cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An unusual subset of cryptorchidism : Possible end organ failure

AbstractPurpose: A paucity of germ cells exists in the cryptorchid gonad that usually correlates with a similar finding in the contralateral descended testis. However, we have noted a small number of boys with cryptorchidism in whom there is a significant difference between the histological evaluation of the cryptorchid testis and the normal descended testis that may indicate a different etiology.Materials and Methods: From 1986 to 1991, 1,426 boys with unilateral cryptorchidism underwent orchiopexy, of whom 752 also underwent bilateral testicular biopsy. Testicular volume and position, and patency of the processus vaginalis were examined. Biopsies were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and embedded in Epon. Semithin tissue sections were analyzed by 2 independent investigators. The number of total germ cells, gonocytes, adult dark and pale spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and Leydig cells was assessed.Results: Of the 1,426 boys the undescended testis was on the right side in 726 and on the left side in 658 (...
Laser excitation of positronium in the Paschen-Back regime.

Zeeman mixing of singlet and triplet $2P$ states of positronium (Ps) atoms, followed by decay back to the ground state, can effectively turn a long-lived triplet atom into a short-lived singlet state, which would seem to preclude laser cooling of Ps in a magnetic field. Here we report experiments which show that, in fact, because of the large splitting of the $n=2$ states in a high magnetic field (the Paschen-Back regime), the amount of such mixing diminishes approximately exponentially with an increasing magnetic field $g0.01\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}$ and is essentially eliminated above $\ensuremath{\sim}2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}$. Thus, laser cooling of Ps should be feasible at high fields, which will facilitate the production of a Ps Bose-Einstein condensate.
The adamantyl carbonium ion as a dehydrogenating agent, its reactions with estrone

Abstract An unusual and useful dehydrogenation of estrone of Δ9(11)-estrone has been observed on its reaction with the adamantyl carbonium ion. With modified conditions both t-butyl and adamantyl carbonium ion sources gave 2-substituted estrone derivatives in this reaction.
An investigation of cloud cover change in response to thermal forcing

The role of cloud cover in determining the sensitivity of climate has been a source of great uncertainty. This article reviews the distributions of cloud cover change from several climate sensitivity experiments conducted at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of NOAA (GFDL) and other institutions. Two of the sensitivity experiments conducted at GFDL used a general circulation model with a limited computational domain and idealized geography, whereas three other experiments were conducted by the use of a global model with realistic geography. A thermal forcing imposed was either a change of solar constant or that of the CO2-concentration in the atmosphere. It was found that in all five cases, clouds were decreased in the moist, convectively active regions such as the tropical and middle latitude rainbelts, whereas they increased in the stable region near the model surface from middle to higher latitudes. In addition, cloud also increased in the lower model stratosphere and generally decreased in the middle and upper troposphere for practically all latitudes.
Experimental Evidence on Product Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities

The benefits accruing to a purchaser of a product due to the existing base of consumers of the same or compatible products are known as network externalities. This paper studies Katz and Shapiro's (1986) model of network externalities in an experimental setting. Two sellers choose prices for competing technologies sold to two groups of four buyers purchasing sequentially in two stages. The results are qualitatively consistent with Katz and Shapiro's equilibrium predictions. In certain sessions over three-quarters of first stage buyers purchase the more expensive technology anticipating that later arriving buyers will also buy this technology. In periods where a strong network has been established for a technology in the first stage, over 80 percent of second stage buyers buy that technology, even though in most cases it is priced higher. The data, however, differ from the point predictions of the model.
Effects of κ-opioid receptor agonists on long-term cocaine use and dopamine neurotransmission

kappa-Opioid receptor agonists have been suggested as treatments for cocaine addiction based on studies showing that they block cocaine-related behaviors. To determine the effects of kappa-opioid receptor agonists on long-term behavioral effects associated with cocaine and the neurochemical bases underlying these effects, rats were treated with the selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U-69593 ((+)(5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1 oxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]-benzeneacetamide) alone or in combination with cocaine and locomotor activity was measured daily. In addition, dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor densities were measured using autoradiographic techniques, and tyrosine hydroxylase was measured using immunoautoradiographic techniques. Treatment with U-69593 with or without cocaine decreased locomotor activity. When challenged with cocaine after a 5-day treatment period, the effects of cocaine were markedly reduced in rats initially treated with U-69593 compared to vehicle. When U-69593 was administered five times with 3-day intervals, it alone had no effect on locomotor activity but still reduced activity associated with a cocaine injection. After five daily injections, U-69593 decreased dopamine transporter and dopamine D(2) receptor densities and increased tyrosine hydroxylase levels. These changes were not seen after the 3-day interval regimen, even though cocaine-induced activity was greatly reduced. These findings show that the effects associated with daily U-69593 treatment are attenuated if the drug is administered with a greater interval, while maintaining a blockade of cocaine-induced activity. In addition, U-69593 can block cocaine-induced locomotor effects without major perturbation of the dopamine system.
Misdisquotation and substitutivity: when not to infer belief from assent

