cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian knowledge corroboration with logical rules and user feedback

Current knowledge bases suffer from either low coverage or low accuracy. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that user feedback can greatly improve the quality of automatically extracted knowledge bases. The feedback could help quantify the uncertainty associated with the stored statements and would enable mechanisms for searching, ranking and reasoning at entity-relationship level. Most importantly, a principled model for exploiting user feedback to learn the truth values of statements in the knowledge base would be a major step forward in addressing the issue of knowledge base curation. We present a family of probabilistic graphical models that builds on user feedback and logical inference rules derived from the popular Semantic-Web formalism of RDFS [1]. Through internal inference and belief propagation, these models can learn both, the truth values of the statements in the knowledge base and the reliabilities of the users who give feedback. We demonstrate the viability of our approach in extensive experiments on real-world datasets, with feedback collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk.
Accuracy of displayed volume with three airway sensors in an animal model.

Optimal mechanical ventilation in infants and pediatrics depends on the reliability of flow sensors to correctly mea- sure flow and integrate it into accurately displayed tidal volumes (VTE). However, reliability of these devices has not been estab- lished. We hypothesize that reliability would be affected by both the type of flow sensors and ventilator controllers utilized. Intubated, sedated Sprague Dawley rats (n = 14) were ventilated (control and support modes) utilizing two different ventilators: 1) fixed orifice flow sensor (FOF) and 2) both a hot wire (HWF) and variable orifice flow sensor (VOF), independently. Accu- racy of delivered tidal volume was obtained by comparing the displayed volume of the different sensors to breath waveforms acquired using a heated 0-5 L/min calibrated pneumotachograph. Analysis was performed utilizing ANOVA with P ≤ 0.05. Rats mean weight was 472 ± 46 g. For all modes, mean VTE % difference was demonstrated across all three measuring sensors. For volume control ventilation and pressure control ventilation or time cycled pressure limited assist control, there was a differ- ence between all three sensors. For pressure support ventilation, there was a difference with the HWF only. R-square values were FOF 0.80, HWF 0.54, and VOF 0.16. The accuracy of delivered VTE is affected by both the flow sensor and ventilator controller to deliver the breath. We speculate that the flow sensor and the controller are associated with varying degrees of flow accuracy and control. We would expect volume accuracy for all modes to be equal if the flow accuracy were related to the inaccuracy of the flow sensors only.
The Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal

Abrupt cessation of regular use of alcohol in a dependent person causes a withdrawal syndrome that may range from mild to extremely severe. Most patients require pharmacologic intervention, especially those with severe symptoms. Historically, the pharmacotherapy of alcohol withdrawal has involved a wide variety of agents. Benzodiazepines are currently preferred due to their consistently high degree of efficacy and laudable record of safety. In addition, beta blockers and clonidine are useful, as both effectively combat the hypertension and tachycardia commonly associated with withdrawal. They are ineffective as anticonvulsants; however. Opinions differ concerning the best treatment for withdrawal seizures. Prophylaxis with benzodiazepines may be all that is required, although some authors advocate the use of phenytoin for 5 days, especially in persons with a history of prior seizures during alcohol withdrawal. Once established, delirium tremens are difficult to treat. Benzodiazepines are most commonly used to provide sedation, and extremely large doses may be required. Careful clinical assessment is essential to the proper treatment of patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal since the coexistence of medical problems may complicate the condition.
An overview of the Andrew message system

lIntroduction This paper provides an overview of the Andrew Message System, which is in operation within the Andrew project at Carnegie Mellon University. The Andrew environment currently consists of 300 highfunction workstations (typified by the IBM RT-PC) each running Berkeley Unix and attached to a large campus-wide network. A central file system provides transparently the appearance of a large, monolithic Unix file system. In addition, there are approximately 600 IBM PC’s and 300 (University-owned) Apple Macintoshes that may also participate in the network.
Effects of manganese compounds on carcinogenicity of nickel sub-sulfide in rats

