cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NATURE OF THE TOXIC MOIETY OF STREPTOCOCCUS SCARLATINAE.

The cutaneous reaction demonstrates that the culture lysate of Streptococcus scarlatinae is approximately ten time more potent in its toxic effect than is the culture filtrate since repeated and carefully controlled human skin tests show that 0.1 cc. of a 1:2000 dilution of lysate reacts equally as well as a similar dose of a 1:250 dilution of culture filtrate (Dick's standard skin unit). Animal tests and the human intradermal reaction clearly reveal that the toxic principle of culture filtrate (Dick's toxin) and culture lysate (Duval-Hibbard endotoxin) are of the same nature) namely intracellular derivatives of the streptococcal cell. The in vivo prepared lysate affords a more potent antigen for the production of an antiendotoxic serum than the living, killed or culture filtrate of Streptococcus scarlatinae . The inoculations into dogs of culture filtrate and of the "washed coccal bodies" yield strikingly different results. In those that receive filtrate no toxic effect is produced while in the ones injected with the washed coccal bodies a severe and often fatal toxemia results. The dog is highly susceptible to infection with Streptococcus scarlatinae and also readily affected by injections of the in vivo prepared lysate. Toxic effects are produced almost immediately following the intravenous injection of lysate and death usually occurs in 24 to 48 hours from an acute hemorrhagic nephritis. Daily urinary examination shows a high percentage of albumin, large numbers of fine granular casts and quantities of macroscopic blood. A study of the kidney sections reveals an extensive glomerulonephritis. The work reported constitutes further evidence in support of our original contention that the poisonous substance of the scarlatinal streptococcus is derived from the bacterial cell set free through the dissolution of the germ plasm. The liberation of the poison in vitro occurs as the natural result of autolysis while in vivo it is produced through specific action of bacteriolysin.
Radiation, Adriamycin, and Skin Reactions: Effects of Radiation and Drug Fractionation, Hyperthermia, and Tetracycline

The effect of adriamycin in combination with radiation on the skin reactions of mouse feet has been examined under a variety of experimental conditions including: (a) hyperthermic treatment of the foot immediately following adriamycin administration, with the former given either just before or just after x irradiation, and (b) fractionated treatments of drug and radiation in a variety of sequences over an 18-day period. In the case of the most severe hyperthermic treatment, no increased radiation reactions were observed in the presence of adriamycin. However, in the case of the less severe hyperthermic treatment a small but significant increase in skin reactions was observed. In the study of fractionated drug and radiation treatments, an enhancement of reaction in those animals receiving combined modality treatment over those receiving radiation alone was seen in those groups where the initiation of drug treatment succeeded the initiation of radiation treatment by 2 to 7 days. In addition, the effect of tetracycline administered in drinking water (80 ..mu..g/ml) on the foot skin reactions in mice treated with x rays alone and in combination with hyperthermia has been studied.
Characteristics of Graduates of Dietetic Preparatory Programs

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe three characteristic differences of graduates of three dietetics preparatory programs. The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of dietetics graduates. Four characteristics: academic and supervised practice (SP) performances, self-efficacy perceptions in dietetic practice, and demographics were studied in a randomized sample stratified by program: Dietetic Internships (DIs) (n=394), Approved Pre-Professional Practice Programs (AP4s) (n=280), and Coordinated Programs (CPs) (n=256). Data were collected from subjects, ADA, and SP directors using (a) a researcher-developed instrument, (b) registration examination results, and (c) ADA's performance appraisal form, respectively. No significant differences existed among groups in GPAs, registration examination scores, or SP performances. In the sample, mean GPAs ranged from 3.24 for sciences to 3.65 for major and mean SP Total scores were 75.36, equivalent to a performance rating of "More than Satisfactory." AP4s and CPs were significantly older than DIs. After controlling for the demographics effect, significant differences existed for two self-efficacy constructs: Choice of practice as a clinical dietitian, generally, and Choice of clinical practice in acute care and long-term care settings, specifically; and Efficacy Expectation in community practice with the general public. DIs and CPs were significantly more likely than AP4s to choose a clinical position, generally, and choose clinical roles in acute-care and long-term care settings, specifically. However, AP4s were significantly more likely than DIs and CPs to judge themselves personally efficacious, or able to perform, in community practice with the general public. These and other results point to important differences in graduates that relate to the future of dietetics practice.
The effect of the use of dental gloves on mixing vinyl polysiloxane putties

