cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends in coverage, quality and equity of maternal and child health services in Rwanda, 2000-2015.

Introduction Achieving the maternal and child health (MCH)-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) will require equitable and effective (quality-adjusted) coverage of recommended health interventions in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed effective coverage and equity of MCH services in Rwanda in the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era to help guide policy decisions to improve equitable health gains in the SDG era and beyond. Methods Using four rounds of Rwanda demographic and health surveys conducted from 2000 to 2015, we identified coverage and quality indicators for five MCH services: antenatal care (ANC), delivery care, and care for child diarrhoea, suspected pneumonia and fever. We calculated crude coverage and quality in each survey and used these to estimate effective coverage. The effective coverage should be regarded as an upper bound because there were few available quality measures. We also described equity in effective coverage of these five MCH services over time across the wealth index, area of residence and maternal education using equiplots. Results A total of 48 910 women aged 15–49 years and 33 429 children under 5 years were included across the four survey rounds. In 2015, average effective coverage was 33.2% (range 19.9%–44.2%) across all five MCH services, 30.1% (range 19.9%–40.2%) for maternal health services (average of ANC and delivery) and 35.3% (range 27.3%–44.2%) for sick child care (diarrhoea, pneumonia and fever). This is in contrast to crude coverage which averaged 56.5% (range 43.6%–90.7%) across all five MCH services, 67.3% (range 43.9%–90.7%) for maternal health services and 49.2% (range 43.6%–53.9%) for sick child care. Between 2010 and 2015 effective coverage increased by 154.2% (range 127.3%–170.0%) for maternal health services and by 27.4% (range 4.2%–79.6%) for sick child care. These increases were associated with widening socioeconomic inequalities in effective coverage for maternal health services, and narrowing inequalities in effective coverage for sick child care. Conclusion While effective coverage of common MCH services generally improved in the MDG era, it still lagged substantially behind crude coverage for the same services due to low-quality care. Overall, effective coverage of MCH services remained suboptimal and inequitable. Policies should focus on improving effective coverage of these services and reducing inequities.
A Framework for Measuring Relevancy in Discovery Environments

Discovery environments are ubiquitous in academic libraries but studying their effectiveness and use in an academic environment has mostly centered around user satisfaction, experience, and task analysis. This study aims to create a quantitative, reproducible framework to test the relevancy of results and the overall success of Washington State University’s discovery environment (Primo by Ex Libris). Within this framework, the authors use bibliographic citations from student research papers submitted as part of a required university class as the proxy for relevancy. In the context of this study, the researchers created a testing model that includes: (1) a process to produce machine-generated keywords from a corpus of research papers to compare against a set of human-created keywords, (2) a machine process to query a discovery environment to produce search result lists to compare against citation lists, and (3) four metrics to measure the comparative success of different search strategies and the relevancy of the results. This framework is used to move beyond a sentiment or task-based analysis to measure if materials cited in student papers appear in the results list of a production discovery environment. While this initial test of the framework produced fewer matches between researcher-generated search results and student bibliography sources than expected, the authors note that faceted searches represent a greater success rate when compared to open-ended searches. Future work will include comparative (A/B) testing of commonly deployed discovery layer configurations and limiters to measure the impact of local decisions on discovery layer efficacy as well as noting where in the results list a citation match occurs.
Multiple RSV strains infecting HEp-2 and A549 cells reveal cell line-dependent differences in resistance to RSV infection.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of pediatric acute respiratory infection worldwide. There are currently no approved vaccines or antivirals to combat RSV disease. A few transformed cell lines and two historic strains have been extensively used to study RSV. Here we report a thorough molecular and cell biological characterization of HEp-2 and A549 cells infected with four strains of RSV representing both major subgroups as well as historic and more contemporaneous genotypes -- [RSV/A/Tracy (GA1), RSV/A/Ontario (ON), RSV/B/18537 (GB1), RSV/B/Buenos Aires (BA)] -- via measurements of viral replication kinetics and viral gene expression, immunofluorescence-based imaging of gross cellular morphology and cell-associated RSV, and measurements of host response including transcriptional changes and levels of secreted cytokines and growth factors. Our findings strongly suggest 1) the existence of a conserved difference in gene expression between RSV subgroups A and B; 2) the A549 cell line is a more stringent and natural host of replicating RSV than the HEp-2 cell line; and 3) consistent with previous studies, determining the full effects of viral genetic variation in RSV pathogenesis requires model systems as tractable as transformed cell lines but better representative of the human host. IMPORTANCEInfection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) early in life is essentially guaranteed and can lead to severe disease. In vitro data from two historic RSV/A strains and two cell lines, HEp-2 and A549, constitute most of our knowledge; but RSV contains ample variation from two evolving subgroups (A and B) showing recent convergent evolution. Here we measure viral action and host response in HEp-2 and A549 cells infected with four RSV strains from both subgroups and representing both historic and more contemporaneous strains. We discover a subgroup-dependent difference in viral gene expression and find A549 cells are more potently antiviral and more sensitive, albeit subtly, to viral variation. Our findings reveal important differences between RSV subgroups and two widely used cell lines and provide baseline data for experiments with model systems better representative of natural RSV infection.
Body Image Related to Sexual Health: Development of the Concept.

