cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospects for a BiCFET III-V HBT Process

While complementary FETs are routinely available in BiCMOS processes, the successful integration of HBTs with complementary FETs has not been reported. In this work, we demonstrate a material structure and process capable of allowing HBTs plus n and p-channel MESFETs. We report on the DC and AC characteristics of the HBT and the p-FET DC performance. The n-FET is unaffected by this material design.
Aquatic photovoltaic facility for Catalina Island

Abstract A feasibility study, design, and cost estimate have been completed for a 1 MWe photovoltaic (PV) facility which would float on an inland reservoir at Catalina Island. If built, this would be one of the largest PV operating facilities to date and also the first floating PV system. The modular installation consists of 250 floating platforms, each supporting 430 ft2 of flat panel PV cells. Three tracking systems were considered; a two-axis tracking, a one-axis tracking, and a non-tracking system. The non-tracking and one-axis tracking systems were carried through the final design stage. The one-axis system was most cost effective. The total cost of the one-axis tracking system is about $4.0 million; the cost of the non-tracking system is about $3.7 million. The levelized energy costs for the two systems are about $0.37/kWh and $0.42/kWh respectively. This facility would provide 25% of Catalina's yearly peak energy demand; reducing the amount of diesel fuel used for power production. The aquatic environment provided difficult and unusual design criteria.
Stapedectomy: fenestration versus partial or complete footplate removal

Abstract The introduction of stapes surgery in the 1950s has brought about numerous changes to the field. The designed changes in the prosthesis as well composition of the prosthesis has influenced stapes surgery. The introduction of microdrills and lasers has also had some dramatic influences in the field. Stapes surgery can be divided into large fenestra technique or small fenestra technique. There are various proponents to each technique, with reported excellent results for each technique. The long-term hearing results are comparable with each technique. This article reviews the long-term results for large fenestra and small fenestra surgery.
Patterns of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures

Purpose: The Wilkins-modified Gartland classification of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures does not consider coronal or sagittal obliquity. The purposes of our study were (1) to identify and describe fracture characteristics with unique properties and (2) to propose a fracture classification system that can be reproduced reliably. Methods: We retrospectively studied 203 consecutive displaced pediatric extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures treated operatively from January 1998 to January 2003. Fracture characteristics (eg, coronal and sagittal obliquity, postoperative alignment), type of surgical treatment, outcome, and complications were assessed and analyzed statistically with Student t test and a receiver operating characteristic curve. Significance was defined as P < 0.05. We incorporated significant cutoff values for fracture obliquity into our classification scheme and tested the classification's interobserver and intraobserver reliability. Results: We identified 4 coronal (typical transverse, medial oblique, lateral oblique, and high fractures) and 2 sagittal (low sagittal and high sagittal) subtypes with significantly different characteristics and outcome. Compared with fractures with coronal obliquity of less than 10 degrees, fractures with coronal obliquity of 10 degrees or greater were associated with significantly more comminution and rotational malunion. Compared with fractures with sagittal obliquity of less than 20 degrees, fractures with sagittal obliquity of 20 degrees or greater were associated with a significantly higher incidence of additional injuries and were more likely to result in extension malunion. Analysis of the interobserver and intraobserver reliability for our system identified correlation coefficients ranging from 0.772 to 0.907 and 0.860 to 0.899, respectively. Conclusions: Because pediatric extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures vary significantly in terms of characteristics, identification of sagittal oblique and coronal oblique angles may have an important role in surgical decision making and may impact outcomes.
Ten years after wildfires: How does varying tree mortality impact fire hazard and forest resiliency?

