cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of sex and early life social experiences at two developmental stages shape nonapeptide receptor profiles

Early life social experiences are critical to behavioral and cognitive development, and can have a tremendous influence on developing social phenotypes. Most work has focused on outcomes of experiences at a single stage of development (e.g. perinatal or post-weaning). Few studies have assessed the impact of social experience at multiple developmental stages and across sex. Oxytocin and vasopressin are profoundly important for modulating social behavior and these nonapeptide systems are highly sensitive to developmental social experience, particularly in brain areas important for social behavior. We investigated whether oxytocin receptor (OTR) and vasopressin receptor (V1aR) distributions of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) change as a function of parental composition within the natal nest or social composition after weaning. We raised pups either in the presence or absence of their fathers. At weaning, offspring were housed either individually or with a same-sex sibling. We also examined whether changes in receptor distributions are sexually dimorphic because the impact of the developmental environment on the nonapeptide system could be sex-dependent. We found that differences in nonapeptide receptor expression were region-specific, sex-specific and rearing condition-specific, indicating a high level of complexity in the ways that early life experiences shape the social brain. We found many more differences in V1aR density compared to OTR density, indicating that nonapeptide receptors demonstrate differential levels of neural plasticity and sensitivity to environmental and biological variables. Our data highlight that critical factors including biological sex and multiple experiences across the developmental continuum interact in complex ways to shape the social brain.
An evaluation of provider-chosen antibiotic indications as a targeted antimicrobial stewardship intervention.

Background Provider-entered indications for antibiotics have been recommended as a tracking tool for antibiotic stewardship programs. The accuracy and utility of these indications are unknown. Methods Drug-specific lists of evidence-based indications were integrated into an electronic health system as an ordering hard-stop. We reviewed antibiotic orders with provider-entered indications to determine whether the chosen indication matched the documentation and whether antibiotic use was appropriate. Results One hundred fifty-five antibiotic orders were reviewed. Clinical documentation supported the entered indication in 80% of vancomycin orders, 78% of cefepime orders, and 74% of fluoroquinolone orders. The clinical appropriateness for vancomycin, cefepime, and fluoroquinolones were 94%, 100%, and 68%, respectively. When providers chose indications from the list as opposed to choosing “other” and entering free text, antibiotic orders were significantly more likely to be appropriate (odds ratio, 5.8; P = .001) but also less likely to match clinical documentation (odds ratio, 0.25; P = .0043). Discussion Provider-chosen indications are, overall, an accurate reflection of the true reason for antibiotic use at our institution. Providers frequently documented reasons for fluoroquinolone use that were not among the provided indications. Conclusion Selecting an indication from an evidence-based list as opposed to free-text indications increases the odds that antibiotic agents will be used appropriately.
Programming Models for Concurrency and Real-Time

Modern real-time applications are increasingly large, complex and concurrent systems which must meet stringent performance and predictability requirements. Programming those systems require fundamental advances in programming languages and runtime systems. This talk presents our work on Flexotasks, a programming model for concurrent, real-time systems inspired by stream-processing and concurrent active objects. Some of the key innovations in Flexotasks are that it support both real-time garbage collection and region-based memory with an ownership type system for static safety. Communication between tasks is performed by channels with a linear type discipline to avoid copying messages, and by a non-blocking transactional memory facility. We have evaluated our model empirically within two distinct implementations, one based on Purdue’s Ovm research virtual machine framework and the other on Websphere, IBM’s production real-time virtual machine. We have written a number of small programs, as well as a 30 KLOC avionics collision detector application. We show that Flexotasks are capable of executing periodic threads at 10 KHz with a standard deviation of 1.2us and have performance competitive with hand coded C programs.
WISER survivor: Exercise and/or weight loss in breast cancer survivors.

TPS10140Background: With nearly 200,000 new invasive breast cancer diagnoses yearly and a nearly 90% 5 year survival rate, the number of survivors is expected to grow steadily. The primary challeng...
Understanding and eliminating the detrimental effect of endogenous thiamine auxotrophy on metabolism of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

