cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton transfer in alkane radical cations. FDMR pulse radiolysis study

Abstract Time-resolved fluorescence detected magnetic resonance (FDMR) is used to study EPR spectra of cis- and trans -decalin radical cations in neat and mixed alkane solutions in solid state. The conditions which determine the lifetime of radical cations in alkanes are explained by proton transfer reactions between radical cations and the surrounding solvent molecules. The wide difference in observed proton transfer of cis- and trans -decalin may be accounted for in terms of orientation and proximity of proton acceptor sites around the alkane radical cation. Proton transfer may be the key to the diversity of hydrocarbon radiation chemistry.
Sec61p and BiP directly facilitate polypeptide translocation into the ER

Secretory proteins are segregated from cytosolic proteins by their translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A modified secretory protein trapped during translocation across the ER membrane can be crosslinked to two previously identified proteins, Sec61p and BiP (Kar2p). The dependence of this cross-linking upon proteins and small molecules was examined. Mutations in SEC62 and SEC63 decrease the ability of Sec61p to be cross-linked to the secretory polypeptide trapped in translocation. ATP is also required for interaction of Sec61p with the secretory protein. Three kar2 alleles display defective translocation in vitro. Two of these alleles also decrease the ability of Sec61p to be cross-linked to the secretory protein. The third allele, while exhibiting a severe translocation defect, does not affect the interaction of Sec61p with the secretory protein. These results suggest that Sec61p is directly involved in translocation and that BiP acts at two stages of the translocation cycle.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHATES ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FREEZE-DRIED SHRIMP

Effects of different phosphates were investigated on the mechanical and storage stability (in dry state), texture, flavor and rehydration characteristics of freeze-dried shrimp. Kena, SHMP and STPP in powder and slurry form were used to treat raw peeled, deveined shrimp. Coating the shrimp with Kena powder for about 10 min, rinsing and cooking in 2% salt water at 75°C before freeze drying, which resulted in a retention of 0.25% (w.b) of Kena within the tissue, imparted to the product the most desirable mechanical, rehydration and sensory characteristics. The improvements imparted by the Kena treatment to the freeze-dried shrimp in terms of mechanical stability and shelf life, and to their texture, flavor and overall sensory acceptance were attributed to the reduction in cooking losses and changes in the protein structure of the product.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Activity Limits Blood Flow to Hypoperfused Myocardium During Exercise

Background —Nitric oxide (NO) causes vasodilation by stimulation of guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle to produce cGMP. The resultant vasodilator effect is regulated by a family of cGMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Sildenafil, a selective inhibitor of PDE5 used for treatment of erectile dysfunction, has been found to cause relaxation of isolated epicardial coronary artery segments. The present study examined the effects of sildenafil on coronary blood flow and hemodynamics during exercise in normal and ischemic heart. Methods and Results —In chronically instrumented normal dogs, sildenafil 2 mg/kg PO caused a slight but significant increase in left anterior descending (LAD) coronary blood flow during resting conditions, with a nonsignificant trend toward increased coronary flow during treadmill exercise. Exercise in the presence of LAD stenosis that decreased distal coronary pressure to 57±2 mm Hg reduced LAD flow during exercise from 69±8 to 41±7 mL/min ( P <0.05), with hypoperfusion most severe in the subendocardium. At the same distal coronary pressure, sildenafil increased LAD flow in the ischemic region to 50±11 mL/min ( P <0.05). Increase in ischemic region blood flow produced by sildenafil was uniform across the LV wall, given that no change occurred in the transmural distribution of perfusion. Conclusions —Inhibition of PDE5 with sildenafil caused vasodilation of coronary resistance vessels with an increase of blood flow into an ischemic myocardial region during exercise in the presence of coronary artery stenosis.
Field tests and verification of damping calculation methods for operating highway bridges

Structural damping is an important parameter in system identification and assessment of structural systems. Due to its variable nature, especially in highway bridges, precise estimation of damping poses challenges both from the computational point of views as well as complexity of operations. Survey of technical literature indicates that several methodologies have been developed over the past few decades for the determination of structural damping parameters. The present study determines damping in an operational highway bridge using two approaches, namely, the decay of motion direct measurement and the natural excitation technique. A two-span concrete box girder bridge was instrumented with various types of fiber optic Bragg grating sensors. Series of live load tests were performed on the bridge using a calibrated truck. Estimated damping was implanted in a detailed finite element model of the bridge. Live load on the actual bridge was replicated on the finite element model and the calculated results correlated with measured data at site.
Explaining European Union aid to Russia

