cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homomorphic Systems and Cepstrum Analysis of Speech

In 1963, Bogert, Healy, and Tukey published a chapter with one of the most unusual titles to be found in the literature of science and engineering [9.1]. In this chapter, they observed that the logarithm of the power spectrum of a signal plus its echo (delayed and scaled replica) consists of the logarithm of the signal spectrum plus a periodic component due to the echo. They suggested that further spectrum analysis of the log spectrum could highlight the periodic component in the log spectrum and thus lead to a new indicator of the occurrence of an echo. Specifically they made the following observation: In general, we find ourselves operating on the frequency side in ways customary on the time side and vice versa. As an aid in formalizing this new point of view, they introduced a number of paraphrased words. For example, they defined the cepstrum of a signal as the power spectrum of the logarithm of the power spectrum of a signal. (In fact, they used discrete-time spectrum estimates based on the discrete Fourier transform.) Similarly, the term quefrency was introduced for the independent variable of the cepstrum [9.1].
Histochemical Demonstration of Biogenic Monoamines (Falck-Hillarp Method) in the Insect Nervous System

The biogenic monoamines (β-arylethy lamines and β-arylethanolamines) dopamine (DA),1 noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), and 5-hydroxytryp-tamine (5-HT) are considered to be neuronal transmitter substances in vertebrates (Carlsson, 1974; Axelrod, 1975) and invertebrates (Sak-harova, 1970; Murdock, 1971; Welsh, 1972; Gerschenfeld, 1973; Kerkut, 1973; Klemm, 1976). They were found to be stored mainly in vesicles (Aden et al., 1969; Smith, 1972). Chemical and histochemical analyses for biogenic monoamine content have been performed on insect central nervous systems (CNS) (Frontali, 1968; Klemm, 1968a, 1971a, 1974, 1976; Bjorklund et al., 1970; Elofsson and Klemm, 1972; Klemm and Bjorklund, 1971; Klemm and Axelsson, 1973; Ramade and L’Hermite, 1971; Musko et al., 1973; Robertson, 1976) and stomatogastric nervous systems (Klemm, 1968b, 1971b, 1978; Chanussot et al., 1969; Chanussot and Pentreath, 1973; Gersch et al., 1974), on nerve fibers innervating visceral muscles (Klemm, 1972, 1978) and salivary gland (Klemm, 1972; Bland et al., 1973; Fry et al., 1974; Robertson, 1975), and in the corpora cardiaca (Klemm, 1971b, 1972, 1976; Klemm and Falck, 1978; Lafon-Cazal and Aurluison, 1976; Gersch et al. 1974).
PHOTOREDUCTION AND -OXIDATION OF MOLECULAR NITROGEN ON TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND TITANIUM CONTAINING MINERALS

Photoexcitation of titanium dioxide produces reactive centers capable of reducing and possibly oxidizing chemisorbed nitrogen. Activity of the photocatalysts is significantly dependent on the source of the titanium oxide and the pretreatment conditions employed. Photocatalysts with the highest activity typically consisted of anatase containing 20–40% of rutile, obtained from iron-doped anatase by a heat-pretreatment. The photocatalytic reactions of nitrogen can occur in nature on the surface of titanium containing desert sands on exposure to sunlight and thus have ecological significance as parts of the nitrogen cycle.
Filter and System Examples

The variety of filters and systems that can be designed and implemented using the techniques presented in this book is virtually limitless. There has already been widespread practical application of these systems in many different fields, and their application will continue to increase as the speed of digital circuits increases and the size and cost decreases. Certain basic systems or subsystems recur often in different applications, and their design is thus of general interest. Five examples of these are presented in this chapter.
Investigations on Power Transfer Operating Spaces of Solar Panel Companion Inverters

Solar Panel Companion Inverter (SPCI) has been proposed as an H - bridge inverter embedded with a Photo Voltaic (PV) module. Each inverter converts the DC voltage output of the PV module, to a quasi-square wave voltage with variable pulse width. When these voltages are aggregated across multiple panels connected in a series string, they synthesize an AC waveform that can be interfaced with the power grid. However, the grid connected SPCI systems have been controlled such that they transfer real power into the grid at unity power factor. As low voltage ride through requirements are becoming increasingly important for grid tied inverters, SPCIs are required to participate in reactive power exchange with the grid along with the baseline real power transfer. Within the voltage and current constraints of the power devices, modern day inverters are expected to perform in two quadrants (real power source P>o, reactive power source Q>0) and (real power source P>0, reactive power sink Q 0, no reactive power i.e. Q=0). The objective of this paper is to present a generalized analytical discussion for real and reactive power transfer scenarios for single phase grid tied SPCIs. Also, simulation and experimental results for the scenarios implemented using sorting algorithm is presented.
A Survey on IOT and 5G Network

