cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia, and Their Molecular Identification

Morphological characteristics have been the gold standard method to identify mosquito species. However, morphological identification has many limitations including lack of expertise and damaging of external characters due to improper specimen handling. Therefore, we used the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) as an integrated tool to identify Culex mosquito species to establish a more precise and reliable identification system related to their spatial distribution in Jazan region. We identified Culex mosquito species and subspecies using taxonomic keys, and then we used the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) as an integrated tool to confirm and refine the list of Culex mosquito species in the region. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for the identified species, and their distinctive clustering was compared with their reference’s species in the GenBank. We identified 7026 adult Culex mosquitoes belonging to 4 species. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant species (45%), followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus (32%), then Culex sitiens (20%), and Cx. pipiens (3%). The most infested areas by Culex in the region were Gizan and Sabya. The PCR achieved 100% success in identifying the four Culex mosquito species. We also report the molecular identification of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens species for the first time in Jazan region while the molecular identification of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. sitiens was reported for the first time in Jazan region and the whole Saudi Arabia. This study utilized for the first time PCR to identify Culex mosquito species in Jazan region. The PCR is a complementary and integrated taxonomy-based identification tool for mosquito species. This integration has the capacity to promote and enhance vector surveillance and control programs, as well as defining the genetic diversity of species in the region.
Vanillin-bioglass cross-linked 3D porous chitosan scaffolds with strong osteopromotive and antibacterial abilities for bone tissue engineering.

Abstract Chitosan scaffolds crosslinked by current methods insufficiently meet the demands of bone tissue engineering applications. We developed a novel effective crosslinking technique by using the natural and safe vanillin together with bioglass microparticles to generate an antibacterial, osteoconductive, and mechanically robust 3D porous chitosan-vanillin-bioglass (CVB) scaffold. In addition to the significantly improved mechanical properties, the CVB scaffolds had high porosity (>90%) and interconnected macroporous structures. Our data suggested that the crosslinking mainly resulted from the Schiff base reactions between the aldehydes of vanillin and amines of chitosan, together with the hydrogen and ionic bonds formed within them. Importantly, the CVB scaffolds not only showed good biocompatibility, bioactivity, and strong antibacterial ability but also significantly promoted osteoblastic differentiation, mineralization in vitro, and ectopic bone formation in vivo. Thus, the CVB scaffolds hold great promise for bone tissue engineering applications based on their robust mechanical properties, osteoconductivity, and antibacterial abilities.
Preparing Technology-Using Teachers

AbstractThe authors have developed and are currently implementing project STEP-Tech, a program to integrate the use of technology into all courses in the professional sequence of secondary teacher education courses at a university in Texas. Preservice teachers are required to use various computer applications throughout their classes, and to continue to use these during their student teaching experience, keeping their computer products in a portfolio for future reference. The article describes how the use of computers, one of these technologies, is being integrated into the curriculum.
TIME AND SOCIETY: SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND TIME-CONSCIOUSNESS

Pari II contrasts ordinary-linear and patterned-cyclical, and immediate-participatory and episodicfulural time. It is linked to an isomorphic model of social relationships_ Hedonic society is based on identity and temporality; agonic community on hierarchy and territoriality. These aspects of social organization are generalized into four social relations: identity into equality-matching, temporality into communal-sharing, hierarchy into authority-ranking, territoriality into market-pricing. Four propositions are framed and examined through ethnographic evidence drawn from Australian Aboriginal and modern, Western culture, that link each kind of social relationship to a kind of time consciousness. Natural and rational time consciousness are seen as results of the unities of equality and community, and of authority and marketpricing and linked to hedonic and agonic sociality.
An inverse relationship between production and export efficiency in the Southern Ocean

[1] In the past two decades, a number of studies have been carried out in the Southern Ocean to look at export production using drifting sediment traps and thorium-234 based measurements, which allows us to reexamine the validity of using the existing relationships between production, export efficiency, and temperature to derive satellite-based carbon export estimates in this region. Comparisons of in situ export rates with modeled rates indicate a two to fourfold overestimation of export production by existing models. Comprehensive analysis of in situ data indicates two major reasons for this difference: (i) in situ data indicate a trend of decreasing export efficiency with increasing production which is contrary to existing export models and (ii) the export efficiencies appear to be less sensitive to temperature in this region compared to the global estimates used in the existing models. The most important implication of these observations is that the simplest models of export, which predict increase in carbon flux with increasing surface productivity, may require additional parameters, different weighing of existing parameters, or separate algorithms for different oceanic regimes.
Explaining Floral Diversity

Ecology and Evolution of Flowers. Lawrence D. Harder and Spencer C. H. Barrett, Eds.. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006. 398 pp. $150, £75. ISBN 9780198570851. Paper, $75, £37.50. ISBN 9780198570868. The contributors combine new findings and a synthesis of recent empirical and theoretical research to explore the functional basis of floral diversity.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a comprehensive cancer centre: active disease in patients with underlying malignancy during 1990–2000

