cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does modified-live viral vaccine administration to heifers or cows lack substantial risk?

Modified-live viral (MLV) vaccines are an important tool to limit reproductive loss subsequent to infection from bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1, but are not without risk. Therefore, their utilization must be undertaken with an understanding of the inherent risks of the vaccines and their administration. These risks include the potential causation of undue harm and lack of effective immunization. Consequently, vaccine programs should be designed to minimize the risks while maintaining or maximizing potential benefits of vaccination. The risk of viral transmission from vaccinated calves to naive cows is low but not absent. Therefore, cows and heifers should be effectively immunized prior to gestation, ideally at least 30 days before breeding. Additionally, revaccination of pregnant cows previously vaccinated with the same MLV vaccine carries a low but detectable risk of adverse reproductive consequences. Understanding the level of risk associated with the vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 will aid in the optimization of vaccination protocols. Proper timing of MLV vaccine administration can maximize protection against reproductive viral pathogens while minimizing the potential for the development of adverse consequences subsequent to vaccination.
Polarization-Sensitive Fast THz-TDS Scanner in a Portable Form-Factor

We present an upgraded handheld THz-TDS polarimetric scanner for use in clinical settings and nondestructive testing applications. We have converted an ASOPS system to perform ECOPS time-domain data acquisition to improve measurement rate to about 800 Hz, resulting in TDS measurement time of 1.25 ms. Moreover, the addition of a second detection channel allows co- and cross-polarization elements of the reflected beam to be measured. We present polarization-sensitive imaging results from partial thickness in vivo porcine burns.
Research-practice partnerships “On the Ground”: Exploring partnership work in urban schools under pressure to improve

Abstract Research-practice partnerships (RPPs) are intended to engage researchers and practitioners as equal partners to address urgent problems of practice. While this goal is clear, more remains to be learned about RPP efforts “on the ground.” This paper is written from our vantage point as qualitative researchers on a project that involved a multi-year partnership between university researchers and four urban schools under pressure to improve student achievement. We examine the contextual factors shaping RPP work in these schools, as well as the role of qualitative research in supporting the partnership. Findings indicate that strong accountability pressures mediated how teachers viewed improvement efforts, causing them to be initially wary of data-focused RPP activities. Navigating multiple concurrent reform efforts as well as persistent teacher turnover also impacted the RPP. Importantly, qualitative research methods helped to strengthen RPP work over time and served as a main vehicle by which teachers engaged as active participants in the partnership. Implications from this study are presented to inform future development of meaningful and reciprocal partnerships.
Patient Perspectives on Religiously Affiliated Care in Rural and Urban Colorado.

IntroductionReligiously affiliated healthcare organizations play an important role in the delivery of care in the United States. There is a gap in the literature regarding patients’ attitudes towar...
Absence of Antibody Reponses and Severe COVID-19 in Patients on Hemodialysis Following mRNA Vaccination

Inpatient dialysis patients cannot isolate, resulting in a higher rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, with increased severity and higher mortality rate [1]. We present 2 African American dialysis patients who developed severe COVID-19 infections after vaccination. Both patients had not mounted antibody response to the COVID-19 vaccine or to hepatitis B vaccination.
Polymeric hydrogels as artificial extracellular microenvironments for cancer research

Abstract An emerging trend in cancer research is to design in vitro tissue culture models that can accurately guide clinical trials to improve their therapeutic outcomes. Particularly, recent studies in cancer research have focused on utilizing three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments to precisely mimic in vivo conditions as a new tool to gain mechanistic understanding that will lead to the discovery of novel target therapeutics. In order to create 3D tumor microenvironments in vitro, polymeric hydrogel materials have been widely used as an artificial microenvironment due to their tunable properties and structural similarity to native extracellular matrices. In this review, we discuss how polymeric hydrogels may serve as 3D artificial tumor microenvironments to study cancer. Furthermore, we review the most recent approaches to integrate hydrogel materials and micro/nano-fabrication techniques, such as microfluidic devices and 3D printing techniques, for cancer research.
A Computational Study of the Contributions to the Relative Stability of the α and β Conformers of D-Glucopyranose

In order to better evaluate the contributors to the conformational energy of D-Glucopyranose, the geometry-energy relationships for a sequence of model compounds was determined. The conformational energies of 1-Hydroxy (equatorial) 3-Hydroxymethylcyclohexane and 2-Hydroxy 6- Hydroxymethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran were used to model D-Glucopyranose. The conformational energies were determined at the B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p) and MP2/6-311++(d,p) levels in the gas phase and solution. The relative B3LYP energy as a function of the orientation of the substituents were determined by relaxed scans as the –CH2-OH at C5 was rotated about the OCCO and HOCC dihedrals and the –OH at C1 was rotated about the HOCO dihedral. The lowest energy rotamers for the axial (α) and equatorial (β) conformers were used to calculate the conformational energy. Because solute-solvent interactions have significant effects on the relative stability of the axial and equatorial conformers, the energy versus dihedral scans were repeated using a cont...
Path dependency and angular anisoplanatism in non-Kolmogorov turbulence

