cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Birds Lost from a Giant Sequoia Forest during Fifty Years

Not all forest bird species breeding on Redwood Mountain, Tulare County, California in the 1930s are still there in the 1980s. Over the 50 Years virgin aiant seauoia forest of the saddle and east slope (within Rings Canyon NationalPark) remains unchanged but has lost the Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis). The mixture of old and secondgrowth sequoias of Whitaker’s Forest, where pines and undergrowth were removed and snags eliminated, is missing the Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pictus), Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus), Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis), Hairv Woodnecker (Picoides villosus). and Olive-sided Flvcatcher. Thouah unchanaed todav. the Xparian alders of Eshom Creek on the west slope have lost Swainso& Thrush~Catha& ustulatus). Drastic logging by Sequoia National Forest has driven all of the above from the west slope ponderosa pine forest that surrounds Whitaker’s Forest. New birds established at Whitaker’s Forest by 1986 are the Common Raven (Corvus corax), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Lincoln’s Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii). Intrusion of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) has begun without yet affecting two abundant species of vireos. The Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is reduced; the Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) has greatly increased. I attempt to explain avifaunal changes by comparing habitats over the 50-year interval. Disappearance of the flycatcher and thrush from unchanged, prime habitat must be caused by destruction of corresponding forests in Central America, where these birds maintain their winter territories.
Analysis of Abnormal Events of Star GOOSE Network in Smart Substations

Star GOOSE network can effectively prevent network avalanches, but a "network storm" alarm was sent by a certain intelligent terminal in this type of network during commissioning, with multiple GOOSE packets. The detailed abnormal phenomena are described when this GOOSE network event occurred, and the process of detection and elimination of the fault is introduced. The in-depth analysis results show that the main causes resulting in this event are illegal access of the network management system, imperfect design paper, inaccurate network anomaly detection of the intelligent equipment, and undemanding on-site operation management. Finally, an improvement scheme is given, and preventive measures are proposed from the perspectives of optimization of VLAN division, and the formulation of operation and maintenance specifications.
Revealing aperiodic aspects of solenoid proteins from sequence information.

Motivation: Repeat proteins, which contain multiple repeats of short sequence motifs, form a large but seldom-studied group of proteins. Methods focusing on the analysis of 3D structures of such proteins identified many subtle effects in length distribution of individual motifs that are important for their functions. However, similar analysis was yet not applied to the vast majority of repeat proteins with unknown 3D structures, mostly because of the extreme diversity of the underlying motifs and the resulting difficulty to detect those. Results: We developed FAIT, a sequence-based algorithm for the precise assignment of individual repeats in repeat proteins and introduced a framework to classify and compare aperiodicity patterns for large protein families. FAIT extracts repeat positions by post-processing FFAS alignment matrices with image processing methods. On examples of proteins with Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) domains and other solenoids like proteins, we show that the automated analysis with FAIT correctly identifies exact lengths of individual repeats based entirely on sequence information. Availability and Implementation: https://github.com/GodzikLab/FAIT. Contact: adam@godziklab.org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Nuclear Weapons and The Indian Armed Forces

Like much of the world, the Indian armed forces were taken by surprise by the five nuclear tests undertaken by the newly elected BJP Government on May 11 and 13, 1998. The subsequent Indian doctrine of minimum credible deterrence, too, was based on few inputs from the end-users—the Indian armed forces. At present the Indian Air Force has the most developed infrastructure, equipment, and trained forces to provide a limited deterrent. However, the most versatile deterrent is in the form of nuclear-powered submarines armed with ballistic missiles. Not unexpectedly, the Indian Navy has staked such a claim. On the other hand, the largest and most powerful of the three defense services, the Indian Army, too, has sought a significant role in nuclear war fighting. Ultimately, an integrated higher defense organization will be required to manage the competing claims and provide a rational cost-effective system of minimum credible nuclear deterrence. India has already taken some steps in this direction.
29 mm Diameter Test Target Design Report

The Northstar target for Mo99 production is made up of Mo100 disks in a stack separated by coolant gaps for helium flow. A number of targets have been tested at ANL for both production of Mo99 and for thermal-hydraulic performance. These have all been with a 12 mm diameter target, even while the production goals have increased the diameter to now 29 mm. A 29 mm diameter target has been designed that is consistent with the ANL beam capabilities and the capabilities of the helium circulation system currently in use at ANL. This target is designed for 500 μA at 35 MeV electrons. While the plant design calls for 42 MeV, the chosen design point is more favorable and higher power given the limits of the ANL accelerator. The intended beam spot size is 12 mm FWHM, but the thermal analysis presented herein conservatively assumed a 10 mm FWHM beam, which results in a 44% higher beam current density at beam center.
Modeling Beta-Traces for Beta-Barrels from Cryo-EM Density Maps

