cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperoxemia and Cerebral Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Cerebral vasospasm is a major contributor to disability and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Oxidation of cell-free hemoglobin plays an integral role in neuroinflammation and is a suggested source of tissue injury after aneurysm rupture. This study sought to determine whether patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm were more likely to have been exposed to early hyperoxemia than those without vasospasm. This single-center retrospective cohort study included adult patients presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage to Vanderbilt University Medical Center between January 2007 and December 2017. Patients with an ICD-9/10 diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were initially identified (N = 441) and subsequently excluded if they did not have intracranial imaging, arterial PaO2 values or died within 96 h post-rupture (N = 96). The final cohort was 345 subjects. The degree of hyperoxemia was defined by the highest PaO2 measured within 72 h after aneurysmal rupture. The primary outcome was development of cerebral vasospasm, which included asymptomatic vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Secondary outcomes were mortality and modified Rankin Scale. Three hundred and forty five patients met inclusion criteria; 218 patients (63%) developed vasospasm. Of those that developed vasospasm, 85 were diagnosed with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI, 39%). The average patient age of the cohort was 55 ± 13 years, and 68% were female. Ninety percent presented with Fisher grade 3 or 4 hemorrhage (N = 310), while 42% presented as Hunt–Hess grade 4 or 5 (N = 146). In univariable analysis, patients exposed to higher levels of PaO2 by quintile of exposure had a higher mortality rate and were more likely to develop vasospasm in a dose-dependent fashion (P = 0.015 and P = 0.019, respectively). There were no statistically significant predictors that differentiated asymptomatic vasospasm from DCI and no significant difference in maximum PaO2 between these two groups. In multivariable analysis, early hyperoxemia was independently associated with vasospasm (OR = 1.15 per 50 mmHg increase in PaO2 [1.03, 1.28]; P = 0.013), but not mortality (OR = 1.10 [0.97, 1.25]; P = 0.147) following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hyperoxemia within 72 h post-aneurysmal rupture is an independent predictor of cerebral vasospasm, but not mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hyperoxemia is a variable that can be readily controlled by adjusting the delivered FiO2 and may represent a modifiable risk factor for vasospasm.
Signs, Mind, and Reality: A theory of language as the folk model of the world

The book presents a new science of semiotic linguistics. The goal of semiotic linguistics is to discover what characterizes language as an intermediary between the mind and reality so that language creates the picture of reality we perceive. The cornerstone of semiotic linguistics is the discovery and resolution of language antinomies ­-contradictions between two apparently reasonable principles or laws. Language antinomies constitute the essence of language, and hence must be studied from both linguistic and philosophical points of view. The basic language antinomy which underlies all other antinomies is the antinomy between meaning and information. Both generative and classical linguistic theories are unaware of the need to distinguish between meaning and information. By confounding these notions they are unable to discover language antinomies and confine their research to naturalistic description of superficial language phenomena rather than the quest for the essence of language.(Series A)
Effect of pharmacological manipulations on Arc function

Abstract Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is a brain-enriched immediate early gene that regulates important mechanisms implicated in learning and memory. Arc levels are controlled through a balance of induction and degradation in an activity-dependent manner. Arc further undergoes multiple post-translational modifications that regulate its stability, localization and function. Recent studies demonstrate that these features of Arc can be pharmacologically manipulated. In this review, we discuss some of these compounds, with an emphasis on drugs of abuse and psychotropic drugs. We also discuss inflammatory states that regulate Arc.
Stock Returns Predictability and the Role of Monetary Policy

This paper examines whether shifts in the stance of monetary policy can account for the observed predictability in excess stock returns. Using long-horizon regressions and short-horizon vector auto-regressions, the paper concludes that monetary policy variables are significant predictors of future returns, though they cannot fully account for observed stock return predictability. I undertake variance decompositions to investigate how monetary policy affects the individual components of excess returns (risk-free discount rates, risk premia, or cash flows).
The Role of Judging 50 Years After the 'Chicago Seven' Trial: A Remembrance of Charles R. Garry

An account of Charles R. Garry's contribution to the Chicago 7 Trial and his reputation generally.
Radiation Therapy in Primary Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Superficial Trunk

