cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell cycle parameters of Chinese hamster ovary cells during exponential, polyamine-limited growth.

Abstract We have previously shown that Chinese hamster ovary cells made polyamine deficient by treatment with alpha-methylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, grow exponentially in culture at low densities at one-half the rate observed in untreated (control) cultures. In this study, the cell cycle of polyamine-limited cells was examined by using thymidine autoradiography, mitotic index analysis, and fraction labeled mitoses analysis. We found that the longer doubling time of inhibitor-treated cultures was a consequence of increases in the lengths of the G1 and S phases. The expansion of the S phase was proportional to the increase in doubling time (twofold), whereas the G1 phase was lengthened by slightly more than a factor of 2. The lengths of the G2 and M phases were essentially unchanged. Putrescine stimulated the growth of inhibitor-treated cultures and restored the cell cycle parameters to those of untreated cells.
The Internet and the education of students with disabilities

The Internet is being used increasingly as an instructional tool at all educational levels and in most academic disciplines. Students can access exciting instructional materials from laboratories, monitor ongoing scientific experiments and events, and exchange data and ideas with other students from around the world. Students with disabilities can benefit from the use of the Internet in schools when adaptive computer technology is available and the materials being accessed and exchanged are accessible. Applications of the Internet for the education of students with disabilities that deserve special attention include: (j) collaborative learning; (ii) independent access to information and educational resources; (iii) mentoring and peer support; (iv) use of specially dedicated Web sites; (v) on-line distance education; and (vi) interaction in virtual educational environments and activities. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reduced vesicular monoamine transport disrupts serotonin signaling but does not cause serotonergic degeneration

We previously demonstrated that mice with reduced expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2 LO) undergo age-related degeneration of the catecholamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and locus ceruleus and exhibit motor disturbances and depressive-like behavior. In this work, we investigated the effects of reduced vesicular transport on the function and viability of serotonin neurons in these mice. Adult (4-6 months of age), VMAT2 LO mice exhibit dramatically reduced (90%) serotonin release capacity, as measured by fast scan cyclic voltammetry. We observed changes in serotonin receptor responsivity in in vivo pharmacological assays. Aged (months) VMAT2 LO mice exhibited abolished 5-HT1A autoreceptor sensitivity, as determined by 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg/kg) induction of hypothermia. When challenged with the 5HT2 agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (1 mg/kg), VMAT2 LO mice exhibited a marked increase (50%) in head twitch responses. We observed sparing of serotonergic terminals in aged mice (18-24 months) throughout the forebrain by SERT immunohistochemistry and [(3)H]-paroxetine binding in striatal homogenates of aged VMAT2 LO mice. In contrast to their loss of catecholamine neurons of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus, aged VMAT2 LO mice do not exhibit a change in the number of serotonergic (TPH2+) neurons within the dorsal raphe, as measured by unbiased stereology at 26-30 months. Collectively, these data indicate that reduced vesicular monoamine transport significantly disrupts serotonergic signaling, but does not drive degeneration of serotonin neurons.
Visual Chinese Character Recognition: Does Phonological Information Mediate Access to Meaning?

Abstract Recent evidence demonstrates early phonological processes during the identification of Chinese words. Evidence on whether such processes “mediate” access to Chinese word meaning is less clear. The present studies investigated mediation, using a paradigm which has demonstrated “phonologically mediated priming” with English words that naming time of a target word (e.g.,sand) is facilitated more by a homophone of a semantic associate (e.g.,beech) than by a control (e.g.,bench) (Lesch & Pollatsek, 1993). Prime-target stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) varied at 129, 243, and 500 ms. In the 129- and 243-ms SOA conditions, critical results involved the role of homophone density in naming Chinese words: (1) Homophones of synonyms facilitated target identification for primes with few homophones, but not for primes with many homophones. (2) Synonym primes facilitated naming in all conditions, but the effect was reduced when primes had many homophones. (3) Synonym priming was greater than homophone priming across SOAs of 129 and 243 ms. At the 500-ms SOA, however, only synonyms facilitated target recognition. These results suggest that phonological information is best thought of as a spreading activation that is shared among written units, with mediation, in the classic sense, restricted to cases in which this activation is distributed among relatively few units. Implications for a model of Chinese reading and the general concept of mediation are discussed.
Encapsulation of phage P22 DNA in vitro.

Abstract The major steps in phage P22 morphogenesis include formation of proheads, DNA encapsulation, head stabilization, and tail addition. P22 DNA encapsulation and later assembly steps can proceed in vitro in a “DNA donor extract.” This extract is made from an induced lysogen carrying mutations in the coat protein gene. Assembly of phage in the extract is dependent on addition of P22 proheads and ATP. It is not dependent on protein or DNA synthesis, or on genetic recombination in vitro . Active proheads can be purified from cells infected with wild-type phage or phage carrying mutations in genes required for post-prohead formation assembly steps. Proheads lacking any of the normal structural proteins are defective and are not repaired in this in vitro system.
Attenuated neurotoxicity of the transactivation-defective HIV-1 Tat protein in hippocampal cell cultures.

