cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A brief history of stereoscopy

We focus on a timeline for stereoscopic visualization. The timeline can be conceived as three distinct eras. The first era was characterized by the full understanding of stereoscopic vision and the development of the stereoscope technology for viewing three dimensional images. The first era was greatly enabled by the simultaneous development of photographic technologies. The second era was characterized by the development of polarized light and anaglyph stereo technology and was mainly manifested with a dramatic outpouring of motion pictures. The third era, the digital era, was developed in connection with virtual reality and scientific data visualization. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:334–340. doi: 10.1002/wics.1264 Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Beliefs of Indiana public school policymakers on the role of the school in education about sexuality: its responsibility, its quality, its direction.

(1983). Beliefs of Indiana Public School Policymakers on the Role of the School in Education about Sexuality: Its Responsibility, Its Quality, Its Direction. Health Education: Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 4-7.
Western Interstate Water Compacts

The negotiation and ratification of major compacts by the states involved and the subsequent consent by the United States include inherent problems of great similarity when the prime purpose of the compact is to arrive at an equitable apportionment of water among the states. These problems involve the interests of the states, persons, and other entities claiming through the states, and the interests of the federal government and those who now, or who may in the future, claim through the federal government. The states' interests, generally catalogued, are (1) the protection of rights, obtained through state laws, to the consumptive or non-consumptive use of water, and (2) recognition of the privilege or right of the states to grant additional rights in the future with the assurance that, if within amounts recognized by subsisting compacts, they will be valid against the other states and the United States. The second presents a challenging legal problem to states that choose the compact route to settle their major differences in the water use field.
Reducing division latency with reciprocal caches

Floating-point division is generally regarded as a high latency operation in typical floating-point applications. Many techniques exist for increasing division performance, often at the cost of increasing either chip area, cycle time, or both. This paper presents two methods for reducing the latency of division. Using applications from the SPECfp92 and NAS benchmark suites, these methods are evaluated to determine their effects on overall system performance. The notion of recurring computation is presented, and it is shown how recurring division can be exploited using an additional, dedicated division cache. For multiplication-based division algorithms, reciprocal caches can be utilized to store recurring reciprocals. Results show that reciprocal caches can achieve nearly a two-times speedup in division performance for reasonable cache sizes.
The latitude and epoch for the formation of the southern Greek constellations

L'objectif de cet article est de produire une analyse realiste, approfondie et moderne sur la datation et la latitude des constellations du sud de la Grece, objet traditionnel de controverses entre les historiens. Un recapitulatif des theses permet d'obtenir un panorama objectif et un debut d'explication.
Bacterioplankton in Antarctic Ocean Waters During Late Austral Winter: Abundance, Frequency of Dividing Cells, and Estimates of Production

Bacterioplankton productivity in Antarctic waters of the eastern South Pacific Ocean and Drake Passage was estimated by direct counts and frequency of dividing cells (FDC). Total bacterioplankton assemblages were enumerated by epifluorescent microscopy. The experimentally determined relationship between in situ FDC and the potential instantaneous growth rate constant (μ) is best described by the regression equation ln μ = 0.081 FDC − 3.73. In the eastern South Pacific Ocean, bacterioplankton abundance (2 × 105 to 3.5 × 105 cells per ml) and FDC (11%) were highest at the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence). North of the Subantarctic Front, abundance and FDC were between 1 × 105 to 2 × 105 cells per ml and 3 to 5%, respectively, and were vertically homogeneous to a depth of 600 m. In Drake Passage, abundance (10 × 105 cells per ml) and FDC (16%) were highest in waters south of the Polar Front and near the sea ice. Subantarctic waters in Drake Passage contained 4 × 105 cells per ml with 4 to 5% FDC. Instantaneous growth rate constants ranged between 0.029 and 0.088 h−1. Using estimates of potential μ and measured standing stocks, we estimated productivity to range from 0.62 μg of C per liter · day in the eastern South Pacific Ocean to 17.1 μg of C per liter · day in the Drake Passage near the sea ice.
5-Hydroxytryptamine mediates endothelium dependent coronary vasodilatation in the isolated rat heart by the release of nitric oxide.