Despite anatomical differences, truncal soft tissue sarcomas (STS) often are grouped with extremity sarcomas. We evaluated the clinical outcome of patients with truncal STS who underwent gross total resection (GTR) and radiation therapy (RT), with special emphasis on those treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). From January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2018, 64 patients received GTR and RT, where 48 patients were male, 35 patients were aged ≤ 60 years, and 48 patients had tumors ≤ 10 cm. Sixty-two tumors were high grade, 36 were in the chest wall, 7 in the abdominal wall, and 21 were paraspinal. During surgery, 7 received mesh reconstruction, and 6 received flap closure. R0 resection was achieved in 53 patients. Thirteen patients received chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 57 months, the 5-year actuarial local control (LC) was 71%. In the IMRT subset (50/64, 78%), the 5-year LC for the chest/abdominal wall was 84%, and 69% for the paraspinal subsite. Grade 2+ radiation dermatitis was seen in 21 of 64 (33%) patients, 5 of 64 (8%) developed noninfectious wound complications, 5 of 64 (8%) developed infectious wound complications, and 1 of 64 (2%) developed grade 2 chest wall pain. No additional grade 2+ late toxicity was observed. Based on this study, achieving LC in truncal STS treated with GTR and RT remains challenging even with IMRT (5-year LC: 78%). While the use of IMRT was more promising for tumors of the chest/abdominal wall with 5-year LC of 84%, it was 69% for those located in the paraspinal subsite, indicating a need for further improvement.
Towards Cost-Effective Methods for Reducing Uncertainty in Environmental Health Decision Processes

Multiple uncertainties create two major problems in reaching level-of-control decisions in environmental health decision situations: insecurity about when to stop collecting additional information and proceed with the “optimum” control strategy available, and imprecision about how to allocate resources among various possible uncertainty reductions during this research phase. This paper uses statistical decision theory and a computer simulation package to explore the properties of the response surface relating the expected value of perfect information, total uncertainty, and uncertainty in each parameter contributing to overall health risk (e.g., population exposure, carcinogenic potency, etc.). The framework is then applied to the case study of the research and control decisions EPA faced at the ASARCO smelter in Tacoma, Washington.
REDUCED GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TWO INTRODUCED AND ISOLATED MOOSE POPULATIONS IN ALASKA

I examined indices of genetic diversity in 2 isolated moose (Alces alces) populations in Alaska that were founded by low numbers of individuals to determine effects of founding and infer whether subsequent gene flow has occurred with surrounding moose populations. Kalgin Island is a small, predator-free island in Cook Inlet that was founded by 6 moose (3 females) in the late 1950s; its population has since undergone dramatic fluctuations. Berners Bay is an isolated population along the coast of southeastern Alaska that was founded by 21 calves introduced in 1958-1960. Genetic attributes of those populations were compared to a population in Yukon Flats in central Alaska that served as an outbred control. Indices from 11 microsatellite markers indicated substantial effects of founding and subsequent isolation. Heterozygosity and allelic diversity, both of which are reduced by genetic bottlenecks, were significantly lower in the introduced populations than the Yukon Flats population. Kalgin Island diversity was significantly lower than that for Berners Bay, and was likely due to the smaller founding size and subsequent population fluctuations. Neither introduced population exhibited evidence of gene flow from surrounding populations. Managers should consider the isolation of those populations when assessing risks to population viability and crafting management strategies.
Conformational studies on hexahelicenes—II: Synthesis and spectral properties of alkyl hexahelicenes

Abstract The synthesis of eight alkyl substituted hexahelicene derivatives by photodehydrocyclization is described. Analysis of their NMR and UV spectra reveals that the conformation of the helix in hexahelicene is not noticeably disturbed by the introduction of substituents as large as t-butyl or p-tolyl at the 2 (or 3) position. Substitution at C1, at least with larger substituents (t-Bu) causes bending of the alkyl residue introduced or torsion of the substituted ring. The change in conformation is apparently necessary to alleviate steric crowding. The results conform better with the hexahelicene model of Kitaigorodsky than with that of Herraez.
Purification and characterization of the coliphage N4-coded single-stranded DNA binding protein.

We have purified and characterized a single-stranded DNA binding protein (N4 SSB) induced after coliphage N4 infection. It has a monomeric molecular weight of 31,000 and contains 10 tyrosine and 1-2 tryptophan amino acid residues. Its fluorescence spectrum is dominated by the tyrosine residues, and their fluorescence is quenched when the protein binds single-stranded DNA. Fluorescence quenching was used as an assay to quantitate binding of the protein to single-stranded nucleotides. The N4 single-stranded DNA binding protein binds cooperatively to single-stranded nucleic acids and binds single-stranded DNA more tightly than RNA. The binding involves displacement of cations from the DNA and anions from the protein. The apparent binding affinity is very salt-dependent, decreasing as much as 1,000-fold for a 10-fold increase in NaCl concentration. The degree of cooperativity (omega) is relatively independent of salt concentration. At 37 degrees C in 0.22 M NaCl, the protein has an intrinsic binding constant for M13 viral DNA of 3.8 x 10(4) M-1, a cooperativity factor omega of 300, and binding site size of 11 nucleotides per monomer. The protein lowers the melting point of poly(dA.dT).poly(dA-dT) by greater than 60 degrees C but cannot lower the melting transition or assist in the renaturation of natural DNA. N4 single-stranded DNA binding protein enhances the rate of DNA synthesis catalyzed by the N4 DNA polymerase by increasing the processivity of the N4 DNA polymerase and melting out hairpin structures that block polymerization.
Illuminating the Complexities of Ethical Decision Making

Linda Campbell and colleagues have written a thoughtful, relevant book exploring the Ethics Code adopted by the American Psychological Association. The book is organized according to the sections o...
Tenacity of exogenous human papillomavirus DNA in sperm washing.