Since 1991, Russia has received a large volume of funding from Western donors to aid its political and economic transformation. The European Union accounts for a substantial share of this funding, amounting to over 2.6 billion euros. Therefore, it is surprising that virtually no systematic scholarship exists on the pattern of aid choices and allocations, or indeed, on their longer-term impact on targeted actors. Although there are a number of case studies and policy papers on the various dimensions of aid or concrete projects, we still lack a comprehensive picture of the EU’s technical assistance. Such an exercise would allow us to begin to explain and to theorise about the reasons — economic, strategic, bureaucratic, political, cultural or other — behind the EU’s and its member states’ aid choices. This chapter presents findings from statistical analysis of a dataset that the author compiled of all EU projects conducted in Russia’s regions between 1991 and 2005. The analysis is complemented by interviews with European Union and Russian officials involved with TACIS (Technical Assistance to the CIS) projects as well as by an examination of key EU policy and strategy papers on Russia.
Daily ratings measures of alcohol craving during an inpatient stay define subtypes of alcohol addiction that predict subsequent risk for resumption of drinking.

Abstract Background Both depressive symptoms and alcohol craving have been postulated as important predictors of relapse in patients with addictive disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the course of affective symptoms and cravings for alcohol use during the initial 25 days of residential treatment for middle aged and older adults addicted to alcohol and the relationship between these symptoms and recovery outcomes. Methods 95 alcohol-dependent subjects were enrolled in this observational study. Participants completed a daily diary of alcohol craving, positive affect, and negative affect during residential treatment. Participants were interviewed 1 and 6 months after discharge to assess clinical symptoms of relapse and functioning. Results Latent class analysis identified three groups of individuals for each of the three daily measures. For alcohol craving, 17 subjects reported elevated cravings during the entire treatment stay, 37 subjects reported initially elevated but then a slight improvement in craving, and 41 subjects reported relatively low craving from the time of admission to the end of residential treatment. Alcohol craving class was associated with negative affect but not positive affect. Alcohol craving class but not affective class was predictive of time to relapse to any drinking in the 6 months after residential treatment ( p Conclusion Results suggest that non-cue induced alcohol craving may define a subtype of alcohol dependence that is less responsive to treatment and may explain heterogeneity in treatment outcomes. These results also may suggest a role for differential treatment programming to address high states of craving for alcohol.
Characterization of DNA components from some colorless algae.

Abstract The DNA components of five colorless algae were characterized by their buoyant densities in cesium chloride. Two DNA components were detected in Polytoma obtusum and Polytoma uvella . Upon renaturation of the thermally denatured DNA the minor and approx. 15% of the major DNA component returned to their native densities. The buoyant densities of the major and minor DNA of P. obtusum and P. uvella are different from that of the morphologically and biochemically similar green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . A major and a minor DNA component with the same buoyant densities as that of the green alga Euglena were also found in Astasia longa , which is morphologically similar to Euglena . The renaturation of the minor but not the major component was readily detectable by the change in buoyant density. Only one DNA component was detected in Polytomella agilis and Polytomella caeca . After thermal denaturation approx. 5% of each of these DNA components were renatured readily. Based on these data, the possible evolutionary origin of these colorless algae is discussed.
The biology and management of subglottic hemangioma: past, present, future.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Objectives were 1) to review the presentation, natural history, and management of subglottic hemangioma; 2) to assess the affect of five variables (age, gender, degree of subglottic narrowing, location and extent of subglottic hemangioma, and lack or presence of other hemangioma) and the outcome of six different treatment modalities (conservative monitoring, corticosteroid, laser surgery, tracheotomy, laryngotracheoplasty, and interferon) in the management of subglottic hemangioma; and 3) to present specific guidelines to help determine the best possible treatment modality at the time of initial presentation. Study Design: Retrospective review in the setting of three tertiary care pediatric medical centers. Methods: Methods included 1) extensive review of the literature; 2) a systematic review with respect to age, gender, presentation, associated medical problems, location and degree of subglottic narrowing, initial treatment, need for subsequent treatments, outcome, complications, and prognosis; and 3) statistical analysis to determine the effect of five variables (age, gender, degree of subglottic narrowing, location and extent of subglottic hemangioma, and lack or presence of other hemangioma) and the outcome of six different treatment modalities (conservative monitoring, corticosteroid, laser surgery, tracheotomy, laryngotracheoplasty, and interferon). Results: In all, 116 patients with a mean age of 4.7 months were treated. The most common location of subglottic hemangioma was the left side. The range of subglottic narrowing was 10% to 99% (mean percentage, 65%). Twenty-six patients (22%) were managed with a single treatment modality, which included conservative monitoring (n = 13), corticosteroid (n = 11), and tracheotomy (n = 2). Ninety patients (78%) required multimodality treatments. Overall, the treatments included conservative monitoring (n = 13), corticosteroid (n = 100), tracheotomy (n = 32), CO2 laser (n = 66), interferon (n = 5), and laryngotracheoplasty (n = 25). Complication rates included the following: conservative monitoring (none), corticosteroid (18%), tracheotomy (none), CO2 laser (12%), interferon (20%), and laryngotracheoplasty (20%). The following variables showed statistical significance in the outcome of different treatment modality: 1) degree of subglottic narrowing (P .05) and age at the time of presentation (P > .06) did not show any statistical significance on the outcome of the treatments. Conclusion: Each patient should be assessed comprehensively, and treatment should be individualized based on symptoms, clinical findings, and experience of the surgeon. The authors presented treatment guidelines in an attempt to rationalize the management of subglottic hemangioma and to help determine the best possible treatment modality at the time of initial presentation.
Modularity vs. Programmability in Design of International Products: Beyond the Standardization-Adaption Tradeoff?

