cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of advanced (stages III and IV) non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, and approximately 85% of patients in whom this neoplasm is diagnosed will die of this disease as a result of micrometastatic disease from tumors that appeared surgically resectable or of surgically unresectable disease that is either locally advanced or metastatic. It will affect approximately 171,000 people in the United States in 1998 and about 75% of these cases will be non—small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In only 25% of cases can complete surgical resection and cure be considered. Despite this grim outlook, advances have recently been made that beckon in an era of cautious optimism. In this review, a discussion of the latest developments in the management of locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC will be presented in detail. One of the significant developments has been the modifications to the staging system after the natural history of various stages was better characterized by reviewing the outcome of more than 5000 patients. Advances have also been seen in the diagnostic field. Specifically, positron emission tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography and biopsy are being evaluated to determine their role in diagnosing and staging lung cancer. At the present, however, history and physical examination, serum evaluation, computed tomography, and conventional approaches for obtaining a histologic diagnosis are standard practice. The role of adjuvant therapy, both postoperatively and in the neoadjuvant setting, has been studied. There are no date to support the use of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, with or without radiotherapy, in the postoperative setting. In the neoadjuvant setting, some intriguing results in favor of adjuvant chemotherapy have been observed. As discussed in detail these results provide preliminary data and need to be evaluated on a larger scale. Before the 1990s radiotherapy was the principal treatment modality used in the treatment of patients with locally advanced NSCLC. However, the results of several studies have shown the superiority of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in combination for patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC. Many questions regarding the optimal modes of chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the timing of these two modalities have yet to be answered. Concurrent with these advances has been the development of new chemotherapeutic agents that have been extensively evaluated in phase I and II trials. These agents include gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinorelbine, and irinotecan. These agents have shown significant activity and acceptable toxicity when used in combination with cisplatin or carboplatin, but the results from the large cooperative trials that are ongoing are eagerly awaited to help define the optimal regimen. Future studies are either planned or ongoing to further define the role of these newer agents in the treatment of metastatic disease, in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable disease, and in the surgical adjuvant setting.
Lunar gravity: apollo 15 doppler radio tracking

New detailed gravity measurements were obtained over a 10- to 70-km surface strip from − 70° to + 70° long. during low-altitude orbits (≈ 12 km at periapsis). The trajectory path (Figure 1) went over the centers of both Maria Serenitatis and Crisium, providing a complete center gravity profile of two large mascons. Consistent with the previous results for Mare Nectaris and Mare Humorum, both Serenitatis and Crisium mascons are approximately disk-shaped near-surface mass anomalies of net uncompensated loading, 800 kg cm−2. This strengthens Booker's contention that all mascons are approximately the same thickness. Also revealed for the first time are significant positive gravity measurements over mountain ranges - Apennines (near Hadley Mountain) and the Marius Hills. The data suggests that the Apennines have undergone some isostatic compensation, whereas the Marius Hills have not. The crater anomalies detected are all consistently negative as observed before, implying loss of mass from the impact event which formed them.
An Electroformed Mirror Array for High Energy X-ray Astronomy

A design for a mirror array telescope for high energies with almost 1000 sq cm effective area at 7 keV is described. Briefly, it consists of 36 modules. Each module contains Wolter I mirrors nested 6 deep. The system is small enough to be flown on an Aries rocket. With the current mirrors, the angular resolution at high contrast is 20 arcsec and the half power diameter for images is 1.5 arcmin at 1.5 keV and 3.5 arcmin - 4 arcmin at 7 keV. Plans to improve upon this performance are discussed.
The Excystation, Cultivation and Encystation of Endamoeba colt.

SummaryTwenty-six strains of Enda-maeba coli were used for culture experiments, 2 strains in the trophic stage and 24 in the cystic stage. The former did not reproduce in subculture but 15 of the latter excysted and grew abundantly. Four of these are still being cultivated. A modified Locke's egg serum medium plus starch was the only one in which excystation occurred and proved to be the optimum one for continued growth of the organism. The medium was incubated at 37°, had an initial pH of 7.8-8.0 and a final pH of 6.8-7.0. Encystation occurred spontaneously but was never produced at will.
Polynomial approximation of analytic functions on a finite number of continua in the complex plane

The Dzjadyk-type theorem concerning the polynomial approximation of functions on a continuum in the complex plane C is generalized to the case of polynomial approximation of functions on a compact set in C which consists of a finite number of continua.
Worried sleep: 24-h monitoring in high and low worriers.

