cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The un-utilizability design method for collector-storage walls

Abstract The monthly-average auxiliary energy requirement of a building with a collector-storage (Trombe) wall is estimated using upper and lower theoretical limits to system performance. These two limits on the building auxiliary energy requirements result from considering the building and collector-storage wall to have either zero thermal capacity or infinite thermal capacity. With zero thermal capacity, all solar gain in excess of the load, on an instantaneous basis, is not useful and must be dumped. With infinite thermal capacity, the house is able to store any gain in excess of the instantaneous load and use it at some later time. Auxiliary energy use by real systems will fall between these two theoretical bounds. An empirical correlation is presented for the fraction of the load met by the collector-storage wall, F , for systems with finite capacity. The correlation is based on the solar radiation statistic, utilizability. The correlation is compared to yearly TRNSYS simulation results for a wide variety of system types. The root-mean-square difference between F found from the un-utilizability method and from TRNSYS simulations is less than 4 per cent. One advantage of this method over other simplified design methods is that this method covers a much larger range of design parameters.
Deployment of a dense hybrid wireless sensing system for bridge assessment

Discussed in this paper is the deployment of a dense wireless sensor system on a short span integral abutment bridge superstructure located in St. Lawrence County, New York. The Wireless Sensor Solution (WSS) is designed specifically for diagnostic bridge monitoring providing independent conditioning for accelerometers and strain transducers. During deployment, strain measurements are obtained in real-time under ambient environmental and traffic loading. Strain transducers are placed at various locations along the girders, including the top and bottom flanges of a heavily instrumented interior girder at the mid-span and the abutment ends where the neutral axis location, section modulus, and girder moments are obtained. Results from the strain data analysis aid in quantifying the bridge response; notably, detection of end fixity, load distribution, and composite action between the girders and bridge deck. The measured responses are illustrated to propose a deterioration profile based on the level of capaci...
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE MAGNETIZATION OF DYSPROSIUM METAL

In this paper the experimental fact that the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetic moment of dysprosium metal shows a marked departure from the Bloch ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ law at low temperatures is interpreted as due to magnetic anisotropy. The calculation is in the spin-wave approximation and gives a result which agrees well with the observed temperature dependence of the magnetization if the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy is suitably chosen. A discussion on the atomic origin of the magnetic anisotropy is given.
TREATMENT OF THE ANEMIA OF MYXOEDEMA

Anemia of a mild or moderate degree is a common occurrence in myxoedema and has received extensive comment in the literature. Stone (1), and Emery (2), to mention only two of the workers in this field, are of this opinion. On the other hand, Mackenzie (3), reporting three cases of anemia in Irypothyroidism, states that anemia is not a prominent feature in the great majority of cases. Most writers note that the anemia improves in some cases as the myxoedema is treated. On the experimental side, several investigators have found that thyroidectomy in animals produces an anemia which responds to thyroid feeding. Kunde (4) et al. have recently shown that the anemia of hypothyroidism in rabbits is characterized by a greater than normal diameter of the erythrocytes and a color index greater than 1, and that thyroid feeding causes a reticulocyte response varying from 4 to 10 per cent, together with the disappearance of the anemia. Hoskins and Sleeper (5) have reviewed some of the literature on this subject. They ...
White love: Census and melodrama in the United States colonization of the philippines 1

(1994). White love: Census and melodrama in the United States colonization of the philippines. History and Anthropology: Vol. 8, No. 1-4, pp. 265-297.
Clinicopathological findings in patients who have undergone epilepsy surgery in the first year of life

Epilepsy presenting early in childhood may be associated with a neurologically devastating clinical course and have significant implications for the child's development. There are limited published data regarding the clinicopathological features of patients who have undergone epilepsy surgery in the first year of life and the role such surgery may have in reducing seizure frequency. This study retrospectively reviews the clinicopathologic features of eight patients from a tertiary care setting who underwent surgery for epilepsy in the first year of life. Eight infants, including seven males and one female, underwent surgery for epilepsy at 3-11 months of age (median 7.5 months). Age at the time of seizure onset ranged from birth to 2 months. Epileptogenic foci were localized by electroencephalographic and radiographic studies to the right side in five patients and left side in three patients. Histopathological findings in excised tissues included cortical dysplasia (n = 7), hemimegalencephaly (n = 3), and Sturge-Weber syndrome (n = 1). Dysplasia was marked by abnormalities in cortical lamination and neuronal orientation (n = 7), neuronal cytomegaly (n = 6), increased molecular layer neurons (n = 5) and balloon cells (n = 2). One patient was known to have epidermal nevus syndrome. Two patients required additional surgery for continued seizures. At last known follow up, all but one patient, who died in the postoperative period, were alive with no or decreased seizures at postoperative intervals of 3-60 months (median 13 months). Surgery can potentially ameliorate epilepsy in patients less than 1 year of age. Most of the patients in this series had cortical dysplasia as the underlying pathology of their epilepsy.
The influence of knowledge on reasons for death penalty opinions: An experimental test

