cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Kroeyerina elongata (Kroyeriidae: Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda) in the Olfactory Sacs of the Blue Shark, Prionace glauca

The infection pattern of Kroeyerina elongata (Kroyeriidae, Copepoda) in the olfactory sacs of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, was investigated using 4,722 copepods from 54 olfactory sacs. Copepod prevalence and mean intensity of infection per olfactory sac were 94.0 and 91.1%, respectively, and the most intensely infected olfactory sac and shark hosted 218 and 409 copepods, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between the number of female and total copepods per left olfactory sac and shark fork length as well as between the numbers of female, male, and total copepods per shark and mean olfactory sac width and cumulative olfactory sac width. Female copepods typically outnumbered males within olfactory sacs (mean intensity = 65.7 and 26.3, respectively), and no statistical differences were detected between the numbers of copepods inhabiting the left and right olfactory sacs. Copepods were not evenly distributed within olfactory sacs. Typically, female copepods occupied olfactory chambers located centrally along the length of the olfactory sac, while males infected lateral olfactory chambers nearest the naris. The orientation of most copepods (84.6%) suggested positive rheotaxis relative to the path of water through the olfactory sac. Within olfactory chambers, most mature females (68.2%) infected the first third of the peripheral excurrent channel and the adjacent fringe of olfactory lamellae, while most males (91.7%) infected the olfactory lamellae, and the 4 larval females collected were attached within the lamellar field and grasped by males. Based on the observed infection patterns and the pattern of water flow throughout the olfactory sac, a hypothesis regarding the life cycle of K. elongata is advanced wherein infective copepodids are swept into the olfactory sac from the surrounding sea and initially colonize the olfactory lamellae. Copepodids feed and mature among the olfactory lamellae, and adult males search for mates and copulate with young females among the olfactory lamellae. Inseminated females move to the peripheral excurrent channels to mature and produce ovisacs. Hatching ovisacs release free-swimming nauplii into the excurrent water flow to be swept into the milieu, where they can molt into infective copepodids that may infect new hosts.
A dynamic adjustment model for U.S. agriculture: 1948–79☆

Abstract A multioutput model is developed within the adjustment cost framework to analyze the structure of dynamic adjustments in U.S. agriculture during the post-war period. An important feature of this model is that the econometric model is consistent with dynamic economic theory. Fluctuations in capital stocks, variable inputs, and outputs are explained by changing opportunity costs. Empirical results indicated that durable equipment, farm-produced durables, and family labor exhibited significant rigidity in adjustment as a response to exogenous shocks. Surprisingly, the hypothesis that real estate was a variable input could not be rejected. The univariate flexible accelerator hypothesis, which is widely maintained in most agricultural adjustment studies, is inconsistent with the data.
Penicillin Allergy Label Persists Despite Negative Testing

Studies support a public health imperative to de-label patients of penicillin allergy, however, “de-labeling” is only effective if acted upon. We hypothesized that persistence of a penicillin allergy label despite negative penicillin testing (PT) would be prevalent, impairing the utility and cost-effectiveness of PT.
Rock-based measurement of temperature-dependent plagioclase weathering

Long-term ( > 105 years) weathering can be quantified by measuring microsopic dissolution of minerals in exposed rock surfaces. Digital backscattered (BSE) electron microscope images of plagioclase porosity in field exposures of known age resolves weathering at finer scales and over longer time spans than conventional solute budget and laboratory studies. Rock-based BSE imaging is therefore a potentially useful tool for quantifying steady-state weathering fluxes occurring over geologic time. Here, we compare results of the rock-based method against solute-budget and experimental data, using plagioclase weathering rates from 14C-dated basalt flows on Hualalai Volcano in Hawaii, USA. A rock-based field activation energy of 26.2 kcal mol−1 is somewhat higher than solute-budget and laboratory measurements of plagioclase weathering.
Structural and transport properties of epitaxial PrNiO3 thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy

A3. Molecular beam epitaxy B1. Perovskites B1. Rare earth nickelates B2. Metal-insulator transition abstract Epitaxial single crystal films of praseodymium nickelate (PrNiO3) have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on LaAlO3(001) substrates. In-situ electron diffraction and ex-situ X-ray diffraction techniques confirm an epitaxial relationship to the underlying substrate. Crystalline quality depends strongly on the substrate temperature and activated oxygen flux during growth with the highest quality films formed at 600 1C under high oxygen plasma fluxes. The metal-insulator transition for PrNiO3 films was suppressed as the crystalline quality of the layers was improved.
Social support and the physical activity behaviours of people with a brain injury.

