cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'I have so many successful stories': framing social citizenship for refugees

The current US refugee resettlement system reflects the US government's agenda of having refugees acquire quick employment with low state welfare dependence and minimal fiscal and cultural disruption to the receiving communities. The non-governmental organizations (NGOs) assisting refugees hold broader goals for refugees, including feeling a sense of belonging in the USA. These goals represent a framing of social citizenship rights for refugees, and how NGOs frame social citizenship varies depending upon the NGOs contractual relationship with the US welfare state. Using data from 57 in-depth interviews, I describe how resettlement and assistance NGOs currently frame social citizenship for refugees in relation to market citizenship, and how their relationship with the federal government shapes this framing. Findings illustrate the role of NGOs in creating a discursive space for expanding the social citizenship rights of refugees and the ways such framing is highly constrained by the definitions of belongin...
Self-reported measures of appetite in relation to verbal cues about many foods

In the present study a representative sample of students from a general college population were exposed to a list of written food cues and asked to rate each of the foods according to its nutritional value. Subjects who were exposed to the food list subsequently reported increases in hunger, desire to eat, and number of foods currently hungry for, as well as reduced fullness, compared to controls who were not exposed to the food list. Also, there was a trend for the food-cued subjects to report hunger for lower fat foods compared to the controls. The results are discussed in terms of previous research and suggestions for future research are provided.
What dot clusters and bar graphs reveal: subitizing is fast counting and subtraction.

In two studies, we found that dot enumeration tasks resulted in shallow-sloped response time (RT) functions for displays of 1–4 dots and steep-sloped functions for displays of 5–8 dots, replicating results implicating subitizing and counting processes for low and high ranges of dots, respectively. Extracting number from a specific type of bar graph within the same numerical range produced a shallow-sloped but scallop-shaped RT function. Factor analysis confirmed two independent subranges for dots, but all bar graph values defined a unitary factor. Significantly, factor scores and asymmetries both showed correlations of bar graph recognition to dot subitizing but not to dot counting, strongly suggesting that subitizing was used in both enumeration of low numbers of dots and bar graph recognition. According to these results, subitizing appears to be a nonverbal process operating flexibly in either additive or subtractive fashion on analog quantities having spatial extent, a conclusion consistent with a fast-counting model of subitizing but not with other models of the subitizing process.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol following a single induction dose administered intravenously in cats

Abstract Objective To compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol administered intravenously (IV) as a single induction dose in cats. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Six healthy adult cats, three female intact, three male castrated, weighing 4.8 ± 1.8 kg. Methods Cats received 8 mg kg −1 IV of propofol (P) or propofol with 2% benzyl alcohol (P28) using a randomized crossover design. Venous blood samples were collected at predetermined time points to 24 hours after drug administration to determine drug plasma concentrations. Physiologic and behavioral variables were also recorded. Propofol and benzyl alcohol concentrations were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were described using a 2-compartment model. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were analyzed using repeated measures anova ( p Results Plasma concentrations of benzyl alcohol were below the lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) at all time points for two of the six cats (33%), and by 30 minutes for the remaining four cats. Propofol pharmacokinetics, with or without 2% benzyl alcohol, were characterized by rapid distribution, a long elimination phase, and a large volume of distribution. No differences were noted between treatments with the exception of clearance from the second compartment (CLD2), which was 23.6 and 38.8 mL kg −1 minute −1 in the P and P28 treatments, respectively. Physiologic and behavioral variables were not different between treatments with the exception of heart rate at 4 hours post administration. Conclusions and clinical relevance The addition of 2% benzyl alcohol as a preservative minimally altered the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol 1% emulsion when administered as a single IV bolus in this group of cats. These data support the cautious use of propofol with 2% benzyl alcohol for induction of anesthesia in healthy cats.
BCL6 cooperates with CD40 stimulation and loss of p53 function to rapidly transform primary B cells

The BCL6 transcriptional repressor protein has been shown to promote B-cell lymphoma in transgenic mouse models. The mechanism by which BCL6 transforms primary B cells is unclear, although repression of the p53 tumor suppressor is thought to play a role. Here, we showed that BCL6 has critical oncogene functions that are independent of p53 repression. We found that BCL6 cooperates with constitutive CD40 signaling to rapidly transform p53-deficient primary mouse B cells in vitro. Constitutive CD40 signaling alone does not transform p53-deficient B cells, indicating that BCL6 acts specifically as an immortalizing oncogene in this system. The BCL6 transformed B cells are polyclonal and form polyclonal tumors. At the initiation of the cultures, BCL6 does not significantly alter cell cycle progression, but it does promote increased cell survival. Early cultures of BCL6-expressing B cells exhibited marked repression of ATR and p27kip1 but not other BCL6 target genes, suggesting that the ATR and p27kip1 genes have key early roles in mediating BCL6 transformation function. BCL6-transformed cell lines exhibited further decreases of ATR and p27kip1 expression plus strong decreases in Blimp1 and PDCD2 expression. Our study provides important clues about the critical target genes used by BCL6 to transform primary B cells and indicates that the CD40 signaling pathway can collaborate with BCL6 in the transformation of primary B cells. Thus, our study demonstrates a rapid in vitro system to analyze the transformation function of BCL6.
Absorption spectrum of Cu i in the vacuum ultraviolet

