cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigation With Cellular CDMA Signals—Part II: Performance Analysis and Experimental Results

A framework for navigation using cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) signals is studied in this paper. Theoretical lower bounds on the navigation performance using pseudorange measurements drawn from the cellular CDMA base transceiver stations (BTSs) are derived. Moreover, the navigation performance for a mapper/navigator framework is studied in the presence of timing discrepancies between the mapper and navigator. In this framework, a mapping receiver (mapper) estimates the stochastic dynamic clock biases of the BTSs and shares these estimates with a navigating receiver (navigator). The optimal navigation performance of the mapper/navigator framework in the presence of timing discrepancies is analyzed, and a practical upper bound on the resulting position error is derived. Experimental results for a ground vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are presented. The ground vehicle results show a mean distance difference of 5.51 m between the cellular CDMA-only navigation solution and a GPS navigation solution in the absence of clock bias discrepancies. The UAV results show an improvement of 10.57 m in the root-mean-square error of the cellular CDMA navigation solution, when the sector clock bias discrepancies are accounted for utilizing the statistical model relating observed clock biases from different sectors of the same BTS cell.
Readout models for BaFBr 0.85 I 0.15 :Eu image plates.

The linearity of the photostimulated luminescence process makes repeated image-plate scanning a viable technique to extract a more dynamic range. In order to obtain a response estimate, two semi-empirical models for the readout fading of an image plate are introduced; they relate the depth distribution of activated photostimulated luminescence centers within an image plate to the recorded signal. Model parameters are estimated from image-plate scan series with BAS-MS image plates and the Typhoon FLA 7000 scanner for the hard x-ray image-plate diagnostic over a collection of experiments providing x-ray energy spectra whose approximate shape is a double exponential.
Impaired discriminative fear conditioning during later training trials differentiates generalized anxiety disorder, but not panic disorder, from healthy control participants.

Abstract Background Fear conditioning is implicated as a central psychopathological mechanism of anxiety disorders. People with anxiety disorders typically demonstrate reduced affective discrimination between conditioned danger and safety cues. Here, affective discrimination refers to the ability to selectively display fear to dangerous but not safe situations. Though both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) are linked to impaired affective discrimination, the clinical phenomenology of these disorders suggests that people with GAD versus PD might be less able to overcome such deficits. It is unclear how this potential difference would manifest during lab-based conditioning. Methods We used a classical fear conditioning paradigm over two discrimination training sessions to examine whether those with GAD, but not PD, would display persistent discrimination deficits. Sixty-seven participants (21 GAD, 19 PD, 27 Healthy Controls) completed a task in which conditioned fear was measured psychophysiologically (fear-potentiated startle), behaviorally, and via self-report. Results Although similar levels of impaired discrimination were found for both GAD and PD groups during initial training, such impairments tended to persist across a subsequent training session only for patients with GAD when compared with Controls. Conclusion Our results provide a foundation for additional research of discrimination deficits in specific anxiety disorders, with an ultimate goal of improved customization of psychological treatments.
Detection of Multiply Scattered Light in Optical Coherence Microscopy

In this study a number of experimental and computational methods were employed to examine the effect of multiply scattered light detection on image quality and penetration depth of optical coherence microscopy (OCM) in turbid media. Measurements of the OCM resolution at different optical depths in the scattering media reveal that detection of multiply scattered light causes significant degradation of the lateral and axial resolution and that the deterioration effect is dependent on the turbid media scattering anisotropy and the numerical aperture (NA) of the imaging objective.
THE REDISCOVERY OF THE PROBLEM FAMILY

The experience of the various statutory and private agencies, combined with medical, psychological, and social science inquiry, led to the rediscovery of the problem family and, in turn, to the development of what can be called a unified theory of deviance. It came to be believed that the various forms of deviant behavior engaged in by the clients of particular government and private agencies were only symptoms of more basic, deep-seated pathologies and that treating the symptoms was either too late, or disorganized, or worked at cross-purposes. The preventive service recommendation was enacted in the Children and Young Persons Act, 1963, and was assigned to the local authorities Children's Departments. Despite a general disappointment with the Ingleby Committee, this was an important recommendation. Whether that committee intended it or not, the act proved to be the first concrete legislative step toward the development of a comprehensive, integrated family service. The legislation allowed the Children's Department to develop a family casework service under the expanded definition of neglect in the zone opened up by the Ingleby Committee—family behavior not serious enough to require court intervention but below the higher standard of a stable and secure family.
Energy Determinations in Medium and Heavy Nuclei

The problem of energy determinations in nuclear reactions has been discussed in each of the three preceeding mass conferences. Perhaps the only justification for another such talk is found in the fact that the new generation of cyclotrons and their associated equipment provided a wide variety of beams at considerably higher energies and really quite good resolutions. Further, in some laboratories this good resolution is matched to the resolving power of a reaction products analysis system. The available energy permits the study of reactions having large negative Q-values and large Coulomb barriers, such as (α,t) and (α,6He), and the acceleration of heavy ions with a high energy per nucleon opens up the possibility of mass determinations far from the region of stability. New techniques of instrument calibration are required since the old standard 210Po(α) and threshold measurements are no longer suitable. Further, the available accuracy suggests that the effects of electron binding energies, thermal motions of the target nuclei, and target thickness should be re-explored. In fact it is time to ask once again what the measured Q-value determines.
What Did the Teachers Think? Teachers' Responses to the Use of Value-Added Modeling as a Tool for Evaluating Teacher Effectiveness.

