cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased IgG4+ cells in duodenal biopsies are not specific for autoimmune pancreatitis

Endoscopic ampullary biopsies showing increased immunoglobulin (Ig) G4+ plasma cells have been reported as an alternative to pancreatic biopsy in diagnosing autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). This study assessed whether increased IgG4+ cells can be seen outside the context of AIP. Fifty-four cases (45 duodenal or ampullary biopsies, 9 ampullae from pancreatic resections) were selected, and all specimens were immunostained for IgG4 and IgG. Duodenal or ampullary biopsies containing normal duodenal mucosa (n = 6) and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes without villous blunting (n = 7) were negative for IgG4. Increased IgG4+ cells (>10 per high-power field) were found in 7 cases of 18 serologically confirmed celiac disease patients and in 3 of 14 patients with duodenitis or gastric heterotopias. Two of 6 ampullae from patients with pancreatic cancer showed increased IgG4+ cells. In summary, 12 of 51 patients without AIP had duodenal biopsies or ampullae showing increased IgG4+ plasma cells. The finding of increased IgG4+ cells in duodenal biopsies is not specific for AIP without the correct clinical context.
Parallel cascade analysis of Phycomyces light-growth response

In the framework of the Wiener theory of nonlinear system identification, the authors have applied the parallel-cascade method, developed by M.J. Korenberg (Am. Biomed. Eng., vol. 19, p. 429-55, 1991), to the transient light-growth response of the zygomycete fungus Phycomyces. This response, in which the elongation rate of the fruiting body or sporangiophore is modulated by light, was previously studied by the Lee-Schetzen cross-correlation method and the related sum-of-sinusoids method. Examples are shown of first- and second-order kernels obtained by the parallel-cascade method applied to experiments with Gaussian white noise test stimuli.
Energy-Efficient Scheduling Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks with Delay Constraints

Energy-efficiency in wireless sensor networks is a very critical design issue, because they usually operate with tiny batteries and take a long time for replacement. In this context, we analyze the optimized scheduling strategy to minimize the energy consumed by data fusion in wireless sensor network. For implementation purpose, a low-complexity fractional-inverse- log scheduling (FILS) algorithm is presented to reduce extra significant amount of energy consumption compared to previously designed protocols. Next, in order to eliminate the communication overhead in centralized scheduling protocols, the simplified distributed fractional-inverse-log scheduling is also provided, which is shown to be very efficient in energy saving especially for a large-scale wireless sensor network. With consideration of the peak power constraint in real circuit design, we update FILS to further constrict the transmission time. Simulation results show that with peak transmission power limitation, energy consumption is still substantially reduced by FILS, and it yields more energy saving for the system with high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).
Negative Studies Are Usually Right: Vetting the Pseudoaxioms.

I recall the day a woman from the Office of Physician Misconduct explained to our faculty what it means to be cited by the state. Like police in the rearview mirror, her presence rattled me. When asked for an example, she was swift and certain, recounting a tale of ketamine administration in a head-injured patient. The physician involved lost his license. Reversals of conventionalmedical wisdom are common, a fact cemented byPrasad et al in a landmark 2013 article and memorialized by Sidney Burwell, who mused that half of what medical students are taught will, within 10 years, be revealed aswrong.The danger of ketamine in head injury, for instance, has been recently and elegantly deconstructed: there is none. Physicians agree almost universally on the veracity of Burwell’s dictum, though perhaps only in theory. In reality everyone wants change but nobody likes it. For physicians, whose authority is derived in large part from heirloom knowledge and experience, collectedwisdom is the foundation of our expertise. Reversals challenge the core of medical authority and personal accomplishment by suggesting expertise is not just impermanent but also often false. Medicine humbles. In this issue of Annals, we are humbled again by Claveau et al, who offer a study challenging the age-old teaching that acute afterload reduction in the setting of aortic stenosis is perilous. Although limited by observational design, the report is nonetheless more valid and reproducible than any relevant data set of which I am aware. Virtually all assertions I could find suggesting danger with nitroglycerin in the setting of aortic stenosis were either physiologic or unreferenced. I have routinely taught trainees to be wary of aortic stenosis in acute pulmonary edema. Despite being slightly esoteric (or perhaps because of it), the teaching has been a staple of my bedside arsenal. I recall the certainty and
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND SCALING OF ENERGETICS IN FLYING FOXES OF THE GENUS PTEROPUS

