cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-linked hypophosphatemic Gy mice: renal tubular maximum for phosphate vs. brush-border transport after low-P diet.

We examined the effect of the X-linked hypophosphatemic Gy mutation on the maximal renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and compared the effects of phosphate deprivation on both TmP and Na...
Effect of trace additives on the efficiencyof peroxydisulfate regeneration

Direct chemical oxidation (DCO) is an emerging technology in which the organic components of hazardous or mixed waste streams are mineralized to carbon dioxide by the nearly omnivorous oxidant peroxydisulfate. Following treatment, the expended oxidant may be electrochemically regenerated to lower costs and minimize secondary waste; however, due to the varied contents of potential waste streams, trace chemical species may slowly accumulate in the system. To verify that the electrochemical recycling step was not adversely affected, the effect that several species have on the efficiency of this peroxydisulfate regeneration step has been measured. The organic additives formaldehyde, formic acid, and oxalic acid were tested, as well as the inorganic ions phosphate, nitrate, fluoride, chloride and thiocyanate. Changes in the peroxydisulfate formation potential in the presence of these additives were measured using chronopotentiometry, with current densities from 0.5 to 2.0 Acm−2, and additive concentrations of 0.1mm to 0.1m. Also, a real-time technique using a rotating disc electrode was developed to measure these additives' effect on the formation kinetics of peroxydisulfate. In addition, the effect that various additives had on the rate of electrochemical peroxydisulfate generation was measured in a large-scale electrolysis cell. None of the additives caused a significant reduction in the potential or the efficiency of the peroxydisulfate generation step, although the presence of formic acid appeared to increase the efficiency. In addition, the presence of thiocyanate completely blocks the reduction of peroxydisulfate on platinum. This information is currently being applied in scale-up testing of this technology for use in treating hazardous waste or the organic components of mixed waste.
Foundations for the Theory of Rational Choice with Vague Priors

Vagueness of belief is modeled by allowing the decision maker to entertain (convex) sets of probabilities over the n possible states. Such convex belief sets can be obtained by dropping the completeness assumption in otherwise standard expected-utility axiomatizations, as Bewley and others have shown. The task of this paper is to demonstrate that decision problems with arbitrary belief sets can be reduced to “complete ignorance” problems, i.e., to problems whose belief sets are n-simplexes Σn and thus maximally inclusive.
Improving Organizational Relationships in Sustainable Development Projects

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between a conservation NGO, Conservation International, and the Costa Rican government agency in charge of the Environment, MINAE. Both of these organizations espouse a belief in using sustainable development as a means to conserve biodiversity. This paper describes the past and current relationships between the two organizations, and then examines the benefits that could result from a cooperative effort between the two. The course of action recommended here is for these two organizations to draw on concepts from organizational theory to establish a new productive relationship. By using organizational theory the two organizations can gain a better understanding of their own operations as well as those of the other. When used in this manner, organizational theory has the potential to create more prosperous and successful cooperation among conservation programs.
Incubation of Fear Is Regulated by TIP39 Peptide Signaling in the Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala.

Fear-related psychopathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder are characterized by impaired extinction of fearful memories. Recent behavioral evidence suggests that the neuropeptide tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39), via its receptor, the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R), modulates fear memory. Here we examined the anatomical and cellular localization of TIP39 signaling that contributes to the increase in fear memory over time following a traumatic event, called fear memory incubation. Contextual freezing, a behavioral sign of fear memory, was significantly greater in PTH2R knock-out than wild-type male mice 2 and 4 weeks after a 2 s 1.5 mA footshock. PTH2R knock-out mice had significantly reduced c-Fos activation in the medial amygdala (MeA) following both footshock and fear recall, but had normal activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the amygdalar central nucleus compared with wild-type. We therefore investigated the contribution of MeA TIP39 signaling to fear incubation. Similar to the effect of global TIP39 signaling loss, blockade of TIP39 signaling in the MeA by lentivirus-mediated expression of a secreted PTH2R antagonist augmented fear incubation. Ablation of MeA PTH2R-expressing neurons also strengthened the fear incubation effect. Using the designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug pharmacogenetic approach, transient inhibition of MeA PTH2R-expressing neurons before or immediately after the footshock, but not at the time of fear recall, enhanced fear incubation. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that TIP39 signaling within the MeA at the time of an aversive event regulates the increase over time in fear associated with the event context. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fear-related psychopathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are characterized by excessive responses to trauma-associated cues. Fear responses can increase over time without additional cue exposure or stress. This work shows that modulatory processes within the medial nucleus of the amygdala near the time of a traumatic event influence the strength of fear responses that occur much later. The modulatory processes include signaling by the neuropeptide TIP39 and neurons that express its receptor. These findings will help in the understanding of why traumatic events sometimes have severe psychological consequences. One implication is that targeting neuromodulation in the medial amygdala could potentially help prevent development of PTSD.
Deviant socialization mediates transmissible and contextual risk on cannabis use disorder development: a prospective study.