As the IOT is gaining popularity there is a requirement for a technology which can support large amounts of data transmission efficiently and at very high bandwidth. In the near future, i.e. next gen IOT devices, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency. The development of next generation wireless mobile communication technology namely, 5G which promises to fulfill the needs of complex IOT architectures. This paper focuses on the requirements which can be fulfilled by 5G and enlightens architecture, merits and demerits of 5G network. A detailed survey on 5G enabled IOT devices, the research on this type of network have been conducted in various places around the globe.
The Price of Natural American Spirit Relative to Other Cigarette Brands

Introduction American Spirit cigarettes feature American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) imagery in the branding and are marketed as environmentally friendly, without additives, and four varieties contain organic tobacco. This study is the first to examine retail price of American Spirit relative to other cigarette brands and to assess how its price varies by neighborhood demography. Methods In a random sample of licensed tobacco retailers (n = 1277), trained data collectors recorded availability and price of American Spirit, Pall Mall, Newport, Marlboro, and the cheapest cigarettes regardless of brand. Data were collected in January-March 2017 in California, the state with the largest AI/AN population. Paired t tests assessed prices (before sales tax) of American Spirit relative to others. Ordinary least squares regressions modeled prices as a function of neighborhood demography, adjusting for store type. Results American Spirit was sold in 77% of stores at an average price of $7.03 (SD = 0.66), which was $0.75-$1.78 (12.0%-34.4%) higher than Pall Mall, Newport, and Marlboro in the same stores. American Spirit costs significantly less in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of school-age residents; however, this pattern was not unique to that brand. Contrary to expectation, American Spirit did not cost less in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of AI/ANs. Conclusion This study is the first to document lower prices for American Spirit in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of school-age youth. Future research should consider whether the ultra-premium price of American Spirit contributes to misperceptions that the brand is organic and less harmful than other cigarettes. Implications In a large random sample of licensed tobacco retailers in California, American Spirit costs significantly more than other brands, 12.0%-34.4% more than Pall Mall, Newport, and Marlboro in the same stores. After controlling for store type, American Spirit price was significantly lower in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of school-age residents. Research about how an ultra-premium price contributes to misperceptions that all American Spirit varieties are organic and the brand is less harmful and less addictive than other cigarette brands would be informative for ongoing litigation and product regulation.
Empowerment Sold Separately: Two Experiments Examine the Effects of Ostensibly Empowering Beauty Advertisements on Women’s Empowerment and Self-Objectification

Empowerment-themed advertisements are becoming an attractive marketing strategy for companies due to their popularity among female consumers, but there is no known empirical work examining their effectiveness at increasing women’s felt empowerment. The explicit narrative of these ostensibly empowering advertisements seems empowering, but the visual messages still resemble traditionally objectifying campaigns, which have been known to lead to objectification in women. This series of two experiments measures the effects of nominally empowering messages on women’s post-exposure feelings of empowerment and self-objectification. In Experiment 1, 135 U.S. college women were randomly assigned to view ostensibly empowering beauty advertisements, traditional beauty advertisements, or control advertisements. They then completed a measure of state objectification and participated in a 3-min public speaking exercise as a measure of apparent empowerment. In Experiment 2, a more diverse sample of 326 U.S. women completed an online version of the study with a new measure of felt empowerment. Results of both experiments indicated higher state objectification following exposure to traditional beauty advertisements as compared to control advertisements, with some evidence indicating that the ostensibly empowering beauty advertisements also primed state objectification. Reported self-efficacy (Experiment 1) and felt empowerment (Experiment 2) did not differ by condition, but speech performance was judged as more empowered for individuals who saw the ostensibly empowering ad. We discuss potential explanations for the findings and offering suggestions for improving the effectiveness of these advertisements while decreasing risk of self-objectification.
Investigating classroom implementation of research-based interventions for reducing stereotype threat in calculus

Mathematics is a discipline that exists within a social context, a context that influences how the subject is taught and learned. Women's performance in mathematics has been shown to be vulnerable ...
The Subtle Effects of Topography

Constant depth models of shallow seas discussed in the previous two chapters have elucidated many interesting dynamical phenomena in particularly simple ways, but of course these models are overidealized. Before attempting any comparison between the theoretical models and observation, the dynamical effects of variable depth on basin response have to be investigated. All natural basins possess a complex depth distribution, characterized in particular by a depth reducing gradually to zero at the shores. Figure 4.1 shows the depth distribution of Lake Ontario by a contour map; a cross section near the western end is shown later (Figure 4.5). It should be remembered that the vertical scale on such cross sections is exaggerated by a large factor (200 in Figure 4.5): without such an exaggeration the depth distribution would simply appear as a thickened horizontal line. Figure 4.2 shows the depth distribution off the south coast of Long Island. The near-shore parts of Figurew 4.5 and 4.2 are generally similar and show bottom slopes of the order of 10−2. The flatness of the bottom of a typical coastal ocean basin would lead one to think that constant depth models should be reasonably realistic, except very close to shore where the relative changes in depth are rapid (change in depth relative to local depth). In a way this is true and the phenomena revealed by an analysis of constant depth models have their observable counterparts in real basins. However, there are also other modes of motion which only occur in basins of variable depth. Furthermore, some phenomena, present over whatever depth distribution, have their character qualitatively modified by depth variations, sometimes in quite subtle and unexpected ways. Particularly interesting effects arise from an interaction of depth variations and the Earth’s rotation.
Prospects for Detecting Boosted Dark Matter in DUNE through Hadronic Interactions