The energetics of 5 species of the flying fox genus Pteropus were measured with respect to ambient temperature. These data and those from 2 species in the literature were examined in relation to body size and to their distribution on continents or small islands. Log10 body mass accounted for 94% of the variation in log10 basal rate of metabolism of those 7 species. Females belonging to large species of Pteropus were smaller than conspecific males and consequently had lower (total) basal rates than males. No factor other than body mass in this analysis was correlated with basal rate in Pteropus. However, in the context of 21 species of pteropodids, continental Pteropus have basal rates that are 28% greater than small-island endemics. The effect of island size was not demonstrated in Pteropus, when examined alone, because the smallest species studied are small-island specialists, and the largest species live on continents, which means that effects of mass and island size are confounded, which leads to a high scaling power (1.06) for basal rate in this genus. Log10 thermal conductance in Pteropus increased with log10 body mass, 5 species having low thermal conductances by mammalian standards. Body temperature was independent of body mass.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors for Lung Cancer: Clinical Developments and Future Directions

The cornerstone of the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is cytotoxic chemotherapy, given either as a platinum-based doublet for chemotherapynaive patients or as a single agent for patients with previously treated disease. Despite extensive testing of different combination regimens over the past two decades, the overall improvements in terms of patient survival have been modest. 1 To illustrate this point, four standard platinum-based regimens were compared in a randomized trial of 1155 patients with untreated advanced inoperable NSCLC. 2 There were no statistically significant differences in response rates or 1-year, 2-year, or overall survival between the different regimens. Similarly, no differences in response rates, median survival, or 1-year survival were seen in a large randomized trial comparing docetaxel and pemetrexed in patients with previously treated NSCLC.3It appears that a plateau in efficacy has been achieved with cytotoxic chemotherapy, and new therapeutic approaches are needed.
Getting Commuters Out of Their Cars: What Went Wrong?

This article examines the employee trip reduction program adopted by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and seeks to explain why it failed. It is the first of three articles concerning the program.
Screening and Diagnosis of VTE: The More You Look, The More You Find?

There is no current consensus regarding routine screening of high-risk asymptomatic trauma patients for venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE refers to the presence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). Practices among surgeons related to screening for VTE in asymptomatic patients may vary significantly. Supporters of routine screening see benefit in performing a relatively inexpensive and noninvasive test (Duplex ultrasonography), in order to diagnose and treat asymptomatic DVT before it progresses to symptomatic or fatal PE. Others suggest that increased medical testing and treatment of asymptomatic VTE incurs not only the risk associated with anticoagulation treatment, but also unnecessary costs. Surveillance bias (“the more you look, the more you find”) in VTE outcome reporting is perhaps an unintended consequence of varying screening practices. Studies have clearly shown that increasing screening is associated with increasing rates of VTE diagnosis, primarily in trauma patients. This poses significant concern because lower incidence of VTE is considered a marker for higher quality health care. National bodies, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, impose financial penalties when some hospitalized patients develop VTE. Furthermore, healthcare consumers may use VTE outcomes data to make decisions about where to seek higher quality care. Since the incidence of VTE is related to screening practices, providers who screen more aggressively by performing more Duplex ultrasounds on asymptomatic patients may identify more cases of VTE and will appear, paradoxically, to provide lower quality care than providers who do not screen or order fewer screening tests. For this reason, some experts argue that the standard of patient safety and quality care should not only focus on the incidence of VTE alone (outcome measure) but should also consider how frequently patients are prescribed and administered VTE prophylaxis according to best-practice guidelines (process measure). A pure process measure approach or combined process and outcome measure may be more effective to identify higher quality care and to ultimately mitigate preventable harm related to VTE.
Early intervention strategies for acute cartilage injury: Ex-vivo porcine knee model

Objectives: Traumatic injury to cartilage has been shown to lead to Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA). The acute phase of PTOA is characterized with increased expression of aggrecanases and inflammatory cytokines in the injured cartilage. Early intervention therapies aim to be administered during the acute phase for the prevention of PTOA development. Our objective was to determine the effect of Interleukin Receptor Antagonist Protein (IRAP), Hyaluronan (HA), and Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) treatment as early intervention strategies by examining the changes in microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression in cartilage at 8 hours after impact injury.
Digital Bimodal Functions and Digital Physical Unclonable Functions: Architecture and Applications

