cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jumps in Real-Time Financial Markets: A New Nonparametric Test and Jump Dynamics

This paper introduces a new nonparametric jump test for continuous-time asset pricing models. It distinguishes jump arrival times and realized jump sizes in asset prices as precisely as at intra-day levels. We demonstrate the likelihood of misclassification of jumps in discrete data becomes negligible when we use high-frequency returns. We explore real-time jump dynamics using intra-day U.S. individual equity prices through the test, and find empirical evidence that jump arrivals are associated with both pre-scheduled earnings announcements and unscheduled real-time news release.
The Social Media Election of 2016

Social media radically upended the traditional campaign norms and practices in the 2016 presidential campaign. Its use was unprecedented in volume, scope, and tactics. The Trump campaign was transformative in relying on social media as the primary communication channel. This chapter reviews how the both campaigns utilized social media to include Quora, Tumblr, Pinterest, Vox, Buzzfeed, Upworthy, Facebook, Instagram, Longform, Twitter, Reddit, Snapchat, YouTube, and LinkedIn. The authors caution that although social media and digital communication were critical in the 2016 contest, it would be an overstatement to claim that social media elected Donald Trump. However, the campaign changed the way social media will be used in the future.
Efficacy of Stellate Ganglion Blockade in Managing Electrical Storm: A Systematic Review

Abstract Objectives The study sought to characterize the efficacy of stellate ganglion block (SGB) as a treatment for electrical storm (ES). Background The efficacy of percutaneous SGB for managing ES is not well understood. Methods The authors conducted published data searches using PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar for mixed combinations of terms including stellate ganglion block, *ganglion block(ade), sympathetic block(ade), and arrhythmia, ventricular arrhythmia (VA), or tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, electrical storm. Inclusion criteria were presentation with guideline-defined ES and treatment with SGB. Exclusion criteria were presentation with any supraventricular arrhythmia, VA without ES, or surgical sympathectomy. Studies lacking basic demographic data, arrhythmia description, and outcomes were excluded. Results Of 3,374 publications reviewed, 38 patients from 23 studies met study criteria (52.0 ± 19.1 years of age, 11 women, 17 with ischemic cardiomyopathy). Antiarrhythmics were used in all patients. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 31 ± 10%. ES was triggered by acute myocardial infarction in 15 patients and QT prolongation in 7 patients. The most common local anesthetic used for SGB was bupivacaine (0.25% to 0.50%). SGB resulted in a significant decrease in VA burden (12.40 ± 8.80 episodes/day vs. 1.04 ± 2.12 episodes/day; p Conclusions SGB is an effective acute treatment for ES. However, larger prospective randomized studies are needed to better understand the role of SGB in ES and other VAs.
Short-pulse high-power 17 GHz CARM amplifier

Cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) amplifiers are under investigation as a possible source of high-power (>100 MW), high-frequency (>10 GHz) microwaves for powering the next generation of linear colliders. A design for a high-power, short pulse, 17.136 GHz CARM amplifier, utilizing a 500 kV linear induction accelerator, is presented.
Melt-memory of polyethylenes with halogen substitution: Random vs. precise placement

Abstract Polyethylenes with Br, Cl, or F atoms placed at an equal distance of 21 or 15 backbone carbons are known to crystallize as homopolymers, accommodating the halogen in layered crystallites. In contrast, analogs with a random distribution display a crystallization path dominated by sequence-length selection. A consequence of the sequence selection of random copolymers is a constrained interlamellar region and broader melting peaks displaced at higher temperatures than analog systems with the precise placement. Precision and random ethylene-vinyl halides are excellent models to substantiate as a general behavior the strong melt-memory observed in random ethylene 1-alkene copolymers, which contrasts with a much weaker or lack of melt-memory seen in linear polyethylene. While precision polyethylenes with Br, Cl, or F placed on each 21st or 15th backbone carbon show negligible deviation in crystallization rate above the observed melting, the increase in crystallization rate of analogs with the random distribution is observed even from melts 60° above the observed melting point. These data give further evidence of the sharp difference of melt-memory behavior between homopolymers and random copolymers, regardless of whether the co-unit participates in the crystalline regions. Differences in melt-annealing behavior, and a recrystallization of precision polyethylenes that depends on the polymorph that melts prior a subsequent cooling, are also highlighted.
The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Adolescents with ADHD

