cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Notes program: a hypertext application for writing from source texts

Notes is a hypertext application developed to investigate the effects of computers on the writing process, in particular, on the processes of acquiring and structuring knowledge when writing from source texts. Notes is designed to help writers record their own ideas (e.g., reactions, inferences, plausibility assessments), recover the context for those ideas easily and view ideas from multiple perspectives. In this paper we outline the theoretical basis for the design of the Notes program. Then we briefly describe the program itself and its relation to relevant research. Finally we describe our experience with users.
Use of Commercial Sheet for Spectrochemical Analysis

Based on several years' experience, the substitution of commercial sheet film for glass plates is advocated for spectrochemical purpose. Advantages of sheet film are freedom from breakage, ease of cutting and filing, and ability to photograph wide spectral regions in one piece. Commercial emulsions are more uniformly coated and are much more free from blemishes. Holders for glass plates can be used for film with no structural changes. A list of available emulsions which can be used in place of spectroscopic plates is presented.
Urinary TIMP-1 and MMP-2 levels detect the presence of pancreatic malignancies

A majority of patients with pancreatic malignancies, including both pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs), present with advanced disease due to a lack of specific symptoms and current diagnostic limitations, making this disease extremely difficult to detect. Our goal was to determine whether urinary matrix metalloproteases (uMMPs) and/or their endogenous inhibitors, urinary tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (uTIMPs), could be detected in the urine of patients with pancreatic malignancies and whether they may serve as independent predictors of disease status. Retrospective analyses of urine samples (n=139) from PDAC and pNET patients as well as age- and sex-matched controls were conducted. Urinary MMP-2 and uTIMP-1 levels were determined using ELISA and zymography. Biomarker expression in tumour and normal pancreatic tissues was analysed via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that, when controlling for age and sex, uMMP-2 (P<0.0001) and uTIMP-1 (P<0.0001) but not uMMP-9, were significant independent predictors for distinguishing between PDAC patients and healthy controls. Our data also indicated that uMMP-2 was an independent predictor of the presence of pNET. In addition, uTIMP-1 levels could differentiate the two cancer groups, PDAC and pNET, respectively. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed that MMP-2 and TIMP-1 protein expression is significantly upregulated in PDAC tissue compared with the normal pancreas. Taken together, our results suggest that the detection of uMMP-2 and uTIMP-1 may have diagnostic value in the detection of pancreatic malignancies and that uTIMP-1 may be useful in distinguishing between pancreatic adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumours.
Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: incorporating advantages of hand assisted and standard laparoscopy.

ABSTRACT Purpose We present an approach to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and intact specimen extraction, which incorporates hand assisted and standard laparoscopic techniques. Materials and Methods A refined approach to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is described and our experience is reviewed. A low, muscle splitting Gibson incision is made just lateral to the rectus muscle and the hand port is inserted. A trocar is placed through the hand port and pneumoperitoneum is established. With the laparoscope in the hand port trocar 2 additional trocars are placed under direct vision. The laparoscope is then repositioned through the middle trocar and standard laparoscopic instruments are used through the other 2 trocars including the one in the hand port. If at any time during the procedure the surgeon believes the hand would be useful or needed, the trocar is removed from the hand port and the hand is inserted. Results This approach has been applied to 7 patients. Mean estimated blood loss was 200 cc (range 50 to 300) and mean operative time was 276.7 minutes (range 247 to 360). Mean specimen weight was 767 gm. (range 538 to 1,170). Pathologically 6 specimens were renal cell carcinoma (grades 2 to 4) and 1 was oncocytoma. Mean length of hospital stay was 3.71 days (range 2 to 7). There were no major complications. Conclusions We believe that this approach enables the surgeon to incorporate the advantages of the hand assisted and standard laparoscopic approaches.
Attitudes About Stimulant Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among African American Families in an Inner City Community

Limited information exists on views among African American families living in low-income, inner-city communities regarding the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parents of children treated for ADHD in an urban primary care setting were recruited to complete a survey to assess attitudes toward stimulant medications. Although most (71%) were initially hesitant to use stimulants based on what they heard in the lay press, 63% would recommend stimulant medication to a relative/friend whose child had ADHD. Approximately 17% believed stimulants led to drug abuse, 21% preferred counseling over medication, 21% felt medications had bad side effects, and 23% believed that too many children were medicated for ADHD. Most (90%) felt the medication was safe if a physician recommended it. Views did not differ between participants whose child had or had not received counseling. Additional studies are needed to clarify whether such views impact treatment choices and health outcomes.
Mortality resulting from head injury in professional boxing: case report.

