cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray K-edge absorption spectra of Fe minerals and model compounds: II. EXAFS

K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of Fe in varying environments in a suite of well-characterized silicate and oxide minerals were collected using synchrotron radiation and analyzed using single scattering approximation theory to yield nearest neighbor Fe-O distances and coordination numbers. The partial inverse character of synthetic hercynite spinal was verified in this way. Comparison of the results from all samples with structural data from X-ray diffraction crystal structure refinements indicates that EXAFS-derived first neighbor distances are generally accurate to ±0.02 A using only theoretically generated phase information, and may be improved over this if similar model compounds are used to determine EXAFS phase functions. Coordination numbers are accurate to ±20 percent and can be similarly improved using model compound EXAFS amplitude information. However, in particular cases the EXAFS-derived distances may be shortened, and the coordination number reduced, by the effects of static and thermal disorder or by partial overlap of the longer Fe-O first neighbor distances with second neighbor distances in the EXAFS structure function. In the former case the total information available in the EXAFS is limited by the disorder, while in the latter case more accurate results can in principle be obtained by multiple neighbor EXAFS analysis. The EXAFS and XANES spectra of Fe in Nain, Labrador osumulite and Lakeview, Oregon plagioclase are also analyzed as an example of the application of X-ray absorption spectroscopy to metal ion site occupation determination in minerals.
THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND LONG-TERM REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE: WHAT ARE THE CRITICAL QUESTIONS?

1. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in long-term control of arterial pressure remains unclear despite decades of intense research. 2. Previous studies have shown that denervation of arterial baroreceptors does not chronically increase arterial pressure. As baroreceptors are thought to provide the primary 'error signal' to the autonomic nervous system, this has been interpreted as evidence against neural control of arterial pressure over long periods of time. 3. The possibility that other 'error signals' are important in the long-term control of sympathetic activity (and arterial pressure) is introduced. 4. The following 'Critical Questions' are presented for subsequent discussion: (i) is the sympathetic nervous system a 'major player' in the long-term control of arterial pressure; (ii) why doesn't arterial pressure remain at hypertensive levels after arterial baroreceptor denervation; and (iii) which 'error signals' are most important in the long-term control of sympathetic outflow?
Advanced micromechanisms in a multilevel polysilicon technology

Quad-level polysilicon surface micromachining technology, comprising three mechanical levels plus an electrical interconnect layer, is giving rise to a new generation of micro-electromechanical devices and assemblies. Enhanced components can not be produced through greater flexibility in fabrication and design. New levels of design complexity that include multi-level gears, single-attempt locks, and optical elements have recently been realized. Extensive utilization of the fourth layer of polysilicon differentiates these latter generation devices from their predecessors. This level of poly enables the fabrication of pin joints, linkage arms, hinges on moveable plates, and multi-level gear assemblies. The mechanical design aspects of these latest micromachines will be discussed with particular emphasis on a number of design aspects of these latest micromachines will be discussed with particular emphasis on a number of design modifications that improve the power, reliability, and smoothness of operation of the microengine. The microengine is the primary actuation mechanism that is being used to drive mirrors out of plane and rotate 1600-{mu}m diameter gears. Also discussed is the authors most advanced micromechanical system to date, a complex proof-of-concept batch-fabricated assembly that, upon transmitting the proper electrical code to a mechanical lock, permits the operation of a micro-optical shutter.
Cascade model for fluvial geomorphology

Erosional landscapes are generally scale invariant and fractal. Spectral studies provide quantitative confirmation of this statement. Linear theories of erosion will not generate scale-invariant topography. In order to explain the fractal behavior of landscapes a modified Fourier series has been introduced that is the basis for a renormalization approach. A nonlinear dynamical model has been introduced for the decay of the modified Fourier series coefficients that yield a fractal spectra. It is argued that a physical basis for this approach is that a fractal (or nearly fractal) distribution of storms (floods) continually renews erosional features on all scales.
Fall Velocities of Spatial Crystals.and Aggregates

Abstract Free-fall patterns of unrimed spatial crystals and of aggregates containing spatial crystals and dendrites were recorded by stereo-photography. Terminal fall velocities were determined for crystals between 0.02 and 0.9 cm in diameter. Horizontal velocities were found to he small in comparison with the vertical velocities. Some rotatory motions were also observed but are not well documented.
Release of endogenous glutamate from rat cerebellar synaptosomes: interactions with adenosine and ethanol.

