cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A color metallographic technique for studying microstructural reproducibility in martensitic transformations

In the study of martensitic transformations, particularly thermoelastic martensitic transformations, it is of some importance to determine the extent of microstructural reproducibility during thermal cycling. Although it has long been known that martensite plates can form over and over again at the same location, such observations are qualitative in nature. The present communication reports a color technique which very accurately permits the extent of microstructure reproducibility to be assessed. [1] The specimen for study was an Fe-24 at % Pt alloy which was ordered for 200 hours at 550°C. Following the ordering treatment the Ms temperature is depressed below room temperature, but the martensite is thermoelastic and reverses completely during heating. Thus the behavior during subsequent cooling runs can be determined. Figures 1 (a-g), photographed at 135°C, are surface relief micrographs which show the results obtained. The appearance at the end of the 1st and 2nd cycles is shown in (a) and (b) respectively (the light and dark regions correspond to martensite plates with different tilts). These and additional cycles were further studied in the following way. Positive black and white slides were made from each micrograph. Then, slides from any two subsequent cycles were placed in a dual loading projector with a beam splitter. One slide was filtered with red and the other with green, and a single composite image was projected on a screen and photographed in color. Thus, regions of the specimen which transformed identically during the two cycles appear yellow or black, while regions which are different appear as red or green. Figure 1 (c) shows the result comparing the 1st and 2nd cycles; (d) the 3rd and 4th cycles; (e) the 10th and l l th cycles; (f) the 20th and 21st cycles; and (g) the 30th and 31st cycles. As can be seen the presence of the red and green colors progressively decreases, and essentially a
Empirically Augmented Density Functional Theory for Predicting Lattice Energies of Aspirin, Acetaminophen Polymorphs, and Ibuprofen Homochiral and Racemic Crystals

Lattice energies of drug crystals are closely associated with many important physicochemical properties including polymorphism of the crystals. Current quantum mechanical methods that can be applied to calculate the lattice energy of most drug crystals are not capable of fully considering the van der Waals interaction energy, a dominant component in the lattice energy. Herein, we report the results of using empirically augmented quantum mechanical methods for predicting the lattice energies of selected drug crystals. Long-range van der Waals energies were evaluated by atom–atom pairwise C 6 R −6 functions that were damped at short interatomic distance where interatomic interactions could be better evaluated by density functional theory (DFT). The atomic C 6 coefficients were taken from literature, and three damping functions were tested. For the quantum mechanical calculations, different basis sets were tested with aspirin as the model system. Basis set superposition error (BSSE) was considered. In addition to aspirin, acetaminophen Form I and Form II, and s(+)- and (±)-ibuprofen were calculated and the results were compared to experimental values. Experimentally determined single crystal structures were optimized prior to both empirical and DFT energy calculations. Lattice energies calculated by the empirically augmented quantum mechanical methods are in very good agreement with experimental values, suggesting the approach is acceptable. The results also indicate that the long-range van der Waals or dispersion energy is a significant part of the lattice energy, which cannot be accurately estimated by the DFT methods alone. Due to the empirical nature for estimating the dispersion energy, choosing the right empirical parameters is crucial. The methods and parameters tested seem to be able to produce reliable values of lattice energies of the drug crystals.
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is the reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the first and/or second division of the trigeminal nerve. The dermatome served by the trigeminal nerve is a common site for reactivation, second only to the thoracic dermatomes, with approximately 250,000 cases of HZO annually in the United States [1, 2]. Several studies have demonstrated a steadily increased incidence of HZO over the past two decades. In one study of Medicare enrollees, the incidence of HZO was found to increase from 1.7 per 1000 in 1993 to 4.4 per 1000 in 2006 [3]. There are several possible explanations for this rise in incidence including the aging population, increased number of immunocompromised patients, and introduction of the varicella vaccination. It has been hypothesized that VZV reactivates in the setting of waning T cell immunity, as occurs with aging (greatest decline in immune system response occurs in the fifth to seventh decade of life) and immunocompromised (from HIV, blood dyscrasias, and the use of immunosuppressant medications) [4]. While the introduction of a mandatory two-dose varicella vaccination program in the United States in 2006 has been suggested to reduce repeat exposure to VZV and therefore limit natural immune boosting against VZV in adults [5–8], this is by no means an accepted theory. Additional details on this subject are presented in Chap. 2. Herpes zoster reactivation has never reliably been shown to have a racial or gender predilection.
THE GENUS GLUSIA (GUTTIFERAE) IN SURINAME

