cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Energy Bids from Aggregators Manage Deferrable Demand Efficiently

Our previous research has shown that distributed storage capacity at load centers (e.g. Deferrable demand) controlled by a system operator can lower total system costs by smoothing out and flattening the daily dispatch profile of conventional generating units and providing ramping services. Since it is in reality impractical for system operators to control large numbers of customers with deferrable demand directly, aggregators will in all likelihood be responsible for managing the individual sources of deferrable demand using instructions provided by a system operator. The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of deferrable demand when 1) the aggregators act as clients to the system operator and receive physical charge/discharge instructions for managing deferrable demand (i.e. Centralized control), with 2) the aggregators follow their own interests and submit bids for purchasing energy into the wholesale auction using projected prices provided by the system operator (i.e. Hierarchical control). The analysis uses a stochastic form of multi-period Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF) in a simulation using a reduction of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) network for representative days. This model treats potential wind generation and load as stochastic inputs and determines the optimum daily profiles of dispatch and demand for different realizations of hourly wind generation and load. Ramping capacity is acquired to ensure that transitions from the realizations in one hour to the next hour, as well as contingencies, can be supported. The results show that if aggregators receive stochastic forecasts of energy prices for the next 24 hours, their optimum strategy for minimizing the expected cost of their purchases from the grid is to determine a high threshold price for discharging and a low threshold price for charging, and as a result, they provide ramping services as well as benefitting from day/night price arbitrage. However, the results are sensitive to the form of the price forecasts.
Does team culture matter? An empirical study in multiple-project management settings

In the literature, team culture has been suggested as one of the factors contributing to the success of a project. In essence, a project manager should create a culture emphasizing teamwork, communication, and knowledge sharing. Such a culture will lead to team effectiveness, which will eventually contribute to the project success. A question arises whether or not this notion is relevant in practices, especially in a multiple-project management setting where one project manager leads multiple, simultaneous projects. To answer this question, the main objective of this study is to empirically explore the relevance of team culture in multiple project management. The result of this study reveals a surprising finding that team culture does not contribute to the success of a project in multiple-project management settings. Other factors provide more significant contribution to project success.
Revisiting energy policies in Latin America and Africa: A redefinition of public and private sector roles

Abstract In spite of vast local energy resources, economic development in Latin America and Africa is not supported by reliable energy supplies, although increasing energy use is inevitable. Oil and electricity are currently delivered through inefficient regulated systems, consuming large shares of scarce capital and foreign exchange. Furthermore, fuelwood is being burned beyond sustainable levels, threatening the environment. Projects to develop adequate energy supplies call for capital which these economies are not generating internally. Lending from external commercial banks, affected by the debt crisis, together with credits from bilateral and multilateral agencies, remains limited. There is a need for a policy reformulation to enhance direct equity financing of energy sector activities. To reduce governments' involvement and to increase the role of private companies, new institutional frameworks together with market based energy price systems must be established. In this context, multilateral agencies could encourage direct investment by making known the results of successful cases of privatization and by introducing innovative guarantee mechanisms.
Rescue of vesicular stomatitis virus from interferon-induced resistance by superinfection with vaccinia virus: II. Effect of UV-inactivated vaccinia and metabolic inhibitors

Abstract The rescue of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from interferon-induced resistance in rabbit (RK-13) and mouse (L) cell cultures superinfected with vaccinia requires early (up to 2 hr) vaccinia DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. The inability of hydroxyurea to inhibit rescue of VSV in interferon-treated RK-13 and L cells, whether the drug is added at the time of or after infection, suggests that vaccinia DNA synthesis is not required for the rescue of VSV in cells superinfected with vaccinia. In both RK-13 and L cells pretreated with homologous interferon and then doubly infected with vaccinia and VSV, there was a significant increase (up to 8 hr) in the lag period before infective VSV progeny appeared. It appears that a product of vaccinia synthesis must accumulate before VSV replication can begin in cells pretreated with interferon. This product could be vaccinia-directed early RNA or a translation product of this RNA. In RK-13 cells pretreated with interferon, the ability of vaccinia to rescue VSV is much more resistant to UV-irradiation than the infectivity of the virus; in L cells there is a close correspondence in the inactivation rates of infectivity and the ability of vaccinia to rescue VSV. These results suggest a difference in the efficiency of uncoating of UV-irradiated vaccinia in RK-13 and L cells. In L cells it is possible that UV-irradiated vaccinia is not uncoated efficiently and the early vaccinia RNA product required for rescue of VSV is not synthesized.
A comparative study of OBS and OFS

This paper evaluates the performance of two promising approaches for IP over WDM networks, namely optical burst switching (OBS) and optical flow switching (OFS), based on both synthetic and real traffic. We show that there is significantly better throughput when using OBS rather than OFS. We believe that this is a result of more efficient just-enough-time bandwidth reservation scheme used in OBS.
Gray scale ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and nephrotomography in evaluation of polycystic kidney and liver disease

Abstract A comparison of gray scale ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography in adults with known adult-type polycystic disease and of ultrasonography and high-dose nephrotomography in their progeny is being conducted. Although all three modalities have proved capable of demonstrating cysts of the kidney and liver, ultrasound has been the most consistent in identifying these lesions. Ultrasound is valuable in diagnosing polycystic disease in an adult with large, poorly functioning kidneys; in addition, since cysts could be identified by ultrasound in children who had normal nephrotomograms, it provides a safe and useful method of obtaining information for genetic counseling.
Phorbol ester stimulation of sphingomyelin synthesis in human leukemic HL60 cells.

