cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) learn to avoid feeding on toad (Bufo) tadpoles

Abstract Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), when starved for 1 day, almost totally abstain from eating toad ( Bufo americanus and Bufo woodhousei ) tadpoles. However, there is a positive relationship between bass hunger levels and the acceptability of Bufo larvae as food items. With experience, there is a decrease in the number of toad tadpoles engulfed (taken into the mouth), and that actually consumed by the bass, while the number of larvae expelled (spat out) increases. Bass strongly prefer Hyla crucifer tadpoles to B. americanus larvae, and learn to distinguish between the two species. These results agree with the hypothesis that the schooling behaviour found in B. americanus tadpoles functions, at least in part, as a deterrent to predation.
Catalytic functionalization of unactivated primary C-H bonds directed by an alcohol

The combination of an iridium-phenanthroline catalyst and a dihydridosilane reagent leads to the site-selective functionalization of primary C–H bonds that are proximal to a hydroxyl group. The development of new synthetic methods for the selective functionalization of C–H bonds is extremely important, because this chemical transformation has the potential to revolutionize the synthesis of complex molecules. Here, Eric Simmons and John Hartwig show that the combination of an iridium-phenanthroline catalyst and a dihydridosilane reagent leads to the site-selective functionalization of primary C–H bonds situated close to a hydroxyl group. The scope of the reaction encompasses alcohols and ketones, suggesting that this methodology will be suitable for the selective functionalization of C–H bonds in complex natural products. New synthetic methods for the catalytic functionalization of C–H bonds have the potential to revolutionize the synthesis of complex molecules1,2,3,4. However, the realization of this synthetic potential requires the ability to functionalize selectively one C–H bond in a compound containing many such bonds and an array of functional groups. The site-selective functionalization of aliphatic C–H bonds is one of the greatest challenges that must be met for C–H bond functionalization to be used widely in complex-molecule synthesis1,3,5,6, and processes catalysed by transition-metals provide the opportunity to control selectivity7,8. Current methods for catalytic, aliphatic C–H bond functionalization typically rely on the presence of one inherently reactive C–H bond9,10, or on installation and subsequent removal of directing groups that are not components of the desired molecule8. To overcome these limitations, we sought catalysts and reagents that would facilitate aliphatic C–H bond functionalization at a single site, with chemoselectivity derived from the properties of the catalyst and site-selectivity directed by common functional groups11 contained in both the reactant and the desired product. Here we show that the combination of an iridium-phenanthroline catalyst and a dihydridosilane reagent leads to the site-selective γ-functionalization of primary C–H bonds controlled by a hydroxyl group, the most common functional group in natural products12. The scope of the reaction encompasses alcohols and ketones bearing many substitution patterns and auxiliary functional groups; this broad scope suggests that this methodology will be suitable for the site-selective and diastereoselective functionalization of complex natural products.
Promethium in pitchblende

Abstract A sample of pitchblende from Congo was found to contain (4±1) × 10−15 grams of 147Pm per kg of ore. The 147Pm/U ratio in the pitchblende was (3±1) × 10−4 disintegrations per second per gram of uranium. The observed 147Pm/U ratio in the pitchblende was in agreement with the 147Pm/U equilibrium ratio in non-irradiated natural uranium. The results indicate that the 147Pm in African pitchblende is produced predominantly by 238U spontaneous fission.
The Development of a Liquid Antihistaminic Preparation With Sustained Release Properties

The relative capacity of several cation exchange resins to adsorb methapyrilene has been determined by an in vitro method. It was demonstrated that methapyrilene adsorbed on sulfonic acid cation exchange resin possessed pharmacological activity approximating that of a solution of methapyrilene hydrochloride as measured by the protection against histamine-induced asthma in the intact guinea pig. It is suggested that the use of ion exchange resins as carriers of drugs in liquid dosage forms may be useful in sustained release preparations.
On-line discussions in nursing education: Increase retention and utilize innovative teaching strategies

Abstract On-line discussions are an important component of on-line education. They can be an effective method for enhanced learning and critical thinking. Discussions give instructors an opportunity to use new and creative teaching strategies that can increase student retention. Discussion guidelines should provide detailed instructions of what is to take place in the discussion. With careful planning and organization, on-line discussions can provide a positive learning experience for the associate degree nursing student.
Simulating the effects of embolic coils on cerebral aneurysm fluid dynamics using finite element modeling

Endovascular coiling is the most common treatment for cerebral aneurysms. The treatment consists of deploying coils of different shapes and sizes into the aneurysm with the intent of reducing blood flow therein. While the treatment has been shown to be more effective than conventional surgical methods, it is successful in only 50–80% of cases, depending on the type of aneurysm [1]. Treatment success has been correlated with favorable post-treatment hemodynamics [2]. Understanding of the effects of coils on post-treatment hemodynamics is limited, however, due to limited in-vivo and in-vitro flow measurement techniques. Previous computational studies have also suffered from drastic assumptions about coil geometry.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Case 2 Misalignment of Pulmonary Veins and Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia

(1991). Case 2 Misalignment of Pulmonary Veins and Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia. Pediatric Pathology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 163-170.
A JOINED-WING STRUCTURAL WEIGHT MODELING STUDY

An integrated design process for generating high fidelity analytical weight estimations of joined-wing concepts is described. Elements of configuration, structures, aerodynamics and aeroelastic analyses are incorporated. Drag and loads are modeled for sizing fuel and structures to meet range and loiter requirements. The joined-wing is a radical departure from the world's inventory of vehicles. We are motivated because the joined-wing concept may offer weight savings where structural stiffness is a design constraint. Two crucial non-linear phonomena contribute to structural failure: large deformation aerodynamics and geometric non-linear structures. A correct model of the non-linear aeroelastic model offers the possibility of a successful design that leverages these non-linear effects to the benefit of joined-wing designs.
New anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents

EMOSTASIS in cardiovascular patients is a challenge that clinicians have only begun to embrace. Caring for patients with cardiovascular disease requires an understanding of the etiology of the disease and the predisposing characteristics that make these patients hypercoagulable, hyperthrombotic, both, or neither. Patients host a heterogeneous complement of genetic and environmental factors which render them susceptible to arterial injury, atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes, thrombosis, and fibrinolysis. Coupled with the complex pathophysiology of the vascular patient, are the unique hemostatic perturbations that occur as a result of cardiac surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The presence of extracorporeal circuitry and the oxygenator have demanded meticulous attention to maintaining adequate anticoagulation during CPB. As we understand more about the limitations of heparin, and as new drugs become available for use, the search for new anticoagulants and alternative monitoring techniques during CPB will continue to progress. Hemostasis after CPB is still a vexing problem. Patients having been exposed to antiplatelet medications in the preoperative period are particularly prone to bleeding after CPB. This is due to the additive effects of the antiplatelet therapeutics and the wellknown platelet defects that occur as a result of CPB. The two opposing processes of anticoagulation and hemostasis must be managed carefully and modified with respect to the patient’s hematologic status and desired hemostatic outcome. This review will summarize some potential new drugs for use as anticoagulants for cardiovascular procedures. Additionally, the new antiplatelet medications, and their respective mechanisms of activity will be described.
Shape of Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on SrTiO3: Experiment and Theory

Platinum nanocrystals of about 30−100 nm size were grown on SrTiO3 substrates in different orientations. Their shapes were investigated using first-principles methods and compared to scanning electron microscope images. Analysis of the results for several different surface orientations shows epitaxial growths, uniform size distributions in regular arrays, partial wetting, and several different shapes. In particular, we observe a bimodal distribution of particle shapes, distinguished by the relative size of the (100) facets. This observation is explained by the changes in the surface energy caused by the surface reconstruction.
An Analytical expression for the extended pulse shape in a proportional counter

Abstract An analytical function is derived to describe the pulse shape in a cylindrical proportional counter induced by extended ionization. A comparison of a fit to the functional form with data is made.
Decomposing race and gender differences in underweight and obesity in South Africa

Using data from the National Income Dynamics Study, we document differentials in both underweight and obesity across race and gender in post-Apartheid South Africa. Using a nonlinear decomposition method, we decompose these differences across gender within race and then across race within gender. Less than one third of the differences in obesity and underweight across gender are explained by differences in covariates. In contrast, at least 70% of the obesity differences across race are explained by differences in covariates. Behavioral variables such as smoking and exercise explain the largest part of the bodyweight differentials across gender. For bodyweight differentials across race within gender, however, socioeconomic status and background variables have the largest explanatory power for obesity differentials, while background variables play the key role in explaining the underweight differentials. These results indicate that eradicating obesity and underweight differentials will require targeting policies to specific groups.
A note on gronwall transforms

Gronwall summability includes the Cesaro and de la Vallee Poussin methods, We discuss the intersections of the Gronwall methods with the [F, dn] and with the Sonnenschein methods, We consider the Gibbs phenomenon in a certain subclass of Gronwall transforms
Small molecules as substrates for adsorption/desorption in 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry

Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA We present a new approach to substrate selection for californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry (252Cf_PDMS) in which small volatile molecules that are water insoluble are used as matrices in place of the polymeric substrates used in previous studies. The desirable features of analyte adsorption are combined with the concept of using a volatile matrix to reduce the level of internal excitation of a desorbed analyte and to assist in ionization during the desorption process. Derivatives of anthracene were found to meet these requirements and to perform satisfactorily as substrates in 252Cf-PDMS. Spectra were obtained for bovine insulin (m I z 5734) adsorbed onto 9-anthroic acid and 2-aminoanthracene and compared with spectra using a nitrocellulose substrate. Sharper peaks and lower backgrounds are observed when the 9-anthroic acid matrix is used, indicating reduced levels of internal excitation and initial kinetic energy for the desorbed molecular ion of insulin. A comparison of the performance of 9-anthroic acid and 2-aminoanthracene shows the influence of substrate functional groups on desorbed protein yields. Finally, the versatility of the small-molecule matrix concept is discussed with respect to selection of a range of functionality, solubility, and hydrophilicity.
Role of theRete mirabile ophthalmicum in maintaining the body-to-brain temperature difference in pigeons

