cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of structurally conserved class I MHC in tumor rejection: contribution of the Q8 locus.

The mouse multimember family of Qa-2 oligomorphic class I MHC genes is continuously undergoing duplications and deletions that alter the number of the two “prototype” Qa-2 sequences, Q8 and Q9 . The frequent recombination events within the Q region lead to strain-specific modulation of the cumulative Qa-2 expression levels. Q9 protects C57BL/6 hosts from multiple disparate tumors and functions as a major CTL restriction element for shared tumor-associated Ags. We have now analyzed functional and structural properties of Q8, a class I MHC that differs significantly from Q9 in the peptide-binding, CTL-interacting α 1 and α 2 regions. Unexpectedly, we find that the extracellular domains of Q8 and Q9 act similarly during primary and secondary rejection of tumors, are recognized by cross-reactive antitumor CTL, have overlapping peptide-binding motifs, and are both assembled via the transporter associated with the Ag processing pathway. These findings suggest that shared Ag-presenting functions of the “odd” and “even” Qa-2 loci may contribute to the selective pressures shaping the haplotype-dependent quantitative variation of Qa-2 protein expression.
Product Design and Marketing: Reflections After Fifteen Years

This paper provides a brief assessment of the current state of design research within the field of academic marketing. A definition of design is provided that is based on user benefits. This is followed by a set of prescriptions to enhance the prominence of design research in future years. These prescriptions focus on research scope and the training of young scholars.
The System of Rice Intensification in Practice: Explaining Low Farmer Adoption and High Disadoption in Madagascar

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has received a fair amount of attention in recent years both in and outside of Madagascar, where incredible yield increases have been achieved using few external inputs and less water and seed. SRI initially seemed well suited to Madagascar due to the unavailability or cost of fertilizer and the inability of most farmers to grow enough rice to feed their families. Despite its promise, farmer adoption of SRI in the areas where it was promoted has been low, "disadoption" (abandonment) of the method has been high, and those who continue to practice the method rarely do so on more than half of their land. To help explain this phenomenon from an economic perspective, a study was conducted in five communities in Madagascar in 2000, using both participatory research methods and a household survey of over 300 farmers. Based on the study, we find that SRI is difficult for most farmers to practice because it requires significant additional labor inputs at a time of the year when liquidity is low and labor effort is already high. Thus, the poorer the farmer and the more his income depends on rainy season crops, the less able he is to take advantage of the technology.
Outside the imagined community: undocumented settlers and experiences of incorporation

This article argues that, because they accumulate economic and social linkages to U.S. society, many undocumented Mexican and Central American immigrants intend to stay in the United States and imagine themselves to be part of the community. However, because the larger society views them as outsiders, undocumented settlers cannot be fully incorporated into the larger society. They remain marginal members of the community, continually seeking an end to their liminal status. 1991 American Anthropological Association
How Medical Training Mangles Professionalism

I am a philosopher by training and a physician by vocation. What this means is that my sensibilities are profoundly practical, but I can take more time than anyone else to explain and defend them. Starting my academic career as a junior faculty member in various academic departments, I have become especially attuned to pedagogical approaches and administrative demands as well as the overt politics of one academy as compared to another. Moving from the humanities to medicine, I have found that the more things change, the more they stay the same. That is, the trends appearing in one department are likewise made manifest in another. Easing out of higher education to go to medical school, I left behind cries for professional responsibility across the curriculum, and applied ethicists including myself working to figure out a way to meet that demand. In medicine the same cries are at play—doctors need to be astute professionals—and many are working to address that need at various levels of medical education and practice. Not only are we working to address these needs, but we are continuously faced with proving how we have addressed them as outcomes assessment is more and more the vogue.
B cell TLR1/2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 interact in induction of class switch DNA recombination: modulation by BCR and CD40, and relevance to T-independent antibody responses (IRM10P.608)

CSR in B cells is crucial to the maturation of antibody responses. It is induced by engagement of CD40 or dual engagement of a TLR and BCR. Here, we have addressed cross-regulation between two different TLRs or between a TLR and CD40 in CSR induction by using a B cell stimulation system involving LPS. LPS mediated long-term primary class-switched antibody responses and induced generation of class-switched B cells and plasma cells. Consistent with the requirement for dual TLR and BCR engagement in CSR induction, LPS, which engages TLR4 through its lipid A moiety, triggered cytosolic Ca2+ flux in B cells through its BCR-engaging polysaccharidic moiety. In the presence of BCR crosslinking, LPS synergized with a TLR1/2 ligand (Pam3CSK4) in CSR induction, but much less efficiently with a TLR7 (R-848) or TLR9 (CpG) ligand. In the absence of BCR crosslinking, R-848 and CpG, virtually abrogated CSR, as induced by LPS or CD154, and reduced secretion of class-switched Igs, without affecting B cell proliferation or IgM expression. The CSR inhibition by TLR9 was associated with reduced AID expression and/or IgH germline IH-S-CH transcription, and required co-stimulation of B cells by CpG with LPS or CD154. Unexpectedly, B cells also failed to undergo CSR when co-stimulated by LPS and CD154. Our study suggests the complexity of how different stimuli cross-regulate an important B cell differentiation process and an important role of TLRs in inducing T-independent antibody responses.
Optimal Capacity of Municipal Water Supply Pumps

