cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intimate Partner Violence Around the Time of Pregnancy and Utilization of WIC Services

Intimate partner violence (IPV) around the time of pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. The supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC), available to low income pregnant women, may provide an opportunity to identify victims of IPV and refer them to services. This cross-sectional study aims to determine whether WIC participants are more likely than non-WIC participants to have reported IPV before or during pregnancy in the United States. The 2004–2011 National Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey (n = 319,689) was analyzed in 2015. Self-reported WIC participation, pre-pregnancy IPV, and IPV during pregnancy were examined. The associations between IPV and WIC participation were analyzed using multiple logistic regression and adjusted odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Subpopulation analysis was conducted, stratified by race/ethnicity. Nearly half of the study sample received WIC (48.1%), approximately 4% of women reported physical abuse 12 months before their most recent pregnancy, and 3% reported abuse during pregnancy. After adjusting for confounders, women who reported IPV before and during pregnancy had significantly higher odds of WIC utilization compared to women who did not report IPV. However, when stratified by race, the association was only significant for non-Hispanic White women (pre-pregnancy AOR 1.47, 95% CI [1.17, 1.85]; during pregnancy AOR 1.47, 95% CI [1.14, 1.88]). There is an association between IPV before and during pregnancy and utilization of WIC. Public health professionals and policy makers should be aware of this association and use this opportunity to screen and address the needs of WIC recipients.
Angiotensin II-induced superoxide and decreased glutathione in proximal tubules: effect of dietary fructose.

Angiotensin II exacerbates oxidative stress in part by increasing superoxide (O2−) production by many renal tissues. However, whether it does so in proximal tubules and the source of O2− in this se...
Whither syndemics?: Trends in syndemics research, a review 2015–2019

As originally conceived, syndemics refers to complex epidemics involving two types of adverse interaction – the clustering and interactions of two or more diseases or health conditions (the biologi...
Cognition in crisis management teams: an integrative analysis of definitions

In large-scale extreme events, multidisciplinary crisis management teams (CMTs) are required to function together cognitively. Despite theoretical maturity in team cognition and recurrent emphasis on cognition in the crisis management practices, no synthesis of theoretical and practical discourses is currently available, limiting empirical investigations of cognition in CMTs. To address this gap, this paper aims to review the definitions of cognition in CMTs, with a particular focus on examining if and to what extent they are diversified. Through a systematic process to search peer-reviewed journal articles published in English from 1990 to 2019, 59 articles were selected with 62 coded definitions of 11 different constructs. The similarities and variabilities of the definitions were examined in terms of their theoretical and practical emphases and then synthesised into an integrative definition expected to serve as a general guide of reference for future researchers seeking an operational definition of cognition in CMTs. Practitioner summary: Understanding of cognition in CMTs is grounded in various theories and models with varying assumptions. An integrative conceptualisation of such cognition as interaction within and across CMTs to perceive, diagnose, and adapt to the crisis may facilitate the accumulation of knowledge and future operationalisations. Abbreviations: CMT(s): crisis management team(s); SMM: shared mental model; TMM: team mental model; COP: common operating picture; SSA: shared situation awareness; TSA: team situation awareness; DC: distributed cognition; ITC: interactive team cognition; TMS: transitive memory system(s); DSA: distributed situation awareness.
Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Retain Their Adipocyte Differentiation Potential in Three-Dimensional Hydrogels and Bioreactors †.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder with a significant economic and healthcare impact. The knee joint is composed of cartilage and the adjoining bone, a synovial capsule, the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP), and other connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissue has recently been highlighted as a major contributor to OA through strong inflammation mediating effects. In this study, methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) constructs seeded with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and cultured in a 3D printed bioreactor were investigated for use in microphysiological systems to model adipose tissue in the knee joint. Four patient-derived ASC populations were seeded at a density of 20 million cells/mL in GelMA. Live/Dead and boron-dipyrromethene/4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (BODIPY/DAPI) staining of cells within the constructs demonstrated robust cell viability after 28 days in a growth (control) medium, and robust cell viability and lipid accumulation in adipogenic differentiation medium. qPCR gene expression analysis and protein analysis demonstrated an upregulated expression of key adipogenesis-associated genes. Overall, these data indicate that ASCs retain their adipogenic potential when seeded within GelMA hydrogels and cultured within perfusion bioreactors, and thus can be used in a 3D organ-on-a-chip system to study the role of the IPFP in the pathobiology of the knee OA.
Complete resolution of a large squamous cell carcinoma of the lacrimal duct in a young African American male after non-surgical management.

