cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance Spectrum simulator (MARSS), a novel software package for fast and computationally efficient basis set simulation

The aim of this study was to develop a novel software platform for the simulation of magnetic resonance spin systems, capable of simulating a large number of spatial points (1283 ) for large in vivo spin systems (up to seven coupled spins) in a time frame of the order of a few minutes. The quantum mechanical density-matrix formalism is applied, a coherence pathway filter is utilized for handling unwanted coherence pathways, and the 1D projection method, which provides a substantial reduction in computation time for a large number of spatial points, is extended to include sequences of an arbitrary number of RF pulses. The novel software package, written in MATLAB, computes a basis set of 23 different metabolites (including the two anomers of glucose, seven coupled spins) with 1283 spatial points in 26 min for a three-pulse experiment on a personal desktop computer. The simulated spectra are experimentally verified with data from both phantom and in vivo MEGA-sLASER experiments. Recommendations are provided regarding the various assumptions made when computing a basis set for in vivo MRS with respect to the number of spatial points simulated and the consideration of relaxation.
Wnt Signaling Drives Ectopic Gene Expression and Larval Arrest in the Absence of the Caenorhabditis elegans DREAM Repressor Complex

Establishment and maintenance of proper gene expression is a requirement for normal growth and development. The DREAM complex in Caenorhabditis elegans functions as a transcriptional repressor of germline genes in somatic cells. At 26°, DREAM complex mutants show increased misexpression of germline genes in somatic cells and High Temperature Arrest (HTA) of worms at the first larval stage. To identify transcription factors required for the ectopic expression of germline genes in DREAM complex mutants, we conducted an RNA interference screen against 123 transcription factors capable of binding DREAM target promoter loci for suppression of the HTA phenotype in lin-54 mutants. We found that knock-down of 15 embryonically expressed transcription factors suppress the HTA phenotype in lin-54 mutants. Five of the transcription factors found in the initial screen have associations with Wnt signaling pathways. In a subsequent RNAi suppression screen of Wnt signaling factors we found that knock-down of the non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway factors vang-1, prkl-1 and fmi-1 in a lin-54 mutant background resulted in strong suppression of the HTA phenotype. Animals mutant for both lin-54 and vang-1 showed almost complete suppression of the HTA phenotype, pgl-1 misexpression, and fertility defects associated with lin-54 single mutants at 26°. We propose a model whereby a set of embryonically expressed transcription factors, and the Wnt/PCP pathway, act opportunistically to activate DREAM complex target genes in somatic cells of DREAM complex mutants at 26°.
Sharing health risk messages on social media: Effects of fear appeal message and image promotion

This study examined how fear appeal and individuals’ image promotion consideration drive users’ intention to share fear appeal messages on social networking sites (SNS). A mixed factorial experiment [2 (high vs. low threat) ´ 2 (high vs. low efficacy) ´ 2 (topic)] was conducted online with a sample of 214 participants recruited from United States. Process regression analysis results indicated that (1) high threat message elicited significant higher intention to share fear appeal messages on SNS; (2) fear arousal significantly enhanced intention to share risk messages directly; (3) high efficacy message resulted in higher intention to share fear appeal messages on SNS through the moderated mediated effect of information processing and intention to follow the health advice; and (4) individual’s intention to promote image on SNS was positively related to intention to share. Theoretical and practical implications for health risk communication on SNS are discussed.
A cross-sectional comparison of secondary polycythemia in testosterone-deficient men treated with nasal testosterone gel vs. intramuscular testosterone cypionate

Introduction: Secondary polycythemia is a known adverse effect of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Different testosterone formulations are available, with significantly different half-lives, which have varying influences on the development of secondary polycythemia. Herein, we compared the prevalence of secondary polycythemia in testosterone-deficient men treated with intranasal testosterone gel (Natesto®) vs. intramuscular testosterone cypionate (TC) therapy. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of secondary polycythemia (hematocrit [Hct] ≥54%) in men who received TRT. We included a total of 60 men: 30 men who received Natesto (4.5% testosterone gel [tid, 5.5 mg/nostril, 11 mg/dose, 33 mg/ day]), and 30 who received TC (between 0.5 and 1.0 mL or 100– 200 mg intramuscularly weekly). A univariable and multiple regression analysis was performed considering last Hct measurement as the main outcome. The analyzed variables included were age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, treatment group, and testosterone levels on followup. Results: We identified polycythemia (Hct ≥54%) in 10% (3/30) of men who received TC. Additionally, in men treated with TC, 33.3% (10/30) had a Hct ≥50% during therapy. None of the men who received Natesto had a Hct ≥50% during therapy. On multivariable linear regression analysis, we demonstrated that the use of TC increased Hct by 3.24% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74–5.73%, p=0.012) compared to Natesto. Conclusions: The prevalence of polycythemia in men treated with Natesto was markedly lower compared to the men who received TC therapy.
Demonstration of intracellular trafficking, cytosolic bioavailability, and target manipulation of an antibody delivery platform

