cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure show subtle alterations in striatal surface morphology and frontal cortical volumes

Background Published structural neuroimaging studies of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) in humans have yielded somewhat inconsistent results, with several studies reporting no significant differences in brain structure between exposed subjects and controls. Here, we sought to clarify some of these discrepancies by applying methodologies that allow for the detection of subtle alterations in brain structure.
Inverse cascade in a percolation model : Hierarchical description of time-dependent scaling

The dynamics of a two-dimensional site percolation model on a square lattice is studied using the hierarchical approach introduced by Gabrielov et al. [Phys. Rev. E 60, 5293 (1999)]. The key elements of the approach are the tree representation of clusters and their coalescence, and the Horton-Strahler scheme for cluster ranking. Accordingly, the evolution of the percolation model is considered as a hierarchical inverse cascade of cluster aggregation. A three-exponent time-dependent scaling for the cluster rank distribution is derived using the Tokunaga branching constraint and classical results on percolation in terms of cluster masses. Deviations from the pure scaling are described. An empirical constraint on the dynamics of a rank population is reported based on numerical simulations.
Microfolding in the Permian Castile formation: An example of geometric systems in multilayer folding, Texas and New Mexico

Outstanding examples of small-scale folds in the Castile formation are of considerable interest to structural geologists because, owing to the low-strain condition of the rock (∼25% shortening), they afford a view of folds that have not yet formed pervasively throughout the multilayer. Some folds have long, along-the-layer continuity involving few of the layers of the multilayer sequence. Others, predominantly in the hinge zone of larger folds (wavelength ≳1 m), have more predominant components of across-the-layer folding. Combinations of these components result in dendriform patterns of distribution of folds and possible zones of interference between systems. One of the most striking features of the Castile folding is the presence of planar layers between folded layers, creating internal fold systems. Even more striking is that competent layers both thicker and thinner than folded layers remain planar. We believe that current fold theories for the onset of folding, which are based on the premise of folding perturbations being identically unstable, cannot adequately explain this observation. A published theory is discussed that incorporates both gravity and surface-tension effects and offers an explanation for this observation. It suggests that folding in the Castile was likely a phenomenon akin to a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, that is, a critical rate of strain must be exceeded before folding occurs.
DNA sequences of amelogenin genes provide clues to regulation of expression

The amelogenins are a heterogeneous group of enamel proteins, which have an important function in enamel formation, as mutations in the amelogenin gene result in the enamel defect amelogenesis imperfecta. The cDNAs that encode murine, bovine, human, porcine, rat and opossum amelogenins have been cloned, and as many as nine alternatively spliced messages can be produced from a single primary transcript, explaining some of the protein heterogeneity. Bovine and human amelogenin genes are found on both X and Y chromosomes, and the sexually dimorphic proteins would have 87-93% identity. A comparison of genes from human, bovine and mouse indicates that they are organized into seven exons, and sequences are highly homologous among species. Bovine, murine and human upstream regions also have similarities, with consensus sequences for potential binding of transcription factors, such as AP1 and CTF/NF1. Transgenic mouse studies have shown that 2300-3500 bp of upstream region are sufficient for expression, while 900 bp are insufficient. Analysis of DNA sequence has identified (a) major homology between species for coding exons with the exception of exon 4, (b) similarities in upstream regions likely involved in tissue specific regulation of expression, and (c) sequences at the RNA splice sites which may determine exon inclusion or skipping.
Optimal saving policy for exhaustible resource economies

Abstract The paper examines the optimal saving policy for a small exhaustible resource-exporting economy (ERE) that has an exhaustible asset and a reproducible capital stock. It shows that, both in magnitude and time profile, the optimal saving policy for an ERE sharply differs from (a) that of a nonextractive economy and (b) that derived from the conventional models of growth with exhaustible resources. These differences arise from the specific economic features that distinguish the small resource-exporting developing economies both from other developing economies and from mature industrial ones. For a wide range of plausible parameter values, comparisons of computed optimal saving paths with actual savings rates of selected EREs suggest substantial deficiencies in their savings rates.
Deep-etch EM reveals that the early poxvirus envelope is a single membrane bilayer stabilized by a geodetic “honeycomb” surface coat