ABSTRACT Thiamine is an essential vitamin that functions as a cofactor for key enzymes in carbon and energy metabolism for all living cells. While most plants, fungi and bacteria can synthesize thiamine de novo, the oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, cannot. In this study, we used proteomics together with physiological characterization to understand key metabolic processes influenced and regulated by thiamine availability and identified the genetic basis of thiamine auxotrophy in Y. lipolytica. Specifically, we found thiamine depletion results in decreased protein abundance of the lipid biosynthesis pathways and energy metabolism (i.e., ATP synthase), attributing to the negligible growth and poor sugar assimilation observed in our study. Using comparative genomics, we identified the missing gene scTHI13, encoding the 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate synthase for the de novo thiamine synthesis in Y. lipolytica, and discovered an exceptional promoter, P3, that exhibits strong activation or tight repression by low and high thiamine concentrations, respectively. Capitalizing on the strength of our thiamine-regulated promoter (P3) to express the missing gene, we engineered the first thiamine-prototrophic Y. lipolytica reported to date. By comparing this engineered strain to the wildtype, we unveiled the tight relationship linking thiamine availability to lipid biosynthesis and demonstrated enhanced lipid production with thiamine supplementation in the engineered thiamine-prototrophic Y. lipolytica. IMPORTANCE Thiamine plays a crucial role as an essential cofactor for enzymes in carbon and energy metabolism of all living cells. Thiamine deficiency has detrimental consequences on cellular health. Yarrowia lipolytica, a non-conventional oleaginous yeast with broad biotechnological applications, is a native thiamine auxotroph, whose effects on cellular metabolism are not well understood. Therefore, Y. lipolytica is an ideal eukaryotic host to study thiamine metabolism, especially as mammalian cells are also thiamine-auxotrophic and thiamine deficiency is implicated in several human diseases. This study elucidates the fundamentals of thiamine deficiency on cellular metabolism of Y. lipolytica and identifies genes and novel thiamine-regulated elements that eliminate thiamine auxotrophy in Y. lipolytica. Furthermore, discovery of thiamine-regulated elements enables development of thiamine biosensors with useful applications in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering.
Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (dcGAN) Models for Screening and Design of Small Molecules Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors.

A deep convolutional generative adversarial network (dcGAN) model was developed in this study to screen and design target-specific novel compounds for cannabinoid receptors. In the adversarial proc...
Optical Properties of Organic Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite for Photovoltaics

We have described the use of the Kramers-Kronig method for the analysis of reflectance spectra. Using this method, we have reported the optical and dielectric properties of organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite thin films. We prepared thin films by spin coating a mixture of PbI 2 and MAI dissolved in DMF and DMSO in 4:1 volume ratio. We measured energy (or wavelength) dependent reflectance spectra R(v) of thin films using UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer. We also calculated phase of reflected waves (θ(v)) using Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation. Finally, using θ(v)and R(v), we investigated optical and dielectric constants as well as absorption coefficient in UV/Vis/NIR spectral region. In our study, we found that n(v) and e 1 (v)follow similar pattern to that of R(v). Three oscillators in k(v) and e 2 (v)are found similar to the ones obtained from ellipsometry study. As expected, α(v) calculated from R(v)are very high of the order of 105 cm-1 in the visible and ultraviolet regions.
Disruption of Cross-Feeding Inhibits Pathogen Growth in the Sputa of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

A critical limitation in the management of chronic polymicrobial infections is the lack of correlation between antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) and patient responses to therapy. Underlying this disconnect is our inability to accurately recapitulate the in vivo environment and complex polymicrobial communities in vitro However, emerging evidence suggests that, if modeled and tested accurately, interspecies relationships can be exploited by conventional antibiotics predicted to be ineffective by standard AST. As an example, under conditions where Pseudomonas aeruginosa relies on cocolonizing organisms for nutrients (i.e., cross-feeding), multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa may be indirectly targeted by inhibiting the growth of its metabolic partners. While this has been shown in vitro using synthetic bacterial communities, the efficacy of a "weakest-link" approach to controlling host-associated polymicrobial infections has not yet been demonstrated. To test whether cross-feeding inhibition can be leveraged in clinically relevant contexts, we collected sputa from cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects and used enrichment culturing to isolate both P. aeruginosa and anaerobic bacteria from each sample. Predictably, both subpopulations showed various antibiotic susceptibilities when grown independently. However, when P. aeruginosa was cultured and treated under cooperative conditions in which it was dependent on anaerobic bacteria for nutrients, the growth of both the pathogen and the anaerobe was constrained despite their intrinsic antibiotic resistance profiles. These data demonstrate that the control of complex polymicrobial infections may be achieved by exploiting obligate or facultative interspecies relationships. Toward this end, in vitro susceptibility testing should evolve to more accurately reflect in vivo growth environments and microbial interactions found within them.IMPORTANCE Antibiotic efficacy achieved in vitro correlates poorly with clinical outcomes after treatment of chronic polymicrobial diseases; if a pathogen demonstrates susceptibility to a given antibiotic in the lab, that compound is often ineffective when administered clinically. Conversely, if a pathogen is resistant in vitro, patient treatment with that same compound can elicit a positive response. This discordance suggests that the in vivo growth environment impacts pathogen antibiotic susceptibility. Indeed, here we demonstrate that interspecies relationships among microbiotas in the sputa of cystic fibrosis patients can be targeted to indirectly inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa The therapeutic implication is that control of chronic lung infections may be achieved by exploiting obligate or facultative relationships among airway bacterial community members. This strategy is particularly relevant for pathogens harboring intrinsic multidrug resistance and is broadly applicable to chronic polymicrobial airway, wound, and intra-abdominal infections.
PET Imaging Reveals Early Pulmonary Perfusion Abnormalities in HIV Infection Similar to Smoking

