cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience Implementing a Performant Category-Theory Library in Coq

We describe our experience implementing a broad category-theory library in Coq. Category theory and computational performance are not usually mentioned in the same breath, but we have needed substantial engineering effort to teach Coq to cope with large categorical constructions without slowing proof script processing unacceptably. In this paper, we share the lessons we have learned about how to represent very abstract mathematical objects and arguments in Coq and how future proof assistants might be designed to better support such reasoning. One particular encoding trick to which we draw attention allows category-theoretic arguments involving duality to be internalized in Coq’s logic with definitional equality. Ours may be the largest Coq development to date that uses the relatively new Coq version developed by homotopy type theorists, and we reflect on which new features were especially helpful.
Gauge mediated mini-split

We propose a simple model of split supersymmetry from gauge mediation. This model features gauginos that are parametrically a loop factor lighter than scalars, accommodates a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, and incorporates a simple solution to the μ−b μ problem. The gaugino mass suppression can be understood as resulting from collective symmetry breaking. Imposing collider bounds on μ and requiring viable electroweak symmetry breaking implies small a-terms and small tan β — the stop mass ranges from 105 to 108 GeV. In contrast with models with anomaly + gravity mediation (which also predict a one-loop loop suppression for gaugino masses), our gauge mediated scenario predicts aligned squark masses and a gravitino LSP. Gluinos, electroweakinos and Higgsinos can be accessible at the LHC and/or future colliders for a wide region of the allowed parameter space.
The lattice and quantized Yang–Mills theory

Quantized Yang–Mills fields lie at the heart of our understanding of the strong nuclear force. To understand the theory at low energies, we must work in the strong coupling regime. The primary technique for this is the lattice. While basically an ultraviolet regulator, the lattice avoids the use of a perturbative expansion. I discuss the historical circumstances that drove us to this approach, which has had immense success, convincingly demonstrating quark confinement and obtaining crucial properties of the strong interactions from first principles.
Underdevelopment in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1890 - 1923 : A Comparative Study

Kenya and Rhodesia are two colonies on the African continent in which European settlers exploited the indigenous people with considerable intensity if not viciousness. This essay will compare and contrast the implementation of land policy and the levying of exorbitant taxes in both Kenya and Southern Rhodesia and will examine the effects of land segregation on the labour situation in the two territories.
Patterns of innovative outputs across climate zones: the geography of innovation

Technological innovation is a vital human activity that interacts with geographic factors and the natural environment. The purpose of the present study is to explain the relationship between climate zones and innovative outputs in order to detect factors that can spur technological change and, as a consequence, human development. The findings show that innovative outputs are high in geographical areas with temperate climate. In effect, warm temperate climates are an appropriate natural environment for humans that, by an evolutionary process of adaptation and learning, create complex societies, efficient institutions and communications systems. This socio-economic platform supports the efficient use of human capital and assets that induce inventions, innovations and their diffusion.
Secure World Wide Web access to server groups

Existing World Wide Web (WWW) security is organized around server specific realms. When several servers are interacted with in a secure manner, authentication information has to be provided for each server. Where separate servers co-operate to provide a set of distributed information as a server group, it is desirable to make authentication as transparent as possible. By extending the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to include server group information it is possible for a user to only provide authentication information once for an entire group of servers. Although we have also implemented these extensions for the Basic and Digest Authentication schemes, we argue that Mediated Digest Authentication is most suitable for secure server group scalability.
Ethics and Childhood Vaccination Policy in the United States

Childhood immunization involves a balance between parents' autonomy in deciding whether to immunize their children and the benefits to public health from mandating vaccines. Ethical concerns about pediatric vaccination span several public health domains, including those of policymakers, clinicians, and other professionals. In light of ongoing developments and debates, we discuss several key ethical issues concerning childhood immunization in the United States and describe how they affect policy development and clinical practice. We focus on ethical considerations pertaining to herd immunity as a community good, vaccine communication, dismissal of vaccine-refusing families from practice, and vaccine mandates. Clinicians and policymakers need to consider the nature and timing of vaccine-related discussions and invoke deliberative approaches to policy-making.
Do Frames Emphasizing Harm to Age and Racial‐Ethnic Groups Reduce Support for Voter ID Laws?*

Objectives Research suggests that issue frames emphasizing how voter ID laws might harm eligible voters can influence opinions toward the laws. This study examines the effects of frames emphasizing harm to specific groups of eligible voters—namely, elderly, college-aged, African-American, and Hispanic voters—on public support for such laws. Methods We analyze data from question wording experiments included in two state polls. Results We replicate the finding that emphasizing the harmful effects of the laws on eligible voters reduces support. We also find that a frame emphasizing harm to African Americans produces an additional reduction in support. Emphasizing harm to other specific groups (the elderly, college-aged, or Hispanics) does not produce discernible effects beyond the general framing effect. Within group analyses by race, age and political predispositions reveal additional patterns of effects. Conclusion The results suggest political communication about specific groups can shift public opinion for voter ID laws.
Expanding the landscape of $ \mathcal{N} $ = 2 rank 1 SCFTs