Abstract Purpose The following case describes a 28-year old African American male who presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the lacrimal duct. Despite its size and location, his tumor showed complete resolution with non-surgical treatment. Observations The patient presented with a 4-month history of dacryocystitis-like symptoms in the right eye, with no prior medical history and a history of tobacco smoking. Pathology indicated that SCC arose as nests within a benign sinonasal inverted papilloma. He received cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy with tumor resolution in 4 months. Several months after the end of treatment, he experienced irreversible visual deterioration which led to enucleation of the right eye. The patient has remained in remission for 4 years following the treatment. Conclusions The complete resolution of the mass with non-surgical management supports the most recent literature endorsing a multidisciplinary approach for localized tumors. Our patient is the only African American identified in the literature and the youngest reported patient to present with this tumor. Most case studies have not emphasized race, ethnicity and demographics, although it is known that morbidity in malignancy is impacted by these factors.
Unpacking and complicating the ethics and pedagogy of visual studies with youth

In the spring of 2019, we had the opportunity to team teach a doctoral course on Visual Ethnography. Most of the students came to the class because they were either intrigued by the concept of visu...
A Randomized Trial of Manual Phone Calls Versus Automated Text Messages for Peripheral Nerve Block Follow-Ups.

Mobile phone applications (apps) have been used for patient follow-up in the postoperative period, specifically to assess for complications and patient satisfaction. Few studies have evaluated their use in regional anesthesia. The objective of this study was to compare follow-up response rates using manual phone calls versus an automated patient outreach (APO) app for peripheral nerve block patients. We hypothesized that the response rate would be higher in the APO group. A mobile app, “JeffAnesthesia,” was developed, which sends notifications to patients to answer survey questions in the app. We randomly assigned patients who received peripheral nerve blocks for postoperative pain to either a manual phone call or an APO app group, with follow-up in each category occurring between postoperative days (POD) 14–21 and 90–100. In total, 60 patients were assigned to the phone call group and 60 patients to the APO app group. Between POD 14–21, 9 (15%) patients were reached in the manual phone call arm, and 16 (26.7%) patients were reached in the APO arm (p = 0.117). At POD 90–100, follow-up was successful with 5 (8.2%) in the manual phone call group vs. 3 (5.0%) patients in the APO app group (p = 0.300). Overall response rate was poor, with comparable response rates between groups. The APO method may reduce time spent by anesthesia staff on follow-up calls, but our data do not suggest this method improves response rates significantly. Further studies are needed to better understand the reasons for the poor response rate and strategies for improvement.
Trends in Renal Function Prior to and after LVAD Placement and Association with Post LVAD Mortality

Purpose To model renal function in an advanced heart failure population both prior to and after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and to determine the association between pre-operative renal function trends and post-LVAD mortality. Methods Patients with a first time continuous-flow LVAD implant at a single center with renal function data before and after LVAD were included in the analysis (n=410). GFR at each time point was calculated with the CKD-EPI equation. Trends before and after LVAD were computed and plotted using Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS). GFR between 200 to 100 days prior to LVAD was regressed longitudinally to calculate a slope of GFR change prior to LVAD. Both the GFR slope and nadir of GFR prior to LVAD (Figure) were assessed as predictors of post LVAD mortality using multivariable cox regression. Results When assessed as a whole, GFR declined in the entire cohort prior to LVAD, improved with medical optimization, improved further post LVAD, and then declined again to a level that was similar to initially measured values. Each unit decrease in the GFR slope was associated with an adjusted 35% increase in post LVAD mortality (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.15-1.51, p=0.002). With respect to the GFR nadir, each 10-unit decrease was associated with an adjusted 19% increase in post-LVAD mortality (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07- 1.30, p = 0.003). Models were adjusted for age, bridge to transplant status, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and diabetes. Conclusion This analysis demonstrates that renal function in the advanced heart failure population prior to LVAD is complex, with declines in renal function prior to LVAD, and the nadir of GFR prior to LVAD being associated with increased post LVAD mortality. This data suggest earlier LVAD placement prior to measurable renal deterioration may be beneficial.
Selective CO2 electrohydrogenation

Tuning the selectivity of CO2 electrohydrogenation to value-added products poses a challenge in CO2 mitigation and electrified chemical manufacturing. Now, a strategy to design and synthesize CO2 reduction electrocatalysts highly selective to either CO or CH4 for proton-conducting ceramic electrochemical cells is presented.
Attention Impairments and the 'Inattention Biotype' in Major Depressive Disorder

