cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teotihuacan at Its Height: 250–550 CE

Between about 250 and 550 CE, an interval spanning several ceramic phases, Teotihuacan was at its height. Changes in spatial patterns of occupation within the city were not dramatic. Sherd densities tend to increase in areas somewhat removed from the Avenue of the Dead, especially in a broad eastern and southern region and in the far northwest (the northwesternmost part of the large Oztoyahualco district). Most notable was further increase in the far northwest, increase in the Tlajinga district in the south (where by now there were some workshops of specialized potters), and decline along most of the Avenue of the Dead. Figure 7.1 shows the spatial distribution for the Xolalpan phase, the latter part of this period. Population and Housing Before dealing with other aspects of Teotihuacan during this interval, it is necessary to come to grips with the task of estimating population. This is the first period for which there is enough evidence about residential architecture to make the attempt feasible. My estimates for earlier periods are based on TMP sherd counts, the assumption that sherds produced per person per year did not vary much over time, and assumptions about the durations of ceramic phases. They are all very rough estimates. It is natural to suppose that ceramics of early periods would be underrepresented in surface collections. But if that was the case at Teotihuacan, populations of earlier periods must have been far larger than those later than 250 CE, which is highly improbable. Excavations in tracts that had large enough surface collections to make sampling vagaries small have not found abundant sherds of earlier phases that were not well represented in the surface collections. Probably this is because deposits are usually not deep and because earlier material was often recycled for use in the fill of later structures. It has been hard to dispel the belief that the population of the city continued to grow and reached a peak sometime in the 400s or 500s.
Clinical and Radiographic Results of Attune and PFC Sigma Knee Designs at 2-Year Follow-Up: A Prospective Matched-Pair Analysis

Abstract Background Anterior knee pain (AKP) and/or crepitation are important causes of dissatisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Aim of this prospective, matched-pair study was to compare 2 different designs of patellofemoral (ie, trochlear groove) TKA. The Attune knee has an anatomic trochlear groove with a medialized dome patellar component vs the PFC Sigma with a single radius trochlear groove with a domed shaped patella. Methods Between January 2010 and December 2014, 100 consecutive Attune TKAs were matched to 100 PFC Sigma TKAs based on age, gender, side, and body mass index. All surgeries were performed via medial parapatellar approach and used cemented, posterior-stabilized implants with patellar resurfacing. Clinical evaluations were assessed using Knee Society Scores (KSS) and a patient-administered questionnaire at 2-year follow-up (range, 1.5-3 years). Results Based on the KSS clinical rating system, excellent clinical results were achieved in 89.4% and 90.7% of Attune and PFC Sigma TKAs, respectively. There were no significant differences in the KS pain or function scores. The overall incidence of AKP was significantly lower with the Attune knee compared to that of the PFC Sigma (12.5% vs 25.8%; P = .02). The incidence of hearing or feeling noise was also less with the Attune knee (17.7% vs 30.9%; P = .02). The incidence of painful crepitation was low in both groups (1.0% vs 4.1%) with no significant difference between groups ( P = .37). Both groups had similar high satisfaction scores of 8.6 and 8.4 for the Attune and PFC groups, respectively ( P = .09). Conclusion At 2-year follow-up, there were no differences between the PFC Sigma and Attune knees in KSS or satisfaction. However, the Attune group had a lesser incidence of AKP and crepitation. Further studies should focus on AKP and noise in cruciate-retaining knees.
Chapter 6 – Galvanic Corrosion

This chapter describes galvanic corrosion theory and evaluation. It starts by explaining theoretical galvanic corrosion aspects, mixed potential theory, galvanic series, and novel testing methods suggested by literature. A detailed galvanic corrosion discussion on polarization, prevention including material, minimizing cathode-anode area ratio, coatings and inhibitors, and environmentally friendly sacrificial materials is provided. A recent literature review describes novel testing methods in galvanic corrosion, novel alloys for automotive applications, galvanic corrosion inhibition of both concrete structures and dental magnetic attachments. Galvanic corrosion theory and evaluation is explained through case studies, solved and exercise problems, and numerical modeling.
Cross-spectrum Insect Control with Foliar Insecticides in Broccoli, 2014

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide mixtures compared to Exirel applied alone, for cross-spectrum control of major insect pests (sucking and chewing pests) in broccoli under fall growing conditions. Broccoli “Emerald Crown” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 4 September, 2014. Plots were two beds in width by 45 ft in length and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in an RCB design. Product formulations and rates for each compound are provided in Table 1. Two foliar sprays were applied on 30 September and 15 October with a CO2 pressurized boom sprayer that delivered a broadcast application through 2 TXVS-18 …
Peroxiredoxins and the pro-inflammatory immune response

