cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nature, Logic, and Significance of Strong Communities for Children

High levels of stress and low levels of support for parents have significant implications for child safety, particularly for families living in neighborhoods which are dangerous and disadvantaged. Building on this knowledge about the causes and correlates of child maltreatment, the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect (1993) recommended a neighborhood-based child protection strategy. This article describes Strong Communities for Children, a community-based child maltreatment prevention intervention designed to carry out the Board’s recommendations. During an initial period of development and evaluation (lasting more than 7 years) of the first such initiative (located in communities near Greenville, SC), Strong Communities added substantially to the knowledge base on the role of community factors in children’s safety. It also advanced understanding of ways to operationalize some of the ideas underlying the Board’s proposed strategy. This article (a) describes the conceptual foundation, the logic model, and the engagement strategies that comprise Strong Communities; (b) provides an overview of the results from the first comprehensive initiative; (c) discusses their significance; and (d) concludes with discussion of the possibilities for Strong Communities in the current context.
Global evidence for the acclimation of ecosystem photosynthesis to light

Photosynthesis responds quickly to changes in light, increasing with incoming photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) until the leaves become light saturated. This instantaneous response to PPFD, which is widely studied and incorporated into models of photosynthesis, is overlaid on non-instantaneous photosynthetic changes resulting from the acclimation of plants to average PPFD over intermediate timescales of a week to months $$\left( {\overline {{\mathrm{PPFD}}} } \right)$$ . Such photosynthetic light acclimation is not typically incorporated into models, due to the lack of observational constraints. Here, we use eddy covariance observations from globally distributed and automated sensor networks, along with photosynthesis estimates from nine terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs), to quantify and assess photosynthetic acclimation to light in natural environments. We also use recent theoretical developments to incorporate light acclimation in a TBM. Our results show widespread light acclimation of ecosystem photosynthesis. On average, a 1 μmol m−2 s−1 increase in $$\overline {{\mathrm{PPFD}}} _{{\mathrm{10}}}$$ (ten-day average PPFD) leads to a 0.031 ± 0.013 μmol C m−2 s−1 increase in the maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate (Amax), with croplands having stronger acclimation rates than grasslands and forests. Our analysis shows that the TBMs examined either neglect or substantially underestimate light acclimation. By updating a TBM to include photosynthetic acclimation, successfully reproducing the $$\overline {{\mathrm{PPFD}}} _{{\mathrm{10}}}$$ –Amax relationship, we provide a robust method for the incorporation of photosynthetic light acclimation in future models. Combining global eddy covariance observations and photosynthesis estimates from terrestrial biosphere models, the authors demonstrate widespread acclimation of photosynthesis to light in natural environments, with croplands showing stronger acclimation rates than forests or grasslands.
Emergency Remote Learning in Social Studies Methods: Seeing, Understanding, and Disrupting Racism.

COVID-19 shut down our university and sent us into remote learning. My elementary social studies methods’ teacher candidates and I sought to make sense of the ensuing chaos. Fueled by the threat of COVID-19 and growing issues of racism, I designed a focused, inquiry-based lesson using the Inquiry Design Generator of the C3 Framework (NCSS, 2013) to revisit our work in Takaki’s (2012) A Different Mirror for Young People: A History of Multicultural America . The inquiry invited the teacher candidates to grasp the significance of the past in shaping the present, and to engage in informed action using children’s literature.
Engagement Moderation: What Journalists Should Say to Improve Online Discussions

The study put forth a new concept, which we call engagement moderation, that is defined as community managers or journalists interacting with commenters to improve the comment threads, rather than ...
Abstract 346: Cardiac Diagnoses and Initial Presentation to the Emergency Department May Be Associated With Hospital Mortality Among Hospitalized Pediatric Patients Who Experience Medical Emergency Team Events

Introduction: There is a paucity of data regarding the association of pediatric patient characteristics with hospital mortality and transfer to higher levels of care following medical emergency tea...
Aging Influences the Metabolic and Inflammatory Phenotype in an Experimental Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury

Increased age is a risk factor for poor outcomes from respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this study, we sought to define age-related differences in lung inflammation, muscle injury, and metabolism after intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (IT-LPS) acute lung injury (ALI) in adult (6 months) and aged (18-20 months) male C57BL/6 mice. We also investigated age-related changes in muscle fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and the consequences of systemic FAO inhibition with the drug etomoxir. Aged mice had a distinct lung injury course characterized by prolonged alveolar neutrophilia and lack of response to therapeutic exercise. To assess the metabolic consequences of ALI, aged and adult mice underwent whole body metabolic phenotyping before and after IT-LPS. Aged mice had prolonged anorexia and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, indicating increased reliance on FAO. Etomoxir increased mortality in aged but not adult ALI mice, confirming the importance of FAO on survival from acute severe stress and suggesting that adult mice have increased resilience to FAO inhibition. Skeletal muscles from aged ALI mice had increased transcription of key fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, CPT-1b, LCAD, MCAD, FATP1 and UCP3. Additionally, aged mice had increased protein levels of CPT-1b at baseline and after lung injury. Surprisingly, CPT-1b in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria had decreased activity in aged mice compared to adults. The distinct phenotype of aged ALI mice has similar characteristics to the adverse age-related outcomes of ARDS. This model may be useful to examine and augment immunologic and metabolic abnormalities unique to the critically ill aged population.
Interaction Among Social, Cultural and Environmental Factors in Vernacular Settlements. The Case of Korogonianika, in Lakonia, Greece

The article presents the main findings of a research focusing on the unique attributes of vernacular architectural heritage of Southern Greece. Sustainable vernacular architectural solutions and contemporary challenges are presented so as to put in the forefront a timely issue that needs addressing. The peril of absolute desolation and the unnecessary interventions put not only in jeopardy the value of architectural heritage but also hinder socio-spatial cohesion and sustainability. The analysis of the crucial issues is based on literature review and field work. Field work involves original cartographic depiction, photos, drawings as well as participant observation and interviews. The production of space is being studied as a result of the interaction between social and environmental factors. This interaction is portrayed through the use of a pilot case study, the village Korogonianika which is a typical and representative example for all vernacular settlements of eastern Mani.
Abstract IA10: Uncovering the ecology of glioblastoma with spatial digital profiling and single cell genotyping

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the biggest challenges in oncology, with median survival of ~15 months. Extreme heterogeneity of the GBM cells within each tumor results in resistance to most of the available therapies. Understanding the relationships between the heterogenous populations of GBM cells and the diverse niches they rely on is key to developing more effective treatment for this aggressive brain tumor. Analysis of the spatial localization of cells with different properties can shed light on their microenvironmental preferences, interactions and potential vulnerabilities. Therefore, we set out to profile 20 GBM cases using methods allowing for single-cell assessment of select genomic features and protein marker expression in intact tissue samples from each tumor. We constructed a tissue microarray (TMA), containing four distant areas from each tumor block to represent the intratumor heterogeneity within each tumor fragment. Based on multicolor immunofluorescent staining with markers of glial cells, immune cells and vasculature, we selected 96 regions of interest, which were then subject to digital spatial profiling for 90 protein markers associated with glioblastoma biology, neurobiology and immunology. Pearson’s correlation and Shannon index calculation based on our profiling results showed that majority of the regions cluster by their tumor of origin, however several highly diverse tumors were also identified. To link the diversity of the protein expression found with the digital spatial profiling with underlying genomic alterations, using the same TMA slide, we performed multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization for genes most frequently amplified in GBM. Automated quantification allowed us to collect information from 38,000 individual cells. Based on the presence or absence of the amplifications each cell was assigned a genotype. Since mutation in hTERT promoter has been reported as one of the drivers of GBM, we used STAR-FISH, an in situ single-cell mutation detection assay, to record the frequency and spatial localization of cells harboring this mutation on our TMA. Our datasets provide a unique opportunity to link single-cell genetic diversity to the phenotypic heterogeneity of the tumor cells and their microenvironment. Spatial localization of cells with distinct genotypes allows us to further dissect the interactions between the distinct subclones of GBM cells and uncover their novel dependencies. Citation Format: Kacper A. Walentynowicz, Shreya Yadav, Cristina Vincentelli, Michalina Janiszewska. Uncovering the ecology of glioblastoma with spatial digital profiling and single cell genotyping [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Tumor Heterogeneity: From Single Cells to Clinical Impact; 2020 Sep 17-18. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(21 Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
Prosodic cues of repetitions in Spanish spontaneous discourse

When Spanish speakers repeat words or phrases in discourse, some repetitions are due to false starts or hesitations while others are used for emphasis or clarity. These will be referred to as ‘‘hesitations’’ and ‘‘emphasis’’ repetitions, respectively. Although the purpose of the repetition can often be determined from discourse context or part of speech, this study shows that there are also prosodic cues that serve to distinguish the two types. The speech data consist of all repetitions uttered by a male Colombian speaker over the course of a 1‐h spontaneous conversations. The following acoustic information was obtained for each utterance and its repetition: duration, peak amplitude, average amplitude, and duration of any intervening pause. Pauses occur more often and tend to be longer in hesitation repetitions. Contrary to previously reported findings for English, however, a pause is frequently not present. The first element of the hesitation repetition tends to be longer than the second. Amplitude does not appear to differentiate the two types of repetitions. The results suggest that durations is the most important cue for distinguishing between types of repetitions.
SpineRacks and SpinalJ for efficient analysis of neurons in a 3D reference atlas of the mouse spinal cord.