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the delay in setting times that occurs with selected brands of gloves or residual powder from those gloves on eight popular brands of vinyl polysiloxane putties. Materials and Methods The putties were mixed and rolled into a round 3-inch-long cylinder without gloves on hand, with gloves on hand, and with powder residue on hands, immediately after degloving. The end of a cement spatula was drawn over the putty at various intervals with a force of 3 ounces. The setting time was recorded to be when no permanent indentation of the putty occurred. Results All materials set within 5 minutes without gloved hands. Eighty-eight percent of the putties set within 5 minutes when mixed with Friction Grip Powder Free and Medical Gloves on hands. When mixed with Pharmaseal gloves on hands, 50% of the putties set in 5 minutes. When mixed with Micro-Touch Latex Medical Gloves, 38% of the putties set in 5 minutes. When the putties were mixed with the residual powders left on ungloved hands, the same results occurred with the above-mentioned gloves. With residual powder on hands from Natraflex and Medical Exam Tex, 25% of the putties set in 5 minutes. Conclusions Gloved hands interfered with the setting of more brands of putties than did residual powder on hands immediately after degloving. There are gloves available that do not interfere with the setting of most of the vinyl polysiloxane putties.
Effect of infarcted myocardium on diagnostic accuracy of exercise echocardiography for detecting noninfarct-related coronary artery lesions.

Background The utility of exercise echocardiography for evaluating remote ischemia due to noninfarct-related artery (n-IRA) lesions in patients with prior myocardial infarction has not been established.Methods Quantitative coronary angiography and treadmill exercise echocardiography were performed within 2 weeks in 115 patients with prior myocardial infarction (>6 weeks) and 224 patients without myocardial infarction. Coronary lumen diameter stenosis ≥50% (by angiography) and the lack of a hyperdynamic response on exercise echocardiography were considered significant. Myocardial infarction size was defined as the number of myocardial segments with severe hypokinesis, akinesis, or dyskinesis on echocardiography at rest.Results For detection of n-IRA lesions in patients with prior myocardial infarction, the sensitivity of exercise echocardiography was similar (78% vs 79%, P = not significant), however, the specificity was significantly lower (77% vs 91%, P < .01) than for detection of significant stenoses in patients without prior myocardial infarction. Angiographic percent-diameter stenosis, presence of collateral vessel, achieved exercise level, and presence of peri-infarct ischemia did not affect the specificity of exercise echocardiography. However, the specificity of exercise echocardiography was significantly lower (69% vs 84%, P < .05) in patients with echocardiographically large infarction (infarction size ≥2) than in patients with small infarction (infarction size <2).Conclusion In patients with prior myocardial infarction, exercise echocardiography showed low specificity for detection of noninfarct-related artery lesions, especially in patients with echocardiographically large myocardial infarction. These characteristics of treadmill exercise echocardiography should be considered when this technique is applied for patients with healed myocardial infarction. (Am Heart J 2003;145:162-8.)
An Undergraduate Investigation into the 10-23 DNA Enzyme that Cleaves RNA: DNA Can Cut It in the Biochemistry Laboratory.

A low-cost biochemistry experiment is described that demonstrates current techniques in the use of catalytic DNA molecules and introduces a nonradioactive, nonfluorescent, inexpensive, fast, and safe method for monitoring these nucleic acid reactions. The laboratory involves the exploration of the 10-23 DNA enzyme as it cleaves a specific RNA substrate, and the reaction is visualized qualitatively following gel electrophoresis. This experiment provides the students with hands-on experience manipulating nucleic acids using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to visually follow the kinetics of the reaction and introduces the student to a novel postelectrophoretic stain, cresyl violet, for detection of the nucleic acids. These DNA enzyme catalysts have potential applications in both biotechnology and medicine and therefore should be of great interest to upper-level undergraduate students.
Tuning Quantum Dot Luminescence Below the Bulk Band Gap Using Tensile Strain

Self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) grown under biaxial tension could enable novel devices by taking advantage of the strong band gap reduction induced by tensile strain. Tensile SAQDs with low optical transition energies could find application in the technologically important area of mid-infrared optoelectronics. In the case of Ge, biaxial tension can even cause a highly desirable crossover from an indirect- to a direct-gap band structure. However, the inability to grow tensile SAQDs without dislocations has impeded progress in these directions. In this article, we demonstrate a method to grow dislocation-free, tensile SAQDs by employing the unique strain relief mechanisms of (110)-oriented surfaces. As a model system, we show that tensile GaAs SAQDs form spontaneously, controllably, and without dislocations on InAlAs(110) surfaces. The tensile strain reduces the band gap in GaAs SAQDs by ∼40%, leading to robust type-I quantum confinement and photoluminescence at energies lower than that of bulk GaAs. Th...
Relationship of deep structures of the hand and wrist to topographical landmarks

The relationship of topographical landmarks to the deep structures of the wrist and hand has not been clearly defined and would be of benefit to surgeons performing endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery. To this end, 10 fresh cadaveric wrist specimens had radiopaque markers placed adjacent to key anatomic structures within the wrist and hand. A new technique for localizing the hook of the hamate was established. We found that the thick segment of the flexor retinaculum, often defined as the transverse carpal ligament, was 2.2 cm in length. Its distal border was 1 cm distal to the distal aspect of the hook of the hamate. The proximal ligamentous portion had a mean length of 1.2 cm, whereas the distal aponeurotic portion (distal to the hook of the hamate) had a mean length of 1.0 cm. The position of the superficial palmar arch was 2.7 cm distal to the hook of the hamate or at a line bisecting three-fourths of the distance from the distal flexor wrist crease to the proximal palmar crease. The relationship of the superficial palmar arch to topographical landmarks was more consistent than it was when the standard reference of Kaplan's cardinal line was used. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
2007 E. Mead Johnson Award: Scientific Pursuit of the Allergy Problem

