cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Code reviews do not find bugs: how the current code review best practice slows us down

Because of its many uses and benefits, code reviews are a standard part of the modern software engineering workflow. Since they require involvement of people, code reviewing is often the longest part of the code integration activities. Using experience gained at Microsoft and with support of data, we posit (1) that code reviews often do not find functionality issues that should block a code submission; (2) that effective code reviews should be performed by people with specific set of skills; and (3) that the social aspect of code reviews cannot be ignored. We find that we need to be more sophisticated with our guidelines for the code review workflow. We show how our findings from code reviewing practice influence our code review tools at Microsoft. Finally, we assert that, due to its costs, code reviewing practice is a topic deserving to be better understood, systematized and applied to software engineering workflow with more precision than the best practice currently prescribes.
Striated muscle cells in the thymus of reptiles and birds: An electron microscopic study†

Striated muscle cells, the “myoid cells” of light microscopic literature, are consistently found in the thymus of reptiles and birds. Round or elongated myoid cells resemble adult skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers; however, the location of the nucleus, the course of the myofibrils, the arrangement and proportion of the thick and thin filaments, and the morphology and topography of the membranous components of the sarcoplasm are variable. Other myoid cells which contain either primitive myofibrils, irregular bundles of myofilaments associated with primitive Z plaques, or thick and thin filaments alone scattered throughout the cytoplasm, recall the various stages of the development of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers. In these cells the ribosomes are often, but not always abundant and appear in places arranged in helices and rosettes. It is suggested that a postnatal myogenesis takes place in the thymus. Anomalous muscle cells contain thin filaments almost exclusively. In some of these cells, thin filaments are arranged in I-segments that appear either independent of each other or interdigitated in pseudosarcomeres. Finally, some myoid cells appear to have degenerated. Desmosomes join myoid cells to reticular cells, to other myoid cells, and to epithelial cells in the walls of intraparenchymal cysts. The origin of the myoid cells from reticular cells is suggested.
Cohesive property of magnetized neutron star surfaces: Computations and implications

The cohesive energy of condensed matter in strong magnetic fields is a fundamental quantity characterizing magnetized neutron star surfaces. The cohesive energy refers to the energy required to pull an atom out of the bulk condensed matter at zero pressure. Theoretical models of pulsar and magnetar magnetospheres depend on the cohesive properties of the surface matter in strong magnetic fields. For example, depending on the cohesive energy of the surface matter, an acceleration zone (“polar gap”) above the polar cap of a pulsar may or may not form. Also, condensation of the neutron star surface, if it occurs, can significantly affect thermal emission from isolated neutron stars. We describe our calculations of the cohesive property of matter in strong magnetic fields, and discuss the implications of our results to the recent observations of neutron star surface emission as well as to the detection/non-detection of radio emission from magnetars.
ASH: Application-aware SWANS with highway mobility

Most VANET simulators do not allow for feedback between the vehicle mobility model and the network simulator. This limits the realistic simulation of safety and traffic information applications that might cause drivers to change their routes. To address this issue, we developed extensions to the SWANS wireless network simulator. Our SWANS modules, which we collectively call ASH (Application-aware SWANS with Highway mobility), make several contributions. ASH allows for the needed two-way communication between the mobility model and the networking model. To support highway scenarios, we built in ASH a customizable highway topology, allowing entrances, exits, and variable number of lanes. ASH includes implementations of the existing IDM car-following and MOBIL lane-changing models, as well as the Inter-Vehicle Geocast data dissemination protocol. To facilitate diverse simulations, ASH enhances the node model in SWANS to allow for the presence of non-participating vehicles and obstacles, along with participating vehicles and road-side infrastructure. These additions to the scalable SWANS simulator will allow for realistic VANET simulations of important safety and traffic information applications.
Developing INOTS to support interpersonal skills practice

The Immersive Naval Officer Training System (INOTS) is a blended learning environment that merges traditional classroom instruction with a mixed reality training setting. INOTS supports the instruction, practice and assessment of interpersonal communication skills. The goal of INOTS is to provide a consistent training experience to supplement interpersonal skills instruction for Naval officer candidates without sacrificing trainee throughput and instructor control. We developed an instructional design from cognitive task analysis interviews with experts to serve as a framework for system development. We also leveraged commercial student response technology and research technologies including natural language recognition, virtual humans, realistic graphics, intelligent tutoring and automated instructor support tools. In this paper, we describe our methodologies for developing a blended learning environment, and our challenges adding mixed reality and virtual human technologies to a traditional classroom to support interpersonal skills training.1 2
Pyroelectric PbTiO/sub 3/ thin films for microsensor applications