We refine our previous proposal [1-3] for systematically classifying 4d rank-1 $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SCFTs by constructing their possible Coulomb branch geometries. Four new recently discussed rank-1 theories [4, 5], including novel $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 3 SCFTs, sit beautifully in our refined classification framework. By arguing for the consistency of their RG flows we can make a strong case for the existence of at least four additional rank-1 SCFTs, nearly doubling the number of known rank-1 SCFTs. The refinement consists of relaxing the assumption that the flavor symmetries of the SCFTs have no discrete factors. This results in an enlarged (but finite) set of possible rank-1 SCFTs. Their existence can be further constrained using consistency of their central charges and RG flows.
Profit-sharing in a collusive industry

Abstract We study a model in which collusive duopolists divide up the monopoly profit according to their relative bargaining power. We are particularly interested in how the negotiated profit shares depend on the sizes of the firms. If each can produce at the same constant unit cost up to its capacity, we show that the profit per unit of capacity of the small firm is higher than that of the large one. We also study how the ratio of the negotiated profits depends on the size of demand relative to industry capacity, and how this ratio changes with variations in demand.
A Multi-Resolution Approximation for Massive Spatial Datasets

ABSTRACTAutomated sensing instruments on satellites and aircraft have enabled the collection of massive amounts of high-resolution observations of spatial fields over large spatial regions. If these datasets can be efficiently exploited, they can provide new insights on a wide variety of issues. However, traditional spatial-statistical techniques such as kriging are not computationally feasible for big datasets. We propose a multi-resolution approximation (M-RA) of Gaussian processes observed at irregular locations in space. The M-RA process is specified as a linear combination of basis functions at multiple levels of spatial resolution, which can capture spatial structure from very fine to very large scales. The basis functions are automatically chosen to approximate a given covariance function, which can be nonstationary. All computations involving the M-RA, including parameter inference and prediction, are highly scalable for massive datasets. Crucially, the inference algorithms can also be parallelize...
TMotion: Embedded 3D Mobile Input using Magnetic Sensing Technique

We present TMotion, a self-contained 3D input that enables spatial interactions around mobile device using a magnetic sensing technique. We embed a permanent magnet and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in a stylus. When the stylus moves around the mobile device, we obtain a continuous magnetometer readings. By numerically solving non-linear magnetic field equations with known orientation from IMU, we achieve 3D position tracking with update rate greater than 30Hz. Our experiments evaluated the position tracking accuracy, showing an average error of 4.55mm in the space of 80mm×120mm×100mm. Furthermore, the experiments confirmed the tracking robustness against orientations and dynamic tracings. In task evaluations, we verified the tracking and targeting performance in spatial interactions with users. We demonstrate example applications that highlight TMotion's interaction capability.
A stochastic model of solid state thin film deposition: Application to chalcopyrite growth

Developing high fidelity quantitative models of solid state reaction systems can be challenging, especially in deposition systems where, in addition to the multiple competing processes occurring simultaneously, the solid interacts with its atmosphere. In this work, we develop a model for the growth of a thin solid film where species from the atmosphere adsorb, diffuse, and react with the film. The model is mesoscale and describes an entire film with thickness on the order of microns. Because it is stochastic, the model allows us to examine inhomogeneities and agglomerations that would be impossible to characterize with deterministic methods. We demonstrate the modeling approach with the example of chalcopyrite Cu(InGa)(SeS)2thin film growth via precursor reaction, which is a common industrial method for fabricating thin film photovoltaic modules. The model is used to understand how and why through-film variation in the composition of Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 thin films arises and persists. We believe that the model will be valuable as an effective quantitative description of many other materials systems used in semiconductors, energy storage, and other fast-growing industries.
A Mixed-Ligand Chiral Rhodium(II) Catalyst Enables the Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Piperarborenine B.

A novel, mixed-ligand chiral rhodium(II) catalyst, Rh2(S-NTTL)3(dCPA), has enabled the first enantioselective total synthesis of the natural product piperarborenine B. A crystal structure of Rh2(S-NTTL)3(dCPA) reveals a "chiral crown" conformation with a bulky dicyclohexylphenyl acetate ligand and three N-naphthalimido groups oriented on the same face of the catalyst. The natural product was prepared on large scale using rhodium-catalyzed bicyclobutanation/ copper-catalyzed homoconjugate addition chemistry in the key step. The route proceeds in ten steps with an 8% overall yield and 92% ee.
Differential cross sections for top-pair and single-top production

I present higher-order results, based on NNLL resummation, for differential transverse momentum and rapidity distributions in processes involving top quarks. In particular results are presented for top-pair production and for single-top production in different channels.
Divisional Reverse Leveraged Buyout: Finishing School or Financial Arbitrage?