Boosted dark matter (BDM) is a well-motivated class of dark matter (DM) candidates in which a small component of DM is relativistic at the present time. We lay the foundation for BDM searches via hadronic interactions in large liquid-argon time-projection chambers (LArTPCs), such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). We investigate BDM-nucleus scattering in detail by developing new event-generation techniques with a parameterized detector simulation. We study the discovery potential in a DUNE-like experiment using the low threshold and directionality of hadron detection in LArTPCs and compare with other experiments.
Negotiating identity and the development of incremental mindset in a female adolescent sport context

This interpretivist study describes how female club soccer players (N = 28), ages 14–15 years, use implicit theories about ability and effort to manage their identities when their effort is sanctio...
Emergency Department Screening for Unhealthy Alcohol and Drug Use with a Brief Tablet-Based Questionnaire.

Author(s): Elder, Joshua W; Wu, Evan F; Chenoweth, James A; Holmes, James F; Parikh, Aman K; Moulin, Aimee K; Trevino, Tommie G; Richards, John R | Abstract: BackgroundScreening for unhealthy alcohol and drug use in the emergency department (ED) can be challenging due to crowding, lack of privacy, and overburdened staff. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility and utility of a brief tablet-based screening method in the ED and if patients would consider a face-to-face meeting with a certified alcohol and drug counselor (CADC) for more in-depth screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) helpful via this interface.MethodsA tablet-based questionnaire was offered to 500 patients. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18, Emergency Severity Index 2-5, and English comprehension. Subjects were excluded if they had evidence of acute intoxication and/or received sedating medication.ResultsA total of 283 (57%) subjects were enrolled over a 4-week period, which represented an increase of 183% over the monthly average of patients referred for SBIRT by the CADC prior to the study. There were 131 (46%) who screened positive for unhealthy alcohol and drug use, with 51 (39%) and 37 (28%) who screened positive for solely unhealthy alcohol use and drug use/drug use disorders, respectively. There were 43 (33%) who screened positive for combined unhealthy alcohol and drug use. Despite willingness to participate in the tablet-based questionnaire, only 20 (15%) with a positive screen indicated via the tablet that a face-to-face meeting with the CADC for further SBIRT would be helpful.ConclusionBrief tablet-based screening for unhealthy alcohol and drug use in the ED was an effective method to increase the number of adult patients identified than solely by their treating clinicians. However, only a minority of subjects screening positive using this interface believed a face-to-face meeting with the CADC for further SBIRT would be helpful.
Power Outages and Community Health: a Narrative Review

Power outages, a common and underappreciated consequence of natural disasters, are increasing in number and severity due to climate change and aging electricity grids. This narrative review synthesizes the literature on power outages and health in communities. We searched Google Scholar and PubMed for English language studies with titles or abstracts containing “power outage” or “blackout.” We limited papers to those that explicitly mentioned power outages or blackouts as the exposure of interest for health outcomes among individuals living in the community. We also used the reference list of these studies to identify additional studies. The final sample included 50 articles published between 2004 and 2020, with 17 (34%) appearing between 2016 and 2020. Exposure assessment remains basic and inconsistent, with 43 (86%) of studies evaluating single, large-scale power outages. Few studies used spatial and temporal control groups to assess changes in health outcomes attributable to power outages. Recent research linked data from electricity providers on power outages in space and time and included factors such as number of customers affected and duration to estimate exposure. The existing literature suggests that power outages have important health consequences ranging from carbon monoxide poisoning, temperature-related illness, gastrointestinal illness, and mortality to all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal disease hospitalizations, especially for individuals relying on electricity-dependent medical equipment. Nonetheless the studies are limited, and more work is needed to better define and capture the relevant exposures and outcomes. Studies should consider modifying factors such as socioeconomic and other vulnerabilities as well as how community resiliency can minimize the adverse impacts of widespread major power outages.
Addressing Child Hunger When School Is Closed — Considerations during the Pandemic and Beyond

Addressing Child Hunger When School Is Closed One in four families with school-age children are food insecure. While policy attention is focused on shoring up the nutrition safety net to support pa...
Delay in ICU transfer is protective against ICU readmission in trauma patients: a naturally controlled experiment.