The effects of manganese compounds upon the carcinogenicity of alpha Ni3S2 were tested in male Fischer rats. In Experiment I, rats were given i.m. injections of alpha Ni3S2 (2.5 mg) and Mn dust (2.0 mg), singly or in combination. By 100 weeks, sarcomas occurred at the injection site in 0 of 24 rats in the vehicle control group, in 0 of 24 rats that received Mn dust alone, and in 23 of 24 rats that received alpha Ni3S2 alone. Combined administration of alpha Ni3S2 plus Mn dust as a single i.m. injection resulted in sarcomas in 14 of 23 rats (p less than 0.05 versus alpha Ni3S2 alone). In rats that received injections of alpha Ni3S2 in one thigh and Mn dust in the opposite thigh, the sarcoma incidence at the site of alpha Ni3S2 injection was 24 of 24 rats. In Experiment II, rats were given i.m. injections of alpha Ni3S2 (1.2 mg) and Mn compounds (MnS, Mn2O3, MnO2 or MN2(CO)10, in dosages equivalent to 1.0 mg of Mn), singly or in combination. No sarcomas occurred at the injection site in rats that received the vehicle or any of the manganese compounds alone. Sarcomas occurred in 13 of 27 rats that received alpha Ni3S2 alone; this sarcoma incidence was not reduced by admixture of any of the Mn compounds. The median tumor latent period and the median survival period were significantly longer (p less than 0.05) in rats that received MnS plus alpha Ni3S2, compared with rats that received alpha Ni3S2 alone, suggesting that MnS may have weak anticarcinogenic effect. These experiments demonstrate that inhibition of alpha Ni3S2-carcinogenesis by Mn dust is a local rather than a systemic effect, and that, with the possible exception of MnS, the other manganese compounds that were tested are ineffective as inhibitors of alpha Ni3S2-carcinogenesis.
Efficacy of Facebook Fans: Can They Influence Perception of the Brand?

Using a qualitative single case study methodology, this research studied the effect that a Facebook page has on friends of the brand. The problem under investigation is the lack of understanding effects social media sites like Facebook has on the perception of the brand by the user. The data collected suggests that the use of Facebook by a SME does help maintain and in some cases increase the perception of the brand in the positive. The analysis of the data additionally shows this effect on brand perception is based on the drivers of a) connectivity, b) change of perception, c) internal value, d) goodwill, and e) the decision process. Interview participants indicate the importance Facebook has as a marketing communication tool. The findings from the research suggest that Facebook use by SMEs is an important component of an integrated approach to marketing communications when considering the perception of the brand. This research also raises important questions as to what significance Facebook use by SMEs has over other traditional marketing communication methods when creating, communicating, and delivering a message of value.
A layered architecture for EV charging stations based on time scale decomposition

We present a layered decomposition approach that permits a holistic solution to the storage, scheduling and pricing problems of Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations. By exploiting time scales, these problems can be decomposed and solved layer by layer. In the top layer, at a long time scale, with grid power price and renewable energy represented by their long-term averages, and total demand following the price-demand curve, the optimal pricing scheme is obtained. The real-time charging and discharging operation of the battery, is considered in the middle layer. With average number of customers arriving determined by the price set at the top layer, the middle layer determines the optimal amounts of energy to buy from the grid and to use for charging. At the bottom layer, the scheduling policy of EV charging is determined while satisfying the total battery consumption obtained at the middle layer. We illustrate the algorithms with a simple example using ERCOT data, demonstrating the implementability of the architectural solution in real-time market operation of an EV charging station. Simulations show that the architectural decomposition does not incur any significant cost penalty.
Epinephrine modulates BCAM/Lu and ICAM-4 expression on the sickle cell trait red blood cell membrane.

Collapse and sudden death in physical training are the most serious complications of sickle cell trait (SCT). There is evidence that erythrocytes in SCT patients aggregate during strenuous exercise, likely because of adhesive interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and endothelial cells, and because of their irregular viscoelastic properties. This results in inflammation, blood flow impairment, and vaso-occlusive events. However, the exact role of stress conditions and how they lead to these complications is virtually unknown. Using single-molecule atomic force microscopy experiments, we found that epinephrine, a hormone that is secreted under stressful conditions, increases both the frequency and strength of adhesion events between basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM/Lu) and ECM laminin, and between intercellular adhesion molecule-4 (ICAM-4) and endothelial αvβ3, compared with nonstimulated SCT erythrocytes. Increases in adhesion frequency provide significant evidence of the role of epinephrine in BCAM/Lu-laminin and ICAM-4-αvβ3 bonding, and suggest mechanisms of vaso-occlusion during physical exertion in SCT.
Picture Processing with Arrays of Light Emitting Diodes

A method is presented whereby signal perturbation theory is used to enhance the quality of pictures formed on film by arrays of light emitting diodes. Models are presented for linear arrays and used to determine energy distributions on film for arbitrary boundary locations.
The radial glia of Müller in the rat retina and their response to injury. An immunofluorescence study with antibodies to the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein.