Capital costs of pumping equipment include economies of scale; however, such costs are now dominated by diseconomies of scale related to operating costs. The diseconomies are produced by the demand charge component of electrical power costs. A conclusion is that special emphasis should be placed upon analyzing the potential savings due to matching pump capacity as closely as practicable with peak period demands in order to increase pump use factors, thereby lowering unit pumping costs. Power cost rate schedules in current use for municipal pumping in three states are presented in dimensionless form. A sample analysis of the potential savings due to short term planning horizons for pump capacities is presented.
Psychological Functioning Through the First Six Months in Mothers Adopting from China: Special Needs Versus Non–Special Needs

ABSTRACTThis paper describes research investigating maternal adjustment to parenthood via special needs and non–special needs adoption from China. China's adoption system has a program for adoption of children with special needs and those without and both have remained top sources for intercountry adoption. Participants were 46 women who were surveyed at six weeks before, six weeks after, and six months after adopting a child. The psychological functioning of mothers adopting from China was assessed using the Beck Depression Index, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scales. Mothers adopting children without special needs reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and adjustment problems at clinical levels six weeks following the adoption. Mothers adopting children with special needs reported positive adjustment and low psychological dysfunction at all three time points. These results suggest that mothers pursuing a non–special needs adoption route are at greater risk f...
Alkynyl Crown Ethers as a Scaffold for Hyperconjugative Assistance in Noncatalyzed Azide–Alkyne Click Reactions: Ion Sensing through Enhanced Transition-State Stabilization

Our recent work has provided an alternative strategy for acceleration of azide/alkyne cycloadditions via selective transition state (TS) stabilization. Optimization of hyperconjugative assistance, provided by the antiperiplanar arrangement of propargylic σ-acceptors relative to the forming bonds, is predicted to relieve strain in cyclooctynes while providing large acceleration to the cycloaddition. The present work investigates this strategy in alkynyl crown ethers, where propargylic C–O bonds contained within the macrocycle are constrained close to proper alignment for hyperconjugative assistance. Preorganization of σ-acceptors into the optimal arrangement for hyperconjugative interactions may alleviate a portion of the entropic penalty for reaching the TS. Optimal alignment can be reinforced, and transition-state stabilization can be further amplified by binding positively charged ions to the crown ether core, highlighting the potential for applications in ion sensing.
Harvesting Health in the Garden

Among the primary health benefits associated with community gardening are improvements in the healthfulness of gardeners’ diets and the amount of physical activity. Community gardens can make it easier for participants to adopt healthier behaviors because they can provide greater access to fruits and vegetables, increase preferences for fruits and vegetables, and serve as safe places for physical activity, social support, emotional attachment, and connection with nature and community. Self and collective efficacy may also develop through community gardening (Alaimo et al. 2005, 2008; Glover et al. 2005; Teig et al. 2007; Wakefield et al. 2007; Allen et al. 2008; Alaimo and Reischl 2010; Comstock et al. 2010; van den Berg et al. 2010; Blacksher and Lovasi 2011; Hale et al. 2011; Okvat and Zautra 2011).
Abstract 5446: Continuous real-time measurement of live and dead cells in culture over multiple days

