cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adapting bioinformatics applications for heterogeneous systems: a case study

The advent of new sequencing technologies has generated extremely large amounts of information. To successfully apply bioinformatics tools to such large datasets, they need to exhibit scalability and ideally elasticity in diverse computing environments. We describe the application of previously obtained lessons to a new workflow with and without shared file storage. Because the original workflows have an intractable sequential running times on large datasets, we propose lessons and results for refactoring bioinformatics tools for elastic scaling on personal clouds. Our case studies describe the various challenges faced when constructing such a workflow, from dealing with failure detection, to managing dependencies, to handling the quirks of the underlying operating systems. The practice of scaling bioinformatics tools is increasingly commonplace. As such, this hands-on application of refactoring techniques can serve as a valuable guide. Significantly, our customized Makeflow framework enabled generalizable deployment on a wider variety of systems while substantially reducing wall clock runtimes using hundreds of cores. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective synthesis of anti-α-(difluoromethyl)-β-amino alcohols by boronic acid based three-component condensation. Stereoselective preparation of (2S, 3R)-difluorothreonine

Starting from optically active 3,3-difluorolactaldehyde, an alkenyl or aryl boronic acid, and an amine, a one-step three-component methodology was developed for the stereoselective preparation of anti-α-(difluoromethyl)-β-amino alcohols. β-Furyl-substituted anti-α-(difluoromethyl)-β-amino alcohol was further elaborated to form (2S,3R)-difluorothreonine in high yield and ee.
On the supercongruence conjectures of van Hamme

In 1997, van Hamme developed $$p$$ –adic analogs, for primes p, of several series which relate hypergeometric series to values of the gamma function, originally studied by Ramanujan. These analogs relate truncated sums of hypergeometric series to values of the $$p$$ –adic gamma function, and are called Ramanujan-type supercongruences. In all, van Hamme conjectured 13 such formulas, three of which were proved by van Hamme himself, and five others have been proved recently using a wide range of methods. Here, we explore four of the remaining five van Hamme supercongruences, revisit some of the proved ones, and provide some extensions.
Measuring the Bias of Technological Change

Technological change can increase the productivity of the various factors of production in equal terms, or it can be biased toward a specific factor. We directly assess the bias of technological change by measuring, at the level of the individual firm, how much of it is labor augmenting and how much is factor neutral. To do so, we develop a framework for estimating production functions when productivity is multidimensional. Using panel data from Spain, we find that technological change is biased, with both its labor-augmenting and its factor-neutral components causing output to grow by about 1.5 percent per year.
Serotonin transporter inhibitors: synthesis and binding potency of 2′-methyl- and 3′-methyl-6-nitroquipazine

Abstract Racemic 2′-methyl- and 3′-methyl-6-nitroquipazine ligands were selected as targets, synthesized and evaluated at the serotonin transporter employing an in vitro competitive inhibition assay with [ 3 H]paroxetine and rat cortical membrane. The 2′-methyl-6-nitroquipazine was found to be 50 times more potent than the 3′-methyl-substituted counterpart and of comparable potency to the known high affinity agent 5-iodo-6-nitroquipazine.
Photospheric emission from long duration gamma-ray bursts powered by variable engines

We present the results of a set of numerical simulations of long-duration gamma-ray burst jets aimed at studying the effect of a variable engine on the peak frequency of the photospheric emission. Our simulations follow the propagation of the jet inside the progenitor star, its break-out, and the subsequent expansion in the environment out to the photospheric radius. A constant and two step-function models are considered for the engine luminosity. We show that our synthetic light-curves follow a luminosity-peak frequency correlation analogous to the Golenetskii correlation found in long-duration gamma-ray burst observations. Within the parameter space explored, it appears that the central engine luminosity profile does not have a significant effect on the location of a gamma-ray burst in the Luminosity-peak frequency plane, bursts from different central engines being indistinguishable from each other.
Rapid Mapping and Exploration of Configuration Space

We describe a graphics processing unit (GPU)-based computational platform for six-dimensional configuration mapping, which is the description of the configuration space of rigid motions in terms of collision and contact constraints. The platform supports a wide range of computations in design and manufacturing, including three- and six-dimensional configuration space obstacle computations, Minkowski sums and differences, packaging problems, and sweep computations. We demonstrate dramatic performance improvements in the special case of configuration space operations that determine interference-free or containment-preserving configurations between moving solids. Our approach treats such operations as convolutions in the six-dimensional configuration space that are efficiently computed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The inherent parallelism of FFT algorithms facilitates a straightforward implementation of convolution on GPUs with existing and freely available libraries, making all such configuration space computations practical, and often interactive.
Exploring the Nucleus of the Gigamaser Galaxy TXS 2226–184