In "A Puzzle about Belief" Saul Kripke appeals to a principle of disquotation that allows us to infer a person's beliefs from the sentences to which she assents (in certain conditions). Kripke relies on this principle in constructing some famous puzzle cases, which he uses to defend the Millian view that the sole semantic function of a proper name is to refer to its bearer. The examples are meant to undermine the anti-Millian objection, grounded in traditional Frege-cases, that truth-value is not always maintained when coreferential names are intersubstituted in belief reports. I argue here that our disquotational practice is sensitive to certain shifts in conversational context, and it is only if we overlook these shifts-if we "misdisquote"-that we can draw the conclusions Kripke wants to draw from his examples. In the wake of this conclusion, I provide a "contextualist" treatment of Kripke's puzzle cases. I show how this treatment is motivated by certain nonns of rationality, and I defend these norms against an intriguing "anti-Cartesian" theory of mind. Throughout the paper, I develop the larger implications that my treatment of Kripke's argument has for the semantic theory of names and belief reports, and, more generally, for our picture of the relation between linguistic behaviour and our states of mind.
Current Concepts for Clean Air and Total Joint Arthroplasty: Laminar Airflow and Ultraviolet Radiation: A Systematic Review

Background With the trend toward pay-for-performance standards plus the increasing incidence and prevalence of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), orthopaedic surgeons must reconsider all potential infection control measures. Both airborne and nonairborne bacterial contamination must be reduced in the operating room.
Intraocular lens optic capture

A continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) provides a tear-resistant opening that allows use of a technique of capturing the intraocular lens (IOL) optic through the capsulorhexis opening when the opening is at least 1.0 to 2.0 mm smaller than the optic diameter. The technique provides stability and long-term centration of the IOL and prevents vitreous from extending anterior to the IOL. This paper reviews the current variations of optic capture including (1) haptics in the sulcus and IOL optic capture through a CCC, (2) haptics in the sulcus and IOL optic capture through an anterior capsule opening and a posterior CCC (PCCC), (3) haptics in the capsular bag and IOL optic capture through a PCCC, (4) haptics in the capsular bag and IOL optic capture through an anterior CCC, (5) haptics in the sulcus and IOL capture through a capsular membrane opening, and (6) haptics posterior to the capsular bag and IOL capture through a capsular membrane opening.
Creatine Transporter (CrT; Slc6a8) Knockout Mice as a Model of Human CrT Deficiency

Mutations in the creatine (Cr) transporter (CrT; Slc6a8) gene lead to absence of brain Cr and intellectual disabilities, loss of speech, and behavioral abnormalities. To date, no mouse model of CrT deficiency exists in which to understand and develop treatments for this condition. The purpose of this study was to generate a mouse model of human CrT deficiency. We created mice with exons 2–4 of Slc6a8 flanked by loxP sites and crossed these to Cre:CMV mice to create a line of ubiquitous CrT knockout expressing mice. Mice were tested for learning and memory deficits and assayed for Cr and neurotransmitter levels. Male CrT−/y (affected) mice lack Cr in the brain and muscle with significant reductions of Cr in other tissues including heart and testes. CrT−/y mice showed increased path length during acquisition and reversal learning in the Morris water maze. During probe trials, CrT−/y mice showed increased average distance from the platform site. CrT−/y mice showed reduced novel object recognition and conditioned fear memory compared to CrT+/y. CrT−/y mice had increased serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Ubiquitous CrT knockout mice have learning and memory deficits resembling human CrT deficiency and this model should be useful in understanding this disorder.
Influence of Frederick (Ted) M. Bayer on deep-water octocoral research

The impact of Ted Bayer's research on octocorals was extraordinary and his studies will long be used by any student of the group Octocorallia. He leaves behind a legacy of 107 published papers on octocorals, in which he newly described 4 families, 1 subfamily, 48 genera, 2 subgenera, 186 species, and 10 subspecies. An annotated list of his new taxa and all of his manuscripts (including 9 unpublished) are given in an electronic supplement. Although he published on most octocoral families, his favorite groups were the deep-water calcaxonian families from the western Atlantic, central Pacific, and Antarctic; he was also an expert on the precious coral family Coralliidae. He facilitated the study of the subclass by publishing classifications of the higher taxa, an illustrated trilingual glossary of morpho- logical terms, a key to all genera (exclusive of the Pennatulacea), and an annotated bibliography of the literature of the group. He was the first to use scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of sclerites to describe species, and perfected that technique in the use of SEM stereo pairs. He also made a sig- nificant contribution to advances in the knowledge of octocoral axial microstructure, proving that all gorgoniids have a diagnostic type of axial mineralogy. He interacted with and influenced virtually every octocoral worker in the last half of the twentieth century, co-authoring with many of them.
A study of the appropriateness of various means of meeting objections by sales representatives

