cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Attitudes Toward Immigration Policy Across the Legal/Illegal Divide: The Role of Categorical and Attribute-Based Decision-Making

Scholars debate the relative strength of economic and ‘socio-psychological’ sources of anti-immigrant sentiment. However, the literature often fails to distinguish legal from illegal immigration and therefore overlooks a major instance in which this debate is moot. To address this issue, we develop a theory that recognizes two different modes of evaluating immigrants: “attribute-based” judgment, in which respondents weigh immigrants’ desirability based on individual characteristics—human capital, race, language ability, and so on—and “categorical” judgment, which disregards these altogether. Categorical judgments arise when a policy issue triggers blanket considerations of justice or principle that obviate considerations about putative beneficiaries’ individual merits, instead evoking overriding beliefs about the desirability of the policy as a whole or casting the entire category as uniformly deserving or undeserving. We use experimental evidence from two national surveys to show that the principal distinction between attitudes toward legal and illegal immigration is not in the relative weight of immigrants’ attributes but the much greater prevalence of categorical assessments of illegal immigration policy, much of it rooted in rigid moralistic convictions about the importance of strict adherence to rules and laws.
ANALYSIS OF THE DEFECTIVENESS OF ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS. I. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HELPER VIRUS.

Abstract The high titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which is known to be defective, and Rous-associated virus (RAV), its noncytopathic helper virus, were shown to have the same sensitivity to thermal inactivation at 37°C. They also displayed the same buoyant density when centrifuged to equilibrium in a density gradient of rubidium chloride. The immunological relationships of RAV and RSV were studied by the virus neutralization test. Sera prepared against either RSV-RAV mixtures or RAV alone neutralized RSV and RAV to the same extent. Absorption by RAV of antiserum to the RSV-RAV mixture was just as effective in removing antibodies to RSV as was absorption of the same antiserum by the mixture. It was, therefore, concluded that the neutralizable antigens of RSV and RAV are identical. The growth curve of RSV was found to parallel that of RAV. It would appear, therefore, that the rate-limiting step in the production of infectious RSV is the helper-dependent maturation process. RAV in high concentration was shown to induce interference to low doses of RSV in chick embryo cultures even when the two viruses were added to the culture simultaneously. The interfering activity of RAV was sedimented with the infectious virus and neutralized by antiserum to RAV. RAV-infected cultures with a high degree of resistance to RSV were fully sensitive to infection with Western equine encephalomyelitis and vaccinia viruses. These findings indicate that the resistance to RSV produced by RAV is due to the infectious virus particle rather than to “interferon.”
Chemistry of the cyclopentadienylmetal Carbonyls V. (A) reactions of cyclopentadienylmolybdenum and-tungsten tricarbonyl halides with group va donor ligands

Abstract The reaction of C5H5Mo(CO)3Cl and triphenylphosphine gives a mixture of C5H5Mo(CO)2[(C6H5)3P]Cl and C5H5Mo(CO)[(C6H5)3P]2Cl; C5H5Mo(CO)3X (X = Br, I) and C5H5W(CO)3Cl react with triphenylphosphine giving monosubstitution only. With triphenylarsine and -stibine C5H5M(CO)3X (M = Mo, X = Cl, Br, I; M = W, X = Cl) monosubstitution is found to occur. The reaction of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino) ethane (diphos) and C5H5Mo(CO)3Cl gives C5H5Mo(CO)(diphos)Cl and C5H5Mo(CO)2(diphos)+Cl-. The reactions of C5H5Mo(CO)3I and C5H5W(CO)3Cl and diphos lead to C5H5M(CO)2(diphos)+X- and [C5H5M(CO)2X]2-μ-diphos. The reactions of C5H5Mo(CO)3X(X = Cl, Br, I) and C5H5W(CO)3Cl and bipyridine (bipy) or o-phenanthroline (o-phen) give C5H5M(CO)2+X- and C5H5M(CO)2(o-phen)+X- (M = Mo, W) as the only products of these reactions. It is suggested that the chelating ability of a ligand is sometimes important in determining whether an ionic derivative is to be formed. Reactions between the compounds C5H5M(CO)3Cl or C5H5M(CO)2LCl [M = Mo, W; L = (C6H5)3P, (C6H5)3As], a Group VA donor molecule or carbon monoxide, and AlCl3 have been studied. From such reactions the compounds C5H5M(CO)3L+ AlCl-4 and C5H5M(CO)2L+2AlCl-4 [M = Mo, W; L = (C6h5)3P, (C6H5)3As, CH3CN] were obtained. The compound C5H5Mo(CO)(CH3CN)[(C6H 5)3P]+2AlCl-4 was obtained from C5H5Mo(CO)[(C6H5)3P]2Cl, CH3CN and AlCl3. All cations were eventually characterized as hexafluorophosphate salts.
Integrated Study of Reinforced Earth-I: Theoretical Formulation

