cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Christian Animism, Green Spirit Theology, and the Global Crisis Today

One morning, during a sabbatical in Costa Rica, my children and I sought a viewing of a quetzal in its natural habitat in the Monteverde Cloudforest Preserve. The quetzal is arguably the most beautiful bird in Central America. It is covered with shiny, metallic green feathers with a bright red breast and long streamers for its tail. Its train is so long that when the male quetzal leaves its perch it often flies backward for a moment to avoid damaging its sweeping tail feathers. With the help of a guide, we found a female quetzal in the forest understory preparing a nest in the decaying trunk of an old tree. Glittering in the light, we watched her bounce from the tree trunk to a limb overhead while making a whining, plaintive song. Her call sounded like the yelp of a newborn puppy, yearning and soulful. We listened to the quetzal for a while until she sallied forth through the damp forest. I resonated deeply to the longing in the quetzal’s call, and felt myself summoned into a sort of relationship with her through this song. The beauty of creation—the wonder of existence in the great gift that is life itself— echoed inside me in the cathedral quiet of this montane forest. In the refrain of a Native American prayer, Beauty is before me/In my youth I am aware of it And in old age I shall walk quietly/The beautiful trail.1 For me, the beautiful trail—the natural world—serves as the primary site for the sort of spiritual encounters observing the quetzal provided.
Spatial variation of U-Th series radionuclides and trace metals in deep-sea manganese encrustations

Abstract A series of measurements to assess the spatial variability on a scale of a few centimeters of U Th series nuclides and trace metals in surface layers of deep-sea ferromanganese encrustations are reported here. Two samples, one from an Atlantic seamount and another from MANOP site S in the Pacific are reported. The inventories of230Thexc cm−2 and231Paexc cm−2 as well as the ratios of the inventories are seen to vary by large amounts in samples only a few centimeters apart. These observations infer that the fluxes of these radionuclides to small areas on the ferromanganese crust may also vary with time. No strong correlation between the radioisotope inventories and concentrations of various elements has been observed.
Ranging, habitat use and activity patterns of binturong Arctictis binturong and yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula in north-central Thailand

Abstract The binturong Arctictis binturong and yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula are widely distributed through much of Southeast Asia, yet their natural history remains poorly understood. We radio collared and tracked five male binturongs, and five yellow-throated martens (four males and one female) for 4–23 months in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. For binturongs, mean annual range size (± SD; 95% minimum convex polygon) was 6.2 km2 (± 1.0), and mean range overlap was 35%. Wet season ranges were larger for most binturongs. Binturong mean daily distance was 688 m (± 667). A cumulative activity pattern of 47% indicated that binturongs were arrhythmic and crepuscular. Yellow-throated martens showed an annual range of 7.2 km2 (± 4.3) and exhibited overlapping ranges of 34%. Yellow-throated martens traveled an average of 966 m/day (± 834) and activity (58%) was characterized as diurnal, but increases in nocturnal activity increased during lunar nights (± 7 days from full moon).
The use of vascularized fibular grafts for the reconstruction of spinal and sacral defects.

Background: Large segmental defects of the spine may result from tumor resection as well as infection. The surrounding soft tissue in these situations is often compromised due to radiation exposure or infection. In these situations, in which conventional bone grafting has often failed, we have found vascularized fibular grafts an effective method of achieving bony union. The purpose of this study was to review the results of vascularized bone grafting for complex spinal reconstruction using free fibular transfer. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent multisegmental spinal reconstruction and pelvic reconstruction using posterior instrumentation and free fibula vascularized bone transfer. Results: Twelve patients underwent 14 free fibula transfers (7 anterior and 5 posteriorly placed) for reconstruction of lumbosacral spinal defects. Preoperative diagnoses included tumor, osteomyelitis, and nonunion. Average number of vertebral body resections was four and posterior instrumentation was used for all arthrodeses. Average duration of follow up was 45 months. Two flaps failed (14%), one resulting in nonunion and the other required salvage with an external hemipelvectomy. All remaining flaps healed at a mean time of 4.5 months (range, 3–10 months). Conclusion: Free fibula transfer for complex spinal reconstruction is a reliable means of obtaining bony union for complex lumbar or sacral resections where traditional bone grafting techniques may not be technically feasible. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Celestial Orientation of Fowler's Toad b uFo Fowleri

Young Fowler's toads from on and near the shores of a lake were tested in a circular pen 60 feet in diameter. Under a variety of conditions (e.g. including group tests, individual tests, simultaneous testing of two groups from different shores, long distance displacement, and transit to the test pen both in view of the sky and in lightproof containers), the toads oriented under the sun to a compass direction (Y-axis) corresponding to a line bisecting the home shoreline at right angles. This orientation persisted after 72 hours in darkness, indicating the existence of an internal clock mechanism. Reorientation to a new shore was evident in 24 hours and was virtually complete after 48 hours. Orientation failed or was partially inhibited in small toads tested under dense cloud cover, at noon, and after sunset. Also, the type of orientation exhibited under the sun was evident at night under the moon, but to a lesser extent under starry skies. These mechanisms are useful in foraging and in dispersal from nursery shores. Adults are oriented at night to the breeding site even without benefit of a chorus for reference. Adults oriented to the Y-axis of the breeding site. A recorded chorus distracted migrating adults pursuing a compass course toward a pond. Non-breeding adults compensated for a displacement made in view of the sun. Celestial orientation is considered a basic orientational mechanism which most likely developed early in anuran history.
Norepinephrine and (Na+, K+)-ATPase: evidence for stabilization by lithium or imipramine.

