cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotation Vectors and Fixed Points of Area Preserving Surface Diffeomorphisms

We consider the (homological) rotation vectors for area preserving diffeomorphisms of compact surfaces which are homotopic to the identity. There are two main results. The first is that if 0 is in the interior of the convex hull of the rotation vectors for such a diffeomorphism then f has a fixed point of positive index. The second result asserts that if f has a vanishing mean rotation vector then f has a fixed point of positive index. There are several applications including a new proof of the Arnold conjecture for area preserving diffeomorphisms of compact surfaces. In this paper we investigate area preserving diffeomorphisms of compact surfaces. We are concerned with "rotation vectors" defined in terms of homology which can be associated to the points of the surface. There are two main results. The first is that if f is an area preserving diffeomorphism of a compact surface which is homotopic to the identity and 0 is in the interior of the convex hull of the rotation vectors of f then f has a fixed point of positive index. The second result concerns the mean rotation vector of f. It asserts that if this vector vanishes then f has a fixed point of positive index. A special case of this second result when the surface in question is a surface of genus zero was proved in [F5]. In ?6 we give several applications including a new proof of the Arnold conjecture for area preserving diffeomorphisms of compact surfaces.
James Q. Wilson and American Exceptionalism

This contribution to a festscrifft honoring the late political scientist James Q. Wilson explores the always-controversial claim of American exceptionalism, of which Wilson was a noted exponent. After an introduction to this debate, and an exploration of the concepts that organize it, I analyze the empirical basis for the exceptionalism claim, drawing heavily on the comparative analyses contained in the chapters of Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation (Public Affairs, 2008), co-edited by Schuck and Wilson. These chapters focus on the political system; the legal system; the media; the military; religion; popular culture; the family; immigration; education; medical care; criminal justice; inequality, economic mobility, and social policy; and philanthropy and the non-profit sector.
Temperature Jump Studies of the Binding of Bromphenol Blue to β-Lactoglobulin in the Vicinity of the N→R Transition

Abstract Temperature jump studies of the binding of bromphenol blue to β-lactoglobulin at pH 8.5 and pH 9.0 are characterized by two concentration-dependent relaxation times. The data are fit by a mechanism of the form [see PDF for equation] Since the protein itself is known to undergo an isomerization in this pH range, a slightly more complicated mechanism is proposed which is consistent with the observations available in the literature.
A new subclass of Type II supernovae

Observations of Type II supernovae are reported, focusing on evidence supporting the need for a new SN subclass. The objects that are likely to consistute the new subclass are listed and the properties that separate these objects from the mass of SN II objects are described.
Rapidly Moving Divertor Plates In A Tokamak

It may be possible to replace conventional actively cooled tokamak divertor plates with a set of rapidly moving, passively cooled divertor plates on rails. These plates would absorb the plasma heat flux with their thermal inertia for ~10-30 sec, and would then be removed from the vessel for processing. When outside the tokamak, these plates could be cooled, cleaned, recoated, inspected, and then returned to the vessel in an automated loop. This scheme could provide nearoptimal divertor surfaces at all times, and avoid the need to stop machine operation for repair of damaged or eroded plates. We describe various possible divertor plate designs and access geometries, and discuss an initial design for a movable and removable divertor module for NSTX-U.
Imaging the transition between the region of mantle melt generation and the crustal magma chamber beneath the southern East Pacific Rise with short‐period Love waves

[1] Beneath the southern East Pacific Rise resides a crustal magma chamber confined to the immediate vicinity of the rise axis, yet the mantle melt production region is broad and asymmetric. Short-period (4–17 s) Love waves propagating along the rise provide a means of probing the transition from the asymmetric melt production region to the rise-centered crustal magma chamber. Low velocities beneath the rise act as a waveguide for Love wave energy. We model this complex wave propagation with a Gaussian beam representation as part of our nonlinear inversion for velocity structure. Our results show that the asymmetry exists at the crust-mantle interface, or Moho, and increases downward; the lowest velocities are located beneath the rise at the Moho; beneath the rise there is an asymmetric gap in the high-velocity “lid” at the top of the mantle; and there are lower asthenospheric velocities beneath the Pacific plate than the Nazca plate. The transition from the broad upwelling region to the narrow crustal magmatic system occurs over a ∼15-km-depth interval at the top of the mantle. Our observations indicate higher temperatures and greater melt production beneath the Pacific plate. East of the rise, melting appears to abruptly shut off at shallow levels, perhaps due to a component of downward mantle flow. We suggest that melt percolates upward, increasing in concentration, until reaching a permeability barrier beneath the lithosphere, it then moves up along the lithosphere to accumulate at the Moho beneath the rise. West of the rise, higher temperatures and upward percolation of melt delay growth of the lithosphere.
The growth and morphology of epitaxial multilayer graphene