This paper argues that design innovation constitutes an important means for multinational corporations (MNCs) to manage the standardization–adaptation dilemma in product development for international markets. Through design innovation MNCs can accommodate the heterogeneity of different national markets by building functional versatility into products. Two design principles are covered. First, the familiar design principle of modularity is reviewed along with its bearing on the standardization–adaptation dilemma. Second, the less familiar design principle of programmability is introduced. A historical case study on ERP (enterprise resource planning) software is presented, showing how one firm (SAP AG) used design innovation to serve internationally heterogeneous markets. The study also illustrates the interplay of these two principles; in essence, modularity helps reduce some of the complexity costs that arise from increasing levels of programmability in product design.
Influences of the Adding Manners of b on the Stability and the Soft Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Fe52Co34Hf7B6Cu1 Alloys

The stability and the soft magnetic properties of amorphous Fe52Co34Hf7B6Cu1 alloys have been investigated in this paper. Amorphous Fe52Co34Hf7B6Cu1 alloys ribbons are prepared by single-roller-quenching method. The differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mossbauer Spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used for characterizing microstructures, soft magnetic properties, and evaluating the influence of adding manners of B on the stability of as-quenched specimens. The XRD curve shows a wide dispersion of peak, the TEM diffraction ring was dispersed cyclic, the pattern of the matrix was homogeneous, and the Mossbauer spectrum of as-quenched alloy presents a typical broadened and overlapped sextet, which confirms the as-quenched alloy in fully amorphous state. The DTA results showed the activation energy of Fe52Co34Hf7B6Cu1 alloy is 299.7KJ/mol. When pure B is replaced by FeB in preparing amorphous Fe52Co34Hf7B6Cu1 alloys, the activation energy reduced to 293.3 KJ/mol,and the soft magnetic property is decline according VSM results.
Periodontitis and Respiratory Diseases: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations

DOES AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PERIODONTITIS AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE EXIST? Several factors must be taken into account in considering whether an association between previously existing periodontitis and risk for respiratory disease exists. Among these are the strength of the claimed association, consistency among the studies, temporality, dose effect, biologic plausibility, and experimental evidence. Dr. Garcia has pointed out clearly that there is a paucity of published data.2 His systematic structured review of the relevant literature revealed only 2 major studies. Scannapieco and coworkers4,5 analyzed the cross-sectional NHANES I and NHANES III national data sets, and Hayes and coworkers6 analyzed the data from the longitudinal VA Normative Aging Study. Using well-controlled multivariate analyses, both studies reported odds ratios ranging from 1.8 to 4.5 (95% confidence level) for the association between periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Notably, the odds ratios reported are in the same range as those reported for the association between periodontitis and other systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and stroke. While the studies are consistent with one another, the number of studies is too few to reach definitive conclusions. The demonstration that periodontitis existed before the onset of respiratory disease, usually referred to as temporality, is essential for establishing an association, especially causality. Since the Scannapieco studies4,5 were cross-sectional in design, they could not demonstrate temporality. Temporality was demonstrated in the Hayes et al. study.6 None of the studies demonstrated a dose effect (i.e., that the risk for respiratory disease increases with increasing severity and duration of periodontitis). However, in light of the complexity and multifactorial nature of respiratory disease (see below), demonstration of a dose effect for the association between periodontitis and respiratory disease is likely to be impossible. I would like to compliment the speakers on the respiratory diseases session of the program for their lucid and thorough coverage of their assigned topics. Dr. Terpenning1 has provided an excellent explanation of normal pulmonary function and defense, and described several diseases and other factors that enhance the likelihood of infection of the lungs by oral and other bacteria and viruses. Dr. Garcia2 has given us an incisive summary of the epidemiological data related to the possible association between previously existing periodontitis and risk for respiratory disease based on a systematic structured review of the relevant literature. Dr. Scannapieco3 has not only summarized existing literature concerning potential mechanisms through which periodontitis can enhance risk for respiratory disease but also presented the results of his own studies aimed at demonstrating the validity of some of these mechanisms. All 3 of the speakers have pointed out the pressing need for additional research.
Adverse event reporting in patients treated with levothyroxine: results of the pharmacovigilance task force survey of the american thyroid association, american association of clinical endocrinologists, and the endocrine society.

