cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Interfacial Layer Properties in Polymer Nanocomposites by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy

Probing the properties of the interfacial layer between the polymer matrix and nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) remains a challenging task. Here, we apply three methods—a single Havriliak–Negami (HN) function fit, a two HN functions fit, and the heterogeneous model analysis (HMA)—to analyze the dielectric spectra of model poly(vinyl acetate)/SiO2 nanocomposites for the thickness and the average slowing down in dynamics of the interfacial layer. We find the HMA presents the most accurate analysis on both the thickness and dynamics of the interfacial layer, in comparison to the other two methods that have been actively applied in the field. In addition, the dielectric spectra at low temperatures reveal unexpectedly nonmonotonous changes in the secondary relaxation of the polymer with nanoparticle loadings. These results clearly demonstrate that dielectric spectroscopy is an easy and robust method to study a wide range of dynamic properties of the interfacial layer in PNCs.
High number of newly initiated direct oral anticoagulant users switch to alternate anticoagulant therapy.

Real-world evidence focusing on medication switching patterns amongst direct oral anticoagulant (DOACs) has not been well studied. The objective of this study is to evaluate patterns of prescription switching in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients initiated on a DOAC and previously naive to anticoagulation (AC) therapy. Data was obtained from Truven Health MarketScan® Commercial and Medicare Supplemental database (2009-2013). AC naive (those without prior anticoagulant use) NVAF patients initiated on a DOAC, with 6 months of continuous health plan enrollment before and after treatment initiation and maintained on continuous therapy for a minimum of 6 months were included. Of 34,022 AC naive NVAF patients initiating a DOAC, 6613 (19.4%) patients switched from an index DOAC prescription to an alternate anticoagulant and 27,409 (80.6%) remained on the DOAC [age: 68.5 ± 11.7 vs. 67.1 ± 12.7 years, p < 0.001; males: 3781 (57.2%) vs. 17,160 (62.6%), p < 0.001]. Amongst those that switched medication, 3196 (48.3%) did so within the first 6 months of therapy. Overall, 2945 (44.5%) patients switched to warfarin, 2912 (44.0%) switched to another DOAC and 756 (11.4%) switched to an injectable anticoagulant. The highest proportion of patients switched from dabigatran to warfarin (N = 2320; 42.5%) or rivaroxaban (N = 2252; 41.3%). The median time to switch from the index DOAC to another DOAC was 309.5 days versus 118.0 days (p < 0.001) to switch to warfarin. In NVAF patients newly initiated on DOAC therapy, one in five patients switch to an alternate anticoagulant and one of every two patients do so within the first 6 months of therapy. Switching from an initial DOAC prescription to traditional anticoagulants occurs as frequently as switching to an alternate DOAC.
Novel Pharmacological Nonopioid Therapies in Chronic Pain.

Opioid use and abuse has led to a worldwide opioid epidemic. And while opioids are clinically useful when appropriately indicated, they are associated with a wide range of dangerous side effects and whether they are effective at treating or eliminating chronic pain is controversial. There has long been a need for the development of nonopioid alternative treatments for patients that live in pain, and until recently, only a few effective treatments were available. Today, there are a wide range of nonopioid treatments available including NSAIDs, acetaminophen, corticosteroids, nerve blocks, SSRIs, neurostimulators, and anticonvulsants. However, these treatments are still not entirely effective at treating pain, which has sparked a new exploration of novel nonopioid pharmacotherapies. This manuscript will outline the most recent trends in novel nonopioid pharmacotherapy development including tramadol/dexketoprofen, TrkA inhibitors, tapentadol, opioid agonists, Nektar 181, TRV 130, sarrestin2, bisphosphonates, antibodies, sodium channel blockers, NMDA antagonists, TRP receptors, transdermal vitamin D, AAK1 kinase inhibition, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), TRPV4 antagonists, cholecystokinin, delta opioid receptor, neurokinin, and gene therapy. The pharmacotherapies discussed in this manuscript outline promising opioid alternatives which can change the future of chronic pain treatment.
A Catholic sister’s experiences of leadership and ministry as a faculty member in public higher education

This qualitative case study explores the leadership and ministry experiences of a Catholic sister serving as a faculty member in a predominantly male department at a public research university. The...
Tailored Claims and Governance: The Fit Between Employees and Shareholders

