cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERNET RESOURCES FOR NEONATAL NURSES

The availability of health information over the Internet has exploded in recent years. Nurses can use the Internet to access information to support professional and clinical interests and join in dialogues with colleagues around the world. The Internet can also be used to identify resources for clients and their families. As with any other information resource, Internet sites must be evaluated for accuracy, currency, and objectivity. The article describes examples of Internet resources and discussion forums for neonatal nurses, use of search engines to find and retrieve information about specific topics, and evaluation of World Wide Web sites.
Sprouting Ability and Points of Pruning of 3 Flowering Shrub Species

The sprouting ability of 3 flowering shrub species,Syringa oblate,Forsythia suspense and Prunus triloba were studied.The results showed that a strong sprouting ability was observed in all species and that the sprout numbers of S.oblate and F.suspense were smaller but their short and strong sprouts resulted in their more accumulation of dry matters.Prunus triloba showed fine and slender sprout and less accumulation of dry matters.The relationship between the sprouting ability of landscape plant and their training and pruning was discussed and some points of training and pruning on these species were suggested.
Clinical Genetics and Heritable Parathyroid Disease: Monogenic Disorders

Germline genetic tests can be extremely helpful for clinical diagnosis of patients and their families when a known deleterious change is found, but there are many reasons why gene testing and interpretation is not straightforward. This chapter pertains to monogenic conditions in which the genetic contribution to a parathyroid disorder is well-established. These disorders include: familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome and parathyroid carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1, 2, and 4.
Jane Addams: Pioneer in American Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration

This chapter explores Jane Addams influence on the emerging fields of Social Work, Sociology, and Public Administration in the United States. All three fields began in response to social problems of the late 19th and early 20th century. The advent of railroads and factories led to rapidly expanding wealth, urbanization and industrialization throughout the United States.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Hierarchy Inspired by Circular Economy

Summary A circular economy (CE)-inspired waste management hierarchy was proposed for end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs). Life cycle eco-efficiency metrics were then applied to evaluate potential environmental and economic trade-offs that may result from managing 1,000 end-of-life EV battery packs in the United States according to this CE hierarchy. Results indicate that if technology and markets support reuse of LIBs in used EVs, the net benefit would be 200,000 megajoules of recouped cumulative energy demand, which is equivalent to avoiding the production of 11 new EV battery packs (18 kilowatt-hours each). However, these benefits are magnified almost tenfold when retired EV LIBs are cascaded in a second use for stationary energy storage, thereby replacing the need to produce and use less-efficient lead-acid batteries. Reuse and cascaded use can also provide EV owners and the utility sector with cost savings, although the magnitude of future economic benefits is uncertain, given that future prices of battery systems are still unknown. In spite of these benefits, waste policies do not currently emphasize CE strategies like reuse and cascaded use for batteries. Though loop-closing LIB recycling provides valuable metal recovery, it can prove nonprofitable if high recycling costs persist. Although much attention has been placed on landfill disposal bans for batteries, results actually indicate that direct and cascaded reuse, followed by recycling, can together reduce eco-toxicity burdens to a much greater degree than landfill bans alone. Findings underscore the importance of life cycle and eco-efficiency analysis to understand at what point in a CE hierarchy the greatest environmental benefits are accrued and identify policies and mechanisms to increase feasibility of the proposed system.
Evolvers are Individuals: Extension of the Species as Individuals Claim

In what are almost asides Ghiselin (1974, 1981), Hull (1976), Holsinger (1984), and Williams (1985) have all claimed not only that species are individuals but that populations are individuals. This larger claim has been lost in the glare of dispute over whether species are individuals. Part of the reason for this neglect is that the term ‘population’, although central to population biology, is considerably more amorphous than the term ‘species’ and it is thus considerably more difficult to dispute any claims about it. But if the individuality of species is important because of what it tells us about the way they function in biological laws (as Hull (1976, 1981, 1987) assserts), then the individuality of populations should also be understood so that we can understand how they function in biological laws.
Justice: A Deadline-Aware, Fair-Share Resource Allocator for Implementing Multi-Analytics

In this paper, we present Justice, a fair-share deadline-aware resource allocator for big data cluster managers. In resource constrained environments, where resource contention introduces significant execution delays, Justice outperforms the popular existing fair-share allocator that is implemented as part of Mesos and YARN. Justice uses deadline information supplied with each job and historical job execution logs to implement admission control. It automatically adapts to changing workload conditions to assign enough resources for each job to meet its deadline "just in time." We use trace-based simulation of production YARN workloads to evaluate Justice under different deadline formulations. We compare Justice to the existing fair-share allocation policy deployed on cluster managers like YARN and Mesos and find that in resource-constrained settings, Justice improves fairness, satisfies significantly more deadlines, and utilizes resources more efficiently.
Unraveling the Puzzle of the Role of Heritability in the Variability of the QT Interval Using Exome Array Analysis