The precursor studies1) and floristic treatment of P.J. Eyma of the Guttiferae of Suriname2) exhibited a remarkably keen insight into the biology and taxonomy of this rather complicated family. Particularly this is true of the genus Clusia, which is the concern of this paper, and for which even yet the overall biology is indeed too little known. In the Flora of Surinam (1.c.) Eyma admitted eleven species. Now, as a result of more field activity from which much new material has been derived, there can be credited to Suriname fourteen species, of which three have been collected in that country subsequent to the studies of Eyma. Name changes are required for two species.
Allocation of Test Effort for Minimum Variance of Reliability

This paper is concerned with the problem of determining the optimal allocation of test effort among individual components of a system. Using knowledge of the relationship between component uncertainty and system uncertainty, and component and system test costs, the test allocation is determined so as to minimize the variance of an estimator of overall system reliability. The optimal allocations for a series system and a parallel system are examined as special cases. The sensitivity of the optimal allocation is examined with respect to differences in system configuraition.
Some observations concerning the friction and wear characteristics of sliding systems involving cast ceramic

Abstract A study has been performed to determine if cast ceramic parts can provide desirable wear characteristics in high-speed mechanisms. While economically advanageous for production of small, complicated parts, key factors in utilization of cast ceramics is their friction and wear characteristics when sliding against similar ceramics, hardened steel or other hard surfaces. This study showed that the wear in a steel- ceramic system is primarily governed by the transfer of steel to the ceramic part and that this wear can be quite severe. The ceramic-ceramic mode of wear was found to be predominately surface fatigue. The surface finish of the ceramic affects the wear of the steel in the ceramic-steel system but only in the initial stages of wear whereas the surface finish of the ceramic-ceramic and ceramic-tungsten carbide systems influenced the wear throughout the entire wear test range.
Preliminary observations on a glucose-6-phosphate-hydrolyzing enzyme in secretory cells: a light microscopic study.

A glucose-6-phosphate-hydrolyzing enzyme was localized histochemically in a variety of secretory cells of the rat. Cells exhibiting enzyme activity include thyroid and parafollicular cells, parathyroid and secretory epithelium of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Clusters of ganglion cells underlying these organs are also heavily reactive. In its cytoplasmic staining pattern and its ability to hydrolyze glucose-6-phosphate, the enzyme activity localized in these secretory cells appears similar to glucose-6-phosphatase found in liver and kidney.
Development, validation and application of an HPLC method for phenol electrooxidation products in the presence of chloride

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated to determine phenol and potential intermediates from hydroxylation (hydroquinone, benzoquinone, catechol) and hypochlorination (2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,3,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) pathways during electrooxidation in the presence of chloride. A Hypersil ODS column (150 mm L × 4.6 mm I.D.) was used for the separation. The best separation was achieved when using a time variant gradient between a water mobile phase (with 0.1% formic acid adjusted to pH 3.0 with 0.1 mM sulfuric acid) and an organic phase (90:5:5 by volume mixture of acetonitrile:methanol:acetic acid). The flow rate was 0.8 mL min−1 and UV absorbance was monitored at 270, 280, 290 and 300 nm, choosing the wavelength of strongest response for each compound. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were tested using five replicates e...
1-Allyl-3-propylthiourea modified mesoporous silica for mercury removal

1-Allyl-3-propylthiourea modified mesoporous silica has high adsorption capacity for mercury ions and its regeneration can be accomplished by washing with 10% thiourea in aqueous 0.05 M HCl.
Cooling effectiveness of slot injection into a turbulent boundary layer

The cooling effectiveness of injection through multiple flush slots at an angle of 10 deg was studied experimentally in a wind tunnel. Air was injected from one to four slots into a turbulent Mach 6 boundary layer. The slot mass flow ratio is defined, and data which describe the dependence of the cooling effectiveness on the slot mass flow ratio are presented. Experimental values are indicated graphically for various cases of single and multiple slot injection, where the total mass injection (i.e., the sum of flow rates from each slot) is the same for each case. The results show that, for a given coolant mass flow rate, thermal protection over the maximum surface area can be accomplished best by injecting the coolant flow through multiple slots.
The attractiveness halo: Why some candidates are perceived more favorably than others

Olivola and Todorov (Elected in 100 milliseconds: appearance-based trait inferences and voting. J Nonverbal Behav, 2010) provide a convincing demonstration that competence ratings based on 1-second exposures to paired photos of US congressional candidates predict election outcomes at better than chance levels. However, they do not account for variation in competence judgments. In their analysis, Olivola and Todorov show that attractiveness, familiarity, babyfacedness and age are proximal predictors of vote choice, but find that after controlling for competence these factors no longer reliably influence the margin of electoral victory. Drawing on well-documented halo effects of attractiveness on character-based inferences and the extensive literature on mere exposure effects, we re-organize Olivola and Todorov’s analysis into a simple path model to explore the causal ordering of these factors. We find that spontaneous assessments of attractiveness and familiarity occur prior to attributions of competence, and thus exert a downstream effect on judgments of competence.
Economic Freedom and Beauty Pageant Success in the World

