cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MIDWINTER THAW: PARSNIPS AND PEOPLE

(Rrceiwd 10 Februor>, 1986) SOME~ME in late January or early February. after Lake Erie has frozen over and the lake effect snow squalls have stopped, there is a midwinter thaw in Western New York. A short break in the fierce cold and snowy weather that we anticipate as keenly as the arrival of the delights of winter: cardinals and evening grosbeaks. wood stove warm kitchen, seed catalogs, Dickensian Christmases. cross country skiing, and parsnips. Melting snow turns the horse paddock into a quagmire, the driveway into a temporary creek, and the 120-year-old fieldstone portion of the basement into a puddle. The grass over the septic tank and tile field pipes reappears as miraculously as do the unharvested turnips. parsnips, and cold resistant spinach: incongruous, refreshing gray-green against the leafless trees. snow, and gray sky. When the conditions are right dense ground fog, just like the moor mist in the old Sherlock Holmes Hound of the Baskervilles movie, settles in over fields still covered with snow. Of course it is only a matter of time before real winter returns, but for a few days we scurry about in shirts and down vests doing chores that have been put ofi transferring hay to the top of the horse barn, spreading the accumulated ashes from several cleanings of the fireplace and wood stove on the garden, hauling more logs to the bottom of the big barn to replace those that have been split and burnt. The softening squash and pumpkins are culled from the baskets of vegetables in the cold room and put out for the birds and field mice to eat. Fences are hastily patched with hopes that the repairs will last until spring. Loose straw and hay from the barns are raked up and spread over the exposed perennial beds to protect them against the frigid temperatures sure to come. Without a good sized layer of insulating snow the tender shoots of early spring flowering plants will be frost killed. Anticipating the appetite for fresh fruits and vegetables that accompanies the warming trends of spring yet to come, one of the dormant rhubarb plants is enveloped by a bottomless wooden keg filled with manure and straw. In March when the spring melt is in full Aood, this rhubarb plant, growing into the fertile warmth of its winter manure coat? will be undressed and the partially blanched stalks stewed and savored. A favorite chore of these rare midwinter thaw days is to dig parsnips. Now that the boys have grown up and away, the chores of the sheep and poultry have been relinquished. Jeremiah, the champion ram, is as vigorous as ever but he is tending to a larger flock of mixed Dorset sheep in an adjoining town. Without the reliability of youth the day to day animal work done by an increasingly busy and reluctant father began to suffer. So in the winter of 1985-1986, Susan and I savor the seed catalogs, our neighbor’s dozen
The Therapeutic Release of Anger: Helen Watkins's Silent Abreaction and Subsequent Elaborations of the Anger Rock

This paper summarizes Helen Watkins's (1980) silent abreaction technique for releasing anger and the subsequent elaborations it has inspired. Discussion of Watkins's seminal article incorporates her verbatim account of the technique, 2 clinical applications, and her encouragement of further adaptations. Other scholars' subsequent contributions include an adaptation for dissociative identity disorder, brief treatment of constant pain syndrome, and inpatient treatment of a suicidally depressed, dissociative survivor of sexual abuse. Commonalities and distinctions among Watkins's work and these modifications are discussed. New case material from the author's practice illustrate further elaborations, with emphasis on the role of releasing anger in the resolution of dissociative defenses and internal fragmentation in dissociative clients. To enhance the clinical utility of this paper, verbatim passages are included for all case illustrations in H. H. Watkins (1980), the 3 published elaborations, and the new case material.
Two models of multiple sclerosis: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. A pathological and immunological comparison

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are considered among the best models of human multiple sclerosis (MS). In both models, clinical disease is characterized by paralysis, while pathological changes consist of inflammatory demyelination. In both models there is a genetic influence on susceptibility/resistance to the development of disease. This has been thoroughly studied in TMEV infection, and it has been found to depend on both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC genes. At least four genes have been so far identified. Because of this genetic influence, some strains of mice are more susceptible to both clinical and pathological changes than others, and susceptibility appears to best correlate with the ability of a certain murine strain to develop a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to viral antigens. We have also observed that even among mice which are equally susceptible clinically, striking differences may be seen under pathological examination. These consist of different gradients of severity of inflammation, particularly in regards to the macrophage component. There is an inverse relationship between the number of macrophages, and their length of stay in the CNS, and the ability of mice to remyelinate their lesions. The most severe lesions are in SJL/J mice, and remyelination in this strain is extremely poor. The least severe lesions in terms of macrophage invasion are in strains such as NZW and RIIIS/J, and these are able to remyelinate lesions very successfully. Murine chronic relapsing EAE (CR-EAE) shows pathological changes in many ways similar to those in TMEV-infected SJL/J mice, although less severe in terms of degrees of macrophage infiltration and tissue destruction. Mice with CR-EAE have a correspondingly limited ability to remyelinate their lesions. In both models the pathology appears to be mediated through a DTH response. However, while in EAE the DTH response is clearly against neuroantigens, the response in TMEV infection is against the virus itself. The end result in both models would be that of myelin destruction through a lymphotoxin-cytokine-mediated mechanism. The importance of the DTH response in both models is well illustrated by the effects of tolerance induction in EAE and TMEV infection to neuroantigens and virus, respectively. These are important models of human MS, since the current hypothesis is that a viral infection early in life, on the appropriate genetic background, may trigger a secondary misdirected immune response which could be directed either against myelin antigens and/or possible persistent virus(es).
Glutathione III. Biological aspects of the azoester procedure for oxidation within the normal human erythrocyte

