cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The atmosphere of a dirty-clathrate cometary nucleus: a two-phase, multifluid model

The dynamical and thermal structure of a dirty-clathrate cometary nucleus' gas atmosphere is presently given a self-consistent, transonic multifluid solution in which, although the heavy neutron and ion species are treated as a single fluid in the collision-dominated region, the photoproduced H is treated separately. The thermal profile of the atmosphere thus obtained is entirely different from those predicted by the earlier, single-fluid models as well as the multifluid models which assumed equipartition of energy between electrons and ions. While the electron gas, like the neutrals and the ions, cools due to expansion, its main mode of energy loss in the inner coma is by way of inelastic collisions with the predominant H2O molecule. The high electron temperature in the outer coma also decreases the efficiency of electron removal by dissociative recombination, thereby increasing electron density throughout the coma.
Enhanced models for mixtures of fluids in chemical equilibrium at high pressures

This study is concerned with the numerical simulation of mixtures of chemically reacting uids . Mixture rules are established, accommodating components that do not follow the thermally perfect Equation of State (EoS). Useful thermodynamic results are derived for three species EoS, including formulas for the fugacities. The Law of Mass Action that governs chemical equilibrium of mixtures of uids is presented. The common assumption of neglecting the fugacities contributions when calculating the equilibrium composition is assessed by comparing complete thermochemical predictions for three uid mixtures with those obtained by reduced models, including mixtures of thermally perfect gases. At high pressures and moderate temperatures, the eects of having species thermally imperfect EoS are signican t. However, the contribution of fugacities to the Law of Mass Action is found to be small, at least for mixtures of super-critical gases that are dissociating. Future work on combustion problems is planned.
Contributions of individual nucleotides to tertiary binding of substrate by a Pneumocystis carinii group I intron.

Pneumocystis carinii is a mammalian pathogen that infects and kills immunocompromised hosts such as cancer and AIDS patients. The LSU rRNA precursor of P. carinii contains a conserved group I intron that is an attractive drug target because humans do not contain group I introns. The oligonucleotide r(AUGACU), whose sequence mimics the 3‘-end of the 5‘-exon, binds to a ribozyme derived from the intron with a Kd of 5.2 nM, which is 61000-fold tighter than expected from base-pairing alone [Testa, S. M., Haidaris, G. C., Gigliotti, F., and Turner, D. H. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 9379−9385]. Thus, oligonucleotide binding is enhanced by tertiary interactions. To localize interactions that give rise to this tertiary stability, binding to the ribozyme has been measured as a function of oligonucleotide length and sequence. The results indicate that 4.3 kcal/mol of tertiary stability is due to a G·U pair that forms at the intron's splice junction. Eliminating nucleotides at the 5‘-end of r(AUGACU) does not affect int...
Synthesis and characterization of (Hg, Bi)-based 1212-type cuprate superconductor (Hg0.67Bi0.33)Sr2(Y0.67Ca0.33)Cu2O6+δ (δ=0.68)

Abstract (Hg, Bi)-based 1212-type compound (Hg 0.67 Bi 0.33 )Sr 2 (Y 0.67(1) Ca 0.33(1) Cu 2 O 6+δ was synthesized by using the sealed quartz tube method. The T c(onset) based on resistance and AC susceptibility measurements was up to 100 K. Rietveld refinements of the structure of (Hg, Bi)-1212 were carried out in the tetragonal symmetry with space group P4/mmm. The lattice parameters are a =3.80960(8) A and c =12.0157(4) A. The refined Y:Ca ratio is 0.67(1):0.33(1) while the refined occupancy factor of the oxygen atoms located in the (Hg, Bi)-layer is 0.68(2). The results in the present experiment are explained based on the concept of mixed Cu valencies.
High-Probabilities, Model-Preference and Default Arguments

In this paper we analyze two recent conditional interpretations of defaults, one based on probabilities, and the other, on models. We study what makes them equivalent, explore their limitations and develop suitable extensions. The resulting framework ties together a number of important notions in default reasoning, like high-probabilities and model-preference, default priorities and argument systems, and independence assumptions and minimality considerations.
Yturralde: impossible figure generator

This research highlights Jose Maria Yturralde's most significant involvement and contributions to early computer art from 1968 to 1973. Yturralde collaborated with artists and scientists to expand and redefine his understanding of shapes, and explored ways that the mainframe computer could be used as a tool for complementing his art practices. He is known for developing a mathematical model with which he was able to create a highly sophisticated program where Penrose geometries could be recombined algorithmically. However, there is limited evidence and access to the code of the actual software. The authors' goal is to further understand Yturralde's contribution by developing a re-significance of his model, which they have accomplished through a modern interpretation of manuscripts.
Resistance to isosorbide dinitrate in patients with severe chronic heart failure: Incidence and attempt at hemodynamic prediction