The electronic properties of epitaxial graphene grown on SiC have shown its potential as a viable candidate for post-CMOS electronics. However, progress in this field requires a detailed understanding of both the structure and growth of epitaxial graphene. To that end, this review will focus on the current state of epitaxial graphene research as it relates to the structure of graphene grown on SiC. We pay particular attention to the similarity and differences between graphene growth on the two polar faces, (0001) and , of hexagonal SiC. Growth techniques, subsequent morphology and the structure of the graphene/SiC interface and graphene stacking order are reviewed and discussed. Where possible the relationship between film morphology and electronic properties will also be reviewed.
True hermaphrodite with bilateral ovotestes, bilateral gonadoblastomas and dysgerminomas, 46, XX/46, XY karyotype, and a successful pregnancy

The first case (to the authors' knowledge) is reported of a true hermaphrodite with bilateral ovotestes, bilateral gonadoblastomas and dysgerminomas, a 46, XX/46,XY karyotype, and a successful pregnancy. The true hermaphroditism was diagnosed during infancy. The patient was subsequently found to have a gonadoblastoma and a microscopic dysgerminoma in the gonad diagnosed as an ovotestis and excised during infancy. The successful pregnancy occurred when the patient was 29 years old. A year later a large gonadal tumor affecting the remaining gonad was excised. The gonad was found to be an ovotestis, and the tumor was a dysgerminoma arising from a gonadoblastoma. This case further emphasizes the malignant potential of the Y chromosome in patients with abnormal gonads.
Consumption and utilization of celery, Apium graveolens, by the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua

The biological impact of consumption and utilization of celery was examined for the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). An analysis of leaves and petioles demonstrated that both plant parts contained high levels of water (>85%), but that leaves contained twice as much total organic nitrogen as petioles. Developmental and reproductive rates were significantly higher (P < 0.01, t-test) for larvae fed on leaves. Penultimate and final instars consumed significantly more (P ≤ 0.05, t-test) dry weight of plant material when fed petioles as opposed to leaves. Although growth rates were similar regardless of food source for penultimate instars, conversion of food to body weight was lower for larvae limited to petioles. In the final instar, both growth and conversion rates were lower for larvae fed petioles than for those given leaves. Thus, since larvae exhibit preferences for the nutritionally less suitable petioles during later larval stages, environmental factors other than nutrition must influence movement and distribution of S., exigua in celery. RESUME Consommation et utilisation d'Apium graveolens par Spodoptera exigua L'impact biologique de la consommation et de l'utilisation du celeri a ete examine sur un herbivore generaliste Spodoptera exigua Hubner. Une analyse de feuilles et de petioles montre que ces deux parties de la plante ont une haute teneur en eau (>85%), mais que les feuilles contiennent deux fois plus d'azote organique total que les petioles. Les taux de developpement et de reproduction ont ete significativement plus eleves (<0,01 test t) pour les chenilles nourries sur feuilles. Les 2 derniers stades ont consomme significativement plus (P < 0,05 test t) de poids sec de matiere vegetale en s'alimentant sur petioles qu'en s'alimentant sur feuilles. Bien que les taux de croissance aient ete voisins quel que soit l'aliment pour les avant-derniers stades, la conversion d'aliment en poids de corps etait inferieure pour les chenilles ne consommant que des petioles. Au dernier stade, tant les taux de croissance que de conversion des chenilles elevees sur petioles etaient inferieurs a ceux des chenilles elevees sur feuilles. Ainsi, puisque les chenilles presentent une preference pour les petioles moins nutritifs au dernier stade larvaire, des parametres ecologiques autres que l'alimentation doivent influencer les mouvements et la distribution de S. exigua sur celeri.
A Method to Assign Weights of Importance to Design Requirements in Human-Machine Systems Design

The use of the constant sum paired comparison method and a PC software package are demonstrated for assigning the weights of importance to the non-monetary system requirements in the preliminary design phase of the system design process. Current methods of assigning the overall importance weight to the non-monetary system requirements appear to be inadequate in terms of accuracy and validation. The constant sum paired comparison method, investigated in this paper proved to be an explicit and simple method of assigning the overall importance weights. The relationship between the importance weights and the assigned comparison scores can be expressed by a linear function. A PC software package utilizing the constant sum paired comparison method to assign the overall importance weight to non-monetary system requirements was developed for solving two distinct problem situations: 1) single set of requirements and 2) multiple sets of requirements.
The effect of temperature on the hydration of the calcium aluminates at high water-solid ratios

Abstract The hydration behavior of the calcium aluminates as a function of the curing temperature was investigated using a combination thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) system. Samples were hydrated with a water-solid ratio of 10/1 for periods of 1 to 90 days. Three curing temperatures were studied: 2, 25 and 50°C. The percent combined water was used to approximate the degree of hydration. Changes in the curing temperature were accompanied by changes in the rate of hydration, as well as, in some cases, changes in the hydration products.
Modulation of morphine-induced antinociception by palatable solutions in male and female rats.