We generalize the internal labor markets (ILM) analysis of the employment relationship to provide a comprehensive model of the relationships among employees, capital providers (particularly shareholders), and the firm. We start by showing that all are variable claimants and all participate in governance, but that the characteristic differences in the payment streams and governance rights of employees and shareholders can be explained by differences in the four principal industrial organization (IO) factors -- investments in match, asymmetry of information, risk aversion and transaction costs. In arriving at these results, we analyze the ways in which employees are typically variable but not residual claimants and why making employees residual claimants over the relevant set of assets, while providing strong incentives for maximizing the value of those assets, is typically not incentive compatible. Our principal conclusions are the following. First, the ownership rights of shareholders have direct parallels in the employment relationship, with the difference between the two parallel tracks reflecting the parties' ability to gain from investments in match, their willingness to trade off higher return for greater risk and their incentive-compatible solutions to the problems of asymmetric information and transaction costs. Second, in terms of the four critical IO factors, the shareholder/managers of the closely held corporation share many features with employees in the classic internal labor market, and that the characteristic arrangements that emerge strongly resemble the solutions of the ILM. Finally, we show that both relationships are fundamentally different from the relationship between the publicly held firm and its suppliers of equity capital, and that the arrangements between shareholders and the publicly held firm are the limit case in which investments in match approach zero.
Novel Solid Sorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture

Capture and separation of carbon dioxide from large point sources is a key step in the overall CO2 sequestration process. An improvement of the separation and capture of CO2 will thus reduce the total cost required for sequestration. NETL has recently initiated a study to develop novel amine enriched solid sorbents for the capture of CO2. This concept is to prepare the solid sorbents via chemical treatment of the surface oxide of the high surface area materials with various amine compounds. Preliminary results indicate that the amine-enriched sorbents show a capability for capture/release of CO2, and the sorbents are regenerable.
Residential mobility and neighborhood inequality during the transition to adulthood

There is ongoing interest on the outcomes of residential mobility during the young adulthood. In this paper, we examine movement in and out of disadvantaged and advantaged neighborhoods as individu...
Carvacrol antimicrobial wash treatments reduce Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria on broiler chicken skin.

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni, a major cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide, is often associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry products. With increasing consumer preference to natural and minimally processed foods, interventions utilizing natural antimicrobials for controlling C. jejuni on poultry products are gaining popularity. This study investigated the efficacy of the generally recognized as safe compound carvacrol (CR) as a wash treatment in reducing C. jejuni and aerobic bacteria on chicken skin. Two separate studies, each with 2 trials, were conducted. In the first study, the efficacy of CR suspension (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2%) was investigated, whereas in the second the efficacy of CR as suspension, emulsion, and nanoemulsion was studied. In both studies, skin samples were inoculated with 50 μL (∼8 log10 cfu/sample) of a cocktail of 4 wild strains of C. jejuni. After 30 min of attachment, samples were washed with the respective treatments for 1 min, drip dried for 2 min, and processed at 0, 8, 24, h post-treatment for enumeration of C. jejuni and aerobic bacterial counts (n = 5/treatment/time point). In addition, the effect of treatments on the color of chicken skin was evaluated. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. In the first study, all the tested doses of CR suspension consistently reduced C. jejuni counts across all time points. The 2% CR suspension wash reduced C. jejuni counts by ∼2.4 to 4 log10 cfu/sample (P 0.05). The results suggest that CR could potentially be used as an antimicrobial wash treatment in postharvest poultry.
Correlation of post-contrast T1-weighted MRI surface regularity, tumor bulk, and necrotic volume with Ki67 and p53 in glioblastomas

p53 and Ki67 status can be relevant to the management of glioblastoma. The goal of this study is to determine whether tumor morphology and bulk depicted on MRI correlate with p53 and Ki67 in glioblastoma. A retrospective review of 223 patients with glioblastoma and corresponding p53 or Ki67 status, along with T1-weighted post-contrast MR images was performed. Enhancing tumors were outlined for determining surface regularity, tumor bulk, and necrotic volume. The median value of 0.1 was chosen for p53 and 0.2 for Ki67 to separate each data set into two classes. T tests and receiver operating characteristic analysis were performed to determine the separation of the classes and the predicting power of each feature. There were significant differences between tumor surface regularity (p = 0.01) and necrotic volume (p = 0.0429) according to Ki67 levels, although neither had statistically significant predictive power (AUC = 0.697, p = 0.0506 and AUC = 0.577, p = 0.164, respectively). There were also significant differences between tumor bulk (p = 0.0239) and necrotic volume (p = 0.0200) according to p53 levels, but again no significant predictive power was found using ROC analysis (AUC = 0.5882, p = 0.0894 and AUC = 0.567, p = 0.155, respectively). Quantitative morphological tumor characteristics on post-contrast T1-weighted MRI can to a certain degree provide insights regarding Ki67 and p53 status in patients with glioblastoma.
Solvothermal synthesis and structure of a new selenium-rich selenophosphate K(3)PSe(4).2Se(6).

The compound K3PSe4·2Se6 was synthesized at 110 °C via solventothermal techniques from binary starting materials and Se in acetonitrile. The compound crystallizes in the space group Fd3 of the cub...
The Passion Bug: How and When do Leaders Inspire Work Passion?