These experiments examined the effects of lithium and imipramine on the regulation by norepinephrine in vivo of (Na+, K+)-ATPase in brain and heart. The binding of ouabain and the activity of K+-phosphatase were used as indices of (Na+, K+-ATPase. In the cerebral cortex, imipramine prevented, and lithium reduced, the increase in (Na+, K+-ATPase associated with repeated injections of yohimbine. Imipramine and yohimbine had synergistic effects on the increased release of norepinephrine and on decreased binding to β-receptors. Effects on the binding of beta-noradrenergic receptors suggested that imipramine partially reduced stimulation of ATPase by reducing the maximum effect of beta-receptors, while the effect of lithium may have involved a reduction in the exposure of receptors to norepinephrine. Imipramine also increased (Na+, K+-ATPase in the cerebral cortex of reserpine-treated rats. These results suggest that lithium and imipramine, by different mechanisms, can stabilize fluctuations in the physiological consequences of binding to noradrenergic receptors.
Primary pituitary abscess

Abstract This report details the management of a patient with a primary pituitary abscess. The patient presented with unilateral ophthalmoplegia and obtundation progressing to stupor. The diagnosis was established by utilizing plain x-ray films of the skull, computed tomography scans, and angiography. After a transsphenoidal decompression of the sphenoid sinus and the sella turcica, with accompanying antibiotic therapy, the patient enjoyed a progressive and nearly complete recovery. In view of the patient's clinical presentation and radiographic findings, we were able to make the diagnosis of pituitary abscess pre-operatively.
Dynamic Modeling of Operator Overload Conditions in Mixed Model Automotive Assembly

Abstract The analysis of overload conditions for each cell and the assembly operator is carried out based on micro modeling of operator movement patterns for the actual sequence of vehicles entering trim and final assembly. To achieve this, the system integrates the broadcast signal of the vehicle VIN number as the vehicles are released to final assembly with detailed information on the work elements from the direct labor management system and the workcell layout from the e-workcell system. This system gives advance warning to assembly line management and work group leaders of potential operator overload and/or interference, allowing time to dispatch auxiliary workers and eliminate potential line stoppages.
Long-term tillage influences on soil physical properties under dryland conditions in northeastern Montana

We evaluated the effect of long-term (>20 years) tillage (no-till [NT], spring till [ST], and fall and spring till [FST]) under continuous spring wheat on soil penetration resistance (PR), bulk density (ρb), water content (θm) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) under dryland cropping systems. Soil PR was significantly greater in the NT than in ST and FST treatments at 0–10 cm depth, but was greater in FST than in NT and ST at a depth deeper than 10 cm. Soil PR generally increased to a depth of 10–15 cm and then decreased beyond this depth. Long-term tillage reduced soil compaction in the surface (0–10 cm), but increased in the subsurface at a depth >10 cm due to the traffic intensity induced by tillage mechanism. Soil ρb was not affected by tillage and averaged 1.59, 1.58, and 1.61 Mg m−3 for NT, ST, and FST, respectively. Similarly soil θm was not influenced by tillage and generally decreased with increased intensity of soil manipulation and tillage frequency. Soil Ks generally decreased with incr...
Comparative effects of leucomyosuppressin on the visceral muscle systems of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae

Abstract 1. Leucomyosuppressin (LMS) did not inhibit the spontaneous contractions of visceral muscles of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae uniformly as a group but rather showed a selective suppression of activity in the foregut and hindgut. The threshold of LMS inhibition for these organs was 10 −11 M for the foregut and 3 × 10 −11 M for the hindgut. The maximum response for each organ was generally recorded at 2.4 × 10 −11 M. 2. Both the heart and the oviduct were 100–1000 times less sensitive to LMS than either the foregut or the hindgut. Although the responses of the heart to LMS (10 −9 to 10 −8 M) were somewhat inconsistent, the myocardium showed a reduction in either the amplitude or frequency of contractions in 75% of the preparations tested. The oviduct showed the lowest level of responsiveness of all the muscles tested. Even at a concentration of 10 −7 M LMS, the amplitude and frequency of contractions showed no more than a 58% inhibition. 3. Desensitization to LMS was observed in three of the four muscle types tested. The phenomenon occurred in 37% of the foreguts, 34% of the hindguts and 54% of the heart preparations tested. The results of this study show that each visceral muscle type has its own unique response profile to LMS and support the idea that peptides may be multifunctional regulators.
Distinctive Characteristics of Sexual Orientation Bias Crimes

