cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reception and Application of EU Competition Rules in Hungary: An Organic Evolution

I will present how Hungarian competition rules and the practice of the Hungarian Competition Authority were influenced by the EU acquis. The Constitutional Court's decision will be presented that paved the way for a decision of the Association Council adopting new Implementing Rules of the Europe Agreement, mirroring the approach of the European Economic Area’s competition rules. The legally binding obligation to bring domestic competition rules in line with Community standards turned later into a process of drawing inspiration not only from EU hard law but also from soft law instruments in cases where Hungarian competition rules were applied. The paper recalls how the authority GVH prepared both itself and the business sphere during the pre-accession period for the EU membership era. The most important changes in legislation following EU accession and also the most important features of law enforcement are analyzed to show how autonomous the legislative and enforcement activity of a new Member State can be. The functioning and the leading role of the European Competition Network (ECN) in promoting a soft form of harmonization, known as ‘convergence’, will be presented. The paper discusses how the Hungarian Competition Authority applied and sometimes disregarded EU competition law provisions. Finally, a couple of actual competition law issues are discussed, like the harmonization of fining and leniency policies, recent development in private enforcement legislation and the problems with parallel investigations by several European competition authorities.
Tin-Doping Induced Defects in GaAs Films Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Heavily Sn-doped GaAs films have been grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and found to contain single-crystal Sn particles situated in the near-surface region of the epilayer GaAs. The morphology and chemical composition of the particles have been examined by using cross-section transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Different growth conditions were used to study the Sn-particle formation and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate microstructures. The observations are discussed in terms of several models previously proposed for these phenomena.
Policy Voting in Britain: The Colored Immigration Issue in the 1964, 1966, and 1970 General Elections*

Several studies in recent years have examined the question of mass issue voting in the United States and have found that people vote more frequently on the basis of policy questions than has heretofore been thought. It would seem to be useful for the study of comparative politics to explore mass policy voting in other democratic countries. The colored immigration issue in Britain is a particularly appropriate one to examine because of the controversy surrounding its impact on voting behavior, especially in the 1970 election. Are the policy preferences of the electorate related to their voting behavior? This question is examined longitudinally through a secondary analysis of the Butler-Stokes election surveys of 1964,1966, and 1970 for England.After utilizing controls for a large number of variables, one finds that theimmigration issue had no significant impact on electoral behavior in 1964 and 1966. In the 1970 election, however, the Conservatives gained an estimated increment of 6.7 percent in votes because many people perceived them to be the party more likely to keep immigrants out and voted in accordance with that perception. This impact can be attributed to Enoch Powell's associating the Conservative party with restrictive immigration control in the public mind.
Least Squares Sliding Mode Control Tracking of Spacecraft Large Angle Maneuvers

A method for sliding mode control tracking of Euler parameter commands for large body angle maneuvers is presented. The closed-loop responses of the four attitude Euler parameters are specified as stable sliding surfaces in the error-error rate Euler parameter phase planes. The matrix coefficient of the typical discontinuous disturbance accommodation portion of the sliding mode control law is chosen as the configuration dependent transformation between body-fixed coordinate angular velocities and the quaternion rates. This choice of control law parameterization results in a globally asymptotically stable closed-loop response where the tracking performance matches the desired in a least squares sense. In addition, all inherent kinematic singularities are removed since the Euler parameters are directly tracked. Simulation results for a typical satellite system are presented exemplifying theoretical development of robustness to mass property and initial condition uncertainty.
Beneficial Effects of Cooling during Constant Power Non-steady State Cycling

This study compared the effects of cooling on the energetic and associated physiological and perceptual responses to constant power, non-steady state cycling. Twelve males cycled at their lactate threshold power for 60 min or until exhaustion under 3 conditions: wearing a cooling vest and sleeves (COOL), a synthetic shirt embedded with an active particle technology claimed to facilitate evaporative heat loss (EVAP), and a standard synthetic shirt (CON). When adjusted for time, the increase in gastrointestinal temperature from baseline was reduced during COOL and EVAP compared to CON (1.44±0.45 and 1.52±0.43 vs. 1.66±0.45°C, p
Environmental Implications of Consumer Convenience: Coffee as a Case Study

