cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulent structure during transition to self-similarity in a round jet

The developing turbulent region of a round jet was investigated using an improved implementation of digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The two-dimensional flow field in planes normal and parallel to the axial velocity was measured at locations between 15 and 30 diameters downstream, for two Reynolds numbers of 5500 and 16,000. The study consisted of instantaneous snapshots of the velocity and vorticity fields as well as measurements of velocity correlations up to third order. In this regime, the Reynolds number had a significant effect on both the instantaneous flow structure and the profiles of mean velocity across the jet. Coherent streamwise structures were present in the jet core for the lower Reynolds number. Additional structures whose evolution was governed by time scales two orders of magnitude larger than the convective scale inside the jet were observed in the entrainment field. The velocity correlations provided further support for the validity of DPIV turbulence measurements. The data was consistent with the equations of motion and momentum was conserved. DPIV measurements of turbulent kinetic energy components agreed with the hot-wire measurements of previous studies.
Semaphorin4A Is Cytotoxic to Oligodendrocytes and Is Elevated in Microglia and Multiple Sclerosis

We have previously established that T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 2 (Tim2) is an H-ferritin receptor on oligodendrocytes (OLs). Tim2 also binds Semaphorin4A (Sema4A). Sema4A is expressed by lymphocytes, and its role in immune activation is known; however, its relationship to diseases that are known to have myelin damage has not been studied. In this study, we demonstrate that Sema4A is cytotoxic to OLs in culture: an effect accompanied by process collapse, membrane blebbing, and phosphatidylserine inversion. We further demonstrate that Sema4A preferentially binds to primary OLs but not astrocytes: an observation consistent with the lack of expression of Tim2 on astrocytes. We found that Sema4A protein levels are increased within multiple sclerosis plaques compared with normal-appearing white matter and that Sema4A induces lactate dehydrogenase release in a human OL cell line. The chief cellular source of Sema4A within the multiple sclerosis plaques appears to be infiltrating lymphocytes and microglia. Macrophages are known to express Sema4A, so we interrogated microglia as a potential source of Sema4A in the brain. We found that rat primary microglia express Sema4A which increased after lipopolysaccharide activation. Because activated microglia accumulate iron, we determined whether iron status influenced Sema4A and found that iron chelation decreased Sema4A and iron loading increased Sema4A in activated microglia. Overall, our data implicate Sema4A in the destruction of OLs and reveal that its expression is sensitive to iron levels.
Genes controlling plant growth habit in Leymus (Triticeae): maize barren stalk1 (ba1), rice lax panicle, and wheat tiller inhibition (tin3) genes as possible candidates.

Leymus cinereus and L. triticoides are large caespitose and rhizomatous perennial grasses, respectively. Previous studies detected quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling rhizome spreading near the viviparous1 (vp1) gene markers on linkage groups LG3a and LG3b in two families, TTC1 and TTC2, derived from Leymus triticoides × Leymus cinereus hybrids. The wheat tiller inhibition gene (tin3) is located on Triticum monococcum chromosome 3 AmL near vp1. Triticeae group 3 is reportedly collinear with rice chromosome 1, which also contains the maize barren stalk1 and rice lax branching orthogene near vp1. However, previous studies lacked cross-species markers for comparative mapping and showed possible rearrangements of Leymus group 3 in wheat-Leymus racemosus chromosome addition lines. Here, we developed expressed sequence tag (EST) markers from Leymus tiller and rhizomes and mapped sequences aligned to rice chromosome 1. Thirty-eight of 44 informative markers detected loci on Leymus LG3a and LG3b that were collinear with homoeologous sequences on rice chromosome 1 and syntenous in homoeologous group 3 wheat-Leymus and wheat-Thinopyrum addition lines. A SCARECROW-like GRAS-family transcription factor candidate gene was identified in the Leymus EST library, which aligns to the Leymus chromosome group 3 growth habit QTL and a 324-kb rice chromosome 1 region thought to contain the wheat tin3 gene.
Suppression of Androgen Receptor Signaling and Prostate Specific Antigen Expression by (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Different Progression Stages of LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells

The green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), inhibits the development and progression of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice and in men. We examined the effects of EGCG on LNCaP human prostate cancer sublines 104-S, 104-R1 and R1Ad representing different progression stages of prostate cancer. EGCG suppressed cell proliferation, prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression, and AR transcriptional activity in the different LNCaP sublines. Intraperitoneal administration of EGCG also suppressed the growth of relapsing R1Ad tumors and decreased tumor-derived serum PSA. Effects of EGCG on tumor PSA expression have the potential to affect accurate monitoring of patient tumor burden by serum PSA measurements.
Molecular design, synthesis, and characterization of conjugated polymers for interfacing electronic biomedical devices with living tissue

Conjugated polymers are being considered for use at the interface between hard inorganic metallic and semiconducting electrodes and soft biological tissues. These organic materials have properties that are intermediate to these two extremes, and their chemistry, structure, and performance can be precisely manipulated over a large range. Examples of current interest included copolymers of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy-thiophene) and poly(3,4-propylene dioxythiophene). This paper will review past efforts, recent activities, and future possibilities in this rapidly expanding area of materials research and technology.
Tumor stroma as the main source of inhibin production in ovarian epithelial tumors.