Aims This study examined the contribution of transmissible risk, in conjunction with family and peer contextual factors during childhood and adolescence, on the development of cannabis use disorder in adulthood. Design The family high-risk design was used to recruit proband fathers with and without substance use disorder and track their sons longitudinally from late childhood to adulthood. Setting The families were recruited under the aegis of the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Participants The oldest son in the family was studied at ages 10–12, 16, 19 and 22 years. Measurements The transmissible liability index (TLI), along with measures of quality of the parent–child relationship, cooperative behavior at home, social attitudes and peer milieu were administered to model the developmental pathway to cannabis use disorder. Findings Affiliation with socially deviant peers and harboring non-normative attitudes (age 16) mediate the association between transmissible risk for substance use disorder (SUD) (age 10–12) and use of illegal drugs (age 19), leading to cannabis use disorder (age 22). Conclusions Deviant socialization resulting from transmissible risk and poor parent–child relationship is integral to development of cannabis use disorder in young adulthood.
Laissez Faire in Georgia, 1732–18601

It is necessary to indicate at the outset the general character of the historical material with which this paper deals. I have been able to discover in this period of Georgia's history almost no advocacy or discussion of the doctrine of laissez faire as such. On the other hand, one finds much discussion of private and public enterprise which, if removed from the context of events, would seem to involve most of the commonly accepted tenets of laissez faire. Lastly, there are the main currents of social action, which, upon investigation, are found to have comprised a varying mixture of private and public activities. It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the logic of the social policy which directed these currents simply by observing the varying proportions of private and public action; it would be necessary first to go behind the action and study both the ends and the means. In the limited space allotted to this paper, it is possible to present only the barest outlines of the more important events and discussions in which the issue of public interference or of private versus public action arose. Interpretations and evaluations must be left, for the most part, to additional studies
Endoscopic radial artery harvest produces equivalent and excellent midterm patency compared with open harvest.

ObjectiveA recent multicenter study reported reduced patency of aortocoronary bypass grafts when the saphenous vein was harvested by endoscopic technique compared with patency of vein grafted after...
Recent Advances in Molecular Simulations of Ion Solvation at Liquid Interfaces

In this paper, I present a review of the application of molecular dynamics simulation methods, including which polarizable potential models were used to describe interactions among species, to a variety of chemical and physical processes in solutions and at interfaces. The main emphasis of the review is on recent advances in the understanding of ion solvation, molecular association, and molecular solvation at liquid interfaces. The molecules discussed range from monovalent ions to molecular ions such as hydronium and nitrate ions. The computed properties include potentials of mean force, surface potentials, surface tensions, and density profiles. Comparisons with other simulation studies and experimental results were made and discussed in the review.
Theoretical Calculations Of Fluorescent Branching Ratios For YAIO 3 :Er 3+ From The Complete Judd-Ofelt Theory

The optical properties of the Er3+ ion in Yttrium Orthoaluminate (YA103) are analyzed with a crystal-field Hamiltonian of Cs symmetry. Starting with the best-fit crystal field parameters, Bkm, the crystal field splitting schemes, the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters, and multiplet-to-multiplet and line-to-line fluorescence branching ratios for Er3+ in YA103 have been predicted. The calculated energy levels and the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters compare reasonably well with available experimental data. It is suggested that the present theory predicts the correct order of line-to-line intensities for the laser transitions emanating from the 453/2 manifold to 4Ij channels of Er3+ in YA1O3.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Exchange Rate Policy and the Central and East European Financial Crisis

A prominent specialist on economic developments in the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries examines the ways in which the global financial crisis of 2008-2010 has impacted the economies of the 10 new eastern member states of the European Union (CEE-10). The author assesses the multiple preconditions of the crisis (e.g., excessive current account deficits, large foreign debt, inadequate currency reserves, immense credit expansion, rising inflation and real estate prices) as well as the rapid financial adjustments that had to be undertaken to overcome it (e.g., current account rebalancing, reducing budget deficits, pension and fiscal reform). He devotes considerable attention to the key issue of how the differences in exchange rate policies in these countries affected their abilities to respond to the crisis and outlines measures that should be implemented to enhance the crisis management capability of non-eurozone states relying on currency boards or floating exchange rates.
Vagal paraganglia bind biotinylated interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a possible mechanism for immune-to-brain communication.

