cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes (NEHO) Birth Cohort Study: Behavioral and Socioeconomic Characteristics and Drop-Out Rate from a Longitudinal Birth Cohort in Three Industrially Contaminated Sites in Southern Italy.

Pregnant women living in industrially contaminated sites (ICSs) are exposed to environmental contaminants through different pathways, and thus children’s health may be affected by pollutants. We created the Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes (NEHO) longitudinal birth cohort in three ICSs in the Mediterranean area of southern Italy, collecting comprehensive information on personal data and lifestyles by questionnaire. Through multiple correspondence analysis, we identified possible clusters of enrolled women, and a neural network classifier analysis (NNCA) was performed to identify variables capable of predicting the attrition rate of the study. NEHO recruited 845 mother–child pairs over two years. The mothers’ mean age was 31.1 ± 5.2 SD years. We found significant differences in socioeconomic status (SES) among the three evaluated ICS, and an overall 11.1% prevalence of mothers who actively smoked during pregnancy. Active smoking during pregnancy was strongly associated with the lowest socioeconomic level (p < 0.0001). By means of the NNCA, we found that smoking during pregnancy and the lowest education level characterized the cluster with the highest attrition rate (p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that reason for public health concern still exists regarding smoking during pregnancy and that SES influences both lifestyles, producing negative pregnancy outcomes and a higher survey attrition rate.
Detecting compromised social network accounts using deep learning for behavior and text analyses

Social networks allow people to connect to one another. Over time, these accounts become an essential part of one’s online identity. The account stores various personal data and contains one’s network of acquaintances. Attackers seek to compromise user accounts for various malicious purposes, such as distributing spam, phishing, and much more. Timely detection of compromises becomes crucial for protecting users and social networks. This article proposes a novel system for detecting compromises of a social network account by considering both post behavior and textual content. A deep multi-layer perceptron-based autoencoder is leveraged to consolidate diverse features and extract underlying relationships. Experiments show that the proposed system outperforms previous techniques that considered only behavioral information. The authors believe that this work is well-timed, significant especially in the world that has been largely locked down by the COVID-19 pandemic and thus depends much more on reliable social networks to stay connected. Copyright © 2021, IGI Global.
Parental Education and Left Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during N-Back Task: An fMRI Study of American Adolescents.

Introduction. The Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) is a cortical structure that has implications in cognition, memory, reward anticipation, outcome evaluation, decision making, and learning. As such, OFC activity correlates with these cognitive brain abilities. Despite research suggesting race and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental education may be associated with OFC activity, limited knowledge exists on multiplicative effects of race and parental education on OFC activity and associated cognitive ability. Purpose. Using functional brain imaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we tested the multiplicative effects of race and parental education on left lateral OFC activity during an N-Back task. In our study, we used a sociological rather than biological theory that conceptualizes race and SES as proxies of access to the opportunity structure and exposure to social adversities rather than innate and non-modifiable brain differences. We explored racial variation in the effect of parental educational attainment, a primary indicator of SES, on left lateral OFC activity during an N-Back task between Black and White 9–10 years old adolescents. Methods. The ABCD study is a national, landmark, multi-center brain imaging investigation of American adolescents. The total sample was 4290 9–10 years old Black or White adolescents. The independent variables were SES indicators, namely family income, parental education, and neighborhood income. The primary outcome was the average beta weight for N-Back (2 back versus 0 back contrast) in ASEG ROI left OFC activity, measured by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during an N-Back task. Ethnicity, age, sex, subjective SES, and family structure were the study covariates. For data analysis, we used linear regression models. Results. In White but not Black adolescents, parental education was associated with higher left lateral OFC activity during the N-Back task. In the pooled sample, we found a significant interaction between race and parental education on the outcome, suggesting that high parental education is associated with a larger increase in left OFC activity of White than Black adolescents. Conclusions. For American adolescents, race and SES jointly influence left lateral OFC activity correlated with cognition, memory, decision making, and learning. Given the central role of left lateral OFC activity in learning and memory, our finding calls for additional research on contextual factors that reduce the gain of SES for Black adolescents. Cognitive inequalities are not merely due to the additive effects of race and SES but also its multiplicative effects.
Abstract P048: A Model Of Chronic Insufficient Sleep Increases Markers Of Insulin Resistance In Postmenopausal But Not Premenopausal Women

Introduction: Insufficient sleep is widely prevalent among US adults and is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Experimental studies show adverse effects of acute, severe short sleep on insuli...
Passive Waveguide Components

In this chapter, we focus our discussion of waveguide circuits by considering a wide variety of passive optical guided-wave components. These devices are both important and difficult to design and fabricate and yet they play major roles in many forms of waveguide circuits. For example, these devices include tapers, Y-branches, bends, integrated mirrors, and mode conversion devices. Our intent in this chapter is to develop an understanding of the devices and relevant engineering formulae for their design.
A generic method for interfacing IEDs using low voltage interfaces to real-time simulators with hardware in the loop

