cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FINE STRUCTURE OF CHLORIDE CELLS FROM THREE SPECIES OF FUNDULUS

A morphological basis for osmoregulation in the teleosts was studied by comparing the fine structure of chloride cells found in epithelia of the gills of three species of fish: Fundulus heteroclitus which can survive in a wide range of salinities, and F. similis and F. chrysotus which are usually restricted to salt water and fresh water environments, respectively. Gills were removed from F. heteroclitus which had been laboratory adapted to either sea water or pond water. For a comparison, gills were also removed from the marine F. similis and the fresh water F. chrysotus which had been adapted to their natural environments. Gill-filaments were fixed in Millonig's phosphate buffered (pH 7.4), 1 per cent osmium tetroxide and were embedded in Epon. Thin sections of filaments were stained with lead hydroxide. The cytoplasm of chloride cells of all three species of Fundulus is heavily populated with mitochondria and is filled with tubules of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An orderly secretory cycle was indicated for chloride cells of salt water adapted F. heteroclitus and the marine F. similis. An amorphous material is observed in the agranular ER. Its density increases towards the apical end of the cell. In the apical cytoplasm, tubules of the agranular ER appear to converge and to discharge the amorphous material into an apical cavity. Except for the actual opening of the apical cavity, the distal end of salt water adapted chloride cells is characteristically shielded from the hypertonic environment by thin cytoplasmic flanges projecting from the neighboring epithelial cells. Chloride cells of the fresh water F. chrysotus resemble chloride cells of pond water adapted F. heteroclitus, in that these cells do not have apical cavities with the functional appearance of those in the sea water adapted forms. The distal end of fresh water adapted chloride cells is typically exposed to the free surface of the gill-filament. The possible function of the cell type is discussed.
The Relative Contributions of Word Identification Skill and Comprehension-Monitoring Behavior to Reading Comprehension Ability.

Ninety-five fourth-grade children completed measures of reading comprehension, word identification, and several aspects of comprehension-monitoring behavior. Correlations indicated that word identification was the strongest predictor of reading comprehension. However, hierarchical regression analysis indicated that after the effects of word identification were partialed, comprehension-monitoring behavior explained significant additional variability in reading comprehension. Subgroup analysis indicated that the effect of comprehension-monitoring behavior was strongest among those students whose word-analysis skills were less well developed. Results were interpreted as suggesting that comprehension-monitoring strategies can be used to compensate for weaknesses in word-identification skills.
Metal coverage dependence of local optical properties of semicontinuous metallic films

Semicontinuous silver films on insulator substrates, which exhibit unique electrical and optical properties, were studied experimentally and theoretically. The percolation threshold of the films, which were synthesized by laser ablation, was determined from a combination of studies of the surface morphology by electron microscopy and the dc electrical resistance as a function of metal concentration. Local optical properties measured by near-field optical microscopy were compared with theoretical results obtained using the Block elimination method, with good agreement. Local field distributions were found to depend on the metal concentration and wavelength of illumination. The degree of localization was found to increase at metal concentrations above and below the percolation threshold.
Surface heat and mass transfer coefficients for multiphase porous media transport models with rapid evaporation

Abstract Multiphase transport models of food processes require surface heat and mass transfer coefficients as boundary conditions that are traditionally assumed. A conjugate heat and mass transfer model is solved for simple microwave heating of food as a porous medium (from which vapor blows out) with air flow over it, such that there is no need to provide the boundary conditions at the food–air interface. Surface fluxes due to diffusion and flow (blowing) are computed for both vapor and heat from which transfer coefficients are obtained. As evaporation increases with heating, vapor flux due to pressure-driven flow increases but remains small compared with diffusive flux. Vapor accumulation at the interface increases the diffusive flux, leading to an 8% increase in mass transfer coefficient. Heat transfer at the interface occurs through both conduction and flow, and the heat transfer coefficient shows a slight decrease (10%) as blowing increases with heating. The rate of heating has minimal effect on the transfer coefficients.
A Strong Acid that Does Not Protonate Water

The nature of solvated acids in benzene and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents is sensitively revealed by IR spectroscopy. Two similarly strong, structurally related acids, triflic acid (CF3SO3H) and the N−H acid bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ((CF3SO2)2NH), behave quite differently toward water in these media. Triflic acid protonates water at the one-equivalent level to give the hydronium ion, H3O+. By contrast, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide forms a simple hydrate, (CF3SO2)2NH···OH2, even with water at the two-equivalent level. The difference arises from the differing abilities of the conjugate base anions to engage in H-bonding and ion pairing. It illustrates how acidity in low-dielectric media is critically dependent on the nature of the conjugate base anion. νO−H and νN−H stretching frequencies indicate that the H-bonding acceptor ability for solvents toward acidic protons increases in the order carbon tetrachloride < benzene ∼ 1,2-dichoroethane < water. With benzene, a marked tendency for acid...
Learning offspring optimizing mate selection

