic restaurants.
Granular-cell myoblastoma of the cecum: Report of a case

A 9-mm granular-cell myoblastoma of the cecum found incidentally during appendectomy in a 17-year-old girl is reported. Electronmicroscopic findings favor origin of the granular cells from an undifferentiated mesenchymal (fibroblast-like) cell. Review of the small number of previously reported cases revealed three involving the cecum, one each in the ascending and transverse colon and two in the rectum. Four patients were asymptomatic and their lesions were found incidentally. Three lesions simulated malignancy clinically; these patients underwent right hemicolectomy.
Hybrid simulations of extensive air showers

We present a fast one dimensional hybrid method to efficiently simulate extensive air showers up to the highest observed energies. Based on precalculated pion showers and a bootstrap technique, our method predicts the average shower profile, the number of muons at detector level above several energy thresholds as well as the fluctuations of the electromagnetic and hadronic components of the shower. We study the main characteristics of proton-induced air showers up to ultra high energy, comparing the predictions of three different hadronic interaction models: SIBYLL 1.7, SIBYLL 2.1 and QGSJET98. The influence of the hadronic interaction models on the shower evolution, in particular the elongation rate, is discussed and the applicability of analytical approximations is investigated.
Amination of amylose at the C-2 position1

Abstract 6- O -Tritylamylose was oxidized with methyl sulfoxide and acetic anhydride, and the product oximated; the oxime was reduced and detritylated, and the product dialyzed. The resultant, colorless solid contained, on C-2, an amino group (D.S. 0.8) which was almost entirely oriented as in the d - gluco configuration.
Reformulation linearization technique based branch-and-reduce approach applied to regional water supply system planning

A regional water supply system design problem that determines pipe and pump design parameters and water flows over a multi-year planning horizon is considered. A non-convex nonlinear model is formulated and solved by a branch-and-reduce global optimization approach. The lower bounding problem is constructed via a three-pronged effort that involves transforming the space of certain decision variables, polyhedral outer approximations, and the Reformulation Linearization Technique (RLT). Range reduction techniques are employed systematically to speed up convergence. Computational results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm; in particular, the critical role range reduction techniques could play in RLT based branch-and-bound methods. Results also indicate using reclaimed water not only saves freshwater sources but is also a cost-effective non-potable water source in arid regions. Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2015.1016508.
BK channel-mediated relaxation of urinary bladder smooth muscle: a novel paradigm for phosphodiesterase type 4 regulation of bladder function.

Elevation of intracellular cAMP and activation of protein kinase A (PKA) lead to activation of large conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels, thus attenuation of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) contractility. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which pharmacological inhibition of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) with rolipram or Ro-20-1724 (C15H22N2O3) suppresses guinea pig DSM excitability and contractility. We used high-speed line-scanning confocal microscopy, ratiometric fluorescence Ca2+ imaging, and perforated whole-cell patch-clamp techniques on freshly isolated DSM cells, along with isometric tension recordings of DSM isolated strips. Rolipram caused an increase in the frequency of Ca2+ sparks and the spontaneous transient BK currents (TBKCs), hyperpolarized the cell membrane potential (MP), and decreased the intracellular Ca2+ levels. Blocking BK channels with paxilline reversed the hyperpolarizing effect of rolipram and depolarized the MP back to the control levels. In the presence of H-89 [N-[2-[[3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propenyl]amino]ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride], a PKA inhibitor, rolipram did not cause MP hyperpolarization. Rolipram or Ro-20-1724 reduced DSM spontaneous and carbachol-induced phasic contraction amplitude, muscle force, duration, and frequency, and electrical field stimulation-induced contraction amplitude, muscle force, and tone. Paxilline recovered DSM contractility, which was suppressed by pretreatment with PDE4 inhibitors. Rolipram had reduced inhibitory effects on DSM contractility in DSM strips pretreated with paxilline. This study revealed a novel cellular mechanism whereby pharmacological inhibition of PDE4 leads to suppression of guinea pig DSM contractility by increasing the frequency of Ca2+ sparks and the functionally coupled TBKCs, consequently hyperpolarizing DSM cell MP. Collectively, this decreases the global intracellular Ca2+ levels and DSM contractility in a BK channel-dependent manner.
Insulin signaling pathways in time and space

Despite remarkable progress in dissecting the signaling pathways that are crucial for the metabolic effects of insulin, the molecular basis for the specificity of its cellular actions is not fully understood. One clue might lie in the spatial and temporal aspects of signaling. Recent evidence suggests that signaling molecules and pathways are localized to discrete compartments in cells by specific protein interactions. Also, the rapid termination of tyrosine or lipid phosphorylation by phosphatases or serine kinases might tightly control the strength of a signaling pathway, thus determining its effect on growth, differentiation and metabolism.
A Quality Improvement Case Report An Institution’s Experience in Pursuing Excellence in Parenteral Nutrition Safety

