cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 2012 Census of Agriculture: A Capture–Recapture Analysis

The Census of Agriculture is conducted every 5 years, in years ending in 2 and 7. The Census list frame is incomplete, resulting in undercoverage. Not all operations on the list frame respond, and, based on the response, some misclassification occurs. In 2012, a capture–recapture analysis was conducted to adjust for undercoverage, nonresponse, and misclassification. This was the first time capture–recapture methods were used to produce official statistics for an establishment survey. The number of records on the Census Mailing List that were classified as farms was 1,382,099, and the published estimate of the number of farms was 2,109,303, a 34.5% adjustment. The adjustment was greatest for farms with low production levels and for specialty farms, both of which are difficult to identify and add to the list. The methods used are described. Challenges that arose in the implementation process are discussed. Areas for enhancement being targeted for the 2017 Census of Agriculture are highlighted. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
"Making the Connection": Aggregate Internship Data as Direct and Indirect Measure Informing Curricula and Assessment.

This article focuses on aggregate internship data from an accredited Midwestern mass communications school to illustrate how feedback loops inform curricula and assessment according to standards of...
THE IMPACT OF P2Y12 INHIBITORS SWITCH IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME TREATED WITH DRUG-ELUTING STENTS PRIOR TO DISCHARGE

There are different regimens of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after placement of drug-eluting stents in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We aim to evaluate the clinical outcomes after switching from clopidogrel (CLO) to ticagrelor (TIC) or vice versa at discharge. The study
Sparse Coding for N-Gram Feature Extraction and Training for File Fragment Classification

File fragment classification is an important step in the task of file carving in digital forensics. In file carving, files must be reconstructed based on their content as a result of their fragmented storage on disk or in memory. Existing methods for classification of file fragments typically use hand-engineered features, such as byte histograms or entropy measures. In this paper, we propose an approach using sparse coding that enables automated feature extraction. Sparse coding, or sparse dictionary learning, is an unsupervised learning algorithm, and is capable of extracting features based simply on how well those features can be used to reconstruct the original data. With respect to file fragments, we learn sparse dictionaries for n-grams, continuous sequences of bytes, of different sizes. These dictionaries may then be used to estimate n-gram frequencies for a given file fragment, but for significantly larger n-gram sizes than are typically found in existing methods which suffer from combinatorial explosion. To demonstrate the capability of our sparse coding approach, we used the resulting features to train standard classifiers, such as support vector machines over multiple file types. Experimentally, we achieved significantly better classification results with respect to existing methods, especially when the features were used in supplement to existing hand-engineered features.
Attachment Disorganization in Infancy: A Developmental Precursor to Maladaptive Social Information Processing at Age 8

This study examined infant attachment as a predictor of social information processing (SIP) in middle childhood (n = 82) while controlling for parental sensitivity in middle childhood. Attachment quality was assessed using the Strange Situation. Although attachment insecurity did not predict SIP, attachment disorganization positively predicted the early SIP steps of hostile attributional bias and aggressive goals. Children with disorganized attachments interpreted ambiguous provocations more negatively (as indicating more hostility, rejection, and disrespect and as resulting in more anger) and endorsed significantly more revenge and dominance goals than children with organized attachments. In contrast, parental sensitivity negatively predicted the later SIP step of positive expectations for aggressive responses. Results further our understanding of the adverse outcomes associated with attachment disorganization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Control of Germination and Early Development in Parasitic Angiosperms

By definition, parasitic plants are a highly specialized group of organisms that derive all, or part, of their nutrition from other plants. There are both foliar and root parasite species. Combined, these plants represent at least eight different families and include mistletoe (Arceuthobium and related genera), dodder (Cuscuta), gerardia (Agalinis), sandalwoods (Buckleya and Thesium), broomrape (Orobanche) and witchweed (Striga) species. Most parasitic plants are hemiparasites that like Agalinis purpurea, photosynthesize, flower and mature to seed-set without a host. In contrast, species such as beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) and squawroot (Conopholis americana) are holoparasites. These plants lack chlorophyll and are host-dependent for completion of seed-set. Yet other holoparasites, such as Striga asiatica, are photosynthetic, but remain dependent upon their host for other reasons.
A Quantitative Comparison of the Small Magellanic Cloud, Large Magellanic Cloud, and Milky Way Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Extinction Curves

