cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interface Between Statistics and Philosophy of Science

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the interface between statistics and the philosophy of science—the influences that each has had or might have on the other. The chapter focuses on the mathematics of philosophy or probabilistic philosophy. The approach is often only semi quantitative because of the difficulty or impossibility of assigning precise numbers to the probabilities. The use of partially ordered probabilities can be regarded as a kind of “formalization of vagueness.” It differs from the theory of fuzzy sets that deals with “degrees of belonging” to a set or, as it might be expressed, with “degrees of meaning.” Much of statistics consists of techniques for condensing data sets into simplified numerical and graphical forms that can be more readily apprehended by the eye–brain system, a system that has evolved at a cost of some l0 18 organism hours. Philosophers recognize the importance of techniques and technicians should reciprocate.
The release of reducing sugars and dissolved organic carbon from Spartina alterniflora Loisel in a Georgia salt marsh

Eight monosaccharides were found to be released from both tall and short forms of Spartina alterniflora during tidal submergence including: 2-d ribose, rhamnose, ribose, mannose, arabinose, fructose, galactose and xylose. Glucose was not detected in the leachate of either growth form. Two additional monosaccharides were found but were not identified. Losses of total reducing sugars (TRS) and total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) ranged from 14–54 μgCg−1 dry wth−1 and 42 to 850 μgCg−1 dry wth−1, respectively. Losses of individual monosaccharides were generally <5μgCg−1 dry wth−1 and varied from 0·5–17 μgCg−1 dry wth−1. Differences were observed in seasonal patterns of losses between tall and short Spartina. Tall Spartina TRS losses peaked in midsummer, while in short Spartina TRS losses peaked in the spring and fall. TDOC losses in both tall and short Spartina followed similar patterns with peak losses occurring in the spring and fall. Periods of net uptake of TDOC were observed in both growth forms in midsummer. Uptake rates varied from 142–930 μgCg−1 dry wth−1. Estimated annual losses of TDOC from tall and short Spartina were between 100–150 and 5–10 gCm−2 year−1, respectively. The magnitude and seasonal pattern of TDOC losses reported here support Turner's conclusions that losses of labile DOM from Spartina are substantial in Georgia salt marshes and related to seasonal patterns of estuarine metabolism.
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements

The governments of numerous low- and middle-income countries are currently instituting rules that strengthen changes in domestic intellectual property legislation, often made to conform to the mandates of "free" trade agreements signed with the United States. These measures frequently include intellectual property provisions that extend beyond the patent law standards agreed upon in recent World Trade Organization negotiations, which promised to balance the exigencies of public health and patent holders. In this paper, we analyze the concern that this augmentation of patent law standards will curtail access to essential medicines, particularly as they relate to the AIDS pandemic. We critically examine the potential threats posed by trade agreements vis-a-vis efforts to provide universal access to antiretroviral medications and contend that the conditioning of economic development upon the strengthening of intellectual property law demands careful attention when public health is at stake. Finally, we examine advocacy successes in challenging patent law and conclude that greater advocacy and policy strategies are needed to ensure the protection of global health in trade negotiations.
Sparse Jacobian Computation Using ADIC2 and ColPack

Many scientific applications benefit from the accurate and e cient computation of derivatives. Automatically generating these derivative computations from an applications source code o ers a competitive alternative to other approaches, such as less accurate numerical approximations or labor-intensive analytical implementations. ADIC2 is a source transformation tool for generating code for computing the derivatives (e.g., Jacobian or Hessian) of a function given the C or C++ implementation of that function. Often the Jacobian or Hessian is sparse and presents the opportunity to greatly reduce storage and computational requirements in the automatically generated derivative computation. ColPack is a tool that compresses structurally independent columns of the Jacobian and Hessian matrices through graph coloring approaches. In this paper, we describe the integration of ColPack coloring capabilities into ADIC2, enabling accurate and e cient sparse Jacobian computations. We present performance results for a case study of a simulated moving bed chromatography application. Overall, the computation of the Jacobian by integrating ADIC2 and ColPack is approximately 40% faster than a comparable implementation that integrates ADOL-C and ColPack when the Jacobian is computed multiple times.
Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Hormones

Frailty is now a definable clinical syndrome with a simple screening test. Age-related changes in hormones play a major role in the development of frailty by reducing muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia). Selective Androgen Receptor Molecules and ghrelin agonists are being developed to treat sarcopenia. The role of Activin Type IIB soluble receptors and Follistatin-like 3 mimetics is less certain because of side effects. Exercise (resistance and aerobic), vitamin D and protein supplementation, and reduction of polypharmacy are keys to the treatment of frailty.
Abstract PR02: “Guardians of repeats”: Novel and significant relationship of p53 and interferon

