cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sorption and Retardation of Organic Contaminants in Subsurface Systems: Effects on Transport and Fate

Sorption processes in subsurface systems are complex, often involving non-linear phase relationships and rate-limited conditions. These processes unquestionably impact reactive solute behavior under typical field scale conditions, and therefore must be considered in attempts to model or otherwise predict contaminant fate and transport in the subsurface. The thoughtful selection of equilibrium and rate models that accurately describe the inherently complex and system-specific dynamics of sorption processes is an imperative for accurate fate and transport modeling.
Structural Pluralism and Life Expectancy in Less-Developed Countries: The Role of Women's Status

This study replicates a previous finding forthe U.S. counties that showed a strongassociation, net of controls between``structural pluralism'' and lower mortality. ``Structural pluralism'' refers to a community'scapacity for political competition, and is acore element of ``democracy.'' Pluralism hasthis effect because it facilitates theacquisition of appropriate medical facilitiesand because it tends to optimize the biologicalfunctioning of the residents. Working from amajor component of pluralism, minorityparticipation, this hypothesis is tested byshowing that women's status in less developedcountries improves life expectancy net ofcontrols. A path analysis demonstrates thatthe structural dimensions work through healthorganization as an intervening variable, andthe future testing of biological optimizationis outlined. Location in Africa south of theSahara is a partially unexplained controlvariable that has a powerful negative impact. Interpreting women's status as a component ofpluralism explains why it predicts increasedlife expectancy for all citizens, not justwomen. It is a global dimension that affectsall the members of a community.
PATHOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS OF UTERINE SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS

SUMMARY Smooth muscle tumors are the most common type of uterine neoplasm. The vast majority of such tumors are benign leiomyomas. Leiomyosarcomas fortunately are relatively infrequent. A variety of gross and microscopic features may be found in both benign and malignant tumors and great care must be taken not to mistake leiomyomas with atypical or unusual features of leiomyosarcomas. Individual features, such as hypercellularity, necrosis, nuclear atypia, mitotic figures, and intravascular growth, are ominous but must be interpreted with caution because variants of benign leiomyoma may contain such changes.
Waste Management, Solid

This article provides concise information regarding integrated solid waste management (ISWM) of nonhazardous waste. The primary goal of ISWM is to minimize energy use, environmental impact, and landfill space use by maximizing reduction, reuse, and recycling (also known as “Three Rs”) of waste. Many communities and companies are adopting a new concept of “zero waste”, which is a philosophy grown out of concerns for global warming and sustainable development. The concept looks at overall picture of consumption and disposal. The article includes information regarding identification and characterization of various nonhazardous wastes generated in communities. Discussion regarding efficient collection system for various waste types, how to reduce their volume and toxicity, and waste disposal related issues are included. Keywords: solid waste; pollution control; landfills; recycling; industrial waste
Partition of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid between Aqueous Salt Solutions and Trichlorotrifluoroethane Containing a Quaternary Amine

Abstract Transfer RNA (tRNA) is selectively partitioned between aqueous salt solutions and trichlorotrifluoroethane containing a water-insoluble quaternary amine. The extraction coefficients of individual tRNAs differ by several orders of magnitude. The pH, the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase, and the amine concentration in the organic phase markedly influence the extraction coefficients of the individual tRNAs.
Distinct in vivo roles of colony-stimulating factor-1 isoforms in renal inflammation.

CSF-1, the major regulator of macrophage (Mφ) development, has three biologically active isoforms: a membrane-spanning, cell surface glycoprotein, a secreted glycoprotein, and a secreted proteoglycan. We hypothesized that there are shared and unique roles of individual CSF-1 isoforms during renal inflammation. To test this, we evaluated transgenic mice only expressing the cell surface or precursors of the secreted CSF-1 isoforms for Mφ accumulation, activation, and Mφ-mediated tubular epithelial cell (TEC) apoptosis during unilateral ureteral obstruction. The only difference between secreted proteoglycan and secreted glycoprotein CSF-1 isoforms is the presence (proteoglycan) or absence (glycoprotein) of an 18-kDa chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan. We report that 1) cell surface CSF-1 isoform is sufficient to restore Mφ accumulation, activation, and TEC apoptosis to wild-type levels and is substantially more effective than the secreted CSF-1 isoforms; 2) the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan facilitates Mφ accumulation, activation, and TEC apoptosis; 3) increasing the level of secreted proteoglycan CSF-1 in serum amplifies renal inflammation; and 4) cell-cell contact is required for Mφ to up-regulate CSF-1-dependent expression of IFN-γ. Taken together, we have identified central roles for the cell surface CSF-1 and the chondroitin sulfate chain on secreted proteoglycan CSF-1 during renal inflammation.
Recurrent Random Walk and Logarithmic Potential

