cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate oceanographic sampling

Increasing attention in recent years has been devoted to the application of statistical techniques in the analysis and interpretation of geologic and oceanographic data. Equally important, but less well explored, are methods for efficient experimental design. The theory of linear programming provides plans for optimal sampling of geologic and oceanographic phenomena. Of particular significance are solutions to problems of multivariate sampling. Often, a single field sample may be analyzed for a number of oxides, or a number of minerals, or a number of textural parameters. In general, these variables differ in the degree to which they are diagnostic of changes in the phenomenon of interest, and thus they must be known with different levels of precision if they are to be useful. Similarly, the variables differ in the ease with which they may be measured. If a sampling plan is to be most efficient, it must provide the requisite levels of precision for the minimum expenditure of time and effort. Sampling for a single variable may be optimized directly. Sampling for several variables simultaneously usually introduces special difficulties, but if the objective function can be generalized to hold for all variables, solutions can be determined even in this situation.
The psychopharmacology of pathological gambling.

We discuss the rationale of the pharmacological approaches to pathological gambling and review the current status of drug treatments in this area. Specifically, we summarize the treatment study results of serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizers, and opioid antagonists in pathological gambling. We also briefly describe the animal and human studies of other pharmacologic agents that show future promise in treating this disorder. Finally, we discuss a research agenda to be addressed in future drug treatment studies in pathological gambling.
Plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α concentrations in prepubertal dairy heifers challenged with oxytocin

Abstract Twenty-nine prepubertal Holstein heifers were assigned by age to one of three age groups to determine if the prepubertal bovine uterus could respond to an oxytocin stimulus. Group 1 heifers were 6 to 7 months of age (AGE1; n=11), group 2 heifers were 8 to 9 months of age (AGE2; n=11) and group 3 heifers were 10 to 11 months of age (AGE3; n=7). Blood samples were collected via an indwelling jugular catheter. Four samples were collected at 15-min intervals prior to oxytocin administration to determine basal 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F 2 α (PGFM) concentrations. Each heifer received 100 IU of oxytocin i.v. , blood sampling continued at 5 min intervals for the next 30 min and for an additional 90 min at 15-min intervals. Heifers were considered responders to oxytocin if mean PGFM concentrations increased at least 1.5 times the SD of their basal PGFM concentration. Age of the heifer (P 10). After oxytocin, mean PGFM was higher (P
Indium as a source of impurities in indium arsenide

Abstract The sulfur content of high-purity indium samples from five commercial suppliers, as determined by a colorimetric method, has been found to range from 0·36 p.p.m. (by weight) to less than 0·05 p.p.m. (by weight), the limit of detection. These results, together with recent data on the purification of arsenic by treatment with molten lead, show that a significant proportion of the donor impurities in the purest InAs now available may originate in the indium used for synthesis.
An Exploratory Study: Reducing Nursing Students Stress Levels Facilitate Perceived Quality of Patient Care

The aim of this project was to examine if stress levels in Associate Degree (AD) nursing students can affect their perceived quality of care provided to patients. Nursing students experience tremendous amounts of stress especially during their clinical experience. High levels of stress may affect the quality of patient care provided. This project implemented a stress reducing workshop and an instructional deep breathing compact disk (CD) to determine the effects of this intervention upon the stress levels of nursing students and the quality of care provided to patients. Nursing students completed a workshop where recognition of stress producing situations and effective ways to deal with them were discussed. Each student was provided with a CD containing a ten minute instructional deep breathing exercise which they were asked to listen to five times a week for six weeks. Nursing students were asked to complete Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Student Perception of Quality of Patient Care Provided questionnaire prior to and after the implementation of the intervention. The results of the two questionnaires were compared to determine effectiveness of the stress reducing interventions. Using paired t scores, results demonstrated that students’ stress levels were decreased and student’s perception of quality of patient care provided improved after the stress reducing interventions.
Charting the Dispositional Knowledge of Beginning Teachers in Special Education

When graduate students enter special education programs, they arrive with dispositional knowledge that can assist or hinder them in their professional development. Over the course of two years, the researchers in this study assessed the dispositions of beginning teachers in a special education program at a west coast state university. The researchers gathered data using qualitative methods, which included analyzing vision statements, survey questions, and interviews. The results of this study describe how students entered the program with a variety of perceptions and attitudes and how course work and clinical experiences in these programs affected students' attitudes, as instructors began building on students' prior experience and knowledge.
Sharp inequalities that generalize the divergence theorem: an extension of the notion of quasi-convexity

Subject to suitable boundary conditions being imposed, sharp inequalities are obtained on integrals over a region of certain special quadratic functions f(E), where E(x) derives from a potential U(...
Comparison of MAP and tyrosine kinase signaling in heterophils from commercial and wild-type turkeys.