Adolescents with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience significant impairment in functioning. There are multiple clinic-based interventions that address these impairments (e.g., behavioral parent training). However, clinic-based interventions are often associated with barriers to care (e.g., transportation and financial resources), which can limit access based upon social determinants of health (e.g., parental income). School-based interventions have been developed to address the impairments adolescents with ADHD experience, with the goal of also improving access to care and limiting the impact social determinants of health. Despite this, to date, there has been almost no research evaluating the role of social determinants of health on the efficacy of school-based ADHD interventions. In a sample of 222 adolescents with ADHD randomly assigned to receive two different interventions, the present study evaluates the impact of income, maternal education, single-parent status, and race, on intervention efficacy. Single-parent status had the greatest impact on intervention efficacy, resulting in diminished improvements for two of the three outcomes. There was also a significant moderation effect for income, but only for parent-rated homework performance. In addition, main effects were found for single-parent status and race that represent disparities present at baseline that remained post-intervention. Overall, this study suggests that although school-based models of service delivery have the potential to significantly improve access to care, social determinants of health, and single-parent status, in particular, still need to be considered and addressed.
Heat strain in chemical protective ensembles: Effects of fabric thermal properties

Abstract An ongoing challenge in material science has been to reduce heat strain experienced by individuals wearing chemical protective ensembles. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between the thermal properties of eight chemical protective fabrics and heat strain in ten chemical protective ensembles constructed with those fabrics. The fabric samples were tested on a sweating guarded hot plate to measure fabric thermal and evaporative resistance. The ensembles were then tested on thermal manikins to measure ensemble thermal and evaporative resistance. An empirical thermoregulatory model, the Heat Strain Decision Aid (HSDA), was used to predict thermal responses of core temperature and endurance times. Model inputs included ensemble thermal and evaporative resistances, four environmental conditions and a metabolic rate of 400 W. The fabric intrinsic thermal and evaporative resistances ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 m2 °C·W−1 and from 5.9 to 12.82 m2 Pa·W−1, respectively. Ensemble intrinsic thermal and evaporative resistances ranged from 0.23 to 0.31 m2 °C·W−1 and 51.7–67.8 m2 Pa·W−1, respectively. Predicted endurance times varied from 170 to 300 min at 20 °C/50% RH/2 m s−1 and 26 °C/55% RH/9 m s−1 conditions, and varied from 91 to 98 min at 30 °C/75% RH/2 m s−1 and 40 °C/20% RH/2 m s−1 conditions. Improved fabric thermal properties reduced heat strain and extended endurance times, but the magnitude of the extended times is dependent on the environmental conditions. Consequently, the benefits of improved fabric thermal properties may only be observed under certain environmental conditions.
5 – Fluid classification

Publisher Summary Fluid classification is a process for separating dispersed materials based on the movement of the suspended particles to different points under the effect of different forces. The other important forces are the drag forces due to the relative flow between the particles and the flow media, and the inertia forces due to accelerated particle movement. In an ideal system, the cut size is well defined and there are no coarse particles in the fine fraction and vice versa. The chapter provides a detailed description of elutriators such as water elutriators and air elutriators. A wide range of equipment is available, ranging in capacity from many tons per hour with the larger units to a few grams per hour with laboratory machines. Sub-micron particle sizing is divided into two categories: nonfractionation and fractionation methods. The most commonly employed non-fractionation method is radiation scattering and absorption, which includes light and ultrasonic attenuation, quasi-elastic light scattering and diffraction. Flow chromatographic methods offer the advantage of both separation and size analysis of fine particles and macromolecules.
Analysis of instructor comments on student performance on selected assessment activities in a patient/client management course

Abstract Background Studies have shown that specific instructor feedback on student performance enhances student learning. Supervised practice opportunities such as pro-bono clinics during didactic portions of the curriculum allow faculty supervisors to provide specific comments on skill, decision-making, communication, efficiency, safety of practice and clinical reasoning. Use of learning management systems can facilitate the feedback process by providing simple and easy accessible repository of information for both students and faculty supervisors. Objective The purpose of the study is to organize and analyze the faculty comments on selected assessment activities to generate trends that can additionally inform the faculty on student performance. Method Pairs of students provided pro-bono physical therapy sessions for six weeks as part of a patient/client management class in neurological physical therapy. Faculty supervisor provided comments on students’ performance contemporaneously using a predetermined grading rubric for each pro-bono session using the Learning Management System (LMS) of the course. The comments were coded and reviewed to generate trends related to student performance. Results There were a total of 18 pairs of students who performed 108 physical therapy sessions on 18 volunteer participants over a six-week period. There were 830 comments from the six faculty supervisors, averaging 38 comments per supervisor and eight comments per student pair. There was an equal number of comments on areas of strength as there were on areas of improvement. The number of comments decreased as the sessions progressed. Over a third of the students received a comment that required improvement on safety during session 1. In terms of clinical reasoning strategy, majority of comments were about procedural reasoning. Conclusion Review of faculty supervisor comments appear to add value to the overall course assessment and student learning. Having the faculty provide more written comments will further deepen the value of the feedback provided to the students. There is a need to provide more comments that guide the students to self-assess their performance, rather than providing a direct comment. Continued close monitoring and feedback by the faculty supervisors may have resulted in better student performance as reflected in the decline of the number of comments related to needed improvement in performance as the sessions progressed. Faculty also needed to provide more comments related to interactive, collaborative and ethical reasoning.
Missing the Near Miss: Recognizing Valuable Learning Opportunities in Radiation Oncology.

