cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An excursion into social and cultural anthropology by artificial intelligence — An automated discovery system to identify rules of inheritance, succession, marriage, injunction against incest, and exogamy

Abstract This note deals with the problem of discovering rules that govern social interactions and relations in preliteral societies. Two older computer programs are first described that can receive data, possibly incomplete and redundant, representing kinship relations among named individuals. The programs then establish a knowledge base in the form of a directed graph, which the user can query in a variety of ways. Another program, written on the “top” of these (rewritten in LISP), can form concepts of various properties, including kinship relations, of and between the individuals. The concepts are derived from the examples and nonexamples of a certain social pattern, such as inheritance, succession, marriage, class (tribe, moiety, clan, etc.) membership, domination-subordination, incest, and exogamy. The concepts become hypotheses about the rules, which are corroborated, modified, or rejected by further examples and nonexamples.
When to begin smoking cessation in substance abusers

During the past several years, there has been an increasing recognition and acceptance that the use of tobacco products often produces nicotine dependence and nicotine addiction. Despite this, the substance abuse treatment community has been slow to promote smoking cessation for patients who are in substance abuse treatment for another addiction. Dogma, although starting to change, persists that cigarette smoking pales in comparison to other addictions and should not be addressed at the time of initial treatment for another addiction. The limited research to date, which will be reviewed in this article, does not support this dogma. In addition, patients presenting for substance abuse treatment report high interest in stopping smoking, including interest in stopping when they initially present for substance abuse treatment.
The ultimate faculty evaluation: Promotion and tenure decisions.

In this chapter I take the perspective of the former chair and current mem-ber of the College Reappointment, Promotion, and Tenure Committee(RPT) in the College of Education at Michigan State University (MSU).Based on this experience and many others (see Fairweather, 1996), I con-clude that the faculty in our college draw inferences about what their insti-tution, college, and department value the most by viewing the outcome ofpromotion and tenure decisions (and sometimes salaries and raises) morethan by the ways that a college or institution chooses to measure perfor-mance and set RPT criteria. As Huber notes in Chapter Seven, “
Mass attenuation coefficients of size-fractioned soil

Experimental determinations of mass-attenuation coefficients for soils of various grain sizes are presented. The coefficient values were found to change slightly with particle size, but, overall, resemble values from other studies. The slopes of mass-attenuation coefficients vs. particle diameter were consistently positive, contrary to published results.
Single-shot Coherent Raman Multiplex Planar Imaging

We develop a coherent Raman technique for simultaneous planar imaging and multiplex spectroscopy provided in a single-laser-shot. Spatially correlated spectra from multiple species in a two-dimensional field are presented and possible gas-phase applications are discussed.
Marching approach for channels with lateral inflow and secondary currents

Abstract Space marching approach has been widely applied for flows with a predominant direction of motion, small secondary currents and no lateral crossflow. These last restrictions cannot be satisfied for some channel flows in rotating machinery. The marching approach presented in this paper considers the three dimensional domain between two successive sections. A typical computation element has one side on the upstream section where the variables are known, and the second side on the downstream section where the variables should be determined. All three velocity components are obtained on the downstream section using penalty formulation of the three-dimensional momentum equations, without any restrictions on the magnitude of the secondary currents and lateral inflow. Finite element method and quadratic/linear 18-node elements (9-node quadratic elements on each upstream-downstream section, linear interpolation between sections) are used. The governing equations are written for single and two phase incompressible mixture flows. The separation velocity between phases is obtained from the dynamic equilibrium of the dispersed phase. The approach is tested for simple curved channel flows and applied to centrifugal pump casings.
Visible Spectroscopy of the Aging Process in Passive N2-CO2-He-Xe Laser Cells

Information obtained by investigating the aging process in passive CO2 laser cells can be correlated with gaseous reactions that take place in active CO2 laser tubes. The construction and operation of sealed off, passive cells facilitate the observation of gas mixtures under differing excitation conditions and electrode designs with a minimum expenditure of time and expense. The emission spectra in the visible region, recorded at intervals during operation, are used as indicators of the sequence of compositional changes in the original gas mixture. Additional information is gained by noting voltage changes. Data thus obtained from passive cells can be used for the possible extension of the lifetime of active lasers. Others1–3 have investigated long life, sealed off CO2 lasers. A limited amount of information is available on passive systems.
Analysis of factors associated with long-term (five or more years) cure in patients undergoing operation for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Abstract Background: Only 30% to 40% of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) undergoing operation with curative intent have biochemical cures. The purpose of this analysis was to identify perioperative factors associated with long-term (≥5 years) biochemical cures. Methods: From December 1981 to September 1997, 128 patients with potentially curable ZES underwent 152 abdominal explorations with resection of all identifiable disease. Of these, 31 outcomes were identified with documented cures at ≥5 years from operation and were compared with outcomes of 110 patients who were not cured. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Results: The results of a normal immediate postoperative fasting serum gastrin and secretin stimulation test were significantly and independently correlated with 5-year cure ( P 2 = .005 and .0099, respectively). A diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 was significantly inversely correlated with cure on univariate analysis ( P 2 = .027). Gender, age, duration of symptoms, results of diagnostic tests, or results of imaging studies did not correlate with outcome. Conclusions: All patients with sporadic potentially curable ZES should undergo exploration because outcome is not associated with preoperative tests. Only 5% of patients with ZES and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 were cured at 5 years. A normal fasting serum gastrin or secretin stimulation value value immediately postoperatively provides important prognostic information. (Surgery 1998;124:1160-6.)
Interleukin-6 production by astrocytes: Induction by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

