cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of re-absorption and re-emission processes to determine photon recycling efficiency in perovskite single crystals.

Photon recycling, that is, iterative self-absorption and re-emission by the photoactive layer itself, has been speculated to contribute to the high open-circuit voltage in several types of high efficiency solar cells. For organic–inorganic halide perovskites that have yielded highly efficient photovoltaic devices, however, it remains unclear whether the photon recycling effect is significant enough to improve solar cell efficiency. Here we quantitatively evaluate the re-absorption and re-emission processes to determine photon recycling efficiency in hybrid perovskite with its single crystals by measuring the ratio of the re-emitted photons to the initially excited photons, which is realized by modulating their polarization to differentiate them. The photon recycling efficiencies are revealed to be less than 0.5% in CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3 single crystals under excitation intensity close to one sun, highlighting the intrinsically long carrier recombination lifetime instead of the photon-recycling-induced photon propagation as the origin of their long carrier diffusion length. Fanget al. develop a method to determine the photon recycling efficiency for organic-inorganic hybrid single crystal perovskites by differentiating between emitted and re-absorbed photons based on their polarization difference. For these systems efficiencies of less than 0.5% are reported.
A Model of Gastric Acid Regulation

Abstract A model of gastric acid regulatory mechanisms is developed. The gastric acid control system protects the stomach against excessive acidity and maintains an optimal pH environment for the proper function of peptic enzymes. Our model includes vagal centers, intramural cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons, and parietal, gastrin, mast, and somatostatin secretory cells. It provides for the communication between the neural and endocrine cells through local (paracrine) and systemic (endocrine) transport. It also contains neural communication by short intramural and long vagovagal pathways.
Alterations in mRNA 3′ UTR Isoform Abundance Accompany Gene Expression Changes in Human Huntington’s Disease Brains

Summary The huntingtin gene has two mRNA isoforms that differ in their 3′ UTR length. The relationship of these isoforms with Huntington's disease is not established. We provide evidence that the abundance of huntingtin 3′ UTR isoforms differs between patient and control neural stem cells, fibroblasts, motor cortex, and cerebellum. Huntingtin 3′ UTR isoforms, including a mid-3′ UTR isoform, have different localizations, half-lives, polyA tail lengths, microRNA sites, and RNA-binding protein sites. Isoform shifts in Huntington's disease motor cortex are not limited to huntingtin; 11% of alternatively polyadenylated genes change the abundance of their 3′ UTR isoforms. Altered expression of RNA-binding proteins may be associated with aberrant isoform abundance; knockdown of the RNA-binding protein CNOT6 in control fibroblasts leads to huntingtin isoform differences similar to those in disease fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate that mRNA 3′ UTR isoform changes are a feature of molecular pathology in the Huntington's disease brain.
Paying Out-of-Pocket: The Healthcare Spending of 2 Million US Families

The JPMorgan Chase Institute set out to better understand out-of-pocket healthcare spending among US households. Building off a sample of 2.3 million de-identified core Chase customers aged 18 to 64 between 2013 and 2016, we assembled the JPMorgan Chase Institute Healthcare Out-of-pocket Spending Panel (JPMCI HOSP) data asset in order to explore the levels, concentration, and growth of out-of-pocket healthcare spending and the implications for household financial health. The JPMCI HOSP provides a first-ever look into out-of-pocket healthcare spending for households on a month-to-month basis, at the state, metro, and county level, and as recent as 2016. In this report, we describe the creation of, and initial insights gleaned from, this new data asset. We highlight six key findings. First, out-of-pocket healthcare spending grew between 2013 and 2016, but remained a relatively constant share of take-home income. Second, the financial burden of out-of-pocket healthcare spending was highest for older, lower-income, and female account holders and increased in 2016 for low-income account holders. Third, doctor, dental, and hospital payments accounted for more than half of observed healthcare spending; dental and hospital payments were less common but larger in magnitude. Fourth, out-of-pocket healthcare spending was highly concentrated among a few families—often the same families year over year. The top 10 percent of families spent roughly 9 percent of their take-home income on healthcare expenses. Fifth, families made larger healthcare payments in the months and the years when they had a higher ability to pay. Elevated dental and hospital payments primarily contributed to high healthcare spending. Finally, there was dramatic variation in out-of-pocket healthcare spending between and within the 23 states where Chase has a retail footprint. Families in Colorado spent the most on healthcare, while families in Louisiana spent the highest fraction of their gross income on healthcare.
Reader response: Teaching NeuroImages: Amlodipine-responsive trigeminal neuralgia: An alibi for vascular compression theory.