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has produced density maps of various resolutions. Although α-helices can be detected from density maps at 5–8 A resolutions, β-strands are challenging to detect at such density maps due to close-spacing of β-strands. The variety of shapes of β-sheets adds the complexity of β-strands detection from density maps. We propose a new approach to model traces of β-strands for β-barrel density regions that are extracted from cryo-EM density maps. In the test containing eight β-barrels extracted from experimental cryo-EM density maps at 5.5 A–8.25 A resolution, StrandRoller detected about 74.26% of the amino acids in the β-strands with an overall 2.05 A 2-way distance between the detected β-traces and the observed ones, if the best of the fifteen detection cases is considered.
Routine inclusion of long-term functional and patient-reported outcomes into trauma registries: The FORTE project

BACKGROUNDThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) recently recommended inclusion of postdischarge health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) metrics to benchmark the quality of trauma care. Currently, these m
A Murine Model for Quantitative, Real-Time Evaluation of Convection-Enhanced Delivery (RT-CED) Using an 18 [F]-Positron Emitting, Fluorescent Derivative of Dasatinib.

The blood brain barrier can limit the efficacy of systemically delivered drugs in treating neurological malignancies; therefore, alternate routes of drug administration must be considered. The Abl-kinase inhibitor, dasatinib, is modified to give compound 1 ([18F]-1) so that 18F-positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescent imaging can both be used to observe drug delivery to murine orthotopic glioma. In vitro western blotting, binding studies (IC50 = 22 ± 5 nM), and cell viability assays (IC50 = 46 ± 30 nM) confirm nanomolar, in vitro effectiveness of [18F]-1, a dasatinib derivative that is visible by 18F-PET and fluorescence. [18F]-1 is used to image dynamic direct drug delivery via two different drug delivery techniques to orthotopic murine brainstem glioma (mBSG) bearing mice. Convection enhanced delivery (CED) delivers higher concentrations of drug to glioma-containing volumes vs. systemic, tail-vein delivery. Accurate delivery and clearance data pertaining to dasatinib are observed, providing personalized information that is important in dosimetry and redosing. Cases of missed drug delivery are immediately recognized by PET/CT, allowing for prompt intervention in the case of missed delivery.
Veterans in substance abuse treatment program self-initiate box gardening as a stress reducing therapeutic modality

Abstract Objectives To assess the experiences of a veteran initiated horticultural therapy garden during their 28-day inpatient Substance Abuse Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program (SARRTP). Design Retrospective study. Setting Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Salem, Virginia, USA Interventions Group interviews with veterans from the last SARRTP classes and individual interviews with VAMC greenhouse staff in summer of 2016. Outcome measures Time spent in garden, frequency of garden visits, types of passive and active garden activities, words describing the veterans’ emotional reactions to utilizing the garden. Results In 3 summer months of 2016, 50 percent of the 56 veterans interviewed visited and interacted with the gardens during their free time. Frequency of visits generally varied from 3 times weekly to 1–2 times a day. Amount of time in the garden varied from 10 min to 2 h. The veterans engaged in active and/or passive gardening activities during their garden visits. The veterans reported feeling “calm”, “serene”, and “refreshed” during garden visitation and after leaving the garden. Conclusions Although data was secured only at the end of the 2016 growing season, interviews of the inpatient veterans revealed that they used their own initiative and resources to continue the horticulture therapy program for 2 successive growing years after the original pilot project ended in 2014. These non-interventionist, therapeutic garden projects suggest the role of autonomy and patient initiative in recovery programs for veterans attending VAMC treatment programs and they also suggest the value of horticulture therapy as a meaningful evidence- based therapeutic modality for veterans.
Distal and Segmental Ureterectomy

Isolated ureteral urothelial carcinoma represents about 30% of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (Abouassaly et al. Urology, 76:895, 2010). Radical nephrourerectomy with en-block removal with the entire ureter along with a bladder cuff is the standard surgical management for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Kidney-sparing techniques for management of ureteral urothelial carcinoma include endoscopic ablation/resection, percutaneous techniques, and distal/segmental ureterectomy (DU/SU). The focus of this chapter would be on DU/SU. In select scenarios, the option of DU/SU may be offered to patients with isolated ureteral urothelial carcinoma. In most cases, the consideration of DU/SU is based on patient factors as solitary kidney or the presence of renal functional impairment; however, there have to be strict tumor-related criteria that would allow the utilization of such a nephron-sparing surgical option such as low grade tumor, and single or locally confined tumors. While maximizing renal functional outcomes with DU/SU, this comes at the expense of more extensive follow-up surveillance, which may add to the complexity of follow-up of those patients and the total cost for the management of this uncommon urologic malignancy. We aim in this chapter of the book to describe indications for utilization of DU/SU, approaches and techniques that can be utilized for distal/segmental ureterectomy and urinary reconstruction, along with brief review of the current status of its use and oncologic efficacy in comparison to the gold standard nephroureterectomy.
Backfired! The Unintentional Consequence of Emotional Labor on Organizations

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to not only examine the understudied link between emotional labor and workplace deviance, but also examine emotional exhaustion as a potential underlying mec...
Pregnancy scares and change in contraceptive use.