We examine the hypothesis that the leveraged buyout improves the operating performance of units that are divested from corporations. To do so, we focus on an historical sample of Divisional Reverse Leveraged Buyout (D-RLBO) and compare it with a matched sample of spinoffs We find that prior to divestiture, the D-RLBO units in our sample were healthier than the divested units that were spun off. Furthermore, although the finishing school of leveraged buyout did not improve the operating performance of the D-RLBO units, relative to the matched spinoff sample these units performed well in terms of market returns one-year following the IPO. Our results suggest that buyout specialists selected better performing assets ex-ante and that they did not necessarily enhance their operating performance before bringing them up to the public markets.
General Route for Preparing β-Nitrocarbonyl Compounds Using Copper Thermal Redox Catalysis

Using a simple copper catalyst, the alkylation of nitroalkanes with α-bromocarbonyls is now possible. This method provides a general, functional group tolerant route to β-nitrocarbonyl compounds, including nitro amides, esters, ketones, and aldehydes. The highly sterically dense, functional group rich products from these reactions can be readily elaborated into a range of complex nitrogen-containing molecules, including highly substituted β-amino acids.
Assembly of Spirooxindole Derivatives Containing Four Consecutive Stereocenters via Organocatalytic Michael–Henry Cascade Reactions

A novel organocatalytic strategy for the synthesis of highly substituted spirocyclopentaneoxindoles was developed employing simple nitrostyrenes and 3-substituted oxindoles as starting materials. Michael-Henry cascade reactions, enabled through cinchona alkaloid organocatalysis, provided products in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity in a single step.
Modified Forouhi and Bloomer dispersion model for the optical constants of amorphous hydrogenated carbon thin films

Abstract The model of Forouhi and Bloomer (FB) for the optical properties of amorphous semiconductors is modified in order to describe more accurately the dispersion of the optical constants observed for amorphous carbon (a-C) and amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) thin films. The FB model represents the optical absorption as the product of a lineshape function and a joint density of states function, which is derived by assuming the condition and valence bands to be parabolic and separated by an energy gap within which there are no allowed electronic states. Two modifications to this model are discussed to address the cases of non-parabolic bands and/or electron energy levels in the energy gap. These modified parametric models are then fit to a large number of a-C and a-C:H film optical constant spectra, and results are presented which indicate that non-parabolicity of the conduction and valence bands is the most important correction to the standard FB model required to describe a-C:H thin films. The modified model incorporating non-parabolic bands is shown to fit a broad range of both a-C and a-C:H spectra very well, and provides useful information about the optical absorption process and physical properties of the films.
Notes on the Morphology of the Genus Hemileia

This paper records the results of an examination of thirty-two species of Hemileia. Morphologically, three distinct types of sori are recognized, and it is suggested that this diversity may be used as the basis for a more accurate taxonomic treatment of the genus, although the validity of the existing species is not taken into con? sideration in this study. Hemileia vastatrix Berk and Br., the subject of a large number of papers, on account of its importance as the cause of the severe leaf disease of coffee in the Orient, is the type species of the genus Hemileia. This genus was erected in 1869 by Berkeley (2) on the basis of rust-infected coffee leaves sent to him by Thwaites from Ceylon. According to him the two main distinguishing char? acters of the genus were, (1) the stomatal sporulating habit, and (2) the characteristically reniform urediospores which were echinu? late dorsally and smooth ventrally. These two characters were supplemented by Marshall Ward's (15) discovery of single-celled, smooth and round or napiform teliospores which germinated with? out rest. The latest taxonomic treatment of the genus as a whole is that of the Sydows (11) in which twenty-three species are con? sidered, and for thirteen of these the teliospores are not recorded. Although the genus has now over forty species, in the case of over half the number the teliospores are unknown. Many species thus have been included in the genus merely on the basis of the form
Cognitive Dissonance and Consumer Behavior: A Review of the Evidence:

Researchers in consumer behavior have attempted to relate attitude change, information seeking, and brand loyalty to the concept of cognitive dissonance. The writers review the consumer behavior li...
Quantifying particle coatings using high-precision mass measurements.