Abstract This study presents an interface method (IM) to interconnect real-time simulators (RTSs) without amplifiers for different intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, smart meters, and other devices. It is a significant topic for the power systems protection community because there are many protection devices with different requirements. These protection devices have pinouts that measure bus voltages/currents and breaker pole states and generate trip/close pulse signals. Most of the emulation test beds with RTSs and HIL need amplifiers to connect IEDs from different product manufacturers because the low-voltage interface levels are not available in some instruction manuals. Additionally, commercial amplifiers have cutoff frequency limitations and have an excessive cost when several IEDs are wired onto test beds. Then, the validation of protection and control systems with RTSs and IEDs in the loop from different vendors without amplifiers results in an unfeasible alternative. In this paper, the IM was based on using an interface box, power source, and RTS to identify IED inputs/outputs. The sequence to recognize IED pinouts and calculate the current/voltage scaling factors is described. The IM was validated satisfactorily with RTS and a protection device (with unknown pinouts) in the loop.
Theory and Development of the Diasporic Identity Scale with Adopted Korean Americans

Drawing upon diaspora scholarship and social identity theory, we propose a new psychological construct – diasporic identity – to capture how transnationally adopted individuals draw meaning from th...
An Intersectional Approach to Understanding the Academic and Health Effects of Policing Among Urban Adolescents.

This brief report examines whether the effects of direct and vicarious police stops on adolescents' academic adjustment via their psychological and physical well-being differ across ethnic-racial and gender groups. Using national and longitudinal survey data from Black, Latinx, and White adolescents (N = 3004; 49% girls), we found that the police stopped more Black boys and Black girls than their ethnic-racial peers. Vicarious stops were prevalent among all groups. The effects of police stops on adolescents' adjustment outcomes were more detrimental for adolescents of color and particularly Black boys relative to their White peers. Implications are discussed regarding how law enforcement shapes disparities that disadvantage particular adolescents at the intersections of their ethnicity-race and gender.
Community and Social Context: An Important Social Determinant of Cardiovascular Disease

Disease prevention frameworks and clinical practice guidelines in the United States (US) have traditionally ignored upstream social determinants of health (SDOH), which are critical for reducing disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD)-the leading cause of death in the US. Existing evidence demonstrates a protective effect of social support, social cohesion, and community engagement on overall health and wellbeing. Increasing community and social support is a major objective of the Healthy People 2030 initiative, with special provisions for vulnerable populations. However, to date, existing evidence of the association between community and social context (CSC)-an integral SDOH domain-and CVD has not been reviewed extensively. In particular, the individual and cumulative impact of CSC on CVD risk and the pathways linking CSC to cardiovascular outcomes are not well understood. In this review, we critically appraise current knowledge of the association between CSC and CVD, describe potential pathways linking CSC to CVD, and identify opportunities for evidence-based policy and practice interventions to improve CVD outcomes.
Structural basis of binding and inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase by 1-amino-oxy-3-aminopropane.

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of polyamines (PAs). PAs are oncometabolites that are required for proliferation, and pharmaceutical ODC inhibition is pursued for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. The most potent ODC inhibitor is 1-amino-oxy-3-aminopropane (APA). A previous crystal structure of an ODC-APA complex indicated that APA non-covalently binds ODC and its cofactor pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) and functions by competing with the ODC substrate ornithine for binding to the catalytic site. We have revisited the mechanism of APA binding and ODC inhibition through a new crystal structure of APA-bound ODC, which we solved at 2.49 A resolution. The structure unambiguously shows the presence of a covalent oxime between APA and PLP in the catalytic site, which we confirmed in solution by mass spectrometry. The stable oxime makes extensive interactions with ODC but cannot be catabolized, explaining APA's high potency in ODC inhibition. In addition, we solved an ODC/PLP complex structure with citrate bound at the substrate binding pocket. These two structures provide new structural scaffolds for developing more efficient pharmaceutical ODC inhibitors.
Interactions between thylakoid electron transfer complexes: I. In vitro kinetic studies with isolated Photosystem II and cytochrome b6-f complexes