BACKGROUND: The majority of boxing-related fatalities result from traumatic brain injury. Biomechanical forces in boxing result in rotational acceleration with resultant subdural hematoma and diffuse axonal injury. OBJECTIVE: Given the inherent risk and the ongoing criticism boxing has received, we evaluated mortalities associated with professional boxing. METHODS: We used the Velazquez Fatality Collection of boxing injuries and supplementary sources to analyze mortality from 1950 to 2007. Variables evaluated included age at time of death, association with knockout or other outcome of match, rounds fought, weight class, location of fight, and location of preterminal event. RESULTS: There were 339 mortalities between 1950 and 2007 (mean age, 24 +/- 3.8 years); 64% were associated with knockout and 15% with technical knockout. A higher percentage occurred in the lower weight classes. The preterminal event occurred in the ring (61%), in the locker room (17%), and outside the arena (22%). We evaluated for significant changes after 1983 when championship bouts were reduced from 15 to 12 rounds. CONCLUSION: There was a significant decline in mortality after 1983. We found no significant variables to support that this decline is related to a reduction in rounds. Rather, we hypothesize the decline to be the result of a reduction in exposure to repetitive head trauma (shorter careers and fewer fights), along with increased medical oversight and stricter safety regulations. Increased efforts should be made to improve medical supervision of boxers. Mandatory central nervous system imaging after a knockout could lead to a significant reduction in associated mortality. Language: en
Sinusoidal analysis of space shuttle main engine structures

Abstract Turbopumps in the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) generate sinusoidal vibrations due to imbalance of the rotating components. Since the true forcing functions necessary for sinusoidal analysis are difficult to formulate, a combined experimental/analytical technique is developed. The technique predicts the peak sinusoidal stresses in SSME structures using excitations prescribed at base points. This paper presents the technique and procedures implemented to perform the sinusoidal analysis for peak stresses in SSME components. Three analytical methods are considered for integration with a finite element model to perform the analysis. The limitations of each method are assessed and consideration is given to the factors guiding method selection. To reduce conservatism, a procedure has been established that combines the responses contributed by the excitations at different base points. Two methods are used to calculate the peak stresses at the stress component level; the first uses the response equation directly, while the second uses a conservative approximation. Simple systems are used to demonstrate the response sensitivity to the following items: the analytical method, the response combination routine, and the peak stress calculation procedure. The technique is finally applied to the analysis of SSME components. Results from one of the cases are compared with strain gage data with conservative but favorable agreement.
Antennal Sensilla of Acrididae (Orthoptera) in Relation to Subfamily and Food Preference

The external structure, abundance, and distribution of sensilla on the antennae of 55 species of acridids were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Melanoplinae, Oedipodinae, Gomphocerinae, Cyrtacanthacridinae, Acridinae, and Romalinae were represented. Species were grouped into forbivorous (broad-leaf herbs), ambivorous (about equal amounts of forbs and grasses), graminivorous (grasses), and univorous (single species or related genera) feeding groups. The mean number of sensilla per antenna was 2,722 (range, 708-8,500) and the mean per segment was 120 (32-354). The mean number and range per antenna of each sensillum type were as follows: long basiconic, 454 (84-1,258); short basiconic, 911 (8-4,198); slender short basiconic, 283 (0-2,170); coeloconic, 1,053 (204-4,102); and trichoid, 21 (0-252). In the three major subfamilies, long basiconic sensilla were similar in number; the number of short basiconic sensilla was low in Melanoplinae; the number of slender short basiconic sensilla and coeloconic sensilla was low in Gomphocerinae; and trichoid sensilla were few in Melanoplinae and numerous in Oedipodinae. Oedipodines averaged 2,958 sensilla, gomphocerines 2,780, and melanoplines 2,347. Data are presented for sensilla abundance based on feeding groups of species with and without reference to their subfamilies. Univores had the fewest of each sensillum type, and 28% fewer sensilla per antenna than the average of grasshoppers in the other feeding groups. In these latter categories, long basiconic sensilla numbers were similar and short basiconic sensilla were abundant in graminivores but few in ambivores. Slender short basiconic sensilla were fewest in the graminivores, and coeloconic sensilla were similar in all three groups. Males averaged 23% more sensilla than females. Sensilla abundance in relation to olfactory needs, diet breadth, and habitat is discussed. Desert species appear to have fewer antennal sensilla than do species in the more densely vegetated grasslands. Univores that feed on plants with high deterrence properties in either habitat have the fewest sensilla. Species in arid grasslands generally have fewer sensilla than those in damp grass-forb habitats.
Exploiting Causality for Structured Models Using Bond Graphs

In order to understand, design, and control physical engineering systems, it is often necessary to construct mathematical models which can predict system behaviour. Bond graphs provide a structured approach to carrying out the modeling process for all types of interacting, energetic systems, including nolinear systems. And bond graphs provide a structured approach to assessing input/output causality which dictates, prior to deriving any equations, the manner in which equations must be put together if a computable model is to result. This paper deals with using the causal structure to construct complex nonlinear, overall system models by "fitting together" models of subsystems and components.
High gain x-ray lasers at the water window.