We present an exhaustive quantitative comparison of all the known extinction curves in the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds (SMC and LMC) with our understanding of the general behavior of Milky Way extinction curves. The RV-dependent CCM relationship of Cardelli, Clayton, and Mathis and the sample of extinction curves used to derive this relationship are used to describe the general behavior of Milky Way extinction curves. The ultraviolet portion of the SMC and LMC extinction curves are derived from archival IUE data, except for one new SMC extinction curve, which was measured using Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations. The optical extinction curves are derived from new (for the SMC) and literature UBVRI photometry (for the LMC). The near-infrared extinction curves are calculated mainly from 2MASS photometry supplemented with DENIS and new JHK photometry. For each extinction curve, we give RV = A(V)/E(B - V) and N(H I) values that probe the same dust column as the extinction curve. We compare the properties of the SMC and LMC extinction curves with the CCM relationship three different ways: each curve by itself, the behavior of extinction at different wavelengths with RV, and the behavior of the extinction curve Fitzpatrick and Massa fit parameters with RV. As has been found previously, we find that a small number of LMC extinction curves are consistent with the CCM relationship, but the majority of the LMC and all the SMC curves do not follow the CCM relationship. For the first time, we find that the CCM relationship seems to form a bound on the properties of all the LMC and SMC extinction curves. This result strengthens the picture dust extinction curves exhibit of a continuum of properties between those found in the Milky Way and the SMC bar. Tentative evidence based on the behavior of the extinction curves with dust-to-gas ratio suggests that the continuum of dust extinction curves is possibly caused by the environmental stresses of nearby star formation activity.
THE INTERNSHIP: BRIDGE BETWEEN MARKETPLACE AND LIBERAL ARTS EDUCATION IN THE CATHOLIC TRADITION

Internships can be distinctive pedagogical opportunities within a Catholic liberal arts education. The applied marketplace experience provided by an internship, properly understood, is consistent with the Catholic understanding of education. The value of internships for Catholic higher education can be illustrated by focusing on communication and rhetorical studies. This essay consists of a selected review of literature situating internships within liberal arts education, followed by the articulation of a Thomistic framework for rhetorical education.
The Ins and Outs of Consciousness

In Enchanted Looms, Rodney Cotterill defends the hypothesisthat conscious sensory experience depends on motor response. Thepositive evidence for this hypothesis is inconclusive, andnegative evidence can be marshaled against it. I present analternative hypothesis according to which consciousness involvesintermediate level sensory processing, attention, and workingmemory. The circuitry of consciousness can be dissociated fromaction systems and may mark an evolutionary advance from a priorphylogenetic stage in which motor outputs and sensory inputswere more intimately bound.
The Value of Information for Conflict Resolution

A formulation for the value of information for conflict resolution is shown to provide insights and guidance for identifying the attributes of scientific procedures and studies needed to support participatoryrisk assessment and decision making. Traditional approaches to the value of information are first reviewed, including the determination of potential reductions in the uncertainty variance of risk-model outputs resulting from a proposed study or data collection program, and the economic value of information in a decision-analytic context. Limitations of these metrics are identified — when scientific assessments are conducted by multiple experts who may be exposed to either consistent or inconsistent observations, and when decision value is required for multiple stakeholders who may differ in their prior beliefs, methods for interpreting scientific studies, and their economic valuations for the outcomes of alternative decisions. Methods for identifying the sources and implications of differences in these among experts and stakeholders are presented. The use of a precautionary ratio is proposed as a means for characterizing the source of differing degrees of precaution exhibited towards a proposed project by different rational stakeholders, highlighting the programmatic and scientific changes that could be considered by project proponents to attempt to build a consensus with other, more-precautionary parties. Initial methods for computing a monetary value of information for conflict resolution are also presented.
A Single Treatment with Adjuvant Stimulates Th1-Like Cytokines and Downregulates Th2-Mediated Primary and Secondary Allergic Responses

CD4+ T cells play a central role in most effective immune responses to antigens and pathogens. Since the phenotype of CD4+ T cells induced defines the nature of the subsequent immune response, designing vaccines which favor the appropriate T cell subset is of critical importance. Two subsets of mature Th cells, Th1 and Th2, have been distinguished based upon the pattern of cytokines they produce (Mosmann and Coffman, 1989; Brown et al., 1989). Antigen-presenting cells (APC), which first contact and process antigens, present them to naive “Th0” cells in the context of certain cytokines and costimulatory signals. The microenvironment encountered by naive Th0 cells in conjuction with antigens influences their development towards a Thl or Th2 direction. In particular, IL-12, IFN-γ and IFN-α favor Th1 cell development, whereas IL-4 promotes differentiation into Th2 cells (Swain, 1993; Hsieh et al, 1993a; Seder et al., 1993; Brinkmann et al., 1993; Wenner et al., 1996). Differentiated, antigen-specific Thl cells produce IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-6 (Abbas et al., 1996). Th1 cells promote DTH and complement-fixing, IgG2a antibody production in mice, while the Th2 subset promotes the formation of IgG1 and allergy-mediating IgE antibodies in mice (Finkelman et al., 1990; Snapper and Paul, 1987; Finkelman et al., 1988b; Finkelman et al., 1988a; Finkelman et al, 1986). Evidence for Thl and Th2-like populations exists in human diseases such as leprosy, leishmaniasis, HIV (progression), atopy, and asthma (Secrist et al., 1993; Parronchi et al, 1991; Clerici and Shearer, 1993; Yamamura et al., 1991; Heinzel et al., 1991). Thl and Th2 subsets produce factors which enhance their own development and downregulate each other’s activity (Maggi et al., 1992; Powrie and Coffman, 1993; Schmitt et al., 1994; Swain et al, 1991; Tanaka et al., 1993).
Offset simultaneous conjugate atom interferometers

