cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experiment-based frequency sensitivity enhancing control approach for structural damage detection

The frequency-shift-based scheme is one of the popular structural damage detection methods used in the field. Assuming that the damage will cause structural parameter (e.g. mass or stiffness) changes, one can detect damage by observing natural frequency variations before and after damage occurs. One of the major limitations of the frequency-shift-based damage detection approach is that the natural frequencies could be insensitive to local and small parameter variations (damages) in the structure. To address this problem, the concept of sensitivity-enhancing control has been developed and explored by researchers. Recently, an eigenstructure (dual eigenvalue–eigenvector) assignment-based approach has been proposed to advance the state of the art of sensitivity-enhancing control design for multiple degrees-of-freedom systems (Jiang et al 2007 Trans. ASME, J. Vib. Acoust. 129 771–83). While promising features have been shown, the approach has not been experimentally verified. In addition, such a scheme requires an accurate analytical model, which is in general difficult to obtain for complex structures. The purpose of this research is to advance the state of the art by exploring an experimental-based sensitivity-enhancing control approach for structural damage detection. That is, we aim at utilizing mathematical models identified from experimental measurement data for controller design and system analysis, and hence eliminate the requirement of an accurate analytical model. With the identified model, an eigenstructure assignment-based optimization scheme is utilized to design the closed-loop control to best enhance the natural frequency sensitivity to structural damages. An experimental investigation based on a test bed beam structure is conducted to demonstrate and verify the proposed method. Sensitivity-enhancing controls are designed to increase the first two natural frequency sensitivities to mass changes in the beam structure. Experimental results show that by applying the designed sensitivity-enhancing controls to the beam structure, the natural frequency sensitivities to mass variations can be significantly enhanced. Results also show that the damage locations can be successfully identified and the damage severity can be predicted by using the measured frequency changes of the closed-loop systems before and after damage occurrence.
Letter recognition ability of aphasic subjects.

Summary.-This study examined the letter-recognition abilities of 44 aphasic and 10 normal subjects. On a 26-item letter recognition task normal subjects made no errors. Moderately aphasic subjects illustrated minimal diffi- culty but did not differ significantly in performance from normals. Severely aphasic subjects exhibited marked impairmenr and made significantly lower letter-recognition scores than moderate aphasic or normal subjects. Type of aphasia as determined by conversational speech fluency (fluent or nonfluent) seemed to affect the letter-recognition performance of the severely aphasic subjects. Fluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups; nonfluenr severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups except the severe nonfluent group. The types of letter-recogni- tion errors produced by the two severely aphasic groups offer some explanation as to their performance differences. Errors of the latter group were more likely to be related to the stimulus letter; errors from the former group tended to be random. Findings indicate the intactness of the aphasic subject's semantic associational network is important to the letter-recognition process.
The Benefits of Ged Graduation and A Typology of Graduates

This study sought to determine the benefits obtained by adults who study for and pass the General Educational Development (GED) tests. A self-administered questionnaire was constructed and mailed to a statewide random sample of recent graduates; the unadjusted response rate was 57.3% (N = 172). Analyses indicated that the percentages obtaining each of the twelve economic and noneconomic benefits measured were substantial. Using this data set, the twelve benefits were empirically reduced, by factor analysis, into four factors: job advancement, increased employment, improved self image, and further education. Subsequent cluster analysis suggests that there are five principal "types" of graduates, the first four each faring comparatively well on one of the four benefit factors and the fifth doing comparatively poorly on all factors.
Aggressive Medulloblastoma With High-Level N-myc Amplification

A 27-year-old man was treated for an aggressive cerebellar medulloblastoma that, at operation, exhibited dural invasion. Six months after gross total resection and radiation therapy, a "surgical metastasis" developed in the lower portion of the surgical scar. The tumor grew rapidly down into the right side of his neck. Chemotherapy failed, and he subsequently died. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies revealed multiple numeric and structural chromosome abnormalities, including an abnormal chromosome 17p arm, more than 100-fold N-myc amplification, a rearranged c-myc gene, and a 16-base pair deletion involving exon 7 of the p53 gene. We postulate that these genetic features may have contributed to the aggressive behavior of the tumor.
Impacts of motor vehicle inspection and maintenance on emission reductions in Southern California

Abstract The effectiveness of a proposed California mandatory annual vehicle inspection/ maintenance (I/M) program in reducing reactive hydrocarbon (RHC) and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions is evaluated in this report. Emission factors are derived from California in-use light duty passenger vehicle data by simple linear regression analysis for pre- and post-maintenance conditions. Percentage reductions in emissions are calculated, based on assumed vehicle fleet mixes, and compared with estimates from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the California South Coast Air Basin Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP). Future year estimates of RHC and NO x emissions predict smaller RHC reduction than the CARB in both 1982 and 1987. NO x reduction is underpredicted by the CARB in 1987. A comparison of reductions determined in this study with the South Coast Air Basin AQMP shows that the RHC reductions expected are equivalent; the AQMP NO x reduction is significantly lower. These results have significance in meeting future air quality goals for Southern California, and point out the effectiveness of an I/M program in reducing total RHC and NO x emissions from light duty passenger vehicles.
Computing the reliability of complex systems