Summary Spatial analysis of spinal neurons is currently limited by a lack of tools for efficient preparation and imaging of the whole spinal cord (SC) and the absence of a 3D reference atlas. Here, we describe protocols for efficient sectioning of whole SC using SpineRacks and subsequent image registration, atlas mapping, and 3D analysis of cells and projections, using SpinalJ. Together, these tools enable high-throughput analyses of adult mouse SC and direct comparison of spatial information of neurons between animals and studies. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Fiederling et al. (2021) .
Chronic parotitis; with illustrative case report.

Abstract An attempt to clarify the meaning of chronic parotitis is made. Emphasis is placed on the role played by a diminution of the production and/or delivery of salivary secretions in favoring an ascending oral infection in some parotidites. A case report of chronic parotitis with an obscure primary etiology is presented. The probable sequence of events, subsequent to the basic underlying etiological factor, is considered. Indications for the use of the nonviscous and nonirritating Ethiodol are discussed.
Considered Limitations and Possible Applications of Computed Tomography in Mummy Research

Over the past two decades, computed tomography, CT, has become one of the most significant imaging modalities in clinical medicine. The hardware and software innovations responsible for the advances in image quality have also resulted in the desire to incorporate CT into mummy research. Although manufacturers have endeavored to simplify the operation of the equipment, the intended use has been primarily living humans and not dehydrated remains. However, with a thorough understanding of the underlying principles of the modality, including the limitations, and the consequences of the manipulation of technical settings, satisfactory results can be obtained. Anat Rec, 298:1088–1098, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Farewell to Deweyan Democracy

The revival of pragmatism has brought renewed enthusiasm for John Dewey's conception of democracy. Drawing upon Rawlsian concerns regarding the fact of reasonable pluralism, I argue that Deweyan democracy is unworthy of resurrection. A modified version of Deweyan democracy recently proposed by Elizabeth Anderson is then taken up and also found to be lacking. Then I propose a model of democracy that draws upon Peirce's social epistemology. The result is a non-Deweyan but nonetheless pragmatist option in democratic theory.
Spread programming for NAND flash

The aggressive scaling of NAND flash memories has caused significant degradation in their reliability and endurance. One of the dominant factors in this degradation is the inter-cell-interference (ICI), by which the programming of a cell can affect near-by neighboring cells corrupting the information that they store. This paper proposes a new data representation scheme which increases endurance and significantly reduces the probability of error caused by ICI. The method is based on using an orthogonal code to spread each bit across multiple cells, resulting in a more uniform distribution of voltages being programmed in the cells.
Dopant interactions in superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7

The suppression of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ by pairs of dopants which substitute for Cu in superconducting ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$[${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.95}$(${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathit{N}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${)}_{0.05}$${]}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathit{N}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$= ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$,${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x},}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$) is found to be nonlinear in the concentration x when the dopants occupy both of the inequivalent Cu sites, indicating a strong interlayer coupling. The response is distinctly different for magnetic and nonmagnetic ions. The large suppression due to Zn ions is shown to be correlated with a similar increase in hole density, which is relevant for comparing current theories of s-wave and d-wave superconductivity.
The Vaporization of Realgar, As4 S 4

The vaporization behavior of has been investigated by mass spectrometry and mass‐loss torsion‐effusion. The results of these studies indicate that the primary constituent of the vapor above crystalline is molecular , but that minor amounts of , , , , , and are also present. The enthalpy and entropy of vaporization at 450 K are and , respectively. The value of the enthalpy of sublimation at 298.15 K is calculated as . The results of this study are compared with those of previous investigations, and ambiguities resulting from the slow phase transition between are addressed.
Electrical Conductivities of (CeO2)1−x(Y2O3)x Thin Films

Electrical properties of CeO2 thin films of different Y2O3 dopant concentration as prepared earlier were studied using impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivities of the films were found to be dominated by grain boundaries of high conductivity as compared with that of the bulk ceramic of the same dopant concentration sintered at 1500°C. The film grain-boundary conductivities were investigated with regard to grain size, grain-boundary impurity segregation, space charge at grain boundaries, and grain-boundary microstructures. Because of the large grain boundary and surface area in thin films, the impurity concentration is insufficient to form a continuous highly resistive Si-rich glassy phase at grain boundaries, such that the resistivity associated with space-charge layers becomes important. The grain-boundary resistance may originate from oxygen-vacancy-trapping near grain boundaries from space-charge layers. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy coupled with a trans-boundary profile of electron energy loss spectroscopy gives strong credence to the space-charged layers. Since the conductivities of the films were observed to be independent of crystallographic texture, the interface misorientation contribution to the grain-boundary resistance is considered to be negligible with respect to those of the impurity layer and space-charge layers.
Patient Recall of Health Care Provider Counseling for Opioid‐Acetaminophen Prescriptions