Astrocytes contribute to the immunocompetence of the central nervous system (CNS) via their expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Of these cytokines, IL-6 is of particular interest because one of its many immune and inflammatory actions is the promotion of immunoglobulin synthesis, and it is thought that IL-6 expression within the brain exacerbates autoimmune diseases of the CNS, which are marked by local immunoglobulin production. Several stimuli induce astrocyte IL-6 expression, including such inducible endogenous factors as IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. We have investigated the possibility that a constitutively present endogenous factor, the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), can induce astrocyte IL-6 production. We report that NE induces both IL-6 mRNA and protein in primary neonatal rat astrocytes, with optimal induction at 10 microM. IL-6 protein induction by NE is comparable to that seen with IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, and NE synergizes with these cytokines for a ten-fold enhanced effect. In contrast to astrocytes, microglia are relatively unresponsive to NE, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha for IL-6 production. Experiments with the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, and alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (propranolol, phentolamine, atenolol, and yohimbine) indicate that beta 2 and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors are involved in NE induction of astrocyte IL-6 expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
6-cm observations and the microwave spectrum of venus

Abstract Venus was observed at a wavelength of 6 cm on 4 days during February 1966 using the 140-ft radio telescope at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. A series of on-off observations were made in order to determine both the total intensity and polarization of the radiation from Venus. The results gave a measured brightness temperature for Venus of 706° ± 45° K at a phase angle of 215° which shows that the temperature of Venus probably has a maximum value near a wavelength of 6 cm.
IGF-I, GH, and sex steroid effects in normal mammary gland development.

Although the pubertal surge of estrogen is the immediate stimulus to mammary development, the action of estrogen depends upon the presence of pituitary growth hormone and the ability of GH to stimulate production of IGF-I in the mammary gland. Growth hormone binds to its receptor in the mammary fat pad, after which production of IGF-I mRNA and IGF-I protein occurs. It is likely that IGF-I then works through paracrine means to stimulate formation of TEBs, which then form ducts by bifurcating or trifurcating and extending through the mammary fat pad. By the time pubertal development is complete a tree-like structure of branching ducts fills the rodent mammary fat pad. In addition to requiring IGF-I in order to act, estradiol also directly synergizes with IGF-I to enhance formation of TEBs and ductal morphogenesis. Together they increase IRS-1 phosphorylation and cell proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis. In fact, the entire process of ductal morphogenesis, in oophorectomized IGF-I(−/−) knockout female mice, can occur as a result of the combined actions of estradiol and IGF-I. IGF-I also permits progesterone action in the mammary gland. Together they have been shown to stimulate a form of ductal morphogenesis, which is anatomically different from the kind induced by IGF-I and estradiol. Although both progesterone and estradiol synergize with IGF-I by increasing IGF-I action parameters, there must be other, as yet unknown mechanisms that account for the anatomical differences in the different forms of ductal morphogenesis observed (hyperplasia in response to IGF-I plus estradiol and single layered ducts in response to IGF-I plus progesterone).
Measuring the impact of human resource management practices on hospitality firms' performances.

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between the use of 12 human resource management (HRM) practices and organizational performance measured by turnover rates for managerial and non-managerial employees, labor productivity, and return on assets. The results of regression analyses indicated that companies implementing HRM practices such as labor-management participation program, incentive plans, and pre-employment tests are more likely to experience lower turnover rates for non-managerial employees.
Using water chemistry, isotopes and microbiology to evaluate groundwater sources, flow paths and geochemical reactions in the Death Valley flow system, USA

Abstract Springs of Ash Meadows and Furnace Creek (near or in Death Valley, CA) have nearly constant flow, temperature, chemistry, and similar δ 2 H and δ 18 O signatures. These factors indicate shared water sources and/or analogous geochemical reactions along similar flow paths. DNA-based (16S rRNA gene) microbial diversity assessments further illuminate these relationships. Whereas, all Ash Meadows springs share related archaeal populations, variations in carbon-14 (Crystal Spring) and strontium isotopes, Na + , SO 2- , and methane concentrations (Big Spring), correspond with microbial differences within and between the two discharge areas. Similar geochemical signatures linking Ash Meadows and Furnace Creek springs appear to support a distinct end member at Big Spring in Ash Meadows, which is also supported by coincident enrichment in microbial methanogens and methanotrophs. Conversely, DNA libraries from a deep carbonate well (878 m) located between Ash Meadows and Furnace Creek (BLM-1), indicate no shared microbial diversity between Ash Meadows or Furnace Creek springs.
Dynamics of Platelet Functional Recovery Following a Clopidogrel Loading Dose in Healthy Volunteers