See Article by Bihlmeyer et al Since the discovery the intricate structure of DNA by Watson and Crick1 and the completion of sequencing of the entire human genome only a few decades later,2 genomic medicine has taken large strides in discovering novel disease-causing genes and modifiers in an effort to better diagnose, manage, and treat various diseases. The ultimate goal of all these studies is the one of personalized medicines catered to a person’s unique genomic fingerprint. Not only have the sequencing techniques become significantly cheaper—and even affordable to be used as mail-order kits—genome and exome data sets have become large enough to perform large consortium studies to find novel genes or loci associated with common traits, such as QT prolongation on the surface ECG. QT prolongation is associated with a risk for significant ventricular arrhythmias, torsades de pointes, and sometimes ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Not only is QT prolongation the pathognomonic feature of the rare, inherited condition known as congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS; estimated prevalence 1 in 2000 individuals),3 it is often associated with far more common conditions, such as electrolyte imbalances (especially potassium and magnesium), certain comorbidities, or in combination with prescription medications known to effect the QT interval, such as ondansetron or amiodarone.4 In fact, attenuation of the QT interval is one of most common reasons of US Food and Drug Administration black box warnings or medications being halted in development because of the risk of sudden cardiac death.5 And although the genetic causes for approximately 80% of the predominantly autosomal dominantly inherited LQTS have been established, the genetic fingerprint of QT vulnerability for the general population, for example, that what …
Organic Chemistry Students' Interpretations of the Surface Features of Reaction Coordinate Diagrams.

Organic chemistry students struggle with understanding the energetics of chemical reactions. Reaction coordinate diagrams are one tool that is widely used in organic chemistry classrooms to assist students with visualizing and explaining the energy changes that take place throughout a reaction. Thirty-six students enrolled in organic chemistry II participated in a qualitative study that used semi-structured interviews to investigate the extent to which students meaningfully extract and integrate information encoded in reaction coordinate diagrams. Results show that students have difficulties explaining the meanings of surface features such as peaks, valleys, peak height, and peak width. Analysis of students’ explanations resulted in four themes that describe students’ challenges with correctly interpreting the features of reaction coordinate diagrams. Students conflated transition states and intermediates, despite being able to recite definitions. Students described the chemical species encoded at points along the x-axis of the reaction coordinate diagrams, while largely ignoring the energies of the species encoded along the y-axis. Implications for teaching organic chemistry are discussed.
Gibbs Sampling as a Natural Statistical Analog of Constraints Techniques: Prediction in Science under General Probabilistic Uncertainty

One of the main objectives of science is to predict future events, i.e., more precisely, the results of future measurements and observations. If we take into account the probabilistic uncertainty related to the inaccuracy of the measurement results, to the inaccuracy of the model, and to the inaccuracy of the prior information, then the most adequate approach is to generate a posterior distribution by using Bayes’ theorem. For the simplest posterior distributions, we can deduce explicit analytical formulas for the resulting statistical characteristics (mean, standard deviation, etc.) of the predict future measurement result. However, in general, such formulas are not possible, so we have to use a Monte-Carlo simulation of the corresponding joint distribution of the future measurement results and model parameters.
Impact of DRGs on the medical profession.

Objective: To present an overview of the history of diagnosis-related group (DRG) reimbursement and its impact on physicians and hospitals. Data Sources: Recent research articles on reimbursement and medical ethics. Study Selection: Not applicable. Data Extraction: Performed by the author. Data Synthesis: The DRG system is part of a system developed at Yale University to provide hospitals with incentives to control costs. Hospital Medicare inpatients are classified into groups that are clinically coherent and homogenous with respect to resource use. The classification is also dependent on principal and secondary diagnoses and procedures, age, gender, and discharge status of the patient. Reimbursement is determined by the classification
The effect of surgery on the concentration of circulating megakaryocytes and platelets.

The mean concentration of megakaryocytes in antecubital vein blood of 43 normal men and women was 3.4/ml. (range 0-13). No circulating megakaryocytes were found in 6 patients with thrombocytopenia due to marrow failure. Following surgery the average maximal megakaryocyte level increased to 50/ml. (range 15-190) from a preoperative mean of 8/ml. The maximal level was reached on about the third postoperative day with the platelet concentration reaching maximal levels 3 to 6 days later.
The Imaging of Injuries to the Immature Skeleton

In children, the types of traumatic accidents, the patterns of injury, and the imaging findings change dramatically with age. The types of injuries change as the activities become more complex as children grow older: infants have mostly inflicted injuries, toddlers have fractures related to early walking, young children are either involved in car vs. pedestrian accidents or suffer injuries while playing, and older children and adolescents frequently have sports-related injuries. Musculoskeletal trauma can be acute or may be the result of repetitive trauma to the growing skeleton, as in the case of sports injuries. This chapter reviews the most important type of injuries and their imaging manifestations, as well as those imaging characteristics that are unique to injuries of the immature skeleton.
Mechanisms of Seasonal Soil Moisture Drought Onset and Termination in the Southern Great Plains