Thirty HIV-seronegative cancer patients with active tuberculosis were evaluated. Eighteen (60%) were immigrants, 19 (63%) had haematological malignancy, and fever was the most common presentation (97%). Of 19 (63%) patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 11 (58%) were misdiagnosed initially as suffering from cancer following radiography. Death was attributed to tuberculosis for six (21%) of 29 patients who received anti-mycobacterial therapy. All four patients who had received high-dose systemic corticosteroids within 4 weeks of diagnosis of infection died, whereas two (8%) deaths occurred in 25 individuals without corticosteroid exposure (p < 0.001; OR 8.67). At this institution, active tuberculosis was rare, and was seen mostly in immigrants. Recent high-dose corticosteroid therapy is a significant predictor of mortality in cancer patients with tuberculosis.
Sociology of knowledge and the sociology of scientific knowledge

L'A. examine de facon critique les conceptions de H.-H. Kogler, de P. Bourdieu et de K. Mannheim en ce qui concerne la sociologie de la connaissance. Il montre comment Kogler critique les analyses du rapport entre connaissance et contexte social developpees par les autres derniers auteurs. Il souligne que Kogler met en exergue l'autonomie de la connaissance et de la pensee et estime que Kogler a neglige les facteurs technologiques et materiels dans sa vision de la connaissance. Il rappelle que pour la sociologie classique de la connaissance le savoir a une origine sociale. Il compare, d'une part, la theorie des formes symboliques et de leur visibilite et, d'autre part, celle de la reflexivite elaborees par Kogler, Bourdieu et Mannheim
BIBLIO‐POWER: PROMOTING READING AND WRITING WITH BOOKS

Bibliopower can be used effectively to develop positive attitudes about reading and writing among reluctant readers and writers. The purpose of this study was to identify Newbery and Caldecott Medal books which possess bibliopower. Suggestions are made for the classroom use of these books to help students build lifetime commitments to reading and writing.
Heat and mass transfer coefficients in catalytic monoliths

Abstract We analyze the classical Graetz problem in a tube with an exothermic surface reaction and show that the heat(mass) transfer coefficient is not a continuous function of the axial position and jumps from one asymptote to another at ignition/extinction points. We show that the steady-state heat(mass) transfer coefficient is not a unique function of position in parameter regions in which the Graetz problem with surface reaction has multiple solutions. We also analyze the more general two-dimensional model (with axial conduction/diffusion included and Danckwerts boundary conditions) and show that for fixed values of the reaction parameters, the heat(mass) transfer coefficient has three asymptotes. Unlike the Graetz problem, in this case the heat(mass) transfer coefficient is always finite and bounded at the inlet and is given by a new asymptote. We present analytical expressions for all three asymptotes for the case of flat and parabolic velocity profiles. It is also shown that in catalytic monoliths, ignition/extinction may often occur in the entry region and hence the local transfer coefficients and not the average values proposed in the literature determine the ignition/extinction behavior. Finally, we use the new results to develop and analyze an accurate one-dimensional two-phase model of a catalytic monolith with position dependent heat and mass transfer coefficients and determine analytically the dependence of the ignition/extinction locus on various design and operating parameters.
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Activates NF-κB, Induces cIAP-2 Expression, and Protects against Apoptosis in a PDZ Binding Motif-Dependent Manner

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of most cervical cancers and some aerodigestive cancers. The HPV E6 oncoprotein from high-risk HPV types contributes to the immortalization and transformation of cells by multiple mechanisms, including degradation of p53, transcriptional activation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), and degradation of several proteins containing PDZ domains. The ability of E6 to bind PDZ domain-containing proteins is independent of p53 degradation or hTERT activation but does correlate with oncogenic potential (R. A. Watson, M. Thomas, L. Banks, and S. Roberts, J. Cell Sci. 116:4925-4934, 2003) and is essential for induction of epithelial hyperplasia in vivo (M. L. Nguyen, M. M. Nguyen, D. Lee, A. E. Griep, and P. F. Lambert, J. Virol. 77:6957-6964, 2003). In this study, we found that HPV type 16 E6 was able to activate NF-kappaB in airway epithelial cells through the induction of nuclear binding activity of p52-containing NF-kappaB complexes in a PDZ binding motif-dependent manner. Transcript accumulation for the NF-kappaB-responsive antiapoptotic gene encoding cIAP-2 and binding of nuclear factors to the proximal NF-kappaB binding site of the cIAP-2 gene promoter are induced by E6 expression. Furthermore, E6 is able to protect cells from TNF-induced apoptosis. All of these E6-dependent phenotypes are dependent on the presence of the PDZ binding motif of E6. Our results imply a role for targeting of PDZ proteins by E6 in NF-kappaB activation and protection from apoptosis in airway epithelial cells.
The contemporary European copper cycle: waste management subsystem

