cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small Molecule Solution-Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells†

Although most research in the field of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells has focused on combinations of a p-type conducting polymer as a donor and a fullerene-based acceptor, recent work has demonstrated the viability of solution-processed heterojunctions composed entirely of molecular solids. Molecular solids offer potential advantages over conjugated polymer systems in terms of easier purification, amenability to mass-scale production and better batch-to-batch reproducibility. This article reviews the major classes of molecular donors that have been reported in the literature in the past several years and highlights some of key considerations in molecular heterojunction design compared to polymer-based bulk heterojunctions.
Reusable Lunar Transportation Architecture Utilizing Orbital Propellant Depots

To support a permanent human settlement on the Lunar surface, improvements to the current Lunar outpost architecture are investigated. A detailed analysis of architectures utilizing an orbital propellant depot and reusable vehicles is presented. Comparisons focus on cost, extensibility, performance, heritage, and reliability. An architecture utilizing a two stage reusable transit vehicle, a reusable Lunar lander, and a integrated orbital propellant depot is proposed. A 30% reduction in cost for payload delivered to the lunar surface is achieved with the proposed architecture when compared to the ESAS architecture. A detailed breakdown of the architecture is presented and recommendations are made regarding the direction of technology investments needed to enable permanent human settlement on the Lunar surface.
A Two-Viable Parameter Membrane Model For Wrinkling Analysis of Membrane Structures

A new two-variable-parameter (2-VP) membrane model is proposed, which describes the basic three states: taut, wrinkle and slack of wrinkled membrane in a systematic format. A corresponding parameter variational principle (PVP) is then derived for this 2- VP membrane model, by which the solution processes does not relay on stress iterations, and thus avoids the convergent and pivoting problem in traditionally numerical analyses. Based on the 2-VP membrane model and PVP, the original membrane wrinkling problem is converted to a nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP), and a parametric finite element discretization is developed for wrinkled membranes of arbitrary shape and boundary conditions. Three numerical examples and some preliminary experimental results are also presented.
COMPARATIVE ACTIONS OF 1,10-PHENANTHROLINE AND QUINIDINE ON NORMAL AND FIBRILLATING ISOLATED ATRIA.

Summary1. A method of inducing fibrillation in isolated rabbit atria was explored. Atrial fibrillation can be readily produced and maintained under the conditions described by Holland and Burn(2). The method is improved here by the use of much lower concentration of acetylcholine. 2. 1,10-Phenanthroline is as effective as quinidine in stopping induced fibrillation in isolated rabbit atria. 3. 1,10-Phenanthroline, like quinidine, reduces the maximal following rate of isolated rabbit atria, but to a lesser extent. 4. The lowering of maximal following rate by 1,10-Phenanthroline and quinidine can be lessened by reduction of potassium in the medium. 5. At comparable concentrations, 1,10-Phenanthroline does not affect the intrinsic sinus rate of isolated rabbit atria, while quinidine reduces the intrinsic rate markedly. 6. 1,10-Phenanthroline, like quinidine, produces distinct reduction of the rate of depolarization and repolarization of the action potential of the rat atria.
Uranium-Lead Radiometric Age Determinations of Naturally Occurring U(VI) Minerals: Application to Radwaste Storage

U(VI) bearing species are commonly formed under oxidizing laboratory rock-water-HLW experimental conditions. The experimental stability of artificially produced Na-Cs-Rb weeksite (alkali uranyl hydrosilicate), and other U(VI) species, is uncertain. Naturally occurring U(VI) bearing minerals (uranophane and tyuyamunite) from the Grants mineral belt, New Mexico, have been studied for their U-Pb systematics as natural analogs to these experimentally produced phases. Samples from highly oxidized rocks and from chemically reducing environments have been studied. The samples from oxidized rocks are mixed with hematite-barite-gypsum-calcite gangue and are close to, but not in contact with, pyritiferous-organic carbon-uraniferous (U(NIV))-chloritic are. The reduced rock uranophane yields nearly concordant 238U - 206Pb and 235U - 207Pb ages of 8.32 and 8.33 MYBP (millions of years before the present); the oxidized rock uranophane and tyuyamunite yield more discordant ages (n=8) between 7.4 and 2.7 MYBP. These data argue for long range stability of U(VI)-rich phases in the geologic environment.
Effect of glucocorticoid administration on the rate of muscle protein breakdown in vivo in rats, as measured by urinary excretion of Nτ-methylhistidine