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and nature of physician, nurse, and pharmacist verbal counseling at the time of a new prescription for an opioid-acetaminophen containing medication as recalled by patients. DESIGN: A mixed methods approach with data from cross sectional, structured interviews was used. SETTING: The settings were one academic emergency department in Chicago, IL and one outpatient pharmacy at a public hospital in Atlanta, GA. PATIENTS: One hundred forty-nine patients receiving a new prescription for an opioid-acetaminophen medication were enrolled. METHODS: Interviews assessed patient recall of counseling they received from their physician, nurse, and pharmacist upon receiving the new prescription. Their responses were unitized and assigned to categories. RESULTS: One hundred forty-nine patients were enrolled; 61.1% African American and 58.4% female. Seven major categories of responses were noted; frequencies of patient recall for counseling in these categories were reported. Four categories related to the content of the counseling discussion were 1) details of administration (patient recall counseling from: physician/nurse only 44.3%, pharmacist only 5.4%, both providers 12.8%); 2) activities to avoid and side effects (36.2%, 4.7%, 8.7%); 3) medication indication (32.9%, 4%, 4%); and 4) addictive potential (9.3%, 1.3%, 0%). Three categories describe patients' recall of the interaction in broad terms: 5) being referred to print informational material accompanying the prescription (MD/RN only 7.4%, pharmacist only 20.1%, both providers 2.7%); 6) having questions solicited (0%, 11.4%, 0%); 7) having no interaction relating to medication counseling (3.4%, 32.2%, 1.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients infrequently recall counseling from providers on topics that are important to prevent harm from opioid-acetaminophen prescriptions. Future patient-centered clinical research should target identifying optimal strategies to convey these critical messages. Language: en
A developmental study of visual search behavior

Children in second, fourth and sixth grades and college sophomores were compared on a visual search and scanning task under three experimental condilions. In Condition I, a single target letter was sought in a list of letters of low visual confusability. In Condition II, two target letters were sought but only one appeared in a given list. In Condition III, a single target letter was sought in a list of letters of high confusability. Search time decreased with age in all three tasks. Searching for two targets was no harder than searching for one. A highly confusable visual context increased search time at all age levels.
Viscosity reduction and prevention of browning in the preparation of clarified banana juice

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of commercial enzyme preparations on viscosity reduction and filterability of banana juice, and the effectiveness of various anti-browning treatments on clarified juice. Two different combinations of pectinase, cellulase and hemicellulase were more effective in reducing viscosity and improving filterability of both green and ripe banana purees than a pectinase, galactomannanase or cellulase after incubation periods of 3, 6 and 9 h. An alpha-amylase was not effective in reducing viscosity as compared to the control, even of green banana puree high in starch. Potassium metabisulfite (100 mg/L) was more effective in producing a light colored juice with stable color than two heating methods (heating whole, unpeeled bananas at 100°C for 11 min.; heating puree at 80°C for 1–2 min) and ascorbic acid (470 mg/L). Polyphenoloxidase was active in the clarified juices treated with ascorbic acid and the control, and both darkened over time. Sensory analysis indicated that all the juices had similar banana flavor intensity.
Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia: developmental sequencing and specificity of problem behavior.

Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia were explored for 148 boys seen in child guidance clinics prior to the onset of adolescent or adult disorders. Those most disturbed in childhood were more likely to be preschizophrenic, and their disturbed behavior was relatively specific to that grouping. Childhood problems with motor coordination and attention were associated with impulsive, inappropriate behavior which led to peer rejection followed by increasing seclusiveness. Clinical groupings of the most disturbed boys produced composite descriptions for four groups.
Relative Retention Times of Molecular Species of Acylglycerols, Phosphatidylcholines, and Phosphatidylethanolamines Containing Ricinoleate in Reversed‐Phase HPLC

Abstract The relative retention times (RRT) of twenty one molecular species of diacylglycerols (DAG), forty two molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAG), thirty six molecular species of phosphatidylcholines (PC), and thirty six molecular species phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) in reversed‐phase HPLC are reported. They were derived from incorporation of six [14C]‐labeled fatty acids, ricinoleate (R), stearate (S), oleate (O), linoleate (L), linolenate (Ln), and palmitate (P) in castor microsomal incubations. Most of these RRT were not reported earlier because the standards were not available, including the molecular species containing R. In general, DAG eluted earlier than TAG on a C18 HPLC used for the separation of the molecular species of acylglycerols (AG). When only one acyl chain differed in the molecular species of both DAG and TAG, the elution order was: R, Ln, L, P, O, and S. Two C8 HPLC systems were used for separation of the molecular species of PC and PE, respectively, with a more polar eluen...
Contraceptive use among women with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review