1. Brain (hypothalamic) and colonic temperatures were measured in twenty adult pigeons (Columba livia) whose mean body mass was 0.377 kg. 2. In contrals, in sham operated birds, and in those pigeons in which one or both external ophthalmic arteries were occluded brain temperatures were always about 1°C (0.94 to 1.03) below body temperature (Fig. 2) over a range of air temperatures. 3. In pigeons in which arterial flow to theretia was totally blocked, the normal pattern of body-to-brain temperature difference wasreversed, such that brain temperature was always higher than body temperature by a mean of 0.36 °C (Fig. 2, Table 1). 4. Therete mirabile ophthalmicum of pigeons plays a central role in the maintenance of the body-to-brain temperature difference which may be important in avoiding brain damage during core hyperthermia.
Wind profile relationships from the ‘wangara’ experiment

From over 1000 half-hour observations of near-surface wind profiles at Hay, NSW, more than 500 high quality sets of data are selected. In unstable conditions, these closely confirm previous analyses and suggest near equality between z/L and Ri. The data are well described by either the KEYPS relationship (Panofsky) or that of Businger: ϕM = (1–16z/L)−1/4. In stable conditions, a log-linear formulation (ϕM = 1+az/L) is found to give an adequate description of the wind profile up to z/L ≃ 0.5, with some evidence for a slight variation in α between the values 4.0 at neutral and about 6 when z/L ≃ 0.2. The average value of α between these limits is found to be 5.0±0.2. In conditions of very high stablity, a linear profile (du/dz = cu*/(kL)) is suggested above the height z ≃ 10L. In the transition region between the log-linear and linear profile regimes, the log-linear formulation appears to tend towards a purely logarithmic law as stability increases. There is no evidence for any sudden change in behaviour, nor is there any suggestion that a purely logarithmic relationship is ever attained as an average situation. The value of c in the purely linear relationship is found to be between 0.4 and 0.9. The data also indicate that in extremely stable conditions (L ≃ 50cm) the dimensionless gradients of heat and of momentum may differ by about a factor of two, with ϕH being the larger. The roughness length of the site used is found to be 1.2±0.1 mm, considerably less than the values appropriate to earlier experiments performed in the same general area. There is some evidence for an increase in z0 with decreasing wind speed (reaching about 3 mm when the wind at 1 m is about 1 ms−1), in accord with Deacon's hypothesis concerning the form drag of roughness elements. From the point of view of applying a low-level drag coefficient in order to estimate friction velocities, the errors arising from the change in roughness length are sometimes comparable to those resulting from stability effects. Not surprisingly, the data show that in slightly stable conditions dewfall was low, whereas in extremely stable situations dewfall accounted for most of the heat loss from the air. The data used here form part of a much larger body of information obtained during 1967 and known as the ‘Wangara’ experiment.
Helicobacter pylori from an Infectious Disease Viewpoint

Helicobacter pylori has been proposed as a causative agent in a variety of gastroduodenal diseases including gastritis and ulcers. This bacterium is examined first from the perspective of Koch’s 4 postulates. An attempt is made to determine whether H. pylori meets the criteria for proof that it is a causative agent for gastritis and duodenal or gastric ulcers. Growing evidence supports the notion that H. pylori does cause these diseases, but complete proof in accordance with Koch’s postulates is as yet unavailable. Many bacteria appear to produce adhesins (adhesive substances), which allow them to bind to gastrointestinal tissues, and enterotoxins which produce local tissue reactions. Both these mechanisms increase the virulence of gastrointestinal micro-organisms, and more specifically, may influence the infection of human gastrointestinal tissue by H. pylori. The affinity of H. pylori for antral surface epithelial cells may depend on specific host receptors for bacterial adhesins. Gastritis may be caused by bacterial cytotoxins, proteases and lipases with as yet unknown functions.
Calcium-dependence of serotonin-mediated aldosterone secretion and differential effects of calcium antagonists

