cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Quercus hypoxantha complex (Fagaceae) in northeastern Mexico

Three new species ofQuercus are described from northeastern Mexico:Quercus hintoniorum, Q. coahuilensis, andQ. miquihuanensis. These species form a morphological complex withQ. hypoxantha, which is shown to be of much more restricted distribution than previously reported. A key to the 4 species, full descriptions, synonymy, geographic distributions and illustrations are presented.
Investigation of structural features of the pectic polysaccharides of onion by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy

Abstract The Na2CO3-soluble pectic polysaccharides of mature onions were separated by anion-exchange chromatography, and the structural features of two of the pectic polysaccharides were examined by methylation analysis and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The oligosaccharide side-chains containing β- d -galactose were (1→4)-linked and were shown to have an average, d.p. of 7–8 by methylation analysis and 8–9 by n.m.r. spectroscopy. The α- l -arabinose side-chains were (1→5)-linked and had an average d.p. of 3, as shown by methylation analysis, but it was not possible to obtain a value from the n.m.r. data.
Hypothalamic catecholamine systems in genetically obese mice (obob): decreased sensitivity to reserpine treatment.

Significantly elevated levels of hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and pituitary dopamine (DA) have been reported in genetically obese mice (obob). In the current study, significant differences were found between obese and lean mice in their response to reserpine treatment. Although reserpine produced significant decreases in hypothalamic NE content in obese mice, the NE levels in obese mice decreased more slowly over time than those in lean mice, and were always significantly higher in obese mice than in lean mice. Hypothalamic DA depletions also occurred more slowly in obese than in lean mice, but the final degree of the depletion did not differ between the two groups. The DA content of the pituitary and the NE content of several peripheral tissues (heart, kidney, spleen) were depleted equally in obese and lean mice by the reserpine treatment. The incomplete and/or delayed depletion of the hypothalamic catecholamines in the obese mice did not appear to result from the distribution of less reserpine to the hypothalamus of the obese mice, and could not be overcome by administering a high dose of reserpine to obese mice. The residual NE found in the hypothalamus of obese mice after reserpine treatment apparently was not newly synthesized because inhibition of NE synthesis in these animals failed to reduce significantly the amount of the NE excess remaining. The results indicate that although a substantial portion of the hypothalamic NE excess found in obese mice is reserpine-sensitive, the hypothalamic catecholamine systems of obese mice, when compared to those of similarly treated lean mice, respond abnormally to reserpine treatment.
‘But your body would rather have this …’: conceptualizing health through kinesthetic experience

This article provides an empirically grounded analysis of how children and adults kinesthetically recontextualize standardized, official health messages into personally meaningful, context‐specific health knowledge. The in‐depth interview research uses grounded theory methodology to analyze transcripts and a sociology of childhood framework to design a child‐centered methodological tool for collecting data with young children. Analysis demonstrates the need for further child‐centered research regarding children’s cognitive and experiential understanding of current health regimes, and discusses implications of theorizing recontextualization processes with a kinesthetic lens. Research findings include a warrant for further investigation of the biopolitical relationship between health promotion and the social body that attends to the experiential aspects of advancing moralizing health messages.
Theory of the Effect of Compensation on Turnover in Hospitality Companies

Hospitality is a labor-intensive industry where the role of human resources management is more complex than in other professional fields. While it is common for hospitality companies to focus on lowering costs by hiring inexperienced workers at minimum wages and providing meager benefits, the fact is that to reduce turnover firms should maximize investments in adequate compensation. This paper suggests a method to determine the relationship between employee compensation and turnover by way of a linear regression. The implications (and difficulty) of interpreting the results are discussed.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte behavior in a nonhuman primate focal ischemia model.

Summary: There is increasing interest in the role of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in the evolution of focal cerebral infarction. Surgical preparation of focal cerebral ischemia models may alter leukocyte reactivity and thereby make interpretation of leukocyte function following ischemia/reperfusion difficult. The effects of surgical preparation and of experimental ischemia/reperfusion on granulocyte function have been examined prospectively in a baboon model. Twenty-six adolescent male baboons underwent surgical preparation, of which 21 underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Four additional animals served as nonsurgical controls. Peripheral venous blood specimens were taken for performing assays of leukocyte function at defined intervals before and after both the surgical preparation (i.e., the overall procedure for implantation of the middle cerebral artery occlusion device) and occlusion/reperfusion. A stress-related elevation in total leukocyte number was attributed mainly to an increase in the number of circulating PMN leukocytes. Values rose from 13.9 ± 4.9 x 103 to 27.8 ± 5.8 x 103/|xl, (±SD; n = 21) for total leukocyte number, with p< 0.001, and from 4.3 ± 2.1 x 103 to 15.9 ± 4.7 x 103/|ul1 (n = 21) for PMN leukocytes, with p < 0.001. Surgical preparation had no effect (p ^ 0.4) on the ability of PMN leukocytes, isolated 24 h after the implantation procedure, to display polarization, 02 ~ production, or p-glucuronidase release when stimulated with human C5a. A moderate decrease in the chemotactic response to C5a resolved within the 7-day postsurgery (preocclusion) period. Three-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion and 1-h reperfusion resulted in a significant reduction in C5a-induced p61arization. The preocclusion value of 82 ± 9.7 (n - 7) was compared with the occlusion/reperfusion value at 58.8 ± 13.7 (n = 6; p < 0.05). A moderate decrease was observed in C5a-induced 02 ~ and p-gluc-uronidase release, as well as a decrease in the chemotactic response. In the nonhuman primate model, the reversible alterations (i.e., chemotaxis) in granulocyte function that were noted following surgical preparation resolved within 7 days. In contrast, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion was associated with a more dramatic and significant reduction in multiple granulocyte functions elicited by the endogenous mediator C5a as observed 1 h postreperfusion.
Field calibration of low density polyethylene passive samplers for gaseous POPs

