cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Duodenal Bulb Mucosa with Hypertrophic Gastric Oxyntic Heterotopia in Patients with Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

Objectives. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) results in hypersecretion of gastric acid (via gastrinoma) leading to peptic ulcers, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. We describe the novel discovery of hypertrophic, heterotopic gastric mucosa in the proximal duodenal bulb in patients with ZES, which we hypothesize results in an increased incidence of postbulbar ulcers in patients with ZES (a mechanism previously unreported). We determined the incidence of the novel finding of duodenal gastric oxyntic hypertrophic heterotopia (GOH) in patients with ZES. Methods. Seven patients with ZES were enrolled. The diagnosis of ZES was established by hypergastrinemia, gastric acid hypersecretion, and a positive secretin test or based on biopsy specimens (evaluated via tissue staining). Basal acid output (BAO) and baseline gastrin secretion were determined by established methods. Endoscopic examinations with methylene blue staining and biopsy of the gastric and duodenal mucosa were conducted in all patients every 3-6 months for an average of 5 years. Results. The duodenal mucosa demonstrated hypertrophic GOH in 5 out of 7 patients with ZES and an intact stomach and duodenum. Biopsies from the bowel mucosa demonstrated patchy replacement of surface epithelium by gastric-type epithelium with hypertrophic oxyntic glands in the lamina propria in 5 patients. Two of the patients had no evidence of GOH in the duodenal bulb. Patients with GOH had an average serum gastrin level of 1245 pg/mL and BAO of 2.92 mEq/hr versus 724 pg/mL and 0.8 mEq/hr in patients without GOH. Conclusions. This study demonstrated the presence of duodenal mucosa with GOH in 5 out of 7 patients with ZES and an intact stomach and duodenum. The presence of hypertrophic and heterotopic gastric mucosa is proposed to result from increased gastrin levels and may contribute to the increased incidence of postbulbar ulcers in these patients.
Anticipatory adjustments of multi-finger synergies in preparation for self-triggered perturbations

We studied changes in multi-finger synergies associated with predictable and unpredictable force perturbations applied to a finger during a multi-finger constant total force production task. The main hypothesis was that indices of multi-finger synergies can show anticipatory changes in preparation for a predictable perturbation. Subjects sat in a chair and pressed on force sensors with the four fingers of the right hand. The task was to produce a constant level of total force. The fingers acted against loads that produced upward directed forces. The loads (applied either to the index or to the ring finger) could be disengaged either by the subject or by the experimenter. An index of finger co-variation, DeltaV was computed across sets of 12 trials at each time sample and for all tasks separately. During steady-state force production, all subjects showed positive DeltaV values corresponding to strong negative covariation among finger forces interpreted as a force-stabilizing synergy. Prior to self-triggered unloading, subjects showed an anticipatory drop in DeltaV that started 100-125 ms prior to the unloading time. Such early changes were absent in trials with experimenter-triggered unloading. After an unloading, subjects changed forces of both perturbed and unperturbed fingers and reached a new sharing pattern of the total force. In experimenter-triggered conditions, changes in the forces of unperturbed fingers could be seen as early as 120 ms following an unloading. The index DeltaV dropped following a perturbation and then recovered; the recovery occurred faster in self-triggered conditions. We conclude that humans can use feed-forward changes in multi-finger synergies (anticipatory synergy adjustments) in anticipation of a predictable perturbation. These changes may help avoid prolonged weakening of a multi-digit force-stabilizing synergy. We discuss a possibility that anticipatory postural adjustments may represent a particular case of the phenomenon of anticipatory synergy adjustments and suggest a hierarchical control scheme that incorporates a possibility of independent control over the output of a multi-element system and covariation patterns among outputs of its elements.
Aggregation Bias and the Use of Regression in Evaluating Models of Human Performance

Regression analyses are increasingly being used to provide confirmatory evidence for models of human performance. The amount of information made available to judge these models is reduced because clearly established standards in the techniques of performing and reporting regression analyses are lacking. This paper addresses two primary problems in regression analysis: aggregation of data and the aggregation of variables into composite models. We provide examples of the misuse of regression techniques and recommend ways in which the amount of information made available to evaluate the model being tested can be maximized in analysis and reporting.
An assessment of student preferences for PowerPoint presentation structure in undergraduate courses

Studies have demonstrated that students prefer PowerPoint and respond favorably to classes when it is used. Few studies have addressed the physical structure of PowerPoint. In this study, students enrolled in several psychology classes on two campuses completed a 36 item questionnaire regarding their preferences for the use of PowerPoint in the classroom. Students preferred the use of key phrase outlines, pictures and graphs, slides to be built line by line, sounds from popular media or that support the pictures or graphics on the slide, color backgrounds, and to have the lights dimmed. It is recommended that professors pay attention to the physical aspects of PowerPoint slides and handouts to further enhance students' educational experience.
The Politics of Hybridity: Race, Gender, and Nationalism in Trinidad