Background Unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) readmission-ICU bounce back (ICUbb)-is associated with worse outcomes. Patients not requiring organ system support or intensive nursing are deemed 'ICU discharge ready' and transfer orders are placed. However, actual transfer only occurs when an appropriate, non-ICU bed is available. This is dependent on inherent system inefficiencies resulting in a naturally controlled experiment between when patients actually transfer: Early ( 24 hours) transfers, after order placement. This study leverages that natural experiment to determine if additional ICU time is protective against ICUbb. We hypothesize that Delayed transfer is protective against ICUbb. Methods Using a retrospective, cohort design, we queried a trauma research repository and electronic medical record during a 10-year period to capture traumatized patients admitted to the ICU. Patients were categorized into Early ( 24 hours) groups based on actual transfer time after order placement. Patient characteristics (age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare ICUbb rates among Early and Unintended-Delayed groups. Results Of the 2004 patients who met the criteria, 1690 fell into the Early group, and 314 fell into the Delayed. The Early group was younger (mean age 52±23 vs. 55±22 years), had fewer comorbidities (median CCI score 1 (0, 3) vs. 2 (1, 3)), and was less injured (median ISS 17 (10-22) vs. 17 (13-25)), all p<0.05. Overall, 113 (5.6%) patients experienced ICUbb: Early 109 (6.5%) versus Unintended-Delay 4 (1.3%), p<0.05. By regression analysis, age, CCI, and ISS were independently associated with ICUbb while Delayed transfer was protective. Discussion Despite higher age, CCI score, and ISS, the Unintended-Delayed group experienced fewer ICUbb. After controlling for age, CCI and ISS, Delayed transfer reduced ICUbb risk by 78%. Specific care elements affording this protection remain to be elucidated. Level of evidence Level III. Study type Therapeutic study.
Twitter Posts About Cannabis Use During Pregnancy and Postpartum:A Content Analysis.

The prevalence of cannabis use has increased among U.S. pregnant women. Given this increase, and rapidly changing cannabis policies, it may be important to harness digital data sources to help capt...
Beyond the Bat and the Ball: Overcoming Familiarity Effects in the Cognitive Reflection Test by Rewording Its Questions

The cognitive reflection test (CRT) is a task that is commonly used for measuring one’s tendency to form judgments and make decisions by relying on her intuition, as opposed to deliberate thinking. The popularity of the CRT as a research instrument has led to concerns that participant familiarity might inflate scores in the task. Here, we explore the possibility of overcoming this limitation by rewording the questions used in the original 7-item CRT. We generated three new versions of the test and administered them, as well as the original test, to 1006 participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Consistent with a familiarity effect, we find that participants who took the original CRT had higher scores (d=.2 ) and took less time (30-55 seconds) to complete the test than participants who took the new versions. The across subject correlations between scores on the new versions and the original version were high (around r=.9), suggesting that scores of the new versions can be used to approximate scores on the original version while overcoming the familiarity bias.
Updated Model for the USA Summer 2021 CoVID-19 Resurgence

Over the course of the CoVID-19 pandemic, we utilized widely-available real-time data to create models for predicting its spread, and to estimate the time evolution for each of the USA CoVID-19 waves. Our recent medrxiv.org preprint (10.1101_2021.08.16.21262150) examined the USA Summer 2021 resurgence, from [~]6/7/2021 up through [~]8/15/2021 (Stage 1). Our preprint covering this period showed that CoVID-19 could infect virtually all susceptible non-vaccinated persons, who were practicing minimal Social Distancing and NO Mask-Wearing. The most recent USA Summer 2021 resurgence data, from [~]8/13/2021 up through 10/7/2021 (Stage 2), shows a significant "flattening of the curve". Since no new government mandates were involved, our interpretation is that some vaccine-hesitant people have now elected to become vaccinated. The Social Distancing parameter in our model showed a [~]6.67X increase between Stage 1 and Stage 2, indicating that this parameter also can serve as an indicator of vaccination rates. The other parameter in our model, which is associated with Mask-Wearing, increased from zero to a finite but relatively small value. Using the 10/7/2021 USA CoVID-19 overall mortality rate of [~]1.60942 % gives these updated predictions for the total number of USA CoVID-19 cases and deaths: NTOTAL(3/21/2022) {approx} 52, 188, 000 ; NDeaths(3/21/2022) {approx} 839, 900, NTOTAL(3/21/2024) {approx} [52, 787, 000 ; NDeaths(3/21/2024) {approx} 849, 600, assuming no new 2021 Winter Resurgence occurs (with 3 Figures).
Streams of Song: Developing a New Hymnal for the Presbyterian Church (USA)