Abstract The glial response to injury was studied in the rat retina by immunofluorescence with GFA antisera. In the normal rat only the glia limitans on the inner surface of the retina was positive by immunofluorescence. Following interruption of the optic nerve or multiple penetrating wounds of the eye the radial fibres of Muller became intensely stained. It is concluded that Muller glia are similar to brain astrocytes with respect to their reaction to injury, that is they accumulate GFA protein.
Neutron-induced fission cross sections simulated from ( t , p f ) results

Neutron-induced fission cross sections on ${}^{235}\mathrm{U}$ and ${}^{235}{\mathrm{U}}^{m}$ targets in the incident neutron energy range ${E}_{n}=0.1--2.5\mathrm{MeV}$ have been deduced from surrogate ${}^{234}\mathrm{U}(t,pf)$ measurements. The surrogate $(t,pf)$ reaction is used to populate the same compound system as the $(n,f)$ reaction before fission, and modeling is used to compensate for the difference in population mechanisms. The calculations presented in this paper improve on previous results by incorporating realistic angular momentum and parity distributions for the $(t,p)$ channel, and by updating transmission-coefficient values used in the neutron-capture and emission contributions that compete with the fission process. The results are generally reliable within the 10% systematic uncertainties of the $(t,pf)$ data.
Understanding intelligence, giftedness and creativity using the pass theory

Despite nearly a century of research on IQ, tests of ability have changed little despite changes in our understanding of human abilities. This failure to evolve has particular implications for identification of gifted as well as creative children. A few recent tests challenge the Wechsler‐Binet stronghold, among them the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS; Naglieri & Das, 1997a). The CAS is based on the PASS theory (Naglieri, 1999), which centers on Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive cognitive processes. The inclusion of planning in particular allows for a more accurate assessment of gifted and creative children, as past research has shown a strong connection between planning and creativity. This more extensive and inclusive measure of intelligence could identify gifted children who would otherwise not be identified using traditional IQ tests. In this article we summarize the validity of an alternative approach to intelligence and illustrate its utility for identification of gifted and creati...
Unraveling the Relative Contributions of His, Her, and Their Drinking to the Likelihood of Arrest in Intimate Partner Violence Cases

The nexus between substance abuse and intimate partner violence has been studied in depth. The interrelationship between drinking, intimate partner violence, and an officer’s decision to make an arrest has not received as much attention. The issue is complicated by the fact that either or both of the involved parties may have been drinking and the effects may vary depending on who has been drinking. In this article, the authors examine the relative contributions of his, her, and their drinking to the likelihood of arrest.
Multiple Quantum Well Spatial Light Modulators

This paper covers recent theoretical and experimental work in the area of multiple quantum well modulators with particular emphasis on optical processing applications. The paper covers the analysis of MQW as a modulator element as well as one- and two-dimensional spatial light modulator structures, both optically and electrically addressed. Recent experimental efforts in developing MQW modulators structures are surveyed. Finally, future development such as quantum dots as well as the relative role of MQW within the family of spatial light modulators is discussed.
Spacing and lag effects in free recall of pure lists.

Repeating list items leads to better recall when the repetitions are separated by several unique items than when they are presented successively; thespacing effect refers to improved recall for spaced versus successive repetition (lag > 0 vs. lag = 0); thelag effect refers to improved recall for long lags versus short lags. Previous demonstrations of the lag effect have utilized lists containing a mixture of items with varying degrees of spacing. Because differential rehearsal of items in mixed lists may exaggerate any effects of spacing, it is important to demonstrate these effects in pure lists. As in Toppino and Schneider (1999), we found an overall advantage for recall of spaced lists. We further report the first demonstration of a lag effect in pure lists, with significantly better recall for lists with widely spaced repetitions than for those with moderately spaced repetitions.
Variations in the Sexual Repertoires of Bisexually-Identified Women from the United States and the United Kingdom

Research on the sexual lives of bisexually-identified women tends to focus on their heightened risk for sexually transmitted infection acquisition. The development of effective, tailored interventions would benefit from detailed behavior estimates from a large sample of bisexual women. Thus, this study collected sexual behavior data from 710 bisexually-identified women. When possible, items were adapted from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior. Approximately equal proportions of participants reported no recent (past 30 days) sexual partners, male sexual partners only, female sexual partners only and male and female sexual partners. The majority of participants reported a diverse sexual repertoire.
Combined pure esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, biliary atresia, and pancreatic ductal atresia: Prenatal diagnostic features and review of the literature

The authors recently managed a case of combined pure esophageal, duodenal, biliary, and pancreatic ductal atresia in a fetus and newborn with Trisomy 21. The authors present a case report and review of the literature, emphasizing the prenatal radiographic features of the combined lesions and the high incidence of associated anomalies including Down's syndrome. Prenatal suspicion of these anomalies warrants karyotype analysis as well as careful pre- and postnatal screening for other anomalies.
Structure of Iridescent Lepidopteran Scales: Variations on Several Themes

Although there are many types of iridescent colors among the scales of butterflies and moths, the structures responsible for the iridescence are for the most part achieved by relatively small or minor elaboration of certain architectural elements present in all ordinary or unspecialized scales. These elements include notably the ridges and their associated lamellae and microribs , and the trabeculae , the pillars normally acting as spacers between the two surfaces of the scales. The apparent ease with which these structures can be shaped into complex and elaborate color generators, and the convergence of these specialized structures in unrelated organisms, suggest that the developmental processes shaping the specialized scales are basically simple and may represent small variations on standard patterns of scale development.
Belowground productivity of roots and rhizomes in a giant cordgrass marsh