We present Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of the gigamaser galaxy TXS 2226-184 at 1.3 and 5 GHz. These observations reveal the parsec-scale radio structure of this Seyfert galaxy with exceptionally luminous water maser emission. The source is found to be extended on scales of 10-100 pc with some embedded compact sources, but it has no readily identifiable flat-spectrum active nucleus. This morphology resembles that of the nearby compact starburst galaxy Mrk 273, although no significant far-infrared emission has been detected to support the starburst scenario. The narrow (125 km s-1) H I absorption in TXS 2226-184 discovered with the Very Large Array (VLA) is also detected with the VLBA. This H I absorption is distributed across the extended emission, probably cospatial with the water masers. The broad (420 km s-1) line seen by the VLA is not detected, suggesting that it arises from more extended gas that is absorbing the emission beyond the central tens of parsecs.
Bounded Domain Problem for the Modified Buckley–Leverett Equation

The focus of the present study is the modified Buckley–Leverett (MBL) equation describing two-phase flow in porous media. The MBL equation differs from the classical Buckley–Leverett (BL) equation by including a balanced diffusive–dispersive combination. The dispersive term is a third order mixed derivatives term, which models the dynamic effects in the pressure difference between the two phases. The classical BL equation gives a monotone water saturation profile for any Riemann problem; on the contrast, when the dispersive parameter is large enough, the MBL equation delivers a non-monotone water saturation profile for certain Riemann problems as suggested by the experimental observations. In this paper, we first show that for the MBL equation, the solution of the finite interval $$[0,L]$$ boundary value problem converges to that of the half line $$[0,+\infty )$$ boundary value problem exponentially as $$L\rightarrow +\infty $$ . This result provides a justification for the use of the finite interval in numerical studies for the half line problem [Y. Wang and C.-Y. Kao, Central schemes for the modified Buckley–Leverett equation, J. Comput. Sci. 4(1–2), 12 – 23, 2013]. Furthermore, we numerically verify that the convergence rate is consistent with the theoretical derivation. Numerical results confirm the existence of non-monotone water saturation profiles consisting of constant states separated by shocks.
Quantum process tomography by direct characterization of quantum dynamics using hyperentangled photons

We present the first experimental results using photons entangled in multiple degrees of freedom to efficiently characterize various preserving single-photon processes by Direct Characterization of Quantum Dynamics (DCQD), with the fewest possible number of measurements.
THE ELITE ILLUSION: ACHIEVEMENT EFFECTS AT BOSTON AND NEW YORK EXAM SCHOOLS

Parents gauge school quality in part by the level of student achievement and a school's racial and socioeconomic mix. The importance of school characteristics in the housing market can be seen in the jump in house prices at school district boundaries where peer characteristics change. The question of whether schools with more attractive peers are really better in a value-added sense remains open, however. This paper uses a fuzzy regression-discontinuity design to evaluate the causal effects of peer characteristics. Our design exploits admissions cutoffs at Boston and New York City's heavily over-subscribed exam schools. Successful applicants near admissions cutoffs for the least selective of these schools move from schools with scores near the bottom of the state SAT score distribution to schools with scores near the median. Successful applicants near admissions cutoffs for the most selective of these schools move from above-average schools to schools with students whose scores fall in the extreme upper tail. Exam school students can also expect to study with fewer nonwhite classmates than unsuccessful applicants. Our estimates suggest that the marked changes in peer characteristics at exam school admissions cutoffs have little causal effect on test scores or college quality.
Sample efficient path integral control under uncertainty

We present a data-driven optimal control framework that is derived using the path integral (PI) control approach. We find iterative control laws analytically without a priori policy parameterization based on probabilistic representation of the learned dynamics model. The proposed algorithm operates in a forward-backward manner which differentiate it from other PI-related methods that perform forward sampling to find optimal controls. Our method uses significantly less samples to find analytic control laws compared to other approaches within the PI control family that rely on extensive sampling from given dynamics models or trials on physical systems in a model-free fashion. In addition, the learned controllers can be generalized to new tasks without re-sampling based on the compositionality theory for the linearly-solvable optimal control framework. We provide experimental results on three different tasks and comparisons with state-of-the-art model-based methods to demonstrate the efficiency and generalizability of the proposed framework.
A global view of productivity growth in China

We revisit a classic question in international economics: how does a country's pro- ductivity growth aect worldwide real incomes through international trade? We …rst identify the channels through which productivity shocks transmit in a model featuring inter-industry trade as in Ricardo (1817), intra-industry trade as in Krugman (1980), and …rm heterogeneity as in Melitz (2003). We then estimate China's productivity growth at the industry level and use our model to quantify what would have happened to real incomes throughout the world if nothing but China's productivity had changed. We …nd that average real income in the rest of the world increased by a cumulative 0.48% from 1992-2007 due to China's productivity growth. This represents 2.2% of the total income gains to the world.
Mass splittings from symmetry obstruction

Abstract The long-range fields associated with non-abelian vortices generally obstruct full realization, in the spectrum, of the symmetry of the ground state. In the context of 2 + 1 dimensional field theories, we show how this effect manifests itself concretely in altered conditions for the angular momentum and in the energy spectrum. A particularly interesting case is supersymmetry, which is obstructed by the gravitational effect of any mass.
McKay correspondence for elliptic genera