Despite more than 50 years of scientific polling and a substantial body of research, an understanding of American opinion on the death penalty remains problematic. This exploratory study sheds furt...
The exoskeleton as a factor in limiting and directing the evolution of insects

Each step forward in the evolution of new organs or new abilities has made possible further evolution, but at the same time has set up mechanical and physiological conditions that place definite limits on the future possibilities of evolution. The exoskeleton has made possible very definite advances in the evolution of insects, but at the same time has limited their evolution in fully as many other ways. Opportunities in evolution opened up by an exoskeleton are its use as armor, as a skeleton, in the development of wings, as protection against desiccation. It has conditioned small size opening up numerous limited environments, increasing mutability due to short life. It conditions a tracheal system which speeds metabolism, and a variety of specialized mouth parts as well as locating the sense of smell on the surface where it is more effective. Metamorphosis evolved from ecdysis. Limitations imposed by an exoskeleton are small size, simple nervous system due to small size, short life preventing education, inflexible societies due to simple nervous system, cold-bloodedness, clumsy appendages, loss of closed blood system, excretory system reduced to malpighian tubules, poor development of touch and hearing and mosaic vision.
Combined Expansion and Orthogonalization of Experimental Modeshapes

The paper describes a method of combined expansion and orthogonalization (CEO) of experimental modeshapes. Most model updating and error localization methods require a set of full length, orthogonal with respect to the mass matrix, eigenvectors. In practically every modal experiment, the number of measurements is less than the order of the model, and hence modeshape expansion, i.e., adding the unmeasured degrees of freedom, is required. This step is then followed by orthogonalization with respect to the mass matrix. Most current methods use two separate steps for expansion and orthogonalization, each one optimal by itself but their combination is not optimal. The suggested method combines the two steps into one optimization problem for both steps, and minimizes a quadratic criterion. In the case of an equal number of analytical and experimental modeshapes, the problem coincides with the Procrustes problem and has a closed form solution. Otherwise the solution involves nonlinear equations. Several examples show the advantage of CEO, especially in cases where the measurements are limited either in number or in space, i.e., not spanned through the entire structure.
Hypothetical C60 Metal-Cluster Fullerides and General Aspects of Tetrahedral Cluster Bonding

It is geometrically feasible to insert metal−metal-bonded M4 tetrahedra and M6 octahedra into the tetrahedral and octahedral holes, respectively, of the fcc C60 lattice. The electronic structure of the hypothetical tetrahedral variants C60(M4)2, M = Rh, Co, is analyzed with approximate molecular orbital methods and band structure calculations. These compounds feature M−M and M−C60 bonding and a variable degree of electron transfer to or from C60. The C60(M4)2 phases should be metallic, but we have no way of predicting if they will be superconducting. A number of discrete molecular tetrahedral cluster compounds which serve as models for the solid state materials are analyzed. There is a clear indication that tetranuclear and even mononuclear Rh, Ir, and Co arene complexes should be relatively unstable.
Does nanotech have a gender

Gender is less of an issue in nanotechnology than in other areas of science and technology but, as Chris Toumey explains, public attitudes to nanotech do depend on gender.
Age dependence of salivary bacteriolytic activity in adult mosquitoes.

Abstract 1. 1.Bacteriolytic activity in the salivary glands of adult Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes starts from a low level upon emergence, increases 6-fold over the first 3 days, then levels off. 2. 2.Mosquitoes start sugar-feeding after 2 days, when lytic activity is one-half of the peak level. 3. 3.Bacteriolytic activity in salivary gland extracts is not influenced by removal of corpora allata.
Growth of First Generation Dendrons on SiO2: Controlling Chemisorption of Transition Metal Coordination Complexes

We have investigated the growth of first generation branched polyamidoamine dendrons on silicon dioxide as a way to tailor and control the subsequent chemisorption of transition metal coordination complexes. Beginning with straight-chain alkyl, amine-terminated self-assembled monolayers as anchors, we find that the efficiency of the dendritic branching step depends on the length of the anchor, it being nearly perfect on a 12-carbon chain anchor. The reaction of these layers, both the anchor layers and the first generation dendrons, with Ta[N(CH3)2]5 and Ti[N(CH3)2]4 have been examined in ultrahigh vacuum using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We find that the saturation coverage increases with the density of terminal NH2 groups; thus, the branching step has effectively amplified the chemisorptive capacity of the surface. Concerning the spatial extent of reaction we find that it depends on the thickness and structure of the organic layer. The thinnest layer cannot prevent penetration of the metal complex ...
Implicit attitudes: meaning, measurement, and synergy with political science