Belowground production of roots and rhizomes in the top 20 cm of soil was 2.2 kg m−2 yr−1 based on a maximum minus minimum estimation procedure in a giant cordgrass (Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth) marsh in Mississippi. Approximately 1.9 kg m−2 (86%) of this production occurred in late spring-summer and 0.3 kg m−2 in late fall. This estimate ignores any production below 20 cm depth and is thus an underestimate. Production values increased to 4.0 kg m−2 yr−1 using Smalley’s technique and accounting for decomposition. Aboveground tissues (leaves and stems) were depleted in nitrogen in July which corresponded to peaks in both above- and belowground biomass. The low root/shoot ratio (2.6) on this marsh does not suggest that growth is nutrient limited. Indeed, total productivity (above- and belowground) for this marsh was high (between 4.4 and 6.2 kg m−2 yr−1).
The 24-hour report as an effective monitoring and communication tool in infection prevention and control in nursing homes.

Twenty–four-hour reports are filled out by nurses daily to monitor nursing home residents and document any changes in resident status. Semistructured interviews conducted with ICPs from 12 southeast Michigan nursing homes showed that although 24-hour reports were used, they were not standardized for infection prevention activities. Our results indicate 24-hour reports can be an effective communication tool and potentially aid in early recognition of infections and outbreaks.
PALEOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF QIN RELIGIOUS PRACTICE FROM LIYE AND ZHOUJIATAI

In this paper I discuss paleographic texts recording local-level religious practices during the Qin dynasty that archaeologists recovered from Liye and Zhoujiatai. The Liye materials are bureaucratic records of state-sponsored sacrifices that took place in 215 and 212 b.c.e., indicating the types of sacrifices and reflecting the processes by which the bureaucracy managed the items offered. The Zhoujiatai text appears to give instructions for individual sacrifices and provides information about the locations and types of offerings, as well as the verbal formulae employed. The article begins with consideration of Qin practices in transmitted texts and of the agricultural spirit Xiannong, which appears in both the Liye and Zhoujiatai texts. Since in the past there was virtually no information extant about local-level religious activity under the Qin, the details in these paleographic texts represent an advance in understanding the history of the period.
Salsiology: Afro-Cuban Music and the Evolution of Salsa in New York City

Preface Prologue From Whence Comes the Music The Roots by John Storm Roberts What Makes Rhumba? by William Gottlieb The Form and Formation of the Rumba in Cuba by Larry Crook Ponce, the Danza, and the National Question: Notes Toward a Sociology of Puerto Rican Music by A.G. Quintero-Rivera Bumbum and the Beginnings of La Plena by Juan Flores Popular Music in Puerto Rico: Toward An Anthropology of Salsa by Jorge Duany Sketches of Pioneers and Players Founding Fathers and Changes in Cuban Music called Salsa by Vernon W. Boggs Latin Ladies and Afro-Hispanic Music: On the Periphery but not Forgotten by Vernon W. Boggs Popularization of Afro-Cuban Music in New York The Palladium Ballroom and Other Venues: Showcases for Latin Music in N.Y.C. by Vernon W. Boggs Dick "Ricardo" Sugar: Salsero de Salseros by Vernon W. Boggs Ernie Ensley, Palladium Mambero by Vernon W. Boggs Symphony Sid. D.J.: According to Jack Hooke by Vernon W. Boggs Salsa Meets Jazz at the Village Gate by Vernon W. Boggs Visions and Views of a Salsa Promster, Izzy "Mr. Salsa" Sanabria: Popularizing Music by Vernon W. Boggs Al Santiago: Alegre Superstar by Vernon W. Boggs The Cheetah: A Pictorial Essay by Vernon W. Boggs The Transculturational Process Afro-American Latinized Rhythms by Max Salazar Salsa's to New York Like an Apple's to Sauce! by Vernon W. Boggs Johnny "Mr. Boogaloo Blues" Colon by Vernon W. Boggs A "bottom man" speaks out: Andy Gonzalez, Bassist by Larry Birnbaum Back-to-Africa The "reverse" transculturation of Salsa/Cuban Popular Music by Al Angeloro Salsiological Issues Today Secrets of Salsa Rhythm: Piano with Hot Sauce by Robert L. Doerschuk Papo Pepin: Mr. Tumbao by Vernon W. Boggs The Profile of a Bronx Salsero: Salsa's Still Alive! by Vernon W. Boggs and Rolf Meyersohn Salsa Music: The Latent Function of Slavery and Racialism by Vernon W. Boggs Epilogue: The Author as Salsero The Odyssey of Desperately Seeking Clave: Researching Afro-Hispanic Music by Vernon W. Boggs Appendix Musical Score: Gonna Salsalido by David Zinn Selected Bibliography
Optimizing component reliability in datacenters using predictive models