Pyroelectric lead titanate thin films (PbTiO/sub 3/) deposited by sol-gel processing have been characterized for possible use in microsensor applications. Pyroelectric properties, crystalline phase, dielectric coefficient, and ferroelectric properties have been investigated. The measured room-temperature pyroelectric coefficient in 0.6- mu m-thick films is 90 nC/cm/sup 2/-K. Based on a comparison of relevant properties with other IC-compatible pyroelectric materials, PbTiO/sub 3/ offers the possibility of achieving an extremely high pyroelectric coefficient over a wide operating temperature range. The authors present the use of PbTiO/sub 3/ as a pyroelectric material integrated with polysilicon microbridge technology. The formation of composite sol-gel PbTiO/sub 3/ thin films on 1.0- mu m-thick polysilicon membranes offers a key advantage of implementing both a low thermal mass and a high pyroelectric sensitivity for uncooled infrared detection. >
A new look at experimental design robustness

A common practical experimental philosophy when the underlying response model is unknown is initially to consider a first order model. A total robustness approach requires that the experimenter account for model underspecification due to possible curvature or interactions. It is reasonable that the experimental design possess protection against the selection of an oversimplified model. However, detection of possible underspecification is also important. This paper introduces a new criterion of experimental design robustness and provides the framework for an altemative class of experimental designs that utilize this criterion
Statistical radar imaging of diffuse and specular targets using an expectation-maximization algorithm

Radar imaging is often posed as a problem of estimating deterministic reflectances observed through a linear mapping and additive Gaussian receiver noise. We consider an alternative view which considers the reflectances themselves to be a realization of a random process; imaging then involves estimating the parameters of that underlying process. Purely diffuse radar targets are modeled by a zero-mean Gaussian process, while specular targets introduce an additive component with fixed amplitude and random uniform phase. When conventional stepped frequency waveforms are employed, the linear mapping amounts to a Fourier transform, and parameter estimation is straightforward. If more complicated waveforms are employed, maximum-likelihood parameter estimates cannot be readily computed analytically; hence, we explore an iterative expectation-maximization algorithm proposed by Snyder, O'Sullivan, and Miller. Although this algorithm was designed for diffuse radar imaging, arguments based on the central limit theorem and computational experiments support its applicability to the specular case. The resulting estimates tend to be unacceptably rough due to the ill-posed nature of maximum-likelihood estimation of functions from limited data, so some kind of regularization is needed. We explore penalized likelihoods based on entropy functionals, a roughness penalty proposed by Silverman, and an information-theoretic formulation of Good's roughness penalty.
Meta-Analytic Methods for Criminology

Meta-analysis was designed to synthesize empirical relationships across studies, such as the effects of a specific crime prevention intervention on criminal offending behavior. Meta-analysis focuses on the size and direction of effects across studies, examining the consistency of effects and the relationship between study features and observed effects. The findings from meta-analysis not only reveal robust empirical relationships but also identify existing weaknesses in the knowledge base. Furthermore, meta-analytic results can easily be translated into summary statistics useful for informing public policy regarding effective crime prevention efforts.
Efficient ATPG for design validation based on partitioned state exploration histories

This paper introduces a new concept of state partitioning and state/transition exploration histories to generate test stimulus for the purpose of design validation. With our new state partitioning, during vector generation, state and transition exploration histories for each state group are maintained by dynamically constructing partial state transition graphs (STGs) for all state groups. By limiting a maximum size any state group can be, maintaining the complete state and transition exploration histories for each state group is feasible even for very large sequential circuits. While such histories are being collected, test vectors are generated using extracted spectral information from existing tests and genetic algorithm (GA) is used to explore new scenarios that are not in the histories. Experiments showed that much higher design error coverages together with smaller test sets are achieved with very short execution times.
ATP‐mgcl2 increases cisplatin toxicity in the dog and rat

The purpose of this study was to examine if ATP-MgCl2, an agent that protects against acute cisplatin toxicity in vitro, protected against cisplatin toxicity in vivo. Baseline renal function measurements were obtained on dogs (n = 12) and rats (n = 20) on day -1. Dogs were given 90 mg m-2 cisplatin (n = 5), 90 mg m-2 cisplatin and 50 mumol kg-1 ATP-MgCl2 (n = 5), or 90 mg m-2 cisplatin and 150 mumol kg-1 ATP-MgCl2 (n = 2), in a slow bolus i.v. injection on day 0. Rats were given 4 mg kg-1 cisplatin i.p. (n = 6) and 25 mumol kg ATP-MgCl2 (n = 8) i.v. or 4 mg kg-1 cisplatin i.p. and 25 mumol kg-1 ATP-MgCl2 (n = 6) i.v. on day 0. Renal function was assessed on a routine basis for 14 days. All dogs had significantly decreased creatinine clearance following cisplatin administration. There were no significant differences in renal function tests between groups of dogs. One dog given 50 mumol kg-1 ATP-MgCl2 and both dogs given 150 mumol kg-1 ATP-MgCl2 in addition to cisplatin developed acute anuric renal failure and were euthanatized prior to completion of the study. Rats given 4 mg kg-1 cisplatin and 25 mumol kg-1 ATP-MgCl2 had significantly increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine after drug administration, compared to rats given cisplatin alone. The results indicated that ATP-MgCl2 worsened in vivo cisplatin renal toxicity in the dog and rat.
Joint adaptive rate control and randomized scheduling for multimedia wireless systems