We present a general method to quantify coatings on microparticle surfaces based on the additional mass. Particle buoyant mass is determined in a solution with a density that is nearly equivalent to that of the core particle, reducing the magnitude and uncertainty of the measurement. Under these conditions, added material with a different density than that of the core is a larger fraction of the total buoyant mass of the coated particle. This method can resolve a buoyant mass difference between uncoated and coated particles of ∼1 fg. For the protein layer on the 3 μm polystyrene spheres measured herein, this is equivalent to 1/10th of a full layer.
Fisher Consistency of Multicategory Support Vector Machines

The Support Vector Machine (SVM) has become one of the most popular machine learning techniques in recent years. The success of the SVM is mostly due to its elegant margin concept and theory in binary classification. Generalization to the multicategory setting, however, is not trivial. There are a number of different multicategory extensions of the SVM in the literature. In this paper, we review several commonly used extensions and Fisher consistency of these extensions. For inconsistent extensions, we propose two approaches to make them Fisher consistent, one is to add bounded constraints and the other is to truncate unbounded hinge losses. 1 Background on Binary SVM The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a well known large margin classifier and has achieved great success in many applications (Vapnik, 1998, Cristianini and Shawe-Taylor, 2000, and Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman, 2000). The basic concept behind the binary SVM is to search a separating hyperplane with maximum separation between the two classes. Suppose a training dataset containing n training pairs {xi, yi}i=1, i.i.d realizations from a probability distribution P (x, y), is given. The goal is to search for a linear function f(x) = w ′ x + b so that sign(f(x)) can be used for prediction of labels for new inputs. The SVM aims to find such an f so that points of class +1 and points of class −1 are best separated. In particular, for the separable case, the SVM’s solution maximizes the distance between f(x) = ±1 subject to yif(xi) ≥ 1; i = 1, . . . , n. This distance can be expressed as 2 ‖w‖ and is known as the geometric margin. When perfect separation between two classes is not feasible, slack variables ξi; i = 1, . . . , n, can be used to measure the amount of violation of the original constraints. Then the SVM solves the following optimization problem: min w,b 1 2 ‖w‖2 + C n ∑
Coordinations of Intracellular Flow, Calcium Signal and Cellular Contraction in Migrating Physarum

In this work, we jointly measure the intracellular flow, traction stresses and free intracellular calcium level in physarum microplasmodium during amoeboid locomotion. Our mea- surements relates, for the first time, the intracellular mass transportation, the forces applied on the substrate and the signal of [Ca2+]i with high resolution in both time and space.
Effects of Jobs–Residence Balance on Commuting Patterns: Differences in Employment Sectors and Urban Forms

Jobs–residence balance is believed to be an important way to reduce commuting distance and related externalities. Although literature on jobs–residence balance is rich, relatively few studies investigate it in relation to employment industry sectors. However, consideration of the unique features of different industry sectors, such as workers’ ability and working hours, is necessary to gain useful knowledge. In addition, variability in commuting distance is an important factor often neglected in previous studies. Low variability implies a high potential for car sharing and for use of transportation services. This paper fills the voids of existing literature by investigating three employment industry sectors in relation to both averages and standard deviations of commuting distances. A seemingly unrelated regression model with spatial error was applied to examine the relationship between jobs–residence balance and commuting patterns. The investigation also considered the effects of urban forms, which had be...
Carbazole Annulation via Cascade Nucleophilic Addition–Cyclization Involving 2-(Silyloxy)pentadienyl Cation

We report a new strategy toward the synthesis of highly functionalized carbazoles via 2-(silyloxy)pentadienyl cation intermediates, which were generated upon ionization of vinyl-substituted α-hydroxy silyl enol ethers under Bronsted acid catalysis. These electrophilic species were found to readily undergo cascade reactions with substituted indoles to generate carbazole molecular scaffolds in good yields via a sequence of regioselective nucleophilic addition, followed by intramolecular dehydrative cyclization.
Structure, properties, and disorder in the new distorted-Hollandite PbIr4Se8

Abstract The synthesis and physical properties of the new distorted-Hollandite PbIr4Se8 are reported. Powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy show that the structure consists of edge- and corner-sharing IrSe6 octahedra, with one-dimensional channels occupied by Pb. The structure contains Se-Se anion-anion bonding, leading to an electron count of Pb2+(Ir3+)4(Se2)2-(Se2−)6, confirmed by bond-valence sums and diamagnetic behavior. Structural and heat capacity measurements demonstrate disorder on the Pb site, due to the combination of lone-pair effects and the large size of the one-dimensional channels. Comparisons are made to known Hollandite and pseudo-Hollandite structures, which demonstrates that the anion-anion bonding in PbIr4Se8 distorts its structure, to accommodate the Ir3+ state. An electronic structure calculation indicates semiconductor character with a band gap of 0.76(11) eV.
West Nile Virus Encephalitis in a Patient with Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Importance. Oftentimes, when patients with metastatic cancer present with acute encephalopathy, it is suspected to be secondary to their underlying malignancy. However, there are multiple causes of delirium such as central nervous system (CNS) infections, electrolyte abnormalities, and drug adverse reactions. Because West Nile Virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed patients, a high index of suspicion is required in patients who present with fever, altered mental status, and other neurological symptoms. Observations. Our case report details a single patient with brain metastases who presented with unexplained fever, encephalopathy, and new-onset tremors. Initially, it was assumed that his symptoms were due to his underlying malignancy or seizures. However, because his unexplained fevers persisted, lumbar puncture was pursued. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis included WNV polymerase chain reaction and serologies were ordered which eventually led to diagnosis of WNV encephalitis. Conclusions and Relevance. Patients with metastatic cancer who present with encephalopathy are often evaluated with assumption that malignancy is the underlying etiology. This can lead to delays in diagnosis and possible mistreatment. Our case highlights the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis and an important diagnostic consideration of WNV encephalitis in patients with cancer.
Deep Trench Capacitor in Three Dimensional Through Silicon via Keepout Area for Electrostatic Discharge Protection

