cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
η%-Superconvergence of Finite Element Solutions and Error Estimators

This paper is a summary of our study on the superconvergence of the finite element solutions and error estimators. We will persent the analysis of η%-superconvergence for finite element solutions of the Poisson equation in the interior of meshes of triangles with straight edges, as well as the analysis at the boundary. The η%-superconvergence via local averaging will also be presented, and the error estimators are compared in the sense of η%-superconvergence.
The Path of International Law

Is there a need for yet another student-edited international law journal? Practicing attorneys retrieve relevant articles when working on cases with international law issues, although they may be oblivious to the name of the journal or the prestige of the law school that supports it. For student editors, serving on a new international law journal is not just an intellectual experience; it is an empowering one. The more one looks into custom and treaty and the other sources of international law, the more one finds complexity and intellectual challenge.
Photospheric Metals in the FUSE Spectrum of the Subdwarf B Star PG0749+658

We present an abundance analysis of the far-ultraviolet (905--1187 A) spectrum of the subdwarf B star PG0749+658, obtained by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). The data have a resolution of about R = lambda / Delta lambda = 12000--15000 (20--25 km/s). We determine C, N, Si, P, S, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni abundances, and upper limits on the abundance of Cl and V, using a grid of synthetic spectra based on a LTE stellar atmosphere model. He, C, N, Si, and Cl are depleted by a factor of >~10 with respect to solar, while P, S, and Fe are diminished by less than a factor of 10. We measure a solar abundance of Cr, Mn, and Co and a Ni enhancement of ~0.6 dex. We compare these values to predictions based on radiative levitation theory. The radial velocity of the foreground interstellar material has one dominant component, and coincides with that of the photospheric lines.
Pulsed Eddy-Current Crack-Characterization Experiments

In the pulsed eddy-current (PEC) method of flaw detection, repetitive pulses of current in a transmitter coil are used to excite eddy currents in the test specimen. A separate receiver is excited by the transmitted and reflected fields, and variations in the receiver response are used to locate and characterize material variations of interest.
Crohn’s Disease in Children and Adolescents: Diminished Growth Velocity

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory illness that may affect any portion of the gastrointestinal system. At least 12% of patients have evidence that the illness started before age 15 (1). Of this group of children and prepubescent adolescents, 20 to 30% demonstrate severe growth retardation. This is usually defined by height less than the 3rd percentile for age, or by height being two standard deviations below the average height for a certain age, or by bone age two years less than chronological age (2–4).
Prediction of Absorbed Dose to Normal Organs in Thyroid Cancer Patients Treated with 131I by Use of 124I PET and 3-Dimensional Internal Dosimetry Software

The objective of this work was to determine normal organ 131I dosimetry in patients undergoing radioiodide therapy for thyroid cancer by use of serial scanning with 124I PET. Methods: A total of 26 patients who had papillary and follicular metastatic thyroid cancer and who were already enrolled in a Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 131I thyroid cancer protocol were selected for this study. Imaging before 131I therapy consisted of multiple, whole-body 124I PET studies over a period of 2–8 d, an 18F-FDG PET scan and, for some, a diagnostic CT scan. With a set of in-house–developed software tools (3-dimensional internal dosimetry [3D-ID] and Multiple Image Analysis Utility [MIAU]), the following procedures were performed: all PET emission and transmission and CT image sets were aligned; half-life–corrected tomographic images of 131I activity were integrated voxel by voxel to produce cumulated 131I activity images; and the latter images were, in turn, convolved with a 131I electron–photon point kernel to produce images of 131I dose distribution. Cumulated activity values and calculated residence times obtained from our patient-specific dosimetry software (3D-ID) were used as inputs to OLINDA, and volume difference–adjusted comparisons were made between the mean dose estimates. Results: With 3D-ID, dose volume histograms and mean doses were calculated for 14 organs, and results were expressed in Gy/GBq. The highest mean dose, 0.26 Gy/GBq, was seen in the right submandibular gland, whereas the lowest mean dose, 0.029 Gy/GBq, was seen in the brain. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive study of normal organ dosimetry in patients by use of a quantitative tomographic imaging modality.
On the Veneziano formulation of pion-nucleon scattering

Abstract Igi's extension of Veneziano's model to pion-nucleon charge-exchange scattering is examined. We find that it is possible to obtain a good fit to the forward scattering data, but are unable to fit simultaneously both forward and backward directions. The uniqueness of the formulae is discussed.
Explaining the Door-in-The Face: Is It Really Time to Abandon Reciprocal Concessions?

Recent articles (Dillard, 1991; O'Keefe and Figge', 1997, 1999) have addressed issues related to the sequential request influence strategy called Door‐In‐The‐Face (DITF). Those articles presented objections to reciprocal concessions, the most often invoked explanation for DITF effects, and two of the articles (O'Keefe & Figge', 1997, 1999) explicated a guilt‐based explanation as an alternative. This article presents a series of arguments defending the reciprocal concessions explanation, and suggests one possible research agenda relative to address issues related to reciprocal concessions and the guilt based explanation.
The influence of polymer molecular weight in lamellar gels based on PEG-lipids.