Abstract 1. 1. The age of human erythrocytes plays no significant role in affecting (a) the GSH content of the cells, (b) the ease of azoester oxidation of the GSH to the disulfide or (c) the ease of intracellular regeneration of GSH from GSSG. 2. 2. The chemical state of the hemoglobin (oxy-, deoxy-, carbon monoxide or met-) within the human erythrocyte has no influence on the ease of oxidation of GSH by azoester or on the subsequent regeneration of GSH from GSSG. 3. 3. Hemoglobin SH groups are unaffected by quantities of azoester sufficient to oxidize all the GSH to GSSG. 4. 4. O 2 is not required for oxidation of GSH. The implication is clear that H 2 O 2 is not a necessary intermediate for drug-induced damage of cells. 5. 5. Excess azoester, which generates reactive free radicals, has the following effects: (a) The quantity of GSH regenerated from GSSG falls from 90% of the theoretical to about 60% of that expected when a 4-fold excess of azoester is used. Further increases in the excess of azoester used do not diminish the quantity of GSH regenerated, implicating a limited number of intracellular sites for the disappearance of GSH. These sites are called “oxidant target sites”. (b) Methemoglobin formation rises from 3–6% under the usual conditions for azoester oxidation of GSH to 15–20% when a large excess (5-fold) of reagent is utilized. (c) Heinz body formation becomes evident at large (above 4-fold) excesses of azoester.
Use of Mechanistic Models to Integrate and Analyze Multiple Proteomic Datasets

Proteins in cell signaling networks tend to interact promiscuously through low-affinity interactions. Consequently, evaluating the physiological importance of mapped interactions can be difficult. Attempts to do so have tended to focus on single, measurable physicochemical factors, such as affinity or abundance. For example, interaction importance has been assessed on the basis of the relative affinities of binding partners for a protein of interest, such as a receptor. However, multiple factors can be expected to simultaneously influence the recruitment of proteins to a receptor (and the potential of these proteins to contribute to receptor signaling), including affinity, abundance, and competition, which is a network property. Here, we demonstrate that measurements of protein copy numbers and binding affinities can be integrated within the framework of a mechanistic, computational model that accounts for mass action and competition. We use cell line-specific models to rank the relative importance of protein-protein interactions in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling network for 11 different cell lines. Each model accounts for experimentally characterized interactions of six autophosphorylation sites in EGFR with proteins containing a Src homology 2 and/or phosphotyrosine-binding domain. We measure importance as the predicted maximal extent of recruitment of a protein to EGFR following ligand-stimulated activation of EGFR signaling. We find that interactions ranked highly by this metric include experimentally detected interactions. Proteins with high importance rank in multiple cell lines include proteins with recognized, well-characterized roles in EGFR signaling, such as GRB2 and SHC1, as well as a protein with a less well-defined role, YES1. Our results reveal potential cell line-specific differences in recruitment.
The human HPRT gene on a yeast artificial chromosome is functional when transferred to mouse cells by cell fusion.

Abstract A 680-kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) that contains a functional copyof the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene has been isolated. This YAC, yHPRT, and another YAC, yXY837, which contains the 3′ end of the HPRT gene, have been mapped with restriction enzymes that cleave human DNA infrequently. The HPRT gene lies near the center of yHPRT. Fusion of yHPRT-containing yeast spheroplasts with mouse L A-9 cells, which are HPRT-negative, gives rise to HPRT-positive colonies. These colonies contain the human HPRT gene and express human HPRT mRNA. Fusion of yeast with mammalian cells is an efficient way of testing the integrity and functionality of human DNA contained in YACs.
Rethinking Traditional Planning Assumptions to Facilitate Narrative Generation