Abstract Severe wildfires across the western US have lead to concerns about heavy surface fuel loading and the potential for high-intensity reburning. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests, often overly dense from a century of fire suppression, are increasingly susceptible to large and severe wildfires especially given warmer and drier climate projections for the future. However, the majority of research on fuel dynamics after wildfires has focused on high-severity burned areas in more productive forest types. We sampled fuel loadings in 2009 and 2010 across a range of tree mortality on two high-severity wildfires that occurred in 2000: the Pumpkin Fire in Arizona, and the Jasper Fire in South Dakota. We established 60 plots per fire, 10 in each of five post-fire mortality classes: 0–20%, 21–40%, 41–60%, 61–80%, and 81–100% mortality, based on percentage of trees killed, plus unburned control areas. We measured height, diameter, status (alive or dead) and crown base height of each tree, plus fuel loading by size class, litter and duff depth, and herbaceous biomass. Ten years after wildfire, low mortality (0–40%) plots resembled unburned plots in almost every fuels attribute. Basal area in low-mortality plots exceeded reconstructed historical ranges and fire hazard reduction targets by up to 130%. However, coarse woody debris (CWD; woody material >7.62 cm) loadings fell below a recommended “optimum” range and herbaceous fuels were sparse. Mid-mortality (41–80%) plots were characterized by more open stands and increased surface fuel loadings, basal area was close to target ranges and CWD loadings were within the recommended range. High mortality (81–100%) plots had few trees but CWD loadings exceeded recommended levels by up to 28%, and herbaceous fuels were adequate to carry a surface fire. These findings suggest that post-fire management should be targeted to the level of mortality. Low mortality and unburned areas should be targeted for reducing stand densities and promoting understory growth, to minimize crown fire hazard and increase site potential. Burned areas with >80% tree mortality have the lowest crown fire hazard, but may benefit from fuel reduction efforts such as low intensity prescribed burning to reduce both fine fuels and some of the CWD. Stand structures and surface fuel loads in mid-mortality plots most resembled historical targets and met numerous restoration objectives for ponderosa pine-dominated forests, especially given predicted climate changes. These areas can be maintained through low-intensity prescribed burning to prevent them from becoming overly dense and thus enhance their longer-term resiliency to future disturbances.
A stereotactic method for the three-dimensional registration of multi-modality biologic images in animals: NMR, PET, histology, and autoradiography

The objective of this work was to develop and then validate a stereotactic fiduciary marker system for tumor xenografts in rodents which could be used to co-register magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), PET, tissue histology, autoradiography, and measurements from physiologic probes. A Teflon™ fiduciary template has been designed which allows the precise insertion of small hollow Teflon rods (0.71 mm diameter) into a tumor. These rods can be visualized by MRI and PET as well as by histology and autoradiography on tissue sections. The methodology has been applied and tested on a rigid phantom, on tissue phantom material, and finally on tumor bearing mice. Image registration has been performed between the MRI and PET images for the rigid Teflon phantom and among MRI, digitized microscopy images of tissue histology, and autoradiograms for both tissue phantom and tumor-bearing mice. A registration accuracy, expressed as the average Euclidean distance between the centers of three fiduciary markers among the registered image sets, of 0.2±0.06 mm was achieved between MRI and microPET image sets of a rigid Teflon phantom. The fiduciary template allows digitized tissue sections to be co-registered with three-dimensional MRIimages with an average accuracy of 0.21 and 0.25 mm for the tissue phantoms and tumor xenografts, respectively. Between histology and autoradiograms, it was 0.19 and 0.21 mm for tissue phantoms and tumor xenografts, respectively. The fiduciary marker system provides a coordinate system with which to correlate information from multiple image types, on a voxel-by-voxel basis, with sub-millimeter accuracy—even among imaging modalities with widely disparate spatial resolution and in the absence of identifiable anatomic landmarks.
The Industrial Economics of Banking

Policy-oriented economic analysis of the industrial structure of the banking industry traditionally has been guided by two intellectual paradigms: the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) hypothesis and the efficient-structure (ES) theory . The SCP hypothesis proposes that the level of concentration in a banking market influences banks’ conduct, which in turn has a bearing on loan and deposit quantities, qualities, interest rates, and other market outcomes that determine consumer welfare. The SCP hypothesis implies that greater concentration gives banks more market power, which in turn leads to fewer loans and deposits and higher loan rates and lower deposit rates, all of which reduce consumer welfare. The ES theory suggests that cost conditions faced by banks play a crucial role in determining the optimal scale of individual banking organizations and the appropriate scope of banking activities. Thus, in contrast to the SCP hypothesis, the ES theory indicates that greater costs efficiencies resulting from expansions of scale and/or scope can lead both to expansions in loans and deposits, with associated lower loan rates and higher deposit rates. In practice, therefore, regulators contemplating applications for new banking licenses or, as discussed in the following chapter, proposed bank mergers and acquisitions have focused considerable attention on a perceived trade-off between resulting increases in market power versus cost-efficiency gains.
Problems in the institutionalization of higher education; an analysis based on historical materials

Clues to the answers for such questions as the best preparation of qualified men for creative social science research, the extent to which the past development of natural science can be utilized as a guide to the future development of social science, the optimum educational organization, the proper balance between quantity and quality factors, the dichotomy between teaching and research, the balance between theory and general learning versus practical learning are sought in the dynamic interpretation of the historical process of education, and the controlling factors which help bring about educational change, both institutional and functional, are discussed. For example, reasons are suggested for the dominance of the department in universities and for the high or low prestige of the institutions.
Measured and predicted fluxes of biogenic silica in Lake Michigan

Diatom production in the offshore waters of Lake Michigan is limited by silica supplies in late summer and can be predicted from the seasonal disappearance of silica from the trophogenic zone. Biogenic silica fluxes obtained from sediment trap collections were compared with fluxes predicted from the silica disappearance model. Measured and predicted fluxes were in good agreement for offshore stations, but at stations closer to shore measured fluxes were 2-3 times greater than predicted fluxes. Sediment trap and water chemistry data show that little of the diatom production is dissolved in the water column. Therefore, greater than predicted fluxes at nearshore locations were attributed to new silica supplied from upwellings, tributary inputs, and recycling and resuspension in nearshore sediments. The good agreement between measured and predicted fluxes in offshore waters shows that biogenic silica fluxes may be useful in determining the collecting efficiency of sediment traps.
More realistic power estimation for new user, active comparator studies: an empirical example.

