cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral cytopathology of cervical samples: detecting cellular abnormalities in cytologically normal cells

Spectral cytopathology (SCP) is a novel spectroscopic method for objective and unsupervised classification of individual exfoliated cells. The limitations of conventional cytopathology are well recognized within the pathology community. In SCP, cellular differentiation is made by observing molecular changes in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which may or may not produce morphological changes detectable by conventional cytopathology. This proof of concept study shows SCP's potential as an enhancing tool for cytopathologists by aiding in the accurate and reproducible diagnosis of cells in all states of disease. Infrared spectra are collected from cervical cells deposited onto reflectively coated glass slides. Each cell has a corresponding infrared spectrum that describes its unique biochemical composition. Spectral data are processed and analyzed by an unsupervised chemometric algorithm, principal component analysis. In this blind study, cervical samples are classified by analyzing the spectra of morphologically normal looking squamous cells from normal samples and samples diagnosed by conventional cytopathology with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. SCP discriminated cytopathological diagnoses amongst 12 different cervical samples with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. SCP also correlated two samples with abnormal spectral changes: these samples had a normal cytopathological diagnosis but had a history of abnormal cervical cytology. The spectral changes observed in the morphologically normal looking cells are most likely because of an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV DNA testing was conducted on five additional samples, and SCP accurately differentiated these samples by their HPV status. SCP tracks biochemical variations in cells that are consistent with the onset of disease. HPV has been implicated as the cause of these changes detected spectroscopically. SCP does not depend on identifying the sparse number of morphologically abnormal cells within a large sample to make an accurate classification, as does conventional cytopathology. These findings suggest that the detection of cellular biochemical variations by SCP can serve as a new enhancing screening method that can identify earlier stages of disease.
Potassium Channels: Newly Found Players in Synaptic Plasticity

One of the major issues for modern neuroscience research concerns the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the acquisition, storage, and recollection of memories by the brain. Regulation of the strength of individual synaptic inputs (synaptic plasticity) has, for decades, been the front-running candidate mechanism for cellular information storage, with some direct supporting evidence recently obtained. Research into the molecular mechanisms responsible for changing synaptic strength has, to date, primarily focused on trafficking and properties of the neurotransmitter receptors themselves (AMPARs and NMDARs). However, recent evidence indicates that, subsequent to receptor activation, synaptic inputs are subject to regulation by synaptically located K+ channels. It is therefore critical to understand the biophysical properties and subcellular localization (density and distribution) of these channels and how their properties are modulated. Here we will review recent findings showing that two different classes of K+ channels (A-type and small conductance, Ca2+ -activated K+ channels), beyond their traditional role in regulating action potential firing, contribute to the regulation of synaptic strength in the hippocampus. In addition, we discuss how modulation of these channels' properties and expression might contribute to synaptic plasticity.
DNA insertions which affect the expression of the yeast iso-2-cytochrome c gene.

The plasmid YCpCYC7(2) was constructed containing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYC7 gene, encoding the iso-2-cytochrome c protein, replicative sequences and selective markers from both E. coli and yeast, and the centromere of yeast chromosome III. The expression of the plasmid-CYC7 gene in yeast was similar to the low level expression characteristic of the chromosomal CYC7 gene. A number of insertions into the sequences 5′ to the gene were constructed in vitro. The insertion at 142 by 5′ to the coding sequence of a 400 by fragment which lies 5′ to the CYC1 gene and is known to be essential for the high rates of CYC1 transcription increased transcription of the CYC7 gene to levels characteristic of CYC1 transcription. On the other hand, the insertion of random DNA fragments at the same position gave mostly decreased CYC7 transcription. In addition to these in vitro constructions, a mutant plasmid was selected which had increased CYC7 transcription. This mutation was caused by the insertion of the bacterial IS1 element 313 by 5′ to the CYC7 coding sequence. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of two alternative models for CYC7 gene expression.
Sustained-release morphine sulfate in the management of pain associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Abstract Sustained-release morphine (SRM) was studied in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related chronic pain. Outpatients and inpatients with AIDS-related pain were studied for 3–18 days in an open-label prospective survey. Patients were stratified according to prior opioid analgesic use for the purposes of initiating and titrating SRM, which was administered at a 12-hr interval. Immediate-release morphine (IRM) was offered every 2 hr as needed for supplemental analgesia at one-quarter to one-third of the 12-hourly SRM dose. Pare intensity (PI), quality of life (QL), acceptability of therapy (AT), side effects, safety, and morphine usage were evaluated. Of 44 patients enrolled, 40 (91%) were evaluable for intent-to-treat analysis, and 24 (55%) completed the study. PI decreased by 50% (from severe to mild-moderate) in the intent-to-treat patients and by 65% (from severe to mild) in the completed patients. QL was fair to good in 80% and poor in 20% of both groups. AT was good to excellent in 73% of the intent-to-treat and in 96% of the completed patients. Of 61 adverse events reported, 61% required intervention, and 92% were resolved. Total morphine dose remained stable while IRM dosage and frequency of use significantly decreased with escalation of the SRM dose. A significant reduction in PI was achievable with SRM in a variety of painful conditions experienced by AIDS patients, with limited or manageable side effects in most. This study supports the usefulness of opioid analgesia for severe pain in AIDS.
Training Head Start Teachers in Behavior Management Using Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A Preliminary Investigation