The spectrum of Cu i in the region 1650–1140 A has been investigated in absorption. The column of Cu i vapor was obtained by a flash-pyrolysis technique, i.e., irradiating the material with a strong flux of light or by an induction-heated furnace. The principal series 3d10 4s2S–3d10np2P° has been followed up to n =31. Eight additional series of lines, 3d10 4s2S–3d9 4s np, nf converging to 3d9 4s3D, 1D of Cu ii have been observed. Several levels are strongly autoionized and the parameter of the autoionized resonances has been determined, together with the continuum absorption.
Abnormal Functional Activity of the Central Nervous System in Fibromyalgia Syndrome

The evaluation of pain is one of the major problems facing general practitioners and specialists in medicine. Although the source of pain can be usually be traced to specific abnormalities in a given organ system, some patients present with generalized pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia, for which no specific source can be found. Some researchers have begun to consider that although there may be a somatic source of such pain at its initiation, over time the pain may be maintained or exacerbated by functional alterations in critical regions of the brain and spinal cord that are involved in pain processing or pain inhibition. This article describes the techniques currently used to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the brain by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, and reviews the SPECT and positron emission tomography literature concerning alterations in functional brain activity associated with pain in healthy individuals and in patients with chronic pain, including those with fibromyalgia. The article concludes by describing the implications of current knowledge about pain and abnormal functional brain activity in the understanding of the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and in the development of therapeutic strategies to manage patients with this disorder.
The probability of severe disease in zoonotic and commensal infections

Cross-species transfers of pathogens (zoonoses) cause some of the most virulent diseases, including anthrax, hantavirus and Q fever. Zoonotic infections occur when a pathogen moves from its reservoir host species into a secondary host species. Similarly, commensal infections often have a primary reservoir location within their hosts' bodies from which they rarely cause disease symptoms, but commensals such as Neisseria meningitidis cause severe disease when they cross into a different body compartment from their normal location. Both zoonotic and commensal infections cause either mild symptoms or severe disease, but rarely intermediate symptoms. We develop a mathematical model for studying three factors that affect the probability of severe disease: the size of the inoculum, the route of inoculation and the frequency of naturally occurring infections that do not cause symptoms but do induce protective immunity (vaccinating inoculations). With a single route of infection, increasing pathogen density causes inoculations to develop more often into disease rather than asymptomatic vaccinations that provide protective immunity. With two routes of infection, it may happen that a lower density of a pathogen or of a particular antigenic variant leads to a relatively higher frequency of disease-inducing versus vaccinating inoculations. This reversal occurs when one route of infection tends to vaccinate against relatively common pathogens but less often vaccinates against relatively rare pathogens, whereas the other route of infection is susceptible to disease-inducing inoculation even at relatively low pathogen density.
Content of communication by pediatric residents after newborn genetic screening

Background. Newborn screening saves lives, but psychosocial complications after genetic screening have led to doubts about expanding programs. Because complications have been blamed on ineffective communication of results, a population-scale system to ensure communication quality may improve outcomes. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a method to assess the content of communication after newborn genetic screening. Methods. We abstracted content data and calculated quantitative scores for 3 communication quality indicators (key content, early placement of good news, and excessive background content) for 59 transcribed conversations between pediatric residents and simulated parents of an “infant” who was found via newborn screening to carry either cystic fibrosis or sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. Results. Only 8.5% of transcripts contained the key content items that were thought to be necessary for parental understanding; 27.1% included reassuring news about carrier status within the first 10% of content. Scores for 3 quality indicators fell in the low performance range in 35.6%, 30.5%, and 27.1% of transcripts, respectively. The most common topic was background about the disease (22% of content statements) even though the infant did not have the disease. Surprisingly, 50% of sickle trait transcripts included counseling about a possible risk for sudden death. Conclusions. Assessment of the content domain of communication quality identified some high-quality communication interspersed with many missed opportunities. If integrated into newborn screening, our method may help to alleviate some of society9s ethical concerns about benefit and risk after newborn and other genetic screening.
Involvement of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF1) stimulation of proliferation of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line