STRIPS-style planning has proven to be a helpful methodology for narrative generation, but certain assumptions about the process remain in use which inhibit the creation of interesting stories. The sequence of actions is more important than the initial and goal state of the world, so a narrative planner should first build a plot and then adapt the world to that plot. This is possible by relaxing the closed world assumption to allow revision to the initial and goal states. Adapting Planning for Story Writing The mature AI formalism of STRIPS-style planning has proven to be a useful tool for narrative generation. Research groups, especially those headed by Young, Cavazza, Mateas, and Riedl have produced a number of story writing systems based on planners. The STRIPS planning representation is a natural one for story writing because it resembles existing narratology models (Cavazza and Pizzi 2006) and can be easily mapped onto psychological models of story comprehension (Young 1999). Classical planning was first developed for solving real world problems in which the initial and goal states were known and a sequence of actions to achieve the goal was desired. Most classical domains are assumed to be fully observable, deterministic, static, and discrete (Russell and Norvig 2003). These assumptions are unrealistic for the real world. However, these assumptions can be reasonable for story generation. The author is usually free to take a God’s eye view of the story world (fully observable), determine the exact outcomes of actions (deterministic), control the environment (static), and estimate real world concepts to an arbitrary degree of accuracy (discrete). Ironically, classical planning is much better suited to story generation than to its original purpose because of these assumptions. But some traditional assumptions about input and output no longer hold, and those should be critically examined.
Removing the Bedroom Television Set: A Possible Method for Decreasing Television Viewing Time in Overweight and Obese Adults:

U.S. adults watch television (TV) for an average of 5 hours per day, an amount associated with increased obesity risk. Studies in children have found bedroom TV sets, which result in greater time spent by watching TV and shorter sleep durations, both of which increase a child's odds of becoming overweight. The authors examined associations between bedroom TV viewing time (BTVT), Body Mass Index (BMI), sleep time, non-BTVT, and total TV viewing time in 39 overweight and obese adults with and without a bedroom TV set. No significant correlations are found between BTVT and BMI or sleep time. BTVT is positively associated with non-BTVT (Spearman's rho = 0.37, p = .076; n = 24). Participants with a bedroom TV tend to watch significantly more TV (5.4 hours per day +/- 2.7; p = .057; n = 28) than do participants without a bedroom TV (3.6 +/- 1.9 hours per day, p = .057; n = 11). This article suggested that taking the TV out of the bedroom may help to reduce overweight and obese adults can decrease their TV viewing time.
Accurate modeling of the source resistance in modulation-doped FETs

A distributed multiple-layer transmission line (MTL) model has been developed for the source and drain ohmic contacts of modulation-doped FETs. Results based on the authors' model clearly demonstrate that the source resistance in MODFETs cannot be estimated simply from a knowledge of the behavior of the series resistance in nongated TLM test structures. Differences between the results based on the MTL model and those obtained from the previously used lump-element contact end-resistance (LECR) model are explained. >
Sexual Insistence and Disliked Sexual Activities In Young Adulthood: Differences by Gender And Relationship Characteristics

RESULTS: Seven percent of men and 8% of women had had unwanted sex at their partner’s insistence. A signifi cantly greater proportion of women than of men (12% vs. 3%) had engaged repeatedly in sexual activities they disliked, primarily fellatio and anal sex. Relationship characteristics were associated with sexual insistence, but gender was not. For example, female respondents who reported unreciprocated love for their partner had higher odds of reporting sexual insistence perpetration than those who reported that they and their partner loved each other (odds ratio, 3.9). Females were more likely than males to report repeated participation in disliked sexual activities (3.7); relationship characteristics were relatively unimportant for this outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults of both genders may need education on the importance of accepting a partner’s sexual desires and being sensitive to both a partner’s unwillingness to engage in an activity and the true extent of a partner’s dislike of certain activities. They may also need guidance on how to voice their own preferences and dislikes.
Learning Without Rules: PDP and a Resolution of the Adult Language Learning Paradox

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionist models are systems that "learn without rules," thus providing an alternative to more traditional symbolic grammars. In this paper, a common problem in adult second language learning-the disparity between child and adult second language learning-here called the Adult Language Learning Paradox (ALL Paradox) is examined within this framework. The alternative analysis examined here offers some insight into this problem by taking into consideration the influence of neurological constraints on language learning and the parallel processing that is intrinsic to brain function. Rules seem to be an omnipresent, if not omnipotent, factor in the
Growth and magnetism of Ni nanoparticles in Ni/Al2O3/Si or Si3N4 multilayers

Abstract We report on the fabrication of Ni/Al 2 O 3 /Si and textured Ni/Al 2 O 3 /Si 3 N 4 multilayers containing Ni nanoparticles that exhibit significantly improved results. The secondary phases arising from thermal reaction between Ni and Si can be remarkably suppressed with increasing layers of Al 2 O 3 and deposition of Ni/Al 2 O 3 multilayers on Si 3 N 4 substrates. Atomic force microscopy shows the formation of large as well as nanoclusters of Ni when grown on Si, whereas textured Ni nanoparticles are formed on Si 3 N 4 substrates. The magnetization measurements on Ni/Al 2 O 3 /Si containing a single buffer layer of Al 2 O 3 shows higher coercivity field with magnetic nanowire-like behavior, whereas with several Al 2 O 3 alternate layers almost a superparamagnetic-like behavior is observed. However, significantly improved magnetic hysteresis was observed in textured Ni/Al 2 O 3 /Si 3 N 4 multilayers due to preferred alignment of Ni nanocrystallites.
Modified screening and ranking algorithm for copy number variation detection.