Abstract A comprehensive copper mass balance for waste management in Europe has been carried out, including municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, wastes from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), and end-of-life vehicles (ELV). The recycling efficiency of the current waste management system in Europe was quantified and the sources of copper scrap used for secondary copper production were determined. Additionally, an assessment of copper losses to the environment from incinerators and landfills was undertaken. As a final step, select parameters were varied to test the sensitivity of copper waste generation results to the uncertainties in the data. The total flows of copper into the European waste management system consists of 920 Gg/y domestic copper waste and of 300 Gg/y imported old scrap, of which 740 Gg/y are recycled and 480 Gg/y are landfilled. In Europe 2 kg per capita of copper waste is generated annually. WEEE and ELV are the most important domestic waste streams from the perspective of copper contents. They contain 67% of the total copper throughput, but only make up 4% of the mass of total waste generation. Because WEEE is the fastest growing waste category, this finding emphasizes the need for efficient WEEE recycling strategies. The overall recycling efficiency for Europe for copper in all types of waste, excluding prompt scrap and scrap imports, is 48%, with a range of 5–58% depending on the country. This shows further potential for increased recycling activities in the future. Emissions of copper to the environment are under 5 Gg/y but several new sources for emissions are not yet quantified. Uncertainties in waste generation rate and composition for some waste categories (WEEE, C&D) are high, and additional analysis is needed to confirm the above findings.
Wanderings with Lady M.: a happy threesome.

I met Horst at the University of Munster, Germany, in July 1972. While I was at the university, one of my goals was to find a husband. I wanted my husband to be Catholic, so I decided to join a bible study group, where I thought I would find many suitable “candidates.” Unfortunately though, I was wrong. There were only two Catholics. One of them was definitely not an option, and then there was … Horst. He was a challenge, and I guess all participants of this conference know what I mean. But some people just grow on you, which happened in Horst’s case. As our relationship was getting more serious, he said to me one day: “I need to tell you something. I am already engaged, and no matter what is going to happen between the two of us, I’m not going to give up my fiancee. If you manage to get along well with her, the three of us can have a good life together. I would like you to give the three of us a chance.” For more information please click the “Full Text” above.
Physiologic and Clinical Principles behind Noninvasive Resuscitation Techniques and Cardiac Output Monitoring

Clinical assessment and vital signs are poor predictors of the overall hemodynamic state. Optimal measurement of the response to fluid resuscitation and hemodynamics has previously required invasive measurement with radial and pulmonary artery catheterization. Newer noninvasive resuscitation technology offers the hope of more accurately and safely monitoring a broader range of critically ill patients while using fewer resources. Fluid responsiveness, the cardiac response to volume loading, represents a dynamic method of improving upon the assessment of preload when compared to static measures like central venous pressure. Multiple new hemodynamic monitors now exist that can noninvasively report cardiac output and oxygen delivery in a continuous manner. Proper assessment of the potential future role of these techniques in resuscitation requires understanding the underlying physiologic and clinical principles, reviewing the most recent literature examining their clinical validity, and evaluating their respective advantages and limitations.
Institutional Ownership and Capital Structure --Evidence from China Listed Companies

In this paper, we study the relationship between institutional ownership and capital structure. Based on the principle of minimizing financing cost, this paper firstly constructs a dynamic optimizing model of capital structure from the angle of institutional ownership. Then, it uses panel data of 539 China listed companies of manufacturing industry from 2005 to 2007 to make regression of fixed effects model. The results indicate that the percentage of institutional stockholdings has positive relation with capital structure, and the decentralized degree of institutional ownership is negatively related to capital structure. The robustness check agrees with these results. Finally, this paper points that developing institutional investors is one way to solve the current low debt ratio of China listed companies. Keywords-Institutional ownership, Capital structure, Listed company
Prospects of Room-Temperature Microbolometer Based on CMR Thin Films

We discuss performance of CMR-based bolometers for pulse and modulated electromagnetic radiation detection. Ultimate characteristics of CMR thin film-based bolometers are considered based of current experimental studies of photoresponse.
Gold seed removal from the tips of silicon nanorods.

A chemical method was developed to remove the gold (Au) seed particles from the tips of solution−liquid−solid (SLS) grown silicon (Si) nanorods. The nanorods are capped with hydrophobic ligands during the synthesis, which made it necessary to perform the Au etching in an aqua regia and chloroform emulsion. Preliminary etching experiments revealed that a thin Si shell coated the Au seeds and prevented Au removal. Therefore, a rapid thermal quench of the reaction mixture was needed to crack this shell and provide etchant access to the Au seed. More than 95% of the Au seeds could be removed from the tips of thermally quenched samples without damaging the crystalline Si nanorods.
Thyroid status in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference sites on Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA

Exposure to environmental contaminants has been shown to alter normal thyroid function in various wildlife species, including the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Abnormalities in circulating levels of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) have been reported in juvenile alligators from several contaminated lakes in Florida. To further elucidate these functional thyroid abnormalities, this study examines the structure of thyroids and circulating T4 concentrations from juvenile alligators collected from three sites of varying contamination on Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The following variables were used to characterize thyroid morphology: epithelial cell height, width and area, percent colloid, and follicle area. These variables were compared among study sites and between genders. No difference was detected in epithelial cell height, epithelial cell area, or follicle area among the sites, whereas significant differences in epithelial cell width (p=0.02) and percent colloid (p=0.008) were found. Animals from the most contaminated site (Belle Glade) had significantly greater epithelial cell widths and significantly less colloid present in their follicles compared to animals from the reference site (West). Gender did not have a significant interaction with site for any variable measured. Thyroxine (T4) concentrations were elevated in the intermediately contaminated site (Conservation Area 3A) compared to the other sites (p<0.0001). It is proposed that the disruptions seen in Lake Okeechobee alligators are due to disruptions at both the thyroid and extra-thyroidal tissues.
22 CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITIES (CBFV), INTRAVENTRICULAR BLEEDS (IVH) & SURFACTANT (SURF) ADMINISTRATION

CBFV were studied in the internal carotid arteries with a pulsed Doppler in 23 infants (mean BW=1500 ± 144g) before & after SURF. The Mean (MFV), Mean Bystolic (SFV) & Mean Diastolic (DFV) time averaged CBFV were calculated, CBFV, blood pressures (BP), ABGs, & FiO2 were measured before & after 10 minutes instillation of SURF. MFV increased after SURF in 11 infants & dropped in 12. Three infants developed reverse DFV. Before SURF, the 12 infante who drop the MFV had a lower pH than the other 11 infanta (p=.04). The 11 infants who increaaed the MFV had a drop in the pH (p=.045) during SURF. Incidence of IVH was 30% (5 gr I–II & 2 gr III). Two infants enlarged previous IVH & 4 had new IVH. These 6 infanta were in the group who dropped the MFV. The risk of IVH was higher in the 12 infants who dropped the MFV than in the 11 who increased the MFV (p=.02). Before SURF, the 6 infants who bled had a lower pH (p=.05), a lower BW (p=.05) & a higher FiO2 (p=.04) than infants who did not bleed. Infants who bled had a higher % drop in the BP & in all the CBFV (p=.0l, both). SURF is associated with profound changes in the CBFV depending on pre-existing clinical conditions. Infants who drop the MFV shortly after SURF have a higher risk for developing IVH or increasing previous IVH within 2 days after SURF.
The Politically Correct Comus: A Reply to John Leonard

Recusant dans Comus la presence d'un viol comme sa lecture historiciste (celui suppose de Margaret Evans), l'auteur releve certaines confusions effectuees dans ce masque par les critiques sur le traitement de la relation entre chastete et virginite
PROPRANOLOL IMPROVES THE IMPAIRED TSH RESPONSE TO TRH IN PATIENTS WITH AUTONOMOUSLY FUNCTIONING EUTHYROID MULTINODULAR GOITRE

Ten patients with autonomously functioning euthyroid multinodular goitre received propranolol (Inderal Retard 160 mg daily) for 4 weeks in order to investigate whether normalization of the TRH test or an increased TSH response to TRH could be obtained by decreasing serum T3 levels. Serum T3 decreased significantly after 2 and 4 weeks of propranolol administration. Serum T4 increased during this period, although the change was only significant after 4 weeks of propranolol. T3 resin uptake did not change. The TSH response to TRH increased significantly during the administration of propranolol. Mean delta TSH basally was 1.0, range 0-3.9 mU/l, and mean delta TSH after 4 weeks of propranolol was 2.4, range 0-9.3 mU/l. A strong correlation was found between the increase in delta TSH and the decrease in serum T3 after 4 weeks of propranolol. After withdrawal, delta TSH and T3 returned to premedication levels. Our data suggest that T3 is an important factor in the impairment of the TSH response to TRH in our patients. Normalization of the TRH test was, however, not obtained. These findings support the concept of subclinical hyperthyroidism in 'euthyroid' multinodular goitre with autonomous function.
Influence of Homogeneous Interfaces on the Strength of 500 nm Diameter Cu Nanopillars

Interfaces play an important role in crystalline plasticity as they affect strength and often serve as obstacles to dislocation motion. Here we investigate effects of grain and nanotwin boundaries on uniaxial strength of 500 nm diameter Cu nanopillars fabricated by e-beam lithography and electroplating. Uniaxial compression experiments reveal that strength is lowered by introducing grain boundaries and significantly rises when twin boundaries are present. Weakening is likely due to the activation of grain-boundary-mediated processes, while impeding dislocation glide can be responsible for strengthening by twin boundaries.
Imaging spatial correlations of Rydberg excitations in cold atom clouds.

We use direct spatial imaging of cold $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ Rydberg atom clouds to measure the Rydberg-Rydberg correlation function. The results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions [F. Robicheaux and J. V. Hern\'andez, Phys. Rev. A 72, 063403 (2005)]. We determine the blockade radius for states $44{D}_{5/2}$, $60{D}_{5/2}$, and $70{D}_{5/2}$ and investigate the dependence of the correlation behavior on excitation conditions and detection delay. Experimental data hint at the existence of long-range order.
A decision analysis of consent.