The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism by which insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF1) stimulates proliferation of mammary epithelial cells, using the bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T as a model. IGF1 significantly up- or down-regulated the expression of 155 genes in MAC-T cells. Among the most significantly suppressed was the gene for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a secretory protein that has both proliferative and apoptotic effects and is also a low-affinity binding protein of IGF1. IGF1 inhibited CTGF expression through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Administration of growth hormone (GH), a strong stimulator of IGF1 production in vivo, decreased mammary CTGF mRNA in cattle; however, GH did not affect CTGF expression in MAC-T cells, suggesting that IGF1 may also inhibit CTGF expression in the mammary gland. Added alone CTGF stimulated proliferation of MAC-T cells, but in combination with IGF1 it attenuated IGF1's stimulation of proliferation of MAC-T cells. Excess IGF1 reversed this attenuating effect of CTGF. Despite being an IGF binding protein, CTGF did not affect IGF1-induced phosphorylation of IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) or IGF1R expression in MAC-T cells, indicating that the attenuating effect of CTGF on IGF1 stimulated proliferation of MAC-T cells was not mediated by decreasing IGF1's ability to bind to IGF1R or by decreasing IGF1R expression. Overall, these results suggest a novel biochemical and functional relationship between CTGF and IGF1 in the bovine mammary gland, where IGF1 may inhibit CTGF expression to reduce the attenuating effect of CTGF on IGF1 stimulated proliferation of epithelial cells.
Distortions of the calcite and aragonite atomic structures from interstitial water

Abstract Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), as observed by diffraction or infra-red spectroscopy, is especially significant as a precursor in biomineralization. The atomic structure and mechanisms for transformation to the crystalline phases are still unknown. It is conceivable that insertion of water molecules could give rise to distortions that result in the observed diffraction patterns and infrared spectra. We use the VASP density functional theory code to relax model supercells with 24 formula units of CaCO3 where we have inserted up to 5 water molecules, corresponding to 3.75 wt%. The main effect is tilting of the carbonate planes, which can be as high as 50°. This leads to a range of Ca–O distances that are consistent with the observed changes in the IR spectra in ACC. The spread in cation–cation distances is not enough to destroy coherent diffraction from regions 70 nm across, and so does not explain amorphous diffraction profiles.
Does the concordance between medical records and patient self-report vary with patient characteristics?

Few studies of the concordance between patient self-report and medical record data have examined how concordance varies with patient characteristics, and results of such studies have been mixed. Given discrepancies in the quality of care received across patient cohorts, it is important to understand the degree to which concordance metrics are robust across patient characteristics. We hypothesized that concordance between ambulatory medical record and patient survey data varies by patient demographic characteristics, especially education, income, and race/ethnicity. We present the results of bivariate and multivariate analyses including data from 1,270 patients with at least one of: diabetes, ischemic heart disease, asthma or COPD, or low back pain sampled from 39 West Coast medical organizations. We present total agreement, kappa, and survey sensitivity and specificity, stratified by patient demographic and health status characteristics. We conducted logistic regressions to test the impact of patient demographic characteristics, domain of medical care, and health status on these three measures of concordance. Survey sensitivity varied significantly by race/ethnicity in bivariate analyses, but this effect was erased in multivariate analyses. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that patient education, income, or race/ethnicity have an independent effect on concordance when controlling for other factors. However, concordance varied significantly by patient health status. The medical record and patient self-report do not measure quality comparably across patient cohorts. We recommend continued efforts to improve survey data collection across different patient populations and to improve the quality of clinical data.
Murine BAFF expression is up-regulated by estrogen and interferons: Implications for sex bias in the development of autoimmunity

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in patients and certain mouse models exhibits a strong sex bias. Additionally, in most patients, increased serum levels of type I interferon (IFN-α) are associated with severity of the disease. Because increased levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF) in SLE patients and mouse models are associated with the development of SLE, we investigated whether the female sex hormone estrogen (E2) and/or IFNs (IFN-α or γ) could regulate the expression of murine BAFF. We found that steady-state levels of BAFF mRNA and protein were measurably higher in immune cells (CD11b(+), CD11c(+), and CD19(+)) isolated from C57BL/6 females than the age-matched male mice. Treatment of immune cells with IFN or E2 significantly increased levels of BAFF mRNA and protein and a deficiency of estrogen receptor-α, IRF5, or STAT1 expression in splenic cells decreased expression of BAFF. Moreover, treatment of RAW264.7 macrophage cells with IFN-α, IFN-γ, or E2 induced expression of BAFF. Interestingly, increased expression of p202, an IFN and estrogen-inducible protein, in RAW264.7 cells significantly increased the expression levels of BAFF and also stimulated the activity of the BAFF-luc-reporter. Accordingly, the increased expression of the p202 protein in lupus-prone B6.Nba2-ABC than non lupus-prone C57BL/6 and B6.Nba2-C female mice was associated with increased expression levels of BAFF. Together, our observations demonstrated that estrogen and IFN-induced increased levels of the p202 protein in immune cells contribute to sex bias in part through up-regulation of BAFF expression.
Antares beam-alignment-system performance