Purpose Pharmacoepidemiologic studies are often expected to be sufficiently powered to study rare outcomes, but there is sequential loss of power with implementation of study design options minimizing bias. We illustrate this using a study comparing pancreatic cancer incidence after initiating dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) versus thiazolidinediones or sulfonylureas. Methods We identified Medicare beneficiaries with at least one claim of DPP-4i or comparators during 2007–2009 and then applied the following steps: (i) exclude prevalent users, (ii) require a second prescription of same drug, (iii) exclude prevalent cancers, (iv) exclude patients age <66 years and (v) censor for treatment changes during follow-up. Power to detect hazard ratios (effect measure strongly driven by the number of events) ≥ 2.0 estimated after step 5 was compared with the naive power estimated prior to step 1. Results There were 19 388 and 28 846 DPP-4i and thiazolidinedione initiators during 2007–2009. The number of drug initiators dropped most after requiring a second prescription, outcomes dropped most after excluding patients with prevalent cancer and person-time dropped most after requiring a second prescription and as-treated censoring. The naive power (>99%) was considerably higher than the power obtained after the final step (~75%). Conclusions In designing new-user active-comparator studies, one should be mindful how steps minimizing bias affect sample-size, number of outcomes and person-time. While actual numbers will depend on specific settings, application of generic losses in percentages will improve estimates of power compared with the naive approach mostly ignoring steps taken to increase validity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating species richness: Biased ecological inference results from spatial heterogeneity in detection probabilities

Accurate estimates of species richness are necessary to test predictions of ecological theory and evaluate biodiversity for conservation purposes. However, species richness is difficult to measure in the field because some species will almost always be overlooked due to their cryptic nature or the observer's failure to perceive their cues. Common measures of species richness that assume consistent observability across species are inviting because they may require only single counts of species at survey sites. Single-visit estimation methods ignore spatial and temporal variation in species detection probabilities related to survey or site conditions that may confound estimates of species richness. We used simulated and empirical data to evaluate the bias and precision of raw species counts, the limiting forms of jackknife and Chao estimators, and multispecies occupancy models when estimating species richness to evaluate whether the choice of estimator can affect inferences about the relationships between environmental conditions and community size under variable detection processes. Four simulated scenarios with realistic and variable detection processes were considered. Results of simulations indicated that (1) raw species counts were always biased low, (2) single-visit jackknife and Chao estimators were significantly biased regardless of detection process, (3) multispecies occupancy models were more precise and generally less biased than the jackknife and Chao estimators, and (4) spatial heterogeneity resulting from the effects of a site covariate on species detection probabilities had significant impacts on the inferred relationships between species richness and a spatially explicit environmental condition. For a real data set of bird observations in northwestern Alaska, USA, the four estimation methods produced different estimates of local species richness, which severely affected inferences about the effects of shrubs on local avian richness. Overall, our results indicate that neglecting the effects of site covariates on species detection probabilities may lead to significant bias in estimation of species richness, as well as the inferred relationships between community size and environmental covariates.
Single Crystal Gallium Nitride Nanomembrane Photoconductor and Field Effect Transistor

Large-area, free-standing and single-crystalline GaN nanomembranes are prepared by electrochemical etching from epitaxial layers. As-prepared nanomembranes are highly resistive but can become electronically active upon optical excitation, with an excellent electron mobility. The interaction of excited carriers with surface states is investigated by intensity-dependent photoconductivity gain and temperature-dependent photocurrent decay. Normally off enhancement-type GaN nanomembrane MOS transistors are demonstrated, suggesting that GaN could be used in flexible electronics for high power and high frequency applications.
Molecular Biology of Urothelial Cancer

Urothelial Carcinoma (UCa) is the commonest form of bladder cancer in the industrialized and western world, accounting for over ninety percent of all cases. In an attempt to broaden our understanding of the underlying pathology of UCa, herein, we have discussed the molecular signatures that characterize these lesions.
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptides and α-amidation in olfactory neurogenesis and neuronal survival in vitro