Large parts of mammalian genomes are transcriptionally inactive and enriched with various classes of interspersed and tandem repeats. Here we show that the tumor suppressor protein p53, along with DNA methylation, plays an essential role in maintaining silencing of a large portion of the mouse genome. In the absence of functional p53, hypomethylation of DNA results in massive transcription of major classes of short interspersed repeats (SINEs B1 and B2), both strands of near-centromeric satellite DNAs consisting of tandem repeats, and multiple species of non-coding RNAs. In p53-deficient mouse fibroblasts treated with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-29-deoxycytidine, the abundance of these new transcripts exceeds the level of β-actin mRNA by more than 150-fold. Accumulation of these largely double-stranded transcripts, in the absence of p53, is accompanied with a strong endogenous type I interferon response that induces apoptotic cell death. Transcriptional activation of repeats and non-coding RNAs is observed in a significant proportion of spontaneous mouse tumors, presumably reflecting naturally occurring DNA hypomethylation and p53 inactivation. These observations suggest that p53 and IFN cooperate to prevent accumulation of cells with activated repeats. This model, which we have named TRAIN (Transcription of Repeats Activates INterferon), assigns a novel role to p53 as a guardian of repeats. TRAIN model provides plausible explanation for frequent deregulation of interferon pathway observed in a variety of tumors. Overall, this work highlights the cooperation between p53 and interferon as key players needed to maintain genetic stability, and even further outlines their significance in tumor progression and the evolution of the species. Citation Format: Katerina Leonova, Andrei Gudkov. “Guardians of repeats”: Novel and significant relationship of p53 and interferon. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PR02.
Lightweight confinement for featherweight java

Confinement properties impose a structure on object graphs which can be used to enforce encapsulation properties essential to certain program optimizations, modular reasoning, and software assurance. This paper formalizes the notion of confined type in the context of Featherweight Java. A static type system that mirrors the informal rules of Grothoff et al [17] is proven sound. The definition of confined types is extended to confined instantiation of generic classes. This allows for confined collection types in Java and for classes that can be confined post hoc. Confinement type rules are given for Generic Featherweight Java, and proven sound.
Executive Summary: The Virginia Commonwealth University Pharmacy Practice Transformation Conference

Pharmacy practice transformation was the focus of an invitational conference held in June 2011 to address the current status of the practice of pharmacy in Virginia and elucidate the consensus on future directions from pharmacists across the commonwealth. The series of presentations provided visionary perspectives on the role that pharmacists can have in the collaborative management of patients with chronic disease states, the optimal pharmacy practice model for direct patient care delivery in acute care settings, and payment for pharmacists' cognitive services, such as medication therapy management (MTM). The discussion groups were structured to have conference participants first identify future goals for pharmacy practice and then consider strategies to achieve these goals. The conference concluded with a consensus development dialogue that revealed the priorities as well as the strategies that needed to be employed to move the profession toward its goats.
Simulation and prediction of endothelial cell adhesion modulated by molecular engineering

Abstract Computational modeling is an effective approach for simulating and predicting the development and remodeling of biological systems. Here, we propose to integrate a probabilistic mathematical modeling approach into an emerging bioengineering area known as molecular regenerative engineering. This experimental–computational framework can be used to simulate and predict the efficacy of molecular engineering in controlling and enhancing the regenerative processes of pathologically disordered cells, tissues and organs. We demonstrate the significance and principles of this approach by using a special case as an example: enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion to arterial constructs by siRNA-mediated modulation of an adhesion-inhibiting factor known as Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1. A continuum approach is used to model endothelial cell adhesion at the cellular level, while the Kramers reaction-rate theory is used to model cell adhesion at the subcellular and molecular levels. We show that the proposed computational model can potentially be used to simulate the processes and alterations of endothelial cell adhesion at the molecular and cellular levels under shear flow and to predict the effectiveness of siRNA-mediated SHP-1 knockdown in enhancing endothelial cell adhesion in arterial constructs. These preliminary investigations suggest that this integrated experimental–computational approach may be used for the simulation and prediction of regenerative processes in response to molecular engineering.
Teachers as Civic Agents: Toward a Critical Democratic Theory of Urban Teacher Development.