PROBLEM Elevated serum inhibin levels have been found in ovarian cancer patients; however, the source of the elevated inhibin is uncertain. Previous studies of activin in human ovarian cancer suggest that activin may promote the growth of the tumor. The aims of this study were to examine the source of elevated inhibin from ovarian epithelial tumors (OETs) and to preliminarily investigate the role of the gonadotropin-inhibin/activin relationship in the development of OET. METHOD OF STUDY The protein and mRNA expression of alpha and betaA subunits of inhibin/activin were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 120 OETs, including 30 benign cystadenomas, 30 borderline tumors, and 60 carcinomas. Stromal and epithelial cells were microdissected from 23 OETs to further examine the expression of alpha and betaA subunits by RT-PCR. Dimeric inhibin A and activin A production were measured by using the two-site ELISA from three OET cell lines in culture under treatment of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). RESULTS betaA subunit was expressed in the epithelial component of 100% of the cystadenomas, in 80% of borderline tumors, and in 75% of the carcinomas, but not in tumor stroma. Inhibin alpha expression was not found in the epithelium of all OETs studied, but focal inhibin alpha immunoreactivity was seen in the tumor stroma (mainly luteinized stromal cells) in the majority of cases. Dimeric activin A was produced by all of the three OET cell lines with a 1.5-1.9-fold increment after FSH stimulation. However, activin A production was not augmented by LH treatment. No inhibin A was produced by the three OET cell lines with or without gonadotropin stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The stroma of OET is the major source in the production of inhibin alpha (monomer). Dimeric inhibin A production may be the result of combined efforts of the tumor stroma (alpha subunit) and epithelium (betaA subunit). Cellular, compartmental expression of inhibin and activin subunits may play a role in the development of OET, although the mechanism remains undefined. The unopposed activin A production stimulated by FSH in OET cell lines suggests that activin production may represent one of the cellular mechanisms of growth promotion by FSH.
Program-Wide Positive Behavior Supports: Essential Features and Implications for Head Start

One of the ongoing challenges all educators face, often on a daily basis, is problem behavior. Compounding this challenge is the need to significantly alter these behavioral patterns among at-risk students early in their development to prevent correlated poor life outcomes such as academic failure and school dropout, mental health issues, or incarceration. Among early childhood educators, the need for prevention and early intervention is well established. Work to date in altering problem behavior patterns is promising; however, the challenge of implementing effective practices with high fidelity across large educational systems remains problematic. Recent work within the K–12 education system focusing on building comprehensive systems of behavioral support targeting prevention, early intervention, and individualized proactive strategies known as School-Wide Positive Behavior Supports (SWPBS) has demonstrated that educators can improve social behavior outcomes among children and youth within school setting...
Distributed Aperture Imaging with Multiple Transmitters in Complex Environments

We present a new image reconstruction method for distributed apertures operating in complex environments with additive non-stationary noise. Our method is capable of exploiting information that we might have about: multipath scattering in the environment; statistics of the objects to be imaged; statistics of the additive non-stationary noise. The aperture elements are distributed spatially in an arbitrary fashion, and can be several hundred wavelengths apart. Furthermore, our method facilitates multiple transmit apertures which operate simultaneously, and is thus capable of handling a true multi-transmit-multi-receive scenario. We derive a set of basis functions which is adapted to the given operating environment and sensor distribution. By selecting an appropriate subset of these basis functions we obtain a sub-space reconstruction which is optimal in the sense of obtaining the minimum-mean-square-error for the reconstructed image. Furthermore, as this subspace determines which details will be visible in the reconstructed image, it provides a tool for evaluating the sensor locations against the objects that we would like to see in the image. The implementation of our reconstruction takes the form of a filter bank which is applied to the pulse-echo measurements. This processing can be performed independently on the measurements obtained from each receiving element. Our approach is therefore well suited for parallel implementation, and can be performed in a distributed manner in order to reduce the required communication bandwidth between each receiver and the location where the results are merged into the final image. We present numerical simulations which illustrate capabilities of our method.
On the Evolution of the Southern Oscillation