Despite increased attention in the area of hate crime research in the past 20 years, sexual orientation bias crimes have rarely been singled out for study. When these types of crimes are looked at, the studies are typically descriptive in nature. This article seeks to increase our knowledge of sexual orientation bias by answering the question: What are the differences between sexual orientation motivated bias crimes and racial bias crimes? This question is examined using data from the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and multiple regression techniques. This analysis draws on the strengths of NIBRS to look at the incident characteristics of hate crimes and distinguishing characteristics of sexual orientation crimes. Specifically this analysis looks at the types and seriousness of offenses motivated by sexual orientation bias as opposed to race bias as well as victim and offender characteristics. The findings suggest that there are differences between these two types of bias crimes, suggesti...
Microscopic calculation of Pu 240 scission with a finite-range effective force

Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations of hot fission in $^{240}\mathrm{Pu}$ have been performed with a newly implemented code that uses the D1S finite-range effective interaction. The hot-scission line is identified in the quadrupole-octupole-moment coordinate space. Fission-fragment shapes are extracted from the calculations. A benchmark calculation for $^{226}\mathrm{Th}$ is obtained and compared with results in the literature. In addition, technical aspects of the use of HFB calculations for fission studies are examined in detail. In particular, the identification of scission configurations, the sensitivity of near-scission calculations to the choice of collective coordinates in the HFB iterations, and the formalism for the adjustment of collective-variable constraints are discussed. The power of the constraint-adjustment algorithm is illustrated with calculations near the critical scission configurations with up to seven simultaneous constraints.
P450arom gene expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes: Identification of a cryptic splice site for exon-1 afterEpstein–Barr virus transformation

The human aromatase gene (P450arom) is widely expressed, albeit in a tissue-specific manner. In the present study, we measured aromatase activity and investigated the transcribed and translated products of the P450arom gene before and after Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from normal individuals. Aromatase activity was determined by [3H]-delta4-androstenedione (A) to [3H]-estrone (E1) conversion. Cellular total RNA and protein lysates were subjected to RT-PCR and Western analysis, respectively. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used for the detection of novel 5'-untranslated ends of the P450arom mRNA, which were subsequently sequenced and compared to the known transcripts of this gene. In untransformed PBLs, two known variants of exon 1 of the P450arom gene were expressed, corresponding to promoters PI.3 and PII, or 1c and 1d, respectively. In EBV-transformed PBLs, a cryptic splice site was revealed and a new 5'-untranslated product was found. RNase protection assay confirmed that this splice variant is not a RACE artifact. The 53 K P450arom protein was detectable in PBLs both before and after EBV transformation. We conclude that (i) the P450arom mRNA is present in human PBLs and (ii) EBV transformation of the latter leads to novel alternative splicing of the 5' end of this gene.
What is the appropriate intravenous dose of vitamin E for very-low-birth-weight infants?

The Committee on Fetus and Newborn of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has endorsed 1 to 2 mg/dl as the normal range of serum tocopherol level. Our Cochrane review has shown that vitamin E supplementation resulting in levels >3.5 mg/dl, but not ≤3.5 mg/dl, significantly reduces the risk for severe retinopathy among very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants examined but increases the risks of sepsis and of necrotizing enterocolitis among infants treated for >1 week. As a fixed daily intravenous dose of vitamin E results in an inverse relationship between serum level and birth weight and is a risk for both low and high serum tocopherol levels, a dose adjusted for current weight appears more judicious than a fixed dose per day. Based on currently available data the AAP and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition currently recommend a routine intake of 2 ml/kg/day of MVI® Pediatric™ (2.8 IU/kg/day) in VLBW infants (maximum of 5 ml/day or 7 IU/day).
Beam Delamination by Integrated Local Petrov–Galerkin Sinc Method

The integrated local Petrov–Galerkin sinc method was used with an irreversible exponential traction-separation constitutive law for modeling mode I and mixed-mode delamination of an adhesively bonded aluminum and hybrid plane-strain and plane-stress structural specimen. The first-order shear deformable theory was used to model the specimen both above and below the delamination with the sublaminate interfaces coupled to each other through the cohesive zone model. Through-the-sublaminate-thickness distributions of interlaminar stresses were obtained using integration of the equilibrium equations of three-dimensional elasticity. An adaptive discretization technique is developed and implemented. Because the sinc points, distributed by the double exponential transformation, are biased toward the boundary in the integrated local Petrov–Galerkin sinc method, the adaptive sinc point distribution allows an accurate solution to be obtained with far fewer sinc points than when a single subdomain is used. The results...
Ultrafast time division multiaccess networks