Primary objective: To examine the influence of social support on the physical activity behaviours of individual’s with a traumatic brain injury. Main outcomes and results: The paper defines social support as a multi-dimensional construct and reviews relevant literature describing how the type and source of social support changes post-brain injury. These findings are then applied to a physical activity domain with the use of a conceptual framework. Discussion finally focuses on research applications and appropriate measures of social support within a physical activity environment. Conclusions: This paper will provide physical activity programmers with an understanding of how social support influences physical activity participation, a conceptual framework to guide programming and appropriate measures of social support for research purposes.
An atmospheric stimulus for cyanobacterial-bioinduced calcification ca. 350 million years ago?

Cyanobacterial calcification is promoted by CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) developed in response to photosynthetic carbon limitation. Changes in atmospheric composition (CO2 fall, O2 rise) near the Devonian–Mississippian transition (ca. 360 Ma) were sufficiently large to induce CCMs in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacterial sheath calcification significantly increased during the Mississippian, ca. 325–355 Ma. It is proposed that these atmospheric changes triggered cyanobacteria to induce CCMs—previously developed during a large CO2 decline in the Proterozoic—and that this promoted their calcification. CCMs in phytoplankton stimulate primary productivity by increasing photosynthetic efficiency and ameliorating carbon limitation. Phytoplankton community restructuring in favor of groups that possessed effective CCMs but had poor body-fossil records, such as picoplanktic cyanobacteria, could account for Late Devonian acritarch decline and the subsequent apparent scarcity of phytoplankton in the late Paleozoic (the so-called phytoplankton blackout). This is supported by biomarkers indicating an increase in cyanobacteria at the Devonian–Mississippian transition and by carbon isotope values and black shale deposition that, despite acritarch decline, reflect increased primary productivity. The Mississippian episode of cyanobacterial calcification was relatively short lived. Calcification declined ca. 325 Ma, before the end of the Mississippian, as a continued decline in CO2 lowered seawater carbonate saturation. The induction of cyanobacterial CCMs, triggered by Late Devonian change to a relatively low CO2 and high O2 atmosphere, has probably persisted to the present day, but well-developed calcification in marine cyanobacteria has been restricted to intervals of elevated carbonate saturation state.
Creating a community of difference in entrepreneurship scholarship

This article argues for alternative forms of inquiry for exploring aspects of entrepreneurship scholarship that are often unseen, ignored or minimized. The label, ‘The European School of Entrepreneurship’, might serve as a useful rubric for identifying a community of scholars with tendencies towards the following: (1) an interest in the history of ideas that inform entrepreneurship scholarship, (2) a willingness to step outside of the entrepreneurship field, itself, to embrace a variety of ideas, particularly from philosophy and the humanities and (3) a concern for the ‘other’, so as to challenge the unspoken and often unrecognized ‘taken-for-granted’ aspects of what entrepreneurship is and what it might be. Such tendencies are fundamentally different by degree (rather than contrast) from current norms; yet, these tendencies can make a significant difference in current scholarly practice in entrepreneurship, as well as our understanding of the entrepreneurial phenomenon.
Regulatory Role of the Conserved Stem-Loop Structure at the 5′ End of Collagen α1(I) mRNA

Three fibrillar collagen mRNAs, alpha1(I), alpha2(I), and alpha1(III), are coordinately upregulated in the activated hepatic stellate cell (hsc) in liver fibrosis. These three mRNAs contain sequences surrounding the start codon that can be folded into a stem-loop structure. We investigated the role of this stem-loop structure in expression of collagen alpha1(I) reporter mRNAs in hsc's and fibroblasts. The stem-loop dramatically decreases accumulation of mRNAs in quiescent hsc's and to a lesser extent in activated hsc's and fibroblasts. The stem-loop decreases mRNA stability in fibroblasts. In activated hsc's and fibroblasts, a protein complex binds to the stem-loop, and this binding requires the presence of a 7mG cap on the RNA. Placing the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of collagen alpha1(I) mRNA in a reporter mRNA containing this stem-loop further increases the steady-state level in activated hsc's. This 3' UTR binds alphaCP, a protein implicated in increasing stability of collagen alpha1(I) mRNA in activated hsc's (B. Stefanovic, C. Hellerbrand, M. Holcik, M. Briendl, S. A. Liebhaber, and D. A. Brenner, Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5201-5209, 1997). A set of protein complexes assembles on the 7mG capped stem-loop RNA, and a 120-kDa protein is specifically cross-linked to this structure. Thus, collagen alpha1(I) mRNA is regulated by a complex interaction between the 5' stem-loop and the 3' UTR, which may optimize collagen production in activated hsc's.
Distribution of Stresses and of Strain-Energy Density through the Wall Thickness in a Canine Aortic Segment