Abstract The evolution of the Southern Oscillation (SO) is examined in the time domain by computing lagged cross correlations between sea level pressures at Darwin and sea level or surface pressures at selected stations. Also, in the Northern Hemisphere, the historical and U.S. Navy sea level pressure analyses are used. All monthly time series are low-pass filtered to retain periodicities greater than 20 months in order to highlight the interannual fluctuations which are primarily associated with the SO. A detailed analysis of the post-1941 period results in plotted maps of the phase (lead or lag) and magnitude of the maximum cross correlations with Darwin, in a manner analogous to a broadband coherence and phase spectrum. The relationships within the SO are further examined, where possible, back to 1882 using time series of running decadal cross covariances. The dominant pattern reveals the two poles of the traditional standing oscillation or seesaw of the SO, with centers of opposite sign over Indonesia...
The Katrina Fund: Repairing Breaches in Gulf Coast Insurance Levees

This Article proposes the Katrina Homeowners Compensation Fund, a policy solution to the residential property crisis following Hurricane Katrina. In the wake of massive property damage, a heated legal battle has emerged on the issue of whether homeowners property insurance covers damage resulting from flooding due to the breaking of levees. This Article examines recently filed class action lawsuits and various congressional proposals, concluding that both current judicial and legislative remedies are inadequate in providing immediate, full relief to homeowners in devastated areas. The Article then proposes the Katrina Homeowners Compensation Fund, modeled after the September 11th Fund, which would constitute a federal bailout program to compensate uninsured and under-insured homeowners. It concludes that this Fund best serves the immediate needs of those affected by Katrina while preserving the integrity of the insurance market.
Why increasing availability of ART is not enough: a rapid, community-based study on how HIV-related stigma impacts engagement to care in rural South Africa

Stigma is a known barrier to HIV testing and care. Because access to antiretroviral therapy reduces overt illness and mortality, some scholars theorized that HIV-related stigma would decrease as treatment availability increased. However, the association between ART accessibility and stigma has not been as straightforward as originally predicted. We conducted a “situational analysis”—a rapid, community-based qualitative assessment to inform a combination HIV prevention program in high prevalence communities. In the context of this community-based research, we conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 684 individuals in four low-resource sub-districts in North West Province, South Africa. In addition to using this data to inform programming, we examined the impact of stigma on the uptake of services. Findings suggested that anticipated stigma remains a barrier to care. Although participants reported less enacted stigma, or hostility toward people living with HIV, they also felt that HIV remains synonymous with promiscuity and infidelity. Participants described community members taking steps to avoid being identified as HIV-positive, including avoiding healthcare facilities entirely, using traditional healers, or paying for private doctors. Such behaviors led to delays in testing and accessing care, and problems adhering to medications, especially for men and youth with no other health condition that could plausibly account for their utilization of medical services. We conclude that providing access to ART alone will not end HIV-related stigma. Instead, individuals will remain hesitant to seek care as long as they fear that doing so will lead to prejudice and discrimination. It is critical to combat this trend by increasing cultural acceptance of being seropositive, integrating HIV care into general primary care and normalizing men and youths’ accessing health care.
Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites via Placing Monodisperse Ferroelectric Nanocrystals in Direct and Permanent Contact with Ferroelectric Polymers

Organic–inorganic nanocomposites composed of polymers and nanoparticles offer a vast design space of potential material properties, depending heavily on the properties of these two constituents and their spatial arrangement. The ability to place polymers in direct contact with functional nanoparticles via strong bonding, that is, stable chemical interaction without the dissociation of surface capping polymers, provides a means of preventing nanoparticles from aggregation and increasing their dispersibility in nanocomposites, and promises opportunities to explore new properties and construction of miniaturized devices. However, this is still a challenging issue and has not yet been largely explored. Here, we report an unconventional strategy to create in situ organic–inorganic nanocomposites comprising monodisperse ferroelectric nanoparticles directly and permanently tethered with ferroelectric polymers by capitalizing on rationally designed amphiphilic star-like diblock copolymer as nanoreactors. The diam...
Pore pressure monitoring of surficial coastal sediments on wave-resolving scale with outlook on liquefaction risk prediction at offshore wind and marine hydrokinetic energy converters

Offshore and ocean renewable energy gain increasingly in importance with the global race to explore and exploit new green energy options. They also represent a novel way to bring energy independence and reliability to remote places which are off the grid and currently depend on fossil fuel generators. Yakutat, Alaska, is one of the currently investigated sites with regard to the harvesting of wave energy. However, many offshore and ocean renewable energy projects are still facing a number of different challenges. One of these challenges can be the sediment specific pore pressure response to wave action, structure vibration and earthquake shaking, which governs the risk for higher sediment erodibility and liquefaction. In this study a set of two pressure sensors complemented by an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and an underwater camera were tested to investigate pore pressure evolution on wave- and tide-resolving scale in the lower intertidal zone of Cannon Beach, Yakutat, Alaska. The following observations were made. Groundwater dynamics were noticeable at a sediment depth of 20 cm before and during the passing of the swash zone. Wave characteristics of the surf and swash zone were reflected and deviations between the signals recorded at the different sediment depths noticed. Wave damping of the surf with increasing sediment depth was observed, as well as single pore pressure peaks which were often associated with wave irregularity. Sustaining of pore pressure and incomplete pore pressure relief in wave troughs was noticed and increased with wave irregularity. The results led to the development of a concept of a novel pore pressure lance with options for complementary instruments such as a commercial Cone Penetration Test (CPT) tip and/or an ADCP that would contribute to the understanding of pore pressure evolution at beaches and in the vicinity of coastal structures, and especially, near offshore and ocean renewable energy converters in coastal areas and the nearshore zone.
Who Owns What? Private Ownership and the Public Interest in Recombinant DNA Technology in the 1970s