Accumulating evidence suggests that compromised redox signaling could be responsible for development of hyperactive, pro-inflammatory immune responses, which ultimately affect healthy aging and shorten longevity. Here we show that the lifespan shortening effects observed in flies with altered peroxiredoxin activity in the ER (dPrx4) and mitochondrial (dPrx3 and dPrx5) compartments are associated with activation of the NF-κB –dependent immunity-related/inflammatory genes, which are normally induced in response to infection and constitutively overproduced in old animals. The NF-κB targets could also be activated under conditions of ER stress. In transgenic flies expressing the ER-localized dPrx4 in the absence of Relish, a Drosophila NF-κB ortholog, the pro-inflammatory effects typically elicited by dPrx4 overexpression were absent. The absence of Relish also significantly rescued the severe shortening of lifespan normally observed in dPrx4 overexpressors. Furthermore, the overactivation of immune/inflammatory responses triggered by aberrant dPrx4 activity was mediated by JAK/STAT signaling, as revealed in epistatic analysis using mutants representing the JAK/STAT pathway. We have also found that the proinflammatory response provoked by the oxidant paraquat required dPrx4 activity in the ER, as this response was abrogated in the dprx4 mutant.
Effects of primary care clinician beliefs and perceived organizational facilitators on the delivery of preventive care to individuals with mental illnesses

Although many studies have documented patient-, clinician-, and organizational barriers/facilitators of primary care among people with mental illnesses, few have examined whether these factors predict actual rates of preventive service use. We assessed whether clinician behaviors, beliefs, characteristics, and clinician-reported organizational characteristics, predicted delivery of preventive services in this population. Primary care clinicians (n = 247) at Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) or community health centers and safety-net clinics (CHCs), in six states, completed clinician surveys in 2014. Using electronic health record data, we calculated preventive care-gap rates for patients with mental illnesses empaneled to survey respondents (n = 37,251). Using separate multi-level regression models for each setting, we tested whether survey responses predicted preventive service care-gap rates. After controlling for patient-level characteristics, patients of clinicians who reported a greater likelihood of providing preventive care to psychiatrically asymptomatic patients experienced lower care-gap rates (KPNW γ= − .05, p = .041; CHCs γ= − .05, p = .033). In KPNW, patients of female clinicians had fewer care gaps than patients of male clinicians (γ= − .07, p = .011). In CHCs, patients of clinicians who had practiced longer had fewer care gaps (γ= − .004, p = .010), as did patients whose clinicians believed that organizational quality goals facilitate preventive service provision (γ= − .06, p = .006). Case manager availability in CHCs was associated with higher care-gap rates (γ=.06, p = .028). Clinicians who report they are likely to address preventive concerns when their mentally ill patients present without apparent psychiatric symptoms had patients with fewer care gaps. In CHCs, care quality goals may facilitate preventive care whereas case managers may not.
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Abnormal Strain Overestimates Nonviable Myocardium.

Background Therapy for moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation remains unclear. Determination of myocardial viability, a necessary prerequisite for an improvement in regional contractility, is a likely key factor in determining response to revascularization alone. Myocardial strain has been proposed as a viability measure but has not been compared with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. We hypothesized that abnormal strain overestimates nonviable left ventricular (LV) segments measured with LGE and that ischemia and mechanical tethering by adjacent transmural myocardial infarction (TMI) also decreases strain in viable segments. Methods Sixteen patients with mild or greater ischemic mitral regurgitation and 7 healthy volunteers underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with noninvasive tags (complementary spatial modulation of magnetization [CSPAMM]), LGE, and stress perfusion. CSPAMM images were post-processed with harmonic phase and circumferential and longitudinal strains were calculated. Viability was defined as the absence of TMI on LGE (hyperenhancement >50% of wall thickness). The borderzone was defined as any segment bordering TMI. Abnormal strain thresholds (±1 to 2.5 SDs from normal mean) were compared with TMI, ischemia, and borderzone. Results 7.4% of LV segments had TMI on LGE, and more than 14.5% of LV segments were nonviable by strain thresholds (p Conclusions Impaired LV strain overestimates nonviable myocardium compared with TMI on LGE. Ischemia and infarct proximity also decrease strain in viable segments.
Defining U.S. consumers’ (mis)perceptions of pollinator friendly labels: an exploratory study

Declining pollinator insect populations is an important global concern due to potential negative environmental and economic consequences. However, research on consumer perceptions of pollinator friendly traits is limited. Understanding consumer perceptions is important because they impact behavior and product selection. In turn, this affects the effectiveness of relevant policies and pollinator insects’ access to beneficial plants. This manuscript quantifies consumers’ perceptions of plant traits that aid pollinators. U.S. consumers (n=1,243) were surveyed to identify their perceptions of pollinator friendly traits. Binary logit models and marginal effects were estimated using 22 plant traits and consumers’ purchasing interest, existing knowledge, and demographic variables. Results imply consumers interested in purchasing pollinator friendly plants selected positive traits regardless of accuracy. Furthermore, consumers selected traits that aligned with their knowledge. Older participants had more accurate...
Heat flux measurements from a human forearm under natural convection and isothermal jets