ABSTRACT Objective To survey physicians to determine whether potency and consistency issues with levothyroxine sodium (LT4) have been resolved and to assess current experience regarding safety of substituting LT4 products. Methods Members of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Thyroid Association, and The Endocrine Society collaborated to create a survey instrument that would effectively sample the clinical experience of their society members and frequent prescribers of LT4. More than 18 000 e-mailed requests for information were generated, and the Web sites of each society provided links to the data collection form. The survey provided an opportunity to collect clinical observations of adverse events or product availability problems from physicians caring for patients with thyroid disease who required use of contemporary LT4 preparations. Results After adjustment for known reasons for unstable results from thyroid function tests, 199 reports of adverse events associated with changes in thyrotropin values were further analyzed. One hundred seventy-seven reports (88.9%) were associated with a change in the source of LT4; no change was noted in 21(10.6%). Details regarding the circumstances of the change were provided in 167 of the 177 reports (94.4%), The reporting physicians themselves or their office staff had changed the LT4 preparation in only 1 of the 167 cases (0.6%). The remainder of changes had been made by the patient’s pharmacy, either with the physician’s knowledge (in 13 of 167 cases [7.8%]) or without his/her knowledge (in 153 of 167 cases [91.6%]). Fifty-four of 199 cases (27.1%) described serious adverse events; 52 of these (96.3%) were associated with a substitution of one LT4 preparation for another. Conclusions The clinical use of contemporary LT4 products continues to be associated with some adverse outcomes. A small number of reports were associated with continued use of the same LT4 products. The most frequently reported adverse outcomes were associated with the approved generic substitution of LT4 products, frequently without the prescribing physician’s knowledge.(Endocr Pract. 2010;16:357-370)
Cardiac rhythm disturbances in children on hemodialysis.

Cardiovascular complications are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in adult dialysis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular system of children on hemodialysis (HD), with special focus on rhythm disturbances. Nine patients, aged 15.6±4.1 years, underwent electrocardiographic examination (ECG) including 12-lead ECG, Holter-ECG, QT dispersion, signal-averaged ECG, and exercise testing. Echocardiography and 24-h blood pressure measurement were also performed. Patients had been on HD for a median period of 7 months (range 1–29 months). Normal findings were obtained with 12-lead ECG, exercise testing, QT dispersion, and signal-averaged ECG. Holter-ECG showed short runs of slow monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in two patients. Echocardiography was normal except for ventricular hypertrophy in two patients. In conclusion, rhythm disturbances were rare, with slow monomorphic ventricular tachycardias being the only significant finding. The absence of late potentials and normal QT dispersion suggest that myocardial electrical excitability and recovery are preserved in children on HD.
Effects of adrenergic agents, theophylline and other drugs on dextran edema and histamine release in rats

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with various catecholamines, theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP decreased the reaction to dextran and reduced the associated release of histamine into the plasma. Protection by the catecholamines was inhibited by the β-blocker, propranolol. Some of these protective drugs owed their effectiveness in large part to the production of hyperglycemia. However, it appeared likely that they also acted directly on the mast cells to prevent the release of histamine and other vasoactive factors, as previously observed in vitro . Phenoxybenzamine, nicotinamide and ethanol also afforded protection not explainable by effects on blood sugar.
Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia.

Adults seeking systematic desensitization treatment for acrophobia were assessed through laboratory-type behavioral tests of height-related behavior and through several self-report measures of general and height-related fearfulness. An Acrophobia Questionnaire (AQ) developed on 30 Sample 1 subjects was used in conjunction with behavioral tests and standard anxiety measures for 48 treated and 22 waiting list subjects in a second sample. Although the behavioral approach measure showed moderate correlation with AQ Avoidance and Anxiety self-report scores at the pretreatment assessment, significant treated vs. waiting list pre- to post-treatment differences were found only for the AQ. Moreover, pre- to post-treatment AQ change showed moderate correlation with other self-report change scores but only slight correlation with behavioral test change. Issues involving the adequacy of laboratory-type behavioral tests for “real life” phobias and the value of augmenting behavioral tests with carefully formulated self-report indices are briefly discussed.
Oxygen concentration in larval hemolymph of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, infected with Bacillus popilliae

Abstract A polarographic method for measuring dissolved oxygen was used to follow changes during development of “milky disease” in larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica . The dissolved oxygen of hemolymph of apparently healthy third-instar larvae in one group analyzed was equivalent to 33.4% to 42.0% saturation of 0.25 M KCl (0.078 to 0.100 μmoles/ml of hemolymph, 95% confidence limits). The concentration of oxygen was significantly lower early in the infection when only vegetative cells of Bacillus popilliae were present in the hemolymph. When both vegetative and spore forms were present, the oxygen level approached that of the uninfected group. Infection was initiated by feeding spores at the rate of 1–10 million spores/g of soil. At this level, 20% of the larvae became infected.
Clinical experiences with local microwave hyperthermia