ABSTRACT This essay analyzes how academic institutions, government agencies, and the nascent biotech industry contested the legal ownership of recombinant DNA technology in the name of the public interest. It reconstructs the way a small but influential group of government officials and university research administrators introduced a new framework for the commercialization of academic research in the context of a national debate over scientific research's contributions to American economic prosperity and public health. They claimed that private ownership of inventions arising from public support would provide a powerful means to liberate biomedical discoveries for public benefit. This articulation of the causal link between private ownership and the public interest, it is argued, justified a new set of expectations about the use of research results arising from government or public support, in which commercialization became a new public obligation for academic researchers. By highlighting the broader econ...
Effects on Red Blood Cell Labeling Protocols due to USP 797 revisions.

2738 Objectives Effective October 1, 2014 the state of Florida recognized the revisions that United States Pharmacopeia (USP) applied to USP Chapter 797 on June 1, 2008, restricting the amount of extractions from a sealed source.These revisions which are mandated at an individual state level,can directly affect nuclear medicine technologist’s protocols when conducting studies involving red blood cell labeling. The purpose of this study is to explore how the revisions of USP 797 affect the in-vitro red blood cell labeling method. Methods The current proposed standards restrict the number of penetrations into a sealed vile to only two. In red blood cell labeling, the in-vitro method requires the technologist to pierce the tagging vial five times and is therefore considered a medium-risk compounding sterile preparation (CSP).The revisions to USP 797, restricts the use of the in-vitro RBC labeling method unless the nuclear medicine department establishes an ISO Class 5 clean room for its preparation. The alternative method is in-vivo RBC labeling. A comparative analysis of the two methods was performed to evaluate tagging efficiency and its effect on image quality. Results In a study of 72 patients having a cardiac blood pool study, activity not bound to RBC for in-vivo was between 4.7-99.2% versus in-vitro of 1.3-8.7%. In the in-vivo study the images were of good quality in 35% of the patients, while the in-vitro study produced good quality images in 100% of the patients. The accepted tagging efficiency of in-vivo labeling ranges between 60-90%, while in-vitro labeling has a 98% tagging efficiency. Conclusions Although RBC labeling can be achieved without the use of in-vitro tagging method, the overall quality of the study is affected with alternative methods.The revisions of USP 797, eliminates the ability of a technologist to perform the in-vitro procedure without an ISO Class 5 clean room and can by quite expensive. Devoid of significant changes to protocols, the quality of images in RBC labeling studies will be diminished, potentially compromising patient diagnosis.
Movement disorders in patients treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotic drugs

The frequencies of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders documented by physicians and identified by researchers using standardized clinical rating scales were compared, as were the frequencies associated with use of fluphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanoate. All outpatients at a Veterans Affairs medical center who were being maintained with intramuscular injections of fluphenazine decanoate or haloperidol decanoate and were in otherwise good health were studied. The patients were assessed by a pharmacist using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale to evaluate the presence and severity of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and the Simpson-Angus EPS Rating Scale to evaluate the presence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). The patients' medical records for the previous two years were reviewed to determine whether a movement disorder had been documented, whether the patient's informed consent for antipsychotic drug use had been obtained, and to collect other data about the patient and his or her drug therapy. A total of 50 patients were evaluated. A neurologic examination by a physician had been documented in the chart within six months before clinical testing for 36 patients; abnormal movements had been found in 8 patients. Twenty-one subjects met the study criteria for probable TD or EPS or both. Of these patients, only six had been identified within the previous six months as having a movement disorder. Two patients with medical-record documentation of a movement disorder were not so identified by their test scores. Informed consent had been obtained from only 10 patients. Patients receiving haloperidol decanoate had a higher frequency of EPS but were also receiving higher drug dosages than patients given fluphenazine decanoate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Erythropoietin: a complex with different in vivo and in vitro activities.

Abstract Erythropoietin preparations exhibiting the same activity in the exhypoxic polycythemic mouse assay, which quantitates new red cell formation, differ from each other in their ability to stimulate heme synthesis and glucosamine incorporation in bone marrow cells in culture. This suggests that erythropoietin action may result from the separate stimulation by different factors of specific processes of erythroid differentiation.
Transmural myocardial flow distribution during hypothermia. Effects of coronary inflow restriction.