The role of glucocorticoids in regulating the rate of muscle protein breakdown was evaluated by measuring excretion of N(tau)-methylhistidine during administration of various doses of corticosterone to adrenalectomized rats. Groups of rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0mg of corticosterone/day per 100g body wt. for 7 days, followed by 3 days without hormone treatment, after which they were killed. A group with intact adrenal glands served as an additional control. All animals were pair-fed with the untreated adrenalectomized group. No significant differences were noted in growth rate or N(tau)-methylhistidine excretion between the intact or adrenalectomized control groups, or those given 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0mg of corticosterone, whereas growth ceased and N(tau)-methylhistidine excretion rose markedly in the groups receiving 5 and 10mg of corticosterone. After these two high doses of corticosterone, but not after lower doses, there was a loss of weight of the gastrocnemius muscle per 100g of final body wt., but not of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. The two highest doses of corticosterone also resulted in an increase in liver weight per 100g of final body wt. Lower doses of corticosterone did not cause these changes. Plasma corticosterone concentrations, measured on the final day of injection and again at the time of killing, were decreased to near zero by adrenalectomy and were little raised by doses of 0.2 and 0.5mg daily, but were increased to within the normal range by the 1mg dose. At 5 and 10mg doses, plasma corticosterone concentrations were sustained at 2-3 times those of intact rats, and thus in the range reported for rats exposed to severe stress. Rats given 5 and 10mg doses of corticosterone had glycosuria, and showed considerably elevated concentrations of insulin in the plasma. It is concluded that plasma concentrations of glucocorticoids within the normal range do not regulate the rate of muscle protein breakdown, whereas excessive plasma concentrations of corticosteroids, equivalent to those observed in severe stress, can accelerate muscle protein breakdown.
Assessing Impacts of PBL and Surface Layer Schemes in Simulating the Surface–Atmosphere Interactions and Precipitation over the Tropical Ocean Using Observations from AMIE/DYNAMO

AbstractAccuracy of turbulence parameterization in representing planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes and surface–atmosphere interactions in climate models is critical for predicting the initiation and development of clouds. This study 1) evaluates WRF Model–simulated spatial patterns and vertical profiles of atmospheric variables at various spatial resolutions and with different PBL, surface layer, and shallow convection schemes against measurements; 2) identifies model biases by examining the moisture tendency terms contributed by PBL and convection processes through nudging experiments; and 3) investigates the main causes of these biases by analyzing the dependence of modeled surface fluxes on PBL and surface layer schemes over the tropical ocean. The results show that PBL and surface parameterizations have surprisingly large impacts on precipitation and surface moisture fluxes over tropical oceans. All of the parameterizations tested tend to overpredict moisture in the PBL and free atmosphere and c...
Structural features of a murine monoclonal anti-ssDNA autoantibody

Binding properties ofa murine (NZB x NZWF 1) monoclonal anti-ssDNA autoantibody (BV04-01) was compared with another anti-ssDNA autoantibody mV16-19). Both monoclonal antibodies preferentially bound ssDNA and poly(dT) relative to poly(dU). Sigmficant binding of synthetic polynucleotides was detectable when the homopolymer exceeded 5 pyrimidines in length. Binding showed an inverse temperature dependence between 2 and 4O C, while variations in ionic strength showed minimal effects. The primary structurc of the variable region of the heavy (IgG2b) and light (kappa) chains comprising BV04-01 was determined using primer extension methodology. A polynucleotide synthesized to correspond wit11 unique sequences within heavy chain CDR2 was used as a gene probe in Northern blot analyses.
Nonlocal extensions of the electromagnetic response of plasmonic and metamaterial structures

Nonlocal effects, requiring wave-vector- $(q$-) dependent dielectric response functions, are becoming increasingly important in studies of plasmonic and metamaterial structures. The phenomenological hydrodynamic approximation is the simplest and most often used model but with limited applicability to problems involving surface plasmons. We show here that the $d$-function formalism, exact to first order in $q$, is a powerful and simple-to-use alternative, which allows for exact nonlocal extensions of local calculation schemes, e.g., finite-difference time-domain methods, without code changes. It is also extendable to order ${q}^{2}$, and we demonstrate this by comparing with various earlier ab initio calculations and experiments as well as by performing our own random-phase-approximation calculations (valid for all $q)$ of the surface-plasmon dispersions for simple metals with various electron-gas densities. Finally we show that this hydrodynamic-extended $d$-function formalism can also be applied to arbitrary plasmonic/metamaterial structures as long as the nonflat interfaces can be modeled as effective media films.
Teaching Excellence: Reflecting on What Makes Great Professors Great

This short case presents two typical conversations surrounding the issue of classroom teaching excellence. One conversation is from a student perspective, and the other is from a faculty perspective. Both conversations take the reader to the point of articulating, based on their own college experience, the attributes possessed by the great professors they have had in class or that they have observed. Excerpt UVA-PHA-0063 Jun. 23, 2011 TEACHING EXCELLENCE: WHAT MAKES GREAT PROFESSORS GREAT The Student Conversation In the student center . . .
Spinal activation of protein kinase C elicits phrenic motor facilitation.