In this paper we presented a method for determining the distribution of circumferential ( S θ ), longitudinal ( S z ), and radial ( S r ) stress and of strain-energy density ( W ) in canine aortic segments under physiological loading. Aortic segments from 13 dogs were studied in vitro. Intraluminal pressure and longitudinal force were varied over ranges of 25 to 200 cm H 2 O and 0 to 100 g, respectively, and the external radius and the segment length were measured at each step. A nonlinear theory of large deformation of the aortic tissue based on the assumptions of incompressibility and curvilinear orthotropy was applied to the data. The 3, 7, or 12 constitutive constants of the theory were calculated without using the usual thin-wall assumption. These constants were then used to calculate the distribution of stresses and of W . The results indicated that (I) S θ , S z , S r , and W were largest in magnitude at the endothelial surface and decreased toward the adventitial surface, (2) the decrease was most marked in the inner third of the vessel wall, (3) in general S θ > S z > W > S r , and (4) at a given longitudinal stretch an increase in intraluminal pressure increased S θ , S z , | S r |, and W , with the effect being most marked on S θ .
The Effect of Eccentricity on the Terminal Velocity of the Cylinder in a Falling Cylinder Viscometer

The theoretical equations for the flow of Newtonian fluids in a falling cylinder viscometer with eccentricity are developed. The error in fall velocity of the cylinder caused by eccentricity is determined and presented in tabular form. An approximate method to determine the error in fall velocity caused by eccentricity for non-Newtonian fluids of the power law type is also presented. For the Newtonian case, n=1, the approximate method is shown to give excellent agreement with the exact method.
Anatomically correct testbed hand control: Muscle and joint control strategies

Human hands are capable of many dexterous grasping and manipulation tasks. To understand human levels of dexterity and to achieve it with robotic hands, we constructed an anatomically correct testbed (ACT) hand which allows for the investigation of the biomechanical features and neural control strategies of the human hand. This paper focuses on developing control strategies for the index finger motion of the ACT Hand. A direct muscle position control and a force-optimized joint control are implemented as building blocks and tools for comparisons with future biological control approaches. We show how Gaussian process regression techniques can be used to determine the relationships between the muscle and joint motions in both controllers. Our experiments demonstrate that the direct muscle position controller allows for accurate and fast position tracking, while the force-optimized joint controller allows for exploitation of actuation redundancy in the finger critical for this redundant system. Furthermore, a comparison between Gaussian processes and least squares regression method shows that Gaussian processes provide better parameter estimation and tracking performance. This first control investigation on the ACT hand opens doors to implement biological strategies observed in humans and achieve the ultimate human-level dexterity.
Advancing the Multidisciplinary Nature of Human Computer Interaction in a Newly Developed Undergraduate Course

Human computer interaction is a multidisciplinary field, which often involves the design, implementation and evaluation of interactive systems for human use. Therefore, an ideal designer of these systems would have expertise in a wide variety of topics which include but are not limited to psychology, sociology, ergonomics, computer science and engineering, business, art and graphic design, and technical writing. However, it is impractical to assert that any one designer should have expertise in all these areas. Furthermore, when the concepts of HCI are introduced, the course is typically taught in a computer science department, by a computer science professor, to computer science majors. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of an undergraduate HCI course that is taught from a multidisciplinary perspective to a multidisciplinary audience using themes from the various disciplines that are encompassed within HCI. Suggestions for future changes to the course are also provided.
Archives and invention: the archives structuring presence in documentary film practice

This article examines the ontological foundations of the archive, its multiple functions and structuring presence in documentary film practice through hermeneutic inquiry. The application of hermeneutics in the context of documentary film and practice-based research is predicated upon expanding the hermeneutic application to include the interpretation of audio-visual materials such as archival artifacts. In undertaking this trajectory of inquiry, we can begin to address an endemic problem in documentary film practice where the use of archives is integral to narrative structure and modes of visual address. A hermeneutical theoretical approach toward the delineation of the ontology of the archive in the structuring of documentary narrative is pursued so as to expand the site of knowledge beyond the predominant view that archival inscription in documentary cinema serves merely a utilitarian function in the polysemic field of historical representation. In placing hermeneutics at the center of research-based p...
Intergenerational Conflict, Attitudinal Familism, and Depressive Symptoms Among Asian and Hispanic Adolescents in Immigrant Families: A Latent Variable Interaction Analysis

ABSTRACT Research has shown an association between intergenerational conflict (IC) due to acculturation and negative mental health outcomes, including depressive symptoms, among Asian and Hispanic adolescents from immigrant families. Using the data from the first survey of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, which included a culturally diverse sample of second-generation immigrant children, this study examines whether attitudinal familism (AF) moderates the effect of IC on depressive symptoms among Asian and Hispanic adolescents. Latent variable interaction models involving multiple-group comparisons were established. Results show that there is a significant buffering effect (b = –.05, p < .001). Specifically, a high level of AF is generally associated with fewer depressive symptoms compared with a low level of AF. These findings may inform the development of social service programs that aim to reduce IC by exposing immigrant adolescents to more traditional cultural values. Future research impl...
Nursing Theory and the Clinical Gaze Discovery in Teaching Theory Across a Cultural Divide