A field calibration study of low density polyethylene (LDPE) for measuring atmospheric concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was performed in East Providence (RI), USA. LDPE samplers were collected after 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21 days of exposure along with samples from a co-deployed high volume sampler. Uptake kinetics of POPs by LDPEs were confirmed both by using an uptake study over time and the inclusion of performance reference compounds (PRCs). Results indicated that only POPs with log sampler–air partitioning coefficient (KPE-A) ≤ 7.6 were approaching equilibrium by the end of the deployment period, whereas all the other POPs were still in the linear uptake rate. Sampling rates (1.0–80 m3 per day) were higher for some POPs when compared to literature values possibly due to the open sampler housing design used. Derived KPE-As for the detected POPs in field calibration study were correlated against the compounds' octanol–air partitioning coefficients (log KOA): [log KPE-A = 0.88 ± 0.02 × log KOA + 0.40 ± 0.21 (R2 = 0.96; n = 59; SE = 0.23)], and their subcooled liquid vapour pressures (log PL/Pa): [log KPE-A = −0.82 ± 0.02 × log PL + 6.22 ± 0.05 (R2 = 0.96; n = 59; SE = 0.22)] to predict values for all POPs. PL was generally found to be a better predictor of KPE-A for all POPs.
Currency mismatches and monetary policy: A tale of two equilibria

We develop a model of a small economy whose residents choose whether to borrow in domestic or foreign currency. The central bank, in turn, chooses fixed or flexible exchange rates, taking the currency denomination of debts as given. We characterize the simultaneous determination of portfolios and exchange rate regime. Both floating and fixed rates can occur as equilibrium outcomes. “Fear of floating” may emerge endogenously and in association with a currency mismatch in assets and liabilities. If equilibria with both fixed rates and floating rates coexist, the latter is Pareto superior. Lessons for current “de-dollarization” proposals are discussed.
Pseudopotential total energy calculations for Si(111)-(1×1) and Si(111)-(2×1)

Abstract The total energies of several models of the Si(111) surface have been calculated with the pseudopotential method and the local spin density functional formalism. The 2×1 chain model has the lowest calculated total energy of those structures considered. The energy of the relaxed 1×1 geometry is minimized when the electrons in the surface states have their spins ordered with a 2×1 antiferromagnetic symmetry. Such a surface may exist on laser annealled Si(111)-(1×1).
Heavy-Ion-Induced X-Ray Spectrometry for Chemical Analysis

High resolution x-ray spectrometry in combination with excitation by heavy-ion bombardment provides a number of prospective ways of obtaining information relating to the chemical state of a substance. The relative intensity distribution of the K? x-ray satellites arising from multiply ionized atoms is sensitive to the chemical environment and in some cases might be profitably employed to distinguish between various chemical species. At resolutions sufficient to discern features of the multiplet structure associated with the angular momentum coupling of unpaired electrons, it is found that the multiplet intensities are also sensitive to the environment and are therefore capable of providing additional chemical information. For elements below phosphorous in the periodic table, the K? satellites overlap the K absorption edge, thereby providing a convenient and accurate means of measuring K binding energies. In this way, chemical shifts equivalent to those obtained by ESCA may be determined.
Scraped surface heat exchanger orientation influence on particle residence time distributions

Four levels of particle concentration for an “Interaction” experiment and three levels of carboxymethyl cellulose concentration, flow rate, mutator speed and particle size were used for a “Tracer Only” experiment to determine particle residence times in horizontal and vertical scraped surface heat exchangers (SSHEs). Minimum normalized particle residence time (NPRT) was not significantly affected by SSHE orientation in either type in the experiment. However, maximum NPRT was significantly higher with vertical SSHE except in the “Tracer Only” experiment. Average particles traveled faster than average bulk fluid with less deviation in horizontal SSHE whereas mean particle velocity was less than average bulk fluid velocity and had greater deviation in vertical SSHE.
Mechanics of composites: A historical review

Abstract This review is concerned with mechanics of continuous fiber composites. The earliest and most important advancements in the field are emphasized. No doubt the coverage is limited to some extent by the interests and experiences of the writer as well as time and space considerations. The advancements in mechanics of composites have been influenced to a great extent by the development of advanced composites through materials science. No attempt is made to discuss these developments. This review emphasizes the use of theoretical and applied mechanics in the development of theories, confirmed by experimentation, to predict the response of composite materials and structures. Citations have been given for many published works, but certainly not all. Apologies to those not listed; numerous additional references can be found in the works cited.
Two-component and phosphorelay signal transduction