Motivation: Copy number variation (CNV) is a type of structural variation, usually defined as genomic segments that are 1 kb or larger, which present variable copy numbers when compared with a reference genome. The screening and ranking algorithm (SaRa) was recently proposed as an efficient approach for multiple change-points detection, which can be applied to CNV detection. However, some practical issues arise from application of SaRa to single nucleotide polymorphism data. Results: In this study, we propose a modified SaRa on CNV detection to address these issues. First, we use the quantile normalization on the original intensities to guarantee that the normal mean model-based SaRa is a robust method. Second, a novel normal mixture model coupled with a modified Bayesian information criterion is proposed for candidate change-point selection and further clustering the potential CNV segments to copy number states. Simulations revealed that the modified SaRa became a robust method for identifying change-points and achieved better performance than the circular binary segmentation (CBS) method. By applying the modified SaRa to real data from the HapMap project, we illustrated its performance on detecting CNV segments. In conclusion, our modified SaRa method improves SaRa theoretically and numerically, for identifying CNVs with high-throughput genotyping data. Availability and Implementation: The modSaRa package is implemented in R program and freely available at http://c2s2.yale.edu/software/modSaRa. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The association of depression, risky sexual behaviours and herpes simplex virus type 2 in adults in NHANES, 2005-2008.

Objectives Depression has been linked to risky sexual behaviours in adolescents, but there is little research among adults. The goal of this analysis was to examine the associations between current depression and self-reported risky sexual behaviours in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 20–59 years. The authors also examined the association between depression and infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a biological marker of risky sexual behaviours. Methods The authors used data from the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Current depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Antibodies to HSV-2 were tested using the enzymatic immunodot assay. The authors used logistic regression to examine the associations controlling for socio-demographic variables. Results Among 5273 adults aged 20–59 years, 7% had depression, 36% reported 10 or more lifetime sex partners, 15% had two or more past-year sex partners and 13% had first sex before 15 years of age. Persons with each of the risky sexual behaviours were more likely to have depression than those without. In stratified analyses, risky sexual behaviours were associated with depression in women but not in men. Among 3940 adults aged 20–49 years, 19% had HSV-2 infection. Persons with HSV-2 infection were more likely to have depression (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.9). Conclusions Risky sexual behaviour is related to current depression in adult women. Healthcare providers should be aware of this association and its potential implications in order to deliver better care for patients with depression or sexually transmitted infections.
Stage-wise solution to a bicriteria staff-scheduling model

This paper proposes an efficient, stage-wise optimisation model for scheduling part-time staff. During stage 1, the problem is formulated as a totally unimodular integer linear programme (ILP) that produces integer solution upon solving its LP relaxation. The model produces optimum work shifts of various lengths along with the optimal number of employees needed in each shift while minimising the total labour time. In the second stage, an assignment model is used to allocate employees to various work shifts while maximising their preferences. The stage-wise model has the necessary flexibility and computational efficiency to solve many real-world business scheduling problems, as illustrated by three separate case studies.
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fluxes in household ecosystems in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, urban region

Rapid worldwide urbanization calls for a better understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of those macroelements that have large environmental impacts in cities. This study, part of the Twin Cities Household Ecosystem Project, quantified fluxes of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) at the scale of individual households in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area in Minnesota, USA. We estimated input and output fluxes associated with several components of household activities including air and motor vehicle travel, food consumption, home energy use, landscape, pets, and paper and plastic use for 360 owner-occupied, stand-alone households. A few component fluxes dominated total input fluxes of elements. For instance, air and motor vehicle transportation, together with home energy use, accounted for 85% of total C consumption and emissions. All total and component fluxes were skewed to varying degrees, suggesting that policies targeting disproportionately high fluxes could be an effective and...
Position control of permanent magnet stepper motors using conditional servocompensators

The application of the ‘conditional servocompensator’ technique to position control of a permanent magnet stepper motor is studied. This is a recent approach to the output regulation of minimum-phase non-linear systems that results in better transient performance over ‘conventional’ servocompensator-based design. Global regulation results are provided for state-feedback control and semi-global results under output feedback, with regional results when the control is constrained. The simulation results show that good tracking performance is achieved, in spite of partial knowledge of the machine parameters.
Choosing Life Goals: A Phenomenological Study