Oral isosorbide dinitrate has been widely used to lower elevated left ventricular filling pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. Although the recommended dose of this drug is 40 mg every 6 h, failure to respond to this dose has been observed in many patients with heart failure. In the present study the incidence of resistance to isosorbide dinitrate was evaluated and an attempt was made to identify baseline hemodynamic predictors for this phenomenon in 50 patients with severe chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.23 +/- 0.08). Twenty-seven (54%) of the 50 patients responded to 40 mg of isosorbide dinitrate (greater than 20% decrease in mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure sustained greater than or equal to 1 h) and 23 patients (46%) failed to respond. Nonresponders to 40 mg of isosorbide dinitrate had a significantly higher baseline right atrial pressure than did responders (14 +/- 5 versus 10 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than 0.02). In addition, all 7 patients with a baseline right atrial pressure of less than 7 mm Hg and 12 of 14 patients with a baseline right atrial pressure less than 10 mm Hg responded to 40 mg. No significant differences were noted between responders and nonresponders in any other baseline hemodynamic or clinical variables, or in peak isosorbide dinitrate serum levels (32 +/- 19 ng/ml in nonresponders versus 44 +/- 36 ng/ml in responders). Of the 23 nonresponders to 40 mg, 22 received a higher dose (80 to 120 mg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multiple Roles of Tap42 in Mediating Rapamycin-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Yeast

Tor proteins, targets of the antiinflammatory drug rapamycin, mediate a conserved signaling pathway required for cell growth and proliferation in eukaryotes. By global transcriptional analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have examined the role of the essential protein Tap42 in transcriptional regulation by Tor. We find that Tap42 inactivation, like rapamycin addition, prolongs activation of stress response genes. In contrast, Tap42 inactivation, as does inactivation of the protein phosphatases Sit4 and Pph21/22, blocks rapamycin induction of nitrogen discrimination pathway genes. Tap42 inactivation neither affects ribosomal protein gene expression nor blocks rapamycin-induced repression of these genes. These results indicate that Tap42 can both inhibit and activate protein phosphatases and provide insight into the complex events underlying TOR regulation of transcription.
Low-Density Lipoprotein and Noncalcified Coronary Plaque Composition in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Coronary Artery Disease on Computed Tomographic Angiography

We sought to determine significant relations between atherogenic lipoproteins and the contribution of calcified plaque (CP), mixed plaque (MP), and noncalcified plaque (NCP) to the total plaque (TP) burden in patients without previous coronary artery disease. From 823 adult patients without previously established coronary artery disease (52% receiving statin therapy, 34% asymptomatic) but with visible coronary plaque on coronary computed tomographic angiography, we obtained segmental CP, MP, NCP, and TP counts from contrast-enhanced, electrocardiographic-gated computed tomography. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine the associations of clinical factors and lipoprotein levels to CP, MP, and NCP counts and CP/TP, MP/TP, and NCP/TP count ratios. Age, male gender, diabetes, smoking, and statin therapy were significantly associated with the CP count (p
Modeling Multiple Time Series with Applications

Abstract An approach to the modeling and analysis of multiple time series is proposed. Properties of a class of vector autoregressive moving average models are discussed. Modeling procedures consisting of tentative specification, estimation, and diagnostic checking are outlined and illustrated by three real examples.
A model study of global variability in mesospheric cloudiness

Abstract We have performed microphysical calculations of mesospheric cloudiness which are driven by output (vertical wind, water vapor mixing ratio and temperature) from a two-dimensional (2D) global chemical/dynamical model. The variations in the 2D model output drive variations in the simulated clouds which can be compared with cloud observations. The specific cloud observables we model are ice content, altitude, peak backscatter at 532 nm and albedo at 252 nm. We categorize these parameters in terms of their variations with latitude, solar activity and hemisphere (north vs. south). In agreement with observations, we find brighter clouds in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) relative to the south and at solar minimum relative to solar maximum. Also we find that cloud altitudes are higher in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) relative to the NH. Quantitatively, compared with observations, it appears that the model may overstate the magnitude of these variations. Thus, the entire range of observed cloud altitudes, poleward of 65–70°, is about 2 km (83–85 km), whereas the range in the calculated heights range extends up to 5 km (83–88 km). In addition, the calculated solar cycle brightness change of up to an order of magnitude appears larger than the limited available observations. Since the model H 2 O variation in the 80–90 km region with respect to solar activity is relatively small (10–40%), it is not the cause of our large model cloud variability. Rather, for both hemispheric variation and solar cycle changes, we suggest that the model temperature variability may be too great.
Sensitive detection of molecular species by modulation techniques: a measure of information content in spectroscopy

