cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of the American Medical Association Girl's Guide to Becoming a Teen and Boy's Guide to Becoming a Teen

ABSTRACT In a highly illustrated, convivial, easy-to-read format, writers Amy B. Middleman, MD, MSEd, MPH and Kate Gruenwald Pfeifer, LCSW have created a nearly all-encompassing manual to puberty. Ultimately the guides are inadequate as in-depth references and reveal somewhat conservative perspectives on gender and sexuality, but they provide an excellent rudimentary handbook for children ages 8 to 12. Covering everything from foot odor and pimples to feelings and bullies, these books would make for an excellent conversation-starter in any living room or school counselor's office, but do not suffice as primary textbooks for sexuality education purposes.
Immunoglobulin biosynthesis. V. Light chain assembly.

Abstract A protein one-half the size of and antigenically related to light chain was found in immunoglobulin and light chain producing myelomas. The kinetics of its turnover are not consistent with its being a degradation product of light chain. The possibility that this immunoglobulin fragment is a synthetic intermediate in light chain biosynthesis is analyzed and discussed in the context of other data on light chain biosynthesis.
Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow: I. Normal erythroid development

Flow cytometry was used to identify maturational differences of erythroid lineage cells in normal human bone marrow by combining physical characteristics, the expression of multiple cell surface antigens, and nucleic acid content. Normal low-density bone marrow cells could be divided into four populations, based on forward and right-angle light scattering. Erythroid cells, at different maturational stages, were found in three of these four marrow subpopulations. The sequentially correlated expression of three cell surface markers--HLe-1, transferrin receptor, and glycophorin--allowed us to study erythroid maturation from the colony forming cell to the mature erythrocyte. HLe-1 was expressed on the earliest identifiable erythroid cells and was progressively lost as the cells matured. Transferrin receptor began to be expressed at the BFU-E stage and disappeared at the late reticulocyte stage. Transferrin receptor expression preceded glycophorin expression, the latter beginning on morphologically recognizable erythroid precursors just after the CFU-E stage. In contrast to both HLe-1 and transferrin receptor, which were progressively lost during the maturational process, once glycophorin had been maximally expressed on the cell surface, it remained at constant quantities to the mature erythrocyte stage. Although developing nucleated erythroid cells at approximately the normoblast stage had light-scattering properties similar to those of lymphoid cells, these two cell types could be resolved by cell surface antigen expression. Normoblasts were glycophorin positive and HLe negative, whereas lymphoid cells expressed HLe and either Leu 4, Leu 11, or Leu 12. Decreases in cellular nucleic acid content, corresponding first to the extrusion of the nucleus and second to the loss of reticulum, characterized the later stages of erythroid development. These characteristics and instrumentation can be used to purify erythroid cells at various developmental stages.
Parallel architectures: Performance prediction: A case study using a scalable shared-virtual-memory machine

A simple formula shows the relationship between scalability, single-processor computing power, and degradation of parallelism. Starting with this formula, the authors investigate the prediction and application of scalability.
Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Phalanx of the Great Toe A Case Report

Giant cell tumors are rarely seen in the foot. They can cause a significant amount of pain and deformity due to their aggressive and recurrent nature. We present the unusual case of a giant cell tumor of the distal phalanx of the hallux in a 39-year-old man.
On the statistical moments transformation in pharmacokinetic models: A study of the rate parameter and the mean residence time estimates

Abstract This paper simulates the sampling distributions of the rate parameter and the mean residence time (MRT) estimators for a specific two-compartment model. Two forms of measurement error, one additive and the other multiplicative, and two forms of weighting structures, one unweighted and the other weighted by the error variances, are investigated. The chief findings are: 1) unweighted estimates generally are highly biased but weighting reduces the bias many fold, 2) the asymptotic standard error approximations are acceptable only with weighted least squares, and 3) the mean squared errors of the MRT estimates compare favorably with those of the rate parameter estimates. Based on the favorable sampling distributions, it is recommended that weighted MRT estimates be calculated routinely as important descriptors of kinetic systems.
Structure and properties of high-speed melt-spun filaments of poly(butylene terephthalate)

Filaments of poly(butylene terephthalate) were prepared by melt spinning with take-up velocities in the range 1000–5600 m/min. Two polymers with different molecular weights were used (intrinsic viscosities of 0.75 and 1.0 dL/g). The filaments were characterized using measurements of density, birefringence, shrinkage, thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry), crystal size, crystalline orientation and phases present (wide angle X-ray diffraction), and tensile mechanical properties. Filaments spun from the 0.75 IV polymer with a mass throughput of 6 g/min at 1000 m/min have essentially amorphous structures, while higher take-up velocities result in α-form crystals or, at the highest take-up velocity, a mixture of α-form and β-form crystals. Only α-form crystals were detected in the higher IV polymer. Crystal size varied with crystallographic direction but generally increased as take-up velocity increased. At the lowest take-up velocities the filaments increased in length during thermal shrinkage measurements. With increasing take-up velocity the shrinkage became positive and continued to increase until reaching a maximum in the range of the highest sprinning speeds. This behavior correlates with the variation of the orientation factors of the amorphous phase. A plateau was observed in stress versus strain curves corresponding to strain-induced transformation from α-form to β-form crystals. The length of this plateau increased with increase of take-up velocity and the α-form crystal content in the sample. Both morphology and physical properties varied with polymer molecular weight and melt spinning conditions.
The continent ileostomy: Long-term durability and patient satisfaction

