cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basal and cocaine-induced sex differences in the DARPP-32-mediated signaling pathway.

Rationale Behavioral and dopamine responses to cocaine are sexually dimorphic: Female rats exhibit higher levels of locomotor and reward-associated behaviors after cocaine administration and dopamine release than do males. Activation of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32) intracellular cascade mediates responses to cocaine.
Decreased Profilaggrin Expression in Ichthyosis Vulgaris Is a Result of Selectively Impaired Posttranscriptional Control

Ichthyosis vulgaris is an autosomal dominant disorder of keratinization characterized by mild hyperkeratosis and reduced or absent keratohyalin granules in the epidermis. Profilaggrin, a major component of keratohyalin granules, is reduced or absent from the skin of individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris. In this report, we have further characterized the molecular basis of low profilaggrin expression, which occurs in this disease. In situ hybridization revealed little profilaggrin mRNA in ichthyosis vulgaris-affected epidermis. In keratinocytes cultured from the epidermis of affected individuals, the abundance of profilaggrin was reduced to less than 10% of normal controls, while the mRNA level was decreased to 30-60% of controls. Expression of K1 and loricrin, other markers of epidermal differentiation, were not affected. Nuclear run-on assays indicated that the decrease in mRNA levels was not caused by aberrant transcription. Nucleotide sequencing of 5'-upstream, 3'-non-coding, and flanking regions of the profilaggrin gene from ichthyosis vulgaris-affected individuals revealed only minor changes, probably due to genetic polymorphisms. Our results indicate that defective profilaggrin expression in ichthyosis vulgaris is a result of selectively impaired posttranscriptional control.
Pregnancy reduces the genetic resistance of C57BL/6 mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection by intragastric inoculation.

In this study, we compared genetically resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible A/J mice for their resistance to L. monocytogenes infection model during pregnancy. Intragastric infection with modest numbers of bacterial cells (105 CFU) caused reproducible fetal infection and abortion in both mouse strains. Bioluminescence imaging demonstrated dissemination of L. monocytogenes cells from maternal to fetal organs within 3 days of intragastric infection. Although non-pregnant C57BL/6 mice were significantly more resistant to infection than non-pregnant A/J mice, C57BL/6 and A/J mice had similar microbial loads (CFU) in maternal and fetal tissues during pregnancy. Inflammation and necrosis, however, were more severe in A/J mice as evaluated by semi-quantitative histopathology. Although the microbial load in fetal tissues was similar for all fetuses within a single uterus, inflammation and necrosis varied among individual fetuses and placentas. We also noted that the uterus is a target for L. monocytogenes infection in non-pregnant mice.
Working Memory Encoding and False Memory in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in a Spatial Delayed Response Task

Working memory (WM) impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia, but the contributions of different WM components are not yet specified. Here, we investigated the potential role of inefficient encoding in reduced WM performance in patients with schizophrenia (PSZ). Twenty-eight PSZ, 16 patients with bipolar disorder (PBP), 16 unaffected and unmedicated relatives of PSZ (REL), and 29 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) performed a spatial delayed response task with either low or high WM demands. The demands on attentional selection were also manipulated by presenting distractor stimuli during encoding in some of the trials. After each trial, participants rated their level of response confidence. This allowed us to analyze different types of WM responses. WM was severely impaired in PSZ compared to HC; this reduction was mainly due to an increase in the amount of false memory responses (incorrect responses that were given with high confidence) rather than an increase in the amount of incorrect and not-confident responses. Although PBP showed WM impairments, they did not have increased false memory errors. In contrast, reduced WM in REL was also accompanied by an increase in false memory errors. The presentation of distractors led to a decline in WM performance, which was comparable across groups indicating that attentional selection was intact in PSZ. These findings suggest that inefficient WM encoding is responsible for impaired WM in schizophrenia and point to differential mechanisms underlying WM impairments in PSZ and PBP.
Age and dose-related effects of hippocampal ibotenic acid on lesion size, mortality, and nonspatial working memory in infant rats.