Three-dimensional “deep-etch” electron microscopy (DEEM) resolves a longstanding controversy concerning poxvirus morphogenesis. By avoiding fixative-induced membrane distortions that confounded earlier studies, DEEM shows that the primary poxvirus envelope is a single membrane bilayer coated on its external surface by a continuous honeycomb lattice. Freeze fracture of quick-frozen poxvirus-infected cells further shows that there is only one fracture plane through this primary envelope, confirming that it consists of a single lipid bilayer. DEEM also illustrates that the honeycomb coating on this envelope is completely replaced by a different paracrystalline coat as the poxvirus matures. Correlative thin section images of infected cells freeze substituted after quick-freezing, plus DEEM imaging of Tokuyasu-type cryo-thin sections of infected cells (a new application introduced here) all indicate that the honeycomb network on immature poxvirus virions is sufficiently continuous and organized, and tightly associated with the envelope throughout development, to explain how its single lipid bilayer could remain stable in the cytoplasm even before it closes into a complete sphere.
Ultrafast Laser Induced Molecular Alignment and Deformation: Experimental Evidence from Neutral Molecules and from Fragment Ions†

The alignment and molecular structure deformations induced by intense off-resonance excitation with ultrafast laser pulses are examined using femtosecond transient grating spectroscopy and by angle resolved multiphoton ionization in a molecular beam. The goal of this study is to correlate evidence obtained from the angular dependence of multiphoton ionization and from rotational recurrences observed in neutral molecules regarding alignment and molecular structure deformation. Structural parameters are determined by analysis of the fieldfree rotational recurrences, obtained by transient grating measurements, or by analysis of the anisotropy in the detected fragment ions, in the molecular beam experiments. Experimental data were obtained for CS2, CO2, acetylene, and benzene, for pulse intensities ranging from 10 11 to 10 14 W/cm 2 . The experimental results are consistent with molecular alignment resulting from a “kick” induced by the ultrafast off-resonance field. The results also provide evidence of molecular structure deformations. Results from transient grating experiments indicate that the electric field can induce alignment and bending in polyatomic molecules and that these effects can take place in the absence of ionization.
Induction and Regulation of Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Oxidative Stress

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) have been implicated in the induction of hepatocyte apoptosis that results from a variety of forms of liver injury. Exogenous oxidants induce hepatocyte apoptosis and may mediate death during inflammatory liver injury. Lethal levels of intracellularly generated ROI resulting from hepatotoxin metabolism, or the induction of enzymes in the cytochrome P450 family, are also important inducers of apoptosis. In addition, ROI production may mediate death from a number of diverse factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, bile acids, ischemia, and transforming growth factor-β1. Oxidants alter many redox-sensitive cellular signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors such as activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB. The mechanisms of oxidant-induced hepatocyte apoptosis remain unclear, but probably involve effects on cell signaling, as well as direct chemical interactions. The delineation of stimulus-specific mechanisms of oxidant-d...
A distributed framework for frequency regulation in large-scale prosumer-based power systems

This paper proposes a general framework for implementing distributed frequency regulation (DFR) on large-scale prosumer-based power systems, where each prosumer represents a frequency control area. DFR is a distributed architecture for balancing power between larger prosumers, such as utilities and ISOs (Independent System Operators). This paper first introduces a framework to obtain quasi-steady state models of prosumers from the dynamic models of generators, loads, and the power grid. This model allows illustrating the effect of prosumers’ control actions on the system-wide frequency stability. Next, a coordinated architecture for regulating frequency between prosumers is proposed, under which prosumers solely communicate with their neighbors to obtain their optimal control actions. The DFR algorithm is demonstrated on a realworld large-scale ISO system and the results show that DFR can complement today’s AGC (Automatic Generation Control) systems by providing a coordinated protocol for power balancing and frequency regulation.
Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube based sensors for distributed methane leak detection

This paper presents a highly sensitive, energy efficient and low-cost distributed methane (CH4) sensor system (DMSS) for continuous monitoring, detection and localization of CH4 leaks in natural gas infrastructure such as transmission and distribution pipelines, wells, and production pads. The CH4 sensing element, a key component of the DMSS, consists of a metal oxide functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) mesh which, in comparison to existing literature, shows stronger relative resistance change while interacting with lower ppm concentreation of CH4. For the DMSS a Gaussian plume triangulation algorithm has been developed, which, given a geometric model of the surrounding environment, can precisely detect and localize a CH4 leak as well as estimate its mass flow rate.
Therapeutic Antibody Engineering To Improve Viscosity and Phase Separation Guided by Crystal Structure