AbstractMechanisms of drought onset and termination are examined across North America with a focus on the southern Plains using data from land surface models and regional and global reanalyses for ...
Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in chronic intermittent stress-induced enhanced mechanical allodynia in a rat model of burn pain

Reports show that stressful events before injury exacerbates post-injury pain. The mechanism underlying stress-induced heightened thermal pain is unclear. Here, we examined the effects of chronic intermittent stress (CIS) on nociceptive behaviors and brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) system in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hypothalamus of rats with and without thermal injury. Unstressed rats showed transient mechanical allodynia during stress exposure. Stressed rats with thermal injury displayed persistent exacerbated mechanical allodynia (P < 0.001). Increased expression of BDNF mRNA in the PFC (P < 0.05), and elevated TrkB and p-TrkB (P < 0.05) protein levels in the hypothalamus were observed in stressed rats with thermal injury but not in stressed or thermally injured rats alone. Furthermore, administration of CTX-B significantly reduced stress-induced exacerbated mechanical allodynia in thermally injured rats (P < 0.001). These results indicate that BDNF-TrkB signaling in PFC and hypothalamus contributes to CIS-induced exacerbated mechanical allodynia in thermal injury state.
Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation of Amines in the Presence of Nitroso Compounds: A Method for the Preparation of Unsymmetrically Substituted Azoxy Compounds

Abstract Various amines and amino derivatives such as (tert-butylamine, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-p-toluenesulfonamide), and cyanamide, when treated with |(diacetoxy)iodo|benzene in the presence of nitroso compounds (2) yield unsymmetrically substituted azoxy compounds (3).
The Child at Risk: Child Protection and the Anesthetist

Anesthetists may encounter children who may have been physically or sexually abused. There are ethical and legal obligations to protect the child in this circumstance. The anesthetist may be the first person to notice the signs of child abuse during the preoperative assessment or in theater. Alternatively, the anesthetist may be present when other staff notice signs, and rarely a child may disclose abuse to the anesthetist. Anesthetists involved in resuscitation or intensive care may also notice suspicious injuries. There are several risk factors that increase the risk of abuse, which usually may cause injuries with a characteristic pattern. Once abuse is suspected, it must be reported. Most centers have local arrangements and child protection teams who can facilitate this.
Expansion of Bone Precursors through Jun as a Novel Treatment for Osteoporosis-Associated Fractures.

Summary Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures lead to decreased life quality and high healthcare costs. Current treatments prevent losses in bone mass and fractures to some extent but have side effects. Therefore, better therapies are needed. This study investigated whether the transcription factor Jun has a specific pro-osteogenic potency and whether modulating Jun could serve as a novel treatment for osteoporosis-associated fractures. We demonstrate that ectopically transplanted whole bones and distinct osteoprogenitors increase bone formation. Perinatal Jun induction disturbs growth plate architecture, causing a striking phenotype with shortened and thickened bones. Molecularly, Jun induces hedgehog signaling in skeletal stem cells. Therapeutically, Jun accelerates bone growth and healing in a drilling-defect model. Altogether, these results demonstrate that Jun drives bone formation by expanding osteoprogenitor populations and forcing them into the bone fate, providing a rationale for future clinical applications.
A multidisciplinary care model to increase access to neurologic ambulatory care.

BACKGROUND Expert patient care has been associated with improved outcomes for neurology patients, yet timely access to specialists is challenging. The employment of nurse practitioners (NPs) holds great potential to increase access to neurologic ambulatory care, however little practical guidance exists to date for how this may be achieved. LOCAL PROBLEM To improve timely care provision for patients with neurologic disease, we employed a multidisciplinary care utilization framework that used NPs to expand clinic appointment availability. METHODS AND INTERVENTION After evaluating our baseline performance, we applied a standardized approach to the deployment of NPs in neurology clinic with regard to scheduling clinic sessions and patient appointments. The primary outcome measure was appointment availability measured over 6 months preintervention (June to November 2016) and 6 months postintervention (June to November 2017). Secondary measures included NP effort allocation. RESULTS The postintervention period demonstrated an increase in available appointments (3,731 preintervention vs. 4,318 postintervention) and scheduled appointments (2,014 vs. 2,685). Nurse practitioners spent more time practicing at the fullest extent of their licensure. All improvements were accomplished without the hiring of additional staff. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary care utilization framework for NP employment across neurology subspecialties resulted in an increase in appointment availability. Furthermore, this model is likely to be sustainable due to provider satisfaction and financial viability.
The Game Continues: Seeking Clarity in the Radiation Oncology Match.