Reliability computing, which consists of modeling and predicting, has become of great interest in recent years due to spacious arrays of complex systems and applications in our everyday safety, security and economic welfare. Modeling is hard but predicting is much harder due to the uncertainties of the system's operating environments and human will when it come to the know-how of to use the analysis of complex data and modeling results in order to make effective decisions. This talk discusses some recent reliability computing and approaches that focus on the modeling of complex systems, both hardware and software, subject to the uncertainties of operating environments and big data security. Reliability computing results and model selections based on various criteria are also discussed. An application of camera security systems is also discussed.
Field-deployable sniffer for 2,4-dinitrotoluene detection.

A field-deployable instrument has been developed to detect low-level 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) vapors. The system is based on previously developed artificial nose technology and employs an array of sensory materials attached to the distal tips of an optical fiber bundle. Both semiselective and nonspecific, cross-reactive sensors were employed. Each sensor within the array responds differentially to vapor exposure so the array's fluorescence response patterns are unique for each analyte. The instrument is computationally “trained” to discriminate target response patterns from nontarget and background environments. This detection system has been applied to detect 2,4-DNT, an analyte commonly detected on the soil surface above buried 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) land mines, in spiked soil and aqueous and ground samples. The system has been characterized and demonstrated the ability to detect 120 ppb 2,4-DNT vapor in blind (unknown) humidified samples during a supervised field test.
Potato lectin lyses zoospores of Phytophthora infestans and precipitates elicitors of terpenoid accumulation produced by the fungus

Lectins were isolated and partially purified from 4 potato cullivars with different R-genes for resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The 4 lectins lysed zoospores from 5 races of the fungus, and the ability to lyse was not related to the resistance of the cultivar. Solutions containing 25 μg glucose equivalent of lectin ml−1 caused 80 to 100% lysis of zoospores within 1 h. Highly purified lectins prepared from 2 potato cultivars exhibited a similar lytic effect on zoospores. Lysis was prevented when solutions containing lectin were mixed with solutions containing trimers and tetramers of N-acetyl- D -glucosamine prior to mixing with the zoospores. Sucrose, dextran, soluble starch, inulin, bovine serum albumin, laminarin and collagen at 300 μg ml−1 did not lyse zoospores. Agglutination or lysis was not observed when cystospores, sporangia or mycelia were treated with potato lectins, Concanavalin A, and lectins from Ricinus communis and Dolichos biflorns were tested for their effect on zoospores, and only concanavalin A was as active as the potato lectins in causing lysis. Like potato lectin, concanavalin A did not agglutinate, lyse or affect the germination or growth of cystospores or sporangia. Potato lectin (100 μg glucose equivalent ml−1) precipitated elicitors of terpenoid accumulation extracted from the fungus. The lectin-elicitor complexes nonetheless retained most of the elicitor activity when applied to potato discs. In contrast to potato lectin, concanavalin A in the absence of salts did not precipitate the elicitor. In the presence of Mn2+ and Ga2+, concanavalin A at 100 and 200 μg ml−1 precipitated some but not all the elicitor activity. Though evidence is lacking that potato lectin has a direct role in determining specificity in the interaction between potato and P. infestans, the results from studies of lysis, agglutination and the precipitation of elicitor by lectins suggest that the elicitor may not be exposed on the surface of cystospores, sporangia and mycelium.
[3H]Dopamine accumulation and release from striatal slices in young, mature and senescent rats.

Abstract Examinations of [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) release following KCl or amphetamine administration in striatal slices from young (7 month), mature (12 month) and senescent (24 month) Wistar rats showed no age-related changes. Further, the amount of [3H]DA accumulated in the striatal slices showed no changes with age. Thus, previously reported age-related deficits in motor behavior (i.e. rotational) are not produced by changes in striatal DA accumulation or release.
Genetic analysis of anthropometric measures in 11-year-old twins: the Medical College of Virginia Twin Study.