To fully enable and leverage the power of advanced processors, products must have abundant cache memory with much shorter access paths without increasing chip size. This requires growing products in the z-direction by building stacked chips (3-D chips). To optimize 3-D product costs, the area consumed by other processing requirements such as electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection needs to be as efficient as possible. Placing ESD structures made with deep trench capacitors in 3-D through silicon via keepout areas optimizes silicon area since these structures enable placement of ESD devices in space that would otherwise not be used.
Why Is China Investing in Africa? Evidence from the Firm Level

China's increased trade with, and investment in, Africa have boosted the continent's economic growth but have also generated considerable controversy. The aggregate data on China's overseas direct ...
Parallel finite elements applied to 3D electromagnetic scattering problems

A two-dimensional electromagnetic (EM) finite element analysis code which runs on the JPL/Caltech Mark IIIfp Hypercube is being upgraded to handle fully three-dimensional scattering problems. The EM code uses finite elements to model a finite problem domain which may include regions of anisotropic or nonuniform dielectric properties. It solves the single-frequency source driven vector wave equation for electric or magnetic fields in this domain. The code is being implemented as a testbed for finite elements as applied to EM problems, with several types of elements, radiation boundary condition strategies, and parallel solvers. >
Acute neuromuscular respiratory failure

Purpose of review Neurologists working in the hospital are often called to evaluate patients with severe muscle weakness. Some of these patients can develop ventilatory compromise and require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). This article reviews the general evaluation of neuromuscular respiratory failure, discusses its differential diagnosis, and provides practical advice on the management of its most common causes. Recent findings Determining the cause of acute neuromuscular respiratory failure is crucial because functional prognosis is poor in patients for whom the cause cannot be defined. The differential diagnosis is extensive, but the first step is to discriminate between cases related to a primary neurologic disease (primary neuromuscular respiratory failure) and those provoked by systemic disease, most often critical illness from sepsis and multiorgan failure (secondary neuromuscular respiratory failure). Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and myasthenic crisis are the two most frequent causes of primary neuromuscular respiratory failure. Although they are both autoimmune conditions that benefit from the administration of plasma exchange or IV immunoglobulin (IVIg), they are otherwise very different disorders with unique features and distinct complications. Optimal strategies for mechanical ventilation also differ between these two conditions; while myasthenic crisis is ideally managed with noninvasive bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilation, GBS demands early intubation. Summary Prompt recognition of neuromuscular respiratory failure can be lifesaving, and identification of its cause has substantial prognostic implications. Adequate management of these patients requires a multidisciplinary team with the neurologist at its center, not only to guide the diagnostic evaluation but often also to prescribe the optimal management.
Fractal growth of platinum electrodeposits revealed by in situ electron microscopy.

Fractals are commonly observed in nature and elucidating the mechanisms of fractal-related growth is a compelling issue for both fundamental science and technology. Here we report an in situ electron microscopy study of dynamic fractal growth of platinum during electrodeposition in a miniaturized electrochemical cell at varying growth conditions. Highly dendritic growth – either dense branching or ramified islands – are formed at the solid-electrolyte interface. We show how the diffusion length of ions in the electrolyte influences morphology selection and how instability induced by initial surface roughness, combined with local enhancement of electric field, gives rise to non-uniform branched deposition as a result of nucleation/growth at preferred locations. Comparing the growth behavior under these different conditions provides new insight into the fundamental mechanisms of platinum nucleation.
Electoral Integrity: How Gerrymandering Matters

Gerrymandering (partisan redistricting) is widely believed to deprive citizens of meaningful participation in the democratic process. It is seen as an obvious conflict of interest because there is ample evidence that lawmakers use redistricting to protect both their personal electoral prospects and their party’s legislative advantages. The impression that an inherent conflict of interest occurs when legislators determine the composition of the population that will vote for them has revived efforts to reform the ways states handle redistricting and reignited scholarly disputes over the degree to which the ills ascribed to partisan redistricting are accurate. The U.S. Supreme Court is poised to revisit its redistricting jurisprudence, making it timely to revisit the contending academic arguments about the political effects of gerrymandering and the existing constitutional jurisprudence.
Illuminating Black Hole Binary Formation Channels with Spins in Advanced LIGO