My research has focused on elucidating the allergy problem over the past two decades. The primary approach has been to uncover critical mechanisms of allergic inflammation, with particular focus on eosinophils, a hallmark cellular constituent of allergic responses. Molecular processes that bridge T helper cell type 2 (TH2) immunity with eosinophilia and key checkpoints for regulating eosinophilia have been uncovered. Notably, interleukin (IL)-5 (derived from TH2 cells) has been identified as the chief hematopoietin responsible for eosinophil expansion in the circulation. Pathways for selective eosinophil mobilization from the blood stream to the tissue have been uncovered by defining the role of the eotaxin subfamily of chemokines in eosinophil chemoattraction and activation. Finally, TH2 cell derived IL-4 and IL-13 have been defined as chief inducers of the eotaxins, and upstream orchestrators of eosinophilic inflammation. These translational studies have formulated novel therapeutic strategies (currently being tested) for a variety of eosinophilic conditions, with particular attention on hypereosinophilic syndromes and eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis.
Introducing redundant computations in RTL data paths for reducing BIST resources

The need for considering BIST requirements during the scheduling and assignment stages of behavioral synthesis has been demonstrated in previous research and techniques for reducing BIST resources of a data path during these stages of synthesis have been developed. However, the degree of freedom that can be exploited during scheduling and assignment to minimize these resources is often limited by the data and control dependencies of a behavior. In this paper, we propose transformation of a behavior before scheduling and assignment, namely introducing redundant computations such that the resulting data path is testable using few BIST resources. The transformation makes use of spare capacity of modules to add redundancy that enables test paths to be shared among the modules. A technique for identifying potential BIST resource sharing problems in a behavior and resolving them by redundant computations is presented. Introduiction of redundant computations is performed without compromising the latency and functional resource requirement of the behavior.
The function of FGF signaling in the lens placode

Previous studies suggested that FGF signaling is important for lens formation. However, the times at which FGFs act to promote lens formation, the FGFs that are involved, the cells that secrete them and the mechanisms by which FGF signaling may promote lens formation are not known. We found that transcripts encoding several FGF ligands and the four classical FGF receptors are detectable in the lens-forming ectoderm at the time of lens induction. Conditional deletion of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 from this tissue resulted in the formation of small lens rudiments that soon degenerated. Lens placodes lacking Fgfr1 and 2 were thinner than in wild type embryos. Deletion of Fgfr2 increased cell death from the initiation of placode formation and concurrent deletion of Fgfr1 enhanced this phenotype. Fgfr1/2 conditional knockout placode cells expressed lower levels of proteins known to be regulated by FGF receptor signaling, but proteins known to be important for lens formation were present at normal levels in the remaining placode cells, including the transcription factors, Pax6, Sox2 and FoxE3 and the lens-preferred protein, αA-crystallin. Previous studies identified a genetic interaction between BMP and FGF signaling in lens formation and conditional deletion of Bmpr1a caused increased cell death in the lens placode, resulting in the formation of smaller lenses. In the present study, conditional deletion of both Bmpr1a and Fgfr2 increased cell death beyond that seen in Fgfr2CKO placodes and prevented lens formation. These results suggest that the primary role of autocrine or paracrine FGF signaling is to provide essential survival signals to lens placode cells. Because apoptosis was already increased at the onset of placode formation in Fgfr1/2 conditional knockout placode cells, FGF signaling was functionally absent during the period of lens induction by the optic vesicle. Since the expression of proteins required for lens formation was not altered in the knockout placode cells, we can conclude that FGF signaling from the optic vesicle is not required for lens induction.
Heat-labile serum systems in fresh-water fish.

Serum specimens from 18 specimens of 12 different species of freshwater fish were examined for their ability to kill Toxoplasma nonspecifically. This ability was present in all sera except those of two of three great northern pike. The effect was destroyed by exposure to 53°C, 56°C, or zymosan. Complement was demonstrated in all sera except that from one great northern pike, when rabbit erythrocytes were used in the indicator system.
Rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients: prevention of fasciculations with pancuronium versus minidose succinylcholine.