Introduction Disturbances in body image can have an impact on sexual health and are prevalent in women of reproductive age. Although body image is important, the definition of this concept is inconsistent across the disciplines of nursing, medicine, and psychology. Use of a consistent definition in clinical practice and research could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of disturbances in body image, thereby advancing research-based knowledge and clinical practice. The purpose of this concept development was to advance the concept of body image as it relates to sexual health among women of reproductive age from the perspectives of 3 disciplines with a strong focus on body image: nursing, medicine, and psychology. Methods Strategies for concept development as described by Rodgers provided the basis for this work. The process includes a search, review, and synthesis of the literature surrounding the concept of interest. Results Seventy-one articles, mostly qualitative and quantitative descriptive, were included and used to develop the concept. Body image related to sexual health in women of reproductive age is a multifaceted concept that is composed of an emotional and behavioral response to one's perceived appearance, sexuality, and degree of femininity. An individual's body image is influenced by sociocultural identities, race, ethnicity, and health status. It has both physical and psychological impact on health outcomes. Discussion This interprofessional and comprehensive definition of body image should enhance understanding, assessment, and management of body image disturbances, thus bridging disciplines and enhancing interprofessional research and practice.
Important Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccination of Children With Developmental Disabilities.

* Abbreviations: ASD — : autism spectrum disorder COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 DD — : developmental disability ID — : intellectual disability Children can transmit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and, although at a lower risk, can experience serious outcomes from infection. Vaccinating children against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential to protecting their health and establishing higher population immunity. In 2015–2017, 1 in 6 children aged 3 to 17 years had a developmental disability (DD) such as cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or intellectual disability (ID).1 DDs are a diverse group of chronic conditions that begin in childhood and can impact functioning throughout life. Despite limited data in public health surveillance systems, in some evidence, it is suggested that some children with DDs might be disproportionately affected by COVID-19, both by the illness itself and the pandemic’s impact on receipt of services. Children with DDs often have medical conditions that contribute to higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19,2 can experience barriers to accessing needed health care, and can possess other characteristics increasing their risk from COVID-19, including limited mobility, direct care requirements, and challenges practicing preventive measures and communicating illness symptoms.3 We describe the limited available data relevant for children with DDs and highlight other considerations for COVID-19 vaccination. In a cross-sectional study of >64 million US patients of all ages, COVID-19 incidence was >3 times higher among people with an ID than those without one.4 Among those with … Address correspondence to Sarah C. Tinker, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS S106-4, Atlanta GA 30333. E-mail: zzu9{at}cdc.gov
The cycle of workplace bias and how to interrupt it

Abstract A rich body of research throughout the social sciences demonstrates that bias—people’s tendency to display group-based preferences—is a major obstacle in the way of promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace. The current article moves beyond the single-level focus of prior theories of workplace bias to propose a novel theoretical model that conceptualizes workplace bias as a multilevel cycle. First, we discuss the theoretical foundations of our bias cycle theory and describe why understanding the nature of workplace bias—and effectively reducing it—requires considering the reciprocal influences of both individual and organizational levels of the cycle. Specifically, we describe how workplace bias operates as a cycle and then propose that successfully reducing workplace bias requires multilevel interventions that interrupt bias across both the individual and organizational levels of the cycle. Second, because workplace bias is reproduced through both of these levels, we review and bring together literatures that are often considered separately: psychology research on reducing bias at the individual level and sociology and management research on reducing bias at the organizational level. Third, we use our bias cycle theory to formulate general principles for determining how to begin and how to pair interventions across levels. Finally, we conclude by discussing our theoretical contributions and outlining directions for future research.
Membrane recycling in secretory cells: implications for traffic of products and specialized membranes within the Golgi complex.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the existence of considerable membrane recycling involving the Golgi and lysosomal elements in secretory cells. The results provide new information on the traffic of membranes and products through the Golgi complex. Evidence obtained on several glandular cell types using electron-dense tracers that points to the existence of recycling of granule membranes as containers for secretory products is presented in the chapter. According to the current concepts, to traverse the Golgi complex, membranes and products follow a unidirectional course from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cis Golgi cisternae, to trans Golgi cisternae, and finally to plasmalemma. The existence of a pathway from the cell surface to the Golgi complex has a number of important implications. It provides a route whereby informational molecules (hormones, catecholamines, and other agents) from the extracellular environment can reach a biosynthetic compartment and thereby influence additional intracellular events. A mechanism where surface membrane components (receptors, enzymes, and other membrane proteins) could be modified (reglycosylated, sulfated, and phosphorylated) in passage through the Golgi complex is also discussed in the chapter.
Radiation Effects in Nuclear Waste Materials