A joint channel adaptive rate control and randomized scheduling algorithm based on learning automata (LA) K. S. Narendra et al., (1989)is presented. The scheduling is performed at the medium access control (MAC) layer whereas the rate selection takes place at the physical/link (PHY/LINK) layer. The two components residing in the two layers exchange minimal amount of information and adaptively achieve the best throughput and desired quality of service (QoS) in terms of average transmission rates in the prevailing channel conditions. Scheduling is carried out by a LA of continuous reward penalty variate, and a discrete pursuit reward inaction (DPRI) type B. J. Oommen et al., (1990) is used for adaptive rate selection. While simple to implement, this technique requires no explicit channel estimation phase. The only feedback required are the single bit ACK signal indicating the correct reception of packets. As shown in the convergence theorems, the algorithm achieves optimal performance in "stationary'" channels. With slowly varying channels, the MCS selection algorithm sees a "quasistationary" channel and adaptively converges to the optimality. Simulation results are provided for parameters as per to HSDPA standard.
PageRank for Earthquakes

Using Hi‐Net data in southwest Japan, Obara (2002) discovered a new type of seismic source that he called nonvolcanic tremor due to its similarity to volcanic tremor, but distinct origin. Tremor is characterized by weak signals, typically of deep (>30 km) origin, that are most prominent in the 1–10 Hz frequency band. At about the same time, slow‐slip events and tectonic tremor were found to be strongly correlated indicating that tremor accompanied these events (Obara, 2002; Rogers and Dragert, 2003). Tectonic tremor is challenging to locate because it is an extended and persistent signal, and lacks the clear P ‐ and S ‐wave arrivals that are typical of earthquakes. Despite this, there is clear modulation of tremor amplitudes that can be tracked between stations and used to locate the tremor source. Several envelope techniques (Obara, 2002; McCausland et al. , 2005; Wech and Creager, 2008; Aguiar et al. , 2009) were developed for this purpose. Low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) were discovered by Katsumata and Kamaya (2003) and have since proven to be critical to understanding the genesis of tectonic tremor. Shelly et al. (2006) showed that LFEs correlate strongly with times of tremor and that they occur on the plate interface. Shelly et al. (2007a) showed that tremor consists of swarms of LFEs, and by inference occurred on the plate interface as well. Follow‐up work (Ide, Shelly, Beroza, 2007) demonstrated that LFEs per tremor occurred as shear slip and hence were part of a family of slow earthquakes (Ide, Beroza, et al. , 2007). Initially, LFEs were found through visual inspection by enterprising network analysts in Japan (Beroza and Ide, 2011). LFEs have been identified as periods of high‐amplitude arrivals by the same visual inspection technique (Shelly, 2009). Because LFEs have proven so useful for studying tremor, other methods have been developed to …
Disseminated Pneumocystosis Presenting as a Pleural Effusion

Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis recently has been reported in a number of tissues. Most cases occurred in patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. We report a case of disseminated pneumocystosis presenting as a large pleural effusion without apparent lung involvement where Pneumocystis carinii was the only pathogen identified. The absence of parenchymal lesions on chest x-ray film, the lack of hypoxemia and the minimal uptake of gallium all argue against significant lung involvement. The patient was successfully treated with chest tube drainage, intravenous and inhaled pentamidine and orally administered dapsone and trimethoprim. The addition of inhaled pentamidine to intravenously administered pentamidine may have increased pleural fluid levels substantially and its use coincided with the patient's improvement.
Inflatable penile prostheses for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Male erectile dysfunction is a common medical condition. Recent advances in our understanding of corpora cavernosa physiology have resulted in three effective oral medications (sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil – all phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors), which can effectively treat many men with erectile dysfunction. However, a large number of men are not adequately treated by these medications due to their cost, side effects, contraindications or lack of a satisfactory erectile response. For men who do not respond to less invasive therapy, an inflatable penile prosthesis can provide an excellent alternative. This article will review and critique the currently available inflatable penile prostheses in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT THROUGH CIVIC AGRICULTURE: USING FOOD TO LINK CLASSROOM AND COMMUNITY*

The maximization of productivity and labor efficiency has been a hallmark of the American agriculture and food system. The result of these twin processes is an industrial, concentrated, and consolidated provisioning system that produces cheap and plentiful food. Many view this model as a panacea for providing food to a modern industrial workforce, yet, increasingly, others are identifying cracks in this system. Research shows that an abundant food supply from an industrial model of agriculture has hidden costs to farm family stability, rural community well-being, and human and ecosystem health. A recent turn in this research has shifted away from the identification of weaknesses toward the exploration of viable options to redesign the food system in a manner that ensures long term sustainability. Civic agriculture is one such model that includes community-embedded initiatives to re-localize agriculture in communities of place, while enhancing food security, literacy, safety, and rebuilding rural communiti...
Pemetrexed: an active new agent for breast cancer.