We establish a correspondence between orbifold and singular elliptic genera of a global quotient. While the former is defined in terms of the fixed point set of the action, the latter is defined in terms of the resolution of singularities. As a byproduct, the second quantization formula of Dijkgraaf, Moore, Verlinde and Verlinde is extended to arbitrary Kawamata log-terminal pairs.
Multiple inflation and deflation events at Kenyan volcanoes, East African Rift

The presence or absence of magma exerts a fundamental control on the distribution of strain in continental rift zones, yet the time scales of magma intrusion remain unconstrained. Using more than a decade of measurements from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), we detected geodetic activity at four of the eleven central rift volcanoes in the Kenyan sector of the East African Rift. Subsidence of 2–5 cm occurred at Suswa and Menengai over the period 1997–2000, ~9 cm of uplift was recorded at Longonot in 2004–2006, and ~21 cm of uplift occurred at Paka during 2006–2007. The deformation is episodic, and no deformation was observed at these volcanoes during other time periods. Preceding the infl ation at Paka, we observed transient uplift and subsidence of a second, nearby source, likely associated with fl ow through a complex plumbing system. The best-fi tting source models for each episode include infl ation or defl ation of a horizontal penny-shaped crack at a depth of 2–5 km. The episodic nature of the activity, its lack of correlation with seasons, and the preferred source geometry are all consistent with activity in the volatile-rich cap to a crystal-rich magma chamber beneath each of the four volcanoes. The presence of active magmatic systems beneath more than 40% of the volcanoes, and the 2007–2008 explosive eruptions at nearby Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, have implications for models of continental rifting, caldera volcanoes, geothermal resources, and volcanic and seismic hazard in rift zones.
Response Characteristics of a Linear Rotorcraft Vibration Model

A fully coupled vibration model, consisting of a rotor with only flapping degrees of freedom plus pylon and fuselage pitching motion, was used in a parametric study undertaken to investigate the response characteristics of a simplified helicopter. Among the parameters studied were uncoupled body frequency, blade stiffness, hinge offset, advance ratio, and mast height. Results from the harmonic balance solution of the equations of motion show how each of these quantities affects the response of the model. The results also indicate that there is a potential for reducing vibration response through the judicious definition of the design parameters.
Experimental Evidence for Linear Metal–Azido Coordination: The Binary Group 5 Azides [Nb(N3)5], [Ta(N3)5], [Nb(N3)6]−, and [Ta(N3)6]−, and 1:1 Acetonitrile Adducts [Nb(N3)5(CH3CN)] and [Ta(N3)5(CH3CN)]

Abstract : Whereas the existence of numerous binary transition metal azido-complexes has been reported, no binary Group 5 azides are known. Only a limited number of partially azide-substituted compounds of vanadium, niobium and tantalum have previously been reported. In this paper, we wish to communicate the synthesis and characterization of Nb(N3)5, Ta(N3)5 and their 1:1 adducts with CH3CN, and of the anions [Nb(N3)6]- and [Ta(N3)6]-. The crystal structures of [Nb(N3)5(CH3CN)] and [PPh4][Nb(N3)6] and the first experimental evidence for the existence of azido compounds with linear metal-N-N bonds are also reported.
Does trade foster contract enforcement

Contract enforcement is probabilistic, but the probability depends on rules and processes. A stimulus to trade may induce traders to alter rules or processes to improve enforcement. In the model of this paper, such a positive knock-on effect occurs when the elasticity of supply of traders is sufficiently high. Negative knock-on is possible when the elasticity is low. Enforcement strategies in competing markets are complements (substitutes) if the supply of traders is sufficiently elastic (inelastic). The model provides a useful structure of endogenous enforcement that gives promise of explaining patterns of institutional development.
Quark and Gluon Jet Substructure

Distinguishing quark-initiated jets from gluon-initiated jets has the potential to significantly improve the reach of many beyond-the-standard model searches at the Large Hadron Collider and to provide additional tests of QCD. To explore whether quark and gluon jets could possibly be distinguished on an event-by-event basis, we perform a com- prehensive simulation-based study. We explore a variety of motivated and unmotivated variables with a semi-automated multivariate approach. General conclusions are that at 50% quark jet acceptance efficiency, around 80%-90% of gluon j ets can be rejected. Some benefit is gained by combining variables. Different event generators are compared, as are the effects of using only charged tracks to avoid pileup. Additional information, includ- ing interactive distributions of most variables and their cut efficiencies, can be found at
Directed Assembly of Metal−Cyanide Cluster Magnets

