cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Aspects of the 1980 Mount St. Helens Eruptions

The 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions resulted in economic losses of more than $350 million to public and private engineering works and operations in the Pacific Northwest. Direct results of the eruptions were flooding, burial, and erosion of highways and railways; destruction of bridges and buildings; blockage of navigation on the Columbia River; partial filling of a major reservoir; and disruption of water-supply, sewage-disposal, and flood-control systems. Most of the outright destruction of civil works occurred as a result of the May 18 eruption. Major damage was caused in southwestern Washington by the directed blast, the debris avalanche, and mudflows in the immediate vicinity of Mount St. Helens, in the Toutle River drainage, and along Lewis River tributaries that drain the volcano. An example was destruction by the debris avalanche and mudflows of 53 highway and railway bridges on the Toutle and Lewis rivers. Significant damage by mudflows, flooding, and sedimentation also occurred farther downstream along the Cowlitz and Columbia rivers. Ash from the May 18 eruption disrupted civil works and operations in eastern Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana. Removal and disposal of ash from roads, highways, and municipal sewage-disposal and storm-drain systems required costly efforts, particularly in eastern Washington. The May 25 and June 12 eruptions to a surprising, but lesser, degree affected western Washington and the Portland area of Oregon, respectively. The catastrophic May 18 eruption had an unprecedented economic impact on the Pacific Northwest, and demonstrated the need to consider volcanic hazards when planning land use and engineering works in the vicinity of other potentially active volcanoes.
Quantity vs Quality in Experiential Education.

As Dr. Svensson articulated, experiential training of future pharmacists has changed significantly. The responsibility to manage these clinical experiences has transitioned from state boards of pharmacy to colleges and schools. My family experienced this change first hand with my grandfather in the 1940s, my father in the 1970s, and then my wife, brother, and I in the 1990s and 2000s as we each completed our respective pharmacy degree programs. These changes coupled with the debate over the future of pharmacy practice have been the topics of many dinner conversations. Dr. Svensson states the main reason regulation of experiential training was moved to schools of pharmacy was to assure that students were spending their time in activities that were preparing them to function as practicing pharmacists.
INVESTIGATING THE MANAGEMENT INNOVATION OF CHINA FROM THE NEW OPINION IN THE WEST ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

With the emerging of Knowledge economy, the traditional managing conception, management theory and method have been shocked for many years. Since the 1990s, many new trends have come out in western management, including the reforger of corporation, the management with knowledge capital, CS strategy, and strategy alliance. Building up cultivating organization etc. The new trend of western management is the inevitable outcome of being suited to economic globalization. marketization and informationization. Now we are facing with getting to the one with international economy. Only using the successful experience of management innovation of foreign corporations for reference on the base of inhering traditions and innovating actively can we adapt to the objective demand of national competitions and the marketing economy. This paper analyzed and expounded the new viewpoint of western management and put forward the new considerations of our management innovation in Chinese features.
Construction and Empirical Analysis of the Evaluation System of Leisure agriculture base on Fuzzy Comprehensive

Leisure agriculture as a modern product of rapid economic development,in order to promote the sound development of it,This article Establish evaluation index system of agricultural leisure from the environmental characteristics,product characteristics,management,infrastructure development,behavior and emotional experience,then through the establishment of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model and empirical analysis,Good results have been achieved and with relatively strong pertinence and maneuverability,provideing a feasible evaluation method for the evaluation of leisure agriculture,and promoting the further development of leisure agriculture evaluation system.
Occupational Therapy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for a Neonate with Perinatal Stroke: A Case Report.

ABSTRACTAim: This case report describes an occupational therapy intervention based on synactive theory for a neonate born full-term with a diagnosis of perinatal stroke. Intervention: Occupational therapy was provided 4–5 times a week for 3 weeks. The focus was improving infant state regulation and motor skills to support developmentally appropriate behaviors through environmental modifications, positioning, guided progression of sensory stimulation, and promotion of motor and postural skills. Outcomes: At discharge on day 24, the infant had improved state regulation, behavioral organization, and motor performance. Conclusion: Occupational therapy based on synactive theory was an effective therapeutic approach for improving the behavioral and motor organization of a full term infant diagnosed with perinatal stroke.
Quantitative Autoradiography: Statistical Study of the Variance, Error and Sensitivity of the Labeling Index (Thymidine-H3 and DNA Synthesis)

The introduction of tritium as a radioactive marker for intracellular autoradiographic localization of labeled precursors from the laboratory of one of us (Fitzgerald et al., 1951) has been followed by its extensive use in many cellular metabolic studies (Mauer, 1965; Schultze et al.,1965). This has been particularly so in the study of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) metabolism after the introduction of tritium labeled thymidine (Taylor et al., 1957; Verley et al.,1957) and the concept of the DNA synthetic (S) period (Howard and Pelc, 1953).
Notes on cephalopods photographed near the bottom in the Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone

Deep-sea photographs from IFREMER dives in the Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone included six cephalopods. These are all cirrate (=finned) octopods in two families, Opisthoteuthidae and Cirroteuthidae.
Synthesizing Social Sciences

As a compendium of conceptual, empirical, and computer simulation findings, social sciences literature exhibits several efforts made by researchers and practicing executives to study the processes of organizational involvement in the environmental context. Both the theoretical and experimental aspects of this interaction process have been developed, and several models have been proposed with a view to show their pragmatic application in the pluralistic business society. Efforts are also made to suggest different typologies of organizations with the objectives of understanding their environmental association. The purpose of this chapter is explorative as it seeks to describe the research-efforts of some leading writers in the field and examine the validity of their proposed models. Selectivity has been maintained in order to examine only those key models and research findings which help the modern executive in his search for environmental analysis.
A scalable 7.0-Gb/s multi-lane NRZ transceiver with a 1/10th-rate forwarded clock in 0.13um CMOS

A scalable 7.0-Gb/s/lane, 6-lane serial link transceiver for chip-to-chip NRZ data communication is described. Its serializing transmitter uses a new circuit topology, with data-controlled pulse generation followed by pulse-controlled serialization, and provides improved bandwidth and power efficiency with the elimination of on-chip NRZ signaling and retiming while preserving the bandwidth benefit of a voltage-mode output driver having no stacked transistors. A shared TX PLL generates 10 clock phases used by the serializing transmitters. Its receivers use a forwarded clock and a shared DLL to generate 10 RX clock phases, from which per-lane phase interpolators generate sampler clocks. Dual sets of RX samplers and phase interpolators facilitate BER measurement and sampler clock alignment. Manufactured in 0.13um LP CMOS, silicon area is 0.21mm2/lane, and end-to-end power is 209mW/lane when operating 6 lanes at 7Gb/s. Built from power-efficient CMOS logic and switches yet drawing a constant current, the transceiver's inherent scalability is demonstrated to 16nm by simulation and calculation.
REVERSE TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY CAN SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGE THE SHOULDER CENTRE OF ROTATION

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has had rapidly increasingly utilization since its approval for U.S. use in 2004. RTSA accounted for 11% of extremity market procedure growth in 201. Although RTSA is widely used, there remain significant challenges in determining the location and configuration of implants to achieve optimal clinical and functional results. The goal of this study was to measure the 3D position of the shoulder joint center, relative to the center of the native glenoid face, in 16 subjects with RTSA of three different implant designs, and in 12 healthy young shoulders. CT scans of 12 healthy and 16 pre-operative shoulders were segmented to create 3D models of the scapula and humerus. A standardized bone coordinate system was defined for each bone (Figure 1). For healthy shoulders, the location of the humeral head center was measured relative to the glenoid face center. For the RTSA shoulders, a two-step measurement was required. First, 3D models of the pre-operative bones were reconstructed and oriented in the same manner as for healthy shoulders. Second, 3D model-image registration was used to determine the post-operative implant positioning relative to the bones. The 3D position and orientation of the implants and bones were determined in a sequence of six fluoroscopic images of the arm during abduction, and the mean implant-to-bone relationships were used to determine the surgical positioning of the implants (Figure 2). The RTSA center of rotation was defined as the offset from the center of the implant glenosphere to the center of the native glenoid face. The center of rotation in RTSA shoulders varied over a much greater range than the native shoulders (Table 1 (Figure 3)). Lateral offset of the joint center in RTSA shoulders was at least 6 mm smaller than the smallest joint center offset in the healthy shoulders. The center of rotation in RTSA shoulders was significantly more inferior than in healthy shoulders. The range of anterior/posterior placement of the rotation center for RTSA shoulders was bounded by the range for normal shoulders. How to best position RTSA implants for optimal patient outcomes remains a topic of great debate and research interest. We found that the 3D joint center position can vary over a supraphysiologic range in shoulders with RTSA, and that this variation is primarily in the coronal plane. By relating these geometric variations to muscle, shoulder and clinical function, we hope to establish methods and strategies for predictably obtaining the best clinical and functional outcomes for RTSA patients on a per-subject basis.
The construction and scapegoating of Muslims as the “other” in Hindu nationalist rhetoric

In this essay, I show that India's militant Hindu party, Shiv Sena, constructs Hindu national identity by scapegoating Muslims. Based on the analysis of the themes of scapegoating in the rhetoric of Shiv Sena, I make three arguments: First, the themes of scapegoating that I have identified in this study often serve as the dominant topoi in the doctrine of victimage. Second, scapegoating in nationalism is often closely associated with religion, where scapegoating acts as a mode of purification of the nation. Third, I conclude this essay by discussing the implications of this study for rhetorical scholars by arguing that they should help identify potential dangers of scapegoating against any group or groups, especially when identity politics could lead to violence.
Misclassification Risk of Tier-Based Physician Quality Performance Systems