Abstract Intracellular antibody delivery into live cells has significant implications for research and therapeutic applications. However, many delivery systems lack potency due to low uptake and/or endosomal entrapment and understanding of intracellular delivery processes is lacking. Herein, we studied the cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking and targeting of antibodies using our previously developed Hex antibody nanocarrier. We demonstrated Hex-antibodies were internalized through multiple endocytic routes into lysosomes and provide evidence of endo/lysosomal disruption and Hex-antibody release to the cytosol. Cytosolic antibodies retained their bioactivity for at least 24 h. Functional effect of Hex delivered anti-STAT3 antibodies was evidenced by inhibition of nuclear translocation of cytosolic transcription factor STAT3. This study has generated understanding of key steps in the Hex intracellular antibody delivery system and will facilitate the development of effective cytosolic antibody delivery and applications in both the therapeutic and research domains.
Clinical outcome of massive acetaminophen overdose treated with standard-dose N-acetylcysteine.

Recent recognition of “massive” acetaminophen (APAP) overdoses has led to the question of whether standard dosing of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is adequate to prevent hepatoxicity in these patients. Th...
Hemimegalencephaly and intractable seizures associated with the NPRL3 gene variant in a newborn: A case report.

Hemimegalencephaly (HME) is a rare hamartomatous congenital malformation of the brain characterized by dysplastic overgrowth of either one of the cerebral hemispheres. HME is associated with early onset seizures, abnormal neurological findings, and with subsequent cognitive and behavioral disabilities. Seizures associated with HME are often refractory to antiepileptic medications. Hemispherectomy is usually necessary to provide effective seizure control. The exact etiology of HME is not fully understood, but involves a disturbance in early brain development and likely involves genes responsible for patterning and symmetry of the brain. We present a female newborn who had refractory seizures due to HME. Whole genome sequencing revealed a novel, likely pathogenic, maternally inherited, 3Kb deletion encompassing exon 5 of the NPRL3 gene (chr16:161898-164745x1). The NPRL3 gene encodes for a nitrogen permease regulator 3-like protein, a subunit of the GATOR complex, which regulates the mTOR signaling pathway. A trial of mTOR inhibitor drug, Sirolimus, did not improve her seizure control. Functional hemispherectomy at 3 months of age resulted in total abatement of clinical seizures.
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

Pulmonary valve stenosis is a common congenital heart defect that accounts for approximately 8–10% of cardiac birth defects. Critical pulmonary valve stenosis is the most severe form of pulmonary stenosis, resulting in an inadequate antegrade pulmonary blood flow. As a result, survival for such patients is dependent upon maintaining a patent ductus arteriosus for pulmonary blood flow. Pulmonary valve stenosis is typically characterized by fused or absent commissures with thickened leaflets of the pulmonary valve. Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality for the diagnosis of valvular pulmonary stenosis. Other imaging modalities are usually not necessary for diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis. However, in some cases in which there is associated branch pulmonary artery stenosis, cardiac CT is a useful non-invasive imaging modality that provides excellent visualization of branch pulmonary arteries.
Differentiating U.S. military veterans who think about suicide from those who attempt suicide: A population-based study.

Abstract Objective Several vulnerability factors for suicidal behavior in U.S. veterans have been identified. However, little is known about factors that differentiate veterans who contemplate suicide from those who attempt suicide. This study examined sociodemographic and clinical characteristics that distinguish veterans who think about suicide from those who attempt suicide. Method Data were analyzed from the 2019–2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, which surveyed a population-based sample of 4069 veterans. Analyses estimated the lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA); and examined differences between veterans with a history of attempt(s), and SI without a history of attempt(s). Results A total 25.9% of U.S. veterans reported lifetime SI and 3.9% reported a SA. Several factors distinguished veterans with a history of SA from those with SI only: the strongest were younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98), nonsuicidal self-injury (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.11–3.03), adverse childhood experiences (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.06–1.23), alcohol use disorder (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.28–3.12), lower household income (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.40–0.95), and physical disability (OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.07–2.70). Conclusions Although a quarter of U.S. veterans contemplate suicide in their lifetimes, the majority do not attempt suicide. Specific sociodemographic and clinical features may differentiate veterans who contemplate versus attempt suicide.
The Structure of Electric Particles and the Number 137