Abstract Heat transfer from a human forearm to a large jet, representative of a building HVAC vent/outlet was studied using both an IR camera and a heat flux sensor. The isothermal jet was discharged horizontally from a wind tunnel, at the same temperature as the ambient air. A model cylinder was used to validate the heat transfer results with results from previous studies, using both an IR camera and heat flux sensors. The same jet was used for studies from a human forearm at various Reynolds numbers (Re = 9500–41,000) and impinging distances of four and eight jet diameters The results were compared with heat transfer due to natural convection under both open and controlled environments. A significant increase in convection heat transfer with Reynolds number and distance from the jet outlet was observed. A nearly fourfold increase in convection heat transfer coefficient was obtained when a jet with Reynolds number of 9500 was impinged on a human arm when compared to that obtained under natural convection in an open environment. Empirical correlations for predicting the stagnation and average Nusselt number from a human arm were also developed with high values of correlation coefficients for future studies. Overall, impingement jets were found to be an effective means to transfer heat from human bodies and could potentially be used for creating thermally conditioned microenvironments.
The Effects of Caloric Education, Trial-by-Trial Feedback, and their Interaction on College-Aged Women's Abilities to Estimate Caloric Content.

Background Many people track the caloric content of food, given its relevance to weight loss, gain, or maintenance. A better understanding of the psychological underpinnings of caloric-content estimation for unhealthy foods is of significant psychological and public-health interest. Purpose This study investigated whether college-aged women could be trained to estimate the caloric content of unhealthy foods more accurately via exposure to caloric-content education, trial-by-trial feedback, and their combination. Methods The caloric content of 84 foods was estimated and three transfer tasks were completed by 238 undergraduate women. Mixed-effects modeling estimated three aspects of the quadratic function linking true and judged caloric content: threshold (average perceived caloric content), linear sensitivity, and change in sensitivity as caloric content increases. Results On average, college-aged women underestimated caloric content, demonstrated substantial linear sensitivity to caloric content, and did not show reduced sensitivity as caloric content increased. Trial-by-trial feedback, but not Caloric Education, enhanced caloric estimation on the first two tasks. Conclusions College-aged women show biased but sensitive judgments of the caloric content of unhealthy food presented in images. Initial evidence suggests that trial-by-trial feedback may be an efficacious strategy to enhance caloric-content estimation, at least when viewing static images of foods.
Summary and the Future of Hybrid Intelligent Systems

The integration of intelligent technologies has become an interesting research topic and a powerful way to develop useful applications. Most of the work has been done on conventional hardware, but future work will include implementation with massively parallel systems, optical computing, and other hardware as they are improved and become economical. Hybrid intelligent systems (see Figure 14.1) also rely on and interface with conventional software technologies such as database systems and object-oriented programming languages.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuels Cells

Abstract Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are promising devices for a variety of energy-conversion technologies. However, they have limited market penetration due to their high cost, which stems from the need to balance durability, performance, and materials. To understand and quantify these complex interactions, detailed mathematical modeling of the underlying physical phenomena is an ideal tool to describe the multiphysics. Similarly, to control the overall operation of the cell requires detailed mathematical models. In this chapter, we describe how one can model the dominant interactions and phenomena within a cell. These interactions involve several simultaneous processes including ionic resistance, gas- and liquid-phase transport, and catalytic reactions. To design and control fuel cells for efficient operation, an understanding of the interdependence of these processes across the layers of diffusion media, catalyst, and membrane is necessary, and the phenomena within each layer will be described in this chapter. In addition, current issues in the modeling of fuel cells including optimization of transport phenomena and multiphase flow, durability, and electrode structure will be introduced. The mathematical techniques and descriptions discussed in this chapter will aid scientists and engineers in understanding and designing fuel cells for various operating scenarios.
Social Movements: Psychological Perspectives

Social movements are sustained actions undertaken by organized groups. The psychology of social movements focuses on the motives that lead people to join, work on behalf of, and stay within social movements. Injustice is the central such motive. People do not, however, always respond to injustice with group actions. They are more likely to do so when they view the injustice as occurring to a group, rather than an individual.
Discrete Time Algorithms

The development of algorithms for the computation of projected dynamical systems is a topic equal in importance to that of the exploration of qualitative questions of existence, uniqueness, and stability.
A representation theorem for fibered knots and their monodromy maps

Our construction generalizes ideas of Goldsmith [Go]. The main new features here are: (i) We are able to produce fibered knots which need not have the symmetries which were always present in the knots produced in [Go]. (2) We show that there is an interesting duality between fibered knots and monodromy maps. Explicitly, we show that for each fibered knot ~ in S 3 there are two mutually transverse ways to cut apart the 3-sphere : one of these allows us to understand the monodromy map as a product of simpler maps, and the other allows us to build the knot up from simpler pieces. For a given knot ~ we can focus on one or the other aspect of the geometry, but we cannot focus on both simultaneously.
Returns to Operating Room After Neurosurgical Procedures in a Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center: Implications for Health Care Policy and Quality Improvement.