Background. Attention impairments are an under-investigated symptom and diagnostic criterion of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) that predicts poorer prognoses. Despite the centrality of attention for a variety of critical cognitive functions, we lack a detailed characterization of attention impairments and their neural signatures in MDD patients. Methods. We advance a deep multi-modal characterization of selective attention impairments in MDD patients. Multi-modal data were acquired on 1008 MDD patients and 336 healthy controls who took part in a biomarker study known as the international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment for Depression (iSPOT-D), of whom of 15% also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our characterization is anchored in a behavioral marker of attention impairments, and validated by independent measures of neural circuit dysfunction (fMRI), oscillatory neural activity (EEG), and clinical symptom features. Outcomes. Our results show that attention impairments in MDD are associated with hypo-connectivity of the fronto-parietal attention network, particularly in females and older adults. These attention impairments are associated with decreased alpha (8-13 Hz) power at rest and are unrelated to insomnia, excessive worrying, or symptom severity. Interpretation. Attention impairments in MDD patients represent a distinct biotype of depressed individuals that is specific, cohesive, and observable across multiple units of analysis. These attention impairments are associated with circuit dysfunction in a canonical attention network as well as low oscillatory power in the alpha frequency band. Our results provide a target for the development of more precise therapeutics to address dysfunction in top-down attentional control. Funding: L.M.W was supported by a National Institutes of Health grants (R01MH101496 and UH2AG052163). A.S.K. is supported by the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) fellowship, the Stanford Center for Mind, Brain, and Computation (MBC) traineeship, and the Stanford Neurosciences PhD Program. T.M.B is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (K23-MH113708). Declaration of Interest: Over the past three years L.M.W has scientific advisory board fees from Psyberguide of the One Mind Institute and consultancy from Humana and Blackthorn Therapeutics for projects not related to this work.
Desialylation of O-glycans activates von Willebrand factor by destabilizing its autoinhibitory module

Background The binding of the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP)Ibα defines the VWF activity in hemostasis. Recent studies suggest that sequences flanking A1 form cooperatively an autoinhibitory module (AIM) that reduces the accessibility of the GPIbα binding site on A1. Application of a tensile force induces unfolding of the AIM. Desialylation induces spontaneous binding of plasma VWF to platelets. Most O-glycans in VWF are located around the A1 domain. Removing certain O-glycans in the flanking sequences by site-directed mutagenesis enhances A1 binding to GPIbα and produces an effect similar to type 2B von Willebrand disease in animals. Objectives To understand if and how desialylation of O-glycans in the flanking sequences increases A1 activity. Methods A recombinant AIM-A1 fragment encompassing VWF residues 1238-1493 and only O-glycans was treated with neuraminidase to produce desialylated protein. The glycan structure, dynamics, stability, and function of the desialylated protein was characterized by biochemical and biophysical methods and compared to the sialylated fragment. Results Asialo-AIM-A1 exhibited increased binding activity and induced more apparent platelet aggregation than its sialylated counterpart. It exhibited a lower melting temperature, and increased hydrogen-deuterium exchange rates at residues near the secondary GPIbα binding site and the N-terminal flanking sequence. Asialo-AIM-A1 is less mechanically stable than sialo-AIM-A1, with its unstressed unfolding rate approximately 3-fold greater than the latter. Conclusions Desialylation of O-glycans around A1 increases its activity by destabilizing the AIM.
Glyceride composition of fats and oils determined by oxidation and crystallization methods

The glyceride composition of four dissimilar fats and oils was determined by two independent methods a) systematic fractional crystallization from acetone, and b) Kartha’s modification of Hilditch’s acetone permanganate oxidation method. Results by the two methods were in fair agreement for lard, chicken fat, and cottonseed oil but not for palm oil.
What Does Language Do for a Right Hemisphere

It is of interest to determine how the presence of language in a neural network changes the cognitive capacity of that system. Disentangling cognition from language is always difficult. One approach is to establish a measurable level of cognitive skills in an organism and then see how it advances or retreats as a function of the independent introduction of language (Premack, 1982). Another is to study language-competent organisms that have fallen into disrepair and to look at changes in normal cognitive function (Goldstein, 1948; Luria, 1969).
Parsing the Undercontrol/Disinhibition Pathway to Substance Use Disorders: A Multilevel Developmental Problem

A long-standing and diverse body of evidence has documented the importance of externalizing characteristics as very early etiologic predictors of a pathway to severe alcohol and other drug problems and substance use disorder. At the same time, much remains unclear about the mechanistic structure of this pathway, including understanding what the defining characteristics are that encompass the diverse behaviors included in the externalizing domain. This article proposes that the core risk phenotype unifying this domain is behavioral undercontrol/disinhibition. It describes the defining features of this phenotype and outlines the mediators, moderators, and developmental course that characterize the pathway from early risk to a substance use disorder endpoint. A brief summary of the neurocognitive and brain functional response systems that underlie the behavioral phenotype emphasizes the operation of two systems in dynamic tension, one an effortful control system, the other an incentive reactivity system.
Comparison of Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography for Clipping of Intracranial Aneurysms

Background: Residual aneurysm after microsurgical clipping carries a risk of aneurysm growth and rupture. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the standard to determine the adequacy of clipping. Intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) angiography is increasingly utilized to confirm optimal clip positioning across the neck and to evaluate the adjacent vasculature. Objective: We evaluated the correlation between ICG and DSA in clipped intracranial aneurysms. Methods: A retrospective study of patients who underwent craniotomy and microsurgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms with ICG for 2 years. Patient characteristics, presentation details, operative reports, and pre- and postclipping angiographic images were reviewed to determine the adequacy of the clipping. Results: Forty-seven patients underwent clipping with ICG and postoperative DSA: 57 aneurysms were clipped; 23 patients (48.9%) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nine aneurysms demonstrated a residual on DSA not identified on ICG (residual sizes ranged from 0.5 to 4.3 mm; average size: 1.8 mm). Postoperative DSA demonstrated no branch occlusions. Conclusion: Intraoperative ICG is useful in the clipping of intracranial aneurysms to ensure a gross patency of branch vessels; however, the presence of residual aneurysms and subtle changes in flow in branch vessels is best seen by DSA. This has important clinical implications with regard to follow-up imaging and surgical/endovascular management.
Biology, Ideology, and Epistemology: How Do We Know Political Attitudes Are Inherited and Why Should We Care?

