cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A discretization and multigrid solver for a Darcy-Stokes system of three dimensional vuggy porous media

We develop a finite element discretization and multigrid solver for a Darcy–Stokes system of three-dimensional vuggy porous media, i.e., porous media with cavities. The finite element method uses low-order mixed finite elements in the Darcy and Stokes domains and special transition elements near the Darcy–Stokes interface to allow for tangential discontinuities implied by the Beavers–Joseph boundary condition. We design a multigrid method to solve the resulting saddle point linear system. The intertwining of the Darcy and Stokes subdomains makes the resulting matrix highly ill-conditioned. The velocity field is very irregular, and its discontinuous tangential component at the Darcy–Stokes interface makes it difficult to define intergrid transfer operators. Our definition is based on mass conservation and the analysis of the orders of magnitude of the solution. The coarser grid equations are defined using the Galerkin method. A new smoother of Uzawa type is developed based on taking an optimal step in a good search direction. Our algorithm has a measured convergence factor independent of the size of the system, at least when there are no disconnected vugs. We study the macroscopic effective permeability of a vuggy medium, showing that the influence of vug orientation; shape; and, most importantly, interconnectivity determine the macroscopic flow properties of the medium.
The association between blood alcohol level and infectious complications among burn patients.

Approximately 50% of fatal and 15% of nonfatal burn-injured patients have detectable blood alcohol content (BAC) at the time of admission, and it is hypothesized that alcohol exacerbates burn-related immunosuppression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between BAC and infectious complications in burn patients. The study population consisted of 1161 burn patients admitted to a large academic burn center between January 1998 and June 2007. Patients were categorized into no BAC (0.0 g/100 ml), low/moderate BAC (>0.0 and or =0.1 g/100 ml) groups based on BAC at time of admission. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for associations between pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infection, line infection, and wound infection and BAC, adjusted for total burn surface area and inhalation injury. Relative to no BAC patients, both low/moderate and high BAC patients had nonsignificantly increased risk for most infectious complications. High BAC patients were at significantly increased risk for any infectious complication (RR 2.06, CI 1.25-3.41) and pneumonia (RR 2.06, CI 1.04-4.09) and a nonsignificantly increased risk of urinary tract infection (RR 2.12, CI 0.0.94-4.78). Results suggest that preinjury alcohol consumption places patients at an increased risk for infectious complications, most notably pneumonia. Further studies examining the relationship between alcohol and pneumonia among burn patients will help elucidate the reason for the increased risk observed in the current study and suggest ways to prevent infection for this particular subgroup of burn patients.
Impact of aging on stress-responsive neuroendocrine systems

Throughout life organisms are challenged with various physiological and psychological stressors, and the ability to handle these stressors can have profound effects on the overall health of the organism. In mammals, the effects of stressors on the aging process and age-related diseases are complex, involving the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Certain types of mild stress, such as caloric restriction, may extend lifespan and reduce the risk of diseases, whereas some types of psychosocial stress are clearly detrimental. We now have a basic understanding of the brain regions involved in stress responses, their neuroanatomical connections with neuroendocrine pathways, and the neuropeptides and hormones involved in controlling responses of different organ systems to stress. Not surprisingly, brain regions involved in learning and memory and emotion play prominent roles in stress responses, and monoaminergic and glutamatergic synapses play particularly important roles in transducing stressful sensory inputs into neuroendocrine responses. Among the neuropeptides involved in stress responses, corticotropin-releasing hormone appears to be a pivotal regulator of fear and anxiety responses. This neuropeptide is responsible for activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is critical for mobilizing energy reserves and immune responses, and improper regulation of the HPA axis mediates many of the adverse effects of chronic physical and psychosocial stress. In the brain, for instance, stress may contribute to disease processes by causing imbalances in cellular energy metabolism and ion homeostasis, and by inhibiting neuroprotective signaling pathways. There is considerable evidence that normal aging impacts upon neuroendocrine stress responses, and studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic actions of mutations that cause age-related neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, are revealing novel insight into the involvement of perturbed neuroendocrine stress responses in these disorders.
Framework for evaluating economic impact of IT based disasters on the interdependent sectors of the US economy

The US economic system has become highly dependent on the Information Technology (IT) sector in the past several years and classified it as one of the critical infrastructures. The IT sector is a conglomerate of Internet services, Software industry, Computer design based infrastructures, and Information and data processing systems. Like every economic sector it is susceptible to natural and man-made disasters that cause disruptions to the production and delivery of services essential to other economic sectors, which are interdependent on each other within this economic system. This paper focuses on such perturbations caused by Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on Information Technology infrastructure, and their consequences propagated in the form of inoperability and amplified losses as a result of these economic sector interdependencies. It analyzes the effects of such a scenario on the recovery behavior and indirect economic losses to other sectors of the economy. The Dynamic Inoperability Input Output model (DIIM) is utilized to identify the highly affected economic sectors based on two parameters: 1) the overall daily average economic loss, and 2) the average inoperability within the sectors. A modification to the model is proposed to accommodate variable inoperability over multiple periods. The paper utilizes Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) statistics to simulate the effects of an IT disaster scenario using a DoS attack example. This research provides policymakers a framework for estimating the consequences to the US economy of disruptions to the IT sector through a decision tool they can use for strategic planning, resilience management, and risk mitigation strategies across the economic sectors dependent on Information technology.
Superconducting phase boundary of aperiodic networks in a magnetic field.