Congregational singing has been an integral part of Christian worship in America for 400 years, with the first British colonists bringing their psalters and religious singing practices to the New World. Since the publication of The Whole Book of Psalms Faithfully Translated into English Metre [the Bay Psalter] (1640), every generation has developed new resources for congregational singing. Presbyterians are no exception, having a long history of hymnal publication in America with the first hymnal appearing in 1831. In 2008, a 15-member committee was formed to develop a new hymnal: Glory to God: A Presbyterian Hymnal (2013). As with other mainline Protestant denominations, Presbyterians work in a changed and changing landscape. Declining membership, increased numbers of ethnicities, a diversity of theological groundings, and competing musical styles in worship create new challenges and opportunities for Presbyterian congregations. Glory to God includes hymns reflecting the denomination’s new demographics, new musical and liturgical styles and new emphases. This chapter discusses the development of this new collection focusing on the need for a new hymnal within the changing denominational landscape, its theological vision statement and the selection of contents with special attention to contemporary Christian and global songs. Working with thousands of psalm settings, hymns, and spiritual songs, the committee needed a means of categorizing and tracking materials. Hymnologist Michael Hawn’s seven “Streams of Song,” provided a useful metaphor and practical tool for organizing and discussing texts. The finalized collection includes more than 850 items from each of the seven “streams of song,” resourcing the next generation of Presbyterians with congregational song that preserves its Reformed heritage and yet is representative of a denomination with increased racial ethnic membership and diverse musical styles.
Will It Last? Will It Endure?

In order for anything to endure, you have to understand the environment in which your work must endure – what are the external forces that could affect your work? And to ensure that you build the human, financial, and operational resources that will not fade or disappear over time. So, methods of internal maintenance must be built into your DNA from the start.
The Israel-Palestine Conflict: From Nationalism in Palestine to Palestinian Nationalism

Of all the public utterances made about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, none sums up each side's sense of victimization at the hands of the other better than two that straddle the 1967 war. On the eve of the war, Ahmad Shuqairy, then chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, boasted that the Arab armies would drive the Jews into the sea. Not to be outdone in imprudent remarks, Golda Meir, Israeli prime minister from 1969 to 1974, gave an interview in the Sunday Times (London) on the second anniversary of the war. In that interview, she purportedly stated that there were no Palestinians. Although Meir's attitude toward Palestinians is well known, were she alive today she might cite in her defense Yogi Berra's famous remark, “I didn't really say everything I said.” The full text of the question and her answer is as follows: Q: Do you think the emergence of the Palestinian fighting forces, the Fedayeen, is an important new factor in the Middle East? A: Important, no. A new factor, yes. There was no such thing as Palestinians. When was there an independent Palestinian people with a Palestinian state? It was either southern Syria before the first world war and then it was a Palestine including Jordan. It was not as though there was a Palestinian people in Palestine considering itself as a Palestinian people and we came and threw them out and took their country away from them. They did not exist.
Semantics as Information about Semantic Values

I suggest that the core ideas of Kit Fine’s Semantic Relationism are the notion of semantic requirement and the notion of manifest consequence, the non-classical logical relation associated with semantic requirement. Surrounding this core are novel “relational” systems of coordinated sequences of expressions, relational (as opposed to intrinsic) semantic values, coordinated propositions, and coordinated content. I take Fine to take the periphery to be reducible to the core (but see below). I will make some primarily exegetical remarks about the two core ideas, and then make more critical remarks about the periphery. I should say that I find the book, as a whole, illuminating and, for the most part, convincing. I hesitantly suggest that the core constitutes an important and novel model for thinking about semantics (and representation in general), while the periphery might result from an attempt to force the new model into the old mold.
The 35 Most Tumultuous Years in Monetary History: Shocks, the Transfer Problem, and Financial Trauma

The past 35 years have been the most tumultuous in international monetary history. Nearly one hundred national banking systems collapsed, many more than in any comparable previous period. The range of movement in market exchange rates and the extent of the deviations of market exchange rates from real exchange rates - the magnitude of "overshooting" and "undershooting" - have been larger than in any previous period. Similarly, the variability in the ratios of trade balances to GDPs has been larger than in any previous period. There were massive asset price bubbles in Japan; in Sweden and two of its Nordic neighbors; in Thailand, Malaysia, and several other countries in Southeast Asia; and finally in the United States. These events-the failures of national banking systems, the large swings in market exchange rates, the large variability in flows of national saving across national boundaries, and the bubbles in asset prices-were systematically related. This essay applies an analysis based on the transfer problem process that links changes in the cross-border flows of funds, changes in the foreign exchange values of national currencies, changes in the prices of financial securities and real estate in countries that experience inflows of foreign funds, and prolonged economic booms to explain why there was so much financial trauma. A central question is whether the financial trauma resulted because the shocks were larger than in previous periods, or whether the impact of a shock of a given magnitude on prices of currencies and prices of securities and other assets was larger because of difference in the institutional structures and especially the absence of parities for national currencies. Copyright 2005, International Monetary Fund
Chromosomal aberrations in 2 embryos from the same mother. An embryo with B trisomy and another with triploidy and associated cleft lip.