National and academic discourses on the Caribbean celebrate metaphors of cultural hybridity as pluralistic solutions to racial tensions and challenges to (neo-)colonial oppression within the region's nation states. When cultural hybridity is theorized and deployed as a metaphor for Caribbean national sovereignty, differences are reified and power and social inequalities erased, thereby limiting the potential of hybrid social forms and movements to challenge structural inequalities. This article critiques celebratory discourses of hybridity by focusing on Trinidadian women's writing and the ways in which Trinidadian women locate themselves in their cultural and social poetics. By rereading hybridity as a space in and through which Trinidadian women voice their subjectivities, I situate creative practice as a politics that calls into question and attends to social inequalities within Caribbean nation states.
Improvement of alpha-particle resolution of silicon surface-barrier detectors by cooling

Abstract It is shown that the alpha-particle resolution of surface-barrier Si detectors may be significantly improved by cooling to about −30°C. This improvement is due principally to the reduction of leakage currents which contribute to preamplifier noise. Cooled detectors of 1 cm 2 area typically give line widths of 13–15 keV fwhm for 5.5 MeV alpha particles.
Systems engineering and society's problems

It has been suggested that systems engineering offers a new and effective route to the solution of societal problems, and it has been accordingly proposed∗ that IEEE and others should therefore advocate the use of systems engineering as a social tool — perhaps even present it as a social breakthrough. There is no doubt that systems engineering has something to contribute to a variety of social-technological dilemmas such as we now face. Yet I believe it is misleading to elevate the systems concept to the status of a social breakthrough.
Strategic stockpiling of power system supplies for disaster recovery

This paper studies the Power System Stochastic Storage Problem (PSSSP), a novel application in power restoration which consists of deciding how to store power system components throughout a populated area to maximize the amount of power served after disaster restoration. The paper proposes an exact mixed-integer formulation for the linearized DC power flow model and a general column-generation approach. Both formulations were evaluated experimentally on real-life benchmarks. The results show that the column-generation algorithm produces near-optimal solutions quickly and produces orders of magnitude speedups over the exact formulation for large benchmarks. Moreover, both the exact and the column-generation formulations produce significant improvements over a greedy approach and hence should yield significant benefits in practice.
Regulating danger on the highways: hours of service regulations.

Abstract Objectives Current hours of service regulations governing commercial truck drivers in place in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the European Union are summarized and compared to facilitate the assessment of the effectiveness of such provisions in preventing fatigue and drowsiness among truck drivers. Methods Current hours of service provisions governing commercial truck drivers were derived from governmental sources. Results The commercial truck driver hours of service provisions in the United States, Canada, and the European Union permit drivers to work 14 hours and those of Australia permit drivers to work 12 hours a day on a regular basis. The regulations do not state what a driver may do with time off. They are consistent with a driver being able to drive after 24 hours without sleep. They do not take into account circadian rhythm by linking driving or rest to time of day. Conclusions Current hours of service regulations governing commercial truck drivers leave gaps—permitting drivers to work long hours on a regular basis, permitting driving after no sleep for 24 hours, and failing to take into account the importance of circadian rhythm, endangering the public safety and the truck drivers themselves.
Permits, Parks, and Riot Police: Mayor Art Agnos, Food Not Bombs, and the Unmasking of Contradictions with Urban Liberalism

On August 15th, 1988 the progressive mayor of San Francisco, Art Agnos, had his police force mass arrest a small group of anarchist activists for distributing food without a permit on corner of Haight and Stanyan. This campaign lasted throughout Agnos's entire administration, as he and the group constantly butted head over the City's homelessness, urban development, and housing policies. Agnos campaigned as a progressive, who wished to alleviate the suffering and hardship of the homeless and was committed to humanely addressing the "root causes" of homelessness. If so, why did Agnos arrest a group of people for simply distributing food without a permit? In this paper I contend that the mayors interactions with Food Not Bombs highlight two fundamental contradictions within urban liberal political regimes: (1) the desire to both exclude non-liberal groups and actors, and the need for political inclusion; (2) the stated desire for social and economic justice versus the pragmatic need to engage in gentrification and middle-class, white politics.
Translation & the reception of foreign law in the antebellum United States