ABSTRACT: We have conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the genetic and environmental contributions to the variance of anthropometric measurements in children during early adolescence. Univariate path analysis was used to estimate the relative contributions of genes, individual environment, and family environment to measures of childhood obesity in 259 11-y-old Caucasian twin pairs. Triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, as well as waist circumferences, ht, and wt were measured in a standardized protocol. In this sample, a parsimonious model that included only additive genetic effects and environmental factors unique to the individual provided an adequate explanation for the variation in ht, wt, quetelet index, and subscapular and triceps skinfolds. In this largely preadolescent population, different magnitudes of genetic effects were seen in males and females for waist circumference, biiliac diameter, and suprailiac skinfold.
NICE’s recommendation on sofosbuvir for hepatitis C

Koretz and colleagues point out that new hepatitis C drugs need to be evaluated by long term follow-up of clinical outcomes and not just surrogate markers.1 However, the National Institute of Health and Care excellence (NICE) based its recommendation in its final appraisal determination solely on “virological response.”2 Regarding side effects, the authors state “in a …
Statistical label fusion with hierarchical performance models.

Label fusion is a critical step in many image segmentation frameworks (e.g., multi-atlas segmentation) as it provides a mechanism for generalizing a collection of labeled examples into a single estimate of the underlying segmentation. In the multi-label case, typical label fusion algorithms treat all labels equally – fully neglecting the known, yet complex, anatomical relationships exhibited in the data. To address this problem, we propose a generalized statistical fusion framework using hierarchical models of rater performance. Building on the seminal work in statistical fusion, we reformulate the traditional rater performance model from a multi-tiered hierarchical perspective. This new approach provides a natural framework for leveraging known anatomical relationships and accurately modeling the types of errors that raters (or atlases) make within a hierarchically consistent formulation. Herein, we describe several contributions. First, we derive a theoretical advancement to the statistical fusion framework that enables the simultaneous estimation of multiple (hierarchical) performance models within the statistical fusion context. Second, we demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical formulation is highly amenable to the state-of-the-art advancements that have been made to the statistical fusion framework. Lastly, in an empirical whole-brain segmentation task we demonstrate substantial qualitative and significant quantitative improvement in overall segmentation accuracy.
Predictors of ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction

A community-wide study of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction in metropolitan Baltimore was conducted to examine socio-demographic and clinical characteristics in association with ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest (VF/CA). Multivariate analyses revealed that variables significantly associated with occurrence of VF/CA included older age (60 years or older), male sex, and a history of cigarette smoking. These factors allow the identification of subgroups of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction at high risk for the subsequent development of VF/CA, in whom prophylactic therapy and close surveillance are especially recommended.
New morphologic information on Cretaceous nannofossils from the Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas

Outcrops of the Niobrara Formation from northwestern Kansas have yielded horizons of well-preserved calcareous nannofossils. Scanning electron and light microscopy have revealed not only several new taxa but also an extraordinary cylindrical coccosphere not previously described from the fossil record. This unusual cylindrical form of a species of Biscutum Black also differs from the characteristic spherical coccosphere by the arrangement of its coccoliths in an ordered and repetitive fashion. A new term “coccocylinder” is proposed here as a more appropriate descriptive term than coccosphere for the cylinder. A stagnant, anoxic benthic environment prevalent during intervals of Niobrara deposition enhanced the preservation of monospecific coccolith clusters which represent coccospheres that settled to the bottom (often via fecal pellets) before disarticulating. These clusters, representing 34 different species, provide information on the minimum number of coccoliths originally present on the living cell. Such data may be valuable for determining the total biomass of the living populations on the basis of the abundances of individual coccoliths in the fossil record.
Working principle of bio-inspired shape memory alloy composite actuators

Recently, bio-inspired shape memory alloy composite (BISMAC) actuators have been shown to mimic the deformation characteristics of natural jellyfish medusa. In this study, a constant cross-section BISMAC actuator was characterized in terms of bending deflection and force in conjunction with microscopy to understand its deformation mechanism. The actuator showed bending deflection of 111% with respect to the active length along with a blocking force of 0.061 N. The resulting energy density of the composite actuator was 4929 J m − 3 at an input voltage and current level of 12 V and 0.7 A, respectively. For a dry-state actuator, this performance is extremely high and represents an optimum combination of force and deflection. Experiments reveal that BISMAC's performance is related to the moment induced from tip attachment of the shape memory alloy (SMA) rather than to friction within the composite structure. A physics-based model of BISMAC structure is presented which shows that the actuator is highly sensitive to the distance between the SMA wire and the incompressible component. While SMA has both stress and strain limitations, the limiting factor in BISMAC actuators is dependent on separation distance. The limiting factor in BISMAC's suitability for mimicking the performance of medusa was experimentally found to be related to the maximum 4% strain of the SMA and not its force generation.
Double‐layer anisotropy resolved from S phases