We have used electron-beam lithography to fabricate superconducting ``wire'' arrays in a variety of patterns ranging from periodic to random and including the intermediate quasicrystalline and incommensurate configurations. Sweeping an applied magnetic field while observing the critical temperature reveals which fields are favorable or commensurate with the pattern. We find sharp dips in the ${T}_{c}$(H) curve for periodic, incommensurate (quasiperiodic), and quasicrystalline arrays reflecting a lock-in of the flux lattice with the underlying network. We find no similar fine structure for random arrays. This allows us to generalize the concept of commensurability to nonperiodic structures.
The Instability of a Layer of Fluid Heated below and Subject to the Simultaneous Action of a Magnetic Field and Rotation

The theory described in an earlier paper (Chandrasekhar 1954) is extended to include the possibility that a layer of fluid heated below and subject to the simultaneous action of a magnetic field and rotation can become unstable via a marginal state of purely oscillatory motions. It is shown that depending on the value of the non-dimensional parameters Q and T and the coefficients of kinematic viscosity and thermal and electrical conductivities, instability can set in either as convection or as overstability. Numerical results are derived for the case when the physical constants are those applicable to mercury at ordinary room temperatures. The nature of the effects one may expect to observe are illustrated.
Comments on “the petrology of Tambora volcano, Indonesia: a model for the 1815 eruption” by J. Foden

Foden (1986) presents an account of the petrology of Tambora volcano, with emphasis on the great explosive eruption of 1815. A comprehensive volcanological and petrologic study of Tambora is long-overdue and, in this regard, we welcome Foden's paper. However, there are several points of the work that we wish to bring to the reader's attention, especially Foden's conclusion that the 1815 magma body was overpressured by 4 kbar prior to eruption. Our discussion here will concentrate on 3 major points: (a) the validity of field data and its interpretation supportive of a large pre-eruption overpressure; (b) the nature of the samples of 1815 material presented by Foden; (c) the petrological treatment.
The Inman, McPherson County, Kansas meteorite

The Inman meteorite (find, 1966) is a single relatively unweathered stone of 7.25 kg that contains fresh metal and only a few weathering products away from fractures. It has a pronounced chondritic texture, with 38 vol% of the meteorite being made up of chondrules of virtually all textural types. The recalculated bulk analysis, in particular ratios involving iron content, indicate that Inman is an L-group chondrite. The pronounced chondritic texture; the compositional variation of olivine, pyroxene, chromite, and ilmenite; and the presence of a fine-grained nearly opaque matrix, glass, and twinned monoclinic low-Ca pyroxene indicate that the chondrite belongs to petrologic type 3.
Cryptococcal empyema: Case report and review

A 28-year-old male infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) developed a pleural empyema caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. He responded well to chest-tube drainage and antifungal therapy; he received fluconazole as maintenance therapy for 1 year and has not relapsed. We reviewed the English-language literature on cryptococcal pleural effusions in patients with and without AIDS. Only three other cases of empyema, one of them in an HIV-infected patient, have been reported. A pleural-fluid cryptococcal antigen test was diagnostic in our case and should be included in the diagnostic evaluation of unexplained pleural empyema/effusion in immunocompromised patients.
The Reliability of Retrospective Data on Asset Ownership as a Measure of Past Household Wealth

Asset ownership is frequently used to assess the welfare status of households in rural areas of developing countries. Researchers often want to know the prior status of households or how that status has changed over time. In a case study in the Brazilian Amazon, we compare recall data with contemporary reports on assets from a panel survey. We consider multiple dimensions of the consistency of retrospective and contemporary data and seek to identify characteristics that lead to more accurate recall. We find that although retrospective data provide some information on past assets owned by households, they do not provide a highly accurate measure of either individual asset ownership or counts of types of assets owned. Consistent with previous studies, we find that items with greater salience are recalled more accurately. We also find that wealthier households exhibit upward bias when recalling assets owned in a previous period.
Optimal Pricing of Depletable, Replaceable Resources: The Case of Landfill Tipping Fees

Abstract We develop a general model for pricing a depletable, replaceable asset, and discuss its application in determining optimal tipping fees for a sanitary landfill. We show that the optimal fee includes a component that grows at the real interest rate as space in the landfill is depleted, and then drops when a new landfill is built. Because the scarcity cost of landfill space increases as the landfill is filled, it may be optimal to delay a waste reduction program (such as recycling, composting, or incineration) until the landfill is partially full.
Feminist Thoughts on Freedom and Rights