Two-component and phosphorelay signal transduction systems are the major means by which bacteria recognize and respond to a variety of environmental stimuli. Recent results have implicated these systems in the regulation of a variety of essential processes including cell-cycle progression, pathogenicity, and developmental pathways. Elucidation of the structures of the interacting domains is leading to an understanding of the mechanisms of molecular recognition and phosphotransfer in these systems.
Characterization of Nef-Induced CD4 T Cell Proliferation

Studies on Nef, a regulatory protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), suggest it plays an important role in HIV pathogenesis. Previously, we reported that Nef binds to class II MHC antigens and induces proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Herein, we further characterize PBMC responses to Nef. Polyclonal antisera generated against Nef synthetic peptides blocked proliferation. Responses were T cell-specific and required antigen-presenting cells (APC). T cells responded in the presence of paraformaldehyde-inactivated APC, suggesting that Nef is presented in an unprocessed form. Nef-stimulated cells produced IL 2 and IFN gamma, products of T helper-1 cells. Thus, Nef has superantigen properties in that it binds to MHC class II antigens, does not need processing to be presented by APC, and activates T cells, causing proliferation and production of the T helper 1 cytokines, IL 2 and IFN gamma. The identification of an HIV protein that activates T cells is of considerable interest, given that HIV replicates in T cell blasts but not in quiescent cells.
Group counseling for parents of hyperactive children.

A procedure is described in which parents of hyperactive children learned how to make and enforce rules, and to influence their children's behavior by using the principles of learning theory. This procedure, with combined group counseling and discussion, may be an effective alternative or adjunct to drug treatment when specific advice and support are also given to the children's teachers.
Health literacy as a predictor of follow-up after an abnormal Pap smear: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Low literacy influences cervical cancer screening knowledge, and is a possible contributor to racial disparities in cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that literacy predicts patient adherence to follow-up recommendations after an abnormal Pap smear. DESIGN: A prospective, continuity clinic-based study. PARTICIPANTS: From a sample of 538 women undergoing literacy testing at the time of Pap smear screening, we studied 68 women with abnormal Pap smear diagnoses. MEASUREMENTS: Literacy was assessed using the Rapid Evaluation of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM). We also measured other proxies for literacy, including educational attainment and physician estimates of patients’ literacy level. Outcome measures included on-time and 1-year follow-up and duration of time to follow-up after an abnormal Pap smear. RESULTS: Only one-third of the cohort adhered to follow-up recommendations. At 1 year, 25% of the women had not returned at all. Patients with inadequate literacy (as assessed by the REALM) were less likely to follow up within 1 year, although this result was not statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio [OR] =3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8 to 17.4). Patients subjectively assessed by their physician to have low literacy skills were significantly less likely to follow up within 1 year (adjusted OR=14, 95% CI: 3 to 65). Less than high school education (hazard ratio (HR)=2.3; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.6) and low physician-estimated literacy level (HR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.4, 8.2), but not objective literacy level, were significant predictors of duration of time to follow-up, adjusting for recommended days to follow-up and other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Among women with an abnormal Pap smear, those perceived by their physician to have low literacy were significantly more likely to fail to present for follow-up.
Dearylation of α,ω-diphenylpermethylated oligosilanes with triflic acid

Abstract The relative rates of displacement of phenyl groups for a series of α,ω-diphenylpermethylated oligosilanes with the formula Ph(SiMe2)nPh (n = 2−5) were studied. Triflic acid was utilized in the displacement reactions which occur as a two-step process with protonation at the ipso-carbon atom as the rate limiting step. The results showed the displacement of the firs phenyl group is more facile than the second group. The largest difference in reactivities is found for the disilane. Competitive displacement reactions between various oligomers were analyzed to establish the influence of the chain length of oligosilanes on the relative reactivities of the terminal phenyl groups. Both the first and second phenyl group displacement reactions are faster for the longer chain oligomers than the shorter analogs. The 13C NMR spectra of the oligosilanes indicate the highest election density on the ipso-carbon atoms in the disilane, in contrast to its lowest reactivity. This is interpreted by the increased stabilization of the positive charge int he transition state with an increase in the chain length. Thus, the reactivities of oligosilanes are governed by the structures of the transition states rather than the ground states.
Reducing pediatric overweight: nurse-delivered motivational interviewing in primary care.

The purpose of this study was to test the Let's Go 5-2-1-0 program delivered through motivational interviewing by nurses with 4-18-year-old overweight children and parents in primary care (PC). A quasi-experimental design allocated 60 control families to standard clinical care (SCC) and 70 families to SCC plus the 5-2-1-0 intervention. Drop-out rates were 9 and 35% at 6 months and 25 and 41% at 12 months, respectively for control and intervention participants. BMI percentile trended (p = .057) toward decline (M change = − 3.0 versus − 1.5) for intervention children at 6 months (n = 52 control, 44 intervention), and nonsignificantly (p = 0.14) for both groups (43 control, 40 intervention) at 12 months (controls − 1.9, intervention − 4.6). Intervention effects were found for self-reported daily fruit/vegetable consumption, physical activity, and screen time. Satisfaction was high. Further study of the PC nursing intervention is warranted.
Direct separation of in vivo and in vitro am3 revertants in transgenic mice carrying the phiX174 am3, cs70 vector.