Abstract Two chromosome aberrations are reported occurring in 2 embryos obtained from the same mother in consecutive pregnancies. One embryo with trisomy for a B group chromosome was macerated and 16 mm. in crown-rump length. The second, a triploid embryo, exhibited a cleft lip and was XXX. Investigation of the family failed to explain the double occurrence but the association of a triploid with a trisomic chromosome error may suggest a common causative mechanism.
The Herdsman and the Sheep, Mouton, or Kivsa? The Influence of Group Culture on Cooperation in Social Dilemmas

This chapter suggests that it is important to incorporate the concept of culture into both the theoretical frameworks and the empirical research on cooperation in social dilemmas. It proposes a broader interpretation of the appropriateness framework (March, 1994) in decision making in social dilemmas (Messick, 1999; Weber, Kopelman, and Messick, 2004) that includes group culture. It does not diminish the contribution of the appropriateness framework that teases apart a decision maker's identity from recognition of the situation and the relevant rules, but rather offers a model that also encompasses group culture as a distinct fourth construct. Thus, when faced with the choice to cooperate or defect, rather than being guided strictly by rational choice or expected utility models, a decision-maker may be best guided by the question: what does a person like me (identity) do (rules) in a situation like this (recognition) given this culture (group)?
Contextuality: Wheeler’s Universal Regulating Principle

In this essay I develop quantum contextuality as a potential candidate for Wheeler’s universal regulating principle, arguing—contrary to Wheeler—that this ultimately implies that ‘bit’ comes from ‘it’.
Nontraditional Career Alternatives for Law Graduates

The large increase in the number of law students and law school graduates is causing concern because of lack of opportunities for employment in the private practice sector. This article directs its attention to other areas of work providing career opportunities to law students outside of private practice.
Simulation of Extreme Arctic Cyclones in IPCC AR5 Experiments

Abstract : The primary goals of this project are to assess the ability of the current generation of global climate models (GCMs) to simulate extreme Arctic cyclones, and to identify changes in the characteristics of these storms caused by greenhouse-forced climate change to the present. These goals are being addressed through the following questions. First, how realistically does the widely used CCSM4 GCM simulate the observed characteristics of extreme Arctic cyclones, and how sensitive are these events to the horizontal resolution of the model? Second, do other GCMs generate such storms and, if so, are there any common characteristics among models that successfully do so? Third, does the preferred location of these systems and their impact shift as the cyclogenetic baroclinic zone induced by the sea ice margin migrates poleward with time? Fourth, what do these state-of-the-art climate models suggest about changes in the frequency vs. intensity of extreme Arctic cyclones? I am targeting these objectives through a retrospective analysis of the transient 20th century simulations (spanning years 1850-2005) among the GCMs participating in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The output from various models is becoming available and eventually should include around 20 GCMs with widely varying resolutions. These simulations will be compared with a new atmospheric reanalysis data set covering almost this entire period (1871-2008) from NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory: The 20th Century Reanalysis, Version 2. This data set is described in detail by Compo et al. (2010) and provides various atmospheric fields, including sea level pressure, on daily and sub-daily time scales at 2 degrees horizontal resolution. All of this work is being conducted by the PI.
On spin independence in large Nc baryons

Abstract We argue directly from Witten's analysis of large N c baryons that the structure of the s-wave low-spin baryon states in QCD becomes spin-independent as N c → ∞. This property leads to an SU(6)-like behavior of static matrix elements, such as the axial-vector current matrix elements recently studied by Dashen, Manohar and Jenkins. Our analysis suggests a method for applying large N c results for N c = 3, even though the baryon tates for large N c are very different.
PINOT NOIR: Pulmonic INsufficiency imprOvemenT with Nitric Oxide Inhalational Response

Background Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair and pulmonary valvotomy for pulmonary stenosis (PS) lead to progressive pulmonary insufficiency (PI), right ventricular enlargement and dysfunction. This study assessed whether pulmonary regurgitant fraction measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) could be reduced with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO).
The Use of Supermarket Tours as a Culminating Experience for Senior Dietetic Majors

Abstract Planning, implementing, and evaluating supermarket tours provided by senior dietetic majors provide them with a realistic experience to apply career-related knowledge and skills. Since 1995, 84 senors participated in this service-learning project - "Supermarket Tours: Nutrition Aisle By Aisle" - and provided tours to 525 other students. Dietetic majors plan the: tour script, schedule, marketing, in service training, and design formative and summative evaluations. Students apply to work in teams with extensive time lines and multiple responsibilities. Evaluation data and team reports are used from previous years to improve the project. Formative evaluation data show that 95% of dietetic students strongly agreed (SA)/agreed (A) that they received adequate preparation and 89% SA/A that the project should continue. Problems identified by tour providers have decreased. Data from ‘95-'97 showed that only 24% of tour providers SA that activities were appropriate; student-designed modifications to the tour in ‘98 resulted that 68% of tour providers SA about the supermarket activities. Additionally, whereas in past year's there was a lack timeliness in distributing materials, 89% SA/A of ‘98 students felt that there was adequate time to prepare. Summative evaluations from the student "customers" are strongly in favor of this project. Evaluations included that: the tour providers are interesting and enthusiastic (98% SA/A), the tours provided useful nutrition information (97% SA/A), customers could read the food label and apply it to food choices (73% SA), and customers received money-saving shopping tips (62% SA). Multiple benefits can be identified by this integrated project. While it is an effective student project that enhances both independence and teamwork, along with individual accountability, faculty wishing to adopt this activity should be aware of the time commitment involved for both faculty and students.
Plague in Guinea pigs and its prevention by subunit vaccines.