Modulation Spectroscopy is a sensitive, convenient, versatile and cost-effective method for monitoring gaseous species and for obtaining quantitative information about molecular collision dynamics through precise measurements of the absorption lineshape function. Even slight perturbations in the lineprofile can be measured precisely, and because these perturbations are directly linked to changes in physical conditions of the sampled target, one obtains very precise non-intrusive measurements of these parameters. Over the last few years, we have extended this technique to the regime of higher harmonic detection and demonstrated that, in many cases, one obtains a higher precision by using an optimal harmonic detection order higher than the commonly used second harmonic. Experimental and theoretical results have been presented. In this paper we use the principles of Information Theory developed by Shannon to describe the information content in modulation spectroscopic signals. A simple argument is used to show that information that may otherwise be lost because of distortion can be recovered by derivative like techniques, such as those used in low frequency modulation spectroscopy. Experimental results obtained for the resolution of overlapping lines of disparate strength are discussed.
When does molybdenum oxide equal molybdenum hexacarbonyl?: Relations between heterogeneous and homogeneous molybdenum catalysts in syngas catalysis

Abstract Molybdenum provides one of the most versatile sets of materials for synthesis gas catalysis. In its reduced states (Mo0-Mo4+), molybdenum can act as a “metal” system yielding mainly hydrocarbon products. In its oxidized state, as the trioxide or as a metal molybdate, molybdenum may serve as an alcohol synthesis catalyst or as an alcohol to hydrocarbon conversion system. The oxides can also be used as a support for more typical syngas catalysts. Molybdenum hexacarbonyl undergoes chemistry which can be related to these reactions. These relationships offer a frontier between molybdenum homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Literature and mechanistic studies indicate that the formate and formyl intermediates represent the link between homogeneous catalysis by molybdenum carbonyl and oxide catalysis of reactions of carbon monoxide. The formate approach centers on the fact that virtually all catalysts that have a water-gas shift activity will promote, or are themselves, methanol catalysts. It is more than coincidental that these two embodied reactions have been shown to involve a similar type of intermediate, metal formates. This moiety, found in base-promoted molybdenum carbonyl and molybdenum trioxide catalyzed water-gas shift reactions, symbolizes the link between these chemistries and the potential route to developing new methanol catalyst systems. The use of carbon monoxide and water, or low-H2:CO ratio syngas, for the direct production of methanol and/or hydrocarbons with heterogeneous molybdenum systems can be explained. The formyl approach is based on a stoichiometric reaction of some main-group hydrides with molybdenum carbonyl to yield methanol. This chemistry is related to metal oxide catalyzed methanol synthesis from high-ratio (2:1 ⩽ H2:CO) syngas. The molybdenum carbonyl or oxide is used to coordinate or fix the carbon monoxide while another metal system functions by activating the hydrogen. This can be pictured as the reduction of a carbonyl group by a complex metal hydride. Initial demonstration of the conceptual basis of each of these approaches has been accomplished at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Concepts for the extension of homogeneous catalysis into these regions of overlap with some examples will be presented.
The reaction between hydrogen and carbon monoxide on catalysts derived from Mo(CO)6Al2O3

Abstract If Mo(CO) 6 /(dehydroxylated alumina, γ− + δ-Al 2 O 3 ) is activated in helium to 500 °C, clusters of Mo about 4 nm in diameter are formed. They are contaminated with some retained carbon which is essentially completely removed as methane by hydrogen at 650 °C. The average oxidation number of the molybdenum is about +0.3 and it is suggested that the clusters consist of Mo 2+ plus Mo(0) in which the charge is delocalized and balanced by AlO − groups at the surface. The clusters are not identical with metallic molybdenum since they do not chemisorb nitrogen. Materials so prepared exhibit a turnover frequency for formation of methane at 300 °C of about 0.04 sec −1 per surface atom of molybdenum in flowing hydrogen plus carbon monoxide (mole ratio = 5). Smaller amounts of ethane and propane are also formed. Activation at 300–500 °C in helium or hydrogen leads to similar turnover frequencies and selectivities. Activation of Mo(CO) 6 /(alumina dehydroxylated at 475 °C) at 300 °C in hydrogen or helium results in a material in which Mo is ionic and highly dispersed. Turnover frequencies for formation of methane at 300 °C are about 0.001 sec −1 per atom of molybdenum and selectivities are about the same as for the catalyst on dehydroxylated alumina. Activation in hydrogen results in formation of about 1.4 molecules of methane per molecule of Mo(CO) 6 and the resulting water, in essence, further oxidizes the molybdenum beyond the Mo 2+ formed initially by reaction of Mo(0) with surface hydroxyl groups, Mo + 2AlOH 8 → Mo 2+ + H 2 + 2AlO 8 post− .
Synthesis of Bioadhesive Lectin-HPMA Copolymer−Cyclosporin Conjugates