BACKGROUND Return to the operating room (ROR) has been put forth by the National Quality Forum and the American College of Surgeons as a surgical quality indicator. However, current quality metrics fail to consider the nature and etiology of the ROR. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive description of all reoperations after neurosurgical procedures and assess the validity of ROR as a quality measure in neurosurgery. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed all neurosurgical procedures performed in a high-volume, tertiary care academic medical center between June 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016. Based on a system constructed and validated at our institution, we classified RORs into (a) unplanned related, (b) planned return due to complications, (c) planned-staged return, or (d) unrelated return. RESULTS A total of 9200 unique neurosurgical cases were identified, of which 788 had an ROR within 45 d (8.6%). Median time to ROR (interquartile range) was 9 d (4-15). Specifically, 4.2% were planned-staged returns, 3.4% were unplanned related, 0.3% were unrelated, and 0.6% were planned because of previous complications. Cranial procedures had the highest unplanned ROR rate (4.2%), followed by spinal (2.8%) and peripheral nerve (0.4%). The most common reason for an unplanned ROR was wound complication/surgical site infection (34.3%), followed by hematoma evacuation (13.9%) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (11.3%). CONCLUSION Unplanned RORs were relatively rare and most commonly associated with wound complication, postoperative hematoma, and CSF leak. To better reflect surgical quality, ROR metrics should indicate whether the return was planned or unrelated.
Baseline Neurocognitive Performance and Symptoms in Those With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders and History of Concussion With Previous Loss of Consciousness

Previous consensus statements on sports concussion have highlighted the importance of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and loss of consciousness (LOC) as risk factors related to concussion management. The present study investigated how self-reported history of either ADHD diagnosis or history of previous concussion resulting in LOC influence baseline neurocognitive performance and self-reported symptoms. This analysis was performed retrospectively on data collected primarily from student-athletes, both Division 1 and club sports athletes. The dataset (n = 1460) is comprised of college students (age = 19.1 ± 1.4 years). Significant differences were found for composite scores on the ImPACT for both history of concussion (p = 0.016) and ADHD (p = 0.014). For concussion history, those with a previous concussion, non-LOC, performed better on the visual motor speed (p = 0.004). Those with diagnosis of ADHD performed worse on verbal memory (p = 0.001) and visual motor speed (p = 0.033). For total symptoms, concussion history (p < 0.001) and ADHD (p = 0.001) had an influence on total symptoms. Those with ADHD reported more symptoms for concussion history; those with previous LOC concussion reported more symptoms than those with non-LOC concussion (p = 0.003) and no history (p < 0.001). These results highlight the importance of baseline measures of neurocognitive function and symptoms in concussion management in order to account for pre-existing conditions such as ADHD and LOC from previous concussion that could influence these measures.
Global optimization of multicomponent distillation configurations: Global minimization of total cost for multicomponent mixture separations

Abstract We introduce a global optimization framework for determining the minimum cost required to distill any ideal or near-ideal multicomponent mixture into its individual constituents using a sequence of columns. This new framework extends the Global Minimization Algorithm (GMA) previously introduced by Nallasivam et al. (2016); and we refer to the new framework as the Global Minimization Algorithm for Cost (GMAC). GMAC guarantees global optimality by formulating a nonlinear program (NLP) for each and every distillation configuration in the search space and solving it using global optimization solvers. The case study presented in this work not only demonstrates the need for developing such an algorithm, but also shows the flexibility and effectiveness of GMAC, which enables process engineers to design and retrofit energy efficient and cost-effective distillation configurations.
Adaptive Power Control Using Current Adjustment for Watt-Level Power Amplifiers in CMOS SOI

