cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulfur and hydrogen isotope anomalies in meteorite sulfonic acids

Intramolecular carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope ratios were measured on a homologous series of organic sulfonic acids discovered in the Murchison meteorite. Mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionations were observed along with high deuterium/hydrogen ratios. The deuterium enrichments indicate formation of the hydrocarbon portion of these compounds in a low-temperature environment that is consistent with that of interstellar clouds. Sulfur-33 enrichments observed in methanesulfonic acid could have resulted from gas-phase ultraviolet irradiation of a precursor, carbon disulfide. The source of the sulfonic acid precursors may have been the reactive interstellar molecule carbon monosulfide.
Role of gamma delta T cells in immunity to infectious diseases and the regulation of hematolymphoid cell development.

My research interests are twofold. The first is to define the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic cell development. In particular, the role that the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL2) plays in regulating the development and selection of lymphocyte progenitor cells, and in myelopoiesis are primary areas of research. The second is to understand the role that γδ T cells play in pathogen-induced immune responses and autoimmunity. Their involvement in the immune response to the intracellular bacteriaListeria monocytogenes in mice andMycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) in humans, in T cell-mediated inflammatory bowel disease in humans, and the nature of the antigens they recognize during these responses are major areas of interest. Research material includes patient-derived tissues as well as both conventional and genetically engineered (transgenic) strains of mice.
New form of the time-energy uncertainty relation

A new form of the time-energy uncertainty principle is presented. It has the form \ensuremath{\tau} \ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\ge}3\ensuremath{\pi}${5}^{1/2}$/25, where \ensuremath{\tau} is the average lifetime of a decaying state, and \ensuremath{\Delta}E is the energy spread of the state computed from \ensuremath{\Delta}${E}^{2}$=〈${E}^{2}$〉-〈E${〉}^{2}$. The particular state for which the above relationship becomes an equality is identified, and it is proved that all other states give a greater \ensuremath{\tau} \ensuremath{\Delta}E product. This general result should have a wide range of applications.
Vibrissa Myoclonus (Rhythmic Retractions) Driven by Resonance of Excitatory Networks in Motor Cortex

Rodents use rhythmic vibrissae movements to sense the environment. It is currently unclear whether intrinsic activity in the vibrissa motor cortex (vMI) is capable of driving vibrissa movements on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Disinhibition of vMI results in the occurrence of spontaneous 5- to 15-Hz synchronized oscillations. In behaving rats, this synchronous resonance of vMI is shown here to drive contralateral vibrissa movements that are phase-locked to each cycle of the oscillation. In contrast to active whisking during sensing, which consists of active protractions, the vibrissa movements produced by vMI oscillations consisted of rhythmic retractions. The results demonstrate that rhythmic motor cortex output is capable of driving vibrissa movements on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Such motor output may be primarily expressed during abnormal states such as those related to cortical myoclonous, tremors, and cortical seizures.
The Cost of Living for Working Women: A Criticism of Current Theories

I. Five current theories: pin money, joint cost, temporary independence, permanent independence, family support, 226. — II. Shortcomings of current theories, 234. — III. Bases of a theory for the future, 240. — Conclusion, 255.
The role of reminding in the effects of spaced repetitions on cued recall: Sufficient but not necessary.

Three experiments examined the role of study-phase retrieval (reminding) in the effects of spaced repetitions on cued recall. Remindings were brought under task control to evaluate their effects. Participants studied 2 lists of word pairs containing 3 item types: single items that appeared once in List 2, within-list repetitions that appeared twice in List 2, and between-list repetitions that appeared once in List 1 and once in List 2. Our primary interest was in performance on between-list repetitions. Detection of between-list repetitions was encouraged in an n-back condition by instructing participants to indicate when a presented item was a repetition of any preceding item, including items presented in List 1. In contrast, detection of between-list repetitions was discouraged in a within-list back condition by instructing participants only to indicate repetitions occurring in List 2. Cued recall of between-list repetitions was enhanced when instructions encouraged detection of List 1 presentations. These results accord with those from prior experiments showing a role of study-phase retrieval in effects of spacing repetitions. Past experiments have relied on conditionalized data to draw conclusions, producing the possibility that performance benefits merely reflected effects of item selection. By bringing effects under task control, we avoided that problem. Our results provide evidence that reminding resulting from retrieval of earlier presentations plays a role in the effects of spaced repetitions on cued recall. However, our results also reveal that such retrievals are not necessary to produce an effect of spacing repetitions.
Ruptured mycotic aneurysm of the mitral valve on real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5] An 81-year-old female with prior history of rheumatoid arthritis on immunosuppressants was admitted to our institution with fever, altered mental status, and leucocytosis. She had been recently discharged
Mood and Cognitive Changes Following Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women