Security and low power have emerged to become two essential requirements to modern design. The rapid growth of small form, mobile, and remote sensor network systems require secure and ultra-low power data collection and communication solutions due to their energy constraints. The physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have emerged as a popular new type of modern security primitive. They have the properties of low power/energy, small area, and high speed. Moreover, they have excellent security properties and are resilient against physical and side-channel attacks. However, traditional PUFs have two major problems. The first is that the current designs are analog in nature and lack stability in environmental and operational variations, e.g., supply voltage and temperature. The second is that due to the analog nature, the analog PUFs are difficult to be integrated into existing digital circuitry. In order to leverage the disadvantages of traditional analog PUF, we have proposed two new security primitives, respectively the digital bimodal function (DBF) and the digital PUF. The proposed security primitives preserve all the good properties of traditional analogy PUFs and are stable in the same sense that digital logic is stable. Moreover, both design can be easily integrated into existing digital circuitry. The key idea of DBF is to build a mapping of randomly generated Boolean functions that has two forms: f compact and f complex , among which f compact can be computed rapidly and requires only a small amount of energy while f complex can only be computed using a very high amount energy, hardware resources, and an unacceptable amount of time. The performance difference can be applied to enable security protocols. The digital PUF is one more step beyond the DBF, it is designed on the top of DBF to make the DBF design to be unclonable. The key observation is that for any analog delay PUF, there is a subset of challenge inputs for which the PUF output is stable regardless of operational and environmental conditions. We use only such stable inputs to initialize the look-up tables (LUTs) in DBFs that are configured in such a way that the overall structure is unclonable. We summarize the goal of designing DBF and digital PUF by identifying the architectural, security, and application desiderata. The architectural desiderata include (1) low energy, delay, and area costs; (2) stability against temperature and voltage variations. The security desiderata include (3) resiliency against security attacks; (4) high outputs randomness; (5) low inputs-outputs correlations. Finally, the application desiderata include (6) small computation, low bandwidth secure protocols.
Caprella Bidentata Utinomi, 1947 (Amphipoda: Caprellidea), a Synonym of Caprella Monoceros Mayer, 1890, Supported by Experimental Evidence

ABSTRACT Caprellabidentata Utinomi, 1947, is synonymized with Caprella monoceros Mayer, 1890, based upon results of rearing experiments. A clutch of juveniles of C. monoceros exhibited two different types of body spination, one typical of C. monoceros and the other representing C. bidentata. An extensive description of C. monoceros is provided.
High Pressure Measurements of Density, Velocity of Sound, and Bulk Moduli of Pentane and 2-Methylbutane and Their Mixtures.

Dilatometric and ultrasonic measurements were made on mixtures of pentane and 2-methylbutane to give density, relative volume, isothermal bulk modulus, velocity of sound, and adiabatic bulk modulus to pressure of 24 kilobars (2.4 ×109 N/m2).
Canada’s Trade Policy: In Search of a Roadmap

This article examines Canada’s trade policy in light of efforts by the Harper government to respond to increasing global competition through the Global Markets Action Plan (2013). Through an analysis of three initiatives, the Canada–Korea Free Trade Agreement (CKFTA), the Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA), and the Trans–Pacific Partnership (TPP), it becomes clear that Canada’s current strategy has only gone part of the way to enact policies that will be most beneficial to its economy. This article shows that Canada’s Global Markets Action Plan, though ambitious, does not correctly prioritize Canada’s interests: it gives too little attention to improving Canada’s strongest trading relationship with its immediate neighbors in North America; it does not comprehensively address the changing nature of trade (which is now focused on trade in value-added products); and finally, its almost singular focus on market access and increasing exports directs attention away from the type...
Influence of Molecular Coherence on Surface Viscosity

Adding small fractions of cholesterol decreases the interfacial viscosity of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers by an order of magnitude per wt %. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction shows that cholesterol at these small fractions does not mix ideally with DPPC but rather induces nanophase separated structures of an ordered, primarily DPPC phase bordered by a line-active, disordered, mixed DPPC-cholesterol phase. We propose that the free area in the classic Cohen and Turnbull model of viscosity is inversely proportional to the number of molecules in the coherence area, or product of the two coherence lengths. Cholesterol significantly reduces the coherence area of the crystals as well as the interfacial viscosity. Using this free area collapses the surface viscosity data for all surface pressures and cholesterol fractions to a universal logarithmic relation. The extent of molecular coherence appears to be a fundamental factor in determining surface viscosity in ordered monolayers.
Bulge initiation in tubes of time-dependent materials

This work considers the inflation and extension of an elastomeric tubular membrane when its material exhibits a time-dependent response. Three different models for time-dependent response are considered: finite linear viscoelasticity, Pipkin–Rogers non-linear viscoelasticity, and thermally induced chemorheological degradation. The first two are based on different assumptions about stress relaxation effects while the third accounts for time-dependent microstructural changes due to simultaneous scission and re-cross-linking of macromolecular network junctions. Each of these models describes a material response that softens with time. It is shown that the constitutive equations for all three models are included in a general non-linear single-integral constitutive equation.In previous work, for elastic membranes, the material is fixed and a localized bulge may form as the load increases. In this work, the load is specified, and a localized bulge may form as the membrane material undergoes a time-dependent res...
Research status quo of advanced lithium batteries for automobile applications——Report on the First International Conference on Advanced Lithium Batteries for Automobile Applications