My contention in this brief essay is that disability is a feminist issue with particular significance for freedom. There are two “models” for understanding disability. The “medical model of disability” has been the dominant view since the Enlightenment, when advances in science and medicine created the realization that humans can intervene in the body to overcome disease (Stiker 1999). In this model, disability is seen as an individual condition arising from a flawed body, which presents a “problem” that must be “fixed” or “cured.” The problem is intrinsic to the body, which must adapt to the preexisting environment. Disability is viewed as a loss, even a tragedy, that the person wants to escape, the appropriate response to which is pity; the less appropriate but more common response is repulsion.
Short communication: the preruminant calf as a model for characterizing the effects of vitamin D status in the neonate.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the preruminant dairy calf as a model for evaluating effects of vitamin D status in the neonate. Because the newborn calf can be sustained during the first weeks of life solely on a fluid diet having a defined composition, has documented nutritional requirements, and is minimally affected by repeated samplings of peripheral blood, it has the potential to serve as a model for characterizing nutrient-specific effects on the growth and health of the neonate. Colostrum-fed Holstein bull calves (n=13) entered the trial at approximately 4 d of age. All calves were fed a custom-formulated milk replacer devoid of vitamin D. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 concentrations in all calves were determined on a regular basis beginning at d 0. Using this information, low- and high-status groups of calves were established by subcutaneous administration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 . To maintain targeted plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 concentrations in low ( 60 ng/mL) vitamin D–status calves, low-status calves (n=6) received a total of 8,600 IU (2,225 IU/wk) of vitamin D during the experimental period and high-status calves (n=7) received 54,000 IU (13,500 IU/wk). Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in low-status calves averaged 27 ng/mL, compared with 78 ng/mL in high-status calves, and were less at all sampling times from d 7 to d 28. Concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 were not correlated. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous concentrations were unaffected by 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 administration; however, plasma calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 concentrations were correlated. Calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased with age but remained within normal ranges for dairy cattle. These results indicate that it is possible to predictably control vitamin D status over a 28-d period and suggest that the preruminant calf might be useful as a model for studying effects of vitamin D on growth, development, and immune function in the neonate.
Glucan-immunostimulant, adjuvant, potential drug

β-glucans belong to a group of biologically active natural compounds called biological response modifiers. These substances represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in fungi, yeast, grain and seaweed. Despite almost 160 years of intensive research, the exact mechanisms of their action remain unsolved. The significant role of glucans in cancer treatment, infection immunity, stress reduction and restoration of damaged bone marrow has already been established. The present review focuses on the various less known but potentially significant roles glucans might play in medicine. In sum mary, glucan might represent the most important natural immunomodulator.
Mesozoic hydrothermal alteration associated with gold, mineralization in the Mercur district, Utah

K/Ar dates and chemical data show that a Mesozoic gold-bearing hydrothermal system altered black shales of the Mississippian Great Blue Limestone throughout an area encompassing the Mercur gold district, Utah. K/Ar dates of illite veins and illite-rich, clay-sized separates of altered shales that are enriched in Au, As, Hg, Sc, and other heavy metals indicate that hydrothermal activity occurred from 193 to 122 Ma. Several ages from within the Mercur district cluster near 160 Ma and may date the minimum age of gold mineralization.
Stochastic game analysis and latency awareness for proactive self-adaptation

Although different approaches to decision-making in self-adaptive systems have shown their effectiveness in the past by factoring in predictions about the system and its environment (e.g., resource availability), no proposal considers the latency associated with the execution of tactics upon the target system. However, dierent adaptation tactics can take different amounts of time until their effects can be observed. In reactive adaptation, ignoring adaptation tactic latency can lead to suboptimal adaptation decisions (e.g., activating a server that takes more time to boot than the transient spike in traffic that triggered its activation). In proactive adaptation, taking adaptation latency into account is necessary to get the system into the desired state to deal with an upcoming situation. In this paper, we introduce a formal analysis technique based on model checking of stochastic multiplayer games (SMGs) that enables us to quantify the potential benefits of employing dierent types of algorithms for self-adaptation. In particular, we apply this technique to show the potential benefit of considering adaptation tactic latency in proactive adaptation algorithms. Our results show that factoring in tactic latency in decision making improves the outcome of adaptation. We also present an algorithm to do proactive adaptation that considers tactic latency, and show that it achieves higher utility than an algorithm that under the assumption of no latency is optimal.
Note on Online Auctions with Costly Bid Evaluation