Abstract Background There are theoretical concerns that use of hormonal contraceptives by women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) might increase disease relapse and risk of other adverse health outcomes, including thrombosis. In addition, there are concerns that IBD-related malabsorption might decrease the effectiveness of orally ingested contraceptives. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence on the safety and effectiveness of contraceptive use among women with IBD. Study Design We searched the PubMed database for peer-reviewed articles relevant to contraceptive use and IBD that were published in any language from inception of the database through February 2009. We used standard abstract forms and grading systems to summarize and assess the quality of the evidence. Results From 207 articles, we identified 10 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Evidence from five cohort studies (Level II-2, fair to good) suggests no increased risk of IBD relapse with use of oral contraceptives. Evidence from two pharmacokinetic studies (not graded) suggests that women with mild ulcerative colitis and those with an ileostomy following a proctocolectomy with small ileal resections have plasma concentrations of steroid hormones after oral ingestion of higher doses of combined oral contraceptives that are similar to the plasma concentrations among healthy volunteers. No studies were found that examined the risk of thrombosis among women with IBD who used hormonal contraceptives. Conclusions Limited evidence suggests there is no increased risk of disease relapse among women with IBD who use oral contraceptives, and there seem to be no differences in the absorption of higher-dose combined oral contraceptives between women with mild ulcerative colitis and small ileal resections and healthy women.
Three-liquid-phase equilibria of ternary and quaternary mixtures, water/n-decane/2-butyloxyethanol and water/n-octane/1-propanol/sodium chloride—experimental measurements and their correlation with the UNIQUAC model

Abstract Two- and three-phase liquid—liquid equilibrium data obtained for the ternary system water/n-decane/2-butyloxyethanol and the quaternary system water/n-octane/1-propanol/sodium chloride at 25±0.1°C are presented in this paper. The experimental results are correlated with the UNIQUAC model described by Abrams and Prausnitz using computational algorithms developed by Negahban to obtain the model parameters and to perform phase equilibria calculations.
Estimation of variable coefficients in parabolic distributed systems

We present techniques based on cubic spline approximations for estimating coefficients (e.g., diffusion, convector velocity, etc.) depending on time and the spatial variable in parabolic distributed systems such as those that arise in transport models. Convergence results and a summary of numerical performance of the resulting algorithms are given.
Stochastic Dynamics of Baroclinic Waves

The maintenance of variance and attendant heat flux in linear, forced dissipative baroclinic shear flows subject to stochastic excitation is examined. The baroclinic problem, is intrinsically nonnormal and its stochastic dynamics is found to differ significantly from the more familiar stochastic dynamics of normal systems. When the shear is sufficiently great in comparison to dissipative effects, stochastic excitation supports highly enhanced variance levels in these nonnormal systems compared to variance levels supproted by the same forcing and dissipation in related normal systems. The eddy variance and associated heat flux are found to arise in response to transient amplification of a subset of forcing functions that obtain energy from the mean flow and project this energy on a distinct subset of response functions (EOFs) that are in turn distinct from the set of normal modes of the system. A method for obtaining the dominant forcing and response functions as well as the distribution of heat flux for a given flow is described.
Laboratory study of hydrogen sulfide removal in slug flows in a high pressure crude oil loop

Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) undergoes decompression during petroleum extraction from oil reservoirs, during which a certain amount of H2S-scavenging liquid compound is added to absorb H2S in the pipelines. All experiments were conducted in a high pressure flow loop with a thousand feet of coiled tubing to simulate the horizontal section of the pipeline that runs along the ocean floor from the reservoir at 20 bar (1 bar=101.3 kpa) and room temperature with a 40 ppm H2S gas concentration in nitrogen (N2). This paper reports experimental results on the role of superficial liquid and gas velocities (0.2–0.5 m/s and 0.4–1.1 m/s) on H2S removal. All experimental tests were conducted in the slug flow regime, thus this paper also reports the effects of pressure and the distance to which this flow regime prolongs, which is correlated to the H2S removal efficiency. Results indicate that an increase in superficial gas velocity at low superficial liquid velocity decreases the scavenger efficiency while the opposite is seen at high superficial liquid velocity. In addition, an increase in pressure shifts the transition zones in the flow regime altering the scavenger efficiency.
Plant Source Influence on Spartina alterniflora Survival and Growth in Restored South Carolina Salt Marshes

Abstract Continued loss of coastal wetlands due to anthropogenic causes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts has increased the need to restore eroded or hardened structures along the shoreline back to natural marsh systems. The source of plant material used in these restoration plantings may have unintended consequences for the reestablishment of marsh systems, especially if the plant material is not adapted to the local environment. In this two-year field study, we tested the hypothesis that locally collected Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass) will have higher plant performance than non-local commercially available plant material from native plant nurseries. We found that locally collected S. alterniflora plants had higher survivorship, aboveground biomass, and cumulative stem length than plants from non-local sources. There was a significant association between plant performance and genetic similarity at the end of the first field season. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of locally collec...
Mentorship in academic general internal medicine. Results of a survey of mentors.