Evidence that political attitudes and behavior are in part biologically and even genetically instantiated is much discussed in political science of late. Yet the classic twin design, a primary source of evidence on this matter, has been criticized for being biased toward finding genetic influence. In this article, we employ a new data source to test empirically the alternative, exclusively environmental, explanations for ideological similarities between twins. We find little support for these explanations and argue that even if we treat them as wholly correct, they provide reasons for political science to pay more rather than less attention to the biological basis of attitudes and behaviors. Our analysis suggests that the mainstream socialization paradigm for explaining attitudes and behaviors is not necessarily incorrect but is substantively incomplete.
A CPU Scheduling Algorithm for Continuous Media Applications

We provide an overview of a CPU management algorithm called RAP (Rate-based Adjustable Priority Scheduling) that provides predictable service and dynamic QOS control in the presence of varying compute times, arrival and departure of processes, and CPU overloads. A significant feature of RAP includes an application-level QOS manager that implements policies for graceful adaptation in the face of CPU overload.
The leech homeobox gene Lox4 may determine segmental differentiation of identified neurons.

We cloned and characterized a new leech homeobox gene, Lox4, a homolog of the Drosophila genes Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A. Lox4 has a complex and dynamic pattern of expression within a series of segmentally homologous neurons. These include a pair of specialized motor neurons of one segmental ganglion, the rostral penile evertors (RPEs), and their segmental homologs in other midbody ganglia. During gangliogenesis, Lox4 was expressed within this series of neurons in three different temporal patterns: (1) it was never expressed in the RPE homologs of ganglia 1–3; (2) it was expressed in the RPEs during gangliogenesis, but was turned off when these neurons started to differentiate after gangliogenesis; and (3) it was expressed in the RPE homologs of segments 4–5 and 7–21 during gangliogenesis and the subsequent period of axonogenesis. We found that these neurons have three distinct peripheral axonal morphologies that correlate with the three temporal patterns of expression. Our results suggest that the homeobox gene Lox4 may determine neuronal identities within this series of segmental homologs.
Complexes of Sendai virus NP-P and P-L proteins are required for defective interfering particle genome replication in vitro.

Abstract We present evidence that the formation of NP-P and P-L protein complexes is essential for replication of the genome of Sendai defective interfering (DI-H) virus in vitro, using extracts of cells expressing these viral proteins from plasmids. Optimal replication of DI-H nucleocapsid RNA required extracts of cells transfected with critical amounts and ratios of each of the plasmids and was three- to fivefold better than replication with a control extract prepared from a natural virus infection. Extracts in which NP and P proteins were coexpressed supported replication of the genome of purified DI-H virus which contained endogenous polymerase proteins, but extracts in which NP and P were expressed separately and then mixed were inactive. Similarly, the P and L proteins must be coexpressed for biological activity. The replication data thus suggest that two protein complexes, NP-P and P-L, are required for nucleocapsid RNA replication and that these complexes must form during or soon after synthesis of the proteins. Biochemical evidence in support of the formation of each complex includes coimmunoprecipitation of both proteins of each complex with an antibody specific for one component and cosedimentation of the subunits of each complex. We propose that the P-L complex serves as the RNA polymerase and NP-P is required for encapsidation of newly synthesized RNA.
Hate Crimes Motivated by Sexual Orientation

Abstract The enactment of hate crimes legislation raised awareness of the severity of crimes motivated by animus toward individuals and communities. This national telephone survey found that states which mandate local law enforcement agencies to report hate crimes generally have high compliance rates; states without mandatory reporting requirements have few law enforcement agencies that report these crimes. Law enforcement training on hate crime varies from state to state, with few states including information specifically addressing hate crimes motivated by sexual orientation.
Services and information management for decision support

An overview is given of the SIMS (services and information management for decision systems) project, which integrate several computer services into a single, seamless system, as seen from the user's perspective. This relieves the user of the need to be familiar with all the services available from the system, enabling the user to make requests as though dealing with a single entity. SIMS analyzes the user request, plans the necessary sequence of calls on the services, and executes them. Custom systems for this purpose are expensive, suitable only for the application for which they were crafted, not very flexible with respect to functionality, and difficult to modify. In contrast, SIMS would allow maintainers to assimilate servers into the system through a much less painful process of building a declarative model of the servers, and allowing the SIMS planner to perform the actual integration task. >
Hopi Dictionary/Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect

Hopi Dictionary/Hopiikwa Lavaytutuveni:. Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect. The Hopi Dictionary Project. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997. 900 pp.
Assignment of dioxin-inducible cytochrome P-450 gene family to chinese hamster chromosome 4

The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible cytochrome P-450 gene family (P1-450 and P3-450 in the C57BL/6N mouse) has recently been localized to mouse chromosome 9. In the present study, HindIII-digested DNA from Chinese hamster, mouse, and 20 Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrids and subclones segregating hamster chromosomes was probed with the mouse P1-450 and P3-450 full-length cDNA clones. Hamster P-450 gene fragments (6.0 and 7.4 kb) were assigned to Chinese hamster chromosome 4. These data are consistent with linkage conservation among these two P-450 sequences and four other loci on mouse chromosome 9 that map to hamster chromosome 4.
Stomatal and non-stomatal restrictions to carbon assimilation in soybean (Glycine max) lines differing in water use efficiency

Abstract Genetic variability for water use efficiency (WUE, the quantity of crop dry matter produced per unit water transpired) has been demonstrated in a wide range of crop species. In agreement with established theory, genotypes with higher WUE are often found to maintain lower leaf internal CO 2 concentration ( c i ), as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination. However, lower c i may result from reduced stomatal conductance, increased mesophyll (non-stomatal) conductance, or a combination of both. When genotypic variation for WUE is found, it may be important for plant breeding purposes to define whether such variation arises from differences in stomatal or non-stomatal restrictions to CO 2 uptake. The soybean cultivar Young was previously shown to have higher WUE than the soybean plant introduction PI416937 when both were grown under cyclic drought stress, but the relative importance of stomatal and non-stomatal factors was not known. In the present work, the difference in WUE between these soybean lines was found to be smaller than previously reported, and was also demonstrated to be constitutive in nature; that is, it occurred under both cyclic drought stress and water-replete conditions. Leaf gas exchange measurements revealed that cv. Young maintained lower c i and higher leaf-level WUE than PI416937, as expected. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the observed differences in c i under steady-state gas exchange conditions could be attributed entirely to differences in stomatal limitations to photosynthesis. Genotype differences in stomatal conductance and c i were also examined under fluctuating photosynthetically active radiation, and in some cases were found to be even more pronounced than under steady-state conditions.
Transition probability cell cycle model. Part I--Balanced growth.

A cell cycle model based on the transition probability model of Smith & Martin has been extended to non-balanced growth conditions in batch cultures. The model considers transition to a quiescent cell fraction, variable maturity-velocity, exogenous maintenance, and cell death. This extended model is capable of describing a large range of cell culture behavior which may not conform to Monod kinetics. The use of a constant quiescent transition allows the population to enter a stationary phase, but with a very large A-state to B-phase cell ratio. A substrate dependent quiescent transition helps to reduce this ratio while maintaining the general features of the population growth curves. A model with substrate dependent variable maturity-velocity qualitatively is similar to the Monod equation, while providing additional information on population distribution. The combination of quiescent transition and a substrate dependent maturity-velocity is also examined, and the resulting model is shown to capture the essence of both features.
Adolescent mental health: Prevention and treatment programs.

Adolescent mental health represents a neglected area of research. Mental health objectives include the promotion of optimal functioning as well as the prevention and reduction of maladaptive functioning. This article examines behaviors and conditions that place adolescents at risk for adverse outcomes and the urgent need for prevention and treatment to promote adaptive functioning. The current status of prevention and treatment programs is discussed along with critical issues including the interrelation and contribution of both prevention and treatment; the interplay of basic and applied research; and the need to extend existing interventions as well as to devise new models to address underserved, understudied, and high-risk populations. Research on the role of adolescent development, paths toward adjustment and maladjustment, and special opportunities that adolescence presents for intervention are also discussed.
Tensile fracture of composites with circular holes

Abstract The tensile fracture of a bidirectionally reinforced glass fiber/epoxy laminate was studied. The “hole size effect”, i.e. the reduction in strength with an increase in hole size at constant stress concentration factor, was investigated. It is shown in this paper that a size effect is exhibited by unnotched specimens for one of the principal material directions. This size effect should be taken into account in assessing the hole size effect. The inherent flaw size according to linear elastic fracture mechanics as well as the characteristics dimension according to the point-stress failure criterion of two-parameter models are determined and compared. On the basis of the results of this investigation it is suggested that the inherent flaw size as well as the characteristic dimension depend on the hole size.
Special cutaneous receptor organs of fish: The tuberous organs of Eigenmannia†