Drawing from signaling theory, we propose a work passion contagion model where leaders’ passion links to employees’ passion through the former’s leadership style, and is contingent on employees’ pe...
Using Relational Agents to Promote Family Communication Around Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management in the Diabetes Family Teamwork Online Intervention: Longitudinal Pilot Study

Background: Family conflict can reduce adolescent adherence to type 1 diabetes management tasks. The Family Teamwork in-person intervention was shown to be efficacious in reducing conflict and low adherence to diabetes-related tasks. Its reach and potential impact, however, were limited by the need to deliver the intervention sessions in person. Relational agents (ie, computerized versions of humans) have been shown to appeal to diverse audiences and may be an acceptable replacement for a human in technology-based behavior change interventions. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a pilot study assessing feasibility and acceptability of Diabetes Family Teamwork Online, an adapted version of the Family Teamwork intervention, delivered over the internet and guided by a relational agent. Methods: Parent-adolescent dyads were recruited through a diabetes care clinic at a large tertiary care hospital in the southwestern United States. A one-group design, with assessments at baseline, immediate postintervention, and 3 months later, was used to assess feasibility. A priori feasibility criteria included an assessment of recruitment, completion, attrition, program satisfaction, therapeutic alliance, attitudes toward the relational agent, and data collection. The institutional review board at Baylor College of Medicine approved the protocol (H-37245). Results: Twenty-seven adolescents aged 10 to 15 years with type 1 diabetes and their parents were enrolled. Criteria used to assess feasibility were (1) recruitment goals were met (n=20), (2) families completed ≥75% of the modules, (3) attrition rate was ≤10%, (4) program satisfaction was high (≥80% of families), (5) therapeutic alliance was high (average score of ≥60/84), (6) families expressed positive attitudes toward the relational agent (average item score of ≥5 on ≥4 items), (7) ≥80% of data were collected at post 1 and post 2, and (8) few technical issues (≤10%) occurred during intervention delivery. All feasibility criteria were met. Qualitative data confirmed that adolescents and parents had positive reactions to both the content and approach. Conclusions: The Diabetes Family Teamwork Online intervention proved to be a feasible and acceptable method for enhancing communication around diabetes management tasks in families with an adolescent who has type 1 diabetes. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/resprot.5817
Abstract 844: β IV -spectrin Regulates Cardiac Fibroblast Phenotype, Fibrosis, and Cardiac Function

Increased fibrosis is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Activation of quiescent cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) occurs in response to injury although the underlying mechanistic pathway...
Heterogeneous Outcomes of Heart Failure with Better Ejection Fraction

We evaluated the heterogeneity of outcomes among heart failure patients with ventricular recovery. The BEST trial studied patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35%. Serial LVEF assessment was performed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months. Heart failure with better ejection fraction (HFbEF) was defined as an LVEF > 40% at any point. Of the patients who survived to 1 year, 399 (21.3%) had HFbEF. Among subjects with HFbEF, 173 (43.4%) had “extended” recovery, 161 (40.4%) had “late” recovery, and 65 (16.3%) patients had “transient” recovery. Subjects with HFbEF had an improved event-free survival from death or first HF hospitalization compared to subjects without recovery (HR 0.50, 95% CI, 0.39–0.64, p < 0.001). Compared to “transient” recovery, “late” and “extended” recovery were associated with an improved event-free survival from all-cause death and HF hospitalization (HR 0.55, 95% CI, 0.34–0.90, p = 0.016). Our study shows patients with HFbEF to be a heterogeneous population with differing prognoses.
Digital Deformities of the Pediatric Foot

Congenital digital deformities of the foot represent a diverse group of malformations. Most of them are noted at birth and can become symptomatic later in life. While some of the deformities are a source of purely cosmetic concerns to the patient, others may be associated with significant pain and gait abnormalities. Many of these deformities are recalcitrant to conservative treatment and may require surgical correction if symptomatic. Timing of surgery and procedure selection should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Risks of anesthesia should be discussed. As with any pediatric condition, it is essential to educate caretakers on the etiology and treatment modalities to minimize anxiety and enhance compliance. It is also important to educate families on available conservative methods to decrease recurrence if such exists. This chapter will review the pathophysiology, classification, evaluation, and treatment options for some of the most common digital deformities, polydactyly, syndactyly, macrodactyly, and underlapping and overlapping toes, as well as some of the various syndromes associated with digital deformities.
Humanist Rituals and Practices

Humanism is a convenient label for three distinct but overlapping worldviews. All three are congenial to developing a lifestance of values, a sense of one’s place in the world, and an orientation for one’s life through meaningful practices and activities. Humanism is open for anyone’s life journey, although in practice humanism is the principal alternative to religiously pious paths.
Chiral perturbation theory, large-Nc and the η′ mass