Study objective – The aim was to investigate further the endothelium dependent vasodilator action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the rat coronary circulation. Design – Using saponin to damage the endothelium and L-NMMA (NG -monomethyl-L-arginine), the selective inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, we examined the role of endothelium and nitric oxide in causing 5-HT induced vasodilatation in the isolated rat heart. Experimental material – 56 rat hearts were excised and perfused on a Langendorff preparation. Measurements and main results – 5-HT at (10−9 to 10−5 M) and glyceryl trinitrate at (10−5 to 10−3 M) (n = 24) induced a dose dependent increase in coronary flow. Chemical removal of the endothelium by exposure to saponin (30 μg-ml−1) (n = 8) abolished the 5-HT induced vasodilatation but had no effect on the response to glyceryl trinitrate. Pretreatment of rats (n = 8) with L-NMMA (100 mg·kg"1) unmasked a strong vasoconstrictor effect of 5-HT but did not affect the glyceryl trinitrate induced vasodilatation. Perfusion of L-NMMA pretreated hearts with L-arginine at 10−4 M (n = 8) restored the vasodilatation induced by 5-HT but L-arginine perfusion had no effect on the extent of 5-HT or glyceryl trinitrate induced vasodilatation in normal hearts (n = 8). Conclusions – In the coronary circulation of the isolated rat heart, 5-HT mediates its vasodilator effect via endothelium dependent release of nitric oxide.
Efficient User Controlled Inter-Domain SIP Mobility Authentication, Registration, and Call Routing

Over the past decade, multimedia services have gained significant acceptance and played an important role in the convergence of IP networks. The proliferation of mobile devices and the nomadic user and computing lifestyles on current networks make mobility support a crucial ingredient of current IP-based multimedia systems. The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) presents one approach towards supporting IP mobility. Additionally, SIP is increasingly gaining in popularity as the next generation multimedia signaling and session establishment protocol, and the SIP infrastructure is anticipated to be extensively deployed all over the Internet. We have lately proposed an approach to inter-domain SIP mobility which we call H-SIP. H-SIP is a user-controlled mobility scheme that improves personal and terminal mobility. H-SIP uses persistent identifiers and leverages the traditional SIP architecture to abstract any domain binding from users. This paper expands on our previous work and experimentally proves the efficiency of H-SIP in achieving inter-domain authentication and call routing through modeling and real-time measurements.
Justifying Gifted Education: A Critique of Needs Claims and a Proposal

References to needs, special needs, counseling needs, differential educational needs, and the like are common in gifted education publications. These phrases may be the primary or only justification for counseling practices and special education services for the gifted. This essay critically examines the features and assumptions of needs claims, one type of justification for special services for the gifted, and argues that they rest on unstated theories and unavowed moral values, define a paternalistic relationship between teachers and gifted students, and, most significantly, encourage the impression that gifted students deserve things that other students do not. Proposals for more adequate forms of justification that make explicit and defend the moral, theoretical, and empirical bases of advocacy claims are offered.
Ethnic Nationalism: Politics, Ideology, and the World Order

The twentieth century has taught us to respect the power and durability of ethnic differences, that is, divisions among populations according to language, religion, culture, national origin, even appearance. Researchers have catalogued an enormous amount of ethnic conflict among the world’s nearly 200 states to such an extent that ethnic antagonism, ethnic violence, and ethnic mobilization may comprise the one common ground shared by the world’s diverse population of independent countries.
Bark Beetle Pheromones

KINZER et al.1 have recently reported the identification and synthesis of the bicyclic compound, frontalin. We wish to question the validity of some of their conclusions in the light of earlier work by this group at the Boyce Thompson Institute and Battelle Memorial Institute.
Deriving Performance Bounds for Conditional Asynchronous Circuits Using Linear Programing

This paper presents accurate performance bounds for conditional asynchronous circuits which demonstrate mode-based behavior. Analyzing the performance of these circuits is challenging as the critical paths cannot be identified without knowing the exact sequence of modes of operations which is generally unknown during design time. We used Markov chain processes to model mode switching and unique choice Petri nets to model performance. We adopt a performance analysis scheme based on decomposing the behavior of the Petri net into marked graph components to reason about performance. The bounds are derived using linear programming based on the probability matrix of the Markov chain and can be incorporated in performance-aware optimization of conditional asynchronous circuits. To evaluate the accuracy of the bounds, the theory is applied to a new set of benchmark circuits that includes randomly generated conditional circuits (ISCAS89a) and an industrially-inspired example.
Foreign and Domestic Policy Belief Structures in the U.S. and British Publics

Scholars have made little progress in exploring the degree to which research on belief structures among Americans may be generalizable to other political systems and geopolitical contexts. The dist...
Inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter improves behavioral flexibility in rats and monkeys

Rationale Poor cognitive control, including reversal learning deficits, has been reported in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, in stimulant-dependent humans, and in animal models of these disorders; these conditions have each been associated with abnormal catecholaminergic function within the prefrontal cortex.
Power Storage and Conversion from an Ocean Microbial Energy Source

Long term microbial energy is readily available in the ocean, both in sediment and the water column. Making this energy accessible in a useful way for modern electronics requires efficient power conversion and significant bulk energy storage. This paper describes methods based on both direct DC-DC conversion and bulk storage in capacitor banks before conversion.
What is the role of regulatory T cells in transplantation tolerance