Abstract The analgesic potency of opioid drugs varies as a function of gender, and can be modified by the intake of palatable sweet-tasting solutions. To determine if gender interacts with diet-induced changes in antinociceptive responses, male and female Long–Evans rats were fed laboratory chow and water alone, or chow, water and either a 32% w/v sucrose solution or a 0.15% w/v saccharin solution, and tested in two analgesic paradigms, the tail-flick test and the hot-plate test. For both tests, antinociceptive responses of male and female rats were tested following administration of cumulative doses (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg, SC) of morphine sulfate. On the tail-flick test, morphine produced dose-related increases in antinociceptive responses. In addition, relative to both the chow only and saccharin conditions, chronic intake of the sucrose solution access significantly augmented morphine's antinociceptive properties. On the hot-plate test, when the plate was heated to 51°C, morphine led to significant dose-related increases in antinociceptive responses, but diet did not affected antinociceptive responses. When the temperature of the hot plate was increased to 53°C, there was a trend for animals given sucrose to have greater antinociceptive responses than those given either chow alone or saccharin. No differences in baseline pain sensitivity or morphine-induced analgesia were observed as a function of gender.
Leading the Procession: New Insights into Kinesin Motors

The view that proteins are, in essence, nanoscale macromolecular machines is helping to foster a new paradigm in biology, with an interdisciplinary emphasis that incorporates strong elements of biophysics ([1][1]). Remarkable examples of cellular machinery abound, including ribosomes, polymerases,
High-Order Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow Over a Wall-Mounted Hump

The development of a high-order spatial discretization for a k-e turbulence model and its application to flow over a wall-mounted hump is described. The high-order implementation is validated for a flat plate and subsequently applied to the more complex wall-mounted hump for conditions with and without flow control. Results for the hump flow are compared to experimental data. The turbulence model is incorporated in an implicit parallel flow solver that is based on an approximately factored time-integration method coupled with spatially fourth- and sixth-order compact-difference formulations and a high-order filtering strategy. Both second-order and high-order discretizations of the k-e turbulence equations were included in the compact solver. Validation using flow over a flat plate demonstrated that use of a second-order scheme for the k-∈ turbulence equations dominates the solution even when high-order compact differencing is used for the flow equations. This validation also demonstrated that significant computational savings are possible because less mesh resolution is required when using a high-order discretization of the k-e turbulence equations. Comparison of the high-order and second-order solutions was also performed for the wall-mounted hump. Qualitative agreement was achieved with experimental data for both high-and low-order schemes. High-order solutions on a coarse grid agreed very well with second-order solutions on a considerably finer grid.
Deep Structure as Logical Form

A transformational derivationof a sentence is a sequence of labeled phrase structure trees. The last tree in the sequence represents the surface structureof the sentence. The first tree represents the deep structureof the sentence.1Each later tree is derived from its predecessor via the application of exactly one transformational rule. The surface structure tree represents that syntactic structure relevant to the way in which the sentence is pronounced. It will be assumed here that the deep structure tree is a full semantic representation of the sentence.2
Medical and technical issues in office electrolysis and thermolysis.

background. Most university medical centers do not directly offer electrolysis or thermolysis services to hirsute patients. Little research activity has been focused on these procedures. The successful introduction of a clinical and research electrolysis service into the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) dermatology clinic is described. objective. The purpose of this communication is to familiarize clinicians with an electrolysis service in a university clinic setting. New advances in permanent hair removal equipment and methods are reviewed. methods. A description of the UTMB electrolysis clinic is given. results. Electrolysis services offered by the UTMB dermatology department have been well received by patients, clinical staff, UTMB faculty, UTMB resident physicians, and private physicians. conclusion. This successful medical model for electrolysis services may provide other university dermatology clinics with background information for the development of their own programs. Future research advances in electrolysis and the management of hirsutism may result from this activity.
Uptake and efflux of sulfate in Neurospora crassa