Abstract Though the previous Gaming the Match agreement offered guidance to programs on how best to approach the Match process, guidance for applicants remains inconsistent. Here we review and propose guidelines by which the spirit of the Match may better be achieved for both program directors and applicants alike.
Defect-Induced Magnetic Skyrmion in Two-Dimensional Chromium Tri-Iodide Monolayer

Chromium iodide monolayers, which have different magnetic properties in comparison to the bulk chromium iodide, have been shown to form skyrmionic states in applied electromagnetic fields or in Janus-layer devices. In this work, we demonstrate that spin-canted solutions can be induced into monolayer chromium iodide by select substitution of iodide atoms with isovalent impurities. Several concentrations and spatial configurations of halide substitutional defects are selected to probe the coupling between the local defect-induced geometric distortions and orientation of chromium magnetic moments. This work provides atomic-level insight into how atomically precise strain-engineering can be used to create and control complex magnetic patterns in chromium iodide layers and lays out the foundation for investigating the field- and geometric-dependent magnetic properties in similar two-dimensional materials.
Radiation Induces Iatrogenic Immunosuppression by Indirectly Affecting Hematopoiesis in Bone Marrow

Background: The immune system plays a vital role in cancer therapy, especially with the advent of immunotherapy. Radiation therapy induces iatrogenic immunosuppression referred to as radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL). RIL correlates with significant decreases in the overall survival of cancer patients. Although the etiology and severity of lymphopenia are known, the mechanism(s) of RIL is mainly unknown. Methods: PBMCs from various treatments were stained with anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD19 antibodies and analyzed by MACSQuant Analyzer flow cytometer. Mass cytometry analysis (CyTOF) of the bone marrow was done to identify various cell populations. RNA Sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis of the bone marrow cells was done to identify genes involved in hematopoiesis. Findings: We found that irradiation not only had direct effects on circulating lymphocytes but also had a indirect impact on the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. We discovered that irradiated cells traffic to the bone marrow, fuse with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and progenitor cells, and contributes to lymphocyte reduction. We found reduced expression of CD11a, which is required for T cell proliferation and maturation. We found down-regulation of genes involved in hematopoiesis using RNA Sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis. Interpretation: We found that irradiation had indirect effects on the bone marrow. We identified CD11a, and hematopoietic genes to be involved in iatrogenic immune suppression. Funding Statement: This project was supported by grants from Department of Radiation Oncology (Dinesh Thotala), National Institutes of Health; R01 CA174966 (Dennis Hallahan), R01 DK102428 (Grant A Challen). Declaration of Interests: All authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: All studies were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and with protocols approved by the Washington University Division of Comparative Medicine.
Clinical outcomes among patients with chronic kidney disease hospitalized with diabetic foot disorders: A nationwide retrospective study.

Introduction Diabetic foot ulcerations or infections (DFUs/DFIs) are common complications of patients with diabetes. This study aimed to explore the impact of non-dialysis and dialysis CKD on hospitalized patients with DFUs/DFIs. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample database for the years 2017 and 2018. Patients hospitalized for DFUs/DFIs were included in the study. The primary outcome was lower limb amputations. The secondary outcomes were inpatient mortality, sepsis, length of stay (LOS), total hospitalization charges (THC) and disposition. Results A total of 121,815 hospitalizations were included (26.1% non-dialysis CKD; 8.4% dialysis CKD). There was no significant difference in amputation rates between those on non-dialysis CKD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-1.06) and dialysis CKD (aOR: 1.04, [95% CI: 0.91-1.12]) when compared to non-CKD group. Dialysis CKD group had increased odds of undergoing major amputation (aOR: 1.74, [95% CI: 1.32-2.29]), in-hospital mortality (aOR: 3.77 [95% CI: 1.94-7.31]), sepsis (aOR: 1.83 [95% CI: 1.27-2.62]), longer LOS (adjusted mean difference [aMD]: 1.46 [95 CI: 1.12-1.80) and higher THC (adjusted mean difference [aMD]: $20,148 [95% CI: $15,968-$24,327]). Non-dialysis CKD group had increased odds of sepsis (aOR: 1.36 [95% CI: 1.02-1.82]), less likely to be discharged home (aOR: 0.87 [95% CI: 0.80-0.95]), longer LOS (aMD: 0.91 [95% CI 0.69-1.13]) and higher THC (aMD: $20,148 [95% CI: $15,968-$24,327]). Conclusion Patients with CKD on dialysis had higher odds of undergoing major amputation. CKD increased the odds of in-hospital morbidity and resource utilization, with the most significant is for those on dialysis.
Global Expressivism as Global Subjectivism

Huw Price holds that a recognizable version of expressivism about normative and modal language can be “globalized” so as to apply to all areas of discourse. He focuses on globalizing the anti-representationalism of expressivist theories. By contrast, this paper’s topic is the seldom-discussed way Price seeks to globalize the expressivist view that “non-descriptive” discourse exhibits subjectivity. I argue that Price’s own argument against the possibility of a purely objective domain conflicts with his anti-representationalism and is self-undermining. I then defend a different strategy for arguing that a kind of subjectivity can emerge even in domains traditional expressivists have regarded as purely objective. I do so by using an account of assertoric practice to offer a new solution to a puzzle concerning how to describe contingent histories in the use of natural kind terms.
Seeking love in modern Britain: gender, dating and the rise of ‘the single