The policy discourse on improving student achievement has shifted from student outcomes to focusing on evaluating teacher effectiveness using standardized test scores. A major urban newspaper released a public database that ranked teachers‘ effectiveness using Value-Added Modeling. Teachers, whom are generally marginalized, were given the opportunity to respond to their rankings. This research examines a subset of those teachers‘ perceptions about the use of standardized test scores in determining teacher effectiveness. It is important for policy makers to hear from those whom are the implementation level of such major policy shifts in education reform.
The Association of Prediabetes and Diabetes Risk Perception With Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Weight Loss.

Purpose: To examine the association of perceived risk of prediabetes and diabetes with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and weight loss, and determine whether the association of risk perception with LTPA and weight loss varies by race/ethnicity. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Subjects: Non-Latino white, non-Latino black, and Latino nondiabetic and nonprediabetic NHANES participants =18 years of age who were not underweight (n = 9550). Measures: Demographic characteristics, LTPA, attempted weight loss, and perceived risk of prediabetes or diabetes. Analysis: Log-binomial regression models were fit to assess the association of perceived risk with meeting LTPA recommendations and having attempted to lose weight, overall and by race/ethnicity. Results: Individuals reporting that they perceived they could be at risk for diabetes/prediabetes were less likely to meet LTPA recommendations (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79-0.95), but significantly more likely to report attempting weight loss in the past year (aPR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.04-1.25), compared with those reporting no risk perception. Latino and non-Latino blacks who perceived they could be at risk for diabetes/prediabetes were 25% and 35% more likely to report trying to lose weight in the past year (aPR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08-1.44 and aPR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.19-1.54, respectively), compared with Latino and non-Latino blacks that did not perceive being at risk. In contrast, non-Latino whites who perceived they were at risk were 20% less likely to report meeting LTPA recommendations (aPR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72-0.89), compared with non-Latino whites reporting no risk perception. Conclusion: Findings highlight the role of perceived risk for prediabetes and diabetes in LTPA and weight loss, with findings varying by race/ethnicity. Awareness of prediabetes and diabetes risk could contribute to efforts aimed at improving LTPA and weight loss.
Quantum Scale Gas Breakdown

While commonly used to predict gas breakdown voltage, measured breakdown voltage deviates from the classical Paschen law for microscale gaps at atmospheric pressure due to the contribution of field emission 1. Recent studies have derived analytic expressions to predict breakdown voltage for gap distances down to the mean free path of an electron that agree well with numerical solutions, particle-in-cell simulations, and experiment 2. However, device sizes continue to shrink and some applications, such as electron emission in a graphene nanogap with sharp edges 3, consider gap sizes on the order of the electron mean free path. Furthermore, variations in critical field emission parameters, such as field enhancement factor and work function, due to surface roughness become more important for these smaller gaps. As a first step to elucidating this behavior, we couple the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation with Poisson’s equation, as done previously for the quantum extension of the Child-Langmuir law 4, and integrate this with previous analytic work for coupling field emission to Townsend avalanche to predict the deviation from the classical Paschen’s law 1. Applying a matched asymptotic analysis as we did at microscale 2 enables us to assess the transition from quantum breakdown back to the combined field emission and Townsend regime. Implications for developing a linked breakdown model from Townsend avalanche to field emission to quantum scale with decreasing gap distance and from field emission and quantum behavior to space-charge limited flow as a function of voltage and pressure will be discussed.
Characteristics of turbulent boundary layer large scale motions using direct fluctuating wall shear stress measurements

A microelectromechanical-systems-based floating element wall-shear-stress sensor ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ mm) is validated in a turbulent boundary layer for its ability to measure characteristics of large-scale motions.
Illumination-Dependent Series Resistance in Perovskite Solar Cells Revealed by J sc -V oc Measurements

The fill factor of perovskite solar cells is considerably lower than that of GaAs and silicon, though they have similar open-circuit voltage (V oc ) deficits. To probe the fill factor loss, we applied the J sc -V oc characterization technique on three different types of perovskite solar cells. Based on the J sc -V oc measurements, we calculated the series resistance at maximum power point under different illumination—and thus injection— levels. We found that the series resistances of all three perovskite solar cells are illumination dependent, unlike silicon solar cells. Further analysis is underway to determine the origin of this phenomenon.
SPECTRA AND CATENARITY OF MULTI-PARAMETER QUANTUM SCHUBERT CELLS*

