cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Release of intravenously administered iodide from the pial and dural surfaces

Summary The concentration of labeled iodide increased markedly in successive 1 ml samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected in rabbits 20 h after the administration of Na131I. This can be explained by assuming that a fluid with a higher131I- content than the CSF is formed by the pial and dural surfaces which flows to the cisterna from where the CSF is collected. Such a postulate was supported by the release of labeled iodide in cortical washings after the administration of Na131I. A correction for the label in the washings due to bleeding was made by the administration of labeled albumin antecedent to the Na131I administration. A mean clearance of iodide of about 0.45 μ1/sq. cm/min was found. Also a release of labeled iodide from an isolated dural tube perfused with artificial CSF was demonstrated. The release computed per sq. cm was similar to that of the cortical surface.
Assessment of Bilingual/Multilingual Pre-K–Grade 12 Students: A Critical Discussion of Past, Present, and Future Issues

This article examines major unresolved challenges in the assessment of pre-K–grade 12 multilingual students in US public schools. The ethnic educator approach advocates for a change of paradigms in assessment, one that abandons the medical model to incorporate socio-constructivist theoretical perspectives and pluralistic and progressive social justice ideologies that respect, value, and celebrate the cultural-linguistic diversity of bilingual/multilingual students. Past, present, and future challenges in the assessment of multilingual students are discussed, emphasizing the need: (a) for teacher preparation programs to include training in classroom-based assessments, (b) to use the students' first language for linking assessment to academic competence across content areas, and (c) to use classroom-based assessments representing the students' cultural and socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds. Some recommendations for future research on best practices in the assessment of bilingual/multilingual students ...
Impacts of sea level rise in the New York City metropolitan area

Abstract The greater New York City region, with over 2400 km of shoreline, will be vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise (SLR) due to anticipated climate warming. Accelerated SLR would exacerbate historic trends of beach erosion and attrition of highly productive coastal salt marshes. Coastal populations in the region have swelled by around 17% (av.) and over 100% in some localities between 1960 and 1995. The coastal zone will thus be increasingly at risk to episodic flood events superimposed on a more gradual rise in mean sea level. Projections of sea level rise based on a suite of climate change scenarios suggest that sea levels will rise by 18–60 cm by the 2050s, and 24–108 cm by the 2080s over late 20th century levels. The return period of the 100-yr storm flood could be reduced to 19–68 years, on average, by the 2050s, and 4–60 years by the 2080s. Around 50% of the land surface of salt marsh islands have disappeared in Jamaica Bay since 1900. While losses prior to stricter environmental protection starting in 1972 can largely be attributed to anthropogenic activities, such as landfilling, dredging, and urbanization, further investigation is needed to explain more recent shrinkage. Given projected rates of SLR, and plausible accretion rates, these wetlands may not keep pace with SLR beyond several decades, resulting in severe loss.
Effect of using dispersants during the mixing of aggregates with polymer-modified asphalts : A case study for novophalt

ABSTRACT The present work explores the use of dispersants in lowering the viscosity of asphalt mastics. The study includes the use of three different types of dispersants during the mixing of fine aggregates with one specific type of polymer-modified asphalt, namely, Novophalt that has been selected for a case study. The effect of the dispersants on the selection of the mixing temperature is elucidated. A distinction is made between a lubricant and a dispersant by observing the Theological behavior of the aggregate-asphalt systems under different conditions. It is also shown that stearic acid which acts more like a lubricant has the potential to lower compaction temperatures during the paving of roads.
A Randomized, Masked, Crossover Trial of Acetazolamide for Cystoid Macular Edema in Patients with Uveitis

Purpose: To study the effect of acetazolamide on cystoid macular edema in patients with uveitis. Methods: Forty patients with chronic intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis associated cystoid macular edema were randomized into a masked, cross-over trial comparing acetazolamide versus placebo. Patients received an initial 4-week course of either acetazolamide or placebo (course A) followed by a 4-week washout period. They then received a 4-week course of the opposite study medication (course B). Primary endpoints included area of cystoid macular edema measured on late-phase views of fluorescein angiography and visual acuity. Results: Thirty-seven patients completed the trial and were available for analysis; 17 (46%) were randomized to receive acetazolamide and 20 (54%) to receive placebo during course A. Acetazolamide resulted in a 0.5-disc area (25%) decrease in cystoid macular edema over that of placebo ( P = 0.01; estimated treatment effect=-0.5 disc areas; 95% confidence interval, -0.9 to -0.1 ). However, there was no statistically significant effect of acetazolamide on visual acuity ( P = 0.61; estimated treatment effect=0.6 letters; 95% confidence interval, -2 to 3). Conclusions: A 4-week course of acetazolamide therapy results in a statistically significant but small decrease in cystoid macular edema in patients with chronic uveitis, and does not improve visual acuity. In contrast to previous studies in the literature, acetazolamide may have a more limited clinical benefit in patients with long-standing cystoid macular edema associated with chronic uveitis.
Varieties without extra automorphisms III: hypersurfaces