Abstract We report x-ray scattering, rheological, and freeze-fracture and polarizing microscopy studies of a liquid crystalline hydrogel called L α,g . The hydrogel, found in DMPC, pentanol, water, and PEG-DMPE mixtures, differs from traditional hydrogels, which require high MW polymer, are disordered, and gel only at polymer concentrations exceeding an "overlap" concentration. In contrast, the L α,g uses very low-molecular-weight polymer-lipids (1212, 2689, and 5817g/mole), shows lamellar order, and requires a lower PEG-DMPE concentration to gel as water concentration increases. Significantly, the L α,g contains fluid membranes, unlike L β′ gels, which gel via chain ordering. A recent model of gelation in L α phases predicts that polymer-lipids both promote and stabilize defects; these defects, resisting shear in all directions, then produce elasticity. We compare our observations to this model, with particular attention to the dependence of gelation on the PEG MW used. We also use x-ray lineshape analysis of scattering from samples spanning the fluid-gel transition to obtain the elasticity coefficients κ and B; this analysis demonstrates that although B in particular depends strongly on PEG-DMPE concentration, gelation is uncorrelated to changes in membrane elasticity.
Adsorption and Precoat Filtration Studies of Synthetic Dye Removal by Acid Mine Drainage Sludge

Adsorption tests of Congo Red, a commercial azo dye, by acid mine drainage (AMD) sludge were carried out at different pH, temperature, dye concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. Precoat filtration was conducted to test if the dye could be removed during continuous filtration by a precoated AMD sludge layer. Adsorption of Congo Red onto AMD sludge followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 389.1 mg/g. Based on thermodynamic studies, adsorption was found to be exothermic, and an increase in temperature led to a decline in dye removal. Dye removal decreased with an increasing pH. Through metal leaching tests, it was observed that most metals associated with AMD sludge remained insoluble when adsorption occurred at pH 6 — 10. A rather rapid process was observed for the adsorption of Congo Red onto AMD sludge with more than 80% adsorption taking place within 5 min. Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model. Precoat filtration continuously removed Congo Red from aqueous solution with success, and dye removal mechanism via precoat filtration was adsorption. The adsorption and precoat filtration studies showed dye removal could be a beneficial use of AMD sludge prior to its final disposal.
A one-step conversion of esters to secondary alcohols with LiBH4-RMgX

Abstract A one-pot synthesis of secondary alcohols from esters and LiBH4-RMgX is described.
Bladder carcinoma as a systemic disease.

One hundred and fifty-one patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who were evaluated by conventional means preoperatively underwent a radical cystectomy. They were then classified according to the highest known pathological stage, first site of postoperative metastasis and the temporal relationship of the cystectomy to the appearance of the metastasis. Fifty patients developed metastases, 80% of which were proven histologically. Thirty-nine of fifty patients (78%) who developed metastases did so within a year of cystectomy. Extent of local tumor was directly related to the incidence of positive pelvic nodes. Metastases occurred most commonly in lung and bone. Soft tissues of the pelvis were involved in thirteen (16%) of the patients who developed metastatic carcinoma and those patients with positive pelvic nodes were more likely to have these kinds of recurrent disease. These evaluations suggest that the metastases must be present at cystectomy or as a result of it. The data imply the existence of appreciable heterogeneity among patients and/or their invasive bladder carcinoma. Disseminated but silent metastases suggest that a relationship between the primary tumor and the occurrence of metastatic disease may exist. Knowledge of this relationship is very important in planning subsequent therapeutic strategies.
Carotid artery occlusion: Natural history

During a 5-year period, 212 patients (170 men and 42 women, median age 65 and 64 years, respectively) were diagnosed as having internal carotid artery occlusion. Mean follow-up was 24.9 months. Five-year cumulative survival and stroke-free rates by life-table analysis were 62% and 75%, respectively. Deaths were due to stroke in 7 of 40 patients (17%) and were of cardiac origin in 22 of 40 patients (55%). The strokes were ipsilateral in 20 of 31 patients (65%). No statistically significant difference between the sexes could be demonstrated for either death or stroke, nor was age correlated with stroke during follow-up. Diabetes and hypertension increased the risk of stroke, whereas gender and aspirin consumption had no discernible effect. Endarterectomy of the opposite carotid artery did not significantly affect the natural history but did reduce the stroke rate in the territory of the operated artery. Presenting symptoms were useful for estimating prognosis. Twenty-two of 111 patients referred for stroke (20%) suffered a further stroke and 21 of 111 patients (19%) died (three were stroke-related), whereas of those patients referred for transient ischemic attack (TIA), only 2 of 42 patients (5%) suffered a stroke and none died. TIAs occurred in 23 patients (11%) during follow-up, and these were premonitory for stroke in three cases (13%). The limited value of TIA in predicting stroke and the high mortality rate unrelated to stroke in this group are important considerations when therapy is considered for these patients.
Discovery and structure-activity relationships of novel piperidine inhibitors of farnesyltransferase.