Sulfate efflux from an intracellular pool was observed with both wild-type and cys-11 cells of Neurospora and apparently occurs by way of the sulfate transport system. Efflux requires the presence of external sulfate or the related ions, chromate, selenate, or thiosulfate, and probably occurs by an exchange reaction. The sulfur amino acids, cysteine or methionine, do not promote sulfate efflux. The Km for efflux is much greater than the Km for sulfate uptake, which permits the accumulation of a considerable intracellular pool before efflux becomes significant. Substantial transmembrane movement of sulfate both influx and exit, was found to occur in azidetreated cells, although the net uptake of sulfate was abolished by this inhibitor. Both sulfate uptake and efflux are inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate which suggests that the sulfate permease possesses an essential sulfhydryl group.
Youth's political views and their experience of September 11, 2001

Three surveys were given to 90 college-aged youth: (1) to examine their experience of and reactions to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on September 11, 2001; (2) to evaluate Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms following the event; and (3) to assess the youth's general political views. These youth living in New York City were substantially influenced by the event, and their response involved three types of fearfulness, including limited PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, their political views provided a frame through which they interpreted the disaster on September 11. For example, students concerned about issues reflecting a concern for self-preservation worried about continuing terrorism. However, the event also provided a frame for youth's political views in that it dramatically increased the salience of issues relevant to terrorism. Knowledge related neither to political views nor reactions to September 11 except that greater knowledge was related to less fearfulness. Research is needed on the development of youth's political views, and school-based civic education and civic-oriented youth programs should be attentive to the relationship between political views, knowledge, and behavior.
Stepfamily Education for Latino Families: Implications for Practice

The rapidly growing Latino population in the United States underscores the need for culturally appropriate Latino stepfamily education. Research to inform relationship education about positive functioning for Latino stepfamilies is virtually nonexistent. Current research relevant to this issue includes general stepfamily research, culturally appropriate education, heterogeneity in the Latino community, and Latino acculturation. Religion and familism are highly valued by many Latinos and have implications for stepfamily education. Cultural characteristics also have implications for the effective implementation of Latino stepfamily education.
Combined loading of a bridge deck reinforced with a structural FRP stay-in-place form

Abstract The investigation of a structural fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) stay-in-place (SIP) form used to construct and reinforce a deck for a prototype military bridge system is discussed in this paper. For this application the deck is subjected to combined bending and compressive longitudinal axial load because it also serves as the top chord of the truss for the bridge system. In an experimental program, deck specimens were tested in several configurations. The results are compared to ACI 440 design guide equations, and capacity prediction techniques are proposed for limit states associated with flexural and flexural-shear under the combined loading. It was found that the ACI 440 equations accurately predicted the flexural and flexural-shear capacities under combined loads provided that eccentricity due to the combined loading was accounted for in the calculations.
Town and country in nineteenth-century Germany: a review of urban-rural differentials in demographic behavior

In recent decades historians have become increasingly interested in utilizing the approaches of quantitative social sciences to aid their understanding of the past. One aspect of social life that lends itself well to quantitative study is demographic behavior and indeed historical demography has been flourishing. Although the questions posed by social historians inevitably transcend purely demographic issues, a firm knowledge of demographic conditions can be a valuable asset in the pursuit of a broader understanding of society in past times. For the latter part of the nineteenth century, a critical period in the transformation of western European populations into modern urban-industrial societies, abundant demographic data are available in the relatively easily accessible published census and vital statistics reports. Because nineteenth-century statisticians and bureaucrats considered the urban-rural division as a fundamental and meaningful delineation of society, statistical bureaus throughout Europe tabulated a large number of statistics, including those derived from censuses and vital registration, according to some scheme of urban-rural classification and frequently provided separate tabulations for individual large cities. In addition, a number of contemporary scholars wrote articles and monographs utilizing these data. * Together these sources can be particularly useful for assessing the differences between urban and rural conditions of life at a time when cities and towns were beginning to claim an increasing share of a country’s population.
Transient Radiation Current Generator Model for Semiconductor Devices

Mathematical models of devices can generally be classified into one of two categories. The first model ip formulated on physical properties of the device through a series of complex equations dependent upon doping levels fabricating Processes, and geometry. The second model is formulated on the basis of an equivalent electrical circuit which simulates the observable electrical behavior. The improved mathematical model for describing the photogenerated current in a radiated p-n junction described here falls into the second category. and is intended for use in the Transient Radiation Analysis by Computer (TRAC) family of transient circuit analysis Programs.
Comparison of overground and treadmill propulsion patterns of manual wheelchair users with tetraplegia

Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to compare overground and treadmill propulsion patterns in persons with tetraplegia.Methods. In this case series study, we recruited eight adult subjects with tetraplegia (5 men and 3 women, aged 32.5 ± 9.5). All subjects used manual wheelchairs. We used a video motion capture system to record movements as the subject manually wheeled overground and on a treadmill. We classified propulsion patterns into one of four patterns and measured five different geometric variables of each pattern. We compared them statistically using ANOVA.Results. There were significant differences in max height/max length×100 (H/L%) between propulsion over ground (mean 20% ± 15.3/Lhand, mean 21.3% ± 16.5/Rhand) versus propulsion on treadmill surfaces (roller: mean 30.9% ± 11.2/Lhand, mean 33.5% ± 12.8/Rhand; belted: mean 27.7% ± 8.7/Lhand, mean 34.9% ± 14.2/Rhand) and between the left and right hand.Conclusion. Results indicated area and H/L% were different among the three surface ty...
Quantifying the water balance in a planar hillslope plot: Effects of measurement errors on flow prediction

Summary We examine comprehensively the water balance of an experimental plot in Seattle, WA, USA to determine the magnitude of hydrologic measurement errors and their effects on flow prediction. The plot represents a fully contained planar hillslope with known size and boundary conditions. Precipitation input to the plot is measured with a series of rain gauges installed above the ground surface and buried with rims at the ground surface level. Output from the plot via subsurface flow is measured by continuously recording tipping buckets. Evapotranspiration (ET) output is characterized using weather station and energy budget measurements. Analyses of water balance measurements show that the best precipitation measurements come from buried rain gauges, particularly simple funnel collectors, whereas surface rain gauges under-report rain by an average of 8%. ET is the most uncertain component of the water balance, with land surface energy budget, Penman–Monteith equation, and a calibrated empirical equation predicting seasonal ET rates that differ from one another by up to 18%. Standard un-calibrated empirical ET equations prove unsuitable for the plot site. To evaluate how differences in measured precipitation and evapotranspiration affect flow prediction, we run continuous flow simulations with the physically-based variably saturated flow model, HYDRUS-2D, for four scenarios, each with a different combination of forcing data (precipitation and reference ET time series). Results show that biases in the atmospheric forcing data propagate into flow predictions, causing biases in discharge predictions of up to 22%. Some scenarios show an apparent mass balance that results from compensating errors in precipitation and ET. Simulations demonstrate that errors in forcing data are not easily discernable from model performance metrics and highlight the importance of analyzing the water balance at multiple time scales to identify sources of bias in water balance predictions.
A diagnostic algorithm for male genital oedema

Male genital oedema can be defined as swelling or the appearance of swelling of the scrotum and/or the penile shaft and prepuce. Despite the various causes of genital oedema reported in the published work, a concise approach to the evaluation and management has not been sufficiently addressed.
Changes in Antipsychotic Medication Use after Implementation of a Medicaid Mental Health Carve-Out in the US

Background: Many Medicaid programmes now offer behavioural healthcare through managed care organizations. Medicaid programmes are concerned about carve-outs because the use of non-included services may rise, limiting the efficiencies anticipated with the implementation of managed care. There also exist concerns that patients with serious mental illness may receive reduced care through managed care and consequently have poorer outcomes. Objective: This study examined prescription drug utilization among Medicaid recipients with the implementation of a mental health carve-out plan in Florida. In particular, this study examined short-run changes in the utilization of antipsychotic medications among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or episodic mood disorders with the implementation of Prepaid Mental Health Plans (PMHPs) in Florida Medicaid. Methods: This study used Medicaid data from 38 counties in Florida that implemented the PMHP programme in 2005 and 2006. The sample was limited to individuals aged ≤64 years who were continuously enrolled in Medicaid. Individuals were required to have at least two diagnoses of schizophrenia, episodic mood disorders, delusional disorders or other nonorganic disorders (three-digit International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] code of 295–298). Five different outcome measures were examined on a monthly basis for the 6 months pre–and post–PMHP implementation: penetration; adherence; Medicaid expenditures for antipsychotics; polypharmacy (multiple antipsychotic medications); and whether dosing was within guidelines. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate associations between individual and insurance characteristics, and the outcome variables. The analyses were conducted using SAS procedure GENMOD. Empirical (robust) standard errors were calculated to account for repeated observations on the same individual. Results: There were 153 720 monthly observations for the 12 810 people in the sample. Seventy-four percent of the sample was aged between 21 and 54 years, while 65% were female, 30% White, 14% Black and 44% Hispanic. The large proportion of Hispanics stems from the introduction of the PMHP programme in Dade County (Miami). The results indicate the implementation of the PMHP was associated with increased penetration, but reduced adherence, polypharmacy and expenditures by the Medicaid agency. There was no change in the likelihood of prescriptions being written within recommended dosage ranges. Conclusion: The introduction of the PMHP was associated with short-run changes in medication utilization among individuals with serious mental illness.
Myocardial wall tagging with undersampled projection reconstruction.