Interleukin-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine released by activated immune cells. In addition to orchestrating immune responses to infection, interleukin-1β is a key mediator of immune-to-brain communication. Interleukin-1β and endotoxin (which releases IL1β from immune cells) cause centrally mediated illness responses such as fever, aphagia, etc. These effects are blocked by intraperitoneal IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra), suggesting critical involvement of peripheral IL1 receptors. Centrally mediated illness responses are also blocked by vagotomy, suggesting that IL1β directly or indirectly activates vagal afferents. To test for IL1β binding, whole vagus (abdominal, laryngeal, and thoracic) and sections of hepatic vagus and liver hilus were incubated with biotinylated IL1ra and processed for avidin-biotin complex (ABC) or avidin-FITC histochemistry. Glomus cells of vagal paraganglia were labeled in all regions of the vagus. Biotinylated IL1ra also labeled smooth muscle and endothelial cells of blood vessels and lymphoid tissues. No label was present in omission or competition controls. These data suggest that centrally mediated illness responses result from IL1 activation of vagal paraganglia.
RESOURCE AND MARKET BASED DETERMINANTS OF PERFORMANCE IN THE U.S. BANKING INDUSTRY

This paper explores the implications of studying industry competitive patterns at the level of resource accumulation and the relationship between resource endowments and firm performance outcomes in the U.S. banking industry. It uses the strategic group framework to evaluate two models of rivalry and performance and concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for competitive analysis, strategic group theory and the banking industry.
Amputation induces stem cell mobilization to sites of injury during planarian regeneration

How adult stem cell populations are recruited for tissue renewal and repair is a fundamental question of biology. Mobilization of stem cells out of their niches followed by correct migration and differentiation at a site of tissue turnover or injury are important requirements for proper tissue maintenance and regeneration. However, we understand little about the mechanisms that control this process, possibly because the best studied vertebrate adult stem cell systems are not readily amenable to in vivo observation. Furthermore, few clear examples of the recruitment of fully potent stem cells, compared with limited progenitors, are known. Here, we show that planarian stem cells directionally migrate to amputation sites during regeneration. We also show that during tissue homeostasis they are stationary. Our study not only uncovers the existence of specific recruitment mechanisms elicited by amputation, but also sets the stage for the systematic characterization of evolutionarily conserved stem cell regulatory processes likely to inform stem cell function and dysfunction in higher organisms, including humans.
Multiaxis tracking and attitude control of flexible spacecraft with reaction jets

The objective of this paper is to show that integral pulse frequency modulation (IPFM) reaction jet controllers can perform, with precision: multiaxis tracking of moving objects, attitude control of flexible spacecraft under orbit-adjustment forces, single-axis slews, and vibration suppression. Two sets of position, rate, and acceleration command profiles for multiaxis tracking are presented: one for a payload initially facing the zenith and the commands based on a pitch-roll sequence; the other for a payload facing the nadir and the commands based on a roll-pitch sequence. The procedure for designing an IPFM controller for tracking a given, inertial acceleration command profile is summarized. Important elastic modes of a spacecraft are identified according to their spontaneous attitude and rate response to the minimum impulse bit of the thrusters. The stability of control-structure interaction is shown to be governed by the ratio of the moments of inertia of the flexible to the rigid portions of the spacecraft. If this ratio is below unity for each axis, the spacecraft is stable; otherwise it is not. The stability inequality for symmetric elastic modes, when they induce attitude motion because of a moment arm from the vehicle mass center, is formulated. Extensive numerical results conclusively establish that the IPFM controllers are eminently suitable for the tasks mentioned above.
Lymphocyte proliferation in response to acute heavy resistance exercise in women: influence of muscle strength and total work.

Little is understood about the immune responses to heavy resistance exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of physical strength and the ability to do more total work on lymphocyte proliferation after an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise. A group of 50 healthy but nonstrength trained women were recruited for the study and tested for their one repetition maximum (i.e. 1 RM or maximal mass lifted once). From the normal distribution of strength the top and bottom 8 women [mean age 22.5 (SD 3.1) years] were asked to volunteer to define our two groups (i.e. high strength and low strength). The two groups were significantly different (P < 0.05) in 1 RM squat strength [low strength 39.9 (SD 4.6) kg, 0.65 (SD 0.08) kg.kg body mass-1 and high strength 72.2 (SD 10.7) kg, 1.1 (SD 0.12) kg.kg body mass-1] but were not significantly different in body mass, age, activity levels, and menstrual status (all in same phase). Each performed a resistance exercise protocol consisting of six sets of 10 RM squats with 2 min rest between the sets. The 10 RM loads and total work were significantly greater in the high strength group than in the low strength group. Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise and immediately post-exercise for test for lactate (significant increase with exercise) and cortisol (no changes) concentrations with no differences noted between groups. Immunological assays on the blood samples determined the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes in responses to concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Following the squat exercise, there was a significant decrease in lymphocyte responsiveness to PWM in the high strength but not in the low strength group for both total proliferation and proliferation adjusted per B or T cell. On the other hand, lymphocytes from the low strength group proliferated to a significantly greater extent (adjusted per T cell) in response to ConA and PHA. These data indicate that the heavy resistance exercise protocol reduced the lymphocyte proliferative responses only in the stronger group of subjects. This effect may have been due to the high absolute total work and the greater exercise stress created by the resistance exercise protocol in the high strength group. Therefore, individuals performing at the same relative exercise intensity (i.e. 10 RM) in a resistance exercise protocol may have different immune responses stemming from differences in absolute total work performance.
DYNAMICAL PORTRAIT OF A MODEL OF THERMAL INSTABILITY: CASCADES, CHAOS, REVERSED CASCADES AND INFINITE PERIOD BIFURCATIONS

