cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disulfide interchange reactions between cystamine and cystine peptides.

Abstract A method is presented for carrying out interchange reactions on a small scale between cystamine and low molecular weight cystine peptides. The products of the reaction were separated from unchanged peptides and from excess cystamine by high-voltage electrophoresis on paper. The opening of intrachain disulfide bonds required substantially higher concentrations of cystamine than did the reaction of interchain bonds. The interchange reaction can be used to separate cysteine peptides on an analytical or a preparative scale from other components of enzymic digests of proteins. A cys-gly bond in one interchange product was hydrolyzed by trypsin, but a cys-leu bond in another interchanged peptide was insensitive to trypsin.
Quishqui Puncu: A Preceramic Site in Highland Peru

The complete campsite industry from this early site includes crude chopping tools, microblades, and numerous scraper and projectile point types. A square-based variant of the Ayampitin point is distinctive of the earliest occupation, but the incidence and distribution of other types indicate that seasonal use persisted into agricultural and ceramic periods.
Representations and Classification of Traveling Wave Solutions to sinh-Gördon Equation

Two concepts named atom solution and combinatory solution are defined. The classification of all single traveling wave atom solutions to sinh-Gordon equation is obtained, and qualitative properties of solutions are discussed. In particular, we point out that some qualitative properties derived intuitively from dynamic system method are not true. Finally, we prove that our solutions to sinh-Gordon equation include all solutions obtained in the paper [Z.T. Fu, et al., Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 45 (2006) 55]. Through an example, we show how to give some new identities on Jacobian elliptic functions.
Animal models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury—Current status

The infrequent occurrence of idiosyncratic reactions and their dependence on individual sensitivity factors allow them to go undetected in current preclinical safety evaluation using conventional animal tests. Better predictive models for idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) would enable the preclinical elimination of drug candidates with idiosyncrasy liability and could provide evidence for a mode of action for these responses, suggest early biomarkers of IDILI, and lead to the development of mechanism-based, in vitro screens. Desirable characteristics of an animal model include the production of liver injury in a large fraction of animals of relatively inexpensive species/strains and the ability to distinguish drugs that cause IDILI in humans from ones that do not. The mechanistic basis for idiosyncratic reactions remains poorly understood. However, attempts at animal model development have been made based on several hypothesized modes of action of IDILI. These hypotheses have centered on drug disposition polymorphisms, adaptive immunity, mitochondrial dysfunction, failure to adapt to modest injury, inflammatory stress, and multiple determinants, and the success in achieving animal models of liver injury for each of these is discussed. Despite numerous challenges associated with animal models of IDILI, some models have emerged and are proving useful in exploring potential mechanisms. Current animal models are not perfect, but they hold promise for increasing the prediction and understanding of human idiosyncratic drug reactions.
Hypomyelination and recovery of the myelin deficit in heterozygous jimpy mice.

Abstract The myelin content of the anterior commissure in female carriers of the jimpy gene (X + X jp ) and in normal male mice (X + Y) was determined using morphometric methods. Young jimpy heterozygotes (X + X jp ), 42–43 days old, exhibit a 33% reduction in myelin area fraction in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure. At older ages (⩾ 145 days), the myelin area fraction in the heterozygotes is not different from control values in the anterior limb and the posterior limb of the anterior commissure. In comparing the young and old jimpy heterozygotes, a significant increase occurs in the myelin area fraction after 43 days of age. The increase in the myelin area fraction in the anterior limb of the heterozygote may occur in response to the myelin deficit caused by the jimpy mutation and may involve the formation of new myelin. A further study of cellular interactions in the central nervous system of the jimpy heterozygote may provide new insight into mechanisms of myelin formation and remyelination.
Respiratory Mechanical Unloading Decreases Thoraco-Abdominal Asynchrony and Chest Wall Distortion In Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants. † 1552

Respiratory Mechanical Unloading Decreases Thoraco-Abdominal Asynchrony and Chest Wall Distortion In Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants. † 1552
Evidence of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Myristicin and Nutmeg

SummaryNutmeg and its active component, myristicin, show evidence of central monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition by their ability to lower the convulsive dose of intravenous tryptamine in mice and to increase rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations. They also show some ability to antagonize reserpine-induced ptosis of the eyelids. Myristicin is chemically unique as a nitrogen-free MAO inhibitor. Although its potency in this respect is not comparable to some of the more potent inhibitors such as tranylcypromine and iproniazid, it seems quite adequate when compared to its low toxicity. Other volatile components of nutmeg such as borneol, geraniol and safrole, do not show tryptamine potentiation, although some appear to cause C.N.S. stimulation in high doses. Further study is recommended for more direct evidence of nutmeg and myristicin as enzyme inhibitors and for their utility as anti-depressant drugs.
Biosystematics of euseius on California Citrus and avocado with the description of a new species (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract Euseius tularensis Congdon n. sp. is described, and E. hibisci (Chant) is redescribed. Crossing studies demonstrated that the two species are reproductively isolated. The range of E. hibisci in California is restricted to mostly coastal areas from Santa Barbara southward, and occurs most commonly on Persea americana Mill. (avocado). E. tularensis n. sp. occurs in more inland areas of southern California and throughout the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys in central and northern California, mainly on Citrus species.
Method of determination of the reticulocyte age distribution from flow cytometry count by a structured‐population model