This brief demonstrates the effectiveness of utilizing a 4-bit current steering digital to analog converter (DAC) as an adaptive power controller to adjust the dc quiescent current of a linear power amplifier as a function of the input signal power. A custom made metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET), which is used as the amplifying transistor, and a current steering DAC have been integrated on the same substrate to minimize the power amplifier’s form factor and mismatches between the power tracker and the MESFET. This design has been implemented in a 45-nm CMOS SOI global foundries (GFs) process with a nominal supply voltage of 0.9 V and provides 31.8 dBm of output power, 45% peak efficiency and 24 dB maximum power gain. Measurement results at 70 MHz reveal about 10% efficiency improvement at 6-dB power back-off with continuous wave and 5% for standard 16-PSK EDGE modulated signals. The amplifier shows error vector magnitude of 5% and ACPR of −56.9 dBc at 400 kHz offset from the carrier frequency without digital pre-distortion, while transmitting 27 dBm of modulated output power.
Morphodynamics and stratigraphic architecture of shelf-edge deltas subject to constant vs. dynamic environmental forcings: A laboratory study

When deltas dock at continental margins they construct thick stratigraphic intervals and activate continental slope sediment routing systems (SRS). Given their thickness, these deposits have the capacity to store detailed paleo-environmental records. Several competing theories describe how SRS comprised of linked deltas-continental slopes respond to sea level cycles of varying magnitude and periodicity. I explore this in a physical experiment where the topography of a coupled delta-slope system was monitored at high resolution. This allows development of process-based theory for the response of SRS to external forcings at the land-ocean interface. Connection between these environments was promoted with input conditions that generated plunging hyperpycnal flows at river mouths. The experiment had three stages, which included: 1) a delta-slope system aggrading with no sea level cycles, 2) a system responding to low magnitude and high frequency sea level cycles, and 3) a system responding to a high magnitude and long period cycle. All stages shared an identical background pseudo-subsidence rate. Here the magnitudes and periods of sea level cycles are discussed relative to key autogenic scales. I find that, on average, sediment transport to the marine is promoted during lowstand conditions in all stages. However, the scale of the sea level cycles with respect to emergent autogenic scales controls the predictability of this response, with greater stochasticity and thus lower predictability for the response to smaller and shorter sea level cycles. Analysis of two SRS suggests that predictable responses can require sea level cycle amplitudes greater than 50 m and periods longer than 200 kyrs, but will vary with system size.
Antipodes: In Search of the Southern Continent

Although noteworthy historians – including Peter Beaglehole, O.H.K. Spate, Glyndwr Williams, John Gascoigne, Vivian Salmon, and Jonathan Lamb, among others – have authored ground-breaking works abo...
How do body-worn cameras affect the amount and makeup of police-initiated activities? A randomized controlled trial in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Examine how the amount and makeup of police-initiated activities changed after the introduction of body-worn cameras (BWCs). From May 21 to November 22, 2016, patrol officers and sergeants from the Milwaukee Police Department were involved in a randomized controlled trial. Through a stratified random sampling procedure, half the officers (n = 252) were assigned BWCs, while officers from the control group (n = 252) continued business as usual. The counts of proactive activities, which included a total count of self-initiated events, as well as traffic stops, business checks, subject stops, and park and walks, were examined using random-effects negative binominal panel regression analyses. The models included a unique measure of contamination to assess its impact on officers’ proactivity. BWCs had no impact on the total amount of officer-initiated activities, traffic stops, or business checks. Officers with BWCs conducted approximately 8% fewer subject stops and 23% more park and walks than those in the control group. In all models, contamination levels were significantly, positively associated with the number of proactive activities that were conducted; however, the size of this effect was very small. Results suggest that BWC-wearing officers may be less likely to engage in proactive activities that are highly discretionary and that could potentially lead to confrontations with community members. As departments continue to develop BWC programs or fine-tune their existing BWC policies, more research is needed to understand the degree to which BWCs affect officers’ behaviors and interactions with the public.
Investigation of coarse-grained models across a glass transition

Due to their computational efficiency, coarse-grained (CG) models have become increasingly popular for simulating soft condensed matter. At least in principle, bottom-up CG models can reproduce the...
The origins of the dual city: housing, race & redevelopment in twentieth-century Chicago

In The Origins of the Dual City, Joel Rast argues that the manner in which urban revitalization policies unfold can be explained against the backdrop of society’s dominant paradigms. By focusing on...
Proteomic analysis identifies plasma correlates of remote ischemic conditioning in the context of experimental traumatic brain injury.

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), transient restriction and recirculation of blood flow to a limb after traumatic brain injury (TBI), can modify levels of pathology-associated circulating protein. This study sought to identify TBI-induced molecular alterations in plasma and whether RIC would modulate protein and metabolite levels at 24 h after diffuse TBI. Adult male C57BL/6 mice received diffuse TBI by midline fluid percussion or were sham-injured. Mice were assigned to treatment groups 1 h after recovery of righting reflex: sham, TBI, sham RIC, TBI RIC. Nine plasma metabolites were significantly lower post-TBI (six amino acids, two acylcarnitines, one carnosine). RIC intervention returned metabolites to sham levels. Using proteomics analysis, twenty-four putative protein markers for TBI and RIC were identified. After application of Benjamini–Hochberg correction, actin, alpha 1, skeletal muscle (ACTA1) was found to be significantly increased in TBI compared to both sham groups and TBI RIC. Thus, identified metabolites and proteins provide potential biomarkers for TBI and therapeutic RIC in order to monitor disease progression and therapeutic efficacy.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Preferences of People Receiving Dialysis.

