cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Our Bizarre System for Proving Copyright Infringement

At the heart of copyright infringement cases is “substantial similarity” between the plaintiff’s and the defendant’s works. But while every circuit agrees on the centrality of substantial similarity, that basic agreement conceals surprising differences in what exactly we mean by substantial similarity and how it is to be proven in court. And the majority approach, defined by the Second Circuit in Arnstein v. Porter and the Ninth Circuit in Sid and Marty Krofft, has the analysis of proof exactly backwards – permitting analytic dissection of the works and expert testimony where the question is one that should be handed to the members of the jury, and falling back on the “ordinary observer” test on the very questions that require careful dissection by the court. I argue that the Arnstein and Krofft tests make no sense. A better model draws from software copyright cases, which give filtration and dissection of unprotectable elements a more central role.
Multi-goal real-time global path planning for an autonomous land vehicle using a high-speed graph search processor

This paper presents a fast and powerful global path planning subsystem for an autonomous land vehicle (ALV). It addresses its relation with a complete hierarchical planner and describes its real-time implementation.
Biogeography and conservation biology of Florida's Geolycosa wolf spiders: threatened spiders in endangered ecosystems

The state of Florida has a complex biogeography which is the product of past sea level changes and associated ocean currents creating numerous inland sand ridge systems which are home to a unique biota adapted to the seasonally dry conditions found on these sandy uplands. Among these xeric-adapted taxa is a suite of wolf spider species in the genus Geolycosa. Geolycosa wolf spiders are habitat specialists and poor dispersers, and many taxa have ranges restricted to specific ridge systems. We found that the six Geolycosa species typical of Florida's scrubs and sandhills (G. escambiensis Wallace, G. ornatipes (Bryant), G. micanopy Wallace, G. patellonigra Wallace, G. hubbelli Wallace and G. xera McCrone) have current distributions that correlate with the historical biogeography of the state. There are species typical of the Lake Wales Ridge and associated ridges (G. xera and G. hubbelli), species found on the more coastal ridges (G. patellonigra and G. micanopy) and species whose ranges are divided by the Apalachicola River drainage (G. escambiensis and G. ornatipes). We also found that Geolycosa wolf spiders tend to occur in species pairs which use different microhabitats: those which burrow in areas covered in leaf litter, and those which use only barren sites. These latter species require habitat management plans that include burns, that maintain the habitat in an open condition.
Assessment of morphometric variation in natural populations: the inadequacy of the univariate approach

Systematists often attempt to avoid the problem of correlated characters by estab- lishing an arbitrary number of variables that must be significant before groups are considered distinct. The appropriateness of this approach has not been evaluated empirically in the bio- logical literature. We analyzed morphometric data for 27 species of bats from the Brazilian Northeast. Twenty-two mensural characters (12 cranial, 10 external) were analyzed for interlo- cality and secondary sexual variation in each species using ANOVA and MANOVA. The uni- variate and multivariate analyses showed little correspondence; no predictable relationship between the number of characters exhibiting significance for a particular treatment effect in the univariate analyses and the significance level for that treatment in the multivariate analysis was discernible. Small sample sizes or disparate sample sizes do not contribute to this phenomenon. Results ranged from: 11 of 12 characters significant using ANOVA and nonsignificance in the MANOVA; to no character significant using the ANOVA with significance in the multivariate analysis. Because MANOVA utilizes rather than ignores correlations among characters, it is the correct statistical test for evaluating overall group differences. We show that even conselvative interpretations of the univariate results can lead to erroneous systematic conclusions. (Morpho- metric variation; MANOVA; multivariate statistics; ANOVA; univariate statistics; natural pop- ulations; Chiroptera; bats; Brazil.)
Ubiquitin Ligase-Coupled Receptors Extend Their Reach to Jasmonate

Plant growth and development is exquisitely tuned to the environment. The capacity for plants to adapt to myriad environmental stimuli is mediated by hormones that regulate virtually all aspects of development, physiology, and metabolism. The fatty acid-derived hormone jasmonate (JA) is a prime
Water use of two Mojave Desert shrubs under elevated CO2