We read with interest the report by Uniyal et al.,1 which described a 55-year-old woman exhibiting hypertension with recurrent short-lasting episodes of left-sided trigeminal neuralgia. The patient noted pain relief after consumption of the antihypertensive drug amlodipine. Moreover, the pain recurred if the drug was discontinued. A brain MRI revealed tortuous blood vessels compressing the left rostral anterolateral medulla and the left trigeminal nerve root. This case reminded us of a patient with similar symptoms who we encountered years ago.2 A 59-year-old man with hypertension had a long history of left-sided refractory trigeminal neuralgia. The patient noted that the painful exacerbations occurred in parallel with hypertensive crises and was relieved only by clonidine administration. At the bedside, with continuous monitoring of systemic blood pressure, we demonstrated that the pain reliably resolved as soon as his systolic pressure dropped below 140 mm Hg. Continuous blood pressure monitoring also confirmed the temporal relationship between hypertensive crises often shortly preceding the pain. Catheter angiography demonstrated a dolichoectatic basilar artery compressing the left side of the posterior fossa with a loop compressing the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve. We agree with Uniyal et al. that, in these cases, the continuous pulsatile compression against the trigeminal nerve root reinforced by hypertensive spikes could have triggered the pain attacks.1 These cases may lend further support to the vascular compression theory of trigeminal neuralgia popularized by Peter Jannetta and other authors,3–5 not necessarily representing a simple alibi for it.
Unfocused SAR Processing for Englacial Layer Slope Estimation Using Radar Sounder Data

Radar sounders represent a powerful remote sensing solution to probe icy surface and detect subsurface layers by tracking vertical dielectric discontinuities. These englacial layers are fundamental indicator of the dynamic, rheological, and subglacial configuration of an ice sheet. However, steep layers can disappear when along-track processing is applied to radar sounder data. In this work, we present a novel Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing technique that aims to enhance the post processing Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of subsurface layers and avoiding interference in data processing. The proposed technique uses the phase and magnitude of a single channel RS system in a four step approach, made up of: i) sidelobes weighting, ii) range compression, iii) phase-shifted along-track coherent summation, and iv) multilooking. Additionally, the proposed technique allows the automatic estimation of the slope of layers. The proposed processing method has been validated on airborne radar sounder data acquired in Antarctica, while the slope estimation result is theoretically demonstrated.
Care Arrangements of Older Adults: What They Prefer, What They Have, and Implications for Quality of Life

Background and objectives Meeting individual preferences for long-term services and supports (LTSS) is a policy priority that has implications for quality of care. Evidence regarding preferences is sparse. In addition, little is known regarding whether preferences and care arrangements match for those receiving care, and implications for quality of life. Research design and methods A random sample (n = 1,783 in 2012) of National Health and Aging Trends Study participants were asked the best care option for someone 80+ who needs help with personal care and mobility. Analyses examine variations in care preferences, the relationship of preferences to care arrangements, and the association of matched preference and care arrangements to quality of life indicators. Results Care preferences vary by demographics. Equal proportions (3 in 10) of older adults chose assisted living or continuing care retirement communities (CCRC), care in own home with family help, and care in own home with paid help, as the best options. Persons in assisted living/CCRC settings were significantly more likely to choose this option as best. Only 1 in 3 older persons receiving care are in arrangements that match preferences. No association with quality of life indicators was found. Discussion and implications Aging in place remains the care preference of a majority, but close to one-third chose assisted living/CCRC, suggesting preferences are evolving. Aligning care preferences and arrangements is a policy goal, but many do not achieve a match and there remain gaps in understanding trajectories in preferences and care arrangements and implications for quality of life.
Challenges in Endoscopic Therapy of Dysplastic Barrett’s Esophagus

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the only known measurable factor associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma. The development of endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) has transformed the way BE is managed. Given the fairly recent development of EET, its role in BE is still evolving. This paper discusses the challenges that endoscopists face at the preprocedural, intraprocedural, and postprocedural stages of BE management. These include challenges in risk stratification, dysplasia detection, ablation methods and dosimetry, choice of resection technique, and management of refractory disease. Despite the advances in EET in BE, there remain challenges that this review focuses on. Future research into these challenges will optimize ablation techniques and strategies in the future.
Diabetes self-management education exposure and glycated haemoglobin levels among Marshallese participants in a randomized controlled study.