Abstract Three experiments are presented in which the neural and behavioral consequences of multiple ibotenic acid (IBO) injections into the hippocampus were examined in Sprague-Dawley rat pups. Rat pups were 11 or 15 days of age at the time of surgery (SURG11, SURG15), the dose of IBO was either 1 μg in 1 μl, 2.5 μg in 0.5 μl, or 5 μg in 1 μl for each of four injections, and pups were allowed to survive for 3 or 7 days after the lesion was made. The Fink-Heimer silver stain was used in Experiment 1 to examine the extent of neural damage following unilateral lesions and showed that the degeneration was primarily located in the hippocampus. The magnitude of the damage was greatest in younger pups and in those which received the higher of the two concentrations (injection volume was not a factor). Degenerating fibers were seen in the columns of the fornix as well as precommissural fornix fibers, but only in SURG15 animals when damage extended into the dorsal subiculum. Mortality rates following multiple IBO injections were very high in infant rats, in some cases as high as 60%. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the effects of bilateral lesions on neuroanatomy and behavior. Bilateral lesions were somewhat smaller than unilateral lesions, and as for unilateral lesions, degeneration in pre- and postcommissural fornix was seen only in SURG15 animals. The behavioral task used in Experiments 2 and 3 was patterned single alternation, a memory-based appetitive learning discrimination. Earlier work has shown that damage to the infant hippocampus results in moderate deficits in this task at 30-s intervals and more substantial deficits at 60-s intertrial intervals. This was not the case in the present studies: regardless of age at surgery or time postlesion, all infant rats tested learned this discrimination at the two intertrial intervals. As has been recently reported for adult rats, excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampus in infant rats do not produce the same patterns of behavioral deficits as electrolytic lesions.
Molecular Simulations of Unfolded and Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack well-defined solution structure under physiological conditions but still have biologically relevant function in the cell. A significant fraction of eukaryotic proteins are fully or partially disordered. Additionally, the unfolded state of proteins has attracted prominent interest for decades, for better understanding of the protein folding problem. In this work we address the most fundamental question: are IDPs different from unfolded states of globular proteins? We simulated five different protein sequences in aqueous solution for the systematic investigation of their characteristic polymer properties. An accurate all-atom protein model with explicit solvent (Amber03w) is used, which naturally captures temperature-dependent solvation effects. We found that the qualitative scaling behavior of the protein chains matches expectations from theory under ambient conditions. We also observe experimentally known temperature-induced collapse of polypeptide chains in our simulations. Detailed analysis suggests that this collapse originates from the change in hydration propensity of individual residues as a function of temperature. Furthermore, we find that the unfolded ensembles of proteins at different temperatures are remarkably similar due to temperature-induced collapse.We also address a key issue in the single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments to study the properties of unfolded and intrinsically disordered proteins, i.e., are the properties of the unfolded chain affected by the presence of chromophore dyes? We find that the secondary structure and long-range contacts are largely the same in the presence or absence of the fluorophores, and that the dimensions of the chain with and without chromophores are similar. We also find that the dye orientational factor, kappa2, has an average value and equilibrium distribution very close to that expected for isotropic orientations, which supports one of the assumptions frequently made when interpreting FRET efficiencies in terms of distances.
A note on comparison of conditional means

Abstract Let (X1,Y1),…,(Xp,Yp be i.i.d. random vectors. This paper is concerned with the estimation of E(X 1 |X 1 >0) E(Y 1 |Y 1 >0) . This problem arises naturally in comparing the fishing ability of different vessels. In this case (Xi, Yi) denote the catch per tow of the two vessels at the site i or time i. Due to the highly skewed nature of the distributions of the catches the difference of the average means would not give a realistic idea of the relative fishing power of the vessels.
Insulin, a possible regulator of ketosis in newborn and suckling rats.

Extract: A possible regulatory role of insulin in the development of ketosis in newborn and suckling rats was inrestigated. The average plasma concentration of total ketone bodies measured at birth was 0.414 ± 0.037 μmol/ml. Within 24 hr after birth the level of ketones had increased to 4 times its initial value. The 3-to 4-fold increase in plasma ketones was maintained during the first 5 days of life but started to decline thereafter. Plasma insulin of newborn rats at birth (62 ± 8 μU/ml) was comparable to that of fed adult rats (85 ± 10 μU/ml). The levels decreased to 28 μU/ml on the first day of life and stayed low throughout the suckling period despite a tendency to increase at the time close to weaning. The capacities for ketone production in liver homogenates of suckling rats were inversely related to the levels of insulin. Administration of insulin (0.125 mU/g body weight, im) and glucose (1.75 mg/g body weight, ip) both suppressed plasma ketone bodies in suckling rats. Insulin administration increased plasma insulin but failed to decrease plasma glucose. Injection of glucose increased plasma insulin and glucose. Neither insulin nor glucose treatment changed the plasma levels of free fatty acids. These data suggest that a limited availability of insulin permits a high rat of ketogenesis and hence induced ketosis in newborn and suckling rats. Speculation: Developing rats suckled by their dams derive most of their energy from the high fat and low carbohydrate content of milk. The low concentration of insulin in suckling rats not only minimizes utilization of glucose by insulin-dependent tissues but permits a rapid synthesis of ketone bodies that then serve as energy sources for extrahepatic tissues, particularly the brain. Consequently, the energy requirements of suckling rats can be met with a reduced risk of hypoglycemia. Further studies on the effect of insulin on lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketone synthesis in vitro could add to our understanding of the action of insulin in reversing ketosis of suckling rats.
Extended Hückel Tight-Binding Calculations of Electronic Resonances in Linear Chains of Gold Atoms and Clusters†