Under the guise of increasing quality and accountability, many urban teacher education programs and professional development models characterize educators as mere transmitters of standardized content knowledge. The authors argue that such dehumanizing practices, which are rooted in the discourse of neoliberalism, prevent teachers from helping their students develop powerful literacies and civic skills. The authors seek to disrupt mainstream views about teaching and learning by instead envisioning the “Teacher as Civic Agent.” By reevaluating theories of schooling and democracy and analyzing a particular learning community that conceptualizes teachers as public intellectuals, this work aims to make an important theoretical shift in how educators, politicians, and policy makers think about the purpose of education in a democracy. The authors argue for new paradigm of teacher education in which teachers engage with local communities, become producers of knowledge, and work collectively in solidarity with the...
A note on traveling wave solutions for a class of nonlinear viscoelastic media

Abstract Traveling wave solutions (TWSs) are investigated for transverse propagation in a class of nonlinear viscoelastic media. Specifically, the propagation speed and shock thickness are determined, it is shown that vortex sheet formation occurs as the Reynolds number tends to infinity, and a special case exact solution is obtained and analyzed. Most significantly, it is proved that stable, transverse TWSs are possible only in super-Hookean media (i.e., media in which the fourth elastic modulus is positive) and that the propagation speed is a minimum when the limit at +∞ is zero.
Thermal Stabilization of Non-Stoichiometric GaAs through Beryllium Doping

Beryllium-doped, non-stoichiometric GaAs grown by MBE at low temperatures appears superior to its undoped counterpart in several key areas vital to device manufacturing. X-ray diffraction studies have indicated that material grown above 275°C shows complete thermal stability to annealing at temperatures up to 600°C. This behavior is ascribed in part to strain compensation between the small beryllium atoms and the large arsenic antisites. Consequently, outdiffusion of excess arsenic from the non-stoichiometric material into neighboring layers upon annealing or subsequent high temperature growth is expected to be negligible. Short carrier lifetime ( 104 Ω-cm) have been observed in the same as-grown material. Sub-picosecond lifetimes have been measured previously in undoped material, but the low growth temperatures required produce a supersaturation of antisites allowing for significant hopping conductivity through the defect band in as-grown material, and significant arsenic outdiffusion upon annealing. Due to electrical compensation of antisites by beryllium acceptors, materials in which the ionized antisites represent a major fraction of a relatively small total antisite concentration are now made possible by proceeding to higher growth temperatures. Thus, nonstoichiometric GaAs having a beneficial combination of thermal stability, short carrier lifetime and high resistivity can be fabricated
Evaluation of Flatbed Reciprocal Motion Agitators for Resuspension of Stored Platelet Concentrates

. We studied the storage characteristics of platelet concentrates prepared in polyolefin (PL-732) and thin-film polyvinyl chloride (CLX) plastic bags and stored on a newly designed flatbed reciprocal motion agitator with a 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) lateral movement and an oscillation frequency of 70 cycles/min. We also studied the ability of this device to resuspend the platelet button formed after preparative centrifugation. Results showed that platelet concentrates stored on the 1.5-inch shaker had storage characteristics equivalent to those reported for the conventional 70 cycles/min, 1-inch (2.5-cm) lateral movement flatbed shaker. Due to a more rapid acceleration and deceleration rate, however, the 1.5-inch shaker resuspended the platelet button formed after preparative centrifugation much more efficiently than did the less dynamic 1-inch shaker. Furthermore, with either agitator, platelet aggregates in the CLX bag were more readily resuspended than were aggregates in the PL-732 bag due in part to differences in plastic bag wall elasticity.
Stereoselectivity in oxyallyl–furan (4 + 3) cycloadditions: control of intermediate conformations and dispersive stabilisation in cycloadditions involving oxazolidinone auxiliaries

Chiral oxazolidinones were previously thought to control cycloaddition stereoselectivity by steric crowding of one face of the substrate. We have discovered that in (4 + 3) cycloaddition reactions of oxyallyls, the stereoinduction is caused instead by stabilising CH–π interactions that lead to reaction at the more crowded face of the oxyallyl. Density functional theory calculations on the (4 + 3) cycloadditions of oxazolidinone-substituted oxyallyls with furans establish unexpected transition state conformations and a new explanation of selectivity.
Chronicling Cultures: Long‐Term Field Research in Anthropology

Chronicling Cultures: Long-Term Field Research in Anthropology. Robert V. Kemper and Anya Peterson Royce, eds. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2002. 353 pp.
Climatic determinants of spring littering by feral coypus, Myocastor coypus