The paper presents results of numerical simulations on a model free boundary problem which is qualitatively equivalent to the free interface problems describing solid combustion and exothermic phase transitions. The model problem has been recently shown to exhibit transition to chaotic oscillations via a sequence of period doubling, assuming an Arrhenius type boundary kinetics. In the present paper we demonstrate that for a slightly different class of kinetics the behavior pattern, while retaining the above scenario, may undergo a drastic change. This behavior is characterized by slowly expanding oscillations followed by a powerful burst, after which the system returns to near equilibrium and the scenario is repeated periodically. As the bifurcation parameter approaches the stability threshold, the total period tends to infinity due to an increasingly prolonged “accumulation phase.” Additional scenarios corresponding to increasing supercriticality of the bifurcation parameter include finite period doublin...
Metabolism and subsequent covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene to macromolecules in gonads and liver of ripe English sole (Parophrys vetulus)

1. Ripe English sole (Parophrys vetulus) force-fed [3H]benzo[a]pyrene, contained 1% of the dose in liver, 0.2% in ovary and 0.1% in testis, after 24h. No significant change occurred in levels of radioactivity from 24 to 168h.2. Gonads and blood contained substantially larger proportions of unchanged benzo[a]pyrene (15–37% of tissue radioactivity) and organic solvent-soluble metabolites (6–35%) than did liver and bile.3. T.l.c. revealed the presence of phenols, quinones, 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy- and 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene in liver and gonads.4. A small proportion (<10%) of the radioactivity in liver and gonads was present as glucuronides and sulphates; bile contained a higher proportion (ca. 20%) of total radioactivity as glucuronides and sulphates.5. Benzo[a]pyrene intermediates were covalently bound to liver proteins and DNA, and to a lesser extent to gonadal proteins (male and female fish) and gonadal DNA (confirmed for testis only).
Regioselective Addition of Mesitol to a 2,4-Dichloropyridine

The regioselectivity of the addition of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol to 2,4-dichloro-3,6-dimethylpyridine can be controlled by the proper choice of catalyst and solvent. The use of catalytic copper(I) salts and pyridine as solvent results in exclusive addition at C-2. In their absence, a mixture of regioisomers is obtained in which addition at C-4 is dominant.
Direct access photomemory: part II. system considerations

The Direct Access Photomemory resulted as a continuation of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) research interest in random access memories for data processing which began with the Random Access Memory Accounting Computer (RAMAC). It was realized that large-capacity random access memories allowed the use of entirely new methods and techniques to drastically shorten data processing while providing valuable new services to the user. The model described in the first part of this paper was a research attempt into a new storage medium having the necessary characteristics.
Semisimilarity for matrices over a division ring

Two square matrices A and B over a ring R are semisimilar, written A⋍B, if YAX=B and XBY=A for some (possibly rectangular) matrices X, Y over R. We show that if A and B have the same dimension, and if the ring is a division ring D, then A⋍B if and only if A2 is similar to B2 and rank(Ak)=rank(Bk), k=1,2,…
Expression of interferon-γ in the lens exacerbates anterior uveitis and induces retinal degenerative changes in transgenic Lewis rats

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been implicated in immunopathogenic mechanisms of a number of inflammatory diseases of autoimmune or infectious disease etiology. However, its exact role is still a matter of debate. In experimental mouse models, IFN-γ has been shown to exacerbate autoimmune thyroiditis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune neuritis while it confers protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and experimental uveitis. In this study, we generated transgenic rats with constitutive expression of IFN-γ in the eye to study its paracrine effects and to investigate whether local production of IFN-γ also confers protection against uveitis in the rat species. We show here that chronic exposure of ocular cells to IFN-γ results in apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells, development of chronic choroiditis, formation of retinal in-foldings, and activation of proinflammatory genes. In contrast to its protective systemic effect in the mouse, constitutive secretion of IFN-γ in the rat eye was found to predispose the development of severe anterior uveitis and induction of retinal degenerative processes that impair visual acuity. Our data underscore the danger in extrapolation of cytokine effects in the mouse to humans without corroborating evidence in other species.
Taxonomic scheme for the identification of marine bacteria