The last quarter-century has witnessed an intellectual revolution in social psychology. Scholars in that field have increasingly come around to the notion that people possess attitudes that are non...
Stability of the trivial solution for linear stochastic differential equations with Poisson white noise

Two methods are considered for assessing the asymptotic stability of the trivial solution of linear stochastic differential equations driven by Poisson white noise, interpreted as the formal derivative of a compound Poisson process. The first method attempts to extend a result for diffusion processes satisfying linear stochastic differential equations to the case of linear equations with Poisson white noise. The developments for the method are based on Ito's formula for semimartingales and Lyapunov exponents. The second method is based on a geometric ergodic theorem for Markov chains providing a criterion for the asymptotic stability of the solution of linear stochastic differential equations with Poisson white noise. Two examples are presented to illustrate the use and evaluate the potential of the two methods. The examples demonstrate limitations of the first method and the generality of the second method.
A THEORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL MENTAL ARCHITECTURE AND THE DAV ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

The software architecture of a developmental robot is a challenging new research subject. This paper presents a theory of developmental mental architecture. Five architecture types, from the simplest Type-1 (observation-driven Markov decision process) to Type-5 (DOSASE MDP), are introduced. The properties and limitations of a simpler one are discussed before the introduction of the next more complex one. Further, we present the architecture design of the Dav robot, a humanoid robot built in the Embodied Intelligence Laboratory at Michigan State University. The framework of the Dav architecture is hand-designed, but the actual controller is developed, i.e. generated autonomously by the developmental program through real-time, online interactions with the real physical environment. We present the Dav architecture and the major components that realize the architecture. The designed architecture for Dav is the next generation version from its extensively tested predecessor, the SAIL developmental robot. Closely related to the issue of performance metrics, the paper also introduces the notion of intelligence completeness (concept completeness, intelligence-metric completeness, and factor completeness) and establishes the concept of the completeness theorem for developmental robotics.
A novel method for measuring gel strength of controlled release hydrogel tablets using a cone/plate rheometer.

A novel method for measuring gel strength of hydrogel controlled release (CR) tablets is presented. CR tablets containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were fixed to a glass plate, placed in a dissolution apparatus, and subjected to dissolution conditions corresponding to 50% drug release. Tablets were then removed from the dissolution apparatus without disturbing the swollen (gel) layer. Tablet gel strength (gamma) was determined by shearing the external gelled layer of the tablet by a cone/plate rheometer recording E, energy/volume, as a function of rotational speed of the cone, RPM. The RPM is increased to the point of "Shear Failure," RPMsf, i.e., until there is no further increase in E. Plots of E vs. RPM were fit to a bi-exponential equation, where epsilon is the zero RPM intercept of the plot. gamma is calculated from gamma = ERPMsf - epsilon. gamma is defined as the minimum energy input/unit volume needed to cause shear failure of the tablet gel layer. Mean gamma for tablets containing 50% theophylline and different ratios of HPMC to Fast Flo lactose were determined. Tablets containing 30%, 15%, and 8% HPMC K100MP have gamma means of 6600, 4700, and 1500 ergs/cm3, and percent relative standard deviations of 9, 13, 33%, respectively. Tablets made entirely of HPMC K100MP (no theophylline or lactose) have an gamma of 15,500 ergs/cm3. gamma values are significantly different (p < 0.0001) between the various formulations. gamma values also show a strong inverse correlation with the cumulative percent of drug released in vitro. Results obtained demonstrate the application of this novel method for measuring gel strength of different CR hydrogel tablets and using this strength to characterize drug diffusion in vitro.
Bayesian Prediction Intervals and Their Relationship to Tolerance Intervals

We consider Bayesian prediction intervals that contain a proportion of a finite number of observations with a specified probability. Such intervals arise in numerous applied contexts and are closely related to tolerance intervals. Several examples are provided to illustrate this methodology, and simulation studies are used to demonstrate potential pitfalls of using tolerance intervals when prediction intervals are required.
Improved Third Generation Peristaltic Crawler for Removal of High-Level Waste Plugs in United States Department of Energy Hanford Site Pipelines

