cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacology of acute mountain sickness: old drugs and newer thinking

Pharmacotherapy in acute mountain sickness (AMS) for the past half century has largely rested on the use of carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, such as acetazolamide, and corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone. The benefits of CA inhibitors are thought to arise from their known ventilatory stimulation and resultant greater arterial oxygenation from inhibition of renal CA and generation of a mild metabolic acidosis. The benefits of corticosteroids include their broad-based anti-inflammatory and anti-edemagenic effects. What has emerged from more recent work is the strong likelihood that drugs in both classes act on other pathways and signaling beyond their classical actions to prevent and treat AMS. For the CA inhibitors, these include reduction in aquaporin-mediated transmembrane water transport, anti-oxidant actions, vasodilation, and anti-inflammatory effects. In the case of corticosteroids, these include protection against increases in vascular endothelial and blood-brain barrier permeability, suppression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species production, and sympatholysis. The loci of action of both classes of drug include the brain, but may also involve the lung as revealed by benefits that arise with selective administration to the lungs by inhalation. Greater understanding of their pluripotent actions and sites of action in AMS may help guide development of better drugs with more selective action and fewer side effects.
Pathways Between Substance Use, Dependence, Offense Type, and Offense Severity:

There is a well-established connection between alcohol, drugs, and offending, but little is known about the intervening role of dependence. The present study was designed to assess the intervening ...
Measurement of trypsin activity using a radioactive substrate.

SummaryComparison has been made of measurements of trypsin activity by a substrate containing RIHSA (radioactive iodinated human serum albumin—Abbott Laboratories) and the commonly used methods of Anson and Kunitz. In this method, trypsin was incubated with an albumin substrate containing RIHSA, followed by precipitation of the undigested substrate with sulfosalicylic acid and measurement of radioactive digestion products in the supernatant fluid. Trypsin was found to be most stable in solution at a pH near 4.5 using the RIHSA method. Its activity was maximal at pH 6.5-7.0. The RIHSA method did not provide as sensitive a test for low concentrations of trypsin as did the methods of Anson and Kunitz. However, because of its simplicity for assay of tryptic activity, the RIHSA method is considered to be of definite value when enzyme concentrations to be assayed are in excess of 2000 T.U. per ml.
The Genesis of the Business Press in the United States

proper organization and management of our industrial and distributive system. It is with the development of this phase of journalism and marketing to 1850 that this paper is primarily concerned.2 The exchange of business information reaches back to the days of Babylonia and Assyria, some 4000 years ago. Sayce3 tells of business letters having been written at that time. The organization of business
Effects on Vascular-Renal System of Posterior Pituitary Extract Administered During Pregnancy:

SummaryThe volume of urine, providing the fluid intake is adequate, is not diminished during labor in normal pregnant women. It is, however, decreased in pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, and the forcing of fluids may produce undesirable systemic symptoms and signs.The parenteral injection of extracts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produced the following changes: 1. A decrease in the volume of urine, an increase in the chloride concentration, and an average rise in the systolic blood pressure of 15 mm. Hg. in normal pregnant, parturient or puerperal women. 2. A markedly decreased volume of urine, an increase in the chloride concentration, and an average rise in the systolic blood pressure of 49 mm. Hg. in pre-eclamptic patients.
Successful removal of a benign androgenic adrenal tumor from a diabetic woman.

(1952). Successful Removal of a Benign Androgenic Adrenal Tumor from a Diabetic Woman. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 284-287.
THE CANONICAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE SPIN WAVE IN TWO DIMENSIONAL HEISENBERG ANTIFERROMAGNETIC SYSTEM

The canonical transformation in two dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnetic system is given in this paper. It is found that under this transformation the 2D Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model is the nonlinear O(3) σ model with a topological term in the continnum limit. Since there exists a large uncertainty when one chooses the canonical variables, it is not completely concluded that whether the topological term really occurs in this system. Finally, the physical meaning of the canonical transformation is also investigated, and it is found that it corresponds to the collective excitations of system spins, i.e., a kind of spin waves exists in this case.
Analysis of Peripheral Hemogram of Benzene Exposed Workers in Some Township Enterprises of Bag Manufacturing in Changshu City during 2006—2008

[Objective]To investigate the effect of BTEX,which existed in production environment of bag manufacturing enterprise of Changshu City,on workers' health,and provide evidence for developing measures for workers' health protection.[Methods]The benzene concentration in work places of some bag manufacturing enterprises was monitored,health examination was performed on benzene exposure group and control group,including peripheral hemoglobin(Hb),white blood cells(WBC),and platelet(PLT).[Results]The number of workers with decrease of leukocyte,platelets,hemoglobin in benzene exposed group were more than that of workers in control group,the most obvious difference was the decrease of WBC count.Comparing the exposure group with control group,χ2value of 2006,2007 and 2008 was 11.88,22.87,17.49 respectively(all P0.01).[Conclusion]Significant change of peripheral blood system appeared in workers with long-term benzene exposure,it is necessary to strengthen the health surveillance of benzene exposed workers and improve their working environment.
Applications of Distraction Osteogenesis: Part I