Abstract Objective We examined whether the experience of a “pregnancy scare” is related to subsequent changes in contraceptive use that increase the risk of unintended pregnancy. Methods We used data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life (RDSL) study, which interviewed a random, population-based sample of 1003 young women weekly for 2.5 years. We used multivariate regression models to predict the effect of experiencing a pregnancy scare on change in contraceptive use. Results We found pregnancy scares are associated with changes in contraceptive use that increase the risk of pregnancy. Experiencing a pregnancy scare is related to discontinued contraceptive use, change from consistent to inconsistent use of contraception, and change from a more effective to a less effective method of contraception. We also found pregnancy scares are associated with continued inconsistent use of contraception. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the experience of a pregnancy scare does not serve as a “wake-up call” to start using contraception, to start using it consistently, or to switch to a more effective method to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy. Instead, contraceptive use after a pregnancy scare typically remains the same or worsens. Implications Clinicians should be aware that young women who have experienced pregnancy scares may be at increased risk of unintended pregnancy, relative to young women who did not experience a pregnancy scare.
Cancer predisposing germline mutations in patients (pts) with urothelial cancer (UC) of the renal pelvis (R-P), ureter (U) and bladder (B).

4510Background: Urothelial cancers (UC) are suspected to have a substantial hereditary component, but other than highly penetrant genes such as those in mismatch-repair pathway (e.g. MSH2) typicall...
Three Automated Land Data Systems in the United States

Data banks are rapidly becoming more popular but so far their development and implementation have been confined mainly to urban areas. The Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agricu...
On the Convergence of AdaBound and its Connection to SGD.

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have gained extreme popularity due to their success in training complex neural networks and less sensitivity to hyperparameter tuning compared to SGD. However, it has been recently shown that Adam can fail to converge and might cause poor generalization -- this lead to the design of new, sophisticated adaptive methods which attempt to generalize well while being theoretically reliable. In this technical report we focus on AdaBound, a promising, recently proposed optimizer. We present a stochastic convex problem for which AdaBound can provably take arbitrarily long to converge in terms of a factor which is not accounted for in the convergence rate guarantee of Luo et al. (2019). We present a new $O(\sqrt T)$ regret guarantee under different assumptions on the bound functions, and provide empirical results on CIFAR suggesting that a specific form of momentum SGD can match AdaBound's performance while having less hyperparameters and lower computational costs.
Future Skills bei der IBM Deutschland GmbH

Bildung als solche ist als lebenslanger, nie abgeschlossener Prozess zu verstehen. Dieser Prozess endet nicht mit einem Schul-, Ausbildungs- oder akademischen Abschluss. Wirtschaftlich betrachtet, wird Bildung immer wieder als einer der wichtigsten Rohstoffe und als entscheidender Faktor fur erfolgreiche Industrienationen genannt.
Forward kinematic analysis of Dobot using closed-loop method

Dobot is a hybrid robot that combines features from parallel and serial robots. Because of this characteristic, the robot excels for is reliability, allowing its implementation in diverse applications. Therefore, researchers have studied its kinematics to improve its capabilities. However, to the extent of our knowledge, no analysis has been reported taking into consideration the closed-loop configuration of Dobot. Thus, this article presents the complete analytical solution for the forward kinematics of Dobot, considering each link. The results are expected to be utilized in the development of a dynamical model that contemplates the dynamics of each element of the robot.
Centralized statistical monitoring of clinical trial enrollment performance

A novel analytic methodology for centralized statistical monitoring of the clinical trial interim enrollment performance is developed. The underlying technique uses a Poisson-gamma (PG) enrollment ...
A new strategy of characterizing hydrocarbon fuels using FTIR spectra and generalized linear model with grouped-Lasso regularization

Abstract In previous studies, we have shown that gas-phase mid-infrared spectra can be used to estimate the properties of hydrocarbon fuels. Specifically, the spectrum around 3.4 μm and regularized linear models were utilized to estimate various physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbon fuels. In this study, we use a generalized linear model with grouped-Lasso regularization to characterize the average fuel structure in terms of the fractions of each functional group type and provide a new strategy to approach the property estimation problem. The robustness of this structure characterization method against low spectral resolution and high multiplicative noise in FTIR spectra are studied and presented. Two property estimation models, i.e. a linear and a nonlinear additive model, are presented as demonstrations of estimating properties from functional group numbers.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Pathology.