A clopidogrel loading dose before percutaneous coronary intervention may reduce ischemic events but can increase bleeding risk and result in delayed treatment in patients who subsequently require surgical revascularization. The goal of this study was to examine the dynamics of platelet functional recovery after the common clinical scenario of a single 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel. Fourteen volunteers were administered clopidogrel 600 mg. Platelet reactivity was measured before exposure, 4 hours after exposure, and then daily for 8 days using the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Percentage inhibition (PI) was calculated as the relative change in P2Y12 reaction units from baseline. One day after clopidogrel, the median PI was 39.9% (range 8.5% to 97.7%). Before day 5, the number of days after exposure was significantly but weakly correlated with PI (Pearson's coefficient = 0.45, R2 = 0.20, p = 0.001), while most of the variance in PI on each day of recovery was explained by the PI that was observed the previous day (Pearson's coefficient = 0.95, R2 = 0.92, p
Long-term follow-up and pattern of failure for T1-T2 glottic cancer after definitive radiation therapy.

Purpose:To evaluate the impact of radiation therapy (RT) on the long-term outcomes and pattern of failure for T1-2 glottic cancer.Materials and Methods:This is a single-institution, retrospective study. From January (1997 to 2010), 253 patients with early glottic cancer underwent RT by 2-dimensional
Making Meaningful Worlds: Role-Playing Subcultures and the Autism Spectrum

Every summer, a group of role-playing gamers gathers in an American town. Dressed up as moon goddesses, mad scientists, and other fantastical characters, they act out elaborate, improvised narratives of transformation, destruction, and redemption. For several summers, this group, who I call the Journeyfolk, ran a camp for teenagers on the autism spectrum, engaging campers in therapeutic reconfigurations of self and social role. Through this folk healing practice, the meaning of autism was itself transformed; what had been a source of isolation became a source of commonality and community. This paper takes the camp as a case study for examining the co-productive relationship between culture and neurodiversity. Cognitive tendencies often found in autism are often thought to preclude socio-cultural participation. However, such tendencies can also facilitate the co-creation of innovative cultural spaces, through processes of affinity and affiliation. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork at the camp, I identify three sites of congruity between the culture of the camp and the cognitive and phenomenological experiences associated with autism, at which this “work of culture” (Obeysekere in The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1990) took place: the structure of social interactions within roleplaying games, the narratives enacted within these games, and the interpersonal relationships within which the games were embedded.
Free estrogens in dog plasma during the estrous cycle and pregnancy.

SummarySolvent partitioning, paper and thin-layer chromatography, and fluorometry were employed to isolate, identify and quantitate the free estrone, estradiol-17α, estradiol-17β, estriol and 16-epiestriol in dog plasma during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. There was a continuous decline in both individual and combined estrogen concentrations from early proestrus to late estrus. Throughout pregnancy the levels of estradiol-17α and 16-epiestriol remained fairly constant. Estrone and estradiol-17β attained peak levels at 3–4 weeks and declined thereafter. Estriol was the major metabolite and by the last week of pregnancy showed a 43% increase over the initial level. All of the estrogens except estradiol-17α rose substantially during the first week post-partum.
Anti‐diarrhoeal effects of seirogan in the rat small intestine and colon examined in vitro

Background: Seirogan is a beechwood extract composed of guaiacol, creosol and other related phenolic compounds which is widely used as an anti-diarrhoeal agent in Asia. Abnormalities in water and electrolyte transport are often the cause of diarrhoea, but the mechanism of action of seirogan on small intestinal and colonic mucosal ion transport is unknown. Aim: To examine the effect of seirogan on electrogenic ion transport in vitro. Methods: Sheets of rat jejunum and colon were mounted in Ussing chambers, and transmural potential difference (PD) was used as an electrical marker of changes in mucosal ion transport. Hypersecretory conditions were induced by acetylcholine (ACh). Results: Serosal or mucosal application of seirogan (0.1–100 μg/mL) decreased basal jejunal transmural PD. Pre-treatment of the tissue with the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, did not inhibit the seirogan-induced changes in basal electrical activity. Seirogan had no effect on basal transmural PD in the ileum and colon. Under ACh-induced hypersecretory conditions in the small intestine and colon, addition of serosal or mucosal seirogan produced antisecretory effects determined indirectly by measurement of transmural PD. Conclusion: The ability of seirogan to decrease basal transmural PD in the jejunum, and inhibit the ACh-induced electrical responses, may contribute to its anti-diarrhoeal action.
BDNF mRNA expression in rat hippocampus following contextual learning is blocked by intrahippocampal IL-1β administration

The present study examined the modulating effects of an intrahippocampal injection of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression 0.5, 2, 4, and 6 h following contextual fear conditioning, a task known to increase BDNF mRNA, in rats. Contextual fear conditioning produced a time-dependent increase in BDNF mRNA that varied by region of hippocampus. IL-1beta blocked or reduced these increases in BDNF mRNA in the CA1, CA2, and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus, but had no effect in cortical regions. These data support the idea that IL-1beta-produced memory deficits may be mediated via BDNF mRNA reductions in hippocampus.
GATA2 finds its macrophage niche.