The "formative period of American law" was a period in United States legal history, which may be characterized as one of experimentation.1 The split with Britain politically also signaled a split in terms of law.2 The new nation and its lawyers and legislators were faced with choices. They could continue to use British law; they could formulate their own new and unique laws, they could borrow laws from nations other than Britain. In fact, they did all of this and more. Perhaps the least well-known and understood aspect of this period of legal experimentation and legal syncretism is the extent to which the new nation looked to Europe and European legal systems for its legal development. Some work has been done on borrowing from Roman law during this period, particularly by Roscoe Pound, R.H. Helmholz, and Peter Stein.3 In 1997 I published a brief treatment on the influence of Roman law on the development of jurisprudential thinking in the United States during this period.4 But one important aspect of such borrowing, if not full-scale reception, of foreign law in the early history of the United States has not received adequate scholarly treatment: the problem of language.
Disintegration of Ta 180

The modes of decay of 8-hour ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{180}$ have been studied by means of a magnetic spectrometer and coincidence-absorption techniques. It is found that approximately 21 percent of the decays involve either of two negative beta-particles in transitions to states of ${\mathrm{W}}^{180}$. The remainder of the decays proceed by means of $K$-capture to at least two different states of ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{180}$. No positrons are observed. Very prominent conversion lines attributed to a 93-kev gamma-transition in ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{180}$ are observed, in addition to a weaker line considered to be associated with a 102-kev gamma-ray in ${\mathrm{W}}^{180}$. Auger electrons are also present. The multipolarity of the 93-kev gamma-ray is thought to be electric quadrupole.
Expanding Yttrium Bis(trimethylsilylamide) Chemistry Through the Reaction Chemistry of (N2)2–, (N2)3–, and (NO)2– Complexes

The reaction chemistry of the side-on bound (N2)2–, (N2)3–, and (NO)2– complexes of the [(R2N)2Y]+ cation (R = SiMe3), namely, [(R2N)2(THF)Y]2(μ-η2:η2-N2), 1, [(R2N)2(THF)Y]2(μ-η2:η2-N2)K, 2, and [(R2N)2(THF)Y]2(μ-η2:η2-NO), 3, with oxidizing agents has been explored to search for other (E2)n−, (E = N, O), species that can be stabilized by this cation. This has led to the first examples for the [(R2N)2Y]+ cation of two fundamental classes of [(monoanion)2Ln]+ rare earth systems (Ln = Sc, Y, lanthanides), namely, oxide complexes and the tetraphenylborate salt. In addition, an unusually high yield reaction with dioxygen was found to give a peroxide complex that completes the (N2)2–, (NO)2–, (O2)2– series with 1 and 3. Specifically, the (μ-O)2– oxide-bridged bimetallic complex, [(R2N)2(THF)Y}2(μ-O), 4, is obtained as a byproduct from reactions of either the (N2)2– complex, 1, or the (N2)3– complex, 2, with NO, while the oxide formed from 2 with N2O is a polymeric species incorporating potassium, {[(R2N)2Y]2(...
Influences of Aging and Dietary Restriction on Serum Thymosinαl Levels in Mice

Influences of age (3 wk, 2, 7, 19, or 26 mo), long-term dietary restriction (DR) started at 3 wk of age, and acute fasting state on serum thymosin alpha 1 (T alpha 1) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in female mice from a long-lived strain. The average T alpha 1 level was highest (approximately 60 ng/ml) at 3 wk and fell sharply such that 2 mo old mice fed either normal (N, approximately 80% of ad libitum intake) or restricted (R, approximately 50% of ad libitum intake) diets averaged approximately 20 ng/ml. Any age-related declines after 2 mo of age were mild and statistically significant only for R mice bled 2-4 h (but not 24-48 h) post-feeding. T alpha 1 levels were lower in group R than in group N mice in one experiment at 19 mo of age but not in another at 26 mo. The decline with age in serum T alpha 1 levels is mainly a very early life event for mice of this hybrid strain and appears uninfluenced by DR. T alpha 1 levels are variably reduced by DR later in life.
Study and application of the compound poly alcohol brine system

The water based drilling fluids used in the relative shallow wells within 2500 m in the north of Songliao Basin in Daqing have many problems, e. g. , poor shale inhibition, large hole enlargement, irregular borehole, etc. To stabilize the wellbore, mud density has to be weighted, and this also leads to negative influence to oil and gas discovery and formation protection. A new kind of drilling fluid system named compound polyalcohol brine system is therefore developed to resolve these problems. It is mainly consisted of three polyal-cohols with different cloud points, and filtrate reducer, viscosifier, super fine calcium carbonate, potassium formate and sodium formate. Laboratory study and field using shows its such advantages as better shale control, regular borehole and good stability. Its temperature tolerance can reach to as high as 160℃, and better formation protection results are achieved. Additionally, this system is biological degradable, and it causes little pollution to the environment and little corrosion to the drilling tool.
Propagation of non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse in tunnel