The fat reserves of adult female coypus in winter and the proportion of females littering in the following spring were measured between 1971 and 1979. Data were from post mortem material obtained during the current trapping programme in East Anglia.
A meta-analytic review of Elliot's (1999) Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation in the sport, physical activity, and physical education literature.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this quantitative review was to summarize the state of Elliot's Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation , specifically the antecedents of the 2 × 2 achievement goals in the sport, physical activity, and physical education literature. In addition, the intercorrelations amongst the 2 × 2 goals were also examined. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Meta-analytic procedures were used with the mean weighted sample correlation ( r w ) as the effect size metric. The antecedents were coded by Elliot's (1999) antecedent categories. A number of moderators were coded a priori . Results Based on a fixed effects model from 47 published studies (total unique n = 15,413) that met inclusion criteria, the 2 × 2 achievement goals were significantly correlated amongst each other ranging from small to medium to large in meaningfulness. Concerning the antecedents, overall they were theoretically correct in associations, but only a few of the relationships were medium in meaningfulness. Most relationships were small in meaningfulness. Heterogeneity was present for the interrcorrelation and antecedent analyses. Conclusion Future research is encouraged to grow and enrich the understanding of achievement goals within Elliot's complete Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation to include both antecedents and outcomes simultaneously to improve upon the understanding of achievement motivation in sport, exercise, and physical activity settings.
Immune mechanisms and the action of interferon in chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can eliminate cells infected with hepatitis B virus. A defect of T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis seems to exist in chronic hepatitis B infection. T cell-mediated lysis is dependent on HLA antigens of the infected host and this may explain the increased or decreased frequency of particular HLA antigens in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. This virus may decrease the concentration of HLA antigens expressed on liver cells. Interferon increases the HLA antigen expression on T lymphocytes and hepatocytes, thereby enhancing T lymphocyte-mediated lysis of infected liver cells and elimination of the hepatitis B virus.
Abstract 2497: Achieving Door-to-Needle Times of 37 minutes using a Streamlined Resident-Based Acute Stroke Protocol

Background: While tPA efficacy is enhanced by shorter delivery times, a recent analysis of the National Get-With-the-Guidelines stroke data demonstrated that only 29% of patients receive tPA Methods: In early 2011, a value stream analysis (VSA) was conducted, identifying several inefficiencies within our tPA protocol which included: (1) routing of patients to room, then CT, then back to room; (2) serial processing of work flow; and (3) delays in waiting for labs. On 3/1/11, a new resident-driven protocol was adopted incorporating changes to minimize delays: (1) routing patients directly to head CT prior to patient room, (2) utilizing a parallel approach to process work flow, and (3) implementing point-of-care (POC) labs. We directly compared the “Pre-VSA” epoch (1/1/09-2/28/11) to the “Post-VSA” epoch (3/1/11-7/31/11) with regard to baseline variables, protocol metrics, and discharge outcomes. Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used for continuous data and Fisher’s Exact test was used for binary data with p Results: In the Pre-VSA epoch, 132 patients were treated with IV tPA (0-4.5hr window). In the Post-VSA epoch, 37 patients were treated with IV tPA. Baseline variables such as age, NIH Stroke Scale, and past medical history were similar between the 2 epochs except for greater proportion of African-Americans and hypertension in the Post-VSA epoch (Table). Median DTN and onset-to-needle times were lower in the Post-VSA epoch: 60 min pre-VSA vs. 37 min post-VSA (p Conclusions: A resident-based stroke protocol using efficient choreography, parallel processing, and POC labs can accelerate tPA delivery without compromising patient safety.
Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Cancers are heterogeneous tissues comprised of multiple components, including tumor cells and microenvironment cells. The tumor microenvironment has a critical role in tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of various cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages and immune cells, as well as extracellular matrix and various cytokines and growth factors. Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. However, neither the derivation of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts nor markers of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts are well defined. Despite these uncertainties it is increasingly apparent that cancer-associated fibroblasts have a crucial role in tumor progression. In breast cancer, there is evolving evidence showing that breast cancer-associated fibroblasts are actively involved in breast cancer initiation, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts also play a critical role in metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and therapy resistance. This review summarizes the current understanding of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts.
Judicial Standards for Survey Research: An Update and Guidelines:

Courts have increasingly reviewed and accepted survey research during the past decade. As a result, implicit and explicit rules have evolved that reflect judicial perspectives of survey research me...
Improvements in the Rearing Diet for Chrysopa carnea and the Amino Acid Requirements for Growth

A diet containing soy and casein hydrolysates was satisfactory for rearing Chrysopa carnea Stephens for 18 generations. The diet did not promote growth after it was heat sterilized, but if sucrose was substituted for fructose, and yeast hydrolysate and casein were added, it could be autoclaved and used for rearing the insect. Dietary ascorbic acid was not needed for development. An amino acid mixture was substituted for the protein hydrolysates for testing the amino acid requirements. Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine were indispensable for growth.
Aerodynamic Control of a Rectangular Wing Using Gurney Flaps and Synthetic Jets