The beam alignment system for the 24-beam-sector Antares CO/sub 2/ fusion laser automatically aligns more than 200 optical elements. A visible-wavelength alignment technique is employed which uses a telescope/TV system to view point-light sources appropriately located down the beamline. The centroids of the light spots are determined by a video tracker, which generates error signals used by the computer control system to move appropriate mirrors in a closed-loop system. Final touch-up alignment is accomplished by projecting a CO/sub 2/ alignment laser beam through the system and sensing its position at the target location. The techniques and control algorithms employed have resulted in alignment accuracies exceeding design requirements. By employing video processing to determine the centroids of diffraction images and by averaging over multiple TV frames, we achieve alignment accuracies better than 0.1 times system diffraction limits in the presence of air turbulence.
Effects of spaceflight (STS-87) on tropisms and plastid positioning in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus.

Apical cells of moss protonemata represent a single-celled system that perceives and reacts to light (positive and negative phototropism) and to gravity (negative gravitropism). Phototropism completely overrides gravitropism when apical cells are laterally irradiated with relatively high red light intensities, but below a defined light intensity threshold gravitropism competes with the phototropic reaction. A 16 day-long exposure to microgravity conditions demonstrated that gravitropism is allowed when protonemata are laterally illuminated with light intensities below 140 nmol m-2s-1. Protonemata that were grown in darkness in microgravity expressed an endogenous tendency to grow in arcs so that the overall culture morphology resembled a clockwise spiral. However this phenomenon only was observed in cultures that had reached a critical age and/or size. Organelle positioning in dark-grown apical cells was significantly altered in microgravity. Gravisensing most likely involves the sedimentation of starch-filled amyloplasts in a well-defined area of the tip cell. Amyloplasts that at 1-g are sedimented were clustered at the apical part of the sedimentation zone in microgravity. Clustering observed in microgravity or during clino-rotation significantly differs from sedimentation-induced plastid aggregations after inversion of tip cells at 1-g.
Game Theory and the History of Ideas about Rationality: An Introductory Survey

Although it may seem from its formalism that game theory must have sprung from the mind of John von Neumann as a corollary of his work on computers or theoretical physics, it should come as no real surprise to philosophers that game theory is the articulation of a historically developing philosophical conception of rationality in thought and action. The history of ideas about rationality is deeply contradictory at many turns. While there are theories of rationality that claim it is fundamentally social and aims at understanding and molding all facets of human psychological life, game theory takes rationality to be essentially located in individuals and to concern only the means to achieve predetermined ends. Thus, there are some thinkers who have made important contributions to this history who do not appear in the story of game theory at all, among them, Plato, Kant, and Hegel. There is, however, a clear trail to follow linking theories of instrumental rationality from Aristotle to the nineteenth-century marginalist economists and ultimately to von Neumann and Morgenstern and contemporary game theorists, that historically grounds game theory as a model of rational interaction.
Vasodilators in Myocardial Infarction: Rationale and Current Status

While digitalis and diuretics constitute conventional therapy of congestive heart failure due to acute myocardial infarction, systemic vasodilator drugs offer an innovative approach of decreasing left ventricular systolic wall tension (afterload) by reducing aortic impedance and/or by reducing cardic venous return. Thus, vasodilators increase lowered cardiac output by diminishing peripheral vascular resistance and/or decreasing increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (ventricular preload) by reducing venous tone. Concomitantly, there is a reduction of myocardial oxygen demand thereby potentially limiting infarct size and ischaemia. The vasodilators produce disparate modifications of cardiac function depending on their differing alterations of preload versus impedance: nitrates principally cause venodilatation (decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure); sodium nitroprusside, phentolamine and prazosin produced relatively balanced arterial and venous dilatation (decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure while increasing cardiac output, provided upper limits of normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure are maintained); and hydrallazine solely effects arteriolar dilatation (increases cardiac output). Combined sodium nitroprusside and dopamine therapy synergistically enhances cardiac output and decreases left ventricular end diastolic pressure. In addition, sodium nitroprusside is aided by mechanical counterpulsation which sustains myocardial perfusion pressure in acute myocardial infarction.
Activity of endogenous myocardial lipases during incubation at acid pH.