The long-term results of the continent ileostomy are controversial. Durability and patient satisfaction were evaluated by analyzing the outcome in 129 consecutive patients who had a continent ileostomy performed by one surgeon at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1975 and 1995. A quality-of-life questionnaire was sent to all patients for whom addresses were available (n = 121). Late outcome data could be obtained for 85 (66%) of the 129 patients. Three of the 85 patients died with their continent ileostomies but of unrelated causes. Fifty-one (60%) of 85 patients currently have the continent ileostomy (group A) (mean 15.1 years, range 2.7 to 21.7 years), whereas 31 (36%) of 85 have undergone conversion of continent ileostomy to conventional ileostomy (group B) (mean 5.4 years, range 0.2 to 20.4 years). Patients in group A underwent fewer major postoperative revisions (mean 0.7, range 0 to 4) than patients in group B (mean 1.3, range 0 to 8) (t test, P = 0.088). The indications for pouch removal included valve dysfunction (42%), refractory pouchitis (23%), multiple fistulas (26%), Crohn’s disease (6%), and other (16%) (four patients had two indications). Eighty-seven percent of survey respondents in group A considered their present state of health to be better than before their continent ileostomies. Fifty-seven percent and 82 % of respondents in group A were not limited at all in regard to vigorous or moderate activity, respectively. Although in approximately one third of patients the pouch had to be removed, 97% of the remaining two thirds have a good to excellent outcome.
Measuring the importance of learning from instruction

Traditional models for the evaluation of instructional products and systems tend to be unnecessarily narrow. Often, the importance of learning beyond the immediate instructional setting is either not emphasized or completely overlooked. The Outcome-Consequence Model (OCM) emphasizes the importance of evaluating instructional products and systems using a broadened perspective of the intent of learning from instruction. Specifically, OCM emphasizes evaluation procedures that are systematic and empirical, establish legitimate and appropriate bases for comparison of instructional effectiveness, and evaluate the consequences of learning beyond the immediate temporal environment. While traditional evaluation models may be simpler, the consequences of learning are often not considered when using such models. Instructional designers and evaluators need to direct more attention to theimportance of learning, and not simply theact of learning from instruction.
Accommodations for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing in Large-Scale, Standardized Assessments: Surveying the Landscape and Charting a New Direction.

Students who are deaf or hard of hearing (SDHH) often use test accommodations when they participate in large-scale, standardized assessments. The purpose of this article is to present findings from the Third Annual Survey of Assessment and Accommodations for Students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. The “big five” accommodations were reported by at least two-thirds of the 389 participants: extended time, small group/individual administration, test directions interpreted, test items read aloud, and test items interpreted. In a regression analysis, language used in instruction showed the most significant effects on accommodations use. The article considers these findings in light of a more proactive role for the National Survey in providing evidence for the effectiveness of accommodations with SDHH.
Institutional Effectiveness and Student Success: A Study of High- and Low-Impact Community Colleges

There has been little research on institutional effectiveness at community colleges. A key challenge is how to compare colleges that serve students with widely varying characteristics. Using transcript-level data on over 150,000 Florida community college students, we estimated the effect on the graduation, transfer, and persistence rates of minority students at each of the 28 Florida community colleges as a proxy for institutional effectiveness. We ranked the colleges based on these estimated effects and selected six colleges for field research—3 that had a high impact on minority student success and three that had a low impact. Our fieldwork focused on a set of 7 elements of institutional policy, practice, and culture that we hypothesized are important for promoting student success. We found that the high-impact colleges were more likely than the low-impact colleges to coordinate their programs and services to support student success. We also found that minority students were generally more successful in...
Effects of caffeine on blood pressure response during exercise in normotensive healthy young men