For any field k and integers n>=1, d>=3, with (n,d) not equal to (1,3) or (2,4), we exhibit a smooth hypersurface X over k of degree d in P^n^+^1 such that X has no nontrivial automorphisms over [email protected]?. For (n,d)=(2,4), we find a smooth hypersurface X with the weaker property of having no nontrivial automorphism induced by an automorphism of the ambient P^n^+^1.
Theory of nanodot and sputter cone arrays produced by ion sputtering with concurrent deposition of impurities

We advance a theory governing the early-time dynamics of an initially flat solid surface that is seeded with impurities during ion bombardment. The surface is destabilized if the impurity flux exceeds a critical value, leading to the formation of a disordered array of nanoscale mounds. The predicted dependence of the intermound spacing on the impurity flux and the sample temperature compares favorably with experimental studies of both sputter cones and impurity-seeded nanodots. Contrary to previous ideas about the genesis of sputter cones, we find that the impurities need not diffuse and agglomerate for cones to form---in fact, they can develop even if the impurities on the surface are completely immobile.
In vitro binding studies of anti-human lymphocyte globulin: analysis of samples tested for immunosuppression in the primate skin allograft system.

Abstract We measured the rates and the quantity of antibody which binds to cultured human lymphoblasts, thymus and, in some cases, Hela cells in 28 anti-human and 2 anti-baboon lymphocyte sera and in 9 normal sera submitted to the National Naval Medical Center for immunosuppressive testing in primates. The quantity of 125 -J-labeled ALG which binds to 1 × 10 6 lymphoblasts during 60 min incubation at 37°C correlates well ( r = 0.648) with the degree of immunosuppression produced by these same ALGs in rhesus monkeys. Twenty-one of the 22 immunosuppressive sera bound ≥6 × 10 −13 moles IgG per 10 6 lymphoblasts under conditions of the test whereas none of the 9 normal sera and only 3 of the 8 non-immunosuppressive sera bound this amount. Further studies of 2 of the 3 non-immunosuppressive ALGs which contained substantial quantities of lymphoblast binding antibodies revealed that one totally lacked antibodies able to bind to human thymus cells. The other contained thymus-reactive anti-bodies but, in comparison with two ALGs known to be immunosuppressive, it contained much less thymus cell-specific antibody as well as much less antibody cross-reactive with other human cells. All unabsorbed ALGs tested, regardless of immunosuppressive ability, contained more antibodies reactive with Hela cells ot lymphoblasts than with thymus cells. Thus, the chief feature which appears to distinguish highly immunosuppressive anti-human ALGs from those with only modest or no ability to prolong graft survival in rhesus monkeys is their content of relatively large quantities of avid antibodies reactive with human thymus cells. These studies demonstrate the ability of this in vitro test not only to rapidly identify ALGs which are likely to be immunosuppressive, but more importantly, to measure directly the relative avidity, specificity, and quantity of their antibodies reactive with lymphoid and non-lymphoid target cells.
The healing potential of stable juvenile osteochondritis dissecans knee lesions.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to determine if patient age, lesion size, lesion location, presenting knee symptoms, and sex predict the healing status after six months of a standard protocol of nonoperative treatment for stable juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Methods: Forty-two skeletally immature patients (forty-seven knees) who presented with a stable osteochondritis dissecans lesion were included in the present study. All patients were managed with temporary immobilization followed by knee bracing and activity restriction. The primary outcome measure of progressive lesion reossification was determined from serial radiographs every six weeks, for up to six months of nonoperative treatment. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine potential predictors of healing status from the listed independent variables. Results: After six months of nonoperative treatment, sixteen (34%) of forty-seven stable lesions had failed to progress toward healing. The mean surface area (and standard deviation) of the lesions that showed progression toward healing (208.7 ± 135.4 mm2) was significantly smaller than that of the lesions that failed to show progression toward healing (288.0 ± 102.6 mm2) (p = 0.05). A logistic regression model that included patient age, normalized lesion size (relative to the femoral condyle), and presenting symptoms (giving-way, swelling, locking, or clicking) was predictive of healing status. Age was not a significant contributor to the predictive model (p = 0.25). Conclusions: In two-thirds of immature patients, six months of nonoperative treatment that includes activity modification and immobilization results in progressive healing of stable osteochondritis dissecans lesions. Lesions with an increased size and associated swelling and/or mechanical symptoms at presentation are less likely to heal. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Isolation of the cellulase enzymes from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus and regulation of enzyme production