We propose a scheme for producing a spatial and temporal averaged gain of 45 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in nickel-like Ta, including refraction. This result is achieved by irradiating a 40 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ target with a low intensity pulse [2\ensuremath{\omega}(\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.53 \ensuremath{\mu}m), 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, 80 ps] to make the plasma subcritical. This is followed by a high intensity pulse (2\ensuremath{\omega}, 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$, 20 ps) to give the proper ionization. Therefore the principle of pulse shaping to achieve high gain using high intensity pump radiation is demonstrated.
A contrast of mothering behaviors in women from Korea and the United States.

In both the United States and Korea, culture heavily influences a mother's behavior toward her infant. Differences between these two cultures are explored, based on the author's experiences and work in both environments. This comparison includes a number of points of departure. The American culture encourages autonomous and independent behaviors from infants, whereas in the Korean culture, mothers tend to view infants as passive and dependent. American mothering is individually fashioned and relies on the expertise of health care providers. Conversely, the Korean culture is highly ritualistic, so mothering is molded more by societal rules than by individual design, and professional advice is less sought for guidance than is folklore information. American mothers tend to rear their infants in a nuclear family setting, whereas Korean mothers rear their infants in a extended family or at least in a highly social environment. Implications for American nurses who provide perinatal care for Korean immigrant women are discussed.
Our Experience of the Ultimate

My title is of course a variation on Professor H. D. Lewis' well-known Our Experience of God . There he expounded a variety of religious intuitionism, which stands in the line of Schleiermacher, Rudolf Otto and Martin Buber. These and other writers have characteristically made ‘the move to experience’, as a new blend of natural and revealed theology. The move makes a great deal of sense. On the one hand it grounds belief at a time when the older natural theology apparently had crumbled. On the other hand, it points to the dynamics of religious inspiration and gave a new perspective on revelation. It softens both reason and faith, of course, but it also provides a defence against skepticism. It fits well with a liberal attitude to scriptures and tradition. So there are manifest advantages of the move to experience, for those who wish to make it in the context of the Western theistic tradition. The writers I cited above, and Professor Lewis himself, have discussed religious experience from a mainly Western and theistic angle – even Otto with his great comparative concerns did so; and more needs to be said about the nature of religious experience in the broader context of Eastern and other religions. Lewis, however, paid attention to this wider problem, for instance in his 1963 article ‘Buddha and God’. In some respects this issue of the relationship of apparently non-theistic religions to theism is the most important one in contemporary crosscultural philosophy of religion.
Successful Closure of Fasciotomy Wound by Application of Topical Negative Pressure

Fasciotomy wounds are a major contributor to prolonged hospital stay and can lead to amputation. Although it is generally recommended to close the fasciotomy wound as early as possible, it is usually challenging. Primary closure is more favorable because it commences more functional and esthetic results with less morbidity. But primary closure is difficult to achieve due to skin edema, retraction and necrosis. Topical negative pressure care (TNP) has been used in other areas of wound care, such as mediastinitis and burn wounds. TNP has recently gained popularity and has shown promising outcomes. Topical negative pressure systems are commercially available but very expensive. We designed a modified negative pressure system with wall-suction and applied it to a complicated fasciotomy wound. We herein report our experience with a review of related literatures.
Soldaderas in the Mexican Military: Myth and History

Preface Introduction 1. Mesoamerican Origins 2. Servants, Traitors, and Heroines 3. Amazons and Wives 4. In the Thick of the Fray 5. We, the Women 6. Adelita Defeats Juana Gallo 7. Soldaderas in Aztlan Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index
Direct growth of three-dimensional multicomponent micropatterns of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes interposed with their multi-walled counterparts on Al-activated iron substrates

Vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWNTs) have been synthesized by an Al-activated plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. On this basis, we have developed a facile but effective method for direct growth of multicomponent micropatterns of VA-SWNTs interposed within the patterned areas surrounded by vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-MWNTs) onto an Al-activated iron substrate. The Al-activated iron substrate was prepared by region-selectively depositing an Al thin layer on either an Fe-coated substrate or a commercially available iron foil. This simple approach allows for an effective integration of various aligned carbon nanotubes with different electronic characteristics into multifunctional materials and devices.
Influence of Task Interdependence an Number of Poor Performance on Diagnoses of Causes of Poor Performance

In this article the authors examine how supervisors are influenced by the relationship between the number of poorly performing employees in a group and the degree of task interdependence. The autho...
Radical trachelectomy for cervical cancer: Postoperative physical and emotional adjustment concerns