Correlating the signals from simultaneous atom interferometers has enabled some of the most precise determinations of fundamental constants. Here, we show that multiple simultaneous interferometers with strategically chosen initial conditions (offset simultaneous conjugate interferometers) can provide multichannel readouts that measure or suppress specific signals and systematic effects. We create two pairs of simultaneous conjugate interferometers and precisely control the offset between them with Bragg diffraction and Bloch oscillations. This allows us to cancel the effect of acceleration gradients, a major systematic effect in many atom interferometry measurements. It also reduces the undesired diffraction phase from Bragg diffraction beam splitters by a factor of 6. This work paves the way for measurements of the fine-structure constant below the 10-part-per-trillion level. It can also be generalized for isotope-mass-ratio measurements.
Chemical Impacts of the Microbiome Across Scales Reveal Novel Conjugated Bile Acids

A mosaic of cross-phyla chemical interactions occurs between all metazoans and their microbiomes. In humans, the gut harbors the heaviest microbial load, but many organs, particularly those with a mucosal surface, associate with highly adapted and evolved microbial consortia. The microbial residents within these organ systems are increasingly well characterized, yielding a good understanding of human microbiome composition, but we have yet to elucidate the full chemical impact the microbiome exerts on an animal and the breadth of the chemical diversity it contributes. A number of molecular families are known to be shaped by the microbiome including short-chain fatty acids, indoles, aromatic amino acid metabolites, complex polysaccharides, and host lipids; such as sphingolipids and bile acids. These metabolites profoundly affect host physiology and are being explored for their roles in both health and disease. Considering the diversity of the human microbiome, numbering over 40,000 operational taxonomic units, a plethora of molecular diversity remains to be discovered. Here, we use unique mass spectrometry informatics approaches and data mapping onto a murine 3D-model to provide an untargeted assessment of the chemical diversity between germ-free (GF) and colonized mice (specific-pathogen free, SPF), and report the finding of novel bile acids produced by the microbiome in both mice and humans that have evaded characterization despite 170 years of research on bile acid chemistry.
Diversity and distribution of nearshore barnacle cyprids in southern California through the 2015-16 El Niño.

Abundance, species diversity, and horizontal distributions of barnacle cyprids offshore of La Jolla, southern California were described from May 2014 to August 2016 to determine how the nearshore barnacle larval assemblage changed before, during, and after the 2015-16 El Nino. The entire water column was sampled at five stations located within one km of shore with water depths of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 m during 33 cruises that encompassed the time when El Nino conditions impacted the area. Nearshore temperature and thermal stratification was concurrently measured using a CTD. Six identified cyprid species, including Chthamalus fissus, Pollicipes polymerus, Megabalanus rosa, Tetraclita rubescens, Balanus glandula, and B. trigonus, along with four unknown species, were collected in our samples. DNA barcoding was used to confirm identifications in a subset of the larvae. C. fissus was more than eight times more abundant than any other species, and while abundance varied by species, cyprid density was highest for all species except for M. rosa before and after the El Nino event, and lower during the environmental disturbance. There were significant differences in cross-shore distributions among cyprid species, with some located farther offshore than others, along with variability in cross-shore distributions by season. C. fissus cyprids were closest to shore during spring-summer cruises when waters were the most thermally stratified, which supports previous findings that C. fissus cyprids are constrained nearshore when thermal stratification is high. Relative species proportions varied throughout the study, but there was no obvious change in species assemblage or richness associated with El Nino. We speculate that barnacle cyprid species diversity did not increase at our study site during the 2015-16 El Nino, as it has in other areas during previous El Nino Southern Oscillation events, due to the lack of anomalous northward flow throughout the 2015-16 event.
E-091 Stroke Awareness Knowledge Gap in Women