A theoretical characterization of reinforced earth as a composite material with associated composite properties is presented, and the incorporation of the composite model into a standard finite element analysis is described. A "unit cell" concept is utilized to develop composite stress-strain relationship subject to a number of simplifying assumptions. The validity of the composite characterization is assessed by comparing the solution of a typical wall using the composite concept and a representation of the soil and strips as an assemblage of elasticity and beam elements. The study indicated that the composite characterization economically and effectively captures the essntial peak response characteristics in the strips and soil. /ASCE/
The Racial Contract revisited: still unbroken after all these years

In this reply to my four (very friendly) critics, I take the opportunity to clarify some points about how I meant the “racial contract” as a theoretical intervention to be understood, and to offer some suggestions about how the idea could be further developed. I begin with some familiar distressing points about the slowness or actual reversal of racial progress in recent years. I then argue that (a) this depressing reality vindicates a structural analysis of race (race as “white supremacy”) that (b) can be captured in a revised version of the social contract metaphor (the “domination contract”), which would then provide (c) a superior normative framework for challenging the whiteness of Rawlsian social justice theory, as part of (d) a general rethinking of liberalism and contractarianism to address social subordination in nominally liberal Western societies, especially (e) if intersectional concerns are incorporated into the apparatus.
Compact ignition experiments: design and performance

Compact high field experiments are shown to be suitable for producing low-temperature ignition (T/sub 0/ approximately=11 keV) of D-T plasma mixtures with n/sub 0/ approximately=10/sup 21/ m/sup -3/ under known criteria of both energetics and stability. The 12 MA plasma current considered for the Ignitor configuration is gradually induced in the plasma column while its cross section is increased, allowing the control of the current density distribution in such a way that the region where q >
Broadband optical circulators in two dimensional magneto-optical photonic crystals

We show strong magneto-optical hybridization and nonreciprocal characteristics in 2D bismuth-iron-garnet photonic crystal cavities induced by patterned magnetic domains. A Y-junction circulator is demonstrated numerically with a 20 dB bandwidth of 115 GHz at 1550 nm wavelength.
V: Pattern Recognition with Nonlinear Techniques in the Fourier Domain

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Fourier-plane nonlinear techniques used for pattern recognition. The chapter describes that nonlinear transformation of the joint power spectrum results in good correlation performance in terms of correlation peak size, peak to output noise ratio, and sensitivity against similar objects. The binary joint transform correlators (JTC) works well than the sliding-window local-median threshold method and can provide input-image illumination invariance. Computer simulations and experimental results show that for varying illumination, the variable threshold function and the sliding-window local-median thresholding perform well by providing large correlation peak intensity, and large peak to noise ratio. The chapter illustrates the use of nonlinear techniques in the design of composite filters that enable these filter designs to be used in a nonlinear joint transform correlator. The chirp-encoded technique reduces the redundant and self-correlation terms of the JTC. The other technique uses random phase encoding. The chapter also discusses security validation and security verification.
Glycosylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is ubiquitous and dynamic

Introduction We have described a major new form of protein glycosylation (termed 0-GlcNAc) that is found in all eukaryotes from yeast to man. 0-GlcNAc is distinct from other types of protein-bound saccharides in several respects (for review see [ l ] ) : (1) 0-ClcNAc is a simple, unmodified monosaccharide moiety glycosidically linked to the side-chain hydroxyls of serine or threonine, often occurring at multiple sites on the same protein. (2) Virtually all 0-GlcNAc is found within the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic compartments of cells. (3) 04;lcNAc appears to be highly dynamic and responsive to cellular stimuli in a fashion analogous to phosphorylation. In this short review, we will first outline evidence localizing 0-GlcNAc to the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic cellular compartments and discuss proteins that bear 0-GlcNAc. Subsequently, we will illustrate what is known about the sequence localization of 0-GlcNAc attachment sites and the enzymes that specifically attach or remove the saccharide. Finally, we will describe our working hypotheses about the functions of this ubiquitous eukaryotic protein modification.
Lysosomes of the arterial wall. II. Subcellular fractionation of aortic cells from rabbits with experimantal atheroma.

Abstract Cells were isolated from the aortas of control rabbits and of rabbits with experimental atheroma induced by cholesterol feeding. They were homogenized and fractionated by three different techniques relying mainly on differences in equilibrium density of cell particles in sucrose gradients. After cholesterol feeding, the aortic smooth muscle cells transformed progressively into foamy cells. Their protein to DNA ratio was unchanged. The mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase and the presumed plasma membrane markers 5′-nucleotidase and leucyl-β-naphthylamidase showed no significant change in specific activity, nor in density distribution, even in severely atheromatous lesions. Only minimal changes were seen for α-glucosidase, an enzyme probably associated largely with microsomes. Catalase was increased up to 7-fold; one-third of this activity was in particles of about 1.18 density, the rest was soluble. The specific activity of all lysosomal acid hydrolases increased with increasing severity of atheroma, up to a little more than 2-fold for N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase and α-mannosidase, 3- to 4-fold for N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and cathepsin C, more than 10-fold for β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase. At the same time the lysosome became less fragile and their density distribution underwent a progressive broadening in the direction of decreasing density, extending to a value as low as 1.03. Incipient changes in lysosome density could be detected already in the early stages of the cholesterol-induced atheromatous transformation and in animals with moderate atheroma induced by a diet rich in saturated fatty acids. The cholesterol content of the cells increased up to 16-fold and the distribution of this substance was altered from a plasma membrane type in normal smooth muscle cells to one resembling that of lysosomal enzymes in foamy cells. Most likely, cholesterol storage is responsible for the decrease in lysosome density, and cholesterol-containing vacuoles in foamy cells are of lysosomal nature. Much of this cholesterol was in esterified form. In other experiments, no age- or sex-related changes in the aortic cell organelles could be demonstrated. After repeated intravenous injection of Triton WR-1339 there was a significant decrease in equilibrium density of the lysosomes indicating uptake of the detergent by this organelle. No change was observed after repeated injection of dextrans of various molecular weight, injection of neutral red, or starvation.
Using the Decision Case Method to Teach Legislative Policy Advocacy