A recently developed taxonomic scheme for the identification of marine bacteria is presented. The scheme is based on numerous reviews and monographs on marine bacteria, as well as Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. While fairly extensive, the scheme is designed to identify marine bacteria using relatively few tests.
A versatile model for simulation of reaction and nonequilibrium dynamics in multicomponent fixed-bed adsorption processes

Abstract Mixtures of large biochemicals can exhibit complex chromatographic behavior. In addition to mass transfer mechanisms, the presence of nonequilibrium ad
Regulation of prostaglandin metabolism: Activation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase by chlorpromazine and imipramine related drugs

Abstract Chlorpromazine and imipramine related drugs were found to activate swine renal 15-hydroxprostaglandin dehydrogenase maximally about 2 fold. Activation by these drugs was uncompetitive with respect to both prostaglandin E 1 and NAD+. Hill plots of the rate of reaction against either substrates have a slope of approximately 1, which is not altered by the presence of the activator indicating no cooperativity between the substrate site and putative activator site. Ability of chlorpromazine and imipramine related drugs to activate this enzyme suggests that these drugs may facilitate the inactivation of prostaglandins in vivo .
Intratumoral genetic heterogeneity and progression of endometrioid type endometrial adenocarcinomas.

Abstract Objectives. Development of genetic heterogeneity is one mechanism whereby tumors may acquire increasing aggressiveness during neoplastic progression. In this study we relate development of intratumoral genetic heterogeneity to invasion and metastatic spread of sporadic endometrioid (type I) endometrial adenocarcinomas. Methods. Microsatellite unstable adenocarcinomas underwent detailed microsatellite allelotype mapping with reconstruction of neoplastic lineages using maximum parsimony analysis. Results. Within individual patients, tumor allelotypes sometimes varied between regions of histologically identical tumor, indicating that genotypic variation may reflect differences inapparent by histology. Comparison of noninvasive (surface/luminal) with invasive (myometrial invasion or metastasis) carcinoma showed highly related genotypes in 3/8 cases in which the invasive component can be recognized as evolved from the superficial tumor lineage by progressive clonal selection. In 3/8 cases superficial and invasive genotypes independently evolved different sets of altered microsatellites, indicating either divergence at an early stage in tumor evolution or independent selection events. A total of 2/8 cases had random patterns of marker distribution between sampled areas that were not informative in delineating systematic relationships between surface and invasive tumor. Conclusions. We conclude from these results that endometrial tumor progression may occur through physical extension of existing clones or through creation of new subclones with altered growth properties. The latter occurs in about half of cases, where myometrial invasion may select for particular clones that are poorly represented on the luminal surface.
The Cross-Reactivity and Immunology of β-Lactam Antibiotics

Allergic reactions to β-lactam antibiotics are well described; however, only the immunochemistry of penicillin has been characterised. Although the major determinant of benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) is commercially licensed for diagnostic applications, minor determinants are only available at some centres to be used for identification of hypersensitive individuals. Cephalosporins share a common bicyclic nuclear structure with penicillin and most cross-reactivity is generated to the β-lactam ring. It is not possible to determine the actual incidence of cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins, but evidence suggests the true rate is lower than usually appreciated. In vitro testing demonstrates extensive cross-reactivity between penicillin and the carbapenems. Although the rate of clinical cross-reactivity is not known, imipenem should not be given to patients with proven penicillin hypersensitivity. In contrast, aztreonam and the monobactams can be safely given to penicillin-allergic patients.
FAILURE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF EPINEPHRINE TO AFFECT GLYCOGEN-LEVELS IN THE ISOLATED RAT LIVER.

ALTHOUGH it is generally believed that the hyperglycaemia which follows the administration of epinephrine is due, at least in part, to hepatic glycogenolysis, attempts to demonstrate a direct effect of epinephrine on liver glycogen-levels have led to conflicting conclusions. In the rat, for example, Cori, Cori and Buchwald1 found that a decrease in liver glycogen occurred during the first 15 min after subcutaneous epinephrine injection, and considered this to represent a direct action of epinephrine on the liver. On the other hand, Sherlock2 found that portal veining infusions of epinephrine did not affect liver glycogen- or blood glucose-levels and concluded that the hormone did not exert a direct effect on hepatic glycogen metabolism of rats. We repeated and extended the experiments of Cori, Cori and Buchwald and also observed the transient hepatic glycogenolysis which they had described3. However, we presented evidence that this represented an indirect rather than a direct effect of epinephrine and suggested that it might be due to stimulation of endogenous glucagon release.
Isolation and characterization of 5-lipoxygenase from tulip bulbs.