Abstract Protein tyrosine and mitogen-activated kinases are crucial mediators of the host innate immune response, conferring signals from surface receptors on the host cell to the nucleus of the cell where gene expression occurs. Heterophils were isolated from wild-type Rio Grande turkeys and a commercial line of turkeys (Line A) on days 4 and 7 post-hatch. Heterophils were stimulated for 1 h with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) or opsonized SE (OPSE). After stimulation, cells were lysed and lysates were tested for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Specifically, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK phosphorylation were assayed using commercially available ELISA kits. Total protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity was also assayed. On both days 4 and 7 post-hatch, heterophils from Rio Grande turkeys had significantly higher levels of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK kinase activity upon stimulation with either SE or OPSE ( p 0.001 ). Likewise, PTK values on days 4 and 7 in Rio Grande turkey heterophils were significantly higher upon stimulation with SE than with OPSE and were significantly ( p 0.001 ) higher than PTK levels in Line A upon SE and OPSE stimulation. The data presented supports previous heterophil functional comparison studies wherein heterophils from Rio Grande turkeys had higher levels of oxidative burst and degranulation activities as compared to the activity observed in commercial Line A heterophils. This suggests that the regulation and control of these functions are mediated by protein tyrosine and mitogen-activated kinases. Furthermore, the data suggest that selection of commercial lines of turkeys for larger, heavier bodies, and faster growth may be associated with subsequent selection for decreased innate immune functions related to intracellular signaling mechanisms and possibly a subsequent increase in susceptibility to disease.
Automation for task analysis of next generation air traffic management systems

The increasing span of control of Air Traffic Control enterprise automation (e.g. Flight Schedule Monitor, Departure Flow Management), along with lean-processes and pay-for-performance business models, has placed increased emphasis on operator training time and error rates. There are two traditional approaches to the design of human-computer interaction (HCI) to minimize training time and reduce error rates: (1) experimental user testing provides the most accurate assessment of training time and error rates, but occurs too late in the development cycle and is cost prohibitive, (2) manual review methods (e.g. cognitive walkthrough) can be used earlier in the development cycle, but suffer from poor accuracy and poor inter-rater reliability. Recent development of "affordable" human performance models provide the basis for the automation of task analysis and HCI design to obtain low cost, accurate, estimates of training time and error rates early in the development cycle. This paper describes a usability/HCI analysis tool that this intended for use by design engineers in the course of their software engineering duties. The tool computes estimates of trials-to-mastery (i.e. time to competence for training) and the probability of failure-to-complete for each task. The HCI required to complete a task on the automation under development is entered into the web-based tool via a form. Assessments of the salience of visual cues to prompt operator actions for the proposed design are used to compute training time and error rates. The web-based tool enables designers in multiple locations to review and contribute to the design. An example analysis is provided along with a discussion of the limitations of the tool and directions for future research.
A Systematic Review of HIV/AIDS Survival and Delayed Diagnosis Among Hispanics in the United States

HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects Hispanics. Our objective was to determine the risk of late diagnosis and rate of survival after HIV/AIDS diagnosis among Hispanics compared to other racial/ethnic groups. We performed a systematic review of the PubMed database for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and September 2010. Primary outcomes included survival after HIV/AIDS diagnosis and delayed diagnoses. The definition of delayed diagnosis varied by study, ranging from concurrent HIV/AIDS diagnosis to diagnosis of AIDS within 3 years of HIV diagnosis. We found that Hispanics are at significantly greater risk for delayed diagnosis than non-Hispanic whites. Hispanic males and foreign-born Hispanics had the highest risk of late diagnosis. Available data on survival were heterogeneous, with better outcomes in some Hispanic subgroups than in others. Survival after antiretroviral initiation was similar between Hispanics and Whites. These findings emphasize the need for culturally-sensitive strategies to promote timely diagnosis of HIV infection among Hispanics and to examine the health outcomes and needs of high risk Hispanic subgroups.
Pre-laying Nutritional and Environmental Factors in the Performance of the Adult Fowl 1. Adaptation of Litter-Reared Single Comb White Leghorn Females to Different Calcium and Phosphorus Intakes

Abstract UNTIL recent years it has been generally accepted that the growing pullet “adapt” and “re-adapt” to a wide range of “normal” nutritional and environmental conditions which, therefore, have only minor effects on her productive or reproductive performance. That this concept is at least in part erroneous has been amply demonstrated by the number of reports appearing in the literature concerning the influence of restricted feeding on productive and reproductive performance of the fowl and other species (Gowe et al., 1960). Hollands and Gowe (1961) demonstrated that not only were pullets able to respond to restricted feed intake during development with increased egg production during their first year of lay but were also able to maintain a production record 8.2% greater than the full fed group during the second production year. This marked physiological effect they attributed to the stimulation of a more optimal development of the endocrine system of birds …
Completely automated robust segmentation of intravascular ultrasound images