The recent developments of Li-ion battery technologies reported in the First International Conference on Advanced Lithium Batteries for Automobile Applications,which was held on Sep.14-17,2008 at Argonne National Laboratory,USA were briefly summarized.It has been a worldwide joint effort to develop advanced high power Li-ion batteries to power hybrid electric vehicles(HEV) and plug-in HEV(PHEV).Currently,there are several Li-ion battery systems,such as LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2/C,LiFePO4/C,LiMn2O4/C and LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12whose technical characteristics have been close or met the requirements for HEV and short range PHEV.It will be a long term major effort to develop high voltage(4.6 V or higher),high capacity battery electrode materials,as well as related non-aqueous electrolytes,for applications in long range PHEV or EV.
Structural Transitions in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Droplets

Confinement of cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLC) into droplets leads to a delicate interplay between elasticity, chirality, and surface energy. In this work, we rely on a combination of theory and experiments to understand the rich morphological behavior that arises from that balance. More specifically, a systematic study of micrometer-sized ChLC droplets is presented as a function of chirality and surface energy (or anchoring). With increasing chirality, a continuous transition is observed from a twisted bipolar structure to a radial spherical structure, all within a narrow range of chirality. During such a transition, a bent structure is predicted by simulations and confirmed by experimental observations. Simulations are also able to capture the dynamics of the quenching process observed in experiments. Consistent with published work, it is found that nanoparticles are attracted to defect regions on the surface of the droplets. For weak anchoring conditions at the nanoparticle surface, ChLC droplets ad...
Primary, Non-rechargeable Batteries

Except for the discussions of the lithium/iodine cell in Chap. 10, all of the discussion concerning batteries for energy storage has been oriented toward understanding the properties of individual cell components and systems. The emphasis has been upon those that are most interesting for use in rechargeable batteries.
Splenic injury: A rare complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Splenic injury is an extremely rare complication after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); to our knowledge, only seven such cases have previously been reported in the literature. Though the mechanism of splenic injury after ERCP is unclear, bowing of the endoscope in the long position with torsion on the greater curvature of the stomach may lead to splenic vascular or capsular avulsion. Other contributing factors potentially include excessive manipulation of the duodenoscope (particularly with difficulty cannulating the ampulla of Vater or common bile duct), excessive manipulation of the patient during the procedure, or the presence of intra-abdominal adhesions. As ERCP is being employed more frequently for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatico-biliary disease, clinicians must be aware of this rare but potentially lethal complication to allow for early accurate diagnosis and therapy.
Carl W. Schaefer

Dr. Carl W. Schaefer, Professor Emeritus at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, passed away on 29 April 2015 after a yearlong battle with cancer. He was 80 years old. Carl was born in New Haven, CT, on 6 September 1934 to Jack W. Schaefer and Eugenia Hammond Ives. He received his B.A. in Zoology from Oberlin College, Ohio, and his Ph.D. in entomology from UConn in 1964. He began his teaching career at Brooklyn College in 1963 and returned to UConn in 1966, attaining the rank of Professor in 1976. He taught a variety of courses, primarily introductory biology and entomology. In recent years, he taught medical entomology, of which he was particularly proud, and a series of evolution courses. During his career, he advised numerous students at UConn, including undergraduates, master's and doctoral students, and even a few students in Asia. His welcoming attitude, mentoring, and continual encouragement of students from disciplines outside of systematics contributed greatly to the careers of many who worked with Heteroptera but never studied formally with him. Carl was a friend and colleague to many of us and a …
Investigation of the phase stabilities in AlNiCoCrFe high entropy alloys

Abstract High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a developing class of materials that show great potential for a variety of commercial structural and coating applications, particularly where heat and corrosion resistance are desired. In these types of applications, the relative phase stabilities play a crucial role, since they influence the material design process and expected component lifetimes. However, a satisfactory understanding of the phase stabilities in HEAs and the ability to thermodynamically predict their behaviors is limited. This study methodically couples analytical characterization techniques with predictions based on CALPHAD models to investigate the phase equilibria and phase stabilities of a series of AlNiCoCrFe based HEAs. Heat treatments were conducted at 700 °C for 1000 h and 1050 °C for 520 h, followed by water quenching, to ensure adequate time for metastable equilibrium to be achieved. The accuracy and merit of the thermodynamic simulations in predicting the stable phases and their respective chemistries is discussed relative to the experimental observations.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Cl− concentrations adjust quickly as heart rate changes