This is an attempt to show that a potential theory is associated with certain recurrent Markov processes in a natural way. For transient Markov processes this fact has been studied intensely. Thus Hunt [9] bases a general potential theory on transient continuous parameter processes, Doob [7] and Hunt [10] use the theory to construct boundaries for discrete parameter processes, Ito and McKean [11] solve the problem of characterizing the recurrent sets for simple random walk in three and higher dimension within the framework of the associated potential theory.
Effect of molecular motion on surface vibrational spectra

Summary form only given. Surface vibrational spectroscopy via infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) has been developed into a powerful tool to study structures of surfaces and interfaces. With various input/output polarization combinations, the SFG vibrational spectra can yield detailed information about orientational distributions of selected atomic groups at a surface or interface. However, in all quantitative SFG studies reported so far, the dynamic nature of molecules have been ignored. In some cases, this practice has resulted in difficulty to understand the observed spectra. In this paper we show that the effect of rotational or librational motion of molecules on their vibrational spectra can be significant.
Purification and antimicrobial properties of three defensins from rat neutrophils.

Three cysteine-rich cationic peptides, designated RatNP-1, RatNP-3, and RatNP-4, were purified from an acid extract of rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils, sequenced, and tested for antimicrobial activity. The peptides ranged from 29 to 32 amino acids in length (Mr, 3,252 to 3,825), and each contained all eight invariantly conserved "framework" residues that are characteristic of defensins. Each of the peptides killed Escherichia coli ML-35, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus HON-1, Staphylococcus aureus 502A, and Candida albicans 820 in vitro. RatNP-1, the most cationic rat defensin, was also the most potent. With this report, a total of 13 distinct defensins have been characterized in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes of four mammalian species. The existence of the defensin system in rats should facilitate investigations of the in vivo role of defensins in experimental infections. Images
Hypoxia-reoxygenation impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated rat aorta

The effects of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation on endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated rat aorta were investigated. Acetylcholine (ACh, 3 nM-10 microM) and calcium ionophore A-23187 (3 nM-300 nM)-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of isolated rate aortic vessel rings was impaired after 15 min of hypoxia followed by 30 min of reoxygenation. Impairment of ACh-induced relaxation was prevented by pretreatment with the combination of superoxide dismutase (200 U/ml) and catalase (1,000 U/ml). Hypoxia-reoxygenation did not affect sodium nitroprusside (0.1 nM-1 microM)-induced endothelium-independent relaxation nor the dissociation constant of ACh to endothelial M3 muscarinic receptors. Propidium iodide staining of the vascular endothelium revealed a significant increase in the number of dead endothelial cells on the aortic vessel rings following hypoxia-reoxygenation, but not on those pretreated with superoxide dismutase and catalase. These results suggest that hypoxia-reoxygenation impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aorta by a mechanism that involves oxidant-mediated endothelial cell death.
The Growth of Finance

Abstract The US financial services industry grew from 4.9 percent of GDP in 1980 to 7.9 percent of GDP in 2007. A sizeable portion of the growth can be explained by rising asset management fees, which in turn were driven by increases in the valuation of tradable assets, particularly equity. Another important factor was growth in fees associated with an expansion in household credit, particularly fees associated with residential mortgages. This expansion was fueled by the development of nonbank credit intermediation (or “shadow banking”). We offer a preliminary assessment of whether the growth of active asset management, household credit, and shadow banking—the main areas of growth in the financial sector—has been socially beneficial.
A superposition principle in optimal plastic design for alternative loads

Abstract The paper is concerned with the optimal plastic design of sandwich beams, frames and trusses for alternative loading conditions. Upper and lower bounds for the optimal weight of a beam are derived, for single as well as for alternative loading conditions. These bounding theorems are used to establish a superposition principle. If no explicit bounds on the cross-sectional areas are prescribed, the optimal design for alternative loading conditions P 1 and P 2 can be obtained by superposition of the optimal designs for the single loading conditions ½( P 1 + P 2 ) and ½( P 1 − P 2 ). If the cross-sections are to have at least given non-zero values, the principle furnishes upper and lower bounds to the optimal weight. The principle is illustrated by a simple example.
Current Practices, Culture Changes, and Software Engineering Education

Determining the current practice in software engineering tools, methodologies, and theories across a representative sample of international industries is difficult. An extensive software engineering education project sponsored cooperatively by Florida Atlantic University, by the Software Engineering Institute, and by nine major high‐technology firms provides data for such an assessment. This analysis may provide guidance to designers of university curricula. Opinions and insights gained from this project show that the more general, art‐oriented aspects of software engineering processes are perceived as most useful in industry; the more specific, science‐oriented topics are not as useful now. Cultures are changing, though, and practitioners are eager to try new approaches. Essential in this endeavor is support and feedback from management; otherwise, potential future leaders in software methodology and applications may be discouraged.
A novel two-fold interpenetrating 3D 42.84 network self-assembled from a new 1D coordination polymer

A new metastable coordination polymer, [Cu(4,4′-bipy)(NO3)2]n (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, 1), has been synthesized. Its subsequent reactions with additional 4,4′-bipy resulted in a self-assembled metal-organic framework, {[Cu(4,4′-bipy)2(H2O)2][Cu(4,4′-bipy)2(H2O)(NO3)]}(NO3)3·12H2O (2), featuring two-fold interpenetrating 3D 42.84 networks.
The effect of prostaglandins on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in a cell-free system.

