cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of wire-rod electrostatic fluid accelerators

Due to the current trend of increasing component densities and decreasing form factors for microelectronics, greater heat intensities are generated across smaller surface areas, exceeding the current cooling capabilities of conventional cooling technologies. Air cooling technologies still play an important role in overall thermal management strategy. Among air cooling technologies, electrohydrodynamics (EHD)-based air movers, also known as electrostatic fluid accelerators (EFAs) or ionic wind pumps, have been considered one of the most advanced air cooling devices due to their superior features, such as the elimination of moving parts and high energy efficiency. EFAs use Coulomb forces between charged molecules as the driving force to push bulk air to generate airflow. In contrast to conventional rotary fans, EFAs significantly reduce acoustic noise and increase energy efficiency due to the elimination of moving components. Therefore, further development of EFAs will enable their widespread adoption and effective use of EFAs. This investigation presents guidelines for the optimization of a wire-rod EFA device, in terms of the number of electrodes and the applied voltage at the corona electrodes. These guidelines are carried out by using the statistical method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), to analyze the numerical data. The results indicate that the air velocity at the channel outlet is not proportional to the number of electrodes. Obtaining a maximum air velocity requires a thoughtful multistep optimization procedure, in which several geometrical and material property parameters are considered.
Dynamic Monotonicity and Comparative Statics for Real Options

Abstract We analyze the relationship between complementarities and monotonicity in dynamic programs. While complementarities (supermodularity and nondecreasing differences) are sufficient for monotonic statics in stochastic dynamic programs, they are only “robustly” necessary in a limited way under heavy discounting. Monotonicity of the decision rule doesnotin general imply monotonicity of the optimal path. In fact, optimal paths in such models may exhibit extremely complex behavior. For convex adjustment costs many real option models have monotone decision rules, while for fixed costs they typically do not. We also strengthen a well known characterization of complementarities due to Milgrom and Shannon [19].Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C61, D92, E22.
Matrix-Assisted Cocrystallization (MAC) Simultaneous Production and Formulation of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals by Hot-Melt Extrusion

A novel method for the simultaneous production and formulation of pharmaceutical cocrystals, matrix-assisted cocrystallization (MAC), is presented. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is used to create cocrystals by coprocessing the drug and coformer in the presence of a matrix material. Carbamazepine (CBZ), nicotinamide (NCT), and Soluplus® were used as a model drug, coformer, and matrix, respectively. The MAC product containing 80:20 (w/w) cocrystal:matrix was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model was developed for quantifying the efficiency of cocrystal formation. The MAC product was estimated to be 78% (w/w) cocrystal (theoretical 80%), with approximately 0.3% mixture of free (unreacted) CBZ and NCT, and 21.6% Soluplus (theoretical 20%) with the PLS model. A physical mixture (PM) of a reference cocrystal (RCC), prepared by precipitation from solution, and Soluplus resulted in faster dissolution relative to the pure RCC. However, the MAC product with the exact same composition resulted in considerably faster dissolution and higher maximum concentration (∼five-fold) than those of the PM. The MAC product consists of high-quality cocrystals embedded in a matrix. The processing aspect of MAC plays a major role on the faster dissolution observed. The MAC approach offers a scalable process, suitable for the continuous manufacturing and formulation of pharmaceutical cocrystals. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2904–2910, 2014
Femtosecond-Pulsed Plasmonic Nanotweezers

We demonstrate for the first time plasmonic nanotweezers based on Au bowtie nanoantenna arrays (BNAs) that utilize a femtosecond-pulsed input source to enhance trapping of both Rayleigh and Mie particles. Using ultra-low input power densities, we demonstrate that the high-peak powers associated with a femtosecond source augment the trap stiffness to 2x that of nanotweezers employing a continuous-wave source and 5x that of conventional tweezers using a femtosecond source. We show that for trapped fluorescent microparticles the two-photon response is enhanced by 2x in comparison to the response without nanoantennas. We also demonstrate tweezing of 80-nm diameter Ag nanoparticles and observe an enhancement of the second-harmonic signal of ~3.5x for the combined nanoparticle-BNA system compared to the bare BNAs. Finally, under select illumination conditions, fusing of Ag nanoparticles to the BNAs is observed which holds potential for in situ fabrication of three-dimensional, bimetallic nanoantennas.
Farm women and the meaning of work and leisure: An oral history perspective

Abstract Work and leisure have generally been considered separate aspects of people's lives. However, for many women, the integration of work and leisure has been necessary to find meaning in life. In this qualitative oral history study of rural farm women, retrospective data were obtained about the perceptions of life on the farm during the past fifty years. Five major themes emerged in this study: (1) the work of the women was time‐consuming and never‐ending, (2) childcare was a necessary work responsibility, (3) work was often infused with other social and community responsibilities, (4) work was valued and enjoyed, and (5) lack of free time or leisure was not a problem. These farm women found meaning and leisure through an integration of work, family, and community experiences.
Magnetic profile in Nb/Si superconducting multilayers.