Antibodies at high concentrations often reveal unanticipated biophysical properties suboptimal for therapeutic development. The purpose of this work was to explore the use of point mutations based on crystal structure information to improve antibody physical properties such as viscosity and phase separation (LLPS) at high concentrations. An IgG4 monoclonal antibody (Mab4) that exhibited high viscosity and phase separation at high concentration was used as a model system. Guided by the crystal structure, four CDR point mutants were made to evaluate the role of hydrophobic and charge interactions on solution behavior. Surprisingly and unpredictably, two of the charge mutants, R33G and N35E, showed a reduction in viscosity and a lower propensity to form LLPS at high concentration compared to the wild-type (WT), while a third charge mutant S28K showed an increased propensity to form LLPS compared to the WT. A fourth mutant, F102H, had reduced hydrophobicity, but unchanged viscosity and phase separation behavior. We further evaluated the correlation of various biophysical measurements including second virial coefficient (A2), interaction parameter (kD), weight-average molecular weight (WAMW), and hydrodynamic diameters (DH), at relatively low protein concentration (4 to 15 mg/mL) to physical properties, such as viscosity and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), at high concentration. Surprisingly, kD measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at low antibody concentration correlated better with viscosity and phase separation than did A2 for Mab4. Our results suggest that the high viscosity and phase separation observed at high concentration for Mab4 are mainly driven by charge and not hydrophobicity.
Tobacco-Free Pharmacy Laws and Trends in Tobacco Retailer Density in California and Massachusetts

Objectives. To examine the impact of local laws prohibiting tobacco sales in pharmacies in California and Massachusetts, the only 2 US states in which such municipal laws exist.Methods. We analyzed longitudinally the tobacco retailer density at the city level from tobacco retailer license data in California (2005–2013) and Massachusetts (2004–2014).Results. After adjustments, the reduction in tobacco retailer density over time was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37, 1.51) to 3.18 (95% CI = 1.11, 5.25) times greater in cities with a tobacco-free pharmacy law than in cities without such a law.Conclusions. Tobacco-free pharmacy laws are associated with a greater reduction in tobacco retailer density over time in California and Massachusetts.
Architectures for stochastic normalized and modified lattice IIR filters

This paper presents novel structures for lattice IIR digital filters that are well suited for stochastic computing. Stochastic computing systems require fewer logic gates and are inherently fault-tolerant. Thus, these structures are appropriate for nanoscale CMOS technologies. It has been shown that stochastic IIR digital filters can be implemented using the basic lattice structure. However, these implementations require use of binary multipliers and, thus, suffer from increased hardware complexity. The key contribution of this paper lies in demonstrating that the proposed modified lattice IIR structures can be implemented using stochastic logic without requiring any binary multiplier except left-shift operations. A modified lattice structure is derived using scale factor si = 1 ± ki in the Schur Algorithm. Two architectures are proposed for stochastic lattice IIR filters. The first is based on the normalized lattice structure, where states are orthonormal, which prevents state overflow. The second is based on the proposed modified lattice structure. Binary multipliers are replaced by left-shift operations in the proposed structures. The proposed architectures require fewer stochastic number generators and stochastic-to-binary converters. Therefore, the area for the proposed design is 90% less than the two's complement lattice filters. Additionally, compared to previous stochastic computing design, the hardware complexity is reduced by 60%. Experimental results show that the output signal-to- error power ratio of the first implementation for narrow-band IIR filter increases by an order of magnitude, compared to previous stochastic designs. Simulation results also demonstrate high fault tolerance of the proposed structures. Synthesis results show excellent timing scalability of the proposed stochastic IIR filters with respect to the filter order, compared to 2's complement implementations.
Securing the State through the Production of ‘Global’ Citizens: Analyzing Neo-Liberal Educational Reforms in Jordan and the USA

From a human capital perspective, schooling has long represented an engine of economic growth, individual advancement, and competitiveness in the global market. In recent years, this theorization of schooling has become linked with articulations of national security in both the Global North and South, as policymakers, private sector actors, and international donor agencies frequently describe economic growth and opportunities for individual advancement as requisites to social and political stability. Lost amid the current US foreign policy discourses about the Middle East is an analysis of how neo-liberal educational reforms in both regions are similarly reconfiguring relationships between the nation-state and its young citizens. In critically interrogating how the sociopolitical work of schooling is articulated in Jordanian and American education policy texts, this article argues that neo-liberal discourses of ‘choice’, ‘accountability’ and ‘participation’ in current regimes of education reform seemingly...
Relationship of the occurrence and function of 2,6-dichlorophenol in two species of Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae).

Female Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) and A. maculatum Koch ticks contained approximately equal and maximum amounts of 2,6-dichlorophenol at 16 days after emergence. A. maculatum males also contained substantial amounts of the compound, but only traces of the chemical were detected in A. americanum males. There appeared to be no increase in the 2,6-dichlorophenol content of feeding ticks. Only male ticks of both species were attracted to local applications of the phenol. No behavioral response was observed in A. maculatum females to explain the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenol in males of this species or elucidate other investigators' observations on the aggregation of the sexes of this tick on hosts.
Creating value for participants in multistakeholder alliances: The shifting importance of leadership and collaborative decision-making over time.