The purpose of this column is to describe the experience of teaching nursing theory in Uganda, Africa. The author is a nurse educator from the United States, who with support of a Fulbright grant was a visiting lecturer at Uganda Christian University in Mukono, Uganda. The students were two cohorts of Ugandan graduate nursing students. The account is presented as a case study in exploring the nature, justification, and utility of theory for nurses internationally. Teaching and discussion strategies are described as well as the philosophical and theoretical frameworks for analyzing and defending the building and use of theory in nursing. A convergence of evidence leads to a recognition of implicit theory as constituting the nurse’s clinical gaze.
An LMI-based Approach for State Feedback Controller Design of Markovian Jump Nonlinear Systems

This paper is concerned with the problem of state feedback control of continuous-time nonlinear Markovian jump systems, which are represented by Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models. A new method for designing state feedback stabilizing controllers is presented in terms of solvability of a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), and it has shown that the new design method provides better or at least the same results of the existing methods in the literature. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Percutaneous electrode guidance for interscalene block

Abstract Winnie first described the technique of interscalene block more than thirty years ago. Percutaneous electrode guidance (PEG) of the block needle is a recently published technique that incorporates transcutaneous stimulation of an underlying nerve or plexus to prelocate the targeted nerve or nerves. PEG has been used to perform interscalene block. PEG has the potential to simplify or narrow the search for the brachial plexus during interscalene block. Transcutaneous stimulation of the most superficial nerve roots, C5 and C6, are easy to perform at the interscalene level. The block needle is subsequently guided through the cutaneous electrode. PEG has the potential to help prevent complications such as pneumothorax, phrenic nerve injury, or spinal cord injury. The technique for PEG-assisted interscalene block is presented in detail. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Numerical investigation of the nonlinear transition regime in a Mach 2 boundary layer

The transition process in a supersonic flat-plate boundary layer at Mach 2 is investigated numerically using linear stability theory (LST) and direct numerical simulations (DNS). The experimental investigations by Kosinov and his co-workers serve as a reference and provide the physical conditions for the numerical set-up. In these experiments, the weakly nonlinear regime of transition was studied. This led to the discovery of asymmetric subharmonic resonance triads, which appear to be relevant for transition in a Mach 2 boundary layer. These triads were composed of one primary oblique wave of frequency 20kHz and two oblique subharmonic waves of frequency 10kHz. While the experimentalists have focused on this new breakdown mechanism, we have found that the experimental data also indicate the presence of another mechanism related to oblique breakdown. This might be the first experimental evidence of the oblique breakdown mechanism in a supersonic boundary layer. With the simulations presented here, the possible presence of oblique breakdown mechanisms in the experiments is explored by deliberately suppressing subharmonic resonances in the DNS and by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data. The DNS results show excellent agreement with the experimental measurements for both linear and nonlinear transition stages. Most importantly, the results clearly show the characteristic features of oblique breakdown. In addition, we also investigated the subharmonic transition route using LST and DNS. When forcing both the subharmonic and the fundamental frequencies in the DNS, a subharmonic resonance mechanism similar to that in the experiments can be observed.
Pulmonary Tissue Reactions in Response to Smoke Injury

Rats were exposed for 30 minutes at the approximate LC of Douglas fir (DF), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyisocyanurate foam (PI) smokes produced in a radiant furnace at 2.5 w/cmThey were sacrificed and examined for respiratory tissue changes at 24 hours following exposure. All smokes produced airway injury. The more extensive airway injury produced by PVC smoke and, in some instances, by PI smoke, involved the entire epithelial surface area of the trachea and the surfaces of lobar and first division sublobar bronchi. The injury produced by DF smoke was concentrated in the proximal one-half of the trachea. The injuries are discussed with respect to potential chemical
Inverse Determination of Surface Heat Flux over the Yellow Sea in Winter 1986 from Sea Surface Temperature Data

Abstract An assimilation of routine sea surface temperature observations is conducted to estimate the sea surface heat flux in the Yellow Sea during the winter of 1986. Ten-day mean SST compilations, published by the Japan Meteorological Agency, are used. The time window is from 0000 Japan Local Time (JLT) 21 January to 0000 JLT 21 February 1986. Because there are only three frames of the observed temperature available for the time window, only a steady-state distribution of the heat flux is determined. A tonguelike feature of the optimized heat flux distribution is consistent with the warm SST anomaly at the center of the Yellow Sea trough. The optimized heat flux generates improved simulation of the cooling trend of the temperature time series. The variational method is the assimilation procedure employed. The developed scheme is able to optimize simultaneously the initial temperature condition and the sea surface heat flux without a priori knowledge of either. A coarse-resolution Hessian is used to eva...
Severe reversible dilated cardiomyopathy associated with a large left ventricular thrombus in a young child with middle aortic syndrome

