cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Buffalo OsteoPerio Studies: Summary of Our Findings and the Unique Contributions of Robert J. Genco, DDS, PhD

Robert (“Bob”) Genco was a member of the research team that established the Buffalo Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease (OsteoPerio) study. Here we detail the scientific discoveries emanating from this enduring collaboration. OsteoPerio is ancillary to the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS). WHI-OS is a longitudinal study of 93,676 postmenopausal women aged 50–79 enrolled at 40 US centers (enrolled in 1993–1998). OsteoPerio enrolled 1342 women 3 years later (1997–2001) from the Buffalo WHI-OS participants to study the association of osteoporosis and periodontal disease. OsteoPerio has 5-year (N = 1026) and 17-year (N = 518) follow-up examinations. In addition to information on health status from the WHI-OS, OsteoPerio further included comprehensive oral examinations assessing probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival bleeding, alveolar crestal height, and decay/caries, missing, and filled teeth. Systemic bone density (measured by DXA), blood, saliva, and plaque also were collected at all three visits. Findings from these studies are summarized here.
Dewatering coal with supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) dewaters coal through two mechanisms. For bituminous coal of 9.5% average moisture content the water is dissolved out of the coal and the concentration of water in the bulk...
Early Student Support for Shipboard LADCP/chi pod Profiling of Internal Wave Structure and Dissipation in the Luzon Strait

Abstract : We seek a more complete and fundamental understanding of the hierarchy of processes which transfer energy and momentum from large scales, feed the internal wavefield, and ultimately dissipate through turbulence. This cascade impacts the acoustic, optical, and biogeochemical properties of the water column, and feeds back to alter the larger scale circulation. Studies within the Ocean Mixing Group at OSU emphasize observations, innovative sensor / instrumentation development and integration, and process-oriented internal wave and turbulence modeling for interpretation.
In the Valley of the Shadow of Death: Insecurity and Miraculous Experiences

Experiencing a miracle is often assumed to be predicated on a lack of rational, scientific explanations of phenomena as measured with education or class. Existential threat theories would predict religious experiences are not directly related to these measures of modernization, but rather the economic and political stability that accompanies modernization. Those who experience threats to their existence are more likely to experience miracles. I investigate the prevalence of miracles in Latin American using a 2013 Pew survey of religious beliefs and experiences. Looking at 15,400 respondents from 16 separate countries, I analyze the extent to which experiencing miracles is correlated with education, SES, financial insecurity, cultural traditionalism, and several religious variables. I find education and SES have little correlation with the number of miracles experienced, financial insecurity is positively correlated with experiencing miracles, and Protestants have more divine encounters than Catholics. This suggests that both religious socialization and existential threat explain why individuals experience miracles.
517 Regulatory T cell functional identity is sustained by a glucose:lactate axis that is exploited in the tumor microenvironment

Background Regulatory T (Treg) cells are vital for preventing autoimmunity but are a major barrier to robust cancer immunity as the tumor microenvironment (TME) recruits and promotes their function. The deregulated cellular metabolism of tumor cells leads to a metabolite-depleted, hypoxic, and acidic TME. While the TME impairs the effector function of highly glycolytic tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells, Treg cell suppressive function is maintained. Further, studies of in vitro induced and ex vivo Treg cells reveal a distinct metabolic profile compared to effector T cells. Thus, it may be that the altered metabolic landscape of the TME and the increased activity of intratumoral Treg cells are linked. Methods Flow cytometry, isotopic flux analysis, Foxp3 driven Cre-lox, glucose tracers, Seahorse extracellular flux analysis, RNA sequencing. Results Here we show Treg cells display heterogeneity in terms of their glucose metabolism and can engage an alternative metabolic pathway to maintain their high suppressive function and proliferation within the TME and other tissues. Tissue derived Treg cells (both at the steady state and under inflammatory conditions) show broad heterogeneity in their ability to take up glucose. However, glucose uptake correlates with poorer suppressive function and long-term functional stability, and culture of Treg cells in high glucose conditions decreased suppressive function. Treg cells under low glucose conditions upregulate genes associated with the uptake and metabolism of the glycolytic end-product lactic acid. Treg cells withstand high lactate conditions, and lactate treatment prevents the destabilizing effects of high glucose culture. Treg cells utilize lactate within the TCA cycle and generate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a critical intermediate that can fuel intratumoral Treg cell proliferation in vivo. Using mice with a Treg cell-restricted deletion of lactate transporter Slc16a1 (MCT1) we show MCT1 is dispensable for peripheral Treg cell function but required intratumorally, resulting in slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival. Conclusions These data support a model in which Treg cells are metabolically flexible such that they can utilize ‘alternative’ metabolites present in the TME to maintain their suppressive identity. Further, our studies support the notion that tumors avoid immune destruction not only by depriving effector T cells of essential nutrients, but also by metabolically supporting regulatory T cells.
Non-analog increases to air, surface, and belowground temperature extreme events due to climate change