The current project evaluated the use of behavior management techniques utilized in Parent- Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in head start classrooms. The sample included seven Head Start classrooms; four classrooms receiving treatment and three classrooms receiving no treatment. Evaluation of the progress included observation of teacher and student behavior and teacher report of class manageability and number of time-outs. Results indicated that child behavior improved throughout the study for both groups. Both groups of teachers also gave fewer timeouts, criticized the children less often, and rated their classes as more manageable from pre- to post-treatment. Teachers receiving training gave more labeled praise following treatment. These findings provide initial support for improving teacher behavior modification skills through the use of PCIT skills modified for Head Start classrooms.
School segregation and academic achievement among Hispanic children.

Abstract Although prior research suggests that Latino children of immigrants are segregated in low-income, high-minority schools, no prior work has examined the effects of race and class composition on Latino student’s academic achievement or the extent to which compositional effects vary by generational status. We analyze the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data using hierarchical linear models. Academic achievement is measured by grade point average (GPA) and add health picture vocabulary test (AHPVT) score. We find that socioeconomic composition of the school but not racial composition is an important predictor of AHPVT test scores of Latino adolescents. The findings vary by generational status in the case of GPA. School SES has a positive effect and school minority composition has a negative effect on grades only in the case of foreign-born Latinos. Although GPA and AHPVT scores vary significantly by generational status and ethnicity, these achievement differences are better explained by family background than by variations in school composition. A possible reason, one which is supported by the results, is that high levels of social capital in immigrant families help buffer children from the disadvantages associated with the schools they attend.
Role of adult living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis C

Key points 1. Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is an option for patients with end-stage liver disease or hepatoma caused by chronic hepatitis C. 2. Reports from some, but not all, transplant centers indicate that hepatitis C may recur earlier, recurrence may be more severe, and graft loss caused by recurrent hepatitis C may be more frequent in LDLT compared with cadaveric transplantation. 3. Several unique characteristics of LDLT (versus cadaveric transplantation) may favor severe recurrence of hepatitis C. These include an increase in genetic similarity between donor and recipient, higher degree of HLA matching, greater systemic bioavailability of immunosuppressive agent, and hepatic regeneration. 4. Hepatic regeneration may promote the acceleration and severity of recurrent hepatitis C by enhancement of hepatitis C viral uptake by hepatocytes through stimulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor and increase in activity of the internal ribosomal entry site.
Computing nearest neighbor pattern classification perceptrons

A procedure for computing three-layer neural networks that classify patterns using the nearest neighbor rule is presented. The procedure constructs a neural network with expected O(n) neurons while requiring expected O(n) computation time for n uniformly distributed training patterns.
Energy metrics for product assembly equipment and processes

Abstract A key factor deciding the capacity to increase the sustainability of final products is the energy efficiency. The energy embodied in a product is an aggregation of all of the energy embodied in the products' components and subsystems, expended through its manufacturing processes and logistical activities. Currently, accurate estimation of this energy metric is hindered due to the unavailability of energy use data traceable to individual processes and equipment associated with the product's assembly. In this paper, we propose using minimally-required energy to compute energy efficiency of a product assembly process. Based on the proposed approach, efficiency metrics established on the process, product, material and equipment characteristics have been presented at the assembly activity and equipment level. A case study has been presented for a hybrid laser welding process to demonstrate the computational methods used to arrive at these efficiency metrics. Major contributions of this paper are the metrics development and exemplifying the metrics through an actual assembly process (hybrid laser welding) case study. We will explain how these metrics can provide industries with a capability to identify opportunities to improve their sustainability performance across their assembly processes.
Novel peptide neuronal system in rat brain and pituitary

Immunohistofluorescence studies of the rat central nervous system with antibodies to Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (molluskan cardioexcitatory peptide) revealed a widespread neuronal system in the brain, spinal cord, and posterior pituitary. Immunoreactive axons and cell bodies were mainly located in cortical, limbic, and hypothalamic areas. Immunostaining of serial sections of the brain and pituitary showed that the Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 immunoreactive neurons were different from neurons labeled by antibodies to either Met-enkephalin or the putative Met-enkephalin precursor Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe, which is structurally related to Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2. Control staining by antiserum absorption and radioimmunoassay indicated that the antibodies that caused the specific immunofluorescence recognized peptides with an amidated Arg-Phe sequence at the carboxyl terminus.
Sound production of spawning lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) in the Lake Winnebago watershed, Wisconsin, USA