There has been considerable recent progress in the characterization of the regulatory T cells that mediate tolerance in a number of transplantation models. The conditions that facilitate the generation of regulatory T cells point to the thymus, the nature of immune suppression and the dose of immunosuppressive agent(s) being important. Putative mechanisms of immune regulation by regulatory T cells, particularly in the 'infectious' tolerance pathway, include Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta) that may play a direct role as an indispensable requirement or may contribute indirectly as a favorable milieu for acquisition of tolerance. Anergic T cells may suppress immune responses via either cytokine competition or antigen-presenting cells. Models of autoimmune disease, in which regulatory T cells were shown to represent a distinct thymus-derived T cell subset, also suggest the role of antigen-presenting cells in mediating immune suppression. Progress has also been made in generating and characterizing regulatory T cells in vitro.
Radiative Mean Lifetimes of Levels in K II and Rb II

Beam-foil spectra of K II and Rb II were obtained at 600-keV bombarding energy. The lines identified in the spectrum of K II and the measured lifetimes of four $4p$ levels, three $4{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ levels, and one $5s$ level of the ion are presented and compared with other experimental results. The first experimental results on the lifetimes of three $5p$ levels, one $5{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ level, and two $5d$ levels of Rb II and the lines identified in the beam-foil spectrum of the ion are given.
The melanocyte differentiation program predisposes to metastasis after neoplastic transformation

The aggressive clinical behavior of melanoma suggests that the developmental origins of melanocytes in the neural crest might be relevant to their metastatic propensity. Here we show that primary human melanocytes, transformed using a specific set of introduced genes, form melanomas that frequently metastasize to multiple secondary sites, whereas human fibroblasts and epithelial cells transformed using an identical set of genes generate primary tumors that rarely do so. Notably, these melanomas have a metastasis spectrum similar to that observed in humans with melanoma. These observations indicate that part of the metastatic proclivity of melanoma is attributable to lineage-specific factors expressed in melanocytes and not in other cell types analyzed. Analysis of microarray data from human nevi shows that the expression pattern of Slug, a master regulator of neural crest cell specification and migration, correlates with those of other genes that are important for neural crest cell migrations during development. Moreover, Slug is required for the metastasis of the transformed melanoma cells. These findings indicate that melanocyte-specific factors present before neoplastic transformation can have a pivotal role in governing melanoma progression.
Discrete Element Modeling to Predict the Modulus of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

The microfabric discrete element modeling (MDEM) approach is used herein to predict the asphalt mixture complex modulus in extension/compression across a range of test temperatures and load frequencies. The method allows various constitutive models to be employed to describe particle and interface properties, such as normal and shear stiffness and strength. An uncalibrated two-dimensional (2-D) model was developed, and complex modulus predictions were compared to theoretical bounds on moduli. As expected, the uncalibrated 2-D model underestimates the significant stiffening effects of the coarse aggregate skeletal structure and predictions are found to be near the lower theoretical bounds, well below experimentally determined moduli. A technique was developed to calibrate the MDEM model to experimental results by dilating aggregates to create additional aggregate contact, which is believed to be more representative of the actual three-dimensional behavior. This method is shown to provide better modulus estimates across a range of test temperatures and load frequencies compared to more traditional calibration methods. As future modeling efforts are extended to three dimensions, the degree of model calibration required should be greatly reduced.
A Greener Chemiluminescence Demonstration.

Because they are dramatic and intriguing, chemiluminescence demonstrations have been used for decades to stimulate interest in chemistry. One of the most intense chemiluminescent reactions is the oxidation of diaryl oxalate diesters with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a fluorescer. In typical lecture demonstrations, the commercially available oxalate diesters, bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO) or bis(2,4-nitrophenyl)oxalate (DNPO), are used. These compounds are dissolved in volatile, nonbiodegradable, and toxic organic solvents. The products of the chemiluminescent reaction are carbon dioxide and either 2,4,6-trichlorophenol or 2,4-dinitrophenol, both of which are aquatic and terrestrial toxins. To avoid these toxic pollution sources, we have designed an impressive chemiluminescent reaction employing divanillyl oxalate, 1.0 M NaOH, hydrogen peroxide, a fluorescer (e.g., perylene), and triacetin as solvent. The products of this “greener” chemiluminescent reaction are carbon dioxide and vanilli...
Quantile lower bounds to reliability based on locally optimal splits.