We study the ring theory of the multi-parameter deformations of the quantum Schubert cell algebras obtained from 2-cocycle twists. This is a large family, which extends the Artin–Schelter–Tate algebras of twisted quantum matrices. We classify set theoretically the spectra of all such multi-parameter quantum Schubert cell algebras, construct each of their prime ideals by contracting from explicit normal localizations and prove formulas for the dimensions of their Goodearl–Letzter strata for base fields of arbitrary characteristic and all deformation parameters that are not roots of unity. Furthermore, we prove that the spectra of these algebras are normally separated and that all such algebras are catenary.
Genomic and clinical characterization of pulmonary-only metastatic prostate cancer: A unique molecular subtype.

BACKGROUND Isolated pulmonary involvement is uncommon in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). To characterize outcomes and molecular alterations of this unique patient subset, we conducted a retrospective review of patients with hormone-naive prostate cancer presenting with lung-only metastases. METHODS This was a retrospective single-institution study. Medical records of 25 patients presenting with pulmonary-only metastases before receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were analyzed. Germline and/or somatic genomic results, where available (n = 16), were documented. Tumor tissue was analyzed using clinical-grade next-generation DNA sequencing assays. Clinical endpoints included complete prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response to ADT (<0.1 ng/mL), median overall survival (OS) from time of ADT initiation, median PSA progression-free survival (PSA-PFS), and failure-free survival (FFS) at 4 years. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were notable for 48% of men (12 of 25) having first or second-degree relatives with prostate cancer, compared with 20% expected. Complete PSA responses to ADT were noted in 52% of men, with a median PSA-PFS of 66 months, a 4-year FFS rate of 72%, and a median OS that was not reached after 190 months. In evaluable patients, molecular drivers were enriched for mismatch repair mutations (4 of 16, 25%) and homologous-recombination deficiency mutations (4 of 16, 25%). These results are limited by the small sample size and retrospective nature of this analysis. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study represents one of the largest cohorts of lung-only mHSPC patients to-date. The prevalence of actionable DNA-repair gene alterations was higher than anticipated (any DNA-repair mutation: 8 of 16, 50%). Compared to historical data, these patients appear to have exceptional and durable responses to first-line ADT. This study suggests that pulmonary-tropic mHSPC biology may be fundamentally different from nonpulmonary mHSPC.
GPS-Denied UAV Localization using Pre-existing Satellite Imagery

We present a method for localization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which is meant to replace an onboard GPS system in the event of a noisy or unreliable GPS signal. Our method requires only a downward-facing monocular RGB camera on the UAV, and pre-existing satellite imagery of the flight location to which the UAV imagery is compared and aligned. To overcome differences in the image capturing conditions between the satellite and UAV, such as seasonal and perspective changes, we propose the use of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) representations trained on readily available satellite data. To increase localization accuracy, we also develop an optimization which jointly minimizes the error between adjacent UAV frames as well as the satellite map. We demonstrate how our method improves on recent systems from literature by achieving greater performance in flight environments with very few landmarks. For a GPS-denied flight at 0.2km altitude, over a flight distance of 0.85km, we achieve average localization error of less than 8 meters. We make our source code and datasets available to encourage further work on this emerging topic11Authors are with The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University,2.2https://github.com/hmgoforth/gps-denied-uav-localization
The emerging role of epigenetic therapeutics in immuno-oncology.

The past decade has seen the emergence of immunotherapy as a prime approach to cancer treatment, revolutionizing the management of many types of cancer. Despite the promise of immunotherapy, most patients do not have a response or become resistant to treatment. Thus, identifying combinations that potentiate current immunotherapeutic approaches will be crucial. The combination of immune-checkpoint inhibition with epigenetic therapy is one such strategy that is being tested in clinical trials, encompassing a variety of cancer types. Studies have revealed key roles of epigenetic processes in regulating immune cell function and mediating antitumour immunity. These interactions make combined epigenetic therapy and immunotherapy an attractive approach to circumvent the limitations of immunotherapy alone. In this Review, we highlight the basic dynamic mechanisms underlying the synergy between immunotherapy and epigenetic therapies and detail current efforts to translate this knowledge into clinical benefit for patients. Despite promising responses in a minority of patients with cancer, considerable scope remains to improve the efficacy of both immune-checkpoint inhibitors and epigenetic drugs, with one potential strategy involving the combination of these two types of treatment. Here, the authors describe the mechanisms underlying the synergy between immune-checkpoint inhibitors and epigenetic drugs and discuss the ongoing clinical development of such combinations.
Guideposts for High-Quality Community Life Engagement Supports: Results of Expert Interviews