Background: A flow cytometry count of reticulocytes (RET) provides information about distribution of signal emitted by reticulocyte RNA. A new method of determination of the RNA degradation rate in RET is provided. This technique allows one to determinate the age distribution of RET. Methods: The method is based on a series of flow cytometry counts of cultured RET. From those counts, the changes of signal distribution of RET over time are obtained. The RNA degradation rate of individual RET is then resolved based on changes in the signal distribution of the whole population of cells. The obtained relation between signal and age allows obtaining a RET age density that can be used to characterize RET age distribution and age dependence of processes that control the population dynamics. Results: The total maturation time of RET in rats is 3 days. The median time that a homeostatic RET spends in blood or before it becomes a mature RBC is about 0.6 days, whereas a stress RET needs 0.8 days. Conclusions: The proposed method provides means for studies in vivo RET dynamics using age-structured models. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Structural studies of immobilized ethylenediamine as a preconcentrating agent for molybdate and tungstate

Abstract The structure of the complex formed between molybdate and the diamine functional group of N-β-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropylsilane (Dow Corning 2-6020) immobilized on a silica substrate is determined and compared with the analogous complex precipitated from solution. Infrared spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy were applied to establish the nature of the complex. The precipitate formed with ethylenediamine contains a polymeric molybdate species, whereas the molybdate retained by the immobilized ethylenediamine group is monomeric. Trace levels of tungstate and molybdate can be extracted from aqueous concentrated sodium chloride solutions on a column packed with controlled-pore glass beads treated with Z-6020.
Interferon-inducible mechanism of dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 dissemination is dependent on Siglec-1/CD169.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) interactions with myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) can result in virus dissemination to CD4+ T cells via a trans infection pathway dependent on virion incorporation of the host cell derived glycosphingolipid (GSL), GM3. The mechanism of DC-mediated trans infection is extremely efficacious and can result in infection of multiple CD4+ T cells as these cells make exploratory contacts on the DC surface. While it has long been appreciated that activation of DCs with ligands that induce type I IFN signaling pathway dramatically enhances DC-mediated T cell trans infection, the mechanism by which this occurs has remained unclear until now. Here, we demonstrate that the type I IFN-inducible Siglec-1, CD169, is the DC receptor that captures HIV in a GM3-dependent manner. Selective downregulation of CD169 expression, neutralizing CD169 function, or depletion of GSLs from virions, abrogated DC-mediated HIV-1 capture and trans infection, while exogenous expression of CD169 in receptor-naive cells rescued GSL-dependent capture and trans infection. HIV-1 particles co-localized with CD169 on DC surface immediately following capture and subsequently within non-lysosomal compartments that redistributed to the DC – T cell infectious synapses upon initiation of T cell contact. Together, these findings describe a novel mechanism of pathogen parasitization of host encoded cellular recognition machinery (GM3 – CD169 interaction) for DC-dependent HIV dissemination.
Application of isozyme data to the management of the United States national Brassica oleracea L. genetic resources collection

Management of a genetic resources collection is more effective if a curator can accurately identify genotypes and accessions as well as assess intraspecific genetic relationships and the genetic structure of species. Consequently, a study was conducted to determine whether data from starch gel electrophoresis of a specific set of isozymes from plants of Brassica oleracea (cole crops) would be useful in answering four questions the answers to which are essential for effective curatorial activities: Can individual plants be identified? Can specific accessions be identified? What are the genetic relationships among botanical varieties within B. oleracea? What is the genetic structure of the species B. oleracea? Six loci from 4 enzyme systems (LAP, PGD, PGI, and PGM) were analyzed. Individuals and accessions could not usefully be identified using these isozymes, but genetic relationships within and genetic structure of the species were easily determined, resulting in specific recommendations for improving collection management. As expected, highly selected commercial lines exhibited less diversity than average, and so may be of limited value when trying to maximize diversity with a minimum number of accessions. In contrast, landraces and weakly selected lines are more diverse than average, and thus are useful in maximizing per accession diversity. Not only was 93% of the genetic variability in B. oleracea found among accessions and a mere 7% among varieties, but also a cluster analysis showed that accessions of a single botanical variety are often more similar to those of a different variety than to each other. These results suggest that in order to create a genetic resources collection of B. oleracea that faithfully represents the diversity in the species, a curator should assemble a broad array of accessions originating from diverse agroecological niches, having different levels of improvement, and representing all botanical varieties.
Nonoscillation of all solutions of a higher order nonlinear delay dynamic equation on time scales