Air temperatures (Ta) are rising in a changing climate, increasing extreme temperature events. Examining how Ta increases are influencing extreme temperatures at the soil surface and belowground in the soil profile can refine our understanding of the ecological consequences of rising temperatures. In this paper, we validate surface and soil temperature (Ts: 0–100-cm depth) simulations in the SOILWAT2 model for 29 locations comprising 5 ecosystem types in the central and western USA. We determine the temperature characteristics of these locations from 1980 to 2015, and explore simulations of Ta and Ts change over 2030–2065 and 2065–2100 time periods using General Circulation Model (GCM) projections and the RCP 8.5 emissions scenario. We define temperature extremes using a nonstationary peak over threshold method, quantified from standard deviations above the mean (0-σ: an event $>\sim $ 51% of extreme events; 2- $\sigma :>\sim 98\%$ ). Our primary objective is to contrast the magnitude (∘C) and frequency of occurrence of extreme temperature events between the twentieth and twenty-first century. We project that temperatures will increase substantially in the twenty-first century. Extreme Ta events will experience the largest increases by magnitude, and extreme Ts events will experience the largest increases by proportion. On average, 2-σ extreme Ts events will increase by 3.4 ∘C in 2030–2065 and by 5.3 ∘C in 2065–2100. Increases in extreme Ts events will often exceed + 10 ∘C at 0–20 cm by 2065–2100, and at 0–100 cm will often exceed 5.0 standard deviations above 1980–2015 values. 2-σ extreme Ts events will increase from 0.9 events per decade in 1980–2015 to 23 events in 2030–2065 and 38 events in 2065–2100. By 2065–2100, the majority of months will experience extreme events that co-occur at 0–100 cm, which did not occur in 1980–2015. These projections illustrate the non-analog temperature increases that ecosystems will experience in the twenty-first century as a result of climate change.
Examining the Surgical Life.

Debriefing after a major event is a key component in ongoing improvement in performance. Likewise, reflecting on one’s career at the time of leaving the operating room environment is an opportunity...
Test-set preserving logic transformations

Logic transformations that preserve minimal or complete test sets of a combinational circuit are examined. Some basic transformation types are rigorously defined and characterized with respect to test-set preservation. The authors apply the transformations to adder design and show that any complete test set for a two-level adder is preserved on transformation to ripple-carry and carry-lookahead designs, thus verifying some recent simulation results.
A Research Framework for Intellectual Property and Environmental Law

The intersection of the fields of Intellectual Property Law (IPL) and Environmental Law (EL) is a multi-dimensional space requiring consideration not only of specialized areas and topics within each of these fields, but also of general law principles and a variety of approaches to analysis and critique. This chapter seeks to situate some methodologies for research at the intersection of IPL and EL within a broader context of methodological analyses that are brought to law and legal problems. These methodological forms include historical, doctrinal, theoretical, empirical (often economic, psychological, and sociological), and other types of analyses (including public choice theory and big data analyses). Nevertheless, I hope to note some unique aspects of how the two fields of intellectual property and environmental law exhibit common features and synergies, making for very fertile and productive research addressing very important social problems.
Report on the 2014 AAIS Annual Conference: Panels and Papers on Italian Film and Television

The 2014 annual AAIS Conference, organized by the American Association for Italian Studies, took place over three days from 26–28 May 2014 at the University of Zurich, in Switzerland, for the first time in a location situated outside North America or Italy. Partially because of this geographical collocation, the conference drew an exceptional number of participants: over seven hundred members convened from more than twenty-four countries, which makes this conference, according to AAIS president Carol Lazzaro-Weis, the ‘largest . . . in the history of the organization’. In this report, I will briefly present and discuss the panels and papers on cinema and television presented in Zurich; I will highlight the general trends that emerged in the three-day conference and explore specific topics that seem to be of particular interest in the field of Italian screen studies. The Zurich conference saw, at least quantitatively, a positive influx of different approaches anddisciplines, suchasphotography, politics, gender (inpart due to thework of theQueer caucus), postcolonial issues,Marxism,andcritical theory, tonamebuta few. This surely reflects the on-going evolution ofAnglo-American-Australian Italian Studies, but it is possibly also due to the presence of scholars who work in European universities who were able to attend the conference en masse. The keynote speaker, Rosi Braidotti, exemplifies this trend: an Italian-Australian scholar who has lived in different countries and is now based in the Netherlands, Braidotti works mainly on social and political theory, cultural politics, gender, feminist theory, and ethnicity studies, from a standpoint of continentalphilosophy.Her lecture, ‘PosthumanistParadoxes’,was followedbya long and warm round of applause, together with a standing ovation. In general, it could be said that the evaluation of the situation of Italian screen studies that emerge from Zurich is mixed: on the one hand, many of these panels had a great turnout, and a number of members came to the conference to discuss these topics. As a result, a stable but ever-evolving community of scholars from different countries has its recurrent appointment at theAAIS conferences andmuchacademic research is generated from these encounters. But, on the other hand, it is fair to say that cinema and television (let alone Internet, videogames, etc.) are still far from being fully considered a matter of serious academic research and inquiry in the large community of Italian studies. The interaction of Italian history and politicswith cinema andmediawas surely one of the main trends discussed at the conference. We can single out a few of panels and
Nitpicking: An Exploration of the Marginalization of Gender Equity in Urban School Research and Reform