An amino group containing cyclosporin A (CsA) derivative has been synthesized and conjugated to N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer via an aromatic azo bond, which can be specifically cleaved by azoreductase activity in colon to release the drug for the treatment of colon diseases. Lectins, peanut (Arachis hypogea) agglutinin (PNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), have been conjugated to HPMA copolymer-CsA derivative conjugates (PCsA), respectively, to give bioadhesive conjugates. The PNA and WGA are the targeting proteins that can bind to diseased colon tissue and healthy tissue, respectively. There were on average four P(CsA) copolymer chains attached on one WGA molecule with a drug content of 16.0 wt % and five P(CsA) copolymer chains attached on one PNA molecule with a drug content of 11.5 wt %. The incubation of a P(CsA) copolymer with the rat cecal contents resulted in the cleavage of the azo bond and release of the cyclosporin derivative. The biological evaluation of the conjugates is under way.
New antifertility agents active in the rabbit vaginal contraception (RVC) method

Abstract Zinc salts in aqueous K-Y Jelly are effective vaginal contraceptives in the rabbit. The minimum effective dose is 54 to 60 mg Zn/ rabbit as acetate, gluconate or lactate. Zinc salts added to suboptimal doses of Ortho-Gynol Jelly or Delfen Cream improves the vaginal contraceptive efficacy of these products. Twenty-seven mg zinc/rabbit as lactate or acetate and 28 mg zinc/rabbit as sulfate or chloride in 0.1 to 0.5 ml of cream or jelly are effective. Gossypol is effective at a dose of 2 mg/rabbit. Although there is some rationale for their use, manganese has no antifertility effect and Valium appears to promote fertility. The rabbit vaginal contraception (RVC) method shows undesirable variation but use of sufficient animals yields logical and reliable results. Artificial insemination instead of breeding appears to decrease variation.
The short-term effects of digoxin in patients with right ventricular dysfunction from pulmonary hypertension.

Objective: Studies on the effects of digoxin in patients with right ventricular failure and normal left ventricular function have not been performed. We evaluated the short-term effects of digoxin administration in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension on hemodynamics, neurohormones, and baroreceptor responsiveness. Design: This was a prospective study with patients serving as their own controls. Setting: University Hospital Intensive Care Unit with central monitoring. Patients: Seventeen patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and symptomatic heart failure were enrolled. Interventions: Following baseline hemodynamics, neurohormonal samples were drawn and the heart rate response to change in blood pressure following a challenge of phenylephrine and nitroprusside were recorded. One mg of intravenous digoxin was given and the measurements repeated after 2 hours. Results: Following digoxin there was a significant increase in cardiac output (3.49±1.2 to 3.81±1.2 L/min., p=0.028), a significant fall in norepinephrine (680±89 to 580±85 pg/ml, p=.013), and a significant increase in atrial natriuretic peptide (311±44 to 421±9 pg/ml, p=0.01). All of the patients had changes in heart rate and blood pressure following phenylephrine and nitroprusside challenge, but there was no significant difference in the change in heart rate response to change in blood pressure when rechallenged after digoxin treatment. Conclusion: Digoxin produces a modest increase in cardiac output in patients with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure, as well as a significant reduction in circulating norepinephrine. No detectable effects of digoxin on baroreceptor responsiveness were apparent. The use of digoxin in pulmonary hypertension is warranted. (CHEST 1998; 114:787–792) Abbreviations: ANP=atrial natriuretic peptide; EDTA=edetic acid; PPH=primary pulmonary hypertension
Impact of Institutional Review Boards on cancer research

The concepts of informed consent and surveillance of human research designed to protect human subjects is commendable. The regulations of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) are having a major impact on clinical cancer research. There is greater administrative time needed of the investigator, the mechanisms of patient care have become cumbersome and some patients reject optional medical management that could be life saving. IRB regulations must be flexible to meet the needs of human subjects as well as those of the clinical investigator.
A Composite Velocity Procedure for the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations.

A new boundary-layer relaxation procedure is presented. In the spirit of the theory of matched asymptotic expansions, a multiplicative composite of the appropriate velocity representations for the inviscid and viscous regions is prescribed. The resulting equations are structured so that far from the surface of the body the momentum equations lead to the Bernoulli relation for the pressure, while the continuity equation reduces to the familiar compressible potential equation. Close to the body surface, the governing equations and solution techniques are characteristic of those describing interacting boundary-layers; although, the full Navier-Stokes equations are considered here. Laminar flow calculations for the subsonic flow over an axisymmetric boattail simulator geometry are presented for a variety of Reynolds and Mach numbers. A strongly implicit solution method is applied for the coupled velocity components.
Use of wrist mounted range profile scanners for real-time tracking

The results of experiments in realtime tracking of a moving object using wrist mounted laser range finders are presented. The objective is to have the robot endeffector maintain a constant pose with respect to a flat object moving in three-dimensional space in the field of view of the range finders. Tracking is done with maximum linear and angular speeds of the target object being 25 cm/s and 0.5 rad/s, respectively. The software is designed to ensure that the robot has smooth motion, without any sharp discontinuities. A performance study of the tracking experiment is presented.
Modulation-format-independent wavelength conversion