Abstract Objective To investigate the incidence of cervical stenosis and related emotional and sexual adjustment concerns in women treated with radical trachelectomy. Methods Prospective data of 30 stage I cervical cancer patients enrolled in an ongoing study were evaluated in combination with a medical chart review. Results Eight patients (27%) did not have any stenosis of the neo-cervix postoperatively; 10 (33%) had clinically notable stenosis not requiring neo-cervical dilation to allow adequate sampling; moreover, 12 (40%) had sufficient stenosis requiring a neo-cervical dilation procedure, which proved to be safe and useful. The majority of the dilation procedures ( n =8) were conducted under local anesthesia in the office. At preoperative baseline survey, women reported a high rate of sexual inactivity. Fear of intercourse and dyspareunia were reported prior to surgery; however, trends of adjustment and improvement were noted over time postoperatively. Overall, fear of sexual activity tended to lessen if the degree of dyspareunia decreased over time. Postoperative dyspareunia decreased over time, which could have been associated with the mechanical stretching due to vaginal dilator use or dilating benefit of intercourse. Conclusion Postoperative concerns associated with radical trachelectomy may be greater than what has been reported in the literature; however, several adjustment trends were noted with intermediate/long-term follow-up. Office cervical dilation is a simple procedure, which is helpful in the management of neo-cervical stenosis. We are currently investigating the value of a physician checklist as a clinical care model to remind medical professionals to monitor and address important survivorship issues.
In Vivo Generation and Characterization of a Soluble Form of the Semliki Forest Virus Fusion Protein

During infection of host cells, a number of enveloped animal viruses are known to produce soluble forms of viral membrane glycoproteins lacking the transmembrane domain. The roles of such soluble glycoproteins in viral life cycles are incompletely understood, but in several cases they are believed to modulate host immune response and viral pathogenesis. Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is an enveloped alphavirus that infects cells through low-pH-dependent fusion and buds from the plasma membrane. Fusion is mediated by the E1 subunit of the SFV spike protein. Previous studies described the in vivo generation of E1s, a truncated soluble form of E1, under conditions in which budding is inhibited in mammalian host cells. We have here examined the properties of E1s generation and the biological activity of E1s. E1s cleavage required spike protein transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum and was independent of virus infection. Cell surface E1 efficiently acted as a precursor for E1s. E1s generation was strongly pH dependent in BHK cells, with optimal cleavage at a pH of ≤7.0, conditions that inhibited the budding of SFV but not the budding of the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus. The pH dependence of E1s production and SFV budding was unaffected by the stability of the spike protein dimer but was a function of the host cell. Similar to the intact virus and in vitro-generated E1 ectodomain, treatment of E1s at low pH in the presence of target membranes triggered specific acid-dependent conformational changes. Thus, under a variety of conditions, SFV-infected cells can produce a soluble form of E1 that is biologically active.
Individualized Drug Use Assessment in the Elderly

Study objective To quantify how seniors' ability to take oral prescription drugs safely may correlate with age, sex, socioeconomic status, education, cognitive impairment, depression, and drug self-management. Design Cross-sectional study Setting Three retirement communities and an adult day care center. Patients Fifty-seven elderly individuals (mean age 79.49 +/- 7.26 yrs; mean education 11.33 +/- 3.8 yrs; 72% women). Intervention After completing a comprehensive medical history, and with drug vials and pillboxes available for consultation, each subject described how he or she was taking prescribed oral drugs. Measurements and main results The MedTake test evaluated dosage, indication, food or water coingestion, and regimen. For each agent, the test was scored as percentage of correct actions, equally weighted, and compared with label directions or self-expressed physician changes. A composite MedTake test score (0-100%) summarized a subject's overall ability to take their drug(s) safely A follow-up qualitative assessment by a single pharmacist assigned each agent to one of four potential risk categories: correct use, partial correct use without potential clinical significance, partial correct use with potential clinical significance, or incorrect use with high potential of clinical significance. Most subjects (80%) managed their own drug therapy; 70% used reminder systems (calendar, pillbox). The number of medical conditions and prescription drugs was 6.11 +/- 4.2 and 5.88 +/- 3.44, respectively. Of 325 agents, correct dosage was reported for 94% (306), correct indication for 95% (309), correct coingestion with food or water for 97% (314), and correct regimen for 89% (288). The composite MedTake test score was 88.5 +/- 21.3%. The multivariate model, with that score as the dependent variable, adjusted for age and sex, used Mini-Mental State Examination (p = 0.002) and Medicaid assistance within 10 years (p = 0.021) as significant factors. The most frequent problem was underdosing of cardiovascular drugs. Conclusion Seniors' ability to take oral prescription drugs safely was affected by cognitive function and socioeconomic status. Although the MedTake test helped identify some problems with therapy adherence, a pharmacist's follow-up evaluation of comprehensive medical and drug histories identified additional potentially clinically significant problems in 20% of subjects.
Enteral Nutrition Support of the Preterm Infant in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