As seen in the data of Snir and Hitt (2003), online service procurement auctions often end without achieving a contract despite active bidding, yet the existing auction literature is silent on why this occurs. One explanation for these unconsummated auctions may be that perfectly acceptable bids are submitted but disregarded because of the cost of assessing the bids' viability and the bidders' capabilities. This note examines this possibility by characterizing optimal and equilibrium bidding and bid-evaluation decisions in the presence of these costs.
Comparative Efficacy of Anesthetics for the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii

— The freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii is a commercially important culture species in the South Central United States. Two major constraints in the commercial culture of the freshwater prawn in the U.S. are poor survival during live transportation of seed-stock to growout ponds, and live transportation of pond harvested prawn to distant live markets due to the territorial and cannibalistic nature of prawn. The use of anesthetics could possibly improve transport survival; however, to date anesthetic agents have not been evaluated for use with prawn. Two trials were conducted with juvenile freshwater prawn to compare the efficacy of anesthetics commonly used on fish. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. In Study 1, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), 2-phenoxyethanol, quinaldine sulfate (quinaldine), clove oil, and Aqui-STM were evaluated at 25 and 100 mg/L for 1 h in three replicate 10-L glass containers, containing five juvenile prawn each. Relative sedation level was determined every 3 min for 1 h, then recovery time and survival were measured. In Study 1, MS-222 and 2-phenoxyethanol were determined to be ineffective on prawn at all rates tested. Based on their performance in Study 1, quinaldine, clove oil, and AquiSTM were evaluated at 100, 200, and 300 mg/L in Study 2. Observations were determined as in Study 1. Clove oil and Aqui-STM induced anesthesia faster and at lower concentrations than quinaldine. At the highest treatment rate (300 mg/L) prawn suffered 60% mortality in the Aqui-STM treatment, 13% mortality in the quinaldine treatment, and 0% mortality in the clove oil treatment and control following a 1-h exposure to these concentrations. Based on these data, Aqui-STM and clove oil applied at 100 mg/L may be suitable anesthetic treatments for prawn. Additional research is needed to determine optimal time and dose relationships to minimize stress during holding, handling, and transportation of prawn.
Orbital contributions to CO oxidation in Mo-Cu carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.

A molecular orbital analysis provides new insight into the mechanism of Mo/Cu carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and reveals electronic structure contributions to reactivity that are remarkably similar to the structurally related molybdenum hydroxylases. A calculated reaction barrier of ∼12 kcal mol−1 is in excellent agreement with experiment.
Holding out for a hero: selecting a chief of police

Little research exists regarding the process of selecting a chief of police. This paper uses focus group data collected from internal and external stakeholders in a medium-sized municipality to examine what stakeholders want in a new chief. What attributes stakeholders want to see in a chief of police is summarized including a discussion of where stakeholders differ and concur in their opinion regarding a chief of police selection. A secondary concern addressed in this paper is the ramification of funding sources on the successful implementation of community-oriented policing (COP) strategies by police chiefs. Stakeholders’ assessments of the Medium City Police Department indicated that there were problems with sustaining COP programs which were linked to their desires for a chief who would heroically revamp the department and relations with the community. Findings indicate that the ability of a new chief to set and meet goals is hindered, in this case, by management styles of command officers and by lack...
Blind adaptive decision feedback multiuser detector for DS-CDMA with power estimation

In this paper we propose a new blind adaptive decision-feedback multiuser detector (BADFP) for synchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. The BADFP algorithm is a stochastic adaptive gradient type algorithm that incorporates power estimation of the user of interest to enhance the performance of the detector. It is assumed that full power control is in place and all the users are equally powered. The proposed algorithm requires the knowledge of the signature sequence of the desired user. The simulation results show that the performance of the BADFP algorithm is comparable with the ideal blind linear minimum output energy (MOE) detector.
Increasing the rate of hydrogen oxidation without increasing the overpotential: a bio-inspired iron molecular electrocatalyst with an outer coordination sphere proton relay

Oxidation of hydrogen (H2) to protons and electrons for energy production in fuel cells is currently catalyzed by platinum, but its low abundance and high cost present drawbacks to widespread adoption. Precisely controlled proton removal from the active site is critical in hydrogenase enzymes in nature that catalyze H2 oxidation using earth-abundant metals (iron and nickel). Here we report a synthetic iron complex, (CpC5F4N)Fe(PEtN(CH2)3NMe2PEt)(Cl), that serves as a precatalyst for the oxidation of H2, with turnover frequencies of 290 s−1 in fluorobenzene, under 1 atm of H2 using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as the exogenous base. The inclusion of a properly tuned outer coordination sphere proton relay results in a cooperative effect between the primary, secondary and outer coordination spheres for moving protons, increasing the rate of H2 oxidation without increasing the overpotential when compared with the analogous complex featuring a single pendant base. This finding emphasizes the key role of pendant amines in mimicking the functionality of the proton pathway in the hydrogenase enzymes.
Lipids and the heart: neither feast nor famine.