This poster paper presents a methodology for removing user-defined parameters at the parent selection stage, by allowing all individuals in the population to self-organize into pairs of mates.
Symmetry properties of chemical graphs. VI: Isomerizations of octahedral complexes

Isomerization of octahedral complexes XY6, by a mechanism known as diagonal twist (in which two ligands in cis positions, one to another, exchange sites) is considered. Construction of the corresponding isomerization graph is outlined (reported before by Balaban) and the problem of determining its symmetry is considered. Alternative routes for deducing the order of the automorphism group are described. The group is confirmed to be S6 and representative symmetry permutations (one for each of the 11 classes of S6) are shown. Alternative pictorial representations of the 15-vertex graph are also shown.
Effects of aging on myelinated nerve fibers in monkey primary visual cortex.

In monkeys, myelin sheaths of the axons in the vertical bundles of nerve fibers passing through the deeper layers of primary visual cortex show age-related alterations in their structure. These alterations have been examined by comparing the myelin sheaths in young monkeys, 5–10 years old, with those in old monkeys, between 25 and 33 years of age. The age-related alterations are of four basic types. In some sheaths, there is local splitting of the major dense line to accommodate dense cytoplasm derived from the oligodendrocytes. Other sheaths balloon out, and in these locations, the intraperiod line in that part of the sheath opens up to surround a fluid-filled space. Other alterations are the formation of redundant myelin so that a sheath is too large for the enclosed axon and the formation of double sheaths in which one layer of compact myelin is surrounded by another one. These alterations in myelin increase in frequency with the ages of the monkeys, and there is a significant correlation between the breakdown of the myelin and the impairments in cognition exhibited by individual monkeys. This correlation also holds even when the old monkeys, 25 to 33 years of age, are considered as a group. It is suggested that the correlation between the breakdown of myelin in the old monkeys and their impairments in cognition has not to do specifically with visual function but to the role of myelin in axonal conduction throughout the brain. The breakdown of myelin could impair cognition by leading to a change in the conduction rates along axons, resulting in a loss of synchrony in cortical neuronal circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:364–376, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimal control landscape for the generation of unitary transformations

The generation of specific unitary transformations is central to a variety of quantum control problems. Given a target unitary transformation, the optimal control landscape is defined as the Hilbert-Schmidt distance between the target and controlled unitary transformation as a function of the control variables. The critical topology of the landscape is analyzed for controllable quantum systems evolving under unitary dynamics over a finite dimensional Hilbert space. It is found that the critical regions of the landscape corresponding to global optima are isolated points, and the local optima are Grassmannian submanifolds. The volumes of the critical submanifolds corresponding to suboptimal critical values asymptotically vanish in the limit of large Hilbert space dimension. Furthermore, these critical submanifolds have saddle-point topology, which cannot act as traps when searching for optimal controls. These favorable properties of the local optima suggest that the landscape topology is generally amenable to optimization. The analysis is independent of the particular structure of the system Hamiltonian, except for the assumption of full controllability, and the results are universal to the control of unitary transformations of any quantum system.
Herpes zoster following sacral nerve stimulation for overactive bladder

Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a viral infection caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which commonly causes chickenpox in childhood. This virus remains dormant in nerve ganglia. When reactivated, it leads to the development of cutaneous blisters in a dermatomal distribution based on the nerve root affected. Many factors have been theorized to prompt viral reactivation, such as an immunocompromised state (for example in the elderly), trauma and stress. There are a limited number of case reports of herpes zoster following neurosurgery where nerve root manipulation led to shingles outbreaks. To our knowledge we report the first case of herpes zoster following placement of a sacral nerve root electrode for neuromodulation of overactive bladder. CASE REPORT A 73-year-old woman with refractory symptoms of urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence, as well as fecal incontinence who had previously failed anticholinergic therapy underwent first stage placement of a sacral nerve root electrode while under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. With the patient in the prone position, the third sacral foramen on the right side was identified using a foramen needle under fluoroscopic guidance. An angiographic catheter (14 gauge) was then advanced through the S3 foramen, and a permanent quad electrode was then positioned anterior to the right S3 foramen. Thus, the electrode traversed the S3 foramen and ended anterior to the sacrum, adjacent to the lumbosacral nerve plexus. Electrical stimulation confirmed proper positioning, with perceived sensations in the rectum and vagina. In addition, fluoroscopy confirmed positioning of the electrode at the S3 level. An external pulse generator was connected and the patient was instructed on use of the device. She was discharged home the same day on oral antibiotics. The patient returned approximately 1 week postoperatively complaining of significant pain in the right lower extremity. She reported significant improvement in urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence, as well as complete resolution of fecal incontinence. The stimulation settings of the quad electrode were changed in an attempt to reduce the lower extremity discomfort, which was thought to be related to stimulation of the second sacral nerve roots. The patient then returned on postoperative day 10 complaining of a painful rash along the right inner thigh. Physical examination revealed erythematous, fluid filled blisters along the right inner thigh and medial portion of the right knee, consistent with L2 and L3 dermatomal distributions (see figure). The sacral electrode was disconnected from any electrical stimulation, and the patient received a course of oral acyclovir and analgesics. She denied any history of herpes zoster. The outbreak resolved within several weeks. However, the patient has not undergone conversion to an internal pulse generator due to concurrent medical problems. To date, she has not undergone restimulation of the electrode.
Rapid changes in microbial biomass and aggregate size distribution in response to changes in organic matter management in grass pasture