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common noninfectious pulmonary disease among people living with HIV, independent of smoking. However, the cause for this enhanced susceptibility remains unclear, and the effects of HIV on pulmonary perfusion and ventilation are unknown. Methods: We used PET/CT in 46 smokers and nonsmokers, 23 of whom had documented HIV infection. Emphysema was assessed by CT and perfusion by 13N (13NN) PET scans. After removal of image noise, vertical and axial gradients in perfusion were calculated. We tested for differences in the total spatial heterogeneity of perfusion (CV2Qtotal) and its components (CV2Qtotal = CV2Qvgrad [vertical gradient] + CV2Qzgrad [axial gradient] + CV2Qr [residual heterogeneity]) among groups. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic parameters among groups, and all subjects had minimal radiographic evidence of emphysema. Compared with controls, nonsmokers living with HIV had a significantly greater CV2Qr/CV2Qtotal (0.48 vs. 0.36, P = 0.05) and reduced CV2Qvgrad/CV2Qtotal (0.46 vs. 0.65, P = 0.038). Smokers also had a reduced CV2Qvgrad/CV2Qtotal, however, there was no significant difference in CV2Qvgrad/CV2Qtotal between smokers living with and without HIV (0.39 vs. 0.34, P = 0.58), despite a decreased vertical perfusion gradient (Qvgrad) in smokers living with HIV. Conclusion: In nonsmokers living with well-controlled HIV and minimal radiographic emphysema, HIV infection contributes to pulmonary perfusion abnormalities similar to smokers. These data indicate the onset of subclinical pulmonary perfusion abnormalities that could herald the development of significant lung disease in these susceptible individuals.
Smart energy for cities: decentralized supply resources and their link to the modern grid

Abstract: As cities are the locus of the majority of global energy use, attention is increasingly being directed toward what can be done to improve the sustainability of urban energy systems. One solution receiving attention involves the increased use of decentralized energy supply resources, which reduce the distance between the point where usable energy is created and where it is ultimately consumed. This chapter examines these technologies in light of the limitations and challenges posed by the existing electric grid and the promise of the much-touted ‘smart grid’. The chapter presents a broader view of the urban energy system than is typically discussed, highlighting the role that shared thermal systems and electric ‘microgrids’ can play in providing a bridge toward a lower-carbon future.
State Violence and Wartime Civilian Agency: Evidence from Peru

How civilians respond to political violence profoundly shapes conflict processes and the legacies of civil war. Yet influential patterns of wartime civilian agency remain strikingly unexplored. Thi...
Interleaving optical coherence microscopy with dual-channel fluorescence microscopy for simultaneous co-registration of structural and functional information

Multimodal imaging systems offer the opportunity to scrutinize different properties of biological samples. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a non-invasive and high-resolution imaging technique capable of generating threedimensional images of tissue. In this work, a multimodal imaging system interleaving OCM with a dual-channel fluorescence microscopy (DC-FM) system was developed to add functional imaging capabilities to OCM. The combined system was able to simultaneously acquire both reflectance and fluorescence data from the same location of the sample at the speed of 250 kHz, and with a lateral resolution of ~ 2.1 μm. An axial resolution of 2.4 μm in sample over the imaging depth of 1 mm was achieved with OCM. The performances of the combined system were evaluated by imaging a multi-layer tape as well as a gel containing green and red fluorescent microspheres. While OCM enabled the depth localization of all fluorescent microspheres, it was not able to discriminate between green and red fluorophores, a feature that was achieved with DC-FM. Hence, the interleaved system has the potential of assessing structural as well as cellular level functional changes in biological samples. This system will be applied toward longitudinal studies in small animal models.
A psychoeducational program increased knowledge and decreased sexual risk behaviors in young adults with genital herpes.

PARTICIPANTS A total of 252 adults (mean age: 27 years; 77% women; 80% white; 70% single; 84% employed; 10% lesbian or gay; mean education: 15 years; and mean annual income: $22,000) with confirmed symptomatic genital herpes diagnosed within the previous 5 years were included in the study. Adults with histories of inpatient treatment for psychiatric conditions or alcohol or drug misuse were excluded. Follow-up was 87%.
Intertwined sovereign and bank solvencies in a simple model of self-fulfilling crisis

Abstract The financial crisis in the periphery of Europe, similar to previous crises in emerging markets, has shown that large fiscal financing needs are often met by borrowing heavily from domestic banking systems. As public debt approaches sustainability limits, however, banks' high exposure to sovereign risk creates a fragile inter-dependence between fiscal and bank solvency. The paper presents a simple model that illustrates how this interdependence creates conditions conducive to a self-fulfilling twin crisis; and discusses possible financial arrangements that can prevent crisis equilibria.
Disparities in Access to Radiation Therapy Facilities among American Indians/Alaska Natives and Hispanics in Washington State.