Abstract Pemetrexed is a novel antifolate that inhibits three enzymes in the de novo purine and pyrimidine pathways including thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. It becomes highly polyglutamated once inside cancer cells, resulting in prolonged intracellular retention and 60-fold greater inhibition of thymidylate synthase than the monoglutamated form. Several phase II and III studies have shown that pemetrexed has significant antitumor activity against a variety of tumor types including mesothelioma, non–small cell lung cancer, and colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers. Pemetrexed appears to provide non–cross-resistant cytotoxic activity against breast cancers that have been treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, and capecitabine. Preclinical studies have suggested that pemetrexed enhances the cytotoxicity of several other important chemotherapeutic agents active against breast cancer including doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. In vitro studies have shown that pemetrexed treatment synchronizes cancer cells at the G2/S interphase, leading to synchronous entry into S phase. Ongoing phase II studies of pemetrexed combinations in breast cancer hope to exploit the cell cycle modulatory effects of this drug as well as its excellent tolerability. Semin Oncol 29 (suppl 18):57-62. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Maternal and birth attendant hand washing and neonatal mortality in southern Nepal.

Background More than 95% of neonatal deaths occur in developing countries, approximately 50% at home. Few data are available on the impact of hand-washing practices by birth attendants or caretakers on neonatal mortality. Objective To evaluate the relationship between birth attendant and maternal hand-washing practices and neonatal mortality in rural Nepal. Design Observational prospective cohort study. Setting Sarlahi District in rural southern Nepal. Participants Newborn infants were originally enrolled in a community-based trial assessing the effect of skin and/or umbilical cord cleansing with chlorhexidine on neonatal mortality in southern Nepal. A total of 23 662 newborns were enrolled and observed through 28 days of life. Main Exposures Questionnaires were administered to mothers on days 1 and 14 after delivery to identify care practices and risk factors for mortality and infection. Three hand-washing categories were defined: (1) birth attendant hand washing with soap and water before assisting with delivery, (2) maternal hand washing with soap and water or antiseptic before handling the baby, and (3) combined birth attendant and maternal hand washing. Outcome Measures Mortality within the neonatal period. Results Birth attendant hand washing was related to a statistically significant lower mortality rate among neonates (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.99), as was maternal hand washing (adjusted RR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.82). There was a 41% lower mortality rate among neonates exposed to both hand-washing practices (adjusted RR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.94). Conclusions Birth attendant and maternal hand washing with soap and water were associated with significantly lower rates of neonatal mortality. Measures to improve or promote birth attendant and maternal hand washing could improve neonatal survival rates.
How does American top management view productivity

This paper examines the relationship between quality and productivity in the context of the findings of the MIT commission on industrial productivity. A sample of 200 US manufacturing firms was chosen to test our proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that a number of quality/productivity issues still need to be addressed by top management.
A Facile Asymmetric Approach to the Multicyclic Core Structure of Mangicol A

Chiral propargylic ether-based triene-ynes are synthesized with high enantiomeric purity by employing an asymmetric enyne addition to aldehydes catalyzed by 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol in combination with ZnEt2 , Ti(OiPr)4 and dicyclohexylamine at room temperature. These substrates are found to undergo a one-pot domino Pauson-Khand and Diels-Alder cycloaddition catalyzed by [RhCl(CO)2 ]2 under CO to generate a series of multicyclic products with high chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity. These products contain the multicyclic core structure of mangicol A which could facilitate the synthesis and study of this class of natural products.
The Discourse of Diversity: From Biology to Management

By tracing the origins of workforce diversity discourse to the domain of natural science and philosophy, and analyzing two other contemporary diversity discourses, biodiversity and the Human Genome...
Evaluation of phosphate toxicity in Cope's gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) tadpoles.