Abstract Using chiral perturbation theory and the large- N c expansion, we obtain expressions for the η′ mass and η - η′ mixing in terms of low-energy chiral Lagrangian parameters. This is accomplished through an intermediate step of “matching” the topological susceptibility in the large- N c and chiral Lagrangian descriptions. By inserting the values of well-measured parameters we obtain predictions involving the the second order parameters L 6 , L 7 and L 8 . The prediction for L 6 is quite restrictive even after allowing for 1 N c corrections.
Breast Cancer Presentation, Surgical Management and Mortality Across the Rural-Urban Continuum in the National Cancer Database.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in presentation, surgical management, and mortality among breast cancer patients in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) based on area of residence. The NCDB was queried for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer from 1 January 2004–31 December 2015. The data were divided by metropolitan (large, medium, small) and non-metropolitan (urban, rural) status. Cancer stage increased with rurality (p < 0.0001). Residency in a large metropolitan area was associated with increased breast reconstruction rates (odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–1.30) and reduced overall mortality (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.89–0.95) compared with rural areas. There was no difference in mastectomy use among small metropolitan (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.04), urban (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–1), and rural areas (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.07) compared with large metropolitan areas. Across the rural–urban continuum in the NCDB, stage of cancer presentation increased with rurality. Conversely, residency in a large metropolitan area was associated with higher reconstruction rates and a reduction in overall mortality. Future studies should evaluate factors contributing to advanced disease presentation and lower reconstruction rates among rural breast cancer patients.
Fabrication, microstructure and optical properties of Ce:SrF2 transparent ceramics

Abstract Ce:SrF2 powders were synthesized via the co-precipitation method. These synthesized Ce:SrF2 powders were pure SrF2 phase with substitutions of Ce3+ for Sr2+. The average particle size of these powders was estimated to be less than 250 nm, and they also had high dispersibility. The calcination temperature of Ce:SrF2 powders had strong influence on the ceramic sintering properties. The ceramic microstructure became compact when increasing the calcination temperature from 100 °C to 400 °C, because of the gradual decrease in both the number and size of micro-pores. Ce:SrF2 transparent ceramics could be sintered at 910 °C for 2 h under 50 MPa with ceramic powders calcined at 300 °C and 400 °C, because the powders calcined at above 300 °C had nearly no crystal water. The highest in-line transmittance of 71% was obtained at 800 nm. The Ce:SrF2 transparent ceramic was found to have two absorption peaks at 248 nm and 289 nm, and two obvious emission peaks at 308 nm and 327 nm. If the transmittance in the UV range, 200–340 nm, could be effectively improved by reducing scattering centers, Ce:SrF2 transparent ceramic would be a promising direct-pumping solid state UV laser material.
The fantasy of authenticity: understanding the paradox of retail gentrification in Seoul from a Lacanian perspective:

Gentrification studies have well-documented how gentrifiers’ alternative consumption practices of seeking ‘authenticity’ lead to retail gentrification. However, they pay scant attention to the para...
An experimental and analytical model for force prediction in sheet metal forming process using perforated sheet and origami principles

Abstract In this work, we present a model for origami-based sheet metal (OSM) folding that can predict the required bending force. OSM folding is enabled by introducing bending features along the bending line, named material discontinuity (MD). Firstly, the introduced analysis in this work developed a bending setup for OSM that does not require a die then introduced a method to analytically derive the bending force for a regular sheet without any added folding features. The analytical approach is followed using an experimental setup identical to the developed OSM bending configuration. Secondly, the OSM bending experiment is conducted to measure the required bending force and to identify which parameters influence the OSM bending force significantly. Finally, an empirical model is proposed considering the analytical force in the first step and the influencing parameters defined in the second step. Regression analysis is carried out using one portion of experimental force measurement to determine the coefficients of the proposed empirical model. The other measurement set is used to validate the prediction model. The validation results of the proposed prediction model show good agreement between the developed prediction model and the experiment results. The prediction model provided a shape factor that represents the topology of each bending feature, as well.
Language, Reading and Mathematics

Linguistic skills of reading and writing contribute heavily to successful performance in mathematics. Being able to read mathematical text requires understanding of the “two languages of mathematics”: technical vocabulary and specialized symbols. In moving from small units of reading to sections of text or discourse, the reader is expected to respond to five levels of reading matter. They are: (1) letters; (2) words; (3) sentences; (4) paragraphs; and (5) discourse. This is the case in mathematical reading as well as in nonspecialized reading.
BrainImageJ: a Java-based framework for interoperability in neuroscience, with specific application to neuroimaging.