It is widely known that the state of a patient's coronary heart disease can be better assessed using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) than with more conventional angiography. Recent work has shown that segmentation and 3D reconstruction of IVUS pull-back sequence images can be used for computational fluid dynamic simulation of blood flow through the coronary arteries. This map of shear stress in the blood vessel walls can be used to predict susceptibility of a region of the arteries to future arteriosclerosis and disease. Manual segmentation of images is time consuming as well as cost prohibitive for routine diagnostic use. Current segmentation algorithms do not achieve a high enough accuracy because of the presence of speckle due to blood flow, relatively low resolution of images and presence of various artifacts including guide-wires, stents, vessel branches, and some other growth or inflammations. On the other hand, the image may be induced with additional blur due to movement distortions, as well as re...
Tunable Mechanical Stability and Deformation Response of a Resilin-based Elastomer

Resilin, the highly elastomeric protein found in specialized compartments of most arthropods, possesses superior resilience and excellent high-frequency responsiveness. Enabled by biosynthetic strategies, we have designed and produced a modular, recombinant resilin-like polypeptide bearing both mechanically active and biologically active domains to create novel biomaterial microenvironments for engineering mechanically active tissues such as blood vessels, cardiovascular tissues, and vocal folds. Preliminary studies revealed that these recombinant materials exhibit promising mechanical properties and support the adhesion of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In this Article, we detail the characterization of the dynamic mechanical properties of these materials, as assessed via dynamic oscillatory shear rheology at various protein concentrations and cross-linking ratios. Simply by varying the polypeptide concentration and cross-linker ratios, the storage modulus G' can be easily tuned within the range of 500 Pa to 10 kPa. Strain-stress cycles and resilience measurements were probed via standard tensile testing methods and indicated the excellent resilience (>90%) of these materials, even when the mechanically active domains are intercepted by nonmechanically active biological cassettes. Further evaluation, at high frequencies, of the mechanical properties of these materials were assessed by a custom-designed torsional wave apparatus (TWA) at frequencies close to human phonation, indicating elastic modulus values from 200 to 2500 Pa, which is within the range of experimental data collected on excised porcine and human vocal fold tissues. The results validate the outstanding mechanical properties of the engineered materials, which are highly comparable to the mechanical properties of targeted vocal fold tissues. The ease of production of these biologically active materials, coupled to their outstanding mechanical properties over a range of compositions, suggests their potential in tissue regeneration applications.
Adsorption of methane/ethane mixtures on dry coal at elevated pressure

Abstract The binary adsorption characteristics of methane and ethane on dry coal to 40 atm pressure have been calculated from pure-component isotherms. In some coal seams, pressures exceeding 40 atm have been recorded and the methane sampled from the virgin coal often shows a few percent of ethane. The binary adsorption characteristics were calculated by employing the ideal adsorbed solution theory of Myers and Prausnitz, and experimentally-determined (Type I) pure gas isotherms at 0, 30 and 50 °C. The coal used in this investigation was high-volatile ‘A’ bituminous (hvab) from the Pennsylvania Pittsburgh seam. Gas nonideality was accounted for by replacing pressure with fugacity. Adsorption of methane on dry coal is purely physical; the isosteric heat of adsorption does not exceed 2.4 kcal/mol ∗ at 30 °C on the above coal. Isobars on the resulting binary equilibrium diagram exhibited an unexpected phenomenon of intersecting each other which might be attributable to the above nonideality considerations. The region of a few percent of ethane, which is of practical importance from the viewpoint of coal seams, was expanded and reduced to an equation: V ( CH 4 ) = −21.52 + 7.18( VF ) + 16.88( VF ) 2 −0.395( P ) − 0.00661( P ) 2 + 0.824( T ) − 0.00030( T ) 2 + 0.928( VF )( P ) − 0.858( VF )( T ). V (Total) = 25.9 − 23.6( VF ) + 0.655( P ) − 0.00875( P ) 2 − 0.795( T ) + 0.743( VF )( T ) where V ( CH 4 ) and V (Total) = cm 3 (STP) CH 4 and total gas respectively adsorbed per g dry coal; VF = vol. fraction of methane as analysed at 1 atm (0.94 ⩽ VF ⩽ 1.0); P = seam pressure, atm (0 ⩽ P ⩽ 40); T =seam temperature, °C(−10 ⩽ T ⩽ 50).
A Technological Typology of Prismatic Blades and Debitage From Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico

A technological typology for the description and analysis of Mesoamerican obsidian industries is proposed, and its relative merits vis-a-vis Sheets's (1975a) “behavioral” typology are briefly explored. The typology is used to classify and describe a pristine deposit of obsidian-blade refuse recovered from the Early Classic Maya site of Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico. Analysis of this deposit revealed that the obsidian artifacts were manufacturing refuse resulting from the production of fine prismatic blades from polyhedral cores imported from highland Guatemala. The obsidian refuse was recovered from a workshop dump rather than from an actual workshop.
Soil fumigation and oxamyl drip applications for nematode and insect control in vegetable plasticulture