Background Multistakeholder alliances that bring together diverse organizations to work on health-related issues are playing an increasingly prominent role in the U.S. health care system. Prior research shows that collaborative decision-making and effective leadership are related to members' perceptions of value for their participation in alliances. Yet, we know little about how collaborative decision-making and leadership might matter over time in multistakeholder alliances. Purpose The aim of this study was to advance understanding of the role of collaborative decision-making and leadership in individuals' assessments of the benefits and costs of their participation in multistakeholder alliances over time. Methods We draw on data collected from three rounds of surveys of alliance members (2007-2012) who participated in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Aligning Forces for Quality program. Findings Results from regression analyses indicate that individuals' perceptions of value for their participation in alliances shift over time: Perceived value is higher with collaborative decision-making when alliances are first formed and higher with more effective leadership as time passes after alliance formation. Practice implications Leaders of multistakeholder alliances may need to vary their behavior over time, shifting their emphasis from inclusive decision-making to task achievement.
Respiratory distress syndrome mortality in the United States, 1987 to 1995.

OBJECTIVE: To review respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) mortality since the introduction of surfactant. DESIGN: Population-based historical cohort study. METHODS: United States vital statistic data were used for the years 1987 to 1995. Linked birth and infant death file data were available for the years 1987 to 1991 and for 1995. US natality and mortality files were used for the years 1992 to 1994. RESULTS: Whereas overall infant mortality decreased 25% over the-9 year period from a rate of 979 deaths/100,000 live births (LB) to a rate of 736, mortality attributed to RDS decreased 56% from a rate of 84 to 37. The crude black:white relative risk for RDS-related mortality increased from 2.02 in 1987 to 2.76 in 1995. The largest and most consistent drop in RDS-related mortality occurred in the 2000 to 2499 gm birth weight and 33- to 36-week gestation groups; average annual decline=20%. There was a change in the distribution of the underlying causes of death over the 9-year period with an increase in the proportion of mortality attributed to prematurity. CONCLUSION: Since the advent of surfactant there has been a marked reduction in mortality attributed to RDS. Of concern is the increasing disparity between black and white RDS-related mortality.
A Population of Short-Period Variable Quasars from PTF as Supermassive Black Hole Binary Candidates

Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) at sub-parsec separations should be common in galactic nuclei, as a result of frequent galaxy mergers. Hydrodynamical simulations of circum-binary discs predict strong periodic modulation of the mass accretion rate on time-scales comparable to the orbital period of the binary. As a result, SMBHBs may be recognized by the periodic modulation of their brightness. We conducted a statistical search for periodic variability in a sample of 35 383 spectroscopically confirmed quasars in the photometric data base of the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). We analysed Lomb–Scargle periodograms and assessed the significance of our findings by modelling each individual quasar's variability as a damped random walk (DRW). We identified 50 quasars with significant periodicity beyond the DRW model, typically with short periods of a few hundred days. We find 33 of these to remain significant after a re-analysis of their periodograms including additional optical data from the intermediate-PTF and the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey. Assuming that the observed periods correspond to the redshifted orbital periods of SMBHBs, we conclude that our findings are consistent with a population of unequal-mass SMBHBs, with a typical mass ratio as low as q ≡ M_2/M_1 ≈ 0.01.
A prospective study of recurrent febrile seizures.

Abstract Background. Febrile seizures occur in 2 to 4 percent of all children, approximately one third of whom will have recurrent febrile seizures. Little is known about predictors of recurrence. Methods. In this prospective study, we identified 347 children (1 month to 10 years of age) who presented with a first febrile seizure at one of four pediatric emergency departments. Information about these children was collected from medical records and interviews with the parents, and the children were followed for a median of 20 months to ascertain whether febrile seizures recurred. Results. Recurrent febrile seizures occurred in 94 of the 347 children (27 percent) with a cumulative risk of 25 percent at one year and 30 percent at two years. The duration of fever before the initial seizure was associated with the risk of recurrence at one year: for fever lasting less than 1 hour, the risk of recurrence was 44 percent; for fever lasting 1 to 24 hours, 23 percent; and for fever lasting more than 24 hours, 13 pe...
Damage Mechanisms Avoided or Managed for NIF Large Optics

After every other failure mode has been considered, in the end, the high-performance limit of all lasers is set by optical damage. The demands of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pushed lasers des...
Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Pooled Occupational Cohorts.