The objective of this project is to develop a fundamental understanding of radiation effects in glasses and ceramics, as well as the influence of solid-state radiation effects on aqueous dissolution kinetics. This study will provide the underpinning science to develop improved glass and ceramic waste forms for the immobilization and disposition of high-level tank waste, excess plutonium, plutonium residues and scrap, other actinides, and other nuclear waste streams. Furthermore, this study will develop predictive models for the performance of nuclear waste forms and stabilized nuclear materials. The research focuses on the effects of alpha and beta decay on defect production, defect interactions, diffusion, solid-state phase transformations, and dissolution kinetics. Plutonium incorporation, ion-beam irradiation, and electron-beam irradiation are used to simulate the effects of alpha decay and beta decay on relevant glasses and ceramics in experimental studies. Computer simulation methods are used to provide an atomic-level interpretation of experimental data and continuum-level modeling.
Early treatment of congenital hypothyroidism

Mass population screening of newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism was introduced in 1974 and now is a routine and effective means of early diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism throughout most of the industrialized world. A large number of affected infants and children have been treated with replacement thyroid hormone, and several reports of IQ measurements and functional assessments of 5-to 7-year-old treated children now are available. These reports document normal mean IQ values, satisfactory school performance, and minimal motor dysfunction in treated children. However, there have been reported correlations between lower IQ values and biologic parameters of the hypothyroid state in the neonatal period among several reported studies, and it is not yet clear whether early adequate treatment will reverse all of the effects of congenital hypothyroidism.
Muslim American Women in the Post-11 September Era

Political events can serve as an impetus for civic engagement or disengagement. The events of 9/11 have directed attention toward US Muslim communities and occasionally inflamed anti-Islam and anti-Muslim sentiments. This article explores the impact of the 11 September events on hijab-wearing Muslim American women. These events and the negative perception of Islam have paradoxically given rise to Muslim women's public presence and paved the way for their political engagement. Their efforts, however, have been hampered by Orientalist and Islamic fundamentalist ideologies, each advancing its own constructs of Muslim women; one seeking to ‘save’ them and the other to ‘protect’ them. Muslim women have found both ideologies oppressive. As a result, they have been actively challenging these ideologies in American society at large and within their own Muslim communities. Through civic engagement and participation in Muslim organizations, these women have been making efforts to redefine themselves, claim their sp...
Effect of anesthesia on gastroesophageal reflux in children: a study using BRAVO wireless pH study measurements

Background Adult studies suggest conscious sedation increases gastroesophageal reflux (GER), but the role of anesthesia on GER in children is unclear. Our aim was to study the anesthesia effects on GER and pH study interpretation in children. Methods Children undergoing BRAVO wireless pH capsule placement under anesthesia and study duration >36 h were included. We evaluated the pH parameters (number of reflux episodes >5 min, duration of longest reflux episode, time pH <4 and fraction time pH <4) at 1, 2, 6-h and total study duration blocks using 2 cutoff values (5.3% and 6%) for the worst day, average of both days, and 1st day alone. We compared time blocks to evaluate the effect of anesthesia on GER and the proportions of studies changing interpretation after excluding the 1st hour and 1st 2-h blocks to evaluate anesthesia effect on study interpretation. Key Results A total of 150 children were included. We found a significant increase on the pH parameters in the 1st hour compared to subsequent block times suggesting an effect of anesthesia on GER. We found no significant change in the proportion of studies interpreted as normal vs abnormal, however, excluding the initial 2 h of the study would change the study interpretation from abnormal to normal in up to 5% of patients. Conclusions & Inferences We found an effect of anesthesia increasing the GER parameters mainly in the 1st hour and up to the first 6 h of the study that may result in a change in the study interpretation.
PLIF flow visualization and measurements of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability of an air/SF6 interface