Ultra-high speed optical time division multi-access networks, operating at single-stream data rates of 100 Gb/s, may offer unique advantages over wavelength division multiplexed systems. These advantages include providing integrated services, including packet service to high-end users, multiple quality of service levels and truly flexible bandwidth-on-demand. In this paper, we discuss architectures and technologies for implementing ultrafast TDMA networks. In addition, we discuss novel applications for the ultrafast technologies that have been developed.
INTRODUCTION: The Investigation of Lexical Semantic Representation in Alzheimer's Disease

The study of lexical semantic representation is central to an understanding of brain and language. In Alzheimer's disease, neuropathological alterations consistently involve neocortical areas in which lexical semantic information is represented, and patients with this common dementing disorder evince priminent lexical semantic disturbances. General issues concern the establishment of new semantic memories, the manner in which meaning is represented within the lexicon, the retrieval of semantic information from the lexicon, and the relation between lexical semantics and nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Studies of lexical semantic representation in patients with Alzheimer's disease are especially informative in considering all but the first of these key issues.
Acute ethanol administration downregulates human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120-induced KC and RANTES production by murine Kupffer cells and splenocytes

Abstract Glycoprotein 120 from HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV is known to stimulate secretion of chemokines by mononuclear cells. Thus, this work tests the hypothesis that acute ethanol intoxication suppresses HIV-1 gp120-induced chemokine production by murine Kupffer cells and splenocytes. Male Balb/c mice were given ethanol (1.70 g/Kg) by intragastric gavage in 0.1 ml volume of saline. Five minutes after ethanol administration, mice received an intravenous injection of HIV-1 gp120 (5 μg/Kg). After 24 hr, serum samples, splenocytes and Kupffer cells were obtained. Isolated cells were cultured in DMEM for 24 hr to determine production of chemokines and cytokines in vitro. Chemokines (MIP-2, KC, RANTES, MIP-1α and MCP-1) and cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-10, γ-IFN) were measured by ELISA. M-RNA abundance of these mediators was determined by RT-PCR. Results show that HIV-1 gp120 treatment was associated with significant elevations in serum KC and RANTES. No changes were observed with regard to other chemokines and cytokines. Oral administration of ethanol significantly suppressed HIV-1gp120-induced KC and RANTES release. KC and RANTES-mRNA expression and protein release by splenocytes and Kupffer cells were up-regulated by HIV-1 gp120. Such up-regulation was attenuated by ethanol treatment. These data show that acute ethanol administration attenuates HIV-1 gp120-induced chemokine release in vivo by isolated splenocytes and Kupffer cells. Through this mechanism, previous in vivo ethanol use may compromise the ability of HIV-1 gp120 to induce chemokine-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 entry into target cells.
Failure of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation to augment distal coronary perfusion pressure during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) has been used extensively in the management of patients with refractory myocardial ischemia and left ventricular failure. Specific clinical applications in which IABP has demonstrated success include unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Recently, IABP has been used as adjunctive therapy during performance of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in unstable patients or in the management of acute coronary occlusion complicating PTCA. 1–5 Mechanisms through which IABP provides clinical benefit are incompletely understood. Studies consistently show reduction in indexes of myocardial oxygen demand through a decrease in afterload and preload. Whether IABP improves regional coronary blood flow, either directly or through collateral perfusion, remains uncertain because results of different studies are contradictory. 3–6 We report 3 patients in whom IABP was used during PTCA.
Drug-associated "bite cell" hemolytic anemia.

Abstract purpose: "Bite cell" hemolytic anemia is a variant of drug-related hemolysis usually associated with methemoglobinemia and Heinz body inclusions in red blood cells secondary to oxidant drug injury. Bite cells are morphologically characterized as poikilocytes with one or more semicircular portions removed from the cell margin. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the importance of peripheral smear examination in patients with possible drug-associated hemolytic anemia. The morphologic characteristics of bite cells by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are detailed in this study, and the pathophysiologic mechanism is discussed. patients and methods: Clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively studied on eight patients (two men and six women, aged 29 to 85 years) who showed evidence of bite cell hemolytic anemia associated with drug exposure. Multiple standard hematologic laboratory evaluations for hemolytic anemia were performed. Five hundred red blood cells were counted from randomly selected peripheral smear fields for the calculation of bite cell percentage. results: Peripheral smears showed predominantly normochromic normocytic red cells with prominent bite cells and occasional blister cells. Bite cell counts ranged from 5.5% to 13.6% (mean, 8.7 ± 3.0% SD) associated with a hematocrit reduction of 3.0% to 13.2% (mean, 8.5 ± 3.8% SD) and concomitant reticulocytosis of varying degree from 2.3% to 15.4% (mean, 7.3 ± 4.9% SD). Withdrawal of the offending drug(s) and treatment of underlying diseases resulted in improvement of hemolytic anemia and eventual disappearance of bite cells. A close correlation between hematocrit reduction, reticulocyte response, and bite cell percentage increase was seen. The usual biochemical markers of hemolysis were not consistently observed. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the light microscopic evidence of bite cell morphology and revealed a keratocytic variant. conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of peripheral smear examination for early diagnosis and management of bite cell hemolytic anemia. Withdrawal of the putative offending drug(s) and treatment of underlying disorders should result in improvement of this form of drug-associated hemolysis.
Regulation of NF-κB activity in murine macrophages : effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and phorbol ester

Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) has been shown to play an important role in LPS-mediated induction of several genes in macrophages. Several studies have implicated protein kinase C (PKC) or cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the regulation of NF-kappa B activity. In this study we have investigated the mechanism of NF-kappa B induction in murine macrophages. A chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) expression vector containing multiple copies of the TNF-alpha NF-kappa B element was transfected into the RAW264 macrophage-like cell line and assessed for inducible CAT activity. LPS treatment of the transfected cells resulted in a significant induction of CAT activity. CAT activity was not induced by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or the cAMP analogue 8-bromo cAMP. To further study NF-kappa B induction, nuclear extracts were prepared from RAW264 cells. Extracts from RAW264 cells that were treated from 30 min to 2 hr with LPS had a significant increase in NF-kappa B binding activity as determined by the electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). Treatment of these cells from 30 min to 2 hr with PMA did not result in such binding activity. U.V. crosslinking analysis of the DNA-binding activity confirmed these results and indicated that LPS induced a 55 KD DNA-binding protein. Induction of this NF-kappa B binding activity was not inhibited by pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor H-7. H-7 did inhibit induction of TPA responsive element binding by either LPS or PMA. Prolonged exposure to phorbol ester, a treatment which down-regulates PKC, had no effect on LPS induction of NF-kappa B activity in these cells. These results suggest that the induction of NF-kappa B in macrophages by LPS is independent of PKC.
Separation and purification of diastereomers of angiotensin I by weak anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Several diasteroemers of angiotensin I were resolved by weak anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All of the diastereomers which were examined contained significant amounts of peptides whose amino acid composition differed from the designated diastereomer of angiotensin I. The des-Asp 1 forms of angiotensin I and the impurities were weakly retained on the anion-exchange column and were well separated from the rest of the peptides. Many of the impurities contained fractional amounts of amino acids suggesting that peptides which contained variable amounts of histidine and arginine are not resolved by this method. The results are compared with the results of separations of the same peptides by reversed-phase HPLC. This comparison strongly suggests that the two HPLC methods, utilizing different separation principles, are complementary; hence their combined use leads to a more confident assessment of the purity of a given peptide preparation.
Understanding Communication Research Findings

A central aspect of communication research is widely misunderstood, ignored, or not known by researchers in other fields and by the public. The problems this creates are discussed; the correct understanding is identified, and an appeal is made for attention to the issue by researchers.
Maternal collagen vascular disease associated with fetal heart block and degenerative changes of the atrioventricular valves.

We report the case of a fetus diagnosed at 24 weeks' gestation with complete heart block associated with maternal collagen vascular disease and Sjogren's antibody. Serial fetal echocardiograms noted increased echogenicity along the tricuspid and mitral valves without insufficiency. Postnatally, severe tricuspid insufficiency occurred following placement of an endocardial pacing lead, and severe mitral insufficiency occurred acutely at 2.5 months of age. Both valves were noted at surgery to have fibrotic and calcific chordae tendineae that had ruptured from their papillary muscles. An inflammatory reaction within the fetal heart related to transplacental passage of Sjogren's antibody was likely responsible.
Hypoallergenic formula prescribing practices in Australia.

Aim: To gain insight into the use of hypoallergenic formula in Australia by analysis of prescribing statistics. Methods: Statistics on supply of amino acid and extensively hydrolyzed formula were obtained from the Health Insurance Commission web site. The number of prescriptions supplied in 2003 and 2004 per 1000 children aged 4 years and younger were calculated for each State and Territory. This was related to the numbers of paediatric physicians and paediatric allergists in each State. Results: There was a marked rise in the use of amino acid formula (AAF) commencing in 2001. The Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Victoria had 6–7 times more AAF items per 1000 children prescribed than Western Australia. This did not appear to relate to the numbers of paediatricians or paediatric allergists in each State. In all States and Territories the prescribing of extensively hydrolyzed formula was less than that of AAF. Conclusions: There are significant regional differences which do not appear to be related to the prevalence of allergic disease. In some States and Territories AAF may be frequently prescribed as a first line treatment for cows milk allergy and for prevention of allergic disease in contradistinction to current recommendations of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and authoritative statements and position papers. Re-examination of both the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme guidelines and the knowledge and perceptions of the prescribing community is indicated.
Herodotus on Diet and Longevity: How the Persians Fed on Dung and Lived to 80, While the Tall, Handsome Ethiopians Ate Boiled Meat and Lived Beyond 120