Phosphate pollution is a widespread problem resulting from agricultural runoff and urban wastewater. Phosphates are known to cause eutrophication and algal blooms, but little is known about phosphate toxicity, particularly among amphibians. To investigate possible phosphate toxicity, Hyla chrysoscelis tadpoles were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0-200 mg/L PO4-P for 15 days. Phosphate was found to have no effect on the survival, growth, or developmental stability of the tadpoles, indicating that phosphate may not be toxic to this species at levels associated with anthropogenic inputs. Phosphate was found to increase the pH of the test water, which, in conjunction with other stressors, may have negative effects within aquatic communities. However, phosphate could also affect anuran tadpoles positively by increasing algal food resources. Because phosphate is a ubiquitous pollutant, further testing using more complex experimental designs is warranted.
Media Revolution on 14th Street: Immigration, Vaudeville and the Nascence of Electronic Media in New York City at the Turn of the 20th Century

The foundation of the entertainment industry came through the birth of vaudeville on 14th Street in New York City beginning in the 1880s. Created largely by immigrants and their children, vaudeville dominated show business in the United States during a five decade period from the 1880s to the 1930s. Through the integration of immigrant performers, entrepreneurs and cultural forms, vaudeville created a synthesis that was much needed during a time of mass immigration and cultural chaos. With the rapid evolution of electronic media during the 20 century – music publishing, sound recording, radio, motion pictures and television – vaudeville extended its multicultural influence by becoming the dominant model for a growing entertainment industry. Key words Vaudeville. Tin Pan Alley. Immigration.
Life History of an Anlo (Ghana) Slaveholder

Biographies of prominent 19th century West African leaders are rare. Historians struggle with limited sources. When diaries and other document contain data about a specific individual, most often that information focuses on political and economic affairs. Yet many such prominent individuals operated in a world in which slavery was so ubiquitous it influenced not only their political and economic affairs, but also their social lives and identities. This study explores the life of one such person, Amegashie Afeku, who was a wealthy slaveholder and traditional religious priest in the polity of Anlo (located in what is now southeastern Ghana). It argues that the biographies of such individuals demonstrate the complexity of slavery in Africa and the concerns that led many to not just resist and adapt, but resolutely defy both colonial rule and its abolition of slavery.
Development of Highly Active and Regioselective Catalysts for the Copolymerization of Epoxides with Cyclic Anhydrides: An Unanticipated Effect of Electronic Variation

Recent developments in polyester synthesis have established several systems based on zinc, chromium, cobalt, and aluminum catalysts for the ring-opening alternating copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic anhydrides. However, to date, regioselective processes for this copolymerization have remained relatively unexplored. Herein we report the development of a highly active, regioselective system for the copolymerization of a variety of terminal epoxides and cyclic anhydrides. Unexpectedly, electron withdrawing substituents on the salen framework resulted in a more redox stable Co(III) species and longer catalyst lifetime. Using enantiopure propylene oxide, we synthesized semicrystalline polyesters via the copolymerization of a range of epoxide/anhydride monomer pairs.
HCV Test Results of 4 Classes Population in Yibin

Objective By conducting HCV antibody detection among men having sex with men(MSM),commercial sex workers(CSWs),sexual transmitted diseases(STDs) patients and injective drug users(IDUs) in Yibin in 2009-2010,to understand the HCV infection situation of these 4 classes population,and provide scientific evidence for HCV prevention and treatment.Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method was used to detect the serum anti-HCV of 4 classes population.Results Totally 3 024 people were detected,including 663 MSM,with the positive rate was 0.3%,629 CSW,with the positive rate was 1.0%,846 STD patients,with the positive rate was 0.4%,and 886 IDUs,with the positive rate was 72.8%.Conclusion Among the 4 classes population in Yibin,the HCV infection rate is highest in IDUs,so that interventions for this population should be strengthened.
Temperature-sensitive mutations that arrest Arabidopsis shoot development

To identify genes involved in meristem function we have designed a screen for temperature-sensitive mutations that cause a conditional arrest of early shoot development in Arabidopsis. We describe the characterization of three mutations, arrested development (add) 1, 2 and 3. At the restrictive temperature the add1 and add2 mutations disrupt apical meristem function as assayed by leaf initiation. Furthermore, add1 and add2 plants exhibit defects in leaf morphogenesis following upshift from permissive to restrictive temperature. This result suggests that proximity to a functional meristem is required for the completion of normal leaf morphogenesis. The add3 mutation does not have a dramatic effect on the production of leaves by the apical meristem; however, add3 prevents the expansion of leaf blades at high temperature. Thus, in this mutant the temperature-dependent arrest of epicotyl development is due to a failure of normal leaf development rather than new leaf initiation. While all add mutants have a reduced rate of root growth in comparison to wild-type plants, the mutants do not display a temperature-dependent arrest of root development. All add mutants display some developmental defects at low temperature, suggesting that these mutations affect genes involved in inherently temperature-sensitive developmental processes.
Relationship quality in the pharmaceutical industry: An empirical analysis