Abstract The authors give sufficient conditions for all solutions of a higher order nonlinear delay dynamic equation on time scales to be nonoscillatory. The results cover both the superlinear and sublinear cases and, in the differential equations case, resolve a question that has been open for 30 years. In order to prove their results, the authors first prove a new Bihari type inequality for functions on time scales.
Edge radiation in an electron storage ring

At wavelengths long compared to the critical wavelength, the radiation emitted from a bending magnet edge in an electron storage ring may be brighter than standard synchrotron radiation. This “edge radiation” has a farfield distribution which is nearly independent of wavelength for a range of wavelengths. The minimum wavelength of this range is determined by the distance required to deflect an electron through an angle of order 1/γ, where γ is the relativistic mass factor. The maximum wavelength of this range results from apertures and destructive interference between the edge radiation sources at the opposite ends of the straight section.
Utility-based information distillation over temporally sequenced documents

This paper examines a new approach to information distillation over temporally ordered documents, and proposes a novel evaluation scheme for such a framework. It combines the strengths of and extends beyond conventional adaptive filtering, novelty detection and non-redundant passage ranking with respect to long-lasting information needs ("tasks" with multiple queries). Our approach supports fine-grained user feedback via highlighting of arbitrary spans of text, and leverages such information for utility optimization in adaptive settings. For our experiments, we defined hypothetical tasks based on news events in the TDT4 corpus, with multiple queries per task. Answer keys (nuggets) were generated for each query and a semi-automatic procedure was used for acquiring rules that allow automatically matching nuggets against system responses. We also propose an extension of the NDCG metric for assessing the utility of ranked passages as a combination of relevance and novelty. Our results show encouraging utility enhancements using the new approach, compared to the baseline systems without incremental learning or the novelty detection components.
On the Dimensionality of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire

Using a sample of 104 employed business students attending evening courses at a state university, the dimensionality of a pay satisfaction questionnaire was examined. A principal components analysis with an oblique rotation was used to assess whether items hypothesized to load on a raise in pay component and a structure/administration component would actually load on those respective components. This analysis was also compared to one with an orthogonal rotation to assess the assumption of orthogonality between the hypothesized dimensions. The raise and structure/administration items all loaded on a single component along with pay level items, and, based upon hyperplane counts, the assumption of orthogonality between dimensions of satisfaction with pay is poor.
An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of reactions at the metal/coating interface

Abstract A segmented two electrode system has been used to obtain impedance spectra under a polymer coating. These spectra have been compared with those obtained across the coating between the short circuited steel electrodes and a counter electrode. A transmission line model has been used to obtain estimates for the delaminated volume and the polarization resistance of the steel surface as a function of exposure time to a NaCl solution.
Flow injection method for antimony(III) based on its enhancement of the molybdenum blue reaction

Abstract A simple flow-injection methodology is described for the determination of antimony using spectrophotometric detection. The method is based on the enhancing effect of antimony in the molybdenum blue reaction. Phosphate and heptamolybdate reagents are premixed and pumped as a reagent stream, into which the antimony sample is injected. This allows the formation of a mixed heteropoly complex, which is then rapidly reduced by ascorbic acid to form the intense blue complex, the absorbance of which is monitored at 660 nm. A continuous-flow procedure is used and 120 samples can be processed per hour. The measurement range is 0–100 mg l−1 antimony, with a detection limit of 0.5 mg l−1. The relative standard deviation is 0.65–2.1% in the range 20–5 mg l−1. Arsenic and silica cause interferences of −4% and +4.6%, respectively, when present at concentration equal to that of the antimony.
Developing an Additive Risk Model for Predicting Academic Index: School Factors and Academic Achievement

The impact of school factors on academic achievement has become an important focus for identifying, preventing, and intervening with youth at-risk for academic failure. This study was designed to develop and test a more comprehensive school factor risk index. Specifically, the relationship between cumulative grade point average (GPA) and an additive risk index (ARI) were tested and an analysis of the index is presented. School factors that been shown in previous research to impact academic achievement were tested. Those factors were included in the final risk index if they met the criteria of (1) having a correlation with GPA, (2) containing a difference in outcomes between the risk and non-risk groups, and (3) making a unique contribution to the overall index. The risk and protective factors included in the creation of the ARI were attendance, academic self-efficacy, academic expectations, grade retention, music instruction, and school behaviors. The interplay between risk and protective factors was shown to have a significant relationship with GPA.
Dinitrogen Bridged Gold Clusters