Recently developed assay technologies have made it possible to use a multi-well plate reader to estimate the number of live or dead cells in culture in real time over a period of days to monitor the effects of long term exposure to test substances. An advantage of the real time assay chemistries is that the cells remain viable and available for other measurements. The purpose of this study was to determine if the real time assay methods could be multiplexed with other assay endpoints and applied to three dimensional (3D) culture models. The measurement of the number of live cells in real time is accomplished by providing a pro-substrate that viable cells (but not dead cells) can convert into a substrate for a luciferase derived from a marine shrimp. The pro-substrate and luciferase can be added with a single reagent addition step and because they are not toxic, they can be incubated with cells in culture for up to three days. Live cell conversion of the pro-substrate into a substrate for luciferase results in a luminescent signal that is proportional to the number of live cells. The signal diminishes immediately upon cell death. Detection of dead cells in real time is accomplished by using a fluorogenic DNA binding dye that is non-permeant and thus non-toxic to live cells. The dye enters dead cells that have a compromised membrane, binds to DNA, and becomes fluorescent. We have demonstrated that the real time assays can be multiplexed to measure both live and dead cells in the same sample. We further demonstrate the use of these assays to measure viability of cells in 3D spheroids formed using the hanging drop culture technique. We also demonstrate multiplexing of real time assays with subsequent measurement of apoptosis or extraction of RNA for expression studies. Utilization of real time assay chemistries that are non-toxic enabled repeated recording of data in a kinetic mode from the same sample of cells which eliminated the need for duplicate cultures and provided flexibility during assay protocol development. The ability to multiplex real time assays improved overall lab efficiency by eliminating the need for duplicate cultures for each experiment. Citation Format: Terry Riss, Jolanta Vidugiriene, Sarah Duellman, Wenhui Zhou, Gediminas Vidugiris, Mike Valley, Jean Osterman, Ruslan Arbit, Laurent Bernad, Poncho Meisenheimer, James J. Cali. Continuous real-time measurement of live and dead cells in culture over multiple days. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5446. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5446
Trends in management of the small renal mass in renal transplant recipient candidates: A multi-institutional survey analysis

Abstract Introduction Patients with end-stage renal disease are under increased risk for renal cell carcinoma development, and radical nephrectomy is the preferred treatment in this setting. Owing to the increased surgical morbidity and mortality, active surveillance (AS) may be a valid option for treatment of small renal masses (SRM). As there is a lack of high-level evidence for treatment recommendations, we performed a survey analysis to analyze the treatment patterns of transplant surgeons. Material and methods A 21-question online survey designed to analyze the practice patterns to treat SRM in renal transplant recipient candidates was sent to active transplant centers in the United States. The list of recipients to whom the survey was distributed was obtained with permission from the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. Results We received 62 responses. All regions of United Network of Organ Sharing were represented. Radical nephrectomy was the preferred treatment (59%, n = 61), followed by AS (21.3%, n = 13), partial nephrectomy (14.8%, n = 9), and focal ablative therapy (4.9%, n = 3). Among the responders whose institutions did not allow AS, 77.4% indicated that if presented with long-term data showing safety of AS, they would perform immediate transplantation and monitor SRM. Responders were more likely to allow immediate transplantation after radical nephrectomy (77.4%), as opposed to partial nephrectomy (58.1%) and focal ablation (45.2%). Conclusion Though radical nephrectomy is the preferred treatment, most transplant surgeons would consider AS if long-term safety data were available.
Trophic transfer of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems: Identifying critical research needs

To evaluate the process of trophic transfer of microplastics, it is important to consider various abiotic and biotic factors involved in their ingestion, egestion, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification. Toward this end, a review of the literature on microplastics has been conducted to identify factors influencing their uptake and absorption; their residence times in organisms and bioaccumulation; the physical effects of their aggregation in gastrointestinal tracts; and their potential to act as vectors for the transfer of other contaminants. Limited field evidence from higher trophic level organisms in a variety of habitats suggests that trophic transfer of microplastics may be a common phenomenon and occurs concurrently with direct ingestion. Critical research needs include standardizing methods of field characterization of microplastics, quantifying uptake and depuration rates in organisms at different trophic levels, quantifying the influence that microplastics have on the uptake and/or depuration of environmental contaminants among different trophic levels, and investigating the potential for biomagnification of microplastic-associated chemicals. More integrated approaches involving computational modeling are required to fully assess trophic transfer of microplastics. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:505–509. © 2017 SETAC
Identity Through the Passport: Negotiating Simultaneous Belonging to the Nation-State and Cosmopolitan World Society

In 1920 and 1926 the League of Nation's "passport regime" met to discuss the existence of the modern passport. Before these dates the passport did not have a unified function as a document; it had a different process and appearance depending on the nation-state of issuance. With the end of WWI, a period in which nations were connected on a grand scale through conflict, there was a push to standardize travel. Countries saw a need to increase the safety measures that existed in a realm beyond the jurisdiction of the nation-state (Robertson, 2010). From this beginning moment of standardization, the passport has evolved to be an accepted normal part of trans-national movement. It is recognizably the same document regardless of the issuing nation-state, yet the different issuing countries are still easily distinguishable as one waits in airport customs lines. This reality is an illustration of the complex tension contained within the passport. The document itself represents the push and pull between the two competing forces that negotiate power and control in the current globalized world, the nation-state and the cosmopolitan global existence. The passport allows for a more global citizen through its facilitation of movement and international governance while simultaneously reinforcing nation-state boundaries both ideologically and physically. This illustrates the tension between nation-state identity and global belonging within the context of contemporary accelerated globalization. Identity Through the Passport: Negotiating Simultaneous Belonging to the Nation-State and Cosmopolitan World Society by Catherine Mazanek is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Ability to Work among Patients with ESKD: Relevance of Quality Care Metrics