T6S EFFECT OF PROSTAGLAI~INS ON PROTEIN AND NDCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN A CELL-FREE SYSTEM R. W. Ruddon* and J. M. Johnson Department of Pharmacology, The pniversity of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan (Received 20 February 1967 ; in final form 13 March 1967) THE prostaglandins are a family of hydroxy unsaturated C20 fatty acids which have been classified into an E and F aeries . Six different compounds have been isolated from various natural sources, including semen, vesicular glands, menstrual fluid, lung, brain, thymus, and iris (1) . The prostaglandins have a variety of effects on biological systems. Prostaglandin El, for example, inhibits the tone of vascular, respiratory, and reproductive smooth muscle, inhibits the mobilisation of fatty acids from adipose tissue in response to catecholaminas, and depresses the central nervous system (1,2). On the basis of present evidence it seems that the prostaglandine are not circulating hormones and that they may act intracellulary as co-enzymes or as a factor in cellular control mechanisms (1) . If this .vere true, these agents could be ezpected to affect biosynthetic mechanisms . The present investigation vas designed to examine the effects of two prostaglandina, PGEl and PGFla, on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in a cell=free system derived from E. cola B cells .
PKCγ, role in lens differentiation and gap junction coupling.

Purpose: To determine the role of PKCγ in the regulation of gap junction coupling in the normal lens, we have compared the properties of coupling in lenses from wild type (WT) and PKC-γ knockout (KO) mice.Methods: Western blotting, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoprecipitation, RT-PCR and quantitative real time PCR were used to study gap junction protein and message expression; gap junction coupling conductance and pH gating were measured in intact lenses using impedance studies.Results: There were no gross differences in size, clarity, or expression of full-length Cx46 or Cx50 in lenses from WT and PKCγ KO mice. However, total Cx43 protein expression was ~150% higher in the KO lenses. In WT lenses, Cx43 was found only in epithelial cells whereas in KO lenses, its expression continued into the fiber cells. Gap junction coupling conductance in the differentiating fibers (DF) of PKCγ KO lenses was 34% larger than that of WT. In the mature fiber (MF), the effect was much larger with the KO lens...
CONSISTENCY AND EFFICIENCY OF LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION FOR MIXED REGRESSIVE, SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS

Least squares estimation has casually been dismissed as an inconsistent estimation method for mixed regressive, spatial autoregressive models with or without spatial correlated disturbances. Although this statement is correct for a wide class of models, we show that, in economic spatial environments where each unit can be influenced aggregately by a significant portion of units in the population, least squares estimators can be consistent. Indeed, they can even be asymptotically efficient relative to some other estimators. Their computations are easier than alternative instrumental variables and maximum likelihood approaches.
Role of the endothelial adhesion molecule VCAM in murine cardiac allograft rejection.

Abstract Murine heterotopic cardiac isografts (C57B1/6 → C57B1/6) undergo transient, non-destructive inflammation that is characterized by the acquisition of microvascular endothelial reactivity with the antibody MECA 32. Cardiac allografts (C57B1/6 → DBA/2) undergo destructive inflammation that is characterized by the acquisition of reactivity with the antibody M/K-2, in addition to MECA 32. M/K-2 recognizes the murine endothelial adhesion molecule, VCAM-1. Hence, there appear to be antigen-dependent and antigen-independent forms of graft inflammation. Treatment of cardiac allograft recipients with 200 μg/day M/K-2 antibody retarded graft loss by only a few days, and did not interfere significantly with leukocytic infiltration, as detected by limiting dilution analysis of graft-reactive CTL, despite the fact that large amounts of M/K-2 could be detected on graft microvascular endothelia and in the peripheral blood as rejection progressed. These data indicate that VCAM is apparently not essential for the leukocytic infiltration and subsequent rejection of cardiac allografts, and is not involved in leukocytic infiltration of murine cardiac isografts.
Inhibition of thyroxine 5′-deiodination type II in cultured human placental cells by cortisol, insulin, 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and butyrate