Abstract The protein kinase C family regulates many cellular functions, including multiple forms of neuroplasticity. The novel PKCθ and atypical PKCζ isoforms have been implicated in distinct forms of spinal, respiratory motor plasticity, including phrenic motor facilitation (pMF) following acute intermittent hypoxia or inactivity, respectively. Although these PKC isoforms are critical in regulating spinal motor plasticity, other isoforms may be important for phrenic motor plasticity. We tested the impact of conventional/novel PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on pMF. Rats given cervical intrathecal injections of PMA exhibited pMF, which was abolished by pretreatment of broad-spectrum PKC inhibitors bisindolymalemide 1 (BIS) or NPC-15437 (NPC). Because PMA fails to activate atypical PKC isoforms, and NPC does not block PKCθ, this finding demonstrates that classical/novel PKC isoforms besides PKCθ are sufficient to elicit pMF. These results advance our understanding of mechanisms producing respiratory motor plasticity, and may inspire new treatments for disorders that compromise breathing, such as ALS, spinal injury and obstructive sleep apnea.
Robotic‐assisted transradial diagnostic coronary angiography

Robotic percutaneous coronary interventions have recently been introduced in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Robotics offers benefits of greater precision for stent placement and occupational hazard protection for operators and staff. First generation systems were able to advance and retract coronary wires, balloons, and stents, but did not have guide control functions. The second-generation robotic system (CorPath GRX) has an active guide management function offering the ability to move guide catheters. Expanding utilization of robotics to perform diagnostic coronary angiography would further reduce radiation scatter exposure and other occupational hazards to operators. This approach is particularly appealing in the setting of radial access, as universal radial diagnostic catheters can engage both the right and left coronary arteries without exchange. We describe here, the first two cases of such a procedure with the CorPath GRX robotic system.
Amitav Ghosh, The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable

Amitav Ghosh, The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 196 pp., $22.00 (cloth), ISBN: 978-0-226-32303-9.
What we owe each other, epistemologically speaking: ethico-political values in social epistemology

The aim of this paper is to articulate and defend a particular role for ethico-political values in social epistemology research. I begin by describing a research programme in social epistemology—one which I have introduced and defended elsewhere. I go on to argue that by the lights of this research programme, there is an important role to be played by ethico-political values in knowledge communities, and (correspondingly) an important role in social epistemological research in describing the values inhering in particular knowledge communities. I conclude by noting how, even as it expands its focus beyond the traditional one to include descriptions of our “knowledge practices,” this sort of project relates to some of the core questions that have been pursued by traditional epistemology.
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque: Exploring the Dimensions of Power in Culturally Responsive Evaluation Contexts:

The concept of power is a complex and often intangible aspect of the evaluation process that is frequently a focal topic among the conceptual evaluation literature concerning collaborative or cultu...
Attoclock setup with negative ions: A possibility for experimental validation

The presumed connection in attoclock setups between the electron tunneling time and its asymptotic momentum has triggered vigorous debates. In neutral atomic systems investigated so far, the action of the long-range Coulomb potential on the electron momentum hinders extracting the effect of the tunneling process on the offset angle of the asymptotic electron momentum. We propose and investigate an attoclock experiment using ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to circumvent this difficulty. Our calculations, performed with realistic laser parameters in the tunneling regime, could be checked directly against experiment and predict essentially a ``zero'' offset angle with no detectable effect of polarization.
A Perspective on Bioprocessing for Biofuels, Bio-Based Chemicals, and Bioproducts

Abstract The global search for renewable fuels has sparked fervent curiosity in both bioproducts and biofuels. This is in part to the growing concerns over global warming with the thought that carbon dioxide emission can be curbed through the implementation of sustainably converted biomass into biofuels and value-added bioproducts that are in high demand. By implementing calculated strategies alongside appropriate regulatory frameworks, renewable fuels could be monumental in impeding the progress of global warming while augmenting energy security, furthering diversity in international agricultural efforts, and raising the incomes of the rural communities. In addition, the production of renewable fuels can be supplemented by integrating specific genetic engineering practices, thus yielding a feasible component of the total energy makeup. The optimization of biomass production may be achieved by implementing genetic engineering techniques in energy crops, along with crop modifications that enhance their fuel conversion potential. Furthermore, genetic engineering also presents an opportunity to aid in the downstream processing of biomass into fuel. While the promise of genetic engineering is alluring, it also comes with uncertainties as such products created via this technology may raise international concerns. This chapter intends to provide an overview of recent trends in the creation and exchange of advanced bioprocessing for biofuels, bio-based chemicals, and bioproducts. Moreover, a discussion on the impact that bioprocessing and biotechnological routes may have on enhancing biofuels production, bioeconomy, and improving its viability in the marketplace is also provided.
Nuclear Reaction Analysis of Corroded Glass Surfaces

The nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) method based on the 15N + 1H → 12C + 4He + γ-ray nuclear reaction is used to profile the concentration of hydrogen as a function of depth in glass samples. This approach is useful in several fields of study including glass corrosion and dating of obsidians for archaeological purposes. However the application of the NRA technique to corroded glasses requires some special considerations. In particular, because glasses are insulators, a system is needed to suppress the build-up of charge on the samples during analysis. Further, the hydrogen in some types of corroded glasses is loosely bound and care must be taken to minimise hydrogen losses during profiling. This can be accomplished in most cases by freezing the samples prior to evacuation and analysis, and by rastering the ion beam over a large area, keeping the total amount of accumulated charge on the sample to a minimum. The presence of glass corrosion products on the glass surfaces is also discussed.
39 Thoughts on the energetic efficiency of grazing cattle

Energetic efficiency of cattle is a significant issue in the beef industry. Ruminant nutritionists have made strides in improving production efficiency, but we still see significant variation among individuals. A popular method for evaluating the cattle efficiency is selection based on residual feed intake. This method has some limitations because of mounting evidence that it has a genotype x environment interaction. Individuals deemed most efficient being fed in confinement are not most efficient when their environment is grazing. Hence, cattle efficiencies need to be evaluated in appropriate environments. Because it is impossible to directly measure DMI by grazing cattle, we need to develop proxies to assess the animal’s efficiency. By using experimental methods such as breath cloud analysis to provide individual estimates of total heat of production and known constants for retained energy in BW gain, we can calculate ME energy intake. However, we still lack the ability to measure DMI without the true digestibility of the grazed diet. The greatest energy expenditure is basal metabolism and if we are to decrease it, we will need to examine their body composition and protein-turnover rates. The rates of protein and fat deposition in the carcass affects an animal’s efficiency and ADG chiefly because of the higher energy density of fat. However, with great protein deposition, there also is a higher ME requirement for its maintenance because of the high protein turn-over rate. Energy expensed for protein turnover is approximately 23% of the total energy intake by average cattle. Management that decreases body protein turn-over rate probably would result in a decreased basal metabolism. The research needed to truly improve the energetic efficiency of grazing cattle will be time consuming and expensive, but for progress to be made it will be required.
The Social and Economic Impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Maintenance-of-Way Railroad Workers.

: Thousands of railroad maintenance-of-way (MOW) workers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from their work. Objective This study calculates the social and economic burdens of COPD borne by thousands of MOW workers. Methods Economic calculations are derived from the literature and also from a survey of 4800 MOW respondents, 155 in-depth interviews, and two focus groups. Results COPD alone costs at least $179 million over the course of cases currently diagnosed among MOW workers. Many individuals work through significant pain and breathing difficulties or have to leave the profession. Some are crippled for life. Conclusion When a worker has COPD, beyond pain and suffering, there are often financial burdens that affect families, railroad companies, insurers, communities, and taxpayers as well as the injured workers.
Photo-generated reactive oxygen species assisted tandem amine homocoupling and amine-alcohol cross-coupling reaction on mesoporous spinel cobalt oxide

Abstract Mesoporous spinel cobalt oxide (Co3O4) with fine-tuned pore size distributions (9.6–17.6 nm) and different surface areas (33–85 m2/g) were synthesized using a series of nonionic surfactants. A direct influence of the chemical composition of the surfactants and calcination temperature on crystallite size, morphology, pore size/volume, surface area, valance band edge, and Co2+/Co3+ ratio was recognized. Correlation between the aforementioned factors, transition metal ion incorporation and benzylamine homocoupling reaction was discussed. Shape-specific binding of amine on the cobalt oxide active sites was proposed based on substrate scope study. Tandem synthesis strategy to selectively synthesize amine (aliphatic/aromatic) homo-coupled imines and amine-alcohol cross-coupled imines was introduced. Low-intensity light-induced singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical-mediated reaction mechanism was proposed based on the EPR, XPS, photoreactor, and reactive oxygen species scavenger tests. Selective and switchable synthesis of homo-coupled (yield 85%) and cross-coupled (yield 87%) products was achieved with sodium azide and mannitol additives.
Critical Role of TFEB-Mediated Lysosomal Biogenesis in Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis in Mice and Humans.