The delivery of a preterm baby is a nutrition emergency. Growth and the accumulation of nutrient reserves are higher during the third trimester of pregnancy than at any other time during the life cycle. Enteral nutrition is the preferred mode of support and human milk the preferred source of enteral nutrition. Human milk is highly digestible and contains many anti-infective components, which confer a lower risk of infection. The mother of a preterm infant requires education, equipment, and encouragement to successfully initiate and sustain lactation. Human milk requires nutrient fortification to meet the protein and mineral needs of the rapidly growing preterm infant. Commercial human milk fortifiers are available. If human milk is unavailable or the volume is insufficient, preterm formulas are available. Preterm formulas have different sources of macronutrients and greater density of all nutrients than formulas intended for term newborns. Preterm infants benefit from early enteral feedings with slow but steady increases in feedings to achieve full support. Infants born at <35 weeks gestational age are supported with tube feedings. A transition to feedings at the breast or to bottle feedings is gradually made as the baby matures. Nutrient recommendations specific to the preterm infant are available. Special products and feeding strategies exist to respond to common medical conditions that can complicate nutrition management. Optimal nutrition care of the preterm infant offers the opportunity to improve outcomes for children.
Long-term stability of pixelated HgI/sub 2/ gamma-ray spectrometers operating at room temperature

Thick mercuric iodide (HgI/sub 2/) detectors are being investigated as potential room temperature gamma-ray spectrometers. This work presents an investigation of the polarization effects and long-term spectral stability of pixelated HgI/sub 2/. Pixelated HgI/sub 2/ detectors have shown good stability over several months of measurements. After the first couple of days the photopeak position and resolution have remained relatively constant. Current pixelated HgI/sub 2/ detectors may not suffer from polarization effects that once severely limited past planar HgI/sub 2/ devices, and can have good energy resolution (approximately 2% for a Cs-137 source) while using a modest electric field (/spl sim/2500 V/cm) and a relatively short shaping time (8 /spl mu/s).
The dilation phenomenon in robust Bayesian inference

Abstract Upper and lower probabilities may become uniformly less precise after conditioning. We call this dilation. We review some results about dilation, present some examples and explore the effect of Bayesian updating. Also, we show a connection between dilation and nonconglomerability. Finally, we consider the implications of this phenomenon.
Target modeling and dynamic classification for adaptive sensor data fusion

Volkswagen research has developed a sensor fusion system for integrating different sensor data of the environment into a combined description for use with advanced driver assistance systems. Sensor models allow a detailed characterization of sensor properties. Due to the fused extensive information about the detected objects a classification into different dynamic classes, such as stationary or vehicle like moving objects, is reasonable. The classification switches between different dynamic models and is based on statistical tests that evaluate the fused data. The technique is tested with recorded sequences from stop and go scenes and shows robust and well-fitting classification results including reduced uncertainties compared to the usage of a universal model.
Direct deuterium labelling of xanthone with the lithium salt of 1,3-diaminopropane-N, N, N',N'-d4

A direct method for selective deuteration of xanthone 1 employing the lithium salt of 1,3-diaminopropane-N, N, N',N'-d4 is described. Dibenzofuran is also found to be deuterated selectively under these conditions.
Genetic and biochemical studies of the Agouti-attractin system.

ABSTRACTPleiotropic effects of melanocortin signaling were first described nearly 100 years ago when mice carrying the lethal yellow (Ay) allele of the Agouti coat color gene were recognized to develop increased growth and adiposity. Work from our laboratory and others over the last several years has demonstrated that the non-pigmentary effects of A y are caused by ectopic expression of Agouti protein, a paracrine signaling molecule whose normal function is to inhibit signaling through the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r), but which can mimic the effects of Agouti-related protein (Agrp), a homologous neuropeptide produced in the medial portion of the arcuate nucleus that acts as a potent antagonist of the Mc3r and Mc4r. Recently we have used the genetics of pigmentation as an in vivo screening system to analyze other mutations in the Agouti–melanocortin pathway, leading to the identification of Attractin (Atrn), a widely expressed type I transmembrane protein that serves as an accessory receptor for Agouti ...
Spirometry and chest roentgenographic appearance in adults with cystic fibrosis

The pathophysiologic manifestations of cystic fibrosis are continually evolving as more patients survive into their adult years. Although the correlation between chest roentgenographic appearance and pulmonary function testing is well described in children with cystic fibrosis, to our knowledge, there are no data that evaluate this relationship in adults. We analyzed 66 paired studies of chest roentgenographic appearance (Brasfield score) and spirometry in 27 adults with cystic fibrosis between the ages of 18 and 40 years. There was a very good correlation between spirometry and the Brasfield score in adults with cystic fibrosis. The strongest correlation was between the percent predicted FEV 1 and the Brasfield score (r = 0.68, p 1 declined 104 ± 26 ml/yr in 11 patients who were followed up for a mean duration of 5.8 ±0.5 years. The decline in FEV 1 per year in adults with cystic fibrosis was significantly greater than in nonsmoking or smoking adults of similar age.
High resolution imaging of radar targets using narrow band data

The impulse responses of a target for a limited bandwidth (at several aspect angles) are used to generate the ISAR (inverse synthetic aperture radar) image of the target. The high-resolution images for a test target are then compared to the FT (Fourier transform)-based ISAR images. For a 2-GHz bandwidth, the FT-based image and the image obtained from high-resolution PSD are shown. For this bandwidth it can be seen that the image generated from the high-resolution PSD more clearly resolves the individual components. >
Compound coupling slots for arbitrary excitation of waveguide-fed planar slot arrays