Beauty pageants are ubiquitous around the world, and their importance in many cultures is indisputable. This paper empirically examines those factors that contribute to beauty pageant success in a cross-national setting. Our analysis pays particular attention to the role of market liberalism, i.e., economic freedom, in the process. The results indicate that nations with higher economic freedom scores are underrepresented among Miss Universe semifinalists after controlling for other relevant determinants.
Effects of decreased availability of glucose for dairy cows

After a preliminary trial to establish dose responses to phlorizin, five Holstein cows at 6 wk postpartum were used to test the response of cows in negative energy balance to a sudden decrease in availability of glucose caused by phlorizin. Cows were fed equal amounts of feed twice daily to supply 100% of NRC recommendations for protein and 90% of NRC recommendations for NEL and were in negative energy balance throughout the experiment. Phlorizin at 0, 2, and 4 g/d was injected subcutaneously in equal amounts every 6 h for 48 h and caused excretion of 0, 225, and 337 g/d of glucose in urine. Milk production was not decreased, but percentage of milk fat increased linearly (3.34, 3.56, and 3.70%) with increasing phlorizin. Concentrations of glucose (64.2, 62.6, and 59.4 mg/dl) and insulin (518, 432, and 329 pg/ml) in blood plasma decreased linearly, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate (6.11, 8.88, and 9.98 mg/dl) and NEFA (181, 220, and 271 mu eq/L) increased linearly. The changes were most dramatic during the final 12 h of the 48-h injection interval. Healthy, early lactation cows in negative energy balance seem to have the capacity to make metabolic adjustments to provide adequate substrates for maintenance and milk synthesis and to compensate for short-term increased needs for glucose.
Microscopy, electrochemistry, and conductivity analyzer (MECA) payload on Mars '07 Phoenix lander

The Mars environmental compatibility assessment (MECA), originally sponsored by NASA's Human Exploration and Development of Space Office, was planned to be launched as payload on the 2001 Mars surveyor lander which was cancelled as a result of the Mars climate orbiter and Mars polar lander failures in 1999. As originally planned, MECA was designed to analyze Martian soil for properties that might pose hazards to future astronauts. Renamed the microscopy, electrochemistry, and conductivity analyzer, MECA is now a payload on the Mars Phoenix lander, scheduled for launch in 2007
The Earth's Mantle: Evidence of Non-Newtonian Flow

Recent information from experimentally deformed dunite coupled with a reanalysis of data on the Fennoscandian postglacial rebound suggest that the rheological behavior of the upper mantle is distinctly non-Newtonian, and that the shear strain rate is proportional to the shear stress raised to about the third power.
Activation of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Protease

The catalytic efficiency of the mature HSV-1 protease has been examined as a function of solvent composition. With the peptide substrate HTYLQASEKFKMWG-amide, the specificity constant (kcat/Km) at pH 7.5 for cleavage is 5.2 M-1 s-1. This value increases to 38 M-1 s-1 when 25% glycerol is present in the reaction mixture. It was found that glycerol activation is but one case of the general phenomenon of HSV-1 protease activation by kosmotropes, or water structure-forming cosolvents. For example, an 860-fold increase in the protease activity (kcat/Km = 4500 M-1 s-1) occurs in the presence of 0.8 M sodium citrate. Similarly, the presence of 0.8 M sodium phosphate activates the catalytic efficiency by 420-fold (kcat/Km = 2200 M-1 s-1). The extent of HSV-1 protease activation by various anions correlates with the Hofmeister series. Both the susceptibility to proteolysis by trypsin and the protein fluorescence spectra of the HSV-1 protease change in the presence of activating solvents, suggesting a conformational change accompanying activation.
Changes in sleep cycle patterns with age

Abstract An analysis of data by sleep cycle was carried out for the main variables concerning sleep with EEG slow waves (SSW), sleep with rapid eye movements, and awakenings. Data were presented for six age groups with mean ages of 7·4, 13·8, 21·6, 31·5, 55·3, 77·3 yr. While these data represent the first detailed statistical description of cycle changes with age, the results obtained are consistent with earlier observations. For SSW pronounced age changes occured in the first cycle; durations and rates of change across cycles 2–5 were highly similar for all six age groups. The changes with age in cycle 1 were attributed to the changing level of stage 4 EEG with age. Except for the oldest group, SREMP durations increased from cycle 1 to cycle 3, after which there was little change. In elderly subjects, the first SREMP was equal in length to succeeding periods. The trends across the night for eye movement activity were similar to those for SREMP duration; i.e., these trends showed increases from the first to third cycle for all groups except the oldest. It was suggested that the trends in sleep pattern across the night have significant implications for the brain processes which underlie the electrophysiological manifestations of sleep. A speculative hypothesis was advanced to account for the cyclical nature of sleep, the trends in cycles across the night, and the effects of age on these variables. This hypothesis proposes that the function of sleep with rapid eye movements is to provide a substrate or co-factor required to promote maximal occurrence of sleep with slow waves. Many data in the literature may be viewed as consistent with this hypothesis.
Hidden Markov models and morphological neural networks for GPR-based land mine detection