Summary Plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 have been characterized generally by stomatal closure and enhanced growth rates. These responses are being increasingly incorporated into global climate models that quantify interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere, altering climate predictions from simpler physically based models. However, current information on CO2 responses has been gathered primarily from studies of crop and temperate forest species. In order to apply responses of vegetation to global predictions, CO2 responses in other commonly occurring biomes must be studied. A Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) study is currently underway to examine plant responses to high CO2 in a natural, undisturbed Mojave Desert ecosystem in Nevada, USA. Here we present findings from this study, and its companion glasshouse experiment, demonstrating that field-grown Ephedra nevadensis and glasshouse-grown Larrea tridentata responded to high CO2 with reductions in the ratio of transpirational surface area to sapwood area (LSR) of 33% and 60%, respectively. Thus, leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity increased and stomatal conductance remained constant or was increased under elevated CO2. Field-grown Larrea did not show a reduced LSR under high CO2, and stomatal conductance was reduced in the high CO2 treatment, although the effect was apparent only under conditions of unusually high soil moisture. Both findings suggest that the common paradigm of 20–50% reductions in stomatal conductance under high CO2 may not be applicable to arid ecosystems under most conditions.
Primer development for the plastid region ycf1 in Annonaceae and other magnoliids.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Primers were developed for a portion of the ycf1 plastid gene in magnoliid taxa to investigate the utility of ycf1 in phylogenetic analyses. • METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-six species across six families within the magnoliid group (Canellales, Piperales, Laurales, and Magnoliales) were sampled to examine the ability to amplify ycf1. Additionally, 29 accessions of Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae) were sequenced to assess levels of variation in ycf1 compared to matK and trnL-F. • CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that ycf1 is easily amplified and sequenced. In Annonaceae, ycf1 provides more informative phylogenetic characters than commonly used markers such as matK and trnL-F.
Empirical Evidence on Marketplace Alienation

This article reports the results of a two-wave consumer panel study (n = 749) of the relationship between consumer alienation and a number of variables and issues reported in previous research to be of interest to consumer affairs theorists and practitioners. The results suggest that consumer alienation warrants consideration in subsequent explanations of consumer issues. Consumer complaints, however, do not appear to be necessarily manifestations of a general alienated consumer segment, as has been previously suggested.
Shale Gas Supply Chain Design and Operations toward Better Economic and Life Cycle Environmental Performance: MINLP Model and Global Optimization Algorithm

In this work, the life cycle economic and environmental optimization of shale gas supply chain network design and operations is addressed. The proposed model covers the well-to-wire life cycle of electricity generated from shale gas, consisting of a number of stages including freshwater acquisition, shale well drilling, hydraulic fracturing and completion, shale gas production, wastewater management, shale gas processing, electricity generation as well as transportation and storage. A functional-unit based life cycle optimization problem for a cooperative shale gas supply chain is formulated as a multiobjective nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. The resulting Pareto-optimal frontier reveals the trade-off between the economic and environmental objectives. A case study based on Marcellus shale play shows that the greenhouse gas emission of electricity generated from shale gas ranges from 433 to 499 kg CO2e/MWh, and the levelized cost of electricity ranges from $69 to $91/MWh. A g...
Chemically related 4,5-linked aminoglycoside antibiotics drive subunit rotation in opposite directions

Dynamic remodelling of intersubunit bridge B2, a conserved RNA domain of the bacterial ribosome connecting helices 44 (h44) and 69 (H69) of the small and large subunit, respectively, impacts translation by controlling intersubunit rotation. Here we show that aminoglycosides chemically related to neomycin—paromomycin, ribostamycin and neamine—each bind to sites within h44 and H69 to perturb bridge B2 and affect subunit rotation. Neomycin and paromomycin, which only differ by their ring-I 6′-polar group, drive subunit rotation in opposite directions. This suggests that their distinct actions hinge on the 6′-substituent and the drug's net positive charge. By solving the crystal structure of the paromomycin–ribosome complex, we observe specific contacts between the apical tip of H69 and the 6′-hydroxyl on paromomycin from within the drug's canonical h44-binding site. These results indicate that aminoglycoside actions must be framed in the context of bridge B2 and their regulation of subunit rotation.
Identification of surface antigens of endothelial cells.

A monolayer of a clone of endothelial cells derived from rat lung cells (RLE) was overlaid with 1 M urea to extract the surface proteins. Hydrolysis and SDS-gel electrophoresis of the urea extracted cell surface proteins (UCSP) yielded four peptides of 350,000, 84,000, 66,000 and 18,500 molecular weight. Of these only the 66,000 and 18,500 molecular weight peptides reacted with antibodies raised in rabbit against rat lung endothelial cells (RLE). The 18,500 mol. wt. antigenic peptide was a serum protein associated with the cell surface, whereas the 66,000 mol. wt. peptide was the surface antigen synthesized and released into the medium by the rat lung endothelial cells. On rocket Immunoelectrophoresis, the 66,000 mol. wt. rat kidney fibroblast surface peptide produced only a single rocket whereas peptides of RLE produced two rockets, suggesting the presence of an additional antigenic peptide which could serve as a marker for endothelial cells.
Structure activity relationships between meta substituted N ethylamphetamines and isolated guinea pig atrial rate