Objective:The aim of the study was to ascertain if cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors are carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) risk factors.Methods:Analysis of pooled baseline data from two large prospective cohort studies (n = 1824) assessed the relationships between a modified Framingham Heart Study CVD ri
Automated ground transport systems: Some observed materials problems

One promising partial approach to many of our anticipated future transportation problems is the automation of various facets of ground transportation. This could include automated captive-vehicle systems for central-business-district circulation, dual-mode vehicle systems for urban area use, and intercity automated highways. Certain control functions are critical in such systems and the development of new technology will be required for their successful implementation. The functions include network control and both the automatic longitudinal and lateral control of individual vehicles. Current component developments, which are directed toward such functions will be described, together with the results of roadway testing. Several problem areas, which are related to the electrical properties of conventional construction materials, are defined together with preferred operating environments for electrical components and materials.
Study on the determination of oxalic acid and citric acid in urine by ionic exclusion chromatography

Objective:To establish an analytical method for the determination of oxalic acid and citric acid in urine by ionic exclusion chromatography.Methods: The oxalic acid and citric acid in urine were separated on Rezex ROA organic acid column(300 mm×7.8 mm i.d.,8 μm) by using 0.010 mol/L sulfuric acid as an eluent at a flow rate of 0.40 ml/min.Detection was performed on an ultraviolet detector at λ=201 nm and quantification was calculated by an external standard method.Results: The linearity of oxalic acid and citric acid in the tested concentration range was good and the correlation coefficients were both more than 0.9990.The limits of quantification were found to be 0.2 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L for oxalic acid and citric acid.The extraction recoveries were between 88.3%~102.6% and the RSD were both less than 5.0%.Conclusion: This method is simple,sensitive and accurate for the determination of oxalic acid and citric acid in urine and it can be satisfactorily applied to the routine analysis.
Managing Neurological Disorders Using Neuromodulation

With the aging of the US and indeed most of the world population, there is a corresponding increase in neurodegenerative and other chronic neurological disorders [11, 56]. The common chronic neurological conditions which are experienced by a significant proportion of the US population include stroke, epilepsy, brain and spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Nutritional support: Formulas and delivery of enteral feeding

Enteral feeding is an option when nutritional support is required for a patient with a functioning gastrointestinal tract.
Vaporization coefficients of SiO2 and MgO

Abstract The vaporization coefficients are measured for both SiO2 (cristobalite) and the (100) face of MgO. These oxides vaporize congruently and are studied with free surface (Langmuir) vaporization using a vacuum thermogravimetric apparatus. The measured fluxes are compared to the calculated equilibrium fluxes to determine vaporization coefficients. Post-vaporization microstructures are also examined and discussed in regard to the vaporization process.
Economic Growth in the Middle East, 1950–1972

The year 1973 was clearly a turning point in the recent economic history of the Middle East. On October 1 of that year, the price of Arabian Light, a representative type of Middle Eastern crude oil, stood at $3.01 per barrel. On October 16, following the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli war, the price rose to $5.12. By January 1, 1974, the price had reached $11.65, as OPEC further exploited its opportunities for cartel profits. In consequence, there was an international transfer of purchasing power—from oil importers to oil exporters—unprecedented in its scale and suddenness. The Middle East has been the major beneficiary of this transfer. Other Middle Eastern countries benefited indirectly, as the oil states expanded their demand both for imported commodities and for immigrant labor, and stepped up their programs of financial assistance to less favored parts of the region. So 1973 saw the start of an acceleration of Middle Eastern growth that was both rapic and widely diffused.
Singlet–triplet energy gaps and the degree of diradical character in binuclear copper molecular magnets characterized by spin-flip density functional theory

Molecular magnets, defined here as organic polyradicals, can be used as building blocks in the fabrication of novel and structurally diverse magnetic light-weight materials. We present a theoretical investigation of the lowest spin states of several binuclear copper diradicals. In contrast to previous studies, we consider not only the energetics of the low-lying states (which are related to the exchange-coupling parameter within the Heisenberg–Dirac–van-Vleck model), but also the character of the diradical states themselves. We use natural orbitals, their occupations, and the number of effectively unpaired electrons to quantify bonding patterns in these systems. We compare the performance of spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT) using various functionals and effective core potentials against the wave function based approach, equation-of-motion spin-flip coupled-cluster method with single and double substitutions (EOM-SF-CCSD). We find that SF-TDDFT paired with the PBE50 and B5050LYP functionals performs comparably to EOM-SF-CCSD, with respect to both singlet–triplet gaps and states' characters. Visualization of frontier natural orbitals shows that the unpaired electrons are localized on copper centers, in some cases exhibiting slight through-bond interaction via copper d-orbitals and p-orbitals of neighboring ligand atoms. The analysis reveals considerable interactions between the formally unpaired electrons in the antiferromagnetic diradicaloids, meaning that they are poorly described by the Heisenberg–Dirac–van-Vleck model. Thus, for these systems the experimentally derived exchange-coupling parameters are not directly comparable with the singlet–triplet gaps. This explains systematic discrepancies between the computed singlet–triplet energy gaps and the exchange-coupling parameters extracted from experiment.
Long-Acting Octreotide Reduces the Recurrence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With a Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device.