The simple, well-understood coordination chemistry of the cyanide ligand is of significant utility in the design of new single-molecule magnets. Its preference for bridging two transition metals in a linear M‘−CN−M geometry permits the use of multidentate blocking ligands in directing the assembly of specific molecular architectures. This approach has been employed in the synthesis of numerous high-nuclearity constructs, including simple cubic M4M‘4(CN)12 and face-centered cubic M8M‘6(CN)24 coordination clusters, as well as some unexpected cluster geometries featuring as many as 27 metal centers. The ability to substitute a range of different transition metal ions into these structures enables adjustment of their magnetic properties, facilitating creation of high-spin ground states with axial magnetic anisotropy. To date, at least four different cyano-bridged single-molecule magnets have been characterized, exhibiting spin-reversal barriers as high as 25 cm-1. Ultimately, it is envisioned that this strate...
On the magnitude and variability of subgrid-scale eddy-diffusion coefficients in the atmospheric surface layer

Eddy-viscosity closures for large eddy simulations (LES) of atmospheric boundary layer dynamics include a parameter (Smagorinsky constant cs), which depends upon physical parameters, such as distance to the ground, atmospheric stability, and strain. A field study [Horizontal Arrays Turbulence Study (HATS)] specifically designed to measure turbulence quantities of interest in LES, such as the parameter cs, is conducted. The instrumentation consists of two vertically separated horizontal arrays of 3D sonic anemometers, placed in the atmospheric surface layer. From 2D filtering and differentiating the velocity fields, subgrid-scale (SGS) and resolved quantities are computed. The parameter cs is obtained from the data by matching measured and modeled SGS dissipations under various flow conditions. Results indicate that cs is reduced near the ground, and also decreases rapidly with increasing stability in stable atmospheric conditions. A simple fit that parameterizes the data is proposed. The variability from one sample to another is studied by means of the probability density function (pdf ) of cs. The pdfs show a most preferred value, which is essentially independent of the timescale used for statistical averaging. The width of the pdfs decreases with increasing averaging time, for unstable and neutral stability conditions. For stable conditions, the relative variability of the coefficient remains strong even for long averaging times, indicative of strong intermittency. In unstable conditions, cs is fairly independent of local strain-rate magnitude, supporting the basic scaling of the Smagorinsky eddy viscosity. For stable conditions, a transition occurs between small local strain-rate magnitudes, where cs is nearly constant, and high local strain-rate magnitudes, where cs decreases appreciably. The results suggest that when the filter scale approaches the local integral scale of turbulence (height above the ground or Obukhov length), one needs to include the friction velocity as relevant velocity to scale the eddy viscosity, in addition to the standard velocity scale of the Smagorinsky model based on filtered strain-rate magnitude. The analysis is repeated for the SGS heat flux, and for the associated eddy-diffusion coefficient ( ) and Prandtl number (PrT). The latter is found to depend only very weakly 2 12 Pr c Ts on stability, but it increases with decreasing distance from the ground.
When Can Public Policy Makers Rely on Private Markets? The Effective Provision of Social Services

The privatisation of social services is being increasingly discussed. The social services market is characterised by multiple market failures, including informational asymmetries, agency problems, externalities, and distributional concerns. Consumers may care as much or more about quality of services than about price. If quality is readily observable, the government can regulate private providers to assure standards are met. But when standards are difficult to observe or when the recipient is not the agent who makes the decisions, government ownership may be preferable. This paper categorises the market situations in which government provision of social services is likely to be most versus least attractive.
Induced Ramsey-type theorems

Abstract We present a unified approach to proving Ramsey-type theorems for graphs with a forbidden induced subgraph which can be used to extend and improve the earlier results of Rodl, Erdős–Hajnal, Promel–Rodl, Nikiforov, Chung–Graham, and Łuczak–Rodl. The proofs are based on a simple lemma (generalizing one by Graham, Rodl, and Rucinski) that can be used as a replacement for Szemeredi's regularity lemma, thereby giving much better bounds. The same approach can be also used to show that pseudo-random graphs have strong induced Ramsey properties. This leads to explicit constructions for upper bounds on various induced Ramsey numbers.
Flood Storage Allocation Rules for Parallel Reservoirs

AbstractOptimal operating policies have been derived for reservoirs in series and in parallel for various purposes, but little formal analysis has been done for flood operation of parallel reservoirs. For flood management, parallel reservoir releases should be managed together to reduce downstream peak flow and minimize flood damage. The optimal allocation of total available flood storage capacity among parallel reservoirs should have each reservoir’s flood storage allocation providing the same incremental reduction to downstream flood flows. This approach is developed mathematically and applied for deterministic and probabilistic inflows. The applicability and effectiveness of these derived flood storage allocation rules are demonstrated by the case study of Oroville Reservoir and New Bullards Bar Reservoir in California’s Sacramento River Basin with a single historical 1997 flood and an uncertain storm.
Spinless photon dark matter from two universal extra dimensions