Target genes in most transgenic systems have higher spontaneous mutation frequencies than do endogenous mammalian genes. Spontaneous mutations in transgenes predominantly arise from three sources: (1) mutations fixed in the animals, (2) mutations arising from replication errors caused by damage to the DNA that may have occurred in vivo or in vitro and then was fixed during amplification of the vector in vitro, and (3) mutations arising during replication of non-revertant phages in non-permissive bacteria. An assay based on single bursts was developed to directly distinguish between the in vivo and in vitro origins of revertants. The size of the aliquot is determined by mutant frequency and is adjusted so that ideally no more than 10 to 20% of the aliquots contain a bacterial cell transformed with a mutant phage. Mutations are detected as revertants of an amber mutation (am3) in phiX174 am3, cs70. The minimum burst size of non-revertant phiX am3, cs70 from splenic DNA on a permissive bacterial strain was larger than 30 plaque-forming units (pfu). Based on this observation, a burst size of 31 plaque-forming revertants was chosen as the minimum burst size of a fixed mutation. The single burst assay was tested on DNA from spleens of animals that were treated with 150 mg/kg 1-ethyl-1 nitrosurea. Only the fraction of aliquots with single bursts of revertants (> 30) increased in the treated animals compared to the controls. In contrast, there was no difference between treated and control animals for revertant frequencies calculated for burst sizes 30 pfu). Total average revertant frequency measured in DNA from treated animals was less than twofold more than the average spontaneous frequency (P = 0.048). When frequencies were based on burst sizes >30, there was a 4.6-fold increase among treated animals compared with controls (P = 0.026). The single burst-assay resulted in a more sensitive test for mutagenicity because it eliminated noise from in-vitro mutations.
Quantification of total viable bacteria on fish fillets by using ethidium bromide monoazide real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract Real-time PCR based on universal primers for amplification of a highly conserved bacterial 16S rDNA sequence was utilized in conjunction with the treatment of extracted bacterial cells with ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) for the differential enumeration of viable and dead cells on cod fillets. Amplification of DNA from dead bacterial cells was successfully inhibited by EMA, whereas the DNA from viable cells was readily amplified. The detection range of the EMA real-time PCR assay was linear from 1 × 10 1 to 1 × 10 5 mixed bacterial genomic targets per PCR derived from broth cultures of fish tissue. The minimum detection limit of bacteria was found to be 1 × 10 1 genomic units/real-time PCR, equivalent to 1 × 10 5 CFU per gram of tissue. The EMA real-time PCR allowed construction of a standard curve obtained by plotting the log of genomic targets from strictly viable cells against resulting PCR cycles (Ct values) that facilitated quantification of total viable bacteria from fish fillets. The log of the total number of genomic DNA targets from EMA treated cells and plate counts from six randomly procured cod fillets were found not to be statistically different with the exception of one fillet. The process of freezing and thawing fillet tissue resulted in a drop in mean colony forming units (CFU) detected by plate counts from log 8.5 ± 0.2 to log 8.1 ± 0.1. A similar reduction in genomic targets from 8.5 ± 0.1 to 8.0 ± 0.16 was detected by EMA real-time PCR.
Epitaxial garnet films by organometallic chemical vapor deposition

Epitaxial films of Y3Fe5O12, Eu3Fe5O12, (Eu, Y)3Fe5O12, and Er3Fe5O12 l-2µm thick have been chemically vapor deposited on GGG and SmGG garnet substrates from 1000°C to 1200°C in an oxygen atmosphere from metal organic source compounds. These source compounds which are used here for the first time in chemical vapor deposition are tris 2, 2, 6, 6, tetramethyl 3, 5 heptanedionate complexes, (thd or M(thd)3) of the metals used. In the reactor, the individual compounds are volatilized in a helium carrier in separate source containers. The vapors are then combined, and premixed without reaction at about 300°C with a large excess of 02 and passed with high velocity, ∿500 cm/sec, onto an r.f. heated substrate. The growth rate under these conditions is 0.4 - 0.8µm/hr. X-ray double diffraction, glancing angle X-ray and microprobe analyses were employed to characterize the crystallinity and stoichiometry, respectively, of the resulting garnet films. They were single crystal and exhibited a lattice constant dependent upon the rare earth to Fe ratio.
The oxidation state of active site thiols determines activity of saccharopine dehydrogenase at low pH.