A novel piperidine series of farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors is described. Systematic medicinal chemistry studies starting with the lead compound, discovered from a 5-nitropiperidin-2-one combinatorial library, resulted in a potent series of novel FTase inhibitors. We found that all of four substituents of the piperidine core played an important role for FTase inhibition. A 10-fold increase in potency was observed by changing the piperidine-2-one core to the corresponding piperidine core. This class of compounds was found to inhibit farnesyltransferase in a Ras competitive manner. Optical resolution of several potent inhibitors revealed that the (+)-enantiomers showed potent farnesyltransferase inhibition. (+)-8 inhibited FTase with an IC50 of 1.9 nM.
Influence of vitamin D status and vitamin D3 supplementation on genome wide expression of white blood cells: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.

Background Although there have been numerous observations of vitamin D deficiency and its links to chronic diseases, no studies have reported on how vitamin D status and vitamin D3 supplementation affects broad gene expression in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D status and subsequent vitamin D supplementation on broad gene expression in healthy adults. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01696409","term_id":"NCT01696409"}}NCT01696409).
Droperidol, when used for sedation during ERCP, may prolong the QT interval

Background Droperidol is a known effective adjunctive agent for sedation/analgesia during endoscopic procedures, particularly in patients who are difficult to sedate with narcotics and benzodiazepines alone. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning about potential droperidol-related fatal cardiac arrhythmias, issued in December 2001, led to concern about its safety in current clinical practice. Objective In this study, we evaluated the effects of droperidol on the Bazett's corrected QT interval (QTcB) administered to patients undergoing ERCP and frequency of cardiac arrhythmias. Design We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who, at our institute, underwent ERCP while under sedation/analgesia and who received droperidol. Our protocol for patients who are considered to be candidates for droperidol use includes obtaining an ECG before and 1 to 3 hours after the procedure. Results From April 2002 to October 2004, 6292 ERCPs were performed, of which 3113 patients with normal baseline QTcB (2001 women, 1112 men) received droperidol. Mean dosages were 4.3 mg (range, 1.25-10 mg) in women and 4.5 mg (range, 1.25-13.75 mg) in men. A total of 233 patients (7.48%; 133 women, 100 men) developed QTcB prolongation. Mean increases of the QTcB above the upper limit of normal were 16 milliseconds in women (range, 1-194 milliseconds) and 22 milliseconds in men (range, 1-310 milliseconds). Of these, 15 patients (0.48%; 8 women, 7 men) had marked prolongation of the QTcB (defined QTcB, >500 milliseconds). No serious dysrhythmias occurred. Conclusions Droperidol at usual doses during sedation/analgesia may precipitate QTcB prolongation above the normal range. However, no QT-related arrhythmias were noted in this study. Clinically significant cardiac events are probably rare with droperidol, despite documented QTcB effects. Baseline electrocardiogram for excluding patients with prolonged baseline QTcB and 1 to 3 hours afterward monitoring appears adequate when using droperidol. The study is still too small to detect very infrequent arrhythmia events.
Discrete-time Glauber model as a generalized Ehrenfest urn model

Abstract Glauber's continuous-time stochastic model for relaxation of spin systems is “imbedded” in discrete time as a Markov chain. The chain is a generalization of the Ehrenfest urn model as formulated by Hess. Some properties of the chain are discussed.
Experimental Investigation of Parity Conservation in the 14.4-kev Gamma Transition in Fe 57

An experiment using recoilless resonance scattering on the 14.4-kev $M1$ gamma rays of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ was performed to set a limit on the degree of parity impurities in the nuclear states involved. The anisotropies of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ gamma-ray transition rates were examined towards and away from the direction of nuclear polarization. The use of recoilless resonance scattering allows the problem to be so overdetermined that instrumental anisotropies could be cancelled by appropriate summing of data. No parity-nonconserving anisotropy was observed. Taking into account the slowness of the $M1$ transition compared to a parity-admixed $E1$ transition of single-particle speed, a factor of 100 in amplitude, the limit on $\mathcal{F}$, the relative strength of a parity-admixed wave function is, $\mathcal{F}l~{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$.
Low dose CT image restoration using a database of image patches