Purpose:Sperm cells have been shown to take up exogenous DNA readily. The hypothesis was that sperm washing would remove exogenous viral DNA infecting sperm cells. The objective was to compare three types of sperm washing procedures for their capacity to remove exogenous human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA from infected sperm. Methods:Prewashed sperm were equally divided and sperm in one portion were exposed to L1 HPV DNA fragments for 30 min at 37°C. Untreated washed sperm served as the control. After transfection, the sperm were washed by either centrifuge, two-layer Isolate colloid wash, or test-yolk buffer procedures. Sperm parameters were measured on a Hamilton Thorn HTM-C analyzer. Sperm DNA were extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out targeting the L1 consensus gene of HPV and the designated sentinel gene, 17q21 spanning the D17S855 gene. Amplified products were analyzed in 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results:PCR analyses detected the consensus L1 HPV gene in sperm after they were processed through either of the three procedures. Controls were negative for the L1 gene. Extracted DNA were verified by PCR amplification of 17q21 spanning the D17S855 gene. Transfected sperm had higher percentages of total motility and progression compared with the control. Centrifuged, washed, transfected sperm exhibited a greater curvilinear velocity and hyperactivation. Conclusions:The data showed that washing would not remove exogenous HPV DNA from sperm cells. The viral DNA was tenaciously bound to the sperm, suggesting an internalization into the sperm. The viral DNA also increased the motility of the sperm by affecting the velocity and progression of the sperm, which suggested either an increase in metabolism, an enhancement of the calcium-regulated motility mechanism, or an artifact of PCR reagents. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of DNA stimulated sperm motility.
Genomic Structure of the Apomixis Locus in Pennisetum

Apomixis is the term used for reproductive processes in flowering plants that result in asexual reproduction through seeds. This final outcome can be achieved through either sporophytic or gametophytic types of development (Nogler, 1984). The sporophytic type is lcnown as adventitious embryony and resembles somatic embryogenesis in that an embryo develops directly from a somatic cell (usually a nucellar cell) within the ovule. Such an embryo typically is nourished by endosperm derived through sexual reproduction, i.e., the meiotically derived embryo sac is fertilized, and adventitious embryos often coexist with zygotic embryos. Gametophytic apomixis retains the alternation of generations (sporophyte-gametophyte-sporophyte) within the apomictic process by replacing meiotically derived embryo sacs with megaspore mother cell- or somatic cell-derived embryo sacs that are unreduced in chromosome number. The egg cell in an unreduced embryo sac is genetically identical to the maternal parent and develops without fertilization into an embryo. The nutritive endosperm develops autonomously (without fertilization) in some apomicts, but in other apomicts, fertilization is required.
Two‐dimensional distribution of volatiles in the lunar regolith from space weathering simulations

We present simulations of space weathering effects on ice deposits in regions of permanent shadow on the Moon. These Monte Carlo simulations follow the effects of space weathering processes on the distribution of the volatiles over time. The model output constrains the coherence of volatile deposits with depth, lateral separation, and time. The results suggest that ice sheets become broken and buried with time. As impacts begin to puncture an initially coherent surficial ice sheet, small areas with a deficit of ice compared to surrounding areas are formed first. As time progresses, holes become prevalent and the anomalous regions are local enhancements of ice concentration in a volume. The 3-D distribution is also heterogeneous because the ice is buried to varying depths in different locations. Analysis of the coherence of ice on 10 cm scales predicts that putative ice sheets in anomalous radar craters are 1000 Myr old. For future in situ analysis of cold trap volatiles, a horizontal range of 10 m is sufficient to acquire surface-based measurements of heterogeneously distributed ice. These results also support previous analyses that Mercury's cold traps are young.
Individual and Contextual Determinants of Citizens Use of Government Websites

As government websites emerged as central features of e-government and even as public service delivery, concerns have grown about the digital divide-the separation of society into online and off-line citizens with varying access to this new source of government services and information. Yet, little is known about the characteristics of citizens that use, or do not use, government websites and utilizing data from the 2004 General Social Survey, a nationally representative sample, the authors examine the factors associated with citizens' use of government websites at this key period in the evolution of the Internet. They consider various personal characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, race, gender, as well as political attitudes and behavior. Considered also are contextual characteristics, such as region of the country, type of employment and household structure. The results of this study are found further into the article.
Clinical Experience with Fluorescence Retinal Cinematography

Clinical experience with fluorescence retinal cinematography in 70 patients is presented. The sequence of normal retinal vascular filling is described. Of particular interest is the demonstration that the retinal circulation consists of a number of vascular segments, each of which may have different flow characteristics. The pathologic alterations in patients with diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy, papilledema, and other disease states are discussed. The dynamic portrayal of the retinal circulation, enabling moment-to-moment evaluation, and the efficiency of the cinematographic technic are distinct advantages over the singlefilm method.
Solvent extraction of divalent palladium and platinum from aqueous solutions of their chloro complexes using an N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamoylethoxy substituted calix[4]arene