Abstract At the Claire Zellerbach Saroni Tumor Institute, Mount Zion Hospital and Medical Center, 38 patients who failed definitive radiotherapy and chemotherapy were treated with 915 megahertz and 2450 megahertz microwave hyperthermia to observe normal tissue tolerance and therapeutic responses. Superficial and measurable lesions were selected. Thirty-seven courses were given with radiation and eleven courses were given alone. When hyperthermia was combined with radiation, complete clinical regression occurred in 41 % (1537) of patients and partial regression in 37% (1437); however with hyperthermia alone, complete regression occurred in 18% (211) of patients and partial regression in 18 % (211). Thus, moderate local tumor hyperthermia (42.5°C) following low dose irradiation (1800–2700 rad) has resulted in significant responses in recurrent tumors in previously irradiated areas. The maximum temperature achieved during a course of treatment appeared to correlate with tumor responses. Also a relationship existed between radiation dose and tumor response. There was no relationship between radiation dose and thermal side effects. Thermal dosimetry remained an outstanding problem for clinical hyperthermia, in part because of inadequacy of heat delivery and measurement systems, and in part because of patient variations in terms of tolerance to beat and tumor physiological changes with fractions of hyperthermia. Side effects of thermal blistering and burns were correlated with maximum temperatures attained during heat treatments. They were tolerable by patients, and can be decreased by appropriate skin cooling in some patients. Further protocol studies are needed to determine the optimal temperature/radiation dosage, treatment schedules and sequences, and treatment techniques.
Proxemic behaviors as predictors of aggression towards Black (but not White) males in an immersive virtual environment

This study investigated the relationship between participant proxemic behavior and overt aggression during interactions with Black and White agents in an immersive virtual environment. In a series of two tasks, participants first interacted with two male agents (each of the same race) and then engaged in a violent shooting game with those agents. Participants' proxemic behaviors (interpersonal distance and head movements) during the first task predicted aggressive and hostile participant shots against Black but not White agents in the subsequent task. Results supported the value of proxemic variables in predicting aggression and the utility of IVET for experimental social psychology.
SPIV measurements of axisymmetric turbulent boundary layers

This paper presents a description of turbulent boundary layer velocity measurements made on an experimental towed array during testing at the David Taylor Model Basin, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division in June 2007. The experimental array had an aspect ratio L/a = 7 × 103 and was towed at Reynolds numbers Reθ varying from 4.6 × 105 to 8.9 × 105. This range falls well outside that which has been investigated to date in laboratories or with computational fluid dynamics. Previous lake tests of this array were performed and documented in Cipolla and Keith [1]. However, details of the high Reynolds turbulent boundary layer were not obtained during these tests. The goal of the follow-on tow tank testing was to obtain measurements of the mean and turbulent flow field which are not feasible in lake or sea trial testing.
Cutaneous Mucinosis of Infancy

: Cutaneous mucinosis of infancy has been reported only rarely in the literature. We describe a case occurring in a black infant giri. Although no associated abnormalities have been described previously, our patient had a history of developmental delay, congenital cataracts, bilateral inguinal hernias, and an accessory tragus. The significance of these features is unclear.
Resonance Raman characterization of the heme prosthetic group in eosinophil peroxidase

The resonance-enhanced Raman spectrum of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) from horse and human eosinophils is reported. Based upon the spectral energies, distribution and depolarization ratios of the high-frequency skeletal modes and upon the presence of weak bands assignable to vinyl substituent groups, we conclude that the heme prosthetic group is high-spin, 6 coordinate protoporphyrin. The Raman spectrum reveals clear differences from lactoperoxidase (LPO), an enzyme which appears nearly structurally isomorphous by other physical techniques; the data indicate a stronger axial 6th ligand in EPO. Mechanistic implications are discussed in relation to LPO and myeloperoxidase, an enzyme present in neutrophils and monocytes which contains a unique functional active-site chlorin.
The influence of male mating tactics on habitat use in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)

Previous research has shown that both ecological and social factors influence mountain gorilla habitat use. New data on habitat use by a male gorilla and by a group confirm that male mating competition influences short- and long-term habitat use patterns, and show that its influence can supersede that of ecological factors on a long-term basis. When solitary, the male regularly approached and sometimes followed groups. His monthly home range size and equitability of home range use were directly proportional to the number of such interactions per month. His relationships with other groups became more conservative after he gained females, and, contrary to expectations based on metabolic needs, he used a much smaller area. The group considered here gradually expanded its home range and shifted its areas of intensive use throughout a three-year period. It then made a complete home range shift after three dramatic interactions, during which it was temporarily fragmented and two females emigrated. The group shared its home range with many other social units; overlap with most of these decreased after the shift. The degree of overlap and the lack of site fidelity by males and their groups support the argument that transfer is not ecologically costly to mountain gorilla females.
Growth inhibition of Clostridium thermocellum by carboxylic acids: a mechanism based on uncoupling by weak acids