Polarized neutron reflectivity measurements were conducted on [Nb(100{angstrom})/Si(15{angstrom})]xN superconducting multilayers with a T{sub c} {approximately} 7.5 K. Scope of the experiment was to verify the existence of arrays of vortices parallel to the surface above the critical field H{sub cl} = 400 Oe when a magnetic field was applied parallel to the film plane. Measurements at 1.6 K and 700 Oe in the zero-field-cooled condition, and at 30 Oe after field cooling, indicated that reflectivity close to the first Bragg reflection of the multilayer was significantly dependent on the neutron spin. This effect was interpreted as due to Josephson type vortices at and around the silicon layers.
Effectors of the stringent response target the active site of Escherichia coli adenylosuccinate synthetase.

Guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp), a pleiotropic effector of the stringent response, potently inhibits adenylosuccinate synthetase from Escherichia coli as an allosteric effector and/or as a competitive inhibitor with respect to GTP. Crystals of the synthetase grown in the presence of IMP, hadacidin, NO3−, and Mg2+, then soaked with ppGpp , reveal electron density at the GTP pocket which is consistent with guanosine 5′-diphosphate 2′:3′-cyclic monophosphate. Unlike ligand complexes of the synthetase involving IMP and GDP, the coordination of Mg2+ in this complex is octahedral with the side chain of Asp13 in the inner sphere of the cation. The cyclic phosphoryl group interacts directly with the side chain of Lys49 and indirectly through bridging water molecules with the side chains of Asn295 and Arg305. The synthetase either directly facilitates the formation of the cyclic nucleotide or scavenges trace amounts of the cyclic nucleotide from solution. Regardless of its mode of generation, the cyclic nucleotide binds far more tightly to the active site than does ppGpp . Conceivably, synthetase activity in vivo during the stringent response may be sensitive to the relative concentrations of several effectors, which together exercise precise control over the de novosynthesis of AMP.
Epr studies on the mechanism of action of succinate dehydrogenase in activated preparations

Summary Reductive titrations and rapid kinetic studies are reported on extensively or completely activated, particulate and solubilized succinate dehydrogenase (SD) preparations. There is one iron-sulfur (Fe−S) center of the ferredoxin type present per flavin which is reduced by succinate, but even in activated preparations at most 60% of these centers were reduced within the turnover time of the enzymes. Flavin semiquinone formation does not precede or significantly lag behind the reduction of the Fe−S centers. On reduction of the soluble enzymes an accumulation of semiquinone is observed. No qualitative difference between the behavior of preparations containing 4 Fe or 8 Fe per flavin was found. Succinate-ubiquinone reductase (Complex II) contains an Fe−S component with properties of high-potential Fe−S proteins (See Ruzicka and Beinert, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communs. this issue). It occurs at a concentration close to that of the bound flavin and has been observed to be reduced by succinate at approximately the same rate as the ferredoxin type (g=1.94) component. With dithionite, reduction of additional Fe−S groups (0.2 to 0.5 per flavin) is observed but the significance of this is uncertain.
An overview of interface-dominated deformation mechanisms in metallic multilayers

Abstract Recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the deformation mechanisms in metallic multilayers are reviewed. The strength of metallic multilayers increases with decreasing layer thickness and reaches a maximum at layer thickness of a couple of nanometers. The unit processes of slip transmission across the interphase boundary, without the mechanical advantage of a dislocation pile-up, are critical in determining the maximum flow strengths of multilayers. For the case of non-coherent fcc–bcc nanolayered composites such as Cu–Nb, we show that the atomic structure of the interface leads to low interface shear strength. The stress field of a glide dislocation approaching the interface locally shears the interface, resulting in dislocation core spreading and trapping in the interface plane. Glide dislocation trapping at the weak interface via core spreading is thus the key unit process that determines the interface barrier to slip transmission. The maximum strength achieved in a non-coherent multilayer can be tailored by the shear strength of the interface. The role of the atomic structure of the interface in promoting room temperature climb at interfaces and its implications in dislocation recovery is highlighted. Experimental validation of the model predictions is discussed.
Comparison of mortality rates and progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and dilated versus nondilated right ventricular cavities