The medication-use process surrounding parenteral nutrition (PN) is complex and associated with safety concerns. Standardization and communication throughout the PN-use process are a valued risk management strategy. Regardless of an organization’s current policies, procedures, and practices, further improvements in the PN-use process are always possible. This takes concerted effort, collaboration, and time but is within the reach of any organization. A case report of one institution’s quality improvement initiative in the PN-use process is described.
Accumulation of a heat shock-like protein during differentiation of human erythroid cell line K562

The human erythroid cell line K562 provides a model system for studying erythroid differentiation and eukaryotic gene regulation. These cells express glycophorin A, spectrin and i antigen. They accumulate embryonic and fetal haemoglobins on induction of erythroid differentiation with haemin, sodium butyrate or hydroxyurea. In the present study, the protein composition of K562 cells during haemin-mediated induction of erythroid maturation was analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Under conditions in which haemin did not effect cell viability and proliferation, a protein of approximately 70,000 molecular weight (MW) accumulated in the differentiated K562 cells. The accumulation appears to be due to an increase in the rate of RNA synthesis for this protein. The protein is related in sequence to a 70,000-MW heat shock protein. An antigenically related protein was also demonstrated in human bone marrow and accumulates at particular stages of human erythroid maturation.
Alternative demagnetization curve representations for the finite element modeling of residual magnetism

A novel two-step procedure involving the use of a finite-element method and a new demagnetization curve representation to model residual magnetic fields is presented. Its advantages include excellent convergence properties. The procedure is illustrated by analyzing residual leakage fields around defects in a ferromagnetic pipe. Experimental results confirming the validity of the approach are presented. >
Spintronics: Organics strike back

The spin injection efficiency from a ferromagnetic electrode into an organic layer has been successfully probed by two purpose-made techniques. The observed spin diffusion lengths of tens of nanometres hold promise for potential spintronics applications.
Modeling for insight using Tools for Energy Model Optimization and Analysis (Temoa)

Abstract This paper introduces Tools for Energy Model Optimization and Analysis (Temoa), an open source framework for conducting energy system analysis. The core component of Temoa is an energy economy optimization (EEO) model, which minimizes the system-wide cost of energy supply by optimizing the deployment and utilization of energy technologies over a user-specified time horizon. The design of Temoa is intended to fill a unique niche within the energy modeling landscape by addressing two critical shortcomings associated with existing models: an inability to perform third party verification of published model results and the difficulty of conducting uncertainty analysis with large, complex models. Temoa leverages a modern revision control system to publicly archive model source code and data, which ensures repeatability of all published modeling work. From its initial conceptualization, Temoa was also designed for operation within a high performance computing environment to enable rigorous uncertainty analysis. We present the algebraic formulation of Temoa and conduct a verification exercise by implementing a simple test system in both Temoa and MARKAL, a widely used commercial model of the same type. In addition, a stochastic optimization of the test system is presented as a proof-of-concept application of uncertainty analysis using the Temoa framework.
Target Z dependence of projectile K$alpha$ x-ray production cross sections in high-energy, heavy-ion--atom collisions

The cross sections of projectile K alpha x radiation have been measured from energetic collisions of Ni and Br ions with targets throughout the periodic table. A strong enhancement in cross section is found when the binding energy of the K or L shell of the projectile matches approximately the K- or L-shell binding energy of the target atom. Thc data show that even at 1.6 MeV/nucleon, Coulomb excitation processes do not overwhelm molecular-orbital effects. (auth)
The beginning of the end or the end of the beginning? the theory construction movement revisited

Using book publication dates as markers, I divide the movement of (formal) theory construction into two periods. The first period started in 1954 and lasted for about a decade; the second period started in 1965 and ended in 1972. I argue in this paper that the publication of a dozen more books on how to construct scientific theories in the seven years after 1965 marked the beginning of the end of, rather than the end of the beginning of, the theory construction movement in sociology. Although the formal mode of theory construction is dead now, efforts toward theory construction will never end. I conclude by delineating the major features of a new approach to theory construction that has been emerging in sociology.
Formation of cyclophosphamide specific DNA adducts in hematological diseases