An experimental investigation was performed on a rectangular wing section at low angles of attack to determine the aerodynamic flow control eectiveness of pairing a near-trailing-edge Gurney flap with an array of synthetic jet actuators. In this investigation, a Gurney flap was placed a small distance upstream of the synthetic jet actuator orifice with the goal of using the synthetic jet actuators to augment the eects of the Gurney flap. The main advantage of the Gurney flap was a lift increase that was accompanied by a separated region downstream of the flap which the synthetic actuators were able to manipulate for additional lift increments. Sectional lift and quarter-chord pitching moment data were acquired at Rec = 1.57 ◊ 10 5 and angles of attack ranging from = 0 - 12 for dierent configurations of the Gurney flap and synthetic jet array. For configurations where significant aerodynamic control was observed, the flow physics in the vicinity of the flap and actuators were investigated with ensemble-averaged PIV measurements. These measurements showed that the control scheme could either augment or reduce the lift on the wing section depending on the location of the synthetic jet actuators. When the synthetic jets were placed on the pressure surface, the control scheme had a lift increase on the order of 10% and a corresponding decrease in the pitching moment for the range of angles of attack investigated. When the synthetic jets were placed on the suction surface, the control scheme had the opposite eect with percent decreases in lift of 10% or greater. These changes in the lift and pitching moment were the result of a change in the circulation around the wing section by a modification of the trailing edge flow in the wake of the Gurney flap. Thus it was shown that the synthetic jet actuators were able to manipulate the wake of the Gurney flap and augment the eects of the Gurney flap.
G.P.178

DMD patients on long term daily glucocorticoid (GC) therapy are at risk for excessive weight gain and linear growth failure. The impact of excessive weight gain and short stature on motor function is unclear. Objective : To evaluate height, weight and BMI of DMD patients on long term glucocorticoid therapy; and to study the correlation of height, weight and BMI with timed motor function. Cross-sectional retrospective case series review of GC treated DMD patients Results : 110 males aged 7 to ⩽13years were treated with daily GC for 4.8±1.5years and followed at our clinic for 4.8±1.6years. 7.3% were on metformin for insulin resistance and 17.3% were on growth hormone for growth failure. There was no excessive weight growth in 62% of patient; observed weight %tiles vs normal weight %tiles had a correlation coefficient, r >0.99. 61% of patients had heights rd %tile (53% of 7– 10years old). 26% of patients were overweight (BMI 85th −95th %tile) and 34% were obese (BMI>95th %tile). Height %tiles were not correlated with timed 30 foot run (run), Gower (G) and North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) Scores. Weight %tiles correlated positively with times for G ( p 0.027) and negatively with NSAA ( p 0.004). BMI %tiles correlated positively with times for run ( p 0.011) and G ( p 0.005); and negatively with NSAA ( p 0.0009). The weight and BMI correlations were stronger for patients older than 10years of age. The mean NSAA score and times for run and Gower for the overweight and obese patients (BMI>85th %tile) reflected worse motor function than patients with normal BMI p 0.011; G p 0.013; NSAA p 0.004). For daily GC treated DMD patients, excessive weight gain is not a complication in 62%; short stature
Atom–field interaction without the rotating-wave approximation: quasi-classical trajectories

We study the interaction between a two-level system and a harmonic oscillator without the rotating-wave approximation (RWA). In quantum optics, this model (sometimes called the spin-boson model) is traditionally thought of as a two-Ievel atom coupled to a single-mode radiation field, but it could also describe (1) a two-level ion in a trap coupled to the motion of its own center of mass or (2) a two-level particle in a solid coupled to a phonon mode. For sufficiently strong coupling, this model is known to exhibit chaos in a variety of semi-classical approximations.1
Lamotrigine for Absence Seizures

The effectiveness and safety of lamotrigine (Lamictal) monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures in 45 children and adolescents, aged 3-15 years, were evaluated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial at centers in Norfolk, VA; Akron, OH; Boston, MA; and Research Triangle Park, NC.
Study of a dual radio sensor platform for effective on-board real-time monitoring of freight trains

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has proliferated the use of connected sensors to observe and control the world around us. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are becoming ubiquitous tools that monitor their surroundings and also oftentimes provide actuation to affect the state of their environment. One of the key application domains for real-time monitoring and control is the freight railroad sector in North America. North America's freight railroad industry is responsible for transporting nearly 40% of goods, making it an inseparable aspect of national economic well-being. The current stationary wayside methodology of monitoring freight trains and the goods they transport is not effective and cannot provide the breadth of capabilities required to ensure safe and efficient operations. The use of otherwise popular existing communication technologies like ZigBee for this scenario were found to perform insufficiently due to the unique network topology imposed by the freight train. The Hybrid Technology Networking (HTN) protocol has been proposed to alleviate these issues. In this work a custom hardware platform is presented to optimally implement and deploy networks of sensors using the HTN protocol. A model for predicting network performance metrics using this platform along with performance test results are presented.
Electron-Phonon Scattering in Atomically Thin 2D Perovskites.