The effects of N-ethylamphetamines (NEAs) substituted at the meta position of the phenyl ring with H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, CH3O, NO2, or OH were examined on the rate of spontaneously beating isolated guinea-pig atria. All compounds, with the exception of meta-iodo NEA and meta-trifluoromethyl NEA (fenfluramine), increased atrial rate to varying degrees, as determined in cumulative concentration-response curves that included concentrations which were ineffective through those which decreased rate. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the respective maximum increases in atrial rate produced by these compounds were inversely related to the meta-substituted steric factor (size); neither hydrophobic nor electronic substituent effects contributed significantly to the relationship. In atria obtained from guinea pigs pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline (100 mg/kg, 4 hours pretreatment), the stimulant effects of these compounds were markedly potentiated and were again inversely related only to substituent size. In addition, after pargyline, meta-iodo NEA and fenfluramine greatly stimulated the atria. In atria. In atria obtained from guinea pigs which had been administered reserpine (5 mg/kg, 24 hours pretreatment), none of the compounds except meta-hydroxy NEA increased atrial rate. The interactions of pargyline and reserpine pretreatment with the actions of these NEA congeners suggest that all are indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines, except the hydroxylated compound, which is mixed-acting.
Analysis of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel that mediates hyperpolarization via the thrombin receptor pathway

Dami human leukemia cells express G protein-coupled thrombin receptors that operate through the phospholipase C pathway. When these receptors are activated by α-thrombin or by thrombin receptor-act...
The Anti-Bacterial Action of the Xanthine Oxidase System.

SummaryThe anti-bacterial action of the milk xanthine oxidase system has been shown to be due to formation of H2O2.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Approach to Patients with Treatment-Naive or Refractory Chronic-Phase Disease

The 21st century ushered in the dawn of a new era of targeted therapeutics and a dramatic shift in the management of chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) patients. Groundbreaking scientific and translational studies have led to the rapid development and approval of several effective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In the United States, there are currently 3 approved BCR-ABL TKIs for newly diagnosed CP-CML patients. It is anticipated that clinical outcomes will continue to improve as more TKIs that address unmet medical needs are approved. However, to achieve this goal, it is critical to carefully monitor and optimally manage patients. To this end, the latest seminal clinical trial results of approved and investigational BCR-ABL TKIs and some of the salient unique features of each of these agents are summarized herein.
The role of post-remission chemotherapy for older patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.

Standard practice in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is induction chemotherapy (ICT) followed by post-remission chemotherapy (PRT). We previously reported a median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients in complete remission (CR) of 7.5 and 13.5 months, respectively, in 30 older patients treated with standard ICT and PRT (study A). We designed a subsequent trial excluding PRT (study B). Forty patients with AML age ⩾ 60 years were treated with ICT consisting of standard dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone followed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor subcutaneously starting day 11 if the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy was hypocellular. Median age was 68 years. Myelodysplasia preceded AML in 37% of patients. Favourable, normal, and unfavourable karyotypes were seen in 7.5%, 55%, and 37.5% of patients, respectively. Twenty-one patients (52.5%) achieved CR. Median DFS and OS for patients in CR were 6.2 and 10.8 months, respectively. Study A...
Observations on Water Deprivation and Blue Comb Disease

Abstract During the last six years we have repeatedly observed a syndrome, diagnosed as blue comb disease, whenever pullets, cockerels or yearling hens were transferred from floor pens to individual cages. The incidence of outbreaks was generally low (below 10%) and always seemed to affect the birds in pairs, namely birds facing each other on the same tier of the battery. Only very rarely was an individual bird affected without the same condition being observed in its neighbor on the opposite side of the tier. Last year we decided to study the effect of a certain drug affecting electrolyte metabolism in alleviating this condition. After a group of young pullets had again been transferred from floor to cage housing we waited for the usual occurrence and diagnosis of blue comb disease. Nineteen birds were afflicted at the end of one week after transfer and these were moved to another location with…
A pilot study to compare FXR expression in normal and malignant tissue in receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer

e14645 Background: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor, is a ligand dependent transcriptional factor regulating cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism. Recently, FXR was shown to have a...
Characterizing the age of ancient Egyptian manuscripts through micro-Raman spectroscopy

We report the first in-depth, systematic study of the Raman spectra of black pigments on ancient Egyptian papyri with well-specified dates from the 4th century bce to the 10th century ce. The observed spectra are all characteristic of carbon black, but the shapes of the spectra change systematically with the manuscript date, a striking observation given the time span represented. We conclude that the pigments for these papyri were manufactured by using similar processes. We attribute these experimentally observed changes to chemical degradation, possibly the result of the oxidation of both amorphous carbon and crystalline aromatic carbon within these pigments. This investigation offers new insights into the ink materials used in ancient Egypt and provides a possible basis for a new nondestructive means for estimating the dates of ancient papyri. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granulocyte transfusion in the management of fulminant invasive fungal rhinosinusitis.