Azimuthally undersampled projection reconstruction (PR) acquisition is investigated for use in myocardial wall tagging with MR using grid tags to provide increased temporal and spatial resolution. PR can provide the high-resolution images required for tagging with very few projections, at the expense of artifact. Insight is provided into the PR undersampling artifact, in the context of measuring myocardial motion with tags. For Fourier transform imaging, at least 112 phase-encodings must be collected to image tagging grids spaced 7 pixels apart. PR requires about 80 projections, a 1.4-fold reduction in scan time.
Atrial function in patients undergoing CRT.

We read with great interest the paper by Carluccio et al. ([1][1]) regarding the impact of left ventricular (LV) remodeling on the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). In this elegant study, the authors performed a comprehensive assessment of LV function, showing that extensive LV
Protective Immunization Against the Intestinal Parasite Eimeria acervulina with Recombinant Coccidial Antigen

The gene encoding an immunodominant Eimeria acervulina merozoite surface antigen (EAMZ250) was expressed in bacteria as a fusion peptide with the galactose-binding protein (GBP) of Escherichia coli. Recombinant and control antigens were administered to 1-wk-old chickens by peroral inoculation with live nonpathogenic bacteria that were expressing GBP-EAMZ250 or GBP protein. The immunization elicited antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses as measured by ELISA and T-cell blastogenesis assay. In addition, chickens immunized with recombinant GBP-EAMZ250 exhibited significant protection against weight loss and intestinal lesions after E. acervulina challenge. Bacterial transformants were recoverable from the upper and middle intestine of inoculated chickens for various times after immunization. These data indicate that oral administration of live E. coli expressing a recombinant E. acervulina antigen is an effective means of inducing resistance to coccidiosis.
Core points in double Heyting algebras and dissectable lattices

We focus attention on certain elements of a double Heyting algebra, called core points. These core points may be viewed as a generalization of complemented elements. While some lattices may contain only 0, 1 as the complemented elements, we will show that in general there are more core points, enough to enable the expansion theorem mentioned below for dissectable lattices. The set of all core points is called the core. The sublattice generated by the core is called the exocenter. A dissectable lattice is defined to be a lattice having a chain 0 = eo- ci+l. This is a generalization of monotonic expansions in Po-lattices, where the ci are in the center. However a finite distributive lattice is generally not a P0-1attice, while every finite distributive lattice is a dissectable double Heyting algebra with such an expansion for each x. Every dissectable double Heyting algebra A contains a dissection such that e~+l---~ e~ = e~. This yields a dissection which has a minimal number of distinct chain elements, called the order of A. Surprisingly, the order of the dual of A is the same as the order of A. We give a characterization for subsets which contain the core of a double Heyting algebra A. A subset Q of A contains the core of A if and only if for every x, y in A there exists an element q ~ O such that x ~ y =y v q. Consequently in lattices which are subresiduated with respect to sublattices Q, there exists such a q which is the greatest element in O satisfying xcl-< y. Also the core and exocenter of a double Heyting Po-lattice A coincides with the center of A. The same is true of any P-algebra.
Adaptive stabilization of LTI systems with distributed input delay

We solve stabilization problems of LTI systems with unknown parameters and distributed input delay. The key challenge is that the infinite-dimensional input dynamics are distributed, which makes traditional infinite-dimensional backstepping inapplicable. We resolve this challenge by employing backstepping-forwarding transformations of the finite-dimensional state of the plant and of the infinite-dimensional actuator state, which enable us to design Lyapunov-based update laws. Using the estimations of the unknown parameters, the certainty equivalent linear state feedback results in a nonlinear adaptive control law. We illustrate our design with a simulation example.
Adhesion of bovine airway smooth muscle cells activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) phosphorylate and regulate cytoskeletal components of contractile cells and have been implicated in integrin-mediated adhesion. In this study, we examined the contributions of adherence, cell flattening, and cytoskeletal reorganization to adhesion-induced ERK activation in cultured bovine tracheal myocytes. We found, as evidenced by a reduction in electrophoretic mobility, that adhesion to fibronectin induced phosphorylation of both p44ERK1 and p42ERK2. In-gel kinase assays confirmed activation of both p44ERK1 and p42ERK2 in fibronectin-adherent cells, consistent with the notion that ligand–integrin binding is required for adhesion-induced ERK activation. However, ERK activation was maximal 2–4 h after plating, and adherence to either polystyrene or poly-l-lysine also caused ERK activation (fold increase 4 h after plating: fibronectin, 3.75 ± 0.33; polystyrene, 3.95 ± 0.78; poly-l-lysine, 2.14 ± 0.36). Inspection of myocytes following passage onto fibronectin ...
Azotemia Secondary to Enalapril and Diuretic Use and the Diagnosis of Renovascular Hypertension

