cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rotation period and pole orientation of asteroid 4 Vesta

In 1971 asteroid Vesta was observed in a region of the sky in which it had never been observed before. Its photometric lightcurve had two distinct maxima. Those observations have been the only strong evidence to support a rotation period of about 10 hr 41 min. Lightcurves made in 1982, when Vesta was at the same aspect as 1971, do not show two different maxima. It is concluded that there was a systematic error in the 1971 observations. At this time a definitive statement cannot be made about the true period of Vesta, although the 5 hr 20 min period does appear more plausible. Radar echoes in 1988 and 1992 should resolve the problem. The shorter rotation period was assumed and the photometric astrometry method applied. The sidereal period is 5 hr 20 min 31.68 sec (0.2225889 + or 0.0000002 days), the rotation is prograde, and the coordinates of the north pole are 103 deg longitude and + 43 deg latitude with an uncertainty of about 6 deg.
On‐line competitive immunoassay based on capillary electrophoresis applied to monitoring insulin secretion from single islets of Langerhans

An automated on-line competitive immunoassay based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) was utilized to monitor secretion of insulin from single islets of Langerhans stimulated by glucose and tolbutamide. In the instrument, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled insulin (FITC-insulin), monoclonal anti-insulin and perifusate of single islets were mixed on-line while islets were exposed to different levels of glucose and tolbutamide. Insulin released from single islets competed with FITC-insulin for antibody binding sites. Therefore, the amounts of bound and free FITC-insulin were modulated by insulin released from islets. The bound and the free FITC-insulin were separated by CE every 3 s and the bound over free ratio (B/F) was measured. Insulin levels were obtained by comparing B/F with calibration curves obtained under the same conditions except that the islet perfusate was replaced with various concentrations of insulin. Patterns of insulin secretion stimulated by glucose and tolbutamide observed were comparable to what has been seen previously using radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunoassay. This on-line competitive immunoassay system provided a fast and direct way to measure insulin release from single islets. The effects of temperature on antibody-antigen reaction rate and binding equilibrium were also studied.
Non-Born—Oppenheimer vibronic coupling and deuterium isotope effect on T1 → S0 radiative transitions of aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Radiative lifetimes of the lowest triplet states are determined for several aromatic hydrocarbons from the measured fluorescence quantum yield, phosphorescence quantum yield, and lifetime of phosphorescence. It is found that the radiative lifetime is considerably longer for perdeuterated naphthalene and phenanthrene than for the corresponding perprotonated species. A theoretical explanation is presented which involves a new non-Born—Oppenheimer coupling mechanism.
Examining Service-Learning Literature in Physical Education Teacher Education: Recommendations for Practice and Research

Service-learning is a teaching strategy designed to provide learners opportunities to transfer theory to practice in an authentic environment while concurrently meeting genuine needs in the community. The reciprocal nature of service-learning differentiates this pedagogy from other learning venues including field experiences, internships, and student teaching. Recently the interest surrounding, as well as the utilization of service-learning, has grown in numerous academic disciplines including physical education teacher education (PETE). PETE research investigating the impact of service-learning in regards to student and community outcomes is also emerging. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the current PETE service-learning literature. Components of the review include examination of theoretical frameworks, exploration of the impact of service-learning on PETE students and community participants, and recommendations for practice and future research.
On the Removal of Download Access to Grateful Dead Soundboards from the Live Music Archive

In November 2005, access to all recordings of Grateful Dead shows on the Internet Live Music Archive was abruptly discontinued. Over the next nine days, the band, their fans, and the Archive argued the matter on a nationwide stage, before a compromise on access was reached. The controversy touched on issues of copyright, ownership, and the effects of the Internet on making fan projects more widespread and organized than ever before. This case study traces the history of the controversy and its implications through primary and secondary sources and an original interview.
The Semantic Structure of Spanish: Meaning and grammatical form

In recent years, linguistics has become increasingly more willing to allow some type of representation of 'meaning' in the study of language. However, most approaches deal with sentence or utterance meaning and thereby ignore the meaning of linguistic form. Yet no description of linguistic semantics can be complete without a comprehensive account between meaning and form. This study returns to the problem of form and meaning by presenting a detailed account of certain forms in Spanish which have traditionally been called grammatical forms, or grammatical categories, and associated with grammatical meaning. It is suggested that not all linguistic forms represent the same kind of 'meaning', and that a subset of grammatical forms constitute a highly organized system that parallels phonology and syntax in its capacity to explain variation at the level of discourse. The book opens with an introductory chapter, which is followed by five chapters on the analysis of the Spanish verbal system. In Chapter 7 problems of the noun phrase (the meaning of determiners and grammatical number) are discussed. Chapter 8 offers an explanation of the meaning of the direct object a, and in Chapter 9 a crosslinguistic study of the semantics of Spanish and English is presented. A summary of findings is given in Chapter 10, along with a further consideration of the goals and procedures of semantic analysis.
Evaluating End-of-Life Care from the Perspective of the Patient’s Family