Abstract Purpose Racial and ethnic minorities in the state of Washington experience higher cancer mortality relative to whites. We sought to characterize differences in travel distance to radiation therapy (RT) facilities in Washington by race and ethnicity with a special focus on non-Hispanic American Indians and Alaska Natives as a contributor to limited access and cancer disparities. Methods and Materials Geocoded mortality data from Washington Department of Health (2011-2018) were used to identify decedents with mortality related to all-causes, all cancers, and cancers likely requiring access to RT. This was determined from optimal RT usage estimates by diagnosis. RT facility locations were ascertained from the Directory of Radiation Therapy Centers and confirmed. Distance from decedents’ address listed on death certificates to nearest RT facility was calculated. Generalized mixed models were used for statistical analysis. Results We identified 418,754 deaths; 109,134 were cancer-related, 60,973 likely required RT. Among decedents with cancers likely requiring RT, non-Hispanic American Indians and Alaska Natives decedents would have had to travel 1.16 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.24) farther from their residences to reach the nearest treatment facility compared with non-Hispanic whites. This association existed in metro counties but was more pronounced in nonmetro counties (1.39 times farther; 95% CI, 1.22-1.58). In addition, Hispanics would have had to travel 1.11 times farther (95% CI, 1.06-1.16) to reach the nearest facility compared with non-Hispanic whites, primarily due to differences in urban counties. Decedents in nonmetro counties lived on average 35 miles (SD = 29) from RT centers and non-Hispanic American Indians and Alaska Natives in nonmetro counties 53 miles (SD = 38). Compared with non-Hispanic white decedents, those who were non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic Asian, and non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian decedents lived closer to RT facilities. Conclusions We observed significant disparities in access to RT facilities in Washington, specifically for non-Hispanic American Indians and Alaska Natives and rural decedents. The findings call for initiatives to improve access to critical cancer treatment services for these underserved populations with known disparities in cancer deaths.
Conceptualization, design and implementation of a static capacity model

We describe the methodology used for development of a static capacity model. It is a well-known fact that no matter how sophisticated the dynamic models are, there is always a need for the simple spreadsheet model. The spreadsheet model helps one carry out simple and fast analyses whenever they are needed. At the Seagate Technology's Recording Head Operations Wafer Manufacturing facility (Bloomington, MN) industrial engineers who worked on capacity planning devised their own versions of static spreadsheet models over the years. As useful as these individual models were, being highly custom-tailored and decentralized made them hard to cross-use and manage. To overcome this problem, the IE department designed and implemented a centralized spreadsheet based static capacity model with features that allow industrial engineers to create model outputs the way they want.
A temporal neural system

Time is often the dominant information dimension. Applications for time-dependent adaptive systems include sequence generation and predication, image processing, and dynamic control. We have developed a temporal neural system which is composed of an architecture, processing nodes, and training algorithm. The architecture allows arbitrary connectivity between processing nodes including recurrent connections. The processing node includes higher order conjunctive terms, and the training algorithm allows arbitrarily configured topologies to be trained. We demonstrate the temporal neural system by simulating time series generation and a finite state machine. >
Selective Regulation of Mature IgG1 Transcription by CD86 and β2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation

Stimulation of CD86 and the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) on a B cell, either alone or together, is known to increase the level of IgG1 protein produced by a CD40 ligand/IL-4-activated B cell. It is also known that the mechanism by which CD40 and IL-4R stimulation on a B cell increases the level of IgG1 protein is by increasing germline γ1 transcription, IgG1 class switching, and mature IgG1 transcription, while the molecular mechanism responsible for mediating the CD86- and β2AR-induced effect remains unknown. In the present study using real-time PCR we show that the level of mature IgG1 transcription increases in CD40 ligand/IL-4-activated B cells following stimulation of either CD86 and/or β2AR, and that this increase reflects the increase in IgG1 protein. Furthermore, we show that the CD86- and/or β2AR-induced increase in mature IgG1 transcript is due to an increase in the rate of mature IgG1 transcription, as determined by nuclear run-on analysis. This effect is additive when both receptors are stimulated and is lost when B cells from CD86- and β2AR-deficient mice are used. In contrast, the level of germline γ1 transcription, the stability of mature IgG1 transcript, the number of IgG1-positive B cells, and the number of IgG1-secreting B cells did not change. These results provide the first evidence that CD86 and/or β2AR stimulation on a CD40 ligand/IL-4-activated B cell increases the level of IgG1 protein produced per cell by increasing the rate of mature IgG1 transcription.
Drs. Lifshitz and Mathew Reply

We appreciate Dr. Chesney9s comments regarding our article. The review of pathologic states in which hyperuricemia occurs, as well as the several hypotheses for possible mechanisms of elevation of uric acid levels in blood, are of interest. However, the purpose of our paper was to caution those who institute low-carbohydrate therapy for obese, otherwise healthy, individuals, about this potentially harmful complication.
Preventing school violence: assessing armed guardians, school policy, and context