Summary The primary goal of this study was to obtain accurate data of previously undocumented lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) spawning sounds, generated during wild sturgeon reproduction. Biologists have long known that lake sturgeon produce low-frequency sounds during spawning bouts; energy from these sounds can break the surface of the water occasionally and propagate harmonics in the terrestrial atmosphere, creating a faint drumming popularly known as ‘sturgeon thunder’. Understanding the contribution of this sonic behavior in context is essential for gaining a more comprehensive scientific appreciation of the process of sturgeon spawning, and accurate acoustic data should prove useful for fisheries managers seeking to monitor or enhance sturgeon stocks for reproductive activity. Recordings were made at several locations on the Wolf and Embarrass rivers during the 2011–2013 spawning seasons. Drumming sounds ranging from 5 to 8 Hz fundamental frequency were evident. Other characteristic noises associated with spawning lake sturgeon, including low-frequency rumbles and hydrodynamic sounds, were identified. Other high frequency sounds were also discovered. All of these sounds coalesce into a distinctive acoustic signature of lake sturgeon spawning activity. Knowledge of this sonic signature can be used to accurately document reproductive activity at multiple locations over extended periods using remote recording tools and techniques.
Long wavelength forms of chlorophyll.

SPECIES of chlorophyll a absorbing in the red at 673–5, 682–5 and in the range 697–715 nm occur in photosynthetic organisms1. Colloidal dispersions, monolayers spread on water, and various crystalline preparations of chlorophyll are also known to absorb light at wavelengths longer than does monomeric chlorophyll2. The red-shift of chlorophyll in the plant has been explained in terms of an exciton theory3 and is generally considered the result of aggregation or crystallization of the chlorophyll. A large red-shift is taken almost automatically to indicate a high degree of crystallinity4. We have now prepared chlorophyll a solutions and films which absorb in the red at 672–5, 682–5, 710–20 and 740 nm, and have been able to deduce structures for these long wavelength forms of chlorophyll from the infrared spectra.
ORAL THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC HYPERGLYCEMIA

Many classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents are available for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. These classes improve glucose metabolism by different mechanisms, and their effects are additive. Therapy with lifestyle modification and a single oral antihyperglycemic agent infrequently achieves target glycemic goals, and, if it does, the effect is usually not sustained. A more rational approach would seem to be therapy with combinations of drugs with different mechanisms of action. Initial therapy might be with submaximal concentrations of two drugs. As the diabetic abnormalities progress, maximal concentrations of the drugs and addition of other classes of oral agents or insulin may be needed to maintain the target glycemic goal. In choosing combinations of oral antihyperglycemic agents, their effects on the components treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. These classes improve glucose considered, as must the specific effects of the agents on glucose metabolism.
The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist nafadotride inhibits development of locomotor sensitization to amphetamine

Behavioral sensitization is a well-studied model of behavioral plasticity mediated at least in part by dopaminergic systems believed to play an important role in several psychiatric conditions. In the rodent, locomotion is regulated by the opposing balance of D3 and D2 receptors, with D2 activation increasing and D3 stimulation inhibiting locomotion. However, receptor occupancy of D3 dopamine receptors is far greater than D2 or D1 occupancy at typical post-stimulant dopamine concentrations. We therefore hypothesized that tolerance of D3 receptor inhibition of locomotion contributes to the development of sensitization. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of the D3 receptor antagonist nafadotride on sensitization. As predicted, nafadotride inhibits augmentation of the locomotion response to repetitive amphetamine. This finding is consistent with the proposed model of adaptive down-regulation of D3 dopamine receptor function contributing to the development of behavioral sensitization.
Characterization theorems for stochastic programs

Stochastic programs deals with optimization problems whose parameters are only known up to a given probability distribution. This naturally implies that the decision is to be selected before the actual value of these random variables is known. When the predicted outcome does not match the realizations the decision maker is allowed to select a corrective action, we say that he is given a recourse decision. An algorithm to solve the “linear” case is described in papers by Dantzig and Madansky, Kall and Van Slyke and Wets. See [3] for appropriate references. The purpose of this paper is to provide the algorithm builder with tests which would verify if the problem is well formulated, i.e. feasible, bounded, solvable, ⋯. The theorems which we obtain indicate that such test can be performed at the very beginning of the algorithm and at negligible cost as far as running time is concerned.
Ethanol decreases host resistance to pulmonary metastases in a mouse model: role of natural killer cells and the ethanol-induced stress response.