Context.— Recent developments in machine learning have stimulated intense interest in software that may augment or replace human experts. Machine learning may impact pathology practice by offering new capabilities in analysis, interpretation, and outcomes prediction using images and other data. The principles of operation and management of machine learning systems are unfamiliar to pathologists, who anticipate a need for additional education to be effective as expert users and managers of the new tools. Objective.— To provide a background on machine learning for practicing pathologists, including an overview of algorithms, model development, and performance evaluation; to examine the current status of machine learning in pathology and consider possible roles and requirements for pathologists in local deployment and management of machine learning systems; and to highlight existing challenges and gaps in deployment methodology and regulation. Data sources.— Sources include the biomedical and engineering literature, white papers from professional organizations, government reports, electronic resources, and authors' experience in machine learning. References were chosen when possible for accessibility to practicing pathologists without specialized training in mathematics, statistics, or software development. Conclusions.— Machine learning offers an array of techniques that in recent published results show substantial promise. Data suggest that human experts working with machine learning tools outperform humans or machines separately, but the optimal form for this combination in pathology has not been established. Significant questions related to the generalizability of machine learning systems, local site verification, and performance monitoring remain to be resolved before a consensus on best practices and a regulatory environment can be established.
Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylation of Vinylarenes: Direct Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral 1,1-Diarylethanes.

The enantioselective hydroarylation of vinylarenes catalyzed by a chiral, non-racemic nickel catalyst is presented as a facile method to generate chiral 1,1-diarylethanes. These reactions proceed v...
Faculty leadership development: A case study of a synergistic approach

Ongoing leadership development is essential for academic health center faculty members to respond to increasing environmental complexity. At the George Washington University School of Medicine and ...
Model Predictive Integrated Voltage and Frequency Support in Microgrids

For the optimal performance of a microgrid where line resistance to reactance (R/X) ratio is high, one must consider the coupling between voltage and frequency. Furthermore, microgrid operational costs are time-varying. Thus, the voltage and frequency support controller must be flexible enough to handle technical and economic constraints. In this paper, the model predictive control (MPC) approach is proposed for voltage and frequency support considering the coupling between voltage and frequency dynamics. With the predictive model of the system, the finite horizon optimization problem is solved online and a control signal is calculated such that defined cost is minimized. By proper choice of MPC parameters, desired performance based on the availability of resources and market incentives can be achieved.
The Religious Broadcaster

The Canadian Radio-television & Telecommunication Commission has been holding hearings to determine whether or not religious organizations should be allowed to broadcast on the Canadian air waves.
Adaptations made to delivery of comprehensive medication management in the community pharmacy setting during COVID-19.

Abstract Background As a result of COVID-19, numerous adaptations were made to health care delivery, including comprehensive medication management (CMM) delivered in community pharmacies. Objective Identify and describe the adaptations that have been made to the delivery of CMM among community pharmacies due to COVID-19. Methods Community pharmacies participating in a CMM implementation and research initiative had regular coaching calls throughout COVID-19 and completed a survey of changes that occurred as a result of COVID-19. Coaching notes and survey results were summarized and mapped to the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced (FRAME) to systematically capture changes that occurred. Results A number of reactive adaptations were made to CMM delivery as a result of COVID-19, including increased virtual or remote delivery of CMM, delaying CMM visits to allow pharmacies to provide care directly related to the pandemic including COVID-19 testing and vaccines, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) in visits, new ways of obtaining clinical patient information, and shifting CMM staffing models. Conclusion Adaptations that occurred to CMM during COVID-19 allowed pharmacists to continue to serve their patients and meet public health needs.
Validity evidence for the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program as an assessment tool: a systematic review

The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program uses five simulation stations (peg transfer, precision cutting, loop ligation, and suturing with extracorporeal and intracorporeal knot tying) to teach and assess laparoscopic surgery skills. We sought to summarize evidence regarding the validity of scores from the FLS assessment. We systematically searched for studies evaluating the FLS as an assessment tool (last search update February 26, 2013). We classified validity evidence using the currently standard validity framework (content, response process, internal structure, relations with other variables, and consequences). From a pool of 11,628 studies, we identified 23 studies reporting validity evidence for FLS scores. Studies involved residents (n = 19), practicing physicians (n = 17), and medical students (n = 8), in specialties of general (n = 17), gynecologic (n = 4), urologic (n = 1), and veterinary (n = 1) surgery. Evidence was most common in the form of relations with other variables (n = 22, most often expert–novice differences). Only three studies reported internal structure evidence (inter-rater or inter-station reliability), two studies reported content evidence (i.e., derivation of assessment elements), and three studies reported consequences evidence (definition of pass/fail thresholds). Evidence nearly always supported the validity of FLS total scores. However, the loop ligation task lacks discriminatory ability. Validity evidence confirms expected relations with other variables and acceptable inter-rater reliability, but other validity evidence is sparse. Given the high-stakes use of this assessment (required for board eligibility), we suggest that more validity evidence is required, especially to support its content (selection of tasks and scoring rubric) and the consequences (favorable and unfavorable impact) of assessment.
Some Notes on Preventive Detention and Psychopathy