Summary Products of convenience are playing an increasingly large role in today's society. These products provide a competitive advantage over their conventional counterparts by requiring less time and effort to produce a similar service or experience. At the same time, these products are often also more materials intensive to produce and create a greater amount of waste. A comparative midpoint life cycle assessment of different coffee brewing systems is presented in order to explore the comparative impact of three different systems: drip filter, french press, and pod style (a product of convenience). Utilizing a comparative functional unit, the drip filter system method was found to have the greatest environmental impact in all impact categories, whereas the pod style had the least in six of the impact categories (with the french press having the least in two of the impact categories, and a tie between pod style and french press in a single impact category). This suggests that contrary to popular belief, the pod style coffee may be the more environmentally friendly option. The two most significant contributors to environmental impact in all of the categories considered was the amount of dry coffee utilized and the energy needed to brew the coffee, although in some categories considered transportation was also significant. There is the potential for the environmental impact of coffee brewing to shift if coffee wastage occurs (likely in the case of the drip filter and french press system) or if substantial changes in materials or energy consumption were to occur (in the case of the pod-style brewing system). From the perspective of industrial ecology, this analysis suggests that, in regard to products of consumer convenience, the convenient alternative may not have a significantly greater environmental impact than its conventional counterpart, and that it may be time to question that often-held assumption.
Recovery of Inorganic Phosphorus Using Copper-Substituted ZSM-5

Efficient and cost-effective separation of phosphorus (P) from aqueous solutions possesses great value in addressing the challenges in sustainability. Not only does it mitigate the pollution caused by phosphate in agricultural runoffs, but it also provides a renewable source for production of phosphorus-based chemicals and fertilizes. Here we report on the use of copper-substituted zeolites, Cu-ZSM-5, as sorbents for recovery of P. Fast capture and release of phosphate anions are demonstrated with >90% efficiency of recovery using synthetic solutions of Na2HPO4 and NaCl, respectively. The zeolite sorbents are also found to be recyclable and sustain high recovery efficiencies after multiple capture–release cycles. Cu(II) species in the zeolites are identified to be the active sites for anion adsorption, and based on this finding a ligand exchange mechanism is proposed for the capture and release of phosphorus.
Opioid Prescribing Practices by Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeons After Isolated Femur Fractures

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify opioid prescribing practices, determine the number of morphine milliequivalents (MMEs) prescribed by orthopaedic/nonorthopaedic members to narcotic naive and previously exposed patients, and provide narcotic prescribing recommendations. METHODS Patients older than 18 years with an isolated femur fracture sustained between 2013 and 2015 were identified using the CPT code 27506. Prescribing information was obtained from the State Controlled Substance Monitoring Database. Descriptive analysis of MMEs was then performed. Outliers and patients without prescriptions from orthopaedic providers were excluded to eliminate skewing of data. Mean and standard deviations were then calculated for patients without a history of opiates prescribed within 1 year of injury and for patients with a history of opiates prescribed within 1 year before the injury. RESULTS Forty-five percent (40/88) of patients were opiate exposed at the time of injury. Previously exposed patients received 1491 MMEs (SD, 1044; median, 1350; range, 210-5140) and nonexposed patients received 1363 MMEs (SD, 977.2; median, 1260; range, 105-4935) from orthopaedic providers (P = 0.1473). Nonorthopedists prescribed 530 MMEs (SD, 780.7; median, 140; range, 0-3515) to previously exposed patients and 175 MMEs (SD, 393; median, 140; range, 0-1890) to patients without exposure (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Patients with prior exposure are more likely to be prescribed more opiates after femoral shaft fracture treatment. We recommend a protocol of prescribing half the mean of MMEs currently prescribed by orthopedists equating to 47 (711 MMEs) pills of oxycodone 10 mg in up to 3 prescriptions.
Conformational Coupling: The Moving Parts of an Ion Pump

The Na,K-ATPase carries out the coupled functions of ATP hydrolysis and cation transport. These functions are performed by two distinct regions of the protein. ATP binding and hydrolysis is mediated by the large central cytoplasmic loop of about 430 amino-acids. Transmembrane cation transport is accomplished via coordination of the Na and K ions by side-chains of the amino-acids of several of the transmembrane segments. The way in which these two protein domains interact lies at the heart of the molecular mechanism of active transport, or ion pumping. We summarize evidence obtained from protein chemistry studies of the purified renal Na,K-ATPase and from bacterially expressed polypeptides which characterize these separate functions and point to various movements which may occur as the protein transits through its reaction cycle. We then describe recent work using heterologous expression of renal Na,K-ATPase in baculovirus-infected insect cells which provides a suitable system to characterize such protein motions and which can be employed to test specific models arising from recently acquired high resolution structural information on related ion pumps.
Intersecting Social Inequalities and Body Mass Index Trajectories from Adolescence to Early Adulthood.