To investigate the propagation of non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) in circular tunnel,a numerical analysis model was put forward based on the body of revolution finite-difference time-domain (BOR-FDTD) method.The propagation loss of high-power microwave (HPM) with different carrier frequencies and ultra-wide band (UWB) with different pulse widths were achieved for three transmitting modes (TE01,TE11 and TM01) using the BOR-FDTD numerical model.The results indicate that the propagation loss of non-nuclear EMP in tunnel is mainly close to linear attenuation,while in the propagation process the attenuation has obvious fluctuation for HPM with higher carrier frequency,that the higher the carrier frequency of HPM,or the narrower the pulse width of UWB,the less the propagation loss,and that the attenuation rate of TM01mode is higher than that of the TE01and TE11modes.The numerical results are in good agreement with those obtained from the experiment.
The bacteria distribution on the culture environment of interdial shellfish

2976 strains of heterotrophic bacteria,isolated from the rearing shoal,mainly belonged to 18 genera and some genera of Enterobacteriaceae.Clostridium,Bacillus,Corynebacterium,Photobacterium,Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas and some genera of Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant microflora.The community structure of the heterotrophic bacteria had obvious terrigenous characters and differed greatly in the temporal and spatial distribution.The number of heterotrophic bacteria(HB) ranged from 1.62×103 cfu/g to 2.00×105cfu/g,while the numbers of denitrifying bacteria(DB),ammonifying bacteria(AB) and sulphate reducing bacteria(SRB) ranged from 1.50×104 to 5.00×107cell/g,9.00×104 to 9.0×107cell/g and 9.00×103 to 4.00×106cell/g respectively.Additionally,statistical analysis indicated that the correlation between the amount of HB and DB,AB was positive,furthermore the dependency between HB and AB was very significant.But the correlation between the amount of SRB and HB was negative.
Nitric oxide donor prevents hydrogen peroxide-mediated endothelial cell injury

Because nitric oxide is being used to treat acute lung injury and because it may either reduce or potentiate oxidant-mediated vascular injury, we studied the effect of the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury to cultured rat lung microvascular endothelial cells (RLMVC). Cells were exposed to H2O2 through its enzymatic generation by glucose and glucose oxidase or by its direct application. Glucose oxidase exposure causes a concentration- and time-dependent increase in 51chromium (51Cr) release from RLMVC. Catalase, dimethylthiourea or deferoxamine protects against this oxidant injury. SNAP (100 microM) prevents the increase in 51Cr release resulting from glucose oxidase or direct application of H2O2. N-acetyl-D-penicillamine is ineffective. Photo-decayed SNAP slightly decreases the 51Cr release caused by glucose oxidase but not the injury produced by directly adding H2O2. Treatment with the guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) analogue 8-BrcGMP (1-10 mM) provides no protection. SNAP decreases in vitro the net oxidation of ferrous to fcrric iron by H2O2, the iron-catalyzed consumption of H2O2 in Fenton's reaction, the iron-mediated generation of hydroxyl radicals, and the Fe(2+)-H2O2-catalyzed peroxidation of lipid membranes. Providing exogenous nitric oxide dramatically prevents H2O2-mediated endothelial injury, likely by reducing iron-mediated oxidant generation and subsequent lipid peroxidation.
In Their Voice

The African American high school students’ narratives that are presented in this chapter are from a case study that explored students’ perceptions about attending an HBCU. A case study is an investigation on a single unit, group, or entity in search of relationship meaning between a given context with aims to describe, explore, and explain real-life situations (Yin, 2009).
Abstract 23: N-Terminal Fragment of the Prohormone Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) vs. BNP for Predicting Heart Failure in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: the Heart and Soul Study.

Background The B-type natriuretic peptide (brain natriuretic peptide [BNP] and its amino terminal pro-BNP [NT-proBNP]) are powerful predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including heart failure (HF), in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, their relative prognostic utility remains uncertain. We compared the ability of NT-proBNP and BNP to predict HF hospitalizations in patients with stable CAD. Methods We studied the relative prognostic utility of NT-proBNP and BNP in 983 participants with stable CAD from the Heart and Soul Study. The primary outcome was time to HF hospitalization. Results During an average of 6.7 ± 3.0 years follow-up, there were 173 hospitalizations for HF. NT-proBNP and BNP levels were strongly correlated with one another (r=0.87; p<0.001). In demographically-adjusted models, HF hospitalization was predicted similarly by NT-proBNP (HR per 1-SD increase in log-transformed level: 3.1; 95% C.I. 2.7 - 3.7; p<0.001) and BNP (HR per 1-SD increase in log-transformed level: 3.0; 95% C.I. 2.5 - 3.6; p<0.001). This finding persisted after adjustment for traditional coronary risk factors, history of HF, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and LV mass index, with NT-proBNP (HR per 1-SD increase in log-transformed level: 3.4; 95% C.I. 2.5 - 4.5; p<0.001) and BNP (HR per 1-SD increase in log-transformed level: 3.0; 95% C.I. 2.3 - 3.8; p<0.001) continuing to predict the primary outcome similarly. Moreover, in fully adjusted ROC analyses, NT-proBNP (AUC 0.87) and BNP (AUC 0.86; p=0.19 for comparison) performed similarly for predicting HF hospitalization. Conclusions NT-proBNP and BNP are secreted in equimolar amounts and perform similarly for predicting HF hospitalization in patients with stable CAD. This suggests that their relative prognostic utility is not affected by differences in their biological half-lives, in vitro stability and mechanisms of clearance.
The Government Sector in the Expanded Model