Introduction: Fasciculations during rapid-sequence intubation may lead to increased intracranial pressure and emesis with aspiration. Standard rapid-sequence intubation requires a nondepolarizing blocking agent before succinylcholine administration. Hypothesis: Prevention of fasciculations during rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients can be accomplished as safely and effectively with minidose succinylcholine as with a defasciculating dose of pancuronium. Design: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting: An inner-city county trauma center with 70, 000 patient visits per year. Participants: Sequential adult head trauma patients requiring rapid-sequence intubation who had no contraindications to succinylcholine or pancuronium. Interventions: Each head trauma patient requiring rapid-sequence intubation who met the inclusion criteria received standard rapid-sequence intubation maneuvers and lidocaine (1 mg/kg) IV. Patients were randomized to receive either minidose succinylcholine (0.1 mg/kg) or pancuronium (0.03 mg/kg) IV one minute prior to the full paralytic dose of succinylcholine (1.5 mg/kg) IV. Fasciculations were recorded using a graded visual scale. Results: Of 46 patients, eight of 19 (42%) in the pancuronium group and six of 27 (22%) in the succinylcholine group experienced fasciculations. No statistically significant difference in fasciculations was detected between the two groups using χ 2 analysis. Complete relaxation of the cords was present in all but two patients, one in each group. No patient in either group experienced emesis or significant dysrhythmias. Conclusion: Pretreatment with minidose succinylcholine causes no greater incidence of fasciculations than pancuronium in rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients in an ED setting. Thus succinylcholine may be used as the sole paralytic agent in rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients.
Low Temperature Hot Corrosion of Cobalt-Base Alloys: PartI. Morphology of the Reaction Product

Accelerated oxidation tests have been conducted on a number of Co-Cr, Co-Al, and Co-Cr-Al alloys coated with a thin film of Na2SO4 and exposed at 600 to 750 °C in O2-SO2-SO3 environments containing 0.0095-5 pct (SO2 + SO3). Generally, Co-Cr and Co-Cr-Al alloys reacted nonuniformly, usually in the form of pits, and Co-Al alloys suffered broad frontal attack. The morphology of the reaction product was observed to be dependent on temperature andPSO3 Under all conditions, a thin sulfur-rich band containing sulfides was observed at the alloy/scale interface, and cobalt dissolved near this interface and formed Co3O4 and/or CoSO4(s) in different regions of the reaction product.
Tidal Water Level Fluctuations in Water Wells on San Salvador Island, Bahamas

Water level fluctuations were measured in fifteen water wells near the Cockburn Town airport, in Grahams Harbor lagoon and in Riding Rock marina using custom-built electrical-capacitance tide gages. Results indicate prominent tidal cycles in all wells with tidal ranges between approximately 20 cm and 110 cm. Observed well tides show a similar mixed tidal pattern as predicted ocean tides with tidal lag times ranging from near 0 to 60 min and semidiurnal tide attenuation of 5 percent to 80 percent. Measured marine tides in the Riding Rock marina occur at the predicted times but are higher than predicted. Marine tides recorded in Graham9s Harbor correlate poorly with tide table predictions, have about half the predicted range and occur approximately one hour later than predicted. Lag times and tidal attenuations in wells show no clear correlation with distance from the coast and are largely incompatible with the tidal attenuation model of Ferris (1951). Well water salinities are inversely correlated with relative tidal ranges. Diurnal tide components in most wells are enhanced with respect to predicted ocean tides. Aquifer transmissivities calculated from observed semidiurnal tidal lag times, tidal range attenuations, and inland distances are surprisingly high and indicate great aquifer thickness. These results may be largely attributable to a highly cavernous, inhomogeneous subsurface to a depth of several kilometers, major tidal conduits near several wells, irregular coastlines, atmospheric pressure fluctuations, evapotranspiration cycles and unmodeled precipitation events.
Simultaneously Model‐Unbiased, Design‐Unbiased Estimation

This paper proposes a class of inferential procedures (incorporating both design and estimation elements) that yield estimates of means that are simultaneously model unbiased and design unbiased. Classical regression procedures yield conditionally unbiased estimators for the mean (conditioning on the model and choice of observation points). In contrast, design-based methods yield estimators that are unconditionally unbiased on matter what the form of the underlying model. Variance properties of the proposed class are examined, and applications to bioavailability, water quality from mine run-off, and finite population regression estimation are considered. The proposed procedures perform well, especially in the typical case where a model is only approximately correct.
A programmed text of FDA rules for outpatient methadone clinics.

A programmed text to teach FDA rules and regulations for outpatient methadone clinics was developed and validated with counselor trainees. Posttest scores on criterion tests showed statistically and educationally significant increases over pretest scores.
A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell durability test protocols

Abstract Durability is one of the major barriers to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) being accepted as a commercially viable product. It is therefore important to understand their degradation phenomena and analyze degradation mechanisms from the component level to the cell and stack level so that novel component materials can be developed and novel designs for cells/stacks can be achieved to mitigate insufficient fuel cell durability. It is generally impractical and costly to operate a fuel cell under its normal conditions for several thousand hours, so accelerated test methods are preferred to facilitate rapid learning about key durability issues. Based on the US Department of Energy (DOE) and US Fuel Cell Council (USFCC) accelerated test protocols, as well as degradation tests performed by researchers and published in the literature, we review degradation test protocols at both component and cell/stack levels (driving cycles), aiming to gather the available information on accelerated test methods and degradation test protocols for PEMFCs, and thereby provide practitioners with a useful toolbox to study durability issues. These protocols help prevent the prolonged test periods and high costs associated with real lifetime tests, assess the performance and durability of PEMFC components, and ensure that the generated data can be compared.
Post-solidification cooling and the age of Io's lava flows