Usually, fulminant, invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is observed in the immunocompromised patient and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A high index of suspicion and early diagn...
A Simple Office Procedure for Demonstrating Lupus Erythematosus Cells in Peripheral Blood

A simple but effective method of demonstrating "L. E." cells in the peripheral blood has been described.
Abstract 5138: The PD-1/PD-L1 axis and clinical outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

Although novel therapeutic agents targeting PD-L1 and PD-1 have emerged, our understanding of the complex interaction between the tumor microenvironment and this checkpoint receptor-ligand axis remains incomplete. PD-L1 protein expression has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in several solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, the prognostic significance of PD-L1 overexpression in HNSCC remains inconclusive. Furthermore, the interaction between human papillomavirus (HPV) positive tumors, PD-L1 on tumor cells and PD-1 on immune cells has yet to be demonstrated in an architecturally intact tumor environment. Here we demonstrate PD-L1 expression in a large cohort of mixed HPV+ and HPV-, surgically treated HNSCC using immunohistochemistry. Our findings confirm that more HPV+ tumors express PD-L1 compared with HPV- tumors (72% compared with 44%). Clinically, this correlates with improved overall and disease-free survival in in patients with HPV+ PD-L1+ tumors compared with HPV- PD-L1- tumors. By examining the intact tumor, we visualized distinct patterns of PD-L1 staining, either peripherally, at the tumor front or non-peripherally. Tumors with a peripheral staining pattern showed a trend towards decreased overall and disease-free survival, compared to those with a non-peripheral pattern of staining. By double staining PD-L1 and PD-1, we analyzed the co-expression of the ligand on tumor cells and its receptor on neighboring immune cells. Interestingly, patients whose tumors displayed co-localization of PD-1 and PD-L1 showed a trend towards improved disease-free survival compared to tumors where there was no co-localization of PD-1 and PD-L1. In conclusion, out data suggest that the presence of PD-L1 and PD-1 alone may not be sufficient to guide clinical treatment rather; careful examination of the intact tumor microenvironment may inform more targeted therapy. Citation Format: Sumita Trivedi, Raja R. Seethala, Robert L. Ferris. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis and clinical outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5138.
Means to the ends: The role of telomeres and telomere processing machinery in metastasis

Despite significant clinical advancements, cancer remains a leading cause of mortality throughout the world due largely to the process of metastasis and the dissemination of cancer cells from their primary tumor of origin to distant secondary sites. The clinical burden imposed by metastasis is further compounded by a paucity of information regarding the factors that mediate metastatic progression. Linear chromosomes are capped by structures known as telomeres, which dictate cellular lifespan in humans by shortening progressively during successive cell divisions. Although telomere shortening occurs in nearly all somatic cells, telomeres may be elongated via two seemingly disjoint pathways: (i) telomerase-mediated extension, and (ii) homologous recombination-based alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Both telomerase and ALT are activated in various human cancers, with more recent evidence implicating both pathways as potential mediators of metastasis. Here we review the known roles of telomere homeostasis in metastasis and posit a mechanism whereby metastatic activity is determined by a dynamic fluctuation between ALT and telomerase, as opposed to the mere activation of a generic telomere elongation program. Additionally, the pleiotropic nature of the telomere processing machinery makes it an attractive therapeutic target for metastasis, and as such, we also explore the therapeutic implications of our proposed mechanism.
Native Advertising: Trickery or Technique? An Ethics Project and Debate

Sponsored content, in-feed ads, and advertorials are innovative ways to promote brands. However, there are limited resources on how to use these advertising techniques. The Native Advertising project and debate helps students (a) gain knowledge and experience with current advertising practices and (b) engage in deliberation regarding a promotional ethical issue. Students reported that the three-assignment project increased expectations and beliefs about native advertising while decreasing their familiarity with the techniques used by companies. A detailed implementation plan is provided for instructors to use in any class discussing online advertising. Alternative methods for executing the project and learning implications are discussed.
Statistical signal processing technique to reduce effects of forward scatter on underwater modulated pulse lidar

This work presents a new statistical signal processing approach to reduce the effects of forward scatter on range accuracy for an underwater modulated pulse lidar. Lidar sensors offer the potential for high-resolution, high-accuracy ranging in the underwater environment. For the modulated pulse lidar rangefinder, performance is limited in turbid waters primarily due to forward scatter, which causes decreased range resolution and accuracy. This work presents simulated and experimental results demonstrating the ability of statistical signal processing to reduce range error for systems operating in these turbid conditions. Experimental results demonstrated 60% reduction in range error compared to a baseline approach.
Planning Education with and Through Technologies