This article is written frompersonal experiences with the recent death of the authors’ mother. It highlights the problems the authors encountered, while acknowledging the positive aspects of treatment during a difficult time. The overall purpose is to improve end-of-life care by advancing policy through research, legislation, and education. The impetus for writing this article is personal experience, but its larger purpose is to address issues that many readers will face in the future and suggest possible reforms, especially in the area of education.
Layoffs, self-esteem, and survivor guilt: Motivational, affective, and attitudinal consequences

Abstract The present study explored the effect of layoffs on the subsequent productivity of “survivors”. All participants performed a proofreading task either after witnessing the dismissal of a co-worker (Layoff condition) or not (No-Layoff condition). Consistent with equity theory, the quantity of workers' performance was greater in the Layoff than in the No-Layoff condition. A Worker Self-Esteem × Layoff interaction effect revealed that the Layoff effect was entirely attributable to the low, rather than the medium or high, self-esteem participants. Additional analyses revealed that the layoff caused participants to (1) experience increased feelings of remorse and (2) develop more negative attitudes toward their co-worker, both of which are also consistent with equity theory. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
On the Design and Pareto‐Optimality of Participating Mortgages

This paper develops a micro-economic model and proceeds with numerical simulation to demonstrate that participating mortgages can improve social welfare when the real estate ownership is shared among the different taxable entities. The optimal distribution of real estate ownership and lending will tend to be concentrated in taxable and nontaxable hands, respectively, with lending conducted via participating mortgages. This paper also demonstrates the violation of the well-known, risk-neutral valuation argument of the Black and Scholes (1973) model because of the lack of a riskless hedge due to the uniqueness of real estate.
A re-examination of the zeolite-promoted, clay-mediated peptide synthesis

It has been found that, contrary to recent reports, peptides are not detectable products from alanine-ATP-Decalso-montmorillonite mixtures. The peptides appear only when pre-formed adenylates are reacted in the presence of montmorillonite.
Selective production of H2 from ethanol at low temperatures over Rh/ZrO2-CeO2 catalysts

A series of Rh catalysts on various supports (Al2O3, MgAl2O4, ZrO2, and ZrO2–CeO2) have been applied to H2 production from the ethanol steam reforming reaction. In terms of ethanol conversion at low temperatures (below 450 °C) with 1wt% Rh catalysts, the activity decreases in the order: Rh/ZrO2–CeO2 > Rh/Al2O3 > Rh/MgAl2O4 > Rh/ZrO2. Support plays a very important role on product selectivity at low temperatures (below 450 °C). Acidic or basic supports favor ethanol dehydration, while ethanol dehydrogenation is favored over neutral supports at low temperatures. The Rh/ZrO2–CeO2 catalyst exhibits the highest CO2 selectivity up to 550 °C, which is due to the highest water gas shift (WGS) activity at low temperatures. Among the catalysts evaluated in this study, the 2wt% Rh/ZrO2–CeO2 catalyst exhibited the highest H2 yield at 450 °C, which is possibly due to the high oxygen storage capacity of ZrO2–CeO2 resulting in efficient transfer of mobile oxygen species from the H2O molecule to the reaction intermediate.
Ultra-Shallow Junction Formation Using Rapid Thermal Processing

One of the main materials challenges of the 130 nm silicon technology node was the need to find a processing solution to the anomalous diffusion behavior of ion-implanted dopants known from three decades of research. Reduction of implantation energy no longer proved sufficient when trying to reduce source/drain extension junction depth, increase abruptness, and limit sheet resistance. Spike-annealing, a new process in which ion implanted silicon could be heated rapidly to temperatures required for dopant activation and then cooled down without dwelling at temperature, adequately addressed the scaling requirements of this node. The resulting junctions achieved high dopant concentration values very close to the surface while limiting junction depth. However, this increased the propensity for dopant migration to overlying layers associated with the source/drain spacer. Loss of device performance due to this and other phenomena became a strong motivating factor for further materials research in order to sustain progress through the 130 nm and 90 nm nodes. Complex interactions between various layers have been understood and the resulting developments in spacer materials have enabled high performance devices. The requirements of the 65 and 45 nm nodes stretch spike-annealing to its limit and newer ultra-high temperature anneals must be considered.
Effects of Continous Electrical Field Stimulation and Hypertrophic Stimulation on Micropatterned Cardiac Myocytes