In Against Bioethics (2005), I argue that applied bioethics often causes harm that could be avoided through the application of a kind of decision analysis based on utilitarianism. Such analysis in ...
The market for consumer books in the U.S. : 1985-1995

What was the market for consumer books in the United States between 1985 and 1995? What were the Domestic Consumer Expenditures for books during those years? What market problems did consumer books confront? Who purchased books? What types of consumer books did they select? When did they buy them? Where did they shop for them? Why did individuals select a particular title of book category?
Grain Growth in Microwave‐Annealed Alumina

Normal grain growth in dense, fine-grained, aluminum oxide-0.1 wt% MgO was studied under both conventional furnace and 28-GHz microwave furnace annealing conditions. The microstructural changes that occurred were the same for both sets of samples; soap bubble microstructures were observed and the aspect ratios and shape factors did not change during the anneals. The kinetics of grain growth were greatly increased by the 28-GHz microwave anneals; e.g., the grain growth rate at 1500°C in the microwave furnace was the same as the rate at 1700°C in the conventional furnace. Also, the activation energy for grain growth was reduced by the microwave anneal from 590 kJ/mol (conventional) to 480 kJ/mol (microwave). Finally, these results demonstrate that a “microwave effect” can exist in a dense ceramic body and that no free pore-solid interfaces are necessary.
The position of the double bond in unsaturated fatty acids of a thermophilic Bacillus species

Abstract The predominant unsaturated fatty acid produced by a thermophilic Bacillus species has been identified as n -Δ5-hexadecenoic acid. The position of the double bond in the branched-chain, monoenoic fatty acids produced by this organism is also between the fifth and sixth carbon atoms.
Labor quality, natural unemployment, and US inflation

Abstract The recent combination of low inflation and low unemployment has led some to question whether the short-run, Phillips curve trade-off is dead. We argue that the improved trade-off has resulted, in part, from improved labor quality in the form of increased average years of work experience and education, and use these variables to calculate new estimates of the natural unemployment rate. Based on evidence from inflation equations, we find strong support for a time-varying natural unemployment rate, and find that our measure based on labor quality outperforms other leading measures of natural unemployment.
Applying great management in a state agency: Indiana BMV's journey from worst to first

Abstract Although pressures for more efficient and effective government are intense and prescriptions for transformation abound, critical accounts of successful government change initiatives are relatively limited. In this article, we chronicle a transformation of the Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles whereby the agency dramatically improved the quality of services while significantly reducing its cost structure—literally moving from worst to first in national rankings of such agencies. We further use this robust case to critically evaluate researcher Jim Collins’ assertions regarding the issues most critical to organizational change and effectiveness in the social sector (vis-a-vis the business sector) and conclude with lessons regarding great management practices for institutions across sectors.
Plasma Levels of Clobazam After Three Oral Dosage Forms in Healthy Subjects

As can be seen from the tables, the terminal half-life of clobazam is about 50 hours, and from a solid dosage form the peak plasma level occurs approximately 1.5 hours after ingestion. Thus, there is a significant, yet relatively short, dosage form delay effect when the solid dosage forms are compared to the rapidly available solution of the drug. However, based on the areas under the curve, comparison of the solid dosage forms with the solution indicates that the fraction of clobazam absorbed is 1. Pupil diameter measurement at 2, 4, and 6 hours after ingestion of clobazam correlated well with the plasma levels at these times. Pupils were constricted to the highest degree at 2 hours and approached the initial pupillary diameter at the 6-hour measurement.
Fly Src: The Yin and Yang of tumor invasion and tumor suppression

The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src is inactivated by the C-terminal Src kinase Csk. In a recent paper in Developmental Cell, Vidal et al. show that loss of Drosophila Csk (dCsk) in a large field of cells results in cell proliferation and disorganization of tissue architecture. In contrast, local inactivation of dCsk in a small field of cells results in loss of cells that are adjacent to normal tissue. This loss occurs by basal migration and death by apoptosis. These findings may shed light on mechanisms that restrain tumor initiation.
Autonomy and Interdependence in Japanese and American Mother–Toddler Dyads

This study investigated two hypotheses: (a) Japanese mother-toddler dyads will work together more interdependently than American mother-toddler dyads; (b) American toddlers will act more autonomously than Japanese toddlers. The hypotheses were investigated using videotapes of 10-minute shape-fitting interactions of 12 Caucasian American and 12 Japanese national mothers visiting the United States and their 24- to 31-month-olds (matched by mean age, gender and birth order). A significant MANOVA and subsequent stepdown analyses revealed: (a) that Japanese mothers more frequently assisted their toddlers in fitting a shape before the toddlers had tried to fit the shape on their own (interdependence); (b) that American toddlers did not attempt to fit more shapes on their own (autonomy); and (c) that more American toddlers left the task than did Japanese toddlers (autonomy). The results indicate greater interdependent task-engagement among Japanese mother-toddler dyads. Greater autonomy on the part of American dyads was evident not in how they did the task, but rather in toddlers choosing to leave the assigned task. Discussion focuses on the implications of these nationality differences for understanding possible differences in early socialization.
Reduction of Positional Estimate Errors in HF Hyperbolic Position-Fixing Systems