This study assesses the influence of right ventricular (RV) dilation on the progression of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and survival in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Using transthoracic echocardiography, we studied 100 patients with IDC aged 20 to 80 years (mean 55 +/- 14); 67% were men. In the apical 4-chamber view, diastolic LV and RV chamber area measurements classified patients into 2 groups: group RV enlargement+ (RV area/LV area > 0.5) included 54 patients; group RV enlargement- (no RV enlargement) had RV area/LV area < or = 0.5. Echocardiographic studies were repeated in all patients after a mean of 33 +/- 16 months. At the time of the initial study, the 2 groups did not differ in age, gender, incidence of atrial fibrillation and diabetes, left ventricular mass, and LV ejection fraction, but the RV enlargement+ group had more severe tricuspid regurgitation and less LV enlargement. After 47 +/- 22 months (range 12 to 96), patients in group RV enlargement+ had lower LV ejection fraction (29% vs 34%, p = 0.006) than patients with initial RV enlargement-. At clinical follow-up, mortality was higher (43%) in patients with initial RV enlargement+ than the RV enlargement- patients (15%), p = 0.002. For survivors, the mitral deceleration time averaged 157 +/- 36 ms; for nonsurvivors or patients who required transplant, the mitral deceleration time averaged 97 +/- 12 ms (p < 0.0001). With use of a multivariate Cox model adjusting for LV ejection fraction, LV size, and age, the relative risk ratio of mortality from initial RV enlargement+ was 4.4 (95% confidence limits 1.7 to 11.1) (p = 0.002). Thus, patients with significant RV dilation had nearly triple the mortality over 4 years and more rapidly deteriorating LV function than patients with less initial RV dilation. In IDC, RV enlargement is a strong marker for adverse prognosis that may represent a different morphologic subset.
Carbohydrate digestion in the adult moth Heliothis zea

Abstract Extracts from the ventriculus and the salivary glands of the adult corn earworm, Heliothis zea, were tested for carbohydrase activity. The hydrolysis that occurred among the 12 carbohydrate substrates tested and the evidence from thin-layer chromatography indicated only one carbohydrase, a β-fructosidase, from the salivary glands and two, a β-fructosidase fnd an α-glucosidase, from the ventriculus. Optimum pH was 6·5 for the β-fructosidase from both the ventriculus and the salivary glands and 5·5 for the α-glucosidase. The Km for the β-fructosidase from the salivary glands was 112 mM.
Inhibition of Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus with Pentachlorobenzyl Alcohol, Phthalide, and Pyroquilon

Abstract Two isolates of Aspergillus flavus were grown in shake cultures for 4 days at 30°C with 0 to 8 μg/ml of 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobenzyl alcohol (PCBA) or phthalide and 0 to 30 μg/ml of pyroquilon. The three compounds significantly inhibited the accumulation of aflatoxins B1, B2, and B2a in cultures of both isolates. The effect of PCBA was most pronounced, followed by phthalide and then pyroquilon. With isolate SRRC-2089, the control contained 365 ± 45 μg of aflatoxin B1 per gram mycelial dry weight, while in cultures treated with 8 μg/ml PCBA, phthalide or pyroquilon, aflatoxin B1 levels decreased by 98, 86, and 48%, respectively. At the 8 μg/ml level, phthalide and pyroquilon did not significantly inhibit fungal growth with SRRC-2089, but PCBA caused a decrease of 12% in mycelial dry weight. Precursor feeding studies with [14C]norsolorinic acid demonstrated that the enzymes converting norsolorinic acid and later precursors to aflatoxins were not inhibited by these compounds. Thus, inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis by PCBA, phthalide, and pyroquilon seems to be earlier in the biosynthetic pathway before the synthesis of norsolorinic acid.
Divided Government and the Rise of Social Regulation

Political scientists have debated the causes of divided government since the Reagan administration. In addition, a handful of scholars have also pondered the possible consequences of divided party rule for politics and policy. Still, one serious oversight in the divided‘government literature is the potential consequences of divided party rule for the types of policy pursued during divided and unified party regimes. Divided government may create incentives for conflicting institutions to use social regulation debates, often considered the most divisive public policy debates, as “wedges” in order to damage the opposing party in future elections. Each party also has an incentive to embrace social regulation in order to reaffirm its allegiance to its core constituency. This article tests the hypothesis that divided government produces more important social regulation votes than unified government. I define the population of important votes as all Key Votes in the House of Representatives from 1953 to 1998. The data analysis reveals that important social regulation votes are in fact more prominent during eras of divided government than during unified party control. This finding has potential implications for the tenor of our national politics as well as the public trust.
Origin and spread of de novo genes in drosophila melanogaster populations

Comparative genomic analyses have revealed that genes may arise from ancestrally nongenic sequence. However, the origin and spread of these de novo genes within populations remain obscure. We identified 142 segregating and 106 fixed testis-expressed de novo genes in a population sample of Drosophila melanogaster. These genes appear to derive primarily from ancestral intergenic, unexpressed open reading frames, with natural selection playing a significant role in their spread. These results reveal a heretofore unappreciated dynamism of gene content.
Uptake of free choline by isolated perfused rat liver

Abstract The uptake of free choline by isolated perfused rat liver was characterized. A saturable uptake mechanism [Ka = 0.17 +/- 0.07 mM (SD); Vmax = 0.84 +/- 0.16 mumol/min X g dry weight] and a nonsaturable mechanism (through which uptake is proportional to choline concentration in the perfusate) were identified. Most of the choline transported into hepatocytes was converted to betaine, phosphorylcholine, or lecithin. Free choline also accumulated within the intracellular space, suggesting that choline oxidase activity does not always limit choline's uptake by the liver.
Instability of off resonance modes in lasers