Reducing the radiation dose in CT imaging has become an active research topic and many solutions have been proposed to remove the significant noise and streak artifacts in the reconstructed images. Most of these methods operate within the domain of the image that is subject to restoration. This, however, poses limitations on the extent of filtering possible. We advocate to take into consideration the vast body of external knowledge that exists in the domain of already acquired medical CT images, since after all, this is what radiologists do when they examine these low quality images. We can incorporate this knowledge by creating a database of prior scans, either of the same patient or a diverse corpus of different patients, to assist in the restoration process. Our paper follows up on our previous work that used a database of images. Using images, however, is challenging since it requires tedious and error prone registration and alignment. Our new method eliminates these problems by storing a diverse set of small image patches in conjunction with a localized similarity matching scheme. We also empirically show that it is sufficient to store these patches without anatomical tags since their statistics are sufficiently strong to yield good similarity matches from the database and as a direct effect, produce image restorations of high quality. A final experiment demonstrates that our global database approach can recover image features that are difficult to preserve with conventional denoising approaches.
Interculturalism and New Russians in Berlin

In his paper, "Interculturalism and New Russians in Berlin" Giacomo Botta discusses aspects of the community of Russian artists in contemporary (post-1989) Berlin. The Berlin-based Russendisko night has been held in Tel Aviv, Milan, or Frankfurt, where enthusiastic people danced to songs of obscure Russian bands. In 2004, a new CD compilation, Russensoul, was published and in 2005 Karaoke, the ninth novel by Russion-born and Berlin-based author Wladimir Kaminer appeared in book stores. Russian culture is experiencing global success curiously tied to Berlin. How could the German capital have channelled this interest? Is there a particular historical, social, geographical, or cultural factor which has been decisive in this phenomenon? Why are these artists in Berlin? How important has Berlin been in the production of Russian artists? These are the basic questions Botta explores in his study in an exploration of Berlin as an intercultural city and the locus of an Russian artistic community as intercultural practice. Botta includeds in his analysis Wladimir Kaminer, Natalia Hantke, both writers, and Wladimir Skokov, a painter. Their biographies and some of their works, relating to urban subjects, are analysed and embedded in the urban context. Giacomo Botta, "Interculturalism and New Russians in Berlin" page 2 of 12 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 8.2 (2006):
Studying Radiation Therapy Using SEER-Medicare-Linked Data

Background. Numerous studies have used the SEER or Medicare data to assess the use of radiation therapy. However, the completeness of these data has not been evaluated.Methods. Using linked SEER-Medicare data, a cohort was created that included incident cases of breast, endometrial, lung, prostate,
Photoresists for CO 2 -based next-generation microlithography

Two routes have been pursued toward the fabrication of photoresists for next-generation microlithography, using condensed carbon dioxide as the processing solvent. Addition polymers containing a norbornyl backbone were synthesized to include fluorinated moieties and chemical amplification switching groups. Other polymers, synthesized free radically in condensed CO 2 , include partially fluorinated backbones. These materials have been characterized and their lithographic properties evaluated. Solubility differences between exposed and non-exposed resist have been observed in these novel systems, which should provide the necessary contrast for high-resolution imaging.
Carbon–sink stimulation of photosynthesis in Douglas fir seedlings by some ectomycorrhizas

summary Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings responded differently regarding rate of photosynthesis when inoculated with three different ectomycorrhizal fungi. Rhizopogon vinicolor FSL788-5 caused a significant increase in net photosynthesis rate compared to non-mycorrhizal controls, while Hebeloma crustuliniforme HeCr2 and Laccaria laccata S238-A had no effect. Colonization by Rhizopogon and Hebeloma caused increased osmotic potential in the leaf symplast compared to controls, while Laccaria did not. Colonization levels for Rhizopogon, Hebeloma and Laccaria were 36, 93 and 73 % of root tips, respectively. Rhizopogon and Hebeloma produced abundant extramatrical hyphae and/or rhizomorphs, while Laccaria was smooth-mantled. Hebeloma-colonized seedlings were significantly smaller than non-mycorrhizal controls; Rhizopogon seedlings were smaller, but significantly so only at P < 0.10. Laccaria did not affect seedling size. Only smaller Hebeloma seedlings exhibited elevated concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca over non-mycorrhizal controls. These data demonstrate a non-nutritional basis for increased rate of photosynthesis caused by some ectomycorrhizal fungi that can be explained by the increased photosynthate sink generated by extensive fungal growth associated with the mycorrhizas.
Diffusion-limited annihilation with initially separated reactants.

A diffusion-limited annihilation process A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}O/ with species initially separated in space is investigated. A heuristic argument suggests the form of the reaction rate in dimensions less or equal to the upper critical dimension ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{c}}$=2. Using this reaction rate we find that the width of the reaction front grows as ${\mathit{t}}^{1/4}$ in one dimension and as ${\mathit{t}}^{1/6}$(lnt${)}^{1/3}$ in two dimensions.
Profiling of nutritionally important carotenoids from genetically-diverse tomatoes by infrared spectroscopy.