ABSTRACT The effects of relationship marketing practices on the quality of the relationship between the physician and the pharmaceutical sales representative (PSR) is a topic of interest for pharmaceutical marketers and academics. The main focus of this research study is to understand the impact of relationship building activities by pharmaceutical ﬁ rms in their effort to inﬂ uence the decision making process of physicians. Speciﬁ cally, this study is concerned with the relationships between relationship marketing concepts, such as relationship beneﬁ ts, relationship investment, PSR expertise, and relational dependence, and relationship quality. A survey was administered to a physician sample, comprised of both PCPs and specialists. The results conﬁ rm that relationship beneﬁ ts, relationship investment, PSR expertise, and relational dependence are all important factors when building high quality relationships between PSRs and physicians. The data was also analyzed with the addition of a moderator (being a specialist) and support was found in several relationships.
169 – Management of Diabetes in Stroke

This chapter discusses management of diabetes in stroke. The patient with diabetes is two to three times more likely to develop ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke is not more common than in the nondiabetic peer. Transient ischemic attacks are also more frequent in the diabetic population. It is suggested that when a stroke occurs in a diabetic patient, the physician must be certain that the signs and symptoms are not due to a major blood glucose aberration. Severe hyperglycemia with dehydration and hypotension and hypoglycemia might lead to alterations in neurologic function and consciousness similar to those seen in stroke. Excepting the patient with minimal carbohydrate intolerance, insulin therapy should be used when the patient is acutely ill. Oral antidiabetic medications often give unpredictable responses for desired therapeutic goals. When the patient is clinically stable, eating, and recovering motor and cognitive function, basal insulin is started. This intermediate-acting insulin is best given every 12 hours with a starting dosage approximating 0.2–0.3 units/kg body weight/day. The use of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) or lente insulin in patients with chronic intrajejunal feeding achieves smoother glucose control when NPH or lente insulin is used with amounts of regular insulin given as a supplement for hyperglycemia.
Schematic model for ρ − a 1 mixing at finite density and in-medium effective Lagrangian

Based on schematic two-level models extended to ${a}_{1}$-meson degrees of freedom, we investigate possible mechanisms of chiral restoration in the vector--axial-vector channels in cold nuclear matter. In the first part of this article we employ the massive Yang-Mills framework to construct an effective chiral Lagrangian based on low-energy mesonic modes at finite density. The latter are identified through nuclear collective excitations of ``meson''-sobar type such as $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}[\ensuremath{\Delta}{(1232)N}^{\ensuremath{-}1}]\ensuremath{\equiv}\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\pi}}, \ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}[{N}^{*}{(1520)N}^{\ensuremath{-}1}]\ensuremath{\equiv}\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\rho}},$ etc. In a mean-field type treatment the in-medium gauge coupling $\ifmmode \hat{g}\else \^{g}\fi{},$ the (axial-)vector meson masses and ${f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ are found to decrease with density indicating the approach towards chiral restoration in the language of in-medium effective fields. In the second part of our analysis we evaluate the (first) in-medium Weinberg sum rule which relates vector and axial-vector correlators to the pion decay constant. Using in-medium $\ensuremath{\rho}{/a}_{1}$ spectral functions (computed in the two-level model) also leads to a substantial reduction of the pion decay constant with increasing density.
Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus: Results From the National Inpatient Sample 2000 to 2010

Background— Case fatality and hospitalization rates for US patients with heart failure (HF) have steadily decreased during the past several decades. Diabetes mellitus (DM), a risk factor for, and frequent coexisting condition with, HF continues to increase in the general population. Methods and Results— We used the National Inpatient Sample to estimate overall as well as age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific trends in HF hospitalizations, DM prevalence, and in-hospital mortality among 2.5 million discharge records from 2000 to 2010 with HF as primary discharge diagnosis. Multivariable logistic and Poisson regression were used to assess the impact of the above demographic characteristics on in-hospital mortality. Age-standardized hospitalizations decreased significantly in HF overall and in HF with DM. Age-standardized in-hospital mortality with HF declined from 2000 to 2010 (4.57% to 3.09%, P trend<0.0001), whereas DM prevalence in HF increased (38.9% to 41.9%, P trend<0.0001) as did comorbidity burden. Age-standardized in-hospital mortality in HF with DM also decreased significantly (3.53% to 2.27%, P trend<0.0001). After adjusting for year, age, and comorbid burden, males remained at 17% increased risk versus females, non-Hispanics remained at 12% increased risk versus Hispanics, and whites had a 30% higher mortality versus non-white minorities. Absolute mortality rates were lower in younger versus older patients, although the rate of decline was attenuated in younger patients. Conclusions— In-hospital mortality in HF patients with DM significantly decreased during the past decade, despite increases in DM prevalence and comorbid conditions. Mortality rate decreases among younger patients were significantly attenuated, and mortality disparities remain among important demographic subgroups.
Room-temperature THz sources based on intra-cavity difference-frequency mixing in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers

I will review the recent progress of semiconductor sources of terahertz radiation based on intra-cavity difference-frequency generation (DFG) in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). These devices, referred to as THz DFG-QCLs, are similar in fabrication and operation simplicity to THz QCLs, but, unlike THz QCLs, they offer room-temperature operation and broadband spectral tuning in the entire 1–6 THz range.
Treatment of self‐injurious behavior using differential punishment of high rates of behavior (DPH)

The purpose of the current investigation was to explore the effectiveness of differential punishment of high rates of behavior (DPH) to treat the severe self-injury of a 28-year-old man with autism in an adult day program setting. DPH procedures involve the use of an established criterion related to a rate of responding within some time interval at which a punisher is delivered. The implementation of DPH in this study resulted in a substantial long-term reduction of severe self-injurious behavior. These findings are significant in that they provide a model for the design and implementation of punishment procedures that can be adopted in applied settings where staff resources are limited. The results of this study have implications for the treatment of severe problem behavior among individuals with autism across settings and age groups.
Intimate Partner Violence and its Resolution among Mexican Americans

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects the mental and physical health of Mexican women in the United States, and culture is thought to play a role in its prevention and resolution. Qualitative investigations are ideal for explicating context-specific aspects of these phenomena. Thus, a systematic review of 19 primary qualitative research reports was conducted to clearly articulate the process of IPV and its resolution among Mexican American women. Based on the findings, IPV is fueled by aspects of Mexican culture, and barriers exist that make its resolution challenging. Despite attempts to nurture themselves, abuse becomes intolerable, and women eventually reach out for help. Immigration, legal, criminal justice, and social service personnel assist Mexican American women to resolve IPV. In addition, health care providers play an integral role in broaching the topic, establishing trust, and providing key information to women and members of the Mexican American community at large.
Network-Cognizant Voltage Droop Control for Distribution Grids

This paper examines distribution systems that have a high integration level of distributed energy resources (DERs), and addresses the design of local control methods for real-time voltage regulation. Particularly, the paper focuses on proportional control strategies wherein the active and reactive power output of DERs are adjusted in response to (and proportionally to) local changes in voltage levels. The design of the voltage-active power and voltage-reactive power characteristics leverages suitable linear approximations of the ac power flow equations and is network-cognizant; that is, the coefficients of the controllers embed information on the location of the DERs and forecasted noncontrollable loads/injections and, consequently, on the effect of DERs power adjustments on the overall voltage profile. A robust approach is pursued to cope with uncertainty in the forecasted noncontrollable loads/power injections. The stability of the proposed local controllers is analytically assessed and numerically corroborated.
Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements At The Ballistic Research Laboratory

Since the early 1960s, the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) has been involved in the characterization of millimetre-wave propagation as it applies to military systems. Measurements have been made with radars and radiometers from 30 to 600 GHz of near earth propagation through both natural and cultural obscurants. Results of measurements made in rain, fog, snow, high humidity, dust and some smokes are presented for the major millimetre-wave windows. Some modeling performed by other agencies are presented for comparison.
Using Learning Trajectories for Teacher Learning to Structure Professional Development.

ABSTRACTAs a result of the increased focus on data literacy and data science across the world, there has been a large demand for professional development in statistics. However, exactly how these professional development opportunities should be structured remains an open question. The purpose of this paper is to describe the first iteration of a design experiment involving Project-SET (www.project-set.com) professional development program. Project-SET provided professional development to enhance teachers’ understanding of statistics concepts. The project constructed two learning trajectories for teacher learning and subsequently used the learning trajectories to structure the professional development curriculum. The main goal of this paper is to illustrate how the utilization of the teacher-learning trajectories to structure the professional development allowed participating teachers to develop several aspects of Statistics Knowledge for Teaching (Groth, 2013).
Applying Critical Race and Memory Studies to University Place Naming Controversies: Toward a Responsible Landscape Policy

ABSTRACTA number of U.S. universities are embroiled in debates over the longtime commemoration and valorization of white supremacy through the campus landscape. Recognizing place naming as a legitimate political arena, activists have called for—and in some instances succeeded—in removing from university buildings the names of historical figures shrouded in racial controversy. For the broader public and even sympathetic higher education officials, there is a lack of understanding about why these demands are important and even less recognition about the violence that racially insensitive place naming inflicts on the belonging of marginalized groups. Instead, the renaming of campus landscapes is understood as merely an act of political correctness and thus campus authorities have offered uneven and incomplete solutions in the name of progressive reform. Applying recent innovations in race and memory studies, specifically the ideas of wounded places and memory work, we situate ongoing university place naming ...
Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance

Endocrine disruptors are critical environmental exposures that influence health and can promote epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and abnormal physiology. Advances in 2015 included analyses of the effects of endocrine disruptors on human disease, further examples of endocrine disruptors promoting transgenerational behavioural effects, insights into effects of endocrine disruptors on epigenetic programming of primordial germ cells and the finding that endocrine disruptors can transgenerationally promote genetic mutations.
A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Blood-Pressure Reduction in Black Barbershops