ABSTRACT When administered to a 45-year- old woman who was ill with severe hypertension, combined enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide therapy resulted in acute renal failure, leading to a successful search for renal artery stenosis. Acute renal failure as an adverse reaction to enalapril therapy occurs in approximately 20% of patients with secondary hypertension from renovascular disease. On the other hand, in a group of essential hypertensives this occurs at a rate of approximately 0.2%. Thus, a likelihood ratio of 100 is produced, and given the prevalence of renovascular hypertension of approximately 2% in ail hypertensives, a posterior probability of 0.67 can be calculated. The occurrence of this adverse effect should indicate that a diagnostic work-up to ride out renovascular hypertension in such patients should be pursued. The sensitivity and specificity of this "test" are 0.20 and 0.998, re- spectively. This illustrâtes that the mathematic aids in decision theory need not be applied solely to those more traditional aspects of diagnostic testing, but may be useful in other situations as well.
Is Klein an infinitist about doxastic justification

This paper is a response to Peter Klein's “Human Knowledge and the Infinite Progress of Reasoning” (also in this issue of this journal). After briefly discussing what Klein says about the requirement, for doxastic justification, that a belief be formed in the right way, I'll make the following three points: Klein's solution to the regress problem isn't an infinitist solution, Klein's position on doxastic justification faces a troubling dilemma, and Klein's objection to foundationalism fails.
An algorithm for computing exact least-trimmed squares estimate of simple linear regression with constraints

Abstract The least-trimmed squares estimation (LTS) is a robust solution for regression problems. On the one hand, it can achieve any given breakdown value by setting a proper trimming fraction. On the other hand, it has n -consistency and asymptotic normality under some conditions. In addition, the LTS estimator is regression, scale, and affine equivariant. In practical regression problems, we often need to impose constraints on slopes. In this paper, we describe a stable algorithm to compute the exact LTS solution for simple linear regression with constraints on the slope parameter. Without constraints, the overall complexity of the algorithm is O (n 2 log n) in time and O( n 2 ) in storage. According to our numerical tests, constraints can reduce computing load substantially. In order to achieve stability, we design the algorithm in such a way that we can take advantage of well-developed sorting algorithms and softwares. We illustrate the algorithm by some examples.
DO INCREASED COMMODITY PRICES LEAD TO MORE OR LESS SOIL DEGRADATION

In this paper, a dynamic economic model is used to analyze the conflicting impacts of crop increasing/land degrading inputs with those of soil conserving/crop reducing inputs in problems of soil degradation in agriculture. Soil is a renewable resource that is generated naturally at a slow, essentially autonomous rate. Cultivation enhances crop production and degrades the soil, while conservation is unproductive for the crop but improves the soil resource. If the effects of cultivation dominate the effects of conservation in the soil dynamics, an increase in the price of the crop accelerates the rate of soil degradation In the short-run and decreases the long-run stock of the soil resource. On the other hand, if the effects of conservation dominate the effects of cultivation, an increase in the price of the crop decelerates the rate of soil degradation in the short run and increases the long-run stock of the soil resource. It is shown that subsidies on conservation activities or taxes on cultivation intensity may well decrease the long-run soil stock, although strong conditions must be satisfied for either of these results to hold. It also is shown that a reduction in the real discount rate or a direct per unit tax on soil losses is certain to increase the long-run soil stock and reduce the short-run rate of soil degradation.
Numerical Model for Thermal Transport in 3-D Nanotube Composites

The effective thermal conductivity of three dimensional (3-D) nanocomposites composed of carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersions is computed using Fourier conduction theory. The random ensemble of nanotubes is generated numerically and each nanotube is discretized using a finite volume scheme. The background substrate mesh is also discretized using a finite volume scheme. We incorporate all parameters crucial for thermal transport studies, i.e. tube aspect ratio, tube density, composite sample size, substrate-CNT conductivity ratio and the interfacial resistance due to tube-tube and tube-substrate contact. Two-dimensional (thin film) nanocomposites are also simulated for comparison. Numerical predictions of effective thermal conductivity are in excellent agreement with the effective medium approximation (EMA) for both 2-D and 3-D nanocomposites at low tube densities, but depart significantly from EMA predictions when tube-tube interaction becomes significant. It is found that the effect of tube-tube contact on effective thermal conductivity is more significant for 2-D composites than 3-D composites. Hence percolation effects may play a more significant role in thermal transport in 2-D nano-composites.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Experimental characterization of permeability and fibre wetting for liquid moulding