The possible combined effects of caffeine and exercise on blood pressure (BP) regulation were examined in 34 healthy, normotensive (BP less than 135/85 mm Hg) young men (mean age 27 +/- 3 years) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Each subject performed submaximal and symptom-limited maximal supine bicycle exercise 1 hour apart after ingestion of placebo or caffeine (3.3 mg/kg). Heart rate, BP, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were compared for placebo and caffeine days. Postdrug baseline showed that caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP and peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.001 for each) and decreased heart rate (p less than 0.01) but did not change stroke volume or cardiac output. BP and vascular resistance effects of caffeine remained during submaximal exercise resulting in an additive increase in BP while negative chronotropic effects of caffeine disappeared. At maximal exercise substantially more subjects (15 on caffeine vs 7 on placebo, p less than 0.02) had systolic BP greater than or equal to 230 mm Hg and/or greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg for diastolic BP. Plasma norepinephrine levels were not significantly different across days, but epinephrine was higher at maximal exercise and cortisol was increased post-drug and throughout maximal exercise on caffeine days. Data indicate that caffeine increases BP additively during submaximal exercise and may cause excessive BP responses at maximal exercise for some individuals. The pressor effects of caffeine appear to be due to increasing vascular resistance rather than cardiac output.
A Novel Method to Measure Residual Stresses in Laminated Composites

A non-destructive method, called the Cure Referencing Method (CRM), was developed to measure the residual stresses in laminated composites. The method incorporates the use of moire interferometry (a laser based optical method) and replication of diffraction gratings on the surface of laminates in the autoclave during cure. This allows the strains due to resin shrinkage and thermal expansion to be referenced back to the stress free state. For thermoset matrix composites, the stress free state exists just prior to matrix solidification. To determine the residual stress in multidirectional laminates, the strain difference from cure temperature to room temperature was first measured. Then, by doing the same for a unidirectional panel, that was cured simultaneously with the multidirectional laminate, the free thermal expansion of the unidirectional lamina could be defined for the multidirectional case. Using laminate theory, the residual stresses in each ply of the multidirectional laminate were calculated acc...
Comparison of Fourier and wavelet resampling methods

Resampling can be used to compute the null distribution of any test statistic for the purpose of measuring the significance of the measured value. This study investigated how well the spatial and temporal correlations of simulated and experimentally observed fMRI time series were preserved under Fourier and wavelet resampling methods. The null distributions of a test statistic estimated by each resampling method were compared. In addition, both resampling methods were applied to locate activated voxels in an fMRI dataset and ROC analysis showed that wavelet resampling performed more accurately than Fourier resampling.
Line-critical point determining and point distinguishing graphs

Sumner defined a graph to be point determining if and only if distinct points have distinct neighborhoods and he has characterized connected line-critical point determining graphs. Here a short alternate proof of his characterization is provided and arbitrary line-critical point determining graphs are then characterized. Next line-critical point distinguishing graphs are considered; a graph is point distinguishing if and only if it is the complement of a point determining graph. Finally, line-critical graphs that are both point determining and point distinguishing are characterized.
Nucleotide fluctuation in extremophilic cold-adapted sequences and their degradation codes

Extremophilic cold-adapted sequences and their degradation codes have been studied using fractal dimension and Shannon entropy. The nucleotide fluctuation of a DNA and/or RNA sequence can be studied as a random series using the nucleotide atomic number differences between A, T, C, G, and U. Studies of degradation codes suggest a positive correlation of Shannon entropy with mRNA stability, and a negative correlation of fractal dimension with mRNA stability.
Optimal proportional plus integral control for regulator and tracking problems

Two new design methods are proposed for optimal PI control which give fast recovery from load disturbances without producing large overshoots associated with set-point changes. Unlike existing methods, such as set-point filtering or any other scheme that essentially detunes the controller for set-point changes, the proposed methods do not increase the rise time significantly in order to reduce overshoot. The first method resets the integral term in the control law when the new set point is reached. The second method is a modified model-following approach that does not increase the overall dimension of the system. Two numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed methods are superior to alternatives such as set-point filtering and conventional model following.
Optical neural network and education

As we know about it, the more we try to learn, the more we cannot learn. The thought of learning is quite different from college to college, and from person to person. In this paper, I shall discuss some of the major differences in the thoughts of learning (or rather education), as from the point of view of artificial neural network. By the virtues of understanding a neural network learning, we would be able to educate our students more efficiently and effectively. Particularly with the current rapid-trend of information science and technology, we may have to force ourselves to educate our students differently. Experimental results, as derived from some of our optical neural network models, as related to education, will be demonstrated and interpreted.
Parametric study on a coaxial multi-material powder flow in laser-based powder deposition process

Abstract The manner with which the composite powder particles injected into the laser formed molten pool decides the deposition quality in a typical laser-based powder deposition of composite material. Since, the morphology and physical properties of nickel (Ni) and tungsten carbide (WC) are different their powder flow characteristics such as the powder particles stream structure, maximum concentration at the converging spot, and the powder particles velocity are noticeably different. In the current study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based powder flow model is established to characterize the coaxial powder flow behavior of Ni–WC composite powders. The key powder flow characteristics such as the stand-off distance, the diameter of the powder stream at the stand-off distance, and the velocity of the powder particles are measured using three different vision based techniques. Both the numerical and experimental results reveal the exact stand-off distance where the substrate needs to be placed, the diameter of the concentration spot of powder at the stand-off distance, and a combination of suitable nozzle angle, diameter, and carrier gas flow rate to obtain a maximum powder concentration at the stand-off distance with a stable composite powder flow.
Peak frequencies of circulating human influenza-specific antibody secreting cells correlate with serum antibody response after immunization.