This study combines multiple-hierarchy stratification and life course perspectives to address two research questions critical to understanding U.S. young adult health. First, to what extent are rac...
Patients Living Alone Can Be Safely Discharged Directly Home After Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background:Despite the expense and potential hazards of inpatient rehabilitation, there is a prevailing belief that patients living alone cannot be safely discharged directly home after total joint arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of direct home discharge
Ladies, we've been framed

If an individual is to act with proper demeanor and show proper deference, then it will be necessary for [her] to have areas of self-determination. [She] must have an expendable supply of the small indulgences which [her] society employs in its idiom of regard-such as cigarettes to give, chairs to proffer, food to provide, and so forth. [She] must have freedom of bodily movement so that it will be possible for [her] to assume a stance that conveys appropriate respect for others and appropriate demeanor on [her] own part⋯
Data Dependent Clustering Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses data-dependent clustering techniques. In a large number of disciplines, large amounts of multivariate data are collected, and the structure underlying the data is unknown or at best has received some initial and tentative exploration. It is not that important for an exact number of clusters with just the right elements in each cluster to be determined. It is important that the n multidimensional points in a p-dimensional space are partitioned in a valid, reliable, and parsimonious manner in an efficient way. This suggests that the consumer, the statistician, and computing specialists state some satisfaction with a procedure. There are some data representation and graphical techniques that are sometimes mistaken as clustering procedures. These techniques make visual clustering feasible by reducing the p-dimensional space to two dimensions or changing the multidimensional vector to a human face or some other analogue representation. The regular factor analysis can also be employed to reduce the p-dimensional space to two dimensions when measurement variables rather than elements are being clustered.
Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery

(1982). Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 213-219.
Effects of Management Treatments on Regeneration of a Geographically Disjunct, Relictual Hybrid Aspen ( Populus xsmithii ) Population in the Central Great Plains, USA

Populus xsmithii is an uncommon hybrid of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata). Like its parents, Populus xsmithii is an early successional member of boreal forest communities, dependent on disturbance events that clear areas of competitive stems and spur an increase in clonal suckering. In recent years, aspen dieback has been noted across much of the western United States, a condition characterized by mortality of older stems and a lack of recruitment of suckers to maturity. In the Niobrara River Valley of Cherry County, Nebraska, USA, a disjunct population of Pleistocene relict Populus xsmithii has been targeted for management via clearing of competitive conifer species and establishment of fenced refugia to protect suckers from herbivory. The stands currently contain abundant suckers, which occur in three types of sites: the fenced refugia created by managers, the open habitat cleared of other species in the stands, and the woodpiles left by said clearing. This study assessed the growth and vigor of these aspen suckers over a nine-month period (summer 2013–spring 2014) and compared the effects of different site treatments. We found that aspen suckers in the open areas were significantly shorter, had smaller basal diameter, and had higher damage scores than those in the two protected site types (fenced and woodpile). Because this population is on the margin of the distribution for aspen, evaluating the effectiveness of management techniques will provide valuable information for those who seek to ensure the survival of this aspen population and others.
A Deep Learning Approach to Competing Risks Representation in Peer-to-Peer Lending

Online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending is expected to benefit both investors and borrowers due to their low transaction cost and the elimination of expensive intermediaries. From the lenders’ perspective, maximizing their return on investment is an ultimate goal during their decision-making procedure. In this paper, we explore and address a fundamental problem underlying such a goal: how to represent the two competing risks, charge-off and prepayment, in funded loans. We propose to model both potential risks simultaneously, which remains largely unexplored until now. We first develop a hierarchical grading framework to integrate two risks of loans both qualitatively and quantitatively. Afterward, we introduce an end-to-end deep learning approach to solve this problem by breaking it down into multiple binary classification subproblems that are amenable to both feature representation and risks learning. Particularly, we leverage deep neural networks to jointly solve these subtasks, which leads to the in-depth exploration of the interaction involved in these tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to characterize competing risks for loans in P2P lending via deep neural networks. The comprehensive experiments on real-world loan data show that our methodology is able to achieve an appealing investment performance by modeling the competition within and between risks explicitly and properly. The feature analysis based on saliency maps provides useful insights into payment dynamics of loans for potential investors intuitively.
Electrochemical Reduction of N2 to NH3 at Low Potential by a Molecular Aluminum Complex

Electrochemical generation of ammonia (NH3 ) from nitrogen (N2 ) using renewable electricity is a desirable alternative to current NH3 production methods, which consume roughly 1 % of the world's total energy use. The use of catalysts to manipulate the required electron and proton transfer reactions with low energy input is also a chemical challenge that requires development of fundamental reaction pathways. This work presents an approach to the electrochemical reduction of N2 into NH3 using a coordination complex of aluminum(III), which facilitates NH3 production at -1.16 V vs. SCE. Reactions performed under 15 N2 liberate 15 NH3 . Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic characterization of a reduced intermediate and investigations of product inhibition, which limit the reaction to sub-stoichiometric, are also presented.
Identification of anti-prion drugs and targets using toxicity-based assays