Abstract Adding high quantities of organic matter can increase carbon (C) inputs to soil and help maintain soil structure. This study investigated short-term effects of application of different levels of composted dairy manure (CDM) versus interseeding a legume into grass pasture on aggregate stability and soil C and nitrogen (N) contents. CDM was added to a mixture of perennial grasses at 22.4, 33.6 or 44.8 Mg ha− 1. A grass–legume treatment was established by interseeding alfalfa (Medicago sativa) into the grass mixture. A no-input control was sampled as a reference. Soils (0–5 and 5–15 cm) were sampled approximately 1.5 years after study implementation and wet sieved to obtain four aggregate size classes: large macroaggregates (> 2000 μm), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt and clay fraction ( 250 μm) and mean weight diameter (MWD) than CDM added at 22.4 or 33.6 Mg ha− 1. Addition of CDM at low dose rate and alfalfa did not affect total soil or aggregate-associated organic C or N. However, addition of CDM at 44.8 Mg ha− 1 and alfalfa resulted in higher total soil microbial biomass C and N compared to CDM added at 22.4 and 33.6 Mg ha− 1. Large macroaggregates were found to be positively correlated with total soil microbial biomass C (R = 0.81, p = 0.002). In conclusion, compared to a low application rate of CDM, addition of a high application rate of CDM or alfalfa interseeding resulted in higher total soil microbial biomass C and N and macroaggregates, and these changes in microbial biomass and aggregation occurred very rapidly.
Analysis of induced velocities in the wake of a hovering helicopter rotor

A simple analytical method has been developed to predict the induced velocities at the tip vortex in the wake of a hovering helicopter rotor. The wake model in the analysis includes the blade bound vortex as well as a tip vortex and vortex sheet trailed from each blade. Standard, prescribed wake models were used to describe the geometry of the tip vortex and the vortex sheet. Curved vortex elements were used to model the tip vortices and the vortex sheets. The analysis was used to study the contribution from each wake component to the axial-induced velocity of the tip vortex. Results show a highly variable induced velocity at the tip vortex both before and after the first blade passage. However, the prescribed tip vortex models require a constant axial velocity of the tip vortex. This inconsistency between the prescribed axial velocity of the tip vortex and the velocity that the wake geometry induces on the tip vortex points to a limitation of the current prescribed tip vortex geometry models.
Scaling Laws Applied to a Modal Formulation of the Aeroservoelastic Equations

A method of scaling is described that easily converts the aeroelastic equations of motion of a full-sized aircraft into ones of a wind-tunnel model. To implement the method, a set of rules is provided for the conversion process involving matrix operations with scale factors. In addition, a technique for analytically incorporating a spring mounting system into the aeroelastic equations is also presented. As an example problem, a finite element model of a full-sized aircraft is introduced from the High Speed Research (HSR) program to exercise the scaling method. With a set of scale factor values, a brief outline is given of a procedure to generate the first-order aeroservoelastic analytical model representing the wind-tunnel model. To verify the scaling process as applied to the example problem, the root-locus patterns from the full-sized vehicle and the wind-tunnel model are compared to see if the root magnitudes scale with the frequency scale factor value. Selected time-history results are given from a numerical simulation of an active-controlled wind-tunnel model to demonstrate the utility of the scaling process.
A Feminist Critique of Articles about Women Published in the Community College Journal of Research and Practice: 1990-2000.