Summary Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is widely used in postmenopausal women for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis). A possible role of ERT in reducing depression and cognitive impairment has been suggested. However, an increased incidence of depression after menopause is still controversial and, similarly, the cognitive changes associated with menopause need further study and clarification. While the response of these conditions to ERT is still controversial, the findings of several studies indicate that ERT reduces the deterioration of well-being and cognition in otherwise healthy postmenopausal women.
Conduction in Polycrystalline Silicon: Generalized Thermionic Emission-Diffusion Theory and Extended State Mobility Model

We present a general theory of conduction in polysilicon. The theoretical framework reconciles two apparently divergent approaches for modeling conduction processes in polysilicon and provides a physical basis to correctly interpret and to point out the deficiencies of previously reported thermionic and thermionic field emission theory. This model is based on an extended state mobility in the disordered grain boundary and the thermionic emission-diffusion theory for conduction of current. The attractive features of our theory are (a) it can explain the experimental data without the use of an artificial factor, f, (b) the conduction process is characterized explicitly by the inherent material properties of the grain and the grain boundary. Our model is particularly suited for describing the electrical properties of laser restructured polysilicon, where because of large grain size the diffusion process is expected to be dominant.
Functional Antagonism between Msx2 and CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein α in Regulating the Mouse Amelogenin Gene Expression Is Mediated by Protein-Protein Interaction

Ameloblast-specific amelogenin gene expression is spatiotemporally regulated during tooth development. In a previous study, the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) was identified as a transcriptional activator of the mouse amelogenin gene in a cell type-specific manner. Here, Msx2 is shown to repress the promoter activity of amelogenin-promoter reporter constructs independent of its intrinsic DNA binding activity. In transient cotransfection assays, Msx2 and C/EBPα antagonize each other in regulating the expression of the mouse amelogenin gene. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrate that Msx2 interferes with the binding of C/EBPα to its cognate site in the mouse amelogenin minimal promoter, although Msx2 itself does not bind to the same promoter fragment. Protein-protein interaction between Msx2 and C/EBPα is identified with co-immunoprecipitation analyses. Functional antagonism between Msx2 and C/EBPα is also observed on the stably transfected 2.2-kilobase mouse amelogenin promoter in ameloblast-like LS8 cells. Furthermore, the carboxyl-terminal residues 183–267 of Msx2 are required for protein-protein interaction, whereas the amino-terminal residues 2–97 of Msx2 play a less critical role. Among three family members tested (C/EBPα, -β, and -γ), Msx2 preferentially interacts with C/EBPα. Taken together, these data indicate that protein-protein interaction rather than competition for overlapping binding sites results in the functional antagonism between Msx2 and C/EBPα in regulating the mouse amelogenin gene expression.
“I Laughed so Hard My Side Hurts, or is That an Ulcer?” The Influence of Work Humor on Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Burnout Among Print Media Employees

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate how humor contributes to employee burnout, job stress, and satisfaction. Fifty-two employees from various print media organizations completed measures of organizational humor, burnout syndrome, job stress, and job satisfaction. Results indicated that self-defeating humor and aggressive humor were related to dimensions of employee burnout syndrome. Aggressive humor was related to job stress and job satisfaction.
Attention Shift and Errorless Reversal Learning by the California Sea Lion

Repeated combinations of a previously well-learned size clue preference with the previously negative form cue followed by gradual reduction of the size cue resulted in nearly errorless performance by two sea lion. on a series of nine form-discriminination reversals. Systematic insertion of probe trials, during which the size cue was not present, revealed that attention was primarily focused on the size dimension during early stages of training, when size differences were large, and then was gradually shifted to the form dimension as a function of the increasing difficulty of the size discrimination.
A Method for Culturing Mussels Using In-River Cages

Abstract A variety of techniques have been used since the early 1900s to produce mussels for augmenting depleted populations, including the use of wire-covered crates to house fish bearing mussel larvae. Here we describe a modification of earlier techniques, which provides a viable, low-cost method for producing large numbers of mussels. Aluminum-framed cages covered with commercially available hardware cloth are used to confine glochidia-bearing fish. Juvenile mussels then excyst off the host fish, and fall to the substrate-covered cage bottom, which protects the mussels from predation until they mature into subadult mussels. To date, seven species of mussels totaling over 57,100 2- and 3-y-old mussels have been reared in these culture cages.
Solitons, gauge theories and the “great Einstein theorem”☆

Abstract A field theory is said to be of “Einstein type” if it has the property that the field equations imply the equations of motion. It is known that general relativity is of Einstein type, it is demonstrated here that the Yang-Mills gauge theory is of Einstein type. The relationship between the singularities in the solutions of the field equations and soliton type is analyzed.
Jocks, Gender, Binge Drinking, and Adolescent Violence:

Previous research has suggested a link between athletic involvement and elevated levels of adolescent violence outside the sport context. The present study expanded on this literature by positing differences in the sport-violence relationship across dimensions of athletic involvement (athletic participation vs. jock identity), type of violence (family vs. nonfamily), and gender as well as by examining the impact of binge drinking on the sport-violence relationship. Regression analyses using a sample of 608 Western New York adolescents indicated that (a) jock identity (but not athletic participation) was associated with more frequent violence, (b) jock identity predicted nonfamily violence (but not family violence), and (c) the link between jock identity and nonfamily violence was stronger for boys than for girls. Binge drinking predicted family violence among nonjocks only.
Neurobehavioral dysfunctions associated with dietary iron overload

Excessive dietary Fe is known to be toxic, but the extent of neurobiological involvement is not clear. In the present study male weanling rats were fed diets containing Fe at 35 (control), 350, 3500, or 20000 ppm for 12 wk. An Fe-deficient group (4 ppm) was included for comparison. Rats were tested for behavioral and body weight changes at various times after initiation of diets, and liver and brain nonheme Fe were measured at term. Excess dietary Fe, primarily at 20000 ppm, significantly decreased activity, habituation, reflex startle, and conditioned avoidance response performance, and enhanced prepulse modulation of startle. Body weights were also markedly decreased. Fe-deficient animals showed similar behavioral effects but more moderate body weight changes. Liver nonheme Fe varied directly with dietary levels. Whole-brain nonheme Fe was significantly reduced in Fe-deficient animals but increased only at the 20000-ppm level. Homeostatic mechanisms appear to regulate whole-brain Fe more effectively under conditions of dietary Fe overload than under conditions of Fe deficiency. The behavioral changes associated with dietary Fe overload may represent secondary consequences of systemic toxicity.
Molecular genetics of carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage in bacteria.

Phosphonates (Pn) are a large class of organophosphorus molecules that have direct carbon-phosphorus (C - P) bonds in place of the carbon-oxygen-phosphorus ester bond. In bacteria two pathways exist for Pn breakdown for use as a P source: the phosphonatase and C - P lyase pathways. These pathways differ both in regard to their substrate specificity and their cleavage mechanism. The phosphonatase pathway acts on the natural Pn α-aminoethylphosphonate(AEPn). In a two-step process it leads to cleavage of the C - P bond by a hydrolysis reaction requiring an adjacent carbonyl group. In contrast the C - P lyase pathway has a broad substrate specificity. It leads to cleavage of substituted Pn (such as AEPn) as well as unsubstituted Pn by a mechanism involving redox or radical chemistry. Due to its broad substrate specificity, the C - P lyase pathway is generally thought to be responsible for the breakdown of Pn herbicides (such as glyphosate) by bacteria. As a way to gain a more in-depth understanding of these Pn degradative pathways, their respective genes have been isolated and characterized. In the absence of a biochemical assay for the C - P lyase pathway such molecular approaches have been especially valuable. The roles of individual genes have been inferred from DNA sequence analysis and mutational effects. Genes for the C - P lyase pathway exist in a fourteen-gene operon that appears to encode both a binding protein-dependent Pn transporter and a C - P lyase. Genes for the phosphonatase pathway also exist in a gene cluster containing Pn uptake and degradative genes. A combination of biochemistry, molecular biology, and molecular genetics approaches has provided more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of C - P bond cleavage. Such basic information may provide a new handle for improvement of Pn degradation capabilities in bacteria, or in other cells in which the respective genes may be introduced and expressed.
A Meditation on Vulnerability in Rhetoric

This essay argues that strong versions of rhetoric share with weak versions of rhetoric an aversion to vulnerability. Claiming that the shared aversion to vulnerability hinders a fuller articulation of a strong version of rhetoric, the essay goes on to argue for redefining vulnerability as a characteristic that enlarges rhetorical thinking. Vulnerability is described not as a weakness but as a strength, an attitude of care and concern that connects us to the world and to each other. The essay is written as a meditation and is meant to encourage the reader's active engagement with the argument.
Immunocytochemical study of the development of vasotocin/mesotocin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo.

The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo has been studied with a monoclonal antibody which cross-reacts with arginine vasotocin and mesotocin, using thick (100 μm) sections in conjunction with a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody. Although weakly stained perikarya occur occasionally in the tuberal region on embryonic days 6 and 7, the most consistent immunostaining of perikarya is found in the periventricular region of the caudal midhypothalamus at the level of the optic chiasm after embryonic day 8 1/2. Synthesis of peptides, therefore, takes place while the cells are close to their site of origin. Between embryonic days 9 and 10, beaded axons run along the anterior median eminence closely apposed to the adenohypophysis, thereby forming the anlage of the zona externa. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract surround the neural lobe between embryonic days 11 and 12. The caudal to rostral wave of neuronal maturation that occurs during development appears to be due to a progressive differentiation of the periventricular zone, as well as the migration of perikarya. The early periventricular perikarya at embryonic day 8 1/2 send processes rostrally in a wing-shaped formation that extends both dorso- and ventrolaterally. From embryonic days 10 to 12, perikarya can be observed in the wing-like extensions, apparently migrating to rostral levels. The dorsolateral pathway gives rise at its midportion to the lateral cell group, whereas those perikarya migrating more laterally form the anlage of the external supraoptic nucleus. The ventrolateral wing-shaped extension of perikarya appears to be directed toward the ventral group and those lateral perikarya continuous with it. The location of mature neuronal cell groups is well established by embryonic day 17.
Stable isotopic study of precipitation and spring discharge in southern Nevada