The present study was done to delineate cause-effect relationships between the ethanol (EtOH)-induced stress response, natural-killer (NK)-cell activity, and resistance to experimental metastases of B16F10 melanoma cells in mice. Increased numbers of metastatic nodules were noted in the lungs of mice treated with dosages of EtOH that produce peak blood levels of 0.25-0.4%. EtOH caused only a minor depletion of NK cells or NK-cell activity from the spleen or lungs of normal or B16F10-challenged mice. However, in earlier studies we have shown consistent, significant decreases in NK-cell activity (approx. 50%) in spleen preparations from EtOH-treated mice. Depletion of NK cells by a monoclonal antibody increased the number of B16F10 nodules in the lungs, confirming an important role for NK cells for resistance to B16F10 metastases. Treatment of NK-cell-depleted mice with EtOH caused no further decrease in resistance to B16F10 cells, indicating that suppression of NK-cell activity is the major mechanism by which EtOH suppresses resistance to B16F10 metastases. Adrenalectomy or a glucocorticoid antagonist partially prevented EtOH-induced increases in the number of metastatic nodules in the lungs. Administration of exogenous corticosterone increased the number of B16F10 nodules to an extent similar to that caused by EtOH. These results indicate a role for the EtOH-induced stress response in decreasing resistance to B16F10 metastases. EtOH-induced decreases in resistance to cancer have also been reported in rats. The findings of the present study support the possibility that this is a generalized phenomenon, which could occur in humans.
Visual interference with a transparent head mounted display

Potential perceptual problems that may occur with monocular wearable displays are binocular rivalry and visual interference. We report the results from an experiment with a monocular wearable showing that text becomes increasingly difficult to read as the background becomes more complex. Indeed subjects adopted strategies to avoid the visually complex backgrounds and thereby minimize the interference.
Fracture of an elastic strip containing a pair of collinear cracks perpendicular to the edges of the strip: Theory and experiment

Abstract A theoretical and experimental study is made on the fracture of an infinitely long strip containing a pair of collinear cracks perpendicular to the edges of the strip. In the theoretical investigation, the surfaces of the cracks are loaded by an arbitrary opening pressure, while the edges of the strip are free from tractions. By the use of the Fourier transforms and the finite Hilbert transform, the problem is reduced to the solution of the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. In the case of uniform opening pressure, the exact expressions for the stress intensity factors at the inner tip and the outer tip of the cracks and the shape of the deformed crack are derived. Numerical calculations are carried out to study the interaction between the cracks and the effect of the edge free boundary. A series of tensile tests of PMMA strips containing a pair of collinear cracks of equal length is carried out to study the correlation between the experimental data and the values predicted from the equations obtained in this investigation.
Differential Cholesterol Binding by Class II Fusion Proteins Determines Membrane Fusion Properties

The class II fusion proteins of the alphaviruses and flaviviruses mediate virus infection by driving the fusion of the virus membrane with that of the cell. These fusion proteins are triggered by low pH, and their structures are strikingly similar in both the prefusion dimer and the postfusion homotrimer conformations. Here we have compared cholesterol interactions during membrane fusion by these two groups of viruses. Using cholesterol-depleted insect cells, we showed that fusion and infection by the alphaviruses Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Sindbis virus were strongly promoted by cholesterol, with similar sterol dependence in laboratory and field isolates and in viruses passaged in tissue culture. The E1 fusion protein from SFV bound cholesterol, as detected by labeling with photocholesterol and by cholesterol extraction studies. In contrast, fusion and infection by numerous strains of the flavivirus dengue virus (DV) and by yellow fever virus 17D were cholesterol independent, and the DV fusion protein did not show significant cholesterol binding. SFV E1 is the first virus fusion protein demonstrated to directly bind cholesterol. Taken together, our results reveal important functional differences conferred by the cholesterol-binding properties of class II fusion proteins.
Validity of sex-balanced interest inventory scales

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of sex-balanced and sex-restrictive raw score interest scales in discriminating among vocational preference groups. Analyses were conducted separately for 502 males in six vocational preference groups and 878 females in five vocational preference groups. The degree and nature of the discrimination among groups were highly similar for the two types of scales for both males and females. Centour scores derived from sex-balanced and sex-restrictive raw scores resulted in essentially the same percentages of correct classifications of group membership. The results of this study suggest that the large sex differences traditionally found in interest inventory items may not be a necessary concomitant of validity. Hence, interest inventory reports that reflect these differences may unnecessarily restrict the career suggestions they provide to women and men.
Behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in the rat following chlordimeform administration.

