cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fallout plume of submerged oil from Deepwater Horizon

The sinking of the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico led to uncontrolled emission of oil to the ocean, with an official government estimate of ∼ 5.0 million barrels released. Among the pressing uncertainties surrounding this event is the fate of ∼ 2 million barrels of submerged oil thought to have been trapped in deep-ocean intrusion layers at depths of ∼ 1,000-1,300 m. Here we use chemical distributions of hydrocarbons in >3,000 sediment samples from 534 locations to describe a footprint of oil deposited on the deep-ocean floor. Using a recalcitrant biomarker of crude oil, 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane (hopane), we have identified a 3,200-km(2) region around the Macondo Well contaminated by ∼ 1.8 ± 1.0 × 10(6) g of excess hopane. Based on spatial, chemical, oceanographic, and mass balance considerations, we calculate that this contamination represents 4-31% of the oil sequestered in the deep ocean. The pattern of contamination points to deep-ocean intrusion layers as the source and is most consistent with dual modes of deposition: a "bathtub ring" formed from an oil-rich layer of water impinging laterally upon the continental slope (at a depth of ∼ 900-1,300 m) and a higher-flux "fallout plume" where suspended oil particles sank to underlying sediment (at a depth of ∼ 1,300-1,700 m). We also suggest that a significant quantity of oil was deposited on the ocean floor outside this area but so far has evaded detection because of its heterogeneous spatial distribution.
Gated sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance images of an isolated perfused working rat heart

Sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance images of phantoms and gated images of isolated perfused working rat hearts were obtained. By synchronizing the nuclear magnetic resonance process to the heartbeat, images were obtained at systole and at diastole.
Micro-post evaporator wicks with improved phase change heat transfer performance

Abstract We report a modeling and experimental study of micro-post wicks with improved phase change heat transfer performance for evaporators in micro-heat pipes and vapor chambers. A surface energy minimization algorithm is used to predict the shapes of liquid menisci around micro-posts whose geometries have been tailored to increase the fraction of thin-film regions with small thermal resistance. The effects of the apparent contact angle, solid thermal conductivity, and accommodation coefficient are studied. A circular post of uniform cross-section is used as a baseline to evaluate the performance of two alternative post geometries with the same virtual diameter and array spacing. Enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient due to increased fractions of thin-film regions is largest when the relative effects of the liquid conduction or evaporation resistance are large, that is, when the apparent contact angle is large or when the solid thermal conductivity is high. Deep reactive ion etching or electroplating was used to fabricate wick structures out of silicon or copper with aspect ratios as high as 14. The heat transfer performance of the wicks are experimentally tested in a controlled ambient and the effective heat transfer coefficient is determined using a 3D heat transfer model to account for heat spreading. At low and moderate heat fluxes ( 2 ), the experimentally measured performance is consistent with our modeling results.
Slow changes in Ca2+ cause prolonged release from GABAergic retinal amacrine cells

The timing of neurotransmitter release from neurons can be modulated by many presynaptic mechanisms. The retina uses synaptic ribbons to mediate slow graded glutamate release from bipolar cells tha...
Immune modulating effects of cyclophosphamide and treatment with tumor lysate/CpG synergize to eliminate murine neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer of neural crest origin. Despite aggressive treatment, mortality remains at 40 % for patients with high-risk disseminated disease, underscoring the need to test new combinations of therapies. In murine tumor models, our laboratory previously showed that T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses improve in the context of lymphopenia. The goal of this study was to incorporate lymphodepletion into an effective immune therapy that can be easily translated into neuroblastoma standard of care. Based on the lymphodepleting effects of cyclophosphamide, we hypothesized that cyclophosphamide would synergize with the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), to produce a T cell-mediated anti-neuroblastoma effect. To test this hypothesis, we used the AgN2a aggressive murine model of neuroblastoma. Mice bearing subcutaneous tumors were treated with cyclophosphamide followed by treatment with tumor cell lysate mixed with CpG ODN injected at the tumor site. Subcutaneous neuroblastoma regressed only in mice that were treated with 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide prior to receiving treatments of tumor lysate mixed with CpG ODN. The anti-neuroblastoma response was T cell-mediated. Synergy between cyclophosphamide and the tumor lysate/CpG ODN treatment influenced the production of anti-tumor CD8 T cell effectors, and dendritic cell homeostasis. For clinical consideration, an allogeneic tumor lysate was used effectively with this protocol to eliminate AgN2a tumor in vivo. Synergistic immune modulating effects of cyclophosphamide and a treatment containing tumor cell lysate and CpG ODN provide T cell-mediated anti-tumor activity against murine neuroblastoma.
The Aftermath of Criminal Victimization Race, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy

Criminal victimization is associated with a cascade of negative effects on social development, but research has primarily focused on children and adolescents. Less is known about the effects of criminal victimization on psychosocial functioning of Americans age 50 and older. Relying on individual-level data from Waves 1 and 2 of a longitudinal panel study of older adults—the Americans’ Changing Lives study—the current study explored the effects of criminal victimization on self-esteem and self-efficacy separately for Whites and African Americans. Net of the effects of employment, income, depression, age, sex, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, criminal victimization reduced self-esteem and self-efficacy among African Americans but not Whites. However, Whites who had greater difficulty dealing with their victimization evinced lower subsequent self-esteem. Greater difficulty with their victimization was also modestly associated with subsequent self-efficacy for Whites and African Americans. Implications and di...
Optimizing information exchange in cooperative multi-agent systems

Decentralized control of a cooperative multi-agent system is the problem faced by multiple decision-makers that share a common set of objectives. The decision-makers may be robots placed at separate geographical locations or computational processes distributed in an information space. It may be impossible or undesirable for these decision-makers to share all their knowledge all the time. Furthermore, exchanging information may incur a cost associated with the required bandwidth or with the risk of revealing it to competing agents. Assuming that communication may not be reliable adds another dimension of complexity to the problem.This paper develops a decision-theoretic solution to this problem, treating both standard actions and communication as explicit choices that the decision maker must consider. The goal is to derive both action policies and communication policies that together optimize a global value function. We present an analytical model to evaluate the trade-off between the cost of communication and the value of the information received. Finally, to address the complexity of this hard optimization problem, we develop a practical approximation technique based on myopic meta-level control of communication.
Alternative donor sites for maxillary bone grafts.

Significant gaps between segments are often created when the maxilla is advanced, expanded, or reoriented. These gaps require bone grafts for stability. Often the amount of bone required is not great, and to subject the patient to a second operative procedure involving the iliac crest or rib may not be warranted. Although freeze-dried and decalcified bone are available, they do not have the healing capabilities of fresh autogenous bone. Hydroxylapatite blocks do not have the osteogenic potential of fresh autogenous bone. During the past few years, we have been harvesting fresh autogenous bone for grafting from easily accessible areas in the maxillofacial region. Two donor areas that we commonly use are the palate and the zygomatic eminence and arch. The palate is easily accessible after the maxilla is downfractured, and the bone is usually sufficiently thick to serve as a bone graft donor area. Generally, the bone is harvested in the area of the canine and bicuspids (Fig. I). This donor area is usually used to graft expanded maxillary segments. The size of graft needed is carefully outlined in the palate with a tapered bur and mobilized by torquing action with an osteotome. Extreme care is taken to avoid perforation of the palatal mucoperiosteum. The graft is carefully separated from the palatal mucoperiosteum with a periosteal elevator. Another bone-graft donor site is the zygomatic eminence and arch area (Fig. 2). The subperiosteal dissection through the circumvestibular maxillary incision is carried further superiorly onto the zygomatic eminence and anterior aspect of the arch. The donor area is outlined with a bur, and an os-
MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED MINI-ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBERS CAPABLE OF SUBFREEZING TEMPERATURES IN CONSTANT OR TIME-VARYING TEMPERATURE REGIMES

The Canadian Entomologist 130: 91 - 104 (1998) A set of six microprocessor-controlled mini-environmental chambers (0.04 m3 each) was designed, built, and tested. Chambers are capable of subfreezing temperatures (less than -10°C) and can operate under constant or time-varying temperature regimes. Chambers are cooled by circulating ethyl alcohol from a reservoir chilled by an immersion cooler. Heat is provided by 17-W cartridge heaters. Temperatures are independently controlled by a single IBM 8088 computer instructing a data acquisition and control system. A single photoperiod is maintained by a commercial timer activating two miniature light bulbs in each chamber. Chamber temperatures were within 0.5 or 0.7S°C of the set temperature 65 or 94% of the time, respectively, during a 39-d test period. Minimum temperature capabilities were estimated for a variety of chamber configurations by an examination of the thermodynamic characteristics of the system. Gray, D.R., F.W. Ravlin et J.A. Logan. 1998. Mini-enceintes reglees par des micro-processews et capables de maintenir des temperatures inferieures au point de congelation B des regimes de tempkature ambiante constants ou variables. The Canadian Entomologist 130 : 91-104.
Gibbs Paradox And Equivalence Relation Between Quantum Information And Work.