Abstract Saccharopine dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD-dependent conversion of saccharopine to generate l -lysine and α-ketoglutarate. A disulfide bond between cysteine 205 and cysteine 249, in the vicinity of the dinucleotide-binding site, is observed in structures of the apoenzyme, while a dithiol is observed in a structure with AMP bound, suggesting preferential binding of the dinucleotide to reduced enzyme. Mutation of C205 to S gave increased values of V/Et and V/KEt at pH 7 compared to wild type. Primary deuterium and solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects suggest the catalytic pathway, which includes the hydride transfer and hydrolysis steps, contributes more to rate limitation in C205S, but the rates of the two steps relative to one another remain the same. There is a large increase in the rate constants V1/Et and V1/KNADEt at pH values below 7 compared to WT. Data indicate the low pH increase in activity results from a decreased sensitivity of the C205S mutant enzyme to the protonation state of an enzyme group with a pKa of about 7, likely responsible for a pH-dependent conformational change. Reduction of WT and C205S mutant enzymes with TCEP gives equal activities at pH 6, consistent with the increased activity observed for the C205S mutant enzyme.
Comparison of calcium-48 and carbon-14-proline as indicators of bone metabolism.

THE development of improved methods for the isolation and determination of hydroxyproline from bone1 has made it possible to study collagen turnover in vivo in calcified tissues with a higher degree of accuracy than was previously attainable. This is accomplished by the administration of carbon-14-proline, followed by the isolation of hydroxyproline. The conversion of proline to hydroxyproline is a measure of collagen formation2.
Phase II study of cilengitide (EMD 121974, NSC 707544) in patients with non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, NCI-6735. A study by the DOD/PCF prostate cancer clinical trials consortium.

Background: Integrins mediate invasion and angiogenesis in prostate cancer bone metastases. We conducted a phase II study of Cilengitide, a selective antagonist of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, in non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer with rising PSA. Methods: Patients were observed for 4 weeks with PSA monitoring, and then treated with 2,000 mg IV of cilengitide twice weekly until toxicity/progression. PSA, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs) were monitored each cycle with imaging performed every three cycles. Primary end point was PSA decline by ≥50%. Secondary endpoints were safety, PSA slope, time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), CTCs, CECs and gene expression. Results: 16 pts were enrolled; 13 were eligible with median age 65.5 years, baseline PSA 8.4 ng/mL and median Gleason sum 7. Median of three cycles was administered. Treatment was well tolerated with two grade three toxicities and no grade four toxicities. There were no PSA responses; 11 patients progressed by PSA after three cycles. Median TTP was 1.8 months and median OS has not been reached. Median pre- and on-treatment PSA slopes were 1.1 and 1.8 ng/mL/month. Baseline CTCs were detected in 1/9 patients. CTC increased (0 to 1; 2 pts), remained at 0 (2 pts) or decreased (23 to 0; 1 patient) at progression. Baseline median CEC was 26 (0–61) and at progression, 47 (15–148). Low cell counts precluded gene expression studies. Conclusions: Cilengitide was well tolerated but had no detectable clinical activity. CTCs are of questionable utility in non-metastatic prostate cancer.
EMPIRICAL INVENTORY SIMULATION: A CASE STUDY*

An empirical simulation was used to investigate the economics of minimum-buy policies in the U.S. Army management of spare-parts inventory. An empirical simulation makes use of historical data as direct input to the simulation rather than randomly generated data based on a characterization of the historical data. Empirical simulation alleviates the drawbacks of characterizing historical data with a theoretical distribution; however, because steady-state conditions are not reached, a methodological problem arises in the evaluation of inventory assets at the end of the simulation. Our solution was to minimize this problem by use of a cyclic approach.
Frequency and intensity of extreme drought in the Delaware Basin, 1600–2002

[1] The frequency and severity of drought in the Delaware Basin between 1600 and 2002 are examined using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) estimated from tree ring data and correlated with reconstructed annual low flows. In the Delaware Basin, the most severe drought in nearly a century occurred during 1995–2002 as the Brandywine River, Delaware's largest surface water supply, ran dry at its mouth and declined to the lowest flow on record since 1912. To evaluate the long-term context of the 1995–2002 droughts given a variable hydroclimate, tree ring and PDSI data were correlated to reconstruct flows along the river to 1600, the beginning of European exploration to the Delaware Bay. Reconstructed PDSI and low flows were fit using general extreme value (GEV) distributions to estimate drought frequency. Some variability is present as reconstructed low flows tend to overestimate recorded streamflow in severe dry years, a finding reported by others. Some uncertainty appears in the correlations as the coefficient of multiple determination (CRSQ) between recorded and estimated PDSI from tree ring data is 0.50–0.54, a level of variance considered to be “quite good,” and the coefficient of determination (r2) between PDSI and low flow is 0.52. Given the uncertainty, PDSI and reconstructed low flow data both agree that the most extreme drought in 400 years occurred during 1635, and the drought of 1995–2000 was historically extreme with differences only in the degree of severity. On the basis of PDSI, the 2002, 1999, and 1995 droughts were the sixth, twelfth, and seventeenth most severe in 400 years with frequencies of once every 50, 33, and 16 years, respectively. Based on low flow, the 2002, 1999, and 1995 droughts were the second, fourth, and ninth most severe since 1600 with frequencies of once every 200, 100, and 50 years, respectively. The record drought of 2002 has a low probability of reoccurring in any given year (2.0% by PDSI and 0.5% by low flow), but droughts nearly as severe have occurred during the 1630s, 1680s, 1820s, 1840s, 1860s, 1930s, 1940s, and 1960s. Increased intensities of drought low flows in Delaware during the late twentieth century through 2002 were coincident with population growth, watershed urbanization, and atmospheric warming although these associations were not correlated and further study is needed. Over 400 years of tree ring, PDSI, and reconstructed streamflow data indicate that the Delaware Basin record drought of 1995–2002 was a historically severe event with important implications for water supply and drought management. Droughts more severe than the record 2002 event have occurred in the past, and droughts may become even more intense should watershed urbanization and atmospheric warming continue in the future.
Kondo Transition in Cu(Cr): Susceptibility and Specific Heat