Abstract The regulation of conversion of thyroxine (T 4 ) to 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) by the type II iodothyronine deiodinating pathway was studied in normal human placental cells cultured from the chorionic membrane. T 4 5′-deiodination was measured in cell sonicates after intact cells were incubated with test agents for 24 to 48 hours. Stimulation of T 4 5′-deiodination occurred to a similar degree after depriving cells of thyroid hormone in serum-free medium and in medium containing 10% calf serum. Cortisol at 10 to 100 nmol/L in serum-free medium inhibited T 4 5′-deiodination up to 36%, and 1 to 100 nmol/L of insulin inhibited deiodination up to 50%. Dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) inhibited deiodination, but this appeared to result from the inhibitory effects of butyrate. Addition to the culture media of 8-bromo-cAMP, cholera toxin, and theophylline each caused partial inhibition of T 4 5′-deiodination, strongly suggesting an inhibitory effect of raised intracellular cAMP. Neither α- nor β-adrenergic agonists had any effect when added to the culture medium, nor did glucagon or cysteamine. These results demonstrate a complex, multihormonal control of human placental type II iodothyronine deiodination, and suggest that changes in the activity of this pathway may result in altered intracellular, and conceivably circulating, T 3 concentrations in states of cortisol excess and marked hyperinsulinism. The factor that regulates type II deiodination via cAMP remains to be identified.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum dilation and degeneration in Purkinje neuron dendrites of aging ethanol-fed female rats.

The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the extensive Purkinje neuron (PN) dendritic arbor of male rats include dilation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and dendritic regression. The purpose of the present study was to examine the molecular layer of female rats for the presence of ethanol-related SER dilation and evidence of degeneration within the PN dendritic arbor. Twenty-one 12-month-old Fischer 344 female rats (n=7/treatment group) received a liquid ethanol, liquid control, or rat chow diet for a period of 40 weeks. Ethanol-fed rats received 35% of their dietary calories as ethanol. Pair-fed rats received a liquid control diet that was isocaloric to the ethanol diet. Chow-fed rats received standard laboratory rat chow ad libitum. At the end of treatment, tissues from the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellar vermis were viewed and photographed with the electron microscope. The diameters of SER profiles were measured and the density of degenerating bodies within the PN dendritic arbor was quantitated. In the posterior lobe, ethanol-related SER dilation was apparent. In the anterior lobe, the density of degenerating bodies within PN dendritic shafts was significantly increased but SER dilation in PN dendritic shafts was absent. These results confirm that SER dilation and dendritic degeneration in PN dendrites may precede and contribute to ethanol-related regression in female rats. In addition, comparison of these results with data obtained in male rats from a previous study suggests that PN dendrites in females may be more sensitive to the effects of ethanol.
OPC development: variable CD-SEM bias through feature shape, feature density, and material composition

Development of OPC strategies, both model-based and rules-based, can be greatly accelerated by identifying and minimizing metrology bias during OPC iterations. The CD-SEM edge-detection algorithms best suited for precision on 90 nm and 65 nm node ground-rule structures often do not provide linear response across a wide range of line sizes, line-end gaps and other structures of interest during OPC refinement. To ensure that reliable metrology data is being fed into the OPC calculation engine, reference measurements that are independent of (a) feature size, (b) feature shape and (c) material composition must be made to optimize CD-SEM edge-detection for this application. We show the importance of on-line atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements to improve CD-SEM measurements and speed turnaround of OPC model generation. Measurements are made on through-pitch and through-size lines and spaces, both after litho and after etch and compared with CD-SEM measurements.
Application of group technology for design data management

Abstract Group Technology (GT) as a manufacturing philosophy plays a major role in design standardization, manufacturing cell layouts, process planning, purchasing, and manufacturing technology systems design. One of the most effective ways to use GT is to facilitate significant reductions in design time and effort. A design engineer faced with the task of developing a new part design must either start from scratch or obtain an existing drawing from the files and make the necessary changes to conform to the requirements of the new part. The problem of finding a similar design is quite difficult and time consuming for large engineering departments. The objectives of this research are to develop a classification and coding system for rapid design retrieval of all design data pertaining to the manufacturing of machine tools. This paper proposes and details five steps in the development of group technology databases: 1) data collection, 2) data classification, 3) data analysis, 4) data coding, and 5) data querying. This paper also develops a software prototype written in C language called Interactive Design Retrieval System (IDRS) which assists in an efficient design retrieval process. The proposed prototype also facilitates efficient design data management. In conclusion, an assessment and extension of the results are provided.
Distribution of amygdala input to the nucleus accumbens septi: An electrophysiological investigation

The nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) receives afferent input from the amygdala via the stria terminalis and from the hippocampus via the fimbria. Extracellular recordings from 196 NAS neurons in halothane-anesthetized rats revealed heterogeneous response patterns following stimulation of the amygdala. The observation that 30% of anterior NAS units but only 16% of posterior NAS units were responsive to amygdala stimulation suggested a topographical arrangement of amygdala efferents. Comparing the effects of amygdala and fimbria stimulation revealed that the two afferent pathways converge onto individual NAS neurons, but that the two sites of stimulation can differentially influence other neurons. The present results clarify the topographical distribution of amygdala input to the NAS, confirm that inputs from two limbic structures are integrated within the NAS, and further illustrate the electrophysiological heterogeneity of NAS neurons.
X-43A Hypersonic vehicle technology development