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to uncover the meaning of the lived experience of choosing life goals. Seven married women, nurse administrators between the ages of 27-37, employed in middle management positions in two large metropolitan hospitals, were asked to provide a written description of a situation in which they found themselves choosing life goals. Giorgi's (1975) qualitative method of phenomenology was used to analyze the written descriptions. The major finding of this study was choosing life goals is struggling to fulfill competing ambitions while experiencing paradoxical feelings of calmness-turmoil, success-defeat, and security-insecurity in the process of affirming cherished beliefs. Findings from this study support the value of the phenomenological method for nursing research and enhance the knowledge base of nursing by expanding Parse's theory of human becoming. Findings reveal the importance of understanding more fully the processes of choosing life goals and how choices re...
A higher-order Nystro/spl uml/m scheme for electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped surfaces

A higher-order Nystro/spl uml/m scheme is developed for electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary conducting scatterers. In our implementation, we employ a superparametric geometry mapping for arbitrary curvilinear surfaces to minimize the geometry error. The local correction for singular integral kernels is manipulated efficiently with the Lagrange interpolation of the unknown functions followed by singularity extraction and Duffy's transformation. Since this local correction approach removes the local method of moments (MoM) procedure, the scheme is easier to implement and more efficient in controlling errors compared with other higher-order Nystro/spl uml/m schemes. Two numerical examples for scattering by sharp-corner scatterers are conducted to demonstrate the robustness of this method.
Spherical grip strength in children 3 to 6 years of age.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to establish normative data on spherical grip strength of children 3 to 6 years of age with the Martin Vigorimeter. METHOD Two hundred twenty-five preschoolers in the Kalamazoo, Michigan, area were tested with standardized positioning and instructions. The mean of three trials for each hand was used as the grip-strength score. A repeated measure design was used and the right and left hands were alternated during testing to allow a 20-sec rest period between trials. Hand width also was measured in inches from the head of the second metacarpal to the head of the fifth metacarpal. RESULTS Hand width and grip strength were significantly correlated for both the right (p < .0001) and the left hands (p < .001). Grip strength increased linearly across all of the age groups (p < .001). The results of paired t tests did not show a significant difference in grip strength between the right and left hands or between boys and girls. A table of mean grip-strength scores and hand width measurements along with their standard deviations is presented for clinical use. CONCLUSION The vigorimeter could be used to assess the grip strength of children with rheumatic disorders without putting excessive pressure on the joints or skin of the hand.
CHRNA5 Variant Predicts Smoking Cessation in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

INTRODUCTION While smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), active smoking is common among patients hospitalized with acute MI. Recent studies suggest that nicotinic receptor variants, and specifically the high-risk CHRNA5 rs16969968 A allele, are associated with cessation failure among noncardiac patients. This study investigates the association between CHRNA5 rs16969968 and smoking cessation in patients hospitalized with acute MI. METHODS Using data from the TRIUMPH study, we ascertained smoking status at the time of index hospitalization for acute MI and 1 year after hospitalization. After adjusting for age and sex, we used logistic regression to model the association between smoking cessation and CHRNA5 rs16969968. RESULTS At index admission, 752 Caucasian subjects were active smokers and 699 were former smokers. Among these ever-smokers, the A allele was associated with significantly decreased abstinence (45.0% abstinence for A allele carriers vs. 51.7% for GG homozygotes; odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.56-0.88, p = .0027). The A allele was also significantly associated with decreased abstinence at 1 year (69.1% abstinence for A allele carriers vs. 76.0% for GG homozygotes; OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.53-0.94, p = .0185). CONCLUSIONS Among patients who have smoked and who are hospitalized with acute MI, the high-risk CHRNA5 allele was associated with lower likelihood of quitting before hospitalization and significantly less abstinence 1 year after hospitalization with MI. The CHRNA5 rs16969968 genotype may therefore identify patients who would benefit from aggressive, personalized smoking cessation intervention.
analysis & commentary Partnering Private Primary Care Practices With Federally Qualified Health Centers In The Care Of Complex Patients

Federally qualified health centers and small primary care practices have many challenges in common: uninsured patients; growing numbers of chronically ill patients with complex needs; inadequate reimbursements by commercial health plans; and persistent staffing problems. Smaller primary care practices also face sizable barriers to participating in new delivery and payment models that are likely to proliferate in the wake of health reform. To help remedy primary care shortages in the context of implementing health reform, independent primary care providers could contract with nearby federally qualified health centers to provide comprehensive care management services for patients with complicated health problems. Small practices could then concentrate on providing individualized medical care, while health centers would receive additional income to help cover operating expenses.
PARTNER VIOLENCE AND RISK ASSESSMENT IN CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

How to integrate the problem of partner violence into a child custody evaluation is analyzed within a risk-assessment approach. The research literature on partner violence is reviewed to examine the issues of establishing a base rate for partner violence and its relative frequencies for both genders. Theoretical typologies of partner violence are reviewed and a new typology presented that is more suitable to the predictive task in the custody evaluation. A model of how the evaluator should approach partner violence is described, with an integration of a risk-assessment approach to child developmental outcomes as associated with custody and parenting time arrangements and a violence risk assessment of a perpetrator/parent.
Effect of Aspergillus parasiticus soil inoculum on invasion of peanut seeds.