Specific-heat and magnetic-susceptibility measurements on very dilute Cu(Cr) alloys are reported. As in Cu(Fe), a zero-field susceptibility inversely proportional to the square root of temperature down to 14 mK is seen. A specific-heat peak at 0.35 K is observed. Thus it is now possible to make a detailed comparison between two simple dilute magnetic alloys differing primarily with respect to their Kondo temperatures.
Subtidal Gastropods Consume Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria: Evidence from Coastal Hydrothermal Vents

The black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), a commercially important shallow-water gastropod common off White Point, Southern California, is found frequently at subtidal hydrothermal vents within mats of filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Foraging vent abalones actively consume the bacteria and confine their nightly feeding forays to bacterial mats surrounding the vents. The growth of abalones consuming the sulfur bacteria exceeds that of control individuals consuming microalgae and is comparable to reported growth rates of abalones consuming macroalgae. Thus, off White Point, the black abalone may derive a portion of its nutrition from the subsidy of geothermal energy.
Inhibition of distress vocalizations in the open field as a function of heightened fear or arousal in domestic fowl (gallus gallus)

Abstract Whereas a number of measures of fear (duration of the immobility reaction, duration of freezing in the open field and locomotor activity in the open field) showed differences in the predicted direction between pre-experimentally handled and non-handled chicks, significantly fewer distress vocalizations were observed for the relatively more fearful (non-handled) chicks. This finding does not support the general assumption that a monotonic relationship exists between heightened levels of fear and an increased frequency of the distress call. Results are considered in the context of Bronson's (1968) hypothesis that heightened emotionality may inhibit rather than facilitate the expression of a variety of behavioural patterns associated with the avoidance of fear-arousing stimulation.
AN ORDINAL INDEXING ON THE SPACE OF STRICTLY SINGULAR OPERATORS

Using the notion of S ξ -strictly singular operators introduced by Androulakis, Dodos, Sirotkin and Troitsky, we define an ordinal index on the subspace of strictly singular operators between two separable Banach spaces. In our main result, we provide a sufficient condition implying that this index is bounded by ω 1. In particular, we apply this result to study operators on totally incomparable spaces, hereditarily indecomposable spaces and spaces with few operators.
Design and Development of the First Peptide‐Chelating Bisphosphane Bioconjugate from a Novel Functionalized Phosphorus(III) Hydride Synthon

Remarkable oxidative stability is shown by the carboxylate-functionalized primary bisphosphane 1. Compound 1 can be used in conjugation reactions with biomolecules for functionalization through the COOH group without prior protection of PH2 groups. A novel water-soluble bisphosphane was obtained by reaction of the PH2 groups of 1 with formaldehyde under mild conditions.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND GROWTH IN NEW-IMMIGRANT SCHOOL CHILDREN (K-6)

631 immigrant school children were studied in conjunction with the San Francisco Newcomer Schools; Chinese, Hispanic and Filipino/S.E. Asian. Nutritional status and food habits of the children and families were assessed. The pilot phase consisted of questionnaires administered to parents, food intake information, and anthropometric and dental examinations. A subset of the smallest and largest children was selected for laboratory and physical examination based on weight per height and height per age. The survey revealed stunting in all three groups, 33% of the children from the Filipino school were below the 5th per-centile of the NCHS standards for height per age but 13% and 16% of the Hispanic and Chinese children were in this category. Less than 3% revealed minimal acute wasting. 8.2% of the Hispanic children were above the 95th percentile of weight per height. During the first 6 months, there was an increase in height per age (Z score) relative to the reference group. 61% of the children required dental treatment. Children in the subset gave histories of nutritional deprivation prior to migration; physical examinations and blood analyses revealed no significant abnormalities. 64% of the subset had at least one parasite; 80% in the Chinese school and 36% in the Filipino School. 52% of the subset had serious dental disease versus 33% in the normal group. This work was supported in part by grants from the San Francisco Foundation and the U.S.D.A.
Whatever happened to Nb3Zr