Abstract Upon vaccination, B cells differentiate into antibody secreting cells (ASCs) that migrate via the circulation to tissues. The kinetics of this response and the relationship of circulating ASCs to protective antibody titers have not been completely explored. Methods Influenza-specific and total-IgG ASCs were enumerated by Elispot and flow cytometry daily in the blood in 6 healthy adults after trivalent influenza vaccination (TIV). Results Peak H1-specific IgG ASC frequencies occurred variably from day 5 to 8 and correlated with the fold-rise rise in hemagglutination inhibition (HAI titers); r = 0.91, p = 0.006. H3-specific IgG ASC frequencies correlated less well, perhaps due to a mismatch of the H3 protein in the vaccine and that used in the Elispot assay. Peak frequencies of vaccine-specific and total-IgG ASCs were 0.3% and 0.8%, respectively, of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Peak TIV-, H1-, H3-, and total-IgG ASC frequencies were 1736 ± 1133, 626 ± 520, 592 ± 463, and 4091 ± 2019 spots/106 PBMC, respectively. Peak TIV-, H1-, and H3-specific IgG ASC of total-IgG ASC frequencies constituted 63% ± 21, 26% ± 10, 22% ± 17, respectively. Conclusion After immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine the peak in influenza-specific ASC frequencies is variable but correlates well with the magnitude of protective HAI responses.
Focus on the Facts: Using Informational Texts Effectively in Early Elementary Classrooms.

Effective use of informational texts in early elementary grade classrooms can extend and expand children’s knowledge of the world and provide critical skills necessary for success in the information age. This article suggests several research-based instructional activities that will enhance children’s ability to use and comprehend informational texts.
Communicating Effectively with Parents and Families Who Are Homeless

Parents and families who are homeless need positive communication experiences with early childhood programs. This article provides several examples of ways to connect with families who are homeless and to meet their needs through continuous communication. Staff development ideas, parent and family involvement, and school-community support strategies are especially noted.
Electronic Structure and Low-Lying Electronic States of Al3O and Al3O-: Photoelectron Spectrum of Al3O-

We have calculated the equilibrium geometries of the ground electronic state of Al3O and Al3O- using Hartree−Fock, density functional, and coupled-cluster doubles methods. These molecules are nominally equilateral triangles of Al atoms with an oxygen in the center which distort due to the Jahn−Teller effect. The calculated global minima had C2v symmetry with (b2)1 2B2 and (b2)2 1A1 configurations, respectively. The global minimum of the lowest triplet state of Al3O- was found to have D3h symmetry with an (e‘)2 3A2‘ electron configuration. While this was the lowest energy state of the molecule among D3h symmetry points, this triplet minimum had slightly higher energy than the 1A1 state at its C2v global minimum. The 1A1 (a1)2 and the 1B2 (b2)1(a1)1 configurations of Al3O- and the 2A1 (a1)1 configuration of Al3O lead to transition states of C2v symmetry on the respective potential energy surfaces for pseudorotation. Using the CCD geometries of (b2)2 1A1 and (e‘)2 3A2‘ Al3O-, configuration interaction calcul...
Modeling Backbone Flexibility Improves Protein Stability Estimation

In designing mutagenesis experiments, it is often crucial to know how certain mutations will affect the structure and thermodynamic stability of the protein. Here, we present a methodology, Eris, to efficiently and accurately compute the stability changes of proteins upon mutations using our protein-modeling suite, Medusa. We evaluate the stability changes upon mutations for 595 mutants from five structurally unrelated proteins, and find significant correlations between the predicted and experimental results. For cases when the high-resolution protein structure is not available, we find that better predictions are obtained by backbone structure prerelaxation. The advantage of our approach is that it is based on physical descriptions of atomic interactions, and does not rely on parameter training with available experimental protein stability data. Unlike other methods, Eris also models the backbone flexibility, thereby allowing for determination of the mutation-induced backbone conformational changes. Eris is freely available via the web server at http://eris.dokhlab.org.
Linear low density polyethylenes and their blends: Part 2. Shear flow of LLDPE's

The steady state and dynamic shear behavior of eleven commercial linear low density polyethylenes (LLDPE) and one low density polyethylene (LDPE) resin were measured in capillary and parallel plate geometries at T = 150 to 230°C. The extrudate swell and the Bagley correction were determined. A large pressure effect on capillary flow of narrow molecular weight distribution LLDPE was observed and a new corrective procedure was proposed. After the correction the steady state viscosity was found to be equal to the dynamic (not complex) viscosity: η() = η'(ω = ). A newly proposed four parameter relation between η and the deformation rate was found to provide a simple means for computation of the zero shear viscosity, ηo, and the primary relaxation time. Both these parameters showed a high degree of correlation. The expected relation: ηo ∝ Mw3.4 was observed for low molecular weight samples with low polydispersity. The LLDPE activation energy of flow, Eσ=29.9 ± 1.8 kJ/mole, was determined.
Handicap, appearance and stigma