A simple ionospheric prediction model is employed to determine the reduction in the positional estimate errors in HF hyperbolic position-fixing systems provided by the use of the model. Quantitative results of positional estimate errors before and after the application of the model to experimental time-delay data are compared.
Stanford emulation laboratory

Over the past decade we have built a laboratory and research environment for the study of architectures and emulation. Initially most effort was directed at building the host processor, EMMY, and its support tools. The next stage was to emulate a variety of instruction sets --- building an archive of emulators. Now we have well over a dozen emulators and can add a new one quickly. A student can emulate a know image architecture in about ten weeks --- twenty weeks includes verification and documentation --- thirty weeks for I/O and interface to a simple operating system. (A student-week is about 6 - 8 hours of effort and corresponds to three units of credit.)
Preventing Oxidative Stress in Rats with Aldosteronism by Calcitriol and Dietary Calcium and Magnesium Supplements

ABSTRACT Background Prominent features of the clinical syndrome of congestive heart failure (CHF) include aldosteronism and the presence of oxidative stress. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) accompanies aldosteronism due to increased urinary and fecal excretion of Ca 2+ . SHPT accounts for intracellular Ca 2+ overloading of diverse cells, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and the appearance of oxidative stress. Parathyroidectomy or a Ca 2+ channel blocker each prevent these responses. Herein, we hypothesized calcitriol, or 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , plus a diet supplemented with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ (CMD) would prevent SHPT and Ca 2+ overloading of PBMC and thereby oxidative stress in these cells in rats receiving aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST). Methods and Results In rats with ALDOST for 4 weeks, without or with CMD, we monitored plasma-ionized [Ca 2+ ] o and parathyroid hormone (PTH), and PBMC cytosolic-free [Ca 2+ ] i and H 2 O 2 production. Untreated, age- and gender-matched rats served as controls. Compared to controls, ALDOST led to an expected fall in plasma [Ca 2+ ] o level with accompanying rise in plasma PTH level and intracellular Ca 2+ overloading of PBMC and their increased production of H 2 O 2 . CMD prevented SHPT and abrogated intracellular Ca 2+ overloading of PBMC and their increased H 2 O 2 production. Conclusions The appearance of SHPT in aldosteronism, induced by fallen plasma [Ca 2+ ] o , leads to PTH-mediated Ca 2+ overloading of PBMC and their increased production of H 2 O 2 . SHPT in rats with aldosteronism can be prevented by calcitriol and a diet supplemented with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . These findings raise the prospect that the SHPT found in CHF could be managed with macro- and micronutrients.
Risk factors for self-reported colon polyps.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate risk factors for colon polyp using multivariate analyses. DESIGN: In a group responding to a 1992 mail survey, we assessed the association between physician-diagnosed colon polyp and possible risk factors reported primarily 10 years earlier. SETTING: Survey respondents within the Cancer Prevention Study II. PARTICIPANTS: Respondents, 72,868 men and 81,356 women, who reported no polyp diagnosis when questioned in 1982 at ages 40 to 64 years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The characteristics of 7,504 men (10.3%) and 5,111 women (6.3%) reporting a first colon polyp were compared with those of participants who did not report a polyp. After adjustments for age, family history of colorectal cancer, and other potential risk factors, polyp occurrence was associated with 1982 histories of smoking, former smoking, alcohol use of at least two drinks per day (odds ratios [ORs] from 1.5 to 1.1; all p<.005), and a body mass index ≥ 28 kg/m2 (men’s OR 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00, 1.13; women’s OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.99, 1.17). Polyps were also associated with a diagnosis of gallbladder disease or gallstone at any time and with gallbladder surgery up to 1982 (OR from 2.7 to 1.3; all p<.001). Polyp occurrence was inversely associated with 1982 histories of high exercise level (men’s OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.76, 0.91; women’s OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.78, 1.03), frequent aspirin use in women (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.77, 0.95), and high parity in women (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.75, 0.94). Among participants lacking a clinically normal gallbladder, the polyp risks associated with smoking and high body mass index were reduced (p<.04 for interactions). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations and potential biases in these self-reported data, the risk factors described here may be useful for identifying persons at modestly increased risk of having a colon polyp. The effect-modifying role of gallbladder status deserves further investigation.
Induction of β2-interferon by tumor necrosis factor: A homeostatic mechanism in the control of cell proliferation

Earlier studies showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts a mitogenic effect in human diploid fibroblasts. Here we demonstrate that purified E. coli-derived recombinant human TNF inhibits encephalomyocarditis virus replication in "aged" human fibroblasts. Addition of neutralizing antibodies to human beta interferon (IFN-beta) blocked the antiviral action of TNF, indicating that this action is mediated by the generation of IFN-beta. We also show that antiserum to IFN-beta enhanced the mitogenic effect of TNF in confluent, serum-starved human fibroblasts, suggesting that induction of IFN-beta by TNF represents a physiological negative feedback mechanism regulating cell proliferation. Blot hybridization analysis of cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA showed that TNF induced IFN-beta 2 mRNA, whereas no induction of IFN-beta 1 mRNA could be demonstrated. The results suggest that IFN-beta 2 has biological functions distinct from the other interferons.
A little language for surveys: constructing an internal DSL in Ruby