Homogenates of myocardial tissue were incubated at acid pH to optimize the activity of lysosomal lipid hydrolases. Significant amounts of lipid products with surface-active properties, lysophospholipids and free fatty acids, were found. These lipid products may contribute to the lysis of essential organelles.
Effect of biogeochemical diagenesis on sediment fabric in shallow marine carbonate sediments near the Dry Tortugas, Florida

Shallow marine carbonate sediments near the Dry Tortugas undergo extensive biogeochemical diagenesis upon deposition, resulting in postdepositional fabric comprised of micritic aggregates of clay-sized particles, a matrix of peloidal mud, and intraparticular cementation. Freshly deposited primary skeletons, mostly Halimeda fragments, yield micritic aggregates of clay-sized particles, which then form peloidal mud fabric upon compaction. The cryptocrystalline particles produced by micritization are later replaced by high magnesian calcite. Cementation is observed in the intra-particular microenvironment. However, no inter-particular, grain-binding cement was detected throughout the gravity core samples investigated.
Factors Affecting the Design of D-C Magnets

This paper outlines some of the factors which should be considered in the design of d-c magnets. The usual types of steel used are briefly discussed, including their influence on ``sticking'' or residual forces. Calculated curves are presented which show the influence of pole-face area on the force developed by the magnet. Flux measurements on a number of magnets show that theoretical calculations are often in great error because of factors such as leakage and saturation which are usually neglected. Data show that the flux in a d-c magnet with a small air gap may vary by as much as 300 per cent between one part of the circuit and another.
TCT-441 Assessing Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defect Formation with Novel Transseptal Puncture Device

As ablation and transseptal procedures become more common due to the aging population, transseptal puncture complications become a larger concern. Iatrogenic atrial septal defects (IASDs) are typically considered to close within a year with 7% remaining at 12 months following a puncture with a 12 Fr
Continuum predictions of deformation in composites with two creeping phases—I. Model systems

Abstract Analytical and finite element (FE) method continuum analyses of deformation are described for model composites in which both phases exhibit either transient or steady-state creep. Both models predict that the presence of a weak ductile phase within a strong matrix, e.g. ductile-phase toughened intermetallic matrix composites, degrades the creep resistance of the strong phase less severely with decreases in: (1) the stress exponent of the matrix; (2) the volume fraction of the discontinuous ductile phase; and (3) the creep rate of the ductile phase. The FE models predict potential locations for creep damage within the composite, and that the steady-state creep rate of strong-matrix composites is nearly independent of the reinforcement geometry. Finally, both models predict that the composite steady-state stress exponent generally nearly equals that of the slower creeping phase due to the redistribution of stress from the faster to the slower creeping phase.
Dynamic fracture mechanics analysis of failure mode transitions along weakened interfaces in elastic solids

Dynamic fracture mechanics theory was employed to analyze the crack deflection behavior of dynamic mode-I cracks propagating towards inclined weak planes/interfaces in otherwise homogenous elastic solids. When the incident mode-I crack reached the weak interface, it kinked out of its original plane and continued to propagate along the weak interface. The dynamic stress intensity factors and the non-singular T-stresses of the incident cracks were fitted, and then dynamic fracture mechanics concepts were used to obtain the stress intensity factors of the kinked cracks as functions of kinking angles and crack tip speeds. The T-stress of the incident crack has a small positive value but the crack path was quite stable. In order to validate fracture mechanics predictions, the theoretical photoelasticity fringe patterns of the kinked cracks were compared with the recorded experimental fringes. Moreover, the mode mixity of the kinked crack was found to depend on the kinking angle and the crack tip speed. A weak interface will lead to a high mode-II component and a fast crack tip speed of the kinked mixed-mode crack.
Soil burial contributes to deep soil organic carbon storage

Abstract Understanding the source of soil organic carbon (SOC) in deep soil horizons and the processes influencing its turnover is critical for predicting the response of this large reservoir of terrestrial C to environmental change and potential feedbacks to climate. Here, we propose that soil burial is a globally important but greatly underestimated process contributing to the delivery and long-term persistence of substantial SOC stocks to depths beyond those considered in most soil C inventories. We draw from examples in the paleosol and geomorphology literature to identify the effects of soil burial by volcanic, aeolian, alluvial, colluvial, glacial, and anthropogenic depositional processes on soil C storage. We describe how the state factors affecting soil formation affect the persistence and decomposition of SOC in buried soils. Organic horizons and surface mineral soils that become buried under layers of sediment can store C several meters below the earth's surface for millennia or longer. Buried SOC concentrations can rival those of surface soils, and soils buried under volcanic deposits generally contain higher concentrations of SOC than those under alluvial or non-permafrost loess deposits. The dearth of quantitative research on buried SOC specifically, and on deep C pools in general, makes it difficult to estimate the global importance of burial as a terrestrial C storage mechanism on contemporary time scales. The handful of studies that provide data on soil C stocks in buried horizons and estimate their spatial extent suggest that buried soils can contain significant regional OC reservoirs that are currently ignored in inventories and biogeochemical models. Recent research suggests that these buried SOC stocks may cycle biologically on annual-to-decadal time scales if the processes contributing to their protection from decomposition are altered. We discuss the vulnerability of buried SOC pools to disturbance from climate change and human activities that may reconnect these deep SOC pools with the atmosphere. We also provide recommendations on how burial processes can be incorporated into soil biogeochemical models to more accurately predict dynamics of deep SOC pools under different landscapes and environmental conditions.
Modification of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for studies in collisionally induced dissociations