Seeking Love in Modern Britain considers the rise of the heterosexual dating industry from 1970–2000 – the decades before the normalization of internet dating. The book is a lively account of media...
Itinerant antiferromagnetism in FeMn P 0.8 S i 0.2 single crystals

Compounds based on the $\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{P}$ structure have continued to attract interest because of the interplay between itinerant and localized magnetism in a noncentrosymmetric crystal structure, and because of the recent developments of these materials for magnetocaloric applications. Here we report the growth and characterization of millimeter-sized single crystals of $\mathrm{FeMn}{\mathrm{P}}_{0.8}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{i}}_{0.2}$ with the $\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{P}$ structure. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction, magnetization, resistivity, and Hall and heat capacity data are reported. The crystals exhibit itinerant antiferromagnetic order below 158 K with no hint of ferromagnetic behavior in the magnetization curves and with the spins ordered primarily in the $ab$ plane. The room-temperature resistivity is close to the Ioffe-Regel limit for a metal. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction indicates a strong preference for Mn to occupy the larger pyramidal $3g$ site. The cation site preference in the as-grown crystals and the antiferromagnetism are not changed after high-temperature anneals and a rapid quench to room temperature.
Social Work Interventions in Refugee Camps: An Ecosystems Approach

This article offers findings from qualitative needs assessment of Kosovar refugees in south Albania at approximately one month following their flight from Kosovo (May, 1999). Common themes emerged from the interview data including trauma and the desire for emotional help, lack of information about loved ones, and the need for activities and self-determination in the camps. Framing these findings within an ecological model of human development, we propose a comprehensive approach to social work interventions in refugee camps.
Brain Monoamines, Homeostasis, and Adaptive Behavior

The sections in this article are: 1 Homeostasis: Physiological and Behavioral Contributions 1.1 Specific and Nonspecific Components of Homeostatic Responses 2 General Characteristics of Central Monoaminergic Systems 2.1 Anatomical Characteristics 2.2 Physiological Characteristics 2.3 Synaptic Homeostasis 2.4 Constancy of Transmitter Stores 2.5 Summary 3 Dopamine-Depleting Brain Lesions and Behavior 3.1 Initial Behavioral Deficits 3.2 Recovery of Function 4 Dopamine-Depleting Brain Lesions and Behavior: A Biological Appraisal 4.1 Why Are Large Lesions Required Before Deficits Occur? 4.2 Why Do Animals Recover From Initial Effects of These Lesions? 4.3 What Is Significance of Residual Behavioral Deficits? 5 Concluding Comments 5.1 Effects of Peripheral Sympathectomy 5.2 Arousal and Motivation
MUTATION IN CONTINUOUS CULTURES. II. MUTATIONS INDUCED WITH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND 2-AMINOPURINE.

Abstract Rates of induction of mutation to resistance to bacteriophage T5 were determined as a function of generation rate in cultures of strains of Escherichia coli B for two mutagens, ultraviolet light and 2-aminopurine. With ultraviolet light, induction was independent of generation rate. With 2-aminopurine induction was directly proportional to generation rate. The dependence of induction upon generation rate was the same for tryptophan and glucose-limited cultures. In these experiments selection of mutants, both newly forming and expressed, was absent or negligible, ruling out the possibility that these rates of induction were modified by selection. The results also imply that changes in growth rate did not affect the concentration of (effective) mutagen or otherwise alter the rate of induction by secondary reactions. Furthermore, the results support the interpretation that any single process of mutation can give rise to only one of two basically different responses. Induction can only be directly proportional to, or independent of, generation rate, because mutation occurs during the synthesis of the gene or after synthesis is completed.
Minimization of the width of control memory: a survey

Several algorithms for the minimization of control memory bit dimension are presented and evaluated. Early methods used techniques well known to switching theory, such as compatible classes and cover tables. The drawback in this approach is that the cover tables become unmanageably large for most real applications. The problem was then reformulated in the context of linear programming. However, this method still requires a lot of enumeration and always leads to an absolute minimal solution. A branch-and-bound algorithm is presented. Although it is exponential in the worst case, the procedure is found to be more efficient than the earlier enumerative methods. >
Predictive Value of Screening Tests for Visually Significant Eye Disease

Purpose To determine the predictive value of ophthalmic screening tests with visually significant eye disease in a cohort of American Indian/Alaskan Natives from the Pacific Northwest. Design Validity assessment of a possible screening protocol. Methods Ophthalmic technicians performed a screening examination including medical and ocular history, best-corrected visual acuity, limbal anterior chamber depth assessment, frequency-doubling technology perimetry (FDT, C-20-5), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, nonmydriatic digital photography, and tonometry on 429 participants. An ophthalmologist performed a comprehensive eye examination on subjects with 1 or more abnormal screening tests and a random selection of those with normal screening tests. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between abnormal screening test results and visually significant eye disease. We also determined the predictive value of screening tests with ocular disease. Results Univariate analysis identified history of eye disease or diabetes mellitus ( P P P P P P Conclusions Ophthalmic technicians performing a subset of screening tests may provide an accurate and efficient means of screening for eye disease in an American Indian/Alaskan Native population. Confirmation of these results in other populations, particularly those with a different profile of disease prevalence, is needed.
Infectivity and antigenicity reduction rates of human rotavirus strain Wa in fresh waters.