This paper provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of modulation-format-independent wavelength conversion with an optical hybrid and an IQ wavelength converter. Multi-format wavelength conversion results are presented by using a SOA-based integrated device.
Perturbation theory as a unified approach to describe diffractive optical elements

First-order perturbation theory is used to describe diffractive optical elements. This method provides an extension of Kirchhoff’s thin element approximation. In particular, the perturbation approximation considers propagation effects due to a finite depth of diffractive structures. The perturbation method is explicitly applied to various problems in diffractive optics, mostly related to the analysis of surface-relief structures. As part of this investigation this approach is compared with alternative extensions of the thin element model. This comparison illustrates that perturbation theory allows a consistent unified treatment of many diffraction phenomena, preserving the simplicity of Fourier optics.
An Empirical Analysis of Negotiation Teaching Methodologies Using a Negotiation Support System.

This article describes an experiment that compared different methods of teaching undergraduates the fundamentals of negotiation analysis. Using student subjects, we compared three conditions: reading, lecture-only, and lecture accompanied by student use of a computerized negotiation support system (NSS). The authors examined two facets of learning: comprehension and attitude about the learning experience. Comprehension was measured with quiz scores and attitude was measured by responses on a questionnaire. Results show that comprehension was significantly better in the lecture and lecture/NSS conditions than in the reading condition (no difference in comprehension between lecture and lecture/NSS). Attitude measures show students had a more positive attitude toward the material and about the learning experience in the lecture/NSS condition than the lecture-only; in turn, the attitude of lecture-only subjects was better than the reading-only group.
On the subunit structure of seasonal isoenzymes of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase from muscle of the Alaskan king crab Paralithodes camtschatica

1. 1. Fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) from skeletal muscle of the Alaskan king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) occurs as a single form with an isoelectric point (pI) of about 5·2 in the cold-acclimatized animal, and as a single form with a pI value of 5·8 in the warm-acclimatized animal. 2. 2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of around 135,000, as judged by ultracentrifugation through a sucrose density gradient. 3. 3. The enzyme can be dissociated into two 66,000 mol. wt “halves” by exposure to 4 M urea. These halves have values of pI that are identical to those of the native enzyme. 4. 4. Exposure of the “halves” of FDPase to 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate results in a complete loss of activity, which appears to be founded on a further dissociation into small subunits of unequal molecular weight. The weights of these subunits were around 25,000 and 40,000, respectively. 5. 5. The pI values of the 40,000 mol. wt subunits from both the cold and warm FDPases are identical, while the pI's of the 25,000 mol. wt subunits differed markedly. 6. 6. These results suggest that the physical differences that presumably underlie functional differences between these thermal isoenzymes are symmetrically arranged, and that perhaps only a small portion of the enzyme molecule is altered to yield a new isoenzyme during thermal acclimatization.
The energetics of the epitaxial deposition of polyethylene onto the basal plane (0001) of graphite

Polymer-substrate interaction energetics have been determined in order to describe the epitaxial deposition of polyethylene into graphite. The potential energy was calculated using van der Waal's interactions. A closed-form representation of the potential was derived for a substrate which was considered infinite in planar area. Inspection of the relative polymer-substrate energies for various positions above the substrate indicate a planar-zigzag polyethylene chain segment deposits with its backbone parallel to the substrate. The chain axis preferentially orients in the (1120) directions of the graphite surface layer. Specifically, deposition occurs along the lines which intersect the nearest-neighbor midpoints of the CC bonds in the surface layer.
Communicating Personal Health Information in Virtual Health Communities: A Theoretical Framework

The use of social media technologies and platforms for health communications has grown dramatically over the past decade. Health consumers such as patients and caregivers join virtual health communities and exchange social support with other users on these websites. Communicating personal health information (PHI) in public discussions is a part of these support exchange activities. Despite the benefits that sharing PHI in this context can offer for both information owner and community, it may entail privacy risks and concerns for individuals, which may ultimately hamper user participation. Thus, drawing on the notion of privacy calculus, we propose a theoretical framework to address the simultaneous impacts of privacy concerns and expected outcomes of information sharing on communicating PHI in public discussions within virtual health communities. Moreover, we propose that emotional attachment to an online community, namely affective commitment, can have direct and moderating effects on PHI sharing within these virtual environments.
Mean thermospheric winds at middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere derived from longitudinal variations of the F2-layer peak height