We investigated the role of amidated neuropeptides, and specifically pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), in olfactory neurogenesis and olfactory receptor neuronal survival. Using both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we find that both peptidylglycine a-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), the enzyme responsible for amidation and therefore activation of all amidated neuropeptides, and amidated PACAP are expressed in developing and adult olfactory epithelium. Amidated PACAP is highly expressed in proliferative basal cells and in immature olfactory neurons. The PACAP-specific receptor PAC1 receptor is also expressed in this population, establishing that these cells can be PACAP responsive. Experiments were conducted to determine whether amidated neuropeptides, such as PACAP38, might function in olfactory neurogenesis and neuronal survival. Addition of PACAP38 to olfactory cultures increased the number of neurons to .250% of control and stimulated neuronal proliferation and survival. In primary olfactory cultures, pharmacologically decreased PAM activity, as well as neutralization of PACAP38, caused neuron-specific loss that was reversed by PACAP38. Mottled (Brindled) mice, which lack a functional ATP7A copper transporter and serve as a model for Menkes disease, provided an in vivo partial loss-of-function PAM knock-out. These mice had decreased amidated PACAP production and concomitant decreased numbers of olfactory receptor neurons. These data establish amidated peptides and specifically PACAP as having important roles in proliferation in the olfactory system and suggest that a similar function exists in vivo.
Effect of Induced Molting on B Cell and CT4 and CT8 T Cell Numbers in Spleens and Peripheral Blood of White Leghorn Hens

Two trials were conducted to examine the possible effect of induced molting on splenic and peripheral blood T and B cells. Molting was achieved using shortened light exposure and a 14-day fast. Feed was removed on Day 0 and blood for analysis was removed on Days 3, 10, and 17 whereas spleens were removed on Days 4, 11, and 18. Fluorochrome-labeled anti-chicken CT4 and CT8 monoclonal antibodies were used to examine molting effects on chicken T cells and polyclonal anti-chicken immunoglobulin was used to detect chicken B cells. The labeled cell preparations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Molted hens had significantly decreased CT4+ peripheral blood T cells on Day 3 in both trials and on Day 10 in one trial. No effects on peripheral blood CT8+ T cells were observed. Splenic CT4+ T cells were decreased on Day 11 in one trial whereas splenic CT8+ T cells were significantly increased on Day 4 in two trials and on Day 11 in one trial. Peripheral blood and splenic B cells were largely unaffected in both trials. These results indicate that fasting to induce a molt does alter T lymphocyte subpopulations and these effects primarily occur early in the fasting procedure.
Survey of Forensic Service Providers

Abstract Government-funded studies, to date, have focused on forensic science within the laboratory setting. Recent studies have suggested that there is a significant amount of forensic services that take place outside of the forensic laboratories. 1 There has been a lack of research that quantifies and benchmarks forensic services performed outside of the traditional forensic laboratories. This study, funded through the West Virginia University Forensic Science Initiative by a grant from the National Institute of Justice and conducted in collaboration with the International Association for Identification (IAI), examines forensic services conducted outside of forensic laboratories. Data on forensic identification was gathered through two surveys. The first survey, a detailed survey about the organization's jurisdiction, employment, functions performed, caseload, backlog, budget, and outsourcing, was sent to IAI members in the United States. The second survey, a brief survey, was sent to every police chief...
Balloon Test Occlusion with the Doppler Velocity Guidewire

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is the most commonly used method of cerebrovascular blood flow velocity measurement, but it is subject to certain technical and anatomic limitations. The Doppler velocity guidewire measures blood flow velocity within any vessel during cerebral angiography, overcoming these limitations. We report the first use of this guidewire in the measurement of blood flow velocity during balloon test occlusion, with results similar to simultaneously measured transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Velocity measurement by Doppler guidewire could be useful in balloon test occlusion for vertebrobasilar circulation, where transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is limited, and provide anatomically specific blood flow velocity measurements in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases.
On the representation of veristic variables

The distinction between possibilistic and veristic variables is pointed out, the former, such as a persons age, takes exactly one value, while the latter, such as a persons hobbies, takes any number of solutions. We introduce a number of different types of statements involving veristic variables and then show how these can be translated into expressions and constraints, within the framework of the theory of approximate reasoning. We discuss the methods for combining veristic information.
The Gauss machine: A Galois-enhanced quadratic residue number system systolic array