AIMS A randomized control trial (RCT) of diabetes self-management education (DSME), undertaken by a community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership between the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) and the Marshallese community in Arkansas. The RCT examined the effect of hours of intervention exposure, with the hypothesis that increased exposure is one reason the Adapted-Family DSME was found to be more effective than the Standard DSME. METHODS Some 221 Marshallese with type 2 diabetes were randomized to an Adapted-Family DSME group (in-home setting) (n = 110) or a Standard DMSE group (community setting) (n = 111). The Adapted-Family DSME included 10 h of education that covered the core self-care elements recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American Association of Diabetes Educators' (AADE) recommendations. The Standard DSME included 10 h of intervention with all ADA and AADE core elements. RESULTS The number of hours of intervention exposure in the Adapted-Family DSME arm (mean = 8.0; median = 10.0) was significantly higher than the number of hours of intervention received in the Standard DSME arm (mean = 1.5; median = 0.0). As hypothesized, higher exposure was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c in a model including only study arm and exposure (P = 0.01), and in a model including study arm, exposure, and all demographic variables (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS This finding is consistent with previous reviews that showed increased exposure to DSME produced improved glycaemic control and ≥ 10 h of DSME produces clinically meaningful reductions in HbA1c .
First do no harm: Preventing harm and optimizing care in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are challenging clinical occurrences consisting of any combination of altered movement, sensation, or awareness that resemble epileptic seizures (ES) but do not coincide with electrographic ictal discharges and are presumed to be neuropsychiatric-neurobehavioral in origin. Securing the PNES diagnosis is a crucial first step and is best confirmed by recording events on video-electroencephalogram (v-EEG) and finding an absence of ictal EEG changes and the presence of normal awake EEG rhythms before, during, and after the event. However, obstacles to timely diagnosis and referral to psychiatric treatment frequently occur, placing these patients at risk for harm from unnecessary medications and procedure as well as placing high burden on medical systems. Although providers across all disciplines share the responsibility by maintaining high suspicion of PNES in relevant clinical settings and engaging swiftly and empathically in securing and sharing the diagnosis with patients and families, psychiatric and neurologic providers are uniquely positioned to help lead patients towards safe and effective long-term care through a cohesive approach that is rooted in therapeutic alliance, interdisciplinary collaboration, and realistic treatment goals.
Comparing Asian Gypsy Moth [Lymantria dispar asiatica (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and L. dispar japonica] Trap Data From East Asian Ports With Lab Parameterized Phenology Models: New Tools and Questions

Management of the European gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar dispar (Linnaeus)] in North America has benefited from more than a century of research. The East Asian strains of the gypsy moth, however, bring new challenges including multiple subspecies (Lymantria dispar asiatica Vnukovskij and Lymantria dispar japonica Motschulsky), broad distributions across heterogeneous habitats, and a lack of data on the variation in the phenology of source populations, which may affect risk. To address these issues, published phenology parameters for eight populations of Asian gypsy moth were used to develop eight strain-specific agent-based phenological models. These models were applied to 47 ports in East Asia where the Asian gypsy moth is native, and output was compared with available trap data to assess the role of interpopulation variation in phenological parameters in predicting moth flight among varied locations, assess variation in the performance of models among years, and assess the importance of modeling phenology using parameters from a 'local' moth population. Variation in phenological parameters among the eight populations yielded variation in predicted flight times among the 47 ports analyzed, and the use of 'local' populations did not generally improve model fit. Model accuracy varied substantially among ports and among years within some ports. The larva-to-adult agent-based models described here have utility in estimating flight periods for some ports in their current form, but variation in model quality across the landscape suggests that there is potential for unsampled and unparameterized moth populations and factors that remain to be quantified.
Abstract WP433: Targeting Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) Expression at the Blood-brain Barrier: Implications for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Several drugs with neuroprotective properties have been proposed for stroke treatment but many have failed in clinical trials. Th...
Ion-Induced Nanopatterning of Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogels for Biosensing and Anti-Biofouling Interfaces

Hydrogels provide a solution-mimicking environment for the interaction with living systems that make them desirable for various biomedical and technological applications. Because relevant biologica...
An Efficient Cavitation Model for Compressible Fluid Film Bearings

This article presents an efficient cavitation model for fluid film bearings, considering both gaseous and vaporous cavitation. This work presents a modification of Elrod’s cavitation algorithm, whe...
A clinically derived guinea pig dosing model of cisplatin ototoxicity.

Abstract The guinea pig is a commonly-used animal model in hearing research, as their audible frequency range is similar to that of humans, and they possess comparatively large cochleae among rodents. Numerous studies have investigated the ototoxic effects of cisplatin in guinea pigs, but these have been mostly limited to single high-dose bolus injections of cisplatin. This method of drug administration is not consistent with human treatment schedules, and therefore lacks translational value to clinical applications. We tested several different cisplatin dosing schedules in guinea pigs based on common research based and clinical regimens, measuring the resulting hearing loss and morbidity (weight loss). We propose a dosing paradigm of once-weekly 4 mg/kg cisplatin injections for three weeks to best mimic clinical treatment schedules. This method resulted in a configuration of hearing loss similar to what is observed in humans along with minimal changes in weight.
Social Experience Interacts with Serotonin to Affect Functional Connectivity in the Social Behavior Network following Playback of Social Vocalizations in Mice.