The physical meaning of the entropy defect and information in quantum systems is analyzed in connection with Gibbs paradox and the M(uimLun work obtainable by use of a non-equilibrium system. The question is studied of the maximum amount of heat that can be converted into mechanical work in the process of isothermic mixing of two gases, whose molecules differ only in their quantum states, having non-commuting density matrices. It is shown that schemes for producing work that involve direct discrimination of nonorthogonal states (such as the method of semipermeable partitions) yield an amount of work that is determined not by the entropy ddect. but by the information in the system about its state, which reflects the fundamental irreversibility of the measurement process. An "equivalence relation" is suggested between quantum information and work.
Further applications of a splitting algorithm to decomposition in variational inequalities and convex programming

A classical method for solving the variational inequality problem is the projection algorithm. We show that existing convergence results for this algorithm follow from one given by Gabay for a splitting algorithm for finding a zero of the sum of two maximal monotone operators. Moreover, we extend the projection algorithm to solveany monotone affine variational inequality problem. When applied to linear complementarity problems, we obtain a matrix splitting algorithm that is simple and, for linear/quadratic programs, massively parallelizable. Unlike existing matrix splitting algorithms, this algorithm converges under no additional assumption on the problem. When applied to generalized linear/quadratic programs, we obtain a decomposition method that, unlike existing decomposition methods, can simultaneously dualize the linear constraints and diagonalize the cost function. This method gives rise to highly parallelizable algorithms for solving a problem of deterministic control in discrete time and for computing the orthogonal projection onto the intersection of convex sets.
Stress-induced analgesia and endogenous opioid peptides: the importance of stress duration

Stress is known to elicit pain relief, a phenomenon referred to as stress-induced analgesia. Based on stress parameters, opioid and non-opioid intrinsic pain inhibitory systems can be activated. In the present study, we assessed whether changing the duration of stress would affect the involvement of endogenous opioids in antinociception elicited by swim in warm water (32 °C), known to be opioid-mediated. Using mice lacking beta-endorphin, enkephalins or dynorphins and their respective wild-type littermates, we assessed the role of each opioid peptide in antinociception induced by a short (3 min) vs. long (15 min) swim. Mice were tested for baseline hot plate latency, exposed to swim (3 or 15 min) in warm water (32 °C) and then tested for antinociception at 5, 15 and 30 min. Our results revealed that both swim paradigms induced significant antinociception in wild-type mice. However, the short swim failed to induce antinociception in beta-endorphin-deficient mice, illustrating that beta-endorphin is important in this form of stress-induced antinociception. On the other hand, antinociception elicited by the long swim was only slightly reduced in beta-endorphin-deficient mice despite pretreatment with naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, significantly attenuated the antinociception elicited by the long swim. Nevertheless, a delayed hyperalgesic response developed in mice lacking beta-endorphin following exposure to either swim paradigm. On the other hand, mice lacking enkephalins or dynorphins and their respective wild-type littermates expressed a comparable antinociceptive response and did not exhibit the delayed hyperalgesic response. Together, our results suggest that the endogenous opioid peptide beta-endorphin not only mediates antinociception induced by the short swim but also prevents the delayed hyperalgesic response elicited by either swim paradigm.
Performance and service issues in selecting adaptive placement as a load distribution technique

As third and fourth generation wireless networks emerge, operators will manage increasingly diverse services over heterogeneous networks of different technologies, cell sizes and operating environments. Architectural studies on integrated heterogeneous networks propose that a common radio resource manager (CRRM) will achieve higher efficiency by engineering traffic across these networks. Our adaptive placement technique rearranges existing traffic when an MT arrives to a saturated network but is incapable of overflow due to technology or service incompatibilities. This technique has great advantages in performance but is not always appropriate for service reasons. We introduce a late-return technique that has service and performance advantages. We compare its performance to other overflow techniques and discuss service-related issues of when each is appropriate.
Conceptual Models for Creating Useful Decision Support

Using Senge's rationale for the creation of mental models, this chapter presents a series of conceptual models that provide guidance for the creation of effective decision support.
Continuum Modeling of Biological Tissue Growth by Cell Division, and Alteration of Intracellular Osmolytes and Extracellular Fixed Charge Density

A framework is formulated within the theory of mixtures for continuum modeling of biological tissue growth that explicitly addresses cell division, using a homogenized representation of cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM). The model relies on the description of the cell as containing a solution of water and osmolytes, and having a porous solid matrix. The division of a cell into two nearly identical daughter cells is modeled as the doubling of the cell solid matrix and osmolyte content, producing an increase in water uptake via osmotic effects. This framework is also generalized to account for the growth of ECM-bound molecular species that impart a fixed charge density (FCD) to the tissue, such as proteoglycans. This FCD similarly induces osmotic effects, resulting in extracellular water uptake and osmotic pressurization of the ECM interstitial fluid, with concomitant swelling of its solid matrix. Applications of this growth model are illustrated in several examples.
Non-Stationary Traffic Analysis and Its Implications on Multicore Platform Design