Prior studies have demonstrated component silicon reliability sensitivity to datacenter cooling strategies that include containment and non-containment cooling with return side setpointing. In this work, the evaluations were compared to supply side setpointing to understand the optimal approach to datacenter cooling. This was accomplished through the development of predictive models of Tinlet as a function of Tsetpoint. These models were subsequently used for tradeoff analyses to quantitatively evaluate possible ways to leveraging of the improved reliability. Specifically, to reduce data center costs and/or improve performance. Performance tradeoff estimates were based on experimental lab data.
Famous Lines in History: Langer Lines

The orientation of surgical incisions over the skin iswidely considered to affect scarring and the final cosmetic outcome for patients. Whenmost surgeons visualize lines on the skin surface to guide such incisions, it is Langer lines (alsoknownasskincleavageor tension lines) thatmost readilycometomind.KarlLanger(1819-1887),themanbehindthefamouslines, was born in Vienna, Austria, where he spentmost of his life and later becameprofessor of anatomy at Joseph’s Academy. In 1861, Langer began publishing a series of 5 articles detailing his seminalwork on the physical andmechanicalpropertiesof theskin. In thefirstof thesearticles,Langer creditedDupuytrenandMalgaigne for their earlierobservations. In 1834, Dupuytren reported seeing a youngmanwhohad attempted to commit suicidebystabbinghimselfover theheart3 times.Thepatient claimedto haveusedaroundawlasthe instrument,buthedidnotfashionroundstab wounds onhis chest. This ledDupuytren to study thematter in cadavers anddiscover thata round instrument indeedproduced linearcleftswhen thrust throughtheskin.Healsonoticedthat thesecleftshaddifferentorientations in different parts of thebody.Malgaigne confirmed these findingsandobserved fromhisexperienceasa surgeon that the retractionof wounds differedwith the direction of incisions. Langer went on to use sharp conical spikes to produce wounds all over the body of a large series of cadavers—of different ages and body constitutions—toanalyze the relationshipof each small cleft to thenext. He further attempted to shed light on wound retraction and the tension in human skin bymaking small circular incisions all over the bodies of cadavers and documenting in the directions in which the resulting woundsnarrowedandbroadened, if at all. Bywayof these incredibly meticulous efforts, Langer was able to draw his famous lines. Unfortunately, Langer’sworkwas largely unappreciated and ignored during his lifetime. In fact, because his original publications were written in the classical scientific German of his era, with hints of his local Austrian dialect, it was not until 1978 that a translation of his work wasmade available to the English-speaking world. Today, elective surgical incisions may not follow Langer lines in all body areas, andother guides, such as relaxed skin tension lines running perpendicular to the direction of muscle contraction, may serve patients better. However, the concept of skin tension lines has helped improve the practice of surgery and forensicmedicine, and Langer’swork hasbeen instrumental inourunderstandingof themanyfascinatingproperties of the skin.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of DPPC Bilayer in DMSO

We performed molecular dynamics simulations on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) system that has the same lipid:solvent weight ratio as in our previous simulation done on DPPC/water. We did not observe a large change in the size of DPPC membrane when the solvent was changed from water to DMSO. Also, we did not observe that a large number of DMSO molecules is permeating into the membrane, as it was suggested to explain the observed change in the bilayer repeat period. We found that the surface potential reverses its sign when water is replaced by DMSO. Based on the results from our simulations, we propose that the repulsion force acting between membranes is reduced when DMSO is added to solvent water and therefore membrane surfaces approach closer to each other and the extra solvent is removed into excess solution.
Differential Doppler measurements of the ionosphere during a solar eclipse

Abstract The effects of the solar eclipse of 26 February 1979 on the ionosphere were measured using differential Doppler techniques. Nayy navigation satellite passes were monitored at 12 sites located across the North American continent. These data yield a measurement of the vertical columnar electron content along a north-south line. Different sites monitoring the same pass provide simultaneous observations of ionospheric variations along different longitude lines. Two satellite passes occurred during or just after the eclipse. These data show a shoulderjust northward of the umbra region and a trough just behind the umbra containing large horizontal gradients. This sharp trough recovered quickly with a half-life of about 10 min.
Regulatory consequences of gene translocation in bacteria

Gene translocations play an important role in the plasticity and evolution of bacterial genomes. In this study, we investigated the impact on gene regulation of three genome organizational features that can be altered by translocations: (i) chromosome position; (ii) gene orientation; and (iii) the distance between a target gene and its transcription factor gene (‘target-TF distance’). Specifically, we quantified the effect of these features on constitutive expression, transcription factor binding and/or gene expression noise using a synthetic network in Escherichia coli composed of a transcription factor (LacI repressor) and its target gene (yfp). Here we show that gene regulation is generally robust to changes in chromosome position, gene orientation and target-TF distance. The only demonstrable effect was that chromosome position alters constitutive expression, due to changes in gene copy number and local sequence effects, and that this determines maximum and minimum expression levels. The results were incorporated into a mathematical model which was used to quantitatively predict the responses of a simple gene network to gene translocations; the predictions were confirmed experimentally. In summary, gene translocation can modulate constitutive gene expression levels due to changes in chromosome position but it has minimal impact on other facets of gene regulation.
Mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with physical alterations in their chloroplast DNA.