Abstract While the benefits of community life engagement (CLE) for individuals with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) are clear, high-quality day services and supports remain largely ...
Expanding criteria for slow colonic transit in patients being evaluated for chronic constipation by scintigraphy

BACKGROUND Colonic transit measurement [geometric center (GC) at 24 and 48 hours] identifies slow transit constipation (STC) in patients with chronic constipation. AIM To evaluate the utility of the difference between GC24 and GC48 (Δ48-24 ) to identify STC in adults with chronic constipation. METHODS We reviewed medical records of 250 patients, aged 18-75 years, who underwent colonic transit by scintigraphy during 1994-2019 for investigation of chronic constipation. Data collected included demographics, medical and surgical histories, and anorectal manometry. We used colonic transit from 220 healthy controls to identify the 5th percentile for diagnosing STC: 1.3 at 24 hours, and 1.9 at 48 hours. In addition, the 5th percentile for Δ48-24 was 0.38 for females and 0.29 for males. Data are reported as median and IQR [Q1, Q3]). KEY RESULTS Among the 250 patients [median age 42.5 years (IQR 30.75, 56), 84% female], based on GC24 < 1.3, 52 (20.8%) had STC (3 males, 49 females); and based on GC48 < 1.9, 28(11.2%) had STC (3 males, 25 females). Colonic transit was normal in 74.8%. In the groups with normal GC24 and GC48, Δ48-24 identified an additional 32(15.1%) of 212 female patients and 4 (10.5%) of 38 male patients with slow progression of colonic transit between 24 and 48 hours. Among these 36 patients with abnormal Δ48-24 , 13(36.1%) had evidence of rectal evacuation disorder. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Δ48-24 measurement on scintigraphic colonic transit can identify an additional 9.2% of STC in patients with constipation without rectal evacuation disorder and can help individualize treatment of chronic constipation.
Adaptation and Cooperation in Control of Multiple Robot Manipulators

We consider the dynamics and control of two or more multi-link robot manipulators cooperatively maneuvering a rigid payload. The redundantly actuated case is considered and the issue of cooperation in the design of open loop and closed loop trajectory tracking control laws is addressed. Lyapunov methods are used to establish stable tracking controllers via model inversion. Finally, a novel adaptive control procedure is utilized to establish stable trajectory tracking controls for the case of large model errors. Lyapunov methods are used throughout this paper to characterize nonlinear trajectory tracking stability characteristics. Numerical examples using a pair of cooperating two-link manipulators are used to illustrate the formulation.
Modeling Lunar Pyroclasts to Probe the Volatile Content of the Lunar Interior

Constraining the volatile budget of the lunar interior has important ramifications for models of Moon formation. While many early and previous measurements of samples acquired from the Luna and Apo...
Practical guide for circular RNA analysis: Steps, tips, and resources

Recent technological advances in RNA sequencing and analysis have allowed an increasingly thorough investigation of a previously unexplored class of transcripts, circular (circ)RNAs. Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNAs have unique functions which often rely on their association with microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins. Through these interactions, circRNAs have been implicated in major cellular processes and hence in the pathophysiology of a range of diseases. Here, we provide guidelines to consider when developing studies on circRNAs, including detecting and selecting the circRNAs, identifying their binding partners and sites of interaction, modulating circRNA levels, assessing copy numbers and stoichiometry, and addressing other points unique to circRNA analysis. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs.
Body-Mounted Vibrotactile Stimuli: Simultaneous Display of Taps on the Fingertips and Forearm

In this article, we present a body-mounted tactile display to deliver haptic feedback to the forearm and user-initiated haptic feedback to the fingertips. The display mounts two vibrotactile actuators on the forearm, leaving the user's hands free for manipulation tasks when the hands are not interacting with the tactile display, while also exploiting the tactile sensitivity of the fingertips when needed. We test the effectiveness of the display using paired vibrotactile taps sensed through the forearm and the fingertips, either separately or simultaneously. We measure the ability of participants to identify the vibrotactile taps. The results show that mounting the device on the forearm, so that the participant touches the forearm-mounted device with their fingertips receiving feedback to both locations simultaneously, decreases performance relative to mounting on the fingertips unless large amplitudes are used. We also test the accuracy with which participants identified different numbers of vibration taps (4, 8, 16, and 25 signals). The results show that as the number of signals changes, participant accuracy is not different when stimulating the fingertips alone compared to stimulating the fingertips and forearm together. We conclude with an example of a portable and wearable vibration display, and discuss future use cases of such a display.
Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation and Comparison with Microseismic Data at a Field Site