This study was designed to assess the effects of a single acute injection of chlordimeform (CDM) on some behavioral and autonomic effectors of the thermoregulatory system of the Sprague-Dawley rat. In one experiment rats injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg CDM were placed in an environmental chamber set at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 degrees C for 60 min. Exposure to CDM resulted in hypothermia at Ta's of 5 to 25 degrees C and had no effect on body temperature at a Ta of 30 degrees C. In a second experiment, rats injected with 60 mg/kg CDM were placed in a temperature gradient which permitted the continuous recording of preferred Ta (i.e., behavioral thermoregulation), oxygen consumption (i.e., metabolic rate), and total activity. CDM-treated rats preferred Ta's of 20 degrees C after 60 min in the temperature gradient in spite of a hypothermic body temperature (35.3 degrees C). That is, the animals could have moved to the warm end of the gradient and thereby prevented a fall in body temperature. CDM also led to a significant reduction in oxygen consumption. In a third experiment, foot and tail skin temperature, and heart rate were recorded in anesthetized rats maintained under normothermia while treated with CDM. Tail and foot skin temperature rapidly increased following CDM administration which was indicative of peripheral vasodilation and increased heat loss. The changes in temperature were concomitant with an abrupt drop in heart rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
THE GALACTIC PLANE INFRARED POLARIZATION SURVEY (GPIPS): DATA RELEASE 1

The Galactic Plane Infrared Polarization Survey (GPIPS) covers 76 deg{sup 2} of the first Galactic quadrant midplane, 18 Degree-Sign {<=} l {<=} 56 Degree-Sign and -1 Degree-Sign {<=} b {<=} +1 Degree-Sign , in H-band (1.6 {mu}m) linear polarimetry to reveal the plane-of-the-sky orientation of the magnetic field in diffuse and denser atomic and molecular clouds. The Survey consists of 3237 overlapping 10 Multiplication-Sign 10 arcmin fields observed using the Mimir instrument on the 1.8 m Perkins telescope. Here, the first community release of GPIPS data for 559 fields (17% of the Survey) is announced and basic characteristics are described. Data products consist of H-band stellar photometry and polarimetry as well as combined images. The formats and contents of the products are described and quality cuts are explored to provide insight into opportunities and limitations of the data. The Survey probes to distances as far as the Galactic bulge, revealing magnetic field properties that correlate with spiral arms and also show significant small-scale structure. The polarizations are classified into three 'usage' samples, based on stellar brightness and polarimetric uncertainty. The brightest, lowest uncertainty polarizations are suitable for individual use and direct magnetic field mapping. The next two fainter samples aremore » useful, once averaged, for probing magnetic fields to greater distances, albeit with lower resolution. Based on this release, the full GPIPS data set will number about 5.6 million stars, with more than 1 million in the high-quality sample. This increases, by many orders of magnitude, the number of polarimetric probes of the Milky Way's magnetic field.« less
Evaluation and management of malfunctioning sacral neuromodulator.

Abstract Objectives To describe a strategy for revising the malfunctioning InterStim device and to provide an algorithm for evaluation and management. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 82 patients who had undergone InterStim placement. Ten patients (eight women and two men) experienced complications and subsequently underwent revision of their device between October 2001 and October 2003. Five patients had originally received a permanent implant after a successful percutaneous test stimulation trial, and five had undergone a test stimulation using the tined lead. Indications for revision included gradual onset of recurrent voiding dysfunction (n = 2), lead migration (n = 5), generator malfunction (n = 1), generator site pain and infection (n = 1), and genital/rectal pain with stimulation (sensory discomfort; n = 1). Results Of the 10 patients who underwent revision, 7 experienced complete resolution of their problem. Eight patients had lead site changes and two had generator replacements. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred in the revision cases. Conclusions In our experience, 70% of patients who undergo revision of the malfunctioning InterStim can expect success. In this study, no difference in success appeared to be related to the original cause of malfunction. In the management of malfunctioning sacral neuromodulators, we recommend an attempt at revision before permanent explantation.
Health Literacy, Numeracy, and Other Characteristics Associated With Hospitalized Patients' Preferences for Involvement in Decision Making

Little research has examined the association of health literacy and numeracy with patients' preferred involvement in the problem-solving and decision-making process in the hospital. Using a sample of 1,249 patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease from the Vanderbilt Inpatient Cohort Study (VICS), we assessed patients' preferred level of involvement using responses to two scenarios of differing symptom severity from the Problem-Solving Decision-Making Scale. Using multivariable modeling, we determined the relationship of health literacy, subjective numeracy, and other patient characteristics with preferences for involvement in decisions, and how this differed by scenario. The authors found that patients with higher levels of health literacy desired more participation in the problem-solving and decision-making process, as did patients with higher subjective numeracy skills, greater educational attainment, female gender, less perceived social support, or greater health care system distrust (p<.05 for each predictor in multivariable models). Patients also preferred to participate more in the decision-making process when the hypothetical symptom they were experiencing was less severe (i.e., they deferred more to their physician when the hypothetical symptom was more severe). These findings underscore the role that patient characteristics, especially health literacy and numeracy, play in decisional preferences among hospitalized patients.
10-Watt, pure continuous-wave, polycrystalline Cr 2+ :ZnS laser