Abstract Background Commonly used trait measures might not accurately capture the relationship between worry and sleep difficulties in real life. Methods In a 24-h ambulatory monitoring study, high and low trait worriers maintained a log of worry and sleep characteristics while actigraphy, heart rates (HR), skin conductance (SC), and ambient temperature were recorded. Results Worrying in bed on the night of the recording was associated with longer self-reported and actigraphic nocturnal awakenings, lower actigraphic sleep efficiency, higher HR, lower HR variability, elevated SC level, and more non-specific SC fluctuations compared to not worrying in bed. High trait worriers had higher HR during waking and sleep, and reported shorter total sleep time and poorer sleep quality. Conclusions While trait worry is mainly associated with subjective sleep difficulties, worrying in bed impairs sleep according to both subjective and objective sleep parameters, including heightened sympathetic and reduced parasympathetic activation.
Beyond the Stimulus

The American public understands that innovation in science and technology is the best guarantor of our economic future. National research budgets are not subsidies but strategic investments to be sustained even in the worst of times. Thanks to the relevant administration and congressional leaders, science has been well served in the stimulus package just signed by President Obama. The $21.5 billion for R&D projects over the next 2 years is the result of compromises based on a variety of opinions as to the proper levels of support for U.S. science. Take funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH), for example. The House initially proposed that the NIH receive $3.5 billion, whereas the Senate, under the extraordinary leadership of Senator Arlen Specter, proposed $10 billion, the figure in the final bill. So what should the appropriate level of support be beyond the stimulus? Is there a quantifiable rationale beyond "more is always better?"
Catalytic activity of interstellar grains: Formation of molecular hydrogen on amorphous silicates

Abstract Silicates constitute an important class of interstellar grain material and are the site of catalytic activities, most notably the formation of molecular hydrogen. Here we report an analysis of experiments conducted in the laboratory to measure the efficiency of formation of molecular hydrogen on amorphous silicates, a realistic analogue of interstellar dust grains. From the measurements, we also obtain the energetics of key processes in the reaction and information on the mechanism of reaction. Comparison with earlier measurements of molecular hydrogen formation on a sample of polycrystalline olivine shows that amorphous materials are more efficient catalysts.
A novel approach to collision-induced dissociation (CID) for ion mobility-mass spectrometry experiments

Collision induced dissociation (CID) combined with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (MALDI-IM-MS) is described. In this approach, peptide ions are separated on the basis of mobility in a 15 cm drift cell. Following mobility separation, the ions exit the drift cell and enter a 5 cm vacuum interface with a high field region (up to 1000 V/cm) to undergo collisional activation. Ion transmission and ion kinetic energies in the interface are theoretically evaluated accounting for the pressure gradient, interface dimensions, and electric fields. Using this CID technique, we have successfully fragmented and sequenced a number of model peptide ions as well as peptide ions obtained by a tryptic digest. This instrument configuration allows for the simultaneous determination of peptide mass, peptide-ion sequence, and collision-cross section of MALDI-generated ions, providing information critical to the identification of unknown components in complex proteomic samples.
Benjamin H. Bailey, Language, race and negotiation of identity: A study of Dominican Americans. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing, 2002. Pp. ix, 294. Hb $70.00.

Benjamin Bailey's Language, race and negotiation of identity is the first extensive sociolinguistic study of a Dominican-American communicative community, and is thus a timely and welcome addition to the literature on Spanish/English bilingual situations in the United States. Bailey conducted field work among second-generation working-class Dominican-American high school students in Providence, Rhode Island, from August 1996 to July 1997. (The school at the time of field work was 60% Hispanic, 20% Dominican, and the rest largely Puerto Rican and Guatemalan.) His investigation focuses on the ways in which linguistic deployments by these young people enact ethnic and racial identity. His data are drawn from videotaped activities of six high school students in school and in one nonschool setting, interviews about language use and ethnic/racial issues with high school and college students, and general participant observation in school, home, and community contexts (p. 36).
Hydrodynamics of post-disassembly fuel expansion

Abstract The early expansion of the fuel following disassembly in an LMFBR core disruptive accident is modeled. Spherical expansion in the sodium is assumed. A Lagrangian, finite-difference hydrodynamic code (FEXPAN) describes the motion. Disassembly employs VENUS-II, and a consistent equation of state for fuel was used throughout disassembly and FEXPAN. Time-dependent mechanical work and fuel vaporized without fuel mixing are obtained. FEXPAN is compared with time-independent expansion for the effect of fuel mixing. For example, for a particular accident analysed 75 MW sec mechanical work was calculated for expansion with no mixing versus 10 MW sec with complete core mixing.
A Normative Approach to Computer Education: University and Government Cooperate in an Effort to Develop Curriculum