Abstract NASA recently completed two major programs in hypersonics: Hyper-X, with the record-breaking flights of the X-43A, and the next generation launch technology (NGLT) program. The X-43A flights, the culmination of the Hyper-X program, were the first-ever examples of a scramjet engine propelling a hypersonic vehicle and provided unique, convincing, detailed flight data required to validate the design tools needed for design and development of future operational hypersonic airbreathing vehicles. Concurrent with Hyper-X, NASA's NGLT program focused on technologies needed for future revolutionary launch vehicles. The NGLT was “competed” by NASA in response to the President's redirection of the agency to space exploration, after making significant progress towards maturing technologies required to enable airbreathing hypersonic launch vehicles. NGLT quantified the benefits, identified technology needs, developed airframe and propulsion technology, chartered a broad University base, and developed detailed plans to mature and validate hypersonic airbreathing technology for space access. NASA is currently in the process of defining plans for a new hypersonic technology program. Details of that plan are not currently available. This paper highlights results from the successful Mach 7 and 10 flights of the X-43A, and the current state of hypersonic technology.
The donor–acceptor contributions to ferromagnetic exchange coupling in heterospin biradicals

Abstract Frontier orbital perturbation theory analysis provides insight into a donor–acceptor contribution to ferromagnetic exchange in biradicals having two, chemically distinct paramagnetic groups.
Early mineral deposition in calcifying tendon characterized by high voltage electron microscopy and three-dimensional graphic imaging

Extracellular matrix organization and the spatial relationship between collagen fibrils, vesicular structures, and the first deposits of mineral in the calcifying leg tendon from the domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, have been investigated by high voltage electron microscopy and three-dimensional computer graphic imaging of serial thick tissue sections. The work demonstrates that the tendon extracellular matrix is a complex assembly of somewhat flexible, highly aligned collagen fibrils with different diameters and occasionally opposite directionality. Smaller collagen fibrils appear to branch from larger fibrils or to aggregate to form those of greater size. While the matrices are dominated by fibrils, space exists between adjacent packed fibrils. The three-dimensional perspective indicates that approximately 60% of the total tendon volume is extrafibrillar over the regions examined. The first observable mineral in this tissue is extrafibrillar and appears to derive from vesicles. This view of three-dimensional matrix-mineral spatial relations supports earlier two-dimensional results that mineral is initially associated with membrane-invested vesicles and is deposited between collagen fibrils, but it is distinct in showing the mineral at different depths in the matrix rather than at a single depth as deduced from two-dimensional conventional electron microscopy. These results are important in the onset and development of tendon calcification in that they suggest, first, that collagen fibrils appear to be aligned three-dimensionally such that their hole zones are in contiguous arrangement. This situation may create channels or grooves within the collagen volume to accommodate extensive mineral deposition in association with the fibrils. Second, the results indicate that there are widely dispersed sites of vesicle-mediated mineralization in the tendon matrix, that the bulk of mineralization in this tissue is collagen-mediated, and that, while vesicles may possibly exert some local influence temporally on mineralization of neighboring collagen, vesicle- and collagen-mediated mineralization arise at spatially and structurally distinct sites by independent nucleation phenomena. Such concepts are fundamental in considerations of possible mechanisms of mineralization of tendon and potentially of other normally calcifying vertebrate tissues in general.
Closed-form expressions for neutron and X-ray reflection and transmission coefficients of a one-dimensional profile

Abstract As the first part of an effort to systematically study the inversion problem in X-ray and neutron reflectivity experiments, closed-form expressions are derived for the reflection and transmission coefficients as functionals of the sample profile. The assumption used is that the reflection is mainly due to the first and the second order derivatives of the profile and thus the third and higher order derivatives are negligible. One of the two major characteristics of the formulas is that the reflection and transmission coefficients are explicitly expressed in terms of the profile; the other is that the formulas are valid over the entire range of momentum transfer Q. This procedure allows the straightforward calculation of the real space profile using the reflectivity data as the computer input, with an accuracy that still remains to be evaluated through both analytical and numerical analyses with the aid of model profiles.
Effects of growth irradiance on the photosynthetic action spectra of the marine dinoflagellate, Glenodinium sp.

Whole cell absorption curves of the marine dinoflagellate Glenodinium sp., cultured at irradiances of 250μW/cm2 (low light) and 2500μW/cm2 (high light), were measured and their difference spectrum determined. Absorption by low light grown cells exceeded that of high light grown cells throughout the visible spectrum by a factor which ranged from 2 to 4. The difference spectrum supported the view that increased pigmentation, resulting from low light conditions, was largely due to an increase in cell content of a peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein (PCP) and an unidentified chlorophyll a component of the chloroplast membrane. Photosynthetic action spectrum measurements indicated that chlorophyll a, peridinin, and very likely chlorophyll c, were effective light-harvesting pigments for photosynthesis in both high and low light grown cultures of Glenodinium sp. Comparison of action spectra and absorption spectra suggested that low light grown cells selectively increased cellular absorption in the 480 nm to 560 nm region, and effectively utilized this spectral region for the promotion of oxygen evolution.
Critical public health problems perceived by urban chinese health workers.