Abstract Pulse-chase experiments, performed with 14C-labeled choline, were used to study the possible effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the terminal step of sphingomyelin (CerPCho) synthesis from phosphatidylcholine in intact human promyelocytic leukemic HL60 cells. Addition of TPA for the chase period significantly increased the rate of CerPCho synthesis; maximal stimulation (104%) required only 3 n m TPA. Treatment of cells with TPA for 6 h also increased the mass of CerPCho by 35%. Sphingosine (25 μ m ) or H7 (100 μ m ), inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro, inhibited some, but not all effects of TPA on endogenous protein phosphorylation in intact cells, and failed to inhibit TPA-stimulated synthesis of CerPCho. However, bryostatin, mezerein, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, and polymyxin B, previously all shown to stimulate PKC in vivo, also stimulated the synthesis of CerPCho. It is suggested that the effect of phorbol ester on CerPCho synthesis is mediated by a subtype of PKC which responds to known activators of enzyme but is not inhibited by H7 or sphingosine.
Self‐efficacy and Endurance Performance: A Longitudinal Field Test of Cognitive Mediation Theory

On demanda a 123 etudiants de cours de perfectionnement, designes au hasard, de realiser “de leur mieux” une tâche tres difficile, au but presqu‘ impossible a atteindre, apres cinq semaines d'entrainement a effectuer une tâche specifique en trois minutes. Une periode-test de quatre semaines suivit au cours de laquelle les buts des taches que devaient realiser les sujets et leur confiance en leur efficacite furent mesures une fois par semaine avant chaque evaluation de performance. Construit d'apres une theorie de mediation cognitive (Garland, 1985), un modele causal fut utilise dans lequel des buts de tâches individuelles furent soumis aux effets de la performance, notamment sur l'efficacite des sujets. L'analyse des resultats a partir des quatre tests hebdomadaires confirma les propositions du modele. One hundred and twenty-three students in a fitness training course were assigned at random to a “do your best,” very hard, or highly improbable goal condition after five weeks of baseline training on a three-minute sit-up task. A four-week test period followed in which subjects' task goals and efficacy expectations were measured once each week prior to an assessment of their performance. Based on cognitive mediation theory (Garland, 1985), a causal model was presented in which individual task goals are proposed to influence performance through their influence on self-efficacy. Path analyses on the data over each of the four test weeks provided support for the proposed model.
E2 transition rates for 20Ne

Upper bounds for electromagnetic transition rates for Ne 20 determined using Hartree-Fock wave functions
Cable Friction Compensation and Rehabilitation Algorithms for a Cable-Driven Human Assistive System

A cable-driven human assistive system has been developed to separate actuators from a human body. In the system, the assistive torque is transmitted via cables from the actuators to the end-effector which is to be attached on a human joint. The use of cables in flexible tubes allows for users to move freely without carrying the heavy actuators. However, the varying cable friction according to the curvature of the flexible tubes sets a challenge on the precise generation of the desired torque. To generate the desired torque precisely, a hierarchical control scheme is applied to the system. In this paper, the algorithms for determining the desired assistive joint torque and corresponding cable tensions are proposed. To determine the desired assistive torque, a rehabilitation strategy inspired by a potential field is discussed. For corresponding cable tensions, the algorithms for the cable tension controller which considers the varying cable friction as well as a bias for maintaining appropriate cable tensions are proposed. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by experiments.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Separate and combined effects of facial expressions and bodily postures on emotional feelings

The results of numerous experimental studies have provided ample evidence for William James' theory that emotional conduct is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of emotional feelings. Two further questions are addressed in the study reported in this paper. First, critics have speculated that the effects of peripheral feedback from expressive bodily movement may lead to generalized, diffuse pleasant or unpleasant experiences, rather than the specific emotional feelings consistent with James' position. Second, if the Jamesian account is correct, then the simultaneous combination of multiple, consistent sources of expressive bodily feedback should result in greater magnitudes of emotional response than those caused by separate, individual sources. The results of the present study replicate those of the only other study (Duclos et al., 1989) which has demonstrated specific effects of expressive behaviors on corresponding emotional feelings. It was also possible to demonstrate, via correlational analyses, that those people who are responsive to their expressions tend to be responsive to their postures as well, since subjects in this study received manipulations of their facial expressions and their bodily postures. The results of this study also indicate that matching combinations of facial expressions and bodily postures result in more powerful feelings of the corresponding emotional feelings than do either expressions or postures alone. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of void growth in aluminum alloy AA5083 during elevated temperature deformation