The inhibition of Clostridium thermocellum strains by acetate and other organic acids (propionate, butyrate) can be explained by a model based on the chemiosmotic theory and uncoupler action. It is proposed that the charged permeant species in the process of anion exclusion is the dimer HA - 2 . Evidence for this mechanisms is provided by 31P-NMR studies of whole cells and cell extracts.
Probabilities and trial behavior

Abstract Probability concepts are used by key personnel in the trial court process, including lawyers and judicial decision-makers. Such concepts are present in the reasoning of lawyers in deciding whether to accept or reject a client, especially where their fee depends on whether they win the case. Probability concepts are also present in deciding whether to settle or go to trial, since going to trial can be risky, but more profitable if successful. Probability concepts are also present explicitly or implicitly in determining the probability of guilt or liability by a judge or a jury, and in deciding whether to convict or acquit. One key principle is that it is much easier to handle probability questions which ask whether a probability is above or below a threshold, breakeven, or critical value than it is to ask what is the probability of an occurence. Another key principle is that decision-making situations which involve making choices can be reduced to determining whether the benefits minus the costs or one choice exceeds the benefits minus the costs of another choice, with the benefits and costs discounted for the probability of their occuring. Any of those inputs can be treated as an unknown which can be solved in terms of the other values. Those solutions give the threshold values.
Computational experience with a modified potential reduction algorithm for linear programming

We study the performance of a homogeneous and self-dual interior point solver for linear programming LP that is equipped with a continuously differentiable potential function. Our work is motivated by the apparent gap between the theoretical complexity results and long-step practical implementations in interior point algorithms. The potential function described here ensures a global linear polynomial-time convergence while providing the flexibility to integrate heuristics for generating the search directions and step length computations. Computational results on standard test problems show that LP problems are solved as efficiently in terms of the number of iterations as Mosek6 .
Scopolamine inhibits cocaine-conditioned but not unconditioned stimulant effects in mice.

Rationale: In animal models, cocaine cues contribute to the development of conditioned responses to the psychomotor stimulating and rewarding effects of the drug. Objectives: In the present study we investigated the effect of scopolamine, known to impair learning and memory, on cocaine-induced conditioned and unconditioned responses in Swiss Webster mice. Methods: In the first experiment, mice were treated with saline/saline, saline/cocaine (20 mg/kg), scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg)/cocaine, or scopolamine/saline for 5 days. The treatments were paired with the locomotor activity test cage twice, on days 1 and 5. This allowed to determine: (a) the induction and expression of place-dependent sensitization (PDS) to the psychomotor-stimulating effect of cocaine and (b) place-dependent hyperlocomotion (PDH; i.e., conditioning) as defined by the response to saline injection in the test cage. In the second experiment, all injections were delivered in animals' home cage in order to induce place-independent sensitization (PIS) to cocaine and to avoid the development of PDH. In the third experiment, the effect of scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) on the acquisition of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was investigated. Results: Data from the first experiment suggest that pretreatment with scopolamine had no specific effect on the induction and expression of cocaine-induced PIS. However, scopolamine blocked cocaine-induced PDH. Results from the second experiment confirmed that scopolamine had no effect on the induction of PIS to cocaine. Results from the third experiment showed that scopolamine completely blocked cocaine-induced CPP. Conclusions: The finding that scopolamine blocked the conditioned behaviors, PDH and CPP, that develop after exposure to cocaine supports the hypothesis that cocaine cue reactivity in the paradigms tested is associated with learning and memory.
High-resolution infrared spectra, physical properties, and micromorphology of serpentines

Abstract Separate serpentine minerals may be identified by near infrared (NIR) spectra using remote sensing or portable field devices, and identified in the laboratory by NIR and mid-infrared spectra, but X-ray diffraction (XRD) procedures are necessary for rapid identification of serpentine mineral mixtures. Compacted serpentine aggregate material is very stable with a density of about 2400 kg/m 3 having an internal friction angle of about 32° with weak cementation. Non-fibrous clinochrysotile, the most common serpentine mineral in California deposits, consists of densely packed tubules from 600 to 700 A diameter, which are too short to be considered asbestiform. The Picrolite fibers are brittle and too large to be asbestiform.
Queryable acyclic production systems