The cytochrome b6-f complex from spinach thylakoids has been reconstituted with an oxygen-evolving Photosystem II (PSII) preparation isolated from the same source to give oxygenic plastocyanin reductase activity. We observe that (i) mixing of the two complexes in concentrated form prior to dilution with the assay medium is necessary for optimal reconstitution of activity; (ii) incubation for longer times after dilution can also give substantial reconstitution if the two complexes are added separately to the assay mixture; (iii) either monovalent or divalent cations are required for optimum activity in the reconstituted system; (iv) titration of the cytochrome complex with varying amounts of the PSII complex gave a saturation of the plastocyanin reduction activity at a cytochrome complex/PSII ratio of 3-4; (v) kinetic analysis of plastocyanin photoreduction by Photosystem II shows nonlinearity, while first-order reduction kinetics are observed with duroquinol as electron donor; and (vi) as the concentration of plastocyanin is increased, the half-time of the reduction increases. These observations are considered in terms of a functional association between PSII and the cytochrome b6-f complex in this reconstituted system, and the relevance of these observations to the situation in vivo is discussed.
Predictors of visual acuity and the relative afferent pupillary defect in optic neuropathy

The relationships among visual acuity (log MAR), diagnostic category, age, the magnitude of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in log units, photopic foveal thresholds to white and colored light (dB), and the mean deviation on the Humphrey visual field (dB) were studied in patients with various optic neuropathies. All acuity and dB values were expressed as interocular differences, the majority of cases having normal acuity in the fellow eye. In multiple regression analyses, acuity and RAPD were alternately chosen as the dependent or response variable with all remaining variables serving as the predictors or independent variables. The main finding was that the only significant predictor of a RAPD was the interocular mean deviation difference on the Humphrey field and the only significant predictor of acuity was the foveal threshold to white light. Redundant and insignificant variables were therefore identified with multiple regression analysis. Subsidiary findings include: (a) although diagnostic group was not a significant predictor in the above, simple linear regression line slopes relating RAPD magnitude to the Humphrey mean deviation were significantly different between optic neuritis and compression categories; (b) for a given level of acuity, foveal thresholds were substantially worse in these cases with neuronal damage than in strabismic amblyopia, refractive error, or corneal damage; and (c) sensitivity losses for red vs. blue light were similar.
Production of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine from 2',3'-dideoxyuridine and the corresponding purine bases by resting cells of Escherichia coli AJ 2595.

Abstract A novel microbial method for the production of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides by transdideoxyribosylation has been developed. By screening microorganisms producing 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA) from 2',3'-dideoxyuridine (DDU) and adenine, Escherichia coli AJ 2595 was selected as the best producer. Optimal pH and temperature for the DDA-producing reaction were ca. 6.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively. Pi seemed to be an essential factor for the reaction, and its optimal concentration was ca. 25 mM. Moreover, polyethylene glycol had a notable effect on DDA production. Under the best conditions established, 52 mM DDA was obtained from 100 mM DDU and 100 mM adenine after 48 h of incubation from resting cells of E. coli AJ 2595. This strain could also produce 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, such as 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (DDI), 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine, and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine, from DDU and the corresponding bases. In particular, this strain could produce DDI in high yield (ca. 32 mM from 100 mM DDU and 100 mM hypoxanthine) after 24 h of incubation. However, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine was not produced from DDU and cytosine by resting cells of E. coli AJ 2595.
Copper and iron in the blood serum of dairy cows.

Summary 1.The means for serum iron, serum copper, hemoglobin, and cell volume in sixteen dairy animals were 100μg. per 100ml., 162μg. per 100ml., 9.9gm. per 100ml., and 32 per cent of total volume, respectively. The errors of estimate are given. 2.No evidence was obtained that serum iron changed with age. Serum copper and hemoglobin changed significantly with advancing age. The copper values ranged from about 90μg. per 100ml. in calves to 114μg. in 4- to 7-year-old cows, and the hemoglobin increased from 9.08 to 10.64gm. Per 100ml. of blood in these age classes. 3.There was no significant difference among breeds with respect to any of the measurements. 4.For serum iron, serum copper, and hemoglobin, there were pronounced variations from period to period. These variations were irregular with ranges as follows: serum iron, 130.3 to 183.9μg. per 100ml.; serum copper, 87.3 to 116.3μg. per 100ml.; and hemoglobin, 9.44 to 10.07gm. per 100ml. 5.No evidence was obtained that serum iron and serum copper are correlated in any way. Hemoglobin and cell volume, in general, were correlated positively.
Lynn White Jr.’s ‘The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis’ after Fifty Years

Over the past half-century, Lynn White Jr.'s ‘The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis’ has stimulated examination of the relationship between religion, particularly Christianity, and attitudes toward nature in the U.S. and elsewhere. The article contrasts critiques of the Lynn White thesis as expressed in White's scholarly work (Medieval Technology and Religion, Medieval Technology and Social Change) with the far broader response to ‘Roots’ by not only medieval historians but also scholars in the fields of environmental philosophy and ethics, Religion and Ecology, and modern history. The bifurcated response to White reveals how the White thesis became a flashpoint for discussion of environmental issues outside and beyond medieval studies, a discussion that until recently took place largely independently of continuing work in medieval environmental history itself. Only within the last decade or so have the main lines of criticism of the White thesis by medieval historians begun to be integrated into a more unified consensus, leaving as White's legacy the fundamental point that religion is an important, if not the only, factor in how human societies relate to the natural world.
Allopregnanolone treatment, both as a single injection or repetitively, delays demyelination and enhances survival of Niemann-Pick C mice