The rates of inactivation of human rotavirus type 2 (strain Wa) (HRV-Wa) and poliovirus type 1 (strain CHAT) were compared in polluted waters (creek water and secondary effluent before chlorination) and nonpolluted waters (lake water, groundwater, and chlorinated tap water). Viral infectivity titers were determined by plaque assays, while HRV-Wa antigenicity also was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both viruses persisted longest in lake water and shortest in tap water. The actual inactivation times (i.e., times required for two-log10 reductions of initial viral titers) for the two viruses were significantly different in all waters except tap water. With the exception of the groundwater and secondary effluent results, the HRV-Wa inactivation times in the fresh waters tested were significantly different. Owing perhaps to aggregation, HRV-Wa appeared less susceptible to the effects of chlorine than previously reported for this virus and for the simian rotavirus SA11. HRV-Wa displayed prolonged survival in lake water and groundwater exceeding that previously reported for the SA11 virus. The HRV-Wa infectivity reduction rate (ki) was significantly correlated with the water pH (i.e., as pH increased, ki increased). The water pH may have influenced viral aggregation and thereby HRV-Wa susceptibility to other virucidal factors in the water. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed similar inactivation patterns with the most significant reduction in HRV-Wa antigenicity occurring in polluted waters and tap water. In all waters, particularly tap water, infectivity declined at a faster rate than antigenicity. It is proposed that HRV-Wa can be used as a model for future studies of rotaviral persistence in the aquatic environment.
Confirming a Performance-Based Instructional Model.

This study sought to test alternative performance-based instructional models of growth in students' academic achievement in the elementary school. Based upon constructs derived from a synthesis of ...
Assessment of image-derived risk factors for natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms.

OBJECT The goal of this prospective longitudinal study was to test whether image-derived metrics can differentiate unruptured aneurysms that will become unstable (grow and/or rupture) from those that will remain stable. METHODS One hundred seventy-eight patients harboring 198 unruptured cerebral aneurysms for whom clinical observation and follow-up with imaging surveillance was recommended at 4 clinical centers were prospectively recruited into this study. Imaging data (predominantly CT angiography) at initial presentation was recorded. Computational geometry was used to estimate numerous metrics of aneurysm morphology that described the size and shape of the aneurysm. The nonlinear, finite element method was used to estimate uniform pressure-induced peak wall tension. Computational fluid dynamics was used to estimate blood flow metrics. The median follow-up period was 645 days. Longitudinal outcome data on these aneurysm patients—whether their aneurysms grew or ruptured (the unstable group) or remained u...
A Note on Material Frame Indifference

Three methods are presented by which the restrictions on the strain-energy density for an elastic material due to material frame indifference can be introduced. It is seen that one of these, which is extensively repeated in the secondary literature, contains a logical fallacy.
Studies on the mechanism of erythrocyte aging and destruction. I. Separation of rat erythrocytes according to age by Ficoll gradient centrifugation.

Abstract A 22–34% linear Ficoll gradient is described for use in separating red blood cells of different ages. Newly synthesized, 59Fe-labeled red cells were found in the top fractions of the gradient, and these cells moved down toward the lower part of the gradient as they became older. The Ficoll gradient method gave a higher resolution compared to existing published methods. Red blood cells with increasing density, increasing sphericity and decreasing volume were separated by the Ficoll gradient method. The protein content remained constant in red cells up to about two weeks of age, and then showed a trend to decrease with age. Changes in density, shape, volume, and probably protein content, are characteristics of aging red cells.
An Affair of the Heart: Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership:

The importance of emotional engagement in motivation of followers by transformational/charismatic leaders has often been emphasized by leadership scholars. Despite such consideration, little has be...
Intermittent hypoxia damages cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei

Obstructive sleep apnea patients show cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei gray matter loss, a possible consequence of intermittent hypoxia (IH) accompanying the syndrome. We exposed Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) to room air only or 10.3% O2, balance N2, alternating every 480 s (240 s duty cycle) with room air for 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 h (7.5 h per day) during light periods. IH-exposed rats showed increased numbers of damaged Purkinje cells (31.1, 50.5, 54.7, 65.2, and 94.4% for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 h groups, respectively; p<0.001 for slopes of the total, swollen/autolysed, and shrunken/dark cell counts), as assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Anti-caspase-3 antibody density increased in the fastigial nuclei subsequent to 5-h exposure. Short-term IH exposure elicits dose-dependent cerebellar Purkinje and fastigial neuron damage.
A finite element/finite difference wave model for depth varying nearly horizontal flow