Abstract Thermoascus aurantiacus is capable of good growth and cellulase enzyme production at 50°C. The enzyme system was produced when grown on a variety of cellulosic and non-cellulosic substrates and is stable at 70°C for at least 24 h. In time course studies on 1.0% glucose, CM-cellulase production began when the glucose concentration was reduced to a non-repressive level (ca. 2 mg ml−1). β-Glucosidase and α-amylase, enzymes considered constitutive in other organisms, were not produced until much later when autolysis became evident. The cellulase enzyme components were identified on non-denaturing (native) polyacrylamide gels by direct assay procedures. When these proteins were eluted and examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, they were found to have molecular weights of: β-glucosidase, 85 kDa; exoglucanase, 40 kDa; endoglucanase, 32 kDa; and α-amylase 52 kDa. SDS-polyacrylamide gels of filtrates from time-course fermentations showed good correlation between protein production and the detection of enzyme activity. The ability of substrates to act as repressors or inducers of enzyme production was also studied. Constitutive enzyme levels were produced on all of the substrates tested, although glucose in high concentrations was a strong repressor. Only cellulosic materials were found to act as inducers. Neither sophorose nor gentiobiose caused induction.
Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas

In this review we will describe eight commonly used rat brain tumor models and their application for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. The C6, 9L and T9 gliomas were induced by repeated injections of methylnitrosourea (MNU) to adult rats. The C6 glioma has been used extensively for a variety of studies, but since it arose in an outbred Wistar rat, it is not syngeneic to any inbred strain, and its potential to evoke an alloimmune response is a serious limitation. The 9L gliosarcoma has been used widely and has provided important information relating to brain tumor biology and therapy. The T9 glioma, although not generally recognized, was and probably still is the same as the 9L. Both of these tumors arose in Fischer rats and can be immunogenic in syngeneic hosts, a fact that must be taken into consideration when used in therapy studies, especially if survival is the endpoint. The RG2 and F98 gliomas were both chemically induced by administering ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to pregnant rats, the progeny of which developed brain tumors that subsequently were propagated in vitro and cloned. They are either weakly or non-immunogenic and have an invasive pattern of growth and uniform lethality, which make them particularly attractive models to test new therapeutic modalities. The CNS-1 glioma was induced by administering MNU to a Lewis rat. It has an infiltrative pattern of growth and is weakly immunogenic, which should make it useful in experimental neuro-oncology. Finally, the BT4C glioma was induced by administering ENU to a BD IX rat, following which brain cells were propagated in vitro until a tumorigenic clone was isolated. This tumor has been used for a variety of studies to evaluate new therapeutic modalities. The Avian Sarcoma Virus (ASV) induced tumors, and a continuous cell line derived from one of them designated RT-2, have been useful for studies in which de novo tumor induction is an important requirement. These tumors also are immunogenic and this limits their usefulness for therapy studies. It is essential to recognize the limitations of each of the models that have been described, and depending upon the nature of the study to be conducted, it is important that the appropriate model be selected.
The sexual strategy of the central long‐toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum, in south‐eastern Washington

The sexual strategies of salamanders are largely‘unobservable’owing to the low visibility typical of their preferred breeding habitats. We conducted both field and laboratory studies to investigate the sexual strategy of the North American central long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum. Capture-recapture and cohort-marking of salamanders at an aquatic breeding site indicated that males arrive before females and remain in the water for longer periods of time (measured in weeks, rather than days as for females). We estimate that the overall duration of the breeding season is short, three weeks or less. Courtship between single males and females is characterized by repeated bouts of axillary amplexus, separated by multiple episodes of spermatophore deposition. Amplectant males provide females with considerable tactile stimulation in the form of head-rubbing. Unpaired males attempt to displace amplectant males from their partners by wrestling with them. In addition, unpaired males appear to interfere in ongoing courtship encounters during the spermatophore deposition stage, perhaps attempting to 'steal’inseminations. We suggest that explosive scramble-competition polygyny best describes the mating system of A. m. columbianum. Operational sex ratios are probably male-biased throughout the short breeding season, leading to intense competition among males for mates. Mate choice (by either sex) probably is of little importance as a determinant of mating success.
ABRASION, GRINDING, COOKING and the COMPOSITION and PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS of AZUKI KOSHI AN