Assuming that the term “psychopath” refers only to those violent offenders who are incapable of responding to moral concerns, how to treat the psychopath is a wonderful test for any theory of responsibility, punishment, and preventive detention. In this paper I distinguish two (somewhat overlapping) approaches to the problem, the responsibility approach and the rights approach. According to the first, the psychopath should be punished for his behavior and not preventively detained if, and only if, he is responsible for what he does. The larger question of punishment versus preventive detention then depends upon the answer to the question, whether the someone who cannot respond to moral concerns is responsible for what he does. I find this approach in the work of Morse and Litton. According to the second theory, we have a right to be punished if, but only if, we respect the rights of others. I find this approach in the work of Murphy and Slobogin. This approach takes no notice of the question whether the offender is capable of respecting rights of others. I argue that the “responsibility” approach is the correct approach, but I also argue for a conclusion different from that of Morse and Litton, namely that the psychopath should in fact be “punished” and not detained. (I put the words “responsibility” and “punished” in scare-quotes to indicate that my position as an incompatibilist requires me to reject both punishment and responsibility as they are currently understood. As I argue in the paper, distinguishing between control over actions and the ability to originate actions requires us to distinguish cases in which preventive detention is appropriate – that is, cases in which the actor is not in control of his behavior – from cases involving actors in control of their behavior. These are cases for which some functional equivalent of the currently unjustified practice of punishment must be found, an equivalent that respects the offender’s ability to control his behavior and that does not result in indefinite confinement.)
The tyranny of experts and the denial of inconvenient truths

In this moment of history that has been described by democracy champion Larry Diamond as a ‘democracy recession’, is it helpful to argue by taking no prisoners and not letting inconvenient truths get in the way? In The tyranny of experts, Bill Easterly uses his trademark blend of insight and relentlessness to detail two big and important ideas: that underlying the prescriptions of all too many development practitioners is the hidden presumption of governance by well-intentioned autocrats; and that, by contrast, free societies offer the opportunity for people, societies and economies to thrive. But the book's mode of argumentation and its substance are at odds with much recent scholarship on how institutions evolve in the course of development. As this literature underscores, countries diverge from one another in the patterns of leads and lags through which public sector capability and the rule of law strengthen. In some settings statebuilding leads; in others, a strengthened rule of law comes first. Both sequences are fraught with risk and the potential for unintended consequences. Rather than engage with the challenges posed by this scholarship, The tyranny of experts dismissively brushes aside any and all complications, counterexamples and other inconvenient truths. In this era of evident challenge and complexity, overheated, argumentative enthusiasm can no longer substitute for the hard practical work that needs to be done. We need to move on.
Increased reliability of a-Si TFT's deposited on clear plastic substrates at high temperatures

In this paper, the authors have developed an a-Si TFT process on clear plastic substrates which allows direct transfer of industry a-Si TFT process on glass to plastic substrate for flexible electronics applications. The high temperature process increases the reliability of the a-Si TFT's, which is critical for OLED's where one TFT must operate in a DC condition
Societal Responses to Adult Difficulties in L2 Acquisition: Toward an Evolutionary Perspective on Language Acquisition

It is generally accepted that second language (L2) acquisition becomes more difficult as one grows older and that success in adult L2 acquisition is highly variable. Nevertheless, humans in language contact situations have to cope with intergroup communication. This article examines the ways society has responded to this challenge. It describes eleven strategies or workarounds that humans use to deal with this problem: developing lingua francas, forming Sprachbunds, practicing exogenous marriage, undergoing language shift, learning the target language imperfectly, developing a pidgin or creole, shifting the learning burden to children, relying on individual differences in aptitude among learners, developing the art and practice of translation, developing machine translation technology, and providing instruction. The eleven strategies can be understood as involving four broad societal responses to the burden of SLA: to simplify the learning task, to create a simpler language, to leave it to a special set of learners, and to provide special training. Finally, the article offers some speculations about the evolutionary reasons for the difficulties experienced in adult L2 acquisition.
Recent Developments in Quantitative Information Flow (Invited Tutorial)