Abstract We have isolated nonphotosynthetic (acetate-requiring) mutants with physical alterations in chloroplast DNA following growth of haploid cells in the chloroplast specific mutagen 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) or treatment of FdUrd-grown diploid cells with X rays. About one-third of the nonphotosynthetic mutations resulting from FdUrd treatment alone show simple deletions. All eight of the mutants examined so far which were obtained with FdUrd plus X rays have deletions that are accompanied by rearrangements, including inversions or duplications. All the alterations extend into one of the two inverted repeat regions of the chloroplast genome which contain the ribosomal RNA cistrons. However, Southern hybridization experiments reveal that the rRNA cistrons are not deleted but instead are contained in new fragments. The relocated rRNA cistrons appear to be functional, since the mutants have normal levels of chloroplast ribosomes. In most cases the deletions and rearrangements are symmetrical and affect both inverted repeats in a similar fashion. An exception is the mutant ac-u-c-2–43, which lacks one inverted repeat region almost completely, including an entire set of rRNA genes. Three additional mutants, which fail to recombine with ac-u-c-2–43 to give photosynthetically competent cells, have smaller deletions in the same region of the genome. These physical mapping studies have allowed us to place the ac-u-c locus itself in a region of unique sequence DNA in a fragment, Ba10, which also includes the right-hand end of one inverted repeat.
Legal strategies in resolving domain name disputes

Describes how the Internet revolution has created a wide range of legal issues, with one of the more contentious being domain name disputes. Stresses that it is important for trademark owners to know and understand what remedies are available in order to select the strategy that best serves the owner’s interests in resolving a domain name dispute with the registrant. Discusses and compares the remedies available and strategies in selecting the approach that most suits the objectives of the mark owner.
Theoretical Studies Suggest a New Antifolate as a More Potent Inhibitor of Thymidylate Synthase

A set of free energy calculations were performed for selected antifolate compounds as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS). These calculations reproduced the nonadditive behavior of different su...
Dialog in treatment of dental pain

Abstract Dialog (allobarbital and acetaminophen, CIBA) was evaluated in a series of forty-nine postoperative patients for its analgesic effectiveness in the treatment of dental pain associated with one or more extractions. Dialog was evaluated for its onset of action and effectiveness of pain relief and the quality of sleep experienced by the patients in the first 48 hours following dental surgery. Barbiturates have long been used in potentiation of analgesia because of their sedative action and effects in calming nervous tension. Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic related to acetanilid and phenacetin. When used in recommended dosage, acetaminophen has not been reported to be involved in nephrotoxicity, 1 which has occurred with prolonged or excessive use of other analgesies, including those containing phenacetin. 2 Likewise, there have been no clinical reports of methemoglobin formation as a side effect in the proper use of acetaminophen. 1 The study showed Dialog to be effective in all the areas evaluated, without significant side effects.
A measurement of the form factor ƒ+(q2) from K0e3 decays☆

Abstract A sample of 17 000 K0L → πev decays were measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center using a wire chamber magnetic spectrometer. K0e3 decays were separated from other K0L decay modes by using kinematic tests, muon identification by penetration of a Pb wall and electron identification by a shower counter array. We find the data in fixed q2 bands are in reasonable agreement with the V-A theory and we present the unparametrized form factor ƒ + (q 2 ) . Using the usual linear parametrization ƒ + (q 2 ) ∼ 1 + λ + q 2 /m π 2 , we obtained λ+ = 0.05 ± 0.01.
Stochastic Modeling for Studies of Real-World PHEV Usage: Driving Schedule and Daily Temporal Distributions

Daily driving missions provide the fundamental information required to predict the impact of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) on the grid. In this paper, we propose a statistical modeling approach of daily driving mission sets. The approach consists of temporal distribution modeling and the synthesis of individual representative cycles. The proposed temporal distribution model can capture departure and arrival time distributions with a small number of samples by statistically relating the distributions. Then, representative naturalistic cycles are constructed through a stochastic process and a subsequent statistical analysis with respect to driving distance. They are randomly assigned to the temporal distribution model to build up complete daily driving missions. The proposed approach enables the assessment of the impact on the grid of a large-scale deployment of PHEVs using a small number of simulations capturing real-world driving patterns and the temporal distributions of departure and arrival times.
Difficult queuing simulation problems: rare-event simulation for infinite server queues