Abstract Background Uncontrolled hypertension is a major problem among non-Hispanic black men, who are underrepresented in pharmacist intervention trials in traditional health care settings. Methods We enrolled a cohort of 319 black male patrons with systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or more from 52 black-owned barbershops (nontraditional health care setting) in a cluster-randomized trial in which barbershops were assigned to a pharmacist-led intervention (in which barbers encouraged meetings in barbershops with specialty-trained pharmacists who prescribed drug therapy under a collaborative practice agreement with the participants’ doctors) or to an active control approach (in which barbers encouraged lifestyle modification and doctor appointments). The primary outcome was reduction in systolic blood pressure at 6 months. Results At baseline, the mean systolic blood pressure was 152.8 mm Hg in the intervention group and 154.6 mm Hg in the control group. At 6 months, the mean systolic blood pressure fel...
The R-Matrix Method

The R-matrix method is reviewed both in the L2 and R-matrix propagation implementation. Results are presented for a simple elastic scattering problem showing the improvement in convergence when nonorthogonal L2 bases are used. Comparably accurate results are obtained with either non-orthogonal sine functions or a distributed Gaussian basis. The implications of these results, together with R-matrix propagation, for reactive scattering are discussed.
APPROXIMATION BY SMALL RANK TENSOR PRODUCTS OF SPLINES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses approximation by small rank tensor products of splines. Approximation of smooth bivariate functions by classes of spline functions depending on a relatively small number of parameters is considered in the chapter. The chapter presents upper bounds for the error that are proven and also presents a computational method. In discussing the problem of approximation, it is assumed that the univariate meshes involved are uniform and have an equal number of mesh points in each coordinate direction. For a spline function that is going to be repeatedly evaluated, it is probably best to use the B-spline basis for representing the function.
Human Brain Imaging of Tinnitus

This chapter describes the study of tinnitus in humans by means of neuroimaging to measure brain function and structure. Here, “neuroimaging” is defined to mean any of a variety of noninvasive techniques, from scalp recordings of electrical activity, to images permitting quantification of the gray and white matter of the cerebral cortex, to neurally coupled changes in blood flow. This chapter focuses specifically on the use of neuroimaging to understand chronic, subjective tinnitus, that is, tinnitus that is lasting and cannot be explained by either an external sound source, or a source within the body (Eggermont and Zeng, Chapter 1). Although defined as the perception of sound lacking a physical sound source, the clinical condition of tinnitus is more than the percept. The tinnitus patient often presents with depression, anxiety, difficulties concentrating, and/or difficulties sleeping. These nonperceptual aspects of the condition are what make tinnitus a clinical problem for approximately 5–10% of the population (Coles, 1984; Shargorodsky et al., 2010).
Sleeve Gastrectomy: Surgical Tips.

Abstract The vertical sleeve gastrectomy is a bariatric procedure that was originally described as the initial step in the biliopancreatic diversion. It demonstrated effectiveness in weight loss as a single procedure, and the laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy, as a stand-alone procedure, is now the most commonly performed bariatric surgery worldwide. Due to its relative technical ease and long-term data that have established its durability in treating obesity and its related comorbid conditions, the sleeve gastrectomy has grown in popularity among patients and surgeons. While there are variations in the technical aspects of performing a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, key steps must be undertaken to produce safe and effective outcomes. This article reviews the indications for bariatric surgery, patient selection, surgical technique and tips, perioperative care and complications after sleeve gastrectomy.
Association of metformin and mortality for patients with diabetes who are hospitalized with pneumonia

Introduction: Recent studies suggest that metformin use may be associated with improved infectious disease-related outcomes while other papers suggest potentially worse outcomes in those with acute respiratory distress syndrome and/or septic shock. Our purpose was to examine the association of prior outpatient receipt of metformin on 30-day mortality for older patients with preexisting diabetes hospitalized with pneumonia. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using national United States Department of Veterans Affairs data of patients > 65 years with a prior history of diabetes who were hospitalized with pneumonia between fiscal years 2002-2012. For our primary analysis, we created a propensity score using variables for sociodemographics, comorbid conditions, prior outpatient health care utilization, other diabetic medications, and severity of illness. We then matched metformin users to non-users 1:1. Results: We identified 36,990 patients who meet the inclusion criteria, 20.1% of which were receiving metformin. Overall mortality at 30-days was 14.3% (9.7% metformin users vs. 14.4% non-users, p Discussion: Prior receipt of metformin was associated with significantly lower mortality after adjusting for potential confounders. Additional research is needed to examine the safety of metformin use in patients with severe bacterial infections.