We report a case of a seven-year girl who presented with severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with a large thrombus in the left ventricle (LV). She had a long segment stenosis of the lower thoracic descending aorta, possibly due to non-specific aortitis and underwent successful stent angioplasty. The LV thrombus resolved after heparin without sequelae.
First- and Second-order Asymptotics for the Tail Distortion Risk Measure of Extreme Risks

The tail distortion risk measure at level p was first introduced in Zhu and Li (2012), where the parameter p ∈ (0, 1) indicates the confidence level. They established first-order asymptotics for this risk measure, as p↑1, for the Frechet case. In this article, we extend their work by establishing both first-order and second-order asymptotics for the Frechet, Weibull, and Gumbel cases. Numerical studies are also carried out to examine the accuracy of both asymptotics.
Analytic Thinking Predicts Vaccine Endorsement: Linking Cognitive Style and Affective Orientation Toward Childhood Vaccination

Though popular opinion in the US is favorable toward vaccination, a growing hesitancy to vaccinate children threatens rates of uptake and coverage. In response, researchers now study psychological factors thought to influence vaccine-decisions, as having this information might be useful in addressing vaccine hesitancy in the clinic and beyond. The present thesis reviews evidence from this body of work, and shares results of a new study on the influence of analytic and intuitive thinking styles upon endorsement of childhood vaccines. In a national sample (N = 543), analytic thinking predicted endorsement alone and in the presence of covariates in a regression model, while intuitive thinking’s relation to endorsement in the model was statistically unclear, and so did not support or refute claims in the literature suggesting this association. Implications and limitations of results, as well as possible directions for future research are discussed in detail.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Outcome

The clinical and neuroimaging findings in 84 consecutive children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) were studied prospectively, between March 1988 and July 2000, in relation to outcome at the National Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Review and Evaluation of Models for Self-Pressurizing Propellant Tank Dynamics

Nitrous oxide is a popular oxidizer choice for many in the hybrid rocket community due to its ease of handling, storability at room temperature, and high vapor pressure. This high vapor pressure can be used as the pressurant, making it what is referred to as a selfpressurizing propellant. Unfortunately no comprehensive models exist for the dynamics of a self-pressurizing propellant tank and thus the modeling of system performance of nitrous oxide hybrids is difficult. In this paper, three existing models (equilibrium, Zilliac & Karabeyoglu, Casalino & Pastrone) of the system are described, evaluated, and compared against a variety of experimental data. The Zilliac & Karabeyoglu model performs the best in 5 of the 6 test cases but is limited by its complexity and its requirement of an empirical factor that is system-dependent. The equilibrium model does not capture the initial transient behavior and often over-predicts the pressure but is the simplest model and requires properties at saturation only. The Casalino & Pastrone model is a compromise between the two but does not perform well here, possibly due to differences in sources for thermodynamic properties.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Diagnosis of Poliomyelitis Revisited

Revisiting the ailments of famous historical persons in light of contemporary medical understanding has become a common academic hobby. Public discussion of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR) diagnosis of poliomyelitis after his sudden onset of paralysis in 1921 has received just such a revisitation. Recently, this 2003 historical analysis has been referenced widely on the Internet and in biographies, raising speculation that his actual diagnosis should have been Guillain-Barre Syndrome, a noncontagious disease of the peripheral nervous system rather than poliomyelitis. The authors of that 2003 analysis used a statistical analysis of his case by selectively choosing some of his reported symptoms. FDR's diagnosis of poliomyelitis, however, was fully supported by the findings of leading expert physicians of that time, who were very knowledgeable in the then-common disease and who periodically examined him during the period of 1921-1924. The most significant diagnostic features of polio are the absence of objective sensory findings in the presence of flaccid motor paralysis. These features are consistent with diagnostic criteria extant during the periods of major poliomyelitis epidemics as well as those of the Center for Disease Control 90 years later. Additional findings of fever, prodromal hyperesthesia, more severe residual proximal muscle weakness, and extensive lower extremity impairment requiring mobility with long leg braces or a wheelchair give further evidence for the diagnosis in FDR's case. Nonbulbar Guillain-Barre Syndrome, which shares the features of a flaccid paralysis and thus mimicking the initial presentation of poliomyelitis, has more than an 80% complete recovery with no reported cases of eventual wheelchair use. The most severe cases of Guillain-Barre Syndrome often have persistent objective sensory loss, associated with greater weakness in the feet and hands, which show no resemblance to FDR's impairment and disability. In light of the expert initial assessments by physicians completely familiar with the signs and symptoms of the then-common disease, review of his initial and subsequent disease course, and residual symptoms in comparison with those of Guillain-Barre syndrome, we find no reason to question the diagnostic accuracy of poliomyelitis and wish to put this debate to rest.
LAB RESEARCH OF NITROGEN AND RICH GAS INJECTION IN XI-52 VOLATILE RESERVOIR