Abstract A numerical solution for the depth varying nearly horizontal flow equations is developed using the Galerkin finite element method and a wave equation type formulation. This approach allows for the simulation of non-steady circulations in shallow bodies of water which are free of numerical oscillation in both the stage solution (i.e. no 2 Δx waves) and in the velocity field. The solution variables for the velocity field are the surface and near bottom velocities and the surface and near bottom gradients (i.e. ∂u ∂z ) multiplied by the depth for each of the cartesian directions. Hermitian polynomials are used to define the vertical structure of the flow while the nine node isoparametric quadrilateral is used for horizontal discretization. The solution produces u ( x , y , z , t ), v ( x , y , z , t ), ζ ( x , y , t ) by an explicit time marching scheme for the wave equation and an implicit scheme for the momentum equation. Only a two-dimension surface grid is required and the option exists in the present program to use finite elements, finite differences, or a mixed formulation. The utility of the model is demonstrated by numerical examples for which laboratory results exist and for an actual body of water for which current studies are presently being pursued.
The Shear-Slip Mesh Update Method

Abstract The Shear-Slip Mesh Update Method, designed to handle certain classes of flow problems with moving boundaries and interfaces, is presented. Specifically, we focus on problems with large but regular boundary displacements, such as straight-line translation or rotation. These motions are accommodated by using a thin layer of deforming space—time elements, together with limited remeshing without any projection at space—time slab interfaces. As examples, 2D flow around two counter-rotating squares and 3D flow past a propeller are presented.
The influence of temperature, pH, and growth rate on the δ18O composition of inorganically precipitated calcite

Abstract The oxygen isotope composition of carbonate minerals varies with temperature as well as other environmental variables. For carbonates that precipitate slowly, under conditions that approach thermodynamic equilibrium, the temperature-dependence of 18 O uptake is the dominant signal and the measured 18 O content can be used as a paleotemperature proxy. In the more common case where carbonate minerals grow in a regime where they are not in isotopic equilibrium with their host solution, their oxygen isotope compositions are a convolution of multiple environmental variables. Here we present results from calcite growth experiments demonstrating the occurrence of large ( > 2 ‰ ) non-equilibrium oxygen isotope effects under conditions relevant to biogenic calcite growth and many natural inorganic systems. We show that these non-equilibrium effects vary systematically with pH and crystal growth rate. An isotopic ion-by-ion crystal growth model quantifies the competing roles of temperature, pH, and growth rate, and provides a general description of calcite–water oxygen isotope fractionation under non-equilibrium conditions. The crystal growth model results show that (1) there are both equilibrium and kinetic contributions to calcite oxygen isotopes at biogenic growth rates, (2) calcite does not directly inherit the oxygen isotope composition of DIC even at fast growth rates, (3) there is a kinetically controlled variation of about 1‰ per pH unit between pH = 7.7 and 9.3 at constant growth rate for inorganic calcite as well as biogenic calcite, and (4) extreme light isotope enrichments in calcite in alkaline environments are likely due to disequilibrium among DIC species in aqueous solution. The model can be extended to 13 C uptake into carbonates as well as clumped isotopes but additional data are needed to constrain the kinetic fractionation factors for carbon isotopes. The experimental and model results constitute an important step in separating the relative influence of inorganic and biologic processes on isotopic fractionation and may aid the development of new paleoproxies based on non-equilibrium effects.
The allometry of fear: interspecific relationships between body size and response to predation risk

Body size is associated with fundamental biological processes such as metabolism, movement, and the rate of reproduction and evolution. Although allometric principles should also influence the range of potential behavioral responses for a given organism, evidence for such large-scale and cross-taxon relationships is lacking. If they exist, scaling-related changes in behavior should be prominent in predator-prey interactions: body size affects the likelihood of attack and the costs of predator avoidance. We take a interspecific perspective on a traditionally intraspecific topic by using a 142-species data set containing organisms ranging over seven degrees of magnitude in body size to analyze the relationship between mean response to predation risk and both prey size and the predator : prey size ratio. We found a weak but significant relationship between two metrics of prey size (mean species-level prey mass and mean species-level predator : prey size ratio) and two of the five prey response variables: risk-induced changes in prey habitat use and prey fecundity were significantly correlated with prey body size and the predator : prey ratio. Risk-induced reductions in prey activity were positively correlated with prey mass. In contrast, there was no correlation between prey mass or the predator : prey size ratio and risk-induced changes in either prey growth and survival. We also document considerable variation in response to predation risk among taxa, highlighting that many additional factors contribute to the effects of predation risk on prey behavior, growth, fecundity, and survival. The weak but significant large-scale relationships we documented in our work suggest that allometric relationships may play a subtle role in structuring some of a prey organism's response to predation risk.
Solvation structure and rotational dynamics of LiH in 4He clusters.