Abstract Values toward various types of physical appearance and handicap were studied using 21 pictures of a child in which everything was held constant except the forms of appearance and handicaps. Values were obtained through use of a preference ranking method. Subjects were 10–11 year old boys and girls living in London. From most to least liked, the general order of preference was a non handicapped white child, a non handicapped black child, facial disfigurement, use of wheelchair, crutches and leg braces, obesity and amputations. Use of prostheses with amputations increased their liking. Several sex differences in values were found.
The Effects of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Biofeedback on Heart Rate Variability and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Pilot Study

Recent studies have found a significant association between PTSD and low heart rate variability (HRV), a biomarker of autonomic dysregulation. Research indicates that respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) biofeedback increases HRV while reducing related pathological symptoms. This controlled pilot study compared RSA biofeedback to progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) as adjunctive interventions for 38 persons with PTSD symptoms in a residential treatment facility for a substance use disorder. Both groups were assessed at pre-intervention and 4-week post-intervention. Group × time interactions revealed significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms and increases in HRV indices for the RSA group. Both groups significantly reduced PTSD and insomnia symptoms and a statistical trend was observed for reduced substance craving for the RSA group. Increases in HRV were significantly associated with PTSD symptom reduction. Overall, these results provide preliminary support for the efficacy of RSA biofeedback in improving physiological and psychological health for individuals with PTSD.
Drug discovery: Time in a bottle

A biological clock synchronizes animal behaviour and physiology with Earth's 24-hour rotation. Drugs targeting the clock's 'gears' show promise for treating obesity and other metabolic disorders. See Article p.62 & Letter p.123 Metabolic processes need to run like clockwork to prevent disease. Core clock proteins drive these rhythms, and the nuclear receptors REV-ERB-α and REV-ERB-β have a central role in regulating the expression of clock genes. Solt et al. report the identification of potent synthetic REV-ERB agonists, termed SR9011 and SR9009, which can alter the circadian expression of core clock genes in the hypothalami of mice. This is shown to alter the expression of metabolic genes in liver, skeletal-muscle and adipose tissue, and results in increased energy expenditure by the mice. The REV-ERB agonists reduce fat mass in diet-induced obese mice and improve dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. These results suggest that synthetic REV-ERB ligands are promising candidates for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Cho et al. present genetic evidence that REV-ERB-α and REV-ERB-β are indispensible for the coordination of circadian rhythm and metabolism. Mice without REV-ERBs show disrupted expression of clock and lipid homeostatic gene networks. They have altered circadian wheel-running behaviour and deregulated lipid metabolism. These data ally REV-ERB-α and REV-ERB-β with PER, CRY and other components of the principal feedback loop that drives circadian expression.
Forms of Discourse and the Sciences of the Mind: Luria, Sacks, and the Role of Narrative in Neurological Case Histories

This article discusses two sets of neurological case histories, A. R. Luria's The Man with a Shattered World and Oliver Sack's Awakenings, and argues that these histories display two paradigmatic explanations for the mind/brain relation, and that the movement from one paradigm to another also necessitates a movement to different forms of discourse. One explanation comes from the physical sciences and results in logical, quantitative exposition. The other originates in the human sciences and results in narrative. Luria and Sacks wrote these case histories in an explicit attempt to bridge—in understanding and in discourse—this paradigmatic gap; in the process, they redefined what it means to be a neuropsychiatrist. Case histories allow the writer to combine the empirical analysis characteristic of neurological discourse with the individual detail characteristic of psychological narrative.
Temperature Effects in Al 5083 with a Bimodal Grain Size

An Al 5083 alloy with a bimodal grain size has been previously synthesized using a low-temperature milling process and consolidation via cold isostatic pressing (CIP). This material has been shown to exhibit greatly improved strength when compared to conventional aluminum alloys. Additionally, this material has shown sensitivity to test conditions. In this work, we studied the effects of temperature on the strain rate sensitivity of this material by examining its elastic and plastic properties though uniaxial tension tests conducted under a variety of conditions at temperatures up to 473 K. Serrated stress-strain curves were observed, indicating dynamic strain aging. Strain rate sensitivity was found to depend non-monotonically on the test temperature.
The effect of native-language retention and insecurity on Asian Indian fertility in the United States

The relationship of social/psychological insecurity and native-language retention to fertility was explored among a nationally representative sample of 3,408 endogamously wed Asian Indian women living in the United States. Native-language retention had a negative impact on Asian Indian women's fertility that cannot be explained by the normative dimension of the minority group status hypothesis (Goldscheider & Uhlenberg, 1969); therefore, alternative explanations for minority fertility differentials are required.
Diamagnetic anisotropies of oxide minerals