Networks-on-chip (NoCs) have been proposed as a viable solution to solving the communication problem in multicore systems. In this new setup, mapping multiple applications on available computational resources leads to interaction and contention at various network resources. Consequently, taking into account the traffic characteristics becomes of crucial importance for performance analysis and optimization of the communication infrastructure, as well as proper resource management. Although queuing-based approaches have been traditionally used for performance analysis purposes, they cannot properly account for many of the traffic characteristics (e.g., non-stationarity, self-similarity) that are crucial for multicore platform design. To overcome these limitations, we propose a statistical physics inspired approach to capture the traffic dynamics in multicore systems. As shown later in this paper, this is of fundamental significance for re-thinking the very basis of multicore systems design; it also opens up new research directions into NoC optimization which require accurate models of time-dependent and space-dependent traffic behavior.
High-Throughput Multi-Plume Pulsed-Laser Deposition for Materials Exploration and Optimization

ABSTRACT A high-throughput multi-plume pulsed-laser deposition (MPPLD) system has been demonstrated and compared to previous techniques. Whereas most combinatorial pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) systems have focused on achieving thickness uniformity using sequential multilayer deposition and masking followed by post-deposition annealing, MPPLD directly deposits a compositionally varied library of compounds using the directionality of PLD plumes and the resulting spatial variations of deposition rate. This system is more suitable for high-throughput compound thin-film fabrication.
HUMAN RIGHTS ADVANCES IN THE UNITED STATES

According to legend, when English King Richard I (1157-1199), affectionately known as “Richard the Lion Hearted,” rode off to the Holy Land to fight in the Third Crusade, Robin Hood was among those who remained loyal to the absent King. When Richard’s brother John (11661216) ascended the vacated throne in 1199, he laid on such heavy taxation that the feudal barons rebelled. Meeting King John at Runnymede in 1215, the barons made him sign the Magna Carta. This was the famous first step in limiting the long-standing divine right of kings. Led by Earl Simon de Montford, the English nobles arranged the first meeting of Parliament in 1265, and the rights of the people in relation to the King were further strengthened. The American Constitution has been the brightest light for human rights since the Magna Carta. The history of the United States has been one of uneven progress toward more freedom and toward fewer human rights violations. Since its inception, the human rights record of the United States was tarnished by the legal existence and persistence of several serious human rights violations: slavery; the denial of female suffrage; and racial segregation. Initially, governmental authorities denied that these institutions were abusive. Later, as a result of grass roots efforts, these abuses were finally acknowledged as such and abolished. Today, it is increasingly
THE RÔLE OF THE CORPORA LUTEA IN PROLONGING THE LIFE OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS

The life-sparing action of the ovaries in adrenalectomized animals has been noted in several instances in dogs (1, 2) and in cats (3). Stewart (4) thinks the mechanism concerned in these cases is in the corpora lutea and interstitial cells of the ovaries. The recent trend in endocrinology seems to place most of our glands of internal secretion under control of, or at least modified by, hormones or substances secreted by the hypophysis. For example, the ovaries (5), the testes (6), the thyroid (7), the parathyroids (8), the adrenals (9) and the pancreas (10) have been shown to be dependent for normal function upon the secretions from the pituitary gland. With these facts in mind, we have devised experiments to show that the pituitary gland, through the ovary, is capable of prolonging the life of adrenalectomized rats.
Ted Godlaski on John Kleinig's "Framing failure".

tured to understand that human behavioral change is an ongoing process, the content of which varies greatly from one person to another. It might be better and more realistic to focus on the process than be obsessed about putative ends. In this way, success is an incremental reality, achieved gradually by any number of small steps and missteps. To arbitrarily choose a moment in time and believe that by this or that point, an individual should have accomplished what he/she set out to do, is arrogant and ignorant. Mother Teresa of India, after winning the Nobel Prize, was interviewed by an eager reporter, who kept focusing on Mother Teresa’s accomplishments. Finally, Mother Teresa said: “My job is not to be successful; my job is to be faithful” (Desmond, 1989). Success or failure may not be in our power to determine, but our fidelity to what may improve our lives or the lives of others may be the real measure.
Quantifying Outcomes in Games

Network games play a fundamental role in understanding behavior in many domains, ranging from communication networks through markets to social networks. In this talk we'll study the degradation of quality of solution caused by the selfish behavior of users in a number of different games including congestion games that model routing or cost-sharing, and games that model Ad-Auctions. In each setting our goal is to quantify the degradation of quality of solution caused by the selfish behavior of user. We compare the selfish outcome to a centrally designed optimum both in terms of the quality of Nash equilibria and also the quality of outcomes of learning behavior by the users.
How data visualization can improve analytical thinking in cross-national crime research