Purpose – Recent highly publicized acts of violence and shootings on campus have prompted numerous crime prevention suggestions including having an armed presence in the schools. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of protective measures, policies, and school/neighborhood characteristics on school violence. Design/methodology/approach – The data used in this study were part of the School Survey on Crime and Safety collected in 2006. The dependent measures of school violence include reports of violence, threatened attack with a weapon, attack with weapon, and gun possession. The sample was divided into high schools and all other grades to consider differences in levels of school violence among grade levels in relation to various law enforcement security measures, school security measures, and school characteristics. Findings – Findings revealed mixed and often counterproductive results for law enforcement and school security efforts to control school violence. School characteristics, such as ...
Histamine-dependent allergy blood test: clinical evaluation

Allergen-mediated histamine release from human leukocytes represents an important model for in vitro studies of allergic reactions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the measurement of histamine released in allergic patients by radioenzymatic assay following mixing of their blood with common allergens represents a reliable index for diagnosis of atopic allergy. Three categories of allergens were used: 1) house dust and mite; 2) cat and dog dander; 3) trees, grasses and ragweed mixture. The presence of allergy was established by clinical history and intradermal skin testing in the study group of 150 patients. A significant allergen-mediated histamine release ranging from 4 to 65% of the total blood histamine content was observed in 96% of the patients with skin test sensitivity of greater than or equal to 3+. There was a significant correlation between skin testing and histamine release in terms of the allergens causing the response. Thus, the measurement of histamine by radioenzymatic technique following its release in blood in response to allergen challenge represents a clinically useful in vitro test for the diagnosis of atopic disease.
A Report on Research in Economic History 1

By reason of the war, a report to the Social Science Research Council more extensive than any I have hitherto submitted seems appropriate. The war has affected us in several ways. Our â€œterms of referenceâ€ reflected the international situation, since they directed our attention to the economic history of countries embraced in the Western Hemisphere; it has steadily diminished the speed with which our research work has gone forward, until that work is now largely at a standstill; and it lately has begun to make us think and plan in terms of a more effective postwar period. Inasmuch as the Committee has definitely selected the areas of special research interest that will probably engage its full attention in the years immediately ahead and inasmuch as the period of its present appointment may extend hardly beyond the war period itself, there appears to be particular reason why I should lay before you the general scheme of its research plans, the specific projects that it has thus far sponsored within its chosen fields, and a series of outlines of what might be attempted in these general areas by research people released sooner or later from war services. In a sense, this report of mine is an effort at postwar planning.
Recent developments in parametrized variational principles for mechanics

This paper gives an introduction to the formulation of parametrized variational principles (PVPs) in mechanics. This is complemented by more advanced material describing selected recent developments in hybrid and nonlinear variational principles. A PVP is a variational principle containing free parameters that have no effect on the Euler-Lagrange equations and natural boundary conditions. The theory of single-field PVPs, based on gauge functions, is a subset of the Inverse Problem of Variational Calculus that has limited value. On the other hand, multified PVPs are more interesting from both theoretical and practical standpoints. The two-dimensional Poisson equation is used to present, in a tutorial fashion, the formulation of parametrized mixed functionals. This treatment is then extended to internal interfaces, which are useful in treatment of discontinuities, subdomain linkage and construction of parametrized hybrid functionals. This is followed by a similar but more compact treatment of three-dimensional classical elasticity, and a parametrization of nonlinear hyperelasticity.
Comparative Resource Use by Juvenile Parrotfishes in the Florida Keys

Many parrotfishes (Scaridae) co-occur in mixed-species aggregations as juveniles, but diverge in resource use and social structure as adults. Focal observations of 3 juvenile parrotfishes (Scarus coeruleus, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Sparisoma viride) were conducted on inshore patch reefs in the Florida Keys to examine feeding rates, food type, habitat use, and aggressive interactions. All species overlapped extensively in their use of space and food. Home ranges physically overlapped, and the proportion of microhabitats present within home ranges was similar for all species. Home range size increased with body size for S. coeruleus and S. aurofrenatum. Diets of all species were extremely similar. All fed selectively from the available foods and fed primarily (>50% total bites) on the calcareous macroalga Halimeda opuntia despite its potentially high energetic costs of procurement, low food value, and predicted avoidance. Focal individuals interacted aggressively with conspecifics, other juvenile parrotfishes, damselfishes, and occasionally grunts and wrasses. S. aurofrenatum and S. viride were most aggressive toward conspecifics. Aggressive interactions with adult parrotfishes were rare. Both Sparisoma spp. were chased more often by damselfishes than any other species. These findings support the growing body of evidence that herbivorous fish do not feed randomly from all potential foods. The aggressive interactions observed among juvenile parrotfishes are likely affecting their use of resources and may act as a precursor to subsequent territoriality as adults.
Blood Chemistries of Japanese Quail Fed Dieldrin