Background & Aims Alcohol abuse is the major cause of experimental and human pancreatitis but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. We investigated the role of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, in the pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis. Methods Using a chronic plus acute alcohol binge (referred to as Gao-binge) mouse model, we analyzed pancreas injury, autophagic flux, zymogen granule removal, TFEB nuclear translocation and lysosomal biogenesis in GFP-LC3 transgenic mice, acinar cell-specific Atg5 knockout (KO) and TFEB KO mice as well as their matched wild type mice. Results We found that Gao-binge alcohol induced typical features of pancreatitis in mice with increased serum amylase and lipase activities, pancreatic edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, accumulation of zymogen granules (ZGs) and expression of inflammatory cytokines. While Gao-binge alcohol increased the number of autophagosomes, it also concurrently inhibited TFEB nuclear translocation and TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis resulting in insufficient autophagy. Acinar cell-specific Atg5 KO and acinar cell-specific TFEB KO mice developed severe inflammatory and fibrotic pancreatitis in both Gao-binge alcohol and control diet-fed mice. In contrast, TFEB overexpression inhibited alcohol-induced pancreatic edema, accumulation of zymogen granules and serum amylase and lipase activities. In line with our findings in mice, decreased LAMP1 and TFEB nuclear staining were also observed in human alcoholic pancreatitis tissues. Conclusions our results indicate that TFEB plays a critical role in maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis. Impairment of TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis by alcohol may lead to insufficient autophagy and promote alcohol-induced pancreatitis.
US or Domestic Monetary Policy: Which Matters More for Financial Stability?

We study the impact of sustained monetary policy easing on risk-taking behavior using firm-level data for nearly 1000 financial institutions in 21 countries over 15 years. We find that both banks and nonbanks increase leverage following domestic monetary policy easing. Surprisingly, following easing in the USA (but not in the euro area), leverage in non-US firms increases as well, by more than it does following a domestic easing. We go on to show that spillovers from US policy are stronger in countries that are more financially developed, less open to trade, and have smaller gross US dollar liabilities. These results lend support to concerns raised by emerging market policymakers that US monetary policy spillovers complicate domestic policymakers’ decisions.
Host specificity of microbiome assembly and its fitness effects in phytoplankton

Insights into symbiosis between eukaryotic hosts and their microbiomes have shifted paradigms on what determines host fitness, ecology, and behavior. Questions remain regarding the roles of host versus environment in shaping microbiomes, and how microbiome composition affects host fitness. Using a model system in ecology, phytoplankton, we tested whether microbiomes are host-specific, confer fitness benefits that are host-specific, and remain conserved in time in their composition and fitness effects. We used an experimental approach in which hosts were cleaned of bacteria and then exposed to bacterial communities from natural environments to permit recruitment of microbiomes. We found that phytoplankton microbiomes consisted of a subset of taxa recruited from these natural environments. Microbiome recruitment was host-specific, with host species explaining more variation in microbiome composition than environment. While microbiome composition shifted and then stabilized over time, host specificity remained for dozens of generations. Microbiomes increased host fitness, but these fitness effects were host-specific for only two of the five species. The shifts in microbiome composition over time amplified fitness benefits to the hosts. Overall, this work solidifies the importance of host factors in shaping microbiomes and elucidates the temporal dynamics of microbiome compositional and fitness effects.
Chandra Observations of V407 Vulpeculae: Confirmation of the Spin-up

V407 Vul (RX J1914.4+2456) is a candidate double-degenerate binary with a putative 1.756 mHz (9.5 minute) orbital frequency. In a previous timing study using archival ROSAT and ASCA data, we reported evidence for an increase of this frequency at a rate consistent with expectations for gravitational radiation from a detached ultracompact binary system. Here we report the results of new Chandra timing observations, which confirm the previous indications of spin-up of the X-ray frequency and provide much tighter constraints on the frequency derivative, . We obtained with Chandra a total of 90 ks of exposure in two epochs separated in time by 11.5 months. The total time span of the archival ROSAT, ASCA, and new Chandra data is now ≈10.5 yr. This more than doubles the interval spanned by the ROSAT and ASCA data alone, providing much greater sensitivity to a frequency derivative. With the addition of the Chandra data, an increasing frequency is evident, and the mean is (7.0 ± 0.8) × 10-18 Hz s-1. Although a long-term spin-up trend is confirmed, there is excess variance in the phase timing residuals, perhaps indicating shorter timescale torque fluctuations or phase instability associated with the source of the X-ray flux. Power spectral searches for periods longward of the 9.5 minute period do not find any significant modulations; however, the sensitivity of searches in this frequency range are somewhat compromised by the dithering of the Chandra attitude. The observed spin-up is of a magnitude consistent with that expected from gravitational radiation decay; however, the factor of ≈3 variations in flux combined with the timing noise could conceivably result from accretion-induced spin-up of a white dwarf. Continued monitoring to explore correlations of torque with X-ray flux could provide a further test of this hypothesis.
Punjab’s ecological crisis: The Akali Dal, SGPC, and competing democratic and authoritarian approaches to development

When the 'green revolution' began in Punjab in 1964, Punjab sprang to the front rank of Indian agricultural production. But since about 2000, it has been increasingly clear that the technology is l...
ICAM1 initiates CTC cluster formation and trans-endothelial migration in lung metastasis of breast cancer.