During systole, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) while, simultaneously, other ions (specifically K+, Mg2+, and Cl−) provide counter-ion flux. These ions move back into the SR during diastole through the SERCA pump and SR K+ and Cl− channels. In homeostasis, all ion concentrations in different cellular regions (e.g., junctional and non-junctional SR, dyadic cleft, and cytosol) are the same at the beginning and end of the cardiac cycle. Here, we used an equivalent circuit compartment model of the SR and the surrounding cytoplasm to understand the heart rate dependence of SR ion homeostasis. We found that the Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Cl− concentrations in the SR and the cytoplasm self-adjust within just a few heartbeats with only very small changes in Mg2+, K+, and Cl− concentrations and membrane voltages (just a few percent). However, those small changes were enough to compensate for the large heart-rate-dependent changes in SR and cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations in the new steady state. The modeling suggests that ion adaptation to increases in heart rate is inherent to the system and that physiological changes that increase contractility and cardiac output are accommodated by the same self-adjusting mechanism of producing small changes in ion driving forces. Our findings also support the long-held hypothesis that SR membrane potentials are small (~1–2 mV).
Preventative Dentistry Delivery to Children in Rural Communities in the United States

New models in the delivery of healthcare such as mobile clinics, retail clinics, and telehealth have helped to bring care to patients who might not otherwise receive care due to geographic limitations. Such alternatives may help to address the need for dental care in rural communities in the United States. In addition to these solutions, dental therapists can increase the available provider base to deliver preventative dental services to children.
Sensor web: a new instrument concept

The confluence of the rapidly expanding sensor, computation, and telecommunication industries has allowed for a new instrument concept: the Sensor Web. A Sensor Web consists of intra-communicating, spatially-distributed sensor pods that are deployed to monitor and explore environments. It is capable of automated reasoning for it can perform intelligent autonomous operations in uncertain environments, respond to changing environmental conditions, and carry out automated diagnosis and recovery. Sensor Webs could have as much an impact on the uses of sensors as the Internet did on the uses of computers. Sensor Webs are often confused with distributed sensors or sensor networks. The unique feature of the Sensor Web is that information gathered by one pod is shared and used by other pods. In contrast, sensor networks merely gather data and information gathered by a particular pod on such a network does not influence the behavior of another pod. Thus, sensor networks collect data while Sensor Webs can react and modify their behavior on the basis of the collected data. This paper will outline the potential of the Sensor Web concept and describe the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Sensor Webs Project. In particular, a prototype Sensor Web deployed at the Huntington Botanical Gardens will be discussed.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identifying subsoil variation associated with gilgai using electromagnetic induction

Abstract Proximal sensing, such as electromagnetic induction, has been used to map the spatial distribution of soil properties; however, the response of these instruments to short-interval variability associated with Vertisols has not been studied. Meter-scale circular landscape features called gilgai, which are associated with surface and subsurface variability, make sampling these soils difficult, especially if the surface has been plowed. The EM38 is an electromagnetic induction tool with a relatively small spatial footprint (1 m2), which may be fine enough to identify subsoil variability associated with gilgai. In 2011, an EM38 survey was conducted for a 40 by 50 m field with intact circular gilgai in the Texas Blackland Prairies. Soil properties including gravimetric water content, bulk density, inorganic C content, and electrical conductivity of the soil solution were measured. In 2012, half of the field was plowed, and another EM38 survey was conducted. The EM38 was able to locate subsurface variability in soil properties between microhighs and microlows under both intact and plowed conditions. Semi-variance of soil properties increased with increasing distance and reached maximum variance at 3 m, corresponding to the average diameter of gilgai features. The overall variability across the study site decreased after plowing. Water content and inorganic C content were the primary soil properties that forced the response of the EM38 in these landscapes, and the partial correlation coefficient suggests the effects of water content and inorganic C content on EM38 response are independent. In calcareous Vertisols, the EM38 can be used to identify subsurface variability and may be useful in developing sampling schemes for Vertisol classification, soil sampling, and fine-scale digital soil mapping.
Near Term Prospects for Broad Spectrum Amelioration of Cancer

If the impact of aging on cancer is to diminish an immune-based surveillance activity that naturally exists at a high level in young healthy humans, the solution to the problem of cancer could be to simply replenish such a lost activity in cancer patients with functionally validated agents that carry such an activity. Studies in my laboratory have shown that a profound cancer-killing activity (CKA) is present, surprisingly, in the previously overlooked granulocyte fraction of the innate cellular immune system of cancer-resistant mice. Granulocytes with high levels of CKA from cancer-resistant donor mice can be transferred into non-resistant recipients with advanced malignancy to effectively eradicate cancers. Human granulocytes also possess CKA, and CKA in both mouse and human granulocytes declines with age, consistent with the age-related increase in cancer incidence in both species. Furthermore, human CKA activity is low in cancer patients, and human cancer remissions have been associated with conditions that augment granulocyte function. Allogeneic granulocyte transfusion in humans is a safe, approved, and long-established procedure. Therefore, it is possible that transfusion of high CKA granulocytes in a human setting could be a highly effective and non-toxic therapy for human cancers, and a clinical trial of this concept is now beginning.
New Urban Regimes in Baltimore: Higher Education Anchor Institutions and Arts and Culture–Based Neighborhood Revitalization:

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and 39 formal interviews with 42 participants, we examine the influence of higher education institutions on a transitional, revitalizing neighborhood in Central Balt...
Adaptive Clutter Demodulation for Non-Contrast Ultrasound Perfusion Imaging

Conventional Doppler ultrasound is useful for visualizing fast blood flow in large resolvable vessels. However, frame rate and tissue clutter caused by movement of the patient or sonographer make visualizing slow flow with ultrasound difficult. Patient and sonographer motion causes spectral broadening of the clutter signal, which limits ultrasound’s sensitivity to velocities greater than 5–10 mm/s for typical clinical imaging frequencies. To address this, we propose a clutter filtering technique that may increase the sensitivity of Doppler measurements to at least as low as 0.52 mm/s. The proposed technique uses plane wave imaging and an adaptive frequency and amplitude demodulation scheme to decrease the bandwidth of tissue clutter. To test the performance of the adaptive demodulation method at suppressing tissue clutter bandwidths due to sonographer hand motion alone, six volunteer subjects acquired data from a stationary phantom. Additionally, to test in vivo feasibility, arterial occlusion and muscle contraction studies were performed to assess the efficiency of the proposed filter at preserving signals from blood velocities 2 mm/s or greater at a 7.8 MHz center frequency. The hand motion study resulted in initial average bandwidths of 175 Hz (8.60mm/s), which were decreased to 10.5 Hz (0.52 mm/s) at −60 dB using our approach. The in vivo power Doppler studies resulted in 4.73 dB and 4.80 dB dynamic ranges of the blood flow with the proposed filter and 0.15 dB and 0.16 dB dynamic ranges of the blood flow with a conventional 50 Hz high-pass filter for the occlusion and contraction studies, respectively.
Techno‐economic analysis of multiple bio‐based routes to adipic acid

Techno-economic studies of four processes for production of adipic acid from glucose were used to compare the minimum cost of production by each route. We analyzed the purely biological production via reverse β-oxidation in E. coli; a purely chemical process using oxidation of glucose via chemical catalysis to glucaric acid that undergoes catalytic hydrodeoxygenation to adipic acid; and two hybrid routes that biologically convert glucose to either 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid or 1, 6-hexanediol, that are subsequently converted chemically to adipic acid using a metal catalyst. All analyses were based on adipic acid production capacity of 80 000 metric ton/year. Estimated total capital investments were US$157 million, $81 million, $166 million, and $177 million for the purely ­biological, chemical, and two integrated hybrid routes, respectively. Catalyst costs were estimated as $72 million, $36 million, and $37 million for the purely chemical and two integrated routes, respectively. The estimated adipic acid minimum selling prices were $1.36, $1.56, $1.48, and $1.70 per kg for the purely biological, purely chemical, and two integrated routes, respectively. Co-product revenue and the use of unpurified sugars improved the economics of adipic acid production in the purely biological and two integrated routes. Comparison of the economics of the chemical catalytic steps shows that catalyst yields, turnover frequency, and catalyst life must be greater than 40% of theoretical, 0.01 s-1, and 100 days to achieve economic viability of purely chemical and integrated routes to adipic acid. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations on the detection and possible causes of diffuse optical emissions on stator coils subjected to AC voltage

New generator stator windings are subjected to specialized testing to determine the presence and locations of surface discharges. The causes of these discharges can then be identified and corrected in many cases. This discussion paper will review a case wherein diffuse optical emissions on stator coils were detected by one method and not another and the efforts undertaken to identify why the detection methods produced inconsistent results. The paper includes brief reviews of electrical corona emission and detection, electroluminescence from electrically stressed polymers and silicon carbide materials, and observations and suggested areas of further investigation.
A unifying perspective on phase noise and injection locking

The study of phase noise and injection locking behavior in oscillators has been quite comprehensive. Nevertheless, the variety of methods for analyzing these phenomena has not resulted in a generally accepted approach. Different objectives have spawned several main techniques. This paper takes a newer technique [5] and shows how it may be used to unify some of the many results, promising to provide even greater unification with further study.
Loss Aversion Reflects Information Accumulation, Not Bias: A Drift-Diffusion Model Study