The effects of ethanol and adenosine receptor agonist R-PIA and antagonist theophylline on release of endogenous glutamate were tested in rat cerebellar synaptosomal preparation. Release was carried out for 5 to 60 sec after which time the released glutamate was separated from the synaptosomal membranes by rapid filtration. The amount of released glutamate in the filtrate was measured by an enzyme-linked fluorometric assay. Basal endogenous glutamate release was estimated as 3.7 + 0.3 nmol/mg protein/5 sec and was stimulated by high K+. Glutamate release consisted of an initial rapid phase for the first 10 sec that was followed by a relatively slower phase. Both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent glutamate release were observed which suggested the involvement of both neuronal and glial constituents of the synaptosomal preparation, respectively. Pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol (25–100 mM) caused a trend toward a dose-dependent inhibition of glutamate release. R-PIA and theophylline inhibited and stimulated, respectively, basal release of glutamate and R-PIA-inhibited release was blocked by theophylline. Ethanol (25 mM) blocked the stimulatory effect of theophylline and the results of experiments following the inclusion of adenosine deaminase suggested the involvement of adenosine in this effect of ethanol. The results support our previous findings that suggest an involvement of cerebellar adenosine in the motor disturbing effects of acute ethanol and extend those findings by indicating that ethanol inhibits glutamate release from granule cells of the cerebellar cortex through an adenosine-sensitive mechanism.
Outdoor air pollution and health effects in urban children with moderate to severe asthma

Particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) is associated with asthma morbidity. Recent studies have begun examining the role of various constituents of PM2.5, their potential sources, and their effects on health. We examine their role in asthmatic children. Thirty-six children 6–14 years with moderate/severe asthma from inner city areas in New York City were studied for 2-week periods (summer and winter) using diaries and lung function. Outdoor data, including PM10, PM2.5, elements, elemental/organic carbon, and criteria gases (NO2, SO2, and O3) were collected at two sites. Odds ratios (ORs) relating daily pollutant concentrations to asthma indicators were calculated. During summer significant ORs>1 for symptom severity were obtained (O3, PM10, PM2.5, and S); after adjustment for O3, the ORs were no longer significant. During winter, Cu, Fe, Si, and Zn were significantly but negatively (ORs 1) on symptoms (As, K, Pb, and V). Albuterol use increased during summer (O3, PM10, PM2.5, Na, and S); after adjustment for O3, only Na and S remained significant. Reduced pulmonary function was significantly associated with O3 and Cl. Components of PM2.5 are associated with asthma exacerbation in asthmatic children. Same-day pollutant associations with symptoms are seen in summer. In winter, our analysis suggests delayed adverse associations of PM2.5 components.
Induction by estrogens of lipid peroxidation and lipid peroxide-derived malonaldehyde-DNA adducts in male Syrian hamsters: role of lipid peroxidation in estrogen-induced kidney carcinogenesis.

Estrogen-induced kidney carcinogenesis in male Syrian hamsters has previously been postulated to be mediated by free radicals generated by redox cycling of catecholestrogen metabolites. As part of our examination of this hypothesis, we have studied the induction of lipid peroxidation and lipid peroxide-derived malondialdehyde (MDA)-DNA adducts in kidney and liver of hamsters treated with single injections of diethylstilbestrol (DES) or with estradiol (E 2 ) implants for various lengths of time. Treatment of hamsters with 50 and 100 mg/kg DES increased concentrations of both lipid hydroperoxides and of MDA-DNA adducts. In hamsters treated with E 2 implants for up to 50 days, lipid peroxide levels in liver were double control values 3 h after hormone implantation, and then decreased to plateau values of 30% over controls. Those in kidney rose to 2- to 3-fold above controls 3 days after hormone implantation and then decreased to plateau values of 51% above controls. MDA-DNA adduct levels were two or three times higher than those of controls in liver and kidney of hamsters treated with hormone implants for 3 and 7 days. Renal lipid peroxide concentrations were raised by chronic treatment with E 2 , but not by weakly carcinogenic estrogens ethinylestradiol or 2-fluoroestradiol. In contrast, MDA-DNA adduct levels were raised by all three steroidal estrogens 3 days after estrogen implantation. The increases in lipid peroxides and in MDA-DNA adducts in estrogen-treated hamsters support a mechanism of carcinogenesis by free radical generation via redox cycling of catcholestrogen metabolites. Lipid peroxides are postulated to play a dual role in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis, (i) as cofactors for cytochrome P450-mediated formation of catecholestrogen metabolites and their redox cycling, and (ii) as precursors of MDA, a DNA adduct-forming endogenous electrophile.
Flow control problems in distributed processing for high performance tracking

We consider problems of performance evaluation and real-time control in high-performance computer-based tracking systems. For most models with various forms of flow control or load sharing policies, closed-form solutions are not available. One can, however, apply stochastic optimization algorithms using sensitivity estimates obtained on-line. We present one application of a recently proposed technique for obtaining such estimates; this technique does not require knowledge of the actual system operating parameters.
A novel delta opioid receptor antagonist, SoRI-9409, produces a selective and long-lasting decrease in ethanol consumption in heavy-drinking rats.