Past social experience affects the circuitry responsible for producing and interpreting current behaviors. The social behavior network (SBN) is a candidate neural ensemble to investigate the consequences of early-life social isolation. The SBN interprets and produces social behaviors, such as vocalizations, through coordinated patterns of activity (functional connectivity) between its multiple nuclei. However, the SBN is relatively unexplored with respect to murine vocal processing. The serotonergic system is sensitive to past experience and innervates many nodes of the SBN; therefore, we tested whether serotonin signaling interacts with social experience to affect patterns of immediate early gene (IEG; cFos) induction in the male SBN following playback of social vocalizations. Male mice were separated into either social housing of three mice per cage or into isolated housing at 18–24 d postnatal. After 28–30 d in housing treatment, mice were parsed into one of three drug treatment groups: control, fenfluramine (FEN; increases available serotonin), or pCPA (depletes available serotonin) and exposed to a 60-min playback of female broadband vocalizations (BBVs). FEN generally increased the number of cFos-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons within the SBN, but effects were more pronounced in socially isolated mice. Despite a generalized increase in cFos immunoreactivity, isolated mice had reduced functional connectivity, clustering, and modularity compared with socially reared mice. These results are analogous to observations of functional dysconnectivity in persons with psychopathologies and suggests that early-life social isolation modulates serotonergic regulation of social networks. Significance statement Social isolation and serotonergic signaling each modulate neural functions independently of each other. It is unknown whether these factors interact to affect activity at the level of individual nuclei, and/or functional networks. Using a vocal playback paradigm, we find that acutely increasing or systemically depleting available serotonin increased cFos immunoreactive neurons in the social behavior network (SBN) mice raised in social isolation compared to their socially reared counterparts. We show for the first time that mice raised in social isolation have reduced functional connectivity in the SBN relative to socially reared mice. Importantly, network perturbations were not resolved by drug treatment in isolated mice suggesting that social experience is necessary to facilitate functional relationships in the SBN.
Bone modifying agents in veterans with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

6582Background: Skeletal related events (SREs) are a known complication for the 80% of men with metastatic prostate cancer who have bone metastases. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone mod...
All‐Y Models

All-Y models refer to applications of confirmatory factor analytic procedures in which the researcher treats all variables as endogenous. Model specification requires estimation of three sets of parameters including (1) loadings of measured variables on the underlying construct(s), (2) relationships between measurement errors associated with the observed variables, and (3) relationships between the residual errors for the latent endogenous constructs. Keywords: structural equation model; endogenous variables; confirmatory factor analysis; measurement model; all-Y model
Aging and the Life Course

This essay reviews major elements of aging and life course research, its foundations, frontiers, and research challenges. This research examines how human lives are organized and manifested across the life span in different environments. The first foundation of life course research is the historical observation of the institutionalization of the life course; that is, how it became standardized in industrialized contexts through the operation of work, family and state institutions and how it is increasingly destandardized in the new global economy. The second foundation is the examination of the life course as a process that is manifold and cumulative: manifold because it consists of intertwining roles and events over time and cumulative because it consists of sequentially contingent transitions and path-dependent processes. The third foundation is the recognition of the formative and enduring impact of exposures to severe life conditions or major sustained macro events such as wars or disasters. The stress process is the fourth foundation that addresses how stresses over the life course shape its trajectory. Finally, cognition and emotion over the life span serve as a foundation for the major psychological experience of aging. Three frontiers of life course research are highlighted: the individualization of the life course and the devolution of risk; cumulative advantage and cumulative disadvantage as major processes of life course inequalities; and biological processes and the life course. The essay ends with consideration of life course data and methods and the challenges of interdisciplinary research. Keywords: aging; the life course; human development; life span; childhood adversity; transition to adulthood; cumulative inequality; retirement trajectories
Growth temperature and composition effects in InGaAsN quantum wells for GaAs-based 1300 nm emitters

Summary form only given. We have examined the photoluminescence properties of InGaAsN quantum wells as a method of improving the performance of GaAs-based 1300 nm lasers. Among the parameters that significantly affect the quality of this material, growth temperature and In/N ratio of the alloy have particularly profound effects. Substantially lower growth temperatures than normally used for GaAs or InGaAs materials appear to enhance the quality of this alloy, while In fractions of 0.3-0.35 result in an acceptable compromise between quantum well strain and optical quality.
Unanticipated transient sciatic nerve deficits from intra-wound liposomal bupivacaine injection during total hip arthroplasty.

Liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel®) is a novel formulation of local anesthetic used to provide extended postoperative analgesia as part of a multimodal pain control regimen in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. In the three total hip arthroplasty cases described, all patients exhibited a transient loss of neurologic function in the sciatic nerve distribution of the operated extremity lasting between 24 and 72 h during the immediate postoperative period. Due to the nature and duration of the deficits, it was concluded that they likely occurred as a result of unintended injection of the medication in close proximity to the sciatic nerve. To the best of our knowledge, these events have yet to be reported in the current literature. We recommend orthopaedic surgeons pay special attention during infiltration of the medication at the surgical site to avoid postoperative neurological deficits.
Development Success: Statecraft in the South

Preface Introduction: A Framework For Understanding Development Success W.McCourt & A.Bebbington Political Competition Can Be Positive: Embedding Cash Transfer Programmes in Brazil M. Melo Managing The Indonesian Economy: Good Policies, Weak Institutions B.Hofman When Good Policies Go Bad, Then What? Dislodging Exhausted Industrial And Education Policies In Latin America M.Grindle Why Has Microfinance Been A Policy Success In Bangladesh? D.Hulme & K.Moore Behind 'Win-Win' - Politics, Interests And Ideologies In Successful Subsidized Housing Developments D.Mitlin Realizing Health Rights In Brazil: The Micropolitics Of Sustaining Health System Reform A.Shankland & A.Cornwall The 'Nampula Model': A Mozambique Case Of Successful Participatory Planning And Financing D.Jackson Explaining (And Obtaining) Development Success A.Bebbington & W.McCourt Bibliography Index
Therapeutic Modalities: The Art and Science

Therapeutic Modalities: The Art and Science, 2nd edition, is a text designed and written for student practitioners of any discipline who will provide treatment to clients using therapeutic modaliti...
Mutations in a plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase gene cause deafness in deafwaddler mice

Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans. Because the auditory systems of mice and humans are conserved, studies on mouse models have predicted several human deafness genes and identified new genes involved in hearing. The deafwaddler (dfw) mouse mutant is deaf and displays vestibular/motor imbalance. Here we report that the gene encoding a plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase type 2 pump (Atp2b2, also known as Pmca2) is mutated in dfw. An A-->G nucleotide transition in dfw DNA causes a glycine-to-serine substitution at a highly conserved amino-acid position, whereas in a second allele, dfw2J, a 2-base-pair deletion causes a frameshift that predicts a truncated protein. In the cochlea, the protein Atp2b2 is localized to stereocilia and the basolateral wall of hair cells in wild-type mice, but is not detected in dfw2J mice. This indicates that mutation of Atp2b2 may cause deafness and imbalance by affecting sensory transduction in stereocilia as well as neurotransmitter release from the basolateral membrane. These mutations affecting Atp2b2 in dfw and dfw2J are the first to be found in a mammalian plasma membrane calcium pump and define a new class of deafness genes that directly affect hair-cell physiology.
Brief Therapy: Problems and Solutions in Managed Care

This chapter addresses the way through which strategic solution focused therapy approaches the issues raised by managed care. Brevity is not the primary aim of this approach, but it can result from precise clarification of problems and solutions. Single session therapy, brief treatment, and managed care, along with benefit limitations with clients are discussed. Cautions and potential problems in managed care are addressed as well. A managed care approach uses the term “catalyst model” to describe the therapist's role and tasks. In the catalyst model, many clients are seen, for brief episodes and often in nontraditional ways. The therapist is like a “catalyst” for change, like the “yeast for growth outside therapy.” The emphasis is on restoring a natural drive for development that has gone awry. Managed care systems are not all alike, and as they proliferate, so do potential problems. From the standpoint of some managed care systems, the person who “gives up” on treatment or seeks service elsewhere is a financial success.
Eyeing the web interface: the influence of price, product, and personal involvement

Although Internet retailing has become part of mainstream commerce, there is still lack of research related to web interface design as a function of product price, product complexity, and personal involvement of consumer with the product. Different types of products require different aspects of information and environment as demanded by consumers; thus, it is imperative for retailers to appropriately tailor their online presentation of products. Drawing from the elaboration likelihood model and media richness theory, we investigate the effectiveness of peripheral cue-dominated interfaces, balanced cue-dominated interfaces, and central cue-dominated interfaces on consumer purchase intention. Nearly 1000 subjects participated in this study over a period of 2 years. Our analyses provide support for the contention that the role of website cues (peripheral and central) on the consumer varies by the type of product. Our findings have implications for research and practice.
Loss in CD4 T-cell responses to multiple epitopes in influenza due to expression of one additional MHC class II molecule in the host.