Prion diseases are untreatable and invariably fatal, making the discovery of effective therapeutic interventions a priority. Most candidate molecules have been discovered based on their ability to reduce the levels of PrPSc, the infectious form of the prion protein, in cultured neuroblastoma cells. We have employed an alternative assay, based on an abnormal cellular phenotype associated with a mutant prion protein, to discover a novel class of anti-prion compounds, the phenethyl piperidines. Using an assay that monitors the acute toxic effects of PrPSc on the synapses of cultured hippocampal neurons, we have identified p38 MAPK as a druggable pharmacological target that is already being pursued for the treatment of other human diseases. Organotypic brain slices, which can propagate prions and mimic several neuropathological features of the disease, have also been used to test inhibitory compounds. An effective anti-prion regimen will involve synergistic combination of drugs acting at multiple steps of the pathogenic process, resulting not only in reduction in prion levels but also suppression of neurotoxic signaling.
Correlation between the Oswestry Disability Index and the 4-item short forms for physical function and pain interference from PROMIS

OBJECTIVE The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is one of the most commonly used patient-reported outcome instruments, but completion of this 10-question survey can be cumbersome. Tools from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) are an alternative, and potentially more efficient, means of assessing physical, mental, and social outcomes in spine surgery. Authors of this retrospective study assessed whether scores on the 4-item surveys of function and pain from the PROMIS initiative correlate with those on the ODI in lumbar spine surgery. METHODS Patients evaluated in the adult neurosurgery spine clinic at a single institution completed the ODI, PROMIS Short Form v2.0 Physical Function 4a (PROMIS PF), and PROMIS Short Form v1.0 Pain Interference 4a (PROMIS PI) at various time points in their care. Score data were retrospectively analyzed using linear regressions with calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS Three hundred forty-three sets of surveys (ODI, PROMIS PF, and PROMIS PI) were obtained from patients across initial visits (n = 147), 3-month follow-ups (n = 107), 12-month follow-ups (n = 52), and 24-month follow-ups (n = 37). ODI scores strongly correlated with PROMIS PF t-scores at baseline (r = -0.72, p < 0.0001), 3 months (r = -0.79, p < 0.0001), 12 months (r = -0.85, p < 0.0001), and 24 months (r = -0.89, p < 0.0001). ODI scores also correlated strongly with PROMIS PI t-scores at baseline (r = 0.71, p < 0.0001), at 3 months (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001), at 12 months (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001), and at 24 months (r = 0.88, p < 0.0001). Changes in ODI scores moderately correlated with changes in PROMIS PF t-scores (r = -0.68, p = 0.0003) and changes in PROMIS PI t-scores (r = 0.57, p = 0.0047) at 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS A strong correlation was found between the ODI and the 4-item PROMIS PF/PI at isolated time points for patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. Large cohort studies are needed to determine longitudinal accuracy and precision and to assess possible benefits of time savings and improved rates of survey completion.
Checklist of ectoparasites of Canidae and Felidae in México

We report an updated checklist of ectoparasites associated with canid and felid species in Mexico. We provide taxonomic authority, specific host associations, collection localities with appropriate citations from the literature, and museum collection information, when available. A total of 31 tick, 4 mite, 18 flea, and 4 louse species are reported from 10 host species (4 canids and 6 felids) across 29 states in Mexico.
Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Testing for Aluminum Alloys, Part II: Developing Improved Testing Protocol

A modified version of ASTM G85-A2 was developed in this work with the intention of targeting a relative humidity (RH) of 75% during the dwell period. The outcome was two different RH profiles, one ...
Prevalence of Women Authors in Family Medicine Literature.

This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of women authors in 5 prominent family medicine journals.
Heat Flow in He II in Microbore Channels

This paper reports measurements of the pressure and temperature differences as a function of heat flux over the length of glass microbore tubing containing He II. At low heat fluxes the fluid shows a laminar flow behavior distinguished by linear relations in temperature and pressure gradients with heat flux. High heat fluxes cause the flow to become turbulent. In the turbulent region the relations are non-linear.
Visualization of OCT signal pulsatility at variable tissue depth with optical microangiography

Pulsatile signals from the cutaneous blood flow could be informative for evaluating the health condition of an individual. One of the popular optical measuring devices, photoplethysmogram (PPG) is often used to detect the pulse signal from skin. However, the origin of the PPG signal still remains controversial. Benefiting from the non-invasive, label-free, 3D imaging tool, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is able to capture the intrinsic tissue signals at different penetration depth in high spatial and temporal resolution. Periodic pulse signal was observed by taking advantage of the optical microangiography (OMAG) algorithm which is sensitive to the motion of blood flow. The pulsatile pattern from the capillary and arteriole was successfully differentiated and their morphology showed distinct property at different local blood pressure. The pulse signal from the arteriole is more consistent and has similar waveform as the PPG signals. The result indicated that the PPG signal could be deceive by the mixing signal from the capillary bed and arterioles since it measures the total blood volume change in the plexuses. This study may shed some new light on understanding the mechanical property of how blood travel through different types of vasculature networks and elucidate its potential application in disease assessments.
Clinical and radiological comparison of 2 level anterior lumbar interbody fusion with posterolateral fusion and percutaneous pedicle screw in elderly patients with osteoporosis.