Hypothermic coronary perfusion and blood cardioplegia have been used clinically to minimize intraoperative myocardial damage. However, pressure-flow characteristics in regions supplied by inflow-limiting collateral coronary arteries have not been investigated during hypothermic conditions. In this study tracer microspheres determined transmural myocardial blood flow distribution during cardiopulmonary bypass in normothermic empty, beating dog hearts (EBH), during hypothermic sanguineous perfusion at 15° C (HP), and after hemodilution of cooled (15° C) hearts to a hematocrit value of 20 vol% (HDL). Animals in Group I (N = 8) had normal hearts. Group II dogs (N = 9) had one region supplied predominantly by narrow collateral vessels (CR) and another nourished by normal coronary arteries (NR). Retrograde circumflex pressures were measured continuously for Group II as an additional index of CR perfusion. Flow characteristics in Group I hearts were always similar to the NR of Group II dogs. With HP, endocardial blood flow in the NR decreased from approximately 0.80 to 0.50 ml/min/gm. Subsequently, following HDL this flow increased to approximately 1.70 ml/min/gm, or over twice control levels. In comparison, flow to CR endocardium decreased even more during HP (0.12 ml/min/gm). Even though control flow levels were reestablished in CR endocardium by adding HDL, an unfavorable endocardial/epicardial ratio persisted. With both HP and HDL, retrograde circumflex pressure never changed from EBH values. These data suggest that a significant endocardial flow defect exists during periods of hypothermic sanguineous perfusion and may become more prevalent in regions subserved by inflow-limiting coronary vessels. Similar flow maldistributions may occur in patients if blood-containing cardioplegic solutions are used and during systemic hypothermia. Significant hemodilution helps minimize these imbalances and permits salutary effects of hypothermia to be delivered more evenly across the ventricular wall.
Plasma IgG pool is not defended from urinary loss in nephrotic syndrome

In the nephrotic syndrome, the plasma level of some proteins of hepatic origin is partially defended by an increase in their synthetic rate. The plasma levels of several liver-derived proteins, as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) are increased in one condition where plasma albumin concentration and oncotic pressure (II) are reduced, i.e., hereditary analbuminemia. To determine whether the urinary loss of IgG, a protein derived from the immune system, is compensated for by an increased synthetic rate, we measured IgG synthesis in normal Sprague-Dawley rats (SD); two models of the nephrotic syndrome: Heymann nephritis (HN) and Adriamycin treatment; and in Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR), a model of decreased II without urinary protein loss. Plasma IgG and total IgG mass were significantly reduced in both HN and Adriamycin, yet IgG synthesis was nearly identical in HN, Adriamycin, and SD. In contrast, plasma and total IgG and IgG synthesis were all markedly increased in NAR. We derived a pathogen-free colony of NAR by Caesarean section and found that plasma IgG was not increased in pathogen-free NAR, despite reduced II. Thus, unlike proteins of hepatic origin (e.g., albumin) where synthesis increases following urinary loss, no compensatory increase in IgG synthesis occurs. Increased plasma IgG as well as IgG synthesis in the NAR is not a compensatory response to the absence of albumin or reduction in II, but rather is due to subclinical infection. Profound hypogammaglobulinemia of nephrotic syndrome occurs in part because no compensatory synthetic mechanisms balance urinary loss, and alteration in plasma II does not modulate IgG synthesis.
The Reliability and Validity of the Dating Abuse Perpetration Acts Scale in an Urban, Emergency Department-Based Sample of Male and Female Youth.

Adolescent dating abuse (ADA) is an important public health problem, but existing measurement instruments have limitations. This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Dating Abuse Perpetration Acts Scale (DAPAS), a medium-length instrument (24 items) designed for use with adolescents aged 16 to 21 years. In Phase 1, 466 adolescent pediatric emergency department patients who reported perpetrating at least one act of physical ADA in the last year completed the DAPAS. In the second phase, 33 patients completed the DAPAS; two previously established dating violence measures, the Safe Dates Perpetration Act Scale and the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2); and a measure of violence, the Self-Report of Offending (SRO). Categorical confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a one-factor model of ADA perpetration best fit the data. Validity analyses showed moderate to high correlations between the DAPAS and both the Safe Dates measure and the CTS2 (r = .70 and .59) scores, and a small to moderate...
Concentration Dependence of Yb, Ho Upconversion Energy Transfer in KYF4

Concentration dependences of Yb3+ to Ho3+ and Ho3+ to Yb3+ energy transfer were investigated in Yb, Ho codoped KYF4. Discussions are presented on the optimization of Yb3+ and Ho3+ concentrations for the potential use of Yb, Ho codoped KYF4 as an upconversion green laser.
A Portrait of the Human Organelle Proteome In Space and Time during Cytomegalovirus Infection