Previous results with Hidden Markov models showed that they could be used to perform reliable classification between mines and background/clutter under a variety of conditions. Since the, new features have been defined and continuous models have been implemented. In this paper, new results are presented for applying them to calibration lane GPR data obtained during the vehicle mounted mine detection (VMMD) Advanced Technology Demonstrations. Morphological Neural Networks can be trained to perform feature extraction and detection simultaneously. Generalizing these networks to incorporate Choquet Integrals provides the added capability of robustness and improved feature learning. These features can provide complementary information compared to those generate by humans. Result of applying these networks to calibration lane GPR data from the VMMD Advanced Technology Demonstrations are provided. Combinations of the various methodologies with previously developed algorithms are also evaluated.
Maximum rate single-phase clocking of a closed pipeline including wave pipelining, stoppability, and startability

Aggressive design using level-sensitive latches and wave pipelining has been proposed to meet the increasing need for higher performance digital systems. The optimal clocking problem for such designs has been formulated using an accurate timing model. However, this problem has been difficult to solve because of its nonconvex solution space. The best algorithms to date employ linear programs to solve an overconstrained case that has a convex solution space, yielding suboptimal solutions to the general problem. A new efficient (cubic complexity) algorithm, Gpipe, exploits the geometric characteristics of the full nonconvex solution space to determine the maximum single-phase clocking rate for a closed pipeline with a specified degree of wave pipelining. Introducing or increasing wave pipelining by permanently enabling some latches is also investigated. Sufficient conditions have been found to identify which latches can be removed in this fashion so as to guarantee no decrease and permit a possible increase in the clock rate. Although increasing the degree of wave pipelining can result, in faster clocking, wave pipelining is often avoided in design due to difficulties in stopping and restarting the pipeline under stall conditions without losing data or in reduced rate testing of the circuit. To solve this problem, which has not previously been addressed, we present conditions and implementation methods that insure the stoppability and restartability of a wave pipeline.
The Past, Present, and Future of Water Conflict and International Security

: Water stress and scarcity has affected, and will continue to affect, the stability of communities. An overview of global water security challenges indicates profound difficulties and potential flashpoints. There are many examples of struggles in supplying clean water throughout the world, and how water has been both a strategic tool and object of conflict in the past. Water has been an instrument of ethnic and religious conflict, and has recently been used in regional and local clashes. Transboundary water disputes are also potentially dangerous in several regions of the world and stresses from climate change and variability increase the uncertainty of clean water supplies. Potential ways to move positively forward and increase international security include: anticipating future regions of conflict over water, cooperation among water users, proper policy and regulatory structures, and infrastructure solutions.
Planting date and staggered seeding of rye-vetch mixtures: Biomass, nitrogen, and legume winter survival

Mixtures of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and the legume hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) are used to provide fixed N in balance with other important cover crop services, but late planting and interference from rye can limit vetch productivity. This 2-yr study in Michigan investigated how fall planting dates influence rye–vetch cover crop biomass quantity and quality in the spring, and evaluated whether staggering (delaying) rye seeding could improve vetch performance (biomass production, N fixation, and winter survival) in mixtures. Treatments consisted of a two-way factorial of three vetch planting dates (late August, mid-September, and late September) and three lengths of rye seeding stagger (co-seeded, short stagger, and long stagger). Later planting of co-seeded mixtures generally led to reduced total shoot biomass and lower proportions of vetch, resulting in cover crop residues with less vetch N and a higher total C/N. For earlier planting dates, delaying rye seeding until vetch emergence (short stagger) increased vetch shoot biomass by 760 to 1060 kg ha–¹ (30–36 kg vetch N ha–¹) relative to co-seeding. Staggered seeding provided no benefit to vetch biomass at later planting dates, and delaying rye seeding until the vetch three to four leaf stage (long stagger) reduced vetch winter survival by 12 to 42% compared with co-seeding. Additional research is needed to determine whether potential on-farm benefits of rye–vetch staggered seeding justify the additional management complexity involved and possible tradeoffs with other cover crop services.
Pancreatic biopsies in type 1 diabetes: revisiting the myth of Pandora's box.