We examine the effect of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on angular anisoplanatism. Generalized expressions for the isoplanatic angle in turbulence with non-Kolmogorov power-laws are developed in terms of the effective turbulence height, related turbulence moments, and characteristics lengths such as Striblings equivalent Fried parameter. We then compare the effective turbulence height and isoplanatic angle using the Hufnagel-Valley 5–7 (HV 5–7) and Mauna Kea (HV-MK) turbulence profiles at both the upper and lower power-law limits. In addition, using the HV-MK profile we consider the effect of a single non-Kolmogorov turbulent shear layer. We find that, for fixed path length and spatial coherence, a smaller power-law reduces the isoplanatic angle while larger power-laws increase it relative to theKolmogorov case. In contrast, when the turbulence strength profile is fixed smaller power law exponent the isoplanatic angle increases and decreases when the power law exponent is larger than the Kolmogorov value. Similar results are shown for the case of non-Kolmogorov shear layers.
Model for Inverse Determination of Process and Material Parameters for Control of Package-on-Package Warpage

Package-on-package (PoP) assemblies may experience warpage during package fabrication and later during surface mount assembly. Excessive warpage may result in loss of coplanarity, open connections, misshaped joints, and reduction in package board-level reliability under environmental stresses of thermal cycling, shock, and vibration. Previous researchers have shown that warpage may be influenced by a number of design and process factors including underfill properties, mold properties, package geometry, package architecture, board configuration, underfill and mold dispense and cure parameters, and package location in the molding panel. A comprehensive inverse model incorporating a full set of design and process parameters and their effect on PoP and PoP assembly warpage is presently beyond the state of the art. In this paper, data have been gathered on multiple PoP assemblies under a variety of assembly parameters. The packages have been speckle coated. The warpage of the PoP assemblies have been measured using a glass-top reflow oven using multiple cameras. Warpage measurements have been taken at various temperatures of the reflow profile between room temperature and the peak reflow temperature. Finite-element models have been created, and the PoP warpage predictions have been correlated with the experimental data. The experimental data set has been augmented with the simulation data to evaluate configurations and parameter variations, which were not available in the experimental data set. Statistical models have been developed to capture the effect of single and multiple parameter variations using principal component regression and ridge regression. The best subset variables obtained from stepwise methods have been used for model development. The developed models have been validated with the experimental data using a single factor design of the experimental study and are found to accurately capture material and geometry effects on part warpage. The results show that the proposed approach has the potential of predicting both single and coupled factor effects on warpage.
Developmental expression of the glucose dehydrogenase gene in Drosophila melanogaster

The Gld gene of Drosophila melanogaster is transiently expressed during every stage of development. The temporal pattern of Gld expression is highly correlated with that of ecdysteroids. Exogeneous treatment of third instar larvae with 20-hydroxyecdysone induces the accumulation of Gld mRNA in the hypoderm and anterior spiracular gland cells. During metamorphosis Gld is expressed in a variety of tissues derived from the ectoderm. In the developing reproductive tract, Gld mRNA accumulates in the female spermathecae and oviduct and in the male ejaculatory duct and ejaculatory bulb. These four organs are derived from closely related cell lineages in the genital imaginal disc. Since the expression of Gld is not required for the development of these reproductive structures, this spatial pattern of expression is most likely a fortuitous consequence of a shared regulatory factor in this cell lineage. At the adult stage a high level of the Gld mRNA is only observed in the male ejaculatory duct.
Inadequate Copper Intake Reduces Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Bone Strength in Growing Rats Fed Graded Amounts of Copper and Zinc

This study examined the effects of graded intakes of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on serum insulin-like growth-factor-I (IGF-I) concentration and bone quality in growing rats. Using a 3 x 4 factorial design, weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 12 groups (n = 7 per group) and were fed one of nine modified AIN-93G basal diets with varying amounts of Cu (0.3, 3 and 10 micro g/g) and Zn (5, 15 and 45 micro g/g) for 6 wk. A group of rats was pair-fed to each low Zn group. Although dietary Zn mainly influenced body weights (P < 0.0001), dietary Cu was the main determinant of most of the variables related to bone quality. Low Cu intake reduced serum IGF-I and femur breaking force and ultimate stress (by 27, 14 and 7%, respectively; P < 0.05) and increased bone IGF-I concentration (by 62%; P < 0.0001). Low Cu intake also increased femur nitrogen, hydroxyproline, hexosamine and calcium (Ca) concentrations of long bones (P < 0.05). Lumbar vertebrae dry weight and density were the lowest in the rats fed the low Cu diets (P < 0.001) and were higher in the rats fed high amounts of both Cu and Zn (P < 0.01). In summary, growing rats fed low and marginal Cu had lower serum IGF-I than those fed high dietary Cu. Bone strength was also reduced with low dietary Cu, despite compensatory changes in the bone matrix. In the presence of graded intakes of Cu, the effects of low dietary Zn were more pronounced on the spinal bones than the long bones.
Myocardial Flavin Reductase and Riboflavin: A Potential Role in Decreasing Reoxygenation Injury