The recent detections of the binary black hole mergers GW150914 and GW151226 have inaugurated the field of gravitational-wave astronomy. For the two main formation channels that have been proposed for these sources, isolated binary evolution in galactic fields and dynamical formation in dense star clusters, the predicted masses and merger rates overlap significantly, complicating any astrophysical claims that rely on measured masses alone. Here, we examine the distribution of spin–orbit misalignments expected for binaries from the field and from dense star clusters. Under standard assumptions for black hole natal kicks, we find that black hole binaries similar to GW150914 could be formed with significant spin–orbit misalignment only through dynamical processes. In particular, these heavy-black hole binaries can only form with a significant spin–orbit anti-alignment in the dynamical channel. Our results suggest that future detections of merging black hole binaries with measurable spins will allow us to identify the main formation channel for these systems.
Elastic wavefield tomography with physical model constraints

ABSTRACTData-domain elastic wavefield tomography is an effective method for updating multiparameter elastic models that exploits much of the information provided by observed multicomponent data. However, poor illumination of the subsurface by P- and S-waves often prevents reliable updates of the model parameters. Moreover, differences in illumination, amplitude, and wavelength between P- and S-waves can distort the intrinsic physical relationships between the reconstructed model parameters. We have developed a method for elastic isotropic wavefield tomography that explicitly constrains the relationship between P- and S-wave velocities. By incorporating a model constraint term in the objective function, we confine P- and S-velocity updates to a physical area defined by prior information, for example, by laboratory measurements or well logs. We have determined that this physical constraint yields models that are more physically plausible, compared with models obtained using only the data misfit objective fu...
A Systems Approach to Identify Skill Needs for Agrifood Nanotechnology: A Multiphase Mixed Methods Study

As nanotechnology continues to advance in food and agriculture, there is the need for pragmatic decisions as to how to prepare the workforce, and human resource development (HRD) has a vital role to play. This mixed methods study followed a four-step process: The first phase involved a comprehensive systematic evidence review (SER) and stakeholder analysis. The second phase used multicriteria approaches for value elicitation, and the third phase included quantitative analysis, qualitative systems analysis (QSA), and strategic flexibility analysis (SFA) of evidence from the systematic review and the multicriteria value elicitation of experts and stakeholders. The final phase created a generic systems map (influence diagram) to describe the current and future skill needs of agrifood nanotechnology workers holistically as well as how HRD can meet these requirements.
NGC 5523: An isolated product of soft galaxy mergers?

Multi-band images of the very isolated spiral galaxy NGC 5523 show a number of unusual features consistent with NGC 5523 having experienced a significant merger. (1) Near-infrared images from the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) and the WIYN 3.5-m telescope reveal a nucleated bulge-like structure embedded in a spiral disk; (2) the bulge is offset by ~1.8 kpc from a brightness minimum at the center of the optically bright inner disk; (3) a tidal stream, possibly associated with an ongoing satellite interaction, extends from the nucleated bulge along the disk. We interpret these properties as the results of one or more non-disruptive mergers between NGC 5523 and companion galaxies or satellites, raising the possibility that some galaxies become isolated because they have merged with former companions.
Piecewise - Differentiable Trajectory Outcomes in Mechanical Systems Subject to Unilateral Constraints

We provide conditions under which trajectory outcomes in mechanical systems subject to unilateral constraints depend piecewise-differentiably on initial conditions, even as the sequence of constraint activations and deactivations varies. This builds on prior work that provided conditions ensuring existence, uniqueness, and continuity of trajectory outcomes, and extends previous differentiability results that applied only to fixed constraint (de)activation sequences. We discuss extensions of our result and implications for assessing stability and controllability.
Preparation of Genomic DNA from Mammalian Tissue

There are a number of different procedures for the preparation of genomic DNA. They all start with some form of cell lysis, followed by deproteination and recovery of DNA. The main differences between various approaches lie in the extent of deproteination and in molecular weight of the DNA produced. The isolation procedure described here is relatively brief and relies on the powerful proteolytic activity of proteinase K combined with the denaturing ability of the ionic detergent SDS.
Fundamentos indemnizatorios en razón del acto administrativo lícito que cause daño en el patrimonio del administrado

Sumario I. La responsabilidad por actos administrativos licitos II. Fundamento para que un acto administrativo licito genere responsabilidad III. El sacrificio especial
Measuring the Sensitivity of Parameter Estimates to Estimation Moments