Investigations of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability carried out in shock tubes have traditionally used membranes to separate the two gases. The use of membranes, in addition to introducing other experimental difficulties, impedes the use of advanced visualization techniques such as planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Jones & Jacobs (1997) recently developed a new technique by which a perturbed, membrane-free gas–gas interface can be created in a shock tube. The gases enter the shock tube from opposite ends and exit through two small slots on opposite sides of the test section, forming a stagnation point flow at the interface location. A gentle rocking motion of the shock tube then provides the initial perturbation in the form of a standing wave. The original investigation using this technique utilized dense fog seeding for visualization, which allowed large-scale effects to be observed, but was incapable of resolving smaller-scale features. PLIF visualization is used in the present study to investigate the instability generated by two incident shock strengths ( M s = 1.11 and 1.21), yielding very clear digital images of the flow. Early-time growth rate measurements obtained from these experiments are found to be in excellent agreement with incompressible linear stability theory (appropriately adjusted for a diffuse interface). Very good agreement is also found between the late-time amplitude measurements and the nonlinear models of Zhang & Sohn (1997) and Sadot et al . (1998). Comparison of images from the M s = 1.11 and 1.21 sequences reveals a significant increase in the amount of turbulent mixing in the higher-Mach-number experiments, suggesting that a mixing transition has occurred.
Very charming baryons

The multiply charmed baryons have a very interesting spectroscopy and provide a unique laboratory for studying the strong interaction dynamics that bind quarks into hadrons. We wish to point out that the weak decay of these hadrons is also interesting and examine the flavor SU(3) predictions for their nonleptonic and semileptonic decay.
ILLEGAL INSIDER TRADING: IS IT RAMPANT BEFORE CORPORATE TAKEOVERS?

This paper investigates the role of insider trading as an explanation for the observed pre-announcement price run-ups for takeover targets. We hypothesize that if insider trading is a significant contributor to such price run-ups, then observed run-ups should be smaller for takeovers occurring after May 1986 (the beginning of the “insider trading scandal”) relative to those occurring prior to May 1986. The evidence suggests that insider trading is not, on average, a significant contributor to pre-announcement price run-ups.
The effect of metabolic inhibition on ion contents and sodium exchange in human lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes depleted of ATP by incubation in iodoacetate (IAA) and nitrogen (N2) lost K and gained Na. Isotopic Na exchange showed a fast fraction and a slower exponential fraction, the latter conventionally assumed to reflect surface membrane properties. The gain of cell Na was not accounted for by a decrease in 22Na efflux in either the slow or the fast fraction. After 3–5 hours, Na efflux increased. These results led us to question the concept that normal cell ion levels are maintained by an ATPase pump and could not be explained by exchange diffusion, cotransport, countertransport, or other inherently dissipative mechanisms. The data are, on the other hand, consistent with the concept that cell ion contents are determined by their relative exclusion from cell water coupled with selective adsorption onto fixed macromolecular anionic sites within the cell. In this view, the IAA, N2-induced rise in cell Na is due to the occupancy of adsorption sites losing K, while the increased isotopic exchange is due to a decreased activation energy for ion-site interaction.
Variant Hemodynamic Patterns in Mitral Stenosis

Of a total group of 86, 11 cases of proved significant mitral stenosis with cardiovascular hemodynamic data are presented. Four had normal pulmonary wedge and pulmonary artery pressures at rest and low cardiac index at rest and after mild exercise. It is postulated that such persons respond to mitral valve obstruction primarily by lowering cardiac output. The cardiac index in seven was normal at rest and after mild exercise. Thus there was no evidence that alteration of blood flow had occurred in response to the lesion. The values for pulmonary arteriolar resistance in three of these were qualitatively normal when flow was increased. These are considered to be examples of absent or inadequate changes in pulmonary vascular reactivity. The existence in a significant percentage of patients with mitral stenosis of a low cardiac output with normal resting pulmonary, arteriolar, and wedge pressures, or normal cardiac output despite elevation of these pressures infers that potent flow-regulating factors tors can operate independently of the obstructive lesion.
Yima: a second-generation continuous media server

Continuous media data requires a streaming architecture that can manage real-time delivery constraints and address the large size of CM objects. Although commercial systems ordinarily use proprietary technology and algorithms, making it difficult to compare their products with research prototypes, the authors have designed and developed Yima, a second-generation CM server that demonstrates several advanced concepts. Although this system has not yet achieved the refinement of commercial solutions, it is operational and incorporates lessons learned from first-generation research prototypes, including complete distribution, efficient online scalability, and synchronization of several media streams within a single frame. The paper discusses the multinode server architecture.
EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION ON GIBBERELLIC ACID SOLUTIONS AND GIBBERELLIN- LIKE SUBSTANCES IN BARLEY SEEDLINGS.