Ferrylmyoglobin has been implicated in cardiac reoxygenation damage. Flavin reductase, an enzyme previously isolated from erythrocytes, can reduce ferrylmyoglobin in the presence of sufficient flavin concentrations. Flavin reductase mRNA signals were detected in rabbit heart, lung, liver, kidney, and isolated cardiomyocytes. It was hypothesized that increasing flavin reductase catalysis by administering flavins exogenously could decrease cardiac reoxygenation damage in isolated rabbit hearts. Riboflavin (150 microM) inhibited reoxygenation-induced lactate dehydrogenase release by 57%, an effect prevented by hematoporphyrin, a flavin reductase inhibitor. The results suggest that riboflavin supplementation has cardioprotective effects during reoxygenation and that these effects are mediated by flavin reductase.
The Navajo nation's struggle for educational self-determination

Abstract Developing nations across the world have in the past and are still today struggling to establish systems of education which meet the cultural and societal needs of their peoples. Such is the case of the native American Indian tribe known as the Navajo, living on a 6000 square mile reservation in the western United States. The Navajo nation is a semi-sovereign nation having the rights of internal government including commerce, law enforcement, social services and, in a few respects, education. Presently, the tribe is struggling to gain control over the various governmental entitles furnishing educational services to its children. Its goal is to develop its own independent educational system much as any other developing nation might do. The Navajo tribe is not alone among American Indian groups located primarily in western United States who desperately wish to preserve their unique native heritage, language, and culture. These groups feel that by control of their children's schools tribal cultures can be preserved and even strengthened. The Navajo tribe is the largest group with the greatest amount of political influence. If the Navajo can control and develop their own system of schools, either separate or in partnership with the federal government and the several state governments, the path for other tribes will be opened. Thus, the success or failure or the Navajo effort to develop and control a Navajo ‘system’ of schools is critical to the survival and enhancement of native American cultures in the United States.
Interaction of the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomal protein S15 with its 5'-translational operator mRNA.

The Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomal protein S15 (BS15) binds both a three-helix junction in the central domain of 16 S ribosomal RNA and its cognate mRNA. Native gel mobility-shift assays show that BS15 interacts specifically and with high affinity to the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of this cognate mRNA with an apparent dissociation constant of 3(+/-0.3) nM. In order to localize the structural elements that are essential for BS15 recognition, a series of deletion mutants of the full cognate mRNA were prepared and tested in the same gel-shift assay. The minimal binding site for BS15 is a 50 nucleotide RNA showing a close secondary structure resemblance to the BS15 binding region from 16 S rRNA. There are two major structural motifs that must be maintained for high-affinity binding. The first being a purine-rich three-helix junction, and the second being an internal loop. The sequence identity of the internal loops differs greatly between the BS15 mRNA and rRNA sites, and this difference is correlated to discrimination between wild-type BS15 and a BS15(H45R) mutant. The association and dissociation kinetics measured for the 5'-UTR-BS15 interaction are quite slow, but are typical for a ribosomal protein-RNA interaction. The BS15 mRNA and 16 S rRNA binding sites share a common secondary structure yet have little sequence identity. The mRNA and rRNA may in fact present similar if not identical structural elements that confer BS15 recognition.
The Tent Pole Splint: A Bone-Supported Stereolithographic Surgical Splint for the Soft Tissue Matrix Expansion Graft Procedure

This report details the use of computer-aided planning and intraoperative stereolithographic direct-bone-contact surgical splints for the accurate extraoral placement of dental implants in the soft tissue matrix expansion (tent pole) graft of the severely resorbed mandible.
Asymmetric switch costs as sequential difficulty effects

When switching between tasks of unequal difficulty, there is often a larger switch cost for the easy task than for the difficult task. The authors propose a new account of these asymmetric switch costs based on sequential difficulty effects. They argue that the asymmetry arises from impaired performance after a difficult trial regardless of whether the task switches or repeats. Empirical support for this idea is provided in two experiments on arithmetic task switching in which asymmetries are observed for secondary difficulty manipulations, even in the context of arithmetic task repetitions. The authors discuss how their sequential difficulty account might explain asymmetric restart costs in addition to asymmetric switch costs and how sequential difficulty effects might be explained by resource depletion involving executive control or working memory.
Infrared spectroscopy of OHH2 entrance channel complexes

Abstract The rotationally-resolved infrared spectrum of the ground electronic state of OHH2 has been observed near the OH gn = 2 ← 0 origin by an infrared-ultraviolet fluorescence depletion technique. The experimental spectrum agrees remarkably well with a fully ab initio infrared spectrum originating from the lowest intermolecular level of ortho-H2OH. The lack of measurable homogeneous line broadening in the spectrum indicates that neither vibrational predissociation nor chemical reaction is occurring faster than 45 ps. The magnitudes of the depletions, however, suggest that these processes are taking place on the nanosecond time scale.
Design study for a three-meter balloon-borne telescope for far infrared and submillimeter astronomy