A resonant coupling slot cut in the common broad wall of two crossed rectangular waveguides is analyzed. The slot is offset from the center line and tilted with respect to the longitudinal axis of the main waveguide, whereas it is centered-tiled in the branch waveguide. It is shown that the slot offset and tilt control the branch waveguide excitation amplitude with a phase variability of 360 degrees . Pertinent integral equations are developed, taking into account finite wall thickness. The integral equations are solved for the slot aperture electric field using the method of moments. Dominant mode scattering by the slot in both waveguides is obtained. >
Leveling up on stereotype threat

We examined post-game stereotype threat effects of avatar gender experimentally.Use of a customized male (vs. female) avatar led to better math scores.The less avatar embodiment during avatar use, the stronger this effect.Main implication: psychological connection to avatar influences stereotype threat.Main caveat: some types of psychological connection may reduce such effects. Digital games often benefit players, whether in learning, health, or simply entertainment, but some game design elements (e.g., avatars) potentially disadvantage certain social groups (e.g., women). To counteract such potential effects, we explore the moderating role of avatar self-relevance in avatar-induced stereotype threat effects. Specifically, we examine how avatar customization (i.e., designing an avatar) and avatar-body connection (i.e., the perception that the avatar is incorporated into body schema) interact with avatar gender to influence user's post-game behavior in ways that conform to gendered stereotypes. In an experimental study (N=64, all female), participants completed a competitive math task after playing a digital sword-fighting game. For participants who customized an avatar and experienced low avatar embodiment, those who used male avatar performed better at the math task than those who used a female avatar. These findings extend our understanding of avatar use effects, especially as they relate to avatar self-relevance, avatar customization, avatar embodiment, and stereotype threat, thereby providing insights into the ways that digital games can be designed to maximize positive outcomes for players in a variety of meaningful contexts.
Influence of Holocene marine transgression and climate change on cultural evolution in southern Mesopotamia

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the impact of Holocene marine transgression and climate change and its influence on cultural evolution in the southern Mesopotamian region. It argues that the critical confluence of eustatic and climatic changes unique to this circumscribed region favored the emergence of highly centralized, urban-based states. The processes leading to the emergence of state-level societies in southern Mesopotamia are multivariate, but this study indicates that these developments should be considered within the context of environmental change. It begins with a review on postglacial environmental change in southern Mesopotamia. Following this, it presents an account of state development in southern Mesopotamia. It suggests that in southern Mesopotamia the cultural changes leading to integrated state-level societies occurred during a 3000 yr period between the beginning of the “Ubaid” Period at 8000 cal yr BP and the end of the “Uruk” Period at about 5000 cal yr BP. This was a dynamic interval of human cultural evolution, a punctuated series of events, in a long history of human hunting and gathering and early agricultural economies. In this light, the study concludes by suggesting that state development in southern Mesopotamia resulted from human responses stimulated, in part, by a particular succession and confluence of environmental changes unique to this region during the Early and Middle Holocene.
Abstract T P203: Tissue Plasminogen Activator is Safe Via Telemedicine for Treatment of Mild Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective: Telemedicine (TM) has increased the use of intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Administration of tPA via TM has been shown to be safe when given in the setting of established treatment guidelines. Debate exists regarding the use of tPA in patients deemed to have “mild” stroke. We report our study demonstrating the safety of tPA via TM for mild stroke. Methods: In this retrospective chart review from 4/12 to 4/13, we identified 137 patients who were given IV-tPA via TM in our 14 spoke network. Baseline characteristics and clinical variables were abstracted. We defined mild stroke by NIHSS of ≤4. Poor outcomes were defined as symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), neurological worsening (an increase in NIHSS of ≥2 points regardless of cause of decline), angioedema, and death. Logistic regression analysis was performed between groups with NIHSS≤4 and NIHSS>4. Results: Table 1 depicts baseline characteristics. Of 137 patients, 27 presented with an NIHSS≤4 (20%) and 110 with an NIHSS>4 (80%). Although rates of sICH were higher in patients with NIHSS>4 compared to those with NIHSS≤4, there was no significant difference (1.8% vs 0%) (Table 2). There was no significant difference in the rates of neurologic worsening between mild (3.7%) and severe strokes (7.3%) (p Conclusion: Our results suggest that IV tPA given via TM did not increase the risk of complications in patients with mild stroke. However, our sample size was small and we cannot rule out that some of the mild stroke patients had stroke mimics. Our results support using TM to enroll patients at community hospitals in the upcoming PRISM trial testing the efficacy of tPA in patients with mild stroke.
Lasershot peening--a means to strengthen metals