We pose a query problem about the behavior of a consultation system S: given a constraint formula q and a potential conclusion c for S, determine if there is a user input binding that satisfies q and causes S to conclude c. Existing rule-based expert systems, both forward and backward chaining[3], implement a consultation mechanism S, but are not designed for these queries about S. For general production systems, the queries are undecidable. Here we solve the problem for useful sublanguages of acyclic production systems.We implement a query tool in a Datalog + constraints framework, and optimize for “embedded decision trees” in the rule system. Our data complexity is T(n·ƒ(n)) in the size of the embedded trees, versus T(n·ƒ(n) + n2) for existing datalog evaluation algorithms, where ƒ(n) is the cost of destructively conjoining a constraint of unit size into a conjunction of n constraints.
Plasmid DNA vaccination: mechanism of antigen presentation

Direct injection of naked plasmid DNA either intramuscularly or intradermally induces strong, long-lived immune responses to the antigen encoded by the gene vaccine. While the intradermal route of administration appears to be the most efficient, there is evidence that either route leads to production of antibody and the activation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells secreting Thl-type cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) [1–9]. Plasmid DNA immunization has potential advantages compared to traditional protein vaccination due to the strong CTL and Thl responses induced, the prolonged antigen expression, and the resistance of the antigen source to antibody-mediated clearance. As a consequence, gene vaccination has potential applications in the fields of infectious diseases, allergy and cancer.
Analysis of proposed analyticity test

An analyticity test proposed by Regge and Viano (1) has been analysed under conditions similar to possible applications of the test to experimental data. It has been shown that any results of such an application must be inconclusive. The class of functions to which this procedure may be applied has been determined. This class may be broadened if partial knowledge of the asymptotic behaviour of the functions is available.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Engineering Students’ Self-Efficacy by Gender, Ethnicity, Year, and Transfer Status

This is a cross-sectional study of 519 undergraduate engineering majors’ self-efficacy beliefs at a large, research extensive, Midwestern university. Engineering self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in his or her ability to successfully negotiate the academic hurdles of the engineering program. Engineering self-efficacy was obtained from four variables: self-efficacy 1, self-efficacy 2, engineering career outcome expectations, and coping self-efficacy. The four variables were analyzed using a repeated analysis of variance among levels of gender, ethnicity, years students had been enrolled in their engineering program, and transfer status. No significant differences in mean engineering self-efficacy scores were found by gender, ethnicity, and transfer status. However, significant interactions between gender and the subscales, ethnicity and the subscales, and transfer status and the subscales were found. Significant differences in mean engineering self-efficacy scores were found among years students had been enrolled in the program.
Ruthenium Nitrosyls Derived from Tetradentate Ligands Containing Carboxamido-N and Phenolato-O Donors: Syntheses, Structures, Photolability and Time Dependent Density Functional Theory Studies

In order to examine the role(s) of designed ligands on the NO photolability of {Ru-NO}6 nitrosyls, a set of three nitrosyls with ligands containing two carboxamide groups along with a varying number of phenolates have been synthesized. The nitrosyls namely, (NEt4)2[(hybeb)Ru(NO)(OEt)] (1), (PPh4)[(hypyb)Ru(NO)(OEt)] (2), and [(bpb)Ru(NO)(OEt)] (3) have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1−3 are diamagnetic, exhibit νNO in the range 1780−1840 cm−1 and rapidly release NO in solution upon exposure to low power UV light (7 mW/cm2). Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time Dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations on 1−3 indicate considerable contribution of ligand orbitals in the MOs involved in transitions leading to NO photolability. The results of the theoretical studies match well with the experimental absorption spectra as well as the parameters for NO photorelease and provide insight into the transition(s) associated with loss of NO.
Scleroderma of the Foot: Orthopaedic Treatment:

Four patients with scleroderma involving the feet have been treated at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles by the authors. All children had severe deformity of the feet secondary to the scleroderma. A review of the literature reveals little past mention of indications or treatments of this deformity in the past with the exception of the use of local steroids. Six feet in four children underwent orthopedic treatment. Treatment was primarily by casting to stretch soft tissues and gain as much correction as possible. Surgical correction of the remaining deformity by releasing the soft tissue contractures was then accomplished. Internal fixation of the foot in the corrected position was carried out in four cases. Three of the four patients showed significant improvement following soft tissue surgery and one patient was unchanged. Surgical treatment of the patient with scleroderma can be carried out safely as long as careful attention is paid to circulatory status and extensive preoperative casting and stretching of "soft" tissues is utilized.
Effects of theophylline on the activation and nuclear translocation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor at low temperature.