Background Fanconi anemia (FA) patients are hypersensitive to DNA alkylating agents and require lower doses than non-FA patients to minimize serious toxicity. The mechanism by which hypersensitivity occurs is thought to be due to the inability of these individuals to effectively repair drug-induced interstrand DNA–DNA crosslinks. We recently developed a highly sensitive assay for cyclophosphamide specific interstrand DNA–DNA crosslinks (G-NOR-G) and are able to quantify and compare formation of these adducts in the blood of patients. Therefore we sought to determine whether FA patients have higher in vivo exposure to the cyclophosphamide specific interstrand DNA crosslink, G-NOR-G, relative to patients without FA. Procedure Cyclophosphamide interstrand DNA crosslinks were measured with the first dose of cyclophosphamide in FA and non-FA patients receiving a cyclophosphamide based preparative regimen prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). FA patients received a lower cyclophosphamide dose than the non-FA patients (5–10 mg/kg/day vs. 50–60 mg/kg/day). Results Despite the lower cyclophosphamide dose and lower plasma concentrations in FA patients, they had G-NOR-G amounts similar to the non-FA patients (area under the curve (AUC)0–∞, 99.8 vs. 144.9 G-NOR-G adducts/106 nucleotides hour, respectively, P = 0.47). When G-NOR-G AUC was normalized for cyclophosphamide plasma concentrations, FA study subjects produced 15-fold higher adducts than non-FA patients (P = 0.05). Conclusions FA patients are hypersensitive to DNA alkylating agents possibly as a result of greater formation of cyclophosphamide specific interstrand DNA crosslinks and/or diminished capacity for DNA repair. Identification and quantification of these adducts may be important determinant of cyclophosphamide related toxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 708–714. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral Pharmacology of Zolpidem Relative to Benzodiazepines: A Review

Zolpidem, an imidazopyridine that purportedly binds selectively to certain GABA(A) receptor subtypes, is the most commonly prescribed hypnotic. The present article critically reviewed the extant experimental literature to determine whether the behavioral pharmacologic profile of zolpidem also differs from that of benzodiazepines. Specific topics that are reviewed include: 1) reinforcing effects and abuse potential, 2) discriminative-stimulus effects, 3) subject-rated drug effects, 4) performance-impairing effects, 5) tolerance-producing effects, and 6) physiological dependence-producing effects. Studies that employed both nonhumans and humans are reviewed. Based on the available literature, the most parsimonious conclusion is that despite its unique neuropharmacological profile, the behavioral effects of zolpidem are generally similar to those of benzodiazepines. However, it is important to note the dearth of perspective, experimental studies that directly compared zolpidem and a benzodiazepine. Because of the clinical relevance and paucity of published studies, future research should focus explicitly on assessing the reinforcing effects, abuse potential, performance-impairing effects, tolerance-producing effects, and dependence-producing effects of zolpidem relative to a benzodiazepine. Important issues such as the selection of an appropriate comparison drug and subject population, and the doses tested needed to be considered in these future studies.
On the Origin of Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis involves the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to surrounding tissues and to distant organs and is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. In order to complete the metastatic cascade, cancer cells must detach from the primary tumor, intravasate into the circulatory and lymphatic systems, evade immune attack, extravasate at distant capillary beds, and invade and proliferate in distant organs. Currently, several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the origin of cancer metastasis. These involve an epithelial mesenchymal transition, an accumulation of mutations in stem cells, a macrophage facilitation process, and a macrophage origin involving either transformation or fusion hybridization with neoplastic cells. Many of the properties of metastatic cancer cells are also seen in normal macrophages. A macrophage origin of metastasis can also explain the long-standing "seed and soil" hypothesis and the absence of metastasis in plant cancers. The view of metastasis as a macrophage metabolic disease can provide novel insight for therapeutic management.
Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody in patients with and patients without idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.

Objective To determine the long-term outcome and associated clinical, serologic, and pathologic features in a cohort of patients with connective tissue disease (CTD) and the anti–signal recognition particle (anti-SRP) autoantibody. Methods Sera and clinical data were collected prospectively from consecutive adult patients with polymyositis (PM; n = 134), dermatomyositis (n = 129), or other CTDs (predominantly systemic sclerosis [SSc; n = 790]). Patients were first evaluated during 1973–2001. Results Nineteen patients with the anti-SRP autoantibody were identified, 16 (84%) of whom had pure PM and 3 (2 with SSc and 1 with antisynthetase syndrome) had yet to develop features of myositis after a mean followup of 4.5 years (range 2.5–6 years). More SRP-positive PM patients had severe proximal muscle weakness (50%) and muscle atrophy (67%) at initial presentation compared with antisynthetase-positive PM controls. Cardiac involvement occurred in only 2 of 16 SRP-positive PM patients (13%), and interstitial lung disease was noted in 3 of 13 SRP-positive PM patients (23%) and in the 3 SRP-positive nonmyositis patients. There was a relative lack of inflammation in muscle biopsy specimens from the SRP-positive PM cohort. Other autoantibodies in the SRP-positive patients included Ro/SSA (4 patients), Th/To (1 patient), and anti–PL-12 (1 patient). Survival in the SRP-positive PM patients was comparable with that seen in the cohort of SRP-negative PM patients. Conclusion The anti-SRP autoantibody is not specific for PM. Severe muscle weakness and atrophy were prominent features in PM patients with anti-SRP. Cardiac involvement was less common and survival was better in patients with anti-SRP than has previously been reported.
Fracture Behavior of Ceramics Used in Multilayer Capacitors