Retrospective observational cohort study.We used observational measures and retrospective chart reviews to compare elderly patients with osteoporosis who underwent multi-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with either posterolateral fusion (PLF) or percutaneous pedicle screw fixation.Multi-level ALIF with PLF is used to save the posterior element of the spine and improve fusion rates in elderly patients with osteoporosis. To minimize perioperative invasiveness and improve patients' postoperative quality of life, we perform minimal percutaneous screw fixation.Fifty-three elderly patients with osteoporosis who underwent either PLF with open pedicle screw fixation (n = 28) or percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPF) (n = 25) for treatment with 2-level ALIF between January 2010 and December 2013 were compared for clinical outcome including operation time, intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, and hospital day and radiological outcome.Average operation times were significantly shorter and intra- and postoperative blood loss was significantly reduced in the PPF group. There were no significant differences, preoperative and postoperative, in observational measures including visual analog scale, Oswestry disability index, and Rolland-Moris disability. There were no significant differences in the degree of lordosis, changes of motion, or adjacent segmental degeneration. Fusion rates were increased in the PLF group compared to the PPF group 6 months post-surgery, but from 1 year to the last follow-up, the rates were statistically equivalent. There were fewer minor complications in the PPF group, and no major complications at all.Two-level ALIF with PPF results in shorter operation times, less blood loss and minor complications, and similar fusion rate as 2-level ALIF with PLF. It; therefore, represents an effective method, leading to rapid recovery and less complications in elderly patients with osteoporosis.
Mandibular slope: a reproducible and simple measure of horizontal gaze.

This study is a single-center retrospective radiographic review. The objective of this study is to evaluate a novel measurement parameter, mandibular slope (MS), as a measure of horizontal gaze. Assessment of sagittal spinal alignment is essential in the evaluation of spinal deformity patients. Ability to achieve a horizontal gaze, a parameter of sagittal alignment, is needed for the performance of daily activities. Standard measures of horizontal gaze, including the gold-standard chin–brow to vertical angle (CBVA) and the surrogate measures McGregor’s line (McGS) and Chamberlain’s line (CS), require high-quality imaging, precise head positioning, and reliance on difficult to view visual landmarks. A novel measurement parameter, MS, utilizing the caudal margin of the mandible on standard lateral spine radiographs is proposed. 90 radiographs from spine deformity patients with or without spinal implants from a single center were evaluated. Three spine surgery fellows independently measured CBVA, McGS, CS, and MS at two timepoints at least one week apart to assess accuracy and reliability. MS was measured as the angle created by the inferior edge of the mandibular body and the horizontal. Formulas for calculating CBVA based on the above parameters were derived and compared to the actual CBVA. Mean age was 49.7 years, 76 females and 14 males. CBVA correlated with CS, McGS, and MS, r = 0.85, 0.81, and 0.80, respectively (p < 0.001). Standard error between real CBVA and calculated CBVA using CS (0.4 ± 4.79) and McGS (0.4 ± 3.9) was higher than that calculated using MS (− 0.2 ± 4.3). ICC demonstrated the highest inter-observer reliability with MS (0.999). MS had the highest intra-observer reliabilities 0.975, 0.981, and 0.988 (p < 0.001); CS and McGS also demonstrated high intra-observer reliability. MS is a promising measure of horizontal gaze that correlates highly with CBVA, has excellent intra- and inter-observer reliability with CBVA, and is easily measured using standard lateral spine radiographs.
Using Mechanical Turk to Study Parents and Children: An Examination of Data Quality and Representativeness.

Objective: Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a popular data collection tool that is increasingly used to study parents and children. We examined the quality of data obtained via MTurk, the representativen...
The Interplay of Geometric Defects and Porosity on the Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured Components

Additive manufacturing (AM) is becoming increasingly popular, but standards for critical defect sizes and porosity levels have not been fully established. The wide range of flexibility offered by AM is unable to be exploited by designers if they do not have confidence in their components’ mechanical behavior. The goal of this study was to understand how the factors of specimen geometry, geometric defects, porosity, and base material ductility impact the performance of realistic AM exemplar components. Geometric defects, including quarter cracks, internal voids, and through holes, were intentionally manufactured into thin-walled, tapered SS 316L and AlSi10Mg AM components. Two levels of porosity were introduced by reducing the laser power in the AlSi10Mg specimens to observe interactions of porosity and the larger-scale geometric defects. Many such components were manufactured, and each component was loaded to failure. Intentionally manufactured defects decreased the failure load and displacement-to-failure for both materials. Geometric defects had a greater effect in the less ductile materials. Increasing the porosity in the AlSi10Mg above a threshold led to density-dominated component behavior, with little impact of intentional large-scale geometric defects. This work demonstrated the interactions between the flaw types and the dependence of the AM component behavior based on inherent material ductility, porosity, and presence of geometric defects. The results from this study provide valuable insight for establishing a critical porosity-defect relationship for AM metals. It also demonstrates that predicting component behavior in AM metals requires an understanding of flaws types and material properties.
The Role of Police in Police–Reentry Partnerships in the United States