Abstract A systematic study of the effects of cold work and precipitation on the critical current density of an Nb-27at.%Zr alloy is reported. Heavy cold working, leading to a reduction of more than 99% in the area by swaging and wire drawing increases Jc in a transverse magnetic field of 4 T by a factor of about 13 relative to Jc for the recrystallized alloy. Precipitation of β-Zr, in combination with cold work, further enhances Jc. The highest level of Jc results when the precipitation heat treatment is given at an intermediate stage of working. Such a process in this study gives a value of Jc at H = 4 T, that is more than five times higher than Jc in the most heavily cold-worked specimen. Optical metallographic examination reveals that deformation twinning takes place in this alloy and that precipitation of β-Zr occurs preferentially at deformation twin boundaries.
Angiotensin II inhibits activity of human organic anion transporter 3 through activation of protein kinase Cα: accelerating endocytosis of the transporter

Human organic anion transporter 3 (hOAT3) belongs to a family of organic anion transporters that play critical roles in the body disposition of numerous clinically important drugs. In the kidney, hOAT3 functions through a tertiary transport mechanism involving two other membrane proteins Na/K-ATPase and Na-dicarboxylate cotransporter. In the current study, we established COS-7 cells stably expressing hOAT3 and examined the regulation of hOAT3 by protein kinase C (PKC) and angiotensin II. Both PKC activation and angiotensin II inhibited hOAT3 transport activity. Angiotensin II induced inhibition of hOAT3 activity could be prevented by treating hOAT3-expressing cells with staurosporine, a general inhibitor for PKC, and with Go6976 (5,6,7,13-Tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-12-propanenitrile), a PKCα-specific inhibitor. Examination of hOAT3 expression and transport kinetics revealed that angiotensin II induced inhibition of hOAT3 activity mainly resulted from a decreased cell surface expression kinetically reflected as a decreased Vmax without a significant change in Km. Such angiotensin II induced decrease in cell surface expression of hOAT3 was caused by an increase in hOAT3 endocytosis. However, angiotensin II induced endocytosis of Na/K-ATPase did not occur under such condition. We concluded that angiotensin II inhibited hOAT3 activity through the activation of PKCα, which led to an acceleration of hOAT3 endocytosis.
Uranium Stabilization of C28: A Tetravalent Fullerene

Laser vaporization experiments with graphite in a supersonic cluster beam apparatus indicate that the smallest fullerene to form in substantial abundance is C28. Although ab initio quantum chemical calculations predict that this cluster will favor a tetrahedral cage structure, it is electronically open shell. Further calculations reveal that C28 in this structure should behave as a sort of hollow superatom with an effective valence of 4. This tetravalence should be exhibited toward chemical bonding both on the outside and on the inside of the cage. Thus, stable closed-shell derivatives of C28 with large highest occupied molecular orbital—lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps should be attainable either by reacting at the four tetrahedral vertices on the outside of the C28 cage to make, for example, C28H4, or by trapping a tetravalent atom inside the cage to make endothedral fullerenes such as Ti@C28. An example of this second, inside route to C28 stabilization is reported here: the laser and carbon-arc production of U@C28.
Configuring the authentic value of real food: Farm-to-fork, snout-to-tail, and local food movements

The partibility of pigs and the circulation of their parts—from snout to tail, as the popular culinary phrase puts it—are routinely celebrated in communities committed to eating “local.” In this article, I explore how different kinds of totalities are configured in the practices of such “locavore” actors with respect to pigs and pork. Approaches as varied as Sausseurean structuralism, functionalist sociology, and actor network theory characterize their objects of inquiry as totalities constituted by relationships among component parts. So too the totalities in relationships forged via pigs become (mis)aligned with the totality of pigs as embodied, complex organisms. Such wholes from parts reveal the overdetermination (or fetishization) of the “connections” (between farmers and consumers, chefs and diners, humans and animals) extolled by “local food” actors.
Solid State Research.

This report covers in detail the research work of the Solid State Division at Lincoln Laboratory for the period 1 May - 31 July 1996. The topics covered are Electrooptical Devices, Quantum Electronics, Materials Research, Submicrometer Technology, High Speed Electronics, Microelectronics, and Analog Device Technology. Funding is provided primarily by the Air Force, with additional Support provided by the Army, DARPA, Navy, BMDO, NASA, and NIST.
Specificity of lymphocytotoxic anti-human antibodies in normal rabbit sera.

Forty-nine of 127 normal sera from New Zealand white rabbits were found to contain cytotoxic antibodies against human lymphocytes. Reactions with these sera did not correlate with those of known HL–A or ABO specificities. However, four distinct specificities were found in 18 sera. These antibodies are labile upon prolonged storage at −20°C and heating at 56°C for 30 min and have low avidity. Since rabbit serum is the most efficient source of complement in the cytotoxic reaction with human lymphocytes, the quantity as well as the specificity of these natural antibodies in rabbit serum have to be considered when selecting this reagent for the lymphocytotoxic test.
Angiographic and OCT features of retinal angiomatous proliferation.