Abstract Background Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most significant adverse events in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Methods We enrolled LVAD patients who had received an intramuscular injection of 20 mg octreotide every 4 weeks as secondary prevention for recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding despite conventional medical therapies and repeated transfusions. The frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding and other associated clinical outcomes before and during octreotide therapy were compared. Results Thirty LVAD patients (66.4 ± 8.8 years old, 16 men [53%]) received octreotide therapy for 498.8 ± 356.0 days without any octreotide-associated adverse events. The frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding was decreased significantly during octreotide therapy (from 3.4 ± 3.1 to 0.7 ± 1.3 events/year; P Conclusions Octreotide therapy reduced the frequency of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and may be considered for secondary prevention.
Mood and Personality Characteristics are Associated with Metamemory Knowledge Accuracy in a Community-Based Cohort of Older Adults.

Objectives: Emerging work reveals the neuroanatomic changes that compromise metacognition; however, little is known about the impact of premorbid factors. Research suggests that psychological variables influence the perception of cognition, but whether they influence the accuracy of those perceptions (i.e., metacognition) has not been directly examined. Participants and Methods: Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), we tested for discrete personality (NEOFFI) and mood (STAI, BDI-II, and GDS) classes among a community-based cohort of 151 older adults, enrolled in the NKI-Rockland study. Metamemory was calculated by comparing subjective memory ratings (modified Cognitive Failures Questionnaire) to objective memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) to determine the degree to which individuals were overconfident, underconfident, or accurate in their self-assessment. A generalized linear model was used to examine whether metamemory differed across the emergent classes. A one sample t test was used to determine whether the metamemory scores of the emergent classes were statistically significantly different from zero, that is, over or under confident. Results: Two discrete classes emerged in the LCA: Class 1 was characterized predominantly by high extraversion and conscientiousness and low neuroticism and anxiety; Class 2 was characterized predominantly by low extraversion and conscientiousness and high neuroticism and anxiety. Metamemory differed significantly as a function of Class Membership (F(4,151)=5.42; p<.001), with Class 1 demonstrating accurate metamemory (M=0.21; SD=1.31) and Class 2 demonstrating under-confidence (M=−0.59; SD=1.39) in their memory. Conclusions: The significant association between psychological factors and metamemory knowledge accuracy suggests that such characteristics may be important to consider in the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of metacognitive disturbances. (JINS, 2018, 24, 498–510)
Trends and Issues Facing Professional Leaders Today

(1995). Trends and Issues Facing Professional Leaders Today. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 97-106.
Characterizing a tunably difficult problem in genetic programming

This paper examines the behavioral phenomena that occur with the tuning of the binomial-3 problem. Our analysis identifies a distinct set of phenomena that may be generalizable to other problems. These phenomena also bring into question whether GA theory has any bearing on GP theory.
The Use of Language in Reflective Teaching: Implications for Self-Understanding.

Monologic models of reflection do not adequately explain how teachers come to know. Monologic conceptions of reflection use language in individual and isolated ways. This paper critiques these conceptions of reflection and suggests that individual cognitive models of reflection can perpetuate poor pedagogy. I argue that this pedagogical irony is established once reflection is conceived of as a state of cogito where language is subjugated to an objective and rationalistic function within independent pedagogical queries. Alternatively, it is with biases, I argue, that teachers initially frame events to reflect upon. Through language - dialogue - I suggest that teachers can better understand their reflections, t heir practice, and eventually themselves. I draw largely on three arguments that challenge agent- centered epistemologies that, in turn, implicate the beliefs of teachers and the norm a lizing discourse of education in teachers' pedagogical decisions. I conclude with aspects of Hans-Georg Gadamer's thoughts towards the development of a richer conception of reflective practice and self understanding.
Learning to Describe and Quantify Animal Behavior

Publisher Summary Research in animal behavior typically focuses on providing insight into the causation, development, adaptive value, or evolution of particular animal behavior patterns. To investigate such issues, researchers must be able to observe and describe the details of behavior, including detecting differences and similarities among the actions performed under differing social and environmental circumstances by individual animals differing in characteristics such as age, sex, and species. Making such comparisons requires quantification of behavior. In order for observers to quantify behavioral acts, each type of act that is measured must be clearly defined. Before deciding which behavior patterns to define and measure, researcher must first spend time observing and describing a variety of behavior patterns seen in research study species so that they can decide what questions are reasonable to research in species.
The Baker—Feldman Theorem

This chapter establishes a good inequality for linear combinations of ordinary logarithms of algebraic numbers. As is well-known, special cases were known to Gelfond for two logarithms, but Baker was the first to see how to deal with more than two. Feldman [Fe 4] then obtained an inequality which is especially good with respect to the heights of the coefficients of the relation, using special interpolation polynomials.
Impurity Control Systems for Reactor Experiments