Summary An unique membrane bound lipoxygenase was isolated and purified from purple star tulip bulbs with a specific activity of 5.2 μ moles O 2 consumed · min −1 ·mg −1 protein. The purified tulip enzyme exhibits regiospecificity for O 2 insertion at C-5 of the arachidonic acid molecule. Identification of the reaction product was confirmed as 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid by analytical criteria which included: cochromatography with the authentic compound, as well as mass spectral and 1 H-NMR analysis. Thus, the enzyme from tulip bulbs appears to be different from the cytosolic lipoxygenase from potato tubers, which exhibits non-regiospecificity in terms of O 2 incorporation. However, the purified tulip lipoxygenase showed a strong immunological crossreactivity with antiserum raised against the purified potato lipoxygenase, indicating close immunological relationship with the other plant lipoxygenases.
Liposome Entrapment Enhances the Hypocalcemic Action of Parenterally Administered Calcitonin

The hypocalcemic effect of liposomal-entrapped calcitonin (CT) was evaluated in rats. Salmon CT and human CT were entrapped in liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine with or without an equimolar amount of cholesterol. The liposomes were separated by Sepharose 4B chromatography into fractions consisting of large multilamellar vesicles and small unilamellar vesicles. The incorporation of CT was monitored by counting [126I]CT and by specific RIA. Liposomal entrapment enhanced the hypocalcemic potency of parenterally administered salmon CT and human CT. After iv administration, the large multilamellar vesicles were more potent than small unilamellar vesicles in their hypocalcemic effect; cholesterol inclusion in the MLV liposome preparation prolonged the hypocalcemia. However, with im administration, the cholesterol-free liposomes were more potent than their cholesterol-containing counterparts regardless of size. These studies demonstrate that liposomal entrapment can be used to enhance the hypocalcemi...
A Study of Cooperative Phenyl Ring Flip Motions in Glassy Polystyrene by Molecular Simulations

Phenyl ring flip motion in polystyrene involves a cooperative movement of the phenyl ring and the chain backbone. In previous work, we described this cooperative rotation in single chains of polystyrene by defining the conformational transition in terms of a multidimensional reaction path and calculating torsion angle and energy profiles along this path. In this paper, we have extended our approach to study phenyl ring rotation in model structures of atactic polystyrene glasses. Reaction paths, energy profiles, free energy barriers, and rate constants were calculated for the rotation of 10 different phenyl rings in the same local backbone conformation. The results show that local intrachain steric interactions, that dominate rotation in single chains, do so in the polymer glass as well. In addition, the free energy barriers cover a wide range of values corresponding to a distribution of characteristic times for ring rotation that spans 21 decades. This distribution is also bimodal. The results are compared with observations from NMR experiments and previous molecular mechanics calculations.
An inverse isotope dilution analysis of salicylic acid

A method is described for the inverse isotope dilution analysis of salicylic acid using iodine-131 labeled iodine monochloride as a reagent to form the iodine-131 labeled derivative, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid.
Optical Scanner For Linear Arrays

An optical scanner that is relatively free of radiometric errors, with a nominal focal error resulting from a curvature of scan, is described. Except for the imaging lens, all the optical elements are plane mirrors. The scanner, while scanning contiguous lines in the object plane, images each line onto a linear array in the image plane. The scans are essentially linear with scan angle and symmetric about the axial ray.
Novel Screening Technique: Integrated Combinatorial Green Chemistry & Life Cycle Analysis (CGC-LCA)

The integration of combinatorial green chemistry (CGC), a more benign approach to combinatorial chemistry, with environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies as an improved process development methodology is discussed. It is expected that the CGC approach will require less labor and result in more globally optimized assay results, leading to more optimized unit process design. The technique utilizes chemical assay stage information to rapidly predict globally optimized process conditions based on techno-economic and LCA indicators. A simplified kraft pulping case study of the application of CGC-LCA is demonstrated herein, but CGC analyses could be applied to virtually any chemical-based project development and implementation project.
Time Seeing a Hand Surgeon Is Not Associated With Patient Satisfaction

Background Previous studies, predominantly in the primary care setting, identified time spent with the physician as an important predictor of satisfaction. It is unknown if the same holds true in hand surgery.
Electron cryotomography: a new view into microbial ultrastructure