Extending the theory of lower bounds to reliability based on splits given by Guttman (in Psychometrika 53, 63–70, 1945), this paper introduces quantile lower bound coefficients λ 4(Q) that refer to cumulative proportions of potential locally optimal “split-half” coefficients that are below a particular point Q in the distribution of split-halves based on different partitions of variables into two sets. Interesting quantile values are Q=0.05,0.50,0.95,1.00 with λ 4(0.05)≤λ 4(0.50)≤λ 4(0.95)≤λ 4(1.0). Only the global optimum λ 4(1.0), Guttman’s maximal λ 4, has previously been considered to be interesting, but in small samples it substantially overestimates population reliability ρ. The three coefficients λ 4(0.05), λ 4(0.50), and λ 4(0.95) provide new lower bounds to reliability. The smallest, λ 4(0.05), provides the most protection against capitalizing on chance associations, and thus overestimation, λ 4(0.50) is the median of these coefficients, while λ 4(0.95) tends to overestimate reliability, but also exhibits less bias than previous estimators. Computational theory, algorithm, and publicly available code based in R are provided to compute these coefficients. Simulation studies evaluate the performance of these coefficients and compare them to coefficient alpha and the greatest lower bound under several population reliability structures.
Identification of B/macrophage progenitors in adult bone marrow

Current models of adult hematopoiesis propose that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) differentiate into common myeloid- and lymphoid-committed precursors and that this establishes an early separation between the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. However, the description of rare, and previously unidentified, B/macrophage progenitors in postnatal bone marrow is not consistent with this model. Hypotheses to explain and reconcile their existence are discussed with particular emphasis on the possibility that fetal B/macrophage progenitors, whose development is well accepted, may persist into adult life. The existence of a normally occurring adult B/macrophage progenitor has implications for understanding the origin of tumors with B cell and myeloid characteristics.
SINGLE-PARTICLE REPRESENTATIONS OF CURRENT ALGEBRAS

The requirement that matrix elements of current commutators are saturated by single-particle intermediate states leads to kinematical restrictions on the allowed momenta of these states. For the $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ algebra the momentum must be zero, while for the chiral $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ algebra it must be infinite. In this single-particle limit it is shown that the chiral algebra is equivalent to the collinear $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ subalgebra of $\mathrm{SU}(6)$, and so a relation between the $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ and chiral algebras is established.
The splanchnic autonomic outflow in shy‐drager syndrome and idiopathic orthostatic hypotension

Since splanchnic outflow is important in the maintenance of postural normotension in man, we performed a quantitative analysis of preganglionic autonomic neuron cell bodies of the seventh thoracic spinal cord segment and their corresponding axons in 2 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) and 1 with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (IOH) and compared these values to control data. The intermediolateral column (ILC) neuron cell body counts were reduced to 17% of control levels in SDS and 52% of control levels in IOH. The B fiber counts in the corresponding ventral spinal root were reduced to 21% and 41% in SDS and IOH, respectively. From the present study and our previous results of ILC counts with age, we infer that orthostatic hypotension does not develop until half or more of the preganglionic autonomic neurons have degenerated. An additional finding in SDS is that there is involvement beyond autonomic neurons.
Doppler Echocardiography: Application to the Assessment of Successful Thrombolysis of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis

Prosthetic valve thrombosis remains a significant problem despite anticoagulation therapy and advances in valve design. Thrombolytic therapy offers an alternative approach to valve replacement in patients with high surgical risk. In this article we discuss three cases in which Doppler echocardiography was used to confirm the diagnosis of prosthetic mitral valve obstruction and serially monitor the response of valvular hemodynamic measurements to thrombolysis with intravenous streptokinase. These cases illustrate how the Doppler technique, in addition to allowing the noninvasive diagnosis of prosthetic valve obstruction, is presently the ideal tool to follow serially the effect of thrombolytic therapy on prosthetic valve function.
Study of the structure of troponin-C by measuring the relative reactivities of lysines with acetic anhydride.

Abstract The structure of troponin-C † has been studied by measuring the relative reactivity of lysines with acetic anhydride using a competitive labeling method. Troponin-C was acetylated free and complexed with troponin-I and -T in the native state with [3H]acetic anhydride and combined with [14C]troponin-C that had been acetylated in 6 m -guanidine · HCl. Peptides containing labeled lysines were isolated following chymotryptic and tryptic digestion and identified in the published sequence. The 3 H 14 C ratio of these peptides was used as a measure of relative accessibility of the lysines. Troponin-C contains 9 lysine residues. In free troponin-C Lys20 was the least reactive and Lys153 was the most reactive; the remaining 7 had intermediate reactivities. Lys52 was more reactive in the presence of 10−5 m -Ca2+ than in 0.2 m m -EGTA (+2 m m -MgCl2). When troponin-C was labeled in the native troponin complex, Lys20 and 153 were the least and most reactive, respectively. Peptides containing Lys52, (84, 88, 90) and (136, 140) were reduced in reactivity relative to Lys37 and 153, suggesting that these regions are involved in binding to the other troponin components. The reactivities of Lys37 and (136, 140) were influenced by the calcium ion concentration. A similar pattern of reactivities was seen when troponin-C was complexed with troponin-I and complex formation with troponin-T resulted in reduced reactivity of Lys52 and (84, 88, 90). The results are related to structural studies of troponin-C and to the predicted three-dimensional structure based on carp parvalbumin.
Multiperipheral model suggestion of a damped oscillatory component in high energy total cross sections