A family of dinitrogen complexes, [(LAu)6(N2)]2+ (L = a phosphine), with the dinitrogen unit bridging two clusters of three gold atoms have been prepared from hydrazine and [(LAu)3(O)]+. Structural characterization of the PPh2iPr (Ph, phenyl; iPr, isopropyl) derivative shows a nitrogen-nitrogen single-bond distance indicative of hydrazido (N24−) character for the dinitrogen unit. The complexes can be reduced and protonated to give low [13% when L = PPh2Me (Me, methyl)] to quantitative [100% when L = P(p-MeOC6H5)3] yields of ammonia, establishing that bonding of dinitrogen to six metal atoms can lead to facile cleavage of the nitrogen-nitrogen bond.
The proximity effect and its application to the concentration of heating currents in predetermined strips

This paper describes methods of concentrating heating currents used for any industrial operation, such as welding, in predetermined strips of conducting plates, pipes, or other shapes. The method is to so place the shapes in close proximity to each other, or to auxiliary conductors, and to so interconnect the shapes with sources of alternating, or oscillatory, current of moderately high frequency that the heating current concentrates largely in adjacent strips in close proximity, in which the current flows in opposite directions in the two adjacent strips. Briefly stated, the method is to use an enhanced ``proximity effect'' to control the distribution of heating currents in bodies. The paper contains curves which have been worked out to illustrate the control of the distribution of the heating current densities by means of the proximity effect.
Model based design of a microfluidic mixer driven by induced charge electroosmosis

Mixing chemical or biological samples with reagents for chemical analysis is one of the most time consuming operations on microfluidic platforms. This is primarily due to the low rate of diffusive transport in liquid systems. Additionally, much research has focused on detection, rather than sample preparation. In response, we describe a mixer for microfluidic sample preparation based on the electrokinetic phenomenon of induced-charge-electroosmosis (ICEO). ICEO creates microvortices within a fluidic channel by application of alternating current (AC) electric fields. The microvortices are driven by electrostatic forces acting on the ionic charge induced by the field near polarizable materials. By enabling mixing to be turned on or off within a channel of fixed volume, these electronically controlled mixers prevent sample dilution-a common problem with other strategies. A three-dimensional model based on the finite volume method was developed to calculate the electric field, fluid flow, and mass transport in a multi-species liquid. After preliminary experiments, the model was used to rapidly prototype a wide range of designs. A new microfabrication process was developed for devices with vertical sidewalls having conductive metal coatings and embedded electrodes. Mixing experiments were carried out in the devices and the results were compared to the model.
A Nickel-Gallium Superlattice (Ni 3 Ga)

THE nickel–gallium system has been investigated by Hellner1, who stated that the nickel solid solution extended to 28 atomic per cent gallium, while the lattice parameter increased to 3.591 A. at the solubility limit. However, in the course of a systematic investigation of nickel alloy lattice parameters, which will be published in due course elsewhere, we have found a Ni3Ga phase with the Cu3Au super-lattice structure. The nickel–gallium system is similar to the nickel–aluminium system2 in that the ordered phase has a relatively small homogeneous range, while on the nickel-rich side a wide heterogeneous range is found at low temperatures, producing a considerable difference of lattice parameter of the two co-existing cubic phases.
Effluent charges—A price on pollution

Abstract There has recently been a great deal of discussion in the economics literature relating to the concept of putting a price on pollution as a means of inducing control of environmental deterioration. In this note, we endeavor to acquaint the noneconomist reader with the theoretical advantages offered by an effluent charge strategy by reviewing some of the arguments presented so vigorously by economists for the adoption of a national tax policy. After a brief discussion of the general concept of an effluent charge, our analysis will focus on the question of efficient allocation of resources in an idealized, perfectly competitive economy with a subsequent generalization to imperfect markets. Finally, we will examine the least-cost to society attribute of an effluent charge scheme.
Computation of several cyclotomic Swan subgroups

Let Cl(OK[G]) denote the locally free class group, that is the group of stable isomorphism classes of locally free OK[G]-modules, where OK is the ring of algebraic integers in the number field K and G is a finite group. We show how to compute the Swan subgroup, T(OK[G]), of Cl(OK[G]) when K = Q(ζp), ζp a primitive p-th root of unity, G = C2, where p is an odd (rational) prime so that hp+ = 1 and 2 is inert in K/Q. We show that, under these hypotheses, this calculation reduces to computing a quotient ring of a polynomial ˚ we do the computations obtaining for several primes p a nontrivial divisor of Cl(Z[ζp]C2). These calculations give an alternative proof that the fields Q(ζp) for p=11, 13, 19, 29, 37, 53, 59, and 61 are not Hilbert-Speiser.
Zoning and the exercise of monopoly power: A reevaluation

Abstract One reason for excessive zoning restrictions is said to be the desire of existing residents to raise the value of their homes. This strategy will be more successful if their community controls a large fraction of the land in a metropolitan area. This study critically examines this “monopoly zoning” hypothesis in a property rights framework. A re-examination of current empirical evidence for monopoly zoning and an additional study cast some doubt on the existence of such motivations.
Mass spectrometry after capture and small-volume elution of analyte from a surface plasmon resonance biosensor.