Aqueous solutions of 10−6 m gibberellic acid, irradiated with relatively low doses of gamma rays, failed to induce α-amylase activity in embryoless barley caryopses. The relationship between irradiation dose and gibberellic acid inactivation is an exponential one. Presence of the free hydroxyl radical scavengers, potassium iodide and p-aminobenzoic acid, protects the biological activity of gibberellic acid as it is measured by the α-amlyase bioassay. These results suggest that gibberellic acid in aqueous solutions is inactivated by gamma rays by an indirect action, probably through reactions with free radicals from the radiolysis of water. A reduction in the absorbance peak at 1750 cm−1, corresponding to the γ-lactone ring, follows exposure of gibberellic acid to gamma rays. Irradiation of young barley seedlings does not affect their content in gibberellin-like substances, but in seedlings from irradiated caryopses the concentration of the gibberellinlike substances is reduced.
Power-law and exponential tails in a stochastic priority-based model queue

We derive exact asymptotic results for a stochastic queueing model in which tasks are executed according to a continuous-valued priority. The distribution $P(\ensuremath{\tau})$ of the waiting times $\ensuremath{\tau}$ of executed tasks for this model is shown to behave asymptotically as a power law, $P(\ensuremath{\tau})\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}3∕2}$, when the average rates of task arrival $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and execution $\ensuremath{\mu}$ satisfy $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ (as was earlier noted empirically). For $\ensuremath{\mu}g\ensuremath{\lambda}$, $P(\ensuremath{\tau})\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}5∕2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}(\sqrt{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}\sqrt{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{)}^{2}\ensuremath{\tau}]$.
Studies of two-photon collisions at LEP2

A review of the recent experimental results on two-photon physics at LEP2 is presented. Differential cross-sections are measured for double-tagged hadronic γγ events by the ALEPH and OPAL collaborations. Single particle inclusive differential cross-sections are measured by the L3 experiment at center-of-mass energies between 189 GeV and 202 GeV. For the first time at LEP the production of prompt photons is studied in the collision of quasi-real photons using data taken by the OPAL experiment at LEP2 energies.
Size levels for simple closed curves

Abstract The concept of a size map and a size level have previously been defined. Size levels for arcs have been characterized. In this paper for a simple closed curve X we have given the necessary conditions for a size level in C(X) where the size is larger than or equal to zero but less than the size of the space. We have also given specific simple closed curves which produce certain levels which are less than the level of the space. We have characterized the size levels when the size is the size of the entire simple closed curve.
Does the Proton Contain Large Strange Quark Components

Abstract Two different measurements, the first moment of the spin-dependent structure function g 1 p ( x , Q 2 ) in polarized μ-p deep inelastic scattering and also the sigma-term in πN scattering, have been interpreted to require anomalously large strange quark components in the nucleon. We argue that such a conclusion is not a necessary consequence of the data. Instead we suggest that both measurements can be understood in the SU (6)-valence quark model along with QCD glue included in the nucleon axial current, but with little or no strangeness content in the nucleon, S γ μ γ 5 S> N ≈0 and S S> N ≈0 .
Self-ordered pointing performance following severe closed-head injury

This study investigated executive aspects of working memory in a severe closed-head injured (CHI) population. Thirty-four severe CHI participants (>1 year postinjury) and 34 controls completed an abstract design version of Petrides and Milner's (1982) self-ordered pointing task. CHI participants made more errors than controls on the 16-item trial, but not the 9-item trial. Both CHI and control participants were able to make use of strategic processing to improve SOPT performance. As anticipated, errors on the SOPT were associated with another measure of working memory (i.e., Reading Span Test) for the control group. In contrast, for the CHI participants, errors on the SOPT were associated with a measure of delayed visual memory (i.e., Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Visual Reproduction II subtest). Our findings suggest that, as a group, the primary factor resulting in poorer SOPT performance by the CHI group was a memory deficit and not the ability to utilize executive aspects of working memory.
The CMHC as a setting for residency education.

The authors review four approaches chairmen of departments of psychiatry have used to attempt to ensure quality resident education in CMHCs they do not control. Several examples are presented of administrative problems that may develop in this type of relationship. Based on this material and the authors' experience, a four stage administrative process is presented which emphasizes clear identification of goals and objectives, negotiation of a relationship that is beneficial to both the department and the CMHC, development of a written contract, and careful monitoring and evaluation of its progress. Designing a relationship in this fashion offers maximum opportunity for programmatic success.
Probing the steric limits of rhodium catalyzed hydrophosphinylation. P–H addition vs. dimerization/oligomerization/polymerization

Abstract The reactivity of secondary phosphine oxides containing bulky organic fragments in hydrophosphinylation reactions has been investigated using several rhodium based catalysts. Upon heating in a focused microwave reactor, HP(O)(2-C 6 H 4 Me) 2 adds to prototypical terminal alkynes affording a complex mixture containing 1,2 and 1,1-addition products. Addition of a second ortho-substituent (HP(O)Mes 2 ) completely suppresses the hydrophosphinylation reaction for alkyl and aryl substituted alkynes. Variations in the temperature, catalyst loading, solvent, and microwave power were unable to induce an addition reaction in the case of HP(O)Mes 2 . While this secondary phosphine oxide did not participate in the hydrophosphinylation reaction, it promoted the polymerization of phenylacetylene. HP(O)R 2 substrates are not commonly thought of as innocent ligands for rhodium complexes in reactions involving alkynes due to facile hydrophosphinylation. While this is certainly true for diphenylphosphine oxide, the chemistry presented herein suggests that HP(O)Mes 2 and related bulky secondary phosphine oxides have great potential as valuable ligands for rhodium catalyzed transformations involving alkynes due to their lack of reactivity towards the addition reaction.
Verifiable broadcasting and gossiping in communication networks