The Human Brain Project consortium continues to struggle with effective sharing of tools. To facilitate reuse of its tools, the Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (SPNL) has developed BrainImageJ, a new software framework in Java. The framework consists of two components—a set of four programming interfaces and an application front end. The four interfaces define extension pathways for new data models, file loaders and savers, algorithms, and visualization tools. Any Java class that implements one of these interfaces qualifies as a BrainImageJ plug-in—a self-contained tool. After automatically detecting and incorporating new plug-ins, the application front end transparently generates graphical user interfaces that provide access to plug-in functionality. New plug-ins interoperate with existing ones immediately through the front end. BrainImageJ is used at the Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory to develop image-analysis algorithms and three-dimensional visualization tools. It is the goal of our development group that, once the framework is placed in the public domain, it will serve as an interlaboratory platform for designing, distributing, and using interoperable tools.
Experimental Myopia in Tree Shrews

When deprived of form vision during postnatal development, tree shrews reliably develop an axial myopia characterized by elongation of the vitreous chamber, zonular dysplasia and a slight reduction in lens weight and thickness. Corneal flattening has been observed in animals visually deprived by eyelid suture but is absent in animals visually deprived with an opaque goggle. The sensitive period for myopia development starts about 15 days after the eyes open and sensitivity remains high for about 3-4 weeks thereafter. Recovery from experimental myopia can occur in tree shrews that are visually deprived using goggles for a short period. Blockade of action potentials from ganglion cells in deprived eyes by intravitreal injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) does not prevent the development of myopia, suggesting that local retinoscleral mechanisms can contribute to experimental myopia in this species. Open eyes receiving intravitreal injections of either saline or TTX have shorter vitreous chambers than control eyes, suggesting that puncturing the globe reduces forces within the eye that contribute to its expansion. Animals treated intraperitoneally with lathyritic agents to block collagen cross-linking for three weeks during a 75-day period of monocular visual deprivation develop a very large myopia in the visually deprived eye that is accompanied by a large vitreous chamber elongation and marked thinning of the posterior sclera. The results from studies in tree shrews are consistent with the suggestion that an internally driven expansion acts in concert with ocular growth to increase the axial length of the eye, helping to move the eye from hyperopia toward emmetropia. The resistance of the sclera and/or choroid to this expansion may be affected by activity within the retina. Increased retinal activity associated with achieving a clear image on the retina may result in increased resistance to expansion, helping to hold the retina at the focal plane. Recovery may occur by a slowing of axial expansion while the optical surfaces proceed toward adult values.
Nifty examples in discrete mathematics

Good examples are powerful tools for enhancing student understanding of important connections between some discrete mathematics topics and fundamental ideas in computer science. A number of nifty examples used as supplementary material or to present a topic in a novel way will be illustrated. The participants in groups will work on some of the examples and discuss what they have learned. Also, participants can suggest one or two examples of their own. All materials will be posted on a workshop webpage to share with the computer science and mathematics communities. The objectives of the tutorial are: to provide the participants with a number of examples which demonstrate the applicability of discrete math topics in computer science and to develop a collection of materials (examples) which could be placed in an online repository for use by the wider community.
Patient Protection and Decision Aid Quality: Regulatory and Tort Law Approaches

One of the most enduring debates at the intersection of administrative and tort law focuses on the challenge of identifying the most effective means of ensuring consumer safety. In some circumstances, standard-setting administrative regulations may be sufficient to protect consumers from harm while at the same supporting the growth of valuable industries. In other circumstances, regulation may need to be supplemented by a complementary tort regime that fills the compensation gap when consumers suffer injury. The discussion among policymakers and legal scholars about which system to favor is continually playing out in a variety of arenas, most notably in the medical industry – two recent Supreme Court decisions analyzing the preemptive effect of regulation in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries have addressed this critical issue head-on.A new development in medical practice promises to re-invigorate this debate. Many physicians are now incorporating decision support tools (also known as patient decision aids), such as brochures and videos that present facts and patient testimonials about treatment options, into the patient care process. Indeed, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act recognized the use of decision aids as one of the most promising developments in contemporary informed consent practice, and proposed a process for certifying decision aids before they are put into use. Commentators, however, have expressed concern that decision support tools created by for-profit corporations or other interested parties may dramatically increase the risk of exposing patients to bias and misinformation, particularly given the fact that no legal mechanism currently exists to protect against such harms. This Article is the first to position the expanded use of decision support tools within the greater scholarly conversation about administrative and tort law approaches to patient protection. It identifies key factors that policymakers in medical, environmental, and other contexts use to distinguish between situations where regulation alone may be sufficient to protect the public, and those where a complementary tort remedy may be necessary. When these factors are applied in the context of patient decisions, this Article argues that ex ante regulation may not be sufficient to guarantee the quality of decision support tools in the absence of a complementary tort remedy. This Article concludes by identifying the steps that would need to be taken to establish a system of ex post tort liability for creators of faulty decision aids, and explains the challenges associated with such a move.[SSRN posted version is a pre-publication draft]
Exploring Beyond the Planets: the Pioneer 10 and 11 Missions