Why has gender been marginalized as a consideration in decisions about how conditions in urban schools should be improved? To answer this question I examine research about home and school relations to analyze my experience as a parent activist in the urban public school that my daughter attended. I use the activity of “nitpicking” as both a literal explanation and a metaphoric representation of the ways that women's responsibilities for maintenance of children's emotional and physical well-being interfere with the political task of making schools more equitable. Moving to a scrutiny of research on urban school organization and improvement, I explain how structures of urban schools, the ideology of professionalism, and the chronic scarcity of resources combine with working women's dual jobs to obscure gender as the subject and object of school reform. I conclude that for gender equity to be put on the table as a consistent consideration in school reform, it must be one facet of a broader agenda for school reform that addresses status and power differentials among researchers, parents, teachers, and school administrators, due to race and class, as well as gender.
Unhealthy Health Policy: A Critical Anthropological Examination

Unhealthy Health Policy:. Critical Anthropological Examination. Arachu Castro and Merrill Singer, eds. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 2004. 387 pp.
Influences on the Stock Market: Examination of the Effect of Economic Variables on S&P 500

It’s the economy stupid!” This slogan from Bill Clinton’s 1992 Presidential campaign acknowl edges the importance of the U.S. economy in American politics. This slogan might also resonate loudly on Wall Street and among investors across the world. In many ways the performance of the economy influences the success of the stock market and vice versa. This study will examine the impact that various economic factors have on the stock market. Specifically, it will ask the question, “How do interest rates, real GDP, and the Fisher Effect impact the S&P 500?”. In addition, this study will assess the impact of these economic factors on various industries including a utilities, transportation, financial, and technology index. The results of this study will help investors understand just how important these economic variables are in influencing both the overall market and major industries. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol9/iss1/20
Election Calendars and Voter Turnout

This research examines the effects of election calendars and ballot forms on voter turnout. The ballot attractiveness hypothesis predicts that concurrent senatorial and gubernatorial races on a pre...
An expert system for design analysis of municipal sludge land application

An expert system for the design of municipal sludge-land applications in South Carolina was developed using the Personal Consultant Plus shell. The design procedure and the regulations on the sludge application are expressed in the form of rules and parameters of eight subframes under a root frame of the knowledge base. Sludge, soil, and crop database provide default data when required. The output of this expert system provides information essential for preparing a sludge- l- and application permit request. >
Measurement, simulation, and theory of a non-Foster unit cell with parasitic resistance

Measured, simulated, and theoretical results are presented for a unit cell loaded by a non-Foster circuit element comprising a negative capacitor. The unit cell is suspended in the electromagnetic field of a coaxial line for characterization, rather than being directly wired to the transmission line. Relative dielectric constant less than unity was observed over a 5∶1 bandwidth, and supporting theory is presented showing that bandwidth can be improved by reducing parasitic resistance of the non-Foster element. Theoretical, simulated, and measured results show similar bandwidth and permittivity characteristics.
Delay test of chip I/Os using LSSD boundary scan

This paper describes a novel design-for-test (DFT) concept for I/O delay testing while contacting very few pads, using boundary scan and new test-generation software. In production testing of the IBM System/390 Generation 3/sup TM/ and several ASIC chips, these patterns uncovered unique manufacturing defects.
Response of the tissue of Orconectes rusticus to salinity stress

Abstract 1. 1. Crayfish were acclimated to fresh water and three dilutions of sea water for 4 days. Tissue acclimation was tested by studying the responses of the heart to different strengths of van Harreveld's at the end of this time. 2. 2. Hearts of animals acclimated to the more concentrated media were more tolerant of 2 × van Harreveld's than fresh-water hearts but were less tolerant of 1 × van Harreveld's. 3. 3. Results indicate that the animal is capable of cellular osmotic regulation when exposed to more concentrated media than fresh water.
Resources and Strategies for Flipped Classrooms (Abstract Only)