Importance Whether the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) preferences of patients receiving dialysis align with their values and other aspects of end-of-life care is not known. Objective To describe the CPR preferences of patients receiving dialysis and how these preferences are associated with their responses to questions about other aspects of end-of-life care. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional survey study of a consecutive sample of patients receiving dialysis at 31 nonprofit dialysis facilities in 2 US metropolitan areas (Seattle, Washington, and Nashville, Tennessee) between April 22, 2015, and October 2, 2018. Analyses for this article were conducted between December 2018 and April 2020. Exposures Participants were asked to respond to the question “If you had to decide right now, would you want CPR if your heart were to stop beating?” Those who indicated they would probably or definitely want CPR were categorized as preferring CPR. Main Outcomes and Measures This study examined the association between preference for CPR and other treatment preferences, engagement in advance care planning, values, desired place of death, expectations about prognosis, symptoms, and palliative care needs. Results Of the 1434 individuals invited to complete the survey, 1009 agreed to participate, and 876 were included in the analytic cohort (61.1%). The final cohort had a mean (SD) age of 62.6 (14.0) years; 492 (56.2%) were men, and 528 (60.3%) were White individuals. Among 738 of 876 participants (84.2%) who indicated that they would definitely or probably want CPR (CPR group), 555 (75.2%) wanted mechanical ventilation vs 13 of 138 (9.4%) of those who did not want CPR (do not resuscitate [DNR] group) (P Conclusions and Relevance The CPR preferences of patients receiving dialysis were associated with some, but not all, other aspects of end-of-life care. How participants responded to questions about these other aspects of end-of-life care were not always aligned with their CPR preference. More work is needed to integrate discussions about code status with bigger picture conversations about patients’ values, goals, and preferences for end-of-life care.
A generalization of a method of Mordell to ternary quadratic forms

Mordell in 1958 gave a new proof of the three squares theorem. We generalize those techniques to characterize the integers represented by the remaining six “Ramanujan–Dickson ternaries” as well as three other ternary forms.
Learning speed and detection sensitivity controlled by distinct cortico-fugal neurons in visual cortex

Vertebrates can change their behavior upon detection of visual stimuli according to the outcome their actions produce. Such goal-directed behavior involves evolutionary conserved brain structures like the striatum and optic tectum, which receive ascending visual input from the periphery. In mammals, however, these structures also receive descending visual input from visual cortex (VC), via neurons that give rise to cortico-fugal projections. The function of cortico-fugal neurons in visually guided, goal-directed behavior remains unclear. Here, we address the impact of two populations of cortico-fugal neurons in mouse VC in the learning and performance of a visual detection task. We show that the ablation of striatal projecting neurons reduces learning speed, whereas the ablation of superior colliculus projecting neurons does not impact learning but reduces detection sensitivity. This functional dissociation between distinct cortico-fugal neurons in controlling learning speed and detection sensitivity suggests an adaptive contribution of cortico-fugal pathways even in simple goal-directed behavior.
Gentrifying Atlanta: Investor Purchases of Rental Housing, Evictions, and the Displacement of Black Residents

Displacement of Black communities through gentrification is a major concern among policymakers, community groups, and advocates. This research investigates whether investor purchases of multifamily...
Campaign Contributions and Access to Congressional Offices: Patterns in Foreign Lobbying Data:

Do lobbyists contribute money to legislators to build relationships in government? I show that lobbyists deploy resources strategically to get access to officials by analyzing newly available data ...
Site Dependent Earthquake Motions

A statistical method for modeling time varying earthquake induced acceleration levels which will produce smooth response spectrums of the desired shape and amplitude levels is developed. Specific records are derived to simulate a mean spectrum developed from historically recorded rock motions and also for AEC Regulatory Guide spectrum. The synthetic rock motion is then used as the input motion to a number of site conditions simulating stiff, deep cohesionless and soft to medium clay and sand sites using the computer program SHAKE. The results are compared to mean spectra for similar sites derived from historically recorded motions and shown to provide reasonable engineering estimates of site motions.
Age, subjective stress, and depression after ischemic stroke