Objective There is increasing interest in identifying high-quality physicians, such as whether physicians perform above or below a threshold level. To evaluate whether current methods accurately distinguish above- versus below-threshold physicians, we estimate misclassification rates for two-category identification systems. Data Sources Claims data for Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries residing in Florida or New York in 2010. Study Design Estimate colorectal cancer, glaucoma, and diabetes quality scores for 23,085 physicians. Use a beta-binomial model to estimate physician score reliabilities. Compute the proportion of physicians whose performance tier would be misclassified under three scoring systems. Principal Findings In the three scoring systems, misclassification ranges were 8.6–25.7 percent, 6.4–22.8 percent, and 4.5–21.7%. True positive rate ranges were 72.9–97.0 percent, 83.4–100.0 percent, and 34.7–88.2 percent. True negative rate ranges were 68.5–91.6 percent, 10.5–92.4 percent, and 81.1–99.9 percent. Positive predictive value ranges were 70.5–91.6 percent, 77.0–97.3 percent, and 55.2–99.1 percent. Conclusions Current methods for profiling physicians on quality may produce misleading results, as the number of eligible events is typically small. Misclassification is a policy-relevant measure of the potential impact of tiering on providers, payers, and patients. Quantifying misclassification rates should inform the construction of high-performance networks and quality improvement initiatives.
Four New Species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Emoia spp. Skinks (Sauria: Scincidae), from Papua New Guinea and the Insular Pacific

Abstract Between September and November 1991, 54 adult skinks from 15 species were collected by hand or blowpipe from several localities on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, Ovalau Island, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea (PNG), and their feces were examined for coccidians. Species included 5 seaside skinks (Emoia atrocostata), 1 Pacific blue-tailed skink (Emoia caeroleocauda), 2 Fiji slender treeskinks (Emoia concolor), 15 white-bellied copper-striped skinks (Emoia cyanura), 1 Bulolo River forest skink (Emoia guttata), 6 dark-bellied copper-striped skinks (Emoia impar), 5 Papua five-striped skinks (Emoia jakati), 2 Papua slender treeskinks (Emoia kordoana), 3 Papua robust treeskinks (Emoia longicauda), 1 brown-backed forest skink (Emoia loveridgei), 3 Papua black-sided skinks (Emoia pallidiceps), 2 Papua white-spotted skinks (Emoia physicae), 2 Papua yellow-head skinks (Emoia popei), 1 Papua brown forest skink (Emoia submetallica), and 5 Fiji barred treeskinks (Emoia trossula) Species of Eimeria (Ei.) were detected fro...
Mobilizing the Russian Nation: Patriotism and Citizenship in the First World War

The First World War had a devastating impact on the Russian state, yet relatively little is known about the ways in which ordinary Russians experienced and viewed this conflict. Melissa Kirschke Stockdale presents the first comprehensive study of the Great War's influence on Russian notions of national identity and citizenship. Drawing on a vast array of sources, the book examines the patriotic and nationalist organizations which emerged during the war, the role of the Russian Orthodox Church, the press and the intelligentsia in mobilizing Russian society, the war's impact on the rights of citizens, and the new, democratized ideas of Russian nationhood which emerged both as a result of the war and of the 1917 revolution. Russia's war experience is revealed as a process that helped consolidate in the Russian population a sense of membership in a great national community, rather than being a test of patriotism which they failed.
Efficacy of low intensity, therapist-implemented Project ImPACT for increasing social communication skills in young children with ASD

Project ImPACT is a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention (NDBI) for young children with ASD. Preliminary research supports its feasibility and efficacy as a parent-mediated intervention; however, its efficacy as a low-intensity, therapist-implemented intervention is unclear. A single-case, multiple-baseline design evaluated the effect of 2 h per week of therapist-implemented Project ImPACT on social engagement, language, and play in nine children with ASD. Language and play skills were targeted separately for five children and together for four children. Children increased their rates of social engagement and language when language or play was the sole target and when language and play were targeted together; however, gains in play skills were evident only when they were targeted separately. This study provides support for the efficacy of the Project ImPACT when implemented by therapists at a low intensity and suggests the way in which skills are targeted can affect child learning.
Clyde Warrior: tradition, community, and Red Power

An important thinker, fiery orator, and activist in the “Red Power” movement, Clyde Merton Warrior (31 August 1939–7 July 1968) blazed an intellectual trail through Indian Country during the 1960s ...
Invisibility through the interface: the social consequences of spatial search:

Location-based services are mobile applications that use a device’s location to provide relevant results. Spatial search applications are a popular subset of location-based services that enable people to search through their surrounding space to find nearby locations. This article examines spatial search applications through a framework that combines critical geography research with research on the power search engines exert over information visibility. The main argument of the article is that popular spatial search applications, such as Yelp, may subtly reproduce existing forms of spatial segregation by rendering certain location invisible through the mobile mapping interface.
Modernization and Advances in Crime Measurement and Crime Classification in India: A Critical Review