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) of facial bones is a recent development in the treatment of pediatric patients. The use of DO in current clinical practice of pediatric reconstructive surgery is primarily limited to severe deformities of the lower jaw, most of which are congenital in nature. Clinical experience with DO for early facial deformities remains limited, and no authoritative works are currently available to guide clinicians in the techniques or indications for DO of the facial skeleton.
Dynamic measurement of starch granule swelling during microwave heating

The size of starch granules in dilute aqueous suspension was measured in-line during gelatinization in a microwave-heated, well-mixed system. The results were compared with those of a previous study conducted with conventional heating. For the starches used (common corn, waxy maize, and cross-linked waxy maize), no significant difference was found between microwave and conventional heating in terms of maximum diameter, temperature of maximum rate of diameter increase, or diameter vs. temperature behavior. These results suggest that there are no differences in the swelling behavior of common and modified maize starches between microwave and conventional heating.
Valproate-Induced Thrombocytopenia

A 14-year-old mentally retarded boy with seizures who presented with severe thrombocytopenia, macrocytic anemia and allergic dermatitis after treatment with valproate for 12 years is reported from the University of Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium.
Contributing to Continuity: Women and Sacrifice in Ancient Israel

In this first chapter Carol Meyers examines carefully the archaeological and textual evidence, as well as ethnographic data, for women’s participation in ancient Israel’s rituals. She explores the different religious activities, e.g., temple sacrifices, funerary rituals, and household offerings, that ensured the sustenance, prosperity, and continuity of the Israelites. In so doing Meyers presents new insights into women’s roles in this period.
Experimental metrology to obtain thermal phonon transmission coefficients at solid interfaces

Interfaces play an essential role in phonon-mediated heat conduction in solids, impacting applications ranging from thermoelectric waste heat recovery to heat dissipation in electronics. From the microscopic perspective, interfacial phonon transport is described by transmission coefficients that link vibrational modes in the materials composing the interface. However, direct experimental determination of these coefficients is challenging because most experiments provide a mode-averaged interface conductance that obscures the microscopic detail. Here, we report a metrology to extract thermal phonon transmission coefficients at solid interfaces using ab initio phonon transport modeling and a thermal characterization technique, time-domain thermoreflectance. In combination with transmission electron microscopy characterization of the interface, our approach allows us to link the atomic structure of an interface to the spectral content of the heat crossing it. Our work provides a useful perspective on the microscopic processes governing interfacial heat conduction.
Continued current meter development

This paper is a cautionary tale about replacement of a controller in a successful current meter when the previous controller became unavailable. The hardware changes required dealing with a new footprint and new voltages and these were done in 2014 and tested in 2015 but the revisions of the C code begun in 2015 have taken all of 2016 to reach the critical testing stage in July 2016 with reports of some final tests deferred until presentation of the paper in September.
Neuronal substrates for initiation, maintenance, and structural organization of sleep/wake states.

Animals continuously alternate between sleep and wake states throughout their life. The daily organization of sleep and wakefulness is orchestrated by circadian, homeostatic, and motivational processes. Over the last decades, much progress has been made toward determining the neuronal populations involved in sleep/wake regulation. Here, we will discuss how the application of advanced in vivo tools for cell type–specific manipulations now permits the functional interrogation of different features of sleep/wake state regulation: initiation, maintenance, and structural organization. We will specifically focus on recent studies examining the roles of wake-promoting neuronal populations.
Towards sustainable protection of public health: The role of an urban wetland as a frontline safeguard of pathogen and antibiotic resistance spread