With interest in "flipped classrooms" rapidly growing, CS faculty are looking for ways to "flip" with a reasonable amount of effort and good results, There is no lack of resources or advice; videos and video-recording apps are proliferating, as are articles and web sites devoted to flipping. Only a small fraction of this is specifically targeted at CS, so it is a daunting task to sort through the available material to find what works well in computing. This BoF will bring together educators who have used, and can recommend, resources for flipping to their colleagues.
Making Laws and Making News: Media Strategies in the U.S. House of Representatives

The news media, especially television, have become a fixture on Capitol Hill in the past twenty years. Making Laws and Making News describes the interactive relationship between the press and Congress that strongly affects the news, the legislative process, and the types of laws enacted. Instead of focusing on how reporters decide who and what to cover and how news is resented, Cook examines the other side of the equation--the relationship between the media strategies of House members press offices and the legislative strategies of the members themselves. The book won the 1990 Benjamin Franklin Award for Excellence in Independent Publishing.
The aromatic residue content of the enzyme rhodanese.

Abstract The aromatic amino acid composition of the enzyme rhodanese has been redetermined. Previous reports have varied from 5 to 11 tryptophans per 26 alanine residues. The present work has quantitated the aromatic residues by a combination of amino acid analysis, solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy, specific residue modification and direct ultraviolet spectral analysis. These methods indicate that rhodanese contains 10 tyrosimes, eight tryptophans and 16 phenylalanines per 26 alanine residues. The result for tyrosine and phenylalanine are in reasonable agreement with previous results.
Increased serum insulin associated with increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence.

BACKGROUND In the present study, we assessed the relationship of serum insulin levels and risk of recurrence in men with localized prostate cancer because of the relationship of insulin to the development of prostate cancer, and because insulin is a growth factor. METHODS Participants in our study were found through urology and radiation oncology clinics, and all eligible patients were asked to take part. All patients were asymptomatic and had been initially diagnosed on the basis of rising PSA or abnormal physical examination. Histological confirmation of diagnosis was obtained for all subjects. Serum insulin levels were determined by chemoluminescent assay with a standard, commercially available instrument (Immulite Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA). Patients were divided into three risk groups: Low risk: serum PSA ≤ 10, stage ≤ T2a, or Gleason grade ≤ 6; Medium risk: serum PSA 10–15, Gleason 7 or stage ≤ T2b; High risk: Gleason > 7, tumor in seminal vesicle biopsy, serum PSA > 15 or stage T2c or T3. RESULTS Men, 112 in number, with prostate cancer were studied. There was a significant increase in serum insulin with risk group (P = 0.002, one-way ANOVA). Tukey's multiple range test showed that the insulin levels of high risk patients were significantly higher than the insulin levels of medium and low risk patients (P = 0.05) but the insulin levels of medium and low risk patients were not significantly different from one another. CONCLUSIONS Urologists are actively seeking additional biomarkers of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Many prostate cancers are quite indolent and may never cause a problem, but it is now impossible to identify such tumors with certainty. Further studies of serum insulin levels in prostate cancer as a biomarker might, therefore, be worthwhile. With more and better biomarkers, many older men might be spared the rigors of radiation therapy and/or surgery, and their complications. Also, new prostate cancer therapies might be directed toward inhibiting the mitogenic effects of insulin. Prostate 50: 1–3, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein E is a prime suspect, not just an accomplice, in Alzheimer's disease.

There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype is the single most important genetic risk factor for the most common (sporadic) form of Alzheimer’s disease. Yet in proportion to the total number of investigations in this field, relatively few groups are studying the contribution of this cholesterol-binding protein to disease risk and severity. Of those that are, a major focus is on the impact of apoE on amyloid-related mechanisms of disease. I argue here that apoE should be considered a major culprit in its own right, not simply in a supporting role. The argument is based on several lines of evidence, including the fact that apoE is associated with both plaques and tangles, the overwhelming evidence for genetic risk of the disease attributed to apoE, increasing evidence that apoE might also modify risk of other nonamyloidogenic neurological diseases, neurotoxicity attributed to apoE and/or proteolytic fragments of apoE, negative consequences of transgenic expression of apoE4 in mice, and genetic evidence for polymorphisms that increase both apoE expression and disease risk, regardless of isoform.
Development of a NOx Sensor Minimization Control Algorithm for Control of Gas Engines With NSCR

High exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies from a spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engine utilizing a Non Selective Catalyst Reduction (NSCR) catalyst system require complex fuel control strategies. The allowable equivalence ratio (Φ) operating range is very narrow where NSCR systems achieve high exhaust emission reduction efficiencies of multiple species. Current fuel control technologies utilizing lambda sensor feedback for natural gas spark ignited engines are reported to be unable to sustain these demands for extended operation periods and when transients are introduced. Lambda sensor accuracy is the critical issue with current fuel controllers. The goal of this project was to develop a minimization control algorithm utilizing an oxides of nitrogen (NOx) sensor installed downstream of the NSCR catalyst system for feedback air/fuel ratio control. Testing was performed on a 100kW rated natural gas Cummins-Onan generator set that was reconfigured to operate utilizing an electronic gas carburetor (EGC2) with lambda sensor feedback and high reduction efficiency NSCR catalyst system. The control algorithm was programmed utilizing a Labview interface that communicated with the electronic gas carburetor where the fuel trim adjustment was physically made. Improvement under steady state operation was observed. The system was also evaluated during load and fuel composition transients.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Urine drug screening in the medical setting

Abstract Background: The term drug screen is a misnomer since it implies screening for all drugs, which is not possible. Current practice is to limit the testing to the examination of serum for several drugs such as ethanol, acetaminophen, salicylate, and of urine for several specific drugs or classes of drugs. In the emergency setting the screen should be performed in less than one hour. Controversies continue to exist regarding the value of urine drug testing in the medical setting. The reasons for these include the drugs involved, the sample, the methods utilized to perform the tests, and the level of understanding of the physician using the data, all of which are closely related to the other. Methods: Current automated methods provide rapid results demanded in emergency situations, but are often designed for, or adapted from, workplace testing and are not necessarily optimized for clinical applications. Furthermore, the use of these methods without consideration of the frequency in which the drugs are found in a given area is not cost-effective. The laboratory must understand the limitations of the assays used and provide this information to the physician. Additionally, the laboratory and the physicians using the data must cooperate to determine which drugs are appropriate and necessary to measure for their institution and clinical setting. In doing so it should be remembered that for many drugs, the sample, urine, contains the end product(s) of drug metabolism, not the parent drug. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug of interest when interpreting data. Finally, while testing for some drugs may not appear cost-effective, the prevention or reduction of morbidity and mortality may offset any laboratory costs. Conclusions: While the literature is replete with studies concerning new methods and a few regarding physician understanding, there are none that we could find that thoroughly, objectively, and fully addressed the issues of utility and cost-effectiveness.
Long-Term Memory and Extinction of the Classically Conditioned Rabbit Nictitating Membrane Response

Abstract The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the duration of long-term memory for classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response (NMR). Anecdotal accounts of memory for the rabbit NMR suggest that a conditioned nictitating membrane response (CR) may occur as long as a year after acquisition. The data from the present between-subjects experiment indicate that CRs (1) are robust if tested after 1 month, (2) still occur if tested after 3 months, and (3) are initially absent if tested after 6 or 9 months but then reemerge over the course of extinction. The data also indicate that reacquisition of CRs 6 or even 9 months after training is significantly more rapid than original acquisition and thus represents a substantial level of savings. These results provide the first systematic, empirical assessment of the long-term memory capacity of the rabbit for classical conditioning of the NMR and suggest that the rabbit NMR preparation is a model suitable for studying the behavioral and physiological processes involved in long-term memory, retention, and forgetting.
Potato growth-environment relationships

Abstract Methods were developed for quantification of morphological development of potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.) Daily quantitative morphological observations made in South Carolina, Maine and North Dakota were regressed on the environmental variables maximum and minimum temperature, solar radiation, rainfall, and soil moisture. Delayed and curvilinear responses to the environment were represented in the multiple regression by use of lagged and transformed independent variables. A growth rate prediction model was applied to long term weather records for various areas to determine applicability of the model for evaluation of suitable seasonal periods and locations for potato production. Models of this type could be used to predict crop development relative to weather variables in established commercial areas, and to evaluate potential new areas suitable for potato production.
Simulation of Air Entrapment by a Plunging Liquid Jet of Finite Length

The impingement of a finite length round water jet on a large pool of water was simulated numerically using a 3D Eulerian-Lagrangian Marker and Micro-Cell (ELMMC) method. The method allowed simulation of the initial impact of the jet on the pool surface, the deformation of the pool surface by the falling jet, and, under certain conditions, the entrapment of an air bubble as the pool closes in on the jet. The conditions considered were for ratios of jet length to radius (h/r) in the range of 4 to 25 and jet Froude number in the range of 16 to 74. The results agreed with previous experimental observations by Oguz et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 294 , 1995) in terms of entrapped air volume and the possible geometries of entrapped bubbles (viz., toroidal or spheroidal). The simulation results also allowed for a detailed study of effects difficult to discern experimentally, such as vorticity generation and differences in entrapped air volume between toroidal and spheroidal bubbles.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Ergodicity of flocking systems for infinite-dimensional multi-agent coordination