In computer security, it is frequently necessary in practice to accept some leakage of confidential information. This motivates the development of theories of Quantitative Information Flow aimed at showing that some leaks are "small" and therefore tolerable. We describe the fundamental view of channels as mappings from prior distributions on secrets to hyper-distributions, which are distributions on posterior distributions, and we show how g-leakage provides a rich family of operationally-significant measures of leakage. We also discuss two approaches to achieving robust judgments about leakage: notions of capacity and a robust leakage ordering called composition refinement.
A Statistical Approach to Incremental Induction of First-Order Hierarchical Knowledge Bases

Knowledge bases play an important role in many forms of artificial intelligence research. A simple approach to producing such knowledge is as a database of ground literals. However, this method is neither compact nor computationally tractable for learning or performance systems to use. In this paper, we present a statistical method for incremental learning of a hierarchically structured, first-order knowledge base. Our approach uses both rules and ground facts to construct succinct rules that generalize the ground literals. We demonstrate that our approach is computationally efficient and scales well to domains with many relations.
Effects of Carbenoxolone on Gastric Mucosal Permeability and Blood Flow in the Dog

The effects of topical application of carbenoxolone at neutral and acidic pH were compared in exteriorized, chambered segments of canine gastric corpus. When dissolved in saline at pH 7.5 to 8.0, 0.25% carbenoxolone caused a rapid drop in gastric potential difference of 56 ± 2 mv and greatly increased permeability to H+ ions. Blood flow, as measured by radioactive microspheres, was not changed by carbenoxolone treatment, but subsequent exposure to isotonic HCl caused an abrupt rise in flow. Application of 0.25% carbenoxolone suspension in isotonic HCl caused no change in potential difference. permeability, or blood flow. Neither carbenoxolone preparation had a significant effect on aspirin-induced H+ back-diffusion or injury.
ART2 : coupling Lyα line and multi-wavelength continuum radiative transfer

Narrow-band Lyα line and broad-band continuum have played important roles in the discovery of high-redshift galaxies in recent years. Hence, it is crucial to study the radiative transfer of both Lyα and continuum photons in the context of galaxy formation and evolution in order to understand the nature of distant galaxies. Here, we present a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, All-wavelength Radiative Transfer with Adaptive Refinement Tree (), which couples Lyα line and multi-wavelength continuum, for the study of panchromatic properties of galaxies and interstellar medium. This code is based on the original version of Li et al., and features three essential modules: continuum emission from X-ray to radio, Lyα emission from both recombination and collisional excitation, and ionization of neutral hydrogen. The coupling of these three modules, together with an adaptive refinement grid, enables a self-consistent and accurate calculation of the Lyα properties, which depend strongly on the UV continuum, ionization structure and dust content of the object. Moreover, it efficiently produces multi-wavelength properties, such as the spectral energy distribution and images, for direct comparison with multi-band observations. As an example, we apply to a cosmological simulation that includes both star formation and black hole growth, and study in detail a sample of massive galaxies at redshifts z= 3.1–10.2. We find that these galaxies are Lyα emitters (LAEs), whose Lyα emission traces the dense gas region, and that their Lyα lines show a shape characteristic of gas inflow. Furthermore, the Lyα properties, including photon escape fraction, emergent luminosity and equivalent width, change with time and environment. Our results suggest that LAEs evolve with redshift, and that early LAEs such as the most distant one detected at z∼ 8.6 may be dwarf galaxies with a high star formation rate fuelled by infall of cold gas, and a low Lyα escape fraction.
Covariance control discrete systems

Recently, a theory for the control of covariances has been introduced for continuous systems [1]. The theory satisfies two needs. First, the performance requirements of many engineering control problems are naturally stated in terms of the root-mean-squared (rms) values of the system states or outputs. A theory of covariance control could be used in the design of control laws to satisfy these objectives. Secondly, the use of covariances as a measure of performance appears in the various theories for estimation, identification, realization and model reduction. Thus, a theory for the control of covariances may aid in integrating modelling and control problems. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a theory of covariance control for discrete systems.
Transmission of mammalian malaria using immature exoerythrocytic schizonts

A method has been developed for transmitting infection of mammalian malaria by inoculation of exoerythrocytic schizontz. The possibility that infection has been induced by other life cycle stages has been experimentally excluded.
Decentralized control design: uncertain systems with strong interconnections