BACKGROUND: Effective mentorship is crucial to career development. Strategies to improve the availability of mentors include mentoring multiple mentees at once, compensating mentors, comentoring, and long-distance mentoring. OBJECTIVE: To describe current trends in mentorship in general Internal Medicine (GIM). METHODS: We conducted a national cross-sectional web-based survey of GIM mentors, GIM fellowship directors, and GIM National Institutes of Health K24 grant awardees to capture their experiences with mentoring, including compensation for mentorship, multiple mentees, comentorship, and long-distance mentorship. We compared experiences by mentorship funding status, faculty type, academic rank, and sex. RESULTS: We collected data from 111 mentors (77% male, 54% full professors, and 68% clinician-investigators). Fifty-two (47%) received funding for mentorship. Mentors supervised a median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) of 5 (3, 8) mentees each, and would be willing to supervise a maximum of 6 (4, 10) mentees at once. Compared with mentors without funding, mentors with funding had more current mentees (mean of 8.3 vs 5.1, respectively; P<.001). Full professors had more current mentees than associate or assistant professors (8.0 vs 5.9 vs 2.4, respectively; P=.005). Ninety-four (85%) mentors had experience comentoring, and two-thirds of mentors had experience mentoring from a distance. Although most mentors found long-distance mentoring to be less demanding, most also said it is less effective for the mentee and is personally less fulfilling. CONCLUSIONS: Mentors in GIM appear to be close to their mentorship capacity, and the majority lack funding for mentorship. Comentoring and long-distance mentoring are common.
Food mixing by generalist grasshoppers: Plant secondary compounds structure the pattern of feeding

Plant secondary compounds can prevent feeding by phytophagous insects or, if ingested, can be poisonous to them. Less attention has been paid to the additional effects they have on feeding behavior when they are only weakly deterrent or not deterrent at all. Experiments were carried out on the generalist grass-hopperSchistocerca americana. Individuals were presented either with two cakes of high-quality artificial food with a single deterrent compound added or with two cakes, each with a different added deterrent compound. The deterrents consisted of single plant secondary compounds that were either marginally or strongly deterrent. There were profound differences in feeding behavior between those individuals given identical and those given different cake types, including longer feeding bouts on single cakes when a choice of different cake types was available. The behavioral effects demonstrate that the presence of secondary compounds in one food can influence the patterns of feeding on other available foods and suggest that such chemicals could impact foraging activities in a complex manner.
Measuring the Intensity Level of Just-in-Time Activities and Its Impact on Quality

Examines the impact of the intensity level of Just‐in‐time (JIT) on quality. The intensity level of JIT is operationalized as a function of four variables: the existence of JIT as a timebased technology; the utilization of JIT to a certain extent; the integration of JIT with other time‐based technologies such as Group Technology (GT), Design for Manufacturability (DFM) and Total Quality Management (TQM); and the percentage of facilities that has been converted to using JIT. The term “quality” in this study is a composite construct of product quality, manufacturing workmanship, design and engineering quality, and vendor quality. This study was based on empirical data collected from 165 manufacturing firms in three industry groups in the USA: industrial machinery equipment, electronic and electric machinery equipment, and transport equipment. The two digit Standard Industrial Classification Codes (SIC) for these industry groups are 35, 36 and 37 respectively. The analysis of the results suggests that statistically significant differences in quality exist among firms with different intensity levels of JIT. The study has many implications for both academicians and practitioners.
The arbitrarily driven long cylindrical antenna

An approximate solution is described for the current distribution on a long, thin cylindrical antenna driven at an arbitrary point along its length. This solution is reasonably accurate, and the form is simple enough to be useful in the analysis and synthesis of antennas with lumped active or passive elements located along their length.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network emulation environment