Abstract Social work educators have long struggled with making policy practice real “more”, especially to micro-oriented students (Sundet & Kelly, 2002). The decision case method can generate excitement about social policy advocacy while educating students about current advocacy work, particularly if the case involves state or local efforts to influence policy. Such state/local cases make policy advocacy more accessible and engaging. Wanting to introduce our students to important efforts in our state to influence policy and encourage them to get involved, we wrote our own case, included in this article.
An investigation of the effects of passage difficulty level on outcomes of oral reading fluency progress monitoring

This study examined the differential effects of using grade versus goal level reading material on curriculum-based measurement (CBM) progress-monitoring procedures. Participants included a total of...
Copper transport: insights into a ceruloplasmin-based delivery system.

Ceruloplasmin binds to the membranes of K562 cells. The binding has been shown to result in a temperature-dependent transfer of ceruloplasmin-bound copper into the cytosol. Ascorbic acid (100 µM) stimulates the transmembrane transfer nearly 10-fold, depending on the initial concentration of 67Cu-ceruloplasmin. The protein moiety of ceruloplasmin does not enter the cells. Bathocuproine disulfonate, a chelator specific for cuprous copper, inhibits the uptake, suggesting copper atoms are reduced concomitant with their removal from ceruloplasmin. Cytosolic 67Cu from ceruloplasmin was found mainly bound to Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, the major cytosolic copper protein in these cells. Evidence supporting the various phases in the ceruloplasmin-mediated transport mechanism are presented
Preparing physical therapy students for the role of clinical educator: A case study report

Objective The purpose of this case report was to describe an innovative model for transforming physical therapist students into clinical instructors with the use of a pro bono clinic. This model may assist other academic programs in creating effective approaches to transition entry-level students into future quality clinical instructors. Participants Third year physical therapist students served as clinical instructors for second year students. Methods Peer and self assessments were collected to assess intended objectives. Results Second year students were made more aware of the role of the clinical instructor and were able to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical teaching and third year students appreciated the impact of clinical teaching and increased their desire to become clinical instructors in the future. Conclusions Student self and peer assessments reveal that this experiential model is an effective way of transitioning entry-level physical therapist students into the role of clinical instructor.
The Primary Sex Determination Signal of Caenorhabditis elegans

An X chromosome counting process determines sex in Caenorhabditis elegans. The dose of X chromosomes is translated into sexual fate by a set of X-linked genes that together control the activity of the sex-determination and dosage-compensation switch gene, xol-1. The double dose of X elements in XX animals represses xol-1 expression, promoting the hermaphrodite fate, while the single dose of X elements in XO animals permits high xol-1 expression, promoting the male fate. Previous work has revealed at least four signal elements that repress xol-1 expression at two levels, transcriptional and post-transcriptional. The two molecularly characterized elements include an RNA binding protein and a nuclear hormone receptor homolog. Here we explore the roles of the two mechanisms of xol-1 repression and further investigate how the combined dose of X signal elements ensures correct, sex-specific expression of xol-1. By studying the effects of increases and decreases in X signal element dose on male and hermaphrodite fate, we demonstrate that signal elements repress xol-1 cumulatively, such that full repression of xol-1 in XX animals results from the combined effect of individual elements. Complete transformation from the hermaphrodite to the male fate requires a decrease in the dose of all four elements, from two copies to one. We show that both mechanisms of xol-1 repression are essential and act synergistically to keep xol-1 levels low in XX animals. However, increasing repression by one mechanism can compensate for loss of the other, demonstrating that each mechanism can exert significant xol-1 repression on its own. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that xol-1 activity can be set at intermediate levels in response to an intermediate X signal.
Prediction of transient mechanical response of type 316 stainless steel claddiing using an equation-of-state approach