We design decentralized controls for interconnected non-linear dynamical systems with uncertainties. This uncertainty is (possibly fast) time-varying. It may appear in each system as uncertain parameter and input disturbance. It also may appear in the interconnections. No statistical information about the uncertainty is imposed; only its possible bound is assumed to be known. The design takes the interconnections into explicit account. That is, the interconnections are to be compensated rather than to be tolerated. Under a mild assumption, interconnections with arbitrary non-linear bound can be addressed. This renders all previous works on this theme as special cases.
A Kinetic Assessment of the Sequence of Electron Transfer from FX to FA and Further to FB in Photosystem I: The Value of the Equilibrium Constant between FX and FA

The x-ray structure analysis of photosystem I (PS I) crystals at 4-A resolution (Schubert et al., 1997, J. Mol. Biol. 272:741-769) has revealed the distances between the three iron-sulfur clusters, labeled F(X), F(1), and F(2), which function on the acceptor side of PS I. There is a general consensus concerning the assignment of the F(X) cluster, which is bound to the PsaA and PsaB polypeptides that constitute the PS I core heterodimer. However, the correspondence between the acceptors labeled F(1) and F(2) on the electron density map and the F(A) and F(B) clusters defined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy remains controversial. Two recent studies (Diaz-Quintana et al., 1998, Biochemistry. 37:3429-3439;, Vassiliev et al., 1998, Biophys. J. 74:2029-2035) provided evidence that F(A) is the cluster proximal to F(X), and F(B) is the cluster that donates electrons to ferredoxin. In this work, we provide a kinetic argument to support this assignment by estimating the rates of electron transfer between the iron-sulfur clusters F(X), F(A), and F(B). The experimentally determined kinetics of P700(+) dark relaxation in PS I complexes (both F(A) and F(B) are present), HgCl(2)-treated PS I complexes (devoid of F(B)), and P700-F(X) cores (devoid of both F(A) and F(B)) from Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 are compared with the expected dependencies on the rate of electron transfer, based on the x-ray distances between the cofactors. The analysis, which takes into consideration the asymmetrical position of iron-sulfur clusters F(1) and F(2) relative to F(X), supports the F(X) --> F(A) --> F(B) --> Fd sequence of electron transfer on the acceptor side of PS I. Based on this sequence of electron transfer and on the observed kinetics of P700(+) reduction and F(X)(-) oxidation, we estimate the equilibrium constant of electron transfer between F(X) and F(A) at room temperature to be approximately 47. The value of this equilibrium constant is discussed in the context of the midpoint potentials of F(X) and F(A), as determined by low-temperature EPR spectroscopy.
The potential role of the ocean in regulating atmospheric CH3Br

An increase or decrease in anthropogenic emissions of methyl bromide (CH[sub 3]Br) will induce a compensating flux of this gas from the ocean to the atmosphere. This, in turn, will tend to lessen the expected change in atmospheric mixing ratio from that calculated in models that incorporate a constant oceanic source. To a first degree, this buffering effect by the ocean is independent of in-situ oceanic production and land based sources. The partial lifetime of atmospheric CH[sub 3]Br with respect to the ocean could reasonably range from 1.3 to 14 y, with a current best estimate of 3.7 y. This yields an effective atmospheric lifetime, which incorporates oceanic losses and thus can be used in simple, mass balance calculations of atmospheric CH[sub 3]Br, of 1.2 y, with a probable range of 0.7 to 1.8 y. 28 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Enzymatic formation of an 8,9-diol from 8-methylbenz[a]anthracene.

Summary An optically active 8,9-diol has been identified as a rat liver microsomal metabolite of the carcinogenic 8-methylbenz[a]anthracene. This is the first example indicating that the presence of a methyl group in a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon does not sterically block the enzymatic formation of a diol at the methyl-substituted double bond.
Highway Noise and Land Use Compatibility

Noise is a great impediment to land use compatibility with adjacent highways and freeways. This article reports on the results from two research projects that utilized a common data-gathering effort, and examines the relationship between highway noise and land use compatibility, based on two recent studies performed by the writers. The principal goal of one of those studies was to “push the envelope” on this interrelatedness, in an attempt to examine the bigger issue of how noise should be considered in the future in relation to definitions of appropriate land use. In doing so, a series of questions was put forth and then answered, based on an extensive literature review and a survey of state highway agencies. Several recommendations were made, the most important of which was the creation of a state-funded retrofit program to be used to solve problems for residences that otherwise would not qualify for noise abatement consideration. That recommendation is under implementation by the Arizona Department of Transportation ADOT . The project addressed the limited topic of Date of Public Knowledge. The second project was supported by the University of Kentucky and University of Louisville’s Community Transportation Innovation Academy, which is an entity funded by the Federal Highway Administration.
Extremely Efficient Indium–Tin‐Oxide‐Free Green Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