Abstract We use a simplified multiperipheral model to illustrate the possibility of complex Regge poles that contribute damped oscillations to the total cross section. The model suggests a relation between the period of the oscillations and the rate of growth of average multiplicity with energy.
Balancing Family Life: How Adult Children Link Elder-Care Responsibility to Service Utilization

The purpose of this article is to examine the links among adult children's perceived responsibil ity to care for elderly family members, otherfamily needs, and their use offormal services. Care givers in 15 families providing assistance to a parent or parent-in-law were interviewed about their responsibilities to their relatives and their reasons for using or not using community ser vices to help with caregiving. The results indicated that perceived responsibility included responsibility both to the parent and to other family members. Reasons for using services included both care recipient considerations as well as caregivers' personal and marital con cerns. Respondent families sought assistance from formal services in order to balance parental safety needs with caregiver needs for personal and marital fulfillment. When caregivers experi enced physical or emotional limitations, they hired help. Implications for practitioners provid ing services to caregiving families are discussed
Autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in man. II. Histamine-induced suppression of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by T-cell subsets defined with monoclonal antibodies

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separted into T and non-T cells by E-rosette formation. The influence of histamine (10−8−10−3 M) on the proliferative response of T cells in autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) was studied. Pretreatment of responder T cells but not of stimulator non-T cells with histamine for 24 hr resulted in a markedly diminished proliferative response in both autologous and allogeneic MLC. A minimum of 4 hr of incubation of T cells with histamine was required to inhibit autologous MLC. Furthermore, T cells pretreated with histamine followed by mitomycin C treatment, when cocultured with fresh autologous T cells, suppressed their proliferative response in both autologous and allogeneic MLC. Analysis with OKT4 and OKT8 monoclonal antibodies revealed that histamine-induced suppressor T cells were contained in OKT 8 + -cell subset. Hitamine-treated OKT 4 + cells had no suppressive effect on the proliferative responses of autologous T cells. Supernatants of T cells cultured with histamine for 24 hr also suppressed both autologous and allogeneic MLC responses of fresh T cells, suggesting that the suppression could be mediated by a soluble suppressor factor(s). Experiments with H1 and H2 agonists and antagonists indicated that histamine-induced activation of suppressor T cells and the production of a soluble suppressor factor(s) were mediated through histamine type 2 receptors.
Searching Hard-Copy (Paper) vs. Electronic (CRT) Documents: Role of Experience, Amount of Text Displayed, and Book Metaphor

This study examined possible sources of differences in searching for information in hard copy (paper) reference books and electronic versions of the same document with powerful search tools. Two hypotheses were advanced—the amount of text displayed to the user at any one point in time and the book metaphor. To test this hypothesis, 30 users were asked to perform several search tasks utilizing each of three document modes (Hard Copy, Electronic Scrolling, Electronic Page Flipping) over three sessions under one of two page length (Short, Long) conditions. Results indicated that there were no differences in search time as a function of document mode; however, the two computer modes were preferred over hard copy. Results were interpreted in terms of user computer experience and the difficulty in using the hard copy documentation when the amount of index and text information displayed to the user is controlled.
Using Galaxy-P to leverage RNA-Seq for the discovery of novel protein variations

Current practice in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is to identify peptides by comparison of experimental mass spectra with theoretical mass spectra derived from a reference protein database; however, this strategy necessarily fails to detect peptide and protein sequences that are absent from the database. We and others have recently shown that customized proteomic databases derived from RNA-Seq data can be employed for MS-searching to both improve MS analysis and identify novel peptides. While this general strategy constitutes a significant advance for the discovery of novel protein variations, it has not been readily transferable to other laboratories due to the need for many specialized software tools. To address this problem, we have implemented readily accessible, modifiable, and extensible workflows within Galaxy-P, short for Galaxy for Proteomics, a web-based bioinformatic extension of the Galaxy framework for the analysis of multi-omics (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics) data. We present three bioinformatic workflows that allow the user to upload raw RNA sequencing reads and convert the data into high-quality customized proteomic databases suitable for MS searching. We show the utility of these workflows on human and mouse samples, identifying 544 peptides containing single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs) and 187 peptides corresponding to unannotated splice junction peptides, correlating protein and transcript expression levels, and providing the option to incorporate transcript abundance measures within the MS database search process (reduced databases, incorporation of transcript abundance for protein identification score calculations, etc.). Using RNA-Seq data to enhance MS analysis is a promising strategy to discover novel peptides specific to a sample and, more generally, to improve proteomics results. The main bottleneck for widespread adoption of this strategy has been the lack of easily used and modifiable computational tools. We provide a solution to this problem by introducing a set of workflows within the Galaxy-P framework that converts raw RNA-Seq data into customized proteomic databases.
Evaluating the role of waivers in systemic school reform