Summary A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of oxamyl in combination with the soil fumigants 1,3-D, metam sodium and methyl bromide on nematode damage and fruit yield in vegetables. Experiments were conducted in Tifton, GA, USA over five seasons, between 2000 and 2002, using four different vegetables: squash (Cucurbita pepo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and eggplant (Solanum melongend). In the eggplant experiment, insect populations were monitored. Soil fumigation alone, irrespective of application method or formulation, gave acceptable control of root-knot nematode in all experiments, except in the spring 2001 pepper experiment. Oxamyl by itself did not provide control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), but insect populations on eggplant were reduced. Out of three experiments that included oxamyl by itself, root galling caused by Meloidogyne spp. was reduced only on eggplant when nematode pressure was low (five nematodes per 150 cm3 soil). When oxamyl was applied in combination with pre-plant soil fumigation, small but consistent reductions in root galling were observed. Greatest reductions in galling due to oxamyl were found when fumigation provided less than optimal nematode control. The timing of application of oxamyl did not have much impact on nematode infection, but applications early in the season, preferably starting at planting, appear to be beneficial. Stubby root nematode (Paratrichodorus spp.) populations were low and variable in most experiments, but neither fumigation nor post-plant nematicide applications seemed to have any effect on soil populations at harvest. Crop yields were often significantly greater when oxamyl followed fumigation, as compared to fumigation only, which could be due to a reduction in root-knot nematode damage (and in the case of eggplant also reduced foliar damage by insects), and/or to a carbamate growth stimulant response. These experiments indicate the potential of oxamyl to reduce root-knot nematode infection and increase yields of vegetables when combined with soil fumigation by 1,3-D and/or metam sodium. More research is required to understand the effect of crop type, pest pressure, preceding fumigant (1,3-D or metam sodium) and injection timing of oxamyl.
Agrin induces phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract Agrin causes acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on chick myotubes in culture to aggregate, forming specializations that resemble the postsynaptic apparatus at the vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction. Here we report that treating chick myotubes with agrin caused an increase in phosphorylation of the AChR β, γ, and δ subunits. H-7, a potent inhibitor of several protein serine kinases, blocked agrin-induced phosphorylation of the γ and δ subunits, but did not prevent either agrin-induced AChR aggregation or phosphorylation of the β subunit. Experiments with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies demonstrated that agrin caused an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the β subunit that began within 30 min of adding agrin to the myotube cultures, reached a plateau by 3 hr, and was blocked by treatments known to block agrin-induced AChR aggregation. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies labeled agrin-induced specializations as they do the postsynaptic apparatus. These results suggest that agrin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the β subunit may play a role in regulating AChR distribution.
On the calculation of the vibrational frequencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The basis set dependence of the B3LYP approach for the calculation of the vibrational frequencies of naphthalene is shown. The dependence of the accuracy of the vibrational frequencies on the choice of functional is shown for naphthalene and naphthalene cation. Ten functionals are applied to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); for the closed-shell neutral molecule, all of the methods perform well, while for two of the open-shell cations, all of the hybrid functionals tested fail, while all of the functionals using the generalized gradient approximation work. The implications on how best to study the vibrational frequencies of PAH molecules are discussed.
Caudal regression and holoprosencephaly in a fetus of a diabetic mother

It is well established that the risk of malformations in children born to women with overt diabetes is two to three times greater than the general population. Caudal regression (combining sacral agenesis and hypoplastic femurs) is a rare usually sporadic disorder that is most commonly associated with maternal diabetes. Holoprosencephaly is the abnormal formation and separation of the developing brain and is also known to be associated with maternal diabetes. Both anomalies have been mapped to 7q36 (Huggins, 1998, Strachan, 1998). Case report: We describe a fetus with caudal regression and holoprosencephaly in a 30-year-old diabetic woman who was well controlled on insulin therapy. Ultrasound examination at 31.8 weeks revealed multiple anomalies including holoprosencephaly, hypotelorism, an abnormal nasal structure suggestive of a single nostril, abnormal sacrum, undetectable femurs, severe clubbing of the feet which appeared rocker-bottom, clinodactyly and clenched fingers. The 2150 g male fetus was stillborn at 34 weeks. Post-mortem examination revealed cardiomegaly and an absent left kidney, and confirmed the ultrasound findings of craniofacial and skeletal anomalies. Chromosome analysis on the tissue culture revealed a normal 46,XY male complement in all cells analyzed. Conclusion: Although diabetic embryopathy cannot be excluded as the causative factor for these malformations, the presence of two rare anomalies which map to the same chromosome region is suggestive of a specific genetic defect. The human Sonic Hedgehog gene (SHH), which maps to 7q36, has recently been reported to be expressed not only in the CNS but also in human limb buds (Odent, 98). The possibility that an alteration in the SHH gene may be the cause of this combination of anomalies in this fetus is currently under investigation.
Valproic-Acid-Induced Alteration in Red Cell Membranes

Erythrocyte macrocytosis is noted in patients taking valproate with serum levels > 100 μg/ml. We postulated valproate affects membrane structure directly by altering membrane phospholipids. Patients were selected from a chronic care facility, had known static encephalopathy, were generally healthy, and on valproate monotherapy. Red cells were obtained from three groups: macrocytic with serum levels > 100 μg/ml (Group 1), normocytic with serum levels 100 μg/ml. Macrocytosis may be reflective of this biochemical, concentration-specific effect.
Cation-impermeable inside-out and right-side-out vesicles from human erythrocyte membranes.