This study surveyed a cross section of urban Chinese health workers perception of problems needs and priorities in health care delivery. 11 categories of problems were identified by the health workers. When asked to prioritize what they perceived as critical public health problems in China more respondents (25.9%) cited family planning and maternal child health as the most critical problem. However in terms of response frequency family planning and maternal child health ranked 5th (10.7%) behind disease prevention (18.4%) health education of the public (15.4%) health services administration (13.1%) and environmental health (12.1%). Other critical problems identified were midcal education industrial health research nutrition and food sanitation young adults and the elderly. Apparently family planning is perceived as the most critical societal health problem affecting the welfare of the state but heart disease cancer dysentery hepatitis and others were perceived as personal health problems cirtical to the individual and the public. The delineation suggests a distinction fo state versus individual priorities. The Chinese health workers saw solutions to these critical problems more often in combined measures of health education policy regulation and enlightened public and felt that educating the public must undergrid all health measures to reach the goal of Health for All by the Year 2000. (authors)
Use of Visual Feedback to Treat Negative Intraoral Air Pressures of Preschoolers With Cochlear Implants

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if negative intraoral air pressures (−Po) produced by young deaf children can be treated effectively with visual feedback. We used two forms of vi...
Efficacy and safety of intravenous bisphosphonates in patients with bone metastases caused by metastatic breast cancer

Solid tumors frequently metastasize to bone. This results in debilitating skeletal complications such as intractable bone pain, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia. Patients frequently require palliative radiation therapy or orthopedic surgery. Bisphosphonates have been shown to delay the incidence and decrease the frequency of skeletal-related events. Zoledronic acid is the only bisphosphonate that has provided benefits for patients with bone metastases secondary to a broad range of solid tumors. Among patients with metastatic breast or prostate cancer, zoledronic acid has demonstrated significant reductions in pain and skeletal morbidity compared with placebo. Zoledronic acid has also shown significant reductions in skeletal morbidity in patients with lung cancer or other solid tumors compared with placebo. Zoledronic acid is generally well tolerated. Flu-like symptoms which are manageable with standard treatment can occur. Renal monitoring is recommended, with dose reductions for patients with renal dysfunction. Osteonecrosis has been reported in patients receiving bisphosphonates and might be avoidable with appropriate dental care.
Sums of like powers of multivariate linear forms

(1994). Sums of Like Powers of Multivariate Linear Forms. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 59-61.
The Presence of Insulin-degrading Enzyme in Human Ileal and Colonic Mucosal Cells

The aim of this research is to characterize the presence of insulin-degrading enzyme in human colon and ileal mucosal cells. Biochemical studies, including the activity-pH profiles, the effects of enzyme inhibitors, immunoprecipitation and western blots, were conducted. The majority of insulin-degrading activity in colon mucosal cells was localized in the cytosol. In both colon and ileum, cytosolic insulin-degrading activities had a pH optimum at pH 7.5, and were extensively inhibited by each of N-ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and 1,10-phenanthroline, but were very weakly affected by each of leupeptin, chymostatin, diisopropyl phosphofluoridate and soybean trypsin inhibitor. In the colon and ileum, more than 93% and 96%, respectively, of cytosolic insulin-degrading activities were removed by the mouse monoclonal antibody to human RBC insulin-degrading enzyme, as compared with less than 20% by the normal mouse IgG for both tissues. Further, a western blot analysis revealed that a cytosolic protein of 110 kD, in both human colon and ileum, reacted with the monoclonal antibody to insulin-degrading enzyme. It is concluded that insulin-degrading enzyme is present in the cytosol of human colon and ileal mucosal cells.
Internal plasticization of polyimides with alkyl 3,5-diaminobenzoate compounds

Abstract An investigation was carried out to improve polyimide processability via internal plasticization. This approach entailed the synthesis of a series of diamines in which the length of the alkyl group in alkyl 3,5-diaminobenzoates was varied from one to eighteen carbons. The polyimides obtained from several of these diamines were found to have increased solubility, a lower glass transition temperature and improved processability. Copolyimides were synthesized from 4,4′-oxydianiline, n-octadecyl 3,5-diaminobenzoate and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride. It was found that incorporating only 10% of the plasticizing diamine improved processability sufficiently enough to allow moulding of the neat resin. This was in marked contrast to the parent polymer which was an insoluble and infusible polyimide.
Resting (IL-2 non-responsive) precursors of human T cell receptor γδ-positive cells (TCR1 cells) are activated by a two signal process

Resting (IL-2 non-responsive) precursors of human T cell receptor γδ-positive cells (TCR1 cells) are activated by a two signal process
K-leap method for accelerating stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions

Leap methods are very promising for accelerating stochastic simulation of a well stirred chemically reacting system, while providing acceptable simulation accuracy. In Gillespie’s τ-leap method [D. Gillespie, J. Phys. Chem. 115, 1716 (2001)], the number of firings of each reaction channel during a leap is a Poisson random variable, whose sample values are unbounded. This may cause large changes in the populations of certain molecular species during a leap, thereby violating the leap condition. In this paper, we develop an alternative leap method called the K-leap method, in which we constrain the total number of reactions occurring during a leap to be a number K calculated from the leap condition. As the number of firings of each reaction channel during a leap is upper bounded by a properly chosen number, our K-leap method can better satisfy the leap condition, thereby improving simulation accuracy. Since the exact stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) is a special case of our K-leap method when K=1, our ...
Recent developments in fiber optic ring laser gyros

It was previosly observed (Aronowitz, 1971; Zarinetchi et al., 1989) that, in a Brillouin fiber-optic laser gyro with identical laser frequencies along the counterpropagating directions, there occur, at low rotation rates, the lock-in phenomena normally encountered in bulk-optic ring laser gyros due to backscattering. This paper presents rotation data that are free from lock-in phenomena, from a laser gyro in which the two Brillouin lasers are separated by a fixed offset at zero rotation rate. Also presented is a measurement of the beat between the two counterpropagating Brillouin lasers, which determines the ultimate performance of this gyro.
Asymptotics of the effective conductivity of composites with closely spaced inclusions of optimal shape

We consider a mathematical model of a high contrast two phase composite material with inclusions (fibres) close to touching in two space dimensions. The inclusions form a periodic array and have an optimal shape which is a curvilinear square with rounded-off angles ('nearly square' shape) described by a flattening parameter m. We derive an asymptotic formula for the effective conductivity AS of the composite when the interparticle distance δ goes to zero. This formula captures the dependence of AS on the parameter m. We provide a rigorous justification for this asymptotic formula by a variational duality approach.
Interlayer Bonding in Kaolinite, Dickite and Nacrite

A simple electrostatic model has been used to demonstrate that the inner surface hydroxyls in kaolinite, dickite and nacrite are responsible for the interlayer bonding in these minerals. The contribution to the interlayer bonding of an individual hydroxyl hydrogen depends on the orientation of the hydroxyl group relative to the 1: 1 layer since this orientation determines the H—O interlayer distance. If this distance is much greater than the sum of the van der Waals radii, 2·60 A, there is essentially no bond. As the distance becomes less than 2·60 A, the strength of the interlayer bond increases.
Influence of certain variables on the abrasion of acrylic resin veneering materials

T wo OF THE RECOGNIZED PROBLEMS associated with acrylic resins have been its low hardness and lack of resistance to abrasion1 The resin may be abraded not only by attrition between opposing teeth during mastication but also by continuous use of toothbrush and dentifrice. While certain studies have been concerned with the influence of toothbrushing on abrasion of acrylic resins,2-5 those investigations generally have not employed resins specifically designed for the fabrication of plastic veneers in crown and bridge prosthesis. Likewise, variables such as curing procedures and the type of dentifrice and toothbrush have not been correlated with abrasion resistance. Thus, the purpose of this research was to determine some of the factors which might influence the amount of wear caused by toothbrushing on acrylic resin veneering materials.
The effect of x-ray exposure on deoxyribonuclease II activity in lymphoid tissues☆

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of x-ray exposure on DNase II activity of the spleen, thymus, liver, and kidney has been studied in normal rats and in rats pretreated with cysteine. The twofold increase in specific enzyme activity of the lymphoid organs noted one day after irradiation was not influenced by pretreating rats with cysteine. 2. 2. Assay of the spleen and thymus for enzyme activity, DNA, and acid-soluble diphenylamine-reactive substances shows that the progressive increase with time in enzyme activity per milligram wet weight of the radiosensitive organs is correlated with a decrease in DNA concentration. An increase in acid-soluble diphenylamine-reactive substance believed to be composed largely of deoxypentose derivatives was observed in these tissues one day after exposure. These results are believed to indicate that the rate of DNA catabolism was increased. 3. 3. The DNase II activity per milligram wet tissue was observed to be essentially the same in the pulp and connective tissue fractions of normal spleen and thymus. A comparable increase in both fractions was observed after irradiation. 4. 4. No change in the hypothetical tissue inhibitor or activator was demonstrated.
On microwave properties of high-T/sub c/ oxides

The surface resistance of the high-T/sub c/ oxides in the low temperature region is studied. The dependence of the losses on the mean free path is evaluated. The peculiar microwave properties of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ are explained in the framework of the two-gap model. >
Immunomodulation and Disease Resistance in Postyearling Rainbow Trout Infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Whirling Disease