Abstract A time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been converted into a tandem mass spectrometer and specially modified to perform experiments on collisionally induced dissociations of molecular ions and ion fragments. The results of such a study on the C3H7+ ion from propane, n-butane and iso-butane agree well with those obtained in a similar study using the “collisional activation” technique.
Rotating microparticles and bacteria with optical propelling beams

We demonstrate optical trapping and rotation of microparticles and bacteria with propelling beams. The rotation is achieved in a tweezers-like setting and fully controlled by SLM without the need of mechanical movement or phase-sensitive interference.
Susceptibility of human fetal mesencyhmal stem cells to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Recent reports link Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection of bone marrow cells to bone marrow failure and lymphoproliferative syndromes. The identity of the infected marrow cells, however, remains unclear. Other work has demonstrated that circulating mononuclear cells can harbor KSHV where its detection predicts the onset and severity of Kaposi sarcoma. In either setting, bone marrow precursors may serve as viral reservoirs. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in human bone marrow regulate the differentiation and proliferation of adjacent hematopoietic precursors, we investigated their potential role in KSHV infection. Our results indicate that primary MSCs are susceptible to both cell-free and cell-associated KSHV in culture. Moreover, infection persisted within nearly half of the cells for up to 6 weeks. Thus, MSCs possess a clear capacity to support KSHV infection and warrant further exploration into their potential role in KSHV-related human disease.
Comparison of Heterologous Prime-Boost Strategies against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Using Negative Stranded RNA Viruses.

This study analyzed a heterologous prime-boost vaccine approach against HIV-1 using three different antigenically unrelated negative-stranded viruses (NSV) expressing HIV-1 Gag as vaccine vectors: rabies virus (RABV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). We hypothesized that this approach would result in more robust cellular immune responses than those achieved with the use of any of the vaccines alone in a homologous prime-boost regimen. To this end, we primed BALB/c mice with each of the NSV-based vectors. Primed mice were rested for thirty-five days after which we administered a second immunization with the same or heterologous NSV-Gag viruses. The magnitude and quality of the Gag-specific CD8+ T cells in response to these vectors post boost were measured. In addition, we performed challenge experiments using vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 Gag (VV-Gag) thirty-three days after the boost inoculation. Our results showed that the choice of the vaccine used for priming was important for the detected Gag-specific CD8+ T cell recall responses post boost and that NDV-Gag appeared to result in a more robust recall of CD8+ T cell responses independent of the prime vaccine used. However, the different prime-boost strategies were not distinct for the parameters studied in the challenge experiments using VV-Gag but did indicate some benefits compared to single immunizations. Taken together, our data show that NSV vectors can individually stimulate HIV-Gag specific CD8+ T cells that are effectively recalled by other NSV vectors in a heterologous prime-boost approach. These results provide evidence that RABV, VSV and NDV can be used in combination to develop vaccines needing prime-boost regimens to stimulate effective immune responses.
The microstructure of young dentine.

Abstract Photomicrographs of a 20 μ thick ground section of young undecalcified dentine show peritubular relative refringency effects known as “Becke” effect. Historadiographs of this young dentine show peritubular radiopaque rings indicative of peritubular calcification of young coronal dentine.
Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Predicts Virologic Outcome at an Inner-City Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinic

This study’s hypothesis is that human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients in the inner city (predominantly injection drug users and ethnic minorities) do not take highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as prescribed and that nonadherence leads to virologic failure. A prospective, observational, 3-month study of adherence to HAART was undertaken at an inner-city clinic. There were 40 subjects [110 subject-months]; 30 were male, 10 were female, 75% were Hispanic, 23% were African American, 68% were injection drug users, and 68% were receiving triple therapy. At 3 months, adherence, which was determined by use of the Medication Event Monitoring System (Aprex) was significantly associated with virologic success: lower virus loads were associated with a rate of adherence of 180% ( ). Although nonadherence predicted virologic P ! .05 failure, virologic success was not always predicted by adherence: 11 (27.5%) of 40 subjects with suboptimal adherence rates (!90%) had complete virologic suppression.
Stability of Chiral Luttinger Liquids and Abelian Quantum Hall States

A criterion is given for topological stability of Abelian quantum Hall states, and of Luttinger liquids at the boundaries between such states; this suggests a selection rule on states in the quantum Hall hierarchy theory. The linear response of Luttinger liquids to electromagnetic fields is described: the Hall conductance is quantized, irrespective of whether edge modes propagate in different directions.
Diagnostic value of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human seminal plasma.