An, Japanese bean paste, is conventionally prepared by mashing whole cooked beans and removing the seed coats. Sweetened an is prepared by kneading an and sugar. An processed from raw azuki beans pretreated with 1 s of abrasion, 2 s of abrasion, or grinding prior to cooking were compared to an processed from raw whole beans. The effects of increasing the cooking time from 30 to 45 min for beans pretreated with 1 s of abrasion and from 85 to 120 min for whole beans during the an process on the quality of an were also examined. Sweetened an processed from abraded or ground beans was lighter in color than sweetened an processed from whole beans. Increasing the cooking time of abraded beans or whole beans during an processing resulted in dark sweetened an. Sweetened an processed from ground beans was harder and more sticky and cohesive than sweetened an processed from whole beans. Sweetened an processed from beans abraded for 1 s was less sticky, but equivalent in cohesiveness to sweetened an processed from whole beans. Sweetened an processed from beans abraded for 2 s was more cohesive than sweetened an processed from whole beans. Sweetened an processed from beans abraded for 1 s or whole beans was hard, sticky, and cohesive when the cooking time during the an processing was increased. Storage and loss moduli of sweetened an, determined by oscillatory shear, decreased with the 2 s of abrasion or grinding pretreatments. Storage and loss moduli of sweetened an processed from beans abraded for 1 s and whole beans were equivalent. Storage and loss moduli of sweetened an decreased with the increased cooking times. Protein and free lipid contents of an were not affected by the abrasion or grinding pretreatments, or the increased cooking times. Texture attributes of sweetened an illustrated that 1 s of abrasion of raw azuki beans is a more acceptable pretreatment for a quality an process than the 2 s abrasion or grinding pretreatments.
Relationship of brain levels of norepinephrine and dopamine to avoidance behavior in rats after intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine

Rats trained on a discriminated avoidance procedure showed long-term decrements in performance after intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Biochemical assay showed that DA levels were correlated with avoidance performance no matter when behavior was measured, but NE levels were most highly correlated with avoidance behavior at those times when suppression of responding appeared to be the major influence on responding. The data are discussed in terms of possible separate roles for NE and DA in avoidance behavior.
Glutamate-Treated Rat Cortical Neuronal Cultures Die in a Way Different from the Classical Apoptosis Induced by Staurosporine

Abstract The alkaloid protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine induced neuronal cell death with both the morphological and the biochemical characteristics of apoptosis. The punctate chromatin associated with apoptosis with retention of plasma membrane integrity was observed in neurons identified by colocalization of NeuN staining. Such cells had DNA fragmentation visualized byin situend-labeling which was seen as a laddered pattern upon gel electrophoresis. In contrast cells treated with glutamate did not exhibit either of these morphological or biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Instead a much smaller and more compact pyknotic structure was observed associated with smeared DNA fragmentation patterns. A confocal time-lapse study of the appearance of the morphological changes in individual nuclei after staurosporine treatment showed collapse into punctate chromatin over a period of 10 min. In contrast, the collapse into small pyknotic nuclei after glutamate treatment was at least 10 times slower. It is concluded that excitotoxicity produced by glutamate did not induce cell death by an apoptotic mechanism in cultured cortical neurons.
A resonance Raman study of the binding of ethanol and methanol to ferrihemoglobin.

The interactions of ethanol and methanol with ferrihemoglobin were examined using resonance Raman spectroscopy. After binding either alcohol, the low-frequency resonance Raman spectra of human ferrihemoglobin are almost identical to the unperturbed spectrum except for shifts in the 309 cm−1 band to higher frequency by as much as 8 cm−1. The ethanol-induced shift is greater than that with methanol even though complex formation was less for ethanol than methanol. The spectral changes imply a site-specific, similar binding of these alcohols to ferrihemoglobin which may involve steric interactions. Possible assignments of the 309 cm−1 band to structural features as well as potential mechanisms of the alcohol-induced spectral changes are discussed.
Radiation in dental offices

To determine where the dental profession is today in regard to reducing radiation hazards, a survey was conducted among dentists in the larger centers of population. Of the 117 x-ray machines examined, 43 (36.8 per cent) had filters added. The average thickness of these filters was 0.75 mm., as compared to the recommendation of the National Committee on Radiation Protection of 1.5 mm. Average output was 1.11 r per 100 milliampere seconds. Films in most common usage required an average of 1.5 seconds per exposure. Thus, the average dental roentgenogram, made in the offices surveyed, delivered about 1.7 r to the jaw. This is about one-third as much as previously required.
Aspects of simulating the dynamic compaction of a granular ceramic

Mesoscale hydrodynamic calculations have been conducted in order to gain further insight into the dynamic compaction characteristics of granular ceramics. With a mesoscale approach each individual grain, as well as the porosity, is modeled explicitly; the bulk behavior of the porous material can be resolved as a result. From these calculations bulk material characteristics such as shock speed, stress and density have been obtained and compared with experimental results. A parametric study has been conducted in order to explore the variation and sensitivity of the computationally derived dynamic response characteristics to micro-scale material properties such as Poisson's ratio, dynamic yield and tensile failure strength; macro-scale parameters such as volume fraction, particle morphology and size distribution were explored as well. The results indicate that the baseline bulk Hugoniot response under-predicts the experimentally measured response. These results are sensitive to the volume fraction, dynamic yield strength and particle arrangement, somewhat sensitive to failure strength and insensitive to the micro-scale Hugoniot and grain morphology. A discussion as to the shortcomings in the mesoscale modeling technique, as well as future considerations, is included.
Particle size distribution function of incipient soot in laminar premixed ethylene flames: effect of flame temperature