The two surfaces of a membrane can be compared by isolating sealed vesicles which bare one side or the other to impermeable probe molecules. For this purpose, inside-out (IO) and right-side-out (RO) vesicles have been generated from human red blood cell membrane ghosts and partially resolved on dextran density gradients1. We now report further characterization of this system, showing (a) that vesicles can be made which are impermeable to small solutes, including Na+ and K+, even though the parent ghosts are quite unsealed; (b) that the dextran gradient fractionation serves to separate sealed vesicles (which happened to be IO and RO, respectively, in the original study1); (c) that impermeable RO vesicles form instead of IO vesicles if the published protocol is modified by the untimely addition of trace divalent cations; and (d) that the vesicle fractions can and must be accurately monitored for sealing and orientation to avoid misinterpretations such as those encountered in a previous sidedness study2.
Surface chemistry of heterobimetallic Ge-M (M = Mo, W) complexes in zeolite Y.

The intrazeolite chemistry of the two germylene complexes Cl2CTHF)GeM(CO)5 (M = Mo, W) was studied with x-ray absorption spectroscopy (Ge, Mo, W edge EXAFS) and in-situ FTIR/TPD-MS techniques. The slightly decarbonylated GeMo complex interacts with the framework of NaY zeolite at room temperature and retains the Ge-Mo bond up to about 100° C. In proton-loaded HY zeolite, framework interactions increase at elevated temperature, and the attached complex retains the Ge-Mo bond up to about 120° C. The Ge-Mo bond is cleaved at higher temperatures. MoClx and Mo-Mo species are formed in NaY and HY zeolite, respectively, while GeClx fragments are anchored to the zeolite framework. The complex Cl2(THF)GeW(CO)5 retains all five CO ligands up to about 100° C in both NaY and the proton form. Detectable anchoring occurs at room temperature in NaY and at about 80° C in the proton form. WC1X species are formed upon cleavage of the Ge-W bond at higher temperatures.
Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation of nonlinear dynamics from time series

Abstract Much of nonlinear time series analysis is concerned with inferring unmeasured quantities — e.g., system parameters, the shape of attractors in state space — from a noisy measured time series. From a Bayesian perspective, the time series is a vector sample picked at random from a probability density. The density reflects the system dynamics and our subjective uncertainty about system parameters, the measurement function, dynamical noise and measurement noise. The conditional probability density of the system parameters given the measured data is the basis of a Bayesian estimate of the system parameters. Using illustrative chaotic systems with large-amplitude dynamical and measurement noise, we show here that it is feasible to use the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique to generate the Bayesian conditional probabilities. The resulting parameter estimates are markedly superior to those based on conventional least-squares methods: the MCMC-based estimates are unbiased and allow estimates of dynamical parameters on unmeasured components of the state vector. In addition, the MCMC method enables de-noised attractors to be reconstructed, not just in an embedding based on lags of measured variables but in the state space that includes unmeasured components of the dynamics’ state vector. The general purpose MCMC technique effectively combines techniques of nonlinear noise reduction and nonlinear parameter estimation.
Raman chemical imaging of tribological nitride coated (TiN, TiAlN) surfaces

A new near-infrared Raman imaging microscopy (NIRIM) is used to identify and map the distribution of hard coatings on coated steel surfaces, both before and after tribo-testing. The NIRIM instrument used for these studies combines fiber-bundle image compression (FIC) hardware and multi-variate signal processing software to identify and map chemical species on surfaces. The materials studied consist of H13 steel substrates coated with titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN). The NIRIM instrument was used to identify and map the distribution of these hard coatings on tribological surfaces, both inside and outside the wear tracks generated under different load and lubrication conditions. Comparison of the NIRIM results with combined scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/X-ray micro-analysis of the same samples indicates that although the two results are in general well correlated, in some cases the two methods are clearly sensitive to different chemical structures present on the same surface.
REDEFINING THE SITUATION: NEGOTIATIONS ON THE MEANING OF "WOMAN"*

The Women's Movement of the late sixties and seventies brought about negotiations on the meaning of “woman.” This paper analyzes the process of redefinition-negotiations, using interactions in a small community for theoretical grounding and examples. It offers a typology of redefinition-negotiations and suggests the rules of sequence that appear to order their progress. Such a model may help us understand the way roles and social structures change. It is especially useful in clarifying the dialectic between negotiations that take place before large audiences and those that occur in relatively private settings.
Burden of illness of hepatitis C from a managed care organization perspective.