Objective To establish cutoff value, sensitivity, specificity and intra- and interobserver variability of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in seminal plasma from healthy donors (controls) and infertile patients. Design Seminal plasma from proven fertile donors (n = 55), nonproven fertile donors (n = 45), and infertile patients (n = 42) were examined for TAC level. Setting Reproductive research center in a tertiary care hospital. Patient(s) Infertile patients from male infertility clinic of various diagnoses. Intervention(s) Seminal plasma TAC measurement by a colorimetric assay using the TAC assay kit, receiver operating characteristics curve. Main Outcome Measure(s) Seminal plasma TAC levels, cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity. Result(s) Proven fertile donors showed higher TAC values (median and range): 1700 (1440–2290 μM); compared with the infertile patients: 1310 (1040–1600 μM). The best cutoff to distinguish between fertile controls and infertile men was 1420 μM. At this threshold, specificity was 64% and sensitivity 76%. Conclusion(s) Total antioxidant capacity of the seminal plasma as measured by the colorimetric assay is a reliable and simple test for the diagnosis and management of male infertility.
MIMO Channel Models and Performance Metrics

For selecting optimal signaling strategies in MIMO systems, a variety of metrics are used for determining the correct mode of operation. However, many of the strategies that have been developed rely on a particular correlation-based channel model, known as the Kronecker model. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the choice of channel model on commonly used channel characterization and feedback metrics. We compare two different models, an eigen-based model introduced by Weichselberger and the more commonly used link- end based correlation model, the Kronecker model.
Paul Goodman redux: education as apprenticed anarchism

When talk of philosophy of pedagogy comes up today, it is common to hear the names of Aristotle, Thomas Jefferson, John Dewey, or Paulo Freire, but the name of Paul Goodman, who campaigned vigorously for pedagogical reform much of his life, is seldom mentioned. In spite of neglect of his work, Goodman had much to say on pedagogical practice that is rich, poignant, and relevant today. In consequence, it is unfortunate that he is seldom read and discussed today. This essay is an attempt to fill in the gap in the scholarship. I begin by presenting an elaboration of Goodman's key insights. I then offer a critical analysis of those pedagogical insights.
Esophageal stent placement for the treatment of iatrogenic intrathoracic esophageal perforation

Background Iatrogenic esophageal perforation after endoscopy or surgery can be a devastating event. Traditional therapy has most often consisted of operative repair of the esophagus. This investigation summarizes our experiences treating iatrogenic intrathoracic perforations of the esophagus using an occlusive removable esophageal stent. Methods Over a 24-month period, patients found to have an iatrogenic intrathoracic esophageal perforation at a tertiary care medical center were offered endoluminal esophageal stent placement instead of operative repair of the esophagus as initial therapy. Excluded were patients with an esophageal malignancy or a chronic esophageal fistula. Silicone-coated stents were placed endoscopically utilizing general anesthesia and fluoroscopy. Adequate drainage of infected areas was also simultaneously achieved. Leak occlusion was confirmed by esophagram. Patients were followed until their stent was removed and their esophageal leak had resolved. Results Seventeen patients had 18 esophageal stents placed for acute perforations of the esophagus after endoscopy (8) or surgery (9) during the study period. Associated endoscopic (13) or surgical procedures (7) were performed simultaneously in all 17 patients. Leak occlusion occurred in 16 patients (94%) as confirmed by esophagram. Fourteen patients (82%) were able to initiate oral nutrition within 72 hours of stent placement. One patient (6%) experienced a continued leak after stent placement and underwent operative repair. Stent migration requiring repositioning (2) or replacement (2) occurred in 3 patients (18%). All stents were removed at a mean of 52 ± 20 days after placement. Hospital length of stay for patients treated with esophageal stent placement was 8 ± 9 days (median, 5). Conclusions Endoluminal esophageal stent placement is an effective method for the treatment of acute, iatrogenic perforations of the intrathoracic esophagus. These stents result in rapid leak occlusion, provide the opportunity for early oral nutrition, may significantly reduce hospital length of stay, are removable, and avoid the potential morbidity of operative repair.
Analysis of the parameters relating to failures above the clavicles in patients treated by postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity or oropharynx

One hundred and two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx were treated from January 1955 through August 1976 with surgical excision followed by irradiation. Twelve patients had T2 lesions and 90 had T3 or T4 lesions. Failures above the clavicles were associated with disease present at the margins of resection, location of the recurrence close to the periphery, or outside of the irradiated portals. Failure in the neck essentially were a result of no elective irradiation. In patients with disease present at the margins of resection, there is a risk both of gross residual disease and hypoxic microscopic disease left behind; 4500 to 5000 rad is not adequate for a significant control rate. In situation where there is definite disease at the margin of resection, 6500 rad, or in specific situations, 7000 rad, should be given through reduced fields.
Sanjhi: 'Rang Sey Roshni'From Colour to Light