Planning educators are increasingly using technology in city and regional planning programs. This chapter covers the many ways in which planning classrooms have changed—from the expansion of online content to fully online degrees. Students and faculty are now able to more effectively engage in the challenges of cities and create plans that are responsive to community needs. This includes everything from social media, gaming, and mobile-enabled plans.
The Information-Processing Tradition

In early 1956, Herbert Simon told his class, “Over Christmas Allen Newell and I invented a thinking machine” (quoted in McCorduck, 1979, p. 116). Later that year, they presented it at the first conferences on computer simulations of information processing. This critical event in the cognitive revolution was the product of a communal effort spanning many disciplines, but we highlight the work of one contributor, Herbert Simon. He developed the notions of heuristic processing and bounded rationality: the use of strategic shortcuts by humans and programs simulating them to achieve fast-enough, good-enough problem solutions (Simon, 1955, 1956, 1976/1982). The computer analogy made cognition real for tough-minded psychologists. The functioning of mind, ineffable (i.e., unable to be studied or understood) to Descartes and Skinner, was there to observe in computer printouts. Constructs about information processing have pervaded social cognitive psychology, often supplanting traditional psychological terms.
Protecting Personal Information in Cloud Computing

This paper gives an overview of issues in privacy protection of personal information in the cloud, and describes a variety of approaches that may be used to address these issues. Some of these approaches are available for use now; others are relatively immature, but look promising. The most appropriate approach varies according to the type of data to be processed or application to be run in the cloud.
Physical Computing’s Connected and Shape-Changing Future

The transformation of material objects into intelligent, information-rich ones holds great promise for fruitful partnerships between humans and technology. However, new opportunities also bring new challenges. It behooves us to examine how these new objects impact humans so that we can thoughtfully engineer systems that are mindful of our social practices—sidestepping potentially troubling outcomes and creating technologies worth having. This department is part of a special issue on physical computing and shape-changing interfaces.
Market-based Security for Distributed Applications

Ethereum contracts can be designed to function as fully decentralized applications called DAPPs that hold financial assets, and many have already been fielded. Unfortunately, DAPPs can be hacked, and the assets they control can be stolen. A recent attack on an Ethereum decentralized application called The DAO demonstrated that smart contract bugs are more than an academic concern. Ether worth hundreds of millions of US dollars was extracted by an attacker from The DAO, sending the value of its tokens and the overall exchange price of ether itself tumbling.We present two market-based techniques for insuring the ether holdings of a DAPP. These mechanisms exist and are managed as part of the core programming of the DAPP, rather than as separate mechanisms managed by users. Our first technique is based on futures contracts indexed by the trade price of ether for DAPP tokens. Under fairly general circumstances, our technique is capable of recovering the majority of ether lost from theft with high probability even when all of the ether holdings are stolen; and the only cost to DAPP token holders is an adjustable ether withdrawal fee. As a second, complementary, technique we propose the use of Gated Public Offerings (GPO) as a mechanism that mitigates the effects of attackers that exploit DAPP withdrawal vulnerabilities. We show that using more than one public offering round encourages attackers to exploit the vulnerability early, or depending on certain factors, to delay exploitation (possibly indefinitely) and short tokens in the market instead. In both cases, less ether is ultimately stolen from the DAPP, and in the later case, some of the losses are transferred to the market.
Long-term improvement of recalcitrant Hailey-Hailey disease with electron beam radiation therapy: Case report and review.

Abbreviation and Acronyms HHD Hailey-Hailey disease EBRT electron beam radiation therapy
Frequency of Infection during Fever Episodes among Long-Term Care Residents.

Background: Empirical data regarding the frequency of infection during fever episodes among women in longterm care facilities are lacking. Methods: We conducted a case-series analysis of women long-term care residents enrolled in a randomized trial evaluating cranberry capsules to reduce bacteriuria plus pyuria across twenty-one long-term care facilities in CT, USA. Fever episodes identified during adverse event surveillance were assessed using established guidelines for older adults. Among fever episodes, infections were classified using standardized infection surveillance definitions in long-term care residents. Results: We identified 123 fever episodes among 80 women long-term care residents. Median age was 88 years (range, 65-101), and 81% (N=65) had dementia. Among 123 fever episodes, 79 (64%) met criteria for 86 total infections (lower respiratory tract, N=43; pneumonia, N=27; gastroenteritis, N=9; urinary tract, N=7). Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that approximately two-thirds of fever episodes involve infection among women in long-term care facilities. These data may guide provider assessments of fever in older adult women in long-term care facilities.
Reentry Program Impact on Missionary Kid Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: A Three-Year Study

Missionary Kids (MKs) are included in a broader population known as Third Culture Kids, children who are raised outside of their parents' home country. This cross-cultural upbringing provides many ...
Chloride, Nitrate, and Sulfate Transport in Bacteria