Abstract The modeling of thermal emission from active lava flows must account for the cooling of the lava after solidification. Models of lava cooling applied to data collected by the Galileo spacecraft have, until now, not taken this into consideration. This is a flaw as lava flows on Io are thought to be relatively thin with a range in thickness from ∼1 to 13 m. Once a flow is completely solidified (a rapid process on a geological time scale), the surface cools faster than the surface of a partially molten flow. Cooling via the base of the lava flow is also important and accelerates the solidification of the flow compared to the rate for the ‘semi-infinite’ approximation (which is only valid for very deep lava bodies). We introduce a new model which incorporates the solidification and basal cooling features. This model gives a superior reproduction of the cooling of the 1997 Pillan lava flows on Io observed by the Galileo spacecraft. We also use the new model to determine what observations are necessary to constrain lava emplacement style at Loki Patera. Flows exhibit different cooling profiles from that expected from a lava lake. We model cooling with a finite-element code and make quantitative predictions for the behavior of lava flows and other lava bodies that can be tested against observations both on Io and Earth. For example, a 10-m-thick ultramafic flow, like those emplaced at Pillan Patera in 1997, solidifies in ∼450 days (at which point the surface temperature has cooled to ∼280 K) and takes another 390 days to cool to 249 K. Observations over a sufficient period of time reveal divergent cooling trends for different lava bodies [examples: lava flows and lava lakes have different cooling trends after the flow has solidified (flows cool faster)]. Thin flows solidify and cool faster than flows of greater thickness. The model can therefore be used as a diagnostic tool for constraining possible emplacement mechanisms and compositions of bodies of lava in remote-sensing data.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Is Superior to Serum Free Hemoglobin as a Marker of Pump Thrombosis in Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Purpose Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy leads to low-grade hemolysis. Significant hemolysis occurs with pump thrombus. Serum free hemoglobin (SFH) was used to detect hemolysis in clinical trials. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a recommended measure of hemolysis, but no threshold for abnormal has been defined. Methods and Materials From 2003 to 2012 we identified 188 continuous-flow LVAD patients who had no laboratory or clinical evidence of hemolysis (ie, heart failure, bilirubinuria) or suspected pump thrombosis (including sustained power elevations) to serve as controls. The control group consisted of both axial-flow (AF, n=147) and centrifugal-flow (CF, n=41) LVADs. The mean LDH±2 standard deviations (SD) was defined as the threshold for significant hemolysis. To calculate the sensitivity and specificity of this threshold, we identified an additional 23 AF LVAD patients with confirmed pump thrombosis and analyzed them with the 147 AF control patients. Results The mean LDH in controls supported with an AF LVAD was higher than a CF LVAD (367±103 v. 266±76, P Conclusions Baseline LDH values differ between AF and CF LVADs. LDH was a superior predictor of significant hemolysis than SFH in AF LVADs, which supports a change in the definition of hemolysis used by INTERMACS.
Backcross introgression of plastomic factors controlling chilling tolerance into elite cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) germplasm: early generation recovery of recurrent parent phenotype

Environmental stresses such as chilling temperatures can decrease germination, emergence, flower and fruit development, marketable yield, and postharvest fruit storage longevity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). While response to chilling injury in cucumber is controlled by simple plastidic (maternal) and nuclear (paternal) factors, no chilling tolerant U.S. processing varieties are commercially available. Furthermore, even though three single nucleotide polymorphic sites have been identified as plastid components associated with chilling tolerance in cucumber, it is not known how these factors interact with nuclear factors controlling economically important traits. Therefore, an experiment was designed to evaluate the rate of recovery of the chilling susceptible (cytoplasm) genotype during introgression backcrossing (IB), where it was used as a recurrent parent after the initial mating to a line possessing chilling tolerant cytoplasm (donor parent). Phenotypic yield and quality trait data were collected on processing type backcross progeny (BC1–5 and BC2S3) derived from an initial ‘Chipper’ (tolerant) × line M 29 (susceptible) mating, and rate of progression to the recurrent parent was determined by simple sequence repeat marker and morphological trait analyses. Substantial degrees of the recurrent parent phenotype and nuclear genome were recovered by the BC2 generation (P = 0.001), with nearly complete recovery of recurrent parental traits and its nuclear genome occurring by the BC3. General combining ability (GCA) of derived BC2S3 lines was significant for yield, yield/plant, length (L), diameter (D), and L:D ratios. The BC2S3 line GCA and rate of progression towards the recurrent parent for economically important traits suggests that elite chilling tolerant cucumber germplasm can be developed rapidly through IB and marker genotyping.
Impact of trace mineral phases on the total solute flux from andesitic volcanics