Environmental control plots adjusted to late season drought and elevated soil temperatures where inoculated at peanut planting with low and high levels of conidia, sclerotia, and mycelium from a brown conidial mutant ofAspergillus parasiticus. Percentage infection of peanut seeds from undamaged pods was greatest for the subplot containing the high sclerotial inoculum (15/cm2 soil surface). Sclerotia did not germinate sporogenically and may have invaded seeds through mycelium. In contrast, the mycelial inoculum (colonized peanut seed particles) released large numbers of conidia into soil. Soil conidial populations of brownA. parasiticus from treatments with conidia and mycelium were positively correlated with the incidence of seed infection in undamaged pods. The ratio ofA. flavus to wild-typeA. parasiticus in soil shifted from 7:3 to 1:1 in the uninoculated subplot after instigation of drought, whereas in all subplots treated with brownA. parasiticus, the ratio of the two species became approximately 8:2. Despite high levels of brownA. parasiticus populations in soil, nativeA. flavus often dominated peanut seeds, suggesting that it is a more aggressive species. Sclerotia of wild-typeA. parasiticus formed infrequently on preharvest peanut seeds from insect-damaged pods.
Theoretical Analysis of Fowler Nordheim Parameterization and RLC Characteristics for Ring Cathode Field Emitter Arrays for Next Generation RF Amplifiers

Of all applications for which field emitter arrays (FEAs) are being designed, RF vacuum microelectronics is the most technically challenging application. The current density is typically three orders of magnitude larger than that required for displays (which require < 0.1 A/cm2). Due to their high current density capabilities and instant turn-on, FEAs may be a promising alternative to thermionic emitters for use in Inductive Output Amplifiers (IOAs). An analytical model of a field emitter is used to estimate Fowler Nordheim A and B parameters, effective resistance and capacitance of the array under several GHz modulation, signal propogation lengths, total current and current density, and effects of emitter non-uniformity on the basis of array geometry and materials. Estimates of inductance, resistance, and capacitance are made to estimate the drive power required to produce a bunched electron beam for Inductive Output Amplifier applications. An electronic efficiency of 32% with 15 dB gain may be possible from an array producing 260 mA peak, 71 mA average, current at 10 GHz using a TWT helix 1.51 cm long.
Fracture Risk After Bilateral Oophorectomy in Elderly Women

Elderly women with the lowest serum estrogen levels are at the greatest risk of bone loss and fractures, but it is controversial whether the ovaries contribute to estrogen production after menopause, and therefore, whether bilateral oophorectomy in postmenopausal women might have adverse skeletal effects. To address this potential problem, we estimated long-term fracture risk among 340 postmenopausal Olmsted County, MN, women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy for a benign ovarian condition in 1950-1987. In over 5632 person-years of follow-up (median, 16 years per subject), 194 women experienced 516 fractures (72% from moderate trauma). Compared with expected rates, there was a significant increase in the risk of any osteoporotic fracture (moderate trauma fractures of the hip, spine, or distal forearm; standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 1.54; 95% CI, 1.29-1.82) but almost as large an increase in fractures at other sites (SIR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.13-1.59). In multivariate analyses, the independent predictors of overall fracture risk were age, anticonvulsant or anticoagulant use for ≥6 months, and a history of alcoholism or prior osteoporotic fracture; obesity was protective. Estrogen replacement therapy was associated with a 10% reduction in overall fracture risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.64-1.28) and a 20% reduction in osteoporotic fractures (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.52-1.23), but neither was statistically significant. The increase in fracture risk among women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy after natural menopause is consistent with the hypothesis that androgens produced by the postmenopausal ovary are important for endogenous estrogen production that protects against fractures.
Cooperation and Coordination in Decentralized Communication Networks

Research has shown that decentralized networks and organizations perform better and have more satisfied members than centralized ones. Further, decentralized self-organizing networks are superior when solving complex problems. Despite mounting research in support of decentralized networks, the means of how to foster and maintain a decentralized, yet coordinated network remains a particular problem. The current line of research proposes and illustrates a flock theory, which models decentralized organizational communication. Grounded in literature from social networks, flock theory represents a model for the decentralized evolution of communicative networks. The flock model is extended to integrate roadmap based flocking, bipartite networks, and findings from small world networks research to create a theory of cooperation, coordination, and navigation within decentralized communication networks. Empirical illustrations of flock theory are conducted via a case study, providing initial support for the theory.
Scenario planning in dynamic multi-attribute tradespace exploration