Neonatal ventricular myocytes (CM) have long been used as an in vitro model for hypertrophy studies. In conventional 2D culture, CM lack axial orientation and rhythmic electrical stimulation. Micropatterned cultures can restrict cell attachment to narrow stripes, leading to enhanced axial orientation, particularly in spontaneously contracting CM (Rohr et. al., Circ Res, 1991). In this study, we investigated the effect of continous electrical field stimulation (CES) on micropatterned CM and examined their response to hypertrophic stimulation. Rat CM plated in serum-containing media selectively attached to stripes (100 μm x 10 mm) of fibronectin (FN) that were microcontact-printed onto coverslips. CM cultures were subjected to CES (1 Hz, 5 V/cm) for 48 hrs, with the current applied parallel or perpendicular to FN stripes. To induce a hypertrophic response, micropatterned CM were incubated for 48 hrs in serum-free medium with the α1 adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE, together with timolol). We determined that the size, minor/major axis ratio and angles relative to FN stripes of DAPI-stained nuclei can be used as surrogate measures of CM size, elongation and alignment, respectively. Compared to unpaced CM, parallel CES increased nuclear size (1028±121 vs. 798±87 μm2, P<0.001), elongation (minor/major axis: 0.76±0.10 vs. 0.84±0.08, P<0.001) and alignment (P<0.001, Mardia-Watson-Wheeler circular statistics). Perpendicular CES caused similar but significantly less pronounced changes. PE stimulation increased nuclear size (809±93 vs. 682±99 μm2, P<0.05), but did not increase elongation or alignment with or without CES. In conclusion, CES can be used to enhance the degree of differentiation of micropatterned CM due to continuous electrical activation and/or contractions and does not interfere with their hypertrophic response. Continuously paced micropatterned CM represent an advanced model for the investigation of hypertrophic responses and mechanisms and may be suitable for other applications.
The “Staple” Motif: A Key to Stability of Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoclusters

Recently obtained single-crystal structure of a thiolate-protected gold cluster shows that all thiolate groups form “staple” motifs on the cluster surface. To find out the driving force for such a formation, we use first-principles density functional theory simulations to model formation of “staple” motifs on an Au38 cluster from zero to full coverage. By geometry optimization, molecular dynamics, and simulated annealing, we show that formation of “staples” is strongly preferred on a cluster surface and helps stabilize the cluster by pinning the surface Au atoms and increasing the HOMO−LUMO gap. We devise a method to generate initial structural models for thiolate-protected gold clusters by adding “staples” to the cluster surface. Using this method, we obtain a staple-covered, low-energy structure for Au38(SCH3)24, a much studied cluster whose structure is not yet known. Optical band-edge energy computed from time-dependent DFT for our Au38(SCH3)24 structure shows good agreement with experiment.
Cross sections relevant to gamma-ray astronomy: Proton induced reactions

Gamma-ray production cross sections have been measured for the gamma-ray lines most strongly excited in the proton bombardment of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, and $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$, for proton energies from threshold to 23 MeV. In addition, cross sections for the $^{14}\mathrm{N}(p,n)^{14}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}(p,n)^{56}\mathrm{Co}$ reactions were determined from delayed gamma-ray yields. Ge(Li) detectors were used. Tabulations of cross sections averaged over proton energy bins of 1 MeV and over power law distributions in proton energy are provided for calculations relevant to gamma-ray line astronomy. Examples are given of astrophysical information which might be extracted from spectra acquired with gamma-ray spectrometers in space, using these cross sections, e.g., parameters describing the energy distribution of incident protons.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $p+^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$; $^{14}\mathrm{N}(p,n)$, $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}(p,n)$. $E=\mathrm{threshold}\mathrm{to} 23$ MeV. Measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ production cross sections. Applications to $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ line astronomy.
Sleepiness and Sleep State on a 90-Min Schedule

The effects of REM and slow wave sleep (SWS) on subjective sleepiness were studied in 10 subjects placed on a 90-min sleep-wakefulness schedule for either 51/3 or 6 (24-hr) days. Subjects were permitted to sleep for 30-min periods separated by 60 min of enforced wakefulness. Sleep recordings showed that sleep onset REM periods occurred frequently; REM and SWS appeared during the same sleep period only 27 times; and REM sleep tended to occur on sleep periods that alternated with SWS periods. Sleepiness was measured using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) given 15 min before (pre-sleep) and 15 min after (post-sleep) each sleep period. Average SSS ratings showed a 24-hr fluctuation in sleepiness. In addition, negative and positive SSS changes tended to alternate with each 90-min period. Significant correlations were found with post-sleep SSS ratings and SWS and with pre-sleep SSS ratings and REM sleep. Differences between pre- and post-sleep SSS scores were also correlated with the sleep states: increased sleepiness was correlated with SWS and decreased sleepiness with REM sleep.
Null result for the weight change of a spinning gyroscope

A null result was obtained for the weight change of a right-spinning gyroscope, contradicting the results recently reported by Hayasaka and Takeuchi. No weight change could be observed under a variety of spin directions for rotational frequencies between 0 and 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ rpm. Our limit of -0.025\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 mg is more than 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the effect reported by Hayasaka and Takeuchi.
Total peroral intraoperative enteroscopy for obscure GI bleeding using a dedicated push enteroscope: diagnostic yield and patient outcome