Lasershot peening is an emerging modern process that impresses a compressive stress into the surfaces of metals, improving their operational lifetime. Almost everyone is familiar with taking a strip of metal or a wire and bending it multiple times until it breaks. In this situation, when the metal is bent, the surface of outer radius is stretched into a tensile state. Under tension, any flaw or micro-crack will grow in size with each bending of the metal until the crack grows through the entire strip, breaking it into two pieces. Flexure of metal components occurs in most applications. The teeth of a transmission gear flex as they deliver torque in a vehicle. Springs and valves flex every time they transfer loads. If fatigue failure from flexing occurs in the tooth of a transmission gear of light or heavy vehicles, in a fan blade of a diesel engine, in shock-absorbers or safety-related supporting structures, significant loss of assets and potentially loss of human life occurs. Lasershot peening, better than any other technique, has the potential to extend the fatigue lifetime of metal components. In the process, the laser generates a high intensity shock wave at the surface of the metal, strainingmore » the metal and leaving a residual compressive stress. If the compressive stress is intense and deep enough, when the gear tooth or component flexes under load, the surface remains in compression and a micro-crack or flaw on the surface cannot grow. Test data on gears are showing lifetime improvements up to 6 times. Tests on structural aluminum components, such as used in the transportation vehicle are showing 10 to 15 times lifetime improvement. As shown in the Figure below, recent fatigue tests on 2024 T3 aluminum under various stress load conditions, show more than 50 times improvement in fatigue lifetime for structural aluminum test plates when compared to unpeened components and 10 times when compared to conventionally shot-peened components.« less
Optical tomography with a time-resolved, photon-counting imager

We used a unique time-resolved photon-counting imager and a pulsed laser to detect and reconstruct small optical perturbations deep within a scattering phantom. This approach has strengths and limitations for noninvasive measurement of neural function.
Morphogenetic and Histopathological Effects Induced by the Insect Growth Regulator Cyromazine in Musca Domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Cyromazine [Larvadex (N-cyclopropyl-l,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine)], a triazine insect growth regulator (IGR), induced a range of delayed morphogenetic aberrations in treated 3rd-instar larvae and subsequent developmental stages of house flies. The most common effect at higher concentrations (1 and 1.5 ppm) in rearing medium was the formation of larviform puparia. These aberrant puparia were rodlike, C-shaped, or elongate and generally twice as long as normal puparia. At a concentration of 0.5 ppm, failure of adults to eclose properly was the most prevalent effect. The extent of this abnormality varied from no eclosion to complete eclosion with slight attachment of the adult legs to the puparium. Some other morphogenetic effects were also noted and are discussed. At the highest concentration (1.5 ppm), most of the morphogenetic aberrations were observed in the pupal stage, while at 0.5 ppm most of the morphogenetic aberrations occurred in the adult stage. Treated 3rd-instar larvae of house flies were examined histologically. The muscles of these larvae were vesiculated, irregular in shape, and abnormally dystrophic. Muscle attachment to the cuticle was disrupted as a result of damaged tonofibrillae. The significance of these muscular effects is discussed in relation to the formation of larviform puparia.
Tertiary DNA structure in the single-stranded hTERT promoter fragment unfolds and refolds by parallel pathways via cooperative or sequential events.

The discovery of G-quadruplexes and other DNA secondary elements has increased the structural diversity of DNA well beyond the ubiquitous double helix. However, it remains to be determined whether tertiary interactions can take place in a DNA complex that contains more than one secondary structure. Using a new data analysis strategy that exploits the hysteresis region between the mechanical unfolding and refolding traces obtained by a laser-tweezers instrument, we now provide the first convincing kinetic and thermodynamic evidence that a higher order interaction takes place between a hairpin and a G-quadruplex in a single-stranded DNA fragment that is found in the promoter region of human telomerase. During the hierarchical unfolding or refolding of the DNA complex, a 15-nucleotide hairpin serves as a common species among three intermediates. Moreover, either a mutant that prevents this hairpin formation or the addition of a DNA fragment complementary to the hairpin destroys the cooperative kinetic events...
An Application of Fourier Series to the Most Significant Digit Problem

(1994). An Application of Fourier Series to the Most Significant Digit Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 101, No. 9, pp. 879-886.
Individual Needs and Automation

The article discusses the impact of automation on the fulfillment of human dignity, creativity and potential of a free man. The author presents a definition of automation and discusses the overall ...
Culture sportive et violence envers les femmes: au cœur d'une controverse sociale

Resume Essai critique, le present article tente de degager une perspective d'analyse sociale nouvelle pour une problematique qui, elle, ne l'est pas. Les questions suivantes sont soulevees: Certains rapports existent-ils entre la socialisation masculine, la culture sportive et la violence a l'egard des femmes? Retrouve-t-on des points de jonction entre «masculinite et sport» et «masculinite et violence envers les femmes»? La socialisation androcentrique qui domine la culture sportive actuelle contribue-t-elle a la violence envers les femmes? Cette recherche vise a demontrer que la culture sportive contribue a «naturaliser» la violence et, ce faisant, perpetue la violence faite aux femmes. Le defi consiste donc a construire une vision de l' inacceptabilite de cette culture en tant que lieu d'apprentissage et de legitimation de la violence masculine.
Inhibition of growth hormone-induced lipolysis by 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate in chicken adipose tissue in vitro.