This chapter makes a critical review of crime classification and crime measurement methods in India in comparison to those of the USA, Canada, and England and Wales. In India, crime measurement is predominantly based on police-recorded crime statistics measured by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). Police-recorded crimes, however, are inherently limited because most of the crimes are not reported to the police. In the USA, Canada, and England and Wales many innovations in crime measurement have recently been made to overcome the limitations of police-recorded crimes. Some of those more innovative and improved methods of crime measurement include the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the National Incidence-Based Reporting (NIBRS) system of the USA, Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW), General Social Survey (GSS) of Canada, European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS), and the International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS) conducted by an ICVS International Working Group. For further modernization in crime classification and crime measurement in India, police-recorded crime statistics should be supplemented with systems that can measure criminal victimization and self-reported crime data.
Signaling and Effector Molecules in Immunity

Initiation of an innate and/or adaptive immune response involves the coordinated function of multiple cells as well as numerous signaling and effector molecules, all supported by a stromal framework that may provide additional immunomodulatory signals. Signaling and effector molecules of the immune system have been the focus of intense investigation in recent decades, resulting in a massive accumulation of relevant information. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the major groups of signaling and effector molecules, and to provide a general framework whereby these molecules function in the initiation, modulation, and dissolution of immune responses. Particular interest is given to those molecules and processes that represent targets for possible pharmacological intervention.
Training and Inference in Hopfield Network Using 10 × 10 Phase Change Synaptic Array

Previous chapters have described the operation of nanoscale synaptic element at the single device level using experimental measurements. In this chapter, experimental demonstration of array-level associative learning using phase change synaptic devices is presented. The synaptic array is connected in a grid-like configuration similar to the organization of the biological brain. Implementing Hebbian learning with phase change memory cells, the synaptic grid was able to store presented patterns and recall missing patterns in an associative brain-like fashion. The system is robust to device variations, and large device-to-device variations in resistance states can be tolerated by increasing the number of training epochs. We illustrate the tradeoff between the ability of the network to tolerate variations and the overall energy consumption and found that energy consumption can be reduced if variation is lower.
Full RGB liquid crystal-tunable plasmonic color and TFT integration

We demonstrate a full RGB liquid crystal-tunable reflective surface where the color of the aluminum nanostructure is changed as a function of applied voltage. We then integrate the system with a TFT to depict images.
Imaging of Sacral Tumors and Tumor Simulators: Experience of the Mayo Clinic

There is a broad spectrum of pathology involving the sacrum, ranging from benign and malignant processes to tumor simulators. The imaging workup for a patient with a known or suspected tumor or abnormality involving the sacrum is variable but should always begin with a conventional radiograph. In some cases, the radiographs are diagnostic. However, given the complexity of the anatomy of the bones of the pelvis, further imaging with CT and/or MRI is often required for optimal characterization. In some cases, the constellation of imaging findings is diagnostic and biopsy can be avoided. In other cases, the lesions have indeterminate imaging features, and biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis. The information provided in this chapter will serve as a helpful guide for either making the diagnosis or formulating an appropriate differential diagnosis for tumors involving the sacrum. The imaging features are interpreted in conjunction with pertinent clinical information, including the patient’s age, gender, and any known syndromes. Familiarity with the advantages and disadvantages of the available imaging tools, along with the expected imaging findings associated with the spectrum of pathology, plays a critical role in guiding management of these patients and ultimately in providing optimal patient care.
Understanding the Elementary Steps in DNA Tile-Based Self-Assembly

Although many models have been developed to guide the design and implementation of DNA tile-based self-assembly systems with increasing complexity, the fundamental assumptions of the models have not been thoroughly tested. To expand the quantitative understanding of DNA tile-based self-assembly and to test the fundamental assumptions of self-assembly models, we investigated DNA tile attachment to preformed “multi-tile” arrays in real time and obtained the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of single tile attachment in various sticky end association scenarios. With more sticky ends, tile attachment becomes more thermostable with an approximately linear decrease in the free energy change (more negative). The total binding free energy of sticky ends is partially compromised by a sequence-independent energy penalty when tile attachment forms a constrained configuration: “loop”. The minimal loop is a 2 × 2 tetramer (Loop4). The energy penalty of loops of 4, 6, and 8 tiles was analyzed with the independent lo...
Isolation and genetic mapping of a non-lethal rice (Oryza sativa L.) low phytic acid 1 mutation