Abstract This study reports that the cysteine 22 → glycine 22 substitution in the HIV-1 Tat 1–86 B significantly attenuates its neurotoxicity. Consistent with previous studies, direct interactions of rat hippocampal cells with Tat 1–86 B were shown to cause dose-dependent and time-dependent neurotoxicity associated with activation of caspases from the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Despite the similar binding/uptake properties, Cys22 Tat 1–86 B failed to induce significant neurotoxicity and activation of caspases 9 and 3/7 in hippocampal primary cultures. Results of the study underscore the important role of cysteine-rich domain in mechanism of Tat-mediated neurotoxicity.
Developmental Programming: Follicular Persistence in Prenatal Testosterone-Treated Sheep Is Not Programmed by Androgenic Actions of Testosterone

Testosterone (T) treatment during early-midgestation (30–90 d; term is 147 d) leads to reproductive cycle defects. Daily ultrasonography in prenatal T-treated female sheep during the first two breeding seasons revealed an increase in the number of large follicles and follicular persistence. The objective of this study was to determine whether follicular persistenceinprenatalT-treatedfemaleswasprogrammedbythe androgenic actions of T. Pregnant Suffolk ewes were injected with 100 mg (im; twice weekly) of T propionate or dihydrotestosterone (DHT, a nonaromatizable androgen) in cottonseed oil from d 30 to d 90 of gestation. Prior to daily transrectal ovarian ultrasonography, estrus was synchronized with two injections of 20 mg of prostaglandin F2 (PGF2) given 11 d apart in two consecutive years. In yr 1 ultrasonography began 14 d after PGF2, during the presumptive luteal phase, and continued until subsequent ovulation and corpora lutea were detected (10–13 d). In yr 2, ultrasonography began 2 d before the last PGF2 injection and concluded 25 d after the last PGF2 injection. Daily changes in appearance and disappearance of ovarian follicles and follicular sizes were assessed. Prenatal DHT, but not prenatal T, treatment increased the total number of follicles by increasing the number of small follicles. Prenatal T, but not DHT, treatment increased (P < 0.05)thenumberoflargefollicleswiththemajorityofprenatal T-treated females manifesting follicular persistence. The data indicate that occurrence of large-sized follicles and follicular persistence in prenatal T-treated females are not programmedbyandrogenicactionsbutlikelyareprogrammedby estrogenic actions stemming from aromatization of T to estradiol. (Endocrinology 148: 3532–3540, 2007)
Defense mechanisms in the mouth and their possible role in the prevention of dental caries: a review.

The mouth harbors organisms in great abundance; yet their variety is limited and it is noteworthy that some species present in the mouth are not found elsewhere. There are many antibacterial substances in the mouth, some of which may contribute to the control of the microbial flora in the mouth. The activity of some is enhanced in the presence of specific antibody, e.g. lactoferrin, although others appear unaffected, e.g. lactoperoxidase. Opinions differ as to whether the level of immunoglobulins in human saliva can be related to caries. Although it has been established in principle that caries can be prevented in animals by means of vaccination, substantial work remains to be done before a vaccine will be available for testing in humans.
Eltrombopag inhibition of acute myeloid leukemia cell survival does not depend on c-Mpl expression.

Eltrombopag inhibition of acute myeloid leukemia cell survival does not depend on c-Mpl expression
Main schema-external schema interaction in hierarchically organized data bases

A class of external schemas derivable from a tree structured main schema is identified. It is shown that the properties of this class of schemas permit the construction of a processing interface such that predicates defined on an external schema can be evaluated in an occurrence structure disciplined by the main schema.
Low public recognition of major stroke symptoms.

Abstract Background A Healthy People 2010 objective includes increasing public awareness of the warning signs of stroke, yet few data exist about the level of awareness. Recognition of stroke symptoms and awareness of the need to call 911 for acute stroke events were examined among the general population. Methods Data are from 61,019 adults participating in the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based telephone survey. Respondents indicated whether the following were symptoms of stroke: confusion/trouble speaking; numbness/weakness of face, arm, or leg; trouble seeing; chest pain (false symptom); trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance; and severe headache with no known cause. Persons also reported the first action they would take if they thought someone was having a stroke. Results Only 17.2% of respondents overall (5.9% to 21.7% by state) correctly classified all stroke symptoms and indicated that they would call 911 if they thought someone was having a stroke. Recognition of all symptoms and knowledge of when to call 911 were comparable by gender but lower among ethnic minorities, younger and older people, those with less education, and current smokers compared to whites, middle-aged people, those with more education, and nonsmokers, respectively. There were no substantive differences by history of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, or stroke. Conclusions Public recognition of major stroke symptoms is low. Educational campaigns to increase awareness among the general population and targeted messages to those at high-risk persons and their families may help to improve time to treatment for adults suffering acute strokes.
An algorithm for generating cation exchange isotherms from binary selectivity coefficients

An algorithm for simulating ion exchange batch mode experiments utilizing a known binary or ternary linear or nonlinear selectivity matrix and disequilibrium concentrations in exchange and solution phases was developed, and can be used to calculate initial equilibrium conditions for the initiation of numerical transport simulations, to generate binary isotherms (by repealed applications), and to separate ion-exchange from other solute reactions in soils. The algorithm is an iterative process utilizing a binary search to determine the sorbed phase concentrations defined by the selectivity values and dissolved phase concentrations while maintaining the correct total mass of all ions. It was developed to aid in the separation of ion-exchange from other retention processes when empirical determination of exchange isotherms are difficult or impossible.
ANALYSIS OF A MODEL BIOLOGICAL SWITCH.