Poloidal divertors and pumped limiters are the leading candidates for impurity and particle control systems for reactor tokamak experiments. Such systems must be able to provide heat removal and He pumping while satisfying the requirements for (1) minimum plasma contamination by impurities, (2) reasonable component lifetime (~ 1 year), and (3) minimum size and cost and maximum simplicity. While pumped limiter systems are simpler and cheaper, poloidal divertors offer the possibility of low sputtering rates for the first wall components and modest pumping requirements due to the formation of a cool, dense plasma near the collector plates. Estimates made as part of the INTOR study indicate that the sputtering rates for pumped limiters could be unacceptably large. Both types of systems should be able to provide adequate pumping. Engineering design studies have been carried out for both systems. The study for a poloidal divertor system for INTOR indicates that such a system offers a reasonable solution to the impurity control problem at only a modest increase in total reactor cost (~10%) and complexity compared to a pumped limiter system.
Right ventricular failure following left ventricular assist device implantation is associated with a preoperative pro-inflammatory response.

Systemic inflammation during implant of a durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may contribute to adverse outcomes. We investigated the association of the preoperative inflammatory markers with subsequent right ventricular failure (RVF). Prospective data was collected on 489 patients from 2003 through 2017 who underwent implantation of a durable LVAD. Uni- and multivariable correlation with leukocytosis was determined using linear and binary logistic regression. The population was also separated into low ( 10.5 K/ul, n = 127) white blood cell count (WBC) groups. Mantel-Cox statistics was used to analyze survival data. Postop RVF was associated with a higher preop WBC (11.3 + 5.7 vs 8.7 + 3.1) and C-reactive protein (CRP, 5.6 + 4.4 vs 3.3 + 4.7) levels. Multivariable analysis identified an independent association between increased WBC preoperatively with increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, P < 0.001), heart rate (P < 0.001), CRP (P = 0.006), creatinine (P = 0.048), and INR (P = 0.049). The high WBC group was more likely to be on preoperative temporary circulatory support (17.3% vs 6.4%, P < 0.001) with a trend towards greater use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (55.9% vs 47.2%, P = 0.093). The high WBC group had poorer mid-term survival (P = 0.042). Postop RVF is associated with a preoperative pro-inflammatory environment. This may be secondary to the increased systemic stress of decompensated heart failure. Systemic inflammation in the decompensated heart failure may contribute to RVF after LVAD implant.
Sampling from the Museum of Forms: Photography and Visual Thinking in the Rise of Modern Statistics

(1987). Sampling from the Museum of Forms: Photography and Visual Thinking in the Rise of Modern Statistics. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 684-708.
Metabolite flux across portal-drained viscera, liver, and hindquarters of hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic beef steers

Metabolic response to i.v., exogenous insulin was characterized in three younger (355 d old, 340 kg BW) and four older (480 d old, 456 kg BW) beef steers. The steers had chronic indwelling catheters to allow measurement of blood flow and net flux of metabolites across portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, and hindquarters (HQ). Daily N and ME intakes provided at least 1.8 times maintenance requirements. Net flux was measured before and after each steer received intramesenteric infusions of insulin, which ranged from 5 to 80 mU.h-1.kg BW-1, and intrajugular infusion of glucose to maintain euglycemia. Nonlinear fits of data provided predictions of maximal glucose entry (Rmax) for glucose infused, liver glucose release, HQ glucose uptake, and total glucose entry (TGE, sum of glucose infused plus liver release). Differences in BW could account for differences (P < .05) in Rmax for TGE between older steers (688 mmol/h) and younger steers (493 mmol/h). Plasma insulin needed to elicit half-maximal response (ED50) for TGE tended (P < .17) to be greater for older (82 mU/L) than for younger steers (49 mU/L). The decrease in liver glucose release in response to infusion of insulin was greater (P < .01) for older (-170 mmol/h) than younger (-106 mmol/h) steers. The ED50 for liver production of glucose tended (P = .13) to be greater for older (45 mU/L) than for younger (5 mU/L) steers. At 80 mU.h-1.kg BW-1, liver extraction of insulin decreased to approximately 50% of control extraction, and arterial insulin concentration was at least 9.4 times control concentrations. The PDV release and liver removal of L-lactate and propionate were not reduced by insulin infusion, although liver glucose release was 51 and 76% of control for younger and older steers, respectively. We concluded that older steers tended to be less sensitive than younger steers to the effects of insulin on glucose metabolism.
Gene Therapy Correction of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Deficiency