Niemann-Pick C disease (NPC) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder without current treatment. It is thought to result from deficient intracellular cholesterol and/or ganglioside trafficking. We have investigated the effects of allopregnanolone treatments on survival, weight loss, motor function, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuropathology in the mouse model of NPC (Npc1(-/-) mice). We confirmed previous results showing that a single injection of 250 microg of allopregnanolone on postnatal day 7 significantly extended the life span of Npc1(-/-) mice. This caused a marked difference in the weight curves of the treated mice but no statistical difference in the Rota-Rod performance. T2-weighted MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of treated mice showed values of signal intensity and fractional anisotropy closer to those of wild-type mice than those of untreated Npc1(-/-) mice. Neuropathology showed that day-7 treatment markedly suppressed astrocyte reaction and significantly reduced microglial activation. Furthermore, the steroid treatment also increased myelination in brains of Npc1(-/-) mice. Similar effects of allopregnanolone treatment were observed in Npc1(-/-), mdr1a(-/-) double-mutant mice, which have a deficient blood-brain barrier, resulting in increased steroid uptake. The effects on survival and weight loss of a single injection on day 7 followed by injections every 2 weeks were also evaluated in Npc1(-/-) mice, and the beneficial effects were found to be greater than with the single injection at day 7. We conclude that allopregnanolone treatment significantly ameliorates several symptoms of NPC in Npc1(-/-) mice, presumably by effects on myelination or neuronal connectivity.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residential dust: Sources of variability

We characterized the sources of variability for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust and provided guidance for investigators who plan to use residential dust to assess exposure to PBDEs. We collected repeat dust samples from 292 households in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study during two sampling rounds (from 2001 to 2007 and during 2010) using household vacuum cleaners and measured 22 PBDEs using high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Median concentrations for individual PBDEs ranged from <0.1-2500ng per g of dust. For each of eight representative PBDEs, we used a random-effects model to apportion total variance into regional variability (0-11%), intra-regional between-household variability (17-50%), within-household variability over time (38-74%), and within-sample variability (0-23%) and we used a mixed-effects model to identify determinants of PBDE levels. Regional differences in PBDE dust levels were associated with residential characteristics that differed by region, including the presence of furniture with exposed or crumbling foam and the recent installation of carpets in the residence. Intra-regional differences between households were associated with neighborhood urban density, racial and ethnic characteristics, and to a lesser extent, income. For some PBDEs, a decreasing time trend explained a modest fraction of the within-household variability; however, most of the within-household variability was unaccounted for by our mixed-effects models. Our findings indicate that it may be feasible to use residential dust for retrospective assessment of PBDE exposures in studies of children's health (e.g., the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study).
Elastic electron scattering from 13C

Abstract Using a target material consisting of methane enriched to 58% in 13 C, we have studied elastic electron scattering of 250 MeV energy incident electrons at a variety of angles. The absolute target density was determined by electron scattering from the nuclei of hydrogen contained in the methane, and by comparing the measured cross sections with known proton cross sections. The contribution to the elastic scattering due to the 12 C in the target material has been subtracted by a calculation which uses previously measured 12 C cross sections. The data are analysed using a harmonic oscillator model. The ratio of the rms radius of the charge distribution for 13 C to that of 12 C is found to be 0.96±0.01.
Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates a brain protein which is influenced by repetitive synaptic activation.

SYNAPTIC systems from mammalian brain can now be studied in situ using a brain slice preparation which displays most of the electrophysiological characteristics observed in intact preparations1,2. We have been particularly interested in analysis of long-term potentiation (LTP), a marked and quasi-permanent increase in synaptic efficacy which is found in the hippocampal formation following a brief (1 s) train of repetitive stimulation3–6. Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated a strong correlation between induction of such LTP and the apparent phosphorylation of a 40,000 molecular weight protein in synaptic plasma membranes (SPM)7,8. Both LTP and the stimulation-dependent changes in the 40,000-MW protein were dependent on calcium and this cation has also recently been shown (ref. 9 and unpublished observations) to enhance the endogenous phosphorylation of a protein with a molecular weight of ∼40,000. If potentiation and the phosphorylation of the 40,000-MW protein are related, with calcium being required for both, then it is possible that a calcium-dependent protein kinase might be an intermediary enzyme in the two processes. We have therefore investigated the effect of exogeneous phosphorylase kinase (PBK; EC 2.7.1.38), a calcium-sensitive enzyme found in brain10,11, on the phosphorylation of the 40,000-MW protein. Since several laboratories have demonstrated cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of several SPM proteins12–15, it was also of interest to test for the possibility that this nucleotide might be involved in the phosphorylation of the 40,000-MW protein. We report here that PBK produces a marked and highly specific phosphorylation of the 40,000-MW protein that we have previously shown to be affected by high frequency potentiating stimulation.
Electrophysiological examination of a non-olfactory, non-gustatory chemosense in the searobin,Prionotus carolinus