A model mechanism proposed by Murray [Phil. Traps. Roy. Soc. London B, 295 (1981), pp. 473–496] for generating wing patterns and eyespots on butterflies and moths is based on a morphogen (S) activated biological switch for a gene product (g). We analyse one of the resulting partial differential equation systems, namely S_t = DΔS - kS, g_t = k_tS + αg (g-k_2) (g_c-g ), where D,k,k_1 ,k_2 ,g_c > k_2 and α are positive constants. We determine analytically the size of the spatial domain where g → g_c as t → ∞ after an influx of S at the origin. This gives the size of the eyespot in terms of the mechanism parameters. The analytical problem is a nontrivial singular perturbation expansion which we discuss in detail.
The chemistry of uranium in glass-forming aluminosilicate melts

Abstract Uranium establishes redox equilibria among uranium(VI), uranium(V) and uranium(IV) in aluminosilicate melts. The exact distribution of uranium redox states in the liquids is quite dependent on the imposed oxygen fugacity, the melt temperature and the base composition. Uranium(VI) exists as the uranyl ion, uranium(V) exists in a tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination site and uranium(IV) exists in an eightfold coordination site within the silicate matrix. Whereas uranium(VI) is quite soluble in the solvent system, uranium(IV) has limited solubility and precipitates from the melt as UO 2 .
The effects of an induced adenosine deaminase deficiency on T-cell differentiation in the rat

Inherited deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been found in a significant proportion of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease and inherited defect generally characterized by a deficiency of both B and T cells. Two questions are central to understanding the pathophysiology of this disease: (1) at what stage or stages in lymphocyte development are the effects of the enzyme deficiency manifested; (2) what are the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the selective pathogenicity of the lymphoid system. We have examined the stage or stages of rat T-cell development in vivo which are affected by an induced adenosine deaminase deficiency using the ADA inhibitors, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) and 2'-deoxycoformycin (DCF). In normal rats given daily administration of an ADA inhibitor, cortical thymocytes were markedly depleted; peripheral lymphocytes and pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) all were relatively unaffected. Since a deficiency of ADA affects lymphocyte development, the regeneration of cortical and medullary thymocytes and their precursors after sublethal irradiation was used as a model of lymphoid development. By Day 5 after irradiation the thymus was reduced to 0.10-0.5% of its normal size; whereas at Days 9 and 14 the thymus was 20-40% and 60-80% regenerated, respectively. When irradiated rats were given daily parenteral injections of the ADA inhibitor plus adenosine or deoxyadenosine, thymus regeneration at Days 9 and 14 was markedly inhibited, whereas the regeneration of thymocyte precursors was essentially unaffected. Thymus regeneration was at least 40-fold lower than in rats given adenosine or deoxyadenosine alone. Virtually identical results were obtained with both ADA inhibitors, EHNA and DCF. The majority of thymocytes present at Day 9 and at Day 14 in inhibitor-treated rats had the characteristics of subcapsular cortical thymocytes which are probably the most ancestral of the thymocytes. Thus, an induced ADA deficiency blocked the proliferation and differentiation of subcapsular cortical thymocytes which are the precursors of cortical and medullary thymocytes.
Periosteal reaction of the long bones associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: cause and effect?

Sir, The radiographic findings associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) reported in the literature have primarily concentrated on the pulmonary manifestations. We describe an infant in whom diffuse pronounced periosteal reaction involving the long bones of the upper and lower extremities, ribs, and clavicles occurred during ECMO therapy. While the cause and effect relationship cannot be definitely proven, we feel the time frame involved gives strong presumptive evidence of ECMO as the cause. We present this case in order that other radiologists may be aware of these findings and to stimulate the interest of others who might have noted similar cases.
A simple model combining quantum noise and anatomical variation in radiographs.