Abstract A NASA supported design study is being carried out for a three-meter balloon-borne far infrared and submillimeter telescope. The goal of this project is to provide a facility for frequent flights for photometry, spectroscopy, and imaging in the spectral region 30 micrometers to 1 millimeter. It is intended to provide a scientific and technical step on the way to a large submillimeter telescope in space in the future. The study is concentrating on areas where technical advances are required: materials and fabrication techniques for lightweight primary mirrors, telescope and gondola structure, and pointing and stabilization. We are carrying out a design optimization and environmental test program of state-of-the-art carbon fiber reinforced plastic sandwich panels in collaboration with Dornier Systems. Similar efforts are being pursued for very lightweight molded glass mirrors. Innovative approaches to the telescope support and stabilization are being explored for achieving the required 1 arcsecond pointing stability.
CHANGES OF APPARENT IONIC MOBILITIES IN PROTOPLASM : II. THE ACTION OF GUAIACOL AS AFFECTED BY pH.

The normal P.D. across the protoplasm of Valonia macrophysa is about 10 mv. negative (inwardly directed). On adding 0.01 M guaiacol to the sea water the P.D. becomes positive and then slowly returns approximately to the normal value. In many cases this behavior is not much affected by raising the pH and so increasing the concentration of the guaiacol ion but in other cases such an increase makes the P.D. somewhat more negative. But if we wait until the exposure to guaiacol has lasted 5 minutes (and the P.D. has returned to its normal value) before we raise the pH, the result is very different. The cell then behaves as though it had been sensitized to the action of the guaiacol ion which appears to be far more effective than undissociated guaiacol in making the P.D. more positive. This may be due in part to the high apparent mobility of the guaiacol ion and in part to alterations which it produces in the protoplasm (such alterations increase the P.D. across the protoplasm whereas ordinary injury would be expected to lower it and the cells live on after this treatment and show no signs of injury). This action of the guaiacol ion is in marked contrast to the behavior of other anions whose effect resembles that of Cl-.
Clustering malware-generated spam emails with a novel fuzzy string matching algorithm

In this paper, a fuzzy-matching clustering algorithm is introduced to group subjects found in spam emails which are generated by malware. A modified scoring strategy is applied in dynamic programming to find subjects that are similar to each other. A recursive seed selection strategy allows the algorithm to detect similar patterns even when the spammer creates a variation of the original pattern. A sliding threshold based on string length helps to minimize false-positives.The algorithm proves to be effective in detecting and grouping spam emails using templates. It also helps spam investigators to collect and sort large amount of malware-generated spam more efficiently without looking at the email content.
The staircase phenomenon: implications for monitoring of neuromuscular transmission.

BackgroundRepeated indirect stimulation enhances the evoked mechanical response of muscle (the staircase phenomenon). There are few data that document the magnitude of this effect in man. Inexpensive acceleromyographic monitors of neuromuscular function are now available. If these units are to be us
Influence of cyclic 3',5'-AMP on glycolysis in human erythrocytes.

Abstract Small increases in lactate production and in glucose utilization were observed when human red cells were incubated in Tris-Ringer's medium with 5 mM adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic 3′, 5′-AMP) or its dibutyryl analogue. 5 mM caffeine facilitated this response whereas 5′-AMP, cyclic 2′, 3′-AMP, and guanosine 3′, 5′-AMP had no effect.
Multiple Ion Association versus Redissociation in Aqueous NaCl and KCl at High Temperatures

The electrical conductivities of aqueous solutions of NaCl have been measured at 651 and 670 K at 28 MPa for molalities up to 1.0 mol kg-1. These conductivities as well as the results of Hwang et al. (High Temp. High Pres. 1970, 2, 651−669), Ritzert and Franck (Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1968, 72, 798−808), and Mangold and Franck (Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1969, 73, 21−27) for aqueous KCl have been fit to the conductance equation of Turq et al. (J. Phys.Chem. 1995, 99, 822−827) with a consensus mixing rule and either mean spherical approximation or Debye−Huckel activity coefficients. Except at one state point (NaCl at 670 K and 28 MPa), where the interactions are the strongest (β* = 17.8), the simplest model that fits the experimental results reasonably well (± 2−3%) at molalities up to 4.5 mol kg-1 is one with only the limiting equivalent conductance and a pair association constant adjusted. Activity coefficients calculated with either the MSA and ionic diameters or with the Debye−Huckel equation of...
Doing Homework Perspectives of Elementary and Junior High School Students