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses chloride, nitrate, and sulfate transport in bacteria. Sulfate uptake in Salmonella has been extensively described, and appears to be via an active, energy-linked, transport mechanism. The transport is facilitated, as suggested by its saturability, with an apparent affinity of about 4 μM, and competition by other anions, such as sulfite, thiosulfate, and chromate. The transport is temperature dependent, and the sulfate taken up is apparently not metabolized immediately because it is exchangeable with external sulfate. Under energy-poor conditions transport is not observed, and under these conditions a small extent of sulfate binding is revealed in intact Salmonella. The binding, which does not require metabolic energy, is by a soluble binding protein in the periplasmic space. This is indicated by the fact that small membrane-impermeable reagents will inactivate the binding activity, but antibodies raised against the binding protein do not abolish binding in the intact cells.
Beam on Continuous Support

In the preceding chapter we have used the hereditary integrals and the correspondence principle for the analysis of viscoelastic beams. We have seen how both approaches may be applied even to structures which consist of several materials with different kinds of viscoelastic response. We shall now have a brief look at a problem in which we may study other methods of solution.
Semiparametric Inferential Procedures for Comparing Multivariate ROC Curves with Interaction Terms

Multivariate ROC curve models that include an interaction term between biomarker type and false positive rate is important in comparative biomarker studies, because such interaction allows ROC curves of different biomarkers to cross each other. However, there has been limited work in drawing inference for comparing multivariate ROC curves, especially when the interaction terms are present. In this article we derive the asymptotic covariance of three estimators for multivariate ROC models. These covariance estimates have not been readily available in the literature, and bootstrap methods have to be used to obtain covariance estimates. With the readily available variance estimates, we can easily perform hypothesis testing among ROC curves while bootstrap tests are not so easily performed. The asymptotic results are applied to compare ROC curves and their areas under ROC curves. Moreover, we derive simultaneous confidence bands for multivariate ROC curves. We evaluate and compare the finite sample performance of our asymptotic covariance estimators. We also discuss the advantage of using our asymptotic results over bootstrap procedures. Finally, we illustrate our approach through a well-known pancreatic cancer study.
B-lymphocyte regulation of the immune system. III. Preparation and characterization of rabbit antibodies that inhibit the biological activity of the lymphokine, B-cell-derived enhancing factor (BEF).

Abstract Antibodies that inhibit the biological activity of B-cell-derived enhancing factor (BEF) were produced in a rabbit immunized with BEF obtained from a non-immunoglobulin-producing B-cell line. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) fractions purified from the preimmune or the immune rabbit serum were compared by testing for their capacity to inhibit regulatory activities of BEF. It was found that the enhancing activity exerted by BEF on the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells was inhibited when anti-BEF IgG was incorporated in the cultures. Moreover, anti-BEF IgG abolished the inhibitory activity exerted by BEF on the expression of Fc receptor by lymphoid cells. Comparable concentrations of preimmune IgG were ineffective in inhibiting BEF activity. The passage of supernatant fluid containing BEF activity through an anti-BEF IgG-coupled Sepharose column yielded an 84-fold purified product that exhibited BEF immunoregulatory properties. These results will accelerate further studies aimed at better characterization of the BEF molecule(s).
Engaging Students in Active Learning.

The reluctance of many faculty to give up the lecture format may be one reason that active learning techniques have not taken hold on our campuses. But, the author says, there is an even greater ob...
Ngugi wa Thiong'o: The work of art in exile: Matigari

Of all Ngugi's major works, none seem to have generated as much ideological and theoretical debate as Matigari . This debate has revolved around the identity of this novel in relation to the author's stated intentions, its place in the changing canon of African literature, and the way it forces us to rethink cultural production in the postcolonial state. Reaction to Ngugi's major novels has always been strong and contentious, but the most remarkable thing about the debates revolving around Matigari is that they have not been concerned with the author's personality and his politics, but with a specific set of formal questions: does the overt and consistent use of allegory in the novel represent a new form of didacticism or does it lend itself to linguistic creativity? Is Ngugi's concern with the everyday politics of the postcolonial state a continued search for, and refinement of, techniques of realistic representation, or is the site of everyday culture one of experimentation, in the tradition of what has come to be known as the left-wing avant-garde? Is the powerful religious language of the novel an abdication of Marxist secularism, or is religion deployed in the name of an aesthetic ideal and ideological ends? And what is the meaning of Ngugi's appropriation of Gikuyu oral narratives – does it constitute a significant move away from the tradition of the European novel, or is orality a mark of his embrace of postmodernism?
ISU Dairy Specialist Responds to Dairy Profit and Quality of Life Concerns