In a recent letter to the editor1 I reported the purely empirical result that the uncertainty product of the ranges in space and in momentum space of an electric particle, Δp-Δr =h = 137.2πe2/c, is reduced to a product Δp 0.Δr 0 ≈2πe2 without the factor 137 if Δp 0 and Δr 0 are the proper ranges as measured by an observer on the particle itself. The result was based on Einstein’s energy-momentum relation (E2=1+R2 in reduced units) and on a similar space-time relation (T2=1+R2 in reduced units). The latter equation (postulate A), established in (I) for the first time, was to characterize the particle in a fashion “reciprocal” to Einstein’s relation in the sense of Born’s principle of reciprocity.2 The physical meaning of T2= 1+R2 is that a signal sent across the particle travels at a velocity larger than c, in agreement with an earlier result of Dirac’s.3 If, according to Dirac, the time saved by such a signal from infinity to the center of the particle, is le 2e 2/3m 0c3, then our reduced coordinates are to be $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {R = r(moc^2 /e^2 \gamma ),} & {T = ct(moc^2 /e^2 \gamma )} \\ \end{array}$$ with γ=2/3. However, the question of the magnitude of the factor γ is not quite settled; it is a question of the classical theory of the electron.
Implications of microbiota and bile acid in liver injury and regeneration

Studies examining the mechanisms by which the liver incurs injury and then regenerates usually focus on factors and pathways directly within the liver, neglecting the signaling derived from the gut-liver axis. The intestinal content is rich in microorganisms as well as metabolites generated from both the host and colonizing bacteria. Through the gut-liver axis, this complex "soup" exerts an immense impact on liver integrity and function. This review article summarizes data published in the past 30 years demonstrating the signaling derived from the gut-liver axis in relation to liver injury and regeneration. Due to the intricate networks of implicated pathways as well as scarcity of available mechanistic data, it seems that nutrigenomic, metabolomics, and microbiota profiling approaches are warranted to provide a better understanding regarding the interplay and impact between nutrition, bacteria, and host response in influencing liver function and healing. Therefore elucidating the possible molecular mechanisms that link microbiota alteration to host physiological response and vice versa.
The Road Not Taken: Rethinking Securities Regulation and the Case for Merit Review

The article assesses the causes of the current financial meltdown and finds that it has resulted from insufficient regulation of the capital markets. The securities legislation of the 1930s enacted in response to the crisis of that era was never strong enough to prevent another severe economic collapse. Even the disclosure-based protection it did afford investors was undermined during the deregulatory movement of the last quarter century. Policy makers must now enact measures that were proposed but passed over during the New Deal reforms so that securities may not be offered or sold if they present undue risks or are based on unsound business practices.
Self-reported delay in seeking care has poor validity for predicting adverse outcomes

Objectives: To determine whether self-reports of delayed care predict increased mortality and functional decline in community-dwelling elderly. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Five counties in North Carolina. Participants: A total of 4,162 randomly sampled individuals aged 65 and older. Measurements: The primary outcome was the proportional hazard ratio (HR) for death in cohorts stratified by self-reports of delayed or foregone care. A secondary outcome, functional decline, measured the cohorts' odds of developing increased dependency in activities of daily living (ADLs). Control variables included predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Results: Of 3,964 eligible participants reporting, 61% never, 27% once in a while, and 12% quite often delayed care. Over 3 years, 13% of participants died, and 17% developed increased ADL dependency. Nevertheless, in unadjusted and adjusted models, neither 3-year mortality HRs nor the odds of functional decline differed between cohorts reporting varying degrees of delayed care. Survival probabilities remained higher for 15 years among those reporting delaying care often. Conclusion: The inability of self-reported delay to predict adverse outcomes in community-dwelling elderly suggests the need for better understanding and support of the care-seeking process and additional measures of timeliness of access.
Sums-of-Products and Subproblem Independence

Sums-of-products provide a basis for describing certain computational problems, particularly problems related to constraint satisfaction including SAT, MAX SAT, and #SAT. They also can be used to describe many problems arising from graph theory. By modeling a problem as a sum-of-products problem, the concept of “subproblem independence” takes on a clear meaning. Subproblem independence has immediate computational implications since it can be used to create programs with reduced levels of nesting and programs which exploit memoization. The concept of subproblem independence also extends to quantified sums.
Commerce Clause Restraints on State Taxation after Jefferson Lines

In Jefferson Lines (1995), the U.S. Supreme Court may appear to have retreated from the economic-substance test articulated in Complete Auto (1977). In Jefferson Lines, the Court upheld an Oklahoma sales tax on the full sales price of bus tickets for interstate trips. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed Central Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Mealey, which struck down a New York gross receipts tax on the full sales price of bus tickets for interstate trips. Jefferson Lines and Central Greyhound are essentially identical from an economic standpoint. The case is significant because the Court has recognized explicitly for the first time that the application of Complete Auto's Commerce Clause criteria can?and should?depend to a critical extent on the nature of the tax under scrutiny, a position that runs counter to the assumed universality of the Complete Auto standard that underlies the Court's earlier opinions. The Court's new tax-by-tax approach is notable for many reasons, not the least of which is its implications concerning the role of economic analysis in resolving Commerce Clause issues. Although economic considerations clearly have an important role to play in Commerce Clause adjudication of state tax cases, the establishment of uniform constitutional rules for economically equivalent exactions is not the only goal of Commerce Clause analysis of state taxation, as the Court correctly concluded in Jefferson Lines. Despite reaching a proper result, Jefferson Lines is significantly flawed in its reasoning. The Court fails to ground its opinion in the normative and structural considerations. Instead, it appears to have engaged in the type of ad hoc decision making that has substantially reduced the predictive power of its dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence and has weakened the claims of that jurisprudence to legitimacy. This Article analyzes Jefferson Lines and its implications for Commerce Clause adjudication of state taxation. Section II examines the Court's opinion in Jefferson Lines, discusses the flaws in the Court's analysis and presents a better justification for the result reached in that case. Section III considers the opinion's ramifications for the existing pattern of state sales and gross receipts taxation and, in particular, for state taxation of services. Section IV takes a broader look at Jefferson Lines' impact on the Court's Commerce Clause jurisprudence in state tax cases.
Arbitrage of Single Stocks Versus Futures in India