Abstract Background: Intraoperative enteroscopy is an effective diagnostic and therapeutic method in selected patients with obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The passage of a colonoscope orally and then rectally or the use of multiple enterotomies, has been used to completely inspect the small bowel. However, the development of dedicated enteroscopes allows complete inspection using the peroral route. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic yield, patient outcome, and success in reaching the terminal ileum using a video enteroscope passed orally during intraoperative enteroscopy. Methods: The hospital charts of 12 patients who underwent intraoperative enteroscopy for GI bleeding of obscure origin and 2 patients with a known source (angioectasias) who underwent evaluation to determine extent were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The terminal ileum was reached in 13 of 14 patients (jejunal stricture in 1 patient). Of the patients with bleeding of obscure origin (n = 12) a source was identified in 7 (angioectasias 4, lymphoma 1, carcinoid 1, nevuslike lesion 1). Surgical therapy was performed in these 7 patients and resulted in no further bleeding in 5. Bleeding recurred in 4 of the 5 patients who had no source identified during intraoperative enteroscopy. Of the 2 patients undergoing intraoperative enteroscopy to evaluate extent of angioectasias, additional angioectasias were found in 1 patient; both patients underwent surgical resection, and 1 patient had recurrent bleeding. Complications included serosal tears, 3 (2 requiring resection); avulsion of superior mesenteric vein, 1; postoperative congestive heart failure, 2; azotemia, 1; and prolonged ileus, 1. There were no deaths. Conclusions: The terminal ileum was reached 93% of the time with intraoperative enteroscopy. For patients with GI bleeding of obscure origin the diagnostic yield of intraoperative enteroscopy was 58%. Major operative morbidity occurred in 4 patients. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50;506-10.)
Intracellular recording during focal hypothermia in cat pericruciate cortex.

Abstract Intracellular records were obtained from both glia and neurons in cat pericruciate cortex during focal hypothermia induced by a Peltier device. Glial membrane potential varied inversely and linearly with temperature. For 28 glia, the mean depolarization was 16.8 ± 7.0 mv for a temperature decrement of 5–6 C. Glial input resistance varied inversely and reversibly with temperature with a Q10 of 2.5. Neuronal membrane initially hyperpolarized 4.5 ± 3.3 mv until 3 min after the temperature decreased below 30 C. At that temperature and time a plateau depolarization occurred with a magnitude of 14.7 ± 5.5 mv. During rewarming, the membrane again hyperpolarized 5.9 ± 4.0 mv with return to precool values on complete rewarming. Action potential firing patterns also changed with hypothermia. The regular firing pattern was supplanted by a doublet, triplet, and quadruplet mode during the period of initial hyperpolarization. Tonic firing occurred on the upramp of the plateau depolarization and the multiple spike mode returned during the postcool hyperpolarization. Models are proposed to explain the glial depolarization with hypothermia as a result of decreased glial NaK pumping with a resultant increase in extracellular K. Neuronal hyperpolarization was a result of accelerated electrogenic NaK pumping in response to the increasing extracellular K. The tendency to the multiple spike mode is explained as a result of quantitative differences in somatic-dendritic interactions.
Analysis of programmable ultrashort waveform generation using liquid-crystal spatial light modulators

A rigorous analysis of ultrashort pulse shaping by the spectral filtering of dispersed frequency components is presented. Particular attention is directed toward the case of two liquid-crystal spatial light modulators used to provide programmable manipulation of both the phase and the amplitude profiles of the shaped waveform in the time domain. Different optical configurations are evaluated and their theoretical and practical effects determined. An important result is that, even with optimal alignment and components, the diffraction arising from spectral filtering necessarily produces a transverse spatial shift that varies linearly along the temporal profile of the shaped waveform. Despite this effect it is shown that the technique can generate arbitrary phase and amplitude temporal profiles (subject to limitations in temporal extent and temporal resolution) for the Gaussian spatial component of the shaped output waveform.
Segmenting surfaces: a comparison between the performance of a neural tree and a back-propagation algorithm

A neural tree (NT) is a tree of neural networks. The term neural network (NN) is frequently used for indicating a class of algorithms which take advantage of a set of distributed elementary processing units for computing. We use the processing structure called linear machine (LM), a generalisation of perceptron. A tree of LMs is constructed, and each node of the tree (a LM) is instructed to recognise fragments of surfaces according to the classification of differential geometry. A comparison between the performance of a NT and a single backpropagation (BP) algorithm for classifying surface fragments is presented. >
Use of an Advanced Intercross Line Population for Precise Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Gray Leaf Spot Resistance in Maize

Gray leaf spot (GLS, causal agent Cercospora zeae-maydis (Tehon and E. Y. Daniels)) is an important fungal disease of maize in the U.S. and worldwide. The IBM population, an advanced intercross recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the maize lines Mo17 (resistant) and B73 (susceptible), was evaluated in three environments (Andrews, NC in 2005, 2006, and 2007) for resistance to GLS and for days from planting to anthesis (DTA). A conventional recombinant inbred line popu- lation derived from the same two parents (the "Stuber" population) was also assessed for GLS
Forced instability of core-annular flow in capillary constrictions