This feminist critique of articles published about women in the Journal of Community College Research and Practice from 1990 to 2000 considers the extent to which they use feminist literature, frameworks, and methodology. The authors interrogate these articles' findings and the implications drawn from them asking whether they serve feminist goals of social change, women's emancipation, and institutional transformation. The critique examined 15 women-centered articles and 11 articles that treated gender as a variable. The analysis illustrated how the application of feminist tools of inquiry can generate further insights about women's participation in the community college and calls for the empowerment of women as participants and researchers through more extensive integration of women's studies in graduate programs.
Nondestructive evaluation of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Acoustic emission has been used as a nondestructive evaluation technique to examine the thermal shock response of thermal barrier coatings. In this study, samples of partially stabilized zirconia powder were sprayed and acoustic emission (AE) data were taken in a series of thermal shock tests in an effort to correlate AE with a given failure mechanism. Microstructural evidence was examined using parallel beam x-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. The AE data are discussed in terms of cumulative amplitude distributions and the use of this technique to characterize fracture events.
Towards an informative mutant phenotype for every bacterial gene

Mutant phenotypes provide strong clues to the functions of the underlying genes and could allow annotation of the millions of sequenced yet uncharacterized bacterial genes. However, it is not known how many genes have a phenotype under laboratory conditions, how many phenotypes are biologically interpretable for predicting gene function, and what experimental conditions are optimal to maximize the number of genes with a phenotype. To address these issues, we measured the mutant fitness of 1,586 genes of the ethanol-producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 across 492 diverse experiments and found statistically significant phenotypes for 89% of all assayed genes. Thus, in Z. mobilis, most genes have a functional consequence under laboratory conditions. We demonstrate that 41% of Z. mobilis genes have both a strong phenotype and a similar fitness pattern (cofitness) to another gene, and are therefore good candidates for functional annotation using mutant fitness. Among 502 poorly characterized Z. mobilis genes, we identified a significant cofitness relationship for 174. For 57 of these genes without a specific functional annotation, we found additional evidence to support the biological significance of these gene-gene associations, and in 33 instances, we were able to predict specific physiological or biochemical roles for the poorly characterized genes. Last, we identified a set of 79 diverse mutant fitness experiments in Z. mobilis that are nearly as biologically informative as the entire set of 492 experiments. Therefore, our work provides a blueprint for the functional annotation of diverse bacteria using mutant fitness.
Phonemic vs. derived glides

Abstract Previous accounts of glides have argued that all glides are derived from vowels. In this paper, we examine data from Karuk, Sundanese, and Pulaar which reveal the existence of two types of phonologically distinct glides both cross-linguistically and within a single language. “Phonemic” glides are distinct from underlying vowels and pattern with other sonorant consonants, while “derived” glides are non-syllabic, positional variants of underlying vowels and exhibit vowel-like behavior. It is argued that the phonological difference between these two types of glides lies in their different underlying featural representations. Derived glides are positional variants of vowels and therefore featurally identical. In contrast, phonemic glides are featurally distinct from underlying vowels and therefore pattern differently. Though a phonological distinction between these two types of glides is evident in these three languages, a reliable phonetic distinction does not appear to exist.
Cirrus cloud iridescence: a rare case study.

On the evening of 25 November 1998, a cirrus cloud revealing the pastel colors of the iridescence phenomenon was photographed and studied by a polarization lidar system at the University of Utah Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (FARS). The diffraction of sunlight falling on relatively minute cloud particles, which display spatial gradients in size, is the cause of iridescence. According to the 14-year study of midlatitude cirrus clouds at FARS, cirrus rarely produce even poor iridescent patches, making this particularly long-lived and vivid occurrence unique. In this unusually high (13.2–14.4-km) and cold (-69.7 ° to -75.5°) tropopause-topped cirrus cloud, iridescence was noted from ∼6.0° to ∼13.5° from the Sun. On the basis of simple diffraction theory, this indicates the presence of particles of 2.5–5.5-μm effective diameter. The linear depolarization ratios of δ = 0.5 measured by the lidar verify that the cloud particles were nonspherical ice crystals. The demonstration that ice clouds can generate iridescence has led to the conclusion that iridescence is rarely seen in midlatitude cirrus clouds because populations of such small particles do not exist for long in the presence of the relatively high water-vapor supersaturations needed for ice-particle nucleation.
Projected ranges of energetic ions in solids

Abstract Projected range equations, including nuclear and electronic energy losses up to the third moment, are derived as a simple and accurate means to evaluate projected ranges of energetic ions in solids. With the proposed expressions for the nuclear stopping cross section and the third-moment of both nuclear and electronic energy losses, good agreement is observed between the calculated results and experimental data for the projected ranges of ions in both single- and multi-component target materials.
Oxytocin protects against negative behavioral and autonomic consequences of long-term social isolation