Abstract An efficient and rapid protocol for profiling tomato carotenoids based on their specific vibrational spectroscopic signatures was developed. Twenty-four tomato varieties that included eight distinct combinations of genes affecting carotenoid concentration and content were grown and harvested in a replicated trial. Hexane was used to extract the lipid fraction from samples, and the extract was applied directly onto an ATR ZnSe crystal plate for spectra acquisition and injected in a reverse-phase HPLC system for carotenoid separation. Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) was used to classify tomatoes based on unique infrared spectral signatures. Models exhibited tight and well-separated clusters (inter-class distances >3.0) that correlated well with the HPLC information, and demonstrated the capability of grouping the tomato varieties based on their carotenoid profile. Classification of lipid fractions was primarily based on the presence of trans- double bonds and their cis and trans conjugations. Major discriminating bands at 957 and 964 cm −1 were associated with bending trans HC CH out-of-plane deformation vibrations. ATR-IR and multivariate analysis provided a simple and rapid tool for the identification of dietary carotenoids. This technique will facilitate the effective selection of tomato varieties with specific pigment content, improving the screening process for carotenoid-rich products.
Gaseous Cavitation and Wear in Lubricated Fretting Contacts

Fretting phenomena operating in the presence of grease was investigated experimentally and analytically. A fretting test rig was designed, developed, and equipped with a microscope and high-speed video camera to observe the effects of the lubricant entrainment within the contact during the fretting phenomena. A mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model was used to analytically investigate lubricated fretting and corroborate with experimental results. An analytical approach is also presented to determine the amount of lubrication entrained within the fretting contact. The results of fretting wear operating in the presence of grease are presented for case-hardened steel in the crossed cylinder configuration and hardened steel ball-on-sapphire flat configuration. The roles of lubrication, oscillation amplitude, and cavitation in fretting are presented and discussed. Lubrication was found to mitigate the effect of fretting on a surface while the effect of oscillation amplitude on fretting was more complex. T...
GO_Sync — A Framework to Synchronize Crowd-Sourced Mapping Contributors from Online Communities and Transit Agency Bus Stop Inventories

Proprietary formats and licensing restrictions limit individuals from sharing, viewing, or updating geographic (e.g., map) datasets and also restrict the use of these data to create innovative location-based services. Open geographic data repositories are now emerging that do not have these restrictions. The General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) is a common open format for public transportation agencies’ schedules, routes, and geographic bus stop information. However, transit agencies struggle to internally maintain and update these very large official datasets. Meanwhile, OpenStreetMap.org (OSM), an online free-content “Wikipedia-like” repository of geographic data, currently has little information about U.S. public transportation, but does have a large number of users willing to freely contribute their efforts to improve geographic data for their communities. This paper presents GO_Sync, a framework and open-source software tool for synchronizing transit data between the transit agency’s official GTFS dataset and OSM. GO_Sync connects the wealth of data from GTFS datasets with the ability of the OSM community to contribute crowd-sourced improvements to large datasets. The GO_Sync tool therefore enables public transportation agencies to upload GTFS data to OSM and retrieve crowd-sourced data back, while the online community can edit and correct the bus stop locations and amenities based on existing GTFS data. Successfully translating GTFS data into the OSM format will enable over 125 transit agencies across the U.S. to share their public-domain data with the OSM community.
Liquid crystals for lasercom applications

Nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) have electronically tunable birefringence and can be used as voltage-controlled switches for channel or redundancy beam switching in a lasercom terminal. To assess the performance of such a switch, we have evaluated the operating voltage, transmission efficiency, polarization crosstalk, and long-term operational reliability of an NLC device at four laser diode wavelengths. Preliminary results are encouraging. Transmission is around 95 percent, and polarization rotation purity is comparable to that obtained with a quartz or polymer waveplate, making this solid-state, voltage-controlled waveplate competitive with a conventional implementation that uses a mechanically inserted or rotated half-wave plate.
FOLLICULAR HORMONE IN THE URINE AS AN INDEX OF THERAPY IN THE MENOPAUSE

The treatment of menopausal symptoms has yielded varying results in the hands of different gynecologists. Some report good results and others poor results from organotherapy. The same observer often finds that among his own cases there are some patients who are greatly benefited by the administration of some form of ovarian hormone, while others are not benefited at all. We have found that those patients who are not benefited by ovarian therapy have ovarian hormone in the urine while those that are benefited have none. By means of a method previously described we have determined that every normal woman during her active sex life excretes from 10 to 20 rat units of follicular (female sex or ovarian) hormone per liter of urine. This level of excretion is fairly constant, though there are minor variations within these limits during the menstrual cycle.
A particle pair model for magnetorheological fluids