Abstract Particle size distribution functions (PSDFs) of incipient soot formed in laminar premixed 24.2% ethylene–37.9% oxygen-diluent (nitrogen and/or argon) flames with an equivalence ratio of 1.92 were studied by online sampling and scanning mobility particle sizer. Two series of flames were studied to quantify the effect of flame temperature on the characteristics of PSDFs. In the first series, the variation of the flame temperature was accomplished by varying the cold gas velocity. Temperature in the second series of flames was manipulated by the diluent composition from argon to nitrogen. The results show that for flames with the maximum temperature ( T max ) around 1800 K the soot PSDFs were distinctively bimodal. As the flame temperature was increased to ∼1850 K, bimodality faded away. The distribution was unimodal for T max > 1900 K. The variation of the characteristics of the PSDF as a function of the flame temperature is consistent with the theoretical explanation that bimodality is the result of competition between persistent particle nucleation and particle–particle coagulation in low-temperature flames.
Blurred vision, epistaxis, and fever in a young man.

Dr. William Binder: Today’s case is that of a 32-yearold man who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) because of complaints of sore throat, tactile fever, blurred vision, and shortness of breath. The patient stated that he had been seen at an outside clinic 2 weeks earlier for a sore throat. He was treated with amoxacillin for 7 days, did not feel improved and was given azithromycin and prednisone. Two days before presentation, the patient returned to his doctor’s office with complaints of dyspnea on exertion and dyspepsia. He also reported continued blurred vision and a temperature to 39.2°C (102.6°F). He was prescribed albuterol and metoclopromide and sent home. Because he still did not feel well, the patient came to our ED with the above complaints. In addition, he reported several episodes of epistaxis and night sweats during the previous 2 days. He denied weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea, urinary symptoms, headache, or rash. Are there any questions regarding the history? Dr. Vicki Noble: Epistaxis and night sweats are concerning for some type of consumptive process. Did he have anything to suggest coagulopathy in his past history and review of systems? Was there any sign of platelet or coagulation factor dysfunction on physical examination? Dr. Binder: The patient’s past medical history was significant only for hernia surgery 8 months before presentation. He denied any bleeding complications during or after the surgery. He had no allergies, and he denied the use of illicit drugs, tobacco, and alcohol. He was originally from Brazil, moved to the United States 7 years ago, and now works in retail. On review of systems, he reported no easy bruising and no additional symptoms. On physical examination, the patient had a temperature of 37.9°C (100.3°F), the blood pressure was 123/70 mm Hg, respiratory rate was 18 breaths/min, heart rate was 114 beats/min, and pulse oximetry was 96% on room air. During his stay in the ED his pulse oximetry decreased to 90% on room air and 94% on 2 liters of nasal cannula oxygen. The patient was a minimally ill appearing man, in no obvious distress. He was well groomed, and he did not smell of ketones. Examination of the head, ears, and neck was normal. The conjunctiva were pale. Discs were not visualized. His visual acuity was 20/30 in both eyes. Examination of the mouth showed dried blood staining the posterior oropharynx. The chest was clear to auscultation bilaterally; the heart was tachycardic without murmurs, and the pulses were equal throughout. The patient’s abdomen was soft and with no organomegaly. On genitourinary examination the patient’s testes were descended bilaterally, nontender, and demonstrated no masses. His extremities were normal and without edema, and he had no petecchiae, purpura, ecchymosis, or rash. Neurologically, he was completely intact, with normal gait, normal cranial nerve function, and normal strength and sensation. Dr. Eric Nadel: Are there any thoughts on this patient’s presentation?
Origin of the E.S.R. hyperfine anisotropy and the cos2 θ rule of the β-fluorine couplings

The origin of the hyperfine couplings of β-fluorine nuclei in free radicals has been studied using the hyperfine tensors determined for and in single crystals. The direction of the maximum principal element of the β-fluorine coupling tensor in was found to be very close to the direction of the maximum overlap of the fluorine 2p π orbital with the half-filled carbon 2p π orbital. This means that the spin density in the fluorine 2p π orbital is mainly due to the direct overlap with the carbon 2p π orbital and the contributions from the hyperconjugation and the spin polarization mechanisms are less important. The cos2θ rule, B 0 + B cos2θ, for the β-fluorine coupling tensor was also derived from the conformational dependence of the overlap integral. Using the ratio of B/B 0 calculated from the overlap integral together with the observed hyperfine tensor for , the absolute values of B 2 and B were determined and results were applied to the β-fluorine coupling tensor of the rotating CF3 group in . The calculat...
Applicability and efficiency of near‐optimal spatial encoding for dynamically adaptive MRI