This study examines the conditions under which various methods of answering objections are most effective. In addition, it inquires into the frequency of use of the various methods.
The Cluster-Tic Syndrome and Its Surgical Therapy:

The term cluster-tic syndrome (CTS) is used to designate a clinical pain pattern in which symptoms of cluster headache (CH) and tic douloureux (TD) coexist. The TD elements of the attack occur in paroxysms of many seconds or minutes, always affect the maxillary or mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve, with spread into the ophthalmic division in some cases, and may be triggered by slight superficial stimuli. These features may occur independent of CH elements but more often the two blend together. Four patients with CTS unresponsive to medication underwent surgery. Blood vessels were found to cross compress the trigeminal nerve in all four patients and the nerve was decompressed. A similar condition was found affecting the facial nerve in two of the three patients in whom that nerve was explored and the facial nerve was decompressed in these two. The TD component of the CTS disappeared after surgery in all four patients. The CH component of the syndrome returned after surgery but in a modified form. In three patients, the CH changed from what had been chronic cluster to infrequent episodic cluster periods; additionally in two patients, the duration of cluster was shorter and the pain was of lesser severity.
Power-speed trade-off in parallel prefix circuits

Optimizing area and speed in parallel prefix circuits have been considered important for long time. The issue of power consumption in these circuits, however, has not been addressed. This dissertation presents a comparative study of different parallel prefix circuits from the point of view of power-speed trade-off. The power consumption and the power-delay product of seven parallel prefix circuits were compared. A linear output capacitance assumption, combined with PSpice simulations, is used to investigate the power consumption in the circuits. The degrees of freedom studied include different parallel prefix algorithms and voltage scaling. The results show that the use of the linear output capacitance assumption provides results that are consistent with those obtained using PSpice simulations. Because of the size-depth trade-off characteristic of prefix circuits, the results also show that parallelism of prefix circuits at a certain level coupled with the use of low supply voltage can be used to reduce the power-delay product to attain a desired throughput beyond the minimum possible. The study enables us to understand the power consumption behavior of prefix circuits, and to pick the suitable prefix circuit for the acceptable power consumption in the prefix with a given throughput. Circuit designers can then choose the best prefix circuit for a particular application.
Endocrine neoplasms (non-gastrin) of the pancreas.

Although neoplasms that produce gut regulatory peptides and amines can be found throughout the gastroenteropancreatic axis (excluding carci-noids), the vast majority of these lesions are found within the pancreas. Recognition of the various clinical syndromes produced by the secretions of these tumors, the development of sensitive and specific radioimmu-noassays for the elaborated peptides, and development of more effective localization techniques have contributed to earlier diagnosis and marked improvement in patient care. Treatment is directed toward medical management to correct the metabolic disturbances produced by the excessive amounts of gut regulatory peptides, followed by localization and extirpation of tumor. In the presence of unresectable tumor or metastases, palliative treatment directed at reducing peptide secretion or preventing its effects by surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and hepatic-artery embolization can produce long-term remission of symptoms. Because the majority of these tumors are malignant, the ultimate goal in successful patient management is the early detection and surgical excision of the islet cell tumor before metastases occur.
Absorption of theophylline from the small and large intestine of the neonatal piglet

In this study, the newborn piglet model was used to assess theophylline absorption from various areas of the GI tract. 13 piglets, ages 9–14 days, had their intestines surgically exposed. Four segments of equal length (jejunum, ileum, right colon and left colon) were simultaneously perfused with a saline solution containing [3H]-polyethylene glycol 4000 to measure water shifts and theophylline at a total dose of 5 mg/kg, a typical neonatal dose. Absorption of theophylline, appearance in serum, and the effects of the drug on water and electrolyte movement in the intestinal segments were monitored. Serum concentrations of theophylline after an intravenous and oral dose were also studied in 2 piglets. The data showed excellent absorption of the drug from all intestinal segments studied (jejunum 0.97±0.16, ileum 0.7±0.13, right colon 0.7±0.13, and left colon 0.88±0.19 μg/cm/min), despite a concomitant secretion of sodium chloride and water. No statistical differences in absorptive capacity were seen among segments. The results suggest that as little as 100 cm of residual intestine could, theoretically, absorb a 5 mg dose of theophylline if presented slowly. These findings have ramifications for neonates who may receive theophylline orally or rectally.
Donor B-cell alloantibody deposition and germinal center formation are required for the development of murine chronic GVHD and bronchiolitis obliterans

Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) poses a significant risk for HSCT patients. Preclinical development of new therapeutic modalities has been hindered by models with pathologic findings that may not simulate the development of human cGVHD. Previously, we have demonstrated that cGVHD induced by allogeneic HSCT after a conditioning regimen of cyclophosphamide and total-body radiation results in pulmonary dysfunction and airway obliteration, which leads to bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), which is pathognomonic for cGVHD of the lung. We now report cGVHD manifestations in a wide spectrum of target organs, including those with mucosal surfaces. Fibrosis was demonstrated in the lung and liver and was associated with CD4+ T cells and B220+ B-cell infiltration and alloantibody deposition. Donor bone marrow obtained from mice incapable of secreting IgG alloantibody resulted in less BO and cGVHD. Robust germinal center reactions were present at the time of cGVHD disease initiation. Blockade of germinal center formation with a lymphotoxin-receptor–immunoglobulin fusion protein suppressed cGVHD and BO. We conclude that cGVHD is caused in part by alloantibody secretion, which is associated with fibrosis and cGVHD manifestations including BO, and that treatment with a lymphotoxin-β receptor–immunoglobulin fusion protein could be beneficial for cGVHD prevention and therapy.
On power bases in cyclotomic number fields

The current paper considers the question of power bases in the cyclotomic number field Q(ζ), ζp = 1, p an odd prime. The ring of integers is Z[ζ], and there do exist further “non-obvious” generators for this order; specifically we shall see that Z[α] = Z[ζ] for α = ζ + ζ2 + ⋯ + ζ(p−1)2. We conjecture that, up to conjugacy, there can be no further such integral generators, and prove that this is indeed the case in Q(ζ7).
Management practices associated with high mortality among preweaned dairy heifers.

Summary. In a national survey of US dairy operations, 1685 dairy operations reported 47057 new dairy heifers (either births or acquisitions) and 4427 deaths (9‐4%) of preweaned dairy heifer calves over a 3 month period. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify management practices associated with high mortality among preweaned heifers in dairy operations where at least three dairy heifer calves were born alive or moved on to the operation. Analysis was done twice: once by separating all operations by size into high or low mortality; again using only operations with ! 2 and " 10% mortality to eliminate dairy operations with intermediate levels of mortality from the comparisons. Results were similar. Dairy operations in the West were more likely to fall in the high mortality category than dairy operations in the rest of the country. In addition, the following dairy operation characteristics were associated with high death levels in both models: rolling herd average milk production ! 7710 kg, preweaned heifers placed in groups of seven or more, a male having primary responsibility for the care and feeding of preweaned heifers, calves not receiving hay or other roughages until " 20 d old, calves fed on mastitic or antibiotic milk after colostrum and calves not given whole milk after colostrum.
Educating the Next Generation to Respond to a Bioterrorism Event

Seamless, effective disaster management, including early warning, preparation, response, mitigation, and recovery, is necessary for resilient communities. As the scale and complexity of disasters increase, so do the information management, decision-making, and leadership challenges. This paper focuses on educating students through the application of systems engineering principles in a simulated bioterrorism event. We describe a workshop that included a tabletop scenario exercise to familiarize a mix of graduate, undergraduate, and high school students with systems analysis and decision making during real-world events. Bridging the data and information management and translation-to-knowledge functions through triage of information to create actionable information arguably represents the most critical and vulnerable link in the information fusion process. We conclude the paper with a description of the methodology used to evaluate the learning approach.
Coffee and coronary heart disease: A review

Abstract Since the early 1900s, coffee has been implicated as having adverse effects on human health. Recent attention has focused on coffee's relation to CHD, but because of conflicting results of epidemiologic studies on coffee and CHD mortality, attention has turned to the effects of coffee and caffeine on individual CHD risk factors. Coffee's effect on serum lipids does not appear to be due to caffeine. If in fact an adverse effect on lipids exists, it may be related to other factors including biochemical constituents other than caffeine, hardness of the water used in preparation, and the method of preparation, filtered coffee having no effect. The data are fairly convincing that chronic coffee ingestion does not induce hypertension, although acute consumption produces a small, short-lived increase in BP. The least well understood effect of coffee is its potential to induce cardiac arrhythmias, including potentially lethal ventricular ectopy in certain individuals. More work is needed in this area of arrhythmias before any concrete recommendations can be made. Until more convincing evidence against coffee is compiled, it appears that, at least in moderate amounts in otherwise healthy persons, coffee is a safe beverage.
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue for children with recurrent malignant brain tumors.

BACKGROUND. High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR) has been reported to be effective in treating children with recurrent central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. METHODS. To evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of HDCT and ASCR, the medical records of 27 children with recurrent CNS malignancies who received such therapy at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between 1989 and 2004 were reviewed. RESULTS. The median age at diagnosis was 4.5 years (range, 0.4–16.6 years) and that at ASCR was 6.7 years (range, 1.1–18.5 years). Diagnoses included medulloblastoma (13 patients), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (3 patients), pineoblastoma (2 patients), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (2 patients), ependymoma (3 patients), anaplastic astrocytoma (2 patients), and glioblastoma multiforme (2 patients). The 5-year overall and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 28.2% and 18.5%, respectively. The 5-year PFS rate for patients aged <3 years at diagnosis (57.1%) was significantly better than older patients (5.0%) (P = .019). Among the 6 long-term survivors (5 with M0 disease and 1 with M3 disease at diagnosis), 5 received both radiotherapy and HDCT as part of their salvage regimen; 4 were aged <3 years at diagnosis and had received chemotherapy only as part of frontline therapy. Two patients died of transplant-related toxicities; 44% experienced grade 3 or 4 transplant-related toxicities (toxicities were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria). CONCLUSIONS. HDCT with ASCR is not an effective salvage strategy for older children with recurrent CNS malignancies. The significantly better outcome in the younger cohort was most likely related to the use of radiotherapy as part of the salvage strategy. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Electron beam oxidation of shallow implants