In this paper, we address the fundamental questions on the existence of solutions to flocking systems having an infinite number of agents and their ergodic properties. Ergodic theory is a modern dynamical system theory which primarily deals with averaging problems and general qualitative questions. Now it is also a powerful amalgam of methods used for the analysis of statistical properties of dynamical systems. Our method is based on various tools developed from ergodic theory and statistical mechanics. The basic idea is to view the infinite-dimensional flocking system as an ideal gas system consisting of an infinite number of agents. We show that the solution exists for a class of flocking systems in a subset of the phase space by constructing this subset and using the limiting dynamics in the proof. This is the first attempt to using “real” ergodic theory to address such an issue for multi-agent systems.
Direct observation of intersystem crossing in benzene by laser photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Benzene molecules in a low pressure effusive beam are excited to a selected vibronic level of 1B2u first excited singlet state. They are subsequently ionized with either 193 nm ArF laser radiation or 192 nm light generated by anti-Stokes Raman scattering. The kinetic energy distribution of the resulting photoelectrons contains information about the time evolution of population in the singlet and triplet states of benzene.
Hippocampal replay and cortical slow oscillations: a computational study

Sleep is known to be important for memory consolidation [1], and memories are thought to be stored in the hippocampus during the wakefulness and “transferred” to cortex during sleep [2]. Recently, memory replay – repeatable sequences of pyramidal cell firing – has been demonstrated during sleep, and associated with characteristic brain oscillations, giving rise to the hypothesis that these may form the critical neural substrate of memory consolidation. Tampering with replay can disrupt memory formation and consolidation [3], and the mechanisms underlying sequence replay are still unknown. During sleep, replay events are associated with specific patterns of neuronal activity. Replay is seen in cortex during sleep oscillation – a rhythmic ( 150 Hz) firing [4]. It is believed that hippocampal ripples may contribute to the cortical active state generation, however specific interactions between ripples and slow oscillation remain unknown. In the present study, build on our previous research [5], we develop a model of ripple generation to explore interaction between cortical slow oscillation and hippocampal ripples during sleep. Data suggest that during ripple events only a few pyramidal (excitatory) cells are recruited in CA1, and they spike at the peak of the event, while perisomatic interneurons (a kind of inhibitory cells) spike across the duration of the event [6]. The distribution of spike timing with respect to ripple peak is different for different types of interneurons. In hippocampal area CA1, axo-axonic cells tend to spike at ripple initiation and be suppressed in the later part of a ripple [7]. Since axo-axonic cells are in a crucial position to suppress the spikes of the pyramidal cell they impinge upon, we hypothesize that they can regulate the initiation of specific cell activity replay. In this study we designed a computational model of ripple generation that emphasizes the role of axo-axonic cells in selecting which pyramidal cells are participating in ripple activity, hence what sequence is replayed during a given ripple. In our model, high-frequency firing of the perisomatic interneurons mediate high-frequency LFP oscillations in pyramidal neurons while axo-axonic interneurons define specific sequence of pyramidal cell firing. Using such model, we investigate the timing relationship between cortical slow-wave oscillations and hippocampal ripples. Our study proposes a novel mechanism of hippocampal ripple generation and predicts how interactions between different electrographic events during sleep may contribute to coordinated replay in cortical and hippocampal networks.
Allocating Research Space in the University Medical Center: Use of a Mathematical Formula

Allocation of research space often is one of the most emotional and contentious issues facing a university medical center. With decreasing dollars available for building new research laboratories in medical schools, the assignment of laboratory space to basic science and clinical departments presents a difficult problem for deans, chairmen, and faculty. In this article, the authors outline a formula in which net square feet of traditional research space (ie, wet-bench laboratories) may be allocated on the basis of research dollars, output of manuscripts and abstracts averaged over 3 years, and the number of personnel who will use the space. Caution is urged for arbitrarily applying a space formula when it does not apply, ie, nontraditional research, and when insufficient consideration has been given to the individual case. The formula is most useful when applied within a specific institution and primarily for comparative purposes. Nonetheless, once the formula is established, it provides an objective mechanism by which the need for space and the relative merits of space assignments within a department or among departments can be more effectively determined and managed.
A multi-purpose biofeedback device for penile plethysmography

Abstract This report describes the coupling of an audio feedback device to a standard penile transducer. A subject wearing the transducer on his penis can hear an audio signal that increases in direct proportion to the expansion of the transducer as he becomes sexually aroused. Applications of the instrument are suggested for the training of sexual offenders and the sexually impotent.
Errata: Adverse Pressure Gradient Effects on Supersonic Boundary-Layer Turbulence