We discuss rare-event simulation methodology for computing tail probabilities for infinite-server queues. Our theoretical discussion also offers some new simulation insights into the change-of-measure associated with the Gartner-Ellis theorem of large deviations.
A posteriori quasi-sectioning of the three-dimensional reconstructions of scanning holographic microscopy

A method to obtain the axial locations of objects reconstructed by scanning holographic microscopy with submicrometer accuracy is presented and demonstrated. The method combines the holographic advantage of capturing three-dimensional (3D) information in a single two-dimensional scan, with the possibility of optically sectioning the 3D holographic reconstruction a posteriori. The method is demonstrated experimentally for pointlike features (fluorescent beads), and the limitation of the method for features of arbitrary size and shape is discussed.
A high throughput screen identifies potent and selective inhibitors to human epithelial 15-lipoxygenase-2.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes catalyze the hydroperoxidation of arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids with varying positional specificity to yield important biological signaling molecules. Human epithelial 15­lipoxygenase­2 (15-LOX-2) is a highly specific LOX isozyme that is expressed in epithelial tissue and whose activity has been correlated with suppression of tumor growth in prostate and other epithelial derived cancers. Despite the potential utility of an inhibitor to probe the specific role of 15-LOX-2 in tumor progression, no such potent/specific 15­LOX­2 inhibitors have been reported to date. This study employs high throughput screening to identify two novel, specific 15­LOX­2 inhibitors. MLS000545091 is a mixed-type inhibitor of 15-LOX-2 with a Ki of 0.9+/−0.4 µM and has a 20-fold selectivity over 5-LOX, 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1, COX-1, and COX-2. MLS000536924 is a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 2.5+/−0.5 µM and also possesses 20-fold selectivity toward 15-LOX-2 over the other oxygenases, listed above. Finally, neither compound possesses reductive activity towards the active-site ferrous ion.
Metal Chelates of Alloxan

Abstract Alloxan has been found to undergo chelation with Co + + , Ni ++ , and Cu ++ ions in aqueous solution, giving products having a 1:1 ratio of metal to alloxan.The isolated chelates were found to elicit an increase in blood sugar in rabbits comparable to that from alloxan itself, but over a much longer period of time.Metal chelates of two derivatives of alloxan, riboflavin, and its dichloro analog, gave greater increases in blood sugar, which suggests that alloxan may exert its diabetogenic effect as a metal chelate.
Microfinance Success Amidst Macroeconomic Failure: The Experience of Bank Rakyat Indonesia During the East Asian Crisis

Abstract The Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) unit system is recognized as one of the largest and most successful microfinance institutions in the world. Indonesia has been more drastically affected by the East Asian monetary crisis than other countries in the area. It is therefore worthwhile looking at the BRI experience during the crisis—not only the experience in microenterprise credit, but also in small, medium and corporate credit and in savings mobilization. The comparative performance of different parts of BRI during the East Asian crisis suggests essential features in the future design of sustainable microfinance institutions, products, and delivery systems.
Excitatory Input Onto Hilar Somatostatin Interneurons Is Increased in a Chronic Model of Epilepsy

The density of somatostatin (SOM)-containing GABAergic interneurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus is significantly decreased in both human and experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. We used the pilocarpine model of status epilepticus and temporal lobe epilepsy in mice to study anatomical and electrophysiological properties of surviving somatostatin interneurons and determine whether compensatory functional changes occur that might offset loss of other inhibitory neurons. Using standard patch-clamp techniques and pipettes containing biocytin, whole cell recordings were obtained in hippocampal slices maintained in vitro. Hilar SOM cells containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were identified with fluorescent and infrared differential interference contrast video microscopy in epileptic and control GIN (EGFP-expressing Inhibitory Neurons) mice. Results showed that SOM cells from epileptic mice had 1) significant increases in somatic area and dendritic length; 2) changes in membrane properties, including a small but significant decrease in resting membrane potential, and increases in time constant and whole cell capacitance; 3) increased frequency of slowly rising spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) due primarily to increased mEPSC frequency, without changes in the probability of release; 4) increased evoked EPSC amplitude; and 5) increased spontaneous action potential generation in cell-attached recordings. Results suggest an increase in excitatory innervation, perhaps on distal dendrites, considering the slower rising EPSCs and increased output of hilar SOM cells in this model of epilepsy. In sum, these changes would be expected to increase the inhibitory output of surviving SOM interneurons and in part compensate for interneuronal loss in the epileptogenic hippocampus.
A microporous framework from a magnetic molecular square: [Co(HAT)Cl2]4 (HAT = 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene)

The neutral, paramagnetic molecular square [Co(HAT)Cl2] 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) form stacks with large open, water-filled channels that constitute approximately 37% of the void space in the crystal.
Purification of antimicrobial factor from granules of channel catfish peripheral blood leucocytes.