The Pioneer 10 and 11 missions are surveyed and illustrated with drawings, maps, graphs, and diagrams, with an emphasis on their present exploration of the outer heliosphere. The main goals of this exploration are examined (search for the heliospheric boundary, measurement of galactic cosmic radiation, and search for a trans-Neptunian planet); the ten scientific instruments carried by each spacecraft are characterized; and the results obtained so far with regard to the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, cosmic rays, and asteroid belt, Jupiter, and Saturn are summarized.
Evaluating peers in cyberspace

This research examined the question of whether the anonymity found in most types of computer-mediated communication (CMC) impacted individual reactions to people who agreed or disagreed with their own opinions. Participants (N?=?256) evaluated other respondents who voiced an attitude that was either similar or dissimilar to the one they endorsed. The social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE; Reicher, Spears, & Postmes, 1995), suggests that anonymous group members will experience a heightened sense of social identity and show an increased likelihood of protecting that group by disparaging those who disagree with their beliefs. However, in the absence of a salient ingroup, we fail to find support for this. In contrast, we provide evidence that the impact of anonymity on interpersonal evaluations of peers is moderated by individual difference factors. Only those participants with high self-esteem, low levels of social anxiousness, or an elevated sense of autonomy evaluated targets more negatively when anonymous rather than identifiable. The current research suggests that any models used to understand anonymity's effects in CMC situations will need to carefully consider both social and personal identity characteristics. Individual difference variables moderate impact of anonymity on evaluation of peers.High self-esteem people voiced harsher opinions when they could not be identified.People high in conformity less likely to disparage target when they were anonymous.Low social anxiousness results in greater hostility toward targets when anonymous.
Yeast Iron Metabolism

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model eukaryote for the study of basic cellular processes common to all eukaryotic cells, including the uptake and utilization of transition metals, such as iron. Proteins found in higher or multicellular eukaryotes usually are functionally similar to the orthologous proteins in yeast and can frequently be substituted for the yeast protein without deleterious effects on the yeast cell. This functional similarity coupled with the genetic tractability of yeast have allowed researchers studying human proteins of iron metabolism to quickly focus their efforts based on the known functions of the yeast ortholog.
RNA Seeds Higher Order Assembly of FUS Protein

Summary The abundant nuclear RNA binding protein FUS binds the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II in an RNA-dependent manner, affecting Ser2 phosphorylation and transcription. Here, we examine the mechanism of this process and find that RNA binding nucleates the formation of higher-order FUS ribonucleoprotein assemblies that bind the CTD. Both the low-complexity domain and the arginine-glycine rich domain of FUS contribute to assembly. The assemblies appear fibrous by electron microscopy and have characteristics of β zipper structures. These results support the emerging view that the pathologic protein aggregation seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may occur via the exaggeration of functionally important assemblies of RNA binding proteins.
Cervical Cancer Screening in the Early Postvaccine Era

The Pap test is the foundation of cervical cancer screening in North America and most industrialized countries. It has been widely used in the United States since the 1950s. But are our current screening guidelines still justified? In this article, the author reviews the current recommendations for cervical cancer screening by the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the evidence supporting them, reviews the relative efficacy of liquid-based cytology versus the conventional Pap smear, and discusses the role of HPV DNA testing in primary screening.
Polarizability of a free electron gas confined to a spherical shell

Abstract The linear polarizability and hyperpolarizability of a free electron gas confined to a spherical shell are calculated. This free electron gas model is applied to determine the polarizabilities of fullerene molecules. The magnitude of the calculated polarizabilities of C60 and C70 molecules were found to be in reasonable agreement with some of the experiments. The hyperpolarizability of the larger fullerene molecules is predicted to increase as the cube of the number of carbon atoms.
Lone Wolf Terrorist or Deranged Shooter? A Study of Ideological Active Shooter Events in the United States, 1970–2014

This study explores the threat of ideological active shooter attacks in the United States. In particular, to understand if these events constitute a new brand of “lone wolf terrorism” or if they are simply “deranged shooters” that happen to be ideological. The results show that ideological and non-ideological active shooters share very similar profiles. Despite the similarities, ideological extremism seems to influence the way these offenders prepare, execute, and conclude their attacks. Most ideological active shooters are “loners” whose attacks tend to be motivated by ideology. Given their sophistication and lethality, ideological active shooters represent a serious threat to national security.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the p21 Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor Facilitates the Development of Proneural Glioma