The long time scales associated with complex system design and operation necessitate front-end systems engineering methodologies that enable consideration of alternative futures. This paper advances scenario planning techniques through a parameterization and ordering of potential future contexts and stakeholder expectations (e.g., articulated system attributes, available technology, funding levels, and supporting infrastructures). After surveying existing approaches for scenario planning, a methodology for specifying and analyzing large numbers of alternative system timelines is presented. A satellite radar case study is used to motivate and illustrate the value of this approach. Benefits of the methodology include: (1) broader and more rigorous consideration of alternative future needs, contexts, and timelines, (2) identification of gaps in traditionally-derived scenario sets, (3) identification of passively value-robust system alternatives, and (4) providing a basis for evaluating system evolution strategies that enable sustainment of value delivery across potential timelines.
Improved hyperspectral anomaly detection in heavy-tailed backgrounds

A new metric for anomaly detection in hyperspectral imagery is developed to account for anisotropic heavy tails in covariance-whitened data. The anisotropy, consisting of a variation in tail heaviness with principal component number, commonly occurs when the number of linearly independent components representing the data to within the noise level is less than the number of data dimensions. The detection metric is generated by representing the probability density function of the data with an empirical anisotropic super-Gaussian model for the probability density function. Its performance exceeds that of the RX and Subspace RX methods in examples from CAP ARCHER and HyMap imagery.
Partial differential equations

1. Introduction 2. Classification and Characteristics 3. Qualitative Behavior of Solutions to Elliptic Equations 4. Qualitative Behavior of Solutions to Evolution Equations 5. First-Order Equations 6. Eigenfunction Expansions and Integral Transforms: Theory 7. Eigenfunction Expansions and Integral Transforms: Applications 8. Green's Functions 9. Difference Methods for Parabolic Equations 10. Difference and Characteristic Methods for Parabolic Equations 11. Difference Methods for Hyperbolic Equations 12. Difference Methods for Elliptic Equations 13. Variational Formulation of Boundary Value Problems 14. The Finite Element Method: An Introduction
Influential Models of Political Association in the Western Tradition

Although modern science tends to classify man as a social being, Aristotle's concept of man as a political animal appears to have been more accurate. Situated between the beasts and the gods, man is a novelty, a self-conscious being only partially and ambiguously bound to the giveness of instinctual and divine orders.' Without a given and authoritative mode of sociality, humans must select their environments, make choices about their companions, deliberate upon their associations, and construct authoritative orders not only to live, according to Aristotle, but to live well.2 Although there have been many historic political orders, there may be only a limited number of basic conceptual models through which people can construct particular political associations. In the West, at least, five models, which will be examined in this article, appear to have been especially influential. These might be termed the organic order, the covenant community, the mixed polis, the contractual society, and the collectivist universal.
Parents and children sleeping together: Cosleeping prevalence and concerns.

Review of the cosleeping literature yields a very limited body of prevalence research, only a small portion of which involves psychiatric populations. An archival records review of child and adolescent urban outpatients suggests that prevalence has been underestimated in the literature and that cosleeping is associated with child and parent anxiety and issues of separation and sleep management, rather than with inappropriate sexual contact.
Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain.

Importance Long-acting opioids increase the risk of unintentional overdose deaths but also may increase mortality from cardiorespiratory and other causes. Objective To compare all-cause mortality for patients with chronic noncancer pain who were prescribed either long-acting opioids or alternative medications for moderate to severe chronic pain. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study between 1999 and 2012 of Tennessee Medicaid patients with chronic noncancer pain and no evidence of palliative or end-of-life care. Exposures Propensity score–matched new episodes of prescribed therapy for long-acting opioids or either analgesic anticonvulsants or low-dose cyclic antidepressants (control medications). Main Outcomes and Measures Total and cause-specific mortality as determined from death certificates. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and risk differences (difference in incidence of death) were calculated for long-acting opioid therapy vs control medication. Results There were 22 912 new episodes of prescribed therapy for both long-acting opioids and control medications (mean [SD] age, 48 [11] years; 60% women). The long-acting opioid group was followed up for a mean 176 days and had 185 deaths and the control treatment group was followed up for a mean 128 days and had 87 deaths. The HR for total mortality was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.26-2.12) with a risk difference of 68.5 excess deaths (95% CI, 28.2-120.7) per 10 000 person-years. Increased risk was due to out-of-hospital deaths (154 long-acting opioid, 60 control deaths; HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.40-2.58; risk difference, 67.1; 95% CI, 30.1-117.3) excess deaths per 10 000 person-years. For out-of-hospital deaths other than unintentional overdose (120 long-acting opioid, 53 control deaths), the HR was 1.72 (95% CI, 1.24-2.39) with a risk difference of 47.4 excess deaths (95% CI, 15.7-91.4) per 10 000 person-years. The HR for cardiovascular deaths (79 long-acting opioid, 36 control deaths) was 1.65 (95% CI, 1.10-2.46) with a risk difference of 28.9 excess deaths (95% CI, 4.6-65.3) per 10 000 person-years. The HR during the first 30 days of therapy (53 long-acting opioid, 13 control deaths) was 4.16 (95% CI, 2.27-7.63) with a risk difference of 200 excess deaths (95% CI, 80-420) per 10 000 person-years. Conclusions and Relevance Prescription of long-acting opioids for chronic noncancer pain, compared with anticonvulsants or cyclic antidepressants, was associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality, including deaths from causes other than overdose, with a modest absolute risk difference. These findings should be considered when evaluating harms and benefits of treatment.
Additive manufacturing in the context of structural integrity