Cross-national criminology is naturally embedded in spatial and historical contexts, but cross-national crime researchers rarely employ data visualization techniques to illustrate relationships built in time and space. In this paper, the author argues that data visualization techniques, if employed following sound principles of analytical design, can facilitate data analysis, causal reasoning, and theoretical development. This paper reanalyzes data from a cross-national analysis of homicide rates in 34 nations from 1956–1998 in order to demonstrate the value of data visualization for cross-national criminology. Using two data visualization techniques – mapping and sparklines – the author argues that how we see the data affects how we think about data. This re-presentation of data shows new patterns that were not apparent in the original analysis and encourages further theoretical thinking. The author concludes that data visualization techniques provide additional tools for cross-national crime researchers...
Biogeographic differences in claw size and performance in an introduced crab predator Carcinus maenas

Introduced predators must forage effectively to persist in new areas, and effective resource use is correlated with a predator's trophic (feeding) structures. The extent to which trophic morphology responds to spatial variation in prey resistance, and the time scale of that response, how- ever, are not well understood. The introduced European green crab Carcinus maenas, which has expanded its range in the northwest Atlantic Ocean over the last century and encountered a latitudi- nal cline in prey armor, offers an ideal opportunity to test for such post-invasion changes. In rocky intertidal habitats in the Gulf of Maine, southern populations of the snail Littorina obtusata are better defended than northern populations. To test for correlated differences in claw size and prey defense, green crabs and common molluscan prey were collected at southern and northern sites in the Gulf of Maine. C. maenas are heterochelous, and analyses revealed that crusher claws of crabs collected in the south were significantly larger than those of crabs from the north after adjusting for carapace width. The size of the cutter claw, however, did not differ between regions. Shell weights for similar- sized snails differed among sites for 3 of the 4 species examined, but did not differ by region. To test crushing performance, southern and northern crabs were presented with increasing sizes of southern or northern L. obtusata in the laboratory. For similar-sized individuals, southern crabs were able to crush significantly larger snails than northern crabs regardless of the geographic origin of the snails. Thus, patterns in claw size and performance strongly suggest trophic responses to geographic differ- ences in prey armor. Rapid changes in trophic morphology could facilitate the spread of this invasive species and initiate an ecological arms race if both predator and prey respond ecophenotypically to each other.
Does Hegelian Political Theology have a Future

Why did Hegel not become for the Protestant world something similar to what Thomas Aquinas was for Roman Catholicism? …. We do not know whether the age of Hegel is in fact entirely past, even if we should, in all seriousness, consider it to be so as far as we ourselves are concerned. It was only in the course of centuries that Thomas Aquinas acquired the position at present accorded him in the Roman Catholic world. It may be that the dawn of the true age of Hegel is still something that will take place in the future…. Everything that seems to give theology its particular splendour and special dignity appears to be looked after and honoured by [Hegel's] philosophy in a way incomparably better than that achieved by the theologians themselves (with the possible exception of Thomas Aquinas)…. In a most thorough fashion Hegel himself showed the disturbers of the peace, and not least the theologians who were capitulating to them, who was master. He produced a philosophy…in which theology seemed to be taken better care of than in theology itself…. Modern man, without knowing of a better unity than that proposed by Hegel, yet split himself once again, as oil and water separate, into the Christian and the man. The grip whereby Hegel sought to unite him in himself turned out to be premature, too strong, or too weak, even, to prevent the centripetal forces of both sides from once again shattering the unity. —Karl Barth, Protestant Thought
The WTO and the Regulation of International Trade: Recent Trade Disputes between the European Union and the United States Creating a Transatlantic Marketplace: Government Policies and Business Strategies

The WTO and the Regulation of International Trade: Recent Trade Disputes between the European Union and the United States, edited by Nicholas Perdikis and Robert Read, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 200...
IdeaGens: Enabling Expert Facilitation of Crowd Brainstorming

Online crowds are a promising source of new innovations. However, crowd innovation quality does not always match its quantity. One way to improve quality is to enable experts to provide personalized feedback. However, this scales poorly, and may lead to premature convergence during creative work. To deal with these issues, we present IdeaGens, a crowd ideation system that adapts expert facilitation, a successful strategy for improving collaborative creativity in face-to-face brainstorms, to crowd brainstorming. In IdeaGens, experts monitor incoming ideas from the crowd through a dashboard, and offer high-level "inspirations" to guide ideation towards interesting solution themes. In a randomized controlled experiment, crowd workers who receive facilitation through IdeaGens generate significantly more creative ideas that unfacilitated crowd workers.
In memorium: Matthew N. Levy, MD: December 2, 1922-March 19, 2012.

matthew levy was a pioneer in cardiovascular research and the teaching of physiology and served as the inaugural editor of this journal (1977–1980). Matt was born December 2, 1922, and grew up in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. At an early age he showed a love for sports of
WE-AB-BRB-04: Cherenkov Imaging for Radiation Therapy Dose Verification On Patients