Finite element computations are used to simulate void growth during elevated temperature deformation of polycrystalline aluminum alloy AA5083. The model accounts rigorously for the coupling between dislocation creep, grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary sliding; and considers a realistic 2D grain structure. The simulations are used to predict the influence of loading conditions, material properties and microstructure on void growth rates. The predictions are shown to be in good agreement with experimental observations of cavitation in aluminum. In addition, the simulations show that the rate of void growth is strongly sensitive to the detailed grain structure near the void. Consequently, the void growth rates in a realistic microstructure differ substantially from the predictions of models that idealize the grain structure as a periodic array.
Knowledge Maps and Their Use in Computer-Based Collaborative Learning Environments:

Conceptual learning of 13 graduate students at a university in the southeastern United States was studied during a six-week course that employed the Internet for collaborative learning of on-line articles. Five groups were formed with each creating a knowledge map—a diagram that graphically arranges and interconnects concepts to show their relationship—during the first and fifth week of the course. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was used to study the change in each group's mapping over time to determine the influence of a computer-based collaborative learning environment on conceptual understanding. MDS analysis was also used to compare a knowledge map and a similarity rating (of the same 10 concepts) completed by each student at the end of the course. Results of the first analysis indicated that, despite the collaborative nature of the learning environment, groups did not become more similar over time in their understanding of key concepts. However, the second analysis revealed common student pe...
Processing and Associated Properties of In Situ Composites Based on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers and Thermoplastics

Abstract The concept of generating liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) reinforcing fibrils on an in situ basis has a number of potentially attractive advantages over the use of the more commonly used glass-reinforced composites. The potential advantages include a wider range of processing options, improved surface appearance, recyclability, and lower processing energy requirements. Many of these advantages have been discussed in previous reviews such as those written by Dutta et al. [1] and La Mantia and Valenza [2]. However, to successfully compete with glass-reinforced thermoplastics, in situ composites based on thermoplastics reinforced with thermotropic LCPs (TLCPs) should at least exhibit similar properties to injection-molded glass-reinforced thermoplastics. One purpose of this review is to address the advantages and disadvantages of in situ composites, and the other is to provide some standards for comparison against more commonly used composites.
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase by methotrexate: A new look at an old problem

Dihydrofolate reductase from L1210 mouse leukemia cells has been investigated with respect to factors that affect its inhibition by Methotrexate (MTX). Kinetic analyses indicate that the enzyme can exist in multiple forms (i.e., different conformational states) varying in their Km values for NADPH and Ki values for MTX. Interaction of the enzyme with ligands (particularly NADPH and MTX) appears to induce the formation of certain of these forms. The two histidyl residues and the single cysteinyl residue of the enzyme play particularly important roles in the catalytic activity of the enzyme and its ability to bind MTX. A cysteinyl-histidyl hydrogen bond is believed to play an important role in determining conformational states of the enzyme.
Multilayer formation between dissimilar molecules as studied by metastable quenching spectroscopy: NH3 + CO on Ni(111)

Abstract We have used metastable quenching spectroscopy and thermal desorption to study the adsorption of NH 3 on Ni(111) precovered with CO, and the coadsorption of CO and NH 3 on Ni(111). We find that the second NH 3 layer on CO/Ni(111) is formed only after the first NH 3 layer is completed; that the NH 3 molecules bind with the nitrogen atoms towards the surface; and that the presence of NH 3 on top of the CO layer increases the back donation into the 2π ∗ orbital of CO.
Steppe expansion in Patagonia