Wetlands are known for providing important ecosystem services, such as reduction of eutrophication. However, less research has focused on public health service of wetlands: their ability to protect microbial quality of water for downstream while they attract wildlife populations. For urban surface water, transmission of antibiotic resistance is also an important concern. Under anticipated climate change scenarios, more extreme precipitation patterns are emerging. Thus, runoff and flooding from increased precipitation will impair surface water quality more significantly. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the dynamics of bacteria of public health concern in urban wetlands, including: Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Arcobacter, and two antibiotic resistance genes (sulfonamide, sul1 and tetracycline, tetQ); and 2) identify the major fecal contamination sources using microbial source tracking (MST). Water samples were collected across the urban wetlands in central Ohio from June 2013 to June 2014 and tested with a culture-based (E. coli) and quantitative PCR (the rest) methods. Since Canada geese were the most observed wildlife at the study sites and they are known to carry an array of infectious disease agents, their fecal samples were also collected. From the water samples, E. coli (fecal indicator) had the highest occurrence in 99.2% of the total samples, followed by sul1 (98.3%), Arcobacter (94.9%), STEC (74.6%), tetQ (58.5%), and Campylobacter (1.7%). Overall reduction in E. coli was 22.3% across the wetlands, but variation was observed depending on the season. Microbial source tracking suggested a high prevalence of avian- (44.9%) and ruminant- (38.1%) originated fecal contaminations (e.g., Canada geese and deer). From the geese fecal samples, STEC (93.2%) and Arcobacter (4.5%) were detected, which could potentially compromise wetlands’ functions in reductions in bacteria of public health concern and antibiotic resistance. The results suggest that careful wildlife management together with long-term monitoring of microorganisms of concern are needed for making urban wetlands as a sustainable frontline safeguard of pathogen and antibiotic resistance spread in surface water.
Identification of a multienzyme complex for glucose metabolism in living cells

Sequential metabolic enzymes in glucose metabolism have long been hypothesized to form multienzyme complexes that regulate glucose flux in living cells. However, it has been challenging to directly observe these complexes and their functional roles in living systems. In this work, we have used wide-field and confocal fluorescence microscopy to investigate the spatial organization of metabolic enzymes participating in glucose metabolism in human cells. We provide compelling evidence that human liver-type phosphofructokinase 1 (PFKL), which catalyzes a bottleneck step of glycolysis, forms various sizes of cytoplasmic clusters in human cancer cells, independent of protein expression levels and of the choice of fluorescent tags. We also report that these PFKL clusters colocalize with other rate-limiting enzymes in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, supporting the formation of multienzyme complexes. Subsequent biophysical characterizations with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and FRET corroborate the formation of multienzyme metabolic complexes in living cells, which appears to be controlled by post-translational acetylation on PFKL. Importantly, quantitative high-content imaging assays indicated that the direction of glucose flux between glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and serine biosynthesis seems to be spatially regulated by the multienzyme complexes in a cluster-size-dependent manner. Collectively, our results reveal a functionally relevant, multienzyme metabolic complex for glucose metabolism in living human cells.
A pilot acoustic study of Modern Persian vowels in colloquial speech

While the current literature on Modern Persian (MP) shows heightened interest in its vowel inventory, a cogent synchronic account of Modern Persian vowels (MPV) has yet to be presented. Previous phonological descriptions of MPV presuppose a pairing system based on a historical length distinction that is still reflected in MP orthography: /i:, e/, /u:, o/, /ɒ:, ae/. A synchronic phonological analysis of MPV must be based on phonetic measurements; however, existing acoustic studies examine only formal speech, and thus do not reflect colloquial surface forms. Therefore, the goal of this investigation is to lay the groundwork for a comprehensive acoustic study of MPV that presupposes no pairings and is based on colloquial speech in a controlled prosodic environment. Vowel duration and first and second formants were measured using Praat for 90 CVC(C) monosyllables as pronounced phrase-finally in carrier sentences by two Tehrani native speakers: one male, one female. Results show that average durations for each vowel contradicted the traditional length-based pairings. Furthermore, features of the following phonological environment likely to affect vowel length – postvocalic consonant type, coda complexity (CVC vs. CVCC), and adherence to the Sonority Sequencing Principle in complex codas – had no notable effect. Results of formant measurements show the two non-high back vowels to be higher than expected, whereas the high back vowel was noticeably centralized.
Educational Partnerships for Innovation in Communities (EPIC): Harnessing University Resources to Create Change

University–community collaborations, that is partnerships between universities and community organizations, cities, etc., have significant potential to advance both, education and urban innovation. Urban areas face a number of constraints in identifying and advancing innovations as city and community leaders may lack access to the latest scientific evidence and examples of best practice. Additionally, administrative structures can hinder interdisciplinary interactions between departments and the nature of decision-making in the urban political context overall tends to contribute to a culture of risk aversion that undermines creative problem solving. Universities can help communities address these challenges by channeling the work of faculty and students to critical problems and opportunities facing urban areas while at the same time universities and their faculty and students benefit from engagement with the realities of urban planning and decision-making. In 2009, a new, unique, large-scale, and purposeful university–community partnership program was developed at the University of Oregon to help bridge the city–university gap and in 2016 over twenty-five other universities have subsequently adopted and adapted what is now known as an “Educational Partnership for Innovation in Communities (EPIC)” framework. This chapter describes the replicable framework and highlights three university-based programs, all of which include substantial engagement of urban planning programs. Further, the chapter makes the case for campus and societal leadership by planning educators and programs across the globe.
Protective Factors associated with Resilience in Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