Abstract Longitudinal variations of the vertical plasma drift W produced for any particular local time at middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere by the neutral winds from the horizontal wind model HWM-90, and longitudinal variations of the height of the F2-layer peak h m F 2 from the ionospheric model IRI-86, are approximated by the sum of two zonal harmonics (waves) with zonal wave numbers m = 1 and 2. Diurnal and seasonal variations of ( m = 1, m = 2) amplitudes and phases are investigated (by phase is meant the longitude λ where the crest of the wave is located). It is shown that m = 2 longitudinal variations in h m F 2 are produced mainly by the existence of m = 2 longitudinal variations of the vertical plasma drift, caused by the interaction of zonally-averaged thermospheric winds with the harmonic m = 2 in longitudinal variations of the geomagnetic field parameters. This suggests that zonally-averaged values of meridional and zonal winds can be derived from the Fourier-coefficients for cos 2λ and sin 2λ in longitudinal h m F 2 variations. Two sets of relations for wind calculations are obtained — simple and complex. The simple relations do not take into account longitudinal neutral-air wind variations themselves when producing longitudinal W variations. The complex relations are obtained taking into account m = 2 longitudinal variations of the meridional wind. The method neglects the effects of the electric fields and a possible error due to neglecting by the electric fields is discussed. Zonally-averaged winds calculated at latitude 53 °N from IRI-86 are in a reasonable agreement with winds predicted by the horizontal wind model HWM-90, although there are some differences in detail. To understand whether these differences are because of shortcomings in HWM-90 or in the suggested method, as well as to understand whether this method can be used for monitoring midlatitudinal thermospheric dynamics remotely, further investigations are needed.
Progesterone secretion by adrenal glands of hamsters and comparison of ACTH influence in rats and hamsters.

Abstract Studies were designed to determine a) if adrenal glands of hamsters secrete progesterone (PROG), b) the effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) administration on adrenocortial function of rats and hamsters under the surgical conditions necessary for collection of adrenal venous blood from the left renal vein, and c) the effects of blood loss during sample collection. PROG was quantitated by the competitive protein-binding method after extraction and separation by sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The presence of interfering quantities of andro-atenedione necessitated two column Chromatographie steps. Glucocorticoids (11-OHCS) were determined fluorometrically. PROG was detected in adrenal venous plasma of female hamsters. The PROG concentration and secretory rate were 91 ± 12 ng/ml and 4 ± 1 ng / min , respectively, while the peripheral plasma level of the same animals was 2 ± 0.2 ng/ml, indicating that the adrenal glands of female hamsters are capable of secreting PROG. ACTH administration increased PROG secretory rates in both hamsters (3 ± 1 to 14 ± 3 ng/min) and rats (62 ± 9 to 152 ± 32 ng/min) on estrus, as well as increasing the 11-OHCS secretory rate of hamsters (16 ± 1 to 33 ± 4 ng/min), but not of rats. The greater increase in PROC than in 11-OHCS secretion may be related to excess PROG formation relative to the capacity of the 17α- or 21-hydroxylating enzyme systems. The adrenal venous PROG concentration and secretory rate of female hamsters infused with 10% dextran while collecting adrenal venous blood did not differ significantly from those of the non-infused animals, suggesting that this amount of blood loss (1 ml) does not influence PROG secretion.
Food Habits of Fingerling Grass Carp

(1981). Food Habits of Fingerling Grass Carp. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 95-97.
A juvenile stegosaurian dinosaur, Omosaurus phillipsi Seeley from the Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) of England

Abstract The femur of Omosaurus phillipsi Seeley from theCoralline Oolite Formation of Slingsby, Yorkshire, England is the only evidence for stegosaurian dinosaurs from the Oxfordian (basal Upper Jurassic). However, this taxon is a nomen dubium because the femur is poorly preserved and from a juvenile individual. Femora of Dacentrurus from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Portugal and of Lexovisaurus from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of England are illustrated.
Flipped Learning in the Workplace.

– The purpose of this paper is to serve as a summary of resources on flipped learning for workplace learning professionals. A recent buzzword in the training world is “flipped”. Flipped learning and the flipped classroom are hot topics that have emerged in K-12 education, made their way to the university and are now being noticed by the corporate world. Unfortunately many learning professionals have misconceptions about what it really means to flip a learning experience, and little literature exists to support implementation of flipped learning in the workplace. , – The methodology adopted in this article is a literature review. , – The paper presents several tools for moving lecture outside of the classroom and for making class time more student-centered through active learning techniques. , – This paper discusses the benefits and challenges of a flipped learning approach, both in general and specifically in the workplace. Additionally, the paper explores several case studies of flipped learning use in the workplace. , – The paper is a literature review that explores the definition of flipped learning as a learner-centered approach to education and looks at two models of flipped learning with applicability to workplace settings.
Inhibition of NHE-1 Na+/H+ exchanger by natriuretic peptides in ocular nonpigmented ciliary epithelium.