Two-dimensional (2D) atomically thin perovskites with strongly bound excitons are highly promising for optoelectronic applications. However, the nature of nonradiative processes that limit the photoluminescence (PL) efficiency remains elusive. Here, we present time-resolved and temperature-dependent PL studies to systematically address the intrinsic exciton relaxation pathways in layered (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)n−1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1, 2, 3) structures. Our results show that scatterings via deformation potential by acoustic and homopolar optical phonons are the main scattering mechanisms for excitons in ultrathin single exfoliated flakes, exhibiting a Tγ (γ = 1.3 to 1.9) temperature dependence for scattering rates. We attribute the absence of polar optical phonon and defect scattering to efficient screening of Coulomb potential, similar to what has been observed in 3D perovskites. These results establish an understanding of the origins of nonradiative pathways and provide guidelines for optimizing PL efficiencies of...
Radiolytic Instability of Ferrous Sulfamate in Nuclear Process Solutions

The radiolytic oxidation of Fe(II) and the destruction of sulfamic acid (SA) in feed solutions for solvent extraction purification of 237Np and 238Pu from spent nuclear fuels have been investigated...
Amount of Sleep, Daytime Sleepiness, Hazardous Driving, and Quality of Life of Second Year Medical Students.

The authors describe the sleep habits of second year medical students and look for associations between reported sleep duration and depression, burnout, overall quality of life, self-reported academic success, and falling asleep while driving. The authors conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of two consecutive cohorts of second year medical students at a large public university in the USA. Participants completed an anonymous survey about their sleep habits, daytime sleepiness (Epworth sleepiness scale), burnout (Maslach burnout inventory), depression (PRIME MD), and perceived stress (perceived stress scale). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using chi square tests and t tests, respectively. Sixty-eight percent of the students responded. Many (34.3%) reported fewer than 7 h of sleep on typical weeknights, including 6.5% who typically sleep less than 6 h. Twenty-five students (8.4%) reported nodding off while driving during the current academic year. Low typical weeknight sleep (fewer than 6 h vs 6–6.9 h vs 7 or more hours) was associated with (1) higher Epworth sleepiness scale scores, (2) nodding off while driving, (3) symptoms of burnout or depression, (4) decreased satisfaction with quality of life, and (5) lower perceived academic success (all p values ≤0.01). Students reporting under 6 h of sleep were four times more likely to nod off while driving than those reporting 7 h or more. Educational, behavioral, and curricular interventions should be explored to help pre-clinical medical students obtain at least 7 h of sleep most on weeknights.
Anatomy and Surgical Approaches to the Rabbit Nasal Septum

Importance The rabbit is the primary animal model used to investigate aspects of nasal surgery. Although several studies have used this model, none has provided a comprehensive analysis of the surg...
Lessons from the Recent Outbreaks of Rheumatic Fever in the United States

After declining in incidence for many years, rheumatic fever had an unexpected resurgence among middle-class children in the United States. The incidence of carditis was unusually high, and was more severe than had been seen in recent years. The most likely reason for the return of rheumatic fever was increased virulence of Group A streptococci and the reappearance of rheumatogenic strains of this organism. It is hoped that the experience gained from this resurgence will contribute to the development of a streptococcal vaccine and to the eradication of rheumatic fever, a major cause of heart disease in many areas of the world.
A Hard(y) Look at B-1 Cell Development and Function

A small population of B cells exists in lymphoid tissues and body cavities of mice that is distinct in development, phenotype, and function from the majority (B-2) B cell population. This population, originally termed "Ly-1" and now "B-1," has received renewed interest as an innate-like B cell population of fetal-derived hematopoiesis, responsible for natural Ab production and rapid immune responses. Molecular analyses have begun to define fetal and adult hematopoiesis, while cell-fate mapping studies have revealed complex developmental origins of B-1 cells. Together the studies provide a more detailed understanding of B-1 cell regulation and function. This review outlines studies that defined B-1 cells as natural Ab- and cytokine-producing B cells of fetal origin, with a focus on work conducted by R.R. Hardy, an early pioneer and codiscoverer of B-1 cells, whose seminal contributions enhanced our understanding of this enigmatic B cell population.
State and noise covariance estimation in power grids using limited nodal PMUs

The statistics of critical state variables and nodal fluctuations in power grids are useful for control of its dynamics and procurement of regulation resources. This paper studies estimation of the statistics of grid state variables and ambient fluctuations using time-stamped nodal measurements collected from limited PMUs in the grid. We show that in the presence of time-stamped observations that enable computation of delayed covariances, PMUs located at half of the number of grid buses are sufficient to reconstruct all state and noise statistics exactly. For lower number of available PMUs, we provide a convex optimization framework for estimating the covariance matrices that outshines standard schemes that do not utilize the availability of time-stamped measurements.
The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program: Supplementary Service Provision Post-Affordable Care Act.