We explore the properties of dark matter in theories with two universal extra dimensions, where the lightest Kaluza-Klein state is a spin-0 neutral particle, representing a six-dimensional photon polarized along the extra dimensions. Annihilation of this 'spinless photon' proceeds predominantly through Higgs boson exchange, and is largely independent of other Kaluza-Klein particles. The measured relic abundance sets an upper limit on the spinless photon mass of 500 GeV, which decreases to almost 200 GeV if the Higgs boson is light. The phenomenology of this dark matter candidate is strikingly different from Kaluza-Klein dark matter in theories with one universal extra dimension. Elastic scattering of the spinless photon with quarks is helicity suppressed, making its direct detection challenging, although possible at upcoming experiments. The prospects for indirect detection with gamma rays and antimatter are similar to those of neutralinos. The rates predicted at neutrino telescopes are below the sensitivity of next-generation experiments.
Big line bundles over arithmetic varieties

5 Equidistribution Theory 26 5.1 A Generic Equidistribution Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.2 Equidistribution at Infinite Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.3 Equidistribution at Finite Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.4 Equidistribution of Small Subvarieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.5 Equidistribution over Algebraic Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.6 Equidistribution over Multiplicative Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.7 Equidistribution Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A New Strategy for Deep Wide‐Field High‐Resolution Optical Imaging

ABSTRACT We propose a new strategy for obtaining enhanced‐resolution (FWHM ≃ 0 \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\farcs$\end{document} 12) deep optical images over a wide field of view. As is well known, this type of image quality can be obtained in principle simply by fast guiding on a small ( \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepac...
Potassium D-Line "Blue" Wing Absorption Coefficient Under Combustion-Fired Magnetohydrodynamic Conditions

A model is proposed for the adsorption coefficient of the far "blue" wing of the potassium D-Iine under combustion-fired magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) conditions. Such a model is important because of the need to measure potassium seed-atom densities on large-scale MHD facilities. The model was developed using experimental emission profiles on a 20-cm diam oil-fired, simulated MHD flow. A two-parameter model, constructed of a sum of power laws matched to a Voigt profile in the near blue wing, fits the 730-760 nm region well with a power-law exponent of -1.07 matched to the Voigt at 764.6 nm. Using this model, emission absorption measurements on coal-fired MHD flows with diameters of 33 and 76 cm compared well to chemical equilibrium calculation predictions. The model should allow accurate measurements of seed-atom density irrespective of the flow dimensions and geometry using two-wavelength wing emission absorption measurements, a technique suitable for real-time monitoring. Such measurements should then provide a useful indirect measure of the electron density which is a critical parameter for analyzing MHD power generation.
Minimum congestion spanning trees in planar graphs

The main purpose of the paper is to develop an approach to the evaluation or the estimation of the spanning tree congestion of planar graphs. This approach is used to evaluate the spanning tree congestion of triangular grids.
TWO LIKELIHOOD-BASED SEMIPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION METHODS FOR PANEL COUNT DATA WITH COVARIATES

We consider estimation in a particular semiparametric regression model for the mean of a counting process with \panel count" data. The basic model assumption is that the conditional mean function of the counting process is of the form EfN(t)jZg = exp(fl T Z)⁄0(t) where Z is a vector of covariates and ⁄0 is the baseline mean function. The \panel count" observation scheme involves observation of the counting processN for an individual at a random number K of random time points; both the number and the locations of these time points may difier across individuals. We study semiparametric maximum pseudo-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimators of the unknown parameters (fl0;⁄0) derived on the basis of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process assumption. The pseudo-likelihood estimator is fairly easy to compute, while the maximum likelihood estimator poses more challenges from the computational perspective. We study asymptotic properties of both estimators assuming that the proportional mean model holds, but dropping the Poisson process assumption used to derive the estimators. In particular we establish asymptotic normality for the estimators of the regression parameter fl0 under appropriate hypotheses. The results show that our estimation procedures are robust in the sense that the estimators converge to the truth regardless of the underlying counting process.
New succinamic acids, -γ-lactones, and -succinimides from (3-perfluoroalkyl-2-iodoalkyl)succinic acid anhydrides and amines ☆: Highly surface active amphiphiles