Background Naltrexone, a compound with high affinity for the μ opioid receptor (MOP-R) reduces alcohol consumption. SoRI-9409 is a derivative of naltrexone that has highest affinity at δ opioid receptors (DOP-Rs). We have investigated the effects of SoRI-9409 on ethanol consumption to determine the consequences of altering the naltrexone compound to a form with increased efficacy at DOP-Rs. Methods Effects of the opioid receptor antagonists, SoRI-9409 (0–30 mg/kg, IP), naltrexone (0–30 mg/kg, IP), or naltrindole (0–10 mg/kg, IP) on ethanol consumption was measured in high- and low-ethanol–consuming rats with two different drinking paradigms. SoRI-9409-, naltrexone-, and naltrindole-mediated inhibition of DOP-R–stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding was measured in brain membranes prepared from high-ethanol–consuming rats. The effects of SoRI-9409 on morphine-mediated analgesia, conditioned place preference, and anxiety were also examined. Results In high- but not low-ethanol–consuming animals, SoRI-9409 is threefold more effective and selective at reducing ethanol consumption when compared with naltrexone or naltrindole for up to 24 hours. SoRI-9409 administered daily for 28 days continuously reduced ethanol consumption, and when the administration of SoRI-9409 was terminated, the amount of ethanol consumed remained lower compared with vehicle-treated animals. Furthermore, SoRI-9409 inhibits DOP-R–stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in brain membranes of high-ethanol–consuming rats. Conclusions SoRI-9409 causes selective and long-lasting reductions of ethanol consumption. This suggests that compounds that have high affinity for DOP-Rs such as SoRI-9409 might be promising candidates for development as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of alcoholism.
The Use of Squaric Acid as a Scaffold for Cofacial Phenyl Rings

To examine the possibility of using squaric acid as a scaffold for organizing phenyl rings in a cofacial orientation, we undertook an investigation of the conformational preferences of secondary and tertiary N-phenylsquaramides. In secondary squaramides, the extended ZZ conformation is preferred, while in the N-methyl derivative, the folded EE conformation with cofacial phenyl rings is preferred. This conformational switch is likely driven by a combination of steric and electronic factors.
Structural validity of a self-report concussion-related symptom scale

ABSTRACTPurpose:This study evaluated the factorial validity of a self-report measure of concussion-related symptom severity among a large sample of male, high-school athletes.Methods:Participants (N = 1089) were nonconcussed, male, high-school football players. All participants completed a single ba
P2X7 receptor and macrophage function

Macrophages are unique innate immune cells that play an integral role in the defense of the host by virtue of their ability to recognize, engulf, and kill pathogens while sending out danger signals via cytokines to recruit and activate inflammatory cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that purinergic signaling events are essential components of the macrophage response to pathogen challenges and disorders such as sepsis may be, at least in part, regulated by these important sensors. The activation of the P2X7 receptor is a powerful event in the regulation of the caspase-1 inflammasome. We provide evidence that the inflammasome activation requires “priming” of macrophages prior to ATP activation of the P2X7R. Inhibition of the inflammasome activation by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG126, suggests regulation by phosphorylation. Finally, the P2X7R may also be activated by other elements of the host response such as the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, which adds a new, physiologically relevant agonist to the P2X7R pathway. Therapeutic approaches to inflammation and sepsis will certainly be enhanced by an increased understanding of how purinergic receptors modulate the inflammasomes.
Enactment of Mandated Health Insurance in Hawaii

This analysis tells the story of how Hawaii came to have a mandatory employer-provider health insurance law. Based on interviews and review of published materials, the authors conclude that the history of Hawaii's plantation and immigrant economy engendered a culture of very efficient production of health care. This, combined with the progressive political transformation and the economic surge after World War II, brought a wave of broad-minded social legislation, which originated near-universal health insurance coverage and contributed to a higher health status in Hawaii. The investigation is offered to health policy analysts and decision-makers as a learning case study.
Studies on the effect of thyroid hormones on cytochrome-linked L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase of the mouse.

Glycerophosphate, succinate and choline dehydrogenase activities in the mitochondrial preparations from liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung and spleen as well as oxygen consumption by the liver homogenate of the mouse in various thyroid hormone states have been determined. Oxygen consumption by liver homogenate in the absence of any additional substrate or in the presence of glycerophosphate or fructose 1,6-diphosphate is significantly enhanced in 6 hr by the administration of L-triiodothyronine (0.01 μmole/20 g of body weight) and gradually decreased after 131I-treatment. Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in liver and kidney mitochondria is increased 3-fold in 24 hr after a single dose of L-triiodothyronine and decreased after the administration of 131I. The hormone produces a small but significant increase of the activity of heart mitochondria. No changes in the activity are shown in brain, lung and spleen. Succinate dehydrogenase activity of all organs that we examined is not altered significantly ...
Race and End-Stage Renal Disease: Socioeconomic Status and Access to Health Care as Mediating Factors

Objective: To examine whether lower socioeconomic status and limited access to health care explain the racial inequities in the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and whether these factors are independently associated with ESRD. Methods: This case-control study compared 716 patients with ESRD with 361 population controls of the same age, 20 to 64 years old, from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, DC. Race, indicators of socioeconomic status (household annual income, years of education), and indicators of access to health care (health insurance status, number of missing teeth, usual source of care, use of preventive services) were assessed via a telephone interview. Results: Independent risk factors for ESRD included non-white race (odds ratio for blacks, 5.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.8 to 8.0; odds ratio for other nonwhites, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 10.0), categories of income (odds ratio gradient, 1.0 to 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.6 to 7.8), receipt of Medicaid benefits (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 8.4), and number of missing teeth (odds ratio gradient, 1.0 to 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 4.1). Adjustment for socioeconomic variables reduced the odds ratio for blacks only partially, from 8.1 to 5.5. The proportions of ESRD incidence that could be attributed to each risk factor were 46% for minority race, 53% for income categories, and 33% for missing teeth. Conclusions: Low socioeconomic status and limited access to health care were strong risk factors for kidney failure, but they explained only part of the excess of ESRD in blacks. Racial and social factors account for a large part of ESRD incidence. The mechanisms of these associations should be targeted by further research. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1201-1208)
Sexual double standards: A review and methodological critique of two decades of research