Abstract Recent work on the weathering of high standing islands (HSI’s) of New Zealand (Goldsmith et al., 2008), Dominica (Goldsmith et al., 2010) Martinique and Guadeloupe (Rad et al., 2006) and portions of the Philippines (Schopka et al., 2011) shows weathering rates based on stream water chemistry for areas draining andesitic terrains are comparable to weathering rates determined for basaltic terrains, indicating that andesite weathering might be much more important in drawing down atmospheric CO 2 than previously recognized. While an easily erodible parent material has been largely attributed to sustaining rates at these locations, little is known to known regarding its associated reaction kinetics. We conducted a series of batch dissolution experiments on andesitic material collected from ∼10,000 year old tephra deposits from Dominica to determine the dissolution rate of major and trace mineral phases to better understand geochemical processes controlling weathering flux from these areas. Dissolution experiments were conducted over a range of pH (4 and 7) on bulk samples and mineral separates. The dissolution rates based on Si release from the Dominica tephra bulk samples were similar, and ranged from 0.04 to 0.13 μmole Si/g-day in water, and ∼0.14 to 0.27 μmole Si/g-day in dilute acid (initial pH ∼4). Although the bulk of the ash is predominately composed of vesicular felsic (Na–Al–Si) volcanic glass, reaction rates and stoichiometry indicate ash dissolution is dominated by the reactivity of trace Mg or Ca-bearing silicate phases (olivine, pyroxene or amphiboles) and Ca–phosphate phases (apatite), especially under slightly acidic conditions. Analysis of reacted phases by SEM shows little evidence of alteration of glassy material, whereas surfaces of Ca–Mg inosilicates, olivine and apatite show etched features indicative of dissolution. Results of the dissolution experiments suggest that, although these phases are relatively minor components of the ash, they contribute disproportionately to the overall weathering flux, and their reactivity may be particularly important in areas where physical weathering and erosion are constantly exposing new fresh surfaces available for chemical reaction.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON BONE MINERALIZATION IN PRETERM INFANTS

Formulas containing high calcium (Ca, 173-189mg/100 Kcal) and phosphorus (P) (93-94.5mg/100 Kcal) have resulted in bone mineralization approximating intrauterine rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and bone mineralization effects of 3 formulas with lower Ca and P content and with different Ca:P ratio. Thirty preterm infants (BW<1500g) were randomly assigned to 1) Enfamil Premature Formula (EPF)(117mgCa and 58.5mg P/100 Kcal), 2) EPF + higher P (117mgCa, 82.0mg P/100 Kcal) or 3) EPF + higher Ca +P (140mgCa, 82.0mg P/100 Kcal) for first 4-6 weeks. All infants had serum protein, albumin, Ca, P, bicarbonate, 25-OH vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase levels, and bone mineral content (BMC, photon absorptiometry) determined every 2 weeks until 1800g. Birth weight and gestational ages were similar in all 3 groups ( = 1243-1345g, 30-31 weeks). There were no biochemical differences among the 3 groups. The BMC was similar in the 3 groups and approximated intrauterine rates. Thus, feeding low birth weight preterm infants with EPF appears to be sufficient for bone mineralization and changes in the Ca:P ratio did not change bone mineralization.
Effects of antidepressants on the inward current mediated by 5‐HT3 receptors in rat nodose ganglion neurones

1. Effects of three different categories of antidepressants, imipramine (tricyclic), fluoxetine (selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitor), phenelzine and iproniazid (monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor) on the inward current mediated by 5-HT3 receptors were investigated in rat nodose ganglion neurones. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used for recording the 5-HT current. 2. All the antidepressants tested inhibited the peak 5-HT current. The inhibition gradually reached a steady level and the recovery was incomplete when antidepressants were removed. IC50 values for imipramine, fluoxetine and phenelzine were 0.54 microM, 1.3 microM and 4.2 microM respectively. The correspondent Hill coefficients were 0.9, 0.87 and 0.92. 3. The antidepressants examined increased the rate of 5-HT current desensitization. IC50 values for imipramine, fluoxetine and phenelzine on the decrease in desensitization time constant were 0.11 microM, 0.18 microM and 2.4 microM respectively. The correspondent Hill coefficients were 0.9, 1.14 and 1.06. 4. Intracellular applications of the protein kinase inhibitor, H-7 (100 microM), GDP-beta-S (2 mM) and the calcium chelator BAPTA (20 mM) did not affect the 5-HT current and the actions of antidepressants on 5-HT current. 5. These results suggest that the 5-HT3 receptor is an acting site for the therapeutic use of antidepressants. The present observation is also helpful in explaining the analgesic effect of antidepressants seen in pain clinics.
Mimicry, Masculinity, and the Mystique of Indian English: Western India, 1870–1900