Abstract The compound 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetra-(2-bromoethoxy)calix[4]arene has been prepared by first converting 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetra-(2-hydroxyethoxy)calix[4]arene into the tosylate, and then to the product by reaction with LiBr. The compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3 2 21 with a = 13.160(2), c = 25.595(6) A , a = 90.00(2), β = 90.00(1), γ = 120.000(9) 0 , Z = 3, ϱ calc = 1.40 g cm −3 . The final R value for 2391 unique reflections was 0.061. The compound reacts with excess sodium N , N -dimethyldithiocarbamate to give 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetra-(2- N , N -dimethyldithiocarbamoylethoxy)calix[4]arene. This compound is an effective extractant for transferring palladium(II) from an aqueous to a chloroform phase. No extraction of PtCl 4 2− is observed under thermal conditions. Under photochemical conditions using a mixture of PtCl 4 2− and PtCl 6 2− , extraction of platinum into the chloroform layer is observed. An explanation for this observation is given.
The Limits of Listening: Particularity, Compassion, and Dostoevsky's “Bookish Humaneness”

An extension of the anti-visual turn of twentieth-century Continental philosophy, listening-based ethics is frequently presented as at odds with traditional ethics and is said to be more effective in promoting inclusiveness, care, respect for difference, and other progressive values. These discussions typically present listening as uniquely sensitive and open to otherness and encouraging of acceptance, mutuality, and sympathy. The paper examines these claims, as well as the analogy between listening and reading, in relation to the understanding of listening by the champions of the Russian 1864 Judicial reform, and in relation to the story and the narrative situation of “Akul'ka's Husband,” an inset tale in Dostoevsky's Notes from the House of the Dead. The paper argues that “Akul'ka's Husband” and reformers' discourse challenge the analogy between reading and listening, as well as the twin claims that listening to another and being made aware of the particulars of her story cannot but provoke a sympathetic response.
Determinant Role of Membrane Helices in KATP Channel Gating

The ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels couple chemical signals to cellular activity, in which the control of channel opening and closure (i.e., channel gating) is crucial. Transmembrane helices play an important role in channel gating. Here we report that the gating of Kir6.2, the core subunit of pancreatic and cardiac KATP channels, can be switched by manipulating the interaction between two residues located in transmembrane domains (TM) 1 and 2 of the channel protein. The Kir6.2 channel is gated by ATP and proton, which inhibit and activate the channel, respectively. The channel gating involves two residues, namely, Thr71 and Cys166, located at the interface of the TM1 and TM2. Creation of electrostatic attraction between these sites reverses the channel gating, which makes the ATP an activator and proton an inhibitor of the channel. Electrostatic repulsion with two acidic residues retains or even enhances the wild-type channel gating. A similar switch of the pH-dependent channel gating was observed in the Kir2.1 channel, which is normally pH- insensitive. Thus, the manner in which the TM1 and TM2 helices interact appears to determine whether the channels are open or closed following ligand binding.
A spectrophotometric study of the dimerization of pentavalent molybdenum in hydrochloric acid

Abstract The hydrolysis of MoOCl52− in 5–6 M hydrochloric acid is shown to involve dimerization with the production of hydrogen ions and chloride ions according to the equation MoOCl 5 2− + H 2 O ⇌ [ MoOCl 4 ] 2 O 4− + 2 H + + 2 Cl − . This equilibrium has been studied by observing the absorbance of solutions at 450 mμ where the molar extinction changes from 12·6 for MoOCl52− to 2200 for the dimer at this wavelength. The absorption curve for the dimer is characterized by enhanced absorbance over the whole visible region with the same wave lengths of maximum absorption as obtained for monomer. Further hydrolysis in more dilute acid involves no futher polymerization; however, the absorption bands in the visible region virtually disappear in dilute acid (1·0–3· M). The dimer formed in 5·0–6·0 M hydrochloric acid appears to have characteristics similar to other dimeric complex ions containing oxygen or hydroxide bridges.
Mechanisms and Potential Applications of Intestinal Electrical Stimulation

Electrical stimulation of the gut has recently been under intensive investigation and various studies have revealed therapeutic potentials of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation for gastrointestinal motility disorders and obesity. While there have been a number of reviews on gastric electrical stimulation, there is a lack of systematic reviews on intestinal electrical stimulation. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the effects, mechanisms, and applications of intestinal electrical stimulation. We evaluated published data on intestinal electrophysiology, pathophysiology, and different methodologies on intestinal electrical stimulation and its possible mechanisms in both research and clinical settings using the MEDLINE database for English articles from 1963 to 2008. Based on this systematic review, intestinal electrical stimulation has been reported to alter intestinal slow waves, contractions and transit; the effects were mediated via both vagal and adrenergic pathways. Intestinal electrical stimulation has been reported to have potentials for treating various intestinal motility disorders and obesity. It is concluded that intestinal electrical stimulation may have promising applications for treating motility disorders associated with altered intestinal contractile activity. The most recent studies have revealed possible applications of intestinal electrical stimulation for the treatment of obesity. Basic research results are promising; however, further clinical studies are needed to bring IES from bench to bedside.
Associations of estimated residential soil arsenic and lead concentrations and community-level environmental measures with mother-child health conditions in South Carolina.