SUMMARYObjectives: The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the total hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related and total healthcare costs (HCV plus other co-morbidities) of patients with HCV in a managed care organization; (2) determine total healthcare costs of HCV patients with and without a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as a co-morbidity.Methods: The study design was a retrospective analysis of a medical and pharmacy claims database of patients diagnosed with HCV in a 325000 member managed care organization. Patients diagnosed with HCV and 12 months of continuous eligibility in the managed care organization from January 1997 through December 1999 were included in the study. The main outcome measures of the study were the total healthcare costs and HCV-related healthcare costs and the impact of HIV as a co-morbidity on these costs.Results: The study identified 614 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. The study population was 58% male and had a mean age of 46 (± 10.6)years. In patien...
Transient dynamics during two-wave mixing in photorefractive quantum well diodes using moving gratings

The temporal dynamics of photorefractive and absorptive gains during two-wave mixing in Stark geometry photorefractive quantum wells are investigated using moving gratings to break the symmetry of the photorefractive diodes to achieve nonreciprocal energy transfer between two coherent laser beams.
Masculinity as Political Strategy: George W. Bush, the “War on Terrorism,” and an Echoing Press

ABSTRACT Scholars have demonstrated the centrality of masculinity as an ideology in the American presidency, but have devoted insufficient attention to the manner in which political leaders can emphasize masculine themes to gain strategic advantage, and how media organizations can be encouraged to adopt such themes in news coverage. With this in mind, in this research we analyze (1) President George W. Bush's public communications prior to and immediately following the attacks of September 11, 2001, and (2) NBC network television news coverage and New York Times and Washington Post editorials during the latter dates to elucidate the nature of masculinity as a political strategy. Findings indicate that in the aftermath of September 11 Bush enacted a highly masculine ideology through his treatment of the press and emphasis upon two masculine themes–strength and dominance–and that this approach facilitated wide circulation of his masculine discourse in the press.
Effects of polyethylene glycol on protein interactions

The interactions between globular proteins in the presence of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) are probed through the measurement of the protein solution second virial coefficient (B2). The solution properties of PEG are characterized for four molecular weights (400, 1000, 6000, and 12 000), providing an opportunity for quantitative comparison of measurements and theoretical predictions of B2. PEG displays a buffer and molecular weight-dependent lower critical solution temperature. As the polymer solution approaches phase separation, the consequences of depletion attractions increase significantly. For lysozyme and bovine serum albumin in sulfate buffers with PEG, B2 is not well described by standard depletion models. This failure is accentuated in acetate buffers where B2 is a nonmonotonic function of polymer concentration. The attractive minima in B2 are closely associated with the proximity of the heating-induced phase separation of aqueous PEG solutions. The experimental data for both proteins in the pres...
SELF-CONTROL PROCEDURES IN MODIFICATION OF SMOKING BEHAVIOR: REPLICATION

Nolan's (1968) method of modifying smoking behavior was replicated with an S who became depressed whenever he tried to stop smoking. The results suggest that the technique has applicability when undesirable emotional side effects are associated with efforts to stop smoking.
Molecular identification of a papilloma virus from cutaneous lesions of captive and free-ranging Florida manatees.

Cutaneous papillomatous lesions were biopsied from three captive Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at Homosassa Springs State Wildlife Park (HSSWP), Homosassa, Florida, USA, and from six free-ranging Florida manatees from Crystal and Homosassa rivers, Florida. Total DNA extracted from these lesions was assayed for the presence of papilloma virus genomes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers that target the L1 capsid protein gene. The amplification generated DNA fragments 458 base pairs in length that encompassed a highly conserved domain within the L1 capsid protein and translated into identical polypeptides of 152 amino acids, suggesting the involvement of a single papilloma virus genotype. Multiple amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the L1 fragment indicated that the Florida manatee papilloma virus is a unique and quite distinct papillomavirus from other known papilloma viruses. The emergence of this new pathogen raises concerns about its potential impact o...
Phosphate Regulation of Nitrate Assimilation in Soybean

It is known that phosphorus deficiency results in alterations in the assimilation of nitrogen. An experiment was conducted to investigate mechanisms involved in altered 15 NO 3 - uptake, endogenous 15 N translocation, and amino acid accumulation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill, cv. Ransom) plants deprived of an external phosphorus supply for 20 d in solution culture. Phosphorus deprivation led to decreased rates of 15 NO 3 - uptake and increased accumulation of absorbed 15 N in the root. Both effects became more pronounced with time. Asparagine, the primary transport amino acid in soybean, accumulated in large excess in roots and stems
Temporal magmatic variation at Boqueron volcano, El Salvador