Problem Statement: 2009 was a difficult year for the dairy industry. Low milk prices and high feed prices combined to give losses on many farms between $500 $1,000 per cow for the year causing both negative cash flows and losses of equity position. Because of the serious profit issues, dairy producers needed to fine-tune not just their financial management but their herd management, facility management, and their personnel management as well.
Self-Administered Behavior Modification to Reduce Nail Biting: Incorporating Simple Technology to Ensure Treatment Integrity

Habitual behaviors, such as problematic nail biting, are a common target for self-managed behavior-modification programs. The current self-experiment used self-monitoring in conjunction with a self-managed differential-reinforcement procedure for the treatment of problematic nail biting. A simple picture-comparison procedure allowed an independent observer to assist in monitoring treatment progress and outcomes and to ensure treatment integrity. Results provide support that the overall treatment package was successful in decreasing the occurrence of nail biting. Moreover, the treatment-integrity procedure enabled full-day monitoring to take place with limited requirement of a secondary observer.
PW 1066 A review of performance indicators for emergency medical services: mapping the state of the field

Measuring performance of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is vital to improving the quality of prehospital emergency care yet is challenging due to lack of consensus over valid evidence-based performance indicators in EMS research. We aimed to determine the state of the field by conducting a review of literature to identify, describe, and map existing EMS performance indicators. Articles were identified using search strategies for ‘EMS,’ ‘performance indicators,’ and related terms in PubMed, EMBase, and Web of Science. Inclusion was limited to peer-reviewed literature published in or before December 2017 whose main purpose was to discuss, analyze, or promote measures of quality, safety, efficiency, or appropriateness of care in EMS. Most articles (n=25) originated from North America, Western Europe, or Scandinavia (80.0%), and nearly all were published after 2000 (92.0%), with a large proportion appearing in the past 5 years (40.0% from 2012 to 2017). The articles included a cumulative total of 450 performance indicators, of which 255 (56.6%) were linked to specific clinical conditions. Cardiac arrest accounted for the highest number of clinical indicators (25.1%), followed by traumatic injury (19.2%) and acute coronary syndrome (18.0%). Among non-clinical indicators, intervals of time (22.6%) or deployment resource-related indicators (21.5%) were dominant. Across all indicators, clinical and non-clinical, 69 were grounded in time interval measurement (15.3%). When organized according to the Donabedian model, the distribution of indicators was as follows: 71 structural (15.8%); 332 process (73.8%); and 48 outcome (10.7%). Of non-outcome indicators, only 34 were accompanied by citations with evidence of impact on health outcomes (8.5%). Administration of aspirin for acute coronary syndrome was the most often included clinical indicator across articles (24.0%). This review demonstrates the need to move beyond binary response-time process metrics for life-threatening conditions toward more holistic, relevant indicators for the diverse aspects of modern EMS.
Economics at the FCC, 2017–2018: Internet Freedom, International Broadband Pricing Comparisons, and a New Office of Economics and Analytics

The Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC’s) current strategic plan lists four priority goals: closing the digital divide; promoting innovation; protecting consumers and public safety; and reforming the FCC’s processes. Economists at the FCC contribute toward the realization of each of these goals, through analysis of the nature and significance of the underlying problems that regulations are intended to solve, as well as assessments of alternative solutions. Three major FCC initiatives demonstrate the role that economic analysis played in Commission decisions in 2017–2018: the Restoring Internet Freedom Order; the new hedonic pricing model that was used in the International Broadband Data Report; and the order that reorganized Commission economists into the Office of Economics and Analytics.
Effect of drying temperature and extent of particle dispersion on composite films of methylcellulose and zein nanoparticles

Abstract Methylcellulose (MC) composite films containing zein nanoparticles (ZNP) are weakened at higher ZNP concentrations and neutral pH conditions because of ZNP aggregation. Accordingly, this study determined the effect of stabilizing additives and drying temperature on the microstructure and physical properties of films at high particle concentrations (ZNP:MC = 1:6). Films prepared at pH 6.5 exhibited large ZNP aggregates, decreasing tensile strength and elongation at break by 30–50% while also increasing water vapor permeability. Addition of poly(ethylene glycol) or oleic acid greatly reduced film tensile strength, and only poly(ethylene glycol) improved extensibility. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and water vapor permeability were all improved by a combination of carrageenan and the surfactant Tween 20 among films prepared at low temperature. Microscopic observations also showed improved dispersion of ZNP in films after adding carrageenan and Tween 20. However, drying films at 321 K with these additives led to contraction and deformation. Combined Tween 20 and carrageenan were necessary for composite film improvements, restoring mechanical and vapor barrier properties to those of pristine MC films. Use of stabilizers would then expand the conditions for using ZNP within MC composites for active film applications without limiting mechanical or barrier properties.
Theoretical analysis of hydrogen production by variable volume membrane batch reactors with direct liquid fuel injection