Abstract In vitro nuclear binding of the ( 3 H) dexamethasone-receptor complex from rat liver cytosol takes place at a slow rate when nuclei are incubated at low temperature. However, if theophylline is included during the incubation there is a threefold increase in the rate of nuclear binding. The activation by theophylline is independent of its known effect on cyclic AMP levels since the cyclic nucleotide has no effect on nuclear binding either in the absence or presence of theophylline. Activation ability is specific to methylxanthines and not to nucleoside derivatives. Theophylline may be acting directly on the ( 3 H) dexamethasone-receptor complex converting it to an active form.
Cardiac Calendar 2014–2020

Ninety-first Annual Scientific Meeting of the Korean Society of Anesthesiologists. Seoul, Korea. November 6-8, 2014. Contact: www.ksa-conference.org Annual Scientific Meeting Australian and New Zealand College of Perfusionists. Auckland, New Zealand. November 6-8, 2014. Contact: Taryn@adhb.govt.nz Sixth International Congress: Aortic Surgery and Anesthesia “How to Do It.” Milano, Italy. December 11-13, 2014. Contact: www. aorticsurgery.it Sixty-eighth Postgraduate Assembly. New York State Association of Anesthesiologists. New York, New York. December 12-16, 2014. Contact: www.nyssa-pga.org Thirty-third Annual Symposium: Clinical Update in Anesthesiology, Surgery, and Perioperative Medicine. St. Kitts, West Indies. January 18-23, 2015. E-mail: george.silvay@mountsinai.org. Contact: www.clinicalupdateinanesthesiology.org Thirty-fifth Annual Cardiothoracic Surgery Symposium CREF. San Diego, California. February 11-15, 2015. Contact: www. crefmeeting.com Thirtieth International Symposium Interventional Cardiology. Snowmass, Colorado. March 1-6, 2015. Info: rlaw@promedicacme. com Thirty-fifth International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Brussels, Belgium. March 17-20, 2015. Contact: www.intensive.org International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS). Honolulu, Hawaii. March 21-24, 2015. Info: www.iars.org/2015meeting The Eighth International Symposium: Diabetes, Hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome. Berlin, Germany. April 15-18, 2015. Info: www.comtecmed.com/DIP Sixty-second Annual Meeting. Association of University Anesthesiologists. Nashville, Tennessee. April 30-May 2, 2015. Contact: www.AUAhq.org European Society of Anesthesiologists. Berlin, Germany. May 28-June 2, 2015. Contact e-mail: info@esahq.org Third International Symposium: Perioperative Care for Seniors. Prague, Czech Republic. June 4-6, 2015. Contact: www. anesthesiaforseniors2015.cz EACTA Annual Meeting. Gothenburg, Sweden. June 11-12, 2015. Contact: anne.westerlind@medfak.se Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. September 17-20, 2015. Info: cats@canadianthoracic surgeons.ca ASA Annual Meeting. San Diego, California. October 24-28, 2015. Contact: www.asahq.org Eighth Postgraduate Course—Surgery of the Thoracic Aorta. Bologna, Italy. November 9-10, 2015. Contact: www.noemacongressi.it Sixty-ninth Postgraduate Assembly. New York State Association of Anesthesiologists. New York, New York. December 11-15, 2015. Contact: www.nyssa-pga.org Thirty-fourth Annual Symposium: Clinical Update in Anesthesiology, Surgery, and Perioperative Medicine. San Juan, Puerto Rico. January 16-23, 2016. Contact: George.silvay@mountsinai.org Thirty-sixth International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Brussels, Belgium. March 22-25, 2016. Contact: www.intensive.org
Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest.

Abstract Background: In modern times, maternal death is rare. Timely cesarean delivery in the setting of maternal cardiopulmonary arrest may save both the infant and the mother. Case: A 36-year-old white woman with a twin pregnancy suffered cardiopulmonary arrest at 28 weeks’ gestation. Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitative measures were unsuccessful, and the twins were delivered by cesarean at the bedside. Immediately after delivery, a maternal pulse was noted; both the mother and her infants are alive 15 months later. Conclusion: Relieving vena caval occlusion by perimortem cesarean delivery in a term gravida allows chest compressions to provide sufficient cardiac output in the unfortunate event of maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. When delivery occurs within 5 minutes of maternal insult, the neonatal outcome is favorable.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor in Hyperplastic Endothelial Cells in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Mixed Glioma-Sarcoma

The sarcomatous components of most glioma-sarcomas are thought to arise from the neoplastic transformation of hyperplastic endothelial and adventitial vascular cells in a preexisting glioblastoma multiforme. The expression of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF), a marker for endothelial cells, and of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for glial cells, was examined in 10 glioblastomas and seven mixed glioma-sarcomas using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Hyperplasia of small blood vessels was observed in all 10 glioblastomas; in five, the vascular proliferation had resulted in the formation of prominent glomeruloid structures. FVIII/vWF was detected in the endothelial cells in these vascular structures, but not in the adventitial cells. In the mixed glioma-sarcomas. FVIII/vWF was detected only in endothelial cells; there was no staining for FVIII/vWF in the neoplastic mesenchymal cells. The gliomatous components of the mixed tumors stained intensely for GFAP. These observations indicate that both endothelial and nonendothelial cell types contribute to the small vessel hyperplasia in glioblastomas, and that the sarcomatous components of mixed glioma-sarcomas are derived from either non-endothelial cells or endothelial cells that have undergone antigenic loss following transformation.