Electronic excitations in linear chains and icosahedra clusters of gold atoms have been studied using an approximate version of time-dependent density functional theory based on the extended Huckel tight-binding method. The formation and development of two longitudinal collective resonances in the absorption spectra were studied as a function of the chain length. We show that in the case of a gold cluster dimer, the classical description breaks down at intercluster distances below 0.5 nm due to the neglect of important quantum effects. In addition, a blue shifting of the collective resonances at these distances is observed. Analysis of these results yields a general picture of electronic resonances in one-dimensional atomic structures.
The Orbits of Saturn’s Small Satellites Derived from Combined Historic and Cassini Imaging Observations

We report on the orbits of the small, inner Saturnian satellites, either recovered or newly discovered in recent Cassini imaging observations. The orbits presented here reflect improvements over our previously published values in that the time base of Cassini observations has been extended, and numerical orbital integrations have been performed in those cases in which simple precessing elliptical, inclined orbit solutions were found to be inadequate. Using combined Cassini and Voyager observations, we obtain an eccentricity for Pan 7 times smaller than previously reported because of the predominance of higher quality Cassini data in the fit. The orbit of the small satellite (S/2005 S1 [Daphnis]) discovered by Cassini in the Keeler gap in the outer A ring appears to be circular and coplanar; no external perturbations are apparent. Refined orbits of Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Janus, and Epimetheus are based on Cassini , Voyager, Hubble Space Telescope, and Earth-based data and a numerical integration perturbed by all the massive satellites and each other. Atlas is significantly perturbed by Prometheus, and to a lesser extent by Pandora, through high-wavenumber mean-motion resonances. Orbital integrations involving Atlas yield a mass of GMAtlas = (0.44 ± 0.04) × 10-3 km3 s -2, 3 times larger than reported previously (GM is the product of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G and the satellite mass M). Orbital integrations show that Methone is perturbed by Mimas, Pallene is perturbed by Enceladus, and Polydeuces librates around Dione's L5 point with a period of about 791 days. We report on the nature and orbits of bodies sighted in the F ring, two of which may have persisted for a year or more.
Topical Treatment of Alopecia Areata: Contact Allergen vs Primary Irritant Therapy

• It has been shown previously that alopecia areata can be treated with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and other contact allergens. Whether these agents work by inducing immunologic stimulation or simply a nonspecific inflammatory reaction has not been definitively demonstrated. To test the relative importance of these two mechanisms, we have randomly studied 22 patients with alopecia areata to whom either DNCB or croton oil was applied topically. Sixty-three percent of patients without spontaneous regrowth of hair regrew hair after DNCB application. None of those treated with croton oil responded. Patients initially treated with croton oil regrew hair when treated later with DNCB. Therefore, a proved contact allergen was shown to be required for therapeutic success. Patient acceptance of the induced contact dermatitis was excellent. In light of recent data on the mutagenicity of DNCB to bacteria, other contact allergens for topical immunotherapy are being sought. (Arch Dermatol1981;117:384-387)
Impact of encroaching woody vegetation on nest success of upland nesting waterfowl

Grassland managers often regard woody vegetation as hostile habitat that potentially reduces the abundance and fecundity of wildlife that use grasslands. We tested that assumption for waterfowl by examining patterns of nest success on study areas that differed in current extent and previous management of woody vegetation. We located and monitored 1,064 waterfowl nests on 33 federally owned Waterfowl Production Areas (WPAs) in western Minnesota during 2008–2010. Sites contained 0.3–15.1% woodland and also varied markedly in extent of shrubs and scattered trees. Average nest success was low (12.9%), but ranged from 1.5% to 38.7% among site-years. Nests were more likely to succeed when located in landscapes containing more grass (500-m scale) and fewer wetlands (100-m scale), but none of 8 variables measuring woody vegetation were negatively associated with nest survival and 1 variable (abundance of lone trees) was positively associated with nest survival. Our results indicate that management efforts focusing on removing woody vegetation are unlikely to provide improvements in nest survival rates for breeding waterfowl, except to the extent that such management is necessary to maintain large tracts of grassland. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Passive compliance and length of clinically short hamstring muscles of healthy men

This study examined the passive compliance and length of short hamstring muscles in relation to hamstring muscles not considered short in healthy men (ages 18–37). The right hamstrings of 30 men with straight-leg raising of 73.8° (group I) and 24 men with straight-leg raising of 61.0° (group 11) were compared. Subjects were positioned on their left sides with the pelvis stabilized and the right thigh fixed at 90°. Subjects received three maximal passive knee extension trials for data collection. Muscle activity was monitored with surface electromyography and passive resistance was measured with a dynamometer as the limb was photographed at force-dependent positions. Passive compliance was computed as the ratio of change in the knee angle to change in passive torque. Hamstring lengths were measured simultaneously. Results showed that the passive compliance curves for group II were shifted left compared to group I. Anovas revealed that the initial knee angles for group 11 were greater than for group I (P = 0.001), as were the maximal knee angles (P < 0.001). Passive compliance ratios for group 11 (1.29) were less than for group I (1.45), but not significantly different. Maximal passive torques were not different between groups. The change from initial muscle lengths to maximal lengths was less for group 11 than group I for the: (1) absolute length change (P = 0.027), (2) per cent change beyond initial length (P = 0.005), and (3) length change standardized as a percentage of femur length (P = 0.011).
Cloning cookbook for the laboratory