Human pneumonic plague is a devastating and transmissible disease for which a Food and Drug Administration–approved vaccine is not available. Suitable animal models may be adopted as a surrogate for human plague to fulfill regulatory requirements for vaccine efficacy testing. To develop an alternative to pneumonic plague in nonhuman primates, we explored guinea pigs as a model system. On intranasal instillation of a fully virulent strain, Yersinia pestis CO92, guinea pigs developed lethal lung infections with hemorrhagic necrosis, massive bacterial replication in the respiratory system, and blood-borne dissemination to other organ systems. Expression of the Y. pestis F1 capsule was not required for the development of pulmonary infection; however, the capsule seemed to be important for the establishment of bubonic plague. The mean lethal dose (MLD) for pneumonic plague in guinea pigs was estimated to be 1000 colony-forming units. Immunization of guinea pigs with the recombinant forms of LcrV, a protein that resides at the tip of Yersinia type III secretion needles, or F1 capsule generated robust humoral immune responses. Whereas LcrV immunization resulted in partial protection against pneumonic plague challenge with 250 MLD Y. pestis CO92, immunization with recombinant F1 did not. rV10, a vaccine variant lacking LcrV residues 271-300, elicited protection against pneumonic plague, which seemed to be based on conformational antibodies directed against LcrV.
A novel trench-defined MISIM CCD structure for X-ray imaging and other applications

A charge-coupled device (CCD) utilizing a trench-defined metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-metal (MISIM) sandwich structure is proposed and analyzed. The CCD features high charge capacity and a deep photogenerated carrier collection depth. The trench CCD structure has potential application in X-ray imaging as well as in high-density visible and infrared imaging. >
RETROACTIVE INHIBITION IN INCIDENTAL LEARNING: ANOTHER DUD

Summdry.-There have been two procedures used to demonstrate the influence of retroactive inhibition (RI) on incidentally learned items: (a) two groups are exposed to the same material and one group is instructed to learn while the other is not; (b) two groups, presented with two simultaneous classes of stimuli, are instructed to learn only one but later tested for retention of both. A previous replication of a study using the laner procedure yielded negative results. The present paper criticizes this study on statistical grounds. Based upon the performance of 15 experimental and 15 control Ss, the data did not show RI influences on incidentally learned items. It is suggested that procedure (b) is possibly a fruitless research approach.
Simulating the mid-Pliocene warm period with the CCSM4 model

Abstract. This paper describes the experimental design and model results from a 500 yr fully coupled Community Climate System, version 4, simulation of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP) (ca. 3.3–3.0 Ma). We simulate the mPWP using the "alternate" protocol prescribed by the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) for the AOGCM simulation (Experiment 2). Results from the CCSM4 mPWP simulation show a 1.9 °C increase in global mean annual temperature compared to the 1850 preindustrial control, with a polar amplification of ~3 times the global warming. Global precipitation increases slightly by 0.09 mm day−1 and the monsoon rainfall is enhanced, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Areal sea ice extent decreases in both hemispheres but persists through the summers. The model simulates a relaxation of the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical Pacific, with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (Nino3.4) ~20% weaker than the preindustrial and exhibiting extended periods of quiescence of up to 150 yr. The maximum Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and northward Atlantic oceanic heat transport are indistinguishable from the control. As compared to PRISM3, CCSM4 overestimates Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea surface temperatures, but underestimates NH warming, particularly in the North Atlantic, suggesting that an increase in northward ocean heat transport would bring CCSM4 SSTs into better alignment with proxy data.
Transfer function of 2-phase servomotors

THE extensive use of 2-phase induction motors in servo systems has justified giving some attention to their analysis under transient conditions. Stanley1 gives stator and rotor differential equations referred to axes fixed in the stator. Neal,2 Hraba,3 and Brown4 give an experimental investigation of the problem in addition to approximating the nonlinear equations to linear ones with approximate transfer functions in the last two references. Hopkin,5 Koopman,6 and Gilfillan and Kaplan7 give solutions to the problem under certain assumptions and under certain operating conditions.
Benign Fibroma of the Pleura: Report of Case