Enabling patient ability to work was a key rationale for enacting the United States (US) Medicare program that provides financial entitlement to renal replacement therapy for persons with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, fewer than half of working-age individuals in the US report the ability to work after starting maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Quality improvement is a well-established objective in oversight of the dialysis program, but a more patient-centered quality assessment approach is increasingly advocated. The ESKD Quality Incentive Program (QIP) initiated in 2012 emphasizes clinical performance indicators, but a newly-added measure requires the monitoring of patient depression—an issue that is important for work ability and employment. We investigated depression scores and four dialysis-specific QIP measures in relation to work ability reported by a multi-clinic cohort of 528 working-age maintenance HD patients. The prevalence of elevated depression scores was substantially higher among patients who said they were not able to work, while only one of the four dialysis-specific clinical measures differed for patients able/not able to work. Ability to work may be among patients’ top priorities. As the parameters of quality assessment continue to evolve, increased attention to patient priorities might facilitate work ability and employment outcomes.
Stability of the Camassa–Holm Multi-peakons in the Dynamics of a Shallow-Water-Type System

Consideration herein is the stability issue of a variety of superpositions of the Camassa–Holm peakons and antipeakons in the dynamics of the two-component Camassa–Holm system, which is derived in the shallow water theory. These wave configurations accommodate the ordered trains of the Camassa–Holm peakons, the ordered trains of Camassa–Holm antipeakons and peakons as well as the Camassa–Holm multi-peakons. Using the features of conservation laws and the monotonicity properties of the local energy, we prove the orbital stability of these wave profiles in the energy space by the modulation argument.
Physicians and Society: Tribulations of Power and Responsibility

The subject of this essay is the social responsibility of physicians, that is, their responsibility to society as contrasted with their obligations to their patients or their duties to their colleagues. Before turning directly to this subject, however, I should like to make a few general remarks about what I intend to do here.
Development of steroid-receptor systems in guinea pig brain. II. Cytoplasmic progestin receptors.

Abstract The development of the cytoplasmic progestin receptor (CPR) system in male and female guinea pigs was examined to determine if insensitivity to the lordosis promoting activity of estrogen-progestin treatment in adult males and neonatal guinea pigs is correlated with alterations in this receptor system. Gonadectomized neonatal (4–6 days old) and adult (50–65 days old) guinea pigs of both sexes were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) and killed 40 h later. CPRs were measured in the hypothalamus (HYPO), preoptic area (POA) and cortex (CORT). Neonatal brain contained both high ( K d ⋍ 0.1 nM ) and low ( K d > 10 nM) affinity binders for [ 3 H]R5020 similar to those found in adult brain. In the absence of EB-priming the concentration of CPR in HYPO, POA and CORT was lower in neonatal animals than adults. In both males and females, neither a low (1.6 μg) nor high (10 μg) dose of EB resulted in a concentration of estrogen inducible CPR in neonatal HYPO greater than that found in adult HYPO after 1.6 μg EB. Even after treatment with 50 μg EB the concentration of CPR in neonatal female HYPO was not different from adult female HYPO after 1.6 μg EB. In neonatal POA, 10 μg EB resulted in a concentration of CPR greater than that found in adult POA after 1.6 μg EB. Finally, there was a sex difference in the concentration of estrogen inducible CPR in HYPO (female > male) but not POA of adult guinea pigs. No sex difference in CPR concentration was found in any neonatal brain area.
Materno-Fetal Relationships

The subjects of interest in this chapter are the immunological aspects of the interface between maternal tissue in the decidua and allogeneic fetal tissue in the trophoblast. It is obvious, however, that as pregnancy proceeds, the two tissues become so intimately intermingled that identification of a particular cell as originally being fetal or maternal can be impossible.
The relationship of respiratory symptoms and lung function loss in cotton textile workers.

We explored the relationship between a number of respiratory symptoms or symptom complexes (e.g., cough, recent wheeze, byssinosis) and lung function in white cotton textile workers (CTW) and contr...
Congenital coronary artery fistula: Presentation in the neonatal period and transcatheter closure