Westward expansion of the Patagonian steppe and retrocession of Andean forests due to increasing aridity over the past one or two millennia has been a persistent theme in the ecological and paleoecological literature for at least half a century. New evidence from pollen profiles, tree-ring analysis, vegetation structure, and photographic and documentary historical sources does not show the expansion of the steppe. Instead, over the past century trees have invaded the steppe as a consequence mainly of human-induced changes in the fire regime, and trees have regenerated in forest areas that were heavily burnt at the onset of European colonization.
Racial patterns in the effects of tobacco use on fetal growth.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction between the effects on fetal growth of maternal smoking and race by means of race-specific growth normograms. Study Design: A case-control study was performed on white and African American mothers who were delivered at 2 hospitals in metropolitan Atlanta between February 1993 and December 1994. The study population consisted of 621 small for gestational age infants and their mothers and 324 appropriate for gestational age infants and their mothers. Face-to-face interviews with mothers and detailed anthropometric measurements of neonates were performed. Relationships among tobacco use, race, and fetal growth were evaluated by means of multiple logistic regression. The χ 2 test of trend was performed to assess a dose-response relationship between smoking and fetal growth. Results: Mothers of small for gestational age neonates were significantly more likely than control mothers to be single (52% versus 40%), to be primiparous (47% versus 37%), to have a low body mass index (26% versus 17%), to have hypertension (22% versus 15%), and to use alcohol (15% versus 9%). Mothers of small for gestational age infants were significantly more likely than control mothers to smoke (26% versus 12%) and to smoke more cigarettes ( P 2 packs/d crude odds ratio; African Americans 2 test of trend results were consistent with a dose-response relationship between smoking and small for gestational age infants (whites χ 2 = 14.06, P 2 = 7.99). Comparison between the 2 races of the adverse effects of smoking on fetal growth showed no significant difference. Conclusion: Self-reported maternal smoking during the second trimester is associated with fetal growth restriction in a dose-response manner. According to race-specific growth normograms no significant difference in the effects of tobacco use on fetal growth was found between white and African American women. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:S22-S27.)
Small Molecules that Induce Cardiomyogenesis in Embryonic Stem Cells

A phenotypic cell-based screen of a large combinatorial chemical library led to the identification of a class of diaminopyrimidine compounds (cardiogenol A−D) which can selectively and efficiently induce mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were shown to express multiple cardiac muscle markers, including myosin heavy chain, GATA-4, MEF2, and Nkx2.5, and spontaneously form beating regions. Such small molecules will serve as useful chemical probes to study cardiac muscle differentiation and may ultimately facilitate the therapeutic application of ESCs for cardiac repair.
Electron Microprobe Investigations of Stannous Fluoride Reactions with Enamel Surfaces

After immersion for 30 seconds in stannous fluoride, tin and fluorine were detected in enamel. When the enamel was immersed for a longer time, it was etched by stannous fluoride treatment. A second tin-rich zone formed on the enamel surface after prolonged exposure and possibly consisted of Sn3F3PO4 and a hydrated tin compound.
Clinical implications of mucinous nonneoplastic cysts of the pancreas.

ObjectivesAn undercharacterized subclass of pancreatic mucinous cysts without histologic characteristics of neoplasia is emerging. This article aimed to highlight the clinical characteristics and implications of this new subset of pancreatic cystic lesions.MethodsThe clinical, radiologic, and pathol
Phase reversal discrimination

Abstract In the Fourier representation of space, the parameter of phase plays a crucial role. In this study, several experiments were performed involving discrimination of various phase relations of fundamental (2c deg) to second harmonic (4c deg) at low contrast levels. The results were consistent with a model involving four “channels”, each optimally sensitive to one of the following phase relations: +cosine (bright bar), −cosine (dark bar), +sine (left edge), and −sine (right edge).
A Gaussian closure of the second-moment equation for a hookean dumbbell with hydrodynamic interaction

Abstract Most bead-spring models of dilute solutions of polymers with hydrodynamic interaction have relied on an averaging of the hydrodynamic interaction tensor, which removes the configuration dependence, but also leads to a solvable diffusion equation. In this paper, we attempt to retain the effects of the configuration dependence by postulating a Gaussian closure of the exact second moment equation for the Hookean dumbbell where the Oseen-Burgers tensor has been used to model the hydrodynamic interaction. The second-moment obtained from the closed set of equations is directly related to the stress tensor. For very low and very high shear rates in steady shear flow, the material properties calculated using the Gaussian closure compare well with those calculated from a Galerkin solution of the diffusion equation. Results for elongational flow and small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also included.
Plastocyanin–ferredoxin oxidoreduction and endosymbiotic gene transfer

Sequence similarities of proteins associated with plastocyanin–ferredoxin oxidoreduction (PcFdOR) activity of Photosystem I (PSI) were grouped and compared. PsaA, psaB, psaC, and petG represent genes that have been retained in the chloroplasts of both green- and red-lineage species. PsaD, psaE, psaF, and petF represent genes that have been retained in the chloroplast of red-lineage species, but have been transferred to the nuclear genome of green-lineage species. Translated sequences from red- and green-lineage proteins were compared to that of contemporary cyanobacteria, Synechocystis PCC 6803, and Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421. Within the green lineage, a lower level of sequence conservation coincided with gene transfer to the nuclear genome. Surprisingly, a similar pattern of sequence conservation existed for the same set of genes found in the red lineage even though all those genes were retained in their chloroplast genomes. This discrepancy between green and red lineage is discussed in terms of endosymbiotic gene transfer.
Shoal choice behaviour in fish : The relationship between assessment time and assessment quality