A model is presented for the detection of uniform focal lesions by means of an ideal photon detector. The difference of observed photons between an area overlaying the embedded lesion and an adjacent reference area of equal size constitutes the signal to be detected. Application of ROC analysis reveals that the exact probability distribution of this photon count difference can be approximated well by a Gaussian, on condition that modulation 1. Moreover, within these constraints, SNR emerged as the more salient parameter characterizing detection performance. It is shown that in the absence of anatomical variation, lesions of arbitrarily small size may be detected at any prescribed level of confidence, provided one is willing to accept the required high photon exposure. The effect of anatomical variation on detection performance is conveniently demonstrated in a graph of SNR versus exposure. There, two global regions are identified, each characterized by an asymptote, corresponding to either photon‐limited or photon‐saturated imaging. Under the first condition, quantum fluctuations are dominating the noise, and thus, detection performance is influenced by the photon exposure. Under the second, anatomical variations limit the SNR to an upper value, irrespective of exposure magnitude. Data obtained from dental radiographs demonstrate that anatomical variation is amenable to experimental measurement, and that it sets the upper limit for the SNR achievable in the diagnostic task of detecting incipient carious lesions.
Reaction of zirconium fluoride glass with water: kinetics of dissolution

When liquid water contacts a zirconium-barium-lanthanum fluoride glass, at least three different processes occur. Barium and zirconium fluoride dissolve into the water, water penetrates into the glass, and zirconium fluoride crystals grow on the glass surface, in static solution. The rate of dissolution, as measured by solution analysis, is possibly controlled by diffusion in the solid surface; surface blockage and surface reactions are other possible kinetic steps involved. Diffusion in solution is not the controlling mechanism. Hydrogen profiles in the glass surface suggest that the penetration rate of water into the glass is controlled by diffusion and a surface reaction.
1178 THE METABOLISM OF LEAD-210 (210Pb) IN ISOLATED BONE CELL POPULATIONS

Bone is the major storehouse of the body burden of Pb in man. Nonetheless, the biological significance of bone Pb is largely unknown. Studies in bone organ culture have shown that one sub-compartment of bone Pb is readily exchangeable and the source of Pb chelated by CaNa2EDTA. This subcompartment of bone Pb in vitro is regulated by the same hormones and ions that normally control bone cell metabolism. To characterize this subcompartment at the cellular level, bone cell populations from mouse calvaria were enriched for osteoclasts (OC) and osteoblasts (OB) by collagenase digestion. Once cells grew to confluency, OC and OB cells were subcultured in multiwells to which fresh medium and 210Pb were added. After incubation with 210Pb for 48 H, labelled cells were chased with 210Pb-free medium. 210Pb uptake was present by 1 H; a plateau was reached by 10H: OC: 4.51 × 103 cpm/mg cell protein; OB: 1.12 × 103 cpm/mg cell protein. Uptake increased linearly as medium 210Pb was increased; by 48 H, OC accumulated 4-5 times more cpm compared to OB. In 210Pb-free medium, OC and OB cells released 29.2 ± 1.1 and 5.6 ± .9%, respectively, of preincorporated label by 10 H. Vigorous washing of cells with CaNa2EDTA, trypsin and TCA indicated that virtually all 210Pb incorporation was intracellular. These data suggest that: 1) OC and OB cells incorporate 210Pb rapidly; a significant fraction of incorporated label is exchangeable; 2) In this system, OC appear to be the major cell type involved in the metabolism of Pb in bone.
123. Response and habituation of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression to repeated psychosocial stress

Rationale: Acute stress is accompanied by an inflammatory response and some individuals show sensitization to repeated stress. Increased peripheral inflammation is a risk factor for many age-related illnesses, highlighting the need to understand factors controlling inflammation. No studies have examined changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression in response to repeated acute stress in humans. Methods: We recruited n = 31 healthy individuals and examined gene expression of IL-6, IL-1beta, RelA and IkappaB before, 30 and 120 min after exposure to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on two days. We assessed the inflammatory response by measuring plasma IL-6, and cortisol as the major anti-inflammatory stress hormone. Results: Stress exposure induced inflammatory and cortisol responses (IL-6: F = 49.3, p F = 13.7, p ∗ time interaction F = 4.2, p = 0.011) but IL-6 responses did not (n.s.). IL-6 and IL-1beta gene expression increased on Day 1, but not on Day 2 (day ∗ time interaction: IL-6: F = 106, p = 0.001; IL-1beta: F = 7.9, p = 0.006). RelA expression increased on both days (time effect F = 5.0, p = 0.013). IkB expression increased then decreased below baseline on Day 1, and decreased post-TSST on Day 2 (day ∗ time interaction: F (2,54) = 5.4, p = 0.08). There was no relationship between IL-1Beta, IkB, and RelA with plasma IL-6 or cortisol, or between cortisol and plasma IL-6. Conclusions: Taken together, results show a response pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression characterized by differential stress responses and habituation patterns that are in disjunction with patterns of cortisol and plasma IL-6 responses to repeated stress. This indicates that increases in plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines are unlikely to originate solely from de novo transcription within PBMCs, but that alternative or additional sources of plasma inflammatory cytokines need to be explored.
Teacher Attraction Are Magnet School Teachers More Professionalized Than Traditional Schoolteachers in Urban Secondary Schools