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters mediate metastasis at a higher efficiency and are associated with lower overall survival in breast cancer compared to single cells. Combining single-cell RNA sequencing and protein analyses, here we report the profiles of primary tumor cells and lung metastases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ICAM1 expression increases by 200-fold in the lung metastases of three TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Depletion of ICAM1 abrogates lung colonization of TNBC cells by inhibiting homotypic tumor cell-tumor cell cluster formation. Machine learning-based algorithms and mutagenesis analyses identify ICAM1 regions responsible for homophilic ICAM1-ICAM1 interactions, thereby directing homotypic tumor cell clustering, as well as heterotypic tumor-endothelial adhesion for trans-endothelial migration. Moreover, ICAM1 promotes metastasis by activating cellular pathways related to cell cycle and stemness. Finally, blocking ICAM1 interactions significantly inhibits CTC cluster formation, tumor cell transendothelial migration, and lung metastasis. Therefore, ICAM1 can serve as a novel therapeutic target for metastasis initiation of TNBC.
Technology, Natural Resources and Economic Growth

Not very many years ago a view seemed to be emerging in the economics profession — it was never sufficiently widely held to be called a consensus — that the Ricardian-Malthusian demons were finally being exorcised, at least as far as the future of the industrialised West was concerned. With respect to natural resources in particular, numerous studies suggested that they had been playing a role of declining importance within the favoured circle of industrialised countries. There was of course the compelling evidence of the agricultural sector which, as Kuznets had authoritatively demonstrated, had declined in relative importance in all economies which have experienced long-term economic growth.2 Within agriculture itself, the implicit assumption that there were no good substitutes for land in food production had been belied by a broad range of innovations which sharply raised the productivity of agricultural resources and at the same time made possible the widespread substitution of industrial inputs for the more traditional agricultural labour and land — machinery, commercial fertiliser, new seed varieties, insecticides, irrigation water, etc. As early as 1951 Ted Schultz called attention to the fact that Harrod, in his notable book, Toward a Dynamic Economics, published in 1948, entirely omitted land as an input in the productive process.3
Acute myeloid leukemia developing in a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized stem cell donor: A case report and review of the literature.

Abstract We describe the first case of a FLT-3 mutated AML in a healthy donor, 3 years after recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvest. The patient had a myeloablative (MA) matched unrelated donor (MUD) stem cell transplant (SCT) for refractory AML. However, he experienced a secondary graft failure. He had a second non myeloablative (NMA) on day +75 from a second MUD. He achieved a complete neutrophil and platelet engraftment. After 4 years of follow up, he is alive in complete remission with full second donor chimerism.
Terrorism and the Ethics of War: Walzer on noncombatant immunity as a human right

We generally assume that most people don't have to be convinced that other people – including those who are not citizens of our own country – matter morally. That is why the phrase “human rights” resonates so strongly. The belief that every person has some claim to decent treatment, no matter what society they belong to, is part of the humanitarian strand of commonsense morality, and I appealed to it in my effort to move reasonable realists from “anything goes” to proportionality as a criterion for justified acts of war. My challenge now is to justify moving beyond proportionality to rules that explicitly recognize noncombatant immunity from deliberate attacks. Even if I succeed, there will still be questions about the strength of noncombatant immunity. Is it merely a weak presumption against attacking civilians that allows attacks when they yield some significant military value? Is it a stronger prohibition that permits attacks on civilians only in very extreme cases? Or, is noncombatant immunity an absolute prohibition that bars attacks on civilians under any circumstances? WALZER ON NONCOMBATANT IMMUNITY I will begin my discussion of these questions by considering Michael Walzer's treatment of them in Just and Unjust Wars . This is a good starting place because Walzer asks and answers both these questions and others that I discuss. One of Walzer's central goals in Just and Unjust Wars is to defend the principle of noncombatant immunity.
Fast Prototyping of Protein Reaction Microfluidic Chips

This paper presents an innovative approach for the prototyping of a microfluidic chip. By design modularization, unit mold batch fabrication, and mold assembly, the prototyping of polymeric microfluidic chips can be efficient and cost effective. The development of a microfluidic chip for protein reactions, including structure fabrication and chip testing for the initial and modified versions, is reported. Using the proposed approach, design modifications can be realized easily, without remaking photolithography masks or repeating the costly MEMS process. Initial results from testing two micro- fluidic chips (5cm by 1cm and 4cm by 3cm) prove the feasibility of the proposed method and show as well the potential for dramatic savings in time and cost in microfluidic chip prototyping.
Three‐dimensional simulation of liquid drop dynamics within unsaturated vertical Hele‐Shaw cells

[1] A three-dimensional, multiphase fluid flow model with volume of fluid-interface tracking was developed and applied to study the multiphase dynamics of moving liquid drops of different sizes within vertical Hele-Shaw cells. The simulated moving velocities are significantly different from those obtained from a first-order analytical approximation, based on simple force-balance concepts. The simulation results also indicate that the moving drops can exhibit a variety of shapes and that the transition among these different shapes is largely determined by the moving velocities. More important, there is a transition from a linear moving regime at small capillary numbers, in which the capillary number scales linearly with the Bond number, to a nonlinear moving regime at large capillary numbers, in which the moving drop releases a train of droplets from its trailing edge. The train of droplets forms a variety of patterns at different moving velocities.
Measuring barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents.