A hydraulic fracturing site in Morgantown, West Virginia, USA was selected to be a research site for the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) project which was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The field site has two previously drilled horizontal wells and two newly drilled horizontal wells for extracting natural gas. A separate exploratory vertical “science well” was also drilled and an array of geophones was used to extract important seismic/microseismic event information during hydraulic fracture propagation. Microseismic data collected from the geophones was then used to approximate the extent of hydraulic fractures. Numerical modeling was performed to determine the extent of all hydraulic fractures at the site. The 58 stages encompassing two wells were individually numerically modeled. Available geologic, geomechanical, and treatment data was utilized in the numerical modeling of all stages at both horizontal wells. Comparisons were then made with available microseismic data collected at the field site during hydraulic fracturing operations. Model calibration was based on a statistical methodology and available microseismic data. Results show a good match between estimates/measurements and model calculations of fracture/microseismic cloud height.
Leçons sur le Christ. Introduction à la christologie

Cet enquete historique, biblique et theologique sur la personne de Jesus de Nazareth confesse par les chretiens comme "Christ, Seigneur et fils de Dieu", s'appuie sur l'epoque patristique et les definitions dogmatiques formulees au cours des 8 premiers conciles oecumeniques pour analyser la signification et les implications du dogme de l'union hypostatique. Elle traite egalement du probleme de la mediation salvifique du Christ. Lecon 1 Qu'est-ce que la christologie? PARTIE I: Jesus-Christ, Dieu dans l'Histoire (christologie fondamentale) Lecon 2 L'enquete historique Lecon 3 Credibilite de la Revelation en Jesus-Christ Lecon 4 Le mystere de Jesus de Nazareth Lecon 5 L'homme des miracles Lecon 6 Ressuscite d'entre les morts Lecon 7 Jesus-Christ, universel concret personnel PARTIE II: Une Personne divine en deux natures (christologie dogmatique) Lecon 8 Jesus-Christ du temoignage apostolique a la definition dogmatique Lecon 9 Crises et definitions: de Nicee a Nicee (IVe-VIIIe siecles) Lecon 10 Un etre en deux Lecon 11 De Chalcedoine a nos jours Lecon 12 Grâce d'union, liberte et saintete du Christ Lecon 13 Science et conscience du Christ PARTIE III: Le salut en Jesus-Christ (soteriologie) Lecon 14 La redemption, communication et mystere Lecon 15 L'Incarnation redemptrice Lecon 16 Le Christ, grand pretre de la Nouvelle Alliance Lecon 17 Le sacrifice du Christ Lecon 18 La modalite satisfactoire du sacrifice Lecon 19 La modalite vicariale du sacrifice: la question des merites du Christ Lecon 20 Passion et salut
Intellectual Property and Social Justice on the International Plane

This chapter summarizes the extent to which the ideas of inclusion, empowerment, and access with respect to marginalized groups are taken into account in international instruments and initiatives. Such as as seen in WIPO, TRIPS, and other institutions and instruments, this chapter presents high level survey, a snapshot of where things currently are. Thus, it is largely descriptive and wide ranging, yet forward-thinking. It includes a few discrete suggestions as to where the three main ideas of social justice could be pushed on the international agenda. This chapter also sets the stage for the other chapters in this part which includes articles submitted by authors on intellectual property and social justice in various settings worldwide.
Diagnosis and management of memory loss and cognitive disorders among elderly persons

Memory loss and other cognitive dysfunctions, although common in elderly persons, are not universal features of old age. Instead they herald the presence of various neuropsychiatric diseases, which are first recognized as syndromes. The two most common neuropsychiatric syndromes, dementia and delirium, produce global changes in cognition and other capacities. They are differentiated by the patient's level of consciousness, which is impaired in delirium but intact in dementia. Delirium is generally reversible and often indicates serious physical illness. Although dementia is occasionally reversible, the mainstays of its management and treatment are palliative. Comorbid psychiatric symptoms are common in patients with both delirium or dementia, and their recognition and treatment constitute an important task for the geropsychiatrist. The differential diagnosis of primary dementing illness and other psychiatric illnesses such as depression is complex, because symptoms of the two kinds of disorders often coexist and common pathogenetic mechanisms may underlie both syndromes.
Measurement of Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate and Other Cyclic Nucleotides VARIATIONS IN URINARY EXCRETION WITH HORMONAL STATE OF THE RAT

Abstract A method has been developed for the determination of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate, uridine 3',5'-monophosphate, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate by modifying one basic assay system. Applying this method to the measurement of urinary excretion of cyclic nucleotides in rats, guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate excretion was found to be decreased by hypophysectomy while adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate excretion was unchanged. Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate excretion in hypophysectomized rats was elevated by combined treatment with hydrocortisone plus six pituitary hormones or with hydrocortisone plus thyroxine.
Sexism in Teaching Spanish: Linguistic Discrimination is Sometimes Unconscious