The organelles within a eukaryotic host are manipulated by viruses to support successful virus replication and spread of infection, yet the global impact of viral infection on host organelles is poorly understood. Integrating microscopy, subcellular fractionation, mass spectrometry, and functional analyses, we conducted a cell-wide study of organelles in primary fibroblasts throughout the time course of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. We used label-free and isobaric-labeling proteomics to characterize nearly 4,000 host and 100 viral proteins, then classified their specific subcellular locations over time using machine learning. We observed a global reorganization of proteins across the secretory pathway, plasma membrane, and mitochondria, including reorganization and processing of lysosomal proteins into distinct subpopulations and translocations of individual proteins between organelles at specific time points. We also demonstrate that MYO18A, an unconventional myosin that translocates from the plasma membrane to the viral assembly complex, is necessary for efficient HCMV replication. This study provides a comprehensive resource for understanding host and virus biology during HCMV pathogenesis.
Haptic tele-surgery simulation

In the last decades, with the rapid development of electronic and computer technologies, advanced medical equipment has been introduced to facilitate medical diagnosis and treatment. Yet, medical education and training approaches have not benefited much from these developments. As the kinds of surgical operations increase, specialized procedures become more and more sophisticated. Thus, the medical specialists have to be well-trained before they perform surgery on real human beings. The purpose of this research is to develop a collaborative haptic simulation architecture for tracheotomy surgery and its training program. In this simulation, there will be two scenarios. In the first, two doctors operate collaboratively from different locations. In the second scenario, the trainer coaches the trainee on how to perform the surgery successfully in a tele-mentoring manner.
Free-Operant Field Experiences: Differentially Reinforcing Successive Approximations to Behavior Analysis through a ShaperSpace.

Over the past few years an increasing number of schools and community organizations have developed transformative learning spaces referred to as ΓC£MakerSpacesΓC¥ for research and training purposes. MakerSpaces are organizations in which members sharing similar interests in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) gather to work on self-selected projects. Proponents of MakerSpaces highlight the implicit benefits arising from participantsΓCO increased engagement with complex technical content in a voluntary, authentic context. We extend the MakerSpace concept to applications of training special education teachers to address the needs of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has vast empirical support for treating ASD. We believe the MakerSpace model provides a platform for developing a new generation of special education teachers. However, rather than making novel products, the focus is on shaping the behavior-analytic repertoires of special education teachers. In the field of ABA, the term ΓC£shapingΓC¥ describes the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior. Accordingly, we propose the name ShaperSpace to describe a novel clinical training approach to developing special education teachers who employ research-validated interventions for individuals with ASD. The supervision model described in this article is provided, not as a recommendation, but as an exemplar that has developed over four yearsΓCO contingency shaping and continues to be refined. We appeal to the reader to consider the ShaperSpace as a starting point from which skills developed through free-operant field experiences will ultimately be shaped and selected by the naturally occurring contingencies of the environment.
Making the Most of Simplified Sleep Apnea Testing

Evidence has been lacking to compare the performance of laboratory-based and home-based testing for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with low pretest probability for it or in selecting the...
Developmental morphology of granular skin glands in pre-metamorphic egg-eating poison frogs

Parents in many taxa, including insects, molluscs, fish, snakes, and amphibians provision chemical defences, such as peptides, steroids, or alkaloids to their offspring to reduce the risk of predation. In most cases, those defences are transferred to offspring in the egg and gradually diminish throughout the larval period. Adult poison frogs sequester alkaloid-based defences from arthropod prey in granular skin glands. In at least one poison frog, Oophaga pumilio, mother frogs intermittently feed tadpoles until metamorphosis with nutritive eggs containing those alkaloid-based defences. However, alkaloids are not detected in tadpoles until they reach the middle stages of larval development. Here, we investigate the histology of a developmental series of O. pumilio tadpoles to determine whether their ontogenetic alkaloid profile coincides with granular gland development. Our findings suggest that alkaloid sequestration in tadpoles is delineated by the differentiation of rudimentary granular skin glands in epithelial tissue. The timing of differentiation of granular glands in this species coincides with other anurans. Thus, provisioning of chemical defences to offspring is likely constrained by developmental timing of derived structures that can effectively store those toxic or noxious compounds.
Adaptive quantum/molecular mechanics: what have we learned, where are we, and where do we go from here?