Herodotus' Histories tell of diet and longevity: the Persians, who ate bread from grain fertilized with dung lived but 80 years, while the tall handsome Ethiopeans ate boiled meat and lived more than 120. These and other ancient texts anticipate current biomedical understanding of aging. However, there little evidence for supracentenarians in the ancient world as noted in Herodotus, Genesis, and other classical texts: only recently have centenarians emerged as a significant age group. Nutrition and hygiene have been major factors in the increasing longevity and of adult height since 1800. It remains possible that some ancient elites achieved modern longevity.
The Discovery of Prostate Specific Antigen as a Biomarker for the Early Detection of Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

Purpose: Prostate specific antigen is the most widely used oncological biomarker in medicine today. Before its implementation as an early diagnostic marker, urologists were limited to prostatic acid phosphatase, digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound for the detection of prostate cancer. We review the history of the discovery of prostate specific antigen as a biomarker for the early detection of adenocarcinoma of the prostate.Materials and Methods: We performed a structured literature review, searching PubMed for papers on the subject of prostate specific antigen limited to humans between the years 1970 to 2005. We found a total of 8,365 articles.Results: While the use of prostate specific antigen in evaluating newly diagnosed prostate disease, and followup of men after treatment for prostate disease is accepted practice, prostate specific antigen screening for prostate cancer remains controversial.Conclusions: In the next decade the results of randomized trials of screening may answer some...
The influence of minor human disturbance on biochemical variation in a population of freshwater snails

Abstract A 1979 survey of gene frequencies at the octopine dehydrogenase locus in a population of the snail Goniobasis proxima uncovered significant heterogeneity within a 500 m stretch of stream, apparently due to blockage of gene flow by a culvert. Minor earthwork and local siltation in 1980 resulted in homogenisation of gene frequencies, but the 1985 significant differences had been restored. Thus apparently minor environmental alterations seem to have influenced the evolution of a natural population.
Effects of Unitary vs. Nonunitary State Income Taxes on Interstate Resource Allocation: Some Analytical and Simulation Results

This study examines the optimal location choice decisions of a two‐state firm in response to changing state corporate income tax rates and tax structures. Because the firm can engineer its tax liability by manipulating between‐state location of sales, property, and payroll, changes in relative state tax rates should result in the firm making such location changes. Results of a model firm simulation, examining various combinations of state tax rates and unitary vs. nonunitary tax structures, found that the firm would make interstate resource changes to minimize company‐wide state income taxes. Important findings of the study are that tax rate changes in nonunitary states may cause little or no change in resources used in that state. Indeed, in one scenario, the resulting resource flows from a tax increase are favorable to the nonunitary state, making a tax increase a win‐win situation for the state government (higher tax revenue and more economic activity). In contrast, changes in unitary state tax rates c...
Scaled control moment gyroscope dynamics effects on performance

Abstract The majority of the literature that discusses the dynamics of control moment gyroscopes (CMG) contains formulations that are not derived from first principles and make simplifying assumptions early in the derivation, possibly neglecting important contributions. For small satellites, additional dynamics that are no longer negligible are shown to cause an increase in torque error and loss of torque amplification. The goal of the analysis presented here is to provide the reader with a complete and general analytical derivation of the equations for dynamics of a spacecraft with n-CMG and to discuss the performance degradation imposed to CMG actuators when scaling them for small satellites. The paper first derives the equations of motion from first principles for a very general case of a spacecraft with n-CMG. Each contribution of the dynamics is described with its effect on the performance of CMG and its significance on scaled CMG performance is addressed. It is shown analytically and verified numerically, that CMG do not scale properly with performance and care must be taken in their design to trade performance, size, mass, and power when reducing their scale.
Medical communication: do our patients understand?

The objective of this study was to determine emergency department (ED) patient's understanding of common medical terms used by health care providers (HCP). Consecutive patients over 18 years of age having nonurgent conditions were recruited from the EDs of an urban and a suburban hospital between the hours of 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. Patients were asked whether six pairs of terms had the same or different meaning and scored on the number of correct answers (maximum score 6). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess possible relationships between test scores and age, sex, hospital site, highest education level, and predicted household income (determined from zip code). Two hundred forty-nine patients (130 men/119 women) ranging in age from 18 to 87 years old (mean = 39.4, SD = 14.9) were enrolled on the study. The mean number of correct responses was 2.8 (SD = 1.2). The percentage of patients that did not recognize analogous terms was 79% for bleeding versus hemorrhage, 78% for broken versus fractured bone, 74% for heart attack versus myocardial infarction, and 38% for stitches versus sutures. The percentage that did not recognize nonanalogous terms was 37% for diarrhea versus loose stools, and 10% for cast versus splint. Regression analysis (R2 = .13) revealed a significant positive independent relationship between test score and age (P < .024), education (P < .001), and suburban hospital site (P < .004). Predicted income had a significant relationship with test score (P < .001); however, this was no longer significant when controlled for the confounding influence of age, education and hospital site. Medical terminology is often poorly understood, especially by young, urban, poorly educated patients. Emergency health care providers should remember that even commonly used medical terminology should be carefully explained to their patients.
Facilitating case comparison using value judgments and intermediate legal concepts