A review of 30 studies published since 1980 found evidence for the continued existence of sexual double standards: different standards of sexual permissiveness for women and men. Experimental studi...
Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3

Abstract The process of microbial mineral plugging in porous media is common in nature. We examined physical and biochemical properties of CaCO3 precipitation induced by Bacillus pasteurii, an alkalophilic soil microorganism. X-ray diffraction analysis quantified the composition of the mineral deposited in sand and identified the CaCO3 crystal as calcite. Examination by scanning electron microscopy identified bacteria in the middle of calcite crystals, which acted as nucleation sites. The rate of microbiological CaCO3 precipitation correlated with cell growth and was significantly faster than that of chemical precipitation. Biochemical properties of urease (urea amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.5) from B. pasteurii that was indirectly involved in CaCO3 precipitation were examined to understand the kinetics of the microbiological process. Urease from B. pasteurii exhibited a relatively low affinity for urea at pH 7.0 with a Km of 41.6 mM and Vmax of 3.55 mM min−1 mg−1 protein and increased affinity at pH 7.7 with a Km of 26.2 mM and Vmax of 1.72 mM min−1 mg−1 protein. Results of kinetic studies indicate that urease activity and its affinity to urea are significantly high at the pH where calcite precipitation is favorable. Our findings further suggest a potential use of the microbial calcite precipitation process in remediation of the surface and subsurface of porous media.
Structures of large T antigen at the origin of SV40 DNA replication by atomic force microscopy

For inorganic crystals such as calcite (CaCO3), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has provided surface structure at atomic resolution (Ohnesorge and Binnig, 1993). As part of a broad effort to obtain high resolution for an individual protein or protein assembly (Binnig et al., 1986; Rugar and Hansma, 1990; Radmacher et al., 1992), we applied AFM to study the ATP-dependent double hexamer of SV40 large T antigen, which assembles around the viral origin of DNA replication. Multimeric mass has been determined in two-dimensional projected images by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) (Mastrangelo et al., 1989). By AFM, if the DNA-protein preparation has been stained positively by uranyl acetate, the contour at the junction between hexamers is visible as a cleft, 2–4 nm deep. The cleft, whether determined as a fraction of height by AFM or as a fraction of mass thickness by STEM, is of comparable magnitude. On either side of the cleft, hexamers attain a maximum height of 13–16 nm. Monomers found in the absence of ATP show heights of 5–7 nm. Taken together, the z coordinates provide a surface profile of complete and partial replication assemblies consistent with the spatial distribution of recognition pentanucleotides on the DNA, and they contribute direct geometrical evidence for a ring-like hexamer structure.
Temperament profile of children with Down's syndrome.

UMMARY The behavioral characteristics of 18 children with Down's syndrome were evaluated, using a questionnaire developed for assessing the temperament of infants. They had scores comparable to those of normal children, demonstrating that, in early life, a child with Down's syndrome is not stereotyped in behavior. RESUME Projil de temperament chez des enfants mongoliens Les caracteristiques de comportement de dix huit enfants mongoliens ont ete appreciees a l'aide d'un questionnaire etabli pour analyser le temperament de jeunes enfants. Les resultats sont comparables a ceux des enfants normaux indiquent que les mongoliens durant les premieres annees de la vie n'ont pas de comportement stereotype. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine Studie uber das Temperament von Kindern mit Down Syndrom Bei 18 Kindern mit Down Syndrom wurden charakteristische Verhaltensmerkmale anhand eines Fragebogens ausgewertet, der zur Bestimmung des Temperamentes bei Kindern entwickelt worden war. Die Werte waren mit denen der normalen Kinder vergleichbar und zeigen somit, das Kinder mit Down Syndrom in den ersten Lebens-jahren kein stereotypes Verhalten haben. RESUMEN Perfil de temperamento en ninos con sindronze de Down Las caracteristicas del comportamiento de 18 ninos con sindrome de Down fueron evaluadas por medio de un cuestionario desarrollado para determinar el temperamento en lactantes. Las punctuaciones eran comparables, con las de ninos normales indicando que 10s ninos con sindrome de Down no tienen un comportamiento estereotipado en los primeros tiempos de la vida.
Balb/Cj Male Mice Do Not Feminize after Infection with Larval Taenia crassiceps