Abstract Purpose "Near miss" events are valuable low-cost learning opportunities in radiation oncology as they do not result in patient harm and are more pervasive than adverse events that do. Near misses vary depending on the presence of a latent error of behavior or process, and the presence of an enabling condition predisposing the patient to harm. These nuanced distinctions across near miss types can elicit different cognitive biases affecting the recognition of near misses as learning opportunities. We define near miss types in radiation oncology and explore the differential perceptions among radiation oncology staff. Methods and Materials Six event types were defined based on attributes of latent error and enabling conditions: "hit," "potential hit," "almost happened," "fortuitous catch," "could have happened," and "process-based catch." These events were illustrated with an example of a patient receiving pacemaker cardiac clearance before radiation treatment. A survey assessing (1) success versus failure of an event and (2) willingness to report the event was administered to a radiation oncology department using the pacemaker example. Mean scores for each near miss type were compared. Results Ninety-five staff members (74%) completed the survey. Perceived success scores and willing-to-report scores significantly differed by near miss type (P = .042 for success ratings; P Conclusions Cognitive biases appear to influence whether and how near miss types are recognized as report-worthy. Education of near miss types and engaging staff for quality improvement may improve recognition.
Corporate Capital Raising During the COVID Crisis

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic that led to a record slowdown in economic activity, financial capital raising by U.S. public companies surged to record levels. Using company-level data through the second quarter of 2020, we show that capital raising has been particularly strong among firms most affected by the pandemic, confirming that much of the new issuance reflects demand for capital to replace cash flows lost to the economic disruption from the pandemic. Although debt overhang, information asymmetries, or other frictions have the potential to limit the supply of such liquidity, we find no evidence that firms traditionally viewed as financially constrained have raised less capital than other firms. During the first half of 2020, the full range of public companies –from the smallest, youngest, and riskiest to the largest, oldest, and safest– have been able to raise financing at similar levels, suggesting no constraints on the supply of capital during the pandemic. While companies issue record amounts of bonds during this period, it is equity, at the margin, that finances the negative shocks to cash flow and large cash infusions into the smaller and riskier companies in the sample.
Generics in society

This article examines two interrelated issues: (i) how considering generics within their social contexts of use contributes to theories of generics, and (ii) how contemporary work on generics provides promising directions for the study of language as an aspect of social life. Examining the function of generics in meaningful interactions stands in contrast to standard treatments, which consider generics as isolated, context-free propositions. Additionally, recent psychological approaches suggest new questions that can enrich sociolinguistic and linguistic anthropological research. These include, for example, when and why generics serve not just negative functions (such as stereotyping) but also positive functions (such as meaning-making), how generics gain their power from what is unstated as opposed to stated, and how generic language distorts academic writing. Ultimately, the study of language in society has the potential to enrich the study of generics beyond what has been learned from their study in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology. (Generics, concepts, categories, stereotyping, induction)*
Ratings of dimensional traits in clinical practice: Comparing therapist and client perspectives.

Research has repeatedly evidenced the structural validity of the five-factor model (FFM), but questions remain about the use of its dimensions in clinical practice. Samuel and colleagues (2018) found therapists reported their clients had lower levels of personality pathology compared with clients' own self-reports when using the unipolar Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) scale. The present study utilized the same sample of 54 client-therapist dyads to examine their use of the bipolar FFM Rating Form. When comparing the clinical ratings to expertly rated healthy profile ratings, clients rated themselves as more aligned with healthy than their therapists rated them. Alternatively, clients were up to 3.6 times more likely to use the extreme (i.e., theoretically pathological) ratings of the FFM Rating Form compared with their therapists. These results suggest that therapists and clients use these measures quite differently, and we cannot firmly conclude which source reports more pathology. Theoretical explanations, limitations, and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
When Only Death Remains Certain: Optimal Tax Mix with Tax Non-Compliance