SUMMARY We have developed a technique for the inversion of SKS, SKKS and S waveforms to determine the anisotropic parameters of two homogeneous layers characterized by azimuthal anisotropy with horizontal symmetry axes. We have shown that fast polarization directions (φ1, φ2) and delay times (δt1, δt2) of the two layers can be retrieved by directly inverting high-quality SKS and S waveforms. The method is based on a systematic grid search over splitting pairs (φ1, δt1) of the lower and (φ2, δt2) of the upper layer, to search for values that most successfully remove the effects of double layers of anisotropy from SKS and S waveforms, measured by minimizing the energy on the component that is orthogonal to the polarization incident on the anisotropic medium. We have tested this method with noise-free and noise-contaminated waveforms. Low-noise waveforms at judiciously chosen incoming polarizations can return both layer parameters, but when waveforms from incoming polarizations that are very close to the fast or slow axis of the lower layer are used alone, the resolution is lost. However, we can always find a unique, well-resolved minimum near the true model parameters, by stacking transverse energy misfit spaces associated with low-noise waveforms sampling a variety of polarizations. Thus, the resolution and the uniqueness of the inversion are controlled by the range of incoming polarizations sampled by the data and by the signal-to-noise ratio. We have applied this technique to SKS and S waveforms recorded at stations BKS and LAC, located near the San Andreas fault. The best splitting parameters at BKS correspond to a lower layer with (φ1, δt1) = (90 ± 27°, 1.4 ± 0.55s), and an upper layer with (φ2, δt2) = (−45 ± 22°, 1.0 ± 0.5s), and at station LAC correspond to (φ1, δt1) = (50 ± 27°, 0.8 ± 0.55s), and (φ2, δt2) = (-75 ± 35°, 1.1 ± 0.5s). For both stations, the top layer is parallel to the local strike of the San Andreas fault with a delay time of 1 s. These results are similar to earlier determinations using a different method.
Description and Mineralogy of Tertiary Volcanic Ash Partings and Their Relationship to Coal Seams, Near Homer, Alaska: ABSTRACT

Outcrops of Tertiary coal-bearing units in sea cliffs of the Kenai Peninsula provide an excellent study area for volcanic ash partings in coals. Twenty mid- to late-Miocene, 50-cm to 3-m thick coal seams exposed in the sea cliffs about 10 km west of Homer contain an average of 10 volcanic ash or lapilli tuff partings each. The bedding relationships of the coal with any one parting cannot be predicted, and the contacts of the partings with the coal range from very sharp to predominantly gradational. These bedding relationships provide clues about the surface on which the ashes fell and on which the coal was accumulating. For example, some ashes fell in standing water, others on irregular subaerial surfaces. The partings are in various stages of alteration to kaolinite and bentonite, and vary in thickness from a few millimeters to about 10 cm. The consistency and texture of the partings depend on the degree of alteration; the less altered partings display visible pumice fragments and euhedral feldspars, commonly within a finer grained matrix. Separate pumice fragments, excluding matrix, can also occur as partings in the coal. The more altered partings may be wet and plastic, or they may be well indurated claystones; the colors range from gray-yellow to dark brown. The indurated partings are more common in the older part of the section. The coal seams may be capped by volcanic ash partings and are commonly underlain by a pencil shale of nonvolcanic origin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 677------------
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of V1493 Aquilae and V4642 Sagittarii: Two Novae with Unusual Spectral Features

We present 0.8–2.5 μm spectroscopy of two novae with uncommon spectral features at different stages in their decline after outburst. Nova Aql 1999 No. 1 (V1493 Aql) was a very fast nova that initially exhibited a rapid decline in brightness that flattened by day 20 and actually reversed to show an unusual secondary peak. The near-infrared spectrum was observed during this secondary peak at 46 days after initial peak brightness. Blended low-excitation lines such as H I Brackett and Paschen and O I largely populated the spectrum, which also showed a strong continuum declining monotonically toward the red (1.4–2.5 μm). He II lines were just beginning to emerge. The overall spectral appearance was much more representative of the period a few days after outburst. A possible explanation for this, and the secondary peak in the visible light curve, is that the nova experienced a second period of mass loss, but of a more continuous rather than explosive nature. Nova Sgr 2000 (V4642 Sgr) was a moderately fast nova, observed 160 days after peak brightness. High-excitation lines, including coronal lines, were present in the spectrum. However, their profiles were distinctly different from those of the lower excitation lines. Also present were four emission lines that have only recently been detected in the spectra of novae and which remain unidentified.
Recessed-gate InGaAs MESFETs with an AlAs etch-stop layer

The authors have fabricated InGaAs MESFETs with a double selective gate recess process using a thin AlAs layer. Very low gate leakage is obtained since the gates are not in contact with the mesa sidewall. 1 µm × 100 µm InGaAs MESFETs exhibit a transconductance, fT and fmax of 215 mS/mm, 24 GHz, and 70 GHz, respectively.
111Indium-Labeled White Blood Cell Scan in Diagnosis of Occult Sinus Infection