Abstract The requirement for calcium in the serotonin-mediated aldosterone secretion was investigated using rat adrenal capsular cells. In the calcium-free medium both basal as well as serotonin-stimulated aldosterone secretion (at concentrations of 10 −7 M and 10 −8 M of serotonin) were significantly impaired The effects of calcium-channel blockers were then examined. Verapamil (10 −5 M and 10 −6 M) markedly inhibited basal and serotonin-evoked aldosterone secretion. In equimolar concentrations nifedipine had much less effect and diltiazem produced no apparent attenuation of either basal or serotonin-stimulated aldosterone secretion. These results indicate the calcium-dependence of serotonin-induced aldosterone secretion. The variable effects of the calcium-channel blockers suggest different or multiple mechanisms of action of these agents.
Galerkin approximations to the nonautonomous periodic reaction-diffusion equations

REACTION-diffusion equations play an important role in modelling many chemical and biological phenomena. They have been studied in recent years by many researchers. A common topic of investigation is the behavior of solutions as the time tends to infinity. Owing to the structure of the nonlinear term and the magnitude of the diffusion a vast variety of different phenomena occur, which are hard to study by analytical methods. The idea is to replace the original reaction-diffusion equation by some more simple one, say, a finite-dimensional Galerkin approximation, which captures some properties of the reaction-diffusion equation as t + 00. For the Navier-Stokes equations Constantin et al. [l] showed that if a Galerkin equation of high order has an asymptotically stable stationary solution, then there exists a nearby asymptotically stable stationary solution to the Navier-Stokes equation. Kloeden [2], using Lyapunov’s second method, obtained some results from [l], considerably simplifying their proofs. Titi [3] obtains the existence of a stable time-periodic solution to the NavierStokes equation assuming the existence of a stable time-periodic solution to the Galerkin education of sufficiently high order. Dikansky considered reaction-diffusion equations and in [4, 51 he obtained the existence of an asymptotical stable stationary solution and in [6] an asymptotically orbitally stable time-periodic solution to an autonomous system from the assumption that a Galerkin equation of high order possesses such solutions. The purpose of this article is to show that the existence of an asymptotically stable periodic solution to a nonautonomous periodic Galerkin equation of sufficiently high order implies the existence of a nearby asymptotically stable periodic solution to the boundary value problem for the reaction-diffusion system. The idea of the proof is as follows. One projects the reactiondiffusion system on subspaces PL, and QL2, where PL, is a finite-dimensional subspace, spanned by the first m eigenfunctions of the operator DA with corresponding boundary conditions and Q = I P. The Q-part of the solution q, q E QL2, corresponding to the eigenfrequences 5 A,:, represents the small structures. This allows the technique for perturbed ordinary differential equations to be used (see [7, 81).
Compositional and mechanical properties of long bones of osteoactivin mutant mice

Osteoactivin(OA) is a protein found in bone and other tissues. However, the role of OA in bone formation and resorption has not been well-defined. The current study assessed the compositional and mechanical properties of long bones of OA mutant mice to further understanding of the role of OA. Data support the conclusion that lack of the OA protein results in increased bone formation, which is manifested as stronger, denser bones.
Uptake of neutral polar vapor molecules by charged clusters/particles: Enhancement due to dipole‐charge interaction

[1] Recently proposed ion-mediated nucleation theory suggests that the enhanced uptake of neutral polar molecules by the charged clusters as a result of dipole-charge interaction may be critical to the nucleation of particles in the atmosphere. A rigorous parameterization of the enhancement effect of dipole-charge interaction on the growth of charged clusters is presented and the important parameters controlling this enhancement factors are explored. The interaction of polar gas molecules with charges significantly enhances the growth rate of small charged clusters/particles. Polar molecules with higher dipole moment and smaller molecular size have larger enhancement factor. The enhancement factor decreases with increasing particle size and is roughly inversely proportional to temperature when the charged particles are small. At T of 300 K, the enhancement factor reaches up to 10 for the uptake of sulfuric acid molecules by ions with diameter of ∼0.5 nm but decreases quickly to 2 for uptake by a charged particle of ∼2 nm in diameter. For the uptake by molecular ions, the enhancement factor can reach as high as 20 for water molecules in the mesopause and as high as 15 for sulfuric acid in the polar stratosphere. The enhancement factors for the uptake of water dimers by charged clusters are consistently higher (up to 20–25%) than the corresponding enhancement factors for monomers. The hydration of sulfuric acid molecules in the atmosphere may affect the enhancement factor and hence ion-mediated nucleation rate, which remains to be investigated.
A comparison of the increase in airflow following treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) with desloratadine or budesonide

Abstract Rationale Desloratadine, an H1 antihistamine, increases nasal peak inspiratory flow (NPIF) in SAR. We compared the effect on NPIF of desloratadine and budesonide, an intranasal steroid. Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel study comparing desloratadine 5 mg PO daily (n=31) or budesonide 32μg/nostril once daily (n=30) for 2 weeks during the spring allergy season. Subjects recorded NPIF as well as nasal symptoms twice daily. Baseline measurements were obtained before initiating treatment. The Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) was also completed at baseline and after treatment. Results Both desloratadine and budesonide caused a significant increase in NPIF compared to baseline on the evening of the first dose (p Conclusions Both treatments led to significant improvements in NPIF, but the improvement was greater with the intranasal steroid. Both treatments improved quality of life and reduced symptoms. The difference between the objective and subjective outcomes probably reflects the small sample size, the low pollen counts for the season, and the greater variability in subjective measures.
More mayhem from molecular mimics.