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been performed on boron shallow implants in silicon using electron beam irradiation of the Si surface simultaneous with oxygen exposure at 10−6 Torr. The SIMS sputtered craters were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in order to evaluate the extent of sputter-induced roughening of the analysis area. AES spectra showed that electron beam irradiation caused an increase in the extent of oxidation of Si surfaces. SIMS depth profiles demonstrated that simultaneous electron bombardment during oxygen backfill from the base pressure (10−10 Torr) to 10−6 Torr accelerated the oxidation rate of Si as measured by the reduced width of the surface transients in the Si+ and SiO+ signals. It was also found from AFM analysis that oxygen backfill caused the development of a ripple topography under these bombardment conditions (1 keV, 60° incident O2+ primary beam). Simultaneous electron bombardment during oxygen backfill from the base pressure (10−10 Torr) to 2.8×10−6 Torr improved the depth resolution as measured by the B+ signal. However, ripple formation played a more dominant role as the oxygen pressure was raised to 5.4×10−6 Torr, causing poorer depth resolution.
Transmembrane action potentials and the electrocardiogram in rats with renal hypertension

The results of previous studies of the relation between the surface electrocardiogram and cellular transmembrane potentials have suggested that the T wave configuration of the ECG is the result of a difference in the duration of endocardial and epicardial action potentials. Ventricular hypertrophy induced by renal hypertension in rats is associated with lengthening of action potential duration and a reproducible decrease in T wave magnitude. Therefore, this model was used to study the relation between the surface T wave configuration and regional differences in action potential duration. ECGs were recorded from hypertensive (HBP) and sham-operated (SHAM) rats. The hearts from these animals were removed and transmembrane action potentials were recorded by standard microelectrode techniques from endocardial and epicardial preparations. We found that the normally peaked T waves seen in the ECG of SHAM rats was reduced by 35% in the ECG of HBP rats. This reduction of T wave magnitude was associated with similar duration of epicardial and endocardial action potentials in HBP rats. However, peaked T wave in SHAM ECG was not accompanied by a significant disparity in the duration of the epicardial and endocardial action potentials. Thus, there is no simple, consistent correlation between surface T wave configuration and regional differences in intracellular action potential duration in rats.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialosides containing C7-modified sialic acids and their application in sialidase substrate specificity studies.

Modifications at the glycerol side chain of sialic acid in sialosides modulate their recognition by sialic acid-binding proteins and sialidases. However, limited work has been focused on the synthesis and functional studies of sialosides with C7-modified sialic acids. Here we report chemical synthesis of C4-modified ManNAc and mannose and their application as sialic acid precursors in a highly efficient one-pot three-enzyme system for chemoenzymatic synthesis of α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialyl para-nitrophenyl galactosides in which the C7-hydroxyl group in sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid, Neu5Ac, or 2-keto-3-deoxynonulosonic acid, Kdn) was systematically substituted by -F, -OMe, -H, and -N3 groups. Substrate specificity study of bacterial and human sialidases using the obtained sialoside library containing C7-modified sialic acids showed that sialosides containing C7-deoxy Neu5Ac were selective substrates for all bacterial sialidases tested but not for human NEU2. The information obtained from sialidase substrate specificity can be used to guide the design of new inhibitors that are selective against bacterial sialidases.
Weak Polyelectrolyte Brush Arrays Fabricated by Combining Electron-Beam Lithography with Surface-Initiated Photopolymerization

We present a simple “top-down/bottom-up” strategy to fabricate nano- and micropatterned polymer brush arrays composed of pH- and salt-sensitive, weak polyelectrolyte copolymers [poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid, 3:1, poly(NIPAAM-co-MAA)]. In our approach, a silicon surface is first patterned with gold, using “lift-off” electron-beam lithography (“top-down”), and the resulting pattern is then amplified by surface-initiated photopolymerization by conventional, UV-light-induced free radical polymerization (“bottom-up”) from an immobilized 2,2‘-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) type initiator. The use of pH- and ionic-strength-sensitive comonomers in the copolymer brush enables large, externally triggered conformational changes of the micro- and nanopatterned polymer brushes. We observed that the height of nanopatterned ionized polymer brushes increases with increasing feature size of the pattern. The design and fabrication of surfaces with conformationally switchable, patterned polymeric structures...
Role of leukotrienes in acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol, taurocholate, aspirin, platelet-activating factor and stress in rats.