D SANTIS, Fletcher, and Galowin touched upon a few important points related to our paper. Some of these points are actually items that are being investigated in a further experimental study in the authors' laboratory. To obtain an improved analysis of the flow behavior in the condenser section, laser Doppler velocity measurements will be performed for the experimental porous plate model. The results of this work will be published fairly soon. Even though a constant suction velocity boundary condition is characteristic of similarity solutions, this does not mean that a constant v0 leads to similar velocity profiles. In the computations the complete two-dimensional momentum equations and the continuity equation have been solved. The results as shown in Fig. 7 clearly indicate that this method does not lead to similar velocity profiles. As the computed transverse pressure gradients were found to be very small compared to the axial ones, the pressure profiles in Fig. 8 are shown as a function of the axial position only. The authors feel that any computations based on the a priori assumption of zero transverse pressure gradients lead to incorrect results, especially at higher Rer values. The authors agree with the reviewers' comment that many apparently suitable boundary conditions can lead to flow separation at stagnation points in suction flow, but not all are physically realistic. In the comparison of the results of the computations with the laboratory model, therefore, special care has been taken to obtain a virtually constant suction velocity in the suction section of the experimental model. A very-low-porosity sintered stainless-steel wall with pore size of about 2 jLtm has been used. The flow resistance of the sintered plate was so high that the pressure difference along the condenser section was always less than 0.3% of the pressure drop across the sintered plate. The uniformity of v0 thus depended only on the uniformity of the porosity of the sintered plate and that was better than 1 %. The sharp pressure increase as measured near the end of the condenser section in the experimental model for Rer=43.2 indeed suggests only the possibility of the existence of a recirculation zone. The planned velocity measurements will show whether recirculation is present or not. In fact, the computer program is not limited to constant v0 and Darcy's law could be included to get accurate results for low-porosity walls as well. These results could be used for many other practical situations. Errata: Adverse Pressure Gradient Effects on Supersonic Boundary-Layer Turbulence
The magnetic moment of the 2761 keV 8+ state in 92Mo

Abstract The g-factor for the 2761 keV 8+ state in 92Mo has been measured by a time-differential technique with the 90Zr (α, 2n) 92Mo reaction. The result is g = 1.40 ± 0.07 (μ = 11.2 ± 0.6 nm) which is consistent with a pure |(1 g 9 2 ) 2 , 8 + 〉 wave function. Evidence for an enhanced gl is discussed.
Molecular mechanisms of non-transferrin-bound and transferring-bound iron uptake in primary hippocampal neurons

The molecular mechanisms of iron trafficking in neurons have not been elucidated. In this study, we characterized the expression and localization of ferrous iron transporters Zip8, Zip14 and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and ferrireductases Steap2 and stromal cell-derived receptor 2 in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Steap2 and Zip8 partially co-localize, indicating these two proteins may function in Fe(3+) reduction prior to Fe(2+) permeation. Zip8, DMT1, and Steap2 co-localize with the transferrin receptor/transferrin complex, suggesting they may be involved in transferrin receptor/transferrin-mediated iron assimilation. In brain interstitial fluid, transferring-bound iron (TBI) and non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) exist as potential iron sources. Primary hippocampal neurons exhibit significant iron uptake from TBI (Transferrin-(59) Fe(3+)) and NTBI, whether presented as (59) Fe(2+) -citrate or (59) Fe(3+) -citrate; reductase-independent (59) Fe(2+) uptake was the most efficient uptake pathway of the three. Kinetic analysis of Zn(2+) inhibition of Fe(2+) uptake indicated that DMT1 plays only a minor role in the uptake of NTBI. In contrast, localization and knockdown data indicate that Zip8 makes a major contribution. Data suggest also that cell accumulation of (59) Fe from TBI relies at least in part on an endocytosis-independent pathway. These data suggest that Zip8 and Steap2 play a major role in iron accumulation from NTBI and TBI by hippocampal neurons. Analysis of the expression and localization of known iron uptake transporters demonstrated that Zip8 makes a major contribution to iron accumulation in primary cultures of rat embryonic hippocampal neurons. These cells exhibit uptake pathways for ferrous and ferric iron (non-transferrin-bound iron, NTBI in figure) and for transferrin-bound iron; the ferrireductases Steap2 and SDR2 support the uptake of ferric iron substrates. Zip8 and Steap2 are strongly expressed in the plasma membrane of both soma and processes, implying a crucial role in iron accumulation from NTBI and transferrin-bound iron (TBI) by hippocampal neurons.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE FUTURE

In our most theoretical moods, we may be nearest to our most practical applications. Whitehead.
Preliminary clinical data on a new photodynamic therapy photosensitizer: 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinylpyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) for treatment of obstructive esophageal cancer