This paper demonstrates extremely efficient (ηP,max = 118 lm W−1) ITO-free green phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs) with multilayered, highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films as the anode. The efficiency is obtained without any outcoupling-enhancing structures and is 44% higher than the 82 lm W−1 of similar optimized ITO-anode PHOLEDs. Detailed simulations show that this improvement is due largely to the intrinsically enhanced outcoupling that results from a weak microcavity effect.
Abstract PL03-01: Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted therapy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Cancer is an evolutionary process. Cancer initiation and progression are caused by somatic mutation and selection of dividing cells. The mathematical theory of evolution can therefore provide quantitative insights into human cancer. I will discuss the role of chromosomal instability (CIN) and the accumulation of drivers and passengers in growing tumors. I will study success and failure of targeted therapy including combination of different drugs and evolution of resistance. A simple conclusion is that combination treatment can succeed, if the cancer requires at least two point mutations to gain resistance. From the perspective of preventing resistance, simultaneous therapy is highly recommended whereas sequential therapy is a recipe for almost certain treatment failure. Further Reading 1. Bozic et al (2010). Accumulation of driver and passenger mutations during tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 18545-18550. 2. Diaz et al (2012) The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature 486: 537-540. 3. Bozic et al (2013). Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted combination therapy. eLife 2: e00747. Citation Format: Martin Nowak. Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PL03-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-PL03-01
A laminate cantilever waveguide optical switch

This paper describes the use of optical laminate optics that utilizes both passive 2-D optical elements and active components. This is demonstrated in a proof-of-concept 1×2 optical switch concept that is compatible with micro electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) fabricated in laminates. The device uses a waveguide structure that is precision cut to form a cantilever structure. The cantilever, which acts as a bendable waveguide, can be positioned into two locations to align with one of two corresponding waveguides. A light beam is directed into the front end of the cantilever which couples the signal to the tip of the cantilever. The cantilever tip can be positioned to align with one of two second waveguides, thereby sending the optical signal into a specified output. The cantilever is moved using an electromagnetic actuation force, and can be magnetically latched in position so that no further power is required to hold it in place. The unique aspect of this work is that the entire device can be fabricated using laminate technology commonly found in packaging and precision PCB foundries. This allows one to utilize materials and manufacturing methods not available to silicon processing, such as the use of a flexible polymer cantilever waveguide and magnetic materials. Further, it allows integration into printed circuits. We have demonstrated proof-of-concept for this device. This paper describes the design of the structure in laminates and shows initial results.
Does Policy Adoption Change Opinions on Minority Rights? The Effects of Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage

The Iowa Supreme Court adopted an unpopular but unanimous ruling in Varnum v. Brien, which established same-sex marriage. Using a unique panel study conducted immediately before and after the court decision, we evaluate the impact of policy adoption on changing opinions on minority rights. The signaling of new social norms pressured some respondents to modify their expressed attitudes. We find that respondents whose demographic characteristics would predict support for marriage equality, but previously did not, were more likely to shift their opinions to be consistent with the new state law. A policy feedback mechanism may be responsible for the rapid diffusion of laws legalizing same-sex in the states.
Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm

We report the first measurements of spontaneous Raman scattering from silicon waveguides. Using a 1.43 m pump, both forward and backward scattering were measured at 1.54 m from Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) waveguides. From the dependence of the Stokes power vs. pump power, we extract a value of (4.1 +/- 2.5) x 10-7 cm-1 Sr-1 for the Raman scattering efficiency. The results suggest that a silicon optical amplifier is within reach. The strong optical confinement in silicon waveguides is an attractive property as it lowers the pump power required for the onset of Raman scattering. The SiGe material system is also discussed.
PCR primers for microsatellite loci in the tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris, Viperidae)

The tiger rattlesnake ( Crotalus tigris ) is found only in the Sonoran Desert of North America, where it inhabits rocky foothills that are increasingly being affected by urban encroachment. In order to continue a long-term study of the demography and movements of tiger rattlesnakes around Tucson, Arizona, we identified six novel polymorphic microsatellite loci for this species. All loci exhibited high variability (five to 41 alleles). These markers are useful for studies of paternity, population structure, and assessing appropriate destinations for translocated animals.
Reliability of Ratings of Consumers With Mental Retardation and Their Staff on Multiple Measures of Social Support

Abstract Reliability of self-reports of social support with staff ratings was compared through determining the internal consistency of the measures, consistency across measures, and consistency across raters. Fifty adults with mild mental retardation and their staff in supported living residential settings were interviewed. Self-report ratings had moderate internal consistency, were consistent across rating scales, and were significantly correlated with staff ratings, although staff members tended to agree more with each other than with consumers. Results suggest that individuals with mild mental retardation can be reliable reporters about their own social support. Further, examining self-informant agreement for specific support sources can illuminate discrepancies between self- and informant-obtained ratings.