The Spanish language is becoming more flexible in creating feminine forms for occupational names that correspond with the already existing masculine terms. However, there has been some resistance among Spaniards with regard to using feminine forms like fisica to refer to a physicist who is a woman. Similarly, there have been objections to quimica (chemist, chemistry), musica (musician, music), and others because, some say, such terms are ambiguous and confusing with regard to the professions. Do words and the way they are used significantly affect their meaning? The author discusses this question by highlighting linguistic discrimination in Spanish that is sometimes unconscious. However, such usage negatively affects perceptions about women and their role in society. Increasing the awareness of students about the pervasive nature of sexism in language would help to promote equitable treatment of the sexes in both oral and written communication. The author gives examples of sexism in the use of language, and explains specific ways in which society uses language at the most basic level to relegate women to an inferior status. Lastly, the author suggests ways in which professors of Spanish (and English) can address sex-bias in language communication while still remaining faithful to fundamental language structures.
On ripple dynamics: III. Linear propagation of plane-wave packets: Theory

Abstract In this contribution a numerical method is developed to compute the propagation of transient packets of surface waves containing a range of frequencies, based on linear hydrodynamic theory, taking into account viscoelasticity of the surface. The computations are applied to specific examples of surface-wave packets in the capillary-gravity range of frequencies as they propagate on realistic liquids, that is, liquids with finite bulk viscosity. The dispersive nature of surface-wave propagation is demonstrated with computed examples that include propagation on liquids with and without the effects of surface elasticity.
Beyond the Binary: What Can Feminists Learn from Intersex and Transgender Jurisprudence?

This panel discussion focuses on recent developments in the intersex and transsexual communities. Recently, both movements have undergone profound changes and each has provided new and unique theoretical and practical perspectives that can potentially benefit other social justice groups. This dialogue describes these developments. It also emphasizes the importance of feminist, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and intersex activists becoming aware of the goals that they share and areas where their interests may diverge. As each of these movements develops their legal strategies, they need to be conscious of the potentially positive and negative ramifications that their approaches may have on similarly situated marginalized groups.
Causes in the Female

Obstruction of the vaginal orifice can be a cause of infertility. The obstruction may be caused by a still unruptured hymen, or it may be functional, due to hypertrophy of the levator-ani muscles or to constriction of these muscles at the time of coitus. Most of the failure to penetrate the hymen, as well as the contractions of the levator-ani muscles, is psychological in origin. The female often offers primary resistance to coitus that brings about pain or dyspareunia, and further discomfort follows. Subsequent to this, male impotence often occurs. In a study reported in 1957, partners with the dyspareunia-and-impotence cycle made up 25% of our fertility clinic population.1 Today, with improved sex education, and the resultant lessening of inhibitions, the incidence of this unfortunate cycle seems to be declining.
Critical $O(N)$ Models in $6-ε$ Dimensions

We revisit the classic O ( N ) symmetric scalar field theories in d dimensions with interaction ( ϕ i ϕ i ) 2 . For 2 d 4 these theories flow to the Wilson-Fisher fixed points for any N . A standard large N Hubbard-Stratonovich approach also indicates that, for 4 d 6 , these theories possess unitary UV fixed points. We propose their alternate description in terms of a theory of N + 1 massless scalars with the cubic interactions σ ϕ i ϕ i and σ 3 . Our one-loop calculation in 6 - e dimensions shows that this theory has an IR stable fixed point at real values of the coupling constants for N > 1038 . We show that the 1 / N expansions of various operator scaling dimensions match the known results for the critical O ( N ) theory continued to d = 6 - e . These results suggest that, for sufficiently large N , there are 5-dimensional unitary O ( N ) symmetric interacting conformal field theories (CFTs); they should be dual to the Vasiliev higher-spin theory in AdS 6 with alternate boundary conditions for the bulk scalar. Using these CFTs we provide a new test of the 5-dimensional F theorem, and also find a new counterexample for the C T theorem.
The Problem of Nutrition Following Total Gastrectomy

Summary Clinical and laboratory studies made from the records of 36 patients undergoing total gastrectomy and experiments on 116 totally gastrectomized dogs indicate that 1.Alimentation time is decreased after complete gastrectomy. The amount of carbohydrate, fat and protein absorbed is considerably less than normal. 2.There is a tendency to regain some weight and maintain better nutrition when continuity is maintained between the esophagus and duodenum. This can be accomplished either by direct anastomosis between the esophagus and duodenum or by anastomosis isoperistaltically of a segment of jejunum or colon between the esophagus and duodenum. In human subjects digestion and nutrition appear to be better in patients who have isoperistaltic colon segment transplants and this procedure appears to be worthy of further trial even though it is technically more difficult to perform.
Behavior and Strength of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls using Composite Panels