Positive social interactions and social support may protect against various forms of mental and physical illness, although the mechanisms for these effects are not well identified. The socially monogamous prairie vole, which--like humans--forms social bonds and displays high levels of parasympathetic activity, has provided a useful model for investigating neurobiological systems that mediate the consequences of sociality. In the present study, adult female prairie voles were exposed to social isolation or continued pairing with a female sibling (control conditions) for 4 weeks. During weeks 3 and 4 of this period, animals were administered oxytocin (20 microg/50 microl, s.c.) or saline vehicle (50 microl, s.c.) daily for a total of 14 days. In Experiment 1, autonomic parameters were recorded during and following isolation or pairing. Isolation (vs. pairing) significantly increased basal heart rate (HR) and reduced HR variability and vagal regulation of the heart; these changes in isolated animals were prevented with oxytocin administration. In Experiment 2, behaviors relevant to depression [sucrose intake and swimming in the forced swim test (FST)] were measured as a function of isolation. Isolation reduced sucrose intake and increased immobility in the FST; these behaviors also were prevented by oxytocin. Administration of oxytocin did not significantly alter cardiac, autonomic or behavioral responses of paired animals. These findings support the hypothesis that oxytocinergic mechanisms can protect against behavioral and cardiac dysfunction in response to chronic social stressors, and can provide insight into social influences on behavior and autonomic function in humans.
Persistence of cryotherapy induced ischemia for hours after cooling ends

Orthopedic surgery and sports medicine commonly use cryotherapy to reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, lower the chance of secondary hypoxic injury, and decrease hematoma formation [1,2]. Methods of cryotherapy vary widely in their sophistication, ranging from bags of ice or freezable gel packs to liquid perfusion cryotherapy devices. These perfusion cryotherapy devices circulate near 0°C water through a flexible bladder, resulting in localized tissue cooling.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Princess of Parallelograms and her daughter: Math and gender in the nineteenth century English aristocracy

Abstract The biographical study of women mathematicians is important both to provide role models and to explore how girls learn math and are motivated to pursue mathematical careers. An intriguing example, particularly in the light of recent feminist scholarship exploring object-relations theory and the gendering of math learning styles, is that of the “Princess of Parallelograms,” Annabella, Lady Byron, and her daughter, Ada, Lady Lovelace, who made important contributions to the development of the computer. The many factors which led to the serious pursuit of mathematics by both women are explored. In the single-parent household of Lady Byron and her daughter, mathematics became an important part of the emotional connection between the two women. Ultimately, however, the artificial separation between reason and intuition had to be overcome before the daughter achieved professional success. Mathematics, which originally connected her to her mother, eventually provided Ada with full personal and professional autonomy.
Thermal Desorption of Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (III) (Alq3) on Cu(111)

The thermal properties of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (III) (Alq3), widely used in organic light-emitting diodes, have been examined on Cu(111) using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Two molecular desorption peaks are evident in TPD. Strikingly, the lower temperature (α) peak at ∼450 K develops first, but is not saturating, whereas the higher temperature (β) peak at ∼500 K appears later and grows more rapidly than the (α) peak. For the model proposed, as-deposited Alq3 forms an amorphous phase that converts to a crystalline phase in competition with desorption during TPD and a possible crystalline formation from the deposition. Consistent with this model, annealing at 400 K slowly shifts the subsequent TPD intensity from the (α) to the (β) peak. TPD after heating to 470 K and rapidly cooling to <350 K exhibits a strong (β), but no (α), peak.
Autism spectrum disorders and motor skills: the effect on socialization as measured by the Baby And Infant Screen For Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT).

Purpose: To examine the effects of ASD diagnosis and motor skills on socialization in young children.Methods: Two samples were used: gross motor skills sample (n = 408) and fine motor skills sample (n = 402). The Battelle Developmental Inventory–Second Edition assessed motor skills, while the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits, Part 1 assessed socialization.Results: A main effect of diagnosis was found for both samples on socialization such that those with autism exhibited the most severe deficits followed by those with PDD-NOS and then atypically developing children. There was a main effect for gross motor skills, with high gross motor skills showing less social impairment. The interaction term was only significant in regards to fine motor skills.Conclusions: The individual effects of ASD diagnosis and motor impairment as well as the interaction have implications for the assessment and treatment in these individuals.
Grain‐scale permeabilities of faceted polycrystalline aggregates

Porous synthetic quartzites and amphibolites, each with faceted pore walls, were synthesized and evaluated to examine the permeability of pore networks similar to those of the lower crust and mantle. Quartzite with a fluid in equilibrium with an Mg–clinopyroxene contained connected networks of pores with a dihedral angle of 30° bounded by walls that were 10–50% faceted. The relationship of their permeability (k) to porosity (φ) is approximated by the previously determined relationship for relatively nonfaceted synthetic quartzite Amphibolite with an HF fluid contained fluorotremolite and a connected network of pores bounded by walls exhibiting 78–90% faceting. These materials showed much lower k for a given φ, with an apparent permeability threshold at φc = 0.04. A curve fit to these data yields The results suggest that moderate faceting has little effect on the transmission of fluids through rocks, but extensive faceting significantly alters permeability. This difference is most likely produced through isolation of the fluid to the grain corners at low φ with extensive faceting. Rocks with pores that tend toward faceting may impede the flow of fluids and melt.
Evaluating dispersion in gel permeation chromatography II. The injection—detection system☆☆☆