SummaryAn understanding of factors controlling CD4 T-cell immunodominance isneeded to pursue CD4 T-cell epitope-driven vaccine design, yet ourunderstanding of this in humans is limited by the complexity of potentialMHC class II molecule expression. In the studies described here, we tookadvantage of genetically restricted, well-deﬁned mouse strains to betterunderstand the effect of increasing MHC class II molecule diversity onthe CD4 T-cell repertoire and the resulting anti-inﬂuenza immunodomi-nance hierarchy. Interferon-c ELISPOT assays were implemented todirectly quantify CD4 T-cell responses to I-A b and I-A s restricted peptideepitopes following primary inﬂuenza virus infection in parental and F 1 hybrid strains. We found striking and asymmetric declines in the magni-tude of many peptide-speciﬁc responses in F 1 animals. These declinescould not be accounted for by the lower surface density of MHC class IIon the cell or by antigen-presenting cells failing to stimulate T cells withlower avidity T-cell receptors. Given the large diversity of MHC class IIexpressed in humans, these ﬁndings have important implications for therational design of peptide-based vaccines that are based on the premisethat CD4 T-cell epitope speciﬁcity can be predicted by a simple catalogu-ing of an individual’s MHC class II genotype.Keywords: CD4 T cells; epitopes; F
On CMOS exclusive OR design

A collection of eight different CMOS EXOR (exclusive OR) gates is presented. The circuit implementations of these EXOR gates range from three to a dozen transistors. A circuit diagram, layout size, and simulation results from LSIM, SPICE, and IRSIM are given for each of the circuits. >
Analytic model of the remobilization of pinned glide dislocations from quasi-static to high strain rates

Abstract In this paper, we construct an analytic model describing mobile-immobile dislocation intersections using a mean-first-passage-time (MFPT) framework. By applying MFPT theory to dislocation intersection, the deformation mechanics at high strain rates is more reliably described than in traditional models based on Van't Hoff-Arrhenius thermal activation. The plastic strain rate is expressed as a function of the applied stress, mobile and immobile dislocation densities, material density, and temperature. This kinetic equation is applicable at strain rates from quasi-static to rates in excess of 10 12 s −1 , pressures from ambient to about 1000 GPa, and temperatures ranging from zero to the melt temperature.
Differentially private models of tollgate usage: The Milan tollgate data set

Models of vehicle mobility have applicability in fields such as urban planning and environmental studies. Big Data, specifically, spatio-temporal data, enable novel ways of constructing such models, however privacy remains an issue. Unfortunately, there is no known way to anonymize location data since spatio-temporal data is highly unique to individuals and robust to changes over extended periods of time. Unlike simple anonymization, differentially private summaries of data provide a mathematical guarantee of privacy, while maintaining the utility of the mobility data. Using a dataset from Telecom Italia's Big Data Challenge, we construct a differentially private model of tollgate traffic in the city of Milan. We then use the model to generate synthetic tollgate data and compare its accuracy on various metrics to that of real data. Our findings show that it is possible to create an accurate, differentially private mobility model from this location data that preserves important characteristics of the original data.
The future of reference: an introduction

The Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) of the American Library Association held a program at the 2002 Annual ALA Meeting on “The future of reference services”. Five experts were asked to produce white papers on the topic and post them to the RUSA Web site (www.ala. org.rusa/forums/index.html) before the conference. At the program, the authors gave summaries of their major points and there was a general discussion of the topic. This forum was a part of a larger initiative by RUSA to help shape the future of reference. The papers and responses to them are presented here.
Matching treatment with recurrent abdominal pain symptoms: an evaluation of dietary fiber and relaxation treatments

We evaluated whether symptoms of recurrent abdominal pain in children provide a basis for treatment selection. Subjects were assigned to dietary fiber or relaxation treatments based upon whether they presented with symptoms of constipation. Elven subjects were treated in a combined multiple baseline and A-B or A-B-C design. As a control, some subjects recived the alternative treatment first. All four subjects with symptoms of constipation showed reductions in the number of stomachaches during the dietary fiber treatment. Of the seven subjects without symptoms of constipation, one showed reductions in stomachaches during the relaxation treatment, three showed some minimal reduction that was difficult to attribute to the relaxation treatment, two responded to the dietary fiber treatment, and one spontaneously improved during baseline. Results support the effectiveness of a dietary fiber treatment for children with symptoms of constipation. Minimal support was obtained for the effectiveness of a relaxation treatment for children without symptoms of constipation. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
An ‘integrating’ application of mathematics

This paper presents a coherent application of several mathematical tools and concepts in an area of financial analysis. As an educational tool, the example demonstrates the usefulness of seemingly obscure mathematics to non‐mathematical students, and provides an interesting case study or exercise to more advanced students of mathematics.
Childhood adversity increases vulnerability for behavioral symptoms and immune dysregulation in women with breast cancer.