Adaptive quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) methods feature on-the-fly reclassification of atoms as QM or MM during a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, allowing the location and contents of the QM subsystem to be dynamically updated as needed. Such flexibility is a distinct advantage over conventional QM/MM, where a ‘static’ boundary is retained between the QM and MM subsystems. The ‘dynamic’ boundary in adaptive QM/MM allows a finite-size QM to sustain simulations with an arbitrary length of time. To ensure smooth transitions between QM and MM, the energy or forces are interpolated. Special treatments are applied so that artifacts are eliminated or minimized. Recent developments have shed light on the relationship between the adaptive algorithms that describe Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian systems. Originally developed to model an ion solvated in bulk solvent, adaptive QM/MM has been enhanced in many aspects, including the treatment of molecular fragments in macromolecules, monitoring molecules entering/leaving binding sites, and tracking proton transfer via the Grotthuss mechanism. Because the size of the QM region can be set as small as possible in adaptive QM/MM, the computational costs can be kept low. Small QM subsystems also facilitate the utilization of high-level QM theory and long simulation time, which can potentially lead to new insights. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1310. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1310 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Remembering what you said: Semantic personalized memory for personal digital assistants

Personal digital assistants are designed to assist users in easy information retrieval or execute the tasks they are interested in. The conversational medium implies an additional level of intelligence but typically these systems do not support any reference to the user's past interactions. We propose a domain-agnostic approach that enables the system to address queries referring to the past by using an information retrieval approach to rank various entities for a given query. We also add semantic enrichment to the recall process by augmenting the entities with information from a knowledge graph and leverage that in the retrieval process. We mined user interactions for the Cortana digital assistant to extract queries with location and business entities and show that our technique can achieve an accuracy of 89.8% for such recall queries.
A contemporary bicruciate total knee arthroplasty

Abstract Bicruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty dates back to the 1970s. The polycentric knee and the duocondylar spared the cruciate ligaments but led to early failures and loss of fixation. Designing surgeons excised the cruciates in order to facilitate the surgical procedure and improve the clinical results. Ultimately, the posterior cruciate sparing and substituting designs dominated the market. Most total knees are now anterior cruciate ligament deficient and 15–20% of patients are not satisfied with their surgical result. Bicruciate sparing total knee arthroplasties are now returning to the market and may afford improved results and satisfaction.
Longitudinal study of short‐term corticosteroid use by working‐age adults with diabetes mellitus: Risks and mitigating factors

Background This study assessed the frequency of short-term oral corticosteroid use in adults with diabetes, examined the incidence of fractures, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and hospitalization for sepsis after corticosteroid use, and evaluated whether preventative medications mitigated adverse events. Methods A longitudinal study (2012–14) was conducted of 1 548 945 adults (aged 18–64 years) who received healthcare coverage through a large national health insurer. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using conditional Poisson regression. Results Short-term oral corticosteroids were used by 23.9%, 20.8%, and 20.9% of adults with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and no diabetes, respectively, during the 3-year period (P < 0.001). Baseline risks of fracture, VTE, and sepsis were greater for individuals with than without diabetes (P < 0.001). The combined effect of having diabetes and using corticosteroids was greater than the sum of the individual effects (synergy indices of 1.17, 1.23, 1.30 for fracture, VTE, and sepsis, respectively). The IRR for VTE in the 5–30 days after corticosteroid use was 3.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.41–5.45). Fractures increased in the 5–30 days after corticosteroid use (IRR 2.06; 95% CI 1.52, 2.80), but concomitant use of ergocalciferol mitigated this risk (IRR 1.13; 95% CI 0.12, 11.07). The risk of hospitalization for sepsis was elevated with corticosteroid use (IRR 3.79; 95% CI 2.05, 7.01), but was mitigated by the concomitant use of statins. Conclusions Short-term oral corticosteroid use is common in adults with diabetes and is associated with an elevated, but low, risk of adverse events. The findings suggest that preventative medications may mitigate risk.
Byzantine Posthumanism: Autopoiesis, Sympoiesis, and Making Kin in the Gardens of Romance

Through an analysis of the Byzantine Achilleid, this chapter demonstrates that, although the Byzantine romances are often defined by the violence and patriarchal control exemplified by the hero-hunter Achilles, the enclosed gardens wherein the heroines of romance reside nevertheless depict a posthuman world in which humans, animals, and anthropogenic landscapes thrive in peaceful co-existence. Ecocritical readings of the medieval Greek romance, therefore, can also critique current environmental practice, modeling how Byzantine studies can become a discipline more aware of how its discourses are used in contemporary political and cultural discourses both within and beyond the academy, and how the practice of ethical cultural and literary studies—of which ecocriticism is a part—can be relevant to both scholarly and political debates.
A brief history of the computer chess tournaments: 1970–1975

At the time of writing this chapter (March 1976), ten major computer chess tournaments have been held, six in the United States (1970–1975) sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), one in Sweden (1974) sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), two in Canada (1974 and 1975) and one in Germany (1975). These unique events have attracted worldwide attention (and sometimes amused interest) from the chess-playing public and from specialists in computer science and artificial intelligence. These tournaments have also been an arena for many formal and informal discussions among the leading chess programmers in the world and therefore have been a vital stimulus for research and development. Several of the authors in this volume (Harris, Newborn, and Slate and Atkin) have been regular participants in these events.
Use of drug-eluting stents in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: The primary aim of the analysis was to compare outcomes by stent type for death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and stent thrombosis in randomized tr...
Using the loop chain abstraction to schedule across loops in existing code