The standard injection—detection system in the Waters Gel Permeation Chromatograph can lead to significant contributions to peak broadening and retention time when single columns or short columns are used in the gel permeation chromatography of macromolecular solutes. Use of a micro refractometer cell and elimination of all excess tubing, including the heat exchanger, led to significant reductions in contributions to peak width at half-height (0.065 to 0.019 in. at standard recorded-chart speed and a flow rate of 1 cc/min) and to retention time (0.166 to 0.040 in.) from the injection—detection system. Anomalies in the chromatograms such as spurious peaks and severe tailing were also eliminated. HETP data as a function of flow rate agreed with theory (Part I of this series); HETP for a nonpermeating macromolecular solute was always greater than that for a permeating low-molecular-weight solute (1.4 × 10−3vs. 0.8 × 10−3 ft. at 1 cc/min). Values of D/Udp were approximately constant near 5.0 for Reynolds' numbers between 0.03 and 0.3.
4-hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, impairs glutamate transport in cortical astrocytes

Astrocytes possess plasma membrane glutamate transporters that rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular milieu and thereby prevent excitotoxic injury to neurons. Cellular oxidative stress is increased in neural tissues in a variety of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Recent findings suggest that oxidative stress increases neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity and that membrane lipid peroxidation plays a key role in this process. We now report that 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport in cultured cortical astrocytes. Impairment of glutamate transport occurred within 1-3 h of exposure to HNE; FeSO4, an inducer of membrane lipid peroxidation, also impaired glutamate transport. Vitamin E prevented impairment of glutamate transport induced by FeSO4, but not that induced by HNE, consistent with HNE acting as an effector of lipid peroxidation-induced impairment of glutamate transport. Glutathione, which binds and thereby detoxifies HNE, prevented HNE from impairing glutamate transport. Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemical analyses using an antibody against HNE-protein conjugates provided evidence that HNE covalently binds to many different astrocytic proteins including the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Data further suggest that HNE promotes intermolecular cross-linking of GLT-1 monomers to form dimers. HNE also induced mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of peroxides in astrocytes. Impairment of glutamate transport and mitochondrial function occurred with sublethal concentrations of HNE, concentrations known to be generated in cells exposed to various oxidative insults. Collectively, our data suggest that HNE may be an important mediator of oxidative stress-induced impairment of astrocytic glutamate transport and may thereby play a role in promoting neuronal excitotoxicity.
FSH-Releasing Factor Activity in Plasma of Rats After Hypophysectomy and Continuous Light1

Comparison of plasma from adult male hypophysectomized rats (1 and 2 months after surgery) with plasma from intact male rats for FSH-releasing activity showed that only plasma from the former induced release of FSH upon incubation with rat pituitary. When male rat pituitary was incubated with plasma from intact rats or with medium 199, no significant FSH release was observed in either group. FSH activity was not detected in plasma of intact or hypophysectomized rats when injected into assay rats, indicating that the FSH-releasing activity was not FSH. Exposure of hypophysectomized rats to constant light for 3 weeks increased FSH-releasing activity in the plasma to levels greater than found after hypophysectomy alone. Assays of hypothalamic FSH-RF content in intact, hypophysectomized, and hypophysectomized rats exposed to constant illumination showed no significant differences between any of these groups. These results suggest that hypophysectomy and constant light stimulate release of FSH-RF from the hypo...
Transduction and tuning by vertebrate hair cells

The internal ear, or labyrinth, displays extraordinary sensitivity: an acoustical signal at the human auditory threshold or a just-perceptible acceleration imparts to the ear less than an attowatt of power, the power presented to an eye by the absorption of one photon per second. The detectors for such miniscule stimuli are hair cells, specialized mechanoreceptors that transduce inputs into membrane-potential changes. In addition to endowing animals with great sensitivity to sounds, vibrations and accelerations, the organs of the internal ear are selectively responsive to inputs of behavioral importance to each species. The hair cells of the vestibular apparatus, for example, are sensitive to accelerations of particular orientations, while the receptors in the auditory system characteristically respond best to sounds of certain frequencies. Hair cells are accordingly not passive transducers; through their electrical and mechanical properties they also contribute to the selection of stimuli. I discuss here the current evidence bearing on both these roles of the vertebrate hair cell, that of transduction and that of filtering stimuli.
Septal lesions, intramaze cues and spatial behavior in rats☆

Abstract In agreement with previous findings septal lesions profoundly disrupted performance of a preoperatively established spatial habit in an 8 arm radial maze. The addition of intramaze cues that served to make each arm distinct did not improve performance of the subjects with septal lesions. The few animals with septal lesions that reacquired proficient performance apparently did so by adopting and adhering to response strategies. Derangement of complex spatial behavior following septal lesions appears to involve an inability to use spatial information rather than a shift in behavioral control from interoceptive response-produced cues to exteroceptive stimuli.
Assessment of carotid artery invasion in patients with head and neck cancer.