Phosphorylation of Tyr-88/Tyr-89 in the 310 helix of p27 reduces its cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory activity. This modification does not affect the interaction of p27 with cyclin-CDK complexes but does interfere with van der Waals and hydrogen bond contacts between p27 and amino acids in the catalytic cleft of the CDK. Thus, it had been suggested that phosphorylation of this site could switch the tumor-suppressive CDK inhibitory activity to an oncogenic activity. Here, we examined this hypothesis in the RCAS-PDGF-HA/nestin-TvA proneural glioma mouse model, in which p21 facilitates accumulation of nuclear cyclin D1-CDK4 and promotes tumor development. In these tumor cells, approximately one-third of the p21 is phosphorylated at Tyr-76 in the 310 helix. Mutation of this residue to glutamate reduced inhibitory activity in vitro. Mutation of this residue to phenylalanine reduced the tumor-promoting activity of p21 in the animal model, whereas glutamate or alanine substitution allowed tumor formation. Consequently, we conclude that tyrosine phosphorylation contributes to the conversion of CDK inhibitors from tumor-suppressive roles to oncogenic roles.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Substance Use Among Perinatally Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected and Perinatally Exposed but Uninfected Youth

Abstract Purpose This study examined risk factors associated with recent substance use (SU) among perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (PHIV+) and perinatally exposed, uninfected (PHEU) youth and compared SU lifetime prevalence with the general population of United States (U.S.) adolescents. Methods We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 511 PHIV+ and PHEU youth (mean age at study entry, 13.2 years; 51% female; 69% PHIV+; and 72% African-American) enrolled in a U.S. multisite prospective cohort study between 2007 and 2009. Substance use data were collected by audio computer–assisted self-interview. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System and Monitoring the Future data were used to compare SU lifetime prevalence with U.S. samples. Results Perinatal HIV infection was not a statistically significant risk factor for alcohol or marijuana use. Risk factors for alcohol use among PHIV+ youth included higher severity of emotional and conduct problems and alcohol and marijuana use in the home by the caregiver or others. Risk factors for marijuana use among PHIV+ youth included marijuana use in the home, higher severity of conduct problems, and stressful life events. Similar SU risk factors among PHEU youth included SU in the home and higher severity of conduct and emotional problems. Overall lifetime prevalence of SU by age was similar to that in national surveys. Conclusions Although SU lifetime prevalence and risk factors for PHIV+ and PHEU adolescents were similar to national norms, the negative consequences are potentially greater for PHIV+ youth. Prevention efforts should begin before SU initiation and address the family and social environment and youth mental health status.
Efficient and diverse synthesis of indole derivatives.

A convergent 2-step procedure toward an array of indole derivatives involving an Ugi reaction and a Pictet−Spengler reaction is described. The reactions are versatile regarding different starting materials. Hexacyclic 24 can be produced with unprecedented complexity.
Diagrammatic many-body perturbation theory applied to highly ionized atoms of the copper isoelectronic sequence

Many-body diagrammatic perturbation theory has been applied to the calculation of ionization energies and multiplet strengths for two highly ionized atoms of the copper isoelectronic sequence. A unified Hartree-Fock zeroth-order Hamiltonian the eigenfunctions of which include both open- and closed-shell orbitals has been constructed for systems with a single open shell. Correlation energies for the excited $4p$ states as well as the ground $4s$ states of Kr VIII and Mo XIV were computed by means of individual basis sets generated for each state. The distribution of the $3l\ensuremath{-}4{l}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ correlation energy among second- and higher-order terms differed significantly for the two ions. In Mo XIV, most of the correlation energy was concentrated in second-order, with small third-order effects. In Kr VIII, however, second-order results were substantially changed by higher-order diagrams, particularly in the case of the $4p$ state. Correlated multiplet strengths for the $4s^{2}S\ensuremath{-}4p^{2}P$ resonance transition were computed, including first-order corrections to the Hartree-Fock zeroth-order wave functions for both initial and final states. The results of these calculations are in excellent agreement with those of recent multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock calculations.
THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS OF THE PROTEIN-POLYSACCHARIDES OF CARTILAGE

1. Protein-polysaccharides isolated from bovine, human, and porcine cartilage are antigenic in the rabbit. 2. PP-L from each of these species contains a minimum of two antigenic determinants; one is species specific, and one is common to all three species. Human PP-H also contains these two determinants. 3. Both antigenic determinants are in, or closely associated with, the protein moiety of the compound. Chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate were not demonstrated to be antigenic in these studies.
Paced abdominal breathing and EMG responsivity.

5 subjects participated in a within-subjects design to determine the effect of paced abdominal breathing on EMG levels. After training in thoracic and abdominal breathing, each subject's respiratio...
Supersaturation and precipitation of carbon in austenite as a result of electrotransport

Supersaturation and precipitation of cementite and/or graphite in austenite due to electrotransport were studied. Two types of experiments were made with alloys of relatively high initial carbon concentration (1.3 wt. pct); one in the two-phase (austenite plus cementite) region at 850° and the other in the single phase (austenite) region at 927° C. In the two-phase experiments the formation of cementite and/or graphite was observed at the high-carbon end of the specimen. In the single-phase case, only a continuous layer of graphite was formed at the cathode end of the specimen. The present research suggests that electrotransport can be used to investigate processes involving supersaturation, such as precipitation from solid solution.
Release on Recognizance: Substantive or Superficial Reform?