Background Congenital coronary artery fistula is a rare coronary anomaly. Most commonly, such fistulae drain into the right side of the heart or the pulmonary artery. Children with coronary artery fistulae are generally asymptomatic, although they may have left ventricular enlargement in the setting of a moderate sized left to right shunt. Symptoms of congestive heart failure or ischemia are very rare in neonatal period, and suggest the presence of a very large shunt and/or coronary steal. Methods Single center retrospective review of transcatheter intervention on coronary artery fistulae presenting with symptoms in the neonatal period from January 2000 to March 2018. Patients with associated congenital heart diseases (except atrial septal defect) were excluded. Patient records, catheterization data, angiograms and noninvasive imaging were reviewed. Results Two patients underwent transcatheter intervention for symptomatic coronary artery fistula in the first few weeks of life. The first patient had multiple right and left coronary artery to right ventricle fistulae and presented with severe biventricular systolic dysfunction. Transcatheter closure of the fistulae was performed using multiple Gianturco coils. The second patient had a large left main coronary artery to left ventricle fistula (with left anterior descending and circumflex coronary artery atresia) presenting with symptoms of ischemia. This large fistula was closed using one Amplatzer Vascular Plug type-II and two Micro-Vascular Plugs. Both patients had improvement in symptoms post intervention and are doing well at the last follow up at 12 years and 7 months respectively. Conclusions We hereby describe the rare presentation of symptomatic coronary artery fistulae in the neonatal period and their successful transcatheter management. This is also the first description of left anterior descending and circumflex coronary artery atresia in the setting of a large left main coronary artery to left ventricle fistula.
THU0669 A self-report symptom checklist on a multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ) to capture a “positive review of systems” as a standard, quantitative, and informative “scientific” clue to fibromyalgia similar to modified criteria for fibromyalgia

Background The scientific method is based on recording information as quantitative standard data rather than as narrative descriptions, to test possible value in diagnosis, management, and outcomes. This approach generally is applied to laboratory tests and other data from high technology sources. However, information from a patient history and physical examination can be analysed for scientific validity if collected in as standard, quantitative and reproducible data. A symptom checklist of 60 items was initially designed as a review of systems to screen for symptoms and possible adverse events of medications, for which it has been helpful. It has also been observed that patients who report a large number of symptoms may provide a clue to the presence of fibromyalgia (FM);Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004. 22:453–61). Objectives To compare results of a 60-item symptom checklist on a multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ) vs the modified 2016 revised preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia (Sem Arth Rheum 46:319–329, 2016). Methods All patients seen at an academic rheumatology clinic complete an MDHAQ;J Rheumatol 2005 32:1432–9) at each visit, which includes a 60-item symptom checklist. In April-July 2017, patients also completed a questionnaire to identify the 2016 revised preliminary diagnostic criteria for FM. The likelihood of reporting each symptom by a patient with RA who did not have FM was compared to patients who met 2016 criteria for FM using a chi-square test. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were performed of the 60 symptom checklist as well as the 10 most discriminatory symptoms vs the FM criteria. Results We studied 84 patients with RA who did not meet FM criteria vs 110 patients who met FM criteria – no differences were seen between patients with primary or secondary FM who met criteria. Patients who met FM criteria were more likely to report each of the 60 symptoms. The 10 symptoms that were most discriminatory of RA vs FM are illustrated in the table 1. A ROC curve for the 60 symptoms vs the FM Criteria had an area of 0.896 (Confidence interval 0.872–0.925), and for the 10 most discriminatory symptoms of 0.8975 (Confidence interval 0.8667–0.928). Conclusions A simple MDHAQ symptom checklist may be informative in routine rheumatology care to identify possible primary and secondary FM in agreement with FM criteria. The MDHAQ may provide a useful and feasible alternative to FM Criteria for busy clinical settings. Disclosure of Interest T. Pincus Shareholder of: Dr. Pincus holds a copyright and trademark on MDHAQ and RAPID3 for which he receives royalties and license fees. All revenue is used to support further development of quantitative questionnaire measures for patients and doctors in clinical rheumatology care., S. Jamal: None declared, I. Castrejon: None declared
Do State Characteristics That Would Affect Public Perceptions Matter in Charitable Contributions? An Empirical Analysis of Nursing Homes

Nonprofit organizations rely on private donations as a source of funding. As a result, this paper examines the effects of factors that shape public perceptions about nonprofits, such as nonprofit organizations’ professionalism and performance and their awareness of needs, on charitable giving from private donors. Because giving is likely to depend on particular characteristics of a sector, the analysis was limited to one sector of nonprofit organizations, nursing homes. The empirical results, based on 8-year panel data, suggest nursing home characteristics that affect private donations to this sector. This research is beneficial to scholars and practitioners who are interested in learning more about private giving. Policy implications are also discussed in detail. Subscribe to JNEL
Working Group on Optimization of Radiation Dose Delivery

For a long time, it has been the dreams of radiotherapists and oncologists to have molecules or drugs which could seek and specifically reach and destroy cancer cells. These molecules or drugs could be toxic in several ways:
Serendipitous conservation: faith-to-faith conversion of historic churches in Buffalo

US cities with shrinking populations have faced tremendous challenges in conserving their built heritage. Often, conservation work involves adaptively reusing existing buildings. Most reuse activit...
Ribosomes read new languages

Using new letters of DNA to encode information promises to expand the genetic code in a transformative way. A new semisynthetic organism has been created that uses 67 codons for protein biosynthesis, with three new codons based on unnatural nucleotides.
The "non-preventable" preventable transfer? An analysis of the care from support services that injured children transferred to a level 1 pediatric trauma center receive.