1)Primary neoplasms of the pleura may be divided into two main groups: one of diffuse lesions involving the entire pleura; and one of solitary, localized growths originating in the subendothelial connective tissues on the parietal or visceral side. The latter tumors are as varied as the tissues from which they originate. 2)Large benign fibromas of the pleura are rare; only 44 had been recorded up to 1945. 3)A case of benign fibroma of the pleura is reported. This tumor was resected, and the patient made an uneventful recovery. The mass weighed 1500 grams. 4)The symptoms and signs of these tumors are those of a space-taking lesion in the thorax. Mechanical interference with respiration and circulation occur. 5)Some have called these tumors giant sarcomas, but they usually behave as benign lesions. They appear to grow slowly to great size, do not invade adjacent tissues, and do not metastasize. 6)Roentgenography of the chest is most important in the diagnosis of these lesions. Bronchoscopy is also of value. The importance of artificial pneumothorax or pneumoperitoneum and subsequent roentgenography in ruling out intra-abdominal pathology is discussed. 7)Good results are obtained with complete removal of the fibroma. Recurrence has been reported after partial excision.
Pricing securities with multiple risks: A case of exchangeable debt

Abstract Building on the work of Das and Sundaram (2007) , we develop a widely applicable model to price securities subject to interest rate, equity, and default risks and use it to price exchangeable bonds. The extension features a trivariate recombining lattice instead of the original model’s bivariate recombining lattice. We also show how to estimate some critical non-observable inputs to implement the model by using current market data so that the model’s prices reflect current market information. We test the model on a sample of exchangeable bonds to determine the model’s empirical performance. Besides exchangeable bonds, we can also use the model to price securities such as reverse exchangeable bonds, bonds exchangeable to indexes, and bonds exchangeable to commodities.
The fourth EF-hand of calmodulin and its helix-loop-helix components: impact on calcium binding and enzyme activation.

CaM (4 cTnC) is a calmodulin--cardiac troponin C chimeric protein containing the first, second, and third calcium-binding EF-hands of calmodulin (CaM) and the fourth EF-hand of cardiac troponin C (cTnC) [George, S.E., Su, Z., Fan, D., & Means, A.R. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25213-25220]. CaM (4 cTnC) showed 2-fold-enhanced carboxy-terminal Ca2+ affinity relative to CaM and also exhibited impaired activation of the CaM-regulated enzymes smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and phosphodiesterase (PDE). To investigate the molecular basis for these effects, we constructed (1) additional chimeras, replacing most of CaM helix 7, Ca2+-binding loop 4, and helix 8 with the corresponding helices and loops of cTnC; and (2) point mutants in the fourth EF-hand of CaM. Replacement of CaM's fourth loop with the corresponding loop of cTnC enhanced Ca2+ affinity by over 3-fold through an increase in the Ca2+ on rate and also reduced cooperativity of Ca2+ binding. In contrast, substitution of CaM helix 7 or 8 modestly decreased Ca2+ affinity by increasing the Ca2+ off rate, without impairment of cooperativity. All three of the helix and loop chimeras fully activated PDE, with minor shifts in Kact. CaM (helix 7 cTnC) showed a significantly impaired ability to activate smMLCK and nNOS, whereas the other two chimeras retained about 80% of the maximal smMLCK and nNOS activation observed with CaM.
Invariance of forgetting rate with number of repetitions in verbal short-term recognition memory

Ss listened to a list of eight different three-digit numbers, presented at the rate of one three-digit number per second. In many of the lists, one of the three-digit numbers was repeated three times in immediate succession (in a 3-sec period) before going on to the next number. At the end of the list of eight different three-digit numbers, one three-digit number was presented as a recognition test item. The test item could have appeared at any of the eight serial positions or be a new item. Ss were instructed to rehearse only the current item in the list, not previous items. Under these conditions, repetition of an item led to greater degree of learning in short-term memory, but the forgetting rate appeared to be invariant with number of repetitions.
Update on Hepatitis C Virus and HIV Coinfection

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has historically been difficult to treat in the HIV-infected population, owing to generally poor responses to interferon-based therapies. The recent rapid development of directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against HCV has the potential to revolutionize treatment of this infection in the HIV population by improving tolerability and outcome, and, ultimately, reducing the significant burden of liver-related morbidity and mortality in this population. Clinical trials to address the safety and efficacy of novel DAAs in the HCV/HIV coinfected population are ongoing, and show much promise. The rapidity of current drug discovery in the field of HCV is both impressive and daunting for clinicians who will have to master these drugs. Going forward, the inclusion of individuals from this large and growing patient population in clinical trials will be of paramount importance.
A gas probe analysis of structure in bulk and surface layers of vitreous silica

Abstract Analysis of relevant gas transport data indicates that interstices large enough to accomodate large atoms or molecules (e.g. Ar and O 2 ) are relatively isolated in the random network structure. Two dimensional schematics of the random network structure help to visualize this. The implication is that a “defect path” between large interstices is necessary. Possibilities in decreasing order of likelihood include: (i) channels, i.e. preferentially adjacent large interstices; (ii) local network reforming or dilation; (iii) mobile point defects; and (iv) dislocations.