We propose a local measure of the relationship between parameter estimates and the moments of the data they depend on. Our measure can be computed at negligible cost even for complex structural models. We argue that reporting this measure can increase the transparency of structural estimates, making it easier for readers to predict the way violations of identifying assumptions would affect the results. When the key assumptions are orthogonality between error terms and excluded instruments, we show that our measure provides a natural extension of the omitted variables bias formula for nonlinear models. We illustrate with applications to published articles in several fields of economics.
The World Wide Web leads a revolution in ATE programming environments

New software technologies, including the World Wide Web, may seem far removed from the tasks facing test program set (TPS) developers, but they promise to revolutionize the way TPS data is organized, presented, and used. This paper will describe how an integrated TPS development and execution environment can capitalize on these new technologies to improve test programming efficiency.
Bone Mass and Strength are Significantly Improved in Mice Overexpressing Human WNT16 in Osteocytes

Recently, we demonstrated that osteoblast-specific overexpression of human WNT16 increased both cortical and trabecular bone mass and structure in mice. To further identify the cell-specific role of Wnt16 in bone homeostasis, we created transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human WNT16 in osteocytes using Dmp1 promoter (Dmp1-hWNT16 TG) on C57BL/6 (B6) background. We analyzed bone phenotypes and serum bone biomarkers, performed gene expression analysis and measured dynamic bone histomorphometry in Dmp1-hWNT16 TG and wild-type (WT) mice. Compared to WT mice, Dmp1-hWNT16 TG mice exhibited significantly higher whole-body, spine and femoral aBMD, BMC and trabecular (BV/TV, Tb.N, and Tb.Th) and cortical (bone area and thickness) parameters in both male and female at 12 weeks of age. Femur stiffness and ultimate force were also significantly improved in the Dmp1-hWNT16 TG female mice, compared to sex-matched WT littermates. In addition, female Dmp1-hWNT16 TG mice displayed significantly higher MS/BS, MAR and BFR/BS compared to the WT mice. Gene expression analysis demonstrated significantly higher mRNA level of Alp in both male and female Dmp1-hWNT16 TG mice and significantly higher levels of Osteocalcin, Opg and Rankl in the male Dmp1-hWNT16 TG mice in bone tissue compared to sex-matched WT mice. These results indicate that WNT16 plays a critical role for acquisition of both cortical and trabecular bone mass and strength. Strategies designed to use WNT16 as a target for therapeutic interventions will be valuable to treat osteoporosis and other low bone mass conditions.
Optimally Cutting a Surface into a Disk

We consider the problem of cutting a subset of the edges of a polyhedral manifold surface, possibly with boundary, to obtain a single topological disk, minimizing either the total number of cut edges or their total length. We show that this problem is NP-hard in general, even for manifolds without boundary and for punctured spheres. We also describe an algorithm with running time n O(g+k), where n is the combinatorial complexity, g is the genus, and k is the number of boundary components of the input surface. Finally, we describe a greedy algorithm that outputs a O(log2 g)-approximation of the minimum cut graph in O(g 2 n log n) time.
Status of CDF Run II upgrade

Abstract For the past several years, the CDF collaboration has been upgrading its detector to accommodate the higher luminosity and beam energy expected during Run II (2001–2006) at the Tevatron p p collider. Accelerator improvements include increasing the instantaneous luminosity by an order of magnitude with respect to Run I to 2×10 32 cm −2 s −1 and increasing the center of mass energy from 1.8 to 2.0 TeV. The detector upgrades include replacing the entire tracking volume, extending the muon coverage, adding a time-of-flight system, and improving the selection capabilities of the trigger. The partially instrumented detector underwent a commissioning run during September/October 2000 in preparation for starting data taking in Spring 2001 with the full detector. Now that Run II has been extended through 2006, we expect to collect an integrated luminosity of 2 fb −1 during the first two years of running and up to a total of 15 fb −1 by the end of Run II.
Capacity of Non-Malleable Codes

Non-malleable codes, introduced by Dziembowski et al. , encode messages $s$ in a manner, so that tampering the codeword causes the decoder to either output $s$ or a message that is independent of $s$ . While this is an impossible goal to achieve against unrestricted tampering functions, rather surprisingly non-malleable coding becomes possible against every fixed family $ \mathcal {F}$ of tampering functions that is not too large (for instance, when $| \mathcal {F}| \leqslant 2^{2^{\vphantom {R^{a}}\alpha n}}$ for some $\alpha , where $n$ is the number of bits in a codeword). In this paper, we study the capacity of non-malleable codes, and establish optimal bounds on the achievable rate as a function of the family size, answering an open problem from Dziembowski et al. Specifically, We prove that for every family $ \mathcal {F}$ with $| \mathcal {F}| \leqslant 2^{2^{\vphantom {R^{}}\alpha n}}$ , there exist non-malleable codes against $ \mathcal {F}$ with rate arbitrarily close to $1-\alpha $ [this is achieved with high probability (w.h.p.) by a randomized construction]. We show the existence of families of size $\exp (n^{O(1)} 2^{\alpha n})$ against which there is no non-malleable code of rate $1-\alpha $ (in fact this is the case w.h.p for a random family of this size). We also show that $1-\alpha $ is the best achievable rate for the family of functions, which are only allowed to tamper the first $\alpha n$ bits of the codeword, which is of special interest. As a corollary, this implies that the capacity of non-malleable coding in the split-state model (where the tampering function acts independently but arbitrarily on the two halves of the codeword, a model which has received some attention recently) equals 1/2. We also give an efficient Monte Carlo construction of codes of rate close to 1 with polynomial time encoding and decoding that is non-malleable against any fixed $c > 0$ and family $ \mathcal {F}$ of size $2^{n^{c}}$ , in particular tampering functions with, say, cubic size circuits.
Finding any nontrivial coarse correlated equilibrium is hard