Abstract The (3-perfluoroalkyl-2-iodoalkyl)succinic anhydrides (4 and 5) react with primary (RNH2) and secondary amines (RYNH) to yield (3-F-alkyl-2-iodoalkyl)succinamic acids. A second mole of RYNH gives the conjugate bases, 7a and 7b, as two position isomers. Only the C-1 isomer 7a can cyclize to a γ-lactone, while the carboxylate ion intramolecularly displaces iodide ion from CHI as RYNH2+I−. Simultaneously, the nucleophilic carboxylate at C-4 in the unreacted isomer 7b attacks the CONHYR group at C-1 to displace the amine and revert to the anhydride 4. Then Step (1) is repeated until all of 7a and 7b are consumed. Though a weak base, COO− is an effective nucleophile in the coiled conformation of 7a or 7b. In the next step, the CH2(C O)NHR group of the γ-lactone, with an N-attack at the carbonyl rearranges to an N-alkyl (3-F-alkyl-2-hydroxypropyl)succinimide. As above, the lactone opens its ring under stereoelectronic control (with proper alignment of lone pairs on the two O atoms) and forms a new succinimide ring. These reactions occur, successively, in an aprotic, low polarity solvent under mild conditions. Elimination of HI from 4 or 5, or the iodopropylsuccinamic acid, does not occur. Diamines, e.g. (CH3)2N(CH2)3NH2 (23) or (CH3)2N(CH2)3NH(CH3) (27), reacting with 1 mol of 4 or 5, yield the zwitterionic salt., which inter alia, cyclizes smoothly to the γ-lactone HI salt. The lactone.HI salt from 23, as above, rearranges to the N-(dimethylammonium)propyl (3-F-alkyl-2-hydroxypropyl)succinimide iodide, while the lactone salt 33HI from diamine 27, like that from diethylamine, does not rearrange. Diamine 23, reacting with the t-butyl half ester, RFCH2CHICH2CH(CO2H)CH2CO2C(CH3)3, displaces t-butyl alcohol to yield the zwitterionic salt and γ-lactone HI salt, but not the succinimide. Radical addition of RFI to N-butyl prop-2-enylsuccinimide (100 °C; no solvent) provides the desired adduct in high yield. By contrast, N-(3-dimethylamino)propyl (3-F-alkyl-2-iodopropyl)succinimide (25), loses HI intramolecularly to the basic (CH3)2N group; the concentration of 25 is 10 times greater than amines in reactions above. The RF-surfactants (nonionic, zwitterionic, anionic, and cationic salts) of this work have an oriented F-alkyl segmented tail and a fairly complex polar head; and as a group, they lower the surface tension (γa) of water to 15–17 mN m−1 at 1.5–1.7 mM concentration.
Hold-up time extension Circuit with integrated magnetics

A circuit that substantially extends the hold-up time of ac-dc power supplies is introduced. By using integrated magnetics, the power density of this hold-up time extension circuit is maximized. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated on a universal line range 1-kW power supply.
A rate-distortion perspective on multiple decoding attempts for Reed-Solomon codes

Recently, a number of authors have proposed decoding schemes for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes based on multiple trials of a simple RS decoding algorithm. In this paper, we present a rate-distortion (R-D) approach to analyze these multiple-decoding algorithms for RS codes. This approach is first used to understand the asymptotic performance-versus-complexity trade-off of multiple error-and-erasure decoding of RS codes. By defining an appropriate distortion measure between an error pattern and an erasure pattern, the condition for a single error-and-erasure decoding to succeed reduces to a form where the distortion is compared to a fixed threshold. Finding the best set of erasure patterns for multiple decoding trials then turns out to be a covering problem which can be solved asymptotically by rate-distortion theory. Next, this approach is extended to analyze multiple algebraic soft-decision (ASD) decoding of RS codes. Both analytical and numerical computations of the R-D functions for the corresponding distortion measures are discussed. Simulation results show that proposed algorithms using this approach perform better than other algorithms with the same complexity.
FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS FOR RLG SYSTEM DESIGN

The performance of a dithered ring laser gyro on a laboratory test bench can vary significantly from its performance in a three-axis inertial navigation system. Dynamic interactions between the sensors can create unacceptable error drift rates, as well as physically influencing other instrumentation. Using frequency domain analysis methods the engineer can determine the sources of these interactions and the magnitude of their contributions to system error. In this paper we construct the frequency model and then use it to determine the effects of physical dither on a three axis RLG system.
Allen Telescope Array Multi-frequency Observations of the Sun

We present the first observations of the Sun with the Allen Telescope Array (ATA). We used up to six frequencies, from 1.43 to 6 GHz, and baselines from 6 to 300 m. To our knowledge, these are the first simultaneous multi-frequency full-Sun maps obtained at microwave frequencies without mosaicing. The observations took place when the Sun was relatively quiet, although at least one active region was present each time. We present multi-frequency flux budgets for each of the sources on the Sun. Outside of active regions, assuming optically thin bremsstrahlung (free–free) coronal emission on top of an optically thick ≈ 10 000 K chromosphere, the multi-frequency information can be condensed into a single, frequency-independent, “coronal bremsstrahlung contribution function” \([\mathrm{EM}/\sqrt{T}]\) map. This technique allows the separation of the physics of emission as well as a measurement of the density structure of the corona. Deviations from this simple relationship usually indicate the presence of an additional gyroresonance-emission component, as is typical in active regions.
Two- and three-alpha systems with nonlocal potential

Two body data alone cannot determine the potential uniquely, one needs three-body data as well. A method is presented here which simultaneously fits local or nonlocal potentials to two-body and three-body observables. The interaction of composite particles, due to the Pauli effect and the indistinguishability of the constituent particles, is genuinely nonlocal. As an example, we use a Pauli-correct nonlocal fish-bone type optical model for the α – α potential and derive the fitting parameters such that it reproduces the two-α and three-α experimental data.
Qualitatively Different T Cell Phenotypic Responses to IL-2 versus IL-15 Are Unified by Identical Dependences on Receptor Signal Strength and Duration