Objective Research on adversity is often skewed toward assessing problematic functioning; yet many women display resilience following traumatic experiences. Examining individual, relational, community, and cultural variables can provide new knowledge about protective factors associated with resilience in women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Controlling for demographics and circumstances of the violence, this study evaluated predictors of resilience, including spirituality, social support, community cohesion, and ethnic identity. Method The sample consisted of 112 women (Mage =32.12, SD=5.78) exposed to physical, psychological, and/or sexual intimate partner violence in the past 6 months. Approximately 70% of participants were Black. Hierarchical linear regression modeling was conducted to examine factors related to resilience. Model 1 included demographics (age, education, and socioeconomic status) and stressful life experiences. Model 2 added circumstances of the violence: IPV severity, IPV perpetration by participant, and number of violent partners. The third and final model added spirituality, social support, community cohesion, and ethnic identity. Results The final model was significant, F(11, 97)=6.63; p<.001, adj. R2=36.5%; with greater social support (β=.24; p=.009), more spirituality (β=.28; p=.002), and fewer violent relationships (β= -.25; p=.003) predicting higher resilience among women exposed to IPV. Conclusion While risk factors associated with IPV are well-researched, little is known about factors related to resilient functioning, especially among minority populations. Knowledge gained from this study can advance the field of violence research by its identification of potentially mutable variables related to resilience. Such research could be applied to developing strength-based interventions for at-risk populations of violence-exposed women.
Statistics and General Principles of Laboratory Management

Abstract Laboratory medical directors must understand and adhere to many basic laboratory principles. Basic principles include regulatory requirements and economical evaluation of new assays. They also should be able to interpret many statistical tests, as an integral part of method comparison and assay validation. This chapter will provide a review of laboratory principles and statistical methods, as well as a brief discussion on different study designs. Of note, this may be an advanced chapter for some students.
A comparison of alcohol positive and alcohol negative trauma patients requiring an emergency laparotomy.

Abstract Background The effect of alcohol exposure on patients undergoing a laparotomy for trauma is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of morbidity and mortality between alcohol positive and alcohol negative trauma patients who required emergent laparotomies using the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). Methods A retrospective database analysis was performed using 28,354 NTDB incident trauma cases, from 2007 through 2012, who had been tested for alcohol and who required abdominal operations (using ICD-9-CM procedure codes) within 24 h of presentation. Variables used: age, gender, admission year, alcohol presence, ISS, GCS, injury type & mechanism, discharge status, hospital LOS, ICU stay, ventilator use, and hospital complications. Results In adjusted analyses, there were no statistically significant differences between the alcohol positive and alcohol negative cohorts when evaluating in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.93; 95% CI: 0.84–1.03), likelihood of earlier hospital discharge (HR, 1.02; 95% CI: 0.99–1.05), and the all-inclusive category of in-hospital complications (OR, 1.04; 95% CI: 0.97–1.12). Conclusions After adjusting for age, gender, admission year, ISS, GCS, and injury mechanism, there were no major differences between the alcohol positive and alcohol negative cohorts when it came to in-hospital mortality, likelihood of earlier hospital discharge, and most of the in-hospital complications measured among adult trauma patients requiring emergency laparotomies.
Recommendations for Including People with Intellectual Disabilities in Faith Communities

Although people with intellectual disabilities have a low rate of participation in faith communities, such participation has been identified as playing a significant role in their quality of life. ...
Validation of a portable monitor for assessment of cerebrospinal fluid lactate in dogs.

BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate concentration may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in dogs. Previous studies have used methods requiring relatively large sample volumes or prolonged storage prior to analysis. An effective method to immediately quantify lactate in smaller CSF volumes would be beneficial. OBJECTIVES The main objectives were to evaluate the utility, accuracy, and precision of a portable meter for CSF lactate analysis in dogs and to develop a provisional RI using this device. A secondary objective was to assess the effects of different storage conditions on lactate concentrations. METHODS The Lactate Plus device was used to analyze CSF samples. Device accuracy and precision were assessed by spiking CSF samples with concentrated sodium lactate solutions and by repeated analysis of samples, respectively. The provisional RI was generated using CSF samples from dogs with unremarkable laboratory data, central nervous system imaging, and conventional cytologic and chemical CSF analysis. Select samples were analyzed before and after storage at 4°C, -20°C, and -80°C. RESULTS Spiked samples showed lactate concentrations comparable to expected concentrations. The CV of immediate repeated measurements was 0-9.69%. Sample storage at 4°C for 24 hours showed similar results but variation was higher with other storage conditions. The provisional RI was 1.02-2.49 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS The Lactate Plus has acceptable accuracy and precision for the quantification of CSF lactate in dogs. Lactate in CSF is ideally quantified immediately after collection as a subset of samples show variation with storage although most stored samples show acceptable variation.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in individuals with thoracic insufficiency.