Introduction Understanding current levels of stroke awareness in women may highlight knowledge gaps and areas for targeted education in those most likely to be affected by stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate awareness of stroke (i.e. stroke symptoms and risk factors) among women in Orange County. Following baseline assessments in knowledge, educational programs will be implemented as a public health intervention to raise awareness. Methods An institutional IRB-approved, prospectively collected survey study was conducted among randomly selected English-speaking women, age 18–82 years, throughout a variety of public locations in Orange County, California, between October 2018 to March 2019. Knowledge of stroke awareness was assessed by 6 standardized open-ended questions. Results A total of 672 women, average age 40.6±16 years, responded to the survey. The majority of the participants knew someone who had experienced a stroke, 67.6% (n=454), yet 30.1% (n=202) of participants were aware of the two types of stroke, ischemic and hemorrhagic. Of the 21% (n=141) who correctly identified modifiable lifestyle factors to decrease the risk for stroke, the majority correctly answered blood pressure control. While, 17.4% (n=117) correctly identified the constellation of common signs and symptoms of stroke, the majority correctly answered slurred speech. Among the age group at highest risk for stroke (>65 years), particular knowledge deficits in the benefits of smoking cessation and adequate diabetes management to decrease stroke risk. Conclusions These preliminary study results indicate a potential and significant lack of women’s knowledge of stroke awareness in the Orange County area, despite a majority of survey respondents having a close connection to a stroke patient. Continuation of this project will provide further information on the current knowledge gaps in stroke awareness and highlight concepts for targeted education for those women at greatest risk of stroke. Tables 1–3, All values are percentages of respondents within the respective age group. Disclosures J. Campos: None. P. Lin: None. L. Wang: None. K. NassimiMoghaddam: None. F. Do: None. J. Lee: None. N. Imbre: None. I. Totounji: None. D. Strebig: None. J. Kim: None. K. Golshani: None. L. Lin: 1; C; Stryker. 2; C; Medtronic, MicroVention.
Training and Supervision Needs of Practitioners Working with African American Women

AbstractGraduate faculty and students challenged with the growing complexity of working effectively in a therapeutic context with African American women are discussed in this article. Although meas...
Small RNAs of Borrelia burgdorferi: Characterizing Functional Regulators in a Sea of sRNAs .

Borrelia (Borreliella) burgdorferi and closely related genospecies are the causative agents of Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne disease north of the equator. The bacterium, a member of the spirochete phylum, is acquired by a tick vector that feeds on an infected vertebrate host and is transmitted to another vertebrate during subsequent feeding by the next tick stage. The precise navigation of this enzootic cycle entails the regulation of genes required for these two host-specific phases as well as the transitions between them. Recently, an expansive swath of small RNAs has been identified in B. burgdorferi and likely many, if not most, are involved in regulating gene expression. Regardless, with only a few exceptions, the functions of these RNAs are completely unknown. However, several state-of-the-art approaches are available to identify the targets of these RNAs and provide insight into their role in the enzootic cycle and infection.
A Symmetric Group Method for Controllability Characterization of Bilinear Systems on the Special Euclidean Group

Abstract Bilinear systems form models of wide-ranging applications in diverse areas of engineering and natural sciences. Investigating fundamental properties of such systems has been a prosperous subject of interest and remains essential toward the advancement of systems science and engineering. In this paper, we introduce an algebraic framework utilizing the theory of symmetric group to characterize controllability of bilinear systems evolving on special orthogonal and Euclidean groups. Our development is based on the most notable Lie algebra rank condition and offers an alternative to controllability analysis. The main idea of the developed approach lies in identifying the mapping of Lie brackets of vector fields governing the system dynamics to permutation multiplications on a symmetric group. Then, by leveraging the actions of the resulting permutations on a finite set, controllability and controllable submanifolds for bilinear systems evolving on the special Euclidean group can be explicitly characterized.
Do Paragraph IV Challenges Target Weaker Patents

Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, generic drug makers can challenge a manufacturer's patents and if successful can market a generic alternative before the manufacturer's patents expire. Proponents of this process, known as a Paragraph IV challenge, argue that it is an important check on "evergreening," whereby manufacturers can delay generic entry by filing sequential patents. Proponents claim these sequential patents are weaker than the initial patents and serve to preserve monopoly rents. Opponents of the Paragraph IV system argue that it encourages generic manufacturers to target drugs which are lucrative but may not have particularly weak patents. The system, they claim, shortens exclusivity periods and reduces incentives for innovation. Testing the importance of patent quality in determining the likelihood of a Paragraph IV challenge requires measuring patent quality. In this study, we utilize a machine-learning and natural language measure of patent quality. Using this measure, based on the number of new words contained in the patent relative to the patent corpus, we find that patent quality is an important deterrent to Paragraph IV challenges even when controlling for sales.
Techniques for Scaled Underwater Reverberation Measurements

One proposed method to detect the presence of spilled or leaked oil under the surface ice of frozen waters would rely on measuring the reverberation time of an impulsive acoustic source generated beneath that surface. Although intended for application to expansive environments such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, where deployment and subsequent recovery of equipment would make experimental testing economically difficult to perform, a low-cost, scaled experiment to study the efficacy of this method was conducted. In the design of the experiment, realistic modeling of a large underwater environment and the ability to accurately measure reverberation time within such an environment were of paramount concern. The required scaling, the dimensions of the experimental platform, and its adaptation to mimic a realistic environment are discussed. The design of an appropriate acoustic source along with practical matters such as growing the ice and injecting the oil under the ice are also discussed. Finally, experimental results are presented.
The Economic Sanctions Against Iran

