cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-line sampling and intact mass analysis of nanometer-size aerosols via time-of-flight high-mass spectrometry

Abstract A device capable of continuously sampling and mass analyzing aerosols in the 1–10 nm diameter size range (masses up to 1 MDa) at part per billion (ppb, 10 10 cm −3 ) concentrations is described. Small aliquots of an aerosol flowing at atmospheric pressure are sampled into a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) via a pulsed molecular beam valve at 10–50 Hz. The aerosol molecular beam is singly and nondestructively ionized with light from an ultraviolet excimer laser and accelerated across a 20 kV electrostatic field. Ionized particle packets are separated in mass during a free flight and re-accelerated across an additional 30 kV into a stainless steel conversion dynode plate. Signals from ejected electrons and negative ion fragments resulting from the particle-dynode collisions are amplified in a dual microchannel plate detector, digitized, and stored in a fast transient recorder. Sampling of He flow streams bearing benzene, fullerenes, as well as Na, Mg, and CsI particles (nanocrystals) is demonstrated. In addition, the gas-phase reaction between a pre-formed Na nanocrystal and alkane thiols is monitored in real-time.
Alkali Gelatinization of Starches

Grain starches, chemically or genetically modified grain starches, tuber starches, and some from other botanical sources were treated at room temperature in media containing a constant amount of water and sodiumhydroxide. Appearances and viscosities of the mixtures were noted during a 7-day quiescent period. The point of complete gelatinization of the starch was deducible from the viscosity changes, as well as from visual observations. Although there were some noticeable differences between the starches, an NaOH to starch ratio of 3.5 to 3.8 meq/g should assure complete gelatinization within several hours or less. This alkali: starch ratio is compared to previous ratios expressed in the literature. A slight dependency of the ratio upon the starch concentration is indicated. The birefringence endpoint temperature ranges of the starches were determined, and other implications from the experiments with the 21 materials are discussed. Alkalische Verkleisterung von Starken. Getreidestarken, chemisch oder genetisch modifizierte Getreidestarken, Wurzelstarken und einige Starken anderer botanischer Herkunft wurden bei Raumtemperatur in Medien behandelt, die konstante Mengen an Wasser und Natriumhydroxid enthielten. Das Aussehen und die Viskositaten der Mischungen wurden wahrend einer 7tagigen Ruheperiode beobachtet. Der Punkt der vollstandigen Verkleisterung der Starke wurde sowohl durch die Viskositatsanderungen als auch durch visuelle Beobachtungen festgestellt. Obwohl zwischen den Starken einige betrachtliche Unterschiede bestanden, stellte ein NaOH/Starke-Verhaltnis von 3,5–3,8 meq/g die vollstandige Verkleisterung innerhalb mehrerer Stunden oder weniger sicher. Dieses Alkali/Starke-Verhaltnis wird mit fruheren in der Literatur angegebenen Verhaltnissen verglichen. Eine geringe Abhangigkeit dieses Verhaltnisses von der Starkekonzentration ist nachweisbar. Die Temperaturbereiche fur den Endpunkt des Verschwindens der Doppelbrechung bei den Starken wurden bestimmt, und andere Folgerungen aus den Versuchen mit 21 verschiedenen Substanzen werden diskutiert.
Vestibular nucleus projections to the Edinger–Westphal and anteromedian nuclei of rabbits

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), anteromedian nucleus (AM) and adjacent neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are sources of preganglionic parasympathetic innervation of intraocular smooth muscle, including blood vessels, pupillary muscle and the ciliary body in mammals. They also have central connections that are believed to affect parasympathetic outflow indirectly. This study utilized anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin to demonstrate direct projections from the vestibular nuclei to the Edinger-Westphal and anteromedian nuclei in rabbits. The rabbit AM and adjacent VTA contain moderate to intensely choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunopositive neurons. The rabbit EW, by contrast, is nearly devoid of ChAT-immunopositive neurons. Vestibular nucleus projections to these regions originate from all levels of the superior, medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, but do show topographic organization. The densest terminations were observed in AM and the ventral and central aspects of EW. The projections to AM terminate in both ipsilaterally and in a narrow paramedian region. Predominantly ipsilateral terminations were observed in VTA. Terminations on ChAT-positive cells in AM and VTA were verified in three rabbits. It is suggested that projections to some intensely ChAT-positive AM and VTA neurons may be a substrate for vestibular influences on lens accommodation, pupillary constriction and regulation of intraocular circulation during changes in posture and gravitoinertial challenges. The projections to ChAT-negative (and weakly immunoreactive) cells in AM, VTA and EW, on the other hand, are likely to contribute vestibular signals to a variety of motor responses via descending pathways.
Future trends in bladder reconstructive surgery