Abstract Precipitation was collected in southern Nevada on a semi-regular monthly basis at 14 locations for 6 years for stable isotopic analysis. The total elevational range of the collection sites was 1270 m and the total geographic range was 65 km. The average yearly difference in δ 18 O of precipitation from all sites was smallest and amounted to only 2.3‰, whereas the average difference based on location (elevation) was only 3.7‰. The largest difference in δ 18 O was between enriched summer and depleted winter precipitation and amounted to more than 13‰. The precipitation record shows two time-based regimes. For the first 3 years of collection, the precipitation was highly variable with several large events and several dry periods. During the last 3 years of collection, the precipitation was much more even with no large events. However, there is no correlation between the variability of the amount of precipitation and the stable isotopic composition of precipitation. In addition, the δ 18 O composition and discharge of two springs, Whiterock Spring and Cane Spring, issuing from perched water tables, were monitored for 5 years on a similar basis as for the precipitation. During the first 2.5 years of collection, both volume of discharge and δ 18 O responded to large precipitation events. However, during the last 2.5 years of collection when precipitation moderated in amounts, but not in stable isotopic composition, the springs displayed not only less variation in discharge, but in stable isotopic composition as well. Summer precipitation may be involved in groundwater recharge, as during the first 3 years of collection, some of the events to which the springs responded were summer events. Moreover, the average δ 18 O of winter precipitation is less than that of the spring discharge, even when the water from large summer events is absent from the spring discharge.
Analyzing the heating and cooling of products in a high temperature tunnel kiln

We developed relationships permitting us to make accurate thermal analysis of tunnel kilns.
Vertical Structure of Jupiter's Atmosphere at the Galileo Probe Entry Latitude

Abstract The vertical structure of Jupiter's atmosphere is examined to better characterize the latitudinal region of the Galileo probe entry site: +5°–10° planetographic latitude. One-hundred Hubble Space Telescope images of Jupiter taken with the 893- and 953-nm filters on 13 and 17 February 1995, 5 October 1995, and 14 May 1996 are analyzed, and a two-cloud model of the jovian atmosphere (D. M. Kuehn and R. F. Beebe 1993, Icarus 101, 282–292) is used to interpret center-to-limb variations of bright plume heads and adjacent dark areas in the latitude region +2°–10°. For both the plume heads and dark areas, the top of the ammonia cloud deck reaches a pressure level of roughly 200 mbar, and the cloud has an optical depth of between 6 and 7. The optical depth of the stratospheric haze layer is 0.59 for the plumes and 0.34 for the dark regions, while the single scattering albedo of the ammonia cloud deck is 0.996 for the plumes and 0.950 for the dark regions. Sensitivity tests motivated by the preliminary results from the Galileo probe net flux radiometer and nephelometer experiments indicate that the ammonia cloud deck may have a patchy structure.
Feminism and Leftist Politics in Italy: The Case of UDI-PCI Relations

The role of Palmiro Togliatti, General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) from 1926 to 1964, in defending and expanding the rights of Italian women, illustrates the efforts of the PCI to involve them in the life of the post-war Republic and in the struggle for a democratic society.1 In addition to its support for constitutional provisions which entrenched legal and economic equality, the PCI nominated and elected a relatively large number of female delegates to the Constituent Assembly2 and organised female cells within the party structure.3 The post-war history of the party is thus marked by sustained attention to the 'woman question', which Togliatti characterised as essential to the establishment of democracy following two decades of fascism.4 In political terms, the PCI has recognised the importance of women's participation in and support for the party by creating flanking organisations, notably the Union of Italian Women (UDI).
Changes in sleep apnea after supraglottoplasty in infants with laryngomalacia.