Although developing countries face high levels of income inequality, they rely more on consumption taxes, which tend to be linear and are less effective for redistribution than a non-linear income tax. One explanation for this pattern is that the consumption taxes are generally more enforceable in these economies. This paper studies the optimal combination of a linear consumption tax, with a non-linear income tax, for redistributive purposes. In our model, households might not comply with the income tax code by reporting income levels that differ from their true income. However, the consumption tax is fully enforceable. We derive a formula for the optimal income tax schedule as a function of the consumption tax rate, the recoverable elasticities, and the moments of the taxable income distribution. Our equation differs from those of Mirrlees (1971) and Saez (2001) because households respond to income tax not only through labor supply but also through mis-reporting their incomes. We then characterize the optimal mix between a linear consumption tax rate and a non-linear income tax schedule. Finally, we find that the optimal consumption tax rate is non-increasing in the redistributive motives of the social planner.
Steering and braking control of tractor-semitrailer vehicles in automated highway systems

Linear quadratic optimal control with and without frequency shaping is utilized to design a steering controller for tractor-semitrailer vehicles in automated highway systems (AHS). To enhance driving safety, the authors propose to use independent braking forces in the trailer as another control input. The combined steering and braking controller is designed by utilizing input/output linearization and backstepping design techniques.
Product assurance of PATRIOT air defense system

PATRIOT is a highly sophisticated air-defense guided-missile system designed to be effective against aircraft representing the field army defense threat of the 1980s and 1990s. An overview is given of this comprehensive system which satisfies reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) analysis requirements and which now functions to monitor system performance and support related product assurance efforts. A user-friendly computer prompting system is available to local and remote authorized users to access product assurance data specific to their needs. These data serve to monitor system performance with respect to requirements, highlight problem situations, identify items which require improvement, and provide feedback to both the military users and the various manufacturer's groups concerned with the PATRIOT system and associated with its design, production, and support. >
SEC Enforcement Actions for Financial Fraud and Private Litigation: An Empirical Inquiry

This paper examines the overlap between SEC securities enforcement actions and private securities fraud class actions. We begin with an overview of data concerning all SEC enforcement actions from 1997 to 2002. We find that the volume of SEC enforcement proceedings is relatively modest. We next examine the scope of the recently enacted "Fair Fund" provision that authorizes the SEC to designate civil penalties it recovers from defendants to benefit defrauded private investors. We conclude that this provision offers only limited potential relief for private investors. We complete this part of the paper with an analysis of the serious resource limitations faced by the SEC. The second portion of the paper contains an empirical analysis of the determinants of SEC enforcement actions and the overlap of private fraud suits and SEC enforcement proceedings. In bi-variate analysis, we find that: private suits with parallel SEC actions settle for significantly more than private suits without such proceedings; SEC enforcement actions target significantly smaller companies than private actions alone; private cases with parallel SEC actions take substantially less time to settle than other private cases; and private cases with parallel SEC actions have significantly longer class periods than other private actions. Finally, we create a model for estimating damages to compare settlement ratios in cases with parallel SEC actions to those in private actions. We find that one-fourth of all the private class action settlements occurring in suits that yield less than 10% of provable losses are settled for less than .02 percent of provable losses, but that there are no private actions with parallel SEC suits with such small settlements. In the final part of the paper, we conduct a multivariate regression analysis of the determinants of when SEC enforcement actions are filed. We find that the most highly significant determinant of SEC actions is financial distress. Estimated losses do not appear to be a statistically significant factor in the SEC's decision to file these suits.
Disability Studies and the British Long Eighteenth Century

Disability studies approaches the British eighteenth century as a period in transition, with the conception of disability as spiritual sign of wonder or warning giving way to an understanding of it as pathology and abnormality. Period-appropriate terms for disability are ‘deformity,’‘defect,’ and ‘monster,’ which were used for exotic bodily configurations and gender and racial differences: women and non-Europeans were perceived as defective. John Milton, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, Elizabeth Inchbald, and William Hay have generated interest on account of their disabilities, while Aphra Behn, Eliza Haywood, Mary Wortley Montagu, Sarah Scott, Sarah Fielding, Henry Fielding, John Cleland, Francis Burney, and William Godwin have received attention for disability thematics. Topics of concern include disability and old age, physiognomy in characterization, joke book humor and sensibility, ugliness as aesthetic category, defect in tropes of national identity, deafness and sign language, intellectual disability and Lockean epistemology, the exotic deformed, disfigurement from smallpox as well as political rhetoric associated with the disease, and femininity as monstrosity.
Influence of HLA Types on Carbohydrate Effects of a Low-Estrogen Oral Contraceptive *

The lymphocyte HLA types were determined for 13 women, who were then separated into a subgroup of those having a "high" risk for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (B8, B15, AW30) and a "low-risk" subgroup (B7, BW35). A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted on each woman before starting on oral contraceptives (OC) and then 6 months after using them. Both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. The OC contained 0.035mg of ethinylestradiol and 0.4mg of norethindrone. There was a significantly higher 0.5-hour glucose value in the control test in the "high-risk" group. There was a significant elevation of the 1-hour plasma insulin value in the 6-month test for the "high-risk" group. The usefulness of the HLA prescreening of women prior to use of OC needs more study.
Rickettsial diseases of animals transmissible to children.