The cold-formed steel (CFS) framed shear wall sheathed with noncombustible panels is an ideal solution for low- and mid-rise buildings when combustible materials are not allowed by the code for certain circumstances. The CFS framed shear wall using steel sheet panel is a commonly used by the industry to fulfill the noncombustible material requirement. However compared to OSB or plywood panels, the steel sheet panel offers significantly lower strength and stiffness. To overcome the disadvantages of steel sheet shear wall, a test program was recently conducted at the University of North Texas to investigate the behavior and strength of CFS steel framed shear wall sheathed with the composite panel which is made of CFS steel sheet bonded to gypsum board. Both monotonic and cyclic tests were performed. It was found that the composite panel provided considerably higher shear strength than the traditional wood based sheathing and the 0.838 mm (0.033 in.) steel sheet sheathing. The composite panel shear wall demo...
Alpha-(2----8)-polysialic acid immunoreactivity in voltage-sensitive sodium channel of eel electric organ

The voltage-sensitive sodium channel from eel electroplax is formed of a polypeptide of 208,321 Da, to which is attached ca. 85 kDa of carbohydrate. Sialic acid is a prominent constituent, contributing ca. 113 negative charges to the protein surface. We here demonstrate that antibodies raised against the bacterial antigen alpha-(2----8)-polysialic acid, specific for polymers of ten or more consecutive sialic acid residues, react specifically and with high affinity to the electroplax sodium channel. In extracts of electroplax membranes, the sodium channel is the only protein that demonstrates this immunoreactivity, suggesting the presence of a polysialosyl-sialyltransferase specifically committed to this unique post-translational modification of the sodium channel. Polysialic acid is rare in vertebrates, having previously been found only associated with neural-cell adhesion molecules, present in the developing neuromuscular system. The other prominent source is the capsular polysaccharide of highly pathogenic meningitis bacteria. Antibodies to the bacterial antigen thus provide highly specific affinity markers for the sodium channel. The high avidity of these antibodies and the ratio of sialic acid residues to consensus glycosylation sites suggest that the terminal chains are well over ten sialosyl residues in length, potentially extending 10-30 nm into the extracellular environment.
An 8 kDa methionine-rich protein from soybean (Glycine max) cotyledon : identification, purification, and N-terminal sequence

The genes encoding methionine-rich proteins (MRP) in seeds are candidates for overexpression to enhance the nutritional quality of legume proteins, which are relatively deficient in methionine. Our previous work on soybean seed localized the MRP in the albumin fraction, and the present work further localized them in the low molecular weight fraction (LMW) of albumin. Enrichment of the albumin fraction for LMW proteins by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography before resolution on 2D SDS-PAGE and labeling of methionine-containing proteins with [1- 14 C]iodoacetate resulted in identification of three methionine-rich 8 kDa proteins with different pI values. The most acidic of the three (2D-1) was recovered for amino acid analysis and partial protein sequencing. 2D-1 had 8.6% methionine, 11.4% lysine, and high amounts of glutamic acid and aspartic acid. This work lays the groundwork for cloning of the gene encoding 2D-1, its eventual overexpression in soybean seed, and elucidation of a possible biological role for 2D-1 and related proteins.
A relationship between steady-state corrosion potential and the anodic dissolution kinetics of the 300 series austenitic stainless steels

Abstract A relationship between the steady-state corrosion potential E corr and the logarithm of the critical c.d. † for passivity I c is described. The relationship, E corr = − log I c + K , is shown to be valid for the 300 series austenitic stainless steels, including Types-303, -304, and -316. A theoretical basis for the observed dependence is derived from electrode kinetic theory, and a model is proposed which relates the kinetics of the anodic dissolution process to the residual impurity content of the steels.
Overly Optimistic? Investor Sophistication and the Role of Affective Reactions to Financial Information in Investors' Stock Price Judgments

This study investigates the difference in unsophisticated and sophisticated investors' affective reactions to a firm's positive earnings announcement. The study also investigates the variation in the stock price judgments of these two groups as a result of a differential reliance on the affective reaction. It contributes to the literature by providing a further understanding of the differential interpretation and reaction to financial data by investors with varying levels of knowledge and experience. In the experiment, participants were asked to review background financial information about a company, evaluate the company's earnings announcement and make stock price judgments. Results indicate that unsophisticated investors interpret a positive earnings announcement as more favorable than do sophisticated investors. The affective reaction to the earnings announcement was more influential on the stock price judgments of unsophisticated investors when compared to the stock price judgments made by sophistica...
The Clinical Chemome: A Tool for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Disease