Exposing opportunities for parallelisation while explicitly managing data locality is the primary challenge to porting and optimising computational science simulation codes to improve performance. ...
Lupeol induces FAS-mediated apoptotic death of androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in athymic nude mouse model

4290 In prostate cancer (CaP) a fine balance between cell proliferation and apoptotic death is lost resulting in increased cellular mass and tumor progression. One approach to redress this imbalance and control this malignancy is its preventive intervention through use of dietary natural agents. Lupeol, a triterpene, is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and recently we have shown that it is an effective anti-tumor promoting agent in mouse skin tumor model (Saleem et al, Oncogene, 23: 5203-5214, 2004,). Here, we investigated the growth-inhibitory effect and associated mechanisms of Lupeol in androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Lupeol (5-30 μM) treatment resulted in significant inhibition of cell viability at 48 and 72 h post treatment in a time and dose dependent manner. Flow cytometric and immunoblot studies revealed that Lupeol mediated cell death was due to apoptosis. Lupeol was found to induce the cleavage of PARP protein and degradation of Acinus protein with no change in Bcl2, Bax and Caspase 7 protein expression suggesting involvement of a mitochondria-independent apoptotic pathway. In Lupeol treated cells, an increase in the expression of FADD protein was observed. Since FADD acts as an adapter protein for many death inducing signaling molecules such as TNFR-1, APO-3, DR-5, and FAS receptor proteins, we determined their expression levels to establish Lupeol specificity. Lupeol caused a significant increase in the expression of FAS receptor protein with no change in the protein expression of TRADD and TNFR-1, APO-3 and DR-5 receptors. In addition, no significant change in the expression of cell death-inducing receptor ligands such as FAS-L, APO-3L and TRAIL was observed. In parallel experiments, treatment of cells with a combination of a Fas-agonist and Lupeol resulted in an increased cell death as compared to the additive effect of the two compounds alone, suggesting a synergistic effect. A possible explanation for this observation could be that Lupeol might be directly activating FAS protein. Next, we determined whether Lupeol could inhibit the CaP cell tumor growth in an athymic nude mouse xenografts model. The mice were implanted with androgen-dependent CWR22Rν1 cells and received an i.p. injection of Lupeol (1 mg/animal) three times a week. A significant reduction in tumor growth was observed in Lupeol treated mice as compared with untreated control. Taken together, these molecular alterations provide an insight into Lupeol-caused growth inhibition and apoptotic death of human CaP cells. Because early clinical CaP growth is an androgen-dependent response, the results of the present study employing androgen-dependent LNCaP cells suggest that Lupeol has promise and potential to be an effective agent against CaP.
Long-lasting gradient activation of referents during spoken language processing

Abstract During speech processing, listeners must map a fundamentally continuous acoustic signal onto discrete symbols, such as words. A current debate concerns the time-course over which sub-phonemic (i.e., gradient) acoustic information continues to influence symbolic (i.e., linguistic) interpretation, which can provide evidence regarding the level of representation at which gradient information is maintained. In a visual-world paradigm experiment, participants indicated whether a spoken sentence matched a display while eye-gaze was monitored. Participants heard an acoustically ambiguous stimulus (a pronoun referring to either a male or female referent in the display), which was not disambiguated until later in the discourse. The acoustic properties of the pronouns and length of the ambiguous period were varied while responses and eye-movements to the discourse-relevant items were recorded, providing a measure of whether gradient referential uncertainty is maintained over time. Fixation patterns during the ambiguous period and latencies to fixate the target at the end of the trial varied linearly with the acoustics of the earlier pronoun, indicating that gradient information can be maintained over intervening periods of 35 syllables. These results provide strong evidence that gradient uncertainty is maintained at the level of referent representations.
Mechanism of the Manolikakes Enamide-Based Domino Reaction for the Stereospecific Construction of Tetrahydropyrans.

The mechanism and stereoselectivity of the BF3-catalyzed, enamide-based domino reaction developed by Manolikakes et al. for tetrahydropyran synthesis have been studied using density functional theo...
Reversal of severe vergence anomaly associated with convergence insufficiency

Central disruption of fusion refers to a subject's inability to fuse images, resulting in constant diplopia. Severely reduced vergences, or vergence anomalies, producing markedly decreased fusional amplitudes resembling fusional disruption have not been reported previously with convergence insufficiency. We report 3 patients with severe vergence anomalies in the setting of convergence insufficiency.
Elucidating Secondary Metal Cation Effects on Nickel Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

Secondary metal cations, such as alkali and transition metal ions, have been shown to enhance the catalytic performance of nickel and palladium olefin polymerization catalysts. Their beneficial eff...