To support research in wireless mobile ad hoc networks, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) have worked jointly to establish an advanced emulation environment. A key component is a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network emulation testbed where algorithms and applications can be subjected to representative wireless network conditions. The testbed is based on a version of the “MANE” (Mobile Ad hoc Network Emulator) software originally developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Consulting & Engineering Next Generation Networks (CENGEN) has enhanced MANE by implementing a modular, extensible architecture which allows advanced modeling methods and computing technologies to be incorporated into the environment. This paper discuses the current capabilities of Mobile Network Emulation for conducting empirical evaluation and demonstration of MANET technologies and is organized into 5 sections: (1) introduction to the role of emulation in network modeling, (2) mobile network emulators background (3) emulation system components (4) future plans and (5) conclusions.
Chiral rings in N = 2 superconformal theories

We investigate the properties of chiral operators in N = 2 superconformal theories. In particular, we study the spectral flow of such models under a one-parameter family of twists generated by the U(1) current, and use this to deduce various properties of the ring of chiral primary fields. We furthermore investigate under what conditions a given superconformal theory can be represented as the fixed point of an N = 2 Landau-Ginzburg theory and show how to determine the superpotential. We also investigate the coset models of Kazama and Suzuki and find a simple cohomological characterization for the elements of the chiral primary ring. Moreover we show how some of them can be represented as LG models.
Population and Environmental Effects on Seed Production, Germination, and Seedling Vigor in Western Wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] A. Löve)

Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] A. Love) has low seed production and poor germination and seedling vigor, limiting its use when quick establishment is needed to stabilize degraded range-lands. This study examined differences among germplasm sources and seed production environments on western wheatgrass seed traits. Seed was harvested from 10 western wheatgrass populations grown in three environments. Seed yield, seed weight, seedling germination, and seedling vigor were then determined. Seedling vigor was measured by greenhouse evaluation of seedling emergence percentage and rate from a planting depth of 6.35 cm. There were significant population X environment interactions for seed yield and seed weight. However, high Spearman's rank correlations between environments within each trait (r = 0.64 to 0.85, P = 0.048 to 0.002) suggested that environment had only a moderate effect on ranking of populations. Mean seed yield and 100-seed weight varied significantly among populations, ranging from 2.6 to 25.4 g plant -1 and 0.43 to 0.54 g, respectively. Seed germination was high, ranging from 78.4 to 94.4%; however, population performance was not consistent across environments. Environment had no effect on seedling emergence rate, whereas emergence among populations ranged from 2.4 to 4.2 seedlings d -1 . Germination rate and seed weight were both correlated with seedling emergence rate (r = 0.57, P = 0.001 and r = 0.49, P = 0.01, respectively). These results indicated that seed production environment had little effect on western wheatgrass seed yield or seedling vigor and that it may be possible to breed for improvement in these traits by selecting among and within western wheatgrass populations.
Universal gigabit optical access

We review the imperatives on the optical communication technology industry to realize universal ultra high speed access to the world?s information.
Integrative Psychodynamic Treatment of Ataque de Nervios

With the evolving demographics in the U.S. population, Latinos are the largest racial/ethnic community in the United States and face many barriers to psychological well-being and overall health. Some Latinos present with culturally influenced idioms of distress such as ataque de nervios. Associations between ataque de nervios and a range of social and psychiatric vulnerabilities among Latinos living on the United States mainland have been found. An integrative, trauma-informed, and culturally sensitive psychodynamic perspective can help with understanding and treating ataque de nervios. This case study presents the treatment of a young undocumented Latina mother experiencing ataque de nervios. A psychodynamic approach, integrated with narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques, is illustrated.
Widely tunable monochromatic THz sources based on phase-matched difference-frequency generation in nonlinear-optical crystals: A novel approach

We review our up-to-date result on the development of widely tunable monochromatic THz sources, implemented based on difference-frequency generation (DFG) in GaSe, ZnGeP2, and GaP. Using a GaSe crystal, the output wavelength was tuned in the range from 66.5 μm to 5664 μm (from 150 cm−1 to 1.77 cm−1) with the highest peak power 389 W. This tuning range is the widest ever produced for a continuously tunable and coherent tabletop THz source. Moreover, the conversion efficiency 0.1% is also the highest ever achieved for a tabletop system. On the other hand, based on DFG in a ZnGeP2 crystal, the output wavelength was tuned in the ranges 83.1–1642 μm and 80.2–1416 μm for two phase-matching configurations. The output power has reached 134 W so far. Finally, using a GaP crystal, the output wavelength was tuned in the range 71.1–2830 μm, whereas the highest peak power was 15.6 W. The advantage of using GaP over GaSe and ZnGeP2 is that crystal rotation is no longer required for wavelength tuning. Instead, one just needs to tune the wavelength of one mixing beam within the bandwidth of as narrow as 15.3 nm.
Nature and Dynamics of the Excited States in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Using two-photon spectroscopy, we show that the optically excited states of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are excitons. Their dynamics are examined by time-resolved fluorescence measurements.
Electromagnetic only HEMT model for switch design