The natriuretic peptides (NPs) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) display hypotensive effects in the mammalian eye by lowering t...
A BOOST TECHNIQUE FOR IRRADIATION OF MALIGNANT CANINE NASAL TUMORS

Eighteen dogs with malignant nasal cavity tumors were treated with radiation therapy, including a boost technique. Three 3:0 Gy boost doses were added to a treatment protocol consisting of sixteen 3.0 Gy daily fractions, bringing the total dose to 57 Gy. This boost technique was implemented without an associated increase in overall treatment time by giving the boost doses on a twice-a-day basis. Boost doses were given during the first half of the radiation therapy period. The treatment was completed as planned in 16 of the 18 dogs; two dogs received lower doses (51 and 54 Gy). Median survival was 177 days, poorer than in some other reported studies of nasal tumor irradiation. Acute effects were unacceptable, with 11 of the 18 dogs developing severe mucositis, desquamation, edema, swelling, and pruritus. The extensive nature of the acute reactions compromised assessment of the effect of the increased radiation dose on the tumor. Although there is justification for assessing more aggressive radiation protocols in canine nasal tumor patients, total doses approximating 60 Gy can not be given as described because of the inability of acutely responding normal tissues to compensate.
DNA-Coated AFM Cantilevers for the Investigation of Cell Adhesion and the Patterning of Live Cells†

Measurement of receptor adhesion strength requires the precise manipulation of single cells on a contact surface. To attach live cells to a moveable probe, DNA sequences complementary to strands displayed on the plasma membrane are introduced onto AFM cantilevers (see picture, bp=base pairs). The strength of the resulting linkages can be tuned by varying the length of DNA strands, allowing for controlled transport of the cells
Estimability of the linear effects in state space models with an unknown initial condition

In the case of state space models with an unknown initial condition, the diffuse Kalman smoother can be used to obtain smoothed state estimates. When the full initial state is not estimable because the available data are insufficient, some linear combinations of the states can still be estimable. This brief note provides a simple method to determine whether a linear combination of a state is estimable.
A stopping rule based on Simpson's index of diversity.

Abstract The covariance between two estimators of Simpson's index of diversity, D , obtained from cumulated samples at two stages of the sampling process is derived. A stopping rule based on a comparison of successively obtained estimates of D is developed for use in determining adequate sample size for sampling in stages. The results of a numerical study to compare the effect on the estimation of diversity using the stopping rule with one stage sampling are included.
An Anthropology of the European Union: Building, Imagining and Experiencing the New Europe

An Anthropology of the European Union: Building, Imagining and Experiencing the New Europe. Irene Bellier and Thomas M. Wilson. eds. Oxford: Berg, 2000. vii. 205 pp., index.
3D model acquisition, design, planning, and manufacturing of orthopaedic devices: a framework

Design and manufacture of orthopedic devices using rapid prototyping technologies has been until recently a highly iterative process that involves multiple users, including doctors, design engineers and rapid prototyping experts. Existing systems for creation of orthopedic parts through rapid prototyping do not follow the principles of concurrent engineering and design for manufacture. This leads to excessive communication between parties and delays in product realization time. In this paper, we lay out the framework for a unified expert system that will enable a doctor to create quickly and easily fully functional prosthetics and orthopedic implants. Necessary components of the model acquisition process should include volumetric segmentation of objects from a CT or MRI dataset and NURBS surface fitting to the boundary points. Finite element analysis and surface model modification modules are also needed, but should be provided in an intuitive fashion for doctors who are not experienced in computer aided design. Preprocessing for rapid prototype building should be automatic, and should include optimal orientation, support structure generation and build simulation modules. Finally, the model should be passed to the rapid prototyping machine in a presliced format for speed and accuracy.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flow pattern transitions in vertical and upwardly inclined lines

Abstract Additional data has been obtained on flow pattern transitions during cocurrent gas-liquid flow in vertical and upwardly inclined lines. These data, together with those previously available in the literature, have enabled the development of improved dimensionless correlations for flow pattern boundaries. The individual boundary lines bave been combined into simple overall flow pattern maps.
Serial Neurologic Examinations After Near Drowning and Outcome

Objective: We evaluated serial neurologic examinations after warm water near drowning to determine how rapidly survivors with poor neurologic outcome could be identified. Research Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: University-affiliated pediatric hospital. Patients: Forty-four children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with an abnormal mental status after near drowning during a 5-year period. Follow-up was a minimum of 6 months. Interventions: None. Measurements: A 14-point coma scale was used to evaluate both cortical and brain-stem function at the time of hospital admission and then daily afterward. The MannWhitney U Test was used to compare patients grouped as having satisfactory outcomes (those who returned to their presubmersion baseline or had very mild deficits) and unsatisfactory outcomes (total custodial care or death). Significance was defined as P Conclusion: All satisfactory survivors were sufficiently awake to have spontaneous, purposeful movements 24 hours after near drowning and had normal brain-stem function. All children without spontaneous, purposeful movements and normal brain-stem function 24 hours after near drowning suffered severe neurologic deficits or death. In this retrospective investigation of 44 children, the cortical examination 24 hours after warm water near drowning distinguished satisfactory survivors from children who required total custodial care or died. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:167-170)
Drug-Induced Liver Injury Associated with HIV Medications