This paper explains and illustrates in an example context how case comparison in legal case-based reasoning can be modeled in the value judgment formalism. It presents a set of argument schemes corresponding to typical moves in case-based reasoning which make use of intermediate legal concepts and their impact on the applicable values.
Fight or flight? Competing discourses of individualism and collectivism in runaway boys’ interpersonal relationships in India:

An examination of interpersonal relationships of runaway youth in varying cultural contexts provides an important glimpse into processes that help construct their personhood. Informed by Relational Dialectics Theory (RDT; Baxter, 2011), this ethnographic study explored competing discourses that animate the meaning of personhood in conflict communication of runaway boys in India. A discourse of individualism with accompanying themes of individual rights, fairness, and protection of self-worth dominated youths’ communications with peers, with secondary emphasis on interpersonal harmony. In contrast, a discourse of collectivism along with themes of respect for elders and non-expression were privileged over individual desires in the relationships between runaway youth and adults. A nuanced understanding of what it means to be a child in the context of relationships in India emerged.
Incision-Excision DNA Repair Model: A Theoretical Analysis of the Effect of Enzyme Concentrations on DNA Repair†

Relationships between the concentration of exonuclease, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase participating in the DNA incision-excision repair pathway have been derived by applying steady state conditions to concentration of the species of interest. The analysis utilizes concentrations of damage excised, gapped DNA (DNAm—n) and gap filled unligated DNA (DNAm) at the steady state as the parameters to measure the extent of DNA repair. The concentrations of DNAm—n and DNAm have been expressed in terms of experimentally determinable constants such as Km, catalytic constants for the enzymes, enzyme, and substrate DNA concentrations, making it possible to verify the theoretical predictions. The analysis predicts a low ratio of exonuclease to polymerase to observe any significant repair activity, a conclusion consistent with in vitro observation of Hamilton et al. (1974) that significant DNA repair is observed when exonuclease: polymerase ratio is 0.5. The analyis predicts fairly large concentrations of DNA ligase to minimize DNAm concentration at the steady state. Under specific conditions, reversal of ligation has been predicted and has been suggested as a possible mechanism of initiation of multi-centered DNA replication in eukaryotes. This suggestion has been substantiated by experimental demonstration that DNA nicked in the presence of DNA ligase and AMP is substrate for M. Luteus DNA polymerase but not for T4 DNA polymerase, suggesting that adenylated DNA intermediate is formed and only cleaved by 5′—3′ exonuclease which is present in vivo, and has been isolated and characterized. The relationships have been numerically evaluated for different enzyme concentrations using derived and literature values for the constants. The potential application of these results for in vitro introduction of “errors” into DNA has been indicated.
Localization of Matrix Metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the Surface of Invasive Cells by Interaction with Integrin αvβ3

Abstract Cellular invasion depends on cooperation between adhesive and proteolytic mechanisms. Evidence is provided that the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 can be localized in a proteolytically active form on the surface of invasive cells, based on its ability to bind directly integrin αvβ3. MMP-2 and αvβ3 were specifically colocalized on angiogenic blood vessels and melanoma cells in vivo. Expression of αvβ3 on cultured melanoma cells enabled their binding to MMP-2 in a proteolytically active form, facilitating cell-mediated collagen degradation. In vitro, these proteins formed an SDS-stable complex that depended on the noncatalytic C-terminus of MMP-2, since a truncation mutant lost the ability to bind αvβ3. These findings define a single cell-surface receptor that regulates both matrix degradation and motility, thereby facilitating directed cellular invasion.
ZKSCAN3 Is a Master Transcriptional Repressor of Autophagy

Summary Autophagy constitutes a major cell-protective mechanism that eliminates damaged components and maintains energy homeostasis via recycling nutrients under normal/stressed conditions. Although the core components of autophagy have been well studied, regulation of autophagy at the transcriptional level is poorly understood. Herein, we establish ZKSCAN3, a zinc finger family DNA-binding protein, as a transcriptional repressor of autophagy. Silencing of ZKSCAN3 induced autophagy and increased lysosome biogenesis. Importantly, we show that ZKSCAN3 represses transcription of a large gene set (>60) integral to, or regulatory for, autophagy and lysosome biogenesis/function and that a subset of these genes, including Map1lC3b and Wipi2 , represent direct targets. Interestingly, ZKSCAN3 and TFEB are oppositely regulated by starvation and in turn oppositely regulate lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, suggesting that they act in conjunction. Altogether, our study uncovers an autophagy master switch regulating the expression of a transcriptional network of genes integral to autophagy and lysosome biogenesis/function.
Local wind forcing of the Monterey Bay area inner shelf