This chapter highlights how partnerships between police and community supervision officers have developed to facilitate information sharing, interagency problem-solving, special enforcement, as well as support for offender reintegration. In 2007, the International Association of Chiefs of Police published a summit report on offender reentry and police assistance. The current chapter will update these findings and provide commentary on how these suggested improvements have fared during the past 12–13 years. An examination of whether these functions have been effective, identifying challenges, and highlighting successes is provided. In addition, the specific roles that police play in these partnerships are discussed, with additional emphasis on informal forms of offender rapport-building, cultivation of community relations, and even mentoring, that are not often acknowledged by the public when considering police contributions to these partnerships.
Transepithelial Versus Epithelium-Off Corneal Crosslinking for Progressive Keratoconus: Findings From a Cochrane Systematic Review.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to summarize key findings from a systematic review of the effectiveness and safety of transepithelial corneal crosslinking (CXL) compared with epithelium-off CXL for progressive keratoconus. Design Cochrane systematic review. Methods We included in our review only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which transepithelial and epithelium-off CXL had been compared among participants with progressive keratoconus. The primary outcome was keratoconus stabilization based on post-operative maximum keratometry (Kmax). We adhered to Cochrane methods for trial selection, data extraction, risk of bias evaluation, and data synthesis. Results Thirteen RCTs with 567 participants (661 eyes) were included; 11 studies compared non-iontophoresis-assisted transepithelial with epithelium-off CXL. Keratoconus stabilization was described as an outcome in 2 studies. The estimated difference in Kmax means (ie, the “mean difference,” MD) from meta-analysis of 177 eyes in 5 RCTs indicated that there were no differences between intervention groups in Kmax at 12 months or later (MD: 0.99 diopter [D]; 95% confidence interval: −0.11 to 2.09). Meta-analysis of keratometry and visual acuity outcomes at 12 months or longer after surgery from 2 studies that had compared transepithelial CXL using iontophoresis provided no conclusive evidence of an advantage over epithelium-off CXL. Conclusions Lack of precision due to small sample sizes, indeterminate risk of bias due to inadequate reporting, and inconsistency in how outcomes were measured and reported among studies make it difficult to state with confidence whether transepithelial CXL confers an advantage over epithelium-off CXL for patients with progressive keratoconus with respect to stabilization of keratoconus, visual acuity, or patient-reported outcomes based on available data.
Expected Costs of Primary Dental Treatments and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Odontogenic Sinusitis

Objectives Treatment of odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) due to apical periodontitis (AP) is highly successful when both dental treatment and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) are performed. Variation exists in the literature with regard to types and timing of dental treatments and ESS when managing ODS. This study modeled expected costs of different primary dental and sinus surgical treatment pathways for ODS due to AP. Study design Decision-tree economic model. Methods Decision-tree models were created based on cost and treatment success probabilities. Using Medicare and consumer online databases, cost data were obtained for the following dental and sinus surgical treatments across the United States: root canal therapy (RCTx), revision RCTx, apicoectomy, extraction, dental implant, bone graft, and ESS (maxillary, ± anterior ethmoid, ± frontal). A literature review was performed to determine probabilities of dental and sinus disease resolution after different dental treatments. Expected costs were determined for primary dental extraction, RCTx, and ESS pathways, and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Expected costs for the three different primary treatment pathways when dental care was in-network and all diseased sinuses opened during ESS were as follows: dental extraction ($4,753.83), RCTx ($4,677.34), and ESS ($7,319.85). Conclusions ODS due to AP can be successfully treated with primary dental treatments, but ESS is still frequently required. Expected costs of primary dental extraction and RCTx were roughly equal. Primary ESS had a higher expected cost, but may still be preferred in patients with prominent sinonasal symptoms. Patients' insurance coverage may also impact decision-making. Level of evidence N/A Laryngoscope, 2021.
Dynamics of Markets: The New Financial Economics

Preface 1. Econophysics: why and what 2. Neo-classical economic theory 3. Probability and stochastic processes 4. Introduction to financial economics 5. Introduction to portfolio selection theory 6. Scaling, pair correlations, and conditional densities 7. Statistical ensembles: deducing dynamics from time series 8. Martingale option pricing 9. FX market globalization: evolution of the dollar to worldwide reserve currency 10. Macroeconomics and econometrics: regression models vs. empirically based modeling 11. Complexity Index.
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerance Analysis

This chapter is divided into two parts: the first discusses the subject of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing and its relevance in design for manufacturability. The second part deals with the why’s, how’s, and the need for tolerance analysis in taking a product from design to manufacture.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cholesterol Gallstones