Phytic acid (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakisphosphate) is the most abundant form of phosphorus (P) in seeds and is virtually indigestible by humans or non-ruminant livestock. It was hypothesized that one class of maize (Zea mays L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) low phytic acid mutations, designated Ipal, interrupt myo-inositol supply during seed development and may be mutations of the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) gene. This study describes the isolation, inheritance, and genetic mapping of the first rice Ipal mutation and reexamines the MIPS/lpa1 candidate gene hypothesis in rice. Grain from 3632 rice M2 lines, derived from gamma-irradiated seed, was screened for the Ipa phenotype. Two mutations, one lethal and one non-lethal, were identified. The non-lethal mutation is phenotypically similar to maize and barley lpa1 mutants and was designated rice lpa1-1. Homozygosity for rice lpa1-1 reduces the phytic acid portion of seed P from 71 to 39% and increases the inorganic portion of seed P from 5 to 32%, with little effect on total seed P. This rice lpa1 mutation was mapped to a 2.2-cM interval on chromosome 2L. A single-copy rice MIPS gene was mapped to a locus on rice chromosome 3 that is orthologous to MIPS loci on maize chromosome IS (near maize Ipal ) and barley chromosome 4H. Unlike maize Ipal, the rice and barley lpa1 mutations loci are dearly distinguishable from this canonical MIPS gene. No relationship can be inferred between the maize, barley, and rice Ipal loci. Although this canonical MIPS gene may be an appropriate target for controlling seed phytic acid synthesis, modifications of other genes (e.g., maize lpa2, barley lpa1, barley lpa2, and rice Ipal ) may also be useful in reducing grain phytic acid and improving the nutritional value of cereal grains and/or milling hy-products.
Testing Three-Item Versions for Seven of Young’s Maladaptive Schema and Wait Impact for Briefly Counseled Non-Urgent Clients

The purposes of this study were to: further test the reliability and discriminant validity of three-item measures of seven maladaptive schema scales on a sample of non-urgent university counseling center (UCC) clients; test the relationships of waiting variables to these maladaptive schema; and test if these waiting variables were related to changes in these maladaptive schema for briefly counseled UCC clients. The results supported the test-retest reliabilities and discriminant validity of these seven scales. Independent sample t-tests between two different types of wait variables, i.e., minimal versus considerable wait bother, and less than two weeks wait versus at least two weeks wait, did not show any significant differences for these scales. However, one scale, mistrust and abuse increased during brief counseling for both the considerable wait bother and at least two weeks waiting groups. It is important to make sure that non-urgent clients get timely counseling.
Pulse Parameter Influence on the Laser Generation of Acoustic Waves

The principles and uses of optical techniques for the generation and detection of ultrasound have been discussed extensively in the literature. Several excellent reviews of the progress in the field of laser ultrasonics are available.1, 2, 3 Laser ultrasonic techniques have several advantages over other inspection methods, making them an attractive option for select applications. Unfortunately, poor sensitivity and high cost of laser ultrasonic systems are currently limiting industrial application. In general, implementation is limited to situations where laser inspection methods present the only available solution, or the few cases that prove cost effective. The goal of the current work is to increase the sensitivity of optical generation and detection systems. The work focuses on the laser/materials interaction that occurs during the generation of ultrasonic waves, and considers a number of methods by which laser ultrasonic systems can achieve greater sensitivity through control of the laser generation source.
Mitigation of Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammation and Vasoactivity in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure remains the leading environmental risk factor for disease globally. Interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of PM are required, since there is no discernible threshold for its effects, and exposure reduction approaches are limited. The mitigation of PM (specifically diesel exhaust particles (DEP))-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) after 24 and 48 h of exposure by pre-treatment with individual pure, combined pure, and an oil formulation of two fish oil omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were all tested at an equivalent concentration of 100 µM in vitro in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The PUFAs and fish oil formulation completely mitigated or diminished the DEP-induced release of IL-6, IL-8, and ET-1 by 14–78%. DHA was more effective in reducing the levels of the DEP-induced release of the cytokines, especially IL-6 after 48 h of DEP exposure in comparison to EPA (p < 0.05), whereas EPA seemed to be more potent in reducing ET-1 levels. The potential of fish ω-3 PUFAs to mitigate PM-induced inflammation and vasoactivity was demonstrated by this study.
Nucleus Accumbens Shell Orexin-1 Receptors Are Critical Mediators of Binge Intake in Excessive-Drinking Individuals