This study was designed to determine the role of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in the formation of acute gastric lesions induced by 100% ethanol, acidified taurocholate (TC), acidified aspirin (ASA), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and water-immersion and restraint stress. Exogenous LTC4 alone administered in gradually increasing doses (5–20μg/kg/hr) caused only mild hemorrhagic lesions in the gastric mucosa but when combined with 100% ethanol, acidified TC, acidified ASA, or stress, it increased significantly the mean lesion area and lesion number as compared to those produced by these ulcerogens alone. FPL 55712, a LTC4 antagonist, given orally (2.5–10 mg/kg) reduced dose-dependently the extent of gastric lesions in all experimental models used and completely prevented the deleterious effects of exogenous LTC4 on gastric mucosa. PAF augmented the mucosal lesions induced by 100% ethanol, and this was also reduced by the pretreatment with FPL 55712. FPL 55712-induced gastroprotection against various ulcerogens was reversed, in part, by indomethacin, indicating that it could be attributed not only to the LTC4 antagonism but also to increased biosynthesis of PGs. This study provides evidence that LTC4 is involved in the formation of acute gastric damage and the antagonism of LTC4 may protect the mucosa against various ulcerogens.
985-63 Results of Norwood Operation for Lesions other than Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Norwood's operation provides satisfactory palliation for neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The dominant physiologic features of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, ductal dependency of the systemic circulation and parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations, are shared by a multitude of other less common congenital heart malformations. Theoretically, these should be equally amenable to palliation by Norwood's operation. Since January 1990, 60 neonates with malformations other than hypoplastic left heart syndrome have undergone initial surgical palliation by Norwood's procedure. Diagnoses include single left ventricle with I-transposition of the great arteries (12), critical aortic stenosis (8), complex double outlet right ventricle (8), interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect and subaortic stenosis (7), ventricular septal defect, subaortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta (7), aortic atresia with large ventricular septal defect (6), tricuspid atresia with transposition of the great arteries (6), heterotaxy syndrome with subaortic obstruction (3), and other (3). There were 10 hospital deaths and 50 survivors (83% survival). After the introduction of inspired carbon dioxide into the postoperative management protocol (1991), 42 of 47 patients survived (89% survival). Mortality is independent of diagnosis, and essentially the same as for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. With minor technical modifications, Norwood's operation provides satisfactory initial palliation for a wide variety of malformations characterized by ductal dependency of the systemic circulation, in anticipation of either a Fontan procedure or a biventricular repair.
Writing behavioral objectives: A programed article

The purpose of this article is to train interested teachers in the mechanics of writing behavioral objectives. The article begins with a brief rationale for employing behavioral objectives and instructions for using the program. The program is designed for individuals who have little or no experience in writing behavioral objectives, however it may also be useful to individuals who desire to improve their objective writing ability.
Synthesis and single crystal structure of an AFX-type magnesium aluminophosphate

Abstract SAPO-56 (framework type: AFX) has a framework topology slightly different from that of zeolite chabazite (framework type: CHA). While metal substituted aluminophosphate chabazite analogues can be prepared under a variety of experimental conditions with dozens of different amines, the synthesis of SAPO-56 type materials has been more difficult, particularly in non-SAPO compositions. Prior to this work, the growth of large crystals of the AFX-type materials suitable for single crystal diffraction has not been possible in any composition. Here we report the synthesis and single crystal structure of a magnesium aluminophosphate denoted as MAPO-AFX. This represents the first time that the AFX-type topology is made in a metal aluminophosphate composition. The synthesis was accomplished with a novel polyether diamine as the structure-directing agent. Crystal data for MAPO-AFX, (RH2)0.10(NH4)0.45[Mg0.65Al1.35(PO4)2](H2O) where R=O[CH2CH2O(CH2)3NH2]2, space group P-31c (#163), Z=12, MoKα radiation, 2θmax=50°, a=13.8425(6) A, c=20.204(1) A, V=3352.7(3) A3, refinement on F2, R(F)=7.94% for 131 parameters and 1218 unique reflections with I>2.0σ(I).
The electrochemical formation and electron spectroscopic characterization of the platinum sulfide electrode

Summary The anodic voltammetry of acetonitrile solutions containing hydrogen sulfide shows that modification of the platinum electrode surface occurs at potentials sufficiently anodic to oxidize hydrogen sulfide (≥1.25 V vs . SCE). The cathodic voltammetry of these electrodes which have been subjected to anodic polarization shows the reductive discharge of the modified surface at −0.70 V vs . SCE. Comparison of the electron energy (e.s.c.a.) spectra of the modified surface with those of various authentic samples indicates that the anodic modification of the surface is the oxidative formation of PtS.
Caught in the Middle: Tension and Contradiction in Enacting the Primary Grade Curriculum

AbstractThe primary grades can be seen as an essential piece of elementary school as well as an essential component of early childhood education. But rather than being buttressed and supported by the strength of these two powerful domains, primary grade teachers often find themselves caught in the middle, and face a variety of challenges as a result. This article is a narrative case study of the teaching experience of a primary grade teacher who contends successfully with the competing professional paradigms of early childhood education and elementary schooling. Though this is, in many ways, a success story, it is also characterized by conflict. Complex tensions arose from a mismatch between the teacher’s enacted primary grade curriculum and the expectations and desires of her students’ parents.
Cytologic features of insular carcinoma of the thyroid: a case report.

Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid has been accepted as one of the initial diagnostic tools in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. As its use becomes more widespread, the demand for more precise diagnosis has increased. The histopathology of insular carcinoma of the thyroid is now well recognized. However, the cytologic diagnostic criteria are not well established. The reported series have been small (4–6 cases), which is not surprising because of the rarity of this tumor. They consist of retrospective reviews of the aspirates (after the histologic diagnosis had been made from the thyroidectomy specimens). Also, the case reports do not provide uniform cytologic criteria; this could be due to limited sampling of these tumors (which are usually large). A cytologic diagnosis of insular carcinoma can be suggested if multiple samples of a thyroidal mass are markedly cellular, with a cytologic pattern reminiscent of a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. However, the follicular cells are arranged predominantly in rosettes, their nuclei appear more monotonous, some “intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions” are seen, and there is an occasional large cell with a pleomorphic nucleus. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:572–575. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intracellular oxidation/reduction status in the regulation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1

Abstract The eukaryotic cell contains a multitude of pathways coupling environmental stimuli to the specific regulation of gene expression. Two early response transcriptional complexes, NF-κB and AP-1, appear to respond to environmental stressors by inducing the expression of response specific downstream genes. Both are well-characterized transcriptional regulatory factors that are induced by a wide variety of seemingly unrelated exogenous and endogenous agents and serve important roles in cell growth and differentiation, immunity, inflammation, and other preprogrammed cellular genetic processes. The activities of NF-κB and AP-1 are also affected following exposure to chemicals, drugs, or other agents that appear to alter the cellular oxidation/reduction (redox) status. From these observations, it has been suggested that changes in cellular oxidation/reduction status, communicated via a series of cellular redox-sensitive signaling circuitry employing metal- and thiol-containing proteins, serve as common mechanisms linking environmental stressors to adaptive cellular responses. As such, these transcription factors are ideal paradigms to study the mechanism and possible physiological significance of early response genes in the cellular response to changes in cellular redox status. In this article we summarize the evidence suggesting that cellular redox regulates these transcription factors.
PREVALENCE OF PROCRASTINATION AMONG SAMPLES OF ADULTS

At four public meetings, 122 women and 89 men (M age = 47.6 yr.) completed measures of Decisional, Avoidant, and Arousal Procrastination. About 20% of respondents (42 adults) claimed to be chronic ...
Belongingness and Suicidal Ideation in College Students

AbstractObjective: In this study, the relationships between 3 specific domains of belongingness (ie, family, peers, and academic institution) were examined with respect to suicidal ideation. Participants: A sample (N = 249) of undergraduate students was recruited from a large, midwestern university during the Spring 2013 semester. Methods: Multiple regression analysis examined whether the 3 specific domains of belongingness (ie, family, peers, and academic institution) significantly contributed to explaining variance in suicidal ideation. Results: Findings indicated that the 3 domains of belongingness accounted for 9.4% of the variance for suicidal ideation. Family belongingness was the only domain of belongingness that made a significant, unique, and negative contribution to suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Students’ family belongingness seems to have a significant role in their manifestation of suicidal ideation.
Chemical sympathectomy by guanidinium adrenergic neuron blocking agents.

Abstract Chronic administration of high doses of the adrenergic neuron blocking agent, guanethidine, to neonatal or adult rats produces destruction of the sympathetic nervous system (sympathectomy). Although the mechanism of cytotoxicity is not established, it has been proposed to be due to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, an activity of guanethidine which has been demonstrated in vitro in isolated mitochondria. In this study, 40 guanidinium adrenergic neuron blocking agents were examined for cytotoxic effects on sympathetic neurons when administered chronically to neonatal rats. The ability of many of the compounds to concentrate in sympathetic neurons was determined, using, in most cases, an assay based on the development of a phenanthrenequinone derivative. The ability of several of the compounds to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria was also determined. The results show that only a few compounds, very similar in structure to guanethidine, are cytotoxic in vivo . Only compounds very similar to guanethidine accumulate to high concentrations in the neuronal cell bodies, and this may explain the lack of toxicity of some compounds. However, compounds were found, particularly Pharmacia 881/7, which accumulate in the cell body but are not cytotoxic. In isolated mitochondria, Pharmacia 881/7 was ten times more potent than guanethidine as an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. Some compounds which were cytotoxic in vivo produced little or no inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. These data indicate that inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation is not the mechanism by which guanethidine destroys sympathetic neurons.
Effects of alachlor on an algal community from a midwestern agricultural stream