In this issue of Blood , Hsu et al[1][1] and Dickinson et al[2][2] independently report the presence of mutations in the region of GATA2 encoding the carboxy-terminal zinc-finger domain of the protein in a rare genetic disease associated with reduced production of marrow-derived immune cells
Sex and depression in the national comorbidity survey. II: Cohort effects ☆

Data from a nationally representative sample of the general population are used to study cohort differences in the prevalence of DSM-III-R Major Depressive Episode (MDE). We document increasing lifetime prevalence of MDE among both men and women in more recent cohorts, but no major change in the sex ratio over the 40-year period retrospectively covered in the survey. We find a cohort difference in 12-month MDE, with older women much more likely than older men to have recurrent episodes. This sex difference in recurrence plays an important part in the elevated 12-month prevalence of depression among women compared to men in the 45-54 age range.
Embryoid formation in alfalfa cell suspension cultures from different plants

Cell suspension cultures were initiated from shoot tips of nine plants of alfalfa. Our results indicated that considerably different nutritional conditions were required to induce embryogenesis in the cell cultures derived from these plants. By proper adjustment of the hormone level and mineral salt concentration it was possible to induce embryogenesis in all of the nine cultures tested. The embryoids from seven of the nine cultures were able to develop into plants.
Squeezing Flow of a Power Law Fluid Between Grooved Plates

Surface microchannels can accelerate squeezing flow of a fluid in a thin gap between parallel plates. Using a computational model and restricting attention to power law fluid, a parametric study is made of the influence of channel size for a certain family of channel patterns, with results tabulated for general use. An approximate heat conduction model is used to estimate the effect of channel size and pattern on resistance to heat flow normal to the fluid layer.
Effect of paclobutrazol on water stress-induced ethylene biosynthesis and polyamine accumulation in apple seedling leaves

Abstract Ethylene biosynthesis and polyamine content were determined in [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol] (paclobutrazol) pre-treated and non-treated water-stressed apple seedling leaves. Paclobutrazol reduced water loss, and decreased endogenous putrescine spermidine content. Gibberellic acid (GA) counteracted the inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol on polyamine content. Paclobutrazol also prevented accumulation of water stress-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), ethylene production and polyamines in apple leaves. α-Difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), but not α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), inhibited the rise of putrescine and spermidine in stressed leaves. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) was maintained at a steady state level even when ethylene and the polyamines were actively synthesized in stressed apple seedling leaves. The conversion of ACC to ethylene did not appear to be affected by paclobutrazol treatment.
Fuzzy probabilities for web planning

We apply our new approach to modeling uncertain probabilities to queuing theory and the optimal design of web servers. This involves using fuzzy, finite, regular Markov chains to determine the fuzzy steady state probabilities and then computing the fuzzy numbers for system performance. We first ignore revenues and costs in determining an optimal system and then we incorporate these factors for optimal design. Then we add two new phenomena associated with the web in our optimization models: “burstiness” and “long tailed distributions”.
The 11th International Symposium on Flow Visualization

The 11th International Symposium on Flow Visualization (ISFV) was held at Notre Dame, IN, USA, August 8-12, 2004. The Symposium attracted 236 participants from around the world. The 52 Technical Sessions and two Poster Sessions covered a wide range of topics as indicated in the Keywords. Of the 182 submitted papers, 162 were presented. The presented papers included 8 invited lectures. Each morning and afternoon began with an invited lecture by an outstanding, recognized leader in the field. Toshio Kobayashi received the Leonardo da Vinci Award, an engraved plate, and presented the Leonardo da Vinci Memorial Lecture on "High-performance Computing and Visualization of Unsteady Turbulent Flows." Toshio Kobayashi is very well known for his outstanding contributions in computational science and flow visualization as well as his leadership in organizing conferences, workshops, and symposia on flow visualization. Ronald J. Adrian discussed "Visualization in Extreme Environments," Rolf H. Engler described "Pressure-sensitive Paints and Temperature-sensitive Paints in Quantitative Wind Tunnel Studies," William K. Blake explained "Cavitation as Flow Visualization Seeding," Giovanni M. Carlomagno discussed "The Use of Colors in Thermo-fluid Dynamic Studies," Ajit Yoganathan presented "A Gallery of Cardiovascular Fluid Flow Fields: From Heart Valves to Congenital Heart Disease," Richard B. Miles described "Flow Visualization by Filtered Molecular and Particular Scattering," and Thomas C. Gruber Jr., displayed a technique for "Visualization of Foreign Gases in Atmospheric Air." At the end of the last day, Jurgen Kompenhaus from DLR discussed the 12th ISFV to be held in Germany in 2006. After this presentation there was a tour of the Hessert Laboratory for Aerospace Research.
While the whole world watched: Rhetorical failures of anti‐war protest∗