How does the organization affect the occupation? This article takes a collective look at school organizations, magnet schools as instruments of school choice and traditional schools, and the effect they have on teacher professionalization. Research indicates that the benefits of increased teacher professionalization include greater commitment, higher retention rates, and higher student outcomes—all major issues in school reform debates. Using a national-level data set, the author investigates four elements of professionalization in both the magnet and traditional school contexts to ascertain the impact the school organization has on teacher professionalization. The results indicate the magnet school context is indeed noteworthy in the areas of autonomy, both classroom control and influence on school policy, and professional development and salary, but is not significant in teacher credentialing. How does the organization affect the occupation? More specifically, how does the school organizational context affect teachers? The school choice movement, including magnet schools, charter schools, and voucher programs to name a few, espouse a nontraditional, less bureaucratic institution that is free to innovate and respond to the needs of the community and students. What this article seeks to investigate is the impact the new organizations have on teacher professionalization. Selecting the magnet school option as the program of longest tenure, this study examines teachers in urban
Mitochondrial phosphate transport: Correlation between alkylation of membrane proteins with N-[3H]ethylmaleimide and inhibition of transport

Abstract N-ethylmaleimide inhibits the mitochondrial phosphate carrier. Mitochondria were titrated with N-[ 3 H]ethylmaleimide, dissolved in dodecylsulfate-mercaptoethanol, and their proteins separated on dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gels. While the phosphate transport is essentially insensitive to low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide, the six primary N-ethylmaleimide reactive inner membrane proteins are labeled in direct proportion to the amount of inhibitor added. The reaction of N-[ 3 H]ethylmaleimide with proteins I and III is independent of the preincubation of the mitochondria with p-mercuribenzoic acid, a membrane impermeable inhibitor of the transport. Comparing the alkylation of proteins II, IV, V and VI with the inhibition of phosphate transport, it is found that only proteins IV (45,000 daltons) and V (32,000 daltons) are maximally labeled at the same N-[ 3 H]ethylmaleimide concentration that maximally inhibits the transport.
A Quantum Chemistry Based Force Field for Perfluoroalkanes and Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

An ab initio quantum chemistry investigation of conformational energetics of C4F10, C5F12, and C6F14 revealed that the relative energies of gauche and ortho conformers relative to anti conformer were molecular weight independent for C4F10−C6F14 whereas the gauche ↔ ortho and ortho ↔ anti barriers monotonically increased with increasing molecular weight. An ab initio quantum chemistry based force field has been developed for perfluoroalkanes and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE). The same set of torsional parameters accurately described conformational energetics of C4F10, C5F12, and C6F14 including gauche and anti splits, indicating transferability of the developed force field to longer perfluoroalkanes. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of various perfluoroalkanes ranging from C4F10 to C20F42 using the developed force field yielded densities within 2% of experimental values, predicted enthalpies of vaporization within 10% of experimental data, and viscosities within 25% of experimental values. The static...
Social-emotional predictors of preschoolers' responses to adult negative emotion

The study examined predictors of children's prosocial responses to adult negative emotions. An adult displayed anger, sadness and pain during play sessions with 39 preschoolers (mean age = 43 months). Older children responded more prosocially to all three emotions, whereas children with greater emotion knowledge responded more prosocially to the adult's sadness. Children who behaved prosocially in response to peers' negative emotions also were prosocial after the adult's negative emotions, even with effects of age and emotion knowledge held constant. Assertive children responded more prosocially to the adult's anger, even with effects of other variables held constant. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Liver-directed recombinant adeno-associated viral gene delivery rescues a lethal mouse model of methylmalonic acidemia and provides long-term phenotypic correction.

Methylmalonic acidemia is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the mitochondrial enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT). In this study, Carrillo-Carrasco and colleagues demonstrate that a single intrahepatic injection of AAV8 encoding the Mut gene under control of the liver-specific thyroxine-binding globulin promoter is sufficient to rescue Mut −/− mice from neonatal lethality and provides long-term phenotypic correction.
Reduced activity of moxidectin and ivermectin on small strongyles in young horses on a farm (BC) in Central Kentucky in two field tests with notes on variable counts of eggs per gram of feces (EPGs).

Two field tests (A and B) were conducted in Thoroughbred weanlings born in 2008 and 2009 on a farm (BC) in Central Kentucky. The purpose was to determine the current efficacy of moxidectin (MOX) and ivermectin (IVM) on small strongyles by pre- and posttreatment counts of eggs per gram of feces (EPGs) in this geographical area. In previous parasite studies in horses on this farm and in horses on numerous other farms in this area, cultures of feces indicated the strongyle larvae were all small strongyles. Therefore, the strongyle eggs in the EPG counts are considered small strongyles. Designation of the location of the horses in the current study is by barn number. However, the horses were kept on pastures except when gotten up in the specific barns for treatment and collection of feces. The number of horses for study A (2008–2009) was 40 in a total of ten barns (four in each location) and that for study B (2009–2010) was 49 in a total of nine barns (four each in six locations and seven to nine each in three locations). The nine barns for the study-B horses were the same ones used for the study-A horses; the tenth barn for study A was not used for study B. The number of horses treated was 20 with MOX and 20 with IVM in study A and 24 with MOX and 25 with IVM in study B. Drugs given to horses in barns in study B were switched from those used in barns in study A. That is, horses in barns where MOX was used in study A were given IVM and vice versa for those in study B. Study-A horses in some of the barns had unexplained either negative or delayed return of EPG counts after treatment with either drug, compared to horses in other barns. No reason for inconsistencies could be determined. Study B was initiated to compare results with study-A horses, relative to their location in the same barns. Study- B horses, contrary to horses in study A, had mostly consistent results between barns. Most of the MOX- and IVM-treated horses in study B and some in study A had strongyle EPG counts returning almost twice as quickly as when these compounds were first marketed.
NONELASTIC NEUTRON CROSS SECTIONS AT 14 Mev