We undertook a community-level aggregate analysis in South Carolina, USA, to examine associations between mother–child conditions from a Medicaid cohort of pregnant women and their children using spatially interpolated arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) concentrations in three geographic case areas and a control area. Weeks of gestation at birth was significantly negatively correlated with higher estimated As (rs=−0.28, p=0.01) and Pb (rs=−0.26, p=0.02) concentrations in one case area. Higher estimated Pb concentrations were consistently positively associated with frequency of black mothers (all p<0.02) and negatively associated with frequency of white mothers (all p<0.01), suggesting a racial disparity with respect to Pb.
Raman Association of H2 in the early universe

We investigate the contribution made by Raman scattering to the formation of molecular hydrogen in astrophysical environments characteristic of the early stages of the evolution of the universe. In the Raman process that we study, a photon is scattered by a pair of colliding hydrogen atoms leaving a hydrogen molecule that is stabilized by the transfer of kinetic and binding energy to the photon. We use a formulation for calculating the photon scattering cross section in which an infinite sum of matrix elements over rovibrational levels of dipole accessible electronic states is replaced by a single matrix element of a Green’s function. We evaluate this matrix element by using a discrete variable representation.
Revisiting the strength of weak ties: lessons learned from social network leisure research

Among the leisure disciplines, the study of social networks has informed research focussed on two areas: partnerships and social capital. This article reports the results of an empirical study of the association between Granovetter's (1970, Changing jobs: Channels of mobility information in a suburban community (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, Boston, MA; 1973, The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1381) tie strength and partnership development. The results largely confirm Granovetter's original contention that weak ties, rather than strong, play critical roles in networks. Integrating this conclusion with findings reported in seven more recently published network-based articles produces three “lessons learned” to guide future network research and its practical application – principally to partnership development and perhaps also to the creation and appropriation of social capital, in leisure-related contexts: (1) focussing the analysis of ties on only ...
On the origin of super-selection rules

It is shown that all the usually assumed super-selection rules follow from the fact that in any experiment one starts with definite numbers of each kind of particle.
Template-Engaged Replacement Reaction: A One-Step Approach to the Large-Scale Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures with Hollow Interiors

This paper describes a general approach that generates nanoscale hollow structures of metals by reacting solutions of appropriate salt solutions with solid templates of a more reactive metal. Typical examples include Au3+, Pt2+, and Pd2+ salts and nanoparticles or nanowires of silver. The morphology, void space, and wall thickness of these hollow structures are all determined by the solid templates, which are completely converted into soluble species during the replacement reaction. Both electron microscopy and diffraction studies indicate that single crystalline hollow structures of metals can also be obtained when the templates are single crystals. These metallic hollow structures, having well-controlled sizes and shapes, are expected to find use in a number of applications that involve nanoscale encapsulation, drug delivery, plasmon photonics, and calorimetric sensing.
An introduction to micro-ecology patches

Bacterial systems offer excellent tests of how well the general theoretical predictions of ecology dynamics do or do not in fact conform to reality. We believe that the basic rules that govern the cohabitation of competing species for limited resources are the same from bacteria to man, we just don't know the rules, and that fundamental studies of the games bacteria play will give fundamental insight into the vastly more complex systems we hope to attack later. In this tutorial review we discuss how simplified micro-ecologies constructed using tools of micro and nanofabrication techniques offer some idea of how physical principles and analysis can address the issue of complex ecology dynamics.
CMOS scaling beyond 32nm: challenges and opportunities

This paper explores the challenges and opportunities facing CMOS process generations past the 32nm technology node. Planar and multiple-gate devices are compared and contrasted. Resistance and capacitance challenges are reviewed in relation to past history and on-going research. Key enhancers such as high-k metal-gate (HiK-MG), substrate and channel orientation, and NMOS and PMOS strain, are discussed in relation to the challenges of the coming transistor generations.
Genetic control of asexual sporulation in filamentous fungi

Asexual sporulation (conidiation) in the ascomycetous filamentous fungi involves the formation of conidia, formed on specialized structures called conidiophores. Conidiation in filamentous fungi involves many common themes including spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression, specialized cellular differentiation, intra-/inter-cellular communications, and response to environmental factors. The commencement, progression and completion of conidiation are regulated by multiple positive and negative genetic elements that direct expression of genes required for proper vegetative growth and the assembly of the conidiophore and spore maturation. Light is one of the key environmental factors affecting conidiation. Developmental mechanisms in Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa have been intensively studied, leading to important outlines. Here, we summarize genetic control of conidiation including the light-responding mechanisms in the two model fungi.
Imaging evaluation of cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6