Instability of fluid cylinders and jets, a highly nonlinear hydrodynamic phenomenon, has fascinated researchers for nearly 150 years. A subset of the phenomenon is the core-annular flow, in which a non-wetting core fluid and a surrounding wall-wetting annulus flow through a solid channel. The model, for example, represents the flow of oil in petroleum reservoirs. The flow may be forced to break up when passing through a channel’s constriction. Although it has long been observed that the breakup occurs near the neck of the constriction, the exact conditions for the occurrence of the forced breakup and its dynamic theory have not been understood. Here, we test a simple geometric conjecture that the fluid will always break in the constrictions of all channels with sufficiently long wavelengths, regardless of the fluid properties. We also test a theory of the phenomenon. Four constricted glass tubes were fabricated above and below the critical wavelength required for the fluid disintegration. In a direct labo...
The literacy environment of preschool classrooms: contributions to children's emergent literacy growth

This study examined the relations among features of the classroom physical literacy environment (book materials, literacy area and writing materials) and psychological literacy environment (instructional support), and preschool children's gains in two areas of emergent literacy over an academic year. Results showed that features of the physical literacy environment had little direct association with children's gains in emergent literacy, with the exception of quality of literacy area being a positive and significant predictor of children's gains in alphabet knowledge (but not name-writing ability). Rather, the physical and psychological literacy environment seem to be interdependent, particularly with respect to provision of writing materials. Specifically, presence of writing materials is positively and significantly associated with children's growth in alphabet knowledge and name-writing ability only within the context of high-quality, instructionally supportive classrooms. Educational implications are discussed.
Development of a High-Throughput Screening Assay for Inhibitors of Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier Proteases

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO1-3) is a small group of proteins that are ligated to lysine residues in target proteins. SUMO conjugation is a highly dynamic process, as SUMOylated proteins are rapidly deconjugated by SUMO proteases. SUMO conjugation/deconjugation plays pivotal roles in major cellular pathways and is associated with a number of pathological conditions. It is therefore of significant clinical interest to develop new strategies to screen for compounds to specifically interfere with SUMO conjugation/deconjugation. Here, we describe a novel high-throughput screening (HTS)-compatible assay to identify inhibitors of SUMO proteases. The assay is based on AlphaScreen technology and uses His-tagged SUMO2 conjugated to Strep-tagged SUMO3 as a SUMO protease substrate. A bacterial SUMOylation system was used to generate this substrate. A three-step purification strategy was employed to yield substrate of high quality. Our data indicated that this unique substrate can be readily detected in the AlphaScreen assays in a dose-dependent manner. Cleavage reactions by SUMO protease with or without inhibitor were monitored based on AlphaScreen signals. Furthermore, the assay was adapted to a 384-well format, and the interplate and interday variability was evaluated in eight 384-well plates. The average Z' factor was 0.83 ± 0.04, confirming the suitability for HTS applications.
Endorsement of Agrarian Ideology and Adherence to Agricultural Paradigms1

Despite the fact that groups of alternative and conventional agriculturalists do not differ in their overall scores on an agrarianism scale, their responses do differ significandy on several of the agrarianism items and on the items related to agrarianism from a scale designed to assess competing agricultural paradigms. This suggests that there are differences in these groups' agrarian ideologies even though their overall scores on the agrarianism scale are nearly identical. Although divergent agricultural groups support agrarian ideals such as family farms and the farm way of life, the way in which these groups conceptualize and would achieve these ideals appear to be different. Consequendy, the relatively generic items typically used to analyze agrarianism fail to capture the differences in the agrarian ideologies of competing agricultural groups. The need to reconceptualize agrarianism so as to make it more meaningful to contemporary agriculture is discussed.
Computationally efficient soft-decision decoding of linear block codes based on ordered statistics

Soft-decision decoding of a linear block code using the most reliable basis corresponding to each received word is investigated. Based either on probabilistic properties or on the structure of the code considered, three improvements to the algorithm devised by Fossorier and Lin (see ibid., vol.41, no.9, p.1379-1396, 1995) are presented. These modifications allow large computation savings or significant decoding speedup with little error performance degradation. First, a reduced probabilistic list of codeword candidates is associated with order-i reprocessing of a given code. It results in a large reduction of the maximum number of computations with a very small degradation in performance. Then, a probabilistic stopping criterion is introduced for order-0 reprocessing. This new test significantly decreases the average number of computations when appropriately implemented. Finally, the application of the algorithm to coset decoding is considered for |u|u+v| constructed codes. In addition to the conventional coset decoding, a new adaptive practically optimum coset decoding method is presented where at each reprocessing stage, the number of surviving cosets decreases. Suboptimum closest coset decoding is also investigated. It is shown that two-stage decoding with the algorithm of Fossorier and Lin offers a large variety of choices, since the reprocessing order of each stage can be determined independently.
Tropospheric Fields and Their Long-Term Variability as Reported by TASO