111Indium-labeled white blood scan is a highly sensitive imaging technique using radiolabeled leukocytes in the detection of occult infection. We present two cases of occult sinusitis identified with the use of the white blood cell scan. The literature on the subject is reviewed, and indications for the use of white blood cell scans in the detection of sinusitis are discussed.
Dynamics of a transferrin polymorphism in a population of Sylvilagus nuttallii

Frequencies of three codominant alleles at the transferrin (Tf) locus and four of the six possible genotypes in a population of Nuttall's cottontails Sylvilagus nuttallii on an 87-ha study area in central Oregon were determined for parental stocks, trappable offspring, and over-winter survivors in 1974 and 1975. One rare allele disappeared during winter 1974–75 and did not reappear during the study. The Tf genotype frequency shifted in favor of Tf-BB between parents and offspring in 1974, remained stable over winter, shifted in favor of Tf-BC (to near the original frequency) between parents and offspring in 1975 and remained stable over winter. Allele and genotype frequencies were significantly different between 1974 and 1975 offspring; differences in frequencies between other samples were not significant because of the small number of cottontails that survived to spring each year. We were unable to discount the possibility of non-random breeding being responsible for observed differences, but, because survival of juveniles was related to moisture available for plant growth (and presumably to the moisture content in forage) during the cottontail breeding season and because frequencies of Tf genotypes of the four litters produced each year seemed related to available moisture, we postulated that precipitation was the selective force responsible for shifts in allele and genotype frequencies. Although we were unable to ascertain the probability that the polymorphism was balanced, the stochastic precipitation pattern seemed adequate to prevent fixation of an allele by selection if the selective mechanism was as postulated.
Petrologic and geophysical studies of an artificial magma

In Situ Vitrification (ISV) is one of the most geologically interesting techniques being developed to stabilize radioactive and hazardous waste sites. The ISV process transforms permeable, easily leached, contaminated soils into low-permeability, leach-resistant vitreous and crystalline materials via in situ joule (resistance) heating [Buelt et al., 1987]. Melting is induced by applying electrical power to the ground through four graphite electrodes in a square configuration inserted vertically into the upper portion of the soil to be melted. Melting proceeds downward, producing a roughly hemispheric body that cools to a glassy to partially crystalline material. A hood is placed over the melt to collect gases and particulates released from the melt.
Adenosine A(2A) receptor activation limits chronic granulomatous disease-induced hyperinflammation.

Abstract Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by defects in the NADPH oxidase complex and is characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection. Other significant complications of CGD include autoimmunity and non-infectious hyperinflammatory disorders. We show that a gp91phox deficiency leads to the development of phenotypically altered T lymphocytes in mice and that this abnormal, hyperactive phenotype can be modulated by activation of the adenosine A2A receptor. T cells isolated from CGD mice produce significantly higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-13 than do WT cells after TCR-mediated activation; treatment with the selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist, CGS21680 , potently inhibits this response. Additionally, the over exuberant inflammatory response elicited by thioglycollate challenge in gp91phox deficient mice is attenuated by CGS21680 . These data suggest that treatment with A2AR agonists may be an effective therapy by which to regulate the immune system hyperactivity that results from a gp91phox deficiency.
Dopamine regulation in the mesolimbic system: The GABA connection

Abstract The dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia, based on the prompt and striking remission of many schizophrenic symptoms to DA blocking drugs, suggests that DA or DA-like transmission in the brain is pathologically augmented in schizophrenia. Clinical evidence strongly favors a locus of that disturbance in one or more regions of the limbic striatum. There are a number of significant differences in the anatomy and pharmacology of the mesolimbic system compared with the nigro-striatal pathway; opioids, neuroendocrine agents and GABA exert a different influence on DA transmission in this pathway. However, high concentrations of GABA and GAD at several levels in the DA pathway permit opposing responses of GABA to occur, a fact which may explain the relative ineffectiveness of GABA agents in the treatment of schizophrenia. While GABA may inhibit DA neurons in substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area, GABA neurons may act synergistically with DA on striatum by depressing acetylcholine interneurons. Although there is conflicting evidence regarding abnormal GAD or GABA levels in the brains of schizophrenic patients and little evidence that treatment with putative GABAergic drugs exerts a favorable effect on these psychoses, ubiquity of the GABA network requires that GABA, GABA binding, or GAD in schizophrenic brains be measured in very specific regions of the mesolimbic DA pathway before the GABA hypothesis is rejected.
Buddhism and Caste in India and Sri Lanka

This article examines the place of caste in Buddhism in India and Sri Lanka. In addition to suggesting a way of reconciling divergent attitudes toward caste in the Pali canon and several Sanskrit texts, this article explores the role that caste has played in the creation of new monastic lineages in eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth-century Sri Lanka, as well as its role in monastic patronage and temple building in contemporary Sri Lanka.
Century of Jackson-Weiss syndrome: Further definition of clinical and radiographic findings in “lost” descendants of the original kindred*