The main research of this paper includes evaluation of nitrogen and hydrocarbon gas injection in real long core, expansion test, slim tube test and flooding efficiencies of different gases. All the experiments are conducted upon long real formation core from Ke-233 well by using synthetic fluids of separate oil and gas samples from Ke-428 well compounded at bubble point pressure. The results show that it is harder for hydrocarbon gas with higher expansion ability to increase bubble point pressure than nitrogen. But both selected hydrocarbon gas and nitrogen can not get miscible with oil at present formation pressure. It is also demonstrated in the core test that with the richer hydrocarbon gas and higher injection pressure, the ultimate displacement efficiency is more obvious. Compared with the present depletion production, nitrogen injection can increase the efficiency by 6.08%, rich gas injection by 18.8%-21.31%. The results indicate a strong potential for gas injection.
Psychopharmacology in HIV spectrum disorders.

AIDS is a systemic infection caused by HIV. This virus compromises the immune system, leaving the body open to severe opportunistic infections and atypical presentations of malignant tumors. These disorders may attack the brain directly or, through devastating constitutional illnesses, may cause secondary encephalopathy through metabolic dysfunction or toxic states. These may present as organic mental disorders that manifest impairments of perception, cognition, affect, and thought. Additionally, HIV itself is neurotropic and can cause a spectrum of cognitive, affective, and behavioral dysfunctions. All of these organic mental disorders must, by intensive assessment, be differentiated from idiopathic anxiety, mood, and thought disorders. This article describes the differential diagnostic concerns of HIV-related neuropsychiatric conditions, alerts the clinician to special complications of psychopharmacotherapeutic treatment in this patient population, and offers recommendations of traditional and innovative regimens for treatment.
Elevation of serum testosterone during chronic LHRH agonist treatment in the bull.

The objective of this study was to try to depress serum testosterone (T) in bulls by prolonged treatment with a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist. Eight sexually mature bulls (325 to 475 kg) were assigned to treatment or control groups. Treatment consisted of 150 micrograms nafarelin acetate 6-D-2-naphthyl-alanine-LHRH (LHRH-A) injected im every 6 h for 15 d. Bovine serum albumin (BSA, .01%) in a carrier solution was injected at the same times in control bulls. Serial 15-min blood samples were collected via jugular cannula during the initial 36 h of treatment and during 6-h windows on d 4, 8 and 14. Bulls were slaughtered and pituitaries and testes collected on d 15. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and T were elevated after initial injection of LHRH-A, but returned to basal concentrations by 12, 5 and 17 h, respectively. Prolonged LHRH-A treatment prevented pulsatile LH and T secretion compared with control bulls. Mean serum LH did not differ from that of controls on d 4, 8 and 14 of LHRH-A treatment, while serum T was elevated (P less than .01) during the same time periods. Oscillating patterns and mean concentrations of serum FSH were not different between control and LHRH-A-treated bulls. Fifteen days of LHRH-A treatment depressed pituitary LHRH receptor numbers (P less than .05) and pituitary LH (P less than .01) and FSH (P less than .05) concentrations. Testicular LH receptor numbers were elevated (P less than .01), but testicular FSH receptor numbers were not altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SU-C-BRC-03: Development of a Novel Strategy for On-Demand Monte Carlo and Deterministic Dose Calculation Treatment Planning and Optimization for External Beam Photon and Particle Therapy

Purpose: Accurate and fast dose calculation is a prerequisite of precision radiation therapy in modern photon and particle therapy. While Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation provides high dosimetric accuracy, the drastically increased computational time hinders its routine use. Deterministic dose calculation methods are fast, but problematic in the presence of tissue density inhomogeneity. We leverage the useful features of deterministic methods and MC to develop a hybrid dose calculation platform with autonomous utilization of MC and deterministic calculation depending on the local geometry, for optimal accuracy and speed. Methods: Our platform utilizes a Geant4 based “localized Monte Carlo” (LMC) method that isolates MC dose calculations only to volumes that have potential for dosimetric inaccuracy. In our approach, additional structures are created encompassing heterogeneous volumes. Deterministic methods calculate dose and energy fluence up to the volume surfaces, where the energy fluence distribution is sampled into discrete histories and transported using MC. Histories exiting the volume are converted back into energy fluence, and transported deterministically. By matching boundary conditions at both interfaces, deterministic dose calculation account for dose perturbations “downstream” of localized heterogeneities. Hybrid dose calculation was performed for water and anthropomorphic phantoms. Results: We achieved <1% agreement between deterministic and MC calculations in the water benchmark for photon and proton beams, and dose differences of 2%–15% could be observed in heterogeneous phantoms. The saving in computational time (a factor ∼4–7 compared to a full Monte Carlo dose calculation) was found to be approximately proportional to the volume of the heterogeneous region. Conclusion: Our hybrid dose calculation approach takes advantage of the computational efficiency of deterministic method and accuracy of MC, providing a practical tool for high performance dose calculation in modern RT. The approach is generalizable to all modalities where heterogeneities play a large role, notably particle therapy.
Neurobiology of dyslexia