The Gauss machine is a SIMD systolic array architecture that takes advantage of the Galois-enhanced residue number system (GEQRNS) to form reduced-complexity arithmetic elements. The Gauss machine is targeted at front-end signal and image processing applications. A discrete prototype that achieves a peak rating of 320 million complex arithmetic operations per second while operating at 10 MHz has been constructed. A VLSI implementation of the Gauss machine's processor cell has been created. The VLSI implementation is implemented in 2.0-/spl mu/m CMOS and achieves greater than 20-MHz performance, using less than 2.0-mm/sup 2/ die area. It is shown that techniques for defect tolerance in RNS systolic arrays can result in substantial yield enhancement, thereby making larger than conventional (ULSI) systems possible. >
Pattern programming approach for teaching parallel and distributed computing

In this paper, we describe an approach for teaching parallel and distributed computing at the undergraduate level using computational patterns. The goal is to promote higher-level structured design for parallel programming and make parallel programming easier and more scalable. A pattern programming framework has been developed to create a distributed application that avoids the need to write code in low level message--passing APIs such as MPI. Several patterns have been implemented including workpool, pipeline, synchronous and iterative all-to-all, and stencil. We have redesigned a regular senior undergraduate parallel programming course to begin with a pattern strategy using our framework and provide a detailed syllabus around patterns.
Design of a digital radio-frequency telemetry system for recording of electrophysiological data in freely moving rats

A wired system in which a rat resides in a copper mesh-shielded cage is presently used to collect EEG and other electrophysiological data from Sprague-Dawley rats in the Trinity College Electrophysiology Laboratories. We have designed a digital RF-telemetry system to replace those wires and to enhance flexibility in both experimental design and the animal's freedom of movement. Currently available systems using analog technology to transmit data from the animal to the recording apparatus are typically susceptible to noise and loss of data integrity, which is why such telemetric systems have not gained widespread acceptance In the research community. Our present all-digital telemetric design, however, permits multiple channels to be multiplexed and transmitted over a single channel, reducing noise and enhancing data integrity.
Poliovirus Precipitins. A Study by means of Diffusion in Agar.

Antigens present in poliovirus concentrates react with antibodies present in the serum of hyperimmunized monkeys to give type-specific precipitates. One or more bands of precipitate can be formed wherever such homotypic reactants, diffusing into an agar gel, meet in sufficient concentration and in equivalent proportions. No qualitative differences have been detected between the type-specific reactions given by different strains of the same virus type; and no precipitates have been seen which could be called "group-specific." Non-specific precipitates have occasionally been observed. Type-specific poliovirus precipitins are found in the serum of poliomyelitis patients. Their concentration has been measured by a standardized method. They tend to develop in parallel with neutralizing antibodies against the same virus type, increasing in amount during the first weeks of illness in those patients who show concurrent neutralizing antibody rises. The precipitation reaction has proved valuable in the antigenic analysis of polioviruses. Its general adoption as a diagnostic procedure is perhaps unlikely; but it may be well worth applying for special purposes.
When 1+1≠2: making mathematics in central Brazil

In this ethnographic account of mathematical activity among the Juruna, Kayabi, and Suya of central Brazil, I show how arithmetic practices are fashioned in a specific social setting. Values and symbolic properties of both the gift exchange and capitalist economics structure arithmetic dilemmas in the Xingu Indian Park. Within a broad social field that transcends the boundaries of the park to include prospecting sites and cattle ranches, economic calculations are extended to all kinds of goods, both material and symbolic. The distribution and circulation of these different forms of capital are discussed in view of the constitution of particular arenas of exchange. Practice theories highlight the ways in which mathematical knowledge is constituted in everyday activities, challenging functional assumptions about cognition and schooling. By articulating principles of the gift with those of capitalist exchange, mathematics is construed by the juruna, Kayabi, and Suya as a product of social work and symbolic fashioning.
Thermal properties of very fast transistors

Recent predictions that thermal effects will limit future transistor speed improvement motivated an interest in predicting and measuring these effects. A mathematical model of the three-dimensional transient heat flow problem is presented which takes into account the physical structure of the device and the actual region of power dissipation. At any point within the device, the model predicts the time-dependent temperature response to a change in power dissipation. A new method of measuring the local time-dependent thermal behavior of small bipolar transistors is described and used to verify the model. It was found that the thermal spreading resistance becomes important in silicon transistors when the emitter stripe dimensions approach 1 µ. Furthermore, the thermal response is much slower than the electrical response. Also, it was confirmed that adjacent devices in integrated circuits are essentially thermally isolated as far as thermal spreading resistance is concerned.
On the Potential of SiGe HBTs for Extreme Environment Electronics

"Extreme environments" represents an important niche market for electronics and spans the operation of electronic components in surroundings lying outside the domain of conventional commercial, or even military, specifications. Such extreme environments would include, for instance, operation to very low temperatures (e.g., to 77 K or even 4.2 K), operation at very high temperatures (e.g., to 200/spl deg/C or even 300/spl deg/C), and operation in a radiation-rich environment (e.g., space). We argue that the unique bandgap-engineered features of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors offer great potential to simultaneously satisfy all three extreme environment applications, potentially with little or no process modification, ultimately providing compelling cost advantages at the IC and system level.
Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of Dislocation Etch-Pits