Adaptive near-optimal MRI spatial encoding entails, for the acquisition of each image update in a dynamic series, the computation of encodes in the form of a linear algebra-derived orthogonal basis set determined from an image estimate. The origins of adaptive encoding relevant to MRI are reviewed. Sources of error of this approach are identified from the linear algebraic perspective where MRI data acquisition is viewed as the projection of information from the field-of-view onto the encoding basis set. The definitions of ideal and non-ideal encoding follow, with nonideal encoding characterized by the principal angles between two vector spaces. An analysis of the distribution of principal angles is introduced and applied in several example cases to quantitatively describe the suitability of a basis set derived from a specific image estimate for the spatial encoding of a given field-of-view. The robustness of adaptive near-optimal spatial encoding for dynamic MRI is favorably shown by results computed using singular value decomposition encoding that simulates specific instances of worst case data acquisition when all objects have changed or new objects have appeared in the field-of-view. The mathematical analysis and simulations presented clarify the applicability and efficiency of adaptively determined near-optimal spatial encoding throughout a range of circumstances as may typically occur during use of dynamic MRI.
Nutritional evaluation of bacterial diets in growing rats.

Bacterial diets nutritional evaluation in growing rats, noting implications as food for astronauts and populations on protein deficient diets
Contribution of afferent pathways to nerve injury-induced spontaneous pain and evoked hypersensitivity

A predominant complaint in patients with neuropathic pain is spontaneous pain, often described as burning. Recent studies have demonstrated that negative reinforcement can be used to unmask spontaneous neuropathic pain, allowing for mechanistic investigations. Here, ascending pathways that might contribute to evoked and spontaneous components of an experimental neuropathic pain model were explored. Desensitization of TRPV1-positive fibers with systemic resiniferatoxin (RTX) abolished spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury-induced thermal hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain, but had no effect on tactile hypersensitivity. Ablation of spinal NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons blocked SNL-induced thermal and tactile hypersensitivity as well as spontaneous pain. After nerve injury, upregulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is observed almost exclusively in large-diameter fibers, and inactivation of the brainstem target of these fibers in the nucleus gracilis prevents tactile but not thermal hypersensitivity. Blockade of NPY signaling within the nucleus gracilis failed to block SNL-induced spontaneous pain or thermal hyperalgesia while fully reversing tactile hypersensitivity. Moreover, microinjection of NPY into nucleus gracilis produced robust tactile hypersensitivity, but failed to induce conditioned place aversion. These data suggest that spontaneous neuropathic pain and thermal hyperalgesia are mediated by TRPV1-positive fibers and spinal NK-1-positive ascending projections. In contrast, the large-diameter dorsal column projection can mediate nerve injury-induced tactile hypersensitivity, but does not contribute to spontaneous pain. Because inhibition of tactile hypersensitivity can be achieved either by spinal manipulations or by inactivation of signaling within the nucleus gracilis, the enhanced paw withdrawal response evoked by tactile stimulation does not necessarily reflect allodynia.
Structures, Intramolecular Rotation Barriers, and Thermochemical Properties of Radicals Derived from H Atom Loss in Mono-, Di-, and Trichloromethanol and Parent Chloromethanols

Structures and thermochemical properties, , and Cp(T) of three (mono-, di-, and tri-) chloromethanols; three chloromethoxy and the two hydroxychloromethyl radicals are determined by ab initio and density functional calculations. The molecular structures and vibration frequencies are determined at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) density functional level, with single point calculations for the energy at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p), QCISD(T)/6-31G(d,p), and CBSQ//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) levels. The vibration frequencies are scaled for zero-point energies and for thermal corrections. The enthalpies of formation ( ) are determined at each calculation level using several isodesmic reactions. Standard entropy ( ) and heat capacity (Cp(T)'s, 300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500) from vibrational, translational, and external rotational contributions are calculated using the rigid-rotor-harmonic-oscillator approximation based on the vibration frequencies and structures obtained from the density functional study. Potential barriers for internal rotation o...
Individual-site binding data and the energetics of protein-DNA interactions.

Individual-site isotherms for the binding of bacteriophage lambda repressor to the left and right lambda operators have been determined [D. F. Senear, M. Brenowitz, M. A. Shea, and G. K. Ackers (1986) Biochemistry, Vol. 25, pp. 7344-7354.] using the DNAse protection technique [footprinting; D. J. Galas and A. Schmitz (1978) Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 5, pp. 3157-3170]. These extensive data have been interpreted with a quantitative model that emphasized cooperative interactions between adjacently bound ligands [occupied occupied interactions; G. K. Ackers, A. D. Johnson, and M. A. Shea (1982) Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, Vol. 79, pp. 1129-1133]. Overlooked in this model are the effects of cooperative interactions between a site containing a bound ligand and its neighboring unoccupied site (occupied unoccupied interactions). This paper reinterprets the existing data with a model that considers occupied unoccupied as well as occupied occupied interactions. The results yield parameters that differ substantially from those already reported. A discussion on the advisability of ignoring occupied unoccupied interactions is included.
The interaction of nonionic detergents with lipid bilayer membranes.