A survey of homework experiences was administered to 1,527 elementary and junior high students in regular (n = 1,242), resource (n = 234), and self-contained special education (n = 51) classrooms. The results found significant main effects for Group, Grade, and Group by Grade interactions for items related to amount of, type of, and time spent doing homework; opportunity to do homework at school; parents' assistance; students' beliefs about homework assignments and grading; and students' feelings about homework and school. The higher incidence of negative feelings and opinions from students in resource room programs suggests that students' understanding of assignments, the nature of the assignments, and the feedback given to students are important issues requiring closer evaluation. The results also suggest that changes in homework assignments and grading may make the transition from elementary to junior high school particularly difficult for students with special needs.
Applications of photonic crystals in optical data storage

We propose the general idea of constructing an ultra-compact optical pickup based on photonic crystals. A few optical components necessary for various functions of an optical head are designed and analyzed.
Species Relationships in Euphorbia as Shown by the Electrophoresis of Latex

In recent years a number of attempts have been made in several fields of biology to place the taxonomic relationships of species upon a firm physicochemical foundation. As an instance, the work of Mez and his school may be cited (Mez, I922; Hoeffgen, 1922). These investigations have produced the so-called " Sero-diagnostischer Stammbaum" which arranges the families of plants on the basis of their immunological reactions (Mez and Ziegenspeck, I926). Comparison of this " tree " with the taxonomic relationships already established shows that they are in most cases similar or identical. Likewise, it indicates that closely related plants have proteins which differ but slightly in their composition, and as morphologicil relationships become less, protein divergence increases. This work has drawn much criticism from Gilg and Schiirhoff and their group, but later work by Boom (1930) and by Moritz (I928, 1929), who gives a critical review of the literature, has shown that, in the main, Mez' conclusions are sound. By using anaphylactic methods, Moritz (1932) and Moritz and vom Berg (1931) have even been able to analyze the components of the compound antigens used by Mez. The investigations of Avery, Goebel, and Babers (1932) and those of Landsteiner and van der Scheer (I929) have shown that many complex proteins can be formed which differ only in the spatial arrangement of the groups about a single carbon atom. These proteins yield specific antibodies. This indicates that there may be many natural proteins which shade off into one another by slight gradations, yet each one would be characterized by immunological specificity. Wells (1929) has given a more detailed discussion of specificity. In addition to the serological method of investigating protein specificity, there are physical chemical methods such as a comparison of isoelectric points. Protein-coated colloidal particles possess an electric charge, the electrokinetic potential (Freundlich, I922). This can be measured by recording their mobility in an electric field, a method designated as electrophoresis. By varying the pH, the isoelectric point (point of no motion) can be reached. As this point has a definite value for each protein, it may serve as a means for relating and distinguishing proteins or other substances of an amphoteric nature. Also, since the numerical value of the isoelectric point is a function of the ratio
Silencing LRH-1 in colon cancer cell lines impairs proliferation and alters gene expression programs

Colorectal cancers (CRCs) account for nearly 10% of all cancer deaths in industrialized countries. Recent evidence points to a central role for the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) in intestinal tumorigenesis. Interaction of LRH-1 with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, highly active in a critical subpopulation of CRC cells, underscores the importance of elucidating LRH-1’s role in this disease. Reduction of LRH-1 diminishes tumor burden in murine models of CRC; however, it is not known whether LRH-1 is required for tumorigenesis, for proliferation, or for both. In this work, we address this question through shRNA-mediated silencing of LRH-1 in established CRC cell lines. LRH-1 mRNA knockdown results in significantly impaired proliferation in a cell line highly expressing the receptor and more modest impairment in a cell line with moderate LRH-1 expression. Cell-cycle analysis shows prolongation of G0/G1 with LRH-1 silencing, consistent with LRH-1 cell-cycle influences in other tissues. Cluster analysis of microarray gene expression demonstrates significant genome wide alterations with major effects in cell-cycle regulation, signal transduction, bile acid and cholesterol metabolism, and control of apoptosis. This study demonstrates a critical proproliferative role for LRH-1 in established colon cancer cell lines. LRH-1 exerts its effects via multiple signaling networks. Our results suggest that selected CRC patients could benefit from LRH-1 inhibitors.
Vitamin B12 absorption deficiency following bypass of the ileum

Vitamin B12 absorption, as determined by the urinary-excretion test o Schilling, is reported in 6 patients who have undergone distal ileal bypas surgery. The operation was performed to lower circulating cholestero levels in patients with hypercholesteremia and arteriosclerosis. The bowel in each case was normal.
BrowZine: A Review

BrowZine, an app designed for tablets, allows users to browse, save, organize, and read journals and journal articles from open source or subscribed journals. This article will highlight some of the features of the product.
The rate of electrode oxide formation during chronopotentiograms at a platinum anode

The formation of electrode oxide during anodic chronopotentiograms has been investigated for the oxidation of oxalic acid in 1 F sulfuric acid at a platinum anode. The amount of oxide on the electrode is found to be directly proportional to the anode potential above 0.7 V vs. S.C.E. The proportionality constant is 800 μC/cm2 volt.
Replica calculation of impurity pinning in low-temperature quasi-one-dimensional metals.