Abstract Objective To determine the clinical and polysomnography outcomes in infants with laryngomalacia undergoing supraglottoplasty. Methods Infants ( Results 20 children met inclusion criteria. Statistically significant improvements were found in pre- to postoperative median values for apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (median change: −6.4 points, p = 0.02) and obstructive apnea index (median change: −2.9 points, p = 0.01) values. Obstructive AHI, O2 saturation nadir, and percentage of sleep spent with 5, infants with AHI Conclusion Supraglottoplasty may be an effective and safe option to improve moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in infants with laryngomalacia. In addition, polysomnography may be useful in infants with laryngomalacia to identify obstructive sleep apnea and/or to objectively measure outcomes after supraglottoplasty. This pilot study warrants a larger, prospective, and controlled study to validate these findings.
On the geostatistical approach to the inverse problem

Abstract The geostatistical approach to the inverse problem is discussed with emphasis on the importance of structural analysis. Although the geostatistical approach is occasionally misconstrued as mere cokriging, in fact it consists of two steps: estimation of statistical parameters (“structural analysis”) followed by estimation of the distributed parameter conditional on the observations (“cokriging” or “weighted least squares”). It is argued that in inverse problems, which are algebraically undetermined, the challenge is not so much to reproduce the data as to select an algorithm with the prospect of giving good estimates where there are no observations. The essence of the geostatistical approach is that instead of adjusting a grid-dependent and potentially large number of block conductivities (or other distributed parameters), a small number of structural parameters are fitted to the data. Once this fitting is accomplished, the estimation of block conductivities ensues in a predetermined fashion without fitting of additional parameters. Also, the methodology is compared with a straightforward maximum a posteriori probability estimation method. It is shown that the fundamental differences between the two approaches are: (a) they use different principles to separate the estimation of covariance parameters from the estimation of the spatial variable; (b) the method for covariance parameter estimation in the geostatistical approach produces statistically unbiased estimates of the parameters that are not strongly dependent on the discretization, while the other method is biased and its bias becomes worse by refining the discretization into zones with different conductivity.
Double Duty for CCL21 in Dendritic Cell Trafficking

Mechanisms controlling leukocyte adhesion, propulsion and directional migration have not been fully integrated. In this issue of Immunity, Schumann et al. (2010) propose that DCs swarm to T cell zones using immobilized CCL21 for adhesive random migration and soluble CCL21 for steering.
The effects of prior exposure to a subject on measures of observer performance

The effects of prior exposure to a subject on three measures of observer performance (interobserver agreement, intraobserver consistency, and accuracy) were investigated in an analogue study. Seventy one undergraduate students who served as experimental observers were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Observation material consisted of two sets of videotapes, each featuring a child with developmental delay and a therapist. Observers were trained to observe and record three target behaviors. During actual test observations, two observer groups continued to observe the subjects they had been exposed to during training, while the other two groups changed over to the unknown subject pairs. Outcome hypotheses were based on a model of implicit/explicit behavior definitions by Hawkins and Dobes (1977). The data were analyzed by three-factor ANOVAs, one for each of the dependent measures and post hoc analyses. As predicted, prior exposure to subjects resulted in significantly higher interobserver agreement than the observation of novel subjects, while intraobserver consistency was not influenced by prior exposure. Contrary to the expectations, however, was the finding that accuracy was not affected by prior exposure either. The findings were discussed with respect to observer training, particularly as it applies to studies with groups of subjects.
Parkinson's disease as a disorder of the aging

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, predominantly affecting the elderly, for which only symptomatic treatments are currently available. In the clinic, PD is viewed primarily as a disorder of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway because presenting symptoms typically involve motor disturbances that can be modulated with dopamine agonists. However, PD is increasingly being viewed as a spectrum of complex impairments that emerge from the abnormal function of multiple neurochemical systems. Recent research integrates many of these findings and suggests potentially useful targets for disease modifying therapies. Here, we will compare and contrast the various cellular mechanisms thought to be important in the pathophysiology and etiology of this debilitating disease.
Dynamic Reactive Power Control of Islanded Microgrids

Reactive power control is a fundamental issue in microgrids, especially during islanded mode operation with no support from the main grid. Lack of infinite bus, tightly coupled generation and consumption, and existence of nondispatchable intermittent renewable power sources reinforce the need for a new VVC scheme. This paper presents a new model predictive control (MPC)-based dynamic voltage and var control (VVC) scheme, which includes the dynamics of the microgrid in the VVC formulation. The MPC-based controller uses a simplified voltage prediction model to predict the voltage behavior of the system for a time horizon ahead. The advantage of this method is that it can avoid unstable voltage conditions in microgrids by prediction of the instability ahead of time. This method can also avoid voltage drops or swells in any of the phases of the system since the model can predict the voltage of each phase separately. Also, the presented method can be implemented online so it can efficiently use the time-variant reactive capabilities of the distributed generators to compensate for reactive power needs of the system. This controller is tested for different operating conditions of the microgrid and the simulation results confirm that the MPC controller successfully keeps the system stable and achieves a smooth voltage profile.
Propositional self-control in children