Abstract Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease, has a number of deleterious effects on its salmonid host. Although it is well established that juvenile salmonids in the active stages of whirling disease mount an immune response to the pathogen, the occurrence and longevity of any related immunomodulatory effects are unknown. In this study, postyearling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected with M. cerebralis were examined for leukocyte functions and for resistance to Yersinia ruckeri, a bacterial pathogen of salmonids. Compared with uninfected controls, M. cerebralis-infected fish showed lower proliferative lymphocyte responses to four mitogens (concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide). Conversely, M. cerebralis-infected fish displayed greater bactericidal activity of anterior kidney macrophages than did uninfected fish. After bath challenges with Y. ruckeri, M. cerebralis-infected fish had slightly lower survival and a more r...
Human MDR 1 Protein Overexpression Delays the Apoptotic Cascade in Chinese Hamster Ovary Fibroblasts

Several laboratories have reported that overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR) protein is associated with intracellular alkalinization, and several investigators have reported that cells induced to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) acidify quite significantly. Because it is difficult to fully explain the resistance to apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic drugs that is exhibited by MDR tumor cells solely via altered drug transport alone [Hoffman et al. (1996) J. Gen. Physiol. 108, 295-313], we have investigated whether overexpression of the hu MDR 1 protein alters progression of the apoptotic cascade. LR73 fibroblasts induced to undergo apoptosis either via treatment with the chemotherapeutic drug colchicine or by serum withdrawal exhibit cellular volume changes, intracellular acidification, nuclear condensation, and chromosomal digestion ("ladder formation"), characteristic of apoptosis, in a temporally well-defined pattern. However, multidrug resistant LR73/20E or LR73/27 hu MDR 1 transfectants recently created in our laboratory without selection on chemotherapeutic drug are significantly delayed in the onset of apoptosis as defined by the above criteria, regardless of whether apoptosis is induced by colchicine treatment or by serum withdrawal. Thus, the delay cannot simply be due to the well-known ability of MDR protein overexpression to lower chemotherapeutic drug accumulation in MDR cells. LR73/27V500 "selectants", exhibiting similar levels of MDR protein overexpression but higher multidrug resistance due to selection with the chemotherapeutic drug vincristine, exhibit a slightly longer delay in the progression of apoptosis. Normal apoptotic cascade kinetics are partially restored by pre-treatment of the MDR cells with the MDR protein inhibitor verapamil. Untransfected LR73 cells not expressing MDR protein but elevated in pHi via manipulation of CO2/HCO3- as described [Hoffman et al. (1996) J. Gen. Physiol. 108, 295-313] are inhibited in DNA ladder formation, similar to LR73/hu MDR 1 transfectants. These results uncover an additional mechanism whereby MDR protein overexpression may promote the survival of tumor cells and further support the notion that in some systems intracellular acidification may be either causal or permissive for proper progression of the apoptotic cascade.
Prenatal auricular flutter.

Summary A case of prenatal auricular flutter (apparently the third reported) is presented. Therapy with quinidine sulfate proved effective but toxicity led to its withdrawal. Crystodigin therapy established a cure. It has been stated that the large diphasic QRS complexes in the first curve and tall P waves in the second curve are suggestive of congenital heart disease. Observation of the patient will continue although all factors involved point to the fact that a complete state of normality has been established.
Remembering words not presented in sentences: How study context changes patterns of false memories

People falsely endorse semantic associates and morpheme rearrangements of studied words at high rates in recognition testing. The coexistence of these results is paradoxical: Models of reading that presume automatic extraction of meaning cannot account for elevated false memory for foils that are related to studied stimuli only by their visual form; models without such a process cannot account for false memory for semantic foils. Here we show how sentence and list study contexts encourage different encoding modes and consequently lead to different patterns of memory errors. Participants studied compound words, such as tailspin and floodgate, as single words or embedded in sentences. We show that sentence contexts led subjects to be better able to discriminate conjunction lures (e.g., tailgate) from old words than did list contexts. Conversely, list contexts led to superior discrimination of semantic lures (e.g., nosedive) from old words than did sentence contexts.
Glutathione Content of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Abstract The quantity of intracellular total thiol groups and glutathione was analyzed in a variety of lactic acid bacteria. The concentration of thiol groups (.7 to 81 nmol/mg of protein) and glutathione (6 to 51 nmol/mg of protein) varied widely. Concentrations were highest in strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris and Streptococcus thermophilus , followed by Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris . Glutathione was not detected in Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis , micrococci, pediococci, and lactobacilli (except Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 32) cultures. The effect of several growth conditions on total thiol groups and glutathione content was studied with L. lactis ssp. cremoris Z8. During growth in Elliker broth, glutathione concentration increased during exponential growth; in M17 broth, intracellular concentrations of glutathione did not vary as a function of growth phase, and lower concentrations were detected. Aeration resulted in a temporarily increased accumulation of glutathione. When cultures were grown in milk, the highest concentrations of thiol groups and glutathione occurred during the stationary phase. Supplementation of milk with glutathione or the precursor amino acids of glutathione resulted in increased intracellular glutathione.