Excessive, binge alcohol drinking is a potent and pernicious obstacle to treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), and heavy-drinking humans are responsible for much of the substantial costs and harms of AUD. Thus, identifying key mechanisms that drive intake in higher-drinking individuals may provide important, translationally useful therapeutic interventions. Orexin-1-receptors (Ox1Rs) promote states of high motivation, and studies with systemic Ox1R inhibition suggest a particular role in individuals with higher intake levels. However, little has been known about circuits where Ox1Rs promote pathological intake, especially excessive alcohol consumption. We previously discovered that binge alcohol drinking requires Ox1Rs in medial nucleus accumbens shell (Shell), using two-bottle-choice Drinking-in-the-Dark (2bc-DID) in adult, male C57BL/6 mice. Here, we show that Shell Ox1Rs promoted intake during intermittent-access alcohol drinking as well as 2bc-DID, and that Shell inhibition with muscimol/baclofen also suppressed 2bc-DID intake. Importantly, with this large data set, we were able to demonstrate that Shell Ox1Rs and overall activity were particularly important for driving alcohol consumption in higher-drinking individuals, with little overall impact in moderate drinkers. Shell inhibition results were compared with control data combined from drug treatments that did not reduce intake, including NMDAR or PKC inhibition in Shell, Ox1R inhibition in accumbens core, and systemic inhibition of dopamine-1 receptors; these were used to understand whether more specific Shell Ox1R contributions in higher drinkers might simply result from intrinsic variability in mouse drinking. Ineffectiveness of Shell inhibition in moderate-drinkers was not due to a floor effect, since systemic baclofen reduced alcohol drinking regardless of basal intake levels, without altering concurrent water intake or saccharin consumption. Finally, alcohol intake in the first exposure predicted consumption levels weeks later, suggesting that intake level may be a stable trait in each individual. Together, our studies indicate that Shell Ox1Rs are critical mediators of binge alcohol intake in higher-drinking individuals, with little net contribution to alcohol drinking in more moderate bingers, and that targeting Ox1Rs may substantially reduce AUD-related harms.
Surrogate Model Monte Carlo simulation for stochastic flutter analysis of wind turbine blades

Abstract With the larger size of wind turbine blades, coupled-mode flutter of long, flexible rotating blades has become an issue that cannot be neglected. Recent studies have shown that flutter speed can be predicted accurately using a three-dimensional, finite-element model by deterministic aeroelastic analysis. However, modeling uncertainty is an important, non-negligible issue as it influences probability of flutter failure. The stochastic flutter problem is investigated herein to understand the influence of uncertainty in selected input characteristics: (i) aerodynamic loads and (ii) blade structural properties. Physical Model Monte Carlo simulation is usually utilized for stochastic flutter analysis. Surrogate Model Monte Carlo simulation is proposed to obtain the solution more efficiently in terms of computing time. Surrogate models include: least squares fit and collocation methods. A nonlinear relationship between the input and output random variables is incorporated for least squares fit. For collocation methods, Lagrange polynomials are employed to perform random simulations. Results indicate that surrogate models efficiently facilitate the stochastic flutter analysis with acceptable errors.
Impact of sarcopenia on diaphragm muscle fatigue.

New findings What is the central question of this study? Is the residual force generated by the diaphragm muscle after repeated activation reduced with sarcopenia, and is the residual force generated after fatiguing activation sufficient to sustain ventilatory behaviours of diaphragm muscle in young and old rats? What is the main finding and its importance? After diaphragm muscle fatigue, the residual specific force after 120 s of repeated stimulation was unaffected by ageing and was sufficient to accomplish ventilatory behaviours, but not expulsive manoeuvres (e.g. coughing). The inability to perform expulsive behaviours might underlie the increased susceptibility of older individuals to respiratory tract infections. Abstract Type IIx and/or IIb diaphragm muscle (DIAm) fibres make up more fatigable motor units that are more vulnerable to sarcopenia, i.e. age-associated reductions of specific force and cross-sectional area. In contrast, type I and IIa DIAm fibres form fatigue-resistant motor units that are relatively unchanged with age. The fatigue resistance of the DIAm is assessed by normalizing the residual force generated after a period of repeated supramaximal stimulation (e.g. 120 s) to the initial maximal force. Given that sarcopenia primarily affects more fatigable DIAm motor units, apparent fatigue resistance improves with ageing. However, the central question is whether there is an ageing-related difference in the residual force generated by the DIAm after repeated stimulation and whether this force is sufficient to sustain ventilatory behaviours of DIAm. In 6- and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats, we assessed the loss of ex vivo DIAm force throughout 120 s of repeated supramaximal stimulation at 10, 40 and 75 Hz. We found that relative fatigue resistance improved in older rats at 40 and 75 Hz stimulation. Across all stimulation frequencies, DIAm residual force was unchanged with age (∼5 N cm-2 ). We conclude that ageing increases the relative contribution of type I and IIa fibres to DIAm force, with decreased contributions of type IIx and/or IIb fibres. The residual force generated by the DIAm after repeated stimulation is sufficient to accomplish ventilatory behaviours, regardless of age.
Self-management of Epilepsy: A Systematic Review.