This report presents data from long-term recordings of radio field strength over a large number of propagation paths, and presents curves for predicting field strength over a smooth earth for frequencies between 40 megacycles and 1000 megacycles per second. The basic data provided for the Television Allocations Study Organization during 1957 and 1958 include recordings made in several parts of the world and over various types of terrain and were supplied by numerous sources.
The Roles of Stress and Coping in Explaining Gender Differences in Risk for Psychopathology Among African American Urban Adolescents

This study used self-report symptom inventories administered in school classrooms to examine relations among gender, psychological symptoms, stress, and coping in 1,200 low-income African American ...
Energy-efficient performance budgeting in FEC-based high-speed I/O links

In this paper, we look at how the introduction of Forward Error Correction (FEC) impacts system design in a high-speed I/O link. We present examples where coding gain maps to improvements in transmit swing, ADC precision, jitter tolerance and comparator offset tolerance.
Zanzibar's Curriculum Reform: Implications for Children's Educational Rights.

This article explores recent developments in linguistic choices in education in Zanzibar and examines the arguments for using local languages of instruction (LoI) as a right. The article’s analysis is based on a study of a curriculum change in Zanzibar in which English replaced Kiswahili as the LoI in the last two years of primary school in mathematics and science subjects. The article reviews theory and practices regarding the consequences of LoI for quality education and its implications for human rights in education. The methods included several field visits, observations in classrooms, and interviews in order to address both the reasons behind the curriculum change and its consequences. The conclusion is that expanding the use of English in primary school will reduce the quality of teaching and learning; from the perspective of a rights-based approach, this violates the educational rights of Zanzibari children.
Interposition agents: transparently interposing user code at the system interface

Many contemporary operating systems utilize a system call interface between the operating system and its clients. Increasing numbers of systems are providing low-level mechanisms for intercepting and handling system calls in user code. Nonetheless, they typically provide no higher-level tools or abstractions for effectively utilizing these mechanisms. Using them has typically required reimplementation of a substantial portion of the system interface from scratch, making the use of such facilities unwieldy at best.This paper presents a toolkit that substantially increases the ease of interposing user code between clients and instances of the system interface by allowing such code to be written in terms of the high-level objects provided by this interface, rather than in terms of the intercepted system calls themselves. This toolkit helps enable new interposition agents to be written, many of which would not otherwise have been attempted.This toolkit has also been used to construct several agents including: system call tracing tools, file reference tracing tools, and customizable filesystem views. Examples of other agents that could be built include: protected environments for running untrusted binaries, logical devices implemented entirely in user space, transparent data compression and/or encryption agents, transactional software environments, and emulators for other operating system environments.
Strong CD8 T-Cell Responses following Coimmunization with Plasmids Expressing the Dominant pp89 and Subdominant M84 Antigens of Murine Cytomegalovirus Correlate with Long-Term Protection against Subsequent Viral Challenge

We previously showed that intradermal immunization with plasmids expressing the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein IE1-pp89 or M84 protects against viral challenge and that coimmunization has a synergistic protective effect (C. S. Morello, L. D. Cranmer, and D. H. Spector, J. Virol. 74:3696-3708, 2000). Using an intracellular gamma interferon cytokine staining assay, we have now characterized the CD8 + T-cell response after DNA immunization with pp89, M84, or pp89 plus M84. The pp89- and M84-specific CD8 + T-cell responses peaked rapidly after three immunizations. DNA immunization and MCMV infection generated similar levels of pp89-specific CD8 + T cells. In contrast, a significantly higher level of M84-specific CD8 + T cells was elicited by DNA immunization than by MCMV infection. Fusion of ubiquitin to pp89 enhanced the CD8 + T-cell response only under conditions where vaccination was suboptimal. Three immunizations with either pp89, M84, or pp89 plus M84 DNA also provided significant protection against MCMV infection for at least 6 months, with the best protection produced by coimmunization. A substantial percentage of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells remained detectable, and they responded rapidly to the MCMV challenge. These results underscore the importance of considering antigens that do not appear to be highly immunogenic during infection as DNA vaccine candidates.
Electromyographic Analyses of Responses to Intergroup Threat

Two studies tested predictions from intergroup threat theory concerning emotional responses to intergroup threat. Study 1 employed threatening video clips of the 9/11/01 World Trade Center attacks. Study 2 employed video clips of a threatening “opponent” in a competition. Facial electromyography (EMG) was employed to capture emotion-related muscle activity. As participants viewed videos in Study 1, they were instructed to consider Americans' reactions or their personal reactions. In Study 2, an “opponent” presented individually directed or group-directed stereotype threat. Both studies provide support for the theory: Participants experiencing individual threats displayed greater EMG activity in muscles corresponding to inwardly directed emotions (fear), while participants experiencing group threats displayed greater EMG activity in muscles corresponding to outwardly directed emotions (anger).
Biatrial myxoma and cerebral ischemia: Successfully treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy and surgical resection