Whether for hedging, investing or trading purposes, securities regulators and stock exchanges along with domestic and foreign institutional investors all have a common interest in having fairly priced futures contracts. Achieving and sustaining fairly valued equity futures depends heavily on the existence of active arbitrage in which stocks and futures are paired off against one another by professional arbitrageurs seeking to exploit any mispricing. Current constraints on efficient arbitrage in India include the high costs of brokerage, government, exchange and regulatory fees, an underdeveloped securities lending business to support short selling and, to a lesser extent, an electronic stock execution platform in need of speedier execution. The result of these costs and constraints is that stock versus futures arbitrage in India is presently confined almost entirely to intraday transactions between selected single stocks and their stock futures contracts. Using recent single stock futures data this article explores specific arbitrage details of single stocks vs. their futures in the India market. The zero arbitrage band width for this type of arbitrage was found to be typically at least twice that occurring in mature global markets and in serious need of narrowing. If India regulators, exchanges and taxing authorities wish to encourage the growth of valuable arbitrage business, then steps will be needed to reduce the costs that widen this band. Knowledge of the requirements for successful arbitrage detailed in this paper can suggest to regulators and exchanges steps necessary for improving market liquidity and increasing participation in India's rapidly growing stock and futures markets.
Advances in Low Energy Neutral Atom Imaging

In the near-Earth space environment, charge exchange continually occurs between the magnetospheric ions and very cold (∼ eV) neutral atoms in the geocorona. This process creates both energetic (> tens of keV) and low energy (< tens of keV) neutral atoms (ENAs and LENAs, respectively) that radiate from the magnetosphere. Over the past several years, imaging techniques have been developed for observing these neutrals in space. Such techniques promise to open a new window onto the magnetosphere, providing synoptic measurements and a global view of the magnetospheric plasma and energetic particle environments for the first time. In this paper we describe recent advances in two of the leading techniques developed for LENA imaging: thin foil transmission-based imagers and UV-blocking grating-based imagers. In particular, we will discuss the development and testing of a flight-quality prototype foil-based imager and present an advanced design for a grating-based imager that has just been selected for NASA's IMAGE spacecraft.
Histamine or adenosine blockade alters intestinal blood flow autoregulation in swine.

The possible role of histamine or adenosine in intestinal blood flow autoregulation in 1-mo-old swine was examined by obtaining pressure-flow relationships before and during intestinal histamine H1- or adenosine-receptor blockade in two groups of fasting animals under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg). Changes in abdominal and thoracic aortic pressures and in superior mesenteric and left renal arterial flows were recorded during controlled aortic compression above the celiac artery. After control intestinal and renal pressure-flow relationships were obtained, a test dose of agonist (0.1 microgram histamine or 0.2 microgram adenosine/kg body wt) was given into the superior mesenteric artery. Then an intra-arterial infusion of blocking agent was started (0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1 chlorpheniramine or 10 mumol/min theophylline). Degree of blockade was assessed with doses of agonist given before and after a second set of intestinal and renal pressure-flow relationships was obtained. Complete blockade of intestinal vascular histamine H1-receptors with chlorpheniramine abolished, and incomplete blockade of adenosine-receptors with theophylline attenuated, intestinal blood flow autoregulation. Renal blood flow autoregulation remained at its control level. These results indicate that both histamine and adenosine are among the physiological vasodilators contributing to intestinal blood flow autoregulation when arterial pressure is decreased in young swine.
Subjective and objective sleep difficulties in women with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Abstract Purpose: To explore differences in demographic and illness-related variables among women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) with documented sleep problems and those without. Data sources: As part of the baseline assessments for a larger intervention study, 104 women with FMS wore an actigraph and completed a sleep log for 72 hours. Participants also completed a baseline questionnaire and a physical exam to quantify the Tender Point Index. Conclusions: Although almost half (44%) of the women rated their sleep as bad or fairly bad, only 22 of the 104 women (21%) had objective sleep deficits (less than 6 hours sleep duration). The women with objective sleep deficits had significantly higher pain scores on the tender point index, perceived their sleep as significantly worse, and reported significantly more depressive symptoms and more negative impact of FMS on functioning than those without deficits. Descriptive statements in the sleep logs revealed frequent problems with energy, fatigue, and functioning for women in the sleep deficits group. Implications for practice: Sleep problems are a major concern among women with FMS. Those with concurrent depressive symptoms, high pain, and limited functioning may be candidates for in-depth sleep assessment and behavioral programs to improve sleep.
Scalp metastases mimicking alopecia areata. First case report of placental site trophoblastic tumor presenting as cutaneous metastasis.

background. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a rare neoplasm of intermediate trophoblastic cells of the placenta. There is a wide range of biologic behavior, with metastases occurring in about 15% of cases. Cases with metastases have all presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding or gynecological symptoms. methods. We describe a 31-year-old G3P3003 woman who presented with several alopecic patches resembling alopecia areata, which on biopsy proved to be metastatic, previously unsuspected, PSTT. conclusions. This represents the first case in which PSTT presented initially with metastases, and specifically, with cutaneous metastases. A new primary tumor source of alopecia neoplastica is presented. The role of mitotic counts in predicting prognosis in PSTT is supported. Alopecia areata was mimicked very closely. Dermatologists should be alert to any features atypical of alopecia areata, including erythema, induration, or palpability, and maintain a low threshold for biopsy in atypical cases.
A DEFINITION AND ESTIMATE OF TEMPORAL AREA

Many of the techniques used to describe the location of human activities incorporate physical definitions of distance and area, although other definitions are methodologically preferable. Using Boone County, Missouri as an example, the physical-distance regularity of city spacing is described by the nearest-neighbor statistic, modified to compensate for boundary effect. The statistic is reformulated with an estimate of temporal area, defined by analogy with shape-compactness measures, and travel times. Application of the refined formula reveals greater regularity of city spacing in functional space than in physical space.
Luminescence Spectra of Europium Chalcogenides: EuO, EuS, and EuSe

Electron-beam-excited luminescence spectra for EuO, EuS, and EuSe show a series of broad and sharp peaks in the energy range from 1 to 4 eV at temperatures between 12 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The low-energy broad peaks, corresponding to $4{f}^{7}\ensuremath{-}4{f}^{6}5d$ transition, exhibit a redshift, having energies lower than the optical absorption peaks due to a Franck-Condon-like effect. At higher energies, we have observed a series of sharp peaks arising from intra-atomic transitions within the $4f$ configuration in the Eu ions.
The architecture machine

Abstract The report documents the state of The Architecture Machine, as a teaching operation, as a computer-aided design facility, and as a computer science research unit. The underlying theme of all these roles is to understand the makings of architecture; the interfaces between people, machines, and the real world; and the ingredients of intelligent behaviour. Design is construed as an inference-making procedure. We postulate that it must be aided by very personalized computer systems, idiosyncratic systems, capable of handling ambiguities, incosistencies, and the vagaries indigenous to design thinking.
Mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells derive exclusively from estrogen-resistant myeloid progenitors.

Current models predict that mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) derive from lymphoid progenitors. However, we show PDCs arise exclusively from common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) characterized by low-level expression of several lymphoid-associated genes, including a RAG2/GFP reporter transgene. This conclusion is supported by both adoptive transfer experiments and an estrogen treatment strategy that led to marked depletion of very early lymphoid progenitors without affecting RAG2/GFP+ CMPs or the developmental kinetics, RAG-mediated recombinase activity, and cytokine production of PDCs. These data suggest that PDCs arise exclusively from early myeloid progenitors and that promiscuous low-level expression of lymphoid-associated genes is a general feature of PDC progenitors among CMPs.
Ovariectomy induces a shift in fuel availability and metabolism in the hippocampus of the female transgenic model of familial Alzheimer's.

Previously, we demonstrated that reproductive senescence in female triple transgenic Alzheimer's (3×TgAD) mice was paralleled by a shift towards a ketogenic profile with a concomitant decline in mitochondrial activity in brain, suggesting a potential association between ovarian hormone loss and alteration in the bioenergetic profile of the brain. In the present study, we investigated the impact of ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol replacement on brain energy substrate availability and metabolism in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer's (3×TgAD). Results of these analyses indicated that ovarian hormones deprivation by ovariectomy (OVX) induced a significant decrease in brain glucose uptake indicated by decline in 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake measured by microPET-imaging. Mechanistically, OVX induced a significant decline in blood-brain-barrier specific glucose transporter expression, hexokinase expression and activity. The decline in glucose availability was accompanied by a significant rise in glial LDH5 expression and LDH5/LDH1 ratio indicative of lactate generation and utilization. In parallel, a significant rise in ketone body concentration in serum occurred which was coupled to an increase in neuronal MCT2 expression and 3-oxoacid-CoA transferase (SCOT) required for conversion of ketone bodies to acetyl-CoA. In addition, OVX-induced decline in glucose metabolism was paralleled by a significant increase in Aβ oligomer levels. 17β-estradiol preserved brain glucose-driven metabolic capacity and partially prevented the OVX-induced shift in bioenergetic substrate as evidenced by glucose uptake, glucose transporter expression and gene expression associated with aerobic glycolysis. 17β-estradiol also partially prevented the OVX-induced increase in Aβ oligomer levels. Collectively, these data indicate that ovarian hormone loss in a preclinical model of Alzheimer's was paralleled by a shift towards the metabolic pathway required for metabolism of alternative fuels in brain with a concomitant decline in brain glucose transport and metabolism. These findings also indicate that estrogen plays a critical role in sustaining brain bioenergetic capacity through preservation of glucose metabolism.
Experimental constraints on magma ascent rate for the Crater Flat volcanic zone hawaiite