Dyslexia is a developmental disorder of the neurological system that results in a relatively selective impairment of an individual's ability to learn to read. It is described as an unexpected difficulty in learning to read in an individual who otherwise possesses the intelligence, motivation, and schooling considered necessary for accurate and fluent reading. Recent work continues to suggest that poor readers use more bilateral cortex during reading than do non-impaired readers, although the extent of differences between these groups in anatomical symmetry of brain regions that are important for reading remains unclear. Functional neuroimaging studies support long-held hypotheses that implicate both specific left-hemisphere language-related brain regions and an atypical pattern of right- versus left-hemisphere activity in the pathophysiology of dyslexia. Dyslexia is also associated with differences in neural activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and in homologous right temporoparietal and right occipitotemporal junction areas, possibly to compensate for relative under activity in left posterior regions associated with phonological processing. Educational interventions, particularly those involving phonological training, are associated with improved reading skill and with changes in functional neuroimaging activation patterns toward those found in more skilled readers.
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: Diagnosis, etiology, and new treatment considerations.

AbstractPurpose:To provide an overview of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), specifically the efficacy and tolerability of treatment options for diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D).Data sources:Research articles available via PubMed were reviewed.Conclusions:IBS is a chronic multifactorial disorder that h
Evaluation of single and multiple Doppler lidar techniques to measure complex flow during the XPIA field campaign

Abstract. Accurate three-dimensional information of wind flow fields can be an important tool in not only visualizing complex flow but also understanding the underlying physical processes and improving flow modeling. However, a thorough analysis of the measurement uncertainties is required to properly interpret results. The XPIA (eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment) field campaign conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in Erie, CO, from 2 March to 31 May 2015 brought together a large suite of in situ and remote sensing measurement platforms to evaluate complex flow measurement strategies. In this paper, measurement uncertainties for different single and multi-Doppler strategies using simple scan geometries (conical, vertical plane and staring) are investigated. The tradeoffs (such as time–space resolution vs. spatial coverage) among the different measurement techniques are evaluated using co-located measurements made near the BAO tower. Sensitivity of the single-/multi-Doppler measurement uncertainties to averaging period are investigated using the sonic anemometers installed on the BAO tower as the standard reference. Finally, the radiometer measurements are used to partition the measurement periods as a function of atmospheric stability to determine their effect on measurement uncertainty. It was found that with an increase in spatial coverage and measurement complexity, the uncertainty in the wind measurement also increased. For multi-Doppler techniques, the increase in uncertainty for temporally uncoordinated measurements is possibly due to requiring additional assumptions of stationarity along with horizontal homogeneity and less representative line-of-sight velocity statistics. It was also found that wind speed measurement uncertainty was lower during stable conditions compared to unstable conditions.
Uncertainty quantification of environmental performance metrics in heterogeneous aquifers with long-range correlations

We investigate how the uncertainty stemming from disordered porous media that display long-range correlation in the hydraulic conductivity (K) field propagates to predictions of environmental performance metrics (EPMs). In this study, the EPMs are quantities that are of relevance to risk analysis and remediation, such as peak flux-averaged concentration, early and late arrival times among others. By using stochastic simulations, we quantify the uncertainty associated with the EPMs for a given disordered spatial structure of the K-field and identify the probability distribution function (PDF) model that best captures the statistics of the EPMs of interest. Results indicate that the probabilistic distribution of the EPMs considered in this study follows lognormal PDF. Finally, through the use of information theory, we reveal how the persistent/anti-persistent correlation structure of the K-field influences the EPMs and corresponding uncertainties.
Undergraduates’ Understanding of Agricultural Impacts on Wildlife: A Case for Wildlife Conservation Education

Agricultural production is considered one of the leading drivers of declines in wildlife populations, and educating future land managers about agriculture’s threat to biodiversity is required to help restore and maintain wildlife populations. University students enrolled in agriculture-based majors will likely be future leaders in the agricultural industry; however, we have a limited understanding of the knowledge and perceptions our future agricultural leaders toward contemporary wildlife-conservation issues. College students from an agriculture program at a land-grant university in the U.S. Midwest were given an online survey that assessed their understanding of wildlife conservation related issues, and how agriculture may contribute to habitat loss for wildlife. Sample respondents (90.7%) felt that habitat loss is a major contributor to wildlife population declines; however, there was a difference in department-specific responses in the college of agriculture for the questions about agriculture’s contribution to declines in wildlife populations. There was also a difference between students with previous coursework related to wildlife conservation and those that had not taken wildlife related courses (F = 6.59, p = 0.01). The observed differences in this study revealed that those with majors related to natural resources management and previous exposure to wildlife related classes were more likely to understand the impact that agriculture has on wildlife conservation. For these reasons, we suggest that all students graduating from agriculture colleges be required to take at least one course pertaining to wildlife conservation.
Firm and Industry Evolution and Entrepreneurship (Five Project): Presentation