1. Electrophysiological responses to chemical stimuli were recorded from the spinal nerves innervating the free fin rays of the searobin,Prionotus carolinus. These modified pectoral fin rays are capable of detecting chemical stimuli although they contain neither taste buds nor olfactory receptors. 2. Squid extract elicited a vigorous response and of the 24 compounds which have been found in squid extract (Mackie 1982) 15 were tested. Ten of these compounds elicited increases in nerve activity and 5 were nonstimulatory (Table 1). Betaine (trimethylglycine) was the most stimulatory compound tested (Table 1) with a threshold of 10−6.2 mol/l. 3. Response magnitude increased with increasing concentration over approximately 2–3 log units for the most potent stimuli and saturated at higher concentrations (Figs. 4, 6). 4. Elimination of the methyl groups from betaine led to an increase in threshold concentration and a decrease in relative effectiveness. Substitution of a neutral hydroxymethyl group for the primary carboxyl group of betaine (choline) eliminated the response entirely (Table 1). 5. Single unit responses to chemical stimuli were similar to the multiunit integrated responses in terms of relative effectiveness, threshold, and concentration-response curves. 6. Vigorous responses to tactile and proprioceptive stimuli were obtained from all of the animals tested, indicating that the searobin fin rays are sensitive to mechanical as well as chemical stimulation.
Measured dynamic performance of 1.25-MW, 805-MHz klystrons

Klystrons have been developed to drive resonant linear-accelerator cavities at duty factors from 6 to 12%. A fast-acting control system is required to modulate the r-f drive power to the klystron such that the electric field established in the accelerator load is held constant during the pulse to ± 1% in spite of the 30-40% changes in power demand. The klystron must therefore run unsaturated and have a reasonably well-behaved gain curve, but must also operate near saturation under peak demand for good efficiency. Further, because the accelerator load impedance varies drastically during the pulse, the klystron must demonstrate controllable characteristics over a wide range of load impedances.
Lung Cancer Genotype-Based Therapy and Predictive Biomarkers: Present and Future

Context.—The advent of genotype-based therapy and predictive biomarkers for lung cancer has thrust the pathologist into the front lines of precision medicine for this deadly disease. Objective.—To ...
Commentary: The Year in Orphan Nuclear Receptors and Their Coregulators

We are beginning to integrate the functions of individual orphan receptors into larger networks. It is particularly exciting that these basic studies are beginning to shed light on important diseases. We are now able to address not just physiological but also pathological functions of these proteins and their potential as targets for treating a surprisingly wide range of diseases.
Systemic infection following intravenous inoculation of mice with Candida albicans int1 mutant strains.

The Candida albicans gene INT1 is associated with epithelial adhesion, hyphal formation, and virulence. C. albicans strains carrying two, one, or no functional INT1 alleles were used to assess the association between mortality and C. albicans persistence in the liver and kidney of intravenously inoculated mice. Mice were injected with 10(5) C. albicans CAF2 (parent strain, INT1/INT1), C. albicans CAG3 (homozygous disruptant, Int1/int1), or C. albicans CAG5 (heterozygous reintegrant, int1/int1 + INT1). Mortality was monitored and mice were sacrificed on Days 1, 7, 14, and 21 for quantitative analysis of kidney and liver microbes, with histologic analysis of these tissues as well. Mortality was highest for mice injected with the wild-type strain CAF2 (INT1/INT1) and lowest for mice injected with the homozygous disruptant CAG3 (int/int1). Yeast were readily cleared from the liver of all mice injected with any of the three C. albicans strains. Although the mutant strains CAG3 and CAG5 are defective for hyphal formation in vitro, there was histological evidence of abundant hyphal formation in the renal pelvis of mice injected with these strains. Compared to the wild-type strain, mutant strains were associated with reduced mortality but increased C. albicans persistence in the kidney. Thus, the absolute ability to form hyphae in the kidney did not appear to modulate either C. albicans-induced mortality or the course of progressive infection in the kidney. In addition, reduced virulence was paradoxically associated with increased, not decreased, persistence of C. albicans in the kidney.
Immunochemical detection of adenine nucleotide-binding proteins with antibodies to 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine.