To construct and validate an instrument that would measure barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. Method: A 37-item questionnaire based on prior help-seeking literature was constructed to yield a total score indicating strength of barriers to help-seeking behavior. The instrument was given to a sample of 280 high school students following a pilot study of 65 students. Results: The instrument was found to have good test–retest and internal reliability and adequate validity in the tested population. It shows promise in helping to identify adolescents who may be amenable to, and opposed to, therapeutic intervention, and may aid in understanding which barriers to help seeking are most significant in any given population.
Binding of caerulein by antibodies to human gastrin I.

Summary A substantial portion of the primary structure of the heptadecapeptide caerulein has been found to be identical to that of the polypeptides gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. In addition, caerulein possesses the physiological properties of both gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. The results of this study indicate that antibodies to human gastrin I (2-17) also bind caerulein molecules. These immunochemical observations are consistent with the peptide chemistry studies of Erspamer and his associates that the carboxyl-terminal portion of the caerulein molecule is identical to that of gastrin.
Routine hearing screening in primary care for adult populations using distortion product Otoacoustic Emissions testing.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed hearing loss in adults in two busy primary care rural health centers. Data sources: Using Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) testing, participants were screened for hearing loss by trained personnel. Participants were those who presented to the primary care provider with complaints other than hearing loss or ear problems. Conclusion: Of the 86 participants, 48.8% were found to have failed OAE testing, indicating some type of undiagnosed hearing loss. The average age of the participants was 49.27 years, yet nearly half had hearing loss. This finding makes hearing screening in the adult population, other than the elderly, an important issue. Implications for practice: Hearing loss affects over 40% of the adult population. Undiagnosed and untreated hearing loss can be associated with depression, decreased social activities, and low self-esteem. The project identified the need for routine hearing screening and thus may become the foundation for the development and implementation of a hearing-screening program for primary care. The primary care nurse practitioner needs to incorporate hearing screening into the exam for early identification and for proper referral.
A longitudinal study of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome using T cell subset analysis.

The Centers for Disease Control in 1981 reported an epidemic of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma in young previously healthy homosexual men (1,2). Additional reports have been published identifying viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections in this and other patient groups (3–5). Clinical observations and immunologic evaluations have defined an Acquired Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in these patients (3–7).
Fertility-Regulating Mechanisms and Their Manipulation

The extent to which a crop species will set seed is an important concern with which the plant breeder must deal. Either failure to be self-fertile or failure to be cross-fertile, depending upon the breeding system of the particular species involved, may curtail procedures for obtaining gene recombinations and limit seed production. Normally, self-pollinated species, such as wheat, oats, barley, rice, and soybeans, and some cross-pollinated species, such as corn, set seed freely after self-pollination, or after cross-pollination between genotypes within the species. Many cross-pollinated species, such as the clovers, alfalfa, sweetclover, rye, sugar beets, and many perennial grasses, have reduced seed set, or fail to set seed, after self-pollination, although they may set seed freely after cross-pollination with other strains within the species. In addition to the problem of obtaining seeds after self- and cross-pollinations within the species, the plant breeder is concerned about the extent to which seeds will be set when crosses are made with plants in closely related species, or closely related genera. Fertility in interspecific crosses is important because it will determine how extensively desirable genes from closely related species may be utilized in a recombination-breeding program.
Nylon 6.6 accelerating aging studies: II. Long-term thermal-oxidative and hydrolysis results