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) deficiency causes “Asian flush syndrome,” presenting as alcohol-induced facial flushing, tachycardia, nausea, and headaches. One of the most common hereditary enzyme deficiencies, it affects 35%–40% of East Asians and 8% of the world population. ALDH2 is the key enzyme in ethanol metabolism; with ethanol challenge, the common ALDH2*2 (E487K) mutation results in accumulation of toxic acetaldehyde. ALDH2*2 heterozygotes have increased risk for upper digestive tract cancers, compounded by smoking and drinking alcohol. We hypothesized that a one-time administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer vector expressing the human ALDH2 coding sequence (AAVrh.10hALDH2) would correct the deficiency state. AAVrh.10hALDH2 was administered intravenously to Aldh2 knockout (Aldh2−/−) and Aldh2 E487K knockin homozygous (Aldh2E487K+/+) mice. Following acute ethanol ingestion, untreated ALDH2-deficient mice had elevated acetaldehyde levels and performed poorly in behavioral tests. In contrast, treated Aldh2−/− and Aldh2E487K+/+ mice had lower serum acetaldehyde levels and improved behavior. Thus, in vivo AAV-mediated ALDH2 therapy may reverse the deficiency state in ALDH2*2 individuals, eliminating the Asian flush syndrome and reducing the risk for associated disorders.
Maxillomandibular and occlusal relationships in preadolescent patients with syndromic craniosynostosis treated by LeFort III distraction osteogenesis: 10-year surgical and phenotypic stability.

Introduction LeFort III distraction osteogenesis may be indicated in the treatment of syndromic craniosynostosis with severe midface retrusion. This study investigates long-term changes in patients undergoing distraction as children, and compares outcomes to an unaffected, untreated control. Methods Fifteen patients (9 males, 6 females) with syndromic craniosynostosis treated by LeFort III distraction at an average age of 4.9 ± 1.5 years were identified. Lateral cephalograms at predistraction, immediate, 1-, 5-, and 10-year postdistraction were superimposed using the best-fit of cranial base details. An untreated, unaffected matched control was obtained from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Legacy Collection. Differences in landmark location and cephalometric relationships were assessed between time points and between treatment and control groups. Results LeFort III distraction produced an average advancement of 14.86 ± 5.14 mm at A-point and 10.54 ± 3.78 mm at orbitale. This advancement produced overcorrection of anteroposterior occlusal relationships and phenotypic correction of midface position. Surgical stability over a 10-year follow-up was excellent. Posttreatment growth was characterized by absent anteroposterior maxillary growth, preservation of dentoalveolar development and maxillary remodeling, and delayed mandibular growth. Subsequent growth resulted in a long-term phenotypic relapse of pretreatment Class III maxillomandibular relationship and negative overjet. Conclusions LeFort III distraction osteogenesis produces stable advancement of the midface. Overcorrection is required for long-term phenotypic stability because of deficient postdistraction sagittal midface growth. Late mandibular growth contributes to underestimation of the amount of distraction required to produce long-term phenotypic correction.
Meeting the Challenge of Analgesia in a Pregnant Woman With Burn Injury Using Subanesthetic Ketamine: A Case Report and Literature Review

Pain management guidelines for burn injury in pregnant women are scarce. Maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in pregnant burn patients have been shown to be higher than that of the general population, especially in severe burns. Early intervention and interdisciplinary treatment are critical to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes. Proper pain management is central to wound treatment, as poor control of pain can contribute to delayed healing, re-epithelialization, as well as persistent neuropathic pain. We present this case of a 34-year-old female patient who suffered an 18% total body surface area burn during the third trimester of pregnancy to demonstrate that ketamine can be considered as an adjunct for procedural and background analgesia during the third trimester, as part of a multimodal strategy in a short-term, monitored setting after a thorough and complete analysis of risks and benefits and careful patient selection.
In Vitro Effect of Dovitinib (TKI258), a Multi-Target Angiokinase Inhibitor on Aggressive Meningioma Cells

Background: Meningiomas represent ∼30% of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Although advances in surgery and radiotherapy have significantly improved survival, there remains an important...
The role of cation ordering and disordering on mass transport in complex oxides

Abstract Mass transport is one of the most fundamental properties of a material and dictates its potential use for a range of applications. In simple materials, mass transport is determined by migration of point defects along simple and well defined pathways. When considering complex oxides, however, new considerations arise that complicate both our understanding and our ability to describe mass transport. Chemical disorder, the mixing of cations across different sublattices, is one of these considerations. This disorder leads to a complex potential energy landscape that impacts both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the defects responsible for mass transport through the material. We review the recent literature to highlight new insights that have been revealed by both experiment and computational modeling about the coupling between disorder and transport. We highlight points of agreement and disagreement. Our survey raises open scientific questions about our understanding of this coupling which, if answered, provide new possibilities for tailoring functionality in these materials.