A microstructural model of the motion of particle pairs in MR fluids is proposed that accounts for both hydrodynamic and magnetic field forces. A fluid constitutive equation is derived from the model that allows prediction of velocity, particle structure and yield stress. Results for simple shear and elongational flows are presented for cases where particle pairs remain in close contact so they are hydrodynamically equivalent to an ellipsoid of aspect ratio two. In this limiting case, only the magnetic force component normal to the vector connecting the centers of a particle pair affects motion. Shear flow results indicate particle pairs rotate continuously with the flow at low magnetic fields while a steady state is reached at high fields. For elongational flows, when the applied magnetic field is parallel to the elongation direction, particle pairs orient in the field/flow direction. Either orientation is possible when the field is perpendicular to the flow. A second theoretical approach to the prediction of the yield stress is presented. Predictions for various shear rates and magnetic fields are compared with experimental data. The comparison indicates a good agreement between model predictions and experimental data at low to moderate magnetic fields.
Environmental benefits of cropland conversion to hybrid poplar: economic and policy considerations

To evaluate environmental benefits that might accrue from conversion of farmland to short-rotation woody crops (SRWC), a hypothetical conversion of 10%, 20% and 30% of cropland was modeled in a watershed of the Lower Minnesota River. The analysis synthesized output from a watershed model (ADAPT) with literature-based estimates of productivity and economic values for water quality, forest conservation and carbon sequestration. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was used to estimate ranges of environmental benefit values for cropland conversion to SRWCs. The summed average net benefits justified annual public subsidies ranging from $44 to $96ha-1, depending on market scenario and conversion level. Cropland conversion to SRWCs reduced cumulative annual stream flows, sediment and nitrogen loadings by up to 9%, 28% and 15%, respectively. Reduced sediment loads resulted in potential average annual public savings on culvert and ditch maintenance costs of $9.37Mg-1 of sediment not delivered to the watershed outlet. Hybrid poplars over a 5-year rotation produced an estimated annual economic value due to carbon sequestration of $13–15ha-1 when used for bioenergy and $29–33ha-1 (depending on conversion rate) when converted to wood products. If hybrid poplars are substituted for aspen traditionally harvested from natural woodlands, the poplars create annual forest preservation values of $4.79–5.44ha-1.
Mouth preparations for partial dentures

Abstract The success or failure of a partial denture may well depend upon how well the preliminary steps were accomplished. These are: (1) diagnosis and treatment planning, utilizing to the fullest the dentist's own reservoir of knowledge and experience, the roentgenogram, the vitalometer, and the use of accurate study casts; (2) education of the patient through the use of study casts and x-ray view ☐; (3) intelligent survey of each partially edentulous arch, both before mouth preparation and after; and (4) carefully planned and executed mouth preparations, utilizing cast restorations wherever indicated, again with full use of the surveyor properly to contour wax patterns that will serve best to support and retain the finished appliance. It is only through intelligent planning and competent execution of the many steps in the construction of a partial denture, in conjunction with the intelligent and informed cooperation of the patient in the maintenance of the appliance and the supporting teeth, that the partial denture can serve as more than a prelude to full mouth extractions, and become a respected device for the restoration of lost dental functions and the preservation of the remaining oral tissues.
Growth of ZnO Thin Films on C-Plane AL2O3 by Molecular Beam Epitaxy Using Ozone as an Oxygen Source

Abstract The growth of c-axis oriented ZnO thin films on c-plane Al2O3 via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using dilute ozone (O3) as an oxygen source was investigated. Four-circle X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that films grown at 350 °C are epitaxial with respect to the substrate, but with a broad in-plane and out-of-plane mosaic. The films were highly conductive and n-type. Epitaxial film growth required relatively high Zn flux and O3/O2 pressure. The growth rate decreased rapidly as growth temperature was increased above 350 °C. The drop in growth rate with temperature reflects the low sticking coefficient of Zn at moderately high temperatures and limited ozone flux for the oxidation of the Zn metal. Characterization of the films included atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and Hall measurements. These results show that molecular beam epitaxy of ZnO using ozone is rate limited by the ozone flux for growth temperatures above 350 °C.
Injection seeding of lasing in microdroplets.

Injection seeding of lasing has been achieved in both small (∼20-µm radius) and larger (∼35-µm radius) dye-doped microdroplets. Seeding is effective in enhancing the intensity from one lasing mode that normally occurs because of the droplet morphology. Competition between the seeded mode and unseeded lasing modes that have good spatial overlap with the seeded mode prevents lasing on some unseeded lasing modes.
Blood-gas, acid-base, and electrolyte responses to exercise in larval Ambystoma tigrinum