Abstract The scope of Dulany's (1968) Theory of Propositional Control was examined using 54 11 1 2 -, 8 1 2 -, and 4 1 2 -year-olds . Significance of the reinforcer was manipulated orthogonally to value of the reinforcer. With a six attribute concept attainment task 4 1 2 - year-olds did not learn in either of two significant ways: a performance change over blocks, nor the acquisition of a rule of reinforcement. Children of 8 1 2 and 11 1 2 learned in both of the above senses. In addition, for the latter subjects the central equations of the theory held with strength and subjects' intentions accounted for more variance in performance than did the experimental manipulations. In supplementary experiments using a simplified task some 4 1 2 - year-olds learned. When only the 4 1 2 - year-olds who learned to a criterion were examined the central equations of the theory were nearly as strong as for subjects at ages 8 1 2 and 11 1 2 . There was no evidence for learning without awareness at any age level.
Depth dependence of residual strains in polycrystalline Mo thin films using high‐resolution x‐ray diffraction

The magnitude of the stress in a thin film can be obtained by measuring the curvature of the film–substrate couple. Crystal curvature techniques yield the average stress throughout the film thickness. On a microscopic level, the details of the strain distribution, as a function of depth through the thickness of the film, can have important consequences in governing film quality and ultimate morphology. A new method, using high‐resolution x‐ray diffraction to determine the depth dependence of strain in polycrystalline thin films, is described. The technique requires an analysis of the diffraction peak shifts of at least six independent {hkl} scattering vectors, at a variety of penetration depths from the free surface of the film. The data are then used to determine the magnitude and directions of the strain eigenvalues in a laboratory reference frame for each penetration depth from the free surface of the film. A linear elastic model was used to determine the strains in successive slabs of the film. Result...
Intelligent judging--evolution in the classroom and the courtroom.

Annas discusses the December 2005 U.S. District Court decision about a curricular change requiring the teaching of intelligent design in public schools in Dover, Pennsylvania. The judge ruled that intelligent design is not science and that the school board's curricular change served a religious purpose, in violation of the establishment clause of the First Amendment.
Reconstruction of conditional expectations from product moments with applications

In this paper, it is shown under conditions associated with the moment problem that a sequence of product moments uniquely determines a conditional expectation of two random variables. Then, a numerical procedure is derived to reconstruct a conditional expectation in terms of a sequence of its product moments.
The solvent extraction of Thulium with aliphatic monocarboxylic acids

Abstract The extraction of l0-4 and 10-8M thulium(III) into 4-methyl-2-pentanone and chloroform, containing aliphatic monocarboxylic acids has been studied with formic through decanoic acids. Extraction tends to increase with acid molecular weight, acid concentration, and pH up to about 6. Detailed studies with hexanoic acid indicate that the species extracting into 4-methyl-2-pentanone is TmR3(HR) and the species extracting into chloroform is TmR3(HR)5. In both cases the predominant aqueous species are Tm3+ and TmOH2+. From the data first hydrolysis constants of Tm3+ have been calculated to be 1010.2 and 109.7, these values being larger than those expected from previous rare-earth hydrolysis data.
Solar radiation-based calibration of laboratory grade radiometers

The Remote Sensing Group (RSG) at the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center has been performing high accuracy laboratory calibration for over 20 years. This work has been done both in support of our work in vicarious calibration of space-borne and airborne imaging sensors and as a standalone means of achieving NIST-traceable radiometric calibration. The solar radiation-based calibration (SRBC) has in the past been a way for the RSG to verify calibration results and to achieve continued calibration of field-grade instruments. This paper presents multiple SRBC results for multiple laboratory-grade radiometers. These results are compared with laboratory calibrations and studied for their merit as a sole means of high-accuracy calibration.
Enhanced slow waves at the periphery of human epileptic foci

Abstract Objective Experimental epilepsy foci are surrounded by an enhanced inhibition zone. We looked for evidence of peripheral inhibition in human epilepsy foci by analyzing the waveforms of discharges. The sharp-wave of an epileptic discharge is thought to reflect EPSP synchronization, and the subsequent slow-wave to reflect inhibition. Ratios of amplitudes of the sharp- and slow-waves in human EEGs may show how excitatory and inhibitory processes relate to discharge spread implicating peripheral inhibition in human epilepsy, too. Method In electrocorticography from 10 adult patients we compared amplitudes of sharp-waves and of slow-waves and their ratios in each electrodes as a function of their distance from the highest sharp-wave electrode. Results Sharp-wave amplitude decreases as a function of electrode distance from the highest sharp-wave electrode, but the slow-wave voltage exhibits a slight increase. The ratio slow-wave/sharp-wave increases several-fold within 2–3 cm from the highest sharp-wave electrode. Conclusion In human cortex epileptic discharges at the periphery of a focus exhibit a prevalent slow-wave consistent with a possible local enhanced inhibition. Significance Waveform analysis of electrocorticography epileptic discharges suggests the presence in human neocortex of surround inhibition, a basic mechanism limiting the spread of epileptic activity, long studied in experimental models.
PTSD as a mediator between childhood rape and alcohol use in adult women