Defined as increased sensitivity to losses, loss aversion is often conceptualized as a cognitive bias. However, findings that loss aversion has an attentional or emotional regulation component suggest that it may instead reflect differences in information processing. To distinguish these alternatives, we applied the drift-diffusion model (DDM) to choice and response time (RT) data in a card gambling task with unknown risk distributions. Loss aversion was measured separately for each participant. Dividing the participants into terciles based on loss aversion estimates, we found that the most loss-averse group showed a significantly lower drift rate than the other two groups, indicating overall slower uptake of information. In contrast, neither the starting bias nor the threshold separation (barrier) varied by group, suggesting that decision thresholds are not affected by loss aversion. These results shed new light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying loss aversion, consistent with an account based on information accumulation.
The USSR and Latin America: A Developing Relationship

Part 1 Latin America in the Soviet Third World strategy: the political dimension, David E.Albright Soviet economic strategy in Latin America, Elizabeth K.Valkenier an unclear menace - US perceptions of Soviet strategy in Latin America, Richard L.Millett. Part 2 Soviet perspectives on Latin America: the Latin American Communist movement - realities and relations with the Soviet Union, Edme Dominguez the nature and uses of the Soviet-Cuban connection, Jorge I.Dominguez Soviet economic relations with Cuba, Carmelo Mesa-Lago and Fernando Gil Soviet trade relations with Latin America, Robert K.Evanson Eastern Europe and Latin America, Michael Radu. Part 3 Soviet policy toward Latin America: the Soviet Union and Latin America, Peter Clement and W.Raymond Duncan the USSR and Mexico, Brian Latell pragmatism and rapprochement - Soviet relations with Argentina and Brazil, Aldo C.Vacs the USSR and the Andean countries, Ruben Berrios.
Postsecondary physics curricula and Universal Design for Learning: Planning for diverse learners

Physics education research curricula do not generally align with the Universal Design for Learning framework and may be missing opportunities to more fully support the needs of all students.
Learning by Example

Everyone has many personal experiences of learning by example. While much psychological research has investigated “concept learning” (cf. Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin, 1956; Hayes-Roth & Hayes-Roth, in press; Hunt, 1952), that rubric is too narrow to embrace the variety of situations in which learning by example occurs. A brief list of such situations includes: 1. Traditional concept learning, such as inducing the class characteristics of “triangle”: “Three distinct line segments such that each line segment is coterminous, with a different line segment at each of its endpoints.” Such a rule can be induced from various examples of triangles; all examples necessarily manifest the rule, although they may differ from one another in irrelevant ways (e.g., in absolute and relative size, shape, orientation, color, texture). Note that although most traditional concept learning tasks employ only attribute-value descriptions, this learning task requires higher order, relational logic to characterize the structural constraints among the lines of a triangle. 2. Serial pattern learning, such as predicting the next item in a conceptually organized sequence. Traditional research on this problem has centered on mathematical sequences of symbols and various algorithmic models of memory processes for simulating the sequence generator. Other examples of this type of behavior include anticipation of expectable events (e.g., words or topics in a text that are predictable from preceding context) and prediction of cyclic phenomena. In these situation, subsequences of the preceding sequence of items serve as examples from which the sequence generation rule is induced.
Impact of bovine viral diarrhea virus on reproductive performance in cattle.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections continue to cause major economic losses to the cattle industry inspite of extensive use of vaccines. A major factor in the failure to control BVDV is the lack of proper design of vaccination programs to control the reproductive aspects of this infection. Preventing the generation of persistently infected animals is the key to eliminating BVDV in herds.
Guidelines for Computer Implementation

The Stochastic Decomposition algorithms presented in previous chapters are designed to take computational advantage of the special structure of a two stage stochastic linear program with recourse. This structure resides in the large “core” of subproblem data that is common to all realizations of the random variable \(\tilde \omega \). To see this, recall that a two stage SLP may be stated as follows.
Many-Body Spin Correlations in Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy

We study the role of spin correlations in nonlinear absorption due to optical transitions from a deep impurity level to states above a Fermi sea. We demonstrate that the Hubbard repulsion between two electrons occupying the impurity state leads to a logarithmic divergence of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) at the absorption threshold. This divergence is a manifestation of the Kondo physics in the nonlinear optical response of Fermi sea systems. Remarkably, the light-induced Kondo temperature, which governs the shape of the Kondo-absorption spectrum, can be tuned by varying the intensity and frequency of the pump optical field. We also show that, for off-resonant pump excitation, the pump–probe spectrum exhibits a narrow peak below the linear absorption onset.
Real-Time Resource Location Tracking in Building Information Models (BIM)