Purpose Define radiological and histological features in which patients with head and neck cancer would benefit from a carotid artery resection. Resection of the carotid artery has been advocated for local control of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. To provide appropriate preoperative counseling and optimize the utilization of resources, the criteria for patient selection has to be defined. Methods Thirty-four patients underwent carotid artery resection based on the clinical impression of tumor fixation. Eighteen and 28 patients were evaluated using computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis, respectively. The distance between the tumor cells and external elastic lamina was measured. CT scans were examined to determine the circumference of tumor attachment around the carotid artery. Results Clinical assessment predicted tumor within 1.8 mm of the carotid artery in 68% of cases. The overall survival for patients with tumor greater than 1.8 mm (N = 9) was better than that of patients with less (N = 19) than 1.8 mm (33.3% vs. 5.3%; median 24 versus 9 mo, P = .0899). Three of six patients (50%) with less than 180 degrees circumference tumor attachment had tumor within 1.8 mm from the external elastic lamina. Eight of twelve patients (67%) with tumors encompassing more than 180 degrees of the artery wall had tumor within 1.8 mm from the external elastic lamina. The overall survival rates for patients with tumor attachment greater and less than 180 degrees were 8.3% and 33%, respectively. Discussion Tumor invasion into the carotid artery was the strongest predictor of outcome. Clinical assessment was as predictive as CT for tumor invasion. If tumor involvement of the carotid artery is less than 180 degrees, peeling the tumor is an alternative to carotid artery resection.
Down-regulation of fragile histidine triad expression in prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene is a tumor suppressor gene that belongs to the histidine triad family of nucleoside binding proteins. The gene encompasses the common human chromosomal fragile site, the FRA3B locus at chromosome 3p14.2, and is expressed in most normal adult tissues and tumor cell lines. Numerous studies have indicated that the FHIT gene on chromosome 3p may play an important role in human neoplasia, although very few studies have investigated the FHIT gene in prostate carcinoma. METHODS Using immunohistochemical analyses, the authors studied the expression of FHIT in prostate tumors from 84 radical prostatectomy specimens to determine whether there were any correlations between FHIT expression and various clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS The percentages of cells stained with antibody to FHIT were significantly lower overall for tumor cells compared with normal cells (P = 0.0001). FHIT immunostaining intensity also was significantly lower for tumor cells compared with normal cells (P = 0.0001). A weak but statistically significant correlation (P = 0.045) was demonstrated with the presence of extraprostatic extension in the patient samples. No other significant correlation was seen between the percentage of cells stained for FHIT or FHIT immunostaining intensity and Gleason grade, tumor stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, surgical margins, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, or the presence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS The data presented indicate a down-regulation of the FHIT tumor suppressor gene in prostate carcinoma and, thus, propose a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2003;97:1447–52. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11201
The Ridges of Europa: Extensions of Adjacent Topography onto their Flanks

Abstract The surface of Europa displays numerous generations of intersecting arrays of linear ridges. At some locations along these ridges, older ridges on adjacent terrain appear to extend up the flank of a more recent ridge. It has thus been suggested that the ridges may have formed by upturning of that adjacent terrain. However, the newer ridges generally appear to be material deposited over the older terrain. Here we consider how the morphology of the overprinted topography may have been inherited by the more recent ridges. An analogous process occurs along some sediment-starved convergent plate boundaries on Earth, where the poorly consolidated material of a frontal prism of an overriding plate is pushed over preexisting ridges and seamounts on the downgoing plate. The overriding plate inherits the morphology of the downgoing plate even though the actual extension of that topography has been underthrust and buried. A well-studied example lies offshore of Costa Rica where the Caribbean plate overrides the Cocos plate. Experiments show other mechanisms as well: mass-wasting down a flank can result in extensions of adjacent ridges thanks to the geometry imposed by a constant angle of repose; in addition, more pronounced extensions of the older ridges result if the new ridge grows as it is bulldozed from behind (i.e., from the central groove of a double ridge on Europa). The shapes of the ridge extensions are distinctly different in these two cases. If tidal pumping extrudes material to the surface at the center of a double ridge, it might drive the latter mechanism. The ridge extensions observed on the flanks of more recent ridges may provide a crucial diagnostic of dominant ridge-building mechanisms when and if additional images are obtained at high resolution from future exploration. In additional to their morphology, the distribution of ridge extensions at only isolated locales may also provide constraints on ridge formation processes and their diversity.
Proline Metabolism in Tetrahymena1