Larval Ambystoma tigrinum were non-occlusively cannulated in the truncus arteriosus and allowed to recover 20–24 h. Upon recovery, control blood samples were removed, and the animals were exercised to exhaustion by encouraging swimming with a sponge forceps. The exercise led to a 5–6 fold increase in plasma lactate concentration which persisted 4–8 h. This lactacidosis caused the blood pH to drop from about 7.72 to below 7.10 in 30 min. Recovery was complete after 8 h. The acidosis was mixed with a pronounced respiratory component as P more than doubled during the same period. Bicarbonate concentration decreased from 12 mM to about 6 mM following exercise and recovered over the following 8 h. Similarly, strong ion difference was depressed following exercise but recovered during the ensuing 8 h. When exercised animals were forced to recover in running distilled water to deprive cutaneous ion transport mechanisms of access to ions, the results were quite different. The recoveries of pH, [HCO3−], and strong ion difference lagged 1–4 h behind the recoveries of these parameters in the tap water group, suggesting the participation of cutaneous ion transport in the recovery process. Ionic flux measurements demonstrated an increase in Na+ influx during the recovery period as well as increases in both Na+ and Cl− effluxes. The increases in efflux were much larger than observed increments in influx, placing the animals in negative ion balance and obscuring the significance of the changes in influx to acid-base balance. Measurement of circulating aldosterone revealed a large increase in the concentration of this steroid hormone during recovery.
Solidification and liquation cracking issues in welding

Solidification cracking can occur in the fusion zone during the solidification of the weld metal. Liquation cracking, on the other hand, can occur in the partially melted zone during the solidification of the liquated material. These two types of cracking are reviewed in this article, including the factors that affect cracking and the remedies.
Fabrication and characterization of optically active multilayer thin films based on polyaniline colloids

In this paper, we report the fabrication and characterization of polyaniline colloid (PANIC) multilayer thin films prepared from PANIC aqueous dispersion and a polyelectrolyte solution. Both chiral...
Learning rules from numerical data by combining geometric and graph-theoretic approach

Abstract We present a new method for learning rules from numerical data by using a combination of geometric and graph-theoretic methods. Three different graphs are defined to capture the geometric properties of the data-set. The graphs G ( P ) and G ( N ) capture the intra-class properties of the set of positive points P and the set of negative points N , respectively, and the graph G ( P , N ) captures the inter-class properties between P and N . We derive rules from these graphs by means of graph partitioning. Our method tends to give fewer rules than that obtained by decision-tree based methods. The complexity of our algorithm is O( M 3 ), where M =∣ P ∣+∣ N ∣.
Mr Tati’s Holiday and João’s Safari - Seeing the World through Transplant Tourism:

Moshe Tati, a sanitation worker in Jerusalem, was among the first of more than a thousand mortally sick Israelis who signed up for illicit and clandestine ‘transplant tour’ packages that included: travel to an undisclosed foreign and exotic setting; five-star hotel accommodation; surgery in a private hospital unit; a ‘fresh’ kidney purchased from a perfect stranger trafficked from a third country. Although Tati’s holiday turned into a nightmare and he had to be emergency air-lifted from a rented transplant unit in a private hospital in Adana, Turkey back to Israel, Moshe (now deceased) became a poster-boy of transplant tourism for the next decade. Joao Cavalcanti was among the first of 38 residents of the slums of Recife recruited by retired military Captain Ivan da Silva and his sidekick Captain Gadddy Tauber (of Israel) to travel to Durban, South Africa to provide a spare kidney to an Israeli transplant tourist in Durban. This article examines the logics and practices through which kidney buyers and kid...
Overlapping jurisdictions: Substitutes or complements?

This paper presents a simple model of the demand relationship between the activities undertaken by overlapping governments and uses the framework to estimate the relationship between municipal and county expenditures. The empirical results reveal a complementary relationship between county and city general expenditures; any public sector expansion effects of monopoly power at the county level will therefore be reinforced by greater municipal spending, further expanding the total size of the local public sector. On the other hand, changes in county police and roads expenditures appear to have no strong stable impact on municipal police and roads expenditures, respectively, providing no reinforcing or offsetting municipal spending responses to decisions at the county level.
Adjusting the Depth of Field on Stream Restoration: Observing the Rise of Neoliberal Para-science

Political ecologists examine the flows of economic capital in relation to natural resources, and since the 1990s look increasingly at power, knowledges, and representations of nature. Documenting t...
Lawn mower injuries to children in Pennsylvania, 1989 to 1993

Lawn mowers pose a significant risk of morbidity and mortality to children. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of children injured by lawn mowers admitted to accredited trauma centers in Pennsylvania from 1989 to 1993. Data were available on 177 children who sustained 504 injuries. The majority of children were less than 5 years old, male, injured by a power mower, during the summer, at home, and with an injury to an extremity. Four cases that represent patients with a low Injury Severity Score but a long hospitalization are discussed.
Germline ATBF1 mutations and prostate cancer risk.

Background ATBF1 has been recently identified as a candidate prostate tumor suppressor gene. In addition to more unique mutations, two somatic mutations (shortening of a polypyrimidine tract [Poly(T)n] and a deletion beginning at codon 3381 (3381del)) were each observed in multiple prostate cancer samples and both appear to have an impact on ATBF1 gene function and expression. Methods We assayed two recurrent sequence variants in germline DNA from prostate cancer cases and controls, and examined whether carriers of these variants are at increased risk for prostate cancer. Results We found Poly(T)n variants in both normal and matched tumor DNA samples from multiple patients, indicating a germline origin in each case. Genotyping germline DNA samples indicated that 3381del was significantly associated with prostate cancer risk among sporadic cases (P = 0.03), but not among men with hereditary disease. Conclusions Our study indicates that the germline 3381del allele may influence prostate cancer susceptibility. Prostate 66: 1082-1085, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A summary of the workshop on child and adolescent obesity: What, how, and who?