Despite widespread IMRT treatments at modern radiation therapy clinics, precise dosimetric commissioning of an IMRT system remains a challenge. In the most recent report from the Radiological Physics Center (RPC), nearly 20% of institutions failed an end-to-end test with an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom, a test that has rather lenient dose difference and distance-to-agreement criteria of 7% and 4 mm. The RPC report provides strong evidence that IMRT implementation is prone to error and that improved quality assurance tools are required. At the heart of radiation therapy dosimetry is the multidimensional dosimeter. However, due to the limited availability of water-equivalent dosimetry materials, research and development in this important field is challenging. In this session, we will review a few dosimeter developments that are either in the laboratory phase or in the pre-commercialization phase. 1) Radiochromic plastic. Novel formulations exhibit light absorbing optical contrast with very little scatter, enabling faster, broad beam optical CT design. 2) Storage phosphor. After irradiation, the dosimetry panels will be read out using a dedicated 2D scanning apparatus in a non-invasive, electro-optic manner and immediately restored for further use. 3) Liquid scintillator. Scintillators convert the energy from x-rays and proton beams into visible light, which can be recorded with a scientific camera (CCD or CMOS) from multiple angles. The 3D shape of the dose distribution can then be reconstructed. 4) Cherenkov emission imaging. Gated intensified imaging allows video-rate passive detection of Cherenkov emission during radiation therapy with the room lights on. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the physics of a variety of dosimetry techniques based upon optical imaging 2. To investigate the strategies to overcome respective challenges and limitations 3. To explore novel ideas of dosimeter design Supported in part by NIH Grants R01CA148853, R01CA182450, R01CA109558. Brian Pogue is founder and president of the company DoseOptics LLC, dedicated to developing and commercializing the first dedicated Cerenkov imaging camera and system for radiation dose imaging. Work reported in this talk does not involve the use of DoseOptics technology.; H. Li, this work was supported in part by NIH Grant No. R01CA148853; S. Beddar, NIH funding R01-CA182450
Analyzing the role of AP-1B in polarized sorting from recycling endosomes in epithelial cells

Epithelial cells polarize their plasma membrane into apical and basolateral domains where the apical membrane faces the luminal side of an organ and the basolateral membrane is in contact with neighboring cells and the basement membrane. To maintain this polarity, newly synthesized and internalized cargos must be sorted to their correct target domain. Over the last ten years, recycling endosomes have emerged as an important sorting station at which proteins destined for the apical membrane are segregated from those destined for the basolateral membrane. Essential for basolateral sorting from recycling endosomes is the tissue-specific adaptor complex AP-1B. This chapter describes experimental protocols to analyze the AP-1B function in epithelial cells including the analysis of protein sorting in LLC-PK1 cells lines, immunoprecipitation of cargo proteins after chemical crosslinking to AP-1B, and radioactive pulse-chase experiments in MDCK cells depleted of the AP-1B subunit μ1B.
Impacts of Timber Harvesting on Soil Organic Matter, Nitrogen, Productivity, and Health of Inland Northwest Forests

Soil organic components are important factors in the health and productivity of Inland Northwest forests. Timber harvesting and extensive site preparation (piling, windrowing, or scalping) reduces the amgun t of surface organic material (woody residues and forest floor layers) over large areas. Some wildfires and severe prescribed burns can have similar consequences. Such organic matter reductions can have important implications for soil chemical, biological and physical properties. A number of studies have linked substantial reduction in mycorrhizae development and tree growth to high levels of soil disturbance, or removal of organic horizons. Timber harvesting also removes a large percentage of coarse woody debris, which has unknown ramifications on soil productivity. Current woody residue guidelines in this region recommend leaving 500 kg ha-1) can also be lost from timber harvesting and site preparation, especially when using prescribed fire. The time required to replace this lost nitrogen may range from 275 yr, and depends on the severity of site treatments, presence or absence of nitrogen-fixing plants, and amounts of atmospheric deposition. Maintaining adequate amounts of organic matter on some forest sites in the Inland Northwest may temporarily increase the risk of wildfire or favor the activity of certain insects or disease fungi. However, carefully planned prescribed burns and mechanical site preparation can be practiced on most sites with relatively low impacts on soil organic levels, while accomplishing the important forest manage- ment objectives of fuel reduction, seedbed preparation, and reducing competing vegetation. Organic matter management will be the most difficult on very dry sites, with their historically low soil organic and nitrogen content, and high fire potential. The maintenance of adequate soil organic matter levels is critical for sustaining forest health and productivity under the variable moisture and temperature conditions of this region. Thus, soil organic components will become more important in the future as ecosystem management systems are developed for western forests. For. Sci. 43(2):234-251.
Rate-Controlled Constrained Equilibrium for Nozzle and Shock Flows