There are approximately 56 million gallons (212km3) of high level waste (HLW) at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford Site. It is scheduled that by the year 2040, the HLW is to be completely transferred to secure double-shell tanks (DST) from the leaking single-tanks (SST) via transfer pipeline system. Blockages have formed inside the pipes during transport because of the variety in composition and characteristics of the waste. These full and partial plugs delay waste transfers and require manual intervention to repair, therefore are extremely expensive, consuming millions of dollars and further threatening the environment. To successfully continue the transfer of waste through the pipelines, DOE site engineers are in need of a technology that can accurately locate the blockages and unplug the pipelines.In this study, the proposed solution to remediate blockages formed in pipelines is the use of a peristaltic crawler: a pneumatically/hydraulically operated device that propels itself in a worm-like motion through sequential fluctuations of pressure in its air cavities. The crawler is also equipped with a high-pressure water nozzle used to clear blockages inside the pipelines.The crawler is now in its third generation. Previous generations showed limitations in its durability, speed, and maneuverability. Latest improvements include an automation of sequence that prevents kickback, a front-mounted inspection camera for visual feedback, and a thinner wall outer bellow for improved maneuverability. Different experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the improvements of crawler relative to its predecessors using a pipeline test-bed assembly. Anchor force tests, unplugging tests, and fatigue testing for both the bellow and rubber rims have yet to be conducted and thus results are not presented in this research. Experiments tested bellow force and response, cornering maneuverability, and straight line navigational speed. The design concept and experimental test results are reported.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Characterization of the phospholipids and the normal and hydroxy acid containing glycosphingolipids (globosides) of pig erythrocytes

Abstract The chemical characterization of certain phospholipids and glycolipids of the pig erythrocyte is reported. The main phospholipids under investigation were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyelin, with lesser amounts of phosphatidyl inositol. Perhaps the most unique characteristics of the phosphoglycerides were the lack of any vinyl ether or glyceryl ether groups and the occurrence of significant concentrations of phosphatidyl serine (containing only C18 fatty acids). The major glycolipids present in these erythrocytes were of the globoside (“tetraglycosyl” ceramide) type, with smaller amounts of other glycosyl ceramides and traces of gangliosides. Two major forms of the globosides, labeled glycolipid C and glycolipid D, were isolated and identified. Both C and D were of the same basic structure, i.e.N-acetyl-galactosaminyl(→)galactosyl(→)galactosyl(→)glucosyl(→)ceramide, with the major difference being that C contained normal straight chain fatty acids whereas D contained only monohydroxy fatty acids. The composition of these fatty acids from these two glycolipids, as related to chain length and unsaturation, were comparable and contained mainly 22:0, 24:0 and 24:1 types. On the basis of periodate-permanganate cleavage results, it was concluded that the double bond in the 24h:1 acid was located at the 8:9 position (from carboxyl end). Unequivocal proof is offered that the hydroxy function was located at the 2 position of the fatty acids. Other glycolipids containing both hydroxy and normal fatty acids were detected in these erythrocyte lipids.
STORE working memory networks for storage and recall of arbitrary temporal sequences

Neural network models of working memory, called “sustained temporal order recurrent” (STORE) models, are described. They encode the invariant temporal order of sequential events in short-term memory (STM) in a way that mimics cognitive data about working memory, including primacy, recency, and bowed order and error gradients. As new items are presented, the pattern of previously stored items remains invariant in the sense that relative activations remain constant through time. This invariant temporal order code enables all possible groupings of sequential events to be stably learned and remembered in real time, even as new events perturb the system. Such competence is needed to design self-organizing temporal recognition and planning systems in which any subsequence of events may need to be categorized in order to control and predict future behavior or external events. STORE models show how arbitrary event sequences may be invariantly stored, including repeated events. A preprocessor interacts with the working memory to represent event repeats in spatially separate locations. It is shown why at least two processing levels are needed to invariantly store events presented with variable durations and interstimulus intervals. It is also shown how network parameters control the type and shape of primacy, recency, or bowed temporal order gradients that will be stored.
Performance Comparison Between Statistical-Based and Direct Data Domain STAPs

In this paper the performances of two space-time adaptive processing (STAP), namely statistical-based methods and the direct data domain least squares (D3LS) method, are compared. The number of secondary or training data needed in the processing is a major concern in many applications. In the situation that the radar platform moves relatively fast, the smallest number of secondary data is preferred. While the statistical-based methods require training data in estimating the interference covariance matrix, the D3LS does not. The D3LS utilizes the interference information in a space-time snapshot under test itself in canceling this interference. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the performance of these two approaches by comparing the accuracy of the signal amplitude estimation when the number of training data is varied
Improving Data Quality Through Effective Use of Data Semantics (DKE)

Data quality issues have taken on increasing importance in recent years. In our research, we have discovered that many data quality problems are actually data misinterpretation problems - that is, problems caused by heterogeneous data semantics. In this paper, we first identify semantic heterogeneities that, when not resolved, often cause data quality problems. We discuss the especially challenging problem of aggregational ontological heterogeneity, which concerns how complex entities and their relationships are aggregated. Then we illustrate how COntext INterchange (COIN) technology can be used to capture data semantics and reconcile semantic heterogeneities, thereby improving data quality.
Vertical Grid Shifting Approach to the Development of Contrail Reduction Strategies with Sector Capacity Constraints