Current research stresses that the success or failure of a new system depends on the education and training that users receive. Implicit in these findings is the warning that automation without appropriate education will lead to chaos. This paper reports the development of a plan to educate managers to fully utilize new computer systems and to recognize the potential of automation. The plan is unique in that it is a cooperative endeavor between a major university and a large government agency. The motivation for providing the education is first presented by reviewing current literature that addresses reasons to educate; who should educate, and what education and training should be conducted to ensure success. The curriculum guidelines, developed by the government agency, were specifically stated, and the joint curriculum reconciled these guidelines with normative goals for curriculum development. This was accomplished through close cooperation between the two groups of participants. The article discusses ...
Local error estimation and adaptive remeshing scheme for least-squares mixed finite elements

Following the theme of our previous work on least-squares finite elements [10,28], we describe an adaptive remeshing scheme using local residuals as the error indicator. This choice of indicator is natural (and exact at the element level!) in the norm associated with the corresponding least-squares statement. The remeshing strategy applied here involves mesh enrichment by point insertion in a Delaunay scheme. Several refined grids and error plots are included for a representative model elliptic boundary-value problem.
Investigation of vibration characteristics of the ligamentous lumbar spine using the finite element approach

A nonlinear, three-dimensional finite element model of the ligamentous L4-S1 segment was developed to analyze the dynamic response of the spine in the absence of damping. The effects of the upper body mass were simulated by including a mass of 40 kg on the L4 vertebral body. The modal analyses of the model indicated a resonant frequency of 17.5 Hz in axial mode and 3.8 Hz in flexion-extension mode. Accordingly, the predicted responses for the cyclic load of -400 +/- 40 N applied at four different frequencies (5, 11, 16.5, and 25 Hz) were compared with the corresponding results for axial compressive static loads (-360, and -440 N). As compared to the static load cases, the predicted responses were higher for the cyclic loading. For example, the effect of cyclic load at 11 Hz was to produce significant changes (9.7-19.0 percent) in stresses, loads transmitted through the facets, intradiscal pressure (IDP), disk bulge, as compared to the static load predictions. The responses were found to be frequency dependent as well; supporting the in vivo observations of other investigators that the human spine has a resonant frequency. For example, the 11 Hz model (DYN11) compared to the DYN5 model showed an increase in majority of the predicted parameters. The parameters showed an increase with frequency until 17.5 Hz (resonant frequency of the model); thereafter a decrease at 25 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lake Erie Yellow Perch Age Estimation Based on Three Structures: Precision, Processing Times, and Management Implications

Abstract Yellow perch Perca flavescens support economically important recreational and commercial fisheries in Lake Erie and are intensively managed. Age estimation represents an integral component in the management of Lake Erie yellow perch stocks, as age-structured population models are used to set safe harvest levels on an annual basis. We compared the precision associated with yellow perch (N = 251) age estimates from scales, sagittal otoliths, and anal spine sections and evaluated the time required to process and estimate age from each structure. Three readers of varying experience estimated ages. The precision (mean coefficient of variation) of estimates among readers was 1% for sagittal otoliths, 5–6% for anal spines, and 11–13% for scales. Agreement rates among readers were 94–95% for otoliths, 71–76% for anal spines, and 45–50% for scales. Systematic age estimation differences were evident among scale and anal spine readers; less-experienced readers tended to underestimate ages of yellow perch ol...
Areal extent of intense rainfalls, New Mexico and Arizona

The occurrence of intense rainfall covering relatively small areas is a distinctive feature of summer precipitation in the southwestern States. In the design of engineering structures commanding small watersheds, the chance of experiencing one of these cloudbursts over the drainage-area is one of the governing factors. Owing to the small areal extent of these rainfalls of high intensity and to the long distances between rain-gages, it is seldom that more than one rain-gage is covered and the net result is a dearth of information on the subject of areal pattern.
Dielectric Constants of Fluid Mixtures over a Wide Range of Temperature and Density

A new expression is presented for estimating the dielectric constant of a fluid mixture as a function of temperature, density and composition. The estimated dielectric constants (and their derivatives) are required for phase-equilibrium calculations, based on an equation of state, for systems containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. The new expression holds for the entire range of fluid densities, from zero to liquid-like densities. Mixing of components is performed on a volume-fraction basis at constant temperature and constant reduced density. For polar components where data are not available at the temperature and/or reduced density of interest, the well-characterized behavior of water is used to extrapolate the available pure-component data. The importance of using the correct density of the mixture is shown. Using one adjustable parameter for each nonideal binary subsystem, predicted results can be significantly improved.
Variations in giving directions across arabic and English native speakers