We demonstrate, for the first time, 10 W, Er-fiber laser pumped, pure CW, thermally diffusion doped, polycrystalline Cr(2+):ZnS laser operating at 2380 nm. We also show Littrow-grating, "single-knob", wavelength tuning of the laser spanning 1940-2780 nm spectral range with the maximum output power of 7.4 W near the central wavelength of 2400 nm and above 2 W over 1970-2760 nm wavelength range. The laser performs with 40% real optical- and 43% slope efficiency, and shows no output power roll-off up to the highest available incident pump power of 27 W.
Epidermoid Cyst: Report of Case

A 23-year-old white man had a large swelling in the midline beneath his tongue, for which he had postponed treatment. Findings of physical and laboratory examinations were normal and the surgical removal of the mass was recommended. Histologic examination of the lesion showed it to be an epidermoid cyst.
A Short-Cut Method of Estimating Telephone-Influence Factor of Power Systems With Rectifier Load

In the planning of rectifier installations it is often desired to study the effect of the rectifier on co-ordination with communication systems. The telephone-influence factor1 (TIF) is used in such studies as an index to the effect of distortion of the voltage and current-wave shapes on the inductive influence. Both voltage and current TIF are involved, because there are two types of induction: 1. Electric induction which depends upon the power-circuit voltage. 2. Magnetic induction which depends upon the current.
Descartes on the Cognitive Structure of Sensory Experience

Descartes is often thought to bifurcate sensory experience into two distinct cognitive components: the sensing of secondary qualities and the more or less intellectual perceiving of primary qualities. A closer examination of his analysis of sensory perception in the Sixth Replies and his treatment of sensory processing in the Dioptrics and Treatise on Man tells a different story. I argue that Descartes offers a unified cognitive account of sensory experience according to which the senses and intellect operate together to produce a fundamentally imagistic representation of the world in both its primary and secondary quality aspects. At stake here is not only our understanding of the cognitive structure of sensory experience but the relation of sense and intellect more generally in the Cartesian mind. The deep bifurcation in the Cartesian mind is not between the sensory perception of primary and secondary qualities but between sensory perception and purely intellectual perception.
Exact one-fermion-loop contributions in (1+1)-dimensional solitons

We find solutions to the (1+1)-dimensional scalar-only linear [sigma] model. A new method is used to compute one-fermion-loop contributions exactly, and agreemment with published results employing other methods is excellent. A renormalization scheme which differs from that commonly used in such calculations but is similar to that required in 1+3 dimensions is also presented. We compare kink'' versus shallow bag'' solutions, paying careful attention to the implications of the one-fermion-loop contributions for the stability of the former. We find that, for small fermion multiplicities, self-consistent shallow bag solutions are always more bound than their metastable kink counterparts. However, as the fermion multiplicity increases, shallow bags evolve into kinks which eventually are the only self-consistent configurations. This situation is qualitatively the same for the two renormalization schemes considered. When we construct baryons,'' each containing three fermions, the kink configuration is typically more bound than the shallow bag when one-fermion-loop contributions are included.
Malignant melanoma with ectopic production of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Palliative treatment with inhibitors of adrenal steroid biosynthesis.

A 56-yr-old woman developed severe Cushing's syndrome and recurrent malignant melanoma three years after the removal of the primary lesion. She had elevated plasma cortisol levels which showed no normal diurnal rhythm. Neither these nor her elevated urinary steroid excretion were suppressed by administration of high doses of dexamethasone. She had markedly elevated plasma immunoreactive ACTH levels. Bioactive and immunoreactive ACTH was present in an extract of the metastic tumor tissue. This is the first documented case of ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by malignant melanoma. The patient, who was moribund from the effects of severe hypercortisolism, was cured of her Cushing's syndrome by the combined administration of aminoglutethimide, metyrapone, and o,p'DDD. She was dramatically improved clinically, despite steady progression of tumor growth. It appears that the use of o,p'DDD, especially in combination with inhibitors of adrenal steroid biosynthesis, is an effective means for correcting hypercortisolis...
Did the legalization of abortion increase women’s household bargaining power? Evidence from labor supply

I estimate the impact of abortion legalization on spouses’ labor supplies to test whether legalization increased women’s household bargaining power, in a collective household behavior framework. Based on CPS data, I find that wives’ labor supply decreased and their husbands’ increased, which is consistent with the bargaining hypothesis. This contrasts with most studies of abortion and birth control technologies, which predict a labor supply effect only for women, and of opposite sign. Also consistent with the bargaining interpretation, I estimate no significant impact on anti-abortion religious couples or on those who regularly used contraceptives. PSID data yield supportive evidence.
How a Single-Point Mutation in Horseradish Peroxidase Markedly Enhances Enantioselectivity