Women respond differentially to the stress-associated with breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, with some women experiencing more intense and/or sustained behavioral symptoms and immune dysregulation than others. Childhood adversity has been identified to produce long-term dysregulation of stress response systems, increasing reactivity to stressors encountered during adulthood. This study determined whether childhood adversity increased vulnerability for more intense and sustained behavioral symptoms (fatigue, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms), poorer quality of life, and greater immune dysregulation in women (N = 40) with breast cancer. Evaluation was after breast surgery and through early survivorship. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine intra-individual and inter-individual differences with respect to initial status and to the pattern of change (i.e. trajectory) of outcomes. At initial assessment, women exposed to childhood emotional neglect/abuse had greater perceived stress, fatigue, depressive symptoms and poorer quality of life, as well as lower natural killer cell activity (NKCA). Although these outcomes improved over time, women with greater childhood emotional neglect/abuse exhibited worse outcomes through early survivorship. No effect was observed on the pattern of change for these outcomes. In contrast, childhood physical neglect predicted sustained trajectories of greater perceived stress, worse quality of life, and elevated plasma IL-6; with no effect observed at initial assessment. Thus, childhood adversity leaves an enduring imprint, increasing vulnerability for behavioral symptoms, poor quality of life, and elevations in IL-6 in women with breast cancer. Further, childhood adversity predisposes to lower NKCA at a critical time when this immune-effector mechanism is most effective at halting nascent tumor seeding.
Phagocytosis and cytolysis by a macrophage tumour and its cloned cell line.

MACROPHAGES found in lymphoid and other tissues are defined by adherence, staining, morphology and rapid pinocytosis. Subtypes of macrophage-like cells have been distinguished on the basis of density and functional properties1–3. Immune macrophages4 and normal macrophages in the presence of specific antiserum5–8 will lyse relevant target cells, and can phagocytose cells by an independent mechanism9–12, but it has not been shown that the same cell type can carry out both functions.
Bringing the mosque home and talking politics: women, domestic space, and the state in the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan)

In this article I argue that domestic space has to be theorized as an important center of religious practice and socio-political activism. Born-again and devout Muslim women in the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan) use domestic space as an important sacred place for religious observance and socialization equal to the mosques. This sacred place has a special meaning for born-again and devout Muslims as it carries a promise of personal and social change. In the context of religious and political persecution by the Uzbek state, domestic space is experienced as a politically safe place and as a critically important site of socio-political criticism and activism, as some intimate in-house discussions about religious, political, and social oppression take a form of public protest on the streets.
Third-harmonic dielectric response of a water-in-oil emulsion

The technique of third-harmonic dielectric spectroscopy has been developed for the study of interfacial dynamics in multiphase complex fluids. It is well suited for systems with structure on the scale of optical wavelengths. Thus, it is particularly useful for the study of opaque systems for which optical techniques are untenable. As a first application, the technique has been used to probe the interfacial dynamics of a low-concentration water-in-oil emulsion. The mechanism responsible for the third-harmonic dielectric response of the emulsion has been modeled and compared successfully with the measurements. Structural information has been extracted as well; the droplet size distribution of the emulsion has been determined by fitting the third-harmonic dielectric response. These results agree with the droplet size distribution obtained by optical microscopy under the assumption of a dynamic surface tension significantly higher than the equilibrium value.
Sizing of intermediate storage for variabilities in noncontinuous processes with parallel units

Abstract Noncontinuous processes involving batch/semicontinuous operations are frequently subject to variations in processing parameters. As a counter-measure, intermediate storage is usually installed in such processes to eliminate the effects of these variations. Patterns of parameter variations commonly arising in processes involving stages of nonidentical, parallel units are analyzed. Conditions which guarantee that continuity of operation is maintained in the presence of the variations are derived. These conditions are used to develop storage sizing expressions for accommodating the worst case variations with a given degree of confidence. The sizing expressions are analytical and are in terms of parameters which can be easily estimated. An example of a noncontinuous process is used to illustrate the sizing procedure.
Calculations of effusive-flow patterns. II. Scattering chambers with semi-infinite slits

The method presented in the first paper of this series for computing distributions in steady-state effusive flows was applied to beam-scattering chambers of especially simple geometry having identical long, narrow slits of negligible channel length. The results are presented as correction factors $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ which, when multiplied by the chamber length, give the effective length of scattering path through an attenuating medium of uniform density equal to that in the scattering-gas source. Predictions of the calculations compare well with scattering measurements made with a chamber of variable length.
Changes in Cardiac Mechanics and Coronary Blood Flow of Regionally Ischemic Porcine Myocardium Induced By Diltiazem