As discussed in Chapter 2, the expanded model, which we begin to develop in the present chapter, contains two new sectors (depository institutions and a central bank) in addition to the three sectors contained in Chapter 6. Before specifying the behavior of these new sectors in Chapters 10 and 11, the present chapter and the next two are devoted to reformulating respectively the behavior of the government, household and nonfinancial business sectors within the context of the expanded framework. The model present in Chapter 6 contained only three markets (labor, consumption goods and equity shares issued by the nonfinancial business sector) which together simultaneously constitutes a market for currency. The model developed in this and the next four chapters contains markets for labor, consumption goods, capital goods, bonds, personal loans, checkable deposits, advances from the central bank, equity shares issued by the nonfinancial business sector and equity shares issued by the private depository insitutions. Together these nine markets simultaneously constitute a market for high-powered money (consisting of currency held outside the central bank and the private depository institutions plus the reserves of the private depository institutions).
Advanced Ultrasound-Guided Interventions for Tendinopathy

Tendinopathy is increasingly recognized as an important cause of musculoskeletal pain and disability. Tendinopathy is thought to be principally a degenerative process, rather than inflammatory as was traditionally believed. Consequently, traditional tendinopathy treatments focused solely on decreasing inflammation have often been ineffective or even harmful. The advancement of ultrasonography as for guidance of outpatient musculoskeletal procedures has facilitated the development of novel percutaneous procedures for the treatment of tendinopathy, mostly by using mechanical intervention to stimulate regeneration. Several of these techniques, including percutaneous needle tenotomy, percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy, high-volume injection, and percutaneous needle scraping, are reviewed in this article.
The History of the Vita Barbatiani

One tenth-century text, the Vita Barbatiani or the Life of Saint Barbatianus, is the focus of this chapter. The chapter discusses the history of the text, including its publication and the scholarly work addressing its origins, as well as the various problems of dating the Vita through both internal evidence and external contexts, and its likely connection to the monastery which bore his name.
Sculpturing the broad face to ‘golden proportions’

The oval shaped face is generally accepted as having the most beautiful configuration and the ‘golden proportion’ (1:1.618) ideal. Such a configuration can be altered to a square or rectangular sha...
Insect Allergy: Unanswered Questions, a Postscript

There are few conditions that are as treatable as Hymenoptera venom allergy. It also is a window into other conditions such as mast cell disease and anaphylaxis. Over the years, much work has been accomplished to help our patients and better understand this potentially lethal but highly treatable condition. Our understanding of risk factors, improved diagnostic modalities, and potential comorbid conditions have been instrumental in constructing an exceptional, data-driven approach to Hymenoptera venom allergy. Unfortunately, to answer a question there is not always perfect data, and periodically, there is no way to ethically obtain it. In most of those cases, there is often consensus. However, in the end, there will always be unanswered questions. These are a few of those unanswered questions.
Variable response of CNS hemangioblastomas to Pazopanib in a single patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease: Case report

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a multisystem genetic disease, the cardinal manifestations of which include central nervous system hemangioblastomas (CNS HB), renal cell carcinomas (RCC), and pheochromocytoma. Tumorigenesis in VHL of both RCC and CNS HB occurs secondary to downstream effects of a mutated or absent VHL protein. Treatment of RCCs with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as Pazopanib is now first line therapy, but their effect on VHL-associated CNS HBs remains unknown. We report the use of Pazopanib in a patient with VHL disease for treatment of RCC who also harbored multiple CNS HBs. Following initiation of treatment, a large cervical and a lumbar spinal HB regressed in size while the remaining CNS HBs exhibited stable or progressive disease. These findings highlight the multiplicity of factors contributing to hemangioblastoma development, even among tumors with a common germline mutation, and the potential limitations of TKIs, but additionally this report supports the conservative management of asymptomatic VHL patients with spinal HBs whereby tumor response to TKI treatment may alleviate or postpone the need for surgery.
Abstract P130: Association Between PFOA, PFOS and Obesity Among Children in a Nationally Representative Sample