Using a problem domain motivated by Bentley's "Little Languages" column [1], this paper explores the use of the Ruby programming language's flexible syntax, dynamic nature, and reflexive metaprogramming facilities to implement an internal domain-specific language (DSL) for surveys.
Striate cortex ablation and deficits in conditioned avoidance response

Abstract Cats were tested for acquisition and retention of conditioned avoidance response to an auditory CS following ablation of a portion of striate cortex and were found to be significantly deficient compared with normals. Blinding normal or operated cats with opaque contact lenses also caused a significant deficit in acquisition and retention of the CAR. Combination of striate cortex ablation and blinding by contact lenses prevented avoidance responses in four of ten operated cats. The marked deficit in an auditory task in the absence of visual cues suggests a complexity of effect of striate ablation not explainable only in terms of visual loss.
Productivity, returns to scale and the elasticity of factor substitution in the USA apparel industry

Abstract In light of the growing trade deficit and unemployment in the US apparel industry, we estimate the industry's productivity and efficiency for the period 1976–93 utilizing a variable elasticity of factor substitution production function. The results indicate industry adjustment by increasing labor productivity and maintaining fairly stable profits despite job losses. Performance, thus far, does not justify additional protectionist trade policy. However, due to evidence of rapidly decreasing capital productivity, substantial technological improvements will be necessary. With an elasticity of factor substitution less than one and decreasing, an increase in factor prices could result in higher apparel prices and preference for cheaper imports. Competition in the industry could be intensified by recent rules of the WTO to liberalize trade in apparel.
Aspects of Rural Labor Market Operation: A Javanese Case Study: Discussion

In the context of applied research, where the measure of success should be the degree to which a project is implemented, an improved package is adopted, or benefit incidence is accurately anticipated, class analysis that formally incorporates institutional factors often can be an essential complement to conventional neoclassical analysis. The obvious reason is that while development interventions may be both technically and financially sound, local institutional structures often distort their intended impact and restrict access from subgroups defined by these institutions. Perhaps the most important contribution of the Hart-Sisler paper is the attempt to delineate labor markets on the basis of a class
Evaluating the Outcomes of Family-Based Intervention for Troubled Children: A Pretest-Posttest Study:

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 12-week family-based intervention for troubled children. One important element was to strengthen families. Method: Psy...
An adaptive reconfigurable active voltage doubler/rectifier for extended-range inductive power transmission

We present an adaptive reconfigurable active voltage doubler (VD)/rectifier (REC) (VD/REC) in standard CMOS, which can adaptively change its topology to either a VD or a REC by sensing the output voltage, leading to more robust inductive power transmission over an extended range. Both active VD and REC modes provide much lower dropout voltage and far better power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to their passive counterparts by adopting offset-controlled high-speed comparators that drive the rectifying switches at proper times in the high-frequency band. We have fabricated the active VD/REC in a 0.5- $\mu\hbox{m}$ 3-metal 2-poly CMOS process, occupying 0.585 $\hbox{mm}^{2}$ of chip area. In an exemplar setup, VD/REC extended the power transmission range by 33 $\%$ (from 6 to 8 cm) in relative coil distance and 41.5 $\%$ (from 53 $^{\circ}$ to 75 $^{\circ}$ ) in relative coil orientation compared to using the REC alone. While providing 3.1-V dc output across a 500- $\Omega$ load from 2.15- (VD) and 3.7-V (REC) peak ac inputs at 13.56 MHz, VD/REC achieved measured PCEs of 70 $\%$ and 77 $\%$ , respectively.
Directly observed reductive elimination of aryl halides from monomeric arylpalladium(II) halide complexes.

Monomeric, three-coordinate arylpalladium(II) halide complexes undergo reductive elimination of aryl halide to form free haloarene and Pd(0). Reductive elimination of aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides were observed upon the addition of P(t-Bu)3 to Pd[P(t-Bu)3](Ar)(X) (X = Cl, Br, I). Conditions to observe the equilibrium between reductive elimination and oxidative addition were established with five haloarenes. Reductive elimination of aryl chloride was most favored thermodynamically, and elimination of aryl iodide was the least favored. However, reductive elimination from the aryl chloride complex was the slowest, and reductive elimination from the aryl bromide complex was the fastest. These data show that the electronic properties of the halide, not the thermodynamic driving force for the addition of elimination reaction, control the rates for addition and elimination of haloarenes. Mechanistic data suggest that reversible reductive elimination of aryl bromide to form Pd[P(t-Bu)3] and free aryl brom...
Spectroscopic implications of new holographic imaging methods