Abstract Correlations of short-term mechanical properties of breeder reactor core component materials play an important role in design and safety analysis. A description of the short-term high strain-rate flow properties for 20% CW 316 SS was developed using a mechanical equation-of-state approach developed by Hart. The stress strain-rate relationship was developed from tensile yield strength data over the temperature range 427–871°C. The description, developed for constant structure or hardness, was then combined with simplified work hardening and recovery models to predict response of unirradiated 20% CW 316 SS over loading paths important to breeder reactor cladding. The advantage of the method is that it provides a description of mechanical response under a wide range of loading conditions, yet the formulation is simple in form with a single structure parameter used to describe material structure changes. The method is also shown to be applicable to neutron irradiated 316 SS. This implies that while neutron irradiation can change the hardness and ductility of 316 SS, the basic flow law is unchanged by irradiation.
Ab initio characterization of the flexural B3H8- anion found in the reversible dehydrogenation

Abstract It was recently shown that the B 3 H 8 - anion can be produced during the reversible dehydrogenation of Mg(BH4)2 to Mg(B3H8)2 in the solid under moderate conditions. In this letter we performed a global minimum search for the B 3 H 8 - anion and identified the global minimum structure and one low-lying saddle point structure, which explains the flexural behavior of this anion. Chemical bonding analysis performed by Adaptive Natural Density Partitioning method revealed that the B 3 H 8 - anion is a σ-aromatic species. Calculated VDEs for the global minimum structure can help to interpret future anionic photoelectron spectroscopic study of this anion.
Both Visual and Idiothetic Cues Contribute to Head Direction Cell Stability During Navigation Along Complex Routes

Successful navigation requires a constantly updated neural representation of directional heading, which is conveyed by head direction (HD) cells. The HD signal is predominantly controlled by visual landmarks, but when familiar landmarks are unavailable, self-motion cues are able to control the HD signal via path integration. Previous studies of the relationship between HD cell activity and path integration have been limited to two or more arenas located in the same room, a drawback for interpretation because the same visual cues may have been perceptible across arenas. To address this issue, we tested the relationship between HD cell activity and path integration by recording HD cells while rats navigated within a 14-unit T-maze and in a multiroom maze that consisted of unique arenas that were located in different rooms but connected by a passageway. In the 14-unit T-maze, the HD signal remained relatively stable between the start and goal boxes, with the preferred firing directions usually shifting <45° during maze traversal. In the multiroom maze in light, the preferred firing directions also remained relatively constant between rooms, but with greater variability than in the 14-unit maze. In darkness, HD cell preferred firing directions showed marginally more variability between rooms than in the lighted condition. Overall, the results indicate that self-motion cues are capable of maintaining the HD cell signal in the absence of familiar visual cues, although there are limits to its accuracy. In addition, visual information, even when unfamiliar, can increase the precision of directional perception.
The Politics of Access: Mining Companies, the State, and Landowners in Papua New Guinea*

(1990). The Politics of Access: Mining Companies, the State, and Landowners in Papua New Guinea. Political Science: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 1-19.
Rectal Transmission of Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Is Efficiently Prevented by Topical 1% Tenofovir in BLT Humanized Mice

Rectal microbicides are being developed to prevent new HIV infections in both men and women. We focused our in vivo preclinical efficacy study on rectally-applied tenofovir. BLT humanized mice (n = 43) were rectally inoculated with either the primary isolate HIV-1JRCSF or the MSM-derived transmitted/founder (T/F) virus HIV-1THRO within 30 minutes following treatment with topical 1% tenofovir or vehicle. Under our experimental conditions, in the absence of drug treatment we observed 50% and 60% rectal transmission by HIV-1JRCSF and HIV-1THRO, respectively. Topical tenofovir reduced rectal transmission to 8% (1/12; log rank p = 0.03) for HIV-1JRCSF and 0% (0/6; log rank p = 0.02) for HIV-1THRO. This is the first demonstration that any human T/F HIV-1 rectally infects humanized mice and that transmission of the T/F virus can be efficiently blocked by rectally applied 1% tenofovir. These results obtained in BLT mice, along with recent ex vivo, Phase 1 trial and non-human primate reports, provide a critically important step forward in the development of tenofovir-based rectal microbicides.
The Experimentally Observed Optical Cotton-Mouton Effect:. Evidence for the Photon's Longitudinal Magnetic Field, B (3)

The recent experimental observation of the optical Cotton–Mouton effect is consistent with the induction of magnetization by the longitudinal component of the photon's magnetic field, whose classical counterpart is the equivalent flux density B(3). In the optical Cotton–Mouton effect observed by Zon et al.,16 the field B(3) acts at second order and is independent of the polarization of the inducing laser beam propagating parallel to a permanent magnetic field. The optical Cotton–Mouton effect is therefore proportional to the laser intensity as observed.16
Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program.