BECAUSE rickettsial infections occur sporadically, pediatricians may not be as thoroughly familiar with them as they are with common diseases of children that are characterized by rash. Hence, the rickettsias are infrequently considered in the etiology of febrile exanthemas or fevers of undertermined origin. Rickettsial diseases of primary interest in this country are Rocky Mountain spotted fever, murine typhus, rickcttsialpox and Q fever. The agents causing these diseases exist as latent infections in arthropods and animals, and they are transmitted accidentally to man through well-defined channels of spread. An awareness of the epizootiology of rickettsial diseases in nature and of the means by which these agents are transmitted to man is helpful in establishing a diagnosis of a rickettsial disease. Therefore, salient features of the natural cycles of infection which may suggest a clinical diagnosis will be stressed, and characteristics of these diseases in children will be reviewed briefly. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is usually contracted during the spring or summer through the bite of an infected tick although infection also may be acquired by dermal contact with tissues of a crushed or improperly removed tick. The wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, the dog tick, D. variabilis, and the lone-star tick, Amblyomma americanum, which are found, respectively, in the western, eastern, and southern United States are responsible for transmitting the organism to man. Natural infection with Rickettsia rickettsii in these species is maintained by transovarial passage of the agent and by the feeding of immature stages on infected small mammals. Environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, food supply of small mammals, and prevalence of predators indirectly affect the abundance of ticks.
Improving the quality of written information available at weekends in a paediatric hospital: the TRANSMIT sheet

The clinical outcomes at weekends are worse than during the week in a hospital setting. There are many potential factors which influence this. High quality communication between the weekday teams and the on call weekend staff could help improve clinical outcomes at weekends, but there are no validated forms of communication that have been established in a paediatric hospital setting. The casenotes of all medical patients (n=119) were prospectively evaluated across all medical wards in a large paediatric hospital over three weekends, to establish the quality of information available to on call teams. Following introduction of structured documentation, known as a TRANSMIT (including Tasks, Respiratory, Anticipated problems, Nutrition, Sepsis, Medication, Intravenous access, Transfer/discharge) sheet, the audit was repeated (n=111). A qualitative survey of junior doctors using TRANSMIT was carried out after introduction. Prior to the introduction of the structured documentation (TRANSMIT sheet) an accurate problem list was present in 56% (67/119), and an adequate written management plan in 63% (75/119). Following introduction, an improvement in the notes was seen, with accurate problem lists in 82% (91/111) and an adequate plan in 76% (84/111). Improvements in the quantity and quality of information available to weekend on call medical staff were noted. The use of a structured documentation (TRANSMIT sheet) can improve the quality of written information available to on-call teams in a paediatric hospital setting. A retrospective qualitative assessment of junior doctors using TRANSMIT sheets showed an improvement in both the quantity and quality of information available to on call staff at weekends.
Resonant waveguide device with vertical gratings

Transmission resonant filters in a waveguide with vertical gratings have been realized in silicon on insulator wafers. Experimental studies of fabricated devices show a broad stopband of approximately 19 nm in the center of which exists a narrow transmission band of approximately 0.5 nm with a quality factor of approximately 3000. These resonant cavities are useful for laser cavities, switches, modulators, detectors, and tunable filters.
On the mass transport properties of the GeSe-GeI4 system under normal and reduced gravity conditions

Previous work on the mass transport rate of the GeSe-GeI4 system has been reevaluated using the mass spectrometric results of Buchan and Rosenberger (1987), and considering the presence of GeSe(s) and GeSe2(s) phases in the source material. The present transport rate study confirms the previously derived dominance of the sublimation of GeSe at lower pressures of GeI4, and of chemical vapor transport at higher pressures of GeI4. It is noted that experimentally observed flux anomalies are model-independent.
Detailed characterization and profiles of crankcase and diesel particulate matter exhaust emissions using speciated organics.