The special cutaneous receptor organs of the fresh water weakly electric fish have previously been proposed to be electroreceptors. In the gymnotid, E. virescens, two types of special cutaneous receptor organs, ampullary and tuberous, are distinguished from each other, as well as from the ordinary lateral line receptor organs, by their characteristic distribution and size. The tuberous organs usually contain 25 to 35 elongate nonciliated receptor cells within a cellular capsule. A single layer of supporting cells is present between the base of the receptor cells and the base of the capsule. A single thin myelinated nerve fiber innervates each group of organs and branches so that the base of each receptor cell is supplied with a single nerve ending. Synaptic contact is made at many points on each nerve ending. The synapses are characterized by fingers of receptor cell cytoplasm which contain dense presynaptic rods. The organ capsule is open toward the surface of the fish. A cellular plug partly obscures the opening, but continuity is maintained between the intracapsular fluid and the external water. Microvilli, projecting from the surfaces of the receptor cells, maintain an open gap between adjacent receptor cells. About 95% of the surface area of these cells is therefore in contact with the fluid. The functional implications of some of the ultrastructural observations are discussed.
The Effects of Long‐term Application of Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation

Application of organic amendments (e.g., biosolids[BS], composts) to soil may provide an effective method for accumulating considerable amounts of C, but the long term stability of such C is not well known. We investigated study sites in Virginia to determine the amounts of C remaining in soils 7 to 27 yr following amending with biosolids and composts. The first study employed a Fauquier silty clay loam (fine, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalf) to which four treatments (control, poultry litter-yard waste compost, biosolids compost, and poultry litter) were continuously applied during 2000–2004. The second study was conducted on a Davidson clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudult) to which six rates of aerobically digested biosolids (0, 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 Mg ha–¹) were applied in 1984. The third study was on a Pamunkey sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs) to which five rates of anaerobically digested biosolids (0, 14, 42, 70, and 98 Mg ha–¹), with and without sawdust, were applied in 1996. Total soil organic C concentration and bulk density were measured to calculate C accumulation. The organic amendment-treated soils increased C in the surface soil depth (<15 cm), ranging from 2 to 12% of C across all three sites. Soil C movement was limited to a depth of 15 cm. Evidence of C saturation was revealed in the third study site. These results demonstrate that organic amendments applied over a long time remain in soil and may contribute to C sequestration in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Arnoldi-Chebyshev approach for convection-diffusion computations

Abstract In a convection-diffusion equation, if the convection term is very dominant, the linear system of equations which result from either finite-differencing or finite elementing will not have a strictly diagonally dominant coefficient matrix. So, if one tries a conventional iteration method (Jacobi or Gauss-Seidel) to solve the linear system of equations, the iteration matrix may not satisfy the spectral radius condition for convergence, and hence, no converging solution may be obtained. The problem can be overcome, under certain conditions, if one uses a two-step iteration procedure involving the spectral enveloping ellipse for the iteration matrix. In this paper, we present such a two-step method that combines an Arnoldi-Chebyshev approach for convection-diffusion computations.
Chronic Kidney Disease Identification in a High-Risk Urban Population: Does Automated eGFR Reporting Make a Difference?

Whether automated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reporting for patients is associated with improved provider recognition of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as measured by diagnostic coding of CKD in those with laboratory evidence of the disease, has not been explored in a poor, ethnically diverse, high-risk urban patient population. A retrospective cohort of 237 adult patients (≥20 years) with incident CKD (≥1 eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2, followed by ≥2 eGFRs 0.05). Automated eGFR reporting may help improve CKD recognition, but it is not sufficient to resolve underidentification of CKD by safety net providers.
DYNAMIC STUDIES OF DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES

Etude par deformation in situ dans un microscope electronique en transmission des interactions des dislocations avec les joints de grains dans Ni, Ni 3 Al, Ti-α et Ni−S. Sous certaines conditions, les joints de grains agissent comme barrieres effectives au mouvement des dislocations. Analyse du mecanisme du relief de contraintes dependant de la microchimie des joints et des conditions d'essai. Ce mecanisme peut apparaitre par nucleation et propagation de fissures le long des joints ou par une generation massive et soudaine des dislocations dans le grain adjacent
Quantifying Conversion: A Note on the Colonial Census and Religious Change in Postwar Southern Mali

The use of colonial census data on religious conversion in historical analysis is often fraught with methodological problems. What, at first glance, might appear to have been profound structural transformations of society may in part be illusions created by changes in the census apparatus, or data collection process, itself. In this paper I will discuss how a colonial census was conducted and how local rural peoples were active agents in enumerating their own (official) religious identities. Thus, how did changes in this central tool of bureaucratic knowledge and power distort history? As an overarching critique, I suggest that the problem of the census as an exercise of colonial bureaucratic power in Africa has hardly elicited comment. Thus I suggest that the census may be a potentially fruitful avenue of historical inquiry in examining in closer detail the primary “enumerative modality” of colonial forms of knowledge.I will present examples from the history of French colonial southern Mali during the postwar period in arguing that the colonial census was a complex social and political process that must be ‘deconstructed’ if we are to make critical use of such state-generated numbers. Southern Mali occupied what was believed, in the French imagination, to be an active frontier of Islamization, separating the “Muslim” Sahel (and Sahara) from the “fetishist” forest regions to the south. This religious frontier status elicited mixed views. As Jean-Loup Amselle has argued, colonial officials in southern Mali adopted a highly ambiguous stance toward Islam, “going from one extreme to another, sometimes seeing Islam everywhere, sometimes nowhere.”
Identifying the informational and psychosocial needs of Chinese immigrant cancer patients: a focus group study