We report what we believe is the 1st case in the medical literature in which an intravenous thrombolytic agent was used successfully—without massive intracranial bleeding—to treat acute stroke induced by atrial myxoma. Our patient, who had biatrial myxomas with a dual blood supply from the right coronary artery, presented with cerebral ischemia. Transesophageal echocardiography was essential in clarifying the diagnosis and in helping to direct surgical treatment.
Vitamin D3 supplementation (4000 IU/d for 1 y) eliminates differences in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D between African American and white men

BACKGROUND African Americans suffer disproportionately from diabetes and cardiovascular disease and are significantly more likely to have suboptimal concentrations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. The results of epidemiologic and observational studies suggest that there is a link between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of cardiometabolic disorders, which underscores the importance of maintaining healthy concentrations of 25(OH)D. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate whether daily supplementation with 4000 IU vitamin D(3) for 1 y would eliminate any disparities in circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D between African American and white men. DESIGN Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were measured every 2 mo in 47 subjects who received a daily oral dose of 4000 IU vitamin D(3) for 1 y. RESULTS More than 90% of African Americans had serum concentrations of 25(OH)D <32 ng/mL, and approximately two-thirds had serum concentrations <20 ng/mL. Furthermore, there were significant disparities in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D between African American and white men. Supplementation with 4000 IU/d for 1 y eliminated any significant differences in circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D between African American and white men. CONCLUSION The results of this clinical study show the feasibility and efficacy of this approach in the elimination of hypovitaminosis D, which is a widespread health disparity among African Americans. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01045109.
A NOVEL PREDICTOR OF CONTRAST–INDUCED NEPHROPATHY FOLLOWING PCI?

Recent reports have suggested that the ratio of contrast volume use to estimated glomerular filtration rate (CVeGFRr) independently predicts contrast–induced nephropathy (CIN) following PCI. Whether this is widely applicable is not clear. 3,825 PCI procedures performed between 12/2010 and 09/2012
Fluxes and transformations of aquatic pigments in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin

Concentrations and fluxes of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments were measured in suspended and settling particulate matter and in surface sediments in Lake Mendota. Flux comparisons were used to calculate the extent of alteration or degradation within the water column and at the sediment surface. Losses within the water column for specific time intervals ranged from almost negligible for diatoxanthin to 96% for peridinin. The extent of loss was influenced by pigment type and transport process. Surface sediment diagenesis in Lake Mendota resulted in differential degradation rates among chlorophyll and carotenoid constituents. Deposition of pheophorbide a-a grazing indicator-was most important during late spring, as zooplankton populations increased and chlorophyll levels in the water column dropped below 1 nmol liter-‘. The ability to trace the magnitude of this annual event through the sedimentary record was obscured by selective degradation of pheophorbide relative to chlorophyll and pheophytin. Similarly, carotenoid composition was dramatically altered both within the water column and at the sediment surface. Fucoxanthin and peridinin, major watercolumn carotenoids, were degraded extensively before incorporation in the sediments.
Arachidonic acid as a possible negative feedback inhibitor of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on neurons

Neuronal acetylcholine receptors, being highly permeable to calcium, are likely to regulate calcium-dependent events in neurons. Arachidonic acid is a membrane-permeant second messenger that can be released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipases in a calcium-dependent manner. We show here that activation of neuronal acetylcholine receptors triggers release of 3H-arachidonic acid in a calcium-dependent manner from neurons preloaded with the fatty acid. Moreover, low concentrations of arachidonic acid reversibly inhibit the receptors and act most efficiently on receptors likely to have the highest permeability to calcium, namely receptors containing a7 subunits. Low concentrations of arachidonic acid also reversibly inhibit a7containing receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes following injection of (~7 cRNA. The oocyte results indicate that the inhibition is a feature of the receptors rather than a consequence of neuron-specific machinery. The inhibition is not mediated by specific metabolites of arachidonic acid because the effects can be mimicked by other fatty acids; their effectiveness correlates with their content of double bonds. In contrast to arachidonic effects on calcium currents, inhibition of neuronal nicotinic receptors by the fatty acid cannot be prevented by blocking production of free radicals or by inhibiting protein kinase C. An alternative mechanism is that arachidonic acid binds directly to the receptors or perturbs the local environment in such a manner as to constrain receptor function. The findings indicate that neuronal acetylcholine receptors, by virtue of their ability to elevate intracellular calcium levels, can release arachidonic acid which is likely to produce a number of secondary effects including feedback inhibition of the receptors.
Correlation between early direct communication of positive CT pulmonary angiography findings and improved clinical outcomes.