Alaska Native people experience the highest rates of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States. We examined the effect of a universal newborn immunization with hepatitis B vaccine and mass population screening immunization program initiated in 1984 on rates of HBV and HCC in children 25 years later. During this time, the population of Alaska Native people grew from an estimated 75,000 to 130,000 persons. A surveillance system to detect acute HBV infection in Alaska Native facilities was established in 1981. Cases of HCC in children under 20 years of age were identified using a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-funded Cancer Registry established in 1969 coupled with an active surveillance program of screening persons with chronic HBV semiannually for alpha-fetoprotein since 1982. The incidence of acute symptomatic HBV infection in persons <20 years of age fell from cases 19/100,000 in 1981-1982 to 0/100,000 in 1993-1994. No cases of acute HBV have occurred in children since 1992. The incidence of HCC in persons <20 years decreased from 3/100,000 in 1984-1988 to zero in 1995-1999 and no cases have occurred since 1999. The number of identified hepatitis B surface antigen-positive children <20 years in the Alaska Native population declined from 657 in 1987 to two in 2008. Conclusion: Universal newborn vaccination coupled with mass screening and immunization of susceptible Alaska Natives has eliminated HCC and acute symptomatic HBV infection among Alaska Native children and this approach is the best way to prevent HBV-related disease in children. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Quantification of methylone and metabolites in rat and human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Methylone is a commonly abused synthetic cathinone derivative marketed as a “legal” alternative to “ecstasy” or cocaine. Previous studies examined the metabolism of methylone in vitro and in vivo; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethcathinone (HMMC) was identified as the primary metabolite, with other reported minor metabolites, 3,4-methylenedioxycathinone (MDC) and 3,4-dihydroxymethcathinone (HHMC). However, limited information is known about methylone and its metabolites’ pharmacokinetics. We developed and fully validated a method for the simultaneous quantification of methylone, HMMC, MDC and HHMC by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 100 µl rat and human plasma. β-Glucuronidase was utilized for plasma hydrolysis, followed by perchloric acid protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction utilizing cation exchange columns. Chromatographic separation was performed with a Synergi Polar column in gradient mode, and analytes were determined by two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Linear ranges of 0.5–1,000 µg/l (methylone, HMMC and MDC) and 10–1,000 µg/l (HHMC) were achieved. Bias and imprecision were generally acceptable, although quantification of HHMC exhibited variability (16.2–37 %). Extraction efficiencies and ion suppression were 89.9–104 % (for HHMC, 15.9–16.2 %) and < 11.4 %, respectively. Methylone and metabolites were stable in plasma for 24 h at room temperature, 72 h at 4 °C, and after three freeze–thaw cycles (except for a 60 % HMMC increase). Human and rat plasma were cross-validated, documenting that rat plasma quality control samples were accurately quantified against a human plasma calibration curve (−23.8 to 12 % bias). As proof of method, rat plasma specimens were analyzed pre-injection and after subcutaneous administration of methylone at 6 mg/kg from 15 to 480 min post-dosing. Methylone, HMMC, MDC and HHMC concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 1,310, 11.2 to 194, 1.9 to 152 and 24.7 to 188 µg/l, respectively.
Structural Energies in Stage-One Graphite Intercalation Compounds

A Thomas-Fermi density-functional theory is developed for structural energies in stage-one alkali-graphite intercalation compounds. Correct trends for lattice constants and elastic moduli are obtained. We compute corrugation energies $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ and alkali-alkali spring constants $k$, which determine in-plane intercalant diffusion and domain-wall structure. $k$ is determined by electrostatic effects, and is mainly independent of intercalant. $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ depends strongly on intercalant size; thus Li differs substantially from K, Rb, and Cs.
Morphological variation of Medicago sativa subsp. falcata genotypes and their hybrid progeny

Summary Semi-hybrid alfalfa cultivars offer the possibility of capturing non-additive genetic variation. Medicago sativa subsp. falcata and subsp. sativa have been shown to form a heterotic pattern for biomass yield. Objectives of this study were to examine morphological variation in a broad range of falcata germplasm and to determine how falcata morphological variation per se is related to the performance of falcata germplasm in hybrid crosses with subsp. sativa. Falcata genotypes from 40 populations spanning the subspecies native range were selected and biomass yield, plant width, plant height, growth angle, biomass density, plant maturity, and regrowth after cutting were measured on the genotypes and their hybrid progeny three times throughout the growing season. In addition weekly plant heights were measured and growth rates were determined with a Gompertz function. Falcata parental genotypes exhibited a full range of phenotypes for plant width, plant height, growth angle, density, and maturity. Heterosis was not only observed for biomass yield but also for plant width, plant height, and more erect growth habit. The top yielding sativa-falcata hybrids had increased plant width, plant height, and plant density. European germplasm was taller and had faster regrowth than Asian material. Sativa-falcata hybrids produced biomass yield superior to the mid-subspecies mean only after two to three weeks of growth prior to first and third harvests. Prior to second harvest, biomass production was inferior to the mid-subspecies mean for 30 days. Hybrids using falcata as one parent are not currently adapted to intensive harvest management due to their slower regrowth. Abbreviations: FC – Falcata clones; SC – Sativa clones; SFC – Sativa by falcata crosses; SSC – Sativa by sativa crosses
Trends in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease-Related Mortality in the United States, 1983-2002