Jackson-Weiss syndrome (JWS) is a condition consisting of craniosynostosis characterized by premature fusion of the cranial sutures and/or characteristic radiographic anomalies of the feet. The condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with high penetrance and variable expressivity. Six different mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 have been identified in patients with the clinical diagnosis of JWS. Jabs et al. [1994: Nat Genet 8:275-279] identified an Ala344Gly substitution in two branches of the family in which the clinical syndrome was originally described. This is the only publication to document this mutation in a family with the clinical diagnosis of JWS. In this study, we have identified a previously unrecognized branch of the original family with individuals that meet the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of JWS. We demonstrate that a mutation that produces the Ala344Gly substitution is present in affected members. This family illustrates the widely variable expression of the mutation, including a novel phenotype in the proband with a leg-length discrepancy and unilateral absence of the fifth digital ray in her right foot. We identify the clinical and detailed radiographic features of each affected individual and offer considerations when making the diagnosis of JWS.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR DEVELOPING REGIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES

Abstract Various mathematical programming models are applied to evaluate operational (static one-period) and dynamic investment. (multiperiod) policies of regional solid waste management (SWM). Special attention is paid to the use of mixed integer programming (MIP) models for dynamic investment policies. The common objective of minimizing the present value of overall investment and/or management costs is extended to deal explicitly with land-use policies by evaluating the sequencing of landfilling operations. The question of abandonment or upgrading of facilities is introduced into the mathematical framework because of its importance in the light of more restrictive standards. The decision as to which process should be installed at what location and at what time, as well as the decision which landfill should be operated and when, is identified in the MIP model. Considering the limitations of the data base and the model formalism, the question of the usefulness of relying on one optimal solution from a mod...
Striatal opiate receptors: Pre- and postsynaptic localization

Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in the rat striatum with specifically bound 3H-diprenorphine reveals relatively small, high density clusters of receptors, a high density band of receptors along the striatal-callosal border, and a lower density of receptors spread over the remainder of the neuropil. Placement of kainate lesions resulted in a 94% loss of receptors in the clusters and a smaller loss in other areas. Removal of the dopamine-containing input to the striatum by placement of medial forebrain bundle lesions or by intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in a greater depletion of receptors in the non-cluster areas compared to cluster areas. In repeated biochemical and autoradiographic studies, no change was found after either decortication or placement of thalamic lesions. It is concluded that the bulk of striatal opiate receptors are localized postsynaptically on intrinsic striatal neurons and their processes with the bulk of the remaining receptors localized to the dopamine-containing axons and terminals.
Influence of Storage Time and Temperature on Quality of Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Frames

Abstract Chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory changes of catfish frames stored at different times and temperatures were determined in terms of pH, Hunter color, aerobic plate counts (APC), total coliform counts (TCC), and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Catfish frames stored at 25°C were considered microbiolog-ically acceptable for 10.3 hr with APC reaching 106 CFU/g; whereas, sensory storage life was limited to 6 hr. At 5°C, catfish frames had microbial acceptability for 3.5 d and sensory acceptability for 4 d, with a significant increase in TCC counts after 2 d. Catfish frames stored at 0°C had the longest storage-life, up to 8 d, due to acceptable APC and sensory assessments. TCC of frames stored at 0°C declined. Hunter L-and Hunter b-values as well as pH of catfish frames did not change with storage time or temperature. There were linear correlations (r > 0.9) between microbiological and sensory changes. This study suggested that microbial ...
Further evidence on the MP-DP effect in free-recall learning

In Experiment 1, rate and frequency of presentation, concrete and abstract words, and imagery instructions were manipulated along with MP and DP schedules in a long free-recall list, presented for one trial. Large differences between MP and DP were found, but none of the other variables except frequency interacted with MP-DP. In Experiment 2, various forms of MP and DP patternings were used with all words presented four times. Recall was predictable by the number of distributed points within the patterns. In Experiment 3, S paced himself through a long list of words presented on slides. The usual MP-DP differences in recall were present, and parallel differences were observed in exposure times. The difference in MP and DP recall was greater than could be accounted for by differences in exposure time. All experiments showed recall to be related to the input position of the words.
Potassium and its coadsorption with carbon monoxide on Pt(111): A SSIMS/TPD study

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) have been used to study the chemisorption properties of carbon monoxide on potassium-predosed Pt(111). Nonexponential secondary ion yields of potassium containing ions indicate a local interaction between potassium and nearest-neighbor CO molecules. In TPD, two different CO desorption states are observed in the presence of potassium. The high temperature CO TPD state is accompanied by simultaneous potassium desorption. The magnitude of the coincident potassium and CO TPD peak is related to the amount of CO in the high temperature state. Long-range (beyond nearest-neighbor) as well as short-range (nearest-neighbor) potassium effects on adsorbed CO are supported.
Determination of molecular weights by differential cryoscopy on small volumes of dilute solutions of oligopeptides.