Limited therapeutic options exist when chest wafl recurrence from breast cancer progresses despite standard salvage treatment. As photodynamic therapy offers excellent response for cutaneous lesions this may be a possible indication for PDT. A total of 1 02 treatment fields were illuminated on 9 women with biopsy proven chest wall recurrence of breast cancer which was progressing despite salvage surgery, radiation, and chemo-hormonal therapy. PDT consisted of outpatient IV infusion ofPhotofrmn at 0.8 mg/kg followed 48 hours later by illumination at 140-170 J/cm2 via a KTP Yag laser coupled to a dye unit. No patient was lost to follow up. At 6 months post PDT; complete response, defined as total lesion elimination was 89%, partial response 8%, and no response 3%. No photosensitivity was seen and no patient developed scarring, fibrosis, or healing difficulties. Low dose Photofrmn induced PDT is very active against chest wall lesions. Despite fragile and heavily pre-treated tissues, excellent clinical and cosmetic outcome was obtained. PDT is an underutilized modality for this indication.
Suivi intermédiaire après traitement endovasculaire des anévrismes : pouvons-nous éviter le scanner chez certains patients ?

Les recommandations actuelles pour le suivi apres traitement endovasculaire des anevrismes de l'aorte abdominale (EVAR) reposent des examens tomographiques annuels (CT) au-dela de la premiere annee. Nous pensons que c'est inutile chez les patients dont le sac anevrismal est stable ou se retracte a 1 an sans evidence d'endofuite. Pour evaluer cette hypothese, nous avons passe en revue les enregistrements de tous les patients traites par EVAR dans notre etablissement qui ont ete implantes avec les protheses actuellement disponibles dans le commerce et ont eu un minimum de suivi de 18 mois. Parmi les 415 patients qui ont eu une procedure EVAR sur une periode de huit ans, 93 repondaient aux criteres d'inclusion. Avec un suivi moyen d'environ 3 ans, des interventions secondaires ont ete necessaires chez respectivement 13%, 39%, et 25% des patients ayant EVAR avec des dispositifs Zenith, AneuRx, et Excluder, et dans 3%, 22%, et 8% des cas apres la premiere annee. Soixante et onze patients (76%) ont eu un sac anevrismal stable ou se retractant a 1 an et sans endofuite. Seulement deux de ces patients ont par la suite necessite une reintervention. Les deux patients avaient des protheses AneuRx, et les deux problemes auraient facilement ete identifies sans CT. Nos donnees soutiennent l'hypothese que les patients qui repondent a ces criteres a 1 an sont peu susceptibles d'avoir des problemes ne pouvant pas etre identifies par les seuls ultrasons et/ou l'examen clinique et donc que les examens CT ne sont pas necessaires au dela, particulierement chez les patients ayant une endoprothese Zenith ou un dispositif Excluder de nouvelle generation.
Use of retrievable compared to permanent inferior vena cava filters: a single-institution experience.

The purpose of this study was to review the use, safety, and efficacy of retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in their first 5 years of availability at our institution. Comparison was made with permanent filters placed in the same period. A retrospective review of IVC filter implantations was performed from September, 1999, to September, 2004, in our department. These included both retrievable and permanent filters. The Recovery nitinol and Gunther tulip filters were used as retrievable filters. The frequency of retrievable filter used was calculated. Clinical data and technical data related to filter placement were reviewed. Outcomes, including pulmonary embolism, complications associated with placement, retrieval, or indwelling, were calculated. During the study period, 604 IVC filters were placed. Of these, 97 retrievable filters (16%) were placed in 96 patients. There were 53 Recovery filter and 44 Tulip filter insertions. Subjects were 59 women and 37 men; the mean age was 52 years, with a range of from 18 to 97 years. The placement of retrievable filters increased from 2% in year 1 to 32% in year 5 of the study period. The total implantation time for the permanent group was 145,450 days, with an average of 288 days (range, 33-1811 days). For the retrievable group, the total implantation time was 21,671 days, with an average of 226 days (range, 2-1217 days). Of 29 patients who returned for filter retrieval, the filter was successfully removed in 28. There were 14 of 14 successful Tulip filter retrievals and 14 of 15 successful Recovery filter retrievals. In one patient, after an indwelling period of 39 days, a Recovery nitinol filter could not be removed secondary to a large clot burden within the filter. For the filters that were removed, the mean dwell time was 50 days for the Tulip type and 20 days for the Recovery type. Over the follow-up period there was an overall PE incidence of 1.4% for the permanent group and 1% for the retrieval group. In conclusion, there was an increase in the use of retrievable filters over the study period and an overall increase in the total number of filters implanted. The increased use of these filters appeared to be due to expanded indications predicated by their retrievability. Placement and retrieval of these filters have a low risk of complications, and retrievable filters appeared effective, as there was low rate of clinically significant pulmonary embolism associated with these filters during their indwelling time.