Chemical mechanical polishing and stress corrosion cracking result from chemical attack at stressed regions. To better understand the combined effects of chemical attack and stress, a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) study of the formation of dislocation etch pits is being pursued. In the simulations, atoms from a diamond cubic lattice are irreversibly removed with a probability which depends on an atom’s number of nearrest neighbors as well the local stress developed from its physical location with respect to a dislocation in the lattice. In accordance with experimental observations, both faceted and non-faceted dislocation etch-pits have been observed. Simulations have been performed for various values of the strength to the etchant attack and the magnitude of the stress produced by the dislocation.
Vascular Surgery: Endovascular and Major Vascular Surgery

Over a 100 million adults undergo noncardiac surgery worldwide, and a significant proportion of these patients are elderly patients with complex medical histories undergoing vascular surgery. The risk of adverse events, especially cardiac events, increases with age. Elderly patients with significant comorbidities who undergo high-risk procedures are more likely to sustain perioperative adverse events than their healthy counterparts in the same age cohort. Perioperative management of elderly patients scheduled for vascular surgery poses a unique challenge for the anesthesiologist. This chapter will focus on the demographics of an elderly patient presenting for vascular surgery, risks of commonly performed vascular procedures, preoperative evaluation, and perioperative management of elderly patients undergoing vascular surgery.
A concurrent Navier-Stokes solver for implicit multibody calculations

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a concurrent implementation of the Aerospace Launch System Implicit/ Explicit Navier–Stokes code (ALSINS). This general code is the primary tool used by the Aerospace Corporation for a broad range of practical flow simulations. These include a variety of nozzle flows and multi-body launch vehicle configurations. The basic governing equations utilized by the ALSINS code are the three dimensional, compressible Navier–Stokes equations in conservation form. The code solves this set of equations in a transformed domain, where the irregular computational domain and cells are mapped into a rectangular block with rectangular cells. The numerical scheme uses a finite volume approach: the governing differential equations are discretized into a set of finite difference equations, which equate the change of states at a cell center to the net sum of fluxes across the cell surfaces. This approach allows the three dimensional operator of the Navier-–Stokes equations to be reduced to the sum of three one dimensional operations. The inviscid fluxes are evaluated using an extension of the total-variation-diminishing algorithm. The viscous fluxes are computed using a standard central difference scheme. The numerical solutions are second order in space. The change of states at the cell center is discretized using a first-order accurate explicit Euler scheme. For the steady flow problems, the calculation of the change of states is achieved using an implicit algorithm that allows Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) numbers in the order of hundreds.
Governing Science: Public-Private Partnerships and the Remaking of African Agriculture

Over the past decade, large donor institutions, led by the Rockefeller and Gates Foundations, have launched a ‘Green Revolution for Africa’ initiative that aims to modernize African agriculture. At the heart of this project lies the development of new seed technologies, especially transgenic technologies, to increase productivity in staple food and commodity crops. Instituting the project has been a contentious process: African governments have been slow to develop biosafety regimes, and activist groups have provided implacable opposition to these technologies. In addition, this paper argues, international biotechnology companies, which own these technologies, have created bottlenecks by insisting on strong protections against liability and for intellectual property rights. The paper analyzes the ways in which project proponents have sought to address these governance challenges by forging a pro-biotechnology ‘science-based epistemic community’ of African scientists and policymakers networked with counterparts in the United States. The key institutional node is provided by ‘public-private partnerships’ designed to both govern and promote the technology. The aim is to re-define agricultural science as a public good rooted in private rights. The paper shows that, while the preponderance of power in these arrangements lies with private companies, cultures of public research remain remarkably resilient. Technology governance regimes thus remain contentious, and the GR4A’s political trajectory is uncertain. The analysis draws on a case study of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation.
An Employer-Level Proxy Tax on Fringe Benefits

The proposal would impose a 50 percent tax on employers for the net cost of meals, entertainment, gyms, and dining facilities provided to employees and customers, unless the cost as included in the consumer’s income as indicated by their Form W-2 or Form 1099. The tax is a proxy tax on employee consumption equivalent to a rate of 331⁄3 percent as income tax is normally computed. The proxy tax would reduce the deadweight loss, which occurs as the parties replace cash payments with noncash transfers.The proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration by tax professionals to develop and perfect proposals to help Congress when it needs to raise revenue. Shelf Project proposals are intended to raise revenue, defend the tax base, follow the money, and improve the rationality and efficiency of the tax system. A longer description of the Shelf Project can be found at ‘‘The Shelf Project: Revenue-Raising Projects That Defend the Tax Base,’’ Tax Notes, Dec. 10, 2007, p. 1077 Shelf Project proposals follow the format of a congressional tax committee report in explaining current law, what is wrong with it, and how to fix it.
Chemical Sanitizing Agents and Spoilage Bacteria on Fresh Broiler Carcasses