The role of serum lipids in cardiovascular disease risk is well established, and reduction of serum lipid levels is now a cornerstone in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is also thought to play a role in the development of heart failure, although the mechanisms behind this are incompletely understood.1 Under normal conditions, the heart is primarily dependent on energy production derived from the β-oxidation of fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, glycolysis. However, in heart failure, fatty acid use seems to be reduced.2 The decrease in fatty acid oxidation and subsequent reduction in energy availability have been proposed to contribute to decreased contractile function of the heart. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that overaccumulation of fatty acid or triglyceride in the heart may be directly toxic to the myocyte, contributing to a process called cardiac lipotoxicity.1 Because the heart depends on fatty acid oxidation for energy, the transport and storage of lipids in the myocyte are tightly regulated. Although precise quantification of lipid levels within the myocyte is technically difficult, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels are thought to be low under normal physiological conditions. As noted above, there is evidence to suggest that exaggerated accumulation of triglyceride or free fatty acid within the myocyte is linked to the development of cardiomyopathy (ie, cardiac lipotoxicity). In diabetic and obese …
Involvement of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Gene Expression of Dopamine Biosynthetic Enzymes in Rat Brain

Brain dopaminergic systems are critical in mediating the physiological responses to nicotine. The effects of several concentrations of nicotine (0.08, 0.17, or 0.33 mg/kg body weight) and involvement of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in gene expression of key enzymes in dopamine biosynthesis were evaluated in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways. Nicotine elicited a dose-dependent elevation of mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis in VTA and SN. The VTA was more sensitive to lower concentrations of nicotine with maximal response observed with the lowest dose of nicotine. Nicotine also elevated mRNA levels of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), rate limiting in biosynthesis of TH's essential cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin in both dopaminergic locations. The changes in TH and GTPCH mRNAs were correlated. Pretreatment with the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine prevented the nicotine-induced rise in TH or GTPCH mRNA in VTA and SN. Administration of α7 nAChR agonist 3-[2,4-dimethoxybenzilidene]anabaseine at 1 to 10 mg/kg or ( E,E -3-(cinnamylidene)anabaseine at 0.3 to 1 mg/kg increased TH mRNA in VTA and SN, but not in peripheral catecholaminergic cells. Thus, agonists of α7 nAChRs have therapeutic potential for increasing TH gene expression in dopaminergic regions without some of nicotine's disadvantages, such as its harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. The findings indicate that nicotine may regulate dopamine biosynthesis by alterations in gene expression of TH and its cofactor. The α7 nAChRs are involved in mediating these effects of nicotine.
Review of: “ Supervisory Management Principles and Practice”, 3rd Edn. By DAVID EVANS (Cassell Educational, London, 1992.) [Pp. xv-+-649] Price: £3500 (hbk), £16 99 (pbk).

(1994). Review of: “ Supervisory Management Principles and Practice”, 3rd Edn. By DAVID EVANS (Cassell Educational, London, 1992.) [Pp. xv-+-649] Price: £3500 (hbk), £16 99 (pbk). International Journal of Production Research: Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1499-1500.
Use of Quantum-Well Superlattices to Obtain a High Figure of Merit from Nonconventional Thermoelectric Materials

Currently, the materials with the highest thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) are one-band materials. The presence of both electrons and holes lowers ZT, so two-band materials such as semimetals are not useful thermoelectric materials. However, by preparing these materials in the form of two-dimensional quantum-well superlattices, it is possible to separate the two bands and transform the material to an effectively one-carrier system. We have investigated theoretically the effect of such an approach and our results indicate that a significant increase in ZT may be achieved. We have also evaluated the possibility of using intercalation as a means to achieve an increase in ZT. Our results allow the possibility of using new types of materials as thermoelectric refrigeration elements.
Ideological beliefs about family practices: contemporary perspectives among north Indian families.

Ninety-two dual-wage and 103 single-wage Indian families with a preschool-age child residing in extended and nuclear households provided assessments regarding their beliefs about the division of household chores, financial responsibilities, childcare, and filial obligations. Analysis focused on possible differences in belief structures that may be attributed to the gender of the parent, family structural living arrangement, and maternal employment outside of the home. Husbands and wives did not differ in ideological beliefs on any of the components assessed, but differences did emerge as a function of family structural arrangements and whether or not the wife worked outside of the home. Data are discussed in terms of possible changes in ideological beliefs about family functions and practices and the broader socio-cultural factors operating within Indian society. Quatre-vingt douze familles indiennes a double salaire et cent trois familles a salaire unique avec un enfant en âge prescolaire vivant dans des...
Coupling Doppler radar‐derived wind maps with operational turbine data to document wind farm complex flows