This work explores the differences in direction-giving strategies between two groups, native Arabic and native English speakers. This study will help influence design decisions for multi-lingual, cross-cultural human robot interaction. There are clear cultural influences on modes of communication. Previous research studies found that direction-giving techniques and strategies vary between different cultural groups. Burhanudeen compared Japanese and English native speakers and found that locator remarks are more frequently used by Japanese natives, while the use of directives is more common with English natives. In this work, we examine the discourse for navigation instructions of members of two target groups, Arabic native speakers and English native speakers. We address the following questions: How do languages and strategies used for providing directions vary between these two groups? What are the differences and what are the similarities? Are there any possible gender-related differences in giving dire...
GENETICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR CHROMOSOMAL ELIMINATION IN A TRUE SLIME MOLD, DIDYMIUM IRIDIS'

In crosses involving a polyploid myxamoebal clone. CR 2-25*, F, plasmodia and myxamoebae display a variety of unexpected ploidy levels as indicated by nuclear DNA measurements. Genetic analyses of the F1 generations reveal either complete elimination of certain genetic markers or greatly skewed segregation ratios. On the basis of these two kinds of evidence, it is assumed that chromosome elimination occurs at some stage (or stages) following karyogamy between parental nuclei. The possible significance of polyploidy in relation to myxomycete speciation and evolution is discussed. THE MAIN PURPOSE of this paper is to present data from several crosses involving a polyploid clone, CR 2-25. These data indicate that plasmodia of various ploidy levels may be obtained in these crosses, and that the different levels apparently result from chromosome elimination following plasmodium production. There has been no prior report of this kind for any myxomycete species.
Operation and performance of the University of Florida solar air-conditioning system

Abstract This paper discusses the operation and performance of the continuous absorption refrigeration system using ammonia and water as the working fluid and being operated by flat-plate solar absorbers. This system has been operating continuously over the greater part of the day producing 2.4 tons of refrigeration with peak loads of 3.7 tons of refrigeration. During steady-state operation the refrigeration effect to the heat input was 0.57. This could be raised to 0.72 with minor system modifications, namely, enlarging the heat exchanger between absorber and generator of the absorption system. Based on operation with auxiliary heat sources this system seems to be able to deliver as much as six tons of refrigeration if enough heat is supplied to the system. This would require the enlargement of the collecting surface from the present 400 square feet to about 1000 square feet. The concentrations used in the system varied from about 58 percent in the absorber to about 39 percent in the generator. Water supply temperatures varied from 140 to 200 degrees F with usual operation at about 175 degrees F.
A calorimetric study on the thermal desorption of naphthalene from CχS and activated carbon

Abstract A quantitative calorimetric study on the thermal desorption of naphthalene from CχS and activated carbon has been performed in a Calvet-type twin calorimeter. The heat of desorption of naphthalene was measured to be 31.1 kcal/mole for Filtrasorb 300(activate carbon) and 21.8 kcal/mole for a CχS sample according to the following equation: Adsorbent-Naphthalene (24°C) = Adsorbent (24°C) + Naphthalene (377°C). By studying the desorption of adsorbed water from the adsorbents, the binding energy between water and the adsorbent was measured to be 18.7 kcal/mole for Filtrasorb 300 and 4.6 kcal/mole for CχS according to the following equation: Adsorbent - H 2 O (24° C ) = Adsorbent (24° C ) + H 2 O (24° C ). Based on the results of the present study and previous adsorption measurements, it is concluded that the modification of the carbon surface with sulfur groups decreases the binding energy between the adsorbate and the adsorbent very significantly.
A Fractal Interfacial Entrainment Model for Dry Convective Boundary Layers. Part II: Discussion of Model Behavior and Comparison with Other Models

Abstract Details of the fractal interfacial entrainment (FIE) model recently presented by Kamada are compared to those of previous models, water tank results, and atmospheric data from the Wangara experiment. Effects of capping inversion resolution and anisotropy upon total, lateral and cloud top entrainment are discussed. Modeling of interfacial shear is also considered. The use of mean interfacial depth refines previous corrections for finite inversion depths. Analysis of the component TKE budgets shows that lateral entrainment dominates, but that this feature does not alter overall entrainment rates. The FIE schema support the indirect view of cloud top entrainment. Mixed layer height simulations for Wangara, day 33, agree roughly with previous estimates as they should. Ball ratios and entrainment rates among various models do, however, diverge at large and small overall Richardson numbers, respectively. As convective activity subsides, inversion level TKE may be maintained by increased shear productio...
Mediastinal teratoma in a free-ranging American black bear (Ursus americanus).