Many strategies have been proposed to reduce contrail formation in the United States airspace. One approach is to build three-dimensional weather grids and have aircraft cruising at different flight levels to avoid the persistent contrail potential area with the consideration to constraints like fuel burn, flight level capacity, and total operations of climbing/descending aircraft count at each level. However, there is no air traffic control regulation defining the flight level capacity and the total number of climbing/descending aircraft operations for each flight level. This paper presents a contrail reduction scheme, which considers the defined Monitor Alert Parameter value as the sector capacity constraint. Instead of shifting (changing cruise altitude among vertical grids) for all aircraft in a center, the new scheme only shifts certain aircraft out of those grids that are within the persistent contrail potential area. Compared with the level shifting scheme, the grid shifting has a finer resolution and brings the benefits of more contrail reduction and less fuel burn. Furthermore, the one-hour planning interval is changed to one-minute, which provides higher temporal resolution in solution results. Numerical experiments are performed to compare the new vertical grid shifting scheme with the previous level shifting scheme.
Navier-Stokes Equations: Theory and Numerical Analysis

I. The Steady-State Stokes Equations . 1. Some Function Spaces. 2. Existence and Uniqueness for the Stokes Equations. 3. Discretization of the Stokes Equations (I). 4. Discretization of the Stokes Equations (II). 5. Numerical Algorithms. 6. The Penalty Method. II. The Steady-State Navier-Stokes Equations . 1. Existence and Uniqueness Theorems. 2. Discrete Inequalities and Compactness Theorems. 3. Approximation of the Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations. 4. Bifurcation Theory and Non-Uniqueness Results. III. The Evolution Navier-Stokes Equations . 1. The Linear Case. 2. Compactness Theorems. 3. Existence and Uniqueness Theorems. (n < 4). 4. Alternate Proof of Existence by Semi-Discretization. 5. Discretization of the Navier-Stokes Equations: General Stability and Convergence Theorems. 6. Discretization of the Navier-Stokes Equations: Application of the General Results. 7. Approximation of the Navier-Stokes Equations by the Projection Method. 8. Approximation of the Navier-Stokes Equations by the Artificial Compressibility Method. Appendix I: Properties of the Curl Operator and Application to the Steady-State Navier-Stokes Equations. Appendix II. (by F. Thomasset): Implementation of Non-Conforming Linear Finite Elements. Comments.
Spatial sensitivity of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) time-variable gravity observations

We analyze the spatial sensitivities of terrestrial water storage and geoid height changes determined from the time-variable gravity observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) twin satellite mission. On the basis of 15 GRACE monthly gravity solutions, covering the period April 2002 to December 2003, we examine the effects of spatial smoothing at radii varying from 400 to 2000 km and conclude that a 800 km Gaussian smoothing radius is effective for GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage and produces the minimum RMS residuals over the land of the differences between GRACE results and estimated water storage change from a global land data assimilation system. For GRACE estimated geoid height change, the effective smoothing radius can go down to 600 km. When the annual (e.g., the sine and cosine) components are the primary concern, the effective spatial resolution can reach 600 and 400 km for GRACE estimated terrestrial water storage or geoid height change, respectively.
Evaluating plant water stress with canopy temperature differences

The temperature stress day (TSD) has been used as a remotely sensed indicator of plant water stress without a thorough knowledge of TSD behavior. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a dependence of the TSD on net radiation (), air temperature (), and atmospheric water vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and to evaluate a replacement water status index. The dependence on these parameters was proven by the following methods: (i) theoretically, using the Penman-Monteith resistance equation; (ii) empirically, using the non-water-stressed baseline equation relating canopy and air temperatures to VPD, and (iii) in a field experiment with alfalfa [ (L.)] on an Anthropic Torrifluvent soil. The effect of these parameters caused the field-measured TSD to vary up to 7 °C, rendering its utility as a plant stress indicator questionable. A modification of the crop water stress index (CWSI), which accounts for , and VPD, was proposed as the TSD replacement. The modification consisted of using a measured instead of estimated wellwatered canopy temperature () in the canopy temperature ratio defined by the CWSI. This modification obviates the need for the canopy resistance value required to calculate the theoretically based CWSI. The modified CWSI responded to imposed irrigation regimes as indicated through yield and evapotranspiration comparisons. The modified CWSI appears to be a suitable replacement for the TSD by accounting for environmental dependence while maintaining the measurement simplicity of the TSD.
External Vision Systems (XVS) Proof-of-Concept Flight Test Evaluation

NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program, High Speed Project is performing research, development, test and evaluation of flight deck and related technologies to support future low-boom, supersonic configurations (without forward-facing windows) by use of an eXternal Vision System (XVS). The challenge of XVS is to determine a combination of sensor and display technologies which can provide an equivalent level of safety and performance to that provided by forward-facing windows in today's aircraft. This flight test was conducted with the goal of obtaining performance data on see-and-avoid and see-to-follow traffic using a proof-of-concept XVS design in actual flight conditions. Six data collection flights were flown in four traffic scenarios against two different sized participating traffic aircraft. This test utilized a 3x1 array of High Definition (HD) cameras, with a fixed forward field-of-view, mounted on NASA Langley's UC-12 test aircraft. Test scenarios, with participating NASA aircraft serving as traffic, were presented to two evaluation pilots per flight - one using the proof-of-concept (POC) XVS and the other looking out the forward windows. The camera images were presented on the XVS display in the aft cabin with Head-Up Display (HUD)-like flight symbology overlaying the real-time imagery. The test generated XVS performance data, including comparisons to natural vision, and post-run subjective acceptability data were also collected. This paper discusses the flight test activities, its operational challenges, and summarizes the findings to date.
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR CROSS SECTIONING FREE HAIRS

A new method of sectioning hair specimens has been devised that employs Araldite as an embedding medium. This has greater rigidity than paraffin and eliminates the possibility of compression on sectioning with resultant distortion of the hair shaft. Semithin sections could be sectioned at the perpendicular and examined with phase contrast optics. By correlating the cross section with the longitudinal position of the hair shaft within this translucent medium, exact cross sections of various hair types could be obtained.
The Completeness of the First-Order Functional Calculus

Although several proofs have been published showing the completeness of the propositional calculus (cf. Quine (1)), for the first-order functional calculus only the original completeness proof of Godel (2) and a variant due to Hilbert and Bernays have appeared. Aside from novelty and the fact that it requires less formal development of the system from the axioms, the new method of proof which is the subject of this paper possesses two advantages. In the first place an important property of formal systems which is associated with completeness can now be generalized to systems containing a non-denumerable infinity of primitive symbols. While this is not of especial interest when formal systems are considered as logics—i.e., as means for analyzing the structure of languages—it leads to interesting applications in the field of abstract algebra. In the second place the proof suggests a new approach to the problem of completeness for functional calculi of higher order. Both of these matters will be taken up in future papers.The system with which we shall deal here will contain as primitive symbolsand certain sets of symbols as follows:(i) propositional symbols (some of which may be classed as variables, others as constants), and among which the symbol “f” above is to be included as a constant;(ii) for each number n = 1, 2, … a set of functional symbols of degree n (which again may be separated into variables and constants); and(iii) individual symbols among which variables must be distinguished from constants. The set of variables must be infinite.
The ‘New Nationalism’ and International Organizations

Membership in international organizations, no novelty for longestablished states and a symbol of independence for those more recently organized, imposes a characteristic tension on governments, which almost always attempt to form and carry out highly independent foreign policies. The ancient myth of sovereignty supports the practice of pretending that national interest, however defined, determines all foreign policy considerations. Moreover, the well-nigh universal governmental inclination toward modernization, a high level of welfare services and national development generally fits without obvious friction into independent foreign policies. However obeisant the constitutions and doctrinal pronouncements of international organizations may be to national independence, these bodies nevertheless seek to regulate interstate relationships. This regulation proceeds, perhaps sporadically and haltingly and so far never in an unbroken line, through practice, the establishment of standards and norms, the adjustment of international disputes, and the promotion of the general welfare. The deliberative organs of international organizations mass-
A New Look at Modeling Surface Heterogeneity: Extending Its Influence in the Vertical

Abstract Heterogeneities in the land surface exist on a wide range of spatial scales and make the coupling between the land surface and the overlying boundary layer complex. This study investigates the vertical extent to which the surface heterogeneities affect the boundary layer turbulence. A technique called “extended mosaic” is presented. It models the coupling between the heterogeneous land surface and the atmosphere by allowing the impact of the subgrid-scale variability to extend throughout the vertical extent of the planetary boundary layer. Simulations with extended mosaic show that there is a GCM level at which the distinct character of the turbulence over different land scene types is homogenized, which the authors call the model blending height. The behavior of the model blending height is an indicator of the mechanism by which the surface heterogeneities extend their direct influence upward into the boundary layer and exert their influence on the climate system. Results are presented that show...
CD8 T Cells Are Essential for Recovery from a Respiratory Vaccinia Virus Infection

The precise immune components required for protection against a respiratory Orthopoxvirus infection, such as human smallpox or monkeypox, remain to be fully identified. In this study, we used the virulent Western Reserve strain of vaccinia virus (VACV-WR) to model a primary respiratory Orthopoxvirus infection. Naive mice infected with VACV-WR mounted an early CD8 T cell response directed against dominant and subdominant VACV-WR Ags, followed by a CD4 T cell and Ig response. In contrast to other VACV-WR infection models that highlight the critical requirement for CD4 T cells and Ig, we found that only mice deficient in CD8 T cells presented with severe cachexia, pulmonary inflammation, viral dissemination, and 100% mortality. Depletion of CD8 T cells at specified times throughout infection highlighted that they perform their critical function between days 4 and 6 postinfection and that their protective requirement is critically dictated by initial viral load and virulence. Finally, the ability of adoptively transferred naive CD8 T cells to protect RAG −/− mice against a lethal VACV-WR infection demonstrated that they are both necessary and sufficient in protecting against a primary VACV-WR infection of the respiratory tract.
Spatial and temporal measurements of temperature and cell viability in response to nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy

Aim: Nanoparticle-enhanced photothermal therapy is a promising alternative to tumor resection. However, quantitative measurements of cellular response to these treatments are limited. This article introduces a Bimodal Enhanced Analysis of Spatiotemporal Temperature (BEAST) algorithm to rapidly determine the viability of cancer cells in vitro following photothermal therapy alone or in combination with nanoparticles. Materials & methods: To illustrate the capability of the BEAST viability algorithm, single wall carbon nanohorns were added to renal cancer (RENCA) cells in vitro and time-dependent spatial temperature maps measured with an infrared camera during laser therapy were correlated with post-treatment cell viability distribution maps obtained by cell-staining fluorescent microscopy. Conclusion: The BEAST viability algorithm accurately and rapidly determined the cell viability as a function of time, space and temperature. Original submitted 13 July 2011; Revised submitted 12 March 2012; Published onli...
Conversion of serum proteins into tissue proteins.

Summary1. Incorporation of S35 and C14 from injected doubly labeled rat serum albumin or globulin into the tissue proteins of rats was investigated. The ratio S35/C14 in tissue proteins varies very little during 9 days after injection of the doubly labeled serum proteins. 2. The ratio S35/C14 in tisues is approximately equal to (S35P/C14P) X (ST/SP) × Qc where the first term is the ratio of the 2 isotopes in the injected plasma protein, ST and SP the per cent of total sulfur in the analyzed tissue protein and the injected plasma protein, respectively, and Qc is approximately 1.5. 3. The increase in S35/C14 ratio (Qc > 1) indicates impoverishment of C14 relative to S35 and is attributed to utilization of C14-amino acids for other metabolic pathways. 4. In rats injected with serum albumin-S35, I131 the ratio S35/I131 increases during 9 days from 50 to 100 times. 5. Our results indicate that conversion of plasma proteins into tissue proteins involves breakdown to amino acids or very small peptide fragments. ...
The effect of weather and temporal variations on calls for police service

Examines the effect of weather and temporal factors on the total calls for service (CFS) at the Minneapolis Police Department. Aims at the eventual development of an instrument to predict short‐term variations in CFS over time ‐ a goal which at present is unique. Finds that CFS increase at times when individuals have less habitual routine activities, e.g. after dark; during vacation months. Suggests that temporal factors have much more impact than the weather. Points out some practical implications for the criminal justice system, e.g., future schedules can be adjusted for temporal variations, thus helping in the deployment of officers. Shows that accurate prediction of the overall number of CFS is possible when temporal and weather factors are used.
NDE simulations: critical tools in the integration of NDE and SHM

Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) are closely related technologies intended to assure the safe and reliable operation of structural components at an affordable cost. The paper will start with a brief review of common design strategies to assure the structural integrity of components and of the role that NDE and SHM play within those strategies. Included will be a discussion of the metrics used to quantify the effectiveness of NDE and SHM, such as probability of detection (POD), and how these metrics influence the selection of the optimal noninvasive strategy to assure structural integrity. In many cases, this will involve a combination of traditional NDE measurements performed at discrete time intervals and SHM measurements providing information on a continuous or semi-continuous basis at discrete sensor locations. It will then be suggested that NDE/SHM simulators are key engineering tools in designing these specific measurement configurations and in determining the optimum balance between these two measurement philosophies. Included in that discussion will be a review of the development of NDE simulators, a discussion of applications that they are finding in traditional NDE, including Model-Assisted Probability of Detection (MAPOD) determination, and a suggestion of how simulations could be integrated into SHM strategies. The paper will conclude with a discussion of possible future directions.
Mobilizing Social Networks to Prevent Elderly Abuse

This article presents a model for the mobilization of informal social networks as one means to prevent elderly abuse. The emotional, financial, and physical stresses for adult children caring for an older person have been well documented. Such research suggests that familial abuse of the elderly can be conceptualized as an outcome of the lack of congruence between the elderly's needs and the family's resources for providing care. Social network interventions can aim to decrease the elderly's needs or to increase the family's resourccs for providing care. Thus, an underlying preventive approach is to either improve the supportive quality of existing network contacts or to bring the elderly and their families into contact with similar peers who can become part of their network. This article advocates a partnership between professionals and the natural helping network that draws upon each system's strengths without weakening either familial or public responsibility.
PRODUCTION RELATIONS AND TECHNICAL INEFFICIENCY IN PISTACHIO FARMING SYSTEMS IN KERMAN PROVINCE OF IRAN