Neuropathies of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves may present with isolated or complex neurologic findings. An understanding of the anatomy of these cranial nerves as they traverse the brainstem, basilar cisterns, and cavernous sinus on their way to the orbit can assist in localizing the suggested site of pathology and help to focus imaging protocols. Differential diagnostic possibilities for specific anatomic locations are reviewed.
The process of moral conflict resolution and moral development

Peer discussion of moral disagreements can be analyzed to reveal processes of moral reasoning growth.
The nod-swim display of male green-winged teal (Anas crecca)

Abstract Nod-swimming is a frequent and conspicuous display performed by males during the social courtship of green-winged teal. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine the function of nod-swimming and (b) to compare various features of the display between the allopatric American and European races. Cine films of social courtship were analysed to determine the situations in which nod-swimming is given, the effects it appears to have on other birds, the relationship between nod-swim frequency and dominance status and the temporal association of nod-swimming with other displays. The results show that nod-swimming is much reduced in the European, as compared to the American, race and they suggest that one of the important functions of nod-swimming in both races is appeasement.
1,3,4-oxadiazoles as dienes in Diels–Alder reactions studied with AM1 semiempirical and hybrid density functional methods. Are 1,3,4-oxadiazoles practical synthones for the preparation of valuable organic materials?

Abstract AM1 semiempirical and B3LYP/6-31G(d)/AM1 DFT computational studies were performed with the aim to determine which 1,3,4-oxadiazoles would participate in Diels–Alder reactions as a diene and under which conditions. Variously substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were selected for this study. Their reactivity was compared with cyclopentadiene since it is a traditional diene for the Diels–Alder reaction. The reactivity was evaluated through the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy gap between the pair of reactants, the energy changes in the FMO necessary to bring reactants to the transition state, and through activation barriers for cycloaddition. The stability of the cycloadduct was investigated and in some cases, a second addition of a dienophile was explored. The results were compared with experimental observations, and in this way, the reliability of the chosen computational approach was tested. All of our computational conclusions were in agreement with experimental observations for the reactivity of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles.
Responses of human basilar arteries to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Abstract The responses to 9X10 −7 M vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by isolated human basilar arteries of 30 individuals were studied to further elucidate the role the peptide might play in modifying cerebrovascular tone normally and in disease. In most experiments the artery was precontracted with prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ), either with 1 or 2X10 −6 M or with 10 −5 M PGF 2α . The course of action to VIP was observed for 15 min following its application to the contracted vessel. Some arteries failed to respond to VIP (13%), otherwise the arteries relaxed 44% when the contraction was induced by 10 −5 M PGF 2α and 67.6% after the lower concentrations of PGF 2α . There was no significant decrement in the vasorelaxant effect of VIP throughout the period of observation. A second and third application of VIP to the precontracted artery produced significantly less of an effect than the first, but no consistent progressive pattern of tachyphylaxis was evident. In additional experiments, indomethacin (10 −5 M) did not prevent the vasorelaxant effect of VIP, suggesting that prostanoid synthesis was not involved. Pretreatment of the artery with VIP did not prevent the contractions generated by 10, 30, 50 and 90 mM KCl while antithrombin III (1.2×10 −7 M) did, indicating fundamental differences between these two vasorelaxants. In conclusion, VIP will inhibit contraction of isolated human cerebral arteries for prolong periods and could be a significant factor regulating cerebral blood flow in humans.
Nonlinear Deformation of a Thermally Stressed Graphite Annular Disk

An ATJ-S graphite annular disk of a wedge-shaped cross section is subjected to outside to inside temperature gradients of up to 3000°F from an induction heating coil. The change in internal diameter of the disk is measured with a laser tracking device and is predicted with a modification of the Jones-Nelson nonlinear material model. This model is shown to be valid for ATJ-S graphite, which is a transversely isotropic granular composite material with stress-strain behavior that is highly nonlinear, strongly dependent on temperature, and different in tension than in compression. The predicted diameter changes at three times in the same test agree with the averages of two perpendicular diameter change measurements within about 3%.
Expertise-Based Data Access in Content-Centric Mobile Opportunistic Networks

In mobile opportunistic networks, most existing research focuses on how to choose appropriate relays to carry and forward data. Although relay selection is an important issue, other issues such as finding content from people with the right expertise are also very important since the ultimate goal of using mobile opportunistic network is to provide the right content to mobile users (nodes). In this paper, we study expertise-based data access in content-centric mobile opportunistic networks, where the objective is to minimize the average query delay given a sequence of queries considering node expertise, node queuing delay and communication delay. To solve this problem, we propose various query forwarding approaches under deterministic and probabilistic expertise models. Specifically, we propose centralized approaches to assign queries based on a modified Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm and distributed approaches in which query forwarding is based on a utility metric. Extensive simulations on both synthetic and realistic traces demonstrate that our solutions outperform existing approaches.
Dangling by a Slender Thread: The Lessons and Implications of Teaching the World Wide Web to Freshmen