The purposes of this research are to develop and evaluate a framework that utilizes the integration of commercially-available Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and a BIM model for real-time resource location tracking within an indoor environment. A focus of this paper is to introduce the framework and explain why building models currently lack the integration of sensor data. The need will be explained with potential applications in construction and facility management. Algorithms to process RFID signals and integrate the generated information in BIM will be presented. Furthermore, to demonstrate the benefits of location tracking technology and its integration in BIM, the paper provides a preliminary demonstration on tracking valuable assets inside buildings in real-time. The preliminary results provided the feasibility of integrating passive RFID with BIM for indoor settings.
Interdependent Roles of Electrostatics and Surface Functionalization on the Adhesion Strengths of Nanodiamonds to Gold in Aqueous Environments Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that adhesion strengths as a function of charge for aqueous nanodiamonds (NDs) interacting with a gold substrate result from an interdependence of electrostatics and surface functionalization. The simulations reveal a water layer containing Na+ counterions between a negative ND with surface −COO– functional groups that is not present for a positively charged ND with −NH3+ functional groups. The closer proximity of the positive ND to the gold surface and the lack of cancelation of electrostatic interactions due to counterions and the water layer lead to an electrostatic adhesion force for the positive ND that is nearly three times larger than that of the negative ND. Prior interpretations of experimental tribological studies of ND–gold systems suggested that electrostatics or surface functionalization could be responsible for observed adhesion strength differences. The present work demonstrates how these two effects work together in determining adhesion for this s...
Recurrent Selection for Improved Oil Content in Castor Bean

Castor (Ricinus communis) seed oil is currently the only commercial source of hydroxy fatty acid (12-hydroxyoleic acid, 18:1OH) which is used in industrial products such as lubricants, coatings, plastics, and cosmetics. Increasing seed oil content has immense benefits as it is one of the major factors contributing to oil yield. This chapter describes an effective procedure to increase oil content through recurrent selection based on screening individual castor seeds using nuclear magnetic resonance technology.
Technology Changes the Game: Small Business Utopia

This chapter focuses on the future of small business lending and transformations in the small business financial ecosystem, making predictions about how Small Business Utopia will look. In this ideal state, a small business’s entire financial life would be accessible through one application, allowing payments to be made or delayed, loans to be acquired, and financial advice to be obtained, all with the push of a button. This innovation would enhance small businesses’ understanding of their cash flows and provide them with timely access to capital that fits their needs. This chapter discusses the impact of big data and artificial intelligence in creating Small Business Utopia, and explores the benefits and risks of “black box” algorithms and machine learning. The author predicts that a small business-focused online bank might be a successful model in the future.
Becoming Doctors: Examining Student Narratives to Understand the Process of Professional Identity Formation Within a Learning Community:

Background:Professional identity formation is a key aim of medical education, yet empiric data on how this forms are limited.Methods:Our study is a qualitative analysis of student reflections writt...
Ordering Patterns and Costs of Specialized Laboratory Testing by Hospitalists and House Staff in Hospitalized Patients With HIV at a County Hospital: An Opportunity for Diagnostic Stewardship

Background Inpatient HIV care often requires specialized laboratory testing with which practitioners may not be familiar. In addition, computerized physician order entry allows for ordering tests without understanding test indications, but it can also provide a venue for education and diagnostic stewardship. Methods All charts of HIV-positive patients hospitalized at a tertiary care public safety net hospital in Houston, Texas, between January 1, 2014, and June 30, 2014, were reviewed for a set list of laboratory tests. Appropriateness of test ordering was assessed by 2 providers. Cost estimates for each test were obtained from Medicaid and a national nonprofit health care charge database. Results A total of 274 HIV-positive patients were admitted 429 times in the 6-month study period. During the study period, 45% of the study laboratory tests ordered were not indicated. A total of 532 hepatitis serologies were ordered, only 52% of which were indicated. Overall, 71 serum qualitative cytomegalovirus (CMV) polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and eight CMV quantitative PCRs were ordered, with most (85%) qualitative PCRs ordered for nonspecific signs of infection (eg, fever). Other tests ordered without clear indications included Aspergillus IgE (7), serum Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) PCR (5), parvovirus serology (7), and Toxoplasma IgM (18). Overall, the estimated laboratory cost of inappropriate testing over the study period was between $14 000 and $92 000, depending on which cost database was used. Conclusions Many tests ordered in HIV-positive inpatients do not have indications, representing a substantial source of health care waste and cost and potentially leading to inappropriate treatment. Opportunities exist to decrease waste through education of trainees and hospitalists and through implementation of diagnostic stewardship via the electronic medical record.