Abstract Wind forcing and the seasonal cycles of temperature and currents were investigated on the inner shelf of the Monterey Bay area of the California coast for 460 days, from June 2001 to September 2002. Temperature measurements spanned an approximate 100 km stretch of coastline from a bluff just north of Monterey Bay south to Point Sur. Inner shelf currents were measured at two sites near the bay's northern shore. Seasonal temperature variations were consistent with previous observations from the central California shelf. During the spring, summer and fall, a seasonal mean alongshore current was observed flowing northwestward in the northern bay, in direct opposition to a southeastward wind stress. A barotropic alongshore pressure gradient, potentially driving the northwestward flow, was needed to balance the alongshore momentum equation. With the exception of the winter season, vertical profiles of mean cross-shore currents were consistent with two-dimensional upwelling and existing observations from upwelling regions with poleward subsurface flow. At periods of 15–60 days, temperature fluctuations were coherent both throughout the domain and with the regional wind field. Remote wind forcing was minimal. During the spring upwelling season, alongshore currents and temperatures in the northern bay were most coherent with winds measured at a nearby land meteorological station. This wind site showed relatively low correlations to offshore buoy wind stations, indicating localized wind effects are important to the circulation along this stretch of Monterey Bay's inner shelf.
Recovery of Recombinant Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Reveals a Function for Non-structural Glycoproteins Cleavage by Furin.

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a negative-strand RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae (genus: Nairovirus). In humans, CCHFV causes fever, hemorrhage, severe thrombocytopenia, and high fatality. A major impediment in precisely determining the basis of CCHFV’s high pathogenicity has been the lack of methodology to produce recombinant CCHFV. We developed a reverse genetics system based on transfecting plasmids into BSR-T7/5 and Huh7 cells. In our system, bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase produced complementary RNA copies of the viral S, M, and L segments that were encapsidated with the support, in trans, of CCHFV nucleoprotein and L polymerase. The system was optimized to systematically recover high yields of infectious CCHFV. Additionally, we tested the ability of the system to produce specifically designed CCHFV mutants. The M segment encodes a polyprotein that is processed by host proprotein convertases (PCs), including the site-1 protease (S1P) and furin-like PCs. S1P and furin cleavages are necessary for producing the non-structural glycoprotein GP38, while S1P cleavage yields structural Gn. We studied the role of furin cleavage by rescuing a recombinant CCHFV encoding a virus glycoprotein precursor lacking a functional furin cleavage motif (RSKR mutated to ASKA). The ASKA mutation blocked glycoprotein precursor’s maturation to GP38, and Gn precursor’s maturation to Gn was slightly diminished. Furin cleavage was not essential for replication, as blocking furin cleavage resulted only in transient reduction of CCHFV titers, suggesting that either GP38 and/or decreased Gn maturation accounted for the reduced virion production. Our data demonstrate that nairoviruses can be produced by reverse genetics, and the utility of our system uncovered a function for furin cleavage. This viral rescue system could be further used to study the CCHFV replication cycle and facilitate the development of efficacious vaccines to counter this biological and public health threat.
A study of propellant decomposition by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract The decomposition of 12 commercial nitrocellulose propellants was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. In general, heats of decomposition were found to be about 400–475 cal g− for all the propellants when the reaction produced 12–16% residue. Some samples decompose in a much different way, producing only about 3–4% residue and liberating only 200–250 cal g−1. Both decomposition patterns were observed for samples of the same propellant run in the same way. In almost all cases, different manufacturing lots of the same propellant do not appear to show a significant difference in heat content. It appears that neither reprecipitation nor prolonged drying materially affects the heat of decomposition of the propellants.
Innervation of rabbit fetal lungs.

Nerve fibers, autonomic ganglia, and neuroepithelial bodies of the lungs of rabbit fetuses, 17 to 31 days gestational age, were studied with neurohistological techniques including silver impregnation, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and glyoxylic-1acid-induced histofluorescence for monoamines. The silver impregnation method showed that nerve fibers and ganglia accompanied the bronchi and large pulmonary blood vessels to enter the developing lungs by the 17th day of gestation. Cholinergic and adrenergic nerves began to appear in the walls of the bronchi on the 21st day. The developing pulmonary arteries had accompanying adrenergic nerves on the 25th day. Acetylcholinesterase-positive parasympathetic ganglia were seen on the 27th day. Silver-impregnated nerve fibers in the developing alveolar walls and pleura were found on the 25th day. Neuroepithelial bodies and specialized single cells which were argyrophilic, acetylcholinesterase-positive, and fluorescent could be demonstrated in 19–21-day-old and older fetuses; and some of these structures were innervated by sensory and autonomic motor fibers. These observations indicated that nervous tissue and neuroepithelial bodies appeared in the lungs during the glandular stage of the lung development and that differentiation of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves began in the late glandular stage.