(1993). A summary of the workshop on child and adolescent obesity: What, how, and who? Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition: Vol. 33, Proceeding on a workshop on child and adolescent obesity: What, How, and Who?, pp. 287-305.
A randomized algorithm for the decomposition of matrices

Abstract Given an m × n matrix A and a positive integer k, we describe a randomized procedure for the approximation of A with a matrix Z of rank k. The procedure relies on applying A T to a collection of l random vectors, where l is an integer equal to or slightly greater than k; the scheme is efficient whenever A and A T can be applied rapidly to arbitrary vectors. The discrepancy between A and Z is of the same order as l m times the ( k + 1 ) st greatest singular value σ k + 1 of A, with negligible probability of even moderately large deviations. The actual estimates derived in the paper are fairly complicated, but are simpler when l − k is a fixed small nonnegative integer. For example, according to one of our estimates for l − k = 20 , the probability that the spectral norm ‖ A − Z ‖ is greater than 10 ( k + 20 ) m σ k + 1 is less than 10 − 17 . The paper contains a number of estimates for ‖ A − Z ‖ , including several that are stronger (but more detailed) than the preceding example; some of the estimates are effectively independent of m. Thus, given a matrix A of limited numerical rank, such that both A and A T can be applied rapidly to arbitrary vectors, the scheme provides a simple, efficient means for constructing an accurate approximation to a singular value decomposition of A. Furthermore, the algorithm presented here operates reliably independently of the structure of the matrix A. The results are illustrated via several numerical examples.
Relative importance of environmental, geographic, and spatial variables on zooplankton metacommunities

Understanding the factors responsible for structuring ecological communities is a central goal in community ecology. Previous work has focused on determining the relative roles of two classes of variables (e.g., spatial and environmental) on community composition. However, this approach may ignore the disproportionate impact of variables within classes, and is often confounded by spatial autocorrelation leading to collinearity among variables of different classes. Here, we combine pattern-based metacommunity and machine learning analyses to characterize metacommunity structure of zooplankton from lakes in the northeast United States and to identify environmental, spatial, and geographic covariates associated with metacommunity structure. Analyses were performed for the entire metacommunity and for three zooplankton subsets (cladocerans, copepods, and rotifers), as the variables associated with community structure in these groups were hypothesized to differ. Species distributions of all subsets adhered to an environmental, spatial, and/or geographic gradient, but differed in metacommunity pattern, as copepod species distributions responded independently of one another, while the entire zooplankton metacommunity, cladocerans, and rotifers replaced one another in discrete groups. While environmental variables were nearly always the most important to metacommunity structure, the relative importance of variables differed among zooplankton subsets, suggesting that zooplankton subsets differ in their environmental tolerances and dispersal-limitation.
Impact of Medical Nutrition Therapy on Pediatric Failure to Thrive in a Primary Care Setting

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To recognize the positive clinical outcomes and nominal costs of medical nutrition therapy in treatment of pediatric non-organic failure to thrive in a primary care setting. Two years of quality assurance outcome data for therapeutic nutrition interventions in the primary care setting demonstrated the contribution of medical nutrition therapy to catch-up growth in non-organic failure to thrive patients in the pediatric ambulatory site of our 125-bed community hospital. The registered dietitian with specialty training in pediatrics provided medical nutrition therapy to referred patients with a wide spectrum of conditions, the highest risk being mild to moderate grade failure to thrive. In working with multiethnic failure to thrive patients and their families with limited socioeconomic resources, in-depth nutrition assessments were compiled with emphasis on the feeding relationship, nutrition knowledge and food resources available to the family. Problem-oriented care plans were developed utilizing the least expensive and ethnically familiar foods as well as low literacy teaching tools. Referrals to the WIC Program, food pantries, and home observation and support through the VNA were recommended as needed. Ninety percent of the children achieved normal rates of growth while 45% achieved catch-up growth rates of 150% to 200% of normal growth rates. In addition, the data showed children experienced advancement in age-appropriate feeding skills, an improved feeding relationship with the primary caretaker and a decrease in frequency of chronic infections. Time spent with the RD in clinic ranged from 55 minutes (2visits) to 330 minutes (7-10 visits) with an average of 2.75 hours in 4 visits; median number of visits was 3 and median time spent with the patient/family was 1.7 hours. The average cost for nutrition therapy to achieve normal or catch-up growth was $300. Provision of MNT by the RD in the primary care setting improved clinical outcomes; saved money by decreasing infection rates and physician visits; routinely spared referral to a tertiary care facility: and empowered the family to care for the child more successfully, within their own local community.