A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning. By Bernard Perbal. Wiley: 1984. Pp.554. Hbk 68.85, 59.50; pbk 39.90, 34.50.
Designing and Evaluating a Multimodal Interface for Soldier-Swarm Interaction

Traditional unmanned vehicle and robotic displays often use the visual modality alone to provide information and warnings. In previous studies we found that multimodal (auditory and/or tactile) cue...
A higher twist in string theory

Abstract Considering the gauge field and its dual in heterotic string theory as a unified field, we show that the equations of motion at the rational level contain a twisted differential with a novel degree seven twist. This generalizes the usual degree three twist that lifts to twisted K-theory and raises the natural question of whether at the integral level the abelianized gauge fields belong to a generalized cohomology theory. Some remarks on possible such extension are given.
13C and (2)H kinetic isotope effects and the mechanism of Lewis acid-catalyzed ene reactions of formaldehyde.

13C and 2H kinetic isotope effects were determined for the ene reaction of formaldehyde with 2-methyl-2-butene at natural abundance catalyzed by diethylaluminum chloride. The reactive methyl group exhibits a k12C/k13C of 1.006−1.009 and a kH/kD of ≈1.22−1.23. The latter represents a combination of primary and secondary effects and is consistent with a significant primary deuterium isotope effect. A very close correspondence of the other isotope effects with the equilibrium isotope effects predicted for formation of a model intermediate cation is observed. An intermolecular deuterium isotope effect of 2.0−2.5 was observed under several reaction conditions in the Lewis acid-catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with d0/d12-tetramethylethylene. The results are interpreted as supporting the reversible formation of an essentially classical open cation followed by rate-limiting proton transfer.
Wax Structures of Scymnus louisianae Attenuate Aggression from Aphid-Tending Ants

The cuticular wax structures of Scymnus louisianae J. Chapin larvae were investigated as a defense against ant aggression by Lasius neoniger Emery. The presence of wax structures provided significant defense against ant aggression compared with denuded larvae in that these structures attenuated the aggressive behavior of foraging ants. Furthermore, reapplication of wax dissolved in hexane partially restored defenses associated with intact structures, showing an attenuation of aggression based in part on cuticular wax components rather than solely on physical obstruction to ant mouthparts.
Unique Aspects of Heart Failure in the Neonate

Neonatal heart failure is characterized by many unique anatomic and physiologic features. Structural and functional differences between the mature and immature myocardium, as well as different etiologies of neonatal heart failure, pose challenges for the clinician when evaluating and treating the clinical syndrome of heart failure. Anatomically, the newborn myocardium is disorganized in its structure and has a lower density of contractile proteins. These features, as well as decreased cellular transport, may play a role in the relatively impaired contractile and relaxation functions of the immature heart. Despite these differences, the Frank-Starling relationship in the neonatal heart is intact and functional as cardiac output can be augmented with increased ventricular filling, as well as higher heart rates and inotropy. The treatment of the clinical syndrome of heart failure depends, in part, on the underlying cause of heart failure. In the presence of depressed myocardial contractility, unloading the myocardium with diuretics and afterload reducing agents often leads to symptomatic relief and improved cardiac output. Understanding the developmental changes in myocardial structure and function will add to the clinician’s ability to provide optimal care of the newborn in the setting of a failing myocardium. The purpose of this chapter is to review the key differences between the neonatal heart failure and heart failure in the older child and adult.
Procedural sedation for MRI in children with ADHD.