AbstractThe influence of cyclic 3′5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) on the lipolytic and antilipolytic (inhibition of glucagon-stimulated lipolysis) responses to GH (1 μg/ml) was examined in chicken adipose tissue in vitro. Both 8-bromo-cGMP (0.1 mM) and sodium nitroprus-side (1 mM) (a guanyl cyclase stimulator) completely inhibited the lipolytic effect of GH. A cGMP-lowering agent, LY83583 (10 μM), reversed the inhibitory effect of sodium nitroprusside on GH-stimulated lipolysis. Furthermore, the suppressive effects of insulin (100 ng/ml), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) (100 ng/ml), or insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II/MSA) (100 ng/ml), but not somatostatin (1 ng/ml), on GH-stimulated lipolysis were prevented by LY83583 addition. Neither 8-bromo-cGMP, sodium nitroprusside, nor LY83583 altered GH-induced inhibition of glucagon (1 ng/ml)-stimulated lipolysis. It is proposed that cGMP may mediate inhibitory control of GH-stimulated lipolysis by insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II in chicken adipose tissue.
Proficient Replication of the Yeast Genome by a Viral DNA Polymerase

DNA replication in eukaryotic cells requires minimally three B-family DNA polymerases: Pol α, Pol δ, and Pol ɛ. Pol δ replicates and matures Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of the replication fork. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pol δ is a three-subunit enzyme (Pol3-Pol31-Pol32). A small C-terminal domain of the catalytic subunit Pol3 carries both iron-sulfur cluster and zinc-binding motifs, which mediate interactions with Pol31, and processive replication with the replication clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), respectively. We show that the entire N-terminal domain of Pol3, containing polymerase and proofreading activities, could be effectively replaced by those from bacteriophage RB69, and could carry out chromosomal DNA replication in yeast with remarkable high fidelity, provided that adaptive mutations in the replication clamp PCNA were introduced. This result is consistent with the model that all essential interactions for DNA replication in yeast are mediated through the small C-terminal domain of Pol3. The chimeric polymerase carries out processive replication with PCNA in vitro; however, in yeast, it requires an increased involvement of the mutagenic translesion DNA polymerase ζ during DNA replication.
Conservation and Development of Sichuan Opera Literature Resources

This paper chooses Sichuan opera literature resources from the library of Art Institute of Sichuan Opera,Art Research Institute of China and Sichuan Provincial Library as the example.The author discusses the characteristics of Sichuan opera literature resources and proposes the measures of protecting and developing the resources.On the basis of protection,we should carry on digital conversion,and establish distinctive opera literature database to provide personally theater feelings for the users.
Towards manipulation planning for multiple interlinked deformable linear objects

Manipulation of deformable linear objects (DLO) has potential applications in aerospace and automotive assembly. The current literature on planning for deformable objects focuses on a single DLO at a time. In this paper, we provide a problem formulation for attaching a set of interlinked DLOs to a support structure through a set of clamping points. We also present a prototype algorithm that generates a solution in terms of primitive manipulation actions. The algorithm guarantees that none of the interlink constraints are violated. Finally, we incorporate gravity in the computation of a DLO shape and propose a property linking geometrically similar cable shapes across the space of cable length and stiffness. This property allows for computation of solutions for unit length and scaling of the solutions to appropriate length, thus potentially making shape computations faster.
How inhibitory cues can both constrain and promote cell migration

Collective cell migration is a common feature in both embryogenesis and metastasis. By coupling studies of neural crest migration in vivo and in vitro with mathematical modeling, Szabo et al. (2016, J. Cell Biol., http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201602083) demonstrate that the proteoglycan versican forms a physical boundary that constrains neural crest cells to discrete streams, in turn facilitating their migration.
La science, les politiques et le public : quelle réalité, quels écueils ?

Il s’agit ici de regarder les sciences dans une perspective ethnographique, en soulignant que la creation des resultats scientifiques et leur evaluation par le public sont sociales et s’inscrivent dans des processus contextuels. La perte de la credibilite scientifique au sein d’un large public, aux Etats-Unis en particulier, semble due au fait qu’apres la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les sciences ont cree un niveau d’attente irrealiste et ont eu des consequences indesirables et inattendues, alors que la pratique scientifique devenait de plus en plus liee a la sphere commerciale et aux gouvernements. Dans ce contexte, l’effondrement relatif de l’education en matiere de science, de technologie, d’ingenierie et de mathematiques (STEM) fut, aux Etats-Unis, particulierement dommageable. Recouvrer la confiance d’une large part de la societe implique de reconsiderer les pratiques et la communication scientifiques, ainsi que le contexte institutionnel dans lequel les sciences sont mises en œuvre.