Abstract In network communication where messages may be corrupted in transmission, one way to verify the correctness of a given message is to arrange for nodes in the network to receive the message multiple times. For example, in broadcasting (one-to-all communication) from a given source node u, if a message sent by u is received by all other nodes at least k+1 times, then each node can perform k checks against the original message to verify that it has not been corrupted in transmission. Similar behavior would be useful for gossiping (all-to-all communication) where information held in each node is to be communicated to all other nodes. For an n-node network, we consider the problem of determining the minimum number of network links required to support this k-fold verifiability. We show that the minimum size β(n,k) of an n-vertex k-verifiable broadcast scheme is given by β(n,k)=⌈(k+2)(n−1)/2⌉. We also show that the minimum size γ(n,k) of an n-vertex k-verifiable gossip scheme satisfies ⌈(k+4)(n−1)/2⌉−⌊ log 2 n⌋⩽γ(n,k)⩽⌈(k+4)n/2⌉−4 . The value for β(n,k) and lower bound for γ(n,k) yield lower bounds for the size of a k-fault tolerant broadcast and gossip scheme which meet and improve, respectively, the previously known lower bounds for these schemes.
Highly effective thin film optical filter constructed of semiconductor quantum dot 3D arrays in an organic host

We calculate the imaginary part of the third order optical non-linearity for an array of semiconductor quantum dots in an organic host and show that it leads to large two-photon absorption. The calculated two-photon absorption is greater than currently measured materials. The large non-linearity results from a hybrid exciton formed in the inorganic-organic medium. The band gap of the semiconductor dot determines the spectral region of the resonances that vary from the visible to the near, mid and far infrared regions. We show that relatively small changes in the ratio of the quantum dot size to the quantum dot-to-dot spacing result in significant changes in the non-linearity. We briefly describe applications in communications, optical filters, and bio photonics for thin films comprising these hybrid excitions.
Clarification of the Anatomic Definition of the Bunion Deformity

Evolution of the terminology applied to the bunion deformity has progressed in parallel with our changing understanding of the deformity itself. Along this path of progression have been multiple terms, sometimes with multiple meanings. Hallux valgus and metatarsus primus varus are 2 of the most common terms for the deformity. Although commonly used, these descriptors can have multiple meanings, and inconsistencies in interpretation can lead to confusion. We propose a more detailed terminology to provide a more accurate description of the entire bunion deformity in 3 planes and for both the hallux and the metatarsal component of the deformity. The term we propose is hallux abducto valgus with metatarsus primus adducto valgus. An accurate understanding of the multiplanar position of the deformed foot is important for planning deformity correction. The descriptors in the terminology proposed will keep in the forefront the aspects of correction required for the first ray and hallux to be returned to an anatomically correct position.
Intracameral thrombin and the corneal endothelium

We perfused the endothelia of isolated human corneas mounted in the specular microscope with BSS Plus containing 1,000-U/ml or 100-U/ml dilutions of two commercially available topical thrombin preparations. Corneas perfused with thrombin at 1,000 U/ml showed intracellular and intercellular vacuole formation and altered junctional complexes. As listed on the package inserts, the thrombin preparations contained preservatives and other additives that present a significant osmotic load in 1,000-U/ml preparations. Corneas perfused with 100-U/ml thrombin solutions showed a significant attenuation in their deswelling rate but no ultrastructural alterations. One available thrombin preparation when diluted to 100 U/ml had a glycine concentration associated with previous retinal electroretinography changes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of one manufacturer's thrombin solution showed multiple high and low molecular weight constituents. Analysis of particulate contamination showed one 100-U/ml thrombin preparation to have a large quantity of particulates. Although thrombin may be useful when applied topically as an aid in surgical hemostasis, its use intraocularly presents substantial concern regarding the preparation's purity, additives, contaminants, and adverse effects on ocular tissues.
Semiparametric regression models with additive nonparametric components and high dimensional parametric components

This paper concerns semiparametric regression models with additive nonparametric components and high dimensional parametric components under sparsity assumptions. To achieve simultaneous model selection for both nonparametric and parametric parts, we introduce a penalty that combines the adaptive empirical L"2-norms of the nonparametric component functions and the SCAD penalty on the coefficients in the parametric part. We use the additive partial smoothing spline estimate as the initial estimate and establish its convergence rate with diverging dimensions of parametric components. Our simulation studies reveal excellent model selection performance of the proposed method. An application to an economic study on Canadian household gasoline consumption reveals interesting results.
Coupled-cluster method for open-shell singlet states