The diamagnetic anisotropy of oxide minerals is analyzed in terms of a new model, in which the anisotropy is assigned to the individual chemical bond in the [MO6] octahedral unit of the crystal. The diamagnetic principal axis of the individual M-O bond is assumed to be parallel to the direction of the bond. The calculated anisotropy based on this model shows a good correlation with the measured diamagnetic anisotropy, Δχ, for various minerals such as talc, sericite, kaolinite of the sheetsilicate group, forsterite of the orthosilicate group, and corundum of the hematite group. The Δχ values of many diamagnetic minerals are still unknown since the measurement is difficult to perform by means of conventional methods. The magnetic grain orientation recently observed in the mineral suspensions is effective for estimating the Δχ value, when the single crystal of the mineral cannot be obtained. The observation of fieldinduced crystal oscillation in the high magnetic fields can be applied for measuring the minerals with small Δχ values of less than 5 × 10−10 emu/cc. The chemical bond model on the diamagnetic anisotropy can be confirmed, when the compiling of Δχ data on various mineral is made by means of the above two methods.
Chiral Brønsted acid from a cationic gold(I) complex: catalytic enantioselective protonation of silyl enol ethers of ketones.

A chiral Bronsted acid has been developed from a cationic gold(I) disphosphine complex in the presence of alcoholic solvent and applied to the enantioselective protonation reaction of silyl enol ethers of ketones. Various optically active cyclic ketones were obtained in excellent yields and high enantioselectivities, including cyclic ketones bearing aliphatic substrates at the α-position. Furthermore, the application of this Bronsted acid was extended to the first Bronsted acid-catalyzed enantioselective protonation reaction of silyl enol ethers of acyclic substrates, regardless of their E/Z ratio.
Small rings and amorphous tetrahedral carbon

We apply first-principles density-functional calculations to study strain in dense amorphous tetrahedral carbon (a-tC). While the large strain present in small-ring structures, particularly three-member rings, could argue against their existence in a-tC, we demonstrate, based on energetic arguments, that strained small (three- and four-member) rings are plausible topological microstructural elements. We present two bulk carbon structures made up entirely of fourfold-coordinated atoms: the first with every atom in one three-member ring, the second with every atom in one four-member ring. Calculations show these bulk ring structures are relatively low in energy, only 0.37 and 0.23 eV/atom above diamond, respectively. This computed strain energy is much less than that present in recent models for a-tC. We examine properties of these structures with the intention to provide benchmark calculations for more approximate models, and to investigate the impact small rings might have on the properties of a-tC. We use a recently developed linear-response algorithm to compute phonon spectra for these ring structures. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Primary Carcinoma of the Liver with Extensive Metastasis to the Right Heart, and Tumor-Thrombosis of the Inferior Vena Cava

Primary carcinoma of the liver is a rare finding at autopsy, a fact which emphasizes the significance of Virchow's statement that those organs that are most frequently the site of metastasis are rarely the site of the primary growth. The striking histological picture of primary carcinoma of the liver has brought forth a huge accumulation of literature on the subject (Stromeyer, 1). The German society for cancer research collected 117 cases of primary carcinoma of the liver among 97,819 autopsies and 9,829 cases of cancer. According to these figures, primary cancer of the liver represents approximately 0.12 per cent of all diseases, and 1.2 per cent of all cases of cancer. Similar figures were obtained by Junghanns (2), who reviewed 36,408 autopsies and 4,192 cases of cancer. The American literature shows comparable figures. Fox and Bartels (3) found 39 cases of primary carcinoma of the liver (0.13 per cent) among 29,215 autopsies, and Counseller and McIndoe (4), of the Mayo Clinic, collected 62 cases (0.14 per cent) among 42,276 autopsies. These figures are only slightly higher than those of the German authors. Eggel (5), in an extensive review of the early literature, collected 164 cases of primary cancer of the liver up to 1900, in 117 of which the diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination. He disregards all case reports up to 1865 (the first extensive publication by Thiersch) because of the unreliability of the statistics. Herxheimer (6) added 49 cases to Eggel's list and collected 353 cases during the period between 1900 and 1931. He states that a total of approximately 600 cases of primary carcinoma of the Liver have been reported, proving that this disease is not of rare occurrence.
The retrieval of material from the surface micro layer with screen and plate samplers and its implications for partitioning of material within the micro layer