Balb/cJ mice fail to mount an immune response capable of clearing infection with larval Taenia crassiceps. Additionally, male Balb/cJ mice display a lag in larval growth of approximately 3 wk as compared to growth in female mice. It has been reported that male Balb/ cAnN mice generate a protective immune response early in infection, and become permissive to larval growth after they feminize (200-fold increase in serum estradiol and 90% decrease in serum testosterone). To determine if a different strain of Balb/c mice (Balb/cJ) also feminize, serum was collected from infected male mice for 16 wk and levels of 17-β-estradiol and testosterone were measured via ELISA. In addition, the mounting responses of 12- and 16-wk infected male mice, as well as uninfected control mice, were determined after isolation with a female mouse. The results of these experiments show that male Balb/cJ mice do not feminize during infection with larval T. crassiceps. There was no significant change in serum levels of either 17-β-e...
Theoretical estimates of the relative importance of various urban sulfate aerosol production mechanisms

Abstract Theoretical estimates have been made to demonstrate the relative importance of various pathways for the production of sulfate aerosols in an urban atmosphere, away from the stationary sources under different atmospheric conditions. We have incorporated photochemical reactions, vapor condensation and catalytic and non-catalytic oxidation on a wetted aerosol surface into our theoretical consideration. From our calculations, it is found that under daytime conditions, with photochemical reactions, sulfuric acid vapor condensation and liquid phase oxidation by H 2 O 2 can be the dominant sulfate aerosol production mechanisms. Gas to particle conversion is expected to be an even more important pathway to sulfate aerosol formation under daytime conditions since reactions involving radical clusters such as HSO 3 · H 2 O, HSO 5 · H 2 O, and SO 3 · H 2 O are approximated by H 2 SO 4 condensation in our estimates. Under night-time conditions, without photochemical reactions, sulfate aerosol production in general is lower than under daytime conditions and catalytic and non-catalytic oxidation mechanisms on the wetted aerosols become important pathways for SO 2 to sulfate conversion.
Spring nitrogen fertilizer recommendation models for dryland hard red winter wheat

(...) Objectives of this resxearch were to develop spring N recommendations based on soil available N, plant tissue N, and/or climatic variables measured in the spring. Grain yield variation was described by simple and multiple regression analysis with various levels of complexity. Soil NH 4 -N levels in the spring explained more grain yield variation than did NO 3 -N. (...)
Field tests of insecticides for control of adult Diaprepes abbreviatus on citrus.

A series of field tests was made in Puerto Rico in 1972 for control of adult Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) on citrus. Of 21 chemicals tested, Sevin®-4-oil formulation of carbaryl (1 oz AI/tree) gave 100% control for at least 26 days after foliar application. Azinphosmethyl (0.8 lb AI/100 gal of water), dicrotophos (1 lb AI/100 gal), and dieldrin (0.5 lb AI/100 gal) gave excellent control for at least 11 days. Carbaryl, carbofuran, and phenamiphos provided good control but had less than 1 wk residual activity.
Concentrations in the one-dimensional Vlasov-Poisson equations, I.: temporal development and non-unique weak solutions in the single component case

Abstract Weak solutions of the one-component Vlasov-Poisson equation in a single space dimension are proposed and studied here as a simpler analogue problem for the behavior of weak solutions of the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations with non-negative vorticity. The physical, structural, and functional analytic analogies between these two problems are developed in detail here. With this background, explicit solutions for electron sheet initial data, the analogue of vortex sheet initial data, are presented, which display the phenomena of singularity formation in finite time as well as the explicit temporal development of charge concentrations. Other rigorous explicit examples with charge concentration are developed where there are non-unique weak solutions with the same initial data. In one of these non-unique weak solutions, an electron sheet completely collapses to a point charge in finite time. The detailed limiting behavior of regularizations such as the diffusive Fokker-Planck equation are developed through a very efficient numerical method which yields extremely high resolution for these simpler analogue problems. A striking consequences of the numerical results reported here is the fact that there is not a selection principle for a unique weak solution in some situations where there are several weak solutions with charge concentration for the same initial data. In particular, two explicit weak solutions with the same initial data are constructed here where it is demonstrated that the zero smoothing limit of time reversible particle methods converges to one of these solutions while the zero diffusion limit of the Fokker-Planck equation converges to the other weak solution.
Response competition: A major source of interference in a tactile identification task

Two experiments investigated the ability of subjects to identify a moving, tactile stimulus. In both experiments, the subjects were presented with a target to their left index fingerpad and a nontarget (also moving) to their left middle fingerpad. Subjects were instructed to attend only to the target location and to respond “1” if the stimulus moved either to the left or up the finger, and to respond “2” if the stimulus moved either right or down the finger. The results showed that accuracy was better and reaction times were faster when the target and nontarget moved in the same direction than when they moved in different directions. When the target and nontarget moved in different directions, accuracy was significantly better and reaction times were significantly faster when the two stimuli had the same assigned response than when they had different responses. The results provide support for the conclusion that movement information is processed across adjacent fingers to the level of incipient response activation, even when subjects attempt to focus their attention on one location on the skin.
Pharmacologic treatment of the stunned myocardium: the concepts and the challenges.