One of the most appealing aspects of correlated equilibria and coarse correlated equilibria is that natural dynamics quickly arrive at approximations of such equilibria, even in games with many players. In addition, there exist polynomial-time algorithms that compute exact correlated and coarse correlated equilibria. However, in general these dynamics and algorithms do not provide a guarantee on the quality (say, in terms of social welfare) of the resulting equilibrium. In light of these results, a natural question is how good are the correlated and coarse correlated equilibria---in terms natural objectives such as social welfare or Pareto optimality---that can arise from any efficient algorithm or dynamics.We address this question, and establish strong negative results. In particular, we show that in multiplayer games that have a succinct representation, it is NP-hard to compute any coarse correlated equilibrium (or approximate coarse correlated equilibrium) with welfare strictly better than the worst possible. The focus on succinct games ensures that the underlying complexity question is interesting; many multiplayer games of interest are in fact succinct. We show that analogous hardness results hold for correlated equilibria, and persist under the egalitarian objective or Pareto optimality.To complement the hardness results, we develop an algorithmic framework that identifies settings in which we can efficiently compute an approximate correlated equilibrium with near-optimal welfare. We use this framework to develop an efficient algorithm for computing an approximate correlated equilibrium with near-optimal welfare in aggregative games.
Cover's open problem: “The Capacity of the Relay Channel”

Consider a memoryless relay channel, where the channel from the relay to the destination is an isolated bit pipe of capacity C 0 . Let C(C 0 ) denote the capacity of this channel as a function of C 0 . What is the critical value of C 0 such that C(C 0 ) first equals C(∞)? This is a long-standing open problem posed by Cover and named “The Capacity of The Relay Channel,” in Open Problems in Communication and Computation, Springer-Verlag, 1987. In this paper, we answer this question in the Gaussian case and show that C(C 0 ) can not equal to C(∞) unless C 0 = ∞, regardless of the SNR of the Gaussian channels, while the cutset bound would suggest that C(∞) can be achieved at finite C 0 . Our approach is geometric and relies on a strengthening of the isoperimetric inequality on the sphere by using Riesz rearrangement inequality.
Implementing reusable, instrument independent test programs in the factory

Development of computer programs that control test sequences on Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) is costly and time consuming. Test Programs are usually written by specifying the instruments to be used in the ATE and the sequence of the setup and measurement parameters for these instruments. Reuse of test program software on other ATE is usually not possible without rewriting, revalidating and re-releasing the programs. This paper describes an implementation of a test program software development system and a standard of software runtime architecture used in our factories. The object-oriented development environment and its associated class libraries allow test programs to be written without knowledge of the ATE on which they will be run. Two main principles guided the design: the software architecture was based on recognized formal and industry standards; and our implementation used commercial off-the-shelf software products when possible. Emerging standards such as the IEEE-1226 (ABBET) as well as defacto industry standards including VXI Plug and Play have made our implementation possible. The current draft of the ABBET and PP cycle time reductions that result from concurrently developing test program software and ATE; and software defect reductions that result from using proven software.
Modulation calorimetry in diamond anvil cells. I. Heat flow models

Numerical simulations of heat transport in diamond anvil cells reveal a possibility for absolute measurements of specific heat via high-frequency modulation calorimetry. Such experiments could reveal and help characterize temperature-driven phase transitions at high-pressure, such as melting, the glass transition, magnetic and electric orderings, or superconducting transitions. Specifically, we show that calorimetric information of a sample cannot be directly extracted from measurements at frequencies slower than the timescale of conduction to the diamond anvils (10 s–100 s of kHz) since the experiment is far from adiabatic. At higher frequencies, laser-heating experiments allow relative calorimetric measurements, where changes in specific heat of the sample are discriminated from changes in other material properties by scanning the heating frequency from ∼1 MHz to 1 GHz. But laser-heating generates large temperature gradients in metal samples, preventing absolute heat capacities to be inferred. High-freq...