OBJECTIVE: Though a relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later alcohol use among women has been documented, little is known about the pathways that link these two variables. A tension reduction hypothesis posits that emotional distress precedes substance usage. PTSD symptomatology resulting from childhood sexual abuse is examined as a possible source of emotional distress that may cause subsequent alcohol use. METHOD: A sample of adult women was selected and interviewed on two occasions 1 year apart and childhood rape history, lifetime PTSD symptoms, and lifetime alcohol use were assessed. Path analytic techniques were used to evaluate the mediating role of PTSD symptoms on the relationship between childhood rape and subsequent alcohol use. RESULTS: A history of childhood rape doubled the number of alcohol abuse symptoms that women experienced in adulthood. Path analysis and cross-validation results demonstrated significant pathways connecting childhood rape to PTSD symptoms and PTSD symptoms to alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that PTSD symptomatology which develops after childhood rape may be one of many variables that affect alcohol abuse patterns in women who were victims of childhood sexual abuse. Language: en
The relationship between the particle properties, mechanical behavior, and surface roughness of some pharmaceutical excipient compacts

Abstract Several common pharmaceutical excipient powders were compacted at a constant solid fraction (SF) in order to study the relationship between powder properties, compact surface roughness, and compact mechanical properties such as hardness, elasticity, and brittleness. The materials used in this study included microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), fumaric acid, mannitol, lactose monohydrate, spray dried lactose, sucrose, and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate. A slow consolidation process was used to make compacts at a SF of 0.85 (typical for most pharmaceutical tablets) from single excipient components. A model was proposed to describe the surface roughness of compacts based on the brittle or ductile deformation tendencies of the powder materials. The roughness profile would also be dependent upon the magnitude of the compression stress in relation to the yield stress (onset of irreversible deformation) values of the excipients. It was hypothesized that brittle materials would produce smooth compacts with high surface variability due to particle fracture, and the converse would apply for ductile materials. Compact surfaces should be smoother if the materials were compressed above their yield pressure values. Non-contact optical profilometry was used along with scanning electron microscopy to quantify and characterize the surface morphology of the excipient compacts. The roughness parameters R a (average roughness), R q (RMS roughness), R q / R a (ratio describing surface variability), and R sk (skewness) were found to correlate with the deformation properties of the excipients. Brittle materials such as lactose, sucrose, and calcium phosphate produced compacts with low values of R a and R q , high variability, and negative R sk . The opposite was found with plastic materials such as MCC, mannitol, and fumaric acid. The highly negative skewness values for brittle material compacts may indicate their propensity to be vulnerable to cracks or surface defects. These findings supported the model descriptions and hypotheses. The initial average particle size of the excipients did not directly correlate with compact roughness, probably due to particle deformation during compression. Average roughness values ranged between 0.1 and 1.0 μm for the compacted materials studied. The mechanical properties of the compacts, such as indentation hardness, elastic modulus, and brittle fracture index were also correlated with the roughness values. Pertinent correlations were found between average roughness, compact mechanical properties and the excipient type (either brittle or ductile). From this study, it can be concluded that brittle excipient powders generally produced smooth and brittle compacts, and plastic materials produced rough and ductile compacts. Surface roughness was hence found to be a useful descriptive property for pharmaceutical composites and supporting a model based on the excipient powder properties.
Misfolded proteins driven to destruction by Hul5

Misfolded proteins are potentially toxic and are therefore subjected to highly selective degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. The identification of the Hul5 ubiquitin ligase as a major mediator of such 'quality-control' ubiquitylation following heat shock raises new questions about the design of these pathways.
Rapid diagnosis of pericardial effusion utilizing the scintillation camera

Abstract A new method for the rapid diagnosis of pericardial effusion employing the gamma ray scintillation camera and an intravenous bolus injection of technetium sulfide 88 Tc is presented. Since a chest roentgenogram is not required and scanning times are significantly reduced, this method appears to be superior to previously reported radioisotopic techniques.
Numerical Transport Code Functionalization Procedure and Software Functions

A numerical–computational procedure is described to determine a multi-dimensional functional or an operator for the representation of the computational results of a numerical transport code. The procedure is called Numerical Transport Code Functionalization (NTCF). Numerical transport codes represent a family of engineering software to solve, for example, heat conduction problems in solids using ANSYS; heat and moisture transport problems in porous media using NUFT; or laminar or turbulent flow and transport problems using FLUENT, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. The NTCF procedure is developed to determine a model for the representation of the code for a variety of input functions. Couple solution of multiphysics problems often require repeated, iterative calculations for the same model domain and with the same code, but with different boundary condition values. The NTCF technique allows for reducing the number of runs with the original numerical code to the number of runs necessary for NTCF model identification. The NTCF procedure is applied for the solution of coupled heat and moisture transport problems at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The NTCF method and the supporting software is a key element of MULTIFLUX, a coupled thermohydrologic-ventilation model and software. Numerical tests as well as applications for Yucca Mountain, Nevada are presented using both linear and nonlinear NTCF models. The performance of the NTCF method is demonstrated both in accuracy and modeling acceleration.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Work Psychology and Organizational Behaviour: Managing the Individual at Work