Antibodies against human herpesvirus-6 have been found in patients with multiple sclerosis. Could this be another sighting in the hunt for the viral trigger of the disease (pages 1394–1397)?
Digoxin Removal From a Patient with Renal-Failure by Hemoperfusion with Amberlite Xad-4-Resin

A digitoxic patient with severe renal failure underwent two hemoperfusion treatments with Amberlite XAD-4 resin. Digoxin clearances calculated from plasma flow rates and plasma digoxin concentrations, as well as from the amount of digoxin eluted from the used columns, were superior to those previously described for peritoneal dialysis, hemodialy-sis and charcoal hemoperfusion. There was a temporary improvement in the patient's life-threatening digitoxic cardiac rhythm with the first hemoperfusion, and a permanent improvement after the second hemoperfusion. It is submitted that hemoperfusion with this resin may significantly lessen manifestations of digoxin poisoning and may hasten digoxin elimination in digitoxic patients with renal failure.
Imperial Church Building and Church-State Relations, A.D. 313–363

The study of church-state relations in the age of Constantine may be approached in many ways. Imperial church building is one of these avenues of study and interpretation. Lactantius long ago complained of the building mania of Diocletian and other members of the Tetrarchy. Eusebius lauded the churches of Constantine as signal proofs of his magnificence and as the discharge of a sacred debt. Procopius later condemned the extravagance of Justinian's building programs, although without specifically mentioning churches. And many modern writers have taken the churches of Constantine as evidence for both a personal and a public commitment to Christianity. Only a few historians, however, have asked whether there was an overriding plan or purpose to this activity, e.g., Glanville Downey has suggested the likelihood of a plan in the case of Justinian. Thus arises the question, was the construction of churches the instrument or at least the reflection of an imperial policy toward Christianity?
A fluorimetric semi-microplate format assay of protein carbonyls in blood plasma

Oxidative stress, originating from reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been implicated in aging and various human diseases. The ROS generated can oxidize proteins producing protein carbonyl derivatives. The level of protein carbonyls in blood plasma has been used as a measure of overall oxidative stress in the body. Classically, protein carbonyls have been quantitated spectrophotometrically by directly reacting them with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). However, the applicability of this method to biological samples is limited by its low inherent sensitivity. This limitation has been overcome by the development of sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to measure protein carbonyls. As part of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Lifespan (HANDL) study, oxidative stress in humans was quantified by measuring blood plasma protein carbonyls using the two commercially available ELISA kits and the spectrophotometric DNPH assay. Surprisingly, two ELISA methods gave very different values for protein carbonyls, both of which were different from the value of the spectrophotometric method. We have developed a fluorescent semi-microplate format assay of protein carbonyls involving direct reaction of protein carbonyls with fluorescein thiosemicarbazide that correlates (R = 0.992) with the direct spectrophotometric method. It has a coefficient of variation of 4.99% and is at least 100 times more sensitive than the spectrophotometric method.
Finite-dimensional contact mechanics

In this paper, the continuous and numerical formulations of rigid–body dynamics based on measure differential inclusions and time–stepping methods recently developed are described and extended to include a finite number of elastic modes of vibration. The time-stepping methods already incorporate Coulomb friction, and are able to handle situations such as PainlevE's famous problem where impulsive forces occur without a collision. The elastic modes of vibration can be incorporated directly into the continuous formulation, but due to the stiffness typical of elastic vibrations, the numerical methods used need to be modified to incorporate them directly. The resulting numerical methods are dissipative in the limit, but only dissipate energy while there is contact.
Variable performance of weaning-predictor tests: role of Bayes' theorem and spectrum and test-referral bias

We examined whether variation in reported reliability of the frequency-to-tidal volume ratio (f/VT) in predicting weaning success is explained by spectrum and test-referral bias, as reflected by variation in pretest probability of success. Two authors extracted data from all studies on reliability of f/VT as a weaning predictor. Prevalence of successful weaning in studies of f/VT revealed significant heterogeneity; mean success rate was 0.75. The heterogeneity and high success rate reflects occurrence of spectrum bias, suggested by the lower value of f/VT in subsequent studies than in the original report (77.4 vs. 89.1) and test-referral bias, suggested by lower specificity of f/VT in subsequent studies than in the original report (0.52 vs. 0.64). When data from studies in the ACCP Task Force's meta-analysis of studies on f/VT were entered into a Bayesian model with pretest probability (prevalence of success) as the operating point, observed posttest probabilities were closely correlated with values predicted by the original report on f/VT: positive-predictive value r = 0.86 and negative-predictive value r = 0.82. Average sensitivity, the most precise measure of screening-test reliability, was 0.87 ± 0.14 and average specificity 0.52 ± 0.26. Much of the heterogeneity in performance of f/VT can be explained by variation in pretest probability of successful outcome, which may be secondary to spectrum and test-referral bias. The average sensitivity of 0.87 indicates that f/VT is a reliable screening test for successful weaning.
Going Places: The Historical Archaeology of Travel and Tourism