Abstract A differential cryoscope of the equilibrium type is described. It requires only 1 ml of sample for a molecular-weight determination of a solute in a solvent that freezes below room temperature. The instrument is sensitive to ±0.0002°C, which corresponds to ±0.0001 mol of solute per 1000 g of water. The apparatus was evaluated by measuring the freezing point depressions of 0.015 m urea and 0.01 m alanine in water, the measured molecular weights being accurate to within ±5%. The molecular weights of the following oligopeptides were then measured to determine their states of aggregation in the cited solvents: Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe in H 2 O and dimethyl sulfoxide and cyclo( l -alanyl- l -alanyl-ϵ-aminocaproyl), cyclo( l -alanyl- d -alanyl-ϵ-aminocaproyl), cyclo( l -alanyl- l -analyl-ω-capryl), cyclo( l -alanyl- d -analyl-ω-capryl), and Ac-Tyr-Pro-Asn-NHMe in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Is satisfaction among orthopaedic trauma patients predicted by depression and activation levels

OBJECTIVES Among orthopaedic trauma patients, little is known regarding the relationship between patient satisfaction and patient levels of depression and "activation" (level of involvement of patient in his or her own care). Our hypothesis was that satisfaction is correlated to levels of depression and activation. DESIGN Patient questionnaires. SETTING Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS One hundred twenty-four patients with at least one fracture. INTERVENTION Patients were evaluated at orthopaedic trauma clinics 6 weeks or longer after injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ), Patient Activation Measure, and Patient Health Questionnaire, a screening and evaluation tool for the presence and severity of depression. Spearman correlation coefficients assessed the relationship between activation level and depression severity with PSQ domains. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression models determined independent effects of depression and activation on general satisfaction. RESULTS Patient satisfaction was moderate to high in general (mean score, 4.17). Spearman correlation coefficients were high for patient activation and all PSQ domains (generally >0.3, P < 0.05). Correlation coefficients were weaker for depression and PSQ domains (rho range, 0.16-0.33). Final multivariate linear regression model indicated improvement in general satisfaction of 0.14 with increasing patient activation. A decrease in general satisfaction of -0.03 was noted with increasing Patient Health Questionnaire depression score. CONCLUSIONS Patient satisfaction is strongly correlated with patient activation but less correlated with the presence of depression. Patient satisfaction after orthopaedic trauma might be improved by encouraging and coaching patients on how to be more involved in their own health care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A computational method for helicopter vortex wakes

A method for calculating the wake geometry and blade loads for a hovering helicopter rotor is presented. The approach incorporates a simplified free wake model of the rotor in a finite difference calculation of the flow field. A variation of the 'cloud-in-cell' technique, modified to eliminate self-induced velocity errors for curved vortex filaments, is used. Simple lifting line theory is used to calculate the blade loads. Calculations showing the effect of vortex core size and the number of vortex filaments representing the wake are presented. For large numbers of vortices, it is seen that the wake geometry fails to converge. However, only a few vortices are needed to adequately represent the wake. Comparisons with experimental results are also presented.
The utility of screening for deep venous thrombosis in asymptomatic, non-ambulatory neurosurgical patients

Objectives Decisions regarding deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis are complicated in neurosurgical patients because of the potential for catastrophic bleeding complications. Screening with venous duplex ultrasound (VDUS) may improve outcomes, but can strain hospital resources. Since there is little data to guide VDUS surveillance, we investigated the utility of a comprehensive VDUS screening program in neurosurgical patients. Methods Medical records of patients admitted to the neurosurgical service at a university-affiliated hospital from October 2007 through January 2010 who underwent weekly VDUS of the lower extremities until ambulatory or discharged were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, comorbidities, interventions, and use of DVT prophylaxis were recorded. All patients in this study were asymptomatic for clinical evidence of DVT. When DVT was identified, VDUS reported its location and progression. Results One hundred seventy-four consecutive patients were screened according to the established protocol. They had 312 VDUS studies, 68 (21.8%) of which were positive in 40 (23%) unique patients; 10 were bilateral and two catheter-related. There were no documented pulmonary emboli in this series. Seventeen patients (37.7%) had isolated calf DVT, four of which were bilateral (totaling 21 thrombi), and 9 (20%) had coexistent thrombi in calf and proximal veins. Of the 21 isolated calf DVTs, 15 had follow-up studies and two progressed to the popliteal or ileofemoral vein on follow-up (13.3%). Mechanical prophylaxis was uniformly utilized, but chemical prophylaxis varied based on surgeons' assessment of bleeding risk. DVT developed in 19.3% (28/145) of patients receiving prophylactic medication (unfractionated heparin or low-molecular weight heparin) and 41.4% (12/29) receiving no chemoprophylaxis (P Conclusions Despite the uniform application of mechanical DVT prophylaxis and the use of chemoprophylaxis in a majority of patients, we found a 23% incidence of DVT in these hospitalized, nonambulatory, neurosurgical patients. No patients with isolated calf DVT had an embolic complication but 13.3% progressed proximally in short-term follow-up. While chemical prophylaxis significantly reduced DVT risk, no factor was sufficiently predictive to exclude patients from screening. These data substantiate the importance of full leg VDUS screening and maximizing DVT prophylaxis in this high risk population.
Hot Electron Distributions from Ultra_Intense Laser Solid Interactions