Abstract The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is extensively used in aquaculture in the Southeast US and is susceptible to many bacterial infections acquired from its pond environment. Research is needed to better understand the defensive response and innate immunity of channel catfish against fish pathogens like Edwardsiella ictaluri and Aeromonas hydrophila. The main objectives were purification and characterization of an innate antimicrobial factor isolated from catfish leucocytes that has both bactericidal and antiviral activities. Oxygen-independent mechanisms of innate immunity for killing microorganisms have not been identified in leucocytes of channel catfish. Leucocytes were separated from catfish blood, and granule extracts were obtained by homogenization, centrifugation, and extraction with 10% acetic acid. The granule extracts were further purified by gel filtration chromatography. Bactericidal assays against the two fish pathogens and SDS–PAGE analysis were done on the isolated antimicrobial factor. Determination of antiviral activity of the factor was done by in vitro tissue culture using herpes simplex virus-type 1. Mass spectrometry analyses were done for molecular weight (655 Da), purity, and structural characterization of the innate non-peptide antimicrobial factor.
Improving Electronic Reliability

Each piece of military electronic equipment passes through various phases in its normal life cycle. These are: planning, design and development, pilot production, manufacture, transportation, storage, operation, and maintenance. Each of these stages is replete with opportunities for the introduction of unreliabilities. This paper points out the pitfalls which may be encountered and makes specific recommendations to avoid them, so that total potential reliability may be realized in the final equipment.
FEATURE-BASED FACIAL EXPRESSION RECOGNITION: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTS WITH A MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON

In this paper, we report our experiments on feature-based facial expression recognition within an architecture based on a two-layer perceptron. We investigate the use of two types of features extracted from face images: the geometric positions of a set of fiducial points on a face, and a set of multiscale and multiorientation Gabor wavelet coefficients at these points. They can be used either independently or jointly. The recognition performance with different types of features has been compared, which shows that Gabor wavelet coefficients are much more powerful than geometric positions. Furthermore, since the first layer of the perceptron actually performs a nonlinear reduction of the dimensionality of the feature space, we have also studied the desired number of hidden units, i.e. the appropriate dimension to represent a facial expression in order to achieve a good recognition rate. It turns out that five to seven hidden units are probably enough to represent the space of facial expressions. Then, we have investigated the importance of each individual fiducial point to facial expression recognition. Sensitivity analysis reveals that points on cheeks and on forehead carry little useful information. After discarding them, not only the computational efficiency increases, but also the generalization performance slightly improves. Finally, we have studied the significance of image scales. Experiments show that facial expression recognition is mainly a low frequency process, and a spatial resolution of 64 pixels × 64 pixels is probably enough.
The spacetime scale as a quantum coördinate system

Abstract In the Introduction the several branches of Physics are classified according to the sensory experience whereby the coincidence is recorded, thereby orienting the term “visual coincidence.” The role of the clock mechanism in dynamical formulation is briefly discussed. In Part I, an array of Michelson rotating mirror clocks, giving a postulated light-velocity effect, is used as a background for an empirical criterion for the synchronization of clocks. In Part II, the empirical criterion for synchronization in question is formulated in such a way as to disclose the existence of an absolute kinematic quantum, capable of macroscopic test, contingent on the light-velocity effect postulated in Part I. In Part III, the galilean spacetime scale is introduced as a kinematic “crystal” lattice whose gauge is the absolute kinematic quantum discussed in Part II. The question is raised whether in problems involving the ordering of sharp steady light images concentrated in lines or points, the images themselves may not form a three coordinate galilean or non-galilean spacetime lattice of synchronized clock-points, and are not more immediately described this way than by reference to the amorphous galilean or non-galilean four-coordinate reference systems. It is suggested that the quantum problem insofar as it treats of spectroscopic and crystallographic electromagnetic image patterns may be treated through an establishment of transformation equations between observed coincidences of a spacetime scale, as such, and the same observed coincidences referred to a uniform length scale.
Singularities in p-Type Finite Element Computations: Numerical Experiments on the Locality of Pollution Effects

Using a recently developed code for three-dimensional p -type finite element computations in elasticity, we have studied, with a series of numerical experiments, the behavior of the solution in the presence of singularities. Worst-cast theoretical estimates predict a global pollution of the solution, unless optimally graded meshes are used. On the other hand, we observe that except in an immediate neighborhood of a singularity, and even using uniform meshes, the quality of the solution is not degraded to any practically relevant extent. This has important practical consequences because it allows modelers to introduce artifical singularities for the purpose of simplifying models. The size of the area around a singularity where the solution is appreciably degraded can be estimated in terms of the minimum effective wavelength of the basis functions used; the latter, in turn, can be related to the element size and the polynomial order used.