The first known dual-Doppler (DD) measurements collected within a utility-scale wind farm are presented. Various complex flow features are discussed, including detailed analyses of turbine wakes, turbine-to-turbine interaction, high wind speed channels that exist between individual wakes and intermittent gust propagation. The data have been collected using innovative mobile Doppler radar technologies, which allows for a large observational footprint of ~17 km2 in the presented analyses while maintaining spatial resolution of 0.49° in the azimuthal dimension by 15 m in the along-beam range dimension. The presented DD syntheses provide three-dimensional fields of the horizontal wind speed and direction with a revisit time of approximately 1 min. DD wind fields are validated with operational turbine data and are successfully used to accurately project composite power output for several turbines. The employed radar technologies, deployment schemes, scanning strategies and subsequent analysis methodologies offer the potential to contribute to the validation and improvement of current wake modeling efforts that influence wind farm design and layout practices, enhanced resource assessment campaigns, and provide real-time wind maps to drive ‘smart’ wind farm operation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A concise synthesis of (-)-aplyviolene facilitated by a strategic tertiary radical conjugate addition.

Aplyviolene (1) and macfarlandin E (2, Figure 1A) are representative of the more complex members of the rearranged spongian diterpene class of natural products.[1,2] These diterpenes are structurally defined by attached cis-perhydroazulene and 6-acetoxy-2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one fragments. The substantial challenge in assembling these structures centers on the construction of the sensitive bicyclic lactone subunit and the formation of the C8–C14 σ-bond joining the two ring systems, a challenge augmented by the quaternary nature of C8.[3] We previously reported preparation of the lactone subunits of 1 and 2 by the synthesis of truncated congeners 3 and 4 (Figure 1A),[4] as well as the first total synthesis of aplyviolene (outlined in Figure 1B).[5] In this latter effort, the key C8–C14 σ-bond was formed by Michael addition of tertiary enolate 5 to enone 6.[6] Subsequent elaboration of product 7 provided intermediate 8, which was converted to (−)-aplyviolene along the lines of our earlier synthesis of 3. Undesirable aspects of this first-generation synthesis are the lengthy preparation of the cis-perhydroazulene unit and the need to remove the extraneous ketone carbonyl group from the product of the fragment-coupling step.
Anthropogenic disturbances and rare tiger beetle habitats: benefits, risks, and implications for conservation

This review summarizes the literature and some primary data on the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on tiger beetle habitats, including how this may help or harm populations of rare species, and how understanding these effects is important in tiger beetle conservation and management. The main focus is on U.S. species but relevant literature from other regions of the world is included. First I discuss tiger beetle habitats and the importance of open patches, then review how human disturbances may be essential for creating these open areas of habitat but may also negatively impact populations and act as limiting factors. The factors discussed are: (1) vehicles, bicycles and pedestrian foot traffic; (2) livestock grazing and other animal activities; (3) soil movement and deposition; (4) irrigation and cultivation; and (5) dams, diversions and shoreline structures. Finally, I review the threat of encroaching vegetation from natural succession and invasive species into rare tiger beetle habitats and how implementing disturbance regimes may counter this threat and be used in conservation and management of rare tiger beetles.
Regulation of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Function in a Human Hepatoma Cell Line

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) processing was investigated in a human hepatoma-derived cell line, Hep G2. Hep G2 cells bound, internalized and degraded LDL via a saturable, high affinity (Kd approximately 2 X 10(-8)M) pathway similar to that present in other mammalian cells. Although 80% of the uptake and degradation of 125I-LDL was inhibited by 40-fold excess native LDL, the same concentration of methylated LDL, which cannot bind to LDL receptors, had virtually no effect on processing. When added at low concentrations, the lysosomotropic agent, chloroquine, inhibited degradation (I50 approximately 15 microM) without affecting the rate of lipoprotein internalization. Receptor activity was decreased 60% by preincubation of the cells in medium containing a source of cholesterol (LDL or unesterified cholesterol) and increased 1.7-fold by preincubation with compactin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. The Hep G2 cell line may prove a useful system both for the further study of hepatic lipoprotein metabolism and for the evaluation of new antihypercholesterolemic agents.
Distribution, Abundance and Habitat Use of American White Pelicans in the Delta Region of Mississippi and Along the Western Gulf of Mexico Coast

Abstract Aerial surveys of American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) were conducted over coastal Louisiana and the delta region of Mississippi on 1-2 days during December, February, and April each year from 1997 to 1999. Additional surveys were conducted in coastal Texas and Mexico during January 1998 and 1999. The numbers, location, and habitat of all pelicans observed were recorded. The coastal zone of Louisiana consistently had higher numbers of pelicans (18,000 to 35,000 birds) than other areas surveyed (3,000 to 8,000 birds), indicating that Louisiana may be the most important wintering area for American White Pelicans east of the Rocky Mountains. Among the four regions surveyed, the average size of pelican flocks was largest in Mississippi during January-February, particularly in 1999 (x = 245 birds/flock). Pelican numbers in Mississippi peaked in February but in Louisiana they were more variable. Pelicans in the delta region of Mississippi were found most often in fresh water and sand ba...
Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams

Although many dams have failed throughout history, very few of these failures resulted from earthquakes, and none involved major concrete dams. However, the earthquakeinduced damage to the Koyna Dam, near Poona, India, in 1967 and the Hsinfengkiang Dam, near Canton, People’s Republic of China, in 1962 indicated that concrete dams are not immune to earthquake damage as had commonly been presumed. During this century, increasing numbers of concrete dams have been constructed, and more are expected to be built, in seismic regions. Sooner or later these dams will be exposed to major earthquakes in addition to the usual sources of potential damage. Because m111ions of people live in the floodplains downstream of these dams, it is essential that increasing attention be given to the earthquake safety of these structures.
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM SETTING OF AN ADJUSTABLE GRIP DYNAMOMETER.

Abstract Although adjustable grip dynamometers have been in use for a long time, apparently no one has reported data on the optimum setting for a given hand size. The study population was made up of 138 males and 64 females including adults and children of various ages. The following data were recorded for each subject: name, date of birth, length of hand, width of hand, length of second finger, and glove size. Grip strength of the dominant hand was measured at ten different settings with a Stoelting grip dynamometer. Order of settings was random and there was adequate rest between each trial. The grip strength curves at different settings and for various hand measurements were examined. A slight advantage is gained, particularly for subjects with large or small hand size, through the use of an adjustable grip dynamometer. Of the hand measurements studied in this investigation, hand width appears to be the best criterion for determining optimal dynamometer setting.
A Guttman Scale of Sexual Experience: An Update

AbstractA sexual experience checklist devised by Cowart and Pollack (1979) was distributed to large samples of college-aged males and females in 1979 and 1983. Results of chi square analysis indicated that more male and female subjects from the 1983 sample are engaging in most types of sexual behaviors. The ordering of the items on the 1983 male and female scales was similar as a correlation of .87 indicates but sequences of behaviors were slightly different between the earlier and later male and female scales. The most noticeable difference was the earlier occurrence of masturbation and sexual intercourse for females on the 1983 scale. The coefficients of reproducibility for the 1983 male and female scales were .88 and .87, respectively.
Complete Proceedings - Single PDF Download

This book contains over 220 papers presented at the 21st International Conference on Coastal Engineering. The book is divided into six parts: theoretical and observed wave characteristics; coastal processes and sediment transport; coastal structures and related problems; coastal, estuarine and environmental problems; case studies; and ship motions. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms and currents, erosion, sedimentation, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both the theoretical and the practical, these papers provide the civil engineer with a broad range of information on coastal engineering.
Regulation of the cdk inhibitor p21 gene during cell cycle progression is under the control of the transcription factor E2F.

The control of cell cycle progression is orchestrated by an extraordinary diverse and dynamic in function group of proteins. Critical in the progression are the actions of the E2F family of transcription factors which regulate the expression of genes necessary for the G1/S transition and the WAF/CIP/KIP family of cdk inhibitors which can inhibit cell cycle progression. In this report, we have identified E2F binding sites in both the human and mouse p21 promoters that bind E2F protein complexes from nuclear extracts in a cell cycle-dependent manner. In ectopic expression experiments we determined that E2F1, but not E2F4, can strongly transactivate the human p21 gene through these E2F binding sites which are located in the −215/+1 region of the p21 gene. The transactivation of the p21 gene through regulatory elements within the −215/+1 region of the promoter was correlated with increased levels of endogenous E2F1 and p21 proteins at the G1/S boundary. The significance of transactivation of the p21 gene by E2F is that p21 function is important in cell cycle progression as well as for cell cycle arrest. Indeed, E2F- induced levels of p21 protein during the G1/S transition is consistent with the recent findings demonstrating that p21 acts as an assembly factor for kinase active cyclin/cdk/p21 complexes.
Inhibition of gastric secretion in the rat by normal and abnormal human gastric juice.

SummaryIntravenous administration of dialyzed, lyophilized gastric juice from normal subjects, patients with peptic ulcer and patients with gastric carcinoma, induced pronounced depression of secretion of hydrochloric acid and water in the pylorus ligated rat. Peptic ulcer juice had the greatest inhibitory effect, whereas gastric carcinoma juice had the least.
How many sunsets? Timing of surgery in adhesive small bowel obstruction: a study of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

BACKGROUNDBest practices promulgated by the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma suggest that delay in surgery for adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) should not exceed 5 days. This study aimed to probe the relationship between operative delay and adverse outcomes, defined as occurrence
Die Sauerstoffversorgung von Leber, Pankreas, Duodenum, Niere und Muskel während des haemorrhagischen Schocks