This paper begins a study of impurity pinning in general incommensurate charge-density-wave systems using the replica trick. In particular, models based on the impurity-phase interactions cos(\ensuremath{\theta}+2${k}_{f}$x) or cos(\ensuremath{\theta}+\ensuremath{\varphi}) (with \ensuremath{\varphi} a random field evenly distributed on [0,2\ensuremath{\pi}]) are investigated. With the replica method, adequate information about the low-frequency linear conductivity is contained in the diagonal component (with respect to the replica indices) of the phase propagator. Two types of fluctuations are contained in the replica-averaged action. First, for a given impurity configuration one has ordinary thermodynamic fluctuations. Second, the replica-averaged model contains the additional effects of impurity fluctuations. An exact symmetry of the averaged Lagrangian is found for certain impurity distributions. Using various approximations, the massless mode associated with this symmetry is found to be unbroken and is a manifestation of impurity fluctuations. Unfortunately, while these fluctuations dominate approximate solutions to the model, it is the thermodynamic fluctuations that are physically relevant, and it is necessary to separate the two. This is partially accomplished using a shift of variable, and the resulting model is found to resemble the random-field Ising model (which contains no zero mode). A variational method is then used to study the behaviors of the two models. For the standard model, it is found that the phason self-energy must vanish in the ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limit under the most general quadratic trial interaction (i.e., the averaged excitation spectrum is predicted to be gapless), supporting the earlier analysis. Moreover, the extremal mass matrix is unstable in the n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limit, limiting the usefulness of the result. In contrast, a nonvanishing, stable mass is found for the shifted model. The pole in the resulting propagator (in an approximation valid for \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0) is in qualitative agreement with expectation, predicting a gap that initially grows linearly with the standard deviation of the impurity distribution.
The serial reaction time task: implicit motor skill learning?

Since its development 20 years ago, the serial reaction time task (SRTT) has gone from being a tool used by psychologists ([Nissen and Bullemer, 1987][1]) to one that, in the last few years, has been embraced by a wider community ([Fig. 1][2]). Embedded within this task is a sequence, a connected
Improving intensity-based lung CT registration accuracy utilizing vascular information

Accurate pulmonary image registration is a challenging problem when the lungs have a deformation with large distance. In this work, we present a nonrigid volumetric registration algorithm to track lung motion between a pair of intrasubject CT images acquired at different inflation levels and introduce a new vesselness similarity cost that improves intensity-only registration. Volumetric CT datasets from six human subjects were used in this study. The performance of four intensity-only registration algorithms was compared with and without adding the vesselness similarity cost function. Matching accuracy was evaluated using landmarks, vessel tree, and fissure planes. The Jacobian determinant of the transformation was used to reveal the deformation pattern of local parenchymal tissue. The average matching error for intensity-only registration methods was on the order of 1mm at landmarks and 1.5mm on fissure planes. After adding the vesselness preserving cost function, the landmark and fissure positioning errors decreased approximately by 25% and 30%, respectively. The vesselness cost function effectively helped improve the registration accuracy in regions near thoracic cage and near the diaphragm for all the intensity-only registration algorithms tested and also helped produce more consistent and more reliable patterns of regional tissue deformation.
Three-dimensional photon treatment planning in carcinoma of the larynx

The role of three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning in the definitive treatment of carcinoma of the larynx with radiation was evaluated at four institutions as part of an NCI contract. A total of 30 different treatment approaches were devised for two patients with larynx cancer. CT scans were obtained for both patients and various treatment planning tools were employed to optimize beam arrangements and to evaluate the resulting dose distribution. The effect on dose distribution of a number of factors was also examined: 1) the use of dose calculation algorithms which correct for tissue inhomogeneities, 2) the variation of the CT numbers used for inhomogeneity corrections to simulate inaccuracies in the knowledge of the CT numbers, and 3) the modification of beam energy. A multitude of data was used in plan evaluation and a numerical score was given to each plan to estimate the tumor control probability and the normal tissue complication probability. We found 3-D treatment planning to be of potential value in optimizing treatment plans in larynx cancer. Improved target coverage was achieved when complete information describing 3-D geometry of the anatomy was utilized. In some cases, the treatment planning tools employed, such as the beam's eye view, helped devise novel beam arrangements which were useful alternatives to standard techniques. We found little effect of change in CT number on dose distributions. A comparison between dose distributions calculated with tissue inhomogeneity corrections to those calculated without this correction showed little difference. We did find some improvement in the dose to the primary tumor volume at lower beam energies, but with an increased larynx volume potentially receiving doses above tolerance.
Liquid Rise Between Filaments in a V-Configuration

A new experimental approach is described for obtaining a quantitative measure of the wettability of filaments. This technique is based on the spontaneous capillary rise of liquid between two filament surfaces held in an adjustable v-shaped arrangement. No contact angle measurements are necessary, all information being obtained from simple length readings. The apparatus allows a filament sample to be tested in different liquids and conditioned without being removed from the test mounting. Results are expressed in terms of the free energy of wetting. Some dependency on filament spacing at the liquid source level has been observed, but none connected with the angle between them.
Spatial relations of human chromosomes identified by quinacrine fluorescence at metaphase. II. Analyses of variance of intercentromeric distances.