Abstract Long-term (greater than 5 year exposures), low-temperature (as low as 37 °C) accelerated oven aging results were obtained for Nylon 6.6 fibers under thermo-oxidative conditions (air aging with an oxygen partial pressure of 13.2 cmHg in Albuquerque). To assess the importance of humidity on aging, experiments were also conducted under a combination of 100% RH plus 13.2 cmHg of oxygen partial pressure at temperatures ranging from 138 °C to 64 °C plus an additional experiment at 70% RH and 80 °C. The low-temperature tensile strength results showed that the Arrhenius activation energy under the pure oxidative degradation conditions dropped from ∼96 kJ/mol above ∼100 °C–∼30 kJ/mol below this temperature, indicative of a transition in the oxidative chemistry at low temperatures. Earlier work by our group on the same material concluded that hydrolytic degradation effects dominated oxidation effects at higher aging temperatures. However, the current long-term, low-temperature comparisons lead to the conclusion that humidity is not an important aging factor below ∼50 °C. By extrapolating time–temperature superposed oxidative degradation data using the low-temperature activation energy, we obtain predictions at 21 °C. At this temperature, we estimate that a tensile strength loss of 50% takes on the order of 70 years. The 21 °C predictions are shown to be reasonably consistent with long-term (up to 38 year) ambient results on similar Nylon materials removed from field-aged parachutes. Although the estimated average exposure temperature varies from parachute to parachute, the highest average temperature is estimated to be on the order of 21 °C.
Influence of the Protozoan Mattesia grandis McLaughlin on the Toxicity to the Boll Weevil of Four Insecticides

Anthonomus grandis Boheman, infected with the protozoan Mattesia grandis McLaughlin, were more susceptible to lower doses of malathion, azinphosmethyl, DDT, or carbaryl as the numbers of protozoans multiplied in the weevils. Thus, the toxicity of all 4 insecticides to the weevils increased as the disease progressed, and by the 12th day postinfection, the LD50values had decreased 5- to 7-fold. Also, fat content of the infected weevils decreased as the disease progressed, and little or none remained at 12 days postinfection.
Traction in EHL Line Contacts Using Free-Volume Pressure-Viscosity Relationship With Thermal and Shear-Thinning Effects

This paper investigates the traction behavior in heavily loaded thermo-elastohydro-dynamic lubrication (EHL) line contacts using the Doolittle free-volume equation, which closely represents the experimental viscosity-pressure-temperature relationship and has recently gained attention in the field of EHL, along with Tail's equation of state for compressibility. The well-established Carreau viscosity model has been used to describe the simple shear-thinning encountered in EHL. The simulation results have been used to develop an approximate equation for traction coefficient as a function of operating conditions and material properties. This equation successfully captures the decreasing trend with increasing slide to roll ratio caused by the thermal effect. The traction-slip characteristics are expected to be influenced by the limiting shear stress and pressure dependence of lubricant thermal conductivity, which need to be incorporated in the future.
The Generic Simulation Executive at Manned Flight Simulator

Abstract : The Manned Flight Simulator (MFS) at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (formerly the Naval Air Test Center) was created to provide rapid response to a wide range of US Navy simulation requirements. The necessity to simulate any aircraft in the US Navy inventory stimulated the idea of creating 'roll-in, roll-out' simulation bays that would accept any cockpit having standard geometric and electrical interfaces. The capability to use any cockpit at any simulation bay in turn led to the need for a flexible and generic software package for simulating any airframe. The Controls Analysis and Test Loop Environment (CASTLE) executive allows the user to easily generate and operate an aircraft simulation, while also providing a very powerful set of tools for simulation development and engineering analysis. Although the CASTLE package was originally designed to operate on Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) machines using the VMS operating system and DEC screen management software, recent developments include a MOTIF-based window interface environment and compatibility with the UNIX operating system. The CASTLE package is being proposed as a starting point for a standard airframe simulation package to satisfy US Navy requirements.
Relief of pain induced by varicella-zoster virus in a rat model of post-herpetic neuralgia using a herpes simplex virus vector expressing enkephalin

Acute and chronic pain (post-herpetic neuralgia or PHN) are encountered in patients with herpes zoster that is caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) from a state of neuronal latency. PHN is often refractory to current treatments, and additional strategies for pain relief are needed. Here we exploited a rat footpad model of PHN to show that herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector-mediated gene delivery of human preproenkephalin (vHPPE) effectively reduced chronic VZV-induced nocifensive indicators of pain. VZV inoculated at the footpad induced prolonged mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia that did not develop in controls or with ultraviolet light-inactivated VZV. Subsequent footpad administration of vHPPE relieved VZV-induced pain behaviors in a dose-dependent manner for extended periods, and prophylactic vector administration prevented VZV-induced pain from developing. Short-term pain relief following low-dose vHPPE administration could be effectively prolonged by vector re-administration. HPPE transcripts were increased three- to fivefold in ipsilateral ganglia, but not in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia. VZV hypersensitivity and its relief by vHPPE were not affected by peripheral delivery of opioid receptor agonist or antagonist, suggesting that the efficacy was mediated at the ganglion and/or spinal cord level. These results support further development of ganglionic expression of enkephalin as a novel treatment for the pain associated with Zoster.
Range residuated mappings

Abstract : Range-residuated mappings are introduced and their order theoretic and semigroup properties studied. Applications are given to cluster analysis as well as to the simplification of digital images. (Author)