A monitoring campaign was conducted in August−September 2005 to compare different experimental approaches quantifying school bus self-pollution. As part of this monitoring campaign, a detailed char...
CULTIVATION OF SPIROCHÆTA GALLINARUM

1. Spirochœta gallinarum can be cultivated in suitable artificial media for many successive generations and probably for indefinite periods. The presence of fresh tissue and a certain amount of oxygen seems to be essential for its growth. No perceptible odor is produced in the cultures. 2. The maximum growth of Spirochœta gallinarum is reached on about the fifth day, but the phase of degeneration commences slowly and gradually, so that in this respect the gallinarum differs from the duttoni, kochi, obermeieri, or novyi, whose cultures are characterized by sudden onset of degeneration soon after the maximum growth is attained. 3. No rod formation resembling bacilli arises in the course of multiplication of Spirochœta gallinarum in cultures. Many round or oval bodies appear in old cultures, but no infection of animals or formation of spiral forms from these granules has been produced. The granules are probably the degeneration products derived from the periblast of the spirochœtœ. 4. Cultures of Spirochœta gallinarum, either old or young, do not contain a form which passes through a Berkefeld filter (V) that infects chickens or grows into spirochaetae. 5. Spirochœta gallinarum remains virulent for chickens after being in cultures for at least thirteen generations, but it may become avirulent under certain cultural conditions. The inoculation of chickens with the attenuated culture renders the birds refractory to the subsequent infection with a virulent strain. 6. When the spirochaetae are cultivated in the media containing rabbit kidney instead of chicken muscle, the individual specimens are somewhat thicker, but otherwise typical. 7. Spirochœta gallinarum multiplies in culture by transverse division. No positive evidence of a longitudinal division has been obtained.
Influence functions of empirical nonparametric estimators of net reinsurance premiums

Abstract In this paper we illustrate the usefulness of influence functions for studying robustness properties of empirical nonparametric estimators of net premiums of various reinsurance treaties. (Proportional, stop-loss, excess-of-loss, largest claims, and excedent du cout moyen relatif ( ecomor ) type reinsurance treaties are considered.) We use the gross error sensitivity (GES) and the upper breakdown point (UBP) as robustness criteria. It is found that empirical nonparametric estimators are not robust with respect to GES and UBP. Alternative methods of estimation are suggested.
Arteriogenesis: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials

Arteriogenesis is a naturally occurring process leading to formation of the true bypass collaterals capable of providing normal blood flow to the distal vascular bed. Promoting the development of such conductance blood vessels appears to be the most attractive therapeutic strategy in occlusive atherosclerotic disease. Although our understanding of molecular events regulating the blood vessel formation in adult organs is far from complete, there is a body of knowledge that allowed for planning and conduction of the early phase I and II clinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis. Substantial human safety data, as well as important considerations of the growth factor formulation, delivery and duration of action have emerged from these trials. The current review focuses on lessons learned from double-blind, randomized Phase II trials of arteriogenesis.
A Technique for On-Line Steady-State Optimizing Control

A technique for on-line steady-state optimizing control is developed for systems subject to disturbance inputs. The parameters of the control algorithm are updated so as to maximize the expected system performance, based on a prediction of the frequency distribution of the disturbance inputs over the next time interval of operation. The statistical parameters of the distribution are assumed to be slowly time-varying and the adaptation procedure includes their updating, based on past observations of the disturbance variables. Some of the advantages and limitations of the technique are demonstrated by application to the control of a simulated stirred-tank reactor.
Reactivity of perfluoro-n-alkyl radicals a Hammett study of hydrogen transfer from arene thiols

Abstract A Hammett study of hydrogen atom abstraction by the perfluoro-n-heptyl radical is presented. Excellent correlation of the rates with σ+, with a ϱ+ value of −0.56, provides important corroboration of the substantial influence of transition state polar effects on this unexpectedly slow process.
Effective Mentoring: A Case for Training Mentors for Novice Teachers

Abstract Training mentors for new teachers will increase the quality of the mentors and will encourage veteran teachers to undertake the task of mentoring their colleagues.
Fetal erythroid cell development, density gradients and size distributions.

Electronic size distributions of erythroid cells from fetal C57BL-6J mice during the eleventh through twentieth days of gestation indicate that the erythropoietic cell populations are constantly changing. The mean volume of the liver derived non-nucleated erythroid population decreases from four times the mean adult erythrocyte volume on the thirteenth gestation day to twice the adult erythrocyte volume at birth. The mean volume of the nucleated erythroid cell is about ten times the mean adult erythrocyte volume. The gestation age of an embryo can be determined from blood cell size distributions. The mode of the non-nucleated population and the percentage of each population indicates the gestation age. Size distribution of cells in density gradient fractions apparently indicate two size populations of non-nucleated cells between the thirteenth and fifteenth days. The density of the non-nucleated cells increases during gestation. It is suggested that the decrease in size and increase in density of non-nucleated cells is due to the release of successively smaller reticulocytes from the liver.
Plasma free homovanillic acid (HVA) as a predictor of clinical response in acute psychosis