Abstract Sublytic concentrations of polyoxyethylene ether detergents are able to reduce the direct current (dc) resistance of lipid bilayer membranes. The order of cation effectiveness in lowering bilayer resistance is: K + > Rb + > Cs + > Na + = Li + . The decrease in bilayer resistance is transient when the detergent is present on one side of the film. The time required for maximum decrease in resistance is dependent on the concentration of detergent added. Multimolecular aggregates of Triton are involved in the resistance-lowering process. The data indicate that these aggregates interact with lipid in the bilayer. A mechanism is proposed by which lipid-Triton complexes enhance the permeability of bilayer membranes to cations, particularly to K + . The studies summarized in this communication and the accompanying manuscript suggest that detergents with a polyoxyethylene ether structure act as ionophores which are rather specific for K + .
Validation of the chaotic mixing renormalization group fixed point

Abstract The statistical behavior for chaotic mixing of Rayleigh-Taylor unstable interfaces is characterized by the merging of small bubbles (the portions of a light fluid adjacent to a heavy fluid) into large bubbles. The length scales change dynamically as a consequence of bubble merger. We study such statistical behavior quantitatively using a renormalization group fixed point model. Our study shows good agreement among the results of the renormalization group model, experimental data and direct numerical simulation of the two-fluid Euler equations.
Muscle atrophy as a consequence of rotator cuff tears: should we compare the muscles of the rotator cuff with those of the deltoid?

The quantitative assessment of muscle atrophy has a degree of importance in prognosticating rotator cuff treatment. However, it has been conjectured that muscle fat increases with aging. Therefore, we thought that the quantitative assessment of the supraspinatous would be better if made in comparison with a standard of reference such as the deltoid. Consequently, we performed a two-part study, first evaluating supraspinatous changes compared with the deltoid in “normals” with aging, and second, determining if in patients with cuff tears the supraspinatous fat exceeds that of the deltoid. In part 1, we studied 50 patients stratified by decade. In the first sitting, two blinded independent observers quantitatively graded the deltoid (with the supraspinatous obscured) and in the second sitting the same two observers quantitatively graded the supraspinatous (with the deltoid obscured). In part 2 of the study, we evaluated patients with moderate rotator cuff tears (>2 cm) and performed the same blinded, two-sitting, quantitative assessment (with the comparison muscle obscured). We found that muscle atrophy increases with age in patients without tears (0.011/0.028 U/year), although to a greater degree in the deltoid (p = 0.032). Also, in similarly aged patients, quantitative scores of the deltoid closely matched those of the supraspinatous (p = 0.071). Notably, however, in patients with large tears, the supraspinatous showed significant changes disproportionate to those of the deltoid, regardless of patient age (p = 0.044). In the presence of a normal rotator cuff, fatty infiltration increases with age. Age-related changes occur more frequently in the deltoid, verifying this muscle’s potential as a standard of reference. With cuff tears, supraspinatous atrophy was disproportionate to that of the deltoid. Therefore, systematic assessment of supraspinatous muscle atrophy may be more reliable using the deltoid as a control for comparison than assessing it in isolation.
The termination of callosal fibres in the auditory cortex of the rat. A combined Golgi--electron microscope and degeneration study.

When the corpus callosum of the rat is sectioned, the callosal fibres in the cerebral cortex undergo degeneration. In the auditory cortex (area 41) the degenerating axon terminals form asymmetric synapses, and the vast majority of them synapse with dendritic spines. Some others synapse with the shafts of both spiny and smooth dendrites, and a few with the perikarya of non-pyramidal cells. The degenerating axon terminals are contained principally within layer II/III, in which they aggregate in patches. Using a technique in which neurons within the cortex are Golgi-impregnated, then gold-toned and examined in the electron microscope, it has been shown that the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons with cell bodies in different layers receive the degenerating callosal afferents. The spines arise from the main apical dendritic shafts and their branches, from the dendrites of the apical tufts, and in some cases from the basal dendrites of the pyramidal neurons. The shafts of some pyramidal cell apical dendrites also form asymmetric synapses with callosal afferents. Since we have encountered no spiny non-pyramidal neurons in Golgi preparations of rat auditory cortex, and because other types of non-pyramidal cells have few dendritic spines, it is concluded that practically all of the dendritic spines synapsing with callosal afferents originate from pyramidal neurons.
Modulation of CD8+ T cell avidity by increasing the turnover of viral antigen during infection

The increased potency of high avidity CD8+ T cells for the clearance of viral infections has been well documented. We have previously reported the novel finding that intranasal infection with the paramyxovirus SV5 induces a CD8+ T cell response to the SV5 P protein that is almost exclusively of high avidity. Based on our results that the level of peptide presentation is a critical factor in the selective expansion of high versus low avidity cells in vitro, we hypothesized that the avidity of the anti-viral response generated in vivo could be altered by increasing the turnover of the P protein during viral infection through linkage to ubiquitin (UbP). Infection with a virus expressing UbP (VV-UbP) elicited a significant increase in low avidity cells in both BALB/c and C3H mice compared to the almost exclusively high avidity response elicited by VV-P. Our results are the first demonstration of the control of avidity during the antiviral response through an engineered change to a viral antigen. The implications of our findings for vaccine development are discussed.
On Unconscious Intentions