In this study, we investigated the role of assessment time in group size discrimination and in particular the trade-off between the time cost involved in gathering information and the potential benefits derived from the acquired information. In a first experiment, we presented individual chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, with a choice between 4 vs 4 and 8 vs 8 conspecific stimulus fish. After release we recorded the time taken by test fish to make a choice between the two stimulus shoals in the presence and absence of a fright stimulus. Test fish significantly reduced their response time in the presence of a fright stimulus and larger shoals (8 vs 8) were more quickly approached than smaller ones (4 vs 4). In a control experiment, chub were given a choice between an empty cylinder and a shoal (of 4 or 8 fish). By subtracting the response time in the control treatment from that in the choice treatment, we estimated the time test fish spent choosing between stimulus shoals to be 24-55% of the overall response time. These results indicate that choosing between different groups is associated with a significant time cost. In a second experiment, we presented test fish with stimulus shoals that differed in size: 4 vs 5, 4 vs 6, 4 vs 7 and 4 vs 8, to investigate how the response time of fish and their ability to distinguish between shoals of different size were affected by the magnitude of the shoal size difference and the presence and absence of a fright stimulus. The ability to discriminate between shoals of different size increased with increasing shoal size difference whereas response time decreased. Both response time and discrimination ability were significantly reduced in the presence of a fright stimulus. The latter suggests that the benefits derived from group size discrimination were increasingly outweighed by the time costs of making group size assessments in the presence of potential danger; i.e. making fast assessments became relatively more important than making correct ones.
Patterning adjacent supported lipid bilayers of desired composition to investigate receptor-ligand binding under shear flow.

To achieve efficient targeting, carriers containing either drugs or imaging agents must have surface properties that promote binding to targets yet at the same time block rapid immune system clearance. Here we describe a versatile technique that allows simultaneous comparison of the effects of carrier surface composition on binding properties under identical flow conditions. Parallel lanes of supported lipid bilayers that mimic the surface of liposomal delivery vehicles are formed using the vesicle fusion method in microfluidic channels created via standard soft lithography techniques. Vesicle stock solutions are premixed and injected into lanes formed by a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp reversibly sealed to a glass slide to create adjacent lanes of distinct composition. After removing the stamp, an adsorbed layer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used to prevent bilayer spreading before assembling the patterned substrate into a flow chamber for binding studies. Advantages of this method include easy ...
Synthesis of serine-AMC-carbamate: a fluorogenic tryptophanase substrate.

Abstract A new fluorogenic substrate for the pyridoixal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme tryptophanase is described. l -Serine, which is linked to 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin through an O-carbamoyl tether, serves as a substrate for the enzyme. The released moiety, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC), can be detected by either absorbance (355 nm) or fluorescence (excitation 365 nm/emission 440 nm). Kinetic constants were measured using each of these techniques: Km = 85 ± 20 μm, Vmax = 2.9 ± 0.4 μmol/min/mg (fluorescence) and Km = 129 ± 21 μm, Vmax = 3.1 ± 0.3 μmol/min/mg (absorbance). The Vmax for serine-AMC-carbamate is approximately 1.9 times faster than that of the natural substrate, tryptophan. Using fluorescence detection, solutions containing 10−3 units of activity could be routinely assayed.
Audiometric comparison of the middle and late components of the adult auditory evoked potentials awake and asleep

Abstract The middle and the late components of auditory evoked potentials were alternately recorded in sequential sets from 28 adults, both awake and asleep. Sleep was induced by secobarbital and was monitored for depth. 1000 c/sec tone pips in one laboratory or filtered clicks in the other were delivered at 10, 20 or 30 dB sensation level. Control collections without stimulation were included. For the middle responses a single simple scoring template and one set of voltage criteria could be used for all stages of waking and sleeping. For late responses different templates and voltage criteria were needed. Estimates of the threshold of detection of the evoked potentials were based on the percentage of clearly positive responses. In deep sleep the criterion percentage of clearly positive responses was often not attained at 30 dB SL, i.e. , the threshold was indeterminate. In light sleep and awake the middle responses of most subjects gave thresholds more sensitive than the late by 10–15 dB and also fewer indeterminate trials. The results in our two laboratories agreed closely in spite of differences in equipment and details of procedure. The relatively low thresholds of the middle responses (median 17.5 dB SL awake and 15 dB SL in light sleep) suggest that the middle responses must be considered seriously for use in clinical electric response audiometry, even though one of the 28 subjects failed to yield any identifiable middle responses.
The role of information in Uganda's reduction of HIV/AIDS prevalence: The Rakai Project and World Vision cases

The spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa over the last two decades has seriously impaired the continent's health care services and overall welfare. Unlike other African nations, however, Uganda developed and implemented a unique approach to combating this problem, reducing HIV/AIDS infection rates from 18.5% in 1995 to 6.1% in 2000. In response to the AIDS pandemic, national policies were developed for an Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategy. This strategy provides goals for the dissemination of information from numerous partners of multisectoral organizations including government at all levels, non-governmental organizations, including those that are faith-based, bilateral and multilateral agencies, and others. This paper presents a case study of two organizations in the Rakai District of southwestern Uganda whose goal is to provide information and education, research, and services to communities with a large HIV/AIDS population. The Rakai Project and World Vision have contributed toward the establishment of a community network that interfaces with the District government in order to facilitate the flow of both internal and external information to the organizations. This provides a conduit for current information to reach those most affected, which is believed to be one factor in the overall success of Ugandan HIV/AIDS intervention policy.
Interpreting Roads in Roadless Areas Organizational Culture, Ambiguity, and Change in Agency Responses to Policy Mandates

This article examines how Bureau of Land Management personnel interpreted roads in the context of wilderness policy implementation. It assesses ambiguity of and change in policy using three frameworks from the organizational culture literature. The frameworks emphasize (a) shared understandings, (b) differences among agency units, and (c) fragmentation within units. The analysis shows how interpretations of roads are shaped by existing understandings and provide opportunities for new understandings to develop. It also shows how policy initiatives can be understood as simultaneously requiring organization-wide change, selective change, and no change. This suggests that using multiple analytical frames is important for understanding the implementation of ambiguous and changing policy.
Determination of Ge/Si in marine siliceous microfossils: Separation, cleaning and dissolution of diatoms and radiolaria

Abstract A procedure is presented to separate diatoms and radiolaria from marine sediments and from each other, to purify them of elements associated with other phases, and to dissolve them to determine their elemental composition. The cleaning procedure eliminates artifacts due to the presence of detrital clays and the high sorption capacity of hydrated silica. The concentration of trace elements (Al, Fe, Mg, and Ba) that we find in alkaline dissolutions of clean diatoms are at least an order of magnitude lower than previously reported. The overall long-term precision in the determination of Ge/Si in a sub-standard of clean diatoms is ±0.024 × 10 −6 (1σ). Ge/Si measured in diatoms and radiolaria from core tops indicates that high-latitude Holocene diatoms accurately record the present-day oceanic Ge/Si, while radiolarian ratios are systematically lower and display more scatter. Evaluation of Ge/Si in diatoms and radiolaria from Hole DSDP 265 (Plio-Pleistocene) suggests that post-depositional alteration of the ratio does not occur at this site, but the average ratio carried by diatoms over this time interval was lower than that in the present ocean.
Detection of Cl atoms and HCl molecules by resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization

Abstract Resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization has been used to detect Cl(3p 2P 3 2 o) and Cl*(3p 2P 1 2 o) via the pumping of two-photon-allowed transitions in the wavelength region of 230–245 nm. The precursors used to generate Cl atoms were CH2Cl2, CF2Cl2 and CCl4. Two-photon-allowed transitions of HCl and DCl molecules were also observed in this region, with a detection sensitivity of better than 1010 molecules/cm3.
Combined use of alcohol and nicotine gum

This study evaluated the effects of chewing nicotine gum immediately before and just after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol. Four research questions were addressed. First, does chewing nicotine gum prior to drinking alcohol attenuate the increased craving to smoke that is typically associated with alcohol use? Second, does drinking prior to chewing reduce the gum's effectiveness? Third, are significant side effects observed with nicotine gum, and is their severity affected by alcohol use? Finally, can we identify subjects who are more likely to respond well to the gum on the basis of smoking history or pattern or other descriptive-demographic, psychologic, or historical variables? Smokers who had abstained for at least 12 h were studied in a fully crossrandomized experimental design that contrasted nicotine gum (before or after drinking) versus sugarless gum, and alcohol versus a no-alcohol comparison condition. Nicotine gum use was associated with significantly greater immediate reduction in craving to smoke, regardless of whether it preceded or followed alcohol, but the effects were weak and short-lived in either case. Moderate use of alcohol after chewing the gum eliminated virtually all of its beneficial effects. Mild side effects were common with nicotine gum, but equally so regardless of alcohol use. A small battery of demographic and historical variables failed to identify those subjects who responded well to nicotine gum.
Platelets are anticoagulants

Effective control of blood coagulation requires that hemostasis proceed at the wound site without progressing to vessel occlusion. To accomplish this, it is presumably necessary for the anticoagulant mechanisms to respond more vigorously as the procoagulant stimulus increases. The protein C anti-
Two-coordinate, homoleptic manganese(II) primary terphenyl amido complexes: the effects of secondary coordination on geometry and Lewis base complexation.