Abstract 5′- p -Fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA) is a useful reagent for the affinity labeling of adenine nucleotide binding proteins. We have developed an immunochemical approach to the detection of proteins that have been covalently modified with FSBA, which provides an alternative to the use of a radiolabeled ligand. Antibodies have been prepared against FSBA-modified glutamate dehydrogenase and purified by chromatography on ATP-agarose. The resulting affinity-purified antibodies react on Western blots only with proteins that have been labeled previously with the affinity reagent. The degree of immunoreactivity on Western blots correlates well with the extent of covalent modification as shown by studies on the modification and inhibition of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In crude cellular extracts, numerous proteins can be labeled with FSBA and then detected by using this approach. The labeling and subsequent detection of these proteins can be blocked by including an excess of MgATP, which competes with FSBA for nucleotide-binding sites. The labeling of specific proteins in crude mixtures is saturable, as shown by labeling studies of p56 lck , a protein-tyrosine kinase that is abundantly expressed in membranes from the T lymphoma cell line LSTRA.
Quinine and quinidine production by cinchona leaf, root and unorganized cultures

Abstract Serially propagated Cinchona ledgeriana and C. succirubra (Rubiaceae) leaf, root and unorganized suspension cultures established from germinated seeds were studied for quinine and quinidine production. Leaf organ cultures were grown and subcultured in Murashige and Skoog's Revised Tobacco Medium supplemented with benzyladenine; root organ cultures were grown on the same medium supplemented with indolebutyric acid; and unorganized suspension cultures were grown on the same medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzyladenine. On a dry weight basis, leaf organ cultures of C. ledgeriana contained 0.06 % quinine and 0.05 % quinidine and of C. succirubra contained 0.04 % quinine and 0.04 % quinidine. No quinine and quinidine were detected in either root organ or unorganized suspension cultures.
Reflections on a Century of Living: Gendered Differences in Mainstream Popular Songs∗

The study of popular music developed in part to correct the elitist dismissal of the popular and to validate popular music as a legitimate object of inquiry. Despite this, there is little popular music research that focuses on the most mainstream popular music. In this study we call for a return to the examination of the most mainstream popular songs and music videos through a preliminary investigation of two concurrent hits from the Adult Contemporary (AC) format: Martina McBride's “This One's for the Girls” and Five for Fighting's “100 Years.” Although both similarly focus on images and issues of life for American women and men during a century of living, they present dramatically different images of women's and men's lives in the lyrics and videos. Through examination of these songs and their accompanying videos, we call attention to the neglect of the most mainstream popular music and reiterate the importance of examining important aspects of U.S. culture, in this case gender, through its most mainstr...
An Analysis of Social Studies Research Over an Eight Year Period.

Abstract Research studies published in Theory and Research in Social Education over an eight year period, beginning with the first issue in Volume VII (Spring, 1979) and ending with the last issue in Volume XIV (Fall, 1986) were reviewed and evaluated using an instrument developed by the authors. Descriptive summaries of our findings, and our interpretations of them, along with examples of good and bad practice, are reported.
Interaction of Amphetamines and Related Compounds at the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter

Amphetamine-type agents interact with the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), promoting the release of intravesicular neurotransmitter and an increase in cytoplasmic neurotransmitter. Some compounds, such as reserpine, “release” neurotransmitter by inhibiting the ability of VMAT2 to accumulate neurotransmitter in the vesicle, whereas other types of compounds can release neurotransmitter via a carrier-mediated exchange mechanism. The purpose of this study was to determine, for 42 mostly amphetamine-related compounds, their mode of interaction with the VMAT2. We used a crude vesicular fraction prepared from rat caudate to assay VMAT2 activity. Test compounds were assessed in several assays, including 1) inhibition of [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding, 2) inhibition of vesicular [3H]dopamine uptake, and 3) release of preloaded [3H]dopamine and [3H]tyramine. Several important findings derive from this comprehensive study. First, our work indicates that most agents are VMAT2 substrates. Second, our data strongly suggest that amphetamine-type agents deplete vesicular neurotransmitter via a carrier-mediated exchange mechanism rather than via a weak base effect, although this conclusion needs to be confirmed via direct measurement of vesicular pH. Third, our data fail to reveal differential VMAT2 interactions among agents that do and do not produce long-term 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion. Fourth, the data reported revealed the presence of two pools of [3H]amine within the vesicle, one pool that is free and one pool that is tightly associated with the ATP/protein complex that helps store amine. Finally, the VMAT2 assays we have developed should prove useful for guiding the synthesis and evaluation of novel VMAT2 agents as possible treatment agents for addictive disorders.
Location of the three buried tyrosyl groups of ribonuclease A.