The effect of diltiazem on the relationship between myocardial blood flow and regional myocardial mechanical performance was examined in nine open-chest anesthetized pigs of mixed breed and sex, weighing 20 to 32 kg. A transmural ischemic region of the left ventricular anterior free wall was created by acute ligation of three or four terminal branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Regional myocardial mechanics measured by implanted sonomicrometers and regional myocardial blood flow measured by 15 µ radionuclide-labeled microspheres were made during 5 to 60 minutes of coronary ligation. Regional epicardial blood flow in normal and moderately and severely ischemic myocardium was 120±10, 55±10, 5±2 ml/min/100 g, and was 84±14, 32±3 and 9±3 ml/min/100 g in endocardium in the respective regions. The endocardial to epicardial ratio was .69±.09 for normal myocardium and .71 ±.15 for moderately ischemic myocardium. Analysis of 2-mm sequential sections of the left ventricular anterior free wall indicated that a precipitous margin of 2 mm in width existed between normally perfused myocardium and severely ischemic myocardium. Diltiazem 20 to 80 µ g/min/kg, significantly increased Mood flow by 20 percent to 80 percent in all regions of normal and ischemic myocardium that had detectable flow by the microsphere technique without modifying the transmural flow distribution or inducing a coronary “steal,” while slightly increasing regional myocardial shortening. In conclusion, the acutely ischemic pig myocardium that lacks collaterals and presents a sharp demarcation between transmural ischemic and normal myocardium shows a vasodilator reserve that is recruited by the calcium antagonist, diltiazem, in all regions where blood flow is detectable by the microsphere technique. Diltiazem improves myocardial Mood flow at ischemic margins without concomitant myocardial depression typical of other calcium antagonists. Thus, diltiazem may prove useful in the prevention of acute myocardial infarct extension during the acute phases of myocardial ischemia.
CONVERGENCE OF THE WEIERSTRASS-MANDELBROT PROCESS TO FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION

In this work, we develop Mandelbrot's idea that Weierstrass's nowhere differentiable function can be modified and randomized to approximate fractional Brownian motion (FBM). Our approach covers the convergence of processes of a more general type and allows us to consider different dependence structures in the above randomization.
Wetting alteration of mica surfaces with polyethoxylated amine surfactants

Abstract Characterization of reservoir wettability is an important part of assessment of potential oil recovery. Oil-based drilling fluids include surfactants, which can alter the wettability of mineral surfaces. Cores exposed to these fluids may not reflect the true wettability of the reservoir materials. The focus of this study was to observe wettability changes induced by adsorption and removal of surfactants of known structure on mica surfaces using tools that are applicable to studies of wetting alteration by crude oil components. The surfactants used were polyethoxylated coconut and tallow amines with chain lengths of 12 and 18 carbons and head groups consisting of two to five ethoxy groups. Mica was exposed to decane solutions of the surfactants. The treated mica was characterized macroscopically using contact angle measurements and microscopically using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Upon exposure to the surfactant solutions, the mica became oil-wet (∼ 170° for both advancing and receding conditions). AFM examination of similarly treated surfaces imaged in air revealed surfactant layers that were easily disrupted or surfaces that showed no surfactant at all. Contact angles were in the intermediate to water-wet range if the mica samples were removed from the surfactant solution, rinsed with non-aqueous solvents, and submerged in decane for measurements of water/decane contact angles. These results suggest only weak surfactant adsorption occurred from non-aqueous solutions. Differences among the structures tested were greater for increased levels of ethoxylation; differences due to hydrocarbon chain length were negligible. Stronger adsorption, higher contact angles, and more stable surfactant layers could be demonstrated when mica was exposed to aqueous solutions after surfactant sorption, depending on the pH of the aqueous phase. Low pH conditions that promote protonation of the surfactants' amine head group produced the greatest wetting alteration. Above a pH of 8 or 9, no surfactant remained adsorbed on mica surfaces.
Aggregation and spawning by lampreys (genus Ichthyomyzon) beneath cover

Lampreys are generally reported to spawn in shallow water on open, gravel bottoms. During surveys in Wisconsin and Minnesota, we regularly observed aggregations of adult Ichthyomyzon c.f. gagei, I. castaneus, and I. fossor beneath such cover objects as boulders, woody debris, and, at one site, vegetation. In some cases, observations of eggs or rapid quivering by individual lampreys indicated that spawning was occurring. The literature includes scattered anecdotal reports of similar behavior in other populations of Ichthyomyzon. Our data for I. c.f. gagei suggest that aggregations beneath cover objects occur at a greater range of depths than those in the open, but that aggregations in the open can contain greater numbers of individuals. Facultative spawning beneath cover objects may permit lampreys to spawn in deep waters with swift current where spawning could not otherwise occur. Moreover, this behavior may reduce the vulnerability of spawning lampreys to some types of predators.
A Theoretical Analysis of Brush Scrubbing Following Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Wafer cleaning following chemical-mechanical planarization, especially brush scrubbing, is a critical step in semiconductor device manufacturing that is not adequately understood. A critical particle Reynolds number approach is used to assess whether hydrodynamic forces can remove adhering particles from wafer surfaces during brush scrubbing, or whether brush-particle contact must occur. Model systems of 0.1 and 1.0 μm diameter alumina particles adhering to polished silicon dioxide and copper surfaces are considered. Results indicate that hydrodynamic forces can remove some of the adhering particles, but brush-particle contact must occur to remove all of the adhering particles.