Nonelastic neutron cross sections for 23 elements have been measured at 14.2 Mev by means of the sphere transmission technique. Corrections have been applied to the data, principally for elastic energy loss, multiple scattering, and finite detector size. The results are compared with predictions of the optical model.
Chemostratigraphic evidence of Deccan volcanism from the marine osmium isotope record.

Continental flood basalt (CFB) volcanism is hypothesized to have played a causative role in global climate change and mass extinctions. Uncertainties associated with radiometric dating preclude a clear chronological assessment of the environmental consequences of CFB volcanism. Our results document a 25% decline in the marine 187 Os/ 188 Os record that predates the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) and coincides with late Maastrichtian warming. We argue that this decline provides a chemostratigraphic marker of Deccan volcanism and thus constitutes compelling evidence that the main environmental consequence of Deccan volcanism was a transient global warming event of 3° to 5°C that is fully resolved from the KTB mass extinction.
Impact of application scale and diversity on file systems

This position paper examines file system requirements of a few, large-scale, emerging applications. While these applications require some new functions that have never been implemented before, mostly they need customization of existing functions. Building a new file system for each application is not economically viable, but this is what is happening today either directly or indirectly.
Estimation of temporal variability of survival in animal populations

Temporal variation of demographic characteristics for animal populations is of interest to both ecologists and biological modelers. The standard deviation of a series of estimated parameter values (e.g., estimated population size) or some function thereof (e.g., log of the estimated parameters) is commonly used as a measure of temporal variability. These measures of temporal variation overestimate the true temporal variation by not accounting for sampling variability inherent to the estimation of unknown population parameters. Using a variance-components approach to partitioning the total variability of an estimated parameter, we demonstrate the ease with which sampling variation can be removed from the observed total variation of parameter estimates. Estimates of temporal variability of survival are given after removal of sampling variation for three bird species: the federally listed Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii), Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus), and Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Sampling variation accounted for the majority of the total variation in the survival estimates for nearly all of the populations studied. Substantial differences in observed significance levels were observed when testing for demographic differences in temporal variation using temporal variance estimates adjusted and unadjusted for sampling variance.
Comment on ‘A political economy of accounting standard setting’

This comment raises questions about the appropriateness of the model proposed by Konigsgruber (J Manag Gov 14:277–295, 2010) in depicting the politics of the standard-setting process in the context of the very different regulatory contexts in the EU and the US.
Disrupting the Stem Cell Niche: Good Seeds in Bad Soil

Stem cells reside in a microenvironment or niche that is critical for stem cell maintenance and regulation. But what happens when a stem cell niche is disrupted? In this issue of Cell, two reports (Walkley et al., 2007a, 2007b) demonstrate in mice that alterations in the niche for hematopoietic stem cells lead to the development of myeloproliferative disease.
Brain Imaging, Forward Inference, and Theories of Reasoning

This review focuses on the issue of how neuroimaging studies address theoretical accounts of reasoning, through the lens of the method of forward inference (Henson, 2005, 2006). After theories of deductive and inductive reasoning are briefly presented, the method of forward inference for distinguishing between psychological theories based on brain imaging evidence is critically reviewed. Brain imaging studies of reasoning, comparing deductive and inductive arguments, comparing meaningful versus non-meaningful material, investigating hemispheric localization, and comparing conditional and relational arguments, are assessed in light of the method of forward inference. Finally, conclusions are drawn with regard to future research opportunities.
Evidence for common nucleotide sequences in the RNA subunits comprising Rous sarcoma virus 70 S RNA

Abstract Digestion of Rous sarcoma virus 32 P-labeled high molecular-weight RNA with T 1 ribonuclease resulted in the release of approximately 30 unique large oligonucleotides which were resolved by electrophoresis and chromatography on thin layers of cellulose and DEAE-cellulose. Determination of the radioactivity present in each oligonucleotide of known chain length and in the remaining digestion products made it possible to estimate the total number of residues expected in a polynucleotide chain containing the sequences represented. The oligonucleotides are present in amounts greater than would be expected for a unique and nonrepetitive 70 S RNA molecule with a molecular weight of 1 × 10 7 . Many of the sequences must, therefore, be present in more than one of the 35 S RNA subunits comprising the 70 S RNA.
Note on the Interaction Between Nuclei and Electromagnetic Radiation

The exchange character of nuclear forces makes it impossible to formulate in a consistent way the coupling between the electromagnetic field and a nucleus described by a model which involves only heavy particles. This difficulty does not occur in a theory which introduces light particles as carriers of the charge in the exchange processes. The actual contribution of these light particles to the transition probabilities is proved to be negligible in the limit of wave-lengths of the radiation large compared with nuclear dimensions and nonrelativistic motion of the heavy particles. In this limit one is justified in taking as coupling term --- (ED), where D is the dipole moment calculated from the heavy particle model, and E is the electric field. A marked influence of the exchange processes on the radiation properties of the nucleus exists even in the limit considered.
Preparation of 3H-labeled serum glycoproteins from antarctic fish.