The incidence of stroke among younger adults in the United States is increasing. Few studies have investigated the prevalence of depressive symptoms after stroke among different age groups or the extent to which subjective stress at the time of stroke interacts with age to contribute to post-stroke depression. The present study examined whether there exists an age gradient in survivors’ level of depressive symptoms and explored the extent to which financial, family, and health-related stress may also impact on depression. Bivariate analyses (N = 322) indicated significant differences in depression and stress by age group, as well as differences in age and stress by 3-month depression status. Linear regression analyses indicated that survivors between the ages of 25–54 and 55–64 years old had, on average, significantly higher depressive symptom scores. Those with financial, family, and health-related stress at the time of stroke, irrespective of age, also had significantly higher scores.
Radial Moment Calculations of Coupled Electron-Photon Beams

The authors consider the steady-state transport of normally incident pencil beams of radiation in slabs of material. A method has been developed for determining the exact radial moments of 3-D beams of radiation as a function of depth into the slab, by solving systems of 1-D transport equations. They implement these radial moment equations in the ONEBFP discrete ordinates code and simulate energy-dependent, coupled electron-photon beams using CEPXS-generated cross sections. Modified P{sub N} synthetic acceleration is employed to speed up the iterative convergence of the 1-D charged particle calculations. For high-energy photon beams, a hybrid Monte Carlo/discrete ordinates method is examined. They demonstrate the efficiency of the calculations and make comparisons with 3-D Monte Carlo calculations. Thus, by solving 1-D transport equations, they obtain realistic multidimensional information concerning the broadening of electron-photon beams. This information is relevant to fields such as industrial radiography, medical imaging, radiation oncology, particle accelerators, and lasers.
Dynamic mobile IP and Nice-TCP for improving TCP/IP performance

Mobile IP is an Internet protocol designed to support host mobility. It provides the host the ability to stay connected to the Internet regardless of its location. This paper presents a modified Mobile IP protocol, (Dynamic Mobile (IP-DM-IP)). DM-IP eliminates triangular routing, which exists in current Mobile IP and it can be easily implemented in the existing wireless infrastructure. In DM-IP the packets can be sent directly from the communicating host to the mobile node bypassing the "home agent". We also present a TCP protocol (Nice TCP (N-TCP)), which considers the packet losses due to mobility and wireless errors. The congestion control criteria are modified so that by default the TCP does not need to invoke congestion control algorithm if a packet is dropped. We show that N-TCP also works for Mobile ad hoc networks.
The Instructional Developer.

The study reported in this article was conducted with a selected group of instructional developers, the members of the Division of Instructional Development of the Association for Educational Communications and Technologoy. While the information seems to represent the most complete set of data now available on this group, it is too limited to permit sweeping generalizations. The intention of the study was to survey instructional developers in order to obtain some information about their demographic, professional, and ideological characteristics. A major thrust of this study dealt with what range of learning theories and instructional guides the developers used in dealing with problems of learning and development.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH MCCLOSKEY ON THE EARTH CHARTER

This note responds to Deirdre McCloskey's 2002 critique of the Earth Charter by arguing that the concepts of sustainability, intergenerational equity and political democracy are essential to an understanding of that international manifesto.
A Semantic Analysis of Monotonic Inheritance with Roles and Relations

The paper addresses the problem of specifying valid reasoning with roles and relations in inheritance networks. A system of (context free) rules is presented for monotonic inheritance networks with isa, identity, role and relational links. The system is then interpreted in a fragment of first-order logic, and the interpretation is shown to be sound and complete. Thus, any conclusion provable from a network is a logically valid consequence of the information in the network, and any logically valid consequence in the network query language is provable.
The Myers-Briggs Personality Type and Its Relationship to Computer Programming

AbstractThis research investigated whether college students with certain personality types (as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) performed better in an introductory programming class than students with the opposite personality types. A pilot study of 24 students and a follow-up study of 114 college students taking an introductory programming class indicated that sensing students performed better on programming assignments than intuitive students, and that judging students achieved higher programming averages than perceptive students. Additionally, it was found that personality type influenced achievement in programming performance, but did not influence achievement on exams or overall average.
A Linguistic Formalism for Engineering Solid Modeling

Linguistic models of physical solids have been widely studied for use in the kernels of CAD/CAM systems. These models are useful because they guarantee topological correctness of computer representations of physical solids. This papers outlines a new model, based in the graph grammars, that manipulates the bounding manifolds of physical solids. Proof of topological validity of this linguistic representation scheme proceeds as follows. First, the start graph is shown to be representative of a solid, then productions in the two dimensional grammar are shown to be syntactically complete and closed in the solids. Thus one starts with a solid topology, and any application of a graph production results in a solid topology.
Comparative study of 0° X-cut and Y + 36°-cut lithium niobate high-voltage sensing