Background Although self-management is recommended for persons with epilepsy, its optimal strategies and effects are uncertain. Purpose To evaluate the components and efficacy of self-management interventions in the treatment of epilepsy in community-dwelling persons. Data sources English-language searches of MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, and CINAHL in April 2018; the MEDLINE search was updated in March 2019. Study selection Randomized and nonrandomized comparative studies of self-management interventions for adults with epilepsy. Data extraction An investigator assessed study characteristics; intervention details, including 6 components of self-management; and outcomes, which were verified by a second reviewer. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed independently by 2 investigators. Data synthesis 13 randomized and 2 nonrandomized studies (2514 patients) evaluated self-management interventions. Interventions were delivered primarily in group settings, used a median of 4 components, and followed 2 general strategies: 1 based on education and the other on psychosocial therapy. Education-based approaches improved self-management behaviors (standardized mean difference, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.0 to 1.04]), and psychosocial therapy-based approaches improved quality of life (mean difference, 6.64 [CI, 2.51 to 10.77]). Overall, self-management interventions did not reduce seizure rates, but 1 educational intervention decreased a composite of seizures, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. Limitation High ROB in most studies, incomplete intervention descriptions, and studies limited to English-language publications. Conclusion There is limited evidence that self-management strategies modestly improve some patient outcomes that are important to persons with epilepsy. Overall, self-management research in epilepsy is limited by the range of interventions tested, the small number of studies using self-monitoring technology, and uncertainty about components and strategies associated with benefit. Primary funding source U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (PROSPERO: CRD42018098604).
A Study and New Description of Corynebacterium Vaginale (Haemophilus Vaginalis)

Haemophilus vaginalis type strain 594 and four other reference strains were studied through a variety of biochemical and staining reactions to determine a more appropriate taxonomic position. Previous studies had shown that this species requires neither X nor V factors, nor any other coenzyme-like substances for growth. The strains grew on 0.01% potassium tellurite medium, in 0.01% potassium cyanide, and displayed metachromatic areas when stained by Albert‗s method. They were differentiated from unclassified vaginal diphtheroids by colony morphology, sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, lack of a catalase, and fermentation of particular carbohydrates. The authors conclude that the suggestions of Zinnemann and Turner should be adopted and that the bacterium be reclassified as Corynebacterium vaginale . A new description of the species is presented.
Implementation of the Smoking Treatment and Recovery (STAR) program: healthy cancer survivorship through integrated tobacco control.

It is well-established that persistent tobacco use among patients with cancer results in numerous adverse outcomes. However, the assessment and treatment of tobacco use with evidence-based methods have been lacking in cancer care. Our cancer center has established its first tobacco treatment program, a multidisciplinary, evidence-based, clinical program for hematology/oncology patients. We describe the development and implementation of the program, emphasizing lessons learned in treating nicotine addiction among patients who are at very high risk for continuing to use tobacco throughout the survivorship phase. We developed a system to assess tobacco use at each outpatient visit, from those recently diagnosed to long-term survivors. For patients who have smoked in the past month, the protocol offers standard behavioral and pharmacological treatments, delivered by tobacco treatment specialists and nurse practitioners over four in-person and/or telephone-based sessions. Partnerships with the Psychosocial Oncology and Cancer Survivorship Programs have provided integrated and comprehensive care for patients during and after their cancer treatment. The systematic efforts to reach and engage current smokers have laid the groundwork for maximizing the program’s future effectiveness and impact. Our initial results demonstrate not only the complexities but also the feasibility of developing a new tobacco treatment program in the oncology setting. The implications for cancer survivors are the significant improvements in treatment outcomes that occur with tobacco abstinence.
Differential Security Game in Heterogeneous Device-to-Device Offloading Network Under Epidemic Risks

Cooperative computation among peer mobile devices via device-to-device (D2D) links, a.k.a. D2D offloading, is a promising technology to enhance mobile computing performance and reduce core wireless network traffic. However, D2D offloading also creates new security risks as malware can relatively easily compromise mobile devices participating in D2D offloading and propagate across the entire network. In this article, we build an epidemic model to understand the malware propagation process in the D2D offloading-enabled mobile network where devices have heterogeneous computation demand and new devices can enter the system over time. This model also allows mobile devices to intentionally enter a “non-cooperative” state as a preventive defense strategy to thwart malware propagation. We prove a thresholding result of the malware propagation similar to that in classic epidemic models under given static defender (i.e. the network operator) and attacker strategies. We further model the strategic interaction between the defender and the attacker as a zero-sum differential game. The existence of a saddle-point equilibrium is proved, and the optimal dynamic defense and attack strategies are derived based on the Pontryagin's maximum principle, which are proven to be a bang-bang control strategy. Simulation results validate the proposed model and show that the dynamic optimal strategies significantly improve the system utility compared with baseline strategies.
Kalirin and Trio: RhoGEFs in Synaptic Transmission, Plasticity, and Complex Brain Disorders