Bile is a micellar solution. Its major lipids are bile acids, lecithin, cholesterol, and bilirubin diglucuronide. Most gallstones are composed predominantly of cholesterol monohydrate, the crystals forming on a nidus which is often calcium bilirubinate. Pigment stones consist of calcium bilirubinate or less frequently protonated bilirubin.
Predicting Global Well-Being: II

In this chapter we continue the examination begun in chapter 4 of the relationships between feelings about specific life concerns and more global aspects of well-being. Whereas the previous chapter focused exclusively and in considerable detail on the prediction of one global measure, Life 3, we here explore the full set of global measures much more broadly but in less detail.
Immunological studies of a heterogenetic enterobacterial antigen (Kunin).

Whang, H. Y. (Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N.Y.) and E. Neter. Immunological studies of a heterogenetic enterobacterial antigen (Kunin). J. Bacteriol. 84:1245-1250. 1962.-Study of the heterogenetic antigen revealed that it is present in relatively large amounts in supernatant fluids of heat-killed, agar-grown enterobacterial suspensions. The antigen modifies erythrocytes for agglutination by heterogenetic antibodies in Escherichia coli O14 antiserum. Of the highly purified lipopolysaccharides (10 mug/ml) tested, only a Shigella sonnei preparation had significant activity. In the hemagglutination-inhibition test, minimal activity was detected also in lipopoly-saccharides from E. coli O111 and various salmonellase. There was no parallelism in capacity of these lipopolysaccharides to neutralize heterogenetic and homologous O antibodies. The hemolytic modification of the hemagglutination test proved to be from two to eight times more sensitive than the hemagglutination method. Supernatant fluids of unheated agar-grown suspensions contained small amounts of antigen, and boiling of the bacterial suspensions resulted in the release of additional and substantial quantities. Heterogenetic antibodies did not cause agglutination of latex particles treated with heterogenetic antigen, but E. coli O14 antibodies agglutinated latex particles treated with the corresponding O antigen.
Preis und Qualität als Dimensionen von Kompromissoptionen

In diesem Beitrag werden die Fragen behandelt, wie Konsumenten auf Kompromissprodukte reagieren und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus fur den Wahlanteil der bisher bereits angebotenen Produkte ergeben. Es werden Produkte betrachtet, die sich im Hinblick auf den Preis und die Qualitat unterscheiden, und Theorien vorgestellt, mit denen Wirkungen der Existenz und der Positionierung eines Kompromissprodukts vorhergesagt werden konnen. In einer neuen empirischen Studie werden die Effekte der Existenz und der Positionierung einer Kompromissoption aufgezeigt. Die zentralen Ergebnisse lauten, dass Kompromissoptionen von vielen Entscheidern selbst dann bevorzugt werden, wenn ihr Preis-Qualitats-Verhaltnis deutlich schlechter ist als das der anderen Optionen, und dass die Antwort auf die Frage, welche der bisher angebotenen Optionen vergleichsweise stark an Wahlanteil verliert, von der absoluten Preishohe der Produktkategorie abhangt.
Output Fluctuations in Latin America : What Explains the Recent Slowdown?

The authors explain Latin America's growth slowdown in 1998-1999. To do so, they use two complementary methodologies. The first aims at determining how much of the slowdown can be explained by specific external factors: the terms of trade, international interest rates, spreads on external debt, capital flows, and climatological factors (El Nino). Using quarterly GDP data for the eight largest countries in the region, the authors estimate a dynamic panel showing that 50-60 percent of the slowdown was due to these external factors. The second approach allows for effects on output by some endogeneous variables, such as domestic real interest rates, and real exchange rates. Using monthly industrial performance data, the authors estimate country-specific generalized vector auto-regressions (GVAR) for the largest countries. They find that during the sample period (1992-98) output volatility is mostly associated with shocks to domestic factors, but the slowdown in the sub-period 1998-99 is explained more than 60 percent by shocks to the external factors.
Preparation, 29Si and 13C NMR and DFT/IGLO studies of silylcarboxonium ions

Abstract A number of trimethylsilylcarboxonium ions, including trimethylsilyl(β-trimethylsilyl)carboxonium ion 7, were prepared as long-lived ions by the reaction of the corresponding esters with trimethylsilane and trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. They were characterized by 29 Si and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The effect of silicon–carbon hyperconjugative stabilization on the carbocationic center of carboxonium ion 7 is evident by the NMR studies. The structures as well as 29 Si and 13 C NMR chemical shifts of these ions were also calculated by the DFT/IGLO method and the results were compared with the experimental data.
Ironing out carbon export to the deep ocean