SUMMARY. 1 The surface micro layers of two small ponds in Wisconsin were sampled over several years using screen and plate samplers. These devices performed identically for dissolved substances but for particulate material the glass plate sampler produced values 4 times those obtained with the screen. 2 These differences in sampling efficiency are probably the result of the failure of the screen sampler to release all of the particulate material it has collected and also to differences in the partitioning of dissolved and particulate material within the micro layer. 3 Results suggest that particulates are concentrated at the air-water interface and that there is a four-fold dilution with subsurface water in the screen samples when compared to the plate samples. Dissolved material, in contrast, is concentrated in a thicker layer below the surface mono layer, resulting in equal sampling efficiency with the plate and screen samplers.
Radiation damage of purple membrane at low temperature

The intensities of diffracted electron beams for the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium are found to decay exponentially as a function of the accumulated electron exposure, both at room temperature and at -120 degrees C. This permits us to define the "critical dose" Ne(h,k) for the (h,k) diffracted beam, as being the electron exposure (electrons/A2) at which the diffracteed intensity has fallen to e-1 of its initial value. The critical of purple membrane is found to increase from the room temperature value by at least a factor of four when the specimen is maintained at a temperature of -120 degrees C on a liquid-nitrogen-cooled stage. A relationship derived between the critical dose, Ne, and the dose for optimum imaging, Nopt. Both Ne and Nopt depend, of course, upon the spatial frequency, or resolution. The derivation is valid only for the case in which all sources of noise other than quantum fluctuations are neglected. In this case, Nopt approximately equal to 2.5Ne. Finally, Nuclear Track Emulsion plates have been shown to be advantageous for recording high resolution electron diffraction patterns of small (1 micrometer 2) patches of crystalline biological materials.
Elastic behavior of crystalline Li–Sn phases with increasing Li concentration

Abstract We have studied the elastic properties of Li–Sn alloys as a function of Li concentration using first principle calculations. Here, we present the anisotropic elastic tensors as well as the orientation-averaged bulk, Young's and shear moduli and the Poisson's ratios for crystalline alloys. Our results demonstrate that crystal anisotropy has a significant effect on the stiffness of the material. We suggest that the bulk, shear and Young's moduli of isotropic Li x Sn alloys decrease monotonically with increasing Li concentration, resulting in elastic softening. On the other hand, highly anisotropic structures of very similar Li contents deviate from linearity indicating either elastic hardening or softening of the material. In addition to the significant role of anisotropy, our results also underscore the importance of including the concentration dependence of the elastic constants in the analysis of deformation during lithiation/delithiation of Sn anodes.
Mediated sources of public confidence: Lazarsfeld and Merton revisited

In this essay, I theorize communication and confidence by extending Lazarsfeld and Merton's status conferral function. Properly understood, confidence is a communal process, ‘faith-together.’ Though typically blamed for encouraging cynicism, mass media also have a very basic tendency to generate public confidence. Status conferral embeds the social objects portrayed by media in webs of value and thus recommends those objects as grounds for public confidence. At the same time, as empirical work has shown, some forms of news undo the work of status conferal and generate cynicism instead, I end by examining distinct structures of civil society that may determine the contours of mediated confidence and cynicism.
Statistical mechanics of tethered surfaces.

We study the statistical mechanics of two-dimensional surfaces of fixed connectivity embedded in $d$ dimensions, as exemplified by hard spheres tethered together by strings into a triangular net. Without self-avoidance, entropy generates elastic interactions at large distances, and the radius of gyration ${R}_{G}$ increases as ${(\mathrm{ln}L)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, where $L$ is the linear size of the uncrumpled surface. With self-avoidance ${R}_{G}$ grows as ${L}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, with $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{4}{(d+2)}$ as obtained from a Flory theory and in good agreement with our Monte Carlo results for $d=3$.
AN INFORMAL LOOK AT LEFT-TURNING TRAFFIC

Based on a total of 56 hours of observation of the traffic-light controlled left-turn lanes of a relatively busy road intersection, analysis showed lead vehicles of multiple vehicle queues generally took approximately 0.8 sec. to move out on a green arrow as contrasted with 0.5 sec. when the first vehicle was the only vehicle in the que.
Natural Mentoring Processes Deter Externalizing Problems Among Rural African American Emerging Adults: A Prospective Analysis

A 3-wave model linking natural mentoring relationships to externalizing behavior was tested with 345 rural African American emerging adults in their final year of high school. Structural equation models were executed linking multi-informant reports of mentor-emerging adult relationship quality with youths’ externalizing behavior 18 months later. Consistent with our primary hypotheses, emerging adults whose relationships with their natural mentors were characterized by instrumental and emotional support and affectively positive interactions reported lower levels of anger, rule-breaking behavior, and aggression. These effects emerged independent of the influences of family support and youth gender. Two intrapersonal processes, a future orientation and self-regulation, emerged as mediators of the influence of natural mentoring relationships. The influence of natural mentors was most pronounced for emerging adults experiencing high levels of life stress.
Information Use and New Product Outcomes: The Contingent Role of Strategy Type