Objective To analyze trends in sickle cell disease (SCD)-related mortality among black children during 1983-2002. Study design Using the multiple-cause mortality files compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics, we analyzed deaths among children classified as black who were age 14 years and younger and had SCD identified on their death certificates. Results Relative to the rate for 1983-1986, the SCD mortality rate for 1999-2002 decreased by 68% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 58% to 75%) at age 0 to 3 years, by 39% (95% CI = 16% to 56%) at age 4 to 9 years, and by 24% (95% CI = −9% to 47%) at age 10 to 14 years. For the most recent period studied, a significant (42%) reduction in mortality at age 0 to 3 years was seen between 1995-1998 and 1999-2002, with essentially no reduction in SCD mortality at older ages. Conclusions Recent decreases in SCD mortality in black children under age 4 years coincided with the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2000, although temporal association is not evidence of causation. The lack of significant recent reduction in SCD mortality in older children indicates the need for new treatment approaches.
TOWARD A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF ENTERTAINMENT MAGIC (CONJURING)

The dynamics of everyday social interactions can often be clarified by studying the social organization of unusual realms of activity. One such activity is conjuring-magic performed as entertainment. This article discusses various sociological and social psychological dimensions in the performance of magic. It focuses on the similarities between a magic act and the social interactions of everyday life. It also discusses the dialectic between magic reasoning and mundane reasoning-between the audience’s expectations built from the organization of everyday life and the violations of expectations produced by the magician’s construction of an alternate reality. A magic trick is described from the perspectives of both magician and spectator using such topics as the directional, concealment, and disattend channels of activity; breaking frames; bracketing; sex roles; expectations; perception and attention; and rationality. The article concludes with some brief suggestions for additional research topics and some implications for both a theoretical and an applied sociological social psychology.
(α,β-Substituted bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanacyclobutanes and their role in productive metathesis

Abstract The synthesis and reactions of the α,β-disubstituted titanacyclobutanes, cis- and trans-Cp2 , are reported. The cis isomer is the less stable and at room temperature isomerizes to the trans isomer and unidentified products. The cis-α.β-dimethylmetallacycle produces a variety of C1 to C5 hydrocarbons upon thermal decomposition. Evidence for competitive cleavage of the cis-α,β-dimethylmetallacycle to give a titanocene ethylidene or a titanocene methylene is presented. The cis-α,β-dimethyl-metallacycle (as well as Cp2 and has been found to catalyze the metathesis of cis,cis- and trans,trans-2,8-decadiene in low yield with moderate stereospecificity. The mechanism of these olefin metathesis reactions is discussed in terms of the chemistry of the model intermediates, the cis- and trans-α,β-dimethyltitanacycles.
Using sod to manage nitrogen in orchard floors

Abstract Irrigation of untilled orchard floors can lead to substantial leaching losses of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N). Soil NO3 that remains after cool weather in the fall is subject to leaching in the spring. Nitrate losses can be controlled through growing ground cover vegetation to cycle residual nitrogen (N) and/or limiting the amount of water applied. A study was initiated in lysimeters to compare sodded soil surfaces versus bare soil for controlling NO3 leaching losses. Cool season vegetation (orchardgrass, western wheatgrass, white clover) and warm season grasses (bahiagrass and buffalograss) were compared for then‐effect on grapefruit seedling growth. A field verification in pecan orchards was conducted where clean‐till versus a grass soil cover was used to compare the relative movement of NO3 through the profile. The presence of vigorously growing sods greatly reduced NO3 losses the first year in the lysimeter study. The second year a shade screen was placed over the lysimeters, resulting in greatly...
Nuclease digestion and mass spectrometric characterization of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing 1,2-GpG, 1,2-ApG, and 1,3-GpXpG cisplatin intrastrand cross-links.

Abstract Background The primary mode of action for cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), referred to as cisplatin, toward the treatment of solid malignancies is through formation of cross-links with DNA at purine sites, especially guanines. Methods We prepared oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing a 1,2-GpG, 1,2-ApG, or 1,3-GpXpG cisplatin intrastrand cross-link and the corresponding ODNs modified with 15N2-labeled cisplatin, and characterized these ODNs with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS). We also employed LC–MS/MS to characterize the digestion products of these ODNs after treatment with a cocktail of 4 enzymes (nuclease P1, phosphodiesterases I and II, and alkaline phosphatase). Results 1,2-GpG was released from the ODNs as a dinucleoside monophosphate or a dinucleotide. Analyses of the digestion products of ODNs containing a 1,2-GpG cross-link on the 5′ or 3′ terminus revealed that the dinucleotide carries a terminal 5′ phosphate. On the other hand, digestion of the 1,3-GpXpG intrastrand cross-link yielded 3 dinucleoside products with 0, 1, or 2 phosphate groups. Conclusion The availability of the ODNs carrying the stable isotope-labeled lesions, MS/MS analyses of the cisplatin-modified ODNs, and the characterization of the enzymatic digestion products of these ODNs set the stage for the future LC–MS/MS quantification of the 1,2-GpG, 1,2-ApG, and 1,3-GpXpG lesions in cellular DNA.
Subduction Factory 5: Unusually low Poisson's ratios in subduction zones from elastic anisotropy of peridotite