This study involved the determination of the effects of composition and microstructure on the fracture toughness and susceptibility to environmentally enhanced crack growth of several ceramic materials used in multilayer capacitors. Indentation-fracture procedures were used to measure KIC as well as to assess the possible effects of internal stresses on the fracture behavior of these materials and to correlate dielectric aging phenomena with strength. The environmentally enhanced crack growth behavior of these materials was determined by conducting dynamic fatigue tests in water.
Development of Optical Pickup for Mini Disc Drives

In order to miniaturize optical disc drives, it is important to miniaturize and thin the optical pickup. We have developed two new optical parts: the hologram laser and the actuator. By optimizing the hologram pattern of the hologram laser, optical path length is shortened. The frequency characteristics of the actuator have been stabilized by improving the damping characteristics. Thus, we have developed a compact optical pickup for Mini Disc drives, and the pickup shows high performance when it reads out an optical disc.
How Academia Is Failing Academic Faculty

>> Increasingly, academic medical centers are starting to look—and treat their faculty—like big businesses. Only the “bottom line” matters; in other words, “Show me the money.” The idea that perhaps originated at Harvard but has now spread to many other medical schools as well is that faculty need to buy out their free time if they want to do research, scholarly activities, or even teach. To me, that seems supremely un-academic and even hypocritical: Don’t medical schools exist to foster research, scholarship, and teaching? It is not really free time anyway, is it? Faculty need time to be productive. Old-time academics may claim that faculty can do that early in the morning, late at night, or on weekends; but with today’s high-stress, RVU-obsessed academic workplace, that seems highly unrealistic. Perhaps “free time” should be called “productive time.” But who should pay for it? My answer: medical schools themselves. Pediatricians in academic medical centers take a significant pay cut when they choose an academic career over a private practice career. They do that because they enjoy teaching or want to do research or want to stay in the kind of constant learning environment that they experienced as interns and residents. I am not saying that one job setting is superior to the other, but the financial realities are that private practitioners earn substantially more money than most academics (in Pediatrics, anyway). Two recent surveys show the discrepancy: The 2012 Medscape survey has academic faculty lagging $30 000 a year behind private practitioners 1 ; a 2011 Careers in Medicine survey puts the media salary for an academic assistant professor at $140 000 and associate/full professors at $170 000 while private practitioners average $192 000. 2
Overview of physiological principles to support thermal balance and comfort of astronauts in open space and on planetary surfaces

Abstract Although specialists have attempted to improve the space suit to provide better protection in open space or on planetary surfaces, there has been a relative lack of attention to features of human thermoregulatory processes that influence comfort and therefore have an impact on the effectiveness of protective equipment. Our findings showed that different body tissues transfer heat in/out of the body in a different manner. There are also individual differences in thermal transfer through body areas with different proportions of tissues; therefore, data on the thermal profile of each astronaut needs to be used to estimate the optimal body areas for heat/cold transfer in and out of the body in an individually tailored cooling/warming garment. Principles for supporting thermal comfort in space were formulated based on a series of studies to evaluate the human body's response to uniform/nonuniform thermal conditions on the body surface. We conclude that future space suit design and comfort support of astronauts can be easier and more effective if these principles are incorporated.
The relevance of fit in a cause–brand alliance when consumers evaluate corporate credibility

Abstract How well the cause fits with the brand or is congruent has been assumed to be an important variable when selecting a cause partner. This study assesses if consumers’ perceptions of the fit between a cause and a brand has a differential impact on attitudes and purchase intentions when the credibility of a firm is low, moderate, or high. A 2 × 3 experimental design which manipulated cause fit and corporate credibility was conducted. Results show that the fit between the cause and the brand does not affect perceptions of attitudes or purchase intentions regardless of the company's level of credibility. The findings suggest that perceptions of corporate credibility may be too complex for one variable such as the fit of a cause–brand alliance to have a strong effect. Thus, marketers may need to rethink fit as a necessary selection criterion for a CBA depending on what their objectives are.