The effect of all possible mutations at position 178 on the enantioselectivity of yeast surface-bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) toward chiral phenols has been investigated. In contrast to their wild-type predecessor, most HRP mutants are enantioselective, with the Arg178Glu variant exhibiting the greatest, 25-fold, (S)/(R) preference. Using kinetic analysis of enzymatic oxidation of various substrate analogues and molecular modeling of enzyme-substrate complexes, this enantioselectivity enhancement is attributed to changes in the transition state energy due to electrostatic repulsion between the carboxylates of the enzyme's Glu178 and the substrate's (R)-enantiomer.
High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Derived from Polyaniline, Iron, and Cobalt

The prohibitive cost of platinum for catalyzing the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hampered the widespread use of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. We describe a family of non-precious metal catalysts that approach the performance of platinum-based systems at a cost sustainable for high-power fuel cell applications, possibly including automotive power. The approach uses polyaniline as a precursor to a carbon-nitrogen template for high-temperature synthesis of catalysts incorporating iron and cobalt. The most active materials in the group catalyze the ORR at potentials within ~60 millivolts of that delivered by state-of-the-art carbon-supported platinum, combining their high activity with remarkable performance stability for non-precious metal catalysts (700 hours at a fuel cell voltage of 0.4 volts) as well as excellent four-electron selectivity (hydrogen peroxide yield <1.0%).
Sedimentologic evidence for outburst floods from the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin in Wisconsin, USA: implications for tunnel-channel formation

Abstract Clast-supported boulder gravel in outwash-fans along the glacial-maximum margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in Wisconsin indicates the occurrence of outburst floods. These sediments, with clast intermediate axes of up to 2 m, are located downstream of tunnel channels and were deposited shortly before cessation of glaciofluvial activity on each fan. Since tunnel channels with fans are widespread along the ice-sheet margin in the western Great Lakes region, these outburst floods were probably common. Paleodischarge estimates derived from the boulder deposits are poorly constrained, but values of at least several hundred m3 s−1 are likely. Four potential water sources for the floods exist: an extreme surface-melt event, an extreme precipitation event, drainage of supraglacial lakes, or drainage of stored subglacial meltwater. We focus on the storage of subglacial meltwater behind the ice-sheet margin, as proglacial permafrost was present as ice advanced to its maximum extent, and a frozen-bed zone upstream from the margin probably impeded drainage through groundwater aquifers. Decay of this permafrost ‘seal’ would have eventually allowed trapped water to drain through the tunnel channels. We suggest that the 2-m boulders were entrained in an outburst of subglacial water that enlarged a pre-existing channel cut by ablation-derived flows.
Evolution of Nonradiative Supernova Remnants

We conduct an analytic and numerical study of the dynamics of supernova remnant (SNR) evolution from the ejecta-dominated stage through the Sedov-Taylor (ST) stage, the stages that precede the onset of dynamically significant radiative losses and/or pressure confinement by the ambient medium. We assume spherical symmetry and focus on the evolution of ejecta described by a power-law density distribution expanding into a uniform ambient medium. We emphasize that all nonradiative remnants of a given power-law structure evolve according to a single unified solution, and we discuss this general property in detail. Use of dimensionless quantities constructed from the characteristic dimensional parameters of the problem—the ejecta energy, ejecta mass, and ambient density—makes the unified nature of the solution manifest. It is also possible to obtain a unified solution for the ST and radiative stages of evolution, and we place our work in the context of scaling laws for solutions for SNR evolution in those stages. We present numerical simulations of the flow and approximate analytic solutions for the motions of both the reverse shock and blast-wave shock. These solutions follow the shocks through the nonradiative stages of remnant evolution across periods of self-similar flow linked by non-self-similar behavior. We elucidate the dependence of the ejecta-dominated evolution on the ejecta power-law index n by developing a general trajectory for all n and explaining its relation to the solutions of Chevalier and Nadyozhin for n>5 and Hamilton & Sarazin for n=0. We demonstrate excellent agreement between our analytic solutions and numerical simulations. These solutions should be valuable in describing remnants such as SN 1006, Tycho, Kepler, Cassiopeia A, and other relatively young SNRs that are between the early ejecta-dominated stage and the late Sedov-Taylor stage. In appendices, we extend our results to power-law ambient media, and we describe an early period of the evolution in which the SNR is radiative and evolves according to a nonunified solution.
Bistatic scatter from rain