Abstract In a continuously pumped, homogeneously broadened, two level ring laser, an instability of the off resonance modes is shown to exist if the pumping is strong enough and if the cavity length is chosen properly.
Future directions in computerized tomography

The development of spiral computed tomography (helical or volume acquisition CT) depended fundamentally on the introduction of slipring technology, permitting continous rotation of the X-ray tube and detectors. Continuous X-ray output and table movement permits the acquisition of true volumetric data within a single breath hold. A range of new applications have been fostered by this technique. The development of new high-energy X-ray tubes, the fitting of additions detectors, and increasingly powerful computer hardware and software with the ability to reconstruct multiplanar images from raw data, will all contribute to increasing image quality and decreasing acquisition times. The availability of blood isotonic contrast agents may help to improve patient safety.
Preservation of Clay Minerals in the Precambrian (1.1 Ga) Nonesuch Formation in the Vicinity of the White Pine Copper Mine, Michigan1

The Middle Proterozoic (1.1 Ga) Nonesuch Formation, host of the stratiform copper deposit at White Pine, Michigan, consists of 200 m of principally dark grey clastic sediments which contain detritus obtained dominantly from underlying mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks. Clay minerals from samples collected from the mine area and drill holes up to 100 km away have been studied using SEM, EMPA, TEM and AEM. Two morphologies of phyllosilicates, both including white mica and chlorite, occur in the ‘lower’ Nonesuch Formation: (1) detrital-shaped and (2) matrix. Detrital-shaped phyllosilicate grains are up to 450 microns long with long axes parallel to bedding. Matrix phyllosilicates occur as packets typically <200 A thick and as pore-filling cement.
Some properties of Ca-binding activity in butanol extracts of matrix vesicles isolated from fetal bovine epiphyseal cartilage

Abstract 1. 1. The present studies indicate that butanol extracts from isolated calf matrix vesicles contained Ca-binding activity. 2. 2. The effects of pH, trypsin, phospholipase C. suggest that the major portion of binding activity, if not all. resides in phospholipids. 3. 3. Centrifugation in sucrose density gradients indicates that the major Ca-binding activity can be readily separated from alkaline phosphatase activity. Mg2+ at a concentration five times higher than Ca2+ concentration competitively inhibited 50% of Ca-binding activity, whereas Zn2+, Co2+, or Mn2+ exhibited non-competitive inhibition. 4. 4. Na+ and K+ at te times the concentration of Ca2+ had no effect on binding activity.
Crystallographic Attributes of a Shape-Memory Alloy

Shape-memory Alloys are attractive for many potential applications. In an attempt to provide ideas and guidelines for the development of new shape-memory alloys, this paper reports on a series of investigations that examine the reasons in the crystallography that make (i) shape-memory alloys special amongst martensites and (ii) Nickel-Titanium special among shape-memory alloys.
Numerical simulation of theories for gas absorption with chemical reaction

Steady- and unsteady-state theories for interfacial mass transfer are used to model gas absorption with second-order, reversible reaction and the absorption of CO2 into aqueous MDEA (methyldiethanolamine). The latter case represents a system of industrial interest, having both finite rate and equilibrium reactions. Steady-state theories studied are film theory, simplified eddy diffusivity theory, and an approximation to surface renewal theory. Higbie's penetration and Danckwert's surface renewal theories are the unsteady-state theories reviewed. The Nernst-Planck equations for diffusion and reaction in ionic systems are solved numerically using orthogonal collocation on finite elements. Comparisons are made between the absorption enhancement factor obtained for all theories. The applicability of approximate methods of solution for absorption with chemical reaction is also discussed.
Map perspective and the learning of text.

In two studies, undergraduates learned a map of the city of Rome in either a flat survey map or a one-point perspective format. The perspective map lead to greater feature recall in the first study and to better memory for a related text when features were correctly located in the second study. Both studies suggest that map scanning patterns may differ depending on the learner’s point of view.
The association of parent’s outcome expectations for child TV viewing with parenting practices and child TV viewing: an examination using path analysis