[1] The growing capability to measure seismic velocities in subduction zones has led to an unusual observation: VP/VS ratios as low as 1.65 with VS ∼ 4.7 km/s in the mantle wedge of some subduction zones. This is difficult to explain because most minerals have VP/VS ratios >1.75, and some of the likely alteration phases in mantle rocks, like antigorite, phlogopite, clinohumite and chlorite have isotropic high VP/VS ratios. It is possible that these measurements are biased by anisotropy in rock fabric or by the raypaths through these regions, leading to relatively high VS estimates and/or relatively low VP estimates compared with isotropic averages. Strong anisotropy has been documented in several mantle wedges, but its effect on velocity estimates are typically ignored. Anisotropic peridotites may produce the observed VP/VS ratios if olivine [100] axes are perpendicular rather than parallel to raypaths, consistent with typical seismic sampling geometries and with fabric predictions for wedge corner flow. Hence, low VP/VS ratios may be an indicator of strong anisotropy, rather than unusual composition, and may provide a useful additional constraint on orientation and strength of the rock fabric.
Installation of a T.P.M. program in a Caribbean plant

Total Productive Maintenance is a Japanese concept of equipment management that allows a facility to improve decisively the equipment performance in the manufacturing area with the help and involvement of all employees.
Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Constant of Paraelectric Materials

An expression is obtained for the dielectric constant of a displacive ferroelectric in its unpolarized phase. This has been derived with the use of a Hamiltonian treated by Szigeti in connection with the temperature-dependent dielectric constant of the alkali halides. In the present work, however, it is assumed that the "soft ferroelectric mode" is unstable in the harmonic approximation, i.e., has an imaginary frequency associated with it. The linear response can be obtained exactly for this Hamiltonian. It is shown that the lowest order anharmonic interaction that can stabilize this mode is of fourth order. In the classical limit, the potential energy terms and the term linear in the electronic moment lead to a Curie-Weiss behavior of the dielectric constant. The most significant effect arising from the presence of terms of higher order than linear in the electric moment is to make the Curie constant temperature dependent. It is suggested that an observed temperature-independent contribution to the dielectric constant cannot be unambiguously attributed to the electronic polarization or temperature-independent infrared active modes of the system.
On the Application of Roller Rigs for Studying Rail Vehicle Systems

The primary intent of this study is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of using roller rigs for engineering issues of importance to the railroad industry. Roller rigs have been in existence for more than a century for studying railway vehicle behavior. In contrast to field testing, roller rigs offer a controlled laboratory environment that can provide a successful path for obtaining data on the mechanics and dynamics of railway systems for a variety of operating conditions. Their use, however, imposes discrepancies from the field environment due to the nature of the commonly-used roller design. This study describes different rig configurations, including scaled and full-scale rigs. It includes the potential advantages and limitations of various rigs for conducting a wide range of studies concerning the dynamic stability of railcars, wheel–rail adhesion, wear and fatigue mechanisms, braking systems, and locomotive power.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Void formation in rapidly-solidified metals

A dynamic nucleation code has been developed for predicting the evolution of vacancy clusters and nanometer-size voids in rapidly-quenched metals containing helium and oxygen impurities. Calculations have been carried out for typical quench rates and subsequent heat treatments of the powders during and after consolidation. These calculations show that high densities of submicroscopic voids can form in rapidly quenched metal powders, due to the quenched-in vacancy supersaturation and the entrapment of gases. The significance of these nanometer voids to the morphology or precipitates formed in rapidly-solidified steels is discussed.
Asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids: Comparison of enolate vs. cation functionalization of N-BOC-5, 6-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4h-1,4-oxazin-2-ones

Abstract Enolate generation and subsequent alkylation of the chiral glycinates 1 and 2 occurs with a high degree of diastereoselectivity. Reduction of the homologation products (3 and 4) furnishes with high enantiomeric excess, the N-t-BOC, and free α-amino acid derivatives 5 and 6, respectively.
Akt and mTORC1 Have Different Roles During Liver Tumorigenesis in Mice