The identification of binding partners of proteins by mass spectrometry following specific capture on a biosensor surface is a promising tool for proteomics research and the identification and characterization of protein−protein interactions. Previous approaches include the direct ionization of analyte from the biosensor chip on a matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOFMS) apparatus and the on-chip digestion followed by elution, chromatographic concentration of the fragments, and electrospray mass spectrometry. In the present paper, using the small-volume microfluidic sample manipulation technique with oscillatory flow reported recently (Abrantes et al. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 2828−2835), analyte is shown to be eluted from the sensor surface into a small volume of buffer that promotes dissociation from the capture surface and delivery to the mass spectrometer. Both the incubation of the sensor surface with the sample and the recovery of analyte can be achieved...
Mixing characteristics of urethane based materials and polyurea in RIM

To facilitate the study of new reaction injection molding (RIM) materials on a practical scale, a lab-scale mini-RIM machine was constructed. This machine is capable of delivering up to approximately 250 cc of material at rates of up to 125 cc/s. The RIM machine was first tested with conventional materials such as crosslinked and linear polyurethanes. The effect of varying the nozzle Reynolds number upon the adiabatic temperature rise corresponded to the results reported in previous works. Following this verification, two developmental materials, a polyurethane/polyester interpenetrating polymer network and a polyurea, were examined. The polyurea material showed a very strong dependency on mixing up to a Reynolds number above 400. The 75/25 PU/PEster reaction exotherms also showed a dependency upon mixing. However, this dependency is noticeable only in the polyester portion of the reaction, which can be attributed to the mixing sensitivity of the redox-type initiators used.
Does the severity of spontaneous genital tract trauma affect postpartum pelvic floor function

We describe the impact of genital trauma on pelvic floor function in a low-risk cohort of women after vaginal birth. Questionnaires (Present Pain Intensity Scale, Incontinence Impact Questionnaire, Fecal Incontinence Score, and Intimate Relationship Scale) were completed up to 12 weeks postpartum. Severity of trauma was recorded at delivery. Overall follow-up was 444/565 (79%). Major trauma (trauma that involved perineal muscles or required suturing) occurred in 20%; 20% delivered intact. At 12 weeks, 10% complained of perineal pain; 24% reported anal (AI) and 27% urinary incontinence (UI). Women with trauma were no more likely than those intact to complain of UI or AI, sexual inactivity, or perineal pain postpartum (all P = NS). Women with major trauma had weaker pelvic floor exercise strength than those who delivered intact or with minor trauma (odds ration 3.06, 95% confidence interval 1.41–6.63). Pelvic floor complaints postpartum were common but not associated with severity of genital trauma in a cohort of low-risk women.
Citalopram, QTc Prolongation, and Torsades de Pointes.

Objectives The aim of this systematic review is to identify case reports of citalopram use resulting in QTc prolongation, torsades de pointes, or both, in the medical literature. Methods A literature search was conducted of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases for case reports published in any language that reported the relationship between citalopram use and the development of QTc prolongation or torsades de pointes or both. In addition, bibliographic databases of published articles were searched for additional cases. Results A total of 18 case reports of citalopram use resulting in QTc prolongation were identified. Of these, 10 cases were also associated with the development of torsades de pointes. A total of 14 cases occurred in women and 4 in men. There were 7 cases involving an overdose with citalopram. Of the 18 cases, 12 occurred in individuals who were aged 60 years. In 8 of the 18 cases, the individuals were taking a dose between 20 and 60 mg of citalopram in a day. Hypertension was the most common comorbid medical condition, as seen in 5 of the cases. Conclusions QTc prolongation or torsades de pointes are infrequently reported adverse effects associated with citalopram use.
Autonomous Surface Vehicle Measurements of the Ocean’s Response to Tropical Cyclone Freda

AbstractOn 31 December 2012, an instrumented autonomous surface vehicle (ASV; Wave Glider) transiting across the Pacific from Hawaii to Australia as part of the Pacific Crossing (PacX) project came very close (46 km) to the center of a category 3 Tropical Cyclone (TC), Freda, experiencing winds of up to 37 and significant wave heights close to 10 m. The Wave Glider was instrumented for surface ocean–lower atmosphere (SOLA) measurements, including atmospheric pressure, surface winds and temperature, sea surface temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence (chlorophyll-a and turbidity), and surface-wave directional spectra. Such measurements in close proximity to a tropical cyclone are rare. This study presents novel observations of the ocean’s response in three quadrants of TC Freda, collected from the instrumented glider. Evolution of the wind, the directional wave field, the sea surface temperature, and the Stokes drift profile (calculated from the wave directional spectrum) as Freda passed near...
Freshwater Mussel (Unionidae: Bivalvia) Distributions and Densities in French Creek, Pennsylvania