Phase equilibria and isothermal, constant-rate decompression experiments conducted on a hawaiite from the Crater Flat volcanic zone near Yucca Mountain, Nevada, provide insight into the dynamics of magma transport for this magmatic province. H 2 O contents up to 4.6 wt% in melt inclusions, the lack of plagioclase phenocrysts, and the presence of amphibole all suggest that phenocrysts and melt in the Crater Flat volcanic zone were equilibrated at near-water-saturated conditions during ascent. Comparison of decompression-induced crystallization of plagioclase microlites in experiments with natural tephra implies that magma ascent rates for the region are >0.04 m/s if the magmas are water saturated. Estimates of minimum ascent rates increase if the magmas are water undersaturated. A two-stage process is needed to generate reaction rims found on natural amphibole, suggesting that small batches of magma were briefly stored (3-5 days) at depths as shallow as 800 m prior to eruption.
Extreme lateral interbody fusion for unilateral symptomatic vertical foraminal stenosis

Asymmetric loss of disc height in adult deformity patients may lead to unilateral vertical foraminal stenosis and radiculopathy. The current study aimed to investigate whether restoration of foraminal height on the symptomatic side using extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) would alleviate unilateral radiculopathy. In a retrospective study, patients with single-level unilateral vertical foraminal stenosis and corresponding radicular pain undergoing XLIF were included. Functional data (visual analog scale (VAS) for buttock, leg and back, as well as Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)) and radiographic measurements (bilateral foraminal height, disc height, segmental coronal Cobb angle and regional lumbar lordosis) were collected preoperatively, postoperatively and at the last follow-up. Twenty-three patients were included, among whom 61 % had degenerative scoliosis. History of previous surgery at the level of index was present in 43 % of patients. Additional instrumentation was performed in 91 %. The foraminal height on the stenotic side was significantly increased postoperatively (p < 0.001), and remained significantly increased at the last follow-up of 11 ± 3.7 months (p < 0.001). Additionally, VAS buttock and leg on the stenotic side, VAS back and ODI were significantly improved postoperatively and at the last follow-up (p ≤ 0.001 for all parameters). The foraminal height on the stenotic side showed correlation with the VAS leg on the stenotic side, both postoperatively and the last follow-up (r = −0.590; p = 0.013, and r = −0.537; p = 0.022, respectively). Single-level XLIF is an effective procedure for treatment of symptomatic unilateral foraminal stenosis leading to radiculopathy. In deformity patients with radicular pain caused by nerve compression at a single level, when not associated with other symptoms attributable to general scoliosis, treatment with single-level XLIF can result in short- and mid-term satisfactory outcome.
Extension of the Upper Bound Method to Include Estimation of Stresses

The upper bound method is a convenient tool for evaluating the rate of work in processes involving predominantly plastic deformation of rigid/perfectly plastic material. We apply this technique to examples of rigid asperities penetrating a plastic material undergoing subsurface bulk deformation and compare our results with previous approximate solutions
Echocardiography and Three-Dimensional Printing: Sound Ideas to Touch a Heart

Thetechnologyofthree-dimensional(3D)printing,alsoreferredtoas ‘‘rapid prototyping,’’ ‘‘additive manufacturing,’’ and ‘‘stereolithogra-phy,’’ refers to the process of converting a 3D computerized modelinto an actual physical object. This technology became a reality in1986 as a result of the innovative thinking of inventor Charles Hull(USpatentno.4575330).Currentlythe‘‘entry-level’’3Dprintingma-chines on the market can lay down layers of material (plastic, metal,etc) onto a platform until a 3D model is complete. More advancedalgorithms can use alaser as the powersource tobind powdered ma-terials, ranging from nylon to steel, to create a solid structure. Inkjettechnology has also revolutionized 3D printing; materials are jettedthrough print heads while being cured by an ultraviolet light into a3D object. Three-dimensional printing has been successfully used inmedicine to make prosthetic limbs, custom hearing aids, and dentalﬁxtures
Rubbery solid electrolytes with dominant cationic transport and high ambient conductivity