INTRODUCTION Respiratory failure is the leading cause of mortality in individuals with congenital spine and rib deformities. We present a case report of a child with Jeune syndrome surviving respiratory failure using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We also summarize thoracic insufficiency syndrome cases reported in the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry. CASE REPORT A two-year-old male with a chest circumference less than a third percentile for age was admitted with influenza pneumonia developing a peak oxygenation index of 103.5. The child survived to baseline pulmonary function after nine days of venous-arterial ECMO support. DISCUSSION The ELSO registry contained 27 individuals with a surrogate diagnosis of thoracic insufficiency (0.05%). There was no significant difference in survival to discharge for thoracic insufficiency patients (52%) compared to a previously healthy population supported with ECMO. CONCLUSION ECMO is safe and may be effective in supporting individuals with thoracic insufficiency.
Cognitions, Stress, and Depression in Children and Adolescents

Historically, proponents of each of the two leading psychosocial theories of depression have argued that stress in the form of negative life events causes depression or that individuals who have a negative cognitive style are at risk for depression. More recently, theorists have reemphasized the diathesis-stress perspective that asserts that individuals who have a vulnerability to interpreting life events as having negative meaning about themselves and their future are likely to develop depression when stressors occur. This article reviews the theoretical framework and empirical evidence concerning the relations among stress, cognitions, and depression in children and adolescents.
Strict interpretation of randomized carotid trials can be misleading

Background Several randomized trials comparing the outcomes of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) versus carotid artery stenting (CAS) have been analyzed and published. Because of this, CAS has evolved into an alternative to CEA in particularly high-risk patients; however, some of the trials and registries showed inferior results of CAS versus CEA and may not represent the real-world experience.
Distributed visualization of 3D thermal convection in the geological sciences

Publisher Summary In the last several years, the need to visualize complicated dynamical processes in geological sciences has been stimulated by the increasing availability of high-performance computers with vector and parallel architectures. The numerical methods used in the 3D Cartesian model is based on a spectral-transform method, which employs Chebychev polynomials in the vertical direction and fast Fourier transforms along the two horizontal directions. In the 3D spherical-shell model, a higher order finite-difference method is employed along the radial direction and spherical-harmonic decomposition for the angular dependencies of the field variables. The coprocessing of the visualization together with the application has enabled the identification of incorrect results through nonphysical images provided by pV3 and allowed for more rapid debugging of the application codes. Often, to run large simulations, remote access of large parallel machines has been resorted to; the pV3 extraction technology, which minimizes network traffic, has enabled access to the application progress on these remote machines.
Genetic control of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in Drosophila.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the genetic control of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in Drosophila. The main functions of the oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway are to generate NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and pentose phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis. Because of this important role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway has been the object of extensive metabolic and physiological studies in a variety of organisms, including Drosophila. The complete characterization of a biochemical pathway in an organism involves the accumulation of a variety of observations on the relative position of the pathway in the metabolism of the organism, on the factors that modulate its function, and on the molecular mechanisms by means of which this modulation is mediated. Although the characterization of the oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway in Drosophila is far from complete, results obtained to date by combining traditional biochemical and genetic tools warrant an optimistic prognosis.
A Novel Autonomous Trajectory Control for Vehicular Cyber-Physical Systems with Flocking Control Algorithms

Cooperative control of multiple autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) with flocking algorithms has promising potential to tackle the issues of traffic congestion and accidents. This paper presents a novel method to generate predictive yaw rate references of multiple AGVs to follow path trajectories planned by flocking algorithms without utilizing tire cornering stiffness information. In addition, an analytical single-point preview driver model is proposed to serve as a feedforward controller to mitigate both longitudinal and lateral position tracking errors, together with a feedback controller designed through the Lyapunov theory. Trajectory control of five indistinctive vehicles based on flocking algorithms is studied. Demonstrated by simulations results, all the simulated vehicles can successfully achieve a flock topology without collisions and accurately track planned path trajectories and yaw rate references.
ORAL HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS: RACE/ETHNICITY, LIFESTYLE, AND STRUCTURAL ACCESS TO CARE

Poor oral health is associated with lower quality of life in older adulthood. Although everyone experiences age-related declines in oral health, those with social and economic disadvantages experience more rapid decline and at younger ages. Yet gerontologists have given little systematic attention to documenting these disparities. Using data from the NHANES III (1988–1994) for White, Black, and Mexican-origin adults ages 50 to 70 (N= 2,320/ 1,243/1,171), we examine predictors of three indicators of oral health: no natural teeth; fair/poor self-rated oral health; irregular dentist visits. Multivariate logistic regression models indicate that White older adults have a higher likelihood of no natural teeth but Black and Mexican American older adults have greater rates of fair/poor oral health and irregular dentist visits. Those with less education and income have worse oral health. Those who ever smoked, or currently consume high levels of sugar drinks are more likely to have fair/poor oral health. Foreign-born Mexican Americans are least likely to have regular dentist visits. Black men who served in the military are significantly more likely to have regular dental visits and more natural teeth, but not White or Mexican Americans. Our findings demonstrate substantial social and economic influences on oral health among older adults and important disparities between race and ethnic groups in the United States. Premature decline in oral health is yet another consequence of a lifetime of low socioeconomic status and limited access to health care.
Combined effects of drought and CO2 enrichment on foliar metabolites of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars

Drought invokes a variety of metabolic alterations in plant leaves to cope with stress situations. To understand the effects of CO2 and drought stress for leaf metabolic changes in potato [Solanum ...
Exploratory Investigation of a Brief Cognitive Behavioral Intervention and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Odor Sensitivity.

Objective Enhanced odor sensitivity is a phenomenon that potentially underlies conditions such as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). Currently, there are no treatments that have been shown to effectively decrease odor sensitivity. Given similarities of odor hypersensitivity/MCS to pain sensitization disorders such as fibromyalgia, there may be a potential for interventions that improve pain tolerance to modulate odor sensitivity. Methods This exploratory study randomized 72 healthy community adult volunteers to receive one of six treatments in between two assessments of thermal pain tolerance and odor threshold. Participants were randomized to receive either cathodal, anodal, or sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) aimed at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, participants were provided a brief cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) for pain consisting of task framing, cognitive restructuring, and distraction technique training, or a control intervention consisting of information about pain. Results Persons who received a brief CBI showed significantly increased odor thresholds (reduced sensitivity) during intervention (F (1,62) = 7.29, p = .009, ηp = .11), whereas the control intervention was not associated with altered odor thresholds. Moreover, in those who received brief CBI, more severe anxiety associated with larger reductions in odor sensitivity (ρ = .364, p = .035). There was no effect of tDCS (F (2,62) = .11, p = .90) nor interaction between tDCS and CBI (F (2,62) = .32, p = .73). Conclusions Given the connection between anxiety and MCS, results suggest that CBT techniques for somatic processes may show promise in treating conditions characterized by increased sensitivity to odors (e.g., MCS).
Inhaled nitric oxide as an adjunct to neonatal resuscitation in premature infants: a pilot, double blind, randomized controlled trial

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in normal postnatal transition. Our aims were to determine whether adding inhaled NO (iNO) decreases supplemental oxygen exposure in preterm infants requiring positive pressure ventilation (PPV) during resuscitation and to study iNO effects on heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and need for intubation during the first 20 min of life. This was a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Infants 25 0/7–31 6/7 weeks’ gestational age requiring PPV with supplemental oxygen during resuscitation were enrolled. PPV was initiated with either oxygen (FiO2–0.30) + iNO at 20 ppm (iNO group) or oxygen (FiO2–0.30) + nitrogen (placebo group). Oxygen was titrated targeting defined SpO2 per current guidelines. After 10 min, iNO/nitrogen was weaned stepwise per protocol and terminated at 17 min. Twenty-eight infants were studied (14 per group). The mean gestational age in both groups was similar. Cumulative FiO2 and rate of exposure to high FiO2 (>0.60) were significantly lower in the iNO group. There were no differences in HR, SpO2, and need for intubation. Administration of iNO as an adjunct during neonatal resuscitation is feasible without side effects. It diminishes exposure to high levels of supplemental oxygen.
Applications of 3D-Printing for Improving Chemistry Education

Wide accessibility and a broad range of applications have made 3D-printers a commonplace tool in the science community. From tier-one research institutions to community public libraries and high schools, 3D-printers are being used to enrich STEM education through a variety of learning techniques and experiences. Reports of 3D-printed models for improved visualization of chemical phenomena, as well as the educational use of 3D-printed laboratory devices, are rapidly increasing. The objective of this review is to provide a resource for educators interested in incorporating 3D-printing into their chemistry classrooms by evaluating recent peer-reviewed reports that used this technology to enhance chemistry education.
Nursing Students' Mindsets Matter: Cultivating a Growth Mindset.

BACKGROUND Dweck's growth mindset model, as a cognitive psychology model, details how various individuals perceive intelligence and academic ability. The growth mindset model has demonstrated academic success in students across many disciplines for more than 30 years. PROBLEM The growth mindset model has not been examined in prelicensure nursing education. APPROACH This article introduces the growth mindset model, highlights differences and implications on learning between the 2 mindsets, and offers suggestions to cultivate the growth mindset model in nursing education. CONCLUSIONS Given the scholastic merits attributed to the growth mindset model, a closer investigation into the potential integration of the model into nursing education may be warranted.
ADHD and Judgments of Impulsivity in Rule Violations.