Over a century ago, inquisitive physicians made remarkable discoveries regarding pancreatic pathology in individuals with diabetes, including those who were likely afflicted with the type 1 (autoimmune) form of the disease. Those studies of post-mortem tissues noted unique anatomical changes in islet architecture as well as the presence of unusual cellular infiltrates. In the time since, investigations of pancreatic pathology have, with near uniformity, been restricted to analysis of organs obtained post-mortem. While clearly beneficial for addressing questions of the disorder’s pathogenesis, concern exists regarding potential artefacts that might occur through analysis of tissues that have been recovered hours, often many hours, following death. Beyond this, studies of tissues obtained long after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes may not disclose important physiological events occurring at onset or even earlier in the natural history of disease, before symptomatic hyperglycaemia. To this end, Krogvold and colleagues (in this issue of Diabetologia, doi:10.1007/s00125-013-3155-y) undertook a potentially high-reward strategy involving pancreatic biopsy in living adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Procedures were performed under informed consent, undertaken based on recent improvements in laparoscopic techniques, and carried out by individuals with considerable surgical experience. These efforts were terminated for ethical reasons following the occurrence of serious complications (including post-operative bleeding and pancreatic leakage). The experience lends itself to analogy with the Greek myth of Pandora’s box where curiosity, in terms of a desire to see what resided inside a closed container, unleashed a series of ills on humans once the container was opened. In considering the moral of that myth, one must question whether the secrets of the pancreas in those living with type 1 diabetes should, for now, remain a mystery as the process of manipulating that organ for the purpose of curiosity does not occur without harm.
TRANSMISSION OF SOME SPECIES OF INTERNAL PARASITES IN HORSES BORN IN 1993,1994, AND 1995 ON THE SAME PASTURE ON A FARM IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY

Abstract Data are presented on the last 3 years of a 7-year study (1989–1995) on transmission of natural infections of internal parasites in horse foals (n = 27) born in 1993, 1994, and 1995 on the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky. The foals were in a closed breeding herd of horses. Research on the first 4 years (1989–1992) of the study was published earlier (Lyons et al., 1991, 1994). Thirty-five species of endoparasites were identified, including 24 species of small strongyles. Monthly, seasonal, and host-age transmission patterns were elucidated for the parasites. Comparison of data between the first 4 years and last 3 years of the study indicates similarities, but also differences, including an increase in prevalence and numbers of Thelazia lacrymalis and Anoplocephala perfoliata.
Predictive value of blood cultures.

The rising incidence of immunocompromised-patient infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonvirulent and indigenous to normal flora has focused attention on the contamination rate of blood cultures. This contamination is usually a consequence of the mode of collection or processing within the laboratory. The contamination rates of blood cultures usually are reported to a hospital's quality assurance component and to the medical staff. In addition, the identification of organisms isolated from blood cultures is reported to the physician, regardless of whether the organism isolated is a contaminant or the infectious agent. Consequently, reporting positive blood cultures that reflect contamination in certain cases may trigger some physicians to initiate prompt antibacterial therapy. The contamination rate of the blood culture has, therefore, a serious impact on medical consequences as well as on resource use.
Understanding ethnomethodology: A remedy for some common misconceptions

The discipline of ethnomethodology has generated tremendous interest and controversy. This interest is reflected in efforts to bring ethnomethodologists together with persons engaged in more conventional areas of sociology (Denzin, 1970; Hill & Crittenden, 1968), through book and journal articles about ethnomethodology and ethnomethodologists (Gidlow, 1972; Mullins, 1973; Rhoads, 1977; Skidmore, 1977; Tyler, 1974), and in the inclusion of ethnomethodology as a topic in introductory texts (Bailey, 1978; Demerath & Marwell, 1976; Lauer & Handel, 1977). At times, the controversy surrounding ethnomethodology has taken an adversarial form, resulting in critiques by non-ethnomethodologists (Coleman, 1968; Coser, 1975). Although introductory texts on ethnomethodology have recently become available (Handel, 1981; Leiter, 1980; Mehan & Wood, 1975), most ethnomethodologists prefer "doing the work" to writing about it. As a result, the majority of interested parties obtain their information about ethnomethodology from secondary sources, especially reviews by non-
Patterns of procedure-specific radiation exposure in the endovascular era: impetus for further innovation.

Objective Although patient preference and outcome data support continued development and use of minimally invasive endovascular therapies, only a few studies have documented radiation exposure to the patient. This report summarizes patient radiation exposure by endovascular procedure at Cleveland Clinic. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of all endovascular procedures during a 30-month period. Procedures were categorized as infrarenal aortic aneurysm (IAA), isolated thoracic aneurysm (TA), visceral occlusive intervention, renal artery intervention, cerebrovascular intervention, cerebrovascular and lower extremity diagnostic, atherectomy, and lower extremity intervention. Radiation exposure was categorized by procedure. The estimated skin dose (ESD, mGy) and effective dose (ED, mSv) were calculated. Total computed tomography (CT) scans were tabulated for patients undergoing aneurysm stent grafting, and the cumulative ED was estimated. Statistical analyses were done with Kruskal-Wallis tests to detect overall differences, Wilcoxon rank sum exact tests for paired comparisons, and the Bonferroni post hoc test for group comparison. Results Fluoroscopy times were recorded in 2103 endovascular procedures. The more complex the procedure, the longer the fluoroscopy time and ESD. Patients undergoing atherectomy had significantly higher ESD, at 1260 mGy (900, 1542; P P P P Conclusions The increasing complexity of endovascular interventions has resulted in increased radiation exposure to all involved, with the highest doses occurring in aneurysm repairs. Future innovations should concentrate on reducing the risk of radiation exposure to all personnel and developing newer imaging techniques.
Value of capacity pooling in supply chains with heterogeneous customers