Abstract The Ryan White HIV/AIDS program (RWHAP) provides essential primary and supplementary health services to people living with HIV (PLWH). We examined the relationship between supplementary RW...
Genomic Databases, Ethical Issues in

The ability of large-scale genomic databases to pool and distribute large quantities of human genotypic and phenotypic data makes them an increasingly important research tool. This article explores the ethical concerns most relevant to the use of genomic databases, including risks to privacy and confidentiality and the potential for discrimination, the difficulty of determining when it may be appropriate to disclose individual research results to subjects, the challenges of informed consent for ongoing research on genomic data, and the necessity of implementing measures to control researcher access to genomic data. The article concludes with a brief review of ethical issues that will likely require further exploration over the next several years.
Quality-Driven Query Answering for Integrated Information Systems

Querying the Web.- Integrating Autonomous Information Sources.- Information Quality.- Information Quality Criteria.- Quality Ranking Methods.- Quality-Driven Query Answering.- Quality-Driven Query Planning.- Query Planning Revisited.- Completeness of Data.- Completeness-Driven Query Optimization.- Discussion.- Conclusion.
IMPLANTATION OF CULTURED SCHWANN CELLS TO FOSTER REPAIR IN INJURED MAMMALIAN SPINAL CORD

Until relatively recently, the prevailing view was that successful axonal regeneration could not occur in the central nervous system (CNS) of the adult mammal. Attempts at regeneration, termed “abortive regeneration,” were known to occur at the site of injury but continued growth that was maintained was not observed. This contrasts with the peripheral nervous system where regeneration and functional recovery have long been known to occur. In fact, this knowledge led workers in the early 1900s to transplant the substratum for axon regrowth, peripheral nerve, into the CNS. The results were successful enough to cause Ramon y Cajal (1928) to conclude that CNS nerve cells possess the capacity to regrow axons if a suitable environment is provided. Despite subsequent studies over the next decades, convincing evidence of the growth potential of CNS neurons in the spinal cord was not published until 1980. Richardson et al (1980) clearly demonstrated that CNS axons regrew into pieces of peripheral nerve transplanted into a 5–10 mm gap in adult rat spinal cord.
Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance studies of energy metabolism in molluscan tissues: effect of anoxia and ischemia on the intracellular pH and high energy phosphates in the ventricle of the whelk, Busycon contrarium

Isolated ventricles of the whelkBusycon contrarium were perfused in 15 mm (internal diameter) nuclear magnetic resonance tubes at 22–24°C. Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectra were generated at 60.7071 MHz using a multi nuclei FT spectrometer. Methodologies were developed to utilize31P-NMR spectra to assess intracellular pH (pHi) and the relative levels of high energy phosphates in experimental preparations. Ventricles perfused under normoxic conditions for 6 h showed no changes in the levels of arginine phosphate and ATP. There was a slight decrease in pHi (0.08 unit). Anoxia and anoxia+ischemia resulted in a number of metabolic changes. There was a linear decay in arginine phosphate with half times of decay of 4.9 and 5.6 h, respectively. Inorganic phosphate levels rose 3–5 fold in both experimental groups. In contrast, no statistically significant changes in the adenylates were observed. 6 h of anoxia and anoxia+ischemia produced significant reductions in pHi. During anoxia, the pHi fell from 7.11 to 6.87, and during anoxia+ischemia the pHi fell from 7.14 to 6.79. Rates of accumulation of succinate and alanine under these conditions were quite low. The apparent low rates of glycolysis were probably related to minimal activities of phosphofructokinase due to reduced pHi and the lack of large alterations in the adenylates. The general response of the ventricle of the whelkB. contrarium to reduced oxygen tensions is a reduction in energy demands leading to low rates of anaerobic energy metabolism and resultant alterations in pHi and levels of high energy phosphates.
A New Approach to Signal Processing of Spatiotemporal Data

We present a method combining ideas from the theory of operator-valued kernels with delay-coordinate embedding techniques in dynamical systems capable of identifying spatiotemporal patterns, without prior knowledge of the state space or the dynamical laws of the system generating the data. The approach is particularly powerful for systems in which characteristic patterns cannot be readily decomposed into temporal and spatial coordinates. Using simulated and observed sea-surface temperature data, we show our approach reveals coherent patterns of intermittent character with significantly higher skill than conventional analytical methods based on decomposing signals into separable spatial and temporal patterns.
Scythe and the City: A Social History of Death in Shanghai (Book Review)

Over the past three decades, a significant number of historians of late Qing and Republican China have focused on the development of Shanghai, both as a decadent city, full of splendor, and as a pl...
A game theoretical framework for inter-process adversarial intervention detection