The relationship of plasma free homovanillic acid (HVA) and methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) to early clinical response was prospectively studied in a new series of acutely psychotic inpatients given a fixed dose of perphenazine elixir for 10 days. Elevated pretreatment plasma HVA but not MHPG was significantly associated with good response. Change in HVA was correlated with a favorable response and a significant decline in MHPG was found in responders. Results suggest that HVA can provide a useful clinical predictor of response, and that both dopamine metabolism and noradrenergic functioning, as measured by plasma HVA and MHPG, are reduced in effective neuroleptic treatment.
Role Of Diagnostic Testing In Identifying And Resolving Dimensional Stability Problems In Electroplated Laser Mirrors

New technology in directed energy systems introduces requirements for optical mirrors that are uniquely met by electroplated metals. Thermal conductivity, optical efficiency, and economy make electroplated metals the first choice in many mirror applications. However, control of electroplating process variables becomes more important as surface finish and optical figure specifications become more stringent. The morphology and mechanical properties of electrodeposits are being recognized for their effect upon the overall optical quality of mirrors.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison by Elisa of serum anti-Candida albicans mannan IgG levels of a normal population and in diseased patients

Titers of serum IgG with specificity for C. albicans mannan were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a group of 640 normal persons. Substantial differences in titers were found when comparing individuals but not among groups divided by race, sex, or age. As a group, leukemics showed a pattern of IgG titers similar to that of the normal population. Sera from six patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis showed that IgG levels were markedly variable in this disease. Anti-mannan IgG was not detected in normal rabbit serum but was found in serum from infected animals. The results indicate the necessity of serial sampling if serological methods, such as ELISA, are to be useful in aiding the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.
Inhibition of chondrogenesis by normal mouse serum in cultured chick limb cells

Abstract Chick limb-bud mesoderm cells from embryonic stages 22–25 were cultured at high cell densities in media known to support chondrogenesis. Under these conditions the continuous presence of normal mouse serum, at a concentration of 10%, inhibits the ability of the cells to produce toluidine blue-stainable cartilage matrix materials. In contrast, mesodermal cells treated with comparable concentrations of other heterologous sera continue to differentiate much like the control cultures while growing in the presence of the test sera. The inhibitory effect of the serum was shown not to be the result of a general cytotoxic effect on protein synthesis or the inability of the cells to incorporate [ 3 H] d -glucosamine. There was a significant difference however, in the distribution of the incorporated glucosamine. Less label was associated with the cell layer of the treated series, while a greater amount of the incorporated material was found to be secreted into the medium when compared with the control cultures. Studies have shown also that the serum inhibitory response is dose dependent, while the factor(s) itself is non-dialysable, stable to heat and repeated freezing and is not a conventional serum lipoprotein. Following the addition of whole or delipidated mouse serum, a significant increase in lipid droplets appears in the cytoplasm of the cells. Biochemical analyses of mouse serum-treated cells indicate that there is a marked increase in their triglyceride content as compared to the control cells. While the nature of the serum inhibitory factor remains to be determined, the accumulation of triglyceride following mouse serum treatment suggests that this may play a role in modulating the expression of the chondrogenic phenotype.
Oscillations of membrane current and excitability driven by metabolic oscillations in heart cells

Periodic changes in membrane ionic current linked to intrinsic oscillations of energy metabolism were identified in guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Metabolic stress initiated cyclical activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium current and concomitant suppression of depolarization-evoked intracellular calcium transients. The oscillations in membrane current and excitation-contraction coupling were linked to oscillations in the oxidation state of pyridine nucleotides but were not driven by pacemaker currents or alterations in the concentration of cytosolic calcium. Interventions that altered the rate of glucose metabolism modulated the oscillations, suggesting that the rhythms originated at the level of glycolysis. The energy-driven oscillations in potassium currents produced cyclical changes in the cardiac action potential and thus may contribute to the genesis of arrhythmias during metabolic compromise.
Memory Consolidation and Contextual Interference Effects with Computer Games

Strtnr~my.-Some investigators of the contextual interference effect contend that there is a direct relation benveen the amount of practice and the contextual interference effect based on the prediction that the improvement in learning tasks in a random practice schedule, compared to a blocked practice schedule, increases in magnitude as the amount of practice during acquisition on the tasks increases. Research using computer games in contextual interference studies has yielded a large effect (f= .50) with a random practice schedule advantage during transfer. These investigations had a total of 36 and 72 acquisition trials, respectively. The present study tested this prediction by having 72 college students, who were randomly assigned to a blockecl or random practice schedule, practice 102 trials of three computer-ganie tasks across three days. After a 24-hr. interval, 6 retention and 5 transfer trials were performed. Dependent variables were time to complete an event in seconds and number of errors. No significant differences were foilnd for retention and transfer. These results are discussed in terms of how the amount of practice, task-related factors, and niemory consolidation mediate the contextual inrerference effect.
Wisdom, goodness and power: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the history of woman suffrage