We investigate the value of pooling capacity in supply chains that serve product demands of different variabilities. We build and analyze models that integrate production queuing models with base stock inventory systems serving demands with different inter-arrival time distributions. The first model combines hyperexponential and exponential demand inter-arrival time distributions. Exact analysis of the model allows us to develop insights into the impact of the difference in demand variabilities on the value of pooling capacity. Simulation experiments allow us to validate these insights for more general settings. We then find one special case that combines exponential and deterministic demand arrivals with deterministic service, where pooling capacity results in increasing the total cost.
Some EPI reliability estimates.

Summary The stability of the EPI over one month was estimated with 80 American university students, separately by sex (40 males, 40 females). The estimates for the extraversion-introversion (E-I), neuroticism (N) and lie scales ranged from 0.50 to 0.87. Reliability data (alternate-forms) from other sources were compared to the present results. It was concluded that the EPI has demonstrated generally high reliability for a personality measure, with reservations where the lie scale is concerned, and that the E-I scale alternate-forms, but not test-retest, reliability was generally lower than that for the N scale, suggesting that the alternate-forms are somewhat more equivalent for N than for E-I.
Sampling ISP Backbone Topologies

Large computer networks are too large to emulate or actually reproduce in conventional lab environments. Graph generation/reduction techniques have been a valuable tool to solve this limitation. However, current techniques focus on local features (e.g. router out-degree, clustering coefficient, traffic difference between edges for building a hierarchy) that do not preserve router-level backbone geographical/hierarchical features or the end-to-end delay between any arbitrary points. This letter proposes a geographical-based reduction mechanism that enables emulation in lab settings while preserving the global features of typical backbone networks. The performance evaluation is based on six inferred ISP backbone maps.
Current state of biomarker development for clinical application in epithelial ovarian cancer

Each year in the United States over 15,000 women die of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and 22,000 are diagnosed with the disease. The incidence of ovarian cancer has remained stable over the past decade however, survival rates have improved steadily. Increases in survival rates can be attributed to the advances in surgical management, development of effective cytotoxic drugs and the route of administration of chemotherapy. Ovarian cancer survival rates could also be improved through screening and early detection. Disappointingly, effective screening methods have not been established and continue to be elusive. Historically the goal of a screening test was to achieve a positive predictive value (PPV) greater than 10% in order be considered cost effective and have an acceptable risk for the population being screened. Despite the inability of currently available screening algorithms to achieve the desired PPV there may be an advantage in producing a stage migration to lower stages at the time of diagnoses, thereby resulting in improved survival. Equally important recent studies have demonstrated that women who have their initial surgery performed by gynecologic oncologists, and women who have their surgeries at centers experienced in the treatment of ovarian cancer have higher survival rates. For these reasons it is essential that all women at high risk for ovarian cancer receive their initial care by gynecologic oncologists and at centers with multidisciplinary teams experienced in the optimal care of ovarian cancer patients. With this in mind, methods that facilitate the accurate triage of women who will ultimately be diagnosed with ovarian cancer could play a significant role in improving survival rates for these patients. This review article will examine the current state of biomarker use in ovarian cancer screening, risk assessment and for monitoring ovarian cancer patients.
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE ANALYSIS IN THE FORMULATION OF WHIPPED TOPPING

Computer analysis of a response surface experimental design was used to study the effect of three variables: fat (15, 18, and 21%), stabilizer (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%), and corn syrup solids (7, 10, and 13%) on the overrun and firmness of whipped topping. Response surface plots were generated by the computer for overrun and firmness of the whipped topping as a function of fat versus stabilizer at selected contents of corn syrup solids. The response models for overrun and firmness acounted for about 62% and 82% of the variation in the observed overrun and firmness values, respectively. The models also indicate that each ingredient mainly reacted independently in contributing to overrun and firmness of the topping. Response surface plots show that there were many combinations of fat, stabilizer and corn syrup solids that would produce a similar response of overrun and firmness of the whipped topping. A combination of variables can be selected by this procedure to produce an optimum whipped topping mixture on the basis of cost, availability, and convenience.
New Deal or Same Old Shuffle? The Distribution of New Deal Dollars Across Alabama