Die Messung des lokalen Sauerstoffdrucks im Gewebe ist eine der empfindlichsten Methoden zur Aufdeckung von Gewebehypoxien und Storungen der Mikrozirkulation (1). In fruheren Versuchen wurde nachgewiesen, das in der Fruhphase des hamorrhagischen Schocks (HS) die Sauerstoffversorgung der Leber bei syst. Blutdruckwerten um l00 mm Hg schon empfindlich gestort sein kann (1). Diese Befunde fuhrten zu Untersuchungen, durch die geklart werden sollte, wann wahrend der Entwicklung des HS die Sauerstoffversorgung in anderen Organen gestort ist, in welcher zeitlichen Beziehung die Storungen zueinander stehen und welche Korrelationen mit hamodynamischen Parametern bestehen.
Spatial patterns of plant communities and differential weathering in Navajo National Monument, Arizona

Vegetation patterns in Navajo National Monument, Arizona, were studied over a five-year period from 1977 to 1981. Twelve distinct plant community types occur within the boundaries of the park. These communities are characterized and the dominant plant species of each are recorded. The relationships of parent material, soils, and moisture to plant communities are also discussed. It appears that discrete communities occupy soils of different characteristics, particularly with respect to amount of weathering of parent material.
Finite State Machine and Its application to CGF of Naval Combat Simulation

Computer generated force has become an important topic in modern combat simulation.Espercially,under combat situation,the CGF must possess certain intelligence for making tactic decision,and know how to update its state and behavior according to combat enviorment and based on its own combat principle.Through analysing the feature of naval sallying combat,this paper pays main attention to combining finite state machine with behaviour principle to realize the behavior simulation of CGF under combat situation.The technique has been used for naval sallying combat simulation software.Application indicates that this technique gains good results throung simulating the behavior of red and blue teams to some extent,and makes the CGF possess desired intelligence.It is an optional denotation technique for behavior simulation of the next software system based on AGENT.
GABAB receptor-mediated modulation of presynaptic currents and excitatory transmission at a fast central synapse.

Isaacson, Jeffry S. GABAB receptor-mediated modulation of presynaptic currents and excitatory transmission at a fast central synapse. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1571–1576, 1998. Large nerve terminals (ca...
Self-synchronization in an ensemble of nonlinear oscillators

The paper describes the results of study of a system of coupled nonlinear, Duffing-type oscillators, from the viewpoint of their self-synchronization, i.e., generation of a coherent field (order parameter) via instability of an incoherent (random-phase) initial state. We consider both the cases of dissipative coupling (e.g., via the joint radiation) and reactive coupling in a Hamiltonian system.
Arbeitsstörungen und Prokrastination

Arbeitsstorungen und Prokrastination umfassen problematische Verhaltensweisen im Zusammenhang mit dem Erledigen von Aufgaben im beruflichen oder privaten Bereich sowie in Ausbildung, Schule und Studium. Es wird ein psychologisches Modell zur Erklarung von Arbeitsstorungen vorgestellt, nach dem Arbeitsstorungen und Prokrastination dann auftreten, wenn individuelle Voraussetzungen und Personlichkeitsmerkmale mit den Arbeitsanforderungen und Rahmenbedingungen nicht in Balance sind. Besonders bei Depressionen, einigen Angststorungen, Prufungsangsten sowie Anpassungsstorungen und beim Vorliegen von Merkmalen einiger Personlichkeitsstorungen konnen Arbeitsstorungen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Es wird ein modularisiertes Interventionsprogramm zur Selbsthilfe, Beratung und Psychotherapie vorgestellt, das vor allem die Beobachtung und Analyse problematischer Verhaltens- und Denkweisen, die Verbesserung von Arbeitstechniken und des Zeitmanagements, der Arbeitsbedingungen, die Reduktion von Ablenkungsmoglichkeiten sowie die Forderung des Ausgleichs zum Inhalt hat.
Re-Envisioning a DNP Program for Quality and Sustainability

When the University of Washington, School of Nursing determined that its post-BSN-DNP degree program, with multiple specialty tracks and programs of study, was not sustainable, the curriculum was re-envisioned. The revised program is consistent with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) Essentials of Doctoral Education for Advanced Nursing Practice and the national Licensure Accreditation, Certification, and Education (LACE) model. The re-envisioned program was conceptualized as a single degree in which students preparing for any specialty would have the same number of required credits with the majority of courses (DNP core) required for all students. Two major pathways, 1) advanced practice registered nursing and 2) advanced systems and population health were identified. The model allows for specialties to be added or discontinued without major disruption to the core curriculum. The consolidated curriculum reduced instructional costs to the school by approximately 26% and reduced and made more equitable the tuition costs for the majority of students. The revised consolidated program is innovative, maintains quality, attracts students, and aligns with resources. This article discusses how we achieved revision and consolidation of a post-BSN DNP program with multiple specialty tracks that is innovative, high quality, sustainable, and replicable by other schools of nursing.