The incorporation of bowel into the urinary tract is associated with significant long-term complications. Therefore, considerable efforts are being made to avoid the use of enteric epithelium in bladder reconstruction. The simplest of these entail the use of native urothelium that is already t available, with techniques such as auto-augmentation, autoaugmentation de-epithelialized enterocystoplasty, and ureterocystoplasty. Unfortunately, in many patients, the bladder is too small, or dilated ureters are not available, and these techniques cannot be applied. Recently, experimental techniques are examining the use of tissue expansion to the ureter and bladder to increase the volume of tissue available. Tissue engineering techniques are being applied to bladder regeneration, and considerable advances have already been made leading to in vivo animal experimentation, the results of which are very encouraging. The details of these most recent advances will be discussed in detail in this report.
On the stereochemical course of cuprate-mediated homoconjugate addition to an activated cyclopropane

Abstract Cuprate-mediated homoconjugate addition to activated cyclopropane 6 is shown to proceed with inversion of absolute configuration at the apical carbon of the cyclopropane.
Ion/Ion Reactions with “Onium” Reagents: An Approach for the Gas-phase Transfer of Organic Cations to Multiply-Charged Anions

The use of ion/ion reactions to effect gas-phase alkylation is demonstrated. Commonly used fixed-charge “onium” cations are well-suited for ion/ion reactions with multiply deprotonated analytes because of their tendency to form long-lived electrostatic complexes. Activation of these complexes results in an SN2 reaction that yields an alkylated anion with the loss of a neutral remnant of the reagent. This alkylation process forms the basis of a general method for alkylation of deprotonated analytes generated via electrospray, and is demonstrated on a variety of anionic sites. SN2 reactions of this nature are demonstrated empirically and characterized using density functional theory (DFT). This method for modification in the gas phase is extended to the transfer of larger and more complex R groups that can be used in later gas-phase synthesis steps. For example, N-cyclohexyl-N′-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide (CMC) is used to transfer a carbodiimide functionality to a peptide anion containing a carboxylic acid. Subsequent activation yields a selective reaction between the transferred carbodiimide group and a carboxylic acid, suggesting the carbodiimide functionality is retained through the transfer process. Many different R groups are transferable using this method, allowing for new possibilities for charge manipulation and derivatization in the gas phase.
The formal definition of semantics by string automata

An abstract machine called a string automaton (SA) is introduced in this paper. SAs are motivated by the need to formally define the semantics of programming languages in a manner accessible to the users of the language. The SA notation can be used to represent functions and computations in a clear, concise, graphical, and natural manner. After the class of SAs has been formally defined, it is shown how logic modules (resembling hardware circuit elements) and function modules (which define functions) can be expressed by SAs. Networks of SAs and their application to the construction of parsers is discussed. The definition of the language and hardware components of an interactive programming system by means of SAs is outlined.
Voltage polarity relay-optimal control of electrochemical urea oxidation (hemodialysis application)

Voltage polarity relay (VPR) is shown to optimize the urea oxidation rate and urea current utilization under constant current conditions in direct electrochemical urea oxidation. Direct electrochemical urea oxidation is characterized by reversible deactivation of the working electrode due to oxidation products remaining on the surface and the requirement that the working electrode potential remain below about 1.1 V relative to Ag/AgCl to prevent undesirable secondary electrochemical oxidations. The VPR method monitors the potential of the working electrode relative to a suitable reference and changes system polarity when the upper potential set limit is reached. Thus. what was the working electrode becomes the counter electrode and vice versa. Since urea oxidation products are desorbed from the counter electrode when its potential drops below about -0.6 V relative to Ag/AgCl, alternating electrode functions between working and counter provides cyclic electrode regeneration and continuous urea oxidation. >
Optimum Configuration Of The Offner Null Corrector: Testing An F/1 Paraboloid

Three null correctors of the Offner type were designed to test an F/1 paraboloid and their performance compared to determine the optimum configuration with reference to wave-front residual, tolerancing, alignment and fabrication difficulty.
Improving knowledge about prenatal screening options: can group education make a difference?

AbstractObjective: To determine if the addition of group education regarding maternal serum screening and diagnostic testing for aneuploidy and neural tube defects improves patient knowledge and affects the uptake of testing compared to individual education alone.Method: We conducted a prospective study of 443 obstetric patients to assess knowledge of prenatal testing options based on individual provider counseling (n = 331) or provider counseling with supplemental group education (n = 112). We used a chi-square test to compare the number of correct survey answers between the two groups.Results: There was no difference in baseline knowledge. Patients receiving group education showed a statistically significant improvement in knowledge. After initiation of group education, the uptake of maternal serum screening declined while the uptake of amniocentesis remained unchanged.Conclusion: Group education in addition to individual counseling to discuss prenatal testing options appears to be effective in improvin...
Pumpkin response to nitrogen regime and nitrapyrin in dryland and irrigated culture