Background Despite a general consensus that rapid communication of critical radiology findings from radiologists to referring physicians is imperative, a possible association with superior patient outcomes has not been confirmed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between early direct communication of CT image findings by radiologists to referring physicians and better clinical outcomes in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods This was a retrospective, single-institution, cohort study that included 796 consecutive patients (February 2006 to March 2010) who had acute PE confirmed by CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and whose treatment had not been initiated at the time of CTPA acquisition. The time from CTPA to direct communication of the diagnosis was evaluated for its association with time from CTPA to treatment initiation and with 30-day mortality. Cox regression analysis was performed with inverse probability weighting by propensity scores calculated using 20 potential confounding factors. Results In 93.4% of patients whose first treatment was anticoagulation, the referring physicians started treatment after receiving direct notification of the diagnosis from the radiologist. Late communication (> 1.5 h after CTPA; n = 291) was associated with longer time to treatment initiation (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.714; 95% CI, 0.610–0.836; P Conclusions Delay (> 1.5 h of CTPA acquisition) in direct communication of acute PE diagnosis from radiologists to referring physicians was significantly correlated with a higher risk of delayed treatment initiation and death within 30 days.
Cardinality, Fuzziness, Variance and Skewness of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

Centroid, cardinality, fuzziness, variance and skewness are all important concepts for an interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2 FS) because they are all measures of uncertainty, i.e. each of them is an interval, and the length of the interval is an indicator of the uncertainty. The centroid of an IT2 FS has been defined by Karnik and Mendel. In this paper, the other four concepts are defined. All definitions use the Mendel-John representation theorem for IT2 FSs. Formulas for computing the cardinality, fuzziness, variance and skewness of an IT2 FS are derived. Unlike the formulas for the centroid of an IT2 FS, which must be computed by iterative Karnik-Mendel algorithms, these new formulas have closed-form expressions, so they can be computed very fast. These definitions are useful not only for measuring the uncertainties of an IT2 FS, but also in measuring the similarity between two IT2 FSs
A Micro Method for the Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Determination of Theophylline

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the analysis of serum theophylline has been developed for use with samples from pediatric and neonatal populations (1). The method a) avoids interference from caffeine, salicylates, and barbiturates; b) gives excellent recoveries; and c) can be performed with 50/.d of serum. Theophylline in serum is extracted with a r solvent and then back-extracted Into dilute sodium hydroxide. The pH is adjusted to 9 with ammonium chloride. Linear curves are observed for theophylline-fortified serum from 5 to 100 mg per liter and recoveries of 87 to 104% were found for the same range of concentrations.
“The Way We Found Them to Be”: Remembering E. Franklin Frazier and the Politics of Respectable Black Teachers

Given the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of E. Franklin Frazier’s award-winning Black Bourgeoisie , this article reconsiders the political nature of a respectability discourse among black teachers in the Jim Crow South.Writing against Frazier’s image of a materialistic and status-addicted black middle class, I argue that the politics of respectability shaped teachers’ perceptions and actions in positive ways. Drawing upon oral history narratives across three counties in the coastal plains of North Carolina, I show how a collective memory of teaching in legally segregated schools for blacks offers a fresh look at “respectable black teachers.” Instead of limiting or constraining black teachers’ work, the politics of respectability actually gave them a sense of purpose and hope to forge ahead.
Hewitt's Tennis Achievement Test

Abstract Hewitt's tennis achievement test evaluates three basic skills in tennis at the university level—service, forehand, and backhand drives. By use of the “test-retest” method reliabilities range from .75 to .94. Validity coefficients for each of the three skills in tennis when compared with individuals' rank order of play ability range from .52 to .93. The data indicate that the Hewitt service placement tennis test predicts best at the varsity level, whereas the revised Dyer wall test has the highest validity coefficient for advanced players. Hewitt's speed of service test as measured by the distance the ball bounces is the best test for beginners. Achievement scale norms for the forehand, backhand, and service skills at the university level are listed for the beginner, intermediate, and varsity groups.
Comments on “On the Utility and Disutility of JEBAR”

where J is the Jacobian operator, c is the transport streamfunction, f and H are the Coriolis parameter and bottom topography, b [ ] f /]y, t is the kinematic surface wind stress vector, and pb is the bottom kinematic pressure. Equation (2) is the more physically appealing form containing the intuitive bottom torque term BT, which, however, renders it unsuitable for direct solution since pb contains the unknown surface elevation. Equations (1a) and (2a) reduce to the Sverdrup balance equation for a flat bottom, whence JEBAR 5 BT 5 0. Cane et al. state: ‘‘As a rule, we expect the flow to try to behave like Taylor columns, arranging itself to go around hills and valleys, avoiding vortex tube shrinking or stretching. Thus, we expect isolines of pb and H to be nearly parallel. If so, we expect the Sverdrup relation [Eq. (2) with BT 5 0] holds.’’ Cane et al. cite the solution to Eq. (1) by Mellor et al. (1982) and Greatbatch et al. (1991) and the implication is that their solutions may be greatly in error since they differ so much from the solution of the Sverdrup relation; therefore, I am moved to disagree. To illustrate and evaluate the possibility of error due to density and topographical measurement errors in solving Eq. (1), Cane et al. invoked a reduced-gravity