Researchers in economics, management, and sociology have collected individual industry historical data that include all of the firms in the industry beginning from industry birth. The FIVE Project has obtained preliminary commitments from more than ten individuals to make approximately forty-five industry data sets freely available.
Interface engineering to enhance charge injection and transport in solution-deposited organic transistors

Abstract Soluble small molecule organic semiconductors combine the high-performance of small molecule organic semiconductors with the versatile processability of polymeric materials, but the control of device performance and uniformity is challenged by the complex film microstructure formed in these materials, and its strong dependence on processing conditions. These films crystallize via a nucleation and growth mechanism that can be difficult to control. In this study we used highly fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to modify the surface of the source and drain contacts and improve the performance of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) through controlling film microstructure and lowering the contact resistance. We reached charge carrier mobilities as high as 5.7 cm2/V in 2,8-Difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF-TES ADT), one order of magnitude greater than what we obtained in devices on untreated substrates, and on par with the value reported for single crystal devices. Kelvin probe measurements distinguished an increase in the work function between 0.28 eV and 0.5 eV, depending on the molecular structure of the SAM. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed the preferential “edge-on” molecular orientation of the semiconductor. We discuss the device performance in relation to the film morphology and contact resistance.
The Ghana reader: history, culture, politics

The Ghana Reader: History, Culture, Politics is a celebration of the dynamism, complexity, and allure of Ghana. This reader draws attention to underexplored aspects of Ghana’s history such as the s...
Obliterative Vaginal Procedures

Surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse is challenging and has been fraught with a high reoperation rate. Obliterative procedures are an attractive option in the properly selected patient due to the high anatomic success rates of 97–100 %. Colpocleisis carries less surgical risk than some reconstructive procedures since there is no entry into the peritoneal cavity. Following colpocleisis there are high rates of resolution of other pelvic floor symptoms including lower urinary tract symptoms, incomplete bladder emptying, and various bowel complaints. Because colpocleisis eliminates the possibility of future vaginal intercourse, preoperative counseling is extremely important and patient selection is key. Patients report a high rate of satisfaction after colpocleisis and regret is low.
Globus Platform Services for Data Publication

Data publication systems are typically tailored to the requirements and processes of a specific domain, collaboration, and/or use case. We propose here an alternative approach to engineering such systems, based on customizable compositions of simple, independent platform services, each of which provides a distinct function such as identification, metadata association, and discovery. We argue that this approach can reduce costs and increase flexibility and overall service quality. We describe a collection of such services that we are developing within Globus, which initially provide persistent identifier association, data management, and discovery capabilities; we are also working towards an automation service that can reliably and flexibly coordinate these and other services to satisfy varied user needs. We describe data publication use cases that motivate our design, present our vision for a data publication platform, and report on current implementation status.
Documentation of a spreadsheet for time-series analysis and drawdown estimation

Drawdowns during aquifer tests can be obscured by barometric pressure changes, earth tides, regional pumping, and recharge events in the water-level record. These stresses can create water-level fluctuations that should be removed from observed water levels prior to estimating drawdowns. Simple models have been developed for estimating unpumped water levels during aquifer tests that are referred to as synthetic water levels. These models sum multiple time series such as barometric pressure, tidal potential, and background water levels to simulate non-pumping water levels. The amplitude and phase of each time series are adjusted so that synthetic water levels match measured water levels during periods unaffected by an aquifer test. Differences between synthetic and measured water levels are minimized with a sum-of-squares objective function. Root-mean-square errors during fitting and prediction periods were compared multiple times at four geographically diverse sites. Prediction error equaled fitting error when fitting periods were greater than or equal to four times prediction periods. The proposed drawdown estimation approach has been implemented in a spreadsheet application. Measured time series are independent so that collection frequencies can differ and sampling times can be asynchronous. Time series can be viewed selectively and magnified easily. Fitting and prediction periods can be defined graphically or entered directly. Synthetic water levels for each observation well are created with earth tides, measured time series, moving averages of time series, and differences between measured and moving averages of time series. Selected series and fitting parameters for synthetic water levels are stored and drawdowns are estimated for prediction periods. Drawdowns can be viewed independently and adjusted visually if an anomaly skews initial drawdowns away from 0. The number of observations in a drawdown time series can be reduced by averaging across user-defined periods. Raw or reduced drawdown estimates can be copied from the spreadsheet application or written to tab-delimited ASCII files.