Abstract Processing pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) were grown on a Flanagan silty loam and an irrigated Plainfield sand in factorial combination with 2 N sources, 4 N rates and 2 nitrapyrin levels. Midseason soil analyses at each location indicated that nitrapyrin treatment suppressed nitrification. Lack of significant leaching in the Flanagan soil limited the response in fruit yield to N rate. Early shoot dry weight and shoot N content in both the Flanagan loam and Plainfield sand were higher with urea‐ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) than with urea. Nitrapyrin application in the Plainfield sand increased early shoot dry weight by 28% with UAN and 7% with urea but had no effect on early pumpkin growth in the Flanagan loam. Significant amounts of inorganic N leached out of the 0–20 cm soil depth in the Plainfield sand 8 weeks after applying N treatments. The effect of nitrapyrin on fruit yield in the Plainfield sand was limited and occurred primarily at the lower N rates (56 and 112 kg/ha). The results supp...
Frequency of Quizzes in a Behavioural Science Course: An Attempt to Increase Medical Student Study Behavior

(1984). Frequency of Quizzes in a Behavioural Science Course: An Attempt to Increase Medical Student Study Behavior. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 34-34.
Functional evolution of C4 pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase

Pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) plays a controlling role in the PEP-regeneration phase of the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Earlier studies have fully documented its biochemical properties and its post-translational regulation by the PPDK regulatory protein (PDRP). However, the question of its evolution into the C4 pathway has, until recently, received little attention. One assumption concerning this evolution is that changes in catalytic and regulatory properties of PPDK were necessary for the enzyme to fulfil its role in the C4 pathway. In this study, the functional evolution of PPDK from its ancient origins in the Archaea to its ascension as a photosynthetic enzyme in modern C4 angiosperms is reviewed. This analysis is accompanied by a comparative investigation into key catalytic and regulatory properties of a C3 PPDK isoform from Arabidopsis and the C4 PPDK isoform from Zea mays. From these analyses, it is proposed that PPDK first became functionally seated in C3 plants as an ancillary glycolytic enzyme and that its transition into a C4 pathway enzyme involved only minor changes in enzyme properties per se.
Brief ischemia-reperfusion induces stunning of endothelium in canine coronary artery.

BACKGROUNDBrief ischemic episodes that induce stunning of the myocardium may also induce stunning of the coronary endothelium. To test this hypothesis, we examined both in vivo and in vitro responses of canine coronary arteries exposed to brief ischemia.METHODS AND RESULTSFunctional recovery of the endothelium was examined in vivo during reperfusion after 15 minutes of ischemia. Vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine were severely impaired during the first hour of reperfusion but gradually improved over a 90-minute period after ischemia. The vasoconstrictive response to U46619 was enhanced for the first 30 minutes of reperfusion and returned to normal within 60 minutes. In vitro vasomotor responses to potassium chloride, acetylcholine, bradykinin, and sodium nitroprusside were examined in isolated segments of canine coronary arteries preexposed in vivo to brief ischemia (10-30 minutes) and 20 minutes of reperfusion. The results showed enhanced contractile responses and blunted endothelium-dependent but n...
PHENOMENOLOGICAL REFLECTION AND TIME IN VIKTOR FRANKL'S EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

Utilizing the definition of phenomenology originally presented by Edith Stein, it is possible to understand Viktor Frankl's existential psychotherapy as falling well within the phenomenological movement. In this article, Frankl's approach to treatment, which utilizes an induced phenomenological struggle, is examined in detail around its relationship with time. Clinical material is presented to illustrate the described treatment approach.
Receptive and expressive language problems occurring in combination with a seizure disorder: A case report

The purpose of this case report is to present an example of a child with receptive and expressive language problems occurring in combination with a seizure disorder. For a period of 3 years the seizure disorder appeared to be controlled by medication and the child made substantial improvement in a language remediation program. A sudden disruption of decoding abilities was the only behavioral indication that the treatment program needed to be reassessed. Descriptions of the child's behaviors, subsequent neurological evaluation, and goals of the language habilitation program are presented.
Attempts to Control Body Weight Gains of Growing Broiler Breeder Females with High Fiber Diets

Abstract Free-choice feeding of high-fiber growing diets has been proposed by some as a means of limiting weight gains of broiler breeder pullets. Such a system would eliminate problems with weighing and distributing feed. A study was conducted in which a grower diet normally fed in limited quantity was diluted with ground rice hulls on an 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 basis and fed ad libitum to growing broiler breeder pullets from 6 to 22 weeks of age. None of these dilutions was sufficient to result in body weight limitation within the range suggested by the primary breeder.
External and internal diffusion in heterogeneous enzymes systems.