Abstract This study explored the efficacy of using waivers to deregulate and improve public education in FL. FL gave its 67 school districts the legislative authority to seek exemption from state statutes, rules, and regulations. The goal was to encourage districts to implement innovative approaches to schooling, with the hope that teaching would improve and student achievement would increase. To this end, the waiver application requires that schools specify the relationship between goals, planned activities, and statewide student performance standards, and describe the methods used for evaluation. However, a content analysis of waiver requests forms from sampled districts revealed that the collection of waiver-related data from the districts is not systematic, and new approaches to schooling resulting from waivers are not monitored with a structured evaluation process. It is argued here that the waiver process can facilitate school reform by assuring adequate planning and evaluation. When in properly implemented the waiver process becomes a bureaucratic hurdle that could well deter meaningful reform. It is concluded from this study that a need exists for state policies and procedures that assure the use of comprehensive evaluation practices approximating models such as Stufflebeam’s CIPP model and that of the Joint Committee on Standards for Education Evaluation.
Preparative liquid chromatography.

The status of the theory and the main methods of implementation of preparative liquid chromatography are reviewed. On the theory front, the focus has recently shifted. The theory of non-linear, non-ideal chromatography has given rise to numerous models whose advantages, disadvantages and ranges of application are now well understood. Interest now resides in investigating the equilibrium thermodynamics of complex new systems, in the study of the kinetics of mass transfers in conventional chromatographic systems, and in the application of the various models of chromatography to optimize the experimental conditions. Progress in computer technology allows the use of sophisticated models, provided their parameters can be measured. This allows the detailed investigation of separations for which the mass transfer kinetics is slow such as chiral separations, the purification of basic compounds, and the extraction of recombinant proteins. On the applied front, in addition to numerous incremental improvements in reliability and economic performance, a few essential new features should be noted, i.e. the availability of instruments for simulated moving bed separations at the scale needed for preparative chiral separations, the use of expanded beds for the extraction of recombinant proteins from fermentation broths, and the attention given to improvements in the performance of packed beds. A survey of the literature dealing with practical applications and recent meetings shows that preparative chromatography is becoming a well established separation and purification method in the pharmaceutical industry.
RECOGNITION AND REJECTION OF SIKH IDENTITY IN FILM

Enlarging on Benedict Anderson's idea that print capitalism bound a nation together this paper argues that films, like memoirs, novels and oral histories are also valid historic and public documents that aid in nation formation. In focusing on two commercial films – ‘Amu’ and ‘Khamosh Pani’ – made by women and with women protagonists – we explore how religious identity and gender are deeply embroiled in Indian history and nation building. Religious affiliations and rejections are explored against the backdrop of three critical historical moments – the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan, the 1984 anti-Sikh pogrom and Zia-ul Haq's Islamization of Pakistan in the late 1970s. The underlying message of the films is that unless we know and understand our history we will be forever condemned to relive it. In these two films the protagonists challenge the religious identities thrust upon them viz – Sikhism and Islam and although both protagonists recognize their religious affiliations and the sway it holds over...
Competing cell clones in myeloproliferative neoplasm

To the editor: Patients with classic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) share a risk of transformation from a chronic phase (CP) to blast phase (BP; ie, acute myeloid leukemia, AML). Interestingly, JAK2V617F mutation detectable in most patients in CP can become undetectable upon transformation to
Biphasic action of ethanol

Abstract Physiological, behavioral, and biochemical evidence demonstrating the excitatory and depressant effects of ethanol in man and experimental animals is reviewed. An excitatory action is noted on exposure of an organism to low doses of ethanol. Thus stimulatory effects of ethanol on motor activity, various behaviors, EEG activation, and gastric acid secretion are well documented. A stimulatory effect of ethanol is also noted as a delayed response (after 7–18 hr) with large doses of ethanol. Examples here include seizure susceptibility, some neurotransmitter mechanisms (norepinephrine, acetylcholine), and sensitivity to pain. It is likely that differences in dosage and of the time of observation after ethanol treatment have contributed to some extent to the variability of results reported in the literature. Some implications and possible mechanisms for the biphasic actions of ethanol are discussed.
The sum-product algorithm on simple graphs

This article summarizes work in progress on theoretical analysis of the sum-product algorithm. Two families of graphs with quite different characteristics are studied: graphs in which all checks have degree two and graphs with a single cycle. Each family has a relatively simple structure that allows for precise mathematical results about the convergence of the sum-product algorithm.
The fine structure of bone in the nasal turbinates of young pigs

The three types of bone cells in the nasal turbinates had characteristic ultrastructural features. Osteoblasts were located in areas of new bone formation and had abundant endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi apparatuses, numerous vesicles, and cytoplasmic processes that penetrated the adjacent osteoid. Osteocytes had variable ultrastructural characteristics. The predominant cell filled the lacuna, had few organelles, smooth plasma membranes, and was interpreted to be a mature resting osteocyte. Some osteocytes appeared to be transitional between osteoblasts and mature osteocytes. Evidence of matrix formation was seen near osteocytes with well developed organelles, whereas osteocytes with swollen mitochondria, dense bodies and irregular plasma membranes appeared to be involved with resorption of bone. Multinucleated osteo-clasts contained numerous mitochondria and had crystals or unmineralized collagen fibrils between folds and within vacuoles of the cytoplasmic projections forming the brush border.
Characterization of maternal influence on teratogenicity: an assessment of developmental toxicity studies for the herbicide cyanazine.