Abstract The effect of sanitizers on spoilage bacteria associated with poultry is not well known, and this study investigated this phenomenon. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fragi, and Shewanella putrefaciens were collected from spoiled broiler carcasses. The following sanitizers in three replicate trials (Rep) were applied to the isolates: sodium hypochlorite (SH), quaternary ammonium (Quat), lactic acid (LA), trisodium phosphate (TSP), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and Timsen (TN), a novel compound containing a Quat derivative in combination with urea. SH eliminated growth of P. fluorescens, P. putida, and P. fragi, but did not consistently kill Shewanella putrefaciens at concentrations ≤50 ppm. Quat did not consistently eliminate any of the spoilage bacteria analyzed. At levels of 5% or above, LA eliminated or inhibited all spoilage isolates. At 0.5%, TSP eliminated pseudomonads, whereas a level of 1% or higher was required to prevent S. putrefaciens growth. HP was an effective sanitizer at 0.1%. Few spoilage bacteria multiplied in the presence of 10 ppm TN. S. putrefaciens grew when exposed to 10 ppm or 100 ppm TN in Reps 1 and 2, respectively. All of the sanitizers tested, except Quat, prevented growth of the pseudomonads. In general, S. putrefaciens was more resistant to sanitizers than were the pseudomonads.
Fall and early spring aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations affecting wheat and barley production in Virginia

Effects of fall and early spring populations of the grain aphids Schizaphis Graminum (Rondani), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), R. maidis (Fitch), and Microsiphum avenae (F.) on winter wheat and winter barley production were evaluated in field trials and in state cultivar trials in eastern Virginia. Data collected in field tests where aphids were controlled with systemic insecticides (disulfoton, carbofuran, or dimethoate) revealed significant yield increases compared with the untreated plots in 1980 and 1983 when aphid populations at time of application were >20 per 0.3 m of row. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection was>10% of total untreated plot area in 1980 and 1983. No reductions in grain yields were noted in 1981, 1982, and 1984, years when aphid populations were very low (<1.3 per 0.3 m of row) and no BYDV symptoms were present. Yield increases were observed in the wheat and barley cultivar trials in 1980 and 1983 when early spring applications of disulfoton 15 G were made; no differences were noted in 1981 and 1982 when the same insecticide application was made. ‘Tyler’ wheat had relatively high yield increases in the treated plots during all four seasons, even when aphid populations were very low. ‘Massey’ had lower yield increases in the treated plots than most of the 30 cultivar entries each year. ‘Barsoy’ and ‘Maury’ barley also had lower yield increases in the treated plots than the other 20 cultivars being evaluated in 3 of the 4 years tested.
New Rhaphiocerinae from Mexico, with a Key to Known Genera (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Three new genera and 4 new species of Rhaphiocerinae are described and a key is presented to identify the known genera of Rhaphiocerinae. The new taxa are: ANISOSCAPUS , new genus, A. ochraceus , new sp., A. chlorovittatus , n. sp. (type-species); BRACHYTHRIX , new genus, B. dileucostigma , n. sp. (type-species), DOLICHOTHRIX , new genus, D. melanothorax , n. sp. (typespecies). Seven species in 6 genera of Rhaphiocerinae are now known to occur in Mexico.
Intravenous infusion of drugs to deploy skills quality and efficienly of of the finished effect

Objective Explore the intravenous infusion of drugs to deploy skills quality and efficiency of the finished effect. Methods From October 2012 to December(fourth quarter), intravenous medications deployment center to strengthen the deployment of personnel professional skills training, and July 2012 to September(third quarter) compared observed quality and efficiency of deployment of intravenous drugs changes.Results IV drug fourth quarter compared to the third quarter the total allocation of 9.25%, 88.89% reduction in the rate allocation error, drug consumption decreased 75.26%. Conclusion Strengthen the deployment of staff of professional skills training to improve skills in the deployment intravenous drugs, intravenous medications help to improve the quality and efficiency of deployment.
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Decorative Tattoos with Reference to Argon Laser Treatment

The most common reason given for receipt of a tattoo is membership in or identification with a group; many individuals receive tattoos in prison. The reasons for tattoo removal include inability to obtain sophisticated employment, dissociation with previous imprisonment, and self shame. As yet, a technique of tattoo removal that is precise, noninvasive, and does not leave a secondary scar has not been developed, but laser physiology and technologic refinements may offer the best hope for such a treatment.
Endothelial and adrenergic dysfunction in Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma.