IL-2 and IL-15 are common γ-chain family cytokines involved in regulation of T cell differentiation and homeostasis. Despite signaling through the same receptors, IL-2 and IL-15 have non-redundant roles in T cell biology, both physiologically and at the cellular level. The mechanisms by which IL-2 and IL-15 trigger distinct phenotypes in T cells remain elusive. To elucidate these mechanisms, we performed a quantitative comparison of the phosphotyrosine signaling network and resulting phenotypes triggered by IL-2 and IL-15. This study revealed that the signaling networks activated by IL-2 or IL-15 are highly similar and that T cell proliferation and metabolism are controlled in a quantitatively distinct manner through IL-2/15R signal strength independent of the cytokine identity. Distinct phenotypes associated with IL-2 or IL-15 stimulation therefore arise through differential regulation of IL-2/15R signal strength and duration because of differences in cytokine-receptor binding affinity, receptor expression levels, physiological cytokine levels, and cytokine-receptor intracellular trafficking kinetics. These results provide important insights into the function of other shared cytokine and growth factor receptors, quantitative regulation of cell proliferation and metabolism through signal transduction, and improved design of cytokine based clinical immunomodulatory therapies for cancer and infectious diseases.
On the Efficiency of Noise-Tolerant PAC Algorithms Derived from Statistical Queries

The Statistical Query (SQ) model provides an elegant means for generating noise-tolerant PAC learning algorithms that run in time inverse polynomial in the noise rate. Whether or not there is an SQ algorithm for every noise-tolerant PAC algorithm that is efficient in this sense remains an open question. However, we show that PAC algorithms derived from the Statistical Query model are not always the most efficient possible. Specifically, we give a general definition of SQ-based algorithm and show that there is a subclass of parity functions for which there is an efficient PAC algorithm requiring asymptotically less running time than any SQ-based algorithm. While it turns out that this result can be derived fairly easily by combining a recent algorithm of Blum, Kalai, and Wasserman with an older lower bound, we also provide alternate, Fourier-based approaches to both the upper and lower bounds that strengthen the results in various ways. The lower bound in particular is stronger than might be expected, and the amortized technique used in deriving this bound may be of independent interest.
Some Prospects for the Future of Computational Fluid Dynamics

For the oncoming decade it is anticipated that new generations of high-capacity and high-speed computers will appear and that some of them will be dedicated to fluid dynamics applications. An attempt is made here to examine the potential for a new generation of numerical techniques that will accompany the computer advances. Possibilities for improvement in solution techniques, grid adaptations, turbulence approximations, language constructions, and general code robustness are considered.
Nilpotency in type A cyclotomic quotients

We prove a conjecture made by Brundan and Kleshchev on the nilpotency degree of cyclotomic quotients of rings that categorify one-half of quantum sl(k).
Motivational Interviewing with Problem Drinkers

Motivational interviewing is an approach based upon principles of experimental social psychology, applying processes such as attribution, cognitive dissonance, and self-efficacy. Motivation is conceptualized not as a personality trait but as an interpersonal process. The model deemphasizes labeling and places heavy emphasis on individual responsibility and internal attribution of change. Cognitive dissonance is created by contrasting the ongoing problem behavior with salient awareness of the behavior's negative consequences. Empathic processes from the methods of Carl Rogers, social psychological principles of motivation, and objective assessment feedback are employed to channel this dissonance toward a behavior change solution, avoiding the “short circuits” of low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, and denial. This motivational process is understood within a larger developmental model of change in which contemplation and determination are important early steps which can be influenced by therapist interventions. A schematic diagram of the motivational process and a six-step sequence for implementing motivational interviewing are suggested.
A simple maximality principle

In this paper, following an idea of Christophe Chalons, I propose a new kind of forcing axiom, the Maximality Principle, which asserts that any sentence φ holding in some forcing extension $V\P$ and all subsequent extensions V\P*\Qdot holds already in V. It follows, in fact, that such sentences must also hold in all forcing extensions of V. In modal terms, therefore, the Maximality Principle is expressed by the scheme $(\possible\necessaryφ)\implies\necessaryφ$, and is equivalent to the modal theory S5. In this article, I prove that the Maximality Principle is relatively consistent with \ZFC. A boldface version of the Maximality Principle, obtained by allowing real parameters to appear in φ, is equiconsistent with the scheme asserting that $Vδ\elesub V$ for an inaccessible cardinal δ, which in turn is equiconsistent with the scheme asserting that $\ORD$ is Mahlo. The strongest principle along these lines is $\necessary\MPtilde$, which asserts that $\MPtilde$ holds in V and all forcing extensions. From this, it follows that 0# exists, that x# exists for every set x, that projective truth is invariant by forcing, that Woodin cardinals are consistent and much more. Many open questions remain.
Nash equilibria in models of fiscal competition