Abstract Purpose Almost 30% of pediatric trauma transfers to our facility have previously been shown to be potentially preventable transfers (PT). However, we sought to evaluate what care from support services these PT received during admission. Methods Traumatically injured children transferred between January 2014 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. A PT was defined as a child who was discharged within 36 h of arrival without surgical intervention or advanced imaging studies. PT that received support services were compared to those that did not to determine which patients may benefit from these services were their transfers prevented. Results There were 3212 transfers, and 927 (29%) were PT. When compared to non-PT, PT were younger, closer to our hospital, and had a lower ISS, extremity or C-spine injury, or assault/non-accidental trauma mechanism. PT were less likely to have a chest injury or a CT at the referring hospital. Of the PT, 30% had a support service consulted. PT with higher ISS or a head injury was more likely to receive a consultation with a support service. Conclusions A significant proportion of these “preventable” transfers still receive important care from support services during their admission. Type of study Retrospective study. Level of evidence III
Shifting US Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity From June-December 2020.

Abstract Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minorities in the United States and has been devastating for residents of nursing homes (NHs). However, evidence on racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19–related mortality rates within NHs and how that has changed over time has been limited. This study examines the impact of a high proportion of minority residents in NHs on COVID-19–related mortality rates over a 30-week period. Design Longitudinal study. Setting and Participants Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Nursing Home COVID-19 Public Use File data from 50 states from June 1, 2020, to December 27, 2020. Methods We linked data from 11,718 NHs to (1) Nursing Home Compare data, (2) the Long-Term Care: Facts on Care in the U.S., and (3) US county-level data on COVID cases and deaths. Our primary independent variable was proportion of minority residents (blacks and Hispanics) in NHs and its association with mortality rate over time. Results During the first 6 weeks from June 1, 2020, NHs with a higher proportion of black residents reported more COVID-19 deaths per 1000 followed by NHs with a higher proportion of Hispanic residents. Between 7 and 12 weeks, NHs with a higher proportion of Hispanic residents reported more deaths per 1000, followed by NHs with a higher proportion of black residents. However, after 23 weeks (mid-November 2020), NHs serving a higher proportion of white residents reported more deaths per 1000 than NHs serving a high proportion of black and Hispanic residents. Conclusions and Implications The disparities in COVID-19–related mortality for nursing homes serving minority residents is evident for the first 12 weeks of our study period. Policy interventions and the equitable distribution of vaccine are required to mitigate the impact of systemic racial injustice on health outcomes of people of color residing in NHs.
JackMarker with GitDown: A Framework to Counter Plagiarism at Scale

Plagiarism in computer science programs remains a problem at many universities. Programming assignments lend themselves to unpermitted collaboration: students can share code or find solutions from past semesters through simple internet searches. JackMarker helps address this problem by embedding a hidden, traceable, and unique token within documents. GitDown extends this work by locating available online solutions and requesting that they be removed.
Forensic Medical Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

This chapter briefly describes the history of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), from references in antiquity to the modern understanding that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can lead to birth defects including growth deficiency, a unique cluster of minor facial anomalies, and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Diagnoses under the FASD umbrella include fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS, in which “partial” refers to incomplete physical manifestations), and various diagnostic terms for individuals impacted by PAE who lack sentinel physical features but do have evidence of CNS damage. Areas of consensus and divergence in modern diagnostic criteria are explored, with attention to nomenclature, the problematic nature of alcohol thresholds, the importance of growth as a sentinel physical feature, the specificity of facial features of FAS, other congenital anomalies associated with PAE, structural criteria for CNS damage including imaging approaches, and differing definitions of CNS dysfunction. Recommendations are provided for guidelines to use in forensic practice. The extensive differential diagnosis of FASD is described, including genetic etiologies, other prenatal influences, perinatal risks, adverse childhood experiences, head injuries, substance use disorders, and mental health disorders. Practical suggestions for FASD evaluations in forensic practice are offered, from pre-detention screening through evaluations, reports, and testimony. The intended audience for this chapter includes legal and mental health professionals learning about medical diagnosis of FASDs, medical FASD experts new to forensic evaluations, and forensic-experienced physicians seeking training in FASD diagnosis.
Zero CTE Glass in the Hubble Space Telescope