ABSTRACT This paper reports on an analysis of production and technical inefficiency in pistachio farming systems in Iran. A random sample of 233 farmers was selected from the province of Kerman for two years, 2003 and 2004, which is a larger data set with a wider spatial coverage than used in previous studies of pistachio production. Technical inefficiency indices are computed using a stochastic frontier production function assuming a translog form. The study also reports on productivity and efficiency differences between varieties of pistachio trees and provides estimates of age-yield and density-yield functions. Estimates of mean technical efficiency in 2003 and 2004 are 65.2 per cent and 63.7 per cent but they are not significantly different from each other. The mean technical efficiency scores across both years for plantations of the Kalleh-Ghuchi, Akbari, Fandoghi varieties and for plantations containing a mixture of all three varieties are 65.8 per cent, 59.4 per cent 62.4 per cent and 78.7 per cent...
Nitrogen Escape from Mars

The escape rate of nitrogen from Mars is calculated to be 2.3 x 10 to the 5th per sec for low solar flux conditions and 8.9 x 10 to the 5th per sec for high solar flux conditions. The major source of energetic atoms is dissociative recombination of ground state and vibrationally excited N2(+) ions. The measured N-15/N-14 isotope ratio can be reproduced by postulating an early dense atmosphere during which little differentiation occurred.
Tools for MDA Software Development: Evaluation Criteria and Set of Desirable Features

Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is a new approach to software development that moves standard code- centric software development to model-centric software development. The basic idea is to specify system functionality with a platform independent model and then translate this model into platform specific model(s) and fully executable source code. MDA provides interoperability capabilities between different technologies, simplifies the work of software engineers, reduces software development costs, and supports adaptation to rapid changes in technology. Based on the development of a software application, a Glossary Management Tool, this paper proposes an evaluation framework for MDA tools and outlines with a set of software requirements the ";portrait"; of an ideal MDA tool.
The remarkable migration of the medial collateral ligament

The developing cortical surfaces of long bones are sculpted and modeled by periosteal osteoclasts and osteoblasts. These surfaces also receive the insertions of tendons and ligaments, and these insertion sites too are modeled to form the root systems that anchor them into the cortical bone. The regulatory molecules that control modeling are poorly understood, but recent evidence suggests that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) participates in this process. PTHrP functions principally as a paracrine regulatory molecule, and is known to be induced by mechanical loading in a number of sites. The most curious example of developmental modeling of the cortex is the migration of insertion sites such as that of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) along the bone surface during long-bone growth. We report here the mechanisms that mediate MCL migration using a combination of genetic, imaging and histological techniques. We describe a MCL migratory complex that comprises two components. The first is the MCL insertion site itself, which is a prototypical fibrous insertion site with coupled osteoclast and osteoblast activities, and its key feature is that it is anchored early in development, well before initiation of the long-bone growth spurt. Above the insertion site the periosteum is excavated by osteoclasts to form a migratory tract; this is mediated by wholly uncoupled osteoclastic bone resorption and remains as an unmineralized canal on the cortical surface in the adult. Load-induction of PTHrP appears to regulate the osteoclastic activity in both the insertion site and migratory tract.
Love : a philosophy of pastoral care and counselling

This article explored the meaning of love as an ethical principle and the aim of providing pastoral counselling and care. The author, inspired by the work of Professor Julian Muller, applied Paul Tillich’s notion of love to affirm the value of pastoral counselling as a constituent practice and research focus of practical theology. The focus of the discussion was upon love as the primary witness of the church and motivating factor for offering pastoral counselling and care to those who seek it. Distinctions were drawn between psychotherapeutic counselling and pastoral counselling. Muller’s postfoundationalist approach to listening and reflecting upon the work of pastoral counselling and valuing the counselee or co-researcher role as teacher was supported.
Why Does It Hurt? The Perceived Causes of Hurt Feelings

Research suggests that people’s explanations for their hurt feelings can influence how they feel and how they respond to others. Although the events and behaviors that elicit hurt have been examined, individuals’ beliefs about what made them feel hurt have not been explored. The current study extends existing research by investigating the causes that people associate with their hurt feelings. First, participants’ explanations for why a specific interaction hurt their feelings were examined; then, underlying dimensions characterizing people’s explanations for hurt were identified and associations with theoretically relevant outcomes were assessed. Results yielded eight factors characterizing the perceived causes of hurt feelings. Relational satisfaction and self-esteem were linked to the reasons people felt hurt. Individuals’ perceptions about the causes of their hurt feelings also were associated with the intensity of their feelings, their responses to being hurt, and their tendency to distance themselves...