Abstract Radioactive glycoproteins were prepared from the purified serum glycoproteins of antarctic fish by introducing tritium atoms ( 3 H) into their carbohydrate moiety. The carbohydrate moiety is composed of disaccharides, β-D-galactosyl-(1→4) α-N-acetylgalactosamine, which accounts for 60% of the molecule. The hydroxyl groups (OH) at the carbon-6 positions of both sugar residues were oxidized with galactose oxidase to aldehyde groups and subsequently reduced to hydroxyl groups (O 3 H) with sodium borohydride- 3 H (NaB 3 H 4 ). Under suitable conditions, the end products (tritiated glycoproteins) are highly radioactive and retain their original unique freezing point depressing activity.
Radioactive ion beam research at lawrence livermore national laboratory

Several modifications and additions have been made to improve the radioactive beam facility at Livermore with the main aim of measuring the cross section for /sup 7/Be(p,..gamma..)/sup 8/B (which is important in determining the solar neutrino flux) and other reactions of astrophysical interest. The quadrupole sextuplet spectrometer has been upgraded by inserting an electrostatic deflection element near the midpoint and by installing a movable beam stop near the /sup 7/Be production target. These changes have allowed an improvement in the purity, and a large increase in the intensity, of the /sup 7/Be beam. Six large NaI(Tl) detectors and the gas cell from the OSU system along with its active and passive shielding have been incorporated into the Lawrence Livermore facility. True events are to be identified by a multiple coincidence. The first requirement is the detection of a ..gamma..-ray from the proton capture /sup 7/Be(p,..gamma..)/sup 8/B. After the candidate capture gamma is observed the /sup 8/B decay signature is required. This signature is a positron (from /sup 8/B ..-->.. /sup 8/Be* + e/sup +/ + ..nu..) along with the two ..cap alpha..'s from /sup 8/Be ..-->.. ..cap alpha.. + ..cap alpha.. observed in a CaF/sub 2/ detector into which themore » /sup 8/B have implanted. Also a detector telescope inside the gas cell monitors the incoming /sup 7/Be beam. The current status of the /sup 7/Be(p,..gamma..)/sup 8/B measurement is discussed.« less
Diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerosis.

Importance of the field: Intracranial atherosclerosis is quickly becoming the most common stroke mechanism worldwide. Accurate diagnosis is important in making treatment decisions.Areas covered in the review: In this article the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerosis is reviewed. An overview is provided of widely available invasive and non-invasive methods for the detection of intracranial atherosclerosis, including transcranial Doppler, magnetic resonance and computed tomography angiography, as well as conventional angiography.What the reader will gain: The reader will become familiar with the advantages and limitations of various imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerosis.Take home message: Non-invasive imaging modalities have a high negative predictive value in detecting intracranial atherosclerosis. The gold standard for confirmation of the diagnosis remains catheter angiography.
The use of X-ray stress analysis for WC-base cermets

Abstract Implications of the shallow penetration of X-rays in WC-base cermets are discussed with regard to conventional X-ray residual stress measurements. The principal factors of concern are relaxation of the volumetric differential thermal residual stress state at the surface and residual stress due to surface preparation. Model calculations are made of versus d sin2 Ψ plots, showing the effects of both relaxation and surface preparation for molybdenum, copper, cobalt and chromium X-rays. The occurrence of d versus sin2 Ψ plots with negative slopes, and subsequent biaxial analysis, precludes study of the differential thermal stress state although surface grinding and polishing effects may still be investigated.
The Simulation of Air Induction Noise Using 1D-3D Coupling

Compartment noise has gained significant importance to meet customer expectation. One of the sources of noise is air intake noise. Intake noise is produced by both opening and closing of the inlet valve. This makes source noise critical to the development of air induction system. The new approach has been thought for noise analysis of Air Induction System (AIS) to identify source noise using 1D-3D coupling. It is very difficult to simulate engine and air induction system in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) due to complexities in geometry.
Optical Coherent Transients by Laser Frequency-Switching

Coherence phenomena such as photon echoes, free induction and nutation effects are easily detected in molecular iodine using a frequency-switched tunable cw dye laser. This technique is generally applicable to atoms, molecules, and solids and offers unique ways for probing dynamic interactions in a selective manner. Elastic and inelastic collision mechanisms for I2 are examined independently and compared with theory.
Pulsatile flow past an oscillating cylinder.