Electromagnetic (EM) only HEMT model has been proposed and realized with commercial available EM simulator. EM analysis has been applied, for the first time, to the intrinsic part of HEMT device. The small signal behaviors of HEMT can be accurately predicted based directly on the layout and process information. After introducing two EM HEMT models for HEMTs in both on and off states, entire switch circuit, as a whole, can be EM simulated. The prediction accuracy for switch performance can be remarkably improved by taking into account all of the distributed and coupling effects inside the circuit.
Fusion of two visual perception systems utilizing cognitive diversity

Decision-making tasks that are based on perception have been performed routinely by human beings in daily life and decision-makers in daily work. It has been observed that the combination of two perception-based decisions could be better than one, provided that the decision-makers communicate with each other and jointly adopt the most confident judgment; simply select the most confident judgment without any dyadic interaction, or communicate with each other on shareable arguments based on reasoning. In this paper, we report a recently conducted visual perception experiment with decisions from nineteen pairs of subjects and their reported confidence factors when making such a decision. Utilizing the concept of a “cognitive diversity” between two systems and the combinatorial fusion algorithm, our results demonstrated that the fusion of two visual perception decision systems can be better than each of the individual systems only if the two systems perform relatively good and they are cognitively diverse. Our study not only provides a robust algorithm to fuse two visual perception decision-making systems, but also suggests a resilient approach to use the cognitive diversity in fusion when the performance of each individual system is not known or cannot be obtained, which is often the case for complex problems.
Critical Assessment 7: Quenching and partitioning

Quenching and partitioning is a relatively new heat treatment concept to generate microstructures containing retained austenite stabilised by carbon partitioning from martensite. Research on quench and partitioning has been conducted by numerous groups, and this critical assessment provides some of the authors’ perspectives on progress and understanding in the field, with particular focus on the physical metallurgy and transformation mechanisms, process variations, mechanical behaviour, and industrial implementation. While much progress has been made, the field provides rich opportunity for further understanding and development.
Collective excitations in spherical odd-mass nuclei

Abstract The random-phase approximation is modified to study the vibrational motion of spherical odd-mass nuclei. It is shown that there is no need to introduce empirical parameters to describe the interaction of the odd particle and the core, but that this interaction may be related naturally to the same Hamiltonian which describes the collective motion of even nuclei. The relationship with recent work of Kisslinger and Sorensen is also studied; though formally distinct, it is seen that the methods should in practice yield comparable results. The results of de-Shalit's weak-coupling model are seen to be included in the present formulation, which should be valid, however, for a wider range of interaction strengths. It is also shown how the method can be generalized to take into account higher-order corrections.
The Family and Medical Leave Act: What Hospitality Managers Need to Know

Abstract The complexities of the federal Family and Medical Leave Act can pose administrative headaches and legal liability for managers unaware of its provisions. Worse, managers have no legal precedents to guide their FMLA decisions.
Analysis of the putative role of 24-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids in the biosynthesis of docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids

The recent literature on the putative involvement of a single cycle of peroxisomal β-oxidation of 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the biosynthesis of the respective docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) fatty acids is critically reviewed. Present evidence suggests that in vitro data in support of the above proposition is an artifact of a low 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase activity due to depletion of NADPH resulting from incubation conditions. Kinetic studies with radiolabeled precursors in cell cultures have shown lower initial rates of labeling of 24:6n-3 than that of 22:6n-3, indicating that 24:6n-3 is an elongation product of 22:6n-3 rather than its precursor. Analysis of other literature data supports the proposal that 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 are synthesized in mitochondria via channeled carnitine-dependent pathways involving separate n-6- and n-3-specific desaturases. It is proposed that impaired peroxisomal function in some peroxisomal disorders is a secondary consequence of defective mitochondrial synthesis of 22:6n-3; moreover, some disorders of peroxisomal β-oxidation show normal or increased 22:5n-6 concentrations, indicating that 22:5n-6 is synthesized by independent desaturases without peroxisomal involvement.
Resolved Raman spectra of human serum albumin

Abstract The resolved Raman spectra of crystallized and dry human serum albumin are presented for the first time. Data show that the scattering of albumin molecules, believed to be a fluorescence, is definitely of Raman nature.
The Structure of Constituency Representation: On Theory and Method

We argue that constituency representation is best conceptualized as taking a nonlinear rather than a linear form, especially when legislative roll-call behavior is influenced by constituency opinion. We analyze data on constituency representation showing that a logistic model provides a better fit over a linear model. The improvement is greatest under conditions associated with constituency influence, supporting our theoretical contention that a linear form can be expected when constituencies and legislators share opinion, but that departure from a linear to a logistic structure will occur with constituency influence.