The intrusion of diffusion in heterogeneous enzyme reactions, which follow. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, is quantitatively characterized by dimensionless parameters that are independent of the substrate concentration. The effects of these parameters on the overall rate of reaction is illustrated on plots commonly employed in enzyme kinetics. The departure from Michaelis-Menten kinetics due to diffusion limitations can be best assessed by using Hofstee plots which are also suitable to distinguish between internal and external transport effects. A graphical method is described for the evaluation of the reaction rate as a function of the surface concentration of the substrate from measured data.
Precipitation Strengthening of MgO by MgFe2O4

The effects of magnesioferrite precipitates on the mechanical properties of MgO single crystals were determined in samples with Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios of 0.14 to 3.65%. Microhardness, slip-band length, and 4-point bending and compression strengths were measured. Maximum strength occurs for very short aging times, e.g. after 7° min at 700°C for samples with 3.65 cation % Fe, the hardness and critical resolved shear strength were 2300 and 35 kg/mm2, respectively. On further aging, the strength decreases rapidly at first from the peak value and then decreases slowly. Particles with diameters of ∼40 A give maximum strength; fracture stresses >100,000 psi were observed. The strengthening is attributed to stacking faults in the particles and particle-matrix surface area created when dislocations cut particles. The sharp peak in the strength vs aging curve is attributed to the particle-matrix surface area and the main hardening to stacking faults. The critical resolved shear strength values are related quantitatively to the volume fraction and size of the precipitates in the theoretical treatment presented.
COMPsych: A computerized software information system

This paper describes the development of COMPsych, a computerized system to disseminate information about software dealing with ail aspects of psychology. The need for such a service, the various components, and the general operation of the system are described. The system will contain a catalog of commercial and public domain software, a library of freeware, a directory of computer users, and a bulletin board.
The effects of interply damping layers on the dynamic response of composite structures

Integrated damping mechanics for composite laminates with constrained interlaminar layers of polymer damping materials are developed. Discrete layer damping mechanics are presented for composite materials with damping layers, in connection with a semi-analytical method for predicting the modal damping in simply-supported specialty composite plates. Several application cases are used to demonstrate the advantages of the method. Damping predictions for graphite-epoxy composite plates of various laminations demonstrate the potential for higher damping than geometrically equivalent aluminum plates. The effects of aspect ratio, damping layer thickness, and fiber volume ratio on static and dynamic characteristics of the composite plate are also investigated.
Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana

In order to demonstrate features of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) path in the amphibian, 2--6 microliters of either Evans Blue-albumin (EBA) or ferrocyanide were injected into the ventricular system of anesthetized bullfrogs. The animals were sacrificed 1 to 135 minutes after injection by either quick freezing (EBA injections) or fixative perfusion (ferrocyanide injections). The contents of the cranial and vertebral cavities were then examined grossly and histologically for distribution of the tracers. In all animals, the tracers were seen throughout the ventricular cavity and in the subarachnoid space surrounding the caudal hindbrain. The site of communication between these two fluid spaces was the posterior tela of the hindbrain. Within this tela, "pores" were found between groups of pavement-like ependymal cells. In many animals, tracer was also observed in the vertebral subarachnoid and epidural spaces, adjacent to spinal nerve roots. In three EBA-injected animals, this tracer was also seen in the subcardinal lymph spaces. These findings suggest that the subarachnoid space in the bullfrog communicates functionally with the ventricular system by way of specialized "pores" in the posterior tela of the hindbrain. There is also indication of movement of fluid within the subarachnoid space which is predominately caudal in direction, with a primary absorptive path for CSF that consists of a perineural route to the lymphatic system.
Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco

The crippling custom of footbinding is the thematic touchstone for Judy Yung's engrossing study of Chinese American women during the first half of the twentieth century. Using this symbol of subjugation to examine social change in the lives of these women, she shows the stages of 'unbinding' that occurred in the decades between the turn of the century and the end of World War II. The setting for this captivating history is San Francisco, which had the largest Chinese population in the United States. Yung, a second-generation Chinese American born and raised in San Francisco, uses an impressive range of sources to tell her story. Oral history interviews, previously unknown autobiographies, both English- and Chinese-language newspapers, government census records, and exceptional photographs from public archives and private collections combine to make this a richly human document as well as an illuminating treatise on race, gender, and class dynamics. While presenting larger social trends Yung highlights the many individual experiences of Chinese American women, and her skill as an oral history interviewer gives this work an immediacy that is poignant and effective. Her analysis of intraethnic class rifts - a major gap in ethnic history - sheds important light on the difficulties that Chinese American women faced in their own communities. Yung provides a more accurate view of their lives than has existed before, revealing the many ways that these women - rather than being passive victims of oppression - were active agents in the making of their own history.
Perceptual reference frames and visual field asymmetry for verbal processing.