During the past two decades (i.e., since 1980), in excess of 1000 published papers have focused on the phenomenon of the ‘stunned myocardium’, with many of these studies seeking to identify mechanisms-based treatment strategies to attenuate post-ischemic contractile dysfunction. Early investigations
Genetic Variation for Yield and Fiber Quality Response to Supplemental Irrigation within the Pee Dee Upland Cotton Germplasm Collection

Water availability is a major factor infl uencing cotton cultivar performance and sustainable cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the southeastern USA. An increased understanding of the response of diverse cotton germplasm lines to supplemental irrigation could aid in future efforts to develop cultivars targeted to irrigated or dryland environments. In this study, 13 germplasm lines were selected from the Pee Dee (PD) germplasm collection and evaluated to measure the effect of supplemental irrigation on a number of agronomic and fi ber quality traits important to cotton production systems. Most PD germplasm lines receiving supplemental irrigation had increased plant height and lint percent, while boll weight, seed index, fi ber length, fi ber strength, uniformity index, and micronaire decreased. Cultivars PD-2 and FM-966 did not show a signifi cant response to supplemental irrigation for any of the traits measured. In contrast, PD5377 and PD93009 showed differential responses to supplemental irrigation for 5 out of the 12 traits measured. This study shows the importance of comparing individual genotype response to supplemental irrigation for agronomic and fi ber quality traits to effi ciently target genotypes for irrigated or dryland environments.
A Constitutive Enzyme System for Glucose Transport by Chlorella sorokiniana

It was found that the transport system for glucose (as measured by deoxyglucose uptake) in the high temperature strain of Chlorella (strain 07-11-05 or C. sorokiniana) was constitutive and the rate of uptake did not increase upon incubation of autotrophically grown cells with either deoxyglucose or glucose. The uptake obeyed Michaelis-Menten type kinetics with a concentration of 200 micromolar for half-saturation. The maximum rate of uptake was nearly 10 times faster per cell (at 38 C) than that reported for any other Chlorella. This rapid accumulation of deoxyglucose causes the passive efflux to become significant compared to the pump-driven influx and nonlinear uptake appears even after only 3 to 4 minutes.
Logic synthesis and a generalized notation for memristor-realized material implication gates

The paper presents new logic synthesis methods for single-output incomplete multi-level binary circuits using Memristor-based material implication gates. The first method follows Lehtonen's assumption of using only two working memristors. The algorithm minimizes the number of implication (IMPLY) gates, which corresponds to minimizing the number of pulses or the delay time. This greedy search method uses essential and secondary essential primes, does not require solving the covering problem, is fast, and produces high quality results. We compare it to other synthesis methods, such as the modified SOP and Exclusive-Or Sum of Products (ESOP) with minimum number of working memristors. We analyze the problem of reduction in IMPLY gate count by adding more working memristors and introduce Imply Sequence Diagrams, a new notation, similar to one used in reversible logic.
Forelimb Movements and Muscle Responses Evoked by Microstimulation of Cervical Spinal Cord in Sedated Monkeys

Documenting the forelimb responses evoked by stimulating sites in primate cervical spinal cord is significant for understanding spinal circuitry and for potential neuroprosthetic applications invol...
Predicted c (2×2) buckling reconstruction of monolayer Mn on Fe(001) and its importance to the interfacial magnetic ordering

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of a Mn monolayer on Fe(001) have been investigated using total energy and atomic forces calculated with the local density full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. A strong interplay between magnetism and atomic structure was observed. The antiparallel alignment in the Mn plane of the large (3.1${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$) magnetic moment is found to drive a c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) buckling reconstruction in the Mn overlayer. Due to hybridization with the magnetic Fe(001) substrate, the valence bands of the two different Mn atoms differ substantially; however, the net magnetic circular dichroism signal for the Mn overlayer is predicted to be almost zero.
Nitric oxide mediates long-term potentiation in rat superior cervical ganglion

Abstract Long-term potentiation (LTP) of the nicotinic pathway of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is remarkably similar to that of the hippocampus which has been shown to involve nitric oxide (NO). We investigated a similar possible involvement of NO in the LTP of the SCG of the rat. Treatment of ganglia with the NO-synthase inhibitor NG-nitro- l -arginine ( l -NOARG, 10 μM) blocked LTP at the maintenance phase. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Homochiral Selectivity in RNA Synthesis: Montmorillonite-catalyzed Quaternary Reactions of D, L-Purine with D, L- Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Selective adsorption of D, L-ImpA with D, L-ImpU on the platelets of montmorillonite demonstrates an important reaction pathway for the origin of homochirality in RNA synthesis. Our earlier studies have shown that the individual reactions of D, L-ImpA or D, L-ImpU on montmorillonite catalyst produced oligomers which were only partially inhibited by the incorporation of both D- and L-enantiomers. Homochirality in these reactions was largely due to the formation of cyclic dimers that cannot elongate. We investigated the quaternary reactions of D, L-ImpA with D, L-ImpU on montmorillonite. The chain length of these oligomers increased from 9-mer to 11-mer as observed by HPLC, with a concominant increase in the yield of linear dimers and higher oligomers in the reactions involving D, L-ImpA with D, L-ImpU as compared to the similar reactions carried out with D-enantiomers only. The formation of cyclic dimers of U was completely inhibited in the quaternary reactions. The yield of cyclic dimers of A was reduced from 60% to 10% within the dimer fraction. 12 linear dimers and 3 cyclic dimers were isolated and characterized from the quaternary reaction. The homochirality and regioselectivity of dimers were 64.1% and 71.7%, respectively. Their sequence selectivity was shown by the formation of purine-pyrimidine (54–59%) linkages, followed by purine-purine (29–32%) linkages and pyrimidine-pyrimidine (9–13%) linkages. Of the 16 trimers detected, 10 were homochiral with an overall homochirality of 73–76%. In view of the greater homochirality, sequence- and regio- selectivity, the quaternary reactions on montmorillonite demonstrate an unexpectedly favorable route for the prebiotic synthesis of homochiral RNA compared with the separate reactions of enantiomeric activated mononucleotides.
Considering the Role of Conditioning in Sexual Orientation