Along the river Jamuna in North India are two, virtually contiguous, towns—Mathura and Vrindavan—which are important centres of Hindu pilgrimage. The region around and containing these two towns, known traditionally as Vraja or Vrajabhoomi, is the legendary place of the god Krishna.
Low-Temperature Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Transition Metals

A variety of transition-metal films have been grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) at low temperatures using hydrocarbon or hydrido-carbonyl metal complexes as precursors. The vapors of the metal complexes are transported with argon as the carrier gas, adding H2 to the stream shortly before contact with a heated substrate. High-purity platinum films have been grown using (η5−C5H5)PtMe3 [1] or (η5−CH3C5H4)PtMe3 [2] at substrate temperatures of 180°C or 120°C, respectively. The incorporation of a methyl substituent on the cyclopentadienyl ligand decreases the melting point of the organoplatinum complex from 106°C [1] to 30°C [2] and increases the vapor pressure substantially. Film deposition also occurs at a lower substrate temperature. Analyses by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that the films are well crystallized and do not contain any observable impurities after sputter cleaning. The substrate temperatures for the first appearance of other transition-metal films from organometallic precursors are as follows (°C): Rh(η3−C3H5)3 (120/Si), Ir(η3-C3H5)3 (100/Si), HRe(CO)5 (130/Si) and Ni(η5−CH3C5H4)2 (190/glass, 280/Si). These films are essentially amorphous and contain trace oxygen impurities (< 2%), except for the Re film, which was 10% oxygen and 20%carbon.
Promoting Social Development and Preventing Health and Behavior Problems during the Elementary Grades: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project

Abstract The Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) is a longitudinal study of 808 multiethnic urban children sampled and surveyed at age 10 as they entered the fifth grade. The study includes a quasi-experimental test of a preventive intervention program. The SSDP was created by nesting an experimental intervention study, initiated at first-grade entry, within the larger longitudinal panel study. Eighteen elementary schools serving high-crime neighborhoods of Seattle were assigned nonrandomly to conditions and all consenting fifth-grade students in these 18 schools participated in the study. The SSDP intervention is grounded in the social development model, an integrated developmental theory of behavior. This paper summarizes the results through age 21 of the preventive intervention trial nested within the longitudinal study.
Collective Inference on Markov Models for Modeling Bird Migration

We investigate a family of inference problems on Markov models, where many sample paths are drawn from a Markov chain and partial information is revealed to an observer who attempts to reconstruct the sample paths. We present algorithms and hardness results for several variants of this problem which arise by revealing different information to the observer and imposing different requirements for the reconstruction of sample paths. Our algorithms are analogous to the classical Viterbi algorithm for Hidden Markov Models, which finds the single most probable sample path given a sequence of observations. Our work is motivated by an important application in ecology: inferring bird migration paths from a large database of observations.
Involvement of alkaline phosphatase in the modulation of receptor signaling in osteoblasts: evidence for a difference between human parathyroid hormone-related protein and human parathyroid hormone.

We have previously reported that alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) is functionally involved in calcium uptake by several osteoblast-like cell lines. We have extended these studies to investigate the actions of ALPase on the cAMP response to and the receptor binding of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) and human parathyroid hormone-related protein (hPTHrP). Pretreatment of human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells with human placental ALPase (hpALPase) inhibited the cAMP response to hPTH(1-34) but had no effect on the actions of hPTHrP(1-34) or vasoactive intestinal peptide. The inhibitory effect was reversed by L-Phe-Gly-Gly, an inhibitor of hpALPase. Treatment of SaOS-2 cells with hpALPase modestly reduced the binding of hPTH to 70% of control values, with little or no effect on the binding of hPTHrP. Bovine kidney and calf intestine ALPases were without effect on either the cAMP response or binding of hPTH or hPTHrP in SaOS-2 cells. In rat osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells, hpALPase had no effect on cAMP production stimulated by hPTH(1-34) or hPTHrP(1-34), arguing against a nonspecific effect of hpALPase. We suggest that, in SaOS-2 cells, the common PTH/PTHrP receptor can differentiate between the agonist activities of hPTH and hPTHrP by a mechanism that is sensitive to hpALPase. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the numerical solution of LMIs derived from the KYP lemma

An efficient algorithm for the numerical solution of LMIs arising from the Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma (J.C. Willems, 1971), is presented. The procedure is an outer approximation method based on the algorithms used in the computation of H/sub /spl infin// norms for LTI systems. The result is especially useful for systems with large state dimension.