Electron cryotomography (ECT) is an emerging technology that allows thin samples such as small bacterial cells to be imaged in 3D in a nearly native state to ‘molecular’ (not, vert, similar4 nm) resolution. As such, ECT is beginning to deliver long-awaited insight into the positions and structures of cytoskeletal filaments, cell wall elements, motility machines, chemoreceptor arrays, internal compartments, and other ultrastructures. Here we briefly explain ECT, review its recent contributions to microbiology, and conclude with a discussion of future prospects.
Minimally invasive endoscopic resection of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to review a single-institution experience with endoscopic resection of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC). Materials and Methods Thirteen patients underwent treatment of SNUC between January 2002 and July 2009. Retrospective data were collected including demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical strategy, adjuvant therapies, local and regional recurrence, distant metastasis, overall survival, and disease-free survival. Results The mean age was 51.8 years. The most common tumor stage at presentation was T4 (92%). Seven patients (53%) were treated with minimally invasive endoscopic resection (MIER) with negative intraoperative margins. Endoscopic anterior skull base resection was performed in 5 patients, and endoscopic-assisted bifrontal craniotomy was performed in 1 patient to clear the superior tumor margin. Six patients received pre- or postoperative chemoradiation. One patient underwent palliative chemoradiation, and one patient underwent open craniofacial resection. In the MIER group, simultaneous local and regional recurrence was observed in 1 patient (14%) after 30 months. Distant metastases were observed in 2 other patients (28%) without local or regional recurrence. All 3 patients with recurrences died of their disease. The remaining 4 patients were clinically, endoscopically, and radiographically free of disease, resulting in overall and disease-free survival rates of 57% with mean follow-up of 32.3 months. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest a potential role for MIER in the comprehensive management algorithm of SNUC in appropriately selected patients. Patient outcomes including local and regional recurrence, distant metastases, and overall and disease-free survival were comparable to a treatment strategy using traditional craniofacial resection. Level of evidence 2b.
A discussion on using Empirical Mode Decomposition for incipient fault detection and diagnosis of the wind turbine gearbox

Vibration signals from the gearbox of a wind turbine are essentially non-stationary and nonlinear in both time and frequency. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is an ideal method for dealing with this type of signal. Yet the signal containing the fault information was contaminated by the noise, which contains two different types of white noise and impact noise. This makes it so the vibration signal cannot be processed with EMD directly, since it will produce the spurious IMF (Intrinsic Mode Function). The signal has to be pre-processed before implementing EMD. In fact, a wavelet filter is perfect for white noise de-noising and the morphological filter is suitable for impulse interference. In this paper, a confederative filter, which is combined with the wavelet and morphological filter, is designed for signal preprocessing, and a standard processing program is proposed too. An experimental case shows the accuracy and efficiency of the confederative filter and the process program.
Outcomes of Repair of Common Arterial Trunk With Truncal Valve Surgery: A Review of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database

Background Previous studies have suggested truncal valve insufficiency may adversely affect outcome after common arterial trunk (CAT) repair. It is unknown if truncal insufficiency requiring truncal valve surgery (TVS) at the time of primary CAT repair impacts outcome. Methods Patients in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database undergoing CAT repair from 2000 to 2009 were included. Outcomes were compared for patients with and without TVS at the time of CAT repair and were further stratified by interrupted aortic arch (IAA) repair. Results Of 572 patients (63 centers), median age at surgery was 12 days (interquartile range, 6 to 34). Twenty-three patients underwent concomitant TVS (n = 22 repair, n=1 replacement) during CAT repair, and 4 patients underwent TVS later during the same hospitalization (n = 1 repair, n=3 replacement). Thirty-nine patients underwent IAA repair at the time of CAT repair, 5 of whom had concomitant TVS. Mortality for CAT repair with TVS versus isolated CAT repair was 30% versus 10% ( p = 0.0002). All 4 patients who required TVS later during the admission died. Truncal valve surgery was associated with increased mortality among CAT patients both with and without IAA repair, with the highest mortality (60%) among CAT patients undergoing IAA repair and TVS (n = 5). Common arterial trunk plus TVS had an increased risk of mechanical support and a longer hospital stay. Conclusions Truncal valve surgery in patients undergoing CAT repair is associated with significant mortality. Repair of IAA and TVS at the time of CAT repair carries particularly high risk. Failure to address significant truncal insufficiency, necessitating early reoperation with TVS, had uniformly poor outcomes.
Curriculum Integration Using Enterprise Resource Planning: An Integrative Case Approach

Efforts to achieve greater curriculum integration in schools of business have included team teaching, student group projects, multidisciplinary cases, and, more recently, the use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Although these approaches are beneficial, they tend to be implemented on an ad hoc basis rather than through curriculum redesign. In this study, the authors address this limitation and describe an alternative approach that makes use of a fictional company that is simultaneously developed as a case and implemented in an ERP system. This approach offers the opportunity to achieve multidisciplinary, curriculum-wide integration.
The relative contributions of reattribution and verbal extinction to the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring

The two purposes of this study were (1) to analyze differentially the verbal extinctionand reattribution elements of a cognitive therapy, Cognitive Restructuring (CR); and (2) to analyze these differential effects on measures of fear behavior from three response modes (verbal, motoric, somatic). In addition to a no treatment control (NC), four forms of group treatment were used with snake phobic college students (n=8 per group): CR; Verbal Extinction (VE); Systematic Desensitization (SD) as a standard technique control; and an Attentio-Placebo control (AP). Although verbal extinction had a facilitative effect in reducing subjective fear, the element of re-attribution contributed significantly beyond verbal extinction to the efficacy of CR in reducing behavioral avoidance and, to a lesser extent, subjective fear. CR and SD produced equal and marked improvement in reducing behavioral avoidance, but CR and VE were the only treatments to have a therapeutic effect on subjective fear. None of the treatment procedures produced a significant improvement on the somatic measure.
Erythropoietin increases reticulocyte counts and maintains hematocrit in neonates requiring surgery