Summary Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, affecting 5–8% of children. It has been observed that these children have poor sedation experiences; however, to date there is minimal research on procedural sedation in this population. Aim To examine whether children with ADHD required larger doses of propofol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sedation. Methods The hospital's administrative billing database was used to identify all billing codes for MRI brain scans (with and without contrast) in children aged between 5 and 12 years over the preceding 5.5 years. The hospital's electronic medical record database provided baseline demographics. The sedation record was reviewed for propofol dose, psychostimulant use, and prescribed dose. All children received a standard weight-based dose of midazolam prior to receiving the necessary amount of propofol. Primary outcome was the dose of propofol administered (mg·kg−1) to achieve adequate sedation. Results A total of 258 procedures met the inclusion criteria. The sample was 52% male, 74% White, 7.8% Black, 7.8% Hispanic, 4.3% Asian, and 6.2% other. ADHD was documented for 49 procedures with a prevalence of 18.5%. Patients with ADHD were older, more likely to be male, Hispanic, or to report race as ‘Refused/Unknown’. Indications for MRI for patients with ADHD varied significantly, with ‘Behavioral’ and ‘Neurocutaneous’ being significantly overrepresented in the ADHD group. The average sedative dose for all patients was 2.8 mg·kg−1 (95% CI 2.62–2.94). Sedative dose was similar among children with and without ADHD diagnosis. Conclusions Our study illustrates that children with ADHD do not have higher sedative requirements to achieve a successful brain MRI.
Disability among internationally adopted children in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to estimate disability rates for internationally adopted children in the United States. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of restricted-access data from the complete long form of Census 2000 for internationally adopted children aged 5 to 15 in 2000, estimating disability rates by country of origin, controlling for gender, age at adoption, current age, and parental characteristics. RESULTS: Internationally adopted children have disability rates similar to those adopted domestically (11.7% vs 12.2%, respectively) and more than twice the rate for all children in that age range (5.8%). The adjusted odds of disability relative to domestic adoptees range from one half or less (China and Korea) to twice as large or more (Romania, Bulgaria, other Eastern Europe, and other Western Europe). CONCLUSIONS: The population of internationally adopted children is relatively small and diverse, posing challenges for researchers who hope to reach generalizable conclusions. Nevertheless, health, education, and social service professionals, as well as adoptive and prospective adoptive parents, should be aware of the risk for disabilities among internationally adopted children to devote the resources necessary to addressing them.
Augmentation des Nasenrückens

The present article describes the anatomy, surgical technique and outcomes for nasal dorsal augmentation. The various materials available for augmentation are outlined, including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), autogenous costal cartilage graft and irradiated costal cartilage. In addition, appropriate surgical guidelines for successful augmentation are given. The correct height of the nasal dorsum is determined according to the position of the nasion and the nasal tip, whereby the desired height may also be influenced by the sex of the patient as well as his/her notion of an aesthetic ideal. Access is chosen according to the extent of the planned correction; external access is advisable in the case of extensive correction. Osteotomies should only be undertaken where unavoidable, e. g. in the case of concomitant nasal misalignment. Patient results, complications and future directions are presented.
Chlorhexidine, ethanol, lipopolysaccharide and nicotine do not enhance the cytotoxicity of a calcium hydroxide pulp capping material.

Wheater MA, Falvo J, Ruiz F, Byars M. Chlorhexidine, ethanol, lipopolysaccharide and nicotine do not enhance the cytotoxicity of a calcium hydroxide pulp capping material. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 989–995, 2012. Abstract Aim To determine whether cells pre-stressed by known cytotoxic or inflammatory agents are more susceptible to the deleterious effects of a calcium hydroxide formulation used in pulp capping. Methodology Adult human dermal fibroblasts were treated for 48 h with 0.001% chlorhexidine, 0.2% ethanol, 5 μg mL−1Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 0.05 mmol L−1 nicotine. Cells were subsequently treated with the soluble materials extracted from Dycal pellets for an additional 24 h. Controls included cells cultured in medium only and cells exposed to Dycal only. Cytotoxicity was measured using colorimetric MTT, WST and secreted lactate dehydrogenase assays. In addition, mitotic activity was evaluated using a colorimetric histone H3 phosphorylation assay. Data were statistically analysed using anova with Tukey’s multiple comparison post-test and significance at P ≤ 0.05. Results For all assays, measured values for cells treated with chlorhexidine, ethanol, LPS or nicotine plus the soluble materials extracted from Dycal pellets were significantly lower compared to control (P < 0.05) for all comparisons between experimental conditions. However, between treatments and for comparisons of treatments with Dycal, there were no differences observed for any assay. Conclusions Calcium hydroxide in a formulation used in dental clinical procedures is highly cytotoxic to cultured cells, as evidenced by several cellular assays. However, other known toxic agents, including chlorhexidine, ethanol, bacterial LPS and nicotine, do not appear to function synergistically to increase the deleterious cellular effects of the calcium hydroxide in an in vitro model of cytotoxicity.
Acoustic monitoring of bats, considerations of options for long-term monitoring

Resumen Acoustic recording of echolocation activity of bats is a means of monitoring bat activity or habitat use over time and space. Advances in technology permit long-term monitoring of echolocation activity relatively cheaply and there is much interest in developing acoustic monitoring protocols for long-term monitoring of bat populations. There are many challenges to using acoustic recordings for monitoring underlying changes in bat populations, but acoustic recordings can be used to evaluate changes in use and activity. There has been much recent attention and effort to develop automated species identification/classification and to make these tools available through both commercial software or free online. More work needs to be done, however, before automated species classification can be implemented for monitoring bats on continental or global scales. Here, I provide a brief overview of current popular systems for long-term echolocation monitoring and discuss some of the challenges and advantages of current acoustic monitoring systems.
Building confidence in system behavior