In this paper, we propose and analyze a two-level game theoretical framework to detect advanced and persistent threats across processes. The two-level framework adapted facilitates abstraction of the complexity of process level interactions between defense mechanisms and adversaries from easier to interpret and more flexible system-level interaction. At the process-level, program anomaly detection algorithms have already been proposed to detect anomalous program behavior by comparing monitored activities with the predetermined expected behavior. This had led to significant detection performance initially until advanced adversaries modified the attacks to remain undetected. Therefore, we propose defense mechanisms that anticipate the reaction of advanced evaders and seek to maximize the complexity of undetectable attacks at the expense of additional false alarm rate. Furthermore, in the system-level, we propose defense mechanisms to detect adversarial intervention across processes through the assessment of all process activities together in a cohesive way so that the advanced adversaries need to craft their attacks further to remain undetected also at the system-level. This further increases the cost of complexity for the attacker, and correspondingly degrades the motivation to attack. We provide a game theoretical incentive analysis for both defenders and adversaries, and characterize pure and mixed strategy equilibria. We also analyze the coupling between the two levels of the game.
Sperm quality during extra-gonadal sperm reserve depletion in stallions.

To estimate when, during stallions' extra-gonadal reserves (EGR) depletion period, sperm quality would reach its highest quality, six light breed sexually rested stallions were collected daily for 7 days to deplete EGR. On collection days 1, 3, 5, and 7, sperm output, total (TM) and progressive (PM) motility, morphology, and plasma membrane (PLM) integrity were evaluated. Sperm output decreased as EGR depletion advanced, stabilizing on days 5-7. Sperm motility (TM and PM) and morphology were not different during EGR depletion. Plasma membrane integrity improved from day 1 to 3; however, no further improvement observed on days 5 and 7. Sperm of sexually rested stallions reach the highest quality on day 3 of the EGR depletion period.
Data of thermally active lignin-linkages and shape memory of lignin-rubber composites.

Abstract This data article presents the utilization of thermally dynamic covalent bonds of lignin linkages such as β–O–4′, Cα–O of β–5′ phenylcoumaran, and β–β resinol to modify the thermomechanical properties of high loading lignin-nitrile rubber composites. These thermally active lignin linkages can be triggered at 180 °C to generate free-radicals for crosslinking reactions. The evolution of crosslinking density was measured in-situ using dynamic mechanical analysis and rheological characterization. The shape programmability and shape recovery of these composites were determined by both ex-situ and in-situ methods. The thermally modified composites exhibited excellent shape memory properties. The data in this article are related to our recent research article entitled “Responsive lignin for shape memory applications” (Nguyen et al., 2018).
Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by plasma membrane organization and endocytosis

The trafficking of G protein coupled-receptors (GPCRs) is one of the most exciting areas in cell biology because of recent advances demonstrating that GPCR signaling is spatially encoded. GPCRs, acting in a diverse array of physiological systems, can have differential signaling consequences depending on their subcellular localization. At the plasma membrane, GPCR organization could fine-tune the initial stages of receptor signaling by determining the magnitude of signaling and the type of effectors to which receptors can couple. This organization is mediated by the lipid composition of the plasma membrane, receptor-receptor interactions, and receptor interactions with intracellular scaffolding proteins. GPCR organization is subsequently changed by ligand binding and the regulated endocytosis of these receptors. Activated GPCRs can modulate the dynamics of their own endocytosis through changing clathrin-coated pit dynamics, and through the scaffolding adaptor protein β-arrestin. This endocytic regulation has signaling consequences, predominantly through modulation of the MAPK cascade. This review explores what is known about receptor sorting at the plasma membrane, protein partners that control receptor endocytosis, and the ways in which receptor sorting at the plasma membrane regulates downstream trafficking and signaling.
Tropical storms influence the movement behavior of a demersal oceanic fish species.

Extreme weather events strongly influence marine, freshwater, and estuarine ecosystems in myriad ways. We quantified movements of a demersal oceanic fish species (gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus; N = 30) before, during, and after two hurricanes in 2017 using fine-scale acoustic telemetry at a 37-m deep study site in North Carolina, USA. During storms, gray triggerfish movement and emigration rates were 100% and 2550% higher, respectively, than on days with no storms. We found that increased movement rates were much more strongly correlated with wave orbital velocity (i.e., wave-generated oscillatory flow at the seabed) than either barometric pressure or bottom water temperature, two covariates that have been demonstrated to be important for organisms in shallower water. Higher movement rates during storms were due to increased mobility at night, and emigrations typically occurred at night in the direction of deeper water. Overall, we found significant storm effects on the movement behavior of a demersal fish species in the open ocean, despite our study occurring in deeper water than previous studies that have examined storm effects on animal movement. We conclude that tropical storms are a driving force behind the structure of marine ecosystems, in part by influencing movements of mobile animals.