Orbiting high above the turbulence of the Earth's atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has provided breathtaking views of astronomical objects never before seen in such detail. The steady diffraction-limited images allow this medium-size telescope to reach faint galaxies fainter than 30th stellar magnitude. Some of these galaxies are seen as early as 2 billion years after the Big Bang in a 13.7 billion year old universe. Up until recently, astronomers assumed that all of the laws of physics and astronomy applied back then as they do today. Now, using the discovery that certain supernovae are "standard candles," astronomers have found that the universe is expanding faster today than it was back then: the universe is accelerating in its expansion. The Hubble Space Telescope is a two-mirror Ritchey-Chretien telescope of 2.4m aperture in low earth orbit. The mirrors are made of Ultra Low Expansion (ULE) glass by Corning Glass Works. This material allows rapid figuring and outstanding performance in space astronomy applications. The paper describes how the primary mirror was mis-figured in manufacturing and later corrected in orbit. Outstanding astronomical images taken over the last 17 years show how the application of this new technology has advanced our knowledge of the universe. Not only has the acceleration of the expansion been discovered, the excellent imaging capability of HST has allowed gravitational lensing to become a tool to study the distribution of dark matter and dark energy in distant clusters of galaxies. The HST has touched practically every field of astronomy enabling astronomers to solve many long-standing puzzles. It will be a long time until the end of the universe when the density is near zero and all of the stars have long since evaporated. It is remarkable that humankind has found the technology and developed the ability to interpret the measurements in order to understand this dramatic age we live in.
Mutarotation of sugars in solution. II. Catalytic processes, isotope effects, reaction mechanisms, and biochemical aspects.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mutarotations of α and β-D-glucose. The mutarotations of all reducing sugars are catalyzed by acids and bases. Differences in the ionization for α and β-D-glucose and possible differences in the transition states for the anomers generally make detailed investigations of the individual velocity constants k1 and k2 desirable. The chapter focuses on the velocity constant k1 + k2. The concerted mechanism is of no significance in the mutarotation of sugars in aqueous solution with the possible exception of reactions catalyzed by the water molecule. However, in solvents of low dielectric constant, the formation of ionic intermediates becomes less favored, and the concerted mechanism can be applied. In the concerted process, both the acid catalyst and the base catalyst take part in the transition state, with addition of a proton at one point in the molecule and with elimination of a proton at another point. However, in a stepwise process, the acid catalyst and the base catalyst act separately.
Metacognition in basic skills instruction

Metacognition is increasingly recognized as important to learning. This chapter describes self-regulatory processes that promote achievement in the basic skills of reading and mathematical problem solving. Self-regulatory behaviors in reading include clarifying one’s purpose, understanding meanings, drawing inferences, looking for relationships, and reformulating text in one’s own terms. Self-regulatory behaviors in mathematics include clarifying problem goals, understanding concepts, applying knowledge to reach goals, and monitoring progress toward a solution. The chapter then describes the author’s experiences integrating metacognition with reading and mathematics instruction and highlights students’ reactions to learning to think metacognitively.
Transition metal complexes of dithio ligands

Abstract The cyclopentadienylmetal carbonyl halides C 5 H 5 Mo(CO) 3 Cl, C 5 H 5 W(CO) 3 Cl, C 5 H 5 CoCOI 2 and C 5 H 5 CoCOC 3 F 7 I react with the cyanodithioformate ion − S 2 C 2 N to yield the following derivatives: C 5 H 5 Mo(CO) 2 (S 2 C 2 N), C 5 H 5 W(CO) 2 - (S 2 C 2 N), C 5 H 5 CoI(S 2 C 2 N), C 5 H 5 Co(S 2 C 2 N [SC(S)CN] and C 5 H 5 CoC 3 F 7 (S 2 C 2 N). When acting as a bidentate the cyanodithioformate ligand is superior to other univalent dithio chelating agents as based upon its ability to remove charge from the metal.
Fostering Engagement in Asynchronous Learning through Collaborative Multimedia Annotation.

This paper presents an experimental test of a prototype system for asynchronous distance learning. The prototype allows viewers of audio and video to create and share text annotations that are synchronized with the multimedia. We extended the system to support group exercises and conducted an experimental study with three conditions: groups working asynchronously; groups working face-to-face; and individuals working alone. The results suggest that the use of group exercises can promote engagement and system use, and also suggest possible further improvements to the annotation system.
Perforated Peptic Ulcer