EFFORTS to develop a high-voltage, lightweight rechargeable battery for electrically powered vehicles have focused on batteries based on solid electrolytes, which offer good mechanical strength, easy packaging and high energy densities. An important objective is to identify an electrolyte with the desired combination of mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and stability against powerfully oxidizing and reducing electrodes (lithium is preferred for the anode). Among the most promising materials are rubbery 'salt-in-polymer' electrolytes and highly conducting but brittle superionic glass electrolytes. In the latter category are salts with good lithium-ion conductivity, which are compatible with lithium-anode systems. Here we describe new ionic conductors — 'polymer-in-salt' materials — in which lithium salts are mixed with small quantities of the polymers polypropylene oxide and polyethylene oxide. These materials have glass transitions low enough to remain rubbery at room temperature while preserving good lithium-ion conductivities and high electrochemical stability.
Evaluation Theory and Practice Applied to Cybersecurity Education

As more institutions, organizations, schools, and programs launch cybersecurity education programs in an attempt to meet needs that are emerging in a rapidly changing environment, evaluation will be important to ensure that programs are having the desired impact.
Rejoinder to Matthew R. Marlin's "Reevaluating the Benefits and Costs of Industrial Revenue Bonds"

Matthew Marlin's analysis does not support his position. Our earlier research of industrial revenue bonds is correct and we continue to argue that the IRB program creates economic inefficiencies, increases the federal deficit, and serves no apparent public purpose. The elimination of the program is in the best interest of the nation.
Finding stable support for computing in psychology: Lessons from innovation diffusion in organizations

We present the steps that the Psychology Department, the Academic Computing Center (ACC), and the central administration at St. Olaf College have taken to integrate computing support into the operating budget of the college. In hindsight, we also propose a model of the diffusion of innovations into an organization as a theoretical guide to stabilizing support for computing in academic departments. The theoretical framework highlights the commonality between our particular adaptations and those that would most help at other institutions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene-Encapsulated Laponite Composites via Miniemulsion Polymerization

A novel polystyrene-encapsulated laponite composite system has been developed via a miniemulsion polymerization approach. The encapsulation mechanism and process parameters have been examined in detail using light-scattering, sedimentation analysis, wide-ange X-ray diffraction (WXRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The laponite was encapsulated through a miniemulsion polymerization process in which laponite was predispersed in the monomer phase. The stability of both the miniemulsion and the latex depends on initiation loci, premixing procedures, intensity and time of ultrasonification and the surfactants and co-stabilizer used. Hydrophobicity of the laponite clay played a vital role in both the encapsulation of the clay and the stability of the latex. A quaternary ammonium salt, cetryltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was mixed with the clay in the monomer phase prior to emulsification. As a result, the clay particles were hydrophobically modified and were intercalated. The hydrophobicity not only favored the clay dispersion in the oil droplets but also aided the entry of the monomer into the clay's intergalleries during polymerization. Meanwhile, CTAB helped stabilize the system when it was used in conjunction with the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene (40) isooctylphenyl ether (TX-405). In this way, the laponite is effectively encapsulated wihtin a polystyrene shell in a stable latex form. More importantly, the polymerization initiated in the intergalleries of the clay effectively expands the clay's platelet array to form an exfoliated structure.
Photoinduced Charge Separation of Methylphenothiazine in Microporous Metal Silicoaluminophosphate M−SAPO-n (M = Cr, Fe, Mn, n = 5, 8, 11) Materials

Metal silicoaluminophosphate, M−SAPO-n, (M = Cr, Fe or Mn, n = 5, 8, 11) microporous materials with incorporated methylphenothiazine are photoionized with 320 nm light at room temperature. Methylphenothiazine cation radicals are produced and characterized by electron spin resonance. Transition metal ion containing microporous M−SAPO are found to be efficient hosts for the formation and stabilization of methylphenothiazine cation radicals (PC1+). The photoyield is either negligible or not observed in the case of H−SAPO-n materials, indicating that the transition metal ions serve as suitable electron acceptors and assist in the stabilization of the photoproduced PC1+ radicals. Chromium containing SAPO materials exhibited the highest photoyield among the Cr, Fe, and Mn transition metal ions studied. The photoionization efficiency was found to depend on the nature of the metal ion, the concentration of the metal ion, and also on the pore size of the microporous SAPO material used.
Reinterpretation of long-range 1H-19F spin—spin coupling in 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalenes and related systems

Abstract The long-range 1H-19F coupling reported earlier for the bridgehead proton(s) in 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalenes (e.g., 1 ) is shown unequivocally to involve the distal fluorine by a five-bond zig-zag coupling pathway.
Apolipoprotein A-I isoprotein synthesis by the perfused rat liver

The hepatic pattern of synthesis of the apolipoprotein A-I isoforms has been analyzed in the rat. After isolated livers were perfused with defibrinated rat blood and [3H]leucine, the radioactivity associated with apolipoprotein A-I and other apolipoproteins was determined following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the perfusate d < 1.21 g/ml lipoprotein fraction. In rat serum, apolipoprotein A-I is a polymorphic system consisting of two major isoproteins and a series of minor species. Following liver perfusion, 72% of the radioactivity associated with apolipoprotein A-I isoproteins was recovered in the more acidic and quantitatively less abundant of the two major isoforms. Only 8% was associated with the major apolipoprotein A-I isoform, and similar or lower amounts were found in the other minor isoproteins. These results are consistent with the concept that, in the rat, the major apolipoprotein A-I isoforms differ in their pattern of biosynthesis and/or metabolism.
The pulmonary arterial system, an anatomic/MRI study in sagittal planes