Abstract: A 2.75-yr-old female American black bear (Ursus americanus) was found emaciated and unable to rise. It was euthanized due to the perceived poor prognosis. An approximately 18 × 8 × 10-cm, multiloculated, well-demarcated mass that extended from the bifurcation of the trachea, laterally displacing the lung lobes and caudally displacing the heart. The mass contained fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, nervous tissue, smooth muscle, and a variety of epithelial structures. A mediastinal teratoma was diagnosed based on the microscopic features of the neoplasm.
Results of Single-Event Transient Measurements Conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

This paper reports recent single-event effects results for a variety of microelectronic devices that include an ADC, DAC, supervisory circuit, FIFO and a Viterbi decoder. The data was collected to evaluate these devices for possible use in NASA spacecraft.
Lifting the Cover on Drug Courts: Evaluation Findings and Policy Concerns:

Drug treatment courts emerged in 1989 as a court-based solution to an enormous increase of drug-related arrests. Since their inception, drug treatment courts have been subject to empirical and process evaluations to provide quantitative and qualitative data regarding their effectiveness. This article reviews the extant literature on the effectiveness of drug treatment courts and discusses findings regarding various components of the criminal justice system. It is argued that based on empirical evaluation findings, drug treatment courts have achieved success in lowering rates of recidivism among drug offenders, despite problematic methodological and analytical concerns. This article also presents key components and agents of drug treatment courts and discusses their impact and relevance to policy creation and adaptation. It is suggested that when combined with empirical evaluations, process evaluations provide great insight into the drug-treatment-court dynamic. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of drug treatment courts for justice policy.
Accurate Measurement Of Nerve And Heart Muscle Action Potentials With Slowly Responding Galvanometers

The nerve and heart-muscle action potentials, and the waveform of the alternating current generator were charted with galvanometers having a response time of about one minute. How these short-duration waveforms were measured accurately in the mid and late 1800s represents the first application of timedomain sampling, so common today. * Derived in part from The Rheotorive and its Prehistory. H.E. Hoff and L.A. Geddes. Bull-Hist. Med. 1967, 31:212-347.
Complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli reveal multiple roles for nicotine in reinforcement

Although considerable progress has been made, we do not yet fully understand the behavioral and neurobiological basis of nicotine reinforcement, and without this knowledge, treatment strategies aimed at reducing smoking remain deficient. This review describes an original perspective on nicotine reinforcement, which arises from substantial evidence of complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli. We hypothesize that nicotine reinforcement derives from at least two sources: (1) primary reinforcement, an action that requires response-dependent drug administration and is capable of conveying secondary reinforcing effects on associated stimuli, and (2) the reinforcement-enhancing effect of nicotine, which directly enhances behavior maintained by salient nonnicotine stimuli and does not require a contingent relationship between drug administration and reinforced operant responding. Although novel for nicotine, this hypothesis has origins in an extensive literature on the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. Empirical support for this hypothesis, based largely on animal models of reinforcement, will be presented. Animal models of drug reinforcement have evolved to reflect our growing awareness of the multidimensional nature of drug dependence in humans. Investigating the interaction between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli within the context of the drug self-administration paradigm in rats has generated new insights into the paradox of how nicotine, an apparently weak primary reinforcer, can sustain the robust behavior observed in self-administration and in smoking. The hypothesis presented in this paper—that nicotine acts as both a primary reinforcer and an enhancer of other nonnicotine reinforcers—provides important direction for future investigations into the neurobiology of nicotine reinforcement and treatments for smoking cessation.
Upper thermal tolerances of early life stages of freshwater mussels

AbstractFreshwater mussels (order Unioniformes) fulfill an essential role in benthic aquatic communities, but also are among the most sensitive and rapidly declining faunal groups in North America. Rising water temperatures, caused by global climate change, industrial discharges, drought, or land development, could further challenge imperiled unionid communities. The aim of our study was to determine the upper thermal tolerances of the larval (glochidia) and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels. Glochidia of 8 species of mussels were tested: Lampsilis siliquoidea, Potamilus alatus, Ligumia recta, Ellipsaria lineolata, Lasmigona complanata, Megalonaias nervosa, Alasmidonta varicosa, and Villosa delumbis. Seven of these species also were tested as juveniles. Survival trends were monitored while mussels held at 3 acclimation temperatures (17, 22, and 27°C) were exposed to a range of common and extreme water temperatures (20–42°C) in standard acute laboratory tests. The average median lethal temperature...
Structural phase transformation and Fe valence evolution in FeOxF2−x/C nanocomposite electrodes during lithiation and de-lithiation processes