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are two types of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) commonly used in the manufacturing process of many consumer products. Both have been detected in the blood of the majority of Americans. PFASs have been shown to be associated with intermediate cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes such as hypertension, hyperuricemia and dyslipidemia, but their relationship with obesity, a risk factor for intermediate and advanced CVD, remains largely unexplored. In this context, we examined the associations between PFOA and PFOS levels, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in a representative sample (N = 5,180) of US children. Our cross-sectional sample included participants aged 12-19 years from CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000, 2003-2012. PFOA and PFOS were measured in ng/mL and modeled as quartiles of exposure, where quartile 1 is the referent group across models. Overweight/obesity was defined as age-, sex-specific BMI ≥85 th percentile; abdominal obesity was defined as age-, sex-specific waist circumference ≥90 th percentile. A multivariable model adjusting for age (years), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, other), and annual household income category (
Spielarten der Erfahrung Mathematik

In den Gedanken und Arbeiten zeitgenossischer Mathematiker manifestiert sich laufend eine begrenzte Menge von Wissen, Konnen und Streben. Die Mathematik, die haufig verwendet wird oder eben im Entstehen begriffen ist, ist Teil des aktuellen Bewustseins. Das ist das Material, das sich — um auf ein Bild aus der Computersprache zuruckzugreifen — im Hochgeschwindigkeitsspeicher oder in den Speicherzellen befindet. Alles, was in einem beliebigen Augenblick produziert, geschaffen, praktiziert wird, kann auf zwei verschiedene Weisen betrachtet werden: als Bestandteil des umfassenden kulturellen und intellektuellen Bewustseins und Milieus — festgefroren in der Zeit oder als Bestandteil eines wechselnden Bewustseinsflusses.
Brain Injuries: Perianesthetic Management

Traumatic brain injury and its treatment or better still prevention has concerned man for centuries. While many of the pathways that result in neuronal damage are recognized, means to prevent or decrease impairment are less well understood. Many scores and more recently biomarkers have been used successfully to prognosticate survival. Early control of raised intracranial pressure is essential as is also normalization of systemic blood pressure and prevention of hypoxia and hypocarbia. Fluid resuscitation should be carefully balanced against output and sugar-containing solutions should be avoided.
Factors Influencing Enrolment in Community College Career and Technical Degree Programs

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study explored the factors influencing community college career and technical degree program enrollment. Participants for this multi-site study included currently enrolled ...
The Global Commons of Data

Data platform companies (such as Facebook, Google, or Twitter) amass and process immense amounts of data that is generated by their users. These companies primarily use the data to advance their commercial interests, but there is a growing public dismay regarding the adverse and discriminatory impacts of their algorithms on society at large. The regulation of data platform companies and their algorithms has been hotly debated in the literature, but current approaches often neglect the value of data collection, defy the logic of algorithmic decision-making, and exceed the platform companies’ operational capacities. This Article suggests a different approach — an open, collaborative, and incentives-based stance toward data platforms that takes full advantage of the tremendous societal value of user-generated data. It contends that this data shall be recognized as a “global commons,” and access to it shall be made available to a wide range of independent stakeholders — research institutions, journalists, public authorities, and international organizations. These external actors would be able to utilize the data to address a variety of public challenges, as well as observe from within the operation and impacts of the platforms’ algorithms. After making the theoretical case for the “global commons of data,” the Article explores the practical implementation of this model. First, it argues that a data commons regime should operate through a spectrum of data sharing and usage modalities that would protect the commercial interests of data platforms and the privacy of data users. Second, it discusses regulatory measures and incentives that can solicit the collaboration of platform companies with the commons model. Lastly, it explores the challenges embedded in this approach.
Ethics of Enlightened Leaders

In the Gītā, Arjuna’s fully developed mind knows it is his duty to fight for the side of righteousness; but his fully developed heart feels deep love for his enemies, his very own kinsmen. Arjuna turns to Kṛṣṇa to guide him how to act ethically in this most extreme experience of the duality of heart and mind. Kṛṣṇa instructs Arjuna to transcend, leave the field of relativity, and experience the Absolute Self—“Be without the three Guṇas, O Arjuna, freed from duality”. Kṛṣṇa then gives the formula for effective and virtuous action—“Established in Yoga, perform actions”—be awake in the Absolute Self while engaging in action. These key verses from the Gītā convey the timeless wisdom that gaining enlightenment, higher states of consciousness, provides a foundation for ethical performance by leaders. When fulfillment in the Self is firmly established, the leader is naturally independent of possessions, and balanced in gain in loss. Such an enlightened leader acts for the welfare of the world, without personal attachment.
Natural variability and antioxidant properties of commercially cultivated switchgrass extractives