A fundamental study to characterize the flow around an oscillating cylinder in a pulsatile flow environment is investigated. This work is motivated by a new proposed design of the total artificial lung (TAL), which is envisioned to provide better gas exchange. The Navier–Stokes computations in a moving frame of reference were performed to compute the dynamic flow field surrounding the cylinder. Cylinder oscillations and pulsatile free-stream velocity were represented by two sinusoidal waves with amplitudes A and B and frequencies ωc and ω, respectively. The Keulegan–Carpenter number (Kc=Uo/Dωc) was used to describe the frequency of the oscillating cylinder while the pulsatile free-stream velocity was fixed by imposing ω/Kc=1 for all cases investigated. The parameters of interest and their values were amplitude (0.5D<A<D), the Keulegan–Carpenter number (0.33<Kc<1), and the Reynolds number (5<Re<20) corresponding to operating conditions of the TAL. It was observed that an increase in amplitude and a decrease in Kc are associated with an increase in vorticity (up to 246%) for every Re suggesting that mixing could be enhanced by the proposed TAL design. The drag coefficient was found to decrease for higher amplitudes and lower Kc for all cases investigated. In some cases the drag coefficient values were found to be lower than the stationary cylinder values (A=0.5, Kc=0.3, and Re=10 and 20). A lock-in phenomenon (cylinder oscillating frequency matched the vortex shedding frequency) was found when Kc=1 for all cases. This lock-in condition was attributed to be the cause of the rise in drag observed in that operating regime. For optimal performance of the modified TAL design it is recommended to operate the device at higher fiber oscillation amplitudes and lower Kc (avoiding the lock-in regime).
Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change.

Objectives: The increase in consumption of sugar-added beverages over recent decades may be partly responsible for the obesity epidemic among U.S. adolescents. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between BMI changes and intakes of sugar-added beverages, milk, fruit juices, and diet soda. Research Methods and Procedures: Our prospective cohort study included >10, 000 boys and girls participating in the U.S. Growing Up Today Study. The participants were 9 to 14 years old in 1996 and completed questionnaires in 1996, 1997, and 1998. We analyzed change in BMI (kilograms per meter squared) over two 1-year periods among children who completed annual food frequency questionnaires assessing typical past year intakes. We studied beverage intakes during the year corresponding to each BMI change, and in separate models, we studied 1-year changes in beverage intakes, adjusting for prior year intakes. Models included all beverages simultaneously; further models adjusted for total energy intake. Results: Consumption of sugar-added beverages was associated with small BMI gains during the corresponding year (boys: +0.03 kg/m2 per daily serving, p = 0.04; girls: +0.02 kg/m2, p = 0.096). In models not assuming a linear dose-response trend, girls who drank 1 serving/d of sugar-added beverages gained more weight (+0.068, p = 0.02) than girls drinking none, as did girls drinking 2 servings/d (+0.09, p = 0.06) or 3+ servings/d (+0.08, p = 0.06). Analyses of year-to-year change in beverage intakes provided generally similar findings; boys who increased consumption of sugar-added beverages from the prior year experienced weight gain (+0.04 kg/m2 per additional daily serving, p = 0.01). Children who increased intakes by 2 or more servings/d from the prior year gained weight (boys: +0.14, p = 0.01; girls +0.10, p = 0.046). Further adjusting our models for total energy intake substantially reduced the estimated effects, which were no longer significant. Discussion: Consumption of sugar-added beverages may contribute to weight gain among adolescents, probably due to their contribution to total energy intake, because adjustment for calories greatly attenuated the estimated associations.
Prognostic determinants of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: impact on clinical trial design.

Objective: The objective of this study was to review known clinical predictors and biologic markers of adverse clinical outcomes in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that might be used as selection criteria in clinical trials of novel therapies for ALI/ARDS. Data Source: Published studies on clinical predictors and biologic markers of adverse outcomes in ALI/ARDS. Main Results: In large epidemiologic studies, a number of clinical factors have been identified consistently as independent predictors of mortality in ALI/ARDS. These include age, comorbidities, including chronic liver disease and immunosuppression, severity of illness scores, and the degree of multisystem organ failure. Several biologic markers of mortality have also been identified in large studies, including von Willebrand factor antigen, surfactant protein D, protein C, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, interleukins 6 and 8, and the TNF receptors. The Pao2/Fio2 ratio at the onset of ALI/ARDS does not predict clinical outcome but may be more useful after the first day of ALI/ARDS. A persistently low Pao2/Fio2 ratio is associated with worse outcomes and may be a marker of failure to respond to conventional therapy. Changes in IL-6, IL-8, TNF receptors, and SP-D over the first 3 days of ALI/ARDS are also associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The use of a combination of clinical factors and biologic markers is a promising strategy that needs to be prospectively validated. Conclusions: The design of clinical trials for new therapies for ALI and ARDS is a complex problem that ultimately will have a major impact on both trial outcome and generalizability. A number of clinical factors and biologic markers can be used to differentiate groups of patients at highest risk for adverse clinical outcomes. Whether enriching study populations with these sicker patients will increase or decrease the likelihood of a treatment effect for a given therapy is unknown.