The United States and its allies have confronted Iran in an attempt to stop its nuclear program. In order to force Iran to give up its nuclear program, they have used four different policy tools: economic sanctions, media propaganda, threats of military attack, and diplomacy. This chapter covers the economic sanctions that have been imposed on Iran by the U.S., the UNSC, and the European Union (EU). It describes how the U.S. and the EU used the UNSC’s Resolutions as an excuse to impose their own economic sanctions against Iran. The Western allies have used coercive diplomacy strategy to halt uranium enrichment in Iran. This strategy includes imposing economic pressures along with threat of force while negotiating with the country.
Shooter Bias in Virtual Reality: The Effect of Avatar Race and Socioeconomic Status on Shooting Decisions

Shooter bias has been extensively studied in desktop environments, however research in more immersive environments is lacking. We evaluated the effects of target race and perceived socioeconomic status using a 2(target race: Black or White) x 2(target SES: low or high) x 2(target object: gun or cellphone) within-subjects design. Participants (N=50) completed 160 trials. We found evidence that shooter bias exists in virtual reality. More data is needed to strengthen conclusions. Virtual reality fills an important gap in shooter bias research, as it increases the realism of the task and provides a potential avenue for police training.
ERP CORE: An open resource for human event-related potential research.

Abstract Event-related potentials (ERPs) are noninvasive measures of human brain activity that index a range of sensory, cognitive, affective, and motor processes. Despite their broad application across basic and clinical research, there is little standardization of ERP paradigms and analysis protocols across studies. To address this, we created ERP CORE (Compendium of Open Resources and Experiments), a set of optimized paradigms, experiment control scripts, data processing pipelines, and sample data (N = 40 neurotypical young adults) for seven widely used ERP components: N170, mismatch negativity (MMN), N2pc, N400, P3, lateralized readiness potential (LRP), and error-related negativity (ERN). This resource makes it possible for researchers to 1) employ standardized ERP paradigms in their research, 2) apply carefully designed analysis pipelines and use a priori selected parameters for data processing, 3) rigorously assess the quality of their data, and 4) test new analytic techniques with standardized data from a wide range of paradigms.
Mapping Turin’s Urban Topography in Elena Ferrante’s The Days of Abandonment

Much1 attention has been paid to Naples as the setting of Elena Ferrante’s novels. But her tetralogy My Brilliant Friend (L’amica geniale 2011–2014) features a narrative frame set in the city of Tu...
Are you doing what I say? On modalities alignment in ALFRED.

ALFRED is a recently proposed benchmark that requires a model to complete tasks in simulated house environments specified by instructions in natural language. We hypothesize that key to success is accurately aligning the text modality with visual inputs. Motivated by this, we inspect how well existing models can align these modalities using our proposed intrinsic metric, boundary adherence score (BAS). The results show the previous models are indeed failing to perform proper alignment. To address this issue, we introduce approaches aimed at improving model alignment and demonstrate how improved alignment, improves end task performance.
Cortactin Modulates Lung Endothelial Apoptosis Induced by Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoke (CS) is the primary cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and an important pathophysiologic event in COPD is CS-induced apoptosis in lung endothelial cells (EC). Cortactin (CTTN) is a cytoskeletal actin-binding regulatory protein with modulation by Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. Based upon data demonstrating reduced CTTN mRNA levels in the lungs of smokers compared to non-smokers, we hypothesized a functional role for CTTN in CS-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and apoptosis in lung EC. Exposure of cultured human lung EC to CS condensate (CSC) led to the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and increased CTTN tyrosine phosphorylation (within hours). Exposure to CS significantly increased EC mitochondrial ROS generation and EC apoptosis. The functional role of CTTN in these CSC-induced EC responses was explored using cortactin siRNA to reduce its expression, and by using a blocking peptide for the CTTN SH3 domain, which is critical to cytoskeletal interactions. CTTN siRNA or blockade of its SH3 domain resulted in significantly increased EC mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis and augmented CSC-induced effects. Exposure of lung EC to e-cigarette condensate demonstrated similar results, with CTTN siRNA or SH3 domain blocking peptide increasing lung EC apoptosis. These data demonstrate a novel role for CTTN in modulating lung EC apoptosis induced by CS or e-cigarettes potentially providing new insights into COPD pathogenesis.
Human Papillomavirus: Identifying Vaccination Rates, Barriers, and Information Gathering among College Women Ages 18-26