This article presents a review of the book “Work Psychology and Organizational Behavior: Managing the Individual at Work,” by Wendy Hollway.
Recruitment of Multiple Interferon Regulatory Factors and Histone Acetyltransferase to the Transcriptionally Active Interferon A Promoters

Type I interferon (IFN) plays a critical role in the innate immunity against viral infection. Expression of IFNA genes in infected cells is cell type-dependent and is regulated at the transcriptional level. The present study is focused on the molecular mechanism underlying the differential expression of human IFNA1 and A2 genes. Two nucleotides, at positions -98 and -81 of IFNA1 and A2 promoter, were pivotal to the differential expression. The DNA pull-down and chromatin precipitation assays have shown that nuclear interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and IRF-7 as well as IRF-1 bind to IFNA1 virus-responsive element (VRE). Interestingly, overexpression of IRF-7 increased the otherwise weak binding of both IRF-3 and IRF-7 to IFNA2 VRE. These data together with the results of two-step chromatin immunoprecipitation strongly suggest that the IRF-3 and IRF-7 bind to IFNA1 promoter as a dimer. Furthermore, binding of IRF-3 and IRF-7 to IFNA VRE is associated with the presence of acetylated histone H3, suggesting that histone acetyltransferase(s) is tethered together with virus-activated IRF-3 and IRF-7 to the IFNA1 promoter. In addition, the constitutively active IRF-3 (5D) and IRF-7 (2D) mutants activate the endogenous IFNA genes in uninfected cells; however, the expression profile of IFNA is not identical to that induced by viral infection.
Excessive collagen accumulation in dystrophic (mdx) respiratory musculature is independent of enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway

Skeletal muscle fibrosis is present in the diaphragm of the mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne dystrophy. In both the mouse and human, dystrophic muscle exhibits pronounced increases in NF-κ B signaling. Various inhibitors of this pathway, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), have been shown to have beneficial effects on dystrophic (mdx) muscle. The present study characterizes the development of fibrosis in the mdx musculature, and determines the fibrolytic efficacy of PDTC and UDCA. The results indicate that collagen accumulation and the expression of fibrogenic (TGF-β1) and fibrolytic (MMP-9) mediators are dependent on muscle origin in both nondystrophic and mdx mice. Excessive collagen accumulation is observed in the mdx respiratory musculature prior to substantial muscle degeneration and cellular infiltration, and is associated with dystrophic increases in the expression of TGF-β1 with no corresponding increases in MMP-9 expression. Treatment with PDTC or UDCA did not influence collagen deposition or TGF-β1 expression in the mdx respiratory musculature. These results indicate that dystrophic increases in collagen are the result of NF-κB-independent signaling abnormalities, and that efforts to reduce excessive collagen accumulation will require treatments to more specifically reduce TGF-β1 signaling or enhance the expression and/or activity of matrix metalloproteases.
Insulin receptors: differences in structural organization on adipocyte and liver plasma membranes

Comparison was made of the distribution of the insulin receptor sites on adipocyte and liver plasma membranes by using ferritin-insulin. Two-thirds of the occupied insulin receptors on adipocytes occurred in groups of two or more whereas up to two-thirds of the receptors on liver occurred as single receptors. Ferritin-insulin did not cause aggregation of the receptor sites in either tissue. The naturally occurring groups of receptors on adipocyte membranes may play a role in the greater sensitivity of adipocytes to insulin.
Health behaviors among American Indians with spinal cord injury: comparison with data from the 1996 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Abstract Objective: To identify patterns of health behaviors and health outcomes among a sample of American Indian men with spinal cord injury. Design: Telephone interviews with all participants, except those who did not have telephones (they returned materials by mail). Setting: Large rehabilitation hospital in the Western mountain region of the United States. Participants: Seventy-six American Indian men with traumatic SCI of at least 1 year in duration. Main Outcome Measure: Selected health-related behaviors from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to assess health behaviors and general health outcomes among the American Indian SCI sample and to compare findings with those from American Indian men without SCI based on nationwide BRFSS data. Results: The study participants reported lower overall health and satisfaction with health care than the non-SCI BRFSS group. They also reported a different pattern of health behaviors, including a greater frequency of inoculations for flu and pneumonia but a lower rate of HIV testing and cholesterol screening. A smaller percentage of American Indians used alcohol, but those who did reported more heavy drinking. Conclusions: American Indians with SCI are more likely to receive health care consistent with the prevention of secondary conditions of SCI (eg, pneumonia), but less likely to receive basic health screens intended to prevent chronic health diseases.