The effects of learning on sexual orientation are rarely addressed in the literature. At the very least, such processes provide a means of elaborating upon orientation predispositions. Some aspects of our mates may inherently elicit a sexual response, but other attributes do so only after sexual experience with them. Animal research shows robust, direct effects of conditioning processes on partner preference with a few studies showing plasticity in preference for sex of partner. Descriptive research in humans suggests effects of experience on partner preference and, although experimental demonstrations of human sexual conditioning are neither numerous nor robust, sexual arousal is conditionable in women and men. With modern developments in learning theory (e.g., expectancy learning and evaluative conditioning), it seems appropriate to renew the investigation of contributions and limitations of conditioning processes to explaining how cues acquire erotic value and to attempt some integration between the sexual conditioning literature and research on sexual orientation or more generally sexual partner preference.
Solar-cycle dependence of the Sun's apparent radius in the neutral iron spectral line at 525 nm

SPACE-BASED observations have established that the Sun's irradiance varies with solar magnetic activityl-4. A fraction of this variability arises from the increased area of cool gas associated with sunspots, which decreases irradiance; but on average the blocking effect of sunspots is more than offset by the increased emission from photospheric faculae and other effects of magnetic activity5 (although the precise contributions of these opposing effects remain poorly constrained6,7). Here we show that the apparent radius of the Sun, when viewed in the spectral line of neutral iron at 525 nm, also varies in phase with solar magnetic activity. This variation probably results from changes in the temperature profile of the Sun's atmosphere with the solar cycle. If similar behaviour is found for other spectral lines, changes in the apparent radius of the Sun could account for a significant fraction (~20%) of the total irradiance variations.
Crystal Structure of Amylose Triacetate: A Nonintegral Helix

The x-ray diffraction diagram of an oriented fiber of amylose triacetate I, presenting evidence for a nonintegral helical structure, was analyzed by a model and by Fourier transform calculation. The results suggest a helical structure with 4.67 ± 0.02 residues per one turn of the helix, which appears to be left-handed.
A method for determination of rate constants in enzyme reactions

Abstract This paper describes a special technique developed to determine the kinetic rate constants for a certain type of enzyme mechanism. It is demonstrated that one of the desired rate constants has a linear dependence on the Michealis constant. By varying the initial conditions of the enzyme reaction, the slope of this linear dependence can be varied. With this information one obtains a family of lines whose intersection point is the correct rate constant and Michealis constant. A discussion of some of the errors is also considered.
Site-directed mutagenesis defines a domain in the gonadotropin alpha-subunit required for assembly with the chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit.

hCG, LH, FSH, and TSH are a family of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones that share a common alpha-subunit, but differ in their hormone-specific beta-subunits. Using site-directed mutagenesis and gene transfer, we studied the region in the common alpha-subunit that has been implicated in the assembly with the beta-subunits. The wild-type or mutated alpha-gene was cotransfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells with the wild-type hCG beta gene. Deletion of the sequence Pro38-Thr39-Pro40 or a change in Tyr37 or Thr39 in the alpha-subunit eliminated or reduced combination with the beta-subunit. Deletion of the sequence Leu41-Arg42-Ser43 had little effect on hCG dimer formation. Disruption of the disulfide bone in the carboxyl end of the subunit did not affect assembly, which suggests that the disulfide bond of Cys59 and Cys87 is not critical for dimer formation. Based on our data and the previously published results from several laboratories, the region encompassed by amino acids 37-40 is a key determinant i...
Oceanographic lidar profiles compared with estimates from in situ optical measurements

Oceanographic lidar profiles measured in an aerial survey were compared with in situ measurements of water optical properties made from a surface vessel. Experimental data were collected over a two-week period in May 2010 in East Sound, Washington. Measured absorption and backscatter coefficients were used with the volume-scattering function in a quasi-single-scattering model to simulate an idealized lidar return, and this was convolved with the measured instrument response to accurately reproduce the measured temporal behavior. Linear depth-dependent depolarization from the water column and localized depolarization from scattering layers are varied to fine tune the simulated lidar return. Sixty in situ measurements of optical properties were correlated with nearly collocated and coincident lidar profiles; our model yielded good matches (±3 dB to a depth of 12 m) between simulated and measured lidar profiles for both uniform and stratified waters. Measured attenuation was slightly higher (5%) than diffuse attenuation for the copolarized channel and slightly lower (8%) for the cross-polarized channel.
Positive peak identification in liquid chromatography using absorbance ratioing with a variable-wavelength spectrophotometric detector