Abstract Groups of seven-week-old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were placed on 14-day ad libitum control and dieldrin diets of 5, 10, 15 and 75 p.p.m. A total of 75 birds were used for serum chemical analyses. Serum total lipids were significantly elevated (P
The Vector Coupling in the Nickel-, Palladium-, and Platinum-Like Spectra

Spectroscopic data.---The $5{d}^{9}6s$ and $5{d}^{9}6p$ configurations are identified among the known levels of Pt I, and partly identified in Tl IV and Pb V. The lines observed in the condensed spark discharge of thallium $\ensuremath{\lambda}868$ to $\ensuremath{\lambda}1070$ and lead $\ensuremath{\lambda}477$ to $\ensuremath{\lambda}1280$ are listed.Vector coupling.---The relative energies, line intensities, and $g$-values of the levels of the ${d}^{9}s$ and ${d}^{9}p$ configurations of the sequences Ni I-Ge V, Pd I-Sn V, and Pt I-Pb V show a gradual transition from $\mathrm{LS}$ or Russell-Saunders coupling to $\mathrm{jj}$ coupling with increasing atomic number and increasing net charge. In the "pure" $\mathrm{jj}$ coupling the levels are arranged in groups (two in ${d}^{9}s$ and four in ${d}^{9}p$). The positions of the ${d}^{9}p$ groups observed for Hg III, Tl IV, and Pb V agree well quantitatively with the positions independently calculated for $\mathrm{jj}$ coupling with the aid of the Sommerfeld regular doublet law. In the ${d}^{9}p$ configuration of Tl IV and Pb V, only levels built upon ${d}^{9}^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$ are observed in spite of the fact that the ${{d}^{9}}_{\frac{3}{2}}+{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ levels are more stable than the ${{d}^{9}}_{\frac{5}{2}}+{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ levels.Correlation of levels, with varying principal quantum number and varying nuclear charge.---In several cases among the spectra under consideration, levels of the same $J$-value cross when relative energy in a configuration is plotted against nuclear charge in an isoelectronic sequence. These levels, except in one case, happened to be recognizable on both sides of the "crossings" on account of their approximately normal intensities. But in general, correlation of levels and crossing or non-crossing in spectral series or isoelectronic sequences appears to be without meaning, for it necessitates considering quantum numbers or nuclear charges as continuous variables.
Laser-doppler velocimeter measurements in simulated entrained gasifier flows

A laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was used in a cold-flow study of a simulated entrained-flow coal gasifier. The study was designed to provide fundamental information about the flows in such a gasifier and to provide data for the validation of a turbulence submodel used in modeling combustion processes. Measurements in 20 swirling and nonswirling flow cases were made with several levels of replication. This study emphasized the effects of inlet conditions on flow properties within the simulated reactor. Unsteady flow phenomena with time scales on the order of seconds to minutes were sometimes observed. The unsteadiness was apparently associated with relaminarization-type flow transitions. Comparisons were made with model predictions from PCGC-2, a model for combustion processes based on the k, — ϵ turbulence model. Several areas of weakness in the model results were observed, but the unusual flow regimes measured in this study may be beyond the abilities of practical computer models.
Variability in cortical representations of speech sound perception

Recent brain mapping studies have provided new insights into the cortical systems that mediate human speech perception. Electrocortical stimulation mapping (ESM) is a brain mapping method that is used clinically to localize cortical functions in neurosurgical patients. Recent ESM studies have yielded new insights into the cortical systems that mediate speech perception and how these systems vary as a function of individual differences. ESM methods are described and findings from recent ESM studies of speech perception are reviewed. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to current understanding of how individual differences in listening abilities are reflected in the underlying cortical representations.
Polyoxymethylene passive samplers to monitor changes in bioavailability and flux of PCBs after activated carbon amendment to sediment in the field

Field and laboratory exposures of polyoxymethylene passive samplers to sediments and the water column were applied to monitor changes in bioavailability and flux of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) following a pilot-scale amendment of activated carbon in Grasse River. Following amendment, reductions in passive sampler uptake tracked reductions in bioaccumulation in a freshwater invertebrate, which supports a biological basis for utilizing passive samplers for in situ site investigations following a remediation. Freely dissolved concentrations of PCBs were reduced in sediment pore waters compared to untreated sediments indicating reduced bioavailability of PCBs after activated carbon amendment. Freely dissolved PCB concentrations in sediment pore water in treated sites were also lower than overlying water concentrations indicating a reversal of the sediment from being a source to a sink of PCBs from the water column. These observations indicate that activated carbon amendment to sediment limits contaminant exposure to both the benthic and pelagic food webs through reductions in bioavailability and flux of PCBs into the water column.
Models of memory: Wittgenstein and cognitive science

Abstract The model of memory as a store, from which records can be retrieved, is taken for granted by many contemporary researchers. On this view, memories are stored by memory traces, which represent the original event and provide a causal link between that episode and one's ability to remember it. I argue that this seemingly plausible model leads to an unacceptable conception of the relationship between mind and brain, and that a non‐representational, connectionist, model offers a promising alternative. I also offer a new reading of Wittgenstein's paradoxical remarks about thought and brain processes: as a critique of the cognitivist thesis that information stored in the brain has a linguistic structure and a particular location. On this reading, Wittgenstein's criticism foreshadows some of the most promising contemporary work on connectionist models of neural functioning.
Rise of the digital machine.