Purpose The Chinese immigrant community faces multiple barriers to quality cancer care and cancer survivorship. Psychosocial interventions can positively impact quality of life, anxiety, and distress in cancer patients. In this study, we explored the informational and psychosocial needs of Chinese cancer patients to inform the development of culturally targeted support and survivorship interventions.
Competitive addition and substitution reactions in the interaction of CpWOs3(CO)9(μ-O)(μ3-CCH2Tol) with phosphorus donors. The crystal structure of CpWOs3(CO)8(PPh2Me)(μ-O)(μ3-CCH2Tol)

Abstract Treatment of a CpWOs 3 (CO) 9 (μ-O)(μ 3 -CCH 2 Tol) ( 1 ) with excess trimethylphosphite in boiling toluene afforded both an addition product, CpWOs 3 (CO) 9 (P(OMe) 3 )(μ-O)(μ 3 -CCH 2 -Tol) ( 3 ), and a substitution product, CpWOs 3 (CO) 8 (P(OMe) 3 )(μ-O)(μ 3 -CCH 2 )Tol) ( 4 ), isolated as crystalline solids in 32% and 21% yields, respectively. From an analogous reaction of 1 with diphenylmethylphosphine only the substitution product CpWOs 3 (CO) 8 (PPh 2 Me)(μ-O)(μ 3 -CCH 2 Tol) ( 5 ) was isolated. Complexes 3–5 have been characterized by IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and field desorption mass sepctroscopies. In addition the molecular structure of 5 has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Consistency relation for $R^p$ inflation

We consider $R^p$ inflation with $p \approx 2$, allowing small deviation from $R^2$ inflation. Using the inflaton potential in the Einstein frame, we construct a consistency relation between the scalar spectral index, the tensor-to-scalar ratio, as well as the running of the scalar spectral index, which will be useful to constrain a deviation from $R^2$ inflation in future observations.
The Case for a European Banking Charter

Most financial institutions in the European Union (EU) are still based in one country, but a number of large financial institutions (LCFI) have systemic cross-border exposures. The paper explains how, despite much progress, nationally-segmented supervisory frameworks and national accountability for financial stability hinder optimization across borders of banks' operations and efficient and effective LCFI supervision. A full-fledged EU-level prudential regime that operates along-side national regimes -- a European Banking Charter (EBC) -- could harness market forces to establish a level playing field for financial sector competition, while plugging some significant gaps in Europe's financial stability framework without concentrating excessive powers.
Evaluation of corn and sorghum silages on the basis of milk production and digestibility.

Summary Double-reversal designed feeding trials comparing corn silage and hybrid forage sorghum silage for lactating dairy cows were conducted for two successive years. Silage was fed free choice, hay limited to 5-6lb per cow daily, and grain was fed to fulfill requirements. Cows fed corn silage produced more milk and consumed more silage dry matter in both trials than those fed the sorghum silage. These differences were statistically significant. Sorghum silage was 92 and 85% as efficient as corn silage for milk production in Experiments I and II, respectively. Cows in Experiment I fed sorghum silage gained significantly more body weight than those fed corn silage. Differences in body weight gains in Experiment II were not statistically significant. There were no major differences in digestibility of the corn and sorghum silages fed in Experiment I. The digestion coefficients for dry matter, energy, and the digestible energy values were significantly greater for corn than for sorghum silage in Experiment II.
Berne-Copenhague-Madrid-París-Santiago: Interpolaciones elativistas, variaciones cuánticas e impactos cósmicos en Altazor (1919-1931)

In this article for the special issue of Revista Chilena de Literatura devoted to Chile’s bicentennial, I explore multiple literary, scientific, and geographic connections between Vicente Huidobro’s poem Altazor and the global philosophical-scientifi c contexts of the first few decades of the 20th century. I consider the impact of a series of linguistic, critical, allegorical, and gravitational “falls” in the trajectory of Altazor’s “viaje en paracaidas” in order to think through the impact of a linguistic event in the poem’s gravitational field. By engaging myriad critical approaches to the poem’s “illegible,” ambiguous conclusion, I link the Chilean and European avant-garde poetic scenes (Madrid-Paris-Santiago) with the scientific imaginaries of important discoveries in theoretical and experimental physics in the early 20th century (Berne and Copenhagen). I explore the ways in which Altazor in and of itself the marks the discursive passage between Newtonian and quantum cosmovisions vis A vis the historical context of the quantum/relativistic paradigm shift in physics that was contemporary to the poem’s composition. Altazor’s meaning-making activities, read with respect to quantum and cosmological concerns, show how Huidobro’s long poem traces the falling motion of a linguistic and cosmic event that, nevertheless, is horizon-less and radically heterogeneous in nature –a facet of the poem that is indicative of the kinds of quantum fl uctuations whose “path” cannot be accurately predicted or described with total certainty or mastery.
Synthesis of Novel Heteroaromatics Structurally Related to Ellipticine Alkaloids via Thermolysis of Pyridannulated Enyne−Carbodiimides†