The effects of a single pulse, 21-d exposure of the commonly used herbici de a achlor (2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-methoxymethyl acetanilide) on an algal community from a typical agricultural stream in Nebraska were studied using 18 stream microcosms located in a greenhouse, at six alachlor concentrations (0, 1, 10, 30, 100, and 1,000 μg/L). Effects of alachlor exposure at 1.0 μg/L were not significant (p 10 μg/L. Some taxa recovered from exposure by day 7, while others took longer or did not recover. A shift in the dominant algae was observed at higher concentrations (30, 100, 1,000 μg/L), and after 21 d these streams exhibited total algal cell densities significantly lower than the control and 1.0-μg/L-level streams. Results of this study suggest that alachlor inputs can alter both algal community composition and biomass in agricultural streams. Consequently, potential indirect impacts of alachlor on higher trophic levels warrant further investigation.
An Ultra-Thin, High-Power, and Multilayer Organic Antenna Array With T/R Functionality in the $X$ -Band

The transmit-receive (T/R) operation of an ultra-thin organic antenna array is presented at a center frequency of 9.5 GHz. High transmit power is achieved while maintaining an ultra-low profile in a novel system-on-a-package scheme whereby 32 silicon-germanium (SiGe), transmit/receive integrated-circuit (TRIC) modules have been flip-chip bonded to the array board. Each SiGe TRIC drives a pair of slot-coupled microstrip patch antennas that form an 8 × 8 rectangular array, which is all packaged in an organic substrate stack of liquid crystal polymer and RT/Duroid 5880LZ. The organic package occupies an area of 30.5 cm × 25.4 cm and has a total thickness of only 1.80 mm. The small-signal characterization of the array showed a G/T=-6.64 dB , and a measured receive gain of 20.1 dB with a variation of 0.7 dB over a 1-GHz bandwidth (BW). Finally, far-field large-signal experiments showed a measured effective isotropically radiated power of 47.1 dBm with a variation of 2.36 dB over the same BW, and without the aid of additional thermal management components.
A cytological study of the ovary of Rhodnius prolixus. III. Cytoarchitecture and development of the trophic chamber

The tropharium of the telotrophic ovarioles of Rhodnius is syncytial with the nurse cell nuclei located in tortuous finger-like projections arborizing from a common cytoplasmic area, the trophic core. The nurse cell nuclei exhibit prominent nucleoli. Located adjacent to the nuclear envelope are masses of granular material both within the nucleus and adjoining cytoplasm. The cytoplasm consists primarily of ribosomes and mitochondria. The trophic core and the trophic cords that connect the core to individual oocytes characteristically possess parallel arrays of microtubules with ribosomes and mitochondria interspersed between. Surrounding the nurse tissue (germarium) is a thin layer of squamous cells comprising the inner sheath. The inner sheath is encompassed by the non-cellular tunica propria superficial to which are two external cellular sheaths. The syncytial nature of the tropharium appears to arise as a result of the fusion of many entangled nurse cell-oocyte complexes during the late fifth instar. The structural similarities, and possible homologies with the polytrophic type of ovariole is discussed.
Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis in countries with high tuberculosis burdens: individual risks and social determinants

Accepted 8 November 2010Background A growing body of evidence supports the role of type 2 diabetes asan individual-level risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), though evi-dence from developing countries with the highest TB burdens islacking. In developing countries, TB is most common among thepoor, in whom diabetes may be less common. We assessed therelationship between individual-level risk, social determinants andpopulation health in these settings.Methods We performed individual-level analyses using the World HealthSurvey (n¼124607; 46 countries). We estimated the relationshipbetween TB and diabetes, adjusting for gender, age, body massindex, education, housing quality, crowding and health insurance.We also performed a longitudinal country-level analysis using dataon per-capita gross domestic product and TB prevalence and inci-dence and diabetes prevalence for 1990–95 and 2003–04 (163 coun-tries) to estimate the relationship between increasing diabetesprevalence and TB, identifying countries at risk for diseaseinteractions.Results In lower income countries, individuals with diabetes are more likelythan non-diabetics to have TB [univariable odds ratio (OR): 2.39;95% confidence interval (CI): 1.84–3.10; multivariable OR: 1.81;95% CI: 1.37–2.39]. Increases in TB prevalence and incidence overtime were more likely to occur when diabetes prevalence alsoincreased (OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 1.0–22.5; OR: 8.6; 95% CI: 1.9–40.4).Large populations, prevalent TB and projected increases in diabetesmake countries like India, Peru and the Russia Federation areas ofparticular concern.Conclusions Given the association between diabetes and TB and projectedincreases in diabetes worldwide, multi-disease health policiesshould be considered.Keywords Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, disease inter-action, developing countries, social determinants, observationalstudy