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS: IDENTIFYING VACCINATION RATES, BARRIERS, AND INFORMATION GATHERING AMONG COLLEGE WOMEN AGES 18-26 By Timmerie Fay Cohen, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013 Major Director: Janet R. Hutchinson PhD Chairman Gender Sexuality and Women’s Studies L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs This dissertation examines vaccination rates for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among college women 18-26 years of age who participated in the American College Health Association’s National College Assessment (ACHA-NCHA). Utilizing secondary data, this research sought to report HPV vaccination rates among a racially diverse population and to identify potential barriers to vaccination. The ACHA-NCHA survey provided a large sample size (N=68,193) in which to perform a binary logistic regression analysis. Demographic characteristics were analyzed as potential barriers to HPV vaccination. Additionally, lack of certain health behaviors were explored as potential barriers to HPV vaccination.
Franchising and Other Operating Arrangements in the Lodging Industry: A Strategic Comparison

The objective of this paper is to compare, along three strategic dimensions, franchising with other types of operating arrangements in the lodging industry. The operating arrangements studied are, in addition to franchising, chain-managed and independent hotels. The three strategic dimensions include: (1) the variability or volatility of the task environment facing a hotel; (2) the business strategy chosen by a hotel's general manager; and (3) the level of sales revenue and profit margin achieved by a hotel.The strategic management literature argues that an organization can only achieve superior performance when the characteristics of its task environment, its business strategy, and its decision structure (i.e., operating method or extent of vertical integration) are coaligned. Thus, comparing franchising with the two other operating arrangements along these dimensions seems to be a first step in determining franchising's role in successful strategic coalignments. Hypotheses linking the different operatin...
America Goes to School: Law, Reform, and Crisis in Public Education

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: The State of Public Education Public and Private Education The Reform Movements The Origins of Public Education The Legacy of Racial Discrimination Alternative Methods of Segregation: Bilingual and Special Education School Violence and the Crisis in Due Process Public School Financing and the Issue of Inequality Conclusion: Can Our Public Schools Be Saved? Notes Selected Bibliography Index
Roles for Histones H4 Serine 1 Phosphorylation in DNA Double Strand Break Repair and Chromatin Compaction: A Dissertation

The study of DNA templated events is not complete without considering the chromatin environment. Histone modifications help to regulate gene expression, chromatin compaction and DNA replication. Because DNA damage repair must occur within the context of chromatin, many remodeling enzymes and histone modifications work in concert to enable access to the DNA and aid in restoration of chromatin after repair is complete. CK2 has recently been identified as a histone modifying enzyme. In this study we identify CK2 as a histone H3 tail kinase in vitro, identify the phospho-acceptor site in vitro, and characterize the modification in vivo in S. cerevisiae. We also characterize the DNA damage phenotype of a strain lacking a single catalytic subunit of CK2. We further characterize the CK2dependent phosphorylation of serine 1 of histone H4 in vivo. We find that it is recruited directly to the site of a DSB and this recruitment requires the SIN3/RPD3 histone deacetylase complex. We also characterize the contribution of H4 serine 1 phosphorylation in chromatin compaction by using reconstituted nucleosomal arrays to study folding in the analytical ultracentrifuge.
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–reduction reactions in nature are usually catalysed by enzymes classified broadly as oxidoreductases. These enhance the rate of electron transfer from an oxidizable substrate, typically a hydrogen donor, to a reducible acceptor. Keywords: oxidoreductases; dehydrogenases; reductases; oxidases; oxygenases; peroxidases; haem systems; catalases; pyridine nucleotides; flavins
Post failure recovery of virtual coordinates in wireless sensor networks

Virtual Coordinate (VC) based algorithms do not use physical coordinates for addressing, and thus possess many advantages for large scale sensor networks. They rely on the validity of VCs of nodes. VCs are affected by events such as node failures which are unpredictable and inevitable in WSNs. This degrades the performance of the algorithms and may even reduce overall life of the network. A distributed algorithm is presented for fault detection and recovery of VCs due to node failure. Consistency of VCs is used to detect failures and affected VCs are recovered without the need to regenerate VCs by flooding the entire network. Performance of the VC repair algorithm is evaluated under different conditions. VC repair packets propagate in localized neighborhoods, the extent of which adapts to the nature of the failure. This helps to attain efficient performance for all network sizes. The algorithm helps the network recover gracefully from degradation in performance in response to sudden node failure patterns. It also helps enhance the performance of all the operations dependent on VCs and their validity.
Quantum interference of superfluid 3He.

Celebrated interference experiments have demonstrated the wave nature of light and electrons, quantum interference being the manifestation of wave-particle duality. More recently, double-path interference experiments have also demonstrated the quantum-wave nature of beams of neutrons, atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates. In condensed matter systems, double-path quantum interference is observed in the d.c. superconducting quantum interference device (d.c. SQUID). Here we report a double-path quantum interference experiment involving a liquid: superfluid 3He. Using a geometry analogous to the superconducting d.c. SQUID, we control a quantum phase shift by using the rotation of the Earth, and find the classic interference pattern with periodicity determined by the 3He quantum of circulation.
Simian virus 40 major late promoter: a novel tripartite structure that includes intragenic sequences.