Abstract Open-shell singlet states of molecules must be described by two (spin-orbital) determinants, hence they cannot be calculated with standard single-reference correlated methods. We show that this problem can be solved using elements of the Hilbert space multi-reference coupled-cluster theory. Explicit algebraic equations are introduced and their application is illustrated by studying several excited states of ozone, ketene and diazomethane. Comparison with Fock space multi-reference coupled-cluster solutions is presented.
Control of Vibration Flow at the Joint of an L-Shaped Frame

There has been an increasing interest in vibration control in recent years. This is due to demands for mechanical structures to be lighter and faster. Lighter and faster structures are more prone to vibrations. Hence, there is an imperative need for practical solutions to vibration problems in complex practical mechanical systems. Regardless of the complexity of a structure, from wave vibration standpoint, it consists of only two basic types of structural components, namely, structural elements and structural joints. In this paper, a control strategy is developed for controlling vibrations flowing from one structural element to another through the structural joint. An L-shaped beam is studied as an example structure. Numerical results are given.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Temperature measurement in fire test furnaces

A study of errors associated with temperature measurement in fire endurance test furnaces has shown that conventionally used thermocouples are subject to large time constant errors in the first 20 minutes of a standard test.
Serial Transverse Enteroplasty Is Associated With Successful Short-Term Outcomes in Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome

Abstract Background The serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) has been shown to improve nutritional indices in an animal model of short bowel syndrome. The aim of this study was to review short-term surgical and nutritional outcomes in the first cohort of infants to undergo the STEP procedure at our institution. Methods All patients who underwent the STEP procedure during a 26-month period from February 2002 to March 2004 were reviewed. Paired t tests were used for comparisons between values pre-STEP and post-STEP ( P Results The STEP was performed on 5 patients, including 1 newborn. The STEP was used as a primary lengthening operation in 4 patients. Intestinal length was significantly increased in all patients with 18 (10-26) stapler applications. There were no perioperative complications and no evidence of intestinal leak or obstruction on routine postoperative contrast study. Nutritional follow-up was available on 3 subjects at 17 (11-26) months post-STEP. Percentage of enteral nutrition was significantly increased in these subjects ( P Conclusion The STEP procedure is a simple bowel-lengthening procedure with promising early surgical and nutritional outcomes. Further data from a multicenter registry are needed to demonstrate its long-term efficacy.
Electroxidation of sulfur slurries: Reaction rate studies

Abstract The rates of sulfur-assisted water electrolysis can be enhanced by addition of the redox-mediators of Fe 2+ , Ce 4+ , V 5+ and Cl − . Another approach to enhancing the reaction rates lies in operating the electrolysis cell at higher temperature. The anticipated advantages of high temperature operation are: (i) increase in the rates of reaction; (ii) lowering of the polarization potentials (i.e. overpotentials); and (iii) lowering of the reversible (thermodynamic) cell potentials. The energy usage for H 2 production for sulfur-assisted water electrolysis is computed and compared with that for ordinary water electrolysis.
Creativity, Freedom, and Authority: A New Perspective On the Metaphysics of Mathematics

I discuss a puzzle that shows there is a need to develop a new metaphysical interpretation of mathematical theories, because all well-known interpretations conflict with important aspects of mathematical activities. The new interpretation, I argue, must authenticate the ontological commitments of mathematical theories without curtailing mathematicians' freedom and authority to creatively introduce mathematical ontology during mathematical problem-solving. Further, I argue that these two constraints are best met by a metaphysical interpretation of mathematics that takes mathematical entities to be constitutively constructed by human activity in a manner similar to the constitutive construction of the US Supreme Court by certain legal and political activities. Finally, I outline some of the philosophical merits of metaphysical interpretations of mathematical theories of this type.
Pattern selection in dendritic solidification

It is shown that the dynamically selected velocity and tip radius of dendrites in the boundary-layer model of solidification have the special values which permit the existence of steady-state needle-crystal solutions. This result, in conjunction with considerations of stability, provides new insight concerning the validity of the marginal-stability hypothesis.
Discrepancy detection and vulnerability to misleading postevent information.