Data on centromere locations from 168 fully identified normal human complements were subjected to special analyses of variance by computer. Aggregation specifically attributable to homologue associations seemed definitely to be absent. Chromosomes 1, 9 and 16, which contain large heterochromatic blocks were distributed as typical non-acrocentrics. X chromosomes in female cells behaved much like other chromosomes of their size, but may have an atypically large homologue distance. Acrocentrics aggregate as a group without specific homologue associations; smaller chromosomes in the group are often nearer the center of the metaphase plate. The data do not suggest stronger acrocentric association in females than males.
Oxygen Radicals, Cytokines, Adhesion Molecules, and Lung Injury

Inflammatory injury in the lung or dermis occurring after systemic activation of complement or after local deposition of immune complexes is related to local activation of tissue macrophages and/or...
Breaching or disturbing the peace? Organizational aesthetic encounters for informed and enlivened management learning experiences

The recent burgeoning of “organizational aesthetics” scholarship represents unrealized potential for transforming management learning practices. In response to calls for more embodied “holistic” wa...
Effects of 2-formylpyridine monothiosemicarbazonato copper II on red cell components.

Abstract 2-Formylpyridine monothiosemicarbazonato copper II (CuL + ) is readily taken up by red cells and is initially bound to glutathione and hemoglobin. Glutathione was depleted within 5 hr of incubation, presumably by oxidation mediated by CuL + and O 2 with concomittant generation of toxic oxygen species. Cupric ion was slowly transferred from CuL + to hemoglobin within about 7 hr, and hemoglobin was oxidized until the major form prevailing after 10 hr was α 2 β 2 + . Little increase in hemolysis due to addition of CuL + dissolved in the radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide was observed with prolonged incubation. Strong inhibition of red cell hexokinase by CuL + was observed when the enzymes in red cell lysates and hemoglobin-free red cell lysates were examined. CuL + was also an effective inhibitor of yeast hexokinase. However, the inhibitory effect of CuL + within the red cells was less pronounced. It is suggested that even though intracellular accumulation of CuL + creates an oxidizing environment and is potentially capable of inhibiting thiol enzymes such as hexokinase, protective effects are exerted in the red cell by the presence of hemoglobin, of radical scavengers, and of high levels of enzymes that detoxify toxic oxygen species. Address reprint requests to Dr. W.E. Antholine, Department of Radiology, or Dr. F. Taketa, Department of Bio
Relationship between medial hypothalamic α2-receptor binding, norepinephrine, and circulating glucose

These experimentsexamine the dependence of medial hypothalamic α2-receptor binding on the availability of circulating glucose. Food deprivation and tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia both diminished α2-binding. These binding results were highly correlated with serum glucose levels. Prevention of tolbutamide hypoglycemia by concomitant injections of dextrose blocked the effects on α2-binding. Injection of norepinephrine into the medial hypothalamic sites that normally elicit feeding behavior elevated serum glucose. These results suggest a homeostasis for control of glucose in a hypothalamic feeding system.
Eukaryotic Origin-Dependent DNA Replication In Vitro Reveals Sequential Action of DDK and S-CDK Kinases

Proper eukaryotic DNA replication requires temporal separation of helicase loading from helicase activation and replisome assembly. Using an in vitro assay for eukaryotic origin-dependent replication initiation, we investigated the control of these events. After helicase loading, we found that the Dbf4-dependent Cdc7 kinase (DDK) but not S phase cyclin-dependent kinase (S-CDK) is required for the initial origin recruitment of Sld3 and the Cdc45 helicase-activating protein. Likewise, in vivo, DDK drives early-firing-origin recruitment of Cdc45 before activation of S-CDK. After S-CDK activation, a second helicase-activating protein (GINS) and the remainder of the replisome are recruited to the origin. Finally, recruitment of lagging but not leading strand DNA polymerases depends on Mcm10 and DNA unwinding. Our studies identify distinct roles for DDK and S-CDK during helicase activation and support a model in which the leading strand DNA polymerase is recruited prior to origin DNA unwinding and RNA primer synthesis.
Nighttime driving and fatal crash involvement of teenagers

Data from the 1977 National Personal Transportation Survey and from the Fatal Accident Reporting System were used to compute mileage-based fatal crash involvement rates of drivers, by age, sex, and time of day. Teenagers drive less than older drivers but do more of their driving at night. They have much higher numbers of drivers in fatal crashes based on miles driven than do older drivers; their nighttime rates are particularly high. Sixteen year olds, especially males, have by far the highest fatal crash rates per mile, both nighttime and daytime. More widespread adoption of driving curfew laws would very likely produce substantial reductions in fatalities involving 16 yr old drivers.
Ozone Pollution: The Hard Choices