In the first three volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her co-authors crafted a rhetorical history that not only celebrated Stanton's role in the suffrage movement, but also promoted her broader, more radical vision of complete gender equality. In the context of a movement divided over strategy, Stanton and her editors made the case not just for the vote, but for expanding the role of women in all realms of American social and political life. Documenting the contributions of women since the Revolution, the History advocated the full political and legal “sovereignty” of women by showing how their wisdom, goodness, and power had contributed to the nation's progress.
Error Codes for Arithmetic Operations

This paper classifies error correcting codes for arithmetic and provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for the various code classes. Particular attention is given to the arithmetic properties of the codes. It is shown that the Brown codes and the Henderson codes are examples of a general class of nonseparate, nonsystematic codes. Henderson's systematic code is shown to be the only systematic, nonseparate code. Finally, conditions are given for the existence of code classes for both radix complement and diminished radix complement coded arithmetic systems.
Optimum generation units dispatch for fuel consumption minimization

The United States Marine Corps (USMC) utilizes Forward Operating Bases (FOBs) which employ multiple generation units, primarily powered by JP-8 (similar to diesel fuel). It is often true that logistical support to deliver fuel is both expensive and dangerous. On the other hand, the generation units deployed by USMC range from 2 KW to over 200 KW, with very different input-output characteristics. In order to minimize fuel usage, a more sophisticated dispatch approach is needed. This paper applies the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions for optimality (in the sense of minimizing the fuel consumption) to develop an approach to economically dispatch generators. Simulation results based on the KKT method are compared with several existing dispatch methods, showing that our approach reduces the fuel usage compared to current standard methods.
Loss of Heterozygosity or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Mitotic Recombination

Since Knudson's (1993) so-called two-hit hypothesis has been shown to explain the origin of many different cancers with a dominant pattern of inheritance, the term “loss of heterozygosity” (“LOH”) has acquired new and increased significance with regard to malignancy. In this article, however, I discuss the implications of recent findings regarding the frequency, nature, and consequences of LOH in normal somatic cells in vivo. I also will propose a broad operational definition of LOH, since the term has been used inconsistently in the literature, mostly in connection with cancers, and often interchangeably with terms such as “allelic imbalance” and “reduction to homozygosity.”
Analysis of three-dimensional effects in oscillating cantilevers immersed in viscous fluids

Abstract In this paper, we numerically study the flow physics induced by the flexural vibration of a thin cantilever plate submerged in a viscous and otherwise quiescent fluid. The computational fluid dynamics simulations are based on a finite volume approximation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. We perform a detailed parametric study on relevant nondimensional parameters, including plate aspect ratio, oscillatory Reynolds number, and relative vibration amplitude, to investigate their effects on the hydrodynamic load experienced by the structure and its thrust production. Numerical results are validated with experimental data on underwater vibration of ionic polymer metal composites and used to ascertain the accuracy of theoretical findings from reduced order models available in the literature.
Self-reported Health and Personal Social Networks of Older People Living with HIV/AIDS in Lomé, Togo

Personal social networks and their association with the health of older people have been explored, but there are few studies that examined the relationship between the general health of older people living with HIV/AIDS (OPLWHA) and their personal social networks. This exploratory study investigates the characteristics of personal networks among OPLWHA and the relationship between the self-rated health and personal social networks of OPLWHA in Lome, Togo. Forty-nine OPLWHA were interviewed via an egocentric survey. We examined the composition and size of the networks of OPLWHA. Also, the correlation between networks and self-reported health was examined. Findings show that the OPLWHA had personal social networks that included three types of people: immediate kin, extended kin, and non-kin. Additionally, these networks varied by size. While the mean number of people in the smaller network (people from whom the OPLWHA can borrow an important sum of money) was less than one person (0.55), the mean number of people in the larger network was three (people with whom the OPLWHA enjoy socializing). Furthermore, only the network of people with whom OPLWHA enjoy socializing had a significant positive correlation on the self-rated health of OPLWHA. Consistent with prior research, we found that the mere existence of a network does not imply that the network has a positive correlation with the subject or that the network provides the social support needed to positively influence health. A study of the correlation between social network characteristics and health in the population of older people with HIV/AIDS is important as the number of OPLWHA continues to grow.