The relative ages of 21 lavas from Boqueron volcano in El Salvador were determined by superposition. The lavas are grey to black, porphyritic basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites with phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite, olivine, and magnetite. The andesitic lavas appear to have evolved from basaltic magma by fractionation of the observed phenocryst phases.
Do So and VP

Culicover and Jackendoff (2005) argue that VP structure with adjunct modifiers is "flat": both complements and adjuncts are equally sisters of V. Their arguments center around the apparent misbehavior of do so as a replacement for a syntactic VP constituent. However, several of these arguments are inconclusive. The rule that Culicover and Jackendoff offer for do so does not fare better overall than does the hierarchic VP account of do so.
Instability in the implementation of Walrasian allocations

Abstract The existence of game forms which implement Walrasian allocations as Cournot (Nash) equilibrium outcomes is well known. However, if the equilibria are also required to be locally dynamically stable, at least for environments with unique Walrasian allocations, this paper shows that the requisite game forms do not exist. Our definition of a game form entails certain regularity conditions, and requires the Cournot equilibrium to be unique when the Walrasian equilibrium is unique. The main result is that for such a game form, there does not exist a continuous-time strategy adjustment process which ensures the local stability of Cournot equilibria throughout a certain class of environments having unique Walrasian equilibria. Each trader adjusts his strategy in response to his own characteristics and the observed current strategies of others; but the direction and magnitude of adjustments are not constrained by any behavioral assumptions. The definitions permit the inclusion of an artificial player, such as an auctioneer, so the well-known tatonnement instability emerges as a special case.
Composition and morphology of epidermal cyst lipids.

The contents of epidermal cysts were used as a source of desquamated human keratinocytes uncontaminated by sebaceous, subcutaneous, or bacterial lipids. Lipids extracted with chloroform:methanol mixtures included six series of ceramides (41% of the total extractable lipid), cholesterol (27%), cholesteryl esters (10%), fatty acids (9%), choles-teryl sulfate (1.9%), a novel class of ceramide esters (3.8%), and a sterol diester (0.9%). Electron microscopy revealed that the lipids in the cyst contents existed as multiple intercellular lamellae, as in stratum corneum. One lamella, adjacent to the horny cell protein envelope, was resistant to lipid extraction and is thought to represent covalently bound lipid on the outer surface of the keratinocyte. The results indicate that the degradation of intercellular lipid lamellae is not required for desquamation.
The archimedean graph of a positive function on a semigroup

Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the archimedean graph of a positive function on an S-indecomposable semigroup to have no irreducible polygons. Miscellaneous facts about positive functions are obtained. Illustrative examples of positive functions on the free content are given.
The space-time cut locus.

Let (M, g) be a space-time with Lorentzian distance functiond. If (M, g) is distinguishing andd is continuous, then (M, g) is shown to be causally continuous. Furthermore, a strongly causal space-time (M, g) is globally hyperbolic iff the Lorentzian distance is always finite valued for all metricsg′ conformal tog. Lorentzian distance may be used to define cut points for space-times and the analogs of a number of results holding for Riemannian cut loci may be established for space-time cut loci. For instance in a globally hyperbolic space-time, any timelike (or respectively, null) cut pointq of p along the geodesicc must be either the first conjugate point ofp or else there must be at least two maximal timelike (respectively, null) geodesics fromp toq. Ifq is a closest cut point ofp in a globally hyperbolic space-time, then eitherq is conjugate top or elseq is a null cut point. In globally hyperbolic space-times, no point has a farthest nonspacelike cut point.
Biomimetic modeling of the abstraction of H3′ by ribonucleotide reductases. 1,5-Hydrogen atom transfer of H3 to aminyl and oxyl, but not thiyl, free radicals in homoribofuranose derivatives

Abstract Generation of 6-oxyl radicals from homoribofuranose (5-deoxy-D- ribo -hexofuranose) 6- O -nitro esters with Bu 3 SnD/AIBN/benzene/Δ resulted in abstraction of H3 by a [1,5]-hydrogen atom shift. Transfer of 2 H from the stannane to •C3 effected incorporation of deuterium at C3. Analogous treatment of 6-azido-6-deoxy-D- ribo -hexofuranose derivatives gave C3-deuterated aminosugars. In contrast, no deuterium incorporation was detected upon parallel treatment of 6-thio-D- ribo -hexofuranose derivatives. Abstraction of H3′ by a thiyl radical (•SCys) is the postulated first step in reactions that are utilized by ribonucleotide reductases to convert ribonucleotides into 2′-deoxynucleotides. Results are discussed relative to the enzyme reaction cascade that couples abstraction of H3′ with irreversible loss of water from C2′.
Dual diagnosis patients in community or hospital care: One-year outcomes and health care utilization and costs