Abstract Librarians are taking up the challenge of teaching students to use World Wide Web resources in a meanigful way. This article discusses issues and implications for library instruction raised by the author's experiences of teaching the Web as an additional information source to freshmen in business writing courses.
PREPARATION OF THROMBOKINASE FROM BOVINE PLASMA

Thrombokinase is prepared from bovine plasma by a procedure involving: treatment with diatomaceous silica, adsorption on barium sulfate, flowing elution with two successive phosphate buffers, ammonium sulfate fractionation, "spontaneous" activation in concentrated solution, and isoelectric precipitation. The yield of nitrogen is 0.002 per cent, corresponding to 1.2 mg. protein per liter of plasma. When diluted back to the volume of parent plasma, and complemented by calcium plus cephalin, the product causes appreciable activation of prothrombin in 1 minute. Thus, the quantity of thrombokinase obtainable is compatible with a physiologic role. In the more complex system used for routine assay, thrombokinase can be supplied by crude plasma at a dilution of 1/500. In parallel tests, the product appears to be more active than its parent plasma, although it contains only 0.002 per cent of the nitrogen. However, the thrombokinase of the product has been activated, whereas the thrombokinase of the plasma is probably in an inactive precursor state. When diluted back to the volume of parent plasma, to a concentration of 0.2 microgram nitrogen per ml., thrombokinase can slowly activate prothrombin in the presence of oxalate, and without the addition of accessory factors. Activation of prothrombin in the presence of oxalate is faster with higher concentrations of thrombokinase.
Differential mobility cytometry.

A new cell analysis method, differential mobility cytometry (DMC), was developed to monitor cells spatially and temporally or to separate cells based on affinity interactions. DMC combines an oscillation system with open-tubular capillary cell affinity chromatography (OT-CAC), although any separation volume (capillaries, channels, etc.) can be used. This unique separation approach uses oscillating flow and differential imaging to analyze cells as they retard and adhere to an affinity surface. Three main factors of the oscillation system were studied: the pump speed, oscillation frequency, and cell velocity at different oscillation speeds. The optimized oscillation frequency and intensity were determined. Cell−surface interactions were used to estimate the number of bonds formed during cell capture. An average of 200 bonds (standard deviation of 150 bonds) were formed during cell capture. The variability was due to differences in cell-capture times (0.8 ± 0.6 s). Cells expressing the target protein on the ...
Rabies: An old disease of new importance

Over the last two decades, scientists and health officials have been closely monitoring the exponential rise in rabies among wild raccoon populations in the Middle Atlantic and Northeastern United States. The current spread of the disease in these animals poses a new and potentially increased risk for humans, because of their prevalence in urban and suburban communities, where they are estimated to live in a density of 40 to 50 per square mile. Reasons for the current epizootic are not entirely clear. Some epidemiologists trace the origins to several infested raccoon shipments from Florida to hunting clubs in North Carolina and Virginia during the late 1970s (1). Whatever the reason may be, since 1977 the disease has spread relentlessly northward (Table 1). From the first report of a single rabid
Self-Sustained Replication of an RNA Enzyme

An RNA enzyme that catalyzes the RNA-templated joining of RNA was converted to a format whereby two enzymes catalyze each other's synthesis from a total of four oligonucleotide substrates. These cross-replicating RNA enzymes undergo self-sustained exponential amplification in the absence of proteins or other biological materials. Amplification occurs with a doubling time of about 1 hour and can be continued indefinitely. Populations of various cross-replicating enzymes were constructed and allowed to compete for a common pool of substrates, during which recombinant replicators arose and grew to dominate the population. These replicating RNA enzymes can serve as an experimental model of a genetic system. Many such model systems could be constructed, allowing different selective outcomes to be related to the underlying properties of the genetic system.
Gln-tRNAGln formation from Glu-tRNAGln requires cooperation of an asparaginase and a Glu-tRNAGln kinase.