Abstract Cha and Scheraga (1961) described the iodination of ribonuclease A to form derivative A in which three of the six tyrosyl groups were iodinated. In the present communication we report initial data on the location of the positions of the three iodinated groups in the amino acid sequence.
Parameter Effects Of Crowding On Binding Chemistry Using Stochastic Off-lattice Simulations

The intracellular environment imposes a variety of constraints on biochemical reaction systems that can substantially change reaction rates and equilibria relative to an ideal solution-based environment. One of the most significant constraints in the intracellular environment is the dense macromolecular crowding in the cell, which tends to strongly enhance binding and assembly reactions among many other effects. In order to develop more realistic models of assembly reactions in the cell, we have implemented a stochastic off-lattice model of binding reactions based on the Green's function reaction dynamics (GFRD) method. In the present work, we describe a simulation study intended to determine how various parameter values of an assembly system influence the magnitude and direction of crowding effects on assembly kinetics. We used this model to test the influence of relative volumes of assembly subunits in bound and unbound forms, relative volumes of inert crowding agents, solution temperature and viscosity, and degrees of crowding. Consistent with prior theory, the model showed enhanced binding under conditions of high temperature, low solution viscosity, and large volume reductions upon binding. The model also showed unexpected effectives of the sizes of inert crowding agents on binding kinetics. These results and other ongoing work in this direction will be useful in developing more accurate quantitative models of large-scale assembly processes in the cell for which we currently lack suitable experimental or simulation methods.
A free energy analysis of nucleic acid base stacking in aqueous solution

This paper reports a theoretical study of the free energy contributions to nucleic acid base stacking in aqueous solution. Electrostatic interactions are treated by using the finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann method and nonpolar effects are treated with explicit calculation of van der Waals interactions and/or free energy-surface area relationships. Although for some pairs of bases there is a favorable Coulombic interaction in the stacked conformation, generally the net effect of electrostatic interactions is to oppose stacking. This result is caused by the loss of favorable base-solvent electrostatic interactions, that accompany the partial removal of polar atoms from water in the stacked conformation. Nonpolar interactions, involving the hydrophobic effect and enhancement of van der Waals interactions caused by close-packing, drive stacking. The calculations qualitatively reproduce the experimental dependence of stacking free energy on purine-pyrimidine composition.
Chilling injury and changes in adenosine triphosphate of cotton seedlings.

Young Gossypium hirsutum L. seedlings chilled at 5 degrees showed a continual decrease in ATP concentration with time of chilling. Chilled plants returned to optimum conditions were able to restore the initial ATP concentration when chilled only 1 day, but not when chilled 2 days. The decrease in ATP with chilling was prevented by hardening the seedlings at 15 degrees for 2 days (14-hr-day-length) immediately before chilling. The ATP level of hardened plants was higher than of unhardened plants. When hardened plants were chilled at 5 degrees , the ATP level increased in the leaves but decreased in the roots.A mechanism of chilling injury is discussed in relation to the decrease in ATP concentration at low temperature.
Energetics of a population of the mud crab Panopeus herbstii (Milne Edwards) In the north inlet estuary, South Carolina

The energetics of a population of the intertidal crab Panopeus herbstii (Milne Edwards) was examined based on population density, size structure, standing crop, respiration, and production. The relative influence of cyclic and constant acclimation temperatures both weight-adjusted and weight-unadjusted on energetics was determined. Energy flow was calculated to be 273–322 kcal · m−2 · yr−1 depending on the type of respiration estimate.
Residential Displacement: Extent, Nature, and Effects

Each year, a small fraction of families move for reasons beyond their control. Among these involuntary movers are the displaced: those who are forced to move due to conditions affecting their dwelling or its immediate environments that make continued occupancy impossible. The average annual rate of displacement moves out of urban areas during the 1970s is estimated at roughly 1.0 percent. Families most susceptible to displacement were those with high housing cost burdens, short durations of occupancy, living in or close to the central city of the SMSA, receiving welfare, and headed by persons who are young and have low levels of eduction. Three findings concerning the effects of displacement are most noteworthy. First, the effects of displacement are not pervasive across three sets of outcomes: housing, income, and employment. Second, displacement appears to have some positive effects on material well-being. Third, where detrimental effects do exist, they do not always support the assumption that the least well-off suffer the greatest decline in material well-being.
Narrative discourse in children with language disorders and children with normal language: a critical review of the literature.