The freshwater mussel (Unionidae: Bivalvia) communities of the French Creek watershed are nationally recognized for their importance to biodiversity. The goal of this research was to gather more information on the distribution and densi- ties of these species throughout the river. This study utilized two-phase sampling with timed searches to characterize mussel species richness in a large number of sites and to calculate catch-per-unit-effort values. The results of the timed search were used to select a subset of sites for quantitative mussel surveys to estimate density and abundance. Starting in New York, the main stem of French Creek was divided into 5.6-km lengths, and one site was randomly chosen within each of those lengths, favoring habitat (large riffl e/runs) for rare species and high species diversity. Snorkelers collected as many unionid individuals as possible, with a target search rate of 0.5 m 2 min -1 . Thirty-two main-stem sites were surveyed with timed searches. Mean species richness was 11.8 (SE = 0.94), and mean CPUE was 59.5 mussels per person-hour (SE = 9.32). Quantitative sampling was performed at ten sites using a double sampling design. Mean density estimates ranged from 0 to 27.98 m -2 . Abun- dance estimates range from 0 to 69,848 live mussels per site. For the main stem, we calculated regression models to estimate densities and abundances at qualitatively sampled sites based on the CPUE at quantitatively sampled sites. Extrapolation yields approximately 22 million mussels in the 2.04 million m 2 of large riffl e-run habitat in the main stem of French Creek.
Sex and Gender

Sex and Gender may seem to be a book, but actually it is the July 2004 issue of a quarterly hardback journal, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, that can be subscribed to for twice the cost of this issue. There are 37 varieties of Clinics of North America (theclinics.com), all of which are written for physicians. In each of the Clinics series, a Consulting Editor selects one or two Guest Editors who then select the Contributors. The articles are typically overviews. Authors have a license to write in their own style, which often is to have a large number of citations without discussing the limitations of what is cited. Twenty-two contributors produced the 15 papers in this volume. Sex and Gender resembles, therefore, an edited book. This Clinic targets child psychiatrists–clinicians, rather than researchers, who may be called upon to deal with a young person’s sexual issue. This may mean a neonate with ambiguous genitals, a pregnant 14-year-old, a gender nonconforming 6-year-old, a teenage exhibitionist, a transgendered 17-year-old with school refusal, a masculine 9-yearold girl who had unnamed but extensive surgery early in life, a compulsively masturbating 5-year-old, distressed parents of a lesbian teenager, a high school student with a serious sexual risk-taking pattern, a first year college student with herpes, a boy who can’t ejaculate, etc. The major emphasis in Sex and Gender is on children with discontinuities between their biological sex, their genital appearance, or their gender roles. It is relatively silent on late adolescent sexual dysfunction–female anorgasmia, premature ejaculation, hypoactive desire, aversion, etc. Eight of the papers deal, at least in part, with atypical forms of sexual
The correlation between self-reported and measured height, weight, and BMI in reproductive age women.

Abstract This prospective, cross-sectional study of 60 women compares self-reported height, weight, and BMI with measured values. Self-reported BMI (29.0 ± 8.37 kg/m2) was slightly lower than measured BMI (29.1 ± 8.38 kg/m2) (p = 0.4). Eighty percent of participants reported a BMI in the same category in which their BMI was measured. Pearson's correlation coefficient for height (0.96, p
Heterogeneous Leg Stiffness and Roll in Dynamic Running

Legged robots are by nature strongly non-linear, high-dimensional systems whose full complexity permits neither tractable mathematical analysis nor comprehensive numerical study. In consequence, a growing body of literature interrogates simplified "template" (Full and Koditschek, 1999; Ghigliazza et al., 2005) models - to date almost exclusively confined to sagittal- or horizontal-plane motion - with the aim of gaining insight into the design or control of the far messier reality. In this paper we introduce a simple bounding-in-place ("BIP") model as a candidate frontal plane template for straight-ahead level ground running and explore its use in formulating hypotheses about whether and why rolling motion is important in legged locomotion. Numerical study of left-right compliance asymmetry in the BIP model suggests that compliance ratios yielding lowest steady state roll suffer far longer disturbance recovery transients than those promoting greater steady state roll. We offer preliminary experimental data obtained from video motion capture data of the frontal plane disturbance recovery patterns of a RHex-like hexapod suggesting a correspondence to the conclusions of the numerical study.
MR imaging of rotator cuff tears: is there a diagnostic benefit of shoulder exercise prior to imaging.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if shoulder exercise prior to MR imaging accentuates findings related to rotator cuff tears. In 32 consecutive patients undergoing MR imaging to evaluate the rotator cuff, after routine MR examination, the joint was moved by active or passive exercise (circumduction, including abduction, if possible) in an attempt to redistribute any joint fluid. The exercise was performed according to pain tolerance and for no longer than 4 minutes. The coronal oblique fast spin-echo T2-weighted images of these patients performed before exercise were reviewed by consensus agreement of two musculoskeletal radiologists who were blinded to clinical information. The appearance of the rotator cuff tendons and the distribution of fluid in the glenohumeral joint were determined. The identical postexercise MR images then were placed alongside the corresponding preexerise MR images, and a direct comparison of findings was made with regard to any change in the appearance of the rotator cuff or joint fluid by consensus opinion of the same two radiologists. Five patients (five shoulders) could not perform exercise because of pain. In the remaining 27 patients (27 shoulders), changes in the location of joint fluid were seen when the preexercise and postexercise images were reviewed together, the diagnosis of partial rotator cuff tear n = 8 was changed to normal in two cases, and the diagnosis of partial tear was made with more confidence in one case. The diagnoses of normal rotator cuff n = 16 and complete rotator cuff tear n = 3 were unchanged. Eight patients had arthroscopy; in each of these, the preexercise and postexercise images showed similar results, and proved to be correct surgically (six normal, one partial rotator cuff tear, and one complete rotator cuff tear). Although postexercise MR images show changes in the distribution of joint fluid when compared to preexerice images, the diagnostic benefits of the postexercise images in the analysis of the rotator cuff appear to be limited.
Mutual Synchronization for Power Generation and Beam-Steering in CMOS With On-Chip Sense Antennas Near 200 GHz