Contrary to beliefs popular in some circles, those who protested against the Vietnam War were not instrumental in bringing it to an end. Public reaction to demonstrations was so negative that such actions may actually have prolonged the war by hardening attitudes of many Americans. The anti‐war protesters failed to sway public opinion because of a variety of rhetorical factors. Some of these were under the control of the protesters, while others were inherent in their intended audience.
Factorial design in the determination of differential limen values

This paper discusses the application of the principles of factorial design to an experiment in psychology. For the purpose of illustrating the principles, a simple experiment was designed dealing with the determination of the differential limen values of subjects for weights increasing at constant rates. The factorial design was of the type: 4 rates × 7 weights × 2 sexes × 2 sights × 2 dates. The appropriate statistical analysis for this type of design is the analysis of variance. The mathematical formulation of the problem was specified and the appropriate solution for the specific problem was obtained. Greater precision results from this type of design, in comparison with the traditional psychological experiment dealing with a single factor, in that measures are obtained of the effect of each of a number of factors together with their interactions.
The absence of electrically demonstrable polarizing factors in Hydra.

Various investigators have shown that in the marine hydroids, Tubularia, Obelia, Eudendrium, and Pennaria, regeneration and polarity is affected by an electrical field applied parallel to the regenerate. Using electrical currents up to the physiological limits for Hydra, no relation between electrical current and regeneration rate or polarity could be demonstrated. This is in spite of the fact that adult Hydra are normally electrically polarized with the distal end approximately–18 mV relative to the proximal end of the animal. When the electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point of cells from distal, central and proximal thirds of Hydra were measured, a significant difference was found between cells of the two cell layers but not between cells of the three body thirds. These results are discussed in relation to Hydra growth factors described by various other authors.
On small world statistics

Thesmall-world problem revolves around the tracing of a line of acquaintances linking any two persons chosen at random. This paper discusses the statistical analysis of data arising out of two experimental studies of the small-world problem. The estimation of parameters in two previously proposed models is discussed, and the goodness-of-fit of these models is considered.
Loading a vapor-cell magneto-optic trap using light-induced atom desorption

Low-intensity white light was used to increase the loading rate of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms into a vapor-cell magneto-optic trap by inducing nonthermal desorption of Rb atoms from the stainless-steel walls of the vapor cell. An increased Rb partial pressure reached a new equilibrium value in fewer than 10 s after switching on the broadband light source. After the source was turned off, the partial pressure returned to its previous value in $1/e$ times as short as 10 s.
Virion packaging determinants and reverse transcription of SRP RNA in HIV-1 particles

Diverse retroviruses have been shown to package host SRP (7SL) RNA. However, little is known about the viral determinants of 7SL RNA packaging. Here we demonstrate that 7SL RNA is more selectively packaged into HIV-1 virions than are other abundant Pol-III-transcribed RNAs, including Y RNAs, 7SK RNA, U6 snRNA and cellular mRNAs. The majority of the virion-packaged 7SL RNAs were associated with the viral core structures and could be reverse-transcribed in HIV-1 virions and in virus-infected cells. Viral Pol proteins influenced tRNAlys,3 packaging but had little influence on virion packaging of 7SL RNA. The N-terminal basic region and the basic linker region of HIV-1 NCp7 were found to be important for efficient 7SL RNA packaging. Although Alu RNAs are derived from 7SL RNA and share the Alu RNA domain with 7SL RNA, the packaging of Alu RNAs was at least 50-fold less efficient than that of 7SL RNA. Thus, 7SL RNAs are selectively packaged into HIV-1 virions through mechanisms distinct from those for viral genomic RNA or primer tRNAlys,3. Virion packaging of both human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G and cellular 7SL RNA are mapped to the same regions in HIV-1 NC domain.
Police corruption and organizational structures: An ethicist's view

Structural explanations have provided those within the social sciences with a more penetrating look at the dynamic and interactional forces that bear upon human behavior. This has been especially disclosing in criminal justice where such an approach has quite dramatically shown that corrupt practices arise through the evolution of an infrastructure within police departments. By taking a radical departure from the current orthodoxy, this paper will argue that structural explanation has its place in a discussion of human behavior. When overextended, however, as it is in the present literature on police corruption, it reaches unsound theoretical conclusions that neglect the self and express a disdain for the personal which runs counter to ethical standards and considerations.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF AN INSECT EPIDERMAL GLAND