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) applications are poised to rapidly expand in aviation, driven by a significant number of business and technical benefits that have been extensively discussed in the media. Due to its inherent flexibility, AM is being considered for a variety of application domains that span new parts, repairs and aftermarket. At the same time, a number of implementation challenges have been identified by multiple researchers and organizations, including the complexity of manufacturing process controls, the questionable applicability of conventional NDI (non-destructive inspection) methods and the lack of industry standards and design allowables, etc. These technical challenges are further exacerbated by the current lack of field experience with AM components as well as limited full-scale production experience, at least in commercial aviation applications. Analysis of historical lessons learned for introduction of new material technologies suggests that appropriate application of fracture mechanics-based damage tolerance (DT) principles can offer an effective risk mitigation mechanism against the inherent material flaws, as well as manufacturing and service-induced defects. This paper outlines an assessment framework for AM parts based on the combination of zoning considerations and probabilistic fracture mechanics. The proposed methodology is discussed in the context of a “system-level” approach to structural integrity of AM components, and is compared and contrasted with established risk mitigation frameworks for other material systems, such as the use of casting factors for cast aircraft components, or probabilistic life prediction systems for powder metallurgy (PM) turbine engine components. Potential implications for regulatory guidance and certification, including linkage between the DT criteria and levels of parts criticality are briefly discussed as well.
Self-regulated Learning as a Foundational Principle for a Successful Strategy in Teaching Educational Research Methods to Doctor of Philosophy Students

A challenge for all disciplines in graduate education is finding successful strategies to actively engage students in becoming proficient in authentic research practices. A contributing factor is the degree of self-regulatedness. This study investigated self-regulated learning principles, how they are used to teach research methods to doctoral students at a Research Extensive university, and specific ways doctoral students became independent researchers.
Definition, Management, and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury: An International Survey of Nephrologists.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disease burdened by uncertainties of definition, management strategies, and prognosis. This study explores the
Complete Genome Sequence of Enterococcus durans Oregon-R-modENCODE Strain BDGP3, a Lactic Acid Bacterium Found in the Drosophila melanogaster Gut.

Enterococcus durans Oregon-R-modENCODE strain BDGP3 was isolated from the Drosophila melanogaster gut for functional host-microbe interaction studies. The complete genome is composed of a single circular genome of 2,983,334 bp, with a G+C content of 38%, and a single plasmid of 5,594 bp.
Quantitative Evaluation Based on Participants’ Qualitative Feedback -NSF’s I/UCRC Program, 1993-2009:

Tucked away towards the end of survey instruments, open-ended questions are often only examined post hoc as researchers search for strategically-placed quotations in support of their otherwise quantitatively-derived conclusions. Yet program evaluations can benefit from participants’ spontaneous insights on how their program might be improved, because these insights commonly reveal previously unforeseen aspects needing support or discouragement. This paper introduces a semantic text analysis technique for the analysis of survey data generated from open-ended questions of the form, “How can our program improve?” The technique is illustrated using data from faculty-participants in a National Science Foundation (NSF) program for the development of greater cooperation between industrial and academic researchers.
Framing perspectives: Frames Conservation and Reframing at the National Gallery of Victoria

This paper discusses changing attitudes to picture frames during the twentieth century at the National Gallery of Victoria. By the 1990s frames conservation, research and reframing were areas of focus for the institution. The approaches and methods developed at the National Gallery of Victoria while addressing the framing needs of the collection over the past two decades are outlined, with examples provided by three case studies. This includes the introduction of innovative methods of communicating information about frames and their conservation, to staff, volunteers and visitors, both in the gallery and on-line.