Ozone, the major component of photochemical smog, is arguably the most intractable political/economic/environmental problem facing the United States today. After almost two decades of effort, in 1987 sixty-eight areas of the country still failed to meet the ozone ambient air quality standard set by the Clean Air Act (CAA).2 The hot, dry summer of 1988 left still more areas out of compliance, and recorded higher levels of violation in many of those areas not in compliance before. Complicating the matter further, new research findings suggest that the health effects of ozone have additional dimensions not contemplated in the setting of the original standard for ambient air quality. Moreover, other research calls into question the strategy for controlling ozone on which previous actions have been based.
The United States: welfare, work and development

It has long been claimed that social welfare programmes harm economic development. These programmes, it is alleged, depress work incentives, divert scarce investment resources to ‘unproductive’ social services and create a large underclass of dependent individuals. Welfare reform in the United States intends to reverse these allegedly negative economic effects by requiring welfare clients to work. It also hopes to reduce poverty. This article examines these claims. It discusses the welfare reform programme and concludes that its impact on both economic development and poverty has been minimal. Policies that transcend the current obsession with work, promote sustained economic development and invest in human capabilities are more likely to succeed.
Characterization of head saturation

A detailed analysis of saturation in magnetic recording heads is given. One of the main goals of the study is to present saturation results in a simplified form, suitable for use in recording models. The saturated fields are therefore characterized in terms of an effective gap and spacing, and the dependence of these effective quantities on different head parameters and geometries is discussed. These effective quantities become different from their linear values when the deep-gap field exceeds one half of the saturation magnetization of the head, but the changes are always relatively small (less than 10% of the gap length). >
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena: an introductory phenomenological analysis.

Abstract The issue of meaningful yet unexpressed background—to language and to our experiences of the body—is one whose exploration is still in its infancy. There are various aspects of “invisible,” implicit, or background experiences which have been investigated from the viewpoints of phenomenology, cognitive psychology, and linguistics. I will argue that James's concept of the phenomenon of fringes, as explicated by Gurwitsch, provides a structural framework from which to investigate and better understand ideas and concepts that are indeterminate, particularly those experienced in the sense of being sought-after. Johnson's conception of the image-schematic gestalt (ISG) provides an approach to bridging the descriptive gap between phenomenology and cognitive psychology. Starting from an analysis of the fringes, I will turn to a consideration of the tip-of-tongue (TOT) state, as a kind of feeling-of-knowing (FOK) state, from a variety of approaches, focusing mainly on cognitive psychology and phenomenology. I will then integrate a phenomenological analysis of these experiences, from the James/Gurwitsch structural viewpoint, with a cognitive/phenomenological analysis in terms of ISGs, and further integrate that with a cognitive/functional analysis of the relation between consciousness and retrieval, employing Anderson et al's theory of inhibitory mechanisms in cognition. This synthesis of these viewpoints will be employed to explore the thesis that the TOT state and similar experiences may relate to the gestalt nature of schemas, and that figure/ground and other contrast-enhancing structures may be both explanatory and descriptive characterizations of the field of consciousness.
Evaluation of teat dips with excised teats.

Thirty-eight teat dip formulations were evaluated for germicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae with an excised teat model. Twenty-six of 27 iodophor products provided log reductions greater than 3 against Staphylococcus aureus, but only 13 against Streptococcus agalactiae. Log reductions obtained with two .2% quaternary ammonium and .5% cetylpyridium chloride products were greater than 4 against both organisms. A 1% benzyl alcohol formulation provided log reductions of 3.86 and 4.30 against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Germicidal activities of six novel formulations containing sodium chlorite were determined. Two products were effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae with log reductions greater than 4. One product provided a log reduction of 3; three products were ineffective.
Risky sexual behaviors in immigrant adolescent girls from the former Soviet Union: Role of natal and host culture ☆

Abstract In recent years, schools have been increasingly involved in youth's health-related behavior, particularly risky health behaviors (e.g., HIV/AIDS and pregnancy prevention programs). This study examined how acculturation processes among adolescent girls who are recent immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) affect their practices of risky sexual behavior (RSB), defined as behavior that leads to increased risk for unplanned pregnancy or HIV infection. The study used an ecological perspective to understand how families and peers play a pivotal role in these acculturation processes. The results highlight the protective role of natal culture for RSB for this group of recent immigrants. The study also indicates that a higher level of acculturation to American culture is related to increased RSB in these recent immigrants. Thus, the study challenges the notion that biculturalism is always advantageous. School-based and after-school activities that incorporated Russian culture were found to play a protective role. The intergenerational discrepancies between adolescent girls and their parents and between peers and parents were predictive of RSB. Practical implications for practice of school professionals are discussed.