Abstract Unlike most genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II, the simian virus 40 late transcription unit does not have a TATA box. To determine what sequences are required for initiation at the major late mRNA cap site of simian virus 40, clustered point mutations were constructed and tested for transcriptional activity in vitro and in vivo. Three promoter elements were defined. The first is centered 31 base pairs upstream of the cap site in a position normally reserved for a TATA box. The second is at the cap site. The third occupies a novel position centered 28 base pairs downstream of the cap site within a protein-coding sequence. The ability of RNA polymerase II to recognize this promoter suggests that there is greater variation in promoter architecture than had been believed previously.
Exploring the Facebook Like: a product and service perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this exploratory study is to expand the knowledge of the current literature stream and to attempt to more fully understand the simple but singularly unique aspect of social networking communication that is the Facebook “Like”. To this end, motivations behind liking a brand are explored, as well as the interactions that occur between the company and consumer as a result of this Facebook interaction. Next, we look at differing levels of interaction for liked product and service brands on Facebook. Specifically exploring if there are differences with how Facebook users engage with liked product and service brands. Design/methodology/approach – The authors first engage in an exploratory, qualitative-based research to look at the motivations and consequences associated with liking product and service brands, using a sample of 160 Facebook users. Next, an ANOVA analysis is performed using an online sample of 264 respondents recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Findings – The qualitative analysis reveals differing motivations for liking brands on Facebook and suggests that generating Facebook Likes can indeed have positive, if unacknowledged, outcomes for the firm. Further, while there is no significant difference in perceptions of brand knowledge between product- and service-based brands, there is a significant difference in perceptions of brand connectedness between brand types, with consumers reporting a greater sense of connection to the service brands and higher levels of brand attitude and purchase intention for product-based brands. It is also shown that consumers have a greater intention of reading and liking posts from product-based brands. Originality/value – This paper explores and attempts to move toward clarification of the gap that exists between “quality” versus “quantity” valuations of a Facebook Like.
Early eradication of pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in cystic fibrosis patients (CF): Which is the best treatment?

CF patients usually have an intermittent period of PA infection before they become chronically infected. To date, there is no clearly identified which is the best practice for early treatment of PA infection. Objective: To compare two different eradication treatments against initial PA infection. Methods: Observational, analytic and retrospective cohort study. Clinical reports from patients assisted at our Center were reviewed and those with first acquisition of PA between 1997 and 2011 were included. Age at first acquisition, gender, and genetics were considered. Two types of treatment were indicated: Group1: Oral ciprofloxacin plus inhaled colistin for three months or Group 2: Intravenous Ceftazidime plus amikacin during 14 days. Time to recurrence of PA, eradication treatment rate (six months free of PA or more) and effective treatment (at least one culture negative after treatment) were the analyzed variables. Kaplan Meier curves were performed. Results: 26 patients (15 males) in group 1and 39 patients (24 males) in group 2 were included. The median age (interquartile range) at first acquisition was 1.8 years (0.6 to 4.2) and 0.8 years (0.3 to 1.7) for group 1 and 2, respectively (NS). 67% and 62% of the patients had p.F508 del mutation in each group (NS). The median time to recurrence was 13 months (3.2 to 24) in group 1 and 5 months (0 to 11) in group 2 (p Conclusion: in our study, oral ciprofloxacin plus inhaled colistin was a better option than intravenous Ceftazidime plus amikacin for the treatment of the early PA infection.
Computational efficiency of p‐ and h‐ version elements

The plate-with-a-circular-hole problem has been solved using p- and h-version models. Both models give solutions of comparable accuracy in roughly the same amount of computer time. As p is increased from 8 to 10 in the p-version models, and the number of 8-node isoparametric elements is increased from 30 to 42 in h-version models, the accuracy of stress values and distributions does not improve significantly in both versions. However, the computational effort in the p-version models increases much more (200%) than it does in the h-version models (40%). Because one of the edges in each of the two elements of the p-version model is curved, the stiffness matrix cannot be evaluated in closed form and consumes a significant amount of computer time.
The use of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid linoleate levels as a screening test for malabsorption.

Thirty-six patients with steatorrhea (fecal fat > 7 g/24 hr) and 20 control cases were studied. Fecal fat quantitation and plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid linoleic acid levels were determined. Thirty-four of the 36 patients with steatorrhea had erythrocyte phospholipid linoleate levels below 11% (linoleate/total fatty acid × 100) and 31 of the 36 had plasma phospholipid linoleate below 20%. Sixteen of the 20 normals had erythrocyte phospholipid linoleate above 11% and 15 of the 20 had plasma phospholipid linoleate above 20%. The results suggest the applicability of erythrocyte and plasma phospholipid linoleate determinations as a screening test for fat malabsorption.
Asymptotic prime divisors and integral extension rings