In this study, the structural changes of FeOxF2−x/C during the first discharge and recharge cycles were studied by ex situ electron microscopy techniques including annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (DF-STEM) imaging, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) as well as by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The evolution of the valence state of Fe was determined by combined EELS using the Fe-L edge and XAS using the Fe-K edge. The results of this investigation show that the conversion reaction path during 1st lithiation is very different from the re-conversion path during 1st delithiation. During lithiation, intercalation is first observed followed by conversion into a lithiated rocksalt (Li–Fe–O–F) structure, and metallic Fe and LiF phases. During delithiation, the rocksalt phase does not disappear, but co-exists with an amorphous (rutile type) phase formed initially by the reaction of LiF and Fe. However, a de-intercalation stage is still observed at the end of reconversion similar to a single phase process despite the coexistence of these two (rocksalt and amorphous) phases.
Ovine Osteopontin: I. Cloning and Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Uterus During the Periimplantation Period

Trophoblast-derived interferon tau (IFNtau) acts on the endometrium to increase secretion of several proteins during the pregnancy recognition period in ruminants. One of these is a 70-kDa acidic protein that has not been identified. Our hypothesis was that the 70-kDa acidic protein is osteopontin (OPN). OPN is an acidic glycoprotein that fragments upon freezing and thawing or treatment with proteases including thrombin. OPN contains a Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) sequence that binds to cell surface integrins to promote cell-cell attachment and cell spreading. Using antisera to recombinant human OPN, both 70-kDa and 45-kDa proteins were identified in uterine flushings from pregnant ewes by Western blotting. A clone containing the entire ovine OPN cDNA coding sequence was isolated by screening a Day 15 pregnant ovine endometrial cDNA library with a partial ovine OPN cDNA. In pregnant ewes, steady-state levels of OPN endometrial mRNA increased (P < 0. 01) after Day 17. In both cyclic and pregnant ewes, in situ hybridization analysis showed that OPN mRNA was localized on unidentified immune cells within the stratum compactum of the endometrium. In pregnant ewes, OPN mRNA was also expressed by the glandular epithelium. Results suggest that progesterone and/or IFNtau induce expression and secretion of OPN by uterine glands during the periimplantation period and that OPN may induce adhesion between luminal epithelium and trophectoderm to facilitate superficial implantation.
An analysis of wine festival attendees’ motivations: A synergy of wine, travel and special events?

As special-interest tourism, wine tourism is becoming increasingly important for wine-growing regions. But wine marketers are faced with a paucity of empirical data when examining wine tourists’ characteristics and behaviour. This issue needs to be addressed if marketers want to implement more effective strategies to target the market. Visiting wine festivals is an important component in the complete construct of wine tourism. What might have motivated the participants to visit such an event has become critical for wine-growing destinations when they attempt to use wine festivals to promote the wineries and regions. This research study used a survey instrument specially designed to test participants’ motivations to attend a regional wine festival in a Midwestern state in the USA. Both festival and wine tourism motivations were integrated in the measurement scale. The findings showed that attendees were motivated by a variety of factors which were associated with the focus on the different elements incorpo...
Lithography strategy for 65-nm node

Intel will start high volume manufacturing (HVM) of the 65nm node in 2005. Microprocessor density and performance trends will continue to follow Moore's law and cost-effective patterning solutions capable of supporting it have to be found, demonstrated and developed during 2002-2004. Given the uncertainty regarding the readiness and respective capabilities of 157nm and 193nm lithography to support 65nm technology requirements, Intel is developing both lithographic options and corresponding infrastructure with the intent to use both options in manufacturing. Development and use of dual lithographic options for a given technology node in manufacturing is not a new paradigm for Intel: whenever introduction of a new exposure wavelength presented excessive risk to the manufacturing schedule, Intel developed parallel patterning approaches in time for the manufacturing ramp. Both I-line and 248nm patterning solutions were developed and successfully used in manufacturing of the 350nm node at Intel. Similarly, 248nm and 193nm patterning solutions were fully developed for 130nm node high volume manufacturing.
Microscopic near-field optics of nanostructured systems

The further miniaturization of integrated optical devices requires investigating optical elements with dimensions on the nano-scale. Methods are therefore needed for detecting and guiding light on a scale much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It is clear that to investigate light-nanostructure interaction in a spatial extension much less than the optical wavelength, one can not in general have confidence in the macroscopic electrodynamics so far popular in near-field optics and photonic band-structures. Instead a microscopic approach treating rigorously the local-field electrodynamics is highly desirable. In this work we present a microscopic theory of near-field optical effect in nanostructured systems. Our theory is based on the rigorous Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation of local-field electrodynamics, where the nanostructure optical response is treated quantum mechanically, while the electromagnetic field can be treated either classically or quantum electrodynamically within a unified space-time picture.
In-Situ Reactor Radiation-Induced Attenuation in Sapphire Optical Fibers