Information is an important resource for firms to develop new products successfully, and firms must rely on their ability to use information effectively. This research builds on information processing and contingency theories to explore the effect of firm strategy type and the conceptual and instrumental use of information on new product outcomes. Firms operating in high-tech industries are faced with high levels of uncertainty caused by rapidly evolving technologies. Consequently, creating innovative and successful products becomes particularly challenging. Past research examining organizational use of information points to the presence of strategic contingencies that may impact the new product outcomes that accrue to a firm. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine how the impact of information use on new product outcomes varies by strategy type. Using data from 150 software development firms based in a developing economy, the theoretical hypotheses proposed are tested. After controlling for environmental turbulence, the research results demonstrate that firms focusing on specific types of information use innovate successfully only when that information use is congruent with an appropriate strategic orientation. Specifically, the present study finds that prospector firms focusing on conceptual information use enhance both their new product performance and new product creativity outcomes, whereas analyzer firms enhance only their new product performance outcomes. A focus on instrumental information use has different effects for firms. Defender firms enhance both their new product performance and creativity outcomes only when focusing on instrumental information use. In contrast, prospector firms detract from their new product creativity outcomes, and analyzer firms reduce their new product performance outcomes when focusing on instrumental information use.
Chloride/bromide ratios in leachate derived from farm-animal waste

Ratios of conservative chemicals have been used to identify sources of groundwater contamination. While chloride/bromide ratios have been reported for several common sources of groundwater contamination, little work has been done on leachate derived from farm-animal waste. In this study, chloride/bromide ratios were measured in leachate derived from longhorn-cattle, quarterhorse, and pygme-goat waste at a farm in Abilene, Texas, USA. (Minimum, median, and maximum) chloride/bromide ratios of (66.5, 85.6, and 167), (119, 146, and 156), and (35.4, 57.8, and 165) were observed for cattle, horses, and goats, respectively. These ratios are below typical values for domestic wastewater and within the range commonly observed for oilfield brine. Results of this study have important implications for identifying sources of contaminated groundwater in settings with significant livestock and/or oil production.
Biometrics from the carbon isotope ratio analysis of amino acids in human hair.

Abstract This study compares and contrasts the ability to classify individuals into different grouping factors through either bulk isotope ratio analysis or amino-acid-specific isotope ratio analysis of human hair. Using LC–IRMS, we measured the isotope ratios of 14 amino acids in hair proteins independently, and leucine/isoleucine as a co-eluting pair, to provide 15 variables for classification. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids were mostly independent variables in the classification rules, thereby enabling the separation of dietary factors of isotope intake from intrinsic or phenotypic factors of isotope fractionation. Multivariate analysis revealed at least two potential sources of non-dietary factors influencing the carbon isotope ratio values of the amino acids in human hair: body mass index (BMI) and age. These results provide evidence that compound-specific isotope ratio analysis has the potential to go beyond region-of-origin or geospatial movements of individuals—obtainable through bulk isotope measurements—to the provision of physical and characteristic traits about the individuals, such as age and BMI. Further development and refinement, for example to genetic, metabolic, disease and hormonal factors could ultimately be of great assistance in forensic and clinical casework.
Potential utilization of agricultural commodities by fermentation

Use of fermentation products in beverages, foods, feeds and pharmaceuticals is growing steadily, but fermentation production of industrial alcohol, butanol and acetone faces stiff competition from synthetic petrochemicals. In looking to the future of fermentation and its utilization of agricultural commodities, additional experimental approaches should be used in the search for new products, particularly the more complex ones such as antibiotics, enzymes, and vitamins, which in general have resisted economic chemical synthesis.
Impact of clinical pharmacist intervention on diabetes related quality-of-life in an ambulatory care clinic

The purpose of this one-year observational study was to evaluate quality of life in patients at the Medical University of South Carolina Family Medicine clinic who were followed by a clinical pharmacist diabetes educator.Methods: Patients who have been seen by the clinical pharmacist for diabetes education and management services were contacted by telephone and asked to complete a previously validated Diabetes-related Quality of Life (DRQL) survey. In addition, the patient’s most recent hemoglobin A1C, blood pressure, fasting lipid panel and aspirin use were obtained from the electronic medical record. Correlation and logistic regression analysis was completed in order to assess the quality of life score and clinical outcomes.Results: A total of 47 patients completed the survey (37%). The median overall score was 1 (1-very satisfied; 5-very dissatisfied). Patients who were more satisfied with their current treatment tended to have lower LDL, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) values (r=0.32, 0.3, 0.33; p=0.03, 0.03, 0.02). In addition, patients taking more medications were more dissatisfied with the amount of time spent managing their disease (r=0.29, p=0.04), felt more pain associated with the treatment of their disease (r=0.32, p=0.02), and were more worried that their body looked different as a result of their diabetes (r=0.32, p=0.02).Conclusion: Patients in this clinic were highly satisfied with their quality of life. The authors found that trends exist for relationships between several important clinical parameters and quality of life.