This paper briefly introduces the topics of tourism, consumption, and heritage management considered in this special issue. Contributors to the special issue focus on tourism within nineteenth- and twentieth-century America and its connections to industrial capitalism and the creation of a culture of consumption. These issues are addressed in case studies of tourist sites, including archaeological sites.
Subjective Sleep Complaints in Pediatric Depression: A Controlled Study and Comparison with EEG Measures of Sleep and Waking.

ABSTRACT Objective Children with major depressive disorder (MDD) often complain of sleep disturbances; however, polysomnographic studies have failed to find objective evidence of these disturbances. This article examines subjective sleep reports of children with MDD and healthy controls focusing on comparing subjective and objective sleep measures. Method Fifty-one subjects with MDD and 42 healthy subjects, 8-17 years old, participated in a comprehensive psychobiologic study including three nights of EEG sleep recording. Each morning, subjects completed a postsleep form subjectively rating their sleep, which was then compared with their polysomnographic studies. Results Depressed subjects reported significantly worse sleep on four scales: subjective sleep quality, perceived number of awakenings, estimated minutes awake, and perceived ease of waking. In contrast to these subjective complaints, objective EEG measures indicated no evidence of disturbed sleep in the depressed sample compared to controls. Furthermore, exploratory analyses focusing on the subset of depressed subjects with the greatest subjective sleep disturbance showed, paradoxically, significantly better sleep in terms of the number of EEG awakenings and objective disturbances. Conclusions Despite clinical evidence of subjective sleep complaints in depressed children, our EEG measures showed little evidence to indicate an objective basis for these perceptions. These findings raise provocative questions regarding the nature of sleep complaints associated with early-onset depression.
Late opacification of a silicone intraocular lens caused by ophthalmic ointment

A 55-year-old man had uneventful phacoemulsification with implantation of a 3-piece silicone intraocular lens (IOL). Postoperative medications included antibiotic-steroid drops and ointments. Eight months postoperatively, the patient started having recurrent episodes of anterior chamber inflammatory reaction. Suspicion that lens instability was causing the reactions led to a lens repositioning procedure 11 months after the initial surgical implantation and again at 13 months. Eighteen months postoperatively, the IOL had a "greasy" film. Despite antiinflammatory and antibiotic treatment, the clinical outcome did not improve. Twenty-seven months after implantation, the lens was exchanged with a hydrophilic acrylic IOL. The course after the exchange was uneventful. The explanted lens was examined by gross and microscopic evaluations, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electronic ionization. Gross and microscopic evaluations confirmed the presence of a thin, oily film covering the IOL optic surface. Surface analyses at the level of the oily substance showed unspecific peaks of sodium, chloride, and potassium. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of compounds characteristic of hydrocarbons, including docosane, tricosane, and tetracosane, which are commonly found in the vehicle of ophthalmic ointments. The GC-MS analysis of 1 ointment used postoperatively found matching peaks, suggesting deposition of those compounds on the IOL.
Acceleration of Spectral Domain Approach for Generalized Multilayered Shielded Microstrip Interconnects Using Two Fast Convergent Series

A simple and versatile approach for the acceleration of the spectral domain approach for generalized shielded microstrip interconnects is presented. This approach uses asymptotic expansion for the Bessel's function and the Green's function followed by an approximation of infinite summation using two fast convergent sine cosine series. The asymptotic expansion coefficients of the Green's functions are found by a combination of analytical and numerical approaches. The infinite summation involved in the computation of the elements of the Galerkin matrix is accelerated using two fast convergent sine cosine series. The use of a few entire-domain basis functions gives very accurate results for the propagation constants for any mode in the general case of a multilayered shielded microstrip line. In addition to this, closed-form expressions are developed to choose the number of terms and some parameters to adaptively accelerate the convergence of the second type of fast convergent series for a given accuracy. This approach can be extended to handle multiple interconnects in the same layer and in different layers and also to include the effect of finite thickness and conductivity.
An Exploration of Gender Diversity in Engineering Programs: a Curriculum and Instruction-Based Perspective