If the use of Ada (or SPARK or some other tool) increases our confidence in the behavior of high integrity software systems, why does it do so? What do we mean by confidence, and what is a justified basis for asserting some level of confidence? In this talk, I'll address some recent research on the potential value of thinking about confidence in terms of eliminative induction, assurance cases, and confidence maps.
Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma

While remission and cure rates for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma continue to improve, surveillance approaches remain controversial, especially in light of recent reports suggesting limited benefit for routine radiologic assessment. Routine cross-sectional imaging results in considerable patient expense and anxiety, and this approach does not clearly improve patient outcomes. Next-generation approaches including minimal residual disease detection may provide an opportunity to identify relapse early and intervene prior to progression of clinical disease. This review discusses the role of surveillance imaging in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and provides an introduction to serologic assessment of minimal residual disease. Future studies will need to focus on the clinical application of minimal residual disease surveillance and its ability to predict relapse, treatment response and survival.
Contrasting effects of Al substitution on microbial reduction of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides

Aluminum, one of the most abundant elements in soils and sediments, is commonly found co-precipitated with Fe in natural Fe(III) (hydr)oxides; yet, little is known about how Al substitution impacts bacterial Fe(III) reduction. Accordingly, we investigated the reduction of Al substituted (0–13 mol% Al) goethite, lepidocrocite, and ferrihydrite by the model dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium (DIRB), Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. Here we reveal that the impact of Al on microbial reduction varies with Fe(III) (hydr)oxide type. No significant difference in Fe(III) reduction was observed for either goethite or lepidocrocite as a function of Al substitution. In contrast, Fe(III) reduction rates significantly decreased with increasing Al substitution of ferrihydrite, with reduction rates of 13% Al-ferrihydrite more than 50% lower than pure ferrihydrite. Although Al substitution changed the minerals’ surface area, particle size, structural disorder, and abiotic dissolution rates, we did not observe a direct correlation between any of these physiochemical properties and the trends in bacterial Fe(III) reduction. Based on projected Al-dependent Fe(III) reduction rates, reduction rates of ferrihydrite fall below those of lepidocrocite and goethite at substitution levels equal to or greater than 18 mol% Al. Given the prevalence of Al substitution in natural Fe(III) (hydr)oxides, our results bring into question the conventional assumptions about Fe (hydr)oxide bioavailability and suggest a more prominent role of natural lepidocrocite and goethite phases in impacting DIRB activity in soils and sediments.
Aphid and ladybird beetle abundance depend on the interaction of spatial effects and genotypic diversity

Intraspecific variation and genotypic diversity of host-plants can affect the structure of associated arthropod communities and the dynamics of populations. Similarly, neighboring plants can also affect interactions between host-plants and their associated arthropods. However, most studies on the effects of host-plant genotypes have largely ignored the potential effects of neighboring host-plants on arthropod communities. In this study, we used a common garden experiment to ask how spatial effects of neighboring patches, along with genotype identity and genotypic diversity in tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima), affect the abundances of a common goldenrod herbivore (Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum) and their dominant predator (Harmonia axyridis, a ladybird beetle). Aphid abundance varied 80-fold among genotypes, while ladybird beetle abundance was not affected by genotype identity. Additionally, there were strong effects of neighboring plots: aphid abundance in a focal plot was positively correlated to aphid abundance in nearby plots, suggesting strong spatial patterning in the abundance of aphids. Neither aphid nor ladybird beetle abundance was affected by genotypic diversity. However, focal plot genotypic diversity mediated the strength of the neighborhood effect (i.e., strong effects for genotype polyculture focal plots and weak effects for genotype monoculture focal plots). Our results show that aphids were directly influenced by host-plant genotype identity while ladybird beetles responded mainly to prey abundance, and suggest that genotypic diversity can influence the effects of spatial processes on the plant-herbivore interactions.
Red oak responses to nitrogen addition depend on herbivory type, tree family, and site

Elevated atmospheric N deposition is predicted to increase plant growth and C storage in N-limited systems, but this assumes that no mitigating ecological factors are influenced by N deposition. Many herbivores are also N-limited and so increased herbivore damage in response to N deposition may moderate, or even eliminate, gains in plant growth under elevated N. Thus the response of herbivores to N deposition could influence the onset and magnitude of N saturation resulting in expedited decreases in C storage. Since tree susceptibility to herbivores is partially under genetic control and will be influenced by site characteristics, we tested whether the interaction between N deposition, tree growth, and herbivore damage depends on tree genetic variation in susceptibility to herbivores at different locations. By monitoring 12 half-sib families of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) saplings at two common garden sites in south-central Pennsylvania, we found that herbivores were pervasive at both sites, resulting in 13% chewing damage, 16% galling damage and 28% browsing damage. N addition significantly affected browsing damage (8% overall increase) and chewing damage (19% overall increase) but did not affect galling damage. However, this effect was strongly dependent on the Q. rubra family and location, both of which influenced oak susceptibility to herbivore damage independent of N additions. Greater browsing damage on trees under N addition caused reductions in relative height growth, and this effect also depended on tree family and location. Our result suggests that herbivory, mediated by tree genetic lineage and site-specific conditions, may represent an important component of C sinks and N saturation under elevated N deposition.
Short Mononucleotide Repeat Sequence Variability in Mismatch Repair-deficient Cancers