In PNAS, Lopes et al. (1) present a novel approach to quantifying the efficiency of the biological carbon pump as Earth’s climate warmed from the ice bound glacial episode (26,000–18,000 y before present) to the equable climate of the present interglacial (10,000 y BP until present). The biological carbon pump begins with atmospheric CO2 transformation into chemical energy by marine photosynthesizers. The particulate organic carbon (POC) from these organisms is then transported into the deep ocean to be buried in sediments. An efficient biological pump increases carbon burial at the ocean floor and this can impact the Earth’s climate system. Past intervals of high marine carbon burial have been associated with atmospheric greenhouse gas removal leading to planetary cooling.
An EM approach for dynamic battery management systems

In this paper we propose an expectation maximization (EM) type algorithm for online system identification and tracking of prognostic states as applied to battery management systems (BMS). The objective of BMS is to adaptively estimate state of charge (SOC) — a crucial battery state information. We find that the existing approaches in the literature need enhancement because (i) they lack battery equivalent models that accurately model the actual physical and chemical properties of the batteries, and (ii) they fail to utilize powerful state and parameter estimation techniques for system identification and tracking. It is often noticed throughout the literature that (ii) is a precursor to (i). In this paper, first we model the dynamic equivalent model of batteries as a series of m parallel RC circuits and derive the relationship between the time-varying battery states and the current, voltage output observations as a non-linear state space model. Then, we derive an expectation maximization (EM) type algorithm for identification of the so-derived statespace model and for the adaptive tracking of SOC. Finally we discuss the performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm through simulation and by testing them on experimental data obtained from Li-ion based cellphone batteries.
Chapter 13 Water Quality Monitoring Networks

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the water quality monitoring networks. Environmental legislation and general water quality awareness have been responsible for recent increased monitoring and sampling of water in streams. Such monitoring and testing can be expensive and a scientific approach to minimizing costs whilst maximizing benefits is desirable. The assumption that a water quality monitoring network can detect trends in water quality, check compliance with stream standards, and measure ambient water quality, etc., is incorporated into legislation for water quality management. Monitoring performed by government agencies is, in many cases, conducted over large geographic areas covering many kilometers of streams. By using most resources to physically collect water samples, little resources are left to consider the representativeness of the sample in time and space, data analysis or data use.
THE PAPAIN-CATALYZED SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED HIPPURYL-M-TOLUIDIDES; STERIC AND SEQUENTIAL SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY.

Abstract Crystalline papain has been used to catalyze the synthesis of various substituted hippuryl-m-toluidides at pH's 4, 5, and 6 from the substituted hippuric acids and m-toluidine. The compounds used were the o-, m-, and p-fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-, and methyl-substituted hippuric acids. Except for m-iodohippuric acid all of these substances coupled with m-toluidine at the specified pH values. The ortho substituted hippuric acids, except o-iodohippuric acid, gave a greater yield of m-toluidide at all pH values than either the meta- or para-substituted hippuric acids. Relationships between the parachor increment of the nuclear substituent of the substituted hippuric acid and yield, and between the van der Waals' radius of the nuclear substituent and yield were presented. None of the following structural analogs of hippuric acid could substitute for hippuric acid in the synthetic reaction: N-benzoyl-β-alanine, N-benzoyl-aminooxyacetic acid, β-benzoylpropionic acid, and malonanilic acid. This was presented as evidence for a sequential specificity on the part of papain towards its substrate.
Bolus followed by continuous infusion interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma and kidney cancer previously treated with interleukin-2.

Six patients with either melanoma (3) or kidney cancer (3) who had experienced disease progression on outpatient interleukin-2 regimens were subsequently treated with inpatient bolus Interleukin-2 (IL-2) 36 MIU/m2 followed by continuous infusion IL-2 18 MIU/m2/day for 3 days. Cycles were repeated every 2 weeks up to four times, then every 3–4 weeks if tolerated and in the absence of disease progression. Two patients (one each with kidney cancer and melanoma) have achieved partial responses. One patient with kidney cancer and hepatic metastases has had a minor response. Interleukin-2 given at this dose and schedule shows some evidence of activity in patients who have received prior outpatient IL-2.
A Gandhian Blueprint for Nonviolent Change

This article presents a Gandhian-style blueprint for nonviolent change. It is written with an eye toward assisting academics and educators, at both the secondary and postsecondary levels, in making Mohandas K. Gandhi accessible and relevant. It employs a heuristic designed to illustrate how Gandhian principles and practices can be implemented to achieve meaningful change. The heuristic builds on the old-fashioned cliche for education, the three Rs, in which the three Rs here stand for resistance, reform, and redemption. Also described are the three Ss representing Gandhian self-suffering, simplicity, and service, and the three Ts for trusteeship, tolerance, and truth. The resulting blueprint illustrates how Gandhi masterfully merged principles with practices, how he connected the personal to the public, and how he wove together the political, social, and spiritual aspects of his life and work.