Abstract Significant increases in luminosity, detection and resolution capabilities may result from extending to spectroscopic and astronomical instruments some of the new advances, recently made in the field of wavefront-reconstruction imaging (holography), first described by D. Gabor in 1948 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ). The recent advances 4−11 ) of which we have briefly described some early aspects elsewhere have already permitted us to obtain spectra in a holographic Fourier- transforming 7 ) 8 ) arrangement, using no scanning in the interferometer, and displaying the spectra by optical Fourier-transform reconstruction from the interferometric hologram 9 ), rather than by digital computation. In another work, we have now been able to holographically compensate a posteriori for the “slit spreading-effect”, in a coherent-light imaging system, and to retrieve the resolution by a corrtion-reconstruction method 10 ) 11 ). “Erasing” of selected image portions, by actually adding the complex amplitudes in two images, 180° out of phase, in a holographic arrangement has also been achieved 12 ) and may be used for increasing detection of selected image portions in astronomical and spectroscopic plates. Previously unpublished advances and some details of the new holographic imaging methods are given.
Limiting Distributions in Sequential Occupancy Problem

Abstract In a general sequential allocation scheme the limiting distribution of the instant at which a treatment receives the given number of subjects is derived. Classical occupancy problems, in particular, the Banach match-box problem and the birthday problem are shown to be closely related and are discussed.
Venous Resection in Urological Surgery

Purpose: Complete removal of retroperitoneal and pelvic tumors may require resection or ligation of major retroperitoneal, pelvic and mesenteric venous structures. We provide an overview of venous anatomy and collateral drainage, and review the veins that can be safely resected.Materials and Methods: We reviewed major anatomical texts, and performed a directed MEDLINE® literature search of retroperitoneal, pelvic and mesenteric venous anatomy. Resection and reconstruction of these vessels were also reviewed with an emphasis on collateral blood flow and post-resection sequelae.Results: The infrarenal inferior vena cava, iliac veins, left renal vein, lumbar veins, inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein may be resected or ligated without reconstruction. Resection of the right renal vein results in renal demise in the majority of instances. The portal vein may not be resected without reconstruction. Venous reconstruction may be performed with autologous or synthetic graft material.Conclusions: Most major v...
Speech technology in real world environment: early results from a long term study

Existing knowledge on how people use speech-based technologies in realistic settings is limited. We are conducting a longitudinal field study, spanning six months, to investigate how users with no physical impairments and users with upper body physical impairments use speech technologies when interacting with computers in their home environment. Digital data logs, time diaries, and interviews are being used to record the types of applications used, frequency of use of each application, and difficulties experienced as well as subjective data regarding the usage experience. While confirming many expectations, initial results have provided several unexpected insights including a preference to use speech for navigation instead of dictation tasks, and the use of speech technology for programming and games.
A REINFORCEMENT ANALYSIS OF THREE-MAN TEAM PERFORMANCE IN A PSYCHOLOGY COURSE

Student performance was measured in an introductory psychology course organized into four 3-man “series” and four 3-man “parallel” teams. Six hypotheses were set up to be tested in a situation where the primary dependent variables were responses made on quizzes by students performing alone, and students performing as part of a team. The hypotheses dealing with intra- and inter-team functioning were not confirmed. Hypotheses concerned with overall individual proficiency levels were supported by substantial gains made on post-team versus pre-team tests. It was concluded that reinforcement theory concepts were extrapolated successfully from the experimental laboratory to the college classroom when one considered the specific educational and behavioral objectives which the course of instruction sought to accomplish.
The Positive and Negative Framing of Affirmative Action: A Group Dominance Perspective:

Using a sample of 328 White, Latino, and Black Los Angeles County adults, the authors examined the tendency to employ various affirmative action "frames" (e.g., affirmative action as a "tie-breaking" device or as a quota-based policy). All three groups agreed about which frames cast affirmative action in a positive light and which cast it in a negative light. Although minorities had a tendency to frame affirmative action in terms that most people find morally acceptable, Whites had a tendency to frame affirmative action in terms most people find unacceptable. In addition, compared to minorities, Whites were less supportive of affirmative action regardless of how it was framed. LISREL modeling also was employed to test two competing models regarding predictors of the tendency to use frames that one personally finds to be relatively negative versus positive. Consistent with the expectations of social dominance theory and a motivated cognition perspective, the authors found that social dominance orientation (SDO) had significant net direct and indirect effects on one's framing of affirmative action.
Relationship of differentiation of self to adult clients' perceptions of the alliance in brief family therapy.

Abstract The authors examined differentiation of self, a multidimensional construct in Murray Bowen's (1976, 1978) family systems theory, as a predictor of clients’ perceptions of the therapeutic alliance. Adult clients (N=38) in brief family therapy completed the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (Skowron & Schmitt, 2003) during prescreening and the self-report version of the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances (Friedlander & Escudero, 2002) after Session 3. More differentiated adults reported significantly more positive overall alliances. In a canonical correlation analysis, four roots were extracted that together accounted for 56% of the shared variance. Interpretation of the single significant canonical root suggested that clients reporting less emotional reactivity were more likely to have strong feelings of safety in the family therapy context.