This review and analysis of the literature on narrative discourse in children places particular emphasis on children with language disorder. The review (a) describes theoretical perspectives on narrative use, (b) surveys researchers’ rationales for the investigation of narrative ability, (c) discusses methodological issues relevant to narrative research, and (d) concludes with a discussion regarding future research. Specific topics contained within these discussions include contributions from allied disciplines, the pragmatic nature of narrative use, narrative ability as an index of language development, methodological issues in research design, and clinical implications of future research.
Closed-form solutions of the in-plane effective thermal conductivities of woven-fabric composites

Abstract A micromechanics model is developed to predict the in-plane effective thermal conductivities of plain-weave fabric composites based on a thermal-electrical analogy. Closed-form solutions of the effective thermal conductivities in the warp and fill directions are presented. In order to affirm the applicability of these solutions, the in-plane effective thermal conductivities of S-glass, E-glass, graphite, and Kevlar-49 plainweave fabric-reinforced epoxy composites are predicted. Excellent agreement is found between the present predictions and published analytical, numerical, and experimental results.
Adiabatic shear banding under pure shear loading Part II: fractographic and metallographic observations

Abstract A metallographic and fractographic investigation was performed of dynamically loaded torsion specimens of VAR 4340 steel (HRC 40). Macroscopically, it was found that the shear bands propagated on several distinct planes around the circumference of the specimen. Microscopically, scanning electron microscope observations of the fracture surfaces reveal that microvoid nucleation and growth is the mechanism leading to shear band fracture. Patches of highly smeared and knobbly material, produced by sliding of the fracture surfaces against each other, were also found at several locations and suggest very high local temperatures. Metallographic cross sections revealed white-etching material, characteristic of transformed bands, only at limited locations, corresponding to regions of the fracture surface exhibiting a highly smeared or knobbly texture. These results indicate that microvoid nucleation and growth play a significant role in adiabatic shear banding and that one of the mechanisms for the formation of transformed bands is the extensive sliding and rubbing of the shear fracture surfaces against each other. Thus transformed bands may be, at least in some cases, a consequence rather than a cause of the final shear band fracture.
Origin of Right Pulmonary Artery from Ascending Aorta

A case is reported of a 20-day-old infant with origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta. Besides its abnormal origin, the artery was stenotic in its proximal half. We believe the malformation results from persistence of the distal (instead of the proximal) part of the primitive sixth aortic arch and of a portion of the right dorsal aorta. The presence of ductal tissue in the wall of the right pulmonary artery supports this concept. The pulmonary vasculature in the two lungs showed great differences in medial and intimal characteristics. A second case of origin of the right pulmonary artery from the aorta, deseribed elsewhere, provided material for comparative study of the structure of the right main pulmonary arteries and the intrapulmonary branches.
A new alternative to the ANOVA F and new results on James's second-order method

A new procedure is proposed for testing the hypothesis that the means of J independent normal distributions are equal. Extensive simulations indicate that the new procedure always gives the experimenter more control over the probability of a Type I error than does the Brown–Forsythe or Welch adjusted degree of freedom techniques. For equal and reasonably large sample sizes the Welch procedure might be preferred, however, because it can have substantially more power, and it provides adequate though liberal control over Type I errors. However, Welch's procedure cannot always be recommended for reasons described in the paper. For unequal sample sizes both the Welch and Brown–Forsythe procedures are known to be unsatisfactory in certain practical situations, while the new procedure has Type I error probabilities that are much closer to the nominal level. Moreover, the new procedure seems to give conservative results provided the sample sizes in each group are greater than or equal to 10. New results are also reported on James's second order method. Although computationally more tedious, James's procedure is recommended for general use.
The Effects of a "Tell-Show-Try-Apply" Professional Development Package on Teachers of Students with Severe Developmental Disabilities.

The What Works Clearinghouse guidelines for high-quality professional development were used to develop a Tell, Show, Try, and Apply (TSTA) method of training. This method was used to train teachers to align instruction to grade-level content for students with severe developmental disabilities. A total of 193 teachers of students who participate in alternate assessment based on alternate achievement standards from three states participated in the first 2 days of training. A subset of 37 teachers participated in a 3rd day of training and submitted products from classroom applications. The impact of the TSTA training was evaluated to determine its effect on teachers’ instructional fidelity across three content areas (e.g., English language arts [ELA], mathematics, science) with their own students. In addition, generalization to new academic content aligned to grade-aligned standards developed by the teachers was taken. Results indicated that the professional development was effective not only in increasing t...
Are Power Analyses Reported With Adequate Detail? Evidence From the First Wave of Group Randomized Trials Funded by the Institute of Education Sciences

Abstract This study examines the reporting of power analyses in the group randomized trials funded by the Institute of Education Sciences from 2002 to 2006. A detailed power analysis provides critical information that allows reviewers to (a) replicate the power analysis and (b) assess whether the parameters used in the power analysis are reasonable. Without a detailed power analysis, reviewers may have difficultly evaluating the accuracy of the power analysis and underpowered studies may inadvertently pass through the review process with a recommendation for funding. This study reveals that sample sizes are reported with high consistency; however, other important design parameters, including intraclass correlations, covariate-outcome correlations, and the percentage of variance explained by blocking are not reported with regularity. An analysis of reporting trends over time reveals that the reporting of intraclass correlations and covariate-outcome correlations dramatically increased over time. The report...