Summary form only given. Experimental data of electron energy distributions from ultra-intense (>1019 W/cm2) laser-solid interactions using a petawatt laser containing >300 Joules are presented. Clear signatures for the existence of three populations of energetic electrons, all with distinct effective temperatures, are seen in the spectra. We present simulations and theoretical calculations that explain all three components. We find that the high energy component (~10 MeV) is consistent with a modified form of SRS forward scattering of the main pulse in the long scale length, low density plasma exists in front of the solid. The moderate energy component (~1 MeV) is consistent with the ponderomotive heating from the main pulse near the critical density. The low energy component (~100 keV) is consistent with the fact that laser energy in a halo about the focused spot also generates ponderomotive heating intensity, with reduced intensity
Characteristics of calcium uptake by calcitonin-treated mouse calvariain vitro

The effect of calcitonin (CT) on calcium metabolism by bone was investigated in a stationary organ culture system, using half-calvaria from 5-day-old mice. CT induced the uptake of calcium by bones from the culture medium. This uptake was not accompanied by phosphate, so that the final Ca:P ratio of CT-treated bones (1.80±0.06) was significantly (p<0.02) higher than the initial values before culture (1.59±0.03). The calcium uptake reached a plateau after approximately 48 hours of culture, and was reversed by PTH within 48 hours. Calcium uptake rppears to be an active effect of CT, and cannot be explained fully by an inhibition of bone aesorption, stimulation of new bone formation, or maturation of the mineral phase.
The effects of clumping and substructure on intracluster medium mass measurements

We examine an ensemble of 48 simulated clusters to determine the effects of small-scale density fluctuations and large-scale substructure on X-ray measurements of the intracluster medium (ICM) mass. We measure rms density fluctuations in the ICM that can be characterized by a mean mass-weighted clumping factor C ≡ ρ2/ρ2 between 1.3 and 1.4 within a density contrast of 500. These fluctuations arise from the cluster history of accretion shocks and major mergers, and their presence enhances the cluster's luminosity relative to the smooth case. We expect, therefore, that ICM mass measurements utilizing models that assume uniform density at a given radius carry a bias of order ≈ 1.16. We verify this result by performing ICM mass measurements on X-ray images of the simulations and finding the expected level of bias. The varied cluster morphologies in our ensemble also allow us to investigate the effects of departures from spherical symmetry on our measurements. We find that the presence of large-scale substructure does not further bias the resulting gas mass unless it is pronounced enough to produce a second peak in the image of at least 1% the maximum surface brightness. We analyze the subset of images with no secondary peaks and find a bias of 9% and a Gaussian random error of 4% in the derived mass.
Fermi Surface and Energy Bands of Copper

The Green's function method has been used to study the energy bands of Cu for two quite different potentials. It is found that the resulting $E(\mathrm{k})$ for the two cases are very similar throughout the Brillouin zone having the same ordering of the levels and comparable level separations in the conduction, low-lying excited, and $d$-band regions. This implies that the calculated band structure is not as sensitive as had been previously contended. The properties of the Fermi surfaces associated with the two theoretical band structures are compared with the results of experimental studies. It is found that the theoretical surfaces intersect the hexagonal zone face in accord with experiment. The computed radii of contact for the two cases are close to the measured values. Furthermore, the bellies for the two cases are shown to deviate appreciably from sphericity in agreement with the results of recent magnetoacoustic effect experiments. The origin of the distortions is explained in terms of the interaction between the conduction and $d$ bands. The "masses" defined in terms of the cyclotron resonances for various orbits on the Fermi surface, the lowtemperature electronic specific heat, and the dielectric constant in the infrared region are determined for the calculated $E(\mathrm{k})$. The calculated masses are all somewhat lower (by about 10-30%) than the corresponding measured masses. It is believed that these discrepancies reflect the contributions of the effects neglected in the individual-electron model. Finally, the sharp rise in the optical absorption, which on the basis of the theoretical $E(\mathrm{k})$ corresponds to the onset of interband transitions between the $d$ bands and the Fermi level, is found to occur at an energy in good accord with experiment.