The sternal gland of primitive termites of the genus Zootermopsis (Z. nevadensis or Z. angusticollus) (Hagen) seems more organized than that of higher termites, in being comprised of three cell layers. It is also studded with about 200 campaniform sensilla. Below the meshwork cuticle of the gland lies a layer of columnar epithelial cells whose apical surfaces form a brush border, and whose basal surfaces are sculptured into a basketwork into which the second layer fits. Below the brush border are small microtubule-associated pits and coated vesicles. No channels can be seen either within or, except for the sensilla, between the cells. The second cell layer probably secretes the trail-following pheromone. Numerous electron-lucent droplets and large channels containing lipid micelles are found in the cytoplasm here, but the channels cannot be traced out of the secretory layer. The third layer consists of large pyriform cells. The campaniform sensilla are composed of three cells: the sensory cell proper whose dendrite carries a modified 9 + 0 sensory process, an accessory supporting cell that secretes an electron-opaque sheath, and an enveloping cell. At the cell borders of the sensillum, regions of septate and tight junction appear. There are also septate junctions between columnar cells and possibly tight junctions between columnar and secretory cells that would open an intracellular and molecular pathway to the endocuticle. The campaniform sensilla may be part of a feedback control system that determines the amount of pheromone deposited during trail laying.
Developmental origins of obesity: a sympathoadrenal perspective

Environmental exposures at crucial points in development permanently alter sympathoadrenal function in mammals. Both the sympathetic innervation of peripheral tissues and the responsiveness of sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla to standard stimuli are susceptible to modification by exposures in early life. Several conditions studied in the laboratory, including environmental temperature, litter size and maternal nutrition, in addition to affecting sympathoadrenal function also produce larger, fatter offspring, raising the possibility that developmental programming of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may contribute to acquisition of an obese phenotype. The specific changes noted in all three circumstances include evidence of an increase in sympathetic innervation in pancreas and retroperitoneal fat. By contrast, SNS development is impaired in experimental models of intrauterine growth retardation. Although the physiological implications of increased sympathetic innervation in pancreas and retroperitoneal fat are not fully understood, these changes seen in animals reared at cool temperatures, in small litters or by mothers fed refined carbohydrate diets likely reflect an early enhancement of the offspring's capacity to take up and store glucose. If so, the tendency of these animals to gain weight and accumulate fat may represent an adaptive response to 'over-nutrition' in early life.
Range of the Fractional Weak Discrepancy Function

In this paper we describe the range of values that can be taken by the fractional weak discrepancy of a poset and characterize semiorders in terms of these values. In [6], we defined the fractional weak discrepancy $wd_{F}(P)$ of a poset $P=(V,\prec)$ to be the minimum nonnegative $k$ for which there exists a function $f: V \to {\mbox{\bf{R}}}$ satisfying (1) if $a \prec b$ then $f(a) + 1 \le f(b)$ and (2) if $a \parallel b$ then $|f(a) \!-\! f(b) | \!\le\! k$ . This notion builds on previous work on weak discrepancy in [3, 7, 8]. We prove here that the range of values of the function $wd_{F}$ is the set of rational numbers that are either at least one or equal to $\frac{r}{r+1}$ for some nonnegative integer $r$ . Moreover, $P$ is a semiorder if and only if $wd_{F}(P) < 1$ , and the range taken over all semiorders is the set of such fractions $\frac{r}{r+1}$ .
A gas chromatographic method for the quantitative detemination of hexuronic acids in alginic acid

Abstract A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the relative proportions of d -mannuronic and l -guluronic acids in alginic acid. To obtain homogeneous reaction conditions the viscosity of the alginic acid sample was first decreased by limited hydrolysis with mineral acid. The carboxyl groups were then esterified by reaction with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-carbodiimide, and reduced with sodium borohydride. The resulting hexosans were converted by acid hydrolysis to d -mannose and an equilibrium mixture of l -gulose and 1,6-anhydro- l -gulose. These were treated with sodium borohydride; the 1,6-anhydro- l -gulose was not reduced whereas d -mannose and l -gulose were converted to d -mannitol and d -glucitol. The hexitols were estimated by gas-liquid chromatography as the n-butane boronic acid esters, and the relative proportions of the uronic acids in the alginic acid were calculated by taking into account the equilibrium ratio of l -gulose and 1,6-anhydro- l -gulose. The method can be used to analyze as little as 2 mg of alginic acid.
The alteration of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum function by N-acylethanolamine, a lipid associated with myocardial infarction