The performance of different constraints for the rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) method is investigated in the context of modeling reacting flows characteristic of hypervelocity ground testing facilities and reentry conditions. Although the RCCE approach has been used widely in the past, its application in non-combustion-based reacting flows is rarely done; the flows being investigated in this work do not contain species that can easily be classified as reactants and/or products. The effectiveness of different constraints is investigated before running a full computational simulation, and new constraints not reported in the existing literature are introduced. A constraint based on the enthalpy of formation is shown to work well for the two gas models used for flows that involve both shocks and steady expansions.
Main-ion intrinsic toroidal rotation profile driven by residual stress torque from ion temperature gradient turbulence in the DIII-D tokamak

Intrinsic toroidal rotation of the deuterium main ions in the core of the DIII-D tokamak is observed to transition from flat to hollow, forming an off-axis peak, above a threshold level of direct electron heating. Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations show that the residual stress associated with electrostatic ion temperature gradient turbulence possesses the correct radial location and stress structure to cause the observed hollow rotation profile. Residual stress momentum flux in the gyrokinetic simulations is balanced by turbulent momentum diffusion, with negligible contributions from turbulent pinch. The prediction of the velocity profile by integrating the momentum balance equation produces a rotation profile that qualitatively and quantitatively agrees with the measured main-ion profile, demonstrating that fluctuation-induced residual stress can drive the observed intrinsic velocity profile.
3D Transitions and Connections

In this chapter, we will consider four types of 3D transitions. Each transition type has its own challenges, but each follows the design principles of keeping the transition as compact as possible and using transmission lines as the transition element. The transitions considered here are: 1. Vertical Transitions Between Planar Transmission Lines: We will consider the microstrip to stripline transition in co-fired ceramic substrates. 2.Vertical Transitions Using Stacked Die and Through Silicon Vias: In this approach, integrated circuits are stacked on top of each other and interconnects are made between them. 3. 3D Transitions Using Connectors: Transition connectors transfer the RF signal from one layer to another layer in the packaging. The fuzz button connector and elastomeric connectors were mentioned in the previous chapter. In this chapter, the SMP connector is described. 4. Vertical Transition Using Balls or Bumps: These vertical interconnects are sued with flip chip ICs.
Introduction to vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic Rift Basins of Tanzania and Zambia

Citation for this article: Sidor, C. A., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2018. Introduction to vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia; pp. 1–7 in C. A. Sidor and S....
Enhanced bentonites for containment of inorganic waste leachates by GCLs

The sensitivity of sodium bentonite (Na-B) to adverse chemical interactions has spurred development of enhanced bentonites (EBs) for geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) that provide superior properties...
Some problems with an intracellular pO2 electrode.

The micro O2 electrode we have developed in our laboratory-has been described in detail (4). Briefly, the electrode is made by filling a glass capillary with a molten mixture of Wood’s metal and gold. The capillary is then drawn out with heat to a sharp point. The shank has a long taper0 After inserting the wire contact the tip is bevelled (45° or less) on a diamond-dust-covered rotor. At the beginning of the bevel the electrode measures 2–3μ. The metal in the tip is etched away electrolytically until there is a recess of 20–40μ. On the metal in the recess a layer of gold usually 5–15μ thick, is plated. The recess is usually filled with collodion to act as a filter for large molecules. The electrode (cathode) is used in the usual way with a Ag-AgCl anode (0.7–1.0V).
Almost Periodicity in Semilinear Systems

This paper is concerned with existence of solutions in Open image in new window spaces, to the system $$\dot{x}(t)=Ax(t)+(fx)(t),\ \ t\in R.$$
In welchem ich von Wissenschafts-Magiern erzähle, die uns zwar sehen, aber nicht erkennen lassen, wie sie die Spuren des Bewusstseins verfolgen, indem sie in unsere Köpfe blicken, warum wir nicht mit unseren Augen sehen, und warum Aufmerksamkeit und Bewusstsein nicht dasselbe sind

Wenn es um Kernphysik oder Nierendialyse geht, raumen die Leute bereitwillig ein, dass Spezialwissen wesentlich ist. Kommt die Unterhaltung aber auf das Thema Bewusstsein, klinkt sich jedermann ins Gesprach ein, in der Annahme, mangels einschlagiger Fakten habe er ein Anrecht auf seine Lieblingstheorie. Nichts konnte irriger sein.
Exploiting spatiotemporal patterns for accurate air quality forecasting using deep learning