Television (TV) viewing has been associated with many undesirable outcomes for children, such as increased risk of obesity, but TV viewing can also have benefits. Although restrictive parenting practices are effective in reducing children’s TV viewing, not all parents use them and it is currently unclear why. The current study examined parenting practices related to TV viewing in the context of social- cognitive theory. Specifically, we hypothesized that positive and negative Parental Outcome Expectations for child’s TV Viewing (POETV) would be associated with social co-viewing and restrictive parenting practices, and that POETV and parenting practices influence the amount of TV viewed by child. Data were collected from an internet survey of 287 multi-ethnic parents and their 6–12 year old children on participants’ sociodemographic information, parenting practices related to TV use, POETV, and parent and child TV viewing. Path analysis was used to examine the relationship amongst variables in separate models for weekday and weekend TV viewing. controlling for child age, household education, and parental TV viewing. The results provided partial support for the hypotheses, with notable differences between weekday and weekend viewing. The models explained 13.6 % and 23.4 % of the variance in children’s TV viewing on weekdays and weekends respectively. Neither positive nor negative POETV were associated with restrictive TV parenting in either model. One subscale each from positive and negative POETV were associated with social co-viewing parenting on both weekends and weekdays in the expected direction. Restrictive parenting practices were directly negatively associated with children’s TV viewing on weekdays, but not weekends. Social co-viewing parenting was directly positively associated with children’s TV viewing on weekends, but not weekdays. The strongest influence on children’s TV viewing was having a TV in the child’s bedroom. Negative POETV was weakly associated with having a TV in the child’s room. These findings suggest that POETV and parenting may have a greater impact on weekend TV viewing, when children tend to watch more TV, than weekday. The models suggest that POETV, parenting and especially removing the TV from children’s rooms may be promising targets for interventions.
Duality and Rate Optimization for Multiple Access and Broadcast Channels With Amplify-and-Forward Relays

In this paper, we consider multihop multiple access (MAC) and broadcast channels (BC) where communication takes place with the assistance of relays that amplify and forward (AF) their received signals. For a two-hop parallel AF relay MAC, assuming a sum power constraint across all relays we characterize optimal relay amplification factors and the resulting optimal rate regions. We find the maximum sum rate and the maximum rate for each user in closed form and express the optimal rate pair (R1, R2) that maximizes mu1R1+mu2R2 as the solution of a pair of simultaneous equations. We find that the parallel AF relay MAC with total transmit power of the two users P1+P2=P and total relay power PR is the dual of the parallel AF relay BC where the MAC source nodes become the BC destination nodes, the MAC destination node becomes the BC source node, the dual BC source transmit power is PR and the total transmit power of the AF relays is P. The duality means that the rate region of the AF relay MAC with a sum power constraint P on the transmitters is the same as that of the dual BC. The duality relationship is found to be useful in characterizing the rate region of the AF relay BC as the union of MAC rate regions. The duality is established for distributed multiple antenna AF relay nodes and multiple (more than 2) hops as well.
Differential Modulation of Adherence of Oral Streptococci by Human Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase

In this study, the modulation of adherence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing and non-H2O2-producing strains of oral streptococci by the host leukocyte enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) was examined. It was found that exposure to MPO decreased adherence of many strains of oral streptococci to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads in the presence of exogenous H2O 2 and chloride. The MPO-H2O2-Cl- system increased the adherence of one strain. In the absence of exogenous H 2O2, the MPO-H2O2-Cl- system decreased the adherence of H2O2producing strains only. Glucose increased streptococcal H2O2 production and also increased the anti-adhesive activity of MPO in the absence of exogenous H2O2. We conclude that: (1) host leukocytes can modulate the adherence of oral streptococci via MPO; (2) endogenous production of H 2O2 by the oral streptococci can provide sufficient substrate H2O2 to drive this system; and (3) MPO will exert differential modulatory effects on the adherence of oral streptococci, based in part upon the ...
Analyzing the feasibility of building a new mass storage system on distributed resources

The average PC now contains a large and increasing amount of storage with an ever greater amount left unused. We believe there is an opportunity for organizations to harness the vast unused storage capacity on their PCs to create a very large, low-cost, shared storage system. What is needed is the proper storage system architecture and software to exploit and manage the unused portions of existing PC storage devices across an organization and make it reliably accessible to users and applications. We call our vision of such a storage system Storagecdesk (SD). This paper describes our first step towards the realization of SD—a study of machine and storage characteristics and usage in a model organization. We studied 729 PCs in an academic institution for 91 days, monitoring the configuration, load and usage of the major machine subsystems, i.e. disk, memory, CPU and network. To further analyze the availability characteristics of storage in an SD system, we performed a trace-driven simulation of some basic storage allocation strategies. This paper presents the results of our data collection efforts, our analysis of the data, our simulation results and our conclusion that an SD system is indeed feasible and holds promise as a cost-effective way to create massive storage systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A preliminary version of this paper has been published in the Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Virtualization Technology in Distributed Computing, held in conjunction with SC06, 17 November 2006, Tampa, FL.
Intracranial Self-Stimulation to Evaluate Abuse Potential of Drugs