To propose a classification system for retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) on the basis of the indocyanine green angiography (ICG). Retrospective chart review of 55 eyes of 55 patients presenting with RAP. Fluorescein angiography (FA), ICG and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to evaluate the patients. All RAP lesions appeared as occult or minimally classic CNV on FA without clear evidence of pigment epithelium detachment (PED). We were able to identify five different patterns of RAP on the basis of ICG. These were focal (27.2%), irregular (21.8%), circular (21.8%), multifocal (18.2%), and combined (10.9%) hyperfluorescence. The sudden termination of retinal vessel course sign was observed in 14 of 55 eyes (25.4%), which had a circular or irregular pattern on the ICG. Only the circular RAP exhibited a late hypofluorescence (‘wash out’) with staining of the surrounding tissue on the ICG. Forty eight of 55 eyes (86%) had PED according to the OCT. Out of these 48 eyes, 19 had intraretinal fluid (IRF) alone, and the rest had IRF and subretinal fluid. The eight eyes (14%) without PED belonged to the focal hyperfluorescence group and the fluid was located intraretinally in cystic spaces. In addition, in four eyes (7%) with coexisting CNV a band of tissue beneath the RAP protruding in the PED was observed. We propose a classification system for RAP on the basis of ICG and present the angiographic and OCT findings of these lesions. These data may further aid in the early diagnosis of RAP and can be also used for prognosis and clinical course documentation.
Insulin-like growth factors in vitreous studies in control and diabetic subjects with neovascularization

Vitreous and serum were obtained at the time of vitrectomy from 23 diabetic subjects with proliferative retinopathy and from 8 nondiabetic subjects. The mean concentration of IGF-I in vitreous from diabetic patients with neovascularization was 6.3 +/- 0.93 versus 2.7 +/- 0.96 ng/ml. Chi-square and rank analysis indicated that higher concentrations of IGF-I occurred in diabetic vitreous (P less than 0.01 by both analyses). IGF-II concentrations in vitreous of control and diabetic subjects were not significantly different. A positive correlation existed between the concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II in vitreous and their concentrations in serum in diabetic subjects, but not in control subjects. When vitreous concentrations of IGF-I were calculated for diabetic subjects studied previously with rapid acceleration of retinal disease, these concentrations varied from 20 to 30 ng/ml. The concentrations of IGF-I in the vitreous of most diabetic subjects with severe neovascularization are thus in the range known to stimulate cellular differentiation and growth in several systems. Whether they do so in the eye, and thus contribute to the development of retinopathy, remains to be determined.
SMART: a solvent-accessible triangulated surface generator for molecular graphics and boundary element applications.

An algorithm is presented for generating a representation of the solvent-accessible molecular surface as a smooth triangulated manifold. The algorithm, called SMART (SMooth moleculAR surface Triangulator), divides the contact and reentrant portions of the solvent-accessible molecular surface into curvilinear three-sided elements. In contrast to the author's earlier implementation of this general approach [Zauhar, R.J. and Morgan, R.S., J. Comput. Chem., 11 (1990) 603], the SMART algorithm defines elements directly on the appropriate geometric surface types (rather than using interpolation over cubic elements), and has special features to handle highly distorted regions which often appear in deep crevices and internal cavities. While the method is designed for use with boundary element techniques in continuum electrostatics, it can also be applied to the accurate computation of molecular surface areas and volumes, and the generation of shaded surfaces for display with interactive computer graphics.
The 7Be/210Pbxs ratio as an indicator of suspended sediment age or fraction new sediment in suspension

Reported here is a technique to use the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio as a measure of suspended sediment age or as an indicator of the fraction of the suspended sediment that is recently eroded from the landscape. Although both 7Be and 210Pbxs are delivered seasonally and stochastically to the landscape by precipitation, the ratio of the two radionuclides varies substantially less. The 7Be/210Pbxs ratios measured in three different catchments decrease in the following manner: precipitation (c. 16) > suspended sediments in rivers (6–7) > suspended sediments in estuaries (4–6) > sediment collected in sediment traps in the estuary (c. 1) > surface sediment of the estuary (c. 0·5). Decreases in the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio in suspended sediments can be interpreted to be the result of increased age of the sediment, since 7Be decays faster than 210Pb. Alternatively, a decrease in the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio in suspended sediments can be interpreted to be the result of dilution of newly tagged 7Be-rich sediment by 7Be-dead sediment, for example, by erosion of soil below the 7Be-enriched surface layer or by resuspension of 7Be-dead bottom sediment. Presented here is a model which uses the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio in suspended sediments to determine the time since the particles were tagged by precipitation-derived radionuclides (i.e. the age of the suspended sediment). In addition, an alternative model is presented to determine the fraction of the sediment that is ‘newly tagged’. These two models are applied to three catchments – Old Woman Creek, Ohio; Weeks Bay, Alabama; and South Slough, Oregon – and yield similar findings at all three sites. Sediment ages increase from 0 in newly tagged material, to 50–80 days in rivers, to about 80–100 days in the estuaries, to about 200 days in the sediment traps, to about 300 days on surface bottom sediments. Alternatively, the percentage new sediment decreases from 100 per cent in newly tagged material, to about 35–50 per cent in rivers, to 25–35 per cent in the estuary, to less than 10 per cent in the sediment traps, to 1–4 per cent on the surface of the bottom sediments.