In this paper, we introduce the concept of near-field synchronization as an efficient, scalable, and robust method to synchronize a 2-D array of mutually coupled oscillators for beam-forming at frequencies above $f_{\max}$ of a technology. The method employs an array of on-chip sense antennas to probe electromagnetic near-fields of the on-chip radiators. These sense antennas are then coupled to each other appropriately through a network that establishes the synchronized state as the lowest energy state. A circuit-electromagnetic co-design methodology is employed to demonstrate beam-steering near 200 GHz with a synchronized 2 $\,\times\,$ 2 array. Each element of the array is a traveling-wave oscillator with the nonlinear active devices selectively radiating its second harmonic through the same electromagnetic structure. The beam-pattern can be varied by more than 70 $^{\circ}$ in both azimuth and elevation. The chip is realized in 65-nm bulk CMOS.
Modulation of QT Interval During Autonomic Nervous System Blockade in Humans

Background— It is thought that the autonomic nervous system modulates QT interval, but traditional autonomic blockade combining propranolol and atropine has produced conflicting results. We used the alternative approach of interrupting neurotransmission at the level of autonomic ganglia to determine its effect on the QT interval. Methods and Results— We infused trimethaphan at increasing doses (0.5 to 10 mg/min IV) while monitoring heart rate, heart rate variability spectra, QT interval, and blood pressure in 10 normal volunteers, 9 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), and 8 patients with pure autonomic failure (PAF). The QT interval was corrected for heart rate using Bazett’s formula (QTc). Patients with PAF had very low heart rate variability and a prolonged QTc at baseline (465±8 ms) compared with patients with MSA (448±6 ms) and normal subjects (432±6 ms). In normal subjects, trimethaphan dose-dependently prolonged QTc (to 469±7 ms), decreased RR interval (995±45 to 670±35 ms), and abolished heart rate variability. In MSA patients, trimethaphan also prolonged QTc (to 463±7 ms) and reduced heart rate variability but did not significantly change RR interval (from 813±38 to 801±39). Conclusions— Autonomic blockade prolongs QT interval in normal subjects to a similar duration as in PAF patients. Furthermore, blocking residual autonomic tone in PAF patients is associated with a further increase in QT interval length. Patients with MSA have greater residual sympathetic tone and greater prolongation of the QT interval during ganglionic blockade than PAF patients. Received June 14, 2002; revision received August 8, 2002; accepted August 8, 2002.
Suzanne Mettler, Dividing Citizens: Gender and Federalism in New Deal Public Policy . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. ix + 272 pp. $19.95 paper.

With so many studies of the New Deal, it is difficult to imagine anyone saying something new about this critical period in American politics, yet Suzanne Mettler has managed to do so. Bringing the gender biases of social policy boldly into the foreground, Mettler retells the story of the formation and implementation of New Deal social policies from a fresh perspective. Surpassing prior studies that concentrate on the gendered notions of the policymakers (such as the assumption of a male breadwinner), Mettler reveals how ostensibly gender neutral debates concerning policy design produced gendered outcomes nevertheless. In particular, Mettler demonstrates that New Deal policies consigned citizens to the governance of either national or state authorities on the basis of gender and points out the fundamental significance of this split. Whereas white male wage earners benefited from the national administration of uniform social policies, most women and minority men were indirectly excluded from these national policies and left under the jurisdiction of parochial and illiberal state governments, thereby dividing citizens. Instead of treating women as independent and rights-bearing citizens, state-administered programs treated beneficiaries as needing “supervision and protection” through a variety of invasive regulations. Incorporating women into the polity at the level of state government, Mettler contends, produced a distinctly inferior form of citizenship. To demonstrate her argument, Mettler presents a rich historical description of the enactment and implementation of Old Age Insurance (OAI), Old Age Assistance (OAA), Unemployment Insurance (UI), Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FSLA).
Editorial—A plea for scholarly writing