The synthesis and characterization of the mononuclear manganese primary amido complex Mn{N(H)Ar#}2 (1), its Lewis base adducts Mn{N(H)Ar#}2(L) (Ar# = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2; L = THF (2), and C5H5N (3)), and Mn{N(H)Ar*}2 (4) (Ar* = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2) are described. Complex 1 was prepared by the reaction of MnCl2 with two equivalents of LiN(H)Ar# in benzene. X-Ray crystallography showed that it had a quasi-two-coordinate strongly bent geometry with Mn–N = 1.979(3) A, N–Mn–N = 138.19(9)° and secondary Mn⋯C(aryl ring) interactions. In contrast, complex 4, which was prepared by the same route as 1, has an almost linear geometry with a wide N–Mn–N angle of 176.1(2)°. The complexes 1 and 4 are the first structurally characterized homoleptic primary amido derivatives of manganese. Complex 1 did not react with THF or pyridine, but its THF complex 2 could be formed by the reaction of MnI2(THF)2 with two equivalents of LiN(H)Ar#. Similarly, complex 3 was prepared either by the direct reaction of MnCl2 with LiN(H)Ar# in hexanes in the presence of pyridine, or by reaction of the THF complex 2 with excess pyridine. Attempts to form Lewis base complexes of 4 by similar routes led to the recovery of unreacted 4. The results suggested that reaction with Lewis bases is prevented by secondary interactions (1) or steric effects (4). Magnetic studies show that the manganese(II) ions in 1–4 have high spin configurations with S = and small zero-field splittings, D, of ca.±1.5 to ±3 cm−1.
Study of simple CFRP-metal joint failure

In millimeter wavelength telescope design and construction, there have been a number of mysterious failures of simple CFRF-metal joints. Telescope designers have not had satisfactory interpretations of these failures. In this paper, factors which may influence the failure of joints are discussed. These include stress concentration, material creep, joint fatigue, reasons related to chemical process and manufacture process. Extrapolation formulas for material creep, joint fatigue, and differential thermal stresses are derived in this paper. Detailed chemical and manufacturing factors are also discussed. All these issues are the causes of a number of early failures under a loading which is significantly lower than the strength of adhesives used. For ensuring reliability of a precision instrument structure joint, the designer should have a thorough understanding of all these factors.
Energy storage applications in greenhouses by means of phase change materials (PCMs): a review

Abstract A thorough literature investigation into the use of phase change materials for energy saving and management in greenhouses was carried out. The related studies were classified in three most-used phase change material groups based on salt hydrates, paraffins and polyethylene glycol. Each of the literature cited was represented here with a “dry matter” approach, in other words the most useful parts to the scientists working on the subject were summarised. Such an investigation revealed that the types of heat exchangers, stores and the amounts of phase change materials per square meter of greenhouse ground area were dissimilar in all of the studies.
Eddy Correlation Measurements of Sensible Heat Flux near the Earth's Surface

Abstract A three-dimensional pressure-sphere anemometer and fast thermometer system (P.S.A.T.) was used to measure vertical heat flux density in the atmospheric surface layer at 1–4 m above alta fescue and snap beans. Good agreement with independent measurements was obtained, which shows the the P.S.A.T. is sufficiently small and has adequate high-frequency response and accuracy for eddy correlation measurements within 1 m of the surface. Also obtained with the P.S.A.T. were (u′T′)/(w′T′), ru,T, rw,T and σT/T*, and their dependence upon stability. When the atmosphere was thermally stable, slow wave motions frequently increased σT even though turbulent mixing was lacking.
PostlarvalPenaeus aztecus andP. setiferus transport into, and distribution within, adjacent weired and unweired ponds

Previous studies have shown that semi-impounded areas of marsh have lower standing crops and probably lower exports of brown shrimpPenaeus aztecus and white shrimpP. setiferus to the Gulf of Mexico than similar unimpounded areas. We hypothesized that this was caused by a reduced transport of postlarvae into the semi-impounded areas. To test this hypothesis, we compared postlarval shrimp catches in a semiimpounded pond and an adjacent matched unimpounded pond sampled approximately weekly from 21 February through 29 October 1983 and 17 February through 25 May 1984. Postlarval catches were significantly higher in the unimpounded pond, as was the export of juvenile and adult shrimp from that pond. This supports the hypothesis that reduced recruitment is the cause for lower standing crops and reduced export of these shrimp from semi-impounded areas. Distribution of the postlarvae was recorded by sample date. Even on the minicosm scale of the ponds, currents apparently determined where the postlarvae settled.
Shear Thickening in Aqueous Solutions of Hydrocarbon End-Capped Poly(ethylene oxide)

The shear thickening behavior in aqueous solutions of model hydrophobically end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) was examined. Poly(ethylene oxide) fully end-capped with C12, C16, or C18 alkanes was prepared by direct addition of monoisocyanate to poly(ethylene glycol). The response of these polymers in aqueous solution to both steady shear and oscillatory shear was determined. The effects of polymer concentration, temperature, association strength, and polymer chain length on shear thickening have been investigated. PEO with higher molecular weight (35 000) shows only shear thinning behavior whereas PEOs with lower molecular weights (10 000 and 20 000) show mild shear thickening over a range of concentrations. The magnitude of shear thickening was found to increase with association strength and to decrease with temperature. The critical shear rate at which onset of shear thickening occurs shifted to lower shear rate as the association strength or concentration increases or as temperature decreases. The scalin...
Item reduction of the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21) leads to the WURSS-11