Abstract Optimum utilization of lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock, such as switchgrass, via recovery of value-added phytochemicals and reduction of waste streams will increase the economic feasibility as well as the sustainability of integrated biorefineries. Switchgrass contains significant amount of overlooked non-structural components, i.e. extractives, which encompasses phenolic derivatives with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. As a perennial crop, it is essential to assess the natural variability of switchgrass extractives content and composition in order to determine the feasibility of its extraction and utilization. In this study, three switchgrass cultivars were harvested from four commercial farms in their second and third growing seasons. Their respective extractive fractions were characterized for the presence of free sugars, total phenolics (TPC), hydroxycinnamic acid (HCAs) derivatives, total flavonols, and other important phytochemicals. Biomass harvested in the third growing season displayed greater amounts of TPC, HCAs, and total flavonols. Environmental conditions such as total precipitation, and cultural practices including harvest time, played important roles in the accumulation of TPC. The switchgrass extractives also exhibited DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity with a positive correlation between inhibiting concentration (IC50) value and total flavonols content.
Synthesis of (4Z)-1,1-Diphenyl-1,2,4-heptatrien-6-ynes and Their Facile Cycloaromatizations to α,3-Didehydrotoluene Biradicals Having a Triarylmethyl Radical Center

The Horner reaction between enynyl aldehydes 12 and phosphinoxy carbanion 11 provided enyne− allenes 14. Thermolysis (37−80 °C) of 1,4-cyclohexadiene solutions of 14 gave 20 via α,3-didehydrotoluene biradicals 19 having a reactive aryl radical center and a stabilized triarylmethyl radical center. In the absence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 19e underwent intramolecular H-atom transfer between the proximal benzylic methyl group and the aryl radical center to give the more stable biradical 21, the ultimate precursor of 22.
Series elastic actuation for improved transparency in time delayed haptic teleoperation

Abstract This paper demonstrates that incorporating passive compliance to the follower (slave) by means of a series elastic actuator (SEA) improves system transparency for haptic teleoperation applications with large time delays. Time delay induced force and position tracking errors limit the practical implementation of teleoperation systems. Traditional approaches have focused on passifying the communication channel and estimation methods to improve transparency, but performance degrades in large delays. In a force-position architecture using a Smith predictor, the ability to implement force control through position control with an SEA aids in increasing transparency of the system. The position drift common in most time delayed systems is eliminated with the proposed method while maintaining an accurate force reflection for a constant round trip time delay of two seconds. The combined actuation and sensing capabilities of the SEA also provide a means for detecting and correcting for variations in the environment contact location. This aids in estimating the follower dynamics for the predictor as both position and force information of the environment are captured. The proposed method is validated through simulation and experiment involving stiff and soft unilateral environment contact. The results of haptic teleoperation with an SEA demonstrate the effectiveness of compliance for accurate system transparency and improved performance in comparison to stiff actuation, while reducing controller complexity.
Deploying Natural Language Processing to Extract Key Product Features of Crowdfunding Campaigns: The Case of 3D Printing Technologies on Kickstarter

In the technology management field, informal source of information such as social media has been used for technology mining, leader user detection, and etc. However, usually unstructured nature of the informal information introduces some challenges. This study is part of an effort to automate key product features extraction from crowdfunding campaign's textual information, in order to analyze the effect of them on the decision-making process of crowdfunding backers. This paper intends to evaluate the performance of UDPipe R package and six keyword extraction techniques on candidate features selection from textual data of 3D printer campaigns on Kickstarter. In the end, it will be discussed which technique captures the 3D printer features better.
Pressureless sintering of B4C whisker reinforced Al2O3 matrix composites

Al2O3-B4C whisker composites have been successfully densified by pressureless sintering. Low oxygen partial pressures, below 10 $$^{ - 10} $$ atmospheres, were determined to be suitable for the composite densification, and the maximum densities were achieved at 1800 °C for 60 minutes. The B4C whiskers were screened classified into five size fractions and the effect of size and size distribution on the densification were studied. The small whiskers with a narrow size distribution (−325 + 400 mesh) yielded the highest density results. The maximum value of relative densities was 98%, 97%, 94% and 89% at 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol % B4C whiskers, respectively. Addition of B4C between 5 and 15 vol % proved to be a sintering aid to the alumina densification via mechanisms other than being a grain growth inhibitor. An increased fracture toughness up to 6.2 MPa·m $$^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}} $$ was achieved in the composites containing 10–20 vol % B4C whiskers.
Unified Micromechanics of Particulate Composites

Modeling the macroscopic constitutive response of heterogeneous materials starting from local description of the microstructure is necessary. Composite materials are heterogeneous. However, continuum mechanics formulation requires homogenization of the medium. The homogenization from local level to macro level and the localization from macro level quantities to the corresponding local micromechanics variables must be well defined. This chapter discusses micromechanical modeling of particle filled composites using micromechanics principals and implementation in of the material models in unified mechanics theory laws. Chapter includes detailed derivation of the formulation necessary for finite element implementation. Material nonlinearity is discussed in small strain formulation only.
The Surgical Management of Tibial Spine Fractures in Children: A Survey of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