A comparison study between Y + 36° and 0° X-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) was performed to evaluate the influence of crystal cut on the acoustic propagation to realize a piezoelectric high-voltage sensor. The acoustic time-of-flight for each crystal cut was measured when applying direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), and pulsed voltages. Results show that the voltage-induced shift in the acoustic wave propagation time scaled quadratically with voltage for DC and AC voltages applied to X-cut crystals. For the Y + 36° crystal, the voltage-induced shift scales linearly with DC voltages and quadratically with AC voltages. When applying 5 μs voltage pulses to both crystals, the voltage-induced shift scaled linearly with voltage. For the Y + 36° cut, the voltage-induced shift from applying DC voltages ranged from 10 to 54 ps and 35 to 778 ps for AC voltages at 640 V over the frequency range of 100 Hz–100 kHz. Using the same conditions as the Y + 36° cut, the 0° X-cut crystal sensed a shift of 10–273 ps for DC voltages and 189–813 ps for AC voltage application. For 5 μs voltage pulses, the 0° X-cut crystal sensed a voltage induced shift of 0.250–2 ns and the Y + 36°-cut crystal sensed a time shift of 0.115–1.6 ns. This suggests a frequency sensitive response to voltage where the influence of the crystal cut was not a significant contributor under DC, AC, or pulsed voltage conditions. The measured DC data were compared to a 1-D impedance matrix model where the predicted incremental length changed as a function of voltage. When the voltage source error was eliminated through physical modeling from the uncertainty budget, the combined uncertainty of the sensor (within a 95% confidence interval) decreased to 0.0033% using a Y + 36°-cut crystal and 0.0032% using an X-cut crystal for all the voltage conditions used in this experiment.
Chance Constrained Dea

Incorporation of random variations into DEA analysis has received significant attention in recent years. This chapter describes some of these developments and offers examples of possible uses in the area of chance-constrained programming models in DEA.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

This article discusses the background and theory of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as the equipment and experiments it employs and its applications today. Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance; NMR; quantum mechanical phenomena; magnetic field; MRI
How the Temporal Framing of Energy Savings Influences Consumer Product Evaluations and Choice

Consumer interest in behavior that is good for the environment is increasing, but actual behavior consistent with this objective has not risen accordingly. This may in part be due to consumers not realizing that their environmentally protective behaviors may have tangible future benefits for them. These studies examine the influence of message frames and a consumer’s propensity to think about the future for products that have future benefits. More specifically, these studies examine how consumers respond to temporal frames of savings on product packaging for energy efficient products. Two studies suggest that the temporal framing of savings can influence product choice, purchase intentions, attitudes, and perceptions of savings. The results indicate that future-oriented consumers are likely to have more positive evaluations when savings are framed in the distant future compared to the near future. In addition, there is a mediating effect of perception of savings. These experiments provide information of interest to marketers and researchers regarding the influence of temporal frames and a consumer’s temporal orientation on products that have future benefits. C � 2012
Judgment and Decision Making in Adolescence

In this article, we review the most important findings to have emerged during the past 10 years in the study of judgment and decision making (JDM) in adolescence and look ahead to possible new directions in this burgeoning area of research. Three inter-related shifts in research emphasis are of particular importance and serve to organize this review. First, research grounded in normative models of JDM has moved beyond the study of age differences in risk perception and toward a dynamic account of the factors predicting adolescent decisions. Second, the field has seen widespread adoption of dual-process models of cognitive development that describe 2 relatively independent modes of information processing, typically contrasting an analytic (cold) system with an experiential (hot) one. Finally, there has been an increase in attention to the social, emotional, and self-regulatory factors that influence JDM. This shift in focus reflects the growing influence of findings from developmental neuroscience, which describe a pattern of structural and functional maturation that may set the stage for a heightened propensity to make risky decisions in adolescence.
Decompensation of Pressure-Overload Hypertrophy in Gαq-Overexpressing Mice

Background—Receptor-mediated activation of myocardial Gq signaling is postulated as a biochemical mechanism transducing pressure-overload hypertrophy. The specific effects of Gq activation on the functional and morphological adaptations to pressure overload are not known. Methods and Results—To determine the effects of intrinsic myocyte Gαq signaling on the left ventricular hypertrophic response to experimental pressure overload, transgenic mice overexpressing Gαq specifically in the heart (Gαq-25) and nontransgenic siblings underwent microsurgical creation of transverse aortic coarctation and the morphometric, functional, and molecular characteristics of these pressure-overloaded hearts were compared at increasing times after surgery. Before aortic banding, isolated Gαq-25 ventricular myocytes exhibited contractile depression (depressed +dl/dt and −dl/dt) and Gαq-25 hearts showed a pattern of fetal gene expression similar to the known characteristics of nontransgenic pressure-overloaded mice. Three weeks...