An experimental investigation of bistatic scatter from rain was conducted using a 143 km scatter path at frequencies of 4.5 and 7.7 GHz. The ratio of transmitted to received power (transmission loss) was measured for scattering angles ranging from 6\deg to 130\deg . Simultaneous weather radar observations were made at a frequency of 1.3 GHz. Transmission loss estimates for the bistatic scatter path were computed using the weather radar data, the bistatic radar equation, and a model for the scattering cross section per unit volume of rain based upon Rayleigh scattering by an ensemble of water spheres. The measured and estimated transmission loss values were compared to test the use of the scattering model for the estimation of interference. The averaged ratio of measured-to-calculated transmission loss for the 4.5 GHz data is 1.2 \pm 0.4 dB. The averaged ratio for the 7.7 GHz data is -1.6 \pm 0.5 dB. Both these values are within the combined calibration uncertainties of each measurement system. The results show that the use of the simplified Rayleigh scattering cross section model for an ensemble of water spheres adequately describes bistatic scatter for a wide range of scattering angles and frequencies below 7.7 GHz for the hydrometeor types (rain, snow, and mixed rain and snow) encountered in New England.
d-Cycloserine Augmentation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: an Update

Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a generally effective treatment for treating anxiety disorders, there is clearly still room for further improvements. Recent advances in neuroscience of extinction learning led to novel clinical strategies to augment exposure-based treatments with d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist at the glycine recognition site of the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. This review provides an update on the current knowledge of DCS as an augmentation strategy of CBT for anxiety disorders. The adequacy of the CBT to be augmented, the dose of DCS, and the timing and duration of augmentation efforts all appear to be important moderating variables. Moreover, there is evidence that DCS may also augment fear memory reconsolidation if the fear level remains high after the exposure. Future studies need to examine whether DCS can augment CBT when administered after exposure in order to develop a tailored administration strategy to maximize its clinical utility.
The influence of facial-nerve sacrifice in surgery of malignant parotid tumors.

Malignant parotid tumors in 224 patients were dealt with surgically at the Mayo Clinic between 1940 and 1969. The clinical histories, including follow-up of 5 years or more in every case, were reviewed with particular attention to sacrifice of the facial nerve in conjunction with the excision of tumor. This was done in 65 cases. High-grade malignancy necessitated nerve sacrifice; other frequent indications were preoperative facial-nerve paralysis, pain, and rapid growth of the tumor. Over the 30-year review period, the trend was toward more radical surgery, often including nerve sacrifice, and away from local excision and radiotherapy. Nerve grafting or anastomosis of a sacrificed nerve was seldom performed in an attempt to lessen the cosmetic defect of facial paralysis. Later reconstructive procedures are favored.
Genetics and Biology of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains a clinical challenge. Thus far, enlightenment on the downstream activities of Kras, the tumor's unique metabolic needs, and how the stroma and immune system affect it have remained untranslated to the clinical practice. Given the numbers of diverse therapies in development and a growing knowledge about how to evaluate these systems preclinically and clinically, this is expected to change significantly and for the better over the next 5 years.
Biodegradability of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste in a high-solids anaerobic digester

Abstract Three methods were used to estimate the ultimate biodegradability of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. These methods included: long-term batch digestion studies, measurement of lignin content, and chemostat studies. The ultimate biodegradability values obtained from these methods were compared to a field operation using a pilot scale, high-solids, complete-mix, thermophilic, anaerobic digestion process. The biodegradability obtained from the pilot study, at a mass retention time of 30 days, was approximately 83 and 81% of the estimated values obtained from the lignin content and the batch study, respectively. In addition, it has been shown that the contents of the biodegradable volatile solids affects the prediction of biogas production rate, the computation of the organic loading rate, and feedstock C N ratio.
An area-efficient Euclidean algorithm block for Reed-Solomon decoder

This paper presents a new area-efficient architecture to implement the Euclidean algorithm, which is frequently used in Reed-Solomon decoders. The RS (255,239) decoder using the Euclidean algorithm has been implemented with 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 1.1 V. We investigate hardware complexity, clock frequency and data processing rate for this Euclidean algorithm block. The results show that the total number of gates is about 44,700 and it has a data processing rate of 2.4 Gbits/s at a clock frequency of 300 MHz. As compared to the other RS decoders, it gains significant improvements in hardware complexity and latency.
Accumulation and Depletion of Orally Administered Erythromycin Thiocyanate in Tissues of Chinook Salmon

Abstract Juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were fed erythromycin thiocyanate for 21 d at a daily therapeutic dosage of either 0.05 or 0.1 g erythromycin/kg body weight. We analyzed samples of liver, spleen, kidney, red muscle, white muscle, and plasma removed from fish at intervals during and after drug administration to determine the concentration of erythromycin present. On all but one sampling date, the kidney had the highest mean concentration (weight of drug per unit of tissue weight) among the tissues sampled. The mean concentrations in all tissues and plasma offish fed at the daily dosage of 0.05 g/kg did not differ significantly over time while the drug was fed. However, erythromycin accumulated over time in the liver, spleen, kidney, red muscle, and white muscle offish fed at 0.1 g/kg; concentrations of the drug peaked on the last day of antibiotic administration. Doubling the dosage from 0.05 to 0.1 g/kg resulted in a 4–10-fold increase in erythromycin concentration in tissues, an...