This paper examines the distribution of New Deal expenditures within the state of Alabama. Previous literature ignored within-state politics of distribution, focusing on the larger issue of distribution between states. Using previously unexploited county-level data, our results indicate that those counties whose residents enjoyed higher incomes received larger appropriations than residents of lower-income counties. In addition, evidence is presented that suggests that Alabama’s politicians’ desire for re-election helped to shape how dollars were allocated within the state.
Limited view angle tomographic image reconstruction via total variation minimization

In tomosynthesis, cone-beam projection data are acquired from a few of view angles, which are not sufficient for an exact reconstruction of an image object using state-of-the-art image reconstruction algorithms. In the case of parallel-beam projections, the well-known projection-slice theorem may be utilized to transform the parallel-beam projections into the Fourier space of an image object. Due to the limited range of view angles, the available projection data can only populate a portion of Fourier space. Moreover, the angular sampling rate of the populated portion of the Fourier space may not satisfy the Nyquist criterion. Thus, reconstructed images using direct Fourier inversion contain severe streaking and distortion artifacts. In this paper, we present a novel image reconstruction method via minimizing the total variation (TV) of the reconstructed image for limited view angle X-ray computed tomography. Specifically, the missing data points in Fourier space, due to either the limited range or undersampling of view angles, are iteratively filled using the following two constraint conditions: (1) the total variation of the reconstructed image is minimized and (2) reconstructed image maintains fidelity to the sampled data in the Fourier space. Using analytical phantoms, numerical simulations were conducted to validate the new image reconstruction method. Images are compared with two other image reconstruction methods in terms of image artifact level and noise properties. Numerical results demonstrated that the new image reconstruction algorithm is superior to direct Fourier inversion reconstruction algorithm and the projection onto convex sets (POCS) image reconstruction algorithm.
Note on Crozier’s Neural-Availability theory

Two implications of Crozier’s Availability theory are developed. First, the population of elements of neural effect is shown to have a minimum size. Second, intensity discrimination must be mediated by progressively smaller increments in neural effect as stimulus intensity is increased-an improbable state of affairs.
Structural properties of 6 forearm ligaments.

Purpose To first determine the structural properties of 6 forearm ligaments and then to create linear and nonlinear analytical models of each ligament from these properties. Methods We nondestructively tested the annular ligament, dorsal and palmar radioulnar ligaments, and the distal, central, and proximal bands of the interosseous ligament from 7 fresh cadaver forearms in a servohydraulic testing apparatus. We performed testing with the bone–ligament–bone constructs positioned corresponding to neutral forearm rotation as well as in 45° of supination and 45° of pronation. Based on a mechanical creep test of each ligament, we computed a linear and nonlinear ligament stiffness value for each ligament. We then compared these computed analytical responses to loading with loading data when each ligament was tested at 1.0 and 0.05 mm/s. We analyzed differences among ligaments and forearm positions using 1-way and 2-way analyses of variance. Results The stiffnesses for the distal band and the dorsal radioulnar ligament were statistically less when the constructs were positioned in supination compared with neutral forearm rotation. At all forearm positions, the linear stiffness of the central band was greater than that for the distal band of the interosseous ligament, the proximal band of the interosseous ligament, and the dorsal radioulnar and palmar radioulnar ligaments. In neutral forearm rotation, the linear stiffness of the central band was statistically greater than the annular ligament. The experimental loading behavior of each ligament was better modeled by a nonlinear stiffness than a linear one. Conclusions The central band of the interosseous membrane is the stiffest stabilizing structure of the forearm. Any structure used to replace the central band or other forearm ligaments should demonstrate a nonlinear response to loading. Clinical relevance In considering a reconstruction for the forearm, the graft used should have a nonlinear response to loading and be one that is similar to the normal, original ligament.
FOS expression in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron does not increase during the ovarian steroid-induced GnRH surge in the rhesus monkey

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos, in GnRH neurons in female rhesus monkeys as a function of generation of the LH surge. Adult monkeys were either intact (n = 6) or ovariectomized (n = 10). Intact animals received estradiol benzoate (EB; 330 micrograms in oil, sc; n = 5) or oil (n = 1). Ovariectomized animals received either EB (n = 5) or EB, followed by progesterone (P; 2.5 ml in oil, im; n = 4), or oil (n = 1). Animals were killed from 31-75 h after EB treatment. Blood samples were collected to document LH release in response to steroid treatment. A surge of LH was initiated in most animals that received EB alone or EB plus P about 30 h after steroid treatment. Animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, and brain blocks encompassing the region known to contain the majority of GnRH neurons (septum through the medial basal hypothalamus) were cut on the vibratome. Sites of FOS and GnRH immunoreactivities were demonstrated using double labels with a variety of chromogens. Regardless of the time in the surge, there were very few GnRH neurons with FOS immunoreactivity in their nuclei (0-9%). FOS-positive nuclei were seen in many other neurons in various brain regions, including the suprachiasmatic and supraoptic nuclei. There were no differences in FOS expression in GnRH neurons in intact and ovariectomized animals or in steroid- or oil-treated animals. These results suggest that FOS activation in GnRH neurons is not associated with the initiation of the secretory GnRH stimulus to the LH surge in the rhesus monkey. If confirmed, these data suggest that the GnRH nerve terminal may be the primary site for the control of the GnRH surge.
Monetary reaction functions in a small open economy