In the early 1960s, release on recognizance was hailed as a method through which inequities inherent in the system of monetary bail could be reduced. This goal was to be accomplished through the revision of the criteria on which pretrial release decisions were made; the defendant's ties to the local community and not his financial status were to be emphasized. Although the use of release on recognizance has become an accepted practice, these programs have escaped close examination. Using logit analysis, this article investigates the factors upon which release on recognizance was based in a western city. The findings suggest that decisions to release on recognizance were made more in accord with traditional criteria rather than those espoused by this reform movement.
Mathematics Education in Russia and The Soviet Union

The establishment of special schools in Russia to nurture talent in theoretical mathematics and applied technology dates to the beginning of the eighteenth century; in 1701, Peter the Great founded the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences. The curriculum, unique in Europe at that time, included arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, and navigation. Both the Petersburg Gymnasium, founded in 1726, and the Smolny Institute for "young ladies of noble birth," founded in 1764, also included arithmetic and elementary geometry in their curricula, but as elements of general, liberal education, not technological training.
Sequential Simulation Approach to Modeling of Multi-seam Coal Deposits with an Application to the Assessment of a Louisiana Lignite

There are multiple ways to characterize uncertainty in the assessment of coal resources, but not all of them are equally satisfactory. Increasingly, the tendency is toward borrowing from the statistical tools developed in the last 50 years for the quantitative assessment of other mineral commodities. Here, we briefly review the most recent of such methods and formulate a procedure for the systematic assessment of multi-seam coal deposits taking into account several geological factors, such as fluctuations in thickness, erosion, oxidation, and bed boundaries. A lignite deposit explored in three stages is used for validating models based on comparing a first set of drill holes against data from infill and development drilling. Results were fully consistent with reality, providing a variety of maps, histograms, and scatterplots characterizing the deposit and associated uncertainty in the assessments. The geostatistical approach was particularly informative in providing a probability distribution modeling deposit wide uncertainty about total resources and a cumulative distribution of coal tonnage as a function of local uncertainty.
Activation and degradation of the phosphorothionate insecticides parathion and EPN by rat brain

Cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases are known to activate phosphorothionate insecticides to their oxon (phosphate) analogs by oxidative desulfuration. These activations produced potent anticholinesterases, decreasing the I50 values to rat brain acetylcholinesterase almost 1000-fold (from the 10(-5) M range to the 10(-8) M range). Since the usual cause of death in mammals from organophosphorus insecticide poisoning is respiratory failure resulting, in part, from a failure of the respiratory control center of the brain, we investigated the ability of rat brain to activate and subsequently degrade two phosphorothionate insecticides, parathion (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) and EPN (ethyl 4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate). Microsomes from specific regions (cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, cerebellum, and medulla/pons) of the brains of male and female rats and from liver were incubated with the phosphorothionate and an NADPH-generating system. Oxon production was quantified indirectly by the amount of inhibition resulting in an exogenous source of acetylcholinesterase added to the incubation mixture as an oxon trap. The microsomal activation specific activity was low for brain when compared to liver [0.23 to 0.44 and 5.1 to 12.0 nmol.min-1.(g tissue)-1 respectively]. The mitochondrial fraction of the brain possessed an activation activity for parathion similar to that of microsomes [about 0.35 nmol.min-1.(g tissue)-1 for each fraction], but mitochondrial activity was slightly greater than microsomal activity for EPN activation [0.53 to 0.58 and 0.23 to 0.47 nmole.min-1.(g tissue)-1]. Whole homogenates were tested for their ability to degrade paraoxon and EPN-oxon (ethyl 4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate), quantitated by 4-nitrophenol production. Specific activity for oxon degradation in liver was greater than that in brain [31 to 74 and 1.1 to 10.7 nmole.min-1.(g tissue)-1 respectively]. Overall, the brain and liver had about 1.5- to 12-fold higher specific activities for degradation than activation depending on the compound used. These findings demonstrate that the brain possesses both phosphorothionate activation and oxon degradation abilities, both of which may be significant during exposures to organophosphorus insecticides.
On the sample stability of nonlinear chatter machining

This paper is concerned with the determination of sufficient conditions guaranteeing stability of nonlinear regenerative chatter machining subject to a stationary stochastic process of small intensity at a Hopf bifurcation point. The first step in the investigation is the identification of boundaries of linear stability and instability in the parametric plane of the machining model. Next, the conditions for nonlinear sample stability are derived using the mathematical framework of the classical Hopf bifurcation theorem, the center manifold theorem, the integral averaging method and the Lyapunov exponent. Sub- and supercritical bifurcations are established qualitatively. The investigations are analytical and they have been conducted without the assumption of small time delay between successive tool passes.