Both the government and industry recognize the need for an innovative and diverse engineering workforce for the US to maintain global competitiveness. Because women comprise less than a fifth of engineering undergraduates, it important to identify practices that may counteract this gender gap in engineering. Unlike other work focused on recruitment and retention of women, this study relies on research and theory on college students to inform the overall research design. It explores how variations in curricular emphases, instructional practices, and students' perceptions of climate across disciplines are related to gender disparities across engineering disciplines. Data are drawn from a nationally representative survey of students from 121 programs at 31 institutions. No research to date has systematically examined the relationship between curricular experiences and gender disparity on such a large scale. Analyses clearly demonstrate differences in gender diversity across the engineering disciplinesmprograms in mechanical and electrical engineering are significantly less diverse by gender than biomedical/bioengineering, chemical, civil, general, and industrial engineering. Thus, efforts to recruit and retain women students should develop strategies for specific disciplines, perhaps looking beyond traditional efforts that have focused on climate and instead examining curriculum or instructional strategies. This research indicates that females may gravitate toward or persist in disciplines that emphasize thinking from a broad, systems perspective in which instructors explicitly link topics across disciplines in their courses. The less diverse electrical and mechanical engineering disciplines could place a greater emphasis on such topics as an effort to boost their attractiveness to females.
Ritual Propriety and Political Intrigue in the Xuande Gate Incident

The 1073 incident at the Xuande Gate, involving Wang Anshi's alleged breach of imperial protocol, was a turning point both in his career and in emperor Shenzong's policies. By filling in the gaps and reconciling the discrepancies in various accounts of the incident, this essay demonstrates that, whereas on the surface the controversy centered on the ritual question of whether Wang should have dismounted before entering the gate, what was really at play was the particular political dynamics of the time. Direct instigation came from the ranks of senior eunuchs, among whom there was considerable aversion to Wang. Such aversion reflected the attitude of the conservative members of the imperial family. The incident also marked the beginning of Shenzong's shifting away from his exclusive reliance on Wang in formulating and implementing reform policies.
Carbon gasification in the presence of metal catalysts

Abstract The development of new processes for the production of gaseous fuels from carbon-containing solids is essential in meeting the energy needs of the nation. In this paper, catalysed carbon gasification is examined. The change in the reactivity of the interface between gaseous reactant (hydrogen or steam) and solid carbon has been measured in the presence of various metal catalysts. With platinum it is found that over a range of temperatures the specific rate of methane production is of the same magnitude as the rate of hydrogen atomization. The catalytic effect is interpretable in terms of an enhanced rate of hydrogen dissociation on the metal surface, followed by surface diffusion across the metal/carbon interface and reaction with carbon. The gas formation rate during the interaction of water vapour with catalyst-activated carbons has been increased by more than an order of magnitude by depositing small weight fractions of active metal catalyst on the carbon surface. At the temperatures employed in this study (975–1175 K), carbon monoxide and hydrogen are the products of the catalysed reaction for each of the catalysts examined.
A study of diffusion processes for foreign exchange rates

Abstract The nature of the stochastic process generating the time path of foreign exchange rates plays an important role in dynamic theories of international financial economics. An important consideration in this stochastic process is the relationship between currency return variances and exchange rate levels. Using five years of daily data separated into quarterly intervals, this study demonstrates that currency return variances depend on exchange rate levels and the dependency is unstable intertemporally. Thus, these empirical results contradict the assumption of stable log-normal distribution and the more general assumption of constant elasticities of variances. For elasticity coefficients ordinary least squares estimates are compared to maximum likelihood estimates; the maximum likelihood estimator clearly is superior. Implications of these results for models of foreign exchange rates are discussed.
(Ac)knowledging Eating, Living, Loving

This performance piece is based on real people and the author's interactions with them at different points in his life. Each of the characters is a complex blending of what some might call East and...
Joint Source-Channel Coding and Unequal Error Protection for Video Plus Depth

We consider the joint source-channel coding (JSCC) problem of 3-D stereo video transmission in video plus depth format over noisy channels. Full resolution and downsampled depth maps are considered. The proposed JSCC scheme yields the optimum color and depth quantization parameters as well as the optimum forward error correction code rates used for unequal error protection (UEP) at the packet level. Different coding scenarios are compared and the UEP gain over equal error protection is quantified for flat Rayleigh fading channels.
Liapunov Stability Analysis of Reluctance Motors

The application of a relatively simple Liapunov theorem to the stability analysis of a reluctance synchronous motor is described. The analysis proceeds as follows: 1) The differential equations representing the reluctance motor are written with the machine regarded as a group of coupled windings including time-varying self and mutual inductances. In developing these equations, it is assumed that balanced 3-phase sinusoidal voltages are applied to the stator windings and the effects of saturation, iron loss, and space harmonics in machine flux are neglected. 2) The well-known d-q transformation is used to transform the motor equations to simpler relations involving d-q variables in place of the phase voltages, currents, and flux linkages. 3) The resulting set of equations is replaced by an equivalent first-order vector system of differential equations. 4) One of the simpler theorems of Liapunov is used to predict the conditions for which asymptotic stability will occur.
Giant Cooperative Lamb Shift in a density-modulated slab of two-level atoms