Let R ⊆ B be rings such that R is Noetherian and B is an intermediate ring between a Noetherian integral extension ring C of R and the integral closure of C . Then it is shown that if I is a finitely generated ideal in B , then the sets Ass B /( I k ) a are finite and stabilize for all large k , where( I k ) a is the integral closure in B of I k . Moreover, if I = JB for some ideal J in R and if p e Ass R /( I k ) a , then there exists P e Ass B /( I k B ) a such that P ∩ R = p , and the converse holds if minimal prime ideals in C lie over minimal prime ideals in R and k is large. From this it is shown that most of the theorems concerning asymptotic prime divisors, asymptotic sequences, and asymptotic grade that are known to hold for ideals in R continue to hold for finitely generated ideals in B .
A Comparison Group Study of Solution-Focused Therapy versus “Treatment-as-Usual” for Behavior Problems in Children

Abstract Behavior problems are the most common reason that children and adolescents are referred to treatment. This study presents a rationale for the application of solution-focused therapy to behavior problems and tests this assumption. Children who were referred from the school setting for behavior problems (N = 239) were treated with either solution-focused therapy or “treatment-as-usual” at a school of social work-sponsored mental health clinic. Hypotheses for this quasi-experimental, pretest/posttest design were that treatment engagement would be higher in the solution-focused therapy group and that the solution-focused therapy group children over the “treatment-as-usual” group would show greater improvement according to both parent and child reports. Logistic regression and MANOVA were the data analysis procedures to test hypotheses. Findings were as follows; the solution-focused therapy group had better treatment engagement, but there were no statistically significant differences between groups on...
Quantitation of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G in human serum. II. Comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation and solid-phase radioimmunoassay techniques for measurement of immunoglobulin G specific for a complex allergen mixture (yellow jacket venom).

Abstract In this report, the radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and the Staph A (protein A from Staphylococcus aureus ) solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) are compared for their ability to measure IgG specific for a complex antigen mixture. Sera from 32 yellow jacket venom (YJ)-allergic patients were evaluated for IgG anti-YJ using both radioassay methods. Twenty-six of the 32 sera gave concordant results in both assay systems. Four of the six discrepant sera were 5- to 12-fold higher by RIP analysis while the remaining two sera were 2 and 4.3 times higher in the SPRIA. Serum-dilution curves of these six discrepant sera in the RIP assay demonstrated nonparallelism and differential plateau binding ranging from 40% to 140% of the reference serum plateau level. In contrast, the same six discordant sera evaluated in the SPRIA produced parallel serum-dilution curves. To assess the validity of each method, absorption experiments and Staph A solid-phase elution technique (SPET) were performed on each discrepant serum. Absorption experiments with insolubilized YJ antigen showed that all IgG anti-YJ detectable in the RIP was removed. Furthermore, results from the Staph A elution technique demonstrated the same rank order and relative potency of the six discrepant sera as shown by the SPRIA but not by the RIP analyses. These findings suggest that for some YJ sera, the SPRIA gives more accurate estimates of IgG antibody content than does the RIP assay. In addition, the SPRIA presents several advantages over the RIP in the measurement of specific IgG in complex antigen mixtures: (1) The problems of radioiodination reproducibility and low immunoreactivity that are commonly seen with crude antigenic mixtures are avoided. (2) Antigen-excess conditions are employed, thereby assuring sufficient antigen to quantify all antibody specificities. (3) IgE and IgG measurements in the same sera are more comparable since the same antigen-sorbent can be used in both the radioallergorsorbent test (RAST) for IgE and Staph A SPRIA for IgG. (4) Only one radiolabeled detection protein is required for evaluation of many antigen systems, thus alleviating the need for frequent radioiodination of multiple complex antigen mixtures. (5) Problems of nonparallelism and differential plateau binding that were observed in a minority of sera in the RIP assay for YJ antibody may be circumvented. We conclude, therefore, that the SPRIA has distinct advantages that may commend its use over RIP in the assessment of specific IgG in some complex antigen systems.
Effets secondaires cutanés des nouvelles molécules anticancéreuses : focus sur les molécules ciblant les récepteurs tyrosine kinase et le récepteur à l’EGF

Basic knowledge in oncogenesis has dramatically improved in the last decade providing more recently new drugs for cancer treatment. These new targeted compounds usually act by inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity of one or more than one proteins involved in tumor growth and cancer progression. This pharmacological effect is the result of monoclonal or small molecule action. Many of these new compounds have cutaneus secondary effects. Cancer patients are now facing new toxicity, essentially skin toxicity. The cutaneous side effects observed in the patients depend on the drug. For example, EGFR inhibitors induce acneiform rash whereas multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors induce different more complex effects which physiopatholgy is not yet completely understood. The secondary effects that are frequently observed are described is this article. A better clinical long term management of these effects is a clear medical need as of these effects could be surrogate markers of drug efficacy.