Participants with ADHD (n = 45) and participants without ADHD (n = 130, total n = 175) judged hypothetical moral and conventional rule violations that varied the impulsivity of the act, the ADHD di...
DRDr: Automatic Masking of Exudates and Microaneurysms Caused by Diabetic Retinopathy Using Mask R-CNN and Transfer Learning

This paper addresses the problem of identifying two main types of lesions—Exudates and Microaneurysms—caused by Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in the eyes of diabetic patients. We make use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Transfer Learning to locate and generate high-quality segmentation mask for each instance of the lesion that can be found in the patients’ fundus images. We create our normalized database out of e-ophtha EX and e-ophtha MA and tweak Mask R-CNN to detect small lesions. Moreover, we employ data augmentation and the pre-trained weights of ResNet101 to compensate for our small dataset. Our model achieves promising test mAP of 0.45, altogether showing that it can aid clinicians and ophthalmologist in the process of detecting and treating the infamous DR.
Herbicidal control of deathcamas (Zigadenus paniculatus)

Foothill deathcamas is a bulbous, perennial, native forb found throughout the western United States. Deathcamas begins growth early in the spring. The lack of alternative forages at this time can result in livestock becoming poisoned from the consumption of deathcamas. Research on herbicides for deathcamas control is limited to work from the 1950s and 1960s that identified 2,4-D as a control agent. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative herbicide options for deathcamas control that include 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, quinclorac, aminopyralid, imazapic, and chlorsulfuron. We also investigated the impact of plant growth stage on deathcamas control by making herbicide applications at two growth stages. One set of plots was treated with herbicides when deathcamas was in the early vegetative stage and the second set was treated at flowering. There is some evidence that stress might affect alkaloid content; therefore, we monitored alkaloid content of treated and nontreated deathcamas. Plots were established at Mt. Sterling, UT, and Mt. Pleasant, UT. Deathcamas density was reduced in 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, and imazapic treatments 1 and 2 yr after herbicide application (P < 0.0001). Compared with the pretreatment densities, deathcamas densities(± standard error of the mean) 2 yr after herbicide application were reduced 96% ± 1.4%, 100% ± 0%, and 98% ± 0.9% for 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, and imazapic, respectively, at the Mt. Sterling site. At the Mt. Pleasant site, deathcamas density was reduced by 84% ± 2.8% with 2,4-D alone, whereas 2,4-D + triclopyr and imazapic provided similar density reductions as observed at the Mt. Sterling site. Steroidal alkaloid concentrations did not change in herbicide-treated deathcamas at either stage of plant growth. These data indicate that 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, and imazapic can effectively control deathcamas in the vegetative and flowering growth stages. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; 2,4-D + triclopyr; aminopyralid; chlorsulfuron; imazapic; quinclorac; foothill deathcamas, Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Watson
Effects of germline and somatic events in candidate BRCAness genes on breast-tumor signatures

Abstract Background Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 cause deficiencies in homologous recombination repair (HR), resulting in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by the alternative non-homologous end-joining pathway, which is more error prone. HR deficiency of breast tumors is important because it is associated with better responses to platinum salt therapies and PARP inhibitors. Among other consequences of HR deficiency are characteristic somatic-mutation signatures and gene-expression patterns. The term “BRCAness” describes tumors that harbor an HR defect but have no detectable germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. A better understanding of the genes and molecular events associated with BRCAness could provide mechanistic insights and guide development of targeted treatments. Methods Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for 1101 breast-cancer patients, we identified individuals with a germline mutation, somatic mutation, homozygous deletion, and/or hypermethylation event in BRCA1, BRCA2, and 59 other cancer-predisposition genes. Based on the assumption that BRCAness events would have similar downstream effects on tumor biology as BRCA1/BRCA2 germline mutations, we quantified these effects based on somatic-mutation signatures and gene-expression profiles. We reduced the dimensionality of the somatic-mutation signatures and expression data and used a statistical resampling approach to quantify similarities between patients who had a BRCA1/BRCA2 germline mutation, another type of aberration in BRCA1 or BRCA2, or any type of aberration in one of the other genes. Results Somatic-mutation signatures of tumors having a somatic mutation, homozygous deletion, or hypermethylation event in BRCA1/BRCA2 (n = 80) were generally similar to each other and to tumors from BRCA1/BRCA2 germline carriers (n = 44). Additionally, somatic-mutation signatures of tumors with germline or somatic events in ATR (n = 16) and BARD1 (n = 8) showed high similarity to tumors from BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers. Other genes also showed high similarity but only for a small number of events or for a single event type. Tumors with germline mutations or hypermethylation of BRCA1 had relatively similar gene-expression profiles and overlapped considerably with the Basal-like subtype; but the transcriptional effects of the other events lacked consistency. Conclusions Our findings confirm previously known relationships between molecular signatures and germline or somatic events in BRCA1/BRCA2 and suggest additional genes that may be considered for inclusion in the definition of BRCAness.
Archaeology of Southeast China and the Search for an Austronesian Homeland