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug effects, ICSS relies on electrode placements that target the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus, and experimental sessions manipulate frequency or amplitude of stimulation to engender a wide range of baseline response rates or response probabilities. Under these conditions, drug-induced increases in low rates/probabilities of responding maintained by low frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation are interpreted as an abuse-related effect. Conversely, drug-induced decreases in high rates/probabilities of responding maintained by high frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation can be interpreted as an abuse-limiting effect. Overall abuse potential can be inferred from the relative expression of abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects. The sensitivity and selectivity of ICSS to detect abuse potential of many classes of abused drugs is similar to the sensitivity and selectivity of drug self-administration procedures. Moreover, similar to progressive-ratio drug self-administration procedures, ICSS data can be used to rank the relative abuse potential of different drugs. Strengths of ICSS in comparison with drug self-administration include 1) potential for simultaneous evaluation of both abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects, 2) flexibility for use with various routes of drug administration or drug vehicles, 3) utility for studies in drug-naive subjects as well as in subjects with controlled levels of prior drug exposure, and 4) utility for studies of drug time course. Taken together, these considerations suggest that ICSS can make significant contributions to the practice of abuse potential testing.
Enhanced analytic noise model for RF CMOS design

In this paper we develop a simple physics based noise model for short channel RF CMOS devices that is targeted towards analytic hand calculations but is easily incorporated into a circuit simulator. Classical CMOS transistor noise theory set forth by A. Van der Zeil (Proc. IRE, vol. 50, pp. 1808-1812, 1962) is combined with more recent noise studies. A novel de-embedding technique is used to extract experimental noise parameter results that confirm the model's accuracy from 2-20 GHz for 0.18 /spl mu/ length devices in the TSMC CMOS process. While some authors have assumed a fixed excess noise factor (/spl gamma/) for predicting RF noise at a particular channel length, we show here that /spl gamma/ is sensitive to both device bias and process parameters and cannot be assumed constant for fixed channel length.
Glyceollins as novel targeted therapeutic for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glyceollins on the suppression of tumorigenesis in triple-negative breast carcinoma cell lines. We further explored the effects of glyceollins on microRNA and protein expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Triple-negative (ER-, PgR- and Her2/neu-) breast carcinoma cells were used to test the effects of glyceollins on tumorigenesis in vivo. Following this procedure, unbiased microarray analysis of microRNA expression was performed. Additionally, we examined the changes in the proteome induced by glyceollins in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Tumorigenesis studies revealed a modest suppression of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell tumor growth in vivo. In response to glyceollins we observed a distinct change in microRNA expression profiles and proteomes of the triple-negative breast carcinoma cell line, MDA-MB-231. Our results demonstrated that the glyceollins, previously described as anti-estrogenic agents, also exert antitumor activity in triple-negative breast carcinoma cell systems. This activity correlates with the glyceollin alteration of microRNA and proteomic expression profiles.
The influence of researcher methods on television and newspaper news credibility evaluations

This study assessed responses to variations of several notable news credibility measures. TV news was evaluated as more credible than newspapers, although its margin of supremacy was a function of researcher operationalizations of the concept.
Learning Control Under Extreme Uncertainty

A peg-in-hole insertion task is used as an example to illustrate the utility of direct associative reinforcement learning methods for learning control under real-world conditions of uncertainty and noise. Task complexity due to the use of an unchamfered hole and a clearance of less than 0.2mm is compounded by the presence of positional uncertainty of magnitude exceeding 10 to 50 times the clearance. Despite this extreme degree of uncertainty, our results indicate that direct reinforcement learning can be used to learn a robust reactive control strategy that results in skillful peg-in-hole insertions.
H-SCAN: A high level alternative to full-scan testing with reduced area and test application overheads

This paper presents H-SCAN, a practical testing methodology that can be easily applied to a high-level design specification. H-SCAN allows the use of combinational test patterns without the high area and test application time overheads associated with full-scan testing. Connectivities between registers existing in an RT-level design are exploited to reduce the area overhead associated with implementing a scan scheme. Test application time is significantly reduced by using the parallelism inherent in the design, and eliminating the pin constraint of parallel scan schemes by analyzing the test responses on-chip using existing comparators. The proposed method also includes generating appropriate sequential test vectors from combinational test vectors generated by a combinational ATPG program. Application of H-SCAN to RT-level designs and fault simulation using the test patterns generated by H-SCAN shows fault coverage comparable to full-scan testing, with significant reduction in test area overhead and test application time when compared to a traditional gate-level full-scan implementation.
The Effects of Time Lag on Driving Performance and a Possible Mitigation

Fixed time lags within control systems are known to reduce the speed and accuracy of human-control actions. Further, the effects of variable time lags are not well-studied or understood but may exacerbate the negative effects associated with fixed time lags. Several studies have demonstrated mechanisms designed to combat the effects of time lag, which include adaptation, mathematical predictors and filters, and predictive displays. This experiment examined the effects of both fixed and variable time lag on a simulated-indirect-vision-driving task, as well as a possible mitigation (predictive display) for these effects. Results revealed that variable time lag significantly increased average lane offset more than fixed time lag, which indicates a decrease in driver accuracy. A predictive display significantly reduced lane offset and increased vehicle speed for both fixed and variable time lags. The predictive display also resulted in lower reports of operator workload. These results revealed the negative performance affects of variable time lag and demonstrated the utility of a predictive display to overcome the negative performance effects associated with fixed and variable time lags.
Neonatal release of gonadotropins is essential for development of ovarian follicle-stimulating hormone receptors.