The purpose of this work was to determine the suitability of using instrumentation utilizing sapphire optical fibers in a nuclear reactor environment. In this work, the broadband (500–2200 nm, or 0.56–2.48 eV) optical transmission in commercially available sapphire optical fibers was monitored in-situ prior to and during reactor irradiation. The sapphire fibers were irradiated at a neutron flux of 1.5 × 1012 n/(cm2·s) and a gamma dose rate of 75 kGy/h (dose in sapphire) to a total neutron fluence of 1.1 × 1017 n/cm2 and total gamma dose of on the order of 1.5 MGy. Consistent with previous gamma irradiation experiments, an absorption band centered below 500 nm (the minimum measurable wavelength using the measurement system described in this work) and extending as far as ~1000 nm reached saturation during irradiation in the gamma shut-down field (the gamma-ray radiation field that is present in the reactor post-operation, as a consequence of the decay of radioisotopes that were produced during reactor operation) of the reactor prior to reactor irradiation. Beginning reactor irradiation and increasing the reactor power caused rapid increases in attenuation, followed by a linear increase with irradiation time at constant reactor power. Shutting down the reactor caused a decrease in the added attenuation; however, restarting the reactor caused the added attenuation to rapidly return to values almost identical to those observed at the end of the previous irradiation. The decrease in attenuation that was observed after the reactor was shut down shows the importance of the in-situ nature of the measurements made in this work (previous ex-situ attenuation measurements could not have captured this effect). A model is proposed for the experimentally obtained values of the radiation-induced attenuation that involves three previously identified color centers including a composite V-center, a F2+ center, and a F22+ center. The model accounts for gamma radiation-induced ionization of pre-existing defects, generation of new defects via displacement damage, and conversion between defect centers via ionization and charge recombination.
Post genomic decade - the epigenome and exposome challenges

Sequencing the human genome was the big challenge of the last decade. Ten years later, the large amount of DNA sequences accumulated in our databases allows us to look at genome variations between humans. The level of complexity of these variations is much higher than previously expected. It goes from changes in the nucleotidic sequence, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or copy number variations (CNVs), to modifications in DNA transcription or methylation. Indeed, epigenetics, with chromatin modifications and underlying crosstalk between DNA methylation, histone tails acetylation and non coding RNAs, as microRNAs, all participate to this non-encoded gene expression regulation. Understanding the extent of genomic diversity between humans and linking it to phenotypes and diseases, unravelling the environmental exposures that may be detrimental for our health is the next challenge of the geneticists. The decrypting of the epigenome and the exposome is now on its way.
Adaptive Vibration Control Schemes for Flexible Structure

This paper investigates the feasibility of adaptive control scheme for vibration suppression of flexible beam. The dynamic model of the flexible cantilever beam using finite element modeling is derived. Adaptive vibration controllers are good candidates for problems where parameters of a plant are unknown or there are uncertainties in a system. Parameters of adaptive controllers are adjusted on-line to achieve the best performance. Two adaptive vibration control schemes: adaptive feedforward control scheme using least mean square algorithm and model reference adaptive control algorithm are developed to suppress the vibration. Computer simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive vibration control schemes and demonstrate their applications in vibration control.
Information Systems Management Issues: Reporting and Relevance

Reports of key information systems issues have been published over the last two decades in many journals. Leading IS journals (e.g., MIS Quarterly, Information & Management, among others) have published key IS management issue reports every three or four years over the last 15 years, and will probably continue to provide such reports in the future. Although these reports claim to provide decisional guidance to practitioners, researchers, consultants, etc., the authors in their experience have noted concerns about their usefulness. While not questioning the validity of the methods and analysis conducted in these studies, we address two important questions in this article: the manner of reporting of the key issue results (which might be misleading), and the relevance of the results (are they providing what they intended to?). We hope that our discussion will provide new perspectives in making resource allocation decisions to both readers and authors of key issue articles.
Prominent expression of Narp in central vestibular pathways: selective effect of labyrinth ablation

Recent in vitro studies demonstrated that Narp, a secreted immediate early gene (IEG) product, induces AMPA receptor clustering. Accordingly, Narp has been implicated in mediating activity-dependent changes in synaptic efficacy. To help define the role of Narp in vivo, we conducted immunohistochemical studies of Narp in rat brain. Unexpectedly, we found robust Narp expression in several discrete areas linked to the vestibular system: the anterodorsal nucleus (ADN) of the thalamus, which relays head orientation information to the cortex, the lateral vestibulospinal (Deiters') nucleus and Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum. Although strong Narp expression in Deiters' nucleus and the cerebellum was present consistently, Narp expression in the ADN displayed a high degree of variability among animals. To check if this variability in ADN Narp expression reflects its dependence on fluctuating levels of vestibular input, we monitored Narp immunostaining following bilateral labyrinth ablation. This procedure significantly suppressed Narp immunostaining in the ADN, indicating that it is stimulated by naturally occurring vestibular input. In contrast, labyrinth ablation did not affect Narp staining in Deiters' nucleus or the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum, presumably because these areas are driven by inputs from multiple systems. As previous studies implicate Narp in synaptic plasticity, these findings suggest that this IEG may mediate ongoing adjustments in synaptic strength or connectivity in several pathways linked to the vestibular system.
Exploring the Roles of Emotions, Motivations, Self-Efficacy, and Secondary Control Following Critical Unexpected Life Events