Mismatch repair-deficient cancers are characterized by widespread insertions and deletions in microsatellite sequences, including those comprised of mononucleotide repeats. Such alterations have been observed in relatively short mononucleotide tracts in several genes and often are interpreted to indicate that the affected genes normally act as tumor suppressors. To aid in the interpretation of such changes, we have systematically assessed their frequency within transcribed regions of the genome that are unlikely to play a tumorigenic role. The advent of the complete human genomic sequences of chromosome 22 allowed us to select 29 genes for this analysis, spaced at approximately 1-Mb intervals. Each of the selected genes had an (A)(8) or a (G)(8) tract deep within intronic sequences that was not included in the processed transcript. Surprisingly, we found that there was substantial variation in the prevalence of mutations among these tracts. Some tracts were altered in < 5% of the mismatch repair-deficient cancers studied, whereas other tracts were altered in nearly half of the cancers. In particular, (G)(8) tracts were considerably more prone to mutation than (A)(8) tracts, and the sequences or chromatin structures surrounding the mononucleotide tracts seemed to affect their mutability significantly.
Gender, media presentation, and concern with the correct use of words—testing a three-way interaction

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the three-way interaction of gender, media presentation, and concern with the correct use of words in affecting student performance in accounting. Prior research is presented to support an expectation that verbal cues and descriptions are more important to female students than to male students in the effective use of imagery for recall of accounting information. Measurement of quiz performance in an accounting classroom setting in the USA is used to provide evidence regarding how language characteristics (accent and correct use of words) and classroom presentation method (media) affect student performance (recall) differently by gender. The findings indicate that at the beginning of the semester, concern with the correct use of words and presentation method may have contributed to poor performance for the quizzes of female students compared to male students. However, as the semester progressed, female performance was not significantly different from the per...
Vulnerabilities of PTEN–TP53-Deficient Prostate Cancers to Compound PARP–PI3K Inhibition

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most prevalent cancer in males and treatment options are limited for advanced forms of the disease. Loss of the PTEN and p53 tumor suppressor genes is commonly observed in CaP, while their compound loss is often observed in advanced CaP. Here we show, that PARP inhibition triggers a p53-dependent cellular senescence in a PTEN-deficient setting in the prostate. Surprisingly, we also find that PARP-induced cellular senescence is morphed into an apoptotic response upon compound loss of PTEN and p53. We further show that superactivation of the pro-survival signalling PI3K-AKT pathway limits the efficacy of a PARP-single-agent treatment, and that PARP and PI3K inhibitors effectively synergize to suppress tumorigenesis in human CaP cell lines and in a Pten/p53 deficient mouse model of advanced CaP. Our findings therefore identify a combinatorial treatment with PARP and PI3K inhibitors as an effective option for PTEN-deficient CaP.
Public–private sector wage differentials in Canada: evidence from quantile regressions

Abstract Quantile regressions are used to estimate the size of the public sector wage premium in Canada. We find that public sector rent payments tend to be highest for federal government employees, females, and individuals at the lower tail of the wage distribution.
An Exploratory Study of Resistance Training and Functional Ability in Older Adults

This pilot study examined the effects of resistance training on functional task performance by older adults. Two groups of elderly adults participated in two 8-week resistance training programs, one using weight machines (n = 8) and the other calisthenics (n= 9). Paired t tests revealed the subjects in both groups significantly improved in their ability to perform six tasks: lifting five pounds overhead, getting down to and up from the floor, climbing and descending stairs, carrying groceries, getting out of the bathtub, and walking speed. In addition, the subjects' self-efficacy increased while RPE, or effort sense during the task, decreased. This study demonstrates that resistance training is a viable method for improving functional ability in older adults.
Surface enhanced Raman clucose detection using gold nanoshells

We have demonstrated, for the first time, a substantial surface enhancement of Raman scattering in a glucose solution with gold nanoshells.
Immediate changes in phosphate excretion following parathyroidectomy in the rat.

SummaryParathyroid function has been studied in rats by determination of the changes produced immediately after parathyroid removal. Phosphate excretion by the kidney is markedly reduced within one hour after parathyroidectomy. This impairment of phosphate excretion is apparent in rats flooded with either calcium or phosphate ions after removal of the parathyroids. It is concluded, therefore, that in the rat the parathyroids at least in part control phosphate and calcium metabolism by a direct action on kidney excretion of phosphate.
Calibration of the Nickel Dimethylglyoxime Spectral Shift at Pressures to 20 Kilobars for Use in Spectroscopic Pressure Measurement.