In the rat, ovarian follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptors increase markedly during the first two postnatal weeks, when serum gonadotropin levels are most elevated. This study was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that these high gonadotropin levels, and in particular FSH, are involved in the acquisition of FSH receptors by the developing ovary. Gonadotropin release was suppressed by administration of several nonaromatizable androgens, among which dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) was the most effective. In one series of experiments the steroids were administered from Days 5 to 11, and serum FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured on Day 12. Surprisingly, FSH receptor content was greater in rats with suppressed serum gonadotropins than in controls. The greatest increase in available receptors was observed in DHTP-treated rats in which serum FSH was reduced to 20% of control values and LH suppressed to undetectable values. DHTP failed to directly increase available FSH receptors in hypophysectomized immature rats. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) treatment of ovarian membranes removed bound ‘251-hFSH by 87% without affecting receptor viability. Exposure of control 12-day-old ovaries to MgCl2 increased available FSH receptors to a level similar to that of ovaries from DHTP-treated rats not exposed to MgCl2, suggesting that more receptors were available in DHTP-treated rats because serum FSH was suppressed. Earlier initation of DHTP treatment (postnatal Day 1) suppressed serum FSH and LH to undetectable values by Day 5 and decreased FSH receptor content below control values by Day 12. MgCl2 treatment only slightly increased available receptors in these DHTP-treated animals. The suppressive effect of early DHTP treatment on FSH receptors was prevented by neonatal (Days I to 5) administration of purified human FSH, suggesting that the decline in receptor content was a consequence of depressed serum FSH levels, and not due to a direct DHTP action on the ovary. It is concluded that a) elevated levels of serum gonadotropins, particularly FSH, during neonatal days are essential for the subsequent appearance of ovarian FSH receptors, and b) during the infantile period, serum FSH titers less than one-fifth of control values, but similar to levels present in juvenile rats, suffice to maintain ovarian FSH receptor content at normal levels, in spite of undetectable levels of serum LH.
So many correlated tests, so little time! Rapid adjustment of P values for multiple correlated tests.

Contemporary genetic association studies may test hundreds of thousands of genetic variants for association, often with multiple binary and continuous traits or under more than one model of inheritance. Many of these association tests may be correlated with one another because of linkage disequilibrium between nearby markers and correlation between traits and models. Permutation tests and simulation-based methods are often employed to adjust groups of correlated tests for multiple testing, since conventional methods such as Bonferroni correction are overly conservative when tests are correlated. We present here a method of computing P values adjusted for correlated tests (PACT) that attains the accuracy of permutation or simulation-based tests in much less computation time, and we show that our method applies to many common association tests that are based on multiple traits, markers, and genetic models. Simulation demonstrates that PACT attains the power of permutation testing and provides a valid adjustment for hundreds of correlated association tests. In data analyzed as part of the Finland–United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) study, we observe a near one-to-one relationship (r2>.999) between PACT and the corresponding permutation-based P values, achieving the same precision as permutation testing but thousands of times faster.
On the propagation of plane waves in type–III thermoelastic media

The propagation of plane waves in infinite, three–dimensional, type–III thermoelastic media is investigated. Exact dispersion relation solutions are determined and several characterizations of the wavefield are examined. Low– and high–frequency asymptotic expressions are given, small–coupling limit results are derived, and special/limiting cases, including those corresponding to thermoelastic media of types II and I, are noted. Computational tools are used to illustrate the analytical findings and to study the effects of varying the physical parameters. Of the findings presented, the following are most significant: (i) the determination of critical values of the physical parameters and their impact on the wavefields; (ii) ascertaining that type–III media behave, essentially, like type–II (respectively, type–I) media with respect to low– (respectively, high–) frequency plane waves; (iii) establishing the Whitham stability of plane waves in type–III media; and (iv) the determination of the dispersion characteristics of type–III media.
Longitudinal instability in heavy-ion fusion induction linacs

An induction linac accelerating a high-current pulse of heavy ions at subrelativistic velocities is predicted to exhibit unstable growth of current fluctuations. An overview is given of the mode character, estimates of growth rates, and their application to an IFE driver. The present and projected effort to understand and ameliorate the instability is described. This includes particle-in-cell simulations, calculation and measurements of impedance, and design of feedback controls.
Neuromalacia Associated with Low Riboflavin Diets, a Preliminary Report