Abstract A “slab” of two-level atoms prepared in a superradiant Dicke state exhibits interesting enhancement of the Cooperative Decay Rate (CDR) when its density is modulated at the Bragg condition. In this Letter, complete analytical formulas are given, not only for CDR but also for the Cooperative Lamb Shift (CLS), both at and near the Bragg condition, as a function of the depth of modulation, the thickness of the slab, and the detuning from the Bragg condition. A major new result is that for detuning O ( 1 / m ) (where m = thickness/wavelength ) the CLS takes on “giant” values, proportional to m. The reason for this giant CLS is explored.
Unique edge structure and stability of fabricated dimer islands on Si(001)

The edge structure and stability of monolayer-high islands fabricated on Si(001) surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy have been analyzed theoretically. In contrast to the edges of similar islands grown by depositing Si, the properties of edges of fabricated islands are determined by the length of the trench of dimers that are removed to create the island. We demonstrate the possibility of controlling the edge structure, and thus the stability, through a selective process of atom removal.
Determination of influencing inputs and their orders for nonlinear dynamic systems-application to IC engine modeling

This paper presented the development of a technique for the identification of influencing inputs for nonlinear dynamic systems from input-output data. The technique was compared against two previously proposed schemes through application to a chaotic system. The applicability of the technique to identifying the time delays of the exhaust system of an automobile with a binary oxygen sensor was demonstrated through a simulation example.
Jointly Learning Visually Correlated Dictionaries for Large-Scale Visual Recognition Applications

Learning discriminative dictionaries for image content representation plays a critical role in visual recognition. In this paper, we present a joint dictionary learning (JDL) algorithm which exploits the inter-category visual correlations to learn more discriminative dictionaries. Given a group of visually correlated categories, JDL simultaneously learns one common dictionary and multiple category-specific dictionaries to explicitly separate the shared visual atoms from the category-specific ones. The problem of JDL is formulated as a joint optimization with a discrimination promotion term according to the Fisher discrimination criterion. A visual tree method is developed to cluster a large number of categories into a set of disjoint groups, so that each of them contains a reasonable number of visually correlated categories. The process of image category clustering helps JDL to learn better dictionaries for classification by ensuring that the categories in the same group are of strong visual correlations. Also, it makes JDL to be computationally affordable in large-scale applications. Three classification schemes are adopted to make full use of the dictionaries learned by JDL for visual content representation in the task of image categorization. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms has been evaluated using two image databases containing 17 and 1,000 categories, respectively.
Trends in sunburns, sun protection practices, and attitudes toward sun exposure protection and tanning among US adolescents, 1998-2004.

BACKGROUND. Sun exposure in childhood is an important risk factor for developing skin cancer as an adult. Despite extensive efforts to reduce sun exposure among the young, there are no population-based data on trends in sunburns and sun protection practices in the young. The aim of this study was to describe nationally representative trend data on sunburns, sun protection, and attitudes related to sun exposure among US youth. METHODS. Cross-sectional telephone surveys of youth aged 11 to 18 years in 1998 (N = 1196) and in 2004 (N = 1613) were conducted using a 2-stage sampling process to draw population-based samples. The surveys asked identical questions about sun protection, number of sunburns experienced, and attitudes toward sun exposure. Time trends were evaluated using pooled logistic regression analysis. RESULTS. In 2004, 69% of subjects reported having been sunburned during the summer, not significantly less than in 1998 (72%). There was a significant decrease in the percentage of those aged 11 to 15 years who reported sunburns and a nonsignificant increase among the 16- to 18-year-olds. The proportion of youth who reported regular sunscreen use increased significantly from 31% to 39%. Little change occurred in other recommended sun protection practices. CONCLUSIONS. A small reduction in sunburn frequency and modest increases in sun protection practices were observed among youth between 1998 and 2004, despite widespread sun protection campaigns. Nevertheless, the decrease in sunburns among younger teens may be cause for optimism regarding future trends. Overall, there was rather limited progress in improving sun protection practices and reducing sunburns among US youth between 1998 and 2004.
Effects of the Matrix Environment on Protein Structure

The investigation of protein structure as affected by a surface microenvironment was pursued by examination of a) the effect of the surface on chain refolding using enzymatic properties as an indicator of the degree of refolding, b) the effect of the surface on equilibrium binding of coenzyme, c) the effect of the surface on subunit interactions, and d) fluorescence spectral measurements.
Plaque forming cell assay to measure responses in mice to the random copolymer (Glu60Phe40).

A plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay to measure the immune response of mice to the synthetic random copolymer of glutamic acid and phenylalanine (GPhe) is described here. GPhe can be coupled to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) using “aged” CrCl3. Both IgM and IgG plaques are detected in the murine GPhe response.3 Mice of H-2 haplotypes p and q are high responders, a and k are medium or low responders and b, d and s are nonresponders as detected by the PFC assay.