Background: Tibial spine fractures are rare yet significant injuries and surgical management remains varied given the lack of consensus about the optimal approach. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the prevailing treatment strategies among pediatric orthopedic surgeons and establish areas of agreement and ongoing controversy Methods: An electronic REDCap survey was distributed to the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) membership. Surgeon demographics, experience treating tibial spine fractures, and responses to clinical vignettes were collected. Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize …
The Design and Implementation of ID Generator for Power Internet of Things

This paper analyzes the problems of equipment resource ID identification standard is not uniform and ID is not global unique in traditional power system. The power Internet of things integrates the traditional power system and manages all equipment resources. It needs to distinguish the ID of all devices, and requires that the ID produced have uniform specifications and global uniqueness. This paper designs an ID generator which can meet the above requirements. It mainly uses the operation atomicity of redis and the characteristics of database persistence, and combines with the concept design of ID segment to solve the problem of speed mismatch between redis and database. The results show that the ID generator designed in this paper not only meets the global uniqueness, but also has high efficiency. It is very suitable for assigning unique identification to equipment in the power Internet of things.
Trauma-Related Psychopathology in Iraqi Refugee Youth Resettled in the United States, and Comparison With an Ethnically Similar Refugee Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Conflict in Iraq has displaced millions of refugee youth. Warzone exposure and forced migration have unique acute and chronic impacts on youth, yet effects of exposure may not be universal across diverse refugee groups. Understanding how youth from various refugee groups are differentially affected by stress and trauma is critical to allocate resources and implement screening measures with the goal of providing early intervention. Method To identify the effects of warzone exposure and forced migration, a convenience sample of 48 Iraqi refugee youth ages 6-17 was assessed within the first month of arrival to the United States. Youth provided self-reported severity of posttraumatic stress and anxiety symptoms; symptom severity was then compared with an existing sample of 135 Syrian refugee youth to explore whether refugee youth of different nationalities experience the same effects of warzone exposure and forced migration. These data are the baseline for a longitudinal developmental study of refugee health, which also includes parental data. Results Severity of separation anxiety and negative alterations in cognition and mood were the greatest symptomatic concerns in Iraqi refugee youth. Thirty-eight percent of responding Iraqi youth showed possible indication of an anxiety disorder. Severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms was lower in Iraqi youth compared to Syrian youth. For both Iraqi and Syrian refugee youth, separation anxiety was the most significant concern, with more than 80% of both samples showing a possible indication of clinically significant separation anxiety. Conclusion The present observational study indicated that Iraqi refugee youth experience a range of anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms following warzone exposure and forced migration; posttraumatic stress symptoms were less severe in Iraqi versus Syrian youth. Comparing refugee youth of different nationalities is of particular importance, as our results demonstrate that findings from one refugee population cannot easily be generalized to another. Clinical and research efforts should prioritize interventions to address separation anxiety in refugee youth, which was of concern in both samples.
KLL ± approximate quantile sketches over dynamic datasets

Recently the long standing problem of optimal construction of quantile sketches was resolved by Karnin, Lang, and Liberty using the KLL sketch (FOCS 2016). The algorithm for KLL is restricted to on...
An Effect of Education on Memory-Encoding Activation in Subjective Cognitive Decline

Background Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early manifestation of pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease. Elevated amyloid-β (Aβ) is a correlate of SCD symptoms in some individuals. The underlying neural correlates of SCD symptoms and their association with Aβ is unknown. SCD is a heterogeneous condition, and cognitive reserve may explain individual differences in its neural correlates. Objective We investigated the association between brain activation during memory encoding and SCD symptoms, as well as with Aβ, among older individuals. We also tested the moderating role of education (an index of cognitive reserve) on the associations. Methods We measured brain activation during the "face-name" memory-encoding fMRI task and Aβ deposition with Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB)-PET among cognitively normal older individuals (n = 63, mean age 73.1 ± 7.4 years). We tested associations between activation and SCD symptoms by self-report measures, Aβ, and interactions with education. Results Activation was not directly associated with SCD symptoms or Aβ. However, education moderated the association between activation and SCD symptoms in the executive control network, salience network, and subcortical regions. Greater SCD symptoms were associated with greater activation in those with higher education, but with lower activation in those with lower education. Conclusion SCD symptoms were associated with different patterns of brain activation in the extended memory system depending on level of cognitive reserve. Greater SCD symptoms may represent a saturation of neural compensation in individuals with greater cognitive reserve, while it may reflect diminishing neural resources in individuals with lower cognitive reserve.