The contribution of maternal toxicity to the teratogenic effects of the herbicide cyanazine has been assessed to determine whether it may be a hazard to development. Eye defects such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia were observed in rat fetuses and pups. Maternal toxicity was determined from body weight data and clinical signs. Two approaches were used. First, the timing of maternal toxicity was correlated with the specific period of gestation during which the observed fetal defect was most likely to have occurred. Second, individual dams, as well as mean values for each group, were evaluated. The data at the individual level, i.e., in dams with affected litters, did not support conclusions based on the group means. Instead, it is suggested that the developmental effects were not a direct result of maternal toxicity of cyanazine. Data from a rabbit developmental toxicity study supported the findings from the Fischer 344 rat studies. The strategy employed may thus enable direct toxicity to the fetus to be distinguished from developmental toxicity arising as a secondary consequence of maternal toxicity.
Modulation of the current signatures of DNA abasic site adducts in the α-hemolysin ion channel.

Electrical current signatures of DNA adducts were investigated during immobilization of strands inside the membrane-bound α-hemolysin ion channel. The current blockages produced by these adducts were found to depend on both size and shape, providing insights into the DNA–protein interactions and the size limitation of bulky adducts to be translocated.
Studies of hydrophobic bonding in aqueous alcohols: Enthalpy measurements and model calculations

The coefficients which measure the contribution of a pair of solute molecules to the excess enthalpy have been measured in water at 25°C for all pairs of alcohols which can be formed from the series methyl to n-butyl plus t-butyl as well as for ethanol with some of the higher alcohols and with the n-alkyl sulfonates through octyl. The methylene-group contribution to these coefficients is readily identifiable in suitable cases. These data and the corresponding free-energy and volume coefficients, where they are known, are analyzed in terms of amodel which specifies the core repulsion and solvation-layer overlap terms in the potential for the interaction of two solute molecules. The latter term has an adjustable parameter, the so-called Gurney free-energy parameter which is adjusted for each solute pair to fit the free-energy data. Its temperature and pressure derivatives are adjusted to fit the enthalpy and volume data, respectively. These parameters are compared with the corresponding thermodynamic coefficients of solvation as far as possible.
Criteria of external sustainability

Abstract This paper examines the problem of assessing external sustainability, that is, determining whether present paths of external imbalance can continue indefinitely, conditional on present policies being maintained. The main contribution of the analysis is to show how conditional forecasts of external imbalance may be generated in a consistent way that explicitly incorporates a mechanism for achieving sustainability. An index of external unsustainability is derived that reflects the probability of future changes in policy expected by private agents over time.
One-dimensional chains in sodium tetraphenylphosphonium bis(2-mercapto-4-methylphenolato-O,S)oxovanadate(IV)

The title compound, Na(C24H20P)[V(C7H6OS)2O], contains oxovanadium(IV) in a square-pyramidal coordination geometry with a basal plane consisting of a cis-S2O2 donor group. The [VO(mmp)2]2− (mmpH2 = 2-mercapto-4-methyl­phenol) units are linked into infinite chains by the sodium ions.
Higher diffusion in striatum and lower fractional anisotropy in white matter of methamphetamine users

Methamphetamine (METH) users showed structural and chemical abnormalities on magnetic resonance (MRI) studies, particularly in the frontal and basal ganglia brain regions. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may provide further insights regarding the microstructural changes in METH users. We investigated diffusion tensor measures in frontal white matter and basal ganglia of 30 adult METH users and 30 control subjects using a 3 T MR scanner. Compared with healthy control subjects, METH users showed lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in right frontal white matter, and higher apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in left caudate and bilateral putamen. Higher left putamen ADC was associated with earlier initiation of METH use, greater daily amounts, and a higher cumulative lifetime dose. Similarly, higher right putamen ADC was associated with greater daily amounts and a higher cumulative lifetime dose. The lower FA in the right frontal white matter suggests axonal injury in these METH users. The higher ADC in the basal ganglia suggests greater inflammation or less myelination in these brain regions of those with younger age of first METH use and greater METH usage.
Varieties of priming