Genomes and language suggest that biological and social complexity emerge from how information is used, argues Mark Pagel, not from how much of it there is.
Arctic ocean geophysical studies: Chukchi Cap and Chukchi abyssal plain

Abstract A bathymetric chart of the Chukchi Cap region was compiled with soundings obtained from Fletcher's Ice Island (T-3), as well as from other ice stations and from U.S. Navy icebreakers. New details of the Chukchi Cap are shown, including two submarine troughs on the southwest side. West of the Chukchi Cap, a small abyssal plain was found with a depth of 2230 m. This abyssal plain is connected through an abyssal gap with the deeper Canada Abyssal Plain. The prominent magnetic anomaly discovered during the drift of Station Charlie was crossed more recently by T-3 and by aeromagnetic flights. The continuity of the anomaly along the western and northern sides of the Chukchi Cap was further established by the new measurements. An interpretation was made of the anomaly as an expression of induced magnetization in basement rocks. The interpretation shows a basement ridge beneath the anomaly maximum at the edge of the Chukchi Cap. The Cap itself is interpreted as being underlaid by a 12 km thickness of sediments. Both magnetic and gravity data were used for an interpretation of total crustal thickness along the same section. Crustal thickness ranges from 18− 1 2 km beneath the Chukchi Cap to 32 km beneath the large basement ridge.
Differential geometry and color perception

Combined with well known facts about the affine structure of color space P, a local homogeneity hypothesis implies that P=G/K is equivalent to either R + xR +xR+ or R + SL(2, R)/SO(2). The G-invariant metrics yield in the first case Stiles' generalization of Helmholtz' color metric, in the second a new color metric with respect to which P is not isometric to a Euclidean space. The paper contains an extensive historical introduction.
Hydrodynamic stability and natural convection in Ostwald-de Waele and Ellis fluids: The development of a numerical solution

An algorithm was developed for the finite-difference computation of hydrodynamic stability and natural convection in non-Newtonian fluids heated from below. Test calculations were carried out for fluids whose viscosity characteristics are described by the Ostwald-de Waele (power-law) and Ellis models and for roll-cells with both rigid and dragless vertical boundaries. The effects of time-step and grid-size were tested thoroughly. The results were found to be independent of the assumed initial state. The computed values of the Nusselt number and the critical Rayleigh number for Newtonian fluids agree well with prior experimental results. The computations for the Ostwald-de Waele model indicate that the approximate solution of Tien, Tsuei, and Sun may underestimate the critical Rayleigh Number.
Use of Rapid “Rescue” Perioperative Echocardiography to Improve Outcomes After Hemodynamic Instability in Noncardiac Surgical Patients

Objective To investigate if modified “rescue” echocardiography enhanced management during perioperative hemodynamic instability in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Design A retrospective analysis of the medical data. Setting Perioperative setting at a single academic medical center. Participants Thirty-one adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery who experienced perioperative hemodynamic instability and were evaluated by either transthoracic echocardiography (TTE, n = 9) or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE, n = 22). Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Rapid “rescue” echocardiography was performed on each patient looking for a specific cause for the patient's perioperative compromise. Echocardiography results, medical management, surgical management, and patient outcomes were all reviewed from the medical record and the department database. All patients were found to have an explainable diagnosis for the hemodynamic instability on the echocardiographic examination. The most common diagnoses were left-heart dysfunction (n = 16), right-heart dysfunction (n = 9), hypovolemia (n = 5), pulmonary embolus (n = 5), and myocardial ischemia (n = 4). Based on findings at echocardiography, 4 patients (13%) underwent and survived an emergent secondary procedure. All 31 patients recovered during their surgical procedure, and 25 (81%) progressed to hospital discharge. Conclusions Both TTE and TEE can play a critical role in the diagnosis and management of perioperative hemodynamic instability.
Modulating the textural properties and photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of TiO2 by high temperature supercritical drying