Abstract The ability of N-acylethanolamines (pharmacologically active lipid metabolites which accumulate in canine myocardium during experimentally induced infarctions) to alter Ca 2+ fluxes in a biological membrane system was studied using sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle. The effects of two N-acylethanolamines, the N-oleyl and N-lauryl derivatives, were compared to those of the lipophilic drugs, dibucaine and propranolol. The rate and extent of Ca 2+ sequestration, Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase activity and retention time of Ca 2+ by the vesicles were all stimulated at low concentrations of the four compounds studied and inhibited at higher concentrations. The stoichiometry between Ca 2+ -pumping rates and ATPase activity was partially “uncoupled” indicating that both the calcium pump and the membrane permeability were affected by the drugs. However, although all four compounds exhibited the same qualitative behavior, the effects of the two N-acylethanolamines were more pronounced than dibucaine and propranolol and occurred at much lower concentrations. These results suggest that the N-acylethanolamines may have important physiological effects in the myocardium and, at least at lower concentrations, stimulate myocardial contractility by increasing the rate of calcium flux across the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Parametric analysis of the liquid hydrogen and nitrogen bubble point pressure for cryogenic liquid acquisition devices

Abstract This paper presents the parametric investigation of the factors which govern screen channel liquid acquisition device bubble point pressure in a low pressure propellant tank. The five test parameters that were varied included the screen mesh, liquid cryogen, liquid temperature and pressure, and type of pressurant gas. Bubble point data was collected using three fine mesh 304 stainless steel screens in two different liquids (hydrogen and nitrogen), over a broad range of liquid temperatures and pressures in subcooled and saturated liquid states, using both a noncondensible (helium) and autogenous (hydrogen or nitrogen) gas pressurization scheme. Bubble point pressure scales linearly with surface tension, but does not scale inversely with the fineness of the mesh. Bubble point pressure increases proportional to the degree of subcooling. Higher bubble points are obtained using noncondensible pressurant gases over the condensable vapor. The bubble point model is refined using a temperature dependent pore diameter of the screen to account for screen shrinkage at reduced liquid temperatures and to account for relative differences in performance between the two pressurization schemes. The updated bubble point model can be used to accurately predict performance of LADs operating in future cryogenic propellant engines and cryogenic fuel depots.
Prolactin secretion after hypothalamic deafferentation in beef calves: response to haloperidol, α-methyl-ρ-tyrosine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and ovariectomy.

Abstract In ruminant species photoperiod regulates prolactin (PRL) secretion. It is hypothesized that the inhibition of PRL secretion resides in dopaminergic neurons of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). To test this hypothesis, anterior (AHD), posterior (PHD) and complete (CHD) hypothalamic deafferentation and sham operation control (SOC) surgeries were carried out during May (long-day photoperiod) in beef heifer calves (6–8 mo old) to measure basal PRL secretion and PRL secretion as affected by intravenous secretagogues. On the day of surgery (day 0), PRL secretion reflected stress of anesthesia and surgery in all groups. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), α-methyl-ρ-tyrosine (αMρT), and haloperidol (HAL) was iv injected on days 11, 13 and 15, respectively. AHD, PHD, CHD, and SOC calves responded to TRH (100 μg) with an acute increase in PRL that peaked within 20 min. All heifers responded to αMρT (10 mg/kg BW) with an acute elevation in PRL within 10 min and remaining elevated for 3 h. HAL (0.1 mg/kg BW) induced an acute increase in PRL secretion in all groups, peaking within 15–30 min. Seven months later (December, short-day photoperiod) these heifers were ovariectomized. Basal plasma PRL levels were seasonally low, PRL secretion in AHD, PHD and CHD animals abruptly increased within 15 min to iv injection of 100 μg TRH to a greater amount than seen in SOC heifers. Although a biphasic effect on PRL secretion entrains under long-day and short-day photoperiods, hypothalamic deafferentation in cattle did not affect the pituitary gland's responsiveness to secretagogues.
The refractive indices of alcohol, water, and their mixtures at high pressures.

The effect of pressure up to 1800 kg/cm2 on the refractive indices of ethyl alcohol, water, and five intermediate aqueous solutions of alcohol at 25°C, was measured for the Hg arc lines of wave-lengths 579, 546, 436, and 406 mμ. There is an approximate decrease of 0.6 to 1 percent in the Lorentz-Lorenz “constant,” 0.1 to 0.45 percent deviation in the Gladstone and Dale “constant,” and 0.2 to 0.6 percent deviation in the empirical Eykman formula. It is concluded that with none of these formulae can the compressions of the solutions be computed from the refractive-index measurements with any great accuracy.The specific refractions of Gladstone and Dale are found most suitable for a mixture formula which holds as well through the pressure range of 1500 atmos. as at atmospheric pressure.Compressions calculated from refraction formulae are found to be a linear function of the observed compressions of the solutions. An equation is given which reproduces with great precision the refractive indices of alcohol, water, and their mixtures; its logartihmic term is the same as that in the Tait equation for compressibilities, and the part containing the refractive indices involves the same function which appears in the formulae of Gladstone and Dale, Lorentz-Lorenz, etc.
The effects of cigarette smoking on learning and memory performance among people living with HIV/AIDS.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of smoking (past and current) on multiple domains of cognitive functioning in a sample of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). We hypothesized that among PLWHA, current smokers would demonstrate poorer cognitive functioning when compared to non-smokers, specifically in the cognitive domains of auditory-verbal learning and memory, visuospatial memory, overall cognitive efficiency, executive skills, processing speed, and working memory. Results suggest that in patients being treated for HIV infection, current smoking is negatively associated with learning, memory, and global cognitive functioning. There was also some evidence that cognitive deficits in learning associated with smoking were more pronounced among men compared to women. However, the cause of these effects is not at all clear. In multivariate models, the differences associated with smoking were non-significant when adjusting for education and hepatitis C virus infection. Therefore, smoking ma...
A search for solar neutrons during solar flares