To develop a shorter version of the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21), a self-report questionnaire for evaluating daily symptoms and functional impairments during acute respiratory illness (ARI). WURSS-21 data were retrieved from 4 studies (n = 1167) spanning the years 2002–2010. Similar methodologies were employed among these studies. Degree of missingness, ceiling/floor effects, and exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses were investigated and used to guide item retention. Stability of the reduced WURSS was evaluated across the first 3 days of ARI. Degree of missingness was 30 % of ratings of zero (floor effects) were eliminated. Cross-loading items (head congestion, sleep well and breathe easily) were excluded following EFA on subset-1. Subsequent CFA using subset-2 showed satisfactory indices of fit. The reduced WURSS-11 instrument demonstrated 3 dimensions of 3 items each and was stable across 3 days of illness. The indicated dimensions (items) include nasal (runny nose, plugged nose, sneezing), throat (cough, sore throat, scratchy throat), and quality of life (feeling tired, think clearly, accomplish daily activities). The WURSS-11 has similar dimensional structure as the WURSS-21. This shorter version may reduce the time and burden required for completing the survey.
Molecular and phenotypic abnormalities in individuals with germline heterozygous PTEN mutations and autism

PTEN is a tumor suppressor associated with an inherited cancer syndrome and an important regulator of ongoing neural connectivity and plasticity. The present study examined molecular and phenotypic characteristics of individuals with germline heterozygous PTEN mutations and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (PTEN-ASD), with the aim of identifying pathophysiologic markers that specifically associate with PTEN-ASD and that may serve as targets for future treatment trials. PTEN-ASD patients (n=17) were compared with idiopathic (non-PTEN) ASD patients with (macro-ASD, n=16) and without macrocephaly (normo-ASD, n=38) and healthy controls (n=14). Group differences were evaluated for PTEN pathway protein expression levels, global and regional structural brain volumes and cortical thickness measures, neurocognition and adaptive behavior. RNA expression patterns and brain characteristics of a murine model of Pten mislocalization were used to further evaluate abnormalities observed in human PTEN-ASD patients. PTEN-ASD had a high proportion of missense mutations and showed reduced PTEN protein levels. Compared with the other groups, prominent white-matter and cognitive abnormalities were specifically associated with PTEN-ASD patients, with strong reductions in processing speed and working memory. White-matter abnormalities mediated the relationship between PTEN protein reductions and reduced cognitive ability. The Pten(m3m4) murine model had differential expression of genes related to myelination and increased corpus callosum. Processing speed and working memory deficits and white-matter abnormalities may serve as useful features that signal clinicians that PTEN is etiologic and prompting referral to genetic professionals for gene testing, genetic counseling and cancer risk management; and could reveal treatment targets in trials of treatments for PTEN-ASD.
Changes in somatodendritic but not terminal dopamine regulation in aged rhesus monkeys.

For these studies, young (8–9 years), middle-aged (14–17 years) and aged (23–28 years) rhesus monkeys were used as a model of normal aging in humans to investigate changes in dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in senescence. Aged monkeys exhibited significant age-related motoric declines as compared to the young animals. In vivo microdialysis studies showed that basal levels of the DA metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were diminished by 44% and 79%, respectively, in␣the substantia nigra (SN) of aged monkeys. In addition, d-amphetamine-evoked overflow of DA in the SN was diminished by 30% in the middle-aged animals and 67% in the aged monkeys. Post-mortem measures of DA and DA metabolites showed significant decreases in DA (20%), DOPAC (47%) and HVA (22%) levels in the putamen and a 25% decline in HVA tissue levels in the SN of the aged monkeys as compared to the young animals. Unbiased stereological cell counting of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the SN showed a small (15–20%) but significant age-related decline in TH-positive neurons. In addition, there was a small (15–20%) but significant decline in TH-positive fiber density and TH-positive cell size. In comparison to the massive loss of DA neurons responsible for the movement dysfunctions seen in Parkinson's disease, pronounced functional changes in DA release in the SN and putamen may significantly contribute to the motoric dysfunctions characterizing normal aging in rhesus monkeys.
Polynomials and Potential Theory for Gaussian Radial Basis Function Interpolation

We explore a connection between Gaussian radial basis functions and polynomials. Using standard tools of potential theory, we find that these radial functions are susceptible to the Runge phenomenon, not only in the limit of increasingly flat functions, but also in the finite shape parameter case. We show that there exist interpolation node distributions that prevent such phenomena and allow stable approximations. Using polynomials also provides an explicit interpolation formula that avoids the difficulties of inverting interpolation matrices, while not imposing restrictions on the shape parameter or number of points.