Changes in the actin cytoskeleton are a primary mechanism mediating the morphological and functional plasticity that underlies learning and memory. The synaptic Ras homologous (Rho) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Kalirin and Trio have emerged as central regulators of actin dynamics at the synapse. The increased attention surrounding Kalirin and Trio stems from the growing evidence for their roles in the etiology of a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent findings revealing the unique and diverse functions of these paralog proteins in neurodevelopment, excitatory synaptic transmission, and plasticity. We additionally survey the growing literature implicating these proteins in various neurological disorders.
Compliance to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guidelines and its impact on overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

e16609Background: The Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging based management proposed by AASLD depends on baseline liver function and performance status of the patient in addition to tumor c...
Life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of ammonia production from renewable resources and industrial by-products

Conventionally, ammonia is produced from natural gas via steam methane reforming (SMR), water-gas shift reaction, and the Haber–Bosch process. The process uses fossil natural gas, which leads to 2.6 metric tons of life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per metric ton of ammonia produced. With ammonia being the second most produced chemical in the world, its production accounts for approximately 2% of worldwide fossil energy use and generates over 420 million tons of CO2 annually. To reduce its carbon intensity, ammonia synthesis relying on renewable energy or utilizing by-products from industrial processes is of interest. We conduct a life cycle analysis of conventional and alternative ammonia production pathways by tracking energy use and emissions in all conversion stages, from the primary material and energy resources to the ammonia plant gates. Of all the alternative pathways, obtaining N2 from cryogenic distillation and H2 from low-temperature electrolysis using renewable electricity has the lowest cradle-to-plant-gate GHG emissions, representing a 91% decrease from the conventional SMR pathway.
Evaluating inpatient adverse outcomes under California's Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment Program.

Author(s): Keller, Michelle S; Chen, Xiao; Godwin, Jamie; Needleman, Jack; Pourat, Nadereh | Abstract: ObjectiveThe California Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment Program (DSRIP) provided incentive payments to Designated Public Hospitals (DPHs) to improve quality of care. We assessed the program's impact on reductions in sepsis mortality, central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), venous thromboembolisms (VTEs), and hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs).Data sourcesWe used 2009-2014 discharge data from California hospitals.Study designWe used a pre-post study design with a comparison group. We constructed propensity scores and used them to assign inverse probability weights according to their similarity to DPH discharges. Interaction term coefficients of time trends and treatment group provided significance testing.Data extractionWe used Patient Safety Indicators for CLABSI, HAPU, and VTE, and constructed a sepsis mortality measure.Principal findingsDischarges from DPHs and non-DPHs both saw decreases in the four outcomes over the DSRIP period (2010-2014). The difference-in-difference estimator (DD) for sepsis was only significant during two time periods, comparing 2010 with 2012 (DD: -2.90 percent, 95% CI: -5.08, -0.72 percent) and 2010 with 2014 (DD: -5.74, 95% CI: -8.76 percent, -2.72 percent); the DD estimator was not significant comparing 2010 with 2012 (DD: -1.30, 95% CI: -3.18 percent, 0.58 percent) or comparing 2010 with 2013 (DD: -3.05 percent, 95% CI: -6.50 percent, 0.40 percent). For CLABSI, we did not find any meaningful differences between DPHs and non-DPHs across the four time periods. For HAPU and VTE, the only significant DD estimator compared 2014 with 2010.ConclusionsWe did not find that DPHs participating in DSRIP outperformed non-DPHs during the DSRIP program. Our results were robust to multiple sensitivity analyses. Given multiple concurrent inpatient safety initiatives, it was challenging to assign improvements over time periods to DSRIP.
Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: Results in 831 patients from a single center.

INTRODUCTION This study evaluated surgical outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE), with particular attention to the impact of intravenous drug use (IVDU). METHODS Adult patients undergoing surgery for IE between 2011 and 2018 at a single center were included and stratified by IVDU. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications and hospital readmissions. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression were utilized for unadjusted and risk-adjusted survival analyses, respectively. Cumulative incidence function curves were compared for hospital readmissions. RESULTS A total of 831 patients (mean age 55 years, 34.4% female) were operated on for IE, including 318 (38.3%) with IVDU. Cultures were most commonly positive for streptococcus (25.2%), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (17.7%), enterococcus (14.3%), or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (8.4%). The most common procedures included isolated aortic valve repair/replacement (18.8%), aortic root replacement (15.9%), mitral valve repair/replacement (26.7%), aortic and mitral valve replacement (8.4%), and tricuspid valve repair/replacement (7.6%). Mean follow-up was 3.4 ± 2.4 years. Overall 5-year survival was 64% and was similar between IVDU and non-IVDU. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that IVDU was not associated with mortality risk. IVDU patients displayed higher rates of all-cause readmission (61.6% vs 53.9%; P = .03), drug-use readmission (15.4% vs 1.4%; P < .001), and recurrent endocarditis readmission (33.0% vs 13.0%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients undergoing surgical treatment of IE are alive at 5-years although readmission rates are high. IVDU is not a risk factor for longitudinal mortality although patients with IVDU are at higher overall readmission risk, driven largely by greater readmissions for drug-use and recurrent endocarditis.