Abstract Two experiments investigated the role of perceptual reference frames in producing visual field asymmetries for the recognition of consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) nonsense syllables. In an upright stimulus display condition, both quantitative and qualitative visual field asymmetries replicated those obtained in earlier studies of CVC identification. When the stimulus displays were rotated 90° clockwise or counterclockwise, there were no effects of presenting the CVC in relative LVF vs relative RVF stimulus locations. The contrast between results in the upright and rotated stimulus display conditions indicates that the LVF/RVF differences in the upright displays are attributable to the position of the CVC relative to the fovea, rather than relative to the perceptual reference frame. This finding is consistent with the interpretation that LVF/RVF differences in the upright condition are attributable to hemispheric differences in the processing of linguistic/phonetic information.
Resilience and other reactions to military deployment: the complex task of identifying distinct adjustment trajectories.

of psychological resilience to the effects of military deployment and some insight into the factors underlying it. In addition, they present evidence of a wide array of other adjustment trajectories following military deployment. In relation to resilience, 78% of Danish soldiers experienced minimal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms before deployment and up to 2.5 years after. These results are consistent with other recent investigations of soldiers’ capacity to weather the stress of war. For example, Bonanno and colleagues 2 found that 83% of American military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan showed low levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms both before and up to 5 years after their deployment. Similarly, Dickstein and colleagues, 3 in a longitudinal study of American peacekeepers in Kosovo, found that over 80% showed minimal PTSD symptoms before their deployment and no increase in distress after it. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the considerable majority of soldiers are able to return to their normal levels of functioning after deployment to a war zone. The human capacity to endure and even thrive under conditions of acute stress, once considered rare or a reflection of extraordinary coping abilities, is now increasingly recognized as normative, 4 the rule rather than the exception. In response to events as diverse as bereavement, traumatic injury, life-threatening disease, and even terrorist attack, 5 most people are able to
San Fernando Earthquake of 9 February 1971: Pattern of Faulting

Mapping of the surface breaks that resulted from the San Fernando earthquake of 9 February 1971 reveals that the pattern of faulting was highly complex; it consisted of a number of segments that produced ground displacements and acceleration throughout the entire northern end of the San Fernando Valley. Instead of occurring on the frontal fault zone, as might have been expected, the faulting occurred on the valley side of the frontal fault system, which separates the crystalline rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains from the Tertiary sediments of the San Fernando Valley. However, the new fault system does, in many cases, follow breaks in slope and subtle escarpments that suggest faulting along these zones in the recent geologic past.
Comparison of trace metal concentrations in muscle tissue of a benthopelagic fish coryphaenoides armatus from the atlantic and pacific oceans

Abstract Specimens of Coryphaenoides armatus , a benthopelagic fish, were collected from the North Atlantic and North Pacific for trace metal analysis. Concentrations of cadmium and lead in muscle tissue of Atlantic fish were not significantly different from those of Pacific fish. Differences in copper concentrations in the two groups may be related to size difference. Higher concentrations of nickel, cobalt, iron and manganese observed in muscle tissue from the Pacific fish may be due to differences in fish size and differences in deep water metal chemistry between the two oceans.
A novel alcohol oxidase/RNA-binding protein with affinity for mycovirus double-stranded RNA from the filamentous fungus Helminthosporium (Cochliobolus) victoriae: molecular and functional characterization.

We have cloned and sequenced a novel alcohol oxidase (Hv-p68) from the filamentous fungusHelminthosporium (Cochliobolus)victoriae that copurifies with mycoviral double-stranded RNAs. Sequence analysis revealed that Hv-p68 belongs to the large family of FAD-dependent glucose methanol choline oxidoreductases and that it shares significant sequence identity (>67%) with the alcohol oxidases of the methylotrophic yeasts. Unlike the intronless alcohol oxidases from methylotrophic yeasts, a genomic fragment of the Hv-p68 gene was found to contain four introns. Hv-p68, purified from fungal extracts, showed only limited methanol oxidizing activity, and its expression was not induced in cultures supplemented with methanol as the sole carbon source. Northern hybridization analysis indicated that overexpression of Hv-p68 is associated with virus infection, because significantly higher Hv-p68 mRNA levels (10- to 20-fold) were detected in virus-infected isolates compared with virus-free ones. We confirmed by Northwestern blot analysis that Hv-p68 exhibits RNA binding activity and demonstrated that the RNA-binding domain is localized within the N-terminal region that contains a typical ADP-binding β-α-β fold motif. The Hv-p68 gene, or closely similar genes, was present in all species of the genusCochliobolus but absent in the filamentous fungus,Penicillium chrysogenum, as well as in two nonmethylotrophic yeasts examined. This study represents the first reported case that a member of the FAD-dependent glucose methanol choline oxidoreductase family, Hv-p68, may function as an RNA-binding protein.
Temperature quantitation and mapping of frozen tissue.

A method was developed for quantitating the temperature within frozen tissue with the magnetic resonance (MR) parameter R2*. The pulse sequence uses half-pulse excitation and a short spiral readout to achieve echo times as short as 0.2 msec. Fiber-optic temperature sensors were inserted into bovine liver tissue. The tissue was frozen at one end while being held warm at the other end. Once steady state was reached, the parameter R2* was measured. A linear dependence of R2* on temperature was demonstrated. R2* is independent of freeze number and of the orientation of the temperature gradient with respect to the main magnetic field. Feasibility in a canine prostate during cryosurgery is demonstrated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:99–104. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BRCA1-IRIS overexpression abrogates UV-induced p38MAPK/p53 and promotes proliferation of damaged cells.