Liquid moulding processes are unique in that resin is infused into a dry fibre preform. Appropriate wet-out of the reinforcing fibres is thus a necessity for the achievement of good composite properties. For this class of manufacturing methods, both macroscopic flow, as related to Darcy's Law and characterized by permeability, and microscopic flow, as related to fibre wet-out, are important. The current research investigates factors affecting permeability and fibre wet-out as related to liquid moulding. Specifically, it is shown that fabric permeability is dependent on the type of test fluid used. Surface tension and contact angle measurements indicate that interactions at the microscopic level between fibre and test fluid account for these differences in permeability. The investigation illustrates the competing nature of macroscopic and microscopic flow in liquid moulding.
Formation of high-quality silicon dioxide films by electron cyclotron resonance plasma oxidation and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition

Abstract High-quality silicon dioxide films have been deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition and plasma oxidation using a single magnet electron cyclotron resonance plasma generator with both oxygen and nitrous oxide as the oxygen source, Langmuir probe measurements were used to characterise both molecular oxygen and nitrous oxide discharges. Low electron temperatures, resulting in low sheath potential drops, coupled with the shape of the field lines results in low sputtering from the chamber walls between the source region and substrate. The resulting buildup of an insulating layer of oxide on the chamber walls results in a very clean process. In situ thermal desorption and ellipsometry measurements coupled with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have allowed us to characterise the quality of the silicon surface prior to deposition and just after initiation of the plasma. Plasma oxidation dominates over chemical vapour deposition during the early stages of oxide film growth using either oxygen or nitrous oxide as the oxygen source gas. Extensive ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) indicates that the bulk properties of the films arc comparable to those of high-temperature thermal oxides. There is no interface layer measurable by SE for any of the films produced by plasma oxidation or chemical vapour deposition with silane using either molecular oxygen or nitrous oxide as the oxygen source gas even though the latter results in approximately a monolayer of nitrogen at the Si/SiO2 interface. Chemical analysis by the total reflected X-ray fluorescence technique and by vapour-phase deposition coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy found no impurities in the films made with silane and molecular oxygen. The high quality of the Si/SiO2 interface made with these two gases was confirmed by capacitance-voltage measurements on Al-gate capacitors. After a 1 min anneal at 950°C interface state densities below 3×1010 eV−1 cm−2 were obtained.
Mathematical Analysis of a Novel Formaldehyde Remediation Process

The NASA low-temperature oxidation catalyst (Pt/SnO2), originally developed for space-based carbon dioxide laser applications has been recently adapted to address formaldehyde de-struction in industrial smoke stack emission streams. A mathematical model is developed that canbe used to correlate the observable chemistry occurring on the surfaces of a monolith with thevolumetric ﬂow rate of the gas and cross sectional area of catalyst surfaces as well as quantifyingprocess design variables such as pressure or temperature of an exhaust gas stream.KEYWORDS: catalytic converter, mathematical analysis, surface chemistry, formaldehyde re-mediation
Glycolytic intermediates in the lens: effects of external energy deprivation and osmolarity.

Abstract Rabbit lenses deprived of external oxygen and glucose utilized endogenous energy reserves: glucose, ATP, sorbitol and fructose. Glycogen and CrP were not detected in lens. High energy phosphorus (∼P) flux for lenses deprived of external energy = 2.70 − 3.20 mmoles/kg/hr. Cultured lenses maintained high levels of glycolytic intermediates. Decresing osmolarity of the incubation media from 295 to 166 mOsm did not affect the levels of five lens glycolytic intermediates. At media osmolarities of 102 or 37 mOsm marked decreases in lens ATP, fructose, sorbitol and pyruvate were found.
Techniques and algorithms for access control list optimization

Access control lists are core features of today's internetwork routers. They serve several purposes, most notably in filtering network traffic and securing critical networked resources. However, the addition of access control lists increases packet latency due to the overhead of extra computations involved. This paper presents simple techniques and algorithms for optimizing access control lists that can reduce significantly expected packet latencies without sacrificing security requirements. The emphasis throughout the paper is in providing a modular approach that can be implemented either fully or partially, both online and offline, based on the amount of overhead allowed. It also shows empirically and analytically where and why the greatest potential for optimization lies.