The upper limit on the solar neutron flux from 1–20 MeV has been measured, by a neutron detector on the OGO-6 satellite, to be less than 5 × 10−2 n cm−2 s−1 at the 95% confidence level for several flares including two flares of importance 3B and a solar proton event of importance 3B. The measurements are consistent with the models proposed by Lingenfelter (1969) and by Lingenfelter and Ramaty (1967) for solar neutron production during solar flares. The implied upper limit on the flux of 2.2 MeV solar gamma rays is about the same as the 2.2 MeV flux observed by Chupp et al. (1973).
Polytomous versus Dichotomous Scoring on Multiple-Choice Examinations: Development of a Rubric for Rating Partial Credit

The concept of assigning partial credit on multiple-choice test items is considered for items from ACS Exams. Because the items on these exams, particularly the quantitative items, use common student errors to define incorrect answers, it is possible to assign partial credits to some of these incorrect responses. To do so, however, it becomes vital that instructors reach general agreement as to the level of partial credit. Using workshops with instructors, ACS Exams has identified reasons why partial credit could be assigned in an exam set of 70 test items. With partial-credit assignments thus established, polytomous scoring is applied and the effect of such scoring on the overall norm-referenced psychometrics is determined and described. While individual students move within the overall norm, the average influence of polytomous scoring as conceived by the workshops does not substantially change the ability to do norm-based comparisons.
Connecting Knowledge about Abortion and Sexual and Reproductive Health to Belief about Abortion Restrictions: Findings from an Online Survey

Abstract Background The objective of this research was to examine individuals' knowledge about abortion in the context of their knowledge about other sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues, including contraception, abortion, pregnancy, and birth. Methods During August 2012, we administered an online questionnaire to a randomly selected sample of 639 men and women of reproductive age (18–44 years) in the United States. Findings Respondents reported the highest levels of perceived knowledge about SRH in general (81%), followed by pregnancy and birth (53%), contraception (48%), and abortion (35%); knowledge of specific items within each of these areas paralleled this pattern. Respondents who believe that abortion should be allowed in at least some circumstances were more likely to be correct regarding the safety and consequences of contraception and abortion. Characteristics associated with higher levels of knowledge regarding abortion-related issues included having higher levels of knowledge about non–abortion-related SRH issues and having less restrictive abortion beliefs. Conclusions Women and men are not well-informed about the relative safety and consequences of SRH-related experiences. Many overestimate their knowledge, and personal beliefs about abortion restrictions may influence their knowledge about the safety and consequences of abortion and contraception. Providers of SRH services should provide comprehensive evidence-based information about the risks and consequences of SRH matters during consultations, particularly in the case of abortion providers serving women who hold more restrictive abortion beliefs.
Tri-level-cell phase change memory: toward an efficient and reliable memory system

There are several emerging memory technologies looming on the horizon to compensate the physical scaling challenges of DRAM. Phase change memory (PCM) is one such candidate proposed for being part of the main memory in computing systems. One salient feature of PCM is its multi-level-cell (MLC) property, which can be used to multiply the memory capacity at the cell level. However, due to the nature of PCM that the value written to the cell can drift over time, PCM is prone to a unique type of soft errors, posing a great challenge for their practical deployment. This paper first quantitatively studied the current art for MLC PCM in dealing with the resistance drift problem and showed that the previously proposed techniques such as scrubbing or error correction mechanisms have significant reliability challenges to overcome. We then propose tri-level-cell PCM and demonstrate its ability to achieving 105 x lower soft error rate than four-level-cell PCM and 1.33 x higher information density than single-level-cell PCM. According to our findings, the tri-level-cell PCM shows 36.4% performance improvement over the four-level-cell PCM while achieving the soft error rate of DRAM.
ANALYSING EXPORT INTENSITY OF THE SELECT ELECTRONICS FIRMS IN INDIA

The second half of the 1990s has witnessed almost three-fold increase in the exports of Indian electronics industry. The study proposes a model for analysing the export intensity of 164 electronics firms in India and tests the same empirically. The Tobit model is estimated using firm level panel data for the period 2000–2005 for the electronics industry in India. The results show that both size of the firm, foreign direct investment and capital employed have played an important role in boosting exports in this sector. The study has policy implications to improve the performance of the Indian Electronics sector in India and similar other countries.