This article describes the manner in which the English language took root in modern India. It does so by using gender as the unit of analysis. Building a feminist analysis on the symbolic role of culture, the author traces the history of English education in Bombay and Poona. The rise of English as the language of power in the nineteenth century was actively enabled—and further legitimated—by the patriarchal interests of Indian class and caste formation. The author analyzes English- and Marathi-language memoirs, school reports, debates in the “native” press on the content of the English education curriculum, and other cultural productions by men and women detailing their experiences and opinions of English education. Based on those sources, the author demonstrates that upper-caste masculine authority came to be yoked to the charisma of colonial English and, with that, subtly coded the English language as masculine. Consequently, the power of Indian English emerged from its ability to evade charges of cultural mimicry for certain classes, to organize native gender difference, and to express and orient (hetero)sexual desire.
Acquired arteriovenous fistulas in children

Five boys with acquired arteriovenous fistulas are presented; four had factor VIII deficiencies, and one had a hepatic-induced coagulopathy. The cause of the fistula was the trauma induced by single or repeated venous and/or arterial punctures. All five developed a slowly progressive pulsatile mass of over a period of months. Patients with coagulopathies all developed complications with repeated inadvertent puncture of these masses. Clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging scans clearly highlight this problem. Surgical ligation is recommended for progressive enlargement.
Experimental results using a nonlinear extension of the minimum average correlation energy (MACE) filter

The minimum average correlation energy filter (MACE) filter has been shown to have superior performance for rejecting out of class inputs in pattern recognition applications. The MACE filter exhibits a sharp correlation peak at a specified location in the output plane and low correlation energy elsewhere. It has also been shown that the MACE filter suffers from poor generalization. Increasing the number of exemplars used to compute the filter coefficients can improve the generalization, but the number of exemplars is restricted by the stability of the computation. We show a simple extension of the MACE filter to nonlinear processing techniques (i.e. nonlinear associative memories) which exhibits improved generalization and discrimination performance. The operating parameters of the proposed extension are difficult to compute analytically and adaptive learning methods are needed. Since the output of the MACE filter is optimized over the output plane any nonlinear extension of the MACE filter should encompass the output plane as well. In general this leads to exhaustive training over the entire output plane over all training exemplars. We present an efficient method for computing the parameters of the nonlinear extension which greatly reduces the training iterations required. Experimental results with 35 GHz inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data are also shown.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differences in Television Viewers’ Involvement: Identification with and Attraction to Liked, Disliked, and Neutral Characters

This study investigated television viewer involvement by examining its occurrence with liked, disliked, and neutral characters. Results indicated that viewers reported more identification (ID) with and attraction to characters they liked versus disliked, and that the relationships among and between ID and attraction did not change based on character type. Furthermore, attraction to characters predicted higher levels of ID. Finally, viewers experienced more similarity ID with and felt marginally more task attraction to characters when their most liked and most disliked characters appeared in the same program.
Validation of the POSIT: Comparing Drug Using and Abstaining Youth

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to validate the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers by comparing drug using and abstaining youth on several social and behavioral characteristics. Drug using youth were recruited from residential and outpatient drug treatment centers. Abstaining youth were recruited from the social networks of the drug using youths and from community organizations that were strongly opposed to drug use. All youths were assessed on several psycho-social variables using a structured interview schedule, a set of questionnaires, and a situational role play test of social skills. First, concurrent validity of the POSIT was tested by comparing POSIT domain scores between these two groups of youth. Based on our analysis, all ten POSIT domain scores for drug using youth were greater than those for the abstaining youth, and nine of the ten were significantly greater. Second, construct validity was evaluated by comparing POSIT domain scores with scores from other instruments. P...
Dynactin functions as both a dynamic tether and brake during dynein-driven motility

It remains unclear how the dynactin complex activates cytoplasmic dynein motor proteins. Ayloo et al. use single molecule imaging to observe dynein–dynactin behaviour on microtubules, and show that dynactin recruits dynein to microtubules and acts as a brake to slow the motor.
A modification of the process interaction world view

A formal definition of the process interaction world view is reviewed. A shortcoming of this world view is identified with respect to modularity and encapsulation. A modification of the world view that supports modularity and encapsulation is presented, and its advantages are discussed. It is shown how some recent process-oriented simulation languages support this modified world view. The impact of this modification on parallel simulation is discussed, and the modified world view is briefly compared to the use of object-oriented simulation modeling.
Dermatophyte granulomas caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes in a dog

Multiple, dermal and subcutaneous nodules developed in a young female Manchester Terrier dog that had a chronic history of superficial dermatophytosis. Skin biopsy specimens of the nodules revealed granulomatous inflammation in the deep dermis and subcutis with branching fungal organisms. Cultures of multiple biopsy specimens from the nodules all yielded Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The lesions in this dog were similar to granulomatous dermatophytosis, a skin disease that has been reported in Persian cats and one Yorkshire Terrier dog.
Advance care planning among nursing home residents prior to the Patient Self-Determination Act.