New synthetic pathways to the 5H-pyrido[3',4':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolines 6, the 6H-pyrido[3',4':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b][1,6]naphthyridines 7, and the 11H-pyrido[4',3':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolines 8 via thermolysis of the pyridannulated enyne-carbodiimides 14, 19, and 23 were established. These novel heteroaromatic systems are structurally related to ellipticine alkaloids and could serve as DNA-intercalating agents.
On the evolutionary origins of the egalitarian syndrome

The evolutionary emergence of the egalitarian syndrome is one of the most intriguing unsolved puzzles related to the origins of modern humans. Standard explanations and models for cooperation and altruism—reciprocity, kin and group selection, and punishment—are not directly applicable to the emergence of egalitarian behavior in hierarchically organized groups that characterized the social life of our ancestors. Here I study an evolutionary model of group-living individuals competing for resources and reproductive success. In the model, the differences in fighting abilities lead to the emergence of hierarchies where stronger individuals take away resources from weaker individuals and, as a result, have higher reproductive success. First, I show that the logic of within-group competition implies under rather general conditions that each individual benefits if the transfer of the resource from a weaker group member to a stronger one is prevented. This effect is especially strong in small groups. Then I demonstrate that this effect can result in the evolution of a particular, genetically controlled psychology causing individuals to interfere in a bully–victim conflict on the side of the victim. A necessary condition is a high efficiency of coalitions in conflicts against the bullies. The egalitarian drive leads to a dramatic reduction in within-group inequality. Simultaneously it creates the conditions for the emergence of inequity aversion, empathy, compassion, and egalitarian moral values via the internalization of behavioral rules imposed by natural selection. It also promotes widespread cooperation via coalition formation.
The Molecular Basis of Different Hexokinase (HK) Defects; Two Isozymes (HKr and HK1) Produced from a Single Gene by Alternate Promoters ♦ 787

The Molecular Basis of Different Hexokinase (HK) Defects; Two Isozymes (HKr and HK1) Produced from a Single Gene by Alternate Promoters ♦ 787
TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF PUPATION AND EMERGENCE IN THE MOSQUITO CULISETA INORNAT A (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

The diel periodicity of pupation and emergence was studied in Culiseta inornata (Williston) under field conditions in the Lower Sonoran Desert of southern California. Floating isolation units were employed for observation of these two phenomena over an 8-day study period. Both male and female pharate pupae exhibited a diel periodicity of pupation. Two daily modes were apparent for this process; the first, of lesser amplitude at around 0400 h, and the second, main peak, near 1600 h daily (sunrise: 0635 h, sunset: 1559 h). Distinct diel periodicity of emergence was evident for both males and females of Cs. inornata, with the peak more pronounced for females. For both sexes, a single combined peak of emergence activity occurred daily at around 1600 h.The diel periodicity of emergence correlated significantly with fluctuations in water temperature. Other environmental conditions such as solar radiation, cloud cover, windspeed, and air temperature exerted no observable effect on pupation and emergence activity.
Monocyte contamination in Ficoll-Hypaque mononuclear cell concentrates.

Abstract Monocyte contamination in mononuclear concentrates prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque (F-H) centrifugation was assessed by the following criteria: (a) morphology (Wright-Giemsa stain), (b) function (phagocytosis), and (c) cytochemical staining (non-specific esterase both manually and by flow cytophotometry). Studies on F-H preparations from blood samples obtained from 50 randomly selected patients indicated that monocyte counts based on morphology alone averaged 35.8% lower than those determined by functional and cytochemical staining. Monocyte counts determined by flow cytophotometric studies of cells stained in suspension for esterase were very similar to those based on phagocytosis and manual cytochemical staining technics. It is concluded that: (1) manual Wright-Giemsa staining alone is not adequate to accurately quantitate monocyte populations in F-H concentrates, and (2) cytochemical staining and flow cytophometry can be used for rapid and accurate quantitation of monocyte contamination in F-H mononuclear concentrates.
Spectral input to lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) ganglion cells

Extracellular recordings have been made from ganglion cells of the lemon shark retina: ON, OFF and ON-OFF units were recorded. Spectral sensitivity measurements under darkadapted conditions reveal aλ max of 519–522 nm. This may be due to two photoreceptor systems. A second class of ganglion cells was characterized as receiving input from a single 544 nm visual pigment system.