Abstract Monetary reaction functions are constructed in an intertemporal optimization framework. The time-varying coefficients to be put on the variations of the exchange rate and the asset stock are then derived by solving a matrix Riccati equation. As the planning horizon extends to infinity, a related algebraic Riccati equation coincides with those derived from minimization of stationary state variances only under certain conditions. Under the assumed full information by the government, reaction functions using realized values of exogenous shocks result in dynamics that do not enjoy the same stability property as the ones obtained by explicit intertemporal optimization.
Fostering Marginalized Youths’ Political Participation: Longitudinal Roles of Parental Political Socialization and Youth Sociopolitical Development

This study examines the roles of parental political socialization and the moral commitment to change social inequalities in predicting marginalized youths’ (defined here as lower-SES youth of color) political participation. These issues are examined by applying structural equation modeling to a longitudinal panel of youth. Because tests of measurement invariance suggested racial/ethnic heterogeneity, the structural model was fit separately for three racial/ethnic groups. For each group, parental political socialization: discussion predicted youths’ commitment to produce social change and for two groups, longitudinally predicted political participation. This study contributes to the literature by examining civic/political participation among disparate racial/ethnic groups, addresses an open scholarly question (whether youths’ commitment to create social change predicts their “traditional” participation), and emphasizes parents’ role in fostering marginalized youths’ civic and political participation.
ReaxFF Reactive Force Field for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems with Application to Oxygen Ion Transport in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

We present the ReaxFF reactive force field developed to provide a first-principles-based description of oxygen ion transport through yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) membranes. All parameters for ReaxFF were optimized to reproduce quantum mechanical (QM) calculations on relevant condensed phase and cluster systems. We validated the use of ReaxFF for fuel cell applications by using it in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the oxygen ion diffusion coefficient in yttria-stabilized zirconia as a function of temperature. These values are in excellent agreement with experimental results, setting the stage for the use of ReaxFF to model the transport of oxygen ions through the YSZ electrolyte for SOFC. Because ReaxFF descriptions are already available for some catalysts (e.g., Ni and Pt) and under development for other high-temperature catalysts, we can now consider fully first-principles-based simulations of the critical functions in SOFC, enabling the possibility of in silico optimization of these materials. That is, we can now consider using theory and simulation to examine the effect of materials modifications on both the catalysts and transport processes in SOFC.
Ineffective Treatment of Refractory Melasma and Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation by Q‐switched Ruby Laser

background. Melasma and postinflammatory pigmentation are cosmetic problems with limited options for treatment. objective. To determine whether selective photothermolysis of pigmented cells by Q-switched ruby laser treatment would produce clinical benefit in these disorders. methods. Eight subjects with melasma or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation refractory to traditional treatments were treated with Q-switched ruby laser pulses (694 nm, 40 nanoseconds) at fluences of 15–7.5 J/cm2, and followed. Histology was obtained before and after treatment. results. Regardless of fluence, no permanent improvement and, in some cases, darkening was seen in each type of lesion. Except for small depression at high fluences in black patients, there were no textural changes after healing. Immediately after treatment, there was epidermal and dermal injury, with extracellular melanin. Several months later, epidermal pigmentation had returned to baseline and dermal macrophages were apparently focally increased. conclusions. The Q-switched ruby laser by itself does not provide an effective treatment for refractory melasma or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Beyond Rhetoric The ABCs of Effective Prevention Practice, Science, and Policy

Many of the serious public health problems affecting U.S. citizens and the global community can be addressed by prevention science and practice. Instructive standards or guidance for prevention work have largely been missing from the professional literature. Despite empirical evidence that prevention works, the epidemiological literature continues to reflect significant disparities in the health status of ethnic minorities and the poor. The Major Contribution by Hage and colleagues addresses this gap in the literature by offering standards for conducting meaningful and effective prevention work. This response highlights the imperatives for prevention work and other themes that deserve attention if prevention's potential impact on health is to be realized. The author discusses the necessity for training in prevention, multidisciplinary collaboration, and understanding and changing the social determinants of health. Prevention scientists must disseminate effective prevention strategies, and prevention pract...