We examined individuals’ retrospective accounts and personal analyses regarding how their emotional, motivational, and epistemological beliefs coalesced to affect their long-term coping and resilience following a critical life event. Analyses from interviewed subjects who had encountered significant life-changing events revealed three major themes that influenced their decisions, abilities for self-regulation, and life course paths: (1) types of unexpected events, (2) types and intensity of emotional responses to the critical event, and (3) beliefs about primary control (i.e., personal agency and self-efficacy) and mediated control (i.e., external sources of influence). Regarding the extent to which participants experienced resiliency and current satisfaction with their lives, a dominant theme was their ability to see their critical life events as part of a larger tapestry—involving issues of personal and externally mediated controls—that provided a framework for their positive redirections, perceptions of self-efficacy, and abilities for coping and self-regulation.
NXY-059 for Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Neuroprotection Is Finally Realized?

Section Editors: Marc Fisher MD Kennedy Lees MD The SAINT I article reports the results of a phase III trial of the free-radical-spin trap, neuroprotective agent, NXY-059 in acute ischemic stroke. The study had a statistically significant effect on the primary outcome measure, the range of 90-day outcomes on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), a measure of functional outcome after stroke. The change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores from baseline, the principal secondary outcome variable, was not effected by treatment with NXY-059. The primary outcome measure used in this trial is novel and has not to my knowledge been used in prior acute stroke trials. The observation in a post hoc analysis of a significant reduction of symptomatic and asymptomatic hemorrhage with NXY-059 in patients who were treated with IV tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is also encouraging. It suggests that NXY-059 could be a useful adjunct in stroke patients treated with IV recombinant t-PA to reduce hemorrhagic risk, if reproduced. The primary outcome measure of a shift in the mRS in a favorable direction …
The development and meiotic behavior of asymmetrical isochromosomes in wheat.

To determine which segments of a chromosome arm are responsible for the initiation of chiasmate pairing in meiosis, a series of novel isochromosomes was developed in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). These isochromosomes are deficient for different terminal segments in the two arms. It is proposed to call them ``asymmetrical.'' Meiotic metaphase I pairing of these asymmetrical isochromosomes was observed in plants with various doses of normal and deficient arms. The two arms of an asymmetrical isochromosome were bound by a chiasma in only two of the 1134 pollen mother cells analyzed. Pairing was between arms of identical length whenever such were available; otherwise, there was no pairing. However, two arms deficient for the same segment paired with a frequency similar to that of normal arms, indicating that the deficient arms retained normal capacity for pairing. Pairing of arms of different length was prevented not by the deficiency itself, but rather, by the heterozygosity for the deficiency. Whether two arms were connected via a centromere in an isochromosome or were present in two different chromosomes had no effect on pairing. This demonstrates that in the absence of homology in the distal regions of chromosome arms, even if relatively short, very long homologous segments may remain unrecognized in meiosis and will not be involved in chiasmate pairing.
One Hundred Years of City Planning's Enduring and Evolving Connections

Problem: In 2009, 100 years after the first national meeting of the Progressive reformers who laid the foundation of the profession, the field of city planning marks a landmark anniversary. While enormous changes have occurred in the United States, then, as now, dealing with growth is a persistent theme. Purpose: This article introduces the centennial issue celebrating the field's anniversary in the Journal of the American Planning Association, provides context for articles appearing here, explores the implications of the past for contemporary planning, and points to some ideas for educating city planners in the succeeding decades. Methods: The authors employ the traditional methods of their specialty as planning historians, including reviewing and synthesizing primary and secondary sources related to the topic at hand. Results and conclusions: Three themes unify this centennial issue. First, the articles explore the interplay of ideas, societal trends, and development of authority over managing growth th...
Schopenhauer and the problem of metaphysics: Critical reflections on Rudolf Matter's interpretation

L'A. commente l'interpretation de la philosophie de Schopenhauer donnee par Rudolf Malter. Dans un premier temps, l'A. presente les deux livres sur lesquels Malter s'appuie, puis il examine un certain nombre d'elements qui lient le Schopenhauer de Malter a la tradition philosophique germanique. Enfin, il s'interroge d'une maniere plus generale sur l'originalite et les limites de la contribution schopenhauerienne a la tradition classique de la philosophie allemande