Recent data from brain-damaged and normal subjects converge to suggest several characteristics of repetition priming: firstly, it is sensitive to the physical and structural properties of input; secondly, it is unaffected by semantic processing at encoding; thirdly, it is frequently preserved in amnesic patients with impaired explicit memory; fourthly, it depends upon perceptual representations processed and stored by modality-specific cortical memory systems; and, finally, it is subject to constraints particular to the task employed and the type of information that is primed.
Effects of temperature, hypoxia and activity on the metabolism of juvenile Atlantic cod

Standard metabolic rate (SMR), active metabolic rate (AMR) and critical oxygen saturation (Scrit) were measured in Atlantic codGadus morhuaat 5, 10 and 15)C. The SMR was 35·5, 57·0 and 78·2 mg O2 kg "1 h "1 and Scrit was 16·5, 23·2 and 30·3%, at 5, 10 and 15)C, respectively. Previously reported SMR for Atlantic cod from arctic waters at 4)C was twice that measured at 5)C in the present study. A possible intraspecific latitudinal diVerence in the SMR is discussed. The AMR was 146·6, 197·9 and 200·4 mg O2 kg "1 h "1 and the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was 1·6, 1·7 and 1·9 at 5, 10 and 15)C, respectively. The maximum oxygen consumption was found to be associated with exercise, rather than recovery from exercise as previously reported in another study of cod metabolism. ? 1997 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Isopycnal mixing and the distribution of particles across the North Pacific Subtropical Front

Vertical profiles of salinity S and beam attenuation coefficient c were obtained from the research platform R.P. Flip as it drifted across the North Pacific Subtropical Front (NPSF) during the Optical Dynamics Experiment (ODEX) in the autumn of 1982. Near-surface waters north of the NPSF have lower S and generally higher values of c compared with waters to the south. An anomaly in c is used to show that mixing and interleaving of S and c between these water masses extends to a depth of about 200 m. This activity results in the production of fine structure in S and c on vertical scales from a few meters to tens of meters. Isopycnal time series of S and c often are highly correlated on a 2 day time scale, which corresponds to spatial scales of order 10--30 km. High correlation is most frequently observed below the 1% light level and is consistent with conservative scalar-like behavior of c. The observed correlation indicates that isopycnal mixing and advection processes are important in controlling particle distributions, and thus c, in the vicinity of the NPSF.
Dynamics of the permeation of nematodes by water, nematocides and other substances

Abstract The kinetics of the permeation of five species of nematodes by a variety of substances has been studied. The results demonstrate that these animals are in a dynamic equilibrium with their aqueous environment and the substances in it. A general mathematical formulation for the permeation process has been established that allows for the calculation of equilibrium constants and the specific rates of entrance and exit of substances into and from nematodes. Whereas water, ethylene dibromide, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane are readily taken up and released by the nemas, glucose, sodium acetate, and glycine are not. This selectivity is lost when the animals are killed. Mixed experiments prove that ethylene dibromide does not alter the permeation characteristics of the nemas. The significance of these results in relation to the mode of action of nematocides and the general biology of the nematodes is discussed.
Measurement of Flow Pattern Within a Rotating Stall Cell in an Axial Compressor

Effective active control of rotating stall in axial compressors requires detailed understanding of flow instabilities associated with this compressor regime. Newly designed miniature high frequency response total and static pressure probes as well as commercial thermoanemometric probes are suitable tools for this task. However, during the rotating stall cycle the probes are subjected to flow direction changes that are far larger than the range of probe incidence acceptance, and therefore probe data without a proper correction would misrepresent unsteady variations of flow parameters. A methodology, based on ensemble averaging, is proposed to circumvent this problem. In this approach the ensemble averaged signals acquired for various probe setting angles are segmented, and only the sections for probe setting angles close to the actual flow angle are used for signal recombination. The methodology was verified by excellent agreement between velocity distributions obtained from pressure probe data, and data measured with thermoanemometric probes. Vector plots of unsteady flow behavior during the rotating stall regime indicate reversed flow within the rotating stall cell that spreads over to adjacent rotor blade channels. Results of this study confirmed that the NASA Low Speed Axial Compressor (LSAC) while in a rotating stall regime at rotor design speed exhibits one stall cell that rotates at a speed equal to 50.6 percent of the rotor shaft speed.
Take your daughters (and sons) to work: and leave them there

Greetings! And no, with that title I am hardly advocating any sort of child abandonment. Rather, I am musing figuratively about the relationship between recruiting students and influencing our own children's directions in life. What do they learn when they see us at work? Will envisioning themselves in our positions make them want to follow suit? Better yet, how many friends of theirs can we bear to bring with them? And of course, will any of them want to stay?
An Undergraduate Optical Engineering Course

An upper level undergraduate survey course in optical engineering is described. The goal of this course is to provide students with a working knowledge of optics and optical systems as applied to modern engineering problems.