Abstract RECENT advances in the knowledge of the dietary factors concerned in the nutrition of the chick have made it possible to study various forms of paralysis in this species. Hogan, Guerrant, and Kempster (1925) observed a leg disorder in chicks which was thought to be a vitamin B1 deficiency. Later Hogan et al (1928) reported paralysis, in the chick unassocated with rickets or a mineral deficiency, which in certain cases was prevented by yeast. Norris, Heuser, and Wilgus (1930) described paralytic symptoms and curled toes in the chick and suggested that milk contained an essential dietary factor for the prevention of this type of paralysis. This observation was further substantiated by Norris, Heuser, Wilgus, and Ringrose (1930) and corroborated by the studies of Bethke, Record, and Kennard (1931). Ringrose et al (1931) obtained a nutritional paralysis in chicks on diets which caused a pellagra-like syndrome. Bethke, Record, and Wilder (1936 . . .
Scope of Occupational Therapy in the U.s. Criminal Justice System

Date Presented 4/18/2015 In this study, we describe the presence of occupational therapists (OTs) in the U.S. criminal justice system; define primary practice models, assessments, and intervention approaches used by OTs in corrections; and delineate pedagogical strategies used to train students and the range of topics that occupational therapy researchers are examining in correction settings.
Modernization Scheme of Integrated Automation System for Wuluwati Hydro-Junction Project,Xinjiang

The integrated automation system's status and modernization requirements for Wuluwati Hydro-junction project,Xinjiang is introduced in the paper.It includes following subsystems modernization scheme design such as: computer network,hydrological forecasting,dam safety monitoring,gate control,the video image monitoring and office automation subsystem rehabilitation.The integrated use of remote measurement,remote control,remote communication and computer networks and other advanced technology ensures the utility,advanced,safe and reliable after modernization of integrated automation system.The scheme may be referred for integrated automation system design,implementation and modernization of other large Hydro in the future.
Relocating the Active-Site Lysine in Rhodopsin: 2. Evolutionary Intermediates

The visual pigment rhodopsin is a G protein-coupled receptor that covalently binds its retinal chromophore via a Schiff base linkage to an active-site Lys residue in the seventh transmembrane helix. Although this residue is strictly conserved among all type II retinylidene proteins, we found previously that the active-site Lys in bovine rhodopsin (Lys296) can be moved to three other locations (G90K, T94K, S186K) while retaining the ability to form a pigment with retinal and to activate transducin in a light-dependent manner [Devine et al. (2013) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 13351−13355]. Because the active-site Lys is not functionally constrained to be in helix seven, it is possible that it could relocate within the protein, most likely via an evolutionary intermediate with two active-site Lys. Therefore, in this study we characterized potential evolutionary intermediates with two Lys in the active site. Four mutant rhodopsins were prepared in which the original Lys296 was left untouched and a second L...
DECISION AND CONTROL

Probabilistic methods provide coherent prescriptions for choosing actions and meaningful guarantees of the quality of these choices. The prescriptions are based on the paradigm that normative knowledge represents a valuable abstraction of actual human experience, and that like its factual-knowledge counterpart it can be encoded and manipulated to produce useful recommendations. Whereas judgments about the likelihood of events is quantified by probabilities, judgments about the desirability of action consequences are quantified by utilities. The set of actions available to an individual in any given situation can be represented by a variable or a group of variables that are under the full control of the decision-making individual, unlike the variables discussed so far. Choosing an action amounts to selecting a set of decision variables in a Bayesian network and fixing their values unambiguously. Such a choice normally alters the probability distribution of another set of variables, judged to be consequences of the decision variables. Consequences of actions are normally not associated with numerical payoffs but instead involve complex descriptions of world situations. The task of controlling reasoning activities was formulated as that of finding an optimal schedule for activating information sources.
Enantioselective, convergent synthesis of the ineleganolide core by a tandem annulation cascade

An enantioselective and diastereoselective approach toward the synthesis of the polycyclic norditerpenoid ineleganolide is disclosed. A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation is employed to stereoselectively construct the requisite chiral tertiary ether and facilitate the synthesis of a 1,3-cis-cyclopentenediol building block. Careful substrate design enabled the convergent assembly of the ineleganolide [6,7,5,5]-tetracyclic scaffold by a diastereoselective cyclopropanation–Cope rearrangement cascade under unusually mild conditions. Computational evaluation of ground state energies of late-stage synthetic intermediates was used to guide synthetic development and aid in the investigation of the conformational rigidity of these highly constrained and compact polycyclic structures. This work represents the first successful synthesis of the core structure of any member of the furanobutenolide-derived polycyclic norcembranoid diterpene family of natural products. Advanced synthetic manipulations generated a series of natural product-like compounds that were shown to possess selective secretory antagonism of either interleukin-5 or interleukin-17. This bioactivity stands in contrast to the known antileukemic activity of ineleganolide and suggests the norcembranoid natural product core may serve as a useful scaffold for the development of diverse therapeutics.