Synopsis Scientific writing is a skill that needs to be developed through concentration and practice. By the final draft of a paper, each sentence should have been crafted to convey information clearly, succinctly, and accurately. The standard of writing in current scientific journals has reached an all-time low, in terms of both poor grammar and imprecise communication. This situation has been fueled on one hand by escalating costs of publication and an attempt to shorten papers and, on the other hand, by inadequate training in the structure of the English language.
The Testing of Theories: Calculation

When an hypothesis has successfully passed the stage of testing by experiment and is assumed to be to that extent verified, it is passed on to the next stage which involves further verification by mathematical formulation as a test for consistency. Little by little the scientists extract from nature some small pieces of knowledge about it and then endeavor to put the pieces together to form an intelligible picture of the whole. This is accomplished first by observation and experiment and then by the use of mathematics. Mathematical reasoning is a way of extending in the direction of formalization the work which the senses aided instruments have begun. At this second stage the hypothesis is called a theory. This means that as a formula the theory is proved if it can be deduced from other formulas already accepted or established. Generally speaking, a theory is an hypothesis for which there is demonstrable experimental evidence. Such evidence is interpreted as having furnished firm support, although never in sufficient amounts to warrant ending the investigation. A theory thus lies in strength somewhere between an hypothesis and a law.
Prognosis of Myocardial Damage in Sarcoidosis Patients With Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: Risk Stratification Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

Background— Cardiac sarcoidosis is associated with an increased risk of heart failure and sudden death, but its risk in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction is unknown. Using cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with extracardiac sarcoidosis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, we sought to (1) determine the prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis or associated myocardial damage, defined by the presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), (2) quantify their risk of death/ventricular tachycardia (VT), and (3) identify imaging-based covariates that predict who is at greatest risk of death/VT. Methods and Results— Parameters of left and right ventricular function and LGE burden were measured in 205 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction >50% and extracardiac sarcoidosis who underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance for LGE evaluation. The association between covariates and death/VT in the entire group and within the LGE+ group was determined using Cox proportional hazard models and time-dependent receiver–operator curves analysis. Forty-one of 205 patients (20%) had LGE; 12 of 205 (6%) died or had VT during follow-up; of these, 10 (83%) were in the LGE+ group. In the LGE+ group (1) the rate of death/VT per year was >20× higher than LGE− (4.9 versus 0.2%, P <0.01); (2) death/VT were associated with a greater burden of LGE (14±11 versus 5±5%, P <0.01) and right ventricular dysfunction (right ventricular EF 45±12 versus 53±28%, P =0.04). LGE burden was the best predictor of death/VT (area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve, 0.80); for every 1% increase of LGE burden, the hazard of death/VT increased by 8%. Conclusions— Sarcoidosis patients with LGE are at significant risk for death/VT, even with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Increased LGE burden and right ventricular dysfunction can identify LGE+ patients at highest risk of death/VT.
Full cell study of Diels Alder poly(phenylene) anion and cation exchange membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries

In this paper, we report on the performance of Diels Alder poly(phenylene) membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries. The membranes were functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups to form an anion exchange membrane (QDAPP) and with sulfonic acid groups to form a cation exchange membrane (SDAPP). Both membrane classes showed similar conductivities in the battery environment, suggesting that the ion conduction mechanism in the material is not strongly affected by the moieties along the polymer backbone. The resistance to vanadium permeation in QDAPP was not improved relative to SDAPP, further suggesting that the polarity of the functional groups do not play a significant role in the membrane materials tested. Both QDAPP and SDAPP outperformed Nafion membranes in cycling tests, with both achieving voltage efficiencies above 85% while maintaining 95% coulombic efficiency while at a current density of 200 mA/cm2.
Summative Mass Analysis of Algal Biomass - Integration of Analytical Procedures: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP)

This procedure guides the integration of laboratory analytical procedures to measure algal biomass constituents in an unambiguous manner and ultimately achieve mass balance closure for algal biomass samples. Many of these methods build on years of research in algal biomass analysis.
Cost effectiveness of stoma accessories

Gill Skipper, Stoma Care Sister, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn NHS Trust, looks at aspects to consider when prescribing stoma care accessories.
Energy-Efficient Operation of a Utility Plant via Predictive Model-Based Optimization Technology

Utility plants are widely used to meet cooling, heating, and, in many cases, electricity needs of large manufacturing plants and commercial facilities. Efforts to increase energy efficiency and reduce environmental footprint of these facilities have gained significant traction in recent years. In this paper, we present an optimization problem derived by employing accurate models for each process unit and simulation studies that underscore some key challenges in optimal operation of utility plants. We also demonstrate the value of a model-based approach to systematic optimization of the utility plant operation. We show that even for relatively simple systems the decision for optimal operation is nonintuitive.