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection frequently has been associated with elevated liver enzyme levels. Determining the cause of elevated liver enzyme levels in patients who have HIV is difficult because ART usually consists of three different drugs, patients may be taking additional hepatotoxic medications and patients who have HIV often suffer from other liver diseases. Several agents, however, are recognized as having noteworthy and specific patterns of toxicity. This article reviews the different HIV drug classes, incidence of elevated liver enzyme values by class and by individual drug, risk factors, specific toxicities, and possible mechanisms of injury.
Metabolic changes during ovarian cancer progression as targets for sphingosine treatment

Tumor cells often exhibit an altered metabolic phenotype. However, it is unclear as to when this switch takes place in ovarian cancer, and the potential for these changes to serve as therapeutic targets in clinical prevention and intervention trials. We used our recently developed and characterized mouse ovarian surface epithelial (MOSE) cancer progression model to study metabolic changes in distinct disease stages. As ovarian cancer progresses, complete oxidation of glucose and fatty acids were significantly decreased, concurrent with increases in lactate excretion and (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake by the late-stage cancer cells, shifting the cells towards a more glycolytic phenotype. These changes were accompanied by decreases in TCA flux but an increase in citrate synthase activity, providing substrates for de novo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Also, uncoupled maximal respiration rates in mitochondria decreased as cancer progressed. Treatment of the MOSE cells with 1.5 μM sphingosine, a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, decreased citrate synthase activity, increased TCA flux, decreased cholesterol synthesis and glycolysis. Together, our data confirm metabolic changes during ovarian cancer progression, indicate a stage specificity of these changes, and suggest that multiple events in cellular metabolism are targeted by exogenous sphingosine which may be critical for future prevention trials.
Radical hydrogen transfer reactions: benchmark calculations on the C2H4…H…C2H4 transition state

Abstract High level ab initio calculations using coupled-cluster (CC) methods have been applied to calculate the barrier height of the prototypical hydrocarbon radical hydrogen transfer reaction between C2H4 and C2H5. The barrier at 298 K is estimated to be 27.7–30.7 kcal mol−1. Second-order perturbation theory based on a restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock reference, unlike spin contaminated UHF-MBPT(2), provides reasonable agreement with the CC calculations, and may be of use in studies of the RHT reaction of larger systems.
Magnesium chloride supported high-mileage catalysts for olefin polymerization. XVII. Effect of lewis base on propylene polymerization

A systematic study has been made on the functions of external Lewis base (Be, methyl-p-toluate, MPT) and internal Lewis base (Bi, ethyl benzoate, EB) for the CW-catalyst system MgCI2/EB/PC/AlEt3/TiCl4–AlEt3/MPT (PC, p-cresol). Bi is a nonstereoselective modifier. It increases the active site concentrations and rate constants of propagation, kp, of both the isospecific and nonspecific sites, and thus the productivities of the stereoregular and irregular polypropylenes by five- to tenfold. It seems that Bi complexes with the MgCl2 support to lower the electronegativity of the surface Mg atoms. It also acts to lower the rate constant of chain transfer to aluminum alkyl, k, by two- to fourfold. The action of Be is highly stereospecific. The isotacticity index of polypropylene is ≫ 95% in the presence of Be but ≪ 68% without it. Addition of Be decreases nonspecific [Ti*]a by about (11 ± 2)-fold; there is only about a twofold reduction of the isospecific [Ti*]i. It decreases kp,a about three times but has no effect on kp,i, so that the latter is (21 ± 4) times the former. Be decreases k for transfer with aluminum alkyl much more than it does to k; but it does not affect the rates of chain transfer with monomer and by β-hydride elimination or the rate of catalyst deactivation. The number of active sites without Be is [Ti*]i = 15% and [Ti*]a = 55% for a total of 70%. In the presence of Be they are both about 6%. Optimum performance in propylene polymerizations requires both Bi and Be in the case of the CW-catalyst.
Primary Beam and Dish Surface Characterization at the Allen Telescope Array by Radio Holography

The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) is a cm-wave interferometer in California, comprising 42 antenna elements with 6-m diameter dishes. We characterize the antenna optical accuracy using two-antenna interferometry and radio holography. The distortion of each telescope relative to the average is small, with RMS differences of 1% of beam peak value. Holography provides images of dish illumination, characterizing as-built mirror surfaces. Maximal distortions across ~ 2 meter lengths appear to result from mounting stresses or solar radiation. Experimental RMS errors are 0.7 mm at night and 3 mm under worst-case solar illumination. For frequencies 4, 10, and 15 GHz, the nighttime values indicate sensitivity losses of 1, 10 and 20%, respectively. ATA's wide-bandwidth receiver permits observations over a continuous range 0.5-11.2 GHz. We probe the antenna optical gain and beam pattern stability as a function of focus position and observation frequency, concluding that ATA can produce high fidelity images over a decade of simultaneous observation frequencies. We quantify solar heating effects on antenna sensitivity and pointing accuracy. We find that during the day, observations >;5 GHz will suffer some sensitivity loss and it may be necessary to make antenna pointing corrections on a 1-2 hourly basis.