A method for incorporating solid nickel dimethylglyoxime in a liquid enclosed by a gasket in the diamond-anvil high pressure cell is described. A calibration curve relating the spectral shift of the nickel dimethylglyoxime visible absorption band to the known freezing pressures of 14 liquids has been obtained. The equation for the calibration line is Δv¯=-158.9 P+1.82 P2 where P is expressed in kilobars. The 90 percent confidence band about the calibration curve has been computed, and the curve has been used to determine the room-temperature freezing pressures of acetone and methylcyclohexane.
Nd:glass laser energy characteristic in heat capacity operation

The designing construction of Nd:glass laser cavity was double flashlamp pumped,symmetrical,close coupling and unfocused.Through 10 s experiment,laser beam patterns were measured at 10 Hz repetition rate of double flashlamp in heat capacity operation and general water-cooling operation successively.The contrastive result shows that the output energy of single pulse and average output power of heat capacity operation is about 1.4 multiple than water-cooling operation.The result was favor of the different characteristic of Nd:glass laser in heat capacity operation.
Control Effect Evaluation of Occupational Hazards in New Project of High-efficiency and Energy-saving Environment-friendly Fluorescent Lamps

[Objective]To provide the basis for occupational health acceptance of this construction project for health administrative department,so as to protect the health of workers. [Methods]The comprehensive evaluation was conducted with occupational health field investigation,occupational health test and occupational physical examination. [Results]The site selection,general layout and equipment layout,buildings hygiene,occupational protective facilities and occupational health management of this construction project basically accorded with the national standards.The main occupational hazards in the production process included dust(silica dust,dolomite powder and other dust),noise,high temperature,high frequency electromagnetic radiation,mercury,lead,sulfur dioxide,carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,sulphuric acid,oxynitride,sodium hydroxide,ammonia and hydrochloric acid. [Conclusion]The occupational hazards of this project were serious.The control measures of occupational hazard were effective,which accorded with the requirements of national laws and standards.
Psychosocial consequences of penectomy following carcinoma of the penis

A 42-year-old separated male underwent a total penectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Although he initially denied any distress regarding the procedure, he began to abuse substances and eventually became homeless. Rehabilitation for substance abuse was followed by total penile reconstruction. The phases of psychotherapy in this case are reviewed. Formal psychotherapy is recommended for patients with such a dramatic amputation.
Gaussian Elimination and the LU Decomposition

The chapter continues the development of Gaussian elimination started in Chapter 2. First, it intuitively explains the LU decomposition (factorization) without pivoting, introduces elementary row matrices, and uses them to prove why the LU decomposition ( A = LU ) works. The chapter gives an algorithm for Gaussian elimination without partial pivoting and computes its flop count. Gaussian elimination as introduced in Chapter 2 and continued here is unstable. The chapter introduces the idea of partial pivoting with a classic example where partial pivoting is necessary to obtain a correct result. After explaining the details of partial pivoting, the result PA = LU is proved using elementary row matrices. The partial pivoting algorithm follows in pseudocode. It is shown that if there are multiple right-hand sides, it is necessary to perform the LU decomposition only once. In particular, the inverse can be computed by solving n systems with right-hand sides consisting of the standard basis vectors. Except for some special examples that do not occur in practice, Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting is backward stable. It is possible to improve a solution obtained from partial pivoting using iterative refinement.
Smaller Agents for Larger Therapeutic Indices: Nanoscale Brachytherapy with 177Lu-Labeled Gold Nanoparticles

It is estimated that more than 240,000 cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in the United States this year ([1][1]). Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is found in women with stage II or III cancers and generally has a poorer prognosis than tumors diagnosed in earlier stages. Current standard
Vertebrate Pest Control Chemicals and Their Use in Urban and Rural Environments

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the approaches and techniques used in vertebrate pest management to illustrate and to put into proper perspective the use of vertebrate pesticides compared to other methodologies. Vertebrate pests are a diverse group of animals and include amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Most wildlife species are considered pests only in relatively few circumstances and may be neutral or highly desirable in most situations. Some of the many types and situations of vertebrate pest problems are referenced, establishing the basis for the use of vertebrate pest control chemicals, both nontoxic repellents and lethal agents. Vertebrate pesticides are targeted to very specific habitats or to only the offending animals or populations. For example, when rodenticides are used efficiently for long-term population suppression, only small amounts of pesticides are needed. Control strategies are selected to be as target specific as possible, using the minimal amount of pesticide. A variety of approaches are employed, including exclusion by fencing, netting, or rodent and bird proofing of buildings; habitat modification; selective crop cultural practices that include resistant crop varieties; and pest-frightening methods. The scope and magnitude of vertebrate problems affect a wide and varied range of activities and health issues. Vertebrate pesticides are represented by two major groups of agents, the lethal or toxic compounds selected or developed for killing the pest animal and the chemical repellents that are used to discourage pests from feeding or gnawing on some item or to repel them from a particular area.