Abstract This paper analyzes Nash equilibria in a simple model of an economy with jurisdictions engaging in fiscal competition. Small-number Nash equilibria in which tax rates are the strategic variables are shown not to coincide with Nash equilibria in which public expenditure levels are the strategic variables.
Scaling properties of fluctuation results from the PHENIX experiment at RHIC

The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has made measurements of event-by-event fluctuations in the charged-particle multiplicity as a function of collision energy, centrality, collision species, and transverse momentum in several heavy-ion collision systems. It is observed that the fluctuations in terms of σ 2/μ 2 exhibit a universal power law scaling as a function of N participants that is independent of the transverse momentum range of the measurement.
Incentives to Cheat: The Influence of Executive Compensation and Firm Performance on Financial Misrepresentation

Despite the many undesirable outcomes of corporate misconduct, scholars have an inadequate understanding of corporate misconduct's causes and mechanisms. We extend the behavioral theory of the firm, which traditionally assumes away the possibility of firm impropriety, to develop hypotheses predicting that top management incentive compensation and poor organizational performance relative to aspirations increase the likelihood of financial misrepresentation. Using a sample of financial restatements prompted by accounting irregularities and identified by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, we find empirical support for both incentive and relative performance influences on financial statement misrepresentation.
Neighborhood Systems for Production Sets with Indivisibilities

A production set with indivisibilities is described by an activity analysis matrix with activity levels which can assume arbitrary integral values. A neighborhood system is an association with each integral vector of activity levels of a finite set of neighboring vectors. The neighborhood relation is assumed to be symmetric and translation invariant. Each such neighborhood system can be used to define a local maximum for the associated integer programs obtained by selecting a single commodity whose level is to be maximized subject to specified factor endowments of the remaining commodities. It is shown that each technology matrix (subject to mild regularity assumptions) has a unique, minimal neighborhood system for which a local maximum is global. The complexity of such minimal neighborhood systems is examined for several examples.
A Continuous State Space Approach to "Convergence by Parts"

Abstract Using a continuous state space approach, this note extends Feyrer's (Feyrer, J., 2003. Convergence by Parts. Manuscript, Dartmouth College. (available at http://www.dartmouth.edu/~jfeyrer/parts.pdf )) study of the proximate determinants of the shape of the long-run distribution of income per capita. Contrary to Feyrer's finding of the primacy of total factor productivity (TFP), the results here imply that traps in both TFP growth and capital accumulation may matter.
Dynamical localization in microcylinder lasers with surface roughness

We demonstrate that the scattering effect of the surface roughness in semiconductor microdisk lasers is strongly suppressed by dynamical Anderson localization. This phenomenon allows for lasing action on quasi-regular modes in samples with surface defects, in agreement with experimental observations.
Male-Female Wage Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century France

Traditional male-female wage discrimination measures rely on residuals from earnings functions that standardize for observable characteristics. But many productivity determinants are unobservable, and existing proxies for them are often difficult to interpret. Instead of using the earnings-function approach, we estimate production functions, using data from the 1839–45 and 1860–65 French industry censuses for textiles. While most of our findings cast doubt on the idea of discrimination against women in pay, they do not rule out some other forms of discrimination, such as occupational segregation.
Rate Distortion Bounds on Passive Sonar Performance

Information theory provides a novel perspective on passive sonar performance analysis. This approach begins by partitioning the search space and then considers the problem of assigning a source to the correct partition based on pressure observations from a hydrophone array. Prior work described necessary conditions for achieving arbitrarily small probability of error (Pe) as a tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the range accuracy of the partitions. This paper presents a method to extend these results using the rate-distortion function to find necessary conditions for any Pe . The Gaussian channel bound sets an upper limit on the information rate received at the array. Through the rate-distortion function, this upper limit on the information rate implies a lower bound on Pe for a given partition. Furthermore, the current work describes a tradeoff between range accuracy, Pe and SNR. Examples of this tradeoff are evaluated for both one-dimensional (bearing) and two-dimensional (range-depth) estimation problems.
A general synthesis of 2-substituted-5-aminooxazoles: building blocks for multifunctional heterocycles

Condensation of unsubstituted isocyanoacetamides with aldehydes and ketones, or their derived iminium ions, leads to 2-substituted-5-aminooxazoles, which are useful compounds for drug discovery programs.
Non-monotonicity in probabilistic reasoning

We start by defining an approach to non-monotonic probabilistic reasoning in terms of non-monotonic categorical reasoning. We identify a type of non-monotonic probabilistic reasoning, akin to default inheritance, that seems to be commonly found in practice. We formulate this in terms of the Maximization of Conditional Independence (MCI), and identify a variety of applications for this sort of default. We propose a formalization using Point-wise Circumscription. We compare MCI to Maximum Entropy, another kind of non-monotonic principle, and conclude by raising a. number of open questions.