When people are exposed to misleading details after a witnessed event, they often claim that they saw the misleading details as part of the event. We refer to this as themisinformation effect. In four experiments, involving 570 subjects, we explored the role that discrepancy detection plays in the misinformation effect. Experiment 1 showed that subjects who naturally read a post-event narrative more slowly were more resistant to the effects of misleading information contained in the narrative. In Experiment 2, subjects who naturally read more slowly were more likely to detect a discrepancy between what they were reading and what was stored in their memory. In Experiment 3, subjects who were instructed to read slowly were more likely to detect a discrepancy than were those who were instructed to read quickly. In Experiment 4, subjects who were instructed to read slowly were more resistant to misleading postevent information. Taken together, these results suggest that longer reading times are associated with a greater scrutiny of postevent information. This leads to an increased likelihood that discrepancies will be detected and that the misinformation will be resisted.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, 17α-ETHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE AND METHYLTESTOSTERONE ON THE PLASMA CLEARANCE OF INFUSED CORTISOL

Ethinyl estradiol, 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone or methyltestosterone in respective dosages of 1 mg., 100 mg. and 100 mg. daily were given for periods of ten to sixteen days to adult males convalescing from an orthopedic disease. Following the administration of ethinyl estradiol, nonconjugated plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels increased two- to threefold, but 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone and ethyltestosterone were without effect. The plasma clearance of infused cortisol was decreased significantly in patients who received either ethinyl estradiol or 17α-ethyl-l 9-nortestosterone but was unaffected in patients given methyltestosterone. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect exerted by ethinyl estradiol on the removal of infused cortisol from plasma may be due to an increase in the plasma protein-binding of cortisol and also to a decrease in the hepatic catabolism of cortisol.
Limitations of Tachycardia Confirmation and Rate Classification Algorithms in a Third-Generation Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

Newer ICDs provide antitachycardia (ATP) and bradycardia pacing and cardioversion and defibrillaiion shocks based on sensed interval criteria. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the algorithm related errors in tachycardia confirmation and rate classification that occurred in patients with a third-generation, noncommitted, tiered ICD therapy. Forty-three consecutive patients with the Guardian ATP 4210 ICD, which uses an X out of Y sensed interval counting algorithm for tachycardia detection, confirmation, and classification were studied. Surface ECGs, intracardiac electrograms, stored data logs, and sense histories were reviewed to diagnose errors due to these algorithms that resulted in delivery of inappropriate therapy or inhibition of appropriate therapy. Sixty-eight classification or confirmation algorithm errors from 7,610 tachycardia detections (< 1 %) were diagnosed in 23 (53%) of 43 patients. Three types of errors not related to device or sensing lead malfunction or programming mistakes were seen. In 26 episodes, the confirmation algorithm failed to detect late tachycardia reversion of nonsustained tachyarrhythmias, on the last or next to last sensed interval, and did not inhibit ATP (n = 17) or shocks (n = 9). In 28 episodes, inaccurate classification of tachycardia rate resulted in inappropriate ATP (n = 23) or shock (n = 5) therapy. In 14 episodes, the posttherapy reconfirmation algorithm produced inhibition of VVI pacing and prolonged asystole following shock therapy. These errors in tachycardia confirmation and rate classification were due to the inherent limitations of the X out of Y counting algorithm.
Flexible statistical models allow improved prediction of coastal nitrate

Inflows of nitrate brought to the surface by coastal upwelling are essential for ocean life near the shore. Despite its importance, consistent long-term records of nitrate do not exist for much of the ocean. As a stand-in for direct nitrate concentration measurements, researchers have relied on water temperature measurements because research has shown that there is an inverse relationship between temperature and nitrate concentration. To investigate the viability of using temperature to estimate nitrate concentrations, Palacios et al. studied the region of the California Current, where long-term observations of nitrate going back to 1959 exist. Studies in this region also tracked properties such as temperature and salinity and the concentrations of oxygen, phosphorus, and silicate.
Yersinia: an update.

The 8th International Symposium on Yersinia was held in Turku, Finland, 4-8 September 2002.
Magnon focusing in thin ferromagnetic films

We study the focusing of bulk and surface spin waves in thin ferromagnetic films. This is done by first solving the implicit dispersion relation obtained from the magnetostatic Maxwell equations. We then obtain slowness surfaces (constant frequency curves in $k$-space) for the first four bulk modes and one surface mode. The focusing pattern is obtained from the slowness surface by finding the normal to the slowness surface and then evaluating the curvature at each point on the surface. Numerical examples are given for two materials, yttrium iron garnet and iron. It is found that the bulk modes are focused in four to eight distinct directions depending on the frequency and the applied magnetic field. For magnetostatic modes, the surface waves are not focused as strongly as the bulk waves. Also, we study the effect of the exchange interaction on the focusing pattern of both the bulk and surface waves. This is carried out by numerically solving the magnetostatic Maxwell equations along with the equations of motion for the magnetization in thin film to obtain the slowness surface and the focusing pattern. It is found that while the bulk wave focusing is not substantially affected by the exchange interaction, the surface waves now become as strongly focused as the bulk waves. In both cases the focusing direction is tunable with the frequency and applied field.