The objective of this study is to describe variation and correlates of advance care planning in nursing homes in the United States just prior to the implementation of the Patient Self-Determination Act. Eighteen hundred thirty-five residents were randomly selected from 270 nursing homes in the United States. Research nurses completed Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessments, including information on living wills, do not resuscitate orders, do not hospitalize orders, and orders that artificial hydration or nutrition should not be utilized. Results indicate that the absence of a national policy prior to 1991 led both to considerable variation between states, and to correlates of advance care planning that may not be explained by either patient preferences or standards of best practice.
Behavioral medicine in pain and analgesia management for the hemophilic child with factor VIII inhibitor

Abstract The present report describes the application of self-regulation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation, meditative breathing, and guided imagery) to the management of bleeding and arthritic pain and analgesic dependence in a 9-year-old hemophilic child with factor VIII inhibitor. Self-regulation training was effective in decreasing pain intensity and analgesic dependence, with a 1-year follow-up demonstrating substantial improvements across both medical and psychosocial parameters.
A Monte Carlo model of sputtered vitreous selenium thin films

Abstract The molecular arrangements in sputtered amorphous selenium thin films have been determined by transmission electron diffraction. The radial distribution function shows a strong resemblance to that of liquid selenium at 350° C. A model of the atomic arrangement has been obtained by a Monte Carlo perturbation of an array of randomly positioned atoms within a 20 A sphere. The final configuration may be described as a mixture of approximately 40% distorted chains and 60% distorted rings.
Soy phytoestrogens decrease the estrogenic activity of estradiol in an in vitro bioassay using a human endometrial cell line

The control group consisted of patients whose cycles took place during calendar years 1997 and 1998. Similar protocols were used; however, all transfers were performed 72 hours after aspiration. All subjects underwent standard COH with leuprolide down-regulation followed by hMG or FSH stimulation. Embryos were cultured in 50 mL drops of media under oil, with P1 and blastocyst media used sequentially. Two blastocysts were transferred in 22 cases (88%), 3 in 2 cases, and 4 in one case. The clinical pregnancy rate was 18/25 (72%), the multiple gestation rate was 11/18 (61%), and the implantation (chorionic sac per embryo) rate was 30/54 (56%). Of the 18 clinical pregnancies, 7 (38.9%) were singletons and 8 (44.4%) were twins. There were 3 high-order multiple gestations, all associated with monozygotic twinning (3/18 [16.7%]; 95% CI 4–41%), a rate which is significantly higher than the established rate of 0.4% in the general population. Two of these had 2 blastocysts transferred, resulting in 2 sacs and 3 viable fetuses. The third patient had a known balanced chromosomal translocation and underwent transfer of 4 blastocysts, resulting in 3 chorionic sacs and 4 viable fetuses. There were 59 clinical pregnancies in the control group, with 7 high-order multiple gestations but only 1 monozygotic twin (1.7%; P,.05 vs. blastocyst transfer). We conclude that clinical blastocyst transfer 1) maintains good pregnancy rates in this group of patients and 2) is associated with a statistically significant increased rate of monozygotic twinning. PII S0015-0282(00) 00443-X
The use of a video interview to enhance gross anatomy students' understanding of professionalism.

There is much room for innovation in teaching medical students professionalism. The goal of this exercise was to enhance first-year Gross Anatomy students’ understanding of professionalism, including the attributes of confidentiality, respectful behavior and humanism in medicine through a video interview with a donor family member. Survey results demonstrated that students generally agreed that the video helped them better understand professionalism in the context of the gross anatomy laboratory and gave them a deeper respect for donors. Most students strongly agreed that future medical students would benefit from viewing this video interview.
Learning to Construct Meaning From Text: A Case Study of the Relationship Between a Tutor and an English Learner Within a Response to Intervention Setting

This case study describes the ways in which Sam, an English learner with weak comprehension, grew as a reader, student, and friend during his fourth grade year. Using the Interactive Model of Reading (Dis)ability and the RAND model of comprehension as a frame, Sam’s experience in a Tier 2/3 tutorial program is examined. Over time, Sam (1) engaged more fully in tasks that required him to construct meaning, (2) found a range of texts that sustained his interest, (3) formed bonds with peers and teachers, and (4) viewed himself as a strategic and successful, rather than a struggling, reader. When provided with a program that was responsive to his unique needs, within an environment characterized by a caring relationship with his tutor, Sam’s reading improved.
Analyzing the red-shift characteristics of azulenic, naphthyl, other ring-fused and retinyl pigment analogs of bacteriorhodopsin

Prompted by the near infrared-absorbing properties of some of the azulenic bacteriorhodopsin (bR) analogs, we have analyzed their absorption characteristics along with 11 new related ring-fused analogs and the corresponding Schiff bases (SB) and protonated Schiff bases (PSB). The following three factors are believed to contribute to the total red shift of each of the pigment analogs (sigma RS): perturbation of the basic chromophore (SB shift, delta SB), protonation of the SB (PSB shift, PSBS) and protein perturbation (the opsin shift, OS). For each factor, effects of structural modifications were examined. For the red-shifted pigments, percent OS has been suggested as an alternate way of measuring protein perturbation. Computer-simulated chromophores provided evidence against any explanation involving altered shapes of the binding pocket as a major cause for absorption differences. Implications of the current bR results on preparation of further red-shifted bR and possible application to visual pigment analogs are discussed.