SYNOPSIS. By the use of 14C-labeled substrates it has been shown in Tetrahymena that proline is rapidly and completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and glutamate (65–70%), plus small amounts of aspartate and alanine (20%), the remainder being incorporated into macromolecular cell components. In comparison, acetate, glucose and glutamate are oxidized to a lesser extent (55%, 37% and 16%, respectively). Glucose and acetate are extensively incorporated into cell components (53% and 36%, respectively), while glutamate remains in the medium (76%). Thus proline is a source of readily available energy.
Neural Analog Information Processing

AbstractNeural Analog Information Processing (NAIP) is an effort to develop general purposepattern classification architectures based upon biological information processingprinciples. This paper gives an overview of NAIP and its relationship to the previouswork in neural modeling from which its fundamental principles are derived. It alsopresents a theorem concerning the stability of response of a slab (a two dimensionalarray of identical simple processing units) to time -invariant (spatial) patterns. Anexperiment (via computer emulation) demonstrating classification of a spatial patternby a simple, but complete NAIP architecture is described. A concept for hardwareimplementation of NAIP architectures is briefly discussed.IntroductionNeural Analog Information Processing (NAIP) is an effort to apply functionalprinciples that have emerged from work in neural modeling to the design of practicalreal -time signal processing architectures. NAIP architectures are analogs of neuralsystems in the sense that they share some common functional principles; however,because of simplifications and modifications that destroy neurophysiological fidelitysuch architectures cannot be viewed as neural models.This paper focuses on the problem of pattern classification for pre -processed signal
Response of rat rhabdomyosarcoma tumors to split doses of mixed high- and low-let radiation

Abstract Radiation-induced growth delay was measured in rat rhabdomyosarcoma tumors exposed to split doses of highLET (linear energy transfer) neon ions in the extended-peak ionization region and low-LET X rays. Top-off doses of 7.5, 15, and 25 Gy of 225-kVp X rays were administered to the tumors at 0.5, 4.0, and 24.0 hr following priming doses of either peak neon ions or X rays. The priming doses used were 7 Gy of peak neon ions and 20 Gy of X rays, both of which produced a 10 day delay in tumor regrowth to a volume twice that measured on the day of irradiation. The tumor response to split doses of X rays indicated rapid repair of sublethal damage, with significant recovery occurring at 0.5 hr and complete recovery by 4 hr after the initial 20-Gy X ray dose. The top-off doses of X rays required to produce an additional 10 or 20 days of tumor growth delay were 18 and 7% larger, respectively, when the priming dose was 20 Gy of X rays as compared to 7 Gy of peak neon ions. This result indicates that relatively little interaction of the neon-ion and X ray radiations occurred, even when the time interval between splitdose irradiations was as short as 0.5 hr. Our data indicate that the interaction of high- and low-LET radiation modalities is small, and approaches a simple additivity of effects when the tumors repair a major portion of the sublethal radiation injury imparted by a priming dose before the second dose is administered.
Statistical Morphology and Bayesian Reconstruction

The aim of this paper is to show that basic morphological operations can be incorporated within a statistical physics formulation as a limit when the temperature of the system tends to zero. These operations can then be expressed in terms of finding minimum-variance estimators of probability distributions. It enables us to relate these operations to alternative Bayesian or Markovian approaches to image analysis. We first show how to derive elementary dilations (winner-take-all) and erosions (loser-take-all). These operations, referred to as statistical dilations and erosion, depend on a temperature parameter β=1/T. They become purely morphological as β goes to infinity and become purely linear averages as β goes to zero. Experimental results are given for a range of intermediate values of β. Concatenations of elementary operations can be naturally expressed by stringing together conditional probability distributions, each corresponding to the original operations, thus yielding statistical openings and closings. Techniques are given for computing the minimum-variance estimators. Finally, we describe simulations comparing statistical morphology and Bayesian methods for image smoothing, edge detection, and noise reduction.
Analysis of physiological chromosome aberrations of native Agropyron and Agrohordeum species.

Populations of Agropyron and Agrohordeum species were sampled over a two year period at four native prairie sites of northcentral Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota along a 120 mile transect. One hundred and five plants from four species were collected and analyzed each year for two years, for physiological chromosome aberrations. Physiological disturbances ranged from prophase pycnosis, split and double metaphase plates, sticky bridges and adnations, globular structures, coenocytes and fragmentation of chromosomes. The levels of these aberrations were higher during earlier stages of microsporogenesis. With the exception of Agrohordeum macounii there was a significant negative correlation between physiological aberrations and fertility levels in Agropyron repens, A. dasystachyum and A. trachycaulum. It is conjectured that the primary cause for physiological aberration is the interaction between non-harmonious genomes which occur due to frequent hybridization in these polyploid species.
Testing for a change point in linear regression models

In this paper, the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) is proposed to locate a change point in the simple linear regression model, as well as in the multiple linear regression model. The method is then applied to a financial data set, and a change point is successfully detected.