Forecasting spatially correlated time series data is challenging because of the linear and non-linear dependencies in the temporal and spatial dimensions. Air quality forecasting is one canonical example of such tasks. Existing work, e.g., auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN), either fails to model the non-linear temporal dependency or cannot effectively consider spatial relationships between multiple spatial time series data. In this paper, we present an approach for forecasting short-term PM2.5 concentrations using a deep learning model, the geo-context based diffusion convolutional recurrent neural network, GC-DCRNN. The model describes the spatial relationship by constructing a graph based on the similarity of the built environment between the locations of air quality sensors. The similarity is computed using the surrounding "important" geographic features regarding their impacts to air quality for each location (e.g., the area size of parks within a 1000-meter buffer, the number of factories within a 500-meter buffer). Also, the model captures the temporal dependency leveraging the sequence to sequence encoder-decoder architecture. We evaluate our model on two real-world air quality datasets and observe consistent improvement of 5%-10% over baseline approaches.
Influences of heat treatments on the strength properties of amorphous SiC fibers

Amorphous SiC fibers are known to have larger failure strain than crystalline SiC fibers, thereby facilitating manufacturing of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). In this research, for the purpose o...
GABA B R-Mediated Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Due To Thymic Small Cell Carcinoma.

We report the case of a 55-year-old male who presented with several weeks of seizures, agitation, progressive confusion, and receptive aphasia. CSF showed a monocytic pleocytosis and tested positive for GABAB receptor autoantibodies. Pathological examination of an excisional mediastinal lymph node biopsy showed thymic small cell carcinoma, supporting a diagnosis of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE). PLE is a subtype of limbic encephalitis and is associated with an array of autoantibodies. Neurologic symptoms related to PLE may precede the detection of the primary cancer. Recognition of the constellation of clinical features of limbic encephalitis should prompt initiation of diagnostic testing for this condition as well as evaluation for an underlying malignancy. A review of the literature reveals that this is the first case report of a patient with thymic small cell cancer presenting with PLE.
Utilization of value stream mapping to improve chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell patient experience at an academic medical center (AMC).

6607Background: Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is commonly used to identify waste, reduce process cycle times and implement process improvements in the product and manufacturing space. VSM was applied ...
Stellar X-Ray Sources

I review some of the salient accomplishments of X-ray studies of compact objects. Progress in this field has closely followed the improvement of observational methods, particularly in angular resolution and duration of exposure. Luminous compact X-ray sources are accreting neutron stars or black holes. Accreting neutron stars may have characteristic temporal signatures, but the only way to establish that an X-ray source is a black hole is to measure its mass. A rough phenomenological theory is successful, but the transport of angular momentum in accretion flows is not understood. A number of interesting complications have been observed, including precessing accretion discs, X-ray bursts, and the acceleration of jets in SS433. Many puzzles remain unsolved, including the excitation of disc precession, the nature of the enigmatic X- and gamma-ray source Cyg X-3, the mechanism by which slowly spinning accreting neutron stars lose angular momentum, and the superabundance of X-ray sources in globular clusters.
Health Education Perspective on Sexual Risk Taking Behavior in Perimenopausal Women

Perimenopausal women between the ages of 45-55 years, experiencing the physical, emotional, social and mental metamorphosis, are often overlooked when sexually transmitted disease issues are addressed. They are often not viewed as risk takers. Yet millions are as vulnerable as the young for sexually transmitted diseases. These women are being described as risk takers for a variety of reasons including a lack of knowledge, low condom use, society’s unawareness, myths regarding their asexuality, the noninclusion approach of the media to sexually transmitted diseases risk for this group and the lack of readily available data to support societal attention and action. The need for inclusive health education strategies is suggested. Health educators need to be proactive and at the same time prepare perimenopausal women to become their own advocates.
Predictors of Intentions to Make Healthier Eating Choices among Midwestern Truck Drivers

Truck drivers constitute a highly vulnerable population with very limited opportunities for healthy foods and healthy eating choices. This cross-sectional study assessed the utility of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in understanding and predicting healthy eating intention among Midwestern truck drivers in the United States. Participants were recruited through online trucker forums and advertisements at truck stops. Each participant completed an anonymous, web-based questionnaire that measured attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. One hundred and forty-six truck drivers responded, with the average Body Mass Index (BMI) 32.7 and working as a truck driver for 10.3 years. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis assessed the predictive value of individual TPB constructs and the model. The predictive model containing the TPB constructs explained 18% of the variance in healthy eating intention, with attitude and subjective norm making significant and unique contributions. With the variance explained, the findings minimally supported the utility of TPB in understanding and predicting healthy eating intention among the truck drivers. These findings should be interpreted in view of the study limitations; the small sample size and being a self-report study. Notwithstanding, the findings highlight the importance of attitude and subjective norms in understanding and predicting healthy eating intention among Midwestern truck drivers in the United States.
High-Purity Vanadyl Petroporphyrins: Their Aggregation and Effect on the Aggregation of Asphaltenes

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to characterize the aggregation of pure vanadyl petroporphyrins (VOPPs), as well as of asphaltenes mixed with either VOPPs or synthetic porphyrins. Sim...