BRCA1-IRIS overexpression abrogates UV-induced p38MAPK/p53 and promotes proliferation of damaged cells
Accelerated Mineralization of Prosthetic Heart Valves

Abstract The most common cause of prosthetic heart valve failure is severe regurgitation due to rupture of one or more valve cusps that have become mineralized and rigid. To assess the role of stress and strain in the mineralization initiation, in vitro, reference-grade, essentially lipid-free, glutaraldehyde-tanned bovine pericardium (developed as a standard reference material for bioprosthetic device testing) was exposed to a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution in a high-speed valve tester. The pericardium was tested as sheets constructed into tricuspid valves and dumbbell-shaped tensile-test specimens, and then tested at 720 cycles/min. for up to 18 million cycles. Mineralization was followed using X-ray photography, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and multiple-attenuated internal reflection infrared spectroscopy. Tensile strength of the tissue was determined using a chemomechanical testing apparatus. Phosphate-based tissue mineralization, first conc...
Gender differences in moral reasoning

This research tests Gilligan's hypothesis that men are more likely to consider moral dilemmas chiefly in terms of justice and individual rights, whereas women are more likely to be chiefly concerned with questions of care and relationships with others. In addition, we have investigated the effects of dilemma content upon orientation of moral judgment. Protocols from interviews with 50 college students, half women and half men, to three moral dilemmas were coded according to moral orientation. Results indicated that both moral orientations were widely used by both men and women, but that women were more likely to employ prodominantly care considerations. In a test of mean differences in proportion of justice responses, content of the specific moral dilemma showed a strong influence upon moral reasoning. Results suggest that both gender and situational factors need to be considered in our understanding of moral reasoning.
Ship optimization by globally convergent modification of PSO by a surrogate‐based Newton method

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is the introduction of a globally convergent algorithm into a framework for global derivative‐free optimization, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) for which a full proof of convergence is currently missing.Design/methodology/approach – The substitution of the classical PSO iteration by the Newton method is suggested when the global minimum is not improved. Use of surrogate models for the computation of the Hessian of the objective function is a key point for the overall computational effort. Adoption of a trust‐region approach guarantees the consistency of the present approach with the original formulation.Findings – The approach proposed is mostly found to be an improvement of the classical PSO method. The use of surrogate models and the trust‐region approach maintains the overall computational effort at the same level as the original algorithm.Research limitations/implications – Although the number of algebraic test functions is pretty large, a single practica...
Influence of Wind Shear on the Growth of Hail

Abstract Dessens (1960) has suggested that strong winds aloft favor the growth of hail in thunderstorms building under their influence. The physical implication of this suggestion is examined by making computations on the growth of hailstones in a model cloud under vertical wind shear. The computations are based essentially on the Schumann-Ludlam formulation of the hail problem. The model cloud has been hypothesized for the mean hail sounding in the Denver area published by Beckwith (1960). The conclusions indicated by these computations are that (1) there is a higher probability of hail in thunderstorms formed under strong vertical wind shear than those without shear; and (2) the maximum size attainable by hailstones is greater in a cloud without shear than in one under shear, provided that the strength of the updraft, the vertical distributions of liquid water content and temperature are the same in the core of the two clouds. It is also indicated that in the absence of vertical shear the updrafts requi...
On the existence of random solutions of a non-linear perturbed random integral equation

The object of the paper is concerned with the existence and uniqueness of a random solution, a second-order stochastic process, of a non-linear perturbed random integral equation of the formx where teR+ and coωeΩ, the supporting set of a probability measure space (Ω,A,μ). Several Jianach spaces and Bunnell's fixed point theorem are the primary techniques used.
Mobile Applications and Museum Visitation

Recent developments in social media technology will further extend, preserve, and integrate the museum experience with visitors' personal and social lives. The featured Web extra is a video of Computer's Entertainment Computing column editor Kelvin Sung discussing how mobile apps can enhance visitors' museum experiences.
Hypothermia therapy for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in the state of California.