Background: Services for dual diagnosis patients are strained by reductions in hospital-based inpatient treatment facilities and the lengths of inpatient stays in order to reduce health care costs.Aims: This study evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community- and hospital-based acute residential treatment for dually disordered patients, and whether moderately-ill patients benefitted more from community care, and severely-ill patients from hospital care.Method: Patients (N = 230) with dual substance use and psychiatric disorders were randomly assigned to community or hospital acute care programs that had the same level of service-intensity. They were followed for 1 year (80%) using the Addiction Severity Index. Patients' health care utilization was assessed from charts, VA databases, and health care diaries; costs were assigned using methods established by the VA Health Economics Resource Center.Results: Patients had better substance use outcomes when they were initially assigned to comm...
Communist Prefiguration: The Munster Anabaptists

Focuses on a sixteenth‐century religious movement that bears a striking resemblance to nineteenth‐twentieth century communism. Before securing power the movement presented itself as a peaceful, humanistic denomination that advocated egalitarianism, congregationalism, and self‐help. It rejected the institutionalization of both church and state. Securing power the Anabaptists established a totalitarian regime that exceeded its adversaries in regimentation and coercion. They totally restructured the economic system with “communism” and the traditional family system with polygamy. Demonstrates simi‐larity between Anabaptism and contemporary communism in the original recruitment pattern, the leadership configuration, the basic ideological development, the employment of coercion, the control of history, the reform measures, and the ultimate ramifications. The implication is that the communist principle may be endemic to the human condition and may reappear in a different form in the future.
Heating Rate Effects on Recrystallized Grain Size in Two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys

A method has previously been described whereby a fine and stable grain size may be achieved in conventional, heat-treatable aluminum alloy sheet by thermomechanical processing. The present work has examined the final recrystallization stage more closely. In particular, the effects of heating rate on recrystallized grain size have been determined and explained. It has been shown that heating rates greater than about 5 K . s-1 should be employed in the final recrystallization stage in order to obtain maximum benefit from the fine grain processing technique. The coarser recrystallized grain sizes obtained with slower heating rates are mainly due to early activation of the most highly favored nucleation sites. Thermal recovery of the matrix defect structure below the recrystallization temperature is an additional, though less significant, effect. The influence of the degree of cold work and the volume fraction of insoluble particles on recrystallized grain size is discussed in relation to the heating rate.
Forests in the Long Sweep of American History

The role of forests in the American society and economy has changed greatly over the past 200 years, as is evidenced by data on acreage in forests, on volume of standing timber, on amount of annual wood growth, on amounts and form of wood utilization, and on prices for forest products. The two most dramatic facts in a long history of forest utilization have been the near fourfold increase in annual wood growth in the past 60 years and the persistent and major underestimate by the U.S. Forest Service of the wood production potential of American forests.
University Engagement Through Local Food Enterprise: Community-Supported Agriculture on Campus

Community-supported agriculture programs (CSAs) are growing in number and variety across the country. Though CSAs can be found in a variety of settings, a less common but potentially successful venue in which to run a CSA is the university campus. Although universities present certain challenges for operating a CSA, they offer a number of unique advantages that can aid in the growth and success of the campus CSA. As such, university-based food and nutrition professionals may find that CSA development is a viable avenue through which to accomplish nutrition goals, such as increasing consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. In this article, the authors review both the benefits and detriments of operating a CSA on a university campus and present 2 different but successful university CSA models.
Heat‐resistant Bacteria in Pasteurized Whole Egg

Samples of egg melange taken from an egg packing station contained an average of 7·3 x 104 organisms/ml which survived laboratory pasteurization at 65°C for 3 min. Many of the organisms surviving pasteurization were found to be coryneform bacteria related to Microbacterium lacticum which could be differentiated into several groups. The remainder were a miscellaneous collection of unidentified cocci and coccobacilli and some Bacillus spp. The coryneform bacteria were shown to be the most heat-resistant isolates with negligible loss of viability after 60 min at 65°C, At least two of the representative strains were very heat-resistant, 0·01% surviving 20 and 38 min at 80°C in phosphate buffer at pH 7·1. Growth tests showed that none of the isolates grew at 5°C after 10 d incubation but those capable of growing most rapidly at 10° and 15°C were also the most heat-resistant. Such strains had a doubling time at 15°C of between 6 and 8 h in whole egg. Freezing the coryneform bacteria in liquid whole egg at –18°C had negligible effect on viability or heat-resistance at 65°C.
Understanding students' explanations in geometry tutoring

Precise Natural Language Understanding is needed in Geometry Tutoring to accurately determine the semantic content of students' explanations. The paper presents an NLU system developed in the context of the Geometry Explanation Tutor. The system combines unification-based syntactic processing with description logics based semantics to achieve the necessary accuracy level. Solutions to specific semantic problems dealing with equivalence of semantic representations are described. Experimental results on classification accuracy are also presented.
A comparison of phonemic and graphemic features of eight english consonants in auditory and visual modes.

Eight English consonants in CV context were presented graphemically and phonemically in visual and auditory modalities for similarity judgments using the ABX method. An interpretation of two three-...