Abstract We report a facile method for the synthesis of TiO2 aerogels by a single step high temperature supercritical drying (HTSCD) of sol–gel derived TiO2. The morphological and structural features of the resultant materials were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Diffuse Reflectance (DR) spectra, and Fourier Transform infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements. The materials exhibited enhanced solar hydrogen production from water using methanol as sacrificial reagent under Ultra-Violet (UV) light in the absence of Pt as a co-catalyst. Among the TiO2 aerogel samples synthesized, TiO2-M-6h evolved 390 μmol g−1 of H2 after 4 h of irradiation, whereas TiO2-M-2h produced 217 μmol g−1 of H2 after 4 h of irradiation under identical conditions, indicating the importance of aging the gels prior to HTSCD step. The enhancement was credited to increase in surface area, and decrease in particle size in TiO2-M-6h as evidenced from N2-sorption and DRS studies respectively. Upon comparison with a room temperature synthesized TiO2-xerogel, the aerogel materials exhibited enhanced hydrogen production. The results validate the superior performance of TiO2 aerogel materials over TiO2 xerogels and indicate the potential of HTSCD method for the preparation of titania aerogels for solar energy applications.
INTERACTION OF RADIOINSULIN WITH SERUM PROTEINS IN VITRO AND WITH LIVER IN VIVO AMONG DIABETIC AND NONDIABETIC PATIENTS.

Studies were carried out in vivo and in vitro in order to evaluate the behavior of insulin in nondiabetic subjects and in insulin-responsive and insulin-resistant diabetic patients. Insulin-binding proteins were characterized by means of reverse flow zone electrophoresis of serum containing insulin-I131 on Whatman No. 3 filter paper in barbital buffer, pH 8.6. Insulin-I131 alone remained at the origin, but radioinsulin in serum from normal subjects, and from non-insulin-treated and insulin-responsive diabetic patients, migrated with a mobility that corresponded to the zones of the alpha and beta globulins. However, insulin-I131 in serum from insulinresistant diabetic patients moved in sociation with the gamma or inter-gamma-beta globulins. After treatment with corticosteroids, 2 of 3 resistant diabetic patients exhibited significant reductions in insulin requirement and changes in the electrophoretic patterns which then resembled those of the responsive diabetic patients. In addition to the unique Protein...
A Note to My Younger Colleagues. . .Be Brave

In some ways, our best hope to reveal our follies lies with those new to the field. It is your fresh eyes, unbridled enthusiasm, optimism about what is possible, and commitment to the highest ideals of the profession that can reveal what those who have longer tenure in medicine may have trouble discerning. And yet, to be effective and make use of those insights, you must be brave. Surely, you must also be judicious and prudent in expressing yourself, making sure that your opinions are informed and grounded in science. But when there is an opportunity to speak truth to power, I hope you will consider doing it. Unfortunately, our profession does not often reward those who question dogma. In fact, there are many episodes throughout the history of medicine and science in which truth was resisted and dogmatic beliefs, however poorly supported by evidence, were imposed by those in a position to do so. If we are to accelerate innovation in medicine, eliminate wasteful practices, and improve the depth and effectiveness of how we care for patients, then there must be room to question traditional approaches and to introduce new and better ways of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. We are now at that critical juncture. When I entered medicine, I did not realize that there was such intense pressure to conform. But we learn early on that there is a decorum to medicine, a politeness. A hidden curriculum teaches us not to disturb the status quo. We are trained to defer to authority, not to question it. We depend on powerful individuals and organizations and are taught that success does not often come to those who ask uncomfortable questions or suggest new ways of providing care. The sense of danger that we feel when we question authority is not …
Isaiah Shavitt: Computational chemistry pioneer

Isaiah (Shi) Shavitt (1925–2012) was a pioneer in using digital computers to study chemical problems. From the days of vacuum tube computers with no floating point arithmetic to the days of massively powerful computers, he showed how we could solve otherwise intractable chemical problems by making use of computers. He started with a statistical mechanical problem and soon switched to quantum mechanical problems. He and his associates showed how the configuration interaction method worked, both in terms of advantages and difficulties. An early problem was the effect of tunneling on kinetics calculations on an H3 potential energy surface. Later problems included the π-electron excited states of benzene and the lowest excited state of methylene. He showed how spin-eigenfunctions could be used efficiently in configuration interaction calculations instead of Slater determinants. His leadership led to the Columbus suite of programs put together with many collaborators.
The behavioral treatment of acute reactive depression involving psychotic manifestations

Abstract The current study documents the success of behavior therapy procedures in the treatment of acute reactive depression with psychotic manifestations. The client had previously failed to respond to psychoanalytic and electroshock therapy. A behavioral analysis underscored the complex inter-relationships of the variables involved in maintaining and eliciting depressive behavior. This illustrated that a loss of reinforcement density resulted in the development of anxiety which prevented access to reinforcement sources and which produced the emission of sick role behavior that was inadvertently reinforced. Treatment was conducted in two phases: in hospital and at home. Following the behavior analysis, the client was taught a relaxation exercise. Both hospital staff and immediate family members were trained to reinforce and model coping behavior. Upon discharge, an in vivo desensitization program and activity schedule were outlined. Family members were instructed to continue reinforcing coping behavior. Progress was reviewed through phone contact and individual sessions. A nine month follow-up demonstrated the successful maintenance of non-depressive behavior.