Professor Hamlyn (in ‘Unconscious Intentions’, Philosophy , 1971) defen the idea of unconscious intentions independently of its place in Freudian theory. If successful, his argument would show that arguments such as Frederick Siegler's (in ‘Unconscious Intentions’, Inquiry , 1967), would not succeed in demonstrating the incoherence of the Freudian notion(s) of unconscious intention. Further, if Hamlyn is successful, he provides conceptual grounds from ordinary, non-psychoanalytic cases from which the Freudian notion of unconscious intention could be reconstructed.
One-Dimensional Turbulence: A new approach to high-fidelity subgrid closure of turbulent flow simulations

Abstract Consideration of the requirements for robust, high-fidelity subgrid closure of large-eddy simulations of multiphysics turbulent flows indicates the need for a spatially and temporally resolved representation of fine-scale physical and chemical processes that are coupled to fluid motion. One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT), a potentially cost-effective approach for this purpose, captures these couplings by means of a stochastic simulation implemented on a one-dimensional domain. A subgrid implementation of ODT is formulated and its potential advantages and limitations are assessed.
Posterior predictive model checking in hierarchical models

Abstract Model checking is a crucial part of any statistical analysis. Hierarchical models present special problems because assumptions made about the distribution of unobservable parameters are difficult to check. In this article, we review some approaches to model checking and apply posterior predictive model checking to a hierarchical normal–normal model analysis of data from educational testing experiments in eight schools. Then we carry out a simulation study to investigate the difficulties in model checking for hierarchical models. It turns out that it is very difficult to detect violations of the assumptions made about the population distribution of the parameters unless the extent of violation is huge or the observed data have small standard errors.
Patagonia as borderland: Nature, culture, and the idea of the state

(1999). Patagonia as borderland: Nature, culture, and the idea of the state. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies: Vol. 8, Culture and the State in Latin America, pp. 35-48.
Determinants of nonprincipal submatrices of positive semidefinite matrices

Abstract We compute here the maximum value of the modulus of the determinant of an m×m nonprincipal submatrix of an n×n positive semidefinite matrix A, in terms of m, the eigenvalues of A, and cardinality k of the set of common row and column indices of this submatrix.
32.4: Invited Paper: The Pursuit of High‐Definition 3D Display Technology

The status and limitation of 3D display technology are presented. Due to the difficulty in realizing high-definition autostereoscopic displays, glasses-type 3D displays are suggested as a better choice for home applications in short term and several technologies of them are introduced. However, autostereoscopic displays with comparable image quality with the glasses-type ones are definitely important for the popular acceptance of the products and the continue development of the 3D industry. In this paper, a method using proximity projector array to implement high-definition autostereoscopic displays is proposed for long-term development.
37.3: Dynamic Magnification of Video for People with Visual Impairment

Magnification is an effective aid for people with conditions causing resolution loss, but it inherently restricts the field of view. Therefore, magnification must be centered on the most important point of the scene. We determine this “point of regard” (POR) by recording eye movements of normal subjects while they watch video.
Falsely Decreased HbA1c in a Type 2 Diabetic Patient Treated with Dapsone.

Objective: To discuss a case of a falsely low hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in a transplant patient treated with dapsone and its implications. HbA1c is widely used as a measure of glycemic control in diab...
Computation of surface catalysis for graphite exposed to high-enthalpy nitrogen flow

ux to increase by a factor of approximately 3.5. The physical accuracy of the model is assessed using data from experimental tests conducted in the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Torch Facility at the University of Vermont. Comparisons are presented of computed results with measured experimental data for translational temperature and relative nitrogen atom number density in the ow in front of the test article.
Tracking of a tagged leopard shark with an AUV: Sensor calibration and state estimation

Presented is a method for estimating the 2D planar position, velocity, and orientation states of a tagged shark. The method is designed for implementation on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) equipped with a stereo-hydrophone and receiver system that detects acoustic signals transmitted by a tag. The particular hydrophone system used here provides a measurement of relative bearing angle to the tag, but does not provide the sign (+ or -) of the bearing angle. A Particle Filter was used for fusing these measurements over time to produce a state estimate of the tag location. The Particle Filter combined with an active control system allowed the system to overcome the ambiguity in the sign of the bearing angle. This state estimator was validated by tracking both a stationary tag and moving tag with known positions. These experiments revealed state estimate errors were on par with those obtained by manually driven boat based tracking systems, the current method used for tracking fish and sharks over long distances. Final experiments involved the catching, releasing, and an autonomous AUV tracking of a 1 meter Leopard Shark (Triakis semifasciata) in SeaPlane Lagoon, Los Angeles, California.