Background & Aims Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is deregulated in many human tumor types, including primary liver malignancies. The kinase v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC1) are effectors of PI3K that promote cell growth and survival, but their individual roles in tumorigenesis are not well defined. Methods In livers of albumin ( Alb ) -Cre mice, we selectively deleted tuberous sclerosis ( Tsc ) 1 , a negative regulator of Ras homolog enriched in brain and mTORC1, along with Phosphatase and tensin homolog ( Pten ), a negative regulator of PI3K. Tumor tissues were characterized by histologic and biochemical analyses. Results The Tsc1fl/fl;AlbCre , Ptenfl/fl;AlbCre , and Tsc1fl/fl;Ptenfl/fl;AlbCre mice developed liver tumors that differed in size, number, and histologic features. Livers of Tsc1fl/fl;AlbCre mice did not develop steatosis; tumors arose later than in the other strains of mice and were predominantly hepatocellular carcinomas. Livers of the Ptenfl/fl;AlbCre mice developed steatosis and most of the tumors that formed were intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Livers of Tsc1fl/fl;Ptenfl/fl;AlbCre formed large numbers of tumors, of mixed histologies, with the earliest onset of any strain, indicating that loss of Tsc1 and Pten have synergistic effects on tumorigenesis. In these mice, the combination of rapamycin and MK2206 was more effective in reducing liver cell proliferation and inducing cell death than either reagent alone. Tumor differentiation correlated with Akt and mTORC1 activities; the ratio of Akt:mTORC1 activity was high throughout the course of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas development and low during hepatocellular carcinoma development. Compared with surrounding nontumor liver tissue, tumors from all 3 strains had increased activities of Akt, mTORC1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase and overexpressed fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in Tsc1-null mice suppressed Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase activities in tumor cells. Conclusions Based on analyses of knockout mice, mTORC1 and Akt have different yet synergistic effects during the development of liver tumors in mice.
Velocity fluctuations in a slowly sheared bubble raft

Abstract A surprising feature of flow in slowly sheared model foam (bubble raft) is a measured discontinuity in the rate of strain as a function of position such that part of the system is “flowing” and the rest is undergoing “elastic” deformations [J. Lauridsen, G. Chanan, M. Dennin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 018303]. Detailed measurements of the distribution of non-linear bubble rearrangements have been reported in connection with this discontinuity. In this paper, measurements of the fluctuations in velocity under the same conditions are reported. The fluctuations are characterized by the second and third moments of the velocity distribution. A surprising feature is the qualitative behavior of these moments as a function of position in the system, especially across the discontinuity in rate of strain. In addition, the measured dependence of the second moment of the velocity fluctuations on rate of strain is compared with predictions of simulations of the bubble model and reasonable agreement is found.
Regionalism Redux: Exploring the Impact of Federal Grants on Mass Public Transit Governance and Political Capacity in Metropolitan Detroit

The policy actions of senior levels of government can often be important catalysts to collective action for metropolitan governance. This article compares the challenges that actors in metropolitan...
A Calibration Circuit for Reconfigurable Smart ADC for Biomedical Signal Processing

Reconfigurable analog-to-digital converters (ADC) have been receiving increased attention in the research community for the capability to adapt to continuously varying signal processing requirements. The reconfigurable ADC is particularly advantageous in implantable biomedical sensor signal processing systems that processes signal in different range of frequency and amplitude levels and has low power consumption constraints. In this work a calibration circuit is presented that analyses the input signal from biomedical sensors and based on the dynamic range and frequency of the signal generates a two-bit control signal to change the configuration of the ADC for optimum resolution and power consumption. The two-bit control signal reconfigures the 10-bit 40MSPS pipeline ADC to operate in four different configurations by changing resolution, sampling clock and bias current for optimized operation. The calibration circuit is designed in 90 nm process and requires only 36.9&#x03BC;A current with 1V power supply and occupies 0.0054mm2 chip area. The reconfigurable ADC is designed in a 0.35 &#x03BC;m bulk CMOS process occupying 1.9mm2 area and consumes 35.4mW power in maximum performance configuration and 7.9mW in minimum power consumption configuration.
An extended Algol-60 for Shaded Computer Graphics

This report describes a high level programming language implemented for the Shaded Graphic System at Case Western Reserve University. It consists of a complete implementation, for the PDP-11, of Algol-60 with the addition of string variables, I/O facilities, and extensions for handling shaded graphic images. The primary purpose of this work was to facilitate the use of a custom-built system which can produce shaded perspective images in real-time.
A comparison between mice and rats as sentinels for Leptotrombidum imphalum (acari: trombiculidae) in northern thailand

Abstract A five day study was conducted in northern Thailand to determine the suitability of Rattus rattus (L.) and Mus musculus (L.) as sentinel animals for larval Leptotrombidium imphalum Vercammen-Grandjean & Langston (also known as chiggers) in ecotonal and plantation habitats. Chiggers infested sentinel rats with a significantly higher prevalence and mean intensity than sentinel mice (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in prevalence or mean intensity of L. imphalum infesting rats in ecotones or the plantation.
Toxicity of some Australian snake venoms for potential prey species of reptiles and amphibians.

Abstract Venoms of five species of Australian elapid snakes were tested for lethal toxicity against 13 species of anurans and 21 species of lizards. Most anurans and geckos were quite susceptible to the venoms, lethal doses being 2.5 mg/kg or less. Some skinks were highly resistant to all venoms. Species of Ctenotus and Egernia survived doses of Notechis, Pseudonaja , and Acanthophis venoms in the range of 40–60 mg/kg, while mouse ld 50 's for these venoms are less than 1 mg/kg. Instances of marked difference in resistance to venom were observed in closely related species of geckos and frogs. There is no evidence that venoms of these snakes are highly adapted to the snakes' preferred food and little evidence that the snakes rely heavily on venom in securing food. The mechanism responsible for the high immunity of some skinks to elapid venoms is unknown. It does not appear to depend on a serum factor.