This paper provides a decription and a mini-atlas (with bold labeled anatomic drawings and magnetic resonance images) (MRIs) of the pulmonary arterial system and surrounding structures for the purpose of interpreint MRIs of heart patients examined in sagittal planes. The pulmonary arterial system (right outflow tract) was studied by examination of cadaver sections made in sagittal planes and by examination of corresponding MRIs from two living normal adult males. We propose a nontraditional format for describing the pulmonary arterial system by dividing in into four parts, rather than the customary three parts, adding a Pulmonary valve region between the ending of the conus arteriosus and the beginning of the pulmonary trunk. This region contains the entire pulmonary valve. It is approximately 1.5 cm long and is defined or outlined by the triple-scalloped fibrous annulus of the pulmonary valve as decribed by Zimmerman (Ann R Coll Eng 39:348, 1966). Defining this region as a separate anatomic entity provides for a more precise description of the relationships of the left coronary and anteior interventricular arteries, the left sinus of the aortic valve, and left auricle to the outflow tract than that found in conventional descriptive anatomy. This paper also defines the ending of the pulmonary trunk, and the orifices of the left and right pulmonary arteries in relationship to the carina found in the upper posterior wall of the pulmonary trunk. An explanation for preferential enlargement of the left pulmonary artery in pulmonary valve stenosis is correlated to our study. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differences in recurrent prolapse at 1 year after total vs supracervical hysterectomy and robotic sacrocolpopexy

Optimal management of the cervix at the time of hysterectomy and sacrocolpopexy for primary uterovaginal prolapse is unknown. Our hypothesis was that recurrent prolapse at 1 year would be more likely after a supracervical robotic hysterectomy (SRH) compared with a total robotic hysterectomy (TRH) at the time of robotic sacrocolpopexy (RSCP) for uterovaginal prolapse. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 83 women who underwent hysterectomy with RSCP over a 24-month period (40 with TRH and 43 with SRH). At 1 year post-procedure, subjects completed validated questionnaires regarding pelvic floor symptoms, sexual function, and global satisfaction, and underwent a pelvic examination to identify mesh exposure and evaluate pelvic floor support. Demographics of the two groups were similar, except for a higher mean body mass index in the TRH group (31.9 TRH vs 25.8 SRH kg/m2, p < 0.001). The rate of recurrent prolapse ≥ stage II was higher for women who underwent SRH compared with TRH (41.9 % vs 20.0 %, p = 0.03; OR 2.8, 95 % CI, 1.07–7.7). However, when this was analyzed as recurrence ≥ hymen, there was no difference between groups (12.5 % TRH vs 18.6 % SRH, p = 0.45). Likewise, there was no difference between groups when a composite measure of success was used (30 out of 40 [75 %] TRH vs 29 out of 43 [67.4 %] SRH, p = 0.45). Women who underwent an SRH were 2.8 times more likely to have a recurrent prolapse, ≥ stage II, at 1 year, compared with those who underwent a TRH, but when composite assessment scores were used there was no difference between the groups.
Room temperature sterilization of surfaces and fabrics with a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma

We report the results of an interdisciplinary collaboration formed to assess the sterilizing capabilities of the One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP). This newly-invented source of glow discharge plasma (the fourth state of matter) is capable of operating at atmospheric pressure in air and other gases, and of providing antimicrobial active species to surfaces and workpieces at room temperature as judged by viable plate counts. OAUGDP exposures have reduced log numbers of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and endospores from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis on seeded solid surfaces, fabrics, filter paper, and powdered culture media at room temperature. Initial experimental data showed a two-log10 CFU reduction of bacteria when 2 × 102 cells were seeded on filter paper. Results showed ≥3 log10 CFU reduction when polypropylene samples seeded with E. coli (5 × 104) were exposed, while a 30 s exposure time was required for similar killing with S. aureus-seeded polypropylene samples. The exposure times required to effect ≥6 log10 CFU reduction of E. coli and S. aureus on polypropylene samples were no longer than 30 s. Experiments with seeded samples in sealed commercial sterilization bags showed little or no differences in exposure times compared to unwrapped samples. Plasma exposure times of less than 5 min generated ≥5 log10 CFU reduction of commercially prepared Bacillus subtilis spores (1 × 106); 7 min OAUGDP exposures were required to generate a ≥3 log10 CFU reduction for Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. For all microorganisms tested, a biphasic curve was generated when the number of survivors vs time was plotted in dose-response cures. Several proposed mechanisms of killing at room temperature by the OAUGDP are discussed.