Objective To investigate the involvement of endothelial and adrenergic mechanisms in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and scleroderma. Methods Ten patients with RP and scleroderma and 10 healthy volunteer controls were studied. Intraarterial methacholine, sodium nitroprusside, and clonidine were administered while bilateral finger blood flow was measured with venous occlusion plethysmography. Results Compared to the controls, the patients showed diminished responses to methacholine, an endothelium dependent vasodilator, and to clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist. However, both groups showed similar responses to sodium nitroprusside, an endothelium independent vasodilator. Conclusion The findings were consistent with previous histological evidence of endothelial damage in scleroderma blood vessels. Failure to release nitric oxide from vascular endothelium may play a role in RP in patients with scleroderma.
What is psychonephrology

Patients on forms of dialysis and those who receive kidney transplants face many stresses connected with their illness and forms of treatment. These stresses may result in a variety of psychiatric disorders and other problems. It is the duty of all nephrology personnel to be aware of these problems, and inquire about them so that the appropriate treatment may be instituted. The major stresses of dialysis involve conflicts of dependency and independency, unrealistic expectations, the medical regimen and the many losses these patients sustain. As a consequence of these stresses and other factors, patients experience depression, anxiety, sexual problems, psychosis, problems in rehabilitation and uncooperativeness. The therapies of these disorders include individual and group therapy and the use of psychologically active medications. The pharmacokinetics of medications used to treat these patients require special consideration of the route of elimination, whether or not the medication is dialyzable and the protein binding of the medicine. Renal transplant patients may experience the same psychiatric problems, but usually of a lesser degree. Their special stress is termed "The Sword of Damocles'" that refers to anxiety associated with the wait and worry of organ rejection.
On Narrating the Pacific

On the Ides of March 1777, young German scholar Georg Forster paid a surprise visit to Spanish ambassador Masserano. He had returned from James Cook’s second circumnavigation (1772–1775), where he assisted his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, who joined the journey as Joseph Bank’s replacement. Barely nineteen years of age, young Forster embarked on the trip of a lifetime, collecting and recording the fauna and flora of the Pacific. His intellectual coming-of-age, however, emerged not from plants and animals but from his encounter with the region’s multitude of indigenous cultures. He quickly realized the downside to the voyage, as he witnessed rising hostility between his father and the illustrious British captain.
Interactive Democracy: Regional vs. global democracy: possibilities and limitations

Introduction Regionalism has come to the fore in recent economic and political developments and has been an important subject of attention in contemporary political science. Especially with the EU’s rise to prominence over the last decades (despite the various setbacks), theorists have taken notice of the new forms of regional coordination not only there but in other parts of the world (e.g., Latin America, Southeast Asia), where these have largly centered on economic cooperation, though in some cases have involved political organization as well. Considerably less attention has been paid to the normative implications of these developments, though some theorists – especially of international law – have pointed to the regional human rights agreements that are beginning to be taken seriously, while others (especially of international relations) have commented on the democratic deficit in the EU. Although theorists of democracy and human rights have analyzed the justifications and roles that these norms play in national contexts and increasingly even in global contexts, scant attention has been given to their potential for guiding and constraining regional political and economic development. Instead, cosmopolitan theorists of democracy and of justice often want to move the discussion directly from the level of the nation-state to that of the world as a whole, with little analysis of the emerging regionalism, increasingly recognized as important in practical affairs and public policy.
Children on the reef : Slow learning or strategic foraging?

Meriam children are active reef-flat collectors. We demonstrate that while foraging on the reef, children are significantly less selective than adults. This difference and the precise nature of children’s selectivity while reef-flat collecting are consistent with a hypothesis that both children and adults attempt to maximize their rate of return while foraging, but in so doing they face different constraints relative to differences in walking speeds while searching. Implications of these results for general arguments about factors that shape differences between child and adult behavior and human life-histories are explored.
Performance Assessment of Wind Turbines: Data-Derived Quantitative Metrics

Deteriorating performance of wind turbines results in power loses. A two-phase approach for performance evaluation of wind turbines is presented at past and future time intervals. Historical wind turbine data is utilized to determine the past performance, while performance at future time horizons calls for power prediction. In phase I of the proposed approach, wind power is predicted by an ensemble of extreme learning machines using parameters such as wind speed, air temperature, and the rotor speed. In phase II, the predicted power is used to construct Copula models. It has been demonstrated that the parameters of the Copula models serve as usable metrics for expressing performance of wind turbines. The Frank Copula model performs best among the five parametric models tested.