It is frequently necessary to confirm the identification of component peaks isolated in high-performance liquid chromatograms. The UV spectrum of the pure compound is usually a very powerful signature for most compounds. For liquid chromatographic instruments that permit stop-flow operation, a simple approximation is obtained with a variable wavelength UV detector by determining the absorbance ratios at several specific wavelengths to characterize the compound. If the wavelengths are well chosen, these absorbance ratios provide a very specific and a very reliable technique for peak identification. The absorbance ratios are independent of the concentration of the compounds in the detector flow cell. Identity or purity of individual peaks can be confirmed when absorbance ratios are taken from the peaks of individually injected pure standards. Flow can be stopped several times on the leading and trailing edges of broad peaks, and ratios calculated. If the ratios are identical, the peak can be considered to be pure; if ratios differ, the presence of unresolved components can be suspected. Stop-flow ratioing can be performed during gradient elution: standards are injected under rapid elution conditions and the resulting ratios are compared with those of the peaks from the gradient run. Ratios are found to be identical for similar components, regardless of the differences in retention time, thus providing rapid identification of the compounds in the gradient chromatogram. Factors that influence the overall precision of the method are: ability to stop and re-start eluent flow without loss of chromagraphic efficiency, ability to obtain numerical absorbance data from the detector, the wavelength repeatability of the detector, and the requirement that the detector cell design allow slow interruptions without baseline upset.
Syntheses of aminoalcohol-derived macrocycles leading to a small-molecule binder to and inhibitor of Sonic Hedgehog.

We report the synthesis and biological activity of a library of aminoalcohol-derived macrocycles from which robotnikinin (17), a binder to and inhibitor of Sonic Hedgehog, was derived. Using an asymmetric alkylation to set a key stereocenter and an RCM reaction to close the macrocycle, we were able to synthesize compounds for testing. High-throughput screening via small-molecule microarray (SMM) technology led to the discovery of a compound capable of binding ShhN. Follow-up chemistry led to a library of macrocycles with enhanced biological activity relative to the original hit compounds. Differences in ring size and stereochemistry, leading to alterations in the mode of binding, may account for differences in the degree of biological activity. These compounds are the first ones reported that inhibit Shh signaling at the ShhN level.
Formation of Metallophosphenium Cluster Complexes: Synthesis and Structure of Cp(Ph)[N(SiMe3)2]†

The reaction of [(Me3Si)2N](Ph)PW(CO)2Cp with Fe2(CO)9 produces in good yield the bimetallic compound Cp(Ph)[N(SiMe3)2] that was characterized by mass spectrometry, IR, 1H-, and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular structure consists of Fe(CO)3 and CpW(CO)2 fragments joined by a bridging CO ligand and a phosphenium ion fragment which comprise a four-membered bicyclic structure.
IRON DEFICIENCY AMONG INCARCERATED JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

A population of 163 incarcerated delinquents, 126 males and 37 females ages 12-18 years, was studied to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency; and to compare Hgb, MCV, SF, and EP/Hgb as predictors of response to iron therapy. Thirty-two percent of females and 6% of males had SF ≤ 12 ng/ml; 51% of females and 24% of males had SF ≤ 20 ng/ml. The mean SF was 17.7 ng/ml for females and 29.2 ng/ml for males. Of the 163 subjects, 53 were at risk for iron deficiency based on SF, Hgb, EP/Hgb, or MCV criteria. Twenty-one completed treatment with iron and 9 had a greater than 1 gm rise in Hgb. The following tests identified responders: SF ≤ 12 ng/ml -5/9; SF ≤ 20 ng/ml - 9/9; Hgb≤3rd percentile - 4/9; Hgb≤10th percentile - 7/9; MCV ≤10th percentile - 2/9; EP/Hgb≥3.0 ug/gm Hgb - 2/9; EP/Hgb≥2.5 ug/gm Hgb - 4/9. SF ≤ 20 ng/ml had a false positive rate of 57%. Hgb≤10th percentile and EP/Hgb≥ 2.5 ug/gm Hgb had no false positives. Iron deficiency and iron responsive anemia are common problems among incarcerated juvenile delinquents, particularly among women and Native Americans of both sexes. SF ≤20 ng/ml offers the most sensitive screening test for detecting iron responsive anemia, but has poor specificity. Hgb≤ 10th percentile is an alternative screening test which is more available, less expensive, nearly as sensitive, and more specific. EP/Hgb≥2.5 ug/gm Hgb, MCV ≤10th percentile, SF ≤12 ng/ml, and Hgb≤3rd percentile did not prove to be good screening tests because of poor sensitivity.