Abstract Background Limited erythropoietin (Epo) production diminishes neonates' ability to regenerate blood removed by phlebotomy. Neonates requiring surgery are at risk to receive multiple transfusions. We sought to determine if recombinant Epo administration to neonates requiring surgery would stimulate erythropoiesis. Methods Infants were randomized in double-masked fashion to receive Epo (200 units kg −1 d −1 ) or placebo for 14 days. Complete blood count, absolute reticulocyte count (ARC), phlebotomy losses, and transfusions were measured during the study period. Infants were transfused using a strict transfusion protocol. Results In the Epo group (n = 10, 2034 ± 308 g, 8 ± 2 days old; mean ± SEM), ARC increased significantly, whereas in the placebo group (n = 10, 2400 ± 184 g, 7 ± 2 days old), ARC remained low. Hematocrits in the Epo group trended upward from 34.4 1.7% to 37.3 1.9% (although not statistically significant) despite phlebotomy losses of 53 ± 12 mL/kg. Hematocrits in the placebo group were 35.9 1.8% and 33.2 1.6% on days 1 and 15, respectively, with phlebotomy losses of 27 ± 5 mL/kg. There were no differences in absolute neutrophil counts or platelet counts between groups at the end of the study. No adverse effects were noted. Conclusions Infants randomized to Epo increased reticulocyte counts and hematocrits without adverse effects. Erythropoietin administration may provide an adjunct to present care in decreasing or eliminating erythrocyte transfusions in surgical neonates.
A Discussion of the Benefits and Problems of ASTM C 1324 for Analyzing Hardened Masonry Mortars

Laboratory testing of mortars by chemical analysis and petrography is generally appropriate to determine mortar composition, and to provide a basis for the formulation of compatible repair or replacement mortars. In cases of masonry distress and failures, analysis by C 1324 alone is often less useful unless the laboratory work is guided by knowledge obtained in the field. In addition to requiring the technical skills of experienced chemists and petrographers, the application of C 1324 requires knowledge of the specifications for mortar for unit masonry and benefits from the knowledge of how mortars are prepared and installed., The quality of the sampling for laboratory tests, the physical condition of the samples obtained, and the mortar constituents can all influence the reliability of the results obtained by the chemical analysis and the petrographic examination. We review the development of the standard, discuss related standards, and present our experience with modern mortars prepared in the field and tested in the laboratory in accordance with ASTM C 1324 to provide insight into the results and limitations of such analysis.
Stable isotopic analysis of individual carbohydrates by gas chromatographic/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Abstract Through the gas chromatographic/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) determinations of alditol acetate derivatives of monosaccharides, rapid analysis of the δ 13 C of individual sugars can be accomplished with a precision of approximately ±0.3‰. Fractionations in carbon occurring during the bond rupture/derivatization procedure are reproducible, and thus permit the back calculation to the original isotopic composition of the sugar prior to the addition of the acetate groups. Limitations exist in the methodology, including the production of asymmetric carbon center during reduction steps, which need to be considered in interpretation of both chemical and isotopic results.
Flow of bottom water in the Somali Basin

Abstract Repeat CTD surveys by the R.R.S. Charles Darwin in the Somali Basin at the height of subsequent northeast and southwest monsoons show only small differences in the circulation of the bottom water. About 4 × 10 6 m 6 s −1 moves north along the continental rise of Africa below a zero-velocity surface at the potential isotherm 1.2°C in a deep western-boundary current near 3°S. Cross-equatorial sections suggest that this flow turns eastward near the equator. North of the equator a large mass of cold water is found in the interior, east of the Chain Ridge. The presence of this feature reinforces the evidence that the deep western-boundary current observed south of the equator turns east at the equator and feeds the interior circulation in the northern part of the basin from the equator, and not from the boundary. The deep circulation observed in the Somali Basin is roughly consistent with a flat-bottom uniform upwelling Stommel-Arons calculation with realistic basin geometry, source location and uniform upwelling. However, the model results indicate that the boundary current crosses the equator, whereas the observational analysis suggests that it turns eastward there.
A simple method for analysis of the performance of aerated wastewater lagoons

An aerated wastewater stabilization lagoon, or any subsection of the overall lagoon, should function as an oxidation reactor, a clarifier, and a sludge digester. A relatively simple set of calculations can be used to evaluate these three functions for zones within a lagoon system. Only SBOD, TSS, and NH 4 -N or PO 4 -P measurements are needed to support the analysis. The evaluation should be limited to bacterially dominated zones of a lagoon system, i.e. lack of significant algal influence.