Thanks to effective, modern antiulcer drug management, the incidence of perforated peptic ulcers has decreased drastically (some say that the incidence and “virulence” of peptic ulcers started to decline even before such drugs became available and Helicobacter pylori was discovered as a cause)—but not everywhere. Perforated ulcers are still common in socioeconomically disadvantaged or stressed populations worldwide. Usually, perforations develop against a background of chronic symptomatic ulceration, but for a patient to present with a perforation “out of the blue,” without previous history of peptic ulcer disease whatsoever, is not uncommon. In the Western world, perforated duodenal ulcers (DUs) are much more common than perforated gastric ulcers (GUs), which are seen more in lower socioeconomic groups.
Historical, practical, and theoretical perspectives on green management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive definition of green management. In the quest to systematically develop an inclusive definition, it seeks to take an exploratory approach to investigate the existing literature on green management from three different perspectives: first, tracing the history of how this concept emerged over time; second, considering the practices in which green organizations actually engage, focusing specifically on one company that has been recognized and honored for its extraordinary efforts toward sustainability; and third, reviewing the current developments in critical theory related to environmental issues and business.Design/methodology/approach – This exploratory review of the literature uses a tripartite approach to forge a sound definition and conceptualization of the term green management. Exploration of green management from the three angles mentioned revealed some commonalities and consistencies in the terminology and concepts. Factors common to ...
Strengthening systems for integrated early childhood development services: a cross‐national analysis of governance

While there has been substantial growth in early childhood development (ECD) services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is considerable inequity in their distribution and quality. Evidence-based governance strategies are necessary, but currently they are insufficient for widespread, quality implementation. In particular, there is a limited understanding of the use of systems approaches for the analysis of ECD services as they go to scale. The aim of this paper is to present findings from four countries, using a cross-national case study approach to explore governance mechanisms required to strengthen national systems of ECD services. While different sets of governance strategies and challenges were identified in each country, overarching themes also emerged with implications for systems strengthening. Study results focus on local, mid-level and central governance, with recommendations for effective coordination and the integration of ECD services in LMICs.
Distributed Resource Exploitation for Autonomous Mobile Sensor Agents in Dynamic Environments

This paper studies the distributed resource exploitation problem (DREP) where many resources are distributed across an unknown environment, and several agents move around in it with the goal to exploit/visit the resources. A resource may be anything that can be harvested/sensed/acted upon by an agent when the agent visits that resource’s physical location. A sensory agent (SA) is a mobile and autonomous sensory entity that has the capability of sensing a resource’s attribute and therefore determining the exploitatory gain factor or profitability when this resource is visited. This type of problem can be seen as a combination of two well-known problems: the Dynamic Traveling Salesman Problem (DTSP) [8] and the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) [1]. But the DREP differs significantly from these two. In the DTSP we have a single agent that needs to visit many fixed cities that have costs associated to their pairwise links, so it is an optimization of paths on a static graph with time-varying costs. In VRP on the other hand, we have a number of vehicles with uniform capacity, a common depot, and several stationary customers scattered around an environment, so the goal is to find the set of routes with overall minimum route cost to service all the customers. In our problem, we have multiple SAs deployed in an unknown environment with multiple dynamic resources each with a dynamically varying value. The goal of the SAs is to adapt their paths collaboratively to the dynamics of the resources in order to maximize the general profitability of the system.
The piglet can be used to study the effects of parenteral and enteral nutrition on body composition.

Measurement of body composition provides insight into the regulation of normal development as well as the interactions among nutritional, physiological, and biochemical functions. Studies of body composition require an animal model in which body composition at birth and postnatal changes are comparable to those in human infants. Essential to studies of body composition is an animal model that can be fed under various conditions (parenteral and enteral) and can undergo various measurements (whole body and cellular level). The piglet meets these requirements
Does PKC activation increase the homologous desensitization of μ opioid receptors

Background and Purpose This study examined the role of agents known to activate PKC on morphine-induced desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOP receptors) in brain slices containing locus coeruleus neurons. Experimental Approach Intracellular recordings were obtained from rat locus coeruleus neurons. Two measurements were used to characterize desensitization, the decline in hyperpolarization induced by application of a saturating concentration of agonist (acute desensitization) and the decrease in hyperpolarization induced by a subsaturating concentration of [Met]5enkephalin (ME) following washout of the saturating concentration (sustained desensitization). Internalization of MOP receptors was studied in brain slices prepared from transgenic mice expressing Flag-MOP receptors. The subcellular distribution of activated PKC was examined using a novel fluorescent sensor of PKC in HEK293 cells. Key Results The phorbol esters (PMA and PDBu) and muscarine increased acute desensitization induced by a saturating concentration of morphine and ME. These effects were not sensitive to staurosporine. Staurosporine did not block the decline in hyperpolarization induced by muscarine. PDBu and muscarine did not affect sustained desensitization induced by ME nor did phorbol esters or muscarine change the trafficking of MOP receptors induced by morphine or ME. The distribution of activated PKC measured in HEK293 cells differed depending on which phorbol ester was applied. Conclusions and Implications This study demonstrates a distinct difference in two measurements that are often used to evaluate desensitization. The measure of decline correlated well with the reduction in peak amplitudes caused by PKC activators implicating the modification of other factors rather than MOP receptors. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2