Abstract A direct liquid fuel injection/variable volume reactor integrated with a hydrogen selective membrane (CHAMP-DDIR) has been recently shown to be a promising new concept for hydrogen production in portable and distributed applications. The CHAMP-DDIR reactor performance has been analyzed using a simplified transport model with which conditions for maximum performance, e.g. highest volumetric power density, were identified. A prototype reactor demonstrated the ability to realize performance improvement, while also indicating a need for more a rigorous model for accurate exploration of the design and operation space. In this paper, we present a comprehensive reactor model which carefully considers the effects of heat and mass transfer, including rigorous treatment of multi-component species transport. The model is validated against experimental results through comparison of predicted and measured hydrogen production rate, reactor pressure, and temperature. The experimentally validated model is used to identify the relationship between CHAMP-DDIR design and operating parameters and the rate-limiting processes that govern reactor output. In addition, effects of heat and mass transfer limitations on CHAMP-DDIR performance are investigated by comparing the predictions among multiple cases with increasing level of complexity used for modeling the transport phenomena within the reactor.
Damaged Murine Brain Induces ES Cells into Migration and Proliferation.

An understanding of how ES cells differentiate in vivo into neural cells is essential for developing and refining transplantation strategies for the nervous system, as well as for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying neurogenesis. We hypothesized that damaged neural tissues will create an environmental niche and stimulate ES cells to migration and differentiation into the neural cells. We induced damage in murine (C57BL/6) brain by injecting 2.5 μl of PBS into the left frontal and right caudal regions and confirmed neural damage by immunohistochemistry. Yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) expressing embryonic stem cells (50,000 cells/1μl) (Nagy et al., Cell Biol., 2001; 115:49–58.) were injected into the non-damaged left caudal portion of the brain. Using histochemistry (anti-GFP peroxidase, cross-reacting with YFP) and fluorescent microscopy, we observed migration of ES cells from the injection site (left caudal) to the damaged site (right caudal and left frontal) at 5 days post injection. The survival of ES cells was demonstrated by the real-time PCR assay of stemness genes such OCT4, SOX2 and FGF4. The portions of the damaged neural tissues containing ES cells demonstrated 4-fold increase in expression of these genes one week of post injection in comparison to non-injected ES cell murine brain suggesting proliferation. Increased PDGF protein expression and histochemistry studies demonstrated that ES cells responded to damaged neural tissues, migrated to the opposite site of the brain and proliferated. Differentiation studies are in progress and will be presented. This work demonstrates the responsiveness of undifferentiated ES cells to the damaged neural tissues and provides a model of in vivo stem cella stem cell niche interactions.
Quantification of disaster impacts through household well-being losses

Natural disaster risk assessments typically consider environmental hazard and physical damage, neglecting to quantify how asset losses affect households’ well-being. However, for a given asset loss, a wealthy household might quickly recover, while a poor household might suffer major, long-lasting impacts. This research proposes a methodology to quantify disaster impacts more equitably by integrating the three pillars of sustainability: environmental (hazard and asset damage), economic (macro-economic changes in production and employment) and social (disaster recovery at the household level). The model innovates by assessing the impacts of disasters on people’s consumption, considering asset losses and changes in income, among other factors. We apply the model to a hypothetical earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area, considering the differential impact of consumption loss on households of varying wealth. The analysis reveals that poorer households suffer 19% of the asset losses but 41% of the well-being losses. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of specific policies varies across cities (depending on their built environment and social and economic profiles) and income groups. Natural disaster risk assessments neglect impacts on households’ well-being. A model to quantify disaster impacts more equitably shows that, in a hypothetical earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area, poorer households suffer 19% of the asset losses but 41% of the well-being losses.
Tissue engineering applications in otolaryngology-The state of translation.

While tissue engineering holds significant potential to address current limitations in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck, few constructs have made their way into routine clinical use. In this review, we aim to appraise the state of head and neck tissue engineering over the past five years, with a specific focus on otologic, nasal, craniofacial bone, and laryngotracheal applications. A comprehensive scoping search of the PubMed database was performed and over 2000 article hits were returned with 290 articles included in the final review. These publications have addressed the hallmark characteristics of tissue engineering (cellular source, scaffold, and growth signaling) for head and neck anatomical sites. While there have been promising reports of effective tissue engineered interventions in small groups of human patients, the majority of research remains constrained to in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at furthering the understanding of the biological processes involved in tissue engineering. Further, differences in functional and cosmetic properties of the ear, nose, airway, and craniofacial bone affect the emphasis of investigation at each site. While otolaryngologists currently play a role in tissue engineering translational research, continued multidisciplinary efforts will likely be required to push the state of translation towards tissue-engineered constructs available for routine clinical use. Level of evidence NA.