Widely recognized as the ultimate homeland of the Austronesians, Southeast China’s archaeological records bear direct implications for understanding the chronology, seafaring and the impetus of the...
Choline-Sigma-1R as an Additional Mechanism for Potentiation of Orexin by Cocaine

Orexin A, an endogenous peptide involved in several functions including reward, acts via activation of orexin receptors OX1 and OX2, Gq-coupled GPCRs. We examined the effect of a selective OX1 agonist, OXA (17-33) on cytosolic calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, in neurons of nucleus accumbens, an important area in the reward circuit. OXA (17-33) increased [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner; the effect was prevented by SB-334867, a selective OX1 receptors antagonist. In Ca2+-free saline, the OXA (17-33)-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was not affected by pretreatment with bafilomycin A1, an endo-lysosomal calcium disrupter, but was blocked by 2-APB and xestospongin C, antagonists of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors. Pretreatment with VU0155056, PLD inhibitor, or BD-1047 and NE-100, Sigma-1R antagonists, reduced the [Ca2+]i response elicited by OXA (17-33). Cocaine potentiated the increase in [Ca2+]i by OXA (17-33); the potentiation was abolished by Sigma-1R antagonists. Our results support an additional signaling mechanism for orexin A-OX1 via choline-Sigma-1R and a critical role for Sigma-1R in the cocaine-orexin A interaction in nucleus accumbens neurons.
The Impact of Integrated Support and Context on Treatment Implementation and Child Outcomes Following Behavioral Consultation.

Assuring treatment plan implementation following consultation is critically important because implementation is strongly related to outcomes. Treatment implementation has been hypothesized to be in...
Cutaneous Amelanotic Signet-Ring Melanoma in a Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)

Summary A 15-year-old male white Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) was evaluated for an elevated, ulcerated, cutaneous mass on the right flank. The mass was removed by excisional biopsy and submitted for histopathology. Based on distinct histological features of intracytoplasmic globular material and positive immunohistochemical staining for Melan-A and vimentin, an amelanotic signet-ring melanoma was diagnosed. While in domestic cats this neoplasm is associated with malignancy and a short survival time, the tiger had no local recurrence or related clinical disease approximately 4 years post surgery. Cutaneous melanocytic tumours are rare in big cats, and the findings in this case suggest that amelanotic signet-ring melanoma is not as malignant as its counterpart in domestic cats.
The emerging role of HLA-C in HIV-1 infection.

Recently, genome-wide association studies have identified the major histocompatibility complex class I protein HLA-C as an important molecule that affects HIV disease progression. The association between HLA-C and HIV disease outcome was originally determined through a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 35 kb upstream of the HLA-C locus. More recent work has focused on elucidating the functional significance of the -35 SNP, and several groups now have demonstrated HLA-C surface expression to be a key element in control of HIV viral load, with higher surface expression associating with slower disease progression. Most recently, control of HLA-C surface expression has been correlated with the presence of microRNA binding sites that affect HLA-C expression and control of HIV disease. This review highlights these results and explores the ways in which HLA-C surface expression could affect immune system function in the setting of HIV disease.
Detecting and blocking unauthorized access in Wi-Fi networks

Academic and commercial 802.11 hotspots often use an SSL-secured captive portal to authenticate clients. Captive portals provide good usability and interoperability, but poor security. After a captive portal has authenticated a client, session hijacking and freeloading allow attackers to capture or use the client’s session. Freeloading does not require special tools and, surprisingly, is strengthened by the (widely recommended) use of personal firewalls. We propose and evaluate novel defenses against these attacks, session id checking and MAC sequence number tracking, both of which are transparent to clients and do not require changes in client computers. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed defenses are effective against the mentioned attacks and have little overhead.
Study of mechanisms of grain dust explosion as affected by particle size and composition. Part 2. Characterization of particle size and composition of grain dust

Abstract Three types of grain dust (corn, wheat, and grain sorghum) and cornstarch (used as a reference) were each divided into varying size fractions (6 to 11) utilizing air and sieve classifications. The particle size distribution and the composition (content of moisture, ash, protein, and starch and fiber) of each size fraction were determined. Dust particles consisting almost entirely of ash material were found to concentrate in specific air-classified size fractions. The total external surface area, the total volume, and the coefficient of variability were calculated from the experimental particle size distribution for each size fraction by utilizing a piecewise log normal approximation. These values were compared with those calculated from the least-squares fitted log normal approximation of the actual distribution.