Objective To characterize the implementation of hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in a population-based cohort. Study design Using the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative and California Perinatal Transport System linked 2010-2012 datasets, we categorized infants ≥36 weeks' gestation with HIE as receiving hypothermia or normothermia. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were compared, and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with hypothermia therapy. Results There were 238 reported encephalopathy cases in 2010, 280 in 2011, and 311 in 2012. Hypothermia therapy use in newborns with HIE increased from 59% to 73% across the study period, mainly occurring in newborns with mild or moderate encephalopathy. A total of 36 centers provided hypothermia and cared for 94% of infants, with the remaining 6% being cared for at one of 25 other centers. Of the centers providing hypothermia, 12 centers performed hypothermia therapy to more than 20 patients during the 3-year study period, and 24 centers cared for Conclusions Our findings highlight an opportunity to explore practice-site variation and to develop quality improvement interventions to assure consistent evidence-based care of term infants with HIE and appropriate application of hypothermia therapy for eligible newborns.
Factors Influencing the Lysozyme Level of Hens’ Egg White

Abstract ONLY genetic constitution has been shown to be a factor influencing the level of lysozyme in egg white. Fleming and Allison (1924), Smolelis and Hartsell (1951), Wetter et al. (1953), and MacDonnell et al. (1954) have shown there to be large differences in the lysozyme content of the egg whites of different species of birds. The chicken ranked higher than all other species tested save the quail, whereas the duck and goose ranked among the lowest. Highly significant differences between strains of the domestic fowl have been demonstrated by Cotterill and Winter (1954), although it is not clear from the published report whether these strains were of the same or different breeds. They also have shown highly significant differences in eggs laid by different hens, as have Wilcox and Cole (1954). In order to facilitate characterization of individual hens in respect to lysozyme concentration of their egg white for an …
Parathyroid hormone-related protein response to hyperoxic lung injury

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a growth inhibitor for alveolar type II cells. Type II cell proliferation after lung injury from 85% oxygen is regulated, in part, by a fall in lung PTHrP. In this study, we investigated lung PTHrP after injury induced by >95% oxygen in rats and rabbits. In adult rats, lung PTHrP rose 10-fold over controls to 6,356 +/- 710 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) at 48 h of hyperoxia. Levels fell to 299 +/- 78 pg/ml, and staining for PTHrP mRNA was greatly reduced at 60 h (P 95% hyperoxia and then falls near the peak of injury. Changes in PTHrP are temporally related to type II cell proliferation and may regulate repair of lung injury.
Brain amyloid - A physicochemical perspective

The ability to form stable cross-beta fibrils is an intrinsic physicochemical characteristic of the human beta-amyloid peptide (A beta), which forms the brain amyloid of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The high amyloidogenicity and low solubility of this hydrophobic approximately 40-mer have been barriers to its study in the past, but the availability of synthetic peptide and new physical methods has enabled many novel approaches in recent years. Model systems for A beta aggregation (relevant to initial nidus formation) and A beta deposition (relevant to plaque growth and maturation) in vitro have allowed structure/activity relationships and kinetics to be explored quantitatively, and established that these processes are biochemically distinct. Different forms of the peptide, with different physiochemical characteristics, are found in vascular and parenchymal amyloid. Various spectroscopic methods have been used to explore the three-dimensional conformation of A beta both in solution and in solid phase, and demonstrated that the peptide adopts a different configuration in each state. A significant conformational transition is essential to the transformation of A beta from solution to fibril. These observations suggest new therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
Mechanisms of Operation and Degradation in Solution-Processable Organic Photovoltaics

Organic photovoltaic devices are being intensely researched as a low-cost solar power conversion technology. In general, reliability and degradation mechanisms for these devices have not been examined by researchers in detail, however recent efficiency gains justify more concerted efforts toward achieving commercially viable device lifetimes. The molecular nature of these materials and the atmospheric processing techniques used for their fabrication provide for potentially low cost production. These aspects also bring with them unique challenges in achieving stable device performance. In this paper, I provide a brief description of the operational mechanisms of these devices, and I outline what is known about the mechanisms of degradation and the device lifetimes
CFD- and CSD-based Aeroelastic Computations of Helicopter Rotor Blades using a Modular Approach

A modular capability to compute dynamic aeroelastic characteristics of rotor blades using the Euler/Navier-Stokes flow equations and finite element structural equations is presented. The approach is based on a time-accurate analysis procedure suitable for nonlinear fluid-structure interaction problems. Fluids and structural solvers are time accurately coupled in the C++ environment. Unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic results are validated with experimental data for non-rotating and rotating isolated blades.
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on social anxiety in males with fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a rare inherited genetic disorder causing severe intellectual disability and autistic-like symptoms. Individuals with FXS, males in particular, often exhibit extreme eye gaze avoidance and hyperarousal when they encounter stressful social situations. We investigated whether oxytocin (OT), a hormone with prosocial and anxiolytic effects, could alleviate symptoms of social anxiety in this population. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled single-dose trial was performed with intranasal administration of placebo, 24 IU OT and 48 IU OT. Measures of eye gaze frequency, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol were obtained during a structured social challenge conducted 50 min following OT administration. Ten low-functioning males with FXS (aged 13-28 years) traveled to Stanford for the initial visit: 8 completed the study. Eye gaze frequency improved significantly in response to the 24 IU OT dose and salivary cortisol levels decreased significantly in response to the 48 IU OT dose. There was no effect of OT on heart rate, RSA or HRV although individual plots of the heart rate data suggested that OT increased heart rate in some participants and decreased heart rate in others. These findings suggest that intranasal administration of OT may ameliorate some symptoms of social anxiety in patients with FXS. Further double-blind placebo-controlled studies of OT, conducted in combination with behavioral treatment programs, may be warranted.
In Search of Subjectivity—One's Own:

It is no more useful for researchers to acknowledge simply that subjectivity is an invariable component of their research than it is for them to assert that their ideal is to achieve objectivity. Acknowledgments and assertions are not sufficient. Beginning with the premise that subjectivity is inevitable, this paper argues that researchers should systematically seek out their subjectivity, not retrospectively when the data have been collected and the analysis is complete, but while their research is actively in progress. The purpose of doing so is to enable researchers to be aware of how their subjectivity may be shaping their inquiry and its outcomes. In this paper I demonstrate the pursuit of my subjectivity in the course of year-long fieldwork in a multiethnic high school.
Toward a New Predictive Model of Student Retention in Higher Education: An Application of Classical Sociological Theory.

Theoretical models designed to predict whether students will persist or not have been valuable tools for retention efforts relative to the creation of services in academic and student affairs. Some...
A physical interface for system dynamics simulation

We present the System Blocks, a new physical interactive system that makes it easier for kids to explore dynamic systems. A set of computationally enhanced children blocks, made of wood and electronics, the System Blocks can assist K-12 educators to teach the complex concepts of system dynamics and causalities. System dynamics and system thinking are methods for studying the world around us. They deal with understanding how complex systems change over time, and how structure influences behavior. In this paper we will show how the System Blocks enable young children (as early as four years old) to create and interact with systems that simulate real-life dynamic behavior such as a bank account; population growth; or the delicate equilibrium of an ecosystem. The System Blocks gives young children a hands-on environment to learn about complex behavior and encourage new ways of thinking.
Synthesis of Model Alumina Slurries for Damascene Patterning of Copper

Model alumina slurries for chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of copper have been studied using fundamental electrochemical concepts together with modification of surface tension and zeta-potential. A model slurry was established containing 3 wt% alumina (50 nm nominal size), 2 wt% potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and 1 vol % DOWFAX, as abrasive, oxidizer and anionic surfactant, respectively, which resulted in blanket copper removal rates of 130 nm/min with smooth, low-particulate defect density surfaces without aggressive post-CMP cleaning. When used with a model silica-abrasive slurry to remove the Ta liner, well-defined damascene-patterned structures were achieved with low-particulate defect densities. Open circuit potential measurement, potentiodynamic polarization, surface tension measurement, and zeta-potential measurement were used in developing the model slurries. The variations obtained with alternative abrasives, alternative oxidizers and alternative surfactants illustrate the principles of synthesizing slurries for Cu and Ta.
Toward a systematic definition of protein function that scales to the genome level: defining function in terms of interactions

The ultimate goal of functional genomics is to elucidate the function of all the genes in the genome. However the current notions of function are crafted for individual proteins. The degree to which they can scale to the genomic level is not clear In this paper we review the diverse approaches to functional classification, focusing on their ability to meet this challenge of scale. Our review emphasizes a number of key parameters of the systems: their accuracy, comprehensiveness, level of standardization, flexibility, and support for data mining. We then propose an approach that synthesizes a number of the promising features of the existing systems. Our approach, which we call a function grid, is based on the notion of defining a protein's function through molecular interactions-specifically, in terms of its probability of interaction with various ligands, the list of which can be expanded infinitely. To illustrate how our function grid can be used in genome-wide prediction of function, we construct a grid of yeast genes; combine it with other genomic information, including sequence features, structure, subcellular localization, and messenger ribonucleic acid expression; and then use decision trees and support vector machines to predict deoxyribonucleic acid binding.
Safety and tolerability of sedation-free flexible cystoscopy for intradetrusor botulinum toxin-A injection.

Purpose: Intradetrusor botulinum toxin-A injection is a promising emerging therapy for neurogenic and idiopathic overactive bladder that is refractory to current antimuscarinic agents. We evaluated a sedation-free procedure using flexible endoscopy to perform intradetrusor botulinum toxin-A injection using a validated pain score to assess the tolerability of this technique.Materials and Methods: Five men and 22 women with idiopathic overactive bladder refractory to antimuscarinics were prospectively evaluated and randomized to 100 U (14) or 150 U botulinum toxin-A (13). Subjects underwent BTA injection with intravesical lidocaine using a 14Fr Olympus™ flexible cystoscope, which accommodates a 27 gauge flexible Olympus injection needle. Patients were evaluated with the visual analog scale to evaluate discomfort during and 15 minutes after the procedure. Procedure time was recorded.Results: In 22 female patients the mean pain score was 3.1 (range 0 to 10) during the procedure and 0.7 (range 0 to 7) 15 minut...