Garrod was among the first to recognize the importance of genetics as a determinant of disease. In his Croonian Lecture in 1908, he introduced the term “inborn errors of metabolism”, long before the nature of genes, proteins, and enzymes was understood. Numerous recent articles in Clinical Chemistry have focused on the application of modern mass spectrometry to the analysis of metabolites in plasma or urine for diagnosis of genetic diseases resulting from defects in single enzymes or transport systems. Novel liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methodologies, supported by bioinformatics and pattern-recognition algorithms, are also being developed for “omic” analysis and diagnosis of disease, including “genomics” (genetic complement), “transcriptomics” (gene expression), “proteomics” (protein synthesis and signaling), “metabolomics” (concentrations and fluxes of cellular metabolites), and “metabonomics” (systemic profiling by analysis of biological fluids) (1). The more common, noninfectious diseases in the modern world, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, do not fit into Garrod’s construct—that a deficiency in a single enzyme leads to a single disease entity. These and other chronic, age-related diseases are multifactorial and multigene in origin and often have a substantial nonenzymatic, nonmetabolic, chemical component. Chemical modification of proteins, often as a result of oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen …
Classical Inflation Field Induced Creation of Superheavy Dark Matter

We calculate analytically and numerically the production of superheavy dark matter (scalar field $X)$ when it is coupled to the inflaton field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ within the context of a slow-roll ${m}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}/2$ inflationary model with coupling ${g}^{2}{X}^{2}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}/2.$ We find that X particles with a mass as large as ${1000H}_{i},$ where ${H}_{i}$ is the value of the Hubble expansion rate at the end of inflation, can be produced in sufficient abundance to be cosmologically significant today. This means that superheavy dark matter may have a mass of up to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{M}_{\mathrm{Pl}}.$ We also derive a simple formula that can be used to estimate particle production as a result of a quantum field's interaction with a general class of homogeneous classical fields. Finally, we note that the combined effect of the inflaton field and the gravitational field on the X field causes the production to be a nonmonotonic function of ${g}^{2}.$
The other half of avian evolution: Cyril Walker's contribution

Enantiornithine birds represent a basal dichotomy in avian evolution. During the Cretaceous, they were the dominant birds in terrestrial habitats and were nearly as diverse in this habitat as were the Cenozoic modern birds before the development of their most diverse group, the Passeriformes. They achieved this in part through the evolution of a flight mechanism that duplicated the backstroke evolved by ornithurines, but with many different solutions including those in the shoulder girdle emphasized by Walker. Among these inventions is a unique caudal structure analogous to the ornithurine pygostyle that supported their characteristic elongated tail feathers, and a furcular keel that resembles that of hoatzins, but is differently organized from the hypocleidium of ornithurine birds. They share with Archaeopteryx similarities in the formation of the quadratojugal, a unique process on the ischium and the detailed formation of the ankle joint. The Early Cretaceous record of China shows that ornithurine birds...
Molecular dynamics simulation of electro-osmotic flows in rough wall nanochannels

We performed equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation to study electro-osmotic flows inside charged nanochannels with different types of surface roughness. We modeled surface roughness as a sequence of two-dimensional subnanoscale grooves and ridges (step function-type roughness) along the flow direction. The amplitude, spatial period, and symmetry of surface roughness were varied. The amplitude of surface roughness was on the order of the Debye length. The walls have uniform negative charges at the interface with fluids. We included only positive ions (counterions) for simplicity of computation. For the smooth wall, we compared our molecular dynamics simulation results to the well-known Poisson-Boltzmann theory. The density profiles of water molecules showed "layering" near the wall. For the rough walls, the density profiles measured from the wall are similar to those for the smooth wall except near where the steps are located. Because of the layering of water molecules and the finite size effect of ions and the walls, the ionic distribution departs from the Boltzmann distribution. To further understand the structure of water molecules and ions, we computed the polarization density. Near the wall, its z component dominates the other components, indicating the preferred orientation ("ordering") of water molecules. Especially, inside the groove for the rough walls, its maximum is 10% higher (stronger ordering) than for the smooth wall. The dielectric constant, computed with a Clausius-Mosotti-type equation, confirmed the ordering near the wall and the enhanced ordering inside the groove. The residence time and the diffusion coefficient, computed using the velocity autocorrelation function, showed that the diffusion of water and ions along the direction normal to the wall is significantly reduced near the wall and further decreases inside the groove. Along the flow direction, the diffusion of water and ions inside the groove is significantly lowered while it is similar to the bulk value elsewhere. We performed nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation to compute electro-osmotic velocities and flow rates. The velocity profiles correspond to those for overlapped electric double layers. For the rough walls, velocity inside the groove is close to zero, meaning that the channel height is effectively reduced. The flow rate was found to decrease as the period of surface roughness decreases or the amplitude of surface roughness increases. We defined the zeta potential as the electrostatic potential at the location of a slip plane. We computed the electrostatic potential with the ionic distribution and the dielectric constant both from our molecular dynamics simulation. We estimated the slip plane from the velocity profile. The zeta potential showed the same trend as the flow rate: it decreases with an increasing amplitude and a decreasing period of surface roughness.