We present results of path integral Monte Carlo simulations of LiH solvated in superfluid 4He clusters of size up to N = 100. Despite the light mass of LiH and the strongly anisotropic LiH−He potential with a large repulsion at the hydrogen end, LiH is solvated inside the cluster for sufficiently large N. Using path integral correlation function analysis, we have determined the dipole (J = 1) rotational excitations of the cluster and a corresponding effective rotational constant Beff of the solvated LiH. We predict that Beff is greatly reduced with respect to the gas-phase rotational constant B, to a value of only about 6% of B. This exceptionally large reduction of the rotational constant is due to the highly anisotropic 4He solvation structure around LiH. It does not follow the previously established trend of a relatively small B reduction for light molecules, showing the strongest reduction of all molecules in 4He to date. Comparison of the calculated rotational spectra of LiH in helium obeying Bose an...
PSF uncertainty and image estimation errors

In any image post-processing system, an imperfect knowledge of the system point-spread function (PSF) leads to errors in the estimation of the truth image from the image data. Here we treat the problem of PSF uncertainty resulting from either uncorrected or partially corrected atmospheric turbulence related phase errors and its impact on image estimation in the presence of Poisson count statistics.
Coverage in dense millimeter wave cellular networks

The millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum holds promise for future cellular systems. MmWave cellular deployments are likely to be dense to achieve good coverage. This paper proposes a simplified approach to evaluate the coverage probability in dense mmWave networks. By simplifying a framework that incorporates blockages, analytical expressions are derived to compute the coverage probability. The results show that the average cell size should scale with the average size of the line-of-sight region to maintain the same coverage probability in a dense network, and that the optimum base station density should be dense enough but not too dense.
CD31+ T cells represent a functionally distinct vascular T cell phenotype

In contrast to CD3(+)/CD31(-) cells, CD3(+)/CD31(+) cells aid in endothelial repair and revascularization. There are limited data regarding the functional differences between circulating CD3(+)/CD31(+) and CD3(+)/CD31(-) cells that may contribute to their divergent cardiovascular effects. The aim of the present study was to characterize functional differences between CD3(+)/CD31(+) and CD3(+)/CD31(-) cells. To address this aim, migratory capacity, proangiogenic cytokine release and apoptotic susceptibility of CD3(+)/CD31(+) and CD3(+)/CD31(-) cells were determined. Human CD3(+)/CD31(+) and CD3(+)/CD31(-)cells from peripheral blood were isolated using magnetic-activated cell sorting. CD3(+)/CD31(+) cells demonstrated significantly higher ( approximately 60%) migratory capacity to the chemokines SDF-1alpha (655+/-99 vs. 273+/-54 AU) and VEGF (618+/-99 vs. 259+/-57 AU) vs. CD3(+)/CD31(-) cells. Release of angiogenic cytokines G-CSF, interleukin-8 and matrix metallopeptidase-9 were all approximately 100% higher (P<0.05) in CD3(+)/CD31(+) than CD3(+)/CD31(-) cells. CD3(+)/CD31(+) cells exhibited significantly higher intracellular concentrations of active caspase-3 (2.61+/-0.60 vs. 0.34+/-0.09 ng/mL) and cytochrome-c (21.8+/-1.4 vs. 13.7+/-1.0 ng/mL). In summary, CD3(+)/CD31(+) cells have greater migratory and angiogenic cytokine release capacity, but are more susceptible to apoptosis compared with CD3(+)/CD31(-) cells. Enhanced migratory capacity and angiogenic cytokine release may contribute to the vasculogenic properties of this unique T cell subpopulation.
Stimulation of prostacyclin synthesis by thromboxane A2-like prostaglandin endoperoxide analogues in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract In this study, the ability of two chemically stable thromboxane A 2 -like PG endoperoxide analogues, 15S-hydroxy-9α,11α-(epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z,13E-dienoic acid and 15S-hydroxy-11α,9α-(epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z,13E-dienoic acid to stimulate PGI 2 synthesis by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from rat superior mesenteric arteries was evaluated. The aforementioned analogues, at concentrations of 0.1 to 10μg/ml, stimulated PGI 2 synthesis by 1.5 to 3 fold over basal synthesis. Evoked PGI 2 synthesis was essentially over within 2 to 3 min of incubation, similar to previous findings made in vascular smooth muscle cells incubated with peptide hormones, vasopressin and angiotensin II. The PG-stimulatory activity of 15S-hydroxy-9α,11α-(epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z-13E-dienoic acid appeared to be receptor-mediated inasmuch as it was completely inhibited by (±)5-endo-(6′-carboxyhex-2′Z-enyl)-6-exo-{1″-[N-(phenylthiocarbamoyl)-hydrazono]-ethyl}-bicyclo[2,2,1] heptane, a novel antagonist of PG endoperoxide analogue-provoked smooth muscle contraction and platelet aggregation. The results suggest that thromboxane A 2 and/or PG endoperoxide may stimulate PGI 2 synthesis in vascular smooth muscle by a direct, receptor-mediated, interaction.