Gln-tRNAGln is synthesized from Glu-tRNAGln in most microorganisms by a tRNA-dependent amidotransferase in a reaction requiring ATP and an amide donor such as glutamine. GatDE is a heterodimeric amidotransferase that is ubiquitous in Archaea. GatD resembles bacterial asparaginases and is expected to function in amide donor hydrolysis. We show here that Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus GatD acts as a glutaminase but only in the presence of both Glu-tRNAGln and the other subunit, GatE. The fact that only Glu-tRNAGln but not tRNAGln could activate the glutaminase activity of GatD suggests that glutamine hydrolysis is coupled tightly to transamidation. M. thermautotrophicus GatDE enzymes that were mutated in GatD at each of the four critical asparaginase-active site residues lost the ability to hydrolyze glutamine and were unable to convert Glu-tRNAGln to Gln-tRNAGln when glutamine was the amide donor. However, ammonium chloride rescued the activities of these mutants, suggesting that the integrity of the ATPase and the transferase activities in the mutant GatDE enzymes was maintained. In addition, pyroglutamyl-tRNAGln accumulated during the reaction catalyzed by the glutaminase-deficient mutants or by GatE alone. The pyroglutamyl-tRNA is most likely a cyclized by-product derived from γ-phosphoryl-Glu-tRNAGln, the proposed high energy intermediate in Glu-tRNAGln transamidation. That GatE alone could form the intermediate indicates that GatE is a Glu-tRNAGln kinase. The activation of Glu-tRNAGln via γ-phosphorylation bears a similarity to the mechanism used by glutamine synthetase, which may point to an ancient link between glutamine synthesized for metabolism and translation.
Pressure-Tuning in the Search for Improved Thermoelectric Materials

The traditional approach to the search for improved materials, such as thermoelectric materials, involves the sequential synthesis and characterization of new compounds, followed by the investigation of their properties. Each single solid state compound has materials interaction parameters (e.g., degree of orbital overlap, orbital energy, band energies etc.) that determine its thermoelectric properties. These interaction parameters can be used to define a phase space, in which individual compounds are represented by a single point. Because this phase space can be rapidly explored with pressure, our efforts have focused on the synthesis of complex semiconductors and rare earth based materials, followed by pressure-tuning studies of their thermoelectric properties. This approach to exploring interaction parameter phase space potentially allows the thermoelectric power to be more rapidly and cleanly optimized than is possible with the traditional approach. Here we present some results for rare earth thermoelectric compounds that have been pressure-tuned. Demonstration of the existence of materials with improved ZT at high pressure can also provide insight into the structural and electronic parameters necessary to achieve high figures of merit at ambient pressure.
Sakai et al. is not an adequate demonstration of TFT effectiveness

Sakai et al. (2001) report an uncontrolled case series of TFT treatments applied to a wide range of psychological complaints in a large health maintenance facility. They analyze verbal report measures of symptom severity and conclude that the specific treatment is effective for a wide range of psychological problems. A review of the theory and research on TFT efficacy indicates that the theoretical basis for the specific treatment is unfounded and that adequately controlled efficacy research has yet to be conducted. The authors' conclusions about effectiveness and applicability are not supported by either theory, prior research, or the findings of their clincial application. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1229–1235, 2001.
Analysis of transcriptional regulatory signals of the HSV thymidine kinase gene: Identification of an upstream control region

We have identified a transcriptional control region of the herpes simplex virus tk gene. This finding results from in vivo transcription assays of specific deletion mutants constructed in vitro. A region located between 40 and 100 nucleotides upstream from the putative transcription start site of the tk gene can promote transcription by RNA polymerase form II in the complete absence of the mRNA-coding component of the gene. When the region is deleted enzymatically from a 5' direction, accurate transcriptional expression is reduced by a factor of 50. The small remaining level of accurate transcription is eliminated by deletion of sequences from 32 to 16 nucleotides upstream from the the structural gene. It appears that the sequences between 16 and 32 nucleotides upstream from the 5' terminus of the tk gene are required to specify the exact start site of transcription. Control of both the efficiency of transcription and rough specification of the position of initiation, however, depends on sequences 40--100 nucleotides upstream from the tk structural gene.
Secondary Ph-positive CML with a minority monosomy 7 clone

Abstract We report a case of Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) secondary to previous treatment for a lymphoma. At the time of original diagnosis of lymphoblastic lymphoma, chromosome studies of blood and bone marrow were normal. Following therapy and a clinical remission complicated by CNS relapse, the patient presented 16 months after treatment was discontinued with a WBC of 110,000 mm −3 , consistent with CML. Blood and marrow cytogenetic studies at this time showed a Ph chromosome, t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation, without other karyotypic alteration. A separate small clone with the karyotype 45,XY,−7 was found in the blood. His disease followed an aggressive course and he died 3 months later. The autopsy findings indicated CML in blast crisis. Molecular studies performed on cells replacing a lymph node revealed a rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region ( bcr ) of chromosome #22 and of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Taken together, it seems most likely that the patient's CML developed as a second neoplasm following successful elimination of his lymphoblastic lymphoma by therapy.
Model for minority carrier lifetimes in doped HgCdTe

We calculate the radiative, Auger, and the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination rates with Fermi-Dirac statistics and accurate band structures to explain the measured temperature dependence and doping dependence of minority carrier lifetimes in three n- and one p-type sample. We show that a trap state tracking the conduction band edge with very small activation energy can explain the lifetimes in the n-doped samples considered here. Similarly, for moderately p-doped HgCdTe alloy, a trap level at 75 meV is needed to explain the observed lifetimes. In either case, movement of Fermi level with respect to the trap level explains the temperature dependence of the lifetimes.